bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
<b>"Modos de fazer" na dança do Brasil: quatro traçados</b> <br>[Cássia Navas]
Authors: Repertório Teatro & Dança 
Published: April 2018

<p>Fruto de encontro do GT Pesquisa de Dança no Brasil: processos e investigações, da Abrace - Associação Brasileira de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação em Artes Cênicas, realizado em São Paulo em 2004, o presente texto reúne quatro depoimentos de artistas-pesquisadores-professores da dança do Brasil sobre arte e metodologias de criação e ensino ancoradas em trajetórias individuais.</p><p><br />Result of a meeting of the work group Survey of Dance in Brazil: processes and investigations, as a part of Abrace - Brazilian Association for Research and Graduate Studies in Performing Arts, held in São Paulo in 2004, that brings together four testimonials from artists-researchersteachers of dance in Brazil, about art and creating and teaching methodologies anchored in individual trajectories.</p>
<b>A prática teatral na Escola de Teatro da UFBA</b> <br>[Hebe Alves]
Authors: Repertório Teatro & Dança 
Published: April 2018

<p>Este artigo discute a dinâmica da conexão entre ensino, pesquisa e extensão como uma conseqüência lógica do processo de formação do artista de Teatro no ambiente acadêmico. Com o intuito de esclarecer os modos dessa tríplice articulação, expõe uma visão panorâmica dos pressupostos da criação artística no campo teatral. Apresenta também algumas estratégias metodológicas empregadas na condução do processo de aprendizagem e suas implicações na montagem didática, elemento fundamental do projeto peda-gógico da Escola de Teatro da UFBA, em sua vertente teórico-prática. Através da exposição dos procedimentos e dificuldades para a concretização de um projeto de encena- ção no âmbito acadêmico, coloca-se a necessidade de sistematização/registro de realização dos projetos artísticos dos professores-encenadores. O relato do processo criativo de um espetáculo de formatura mostra, de forma evidente, a conexão ensino-pesquisa-extensão articulada no interior da disciplina TEA 237 - Desempenho de Papéis II (Turma 02), com a encenação do espetáculo de formatura <em>InSônia</em>, produzido a partir da adaptação do texto <em>Valsa nº 6</em>, do dramaturgo Nelson Rodrigues.</p><p>This article discusses the dynamics of the connection between teaching, research, and extension as a logical consequence of a theater actor's formation process in the academic environment. In order to clarify the modes of this triple conjunction, we expose an overview of the conditions of artistic creation in Theater. We also present some methodological strategies of teaching used in conducting the learning process and its implications for the didactic staging, a key element of the education program in our undergraduate studies, in both theoretical and practical aspects. By exposing the procedures and difficulties in the implementation of a project in the academic scenario, we point to the need for systematic documentation of achievements in the artistic projects of teacher-directors. The creative process report of an undergraduate's final work clearly shows the connection between teaching, research, and extension articulated within the discipline TEA 237 - Role Performance II (Class 02), with the staging of the undergraduation show <em>Insomnia</em>, adapted from the text <em>Waltz nº 6</em>, written by brazilian playwright Nelson Rodrigues.</p>
<b>AS FARSAS DE PIOLIN: ENTRE O GROTESCO E A CONTEMPORANEIDADE</b> <br> [Walter de Sousa Junior]
Authors: Repertório Teatro & Dança 
Published: April 2018

<div>O circo-teatro, presente na paisagem urbana de São Paulo em todo o século XX, constituiu-se em espetáculo popular baseado na hibridização cultural, com elementos da cultura erudita e da cultura de massa. Piolin e suas comédias de picadeiro encenadas entre 1933 e 1960 são exemplo desse fenômeno cultural.</div><div><br><br />The circus-theater, that could be seen at São Paulo’s urban landscape throughout twentieth century, constituted itself in a form of popular performance based in the cultural hybridization, with elements from learned culture and mass culture. Piolin and his circus comedies staged between 1933 and 1960 are examples of this cultural phenomenon.</div>
<b>NOVA TEATROLOGIA E PERFORMANCE STUDIES: QUESTÕES PARA UM DIÁLOGO</b> <br> [Marco De Marinis]
Authors: Repertório Teatro & Dança 
Published: April 2018

