bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small Al cluster ion implantation into Si and 4H‐SiC
Authors: Zeng Xiaomei , Pelenovich Vasiliy , Ieshkin Alexei , Danilov Andrey , Tolstogouzov Alexander , Zuo Wenbin , Ranjana Jha , Hu Donghong , Devi Neena , Fu Dejun , Xiao Xiangheng 
Published: May 2019

RationaleContinuously downscaling integrated circuit devices requires fabrication of shallower p‐n junctions. The ion implantation approach at low energy is subject to low beam current due to the Coulomb repulsion. To overcome this problem cluster ions can be used for implantation. In comparison with single ions, cluster ions possess lower energy per atom and reduced Coulomb repulsion resulting in high equivalent current.MethodsIn this study to carry out low‐energy implantation into single crystalline silicon and 4H‐SiC samples we employ Aln− (n = 1–5) clusters with energy in the range of 5–20 keV. The Al clusters are obtained by Cs sputtering of Al rod. Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS; IONTOF TOF.SIMS‐5) is used to study aluminum and oxygen sputter depth profiles for different cluster sizes and implantation energies before and after annealing treatment.ResultsA distinguishable effect of the energy per atom in the cluster on reduction of the projected range Rp is revealed. The lowest Rp of 3 ± 1 nm has been achieved in SiC samples at the energy per atom of 1.66 keV. After annealing of Si samples, a considerable change in the Al profiles due to redistribution of Al atoms during motion of the front of recrystallization is observed. The influence of the number of atoms in the cluster at the same energy per atom within the experimental uncertainty is not observed.ConclusionsThe transient effects of the sputtering by the primary ion beam distort the shape of the Al profiles in Si samples. In the case of SiC, due to its relatively lower surface chemical activity, more informative TOF‐SIMS depth profiling of the shallow cluster implantation is feasible.
Model‐independent consensus control of Euler‐Lagrange agents with interconnecting delays
Authors: Hernández‐Guzmán Victor M. , Orrante‐Sakanassi J. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryIn this paper, we introduce, for the first time, a proportional‐integral‐derivative controller to solve the consensus problem for networked Euler‐Lagrange agents. The proposed control scheme solves both the leaderless and the leader‐follower consensus problems without requiring the exact knowledge of any part of the agent model. Contrary to the previous studies in the literature, we do not require either to cancel any part of the agent model, which renders robust our approach, nor employ discontinuous controllers. It is proven that both consensus problems are solved globally and asymptotically and the presence of bounded time‐varying communicating delays is considered.
Seasonal differences in diversity of macroinvertebrate and fish taxa in a Midwestern stream
Authors: Pant Manisha , Nepal Vaskar , West John L. , Colombo Robert E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMost biomonitoring projects focus on single species groups at time scales either too short or too coarse to detect intra‐annual oscillations in biodiversity. Using a multifaceted approach, we compared diversity indices of larval macroinvertebrate families and fish species in a Midwestern stream during spring and fall of 2009–2013 and discovered contrasting patterns in α and β diversities between the seasons for the two taxa groups. Compared with spring, both α and β diversities were significantly higher during fall for macroinvertebrates; on the contrary, only α diversity differed between the seasons for fishes. For both taxa, we partitioned the overall β diversity to identify contributions of temporal and spatial β diversities on the observed differences. The observed patterns for macroinvertebrates were likely the result of season acting as environmental filter, but stochastic dispersal and recruitment processes were likely more important in driving fish diversity patterns. In light of widespread conservation and restoration efforts in the Midwestern streams, it seems prudent to study community composition frequently so that baseline α and β diversities can be obtained for organisms at different taxonomic levels and during different seasons.
P‐39: Development of High‐Performance LCD for Advanced 3D HUD
Authors: Mochizuki Yu , Murata Mitsuhiro , Tanaka Yoshiki , Hosokawa Toshihiko , Ogura Kenji , Kamoshida Kenta , Kusafuka Kaoru , Matsumoto Takuya 
Published: May 2019

We developed a new 4.1”LCD for optimal 3D‐Heads Up Displays which enhance advanced safety driving support.This LCD requires high transmittance and contrast We achieved these optical properties by utilizing high aperture ratio pixels, optimized liquid crystal (LC) material and optical design We developed this new 3D‐HUD using a 4.1” display and we proved this LCD is optimal for AR‐HUD units.
