bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Radiographic Viewing Perspective on Glenoid Inclination Measurement
Authors: Chalmers Peter N , Suter Thomas , Jacxsens Matthijs , Zhang Yue , Zhang Chong , Tashjian Robert Z , Henninger Heath B 
Published: June 2019

Introduction The purposes of this study were to determine (1) whether glenoid inclination (GI) could be accurately measured on plain radiographs as compared to a gold-standard 3-dimensional (3D) measure and (2) whether GI could be reliably measured on plain radiographs. Materials and Methods Digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) were made from 3D computed tomography reconstructions of 68 normal cadaver scapulae. DRRs were made in a variety of viewing angles. Inclination was measured on these DRRs. These measurements were also made using a gold-standard 3D method. Measurements were made by 2 orthopedic surgeons and 1 surgeon twice, to calculate interrater and intrarater intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Results The gold-standard 3D β was 83 ± 5° (72°–98°). On neutral plain radiographs, the mean ± standard deviation 2D β angle was 80 ± 6° (range, 66°–99°). With regard to accuracy, the 2D β angle was significantly different from the 3D β angle, with the 2D β underestimating the 3D β by 5° (95% confidence intervals −1 to 12). With regard to reliability, interrater ICCs for 2D β with a neutral viewing angle was 0.79. Two-dimensional β varied widely with viewing angle from 0.24 to 0.88. Interrater ICCs for the 3D method was 0.83 (0.60–0.92). Intrarater ICCs for all 3 techniques were high (>0.91). Conclusions Two-dimensional radiographic GI measurement is not accurate, as it underestimates the 3D value by an average of 5° when compared to the gold-standard 3D measurement. GI 2D measurement reliability varies with viewing angle on plain radiographs and thus to accurately and reliably measure inclination 3D imaging is necessary.
Modelling the probability of erroneous negative lymph node staging in patients with colon cancer
Authors: Fortea‐Sanchis Carlos , Forcadell‐Comes Erica , Martínez‐Ramos David , Escrig‐Sos Javier 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundPatients in who with insufficient number of analysed lymph nodes (LNs) are more likely to receive an incorrect LN staging. The ability to calculate the overall probability of undiagnosed LN involvement errors in these patients could be very useful for approximating the real patient prognosis and for giving possible indications for adjuvant treatments. The objective of this work was to establish the predictive capacity and prognostic discriminative ability of the final error probability (FEP) among patients with colon cancer and with a potentially incorrectly‐staged LN‐negative disease.MethodsThis was a retrospective multicentric population study carried out between January 2004 and December 2007. We used a mathematical model based on Bayes’ theorem to calculate the probability of LN involvement given a FEP test result. Cumulative sum graphs were used to calculate risk groups and the survival rates were calculated, by month, using the Kaplan–Meier method.ResultsA total of 548 patients were analysed and classified into three risk groups according to their FEP score: low‐risk (FEP < 2%), intermediate‐risk (FEP 2%–15%), and high‐risk (FEP > 15%). Patients with LN involvement had the lowest overall survival rate when compared to the three risk groups. This difference was statistically significant for the low‐ and intermediate‐risk groups (P = 0.002 and P = 0.004, respectively), but high‐risk group presented similar survival curves to pN+ group (P = 0.505). In terms of disease‐free survival, the high‐risk group presented similar curves to the intermediate‐risk group until approximately 60 months’ follow‐up (P = 0.906). After 80 months’ follow‐up, the curve of high‐risk group coincided with that of the pN+ group (P = 0.172). Finally, we summarized the FEP according to the number of analysed LNs and accompanied by a contour plot which represents its calculation graphically.ConclusionsThe application of Bayes’ theorem in the calculation of FEP is useful to delimit risk subgroups from among patients without LN involvement.
Unique Pattern of N-Glycosylation, Sialylation, and Sulfonation on TSH Molecules in Serum of Children Up to 18 Months
Authors: Wide Leif , Eriksson Karin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Context
N-glycosylation and glycan composition of human TSH molecules modulate the biological properties of TSH in different physiological and clinical situations. The degree of sialylation of serum TSH was reported to be very low in normal third-trimester fetuses compared with normal adults. The circulating TSH glycoforms and their glycan compositions in young children have hitherto not been determined.

