bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge of letter sounds in children from England
Authors: Treiman Rebecca , Stothard Susan E. , Snowling Margaret J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLearning the sounds of letters is important for learning to decode printed words and is a key component of phonics instruction. Some letter sounds are easier for children than others, and studies of these differences can shed light on the factors that influence children’s learning. The present study examined knowledge of the sounds of lowercase letters among children in England, where a government-mandated curriculum specifies the order in which letter sounds should be taught and where letters’ sounds are taught before the names. The participants were 355 children from Nursery (mean age 4 years, 4 months), Reception (mean age 5 years, 4 months), and Year 1 (6 years, 4 months) classes. When order of teaching was statistically controlled, children did better than expected on the initial letter of their first name and worse on visually confusable letters. Unlike the North American children in previous studies, they did not perform better on letters that had their sounds at the beginning of their names than on other types of letters. The sonority and the age of acquisition of the letter’s sound were also not influential. Implications for letter teaching, particularly for children at risk of literacy problems, are discussed.
Maternal and child factors associated with child body fatness in a Ghanaian cohort
Authors: Kumordzie Sika M , Okronipa Harriet , Arimond Mary , Adu-Afarwuah Seth , Ocansey Maku E , Young Rebecca R , Bentil Helena J , Tamakloe Solace M , Oaks Brietta M , Dewey Kathryn G 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjective:We aimed to identify factors (child diet, physical activity; maternal BMI) associated with body composition of Ghanaian pre-school children.Design:Longitudinal analysis of the International Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements (iLiNS)-DYAD-Ghana randomized trial, which enrolled 1320 pregnant women at ≤20 weeks’ gestation and followed them and their infants until 6 and 18 months postpartum, respectively. At follow-up, child age 4–6 years, we collected data on body composition (by2H dilution), physical activity and diet, extracted dietary patterns using factor analysis, and examined the association of children’s percentage body fat with maternal and child factors by regression analysis.Setting:Eastern Region, Ghana.Participants:Children 4–6 years of age.Results:The analysis included 889 children with percentage body fat and dietary data at follow-up. We identified two major dietary patterns, a snacking and a cooked foods pattern. Percentage body fat was positively associated (standardizedβ(se)) with maternal BMI at follow-up (0·10 (0·03);P= 0·003) and negatively associated with physical activity (−0·15 (0·05);P= 0·003, unadjusted for child gender), but not associated with the snacking (0·06 (0·03);P= 0·103) or cooked foods (−0·05 (0·07);P= 0·474) pattern. Boys were more active than girls (1470v.1314 mean vector magnitude counts/min;P< 0·0001) and had lower percentage body fat (13·8v.16·9 %;P< 0·0001).Conclusions:In this population, maternal overweight and child physical activity, especially among girls, may be key factors for addressing child overweight/obesity. We did not demonstrate a relationship between the dietary patterns and body fatness, which may be related to limitations of the dietary data available.
A healthy, sustainable and safe food system: examining the perceptions and role of the Australian policy actor using a Delphi survey
Authors: Boylan Sinead , Sainsbury Emma , Thow Anne-Marie , Degeling Christopher , Craven Luke , Stellmach Darryl , Gill Timothy P , Zhang Ying 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjective:There is an urgent need to identify and develop cross-sectoral policies which promote and support a healthy, safe and sustainable food system. To help shape the political agenda, a critical first step is a shared definition of such a system among policy makers across relevant sectors. The aim of the present study was to determine how Australian policy actors define, and contribute to, a healthy, safe and sustainable food system.Design:A Delphi survey, consisting of two rounds, was conducted. Participants were asked how they define, and contribute to, a healthy, safe and sustainable food system (Round 1) and indicate their level of agreement with summary statements (Round 2).Setting:This was an online Delphi survey conducted in Australia.Participants:Twenty-nine and fourteen multisectoral and multilevel policy makers completed Round 1 and Round 2, respectively.Results:The definition included food processing regulation, environmentally friendly food production and access to nutritious food. All agreed that it was important for them to improve access and supply of healthy food and ensure healthy planning principles are applied.Conclusions:There were cross-sectoral differences in definitions and contributions; however, critical consensus was achieved. The study contributes to the definition of key elements of a cross-sectoral food and nutrition policy to meet today’s environmental, health, social and economic challenges; however, further research using a more representative multisectoral sample is warranted.
