bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scaling laws for hydraulic fractures driven by a power‐law fluid in homogeneous anisotropic rocks
Authors: Dontsov Egor V. 
Published: December 2018

SummaryThis study investigates parametric space of solutions for a planar hydraulic fracture propagating in a homogeneous anisotropic rock. It is assumed that the fracture has an elliptical shape and is driven by a power‐law fluid. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of anisotropy and power‐law fluid rheology on the parametric space of solutions. Rock anisotropy is represented by having two values of fracture toughness, one in the vertical direction and another one in the horizontal direction. Similarly, the effect of elastic anisotropy is approximated by using two different effective elastic moduli in the vertical and horizontal directions. In contrast to the isotropic case, for which there are four limiting solutions, the problem for anisotropic rocks features six different limiting cases. These cases represent competition between toughness and viscosity in the vertical and horizontal directions and competition between fluid storage inside the fracture and fluid leak‐off into formation. Approximate expressions for the limiting solutions are obtained using global volume balance and tip asymptotic solutions. Despite the developed solutions rely on a series of approximations, they precisely capture all the scaling laws associated with the problem. Zones of applicability of these limiting solutions are calculated, and their dependence on the problem parameters is investigated.
“Having the compass–drawing the map”: Exploring nurses’ management of pain and other discomforts during use of analgosedation in intensive care
Authors: Berntzen Helene , Bjørk Ida Torunn , Wøien Hilde 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAimTo explore the deliberation and enactment processes of nurses in relation to pain and other discomforts in the critically ill patients after the implementation of an analgosedation protocol.BackgroundNurses in intensive care units (ICU) face great challenges when managing pain and other discomforts and distinguishing between patients’ needs for analgesics and sedatives. An analgosedation protocol favouring pain management, light sedation and early mobilization was implemented in a university hospital ICU in Norway in 2014. Changing sedation paradigms resulting in an increasing number of awake patients during critical illness is expected to affect nursing practice.DesignExploratory, single‐unit study in a mixed adult ICU.MethodsData collection with participant observation and semi‐structured interviews in sixteen clinical situations in 2014 and 2015. Thirteen experienced certified critical care nurses were included. Thematic content analysis was conducted.ResultsAn overall theme “Having the compass–drawing the map” emerged from the analysis. The protocol or strategy of analgosedation appeared to provide a direction for treatment and care, although requiring extensive interpretation of needs and individualization of care, often in challenging situations. The overall theme was abstracted from three themes: “Interpreting a complex whole,” “Balancing conflicting goals” and “Experiencing strain from acting across ideals.”ConclusionNurses seem to attend adequately to patient pain, but the approach to discomforts other than pain appears unsystematic and haphazard. More explicit goals of care and strategies to handle discomfort as distinct from pain are needed. More research is needed to identify effective comfort measures for ICU patients.
Randomized Controlled Trial of a Leucine‐Metformin‐Sildenafil Combination (NS‐0200) on Weight and Metabolic Parameters
Authors: Zemel Michael B. , Kolterman Orville , Rinella Mary , Vuppalanchi Raj , Flores Omar , Barritt A. Sidney , Siddiqui Mohammad , Chalasani Naga 
Published: December 2018

ObjectiveLeucine was previously demonstrated to allosterically activate mammalian sirtuin 1 and synergize with other sirtuin 1/AMP‐activated protein kinase/nitric oxide pathway activators to modulate energy metabolism. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a triple combination of leucine, metformin, and sildenafil (NS‐0200) on body weight and obesity comorbidities in a phase 2 randomized trial.MethodsA total of 91 subjects with obesity were randomized to placebo, low dose (1.1 g leucine/0.5 g metformin/0.5 mg sildenafil), or high dose (1.1 g leucine/0.5 g metformin/1.0 mg sildenafil) twice daily for 16 weeks. Seventy subjects completed the trial and met all a priori compliance criteria. Hypertensive (n = 35) and hypertriglyceridemic (n = 22) subcohorts were also analyzed.ResultsNS‐0200 dose‐responsively reduced weight; high dose reduced weight by 2.4 and 5.0 kg in the full and high‐triglyceride cohorts, respectively (P < 0.0001). High‐dose NS‐0200 treatment also decreased blood pressure (−5.5 mm Hg diastolic pressure; P = 0.011), with greater effects among hypertensive subjects. NS‐0200 also significantly reduced triglycerides and hemoglobin A1c. Significant improvement in ≥ 2 comorbidities was exhibited by 54% of subjects in the high‐dose arm versus 5% of placebo subjects (P = 0.0009). Treatment‐emergent adverse events did not significantly differ among groups.ConclusionsThese data support further study of NS‐0200 as a therapy for obesity and associated comorbidities.
