bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nipple-Invasive Primary Carcinomas: Clinical, Imaging, and Pathologic Features of Breast Carcinomas Originating in the Nipple
Authors: Sanders Mary Ann , Brock Jane E. , Harrison Beth T. , Wieczorek Tad J. , Hong Xuefei , Guidi Anthony J. , Dillon Deborah A. , Max Leslie , Lester Susan C. 
Published: February 2018

ContextPatients choosing to retain the nipple when undergoing therapeutic or prophylactic mastectomy are at risk for cancers arising at that site.ObjectiveTo identify cases of invasive carcinoma arising within the nipple and to investigate their clinical, imaging, biologic, and staging features.DesignCarcinomas were identified by prospective review of surgical and consult cases at 4 hospitals.ResultsThe 24 patients identified presented with symptoms related to the nipple. Mammography did not detect the cancer in most cases. Ten patients (42%) had skin changes from ductal carcinoma in situ involving nipple skin (Paget disease), with small foci of invasion into the dermis, and 6 of those 10 carcinomas (60%) stained positive for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). The remaining 14 patients (58%) presented with a nipple mass or with skin changes. These were larger invasive carcinomas of both ductal and lobular types. Only 2 of those 14 carcinomas (14%) were HER2+. Three of 15 patients (20%) undergoing lymph node biopsy had a single metastasis. No patients have had recurrent disease.ConclusionsRare, invasive, primary nipple carcinomas typically present as subtle nipple thickening or an exudative crust on the skin. Imaging studies are often nonrevealing. A variety of histologic and biologic types of carcinomas occur, similar to cancers arising deeper in the breast. Although the carcinomas invaded into the dermis, some with skin ulceration, the likelihood of lymph node metastasis was no higher than carcinomas of similar sizes. Patients who choose to preserve their nipple(s) should be aware of the possibility of breast cancer arising at that site and to bring any observed changes to the attention of their health care providers.
Identification of DNA molecular markers by comparison of Pinus densiflora and Pinus sylvestris chloroplast genomes
Authors: Kim Sang-Chul , Lee Jei-Wan , Baek Seung-Hoon , Ahn Ji-Young , Hong Kyung-Nak 
Published: February 2018

Background: Identifying and characterizing genetic variation can clarify the molecular basis of biological phenomena in plants. In particular, related or morphologically similar species can be distinguished by molecular markers. Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. is a species that is distributed in the Korean peninsula, the Japanese archipelago, and China's Shandong and Manchu Provinces and has long been harvested for timber. However, it is difficult to distinguish P. densiflora from Pinus sylvestris L. both morphologically and phylogenetically. The complete chloroplast genome of P. densiflora has not yet been reported. In this study, we sequenced the P. densiflora chloroplast genome in order to identify the molecular markers that can be used to distinguish this species from P. sylvestris.
Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from P. densiflora samples obtained from the clone bank of the National Forest Seed Variety Center and was sequenced on an Ion Torrent platform. Filtered sequences were assembled with P. sylvestris sequences used as a reference and gene annotation was performed. The chloroplast genome sequences of the two species were aligned and the number and location of forward, reverse, complement and palindromic matches were determined. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertion/deletion mutations (Indels) were identified and analyzed by PCR.
Results: The P. densiflora chloroplast genome consisted of circular double-stranded DNA with 119,835 bp compared to 119,758 bp for P. sylvestris. Between the two Pinus chloroplast genomes, we identified 73 SNPs and 171 Indels; two gene regions with amplification products ≤ 300 bp (rpoC1 and trnM-trnV) were validated as molecular markers.
Discussion: PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis revealed differences between P. sylvestris and P. densiflora at the molecular level. These differences can be used to distinguish between these two species, which is not possible by microscopy-based morphological examination.
A bibliometric analysis in gene research of myocardial infarction from 2001 to 2015
Authors: Zhou Huaqiang , Tan Wulin , Qiu Zeting , Song Yiyan , Gao Shaowei 
Published: February 2018

Objectives
We aimed to evaluate the global scientific output of gene research of myocardial infarction and explore their hotspots and frontiers from 2001 to 2015, using bibliometric methods.

