bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Insights into Carbon Distribution in Bainitic Ferrite*
Authors: Rementeria R. , Garcia-Mateo C. , Caballero F. G. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
A number of studies on bainite transformation at low temperature have revealed that bainitic ferrite formed super-saturated in carbon. The most sensible explanation to this is the increased solubility of a tetragonal ferrite lattice, by virtue of synchrotron radiation and X-ray diffraction results, as well as ab-initio calculations. The question is if this increased tetragonality in bainitic ferrite is the result of a disordered distribution of carbon atoms in ferrite or the result of local carbon clustering (ordering) in association with a locally increased tetragonality. This development of carbon-enriched and carbon-depleted zones that leads gradually to the formation of a modulated structure was reported in the early stages of decomposition of martensite. In the present work, new experimental and theoretical results on the distribution of carbon in bainitic ferrite will be shown trying to shed new light on the nature of bainite transformation.
Chromospheric Heating due to Cancellation of Quiet Sun Internetwork Fields
Authors: Gošić M. , Rodríguez J. de la Cruz , Pontieu B. De , Rubio L. R. Bellot , Carlsson M. , Pozuelo S. Esteban , Ortiz A. , Polito V. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The heating of the solar chromosphere remains one of the most important questions in solar physics. Our current understanding is that small-scale internetwork (IN) magnetic fields play an important role as a heating agent. Indeed, cancellations of IN magnetic elements in the photosphere can produce transient brightenings in the chromosphere and transition region. These bright structures might be the signature of energy release and plasma heating, probably driven by the magnetic reconnection of IN field lines. Although single events are not expected to release large amounts of energy, their global contribution to the chromosphere may be significant due to their ubiquitous presence in quiet Sun regions. In this paper, we study cancellations of IN elements and analyze their impact on the energetics and dynamics of the quiet Sun atmosphere. We use high-resolution, multiwavelength, coordinated observations obtained with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph and the Swedish 1 m Solar Telescope (SST) to identify cancellations of IN magnetic flux patches and follow their evolution. We find that, on average, these events live for ∼3 minutes in the photosphere and ∼12 minutes in the chromosphere and/or transition region. Employing multi-line inversions of the Mg ii
h and k lines, we show that cancellations produce clear signatures of heating in the upper atmospheric layers. However, at the resolution and sensitivity accessible to the SST, their number density still seems to be one order of magnitude too low to explain the global chromospheric heating.
Where Are All of the Gas-bearing Local Dwarf Galaxies? Quantifying Possible Impacts of Reionization
Authors: Tollerud Erik J. , Peek J. E. G. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
We present an approach for comparing the detections and non-detections of Local Group (LG) dwarf galaxies in large H i surveys to the predictions of a suite of n-body simulations of the LG. This approach depends primarily on a set of empirical scaling relations to connect the simulations to the observations, rather than making strong theoretical assumptions. We then apply this methodology to the Galactic Arecibo L-band Feed Array Hi (GALFA-HI) Compact Cloud Catalog (CCC), and compare it to the suite Exploring the Local Volume In Simulations (ELVIS) of simulations. This approach reveals a strong tension between the naïve results of the model and the observations: while there are no LG dwarfs in the GALFA-HI CCC, the simulations predict ∼10. Applying a simple model of reionization can resolve this tension by preventing low-mass halos from forming gas. However, and if this effect operates as expected, the observations provide a constraint on the mass scale of the dwarf galaxy that reionization impacts. Combined with the observed properties of Leo T, the halo virial mass scale at which reionization impacts dwarf galaxy gas content is constrained to be

