bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Histological Comparison of Normal Canine Menisci
Authors: Hayashi Kei , Caserto Brian , Breighner Ryan , Norman Mary , Potter Hollis , Koff Matthew , Pownder Sarah 
Published: October 2018

Objective The purpose of this observational study was to establish normative data for the canine menisci using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Methods Ten fresh stifles from five normal male Beagles were obtained from animals with no known lameness. Conventional MRI and ultrashort echo time (UTE) imaging were performed and T2* values calculated. Five stifles were assessed histologically.
Results The caudal horn of the medial meniscus had significantly prolonged T2* values (4.6 ± 1.27 ms; p = 0.002) as compared with the cranial horn of the medial meniscus (3.25 ± 0.86 ms), and the cranial (3.06 ± 0.54 ms) and caudal (3.64 ± 0.72 ms) horns of the lateral meniscus. Histology demonstrated normal tibial, femoral, interior and peripheral meniscal margins, and normal cellularity. The medial meniscus was noted to be obliquely oriented to the scan plane compared with the relatively perpendicular orientation of the lateral meniscus as compared with the bore of the magnet in a limb-extended orientation.
Clinical Significance Variability of MRI UTE T2* is seen in the normal canine meniscus, with prolongation of the caudal horn, medial meniscus. Prolongation may be due to magic angle effects, as the medial meniscus of the Beagle is not perpendicular to the axis of the main magnetic field. Canine meniscal injury is a common sequela to cruciate tear, and detecting meniscal damage is important for directing patient care. The non-invasive quantitative MRI technique of UTE imaging can be used for the evaluation of collagen orientation, while acknowledging inherent regions of prolongation.
Deploying Your Telehealth Platform
Authors: Jalalabadi Faryan , Izaddoost Shayan , Guillen Diana , Fordis C. , Reece Edward 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTelemedicine is a burgeoning industry with potential to enhance patient care and physician outreach. A review of the current literature and legislative laws was conducted along with knowledge from the experience gathered at starting a telehealth platform at Texas Children's Hospital to find the necessary steps for starting a telehealth program. The authors propose their pearls to deploying a capable telehealth platform for the large hospital system. Doing so properly can increase capacity within hospital operations and improve health care economics. Select use-cases can be focused to leverage stakeholder need, while maximizing potential return. Successful deployment of a telehealth platform can be done on a small margin and accrued revenue can be reinvested as the basis for growth. Risk management considerations upfront will help navigate hurdles in the evolving legislative and regulatory landscape. This article presents the authors' stepwise approach for arranging and conducting a teleconsultation between patient and physician along with pearls for risk management considerations to be aware of throughout the process.
The Nonprofit Sector: Navigating its Waters from a Surgery Vantage
Authors: Singh Aspinder , Jalalabadi Faryan , Hollier Pierce , Reece Edward , Hollier Larry 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe nonprofit sector is a vibrant, dynamic, and expanding portion of the United States' economy. Its growth over the past two decades has opened up many avenues for entrepreneurs wishing to create corporations that are community- and need-driven, particularly in the health services industry. The fertility of this sector has not been maximized by physicians in particular due to the tortuous path of nonprofit incorporation and accreditation. This article focuses on reviewing the structure of nonprofits and streamlining the establishment process.
Product Development: From Concept to Market
Authors: Jalalabadi Faryan , Sameri Aryan , Reece Edward 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPlastic surgery has origins that date back to 3,000 BC and although some devices and techniques have withstood the test of time, the field has made much advancement through the use of modern day technology and innovation. The combination of the two has led to an array of advanced products we use in our offices and operating rooms on a daily basis. These products may be used by the surgeon or the patient, may be small scale, or sold en masse. The surgeon stands in a position of power, able to guide the progress of the field as a whole, through new product development. Ideas for advancement are just that—a thought—until put in the hands of an end user. This paper discusses the steps that may aid you in doing so: idea generation, design feasibility, testing and prototyping, pricing, distribution channels, marketing and sales, and seeking enablers.
Functoriality of group trisections
Authors: Klug Michael 
Published: October 2018