Methods
Articles about the gene research of myocardial infarction between 2001 and 2015 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). We used the bibliometric method and Citespace V to analyze publication years, journals, countries, institutions, research areas, authors, research hotspots, and trends. We plotted the reference co-citation network, and we used key words to analyze the research hotspots and trends.

Results
We identified 1,853 publications on gene research of myocardial research from 2001 to 2015, and the annual publication number increased with time. Circulation published the highest number of articles. United States ranked highest in the countries with most publications, and the leading institute was Harvard University. Relevant publications were mainly in the field of Cardiovascular system cardiology. Keywords and references analysis indicated that gene expression, microRNA and young women were the research hotspots, whereas stem cell, chemokine, inflammation and cardiac repair were the frontiers.

Conclusions
We depicted gene research of myocardial infarction overall by bibliometric analysis. Mesenchymal stem cells Therapy, MSCs-derived microRNA and genetic modified MSCs are the latest research frontiers. Related studies may pioneer the future direction of this filed in next few years. Further studies are needed.
Genomic analysis of morphometric traits in bighorn sheep using the Ovine Infinium® HD SNP BeadChip
Authors: Miller Joshua M. , Festa-Bianchet Marco , Coltman David W. 
Published: February 2018

Elucidating the genetic basis of fitness-related traits is a major goal of molecular ecology. Traits subject to sexual selection are particularly interesting, as non-random mate choice should deplete genetic variation and thereby their evolutionary benefits. We examined the genetic basis of three sexually selected morphometric traits in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis): horn length, horn base circumference, and body mass. These traits are of specific concern in bighorn sheep as artificial selection through trophy hunting opposes sexual selection. Specifically, horn size determines trophy status and, in most North American jurisdictions, if an individual can be legally harvested. Using between 7,994–9,552 phenotypic measures from the long-term individual-based study at Ram Mountain (Alberta, Canada), we first showed that all three traits are heritable (h2 = 0.15–0.23). We then conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) utilizing a set of 3,777 SNPs typed in 76 individuals using the Ovine Infinium® HD SNP BeadChip. We found suggestive association for body mass at a single locus (OAR9_91647990). The absence of strong associations with SNPs suggests that the traits are likely polygenic. These results represent a step forward for characterizing the genetic architecture of fitness related traits in sexually dimorphic ungulates.
Quantifying Anthropogenic Dust Emissions
Authors: Webb Nicholas P. , Pierre Caroline 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAnthropogenic land use and land cover change, including local environmental disturbances, moderate rates of wind‐driven soil erosion and dust emission. These human‐dust cycle interactions impact ecosystems and agricultural production, air quality, human health, biogeochemical cycles, and climate. While the impacts of land use activities and land management on aeolian processes can be profound, the interactions are often complex and assessments of anthropogenic dust loads at all scales remain highly uncertain. Here, we critically review the drivers of anthropogenic dust emission and current evaluation approaches. We then identify and describe opportunities to: (1) develop new conceptual frameworks and interdisciplinary approaches that draw on ecological state‐and‐transition models to improve the accuracy and relevance of assessments of anthropogenic dust emissions; (2) improve model fidelity and capacity for change detection to quantify anthropogenic impacts on aeolian processes; and (3) enhance field research and monitoring networks to support dust model applications to evaluate the impacts of disturbance processes on local to global‐scale wind erosion and dust emissions.
Ocean Chlorophyll as a Precursor of ENSO: An Earth System Modeling Study
Authors: Park Jong‐Yeon , Dunne John P. , Stock Charles A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractOcean chlorophyll concentration, a proxy for phytoplankton, is strongly influenced by internal ocean dynamics such as those associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Observations show that ocean chlorophyll responses to ENSO generally lead sea surface temperature (SST) responses in the equatorial Pacific. A long‐term global Earth system model simulation incorporating marine biogeochemical processes also exhibits a preceding chlorophyll response. In contrast to simulated SST anomalies, which significantly lag the wind‐driven subsurface heat response to ENSO, chlorophyll anomalies respond rapidly. Iron was found to be the key factor connecting the simulated surface chlorophyll anomalies to the subsurface ocean response. Westerly wind bursts decrease central Pacific chlorophyll by reducing iron supply through wind‐driven thermocline deepening but increase western Pacific chlorophyll by enhancing the influx of coastal iron from the maritime continent. Our results mechanistically support the potential for chlorophyll‐based indices to inform seasonal ENSO forecasts beyond previously identified SST‐based indices.
Hekla Volcano, Iceland, in the 20th Century: Lava Volumes, Production Rates, and Effusion Rates
Authors: Pedersen G. B. M. , Belart J. M. C. , Magnússon E. , Vilmundardóttir O. K. , Kizel F. , Sigurmundsson F. S. , Gísladóttir G. , Benediktsson J. A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractLava flow thicknesses, volumes, and effusion rates provide essential information for understanding the behavior of eruptions and their associated deformation signals. Preeruption and posteruption elevation models were generated from historical stereo photographs to produce the lava flow thickness maps for the last five eruptions at Hekla volcano, Iceland. These results provide precise estimation of lava bulk volumes: V1947–1948 = 0.742 ± 0.138 km3, V1970 = 0.205 ± 0.012 km3, V1980–1981 = 0.169 ± 0.016 km3, V1991 = 0.241 ± 0.019 km3, and V2000 = 0.095 ± 0.005 km3 and reveal variable production rate through the 20th century. These new volumes improve the linear correlation between erupted volume and coeruption tilt change, indicating that tilt may be used to determine eruption volume. During eruptions the active vents migrate 325–480 m downhill, suggesting rough excess pressures of 8–12 MPa and that the gradient of this excess pressure increases from 0.4 to 11 Pa s−1 during the 20th century. We suggest that this is related to increased resistance along the eruptive conduit.
Particulate Organic Matter Composition in Stream Runoff Following Large Storms: Role of POM Sources, Particle Size, and Event Characteristics
Authors: Johnson Erin R. , Inamdar Shreeram , Kan Jinjun , Vargas Rodrigo 
Published: February 2018

