bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The New Immunotherapy Combinations in the Treatment of Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Reality and Perspectives
Authors: Rocco Danilo , Gravara Luigi D. , Gridelli Cesare 
Published: August 2019

Background:
In the recent years, immunotherapeutics and specifically immunecheckpoints
inhibitors have marked a significant shift in the diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm of
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), allowing us to use immunotherapeutics alone or combined
with chemotherapy for a great subset of patients. However, new interesting approaches are being
presently investigated, markedly immunotherapy combinations, that is, the use of two or more immunotherapeutics
combined.

Methods:
In particular, the combination of anti-PD-1 nivolumab and anti-CTLA-4 ipilimumab has
already provided groundbreaking positive results in the advanced NSCLC and other combinations
are currently under investigation.

Results:
Therefore, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art review about immunotherapy
combination, along with suggestions about future directions. A comprehensive literature
search was carried out to identify eligible studies from MEDLINE/PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov.

Conclusion:
Nivolumab plus ipilimumab represent the most promising immunotherapy combination
for the treatment of advanced NSCLC patients; safety, tolerability and efficacy of new immunotherapeutics
(in monotherapy and in immunotherapy combinations) must be further assessed in
future studies.
Dexmedetomidine versus Midazolam-Fentanyl in Procedural Analgesia Sedation for Reduction of Anterior Shoulder Dislocation: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Masoumi Kambiz , Maleki Seyyed Javad , Forouzan Arash , Delirrooyfard Ali , Hesam Saeed 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Shoulder joint dislocation is the most common dislocation of joints in the
body. To reduce the anterior shoulder dislocation, it is necessary to have analgesia and sedation.

Methods:
In this randomized clinical trial, patients were divided into two equal groups. Group I received
midazolam-fentanyl (0.05 mg/kg fentanyl at a dose of 1 µg/kg) for 10 minutes and group II
received dexmedetomidine (1 µg/kg in the initial dose and then 0.2 µg/kg/h) for 10 minutes. The levels
of analgesia according to VAS criteria and the time to reach desired sedation were compared between
the two groups.

Results:
A total of 60 patients participated in this study. The time to reach the desired sedation was
8.60 ± 2.3 minutes in the dexmedetomidine group and 11.27 ± 3.57 minutes in the midazolamfentanyl
group (p= 0.001). Also, the VAS score in both midazolam-fentanyl and dexmedetomidine
groups was 3.3 ± 1.24 and 2.57 ± 0.9, respectively. The differences were statistically significant
(p=0.015). There was significant relationship between the time to reach desired sedation and the level
of analgesia. Moreover, there was no significant difference between patient age and the time to reach
the desired level of analgesia. During this study, no side effect was observed.

Conclusion:
The findings of this study show that dexmedetomidine provides a higher level of analgesia
than midazolam-fentanyl. Moreover, it was also shown that dexmedetomidine causes quicker
procedural sedation than midazolam-fentanyl.
The Role of Autophagy in Cancer Radiotherapy
Authors: Li Lei , Liu Wen-Ling , Su Lei , Lu Zhou-Cheng , He Xiu-Sheng 
Published: August 2019

