bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION IN ELECTIVE SURGERY
Authors: Asua José , López-Argumedo Marta 
Published: July 2002

Objectives: To collect and summarize information published by

INAHTA agencies on the indications, habitual attitudes and practices,

and economic and legal implications of preoperative evaluation in

elective surgeries.Method: The authors appraised the information

contained in six papers published between 1989 and 1999 in Sweden,

France, Basque Country, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, and

Catalonia. The section on indications in preoperative evaluation

does not present global conclusions. The sections addressing

habitual attitudes and practices among physicians and those

addressing economic and legal considerations cover only the

similarities among the reports and the main ideas relating to these

issues.Results: The conclusions found in the reports about indications

in preoperative evaluation are similar or differ slightly, e.g., as

regards age limits in patients for whom the tests are recommended.

However, more important differences are shown in other areas,

especially in reports where consensus methods were used. In some

instances, the opinions, attitudes, and customary practices of

professionals during the preoperative stage do not concur with the

recommendations extracted from the assessment reports and the

customary practice of doctors. In relation to economic

considerations, a substantial quantity of resources could be

liberated if the recommended general clinical practices were

followed. From the point of view of civil law, the evidence-based

recommendations could be considered as a

kind of coded lex artis.
Skein spaces and spin structures
Authors: BARRETT JOHN W. 
Published: July 2002

This paper relates skein spaces based on the Kauffman bracket and
spin
structures. A spin structure on an oriented 3-manifold provides an isomorphism

between the skein space for parameter A and the skein space for
parameter −A.There is an application to Penrose's binor calculus, which is related
to the tensor
calculus of representations of SU(2). The perspective developed here is
that this
tensor calculus is actually a calculus of spinors on the plane and the
matrices are
determined by a type of spinor transport which generalizes to links in
any 3-manifold.A second application shows that there is a skein space which is the
algebra of
functions on the set of spin structures for the 3-manifold.
Eurofix System and its Developments
Authors: Offermans G. W. A. , Helwig A. W. S. , van Willigen D. 
Published: July 2002

This paper, and the following six papers, were presented during the NAV 98 Conference held
at Church House, Westminster, London on 9th and 10th December 1998. A full listing of
the Conference, and how to obtain a copy of the proceedings, is shown on Page 300.The existing Loran-C and Chayka infrastructure can, with some minor changes, become a
very powerful augmentation system for GNSS (GPS, GLONASS and the future Galileo).
Delft University initially proposed the Eurofix concept in 1989. Although the necessary
modification to the LF navigation systems are minimal, the GNSS user may get significant
benefits from the Eurofix signals in terms of accuracy, integrity and availability. The reason
is the high signal structure, signal propagation, and the operations dissimilarity of both
systems. The broadcast correction and integrity data improves GNSS accuracy down to the
metre level. In this way, the measured Loran-C and Chayka ranges are continuously
updated. Thus, in the case of GNSS signal interruptions, highly calibrated Loran-C/Chayka
may take over the navigation function. Tests carried out in Europe at the Loran-C station
at Sylt (Germany) drew large international attention, leading to further tests in the USA by
the US Coast Guard in 1998. Recently, a Dutch–Russian consortium implemented Eurofix
on the Chayka transmitter at Bryansk (Russia) which is now successfully broadcasting
DGPS as well as DGLONASS correction data. This paper highlights some on-air Eurofix
DGPS performance experiments carried out in Europe and the USA. With all the European
Loran-C and Chayka transmitters modified, Eurofix can be used all over the European
continent. As multiple stations can normally be received simultaneously, the user may locally
apply networked DGNSS, which may reduce spatial decorrelation effects significantly. Post-
processed results of this Regional Area Augmentation System are presented.
Survey on viral pathogens in wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)
in
Germany with emphasis on parvoviruses and analysis of a
DNA sequence from a red fox parvovirus
Authors: TRUYEN U. , MÜLLER T. , HEIDRICH R. , TACKMANN K. , CARMICHAEL L. E. 
Published: July 2002

