bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Need for a Code of Conduct for Research Funders
Authors: van Wee Bert 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn addition to a code of conduct for researchers, it is desirable to implement a code of conduct for funders of research. This is because researchers often behave unethically as a result of direct and/or indirect pressure from funders. The paper provides an expansion of the first proposal for such a code of conduct and includes several elements such as “policy relevant research should not be contracted and supervised by a client with an interest in the outcomes”, and “policy relevant research should always be examined by an independent institute”.
Toward a theory of ethical consumer intention formation: re-extending the theory of planned behavior
Authors: Sun William 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWhat drives consumers to purchase or not purchase ethical products remains something of a puzzle for consumer behavior researchers. Existing theory—particularly the widely applied theory of planned behavior (TPB)—cannot fully explain ethical purchase decisions. This article contends that not only is the original TPB limited in its applicability to ethical purchasing contexts but also subsequent modifications to it have been generally unfitting. This study advances the literature by taking a different approach to recharacterize and re-extend the original components of the TPB in order to make it more relevant and effective for explaining and predicting ethical consumer decisions. This new theoretical framework of intention formation features four determinants (attitude, subjective norm, moral identity, and perceived behavior control) and a key moderator (level of confidence), and thereby possesses better explanatory and predictive abilities to understand ethical consumer decisions.
Sensitivity of Ozone Production to NOx and VOC Along the Lake Michigan Coastline
Authors: Vermeuel Michael P. , Novak Gordon A. , Alwe Hariprasad D. , Hughes Dagen D. , Kaleel Rob , Dickens Angela F. , Kenski Donna , Czarnetzki Alan C. , Stone Elizabeth A. , Stanier Charles O. , Pierce R. Bradley , Millet Dylan B. , Bertram Timothy H. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe report on the sensitivity of enhanced ozone (O3) production, observed during lake breeze circulation along the coastline of Lake Michigan, to the concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We assess the sensitivity of O3 production to NOx and VOC on a high O3 day during the Lake Michigan Ozone Study 2017 using an observationally constrained chemical box model that implements the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM v3.3.1) and recent emission inventories for NOx and VOCs. The Master Chemical Mechanism model is coupled to a backward air mass trajectory analysis from a ground supersite in Zion, IL, where an extensive series of measurements of O3 precursors and their oxidation products, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric acid (HNO3), and particulate nitrates (NO3−) serve as model constraints. We evaluate the chemical evolution of the Chicago‐Gary urban plume as it advects over Lake Michigan and demonstrate how modeled indicators of VOC‐ versus NOx‐sensitive regimes can be constrained by measurements at the trajectory endpoint. Using the modeled ratio of the instantaneous H2O2 and HNO3 production rates (PH2O2/PHNO3), we suggest that O3 production over the urban source region is strongly VOC sensitive and progresses towards a more NOx‐sensitive regime as the plume advects north along the Lake Michigan coastline on this day. We also demonstrate that ground‐based measurements of the mean concentration ratio of H2O2 to HNO3 describe the sensitivity of O3 production to VOC and NOx as the integral of chemical production along the plume path.
A Feature‐Based Procedure for Detecting Technical Outliers in Water‐Quality Data From In Situ Sensors
Authors: Talagala Priyanga Dilini , Hyndman Rob J. , Leigh Catherine , Mengersen Kerrie , Smith‐Miles Kate 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOutliers due to technical errors in water‐quality data from in situ sensors can reduce data quality and have a direct impact on inference drawn from subsequent data analysis. However, outlier detection through manual monitoring is infeasible given the volume and velocity of data the sensors produce. Here we introduce an automated procedure, named oddwater, that provides early detection of outliers in water‐quality data from in situ sensors caused by technical issues. Our oddwater procedure is used to first identify the data features that differentiate outlying instances from typical behaviors. Then, statistical transformations are applied to make the outlying instances stand out in a transformed data space. Unsupervised outlier scoring techniques are applied to the transformed data space, and an approach based on extreme value theory is used to calculate a threshold for each potential outlier. Using two data sets obtained from in situ sensors in rivers flowing into the Great Barrier Reef lagoon, Australia, we show that oddwater successfully identifies outliers involving abrupt changes in turbidity, conductivity, and river level, including sudden spikes, sudden isolated drops, and level shifts, while maintaining very low false detection rates. We have implemented this oddwater procedure in the open source R packageoddwater.
Self‐mode‐locked multimode lasers for stabilised RF oscillators
Authors: Sun T. , Daryoush A.S. 
Published: October 2019