Molecularly imprinted hydrogels for sustained release of sunitinib in breast cancer therapy
Authors: Scrivano Luca , Parisi Ortensia Ilaria , Iacopetta Domenico , Ruffo Mariarosa , Ceramella Jessica , Sinicropi Maria Stefania , Puoci Francesco 
Published: December 2018

The present work reports on the synthesis of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based on methacrylic acid and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate for sunitinib delivery. Sunitinib (SUT) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in many cancer diseases. Like the majority of the anticancer drugs, SUT suffers of a low bioavailability, and at the same time, it is characterized by a narrow therapeutic window. In order to reduce drug systemic toxicity, we synthesized a MIP‐based drug delivery system for SUT‐controlled release. MIP was obtained by bulk polymerization through the so‐called noncovalent approach. Rebinding experiments were performed to evaluate the success of the imprinting process and the ability of MIP to bind in a specific and selective fashion the template molecule. Resulting data showed that sunitinib rebinding percentage was 70%, while nonimprinted polymer (NIP) rebinding percentage was 46%. A not significant difference was observed between MIP and NIP in semaxanib binding experiments. Moreover, the drug release profiles were studied for both MIP and NIP. A sustained release was observed from sunitinib‐loaded MIP during 24 hours, reaching 58% after 6 hours and 76% at the end‐point. NIP, on the contrary, released almost 90% of the loaded drug within 6 hours. Furthermore, the drug carrier was tested in vitro against MCF‐7 cells, in which the cytotoxic effect of sunitinib released from MIP reached the maximum after 72 hours, while NIP completed its effect within 48 hours. These results demonstrated that molecularly imprinted polymers are suitable systems for SUT release.
Somatic mosaic monosomy 7 and UPD7q in a child with MIRAGE syndrome caused by a novel SAMD9 mutation
Authors: Csillag Bernhard , Ilencikova Denisa , Meissl Manfred , Webersinke Gerald , Laccone Franco , Narumi Satoshi , Haas Oskar , Duba Hans‐Christoph 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMIRAGE syndrome caused by mutations in SAMD9 is associated with potential loss of chromosome 7 (‐7/7q‐) and an increased risk to develop myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). We report a case of MIRAGE syndrome, caused by a novel SAMD9 mutation p.Leu641Pro, leading to characteristic clinical features as well as to the coexistence of cells with monosomy 7 (20%) and with uniparental disomy of long arm of chromosome 7 (UPD7q). In contrast to previously reported MIRAGE patients with ‐7/7q‐ developing MDS, our patient achieved complete cytogenetic remission of monosomy 7. As UPD7q remained unchanged, it seems to be a protective factor against MDS.