The seroprevalence of canine parvovirus (CPV), canine distemper
virus (CDV), canine
adenovirus (CAV) and canine herpesvirus (CHV) infections in red
foxes (Vulpes vulpes) was
determined in fox sera collected between 1991 and 1995. A total of 500
sera were selected and
the seroprevalences were estimated to be 13% (65 of 500 sera) for CPV,

4·4% (17 of 383 sera)
for CDV, 3·5% (17 of 485 sera) for CAV, and 0·4%
(2 of 485 sera) for CHV, respectively. No
statistically significant differences were observed between the two (rural
and suburban) areas
under study.Parvovirus DNA sequences were amplified from tissues of free-ranging
foxes and compared
to those of prototype viruses from dogs and cats. We report here a parvovirus
sequence
indicative of a true intermediate between the feline panleukopenia virus-like
viruses and the
canine parvovirus-like viruses. The red fox parvoviral sequence, therefore,
appears to represent
a link between those viral groups. The DNA sequence together with a significant

seroprevalence of parvovirus infections in foxes supports the hypothesis
that the sudden
emergence of canine parvovirus in the domestic dog population may have
involved the
interspecies transmission between wild and domestic carnivores.
Chemical communication in Eurasian deer (Cervidae): do individual odours also code for attributes?
Authors: Lawson R. E. , Putnam R. J. , Fielding A. H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractEvidence for signal coding for attributes such as age, sex or population of origin, was sought in odour profiles derived from natural secretions of the preorbital gland of red deerCervus elaphus(n= 26), sika deerC. nippon(15), Chinese muntjacMuntiacus reevesi(23) and Chinese water deerHydropotes inermis(53); from metatarsal secretions from red deer (n= 35), sika (30), fallow (193) and roe deerCapreolus capreolus(26); and from roe deer interdigital glands (n= 48). Volatiles were eluted from sample materials at body temperature, to restrict analysis to those elements which would occur within the natural odour profile; the different volatile elements were then separated by gas chromatography. Initial results of these analyses were strongly suggestive of some level of signal‐coding for attributes of the signaller. Few secretions (species × gland) contained many volatiles which differed significantly between deer from different populations of origin and, except in the muntjac preorbital and sika deer metatarsal secretions, separation of populations was generally rather poor in formal discriminant function analyses (DFA). However, where no constraint is imposed on the number of volatiles allowed to enter the analysis, secretions from at least one gland accurately discriminated between the sexes in the original sample for most species; separation of sexes was only ineffective for Chinese water deer and fallow deer. Discrimination between deer of different age‐classes was similarly effective in the original sample for red deer preorbital and roe deer metatarsal secretions and fair for preobital secretions of Chinese water deer; unbalanced age‐structure of samples did not permit analysis for muntjac or sika deer. Sometimes the actual predictive power of discrimination was poor; it is notable that this was characteristically associated with small sample sizes and the evidence indicates that scent secretions from most species sampled here offer the potential for coding for at least the sex and age of the signaller. Although chromatographic analysis of odours from some glands reveals consistent differences between odour profiles characteristic of sex, age or population, this does not imply that the signal is deliberately coding for such information, or that the deer use the information available. It is possible that differences in the composition of secretions in relation to age or sex of the signaller, for example, is coincidental or of secondary significance.
Effects of immobilization on fertility in female black rhino (Diceros bicornis)
