bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Odor Problems in Lake Biwa
Authors: Yagi M , Kajino M , Matsuo U , Ashitani K , Kita T , Nakamura T 
Published: May 2018

In 1969 a musty odor was first found in the southern basin of Lake Biwa. Since then we have been investigating the causes of the problem. In the 1970's musty odor problems commonly occurred from May to early June due to the metabolites produced by Phormidiumtenue. However, the problem which took place in the summer of 1981 was found to be caused by an algal bloom of Anabaenamacrospora.
The analyses of the water taken in the lake as well as of the laboratory cultures of the blue-green algae led to the conclusion that 2-methylisoborneol is produced by Phormidiumtenue, whereas geosmin by Anabaenamacrospora.
Purge and trap concentration followed by mass fragmentography was developed and applied as a measurement method for these two odorous compounds. The method was found to be rapid, reproducible and sensitive enough to detect them at a nanogram per liter concentration level or beneath their threshold odors, requiring only a small sample (100 ml).
Slow sand filtration was found to be effective in removing odor, where the odorous compounds were reduced to less than 10 ng/l in the effluents.
Disposal and Treatment of Concentrated Human Wastes
Authors: Prasad D , Heinke G W 
Published: May 2018

Many communities in Canada's northern areas rely on trucked supply of water and pickup of human waste from bucket toilets or holding tanks. The high capital cost of conventional piped water and gravity sewer systems and the lack of funds necessitate the continued used of trucked systems for many years, particularly in the smaller settlements in permafrost regions. Promising methods of cheaper piped collection of wastes,such as vacuum and pressure sewers may be used in the near future. Both require only small quantities of water for transport of solids. Human wastes in plastic bags (“honey-bags”) are now disposed of at a dump, in waste pits or lagoons. Satisfactory treatment methods for these strong wastes and for wastes from holding tanks, vacuum and pressure sewers are needed.
Results of a five year study simulating a waste pit in permafrost show that it merely serves as a holding tank and does not provide satisfactory treatment. Pathogens are likely to remain viable in such a pit for many years. Anaerobic digestion of undiluted human waste has been found feasible at 20° C, but is not likely to be a practical and economical solution for communities using trucked systems. Properly located, constructed and operated waste pits are recommended for these situations.
Conventional anaerobic digestion of vacuum sewer wastes or holding tanks wastes which are much less dilute than sewage, is feasible at a temperature of 20° C and with a minimum detention time of 30 days. The process may be applicable at lower temperatures, provided a high proportion of methane bacteria is maintained in the reactor. This may be accomplished either by longer detention time or through the anaerobic contact process. However, anaerobic filter treatment of these wastes appears to be most practical, economical and effective, providing about 85% and 80% COD reduction for detention times of 3 and 8 days at 25° C and 10° C respectively. It is recommended that a pilot installation can be constructed in a northern community using anaerobic filter as the method of treatment of vacuum or pressure sewer wastes or holding tank wastes.
Nakdong Estuary Barrage and Land Reclamation – Morphological Aspects
Authors: Eysink W D 
Published: May 2018

The construction of the barrage will change the flow conditions in the entire estuary which will interfere in the present equilibrium between channel dimensions and flow conditions. Consequently, morphological changes in the estuary have to be taken into account.
Generally, the cross sectional area of a tidal channel shows a distinct relationship with a characteristic tidal prism passing that section. Also here such a relation could be found and was applied to predict the new equilibrium state of the estuary. Estimates of the time required for adaptation have been based on the total sediment volumes required for this and the future sediment transport pattern which must supply those volumes.
The morphological study provided a basis for proper decisions on matters such as: selection of the barrage location, maintenance dredging and levee heights. It also gave the effects of the barrage on the tidal-flat area which, as an important bird habitat, has the official status of a national monument. In particular these effects and the aspects of maintenance dredging seaward of the barrage are discussed as they are major phenomena for the ecological impact of the barrage.
Maximization of Cost-Effectiveness in Environmental Analyses for Coastal Engineering Projects
Authors: Brown S , Wardle T M 
Published: May 2018

Environmental studies for coastal projects are often constrained by budgets and schedules. Consultants must use cost and schedule effective methodologies for data collection and impact evaluation, and for designing adequate mitigation and compensation measures. The complex jurisdictional relationships frequently inherent in environmental legislation, necessitates careful coordination with various government agencies in order to ensure adequate study design. An empirical study strategy has been developed by Acres Consulting Services Ltd. based on a multidisciplinary task structure that is oriented to the specific permit requirements of approving agencies.
Satellite imagery interpretation is a key feature of the strategy which assists in minimizing costly field programs. The design of protection, mitigation and compensation measures based on an assessment of species vulnerability is also included. Examples are given of studies in the fiords, and estuaries of coastal British Columbia for port, industrial and mining developments.
The results suggest that the adoption of an integrated strategy encompassing multidisciplinary studies, can facilitate greater cost-effectiveness in environmental investigations for coastal zone management.
River Outfalls, Estuaries and the Marine Environment
Authors: Lester W F 
Published: May 2018

