bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vorgehen bei Schilddrüsenkarzinomen in einer medianen
Halszyste
Authors: Heidemann Jan , Pudszuhn Annett , Hofmann Veit Maria 
Published: February 2019

ZusammenfassungSchilddrüsenkarzinome aus Residuen des Ductus thyreoglossus sind eine Seltenheit
und werden meist als Zufallsbefund postoperativ festgestellt. Es gibt keine
klaren Richtlinien für das korrekte therapeutische Vorgehen nach erfolgter
Resektion, insbesondere bezüglich der Notwendigkeit einer totalen Thyroidektomie
und Radioiodtherapie. Vor dem Hintergrund der aktuellen Literatur wird eine
Fallserie von fünf Patienten mit Schilddrüsenkarzinomen in einer medianen
Halszyste präsentiert. Es erfolgte eine retrospektive Analyse aller Patienten
mit einem Schilddrüsenkarzinom in einer medianen Halszyste im Zeitraum zwischen
2002 und 2017.Von 578 Patienten, die aufgrund einer medianen Halszyste operiert wurden, konnte
bei fünf dieser Patienten (3 Frauen, 2 Männer), im Alter von 16–73 Jahren
(Altersmittelwert 51; Median 56 Jahre) ein Schilddrüsenkarzinom gesichert
werden. Klinisch stellten sich alle Patienten mit einer schmerzlosen Schwellung
im Bereich des Zungenbeins vor. Die Diagnose wurde in allen Fällen postoperativ
gestellt, in einem Fall wurde in der präoperativen Bildgebung bereits ein
Malignom vermutet. Histologisch zeigte sich in allen Fällen ein papilläres
Schilddrüsenkarzinom. Vier Patienten erhielten im Intervall eine totale
Thyroidektomie und Radioiodtherapie, zwei davon zusätzlich eine Neck dissection
des medialen und lateralen Kompartiments, der fünfte Patient hat sich einer
weiteren Diagnostik und Therapie entzogen. Es wurden in allen vier Fällen keine
Karzinome der Schilddrüse oder Lymphknotenmetastasen nachgewiesen.Aufgrund der Seltenheit von Schilddrüsenkarzinomen in medianen Halszysten
existiert derzeit kein standardisiertes therapeutisches Vorgehen. Es sollte eine
Risikostratifizierung vorgenommen werden, um Patienten, die von einer
zusätzlichen Thyroidektomie profitieren könnten, zu identifizieren. Die Prognose
ist sehr gut.
Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase attenuates a high-fat diet-mediated renal injury by activating PAX2 and AMPK
Authors: Luo Ying , Wu Ming-Yu , Deng Bing-Qing , Huang Jian , Hwang Sung Hee , Li Meng-Yuan , Zhou Chun-Yu , Zhang Qian-Yun , Yu Hai-Bo , Zhao Da-Ke , Zhang Guodong , Qin Ling , Peng Ai , Hammock Bruce D. , Liu Jun-Yan 
Published: February 2019

Significance
This study reveals that the inactivation of Pax2, a mediator for chaperone-mediated autophagy, contributes to the high-fat diet (HFD)-caused murine renal injury. Also, the inactivation of Ampk, a mediator of macroautophagy, and the activation of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), an enzyme mediating the metabolism of epoxy fatty acids to form vicinal diols, are involved in HFD-caused murine renal injury. Furthermore, inhibition of sEH significantly attenuates the HFD-induced renal injury, partially by activating Pax2 and Ampk. Increased epoxy fatty acids caused by sEH inhibition activate Pax2 and Ampk. In addition, Pax2 may up-regulate Ampk transcriptionally in murine renal mesangial cells. This study provides insights into the pathophysiology and pharmacology of HFD/obesity-mediated renal injury.
