bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unsteady Flow of Carreau Fluid in a Suspension of Dust and Graphene
Nanoparticles With Cattaneo–Christov Heat Flux
Authors: Upadhya S. Mamatha , Mahesha  , Raju C. S. K. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This is a theoretical exploration of the magnetohydrodynamic Carreau fluid in a suspension of dust and graphene nanoparticles. Graphene is a two-dimensional single-atom thick carbon nanosheet. Due to its high thermal conductivity, electron mobility, large surface area, and stability, it has remarkable material, electrical, optical, physical, and chemical properties. In this study, a simulation is performed by mixing of graphene + water and graphene + ethylene glycol into dusty non-Newtonian fluid. Dispersion of graphene nanoparticles in dusty fluids finds applications in biocompatibility, bio-imaging, biosensors, detection and cancer treatment, in monitoring stem cells differentiation, etc. Graphene + water and graphene + ethylene glycol mixtures are significant in optimizing the heat transport phenomena. Initially arising set of physical governing partial differential equations are transformed to ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with the assistance of similarity transformations. Consequential highly nonlinear ODEs are solved numerically through Runge–Kutta Fehlberg scheme. The computational results for nondimensional temperature and velocity profiles are presented through graphs. Additionally, the numerical values of friction factor and heat transfer rate are tabulated numerically for various physical parameter obtained. We also validated the present results with previous published study and found to be highly satisfactory. The formulated model in this study reveals that heat transfer rate and wall friction is higher in mixture of graphene + ethylene glycol when compared to graphene + water.
Validation of Methodology to Evaluate Risk Reduction in Tank Car Derailments
Authors: Gonzalez Francisco , Prabhakaran Anand , Booth Graydon F. , Gantoi Florentina M. , Ghosh Arkaprabha 
Published: July 2018

