bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Porous Triazine Containing Covalent Organic Polymer Supported Pd Nanoparticles: A Stable and Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling and the Reduction of Nitroarenes
Authors: Sadhasivam Velu , Mariyappan Mathappan , Siva Ayyanar 
Published: December 2018

AbstractHere, we report the synthesis and characterization of palladium nanoparticles immobilized on (Pd@DASs) triazine containing covalent organic polymer prepared through solvothermal method to the formation of Schiff base polymer condensation reaction between 1,4‐diaminobenzene and 4,4′,4′′‐(1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4,6‐triyl)tribenzaldehyde, respectively. The synthesized Pd@DASs was thoroughly characterized by various techniques including FT‐IR, UV‐DRS, EDAX, powder XRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Furthermore, the prepared Pd@DASs potential catalytic performance was evaluated for Sonogashira cross‐coupling of various aryl halides with phenylacetylene, K2CO3 as a base in water/DMF (2:1) solvent for about 3 h and the same catalyst was used for reduction of nitroarenes using hydrazine hydrate (Hydrogen source) in methanol/water (1:2) mixture of solvent for about 1.30 h under mild reaction conditions. Neither copper and nor ligand and additives are required in the reaction medium, which exhibits high catalytic activity and excellent to good yield (upto 96% and 99%), the catalyst can be separated easily and recycle for several times.
Solution‐Phase Synthesis of Silica Fibers and Their Use in Making Transparent High‐Strength Silica‐Polymer Composites
Authors: Spence Daron , Park Jaehyung , Cullen David A. , Ho Hoi Chun , Polizos Georgios , Sharma Jaswinder 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA solution‐phase synthesis of silica fibers is demonstrated. Silica fibers with length up to 50 μm and diameter ≈ 300 nm were synthesized. Fiber structure was characterized by using scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and Barrett‐Joyner‐Halenda (BJH) pore size and volume analysis. Fiber reinforced polymer composite films were made and investigated to demonstrate the use of these fibers as a reinforce material. A polymer composite film having 6% of silica fibers showed 38% and 16% increase in the Young's modulus and the yield point, respectively, when compared to the Young's modulus and yield point of the polymer alone. Composite films had quite good visible transmittance (>90%).
A New Resin Containing Aminopropylphosphonate Chelating Ligand for High‐Performance Mitigation of Heavy Metal Ions
Authors: Kazi Izzat W. , Ullah Nisar , Ali Shaikh A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCyclopolymerization, initiated by t‐butylhydroperoxide, of an aqueous solution of N‐(3‐phosphonopropyl)diallylammonium hydrochloride and cross‐linker tetraallylpiperazinium dichloride in 9:1 mol ratio, led to a pH‐responsive cross‐linked resin (80% yield). The resin showed exceptional efficiency for entrapping toxic metal ions from aqueous systems. Using Langmuir adsorption isotherm, the respective maximum uptake (Qm) of Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions was determined to be 7.18 and 6.76 mmol g−1. The very impressive performance accorded the resin a prestigious place among many sorbents in recent works. The adsorption data fitted second‐order kinetics with respective Ea of 35.5 and 31.1 kJ mol−1 for Pb2+and Cu2+ ions. While the initial rapid adsorption of metal ions was due to film diffusion, the slower adsorption followed intraparticle diffusion. SEM and EDX analyses confirmed the metal ions’ adsorption onto sorbent. The negative ΔG° and positive ΔH° values demonstrated the endothermic adsorption as a favorable process. The sorbent is recyclable as evinced by the excellent adsorption/desorption process.
