bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Absorption and metabolism of isothiocyanates formed from broccoli glucosinolates: effects of BMI and daily consumption in a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Charron Craig S. , Vinyard Bryan T. , Ross Sharon A. , Seifried Harold E. , Jeffery Elizabeth H. , Novotny Janet A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSulphoraphane originates from glucoraphanin in broccoli and is associated with anti-cancer effects. A preclinical study suggested that daily consumption of broccoli may increase the production of sulphoraphane and sulphoraphane metabolites available for absorption. The objective of this study was to determine whether daily broccoli consumption alters the absorption and metabolism of isothiocyanates derived from broccoli glucosinolates. We conducted a randomised cross-over human study (n18) balanced for BMI and glutathioneS-transferaseμ1 (GSTM1) genotype in which subjects consumed a control diet with no broccoli (NB) for 16 d or the same diet with 200 g of cooked broccoli and 20 g of raw daikon radish daily for 15 d (daily broccoli, DB) and 100 g of broccoli and 10 g of daikon radish on day 16. On day 17, all subjects consumed a meal of 200 g of broccoli and 20 g of daikon radish. Plasma and urine were collected for 24 h and analysed for sulphoraphane and metabolites of sulphoraphane and erucin by triple quadrupole tandem MS. For subjects with BMI >26 kg/m2(median), plasma AUC and urinary excretion rates of total metabolites were higher on the NB diet than on the DB diet, whereas for subjects with BMI <26 kg/m2, plasma AUC and urinary excretion rates were higher on the DB diet than on the NB diet. Daily consumption of broccoli interacted with BMI but notGSTM1genotype to affect plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of glucosinolate-derived compounds believed to confer protection against cancer. This trial was registered as NCT02346812.
Equity and sustainability in the Anthropocene: a social–ecological systems perspective on their intertwined futures
Authors: Leach Melissa , Reyers Belinda , Bai Xuemei , Brondizio Eduardo S. , Cook Christina , Díaz Sandra , Espindola Giovana , Scobie Michelle , Stafford-Smith Mark , Subramanian Suneetha M 
Published: November 2018

Non-technical summaryIt is no longer possible nor desirable to address the dual challenges of equity and sustainability separately. Instead, they require new thinking and approaches which recognize their interlinkages, as well as the multiple perspectives and dimensions involved. We illustrate how equity and sustainability are intertwined, and how a complex social–ecological systems lens brings together advances from across the social and natural sciences to show how (in)equity and (un)sustainability are produced by the interactions and dynamics of coupled social–ecological systems. This should help understand which possible pathways could lead to sustainable and fair futures.
Precipitation Changes in a Climate With 2‐K Surface Warming From Large Ensemble Simulations Using 60‐km Global and 20‐km Regional Atmospheric Models
Authors: Fujita M. , Mizuta R. , Ishii M. , Endo H. , Sato T. , Okada Y. , Kawazoe S. , Sugimoto S. , Ishihara K. , Watanabe S. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA near‐future, 2‐K warming climate simulation comprising over 3,000 years of ensemble simulations was performed using 60‐km global and 20‐km regional atmospheric models. Even in the +2‐K climate, indices of extreme precipitation and dryness increased significantly in the extratropics compared with the historical climate. Mean precipitation increases in the rainy season and decreases in the dry season, indicating that the seasonal precipitation range becomes amplified with global warming. The intensification of precipitation and dryness from +2 to +4 K was also robust in the mean for climatological wet and arid regions. Around Japan, which was classified as a wet region, the regional atmospheric model predicts that the extreme hourly precipitation in the future climate becomes more extreme on hot days, but slightly weaker on cold days. This extreme precipitation has a high sensitivity to air temperature exceeding 7%/K.