Background:Autophagy, a pathway for lysosomal-mediated cellular degradation, is a catabolic process that recycles intracellular components to maintain metabolism and survival. It is classified into three major types: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and the chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Autophagy is a dynamic and multistep process that includes four stages: nucleation, elongation, autophagosome formation, and fusion. Interestingly, the influence of autophagy in cancer development is complex and paradoxical, suppressive, or promotive in different contexts. Autophagy in cancer has been demonstrated to serve as both a tumour suppressor and promoter. Radiotherapy is a powerful and common strategy for many different types of cancer and can induce autophagy, which has been shown to modulate sensitivity of cancer to radiotherapy. However, the role of autophagy in radiation treatment is controversial. Some reports showed that the upregulation of autophagy was cytoprotective for cancer cells. Others, in contrast, showed that the induction of autophagy was advantageous.Here, we reviewed recent studies and attempted to discuss the various aspects of autophagy in response to radiotherapy of cancer. Thus, we could decrease the viability of cancer cell and increase the sensibility of cancer cells to radiation, providing a new basis for the application of autophagy in clinical tumor radiotherapy
Preparation of TiO2 and SiO2 Nanoparticles and their Effect on Epoxy Resin Nanocomposites
Authors: Rahman Gagi Tauhidur , Meem Moumita Tasnim , Gafur Md. Abdul , Mahmud Abu , Hoque Md. Asadul 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Polymer matrix-based composites are the workhorse of the composite industries.
Besides, the idea of modifying the polymer matrix by various inorganic fillers has greatly drawn
the attention of materials engineers due to their diversified applications and advanced properties.

Objective:
The objective of this work was to prepare and characterize Titania (TiO2) and Silica (SiO2)
nanoparticles and develop 1wt%, 3wt%, 5wt% and 10wt% TiO2 and SiO2 incorporated epoxy-based
nanocomposites. Here, we used TiO2 incorporated epoxy composites as a model to compare the effectiveness
and contribution of locally available nano SiO2 in the epoxy matrix.

Method:
The TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by most famous and conventional sol-gel method and
SiO2 nanoparticles were extracted from Padma river (silica) sand obtained from Rajshahi city, Bangladesh
from a very easy and inexpensive route. Both TiO2/epoxy and SiO2/epoxy nanocomposites (approximately
1.3-1.5 mm thick) were prepared via a solution casting method incorporating the TiO2
and SiO2 nanofillers in the epoxy matrix.

Results:
The XRD patterns and SEM image ensure the formation of TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles. A
number of tests reveal that mechanical properties especially hardness and young’s modulus of the
nanocomposites have increased while decreasing the tensile and flexural strength than neat epoxy due
to the incorporation of nanofiller. It is visible that, TiO2/epoxy nanocomposites have shown better performance
than the virgin epoxy but surprisingly in most cases, nano SiO2 exhibited comparable and
even better contribution than TiO2/epoxy nanocomposites. This indicates that the use of TiO2 in epoxy
might be replaced by inexpensive nano SiO2 to be used in various structural sectors.

Conclusion:
The TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized successfully. The preliminary experiments
predict that the addition of nanoparticles (TiO2, SiO2) converts the composite from being ductile
into a brittle material where SiO2/epoxy shows comparable performance with TiO2/epoxy nanocomposites.
Accurate Stiffness Modeling Method for Flexure Hinges with a Complex Contour Curve
Authors: Gong Jinliang , Zhang Yanfei , Mostafa Kazi , Li Xiang 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Flexure hinges have certain advantages, such as a simple structure, smooth
movement, no need for lubrication, frictionless movement and high precision. The flexure hinge’s
transfer of force and displacement relies on its deformation. Thus, stiffness is an important index for
evaluating hinge flexibility.

Objective:
Stiffness analysis of the flexure hinges is necessary to be performed. This paper aims to
present a unified stiffness model solving method of the flexible hinges with complex contour curves.

Methods:
The transfer matrix of a flexure hinge was derived based on balance equations and the virtual
work principle with consideration of axial, shear, and bending deformations. The element stiffness
matrix of a flexure hinge was obtained from the relationship between the transfer and stiffness matrices.
In this manner, the unified formula of element stiffness of a general flexure hinge was established.
By using this method, rigidity models of parabolic, corner-filled, and the right circular flexure hinge
have been deduced. By taking the right circular flexure hinge as an example, the results obtained using
this method were compared with those of methods provided in other studies and the finite element results.

