bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lithium Oxygen Battery
Authors: Wong Raymond A. , Byon Hye Ryung , Thomas Morgan L. , Dokko Kaoru , Watanabe Masayoshi 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Amongst “beyond lithium‐ion battery (LIB)” candidates, lithium–oxygen (Li–O
2
) (or lithium–air) batteries are highly appealing due to the high theoretical specific energy density of ∼3460 Wh kg
−1
, which on a theoretical basis offers an improvement of up to six times that of LIBs. The aim of this article is to disseminate the current state‐of‐the‐art understanding of research‐level Li–O
2
batteries regarding the various chemical and electrochemical phenomena and elaborate upon the key strategies that improve battery performance. We first introduce the fundamentals of O
2
reduction/evolution electrochemistry in Li
+
containing nonaqueous media along with the nucleation and growth process of the solid lithium peroxide (Li
2
O
2
) product occurring during discharge and its subsequent decomposition process during recharge. Owing to the insulating nature of Li
2
O
2
and high reactivity of reduced O
2
species including superoxide, peroxide, and singlet oxygen, significant scientific hurdles still need to be surmounted as highlighted by key challenges relating to the limitation in discharge capacity, high recharge overpotentials, poor cyclability, and the propensity of severe parasitic side reactions with the electrolyte solution and carbonaceous electrode. We elaborate upon these key challenges that are underpinning Li–O
2
batteries and the notable scientific, engineering, and materials science approaches taken to mitigate these challenges. Lastly, as research‐level cells typically operate with a pure O
2
source, we elaborate upon the additional complications and potential solutions associated with the inclusion of additional gases (N
2
, CO
2
, H
2
O, etc.) that would be present if the battery is operated in ambient air.
Application of In Situ Electrochemical‐Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy for the Study of Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Yao Wentao , Shahbazian‐Yassar Reza 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

With the capability of direct visualizing the solid–liquid reactions at high resolutions, in situ liquid‐cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM) plays an important role in the fundamental studies of rechargeable batteries, including the lithiation behavior of various electrode materials, the striping/plating behavior of lithium metal anode, the formation of solid–electrolyte interfaces, electrolyte degradation behaviors, as well as the formation/dissolution behavior of Li
2
O
2
/NaO
2
in the metal–air battery cathode. This article summarized the recent progress of in situ electrochemical‐cell TEM technique in the battery field by comparing its advantages/disadvantages with traditional open‐cell TEM technique as well as other in situ techniques. With the improvement of the chemical analysis capabilities and new holder designs, in situ liquid‐cell TEM will see further applications in battery systems beyond lithium‐ion.
Surface Chemistry of Alkali‐Ion Battery Cathode Materials
Authors: Rahman Muhammad M. , Lin Feng 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Layered and spinel transition metal oxides are one of the most technologically important cathode materials for alkali metal ion batteries because of their high energy/power density and excellent electrochemical reversibility. However, similar to many other cathode materials, unstable electrochemical performance on long‐term cycling impacts the cycle life of batteries. Some of the challenges are transition metal dissolution, electrolyte decomposition, surface reconstruction, and chemomechanical breakdown of cathode materials. Most of these degradation phenomena originate from the surface of cathode materials. Owing to different local chemical environments, the surface chemistry of a cathode is distinctively unique from that of the bulk. Even though the surface region of a battery particle only accounts for a small fraction of the entire particle and contributes marginally to the overall capacity, surface‐related chemical and structural transformations can be the major factors in governing the degradation pathway of a cathode material. Herein, we have mechanistically discussed the origin and propagation of these degradation phenomena and their implications in the cycle life of a battery. Moreover, the techniques that mitigate and prevent these degradation pathways are explained. A complete understanding of the instability issues can promote a rational design of stable cathode materials for alkali metal ion batteries.
