bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What is a family? Constructions of family and parenting after a custody transfer from birth parents to foster parents
Authors: Wissö Therése , Johansson Helena , Höjer Ingrid 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe subject of stability for children in long‐term foster care is an emerging field within social work with vulnerable children. In Sweden, the adoption of foster children is not a common occurrence. Instead, when a child has been placed in foster care for 3 years, the local social welfare committee will consider whether the custody of the child should be transferred to the foster parents regardless of the circumstances of the birth parents, in order to secure stability and a sense of family belonging. Consequently, custody transfers raise questions such as “who is family?” and “who is a parent?” This qualitative interview study with custodians and young people who have experienced custody transfer highlights that who counts as family and as a parent is ambiguous. This article draws attention to how negotiations about family and parenthood revolve around biological, emotional, and relational dimensions. Furthermore, we show that stability for children in care has to be understood in terms of processes over time and not as the result of a single decision of custody transfer. Consequently, social workers need to take several aspects into account when they assess family belonging and stability for children in foster care.
Decision‐making under uncertainty in child protection: Creating a just and learning culture
Authors: Munro Eileen 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe argument is made for having a positive error culture in child protection to improve decision‐making and risk management. This requires organizations to accept that mistakes are likely and to treat them as opportunities for learning and improving. In contrast, in many organizations, a punitive reaction to errors leads to workers hiding them and developing a defensive approach to their practice with children and families. The safety management literature has shown how human error is generally not simply due to a “bad apple” but made more or less likely by the work context that helps or hinders good performance. Improving safety requires learning about the weaknesses in the organization that contribute to poor performance. To create a learning culture, people need to feel that when they talk about mistakes or weak practice, there will be a constructive response from their organization. One aspect of reducing the blame culture is to develop a shared understanding of how practice will be judged and how those appraising practice will avoid the hindsight bias. To facilitate a positive error culture, a set of risk principles are presented that offer a set of criteria by which practice should be appraised.
Applying Visual Analytics to Physically Based Rendering
Authors: Simons G. , Herholz S. , Petitjean V. , Rapp T. , Ament M. , Lensch H. , Dachsbacher C. , Eisemann M. , Eisemann E. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPhysically based rendering is a well‐understood technique to produce realistic‐looking images. However, different algorithms exist for efficiency reasons, which work well in certain cases but fail or produce rendering artefacts in others. Few tools allow a user to gain insight into the algorithmic processes. In this work, we present such a tool, which combines techniques from information visualization and visual analytics with physically based rendering. It consists of an interactive parallel coordinates plot, with a built‐in sampling‐based data reduction technique to visualize the attributes associated with each light sample. Two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) heat maps depict any desired property of the rendering process. An interactively rendered 3D view of the scene displays animated light paths based on the user's selection to gain further insight into the rendering process. The provided interactivity enables the user to guide the rendering process for more efficiency. To show its usefulness, we present several applications based on our tool. This includes differential light transport visualization to optimize light setup in a scene, finding the causes of and resolving rendering artefacts, such as fireflies, as well as a path length contribution histogram to evaluate the efficiency of different Monte Carlo estimators.
Impacts of tropical forest disturbance on species vital rates
Authors: Cosset Cindy C.P. , Gilroy James J. , Edwards David P. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractTropical forests are experiencing enormous threats from deforestation and habitat degradation. Much knowledge of the impacts of these land‐use changes on tropical species comes from studies examining patterns of richness and abundance. Demographic vital rates (survival, reproduction, and movement) can also be affected by land‐use change in a way that increases species vulnerability to extirpation, but in many cases these impacts may not be manifested in short‐term changes in abundance or species richness. We conducted a literature review to assess current knowledge and research effort concerning how land‐use change affects species vital rates in tropical forest vertebrates. We found a general paucity of empirical research on demography across taxa and regions, with some biases toward mammals and birds and land‐use transitions, including fragmentation and agriculture. There is also considerable between‐species variation in demographic responses to land‐use change, which could reflect trait‐based differences in species sensitivity, complex context dependencies (e.g., between‐region variation), or inconsistency in methods used in studies. Efforts to improve understanding of anthropogenic impacts on species demography are underway, but there is a need for increased research effort to fill knowledge gaps in understudied tropical regions and taxa. The lack of information on demographic impacts of anthropogenic disturbance makes it difficult to draw definite conclusions about the magnitude of threats to tropical ecosystems under anthropogenic pressures. Thus, determining conservation priorities and improving conservation effectiveness remains a challenge.
