bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A handling qualities analysis tool for rotorcraft conceptual designs
Authors: Lawrence B. , Theodore C. R. , Johnson W. , Berger T. 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTOver the past decade, NASA, under a succession of rotary-wing programs, has been moving towards coupling multiple discipline analyses to evaluate rotorcraft conceptual designs. Handling qualities is one of the component analyses to be included in such a future Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization framework for conceptual design of Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) aircraft. Similarly, the future vision for the capability of the Concept Design and Assessment Technology Area of the U.S Army Aviation Development Directorate also includes a handling qualities component. SIMPLI-FLYD is a tool jointly developed by NASA and the U.S. Army to perform modelling and analysis for the assessment of the handling qualities of rotorcraft conceptual designs. Illustrative scenarios of a tiltrotor in forward flight and a single-main rotor helicopter at hover are analysed using a combined process of SIMPLI-FLYD integrated with the conceptual design sizing tool NDARC. The effects of variations of input parameters such as horizontal tail and tail rotor geometry were evaluated in the form of margins to fixed- and rotary-wing handling qualities metrics and the computed vehicle empty weight. The handling qualities Design Margins are shown to vary across the flight envelope due to both changing flight dynamics and control characteristics and changing handling qualities specification requirements. The current SIMPLI-FLYD capability, lessons learned from its use and future developments are discussed.
From Jurisprudence to Mechanics: Jacobi, Reech, and Poincaré on Convention
Authors: de Paz María 
Published: May 2018

ArgumentThis paper aims at understanding the concept of convention in mechanics as a notion transferred from the field of jurisprudence. This enables us to clarify it as a new epistemic category having a pertinent role in the transformation of mechanics in the nineteenth century. Such understanding permits a separation from linguistic and arbitrary conventions, thus highlighting its epistemic features and not transforming fundamental principles into mere arbitrary agreements. After addressing the main references in the literature discussing the role of convention in mechanics, we analyze its classical use as a concept originating from law. Then we explain its use by Carl G. Jacobi, Ferdinand F. Reech, and J. Henri Poincaré. Here we also show how their uses conform to the features analyzed regarding conventions in jurisprudence. Finally, we try to explain how the use of this concept, among other factors, contributed to the transformation of mechanics.
Imported leishmaniasis in Sweden 1993–2016
Authors: Söbirk S. K. , Inghammar M. , Collin M. , Davidsson L. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn Sweden, leishmaniasis is an imported disease and its epidemiology and incidence were not known until now. We conducted a retrospective, nationwide, epidemiological study from 1993 to 2016. Probable cases were patients with leishmaniasis diagnoses reported to the Swedish Patient registry, collecting data on admitted patients in Swedish healthcare since 1993 and out-patient visits since 2001. Confirmed cases were those with a laboratory test positive for leishmaniasis during 1993–2016. 299 probable cases and 182 confirmed cases were identified. Annual incidence ranged from 0.023 to 0.35 per 100 000 with a rapid increase in the last 4 years. Of 182 laboratory-verified cases, 96 were diagnosed from 2013 to 2016, and in this group, almost half of the patients were children under 18 years. Patients presented in different healthcare settings in all regions of Sweden. Cutaneous leishmaniasis was the most common clinical manifestation and the majority of infections were acquired in Asia including the Middle East, specifically Syria and Afghanistan. Leishmania tropica was responsible for the majority of cases (42%). A combination of laboratory methods increased the sensitivity of diagnosis among confirmed cases. In 2016, one-tenth of the Swedish population were born in Leishmania-endemic countries and many Swedes travel to these countries for work or vacation. Swedish residents who have spent time in Leishmania-endemic areas, could be at risk of developing disease some time during their lives. Increased awareness and knowledge are needed for correct diagnosis and management of leishmaniasis in Sweden.
