bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Precopulatory mating and postzygotic isolation between two walnut‐infesting species of Rhagoletis from Mexican highlands
Authors: Tadeo Eduardo , Aluja Martín , Rull Juan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPleistocene glacial and postglacial cycles producing contraction and expansion of temperate habitats have resulted in substantial diversification among several plant and animal taxa of Neararctic origin undergoing periods of isolation and secondary contact in high‐elevation areas of Mexico. One of such groups are walnut‐infesting fruit flies in the genus Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae), comprised of six recently derived species among which phylogenetic relationships have been difficult to unravel using conventional molecular methods. Here, we examined pre‐ and postzygotic isolation between two genetically similar and morphologically distinct species which are currently parapatric in central Mexico. Local adaptation driven by differences in host plant phenology between Rhagoletis zoqui Bush and Rhagoletis ramosae Hernández‐Ortíz resulted in allochronic isolation. Despite the existence of precopulatory mating isolation, there was a substantial number of hybrid matings in field cages where conspecific and heterospecific males and females were simultaneously released. The bulk of mating activity took place on host fruit. Rhagoletis zoqui females were more reluctant to mate with R. ramosae males than with males of their own species. Distinctive behavioral differences were observed between males during contests, fruit guarding, and approach to conspecifics on fruit. There was also some asymmetric postzygotic isolation, with the hybrid combination of R. zoqui males and R. ramosae females resulting in lower egg hatch than other mating combinations. Results were consistent with those of a phylogenetic study suggesting recent divergence of R. ramosae from Rhagoletis completa Cresson and R. zoqui in the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Mexican Trans Volcanic Belt.
The frequency architecture of brain and brain body oscillations: an analysis
Authors: Klimesch Wolfgang 
Published: October 2018

AbstractResearch on brain oscillations has brought up a picture of coupled oscillators. Some of the most important questions that will be analyzed are, how many frequencies are there, what are the coupling principles, what their functional meaning is, and whether body oscillations follow similar coupling principles. It is argued that physiologically, two basic coupling principles govern brain as well as body oscillations: (i) amplitude (envelope) modulation between any frequencies m and n, where the phase of the slower frequency m modulates the envelope of the faster frequency n, and (ii) phase coupling between m and n, where the frequency of n is a harmonic multiple of m. An analysis of the center frequency of traditional frequency bands and their coupling principles suggest a binary hierarchy of frequencies. This principle leads to the foundation of the binary hierarchy brain body oscillation theory. Its central hypotheses are that the frequencies of body oscillations can be predicted from brain oscillations and that brain and body oscillations are aligned to each other. The empirical evaluation of the predicted frequencies for body oscillations is discussed on the basis of findings for heart rate, heart rate variability, breathing frequencies, fluctuations in the BOLD signal, and other body oscillations. The conclusion is that brain and many body oscillations can be described by a single system, where the cross talk – reflecting communication – within and between brain and body oscillations is governed by m : n phase to envelope and phase to phase coupling.
Evaluation of videoendoscopic examinations of arytenoid function in the 2‐year‐old Thoroughbred: Can we all agree?
Authors: McLellan J. , Plevin S. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryBackgroundUpper respiratory tract (URT) endoscopic examination is a routine part of prepurchase examinations. Discrepancies have been documented in the assessment of arytenoid function grades (AFG) between veterinarians.ObjectivesTo document intra‐ and interobserver agreement for a population of multi‐experience level veterinarians for assessment of AFG of 2‐year‐old Thoroughbreds.Study designObservational cohort study.MethodsOne‐hundred and fourteen URT videoendoscopic examinations were evaluated by 10 veterinarians. Veterinarians were categorised based on experience, into five groups, each group with two veterinarians. Arytenoid function was graded using the Havemeyer ordinal scale and then reclassified by the authors dichotomously into ‘meets conditions of sale’ (MCS) or ‘does not meet conditions of sale’(DNMCS). Interobserver agreement of arytenoid function was assessed across all 10 veterinarians using Fleiss’ kappa and between veterinarians of similar experience levels in the five subgroups using Cohen's unweighted (k) and Cohen's linear weighted kappa (Ck). Intraobserver agreement was similarly calculated for each reviewer using 22 repeated video clips.ResultsOverall interobserver agreement using ordinal scales was fair (k = 0.27, 95% CI 0.22–0.31) to moderate (mean weighted Ck = 0.57, 95% CI 0.46–0.69) depending on statistical methodology used. Using the dichotomous classification, interobserver agreement was good (k = 0.7, 95% CI 0.63–0.77).Overall intraobserver agreement using ordinal scales was fair (mean k = 0.26, 95% CI 0.14–0.38) to good (mean Ck = 0.61, 95% CI 0.50–0.71); and for the dichotomous reclassification it was good (k = 0.73, 95% CI 0.59–0.87). Experience level differences were identified.Main limitationsThe low number of veterinarians in each experience subgroup.ConclusionsSubjectivity exists in arytenoid function grading, despite the existence of a well‐defined scale. Agreement variation exists depending on the grading scales and statistical methods used for analysis. Future studies pre‐ and post veterinarian training are indicated to determine if agreement can be improved.
