bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimizing Production using Nodal Analysis Applications
Authors: Al-Qasim Abdulaziz , Almudairis Fahad , AlAbdulatif Ziad , Alsubhi Mutaz 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Optimizing the development of oil and gas fields necessitates the use of accurate predication techniques. The predictions should also involve minimizing the uncertainties associated with day-to-day operational challenges related to wells, pipelines and surface facilities. The choke size settings, for instance, need to be frequently adjusted to optimize production flowrates using the right techniques.
This paper provides a method to optimize the production flowrate for existing wells and to minimize the cost through finding the best cost-effective selection. Providing an insight into factors affecting the flow assurance of oil and gas reservoirs is also included. The study has been implemented by the use of nodal analysis conducted by a surface network simulation, to reach the optimum design of oil and gas production systems. The optimization of the wells can be achieved by changing tubing and flowline sizes, minimizing the skin factor, controlling the water cut, and adjusting the gas-lift injection pressure.
The Hurricane oil field that covers a wide range of subsurface and surface facility data is simulated in this paper. Seven reservoirs are considered in this study containing eleven different wells. Seven of these wells are producing naturally while the remaining four wells are gas-lifted. For each of the eleven wells, different parametric scenarios are run on the different size of the pipelines and chokes. Flow assurance study has been conducted to know the effect of severe slugging, wax deposition, and hydrate formation. Severe slugging has been predicted using a surface network simulation, while wax deposition and hydrate formation using a pressure-volume- temperature (PVT) simulation. For the artificial lift wells, as this field was mainly operated by gas lift, a new design has been implemented based on gas surface injection rate as a way to eliminate the workover operations.
Root Cause Analysis for Iron Sulfide Deposition in Sour Gas Wells
Authors: Chen Tao , Wang Qiwei , Chang Frank , Leal Jairo , Espinosa Mauricio 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Iron sulfide (FeS) deposition is a ubiquitous phenomenon in sour oil and gas wells, especially for these producing from high temperature and high pressure reservoirs. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas is highly soluble in water and readily reacts with carbon steel and dissolved iron once in contact, which leads to the formation of FeS scale. The surface deposition or bulk precipitation of FeS scale is detrimental to flow assurance, such as flow restriction, pitting corrosion and stabilized emulsion.
Compared to the conventional carbonate and sulphate scales, the mitigation of iron sulfide deposition is notoriously difficult. It is essential to understand its root causes in order to develop a suitable strategy to manage the problem effectively.
By combining laboratorial tests and model simulations, new progresses have been made on the FeS root cause analysis for high temperature high H2S gas wells. The iron sources were determined over different stages of well life from drilling, completion, acidizing to production.
Results from this study demonstrate that the iron contributed by the sour reservoir connate water is limited and is not the major cause to FeS deposition on downhole tubular in sour gas wells. Carbon steel corrosion during production stage is one source of FeS deposition. However, the rate of iron sulfide deposition during production is minor and far less than the deposit observed in the field. Other sources of iron sulfide deposition should be further investigated.
Another major source is the iron released from tubing due to acid corrosion during acidizing stimulation, which potentially leads to severe formation damage and associated deposition problems in the production tubing and equipment. In addition, the iron contamination in the drilling fluid could contribute to FeS scaling problem.
This paper presents a fundamental study to understand the sources of iron for FeS deposition in high H2S sour wells producing from carbonate reservoirs. Appropriate mitigation strategies are recommended accordingly.
Practical Solutions for Rate-Transient Analysis of Tight/Shale Reservoirs with Interfracture Induced Heterogeneity
Authors: Sureshjani Mohammadhossein Heidari , Ahmadi Mohammad , Fahimpour Jalal 
Published: October 2019