, independent of any assumptions about star formation.
Three-dimensional Kinetic Pulsar Magnetosphere Models: Connecting to Gamma-Ray Observations
Authors: Kalapotharakos Constantinos , Brambilla Gabriele , Timokhin Andrey , Harding Alice K. , Kazanas Demosthenes 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
We present three-dimensional (3D) global kinetic pulsar magnetosphere models, where the charged particle trajectories and the corresponding electromagnetic fields are treated self-consistently. For our study, we have developed a Cartesian 3D relativistic particle-in-cell code that incorporates radiation reaction forces. We describe our code and discuss the related technical issues, treatments, and assumptions. Injecting particles up to large distances in the magnetosphere, we apply arbitrarily low to high particle injection rates, and obtain an entire spectrum of solutions from close to the vacuum-retarded dipole to close to the force-free (FF) solution, respectively. For high particle injection rates (close to FF solutions), significant accelerating electric field components are confined only near the equatorial current sheet outside the light cylinder. A judicious interpretation of our models allows the particle emission to be calculated, and consequently, the corresponding realistic high-energy sky maps and spectra to be derived. Using model parameters that cover the entire range of spin-down powers of Fermi young and millisecond pulsars, we compare the corresponding model γ-ray light curves, cutoff energies, and total γ-ray luminosities with those observed by Fermi to discover a dependence of the particle injection rate,

, on the spin-down power,

, indicating an increase of

with

. Our models, guided by Fermi observations, provide field structures and particle distributions that are not only consistent with each other but also able to reproduce a broad range of the observed γ-ray phenomenologies of both young and millisecond pulsars.
Possible Bright Starspots on TRAPPIST-1
Authors: Morris Brett M. , Agol Eric , Davenport James R. A. , Hawley Suzanne L. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The M8V star TRAPPIST-1 hosts seven roughly Earth-sized planets and is a promising target for exoplanet characterization. Kepler/K2 Campaign 12 observations of TRAPPIST-1 in the optical show an apparent rotational modulation with a 3.3-day period, though that rotational signal is not readily detected in the Spitzer light curve at 4.5 μm. If the rotational modulation is due to starspots, persistent dark spots can be excluded from the lack of photometric variability in the Spitzer light curve. We construct a photometric model for rotational modulation due to photospheric bright spots on TRAPPIST-1 that is consistent with both the Kepler and Spitzer light curves. The maximum-likelihood model with three spots has typical spot sizes of R
spot/R
⋆ ≈ 0.004 at temperature T
spot ≳ 5300 ± 200 K. We also find that large flares are observed more often when the brightest spot is facing the observer, suggesting a correlation between the position of the bright spots and flare events. In addition, these flares may occur preferentially when the spots are increasing in brightness, which suggests that the 3.3-day periodicity may not be a rotational signal, but rather a characteristic timescale of active regions.
Gravitational Waves from Accreting Neutron Stars Undergoing Common-envelope Inspiral
Authors: Holgado A. Miguel , Ricker Paul M. , Huerta E. A. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The common-envelope phase is a likely formation channel for close binary systems containing compact objects. Neutron stars in common envelopes accrete at a fraction of the Bondi–Hoyle–Lyttleton accretion rate, since the stellar envelope is inhomogeneous, but they may still be able to accrete at hypercritical rates (though not enough to become black holes). We show that common-envelope systems consisting of a neutron star with a massive primary may be gravitational-wave (GW) sources detectable in the Advanced LIGO band as far away as the Magellanic Clouds. To characterize their evolution, we perform orbital integrations using 1D models of 12 M
⊙ and 20 M
⊙ primaries, considering the effects of density gradient on the accretion onto the NS and spin evolution. From the range of possible accretion rates relevant to common-envelope evolution, we find that these systems may be louder GW sources than low-mass X-ray binaries like Sco X-1, which are currently the target of directed searches for continuous GWs. We also find that their strain amplitude signal may allow for novel constraints on the orbital separation and inspiral timescale in common envelopes when combined with pre-common-envelope electromagnetic observations.
Methodical approaches to bioassay of substances containing unstable functional groups
Authors: Khokhlov Alexander L. , Yaichkov Ilya I. , Dzhurko Yuriy A. , Shitov Leonid N. , Shitova Anastasia M. 
Published: April 2018