<div>Este artigo trata da “nova teatrologia”(neue Theaterwissenschaft), uma teatrologia pós-semiológica, pluridisciplinar e com caráter experimental, no sentido que nesta é considerado indispensável o trabalho em campo, isto é, uma relação de grande aproximação, até mesmo de intimidade, com o trabalho artístico. A nova teatrologia consiste no fato de que esta não tem como objeto teórico os produtos espetaculares, ou seja, os espetáculos, mas sim os processos teatrais, produtivos, receptivos, etc., isto é, aqueles processos que fundam, permeiam e constituem os espetáculos.<br /><br>This article deals with the "new theatrology" (neue Theaterwissenschaft), a post-semiotic theatrology, multidisciplinary and with experimental nature, which has the field work or experiencing work considered as indispensable, namely is a relationship of close interaction, and even of intimacy with the artwork. The new theatrology doesn’t have the spectacular products (in other words, the presentation) as theoretical objective, but the theatrical process, productive, receptive, etc.., so that are those processes that establish, permeate and constitute the presentations.</div>
<b>ENTREVISTA COM GEORGE LAYSSON</b> <br> [por Angela de Castro Reis]
Authors: Repertório Teatro & Dança 
Published: April 2018

<div>Entrevista realizada em 1989 com George Laysson, instrutor da Escola Nacional de Circo (RJ), na qual o domador discorre sobre sua história de vida e sua experiência profissional. Além da análise de diferentes modalidades de treinamento¸ destaca-se o profundo conhecimento de Laysson sobre psicologia animal.</div><div><br /></div><div><br>Interview conducted in 1989 with George Laysson, instructor at the Escola Nacional de Circo (National Circus School), in Rio de Janeiro, where the tamer discusses his life story and his professional experience. Besides the analysis of different training modalities, it is emphasized the profound knowledge of Laysson about animal psychology.</div>
Vaccination
Authors: Kennedy Richard 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Immunisation is the process of introducing material into a host in order to elicit a protective response by the immune system. The material used in the vaccine is typically derived from a pathogenic microorganism that is modified in some way so that it does not cause disease. This material contains antigens (i.e. molecules recognised by lymphocytes). After immunisation, the T and B lymphocytes capable of recognising the material in the vaccine become activated, differentiate into effector cells and act to remove the antigens from the body. Activated B cells begin to produce antibody and eventually become long‐lived memory B cells that migrate to the bone marrow and continue to secrete antibody. Activated T cells recognise and destroy infected cells and can also develop into long‐lived memory T cells. On subsequent exposure to the same pathogen (and antigens), the memory response is quicker and far stronger than a primary response. It is this memory response that protects the host from disease.

Key Concepts

Vaccines have saved more lives than any other medical invention.

Vaccines simulate a real infection so that the immune system can develop a protective response against a specific pathogen.

Vaccination provides long‐lived immunologic memory so that the immune response during a subsequent exposure to a pathogen is more rapid and much stronger.

Protective immunity is a complex process that differs for each pathogen.