Phase Transitions in Confinements: Controlling Solid to Fluid Transitions of Xenon Atoms in an On‐Surface Network
Authors: Ahsan Aisha , Mousavi S. Fatemeh , Nijs Thomas , Nowakowska Sylwia , Popova Olha , Wäckerlin Aneliia , Björk Jonas , Gade Lutz H. , Jung Thomas A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis study reports on “phase” transitions of Xe condensates in on‐surface confinements induced by temperature changes and local probe excitation. The pores of a metal‐organic network occupied with 1 up to 9 Xe atoms are investigated in their propensity to undergo “condensed solid” to “confined fluid” transitions. Different transition temperatures are identified, which depend on the number of Xe atoms in the condensate and relate to the stability of the Xe clustering in the condensed “phase.” This work reveals the feature‐rich behavior of transitions of confined planar condensates, which provide a showcase toward future “phase‐transition” storage media patterned by self‐assembly. This work is also of fundamental interest as it paves the way to real space investigations of reversible solid to fluid transitions of magic cluster condensates in an array of extremely well‐defined quantum confinements.
Evaluation of morphometric parameters using geographic information system coupled with digital elevation model: A case study from Gumara watershed, Ethiopia
Authors: Ahmad Imran , Dar Mithas Ahmad 
Published: December 2018

AbstractEvery year during the monsoons, water‐activated soil erosion poses serious spatial–environmental tribulations, causing heavy damage to agricultural lands and sedimentation in reservoirs, creating water quality problems in nearby surface water bodies. A digital elevation model (DEM) and geographic information system (GIS) are coupled to investigate the various morphometric parameters and their hydrological implications. The software used to perform the overall analysis is the ESRI ArcGIS v10.3.1 with the ESRI Spatial Analyst and ArcHydro extension. Morphometric examination plays a vital role in watershed planning. For example, stream power index (SPI) analysis helps in delineating the areas prone to erosion. The zones with high values of SPI demand conservation measures in the Gumara watershed, Ethiopia. The general outcomes demonstrate that the use of DEM combined with GIS provide potentially powerful tools to analyze morphometric parameters for watershed management.
New psychoactive substances—Synthetic stimulants
Authors: Varì M. Rosaria , Pichini Simona , Giorgetti Raffaele , Busardò Francesco P. 
Published: December 2018

The expression “New Synthetic Stimulants” include classes of psychoactive compounds that share subjective effects in humans such as boosted mood or euphoria, feelings of empathy or compassion, increased sociability and sex drive, perceived increased ability to learn and focus, increased energy and alertness, with unpleasant outcomes like increased blood pressure and heart rate, paranoia or aberrations, decreased appetite, raised body temperature, clenched jaw or grinding teeth, dry mouth, insomnia, hallucinations, and aggressive or violent behavior. Synthetic stimulants act in the brain by increasing concentrations of neurotransmitters, mainly dopamine and serotonin. Dopamine is involved in attention, reward, and motivation whereas serotonin is involved in generating feelings of happiness and pleasure. Synthetic stimulants act on the two brain systems to different extents, accounting for their range of effects. Noradrenaline release is also stimulated by these compounds, but to a minor degree. In any case, long‐term use of synthetic stimulants exhausts dopamine and serotonin systems in the brain. The nerve cells become desensitized to the drugs, which makes them resistant to the brain's own signaling molecules. This leads to tolerance and dependence, which can easily turn into addiction. Like classic stimulants (e.g., cocaine, methamphetamine), new synthetic stimulants can be highly addictive.This article is categorized under:Toxicology > New Psychoactive Substances
The problem of genetic code misreading during protein synthesis
Authors: Joshi Kartikeya , Cao Ling , Farabaugh Philip J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSaccharomyces cerevisiae has been an important model for determining the frequency of translational misreading events, those in which a tRNA pairs incorrectly to the mRNA and inserts an amino acid not specified by the codon in the mRNA. Misreading errors have been quantified in vivo using reporter protein systems or mass spectrometry with both approaches converging on a simple model for most misreading. The available data show that misreading tRNAs must form stereotypical base mismatches that correspond to those that can mimic Watson–Crick base pairs when formed in the ribosomal A site. Errors involving other mismatches occur significantly less frequently. This work debunks the idea of an average misreading frequency of 5 × 10−4 per codon that extends across the genetic code. Instead, errors come in two distinct classes—high frequency and low frequency events—with most errors being of the low frequency type. A comparison of misreading errors in S. cerevisiae and Escherichia coli suggests the existence of a mechanism that reduces misreading frequency in yeast; this mechanism may operate in eukaryotes generally.