Low phase noise RF oscillator is very important in modern communication systems and opto‐electronic oscillator techniques have achieved superior phase noise. Development and characterisation of coupled symmetric multimode multi‐section semiconductor laser pairs are reported for building a chip level RF oscillator. The symmetric laser structure operation is adjusted to achieve a self‐mode locking of five modes at 26.4 GHz inter‐modal oscillation frequency with the phase noise performance of −92 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz offset frequency.
Interleaved high step‐up zero‐voltage zero‐current switching boost DC–DC converter
Authors: Eskandari Reyhaneh , Babaei Ebrahim , Sabahi Mehran , Ojaghkandi Sirous Ranjbarzadeh 
Published: October 2019

In this study, an interleaved soft switching boost converter suitable for high step‐up applications is proposed. Zero voltage switching and zero current switching characteristics could be provided for main switches and main diodes, simultaneously. Also, the auxiliary semiconductors can achieve soft switching. Since all the utilised diodes operate under soft‐switching conditions, the diodes reverse recovery problem is perfectly alleviated. Due to the unique operation of the proposed topology, the converter is controlled by variant switching frequency and high voltage ratios can be achieved. Further, the precise theoretical analyses and design procedure of the converter have been investigated utterly. Finally, according to the designed characteristics, a laboratory prototype with 60 V input voltage and 300 V output voltage is built and tested, which is in agreement with theoretical analyses.
Analytical model for predicting the junction temperature of chips considering the internal electrothermal coupling inside SiC metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistor modules
Authors: Peng Sun , Zhibin Zhao , Yumeng Cai , Junji Ke , Xiang Cui , Bing Ji 
Published: October 2019

