bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population closure and the bias‐precision trade‐off in spatial capture–recapture
Authors: Dupont Pierre , Milleret Cyril , Gimenez Olivier , Bischof Richard 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Spatial capture–recapture (SCR) is an increasingly popular method for estimating ecological parameters. SCR often relies on data collected over relatively long sampling periods. While longer sampling periods can yield larger sample sizes and thus increase the precision of estimates, they also increase the risk of violating the closure assumption, thereby potentially introducing bias. The sampling period characteristics are therefore likely to play an important role in this bias‐precision trade‐off. Yet few studies have studied this trade‐off and none has done so for SCR models.

In this study, we explored the influence of the length and timing of the sampling period on the bias‐precision trade‐off of SCR population size estimators. Using a continuous time‐to‐event approach, we simulated populations with a wide range of life histories and sampling periods before quantifying the bias and precision of population size estimates returned by SCR models.

While longer sampling periods benefit the study of slow‐living species (increased precision and lower bias), they lead to pronounced overestimation of population size for fast‐living species. In addition, we show that both bias and uncertainty increase when the sampling period overlaps the reproductive season of the study species.

Based on our findings, we encourage investigators to carefully consider the life history of their study species when contemplating the length and the timing of the sampling period. We argue that both spatial and non‐spatial capture–recapture studies can safely extend the sampling period to increase precision, as long as it is timed to avoid peak recruitment periods. The simulation framework we propose here can be used to guide decisions regarding the sampling period for a specific situation.
A Nabataean and Roman shrine with civic and military gods at Humayma, Jordan
Authors: Reeves M. Barbara 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe lifecycle of a Nabataean and Roman community shrine at Humayma, Jordan reflects the evolving values of the town's inhabitants from the first to the third centuryCE. This paper reviews the evidence for the shrine's appearance and significance over this period, as well as the nature of the cult practised there. Beginning its existence as a Nabataean shrine, whose design incorporated the rising sun and the town's primary peak, the building was damaged when the Romans converted Nabataea intoProvincia Arabia. The Roman garrison initially dismantled the shrine to build their fort, but a few decades later the shrine was restored with a centrally placed Nabataean betyl and legionary altar symbolising harmony between the garrison and the town. The garrison's god, Jupiter‐Ammon‐Serapis, and possibly Isis, were now worshipped alongside the town's Nabataean deity. This shrine stressing military‐civilian harmony was later deliberately damaged, most likely during Zenobia's revolt.
Alcohol Abstainer Status and Prazosin Treatment in Association with Changes in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Veterans with Comorbid Alcohol Use Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Verplaetse Terril L. , Ralevski Elizabeth , Roberts Walter , Gueorguieva Ralitza , McKee Sherry A. , Petrakis Ismene L. 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundThe noradrenergic system has been implicated in alcohol use disorder (AUD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with adrenergic agents reducing drinking in individuals with AUD and improving sleep disturbances in individuals with PTSD. In a recent clinical trial, prazosin, an α1‐adrenergic antagonist, was not superior to placebo in reducing PTSD symptoms, sleep problems, or alcohol consumption in a comorbid population; however, patients in both treatment conditions improved in all symptom domains over the course of treatment. It remains unknown whether alcohol abstinence is related to changes in PTSD symptoms and medication effects in individuals with this comorbidity.MethodsVeterans with comorbid alcohol dependence and PTSD (n = 96) were randomized to prazosin (16 mg) or placebo in a 12‐week outpatient, double‐blind clinical trial. In this secondary data analysis, we examined main effects of alcohol abstainer status (abstainer vs. nonabstainer), treatment, and their interaction on changes in PTSD symptoms over time using linear mixed models.ResultsThere was a main effect of alcohol abstainer status on symptoms of PTSD (p = 0.03), such that nonabstainers had lower total Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) scores than abstainers. There was a significant treatment by alcohol abstainer status interaction (p = 0.01); specifically, among placebo‐treated individuals, those who did not abstain from alcohol had lower total CAPS scores compared to alcohol abstainers. Within the prazosin‐treated group, abstainers and nonabstainers did not differ on total CAPS scores. Results were similar for the avoidance (p = 0.02), reexperiencing (p = 0.01), and hyperarousal (p = 0.04) subscales, such that placebo‐treated nonabstainers had lower CAPS scores overall.ConclusionsOverall, prazosin treatment was not significantly related to changes in PTSD symptoms over the course of the 12‐week clinical trial in a comorbid population. Interestingly, placebo‐treated alcohol nonabstainers had a significant reduction in PTSD symptoms. Whether placebo‐treated individuals continued to use alcohol because of ongoing symptoms of PTSD is not known.