Precipitation of Radiation Belt Electrons by EMIC Waves With Conjugated Observations of NOAA and Van Allen Satellites
Authors: Yuan Zhigang , Liu Kun , Yu Xiongdong , Yao Fei , Huang Shiyong , Wang Dedong , Ouyang Zhihai 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn this letter, we present unique conjugated satellite observations of MeV relativistic electron precipitation caused by electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. On the outer boundary of the plasmasphere, the Van Allen probe observed EMIC waves. At ionospheric altitudes, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 16 satellite at the footprint of Van Allen probe simultaneously detected obvious flux enhancements for precipitating >MeV radiation belt electrons but not for precipitating <MeV electrons. Theoretical calculations of pitch angle diffusion coefficients for radiation belt electrons indicate that observed EMIC waves can solely lead to flux enhancements of precipitating >MeV radiation belt electrons. Our result provides a direct magnetic conjugated observational link between in situ inner magnetospheric EMIC waves and precipitation of MeV relativistic electrons at ionospheric altitudes so as to reveal that EMIC waves can solely scatter MeV radiation belt electrons into the loss cone so as to precipitate into the atmosphere.
Decadal‐Scale Increases of Anthropogenic CO2 in Antarctic Bottom Water in the Indian and Western Pacific Sectors of the Southern Ocean
Authors: Murata Akihiko , Kumamoto Yu‐ichiro , Sasaki Ken‐ichi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWe determined decadal‐scale increases of anthropogenic CO2 in the water column using data sets collected 17 years apart (1994–1996 and 2012–2013) along a transect at nominal 62°S in the Indian and western Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean. Large increases of anthropogenic CO2 (up to 9.1 ± 1.5 μmol/kg), closely following atmospheric CO2 increases, were found in Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), previously considered a small sink of anthropogenic CO2. Vertical distributions of anthropogenic CO2 increases showed significant positive correlations with those of changes in CFC‐12 and SF6, implying that the distributions were mainly controlled by physical processes such as ventilation and circulation. Calculated uptake rates of anthropogenic CO2 by AABW were between 0.29 and 0.39 mol·m−2·yr−1 in five longitudinal segments of the transect. In accounting for the large increase of anthropogenic CO2 in AABW, sea surface conditions in the formation region of AABW are important.
Are Extreme Skew Surges Independent of High Water Levels in a Mixed Semidiurnal Tidal Regime?
Authors: Santamaria‐Aguilar S. , Vafeidis A. T. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBased on previous studies of tide‐gauge records from locations with semidiurnal tidal regimes, extreme skew surges are always assumed independent of the high water (HW). However, differences in water depth between HW peaks of semidiurnal tidal regimes can be much lower than those in mixed semidiurnal regimes, where one daily HW is higher than the other. We statistically analyze tide‐gauge records of 15 sites worldwide with a mixed semidiurnal regime and find that for approximately half of these sites extreme skew surges occur more often during smaller HWs. This dependence is not caused by seasonality effects, and the places that show dependence are all located in areas with a shallow continental shelf, thus indicating possible tide‐skew surge interactions. In those cases where dependence exists, using the skew surge does not seem to offer any advantages over the nontidal residual.
Estimates of Present‐Day and Future Climatologies of Freezing Rain in Europe Based on CORDEX Regional Climate Models
Authors: Kämäräinen Matti , Hyvärinen Otto , Vajda Andrea , Nikulin Grigory , Meijgaard Erik van , Teichmann Claas , Jacob Daniela , Gregow Hilppa , Jylhä Kirsti 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe effects of climate change on freezing rain in Europe under medium (RCP4.5) and strong (RCP8.5) future emission scenarios were assessed using seven regional climate model simulations conducted within the World Climate Research Project's COordinated Regional climate Downscaling Experiment over the European Domain (EURO‐CORDEX). A precipitation‐typing algorithm was applied to modeled three‐dimensional subdaily time series of key meteorological variables to estimate the occurrence and amounts of freezing rain above selected intensity thresholds. The annual probabilities of freezing rain during the baseline (1971–2000) and future (2071–2100) periods were calculated. The models agree that under the RCP8.5 scenario, the frequencies of freezing rain decrease in western, central, and southeastern Europe by 20–55% and increase in the northern and northeastern parts of the continent by 0–50% toward the end of the century. In the northern regions, the peaks in spring and fall with freezing rain amounts during the baseline period tend to merge to a single peak in winter during the future period. Under the RCP4.5 scenario, the changes are qualitatively similar but smaller.
