bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Prior Experiences of Top Executives Enable or Hinder Product Market Entry?
Authors: Ener Hakan 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTHow firms achieve entry into new‐to‐the‐firm product markets is an important but overlooked topic. Some aspiring entrants fail during product development, and they miss the opportunity to enter. In such contexts, firms often take action to de‐risk entry, for example, by drawing upon the experience of top executives with market‐specific expertise obtained in prior jobs. However, the empirical evidence from this study shows that beyond a narrow threshold, greater prior experience in the top executive team was associated with a greater likelihood of failed entry attempts among the firms that I tracked over two decades in the biotechnology industry. This result held across product markets with low and high degrees of dynamism. Based on the literature on dynamic managerial capabilities, where entry into new markets indicates managers’ ability to reconfigure organizational resources and adapt to a changing environment, this study’s main contribution is to illustrate how and why experience matters for entry.
Illuminating the World Cup effect: Night lights evidence from South Africa
Authors: Pfeifer Gregor , Wahl Fabian , Marczak Martyna 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper evaluates the economic impact of the $14 billion preparatory infrastructure investments for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. We use satellite data on night light luminosity at municipality and electoral district level as a proxy for economic activity, applying synthetic control methods for estimation. For the average World Cup municipality, we find significantly positive, short‐run effects before the tournament, corresponding to a reduction of unemployment by 1.3 percentage points. At the electoral district level, we reveal distinct effect heterogeneity, where especially investments in transport infrastructure are shown to have long‐lasting, positive effects, particularly in rural areas.
The spatial extent of agglomeration economies across the wage earnings distribution
Authors: Håkansson Johan , Isacsson Gunnar 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe investigate the spatial extent of agglomeration economies across the wage earnings distribution using economic mass (total employment) in four distance bands around each individual’s establishment in a quantile regression framework. We control for observable and unobservable individual and establishment characteristics. Remaining endogeneity in the model is assessed with a set of instrumental variables. Results indicate a positive effect of economic mass on wage earnings up to 25 km away from the establishment. The spatial extent of agglomeration economies is similar across the wage earnings distribution. However, increases in economic mass shift the wage earnings distribution in a nonsymmetric way.
The Chinese mosaic: Cultural diversity and creative cities
Authors: Zhang Cui 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper identifies the extent to which cultural diversity induced by internal migration affects urban innovation in China. We measure cultural diversity by an index of “plurality” of provinces of origin. Using the 2000 and 2005 population census data, we find that innovative activities are higher in cities with a higher degree of cultural diversity. Further heterogeneity analysis shows that cultural diversity, not only of the highly skilled, but also of the low skilled, has a positive effect on innovation. Our study contributes to the scarce evidence on the effect of cultural diversity on innovation in developing countries.
What Expertise Can Tell About Mathematical Learning and Cognition
Authors: Sella Francesco , Cohen Kadosh Roi 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThe investigation of mathematical expertise can shape numerical and mathematical cognition theories by providing insights about the modifications that the neurocognitive system undergoes when mastering mathematical knowledge. In particular, both qualitative and quantitative methods should be combined within a developmental perspective to identify those promoting factors that lead some individuals to focus their interests on mathematics and possibly become experts in the field. The behavioral and neural differences in math experts constitute valuable information to study the limits of the mastering of mathematical knowledge, which ultimately represents a powerful form of formal human reasoning.