Generic bifurcations in fractional thermo‐mechanics with peridyamic effects
Authors: Béda Péter B. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn dynamic stability analysis, mathematical aspects of non‐locality are studied by using the theory of dynamical systems. The set of basic equations describing the behavior of continua is transformed to an abstract dynamical system. Such approach results in conditions for cases, when the differential operators have critical eigenvalues of zero real‐parts (dynamic stability or instability conditions). When the critical eigenvalues have nontrivial eigenspace, the way of loss of stability can be classified as a generic bifurcation. Our experiences show that material non‐locality and the generic nature of bifurcation at instability are connected, and the basic functions of the non‐trivial eigenspace can be used to determine internal length quantities of non‐local mechanics. In the paper, non‐local effects are introduced via fractional stress and strain into the equation of motion and into constitutive relations. Then, by defining dynamical systems, stability and bifurcation are studied for states of thermo‐mechanic solids. Conditions for stability and generic bifurcation are presented for constitutive relations under consideration.
Devonian bryozoans from Argentina: new cosmopolitan components of Southwestern Gondwanan basins
Authors: Carrera Marcelo G. , Ernst Andrej , Rustán Juan José 
Published: December 2018

AbstractLower to probably Middle Devonian bryozoans from western Argentina are reported. Five genera of trepostomes:Leptotrypa,Leptotrypella,Eridotrypella,Cyphotrypa,Boardmanella, and the cryptostome ?Pseudonematoporaare described and figured. The paleobiogeographical significance of these bryozoans was analyzed in the context of Southern Gondwana during the Devonian. The group was considered as nearly absent from southwestern marine basins. In contrast with highly endemic groups, supporting the recognition of the Malvinokaffric Realm in this region, bryozoans reported are nearly cosmopolitan. The presence of those genera typical of warm-temperate, carbonate settings from low paleolatitudes, such as the Laurentian-EuropeanEridotrypella,Leptotrypa, andLeptotrypella, or the EurasiansBoardmanellaand ?Pseudonematopora, implies that these taxa were euritopic with remarkable capabilities for dispersion to reach high-latitude siliciclastic environments of the Southwestern Gondwanan basins.
The Weight of the Continuous Past: Transitional (In)Justice and Impunity States in Central America
Authors: Bowen Rachel E. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCentral America’s Northern Triangle is infamous for high levels of violent crime and human rights abuses, producing “impunity states” in which violence typically goes unpunished. That violence reflects the broader impunity or “transitional injustice” that has persisted since the peace accords and transitions to democracy of the 1980s and 1990s. Several “posttransitional” trials for past human rights violations in recent years in Guatemala were made possible by institutional strengthening efforts in the prosecutorial agency, led by a unique United Nations commission. Significant progress away from broad impunity may also be seen in the 2015 “Guatemalan Spring,” in which a sitting president was forced to resign and submit to prosecution in connection with a corruption scandal. Comparisons of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras suggest that institutional strengthening is necessary before “posttransitional justice,” or an end to impunity more generally, can be possible.
Hypophosphataemia in severe acute malnutrition: a prospective observational study
Authors: Chanchal Rana , Gupta Sarika , Kanta Chandra , Singh Kalpana , Koonwar Sciddhartha 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSevere acute malnutrition (SAM) is a major cause of child mortality and morbidity. Children treated for SAM are at risk of refeeding hypophosphataemia (HP). The study was done to find out the incidence and various predictors of moderate/severe HP in SAM among North Indian children. This prospective observational study was conducted from August 2014 to July 2015 in the inpatients’ department of Department of Paediatrics at King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, North India, a tertiary care teaching hospital. Before inclusion, ethical approval and written informed consent was obtained. Included in the study were sixty-five children aged 6–59 months of age, who were admitted to the hospital with SAM as per the WHO guidelines. SAM was defined as a mid-upper arm circumference <115 mm and/or weight-for-height/length <–3z-scores of the WHO growth standards and/or have bilateral oedema. Serum P levels were measured on admission and for five consecutive days after starting feed. HP was defined as mild, moderate and severe with a cut-off of 1·19–0·65, 0·65–0·32 and <0·32 mmol/l, respectively. About 60 % children had HP, with 20 % having moderate/severe HP at admission. The proportion of HP increased to 83·1 %, with 38·5 % having moderate/severe HP on day 3 after feeding. It was concluded that HP is a common biochemical abnormality in SAM. Considering its impact on the health of the child, serum P levels should be monitored in patients with SAM who are treated with enteral feeding.
