bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Satellite gravity – enhancements from new satellites and new altimeter technology
Authors: Green C.M. , Fletcher K.M.U. , Cheyney S. , Dawson G.J. , Campbell S.J. 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews the impacts of new satellite altimeter data sets and new technology on the production of satellite gravity. It considers the contribution of the increased data volume, the application of new altimeter acquisition technology and the potential for future developments. Satellite altimeter derived gravity has provided gravity maps of the world's seas since the 1980s, but, from 1995 to 2010, virtually all improvements were in the processing as there were no new satellite data with closely spaced tracks. In recent years, new data from CryoSat‐2 (launched in 2010) and the geodetic mission of Jason‐1 (2012–2013) have provided a wealth of additional coverage and new technology allows further improvements. The synthetic aperture radar mode of CryoSat‐2 uses a scanning approach to limit the size of the altimeter sea surface footprint in the along‐track direction. Tests indicate that this allows reliable data to be acquired closer to coastlines. The synthetic aperture radar interferometric mode of CryoSat‐2 uses two altimeters to locate sea‐surface reflection points laterally away from the satellite track. In a study to generate gravity for freshwater lakes, this mode is found to be valuable in extending the available satellite coverage. The AltiKa altimeter uses higher frequency radar to provide less noisy sea‐surface signals and its new orbit mode gives potential for further improvements in satellite gravity. Future developments include the potential for swath mapping to provide further gravity improvements.
Legitimation as justification: Foregrounding public philosophies in explanations of gradual ideational change
Authors: CARSTENSEN MARTIN B. , HANSEN MAGNUS PAULSEN 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn accounts of institutional change, discursive institutionalists point to the role of economic and political ideas in upending institutional stability and providing the raw material for the establishment of a new institutional setup. This approach has typically entailed a conceptualisation of ideas as coherent and monolithic and actors as almost automatically following the precepts of the ideas they hold and support. Recent theorising stresses how ideas are in fact composite and heterogeneous, and actors pragmatic and strategic in how they employ ideas in political struggles. However, this change of focus has, until recently, not included how foundational ideas of a polity, often referred to as ‘public philosophies’, are theorised to impact on institution‐building. Drawing on French Pragmatic Sociology, and taking as a starting point recent efforts within discursive institutionalism to conceptualise the dynamic nature of public philosophies, this article seeks to foreground moral justification in accounts of ideational and institutional change. It suggests that public philosophies are reflexively used by actors in continual processes of normative justification that may produce significant policy shifts over time. The empirical relevance of the argument is demonstrated through an analysis of gradual ideational and institutional change in French labour market policy, specifically the development from the state‐guaranteed minimum income scheme of 1988 to the neoliberal make‐work‐pay logic of the 2009 scheme,Revenu de solidarité active. The analysis shows that public and moral justifications have underpinned and gradually shaped these radical changes.
Participatory innovations and maxi‐publics: The influence of participation possibilities on perceived legitimacy at the local level in Finland
Authors: JÄSKE MAIJA 
Published: September 2018

AbstractParticipatory innovations (PIs) have been introduced as one possible cure to democratic malaises. Empirical research on these mechanisms for citizen participation has, however, focused on their effects on individuals and policy outcomes, leaving aside their consequences for the wider public. This article fills part of the gap by examining the effect of PIs on perceived legitimacy. The article acknowledges that citizens value not only outcomes but also the inclusiveness of decision‐making processes, and defines procedural fairness and outcome satisfaction as the key evaluative criteria behind perceived legitimacy. Both total number and type of PIs are considered as possible factors shaping legitimacy evaluations. By analysing data from 9,022 citizens in 30 Finnish municipalities, the article reveals that introducing PIs is not a simple fix for legitimacy of local governments. The type of participation matters, with discursive participation generating the strongest effects on procedural fairness. However, attention should also be paid to citizens’ awareness of participation possibilities.
