bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SmartGrids: Motivations, Stakes, and Perspectives/Opportunities for Superconductivity
Authors: Hadjsaid Nouredine , Tixador Pascal , Sabonnadiere Jean‐Claude , Gandioli Camille , Alvarez‐Hérault Marie‐Cécile 
Published: November 2018

The article contains sections titled:IntroductionTheEuropean Energy ProspectiveMain Triggers of the Development of theSmartGridsDefinitions of theSmartGridsObjectives Addressed by the TransmissionSmartGridsObjectives Addressed by the DistributionSmartGridsExamples of Development of Innovative ConceptsScientific, Technological, Economical, and Sociological ChallengesOpportunities for SuperconductivityConclusion
SQUIDsin Biomagnetism
Authors: Nowak Hannes 
Published: November 2018

The article contains sections titled:BiomagnetismHistoryBiomagnetic FieldsGradiometersShielding: Magnetically and Electrically Shielded RoomsDewar/CryostatCommercial Biomagnetic Measurement DevicesSpecial Biomagnetic Measurement Devices and ApplicationsHigh‐TcSQUIDsin BiomagnetismConclusion
Solution‐Processed Metal Oxide Nanocrystals as Carrier Transport Layers in Organic and Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Ouyang Dan , Huang Zhanfeng , Choy Wallace C. H. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThere has been rapid progress in solution‐processed organic solar cells (OSCs) and perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) toward low‐cost and high‐throughput photovoltaic technology. Carrier (electron and hole) transport layers (CTLs) play a critical role in boosting their efficiency and long‐time stability. Solution‐processed metal oxide nanocrystals (SMONCs) as a promising CTL candidate, featuring robust process conditions, low‐cost, tunable optoelectronic properties, and intrinsic stability, offer unique advantages for realizing cost‐effective, high‐performance, large‐area, and mechanically flexible photovoltaic devices. In this review, the recent development of SMONC‐based CTLs in OSCs and PVSCs is summarized. This paper starts with the discussion of synthesis approaches of SMONCs. Then, a broad range of SMONC‐based CTLs, including hole transport layers and electron transport layers, are reviewed, in which an emphasis is placed on the improvement of the efficiency and device stability. Finally, for the better understanding of the challenges and opportunities on SMONC‐based CTLs, several strategies and perspectives are outlined.
Conjugated Block Copolymers as Model Systems to Examine Mechanisms of Charge Generation in Donor–Acceptor Materials
Authors: Aplan Melissa P. , Grieco Christopher , Lee Youngmin , Munro Jason M. , Lee Wonho , Gray Jennifer L. , Seibers Zach D. , Kuei Brooke , Litofsky Joshua H. , Kilbey S. Michael , Wang Qing , Dabo Ismaila , Asbury John B. , Gomez Enrique D. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractFully conjugated donor–acceptor block copolymers are established as model systems to elucidate fundamental mechanisms of photocurrent generation in organic photovoltaics. Using analysis of steady‐state photoluminescence quenching, exciton dissociation to a charge transfer state within individual block copolymer chains is quantified. By making a small adjustment to the conjugated backbone, the electronic properties are altered enough to disrupt charge transfer almost entirely. Strong intermolecular coupling of the electron donor is introduced by synthesizing block copolymer nanoparticles. Transient absorption spectroscopy is used to monitor charge generation in block copolymer isolated chains and nanoparticles. While efficient charge transfer is observed in isolated chains, there is no indication of complete charge separation. In the nanoparticles, long‐lived polarons are observed as early as ≈15 ns. Thus, aggregation of electron donors can facilitate efficient charge generation.
Wood‐Inspired 3D‐Printed Helical Composites with Tunable and Enhanced Mechanical Performance
Authors: Zorzetto Laura , Ruffoni Davide 
Published: November 2018

AbstractHelical fibers are versatile building blocks used by Nature to improve mechanical performance and to tune local behavior of load‐bearing materials. Helicoidal biocomposites are arranged in multiple layers with different fiber orientations. Such heterogeneity, not matched in synthetic materials, provides biological structures with superior properties. This is the case of the multilayer tube‐like structure of the wood cell wall, where each ply features a compliant matrix reinforced by stiff helicoidal microfibrils. Here, 3D polyjet printing and computer simulations are combined to investigate wood‐inspired helix‐reinforced cylinders. Composites with a main layer containing helicoidal fibers, bordered by inner and outer plies having thinner fibrils are considered. It is shown how the mechanical functionalities of the synthetic structures can be programmed by varying fibers/fibrils orientation and matrix compliance. It is demonstrated that failure resistance can be enhanced by enclosing the main helicoidal layer with a minimum amount of thin fibrils oriented perpendicular to the applied load, as observed in wood. Finite element simulations are used to highlight the critical role of the matrix in load‐transfer mechanisms among stiff elements. These structures have the potential to be assembled into larger systems, leading to graded composites with region‐specific properties optimized for multiple functionalities.