Changes in institutional design and extraction path
Authors: Kemal Mohammad , Lange Ian 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe impact of oil governance on the extraction path of non-renewable resources is theoretically ambiguous. By employing field-level data in the South East Asia region, we utilize a change in the institutional design of oil governance in Indonesia to determine its impact on oil and gas extraction paths. From the empirical results, we infer that the move to create a separate regulatory agency and make the national oil company a purely business entity led to a reduction in the extraction path of oil, the size of which varies for different sizes of resource stock. This finding reiterates the importance of strengthening ownership rights for non-renewable resources to avoid over-extraction and facilitate more sustainable economic outcomes.
Comparison of Cliff–Lorimer-Based Methods of Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) Quantitative X-Ray Microanalysis for Application to Silicon Oxycarbides Thin Films
Authors: Parisini Andrea , Frabboni Stefano , Gazzadi Gian Carlo , Rosa Rodolfo , Armigliato Aldo 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn this work, we compare the results of different Cliff–Lorimer (Cliff & Lorimer 1975) based methods in the case of a quantitative energy dispersive spectrometry investigation of light elements in ternary C–O–Si thin films. To determine the Cliff–Lorimer (C–L) k-factors, we fabricated, by focused ion beam, a standard consisting of a wedge lamella with a truncated tip, composed of two parallel SiO2 and 4H-SiC stripes. In 4H-SiC, it was not possible to obtain reliable k-factors from standard extrapolation methods owing to the strong CK-photon absorption. To overcome this problem, an extrapolation method exploiting the shape of the truncated tip of the lamella is proposed herein. The k-factors thus determined, were then used in an application of the C–L quantification procedure to a defect found at the SiO2/4H-SiC interface in the channel region of a metal-oxide field-effect-transistor device. As in this procedure, the sample thickness is required, a method to determine this quantity from the averaged and normalized scanning transmission electron microscopy intensity is also detailed. Monte Carlo simulations were used to investigate the discrepancy between experimental and theoretical k-factors and to bridge the gap between the k-factor and the Watanabe and Williams ζ-factor methods (Watanabe & Williams, 2006).
The long and winding road: the journey taken by headache sufferers in search of help
Authors: Davies Paul T.G. , Lane Russell J.M. , Astbury Theresa , Fontebasso Manuela , Murphy Jill , Matharu Manjit 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAimTo outline the pathways a cohort of first attendees to our headache clinics had taken over the years in search of explanations and treatment for their headaches. To establish a greater awareness of the shortcomings and failures in their medical journey in the hope that better headache management will emerge in primary care.BackgroundAt first attendance in primary care most headache sufferers will not receive a firm diagnosis. Treatments provided are often ineffective and so many patients embark on a somewhat random self-made journey searching for a remedy. If they reach a Headache Clinic the most common diagnoses are ‘chronic migraine’ and ‘medication overuse headache’. They are either no better or worse than when their headaches first started despite their efforts.MethodWe undertook a prospective questionnaire-based study of over 200 patients on first attendance at each of our headache clinics, three based in District General Hospitals and one in a tertiary referral centre. We documented the patients’ headache characteristics, the ‘burden’ of their headaches, functional handicap and the financial costs incurred seeking help before referral. We also documented what our patients understood about their headache disorder and the treatments previously tried.FindingsMost patients had not been given a formal diagnosis in primary care and many remained unconvinced of the benign nature of their headache problem and wanted further investigations. A few had sought help from headache charities. Many had unrealistic attitudes to their problem and medication overuse was rife. A few patients had been offered triptans in primary care. Key deficiencies in the primary care management of these patients included failure to provide a formal headache diagnosis, inadequate understanding of the nature and mechanism of headaches and failure to follow a resilient management strategy. We provide a more effective management pathway in primary care.
Pension policies in a model with endogenous fertility
Authors: CIPRIANI GIAM PIETRO , PASCUCCI FRANCESCO 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe set up an overlapping-generations model with endogenous fertility to study pensions policies in an ageing economy. We show that an increasing life expectancy may not be detrimental for the economy or the pension system itself. On the other hand, conventional policy measures, such as increasing the retirement age or changing the social security contribution rate could have undesired general equilibrium effects. In particular, both policies decrease capital per worker and might have negative effects on the fertility rate, thus exacerbating population ageing.