Peptide signaling molecules CLE5 and CLE6 affect Arabidopsis leaf shape downstream of leaf patterning transcription factors and auxin
Authors: DiGennaro Peter , Grienenberger Etienne , Dao Thai Q. , Jun Ji Hyung , Fletcher Jennifer C. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIntercellular signaling mediated by small peptides is critical to coordinate organ formation in animals, but whether extracellular polypeptides play similar roles in plants is unknown. Here we describe a role in Arabidopsis leaf development for two members of the CLAVATA3/ESR‐RELATED peptide family, CLE5 and CLE6, which lie adjacent to each other on chromosome 2. Uniquely among the CLE genes, CLE5 and CLE6 are expressed specifically at the base of developing leaves and floral organs, adjacent to the boundary with the shoot apical meristem. During vegetative development CLE5 and CLE6 transcription is regulated by the leaf patterning transcription factors BLADE‐ON‐PETIOLE1 (BOP1) and ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2), as well as by the WUSCHEL‐RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) transcription factors WOX1 and PRESSED FLOWER (PRS). Moreover, CLE5 and CLE6 transcript levels are differentially regulated in various genetic backgrounds by the phytohormone auxin. Analysis of loss‐of‐function mutations generated by genome engineering reveals that CLE5 and CLE6 independently and together have subtle effects on rosette leaf shape. Our study indicates that the CLE5 and CLE6 peptides function downstream of leaf patterning factors and phytohormones to modulate the final leaf morphology.
Analysis of dose verification results for 924 intensity‐modulated radiation therapy plans
Authors: Wu Shizhang , Chen Jinhu , Li Zhenjiang , Qiu Qingtao , Wang Xingli , Li Chengqiang , Yin Yong 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectiveIntensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plays an increasingly important role in clinical applications, and dose verification is particularly crucial for each patient. In the present study, we retrospectively analyzed the results of dose verification in 924 actual IMRT plans, including the relationship between gamma pass rates and the location of lesions, and the total number of monitor units, and the maximum area of the collected dose.MethodsAll the 924 IMRT plans implemented in a Varian Trilogy accelerator between 1 January 2014 and 31 March 2016 at Shandong Cancer Hospital were acquired. The Varian Eclipse planning system was used for all treatment planning and verification. Then, actual implemented plans were transplanted into a water phantom. Subsequently, the derived fluence was compared with the actual measured fluence by gamma analysis with the gamma criteria (3%/3 mm).ResultsA total of 924 IMRT plans were categorized into six groups, including the brain, head and neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis, and breast. The gamma pass rate average was >98% for 902 IMRT plans, whereas 22 plans did not pass the first time. A correlation was observed between the treatment site and gamma pass rate (P = 0.017). Meanwhile, a negative correlation was observed between the gamma pass rate and the total number of monitor units (P < 0.001), and the largest area of the acquisition dose (P < 0.001), respectively. Varian Trilogy accelerator IMRT QA data has a stable pass rate with a 100 confidence limit (CL) value of 95.19.ConclusionThere was a correlation between the pass rate and the treatment site, the total number of monitor units, and the maximum area of collected dose. When using Mapcheck for patient plan dose verification, the gamma pass rate is very high, and only a few of them need to be analyzed.
Nonbonding pairs in cyclic thioethers: Electrostatic modeling and ab initio calculations for complexes of 2,5‐dihydrothiophene, thietane, and thiirane with hydrogen fluoride
Authors: Hill J. Grant , Legon Anthony C. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractElectrostatic potential energies V(ϕ) of a non‐perturbing, protonic charge at fixed distances r from the S atom in three cyclic thioethers were examined as functions of the angles ϕ made by the r‐vector with the C2 axis (thiirane and 2,5‐dihydrothiophene) or the local C2 axis (thietane). The electrostatic PE VHF(ϕ) of HF (HF modelled as an extended electric dipole) was also calculated and the results compared with geometries of the thioether⋯HF complexes calculated at the CCSD(T)‐F12c/cc‐pVTZ‐F12 level. The latter reveal angular deviations θ ∼10‐20° of the S⋯HF nuclei from collinearity in directions suggesting secondary interactions of F with H atom(s) of the rings. Angles ϕ made by the S⋯H hydrogen bond with the C2 (or local C2) axes in the complexes are systematically larger (∼4‐9°) than indicated by the VHF(ϕ) functions. Minima in the simple V(ϕ) versus ϕ functions occur at values smaller (∼5‐10°) than those in the VHF(ϕ) curves.
