bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of a simplified management algorithm on outcome following exsanguinating pelvic fractures: A 10-year experience
Authors: Lewis Richard H. , Sharpe John P. , Berning Bennett , Fabian Timothy C. , Croce Martin A. , Magnotti Louis J. 
Published: December 2018

BACKGROUND
Optimal management of exsanguinating pelvic fractures remains controversial. Our previous experience suggested that management decisions based on a defined algorithm were associated with a significant reduction in transfusion requirements and mortality. Based on these outcomes, a clinical pathway (PW) for the management of exsanguinating pelvic fractures was developed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of this PW on outcomes.

METHODS
Consecutive patients over 10 years with blunt pelvic fractures subsequent to the implementation of the clinical PW were identified. Patients with hemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures are managed initially with a pelvic orthotic device. For those with continued hemodynamic instability and no extrapelvic source of hemorrhage, pelvic angiography was performed followed by elective pelvic fixation. Patients managed according to the PW were compared with those patients whose management deviated (DEV) from the PW.

RESULTS
There were 3,467 patients identified. Three hundred twelve (9%) met entry criteria: 246 (79%) comprised the PW group and 66 (21%) the DEV group. Injury severity, as measured by Injury Severity Score (35 vs. 36; p = 0.55), admission Glasgow Coma Scale (10 vs. 10; p = 0.58), admission BE (−7.4 vs. −6.4, p = 0.38), admission SBP (107 vs. 104, p = 0.53), and PRBC requirements during initial resuscitation (6.1 units vs. 6.6 units, p = 0.22) were similar between the groups. Pelvic orthotic device use was 48% in the DEV group (p < 0.001). Twenty-four percent of the PW group required angiography compared with 74% of the DEV group (p < 0.001). Forty-eight-hour transfusions (11 vs. 16, p = 0.01) and mortality (35% vs. 48%, p = 0.04) were reduced in the PW group compared with the DEV group. Pathway adherence was identified as an independent predictor of both decreased transfusions (β = −5.8, p = 0.002) via multiple linear regression and decreased mortality (hazard ratio, 0.74; 95% confidence interval, 0.42–0.98) via multivariable cox proportional hazards analysis.

CONCLUSION
Adherence to a defined clinical PW simplified the management of exsanguinating pelvic fractures and contributed to a reduction in both transfusion requirements and mortality.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Prognostic, level III.
Interhospital variability in time to discharge to rehabilitation among insured trauma patients
Authors: Knowlton Lisa M. , Harris Alex H.S. , Tennakoon Lakshika , Hawn Mary T. , Spain David A. , Staudenmayer Kristan L. 
Published: December 2018

BACKGROUND
Hospital costs are partly a function of length of stay (LOS), which can be impacted by the local availability of postacute care (PAC) resources (inpatient rehabilitation and skilled nursing facilities), particularly for injured patients. We hypothesized that LOS for trauma patients destined for PAC would be variable based on insurance type and hospitals from which they are discharged.

METHODS
We used the 2014 to 2015 National Inpatient Sample from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. We included all adult admissions with a primary diagnosis of trauma (International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification codes), who were insured and discharged to PAC. We then ranked hospitals based upon mean LOS and divided them into quartiles to determine differences. The primary outcome was inpatient LOS; secondary outcome was cost.

RESULTS
There are 958,005 trauma patients that met the inclusion criteria. Mean LOS varied based upon insurance type (Medicaid vs. Private vs. Medicare: 12.7 days vs. 8.8 days and 5.7 days; p < 0.001). Shortest LOS hospitals had a marginal variation in LOS (Medicaid vs. Private vs. Medicare: 5.5 days vs. 4.8 days vs. 4.2 days; p < 0.001). Longest LOS hospitals had mean LOS that varied substantially (16.4 days vs. 11.0 days vs. 6.7 days; p < 0.001). Multivariate regression controlling for patient and hospital characteristics revealed that Medicaid patients spent Medicaid patients spent an additional 0.4 days in shortest LOS hospitals and an additional 2.6 days in longest LOS hospitals (p < 0.001). The average daily cost of inpatient care was US $3,500 (SD, US $132). Even with conservative estimates, Medicaid patients at hospitals without easy access to rehabilitation incur significant additional inpatient costs over $10,000 in some hospitals.

