bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overview of the Assisted Decision-Making (Capacity) Act (2015)
Authors: Usher Ruth , Stapleton Tadhg 
Published: November 2018

PurposeIn Ireland, the Assisted Decision Making (Capacity) Act 2015 provides a statutory framework to adults who are experiencing difficulties with decision-making. This legislation has significant implications for all who work in health and social care. Increasing age and life expectancy, alongside the rising incidence of chronic health conditions and dementia-related diseases, indicates that more individuals are likely to experience challenges regarding decision-making capacity. Therefore, the need for more consistent, best-practice processes to assess decision-making capacity is likely to increase. To ensure occupational therapists are responsible in their contributions, and to ensure those with disabilities are supported, clinicians must be well-informed of the principles underscoring the Act. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of this multidisciplinary issue, including recent legislation, and consider how occupational therapy can contribute.Design/methodology/approachThe authors reviewed current literature and considered occupational therapy’s role in decision-making capacity assessment.FindingsOccupational therapists have potential to play a key role in multi-disciplinary assessments of decision-making capacity for clients. Further research is required to explore professional issues, identify clinical best practices and determine training and resource needs.Originality/valueThis paper seeks to provoke consideration of how occupational therapists can contribute to capacity assessment from a client-centred, occupation-based perspective that is mindful of ethical and legislative considerations.
Volatility spillover from the Chinese stock market to E7 and G7 stock markets
Authors: Kirkulak Uludag Berna , Khurshid Muzammil 
Published: November 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine volatility spillover from the Chinese stock market to E7 and G7 stock markets. Using the estimated results, the authors also analyze the optimal weights and optimal hedge ratios for the portfolios including stocks from E7 and G7 countries.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employed generalized vector autoregressive-generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity approach, developed by Ling and McAleer (2003), in order to analyze daily data on the national stock indices. Considering the late establishment of some E7 stock markets, the sampling covers the period from 1995 through 2015.FindingsThe findings indicate significant volatility spillover from the Chinese stock market to E7 and G7 stock markets. In particular, the Chinese stocks highly co-move with the stocks of countries within a same geographical region. While the highest volatility spillover occurs between China and India among E7 countries, the highest volatility spillover occurs between China and Japan among G7 countries. Furthermore, the examination of optimal weights and hedge ratios suggest that investors should hold more stocks from G7 countries than E7 countries for their portfolios.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study which investigates the volatility spillover in the stock markets of G7 and E7 countries. Moreover, the current study contributes particularly to the existing limited literature on the Chinese stock market. Since the Chinese stock market is not fully integrated to other markets and it is subject to intense government interventions, there is a widely accepted belief that the contagion effects from the Chinese stock market to other stock markets are not influential. This view discourages and limits the prospect studies. However, the findings of this paper refute this view and indicate significant interaction among the Chinese stock market and E7 and G7 stock markets.
Elderly care service in an aging society
Authors: Yasuoka Masaya 
Published: November 2018

Purpose
An increase in life expectancy brings about an aging society, necessitating increasing demand for elderly care services. The purpose of this paper is to present an examination of: how an aging society affects the demand for elderly care services and the labor market for elderly care services; how the labor share and wage inequality between the final goods sector and elderly care sector are determined; and whether the subsidy for elderly care service increases demand for elderly care services or not.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper sets the dynamics general equilibrium model with two sectors model: one for final goods sector and the other for elderly care services. This paper derives how the labor supply for elderly care services is determined in the theoretical model. In addition to analytical research works, this paper examines how the subsidy for elderly care service affects the labor share allocated for elderly care sector and wage inequality between the final goods sector and the elderly care sector with the numerical examples.

Findings
Related reports of the literature describe that an aging society raises the share of labor dedicated to elderly care services. However, considering a closed economy in which saving affects the capital stock, an aging society does not always raise the share of labor used for elderly care services because the wage rate of the final goods sector increases with an aging society. This effect prevents the increase of the labor supplied to elderly care services. On the other hand, the subsidy for the elderly care service raises the labor share of elderly care sector.