AbstractLarge storm events possess significant erosive energy capable of mobilizing large amounts of sediment and particulate organic matter (POM) into fluvial systems. This study investigated how stream POM composition varied as a function of the watershed POM source, particle size, storm event magnitude, and seasonal timing. POM composition was characterized for multiple watershed sources and for stream POM following storms in a second‐order forested stream. Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) amount, C:N ratio and isotopic content (13C and 15N) were determined for solid phase POM, whereas dissolved organic C, total N concentrations, and fluorescence characteristics were determined for solution/extracted POM. Key findings from this study were the following: (1) Composition of POM varied greatly with watershed sources with forest floor litter being C and N rich and labile, while stream banks and bed were C and N poor and recalcitrant. (2) Summer storms mobilized more carbon and nitrogen‐rich labile sources, while winter events mobilized more carbon‐ and nitrogen‐poor refractory material from near‐stream sources. (3) POM composition varied by size class, with the coarse POM showing more C and N rich and labile properties, while the fine POM displayed more degraded and refractory properties. If climate variability increases the magnitude and intensity of large storm events, our observations suggest that this will not only increase the inputs of POM to aquatic systems but also result in the delivery of coarser, C and N rich, and more bioavailable POM to the stream drainage network.
The Big Picture: Imaging of the Global Geospace Environment by the TWINS Mission
Authors: Goldstein J. , McComas D. J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractEncircling our planet at distances of 2.5 to 8 Earth radii is a dynamic plasma population known as the ring current (RC). During geomagnetic storms, the solar wind's interaction with Earth's magnetic field pumps petaJoules of energy into the RC, energizing and transporting particles. To measure the global geospace response, RC imaging is performed by capturing energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) created by charge exchange between geospace ions and the neutral exosphere. The H exosphere is itself imaged via its geocoronal Lyman‐α glow. Two Wide‐angle Imaging Neutral‐atom Spectrometers (TWINS) is a stereoscopic ENA and Lyman‐α imaging mission that has recorded the deep minimum of solar cycle (SC) 23 and the moderate maximum of SC 24, observing geospace conditions ranging from utterly quiet to major storms. This review covers TWINS studies of the geospace response published during 2013 to 2017. Stereo ENA imaging has revealed new dimensionality and structure of RC ions. Continuous coverage by two imagers has allowed monitoring storms from start to finish. Deconvolution of the low‐altitude signal has extended ENA analysis and revealed causal connections between the trapped and precipitating ion populations. ENA‐based temperature and composition analyses have been refined, validated, and applied to an unprecedented sequence of solar activity changes in SC 23 and SC 24. Geocoronal imaging has revealed a surprising amount of time variability and structure in the neutral H exosphere, driven by both Sun and solar wind. Global models have been measurably improved. Routine availability of simultaneous in situ measurements has fostered huge leaps forward in the areas of ENA validation and cross‐scale studies.
Nonsense Mutations and Suppression