CONCLUSION
Prolonged LOS is likely a function of access to postacute facilities, which is largely out of the hands of trauma centers. Efficiencies in care are magnified by access to postacute beds, suggesting that increased availability of rehabilitation facilities, particularly for Medicaid patients, might help to reduce LOS.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Epidemiologic, level III; care management, level IV.
Estimation of swine movement network at farm level in the US from the Census of Agriculture data
Authors: Moon Sifat A. , Ferdousi Tanvir , Self Adrian , Scoglio Caterina M. 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTSwine movement networks among farms/operations are an important source of information to understand and prevent the spread of diseases, nearly nonexistent in the United States. An understanding of the movement networks can help the policymakers in planning effective disease control measures. The objectives of this work are: 1) estimate swine movement probabilities at the county level from comprehensive anonymous inventory and sales data published by the United States Department of Agriculture - National Agriculture Statistics Service database, 2) develop a network based on those estimated probabilities, and 3) analyze that network using network science metrics. First, we use a probabilistic approach based on the maximum entropy method to estimate the movement probabilities among different swine populations. Then, we create a swine movement network using the estimated probabilities for the counties of the central agricultural district of Iowa. The analysis of this network has found evidence of small-world phenomenon. Our study suggests that the US swine industry may be vulnerable to infectious disease outbreaks because of the small-world structure of its movement network. Our system is easily adaptable to estimate movement networks for other sets of data, farm animal production systems, and geographic regions.
Resequencing and association mapping of the generalist pathogenBotrytis cinerea
Authors: Atwell Susanna , Corwin Jason A. , Soltis Nicole , Zhang Wei , Copeland Daniel , Feusier Julie , Eshbaugh Robert , Kliebenstein Daniel J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe performed whole genome resequencing of 84 field isolates ofBotrytis cinerea, largely collected from a local set of plant species. Combined with 13 previously resequenced isolates sampled from diverse locations, this gave a collection of 97 isolates for studies of natural variation. Alignment to the reference sequence T4 and SNP detection provided further data for population genetics analysis including a mapping population for association studies. Although much of the genomic diversity was captured in the original 13 isolates, the additional genomes increased total diversity in the population by a third. Surprisingly, the same additional genomes increase mitochondrial diversity 2-fold. Across the population, LD was limited and decayed rapidly, reflecting frequent outcrossings. Effectively, this sampling strategy increased the level of genetic diversity available, whilst limiting the problem of population stratification and enabling GWAS of several phenotypes on commonArabidopsisplants affected in disease pathways. Overlap of results using all GWAS methods revealed numerous candidate genes / pathways that potentially contribute to its broad host range and offer conceivable pathogen decrease targets.
Cerebrospinal fluid transcriptional analyses reveals upregulation of IL-17, Type 1 interferon transcriptional pathways and neutrophil persistence genes associated with increased mortality from pneumococcal meningitis in adults
Authors: Wall Emma C , Guerra-Assunção José Afonso , Pollara Gabriele , Venturini Cristina , Mlozowa Veronica S , Allain Theresa J , Lalloo David G , Noursadeghi Mahdad , Brown Jeremy S , Heyderman Robert S 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundImproving outcomes from pneumococcal meningitis (PM), particularly in populations with high HIV prevalence, requires better understanding of host inflammatory responses to infection.MethodsWe compared the transcriptome in pre-antibiotic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood from Malawian adults with PM using RNA sequencing. We used network analyses and cellular/process deconvolution of the transcriptome to identify important patho-physiological associations with outcome.FindingsBlood transcriptional profiles were obtained in 28 patients (21 HIV co-infected; median age 33 years [26-66]; median CSF WCC 28 cells/mm3 [0-3660]; median bacterial load 4.7×106 copies/ml CSF [671-2×109]; in-hospital mortality 64%), paired CSF profiles were obtained in 13. Marked differences in gene expression by outcome were confined to the CSF. In non-survivors, differentially expressed genes in the CSF were co-correlated in a network of pro-inflammatory gene-clusters enriched for collagen degradation and platelet degranulation. In contrast, CSF gene expression networks from surviving patients were dominated by DNA repair, transcriptional regulation and immunological signalling. CSF expression of gene response-modules for IL-17, Type 1 interferons and IL-10 were enriched in non-survivors, expression of cell-specific response-modules did not differ by outcome. However, genes for neutrophil chemotaxis and persistence were highly over-expressed in non-survivors.InterpretationThese data suggest poor outcome in PM is associated with over-expression of IL-17 and T1-IFN associated pro-inflammatory responses in the CSF and suggest a role for neutrophil-mediated inflammation. These responses are unlikely to be effected by current adjunctive treatments. Improving poor outcomes from PM will require better-targeted interventions.FundingAcademy of Medical Sciences (UK), Wellcome Trust (UK) (089671/B/09/Z)
The impact of leadership styles on knowledge-sharing behavior: a review of literature
Authors: Mishra Madhurima , Pandey Agrata 
Published: December 2018

