bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ladder‐Type Heteroarene‐Based Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Chen Jianhua , Yang Kun , Zhou Xin , Guo Xugang 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe fusion of heteroaromatic rings into ladder‐type heteroarenes can stabilize frontier molecular orbitals and lead to improved physicochemical properties that are beneficial for applications in various optoelectronic devices. Thus, ladder‐type heteroarenes, which feature highly planar backbones and well‐delocalized π conjugation, have recently emerged as a promising type of organic semiconductor with excellent device performance in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). In this Focus Review, we summarize the recent advances in ladder‐type heteroarene‐based organic semiconductors, such as hole‐ and electron‐transporting molecular semiconductors, and fully ladder‐type conjugated polymers towards their applications in OPVs and OFETs. The recent use of ladder‐type small‐molecule acceptor materials has strikingly boosted the power conversion efficiency of fullerene‐free solar cells, and selected examples of the latest developments in ladder‐type fused‐ring electron acceptor materials are also elaborated.
Inhibitory control in typically developing preschoolers: Relations among temperament, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and behavior at age 4
Authors: Hassan Raha , Day Kimberly L. , Van Lieshout Ryan J. , Schmidt Louis A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAlthough inhibitory control (IC) is associated with children's positive adjustment, we know relatively little about factors underlying its development. We examined whether baseline and on‐task respiratory sinus arrhythmia [(RSA); a physiological measure of self‐regulation] and private speech (a behavioral measure of self‐regulation) interacted to confer differences on directly observed IC in 52 typically developing 4‐year olds. We found that baseline RSA moderated the association between private speech and IC, such that private speech positively predicted IC in children with relatively higher baseline RSA, but was unrelated to IC in children with relatively lower RSA. We also found that children with a concordant physiological‐behavioral pattern (i.e., high RSA and high private speech; low RSA and low private speech) had higher IC, higher effortful control, and lower negative emotionality than those with a discordant physiological‐behavioral pattern (i.e., high RSA and low private speech; low RSA and high private speech). Individual differences in physiological and behavioral self‐regulation indices may represent distinct regulation pathways that interact to confer differences in IC during the preschool years.
Being healthcare provider and retailer: perceiving and managing tensions in community pharmacy
Authors: Scahill S.L. , Tracey M.S. , Sayers J.G. , Warren L. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundInternationally, pharmaceutical policy has heightened expectations for community pharmacies to act as healthcare professionals, increasing the need to understand the health professional–retailer nexus. Literature suggests that pharmacy involves a dichotomy of roles including both retailing and healthcare provision, yet it is unknown whether pharmacists themselves perceive a tension between these roles and how such a tension might be managed.AimTo explore whether there is tension between being retailers and healthcare providers in community pharmacy and to understand how any such tension is perceived and managed.MethodsTen in‐depth semi‐structured interviews were conducted with pharmacist owners and managers of community pharmacies in New Zealand. General inductive thematic analysis was undertaken to gain insight from the data.ResultsPharmacists experienced tension between being healthcare providers and being retailers. In total, eight themes were derived from this study. Four themes emerged to describe the tension: (i) balancing roles; (ii) tension – what tension?; (iii) we give a lot for free; and (iv) too much bureaucracy and paperwork. Four themes for managing tension were identified: (i) imparting of owner beliefs; (ii) use of incentives; (iii) effective business management skills; and (iv) being entrepreneurial.ConclusionThis paper is expected to assist in helping policy‐makers and practitioners be aware of the role of tensions when policies are implemented to move pharmacists from a retailer role to healthcare provider. This paper aids in policy development and should inform professional practice and forthcoming business management training programs for community pharmacy.
Hospitality and tourism experts' perspectives on Chinese independent tourists' U.S. service expectations through a mobilities lens
Authors: Mejia Cynthia , Wei Wei , Fu Xiaoxiao , Hua Nan , Wang Youcheng 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn response to the rapid growth of tourism in the world's emerging regions led by Asia, this study represents a seminal attempt to dissect Chinese outbound tourists' service expectations in the United States from the perspective of hospitality and tourism experts. Rapid focus group discussions were conducted with 64 academic scholars and industry professionals whose work was in close relation to U.S.‐China tourism. Utilizing qualitative data analysis through the mobility paradigm, themes were revealed in association with their hidden meanings of movement (e.g., logistics and connectivity), practices (e.g., service provision and amenities), as well as the effects of those practices on their respective representations (e.g., cultural distance and frictions). Theoretical contributions of the study include the use of the mobility framework as a tool for uncovering nuanced cross‐cultural interpretations in tourism. Recommendations for implementing best practices in welcoming Chinese tourists to the United States were offered as part of the managerial implications.