Authors: Herrington Muriel B 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA nonsense mutation occurs when a sense codon, one that codes for an amino acid, is changed to a chain‐termination codon, UAG, UAA or UGA. A nonsense suppressor can result from a second mutation affecting the translational apparatus. This mutation enables the cell to insert an amino acid in response to the nonsense codon, resulting in a wild‐type or near wild‐type phenotype. Some suppressor mutations change the anticodon of a transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) so that it can pair with the nonsense codon. Other suppressors increase the readthrough of the nonsense mutation. Readthrough occurs at low levels but changes in the ribosome, tRNA or in translation factors can increase readthrough by altering the initial selection steps, proofreading or quality control in decoding the messenger RNA. Manipulation of the accuracy of translation holds promise as a method for the treatment of genetic diseases, many of which result from nonsense mutations.Key ConceptsSuppression results when one mutation counteracts the effect of another mutation to give a wild‐type phenotype.The nonsense codons UAG, UAA and UGA do not code for amino acids, but signal the end of the protein‐coding sequence in the mRNA.Nonsense suppression competes with chain termination.Errors occur during translation and include reading a nonsense codon as sense as well as misreading and frameshifting.Decoding during elongation involves conformational changes in the ribosome, tRNA and EF‐Tu.Changes in the ribosome or other components of the translational apparatus can modify decoding and thus enhance or reduce readthrough of nonsense codons.
Autoimmune Hepatitis
Authors: Lapierre Pascal 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAutoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an organ‐specific autoimmune disease resulting from a loss of immunological tolerance against hepatocyte autoantigens. In the absence of treatment, this disease is fatal. Distinctive characteristics of AIH include hypergammaglobulinemia, presence of autoantibodies and interface hepatitis with lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates. AIH is a rare disease with an estimated point prevalence in Europe and North America of 50–200 cases per million. The pathogenesis of AIH remains unknown. AIH is believed to result from a combination of liver‐specific susceptibility factors, faulty immune tolerance mechanisms (central and peripheral) as well as host and environmental susceptibility factors. Patients respond well to immunosuppressive treatment, but 10–20% of patients are unable to achieve remission using standard treatment. Through a better understanding of AIH pathogenesis as well as cellular(s) and molecular(s) effectors involved, new and effective site‐specific immunotherapies are being developed to induce long‐term remission in patients with minimal deleterious side effects.Key ConceptsAutoimmune hepatitis is characterised by a loss of tolerance against hepatocytes leading to the progressive destruction of the hepatic parenchyma.About 70–90% of AIH patients are women.Hallmark characteristics of AIH include hypergammaglobulinemia, presence of autoantibodies and an interface hepatitis with lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates.Type 1 AIH is characterised by the presence of ANA and/or SMA autoantibodies while Type 2 AIH is characterised by the presence of anti‐LKM1 and/or anti‐LC1 autoantibodies.There is a genetic association between AIH and HLA class II genes suggesting a role for CD4+T cells autoimmune response in AIH pathogenesis.Conventional therapy for AIH patients consists of nonspecific immunosuppression, usually through the use of a combination of prednisone/prednisolone and azathioprine.New biologics‐based specific immunotherapies are currently in development and aim to induce long‐term remission with minimal unwanted side effects.
Emerging Chemicals Targeting Aromatase: Protective Compounds or Endocrine Disruptors?
Authors: Di Nardo Giovanna , Gilardi Gianfranco 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

