bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Equation for Predicting Harvesting Costs on Second-Growth Southern Yellow Pine Sites in the Midsouth
Authors: McCollum M. P. , Hughes C. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Time-and-motion studies were conducted on four contract logging operations in north Louisiana to develop input parameters for the felling, skidding, loading, and transportation simulator (FSLAT). FSLAT was then used to simulate the harvest of 16 stands of various haul distances for four different contractors. A data base of 320 observations was constructed from the projected logging costs, stand variables, and haul distances. A step-wise variable selection package was used to select the best combination of variables for an equation to predict logging costs. The best equation, based on 1982 equipment and fuel costs, exclusive of profit, is: [equation] A fifth operation was studied for verification purposes. The equation predicted within 0.3 percent of the actual cost.
Prototype Cutterhead for Shaping-Lathe Headrigs Yields Pulp Chips and Cants
Authors: Plough I. , Koch P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Prior trials have demonstrated the feasibility of producing cants or rounded veneer bolts on shaping-lathe headrigs equipped with cutterheads that flake residues for structural flakeboard. This experiment demonstrated that shaping-lathe headrigs equipped with proper cutterheads will yield hardwood (oak) or softwood chips (1-inch long and 3/16-inch thick) suitable for pulping. Four-knife cutterheads running at 600 rpm, or three-knife cutterheads running at 800 rpm, will produce satisfactory pulp chips when scoring knives mounted ahead of chipping knives establish chip length. At a cutterhead speed of 600 rpm, negligible oversize chips and few fines were produced; lower cutterhead speeds yielded more oversize chips, and higher speeds more fines, but these differences in chip size distribution were small. Laboratory-scale pulping trials at a kraft mill indicated good fiber yield; the experimental loblolly pine chips cooked well in both batch and continuous processes, and were compatible with conventionally cut pulp chips.
Small Topographic Differences Affect Slash Pine Response to Site Preparation and Fertilization
Authors: Haywood James D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
On a Wrightsville-Vidrine silt loam flatwoods in southwest Louisiana, six-year-old slash pines (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) planted on the better drained Vidrine-pimple mounds and Vidrine-like ridges were nearly four times larger than pines planted in the poorly drained Wrightsville depressions. Site preparation treatments did not affect tree growth on the better drained sites. In the poorly drained depressions pines planted on beds were 37 percent taller and averaged 49 percent more volume per tree than pines planted on harrowed plots. Fertilization did not increase yields on the poorly drained sites. On the better drained sites, pines fertilized with triple superphosphate were 24 percent taller and averaged 84 percent more volume per tree than unfertilized pines.
Forestry Equipment Prices Continue to Escalate
Authors: Tufts Robert A. , Mills W. L. , Izlar Bob 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper updates, extensively revises, and expands the analysis of a previous study on forestry equipment costs. Prices of selected pieces of forest management and harvesting equipment were obtained for the period 1968 to 1982 and various indices were computed. Computed indices are compared to several producer price indices to estimate the correlation between forestry equipment costs and regularly published indices. Management equipment prices were rising faster than general inflation and harvesting equipment prices. Harvesting equipment has shown a slight decline in real cost.
Influence of Bed Height on the Growth of Slash and Loblolly Pine on a Leon Fine Sand in Northeast Florida
Authors: Outcalt Kenneth W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Genetically improved slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) seedlings were planted on a Leon fine sand soil on a flatwoods site which received disking, low-bedding, or high-bedding treatment. After ten growing seasons there was no difference between slash pine growth on disked and low-bedded plots. High bedding improved slash pine growth over the other treatments. Loblolly pine responded more than slash to bed height with a clear trend of increasing growth and yield with higher beds. Wood production trends were as follows: (1) Slash pine produced the most wood volume on disked plots; (2) there was no species difference on low-bedded plots, and; (3) loblolly was better than slash pine on high-bedded plots.