Role of Wave‐Induced Diffusion and Energy Flux in the Vertical Transport of Atmospheric Constituents in the Mesopause Region
Authors: Gardner Chester S. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractVertical constituent transport is characterized by solving the continuity equation for a minor species in the presence of waves, turbulence, molecular diffusion, and chemical sources and sinks. Random vertical displacement fluctuations induced by waves contribute to vertical mixing of the atmosphere similar to turbulence. The effective wave diffusivity is proportional to the sensible heat flux. Because waves induce pressure fluctuations, diffusivity can also be expressed in terms of the wave energy and enthalpy fluxes. Waves induce strong down gradient mixing in regions where dissipation is significant and weak up gradient mixing where dissipation is negligible. At midlatitudes wave diffusivity is maximum in the upper mesosphere near 88 km where the annual mean is ~130 m2/s. Waves also enhance molecular diffusion of reactive species in regions of slow chemical production and reduce eddy mixing in regions of fast chemical production. The enhancement/reduction factor is proportional to the perturbed lapse rate variance and varies between 15 and 45% at mesopause heights. Wave‐induced chemical transport is related to the chemical production/loss rates and temperature fluctuation variance. The vertical transport of atomic oxygen, meteoric Fe, and meteoric Na is assessed. Analytical predictions compare favorably with models of the chemical loss of O and the meteoric influxes of Fe and Na and with lidar measurements of the vertical fluxes of Fe and Na. Predicted seasonal variations of wave diffusivity at 97.5 km compare favorably with the total diffusivity inferred from satellite observations of neutral density and the O/N2 ratio in the thermosphere.
Microfluidic pumping using artificial magnetic cilia
Authors: Hanasoge Srinivas , Hesketh Peter J. , Alexeev Alexander 
Published: May 2018

AbstractOne of the vital functions of naturally occurring cilia is fluid transport. Biological cilia use spatially asymmetric strokes to generate a net fluid flow that can be utilized for feeding, swimming, and other functions. Biomimetic synthetic cilia with similar asymmetric beating can be useful for fluid manipulations in lab-on-chip devices. In this paper, we demonstrate the microfluidic pumping by magnetically actuated synthetic cilia arranged in multi-row arrays. We use a microchannel loop to visualize flow created by the ciliary array and to examine pumping for a range of cilia and microchannel parameters. We show that magnetic cilia can achieve flow rates of up to 11 μl/min with the pressure drop of ~1 Pa. Such magnetic ciliary array can be useful in microfluidic applications requiring rapid and controlled fluid transport.
Inhibition of the ER stress IRE1α inflammatory pathway protects against cell death in mitochondrial complex I mutant cells
Authors: Soustek Meghan S. , Balsa Eduardo , Barrow Joeva J. , Jedrychowski Mark , Vogel Rutger , Jan Smeitink  , Gygi Steve P. , Puigserver Pere 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMitochondrial mutations cause bioenergetic defects associated with failures to use the electron transfer chain and oxidize substrates. These defects are exacerbated under energetic stress conditions and ultimately cause cell deterioration and death. However, little is known about cellular strategies that rescue mitochondrial stress failures and maintain cell survival under these conditions. Here, we have designed and performed a high-throughput chemical screen to identify small molecules that rescue human mitochondrial complex I mutations from energetic stress-induced cell death. The top positive hits were a series of sulfonylureas that efficiently maintain prolonged cell survival and growth under energetic stress conditions. The addition of galactose instead of glucose, to experimentally force mitochondrial respiration, triggered an initial ER stress response that was associated with IRE1α-dependent inflammatory signals including JNK and p38 MAP kinases in mutant cells. Sulfonylureas, similar to inhibition of IRE1α and p38 MAP kinase, potently blocked this ER stress inflammatory and cell death pathway and maintained viability and cell growth under severe energetic stress conditions. These studies reveal that sulfonylureas and specific inhibition of the IRE1α inflammatory pathway protect against cell death and can be used to rescue bioenergetic failures in mitochondrial complex I-mutated cells under stress conditions.