Research limitations/implications
The related literatures derive that an aging society raises the labor share allocated for elderly care sector. However, the paper shows that the subsidy for elderly care plays an important role in the increase in the labor share of elderly care sector.

Practical implications
This paper examines how the aging society affects the labor share of elderly care sector, wage inequality between final goods sector and elderly care sector and others with numerical examples. Thanks to the numerical examples, this paper derives the quantitative result and shows how the subsidy for elderly care service should be provided.

Originality/value
The author thinks that this paper has rich implications and originality. There exists no literature that examines how the labor share of elderly care sector and the relative wage rate of elderly care sector are determined by the aging and the subsidy for elderly care service. The author thinks that it is a very important analysis because many economically developed countries face the aging society problem.
Foreign direct investment and stock market development
Authors: Tsagkanos Athanasios , Siriopoulos Costas , Vartholomatou Konstantina 
Published: November 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine two novel theories that concern the relationship between stock market development (SMD) and foreign direct investment (FDI). The authors focus on Greece that was demoted to the emerging market category in 2013–2014 in the international lists.Design/methodology/approachThis study is based on the period 1988–2014 that includes the sub-periods 1988–2001 (emerging market) and 2002–2014 (developed market). The authors adopt cointegration methods examining, on the one hand, if the relationship between SMD and FDI is positive or negative and, on the other hand, if it is long run or short run. The authors complete the analysis using the Markov Switching regression model for the test of robustness.FindingsThe results exhibit a weak positive and symmetric long-run relationship for the full period. In the first sub-period, the relationship is strong but in the second sub-period it is not significant. The results are confirmed by the Markov Switching regression model.Originality/valueThe precise definition of a theoretical framework that is tested by a compact empirical methodology leads to a novel suggested policy that will upgrade the Greek market to developed market as soon as possible.
Digital politics: internet and democracy in Africa
Authors: Evans Olaniyi 
Published: November 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between internet use and democracy in Africa. It examines the non-linearities and causality between the two variables in the short and long run for 38 countries in Africa.Design/methodology/approachThe study is empirical. It uses pooled mean group and causality tests for the sample of 38 African countries.FindingsThe panel long-run and short-run estimates show evidence of significant non-linear relationship between internet usage and democracy. While internet usage is significantly and negatively related to democracy, squared internet usage is significantly but positively related. This suggests that internet usage increases with the decrease of democracy, but after a certain level of internet usage which is the turning point, democracy starts to increase. Additionally, there is uni-directional causality from internet usage to democracy. However, a bi-directional causality exists between squared internet usage and democracy.Research limitations/implicationsThe empirical evidence from this study suggests that internet usage and democracy are highly interrelated to each other in Africa. The findings support that at the macro level, Africa is moving toward a new stage, where internet will lead to improved levels of democracy and digital politics.Practical implicationsRemarkably, the paper shows that democracy displays a quadratic relationship with internet usage. As a whole, the findings indicate a U-shaped pattern: democracy decreases with internet usage, stabilizes, and then increases. In other words, internet usage increases with the decrease of democracy, but after a certain level of internet usage which is the turning point, democracy starts to increase.Social implicationsMany African Governments that have frequently imposed restrictions on internet and social media need to stop. The decline in democracy as internet usage increases may be explained by more severity of these restrictions. However, the findings support that at the macro level, Africa is moving toward a new stage, where internet will lead to improved levels of democracy and digital politics.Originality/valueContrary to previous conceptual papers, the current study empirically investigates the causality between internet and democracy in 38 African countries. The findings indicate a U-shaped pattern: democracy decreases with internet usage, stabilizes, and then increases. In other words, internet usage increases with the decrease of democracy but after a certain level of internet usage which is the turning point, democracy starts to increase.
A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Trial of Citicoline in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder
Authors: Brown E. Sherwood , Van Enkevort Erin , Kulikova Alexandra , Escalante Chastity , Nakamura Alyson , Ivleva Elena I. , Holmes Traci 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundAlcohol use disorder is a major societal and individual burden that exacerbates health outcomes, decreases quality of life, and negatively affects U.S. healthcare spending. Although pharmacological treatments are available for alcohol use disorder, many of them are limited by small effect sizes and used infrequently. Citicoline is a widely available over‐the‐counter supplement with a favorable side effect profile. It acts through cholinergic pathways and phospholipid metabolism. The current report examines the effect of oral citicoline on alcohol use, craving, depressive symptoms, and cognitive outcomes in individuals with alcohol use disorder.MethodsA 12‐week, randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group, placebo‐controlled, pilot study of citicoline (titrated to 2,000 mg/d) in 62 adults (age 18 to 75) with alcohol use disorder was conducted. Alcohol use, such as number of drinking days, amount used, and number of heavy drinking days, was assessed using the Timeline Followback method and liver enzymes, while alcohol craving was measured using the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale. A neurocognitive battery (e.g., Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test) and depressive symptoms scale (e.g., Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self‐Report) scores were also collected. Data were analyzed using a random regression analysis.ResultsThe primary outcome analysis was conducted in the intent‐to‐treat sample and consisted of 55 participants (78.2% men and 21.8% women, mean age of 46.47 ± 9.15 years). In the assessment period, the drinking days, on average, represented 77% of the assessed days. Significant between‐group differences were not observed on alcohol use, craving, and cognitive or depressive symptom measures. Citicoline was well tolerated.ConclusionsThis proof‐of‐concept study observed that citicoline was well tolerated, but was not associated with a reduction in alcohol use or other outcomes, as compared to placebo. The favorable effects reported with citicoline for cocaine use, cognitive disorders, and other conditions do not appear to extend to alcohol use disorder.
When They're Done with You: Legal Violence and Structural Vulnerability among Injured Immigrant Poultry Workers
Authors: Stuesse Angela 
Published: November 2018

