bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal destruction of the components of high-sulfur vacuum residues
Authors: Goncharov A V , Krivtsov E B , Sviridenko N N , Golovko A K 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The problem of processing vacuum residues is relevant due to the enhancement of heavy crude oil recovery. The processing of fuel oil and vacuum residues is complicated due to the high content of resins and asphaltenes present in them. In order to develop new approaches to the processing of vacuum residues, it is necessary to comprehend the mechanisms of thermal degradation of high-molecular-weight oil components. Three samples of high-sulfur vacuum residues are cracked at a temperature of 500 °C and with a various process duration. The characteristic changes in the material and fractional composition of the products of the vacuum residue cracking depending on the process conditions are shown. It is found that the ratio of light to medium distillates in the composition of the products depends on the duration of cracking.
Sol-gel synthesis of spherical biomaterials of TiO2–SiO2–P2O5/MgO composition and study of their properties
Authors: Kozik V , Borilo L , Lyutova E , Izosimova E , Brichkov A 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The authors obtained spherical biomaterials of TiO2 – SiO2 – P2O5/MgO composition by sol-gel method. TOKEM-200, a weakly acid porous cation exchanger based on acryl-divinylbenzene was used as organic matrices. The cation exchangers were saturated with Mg2+ ions. Sol based on titanium butoxide, tetraethoxysilane and phosphoric acid was deposited on them. The temperature condition for producing spherical materials TiO2–SiO2– P2O5 / MgO were proposed. To obtain a spherical material, the treated cation exchangers were subjected to stepwise heat treatment in the temperature range from 60 to 600 °C. To study the biologically active properties of the material, the samples were immersed in simulation body fluid (SBF).
Structure and properties of the cement stone modified by ultradispersed quartz waste
Authors: Darulis M A , Kuznetsova I N , Kosach A F 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The paper scrutinizes the application of an ultradispersed filler from activated quartz waste as a modifier of cement stone and resulting physicomechanical characteristics of the latter. The deliverables justify the addition of the ultradispersed filler to cement stone in production of cement concrete. The physicomechanical characteristics of quartz-cement stone after dry and wet activation are given. Goal: the goal of the present work is to study the physicomechanical properties of the cement stone modified by ultradispersed quartz filler. Methodology: mechanical milling is used to get ultrafine particles. Research results: the research establishes that the effective ratio of ultradispersed activated quartz to cement is 30:70. The application of the ultrafine filler based on activated quartz waste allows increasing the density by 7%, strength by 35% and lowering the heat conductivity by 16%. Practical use of results: the work proposes a method for producing cement stone with augmented physicomechanical properties using quartz waste in the amount of 30% in total cement volume. Value: the work scientifically justifies the possibility to produce cement stone under hydraulic activation with denser structure with the major volumetric fraction of the filler represented by quartz waste particles with dimensions less than 20 μm.
Methods of introduction of glyoxal-containing additives into foam concrete mixture
Authors: Kudyakov A I , Steshenko A B , Simakova A S , Latypov A D 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The present paper investigates a cement based foam concrete with glyoxal-containing additives which are introduced into the mixture in different ways. The relevance of the given study is conditioned by the necessity to provide the required quality parameters of mixture for transportation and laying the formwork, as well as providing strength and physical characteristics of wall structures for housing construction. Four ways of introducing additives into the foam concrete mixture have been proposed: spraying with 40% glyoxal aqueous solution; joint grinding of sand with crystalline glyoxal in the amount of 0.01% by weight of cement; introduction of crystalline glyoxal into the foam concrete mixture; introduction of a 40% aqueous solution of glyoxal to the foam concrete mixture. The study was conducted in the Laboratory of Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building which is accredited in accordance with the national standards requirements. Glyoxal-containing additives applied within the technology of cement foam concrete of natural hardening contributes to ensuring increased aggregative stability of mixtures and compressive strength at the age of 28 days. The elaborated composition and technology of foam concrete production with glyoxal-containing additives is intended for use in the walls structures as well in monolithic construction as in pre-cast production.
Microstructure features of Ni-based and Ti-based alloys formed by method of wire-feed electron beam additive technology
Authors: Gurianov D A , Kalashnikov K N , Utyaganova V , Khoroshko E S , Chumaevskii A V 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the present study, a microstructural investigation of wire-feed EBAM-manufactured nickel-based and titanium-based alloys were conducted by producing single wall sample with 16 and 19 vertical layers, respectively. It was shown that in obtained material microstructural and elemental gradient presents. The results of the research show that dendrites and grains grow epitaxial in the direction of temperature gradient. Non-directional dissipation of heat on the edge of the sample leads to formation of equiaxed structure. Chosen parameters allow to produce low-defective samples by EBAM technology.
Modification of physical-mechanical properties of NiTi alloy by electron beam in surface melting mode
Authors: D’yachenko F A , Meisner S N , Yakovlev E V , Atovullaeva A A , Meisner L L 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a research data on investigation of physical-mechanical properties of the surface of NiTi shape memory alloy after low-energy high-current pulsed electron beam (LEHCPEB) treatment in surface melting mode. Investigation of physical-mechanical and functional properties (Young’s modulus E

