bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enseignement et apprentissage de l’algèbre abstraite à l’Université : vers un paradigme du questionnement du monde
Authors: Hausberger Thomas 
Published: June 2019

Nous discutons dans cet article ce que pourrait être l’étude de l’algèbre abstraite à l’Université dans le paradigme du questionnement du monde. Ceci nous amène à distinguer des approches « top-down » et « bottom-up » de l’enseignement des structures algébriques et à considérer des praxéologies particulières en algèbre abstraite que nous nommons « praxéologies structuralistes ». À partir de notre modèle épistémologique de référence, nous soutenons le point de vue qu’un questionnement du monde en algèbre abstraite doit s’apparenter à un parcours d’étude et de recherche qui présente une bonne vitalité des dialectiques fondamentales particulier-général et objets-structures. Nous illustrons ce point de vue sur un exemple présentant un usage innovant d’une retranscription d’échanges sur un forum et nous discutons la pertinence et les difficultés d’une telle approche
The National Treatment Purchase Fund – A success for some patients yet a public policy failure?
Authors: Burke Sara , Brugha Ruairí , Thomas Steve 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In 2002 the Irish Government announced the establishment of the National Treatment Purchase Fund (NTPF) as a means of addressing patients’ long wait times for public hospital treatment. A new health strategy published in December 2001 promised that ‘by the end of 2004 all public patients will be scheduled to commence treatment within a maximum of three months of referral from an outpatient department’. Qualitative methods, including documentary analysis and key informant interviews, were used to gain an understanding of this policy process. The findings were then analysed through the framework proposed for this special issue where ideas, institutions and politics interact. Using McConnell’s typology of policy failure, this research finds the NTPF to be an example of a policy failure because, even though tens of thousands of public patients have been treated under the NTPF, waiting times and numbers have persisted and escalated since the NTPF was established.
A JobBridge to nowhere: The National Internship Scheme as fast policy leading to bad policy
Authors: Arlow Jonathan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
JobBridge, the Irish National Internship Scheme, was a labour activation measure launched in July 2011, during a period of extreme economic crisis, and was marketed as a chance for young people to gain career experience in quality work placements. Over 60 per cent of participants found employment after leaving the scheme but it suffered from high deadweight losses and was widely criticised as exploitative during its existence. This was quite predictable, which leaves the puzzle as to why JobBridge was designed without more regulations to protect the entry-level jobs market and the interests of the unemployed? This paper will trace the processes behind this suboptimal decision-making. First, it will show the institutional factors influencing poor policy decisions on labour activation. Then it will explain the main incentives behind an under-regulated programme, which were the need to develop a workable scheme as quickly as possible and to do this without significant funding. Finally, it will show how the decision-making process prioritised the interests of the Labour Party, government, business and the concerned parents of unemployed youth over the interests of the unemployed.
Public policy failure in healthcare: The effect of salary reduction for new entrant consultants on recruitment in public hospitals
Authors: Kiernan Fiona 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Policies fail or succeed for many reasons. These reasons include the decisionmaking process, which depends on the interplay of interests, as well as ideology and information. While bearing in mind that perception is often allimportant in deciding if a policy is a success or failure, this paper examines the policy failure of the 2012 decision to reduce salaries for new entrant consultants in Irish public hospitals. This salary reduction resulted in difficulties recruiting and retaining hospital consultants in the public sector. Firstly, the timeline and context of the decision are explored, taking into account the financial crisis at the time. This leads on to an examination of why this decision was made. It appears likely that self-interest on the part of the Minister for Health was a factor, and that self-interest on the part of the medical unions prevented reasonable discourse. The ideology of austerity was a predominant theme of government budgets in 2012; however, this ideology was also influential in creating an environment that allowed blame for public sector pay to be focused predominantly at public hospital consultants. Finally, I find problems with the information used in decision-making for the policy. This is evident from the irrational beliefs held by policymakers on the likelihood of recruiting consultants with lower salaries.
Public service integration in hard times: Merging unemployment benefit and labour market activation measures
Authors: Köppe Stephan , MacCarthaigh Muiris 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The creation of Intreo as a one-stop shop for jobseekers in Ireland occurred during the financial and sovereign debt crisis period of 2010–16. The organisational merger was the product of an extensive programme of successful administrative reorganisation and service integration that deserves attention. This article begins with an overview of the policy to merge insurance-based unemployment benefit, discretionary social welfare payments and labour market activation measures, as well as the various political and institutional rationales that led to this development. Drawing on the special issue framework concerning how the interaction of ideology, institutions and interests comes into play during policy change, we consider the contextual factors that facilitated the rapid implementation of the programme and its overall successful execution. Whilst focusing on the success, we also critically point out the inhibitors in the implementation chain, some of which predated the crisis, as well as problems during the implementation process, such as delays in the national rollout and back-office supports. We identify the main contributing factors for successful implementation of a one-stop shop for activation and unemployment services as (a) a high problem pressure, (b) a small and agile implementation team, (c) changing labour relations (e.g. binding arbitration, weakened unions) and (d) a modern communication strategy.
