bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of theaflavins on tissue inflammation and bone resorption on experimental periodontitis in rats
Authors: Wu Ya‐Hsin , Kuraji Ryutaro , Taya Yuji , Ito Hiroshi , Numabe Yukihiro 
Published: August 2018

Background and ObjectiveTheaflavins (TFs), the major polyphenol in black tea, have the ability to reduce inflammation and bone resorption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of TFs on experimental periodontitis in rats.Material and MethodsThirty rats were divided into five groups: Control (glycerol application without ligation), Ligature (glycerol application with ligation), TF1 (1 mg/mL TF application with ligation), TF10 (10 mg/mL TF application with ligation), and TF100 (100 mg/mL TF application with ligation). To induce experimental periodontitis, ligatures were placed around maxillary first molars bilaterally. After ligature placement, 100 μL glycerol or TFs were topically applied to the rats daily, and rats were euthanized 7 days after ligature placement. Micro‐computed tomography was used to measure bone resorption in the left side of the maxilla, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the expression of interleukin (IL)‐6, growth‐regulated gene product/cytokine‐induced neutrophil chemoattractant (Gro/Cinc‐1, rat equivalent of IL‐8), matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (Mmp‐9), receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappa Β ligand (Rankl), osteoprotegerin (Opg), and the Rankl/Opg ratio in gingival tissue. With tissue from the right side of the maxilla, hematoxylin and eosin staining was used for histological analysis, immunohistochemical staining for leukocyte common antigen (CD45) was used to assess inflammation, and tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining was used to observe the number of osteoclasts.ResultsThe TF10 and TF100 groups, but not the TF1 group, had significant inhibition of alveolar bone loss, reduction in inflammatory cell infiltration in the periodontium, and significantly reduced numbers of CD45‐positive cells and TRAP‐positive osteoclasts compared with the Ligature group. Correspondingly, the TF10 and TF100 groups had significantly downregulated gene expression of IL‐6, Gro/Cinc‐1(IL‐8), Mmp‐9, and Rankl, but not of Opg. Consequently, Rankl/Opg expression was significantly increased in the Ligation group but was attenuated in the TF10 and TF100 groups.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that topical application of TFs may reduce inflammation and bone resorption in experimental periodontitis. Therefore, TFs have therapeutic potential in the treatment of periodontal disease.
Investigating reservoir sedimentation and its implications to watershed sediment yield: The case of two small dams in data‐scarce upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia
Authors: Moges Michael M. , Abay Dawit , Engidayehu Hailu 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBathymetric and sedimentation surveys were conducted with a sonar‐based depth gauge system in two small reservoirs (Selamko and Shina) in the data‐scarce upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Bathymetric survey data were merged within geographic information system (GIS) software to provide detailed visualization and analyses of current depths. Preimpoundment topographic information was obtained from dam owners and designers. Bathymetric differencing was used to investigate and quantify the distribution and estimate volumes of deposited sediment, long‐term average annual sediment fluxes and remaining water storage capacity. Calculated long‐term average sediment accumulation rates were used to estimate remaining lifetimes of each reservoir. Results from the depth sonar surveys and GIS analyses suggest a projected lifetime of ~7 years for Shina Reservoir, compared to a projected lifetime of ~22 years for Selamko Reservoir. It also indicated the annual average sedimentation rate for both reservoirs was greater than the global average of one per cent (1.67% for Shina Reservoir; 2.295% for Selamko Reservoir). The specific sediment yield (SSY) is relatively larger for both watersheds (2,499 and 4,333.6 t km−2 year−1 for Shina and Selamko, respectively) indicating the watersheds are degraded by any global standard. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model‐generated erosion magnitude was only slightly larger from the watersheds of both reservoirs, compared to the bathymetric estimates. These data and analyses also provide a baseline relevant to understanding sedimentation processes and are necessary for developing long‐term management plans for these reservoirs and their watersheds.
Industry‐level capital‐labour isoquants
Authors: Steedman Ian 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn both theoretical and applied economics, the long‐run conditions of production for a firm or an industry are often presented in the form of a capital‐labour isoquant. Even with constant returns to scale, this representation cannot be derived from the full, detailed representation of conditions of production. Capital theory results for the aggregate economy are thus extended to the individual firm level.
Supercoiling of an excised genomic island represses effector gene expression to prevent activation of host resistance
Authors: Neale Helen C. , Jackson Robert W. , Preston Gail M. , Arnold Dawn L. 
Published: August 2018