Ecosystem‐based management of Amazon fisheries and wetlands
Authors: Goulding Michael , Venticinque Eduardo , Ribeiro Mauro L. de B. , Barthem Ronaldo B. , Leite Rosseval G. , Forsberg Bruce , Petry Paulo , Lopes da Silva‐Júnior Urbano , Ferraz Polliana Santos , Cañas Carlos 
Published: October 2018

AbstractInfrastructure development and overfishing in the Amazon make it imperative to define adequate scales for the ecosystem‐based management of commercial fisheries and the wetlands on which they depend. We mapped fisheries and fish ecology data from Brazil, Peru, Bolivia and Colombia to an explicit GIS framework of river basins and mainstems. Migratory species account for more than 80% of the known maximum catches of commercial fisheries across the Amazon. Of these migratory species, we nominated six long‐distance migratory fish taxa as flagship species to define the two main commercial fishery regions. The migrations of at least one goliath catfish species define a large‐scale longitudinal link joining the Andes, Amazon Lowlands and Amazon River estuary. Migratory Characiforms demonstrate interbasin wetland connectivity between nutrient‐rich and nutrient‐poor rivers over at least 2 million km2, or about one‐third of the Amazon Basin. We show that flooded forest area is the most important wetland variable explaining regional variations in migratory characiforme biomass as indicated by maximum annual fishery catches. The sustainable management of Amazon fisheries will require transnational cooperation and a paradigm shift from local community management alone to a more integrated approach that considers both rural and urban consumers and challenges, and the realistic life histories of migratory species.
Rate‐limiting step and substrate accessibility of cellobiohydrolase Cel6A from Trichoderma reesei
Authors: Christensen Stefan J. , Kari Jeppe , Badino Silke F. , Borch Kim , Westh Peter 
Published: October 2018

The cellobiohydrolase (CBH) Cel6A is an important component of enzyme cocktails for industrial degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. However, the kinetics of this enzyme acting on its natural, insoluble substrate remains sparsely investigated. Here, we studied Cel6A from Trichoderma reesei with respect to adsorption, processivity, and kinetics both in the steady‐state and pre‐steady‐state regimes, on microcrystalline and amorphous cellulose. We found that slow dissociation (koff) was limiting the overall reaction rate, and we suggest that this leads to an accumulation of catalytically inactive complexes in front of obstacles and irregularities on the cellulose surface. The processivity number of Cel6A was low on both investigated substrates (5–10), and this suggested a rugged surface with short obstacle‐free path lengths. The turnover of the inner catalytic cycle (the reactions of catalysis in one processive step) was too fast to be fully resolved, but a minimum value of about 20 s−1 could be established. This is among the highest values reported hitherto for a cellulase, and it underscores the catalytic efficiency of Cel6A. Conversely, we found that Cel6A had a poor ability to recognize attack sites on the cellulose surface. On amorphous cellulose, for example, Cel6A was only able to initiate hydrolysis on about 4% of the sites to which it could adsorb. This probably reflects high requirements of Cel6A to the architecture of the site. We conclude that compared to the other CBH, Cel7A, secreted by T. reesei, Cel6A is catalytically more efficient but less capable of attacking a broad range of structurally distinct sites on the cellulose surface.EnzymesTrCel6A, nonreducing end‐acting cellobiohydrolase (EC3.2.1.91) from Trichoderma reesei; TrCel7A, reducing end‐acting cellobiohydrolase (EC3.2.1.176) from T. reesei.