Implementing small‐scale poultry‐for‐nutrition projects: Successes and lessons learned
Authors: Nordhagen Stella , Klemm Rolf 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper examines Helen Keller International's model for nutrition‐sensitive poultry production using a programme implemented in four diverse African contexts—three rural and one urban. Consecutive cross‐sectional surveys conducted every 5 months among ~15% of participating households show that despite project‐provided training and inputs, there was only limited uptake of many “best practices.” Few households constructed improved henhouses; vaccination rates varied and were highest when support was provided. Poultry mortality was high. Egg productivity remained average for village poultry systems, and egg consumption remained low (two to six eggs consumed per household per fortnight). However, children whose mothers were exposed to project messages on nutrition were more likely to eat eggs, and consumption was consistently higher among households with chickens. Women's involvement in chicken rearing was widespread, but their control over revenues from the sale of poultry products was limited. Key lessons learned from implementation were as follows: (a) strong behaviour change communication is needed to encourage egg consumption, (b) nutrition‐sensitive village poultry programmes should often focus more on improved practices than improved breeds, (c) supporting women's chicken production is not a route to empowerment without complementary activities that directly support women's ownership and decision making. There is also a need for rigorous research on the role of village poultry in livelihoods, food systems, and consumption as well as the structure of poultry and egg markets in low‐resource areas.
An agriculture–nutrition intervention improved children's diet and growth in a randomized trial in Ghana
Authors: Marquis Grace S. , Colecraft Esi K. , Kanlisi Roland , Aidam Bridget A. , Atuobi‐Yeboah Afua , Pinto Comfort , Aryeetey Richmond 
Published: October 2018

AbstractStunting in Ghana is associated with rural communities, poverty, and low education; integrated agricultural interventions can address the problem. This cluster randomized controlled trial tested the effect of a 12‐month intervention (inputs and training for poultry farming and home gardening, and nutrition and health education) on child diet and nutritional status. Sixteen clusters were identified and randomly assigned to intervention or control; communities within clusters were randomly chosen, and all interested, eligible mother–child pairs were enrolled (intervention: 8 clusters, 19 communities, and 287 households; control: 8 clusters, 20 communities, and 213 households). Intention‐to‐treat analyses were used to estimate the effect of the intervention on endline minimum diet diversity (≥4 food groups), consumption of eggs, and length‐for‐age (LAZ)/height‐for‐age (HAZ), weight‐for‐age (WAZ), and weight‐for‐length (WLZ)/weight‐for‐height (WHZ) z‐scores; standard errors were corrected for clustering. Children were 10.5 ± 5.2 months (range: 0–32) at baseline and 29.8 ± 5.4 months (range: 13–48) at endline. Compared with children in the control group, children in the intervention group met minimum diet diversity (adjusted odds ratio = 1.65, 95% CI [1.02, 2.69]) and a higher LAZ/HAZ (β = 0.22, 95% CI [0.09, 0.34]) and WAZ (β = 0.15, 95% CI [0.00, 0.30]). Sensitivity analyses with random‐effects and mixed‐effects models and as‐treated analysis were consistent with the findings. There was no group difference in WLZ/WHZ. Integrated interventions that increase access to high‐quality foods and nutrition education improve child nutrition.
An egg for everyone: Pathways to universal access to one of nature's most nutritious foods
Authors: Morris Saul S. , Beesabathuni Kalpana , Headey Derek 
Published: October 2018

AbstractEggs are a highly nutritious food but have been shown to be infrequently consumed in many low‐income countries, especially by women and children. We collate country‐level data on egg production, availability, consumption, prices, industry structure, and contextual trends and use these to estimate current patterns and likely future outcomes under four alternative scenarios. These scenarios are as follows: incremental change based on expected economic growth and urbanisation (the base scenario); enhanced productivity of independent small producers; aggregated production in egg hubs; and the accelerated spread of large‐scale intensive production. All scenarios are modelled out to 2030 using a mix of regression and deterministic models. We find that children's consumption of eggs is highly correlated with national availability, and both are a function of egg prices. Eggs are unavailable, expensive, and infrequently consumed by children in much of South Asia and sub‐Saharan Africa. The base scenario results in modest increases in production in low‐income regions. Focusing efforts on independent small producers can only boost rural consumption in a handful of countries where poultry ownership is unusually high and would be expensive and logistically challenging to scale. Aggregation of production, with minimum flock sizes of 5,000 layers per farm, is a more promising pathway to increasing availability in rural areas. To meet the needs of urban populations, large‐scale intensive production is needed. Intensive production brings down prices significantly, allowing many more poor households to access and consume eggs. Recent experience in countries such as Thailand confirms that this is both feasible and impactful.
