bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of vaccination coverage of four childhood vaccines in New Zealand and New York State
Authors: Baumann Katherine E , Paynter Janine , Petousis‐Harris Helen , Prymula Roman , Yang Y Tony , Shaw Jana 
Published: November 2018

AimTo ensure that children are vaccinated, different national governments use diverse strategies. We compared childhood vaccination coverage rates between New York State (NYS) and New Zealand (NZ) as the vaccination strategies are different.MethodsWe used vaccination records from the NYS Immunisation Information System and the National Immunisation Register of NZ to measure (i) vaccination coverage by school entry and by age six; (ii) coverage of different socio‐demographic groups; and (iii) trend in vaccination coverage between 2011 and 2015.ResultsWe analysed the records of 583 767 NYS children and 269 800 NZ children 7 years of age. NZ children were 3.3–21.5% more likely than NYS children to receive each of the vaccines. Compared to NYS, NZ children were 39.6% more likely to be up‐to‐date by the start of school and 28.1% more likely to be up‐to‐date by age 6 years. Both NYS and NZ had statistically significant increases in the proportion of children who were up to date on each vaccine and all vaccines by the start of school and by 6 years of age (P < 0.001).ConclusionsWe identified under‐vaccinated groups and examined the point in the vaccine series where children were most vulnerable to being under‐vaccinated. This information is useful in targeting future investigations and interventions aimed at mitigating disparities in vaccine coverage. This comparison of regions with different vaccination programmes and policies is important when considering whether the particular vaccination coverage strategies of one region could be adapted and applied for the benefit of another.
Burden and determinants of undernutrition among young pregnant women in Ethiopia
Authors: Workicho Abdulhalik , Belachew Tefera , Ghosh Shibani , Kershaw Meghan , Lachat Carl , Kolsteren Patrick 
Published: November 2018