Lead isotopes in silver reveal earliest Phoenician quest for metals in the west Mediterranean
Authors: Eshel Tzilla , Erel Yigal , Yahalom-Mack Naama , Tirosh Ofir , Gilboa Ayelet 
Published: February 2019

SignificanceWe offer here an answer to one of the most intriguing questions in ancient Mediterranean history: the timing/contexts and incentives of early Phoenician expansion to Mediterranean and Atlantic regions in Africa and Europe ∼3,000 years ago. This was enabled by a rare opportunity to analyze a very large sample set of ancient silver items from Phoenicia. An interdisciplinary collaboration combining scientific methods with precise archaeological data revealed the Phoenicians’ silver sources. We propose that Phoenicians brought silver to the Levant from southwest Sardinia ∼200 years before they de facto settled there, and later, gradually, also from Iberia. We show that the quest for sliver was a major trigger for a long “precolonization” phase, during the 10th to 9th centuries BCE.
Extremely high-gain source-gated transistors
Authors: Zhang Jiawei , Wilson Joshua , Auton Gregory , Wang Yiming , Xu Mingsheng , Xin Qian , Song Aimin 
Published: February 2019

Significance
The advent of thin-film electronics and the development of new materials, such as oxide semiconductors, bring great opportunities for new device designs and applications. A source-gated transistor (SGT) is created by combining two fundamental building blocks of electronics: a thin-film transistor and a Schottky diode. By developing a methodology to manipulate the source barrier profile, an extremely high gain of 29,000 is achieved, previously unthinkable with a single component. The SGT design overcomes several major bottlenecks to using oxide semiconductors in large-scale applications and broadens the range of channel materials beyond standard semiconductors. These advantages combined with an analytical theory confirmed by simulations and experiments demonstrate the potential of SGTs to be a fundamental component for thin-film electronics.
Geoarchaeological evidence from Angkor, Cambodia, reveals a gradual decline rather than a catastrophic 15th-century collapse
Authors: Penny Dan , Hall Tegan , Evans Damian , Polkinghorne Martin 
Published: February 2019

Significance
Contrasting models exist to explain the movement of urban populations following the 15th-century demise of Angkor. Here we present geoarchaeological data from the urban core of Angkor that indicate a protracted decline in land use intensity during the 14th century rather than an abrupt demographic collapse. These results argue against traditional explanations for the demise of Angkor, which emphasize the role of interventionist foreign powers in forcing collapse, and imply a more complex and protracted transformation.
Age at Immigration, Generational Status, and Death Among Children of Immigrant Mothers: A Longitudinal Analysis of Siblings
Authors: Mehta Neil K , Martikainen Pekka , Cederström Agneta 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Studies have documented that age at immigration and generational status are important predictors of socioeconomic outcomes among children of immigrants. Whether these characteristics are related to long-term risk of death is unknown. Leveraging variation within sibships, we evaluated the association of age at immigration and generational status (i.e., first or second generation) with death among children of immigrant mothers to Sweden. Data included 272,429 individuals (126,701 sibships) aged 15 or more years from the total Swedish population followed between 1990 and 2009. Population-average and sibling fixed-effect regressions were estimated, with the latter controlling for unobserved factors shared by siblings. The foreign-born children of immigrants experienced a 17% higher risk of death than the Swedish-born children of immigrants. This excess risk was evident for external and nonexternal causes of death. In general, a graded association was not detected between age at immigration and death among the foreign-born individuals; however, those arriving during primary school ages appeared especially vulnerable. This study provides robust evidence that among children of immigrants, being foreign born was associated with a long-term death penalty compared with being born in the host country.
Electrophysiological and transcriptomic correlates of neuropathic pain in human dorsal root ganglion neurons
Authors: North Robert Y , Li Yan , Ray Pradipta , Rhines Laurence D , Tatsui Claudio Esteves , Rao Ganesh , Johansson Caj A , Zhang Hongmei , Kim Yeun Hee , Zhang Bo , Dussor Gregory , Kim Tae Hoon , Price Theodore J , Dougherty Patrick M 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Neuropathic pain encompasses a diverse array of clinical entities affecting 7–10% of the population, which is challenging to adequately treat. Several promising therapeutics derived from molecular discoveries in animal models of neuropathic pain have failed to translate following unsuccessful clinical trials suggesting the possibility of important cellular-level and molecular differences between animals and humans. Establishing the extent of potential differences between laboratory animals and humans, through direct study of human tissues and/or cells, is likely important in facilitating translation of preclinical discoveries to meaningful treatments. Patch-clamp electrophysiology and RNA-sequencing was performed on dorsal root ganglia taken from patients with variable presence of radicular/neuropathic pain. Findings establish that spontaneous action potential generation in dorsal root ganglion neurons is associated with radicular/neuropathic pain and radiographic nerve root compression. Transcriptome analysis suggests presence of sex-specific differences and reveals gene modules and signalling pathways in immune response and neuronal plasticity related to radicular/neuropathic pain that may suggest therapeutic avenues and that has the potential to predict neuropathic pain in future cohorts.