Results and Conclusion:
The comparison results revealed that the proposed method increases the rigidity
accuracy because the effect of the uneven distribution coefficient of shear stress was considered.
The stiffness error was within 7%, which demonstrates the validity of this method. In contrast to
the other methods, the proposed method can be applied by determining the first integral element stiffness
of a common flexible hinge. Moreover, the proposed method provides better commonality, flexibility,
and ease of programming. In particular, it is much easier for the flexure hinges with a complex
contour curve. Transitivity can be used to calculate the rigidity after the flexure hinge has been divided
into subunits, thus making it unnecessary to convert to the global coordinate system.
Source/Drain Stressor Design for Advanced Devices at 7 nm Technology Node
Authors: Dash T.P. , Dey S. , Das S. , Jena J. , Mahapatra E. , Maiti C.K. 
Published: August 2019

Background::
In nano and microelectronics, device performance enhancement is limited
by downscaling. Introduction of intentional mechanical stress is a potential mobility booster to
overcome these limitations. This paper explores the key design challenges of stress-engineered
FinFETs based on the epitaxial SiGe S/D at 7 nm Technology node.

Objective::
To study the mechanical stress evolution in a tri-gate FinFET at 7 nm technology node
using technology CAD (TCAD) simulations. Using stress maps, we analyze the mechanical stress
impact on the transfer characteristics of the devices through device simulation.

Methods:
3D sub-band Boltzmann transport analysis for tri-gate PMOS FinFETs was used, with
2D Schrödinger solution in the fin cross-section and 1D Boltzmann transport along the channel.

Results::
Using stress maps, the mechanical stress impact on the transfer characteristics of the
device through device simulation has been analyzed.

Conclusion::
Suitability of predictive TCAD simulations to explore the potential of innovative
strain-engineered FinFET structures for future generation CMOS technology is demonstrated.
Evaluating the Performance of Carbon in Water Filters Preparation from Porcelanites and Studying the Properties of Water Passing through a Filter
Authors: Hadi Enas M. , Jasim Safa L. 
Published: August 2019

Background:
In this study, ceramic water filter was prepared from Iraqi Local
porcelanite and White Kaolin with the ratio of 10% as a binder with natural additives “wheat
flakes.” Ratios 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30%.

Methods:
These materials are formed then fairing at 1200°C. The filters are environmentally
familiar materials and harmless. Carbon was included to some prepared filters by thermally being
treated at 950°C in the carbonation box to improve the performance and efficiency. After the filter
is prepared, an assessment was carried out (apparent porosity, water absorption, permeability, and
apparent density).

Results:
From the direct results, the apparent porosity, water absorption, and permeability were increased
tremendously along with the increasing of the W.F., and the apparent density is typically
decreased for the adaptive filter with or without carbon. The flowing water promptly passing
through the adaptive filters was carefully evaluated by testes such as TSS, TDS, PH, and turbidity.
The result was TSS in water, 6 mg/l, TSS in filter without carbon. 1 mg/l, TSS for filter with carbon
was decreased to 0 mg/L. Turbidity (NTU) for water 1.9 NTU, Turbidity for filter without carbon
was 0.71NUT, and Turbidity for the filters with carbon was decreased to 0.63 NUT. PH for water
was 7.75 PH for filter without carbon was 7.68, PH for filter with carbon was decreased to 7.33.

Conclusion:
Filters with carbon are better than the filter without carbon for removing potential
contaminants from the filter without carbon. Desired results were properly obtained within the
Iraqi standard for drinking water.
CACK—A Counter Based Authenticated ACK to Mitigate Misbehaving Nodes from MANETs
Authors: Atheeq C. , Rabbani M. Munir A. 
Published: August 2019

Background:
The evolution of wireless network from wired network presents a worldwide
pattern in the previous couple of decades. All the mobile nodes in MANET act as router as
well as host at the same time send and receive messages directly to one another until they are in the
communication range and use multiple hops if the nodes are outside the communication range. The
self-organizing property of nodes in MANET made it prominent among the principal applications
like military and or emergency rescue sites. In spite of, the openness and dynamic nature of mobile
nodes, MANET suffers from malicious nodes. Studies show that the existing mechanism lacks with
cost effective and reduced overhead in the network.

