bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reexamination of Early Lunar Chronology With GRAIL Data: Terranes, Basins, and Impact Fluxes
Authors: Evans Alexander J. , Andrews‐Hanna Jeffrey C. , Head James W. , Soderblom Jason M. , Solomon Sean C. , Zuber Maria T. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractFlooding of the lunar surface by ancient mare basalts has rendered uncertain the ages of lunar geochemical terranes and several impact basins. Here we combine craters having recognizable surface expressions with craters identified only by their gravitational signatures in Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory data to reassess the chronological sequence of lunar impact basins and the ages of major lunar geochemical terranes. Our results indicate that although volcanically flooded regions are deficient in craters with diameters greater than 20 km by more than 50% relative to unflooded regions, craters with diameters greater than 90 km can be readily recognized either by topography or by gravity anomaly. On the basis of the areal density of craters with diameters greater than 90 km we conclude that (1) the Serenitatis basin could be as young as the Imbrium basin; (2) the areal density of craters within the Procellarum KREEP Terrane is significantly lower than that for the South Pole‐Aitken basin and the Feldspathic Highlands Terrane; (3) if the youngest age of final crystallization of the lunar magma ocean is adopted as a lower bound on the age of the Procellarum KREEP Terrane, a minimum age of approximately 4.3 Ga is inferred for ~40% of lunar impact basins, including South Pole‐Aitken; and (4) the flux of impactors capable of forming craters with diameters of at least 90 km decreased substantially through the Nectarian and Imbrian periods.
Experimental and Modeling Study of Methane Adsorption onto Partially Saturated Shales
Authors: Wang Lu , Wan Jiamin , Tokunaga Tetsu K. , Kim Yongman , Yu Qingchun 
Published: June 2018

AbstractShale gas equilibrates through gas‐liquid‐solid interactions in reservoirs, but the role of moisture is rarely investigated. To determine how adsorbed water influences methane behavior, three carboniferous shale samples from the Qaidam Basin, China, were humidified at five levels up to a relative humidity of 89%, and their methane capacities at pressures up to 12 MPa were studied. The experimental results indicate that two water‐related mechanisms, “water blocking for methane transport” and “surface competition for gas‐solid interaction,” are primarily responsible for the methane capacity variations. A compositional comparison suggests that a high abundance of clay minerals plays a favorable role in methane migration by retaining water in interlayer pores. Based on the experimental data, an optimized method for calculating the adsorption amount based on an approximation of density distribution is proposed. The model predicts the average thickness of the adsorption layer and the adsorbed methane density distribution on the surface at a given pressure. The methane adsorption layer “thins” in a stepped pattern by up to 45% in the presence of water, with little further change observed at relative humidities greater than 75% in the studied samples.
Rapid Modification of Urban Land Surface Temperature During Rainfall
Authors: Omidvar Hamidreza , Song Jiyun , Yang Jiachuan , Arwatz Gilad , Wang Zhi‐Hua , Hultmark Marcus , Kaloush Kamil , Bou‐Zeid Elie 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis paper examines runoff dynamics and heat transfer during rainfall over urban surfaces, in particular pavements. A kinematic wave approach is combined with heat storage and transfer schemes to develop a model for pervious and impervious pavements. The resulting framework is a numerical prognostic model that can simulate the temperature fields in the subsurface and runoff layers to capture the rapid cooling of the surface, as well as the thermal pollution advected in the runoff. Extensive field measurements are conducted over several types of experimental pavements in Arizona to probe the physics and then to validate the model. The experimental data and the model results are in good agreement, and their joint analysis elucidates the physics of the rapid heat transfer from the subsurface to the runoff. A demonstrative application of the model over a (hypothetical) parking lot, with impervious or pervious asphalt, is then presented. It illustrates that the rate of ground surface temperature cooling for the impervious pavement is lower than the pervious one (where infiltration is very effective at removing heat). Finally, the analysis of the energy budgets unravels the relative importance of the various physical mechanisms in transferring heat from the subsurface to the runoff and the atmosphere. This transfer is dominated by terms associated with water flux and subsurface heat extraction, while latent, sensible, and radiative heat fluxes are minor contributors. The findings underline the importance of including rainfall‐induced cooling in geophysical models that seek to study urban heat islands or urban precipitation modification.