IT
, dynamic hardness H

IT
, plasticity characteristic δH, and parameter of shape recovery ratio η) was held by method of instrumented nanoindentation test. Our data suggest that after LEHCPEB treatment physical-mechanical properties of the surface layers of ~500 nm thickness change in depth from the surface without critical influence to the pseudoelastic properties of NiTi alloy.
Influence of annealing temperature on microstructure and microhardness of V–Cr–Ta–Zr alloy
Authors: Smirnov I V , Tsverova A S , Grinyaev K V , Ditenberg I A 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effect of stabilizing annealing temperature on the features of microstructure and microhardness of V–Cr–Ta–Zr alloy after thermomechanical treatment by regime II was studied. Main stages of relaxation processes are revealed. Characteristic microstructure parameters and microhardness values are determined for each relaxation stage.
Synthesis of Ti3SiC2-based composites by spark plasma sintering of preceramic papers
Authors: Kashkarov E B , Syrtanov M S , Sedanova E P , Ivashutenko A S , Lider A M , Travitzky N 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper is devoted to fabrication of Ti3SiC2-based ceramic materials from preceramic paper using spark plasma sintering (SPS) method. The synthesis temperature and pressure were 1373-1473 K and 30 MPa, respectively. The phase composition, microstructure and elemental composition were analysed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, respectively. The effect of temperature on the sintering process as well as on the phase and microstructure of the sintered materials was investigated.
Forevacuum plasma electron source of a ribbon electron beam with a multi-aperture extraction system
Authors: Klimov A S , Zenin A A , Tu Chan Van , Bakeev I Yu 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The article presents the results of using a multi-aperture extraction system in the source of a ribbon electron beam. The optimal size of the holes in the anode and extractor, as well as the distance between the anode and the extractor at which the beam losses are minimal, are investigated.
Method of gas flows calculation in solid propellant rocket engines taking into account the combustion of solid fuel charge
Authors: Kostyushin K V , Eremin I V , Kagenov A M , Zhiltsov K N , Tyryshkin I M , Sereda M S , Chervakova A V 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The paper presents a method for calculating the local and integral characteristics of the flow in the axisymmetric gas-dynamic paths of solid propellant rocket motors, taking into account the combustion of a charge of solid fuel. The numerical method of calculation is based on the use of the Godunov scheme, formulated for moving computational grids. The speed of movement of the combustion surface is defined locally on the edge of each calculation boundary cell. This approach allows us to take into account the uneven distribution of the pressure of the combustion products in the free volume of the combustion chamber. In test calculations, the power law of burning rate is used. Calculations of the gas flow in the solid propellant combustion chamber with cylindrical charge of solid fuel are carried out. Unsteady pressure curve in the combustion chamber is obtained. The method allows to determine all integral characteristics of the developed solid propellant rocket motors as a function of the engine running time.
Evaluation of REACH-TX: A Community-Based Approach to the REACH II Intervention
Authors: Cho Jinmyoung , Luk-Jones Susanna , Smith Donald R , Stevens Alan B 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Family caregiving interventions have been proven efficacious at reducing dementia caregiver’s stress and burden, yet translation of evidence-based interventions into community-based support service programs requires modification to the original intervention protocol. In collaboration with community partners, the REACH-TX program was developed based on the REACH II (Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer’s Caregiver Health) intervention. REACH-TX maintains the integrity of the multicomponent skill-based REACH II intervention but requires significantly fewer therapeutic contacts between the family caregiver and the dementia care specialist. This study presents an evaluation of REACH-TX implemented by the Alzheimer’s Association North Central Texas Chapter.

Research Design and Methods
REACH-TX was provided to 1,522 caregivers between November 2011 and December 2017. The number of therapeutic contacts scheduled for caregivers was determined by the Risk Appraisal Measure (RAM) and ranged from 1 to 23. The rate of follow-up data on outcome measures collected was 59.0% (n = 898). All five domains of the REACH II quality-of-life measure (burden, depression, social support, self-care, and problem behaviors) were assessed at baseline and at 6 months. Caregivers (n = 53) participating in the program more than once allowed us to investigate the long-term impact of the first exposure to REACH-TX and the value of repeating the program. Generalized linear models were used to assess changes in quality of life after adjusting for covariates.