Summary
Production from previously uneconomic tight/shale formations has become feasible by constructing multifractured horizontal wells. Rate-transient analysis of these wells is commonly performed with the assumption of homogeneous-reservoir models, which might not be valid in reality. During hydraulic fracturing, secondary fractures might be formed in the reservoir. Because of the limited energy of hydraulic fracturing, the quality of secondary fractures decreases with the distance from the main fracture. This would negate the assumption of a homogeneous reservoir.
In this paper, we present practical solutions that include reservoir heterogeneity in rate-transient analysis of multifractured wells. The solutions are developed for transient linear flow, which is a dominant-flow regime in many tight/shale reservoirs. In addition to forward solutions, inverse solutions are also developed that would ease the analysis procedure and reduce the uncertainty of estimation. The solutions are presented in simple formats and can be easily applied. We first developed the solutions such that they can be applied for any arbitrary permeability profile. We further considered special formats for the permeability/distance relationship and developed the relevant models. For a homogeneous system, the well-known square-root-of-time (time to the power of 0.5) plot is used. For the case of heterogeneity, however, the power of time should be greater than 0.5 and less than unity to produce a straight-line plot. We mathematically demonstrate this for a recognized format of the permeability/distance relationship.
The presented solutions are verified with the numerical simulation of synthetic examples. Comparison of the results reveals the accuracy of the analytical solutions. Two field examples are also analyzed to indicate the practical applicability of the analytical solutions. The permeability/distance profiles for these field examples are derived using the inverse solutions.
The pregnancy intention to have a second child and antenatal depressive symptoms in Chinese women under the new two-child-per-couple policy
Authors: Xiao Meili , Fu Bing , Mi Chunmei , Pan Chen , Zhu Shujuan , Lei Jun 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background: Few studies investigated the association between the pregnancy intention to have a second child and antenatal depressive symptoms.The aim of this study was to explore the association between the pregnancy intention to have a second child by pregnant women’s own desires, pregnant women’s husband own desires, parents who want to grandchild desires, couple’s concordance desires and antenatal depressive symptoms. Methods: A total of 306 participants who completed questionnaire were included in our analysis. Antenatal depressive symptom was assessed using the Chinese version of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between the pregnancy intention to have a second child by pregnant women’s own desires, pregnant women’s husband own desires, parents who want to grandchild desires and antenatal depressive symptoms. Results: the prevalence of antenatal depressive symptoms was 36.3% among the second child pregnant women. Of the 306 participants, the proportion of the pregnancy intention to have a second child by pregnant women’s own desires, pregnant women’s husband desires, parents who want to grandchild desires and couple’s concordance desires was 8.5%, 8.5%, 10.8% and 72.2% respectively. Compared with the pregnancy intention by couple’s concordance desires, pregnant women’s own desires to have a second child had higher risk of antenatal depressive symptoms after adjustment for potential confounders (OR=4.560, 95%CI: 1.603,12.973). No association was found between the pregnancy intention to have a second child by pregnant women’s husband own desires, parents who want to grandchild desires and antenatal depressive symptoms after adjustment for confounders (OR=1.996, 95%CI:0.781,5.105; OR=0.744, 95%CI: 0.306,1.811, respectively). Conclusion: These findings suggest the pregnancy intention to have a second child by pregnant women own’s desires may be a risk factors for antenatal depressive symptoms among two-child pregnant women. A qualitative study should be carried out to investigate the real reason for the intention by pregnant women’s own desires and antenatal depressive symptoms in the future, because of this study was a quantitative study. Key words: pregnancy intention; antenatal depressive symptoms; second child
Timely initiation of postpartum contraceptive and associated factors among women of extended postpartum period in Pawe district, northwest Ethiopia, 2019
Authors: Jaleta Desalegn Nazi , Yeshita Hedeja Yenus , Tamirat Koku Sisay 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background: Postpartum family planning is an important intervention for reducing high risk fertility behavior and spacing birth intervals; which ultimately helpful for the health of mothers and their babies. Hence, this study aimed to determine the magnitude of timely initiation of postpartum contraceptive and associated factors among extended postpartum women in Pawe district, Northwest Ethiopia.Methods: Community based cross-sectional study design was employed from February to March 2019 in Pawe district. A stratified multistage sampling technique was used to select a total of 820 women in the extended postpartum period. Data were collected using a pretested interviewer administered questionnaire. A bivariable and multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to identify determinants of timely initiation of postpartum contraceptive among extended postpartum women. Adjusted Odds ratio (AOR) with 95% CI was computed to assess the strength and presence of an association. Variable with less than 0.05 p-value considered as a significant determinant of contraceptive initiation.Results: Out of the total participants about 37.2% [95% CI (34.0, 40.5)] initiated postpartum contraceptive. Time return of menses [AOR=18.32, 95% CI(11.66,28.80)], postnatal care [AOR=7.8, 95%bCI(3.98,15.44)], knowledge level regarding modern contraceptive methods [AOR=3.0, 95% CI(1.40,6.59)], time of resumption of sexual intercourse [AOR=2.1, 95% CI(1.327,3.21), husband approval to use contraceptive [AOR=2.45,95%CI(1.42,4.22), antenatal care [AOR=2.1,95% CI(1.13,3.76), place of delivery at institution [AOR=2.0, 95% CI(1.22,3.39)], and got family planning counseling at delivery [AOR=2.34, 95% CI(1.22,4.49)] were factors associated with timely initiation of postpartum contraceptive. Conclusion and recommendation: The magnitude of timely initiation of postpartum contraceptive was low. This suggests strengthening the integration of postpartum contraceptive use with other basic maternal health services and improving knowledge of women in practicing timely initiation of postpartum contraceptive before engagement to risk activities of unintended pregnancy is important.
Gender-Dependent Association of Vitamin D Deficiency with Obesity and Hypercholesterolemia (LDLC) in Adults
Authors: Almesri Norah , Das Nagalla S. , Ali Muhallab E. , Gumaa Khalid , Giha Hayder A. 
Published: October 2019

Background:
Obesity, dyslipidemia and vitamin D deficiency are growing health problems
in the Arabian Gulf region. Their association with each other is yet to be clarified.

