bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lewd Looks
Authors: Gorfinkel Elena 
Published: September 2018

Lewd Looks: American Sexploitation’s Cinema Scenes of Looking examines the efflorescence of American sexploitation films in the United States in the years between 1960 and 1972. Approximately hundreds, if not close to a thousand of such films were made in the 1960s, yet no scholarly book exists on the subject. Employing nudity but soft-core and melodramatic in tone, sexploitation films were preoccupied with the conditions of looking at exposed female flesh, conditions that they also archive and document. Defined by their low-budgets, crude mise-en-scène, and an unswerving focus on a fantastically unfettered female sexuality, sexploitation films resembled lurid pulp novels and erotic tabloids, setting the stage for the emergence of the hard-core porn film in the early 1970s with their illicit, if comparably chaste views. This book examines how the 1960s sexploitation film reconfigured the sexualized body onscreen by presenting a dialectics of indulgence and circumspection, tease and subterfuge. Gorfinkel draws on archival research and close analysis to explore sexploitation films’ regulation, reception, and strategies of sexual representation. The book reveals how sixties sexploitation films possessed a “circumstantial reflexivity,” thematizing their own conditions of reception, impacted by anxieties surrounding American film spectatorship and erotic consumption in this period.
Follicular Lymphoma Diagnostic Caveats and Updates
Authors: Choi Sarah M. , Betz Bryan L. , Perry Anamarija M. 
Published: September 2018

Context.—
Follicular lymphoma is a common small B-cell lymphoma, likely to be encountered by any practicing pathologist, regardless of specialty. Although the features of typical follicular lymphoma are well known and in most instances easily identifiable, there are lesser-appreciated morphologic appearances that can raise alternative diagnostic possibilities. The limited tissue available in core needle biopsies can make it additionally challenging to thoroughly evaluate those features in the context of architecture. Furthermore, ancillary testing including immunohistochemistry and molecular/genetic analysis do not always show classic findings and may pose additional challenges to interpretation.

Objectives.—
To review the morphologic features of follicular lymphoma with a discussion of morphologic variants and mimics; to discuss pitfalls of ancillary testing and provide the practicing pathologist with an appropriate context for interpretation of immunohistochemical and molecular/genetic studies when follicular lymphoma is part of the differential diagnosis; and to propose diagnostic strategies when there is limited tissue for evaluation.

Data Sources.—
We used examples of follicular lymphoma from our institution as well as a review of the literature, with a focus on the diagnostic aspects that are broadly relevant to a general pathology practice.

Conclusions.—
Follicular lymphoma can occasionally present with atypical morphologic, immunohistochemical, or molecular/genetic features. In particular, those findings can be difficult to interpret in the setting of a limited tissue sample. Awareness of those possibilities will help guide the pathologist to a more accurate and precise diagnosis.
Phylogeography ofSwertia perennisin Europe based on cpDNA markers
Authors: Urbaniak Jacek , Kwiatkowski Paweł , Pawlikowski Paweł 
Published: September 2018

BackgroundSwertia perennis(Gentianaceae) is a perennial diploid and clonal plant species that is discontinuously distributed in peat bogs in the mountains of Europe, Asia and North America as well as in the lowlands of Europe. The current geographical dispersion ofS. perennisis probably the result of quaternary climatic changes that have played an important role in determining the distribution ofSwertiaand other plant and animal species.MethodsIn this study we used molecular techniques and combined data from chloroplast DNA markers (trnLF region andtrnH-psbA spacer) to elucidate the phylogeography ofS. perennisin Europe. Plants were collected from 28 populations in different locations in the lowlands and mountainous areas of Europe (e.g., the Carpathians, Sudetes, Bohemian Forest and Alps). cDNA was analysed to detect the genetic relationship between specimens from different locations.ResultsA total of 20 haplotypeswere identifiedacross the dataset. Theywere characterised by a high level of genetic variability but showed a lack of phylogeographical structure. This pattern may be the result of repeated recolonization and expansion from several areas. Such genetic differentiation may also be attributed to the relatively long-term isolation ofS. perennisin Pleistocene refugia in Europe, which resulted in independent separation of different cpDNA phylogenetic lineages and variation in the nucleotide composition of cpDNA.DiscussionThe lack of strong phylogeographical structure makes it impossible to indicate the centre of haplotype diversity; however, refugia located in the Carpathians, Sudetes or Alps are the most probable sites whereS. perennisexisted in Europe. This lack of structure may also indicate a high level of gene flow in times when the landscape and fen systems were not fragmented in numerous geographically-isolated populations. This makes it difficult to speculate about the relationships between Asiatic and European plant populations and the origin and distribution of this species in Europe. Today, it seems to be restricted due to the occurrence of plants which clearly reflects the genetic variability from the ancient period.
Nonspecific stress response to temperature increase in Gammarus lacustris Sars with respect to oxygen-limited thermal tolerance concept
Authors: Vereshchagina Kseniya , Kondrateva Elizaveta , Axenov-Gribanov Denis , Shatilina Zhanna , Khomich Andrey , Bedulina Daria , Zadereev Egor , Timofeyev Maxim 
Published: September 2018