Results
Caregivers who completed the program showed significant improvements from baseline to 6 months on all five domains of quality of life, as evidenced by the follow-up data. Furthermore, caregivers who enrolled a second time in REACH-TX showed significant improvement in burden and social support scores.

Discussion and Implications
This evaluation of REACH-TX suggests that REACH II evidence-based intervention can be translated into a valuable and sustainable community-based service for family caregivers. Additional translational research is needed to overcome the challenges of conducting standardized outcome assessments of caregiving services.
3-D imaging of subsurface magnetic permeability/susceptibility with portable frequency domain electromagnetic sensors for near surface exploration
Authors: Guillemoteau Julien , Simon François-Xavier , Hulin Guillaume , Dousteyssier Bertrand , Dacko Marion , Tronicke Jens 
Published: August 2019

SUMMARY
The in-phase response collected by portable loop–loop electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensors operating at low and moderate induction numbers (≤1) is typically used for sensing the magnetic permeability (or susceptibility) of the subsurface. This is due to the fact that the in-phase response contains a small induction fraction and a preponderant induced magnetization fraction. The magnetization fraction follows the magneto-static equations similarly to the magnetic method but with an active magnetic source. The use of an active source offers the possibility to collect data with several loop–loop configurations, which illuminate the subsurface with different sensitivity patterns. Such multiconfiguration soundings thereby allows the imaging of subsurface magnetic permeability/susceptibility variations through an inversion procedure. This method is not affected by the remnant magnetization and theoretically overcomes the classical depth ambiguity generally encountered with passive geomagnetic data. To invert multiconfiguration in-phase data sets, we propose a novel methodology based on a full-grid 3-D multichannel deconvolution (MCD) procedure. This method allows us to invert large data sets (e.g. consisting of more than a hundred thousand of data points) for a dense voxel-based 3-D model of magnetic susceptibility subject to smoothness constraints. In this study, we first present and discuss synthetic examples of our imaging procedure, which aim at simulating realistic conditions. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of our method to field data collected across an archaeological site in Auvergne (France) to image the foundations of a Gallo-Roman villa built with basalt rock material. Our synthetic and field data examples demonstrate the potential of the proposed inversion procedure offering new and complementary ways to interpret data sets collected with modern EMI instruments.
The relations of international and national law
Authors: Crawford James 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between international and national law, discussing both the common law tradition and the civil law tradition. It suggests that each system is supreme in its own field; neither has hegemony over the other. And yet any generalities offered can only provide a background to the complex relations between the national and international systems. Three factors operate. The first is organizational: to what extent are the organs of states ready to apply rules of international law internally and externally? The second factor is the difficulty of proving particular rules of international law. Third, courts, national and international, will often be concerned with the question of which is the appropriate system to apply to particular issues arising. The question of appropriateness emphasizes the distinction between organization, that is, the character of the jurisdiction as ‘national’ or ‘international’, and the character of the rules of both systems as flexible instruments for dealing with disputes and regulating non-contentious matters.
Diplomatic and consular relations
Authors: Crawford James 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The rules of international law governing diplomatic relations are the product of long-established state practice reflected in treaties, national legislation, and judicial decisions, as codified in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. This chapter discusses the general legal aspects of diplomatic relations; staff, premises, and facilities of missions; inviolability of missions; diplomatic agents; consular relations; special missions; and crimes against internationally protected persons.
A system of conservation laws with discontinuous flux modelling flotation with sedimentation
Authors: Bürger Raimund , Diehl Stefan , Martí María del Carmen 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The continuous unit operation of flotation is extensively used in mineral processing, wastewater treatment and other applications for selectively separating hydrophobic particles (or droplets) from hydrophilic ones, where both are suspended in a viscous fluid. Within a flotation column, the hydrophobic particles are attached to gas bubbles that are injected and float as aggregates forming a foam or froth at the top that is skimmed. The hydrophilic particles sediment and are discharged at the bottom. The hydrodynamics of a flotation column is described in simplified form by studying three phases, namely the fluid, the aggregates and solid particles, in one space dimension. The relative movements between the phases are given by constitutive drift-flux functions. The resulting model is a system of two scalar conservation laws with a multiply discontinuous flux for the aggregates and solids volume fractions as functions of height and time. The model is of triangular nature since one equation can be solved independently of the other. Based on the theory of conservation laws with discontinuous flux, steady-state solutions that satisfy all jump and entropy conditions are constructed. For the existence of the industrially relevant steady states, conditions on feed flows and concentrations are established and mapped as ‘operating charts’. A numerical method that exploits the triangular structure is formulated on a pair of staggered grids and is employed for the simulation of the fill-up and transitions between steady states of the flotation column.
High-resolution melting analysis for rapid detection of the internationally spreading ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae FC428 clone
Authors: Xiu Leshan , Zhang Chi , Li Yamei , Wang Feng , Peng Junping 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Increased awareness of the international spread of the ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae FC428 clone, which threatens recommended dual therapy, is essential. The objective of the present study was to develop and evaluate a rapid, simple and cost-effective method based on high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis for direct detection of the FC428 clone from clinical isolates and specimens.