Methods:
Three-hundred and fourteen Bahraini adults, 164 males and 150 females comparable in median
age (34.5 vs. 31.0 yrs), body mass index (BMI), and ethnicity were recruited. The plasma level of
25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) was measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay and lipid profile
parameters were measured by an automated clinical chemistry analyzer. Based on BMI, study subjects
were grouped into underweight, normal, overweight, moderate obesity, and severe obesity subjects.

Results:
The results revealed an extremely high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (79.9%) and insufficiency
(18.8%). The predictors of low 25OHD3 levels were female gender, small age, conservative
dressing, least exposure to sunlight, and less fish intake. In all subjects, the lowest 25OHD3 level was
seen in underweight and severe obesity groups. Furthermore, the 25OHD3 level was significantly
higher in males as compared to females and it was positively correlated with the age. However, detailed
analysis showed that overweight males unlike females had the highest 25OHD3 levels which
were significantly higher than in the severely obese males. While the lipid profile parameters were
positively correlated with BMI, the total and LDL cholesterols were negatively correlated with the
levels of 25OHD3 in males.

Conclusions:
Vitamin D deficiency was associated with both severely obese and underweight subjects,
in the former it was likely to be institutional while in the latter it was likely to be nutritional. Furthermore,
hypercholesterolemia (LDL-C) was associated with 25OHD3 sub-normality. Further analysis
revealed that the significant associations were gender-dependent.
SHIFTING THE LEGAL BORDERLANDS OF RULE OF LAW PROGRAMS - BRAZILIAN COOPERATION AGENCY (ABC) AND PUBLIC DEFENDERS’ OFFICE IN EAST TIMOR
Authors: Shaila Sapna Reheem 
Published: October 2019

In this paper the author argues that the traditional international legal assistance (coined ‘rule of law’ assistance) follows a global template- sourced on the legal orders of countries that constitute the Global North. Under the rule of law (RoL) programs - legal procedures and institutions that are same as the donor nations are transferred to the recipient nations. This is because formal laws and institutions are seen as fundamental for economic prosperity and stability, and ‘copy-pasted’ as solutions separated from contexts. But in recent years with the emergence of non-traditional donors under the ‘South- South’ cooperation, following an approach of ‘mutual cooperation’ has challenged the traditional mode of international assistance on the RoL. These countries accommodate the existence of legal pluralism, as well as adopt a slower and prolonged approach by building networks with local stakeholders drawing on their post-colonial and development trajectories. Using the case study of Brazilian legal assistance through the ABC in East Timor within the Public Defenders’ Office, the author shows how non-traditional international donors has subverted the traditional model of ‘rule of law’ assistance. This paper bridges the gap between the scholarship on the South - South cooperation within development studies and the legal scholarship on law and development focusing on the rule of law reforms. Using empirical data, the paper demonstrates the distinctive approaches undertaken by the Brazilian international actors within East Timor by underlining how dominant rule of law reforms push crucial local interests to the borders/peripheries. Further, this paper poses questions on the universality of the rule of law reforms advocated by traditional donors by demonstrating the emergence of peripheral interests from the engagement of donors from the Global South.
REPRESENTAÇÃO DE INCONSTITUCIONALIDADE DAS LEIS MUNICIPAIS
Authors: Tostes André 
Published: October 2019

A Procuradoria Geral do Município do Rio de Janeiro desenvolveu rica experiência na produção de processos de representação de inconstitucionalidade de leis municipais, inclusive da sua Lei Orgânica, e de leis estaduais em face da Constituição do Estado do Rio de Janeiro ao longo dos últimos 30 anos. Essa notável experiência dotou a PGM, instituição essencial à Justiça e ao Direito no âmbito comunitário, de um conhecimento que a capacita a compor um marco orientador do processo e do procedimento dessa demanda especialíssima. Representação de inconstitucionalidade constitui processo de caráter objetivo, que não tem partes, cuja causa de pedir é aberta, que não admite desistência, que permite e até deseja a participação ativa de atores sociais especializados. A representação incide também sobre normas de conteúdo relativamente concreto e a coisa julgada da sua decisão vincula os poderes judiciário e administrativo e pode ter os respectivos efeitos modulados no tempo. A complexidade de uma demanda controle de constitucionalidade de leis municipais carecia de uma visão processual e procedimental que articulasse sua disciplina legal, basicamente as disposições do Regimento Interno do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e determinados dispositivos da Lei Federal 9.868, de 10 de novembro de 1999, que dispõe sobre o processo e julgamento da ação direta de inconstitucionalidade e da ação declaratória de constitucionalidade perante o Supremo Tribunal Federal, com as construções da jurisprudência, tanto do Tribunal Fluminense quanto da Suprema Corte. Este artigo espera cumprir com o objetivo de apresentar o referido marco orientador.
The Relationships between the Soviet Union and the Turkey (1920-1930) and its impact on the Kurdish issue
Authors: Mustafa Aram Ali 
Published: October 2019