Tailoring Crystal Structure of FA0.83Cs0.17PbI3 Perovskite Through Guanidinium Doping for Enhanced Performance and Tunable Hysteresis of Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Pham Ngoc Duy , Zhang Chunmei , Tiong Vincent Tiing , Zhang Shengli , Will Geoffrey , Bou Agustín , Bisquert Juan , Shaw Paul E. , Du Aijun , Wilson Gregory J , Wang Hongxia 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCurrent–voltage hysteresis of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has raised the concern of accurate performance measurement in practice. Although various theories have been proposed to elucidate this phenomenon, the origin of hysteresis is still an open question. Herein, the use of guanidinium cation (Gu+)‐dopant is demonstrated to tailor the crystal structure of mixed‐cation formamidinium‐cesium lead triiodide (FA0.83Cs0.17PbI3) perovskite, resulting in an improved energy conversion efficiency and tunable current–voltage hysteresis characteristic in planar solar cells. Particularly, when the concentration of Gu‐dopant for the perovskite film increases, the normal hysteresis initially observed in the pristine PSC is first suppressed with 2%‐Gu‐dopant, then changed to inverted hysteresis with a higher Gu‐dopant. The hysteresis tunability behavior is attributed to the interplay of charge/ion accumulation and recombination at interfaces in the PSC. Furthermore, compared to the cell without Gu+‐dopant, the optimal content of 2% Gu+‐dopant also increases the device efficiency by 14%, reaching over 17% under one sun illumination.
3D‐Printed MOF‐Derived Hierarchically Porous Frameworks for Practical High‐Energy Density Li–O2 Batteries
Authors: Lyu Zhiyang , Lim Gwendolyn J. H. , Guo Rui , Kou Zongkui , Wang Tingting , Guan Cao , Ding Jun , Chen Wei , Wang John 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAprotic Li–O2 batteries are promising candidates for next‐generation energy storage technologies owing to their high theoretical energy densities. However, their practically achievable specific energy is largely limited by the need for porous conducting matrices as cathode support and the passivation of cathode surface by the insulating Li2O2 product. Herein, a self‐standing and hierarchically porous carbon framework is reported with Co nanoparticles embedded within developed by 3D‐printing of cobalt‐based metal–organic framework (Co‐MOF) using an extrusion‐based printer, followed by appropriate annealing. The novel self‐standing framework possesses good conductivity and necessary mechanical stability, so that it can act as a porous conducting matrix. Moreover, the porous framework consists of abundant micrometer‐sized pores formed between Co‐MOF‐derived carbon flakes and meso‐ and micropores formed within the flakes, which together significantly benefit the efficient deposition of Li2O2 particles and facilitate their decomposition due to the confinement of insulating Li2O2 within the pores and the presence of Co electrocatalysts. Therefore, the self‐standing porous architecture significantly enhances the cell's practical specific energy, achieving a high value of 798 Wh kg−1cell. This study provides an effective approach to increase the practical specific energy for Li–O2 batteries by constructing 3D‐printed framework cathodes.
Facile Synthesis of Nanostructural High‐Performance Cu–Pb Electrocatalysts for CO2 Reduction
Authors: Wang Yutian , Hu Hanjun , Sun Yufan , Tang Yang , Dai Liming , Hu Qing , Fisher Adrian , Yang Xiao Jin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractNanostructure and crystallinity of transition metals play an important role in catalyzing carbon dioxide electroreduction (CO2ER) where Cu is a typical electrocatalyst with a wide variety of products and Pb has a high overpotential for H2 evolution and is selective toward formic acid. In this study, 3D hierarchical nanostructures of Cu–Pb catalyst are prepared by a two‐step electrodepositing–annealing–electroreduction approach (EAE). Cu nanowires (Cu NWs) of 200–400 nm diameter are built on the surface of commercial nickel foam substrates through an EAE step. Then, Pb nanoparticles with diameter of 5–10 nm are uniformly created on the surface of Cu NWs by a second EAE step. The nanostructural Cu–Pb electrodes catalyze CO2ER at a current density of −9.35 mA cm−2 (at −0.93 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)). The H2 evolution is suppressed by 35.6% and CO and HCOOH are enhanced by 29.6% and 9.2%, respectively, as compared with Cu NWs. The protocol proposed in this study provides a simple and straightforward approach for preparing high‐performance, hierarchical nanostructures of Cu–Pb bimetal catalyst for CO2ER.