Incidence and Predictors of Dyspnea on Exertion in a Prospective Cohort of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Sparks Jeffrey A. , Doyle Tracy J. , He Xintong , Pan Beatrice , Iannaccone Christine , Frits Michelle L. , Dellaripa Paul F. , Rosas Ivan O. , Lu Bing , Weinblatt Michael E. , Shadick Nancy A. , Karlson Elizabeth W. 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveTo investigate the incidence and predictors of dyspnea on exertion among subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsWe investigated dyspnea on exertion using a prospective cohort, the Brigham RA Sequential Study (BRASS). Clinically significant dyspnea on exertion was defined as a score of ≥ 3 (unable to ambulate without breathlessness or worse) on the validated Medical Research Council (MRC) scale (range 0‐5). We analyzed subjects with MRC score < 3 at BRASS baseline and at ≥ 1 year of follow‐up. The MRC scale was administered annually. We determined the incidence rate (IR) of dyspnea on exertion. We used Cox regression to estimate the hazard ration (HR) for dyspnea on exertion occurring one year after potential predictors were assessed.ResultsWe analyzed 829 subjects with RA and no clinically significant dyspnea on exertion during a mean follow‐up period of 3.0 years (SD 1.9). At baseline, mean age was 55.7 years (SD 13.6), 82.4% of subjects were female, and median RA duration was 8 years. During follow‐up, 112 subjects (13.5%) developed incident dyspnea on exertion during 2476 person‐years of follow‐up (incidence rate 45.2 per 1000 person‐years). Independent predictors of incident dyspnea on exertion were older age (HR 1.03 per year, 95% CI, 1.01‐1.04), female sex (HR 2.22, 95% CI, 1.14‐4.29), mild dyspnea (HR 2.62, 95% CI, 1.60‐4.28), and worsened Multi‐Dimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire score (HR 2.36 per unit, 95% CI, 1.54‐3.60). Methotrexate use, RA disease activity, and seropositivity were not associated with incident dyspnea on exertion after accounting for other dyspnea risk factors.ConclusionDyspnea on exertion occurred commonly in patients with RA. Older women with impaired physical function were especially vulnerable to developing dyspnea on exertion.
Race/Ethnicity Moderates the Association Between Psychosocial Resilience and Movement‐Evoked Pain in Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Bartley Emily J. , Hossain Nadia I. , Gravlee Clarence C. , Sibille Kimberly T. , Terry Ellen L. , Vaughn Ivana A. , Cardoso Josue S. , Booker Staja Q. , Glover Toni L. , Goodin Burel R. , Sotolongo Adriana , Thompson Kathryn A. , Bulls Hailey W. , Staud Roland , Edberg Jeffrey C. , Bradley Laurence A. , Fillingim Roger B. 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveRacial/ethnic disparities in pain are well‐recognized, with non‐Hispanic blacks (NHBs) experiencing greater pain severity and pain‐related disability than non‐Hispanic whites (NHWs). Although numerous risk factors are posited as contributors to these disparities, there is limited research addressing how resilience differentially influences pain and functioning across race/ethnicity. Therefore, this study examined associations between measures of psychosocial resilience, clinical pain, and functional performance among adults with knee osteoarthritis (OA), and assessed the moderating role of race/ethnicity on these relationships.MethodsIn a secondary analysis of the Understanding Pain and Limitations in Osteoarthritic Disease (UPLOAD‐2) study, 201 individuals with knee OA (NHB = 105, NHW = 96) completed measures of resilience (ie, trait resilience, optimism, positive well‐being, social support, positive affect) and clinical pain, as well as a performance‐based measure assessing lower‐extremity function and movement‐evoked pain.ResultsBivariate analyses showed that higher levels of psychosocial resilience were associated with lower clinical pain and disability and more optimal physical functioning. NHBs reported greater pain and disability, poorer lower‐extremity function, and higher movement‐evoked pain compared with NHWs; however, measures of psychosocial resilience were similar across race/ethnicity. In moderation analyses, higher optimism and positive well‐being were protective against movement‐evoked pain in NHBs, whereas higher levels of positive affect were associated with greater movement‐evoked pain in NHWs.ConclusionOur findings underscore the importance of psychosocial resilience on OA‐related pain and function and highlight the influence of race/ethnicity on the resilience‐pain relationship. Treatments aimed at targeting resilience may help mitigate racial/ethnic disparities in pain.