Conditionally autoregressive models improve occupancy analyses of autocorrelated data: An example with environmental DNA
Authors: Chen Wentao , Ficetola Gentile Francesco 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSite occupancy‐detection models (SODMs) are statistical models widely used for biodiversity surveys where imperfect detection of species occurs. For instance, SODMs are increasingly used to analyse environmental DNA (eDNA) data, taking into account the occurrence of both false‐positive and false‐negative errors. However, species occurrence data are often characterized by spatial and temporal autocorrelation, which might challenge the use of standard SODMs. Here we reviewed the literature of eDNA biodiversity surveys and found that most of studies do not take into account spatial or temporal autocorrelation. We then demonstrated how the analysis of data with spatial or temporal autocorrelation can be improved by using a conditionally autoregressive SODM, and show its application to environmental DNA data. We tested the autoregressive model on both simulated and real data sets, including chronosequences with different degrees of autocorrelation, and a spatial data set on a virtual landscape. Analyses of simulated data showed that autoregressive SODMs perform better than traditional SODMs in the estimation of key parameters such as true‐/false‐positive rates and show a better discrimination capacity (e.g., higher true skill statistics). The usefulness of autoregressive SODMs was particularly high in data sets with strong autocorrelation. When applied to real eDNA data sets (eDNA from lake sediment cores and freshwater), autoregressive SODM provided more precise estimation of true‐/false‐positive rates, resulting in more reasonable inference of occupancy states. Our results suggest that analyses of occurrence data, such as many applications of eDNA, can be largely improved by applying conditionally autoregressive specifications to SODMs.
Minding the Gap: A Qualitative Study of Provider Experience to Optimize Care for Critically Ill Children in General Emergency Departments
Authors: Query Lindsey A. , Olson Krisjon R. , Meyer Michael T. , Drendel Amy L. 
Published: September 2018

BackgroundPediatric emergency care provision in the United States is uneven. Institutional barriers to readiness in the general emergency department (GED) are known, but little is understood about the frontline providers. Our objective was to explore the lived experiences of emergency medicine (EM) providers caring for acutely ill children in the GED and identify opportunities to optimize their pediatric practice.MethodsThis grounded theory study used theoretical sampling with snowball recruitment to enroll EM physicians and advanced practice providers from 25 Wisconsin GEDs. Participants completed one‐on‐one, semistructured interviews. Audio recordings were transcribed and coded by a multi‐investigator team drawing on theory produced from comparative analysis.ResultsWe reached theoretical saturation with 18 participants. The data suggested that providers felt competent managing routine pediatric care, but critically ill children outstripped their resources and expertise. They recognized environmental constraints on the care they could safely provide, which were intensified by unanticipated knowledge gaps and lack of awareness regarding pediatric practice guidelines. A fragmented medical network to support their pediatric practice was identified as a challenge to their care provision at critical junctures. Due to lack of guidance and feedback, providers internalized their experience with critically ill children with uncertainty, which limited learning and practice change. They benefited from meaningful relationships with pediatricians and pediatric subspecialists, targeted education, timely consults, and looped feedback about care provided and patient outcomes.ConclusionsGeneral ED providers struggled with critically ill children because they could not anticipate their pediatric‐specific knowledge gaps and only realized them at critical junctures. EM providers were isolated and frustrated when seeking help; without guidance and feedback they internalized their experience with uncertainty and were left underprepared for subsequent encounters. The data suggested the need for provider‐focused interventions to address gaps in pediatric‐specific continuing medical education, just‐in‐time assistance, and knowledge transfer.
Decidual leucocytes infiltrating human spiral arterioles are rich source of matrix metalloproteinases and degrade extracellular matrix in vitro and in situ
Authors: Choudhury Ruhul H. , Dunk Caroline E. , Lye Stephen J. , Harris Lynda K. , Aplin John D. , Jones Rebecca L. 
