bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Stomatopod Telson: Convergent Evolution in the Development of a Biological Shield
Authors: Yaraghi Nicholas A. , Trikanad Adwait A. , Restrepo David , Huang Wei , Rivera Jesus , Herrera Steven , Zhernenkov Mikhail , Parkinson Dilworth Y. , Caldwell Roy L. , Zavattieri Pablo D. , Kisailus David 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMantis shrimp are aggressive marine crustaceans well known for their rapid and powerful hunting strategies. Less well known, however, is the ability of some species of mantis shrimp to defend themselves from the repeated blows of conspecifics during ritualized fighting using a shield‐like segment of abdominal armor called the telson. Multiscale structure–mechanical property relationships of this damage‐tolerant biological composite is examined in order to reveal strategies that nature uses for resisting failure from repeated high‐energy impacts. The telson structures of the smashing‐type species, Odontodactylus scyllarus, and the less aggressive spearing‐type species, Lysiosquillina maculata, are compared in order to better understand the ecological pressures driving the formation and use of the telson as a biological shield. A higher bulk compressive stiffness is identified within the smasher telson, which is attributed to its concave macromorphology, thicker cuticle, and higher degree of mineralization within its exocuticle. The presence of ridges at the dorsal surface suggests a role in imparting compliance for energy absorption. Fracture analysis identifies an enhanced toughening mechanism of crack twisting within the smasher telson, attributed to its well‐defined pitch‐graded helicoidal fibrous micro‐architecture. Such findings may prove useful for the design of lightweight composite materials with potential flexibility and improved damage tolerance.
Capture, immobilization, and Global Positioning System collaring of olive baboons (Papio anubis) and vervets (Chlorocebus pygerythrus): Lessons learned and suggested best practices
Authors: Isbell Lynne A. , Bidner Laura R. , Omondi George , Mutinda Mathew , Matsumoto‐Oda Akiko 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAs the value of Global Positioning System (GPS) technology in addressing primatological questions becomes more obvious, more studies will include capturing and collaring primates, with concomitant increased risk of adverse consequences to primate subjects. Here we detail our experiences in capturing, immobilizing, and placing GPS collars on six olive baboons (Papio anubis) in four groups and 12 vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) in five groups in Kenya. We captured baboons with cage traps and vervets with box traps, immobilized them, and attached GPS collars that were to be worn for 1 year. Adverse consequences from the trapping effort included incidental death of two nonsubjects (an adult female and her dependent infant), temporary rectal prolapse in one baboon, superficial wounds on the crown of the head in two vervets, and failure to recapture/remove collars from two baboons and two vervets. Obvious negative effects from wearing collars were limited to abrasions around the neck of one vervet. A possible, and if so, serious, adverse effect was greater mortality for collared adult female vervets compared with known uncollared adult female vervets, largely due to leopard (Panthera pardus) predation. Collared animals could be more vulnerable to predation because trapping favors bolder individuals, who may also be more vulnerable to predation, or because collars could slow them down or make them more noticeable to predators. Along with recommendations made by others, we suggest that future studies diversify trapping bait to minimize the risk of rectal prolapse, avoid capturing the first individuals to enter traps, test the movement speeds of collared versus noncollared animals, include a release system on the collars to avoid retrapping failure, and publish both positive and negative effects of capturing, immobilizing, and collaring.
Aggression and social support predict long‐term cortisol levels in captive tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus [Sapajus] apella)
Authors: Schrock Allie E. , Leard Corinne , Lutz Meredith C. , Meyer Jerrold S. , Gazes Regina Paxton 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMany nonhuman primates live in complex social groups in which they regularly encounter both social stressors such as aggression and social support such as that provided by long‐term affiliative relationships. Repeated exposure to social stressors may result in chronically elevated cortisol levels that can have deleterious physical effects such as impaired immune function, cardiovascular disease, and reduced brain function. In contrast, affiliative social relationships may act as a buffer, dampening the release of cortisol in response to acute and chronic stressors. Understanding how social stressors and social support predict cortisol levels is therefore essential to understanding how social situations relate to health and welfare. We studied this relationship in 16 socially housed captive brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus[Sapajus]apella) by comparing long‐term hair cortisol levels with behavioral measures of social stress (dominance rank, rank certainty, and amount of aggression received) and social support (amount of affiliation and centrality in the affiliative social network of the group). Dominance rank, rank certainty, amount of affiliation, and age were not significant predictors of long‐term cortisol levels in this population. Instead, long‐term cortisol levels were positively related to the amount of aggression received and negatively related to centrality in the affiliative social network of the group. This pattern may be attributed to the species’ socially tolerant dominance system and to the availability of social support across the dominance hierarchy.