Muscle mass to visceral fat ratio is an important predictor of the metabolic syndrome in college students
Authors: Ramírez-Vélez Robinson , Garcia-Hermoso Antonio , Prieto-Benavides Daniel Humberto , Correa-Bautista Jorge Enrique , Quino-Ávila Aura Cristina , Rubio-Barreto Claudia Maritza , González-Ruíz Katherine , Carrillo Hugo Alejandro , Correa-Rodríguez María , González-Jiménez Emilio , Rio-Valle Jacqueline Schmidt 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the associations between the muscle mass to visceral fat (MVF) ratio and cardiometabolic risk factors in a large population of college students in Colombia and to propose cut-off points of this index for the metabolic syndrome (MetS). A total of 1464 young adults recruited from the FUPRECOL (Asociación de la Fuerza Prensil con Manifestaciones Tempranas de Riesgo Cardiovascular en Jóvenes y Adultos Colombianos) study were categorised into four groups based on their MVF ratio. Muscle mass and visceral fat level of the participants were measured using a bioelectrical impedance analysis. Cardiometabolic risk factors including lifestyle characteristics, anthropometry, blood pressure and biochemical parameters were assessed. The prevalence of moderate to severe obesity, hypertension and the MetS was higher in subjects in quartile (Q)1 (lower MVF ratio) (P<0·001). ANCOVA revealed that the subjects in Q1 had higher cardiometabolic disturbances, including altered anthropometry, blood pressure, muscle strength and biochemical parameters after adjusting for age and sex compared with young adults in higher MVF ratio quartiles (P<0·001). Muscular mass and physical activity levels were significantly lower in subjects with a lower MVF ratio (P<0·001). The receiver operating characteristic curve analyses indicated that in men the best MVF ratio cut-off point for detecting the MetS was 18·0 (AUC 0·83, sensitivity 78 % and specificity 77 %) and for women, the MVF ratio cut-off point was 13·7 (AUC 0·85, sensitivity 76 % and specificity 87 %). A lower MVF ratio is associated with a higher risk cardiometabolic profile in early adulthood, supporting that the MVF ratio could be used as a complementary screening tool that may help clinicians identify young adults at high cardiometabolic risk.