Relations between Russia and Turkey have gone through five centuries at different stages, sometimes in difficult wars and conflicts, sometimes in harmony and good relations. However, conditions changed in the eighteenth century, when the Ottoman Empire was weakened and disintegrated. Russia played an important role in cutting down parts of the Caucasus and Central Asia, as well as in reducing the boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, which was considered a great nation for centuries.
At the end of the First World War, after the victory of the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia, Russian troops withdrew from the war fronts. The Bolshevik government exposed the secret clauses of the Sykes-Picot Agreement and concluded the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918, with the Quadruple Alliance, led by Germany and the Ottoman Empire.
The Ottoman Empire, like its German ally, took advantage of the withdrawal of Russian troops from the war fronts. In contrast to the agreement, attacks were launched on the Caucasus regions controlled by Russian Russia. However, following the emergence of the Turkish National Movement, led by Mustafa Kemal and the signing of the Sevre Treaty and there were changes in the war fronts, as in the political arena. Russia, which became Soviet Russia at that time, found a new friend and ally, which had common interests with Soviet Russia, against the Ottoman Empire, on the one hand, and Britain and France on the other. Both countries have benefited from this friendship and alliance.
But at a time when the Kurds, especially in the Ottoman Kurdistan, had a chance to move towards achieving their goals and national rights, and at least making some progress in accordance with the provisions of the Sovereign Convention on the Rights of the Kurds. As the first country to recognize and establish diplomatic relations with Turkey with the help of the Kemalist Movement in various ways, Russia, as well as economic, industrial and mining assistance, became a great supporter of Turkey in international and diplomatic forums.
All this, along with many other factors, helped the Republic of Turkey stand on its own feet. When the revolutions and movements against the injustice and tyranny of the Turks occurred in Northern Kurdistan in the 1920s and 1930s, Soviet Russia sided with all possible means, military and political, as well as the Turkish Republic. Which brutally suppressed these uprisings and every move of a Kurdish nationalist nature.
Understanding Nursing Workflow for Inpatient Education Delivery: Time and Motion Study
Authors: Baker Kelley M , Magee Michelle F , Smith Kelly M 
Published: October 2019

Background
Diabetes self-management education and support improves diabetes-related outcomes, but many persons living with diabetes do not receive this. Adults with diabetes have high hospitalization rates, so hospital stays may present an opportunity for diabetes education. Nurses, supported by patient care technicians, are typically responsible for delivering patient education but often do not have time. Using technology to support education delivery in the hospital is one potentially important solution.

Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate nurse and patient care technician workflow to identify opportunities for providing education. The results informed implementation of a diabetes education program on a tablet computer in the hospital setting within existing nursing workflow with existing staff.

Methods
We conducted a time and motion study of nurses and patient care technicians on three medical-surgical units of a large urban tertiary care hospital. Five trained observers conducted observations in 2-hour blocks. During each observation, a single observer observed a single nurse or patient care technician and recorded the tasks, locations, and their durations using a Web-based time and motion data collection tool. Percentage of time spent on a task and in a location and mean duration of task and location sessions were calculated. In addition, the number of tasks and locations per hour, number of patient rooms visited per hour, and mean time between visits to a given patient room were determined.

Results
Nurses spent approximately one-third of their time in direct patient care and much of their time (60%) on the unit but not in a patient room. Compared with nurses, patient care technicians spent a significantly greater percentage of time in direct patient care (42%; P=.001). Nurses averaged 16.2 tasks per hour, while patient care technicians averaged 18.2. The mean length of a direct patient care session was 3:42 minutes for nurses and 3:02 minutes for patient care technicians. For nurses, 56% of task durations were 2 minutes or less, and 38% were one minute or less. For patient care technicians, 62% were 2 minutes or less, and 44% were 1 minute or less. Nurses visited 5.3 and patient care technicians 9.4 patient rooms per hour. The mean time between visits to a given room was 37:15 minutes for nurses and 33:28 minutes for patient care technicians.

Conclusions
The workflow of nurses and patient care technicians, constantly in and out of patient rooms, suggests an opportunity for delivering a tablet to the patient bedside. The average time between visits to a given room is consistent with bringing the tablet to a patient in one visit and retrieving it at the next. However, the relatively short duration of direct patient care sessions could potentially limit the ability of nurses and patient care technicians to spend much time with each patient on instruction in the technology platform or the content.