Defect‐Based Single‐Atom Electrocatalysts
Authors: Zhang Yiqiong , Guo Lan , Tao Li , Lu Yanbing , Wang Shuangyin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSingle‐atom catalysts (SACs) have attracted great attention owing to their maximum atomic utilization and high catalytic performance in electrochemical reactions. But the synthesis of SACs is not easy due to large surface energies of single atomic metal sites which often lead to their aggregation. The defects on supports can serve as anchor sites to stabilize single metal atoms and prevent them from aggregation, which has become an effective method to fabricate SACs. This review summarizes the meaningful findings about the defects on supports stabilizing single metal atoms, and their applications in electrocatalytic reaction. Various defects, including the intrinsic defects or heteroatom doping of carbon‐based materials, cation or anion vacancies of metal compound supports, and other defects (step edges, lattice defects, and caves), are comprehensively summarized, and the effects of defects on designing SACs are discussed. Although there are still many challenges to fully explore the SACs, it is believed that the newly established defect sites stabilized single atoms mechanism will be helpful for designing and fabricating highly powerful single atomic electrocatalysts for practical applications.
Perceptual learning
Authors: Prettyman Adrienne 
Published: December 2018

Perceptual learning involves long‐term changes to perception due to practice or experience. While perceptual learning has been studied for over a century in philosophy and psychology, research into the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying perceptual learning remains an area of ongoing development. This review explores what perceptual learning is and how it occurs, with a focus on areas of controversy. It then turns to several current debates. First, it explores the debate as to whether such learning involves genuine perceptual change at all, rather than a change in action, attention, or decision‐making. Second, it questions the role that higher‐cognitive mechanisms, like attention, might play in perceptual learning. Does perceptual learning require attention, or can it occur through mere exposure in the absence of attention? Third, it examines a debate about what perceptual learning means for the perception–cognition divide. Does it blur the divide or preserve it?This article is categorized under:

Philosophy > Psychological Capacities
Psychology > Perception and Psychophysics
Psychology > Learning
The Development Aid Situation in Malawi
Authors: Page Samantha 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn this chapter, I demonstrate the powerful and influential role that international donors (bilateral and multilateral agencies and INGOs) play in constructing AIDS policies and programmes. Additionally, this chapter emphasises that aid conditionality can fail to respond effectively to the AIDS epidemic by demonstrating how funding is often donor led. For example, if donors disagree with policies being implemented in the country to which they are supplying aid, whether it is the way money is being spent or the type of policies the government implements, then they will withdraw funds. I provide an example of the British Government suspending aid because it was unhappy with the President of Malawi’s autocratic management style. The paradox of such policies in practice is that they reduce the ability of nation states to be self-sufficient and instead put them in a dependency relationship with international donors. In this chapter, I also show how the AIDS epidemic was considered to be exceptional, thus requiring exceptional efforts at prevention and mitigation. That HIV requires a response above ‘normal’ health interventions began as a Western response to the virus. I also look at the influence the national elite in Malawi have in shaping international perceptions of sexual cultural practices and AIDS.
Obesity, Biopower, and Embodiment of Caring: Foodwork and Maternal Ambivalences in Ho Chi Minh City
Authors: Ehlert Judith 
Published: December 2018

AbstractChild obesity is increasingly addressed as a public health problem in Vietnam and framed as one of the most severe food-related risks globally. By drawing on theories of the body and from the perspective of mothers feeding their children, this chapter stresses the ambivalences women face in their capacity of caring through food. It puts eating and feeding as subjective embodied experience in context by retracing how different authorities of biopower such as the public health sector, the food industry, and the family work on the bodies of mothers and children, admonishing and regulating food in concert with conflicting body ideals in children. Rather than obesity as supposed food-related risk number one, it is the complex struggle of ‘good motherhood’ that essentially drives women’s food-related anxiety.