Significance
In three dimensions, it has been known for some time that, by using the fact that all three-manifolds admit Heegaard splittings, three-manifold topology can be understood to be in some sense equivalent to understanding maps from surface groups to free groups. Recently, a decomposition for smooth four-manifolds analogous to Heegaard splittings has been discovered and used to establish a similar group-theoretic framework for studying smooth four-manifolds. We review these constructions and show how they are in fact functorial.
Completely top–down hierarchical structure in quantum mechanics
Authors: Aharonov Yakir , Cohen Eliahu , Tollaksen Jeff 
Published: October 2018

Significance
We provide quantitative evidence for the strong emergence of correlations within pre- and postselected quantum systems. These correlations are robust and can be verified by either weak or strong (projective) measurements. They give rise to intriguing effects within many-body quantum systems. Our analysis supports a top–down structure in quantum mechanics according to which higher-order correlations can always determine lower-order ones, but not vice versa.
Dopamine D2 receptor-mediated circuit from the central amygdala to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis regulates impulsive behavior
Authors: Kim Bokyeong , Yoon Sehyoun , Nakajima Ryuichi , Lee Hyo Jin , Lim Hee Jeong , Lee Yeon-Kyung , Choi June-Seek , Yoon Bong-June , Augustine George J. , Baik Ja-Hyun 
Published: October 2018

Significance
Impulsivity is a tendency to act with little or no forethought or consideration of the consequences and is a major component of various psychiatric disorders. However, little is known about the brain circuits that regulate reward-related impulsivity. Our genetic manipulations reveal that dopamine D2 receptors in the central nucleus of the amygdala have a crucial role in reward-related impulsive behavior. By using optogenetics to control the neurons that possess these receptors, we have identified elements of a neural circuit that contributes to regulating impulsivity. This information should enable approaches to managing impulsivity associated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, and addiction-related disorders.
The Composition of Bank Capital
Authors: Gleeson Simon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the concept of bank capital. The essence of regulatory capital requirements as originally conceived was to procure that banks had sufficient capital to absorb both expected and unexpected losses. However, recent market developments have indicated two different but important functions of capital. Going Concern Capital is that capital which can absorb losses, both when the firm is in a state of financial health and during periods of financial stress, thus maintaining market confidence in the financial system and avoiding disruption to depositors. Gone Concern Capital is that capital which absorbs losses on the failure of a firm, protecting depositors in a winding up or resolution. The remainder of the chapter covers Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital; deductions; bank holdings in banking, financial, and insurance entities; provisioning, expected loss and revaluation; and capital monitoring.
Trading Book—Standardized Approaches
Authors: Gleeson Simon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses trading book models. Risk models come in a variety of types. However, for market risk purposes there have been a number of types which may be used within the framework. The simplest is the ‘CAD 1’ model — named after the first Capital Adequacy Directive, which permitted such models to be used in the calculation of regulatory capital. VaR models, permitted by Basel 2, were more complex, and this complexity was increased by Basel 2.5, which required the use of ‘stressed VAR’. In due course all of this will be replaced by the Basel 3 FRTB calculation, which rejects VAR and is based on the calculation of an expected shortfall (ES) market risk charge, a VaR based default risk charge (DRC) (for those exposures where the bank is exposed to the default of a third party), and a stressed ES-based capital add-on.
Group Supervision
Authors: Gleeson Simon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses banking group supervision. At first glance the necessity for the supervision of banking groups is not obvious. However, banks are now known to be subject to contagion risk. In theory the failure of a company which is a member of a bank group has no effect on the regulated bank. In practice, the failure of a company in a bank group will send a strong signal to the outside world that the group is in difficulty. It would in theory be possible to operate a group bank with such a degree of separation that the market as a whole believed that the bank would genuinely be unaffected by the failure of one of its subsidiaries. However, in practice the market believes that banks are closely connected with the groups of which they are members, and that failures elsewhere in a group will have important knock-on consequences for a group bank.
Potassium iodide and miltefosine inhibit biofilms of Sporothrix schenckii species complex in yeast and filamentous forms
Authors: Brilhante Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira , Silva Maria Lucilene Queiroz da , Pereira Vandbergue Santos , de Oliveira Jonathas Sales , Maciel Juliana Maria , Silva Isaac Neto Goes da , Garcia Lana Glerieide Silva , Guedes Glaucia Morgana de Melo , Cordeiro Rossana de Aguiar , Pereira-Neto Waldemiro de Aquino , de Camargo Zoilo Pires , Rodrigues Anderson Messias , Sidrim José Júlio Costa , Castelo-Branco Débora de Souza Collares Maia , Rocha Marcos Fábio Gadelha 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the yeast biofilm growth kinetics and ultrastructure of Sporothrix schenckii complex and assess their mature biofilm susceptibility in filamentous and yeast forms to potassium iodide (KI) and miltefosine (MIL). Yeast biofilms were evaluated by crystal violet staining, XTT reduction assay and microscopic techniques. Susceptibility of planktonic and sessile cells was analyzed by broth microdilution. S. schenckii complex in yeast form produced biofilms, with an optimum maturation at 96 h, showing multilayered blastoconidia embedded in extracellular matrix. KI and MIL minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges against planktonic cells were 62,500–250,000 μg/ml and 0.125–4 μg/ml, respectively. KI and MIL reduced biofilm metabolic activity by 75.4% and 67.7% for filamentous form and 55.1% and 51.6% for yeast form, respectively. This study demonstrated that S. schenckii complex forms biofilms in vitro, and potassium iodide and miltefosine inhibit Sporothrix spp. biofilms in both filamentous and yeast forms.
Depression Increases the Rates of Neurological Complications and Failed Back Surgery Syndrome in Patients Undergoing Lumbar Spine Surgery
Authors: Schoell Kyle , Wang Christopher , D’Oro Anthony , Heindel Patrick , Lee Larry , Wang Jeffrey C. , Buser Zorica 
Published: October 2018