AbstractUndernutrition is a major public health concern due to its association with the mortality and disease burden of women and children. This study aimed at identifying the extent and determinants of undernutrition among young pregnant women in Ethiopia. A multivariable regression analysis was fitted to identify determinants of undernutrition and anaemia in a sample of 1,393 pregnant women. Risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated. All the analyses were performed using STATA version 14 and adjusted for clustering. The study revealed that 38% of the women were undernourished and 22% were anaemic. Improved maternal education, RR = 0.94, 95% CI [0.89, 0.98]; higher wealth status, RR = 0.72, 95% CI [0.47, 0.95]; higher minimum dietary diversity for women, RR = 0.87, 95% CI [0.77, 0.98]; increased maternal height, RR = 0.96, 95% CI [0.94, 0.98]; and protected water source, RR = 0.93, 95% CI [0.86, 0.96], have decreased the risk of undernutrition while using unimproved toilet, RR = 1.31, 95% CI [1.06, 1.63], and depression, RR = 1.33, 95% CI [1.14, 1.55], increased the risk of anaemia. Animal source food consumption decreased both the risk of undernutrition, RR = 0.85, 95% CI [0.77, 0.94], and anaemia, RR = 0.91, 95% CI [0.85, 0.95]. The burden of undernutrition is still high. Although improved socio‐economic status and dietary practices decreased the risk of undernutrition, poor health and environmental conditions were still significant risk factors. These findings suggest the need to target this set of important determinants to significantly decrease the burden of undernutrition among young pregnant women.
Seeds in motion: Genetic assignment and hydrodynamic models demonstrate concordant patterns of seagrass dispersal
Authors: Sinclair Elizabeth A. , Ruiz‐Montoya Leonardo , Krauss Siegfried L. , Anthony Janet M. , Hovey Renae K. , Lowe Ryan J. , Kendrick Gary A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMovement is fundamental to the ecology and evolutionary dynamics within species. Understanding movement through seed dispersal in the marine environment can be difficult due to the high spatial and temporal variability of ocean currents. We employed a mutually enriching approach of population genetic assignment procedures and dispersal predictions from a hydrodynamic model to overcome this difficulty and quantify the movement of dispersing floating fruit of the temperate seagrass Posidonia australis Hook.f. across coastal waters in south‐western Australia. Dispersing fruit cohorts were collected from the water surface over two consecutive years, and seeds were genotyped using microsatellite DNA markers. Likelihood‐based genetic assignment tests were used to infer the meadow of origin for seed cohorts and individuals. A three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model was coupled with a particle transport model to simulate the movement of fruit at the water surface. Floating fruit cohorts were mainly assigned genetically to the nearest meadow, but significant genetic differentiation between cohort and most likely meadow of origin suggested a mixed origin. This was confirmed by genetic assignment of individual seeds from the same cohort to multiple meadows. The hydrodynamic model predicted 60% of fruit dispersed within 20 km, but that fruit was physically capable of dispersing beyond the study region. Concordance between these two independent measures of dispersal provides insight into the role of physical transport for long distance dispersal of fruit and the consequences for spatial genetic structuring of seagrass meadows.
Mycorrhizal divergence and selection against immigrant seeds in forest and dune populations of the partially mycoheterotrophicPyrola rotundifolia
Authors: Jacquemyn Hans , Waud Michael , Brys Rein 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPlant populations occupying different habitats may diverge from each other over time and gradually accumulate genetic and morphological differences, ultimately resulting in ecotype or even species formation. In plant species that critically rely on mycorrhizal fungi, differences in mycorrhizal communities can contribute to ecological isolation by reducing or even inhibiting germination of immigrant seeds. In this study, we investigated whether the mycorrhizal communities available in the soil and associating with the roots of seedlings and adult plants of the partially mycoheterotrophicPyrola rotundifoliadiffered between populations growing in sand dunes and forests. In addition, reciprocal germination experiments were performed to test whether native seeds showed higher germination than immigrant seeds. Our results showed that the mycorrhizal communities differed significantly between forest and dune populations, and that within populations seedlings and adults also associated with different mycorrhizal communities. In both forest and dune populations, mycorrhizal communities were dominated by members of the Thelephoraceae, but dune populations showed a higher incidence of members of the Inocybaceae, whereas forest populations showed a high abundance of members of the Russulaceae. Reciprocal germination experiments showed that native seeds showed a higher germination success than immigrant seeds and this effect was most pronounced in dune populations. Overall, these results demonstrate that plants ofP. rotundifoliagrowing in dune and forest habitats associate with different mycorrhizal communities and that reduced germination of non‐native seeds may contribute to reproductive isolation. We conclude that selection against immigrants may constitute an important reproductive barrier at early stages of the speciation process.
Persistence of cities: Evidence from China
Authors: Duan Fan , Unel Bulent 
Published: November 2018

AbstractUsing data from the Qing dynasty, we investigate the long‐run impact of early development on today's living standards in China. We use city‐level population density in 1776 as a measure of early economic prosperity, and examine how it is associated with today's development indicators such as the average night light density, GDP per capita, average years of schooling, and trade openness. We find that cities which were more prosperous during the Qing dynasty are now also brighter, richer, more educated, and more open.
What might Normalisation Process Theory bring to policy implementation studies? Learning lessons and uncovering questions through a case study of the profound implementation failure of a new policing policy
Authors: Mackenzie Mhairi , Bradley Lisa , Stanley Nicky , Gannon Maria , Barton Deborah , Cosgrove Katie , Conway Ellie , Feder Gene 
Published: November 2018