Trust and Food Modernity in Vietnam
Authors: Figuié Muriel , Moustier Paule , Bricas Nicolas , Nguyen Thi Tan Loc  
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe authors detail the deep transformation of the Vietnamese food system during the last decades, in relation with the industrialization of food production and the extension of the food market chains. The consequences are a growing food anxiety among consumers and an evolution in the process of trust building: the urban consumers still rely on their own know-how to keep their home as a safe place to eat as well as on their day-to-day personal relations with their usual retailers. But trust building has also evolved to include the trust in some stakeholders such as supermarkets rather than in public control. This diversity in the ways of building trust in food can be seen as a characteristic of modernity in emerging Asian economies.
When Food Crosses Borders: Paradigm Shifts in China’s Food Sectors and Implications for Vietnam
Authors: Zhang Hongzhou 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter aims to provide a preliminary overview of the macro trends that are emerging in regard to Chinese food security strategy at the national level and the food preferences at the household level and its implications for Vietnam. Moving away from the traditional micro-perspective analysis which focuses on the economic, social, and environmental impacts of various forms of Chinese agro-capitalism, this chapter adopts a macro-perspective: examining how Vietnam fits into China’s new food security strategy as well as the shifting dietary preferences of Chinese consumers and its potential implications for Vietnam’s food sectors.
Experimental Determination of the Sn-Cu-Ni Phase Diagram for Pb-Free Solder Applications
Authors: Henao Hector M. , Chu Ching-shun , Solis Juan P. , Nogita Kazuhiro 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The rapid increase of scrapped electrical products disposed in landfill sites is significantly influencing the environment because of the composition of the associated components. This situation has been the stimulus for the international community to issue a directive to prohibit the use of Pb-containing solders in electronic devices and effectively ban such products on the market. The Sn-Cu-Ni has become increasingly significant as it is used in several solder alloys and more generally both Cu and Ni are common substrates that interact with Sn-based solders in microelectronic applications. However, there is currently an insufficient understanding of the phase equilibria and the associated phase diagrams of many Sn alloys. The present work implemented an experimental methodology to obtain high accuracy results for the phase equilibria between one liquid and one or two intermetallic compounds. The Sn-Cu-Ni and the associated Sn-Cu and Sn-Ni binary systems have been re-evaluated and compared with the literature. The liquidus and the invariant lines were determined for the Sn-Cu-Ni ternary at the temperatures ranges of between 240 °C and 270 °C. The result will contribute to filling phase equilibria data gaps in the Sn-rich corner of the Sn-Cu-Ni alloy system.
A framework for security technology cohesion in the era of the GDPR
Authors: Wilson Simon 
Published: December 2018

Right now, malicious actors are attempting to penetrate your organisation's network. In the UK, four out of 10 businesses have suffered a breach or attack in the past 12 months, rising to two-thirds for larger businesses. 1 The stakes have never been higher: the average total cost of a data breach in the UK is already £3.96m. 2 With the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) now adding considerable fines, this figure will only increase. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) creates a new benchmark for personal data protection and its influence will be felt far and wide. It is now the template for privacy laws throughout the world. In addition, security and IT teams now have the opportunity to use the GDPR framework to better manage the collection and use of personal data while filling in potential gaps in their protection infrastructure. Simon Wilson of Aruba proposes a framework to ensure that attacks are dealt with in a GDPR-aware manner, minimising fines, reducing breach-related costs and ultimately better protecting information.
Conceivability Arguments, Properties, and Powers: A New Defense of Dispositionalism
Authors: SCHROER ROBERT 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTDispositionalists maintain that the essence of a property is determined by the powers it confers upon its bearers and, as a result, that there is a necessary connection between properties and their powers. Contingentists, in contrast, maintain that the connection is contingent. The ability to conceive of a property as failing to confer some of its powers is often cited as an objection against dispositionalism. The standard dispositionalist response to this objection is to redescribe the imagined scenario so that it no longer serves as a threat. Using the literature on phenomenal concepts as inspiration, I develop a new defense of dispositionalism that echoes Brian Loar's (1990) response to conceivability arguments against physicalism. Not only can Loar's general strategy be usefully applied to this new context, there is a sense in which that strategy works better here than it does in the original context in which Loar deployed it.