Oxidative Coupling of Terminal Rhenium Pnictide Complexes
Authors: Abbenseth Josh , Diefenbach Martin , Hinz Alexander , Alig Lukas , Würtele Christian , Goicoechea Jose M. , Holthausen Max C. , Schneider Sven 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe isolation of rhenium(V) complexes with terminal phosphide and arsenide ligands was achieved upon decarbonylation of rhenium(III) pnictaethynolates. One‐electron oxidation of the pnictide complexes yielded Pn−Pn (Pn=P, As) coupling products, which were spectroscopically and crystallographically characterized. Computational bond analysis suggests that these complexes are best described as {Pn2}0 complexes that are stabilized by donor–acceptor interactions with the metal and a pyrazole ligand.
Elucidating the Structural Composition of an Fe–N–C Catalyst by Nuclear‐ and Electron‐Resonance Techniques
Authors: Wagner Stephan , Auerbach Hendrik , Tait Claudia E. , Martinaiou Ioanna , Kumar Shyam C. N. , Kübel Christian , Sergeev Ilya , Wille Hans‐Christian , Behrends Jan , Wolny Juliusz A. , Schünemann Volker , Kramm Ulrike I. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractFe–N–C catalysts are very promising materials for fuel cells and metal–air batteries. This work gives fundamental insights into the structural composition of an Fe–N–C catalyst and highlights the importance of an in‐depth characterization. By nuclear‐ and electron‐resonance techniques, we are able to show that even after mild pyrolysis and acid leaching, the catalyst contains considerable fractions of α‐iron and, surprisingly, iron oxide. Our work makes it questionable to what extent FeN4 sites can be present in Fe–N–C catalysts prepared by pyrolysis at 900 °C and above. The simulation of the iron partial density of phonon states enables the identification of three FeN4 species in our catalyst, one of them comprising a sixfold coordination with end‐on bonded oxygen as one of the axial ligands.
Fe/nanoporous carbon hybrid derived from metal–organic framework for highly effective microwave absorption
Authors: Heng Liuyang , Zhang Zilong , Chen Xiqiao , Wang Shuai , Wu Zhuang , Xie Zhiyong , Tang Zhixiang , Zou Yanhong 
Published: June 2019

A novel Fe/nanoporous carbon (Fe/NPC) composite was synthesized via Fe3O4 nanoparticles coating in metal–organic framework. The pyrolysis conditions are carefully optimized, and the effects of pyrolysis temperature on electromagnetic parameters have been systematically analyzed. Among these candidates, the Fe/NPC composite pyrolyzed at 800 °C (Fe/NPC‐800) shows the eminent microwave absorption due to interface polarization and well matched characteristic impedance. The results indicate that the effective reflection loss absorption bandwidth of Fe/NPC‐800 reaches 5.6 GHz (12.4–18 GHz) with a thickness of 1.8 mm. It provides an exciting clue for the fabrication of lightweight and highly effective microwave absorbers in the future.