Study Design:
This was a retrospective database study.

Objective:
The aim of this study was to use a large sample to accurately determine risk factors and rates of neurological complications in patients undergoing commonly performed lumbar spine surgeries.

Summary of Background Data:
Damage to neurological structures and failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) are among the most feared complications of lumbar spine surgery. Despite the large impact on quality of life these complications have, reported rates of neurological complications vary immensely, ranging from 0.46% to 24%.

Materials and Methods:
Data were obtained for patients undergoing initial posterior lumbar interbody fusion, transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion, anterior lumbar interbody fusion, posterolateral fusion, discectomy, and laminectomy procedures from January 2007 to June 2015 covered by the nationwide insurance carrier Humana. Patient records were analyzed to determine rates of dural tear, damage to nervous tissue, cauda equina syndrome, neurogenic bowel/bladder, and FBSS following each procedure. Rates were determined for patients undergoing single/multilevel procedures, by age, and for patients with a previous diagnosis of depression to determine the influence these factors had on the risk of neurologic complications.

Results:
Analysis of 70,581 patient records revealed a dural tear rate of 2.87%, damage to the nervous tissue of 1.47%, cauda equina syndrome of 0.75%, neurogenic bowel or bladder of 0.45%, and FBSS of 15.05% following lumbar spine surgery. The incidence of complications was highest for patients undergoing multilevel procedures and posterior fusion. Depression was a significant risk factor for FBSS (risk ratio, 1.74; P<0.0001), damage to nervous tissue (1.41; P<0.0001), and dural tear (1.15; P<0.0001), but had no impact on risk of cauda equina syndrome or neurogenic bowel or bladder. Increased age was associated with higher rates of dural tear and damage to nervous tissue.

Conclusions:
Patients with a history of depression are at significantly increased risk for neurologic complications following lumbar spine surgery and should be managed accordingly.
The Role of Atomoxetine for Parkinson Disease–Related Executive Dysfunction
Authors: Warner Carly B. , Ottman Andreina A. , Brown Jamie N. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Background
Atomoxetine selectively inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine. Given the noradrenergic system's role in executive function, pharmacotherapy options that affect norepinephrine are of particular clinical interest in Parkinson disease–related executive dysfunction.

