bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low-frequency Neural Activity Reflects Rule-based Chunking during Speech Listening
Authors: Ding Nai , Jin Peiqing 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCortical activity tracks the rhythms of phrases and sentences during speech comprehension, which has been taken as strong evidence that the brain groups words into multi-word chunks. It has prominently been argued, in contrast, that the tracking phenomenon could be explained as the neural tracking of word properties. Here we distinguish these two hypotheses based on novel tasks in which we dissociate word properties from the chunk structure of a sequence. Two tasks separately require listeners to group semantically similar or semantically dissimilar words into chunks. We demonstrate that neural activity actively tracks task-related chunks rather than passively reflecting word properties. Furthermore, without an explicit ‘chunk processing task,’ neural activity barely tracks chunks defined by semantic similarity - but continues to robustly track syntactically well-formed meaningful sentences. These results suggest that cortical activity tracks multi-word chunks constructed by either long-term syntactic rules or temporary task-related rules. The properties of individual words are likely to contribute only in a minor way, contrary to recent claims.
Development of a functional genetic tool for Anopheles gambiae oenocyte characterisation: application to cuticular hydrocarbon synthesis
Authors: Lynd Amy , Balabanidou Vasileia , Grosman Rudi , Maas James , Lian Lu-Yun , Vontas John , Lycett Gareth J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractOenocytes are an insect cell type having diverse physiological functions ranging from cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) production to insecticide detoxification that may impact their capacity to transmit pathogens. To develop functional genetic tools to studyAnopheles gambiaeoenocytes, we have trapped an oenocyte enhancer to create a transgenic mosquito Gal4 driver line that mediates tissue-specific expression. After crossing with UAS-reporter lines,An. gambiaeoenocytes are fluorescently tagged through all life stages and demonstrate clearly the two characteristic oenocyte cell-types arising during development. The driver was then used to characterise the function of two oenocyte expressedAn. gambiae cyp4ggenes through tissue-specific expression of UAS-RNAi constructs. Silencing ofcyp4g16orcyp4g17caused lethality in pupae of differing timing and penetrance. Survivingcyp4g16knockdown adults showed increased sensitivity to desiccation. Total cuticular hydrocarbon levels were reduced by approximately 80% or 50% in both single gene knockdowns when assayed in young pupa or surviving adults respectively, indicating both genes are required for complete CHC production inAn. gambiaeand demonstrate synergistic activity in young pupae. Comparative CHC profiles were very similar for the two knockdowns, indicating overlapping substrate specificities of the two enzymes. Differences were observed for example with reduced abundance of shorter chain CHCs in CYP4G16 knockdowns, and reduction in longer, branched chained CHCs in CYP4G17 knockdown adults. This is the first time that twocyp4gs have both been shown to be required for complete CHC production in an insect. Moreover, the generation of tagged cells and identification of an enhancer region can expediate oenocyte specific transcriptomics. The novel driver line can also be used to explore oenocyte roles in pheromone production, mating behaviour and longevity in the malaria mosquito.