Theme 2 deals with the quality aspects of discharges from rivers to estuaries, direct discharges to estuaries, the twice daily influx of sea water mixing with the water remaining in the estuary and the effect of the estuary discharge on the adjacent marine environment.
The paper compares the flow characteristics and qualities of the Rivers Medway, Trent and Severn at the tidal limits at different periods and indicates the effect of these discharges on the quality of the upper reaches of the estuary. The extent and distribution in place and time of the oxygen sag in the Trent estuary is recorded as also is the concentration of cadmium and ammonia in the Severn estuary.
The physical characteristics of the estuaries are described and reference is made to the statute law relating to control of estuarial pollution.
The Gulf Coast Waste Disposal Authority: A Regional Approach to Water Quality Management
Authors: Jack Davis L 
Published: May 2018

The Gulf Coast Waste Disposal Authority is a regional public agency created by the State of Texas to design and implement water quality management systems in three counties surrounding Galveston Bay. This article will outline the water quality management strategy employed by the Authority for a highly industrialized and populated region. Regional treatment and public and private sector cooperation will be presented as a management objective for muncipal and industrial waste disposal. A description of the background and operations of the Authority will be included along with examples of joint or combined wastewater treatment.
The pressing problem of hazardous waste management in Texas will be discussed. The Authority's experiences with facility siting and public reaction will be summarized and a new approach to help resolve these issues will be presented. The article will conclude with some thoughts on strategic planning for public managers.
Nitrification and Phosphorus Removal from Trickling Filter Effluents
Authors: Bundgaard Erik , Kristensen Gert Holm 
Published: May 2018

Nitrification and simultaneous phosphorus precipitation in a separate activated sludge plant is considered the cheapest alternative for upgrading conventional trickling filter plants.
Before upgrading the Herning treatment plant (200,000 PE) a 12 month pilot plant experiment was performed. During operation of the pilot plant, important parameters were investigated, such as excess sludge production, sludge properties, and influence of the large part of chemical sludge when combining separate nitrification and simultaneous precipitation.
It was found that a stable process could be operated with a bypass of 20-25% settled raw wastewater. Due to improvements in the sludge characteristics simultaneous precipitation with ferrous sulphate improved the effluent quality with respect to both phosphorus, BOD and suspended solids.
Detection and Stability of Enteric Viruses in Sludge, Soil and Ground Water
Authors: Jørgensen P. H. , Lund E. 
Published: May 2018

Digested sludge from a municipal sewage treatment plant was systematically placed on the surface of pure diluvial sand in a forest plantation. In the area examined, sludge application started in September. Viruses could be demonstrated in the sludge deposits up to 21 weeks but not 22 weeks after the application. Polio-, coxsackie- and adenovirus types were detected. The method employed was elution with beef extract at pH 8 followed by hydroextraction. No virus was demonstrated in soil samples 5 weeks after sludge application. Ground water samples from bores established before sludge application were examined employing 5 litre samples, but these were all negative. Four larger samples (30 to 100 1) were examined. One 30 litre sample contained poliovirus type 2 and coxsackievirus type B3. It was collected in the 11th week after sludge application at a depth of 3 m under the surface. The 3 other samples were negative.
A soil sample of 30 kg collected at a depth of 35 to 100 cm was brought to the laboratory. Aliquots of 300 g were suspended in ground water from the area in flasks of 500 ml. Antibiotics were added. The pH was 4.5. In the same way a system employing a sandy loam soil was set up. Here the pH was 7.2. In each series 3 flasks were seeded with coxsackievirus B3, adenovirus 1 and echovirus 7 respectively. The flasks were completely filled with water, stoppered airtight and kept dark at 4° to 7°C. During an 8 month period 20 ml samples were taken 7 times after mixing. The samples were centrifuged. The supernatant and eluates of the sediments were examined for virus. Adenovirus was not demonstrated in the supernatants, echovirus only in the one from the sandy soil, while coxsackievirus was demonstrated in both supernatants. Except for adenovirus in the sandy loam soil the viruses were quite stable in the sediments. Ground water samples seeded with the same 3 viruses were set up in parallel but without added soil. The results obtained from these water samples were quite similar to the sediment samples except for echovirus which could not be demonstrated in the ground water from the sandy soil area after 2 months.
Behaviour of Coli Phages in Oxidation Ponds
Authors: Omura T. , Shin H. K. , Ketratanakul A. 
Published: May 2018

Coliphages are among the most promising indicators of viral inactivation efficiency of wastewater treatment. Therefore, it is important to investigate the behaviour of coliphages in oxidation ponds from the viewpoint of predicting the inactivation of infectious viruses. In this study, numbers of coliphages were measured in oxidation ponds consisting of a series of facultative and maturation ponds. In parallel with this investigation, the effects of temperature and pH on the behaviour of coliphages were examined in the laboratory, employing three species of coliform bacteria as host cells.
The field investigation showed that there was positive correlation between counts of coliphages and those of coliform bacteria, and that more than 99% of coliphages were inactivated. The inactivation efficiency of coliphages in the facultative pond was much higher than in the maturation pond. The results of the laboratory experiments indicated that at 30°C more than 99% of the coliform group were destroyed in 7 days of incubation and that coliphages counts increased from 105/100 ml to 107/100 ml with a lag time of 3 days. Greater reduction of the coliform count was obtained at higher incubation temperatures. It was observed that the coliphages possessed greater ability to attack coliform bacteria at acidic rather than alkaline pH.
The A–B Process: A Novel two Stage Wastewater Treatment System
Authors: Versprille A. I. , Zuurveen B. , Stein Th 
Published: May 2018

New acts on wastewater disposal demand for higher process stability and effluent quality.
The A-B process, a novel two step treatment system, meets these requirements in a cost effective way.
Five full-scale plants have been put in operation over the last two years.
The objective of this paper is to give an outline of the features of the A-B system in the context of the results of these full-scale plants.
In spite of the extreme high load, the A-stage can be operated at a high reduction rate and is stable. Variations in the organic load and pH- and toxic shocks are leveled out and a constant, mainly soluble effluent is supplied. This implicates a low sludge production in the B-stage. As a consequence higher overall reduction rates are obtained as compared to conventional processes at the same sludge load. Very low and stable final effluent concentrations are observed in all full-scale plants.
Of special interest are the possibilities of upgrading existing conventional treatment facilities, at minor costs, by incorporating the A-B technology.
The A-B process therefore can be considered as a very promising, cost effective alternative for both existing and new wastewater treatment plants in responding to the increasing effluent demands.
Waste Water Recycling by Duckweed for Protein Production and Effluent Renovation
Authors: Oron Gideon , Wildschut Louw R. , Porath Dan 
Published: May 2018

Waste water treatment and recycling facilities are becoming increasingly necessary in arid zones, especially in the light of the shortage of conventional water sources. The simultaneous treatment of waste water and the production of duckweed in a pond system, as an alternative protein source, is an attractive proposition for solving the feed and water shortage problem.
Outdoor experiments conducted in mini-ponds showed that duckweed ponds may be highly competitive with existing secondary treatment methods. The duckweed biomass, with a crude protein content of above 30% (dry weight), may be used as an alternative source for animal feed. The ease of the duckweed harvesting makes the system even more economically attractive.
The work describes the basic outdoor biotechnology aimed at eliminating the superior organic loading in the pond as given by the ratio of COD and NH+4 in the raw domestic sewage. This ratio was examined in respect to the retention time of the wastes in the ponds and protein production by the floating vascular plant biomass.
Stream Modeling of Non-Convetional Water Quality Parameters: Phenol, Cyanide, Ammonia, Oil and Grease
Authors: Shahalam Abul Basher M. , Burke Dennis A. 
Published: May 2018

Due to complexities in the water uses of the modern time, the water quality management often needs much information in addition to the traditional DO and BOD data, to impose any kind of control on the industrial and municipal discharges into natural streams. The simplistic Monod type of substrate limiting kinetics are not sufficient to express the fate of complex chemicals such as phenol, cyanide, ammonia, oil and grease.
This paper presents the kinetics of physical and biological degradation and transformation of such chemicals in the natural waters. The kinetics were developed through the multiple regression analysis using the data monitored over a year from a river in Pennsylvania, USA. The conventional unidirectional hydraulic transport and mass balance equations were then combined with these kinetics to predict the steady state water qualities in various reaches of the river under a specific set of known external discharges. When compared to the monitored water quality data under that specific set of external discharges, the predictions were found to be satisfactory. Some disagreement was observed in cyanide concentrations in the most down stream section of the 25 mile stretch of river.
Ozonation of Non-Ionic Surfactants in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Narkis Nava , Ben-David Bella , Rotel Malka Schneider 
Published: May 2018

The effect of ozone on dilute aqueous solutions of a series of non-ionic surfactants of nonyl phenol ethoxylates, with n=4 to 30 ethylene oxide groups, dinonyl phenol ethoxylate and a polyethylene glycol were investigated. Assuming ozone concentration in solution to remain constant throughout the ozonation, the experiments showed first-order reactions with respect to surfactant concentration, as measured by the Wickbold method, and also with respect to COD & TOC. A linear relationship was established between the first-order reaction rate constants, and between n, the average number of ethylene oxide groups in the ethoxylate chain of the nonyl phenol ethoxylate series.
The oxidation mechanism by ozone of non-ionic surfactant molecules is explained as mainly polyethoxylate chains' cleavage into shorter polyethylene glycols and to a smaller extent oxidation of the aromatic ring. High ozone doses do not convert the non-ionic surfactant completely to CO2 and H2O but smaller doses are sufficient to enhance biodegradation.
Chronic Pollution of Intercity Motorway Runoff Waters
Authors: Balades J. D. , Cathelain M. , Marchandise P. , Peybernard J. , Pilloy J. C. 
Published: May 2018

From 1980 to 1982, two investigations of the chronic pollution of roadway runoff water were carried out in areas having different pluviometric characteristics. The runoff from two hundred pluviometric events was characterized using highly rigorous methodologies, with a view to estimating the annual pollution load.
The annual loads were determined; they show that the official instructions hither-to followed were rather pessimistic. On the other hand, greater vigilance is required as regards the loads that may be contributed by an isolated event, but it is not possible to characterize the parameters that will give rise to such an event. A few rain events can introduce into the environment, in a short time, as much as 30% of the annual pollution load of motorway runoff waters.
Systems and Solutions for Wastewater Treatment in the Biggest Yugoslav Oil Refinery
Authors: Legović B. , Nikolić O. 
Published: May 2018

This paper aims at presenting the technology of wastewater treatment at the INA Oil Refinery of Rijeka applied in the past,and in the early eighties, when much stricter standards for their discharge into the sea developed a new approach to wastewater management.
The refinery of Rijeka, built in the middle of the sixties, was not designed with water economy and water treatment in mind : its water consumption was very high and the polluted and clean water streams were intermixed in the combined sewer system. This resulted in high wastewater flows and in high pollutant loads per ton of crude oil. Nowadays, the wastewater treatment programme includes in-plant control measures and a modern wastewater treatment plant.
The in-plant control includes the pretreatment of sour condensates and of the recirculating water, cool ing and collecting each category of wastewater in a separate sewer system. This modern wastewater treatment plant includes primary treatment, the thorough removal of emulsified oil and colloidal solids in the flocculation and flotation unit and the removal of dissolved organic materials by biological oxidation. The sludges are incinerated in a fluidized - bed type of incinerator.
Objectives and Achievements of the Three Conferences on the Protection of the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Kalpié A. 
Published: May 2018

SUMMARY
Three of the conferences held so far on the protection of the Adriatic Sea (Opatija 1974, Hvar 1979 and Budva 1984) each in their own way gave their scientific, professional and social contribution to determining the existing conditions and future activities that should be undertaken in order to protect the human environment in the area of the Adriatic Sea. The objectives and achievements of each of these conferences have in this paper been presented on the basis of actual documents as well as taking into account the existing problems, programme and planned development. The paper also states what has been done so far on organizing the IV. Conference (1989) as one aspect of the work done on preventing pollution and undertaking efficient measures that would lead to a greater success in protecting the human environment through development in the area of the Adriatic Sea.
Reduction of Microbial Indicators and Viruses in a Cypress Strand
Authors: Scheuerman P. R. , Farrah S. R. , Bitton G. 
Published: May 2018

The fate of bacterial indicators, bacteriophages and enteroviruses was studied in a forested cypress strand treated with primary effluent from the town of Waldo, Florida. Experimental corridors (40m × 10m) were installed in a strand and were treated with pumped primary effluent. Bacterial indicators (total and fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci), bacteriophages and enteroviruses, were removed following 40m travel of sewage through the corridors. The results indicated that fecal streptococci accumulate in the sediments.
The levels of bacterial indicators, phages and enteroviruses were monitored in another strand that had been receiving sewage for 50 years. Microbial numbers were determined at stations situated at increasing distances from the sewage outfall (up to 230m). It was observed that the bacterial indicators were reduced approximately by 3 log10 units at the 230m-station. Fecal streptococci were shown to accumulate in the sediments. The reduction in the number of phages was less and was approximately one log10unit. Enteroviruses and Salmonella spp. were detected in the cypress strand water. They were often undetectable in the sediments.
The results demonstrate the potential use of wetlands for low-energy treatment of sewage effluents.