Objective
The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of atomoxetine for Parkinson disease–related executive dysfunction.

Methods
MEDLINE (1946 to May 2018) and EMBASE (1947 to May 2018) were queried using the search term combination: Parkinson's disease, Parkinson disease, inhibition, impulse behavior, impulse control disorder, executive function, executive dysfunction, cognition, cognitive dysfunction, cognitive defect, response inhibition, strategic planning, strategy, or verbal fluency and atomoxetine hydrochloride or atomoxetine. Studies analyzed for relevance evaluated clinical outcomes of patients treated with atomoxetine for Parkinson disease–related executive dysfunction. Studies appropriate to the objective were evaluated, including 1 open-label flexible dose trial, 2 placebo-controlled longitudinal trials, and 4 placebo-controlled crossover single-dose trials.

Results
In patients with Parkinson disease, treatment with atomoxetine resulted in improvements in several markers of executive dysfunction including impulsivity, risk taking, and global cognition. Study durations ranged from single-dose trials to 10 weeks and used varying doses of atomoxetine. Atomoxetine was well tolerated in most studies with some reports of gastrointestinal adverse effects and insomnia.

Conclusions
Based on the reviewed literature, atomoxetine continues to be a therapy of interest for the treatment of executive dysfunction in patients with Parkinson disease. Larger long-term trials are necessary to further define the role of atomoxetine for patients with Parkinson disease–related executive dysfunction.
Isometric Cervical Muscular Strength in Pediatric Athletes With Multiple Concussions
Authors: Engelman Glenn , Carry Patrick , Sochanska Ada , Daoud Ariel Kiyomi , Wilson Julie , Provance Aaron 
Published: October 2018

Objective:
To compare maximal cervical muscle strength among athletes with a history of 2 or more concussions relative to athletes with no history of a previous concussion.

Design:
Athletes in the 2 groups were frequency-matched. Linear mixed models were used to test for differences in peak isometric flexion, extension, left lateral flexion, and right lateral flexion cervical muscle torque between groups.

Setting:
Pediatric sports medicine clinic.

Participants:
Athletes with a history of multiple concussions (n = 16) and athletes with no previous concussion history (n = 17).

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors or Independent Variables):
Concussion history (group), age, sex, neck girth, and height.

Main Outcome Measures:
Peak isometric torque measured with a stationary isokinetic dynamometer during a 3-second isometric hold.

Results:
There was no significant difference in peak flexion [mean difference: 21.2%, 95% confidence interval (CI): −6.6% to 57.4%, P = 0.1413], extension (mean difference: 17%, 95% CI, −6.8% to 47.1%, P = 0.1667), left lateral (mean difference: 4.4%, 95% CI, −16.9% to 31.1%, P = 0.7011), or right lateral (mean difference: 9.3%, 95% CI, −14.5% to 39.8%, P = 0.4627) isometric torque in the concussion group relative to the control group. Across all muscle actions, neck torque was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in male compared with female athletes. Increasing neck girth was also associated with a significant (P < 0.05) increase in neck torque.

Conclusions:
There was no evidence of a consistent cervical muscle strength deficit among athletes with a history of 2 or more concussions relative to athletes with no previous history of a concussion. Age, neck girth, and sex were significantly associated with cervical muscle strength.

Clinical Relevance:
Isometric cervical muscle strength testing may not be a reliable test for differentiating athletes with a history of multiple concussions relative to athletes with no history of concussions in the pediatric and adolescent population. Our study presents a reliable methodology for testing cervical muscle strength among young athletes.
Implementation of a Defecation Posture Modification Device
Authors: Modi Rohan M. , Hinton Alice , Pinkhas Daniel , Groce Royce , Meyer Marty M. , Balasubramanian Gokulakrishnan , Levine Edward , Stanich Peter P. 
Published: October 2018

Goals:
The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of defecation postural modification devices (DPMDs) on normal bowel patterns.

Background:
The introduction of DPMDs has brought increased awareness to bowel habits in western populations.