High tolerance of repeated heatwaves in Australian native plants
Authors: French Kris , Jansens Isaac B. , Ashcroft Michael B. , Ecroyd Heath , Robinson Sharon A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractHeatwaves, with increases in day and night time temperatures, are predicted to increase in frequency. We investigated the response of forbs, shrubs, grasses and non‐grass monocotyledons from warm temperate environments in Australia to repeated heatwaves to determine if responses differed with growth form and whether the addition of hot night temperatures influenced the ability of species to grow and acclimate. Plants were subjected to 3, 3‐day heatwaves comprising either hot days and nights or hot days and cool nights, with control plants maintained under cool days and nights. All species were thermotolerant to repeated heatwaves, although two species showed lower biomass under heat treatments, indicating repeated heatwaves influenced function in some, but not all species. While there was evidence of photosynthetic damage in some species, these recovered by the end of the experiment. While grasses and one herb showed some evidence of photosystem acclimation, increases in the threshold temperatures for membrane breakdown only occurred in one shrub. Leaf sacrifice in grasses was significantly increased after repeated heatwaves suggesting that fuel loads in grass communities will increase in the future. These results indicate high resilience for these Australian native warm temperate plants although lower growth rates in some species after heatwaves may result in changes to community composition.
Hurdles in radiation planning for glioblastoma: Can delayed‐contrast enhanced computed tomography be a potential solution?
Authors: Kumar Narendra , Hanumanthappa Nikesh , Miriyala Raviteja , Vyas Sameer , Salunke Pravin , Oinam Arun S. , Yadav Budhi S. , Madan Renu , Dracham Chinnababu , Kapoor Rakesh 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveConformal radiation is the standard of care in treatment of glioblastoma. Although co‐registration of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with early contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) is recommended for target delineation by consensus guidelines, ground realities in developing countries often result in availability of less‐than‐ideal MR sequences for treatment planning. Purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of incorporation of delayed‐CECT sequences for radiation planning in glioblastomas, as an adjunct or alternative to MRI.MethodsCase records of all patients of glioblastoma treated at our center between 2011 and 2014 were retrospectively evaluated. Gross treatment volumes were delineated on T1 contrast MRI (m‐GTV), early CECT (e‐GTV) and delayed CECT (d‐GTV); volumetric comparisons were made using repeated measures analysis of variance and pair‐wise analysis.ResultsAlthough 96% of registered patients underwent postoperative MRI, only 38% of them had desirable sequences suitable for co‐registration. Median duration between acquisition of postoperative MRI and surgery was 45 days (range, 33–60), whereas that between MRI and treatment‐planning CT was 5 days (range, 1–10). Statistically significant differences (P < 0.0001) were obtained between mean volumes of e‐GTV (41.20cc), d‐GTV (58.09cc) and m‐GTV (60.52cc). Although the mean GTV increased by 46% between early CECT and MRI, the difference was only 4% between delayed CECT and MRI.ConclusionDelayed CECT is superior to early CECT for co‐registration with MRI for target delineation, especially when available MR sequences are less‐than‐ideal for treatment planning, and can be considered as the most appropriate adjunct as well as an alternative to MRI, compared to early CECT.