The previously undescribed dynamics of the heat shock protein HSP70 and subsequent lipid peroxidation products have been assessed alongside lactate dehydrogenase activity for Gammarus lacustris Sars, an amphipod species from the saltwater Lake Shira (Republic of Khakassia). Individuals were exposed to a gradual temperature increase of 1 °C/hour (total exposure duration of 26 hours) starting from the mean annual temperature of their habitat (7 °C) up to 33 °C. A complex of biochemical reactions occurred when saltwater G. lactustris was exposed to the gradual changes in temperature. This was characterized by a decrease in lactate dehydrogenase activity and the launching of lipid peroxidation. The HSP70 level did not change significantly during the entire experiment. In agreement with the concept of oxygen-limited thermal tolerance, an accumulation of the most toxic lipid peroxides (triene conjugates and Schiff bases) in phospholipids occurred at the same time and temperature as the accumulation of lactate. The main criterion overriding the temperature threshold was, therefore, the transition to anaerobiosis, confirmed by the elevated lactate levels as observed in our previous associated study, and by the development of cellular stress, which was expressed by an accumulation of lipid peroxidation products. An earlier hypothesis, based on freshwater individuals of the same species, has been confirmed whereby the increased thermotolerance of G. lacustris from the saltwater lake was caused by differences in energy metabolism and energy supply of nonspecific cellular stress-response mechanisms. With the development of global climate change, these reactions could be advantageous for saltwater G. lacustris. The studied biochemical reactions can be used as biomarkers for the stress status of aquatic organisms when their habitat temperature changes.
Acidophiles
Authors: Oren Aharon 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Microorganisms growing in highly acidic environments (pH values below three) are found in all three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria and Eucarya. Such organisms thrive in acidic sulfur springs and in association with mining activities where microbial oxidation of pyrite and other reduced sulfur compounds lead to the formation of sulfuric acid. Acidophilic bacteria and archaea are also involved in the industrial leaching of copper and other metals from ores. Some acidophiles grow at high temperatures. Physiologically, the acidophiles are very diverse; there are aerobic and facultative anaerobic chemolithotrophs and different types of heterotrophic bacteria and archaea, photoautotrophic eukaryotes, predatory protozoa and others. Acidophilic microorganisms maintain their intracellular pH close to neutrality, and their cytoplasmic membrane may support proton gradients up to five orders of magnitude; their membrane potential is often reversed in comparison with neutrophiles and alkaliphiles, with an intracellular positive charge.

Key Concepts

Microbial life is possible in strongly acidic environments and even at pH values below zero.

The low pH of highly acidic environments in volcanic areas and environments associated with metal ore mining is generally caused by the activities of acidophilic microorganisms that oxidise reduced sulfur compounds to sulfuric acid.

Acidophilic microorganisms are found in all three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria and Eucarya.

Unicellular eukaryotic green algae such as
Dunaliella acidophila
and
Chlamydomonas acidophila
perform photosynthesis at pH values down to 0–1 and the red alga
Cyanidium caldarium
grows as a photoautotroph in acidic hot springs up to 57 °C and at pH<2–4.

Some thermoacidophilic Archaea thrive at low pH up to very high temperatures.
Sulfolobus
and
Acidanus
spp. grow up to 96 °C at pH 1–5;
Picrophilus oshimae
tolerates pH<0 and grows up to 65 °C.

Acidophilic microorganisms keep their intracellular pH at values close to neutrality and maintain a proton gradient over their cytoplasmic membranes of up to five orders of magnitude.

In contrast to neutrophilic and alkaliphilic microorganisms that maintain an outside‐positive membrane potential, the membrane potential over the cytoplasmic membrane can be reversed, positive‐inside, in acidophilic microorganisms.

Extracellular enzymes of acidophilic microorganisms are optimally active at low pH.

Acid mine drainage is caused by the chemolithotrophic oxidation of pyrite and other reduced sulfur compounds in the ores by acidophilic archaea such as
Acidithiobacillus
,
Leptospirillum
and
Ferroplasma
.