Critical derailment incidents associated with crude oil and ethanol transport have led to a renewed focus on improving the performance of tank cars against the potential for puncture under derailment conditions. Proposed strategies for improving accident performance have included design changes to tank cars, as well as, operational considerations such as reduced speeds.
In prior publications, the authors have described the development of a novel methodology for quantifying and characterizing the reductions in risk that result from changes to tank car designs or the tank car operating environment. The methodology considers key elements that are relevant to tank car derailment performance, including variations in derailment scenarios, chaotic derailment dynamics, nominal distributions of impact loads and impactor sizes, operating speed differences, and variations in tank car designs, and combines these elements into a consistent framework to estimate the relative merit of proposed mitigation strategies.
The modeling approach involves detailed computer simulations of derailment events, for which typical validation techniques are difficult to apply. Freight train derailments are uncontrolled chain events, which are prohibitively expensive to stage and instrument; and their chaotic nature makes the unique outcome of each event extremely sensitive to its particular set of initial and bounding conditions. Furthermore, the purpose of the modeling was to estimate the global risk reduction expected in the U.S. from tank car derailments, not to predict the outcome of a specific derailment event.
These challenges call into question which validation techniques are most appropriate, considering both the modeling intent as well the availability and fidelity of the data sets available for validation. This paper provides an overview of the verification and validation efforts that have been used to enhance confidence in this methodology.
Increasing income-based inequality in suicide mortality among working-age women and men, Sweden, 1990–2007: is there a point of trend change?
Authors: Hiyoshi Ayako , Kondo Naoki , Rostila Mikael 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundIncome inequalities have risen from the 1990s to 2000s, following the economic recession in 1994, but little research has investigated socioeconomic inequalities in suicide mortality for working-age men and women (aged between 30 and 64 years) over the time using longitudinal data in Sweden.MethodsUsing Swedish national register data between 1990 and 2007 as a series of repeated cohort studies with a 3-year follow-up (sample sizes were approximately 3.7 to 4.0 million in each year), relative and slope indices of inequality (RII and SII respectively) based on quintiles of individual disposable income were calculated and tested for temporal trends.ResultsSII for the risk of suicide mortality ranged from 27.6 (95% CI 19.5 to 35.8) to 44.5 (36.3 to 52.6) in men and 5.2 (0.2 to 10.4) to 16.6 (10.7 to 22.4) in women (per 100 000 population). In men, temporal trends in suicide inequalities were stable in SII but increasing in RII by 3% each year (p=0.002). In women, inequalities tended to increase in both RII and SII, especially after the late-1990s, with 10% increment in RII per year (p<0.001).ConclusionsDespite universal social security and generous welfare provision, income inequalities in suicide were considerable and have widened, especially in women. The steeper rise in women may be partially related to higher job insecurity and poorer working conditions in the female dominated public sector after the recession. To reduce health consequences following an economic crisis and widened income inequalities, additional measures may be necessary in proportion to the levels of financial vulnerability.
1 Simultaneous trauma patients in emergency departments: a difference in mortality?
Authors: Morrow L , Nutbeam T , Bouamra O 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundThe presentation of multiple simultaneous trauma patients to an Emergency Department is likely to place significant stress and strain on trauma care resources. Currently there is limited literature and no UK or multicentre data available to understand this impact. The aim of this study was to identify patient outcomes when there are simultaneous major trauma patients. We hypothesised that with increasing numbers of simultaneous trauma patients an increase in mortality may be seen.MethodsThe Trauma Audit and Research Network (TARN) database was interrogated from 2010–2015 to identify simultaneous major trauma patients. We defined simultaneous trauma as occurring when there was more than one trauma patient within an Emergency Department at any one time.Patient age, sex, Glasgow Coma Scale and Injury Severity Score (ISS) were recorded. A standardised comparison using a stratified Ws statistic was conducted to compare mortality between groups. Secondary outcomes included length of hospital and intensive care (ICU) stay.ResultsOf 2 07 094 patients, 33.7% were eligible simultaneous trauma patients. 55.7% of patients were male, median age was 61 and median ISS was 9. No increase in mortality was seen with increasing patient numbers (table 1).Abstract 1 Table 1 Ws statistic with increasing simultaneous patient numbersIsolated2 patients3 patients4 patients5 patients6+patientsTotal1 37 360 51 466 13 820 3539 671 185 Ws statistic0.05 0.38 0.72 0.53 0.39 2.70 A statistically significant increase in length of ICU stay was observed for the 6+patient category (p=0.047) but no difference was reported in hospital stay.ConclusionThe impact of simultaneous trauma patients on patient outcomes within the UK has not been previously defined. Simultaneous trauma patients do not appear to have an impact on mortality (as measured by Ws statistic).
Change in biomarkers of type-2 inflammation following severe exacerbations of asthma
Authors: Semprini Ruth , Shortt Nick , Ebmeier Stefan , Semprini Alex , Varughese Rachel , Holweg Cecile T J , Matthews John G , Fingleton James , Weatherall Mark , Beasley Richard , Braithwaite Irene 
Published: July 2018

We investigated the time course of change of type-2 asthma biomarkers after a severe asthma exacerbation. Blood eosinophils were lowest immediately after treatment was initiated (0.07 vs 0.33×109/L, p<0.001) while serum IgE levels were at their highest (339 vs 249 U/L, p<0.001). Fractional exhaled Nitric Oxide levels were lowest 2 weeks after treatment (23 vs 33 ppb, p=0.06) and serum periostin levels were lowest 1 week after treatment (45·9 vs 50·9 ng/mL, p<0.001). A delay of 4–8 weeks following a severe exacerbation is required if these biomarkers are used to guide the ongoing management of patients with asthma.Trial registration numberPost-results; The Australia New Zealand Trial Registry, >ACTRN12614000443695.
Can soil clay content predict ammonia volatilization losses from subsurface-banded urea in eastern Canadian soils?
Authors: Pelster D.E. , Chantigny M.H. , Angers D.A. , Bertrand N. , MacDonald J.D. , Rochette P. 
Published: July 2018