Objective:
It is vital to design a system that detects the malicious nodes to guard MANET from attackers.
With the enhancements of the innovation and cost effective and minimum overhead, our
visualization presents a tremendous expansion of MANETs into modern applications.

Methods:
In this article, we present our proposed model Counter based authenticated acknowledgement
uniquely developed for MANETs that uses chebyshev polynomials and digested acknowledgment
message for detection of misbehaving nodes in MANET.

Results:
Implementation shows that the proposed model outperforms in terms of reduced overhead,
delay and packet delivery by mitigating attacks.

Conclusion:
Finally we conclude that we design an effective intrusion detection system that can be
adaptable in MANET applications.
Developing a Conceptual Model for Crime Against Women using ISM & MICMAC
Authors: Kaur Bhajneet , Ahuja Laxmi , Kumar Vinay 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Crime against women is a major issue of society, resulted in physical,
psychological, sexual or economic harm of women.

Objective:
The main objective of this research paper is to propose the conceptual model after finding
the contextual relationship among all identified factors affecting crime against women.

Methods:
Interpretive structural modeling (ISM) technique has been used to develop the model.
This is the mathematical approach or step-by-step procedure to deploy the unstructured items into a
structured or hierarchical form to build a conceptual model. Further, MICMAC (Matriced' Impacts
Croisés Multiplication Appliquée á un Classement) analysis has also been applied to segregate the
factors into groups of independent, dependent and operational factors on the basis of their driving
power and dependence power. Hence, driving power indicates on what extent an individual factor
is contributing for driving the issue and dependence power indicates on what extent an individual
factor-driven from other factors.

Results:
As resulted all 11 identified factors have been structured into a well-defined model with
the groups of linkage factors, independent factors, and dependent factors. The model clearly defines
the role and contribution of each factor which gives very good insights to take any kind of
decision by the law firms, police departments and other criminal or crime organizations to control
or prevent this major issue ‘crime against women’.

Conclusion:
Public and private crime organizations, law firms can use this article to reform its policies
to take more security measures with their implementation related to it.
Evaluation of the Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance System in Polio-Free Jordan, 2012-2016: Retrospective Secondary Analysis
Authors: Zerriouh Fatima , Khader Yousef , Qasem Nabil , Abusal Kamel , Iblan Ibrahim , Ghaffari Layla , Abdallat Mohammed 
Published: August 2019

Background
As part of the polio-eradication strategy, the World Health Organization (WHO) has established a global acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance system. AFP surveillance has successfully helped Jordan achieve polio-free certification. However, there is a substantial risk of polio importation from neighboring countries including Syria and Iraq.

Objective
This study aimed to evaluate the AFP surveillance in Jordan and identify areas that need improvement.

Methods
This retrospective study is a secondary analysis of data that were routinely collected between 2012 and 2016 by Jordan’s Expanded Program on Immunization. The WHO’s minimum performance indicators were used to evaluate the AFP surveillance.

Results
Cumulatively, 328 AFP cases had been reported. Almost half (n=168, 51.3%) of the patients were aged 1-5 years, and 55.8% (n=183) were male. All cases were discarded (classified as a nonpolio case). The most common cause of AFP was Guillain-Barre Syndrome (n=115, 35.1%). The annualized nonpolio AFP rate increased from 1.4/100,000 children below 15 years of age in 2012 to 4.3 in 2016. National and subnational sensitivities were not met in 2012 and 2013. Adequacy of stool specimens and timeliness of specimens arriving at and processed in the laboratory were constantly above the minimum target. Timeliness of the investigation met the expected target but with a decreasing trend. The nonpolio enterovirus isolation rate was below the target, except in 2016.

