bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The chemistry of the vitamin B3 metabolome
Authors: Makarov Mikhail V. , Trammell Samuel A.J. , Migaud Marie E. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The functional cofactors derived from vitamin B3 are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), its phosphorylated form, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) and their reduced forms (NAD(P)H). These cofactors, together referred as the NAD(P)(H) pool, are intimately implicated in all essential bioenergetics, anabolic and catabolic pathways in all forms of life. This pool also contributes to post-translational protein modifications and second messenger generation. Since NAD+ seats at the cross-road between cell metabolism and cell signaling, manipulation of NAD+ bioavailability through vitamin B3 supplementation has become a valuable nutritional and therapeutic avenue. Yet, much remains unexplored regarding vitamin B3 metabolism. The present review highlights the chemical diversity of the vitamin B3-derived anabolites and catabolites of NAD+ and offers a chemical perspective on the approaches adopted to identify, modulate and measure the contribution of various precursors to the NAD(P)(H) pool.
Detectability of shape deformation in short-period exoplanets
Authors: Akinsanmi B. , Barros S. C. C. , Santos N. C. , Correia A. C. M. , Maxted P. F. L. , Boué G. , Laskar J. 
Published: December 2018

Context.Short-period planets are influenced by the extreme tidal forces of their parent stars. These forces deform the planets causing them to attain nonspherical shapes. The nonspherical shapes, modeled here as triaxial ellipsoids, can have an impact on the observed transit light-curves and the parameters derived for these planets.Aims.We investigate the detectability of tidal deformation in short-period planets from their transit light curves and the instrumental precision needed. We also aim to show how detecting planet deformation allows us to obtain an observational estimate of the second fluid Love number from the light curve, which provides valuable information about the internal structure of the planet.Methods.We adopted a model to calculate the shape of a planet due to the external potentials acting on it and used this model to modify theellctransit tool. We used the modifiedellcto generate the transit light curve for a deformed planet. Our model is parameterized by the Love number; therefore, for a given light curve we can derive the value of the Love number that best matches the observations.Results.We simulated the known cases of WASP-103b and WASP-121b which are expected to be highly deformed. Our analyses show that instrumental precision ≤50 ppm min−1is required to reliably estimate the Love number and detect tidal deformation. This precision can be achieved for WASP-103b in ∼40 transits using theHubbleSpace Telescope and in ∼300 transits using the forthcoming CHEOPS instrument. However, fewer transits will be required for short-period planets that may be found around bright stars in the TESS and PLATO survey missions. The unprecedented precisions expected from PLATO and JWST will permit the detection of shape deformation with a single transit observation. However, the effects of instrumental and astrophysical noise must be considered as they can increase the number of transits required to reach the 50 ppm min−1detection limit. We also show that improper modeling of limb darkening can act to bury signals related to the shape of the planet, thereby leading us to infer sphericity for a deformed planet. Accurate determination of the limb darkening coefficients is therefore required to confirm planet deformation.
Modeling and removal of optical ghosts in the PROBA-3/ASPIICS externally occulted solar coronagraph
Authors: Shestov S. V. , Zhukov A. N. , Seaton D. B. 
Published: December 2018

Context. ASPIICS is a novel externally occulted solar coronagraph, which will be launched onboard the PROBA-3 mission of the European Space Agency. The external occulter will be placed on the first satellite ∼150 m ahead of the second satellite that will carry an optical instrument. For 6 h per orbit, the satellites will fly in a precise formation, constituting a giant externally occulted coronagraph. The large distance between the external occulter and the primary objective will allow observations of the white-light solar corona starting from extremely low heights ∼1.1 R⊙.
Aims. We aim to analyze the possible influence of optical ghost images formed inside the telescope and to develop an algorithm for their removal.
Methods. We implement the optical layout of ASPIICS in Zemax and study the ghost behavior in sequential and nonsequential regimes. We identify sources of the ghost contributions and analyze their geometrical behavior. Finally we develop a mathematical model and software to calculate ghost images for any given input image.
Results. We show that ghost light can be important in the outer part of the field of view, where the coronal signal is weak, since the energy of bright inner corona is redistributed to the outer corona. However, the model allows for the ghost contribution to be removed. Due to the large distance between the external occulter and the primary objective, the primary objective does not produce a significant ghost. The use of the Lyot spot in ASPIICS is not necessary.
Sucht und Adipositas: Können Nahrungsmittel abhängig machen?
Authors: Bumb J. , Weber Tillmann , Kiefer Falk 
Published: December 2018