A sluggish mid‐Proterozoic biosphere and its effect on Earth's redox balance
Authors: Ozaki Kazumi , Reinhard Christopher T. , Tajika Eiichi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe possibility of low but nontrivial atmospheric oxygen (O2) levels during the mid‐Proterozoic (between 1.8 and 0.8 billion years ago, Ga) has important ramifications for understanding Earth's O2 cycle, the evolution of complex life and evolving climate stability. However, the regulatory mechanisms and redox fluxes required to stabilize these O2 levels in the face of continued biological oxygen production remain uncertain. Here, we develop a biogeochemical model of the C‐N‐P‐O2‐S cycles and use it to constrain global redox balance in the mid‐Proterozoic ocean–atmosphere system. By employing a Monte Carlo approach bounded by observations from the geologic record, we infer that the rate of net biospheric O2 production was Tmol year−1 (1σ), or ~25% of today's value, owing largely to phosphorus scarcity in the ocean interior. Pyrite burial in marine sediments would have represented a comparable or more significant O2 source than organic carbon burial, implying a potentially important role for Earth's sulphur cycle in balancing the oxygen cycle and regulating atmospheric O2 levels. Our statistical approach provides a uniquely comprehensive view of Earth system biogeochemistry and global O2 cycling during mid‐Proterozoic time and implicates severe P biolimitation as the backdrop for Precambrian geochemical and biological evolution.
Regulation of LRG1 expression by RNA‐binding protein Puf5 in the budding yeast cell wall integrity pathway
Authors: Viet Nguyen Thi Minh , Duy Duong Long , Saito Kazuhiro , Irie Kaoru , Suda Yasuyuki , Mizuno Tomoaki , Irie Kenji 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe PUF RNA‐binding protein Puf5 is involved in regulation of the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway in yeast. Puf5 negatively regulates expression of LRG1 mRNA, encoding for a GTPase‐activating protein for Rho1 small GTPase. Here, we further analyzed the effect of Puf5 on LRG1 expression, together with Ccr4 and Pop2 deadenylases, Dhh1 decapping activator, and other PUF proteins. We found that the growth defect of puf5∆ mutant was enhanced by ccr4∆ mutation, which was partially suppressed by LRG1 deletion. Consistently, Lrg1 protein level was much more up‐regulated in ccr4Δ puf5Δ double mutant than in each single mutant. Interestingly, LRG1 poly(A) tail length was longer in ccr4∆ mutant but not in puf5∆ mutant. Thus, Puf5 regulates LRG1 expression independently from Ccr4, although Puf5 recruits the Ccr4‐Not deadenylase complex for mRNA destabilization. Unexpectedly, puf6Δ mutation suppressed the growth defect caused by ccr4Δ puf5∆ mutation. Loss of Rpl43a and Rpl43b ribosomal proteins, the previously identified Puf6 interactors, also suppressed the growth defect of ccr4Δ puf5Δ mutant. Our results suggest that Puf5 functions in the CWI pathway by regulating LRG1 expression in a deadenylase‐independent manner, and that Puf6 is involved in the Ccr4‐ and Puf5‐mediated regulation of cell growth through association with Rpl43.