AbstractNormalisation Process Theory (NPT), used nationally and internationally to explore implementation within health services research, is used for the first time within policing to understand profound policy implementation failure and to generate broader discussion of policy implementation theory. The policy in question (Police to Primary Care [P2PC]) was an intervention designed to notify GPs when women are assessed by police as at high risk of future domestic abuse. Designed to improve interagency communication, it took place amidst radical organisational change.Using qualitative interviews with domestic abuse specialist and frontline officers, this paper addresses how NPT helps to explain the (non)implementation of P2PC, how such an analysis differs from other policy implementation approaches, and what this means for our understandings of policy implementation more broadly.NPT proved useful in understanding mechanisms leading to (non)implementation of the intervention: fuzzy alignment with existing practice, faulty communication of purpose, and inattention to discretionary implementation spaces. It helped us understand why the intervention came to be invisible. Dwarfed by its organisational context, made institutionally hard to read by a lack of formal protocols, and given restricted view to police officers, it was compromised by a failure to instigate systems of organisational learning.More broadly, NPT helped reveal practices intersecting top‐down and bottom‐up implementation theory. The paper concludes by asking how NPT and theories of street‐level bureaucracy might be better used in tandem and, particularly, how this might help explorations of policy implementation where human actors are joined by technological actors in interpreting and making policy in vivo.
Fabrication of Bi1.5Y0.3Sm0.2O3–δ–Based Dual–layer Ceramic Hollow Fibre Membranes for Catalytic Reactions
Authors: Othman N. H. , Wu Z. , Li K. 
Published: November 2018

In this study, a dual–layer ceramic hollow fibre membrane consisting of two functional layers, i.e. an outer oxygen separation layer (Bi1.5Y0.3Sm0.2O3–δ (BYS)– L0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSM)) and an inner catalytic substrate layer (BYS–NiO), has been developed using a single–step co–extrusion and co–sintering technique. The key factors in successful fabrication of such membranes and morphology control have been investigated, in which how to match the sintering behaviours of the two layers is critically important. The use of BYS, a great ionic conducting ceramic, is proved to be efficient in promoting oxygen permeation at lower operating temperatures, when compared with previous counterpart, ((ZrO2)0.90(Sc2O3)0.10(ScSZ)–LSM. This demonstrates its potentials in developing new functional dual–layer ceramic hollow fibre membranes. Moreover, the membranes of this type can be used as a highly compact membrane reactor for catalytic reactions, such as partial oxidation of methane (POM) to syngas and methane combustion, because such a reactor design combines oxygen separation (from ambient air) and methane conversion into a single unit, which significantly reduces the reactor volume due to the extremely high surface area/volume of the hollow fibre configuration.
Gas Permeation Properties of Asymmetric Polyimide Membranes Made by Ion–beam Irradiation
Authors: Sannomiya A. , Iwase M. , Nagaoka S. , Suzuki Y. , Iwaki M. , Kawakami H. 
Published: November 2018

In this study, the gas permeance and selectivity of the asymmetric polyimide membrane with skin layer carbonized by He ions irradiation were measured using a high vacuum apparatus with a Baratron absolute pressure gauge at 76 cmHg and 35°C. Particutarly, we focused on the effects of the depth profile of the energy loss for the irradiating He ions in the skin layer on the gas permeation properties of the asymmetric membranes. Irradiation depth is gauged through the energy loss profile of the irradiating ions. The nature of the carbonised layer was investigated using AFM and ATR–FTIR. We demonstrated that the PO2 of the He+–irradiated membranes increased with the skin layer thickness and that the depth of the irradiating ions in the skin layer had a significant influence on the gas permeability and selectivity of the asymmetric membrane.
Effect of Polymer Concentration on the Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Asymmetric Polysulfone (PSf) Membrane
Authors: Ismail N. M. , Jakariah N. R. , Bolong N. , Anissuzaman S. M. , Nordin N. A. H. M. , Razali A. R. 
Published: November 2018