Objective
To characterize N-glycosylation and glycan composition of circulating TSH molecules in young children.

Design, Participants, Main Outcome Measures
Serum samples were obtained from euthyroid individuals: 33 children, age 2 weeks to 3 years, and 264 adults. The di-glycosylated TSH and tri-glycosylated TSH glycoforms were determined and characterized with respect to sialylation and sulfonation. The TSH N-glycosylation was also examined in pituitary extracts of 75 individuals.

Results
In children up to 18 months of age, most TSH molecules were low-N-glycosylated, high-sulfonated, and low-sialylated compared with older children and adults. The degree of N-glycosylation was similar in serum and pituitary extracts up to 3 months of age and after that was higher in serum than in pituitary extracts.

Conclusions
Children up to age 18 months had low-sialylated TSH molecules, similar to those reported for third-trimester fetuses. Most TSH molecules in young children were of smaller size and less negatively charged, favoring transport into their target tissues. The low sialylation favors a high biopotency at thyroid and extrathyroidal TSH receptors. A delayed development of the liver SO3-N-acetylgalactosamine receptor function after birth is a likely explanation of the highly sulfonated TSH molecules in serum samples of infants.
Genetic Association Study of Eight Steroid Hormones and Implications for Sexual Dimorphism of Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Pott Janne , Bae Yoon Ju , Horn Katrin , Teren Andrej , Kühnapfel Andreas , Kirsten Holger , Ceglarek Uta , Loeffler Markus , Thiery Joachim , Kratzsch Jürgen , Scholz Markus 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Context
Steroid hormones are important regulators of physiological processes in humans and are under genetic control. A link to coronary artery disease (CAD) is supposed.

Objective
Our main objective was to identify genetic loci influencing steroid hormone levels. As a secondary aim, we searched for causal effects of steroid hormones on CAD.

Design
We conducted genome-wide meta-association studies for eight steroid hormones: cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), estradiol, and testosterone in two independent cohorts (LIFE-Adult, LIFE-Heart, maximum n = 7667), and progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and aldosterone in LIFE-Heart only (maximum n = 2070). All genome-wide significant loci were tested for sex interactions. Furthermore, we tested whether previously reported CAD single-nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with our steroid hormone panel and investigated causal links between hormone levels and CAD status using Mendelian randomization (MR) approaches.

Results
We discovered 15 novel associated loci for 17-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone, DHEAS, cortisol, androstenedione, and estradiol. Five of these loci relate to genes directly involved in steroid metabolism, that is, CYP21A1, CYP11B1, CYP17A1, STS, and HSD17B12, almost completing the set of steroidogenic enzymes with genetic associations. Sexual dimorphisms were found for seven of the novel loci. Other loci correspond, for example, to the WNT4/β-catenin pathway. MR revealed that cortisol, androstenedione, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and DHEA-S had causal effects on CAD. We also observed enrichment of cortisol and testosterone associations among known CAD hits.