Methods
The singleplex HRM assay was designed to identify the FC428 clone by using specific primers, which flank the alteration A311V in the penA-60.001 allele. Analytical performance was initially evaluated by testing 623 isolates and a panel of non-gonococcal strains. To ensure the method can be directly applied in clinical samples, two internal control targets (opa and porA) were also designed and included in the final multiplex HRM assay. Two hundred and eighty-two clinical samples (94 urine and 188 urethral/genital swabs) were then analysed using this multiplex HRM assay.

Results
The FC428 clone was easily differentiated from the non-mosaic alleles and other mosaic alleles without A311 mutations by comparing the differences in melt curves. Cross-reactivity was not observed for the penA-60.001 allele when testing 15 non-gonococcal Neisseria strains. When applied to the 623 isolates, the HRM assay successfully characterized one isolate as an FC428 clone (MLST1903, NG-MAST3435, NG-STAR233). Our data show that the multiplex HRM assay with high specificity can be directly applied in clinical samples.

Conclusions
This method can generate results within 90 min at a cost of less than US$0.5 per isolate or sample, making this assay an ideal tool for large epidemiological studies to enhance surveillance of the internationally transmitted ceftriaxone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae FC428 clone.
2018 n2c2 shared task on adverse drug events and medication extraction in electronic health records
Authors: Henry Sam , Buchan Kevin , Filannino Michele , Stubbs Amber , Uzuner Ozlem 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
This article summarizes the preparation, organization, evaluation, and results of Track 2 of the 2018 National NLP Clinical Challenges shared task. Track 2 focused on extraction of adverse drug events (ADEs) from clinical records and evaluated 3 tasks: concept extraction, relation classification, and end-to-end systems. We perform an analysis of the results to identify the state of the art in these tasks, learn from it, and build on it.

Materials and Methods
For all tasks, teams were given raw text of narrative discharge summaries, and in all the tasks, participants proposed deep learning–based methods with hand-designed features. In the concept extraction task, participants used sequence labelling models (bidirectional long short-term memory being the most popular), whereas in the relation classification task, they also experimented with instance-based classifiers (namely support vector machines and rules). Ensemble methods were also popular.

Results
A total of 28 teams participated in task 1, with 21 teams in tasks 2 and 3. The best performing systems set a high performance bar with F1 scores of 0.9418 for concept extraction, 0.9630 for relation classification, and 0.8905 for end-to-end. However, the results were much lower for concepts and relations of Reasons and ADEs. These were often missed because local context is insufficient to identify them.

Conclusions
This challenge shows that clinical concept extraction and relation classification systems have a high performance for many concept types, but significant improvement is still required for ADEs and Reasons. Incorporating the larger context or outside knowledge will likely improve the performance of future systems.
Safety and Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Cryoablation for Benign Breast Fibroepithelial Lesions
Authors: Plaza Michael J , Kumar Aswin V , Sanchez-Gonzalez Marcos A 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of cryoablation for benign breast fibroepithelial lesions (FELs) that otherwise warrant surgical excision, including symptomatic fibroadenomas, growing fibroadenomas, and cellular FELs.

Methods
All patients from 2016–2018 who had ultrasound-guided cryoablation of a symptomatic and/or growing fibroadenoma or cellular fibroepithelial lesion were reviewed. The electronic medical record was reviewed for any procedure-related complications and reduction in mass volume by ultrasound and was recorded to assess for efficacy. Patients were surveyed using a seven-point Likert scale to assess satisfaction with the procedure and a ten-point visual analog pain scale to assess level of discomfort.

Results
Twenty-four women (average age 37.1 years, range 19–57 years) with 26 FELs were treated with no adverse events and 100% technical success. Thirteen cellular FELs and 13 symptomatic and/or growing fibroadenomas were ablated. Twenty-two patients had an average imaging follow-up of 11.7 months (range 5–23 months), and 18 patients completed the follow-up survey. There was 92% (22/24) clinical success, defined as a greater-than-50% reduction in mass volume. Average reduction in mass volume was 86% overall. Eighty-five percent (17/20) would recommend the procedure to others and reported pain during the procedure to be minimal (average 2.4 out of 10) with overall satisfaction rating of 6.2 out of 7. Twelve symptomatic masses demonstrated a significant reduction in pain after cryoablation (P = 0.01).

Conclusion
Cryoablation is a safe and efficacious minimally invasive nonsurgical alternative for the treatment of benign breast FELs.