While orders of magnitude safer than the diseases they prevent, vaccines may cause side effects.
Immunity to Fungi
Authors: Michalski Christina , Sadarangani Manish , Lavoie Pascal M 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFungi are microorganisms that are ubiquitous in the environment. To establish themselves in the host, they employ a broad variety of virulence strategies. Fungi are an important source of morbidity in humans. However, despite millions of species, only about a hundred cause disease, owing to a remarkable collaboration of the innate and adaptive immune systems. In individuals who have immunocompromised cellular immunity, fungi readily cause invasive disease. Our knowledge of how the immune system prevents invasive fungal disease has been greatly aided by the study of acquired or inherited immune defects. However, much remains to be known in order to improve our ability to treat fungal infections, and our ability to control endemic disease in many areas of the world remains limited, warranting more research towards immunomodulatory interventions.Key ConceptsFungi readily colonise the environment including our skin and mucosal surfaces.Invasive fungal infections largely occur in individuals with impaired immunity, although infections are endemic in many areas of the world in immunocompetent hosts.T cells and neutrophils are essential in preventing invasive fungal disease.In immunocompromised hosts, fungi frequently cause disease by direct invasion, and also indirectly (i.e. through exaggerated host immune responses).Fungal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
Babesiosis
Authors: Mamoun Choukri B , Allred David R 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Babesia
spp. are protozoan parasites defining separate lineages in the Apicomplexa phylum and phylogenetically closely related to
Theileria
, and less closely to
Plasmodium
species. These parasites are transmitted primarily by ticks to a wide range of domestic and wild animals as well as humans, where they develop within the host red blood cells to cause the pathological symptoms associated with babesiosis. The widespread distribution of these parasites throughout the world, their recognition as emerging pathogens and the major economic and health impacts of babesiosis have stimulated major research efforts to understand the basic biology, pathogenesis, evolution and transmission patterns of these organisms.

Key Concepts

Babesia
spp. parasites are the causative agents of babesiosis in wild and domestic animals, as well as humans.

Babesia
spp. are transmitted by ticks to mammals and birds, and reproduce asexually within host red blood cells.

Babesiosis has major health and economic impacts.

There are over 100 species of
Babesia
parasites, with several known to cause disease in humans.

Babesia spp. belong to at least two distinct branches, with one capable of transovarial	transmission and the other only of transstadial transmission.
Palaeoecology
Authors: Seppä Heikki 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe basis of palaeoecological research is to use the fossil remains preserved in sedimentary deposits to investigate the origin, history and long‐term dynamics of taxa, populations, communities and ecosystems. Palaeoecological data and methods can be also be used for reconstructing past climates and other environmental factors. Palaeoecological records can extend from years to millions of years and can therefore be used for testing the hypotheses of neo‐ecology and biogeography under environmental conditions different and more extreme than present in the modern Earth. Palaeoecology provides often the only means to investigate species macro‐ and microevolutionary patterns or rates of speciation and extinction, and slow ecological processes, such as the rise and fall of ecosystems and biomes, species adaptation or migration, and population growth or decline rates. Palaeoecological records provide also unique insights for identifying the ancestry and naturalness of modern ecosystems, and are increasingly recognised as important sources of baseline information in ecosystem management.Key ConceptsPalaeoecological research is based on studying various types of fossils preserved in sedimentary deposits.Palaeoecological records can reach as far back as ecosystems have existed.Palaeoecology is a synthetic field of science, integrating concepts and techniques of biology and geology.Niche conservatism is one of the key issues in palaeoecology and the underlying principle in the use of fossil data in environmental reconstructions.Palaeoecological records provide opportunities to investigate whether the ecological hypotheses about the species and ecosystems response patterns have been valid during the extreme changes and disturbances in the geological history.In environmental reconstructions, the fossil assemblages are used to provide quantitative data about the past climatic or other environmental conditions.Natural background conditions in biodiversity conservation, ecosystem management and restoration plans can be determined using palaeoecological data.
Transcriptomics and Proteomics: Integration?
Authors: Ludvigsen Maja , Honoré Bent 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

The protein‐coding genes are transcribed to premessenger ribonucleic acid (pre‐mRNA), further processed to messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and finally translated into protein through several regulated steps. Proteins may be further processed and modified posttranslationally and may interact with each other in complexes. The transcriptome constitutes the complete set of all RNA molecules, coding and noncoding, and the proteome refers to the complete set of proteins that is expressed in an organelle, cell type or tissue under a specific set of conditions. The transcriptome is studied with transcriptomics, a set of high‐throughput methods giving information on sequence and abundance of transcripts. The proteome is studied with proteomics, a set of techniques developed to approach a high‐throughput level providing identification of proteins, their expression levels and posttranslational modifications. The two disciplines each provide unique information and supplement each other, and changes in transcript levels may not necessarily correspond to similar changes in protein levels.