The activities of the same types of organisms that cause acid mine drainage are exploited industrially for the bioleaching of copper and other metals from ores.
Promoter Fusions to Study Gene Expression
Authors: Ma Jun 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

One important tool in molecular biology takes advantage of promoter fusions where the expression of one gene is controlled by the promoter or regulatory elements of another gene. Promoter fusions engineered
in vitro
can help to determine how gene expression is regulated in cells and whole organisms. Promoter fusions generated
in vivo
, for example by promoter trapping, can help to identify new genes and generate useful genetic resources for dissecting important biological processes. A binary effector–reporter system can be used to direct the production of a protein of interest in specific cells of an organism for functional studies. It can also be used to direct the production of interference ribonucleic acid molecules that can inhibit the activity of their target genes in specific cells of an organism. The GAL4–UAS version of this binary system is a valuable genetic tool for investigations of mechanisms that control development.

Key Concepts

The first step towards expressing a gene is transcription.

Gene transcription is controlled by regulatory DNA sequences (elements) that contain binding sites for regulatory proteins.

The regulatory DNA element of one gene can exert its effect on the expression of another gene in a chimaeric (fusion) construct.

Engineered fusion constructs can be introduced to cells or whole organisms.

Reporter genes are used in fusion constructs because their encoded proteins can be monitored or assayed easily.

Reporter fusion constructs can be used to analyse the functions of the regulatory DNA elements.

An effector–reporter system can be used to study the relationship between a regulatory DNA element and the regulatory proteins that bind to it.

Promoter trapping and enhancer trapping are useful techniques to generate genome‐scale resources for genetic studies.

A binary effector–reporter system (a version of which is commonly known as the GAL4–UAS system) is a powerful genetic tool.
Retroviruses in Human Gene Therapy
Authors: Pedersen Finn S , Mikkelsen Jacob G 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

A retrovirus‐based gene transfer system consists of two components: the transfer vector, which harbours a foreign gene linked to elements needed for retroviral replication, and the packaging constructs, which supply the necessary retroviral proteins for transfer of the vector from a producer cell through a single round of viral replication. A hallmark of retroviral replication is the stable maintenance of the transferred gene(s) during cell division. The first type of transfer vectors used in gene therapy trials were derived from mouse retroviruses and referred to as retroviral vectors. Lentiviral vectors are derived from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and exhibit distinct features that provide advantages in some settings. Retroviral and lentiviral vectors are being used in clinical trials for several diseases, including monogenic diseases and cancer. The clinical protocols include primarily
ex vivo
gene transfer followed by introduction of the genetically modified cells into the body.

Key Concepts

The retroviral replication machinery leads to stable maintenance of a transferred gene.

The stable integration of retroviral vectors into a chromosome of the target cell may have adverse effects on neighbouring genes.

Retroviral gene transfer does not require the expression of retroviral genes in the target cell.

The term retroviral vector is used for a vector based on murine leukaemia virus.

The term lentiviral vector is used for a vector based on human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

Retroviral and lentiviral vectors differ in their integration patterns with respect to genes and gene regulatory regions.

To treat inherited monogenic disease affecting e.g. skin or blood, stem cells can be corrected
ex vivo
by using retroviral and lentiviral vectors.

Retroviral and lentiviral vectors are used in clinical protocols to generate modified T‐lymphocytes that target cancer cells.

New designs of lentiviral vectors are being developed as a toolbox for therapy by the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology.
Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy: Genetics
Authors: Magdinier Frédérique , Upadhyaya Meena 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is the third most common inherited muscular dystrophy that presents clinically with progressive weakness of the facial, scapular and humeral muscles, with later involvement of the trunk and lower extremities. FSHD is a unique disease with complex genetic and epigenetic aetiology and the underlying biological mechanisms are still not fully deciphered. FSHD1 is more frequent (95%) and is associated with the contraction of the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat array located on a permissive 4qA chromosome combined with decreased methylation of cytosines at the 4q35‐linked D4Z4 units. D4Z4 contraction allows epigenetic derepression of the D4Z4 array allowing the expression of the toxic
DUX4
transcription factor encoded within the terminal D4Z4 repeat in skeletal muscles. FSHD2 associated with approximately 2–3% of the FSHD patients results from haploinsufficiency of the
SMCHD1
gene in individuals carrying a permissive 4qA allele and marked hypomethylation of 4q and 10q D4Z4, which leads to the derepression of
DUX4
hence
DUX4
appears to be a key player in both types of FSHD. Currently, there is no reliable treatment for this condition, therefore for the successful development of new treatments, an integration of clinical and pathogenetic information is vital.

Key Concepts

FSHD is the third most common inherited muscular dystrophy characterised by a typical phenotype and involvement of specific groups of muscles.

FSHD is characterised by a highly variable penetrance and clinical severity.

In most cases, FSHD involves shortening of a repetitive macrosatellite array.

The D4Z4 macrosatellite linked to FSHD encodes the DUX4 transcription factor.

A small proportion of FSHD patients carry mutation in the
SMCHD1
gene.

Epigenetic changes in FSHD are closely associated with molecular features.