Boric acid‐induced immunotoxicity and genotoxicity in model insectGalleria mellonellaL. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Gwokyalya Rehemah , Altuntaş Hülya 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBoric acid (BA) is widely used in various industrial process and can be accessed to nontarget organisms. This study aimed to investigate the insecticidal effects of BA and its toxic activities with respect to immunologic and genotoxic effects usingGalleria mellonellalarvae as a model. BA concentrations (78.125–10,000 ppm) were administrated to the larvae using the feeding method. Concentration‐dependent mortality was observed in all larval groups. Probit analysis revealed LC30, LC50, and LC70values to be 112.4, 320.1, and 911.4 ppm, respectively. These concentrations were used in all bioassays. Drastic reductions in total hemocyte counts along with changes in differential hemocyte counts were observed following BA treatment. Cell viability assays showed dose‐dependent reductions in viable cells and an increase in the necrotic and apoptotic ratios after BA treatment. However, mitotic indices of larval hemocytes did not change at all BA concentrations. The cytotoxic effect of BA led to a significant reduction in cellular immune responses such as encapsulation, melanization, and nodulation activities of treated larvae. While BA increased micronucleus ratios at the highest concentration, comet parameters indicating DNA damage increased inG. mellonellalarval hemocytes at all concentrations. These report that BA suppresses the immune system ofG. mellonellaand also poses risks of genotoxicity at high concentrations.
Morphology engineering of Aspergillus oryzae for l‐malate production
Authors: Chen Xiulai , Zhou Jie , Ding Qiang , Luo Qiuling , Liu Liming 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAspergillus oryzae is a competitive natural producer for organic acids, but its production capacity is closely correlated with a specific morphological type. Here, morphology engineering was used for tailoring A. oryzae morphology to enhance l‐malate production. Specifically, correlation between A. oryzae morphology and l‐malate fermentation was first conducted, and the optimal range of the total volume of pellets in a unit volume of fermentation broth (V value) for l‐malate production was 120–130 mm3/ml. To achieve this range, A. oryzae morphology was improved by controlling the variation of operational parameters, such as agitation speed and aeration rate, and engineered by optimizing the expression of cell division cycle proteins such as tyrosine‐protein phosphatase (CDC14), anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome activator protein (CDC20), and cell division control protein 45 (CDC45). By controlling the strength of CDC14 at a medium level, V value fell into the optimal range of V value and the final engineered strain A. oryzae CDC14(3) produced up to 142.5 g/L l‐malate in a 30‐L fermenter. This strategy described here lays a good foundation for industrial production of l‐malate in the future, and opens a window to develop filamentous fungi as cell factories for production of other chemicals.
Familial history of heart disease and increased risk for elevated troponin in apparently healthy individuals
Authors: Cohen Noa , Brzezinski Rafael Y. , Ehrenwald Michal , Shapira Itzhak , Zeltser David , Berliner Shlomo , Shenhar‐Tsarfaty Shani , Milwidsky Assi , Rogowski Ori 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundFamily history of heart disease (FH‐HD) is associated with an increase drisk of subsequent HD. High sensitive cardiac troponin T (hs‐cTnT) is arecognized biomarker of myocyte injury even in HD free patients. We examined the association between FH‐HD and hs‐cTnT in apparently healthy individuals.HypothesisFH‐HD is associated with elevated hs‐cTnT in apparently healthy individuals.MethodsIn a cross sectional study we analyzed data of apparently healthy individuals (n=3,821) recruited for the Tel‐Aviv Medical Center Inflammation Survey (TAMCIS). Blood samples were obtained for hs‐cTnT and high sensitive CRP (hs‐CRP) among other tests. FH‐HD was defined as first degree family member with HD diagnosis and classified as premature if the diagnosis was done before the age of 55 for men or 65 for women.ResultsElevated hs‐cTnT (>14 ng/L) was more common in FH‐HD of any age, and in premature FH‐HD (FH‐P‐HD) participants than in participants without FH‐HD (4.4% vs 2.0%, p<0.001 and 4.3% vs 2.0%, p=0.001, respectively). Adjustmentfor potential risk factors with association to elevated hs‐cTnT (age, sex, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, hs‐CRP, smoking and physical activity), showed that FH‐HD and FH‐P‐HD remained significantly associated with elevated hs‐cTnT (OR=1.62, p=0.025 and OR=1.70, p=0.039, respectively). Furthermore, we found that a significant interaction between FH‐HD or FH‐P‐HD and high levels ofhs‐CRP (>3 mg/L) increased the risk for elevated hs‐cTnT (OR=3.07, p=0.036 for FH‐HD and OR=3.25, p=0.053 for FH‐P‐HD).ConclusionsFH‐HD and its interaction with elevated hs‐CRP levels were significantly associated with elevated hs‐cTnT in apparently healthy individuals suggesting that an inflammatory process may be involved in this association.