Arcuate stress state in accretionary prisms from real-scale numerical sandbox experiments
Authors: Furuichi Mikito , Nishiura Daisuke , Kuwano Osamu , Bauville Arthur , Hori Takane , Sakaguchi Hide 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe stress states in accretionary prisms are important for understanding the building and releasing of seismic energy. Numerous researchers have conducted sandbox experiments as a scaled physical analog model to understand the formation of accretionary prisms. However, measuring stress states in laboratory sandbox experiments is still practically infeasible. Here we performed real-scale numerical sandbox experiments using the discrete element method to understand the 3D stress state in the accretionary prism. Despite the nearly uniform initial conditions, macro-scale undulations of faults, which are similar to those observed in the trenches of an accretionary prism, appear. We reveal that these undulations are caused by the formation of stress arches. We show that the mechanism behind the arch formation is the discontinuous change in the stress orientation during the rearrangement of the stress chain. Furthermore, analyses demonstrate that the in-situ stress orientation from borehole data can be a signal of either the regional direction of plate convergence or the local stress orientation associated with the stress arch. The results may greatly enhance the outcome of long term monitoring in areas, such as the Nankai Trough.
In situ splitting after selective partial portal vein ligation or simultaneous hepatic artery ligation promotes liver regeneration
Authors: Yao Li-Bin , Li Chong-Hui , Wu Xiao-Juan , Wang Xue-Dong , Ge Xin-Lan , Zhang Ai-Qun , Zhu Xiao-Cheng , Shao Yong , Dong Jia-Hong 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis study seeks to compare the impact of selective partial portal vein ligation (PPVL) or the combination of simultaneous hepatic artery ligation (PPVAL) with in situ splitting (ISS) on liver regeneration and injury. Rats were randomized into three groups; namely: selective PVL, PPVL + ISS and PPVAL + ISS. The changes in hepatic hemodynamics, liver regeneration and hepatocytic injury were examined. Blood flow to the left portal branch and the microcirculation of the left median lobe after PPVL or PPVAL was significantly reduced. Liver regeneration of PPVAL + ISS group was more pronounced than that in the PPVL + ISS and PVL groups at 48 and 72 hours as well as 7 d postoperatively. The serum biochemical markers and histopathological examination demonstrated reduced levels of liver injury in the PPVL + ISS group. Injury to hepatocytes was more pronounced with PPVAL + ISS than PVL. HGF, TNF-α and IL-6 expression in the regenerated lobes in both PPVAL + ISS and PPVL + ISS groups increased significantly when compared to the PVL group. We demonstrated that both PPVL + ISS and PPVAL + ISS were effective and feasible means of inducing remnant liver hypertrophy and could serve as a rapid clinical application for qualified patients.
Prophylactic efficacy of orally administered Bacillus poly-γ-glutamic acid, a non-LPS TLR4 ligand, against norovirus infection in mice
Authors: Lee Wooseong , Kim Minwoo , Lee Seung-Hoon , Jung Hae-Gwang , Oh Jong-Won 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPoly-gamma-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), an extracellular biopolymer produced by Bacillus sp., is a non-canonical toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist. Here we show its antiviral efficacy against noroviruses. γ-PGA with a molecular mass of 2,000-kDa limited murine norovirus (MNV) replication in the macrophage cell line RAW264.7 by inducing interferon (IFN)-β and conferred resistance to viral infection-induced cell death. Additionally, γ-PGA interfered with viral entry into cells. The potent antiviral state mounted by γ-PGA was not attributed to the upregulation of TLR4 or TLR3, a sensor known to recognize norovirus RNA. γ-PGA sensing by TLR4 required the two TLR4-associated accessory factors MD2 and CD14. In ex vivo cultures of mouse ileum, γ-PGA selectively increased the expression of IFN-β in villi. In contrast, IFN-β induction was negligible in the ileal Peyer’s patches (PPs) where its expression was primarily induced by the replication of MNV. Oral administration of γ-PGA, which increased serum IFN-β levels without inducing proinflammatory cytokines, reduced MNV loads in the ileum with PPs and mesenteric lymph nodes in mice. Our results disclose a γ-PGA-mediated non-conventional TLR4 signaling in the ileum, highlighting the potential use of γ-PGA as a prophylactic antiviral agent against noroviruses.