Conclusions
The AFP surveillance system in Jordan is performing well; however, additional efforts are needed to strengthen the subnational sensitivity. The cold chain from sample collection to laboratory testing has to be maintained to ensure the reliability of stool specimens required for isolation of the nonpolio enterovirus.
Impact of Depression and Anxiety on Change to Physical Activity Following a Pragmatic Diabetes Prevention Program Within Primary Care: Pooled Analysis From Two Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Yates Thomas , Gray Laura J. , Henson Joseph , Edwardson Charlotte L. , Khunti Kamlesh , Davies Melanie J. 
Published: August 2019

OBJECTIVE
The impact of major affective disorders on the effectiveness of diabetes prevention programs at promoting health behaviors has not been established. We investigated whether depression modifies the effectiveness of two pragmatic diabetes prevention programs at promoting increased physical activity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This study pooled data from two cluster randomized controlled trials (Walking Away from Type 2 Diabetes and Let’s Prevent Type 2 Diabetes) that included individuals at high risk of type 2 diabetes who were recruited from primary care. The trials used very similar intervention methods to promote physical activity and had annual follow-up over a 36-month period. Depressive symptoms were measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and physical activity was measured by a piezoelectric pedometer (Let’s Prevent Type 2 Diabetes) or an accelerometer (Walking Away from Type 2 Diabetes) and expressed as steps per day.

RESULTS
This analysis included 1,163 individuals (571 control, 592 intervention) who had concurrent baseline and follow-up data for ambulatory activity, depression, and anxiety. The median depression score was 3 at baseline; 11% of individuals were classified as having mild to severe depression. Those with no depressive symptoms at baseline or during follow-up increased their ambulatory activity by 592 steps per day (P &lt; 0.001); this effect decayed by 88 steps per day (95% CI 21, 155) for every additional depressive symptom score at baseline, and each increase in the depressive symptom score between baseline and follow-up further attenuated the intervention effect by 99 steps per day (95% CI 2, 196).

CONCLUSIONS
Both depressive symptom burden at baseline and change in this burden are associated with a graded reduction in the effectiveness of diabetes prevention programs at increasing physical activity in primary care.
Optimizing Diabetes Self-management Using the Novel Skills, Confidence, and Preparedness Index (SCPI)
Authors: Aronson Ronnie , Li Aihua , Brown Ruth E. , Walker Ashleigh , Lyons Ashley , Orzech Naomi 
Published: August 2019

OBJECTIVE
The Skills, Confidence, and Preparedness Index (SCPI) is an electronic tool designed to assess three dimensions (knowledge, confidence, and preparedness) in a clinically relevant measure with immediate feedback to guide the individualization of patient education. This study sought to assess the validity and reliability of the final SCPI generation, its relevance to glycemia, and its responsiveness to patient education.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In Part 1, patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes were recruited from specialist clinics over a 6-month period and completed the 23-item SCPI using a tablet. In Part 2, participants also underwent a diabetes self-management education (DSME) program. Baseline SCPI score was used to guide the DSME, and SCPI and glycemia were assessed at completion.

RESULTS
In total, 423 patients met inclusion criteria and 405 had evaluable data. SCPI scores were found to have a high degree of validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability, with no floor or ceiling effects. Scoring was negatively correlated with HbA1c (type 1 diabetes: r = −0.26, P = 0.001; type 2 diabetes: r = −0.20, P = 0.004). In 51 participants who underwent a DSME intervention (6.4 ± 0.6 visits over a mean ± SD 3.4 ± 0.8 months), mean HbA1c improvement was 1.2 ± 0.2% (13.1 ± 2.2 mmol/mol, P &lt; 0.0001). Total SCPI score and each subscore improved in parallel.

CONCLUSIONS
The SCPI tool is a quick and easy-to-use measurement of three domains: skills, confidence, and preparedness. The instant scoring and feedback and its relationship to glycemic control should improve the efficiency and quality of individualizing care in the diabetes clinic.