To determine how soil physical and chemical characteristics affect NH3 volatilization, we measured NH3 losses from eight different eastern Canadian soils with various soil clay contents and cation exchange capacities (CEC). Losses were measured from soil mesocosms banded (0.05 m depth) with urea (equivalent of 140 kg N ha−1) in a dynamic chamber system fitted with an acid trap; with soil properties measured in parallel mesocosms. Regression analysis indicated a negative relationship between 28 d of NH3 volatilization losses and soil clay content (P < 0.001; R2 = 0.978), CEC (P < 0.001; R2 = 0.941), and buffer capacity (P = 0.006; R2 = 0.772), and positive relations with maximum change in soil pH (P = 0.015; R2 = 0.670) and maximum water-extractable NH4+ (P = 0.010; R2 = 0.721). A 90% reduction in NH3 losses occurred when clay content increased from 10% to 20%. Also, the correlation between water-extractable NH4+ and NH3 loss and a lack of correlation between salt-extractable (1 mol L−1 KCl) NH4+ and NH3 loss indicate that NH4+ bound to cation exchange sites does not contribute to the rapid NH3 volatilization. However, more research on soils of different mineralogy is required to ascertain whether this holds in other regions as well.
Are different Martian gully morphologies due to different processes on the Kaiser dune field?
Authors: Pasquon Kelly , Gargani Julien , Nachon Marion , Conway Susan J. , Massé Marion , Jouannic Gwenaël , Balme Matthew R. , Costard François , Vincendon Mathieu 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

We describe and compare the morphology and activity of two types of gullies with different orientations collocated on the Kaiser dune field in the southern hemisphere of Mars: large apron gullies and linear dune gullies. The activity of large apron gullies follows an annual cycle: (i) material collapse into the alcove (mid-autumn/late winter) as CO
2
condenses; (ii) remobilization by mass flows (late winter); and (iii) continuous appearance of hundreds of ‘digitate flows’ on the fan (autumn/winter). We find that large apron gullies could form in hundreds of Martian years. In contrast, linear dune gullies are active briefly in late winter, when the CO
2
frost disappears. Their activity is characterized by the extension of channels, the creation of pits and the darkening of the surface. Linear dune gullies are likely to form within one to tens of Martian years. We infer that insolation, which influences the depth to ground ice and the amount of volatile deposited, may be the factor differentiating large apron gullies and linear dune gullies. Sediment transport by CO
2
sublimation is a good candidate for the activity observed in all of these features. However, linear gullies could also be formed by brine release when the temperature rises abruptly after the removal of the CO
2
ice.
Do postural constraints affect eye, head, and arm coordination?
Authors: Stamenkovic Alexander , Stapley Paul J. , Robins Rebecca , Hollands Mark A. 
Published: July 2018