Polymer concentration had been identified as one of the important parameters tailoring the membrane properties. In this work, the effects of polymer concentration on the morphological and mechanical properties of membrane were investigated at three different polymer concentrations, i.e., 20, 25 and 30 wt%. The viscosity of dope solutions were determined to estimate the optimum polymer concentration. The morphological properties of the fabricated membrane were determined using SEM whereas the mechanical properties of the membrane were investigated using tensile tester. Results show that an increase in the polymer concentration could lead to the improvement of the morphological and mechanical properties of the membrane. The tensile strength of the membrane determined for PSf-20, PSf-25 and PSf-30 are 5.73, 6.59 and 7.03 MPa, respectively whereas the elongation at break measured for the membranes are 46.99%, 69.18% and 36.27%, respectively. As shown in this work, the polymer concentration played a significant role to alter on membrane morphology and mechanical strength.
Preparation and Characterization of Blending Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone) with Charged Surface Modifying Macromolecules
Authors: Mohd–Norddin M. N. A. , Ismail A. F. , Matsuura T. , Rana D. 
Published: November 2018

Charged surface modifying macromolecule (cSMM) end capped with sulfonic group was prepared and blended into sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK). The modified membrane was characterized for polymer electrolyte membrane application; i.e. a SPEEK/cSMM blend membrane was compared to a SPEEK membrane and a Nafion 112 membrane for the thermal and mechanical stability, hydrophilicity and water uptake. Thermal and mechanical stability of the blend membrane were slightly reduced from that of the SPEEK membrane but still higher than that of the Nafion 112 membrane. The cSMM which was end–capped with sulfonic group has increased the total –SO3H group in the blend membrane. As a result, the blend membrane showed an increase in hydrophilicity and water uptake as compared to the pristine membrane. The addition of cSMM with an additional –SO3– charge has enabled the water uptake to be increased which is crucial to enhance the proton conductivity that of SPEEK. Moreover, the extra –SO3– can facilitate the transfer of proton better. This study found that cSMM is a good candidate as an additive for SPEEK in improving its function as polymer electrolyte membrane.
Porous Ceramics Membrane Preparation from Ternary Mixtures of Ranong Kaolin, Calcium Carbonate and Silica
Authors: Darunee B. , Nucharee C. , Tripob B. 
Published: November 2018

Porous ceramics membranes were prepared from ternary mixtures of Ranong kaolin, calcium carbonate and silica using slip casting technique. Totally 10 different composition mixtures were selected from the ternary diagram of CaCO3 : SiO2 : Clay with weight fraction of 0–0.19 : 0.28–0.47 : 0.52–0.71, respectively. The ceramic paste was first fired at 800°C and then sintered at temperatures of 1200, 1250 and 1300°C. The results show that firing temperature above 1200°C is probably too high to prepare the porous ceramics of the studied compositions. The porosity less than 26% is obtained from the samples sintered at 1250–1300°C. The highest porosities of more than 40% are observed from the samples sintered at 1200°C with the weight fraction of clay, calcium carbonate and silica between 0.524–0.562, 0.076–0.152, and 0.310–0.394, respectively. In this range of compositions, the linear shrinkage and water absorption is about 3% and 22%, respectively, while the bending strength is between 28–30 MPa. The pure water flux of samples prepared from mixture formula 9 sintered at 1200°C ranges between 52.4 and 368.8 L/m2.h at the operating pressures 30–120 kPa, indicating that the mixture compositions nearby the formula 9 are the best for porous ceramic production using Ranong kaolin.
Power Generation Amplification and Stack Toughening via Compliant Layer Interdigitation
Authors: Krech Ember D. , Barrett Ronald M. , Cadel Eileen S. , Friis Elizabeth A. 
Published: November 2018

