bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the consistency of spaceborne and ground-based radar comparisons by using beam blockage fraction as a quality filter
Authors: Crisologo Irene , Warren Robert A. , Mühlbauer Kai , Heistermann Maik 
Published: September 2018

Abstract. We explore the potential of spaceborne radar (SR) observations
from the Ku-band precipitation radars onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring
Mission (TRMM) and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM)
satellites as a reference to quantify the ground radar (GR) reflectivity
bias. To this end, the 3-D volume-matching algorithm proposed by
Schwaller and Morris (2011) is implemented and applied to 5 years
(2012–2016) of observations. We further extend the procedure by a framework
to take into account the data quality of each ground radar bin. Through these
methods, we are able to assign a quality index to each matching SR–GR
volume, and thus compute the GR calibration bias as a quality-weighted
average of reflectivity differences in any sample of matching GR–SR volumes.
We exemplify the idea of quality-weighted averaging by using the beam
blockage fraction as the basis of a quality index. As a result, we can
increase the consistency of SR and GR observations, and thus the precision of
calibration bias estimates. The remaining scatter between GR and SR
reflectivity as well as the variability of bias estimates between overpass
events indicate, however, that other error sources are not yet fully
addressed. Still, our study provides a framework to introduce any other
quality variables that are considered relevant in a specific context. The
code that implements our analysis is based on the wradlib open-source
software library, and is, together with the data, publicly available to
monitor radar calibration or to scrutinize long series of archived radar data
back to December 1997, when TRMM became operational.
Management matters: testing a mitigation strategy for nitrous oxide emissions using legumes on intensively managed grassland
Authors: Fuchs Kathrin , Hörtnagl Lukas , Buchmann Nina , Eugster Werner , Snow Val , Merbold Lutz 
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Replacing fertiliser nitrogen with biologically fixed
nitrogen (BFN) through legumes has been suggested as a strategy for nitrous
oxide (N2O) mitigation from intensively managed grasslands. While
current literature provides evidence for an N2O emission reduction
effect due to reduced fertiliser input, little is known about the effect of
increased legume proportions potentially offsetting these reductions, i.e.
by increased N2O emissions from plant residues and root exudates. In
order to assess the overall effect of this mitigation strategy on permanent
grassland, we performed an in situ experiment and quantified net N2O fluxes
and biomass yields in two differently managed grass–clover mixtures. We
measured N2O fluxes in an unfertilised parcel with high clover
proportions vs. an organically fertilised control parcel with low clover
proportions using the eddy covariance (EC) technique over 2 years.
Furthermore, we related the measured N2O fluxes to management and
environmental drivers. To assess the effect of the mitigation strategy, we
measured biomass yields and quantified biologically fixed nitrogen using the
15N natural abundance method. The amount of BFN was similar in both parcels in 2015 (control: 55±5 kg N ha−1 yr−1; clover parcel: 72±5 kg N ha−1 yr−1) due to similar clover proportions (control:
15 % and clover parcel: 21 %), whereas in 2016 BFN was substantially
higher in the clover parcel compared to the much lower control (control: 14±2 kg N ha−1 yr−1 with 4 % clover in DM; clover
parcel: 130±8 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and 44 % clover). The
mitigation management effectively reduced N2O emissions by 54 %
and 39 % in 2015 and 2016, respectively, corresponding to 1.0 and
1.6 t ha−1 yr−1 CO2 equivalents. These reductions in
N2O emissions can be attributed to the absence of fertilisation on
the clover parcel. Differences in clover proportions during periods with no
recent management showed no measurable effect on N2O emissions,
indicating that the decomposition of plant residues and rhizodeposition did not
compensate for the effect of fertiliser reduction on N2O emissions.
Annual biomass yields were similar under mitigation management, resulting in
a reduction of N2O emission intensities from
0.42 g N2O-N kg−1 DM (control) to
0.28 g N2O-N kg−1 DM (clover parcel) over the 2-year
observation period. We conclude that N2O emissions from fertilised
grasslands can be effectively reduced without losses in yield by increasing
the clover proportion and reducing fertilisation.