Small cell lung cancer with solitary brain metastasis treated with complete resection
Authors: Drpa Gordana , Popovic Filip , Nikolic Igor , Kukulj Suzana 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe common treatment modality for extensive‐stage small cell lung cancer is chemotherapy, which significantly improves survival in these patients. However, the median survival is still poor and usually does not reach 12 months. For a long time, surgery has not played any role in the treatment of small cell lung cancer. In recent years, the operative approach has been accepted as a form of treatment for patients with limited‐stage disease. However, in patients with resectable primary carcinoma and solitary metastasis, surgery is not recommended, although it is the standard method of treatment in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer and other malignancies. We report the long‐term survival of a patient with metastatic small cell lung cancer treated with complete resection of both the primary tumor and the solitary brain metastasis.
Repair of a Proximal Hamstring Rupture in a 14-Year-Old Patient: A Case Report
Authors: Buckley Patrick S. , Dodson Christopher C. 
Published: June 2018

Proximal hamstring tendon ruptures are rare in children and adolescents. The typical pediatric hamstring injury pattern involves an apophyseal avulsion fracture. We present the case of a 14-year-old male with a widely displaced ischial avulsion fracture and a bony fragment that was too small to allow for bony fixation. The patient presented with left-buttock pain and ecchymosis, as well as tenderness at the ischial tuberosity, following an injury sustained while running 2 weeks prior. Imaging demonstrated an avulsion of the proximal hamstrings with a 4-mm bony fragment, too small to allow for repair. The patient underwent primary repair using two 3-mm suture anchors. The bony fragment was not excised but incorporated into the repair. Although most proximal hamstring injuries in children and adolescents are treated non-operatively, operative treatment may confer a small but clinically important difference in rates of healing and return to play in adolescent athletes. This case demonstrates successful treatment of a proximal hamstring rupture with suture anchor fixation, which may be considered for pediatric and adolescent displaced avulsion fractures when the bony fragment is too small to allow for bony fixation.
Sedimentary proxies for Pacific water inflow through the Herald Canyon, western Arctic Ocean
Authors: Swärd Henrik , O’Regan Matt , Pearce Christof , Semiletov Igor , Stranne Christian , Tarras Henrik , Jakobsson Martin 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPacific water inflow to the Arctic Ocean occurs through the shallow Bering Strait. With a present sill depth of only 53 m, this gateway has been frequently closed during glacial sea-level low stands of the Pleistocene. Here, we investigate the sedimentological and mineralogical response to sea-level rise and the opening of the Bering Strait during the last deglaciation in a 6.1 m-long marine sediment core (SWERUS-L2-4-PC1) from the Herald Canyon. Grain size data indicate an abrupt erosional contact at 412 cm down core that likely formed when Pacific waters first started to flow into the Arctic Ocean around 11 cal ka BP, and was topographically steered into the Herald Canyon. A transitional unit between 412 and 390 cm appears to be a condensed interval with minimal local sedimentation. The underlying sediments, deposited in a shallow, river-proximal setting, exhibit a rather uniform bulk and clay mineral composition similar to mineral assemblages from surface sediment samples of the Chukchi Sea. Enhanced contributions from Pacific waters above 390 cm (< 8.5 cal ka BP) are reflected by elevated chlorite/illite and (chlorite + kaolinite)/illite ratios, and are anti-correlated with intervals of higher illite/smectite ratios, interpreted as periods of enhanced advection of shelf transformed waters originating from the East Siberian Sea. Clay mineral changes in the Holocene drift sediments are best explained by the interplay between two origins for bottom waters in the Herald Canyon and are consistent with modern oceanographic observations.