Energy harvesting from low frequency cyclic motion is possible in a variety of applications, but generating power with piezoelectric stacks at low, off-resonance frequencies is challenging. In this study, Compliant Layer Adaptive Composite Stacks (CLACS) were investigated as a toughened piezoelectric generator to increase efficiency at low frequencies and match the compliance of many commercial devices.
CLACS were manufactured with PZT discs, interdigitated epoxy layers of varying thicknesses, and encapsulated in epoxy. Energy production of each CLACS type as a function of compliant layer thickness was characterized. Power amplification of CLACS was modeled assuming discs remain planar, volume of epoxy was conserved, and total epoxy deformations were small. Shear lag theory demonstrated increases in positive in-plane strains induced by external through-thickness compression. This amplified sensitivity of the entire stack to through-thickness compressions, substantially increases power generation capability.
Experimental data showed that increases in compliant layer thickness resulted in increased power generation in all loading conditions. The shear lag structural mechanics model showed good correlation with theoretical predictions, assuming small deformation of the compliant layer. In addition to reducing composite stiffness, the CLACS generated 61% more power than conventional stack actuators with the same PZT volume via lateral strain amplification effects.
Multi-Modal Morphing Wing Flaps for Next Generation Green Regional Aircraft: The CleanSky Challenge
Authors: Pecora Rosario 
Published: November 2018

Regional aviation is an innovation driven sector of paramount importance for the European Union economy.
Large resources and efforts are currently spent through the CleanSky program for the development of an efficient air transport system characterized by a lower environmental impact and unequalled capabilities of ensuring safe and seamless mobility while complying with very demanding technological requirements. The Green Regional Aircraft (GRA) panel, active from 2006, aims to mature, validate and demonstrate green aeronautical technologies best fitting the regional aircraft that will fly from 2020 onwards with reference to specific and challenging domains: from advanced low-weight and high performance structures up to all-electric systems and bleed-less engine architectures, from low noise/high efficiency aerodynamic up to environmentally optimized missions and trajectories management.
The development of such technologies addresses two different aircraft concepts, identified by two seat classes, 90-pax with Turboprop (TP) engine and 130-pax, in combination with advanced propulsion solutions, namely, the Geared Turbofan (GTF), the Advanced Turbofan (ATF) and the Open Rotor (OR) configuration.
Within the framework of the Clean Sky program, and along nearly 10 years of research, the design and technological demonstration of a novel wing flap architecture was addressed. Research activities aimed at demonstrating the industrial feasibility of a morphing architecture enabling flap camber variation in compliance with the demanding safety requirements applicable to the next generation GRA in both open rotor and turboprop configurations. The driving motivation was found in the opportunity to replace a conventional double slotted flap with a single slotted morphing flap assuring improved high lift performances — in terms of maximum attainable lift coefficient and stall angle — while lowering emitted noise, fuel-burnt and deployment system complexity. Additional functionalities for load control and alleviation were then considered and enabled by a smart architecture allowing for an independent shape-control of the flap tip region during cruise.
The entire process moving from concept definition up to the experimental qualification of true scale prototypes, characterized by global and multi-zone differential morphing capabilities, is here described with specific emphasis on the adopted design philosophy and implemented technological solutions. Paths to improvements are finally outlined in perspective of a low-term item certification and series production.
Data-Driven Modeling Techniques to Estimate Dispersion Relations of Structural Components
Authors: Malladi Vijaya V. N. Sriram , Albakri Mohammad I. , Tarazaga Pablo A. , Gugercin Serkan 
Published: November 2018

Dispersion relations describe the frequency-dependent nature of elastic waves propagating in structures. Experimental determination of dispersion relations of structural components, such as the floor of a building, can be a tedious task, due to material inhomogeneity, complex boundary conditions, and the physical dimensions of the structure under test.
In this work, data-driven modeling techniques are utilized to reconstruct dispersion relations over a predetermined frequency range. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated on a one-dimensional beam where an exact solution of the dispersion relations is attainable. Frequency response functions of the beam are obtained numerically over the frequency range of 0–50kHz. Data-driven dynamical model, constructed by the vector fitting approach, is then deployed to develop a state-space model based on the simulated frequency response functions at 16 locations along the beam. This model is then utilized to construct dispersion relations of the structure through a series of numerical simulations. The techniques discussed in this paper are especially beneficial to such scenarios where it is neither possible to find analytical solutions to wave equations, nor it is feasible to measure dispersion curves experimentally. In the present work, actual experimental data is left for future work, but the complete framework is presented here.