Design of Phase Gradient Coding Metasurfaces for Broadband Wave Modulating
Authors: Zhou Yang , Zhang Guori , Chen Haiyan , Zhou Peiheng , Wang Xin , Zhang Linbo , Zhang Li , Xie Jianliang , Deng Longjiang 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWave modulating is one of the most interesting applications of metasurfaces. It requires an effective method to design metasurfaces with arbitrary space-variant phase. In this paper, we proposed an optimized design method for arbitrarily modulating wave based on the Genetic Algorithm, which is efficient to optimize designated radiation patterns according to application requirements. In order to verify the availability of the method, wave modulating of single lobe radiation at 10 GHz and broadband 3-lobes radiation at X band are optimized. For wave modulating of single lobe radiation, eight basic codes are chosen to excite the specific phases evenly dispersed from 0 to 2π for smooth phase gradient, and the 8 × 8, 20 × 20 and 40 × 40 arrays of the basic codes are optimized. It proves that the wave modulation accuracy is enhancing with the increase of elements quantity. For wave modulating of 3-lobes radiation, the 20 × 20 arrays are proposed and optimized, and their basic codes are increased to 32 for meeting the broadband requirement. Its broadband wave modulating has been verified by simulation and experiment, and it is shown that the directional 3-lobes radiation patterns keeps nearly stable within the broadband frequency range of 8.7–11.3 GHz.
Identifying differentially expressed proteins in sorghum cell cultures exposed to osmotic stress
Authors: Ngara Rudo , Ramulifho Elelwani , Movahedi Mahsa , Shargie Nemera G. , Brown Adrian P. , Chivasa Stephen 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDrought stress triggers remarkable physiological changes and growth impediments, which significantly diminish plant biomass and crop yield. However, certain plant species show notable resilience, maintaining nearly normal yields under severe water deficits. For example, sorghum is a naturally drought-tolerant crop, which is ideal for studying plant adaptive responses to drought. Here we used sorbitol treatments to simulate drought-induced osmotic stress in sorghum cell suspension cultures and analysed fractions enriched for extracellular matrix proteins using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification technology. Sorbitol induced an overall increase in protein secretion, with putative redox proteins, proteases, and glycosyl hydrolases featuring prominently among the responsive proteins. Gene expression analysis of selected candidates revealed regulation at the transcriptional level. There was a notable differential gene expression between drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive sorghum varieties for some of the candidates. This study shows that protein secretion is a major component of the sorghum response to osmotic stress. Additionally, our data provide candidate genes, which may have putative functions in sorghum drought tolerance, and offer a pool of genes that could be developed as potential biomarkers for rapid identification of drought tolerant lines in plant breeding programs.
Highly sensitive atomic based MW interferometry
Authors: Shylla Dangka , Nyakang’o Elijah Ogaro , Pandey Kanhaiya 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe theoretically study a scheme to develop an atomic based micro-wave (MW) interferometry using the Rydberg states in Rb. Unlike the traditional MW interferometry, this scheme is not based upon the electrical circuits, hence the sensitivity of the phase and the amplitude/strength of the MW field is not limited by the Nyquist thermal noise. Further, this system has great advantage due to its much higher frequency range in comparision to the electrical circuit, ranging from radio frequency (RF), MW to terahertz regime. In addition, this is two orders of magnitude more sensitive to field strength as compared to the prior demonstrations on the MW electrometry using the Rydberg atomic states. Further, previously studied atomic systems are only sensitive to the field strength but not to the phase and hence this scheme provides a great opportunity to characterize the MW completely including the propagation direction and the wavefront. The atomic based MW interferometry is based upon a six-level loopy ladder system involving the Rydberg states in which two sub-systems interfere constructively or destructively depending upon the phase between the MW electric fields closing the loop. This work opens up a new field i.e. atomic based MW interferometry replacing the conventional electrical circuit in much superior fashion.