Soil Structural Degradation During Low‐Severity Burns
Authors: Jian M. , Berli M. , Ghezzehei T. A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractLow‐severity wildfires and prescribed burns have been steadily increasing for over three decades, currently accounting for more than half of total burned area in the southwestern United States. Most observations immediately after low‐severity burns report little adverse impacts on soil properties and processes. In a few studies, however, significant deterioration of soil structure has been observed several months after such fires. Here we show that rapid vaporization of pore water during low‐severity burns raises pneumatic gas pressure inside large aggregates (20–30 mm) to damaging levels, on the order of aggregate tensile strength and high enough to cause viscoplastic deformation. However, the impact on soil structure was not immediately perceptible. This suggests that other natural forces, such as wetting‐drying and thermal cycles, are required to disrupt the weakened aggregates. Thus, adverse consequences of the suggested mechanism on soil processes and services (e.g., infiltration, erodibility, and organic matter protection) are likely overlooked.
Describing Snow Instability by Failure Initiation, Crack Propagation, and Slab Tensile Support
Authors: Reuter B. , Schweizer J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSnow instability is a generic term describing the propensity of a snow slope to avalanche. In need of a concise mechanics‐based concept we suggest a framework based on failure initiation, crack propagation, and slab tensile support. Following these three steps we modeled three metrics from mechanical data, which we derived from snow micropenetrometer signals. Verifying the metrics with field measurements confirmed that slab thickness and weak layer strength typically influence failure initiation, elastic modulus and weak layer fracture energy largely control crack propagation, and slab thickness and tensile strength provide the required tensile support. For all three metrics, considering slab layering was essential. Validation with signs of instability showed that the most accurate model includes all three steps – suggesting that snow instability can be described by failure initiation, crack propagation, and slab tensile support. Further validation is needed to assess the framework's potential for operational use.
Equatorial Noise With Quasiperiodic Modulation: Multipoint Observations by the Van Allen Probes Spacecraft
Authors: Němec F. , Santolík O. , Boardsen S. A. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Kurth W. S. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractElectromagnetic wave measurements performed by the two Van Allen Probes spacecraft are used to analyze equatorial noise emissions with a quasiperiodic modulation of the wave intensity. These waves are confined to the vicinity of the geomagnetic equator, and they occur primarily on the dayside. In situ plasma number density measurements are used to evaluate density variations related to the wave occurrence. It is shown that the events are sometimes effectively confined to low‐density regions, being observed at successive satellite passes over a time duration as long as 1 hr. The events typically occur outside the plasmasphere, and they often cease to exist just at the plasmapause. The analysis of the spatial separations of the spacecraft at the times when the events were observed simultaneously by both of them allows us to estimate the event spatial dimensions. It is found that the event spatial extent is typically lower than about 0.25RE in radial distance and within about 1 hr in magnetic local time. Modulation periods of the events decrease with increasing plasma number density up to about 100 cm−3. Principally no dependence is observed at larger densities, possibly indicating a propagation from other locations.
Spatial, Seasonal, and Solar Cycle Variations of the Martian Total Electron Content (TEC): Is the TEC a Good Tracer for Atmospheric Cycles?
Authors: Sánchez‐Cano Beatriz , Lester Mark , Witasse Olivier , Blelly Pierre‐Louis , Indurain Mikel , Cartacci Marco , González‐Galindo Francisco , Vicente‐Retortillo Álvaro , Cicchetti Andrea , Noschese Raffaella 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWe analyze 10 years of Mars Express total electron content (TEC) data from the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding (MARSIS) instrument. We describe the spatial, seasonal, and solar cycle behavior of the Martian TEC. Due to orbit evolution, data come mainly from the evening, dusk terminator and postdusk nightside. The annual TEC profile shows a peak at Ls = 25–75° which is not related to the solar irradiance variation but instead coincides with an increase in the thermospheric density, possibly linked with variations in the surface pressure produced by atmospheric cycles such as the CO2 or water cycles. With the help of numerical modeling, we explore the contribution of the ion species to the TEC and the coupling between the thermosphere and ionosphere. These are the first observations which show that the TEC is a useful parameter, routinely measured by Mars Express, of the dynamics of the lower‐upper atmospheric coupling and can be used as tracer for the behavior of the thermosphere.
