bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuromuscular Dysfunction and Cortical Impairment in Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: MARILLIER MATHIEU , GRUET MATHIEU , BAILLIEUL SÉBASTIEN , LE ROUX MALLOUF THIBAULT , WUYAM BERNARD , TAMISIER RENAUD , LEVY PATRICK , PEPIN JEAN-LOUIS , VERGES SAMUEL 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

Purpose
Lower muscle strength and endurance have been reported in severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Increased intracortical inhibition previously reported at rest in OSA suggests central neuromuscular impairments in these patients. We hypothesized that (i) OSA patients demonstrate reduced knee extensor strength and endurance due to central impairments and (ii) continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment improves neuromuscular function in these patients.

Methods
Twelve OSA patients and 11 healthy controls performed intermittent knee extensions until task failure before and after 8 wk of CPAP treatment or control period. Maximal voluntary contraction, voluntary activation and corticospinal excitability and inhibition assessed by single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation were measured before and during the fatiguing task.

Results
Time to exhaustion was lower in OSA (before CPAP treatment: 1008 ± 549 s; after CPAP treatment: 975 ± 378 s) compared with controls (before control period: 1476 ± 633 s; after control period: 1274 ± 506 s; P = 0.017). Obstructive sleep apnea patients had reduced maximal voluntary contraction and VATMS compared with controls throughout the fatiguing task as well as increased intracortical inhibition (all P < 0.05). Continuous positive airway pressure treatment did not induce any changes in neuromuscular function (P > 0.05 for all parameters).

Conclusions
This study demonstrates that severe OSA patients have cortical impairments which are likely contributing to their reduced knee extensors strength and endurance. Both cortical impairments and neuromuscular function are not improved after 8 wk of CPAP treatment.
Biomechanical Model for Stress Fracture–related Factors in Athletes and Soldiers
Authors: HADID AMIR , EPSTEIN YORAM , SHABSHIN NOGAH , GEFEN AMIT 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT
Stress fractures (SF) are one of the most common and potentially serious overuse injuries.

Purpose
This study aimed to develop a computational biomechanical model of strain in human tibial bone that will facilitate better understanding of the pathophysiology of SF.

Methods
The MRI of a healthy, young male was used for full anatomical segmentation of the calf tissues, which considered hard–soft tissues biomechanical interactions. From the undeformed coronal MR images, the geometry of bones, muscles, connecting ligaments, and fat were reconstructed in three dimensions and meshed to a finite element model. A force that simulated walking was applied on the tibial plateaus. The model was then analyzed for strains in the tibia under various conditions: unloaded walking, walking with a load equivalent to 30% of bodyweight, and walking under conditions of muscular fatigue. In addition, the effect of tibia robustness on strain was analyzed.

Results
The model showed that the tibia is mostly loaded by compression, with maximal strains detected in the distal anterior surface: 1241 and 384 microstrain, compressive and tensile, respectively. Load carriage resulted in ~30% increase in maximal effective strains. Muscle fatigue has a complex effect; fatigued calf muscles (soleus) reduced the maximal effective strains up to 9%, but fatigued thigh muscles increased those strains by up to 3%. It had also been shown that a slender tibia is substantially prone to higher maximal effective strains compared with an average (22% higher) or robust tibia (39% higher).

Conclusions
Thigh muscle fatigue, load carriage, and a slender tibia were detected as factors that may contribute to the development of SF. The methodology presented here is a novel tool for investigating the pathophysiology of SF.
Neonatal nursing policy and practice in Kenya: Key stakeholders and their views on task-shifting as an intervention to improve care quality.
Authors: Oluoch Dorothy , Murphy Georgina , Gathara David , Abuya Nancy , Nzinga Jacinta , English Mike , Jones Caroline 
Published: April 2018