Faecal Microbiota Dynamics and their Relation to Disease Course in Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Galazzo Gianluca , Tedjo Danyta I , Wintjens Dion S J , Savelkoul Paul H M , Masclee Ad A M , Bodelier Alexander G L , Pierik Marie J , Jonkers Daisy M A E , Penders John 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
Microbial shifts have been associated with disease activity in Crohn’s disease [CD], but findings on specific taxa are inconsistent. This may be due to differences in applied methods and cross-sectional study designs. We prospectively examined the faecal microbiota in adult CD patients with changing or stable disease course over time.

Methods
Faeces were collected at two time-points from 15 healthy control individuals [HCs], 35 CD patients who were in remission and who maintained remission [RRs], and 22 CD patients during remission and also during subsequent exacerbation [RAs]. The microbial composition was assessed by 16S rRNA [V4] gene sequencing.

Results
Compared with HCs, patients with CD had a lower microbial richness [p = 0.0002] and diversity [p = 0.005]. Moreover, the microbial community structure of a subset of patients, clustered apart from HCs, was characterized by low microbial diversity and Faecalibacterium abundance. Patients within this cluster did not differ with respect to long-term disease course compared with patients with a ‘healthy-appearing’ microbiota.
Over time, microbial richness and diversity did not change in RR versus RA patients. Although the microbial community structure of both RR and RA patients was less stable over time compared with that of HCs, no differences were observed between the patient groups [p = 0.17]; nor was the stability impacted by Montreal classification, medication use, or surgery.

Conclusion
The altered microbiota composition and stability in CD was neither associated with disease activity nor long-term disease course, questioning its involvement in the development of an exacerbation. The aberrant microbiota composition in a subset of CD patients warrants further exploration of a more microbiota-driven etiology in this group.
Hybrid positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance imaging for assessing different stages of cardiac impairment in patients with Anderson–Fabry disease: AFFINITY study group
Authors: Imbriaco Massimo , Nappi Carmela , Ponsiglione Andrea , Pisani Antonio , Dell’Aversana Serena , Nicolai Emanuele , Spinelli Letizia , Aiello Marco , Diomiaiuti Claudio Tommaso , Riccio Eleonora , Esposito Roberta , Galderisi Maurizio , Losi Mariangela , Greiser Andreas , Chow Kelvin , Cuocolo Alberto 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAimsAnderson–Fabry disease (AFD) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder associated with multi-organ dysfunction. While native myocardial T1 mapping by magnetic resonance (MR) allow non-invasive measurement of myocyte sphingolipid accumulation, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) and MR are able to identify different pathological patterns of disease progression. We investigated the relationship between T1 mapping and 18F-FDG uptake by hybrid PET-MR cardiac imaging in AFD female patients.Methods and resultsTwenty AFD females without cardiac symptoms underwent cardiac PET-MR using 18F-FDG for glucose uptake. In all patients and in seven age- and sex-matched control subjects, T1 mapping was performed using native T1 Modified Look-Locker Inversion-recovery prototype sequences. 18F-FDG myocardial uptake was quantified by measuring the coefficient of variation (COV) of the standardized uptake value using a 17-segment model. T1 values of AFD patients were lower compared with control subjects (1236 ± 49 ms vs. 1334 ± 27 ms, P < 0.0001). Focal 18F-FDG uptake with COV >0.17 was detected in seven patients. COV was 0.32 ± 0.1 in patients with focal 18F-FDG uptake and 0.12 ± 0.04 in those without (P < 0.001). Patients with COV >0.17 had higher T1 values of lateral segments of the mid ventricular wall, compared with those with COV ≤0.17 (1216 ± 22 ms vs. 1160 ± 59 ms, P < 0.05).ConclusionIn females with AFD, focal 18F-FDG uptake with a trend towards a pseudo-normalization of abnormal T1 mapping values, may represent an intermediate stage before the development of myocardial fibrosis. These findings suggest a potential relationship between progressive myocyte sphingolipid accumulation and inflammation.