Lipid metabolism links nutrient-exercise timing to insulin sensitivity in men classified as overweight or obese
Authors: Edinburgh R.M. , Bradley H.E , Abdullah N-F. , Robinson S.L. , Chrzanowski-Smith O.J. , Walhin J-P. , Joanisse S. , Manolopoulos K.N. , Philp A. , Hengist A. , Chabowski A. , Brodsky F.M. , Koumanov F. , Betts J.A. , Thompson D. , Wallis G. A. , Gonzalez J.T. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractContextPre-exercise nutrient availability alters acute metabolic responses to exercise, which could modulate training responsiveness. We hypothesised that in men with overweight/obesity, acute exercise beforeversusafter nutrient ingestion would increase whole-body and intramuscular lipid utilization, translating into greater increases in oral glucose insulin sensitivity over 6-weeks of training.Design and ParticipantsWe showed in men with overweight/obesity (mean±SD for BMI: 30.2±3.5 kg×m-2for acute, crossover study, 30.9±4.5 kg×m-2for randomized, controlled, training study) a single exercise bout beforeversusafter nutrient provision increased lipid utilisation at the whole-body level, but also in both type I (p<0.01) and type II muscle fibres (p=0.02). We then used a 6-week training intervention to show sustained, 2-fold increases in lipid utilisation with exercise beforeversusafter nutrient provision (p<0.01).Main Outcome MeasuresPostprandial glycemia was not differentially affected by exercise training beforevsafter nutrient provision (p>0.05), yet plasma was reduced with exercise training before, but not after nutrient provision (p=0.03), resulting in increased oral glucose insulin sensitivity when training was performed beforeversusafter nutrient provision (25±38vs−21±32 mL×min-1×m-2;p=0.01) and this was associated with increased lipid utilisation during exercise (r=0.50,p=0.02). Regular exercise prior to nutrient provision augmented remodelling of skeletal muscle phospholipids and protein content of the glucose transport protein GLUT4 (p<0.05).ConclusionsExperiments investigating exercise training and metabolic health should consider nutrient-exercise timing, and exercise performed beforeversusafter nutrient intake (i.e., in the fasted state) may exert beneficial effects on lipid utilisation and reduce postprandial insulinemia.PrécisExercise in the fasted-versusfed-state increased intramuscular and whole-body lipid use, translating into increased muscle adaptation and insulin sensitivity when regularly performed over 6 weeks.
Friends with malefit. The effects of keeping dogs and cats, sustaining animal-related injuries andToxoplasmainfection on health and quality of life
Authors: Flegr Jaroslav , Preiss Marek 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMany studies show that keeping cats and dogs has a positive impact on humans’ physical and mental health and quality of life. The existence of this “pet phenomenon” is now widely discussed because other studies performed recently have demonstrated a negative impact of owning pets or no impact at all. The main problem of many studies was the autoselection – participants were informed about the aims of the study during recruitment and later likely described their health and wellbeing according to their personal beliefs and wishes, not according to their real status. To avoid this source of bias, we did not mention pets during participant recruitment and hid the pet-related questions among many hundreds of questions in an 80-minute Internet questionnaire. Results of our study performed on a sample of on 10,858 subjects showed that liking cats and dogs has a weak positive association with quality of life. However, keeping pets, especially cats, and even more being injured by pets, were strongly negatively associated with many facets of quality of life. Our data also confirmed that infection by the cat parasiteToxoplasmahad a very strong negative effect on quality of life, especially on mental health. However, the infection was not responsible for the observed negative effects of keeping pets, as these effects were much stronger in 1,527Toxoplasma-free subjects than in the whole population. Any cross-sectional study cannot discriminate between a cause and an effect. However, because of the large and still growing popularity of keeping pets, the existence and nature of the reverse pet phenomenon deserve the outmost attention.
Enhancer architecture sensitizes cell specific responses toNotchgene dose via a bind and discard mechanism
Authors: Kuang Yi , Golan Ohad , Preusse Kristina , Cain Brittany , Salomone Joseph , Campbell Ian , Okwubido-Williams FearGod V. , Hass Matthew R. , Eafergan Natanel , Moberg Kenneth H. , Kovall Rhett A. , Kopan Raphael , Sprinzak David , Gebelein Brian 
Published: August 2019

SUMMARYNotch pathway haploinsufficiency can cause severe developmental syndromes with highly variable penetrance. Currently, we have a limited mechanistic understanding of phenotype variability due to gene dosage. Here, we show that inserting a single enhancer containing pioneer transcription factor sites coupled to Notch dimer sites can unexpectedly induce a subset ofDrosophila Notchhaploinsufficiency phenotypes in an animal with wild typeNotchgene dose. Mechanistically, this enhancer couples Notch DNA binding to degradation in a Cdk8-dependent, transcription-independent manner. Using mathematical modeling combined with quantitative trait and expression analysis, we show that tissues requiring long duration Notch signals are more sensitive to perturbations in Notch degradation compared to tissues relying upon short duration processes. These findings support a novel “bind and discard” mechanism in which enhancers with specific binding sites promote rapid Notch turnover, reduce Notch-dependent transcription at other loci, and thereby sensitize tissues to gene dose based upon signal duration.