Study of Crystallographic Texture Evolution during High-Temperature Deformation of 18Cr-ODS Ferritic Steel based on Plasticity Assessment
Authors: Dash Manmath Kumar , Mythili R. , John Rahul , Saroja S. , Dasgupta Arup 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper aims at understanding the texture evolution in extruded oxide dispersion strengthened 18Cr ferritic steel during high-temperature uniaxial compression testing at 1,423 K at a strain rate of 0.01/s based on extensive electron back scatter diffraction characterization. The α-fiber texture is observed along the extrusion direction (ED) in the initial microstructure. The flow curves generated during uniaxial compression test are used to determine the associated hardening parameters. In addition, the degree of texture evolution after deformation along the ED and the transverse direction (TD) with respect to the initial condition has been predicted using VPSC-5 constitutive model. The prediction shows that the deformation along the ED produces a dominant γ-fiber texture in contrast to the TD. This is in agreement with the experimental results where γ-fiber texture is observed, due to enhanced dynamic recrystallization at high-temperature deformation.
Integrated people-centred primary health care in Greece: unravelling Ariadne’s thread
Authors: Lionis Christos , Symvoulakis Emmanouil K. , Markaki Adelais , Petelos Elena , Papadakis Sophia , Sifaki-Pistolla Dimitra , Papadakakis Maria , Souliotis Kyriakos , Tziraki Chariklia 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The 40th anniversary of the World Health Organization Alma-Ata Declaration in Astana offered the impetus to discuss the extent to which integrated primary health care (PHC) has been successfully implemented and its impact on research and practice. This paper focuses on the experiences from Greece in implementing primary health care reform and lessons learned from the conduct of evidence-based research. It critically examines what appears to be impeding the effective implementation of integrated PHC in a country affected by the financial and refugee crisis. The key challenges for establishing integrated people-centred primary care include availability of family physicians, information and communication technology, the prevention and management of chronic disease and migrant and refugees’ health. Policy recommendations are formulated to guide the primary health care reform in Greece, while attempting to inform efforts in other countries with similar conditions.
Experimental validation of an isoflux Earth coverage with a bimode ARMA antenna on a nanosatellite
Authors: Arnaud E. , Siblini A. , Bellion A. , Jecko B. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSpatial telemetry links on nanosatellites require more and more reconfigurable beam antennas to improve the Earth coverage. The bi-mode Agile Radiating Matrix Antenna (8.0–8.4 GHz) was successfully designed to solve such kind of problems by using an isoflux mode associated with a switchable directive one. However, such an antenna introduces some manufacturing problems for the isoflux mode, mainly due to the small available volume on the nanosatellite platform. This paper describes a solution to this problem thanks to the ARMA concept. A comparison between theoretical and experimental results for the isoflux mode in circular polarization is presented to validate the results.
Three‐Dimensional Acoustic Multipole Waveform Inversion at Yasur Volcano, Vanuatu
Authors: Iezzi A. M. , Fee D. , Kim K. , Jolly A. D. , Matoza R. S. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAcoustic waveform inversions can provide estimates of volume flow rate and erupted mass, enhancing the ability to estimate volcanic emissions. Previous studies have generally assumed a simple acoustic source (monopole); however, more complex and accurate source reconstructions are possible with a combination of equivalent sources (multipole). We deployed a high‐density acoustic network around Yasur volcano, Vanuatu, including acoustic sensors on a tethered aerostat that was moved every ∼15–60 min. Using this unique data set we invert for the acoustic multipole source mechanism using a grid search approach for 80 events to examine volume flow rates and dipole strengths. Our method utilizes finite‐difference time‐domain modeling to obtain the full 3‐D Green's functions that account for topography. Inversion results are compared using a monopole‐only, multipole (monopole and dipole), simulations that do not include topography, and those that use a subset of sensors. We find that the monopole source is a good approximation when topography is considered. However, initial compression amplitude is not fully captured by a monopole source so source directionality cannot be ruled out. The monopole solution is stable regardless of whether a monopole‐only or multipole inversion is performed. Inversions for the dipole components produce estimates consistent with observed source directionality, though these inversions are somewhat unstable given station configurations of typical deployments. Our results suggest that infrasound waveform inversion shows promise for realistic quantitative source estimates, but additional work is necessary to fully explore inversion stability, uncertainty, and robustness.
Tectonic Controls on Taupo Volcanic Zone Geothermal Expression: Insights From Te Mihi, Wairakei Geothermal Field
Authors: McNamara D. D. , Milicich S. D. , Massiot C. , Villamor P. , McLean K. , Sépulveda F. , Ries W. F. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractInformation on structure, stress, and their interrelationship is essential for understanding structurally controlled geothermal permeability. Active fault mapping, borehole image analysis, and well testing in the Te Mihi geothermal area, New Zealand, allows us to refine structural and fluid flow architecture of this resource. The Te Mihi area is structurally complex, comprising a set of NW dipping master faults containing pervasive SE dipping antithetic and splay structures in their hanging walls. These faults are also intersected by E‐W striking faults. A localized, N‐S striking structural trend is also observed at Te Mihi. In consideration with Global Navigation Satellite System velocity vectors, both active NE‐SW and E‐W striking faults create biaxial extension at Te Mihi, though the observed NE‐SW SHmax direction suggests that contemporary extension is NW‐SE dominated. Stress field perturbations coincide with structural complexities like fault splays and intersections and/or proximity to recently active E‐W and NE‐SW striking structures. Borehole fluid flow at Te Mihi is concentrated at NW dipping master fault intersections, travel time fractures on acoustic image logs, halo fractures on resistivity image logs, NE‐SW and E‐W striking fractures, intervals of high fracture density, and spatial concentrations of wide aperture fractures and recently active NE‐SW and E‐W striking fractures. This study suggests Te Mihi geothermal expression results from biaxial extension evident from active structural trend intersections and the predominance of NE‐SW and E‐W striking structures within permeable well zones. Biaxial extension is therefore an important control on crustal fluid flow within the Taupo Volcanic Zone and thus geothermal resource delineation.