SummaryThe plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, which causes halo blight disease of beans, contains a 106 kb genomic island PPHGI‐1. PPHGI‐1 carries a gene, avrPphB, which encodes an effector protein that triggers a resistance response in certain bean cultivars. Previous studies have shown that when PPHGI‐1 is excised from the bacterial chromosome, avrPphB is downregulated and therefore the pathogen avoids triggering the host’s defence mechanism. Here, we investigate whether the downregulation of avrPphB is caused by the supercoiling of PPHGI‐1. We also investigate the effect of a PPHGI‐1‐encoded type 1A topoisomerase, TopB3, on island stability and bacterial pathogenicity in the plant. Supercoiling inhibitors significantly increased the expression of avrPphB but did not affect the excision of PPHGI‐1. An insertional mutant of topB3 displayed an increase in avrPphB expression and an increase in PPHGI‐1 excision as well as reduced population growth in resistant and susceptible cultivars of bean. These results suggest an important role for topoisomerases in the maintenance and stability of a bacterial‐encoded genomic island and demonstrate that supercoiling is involved in the downregulation of an effector gene once the island has been excised, allowing the pathogen to prevent further activation of the host defence response.
Identification of the minimal bacterial 2′‐deoxy‐7‐amido‐7‐deazaguanine synthesis machinery
Authors: Yuan Yifeng , Hutinet Geoffrey , Valera Jacqueline Gamboa , Hu Jennifer , Hillebrand Roman , Gustafson Andrew , Iwata‐Reuyl Dirk , Dedon Peter C. , de Crécy‐Lagard Valérie 
Published: August 2018

SummaryThe 7‐deazapurine derivatives, 2′‐deoxy‐7‐cyano‐7‐deazaguanosine (dPreQ0) and 2′‐deoxy‐7‐amido‐7‐deazaguanosine (dADG) are recently discovered DNA modifications encoded by the dpd cluster found in a diverse set of bacteria. Here we identify the genes required for the formation of dPreQ0 and dADG in DNA and propose a biosynthetic pathway. The preQ0 base is a precursor that in Salmonella Montevideo, is synthesized as an intermediate in the pathway of the tRNA modification queuosine. Of the 11 genes (dpdA – dpdK) found in the S. Montevideo dpd cluster, dpdA and dpdB are necessary and sufficient to synthesize dPreQ0, while dpdC is additionally required for dADG synthesis. Among the rest of the dpd genes, dpdE, dpdG, dpdI, dpdK, dpdD and possibly dpdJ appear to be involved in a restriction‐like phenotype. Indirect competition for preQ0 base led to a model for dADG synthesis in which DpdA inserts preQ0 into DNA with the help of DpdB, and then DpdC hydrolyzes dPreQ0 to dADG. The role of DpdB is not entirely clear as it is dispensable in other dpd clusters. Our discovery of a minimal gene set for introducing 7‐deazapurine derivatives in DNA provides new tools for biotechnology applications and demonstrates the interplay between the DNA and RNA modification machineries.
Mediator of tolerance to abiotic stress ERF6 regulates susceptibility of Arabidopsis to Meloidogyne incognita
Authors: Warmerdam Sonja , Sterken Mark G. , Van Schaik Casper , Oortwijn Marian E. P. , Lozano‐Torres Jose L. , Bakker Jaap , Goverse Aska , Smant Geert 
Published: August 2018

