bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of SR-XRF Imaging and Micro-Xanes to Meteorites, Archaeological Objects and Animal Tissues
Authors: Nakai Izumi , Iida Atsuo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSynchrotron Radiation Induced X-ray Fluorescence analysis was successfully applied to the analyses of meteorites, archaeological objects and animal tissues. Electronic states of Fe and Ti in chondrules of chondrites were clarified by micro-XANES to be Fe2+ and Ti4+. Ancient iron implement (B.C. 3c A.D. 3c) with zoning of rusts was characterized by micro-XANES. Two dimensional chemical state analyses of the sample were made by selective excitation of iron. Trace element analyses of Cu, Zn, Se, and Hg in the brain and kidney of rat, mouse, and guinea pig dosed with alkyl mercury and/or Se were made from a view point of mercury intoxication. Strong correlation between Hg and Cu, Zn, Se was observed by the correlation analysis of the elemental distributions. The XRF imaging also disclosed decrease of Cu and Zn level in cancerous tissues of human kidney compared with normal ones.Advantages of Synchrotron Radiation (SR) as an X-ray source of X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Analysis have been demonstrated by many pioneering researchers. The advantages include wavelength tunability, high intensity and high resolution, which allow us to carry out nondestructive multielemental analysis of trace elements. However, practical application of the SR-XRF is still limited in numbers. The authors expected that the application of SR-XRF is most promising in the fields of archaeological objects, geological samples, and biological samples and started the present research projects in 1987. Now we have established the analytical procedures of these samples by SR-XRF that we report a part of our results, which so far we obtained from the analyses of geological samples, archaeological objects and biological samples.The techniques of chemical state analysis used in this study are based on the following two approaches: one is XANES (X-ray absorption Near Edge Structure) and the other is SIXES (Selectively Induced X-ray Emission Spectroscopy). It is well known that the former technique together with EXAFS has been developed rapidly with the development of intense SR beams. SIXES was recently established by Sakurai et al. It enables us to carry out chemical state mapping by X-ray fluorescence using absorption edge shifts. This method was first applied to practical problems in this study.
Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Analysis Using Synchroton Radiation
Authors: Iida Atsuo , Gohshi Yohichi , Matsushita Tadashi 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTrace element analyses by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence measurements were made using synchrotron radiation from a dedicated electron storage ring at the Photon Factory in Japan. The continuum or the monochromatic beam was used for excitation. A crystal monochromator or two types of mirror systems were used for monochromatic excitation. A high signal to background ratio was attained with the crystal monochromator, while the highest absolute detectability was achieved with the mirror system. The minimum detection limita obtained from thin samples are of the order of 0.1 ppm or less than 0.1 pg. Furthermore the signal to background ratio was significantly improved by using an X-ray mirror as a sample support in which, external total reflection of exciting X-rays occured.
Qualitative Analysis of X-ray Spectra
Authors: Russ John C. 
Published: March 2019

Many X-ray spectrometers are now equipped with dedicated computers, which provide automated data collection (either Energy or Wavelength dispersive), and perform quantitative corrections to derive concentrations from intensities. Some of these systems are also provided with software to assist in qualitative analysis, or identification of the peaks and elements present.These programs include simple aids to the user (various graphic display modes, peak identification markers for KLM lines, and so forth), spectrum deconvolution (to reveal hidden peaks), as well as complete spectrum scanning algorithms that attempt to report the entire list of elements present. It is not the purpose of this paper to compare or critique the performance of these various routines, but rather to illuminate them by providing some insight into how human thought processes appear to perform qualitative analysis.
An Examination of the Overall Stability of an XRF Spectrometer with Special Reference to Fourier Analysis of Temporal Variation
Authors: Smith T. K. 
Published: March 2019

In any analytical method, one of the first considerations in obtaining precise and accurate results is the stability of the instrument. Progressive refinement in design and manufacturing techniques over many years has led to short-term stability of X-ray generation, transmission and detection in XRF spectrometers of a magnitude such that, in favourable cases, the random process of emission (and to some extent, absorption) is the major source of error; superimposed on this, however, are other variations, some of them periodic.Many processes modify the intensity of X-rays recorded by a spectrometer's sealer and timer: besides those produced by the instrument itself there are potential external perturbations perhaps reverting to electricity generating stations or even further. More important effects may be caused by local features such as ambient temperature and pressure, and in the case of improper setting of machine conditions or of existence of a fault, enhancement may be observed.
Comparison of Various X-ray Tube Types for XRF Analysis
Authors: Gurvich Y. M. 
Published: March 2019