Capillary Proliferation in Systemic‐Sclerosis‐Related Pulmonary Fibrosis: Association with Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Seki Atsuko , Anklesaria Zafia , Saggar Rajeev , Dodson Mark W. , Schwab Kristin , Liu Ming‐Chang , Charan Ashana Deepshikha , Miller William D. , Vangala Sitaram , DerHovanessian Ariss , Channick Richard , Shaikh Faisal , Belperio John A. , Weigt Stephen S. , Lynch Joseph P. , Ross David J. , Sullivan Lauren , Khanna Dinesh , Shapiro Shelley S. , Sager Jeffrey , Gargani Luna , Stanziola Anna , Bossone Eduardo , Schraufnagel Dean E. , Fishbein Gregory , Xu Haodong , Fishbein Michael C. , Wallace William D. , Saggar Rajan 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveWe sought to determine if any histopathologic component of the pulmonary microcirculation can distinguish systemic sclerosis (SSc)‐related pulmonary fibrosis (PF) with and without pulmonary hypertension (PH).MethodsTwo pulmonary pathologists blindly evaluated 360 histologic slides from lungs of 31 SSc‐PF explants or autopsies with (n = 22) and without (n = 9) PH. The presence of abnormal small arteries, veins, and capillaries (pulmonary microcirculation) was semiquantitatively assessed in areas of preserved lung architecture. Capillary proliferation (CP) within the alveolar walls was measured by its distribution, extent (CP % involvement), and maximum number of layers (maximum CP). These measures were then evaluated to determine the strength of their association with right heart catheterization–proven PH.ResultsUsing consensus measures, all measures of CP were significantly associated with PH. Maximum CP had the strongest association with PH (P = 0.013; C statistic 0.869). Maximum CP 2 or more layers and CP % involvement 10% or greater were the optimal thresholds that predicted PH, both with a sensitivity of 56% and specificity of 91%. The CP was typically multifocal rather than focal or diffuse and was associated with a background pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia. There was a significant but weaker relationship between the presence of abnormal small arteries and veins and PH.ConclusionIn the setting of advanced SSc‐PF, the histopathologic feature of the pulmonary microcirculation best associated with PH was capillary proliferation in architecturally preserved lung areas.
Patient Perspectives on Switching from Infliximab to Infliximab‐dyyb in Patients with Rheumatologic Diseases in the United States
Authors: Chau Jason , Delate Thomas , Ota Taylor , Bhardwaja Bharati 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveThe introduction of biosimilars for rheumatologic diseases (RDs) has provided a potentially lower‐cost therapy compared with their bio‐originator products; however, adoption of biosimilars may be challenged by patient perceptions. The objective of this study was to describe patients’ perspectives of switching from infliximab to infliximab‐dyyb.MethodsThis was a survey of adult patients with RDs who qualified for switching from infliximab to infliximab‐dyyb therapy between September 1 2017 and January 31 2018. Verbal consent was obtained prior to administration of a telephone survey. Survey questions were focused on the safety, efficacy, and knowledge of biosimilar therapy.ResultsA total of 108 patients were identified with 52 (48%) patients consenting to study participation. Forty (77%) and 12 (23%) patients reported switching and not switching, respectively, to infliximab‐dyyb. Regarding disease control, most respondents (80%) were satisfied to very satisfied with the switch to infliximab‐dyyb. Major concerns reported for switching included not knowing enough about the medication (38%), potential side effects (35%), and loss of disease activity control (35%).ConclusionOverall, patients reported satisfaction with switching from infliximab to infliximab‐dyyb, but concerns regarding safety and efficacy were expressed. Patient involvement in the switching decision‐making process may allay concerns and enhance biosimilar uptake.
Flexible, Conformal Organic Synaptic Transistors on Elastomer for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Wang Haiting , Yang Mihua , Tang Qingxin , Zhao Xiaoli , Tong Yanhong , Liu Yichun 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBioelectronics in synaptic transistors for future biomedical applications, such as implanted treatments and human–machine interfaces, must be flexible with good mechanical compatibility with biological tissues. The rigid nature and high deposition temperature in conventional inorganic synaptic transistors restrict the development of flexible, conformal synaptic devices. Here, the dinaphtho[2,3‐b:2′,3′‐f]thieno[3,2‐b]‐thiophene organic synaptic transistor on elastic polydimethylsiloxane is demonstrated to avoid these limitations. The unique advantages of organic materials in low Young's modulus and low temperature process enable seamless adherence of organic synaptic transistors on arbitrary‐shaped objects. On 3D curved surfaces, the essential synaptic functions, such as potentiation/depression, short/long‐term synaptic plasticity, and spike voltage–dependent plasticity, are successfully realized. The time‐dependent surface potential characterization reveals the slow polarization of dipoles in the dielectric is responsible for hysteresis and synaptic behaviors. This work represents that organic materials offer a potential platform to realize the flexible, conformal synaptic transistors for the development of wearable and implantable artificial neuromorphic systems.