SummaryRoot‐knot nematodes transform vascular host cells into permanent feeding structures to selectively withdraw their nutrients from host plants during the course of several weeks. The susceptibility of host plants to root‐knot nematode infections is thought to be a complex trait involving many genetic loci. However, genome‐wide association (GWA) analysis has so far revealed only four quantitative trait loci (QTLs) linked to the reproductive success of the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in Arabidopsis thaliana, which suggests that the genetic architecture underlying host susceptibility could be much simpler than previously thought. Here, we report that, by using a relaxed stringency approach in a GWA analysis, we could identify 15 additional loci linked to quantitative variation in the reproductive success of M. incognita in Arabidopsis. To test the robustness of our analysis, we functionally characterized six genes located in a QTL with the lowest acceptable statistical support and smallest effect size. This led us to identify ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 6 (ERF6) as a novel susceptibility gene for M. incognita in Arabidopsis. ERF6 functions as a transcriptional activator and suppressor of genes in response to various abiotic stresses independent of ethylene signalling. However, whole‐transcriptome analysis of nematode‐infected roots of the Arabidopsis erf6‐1 knockout mutant line showed that allelic variation at this locus may regulate the conversion of aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate (ACC) into ethylene by altering the expression of 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate oxidase 3 (ACO3). Our data further suggest that tolerance to abiotic stress mediated by ERF6 forms a novel layer of control in the susceptibility of Arabidopsis to M. incognita.
Detection of Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale in onychomycosis using monoclonal antibodies against Sub6 (Tri r 2)
Authors: Méhul Bruno , de Coi Niccolo , Grundt Philippe , Genette Alexandre , Voegel Johannes J. , Monod Michel 
Published: August 2018

SummaryBackgroundOnychomycosis is the most prevalent nail disease and is mainly caused by two dermatophyte species Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale with a frequency in the range of 80% and 20%, respectively. The secreted protease Sub6 of the subtilisin family, which was never detected in vitro growth conditions, was found to be a robust marker of onychomycosis.ObjectiveThe aim of this work was to detect tinea unguium using anti‐Sub6 monoclonal antibodies in proteins extracted from clinical nail samples.MethodsWe produced monoclonal antibodies in mice using recombinant Sub6 as an antigen. Selected monoclonal antibodies were tested by Western blot analysis and ELISA on protein extracts from onychomycosis samples.ResultsSeveral monoclonal antibodies used to quantify Sub6 in proteins extracted from clinical nail samples were produced and characterised. We showed that these antibodies were very specific and allowed the detection of T. rubrum and T. interdigitale in onychomycosis. Sub6 was detected in clinical samples infected by T. rubrum and not detected in nails with trauma and other diseases.ConclusionAnti‐Sub6 monoclonal antibodies could be useful for a rapid diagnosis of tinea unguium and/or therapeutic survey of dermatophyte in onychomycosis by ELISA or an immunochromatography device such as a strip test.
The future has roots in the past: the ideas and scientists that shaped mycorrhizal research
Authors: Bonfante Paola 
Published: August 2018

Contents

Summary
982

I.
Introduction
982

II.
The portraits of our ancestors: a gallery of ideas from more than 100 years of mycorrhizal research
983

III.
Mycorrhizal fungi in the ‘omics’ era: first puzzle, how to name mycorrhizal fungi
985

IV.
Signalling: a central question of our time?
987

V.
The colonization process: how cellular studies predicted future ‘omics’ data
989

VI.
The genetics underlying colonization events
991

VII.
Concluding thoughts: chance and needs in mycorrhizal symbioses
992

Acknowledgements
992

References
992

SummaryOur knowledge of mycorrhizas dates back to at least 150 years ago, when the plant pathologists A. B. Frank and G. Gibelli described the surprisingly morphology of forest tree roots surrounded by a fungal mantle. Compared with this history, our molecular study of mycorrhizas remains a young science. To trace the history of mycorrhizal research, from its roots in the distant past, to the present and the future, this review outlines a few topics that were already central in the 19th century and were seminal in revealing the biological meaning of mycorrhizal associations. These include investigations of nutrient exchange between partners, plant responses to mycorrhizal fungi, and the identity and evolution of mycorrhizal symbionts as just a few examples of how the most recent molecular studies of mycorrhizal biology sprouted from the roots of past research. In addition to clarifying the ecological role of mycorrhizas, some of the recent results have changed the perception of the relevance of mycorrhizas in the scientific community, and in the whole of society. Looking to past knowledge while foreseeing strategies for the next steps can help us catch a glimpse of the future of mycorrhizal research.
Plating up appropriate portion sizes for children: a systematic review of parental food and beverage portioning practices
Authors: Kairey L. , Matvienko‐Sikar K. , Kelly C. , McKinley M. C. , O'Connor E. M. , Kearney P. M. , Woodside J. V. , Harrington J. M. 
Published: August 2018