Otopathogenic Staphylococcus aureus Invades Human Middle Ear Epithelial Cells Primarily through Cholesterol Dependent Pathway
Authors: Mittal Rahul , Debs Luca H. , Patel Amit P. , Nguyen Desiree , Blackwelder Patricia , Yan Denise , Weckwerth Paulo H. , Liu Xue Zhong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractChronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is one of the most common infectious diseases of the middle ear especially affecting children, leading to delay in language development and communication. Although Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogen associated with CSOM, its interaction with middle ear epithelial cells is not well known. In the present study, we observed that otopathogenic S. aureus has the ability to invade human middle ear epithelial cells (HMEECs) in a dose and time dependent manner. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated time dependent increase in the number of S. aureus on the surface of HMEECs. We observed that otopathogenic S. aureus primarily employs a cholesterol dependent pathway to colonize HMEECs. In agreement with these findings, confocal microscopy showed that S. aureus colocalized with lipid rafts in HMEECs. The results of the present study provide new insights into the pathogenesis of S. aureus induced CSOM. The availability of in vitro cell culture model will pave the way to develop novel effective treatment modalities for CSOM beyond antibiotic therapy.
Chirality-dependent electron transport in Weyl semimetal p–n–p junctions
Authors: Hou Zhe , Zhou Yan-Feng , Yang Ning-Xuan , Sun Qing-Feng 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRecently discovered Weyl semimetals have received considerable research interest due to the exotic Weyl fermion-like excitations and the nontrivial π Berry phase near the band degenerate points. Here we show that by constructing a Weyl semimetal p–n–p junction and restricting Weyl fermions into closed orbits with electric and magnetic confinements, the Berry phase acquired by the Weyl fermions can be controlled flexibly. This brings out two effects on electron transport through the junction: when the Berry phase is integer multiples of π an obvious phase shift is observed in the transmission map, whereas for non-integer ones of Berry phase the transmission shows strong chirality dependence and a large chiral or valley-level splitting can be induced. Utilizing this chirality splitting, we further propose a new method to measure the Berry phase in Weyl semimetals, which shows accuracy for various potential profiles and has practical applications in experiments.
Ermittlung des Patientenwillens
Authors: Neitzke Gerald 
Published: July 2019

ZusammenfassungDie Ermittlung des Patientenwillens ist in der Notfall- und Intensivmedizin oft schwierig. Die Beachtung des Willens stellt ein juristisches und ethisches Gebot dar, der Patient ist jedoch häufig nicht selbst einwilligungsfähig. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt den Prozess der Ermittlung des Patientenwillens und zeigt, welche Bedeutung eine Patientenverfügung, andere Behandlungswünsche oder der mutmaßliche Wille für die Behandlungsentscheidung haben.
Reflexionen über 50 Jahre Sexualmedizin in der Urologie mit Fokus auf männliche Sexualstörungen
Authors: Porst Hartmut 
Published: July 2019

ZusammenfassungDiagnose und Therapie männlicher Sexualstörungen zeitigten in den letzten 50 Jahren enorme Fortschritte. Beginnend mit der Entwicklung hydraulischer Penisimplantate 1973 stehen mittlerweile verschiedene effektive und gut verträgliche konservative Behandlungsmethoden wie die PDE-5-Hemmer Avanafil, Sildenafil, Tadalafil und Vardenafil, die transurethrale Applikation von PGE1 (MUSE), die Selbstinjektionstherapie mit den vasoaktiven Substanzen Alprostadil, Papaverin/Phentolamin (Bimix), PGE1/Papaverin/Phentolamin (Trimix/Triple Drug) oder VIP (Aviptadil)/Phentolamin-Invicorp) zur Verfügung. In jüngster Zeit hat die Li-ESWT eindrucksvolle Ergebnisse sowohl bei PDE-5i-Non-Respondern als auch Respondern sowie teilweise auch bei IPP gezeigt. In der Behandlung der Ejakulatio präcox stehen mit dem oralen Dapoxetin und dem topischen Xylocain/Prilocain Spray mittlerweile 2 effektive Medikamente zur Verfügung, welche in schweren EP-Fällen miteinander kombiniert werden können oder mit PDE-5-Hemmern bei Männern mit EP und ED. Hormonelle Störungen wie Hypogonadismus, Hyperprolaktinämien und Schilddrüsenstörungen können mit Sexualstörungen vergesellschaftet sein und mittels T-Substitution, Prolaktinhemmern oder schilddrüsenspezifischen Medikamenten erfolgreich behandelt werden. Während vaskuläre Eingriffe bei ED wie Dorsalvenenligaturen/Resektionen und arterielle Revskularisationsverfahren die 80er- und 90er-Jahre des letzten Jahrhunderts dominierten, gelten sie heute als überholt und werden bei schwerer organischer ED durch die modernen dreiteiligen aufblasbaren Penisimplantate ersetzt, deren mittlerweile hoher technischer Standard 10-Jahresüberlebensraten um die 70 % erlauben.