Background: Improving the quality of facility based neonatal care is central to tackling the burden of neonatal mortality in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMIC). Quality neonatal care is highly dependent on nursing care but a major challenge facing health systems in LMICs is human resource shortage. In Kenya, task-shifting among professional care cadres is being discussed as one potential strategy of addressing the human resource shortage, but little attention is being paid to the potential for task-shifting in the provision of in-patient sick newborn care. This study identified key neonatal policy-making and implementation stakeholders in Kenya and explored their perceptions of task-shifting in newborn units. Methods: The study was exploratory and descriptive, employing qualitative methods including: document review, stakeholder analysis, observation of policy review process meetings and stakeholder feedback. A framework approach was used for analysis. Results: In Kenya, guidelines for the care of sick neonates exist but there are few specialized neonatal nurses and no policy documents outlining the nurse to patient ratio required in neonatal care or other higher dependency areas. The Ministry of Health, Nursing Council of Kenya and international agencies were identified as playing key roles in policy formulation while County governments, the National Nurses Association of Kenya and frontline care providers are central to implementation. Newborns were perceived to be highly vulnerable requiring skilled care but in light of human resources challenges, most expressed some support for shifting ‘unskilled’ tasks. However, a few of the key implementers were concerned about the use of unqualified staff and all stakeholders emphasized the need for training, regulation and supervision. Conclusions: Task-shifting has the potential to help address human recourse challenge in low-income settings. However, any potential task-shifting intervention in neonatal care would require a carefully planned process involving all key stakeholders and clear regulations to steer implementation.
LENDO PELO OLHO MÁGICO
Authors: Mollica Maria Cecília , Quadrio Andreia Cardozo , Batista Hadinei Ribeiro , Maia Mariângela , Leal Marisa 
Published: April 2018

O presente artigo traz reflexões no âmbito do letramento escolar e social na era da cibercultura. Composto de várias seções, as discussões perpassam o impacto das tecnologias digitais na formação do sujeito leitor, na complexidade e amplitude dos níveis de letramento, bem como provoca reflexões quanto à veracidade das múltiplas vozes que discursam na internet e nas redes sociais. De forma mais estreita com o trabalho escolar, o texto aborda a utilização da tecnologia como fonte do saber, apontando conexões com o domínio da matemática e com o desafio atrelado às habilidades de leitura de textos multimodais. Por fim, o artigo ressalta a importância do letramento tecnológico como parte do ensino da produção textual na educação básica, mostrando que, embora os jovens apresentem ter notório domínio das diversas tecnologias, muitos saberes precisam ser construídos para que eles sejam, de fato, letrados na era digital.
Patients' satisfaction with information at discharge
Authors: Franzon Julie , Berry Narelle M , Wonggom Parichat , Astley Carolyn , Du Huiyun , Tongpeth Jintana , Parajuli Daya Ram , Nicholls Stephen J , Clark Robyn A 
Published: April 2018

Background:Adequate patient knowledge and engagement with their condition and its management can reduce re-hospitalisations and improve outcomes after acute admission for circulatory system disease.Aim:To evaluate the perceptions of cardio- or cerebrovascular patients of their satisfaction with discharge processes and to determine if this differs by demographic groups.Methods:A sample of 536 eligible public hospital inpatients was extracted from a consumer experience surveillance system. Questions relating to the discharge process were analysed using descriptive statistics to compare patient satisfaction levels against demographic variables.Results:Dissatisfaction rates were highest within the ‘Written information provided’ (37.8%) and ‘Danger signals communicated’ (34.7%) categories. Women and people aged ≥80 were more likely to express dissatisfaction.Conclusion:Although respondents were largely satisfied, there are important differences in the characteristics of those that were dissatisfied. The communication of important discharge information to older people and women was less likely to meet their perceived needs.
Alimentação e prática de atividades físicas de crianças: hábitos cotidianos e culturais
Authors: Sebold Luciara Fabiane , Silva Paola Pitol , Melcher Tayara Aline , Silveira Bárbara Mohr , Justino Juliana Simas , Reis Girondi Juliana Balbinot 
Published: April 2018

Objetivo: conhecer os hábitos cotidianos de alimentação e prática de atividades físicas de crianças entre sete e dez anos de idade, de uma unidade básica de educação de um município do Sul de Santa Catarina. Método: pesquisa qualitativa descritiva e exploratória, desenvolvida com 24 crianças em uma unidade de ensino, vinculada a Estratégia de Saúde da família. Os dados foram coletados no período de outubro de 2012, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada e analisados a luz do referencial teórico de Madeleine Leininger. Resultados: o cotidiano das crianças e de suas famílias nem sempre auxiliam nos hábitos saudáveis, padrões culturais podem influenciar neste processo, consequentemente refletindo no ambiente escolar. Conclusão: parcerias entre a Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF), escola e família são importantes para traçar estratégias que fomentam as práticas de educação em saúde desta comunidade.
Navegando entre sambaquíes: Evidencias del uso de embarcaciones entre las sociedades constructoras de concheros
Authors: Saccone Elena Margarita 
Published: April 2018