In XRF wavelength dispersive sequential spectrometers, two general types of X-ray tubes are employed: end-window and side-window. In the side-window design, anode and window are grounded. This allows a large portion of high energy electrons, scattered from the target, to fall on and heat the window. The heating, which results in the loss of window strength, requires increased window thickness and shortens an X-ray tube's life cycle.In end-window tubes, potential is reversed: cathode and window are grounded while the anode operates at a high potential. Scattered electrons are attracted back to the anode with very few striking the window. The window does not suffer from heating, and its thickness can be decreased to 125 microns. Such a window is transparent to soft radiation, which is beneficial when exciting light elements.
Certification of Reference Materials by Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry?
Authors: Christensen Leif Højslet , Heydorn Kaj 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe present paper studies the precision and accuracy that can be achieved using energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of total sulphur content in BCR 38 Fly Ash issued by the European Community Bureau of Reference.
An X-ray Diffraction Procedure for Measuring Retained Austenite in High Chromium White Cast Iron
Authors: Whelan Gerald W. , Moroz Peter J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHigh chromium white cast irons are used in the mineral processing industry as grinding balls and grinding mill liner plates. The effect of retained austenite on the field performance of these irons is not clearly understood, but it is believed that control of the retained austenite level is essential in optimizing field behavior. Improved analysis techniques are required to provide this control.This paper presents an equal area pole figure data collection procedure for determining retained austenite in textured material in which few diffracted peaks are available for analysis. As analysis techniques improve, the significance of retained austenite in high chromium white cast irons can be better evaluated.
Quantitative X-ray Analysis of ICPP Simulated High Alumina Calcine
Authors: Sliva Paul , Bliss Mary , Scheetz Barry E. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHigh alumina radioactive waste calcine is produced at the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant (ICPP) by feeding a taw liquid waste stream through a fluidized bed calcitter. Further solidification of this calcine via chemical bonding necessitates determination of the amount of crystalline phase resulting from the calcination process. X-ray powder diffraction analysis of simulated (non-radioactive) ICPP high alumina calcine shows that it consists of an amorphous phase plus three phases of varying crystal Unity; alpha, beta and gamma alumina. Subsequent quantitative x-ray analysis of the three crystalline phases was carried out using the internal standard method with sodalite as the standard phase. Limited peak selection for the alumina phases required a correction for the presence of a small sodalite peak contained within the analyzed gamma alumina peak (4° two-theta base width). Results of this study show that the calcine is composed of ∼90 weight percent gamma alumina, less than 3-4 weight percent each of alpha and beta alumina and the remaining 4-6 weight percent an amorphous component.
X-ray Diffraction/Electron Microprobe Analysis of Surface Films Formed on Alloys During Hydrothermal Reaction with Geologic Materials
Authors: Johnston R. G. , Strope M. B. , Anantatmula R. P. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractX-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis were used in combination to identify reaction phases that formed on the surfaces of low-carbon steel specimens reacted with a 75% basalt-25% bentonite mixture and anion-doped water in sealed pressure vessels at 100°C and 250°C. Reaction phases on specimen surfaces and in adhering geologic material were identified by conventional X-ray diffraction scans of entire specimens with intact reaction layers. Comparison of results from adhering geologic material and scans of selectively removed layers allowed establishment of approximate reaction gradients in the adhering packing material. Electron microprobe analysis of specimens in cross-section provided quantitative chemical analyses of adhering reaction phases, and identification of reaction layer composition gradients and thicknesses. Magnetite formed on the surface of specimens reacted at 250°C for 4 weeks. Iron-enriched clay was also observed on specimen surfaces and in the adjacent basalt-bentonite mixture. The 100°C experiments yielded surface films of a siderite-structure phase, (Fe,Ca,Mn)CO3, that were not observed in previous experiments with synthetic ground-water. Less extensive iron enrichment of the adjacent clays compared to that seen in the 250°C experiments was observed. The siderite-structure phase generally formed when no carbonate ion was present in the initial solution, implying dissolution of impurity calcite in the bentonite as the controlling factor in the reaction. The results demonstrate the utility of combining X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis for characterization of reaction phases on alloys reacted with complex geologic materials.
High Throughput Rate Solid State Detector Systems for Fluorescence EXAFS
Authors: Derbyshire G. E. , Farrow R. C. , Bilsborrow R. L. , Morrell C. , Greaves G. N. , Dobson B. R. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractExisting Solid State Detector systems exhibit limitations in throughput rate and stability when used with intense synchrotron radiation sources. Recent work on a prototype detector system for Fluorescence EXAFS has allowed evaluation of new techniques, made possible by recent improvements in integrated circuit products. The knowledge gained from this investigation is enabling the design of high-count rate detector systems.
On-Belt Determination of Calcium Concentration by X-ray Fluorescence
Authors: Hirvonen M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractX-ray fluorescence has a long tradition as an on-line analysis method in many kinds of industrial processes. It is capable of determining elemental concentrations in material flows even under severe and varying process conditions with an accuracy which is often sufficient for on-line control purposes. Many times the elemental concentrations correlate highly enough with those of the minerals of interest to give useful mineral analysis. In general, a rather well-defined geometry in the XRF measurement is necessary for accurate results, which may impose strict requirements on the sampling system.
Practical and "Unusual" Applications in X-ray Diffraction Using Position Sensitive Detectors
Authors: Tissot Ralph G. , Eatough Michael O. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPosition sensitive proportional counters (PSPCs) increase the scope of X-ray diffraction analyses. High pressure flow through type PSPCs can significantly reduce data collecting times due to She ability for simultaneous data collection over large two-theta ranges. This inherent characteristic allows the diffraction user broad capabilities such as scanning very rapidly over large two- theta ranges or collecting data in real time over shorter two-theta ranges without scanning. Thus, we have been able to perform detailed high- temperature experiments in relatively short time frames, observe phase transitions and reactions as they occur, and perform unusual experiments such as observing the crystallization of a plasma spray in-situ.
X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Fly Ash. II. Results
Authors: McCarthy G. J. , Solem J. K. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA protocol for semi-quantitative XRD analysis of fly ash has been applied to 178 ashes in studies of the typical mineralogy of high-calcium and iow-calcium fly ash, the consistency of fly ash mineralogy from a typical power station, the partitioning of chemical constituents into crystalline phases, and the crystalline phases relevant to the use of fly ash in concrete.
X-ray Fractographic Study on Alumina and Zirconia Ceramics
Authors: Tanaka Sumio , Hirose Yukio , Tanaka Keisuke 
Published: March 2019