Thorough QTc Evaluation and the Safety of Supratherapeutic Doses of Odanacatib in Healthy Subjects
Authors: McCrea Jacqueline , Mostoller Kate , Mahon Chantal , Liu Chengcheng , Liu Fang , Zajic Stefan , Panebianco Deborah , Chakravarthy Manu , Brandquist Christine , Gutierrez Maria , Stoch S. Aubrey 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAssessing risk for QTc interval prolongation in a thorough QTc study is a standard recommendation when evaluating new chemical entities. As part of the clinical development program for odanacatib, an oral selective inhibitor of cathepsin K previously in development for the treatment of osteoporosis, 2 clinical studies in healthy subjects assessed pharmacokinetics and overall safety (including potential for delayed ventricular repolarization) of a supratherapeutic dose. In study 1, subjects received a supratherapeutic dose regimen of odanacatib (300 mg on day 1, then daily multiple doses of 25 mg to day 21) or placebo. In study 2 (days 1–4), subjects received the odanacatib supratherapeutic dose regimen or moxifloxacin (positive control, single 400‐mg dose on day 4; matching placebo for odanacatib/moxifloxacin) or placebo. All doses were administered with a high‐fat meal. In study 1 (N = 12), the supratherapeutic dosing regimen achieved exposure ∼3.5‐fold of the proposed therapeutic dose (50 mg once weekly) and was sufficiently well tolerated to permit assessment in the thorough QTc study (study 2). In study 2 (N = 116), the primary objective was placebo‐corrected change from baseline in QTcF interval (Fridericia's correction), assessed by replicate electrocardiograms (12‐lead Holter recordings; days –1 through 7). Supratherapeutic odanacatib dosing was not associated with increased risk of prolonged QT interval, unlike moxifloxacin (confirming assay sensitivity). Pooled safety data across both studies suggested that the safety profile of odanacatib at high exposures was similar to placebo, with a small clustering of oral cavity adverse events. Odanacatib was not associated with increased risk of prolonged QT interval.
Dental dam utilization by dentists in an intramural faculty practice
Authors: Imbery Terence A. , Carrico Caroline K. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectivesFrom casual observation of our colleagues, only a few individuals use the dental dam for operative procedures in their faculty practice. The purpose of this study was to obtain faculty perceptions of the dental dam, quantify its utilization in their intramural faculty practice, and determine the factors that influence dental dam usage.Material and MethodsA survey containing 11 questions was sent to 19 faculty members who teach full time and maintain an intramural dental practice involving operative dentistry. Thirty electronic dental health records of the 19 providers were reviewed to gather the following information from restorative procedures they completed: isolation methods, tooth location and involved surfaces, and dental restorative material.ResultsOverall, dental dam was utilized for 30% of all restorative procedures and was used less than 20% of the time for placement of class II and class III composite resins. Dental dam utilization rate by general dentists was 37% and 17.6% for prosthodontists. Those general dentists with prior history of military dental practice had a utilization rate of 78.6% and nonmilitary dentists only 7.6%. Eight faculty members responded to the questionnaire for a 42% return rate. Those who practiced dentistry in the military strongly agreed that the dental dam is the standard of care, improves their quality of restorative work, and should be documented in the dental record.ConclusionsThere were significantly different dental dam utilization rates between general dentists and prosthodontists and between dentists with prior military experience and those without.
Mapping the field of international peace education programs and exploring their networked impact on peacebuilding
Authors: Pugh Jeffrey D. , Ross Karen 
Published: June 2019

AbstractConventional wisdom holds that international education builds cross‐cultural capacity, and evaluations of peacebuilding interventions point to significant impacts. Yet, little scholarship links these fields or explores the significance of networks of participants in either area for mobilizing transnational peacebuilding capital. We address this by examining how peace and conflict‐oriented international education (PCIE) programs enable construction of lasting alumni networks, and how these can contribute to longer‐term conflict prevention and peacebuilding activities after participants return home. We draw upon an original dataset of 178 PCIE programs and a survey of program founders and staff.