Resumen: Este artículo se propone indagar sobre la relación de los sambaquíes con el medio y las evidencias que los vinculan con una cultura marítima incluyendo el posible uso de la navegación por parte de los grupos que los produjeron. Las evidencias indirectas del uso de la navegación se relacionan, entre otros, con la ubicación de los sitios en zonas costeras, la complejidad de las sociedades que los construyeron, analogías etnográficas y hallazgos de cultura material vinculada con los elementos necesarios para producir embarcaciones. A través de la serie de evidencias indirectas planteadas se pretende afirmar que esta línea de trabajo debe ser profundizada ya que puede aportar una nueva mirada a las investigaciones sobre los grupos sambaquieros y podría conducir a una reinterpretación en particular sobre su movilidad.

Abstract: This paper intends to explore the relationship between shell mounds and their environment and the evidence that relates them with a maritime culture, including the possible use of navigation by the groups who built them. Indirect evidence of navigation refers, among others, to the location of sites in coastal areas, the complexity of the groups that produced them, ethnographic analogies and material culture findings related to the necessary elements for the production of watercraft. Through this series of indirect evidences, we intend to state that this topic should be explored further because it can provide a new perspective on the research of shell mound groups and could lead to new interpretations especially about their mobility.
Relatório da intervenção em quatro peças arqueológicas em suporte de metal, provenientes da Vila Elza, Viamão-RS
Authors: Torino Isabel Halfen 
Published: April 2018

Resumo: Este relatório descreve as etapas de restauração de quatro artefatos arqueológicos em suporte de metal provenientes de um sítio localizado na Vila Elza, um bairro que pertence ao município de Viamão, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A intervenção teve como objetivo a estabilização das peças metálicas, concentrando-se na sua limpeza, consolidação, proteção superficial e acondicionamentos. Os tratamentos foram realizados com base na avaliação do estado de conservação e fragilidade dos metais.

Abstract:This paper describes the steps for the restauration of four archaeological metal artifacts from the Vila Elza site, a neighborhood from the city of Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The interventions aimed the stabilization of the metal pieces, focusing on cleaning, protection, consolidation and correct storage of the artifacts. The treatments were made in terms of the evaluation of the conservation state of the pieces restored.
Ecologia simbólica de uma aldeia Mbyá-Guarani: O caso da Tekoá Tavaí
Authors: Mega Orestes Jayme 
Published: April 2018

Resumo: Este artigo aborda aspectos da ecologia simbólica Mbyá-Guarani presentes na aldeia denominada Tekoá Tavaí, localizada no município de Cristal, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Ecologia simbólica pode ser entendida como uma forma de expressar conceitos cosmológicos através da percepção e concepção que um coletivo tem sobre o meio ambiente. A mitologia Mbyá serviu de fundamento para a análise aqui apresentada. Através dela foi verificada a presença de entidades espirituais, em diferentes feições ambientais existentes na aldeia Tekoá Tavaí, que interferem diretamente nas relações ecológicas da paisagem.

Abstract: this article discusses aspects of the symbolic ecology present in the village called tekoá Tavaí, located in the Cristal municipality, state of Rio Grande do Sul. Symbolic Ecology may be understood as a way of expressing cosmological concepts through the perception and conception that a collective has about the environment. The Mbyá mythology was the fundament to the analysis presented here. Through this mythology it was verified the presence of spiritual entities in different environmental features present in the tekoá Tavaí village and that interfere in the ecological relations in the landscape.
Temporal Regulation ofShaker- andShab-Like Potassium Channel Gene Expression in Single Embryonic Spinal Neurons during K+Current Development
Authors: Gurantz Devorah , Ribera Angeles B. , Spitzer Nicholas C. 
Published: April 2018