Physiological Aspects and Injuries in Mixed Martial Arts
Authors: Schlegel Petr , Křehký Adam 
Published: June 2019

Summary
Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) has become an independent sport discipline with its own distinctive aspects. It can no longer be perceived as before, as a compilation of other martial arts. MMA shows originality in training methods, health aspects, performance requirements or even moral-volitional qualities. The aim of the paper is to analyse the physiological aspects of MMA in both training and combat loads, to discuss the issue of injuries in MMA and to provide a comparison with other martial arts. Studies focusing directly on MMA wrestlers have been selected. These have included both amateur and professional athletes. The databases Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Scholar were used as sources. MMA ranks among sports with high-intensity workload, wrestlers achieve high levels of lactate and other metabolic markers. They need above-average aerobic capacity and perform well in upper body strength tests. Injury rates in MMA do not differ significantly from those in professional-level martial arts. Most injuries are associated with lacerations on the head. The requirements of extensive workload during performance must be reflected in training. Encouragement of aerobic and anaerobic endurance abilities in conjunction with optimum strength training seems crucial. It is essential to include prophylaxis as regards head concussions and strive for maximum safety of the sportsman during combat. Further research is required to confirm some of the conclusions, the limitations of which are due to the number and quality of the selected studies.
Human impact of septic tank effluent on groundwater quality in the rural area of Ain Soltane (Ain Defla), Algieria
Authors: Bouderbala Abdelkader 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The impact of individual septic tank effluent on groundwater quality was investigated in the rural area of the Ain Soltane municipality in Algeria. This area has an important number of individual septic tanks, and it is devoid of a drinking water supply and sewerage systems. The septic tank is a pre-treatment solution of sewage by bacteria living without oxygen (anaerobic). The alluvial aquifer in this area is covered by a layer of good permeability on the surface, which can pollute groundwater by vertical transport of pollutants through the soil, including microbial contamination. Groundwater samples were collected from 33 wells in the dry period of 2016. The monitoring of groundwater quality has shown a significant degree of organic and inorganic pollution in the majority of wells, with very high concentrations of sulphate and chloride exceeding 450 mg/l and 250 mg/l respectively. The analyzes also show the presence of bacterial germs in the groundwater of which the origin is faecal (faecal coliform densities are above 10 organisms per 100 ml, and the Total Streptococcus is more than 240 colonies per 100 ml). Monitoring confirms the contamination of these wells from septic tanks and that it was moving into groundwater, which makes it unfit for drinking due to the pathogenic germs. This poses a major problem for public health. This study has identified the effects of septic tank effluent on groundwater quality in this area.
An overview of the experimental research use of lysimeters
Authors: Sołtysiak Marek , Rakoczy Michał 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The lysimeter is most often defined as a box filled with soil with an intact structure for measuring the amount of infiltration and evapotranspiration in natural conditions. At the bottom of the device there is an outflow for atmospheric precipitation water infiltrating to a measuring container. Lysimeter studies are included in the group of dynamic leaching tests in which the leaching solution is added in a specified volume over a specific period of time. Lysimeter studies find applications in, amongst others, agrotechnics, hydrogeology and geochemistry. Lysimeter tests may vary in terms of the type of soil used (anthropogenic soil, natural soil), sample size, leaching solution, duration of the research and the purpose for conducting it. Lysimeter experiments provide more accurate results for leaching tests compared with static leaching tests. Unlike several-day tests, they should last for at least a year. There are about 2,500 lysimeters installed in nearly 200 stations around Europe. The vast majority of these (84%) are non-weighing lysimeters. There are a few challenges for lysimeter research mostly connected with the construction of the lysimeter, estimating leaching results and calibrating numerical transport models with data obtained from lysimeters. This review is devoted to the analysis of the principal types of lysimeters described in the literature within the context of their application. The aim of this study is to highlight the role of lysimeters in leaching studies.