Authors: Alibhai Sky K. , Jewell Zoë C. , Towindo Stewart S. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractForty‐six female black rhino were immobilized 113 times in the Sinamatella Intensive Protection Zone, Zimbabwe, from August 1992 to October 1997. The effects of immobilization on inter‐calving interval (ICI), calving rate (calves/female/year), conception and calves born/year were assessed. The mean ICI (n= 17) was 40.24 ± 4.96 months. There was a significant linear relationship between the number and interval of immobilizations in the preconception interval (PCI) and duration of ICI; further investigations were made to overcome possible effects of temporal autocorrelation. Both a non‐linear model and a general linear model (with five independent effects) showed a significant relationship only between the ICI and mean immobilization interval in the pre‐conception interval (PCI), but not the mean immobilization interval in the whole ICI (including gestation immobilizations). Both suggested that the relationship between immobilization and inter‐calving interval was not the result of temporal autocorrelation and that the immobilization regime significantly affected the ICI. Using the calving rate as a response variable, five effects were tested in a general linear model. Only the immobilization rate in the PCI was significant. For conceptions per calendar month, we examined two effects in a general linear model: the number of mature females immobilized each month, and rainfall in the month of conception plus 2 previous months. Both effects were significant. For the number of calves born/year, the effect of the immobilization regime (the number of mature females immobilized/year) and rainfall were examined. Only immobilization was significant. We suggest that the unusually intensive immobilization regime undertaken at Sinamatella has negatively impacted on female fertility, and discuss possible mechanisms. We also suggest the need to adopt guidelines to minimize the impact of immobilization on fertility in female black rhino.
Observations on the diet and habitat of the mountain tapir (Tapirus pinchaque)
Authors: Downer Craig C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractResults of a 4‐year study in Sangay National Park, Ecuador, indicated that the mountain tapir Tapirus pinchaque, consumes a wide variety of woody and non‐woody plant taxa primarily as a foliose browser, and has a preference for some nitrogen‐fixing plants. The more closed‐cover Andean forest and chaparral habitats contain a greater abundance of mountain tapir‐favoured food than the more open grassland paramo, riverine meadow, and pampas vegetation types. Andean forests are considered the most critical habitat for the survival of this tapir because of their provision of cover and food. Field observations and results of faecal germination experiments show that the mountain tapir assists in the successful seed dispersal of many species of Andean plants. Significant regressions between: (1) seed germination and (2) both the natural logarithm (ln e) of the preference ratio and the dietary abundance of food species indicate a mutualism between the mid to high montane‐dwelling mountain tapir and the plants it consumes. A significant relation during the past 2 to 3 million years is proposed between: (1) the crossing of the Panamanian Isthmus and the occupation of the mid to high northern Andes by ancestors of the mountain tapir, and (2) the rise of the Andes and formation of the montane forest and paramo ecosystems above c. 2000 m elevation.
Foraging destinations of three low‐latitude albatross (Phoebastria) species
Authors: Fernández Patricia , Anderson David J. , Sievert Paul R. , Huyvaert Kathryn P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSatellite telemetry was used to identify the foraging distributions of three congeneric species of albatrosses that nest in the tropics/subtropics. Breeding waved albatrosses Phoebastria irrorata from the Galápagos Islands travelled to the productive upwelling near the Peruvian coast and nearby areas during the rearing period in 1996. Black‐footed albatrosses P. nigripes and Laysan albatrosses P. immutabilis nesting in the Hawaiian Islands and tracked during the 1997–98 and 1998–99 breeding seasons also performed long foraging trips, to continental shelf areas of North America. In both years, breeding black‐footed albatrosses made long trips to the west coast of North America (British Columbia to California). In 1997–98, breeding Laysan albatrosses travelled primarily to the north of the Hawaiian Islands and reached the waters of the Aleutian Islands and the Gulf of Alaska. In 1998–99, Laysan albatrosses had a complete breeding failure, and no long trips by breeders were tracked as a result. These three species mixed short and long trips during the chick‐rearing period, but not the brooding period nor incubation period. Waved albatrosses made only long trips during the incubation period. Analysis of movement patterns showed that the core feeding areas during long trips were located over the continental shelves of North and South America. The data on foraging biology of these species have implications for assessing bycatch risk in commercial fisheries.
Even higher-order functions for parsing or
Why would anyone ever want to use a sixth-order function?
Authors: OKASAKI CHRIS 
Published: July 2002