Medicare Access and Children’s Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act: The Basics for the Breast Imaging Radiologist
Authors: Golding Lauren Parks , Nicola Gregory N 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Breast imaging radiologists are considered by many to be leaders among diagnostic radiologists in the transition to value-based care. Many strategies for success in the changing healthcare landscape are exemplified by the day-to-day practice of breast imaging, including well-developed quality measures, standardized accepted best practices and terminology, and a prominent role in communicating with patients and coordinating care. Further development of these strategies will be important for continued success in both the Merit-Based Incentive Payment System and in alternative payment models.
Spermatological Morphology of Triatoma Species (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae)
Authors: Oliveira Maria Luiza Ribeiro de , Camara Daniel Cardoso Portela , Freitas Simone Patrícia Carneiro , Santos-Mallet Jacenir Reis 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Spermatozoa are among the most diverse cell types, and their morphologies often provide data that can be used to reliably evaluate phylogenetic relationships. They can also help to clarify the nature of ‘specific complexes’, which are common among triatomines. In the present study, we evaluated the copulation behavior of Triatoma rubrovaria Blanchard 1843 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) and the structural morphology of sperm from T. carcavalloi Jurberg Rocha & Lent, 1998, T. infestans Klug, 1834, T. pintodiasi Jurberg Cunha & Rocha, 2013, and T. rubrovaria. Copulatory behavior was described from the moment males and females genitalia joined until they separated. Insemination was confirmed by the presence of a spermatophore in the female’s bursa copulatrix. To measure their sperm, males were dissected and their seminal vesicles were removed, squashed on glass slides, and then spread, fixed, and observed under a photomicroscope. The images obtained were analyzed to measure the sperm. Seminal vesicles were also prepared for transmission electron microscopy. We performed K-means clustering separately for each species to group their sperm based on morphology. The differences in spermatozoa length among species of Triatominae, sperm types, and the interaction between species and sperm type were assessed with a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The copulation time in T. rubrovaria was 3 to 5 min, which was sufficiently long for spermatophore transfer. All taxa showed polymorphic (short and long) sperm, with significant differences in the lengths of sperm among taxa. Using electron microscopy, the sperm cells of the four taxa examined were found to have similar ultrastructural morphology, confirming the hypothesized synapomorphies of sperm within the suborder Heteroptera (Hemiptera).
Senescence of the Kidney
Authors: O’Sullivan Eoin D. , Ferenbach David A. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Senescence is a state of terminal growth arrest, with associated structural and functional changes in the affected cell. Cellular senescence can be induced in embryogenesis and in response to stimuli including aging, DNA damage, and cell stress. There is great interest in the physiological function and pathological role of senescent cells in the progression of the renal aging phenotype and chronic kidney disease. This chapter will explore the incomplete but evolving knowledge of the roles for senescence in the developing, injured, aged, and scarred kidneys. The potential for senescent cells to be targeted to maximize renal protection in the face of aging and injury will also be summarized.
Nephron-Sparing Surgery
Authors: Puliatti Stefano , Ferrari Nancy , Rocco Bernardo , Bianchi Giampaolo , Micali Salvatore 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Exceptional advances in diagnostic imaging has resulted in an increased diagnosis of mass at early stages. Currently, more than half of the renal tumors are characterized by their small size at the time of diagnosis. Thus, we no longer consider the removal of the entire kidney as an appropriate treatment for these small-sized renal tumors. Thanks to the new technologies and the anatomic-functional studies, the management of small-sized renal tumors has changed from open surgery, with complete removal of the kidney, to a minimal invasive surgery that aims to resect only the mass, saving healthy renal parenchyma and residual kidney function. Although, healthy parenchyma preservation is of a huge benefit for the patient, it makes surgery more complex. This chapter addresses the development pathway that led to nephron-sparing surgery. Moreover, its indications, possible benefits, complications and the intervention techniques will be discussed.