Design strategies to improve healthcare worker safety in biocontainment units: learning from ebola preparedness
Authors: DuBose Jennifer R. , Matić Zorana , Sala Maria Fernanda Wong , Mumma Joel M. , Kraft Colleen S. , Casanova Lisa M. , Erukunuakpor Kimberly , Durso Francis T. , Walsh Victoria L. , Shah Puja , Zimring Craig M. , Jacob Jesse T. ,   for the CDC Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo identify ways that the built environment may support or disrupt safe doffing of personal protective equipment (PPE) in biocontainment units (BCU).DesignWe observed interactions between healthcare workers (HCWs) and the built environment during 41 simulated PPE donning and doffing exercises.SettingThe BCUs of 4 Ebola treatment facilities and 1 high-fidelity BCU mockup.ParticipantsA total of 64 HCWs (41 doffing HCWs and 15 trained observers) participated in this study.ResultsIn each facility, we observed how the physical environment influences risky behaviors by the HCW. The environmental design impeded communication between trained observers (TOs) and HCWs because of limited window size or visual obstructions with louvers, which allowed unobserved errors. The size and configuration of the doffing area impacted HCW adherence to protocol, and lack of clear demarcation of zones resulted in HCWs inadvertently leaving the doffing area and stepping back into the contaminated areas. Lack of standard location for items resulted in equipment and supplies frequently shifting positions. Finally, different solutions for maintaining balance while removing shoe covers (ie, chair, hand grips, and step stool) had variable success. We identified the 5 key requirements that doffing areas must achieve to support safe doffing of PPE, and we developed a matrix of proposed design strategies that can be implemented to meet those requirements.ConclusionsSimple, low-cost environmental design interventions can provide structure to support and improve HCW safety in BCUs. These interventions should be implemented in both current and future BCUs.
Early post-embryonic development inEllipsostrenua(Trilobita, Cambrian, Sweden) and the developmental patterns in Ellipsocephaloidea
Authors: Laibl Lukáš , Cederström Peter , Ahlberg Per 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis study documents the early post-embryonic developmental stages (protaspides and early meraspides) of the Cambrian trilobiteEllipsostrenua granulosa(Ahlberg, 1984) from the Gärdsjön Formation of Jämtland, Sweden. The early protaspid stage is characterized by a circular outline of the exoskeleton, two pairs of fixigenal spines, a short preglabellar field, a genal swelling, and prominent bacullae. The late protaspid stage differs only in having the trunk portion discernible. Early meraspid cranidia are sub-rectangular with prominent palpebral lobes, a wide anterior margin, a proportionally long anterior branch of the facial suture, and intergenal spines. Meraspid pygidia tentatively assigned to this species possess comparatively long macrospines. Small hypostomes associated withE.granulosabear at least four pairs of marginal spines. A comparison of the early developmental stages ofE.granulosawith some other species of Ellipsocephalidae and with species of the closely related Estaingiidae reveals several similarities. The conservative morphology of the early protaspid stage with only two pairs of fixigenal spines, the timing of the development of the trunk portion, and the presence of genal swellings and prominent bacullae could be phylogenetically informative. The range of size variation of the early protaspid stages in two families may be related either to taxonomical differences between Ellipsocephalidae and Estaingiidae, or to environmental differences in various paleogeographic settings.
Can our coinage system be improved?
Authors: Shiu Peter 
Published: June 2018

Some forty years ago my wife Christine and I considered the problems in this article, which involves a fair amount of computation. Computing facilities were not good then, so we considered instead the problems in [1] in which we showed, without using computers, that there were 64703 ways to make up £1 using coins; this was before the introduction of the 20p and £1 coins, and the ½p coin was in circulation. If Christine were still with us, this would have been another piece of joint work. I therefore dedicate this article to her memory.The design of a coinage system depends on considerations we give to various criteria: for example, the number of denominations for the coins, the maximum number of coins required to deliver any given amount in a range, or the required number of coins averaged over the range; see also §3.
Determinants of parasite distribution in Arctic charr populations: catchment structure versus dispersal potential
Authors: Paterson R.A. , Knudsen R. , Blasco-Costa I. , Dunn A.M. , Hytterød S. , Hansen H. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractParasite distribution patterns in lotic catchments are driven by the combined influences of unidirectional water flow and the mobility of the most mobile host. However, the importance of such drivers in catchments dominated by lentic habitats are poorly understood. We examined parasite populations of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus from a series of linear-connected lakes in northern Norway to assess the generality of lotic-derived catchment-scale parasite assemblage patterns. Our results demonstrated that the abundance of most parasite taxa increased from the upper to lower catchment. Allogenic taxa (piscivorous birds as final host) were present throughout the entire catchment, whereas their autogenic counterparts (charr as final hosts) demonstrated restricted distributions, thus supporting the theory that the mobility of the most mobile host determines taxa-specific parasite distribution patterns. Overall, catchment-wide parasite abundance and distribution patterns in this lentic-dominated system were in accordance with those reported for lotic systems. Additionally, our study highlighted that upper catchment regions may be inadequate reservoirs to facilitate recolonization of parasite communities in the event of downstream environmental perturbations.