A nonparametric approach to detecting changes in variance in locally stationary time series
Authors: Chapman J.‐L. , Eckley I. A. , Killick R. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis paper proposes a nonparametric approach to detecting changes in variance within a time series that we demonstrate is resilient to departures from the assumption of normality or presence of outliers. Our method is founded on a local estimate of the variance provided by the locally stationary wavelet framework. Within this setting, the structure of this local estimate of the variance will be piecewise constant if a time series has piecewise constant variance. Consequently, changes in the variance of a time series can be detected in a nonparametric setting. In addition, using a simulation study, we explore the robustness of our approach against the typical assumption of normality and presence of outliers. We illustrate the application of the approach to changes in variability of wind speeds at a location in the United Kingdom.
Changes in drug load during lacosamide combination therapy: A noninterventional, observational study in German and Austrian clinical practice
Authors: Reinhardt Fritjof , Weber Yvonne G. , Mayer Thomas , Luef Gerhard , Joeres Lars , Tennigkeit Frank , Dedeken Peter , De Backer Marc , Hellot Scarlett , Lauterbach Thomas , Webers Tanja , Arnold Stephan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIntroductionEffects of antiepileptic drug (AED) load changes in patients with focal seizures have not been well evaluated.MethodsSP1065 (NCT01673282) was a noninterventional, prospective, observational study conducted in a clinical practice setting. Patients (aged ≥18 years) with focal seizures were enrolled within 7 days of being prescribed adjunctive lacosamide. Observation period was ~6 months. Drug load was assessed using percentage change in ratio of actual prescribed dose and World Health Organization defined daily dose (DDD) for concomitant AEDs and all AEDs (including lacosamide). Subgroups were defined for patients with at least one concomitant sodium channel–blocking AED (SCB [+]) and those without (SCB [−]).ResultsA total of 311 patients were assessed for safety, 302 for measurement of drug load, and 240 for effectiveness. Ratio of AED dose to DDD decreased for concomitant AEDs (−9.6%) and increased for all AEDs (including lacosamide; 15.5%). Median reduction in focal seizure frequency per 28 days was 100% (range: −100, 2275.8). 70.4% and 61.7% of patients had a ≥50% or ≥75% reduction in seizure frequency, respectively; 50.8% became seizure‐free. In the SCB (+) subgroup (n = 149), ratio of AED dose to DDD decreased for concomitant AEDs (−15.0%) and increased for all AEDs (10.7%). In the SCB (−) subgroup (n = 153), ratio of AED dose to DDD decreased for concomitant AEDs (−4.4%) and increased for all AEDs (20.2%). Fifty‐seven patients (18.3%) reported ADRs, most commonly dose >400 mg/d (7.1%). Seventeen patients (5.5%) had ADRs leading to discontinuation.SignificanceAddition of lacosamide resulted in reduction of concomitant AED drug load regardless of whether concomitant AEDs were SCB (+) or SCB (−). These results indicate that addition of lacosamide in patients with focal seizures could allow clinicians to withdraw or reduce the dose of less well‐tolerated or less effective AEDs.
Somatic mutations substantially increase the per-generation mutation rate in the coniferPicea sitchensis
Authors: Hanlon Vincent C. T. , Otto Sarah P. , Aitken Sally N. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe rates and biological significance of somatic mutations have long been a subject of debate. Somatic mutations in plants are expected to accumulate with vegetative growth and time, yet rates of somatic mutations are unknown for conifers, which can reach exceptional sizes and ages. We investigated somatic mutation rates in the conifer Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) by analyzing a total of 276 Gb of nuclear DNA from the tops and bottoms of 20 old-growth trees averaging 76 m in height. We estimate a somatic base substitution rate of 2.7 × 10−8 per base pair within a generation. To date, this is one of the highest estimated per-generation rates of mutation among eukaryotes, indicating that somatic mutations contribute substantially to the total per-generation mutation rate in conifers. Nevertheless, as the sampled trees are centuries old, the per-year rate is low in comparison with nontree taxa. We argue that although somatic mutations raise genetic load in conifers, they generate important genetic variation and enable selection both among cell lineages within individual trees and among offspring.