Conclusion
Our study greatly improves insight into genetic regulation of steroid hormones and their dependency on sex. These results could serve as a basis for analyzing sexual dimorphism in other complex diseases.
PCSK9 Inhibitors in a Statin-Intolerant Transgender Man With Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A Case Report
Authors: Pirazzi Carlo , Tavaglione Federica , Tivesten Åsa , Romeo Stefano 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In female-to-male transgender individuals, testosterone is used to induce masculinization. Sex steroid therapy may increase circulating triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and may decrease high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, resulting in a more atherogenic lipid profile. These potentially adverse effects of androgen therapy may be exacerbated by the presence of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). We describe the case of a transgender man with genetically diagnosed FH who was intolerant to statins and was started on a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor to control his lipoproteins more effectively.
The 35-year-old female-to-male transgender individual was referred to our center with a history of elevated LDL-C levels. Despite treatment with high doses of high-potency statins and ezetimibe, he had never achieved a sustained reduction in LDL-C; his levels of LDL-C were fluctuating between 170 and 344 mg/dL (4.4 and 8.9 mmol/L). Moreover, he developed side effects to statins in the form of myalgia and discontinued statin treatment. At the Sahlgrenska Lipid Clinic, a genetic diagnosis of heterozygous FH was established, and PCSK9 inhibitor therapy was started. The patient’s LDL-C level has been reduced by approximately 40% for 23 months, and no adverse events have been reported.
Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness and Topical Analgesic Alter Corticospinal Excitability of the Biceps Brachii
Authors: STEFANELLI LUCAS , LOCKYER EVAN J. , COLLINS BRANDON W. , SNOW NICHOLAS J. , CROCKER JULIE , KENT CHRISTOPHER , POWER KEVIN E. , BUTTON DUANE C. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe interactive effect of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and a topical analgesic on corticospinal excitability was investigated.MethodsThirty-two participants completed Experiments A (no DOMS) and B (DOMS). For each experiment, participants were randomly assigned to two groups: 1) topical analgesic gel (topical analgesic,n= 8), or 2) placebo gel (placebo,n= 8) group. Before the application of gel (pregel), as well as 5, 15, 30, and 45 min postgel, motor-evoked potential (MEP) area, latency, and silent period, as well as cervicomedullary MEP and maximal compound motor unit action potential areas and latencies were measured. In addition, pressure–pain threshold (PPT) was measured pre-DOMS and at the same timepoints in experiment B.ResultsIn experiment A, neither group showed a significant change for any outcome measure. In experiment B, both groups exhibited a significant decrease in PPT from pre-DOMS to pregel. After the application of topical analgesic, but not placebo, there was a significant increase in PPT at 45 min postgel, respectively, compared with pregel and a main effect of time for the silent period to increase compared with pregel. Participants with DOMS had reduced MEP and cervicomedullary MEP areas and increased corticospinal silent periods compared with those who did not have DOMS.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that DOMS reduced corticospinal excitability and after the administration of menthol-based topical analgesic, there was a reduction in pain, which was accompanied by increased corticospinal inhibition.
Post-Ebola Community Health Worker programme performance in Kenema District, Sierra Leone: A long way to go!
Authors: Thomas Harold , Hann Katrina , Vandi Mohamed , Sesay Joseph Bengalie , Alpha Koi Sylvester , Najjemba Robinah 
Published: June 2019

Background: The devastating 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone could erode the gains of the health system including the Community Health Worker (CHW) programme. We conducted a study to ascertain if the positive trend in reporting cases of malaria, pneumonia and diarrhoea treated by CHWs in the post-Ebola period has been sustained 18 months post-Ebola. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study using aggregated CHW programme data (2013-2017) from all Primary Health Units in Kenema district. Data was extracted from the District Health Information System and analysed using STATA. Data in the pre- (June 2013-April 2014), during- (June 2014-April 2015) and post-Ebola recovery (June 2016-April 2017) periods was compared and analysed for reporting completeness; Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) performed and cases of malaria, diarrhoea and pneumonia treated per month. Differences across periods were tested using two-sample t-test with significance set at 0.05. Results: CHW reporting increased from pre-Ebola by 8% (p-value=0.29) intra-Ebola and 19% (p-value=0.012) post-Ebola. Compared to the pre-Ebola period, in the post-Ebola recovery period, there was a significant increase in the mean monthly reported RDTs of 35% (p-value=0.020); malaria treatments 66% (p-value<0.001); and pneumonia treatments increased by 80% (p-value=0.004). Conversely, the mean monthly diarrhoea cases treated decreased by 20% (p-value=0.16) in the post-Ebola period. Conclusion: The resiliency demonstrated by the CHW programme during and immediately after the Ebola outbreak has been sustained in the post-Ebola recovery period. Continued programme investments in supportive supervision and financial incentives for CHWs will be critical to ensure uninterrupted contribution towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.
Traditional eye medicine use in microbial keratitis in Uganda: a mixed methods study
Authors: Arunga Simon , Asiimwe Allen , Apio Olet Eunice , Kagoro-Rugunda Grace , Ayebazibwe Bosco , Onyango John , Newton Robert , Leck Astrid , Macleod David , Hu Victor H. , Seeley Janet , Burton Matthew J. 
Published: June 2019