Purpose
This study aims to summarize the extant literature investigating the impact of leadership styles on the knowledge-sharing behavior of followers in the organizational context.

Design/methodology/approach
A thorough review of the literature was conducted. Empirical, as well as conceptual, studies examining the relationship between leadership styles and follower knowledge-sharing behavior were reviewed.

Findings
Based on the findings of the studies reviewed, a theoretical framework is presented. The framework lists various leadership styles that have been found to significantly affect desirable individual- and team-level outcomes through a host of underlying mechanisms and subsequent knowledge sharing by the subordinates.

Practical implications
The theoretical framework proposed in this study holds direct relevance for practicing managers. It provides a range of leadership styles that managers may choose from and practice to successfully elicit knowledge sharing among their subordinates.

Originality/value
Considering the vast array of studies exploring the role of leadership in predicting followers’ knowledge-sharing behavior, the present study contributes by summarizing the scattered literature on the same. The framework is of immediate value to executives and saves hours of reading time by presenting the most relevant information in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.
Relationship between team culture and team performance through lens of knowledge sharing and team emotional intelligence
Authors: Jamshed Samia , Majeed Nauman 
Published: December 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between team culture and team performance through the mediating role of knowledge sharing and team emotional intelligence.Design/methodology/approachThe study advocated that team culture influences the knowledge sharing behavior of team members and the development of emotional intelligence skill at the team level. Further, it is hypothesized that knowledge sharing and team emotional intelligence positively influence team performance. By adopting a quantitative research design, data were gathered by using a survey questionnaire from 535 respondents representing 95 teams working in private health-care institutions.FindingsThe findings significantly indicated that knowledge sharing and team emotional intelligence influence team working. Furthermore, this study confirms the strong association between team culture and team performance through the lens of knowledge sharing and team emotional intelligence.Practical implicationsThis investigation offers observational proof to health-care services to familiarize workers with the ability of emotional intelligence and urge them to share knowledge for enhanced team performance. The study provides in-depth understanding to managers and leaders in health-care institutions to decentralize culture at the team level for endorsement of knowledge sharing behavior.Originality/valueThis is amongst one of the initial studies investigating team members making a pool of knowledge to realize potential gains enormously and influenced by the emotional intelligence. Team culture set a platform to share knowledge which is considered one of the principal execution conduct essential for accomplishing and managing team adequacy in a sensitive health-care environment.
A public goods model of outcomes from online knowledge sharing mediated by mental model processing
Authors: Rice Ronald E. , Heinz Marni , van Zoonen Ward 
Published: December 2018

Purpose
This study aims to take a public goods approach to understand relationships between collecting and contributing knowledge to an online knowledge sharing portal (KSP), mental model processing and outcomes at the individual and collective levels.