COMPARISON BETWEEN RICE HUSK SILICA-FILLED EPOXIDIZED NR CROSS-LINKED WITH FUMARIC ACID AND VULCANIZED WITH SULFUR
Authors: Bakar Rohani Abu , Yahya Rosiyah , Gan Seng Neon 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACT
A wide variety of fillers are used in the rubber industry to modify the properties of rubber compounds and reduce the cost of products in different applications. Silica produced from rice husk could be an alternative filler to commercial precipitated silica widely used in sulfur-vulcanized rubber formulations. High purity amorphous silica (&gt;99% SiO2) was produced after pretreatment of rice husk with dilute sulfuric acid before combustion at 600 °C. Epoxidized NR (ENR) with 50 mol% epoxide groups (ENR50) containing various silica loadings was cured with fumaric acid via reactions of the epoxide group with –COOH, whereas sulfur vulcanization used the carbon–carbon double bonds, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Increasing silica loading in both of types of samples led to an increase in rheometer torque and a decrease in percentage of solvent swelling due to the stiffening effect of silica, with no change in glass-transition temperature, which presumably was due to no chemical reaction between silica and ENR. The tensile strength of fumaric acid–cured ENR50 slightly increased with increasing silica loading and remained unchanged upon aging. The sulfur-vulcanized ENR50 containing 30 phr silica exhibited higher tensile strength, but further increase of silica weakened these properties. After aging, the tensile strength reduced by 5–7 MPa. Fumaric acid–cured rubbers have shown superior aging properties.
G1m1 predominance of intrathecal virus‐specific antibodies in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Tomescu‐Baciu Alina , Vartdal Frode , Holmøy Trygve , Vedeler Christian A. , Lossius Andreas 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe have previously shown that plasmablasts of the G1m1 allotype of IgG1 are selectively enriched in the cerebrospinal fluid of G1m1/G1m3 heterozygous patients with multiple sclerosis, whereas both allotypes are equally used in neuroborreliosis. Here, we demonstrate a strong preference for the G1m1 allotype in the intrathecal humoral immune responses against measles, rubella, and varicella zoster virus in G1m1/G1m3 heterozygous multiple sclerosis patients. Conversely, intrathecally synthesized varicella zoster virus‐specific IgG1 in varicella zoster virus meningoencephalitis comprised both allotypes. This implies that G1m1 B cells are selected to the central nervous system of multiple sclerosis patients regardless of specificity and suggests that an antigen‐independent mechanism could drive the intrathecal humoral immune response.
Synergism of Self‐Wrinkling and Ultrasonic Cleaning to Fabricate Hierarchically Patterned Conducting Films
Authors: Xie Jixun , Wang Juanjuan , Zhao Jingxin , Yang Chengfeng , Li Lele , Lu Conghua 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPatterning functional materials into well‐defined microstructures has drawn increasing attention in material science, bioengineering, surface engineering, nanotechnology, and especially in device processing. Here, a simple versatile route is developed to fabricate hierarchical surface patterns on conducting polymer films in solution via a combination of surface wrinkling and ultrasonic cleaning. Heterogeneous surface architectures (e.g., wrinkles/delaminating buckles) are first obtained owing to in situ self‐wrinkling during the solution‐phase growth of polyaniline (PANI) film on a selectively oxygen plasma‐exposed polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. Subsequent ultrasonic cleaning is introduced to selectively remove the patterned PANI film that is deposited in the exposed PDMS region, based on the different adhesion strength of the patterned film with the exposed and unexposed PDMS regions. As a result, corresponding hierarchically patterned PANI films with controlled microstructures, spatial locations, and dimensions are obtained. Combined with the additional self‐reinforcement effect by polymerization of polymerizable monomers into the patterned PANI film, well‐defined stabilized patterns of PANI‐based composite films are further fabricated, which have great potential for the applications in micro‐supercapacitors and integrated pressure sensor arrays with excellent performances, as demonstrated here.
Pore‐Selective SnS Functionalization in Honeycomb‐Patterned Films by a Breath Figure Process Accompanied by Chemical Reaction
Authors: Cao Thuy Thi , Modigunta Jeevan Kumar Reddy , Male Umashankar , Huh Do Sung 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA new fabrication process for the pore‐selective functionalization of honeycomb‐patterned porous (HCP) films is demonstrated by a modified breath figure method accompanied by an in situ chemical reaction. A polymer solution containing one reactant is cast under humid conditions containing counter reactant to facilitate a chemical reaction at condensed droplet/polymer solution interface, which results in the pore‐selective functionalization of HCP films. Polystyrene (PS) solution containing tin(II) chloride is cast under humid conditions containing aqueous hydrogen sulfide for the formation of tin sulfide (SnS)‐functionalized PS HCP films. H2S humidity is generated by pumping ambient air through the aqueous sodium sulfide solution. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and elemental mapping analyses indicate the formation of SnS as thin layers selectively in the pores of PS HCP films.