Published: September 2018

ProblemDuring pregnancy, the decidual spiral arterioles (SpAs) that supply maternal blood to the placenta undergo a series of changes to optimise the transfer of nutrients and oxygen to the developing foetus. Recent studies have shown that initiation of SpA transformation coincides with decidual leucocyte infiltration. Leucocytes are known to be a source of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs); however, the complete profile of MMPs expressed by decidual NK cells (dNK) and macrophages has not been characterised. We hypothesised that leucocyte‐derived MMPs contribute to SpA remodelling.MethodsDecidual NK cells and macrophages were isolated from first trimester decidua and their MMP repertoire profiled by qRT‐PCR (n = 10; 5‐11 weeks). Dual immunofluorescence was used to localise MMP expression in situ (n = 3; 5‐12 weeks). Gelatin zymography was carried out to assess whether leucocyte‐derived MMPs can degrade ECM. In situ zymography and immunofluorescence identified MMP activity in tissue‐resident dNK and macrophages.ResultsDecidual NK cells cells and macrophages expressed MMP2, ‐7, ‐9, ‐11, ‐16, ‐19 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase‐1, ‐2, and ‐3. Both cell types degraded gelatin using MMP2 and MMP9 and broke down collagen in an in vitro model of the SpA. Extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) expressed a similar repertoire of MMPs.ConclusionWe suggest that matrix remodelling in SpA is initiated by infiltrating leucocytes, while EVTs become involved at later stages.
Myocardial recovery after cardiac resynchronization therapy in left bundle branch block‐associated idiopathic nonischemic cardiomyopathy: A NEOLITH II substudy
Authors: Wang Norman C. , Hussain Aliza , Adelstein Evan C. , Althouse Andrew D. , Sharbaugh Michael S. , Jain Sandeep K. , Shalaby Alaa A. , Voigt Andrew H. , Saba Samir 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundBaseline predictors of myocardial recovery after cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in left bundle branch block (LBBB)‐associated idiopathic nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) are unknown.MethodsA retrospective study included subjects with idiopathic NICM, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤35%, and LBBB. Myocardial recovery was defined as post‐CRT LVEF ≥50%. Logistic regression analyses described associations between baseline characteristics and myocardial recovery. Cox regression analyses estimated the hazard ratio (HR) between myocardial recovery status and adverse clinical events.ResultsIn 105 subjects (mean age 61 years, 44% male, mean initial LVEF 22.6% ± 6.6%, 81% New York Heart Association class III, and 98% CRT‐defibrillators), myocardial recovery after CRT was observed in 56 (54%) subjects. Hypertension, heart rate, and serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) had negative associations with myocardial recovery in univariable analyses. These associations persisted in multivariable analysis: hypertension (odds ratio (OR), 0.40; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.17–0.95; p = 0.04), heart rate (OR per 10 bpm, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.48–0.997; p = 0.048), and serum BUN (OR per 1 mg/dl, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.88–0.99; p = 0.04). Subjects with post‐CRT LVEF ≥50%, when compared to <50%, had lower risk for adverse clinical events (heart failure hospitalization, appropriate implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator shock, appropriate anti‐tachycardia pacing therapy, ventricular assist device implantation, heart transplantation, and death) over a median follow‐up of 75.9 months (HR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.16–0.88; p = 0.02).ConclusionIn LBBB‐associated idiopathic NICM, myocardial recovery after CRT was associated with absence of hypertension, lower heart rate, and lower serum BUN. Those with myocardial recovery had fewer adverse clinical events.
Semiparametric Regression Analysis of Length-Biased Interval-Censored Data
Authors: Gao Fei , Chan Kwun Chuen Gary 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn prevalent cohort design, subjects who have experienced an initial event but not the failure event are preferentially enrolled and the observed failure times are often length-biased. Moreover, the prospective follow-up may not be continuously monitored and failure times are subject to interval censoring. We study the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation for the proportional hazards model with length-biased interval-censored data. Direct maximization of likelihood function is intractable, thus we develop a computationally simple and stable expectation-maximization algorithm through introducing two layers of data augmentation. We establish the strong consistency, asymptotic normality and efficiency of the proposed estimator and provide an inferential procedure through profile likelihood. We assess the performance of the proposed methods through extensive simulations and apply the proposed methods to the Massachusetts Health Care Panel Study.