Pesticide contact dermatitis in agricultural workers of Himachal Pradesh (India)
Authors: Sharma Aditi , Mahajan Vikram K. , Mehta Karaninder S. , Chauhan Pushpinder S. , Sharma Vikas , Sharma Anuj , Wadhwa Dhaarna , Chauhan Shailja 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundCommon pesticides used in the region by agricultural workers may cause contact allergy.MethodsThirty agricultural workers with a history of pesticide exposure and dermatitis involving the face, neck, trunk or extremities, and 20 controls comprising 2 groups of 10 subjects each, group 1 with dermatitis and no exposure to pesticides, and group 2 with neither exposure to pesticides nor dermatitis, were patch tested with 10 pesticides commonly used in the region by use of the Finn Chamber method.ResultsThe 30 patients, 20 of whom were male, aged 30‐77 years, had dermatitis for 1 month to 18 years, with relapses and remissions. Seasonal exacerbation was present in 18 patients. Six patients attributed aggravation of their dermatitis to pesticide exposure, and 2 of these reacted positively to propiconazole. Positive patch test reactions to pesticides occurred in 10 patients, but not in controls. Thiuram was the commonest sensitizer (4 patients). Three patients were sensitized to propiconazole, and 2 patients reacted positively to metaldehyde. Formaldehyde, mercaptobenzothiazole, cypermethrin and isoproturon gave positive reactions in 1 patient each.ConclusionThe sensitizing potential of pesticides remains a concern. Apparently, pesticide contact dermatitis is more common than expected, but remains under‐reported, as the implicated pesticides vary across regions and according to the crop patterns.
Environmental context and differences between native and invasive observed niches of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans affect invasion risk assessments in the Western Palaearctic
Authors: Beukema Wouter , Martel An , Nguyen Tao Thien , Goka Koichi , Schmeller Dirk S. , Yuan Zhiyong , Laking Alexandra E. , Nguyen Truong Quang , Lin Chun‐Fu , Shelton Jennifer , Loyau Adeline , Pasmans Frank 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAimIdentifying hosts and regions susceptible to invasion by an emerged pathogen is vital to inform early risk assessments. We here show how differences between a pathogen's native and invasive observed niche and their underlying environments affect this process, using the recent emergence of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) as a critical, empirical example.LocationPalaearctic.MethodsTo quantify observed niches, we first gathered occurrences from the native Asian and invasive European distribution of Bsal. Through ordination in PCA‐bound environmental space, we then applied overlap tests to compare native and invasive Bsal niches with those of 56 putative Western Palaearctic host species. At last, we ensembled bivariate niche models (ESMs) for each Bsal niche to assess how differences in observed niches influenced suitability predictions.ResultsThe observed invasive Bsal niche is a conservative, partially filled subset of its wider native niche. Pathogen–host overlap measured using the narrow invasive niche was nevertheless found to be significantly higher than that of the native niche, which is partly situated in subtropical conditions absent from the Western Palaearctic. ESMs created using the native niche predict high suitability for Bsal throughout Europe. Conversely, a more restricted range was predicted using the invasive niche, which coincides with the presence of oceanic climates in north‐western Europe and several Mediterranean mountain ranges.Main conclusionsUnequal relative availability of environments in native and invasive ranges may lead to underestimation of observed niche overlap between native pathogen populations and putative hosts in the invasive range. The existence of partially filled niches may add uncertainty to overlap measurements, and predictions of potential further spread. Results based on the invasive niche therefore provide a conservative estimate; yet demonstrate, in our case, that Bsal is already present in conditions shared by numerous host species. Further niche filling may accordingly increase risk of salamander diversity across the Western Palaearctic.