The residual stress left on the fracture surface is one of the important parameters in X-ray fractographic study. It has been used to analyze fracture mechanisms in fracture toughness and fatigue tests especially of high strength steels.In this paper, X-ray fractography was applied to brittle fracture of alumina (Al2O3) and zirconia (ZΓO2) ceramics.
Use of Automated X-Ray Diffraction Analysis in Studies of Natural Hydrothermal Systems
Authors: Johnson Paul D. 
Published: March 2019

The former Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) automated X-ray diffraction data collection and analysis system located at the Riverside campus of the University of California has been upgraded for use in the characterization of samples from natural hydrothermal systems by the addition of an interactive graphics terminal and the rewriting of the computer programs.The system has the capability of collecting and interpreting patterns from 25-30 samples in one night's unattended operation. The computer's interpretation can be monitored and corrected easily. The pattern and the computed baseline are displayed with the peak locations and intensities, as predicted by the mineral standards file, and calculated mineral intensities superimposed. The system can display a pattern and accept and remember corrections to its interpretation in less than two minutes. The system can also organize and display the interpretations of a suite of samples in both tabular and graphical form.The mineral identifications, minimum levels of detections and quantities calculated were tested using artificial mixtures of known composition and comparisons with other techniques and found to be adequate. As an example of the system's output, approximately 500 samples of cuttings from 12 boreholes drilled in the Salton Sea geothermal field in California have been run. The mineral modal analyses for samples from each well was produced in a diagrammatic format suitable for displaying on maps to show the three-dimensional distribution of mineral abundances.The system gives adequate quality of analysis for the mapping of mineral abundances. The main benefit is the assumption of bookkeeping functions thus allowing the analyst to concentrate on the more difficult interpretation problems. The current drawback of the system is the difficulty in dealing with clays.
An Experimental Evaluation of Computational Methods For Determining Lattice Parameters Using Bragg-Brentano Powder Diffractometry
Authors: Payzant E.A. , King H.W. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractComputational methods for determining precision lattice parameters based on extrapolation, lattice refinement, least squares and trial and error indexing, with intermediate corrections for peak positions using external and internal standards, have been evaluated with respect to the ICDD published values for zincite. Lattice parameters can be routinely determined to an accuracy of one part in ten thousand without the use of external or internal standards, by using computational extrapolation on data with a well aligned and maintained diffractometer. Lattice refinement determination of lattice parameters was only effective, with respect to the ICDD values, when used in conjunction with external and internal Standards. Least squares yielded results with low standard deviations, but the use of standards did not reduce the refined sample displacement or zero angle errors, and gave an increased error in lattice parameters with respect to the ICDD values. The trial and error indexing, which can only be used with peak positions corrected with respect to both external and internal standards, gave relatively low de Wolff and Smith-Snyder figures of merit, but nevertheless yielded lattice parameters of the highest accuracy of one part in twelve thousand, with respect to the ICDD values.
Fourier Transformation of X-Ray Rocking Curves from Interferometer Structures
Authors: Hudson J. M. , Tanner B. K. , Blunt R. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe discuss the use of Fourier transform techniques to extract layer thickness from the interference fringes observed in high resolution X-ray diffraction rocking curves of pseudomorphic HEMT structures. The interference structure is extracted by cubic spline fitting to the extrema of the data, thereby obtaining a background envelope which is used to normalise the data. The resulting constant background is subtracted from the data and the residual Fourier transformed. Auto correlation of the residual significantly improves the result from noisy data. Satisfactory results are obtained only when the Bragg peak from the substrate is windowed out. With a limited dynamic and angular range, there is often insufficient data to separate the two closely spaced periods arising from the total layer thickness and that excluding the quantum well. The result then corresponds to the average of these two thicknesses.