A higher-order function is a function that takes another

function as an argument or
returns another function as a result. More specifically, a
first-order function takes
and returns base types, such as integers or lists. A kth-order
function takes or
returns a function of order k−1. Currying often artificially
inflates the
order of a function, so we will ignore all inessential currying.
(Whether a particular instance of
currying is essential or inessential is open to debate, but we expect that
our choices
will be uncontroversial.) In addition, when calculating the order of a
polymorphic
function, we instantiate all type variables with base types. Under these
assumptions,
most common higher-order functions, such as map and foldr,

are second-order, so
beginning functional programmers often wonder: What good are functions
of order
three or above? We illustrate functions of up to sixth-order with examples
taken
from a combinator parsing library.Combinator parsing is a classic application of functional programming,
dating
back to at least Burge (1975). Most combinator parsers are based on Wadler's

list-of-successes technique (Wadler, 1985). Hutton (1992) popularized the
idea in his
excellent tutorial Higher-Order Functions for Parsing. In spite
of the title, however,
he considered only functions of up to order three.
Program equivalence in a linear functional language
Authors: BIERMAN G. M. 
Published: July 2002

Researchers have recently proposed that for certain applications it is advantageous to use
functional languages whose type systems are based upon linear logic: so-called linear
functional languages. In this paper we develop reasoning techniques for programs in a linear
functional language, linPCF, based on their operational behaviour. The principal theorem
of this paper is to show that contextual equivalence of linPCF programs can be characterised
coinductively. This characterisation provides a tractable method for reasoning about
contextual equivalence, and is used in three ways:[bull ] A number of useful contextual equivalences between linPCF programs is given.[bull ] A notion of type isomorphism with respect to contextual equivalence, called operational
isomorphism, is given. In particular the types !ϕ[otimes ]!ψ and !(ϕ&ψ) are proved to be
operationally isomorphic.[bull ] A translation of non-strict PCF into linPCF is shown to be adequate, but not fully abstract,
with respect to contextual equivalence.
Order in open intervals of computable reals
Authors: VON PLATO JAN 
Published: July 2002

In constructive theories, an apartness relation is
often taken as basic and its negation used
as equality. An apartness relation should be continuous in its arguments,
as in the case of
computable reals. A similar approach can be taken to order relations. We
shall here study
the partial order on open intervals of computable reals. Since order on
reals is undecidable,
there is no simple uniformly applicable lattice meet operation that would
always produce
non-negative intervals as values. We show how to solve this problem by
a suitable definition
of apartness for intervals. We also prove the strong extensionality

of the lattice operations,
where by strong extensionality of an operation f on elements
a, b we mean that apartness of
values implies apartness in some of the arguments:
f(a, b)≠f(c, d)
⊃a≠c∨b≠d.Most approaches to computable reals start from a concrete definition.
We shall instead
represent them by an abstract axiomatically introduced order structure.
On the Number of Simple Cycles in Planar Graphs
Authors: ALT HELMUT , FUCHS ULRICH , KRIEGEL KLAUS 
Published: July 2002

Let C(G) denote the number of simple cycles of a graph
G and let C(n) be the maximum of
C(G) over all planar graphs with n nodes. We
present a lower bound on C(n), constructing
graphs with at least 2.28n cycles. Applying some probabilistic arguments
we prove an upper bound of 3.37n.We also discuss this question restricted to the subclasses of grid graphs, bipartite graphs,
and 3-colourable triangulated graphs.
Morphometric and molecular analysis of the Encarsia inaron species-group (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), parasitoids of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Manzari S. , Polaszek A. , Belshaw R. , Quicke D.L.J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSeveral series of host-reared specimens of an Encarsia species, initially thought to be the cosmopolitan Encarsia inaron (Walker), were collected in the Azores Islands (Portugal). Subsequent morphometric analysis supported the presence of two species: E. inaron and a new species, described herein as Encarsia estrellae Manzari & Polaszek sp. n.Encarsia estrellae was reared from Aleyrodes singularis Danzig, A. ?singularis, and Bemisia sp. afer-group on several host plants. In addition, the D2 region of the 28S rDNA gene was sequenced in eight individuals belonging to these species, as well as single representatives of two closely related and one distantly related species. Phylogenetic analysis of these DNA sequences, together with 23 additional Encarsia sequences retrieved from the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and GenBank databases, further supported the specific status of E. estrellae, and the placement of E. dichroa (Mercet) in the E. inaron species-group. Additionally, E. inaron is redescribed and some taxonomic problems in the E. inaron species-group are discussed.
Genomic Organization of the Dog Dystroglycan Gene DAG1 Locus on Chromosome 20q15.1–q15.2
Authors: Leeb Tosso , Neumann Stephan , Deppe Alexandra , Breen Matthew , Brenig Bertram 
Published: July 2002