Design/methodology/approach
This study reports on a survey (N = 602) among tax professionals, examining the perceived individual and collective benefits and costs associated with collecting and contributing knowledge. Hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling.

Findings
Collecting and contributing knowledge led to considerable mental model processing of the knowledge. That in turn significantly influenced (primarily) individual and (some) collective costs and benefits. Results varied by the kinds of knowledge sharing. Whether directly from knowledge sharing, or mediated through mental modeling, the perceived costs and benefits may be internalized as an individual good rather than being interpreted at the collective level as a public good.

Research limitations/implications
The study is situated in the early stages of a wiki-type online KSP. A focus on the learning potential of the system could serve to draw in new users and contributors, heightening perceptions of the public goods dimension of a KSP.

Practical implications
A focus on the learning potential of the system could serve to draw in new users, and thus the number of subsequent contributors, heightening perceptions of the collective, public goods dimension of a KSP.

Originality/value
This study explores how knowledge sharing and mental model processing are directly and indirectly associated with individual and collective costs and benefits. As online knowledge sharing is both an individual and public good, costs and benefits must be considered from both perspectives.
The fall risk assessment and correlated factors among Iranians’ older adults
Authors: Salehi Leili , Akhondzadeh Elham , Esmaelzadeh Saeieh Sara , Yazd Khasti Mansoureh 
Published: December 2018

PurposeFalling was distinguished as leading cause of fatal and non-fatal injuries among elderly; there is a lack of information regarding the falling risk factors in developing countries. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the falling risk and correlated factors in community-dwelling elderly.Design/methodology/approachThis cross-sectional study was performed on 280 elderly using a multi-sectional questionnaire in Karaj, Iran. The simple stratified random sampling was used. Adult who were over the age of 60, living independently, able to ambulate independently and safely, no cognition problem and speaking in Persian entered in the study. Exclusion criteria were residing in assisted living facility or unwilling to participate. Several statistical tests including logistic regression analysis were used to analyse the data.FindingsThe mean age of participants was 69.55±8.82 and 51 per cent of them were female. The results showed that there are significant differences between low-, medium- and high-risk groups regarding age, marital status, diabetes, blood pressure and osteoarthritis (p<0.05). Due to finding, the main predictors to higher chance of falling were age (OR=1.61; 95% CI 1.025–1.097), marital status (OR=1.485; 95% CI 1.170–1.279), vision acuity (OR=1.603; 95% CI 1.297–2.223), activities of daily living (OR=2.10; 95% CI 1.047–3.859), heart disease (OR=1.448; 95% CI 1.268–1.728), osteoarthritis (OR=1.238; 95% CI 1.711–2.127), falling history (OR=1.026; 95% CI 1.015–1.089) and medication (OR=5.975; 95% CI 1.525–23.412).Practical implicationsBetter understanding of falling risk factors can lead to the implementation of effective preventive intervention, thus reducing public health expenditure, and improving the quality of life.Originality/valueThis study was conducted for the first time to assess the risk of falling in older people in Iran.
Comparisons of pedometer‐determined weekday physical activity among Swedish school children and adolescents in 2000 and 2017 showed the highest reductions in adolescents
Authors: Raustorp Anders , Fröberg Andreas 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAimThis study compared differences in weekday physical activity among school children and adolescents in middle‐class communities in south‐eastern Sweden in 2000 and 2017.MethodsData were drawn from two independent cross‐sectional cohorts of children and adolescents aged 8, 11 and 14. The same six schools, protocols, procedures and instruments were used in both years, with 332 subjects in 2000 and 562 in 2017. Mean steps per day (SPD) were measured with a Yamax SW‐200 pedometer.ResultsThe mean weekday SPD was similar among eight‐year‐old girls in both years, but 8% (p = 0.040) higher among eight‐year‐old boys in 2017. However, among 11‐year‐old children, the mean SPD were 12% lower among both girls (p = 0.033) and boys (p = 0.001). The SPD among 14‐year‐old adolescents were 24% (p = 0.012) and 30% (p < 0.001) lower among girls and boys, respectively.ConclusionThis school‐based study from south‐eastern Sweden showed that weekday physical activity differed between age groups in 2000 and 2017. The highest reductions were seen among older children and adolescents, particularly 14‐year‐old girls and boys. The only group that increased was eight‐year‐old boys, with no significant change in eight‐year‐old girls. A possible explanation might be the dramatically increased use of the Internet on phones and tablets.
System justification theory at 25: Evaluating a paradigm shift in psychology and looking towards the future
Authors: Osborne Danny , Sengupta Nikhil K. , Sibley Chris G. 
Published: December 2018