Influence of Central Siberian Snow‐Albedo Feedback on the Spring East Asian Dust Cycle and Connection With the Preceding Winter Arctic Oscillation
Authors: Liu Heng , Liu Xiaodong , Dong Buwen 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe Asian dust cycle has significant effects on the climate and environment, while its spatiotemporal variability and change mechanisms are not yet completely understood. Reanalysis data from the Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA2), data set are used to explore the spatiotemporal distribution of the East Asian dust cycle and possible reasons for the interannual variations. Based on the empirical orthogonal function analysis, the dominant mode of dust emissions from the East Asian deserts in the dust season (spring) shows that the Gobi Desert contributes most of the interannual variance of dust emissions in East Asia. The patterns of the regional circulation, temperature, and radiation are analyzed by regressing these variables against the principal component time series of the first empirical orthogonal function mode. The results show that the enhanced dust emissions are associated with a cyclonic circulation anomaly and cooling in the lower and middle troposphere over Central Siberia. The cooling is attributed to local snow‐albedo and cloud‐albedo feedbacks. The surface cooling is conducive to maintain the snow cover, whereas the cooling in the middle troposphere is associated with the increase of the relative humidity and cloud cover. The increased snow and cloud cover reflect more shortwave radiation, tending to maintain or amplify the surface cooling. It is also found that the negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation in winter initiates the surface cooling in the next spring and results in positive snow‐albedo and cloud feedbacks in Central Siberia, eventually enhancing the East Asian dust cycle.
Rock Abundance and Crater Density in the Candidate Chang'E‐5 Landing Region on the Moon
Authors: Wu Bo , Huang Jun , Li Yuan , Wang Yiran , Peng Jin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractChang'E‐5 is China's first lunar sample‐return mission, which will be launched in 2019. Understanding the distribution of rocks and craters in the candidate landing region is important for selecting suitable landing sites and studying the surface geology. This paper first separately investigates rock abundance and crater density in the candidate landing region, then provides a joint analysis of them, for the purposes of identifying potential hazards for safe landing and their geological implications. The results indicate that in the region, rocks are mostly concentrated around rocky ejecta craters. About 90% of the region has a rock abundance (the fractional area covered by rocks) of less than 1%. The average crater density is about 250 craters (≥ 100 m in diameter) per 100 km2; on average, 13.5% of the region is covered by craters. The surface ages of geologic units in the region estimated using crater size‐frequency distribution indicate that the eastern part of the region is younger than the western part. The joint analysis of rock abundance and crater density identifies local areas that are relatively unfavorable for safe landing. The joint analysis also indicates an exponential relationship between overall rock abundance and crater density, and a roughly linear relationship between overall rock abundance and surface age. Furthermore, the joint analysis indicates an inverse correlation between rock abundance and the relative maturation of craters. The presented research and results will be helpful for identifying suitable landing sites for the Chang'E‐5 lander. They also provide fresh insights into lunar surface geology.
Multiproxy Isotopic and Geochemical Analysis of the Siwalik Sediments in NW India: Implication for the Late Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of the Himalaya
Authors: Mandal Sanjay Kumar , Scherler Dirk , Romer Rolf L. , Burg Jean‐Pierre , Guillong Marcel , Schleicher Anja M. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractProvenance analysis of the Sub‐Himalayan Late Miocene‐Pleistocene foreland basin deposits (Siwaliks) from the Dehradun reentrant area provides a 10‐Myr long record of the denudation history and tectonic evolution of the northwestern Indian Himalaya. We studied Siwalik sediments exposed along the Mohand‐Rao and Haripur‐Khol sections, using detrital zircon U‐Pb geochronology, major and trace elements, and Sr‐Nd isotope geochemistry. Results suggest that the erosion pattern has been relatively stable since the Late Miocene with sediments derived from the Tethyan Himalayan (THS), Greater Himalayan (GHS), and outer‐ (oLHS) and inner‐Lesser Himalayan (iLHS) sequences. Provenance data indicate that erosional unroofing of the Lesser Himalayan Crystalline sequences (LHCS) initiated around 6 Ma, possibly related to out‐of‐sequence movement of the Ramgarh‐Munsiari Thrust. Our data also suggest erosional recycling of older foreland basin deposits into younger Siwaliks since ~5.5 Ma, which may indicate the time of thrust propagation from the Lesser Himalaya into the foreland basin. While the iLHS has been exposed to erosion since at least ~10 Ma, the Siwaliks were dominated by materials derived from the GHS and THS sources. We interpret these results as an indication that tectonic uplift and erosion of the orogenic wedge occurred in response to duplexing of the iLHS and concomitant high topography and rock uplift rate in the Greater and Tethyan Himalaya. Comparing the provenance of the Siwalik sediments with that of the modern Ganga and Yamuna river sediments further indicates that deposition during the Late Cenozoic was most likely accomplished by southward flowing transverse Himalayan rivers, analogous to the modern ones.