Dystroglycan is a laminin binding protein, which provides a structural link between the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. It is also involved in the organization of basement membranes. So far the genomic organization of the dystroglycan gene DAG1 has not been completely investigated. Here we report the cloning and sequencing of 162 kb of dog genomic DNA containing the complete ∼71-kb canine DAG1 gene, which consists of three exons, with the translation start codon located in exon 2. Its 2679-nucleotide ORF encodes a polypeptide of 892 amino acids, which is highly similar to human, rabbit, and bovine orthologs. To further characterize the dog DAG1 gene we determined the transcription start site and several naturally occurring polymorphisms, which partially result in amino acid substitutions of the dystroglycan protein. The dog DAG1 gene was assigned to chromosome 20q15.1–q15.2 by FISH analysis. The analysis of the entire reported sequence revealed that the genes for aminomethyltransferase (AMT), bassoon (BSN), TCTA(T-cell leukemiatranslocation-associated) gene, and an as yet uncharacterized protein are located very close to the DAG1gene. Therefore, this study defines a novel syntenic region among dog chromosome 20q15, human chromosome 3p21, and murine chromosome 9F.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the EMBL nucleotide database under accession no. AJ012166.]
A High-throughput AFLP-based Method for Constructing Integrated Genetic and Physical Maps: Progress Toward a Sorghum Genome Map
Authors: Klein Patricia E. , Klein Robert R. , Cartinhour Samuel W. , Ulanch Paul E. , Dong Jianmin , Obert Jacque A. , Morishige Daryl T. , Schlueter Shannon D. , Childs Kevin L. , Ale Melissa , Mullet John E. 
Published: July 2002

Sorghum is an important target for plant genomic mapping because of its adaptation to harsh environments, diverse germplasm collection, and value for comparing the genomes of grass species such as corn and rice. The construction of an integrated genetic and physical map of the sorghum genome (750 Mbp) is a primary goal of our sorghum genome project. To help accomplish this task, we have developed a new high-throughput PCR-based method for building BAC contigs and locating BAC clones on the sorghum genetic map. This task involved pooling 24,576 sorghum BAC clones (∼4× genome equivalents) in six different matrices to create 184 pools of BAC DNA. DNA fragments from each pool were amplified using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technology, resolved on a LI-COR dual-dye DNA sequencing system, and analyzed using Bionumerics software. On average, each set of AFLP primers amplified 28 single-copy DNA markers that were useful for identifying overlapping BAC clones. Data from 32 different AFLP primer combinations identified ∼2400 BACs and ordered ∼700 BAC contigs. Analysis of a sorghum RIL mapping population using the same primer pairs located ∼200 of the BAC contigs on the sorghum genetic map. Restriction endonuclease fingerprinting of the entire collection of sorghum BAC clones was applied to test and extend the contigs constructed using this PCR-based methodology. Analysis of the fingerprint data allowed for the identification of 3366 contigs each containing an average of 5 BACs. BACs in ∼65% of the contigs aligned by AFLP analysis had sufficient overlap to be confirmed by DNA fingerprint analysis. In addition, 30% of the overlapping BACs aligned by AFLP analysis provided information for merging contigs and singletons that could not be joined using fingerprint data alone. Thus, the combination of fingerprinting and AFLP-based contig assembly and mapping provides a reliable, high-throughput method for building an integrated genetic and physical map of the sorghum genome.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under accession no. AF218263.]