Colonoscopy quality requisites for selecting surveillance intervals: A World Endoscopy Organization Delphi Recommendation
Authors: Jover Rodrigo , Dekker Evelien , Schoen Robert E. , Hassan Cesare , Pellise Maria , Ladabaum Uri ,   the WEO Expert Working Group of Surveillance after colonic neoplasm
Published: July 2018

Background and AimsDifferent post‐polypectomy guidelines underscore the need for high‐quality baseline colonoscopy before appropriate surveillance recommendations can be made. Standards for colonoscopy practice have been advocated by gastrointestinal societies. Our aims were to define standards for the procedural practice of colonoscopy in this particular setting of surveillance and to generate a colonoscopy procedural quality checklist that could be implemented in clinical practice.MethodsThis study was based on the Delphi process methodology. The baseline questionnaire included 12 domains and 56 individual statements. A total of three rounds were carried out between September 2015 and March 2016 until consensus or lack of consensus was reached.ResultsIn total, consensus was reached on 27 statements in nine domains. High levels of agreement and consensus were reached that: (i) colonoscopy should be considered complete only if the whole cecum has been inspected, including the ileocecal valve and the appendiceal orifice (agreement score 4.63; degree of consensus 82%); (ii) quality of the bowel preparation should always be reported (agreement score 4.9, degree of consensus 94%); and (iii) it is preferable to use a segmental validated scale (agreement score 4.36, degree of consensus 86%). Consensus was also reached regarding multiple statements related to documentation of polyps and their resection. Finally, a colonoscopy quality checklist was drafted.ConclusionConsensus on different statements regarding quality of colonoscopy has been reached. Based on this consensus, we propose a colonoscopy quality checklist that would be helpful for post‐polypectomy surveillance recommendations.
Infants' attention bias to faces as an early marker of social development
Authors: Peltola Mikko J. , Yrttiaho Santeri , Leppänen Jukka M. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractInfants have a strong tendency to look at faces. We examined individual variations in this attentional bias in 7‐month‐old infants by using a face‐distractor competition paradigm and tested in a longitudinal sample whether these variations were associated with outcomes reflecting social behavior at 24 and 48 months of age (i.e., spontaneous helping, emotion understanding, mentalizing, and callous‐unemotional traits; N = 100–138). The results showed a robust and distinct attention bias to faces at 7 months, particularly when faces were displaying a fearful expression. This bias declined between 7 and 24 months and there were no significant correlations in attention dwell times between 7 and 24 months of age. Variations in attention to faces at 7 months were not associated with emotion understanding or mentalizing abilities at 48 months of age, but increased attention to faces at 7 months (regardless of facial expression) was related to more frequent helping responses at 24 months and reduced callous‐unemotional traits at 48 months of age. Thus, while the results fail to associate infants' face bias with later‐emerging emotion understanding and mentalizing capacities, they are consistent with a model whereby increased attention to faces in infancy is linked with the development of affective empathy and responsivity to others' needs.