Resuscitation of anammox bacteria after &gt;10,000 years of dormancy
Authors: Zhu Guibing , Wang Shanyun , Wang Cheng , Zhou Liguang , Zhao Siyan , Li Yixiao , Li Fangbai , Jetten Mike S M , Lu Yonglong , Schwark Lorenz 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Water is essential for life on Earth, and an important medium for microbial energy and metabolism. Dormancy is a state of low metabolic activity upon unfavorable conditions. Many microorganisms can switch to a metabolically inactive state after water shortage, and recover once the environmental conditions become favorable again. Here, we resuscitated dormant anammox bacteria from dry terrestrial ecosystems after a resting period of &gt;10 ka by addition of water without any other substrates. Isotopic-tracer analysis showed that water induced nitrate reduction yielding sufficient nitrite as substrate and energy for activating anammox bacteria. Subsequently, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) provided the substrate ammonium for anammox bacteria. The ammonium and nitrite formed were used to produce dinitrogen gas. High throughput sequencing and network analysis identified Brocadia as the dominant anammox species and a Jettenia species seemed to connect the other community members. Under global climate change, increasing precipitation and soil moisture may revive dormant anammox bacteria in arid soils and thereby impact global nitrogen and carbon cycles.
Enhanced fear memories and brain glucose metabolism (18F-FDG-PET) following sub-anesthetic intravenous ketamine infusion in Sprague-Dawley rats
Authors: Radford Kennett D. , Park Thomas Y. , Jaiswal Shalini , Pan Hongna , Knutsen Andrew , Zhang Michael , Driscoll Mercedes , Osborne-Smith Lisa A. , Dardzinski Bernard J. , Choi Kwang H. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractKetamine is a multimodal dissociative anesthetic, which provides powerful analgesia for victims with traumatic injury. However, the impact of ketamine administration in the peri-trauma period on the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains controversial. Moreover, there is a major gap between preclinical and clinical studies because they utilize different doses and routes of ketamine administration. Here, we investigated the effects of sub-anesthetic doses of intravenous (IV) ketamine infusion on fear memory and brain glucose metabolism (BGluM) in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received an IV ketamine infusion (0, 2, 10, and 20 mg/kg, 2 h) or an intraperitoneal (IP) injection (0 and 10 mg/kg) following an auditory fear conditioning (3 pairings of tone and foot shock [0.6 mA, 1 s]) on day 0. Fear memory retrieval, fear extinction, and fear recall were tested on days 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The effects of IV ketamine infusion (0 and 10 mg/kg) on BGluM were measured using 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and computed tomography (CT). The IV ketamine infusion dose-dependently enhanced fear memory retrieval, delayed fear extinction, and increased fear recall in rats. The IV ketamine (10 mg/kg) increased BGluM in the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus, while decreasing it in the cerebellum. On the contrary, a single ketamine injection (10 mg/kg, IP) after fear conditioning facilitated fear memory extinction in rats. The current findings suggest that ketamine may produce differential effects on fear memory depending on the route and duration of ketamine administration.