Inhibition of a negative feedback for persistent epithelial cell–cell junction contraction by p21-activated kinase 3
Authors: Uechi Hiroyuki , Kuranaga Erina 
Published: August 2019

AbstractActin-mediated mechanical forces are central drivers of cellular dynamics. They generate protrusive and contractile dynamics, the latter of which are induced in concert with myosin II bundled at the site of contraction. These dynamics emerge concomitantly in tissues and even each cell; thus, the tight regulation of such bidirectional forces is important for proper cellular deformation. Here, we show that contractile dynamics can eventually disturb cell–cell junction contraction in the absence of p21-activated kinase 3 (Pak3). Upon Pak3 depletion, contractility induces the formation of abnormal actin protrusions at the shortening junctions, which reduces E-cadherin levels at adherens junctions. Such E-cadherin dilution dissociates myosin II from the contracting junctions, leading to a reduction in junctional tensile forces. Overexpressing E-cadherin restores the association of myosin II at the junctions and junction contraction. Our results suggest that contractility both induces and perturbs junction contraction and that the attenuation of such perturbations by Pak3 facilitates persistent junction shortening.
Model-Based Recommendations for Optimal Surgical Placement of Epiretinal Implants
Authors: Beyeler Michael , Boynton Geoffrey M. , Fine Ione , Rokem Ariel 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA major limitation of current electronic retinal implants is that in addition to stimulating the intended retinal ganglion cells, they also stimulate passing axon fibers, producing perceptual ‘streaks’ that limit the quality of the generated visual experience. Recent evidence suggests a dependence between the shape of the elicited visual percept and the retinal location of the stimulating electrode. However, this knowledge has yet to be incorporated into the surgical placement of retinal implants. Here we systematically explored the space of possible implant configurations to make recommendations for optimal intraocular positioning of the electrode array. Using a psychophysically validated computational model, we demonstrate that better implant placement has the potential to reduce the spatial extent of axonal activation in existing implant users by up to ∼55 %. Importantly, the best implant location, as inferred from a population of simulated virtual patients, is both surgically feasible and is relatively stable across individuals. This study is a first step towards the use of computer simulations in patient-specific planning of retinal implant surgery.
HA stability regulates H1N1 influenza virus replication and pathogenicity in mice by modulating type I interferon responses in dendritic cells
Authors: Russier Marion , Yang Guohua , Briard Benoit , Meliopoulos Victoria , Cherry Sean , Kanneganti Thirumala-Devi , Schultz-Cherry Stacey , Vogel Peter , Russell Charles J. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTHemagglutinin (HA) stability, or the pH at which the HA is activated to cause membrane fusion, has been associated with the replicative fitness, pathogenicity, transmissibility, and interspecies adaptation of influenza A viruses. Here, we investigated several mechanisms by which a destabilizing HA mutation, Y17H (activation pH 6.0), may attenuate virus replication and pathogenicity in DBA/2 mice, compared to wild-type (WT; activation pH 5.5). Extracellular lung pH was measured to be near neutral (pH 6.9–7.5). WT and Y17H viruses had similar environmental stability at pH 7.0; thus, extracellular inactivation was unlikely to attenuate Y17H virus. The Y17H virus had accelerated single-step replication kinetics in MDCK, A549, and Raw264.7 cells. The destabilizing mutation also increased early infectivity and type I interferon (IFN) responses in mouse bone marrow–derived dendritic cells (DCs). In contrast, the HA-Y17H mutation reduced multistep replication in murine airway mNEC and mTEC cultures and attenuated virus replication, virus spread, severity of infection, and cellular infiltration in the lungs of mice. Normalizing virus infection and weight loss in mice by inoculating them with Y17H virus at a dose 500-fold higher than that of WT virus revealed that the destabilized mutant virus triggered the upregulation of more host genes and