A developmental increase in density of delayed rectifier potassium current (IKv) in embryonicXenopusspinal neurons shortens action potential durations and limits calcium influx governing neuronal differentiation. Although previous work demonstrates that maturation ofIKvdepends on general mRNA synthesis, it is not known whether increases in K+channel gene transcripts direct maturation of the current. Accordingly, the developmental appearance of specific Kv potassium channel genes was determined using single-cell reverse transcription-PCR techniques after whole-cell recording ofIKvduring the period of its development. Detection of a coexpressed housekeeping gene along with the potassium channel gene controlled for successful aspiration of cellular mRNA and allowed scoring of cells in which Kv gene transcripts were not detected. Diverse types ofXenopusspinal neurons exhibit homogenous development ofIKvbothin vivoand in culture. In contrast, transcripts of two genes encoding delayed rectifier current, Kv1.1 (Shaker) and Kv2.2 (Shab), are expressed heterogeneously during the period in which the current develops. Kv1.1 mRNA achieves maximal appearance in ∼30% of cells, whileIKvis immature; Kv2.2 mRNA appears later in ∼60% of mature neurons. Kv1.1 and 2.2 are thus candidates for generation ofIKv, and spinal neurons are a heterogeneous population with respect to potassium channel gene expression. Moreover, correlation of gene expression with current properties shows that neurons lacking Kv2.2 have a characteristic voltage dependence of activation ofIKv.
The Vesicular Monoamine Transporter, in Contrast to the Dopamine Transporter, Is Not Altered by Chronic Cocaine Self-Administration in the Rat
Authors: Wilson Julie M. , Kish Stephen J. 
Published: April 2018

Although much evidence suggests that the brain dopamine transporter (DAT) is susceptible to dopaminergic regulation, only limited information is available for the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2). In the present investigation, we used a chronic, unlimited-access, cocaine self-administration paradigm to determine whether brain levels of VMAT2, as estimated using [3H]dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) binding, are altered by chronic exposure to a dopamine uptake blocker. Previously, we showed that striatal and nucleus accumbens DAT levels, as estimated by [3H]WIN 35,428 and [3H]GBR 12,935 binding, are altered markedly using this animal model (Wilson et al., 1994). However, in sequential sections from the same animals, [3H]DTBZ binding was normal throughout the entire rostrocaudal extent of the basal ganglia (including striatum and nucleus accumbens), cerebral cortex, and diencephalon, as well as in midbrain and brainstem monoamine cell body regions, both on the last day of cocaine access and after 3 weeks of drug withdrawal. These data provide additional evidence that VMAT2, unlike DAT, is resistant to dopaminergic regulation.
Identification and Characterization of a Ca2+-Sensitive Nonspecific Cation Channel Underlying Prolonged Repetitive Firing inAplysiaNeurons
Authors: Wilson Gisela F. , Richardson Frank C. , Fisher Thomas E. , Olivera Baldomero M. , Kaczmarek Leonard K. 
Published: April 2018

The afterdischarge ofAplysiabag cell neurons has served as a model system for the study of phosphorylation-mediated changes in neuronal excitability. The nature of the depolarization generating the afterdischarge, however, has remained unclear. We now have found that venom fromConus textiletriggers a similar prolonged discharge, and we have identified a slow inward current and corresponding channel, the activation of which seems to contribute to the onset of the discharge. The slow inward current is voltage-dependent and Ca2+-sensitive, reverses at potentials slightly positive to 0 mV, exhibits a selectivity of K ≅ Na ≫ Tris > N-methyl-d-glucamine (NMDG), and is blocked by high concentrations of tetrodotoxin. Comparison of these features with those observed in channel recordings provides evidence that a Ca2+-sensitive, nonspecific cation channel is responsible for a slow inward current that regulates spontaneous repetitive firing and suggests that modulation of the cation channel underlies prolonged changes in neuronal response properties.
Determinants of Competitive Antagonist Sensitivity on Neuronal Nicotinic Receptor β Subunits
Authors: Harvey Scott C. , Luetje Charles W. 
Published: April 2018