Background: Traditional eye medicine (TEM) is frequently used to treat microbial keratitis (MK) in many parts of Africa. Few reports have suggested that this is associated with a worse outcome. We undertook this large prospective study to determine how TEM use impacts presentation and outcome of MK and to explore reasons why people use TEM for treatment in Uganda. Methods: In a mixed method prospective cohort study, we enrolled patients presenting with MK at the two main eye units in Southern Uganda between December 2016 and March 2018 and collected information on history, TEM use, microbiology and 3-month outcomes. We conducted qualitative interviews with patients, carers traditional healers on reasons why people use TEM. Outcome measures included presenting vision and at 3-months, comparing TEM Users versus Non-Users. A thematic coding framework was deployed to explore reasons for use of TEM. Results: 188 out of 313 participants reported TEM use. TEM Users had a delayed presentation; median presenting time 18 days versus 14 days, p= 0.005; had larger ulcers 5.6 mm versus 4.3 mm p=0.0005; a worse presenting visual acuity median logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (Log MAR) 1.5 versus 0.6, p=0.005; and, a worse visual acuity at 3 months median Log MAR 0.6 versus 0.2, p=0.010. In a multivariable logistic regression model, distance from the eye hospital and delayed presentation were associated with TEM use. Reasons for TEM use included lack of confidence in conventional medicine, health system breakdown, poverty, fear of the eye hospital, cultural belief in TEM, influence from traditional healers, personal circumstances and ignorance. Conclusion: TEM users had poorer clinical presentation and outcomes. Capacity building of the primary health centres to improve access to eye care and community behavioural change initiatives against TEM use should be encouraged.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of rehabilitation of people diagnosed with schizophrenia using clinical tools, psychological tests, QEEG, and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
Authors: Markiewcz Renata , Markiewicz-Gospodarek Agnieszka , Kozioł Małgorzata , Szulecka Beata , Olajossy Marcin , Plech Tomasz 
Published: June 2019

Cel pracyCelem badań randomizowanych była ocena poziomu funkcjonowania poznawczego i społecznego dwóch grup pacjentów z rozpoznaniem schizofrenii przy wykorzystaniu narzędzi klinicznych, testów psychologicznych, QEEG Biofeedback oraz zmian w aktywności neurotropowego czynnika BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor) w surowicy badanych pacjentów.MetodaDo badań zakwalifikowano losowo wybranych mężczyzn z rozpoznaniem schizofrenii, których podzielono na dwie grupy. Gr.1 stanowili pacjenci, wobec których nie stosowano ustrukturalizowanego programu działań rehabilitacyjnych, Gr.2 pacjenci, których poddano standardowym oddziaływaniom rehabilitacyjnym. W celu oceny wpływu oddziaływań rehabilitacyjnych uzyskane wyniki w obu grupach porównano po 12 tyg. i dokonano analizy zgodnie z założeniem projektu eksperymentalnego.WynikiZ uzyskanych analiz w post-test wynika, że ustrukturalizowane oddziaływania rehabilitacyjne redukują objawy negatywne, powodują wzrost poziomu czynnika BDNF, powodują poprawę w zakresie funkcjonowania poznawczo-społecznego oraz pozytywnie wpływają na szybkość i dokładność spostrzegania.WnioskiPozytywny wpływ ustrukturalizowanych oddziaływań rehabilitacyjnych pozwala stwierdzić, że rehabilitacja jest niezbędną częścią kompleksowego leczenia psychiatrycznego i powinna być wdrażana już podczas pierwszego epizodu choroby.
O NEORRETRIBUCIONISMO EM MATÉRIA PUNITIVA
Authors: Do Amaral Augusto Jobim , Gloeckner Ricardo Jacobsen 
Published: June 2019

O artigo explora as bases do neorretribucionismo e as suas relaçõescom as teorias denominadas relativas ou utilitárias da pena. Como hipótese de trabalho, partiu-se do pressuposto de que a grande maioria das teorias chamadas de neorretribucionistas ampara-se largamente em elementos preventivos, tratando de integrá-los por meio de posturas ecléticas. Como método exploratório e a fim de testar a hipótese, tratou-se de examinar em particular as obras de dois autores, Andrew von Hirsh, com a sua teoria do “justo merecimento”, e a releitura da pena como retribuição em José de Faria Costa.
A SUPREMA CORTE AMERICANA E O DIREITO À LIBERDADE RELIGIOSA: O CASO MASTERPIECE CAKESHOP VS. COLORADO CIVIL RIGHTS COMMISSION
Authors: De Azevedo Marcelo Sampaio Soares , Bonissoni Natammy Luana de Aguiar 
Published: June 2019