FSHD is a unique disease with complex genetic and epigenetic aetiology and the underlying biological mechanisms are still not fully deciphered.

There is no reliable treatment for the disease.
Centrosomes in Asymmetric Cell Division and Neocortical Development
Authors: Mora‐Bermúdez Felipe , Huttner Wieland B 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Centrosomes play crucial roles in the homeostasis and cell cycle progression of many different cell types, and neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) are not the exception. In fact, NSPCs could be among the cell types where the functions and characteristics of centrosomes are most diverse and unique. From spindle orientation to subcellular organization to primary cilium formation and beyond, centrosome functions are intimately linked to the highly polarized and dynamic architecture of NSPCs in the cerebral neocortex. This leads us to argue that centrosomes are among the organelles that most influence the cytoarchitecture of NSPCs, which translates into a decisive influence in their proliferation, differentiation and tissue and organ formation properties.

Key Concepts

Centrosomes are crucial for the cell and tissue biology of neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs).

Centrosomes control symmetric vs. asymmetric cell division in NSPCs.

Many genes implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders, such as primary microcephaly, encode centrosome proteins.

Centrosomes also fulfil essential nonmitotic functions, such as primary cilium formation.

NSPC proliferation and differentiation are influenced in diverse ways by centrosomes.
G
oldstein,
K
urt
Authors: Ferrario Chiara Elettra 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Kurt Goldstein (1878–1965) was a philosophically minded neurologist, psychiatrist and psychotherapist. Known in neurology for the first clinical description of the Alien Hand Syndrome, and in psychology for having inspired the American Humanistic movement, Goldstein's broader reflection on the nature of biological knowledge had fallen into relative neglect.

In recent years, his organicist theory of biological knowledge, outlined in his classic
The Organism
(1934), has attracted increasing attention in philosophical circles. Organicist theories of biology represent an important milestone in the history of ideas, having anticipated themes that are now relevant to contemporary philosophy of biology.

The relative lack of recognition of Goldstein's work may be imputed to a combination of biographical factors (most notably the personal and intellectual setback following his forced exile from Nazi Germany, due to his Jewish origins) and of unwavering eclecticism, which may have hampered absorption and conveyance within the boundaries of particular disciplines.

Key Concepts

Kurt Goldstein is an important figure in the history of neurology and more broadly neuroscience, whose legacy might have gone relatively unnoticed due to his eclecticism and biographical vicissitudes.

His 1934 magnum opus, the monumental
The Organism
, encapsulates the empirical findings and clinical observations of a lifetime and organises them under the innovative theoretical framework of organicism.

The organicist stance applied to neuroscience leads to a contextual, dynamic and distributed view of the nervous system that has been vindicated by later research.

Goldstein's ideas on neuropathology, psychotherapy and individually tailored healthcare have influenced psychological movements such as humanist psychology and are still appreciated for their originality and intrinsic ethical value.

Goldstein's organicism, intended as a theoretical framework of interpretation for biology, has recently attracted the attention of philosophers of biology.

Under the philosophical respect, Goldstein's organicism presents some stark peculiarities, especially if compared with coeval positions from the same theoretical family. One especially evident feature is the virtual absence of evolutionary dimension to it.
Foetal Diagnosis
Authors: Miny Peter , Filges Isabel , Tercanli Sevgi , Holzgreve Wolfgang 
Published: September 2018

AbstractNew genetic testing approaches as well as a constant progress in the imaging technologies of the foetus have changed the practice of prenatal diagnosis during the past decade fundamentally. The greatly improved noninvasive risk assessment for common foetal aneuploidies by recent cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) testing technologies on maternal plasma (NIPT or NIPS) has been much acclaimed by pregnant women and their doctors as well and resulted in a significant decline of invasive testing requiring chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis. Exclusion of foetal aneuploidy is still by far the most frequent indication for prenatal testing, and the growing number of options must be addressed in routine care for all pregnancies. Pregnancies at high risk for foetal aneuploidy or other copy number variations profit from high‐resolution karyotyping using chromosomal microarrays. Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) is established for the foetal sex or blood group markers and progressing for numerous monogenic conditions.Key ConceptsNoninvasive testing of cell‐free DNA in the maternal plasma is an established screening tool for trisomy 21 and other common trisomies and has caused a significant decrease of invasive testing.Cell‐free DNA testing for common aneuploidies with current technologies will likely not become diagnostic owing to its origin from trophoblast cells.Targeted cell‐free DNA testing is a diagnostic option for a growing number of monogenic conditions.Genomic testing approaches such as symptom‐ or disease‐based gene panels or whole‐exome sequencing spread slowly into invasive as well as noninvasive prenatal testing.Genetic testing on amniotic fluid cells or placental villi is most comprehensive and accurate and remains the gold standard of foetal diagnosis.