SummaryConsumption of larger portion sizes is associated with higher energy intake and weight status in children. As parents play a pivotal role in child feeding, we synthesized literature on ‘parental portioning practices’ using a mixed methods systematic design to inform future strategies addressing portion sizes served to children. Electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, PsycINFO and CINAHL Plus were searched. Two reviewers independently screened 385 abstracts and assessed 71 full‐text articles against eligibility criteria: studies assessing portioning of foods or beverages by parent(s) with ≥1 child aged 2–12 years. Narrative synthesis of 14 quantitative studies found that portion sizes parents serve vary substantially and are influenced by amounts parents serve themselves, perceived child hunger and parent and child body size. Thematic synthesis of 14 qualitative studies found that parents serve the portion sizes they learn to be appropriate for their child to be fed. Portioning is influenced by parents' desires for a healthy child with a balanced diet. Future guidance on appropriate portion sizes for children would ideally present recommended portion sizes for first serving, incremental with age. Future research is however needed to assess the adoption and efficacy of providing such guidance to families.
Effectiveness of exercise training after bariatric surgery—a systematic literature review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Bellicha A. , Ciangura C. , Poitou C. , Portero P. , Oppert J.‐ M. 
Published: August 2018

SummaryWe aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis of controlled trials assessing exercise training programs in patients with obesity undergoing bariatric surgery. We systematically searched exercise training studies performed after bariatric surgery published up to June 2017. Studies reporting changes in body composition, physical fitness, functional capacity, objectively measured physical activity, quality of life or relevant health outcomes were included. The review protocol is available from PROSPERO (CRD42017069380). Meta‐analyses were conducted using random‐effects models when data were available from at least five articles. Twenty articles were included, describing 16 exercise training programs, of which 15 were included in the meta‐analysis. Overall, exercise training was associated with higher weight loss (mean difference: −2.4 kg, 95% CI: −4.2; −0.6, I2 = 49%, n = 12), higher fat mass loss (−2.7 kg, 95% CI: −4.5; −1.0, I2 = 50%, n = 8) and improved VO2max and functional walking (standardized mean difference: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.29; 1.44, I2 = 57%, n = 6; 1.45, 95% CI: 0.32; 2.58, I2 = 89%, n = 6, respectively). Exercise training was not associated with lean body mass changes. In conclusion, exercise training programs performed after bariatric surgery were found effective to optimize weight loss and fat mass loss and to improve physical fitness, although no additional effect on lean body mass loss was found.
Topical sirolimus for treatment of a venolymphatic malformation in an adolescent girl
Authors: Cardis Michael A. , DeKlotz Cynthia M. C. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSirolimus has emerged as a promising treatment for complex congenital vascular malformations but is limited because of systemic side effects. Topically compounded formulations, which have been found to be successful in the treatment of several other conditions, are a preferred drug delivery system to provide local therapy. We report a case of a venolymphatic malformation in an adolescent girl treated with topical 1% sirolimus cream leading to improvement in appearance and associated symptoms.
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia managed as orthostatic dysregulation and epilepsy in 11‐ and 15‐year‐old sisters
Authors: Fujita Shuhei , Nishida Keigo , Irabu Hitoshi , Nakagawa Ryo , Futatani Takeshi , Igarashi Noboru , Usuda Kazuo , Nagata Yoshiki , Ohno Seiko , Horie Minoru , Hatasaki Kiyoshi 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundIn pediatric patients, syncope commonly occurs as vasovagal syncope, or in epilepsy or orthostatic dysregulation. Cardiogenic syncope is rare but it is lethal, and needs to be promptly diagnosed and treated.Methods and ResultsWe describe the cases of 11‐ and 15‐year‐old sisters with frequent syncope during exercise and emotional stress since the age of 10 and 12, respectively. There were no abnormalities on 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) at rest. They were first diagnosed with orthostatic dysregulation and epilepsy. Because of recurrent exercise‐induced syncope, cardiac examinations were performed. On treadmill exercise stress test, bidirectional ventricular tachycardia was induced in the 11‐year‐old girl, which degenerated into ventricular fibrillation; frequent polymorphic premature ventricular contractions were induced in her elder sister. They were diagnosed with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) and started on oral beta‐blockers and exercise restriction.ConclusionsIt is important to suspect CPVT in pediatric exercise‐induced syncope, and to recognize that CPVT does not show ECG abnormalities at rest.
Conventional and novel approaches for managing “flavescence dorée” in grapevine: knowledge gaps and future prospects
Authors: Oliveira M. J. R. A. , Roriz M. , Vasconcelos M. W. , Bertaccini A. , Carvalho S. M. P. 
Published: August 2018