increased type I IFN responses and cytokine expression in DBA/2 mouse lungs. Overall, HA destabilization decreased virulence in mice by boosting early infection in DCs, resulting in greater activation of antiviral responses, including type I IFN. These studies reveal HA stability may regulate pathogenicity by modulating IFN responses.ImportanceDiverse influenza A viruses circulate in wild aquatic birds, occasionally infecting farm animals. Rarely, an avian- or swine-origin influenza virus adapts to humans and starts a pandemic. Seasonal and many universal influenza vaccines target the HA surface protein, which is a key component of pandemic influenza. Understanding HA properties needed for replication and pathogenicity in mammals may guide response efforts to control influenza. Some antiviral drugs and broadly reactive influenza vaccines that target the HA protein have suffered resistance due to destabilizing HA mutations that do not compromise replicative fitness in cell culture. Here, we show that despite not compromising fitness in standard cell cultures, a destabilizing H1N1 HA stalk mutation greatly diminishes viral replication and pathogenicity in vivo by modulating type I IFN responses. This encourages targeting the HA stalk with antiviral drugs and vaccines as well as reevaluating previous candidates that were susceptible to destabilizing resistance mutations.
The state of child labor protections in 193 countries: Are countries living up to their international commitments?
Authors: de Guzman Chorny Nicolas , Raub Amy , Earle Alison , Heymann Jody 
Published: August 2019

PurposeNearly every country has committed to protect children from work that could be harmful or interfere with their education by ratifying the International Labour Organization Minimum Age Convention (C138). Yet there is little transparency and accountability around whether countries have followed through on these commitments by passing legislation to protect children from work. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachThis paper reports on analyses conducted of child labor legislation from all 193 United Nations member states to determine whether countries that have committed to ending child labor have taken the first step by passing legislation to protect children and youth from: work that is likely to be hazardous, work that is likely to interfere with their education and work that is harmful to their healthy development.FindingsFindings show one in five ratifiers legally allow children to do hazardous work, and a similar number permit admission to employment at a young age. Moreover, legislative loopholes significantly undermine the protections that do exist in many countries.Originality/valueExisting reporting mechanisms sometimes obscure whether central legal protections are in place, make cross-country comparisons difficult and impede the analysis of possible relationships between policies and outcomes across countries. This paper illustrates a novel approach to provide transparency and accountability on whether countries are meeting child labor commitments by using quantitative, globally comparable policy indicators.
Review of 52 cases with Hailey–Hailey disease identified 25 novel mutations in Chinese Han population
Authors: Wang Zhe , Li Lulu , Sun Lele , Mi Zihao , Fu Fanghui , Yu Gongqi , Fu Xian , Liu Hong , Zhang Furen 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHailey–Hailey disease (HHD) is a rare autosomal dominant inherited keratosis caused by mutations in ATP2C1. The aim of our study was to identify and analyze the features of the mutations in HHD. We examined 52 Chinese Han cases which were diagnosed as HHD based on their clinical and histological findings. Genomic DNA polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing of ATP2C1 were performed from peripheral blood samples of the patients and 100 unrelated healthy controls. Twenty‐five novel mutations and 14 recurrent mutations were identified, including 11 (28.2%) missense mutations, nine (23.1%) frame‐shift deletion mutations, eight (20.5%) nonsense mutations, seven (17.9%) splicing mutations and four (10.3%) frame‐shift insertion mutations. Together with ours, all 209 mutations showed a uniform distribution without hotspots or clusters. In addition, there is no specific genotype–phenotype correlation in HHD. Our findings update the spectrum of mutations in ATP2C1.