P‐83: Wide Angle Light‐Field Holographic Display System with Angular Multiplexing
Authors: Kuo Chung-Feng , Chuang Chih-Hao , Chang Hsuan-Ting , Lin Hoang-Yan , Chen Chien-Yu 
Published: May 2019

A wide viewing angle light‐field holographic display system is proposed in this study. The phase information of the sub image is modulated with the Modified Gerchberg‐Saxton algorithm (MGSA). With the angular multiplexing, it can provide different viewing angle images, and merge all sub phase information into image array.The multi‐angle hologram is reconstructed with the micro lens array, and the field of view in this system is ±10°. In this study, the combination of light‐field display and angular multiplexing CGH is successful to solve the limitation of view‐angle and the effect of crosstalk caused by image overlap. This innovative dual system would be the key 3D display development in order to enhance the reality of images.
Molecular Modulation of Root Development by Ethylene
Authors: Qin Hua , Ma Changle , Zhou Yun , Miao Yuchen , Huang Rongfeng 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPlant roots explore the soil environment in search for water and nutrients required for growth. Multiple physiological and genetic studies have provided ample evidence in support of the role of plant hormones in root growth and development. Among them, ethylene is a simple gas phytohormone and its regulation of root growth has been extensively studied. This review summarizes the molecular regulation of root development by ethylene. Through use of genetic screening, high‐throughput nucleotide sequencing techniques, and CRISPR‐Cas9 technology, many potential genes involved in ethylene‐regulated root growth are discovered. Thus, this review provides an overview of ethylene in root growth, which provides guidance for crop breeding to engineer better crop varieties of root architectures.
Field measurement and aeroelastic wind tunnel test of wind‐induced vibrations of lattice tower
Authors: Huang Peng , Chen Sheng , Gu Ming 
Published: May 2019

SummaryLattice towers are among the most vulnerable structures during typhoons. In this study, the wind engineering research field base near Shanghai Pudong International Airport was used to measure the mean wind speeds and directions at a height of 10 m, as well as the accelerations atop a 40‐m high lattice tower during Typhoons Neoguri and Nakri to investigate the characteristics of the near‐ground wind and the responses of the lattice tower. Moreover, an aeroelastic model of the lattice tower was generated by the discrete stiffness method. Using the wind tunnel test of the aeroelastic model, the root mean square accelerations of the tower were studied with different wind speeds and directions. The responses of the tower in the across‐wind direction were found always higher than those in the along‐wind direction, which meant the vortex shedding of each single cylinder had an impact on the responses of the tower in the across‐wind direction. The test results were compared with those of field measurements to evaluate the accuracy of the aeroelastic model, and the two were generally in a good agreement. Thus, the aeroelastic model could precisely simulate the dynamic characteristics of a prototypical lattice tower using the discrete stiffness method.
The Constitution of Spain: The Challenges for the Constitutional Order Under European and Global Governance
Authors: Solanes Mullor Joan , Torres Pérez Aida 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAlthough the constitutional text has remained nearly untouched – only twice has the Spanish Constitution been amended since its enactment in 1978 – global and European governance have deeply transformed the constitutional order. The impact of the process of European integration upon the Constitution is an open and evolving phenomenon, encompassing the challenge to constitutional supremacy, the incorporation of new sources of law, an imbalance between the legislative and executive powers, the enhanced role of the judiciary, the multilevel protection of fundamental rights and the transformation of regionalism as a model for organising the territorial power. First, this report will analyse the constitutional amendments regarding EU membership and the constitutional limits to European integration. Indeed, the only two constitutional amendments were both prompted by the EU. Secondly, the impact of EU integration upon the protection of constitutional rights will be critically examined, with special emphasis on the economic crisis. The obligations deriving from the EU might undermine the protection of constitutional rights, as the introduction of the European Arrest Warrant, the Data Retention Directive and the austerity measures adopted in the context of the economic crisis have shown. Thirdly and more generally, global governance has had constitutional implications, for instance regarding the strengthening of the executive power vis-à-vis the legislative, pressures on the welfare state, the fight against terrorism, the curtailing of powers of the Autonomous Communities and the response to immigration. In this context, it is necessary to recast the relationship between the Global-European spheres and the national constitutional order to ensure respect for the principles of the rule of law, the separation of powers and the protection of fundamental rights.