Delaying Ice and Frost Formation Using Phase‐Switching Liquids
Authors: Chatterjee Rukmava , Beysens Daniel , Anand Sushant 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPreventing water droplets from transitioning to ice is advantageous for numerous applications. It is demonstrated that the use of certain phase‐change materials, which are in liquid state under ambient conditions and have melting point higher than the freezing point of water, referred herein as phase‐switching liquids (PSLs), can impede condensation–frosting lasting up to 300 and 15 times longer in bulk and surface infused state, respectively, compared to conventional surfaces under identical environmental conditions. The freezing delay is primarily a consequence of the release of trapped latent heat due to condensation, but is also affected by the solidified PSL surface morphology and its miscibility in water. Regardless of surface chemistry, PSL‐infused textured surfaces exhibit low droplet adhesion when operated below the corresponding melting point of the solidified PSLs, engendering ice and frost repellency even on hydrophilic substrates. Additionally, solidified PSL surfaces display varying degrees of optical transparency, can repel a variety of liquids, and self‐heal upon physical damage.
Mimicking Localized Surface Plasmons with Structural Dispersion
Authors: Li Zhuo , Liu Liangliang , Fernández‐Domínguez Antonio I. , Shi Jianfeng , Gu Changqing , García‐Vidal Francisco J. , Luo Yu 
Published: March 2019

AbstractOne major obstacle in developing plasmonic devices is dissipative loss. Structural waveguide dispersion offers a route to tackle this problem. Although long range propagation of surface waves using this concept is recently reported, experimental realizations of localized surface plasmon resonances with suppressed dissipative loss still remain elusive. In this paper, effective localized surface plasmons in a bounded waveguide filled with only positive dielectrics are modeled theoretically and demonstrated experimentally. Theoretical analysis based on cylindrical wave expansion shows that the effective surface modes are induced by structural dispersion of transverse electric modes. Owing to dramatically suppressed metallic loss, the designed structure can support multipolar sharp plasmonic resonances, which are difficult to attain with natural plasmons at optical frequencies. To probe the characteristics of these resonances in the experiment, a deep‐subwavelength open resonator is fabricated and the transmission spectrum at the boundary of the structure is measured. The results reveal that structured‐dispersion‐induced localized surface plasmons are quite sensitive to the background refractive index but relatively robust to the size and shape of the resonator. These findings open up a new avenue for designer localized surface waves at low frequencies and may find applications in miniaturization of microwave resonators, filters, and terahertz biosensors.
AZATAX: Acetazolamide safety and efficacy in cerebellar syndrome in PMM2 congenital disorder of glycosylation (PMM2‐CDG)
Authors: Martínez‐Monseny Antonio F. , Bolasell Mercè , Callejón‐Póo Laura , Cuadras Daniel , Freniche Verónica , Itzep Débora C. , Gassiot Susanna , Arango Pedro , Casas‐Alba Didac , de la Morena Eugenia , Corral Javier , Montero Raquel , Pérez‐Cerdá Celia , Pérez Belén , Artuch Rafael , Jaeken Jaak , Serrano Mercedes ,   and the CDG Spanish Consortium
Published: March 2019

ObjectivePhosphomannomutase deficiency (PMM2 congenital disorder of glycosylation [PMM2‐CDG]) causes cerebellar syndrome and strokelike episodes (SLEs). SLEs are also described in patients with gain‐of‐function mutations in the CaV2.1 channel, for which acetazolamide therapy is suggested. Impairment in N‐glycosylation of CaV2.1 promotes gain‐of‐function effects and may participate in cerebellar syndrome in PMM2‐CDG. AZATAX was designed to establish whether acetazolamide is safe and improves cerebellar syndrome in PMM2‐CDG.MethodsA clinical trial included PMM2‐CDG patients, with a 6‐month first‐phase single acetazolamide therapy group, followed by a randomized 5‐week withdrawal phase. Safety was assessed. The primary outcome measure was improvement in the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS). Other measures were the Nijmegen Pediatric CDG Rating Scale (NPCRS), a syllable repetition test (PATA test), and cognitive scores.ResultsTwenty‐four patients (mean age = 12.3 ± 4.5 years) were included, showing no serious adverse