Estimating Basin‐Scale Water Budgets With SMAP Soil Moisture Data
Authors: Koster Randal D. , Crow Wade T. , Reichle Rolf H. , Mahanama Sarith P. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSoil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Level‐2 soil moisture retrievals collected during 2015–2017 are used in isolation to estimate 10‐day warm season precipitation and streamflow totals within 145 medium‐sized (2,000–10,000 km2) unregulated watersheds in the conterminous United States. The precipitation estimation algorithm, derived from a well‐documented approach, includes a locally calibrated loss function component that significantly improves its performance. For the basin‐scale water budget analysis, the precipitation and streamflow algorithms are calibrated with 2 years of SMAP retrievals in conjunction with observed precipitation and streamflow data and are then applied to SMAP retrievals alone during a third year. While estimation accuracy (as measured by the square of the correlation coefficient, r2, between estimates and observations) varies by basin, the average r2 for the basins is 0.53 for precipitation and 0.22 for streamflow. For the subset of 22 basins that calibrate particularly well, the r2 increases to 0.63 for precipitation and to 0.51 for streamflow. The magnitudes of the estimated variables are also accurate, with sample pairs generally clustered about the 1:1 line. The chief limitation to the estimation involves large biases induced during periods of high rainfall; the accuracy of the estimates (in terms of r2 and root‐mean‐square error) increases significantly when periods of higher rainfall are not considered. The potential for transferability is also demonstrated by calibrating the streamflow estimation equation in one basin and then applying the equation in another. Overall, the study demonstrates that SMAP retrievals contain, all by themselves, information that can be used to estimate large‐scale water budgets.
Evaporation From Deep Aquifers in Arid Regions: Analytical Model for Combined Liquid and Vapor Water Fluxes
Authors: Kamai Tamir , Assouline Shmuel 
Published: June 2018

AbstractEvaporation is a significant part of the water cycle in hyper‐arid environments. The subsurface of these deserts is characterized by deep groundwater with negligible recharge, whereby water flows from the water table to the surface and evaporates. We propose an analytical model to predict the evaporation rate and the position of the evaporative front. The model accounts for water table depth, atmospheric conditions, and soil hydraulic properties. We consider steady state flow, with two distinct regions separated by an evaporative front, liquid‐phase flow from the water table to the front and vapor‐phase flow from the front toward the surface. The driving forces are pressure head gradients for Darcian liquid flow, and thermal and relative humidity gradients for Fickian diffusive vapor flow. Evaporation rates are predicted for different soil types. The impact of constitutive models applied for characterizing these soils, groundwater depth, and atmospheric conditions are evaluated. Evaporation increases as groundwater levels are shallower, and as atmospheric temperatures increase and/or relative humidity values decrease. Evaporation decreases exponentially with groundwater depth, approaching a constant value of about 0.02 mm per year under typical atmospheric conditions and water table depths below 500 m. The impact of soil type and other related uncertainties are important when groundwater is shallower than 300 m. The relative portion of the liquid phase region increases compared to that of the vapor one as evaporation rates increase. The actual size of the liquid phase flow region, however, reaches its maximum when the water flux approaches zero at hydrostatic conditions.