Owing to their excellent characteristics, silicon carbide (SiC) metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistor modules are expected to have broad application prospects in various types of power conversion equipment in the future. Accurate prediction of the internal chip junction temperature of SiC module is of great value for the usage of the modules in the power conversion equipment. In this study, taking the electrothermal coupling process, and the thermal characteristics of the chips into consideration, the power loss model under unipolar and bipolar sinusoidal pulse‐width modulation control was developed. A star‐shaped equivalent thermal network model based on virtual temperature was established. Moreover, an analytical junction temperature predicting model was proposed. To obtain the temperature dependence of static and dynamic parameters for the models, power device analyser was used, and the double pulse test bench was established. To validate the effectiveness and accuracy of the above models, the finite element method was used to calculate the junction temperature of a commercial 1200 V/300 A full SiC module under different working conditions. The results show that the relative error is very small and the proposed model is effective.
Maltobionic acid accelerates recovery from iron deficiency-induced anemia in rats
Authors: Suehiro Daiki , Kawase Haruka , Uehara Sumire , Kawase Rio , Fukami Ken , Nakagawa Tomoyuki , Shimada Masaya , Hayakawa Takashi 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
In experiments 1 and 2, effect of ingestion of maltobionic acid calcium salt (MBCa) on recovery of rats from a latent iron deficiency and from iron deficiency anemia was examined, respectively. After grouping rats into control and iron-deficiency groups, a latent iron deficiency or iron-deficiency anemia was induced in the latter group. And recovery from these states by MBCa containing diets (0%, 3%, and 6% MBCa in diet, classified into MBCa-0, MBCa-3, and MBCa-6 groups) was compared for convalescence period in light of iron sufficient control group. In experiment 1, MBCa ingestion significantly increased the iron concentration in the serum and liver, and promoted recovery from a latent iron deficiency. In experiment 2, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels increased significantly with MBCa intake, and recovery from iron-deficiency anemia was promoted. MBCa effectively promoted the recovery of rats from a subclinical iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia.
Abbreviations: ANOVA: analysis of variance; DMT1: divalent metal transporter 1; EDTA-2Na: disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; Fpn: feroportin; Hb: hemoglobin; Ht: hematocrit; ICP-OES: inductivity coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer; MBCa: maltobionic acid calcium salt; nitroso-PSAP: 2-nitroso-5-[N-n-propyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)amino]phenol; SE: standard error; SI: serum-iron concentration; TSAT: transferrin saturation; TIBC: total iron-binding capacity; UIBC: unsaturated iron-binding capacity.
Examining the use of economic evaluations in health-related humanitarian programmes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review
Authors: Makhani Lizna A , Moran Valerie , Sadique Zia , Singh Neha S , Revill Paul , Roberts Bayard 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The costly nature of health sector responses to humanitarian crises and resource constraints means that there is a need to identify methods for priority setting and long-term planning. One method is economic evaluation. The aim of this systematic review is to examine the use of economic evaluations in health-related humanitarian programmes in low- and middle-income countries. This review used peer-reviewed literature published between January 1980 and June 2018 extracted from four main electronic bibliographic databases. The eligibility criteria were full economic evaluations (which compare the costs and outcomes of at least two interventions and provide information on efficiency) of health-related services in humanitarian crises in low- and middle-countries. The quality of eligible studies is appraised using the modified 36-question Drummond checklist. From a total of 8127 total studies, 11 full economic evaluations were identified. All economic evaluations were cost-effectiveness analyses. Three of the 11 studies used a provider perspective, 2 studies used a healthcare system perspective, 3 studies used a societal perspective and 3 studies did not specify the perspective used. The lower quality studies failed to provide 7information on the unit of costs and did not justify the time horizon of costs and discount rates, or conduct a sensitivity analysis. There was limited geographic range of the studies, with 9 of the 11 studies conducted in Africa. Recommendations include greater use of economic evaluation methods and data to enhance the microeconomic understanding of health interventions in humanitarian settings to support greater efficiency and transparency and to strengthen capacity by recruiting economists and providing training in economic methods to humanitarian agencies.
The metalloproteinase ADAMDEC1 maintains a novel growth factor signalling loop in glioblastoma cancer stem cells
Authors: Jimenez-Pascual Ana , Hale James , Kordowski Anja , Pugh Jamie , Rao Shilpa , Silver Daniel , Alban Tyler , Watson Defne , Chen Rui , McIntyre Thomas , Colombo Giorgio , Taraboletti Giulia , Holmberg Karl , Forsberg-Nilsson Karin , Lathia Justin , Siebzehnrubl Florian 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are lethal brain tumours where poor outcome is attributed to cellular heterogeneity, therapeutic resistance, and a highly infiltrative nature. These characteristics are preferentially linked to GBM cancer stem cells (GSCs), but how GSCs maintain their stemness is incompletely understood and the subject of intense investigation. Here, we identify a novel growth factor signalling loop that induces and maintains GSCs. This loop consists of an atypical metalloproteinase, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-like protein decysin 1 (ADAMDEC1), secreted by GSCs. ADAMDEC1 solubilizes fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) in the tumour microenvironment. We find that GSCs exclusively express FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1), which upon binding of FGF2 induces upregulation of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1). ZEB1 is a regulator of stemness and tumour initiation, and therefore ADAMDEC1-FGF2-FGFR1 signalling promotes malignancy in GBM. We further show that ZEB1 regulates ADAMDEC1 expression, creating a positive feedback loop. Genetic or pharmacological targeting of components of this axis attenuates self-renewal and tumour growth. These findings reveal a new signalling axis for GSC maintenance and highlight ADAMDEC1 and FGFR1 as potential therapeutic targets in GBM.
Polycomb-mediated repression of EphrinA5 promotes growth and invasion of glioblastoma
Authors: Oliver Millner Thomas , Ricci Barbara , Zhang Xinyu , Pomella Nicola , Marino Silvia 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Introduction
The epigenetic regulator Bmi1 is essential for the self-renewal of neural stem cells (NSC), and highly expressed in glioblastoma (GBM) stem/initiating cells (GIC), where knockdown significantly reduces tumour growth in xenograft models. We have used a combined genome-wide and target gene-driven approach to identify EphrinA5 (EfnA5) as a mediator of Bmi1 function in mouse and human GIC.