Introduction: This article describes the method development approaches for bioassay of substances containing unstable functional groups and forming unstable metabolites using the example of mycophenolic acid, methyldopa and mebeverine metabolites.
Materials and Methods: The concentration of mycophenolic acid, which contains one phenolic hydroxyl and forms glucuronides during metabolism, was measured in plasma using HPLC-MS/MS, HPLC-MS and GC-MS. The determination of methyldopa, containing two phenolic hydroxyls, in stabilised plasma was performed by HPLC-MS/MS in the range of 0.02-3.00 μg/ml. Desmethyl mebeverine acid, which contains one phenolic hydroxyl and is metabolised by forming phenolic glucuronide, was assayed simultaneously with mebeverine acid in the range of 10-2000 ng/ml.
Results and Discussion: The selection of storage conditions of the samples containing unstable substances should begin with selecting an anticoagulant based on the study of its short-term stability and freeze/thaw stability. If an unacceptable result is obtained, a combination of the anticoagulant and a stabiliser solution, as well as a concentration of this solution and its volume ratio to the biological fluid should be titrated. After which, this method should be validated by using the selected anticoagulant or the combination of the anticoagulant and stabiliser solution.
Conclusion: The application of this approach to developing a bioanalytical method for determination of unstable compounds makes it possible to avoid obtaining false assay results.
Mère « je fais tout », des pratiques éducatives populaires en tension
Authors: Stettinger Vanessa 
Published: April 2018

Dans les ménages appartenant aux fractions médianes et stabilisées des classes populaires, les tâches relatives à l’éducation des enfants sont prises en charge de façon presque unilatérale par les femmes, qui se voient dans certains cas obligées de mettre en retrait leur vie professionnelle. Ces femmes sont ainsi les premières responsables de la transmission des normes éducatives censées faire réussir leurs enfants : le cadrage des heures du coucher, une alimentation saine, le suivi des devoirs, la gestion des activités extrascolaires. Mais ces normes étant issues des classes dominantes, elles représentent un coût pour elles, rappelant le décalage entre les normes et les ressources dont elles disposent pour les mettre en place. C’est lors des moments où elles se rapprochent des pratiques populaires qu’elles soufflent et retrouvent des moments plus heureux en famille.
Les femmes dans les classes populaires, entre permanence et rupture
Authors: Schwartz Olivier 
Published: April 2018

L’article porte sur la question de la place des femmes dans la famille au sein des classes populaires dans la société française contemporaine et sur les évolutions qui ont affecté cette place au cours des dernières décennies. La littérature sociologique et historiographique a mis en évidence, de longue date, des caractéristiques récurrentes de cette place dans les classes populaires des xix e et xx e siècles. Les monographies réalisées dans le cadre du projet « Le populaire aujourd’hui » permettent d’examiner ce qu’il en est dans l’actuelle société française. Elles font apparaître des transformations importantes, tant dans les modes de fonctionnement des couples que dans les aspirations des femmes, signe que les membres des milieux populaires d’aujourd’hui sont loin de ne faire que reproduire leurs modes de vie traditionnels. Ces transformations coexistent avec des continuités, que les données font également apparaître. L’article fait le point sur ces changements et ces permanences, et examine comment, sous l’effet de ces différents phénomènes, se dessine aujourd’hui la place des femmes dans les familles populaires.
Health Literacy, Self-Efficacy, and Associated Factors Among Patients with Diabetes
Authors: Xu Xin Yi , Leung Angela Yee Man , Chau Pui Hing 
Published: April 2018

Background:
High levels of health literacy (HL) and self-efficacy (SE) are important steps in managing diabetes. Previous studies have investigated the role played by the individual constructs (HL or SE) on self-care behaviors and health outcomes in patients with diabetes. However, our understanding of the relationship between HL and SE is limited.

Methods:
Literature was searched in PubMed, Medline (via OvidSP), CINAHL (via EBSCOhost), ProQuest Medical Library, and Science Direct using keywords “diabetes,” “diabetic,” “DM,” “T1DM,” “T2DM,” “health literacy,” “HL,” “common HL,” “diabetes HL,” “SE,” “general SE,” and “diabetes SE.” The keywords were limited by “MeSH terms” and “Title and Abstracts.”

Key Results:
Eleven studies were included in this systematic review. Communicative and critical HL were prominent in this relationship. Among the 11 reviewed studies, a positive relationship between communicative/critical HL and SE in diabetes care was illustrated, but the relationship between functional HL and SE remained controversial. Factors positively associated with HL and SE were educational level, employment status, annual income, social support, clarity of the physician's explanation, and empowerment perception.

Discussion:

Health professionals should act to improve communicative and critical HL so that patients may be more confident in managing diabetes. Clarity in health professionals' explanations and social support would be helpful in enabling patients with diabetes to build up their SE and HL.