If a whole body reaching task is produced when standing or adopting challenging postures, it is unclear whether changes in attentional demands or the sensorimotor integration necessary for balance control influence the interaction between visuomotor and postural components of the movement. Is gaze control prioritized by the central nervous system (CNS) to produce coordinated eye movements with the head and whole body regardless of movement context? Considering the coupled nature of visuomotor and whole body postural control during action, this study aimed to understand how changing equilibrium constraints (in the form of different postural configurations) influenced the initiation of eye, head, and arm movements. We quantified the eye-head metrics and segmental kinematics as participants executed either isolated gaze shifts or whole body reaching movements to visual targets. In total, four postural configurations were compared: seated, natural stance, with the feet together (narrow stance), or while balancing on a wooden beam. Contrary to our initial predictions, the lack of distinct changes in eye-head metrics; timing of eye, head, and arm movement initiation; and gaze accuracy, in spite of kinematic differences, suggests that the CNS integrates postural constraints into the control necessary to initiate gaze shifts. This may be achieved by adopting a whole body gaze strategy that allows for the successful completion of both gaze and reaching goals. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Differences in sequence of movement among the eye, head, and arm have been shown across various paradigms during reaching. Here we show that distinct changes in eye characteristics and movement sequence, coupled with stereotyped profiles of head and gaze movement, are not observed when adopting postures requiring changes to balance constraints. This suggests that a whole body gaze strategy is prioritized by the central nervous system with postural control subservient to gaze stability requirements.
Quantitative Spatial Profiling of PD-1/PD-L1 Interaction and HLA-DR/IDO-1 Predicts Improved Outcomes of Anti–PD-1 Therapies in Metastatic Melanoma
Authors: Johnson Douglas B. , Bordeaux Jennifer , Kim Ju Young , Vaupel Christine , Rimm David L. , Ho Thai H. , Joseph Richard W. , Daud Adil I. , Conry Robert M. , Gaughan Elizabeth M. , Hernandez-Aya Leonel F. , Dimou Anastasios , Funchain Pauline , Smithy James , Witte John S. , McKee Svetlana B. , Ko Jennifer , Wrangle John M. , Dabbas Bashar , Tangri Shabnam , Lameh Jelveh , Hall Jeffrey , Markowitz Joseph , Balko Justin M. , Dakappagari Naveen 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Purpose: PD-1/L1 axis–directed therapies produce clinical responses in a subset of patients; therefore, biomarkers of response are needed. We hypothesized that quantifying key immunosuppression mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment by multiparameter algorithms would identify strong predictors of anti–PD-1 response.
Experimental Design: Pretreatment tumor biopsies from 166 patients treated with anti–PD-1 across 10 academic cancer centers were fluorescently stained with multiple markers in discovery (n = 24) and validation (n = 142) cohorts. Biomarker-positive cells and their colocalization were spatially profiled in pathologist-selected tumor regions using novel Automated Quantitative Analysis algorithms. Selected biomarker signatures, PD-1/PD-L1 interaction score, and IDO-1/HLA-DR coexpression were evaluated for anti–PD-1 treatment outcomes.
Results: In the discovery cohort, PD-1/PD-L1 interaction score and/or IDO-1/HLA-DR coexpression was strongly associated with anti–PD-1 response (P = 0.0005). In contrast, individual biomarkers (PD-1, PD-L1, IDO-1, HLA-DR) were not associated with response or survival. This finding was replicated in an independent validation cohort: patients with high PD-1/PD-L1 and/or IDO-1/HLA-DR were more likely to respond (P = 0.0096). These patients also experienced significantly improved progression-free survival (HR = 0.36; P = 0.0004) and overall survival (HR = 0.39; P = 0.0011). In the combined cohort, 80% of patients exhibiting higher levels of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction scores and IDO-1/HLA-DR responded to PD-1 blockers (P = 0.000004). In contrast, PD-L1 expression was not predictive of survival.
Conclusions: Quantitative spatial profiling of key tumor-immune suppression pathways by novel digital pathology algorithms could help more reliably select melanoma patients for PD-1 monotherapy. Clin Cancer Res; 24(21); 5250–60. ©2018 AACR.
Antitumor Activity of TLR7 Is Potentiated by CD200R Antibody Leading to Changes in the Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Pilch Zofia , Tonecka Katarzyna , Braniewska Agata , Sas Zuzanna , Skorzynski Marcin , Boon Louis , Golab Jakub , Meyaard Linde , Rygiel Tomasz P. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Stimulation of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) activates myeloid cells and boosts the immune response. Previously, we have shown that stimulation of the inhibitory CD200 receptor (CD200R) suppresses TLR7 signaling and that the absence of CD200R signaling leads to a decreased number of papillomas in mice. Here, we investigated the effects of agonistic anti-CD200R on the antitumor activity of a TLR7 agonist (R848) in a syngeneic mouse tumor model. Intratumoral administration of R848 inhibited the growth of the CT26 colon carcinoma and simultaneously decreased CD200R expression in tumor-infiltrating immune cells. The antitumor effects of R848 were potentiated by anti-CD200R. Successfully treated mice were resistant to rechallenge with the same tumor cells. However, the immediate antitumor effects were independent of lymphocytes, because treatment efficacy was similar in wild-type and Rag1tm1Mom mice. Administration of R848, particularly in combination with anti-CD200R, changed the phenotype of intratumoral myeloid cells. The infiltration with immature MHC-II+ macrophages decreased and in parallel monocytes and immature MHC-II− macrophages increased. Combined treatment decreased the expression of the macrophage markers F4/80, CD206, CD86, CD115, and the ability to produce IL1β, suggesting a shift in the composition of intratumor myeloid cells. Adoptively transferred CD11b+ myeloid cells, isolated from the tumors of mice treated with R848 and anti-CD200R, inhibited tumor outgrowth in recipient mice. We conclude that administration of agonistic anti-CD200R improves the antitumor effects of TLR7 signaling and changes the local tumor microenvironment, which becomes less supportive of tumor progression. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(8); 930–40. ©2018 AACR.
Potential Role of Gr-1<sup>+</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup> T Lymphocytes as a Source of Interferon-γ and M1/M2 Polarization during the Acute Phase of Murine <b><i>Legionella pneumophila</i></b> Pneumonia
Authors: Kusaka Yu , Kajiwara Chiaki , Shimada Sho , Ishii Yoshikazu , Miyazaki Yasunari , Inase Naohiko , Standiford Theodore J. , Tateda Kazuhiro 
Published: July 2018