Catalytic Asymmetric Intermolecular Cyclopropanation of a Ketone Carbene Precursor by a Ruthenium(II)‐Pheox Complex
Authors: Chi Le Thi Loan , Suharto Agus , Da Ho Linh , Chanthamath Soda , Shibatomi Kazutaka , Iwasa Seiji 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe diazo derivative of acetonyl acetate is a useful basic skeleton for the synthesis of cyclopropyl ketones. The intermolecular cyclopropanations of diazo acetoxy acetone with olefins are accomplished by using a novel p‐nitro‐Ru(II)‐diphenyl‐Pheox catalyst to give the corresponding optically active cyclopropane derivatives in good yields (up to 95%) with excellent diastereoselectivities (up to 99:1) and enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee).magnified image
In Situ Polyphosphate Nanoparticle Formation in Hybrid Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Karaya Gum Hydrogels: A Porous Scaffold Inducing Infiltration of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Tolba Emad , Wang Xiaohong , Ackermann Maximilian , Neufurth Meik , Muñoz‐Espí Rafael , Schröder Heinz C. , Müller Werner E. G. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe preparation and characterization of a porous hybrid cryogel based on the two organic polymers, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and karaya gum (KG), into which polyphosphate (polyP) nanoparticles have been incorporated, are described. The PVA/KG cryogel is prepared by intermolecular cross‐linking of PVA via freeze‐thawing and Ca2+‐mediated ionic gelation of KG to form stable salt bridges. The incorporation of polyP as amorphous nanoparticles with Ca2+ ions (Ca‐polyP‐NP) is achieved using an in situ approach. The polyP constituent does not significantly affect the viscoelastic properties of the PVA/KG cryogel that are comparable to natural soft tissue. The exposure of the Ca‐polyP‐NP within the cryogel to medium/serum allows the formation of a biologically active polyP coacervate/protein matrix that stimulates the growth of human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and provides the cells a suitable matrix for infiltration superior to the polyP‐free cryogel. In vivo biocompatibility studies in rats reveal that already two to four weeks after implantation into muscle, the implant regions containing the polyP‐KG/PVA material become replaced by initial granulation tissue, whereas the controls are free of any cells. It is proposed that the polyP‐KG/PVA cryogel has the potential to become a promising implant material for soft tissue engineering/repair.
High Bipolar Conductivity and Robust In‐Plane Spontaneous Electric Polarization in Selenene
Authors: Wang Dan , Tang Li‐Ming , Jiang Xing‐Xing , Tan Jie‐Yao , He Meng‐Dong , Wang Xin‐Jun , Chen Ke‐Qiu 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSelenene has been predicted as a new member of an atomically thin 2D crystalline material family as of last year. With first principle calculations, two different stable phases of selenene, one with the 1T‐MoS2‐like structure (α‐Se) and the other with alternating arrangement structure of deformed four‐membered and six‐membered rings (b‐Se) are identified. Further research indicates that monolayer α‐Se exhibits excellent bipolar conductivity, possessing rather high hole mobility close to that of graphene, and monolayer b‐Se shows a robust in‐plane spontaneous electric polarization of 13.46 mC cm−2 and a polarization reversing barrier of 422 meV per unit cell. The findings offer a promising material for high speed electronic devices and broaden the family of 2D ferroelectric materials, especially the family of elemental ferroelectric materials.
Epoxy‐Based Nanocomposites for High‐Voltage Insulation: A Review
Authors: Adnan Mohammed Mostafa , Tveten Erlend Grytli , Glaum Julia , Ese Marit‐Helen Glomm , Hvidsten Sverre , Glomm Wilhelm , Einarsrud Mari‐Ann 
Published: November 2018

AbstractEpoxy nanocomposites, with inorganic oxide nanoparticles as filler, can exhibit novel property combinations, such as enhanced mechanical strength, higher thermal conductivity, increased dielectric breakdown strength, and reduced complex permittivity. Therefore, they have interesting applications in nanodielectrics, such as high‐voltage insulation materials or in microelectromechanical systems. The primary challenge in the processing of nanocomposites is achieving a homogeneous dispersion of the nanoparticles. The dispersion quality affects the interfaces between the organic and the inorganic components, which can determine the final properties of the nanocomposite. Here, the processing methods and the resulting dielectric, mechanical, and thermal properties of epoxy nanocomposites with inorganic oxide fillers are presented. Functionalization of the nanoparticle generally improves the dispersion of the particles in the polymer matrix. Different oxide fillers are observed to have similar effects on the properties of the nanocomposites. Epoxy‐based nanocomposites exhibit improved dielectric breakdown strength and lower complex permittivity with inorganic oxide nanoparticles at low filler contents, compared to conventional composites with micrometer‐sized particles. While there are some inconsistencies in the findings, which may be attributed to differences in the dispersion quality, an improved understanding of the nanoparticle–epoxy interfaces in nanocomposites will enable tailoring of the desired properties, opening new avenues for application.