New Insight for Luminescence Tuning Based on Interstitial sites Occupation of Eu2+ in Sr3Al2−xSixO5−xNxCl2 (x = 0–0.4)
Authors: Liang Sisi , Dang Peipei , Li Guogang , Wei Yi , Wei Yi , Lian Hongzhou , Lin Jun 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCurrently, nitridation of phosphors provides an enormous inspiration for phosphor designing. In this paper, a nitridation process by means of substituting Al3+O2− with Si4+N3− in initial Sr3Al2O5Cl2:Eu2+ system is implemented. The phase purity is confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. The corresponding photoluminescence properties are recorded and analyzed by the excitation and emission spectra. Interestingly, new blue emission bands emerge in the range of 400–500 nm and the intensity increases with the increasing of substitution concentration. It is verified that the new emission band is derived from the residence of Eu2+ ions in the interstitial sites. The crystal structure refinement, transmission electron microscopy, and solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are exploited to analyze the color‐tunable luminescence mechanisms induced by the structural variation. Moreover, the thermal stability is characterized by the temperature‐dependent spectra. Attributed to the enhancement of lattice rigidity, the serious thermal quenching behavior is improved. Finally, the electroluminescence performance is measured for the fabricated white light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). By combining 370 nm ultraviolet LED chips, CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ and Sr3Al2O5Cl2:Eu2+ phosphors, an ideal warm‐white emitting LED is successfully fabricated with the color rendering index = 92, color temperature = 3476 K, and color coordinate x = 0.37, y = 0.34.
β2‐adrenoreceptor medications and risk of Parkinson disease
Authors: Searles Nielsen Susan , Gross Anat , Camacho‐Soto Alejandra , Willis Allison W. , Racette Brad A. 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveA recent study observed a 2‐fold greater risk of Parkinson disease (PD) in relation to the β2‐adrenoreceptor antagonist propranolol and a markedly lower risk of PD for the β2‐adrenoreceptor agonist salbutamol. We examined whether confounding by clinical indication for these medications, that is, tremor and smoking‐related pulmonary conditions, explained these associations.MethodsIn a large, population‐based case–control study of United States Medicare beneficiaries in 2009 with diagnosis codes, procedure codes, and prescription data (48,295 incident PD cases, 52,324 controls), we examined the risk of PD in relation to use of selected β antagonists (propranolol, carvedilol, metoprolol), the β2 agonist salbutamol, and other medications used for the same clinical indications (primidone, inhaled corticosteroids). We adjusted for demographics, smoking, and overall use of medical care. We then examined the effect of also adjusting for clinical indication and applying medication exposure lagging.ResultsPropranolol appeared to increase PD risk (odds ratio [OR] = 3.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.31–3.96). When we adjusted for tremor or abnormal involuntary movement prior to the PD diagnosis/reference date and lagged propranolol exposure, the association was 0.97 (95% CI = 0.80–1.18). Primidone, also used for tremor, was similarly sensitive to this adjustment and lagging. β Antagonists not indicated for tremor appeared to reduce PD risk (carvedilol: OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.73–0.81; metoprolol: OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.91–0.97) and were insensitive to adjustment for indications and lagging. Neither salbutamol nor inhaled corticosteroids were consistently associated with PD risk.Interpretationβ2‐adrenoreceptor agonists and antagonists do not appear to alter PD risk. Ann Neurol 2018;84:691–701
Variational Study of the Two‐Impurity Spin–Boson Model with a Common Ohmic Bath: Ground‐State Phase Transitions
Authors: Zhou Nengji , Zhang Yuyu , Lü Zhiguo , Zhao Yang 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBy means of a trial wave function, the multi‐D1 ansatz, extensive variational calculations with more than 10 000 parameters are carried out to study quantum phase transitions in the ground states of a two‐impurity system embedded in a common Ohmic bath of bosons. Quantum criticality in both the impurity system and the Ohmic bosonic bath is investigated with relevant transition points and critical exponents determined accurately. With the linear grid of the Ohmic spectral density, numerical calculations herein produce a much better description of the ground states with lower energies than other calculations employing a logarithmic grid with a discretization factor far greater than unity. This offers a possible resolution to the considerable controversy on the critical coupling in the literature. Moreover, the ground‐state phase transition is inferred to be of first order in the presence of strong antiferromagnetic spin–spin coupling, at variance with that in the ferromagnetic regime or in the absence of spin–spin coupling where the transition belongs to the Kosterlitz–Thouless universality class.