Since first being proposed 25 years ago, system justification theory has become a paradigm‐shifting framework for understanding intergroup relations and political psychology. Based on the thesis that people are motivated to defend and bolster the societal status quo, system justification theory helps to explain varied phenomena, including resistance to change, outgroup favouritism, and other instances of false consciousness. This paper summarizes four tenets of the theory including the following: (1) antecedents to system justification, (2) palliative effects of system justification, (3) status‐based asymmetries in conflict between justification motives, and (4) societal consequences of system justification. Throughout our review, we highlight how system justification theory helps to explain why disadvantaged groups might sometimes support the status quo, emphasizing research conducted outside the United States when possible. We conclude by calling on future research to (1) further utilize nationally representative and multi‐level data, (2) investigate the relational motives behind system justification, (3) address social change from a system justification perspective, and (4) extend system justification theory's focus beyond WEIRD societies.
Getting cosy in freshwater: Assumed to be brackish pike are not so brackish after all
Authors: Birnie‐Gauvin Kim , Birch Højrup Lasse , Kragh Theis , Jacobsen Lene , Aarestrup Kim 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPike (Esox lucius) occupy coastal streams and rivers of the Baltic Sea, where they attain large sizes (>5 kg). These large sizes are perhaps due to the fact that they can tolerate relatively high salinities and can thus forage in the nearby more productive brackish environments. In an attempt to quantify the extent to which pike utilise brackish environments, and to provide some insight into the underlying causes for brackish water migrations, we tagged 30 pike from a western Baltic river with acoustic transmitters and were able to track 21 individuals for 1 year. Based on experienced from local anglers, this population was assumed to be brackish in nature, where individuals underwent freshwater migrations to spawn. Our findings however suggest that the smallest and most active individuals make short exits into brackish waters and do so on rare occasions. Our results further indicate that neither sex nor size is related to activity level. We suggest that these patterns reflect two distinct behaviours—active and passive—and that large pike can be supported by the food availability in the river, without the need to venture into coastal zones, thus defying the conventional view that Baltic pike are all brackish in nature.
The selfie trap: A novel camera trap design for accurate small mammal identification
Authors: Gracanin Ana , Gracanin Vanja , Mikac Katarina M. 
Published: December 2018

SummaryCamera traps are a popular tool for monitoring wildlife though they can fail to capture enough morphological detail for accurate small mammal species identification. Camera trapping small mammals is often limited by the inability of camera models to: (i) record at close distances; and (ii) provide standardised photos. This study aims to provide a camera trapping method that captures standardised images of the faces of small mammals for accurate species identification, with further potential for individual identification. A novel camera trap design coined the ‘selfie trap’ was developed. The selfie trap is a camera contained within an enclosed PVC pipe with a modified lens that produces standardised close images of small mammal species encountered in this study, including: Brown Antechinus (Antechinus stuartii), Bush Rat (Rattus fuscipes) and Sugar Glider (Petaurus breviceps). Individual identification was tested on the common arboreal Sugar Glider. Five individual Sugar Gliders were identified based on unique head stripe pelage. The selfie trap is an accurate camera trapping method for capturing detailed and standardised images of small mammal species. The design described may be useful for wildlife management as a reliable method for surveying small mammal species. However, intraspecies individual identification using the selfie trap requires further testing.