Heart rate variability as a predictor of rapid renal function deterioration in chronic kidney disease patients
Authors: Chou Yu‐Hsiang , Huang Wei‐Lieh , Chang Chin‐Hao , Yang Cheryl C. H. , Kuo Terry B. J. , Lin Shuei‐Liong , Chiang Wen‐Chih , Chu Tzong‐Shinn 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTAimAutonomic dysfunction contributes to cardiovascular morbidity/mortality and can be evaluated with heart rate variability (HRV). This study is to evaluate the prognostic significance of HRV on renal function in non‐dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients.MethodsWe enrolled 326 non‐dialysis CKD patients in this prospective observational study. The median follow‐up period was 2.02 years. Five‐minutes of electrocardiography recordings obtained at enrolment were reprocessed to assess HRV. Five frequency‐domain measures and one time‐domain measures were obtained. Rapid CKD progression was defined as annual estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) loss over 30% per year or eGFR decline rate over 3 mL/min per 1.73 m2 per year. The prevalence of abnormal HRV, associated factors of HRV and impact of HRV on the risk of CKD progression were analyzed.ResultsThe abnormality of HRV increased along with the severity of CKD. In patients with stage 5 CKD, the proportion of abnormal ln(low frequency power) (LF), ln(high frequency power) (HF), lnLF/HF were 69.5, 52.8 and 50%, respectively. Associated factors of HRV included advanced CKD, diabetes mellitus, serum albumin, severe proteinuria, Beck Anxiety Inventory score, erythropoietin use, renin‐angiotensin system inhibitors and heart failure. Multivariate logistic regression model analysis revealed lower lnLF/HF, hypertension and severe proteinuria were the risk factors of rapid CKD progression.ConclusionThe prevalence of autonomic dysfunction measured by HRV among each stage CKD patients is different. Most patients in advanced CKD stage have reduced values of HRV parameters. The estimation of lnLF/HF also provided prognostic information on CKD progression in addition to classical risk factors.
Differing pathways to resiliency: A grounded theory study of enactment of resilience among acute care nurses
Authors: Ang Shin Yuh , Uthaman Thendral , Ayre Tracy Carol , Lim Siew Hoon , Lopez Violeta 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIt is well‐recognized that nurses are exposed to high levels of stress, thus resilience has been postulated as a key trait in enabling nurses to cope successfully and remain in the profession. In this qualitative study, we used Glaser's approach to grounded theory. Nine nurses who scored low and nine nurses who scored high on the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale were recruited for one‐on‐one semistructured interviews of the factors contributing to their work‐related stress and how they overcome these stressors. Three categories emerged from the data: outlook on work, self‐efficacy, and coping responses. These categories led to the emergence of the theory “differing pathways to resiliency”. Despite the stresses experienced at work, some nurses were highly resilient, while others were not. Highly‐resilient nurses tend to adopt active coping mechanisms, whereas nurses who have low resilience tend to undertake passive measures to let nature runs its course. The emerging theory provided an understanding of the different pathways to resiliency and how nurse leaders can potentially develop and grow the level of resiliency among nurses.
Difficulties faced by Korean disaster relief workers while providing humanitarian aid: A descriptive study
Authors: Kwag Myeongji , Lee Ogcheol 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to identify difficulties experienced by Korean disaster relief workers during humanitarian aid deployment. A convenience sample of disaster relief workers aged >18 years, who had been dispatched to an overseas disaster site, were recruited; 107 relief workers completed the Humanitarian Aid Difficulty Scale that consists of 23 items comprising five factors. The average difficulty rating was 2.64 on a five point scale. By item, participants gave the highest scores for bathroom use and the lowest scores for cooperation among team members. By factor, infrastructure was rated as the greatest difficulty, followed by health conditions, goods and equipment, culture and customs, and cooperation. Considering sociodemographic characteristics, there were significant age differences in the culture and customs factor, as well as significant occupation differences in the cooperation, culture and customs, and goods and equipment factors. These findings highlight the need to improve the welfare of workers. It is recommended that further research be conducted according to occupation and with repeated measurement prior to, in the middle of, and after deployment of relief workers.