Chalkogenbrücken: eine Übersicht
Authors: Vogel Lukas , Wonner Patrick , Huber Stefan M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn den letzten Jahrzehnten haben sich “unübliche” nichtkovalente Wechselwirkungen wie Anion‐π oder Halogenbrücken in vielen Forschungsbereichen zu interessanten Alternativen zu den allgegenwärtigen Wasserstoffbrücken entwickelt. Dies trifft – zu einem etwas geringeren Grad – auch auf Chalkogenbrücken zu, die nichtkovalenten Wechselwirkungen Lewis‐acider Chalkogenzentren. Dieser Kurzaufsatz soll einen Überblick über den Einsatz von Chalkogenbrücken in der kondensierten Phase geben, mit einem Fokus auf den neuesten Entwicklungen bei der Anwendung intermolekularer Chalkogenbrücken in Lösung. Im Festkörper wurden Chalkogenbrücken zum Aufbau nanoskaliger Strukturen und für die Selbstorganisation ausgefeilter selbstkomplementärer Komplexe verwendet. Bis vor kurzem konzentrierten sich die Anwendungen in Lösung vor allem auf intramolekulare Wechselwirkungen, welche die Konformation von Intermediaten oder Reagentien stabilisierten. In den letzten Jahren wurden nun aber auch intermolekulare Chalkogenbrücken zunehmend in Lösung eingesetzt, besonders für Anionenerkennung und ‐transport sowie in der organischen Synthese und der Organokatalyse.
Algal Butter, a Novel Cocoa Butter Equivalent: Chemical Composition, Physical Properties, and Functionality in Chocolate
Authors: Ghazani Saeed M. , Zou Long , Rakitsky Walter G. , Marangoni Alejandro G. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCocoa butter equivalents (CBE) are usually produced using exotic butters or tropical fats from illipe, palm mid‐fraction, sal, shea, kokum, and mango kernel. These exotic butters are often harvested from the wild trees, their supply is limited, and their quality can be varied. In this study, we report on the physicochemical and functional properties of two new CBE made from algal butter, and compared them to those of a commercial shea stearin (cSS). The functionality of these fats as CBE in a model chocolate system was assessed and compared to a cocoa butter (CB) control. The fatty‐acid composition and the triacylglycerol profile of algal butters were similar to cSS. The crystallization temperature, melting point, and crystal polymorphic form (β2 3‐L) of the algal butters were similar to those of cSS. No significant differences (P <0.05) in hardness and bloom formation were observed. One‐year storage at room temperature caused bloom formation in all chocolates, as evidenced from a βV to βVI polymorphic transformation, except for 100% algal butters and cSS. According to the results of this study, algal butter is compatible with CB and can be used as a novel CBE in chocolate products.
Establishing Surrogate Kidney End Points for Lupus Nephritis Clinical Trials: Development and Validation of a Novel Approach to Predict Future Kidney Outcomes
Authors: Mackay Meggan , Dall'Era Maria , Fishbein Joanna , Kalunian Kenneth , Lesser Martin , Sanchez‐Guerrero Jorge , Levy Deborah M. , Silverman Earl , Petri Michelle , Arriens Cristina , Lewis Edmund J. , Korbet Stephen M. , Conti Fabrizio , Tesar Vladimir , Hruskova Zdenka , Borba Eduardo F. , Bonfa Eloisa , Chan Tak Mao , Rathi Manish , Gupta K. L. , Jha Vivekanand , Hasni Sarfaraz , West Melissa R. , Solomons Neil , Houssiau Frederic A. , Romero‐Diaz Juanita , Mejia‐Vilet Juan , Rovin Brad H. 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveEnd points currently used in lupus nephritis (LN) clinical trials lack uniformity and questionably reflect long‐term kidney survival. This study was undertaken to identify short‐term end points that predict long‐term kidney outcomes for use in clinical trials.MethodsA database of 944 patients with LN was assembled from 3 clinical trials and 12 longitudinal cohorts. Variables from the first 12 months of treatment after diagnosis of active LN (prediction period) were assessed as potential predictors of long‐term outcomes in a 36‐month follow‐up period. The long‐term outcomes examined were new or progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD), severe kidney injury (SKI), and the need for permanent renal replacement therapy (RRT). To predict the risk for each outcome, hazard index tools (HITs) were derived using multivariable analysis with Cox proportional hazards regression.ResultsAmong 550 eligible subjects, 54 CKD, 55 SKI, and 22 RRT events occurred. Variables in the final CKD HIT were prediction‐period CKD status, 12‐month proteinuria, and 12‐month serum creatinine level. The SKI HIT variables included prediction‐period CKD status, International Society of Nephrology (ISN)/Renal Pathology Society (RPS) class, 12‐month proteinuria, 12‐month serum creatinine level, race, and an interaction between ISN/RPS class and 12‐month proteinuria. The RRT HIT included age at diagnosis, 12‐month proteinuria, and 12‐month serum creatinine level. Each HIT validated well internally (c‐indices 0.84–0.92) and in an independent LN cohort (c‐indices 0.89–0.92).ConclusionHITs, derived from short‐term kidney responses to treatment, correlate with long‐term kidney outcomes, and now must be validated as surrogate end points for LN clinical trials.