Aromatase is the enzyme converting androgens into estrogens in the last step of steroid hormone synthesis. Being part of the endocrine system, it is one of the most important targets for compounds ranging from drugs developed since the 1980s for breast cancer treatment, to different kinds of xenobiotics from different sources such as food, pollution and cosmetics.
Different pathologies correlate with abnormal levels of estrogens produced by aromatase that is expressed also in different extragonadal sites as a single protein. Thus, a compound that inhibits aromatase activity can be protective towards pathologies that correlate with high levels of estrogens and dangerous for pathologies that correlate with low levels of these hormones.
We review the effect of known protective and dangerous compounds such as the endocrine disruptors on aromatase activity focusing on the so‐called emerging pollutants that are warning the world attention owing to their wide use and the potential to contaminate surface water.

Key Concepts

Aromatase is the enzyme converting androgens into estrogens and it is the product of a single gene in most species.

Estrogens unbalance is nowadays associated with different abnormal conditions and pathologies.

Aromatase is the target for drugs currently used mainly for breast cancer therapy.

Aromatase is the target for natural compounds that have been shown to have health benefits.

Some of the so‐called endocrine disrupting chemicals that produce adverse health effects target aromatase.

Some emerging pollutants behave as endocrine disrupting chemicals and were found to affect aromatase activity.
Cyanobacteria: Wonderful Microorganisms for Basic and Applied Research
Authors: Cassier‐Chauvat Corinne , Chauvat Franck 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

Cyanobacteria, the only prokaryotes to perform photosynthesis, are fascinating organisms. They are regarded as the oldest phylum of bacteria that shaped the oxygenic atmosphere of our planet, and the progenitor of the plant‐chloroplast. Contemporary cyanobacteria colonise most water (fresh, brackish and marine) and soils of our planet, as free‐living or symbiotic organisms, and generate a large part of the oxygen and the biomass for the biosphere. Hence, a few edible cyanobacteria are being tested as a way to replenish O
2
, provide food and recycle wastes (CO
2
and urea) during long‐term space missions. Furthermore, cyanobacteria also synthesise a vast array of biologically active metabolites with great potential for human health and industries. Thus, cyanobacteria constitute promising microbial factories for the production of chemicals from highly abundant natural resources: solar energy, CO
2
, minerals and waters (even polluted).

Key Concepts

Cyanobacteria are ancient organisms.

Cyanobacteria are environmentally important organisms.

Cyanobacteria produce a huge biomass for the food chain.

Cyanobacteria are widely diverse organisms.

Cyanobacteria have a versatile metabolism of great biotechnological interest.
Engineered Living Materials: Prospects and Challenges for Using Biological Systems to Direct the Assembly of Smart Materials
Authors: Nguyen Peter Q. , Courchesne Noémie‐Manuelle Dorval , Duraj‐Thatte Anna , Praveschotinunt Pichet , Joshi Neel S. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractVast potential exists for the development of novel, engineered platforms that manipulate biology for the production of programmed advanced materials. Such systems would possess the autonomous, adaptive, and self‐healing characteristics of living organisms, but would be engineered with the goal of assembling bulk materials with designer physicochemical or mechanical properties, across multiple length scales. Early efforts toward such engineered living materials (ELMs) are reviewed here, with an emphasis on engineered bacterial systems, living composite materials which integrate inorganic components, successful examples of large‐scale implementation, and production methods. In addition, a conceptual exploration of the fundamental criteria of ELM technology and its future challenges is presented. Cradled within the rich intersection of synthetic biology and self‐assembling materials, the development of ELM technologies allows the power of biology to be leveraged to grow complex structures and objects using a palette of bio‐nanomaterials.