Key Concepts

Differential expression transcriptomics is used to analyse fold‐changes of transcripts (mRNA) between groups of comparable samples using DNA array technology.

Bottom‐up proteomics is used to identify and quantify proteins in complex samples after digesting with an enzyme, usually trypsin, before mass spectrometry analysis.

Top‐down proteomics is used to analyse proteins by mass spectrometry without enzymatic digestion.

Differential expression proteomics is used to analyse protein fold‐changes between groups of comparable samples.

Interactomics is used to map physical and functional protein–protein interactions (PPI) based on a wide variety of approaches, including biochemical and biophysical techniques as well as bioinformatics.
Nonsense Mutations Causing Inherited Diseases: Therapeutic Approaches
Authors: Bidou Laure , Allamand Valérie 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Nonsense mutations are single nucleotide variations within the coding sequence of a gene that result in a premature termination codon (PTC). The occurrence of such PTCs most often leads to a complete loss of protein function and a reduction in messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels due to the nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay (NMD), a cellular surveillance mechanism that triggers selective degradation of mutant transcripts. Therapeutic approaches to circumvent the consequences of nonsense mutations may act at different levels: (1) the genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by replacing the defective gene; (2) the mRNA by inducing the excision of the mutation‐bearing exon during splicing, or by inhibiting the NMD‐associated degradation and (iii) the protein by suppressing the premature termination of translation using transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) suppressors or drugs inducing readthrough. Indeed, a combination of these approaches may be necessary, and it is most likely that they will lead to a mutation‐specific, personalised medicine.

Key Concepts

Nonsense mutations may lead to loss or gain of function pathological mechanisms.

Premature termination codons (PTCs) resulting from nonsense mutations trigger transcript degradation through the nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay (NMD) mechanism.

Mutant mRNA escaping NMD lead to the synthesis of truncated proteins potentially deleterious.

Skipping of nonsense mutation‐bearing exons can be induced by antisense oligonucleotides and leads to internally deleted proteins that retain some functionality.

tRNA suppressors enable the reintroduction of a ‘sense’ amino acid and the translation of the full‐length protein by competing with the termination factor eRF1.

Drug‐induced readthrough of PTCs may allow synthesis of full‐length functional proteins.

Synergetic action between NMD inhibitors and readthrough inducers may potentialise reexpression of full‐length proteins with restored functionality.