In this study, we analyzed interferon (IFN)-γ-producing cells and M1/M2 macrophage polarization in <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> pneumonia following anti-Gr-1 antibody treatment. Anti-Gr-1 treatment induced an M1-to-M2 shift of macrophage subtypes in the lungs and weakly in the peripheral blood, which was associated with increased mortality in legionella-infected mice. CD8<sup>+</sup> T lymphocytes and natural killer cells were the dominant sources of IFN-γ in the acute phase, and anti-Gr-1 treatment reduced the number of IFN-γ-producing CD8<sup>+</sup> T lymphocytes. In the CD3-gated population, most Gr-1-positive cells were CD8<sup>+</sup> T lymphocytes in the lungs and lymph nodes (LNs) of infected mice. Additionally, the number of IFN-γ-producing Gr-1<sup>+</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup> T lymphocytes in the lungs and LNs increased 2 and 4 days after <i>L. pneumophila</i> infection, with anti-Gr-1 treatment attenuating these populations. Antibody staining revealed that Gr-1<sup>+</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup> T lymphocytes were Ly6C-positive cells rather than Ly6G, a phenotype regarded as memory type cells. Furthermore, the adoptive transfer of Gr-1<sup>+</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup> T lymphocytes induced increases in IFN-γ, M1 shifting and reduced bacterial number in the <i>Legionella</i> pneumonia model. These data identified Ly6C<sup>+</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup> T lymphocytes as a source of IFN-γ in innate immunity and partially associated with reduced IFN-γ production, M2 polarization, and high mortality in anti-Gr-1 antibody-treated mice with <i>L. pneumophila</i> pneumonia.
Short‐Term E‐Cigarette Exposure Increases the Risk of Thrombogenesis and Enhances Platelet Function in Mice
Authors: Qasim Hanan , Karim Zubair A. , Silva‐Espinoza Juan C. , Khasawneh Fadi T. , Rivera José O. , Ellis Cameron C. , Bauer Stephanie L. , Almeida Igor C. , Alshbool Fatima Z. 
Published: July 2018

Background
Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in the United States, with smoking being the primary preventable cause of premature death, and thrombosis being the main mechanism of cardiovascular mortality in smokers. Due to the perception that electronic/e‐cigarettes are “safer/less harmful” than conventional cigarettes, their usage—among a variety of ages—has increased tremendously during the past decade. Notably, there are limited studies regarding the negative effects of e‐cigarettes on the cardiovascular system, which is also the subject of significant debate.

Methods and Results

We employed a passive e‐Vape

TM

vapor inhalation system and developed an in vivo whole‐body e‐cigarette mouse exposure protocol that mimics real‐life human exposure scenarios/conditions and investigated the effects of e‐cigarettes and clean air on platelet function and thrombogenesis. Our results show that platelets from e‐cigarette–exposed mice are hyperactive, with enhanced aggregation, dense and α granule secretion, activation of the α
II
bβ3 integrin, phosphatidylserine expression, and Akt and
ERK
activation, when compared with clean air–exposed platelets. E‐cigarette–exposed platelets were also found to be resistant to inhibition by prostacyclin, relative to clean air. Furthermore, the e‐cigarette–exposed mice exhibited a shortened thrombosis occlusion and bleeding times.

Conclusions
Taken together, our data demonstrate for the first time that e‐cigarettes alter physiological hemostasis and increase the risk of thrombogenic events. This is attributable, at least in part, to the hyperactive state of platelets. Thus, the negative health consequences of e‐cigarette exposure should not be underestimated and warrant further investigation.