Maternal short‐term complications after planned cesarean delivery without medical indication: A registry‐based study
Authors: Otkjær Astrid M. , Jørgensen Henrik L. , Clausen Tine D. , Krebs Lone 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study was to compare short‐term maternal outcomes in healthy primiparous women with uncomplicated pregnancies who delivered a singleton child at term by planned cesarean or planned vaginal delivery.Material and methodsNationwide population‐based cohort study of 145 821 low‐risk primiparous women with healthy singletons in cephalic position in Denmark, 2008‐2016. Data from the Medical Birth Register and the Danish National Patient Registry were linked and compared according to planned mode of delivery. Main outcome measures were major morbidity including maternal death, cardiac arrest, hysterectomy and thromboembolic disease. Minor maternal morbidity includes wound infection, postpartum fever, wound rupture and reoperation, bladder lesions, spinal headache and Ogilvie syndrome. Additionally, anal sphincter injuries were registered.ResultsThe study included 141 782 planned vaginal deliveries and 4039 planned cesarean deliveries. Severe maternal complications occurred in fewer than 1/4000 in both categories. Women with planned cesarean had a slightly higher risk of wound infections (0.17% vs 0.07%; P = 0.04). There were no significant differences in the remaining minor and major outcomes. Women with planned vaginal delivery had a 4.97% risk of obstetric anal sphincter injuries.ConclusionsFor healthy primiparous women, both planned vaginal delivery and planned cesarean delivery are highly safe procedures when the short‐term maternal outcome is taken into account. Planned cesarean delivery is associated with a slightly increased risk of wound infection compared with planned vaginal delivery. Women with planned vaginal delivery had a 4.97% risk of obstetric anal sphincter injuries.
Silicone oil‐associated retinal light exposure under a surgical microscope
Authors: Yamada Kazuhisa , Kaneko Hiroki , Tsunekawa Taichi , Shimizu Hideyuki , Suzumura Ayana , Namba Rina , Takeuchi Jun , Kataoka Keiko , Takayama Kei , Inoue Makoto , Ito Yasuki , Terasaki Hiroko 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPurposeBased on the hypothesis that silicone oil (SO) with a higher refractive index than water induces unexpected vignetting effects during surgeries, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the volume of SO and light intensity using a surgical microscope.MethodsUsing a light‐sensitive paper and model eye filled with varying volumes (0%, 50%, 62.5%, 75%, 87.5% and 100%) of SO, the light intensity of intraocular lens (IOL) with various refractive powers (0, 10 and 20 dioptres) illuminated by a surgical microscope was measured.ResultsLight exposure density with 1.0% coaxial and oblique light was approximately 22‐fold higher than that with 0.1% coaxial and oblique light. Further, it was approximately 34‐fold higher in eyes with +20 D IOL than in those with no IOL. The density in eyes with 75% SO was the highest among all groups followed by that with 0% SO. Light exposure densities in the eyes with 75% and 0% SO were significantly higher than those with other volumes of SO. In SO‐filled eyes, a microscope set with only an oblique light and a filter successfully reduced light exposure.ConclusionSilicone oil‐related vision loss (SORVL) during SO removal surgeries might be due to increased light exposure on the macular retina caused by the SO‐associated vignetting effect. SORVL could be prevented by placing a filter in the microscope during SO removal surgeries.
Progress in the monitoring of direct oral anticoagulant therapy
Authors: Patel Jignesh P. , Byrne Rosalind A. , Patel Raj K. , Arya Roopen 
Published: January 2019

SummaryThe availability of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) has led to a paradigm shift in the field of anticoagulation, with DOACs increasingly being prescribed for patients in preference to vitamin K antagonists and low molecular weight heparin. Despite good experience with the use of these agents at fixed doses, there are clinical scenarios where monitoring is recommended. Data from phase III studies of the DOACs and small real‐world studies suggest a relationship between DOAC concentration and clinical events. The DOACs have differing impacts on the common tests of haemostasis and it is important that clinicians are familiar with the sensitivity of the reagents used in their laboratory to individual DOACs. The specific DOAC drug concentrations can be assayed in the laboratory, when required, to guide appropriate clinical decision‐making. Studies from the real world with sufficient numbers evaluating the association of DOAC concentrations with outcomes should be a research priority in order to understand if we could do better through dose individualisation.
Mourning Bit by Bit
Authors: Humphreys Olivia 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this piece I describe the process of mourning my mother since her death in 2001, via my short animated documentary ‘Oneironauts – the Dream Travellers’ (2011) and my more recent experiences as the mother of a young baby. I consider my experience in the context of Freud's ‘Mourning and Melancholia’.