We constructed a series of chimeric and mutant neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor β subunits to map amino acid residues that determine sensitivity to competitive antagonists. The β2 and β4 subunits form pharmacologically distinct receptors when expressed in combination with the α3 subunit inXenopusoocytes. At equipotent acetylcholine concentrations, α3β2 is 56-fold more sensitive to blockade by dihydro-β-erythroidine than is α3β4. The α3β2 combination is also sensitive to long-term blockade by neuronal bungarotoxin, whereas α3β4 is not. Pharmacological analysis of receptors formed by chimeric β subunits reveals that amino acid residues that determine both dihydro-β-erythroidine and neuronal bungarotoxin sensitivity are located within several sequence segments. The major determinant of sensitivity to both competitive antagonists is located between residues 54 and 63. A minor determinant of sensitivity to both antagonists lies between residues 1 and 54, whereas a minor determinant of NBT sensitivity lies between residues 74 and 80. Within region 54–63 of β2, mutant β2 subunits were used to identify threonine 59 as a residue critical in determining competitive antagonist sensitivity. Changing threonine 59 to lysine, as occurs in β4, causes a 9-fold decrease in dihydro-β-erythroidine sensitivity and a 71-fold decrease in neuronal bungarotoxin sensitivity. Changing polar threonine 59 to negatively charged aspartate causes a 2.5-fold increase in neuronal bungarotoxin sensitivity and has no effect on dihydro-β-erythroidine sensitivity.
Synaptic Vesicle Movements Monitored by Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching in Nerve Terminals Stained with FM1-43
Authors: Henkel A. W. , Simpson L. L. , Ridge R. M. A. P. , Betz W. J. 
Published: April 2018

We used the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching technique to monitor movements of synaptic vesicles in top views of living frog motor nerve terminals that had been prestained with the fluorescent dye FM1-43. In each experiment, a small portion of a single stained vesicle cluster was bleached with a laser and monitored subsequently for signs of recovery as neighboring, unbleached vesicles moved into the bleached region. In resting terminals, little or no recovery from photobleaching occurred. Repetitive nerve stimulation, which caused all fluorescent spots to grow dim as dye was released from exocytosing vesicles, did not promote recovery from photobleaching. Pretreatment with botulinum toxin (type A, C, or D) blocked exocytosis and destaining, but intense nerve stimulation still did not cause significant recovery in bleached regions. These results suggest that lateral movements of synaptic vesicles are restricted severely in both resting and stimulated nerve terminals.We tested for laser-induced photodamage in several ways. Bleached regions could be restained fully with FM1-43, and these restained regions could be destained fully by nerve stimulation. Partially bleached regions could be destained, although the rate of destaining was lower than normal. Brisk recovery from photobleaching occurred after treatment with okadaic acid, which disrupts synaptic vesicle clusters and causes vesicles to spread throughout the nerve terminal. These results suggest that vesicle translocation and recycling machinery was intact in photobleached regions.
Impaired Differentiation of Schwann Cells in Transgenic Mice with IncreasedPMP22Gene Dosage
Authors: Magyar Josef P. , Martini Rudolf , Ruelicke Thomas , Aguzzi Adriano , Adlkofer Katrin , Dembic Zlatko , Zielasek Jürgen , Toyka Klaus V. , Suter Ueli 
Published: April 2018

An intrachromosomal duplication containing thePMP22gene is associated with the human hereditary peripheral neuropathy Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A, and PMP22 overexpression as a consequence of increasedPMP22gene dosage has been suggested as causative event in this frequent disorder of peripheral nerves. We have generated transgenic mice that carry additional copies of thepmp22gene to prove that increased PMP22 gene dosage is sufficient to cause PNS myelin deficiencies. Mice carrying approximately 16 and 30 copies of thepmp22gene display a severe congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy as characterized by an almost complete lack of myelin and marked slowing of nerve conductions. Affected nerves contain an increased number of nonmyelinating Schwann cells, which do not form onion bulbs but align in association with axons. The mutant Schwann cells are characterized by a premyelination-like state as indicated by the expression of embryonic Schwann cell markers. Furthermore, continued Schwann cell proliferation is observed into adulthood. We hypothesize that Schwann cells are impaired in their differentiation into the myelinating phenotype, leading to a disorder comparable to severe cases of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies. Our findings, combined with the analysis of heterozygous and homozygous PMP22-deficient mice, indicate that aberrantpmp22gene copy numbers cause various forms of myelination defects.