Hepatorenal Syndrome
Authors: Durand François , Francoz Claire , DiNorcia Joseph , Genyk Yuri S. , Nadim Mitra K. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) occurs in patients with end-stage liver disease and results from the complex circulatory changes associated with cirrhosis, where splanchnic vasodilatation and effective hypovolemia play central roles. Although related to hypovolemia, HRS is not reversed by volume expansion. In theory, HRS is not associated with structural changes in the kidney and, thus, is fully reversible with liver transplantation. Improvement may be observed with vasoconstrictors such as terlipressin in combination with albumin. However, in the absence of transplantation, HRS is associated with an extremely poor prognosis, even in patients who respond to vasoconstrictors. It is important to differentiate HRS from acute tubular necrosis because the therapeutic approach to each is different. Recent biomarkers are helpful but do not allow a clear distinction.
Paediatric urology
Authors: Reynard John , Brewster Simon F , Biers Suzanne , Neal Naomi Laura 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers paediatric urology, and the fourth edition includes the latest guidelines and recommendations (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 2013, British Association of Paediatric Urologists 2015). The embryology of the urinary and genital tracts is detailed. The presentation of undescended testes, vesicoureteric reflux, and urinary tract infection and their current management recommendations are included. New sections in the fourth edition include paediatric trauma, nephrolithiasis, uro-physiology, and the foreskin. Megaureter, ectopic ureter, and ureterocele are also covered in detail. Hypospadias and epispadias are covered. This chapter also includes the assessment and management of children with urinary incontinence and nocturnal enuresis.
Basic science and renal transplant
Authors: Reynard John , Brewster Simon F , Biers Suzanne , Neal Naomi Laura 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers the basic physiological functions of the kidney, bladder, and urethra. Renal anatomy is detailed, including the anatomical relations of the kidney. Renal physiology is covered in detail, including the regulation of renal blood flow and regulation of water, acid–base, sodium, and potassium balance. It includes the principles of renal replacement therapy and the principles of renal transplantation, including assessment of both the recipient and the donor. Transplant surgery is outlined, including commonly used drugs and complications and their management and common complications of renal transplant surgery. The different types of organ rejection are discussed, including their treatments.
Non-Immune Hydrops
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the incidence, risk factors, genetics, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of isolated and syndromic non-immune hydrops fetalis (NIH). The discussion on the differential diagnosis of various types of NIH summarizes common causes, including chromosome anomalies (Down syndrome, Turner syndrome and others), congenital infections ( CMV, Parvovirus and Syphilis) , and multiple congenital anomaly syndromes (Noonan spectrum disorders, Neu Laxova syndrome, Hennekam syndrome and others), skeletal dysplasias and a number of lysosomal storage diseases. A through evaluation both before and after birth including maternal history, infectious work-up, microarray, autopsy and selected molecular testing including exome sequencing can achieve a diagnosis in an increasing number of cases. The mortality and morbidity of NIH remains high and relatively few are amenable to specific interventions. A clinical case presentation features an infant with congenital parvovirus B19 infection.
Cleft Lip
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews background information about the incidence, risk factors, family history, genetics, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of isolated and syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Microforms of cleft lip are described. The distinctive anatomy of bilateral cleft lip is contrasted with premaxillary agenesis, a wider defect caused by absence of the frontonasal process. The discussion on the differential diagnosis of cleft lip summarizes its common causes, including teratogenic agents (alcohol, maternal diabetes, phenytoin), chromosome anomalies (aneuploidy, recurrent deletion syndromes), and Mendelian clefting disorders that include associated malformations in other organ systems. The chapter gives recommendations for evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features an infant with an oral cleft who has a positive family history of cleft lip and palate with paramedian lip pits due to Van der Woude syndrome.