[
HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice
. 2018;2(2):e67–e77.]

Plain Language Summary:
This study is the first systematic review to investigate the relationship between health literacy (HL) and self-efficacy (SE) among persons with diabetes. Even though the relationship between HL and SE needs to be further explored, communicative and critical HL were found to be positively associated with SE. Therefore, to support people in building up SE, health professionals should consider actions that support communication and critical thinking in health settings.
Clinico-radiologic Profile of Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury in Western Rajasthan
Authors: Dara Pawan Kumar , Parakh Manish , Choudhary Shyama , Jangid Hemant , Kumari Priyanka , Khichar Satyendra 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTObjective: The aim of this study was to evaluate clinico-radiological profile and outcome of pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design: Prospective observational study Setting: Intensive Care Unit, ward and OPD of Pediatrics, Dr. S. N. Medical College, Jodhpur (tertiary care hospital). Participants: A total of 188 children (1 month–18 years) were enrolled and 108 admitted. Intervention: TBI classified as mild, moderate, or severe TBI. Neuroimaging was done and managed as per protocol. Demographic profile, mode of transport, and injury were recorded. Outcome: Measured as hospital stay duration, focal deficits, mortality, and effect of early physiotherapy. Results: Males slightly outnumbered females mean age was 5.41 ± 4.20 years. Fall from height was the main cause of TBI (61.11%) followed by road traffic accident (RTA) (27.78%). Majority (56.56%) reached hospital within 6 h of injury, out of which 27% of patients were unconscious. Mild, moderate, and severe grade of TBI was seen in 50%, 27.78%, and 22.22% of cases, respectively. About 12.96% of cases required ventilator support. The average duration of hospital stay was 11.81 ± 12.9 days and was lesser when physiotherapy and rehabilitation were started early. In all children with temporal bone fracture, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain revealed a temporal lobe hematoma and contusion in spite of initial computed tomography (CT) head normal. Children who have cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea/otorrhea had a high chance of fracture of base of skull and contusion of the basal part of the brain. Conclusion: In India, fall from height is common setting for pediatric TBI besides RTA. Early initiation of physiotherapy results in good outcome. MRI detects basal brain contusions in children presenting with CSF rhinorrhea/otorrhea even if initial CT brain is normal.
Prevalence of Psychiatric Illness among Residents of Old Age Homes in Northern India
Authors: Akbar Shamsi , Tiwari S. C. , Tripathi Rakesh K. , Pandey Nisha M. , Kumar Ambrish 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTContext: There are many factors which compelled older adults to live in old age homes (OAHs) and vulnerable to psychological problems. Studies reported high prevalence of mental health problems (20%–60%) among elderlies of OAHs. Therefore, the study was conducted to explore prevalence of psychiatric illness (PI) among residents of OAHs of Northern India. Settings and Design: The present study was conducted in OAHs of Districts Bareilly, Lucknow, Varanasi, Dehradun, and Haridwar, using cross-sectional descriptive study method. Sample Size were 306 (male – 98 [32.5%] and female n = 208 [68%]) residing in OAHs selected by means of purposive sampling. Subjects and Methods: Inclusion criteria: (a) older adults aged 60 years and above residing in OAHs and able to communicate. (b) Staying in OAHs for 6 months or more. (c) Able to understand comprehends and reply to questions and (d) Giving written informed consent. Exclusion criteria: (a) Residents who declined/not interested to participate in the study. (b) Residents having any sensory impairment/physical health problem which can impede the interview. Research tools were (i) a semi-structured pro forma, (ii) Hindi Mental Status Examination, (iii) Survey psychiatric assessment schedule, and (iv) Schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry-based clinical interview for diagnosis of PIs according to International Classification of Disease 10. Statistical Analysis Used: The quantitative data obtained was analyzed by means of frequency tables. Results: The results show overall prevalence of PI is 43% among residents of OAHs. The prevalence of PI was found to be higher among females compared to males. Depression was the most common among the residents of OAHs. Conclusions: There is an urgent need of trained professionals to provide professional help for highly prevalent psychiatric disorders among residents of OAHs.
Changing Pattern of Childhood Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis in North-Western Nigeria