Proteomic profile of root canal contents in teeth with post‐treatment endodontic disease
Authors: Francisco P. A. , Delboni M. G. , Lima A. R. , Xiao Y. , Siqueira W. L. , Gomes B. P. F. A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimTo characterize the proteome of 20 root canals in teeth with post‐treatment endodontic disease using mass spectrometry and to correlate the identified proteins with clinical features.MethodologyTwenty patients with radiographic evidence of apical periodontitis and need for root canal re‐treatment were selected. Samples from the root canal contents were collected and processed using two‐dimensional capillary nano‐flow liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The acquired spectra were separately searched against specific protein database. The results obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics. Additionally, Pearson's chi‐square test or one‐sided Fisher's exact test, as appropriate, was chosen to examine the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between each clinical feature and the presence of specific microbial or human proteins. Significance levels were set at 5% (P < 0.05).ResultsA total of 1153 human and 720 microbial UniProt accession numbers corresponding to proteins were recovered. The greater prevalence of proteins was related to biological functions, such as cellular and metabolic processes. A considerable number of microbial proteins with clinical relevance functions, such as pathogenesis/virulence, proteolysis, cell adhesion and drug resistance, were detected. Common endodontic pathogens related to post‐treatment endodontic disease such as Enterococcus spp., Propionibacterium spp. and Streptococcus spp. were associated with 23, 40 and 94 distinct proteins, respectively. As for human proteins, many factors related to the immune system process were detected. No significant correlations were found between microbial and human proteins and the clinical features investigated (P > 0.05).ConclusionsA considerable number of microbial and human proteins were identified using proteomic analyses, being mainly related to processes indicating cell viability. No significant correlation was found between proteins and clinical features. These findings suggest a network of important microbial pathogenic functions that may be responsible for the host immune system response.
Association between missed canals and apical periodontitis
Authors: Costa F. F. N. P. , Pacheco‐Yanes J. , Siqueira J. F. , Oliveira A. C. S. , Gazzaneo I. , Amorim C. A. , Santos P. H. B. , Alves F. R. F. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimTo evaluate the frequency of post‐treatment apical periodontitis associated with root filled teeth with at least one untreated root canal.MethodologyEight hundred and seven cone beam computed tomography images containing at least one root filled tooth were selected from a collection of 1543 images from Brazilian individuals. Scans were taken using ICAT Classic devices (Imaging Sciences, Hatfield, PA, USA) in a private oral radiology clinic from January to April 2015. All root filled teeth were analysed for the presence of missed canals and apical periodontitis. The chi‐square and odds ratio tests were used to verify if there were an association and risk relationship between the occurrence of untreated canals and apical periodontitis.ResultsA total of 2294 teeth with evidence of root fillings were identified. Two hundred and eighty‐one teeth had at least one untreated missed canal (12%). The frequency of apical periodontitis in teeth with at least one untreated canal was significantly greater in comparison to teeth with all canals treated (274/281, 98% versus 1736/2013, 86%) (P < 0.01). The odds for apical periodontitis to be present was 6.25 times greater for teeth with an untreated canal. The mesiobuccal roots of maxillary first molars had the greatest frequency of untreated canals (114/154, 74%), with the second mesiobuccal canal being the most frequently missed (n = 106/114, 93%).ConclusionRoot filled teeth with at least one missed canal had a high prevalence of post‐treatment apical periodontitis.
Bi2O3–TiO2–Nd2O3 lead‐free material for microwave device applications
Authors: Slavov Stanislav S. , Soreto Teixeira Silvia , Graça Manuel P. F. , Costa Luis C. , Popova Venetka , Dimitriev Yanko B. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractLead‐free Bi2O3–TiO2–Nd2O3 system and its potential application for microwave devices applications were studied. The samples were synthesized using the melt quenching method. According to the X‐Ray Diffraction analysis, the samples are polycrystalline with three different crystal phases. Measurements of the dielectric complex permittivity function were made at 2.7 GHz, using a resonant cavity and the small perturbation theory. The values of the dielectric permittivity of the prepared materials were compared with the commercial ones, and we conclude that these new lead‐free materials have a good potential to replace lead‐containing devices for microwave frequency applications.