ZusammenfassungDie weltweite Prävalenz von Übergewicht und Adipositas nimmt in den letzten Jahren sowohl bei Kindern und Jugendlichen als auch bei Erwachsenen stetig zu. Hiermit verbunden sind zahlreiche Folgeerkrankungen, die zu einer reduzierten Lebensqualität, einer reduzierten Lebenserwartung und hohen direkten und indirekten Gesundheitskosten führen. Ein zentraler Aspekt der aktuellen Forschung beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, ob abhängige Verhaltensweisen im Zusammenhang mit dem derzeit bestehenden Überangebot an billiger, „schmackhafter“ (hoher Anteil an Zucker, Fett, Salz oder an Lebensmittelzusatzstoffen wie Geschmacksverstärkern) Nahrung zur steigenden Prävalenz der Adipositas beitragen könnten. Eine Verbesserung des Verständnisses der Wirkung bestimmter Nahrungsbestandteile auf Prozesse von Präferenz und Verhaltenssteuerung birgt die Hoffnung, neue und effizientere Therapieformen entwickeln zu können. Um diesen aktuellen Sachverhalt näher zu beleuchten, führten die Autoren eine selektive PubMed Recherche zu den Themen „obesity AND addiction“ durch. Aus der Literaturrecherche ergeben sich Hinweise für Gemeinsamkeiten in Prozessen und Regelkreisläufen, die sowohl bei der Entstehung und der Aufrechterhaltung der Adipositas als auch von Abhängigkeitserkrankungen eine Rolle spielen. Konkret sind hier phänomenologische und klinische, neuroendokrinologische und bildgebende Aspekte sowie Gemeinsamkeiten, bestimmte Transmittersysteme betreffend, zu nennen. Bei der Ergänzung der etablierten und der Entwicklung zukünftiger, innovativer und multi-modaler Therapieansätze sollten Suchtmechanismen und motivationale Aspekte der Nahrungsaufnahme bei der Behandlung der Adipositas daher Beachtung finden.
The Gut Microbiota as an Influencing Factor of Arterial Thrombosis
Authors: Reinhardt Christoph 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe mutualistic gut microbiota does not only impact the development and function of various immune cell types, but it also influences the function of the hepatic vascular endothelium and prothrombotic platelet function. With germ-free mouse models, we have demonstrated that gut-derived microbial-associated molecular patterns could stimulate hepatic von Willebrand factor (VWF) synthesis and plasmatic VWF levels through Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2), thus defining the extent of platelet deposition to the subendothelial matrix of the ligation-injured common carotid artery. In addition to the microbiota-derived choline metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide and the microbiota's regulatory role on the colonic serotonin biosynthesis pathway, affecting prothrombotic platelet function, TLR2-regulated hepatic endothelial VWF synthesis and elevated VWF plasma levels constitute a pivotal mechanism of how the gut microbiota is linked to arterial thrombosis. Conceptually, in addition to the identified functions of the gut microbiota in modulating host nutrition and metabolism, our work places the innate immune functions of the liver sinusoidal endothelium as an actuating variable in arterial thrombus growth.
Responding to volcanic eruptions in Iceland: from the small to the catastrophic
Authors: Bird Deanne K. , Gísladóttir Guðrún 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThere is no doubt that as the world’s population continues to grow and expand in hazardous environments, so too does our vulnerability to disaster. Researching disaster risk is therefore an ongoing challenge requiring a continual process of generating understanding of the changing environmental and societal characteristics that influence disaster vulnerability. Iceland, as the land of fire and ice, is of no exception. With a changing population, exponential growth in tourism and a volcanic eruption on average every 3–4 years, disaster risk research is of critical importance. Based on questionnaire survey results, interviews with key stakeholders and data derived from Statistics Iceland, this paper considers how residents might respond to a future eruption by examining their experience of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruptions against the changing demographic, economic and political landscape. While authorities were pleased with public response to evacuation orders in 2010, some residents did not evacuate. The reasons for not evacuating were due to caring for others or thinking the warnings were not applicable. Yet, most residents showed respect for authority and acknowledged the necessity of the evacuations. The relatively small, homogenous population of Iceland coupled with its peoples’ desire to cooperate contributed to this success. Within these communities, people are bound together by common beliefs, values and activities. However, the changing social landscape will test this phenomenon. In particular, the region’s economic base is evolving from traditional farming practices to one that is increasingly reliant on tourism. Demographic changes most notably include greater international migration to the South, as well as from the capital region. As the communities diversify, so too will people’s beliefs, values and activities. This paper explores the challenges this diversity brings with respect to generating a proactive public response to future evacuation orders. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of capturing narratives of actions and activities to enhance our understanding of the process of decision-making and the situational factors that add to its complexity.
When actions and looks don’t line up