ipso‐Arylative Ring‐Opening Polymerization as a Route to Electron‐Deficient Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Shih Feng‐Yang , Choi Deokkyu , Wu Qin , Nam Chang‐Yong , Grubbs Robert B. 
Published: November 2018

Abstractipso‐Arylative ring‐opening polymerization of 2‐bromo‐8‐aryl‐8H‐indeno[2,1‐b]thiophen‐8‐ol monomers proceeds to Mn up to 9 kg mol−1 with conversion of the monomer diarylcarbinol groups to pendent conjugated aroylphenyl side chains (2‐benzoylphenyl or 2‐(4‐hexylbenzoyl)phenyl), which influence the optical and electronic properties of the resulting polythiophenes. Poly(3‐(2‐(4‐hexylbenzoyl)phenyl)thiophene) was found to have lower frontier orbital energy levels (HOMO/LUMO=−5.9/−4.0 eV) than poly(3‐hexylthiophene) owing to the electron‐withdrawing ability of the aryl ketone side chains. The electron mobility (ca. 2×10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1) for poly(3‐(2‐(4‐hexylbenzoyl)phenyl)thiophene) was found to be significantly higher than the hole mobility (ca. 8×10−6 cm2 V−1 s−1), which suggests such polymers are candidates for n‐type organic semiconductors. Density functional theory calculations suggest that backbone distortion resulting from side‐chain steric interactions could be a key factor influencing charge mobilities.
Properties of mineral filled poly(lactic acid)/poly(methyl methacrylate) blend
Authors: Gonzalez‐Garzon Mauricio , Shahbikian Shant , Huneault Michel A. 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTThis study examines the influence of three different minerals, that is, clay, calcium carbonate, and quartz on the physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(methyl methacrylate) blend. Rheological behavior and phase structure were initially studied by small‐amplitude oscillatory shear rheology. Clay‐ and quartz‐filled materials presented an increase in viscosity at low frequency associated with the presence of a yield stress. However, this behavior was not observed for calcium carbonate filled materials due to a matrix degradation effect. To elucidate this aspect, thermal stability and thermal properties were examined by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, showing that calcium carbonate promotes degradation of the PLA phase. No nucleating effect was observed in the presence of the minerals. Dynamical mechanical analysis and mechanical characterization revealed an increase of the overall softening temperature and, a reinforcing effect for clay‐ and quartz‐based composites. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46927.
Comparing RNA‐Seq and microarray gene expression data in two zones of the Arabidopsis root apex relevant to spaceflight
Authors: Krishnamurthy Aparna , Ferl Robert J. , Paul Anna‐Lisa 
Published: November 2018

Premise of the StudyThe root apex is an important region involved in environmental sensing, but comprises a very small part of the root. Obtaining root apex transcriptomes is therefore challenging when the samples are limited. The feasibility of using tiny root sections for transcriptome analysis was examined, comparing RNA sequencing (RNA‐Seq) to microarrays in characterizing genes that are relevant to spaceflight.MethodsArabidopsis thaliana Columbia ecotype (Col‐0) roots were sectioned into Zone 1 (0.5 mm; root cap and meristematic zone) and Zone 2 (1.5 mm; transition, elongation, and growth‐terminating zone). Differential gene expression in each was compared.ResultsBoth microarrays and RNA‐Seq proved applicable to the small samples. A total of 4180 genes were differentially expressed (with fold changes of 2 or greater) between Zone 1 and Zone 2. In addition, 771 unique genes and 19 novel transcriptionally active regions were identified by RNA‐Seq that were not detected in microarrays. However, microarrays detected spaceflight‐relevant genes that were missed in RNA‐Seq.DiscussionSingle root tip subsections can be used for transcriptome analysis using either RNA‐Seq or microarrays. Both RNA‐Seq and microarrays provided novel information. These data suggest that techniques for dealing with small, rare samples from spaceflight can be further enhanced, and that RNA‐Seq may miss some spaceflight‐relevant changes in gene expression.
Development of 17 novel microsatellite markers for Lycoris aurea and L. radiata (Amaryllidaceae) using next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Chen I‐Ju , Shii Chou‐Tou , Chang Tsu‐Liang , Hwu Kae‐Kang 
Published: November 2018

Premise of the StudyLycoris is an ornamental and medicinal plant. We developed microsatellite markers for L. aurea and L. radiata simultaneously by using a hybrid between these two species.Methods and ResultsIon Torrent next‐generation sequencing produced 1,784,504 reads. Testing 64 primer sets allowed for the development of 17 novel microsatellite markers: 16 for L. aurea, 10 for L. radiata, and nine common markers. Lycoris aurea had one to 12 alleles per locus and observed and expected heterozygosity levels of 0–0.923 and 0.038–0.809, respectively. Lycoris radiata had three to 12 alleles per locus and observed and expected heterozygosity levels of 0–0.909 and 0.127–0.797, respectively. Ten markers were cross‐amplified for L. sprengeri.ConclusionsHybrid sequencing can facilitate the cost‐effective development of molecular markers for parental species. The markers developed here are useful for studying Lycoris population structure.
Evaluation of the Short‐, Mid‐, and Long‐Term Effects of Tofacitinib on Lymphocytes in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: van Vollenhoven Ronald , Lee Eun Bong , Strengholt Sander , Mojcik Christopher , Valdez Hernan , Krishnaswami Sriram , Biswas Pinaki , Lazariciu Irina , Hazra Anasuya , Clark James D. , Hodge Jennifer , Wang Lisy , Choy Ernest 
Published: November 2018

ObjectiveTofacitinib is an oral JAK inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Altered lymphocyte cell counts and a potential association with increased infection rates have been reported in RA patients treated with JAK inhibitors. This analysis was undertaken to evaluate the short‐, mid‐, and long‐term effects of tofacitinib on lymphocytes and infection rates in patients with RA.MethodsIn this post hoc analysis, absolute lymphocyte counts (ALCs) were obtained from phase III studies (12–24 months; n = 717–958) and phase I/II/III/long‐term extension studies of tofacitinib (≤117 months) (All RA population; n = 7,061); lymphocyte subset counts (LSCs) were from phase II studies (1.5–6 months’ exposure; n = 236–486), an ORAL Sequel vaccine substudy (~22 months; n = 198), and an ORAL Sequel lymphocyte substudy (~50 months; n = 55–1,035) of tofacitinib. The reversibility of ALC/LSC changes was evaluated. The relationship of ALC and LSC to infections was analyzed in the All RA population. The value of monitoring ALC alone was assessed by examining correlations between ALCs and LSCs.ResultsTofacitinib treatment resulted in an initial increase in ALC versus pretreatment baseline, which gradually declined to steady state by ~48 months. CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts decreased over long‐term treatment, and ALC and LSC changes were reversible upon treatment cessation. Patients with ALCs of <500 cells/mm3 had an increased risk of serious infections. There was no strong association between CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cell, B cell, or natural killer cell counts and serious infection incidence rates. ALC and CD4+ or CD8+ T cell counts correlated well (R = 0.65–0.86).ConclusionOur findings indicate that monitoring of ALC alone appears to be adequate to assess infection risk in tofacitinib‐treated patients with RA.
Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 1‐Dependent Labeling and Isolation of Histone H4 through N‐Mustard Analogues of S‐Adenosyl‐l‐methionine
Authors: Hymbaugh Sarah J. , Pecor Lindsay M. , Tracy Christopher M. , Comstock Lindsay R. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractHistones, the fundamental building blocks of nucleosomes, undergo post‐translational modifications and play a major role in the regulation of transcriptional processes. Although the significance of these modifications, including methylation, is widely recognized, little is known about the mechanisms connecting such events. To improve our understanding of how protein methylation is intricately linked, we have developed novel N‐mustard analogues of S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine (SAM) functionalized with azides and alkynes to serve as probes of biological methylation. Here, we demonstrate their ability to serve as effective cofactor mimics of SAM and to be enzymatically transferred by protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) to histone H4 with high site selectively for its target Arg3 on the histone tail. Further incorporation of biotin through copper‐catalyzed click chemistry permitted visualization and isolation of the analogue‐modified histone H4 from a complex mixture. This work validates the future utility of N‐mustard analogues as probes of protein methylation events beyond PRMT1.