Focus on Form in Content-Based Instruction: in Primary School Arts and Crafts CLIL
Authors: Vraciu Alexandra , Tomàs Yolanda Capdevila 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Despite their alleged dual focus on content and language learning, CLIL classes are, more often than not, focused on meaning transmission and comprehension and promote an incidental approach to language learning. Yet, empirical evidence from second language acquisition research points out that a mere focus on meaning is not enough for learners to reach proficiency in the target language and some awareness of the linguistic form is necessary for language learning to occur. In order to foster simultaneous subject matter and foreign language learning, CLIL practitioners need to create opportunities for learners to notice the language of the content while performing content-related activities and tasks. We propose a series of pedagogical strategies to achieve this awareness of the form in the context of the CLIL class, drawing on empirical evidence from language learning research and our own experience as CLIL teachers and teacher trainers.
Digital Competence and CLIL: The Use of WebQuests in Bilingual Education
Authors: Martínez Plácido E. Bazo , Déniz Sergio D. Francisco 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This paper discusses the use of WebQuests as an activity to combine competencybased learning and digitalization in a CLIL context through social tasks. In the 21st century, people need to use the knowledge they acquire in multiple scenarios. Thus, the educational system must provide learning contexts where students develop competences so that they are able to apply the knowledge they need in a culturally heterogeneous world. Integrated learning advocates the use of social tasks in bilingual scenarios. In order to solve a problem or explore an issue while creating a specific learning product, students connect different types of knowledge and thus acquire a more contextualized perspective of learning as a socially relevant activity. This kind of learning can be perceived as a bridge between the students’ educational context and daily lives. The digitalization of education is crucial for understanding how society advances and works as many of the jobs that appear in the future will require digital literacy. In this paper, an example of a WebQuest in a CLIL class in Spain is presented as a model for competency-based learning and digitalization through a social task.
Sustainable Rural Development Requires Value-Added Activities Linked with Comparative Advantage: The Case of the Catalan Pyrenees
Authors: Tulla Antoni F. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In a peripheral rural area like the Pyrenees, it is necessary to promote local resources, which can be converted in value-added activities with comparative advantages in relation with other areas. The Comparative Advantage Theory and Second-Best Option (SBO) methodology are presented here. Each local territory can develop activities or services, even though there are other places that may be more suitable for them, when these are the best specialization option for this territory. The idea of SBO methodology means engaging in activities that make it possible to achieve a comparative advantage. Four cases are discussed: a) transformation of dairy products into competitive value-added commodities; b) promotion of extensive cattle farming based on local natural grass feed; c) development of value-added tourist activities linked to local landscape; and d) planning value-added cultural activities related with cultural heritage.
Competitiveness of the Czech Meat Industry on the Single Market
Authors: Beňuš Ondrej 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
New Member States have been part of the Single market since joining the European Union in 2004. This step brought various challenges in each of these countries because of appreciable difference in competitiveness compared to old EU Member States. This article puts to the test the competitiveness of the Czech meat industry. This is one of the most important parts of the agri-food production, which is still a very important part of regional economics in less developed regions. Thus, it represents cultural heritage of the countryside. The main aim is to investigate specific branches of the Czech meat industry according to their competitiveness on the Single market. In the article, we make conclusion on different states of the competitiveness of three main branches of the Czech meat industry, which represents 85.6% of the overall meat export. Conducted research provided information on positive change in the export during the observed period of time, but the comparison of absolute export and import numbers did not refer to a positive development of the Czech meat industry. Furthermore, we observed tendency to locate meat production near local markets and in developed regions.
Benchmarking of Problems and Solvers: a Game-Theoretic Approach
Authors: Gogodze Joseph 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In this note, we propose a game-theoretic approach for benchmarking computational problems and their solvers. The approach takes an assessment matrix as a payoff matrix for some zero-sum matrix game in which the first player chooses a problem and the second player chooses a solver. The solution in mixed strategies of this game is used to construct a notionally objective ranking of the problems and solvers under consideration. The proposed approach is illustrated in terms of an example to demonstrate its viability and its suitability for applications.