An integrated analysis of genes and functional pathways for aggression in human and rodent models
Authors: Zhang-James Yanli , Fernàndez-Castillo Noèlia , Hess Jonathan L , Malki Karim , Glatt Stephen J , Cormand Bru , Faraone Stephen V 
Published: June 2018

AbstractHuman genome-wide association studies (GWAS), transcriptome analyses of animal models, and candidate gene studies have advanced our understanding of the genetic architecture of aggressive behaviors. However, each of these methods presents unique limitations. To generate a more confident and comprehensive view of the complex genetics underlying aggression, we undertook an integrated, cross-species approach. We focused on human and rodent models to derive eight gene lists from three main categories of genetic evidence: two sets of genes identified in GWAS studies, four sets implicated by transcriptome-wide studies of rodent models, and two sets of genes with causal evidence from online Mendelian inheritance in man (OMIM) and knockout (KO) mice reports. These gene sets were evaluated for overlap and pathway enrichment to extract their similarities and differences. We identified enriched common pathways such as the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathway, axon guidance, reelin signaling in neurons, and ERK/MAPK signaling. Also, individual genes were ranked based on their cumulative weights to quantify their importance as risk factors for aggressive behavior, which resulted in 40 top-ranked and highly interconnected genes. The results of our cross-species and integrated approach provide insights into the genetic etiology of aggression.
Competitive inter-species interactions underlie the increased antimicrobial tolerance in multispecies brewery biofilms
Authors: Parijs Ilse , Steenackers Hans P 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Genetic diversity often enhances the tolerance of microbial communities against antimicrobial treatment. However the sociobiology underlying this antimicrobial tolerance remains largely unexplored. Here we analyze how inter-species interactions can increase antimicrobial tolerance. We apply our approach to 17 industrially relevant multispecies biofilm models, based on species isolated from 58 contaminating biofilms in three breweries. Sulfathiazole was used as antimicrobial agent because it showed the highest activity out of 22 biofilm inhibitors tested. Our analysis reveals that competitive interactions dominate among species within brewery biofilms. We show that antimicrobial treatment can reduce the level of competition and therefore cause a subset of species to bloom. The result is a 1.2–42.7-fold lower percentage inhibition of these species and increased overall tolerance. In addition, we show that the presence of Raoultella can also directly enhance the inherent tolerance of Pseudomonas to antimicrobial treatment, either because the species protect each other or because they induce specific tolerance phenotypes as a response to competitors. Overall, our study emphasizes that the dominance of competitive interactions is central to the enhanced antimicrobial tolerance of the multispecies biofilms, and that the activity of antimicrobials against multispecies biofilms cannot be predicted based on their effect against monocultures.
Early deprivation disruption of associative learning is a developmental pathway to depression and social problems
Authors: Sheridan Margaret A. , McLaughlin Katie A. , Winter Warren , Fox Nathan , Zeanah Charles , Nelson Charles A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractExposure to psychosocial deprivation is associated with elevations in numerous forms of impairment throughout the life-course. Disruptions in associative learning may be a key mechanism through which adversity, particularly psychosocial deprivation, increases risk for impairment. Existing data consistent with this claim come entirely from correlational studies. Here, we present the first experimental evidence relating psychosocial deprivation and disruptions in multiple forms of associative learning. Using data from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, we demonstrate that randomized placement into a family caregiving environment during the infant/toddler period as compared to prolonged institutional care normalizes two forms of associative learning in early adolescence: reward responsivity and implicit motor learning. These forms of associative learning significantly mediate the effect of institutional rearing on depressive symptoms and peer relationships. In sum, we provide evidence for a novel pathway linking early experience to psychopathology and peer relationships through basic associative learning mechanisms.
Semen inhibits Zika virus infection of cells and tissues from the anogenital region
Authors: Müller Janis A. , Harms Mirja , Krüger Franziska , Groß Rüdiger , Joas Simone , Hayn Manuel , Dietz Andrea N. , Lippold Sina , von Einem Jens , Schubert Axel , Michel Manuela , Mayer Benjamin , Cortese Mirko , Jang Karen S. , Sandi-Monroy Nathallie , Deniz Miriam , Ebner Florian , Vapalahti Olli , Otto Markus , Bartenschlager Ralf , Herbeuval Jean-Philippe , Schmidt-Chanasit Jonas , Roan Nadia R. , Münch Jan 
Published: June 2018

AbstractZika virus (ZIKV) causes severe birth defects and can be transmitted via sexual intercourse. Semen from ZIKV-infected individuals contains high viral loads and may therefore serve as an important vector for virus transmission. Here we analyze the effect of semen on ZIKV infection of cells and tissues derived from the anogenital region. ZIKV replicates in all analyzed cell lines, primary cells, and endometrial or vaginal tissues. However, in the presence of semen, infection by ZIKV and other flaviviruses is potently inhibited. We show that semen prevents ZIKV attachment to target cells, and that an extracellular vesicle preparation from semen is responsible for this anti-ZIKV activity. Our findings suggest that ZIKV transmission is limited by semen. As such, semen appears to serve as a protector against sexual ZIKV transmission, despite the availability of highly susceptible cells in the anogenital tract and high viral loads in this bodily fluid.