The correlation between conventional echocardiography and two‐dimensional speckle strain imaging for evaluating left atrial function in patients with moderate to severe mitral stenosis
Authors: Sahebjam Mohammad , Montazeri Vahide , Zoroufian Arezoo , Hosseinsabet Ali , Lotfi‐Tokaldany Masoumeh , Jalali Arash 
Published: July 2018

AimWe intended to assess the left atrial deformation parameters, using two‐dimensional speckle tracking (2DSTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), and determine the correlation between these two techniques in order to recognize the patients at risk for cardioembolic events.MethodStrain and strain rate were measured using 2DSTE among 26 patients in sinus rhythm, with isolated moderate to severe mitral stenosis. Left atrial (LA) volume parameters (maximum, minimum and preatrial contraction) were measured. Among 26 patients, TEE was performed to detect left atrial thrombosis or spontaneous echo contrast. Left atrial appendage velocity (LAAV) was also assessed.ResultsA significant correlation was observed between LAAV and the average value of left atrial peak systolic strain (LA‐RES) (r = 0.638, P = 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of mean LA‐RES (cutoff = 16.75%) for detecting LAAV < 25 cm/s were 88.9% and 80%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of mean LA‐RES (cutoff = 18.14%) for detecting LAAV < 25 cm/s and/or dense smoky pattern were 77.8% and 83.3%, respectively, and those of left atrial maximum volume indexed for body surface area(cutoff = 50.75 cc/m2), for discriminating LAAV < 25 cm/s and/or dense smoky pattern, were 73.3% and 83.3%, respectively. A meaningful correlation was witnessed between mean LA‐RES and left atrial ejection fraction (r = 0.736, P < 0.001), and left atrial expansion index (r = 0.743, P < 0.001).ConclusionThe average value of left atrial reservoir function using 2DSTE can be used as a predictive factor for detecting LAAV < 25 cm/s and/or dense SEC and thus recognizing high‐risk patients for cardioembolic events with moderate to severe mitral stenosis. In addition, assessment of LA function and LA volume can also be helpful.
The neglected terminators: Rho family GAPs in neutrophils
Authors: Csépányi‐Kömi Roland , Pásztor Máté , Bartos Balázs , Ligeti Erzsébet 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundGTPase‐activating proteins (GAPs) accelerate the rate of hydrolysis of GTP bound to small GTPases, thereby limiting the prevalence and concentration of the active, GTP‐bound form of these proteins. The large number of potential GAPs acting on members of the Rho family of small GTPases raises the question of specificity or redundancy.ResultsIn this review, we summarize experimental data obtained on the role of Rho family GAPs in neutrophils, highlight cases where more than one GAP is involved in a physiological function and show examples that GAPs can be involved not only in termination but also in initiation of cellular processes. We demonstrate that the expression‐level regulation of GAPs may also occur in short‐living cells such as neutrophils. Finally, we provide insight into the existence and structure of molecular complexes in which Rho family GAPs are involved.ConclusionGAPs play more complex and varied roles than being simple terminators of cellular processes.
A loss of a velocity‐duration trade‐off impairs movement precision in patients with cerebellar degeneration
Authors: Markanday Akshay , Messner Julian , Thier Peter 
Published: July 2018

AbstractCurrent theories discussing the role of the cerebellum have been consistently pointing towards the concept of motor learning. The unavailability of a structure for motor learning able to use information on past errors to change future movements should cause consistent metrical deviations and an inability to correct them; however, it should not boost “motor noise.” However, dysmetria, a loss of endpoint precision and an increase in endpoint variability (“motor noise”) of goal‐directed movements is the central aspect of cerebellar ataxia. Does the prevention of dysmetria or “motor noise” by the healthy cerebellum tell us anything about its normal function? We hypothesize that the healthy cerebellum is able to prevent dysmetria by adjusting movement duration such as to compensate changes in movement velocity. To address this question, we studied fast goal‐directed index finger movements in patients with global cerebellar degeneration and in healthy subjects. We demonstrate that healthy subjects are able to maintain endpoint precision despite continuous fluctuations in movement velocity because they are able to adjust the overall movement duration in a fully compensatory manner (“velocity‐duration trade‐off”). We furthermore provide evidence that this velocity‐duration trade‐off accommodated by the healthy cerebellum is based on a priori information on the future movement velocity. This ability is lost in cerebellar disease. We suggest that the dysmetria observed in cerebellar patients is a direct consequence of the loss of a cerebellum‐based velocity‐duration trade‐off mechanism that continuously fine‐tunes movement durations using information on the expected velocity of the upcoming movement.
Full‐field characterisation of crack tip deformation and fatigue crack growth using digital image correlation—a review
Authors: Tong J. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn recent years, digital image correlation has been widely used in the analysis of crack problems. This review will examine digital image correlation, as a full‐field measurement technique, in the studies of crack tip mechanical behaviour under cyclic loading conditions. In particular, topics including determination of fracture mechanics parameters and evaluation of crack closure will be discussed. Micromechanical aspects of crack growth under cyclic loading will also be explored in crack driving and attenuation effects.