Pitch Canker Impact on Volume Growth: A Case Study In Slash Pine Plantations
Authors: Arvanitis Loukas G. , Goodbee John F. , Porta Iris 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Measurements from 26 permanent test plots established in slash pine (Pinus elliotti var. elliotti Engelm.) plantations of northeast Florida and southeast Georgia in 1976 have been used to assess the impact of pitch canker on growth and yield of trees over time. The plots were remeasured annually for five years. The mean annual volume increment for infected trees was between 60 and 81 percent of that of the healthy trees. Trees that were repeatedly infected grew proportionately less, over the five-year period, than those that were infected only once or twice. The five-year periodic volume increment for the most severely infected trees was between one-third and two-thirds of that of healthy trees in the same diameter class. Incidence of infection was not correlated with tree diameter. The overall cubic foot volume loss due to growth suppression and mortality amounted to 4.5 percent of the expected total volume in 1981. This loss represents 15 percent of the anticipated five-year volume growth.
Bird Community Changes in a Young Pine Plantation in East Texas
Authors: Dickson James G. , Conner Richard N. , Williamson J. Howard 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Breeding birds were censured annually from transects in a young pine plantation from age two to six years to assess the impact of stand development on the bird community. Bird abundance and species diversity rose consistently with stand age. Increased complexity of the bird community was associated with increased height and complexity of the developing stand.
Can Hardwoods be Eradicated from Pine Sites?
Authors: Cain M. D. , Yaussy D. A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Intensive mechanical and chemical treatments were used annually for 12 years to eradicate hardwoods from a selectively managed loblolly (Pinus taeda L.)/shortleaf (P. echinata Mill.) pine stand in south Arkansas. Although temporarily effective, a succession of indigenous shrubs and trees followed the cessation of eradication treatments. Improved pine diameter distribution from natural regeneration and an increase in radial growth of overstory pines were the benefits of this temporary hardwood eradication.
Effect of Logging Equipment Traffic On Soil Density and Growth and Survival of Young Loblolly Pine
Authors: Lockaby B. Graeme , Vidrine Clyde G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Soil bulk densities, determined on plots representing a gradient of harvesting traffic, indicated that compaction was an average of 12 percent greater on former logging decks and primary skid roads as compared to nontrafficked areas. Penetrometer readings supported the bulk density results and, in addition, showed increased compaction on secondary roads and road borders as compared to relatively undisturbed areas. This compaction was reflected in height growth reductions of 39 to 59 percent in five-year old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) on decks and primary roads. Number of pine per acre was reduced by 88 to 91 percent on the same areas. Root collar diameters also decreased but were not significantly different from those on relatively undisturbed plots. These results are discussed in relation to the 1 percent proportion of the harvested area involved in soil property impacts and reduced tree growth.
Economic Opportunities for Investments in Forest Management in the Southern United States
Authors: Dutrow George F. , Kaiser H. Fred 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
There are investment opportunities on 88 million acres of southern forestlands that offer financial rates of return competitively. Some of these investments will yield positive rates of return above inflation even if declining stumpage prices are projected. These investment opportunities include stocking control, stand conversion, and harvesting and regeneration of mature stands.
Crop Tree Quality in Young Piedmont Oak Stands of Sprout Origin
Authors: Zahner Robert , Myers Richard K. , Hutto Curtis J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Oak crop trees were evaluated for their biological potential in 18 even-aged upland hardwood stands of sprout origin on good sites (oak S.I. 75 or better) in the upper Piedmont of South Carolina. These were unthinned stands, aged 20 to 40 years since clearcutting. Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea Meunchh.) was the largest and most common acceptable crop tree, with straight boles generally free of epicormic branches, but was infrequently classed as desirable due to the poor natural pruning of its sizable and persistant dead branches. Southern red oak (Q. falcata Michx.), although smallest in diameter, was the most desirable crop tree of the oak species, due to its small branches that prune cleanly in these well-stocked stands. White oak (Q. alba L.) generally rated desirable except for many trees with epicormic branches, a well-known trait of this species. Black oak (Q. velutina Lam.) crop trees, although fewer in number, had good bole form with good pruning and few epicormic branches. Most crop trees were free of swollen butts and any sign of butt rot, and many were free of multiple dead or suppressed ancillary sterns. Overall, 56% of all oak crop trees were classified as desirable or better with excellent potential to develop into mature sawtimber.