Portugal: The Impact of European Integration and the Economic Crisis on the Identity of the Constitution
Authors: Coutinho Francisco Pereira , Piçarra Nuno 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Portuguese Constitution of 1976 shares some of the main features of the constitutions adopted after the fall of an authoritarian regime, such as detailed rules and enforceability in court. The constitutional culture is mostly influenced by continental constitutional traditions, especially the French constitutional experience as regards the organisation of the state, and Germany in relation to the rule of law and fundamental rights. Rights from the first to the fourth generation are protected in some sixty articles, with detailed sub-clauses, and with a particularly strong social solidarity dimension and social rights. In the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court, measures have often been annulled on the grounds of violation of the principles of equality, proportionality and the protection of legitimate expectations. This approach was enhanced in relation to the drastic austerity measures resulting from the European Union and IMF bailout programmes. The so-called austerity case law has been praised by some commentators, but criticised by others who have accused the Court of insularity, inconsistency and of engaging in judicial activism. Other areas where transnational law has presented challenges include retroactive effect of EU regulations, publication of IMF decisions and international extraditions. The European Arrest Warrant and Data Retention Directive did not raise constitutional issues. Amendments of the Constitution with a view to EU and international co-operation are extensive. These include removal of several programmatic provisions regarding the social orientation.
The Czech Republic: From a Euro-Friendly Approach of the Constitutional Court to Proclaiming a Court of Justice Judgment Ultra Vires
Authors: Kühn Zdeněk 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Czech Constitution of 1992, associated with the revolutionary fervour of the 1989 Velvet Revolution, attempted to annihilate the Communist, totalitarian heritage. According to the judgments of the Constitutional Court (CCC), this meant that the rule of law in a constitutional state has not only a formal but also a substantive side, expressing the fundamental, inviolable values of a democratic society. There was a break from an approach that had seen the judiciary as a submissive and unthinking instrument of enforcement. In relation to EU law, several measures have been subject to constitutional challenges, including domestic acts implementing the European Arrest Warrant, the Data Retention Directive, and EU sugar quotas. The Czech Constitutional Court, which has a strong position, has underlined its EU-friendly approach. At the same time, for exceptional, flagrant cases, the CCC has retained the constitutional limits based on the democratic, rule-of-law-based state (unamendable provision under Art. 9(2) of the Constitution) and the protection of fundamental rights. Notably, in Landtová, the CCC declared an ECJ judgment ultra vires. In general, the reasoning of the CCC often follows that of the German Constitutional Court. In the practice of the ordinary courts, it emerges from the report that the Czech courts have adopted a rights-protective approach and carry out judicial review, including in European Arrest Warrant cases and other mutual recognition cases. The EU amendments in the Constitution are considered brief but sufficient.
Questionnaire for the Constitutional Law Experts of the Research Project ‘The Role and Future of National Constitutions in European and Global Governance’
Authors: Albi Anneli 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Questionnaire forms the basis for the twenty-nine national reports which were prepared as part of the research project ‘The Role and Future of National Constitutions in European and Global Governance’, funded by a five-year European Research Council grant. The Questionnaire contains three main parts, which address the following issues: (1) constitutional culture and constitutional amendments regarding EU membership; (2) constitutional/fundamental rights, the rule of law and constitutional adjudication regarding EU measures such as the Data Retention Directive, European Arrest Warrant and ESM Treaty; and (3) novel challenges that are increasingly highlighted in the wider context of global governance (i.e. beyond the classic international treaties that advance human rights, peace and environmental protection) in relation to democratic participation, judicial review and the rule of law. The different parts of the Questionnaire each start with a brief background outlining the specific constitutional issues or challenges encountered in some Member States, and subsequently invite the national constitutional law experts to explore these in relation to their respective countries. Whilst the mainstream English language European constitutional discourse has typically focused on autonomous EU constitutional law, the Questionnaire seeks to make available case law, doctrine and constitutional debates from the perspective of a multitude of national constitutional systems. It should be noted that the Questionnaire was prepared in 2013-14 when critical scholarly and public discussion about EU and transnational governance was generally rare; the Questionnaire does not address the recent illiberal trends.
The Constitution of France in the Context of EU and Transnational Law: An Ongoing Adjustment and Dialogue to Be Improved
Authors: Burgorgue-Larsen Laurence , Astresses Pierre-Vincent , Bruck Véronique 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn terms of the French constitutional culture, the Constitution (of the Fifth Republic), adopted in 1958, grew out of specific circumstances relating to the previous regime, with the aim to ensure the primacy of the executive. Fundamental rights protection emerged later and is mainly based on the ECHR; the main domestic instrument is the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. The possibility for individuals to challenge the constitutionality of legislative provisions that violate their rights was introduced by a constitutional amendment of 2008 establishing ex post control of constitutionality. Judicial review is regarded as deferent to the political institutions. With regard to EU law, the Constitution has extensively been amended, typically following a finding by the Constitutional Council that a new treaty affects ‘the essential conditions for the exercise of national sovereignty’. The report observes a reluctance of French institutions to fully participate in a dynamic dialogue with the EU integration process. Although this has recently changed with a more constructive approach on the part of the Constitutional Council, the report observes deficiencies in democratic deliberation and the reluctance to push for a solid fundamental rights protection in the EU. The report advocates a so-called pro homine clause, which has been considered in France, to guarantee that the individual would always benefit from the highest level of protection, whether it is provided for by European, international or national instruments. The report also notes a more general concern amongst a part of the French population about a barefaced economic liberalism in the EU and its effect of deteriorating their living conditions.