Abstract“When they're done with you,” an impassioned union representative once cautioned me, “they'll crumple you up like a piece of paper, throw you out, and reach back for your kids.” Industrial poultry production is horrific work, reliant upon the expendable bodies of Black and Brown workers, many of whom are immigrants. While anthropologists have increasingly employed the concepts of structural violence and vulnerability to understand the experiences of migrant health, few have focused on the workplace. Over several years, as the coordinator of the Mississippi Poultry Workers' Center's Workplace Injury Project, I documented the lengths to which this industry will go to avoid reporting and treating injuries via the workers' compensation system. From obstructionist plant nurses and company doctors to surveillance, retaliation, and termination, injured undocumented workers' experiences underscore the failings of workers' compensation as a medico‐legal project. Drawing on scholarship from legal and medical anthropology, public health, critical legal studies, and healthcare economics and policy, this article employs the framework of legal violence to scrutinize the ways in which immigration and workers' compensation laws work together to produce layered precarities among injured immigrant poultry workers, considering the role of occupational injury and the repression of injured immigrant workers in reproducing a docile and exploitable labor force for a capitalist economy that places profit over people.
Comparison of the HAT study, the largest global hypoglycaemia study to date, with similar large real‐world studies
Authors: Pedersen‐Bjergaard Ulrik , Alsifri Saud , Aronson Ronnie , Berković Maja Cigrovski , Galstyan Gagik , Gydesen Helge , Lekdorf Jesper Barner , Ludvik Bernhard , Moberg Erik , Ramachandran Ambady , Khunti Kamlesh 
Published: November 2018