Genome editing in Streptococcus mutans through self‐targeting CRISPR arrays
Authors: Gong Tao , Tang Boyu , Zhou Xuedong , Zeng Jumei , Lu Miao , Guo Xiaoxin , Peng Xian , Lei Lei , Gong Bo , Li Yuqing 
Published: October 2018

SummaryStreptococcus mutans is the primary etiological agent of human dental caries. Its major virulence factors, glucosyltransferases (Gtfs), utilize sucrose to synthesize extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), leading to the formation of dental plaque biofilm. The current study was designed to develop a novel self‐targeting gene editing technology that targeted gtfs to inhibit biofilms formation. The CRISPR‐Cas system (ie, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat, with CRISPR‐associated proteins) provides sequence‐specific protection against foreign genetic materials in archaea and bacteria, and has been widely developed for genomic engineering. The first aim of this study was to test whether components of the CRISPR‐Cas9 system from S mutans UA159 is necessary to defend against foreign DNA. The data showed that a suitable PAM site, tracrRNA, Cas9, and RNase III are indispensable elements to perform normal function of S mutans CRISPR‐Cas9 system. Based on these results, we designed self‐targeting CRISPR arrays (containing spacer sequences identifying with gtfB) and cloned them onto plasmids. Afterward, we transformed the plasmids and editing templates into UA159 (self‐targeting) to acquire desired mutants. Our data showed that this technology performed well and was able to successfully edit gtfB or gtfBgtfC genes. This resulted in high reduction in EPS synthesis and was able to breakdown biofilm formation, which is also a promising tool for dental clinics in order to prevent the formation of S mutans biofilms in the future.
Associations between maternal obesity and severe maternal morbidity: Findings from the French EPIMOMS population‐based study
Authors: Siddiqui Ayesha , Azria Elie , Howell Elizabeth A. , Deneux‐Tharaux Catherine ,   the EPIMOMS Study Group
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundMaternal obesity is increasing. There is growing evidence of its effect on severe maternal morbidity. We assessed prepregnancy obesity as an independent risk factor for severe maternal morbidity by timing and cause.MethodsWe designed a case‐control analysis within the EPIMOMS prospective population‐based study conducted in six French regions in 2012‐2013 (182 309 women who delivered at ≥22 weeks). Cases were all women who experienced severe maternal morbidity during pregnancy to 42 days postpartum as per a multicriteria definition derived by national expert consensus (n = 2540, severe maternal morbidity prevalence 1.4%). Controls were randomly selected from the same health centres (n = 3651). The association between obesity and severe maternal morbidity was assessed from fitting multivariable logistic regression models: overall, by timing (antepartum and intrapartum/ postpartum), and by cause.ResultsPrepregnancy obesity was associated with overall severe maternal morbidity (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14, 1.59) and antepartum severe maternal morbidity (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.61, 2.65), but not with intra/postpartum severe maternal morbidity (OR 1.15, 95% CI 0.96, 1.38). Among antepartum severe maternal morbidity, severe hypertensive disorders were most strongly associated with obesity (OR 2.50, 95% CI 1.85, 3.40) but the risk of antepartum severe maternal morbidity due to other causes was also increased among obese women (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.13, 2.37). Obesity was not associated with severe postpartum haemorrhage (OR 1.12, 95% CI 0.92, 1.37).ConclusionObesity is associated with an increased risk of antepartum, but not intra/ postpartum, severe maternal morbidity.