Materials and Methods:
A prospective crossover study of volunteers was performed that included real-time collection of data regarding bowel movements (BMs) for 4 weeks (first 2 wk without DPMD and subsequent 2 wk with DPMD). Primary outcomes of interest included BM duration, straining, and bowel emptiness with and without DPMD use.

Results:
In total, 52 participants (mean age, 29 y and 40.1% female) were recruited for this study. At baseline 15 subjects (28.8%) reported incomplete emptying, 23 subjects (44.2%) had increased straining, and 29 subjects (55.8%) noticed blood on their toilet paper in the past year. A total of 1119 BMs were recorded (735 without DPMD and 384 with DPMD). Utilizing the DPMD resulted in increased bowel emptiness (odds ratio, 3.64; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.78-4.77) and reduced straining patterns (odds ratio, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.18-0.30). Moreover, without the DPMD, participants had an increase in BM duration (fold increase, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.17-1.33).

Conclusions:
DPMDs positively influenced BM duration, straining patterns, and complete evacuation of bowels in this study.
Do Parents of Discharged Pediatric Emergency Department Patients Read Discharge Instructions?
Authors: Wallin Dina , Vezzetti Robert , Young Andrew , Wilkinson Matthew 
Published: October 2018

Objectives
The percentage of discharged emergency department (ED) patients who read discharge instructions (DCIs) is unknown. In this study of parents of pediatric ED patients, we attempt to quantify the DCI readership rate and identify variables associated with readership. We hypothesized that few families would read their child's DCIs.

Methods
We conducted a prospective, randomized study of parents of pediatric patients who were discharged home from the ED. We randomized participants to receive a study invitation as either the second or the second to last page of their DCIs. We incentivized study participation with a $10 gift card and then used the invitation response rate as a proxy for DCI readership. We utilized logistic regression to identify predictor variables showing significant association with readership.

Results
One thousand patients were randomized; 963 were included in the final analysis. Eighty-four subjects, 8.8% (95% confidence interval, 7.0%–10.7%), responded to investigators. In the final regression model, private insurance (adjusted odds ratio, 1.76; P = 0.036), placement of the study invitation early within DCIs (adjusted odds ratio, 1.93; P = 0.011), and laceration diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio, 2.97; P = 0.012) predicted readership, whereas parents of Hispanic children were less likely to respond, even after adjustment for language spoken (adjusted odds ratio, 0.57; P = 0.028).

Conclusions
A minority of parents of patients discharged from the pediatric ED appear to read through their child's DCIs, with Hispanic families and those without private insurance least likely to read. Future research can explore how best to reach these particularly vulnerable families.
Governing with nature: a European perspective on putting rewilding principles into practice
Authors: Jepson P. , Schepers F. , Helmer W. 
Published: October 2018

Academic interest in rewilding is moving from commentary to discussion on future research agendas. The quality of rewilding research design will be enhanced if it is informed by knowledge of the rewilding practice. Here, we describe the conceptual origins and six case study examples of a mode of rewilding that emerged in the Dutch Delta and is being promoted and supported by Rewilding Europe, an umbrella organization established in 2011. The case experiences presented help position this version of rewilding in relation to the US 3C's version and point towards a rewilding action philosophy characterized by pragmatic realism and pioneer projects around which multiactor networks interested in policy innovation and change form. We argue that scaling-up the models of rewilding presented is constrained by institutional cultures and will require innovations in conservation finance and business models. Nonetheless, we suggest that the expanding European Rewilding Network and associated facilities, such as the European Wildlife Bank, represent a valuable asset for natural science research, aimed at exploring the ecological impacts of grazing and the relationship between role of restored herbivore guilds and biotical expansion, and for social science research investigating concepts such as non-human agency and autonomy. Lastly, we ask applied scientists to view rewilding as an uncertain and unfolding conservation approach and to refrain from seeking to specify it as a management approach supporting the delivery of pre-determined targets and/or ideals. This is because such actions may constrain the transformative potential of rewilding practice.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Trophic rewilding: consequences for ecosystems under global change’.