Methods and results
We compared mGIC, from a PTEN/p53 deletion mouse model, to matched NSC. Combined ChIPSeq and RNASeq showed a differential redistribution of the repressive PRC mark H3K27me3 in mGIC, and that transcriptional regulation is Bmi1-dependent in a proportion of H3K27me3 marked genes. Subsequently, using shRNA knockdown, we show that Bmi1 regulates cell morphology, proliferation and migration/invasion via repression of EfnA5 in mGIC, and that the same mechanism is essential for GBM development in an allograft model. To confirm the translational potential of the BMI1/EFNA5 pathway we examined published RNA microarray, RNAseq and single-cell RNAseq datasets and found a significant inverse relationship between BMI1 and EFNA5. Finally, we show that BMI1 also regulates cell proliferation via repression of EFNA5 in primary human GIC in vitro.

Conclusions
We present evidence from a mouse model, human expression datasets and human primary cells showing that the Bmi1-EfnA5 pathway plays a prominent regulatory role in GIC. As the anti-proliferative role of BMI1 silencing is mediated by de-repression of EFNA5 in hGIC, precision targeting of Ephrin signalling, for example with agents that mimic EFNA5 action, could be an effective therapeutic tool in human GBM overexpressing BMI1.
Hippocampal sparing radiotherapy in adults with primary brain tumours: a comparative planning and dosimetric study using IMPT, IMRT and 3DCRT.
Authors: Patrice Aka Fleman , Taylor Roger , Hugtenburg Richard , Lambert Jamil , Powell James 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Introduction
We assessed the feasibility of hippocampal sparing in adults with primary brain tumours using Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy (IMPT) and compared this with Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) and 3D-Conformal Radiotherapy (3DCRT).

Methods and Materials
20 patients were identified, and each patient underwent a radiotherapy planning CT scan and 2 MRI scans. A pre-operative diagnostic MRI scan was fused with the planning CT and used for target delineation and a dedicated 3T MRI scan at the time of planning was fused with the CT for hippocampus delineation.
3 hippocampal sparing plans were generated for each patient with specific prescriptions (54Gy/30 fractions, 60Gy/30 fractions and 59.4Gy/33 fractions) using IMPT, IMRT and 3DCRT. Hippocampal sparing was defined as median dose to contralateral hippocampus ≤25Gy without compromising target coverage and organ at risk dose constraints.

Results
Hippocampal sparing was achieved in 19 patients (95%) with IMPT, 16 patients (80%) with IMRT and 13 patients (65%) with 3DCRT. The largest median hippocampal dose reduction was seen with IMPT, with a mean median hippocampal dose of 4.8Gy (range: 0.0Gy-24.9Gy), 14.6Gy (range: 1.9Gy-21.7Gy), and 16.2Gy (range: 2.3Gy-25.0Gy) for IMPT, IMRT and 3DCRT respectively. Hippocampal sparing IMPT failed in one case with the largest tumour volume (650cc) where 2/3 of the hippocampus overlapped the target volume.

Conclusion
IMPT as compared to IMRT and 3DCRT plans showed a trend towards significant and effective hippocampal sparing in adult patients with primary brain tumours. We are currently evaluating this in a larger patient cohort and comparing IMPT with VMAT.
Survival and Seizure Control have improved for Adult Low-Grade Gliomas over the last eleven years
Authors: Solomons Matt , Weil Rimona , Jaunmuktan Zane , El-Hassan Tedani , Brandner Sebastian , Rees Jeremy 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
There has been a trend towards earlier and more aggressive resection for adult Low-Grade Gliomas (LGG) in the last decade. This study set out to compare seizure control and survival of unselected adults with LGG seen in the same neuro-oncology clinic over 11 years and to determine if a change in surgical philosophy has led to a corresponding improvement in outcomes.

Methods
Retrospective analysis using case-note review of 153 adults with histologically verified or radiologically suspected LGG, collecting data on patient, tumour and seizure characteristics in 2006 and 2017.