Therapeutic approaches will most likely be mutation and disease specific.
Digital Divide, Global
Authors: Warf Barney 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis entry begins by defining the digital divide and summarizing its social implications. It then displays the geographies of the global divide, noting the very rapid growth of the Internet in the early twenty‐first century, which has diminished the divide's severity. It then proceeds to touch upon a series of issues surrounding the digital divide, including urban–rural differentials in Internet access, the implications for e‐government, the broadband divide, government policies to mitigate it, and the role of cybercafes. The concluding paragraphs warn against unwarranted cyberoptimism, noting that social and spatial inequalities in access are unlikely to disappear soon.
Food Safety
Authors: Wertheim‐Heck Sigrid 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Food safety, which regards the basic human right to expect that the foods available are safe for consumption and do not cause foodborne illnesses, is contextually and historically linked to shifting ontologies of uncertainty. It has always been an issue of concern, but the types of food risks, the scale and nature of impacts, and the ways to mitigate and control the risks have markedly changed over the past decades, as have consumers in their ways of handling them. Food safety has become a major social and political issue, driving the emergence and advancement of consumption and food safety in social theory. Being a complex and constantly evolving social phenomenon with many dimensions, rather than merely an analytical category that needs refined definition and consistent use, food safety has become a new distinct and contested area within sociology.
F
ernandes,
F
lorestan (1920–1995)
Authors: Filomeno Felipe Amin 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Florestan Fernandes (1920–1995) was a Brazilian sociologist and politician. Academically, he was committed to the development of sociology in Brazil and to the study of capitalist modernization in peripheral societies. Fernandes analyzed the transition from colonial to modern society in Brazil in its economic, political, and social aspects. He argued that Brazil had experienced a contradictory and dependent type of bourgeois revolution, which lacked national and democratic content. Politically, Fernandes worked with popular movements and leftist political parties toward the realization of socialism in Latin America.
Femicide
Authors: Giustina Jo‐Ann Della 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Worldwide there is a culture of violence against women that culminates each year in thousands of women being murdered in the ultimate form of that violence. Intersectional discrimination (gender, class, race) predicts high femicide rates for both black women and white women in urban areas. The higher women's status climbs in society, the more likely it is that (both black and white) women will be murdered, which can be explained by a backlash against the advances women have made in society. However, when gender, race, and class are examined separately, there are significant differences between black women and white women. Greater racial oppression of black women, including economic, social, and political discrimination, and greater class oppression of white women are predictors of higher femicide rates.
In‐Depth Interviews
Authors: Sbalchiero Stefano 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
In‐depth interviewing is a qualitative research technique that involves conducting individual interviews through a discovery‐oriented approach, which allows the interviewer to explore the respondent's point of view and perspectives on a topic. The method involves selecting a number of respondents to explore their perceptions, behaviors, and attitudes regarding a particular idea, issue, or situation. This technique relates to qualitative approaches where standardization is not a requirement and, depending on the research question, the researcher decides on a case‐by‐case basis whether to record different pieces of information and at what level of depth.
New Economy
Authors: Perrucci Carolyn Cummings , Perrucci Robert 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe new economy refers to forces since the 1970s that are behind the way work is organized and carried out in major industrial economies. This entry focuses on the United States and the impact of three new social conditions. The first is slowed economic growth and increased foreign competition, which lead major corporations to travel the globe in search of markets and new workers to produce their goods and to deliver their services. The second is the government's activist role of drawing up international agreements that, through trade and tax policies, encourage multinational corporations to operate as “stateless” or “homeless” companies. The third is advanced computer‐based production technology and telecommunications, which makes it easier for employers to select and train workers for the job.
Eisenstadt,S.N.(1923–2010)
Authors: Ben‐Rafael Eliezer 
Published: April 2018

AbstractS.N. Eisenstadt (born in Warsaw on September 10, 1923; died in Jerusalem on September 2, 2010) was a prominent sociologist who left an impressive legacy. Combining theory with empirical research, he studied societies and civilizations, investigating both the making and the unmaking of social orders, and emphasizing the versatility of societal developments. He explored patterns of entrepreneurship, politics, cultural premises, social conflicts, and tensions, and his elaboration of the multiple‐modernities concept views modernity as a plurality of cultural and political programs. Eisenstadt rejected both the “end of history” and the “clash of civilizations” perspectives. He saw in the axial age the formation of crucial ontological conceptions which pulled human agency to modernity. Drawing on Eisenstadt's own dialectical methodology, we remain, though, with the question of what to expect beyond modernities.
Collective Efficacy and Crime
Authors: Maxwell Christopher D. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCollective efficacy is a major contemporary concept explaining the influence of neighborhood dynamics on the rate of various crimes within and between neighborhoods or among other socially cohesive units. The collective efficacy concept ascended from earlier theorizing regarding the way in which a neighborhood's static dynamics (e.g., concentrated disadvantage or social organization) can give rise to delinquency and crime. The newest theory of collective efficacy now combines the dynamic processes of social control and social cohesion to explain why more residents in some areas mobilize to intervene in crime. Since its rise to importance in the late 1990s, numerous studies have found a robust relationship between a neighborhood's degree of collective efficacy and crime, as well as the role of collective efficacy in the enhancement of other social groups, such as sport teams. Formal intervention programs have also indelibly relied on these processes to produce positive outcomes.