Adjuvant effects of medicinal herbs and probiotics for fish vaccines
Authors: Soltani Mehdi , Lymbery Alan , Song Seong Kyu , Hosseini Shekarabi Pezhman 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe most prominent limiting factor in aquaculture nowadays is infectious diseases as they lead to massive economic losses. These diseases are often partly controlled by vaccination, herbs or probiotics. Despite the fact that vaccination is the most effective prophylactic approach to disease prevention, researchers have started to use plant‐derived products and probiotics as adjuvants to boost the efficacy of fish vaccines. This review describes the efficacy and potency of plant extracts/essences and probiotics as adjuvants for various vaccines in aquaculture.
Decomposing service exports adjustments along the intensive and extensive margin at the firm‐level
Authors: Christen Elisabeth , Pfaffermayr Michael , Wolfmayr Yvonne 
Published: October 2018

AbstractUsing a panel data set of Austrian service exporting firms this paper examines the determinants of service exports at the firm/destination country level. We implement a random effects Heckman sample selection firm‐level gravity model as well as a fixed effects Poisson model. Expected firm‐level service exports are decomposed into the intensive and extensive margins of adjustment as a response to counterfactual changes. We find market demand to be a key determinant. Results also suggest high service export potentials due to regulatory reform in partner countries within the EU. Adjustments at the extensive margin only play a marginal role. Increases in firm size as well as changes in distance related costs are most effective in developing new export relationships in services.
Fourier‐series‐based virtual fields method combining with moiré interferometry for characterising elastic modulus distribution of laser repaired GH4169
Authors: Cao Q. K. , Xie H. M. , Wang H. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractLaser cladding is an effective technology for repairing damaged components with high efficiency and low cost. Characterisation for the mechanical properties of the repaired structure is of great importance to evaluate its reliability. In this study, the mechanical properties of laser repaired GH4169 are investigated by Fourier‐series‐based virtual fields method and moiré interferometry. The elastic modulus distribution of the whole structure is identified to understand the mechanical performance of the repaired zone and base material. A uniaxial tensile test is performed and the full‐field deformation is measured by moiré interferometry. With the measured strain field, the distribution of modulus in repaired structures can be calculated. In addition, simulation experiments of moiré interferometry are conducted to optimise the parameters of Fourier‐series‐based virtual fields method to improve the accuracy of the proposed method. On the basis of these results, experiments on the repaired GH4169 material are performed and the variation of modulus in the whole structure is identified. The results verify that the proposed method is effective for characterising modulus distribution of the laser repaired structures, and will have a good prospect for further application.
Linguistically diverse general practice teaching
Authors: Lyon Alison , Tan Lawrence , Abbott Penny , Hu Wendy , Reath Jenny 
Published: October 2018

SummaryBackgroundLearning about general practice in a context of linguistic diversity is an understudied area. There may be additional learning needs or unrecognised opportunities in this environment. This study explores the experiences of general practitioners (GPs) and medical students on placement where consultations are conducted in a language other than English (LOTE).MethodWe conducted 19 semi‐structured interviews with medical students and GP supervisors who consult in LOTE. We explored experiences of learning, and teaching strategies implemented by GP supervisors. Thematic analysis was undertaken.ResultsParticipants reported that LOTE consultations provided unique learning opportunities, including use of interpreters and development of cross‐cultural communication skills. Facilitators to learning included the GP engaging the student in the consultation by interpreting, and patients being open to student participation. Some students described language as a barrier to learning, where they had difficulty in following the consultation. Time required for interpreting limited interaction and learning in GP consultations. We identified ways to navigate the language barrier; including the GP acting as interpreter, and students learning key phrases in the consultation language to build rapport.DiscussionLearning in the linguistically diverse General Practice environment can be optimised through an active and collaborative approach between the GP, student, and patients. Our findings highlight specific barriers and facilitators to learning. Our participants identified a variety of techniques, including skills in interpreter use and cross‐cultural communication skills which can transcend language barriers, to create valuable opportunities for medical students to learn in this setting.Medical students increasingly experience clinical placements in general practices within diverse communities