Fe‐based Metallic Glasses in Functional Catalytic Applications
Authors: Zhang Lai‐Chang , Liang Shun‐Xing 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWith an intrinsically disordered atomic structure and a widely tunable atomic constituent, metallic glasses (MGs) have been extensively studied as promising catalysts in different catalytic fields. Particularly, Fe‐based MGs with high catalytic activity, relatively low material cost, and environmental friendly compatibility also emerge as advanced catalysts. This review systematically discusses the recent advances of Fe‐based MGs in catalytic applications, including wastewater remediation based on reductive degradation by multicomponent Fe‐based MGs, oxidative degradation by introduction of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and nanocrystallization applied in Fe‐based MGs up to date, and renewable energy conversion, with purposes of revealing Fe‐based MG catalysts in the further improvement of catalytic performance and exploiting their promising catalytic abilities in a widely catalytic field.
Pd‐catalyzed Oxidative Cross‐coupling of Alkyl Chromium(0) Fischer Carbene Complexes with Organoboronic Acids
Authors: Wang Kang , Yang Jinghui , Yao Xingqi , Wang Jianbo 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAlkyl chromium(0) carbene complexes have been explored as the cross‐coupling partners in the palladium‐catalyzed reaction with aryl or alkenyl boronic acids. This coupling reaction displays the versatile reactivities of alkyl chromium(0) carbenes under palladium catalysis. Mechanistically, this transformation is proposed to involve deprotonation of the alkyl chromium carbene substrate to generate a vinyl chromium anion intermediate that undergoes transmetalation to organopalladium species and reductive elimination.
Accuracy of surgical complication rate estimation using ICD-10 codes
Authors: Storesund A , Haugen A S , Hjortås M , Nortvedt M W , Flaatten H , Eide G E , Boermeester M A , Sevdalis N , Søfteland E 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Background
The ICD-10 codes are used globally for comparison of diagnoses and complications, and are an important tool for the development of patient safety, healthcare policies and the health economy. The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of verified complication rates in surgical admissions identified by ICD-10 codes and to validate these estimates against complications identified using the established Global Trigger Tool (GTT) methodology.

Methods
This was a prospective observational study of a sample of surgical admissions in two Norwegian hospitals. Complications were identified and classified by two expert GTT teams who reviewed patients' medical records. Three trained reviewers verified ICD-10 codes indicating a complication present on admission or emerging in hospital.

Results
A total of 700 admissions were drawn randomly from 12 966 procedures. Some 519 possible complications were identified in 332 of 700 admissions (47·4 per cent) from ICD-10 codes. Verification of the ICD-10 codes against information from patients' medical records confirmed 298 as in-hospital complications in 141 of 700 admissions (20·1 per cent). Using GTT methodology, 331 complications were found in 212 of 700 admissions (30·3 per cent). Agreement between the two methods reached 83·3 per cent after verification of ICD-10 codes. The odds ratio for identifying complications using the GTT increased from 5·85 (95 per cent c.i. 4·06 to 8·44) to 25·38 (15·41 to 41·79) when ICD-10 complication codes were verified against patients' medical records.

Conclusion
Verified ICD-10 codes strengthen the accuracy of complication rates. Use of non-verified complication codes from administrative systems significantly overestimates in-hospital surgical complication rates.