Testing Herbicides for Kudzu Eradication on a Piedmont Site
Authors: Miller James H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) continues to spread unabated in the South. To assist in kudzu control and containment efforts, 15 herbicide treatments were tested in 1981 on a Piedmont site in Alabama using replicated plots, with retreatments applied a year later where needed. After 2 years, treatments that gave comparable control to the standard prescription of Tordon 10K at 50 lb/acre were Tordon 101 at 1 and 2 gal/acre, Banvel 720 at 3 and 4 gal/acre, Spike 80W at 6 and 10 lb/acre, and Spike 20P at 20 and 30 lb/acre. The Tordon and Banvel herbicides are currently registered for forest land site preparation and Spike 80W for fence rows and noncroplands. Spike 20P is an experimental compound. Tordon 101 at 1 gal/acre and Banvel 720 at 3 gal/acre were the most cost-effective compounds when two broadcast applications were made in successive years. Tordon 101 and the Spike herbicides also aided in controlling blackberry (Rubus spp.) and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera Japonica). Roundup, and Brushkiller's 4-41 and 10-51 were ineffective in controlling kudzu.1
Whole-Tree Harvesting Affects Pine Regeneration and Hardwood Competition
Authors: McMinn James W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Mixed upland hardwood-pine stands of low quality in the Upper Piedmont of Georgia were whole-tree harvested to 1-inch and 4-inch diameter limits in both winter and summer. Natural pine regeneration and hardwood sprouting were observed two growing seasons after harvesting. Early pine establishment was generally successful after winter harvesting but not after summer harvesting. Pine regeneration was excellent following the 1-inch winter harvest and acceptable following the 4-inch winter harvest. The treatment resulting in the best pine regeneration also produced the greatest coverage of hardwood sprouts.1
Economic Aspects of the Forest Regeneration Delay Decision
Authors: Straka Thomas J. , Hotvedt James E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Regeneration lag, the cost resulting from a delay in reestablishment of a forest stand, represents an important opportunity cost̶the cost of the foregone opportunity to grow timber over the period of the delay. The land expectation value (Le) criterion is used to evaluate the costs associated with one-time-only and perpetual lags. Significant decreases in wealth, or bare land value, were found using a simplified example with real-world cost and price data. Changes in required land bases resulting from regeneration delays were also reviewed. The additional land requirements resulting from scheduled delays in regeneration can be costly.
Synthesis of Ectomycorrhizae on Container-Grown Oak Seedlings
Authors: Dixon R. K. , Behrns G. T. , Garrett H. E. , Cox G. S. , Sander I. L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Growth and ectomycorrhizal development of container-grown black (Quercus velutina) and white (Q. alba) oak seedlings innoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius were studied in relation to growth-medium moisture, temperature, fertility, and fungal inoculum density. Daily watering of seedling growth medium suppressed ectomycorrhizal development. Colonization of seedling root systems by P. tinctorius increased with increasing growth medium temperature up to 87°F. Weekly fertilization of seedlings with a 375 ppm NPK solution did not adversely affect ectomycorrhizal development, while a 750 ppm NPK solution depressed infection. Ectomycorrhizal colonization success was partially influenced by fungal inoculum density. Results indicate the need to alter seedling cultural practices when producing ectomycorrhizal oaks in an artificial growth medium in containers.1
CEPA in Liquid Sulfuric Acid Increases Oleoresin Yields
Authors: McReynolds Robert D. , Kossuth Susan V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Liquid sulfuric acid solutions of 12.5, 25.0, and 50% by weight were tested in combination with 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 15.0% 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA) for increasing oleoresin yield in slash (Pinus elliottii) and longleaf (P. palustris) pines. Maximum oleoresin yields of 262 g/cm diameter breast height (dbh) were obtained in 23- to 25-year-old clonal slash pines from 50% sulfuric acid plus 15% CEPA, a 20% increase over the slash pine control trees. In a natural stand of longleaf pines over 60 years old, maximum oleoresin yields of 297 g/cm dbh were obtained from 50% sulfuric acid plus 10% CEPA--a 30% increase over the longleaf pine control trees. The addition of CEPA to any sulfuric acid concentration always increased yields and increasing sulfuric acid concentrations without CEPA always increased yields. The sulfuric acid and CEPA effects were both significant but no interaction between them was detected for either slash or longleaf pines. Highly significant differences in yield were found among the clones.