O presente artigo analisa recente decisão da Suprema Corte americanaacerca da liberdade religiosa, proferida no caso Masterpiece Cakeshop vs. Colorado Civil Rights Commission, que aborda a livre expressão religiosa quando esta é manifestada no comércio público e em quais circunstâncias é legítima tal manifestação. A decisão final da Suprema Corte releva para julgamento posterior a análise da constitucionalidade da livre manifestação da crença religiosa daqueles que trabalham com a comercialização de bens e serviços num mercado aberto, e se assenta unicamente na garantia constitucional oferecida pela Primeira Emenda de que os entes estatais e os agentes públicos devem agir com neutralidade e respeito perante a fé das pessoas. A partir de uma análise de aspectos da decisão proferida neste caso, pretende-se refletir acerca desta deliberação que, apesar de ter sido celebrada como uma vitória da liberdade religiosa, pode demonstrar um ambiente instável e inseguro para o exercício dos direitos à liberdade de expressão e de religião.
REMARKS ON DISCIPLINARY LIABILITY OF A RETIRED JUDGE. SELECTED COMPARATIVE CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: Stępień-Załucka Beata 
Published: June 2019

The problems of the judiciary, in some countries, seem to haverecently become an important dilemma of constitutional law. One such issue is the issue of retired judges, who at the end of their judicial careers still remain judges, but in a retired state. This raises a wide range of issues, including the proper conduct and behaviour of such judges. Under the rules of many countries in force in this area, such judges are still subject to what is termed disciplinary responsibility and may be held liable for offences committed outside the service, as well as for those committed in the course of the service. The author looks at these solutions and tries to present a model of retired judges’ liability.
Factors Influencing the Pore Structure Parameters of Lightweight Cement-Based Foams
Authors: Batool Farnaz , Masood Rafi Muhammad , Bindiganavile Vivek 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This study quantifies the pore wall spacing and shape factor of lightweight cement-based foam pore structure and investigates its correlation with density, pozzolan, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity. The lightweight cement-based foam mixtures were prepared for the densities of 800–400 kg/m3 and by replacing cement with fly ash, silica fume, and metakaolin up to 20 % by mass. The nondestructive technique of X-ray microtomography was used for quantifying the pore structure parameters. In addition, the transient plane heat source technique was used to evaluate the thermal conductivity of these mixtures. The results show that the optimal pore wall spacing increases from 0.28 to 0.55 mm as the density rises from 400 to 800 kg/m3. It was observed that the median pore wall spacing (SP50) values increases as the cast density get higher. While the reduction in thermal conductivity was noticed for lower SP50 values. Furthermore, incorporating pozzolanic admixtures at higher cement replacement ratios affects the pore wall spacing. Moreover, spherically shaped pores were found in all mixtures.
The pre- and postoperative illness trajectory in patients with pituitary tumours
Authors: Jakobsson Ung Eva , Olofsson Ann-Charlotte , Björkman Ida , Hallén Tobias , Olsson Daniel S , Ragnarsson Oskar , Skoglund Thomas , Jakobsson Sofie , Johannsson Gudmundur 
Published: June 2019

Objective
Experiences and need of support during surgery and start of replacement therapy in patients with pituitary tumours are highly unknown. This study aimed at exploring patient experiences during pre- and postoperative care and recovery after pituitary surgery in patients with a pituitary tumour.

Methods
Within a qualitative study design, 16 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for pituitary tumours were repeatedly interviewed. In total, 42 interviews were performed before and after surgery. Analysis was performed using qualitative interpretation.

Results
Suffering a pituitary tumour was overwhelming for many patients and struggling with existential issues was common. Patients expressed loneliness and vulnerability before and after surgery. How professionals handled information in connection with diagnosis greatly affected the patients. Other patients with the same diagnosis were experienced as the greatest support. Normalisation of bodily symptoms and relationships with others were reported during postoperative recovery. However, a fear that the tumour would return was present.

Conclusions
Patients with pituitary tumours need structured support, including peer support, which acknowledges physical, cognitive as well as emotional and existential concerns. Information related to diagnosis and surgery should be adapted in relation to the loneliness and the existential seriousness of the situation. Care and support for patients with pituitary tumours should preferably be organised based on continuity and an unbroken care pathway from the first pre-operative evaluation through to postoperative care and the start of a life-long endocrine treatment and tumour surveillance.