AimsOptimal diabetes care requires clear understanding of the incidence of hypoglycaemia in real‐world clinical practice. Current data on hypoglycaemia are generally limited to those reported from randomised controlled clinical trials. The Hypoglycaemia Assessment Tool (HAT) study, a non‐interventional real‐world study of hypoglycaemia, assessed hypoglycaemia in 27 585 individuals across 24 countries. The present study compared the incidence of hypoglycaemia from the HAT study with other similarly designed, large, real‐world studies.Materials and MethodsA literature search of PubMed (1995‐2017) for population‐based studies of insulin‐treated patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes (T1D, T2D), excluding clinical trials and reviews, identified comparable population‐based studies reporting the incidence of hypoglycaemia.ResultsThe 24 comparative studies, including more than 24 000 participants with T1D and more than 160 000 participants with T2D, varied in design, size, inclusion criteria, definitions of hypoglycaemia and method of recording hypoglycaemia. Reported rates (events per patient‐year [PPY]) of hypoglycaemia were higher in patients with T1D than in those with T2D (overall T1D, 21.8‐73.3 and T2D, 1.3‐37.7; mild/non‐severe T1D, 29.0‐126.7 and T2D, 1.3‐41.5; severe T1D, 0.7‐5.8 and T2D, 0.0‐2.5; nocturnal T1D, 2.6‐11.3 and T2D, 0.38‐9.7) and were similar to the ranges found in the HAT study.ConclusionsThe HAT data on hypoglycaemia incidence were comparable with those from other real‐world studies and indicate a high incidence of hypoglycaemia among insulin‐treated patients. Differences in rates among studies are mostly explained by differences in patient populations and study methodology. The goal of reducing hypoglycaemia should be a target for continued educational and evidence‐based pharmacological interventions.
Liraglutide pharmacotherapy reduces body weight and improves glycaemic control in juvenile obese/hyperglycaemic male and female rats
Authors: Liberini Claudia G. , Lhamo Rinzin , Ghidewon Misgana , Ling Tyler , Juntereal Nina , Chen Jack , Cao Anh , Stein Lauren M. , Hayes Matthew R. 
Published: November 2018