HuR regulates telomerase activity through TERC methylation
Authors: Tang Hao , Wang Hu , Cheng Xiaolei , Fan Xiuqin , Yang Fan , Zhang Mengmeng , Chen Yanlian , Tian Yuyang , Liu Cihang , Shao Dongxing , Jiang Bin , Dou Yali , Cong Yusheng , Xing Junyue , Zhang Xiaotian , Yi Xia , Songyang Zhou , Ma Wenbin , Zhao Yong , Wang Xian , Ma Jinbiao , Gorospe Myriam , Ju Zhenyu , Wang Wengong 
Published: June 2018

AbstractTelomerase consists of the catalytic protein TERT and the RNA TERC. Mutations in TERC are linked to human diseases, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we report that the RNA-binding protein HuR associates with TERC and promotes the assembly of the TERC/TERT complex by facilitating TERC C106 methylation. Dyskeratosis congenita (DC)-related TERC U100A mutation impair the association of HuR with TERC, thereby reducing C106 methylation. Two other TERC mutations linked to aplastic anemia and autosomal dominant DC, G107U, and GC107/108AG, likewise disrupt methylation at C106. Loss-of-HuR binding and hence lower TERC methylation leads to decreased telomerase activity and telomere shortening. Furthermore, HuR deficiency or mutation of mTERC HuR binding or methylation sites impair the renewal of mouse hematopoietic stem cells, recapitulating the bone marrow failure seen in DC. Collectively, our findings reveal a novel function of HuR, linking HuR to telomerase function and TERC-associated DC.
An ensemble code in medial prefrontal cortex links prior events to outcomes during learning
Authors: Maggi Silvia , Peyrache Adrien , Humphries Mark D. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe prefrontal cortex is implicated in learning the rules of an environment through trial and error. But it is unclear how such learning is related to the prefrontal cortex’s role in short-term memory. Here we ask if the encoding of short-term memory in prefrontal cortex is used by rats learning decision rules in a Y-maze task. We find that a similar pattern of neural ensemble activity is selectively recalled after reinforcement for a correct decision. This reinforcement-selective recall only reliably occurs immediately before the abrupt behavioural transitions indicating successful learning of the current rule, and fades quickly thereafter. We could simultaneously decode multiple, retrospective task events from the ensemble activity, suggesting the recalled ensemble activity has multiplexed encoding of prior events. Our results suggest that successful trial-and-error learning is dependent on reinforcement tagging the relevant features of the environment to maintain in prefrontal cortex short-term memory.
Multiple communication mechanisms between sensor kinases are crucial for virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Francis Vanessa I. , Waters Elaine M. , Finton-James Sutharsan E. , Gori Andrea , Kadioglu Aras , Brown Alan R. , Porter Steven L. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBacteria and many non-metazoan Eukaryotes respond to stresses and threats using two-component systems (TCSs) comprising sensor kinases (SKs) and response regulators (RRs). Multikinase networks, where multiple SKs work together, detect and integrate different signals to control important lifestyle decisions such as sporulation and virulence. Here, we study interactions between two SKs fromPseudomonas aeruginosa, GacS and RetS, which control the switch between acute and chronic virulence. We demonstrate three mechanisms by which RetS attenuates GacS signalling: RetS takes phosphoryl groups from GacS-P; RetS has transmitter phosphatase activity against the receiver domain of GacS-P; and RetS inhibits GacS autophosphorylation. These mechanisms play important roles in vivo and during infection, and exemplify an unprecedented degree of signal processing by SKs that may be exploited in other multikinase networks.