STING-dependent sensing of self-DNA drives silica-induced lung inflammation
Authors: Benmerzoug Sulayman , Rose Stéphanie , Bounab Badreddine , Gosset David , Duneau Laure , Chenuet Pauline , Mollet Lucile , Le Bert Marc , Lambers Christopher , Geleff Silvana , Roth Michael , Fauconnier Louis , Sedda Delphine , Carvalho Clarisse , Perche Olivier , Laurenceau David , Ryffel Bernhard , Apetoh Lionel , Kiziltunc Ahmet , Uslu Hakan , Albez Fadime Sultan , Akgun Metin , Togbe Dieudonnée , Quesniaux Valerie F. J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSilica particles induce lung inflammation and fibrosis. Here we show that stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is essential for silica-induced lung inflammation. In mice, silica induces lung cell death and self-dsDNA release in the bronchoalveolar space that activates STING pathway. Degradation of extracellular self-dsDNA by DNase I inhibits silica-induced STING activation and the downstream type I IFN response. Patients with silicosis have increased circulating dsDNA and CXCL10 in sputum, and patients with fibrotic interstitial lung disease display STING activation and CXCL10 in the lung. In vitro, while mitochondrial dsDNA is sensed by cGAS-STING in dendritic cells, in macrophages extracellular dsDNA activates STING independent of cGAS after silica exposure. These results reveal an essential function of STING-mediated self-dsDNA sensing after silica exposure, and identify DNase I as a potential therapy for silica-induced lung inflammation.
Hierarchical and programmable one-pot synthesis of oligosaccharides
Authors: Cheng Cheng-Wei , Zhou Yixuan , Pan Wen-Harn , Dey Supriya , Wu Chung-Yi , Hsu Wen-Lian , Wong Chi-Huey 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe programmable one-pot oligosaccharide synthesis method was designed to enable the rapid synthesis of a large number of oligosaccharides, using the software Optimer to search Building BLocks (BBLs) with defined relative reactivity values (RRVs) to be used sequentially in the one-pot reaction. However, there were only about 50 BBLs with measured RRVs in the original library and the method could only synthesize small oligosaccharides due to the RRV ordering requirement. Here, we increase the library to include 154 validated BBLs and more than 50,000 virtual BBLs with predicted RRVs by machine learning. We also develop the software Auto-CHO to accommodate more data handling and support hierarchical one-pot synthesis using fragments as BBLs generated by the one-pot synthesis. This advanced programmable one-pot method provides potential synthetic solutions for complex glycans with four successful examples demonstrated in this work.
Why rankings of biomedical image analysis competitions should be interpreted with care
Authors: Maier-Hein Lena , Eisenmann Matthias , Reinke Annika , Onogur Sinan , Stankovic Marko , Scholz Patrick , Arbel Tal , Bogunovic Hrvoje , Bradley Andrew P. , Carass Aaron , Feldmann Carolin , Frangi Alejandro F. , Full Peter M. , van Ginneken Bram , Hanbury Allan , Honauer Katrin , Kozubek Michal , Landman Bennett A. , März Keno , Maier Oskar , Maier-Hein Klaus , Menze Bjoern H. , Müller Henning , Neher Peter F. , Niessen Wiro , Rajpoot Nasir , Sharp Gregory C. , Sirinukunwattana Korsuk , Speidel Stefanie , Stock Christian , Stoyanov Danail , Taha Abdel Aziz , van der Sommen Fons , Wang Ching-Wei , Weber Marc-André , Zheng Guoyan , Jannin Pierre , Kopp-Schneider Annette 
Published: November 2018

AbstractInternational challenges have become the standard for validation of biomedical image analysis methods. Given their scientific impact, it is surprising that a critical analysis of common practices related to the organization of challenges has not yet been performed. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of biomedical image analysis challenges conducted up to now. We demonstrate the importance of challenges and show that the lack of quality control has critical consequences. First, reproducibility and interpretation of the results is often hampered as only a fraction of relevant information is typically provided. Second, the rank of an algorithm is generally not robust to a number of variables such as the test data used for validation, the ranking scheme applied and the observers that make the reference annotations. To overcome these problems, we recommend best practice guidelines and define open research questions to be addressed in the future.