Successful treatment of interstitial lung disease related to Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis overlap with etanercept: A case report and published work review
Authors: Wang Fang , Gao Xuemei , Chen Xiaohong , Tang Xuhua , Chen Haihong , Han Jiande 
Published: August 2019

AbstractInterstitial lung disease (ILD) is a rare complication of Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN). In this study, we present the case of a 33‐year‐old woman who was diagnosed with ILD related to SJS/TEN overlap syndrome. Surprisingly, the patient did not respond to combination therapy with steroids and i.v. immunoglobulin, but rapidly improved after two doses of etanercept treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first case of SJS/TEN‐induced ILD that was successfully treated with etanercept. We reviewed another two cases of ILD associated with SJS/TEN, and found that unlike the other cases, in the present case, ILD occurred early in the course of the disease and rapidly improved after etanercept injection. We discovered that in the present patient, the serum interleukin‐6 level increased during the progressive stage and declined after the initiation of treatment with etanercept.
Dispersal and nutrient limitations of decomposition above the forest floor: Evidence from experimental manipulations of epiphytes and macronutrients
Authors: Gora Evan M. , Lucas Jane M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDecomposition is a major component of global carbon cycling. However, approximately 50% of wood necromass and a small proportion of leaf litter do not contact the forest floor, and the factors that regulate the decomposition above the forest floor are largely untested. We hypothesized that separation from soil resources causes slower decomposition rates above the forest floor. Specifically, we tested whether slower decomposition results from decreased nutrient availability (the nutrient limitation hypothesis) and/or microbial dispersal limitation (the dispersal limitation hypothesis) in the absence of soil resources.We tested these hypotheses by combining experimental manipulations of epiphytes and macronutrient fertilization with elemental analyses and community metabarcoding (fungi and prokaryotes). Specifically, we compared wood stick and cellulose decomposition among three treatments: an unaltered trunk section, an epiphyte mat, and a ‘removal treatment’ where an epiphyte mat was removed to test the effect of soil resources. We also performed a factorial fertilization experiment to test the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on the decomposition of suspended cellulose.Decomposition rates were fastest on the epiphyte mats, intermediate in the removal treatment and slowest in the controls. Phosphorus addition increased decomposition rates in the fertilization experiment, and greater P concentrations, along with some micronutrients, were associated with increased rates of decomposition on the epiphyte mats and in the removal treatments. Locally dispersed fungi dominated the wood stick communities, indicating that fungal dispersal is limited in the canopy, and fungal saprotrophs were associated with increased rates of decomposition on the epiphytes.These experiments show that slowed decomposition above the forest floor is caused, in part, by separation from soil resources. Moreover, our findings provide support for both the nutrient limitation and dispersal limitation hypotheses and indicate that mechanisms regulating canopy‐level decomposition differ from those documented on the forest floor. This demonstrates the need for a holistic approach to decomposition that considers the vertical position of necromass as it decomposes. Further experimentation is necessary to quantify interactions between community assembly processes, nutrient availability, substrate traits, and microclimate.A freePlain Language Summarycan be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Recovery of High Value‐Added Nutrients from Fruit and Vegetable Industrial Wastewater
Authors: Chen Honglin , Zhang Hua , Tian Jinhu , Shi John , Linhardt Robert J. , Ye Tian Ding Xingqian , Chen Shiguo 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe industrial processing water of fruit and vegetables has raised serious environmental concerns due to the presence of many important bioactive compounds being disposed in the wastewater. Bioactive compounds have great potential for the food industry to optimize their process and to recover these compounds in order to develop value‐added products and to reduce environmental impacts. However, to achieve this goal, some challenges need to be addressed such as safety assurance, technology request, product regulations, cost effectiveness, and customer factors. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the recent advances of bioactive compounds recovery and the current challenges in wastewater from fruit and vegetable processing industry, including fruit and beverage, soybean by‐products, starch and edible oil industry. Moreover, future direction for novel and green technology of bioactive compounds recovery are discussed, and a prospect of bioactive compounds reuse and sustainable development is proposed.