Adjective production by Russian-speaking children with developmental language disorder and Dutch–Russian simultaneous bilinguals: Disentangling the profiles
Authors: TRIBUSHININA ELENA , MAK MARLOES , DUBINKINA ELENA , MAK WILLEM M. 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTBilingual children with reduced exposure to one or both languages may have language profiles that are apparently similar to those of children with developmental language disorder (DLD). Children with DLD receive enough input, but have difficulty using this input for acquisition due to processing deficits. The present investigation aims to determine aspects of adjective production that are differentially affected by reduced input (in bilingualism) and reduced intake (in DLD). Adjectives were elicited from Dutch–Russian simultaneous bilinguals with limited exposure to Russian and Russian-speaking monolinguals with and without DLD. An antonym elicitation task was used to assess the size of adjective vocabularies, and a degree task was employed to compare the preferences of the three groups in the use of morphological, lexical, and syntactic degree markers. The results revealed that adjective–noun agreement is affected to the same extent by both reduced input and reduced intake. The size of adjective lexicons is also negatively affected by both, but more so by reduced exposure. However, production of morphological degree markers and learning of semantic paradigms are areas of relative strength in which bilinguals outperform monolingual children with DLD. We suggest that reduced input might be counterbalanced by linguistic and cognitive advantages of bilingualism.
The Moving Location of Empire: Indirect Rule, International Law, and theBantu Educational Kinema Experiment
Authors: ESLAVA LUIS 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBetween 1935 and 1937, the International Missionary Council conducted theBantu Educational Kinema Experiment. The objective was to produce silent educational films and screen them to ‘native’ people via mobile cinemas in the British territories in East and Central Africa. Embracing the principle of ‘indirect rule’, and its role in training colonial subjects in economic self-sufficiency and political self-rule, as then advocated by leading colonial figures and the League of Nations, the films strived to capture ‘the native point of view’ through an ‘ethnographic sensitivity’ towards local cultures, concerns and needs. Hoping to educate the natives from ‘within’, they used local actors, familiar locations and pedagogical instructions that were believed to meet the target audience's cognitive capacity. Though in many respects unsuccessful, the experiment cemented the use of cinema in the late colonial project and, more importantly, embodied the clear move at the time towards a more dynamic and disaggregated, yet perhaps never fully post-imperial, international order. I argue in this article that theBantu Experimentis thus a telling instance through which to examine both the mobility and multiplicity of late imperial locations and the system of modern international administration that emerged during the interwar period. I suggest that this mobility and multiplicity continue to characterize the workings of today's international order, indicating the key role that ‘indirect rule’, as a silent principle of international law, still plays in its functioning today.
Successful retrieval of a migrated neonatal ductal stent and strategies to reposition the expanded stent in the duct
Authors: Pavithran Sreeja , Sivakumar Kothandam 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA neonatal ductal stent deployed in a straight short conical duct on second postnatal day migrated owing to inadequate ductal constriction. It was successfully retrieved using a larger balloon and redeployed in the duct again. Intravenous indomethacin prevented further stent migration. This is the first report of successful transcatheter retrieval and repositioning of a migrated expanded neonatal ductal stent.
Sex consideration in diet–biomarker-related indices: a systematic review
Authors: Song Sihan , Kim Sejin , Lee Jung Eun 
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjectiveAn index of biomarkers derived from dietary factors (diet–biomarker-related index) identifies foods and nutrients that encompass physiological potentials and provides scientific evidence for dietary patterns that increase the risk of disease associated with specific biomarkers. Although men and women have different dietary patterns and physiological characteristics, sex is not often considered when investigators develop a diet–biomarker-related index. We aimed to review whether epidemiological studies developed diet–biomarker-related indices in a sex-specific way.DesignWe systematically searched for epidemiological studies that developed diet–biomarker-related indices, including (i) biomarker prediction indices that include dietary factors as explanatory variables and (ii) dietary patterns to explain biomarker variations, in the PubMed and EMBASE databases. We qualitatively reviewed the sex consideration in index development.ResultsWe identified seventy-nine studies that developed a diet–biomarker-related index. We found that fifty-four studies included both men and women. Of these fifty-four studies, twenty-nine (53·7 %) did not consider sex, eleven (20·3 %) included sex in the development model, seven (13·0 %) considered sex but did not include sex in the development model, and seven (13·0 %) derived a diet–biomarker-related index for men and women separately. A list of selected dietary factors that explained levels of biomarkers generally differed by sex in the studies that developed a diet–biomarker-related index in a sex-specific way.ConclusionsMost studies that included both men and women did not develop the diet–biomarker-related index in a sex-specific way. Further research is needed to identify whether a sex-specific diet–biomarker-related index is more predictive of the disease of interest than an index without sex consideration.