Low Temperature Attachment For X-Ray Powder Diffractometry
Authors: King H.W. , Peters M.A. , Payzant E.A. , Stanley M.B. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA low temperature attachment based on a miniature open-cycle Joule-Thomson refrigerator has been developed for x-ray diffractometry measurements over the temperature range from 65 - 400 K, By use of a special mounting plate, the device can be substituted for the heater assembly of a high temperature attachment and thereby utilize the available vacuum chamber and x-ray transparent beryllium window. The device is demonstrated by investigating the polymorphic phase transformations that occur in barium titanate.
Total Reflection Xrf of Light Elements Using Various Excitation Sources
Authors: Streli Christina , Wobrauschek P. , Aiginger H. , Ladisich W. , Rieder R. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTotal Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (TXRF) has been proved to be well suited for the energy dispersive analysis of light elements using a special spectrometer, which is equipped with an energy dispersive detector having all properties for the detection of low energy radiation. The detection of the light elements is strongly influenced by the excitation source which should provide a large number of photons with energies near the K-absorption edge of these elements (0.2 - 3 keV). Various standard tubes with Be-window as well as a homemade windowless tube are compared, all differing in focal size, total power and anode material. Optimized excitation conditions are provided by synchrotron radiation meeting all requirements for excellent excitation of light elements in total reflection geometry such as high brilliance and ideal spectral distribution specially in the low energy region. A comparison of excitation with X-ray tubes as well as with synchrotron radiation is shown. Detection limits of 200 fg for Mg have been obtained with synchrotron radiation.
Optimization of Trxf Spectrometer with Bent Cut-Off Filter
Authors: Kondurov I. A. , Korotkikh E. M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA nickel-coated glass plate was used as a reflecting surface in the TRXF spectrometer with a log spiral bent cut-off filter. Optimal choice of the reflecting material has enabled us to lower the detection limit up to five times. A possibility to increase the spectrometer sensitivity by using an additional reflector bent into a transcendental profile to provide a required angular divergence of the exciting beam has been discussed.
Study on X-Ray Stress Analysis Using a New Position-Sensitive Proportional Counter
Authors: Yoshioka Yasuo , Hasegawa Ken-ichi , Mochiki Koh-ichi 
Published: March 2019

A position-sensitive proportional counter suitable for the X-ray stress measurement has been developed and residual stresses were measured with an apparatus that uses this PSD system. The counter was designed to have a good angular resolution over the counter length for the diffracted X-ray beam and high counting rates. The mean angular resolution measured was about 0.2° in 2θ (FWHM) at 200 mm, and the maximum allowable counting rate reached about 40,000 cps.The time required for the data accumulation was shown to be 1/10 to 1/30 of the time required with a standard diffractometer.
Developments in the Use of X-Rays in Body Composition Analysis
Authors: Preuss L. E. , Bolin F. P. 
Published: March 2019

Quantitative assay of body components in the living human is a subject of keen interest. Measurement of such fractions on superficial view seems a simple analysis problem. In fact, the opposite is true. The ‘specimen’ is not amenable to the usual destructive analytical procedures. Due to its importance, a continued effort has been mounted to assay the most basic of such components. This paper and bibliography traces the recent applications of penetrating radiation for such analysis.Some of the fractions whose measurement has been attempted are; bone mineral, adiposity (lipid to lean ratio), body hydration, tissue density, voids and spaces (i.e. lung). The importance of quantitative analysis of such gross components is apparent when taking mineralization as example.
Computer Simulation of Powder Patterns
Authors: Parrish W. , Huang T. C. , Ayers G. L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA method for computer simulation of X-ray powder diffraction patterns which are identical to those obtained experimentally is described. The calculated pattern is generated directly from the d's (or 2θs) and intensities of the phase(s) and is based on a profile fitting algorithm which uses the instrument function to form the profile shapes at all reflection angles. Examples of simulated patterns of mixtures, line broadening, linear and amorphous backgrounds, and counting noise are given.