Inflammatory biomarkers in infective endocarditis: machine learning to predict mortality
Authors: Ris T , Teixeira-Carvalho A , Coelho R Matos Pinto , Brandao-de-Resende C , Gomes M Souza , Amaral L Rodrigues , Pinto P H Oliveira Murta , Santos L J Souza , Salles J Teixeira , Roos-Hesselink Jolien , Verkaik N , Ferrari T Cristina Abreu , Nunes M C Pereira 
Published: January 2019

Summary
Infective endocarditis (IE) is the cardiac disease with the highest rates of mortality. New biomarkers that are able to identify patients at risk for death are required to improve patient management and outcome. This study aims to investigate if cytokines, chemokines and growth factors measured at IE diagnosis can predict mortality. Patients with definite IE, according to the Duke’s modified criteria, were included. Using high-performance Luminex assay, 27 different cytokines, chemokines and growth factors were analyzed. Machine learning techniques were used for the prediction of death and subsequently creating a decision tree, in which the cytokines, chemokines and growth factors were analyzed together with C-reactive protein (CRP). Sixty-nine patients were included, 41 (59%) male, median age 54 [interquartile range (IQR) = 41–65 years] and median time between onset of the symptoms and diagnosis was 12 days (IQR = 5–30 days). The in-hospital mortality was 26% (n = 18). Proinflammatory cytokines interkeukin (IL)-15 and C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL4) were found to predict death, adding value to CRP levels. The decision tree predicted correctly the outcome of 91% of the patients at hospital admission. The high-risk group, defined as CRP ≥ 72 mg/dL, IL-15 ≥ 5·6 fg/ml and CCL4 ≥ 6·35 fg/ml had an 88% in-hospital mortality rate, whereas the patients classified as low-risk had a mortality rate of 8% (P = &lt; 0·001). Cytokines IL-15 and CCL4 were predictors of mortality in IE, adding prognostic value beyond that provided by CRP levels. Assessment of cytokines has potential value for clinical risk stratification and monitoring in IE patients.
Clinical and patient‐reported outcomes of implants placed in autogenous bone grafts and implants placed in native bone: A case–control study with a follow‐up of 5–16 years
Authors: Thoma Daniel S. , Maggetti Ivano , Waller Tobias , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. , Jung Ronald E. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAimsTo compare the radiographic marginal bone levels of implants placed in sites previously augmented with autogenous bone grafts and implants placed in native bone. Secondary outcomes included: implant survival, periodontal/peri‐implant parameters as well as short‐ and long‐term patient‐reported outcome measures.Materials and methodsThe study was designed as a case–control study including 38 patients equally distributed into two groups (previously augmented with autogenous bone blocks [AB] and implants placed in native bone [NB]). In total, 67 implants were placed. Clinical, radiographic and patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs), and complication rates were assessed based on a chart review and at a follow‐up examination (≧5 years after implant placement). Nonparametric mixed models were applied for the comparison of the two groups because of the clustered data. The data were analyzed descriptively, and p‐values were calculated using nonparametric mixed models to account for the clustered data.ResultsThe mean follow‐up time was 10.2 years (range 6–13 years; AB) and 8.3 years (range 5–16 years; NB). One implant was lost in group NB (97.5% survival rate) and none in group AB (100%). Following primary augmentation, six major complications (wound dehiscences, acute pulpitis, intra‐ and extraoral sensitivity disturbances) were observed at the donor sites. At time of implant placement, only minimal complications occurred and only in group NB. Median marginal bone levels at the follow‐up were significantly higher in group NB (1.15; Q1: 0.50 mm/Q3: 1.83 mm) than in group AB (1.58; Q1: 1.01 mm/Q3: 2.40 mm; p = 0.0411). Probing depth, bleeding on probing and recession values were similar in both groups. PROMs revealed high visual analog scale values (i.e., high satisfaction) for both procedures.ConclusionsDental implants placed in sites augmented with autogenous bone or in native bone revealed healthy peri‐implant tissues after 5–16 years. Marginal bone levels were significantly higher for implant placed in native bone. Complications following primary augmentation encompassed every third patient but were mostly transient.