“Flavescence dorée” (FD) is a grapevine quarantine disease associated with phytoplasmas and transmitted to healthy plants by insect vectors, mainly Scaphoideus titanus. Development of efficient methods for its control has been hampered by the lack of knowledge about phytoplasma biological properties, linked also to difficulties in its in vitro cultivation. Conventional management strategies rely mainly on the application of insecticide treatments, roguing of infected plants and production of phytoplasma‐free propagation material. However, these strategies are costly and could have undesirable environmental impacts. Novel approaches are being investigated using transcriptomic and proteomic tools that can assist in identifying key regulators expressed by diseased, recovered and healthy plants. These studies allowed the identification of molecular profiles linked to the grapevine cultivar‐diverse susceptibility that are of great interest for the development of FD less susceptible plants by breeding programmes. Other promising FD management strategies include the use of grapevine endophytic microorganisms with known biocontrol properties and endophytes living inside specialized insect cells, which can be potential candidates for FD vector control. Finally, the application of plant defence elicitors might be an interesting tool for FD containment, but more research is needed before it can be implemented. In this review, the methodologies used for detecting and confining FD diffusion are discussed, focusing mainly on conventional tools, current research perspectives and knowledge gaps.
A polymorphism in the transcriptional regulatory region strongly influences ovine FSHR mRNA decay
Authors: Wang Dedi , Du Xing , Li Yinxia , Li Qifa 
Published: August 2018

ContentsFollicle‐stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) is an important G protein‐coupled receptor, which is required for steroidogenesis, follicular development and female infertility. Here, we report a novel polymorphism in the 3′‐UTR that strongly influences ovine FSHR mRNA decay. The partial 3′‐UTR sequence of Hu sheep FSHR gene was isolated and characterized, and a polymorphism (c.2327A>G) was identified. Luciferase assay and qRT‐PCR showed that c.2327A>G polymorphism in the 3′‐UTR exerts a strong regulatory role in FSHR transcription. This regulatory role is achieved by affecting FSHR mRNA decay. Furthermore, the c.2327A>G mutation in the 3′‐UTR influences ARE (AU‐rich element, a cis‐acting element promoting mRNA decay)‐mediated mRNA decay of Hu sheep FSHR gene. Together, our study identified a novel polymorphism and elucidated a new mechanism underlying transcriptional regulation of FSHR in mammals.
Political role models and child marriage in India
Authors: Castilla Carolina 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDrawing data from the most recent wave of the India Human Development Survey and the year of the first election with reserved seats for women, I estimate the effect of the Panchayati Raj institutions on child marriage. In India, marriage traditions dictate that two ceremonies take place: the wedding and the gauna ceremony. These differ in timing and purpose. After the wedding, the bride and groom do not necessarily live together. The gauna ceremony indicates the start of marital life and the consummation of the marriage. Results indicate that women in local government decrease the likelihood of child marriage, and delay the age at first marriage and the gauna ceremony. Delaying marriage has important policy implications for both the bride and her future children as it improves education, autonomy over fertility, and health. The results indicate that after 18 years of implementation, exposure to women in government can reduce the prevalence of child marriage.
Organizational Design, Competition, and Financial Exchanges
Authors: Juranek Steffen , Walz Uwe 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe investigate the incentives for vertical and horizontal integration in the financial securities service industry. In a model with two exchanges and two central securities depositories (CSDs), we find that decentralized decisions might lead to privately and socially inferior industry equilibria with vertical integration of both CSDs with their respective exchanges. Allowing for horizontal integration of CSDs avoids privately inferior industry equilibria. However, we observe too little horizontal integration from the social perspective. We link our results to recent regulatory and institutional developments such as the emergence of multilateral trading facilities, over‐the‐counter regulation, and financial harmonization.