Authors: Contemori Carla , Pozzan Lucia , Galinsky Phillip , Dussias Paola E. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In two eye tracking experiments, we investigate how adult child-L2 speakers of English resolve prepositional phrase (PP) attachment ambiguity in their dominant language (English), and whether they use prosodic information to aid in the process of garden-path recovery. The findings showed an increased processing cost associated with the revision of temporary ambiguous sentences for the child-L2 adults relative to the native English speakers. When prosody was informative, the child-L2 adults were able to use prosodic information to guide the interpretation of their later acquired, dominant language. However, they performed revision significantly less successfully than the native speakers. Although processing was similar for the native English speakers and the adult child-L2 speakers of English, when it comes to sensitivity to prosodic information and referential context, the two groups differed with regards to reanalysis both in the presence and absence of salient prosodic and referential information.
Associations of Hearing Loss and Depressive Symptoms With Incident Disability in Older Adults: Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study
Authors: Armstrong Nicole M , Deal Jennifer A , Betz Joshua , Kritchevsky Stephen , Pratt Sheila , Harris Tamara , Barry Lisa C , Simonsick Eleanor M , Lin Frank R 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundDepressive symptoms and hearing loss (HL) are independently associated with increased risk of incident disability; whether the increased risk is additive is unclear.MethodsCox Proportional Hazards models were used to assess joint associations of HL (normal, mild, moderate/severe) and late-life depressive symptoms (defined by a score of ≥8 on the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale) with onset of mobility disability (a lot of difficulty or inability to walk ¼ mile and/or climb 10 steps) and any disability in activities of daily living (ADL), among 2,196 participants of the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study, a cohort of well-functioning older adults aged 70–79 years. Models were adjusted for age, race, sex, education, diabetes, hypertension, and body mass index.ResultsRelative to participants with normal hearing and without depressive symptoms, participants without depressive symptoms who had mild or moderate/severe HL had increased risk of incident mobility and ADL disability (hazard ratio [HR] for mobility disability, mild HL:1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09, 1.64 and HR for mobility disability, moderate/severe HL: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.75 and HR for ADL disability, mild HL: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.63, and HR for ADL disability, moderate/severe HL: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.82). Among participants with depressive symptoms, mild HL (HR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.09, 2.70) was associated with increased risk of incident mobility disability.ConclusionsIndependent of depressive symptoms, risk of incident disability was greater in older adults with HL, regardless of severity. Further research into HL interventions may delay disability onset.
Survey of cow-calf producer perspectives on management strategies and industry challenges. Part 1: handling practices, and health and industry challenges
Authors: Martin Miriam S , Grau Scott A , Rutherford Burt W , Grandin Temple , Edwards-Callaway Lily N 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to benchmark cow-calf producer perspectives on management strategies and challenges, and to determine if demographic differences and Beef Quality Assurance (BQA) certification status influenced the frequency of certain management strategies. A total of 1,414 responses from cow-calf producers in 44 states were collected through an online survey conducted in partnership with BEEF, a producer-focused magazine. Survey recipients were asked 30 questions to gather demographic information, respondents’ current handling and health management practices, and how they prioritized industry challenges. The frequency of management methods and decisions such as preconditioning and identification methods were impacted by respondent age, operation size, location, and BQA certification (Ps ≤ 0.009). BQA-certified respondents more frequently used electronic ear tags and freeze branding (Ps = 0.009). Overall, 74.5% of respondents were preconditioning their calves. Respondents who were BQA certified more frequently preconditioned their calves (449; 81.5%) compared with those who were not BQA certified (582; 70.4%) (P &lt; 0.001). BQA training seems to be having a positive impact on production practices. Respondents identified cow-calf health as the biggest beef industry challenge and identified land availability or price as the biggest challenge to producers’ own operation. Respondents identified bovine respiratory disease, flies, pinkeye, and reproductive health as the most important animal health issues on producers’ operations. Health challenge responses varied significantly by producer age, beef cow inventory, and region of the United States (Ps &lt; 0.001). Calf or neonate health was most commonly identified as the biggest challenge for respondents under the age of 30 years. Producers between the ages of 55 and 70 years most commonly responded that the Veterinary Feed Directive or regulations were more of a challenge than other age groups. Respondents clearly identified managing herd health as a challenge throughout the survey. Respondents with similar herd health challenges were identified based on demographic categorization, such as age of respondent and region.
The Association Between Human Leukocyte Antigens and ITP, TTP, and HIT
Authors: Amin Asnafi Ali , Jalali Mohammad Taha , Pezeshki Seyed Mohammad Sadegh , Jaseb Kaveh , Saki Najmaldin 
Published: December 2018