Authors: Mado Sani , Aliyu Ibrahim , Murtala Rabiu 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Nigeria lies within the meningitis belt which extends from the Gambia, Senegal through Nigeria to Eritrea; however, outbreaks have been shown to extend further south involving countries such as Angola and Namibia. Epidemic outbreaks are often recorded every 8–12 years averaging in a 10 yearly circle however endemic cases still occurs. Materials and Methods: The study was retrospective; all results of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of children with cases of meningitis from January 2010 to December 2010 were collected from the register of the microbiology laboratory of General Hospital Gusau. Relevant information such as their age, sex, CSF macroscopy/microscopy reports, latex particle agglutination test report, and CSF culture report were retrieved and entered into a pro forma. Results: There were 89 (73%) males and 33 (27%) females with male to female ratio of 2.7:1. The age ranged from 2 months to 14 years; the mean was 6.27 ± 4.00 years. Meningitis was mostly recorded from January to April. W135 was the most common serotype identified. Majority of the samples (54) which were nonreactive for any of the tested antigens had clear CSF (36), while among those that reacted; the W135 group had a high proportion of cases that had turbid CSF (44); (Fisher's exact test = 30.650, P = 0.000). Majority of the samples (99) had no cell count; although those of the W135 group had higher cell counts followed by those in the nonreactive group (Fisher's exact test = 11.226, P = 0.181). Conclusion: Meningitis was highest between January and April, and W135 was the most common serotype.
The Conundrum of Ventricular Dilatations Following Decompressive Craniectomy: Is Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt, The Only Panacea?
Authors: Kutty Raja K. , Sreemathyamma Sunilkumar Balakrishnan , Sivanandapanicker Jyothish , Asher Prasanth , Prabhakar Rajmohan Bhanu , Peethambaran Anilkumar , Libu Gnanaseelan Kanakamma 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTIntroduction:Ventriculomegaly and hydrocephalus (HCP) are sometimes a bewildering sequela of decompressive craniectomy (DC). The distinguishing criteria between both are less well defined. Majority of the studies quoted in the literature have defined HCP radiologically, rather than considering the clinical status of the patient. Accordingly, these patients have been treated with permanent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion procedures. We hypothesize that asymptomatic ventriculomegaly following DC should undergo aspiration with cranioplasty and be followed up regularly. Materials and Methods: All patients with post-DC who were scheduled for cranioplasty and satisfied the radiological criteria for HCP were included. These patients were categorized into two groups. Group 1 included ventriculomegaly with clinical signs attributable to HCP and Group 2 constituted ventriculomegaly but no clinical signs attributable to HCP. All patients in Group 1 underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt followed by cranioplasty, whereas all patients in Group 2 underwent cranioplasty along with simultaneous ventriculostomy and temporary aspiration of the lateral ventricle. All patients were regularly followed as the outpatient basis. Results: There were 21 patients who developed ventriculomegaly following DC. There were 10 patients in Group 1 and 11 patients in Group 2. The average duration of follow-up was from 6 months to 2 years. Two patients in the shunt group - (group 1) had over drainage and required revision. One patient in aspiration group - (group 2) required permanent CSF diversion. Conclusion: Cranioplasty with aspiration is a viable option in selected group of patients in whom there is ventriculomegaly but no signs or symptoms attributable to HCP.
Rare Cranial Nerve Schwannomas: A Retrospective Review of Nontrigeminal, Nonvestibular Cranial Nerve Schwannomas
Authors: Deora Harsh , Srinivas Dwarakanath , Beniwal Manish , Vikas V. , Rao K. V. L. N. , Somanna Sampath 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Intracranial schwannomas arising from non-trigeminal and non-vestibular sources are extremely rare constituting <0.8% of all schwannomas. In this article, we have analyzed our experience in the management of these rare tumors over a 10-year period. Material and Methods: There were a total of 16 cases, with 11 of them undergoing microsurgical resection and 5 undergoing stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Results: There were no fresh neurological deficit in any of these patients and two patients underwent postoperative SRS for residual tumor. One patient died due to postoperative septicemia. Conclusion: Knowledge of these lesions along with their clinicoradiological profile is essential to maintain a high index of suspicion and understand the nuances of treatment.