The Cypriot Constitution Under the Impact of EU Law: An Asymmetrical Formation
Authors: Kombos Constantinos , Laulhé Shaelou Stéphanie 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Constitution of Cyprus (1960) is described in the report as unique and as a hybrid model. On the one hand, it has been seen as one of the world’s most rigid and detailed constitutions; on the other hand, some parts are governed by the doctrine of necessity, given the division of the country. Special features include a strong protection of social rights and of the right to property; the protection granted to these and some other rights goes beyond the protection afforded by the ECHR. Cyprus has a mixed model of constitutional review. Fundamental rights based review is strong, with provisions interpreted in favour of the individual in cases of doubt. Resorting to constitutional amendments has become a tool for addressing issues related with the idiosyncrasies of the Cypriot Constitution. The use of this approach has become more frequent in the last two decades, whereas there had been a persistent refusal to amend the Constitution in the previous years. With regard to EU law, the Constitution has been amended to remove conflicts, including by virtue of Art. 1A, modelled loosely on the blanket EU clause of the Irish Constitution. At times, the amendments have even proved to be excessive, e.g. as regards an amendment pertaining to the EU Data Retention Directive that was subsequently annulled. The Constitution has also been amended to remove barriers to the European Arrest Warrant, alas in an incomplete way, at least initially; in parallel, the initially rights-protective approach of Cypriot courts has gradually been watered down. The cases regarding EU sugar stocks measures raised issues regarding the principles of legitimate expectations and non-retroactivity of charges. The report raises the issue of a lack of debate about constitutional limits to EU law. It highlights the merits of a dissenting judicial opinion in the so-called ‘bail-in’ case that cautioned against elimination of the rule of law and judicial protection.
Domain walls in high-T SU(N) super Yang-Mills theory and QCD(adj)
Authors: Anber Mohamed M. , Poppitz Erich 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe study the domain walls in hot 4-D SU(N) super Yang-Mills theory and QCD(adj), withnfWeyl flavors. We find that thek-wall worldvolume theory is 2-D QCD with gauge group SU(N−k) × SU(k) × U(1) and Dirac fermions charged under U(1) and transforming in the bi-fundamental representation of the nonabelian factors. We show that the DW theory has a 1-form ℤN(1)center symmetry and a 0-form$$ {\mathbb{Z}}_{2N{n}_f}^{d\chi } $$ℤ2Nnfdχdiscrete chiral symmetry, with a mixed ’t Hooft anomaly consistent with bulk/wall anomaly inflow. We argue that ℤN(1)is broken on the wall, and hence, Wilson loops obey the perimeter law. The breaking of the worldvolume center symmetry implies that bulkp-strings can end on the wall, a phenomenon first discovered using string-theoretic constructions. We invoke 2-D bosonization and gauged Wess-Zumino-Witten models to suggest that$$ {\mathbb{Z}}_{2N{n}_f}^{d\chi } $$ℤ2Nnfdχis also broken f in the IR, which implies that the 0-form/1-form mixed ’t Hooft anomaly in the gappedk-wall theory is saturated by a topological quantum field theory. We also find interesting parallels between the physics of high-temperature domain walls studied here and domain walls between chiral symmetry breaking vacua in the zero temperature phase of the theory (studied earlier in the semiclassically calculable small spatial circle regime), arising from the similar mode of saturation of the relevant ’t Hooft anomalies.
Coarse graining holographic black holes
Authors: Engelhardt Netta , Wall Aron C. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We expand our recent work on the outer entropy, a holographic coarse-grained entropy defined by maximizing the boundary entropy while fixing the classical bulk data outside some surface. When the surface is marginally trapped and satisfies certain “minimar” conditions, we prove that the outer entropy is exactly equal to a quarter the area (while for other classes of surfaces, the area gives an upper or lower bound). We explicitly construct the entropy-maximizing interior of a minimar surface, and show that it satisfies the appropriate junction conditions. This provides a statistical explanation for the area-increase law for spacelike holographic screens foliated by minimar surfaces. Our construction also provides an interpretation of the area for a class of non-minimal extremal surfaces.
On the boundary side, we define an increasing simple entropy by maximizing the entropy subject to a set of “simple experiments” performed after some time. We show (to all orders in perturbation theory around equilibrium) that the simple entropy is the boundary dual to our bulk construction.