Total and Regional Body Composition of NCAA Division I Collegiate Female Softball Athletes
Authors: Czeck Madeline A. , Raymond-Pope Christiana J. , Stanforth Philip R. , Carbuhn Aaron , Bosch Tyler A. , Bach Christopher W. , Oliver Jonathan M. , Dengel Donald R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate total, regional, and throwing versus non-throwing arm body composition measures across the 4 major positions of NCAA Division I female softball players using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (n=128). Total and regional total mass (TM), fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and visceral adipose tissue were measured. Athletes were separated into: pitchers (n=32), catchers (n=13), outfielders (n=39), and infielders (n=44). ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD assessed total and regional differences between positions. Although no significant total or regional LM differences were observed across positions, outfielders had significantly (p=0.006–0.047) lower total-body, arm, and trunk TM and FM, leg FM, and leg BMC in comparison to pitchers. The throwing arm had significantly (p<0.0001–0.018) greater LM, BMD, and BMC than the non-throwing arm for all positions. Notably, there were minimal body composition differences among softball positions, with the primary differences being that pitchers had larger total and regional fat values than outfielders. The throwing arm of all positions had greater LM, BMD, and BMC than the non-throwing arm. These values can be used by coaches and trainers as descriptive DXA data for collegiate softball players.
Endoscopic management of polyposis syndromes: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline
Authors: van Leerdam Monique E. , Roos Victorine H. , van Hooft Jeanin E. , Dekker Evelien , Jover Rodrigo , Kaminski Michal F. , Latchford Andrew , Neumann Helmut , Pellisé Maria , Saurin Jean-Christophe , Tanis Pieter J. , Wagner Anja , Balaguer Francesc , Ricciardiello Luigi 
Published: July 2019

Main RecommendationsESGE recommends that individuals with hereditary gastrointestinal polyposis syndromes should be surveilled in dedicated units that provide monitoring of compliance and endoscopic performance measures. Strong recommendation, moderate quality of evidence, level of agreement 90 %.ESGE recommends performing esophagogastroduodenoscopy, small-bowel examination, and/or colonoscopy earlier than the planned surveillance procedure if a patient is symptomatic. Strong recommendation, low quality of evidence, level of agreement 100 %.
Habitual Light-intensity Physical Activity and ASC Methylation in a Middle-aged Population
Authors: Nishida Yuichiro , Hara Megumi , Higaki Yasuki , Taguchi Naoto , Nakamura Kazuyo , Nanri Hinako , Horita Mikako , Shimanoe Chisato , Yasukata Jun , Miyoshi Nobuyuki , Yamada Yosuke , Higashimoto Ken , Soejima Hidenobu , Tanaka Keitaro 
Published: July 2019

AbstractApoptosis-associated, speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) plays an important role in inflammatory cytokine synthesis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and the expression of ASC is suppressed by increased methylation of its CpG sites. The current study investigated the longitudinal association of replacing sedentary time with light-intensity physical activity (LPA) or moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) on the ASC methylation in middle-aged people. We investigated 1 238 individuals who participated in baseline and 5-year follow-up surveys of a population-based cohort study. Sedentary, LPA and MVPA time were objectively measured using accelerometers. ASC methylation in PBMCs was measured by pyrosequencing. Using a multiple linear regression and employing an isotemporal substitution model, the longitudinal associations of changes in the sedentary time, LPA and MVPA on the changes in the ASC methylation were analyzed after adjusting for potential confounders. Substituting 60 min per day of LPA for sedentary time was associated with 1.17 times (95% confidence interval 1.07, 1.27) higher ASC methylation levels (mean of 7 CpG sites, P<0.001). However, such effects were not seen for MVPA. These results suggest that substituting LPA for sedentary time may be linked with increased (favorable) ASC methylation as a potential biomarker of systemic inflammation.