A Bayesian Multi-Dimensional Couple-Based Latent Risk Model with an Application to Infertility
Authors: Hwang Beom Seuk , Chen Zhen , Buck Louis Germaine M. , Albert Paul S. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Motivated by the Longitudinal Investigation of Fertility and the Environment (LIFE) Study that investigated the association between exposure to a large number of environmental pollutants and human reproductive outcomes, we propose a joint latent risk class modeling framework with an interaction between female and male partners of a couple. This formulation introduces a dependence structure between the chemical patterns within a couple and between the chemical patterns and the risk of infertility. The specification of an interaction enables the interplay between the female and male's chemical patterns on the risk of infertility in a parsimonious way. We took a Bayesian perspective to inference and used Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms to obtain posterior estimates of model parameters. We conducted simulations to examine the performance of the estimation approach. Using the LIFE Study dataset, we found that in addition to the effect of PCB exposures on females, the male partners’ PCB exposures play an important role in determining risk of infertility. Further, this risk is subadditive in the sense that there is likely a ceiling effect which limits the probability of infertility when both partners of the couple are at high risk.
Adaptive Elastic Net for Group Testing
Authors: Gregory Karl B. , Wang Dewei , McMahan Christopher S. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractFor disease screening, group (pooled) testing can be a cost-saving alternative to one-at-a-time testing, with savings realized through assaying pooled biospecimen (eg, urine, blood, saliva). In many group testing settings, practitioners are faced with the task of conducting disease surveillance. That is, it is often of interest to relate individuals’ true disease statuses to covariate information via binary regression. Several authors have developed regression methods for group testing data, which is challenging due to the effects of imperfect testing. That is, all testing outcomes (on pools and individuals) are subject to misclassification, and individuals’ true statuses are never observed. To further complicate matters, individuals may be involved in several testing outcomes. For analyzing such data, we provide a novel regression methodology which generalizes and extends the aforementioned regression techniques and which incorporates regularization. Specifically, for model fitting and variable selection, we propose an adaptive elastic net estimator under the logistic regression model which can be used to analyze data from any group testing strategy. We provide an efficient algorithm for computing the estimator along with guidance on tuning parameter selection. Moreover, we establish the asymptotic properties of the proposed estimator and show that it possesses “oracle” properties. We evaluate the performance of the estimator through Monte Carlo studies and illustrate the methodology on a chlamydia data set from the State Hygienic Laboratory in Iowa City.
Natural reference: A phylo‐ and ontogenetic perspective on the comprehension of iconic gestures and vocalizations
Authors: Bohn Manuel , Call Josep , Tomasello Michael 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe recognition of iconic correspondence between signal and referent has been argued to bootstrap the acquisition and emergence of language. Here, we study the ontogeny, and to some extent the phylogeny, of the ability to spontaneously relate iconic signals, gestures, and/or vocalizations, to previous experience. Children at 18, 24, and 36 months of age (N = 216) and great apes (N = 13) interacted with two apparatuses, each comprising a distinct action and sound. Subsequently, an experimenter mimicked either the action, the sound, or both in combination to refer to one of the apparatuses. Experiments 1 and 2 found no spontaneous comprehension in great apes and in 18‐month‐old children. At 24 months of age, children were successful with a composite vocalization‐gesture signal but not with either vocalization or gesture alone. At 36 months, children succeeded both with a composite vocalization‐gesture signal and with gesture alone, but not with vocalization alone. In general, gestures were understood better compared to vocalizations. Experiment 4 showed that gestures were understood irrespective of how children learned about the corresponding action (through observation or self‐experience). This pattern of results demonstrates that iconic signals can be a powerful way to establish reference in the absence of language, but they are not trivial for children to comprehend and not all iconic signals are created equal.