events. Thirteen patients required dose adjustment due to low bicarbonate or asthenia. There were improvements on ICARS (34.9 ± 23.2 vs 40.7 ± 24.8, effect size = 1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.0–7.6, p < 0.001), detected at 6 weeks in 18 patients among the 20 responders, on NPCRS (95% CI = 0.3–1.6, p = 0.013) and on the PATA test (95% CI = 0.5–3.0, p = 0.006). Acetazolamide improved prothrombin time, factor X, and antithrombin. Clinical severity, epilepsy, and lipodystrophy predicted greater response. The randomized withdrawal phase showed ICARS worsening in the withdrawal group (effect size = 1.46, 95% CI = 2.65–7.52, p = 0.001).InterpretationAZATAX is the first clinical trial of PMM2‐CDG. Acetazolamide is well tolerated and effective for motor cerebellar syndrome. Its ability to prevent SLEs and its long‐term effects on kidney function should be addressed in future studies. Ann Neurol 2019;85:740–751
Stroke prevention in patients from Latin American countries with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation: Insights from the GARFIELD‐AF registry
Authors: Jerjes‐Sanchez Carlos , Corbalan Ramon , Barretto Antonio C. P. , Luciardi Hector L. , Allu Jagan , Illingworth Laura , Pieper Karen S. , Kayani Gloria ,   for the GARFIELD‐AF Investigators
Published: March 2019

BackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF) is an important preventable cause of stroke. Anticoagulation (AC) therapy can reduce this risk. However, prescribing patterns and outcomes in patients with non‐valvular AF (NVAF) from Latin American countries are poorly described.MethodsUsing data from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD‐AF (GARFIELD‐AF), we examined the stroke prevention strategies and the 1‐year outcomes in patients from four Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico.ResultsA total of 4162 patients (2010‐2014) were included in this analysis. At the time of AF diagnosis, 39.9% of patients were prescribed vitamin K antagonists (VKA) ± antiplatelet (AP) therapy, 21.8% non‐VKA oral anticoagulant (NOAC) ± AP, 24.1% AP only and 14.1% no antithrombotic treatment. The proportion of moderate‐high risk patients receiving no AC therapy at participating centers was highest in Mexico (46.4%) and lowest in Chile (14.3%). During 1‐year follow‐up, the rates of all‐cause mortality, stroke/SE and major bleeding were: 5.77 (95% CI) (5.06‐6.56), 1.58 (1.23‐2.02), and 0.99 (0.72‐1.36) and per 100 person‐years, respectively, which are higher than the global rates across all countries in GARFIELD‐AF. Unadjusted rates of all‐cause mortality were highest in Argentina, 6.95 (5.43‐8.90), and lowest in Chile, 4.01 (2.92‐5.52).ConclusionsGARFIELD‐AF results describes the marked variation in the baseline characteristics and patterns of antithrombotic treatments in patients with NVAF in four Latin American countries. Over one‐third of patients with a moderate‐to‐high risk of stroke received no AC therapy, highlighting the need for improved management of patients according to national guideline.Clinical Trial Registration—URLhttp://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362.
Evolution and Functional Differentiation of the Diaphragm Muscle of Mammals
Authors: Fogarty Matthew J. , Sieck Gary C. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTSymmorphosis is a concept of economy of biological design, whereby structural properties are matched to functional demands. According to symmorphosis, biological structures are never over designed to exceed functional demands. Based on this concept, the evolution of the diaphragm muscle (DIAm) in mammals is a tale of two structures, a membrane that separates and partitions the primitive coelomic cavity into separate abdominal and thoracic cavities and a muscle that serves as a pump to generate intra‐abdominal (Pab) and intrathoracic (Pth) pressures. The DIAm partition evolved in reptiles from folds of the pleural and peritoneal membranes that was driven by the biological advantage of separating organs in the larger coelomic cavity into separate thoracic and abdominal cavities, especially with the evolution of aspiration breathing. The DIAm pump evolved from the advantage afforded by more effective generation of both a negative Pthfor ventilation of the lungs and a positive Pabfor venous return of blood to the heart and expulsive behaviors such as airway clearance, defecation, micturition, and child birth. © 2019 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol9:715‐766, 2019.