Selection Management in Southern Appalachian Hardwoods
Authors: Della-Bianca Lino , Beck Donald E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A woodland tract of southern Appalachian cove hardwoods and mixed oak has been managed under the selection system of silviculture since 1946. Simply cutting in all commercial diameter classes (i.e., 6.0 inches and larger), as was the practice during the first 24 years, failed to develop enough desirable saplings and poles to maintain the system. After 1970, herbicide treatment of undesirable, tolerant understory species in openings created by removal of large trees or groups of trees has improved the status of desirable saplings. Although long-term costs of management and yields are uncertain, the study suggests that creation of larger openings and treatment of undesirable understory species offers at least a chance for success with the selection system in southern Appalachian hardwoods.
Industrial Forest Management Assistance and Leasing: 1983 Programs and Accomplishments in Georgia
Authors: Cubbage Frederick W. , Skinner Thomas M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A survey of industrial forest management assistance and leasing programs indicated that a wide range of forest management services were provided to nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners in Georgia. In 1983, approximately 6% of the commercial NIPF land in the state was leased by forest industry and about 1% was covered under industry management assistance programs. Forest products firms site-prepared 50,000 acres, planted about 38,000, and hand seeded about 20,000 acres of NIPF land. Costs for services seemed similar to industry averages. Leasing programs have been maintained the longest and help in managing more NIPF land, but are decreasing somewhat in area covered. Management assistance programs are generally newer and smaller in Georgia, but are increasing moderately in size.²
Establishment and Growth of Slash Pine on Grazed Cutover Range in Central Louisiana
Authors: Grelen Harold E. , Pearson Henry A. , Thill Ronald E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Slash pine (Pinus elliottii) was established by both planting and seeding on cutover range units prescribe-burned and grazed yearlong. Paired fenced and unfenced plots were used to compare survival and growth on both heavily and lightly grazed range with ungrazed plots. On planted sites, survival was significantly lower on heavily grazed than on ungrazed sites by May of the first growing season. No significant differences in survival were found between lightly grazed and ungrazed sites. In seeded stands, survival was not significantly different between grazed and ungrazed sites. Trees were thinned at an average age of 18 years Prethinning measurements indicated that plantations subjected to heavy grazing throughout their existence had fewer trees per acre, but had larger dbh than the ungrazed. Consequently, differences in volume were not significant, showing regulated yearlong grazing to be compatible with the establishment and early growth of slash pine.
Growth and Yield of Planted Loblolly and Shortleaf Pines in a North Mississippi Creek Bottom
Authors: Williston H. L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Unthinned loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) planted near Abbeville, Mississippi in a creek bottom with a site index of 122 had a yield of 6,925 cubic feet per acre at age 26. Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) planted beside the loblolly pine had a site index of 108 and a yield of 4,120 cubic feet per acre.
The Dark Side of Immigrant Integration Policies: Day Laborers in the United States
Authors: Nicholls Walter J 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis article uses the case of immigrant day laborers to examine how municipalities develop policies to integrate immigrants. In the 1990s and 2000s, local elected officials adopted integration policies to address the issues raised by the presence of day laborers in their jurisdictions. While first drawing on cases from around the country, the study then homes in on the case of Pasadena, California, to examine the implementation of integration in a moderately liberal city. The results reveal that many officials embraced both disciplinary and punitive tactics, making use of worker centers, aggressive ticketing, and solicitation bans for the purposes of controlling and governing an illegalized population. Some policies institutionalized the subordination of the population and heightened its deportability. The paper complicates the presumed binary between restrictive and integrative policies.