Outcomes of 219 chronic myeloid leukaemia patients with additional chromosomal abnormalities and/or tyrosine kinase domain mutations
Authors: Xue Mingming , Cheng Juan , Zhao Jiangyun , Zhang Shuling , Jian Jinli , Qiao Yanhong , Liu Bei 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIntroductionTo confirm the role of additional chromosomal abnormalities (ACAs) and kinase domain (KD) mutations in the progression and outcomes of Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) patients and the connection between them, we analysed the ACAs and KD mutations of 219 CML patients admitted to our hospital.MethodsCytogenetic analysis of metaphases was performed to detect ACAs, and the BCR‐ABL1 KD was sequenced to detect KD mutations.ResultsTwenty‐four patients (11.0%) had ACAs in addition to the BCR‐ABL1 or t(9;22)(q34;q11) translocation. The most common abnormality was trisomy 8. Twelve different KD mutations were observed in 13 out of 53 imatinib‐resistant patients (24.5%). p.(Y235H) (n = 3; 23.07%), p.(F359V) and p.(T315I) (n = 2; 15.38%) presented most frequently. KD mutations subtypes (p.(E255K), p.(T315I), p.(F359V), p.(M244V) and p.(L298V)) coexisted with ACAs. The incidence of CML progression was 12/22 (54.5%) in the group of patients with ACAs and/or KD mutations and 2/143 (1.4%) in the group of patients without ACAs or KD mutations (CI 95%, P < 0.001) and was higher in the KD mutations group than in the ACAs group (P = 0.046). The group of patients with ACAs and/or KD mutations had more men than the group of patients without ACAs or KD mutations (P = 0.013).ConclusionWe conclude that ACAs and/or KD mutations are related to CML progression and are adverse outcome factors. Their presence exhibits gender differences and is more common in males. p.(E255K), p.(T315I), p.(F359V), p.(M244V) and p.(L298V) emerge more frequently when ACAs and KD mutations coexist.
Barriers to medication adherence in patients prescribed medicines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a conceptual framework
Authors: Easthall Claire , Taylor Natalie , Bhattacharya Debi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectivesTo identify barriers to medication adherence in patients prescribed medicines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and map these to the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), to produce a conceptual framework for developing a questionnaire-based medication adherence tool.MethodsA scoping review of barriers to medication adherence in long-term conditions was conducted to generate an initial pool of barriers. After preliminary mapping to the TDF, these barriers were presented to two focus groups of patients prescribed medicines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (n = 14) to stimulate discussion. The group discussions enabled the patients’ interpretations of the adherence barriers to be determined, provided validity from the patient perspective and identified additional barriers unrepresented in the scoping review.Key findingsThe preliminary pool of adherence barriers was identified from 47 studies across a range of long-term conditions. The majority of TDF domains were represented by these literature-identified barriers except ‘social/professional role and identity’ and ‘behavioural regulation’. Barrier mapping was largely endorsed by focus group participants, who also contributed additional barriers, including those relating to not having a ‘system’ in place for managing their medicines and the negative emotions evoked by medicine taking.ConclusionThe TDF enabled full exploration of adherence barriers including those relating to emotions which have received limited attention in the literature. This work has provided a conceptual framework for developing a questionnaire to identify an individual’s adherence barriers which may then be coupled with appropriate behaviour change techniques to deliver a theory-based intervention tailored for individual need.
Gerrymandering, Redistricting and Statistics: A Q&A with Vince Barabba
Authors: Tarran Brian 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Vince Barabba is a former head of the US Census Bureau, the founder of the Market Insight Corporation and a former president of the American Statistical Association. He was also one of the first 14 people picked to serve on a California commission that put redistricting decisions in the hands of state citizens. He sat down with Significance over email to discuss this experience, what other states can learn from California's experiment, and what role statisticians should play in helping combat the practice of gerrymandering. Edited by Brian Tarran
Ni‐YSZ(001) solid‐solid interfacial energy and orientation relationships
Authors: Nahor Hadar , Kaplan Wayne D. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractEquilibrated Ni particles were produced via solid‐state dewetting of continuous Ni films deposited on the (001) surface of yttrium stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The solid‐solid interface energy of the equilibrated Ni(111)‐YSZ(001) interface was determined using Winterbottom analysis. Two low‐index orientation relationships (ORs) were found using the selected area electron diffraction patterns in transmission electron microscopy: (OR1) and (OR2). However, many particles were found to deviate from these low‐index ORs while maintaining the out‐of‐plane orientation, . The interface energy was measured to be 2.5 ± 0.1 J/m2 regardless of the in‐plane orientation. The orientation distribution was determined using electron backscattered diffraction for Ni particles on both (111) and (001) YSZ substrates and was found to correlate well with the interface energies measured in a previous study for the Ni‐YSZ(111) interface and in the present study for the Ni‐YSZ(001) interface.