Oral Lichen Planus – Known and Unknown: a Review
Authors: Mutafchieva Maria Z. , Draganova-Filipova Milena N. , Zagorchev Plamen I. , Tomov George T. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Lichen planus is a chronic mucocutaneous inflammatory disease aff ecting 1-2% of the general population with maximum prevalence of the disease in women above the age of 40. Its aetiology remains unclear and the pathogenesis is still the object of much speculation. It is considered to be an autoimmune disorder mediated mainly by the T-lymphocytes. The present paper presents the most well-known external agents (viruses in particular), internal agents like stress, and the heat shock protein thought to be trigger factors and describes the action of diff erent cells and proteins associated with the development of that disease. Diagnosis is based on clinical and histopathologic evidence; direct and indirect immunofluorescence techniques can also be of use. Despite the wide variety of therapeutic modalities, treatment outcomes are often insufficient. Currently, topical corticosteroids are widely accepted as a standard therapy, but also retinoids, calcineurin inhibitors and other immunosuppressants can be administered. Because of the aspect relevant to these drugs, priority is given to alternative harmless methods such as LLLT and PDLT. There is an ongoing controversy in the literature about the possible premalignant character of oral lichen planus, however, periodic followup is recommended.
Mutations Associated with Imatinib Mesylate Resistance - Review
Authors: Linev Alexandar J. , Ivanov Hristo J. , Zhelyazkov Ivan G. , Ivanova Hristina , Goranova-Marinova Veselina S. , Stoyanova Vili K. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) arises from the fusion of the BCR and the ABL1 genes. The BCR gene (chromosome 22q11.2) and the ABL1 gene (chromosome 9q34) fuse together due to reciprocal chromosome translocation forming the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph). This fusion gene codes tyrosine kinase which accelerates the cell division and reduces DNA repair. Imatinib mesylate is a selective inhibitor of this tyrosine kinase. It is the first-line treatment for CML-patients. However, it became clear that Philadelphia-positive (Ph+) cells could evolve to elude inhibition due to point mutations within the BCR-ABL kinase domain. To date more than 40 mutations have been identified and their early detection is important for clinical treatment. With the development of the new tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), associated with these mutations, the resistance problem seems to diminish, as some of the new drugs are less prone to resistance. The aim of this review is to focus on the diff erent mutations leading to resistance.
The multicultural nature of Azerbaijani space as seen by exponents of Azerbaijani culture
Authors: Mammadzadeh Ilham , Samedov Elsevar , Valiyev Isaxan , Aliyeva Zohra 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The contribution written by various representatives of Azerbaijani politics and culture, tends to highlight how the Azerbaijan is one of the few countries that symbolizes multiculturalism and multiconfessionality as a tool for dialogue, peace and coexistence. What is particularly important is the knowledge of the model of religious tolerance and secularism that currently Azerbaijan represents, also through the ‘conception of seminars and international public conferences on the issue as the “Forum on Intercultural Dialogue”. The Forum, founded in 2008, is promoted by UNESCO, the United Nations Alliance of Civilisations, the World Tourism Organisation, the Council of Europe and the Presidency of Azerbaijan.
Azerbaijan frameworks: geopolitical and socio-economic considerations
Authors: Varani Nicoletta 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The contribution intends to present a framework as updated as possible on Azerbaijan, a country of which we are hearing more and more but not very well known and known to most, trying to provide an overview of what Azerbaijan is today, paying particular attention to the history of this interesting country in order to understand what it is today and even more what is the path taken for its future development. Therefore, some areas and aspects of the country have been identified, which will be, to follow, argued. Starting from the entirely geographical aspects to the more socio-cultural, then moving on to international relations and geopolitics and finally to the economic aspects.
Formative and educational aspect of Azerbaijan. The pedagogical message of the poet Mirza Shafi Vaseh (1794-1852)
Authors: Mamayusupova Kristina 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The economy of Azerbaijan has been moving forward towards “diversification” for many years and has not been focusing on the petrol sector anymore, but on a variety of fields, education above the others. Azeri education is deeply rooted in sport and health policies, and it finds expression in various sports events promoted by the Government. The history of juvenile politics dates back to 1994, thanks to the authoritative promotional effort of the national leader Gaydar Aliyev. Azeri young people between 14 and 29 are regularly involved in all these events, actively participating in conferences and international scientific research projects. Azerbaijan aims above all at improving the knowledge of the English language among pupils, university students, and leading scientists. Azeri school is a formative and educational laboratory where events promoted by the Ministry of Education are often experimented.
Since 2016 Azerbaijan has been focusing on making the Azeri society online-oriented, focusing on immediacy and material, effort, and time-saving. Education is firmly based on the lifelong learning approach, that is fundamental for today’s personal and professional fulfilment. Human beings create their deep inner reality by educating themselves and the others and, in order to feed their souls, they often resort to the literary world, which is full of formative and educational elements. This is the reason to start a detailed reflection on the work of a famous Azeri poet: Mirza Shafi Vaseh (1794-1852). His poems deal with the human being’s search for love, reflection, wisdom and ‘formative’ beauty.