A10 Presence and frequency of M184V mutation in the MOBIDIP trial
Authors: Armero A , Chaix M L , Nere M L , Delaporte E , Peeters M , Delaugerre C 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The MOBIDIP trial evaluated the simplification by protease (PI/r) monotherapy for HIV infection versus dual therapy and boosted protease inhibitor plus lamivudine (PI/r + 3TC) in controlled patients under second-line regimens. MOBIDIP was interrupted because of a significant number of patients with virological failure (VF) at week 48 (W48) in PI/r (33/133, ∼25%) versus in PI/r + 3TC (4/132, ∼3%). At the time of first-line VF, 96 per cent of patients harbored the M184V mutation. The presence of the M184V mutation was related to a protective effect against VF in the PI/r + 3TC arm. We developed a methodology that allows to determine the frequency of M184V/I mutations in the HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) gene in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained before MOBIDIP simplification. Paired-end sequences were obtained from 252 PBMC samples covering the first 855 bp of the RT gene (HXB2: 2485–3405) by MiSeq technology. These sequences were subjected to an in-house Bioinformatics pipeline. The results of our pipeline were compared to the output of PASeq (https://www.paseq.org), an open web-tool for the identification of drug resistance mutations. The M184V mutation was identified at a frequency greater than 1 per cent in 178 individuals (∼71%). The M184I mutation was observed in 34 patients (∼13%), always in the presence of stop codons, and is in agreement with expectations, as this mutation is a known APOBEC-targeted site. Sixty-seven patients (∼27%) had a frequency of the M184V mutation with values greater than 75 per cent. PASeq confirmed the presence of M184V mutation in 173 patients. The frequencies estimated by the PASeq tool and in-house pipeline were correlated up to 99.5 per cent. We found a significant loss of the M184V mutation archived in PBMC between the first-line regimen treatment failure and the beginning of the MOBIDIP trial. In patients under long-term antiretroviral therapy, as in our case, viral sub-populations could be lost, reducing the presence, and frequency of a mutation. In the next step, we will evaluate the association between the presence and frequency of M184V mutation and MOBIDIP results.
A14 Estimating time since HIV infection using next-generation sequencing data: A unique tool to help understand HIV prevention among high-risk young women in Ukraine
Authors: Cholette Francois , Daniuk Christina , Lee Emma , Capina Rupert , Cheuk Eve , Becker Marissa , Mishra Sharmistha , Ma Hui Ting , Balakireva Olga , Pavlova Daria , Sandstrom Paul 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The transitions study examines HIV risk among adolescent girls and young women through their sexual life course from first sex, to past and current engagement in casual sex, transactional sex, and, for some, formal sex work (FSW). Understanding the timing of HIV infection and the circumstances around early infection in young females is critical to HIV prevention interventions. We inferred time since HIV infection using next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the HIV pol gene isolated from cross-sectional samples among high-risk young women in Dnipro, Ukraine. Dried blood spots were collected on Whatman 903 cards from young women aged 14–24 engaged in casual sex (n = 894), transactional sex (n = 464), and FSW (n = 452). The HIV pol gene was sequenced using an in-house NGS HIV drug resistance mutation genotyping assay. Time since HIV infection was inferred using an online tool as described by Puller et al. (2017) freely available at https://hiv.biozentrum.unibas.ch/ETI/. The mean estimated time since HIV infection (ETI) for participants engaged in casual sex, transactional sex, and FSW is 1.98, 1.84, and 3.01 years, respectively. ETI was used to determine the duration of HIV infection for each participant and compared to the number of sexually active years prior to FSW. Among FSW, 61 per cent of participants were infected with HIV prior to entry into sex work. In general, ETI from NGS data suggests that FSWs were infected with HIV before entry into FSW. Expansion of targeted prevention programs beyond FSW could play an important role in mitigating HIV transmission at the population level.