Background:
Autoimmune thrombocytopenia in immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is associated with immunologic degradation of platelets and reduced platelet counts in patients, leading to bleeding risk in patients. Considering the role of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) in the development of immune response, in this review, we examine the relationship between HLA and pathogenesis of the above-mentioned diseases.

Methods:
Relevant English-language literature was searched and retrieved from Google Scholar search engine and PubMed database (1979 to 2018). The following keywords were used: “Immune Thrombocytopenic purpura,” “Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura,” Human Leukocyte Antigen,” and “Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.”

Results:
In autoimmune thrombocytopenia, HLA molecule presents self-antigens or foreign antigens similar to self-antigens, provoking an immune response against platelets that results in the degradation of platelets in peripheral blood and possible bleeding in the patient. For example, HLA-DRB1 *11 presents the self-antigen and induces an immune response against ADAMTS13, which is associated with thrombocytopenia in TTP patients.

Conclusions:
HLA alleles can be used as prognostic biomarkers for immunologic disorders of platelet such as ITP, TTP, and HIT. Different DRB1 alleles enable the assessment of resistance to common ITP treatments as well as disease prognosis. Due to the genetic association between HLA-DR1 and HLA-DQ1 alleles and the role of HLA-DRB1 *11 in TTP, the HLA-DQB1 *02: 02 allele may also play a role in TTP pathogenesis.
Developmental Trajectories and Reference Percentiles for the 6-Minute Walk Test for Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Fiss Alyssa LaForme , Jeffries Lynn , Bjornson Kristie , Avery Lisa , Hanna Steven , Westcott McCoy Sarah 
Published: December 2018

Purpose:
The purposes of this study were to document longitudinal developmental trajectories in 6-minute walk test (6MWT) distances and to develop age-specific reference percentiles for children across different Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels.

Methods: A total of
456 children with cerebral palsy ages 3 to 12 years of, GMFCS levels I to III participated. Children's motor function was classified on the GMFCS, and children completed the 6MWT 2 to 5 times in 2 years.

Results:
Longitudinal developmental trajectories support that 6MWT distances increase with age followed by a tapering, as children approach their functional limit relative to their GMFCS level. Reference percentile graphs were created to monitor change over time.

Conclusions:
The 6MWT longitudinal developmental trajectories, reference percentiles, and interpretation of percentile change should assist collaborative and proactive intervention planning relative to functional walking capacity for children with cerebral palsy.
Estimating the fitness effect of deleterious mutations during the two phases of the life cycle: a new method applied to the root-rot fungusHeterobasidion parviporum
Authors: Clergeot Pierre-Henri , Rode Nicolas O. , Glémin Sylvain , Brandström-Durling Mikael , Ihrmark Katarina , Olson Åke 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMany eukaryote species including taxa such as fungi or algae have a lifecycle with substantial haploid and diploid phases. A recent theoretical model predicts that such haploid-diploid lifecycles are stable over long evolutionary time scales when segregating deleterious mutations have stronger effects in homozygous diploids than in haploids and when they are partially recessive in heterozygous diploids. The model predicts that effective dominance, a measure that accounts for these two effects, should be close to 0.5 in these species. It also predicts that diploids should have higher fitness than haploids on average. However, an appropriate statistical framework to conjointly investigate these predictions is currently lacking. In this study, we derive a new quantitative genetic model to test these predictions using fitness data of two haploid parents and their diploid offspring and genome-wide genetic distance between haploid parents. We apply this model to the root-rot basidiomycete fungusHeterobasidion parviporum, a species where the heterokaryotic (equivalent to the diploid) phase is longer than the homokaryotic (haploid) phase. We measured two fitness-related traits (mycelium growth rate and the ability to degrade wood) in both homokaryons and heterokaryons and we used whole-genome sequencing to estimate nuclear genetic distance between parents. Possibly due to a lack of power, we did not find that deleterious mutations were recessive or more deleterious when expressed during the heterokaryotic phase. Using this model to compare effective dominance among haploid-diploid species where the relative importance of the two phases varies should help better understand the evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles.Article summary for Issue HighlightsMany eukaryote species including taxa such as fungi or algae spend a large portion of their life cycle as haploids and as diploids. Clergeot, Rodeet al.derive a statistical model to test whether deleterious mutations have stronger effects in homozygous diploids than in haploids, whether they are partially recessive in heterozygous diploids and whether diploids have higher fitness than haploids on average. As an illustration, they use their model to study growth rate and the ability to degrade wood in the root-rot fungusHeterobasidion parviporum. Their model should help gaining further insights into the evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles.