bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of learning disabilities among a sample of primary school students
Authors: Ismail Reda M. , Mohamed Hala T. , Soltan Basma G. 
Published: June 2019

Objective
The aim was to assess the prevalence and sociodemographic risk factors of learning disabilities in primary school students studying in a governmental school.

Participants and methods
The present cross-sectional study was conducted on primary school children. A total of 218 students, of both sexes, represented all primary grades. All students were subjected to modified psychometric tool (MST) to identify the risk students. The students with risk of learning disorders (LDs) on MST were evaluated by the following: (a) visual acuity, hearing test, and intelligent quotient and (b) semistructured clinical interview to confirm diagnosis of LDs according to DSM-IV. In addition, our study explored the correspondence between the prevalence of LDs and the following variables: age, sex, grade level, family history, order of birth of child, and history of epilepsy or severe trauma. Finally, assessment of socioeconomic status was done to identifying the social standards of students’ families.

Results
A total of 36 (16.5%) students of the total screened (n=218) were identified as at risk by MST; of them, six students had visual and hearing impairment and were excluded from the study. There was increasing prevalence of identified LDs with increasing age, grade level, positive family history, and history of epilepsy. Moreover, students who were identified with LDs were more likely to be from low socioeconomic status. In addition, an association was found between LDs and language developmental delay.

Conclusion
Learning disabilities were common in primary school students. Screening students for such disorder should be recognized and identified right within the primary school level.
Study of the association between obesity, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and asthma in preschool children
Authors: El-Zayat Tayseer Abd El Hameed , Mohamed Amal G. , Mokhtar Entesar R. , Fathy Walaa A. 
Published: June 2019

Background
Asthma and obesity are recognized as pathological conditions characterized by systemic inflammatory state. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the most important endogenous inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator and uro-plasminogen activator and is thus the major physiological inhibitor of both fibrinolysis and plasmin activation.

Purpose
To identify the role of PAI-1 in a group of Egyptian obese asthmatic preschool children and to identify some risk factors for simple obesity and asthma, such as age, sex, socioeconomic status, and type of feeding.

Patients and methods
This study was a cross-sectional case–control study that was carried out on 90 children attending Foua Hospital for health insurance in Kafar Elsheikh and Alzahraa University Hospital from September 2015 to March 2017.

Results
The frequency of obese children with asthma of high socioeconomic level was higher (63.3%) in comparison with nonobese children with asthma and controls. The prevalence of patients with asthma living in urban areas was higher than those living in rural areas (66.7%). Children who received artificial feeding are more frequent in asthmatic obese (66.7%) when compared with asthmatic nonobese and controls. PAI-1 had significant increase in asthmatic obese (1549.24±340.54) in comparison with other groups.

Conclusion
Asthmatic obese children are more frequent among high socioeconomic level and in urban areas. PAI-1 is significantly higher in asthmatic obese than asthmatic nonobese children.
Human hydatidosis with different therapeutic modalities
Authors: Shaheen Hoda Abdel Aziz Al Shinay , El-Ahl Saedia Abdel Hady Sayed , Aal Amany Ahmed Abdel , Raouf Amr Mahmoud Abdel , Badawi Manal Abdel Meged 
Published: June 2019

Introduction
In early phase of hydatidosis, the Th1 mediates protective immunity against the parasite and helps to eliminate the larval stage, whereas later, the Th2 subset promotes humoral immune response and reflects susceptibility to disease.

Aim of the study
To investigate the local immunohistochemical pattern of T cell populations in Egyptian patients exposed to variable therapeutic modalities and to identify the dominating type of T cells in patients infected with hydatidosis using two immunocellular markers (STAT-4 and GATA-3), representing Th1 and Th2, respectively, and to evaluate systemic immune response using commercially available indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test.

Patients, materials, and methods
Forty-five cases with human hydatidosis were enrolled and divided according to treatment they received into four groups. Fresh samples of hydatid cyst wall were fixed in 10% formalin for immunohistochemical examination. Antibody titer was measured using commercial available IHA test.

Results
Significantly higher expression levels of GATA-3 in comparison with STAT-4 were recorded in all studied groups. Unexpectedly, IHA test recorded positive findings in only 22 of the 45 cases, exhibiting difficulty in the diagnosis and prognosis of such parasitic infection.

Conclusion
These local and systemic immunological profiles may reflect the efficiency of the parasite to sequestrate its antigen away from the host immune system applying variable therapeutic modalities with pronounced overshadowed Th2 response. Consequently, these data may help to develop new immunotherapeutic strategies to successfully eliminate this serious helminthic infection.
Different patterns of tilt-table test outcome in children and their response to medications
Authors: Ramzy Ali A. , Tamara Ahmed F. 
Published: June 2019

Background
Syncope is a common and often frustrating clinical problem encountered by pediatricians in outpatient or emergency room settings. Neurocardiogenic syncope is believed to be the most common cause of syncope in the absence of structural heart disease. In our study, we aimed to study different responses to tilting-table test among children and teenagers with suspected neurocardiogenic syncope.

Patients and methods
We collected data from patients of Ain Shams Hospital who presented with more than two attacks of syncope and got positive tilt-table test findings. All the patients were subjected to thorough history taking, full cardiac examination, and a tilt-table test. Patients were later followed up for 2 months for recurrence.

Results
Our study included data from 30 patients, of which 19 were females, and seven were on antiepileptic drugs. Approximately 20% of patients had a family history of epilepsy, and 10% had a family history of syncope. Prolonged standing especially in hot weather was the most common predisposing factor for their syncopal attacks. Palpitation and dizziness were the most common symptoms occurring before the attack, whereas palpitation and headache commonly affected these patients after syncope. Physical examination of these patients revealed no specific abnormality, and their hemoglobin level and random blood sugar level also revealed no specific abnormality. Tilt-table test was done to all the patients and revealed that ∼75% showed a vasodepressor response; however, only ∼23% showed a mixed response and no patients demonstrated cardioinhibitory response. No complications were reported during the test. The study revealed a significant negative correlation between the frequency of the attacks and initiation-response lag (r=−0.676, P<0.001), meaning that the more the attack numbers of syncope, the earlier the occurrence of positive response in tilt-table test. All patients in the study received midodrine tablets together with diet modification and tilt training for 2 months. They were followed up for recurrence of syncope and only ∼16% of these patients showed recurrence. On asking patients with recurrence, they stated that they were noncompliant neither to the treatment nor to the exercise.

Conclusion
It is evident that tilt-table test is a safe and effective test to diagnose neurocardiogenic syncope in children and teenagers and that vasodepressor response is more common than both mixed and cardioinhibitory responses in children and teenagers. Midodrine, diet modification, and tilt training are effective management of neurocardiogenic syncope in children and teenagers.
Comparative study between different ultrasound-guided techniques for postoperative analgesia in children undergoing lower abdominal surgeries
Authors: El-Garhy Ahmed M.M. , El-Hameed Saeed M.A. 
Published: June 2019

Background and aim
Ultrasound (US)-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block, caudal block, and US-guided ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric (II/IH) nerve block are safe and effective methods in children. The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness and occurrence of complications.

Patients and methods
A total of 100 patients undergoing lower abdominal operations (infraumbilical incision) between 5 and 10 years were included in the study. The patients scheduled for elective operation were randomized into four groups: group A (n=25) received US-guided TAP block; group B (n=25) received US-guided caudal block; group C (n=25) received US-guided II/IH nerve; and group D (n=25) received Ketorolac 0.5 mg/kg intravenously to be considered as the control group. The Objective pain score, postoperative complication, satisfaction of the parents, and postoperative analgesic requirements were recorded.

Results
Postoperative analgesia requirements were significantly higher in group D compared with group A, B, and C; meanwhile, it was significantly highest in group D compared with both groups A and group B. There was significant difference between group A and group D in pain score assessment, but no significant difference between group A and group B. Patient and parent satisfaction was markedly observed in groups A and B more than in group D (the control group) and more satisfaction in group A than group B.

Conclusion
TAP block, caudal block, and US-guided II/IH nerve blockade under US guidance proved to be safe with no recorded postoperative complications. Patient and parent satisfaction was markedly observed in case of TAP block.
Reviews and syntheses: influences of landscape structure and land uses on local to regional climate and air quality
Authors: Massad Raia Silvia , Lathière Juliette , Strada Susanna , Perrin Mathieu , Personne Erwan , Stéfanon Marc , Stella Patrick , Szopa Sophie , de Noblet-Ducoudré Nathalie 
Published: June 2019

Abstract. The atmosphere and the land surface interact in multiple ways, for instance
through the radiative-energy balance, the water cycle or the
emission and deposition of natural and anthropogenic compounds. By modifying the
land surface, land use and land cover changes (LULCCs) and land management
changes (LMCs) alter the physical, chemical, and biological processes of the
biosphere and therefore all land–atmosphere interactions, from local to
global scales. Through socio-economic drivers and regulatory policies adopted
at different levels (local, regional, national, or supranational), human
activities strongly interfere in the land–atmosphere interactions, and those
activities lead to a patchwork of natural, semi-natural, agricultural, urban,
and semi-urban areas. In this context, urban and peri-urban areas, which have
a high population density, are of particular attention since land
transformation can lead to important environmental impacts and affect the
health and life of millions of people. The objectives of this review are to
synthesize the existing experimental and modelling works that investigate
physical, chemical, and/or biogeochemical interactions between land surfaces
and the atmosphere, therefore potentially impacting local/regional climate and
air quality, mainly in urban or peri-urban landscapes at regional and local
scales. The conclusions we draw from our synthesis are the following. (1) The
adequate temporal and spatial description of land use and land management
practices (e.g. areas concerned, type of crops, whether or not they are
irrigated, quantity of fertilizers used and actual seasonality of
application) necessary for including the effects of LMC in global and even
more in regional climate models is inexistent (or very poor). Not taking into
account these characteristics may bias the regional projections used for
impact studies. (2) Land–atmosphere interactions are often specific to the
case study analysed; therefore, one can hardly propose general solutions or
recommendations. (3) Adaptation strategies, proposed after
climatic impacts on the targeted resource have been derived, are often
biased as they do not account for feedbacks on local/regional climate.
(4) There is space for considering atmospheric chemistry, through
land–atmosphere interactions, as a factor for land management, helping to
maintain air quality and supporting ecosystem functioning. (5) There is a
lack of an integrated tool, which includes the many different processes of
importance in an operational model, to test different land use or land management scenarios at the scale of a territory.
An 11-year (2007–2017) soil moisture and precipitation dataset from the Kenaston Network in the Brightwater Creek basin, Saskatchewan, Canada
Authors: Tetlock Erica , Toth Brenda , Berg Aaron , Rowlandson Tracy , Ambadan Jaison Thomas 
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Soil moisture and precipitation have been monitored in a
hydrometeorological network situated within the Brightwater Creek basin, east
of Kenaston, Saskatchewan, Canada, since 2007. The majority of the prairie
landscape is annually cropped with some sections in pasture. This
agricultural region is ideal for remote-sensing validation and calibration
and, in conjunction with the flux tower situated within the network,
hydrological model validation. Remote-sensing validation collaborations have
included the European Space Agency's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and
NASA's Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP). The network was developed at two
spatial scales, one high-resolution set of sites installed over a
10 km × 10 km region and a second installed over
40 km × 40 km. The sites are all similar in design with three
instrument depths for soil moisture and temperature, as well as precipitation
measurement. The 2007–2017 dataset published in this paper has gone through
a quality control review process, which involved both automated and manual
processes. The dataset is limited to the summer months (1 May–30 September)
due to the uncertainties and complexities of measurement in frozen soils and
the freeze–thaw period each year. Data discussed in this publication are
available at https://doi.org/10.20383/101.0116, and data beyond 2017 can be requested
from the corresponding author.
A low-cost autonomous rover for polar science
Authors: Hoffman Andrew O. , Steen-Larsen Hans Christian , Christianson Knut , Hvidberg Christine 
Published: June 2019

Abstract. We present the developmental considerations, design, and deployment of an
autonomous modular terrestrial rover for ice-sheet exploration that is
inexpensive, easy to construct, and allows for instrumentation
customization. The total construction cost for this rover is less than USD 3000,
approximately one-tenth the cost of existing platforms, and it can be built
using facilities frequently available at academic institutions (machine
shop, 3-D printer, open-source hardware and software). Instrumentation
deployed on this rover can be customized; the rover presented in this study
was equipped with a dual-frequency GPS receiver and a digital SLR camera for
constructing digital elevation models using structure-from-motion (SfM)
photogrammetry. We deployed this prototype rover on the Northeast Greenland
Ice Stream to map local variations in snow accumulation and surface
topography. The rover conducted four autonomous missions based out of the
East Greenland Ice-Core Project (EastGRIP) camp during July 2017, measuring
surface elevation transects across the hazardous ice-stream shear margins.
During these missions, the rover proved capable of driving over 20 km on a
single charge with a drawbar pull of 250 N, sufficient to tow instrumentation of up to 100 kg. The rover also acquired photographs
that were subsequently used to construct digital elevation models of a site
monitored for spatiotemporal variability in snow accumulation, demonstrating
adequate stability for high-resolution imaging applications. Due to its low
cost, low-power requirements, and simple modular design, mass deployments of
this rover design are practicable. Operation of the rover in hazardous areas
circumvents the substantial expense and risk to personnel associated with
conventional, crewed deployments. Thus, this rover is an investigatory
platform that enables direct exploration of polar environments considered
too hazardous for conventional field expeditions.
Becoming Caregivers: Companion Robots and Instructions for Use
Authors: Caudwell Catherine Barbara 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Concerns and speculations about relationships between humans and robots cross disciplinary bounds, from engineering and design to popular culture, ethics, and philosophy. While there is abundant material on the appearance, function, and interaction of social robots as objects, there is an absence of discussion and research addressing the instruction manuals, packaging, and marketing material that contextualize the relationship between robots and people. Instruction manuals, a form of technical communication, are where some of the first introductions are made between robots and their caregivers, and where the boundaries for their relationship are first laid out. The study of technical communication itself is well established—a cultural perspective on this topic is rare—but vital in assessing the cultural, political, and ethical dimensions of technology. Through a case study of Furby, an early example of a simple, companionable robot, this research explores the role that instruction manuals, and other related ephemera play in defining relationships with robots, and suggests an approach for analyzing artificial companionship as it develops into new and more complex forms.
Carved Into History: The Vernacular Rock Inscriptions of the Connecticut Valley
Authors: LeTourneau Peter M. , Pagini Robert 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This study is the first comprehensive analysis of the unexpectedly rich collection of informal inscriptions carved into the basalt lava (traprock) cliffs and promontories of the Connecticut Valley. An analysis of the tools and techniques used to produce the inscriptions, and problems in documenting and conserving the historic rock carvings are presented. The vernacular inscriptions range from unskilled scratching of the weathered surfaces with objects “at hand,” to deep carvings executed by master stonecutters using hardened steel masonry chisels. Although the earliest carvings date from the late 1700s, the peak period for traprock inscriptions spans from about 1830 to 1920, coincident with the rise of landscape tourism in the Connecticut Valley. Inscriptions produced throughout the nineteenth century characteristically display well-balanced lettering with bold serifs, reversed letters and numerals, graphic ornamentation, and frames and enclosures all produced by confident, if not skilled, hands. In contrast, since the mid-twentieth century, most inscriptions are crude devices. The different styles are ascribed to cultural trends and the ages of the carvers. Comparison to contemporaneous inscriptions from other areas suggests that the vernacular custom of carving personal badges, or “tagging,” places of scenic or historic interest was widely practiced in the early to mid-nineteenth century.
A number of inscriptions have been assigned to likely or known carvers based on often surprisingly robust threads of geographical, historical, and anecdotal evidence, or personal communications. The regional practice of carving personal identifiers and calendar dates at popular promontories and scenic overlooks was primarily a response to the unique physical geography of the region. The weathered rock surfaces on the sheer cliffs and rugged ledges provided both the motivation and opportunity for the placement of inscriptions, originally as placed as idle scratchings, but later, through the nineteenth century, as skillfully chiseled carvings. The puzzling absence of Native American rock wall petroglyphs in the study area is explored in context of the rich collection of historic inscriptions and the relatively limited culture of indigenous rock art from the region. The vernacular culture of rock carving was also influenced tangentially by national and global developments in geographic exploration, the rise of landscape tourism, emerging attitudes about the transcendental qualities of nature, as well as practicalities including high rates of literacy and the proliferation of technical and mechanical skills in the region. Problems of conservation and methods of obtaining facsimile copies of the traprock inscriptions are discussed.
Prefiguring as an Indigenous Narrative Tool in Nigerian Cinema: An Ethnomusicological Reading
Authors: Sylvanus Emaeyak Peter 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Prefiguring entails the use of music to predict dialogue and scenes in film. It is prevalent in the cinematic productions of both the ethnic-based film industries in Nigeria and mainstream Nollywood. Theoretically, prefiguring is a function of indigenous storytelling practices, the appropriation of which conjures up layers of meaning for the local practice, practitioners, and audiences. Relying on in-depth textual analyses, composers’ accounts, and relevant literature, I argue that prefiguring is a concept of major theoretical importance to the study of music in Nigerian cinema, not least because its existence and efficacy strongly support notions of a localized film music practice.
Singing as Justice:Ateetee, an Arsi Oromo Women’s Sung Dispute Resolution Ritual in Ethiopia
Authors: Qashu Leila 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article explores how singing and ritual can constitute justice. Specifically, I look at how Arsi Oromo women in Ethiopia use ateetee, a sung indigenous women’s dispute resolution process, to protect, defend, promote, and assert their rights. I use thick descriptive ethnography, narratives, and experiences from fieldwork, musico-poetic analyses, and the voices of Arsi Oromo community members to explore how the sung ateetee ritual is a necessary and effective means for Arsi women to claim their rights in rapidly changing social environments.
The Relationship Between Job Uncertainty and Job Satisfaction: The Moderating Effect of Charismatic Leadership, Organizational Communication, and Self-Efficacy
Authors: Cheng Wanye , Hahm Sang Woo 
Published: June 2019

With the arrival of the fourth industrial revolution, many things are changing rapidly, including the way that people work. These changes to the work environment can make workers feel uncertain about their jobs, which in turn can lead to anxiety and complaints about the job, amongst other negative variables. This study explains the factors that can reduce the negative influence of job uncertainty at the organizational, leader-ship, and worker levels. Job uncertainty involves a variety of changes and new directions driven by new technologies and information. Leaders possessed of a charismatic leadership style who are better able to enunciate a clear vision in such dynamic situations, the provision of a variety of useful information related to change within an organization, and workers’ self-efficacy in relation to change will all reduce the effects of job uncertainty. In today’s job environment, a degree of uncertainty is almost unavoidable. Therefore, by reducing the negative impact of this uncertainty, workers can be more satisfied with their jobs and will be able to achieve higher levels of performance.