Results
We studied 79 patients in 2006 and 74 patients in 2017. There were no significant differences between the two groups in age at presentation, tumour location or histological or molecular subtype. The numbers of complete or partial resections increased from 21.5 % in 2006 to 60.8% in 2017 (p<0.05). There was a highly significant improvement in 5- and 10-year survival from 81.8% and 51.7% in 2006 to 100% and 95.8% in 2017 (p<0.001); and a similar improvement was seen in progression free survival. The proportion of patients with intractable epilepsy reduced from 72.2% in 2006 to 43.2% in 2017 (p<0.05). The neurosurgical morbidity rate was identical in both groups (11.8% in 2006 vs 11.1% in 2017).

Conclusion
Increasing use of surgery for LGG over the last eleven years has led to substantial improvements in survival and seizure control but not at the cost of long-term morbidity.
Minimally invasive resection of brain metastases
Authors: Phang Isaac , Leach John , Leggate James , Karabatsou Konstatina , Coope David , D’Urso Pietro 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Minimally invasive resection of brain metastases aims to maximize resection while minimizing brain trauma. Patients with one or more metastases resection following neuro-oncology multidisciplinary meeting discussion from Sep 2014 to Oct 2018 with pre- and post-operative MRI were included. All patients including posterior fossa metastases or multiple metastases were positioned supine. Hair was not shaved. Volumetric post-contrast T1 MRI was used for incision planning and neuronavigation. The craniotomy site was tailored to tumor depth according to keyhole principles and ranged between 2 to 3cm. Intraoperative monitoring and awake mapping were carried out in selected cases. Out of 320 consecutive patients with brain metastases, 44 patients were identified as suitable for minimally invasive resection. 9 had no post-operative imaging and were excluded. There were 39 metastases in 35 patients. There were 18 cerebellar metastases, 9 frontal, 5 parietal, 3 occipital, 2 temporal, 1 intraventricular and 1 basal ganglia. Median length of stay was days (range: 1 – 24). Average tumor volume was 54.7cm3 (range: 10 – 240cm3). Endoscopic assistance was used in 4 patients. Median performance status improved from 2 to 1(range: pre-operative: 0 – 4; post-operative: 0 – 2). Median survival was 14.7 months. Minimally invasive resection of brain metastasis is safe and effective and in selected cases confers advantages compared to standard techniques.
DNA methylation and transcriptomic alterations define distinct groups in pediatric spinal ependymoma
Authors: Ahmad Omar , Chapman Rebecca , Storer Lisa , Luo Li , Resar Linda , Cohen Kenneth , Grundy Richard , Lourdusamy Anbarasu 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In contrast, compared to adults, spinal ependymomas (SEPN) are less common in childhood and adolescents. Children with these tumours are likely to experience a more aggressive disease course, with a higher rate of local failure, and a higher rate of metastasis. Presently the molecular basis of SEPN is poorly characterized. Therefore, we have analyzed 29 SEPN tumour samples from pediatric patients (female: 11, male: 15; age range: 4 – 21 years) and performed DNA methylation (n=28) and transcriptome profiling (n=29). Unsupervised analysis of methylation data reliably separated these tumours into two distinct groups: one group covering all myxopapillary ependymomas (MPE) and a second group dominated by grade II SPENs (SP-EPN). We identified 242 differentially methylated regions between these two groups, of which 56% showed high methylation levels in MPE, including 22 regions localized on chromosome 6. Genome-wide copy number analysis using methylation data showed differences in numbers and pattern of DNA copy number alterations between these groups. Gain of chromosome 20 (39%) followed by loss of chromosomes 6 (28%), 10 (28%), and 13 (28%) were detected in the MPE group, whereas loss of chromosome 22 was frequent (60%) in the SP-EPN group. Transcriptomic analysis showed that genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation, TCA cycle components, electron transport, and Interferon-gamma production characterize the MPE group whereas potassium ion import and regulation of astrocyte differentiation characterize the SP-EPN group. Taken together, this data suggest that mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation may drive the regulation of energy metabolism of MPE tumours.