Response of soil microbial communities to altered precipitation: A global synthesis
Authors: Zhou Zhenghu , Wang Chuankuan , Luo Yiqi 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAimClimate change intensifies the hydrological cycle and consequently alters precipitation regimes. Accurately assessing future carbon (C) budgets depends on understanding the influence of altered precipitation on both aboveground C cycling and belowground processes. Our goal was to explore generalities and mechanisms of responses of soil microbial communities to altered precipitation and implications for C cycling in terrestrial ecosystems.LocationGlobal.Time period2001–2017.Major taxa studiedSoil microbes.MethodsWe used the meta‐analytical technique to synthesize data of 41 increased (IPPT) and 53 decreased precipitation (DPPT) studies from 65 publications worldwide. The data covered broad variations in climate, percentage of precipitation change, experimental duration and soil properties.ResultsThe fungi to bacteria ratio did not show a water‐tolerant shift, but the community compositions within the bacteria did. Microbial biomass showed a higher response to moderate IPPT than moderate DPPT, whereas it was more sensitive to extreme DPPT than extreme IPPT, suggesting that the responses of microbial biomass to altered precipitation are double asymmetric. However, such asymmetric responses of microbial biomass varied with climate humidity and soil texture: microbial biomass was more sensitive to IPPT at xeric sites than at mesic sites, whereas it was more responsive to DPPT in humid areas; microbial biomass in coarse‐textured soils was more sensitive to altered precipitation than that in fine‐textured soils. In addition, microbial response was positively correlated with the responses of aboveground/belowground plant biomass, soil respiration and organic C content.Main conclusionsOur meta‐analysis provides the first evidence that the asymmetric response of microbial biomass to altered precipitation varies with climate humidity and soil texture. Given the coordinated responses in the plant–soil–microorganism C continuum, our synthesis extends the double asymmetric model and provides a framework for understanding and modelling responses of ecosystem C cycling to global precipitation change.
Comparison of Löwenstein–Jensen and BACTEC MGIT 960 culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in people living with HIV
Authors: Hongler J , Musaazi J , Ledergerber B , Eberhard N , Sekaggya‐Wiltshire C , Keller PM , Fehr J , Castelnuovo B 
Published: July 2018

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to clarify how HIV infection affects tuberculosis liquid and solid culture results in a resource‐limited setting.MethodsWe used baseline data from the Study on Outcomes Related to Tuberculosis and HIV Drug Concentrations in Uganda (SOUTH), which included 268 HIV/tuberculosis (TB)‐coinfected individuals. Culture results from Löwenstein–Jensen (LJ) solid culture and mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT) liquid culture systems and culture‐based correlates for bacillary density from the sputum of HIV/TB‐coinfected individuals at baseline were analysed.ResultsOf 268 participants, 243 had a CD4 cell count available and were included in this analysis; 72.2% of cultures showed growth on solid culture and 82.2% in liquid culture systems (P < 0.015). A higher CD4 cell count was predictive of LJ positivity [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.14; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.25 per 50 cells/μL increase; P = 0.008]. The same, but insignificant trend was observed for MGIT positivity (adjusted OR 1.09; 95% CI 0.99–1.211 per 50 cells/μL increase; P = 0.094). A higher CD4 cell count was associated with a higher LJ colony‐forming unit grade (adjusted OR 1.14; 95% CI 1.05–1.25 per 50 cells/μL increase; P = 0.011) and a shorter time to MGIT positivity [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.08; 95% CI 1.04–1.12 per 50 cells/μL increase; P < 0.001].ConclusionsIn a resource‐limited setting, the MGIT liquid culture system outperformed LJ solid culture in terms of culture yield and dependence on CD4 cell counts in HIV/TB‐coinfected individuals. We therefore suggest considering an adaptation of diagnostic algorithms: when resources allow only one culture method to be performed, we recommend that MGIT liquid culture should be used exclusively in HIV‐positive individuals as a first‐line culture method, to reduce costs and make TB culture results accessible to more patients in resource‐limited settings.