Impact of three different daily doses of vitamin D3supplementation in healthy schoolchildren and adolescents from North India: a single-blind prospective randomised clinical trial
Authors: Marwaha Raman K. , Garg Mahendra K. , Sethuraman Gomathy , Gupta Nandita , Mithal Ambrish , Dang Navin , Kalaivani Mani , Ashraf Ganie Mohd , Narang Archana , Arora Preeti , Singh Annie , Chadha Aditi , Manchanda Raj Kumar 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn India, there is a lack of information about the adequate daily dose of vitamin D3supplementation in school children. Hence, we undertook this study to evaluate the adequacy and efficacy of different doses of vitamin D3in schoolchildren. A total of 1008 vitamin D-deficient (VDD) children, aged 6–16 years with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels <50nmol/l, were cluster randomised into three groups (A-344, B-341 and C-232) for supplementation (600, 1000 and 2000 IU daily) of vitamin D3under supervision for 6 months. Of the 1008 subjects who completed the study, 938 (93 %) were compliant. Baseline and post-supplementation fasting blood and urine samples were evaluated for Ca, phosphates, alkaline phosphatase, 25(OH)D and parathormone and urine Ca:creatinine ratio. The mean age of the subjects was 11·7 (sd2·4) years, and the overall mean baseline serum 25(OH)D level was 24·3 (SD9·5)nmol/l. Post-supplementation rise in serum 25(OH)D in compliant group was maximum with 2000 IU (70·0 (SD30·0)nmol/l), followed by 1000 IU (46·8 (SD22·5)nmol/l) and 600 IU (36·5 (SD18·5)nmol/l), and serum 25(OH)D levels of ≥50nmol/l were achieved in 71·5, 81·8 and 92·9 % by groups A, B and C, respectively. Secondary hyperparathyroidism decreased from 31·7 to 8·4 % post-supplementation. Two participants developed hypercalciuria, but none developed hypercalcaemia. Children with VDD benefit maximum with the daily supplementation of 2000 IU of vitamin D3. Whether recommendations of 400 IU/d by Indian Council of Medical Research or 600 IU by Indian Academy of Pediatrics or Institute of Medicine would suffice to achieve vitamin D sufficiency in children with VDD remains debatable.
Integrated pest management of plant sucking bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Australian cotton: back to the future
Authors: Sequeira Richard V. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCreontiades dilutus (green mirid) and C. pacificus (brown mirid) are major hemipteran pests of transgenic (Bt) cotton in Australia. Current integrated pest management (IPM) guidelines for mirids in Australian cotton, based on economic thresholds and sampling recommendations, were developed and disseminated to industry at the start of the 2005–06 growing season and have remained largely unchanged since then. However, adoption of mirid IPM guidelines by industry has been highly variable and generally well below expectation. Annual surveys of crop protection practices across the Australian cotton industry, from 2010 to 2017, indicate that a third of all mirid sprays are applied below the recommended thresholds each year. More than half of all survey respondents in the 2017 survey indicated lack of confidence in the mirid thresholds due to highly variable and disproportionate damage, a phenomenon best described as the ‘mirid enigma’. A critical review of RD&amp;E outputs since 1998 shows that potential contributors to the mirid enigma include but are not limited to biological, ecological and methodological factors. Mirid feeding damage is likely to vary with developmental stage, gender and reproductive status. Ecological factors including trophic effects and multiple host plant usage are potential modifiers of mirid feeding damage. Methodological and technological constraints and shortcomings are evident in the threshold research done to date. Inadequate commercial sampling that results in unreliable estimates of pest density in the crop is a major contributor to the mirid enigma. Failure to account for the complexity of factors that can influence the nature and severity of mirid damage to cotton often results in fruit loss due to non-mirid related factors being incorrectly attributed to mirids. An alternative approach to mirid management based on modelling the dynamics of net fruit load (production–loss) proposed over 15 years ago is discussed.
On how the nature of early retirement is related to post-retirement life conditions from a citizenship perspective
Authors: Jensen Per H. , Kongshøj Kristian , de Tavernier Wouter 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to analyse how the nature of retirement is related to post-retirement life conditions among early retirees. As to the nature of retirement, we make use of the concepts of push, pull and jump to describe why individuals retire early. Push is analysed as an outcome of poor health and firings, pull as a mechanical (reflective) response to economic and symbolic signals of the welfare state, while jump is described as a reflexive process; jumpers strive for new experiences (a new life project) and/or social gains (to be more together with grandchildren). Post-retirement life conditions are analysed in a four-dimensional citizenship perspective: (a) economic, (b) social and (c) political citizenship, as well as the feeling of having (d) ‘equal social worth’vis-à-visfellow citizens. Results show that role transitions are strongly affected by the nature of retirement. Jumpers largely seem to be shielded from low levels of citizenship in old age. Those pushed out of the labour market indeed run a rather high risk of lacking citizenship, epitomised as loss of economic and social citizenship as well as a low sense of having equal social worthvis-á-visfellow citizens. No conclusive results were found for older workers subject to pull. Pullers made up a rather small proportion of total sample.