AimsTo examine whether the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist liraglutide could be used in juvenile male and female rats as an anti‐obesity/diabetic pharmaceutical to prevent not only adolescent obesity/hyperglycaemia, but also early‐adult onset obesity.Material and MethodsPregnant dams were fed either standard chow or a high‐fat, high‐sucrose diet (HFSD) from gestational day 2, throughout pregnancy and lactation. Offspring were weaned onto the respective maternal diet. Juveniles received daily subcutaneous injection of liraglutide (50 μg/kg, from postnatal day [PND]30 to PND40 and 200 μg/kg from PND40 to PND60) or vehicle. Food intake, body weight and glycaemic levels were evaluated across the experimental period.ResultsChronic liraglutide administration in juveniles prevented body weight gain in males and retained a normoglycaemic profile in both male and female rats.ConclusionThese preclinical data suggest that maternal and early‐life consumption of an HFSD increases caloric intake, body weight gain and hyperglycaemia, a collective set of unwanted metabolic effects that appear to be treatable in juveniles with liraglutide pharmacotherapy intervention.
Interferon‐γ Receptor 1 and GluR1 upregulated in motor neurons of symptomatic hSOD1G93A mice
Authors: Sengupta Saikata , Le Thanh Tu , Adam Adam , Tadić Vedrana , Stubendorff Beatrice , Keiner Silke , Kloss Linda , Prell Tino , Witte Otto W. , Grosskreutz Julian 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMotor neurons are markedly vulnerable to excitotoxicity mostly by alpha‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic receptor (AMPAR) stimulation and are principal targets in the neurodegenerative disease Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), a pro‐inflammatory cytokine, can independently cause neuronal dysfunction by triggering calcium influx through a calcium‐permeable complex of IFN‐γ receptor 1(IFNGR1) subunit and AMPAR subunit GluR1. This receptor complex is formed via a non‐canonical neuron‐specific IFN‐γ pathway that involves Jak1/Stat1 and Protein Kinase A. In this study, we explore the expression of the pathway's participants for the first time in the hSOD1G93A Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis mouse model. Elevated IFNGR1 and GluR1 are detected in motor neurons of hSOD1G93A symptomatic mice ex vivo, unlike the downstream targets ‐ Jak1, Stat1, and Protein Kinase A. We, also, determine effects of IFN‐γ alone or in the presence of an excitotoxic agent, kainate, on motor neuron survival in vitro. IFN‐γ induces neuronal damage, but does not influence kainate‐mediated excitotoxicity. Increased IFNGR1 can most likely sensitize motor neurons to excitotoxic insults involving GluR1 and/or pathways mediated by IFN‐γ, thus, serving as a potential direct link between neurodegeneration and inflammation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
Is the locus of class development of the transnational capitalist class situated within nation‐states or in the emergent transnational space?
Authors: GONZÁLEZ CARLOS 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe rise of the modern corporation has disrupted the class structures of nation‐states because, in the era of globalization, such reorganization now occurs across borders. Yet, has globalization been deep enough to facilitate the emergence of a transnational capitalist class (TCC) in which both class formation and consolidation processes are located in the transnational space itself? I contribute to our understanding of the TCC by contrasting the personal characteristics, life histories and capital endowments of members of the British corporate elite with and without transnational board appointments. The existence of the honours system in the UK allows us to compare individuals objectively in terms of their symbolic capital and to link this trait to embeddedness in the TCC. By studying 448 directors from the 100 largest firms in the UK in 2011, I find evidence of a TCC with a class consolidation process that is located within transnational space, but whose class formation dynamics are still tethered to national processes of elite production and reproduction.
Devonian shallow marine ostracods from central Japan
Authors: Tanaka Gengo , Siveter David J. , Williams Mark 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThirteen ostracod species including two new species, Clavofabellina fukujiensis n. sp. and Bythocypris wangi n. sp., are reported from the Middle Shale Member of the Fukuji Formation, Devonian of central Japan. The ostracods demonstrate species‐links with South China, indicating that the Hida‐Gaien Terrane of central Japan shared biogeographical affinities with the shallow marine faunas of the South China paleocontinent during the Early Devonian.
Nitrogen‐containing bisphosphonate therapy—Part II: Assessment of alveolar bone tissue inflammatory response in rats—A blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Pacheco Viviane N. , Langie Renan , Benfica Jules R. D. , Munaretto Jéssica C. , Etges Adriana , Ponzoni Deise , Puricelli Edela 
Published: November 2018

SummaryThis study aimed to evaluate the alveolar bone tissue inflammatory response in rats undergoing zoledronic acid therapy. The study sample was composed of 28 Wistar rats. Animals from the test group GTa received a weekly intraperitoneal dose of 0.2 mg/kg of zoledronic acid for 3 weeks, while test group GTb received the same dose for 8 weeks. A physiological saline dose, equivalent to that of the medication, was administered to the controls in groups GCa and GCb. A defect was created in the dental crown of the lower first molars using a drill to simulate pulp and periapical injury. Data were evaluated regarding image grey levels by cone‐beam computed tomography and histologically by assigning scores for the presence of inflammatory infiltrate, type of infiltrate, vascularization, bone necrosis and dental resorption. Grey levels in the 3‐week therapy group (GTa) showed more pronounced changes in comparison with those seen in the GCa group (P < 0.05). Evaluation of the scores demonstrated no association between any of the variables amongst the groups (>0.05). However, bone remodelling decreased in the groups receiving the medication. Bone necrosis was present more frequently in group GTb than in the control group GCb. The results suggest that the drug interfered in the reaction capacity of the alveolar bone tissue as test group GTa showed higher grey levels in comparison to the control group GCa. In addition, there was less bone remodelling activity, with the appearance of bone necrosis zones and intense acute inflammatory infiltrate associated with the 8‐week therapy group GTb.