Anatomy of the Facial Fat Compartments and their Relevance in Aesthetic Surgery
Authors: Cotofana Sebastian , Lachman Nirusha 
Published: January 2019

SummaryObjectiveThere has been a significant shift in the understanding of facial anatomy during the last decade. Newer minimally invasive therapeutic options for facial rejuvenation procedures are increasing the need for a better knowledge of anatomy.Material and MethodsThe current literature is summarized, analyzed and presented along with the experience of the author for this narrative review, which summarizes the current understanding of the superficial and deep facial fat compartments and their relevance for minimally invasive facial procedures. A schematic facial model was created in order to facilitate a better understanding of the complexity of facial anatomy.ResultsThe face is arranged in five layers as follows: layer 1: skin; layer 2: subcutaneous fat including the retinacula cutis (composed of fibrous connective tissue); layer 3: superficial musculo‐aponeurotic system (SMAS); layer 4: deep fat; and layer 5: periosteum or deep fascia. This arrangement varies between facial regions, especially when the line of ligaments is incorporated into the model. The facial fat compartments are located in layers 2 and 4; each layer has unique characteristics and spatial relationships with the surrounding tissues.ConclusionsThe concept of the layered arrangement is a new way to understand the spatial relationship and functional interplay of the soft tissues of the face. Understanding the layers, the precise location of the superficial and deep facial fat compartments and their boundaries is crucial for the conduct of safe and effective minimally invasive facial procedures.
Optimal interpolation and isarithmic mapping of soil properties: I The semi‐variogram and punctual kriging
Authors: Burgess T. M. , Webster R. 
Published: January 2019

SummaryKriging is a means of spatial prediction that can be used for soil properties. It is a form of weighted local averaging. It is optimal in the sense that it provides estimates of values at unrecorded places without bias and with minimum and known variance. Isarithmic maps made by kriging are alternatives to conventional soil maps where properties can be measured at close spacings.Kriging depends on first computing an accurate semi‐variogram, which measures the nature of spatial dependence for the property. Estimates of semi‐variance are then used to determine the weights applied to the data when computing the averages, and are presented in the kriging equations.The method is applied to three sets of data from detailed soil surveys in Central Wales and Norfolk. Sodium content at Plas Gogerddan was shown to vary isotropically with a linear semi‐variogram. Ordinary punctual kriging produced a map with intricate isarithms and fairly large estimation variance, attributed to a large nugget effect. Stoniness on the same land varied anisotropically with a linear semi‐variogram, and again the estimation error of punctual kriging was fairly large. At Hole Farm, Norfolk, the thickness of cover loam varied isotropically, but with a spherical semi‐variogram. Its parameters were estimated and used to krige point values and produce a map showing substantial short‐range variation.
Motivation for Educational Attainment in Grade 9 Predicts High School Completion
Authors: West Stephen G. , Hughes Jan N. , Kim Han Joe , Bauer Shelby S. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe Motivation for Educational Attainment (MEA) questionnaire, developed to assess facets related to early adolescents’ motivation to complete high school, has a bifactor structure with a large general factor and three smaller orthogonal specific factors (teacher expectations, peer aspirations, value of education). This prospective validity study investigated the utility of each factor in predicting high school dropout or completion of a general education development (GED) certificate versus completion of a high school degree. Participants were 474 (55.1% male) ethnically diverse students who were originally recruited into a larger longitudinal study in Grade 1 on the basis of academic risk. Fourteen years later, 373 had obtained a high school diploma, 15 had obtained a GED, and 86 had dropped out of high school. During their first year of Grade 9, participants were administered the MEA. Using multinomial logistic regression with high school graduation as the reference outcome and controlling for Grade 9 letter grades, reading and math test scores, gender, and ethnic/racial group status, scores on the latent general factor and the latent peer aspirations factor predicted high school dropout versus high school graduation status. Neither the general factor nor any of the three specific factors predicted GED completion versus high school graduation. Ethnicity, but not gender, moderated the associations between scores on the general factor and high school graduation versus dropout.