Time spent on self‐management by people with diabetes: results from the population‐based KORA survey in Germany
Authors: Icks A. , Haastert B. , Arend W. , Konein J. , Thorand B. , Holle R. , Laxy M. , Schunk M. , Neumann A. , Wasem J. , Chernyak N. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimsTime needed for health‐related activities in people with diabetes is assumed to be substantial, yet available data are limited. Time spent on self‐management and associated factors was analysed using cross‐sectional data from people with diagnosed diabetes enrolled in a population‐based study.MethodsMean total time spent on self‐management activities was estimated using a questionnaire for all participants with diagnosed diabetes in the KORA FF4 study (n = 227, 57% men, mean age 69.7, sd 9.9 years). Multiple two‐part regression models were fitted to evaluate associated factors. Multiple imputation was performed to adjust for bias due to missing values.ResultsSome 86% of participants reported spending time on self‐management activities during the past week. Over the entire sample, a mean of 149 (sd 241) min/week were spent on self‐management‐activities. People with insulin or oral anti‐hyperglycaemic drug treatment, better diabetes education, HbA1c 48 to < 58 mmol/mol (6.5% to < 7.5%) or lower quality of life, spent more time on self‐management activities. For example, people without anti‐hyperglycaemic medication invested 66 min/week in self‐management, whereas those taking insulin and oral anti‐hyperglycaemic drugs invested 269 min/week (adjusted ratio 4.34, 95% confidence interval 1.85–10.18).ConclusionsTime spent on self‐management activities by people with diabetes was substantial and varied with an individual's characteristics. Because of the small sample size and missing values, the results should be interpreted in an explorative manner. Nevertheless, time needed for self‐management activities should be routinely considered because it may affect diabetes self‐care and quality of life.
WHEN SHOULD DRIVERS BE ENCOURAGED TO CARPOOL IN HOV LANES?
Authors: Hughes Jonathan E. , Kaffine Daniel 
Published: September 2018

Policies to encourage carpooling in high‐occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes have been adopted in the United States to lower congestion and reduce air pollution. We analytically model highway congestion and other vehicle‐related externalities. Encouraging carpooling decreases total costs when congestion relief in mainline lanes outweighs increased HOV lane congestion. Importantly, entry of new drivers via induced demand can negate the benefits of increased carpooling. Using 10 years of traffic data from Los Angeles we estimate time and route‐specific marginal external costs. Because costs vary substantially across routes, hours, and days, current policies to promote carpooling will often increase social costs. (JEL R41, R48, Q53)
Seasonal decline of the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta, in the shifting landscape of a vegetable‐growing area
Authors: Sylla Serigne , Seydi Oumar , Diarra Karamoko , Brévault Thierry 
Published: September 2018

AbstractInsect pest populations exhibit seasonal dynamics in response to changes in resource availability or other environmental factors such as climatic conditions, natural enemies, and intra‐ or interspecific competition. Understanding such dynamics is critical for developing effective integrated pest management strategies. The objective of the present study was to identify factors driving the seasonal decline of the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in the shifting landscape of a vegetable‐growing area in Senegal. A set of 42 tomato fields was monitored for the number of T. absoluta adults caught in pheromone traps and for the incidence of larvae, during 5 months from June to November 2016 in the Niayes area (Senegal). The surface of solanaceous host crops, climatic conditions, and abundance of natural enemies were also monitored. A drastic decline in T. absoluta abundance was observed during the rainy season. The decrease in resource availability, especially tomato crops, in the surrounding landscape of monitored fields was the main factor affecting the population dynamics during the rainy season. However, alternative host crops such as eggplant and Ethiopian eggplant, can provide ‘reservoirs’ for residual populations of the pest. For applied purpose, it would be interesting to focus the management efforts on residual populations during the rainy season, to make more difficult the reconstitution of populations during the dry season.