bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of a pooled cohort to impute cardiovascular disease risk factors across the adult life course
Authors: Zeki Al Hazzouri Adina , Vittinghoff Eric , Zhang Yiyi , Pletcher Mark J , Moran Andrew E , Bibbins-Domingo Kirsten , Golden Sherita H , Yaffe Kristine 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundIn designing prevention strategies, it may be useful to understand how early and midlife cardiovascular disease risk factor (CVDRF) exposures affect outcomes that primarily occur in mid to late life. Few single US cohorts have followed participants from early adulthood to late life.MethodsWe pooled four prospective cohorts that represent segments of the adult life course, and studied 15 001 White and Black adults aged 18 to 95 years at enrollment. We imputed early and midlife exposure to body mass index (BMI), glucose, lipids and blood pressure (BP). CVDRF trajectories were estimated using linear mixed models. Using the best linear unbiased predictions, we obtained person-specific estimates of CVDRF trajectories beginning at age 20 until each participant’s end of follow-up. We then calculated for each CVDRF, summary measures of early and midlife exposure as time-weighted averages (TWAs).ResultsIn the pooled cohort, 33.7% were Black and 54.8% were female. CVDRF summary measures worsened in midlife compared with early life and varied by sex and race. In particular, systolic and diastolic BP were consistently higher over the adult life course among men, and BMI was higher among Blacks, particularly Black women. Simulation studies suggested acceptable imputation accuracy, especially for the younger cohorts. Correlations of true and imputed CVDRF summary measures ranged from 0.53 to 0.99, and agreement ranged from 67% to 99%.ConclusionsThese results suggest that imputed CVDRFs may be accurate enough to be useful in assessing the effects of early and midlife exposures on later life outcomes.
Examining associations between physical activity and cardiovascular mortality using negative control outcomes
Authors: Hamer Mark , Bauman Adrian , Bell Joshua A , Stamatakis Emmanuel 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Background
The purpose of a negative control is to reproduce a condition that cannot involve the hypothesized causal mechanism, but does involve the same sources of bias and confounding that may distort the primary association of interest. Observational studies suggest physical inactivity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), although potential sources of bias, including reverse causation and residual confounding, make it difficult to infer causality. The aim was to employ a negative control outcome to explore the extent to which the association between physical activity and CVD mortality is explained by confounding.

Methods
The sample comprised 104 851 participants (aged 47 ± 17 years; 45.4% male) followed up over mean (SD) 9.4 ± 4.5 years, recruited from the Health Survey for England and the Scottish Health Survey.

Results
There were 10 309 deaths, of which 3109 were attributed to CVD and 157 to accidents (negative control outcome). Accidental death was related to age, male sex, smoking, longstanding illness and psychological distress, with some evidence of social patterning. This confounding structure was similar to that seen with CVD mortality, suggesting that our negative control outcome was appropriate. Physical activity (per SD unit increase in MET-hr-wk) was inversely associated with CVD [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.75; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.70, 0.80]; the point estimate between physical activity and accidental death was in the same direction but of lesser magnitude (HR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.69, 1.07). A linear dose–response pattern was observed for physical activity and CVD but not with the negative control.

Conclusions
Inverse associations between physical activity and risk of CVD mortality are likely causal but of a smaller magnitude than commonly observed. Negative control studies have the potential to improve causal inference within the physical activity field.
Early Surgical Management of Thermal Airway Injury: A Case Series
Authors: Jayawardena Asitha , Lowery Anne S , Wootten Christopher , Dion Gregory R , Summitt J Blair , McGrane Stuart , Gelbard Alexander 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Inhalation injury is an independent risk factor in burn mortality, imparting a 20% increased risk of death. Yet there is little information on the natural history, functional outcome, or pathophysiology of thermal injury to the laryngotracheal complex, limiting treatment progress. This paper demonstrates a case series (n = 3) of significant thermal airway injuries. In all cases, the initial injury was far exceeded by the subsequent immune response and aggressive fibroinflammatory healing. Serial examination demonstrated progressive epithelial injury, mucosal inflammation, airway remodeling, and luminal compromise. Histologic findings in the first case demonstrate an early IL-17A response in the human airway following thermal injury. This is the first report implicating IL-17A in the airway mucosal immune response to thermal injury. Their second and third patients received Azithromycin targeting IL-17A and showed clinical responses. The third patient also presented with exposed tracheal cartilage and underwent mucosal reconstitution via split-thickness skin graft over an endoluminal stent in conjunction with tracheostomy. This was associated with rapid abatement of mucosal inflammation, resolution of granulation tissue, and return of laryngeal function. Patients who present with thermal inhalation injury should receive a thorough multidisciplinary airway evaluation, including early otolaryngologic evaluation. New early endoscopic approaches (scar lysis and mucosal reconstitution with autologous grafting over an endoluminal stent), when combined with targeted medical therapy aimed at components of mucosal airway inflammation (local corticosteroids and systemic Azithromycin targeting IL-17A), may have potential to limit chronic cicatricial complications.
Application of the Bacterial Meningitis Score for Infants Aged 0 to 60 Days
Authors: Rees Chris A , Cruz Andrea T , Freedman Stephen B , Mahajan Prashant , Uspal Neil G , Okada Pamela , Aronson Paul L , Thompson Amy D , Ishimine Paul T , Schmidt Suzanne M , Kuppermann Nathan , Nigrovic Lise E ,   HSV Study Group of the Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee
Published: November 2018

Abstract
In 4292 infants aged ≤60 days with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis, the bacterial meningitis score had excellent sensitivity (121 of 121 [100.0%] [95% confidence interval, 96.5%–100.0%]) but low specificity (66 of 4171 [1.6%] [95% confidence interval, 1.3%–2.0%]) and therefore should not be applied clinically to infants in this age group.
Growth of Lumbosacral Perineural (Tarlov) Cysts: A Natural History Analysis
Authors: Yang Andrew I , Rinehart Cole D , McShane Brendan J , Hitti Frederick L , Welch William C 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Tarlov cysts (TC) are commonly found spinal perineural cysts. Symptomatic TCs are rare, however, and there is no consensus on their pathogenesis and optimal management.

OBJECTIVE
To characterize cyst growth in patients with symptomatic TCs.

METHODS
This is a retrospective cohort study of 28 subjects, evaluated for symptomatic TCs (2011-2017). Each of the subjects had multiple magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) across time and was included in a natural history analysis.

RESULTS
A total of 42 TCs were identified across the 28 subjects, of which 7 cysts (17%) across 5 subjects demonstrated growth. Across a mean follow-up of 4.7 ± 1.8 years, TCs grew at a relative rate of 2.9 ± 2.6% in the anteroposterior, 4.3 ± 3.8% in the craniocaudal, and 1.4 ± 1.4% in the transverse dimensions per year. None of the cysts decreased in size between successive MRIs. Symptoms of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypotension (positional headaches) were positive predictors of prior cyst growth on logistic regression (P = 0.02, odds ratio = 10). A total of 2 of the 5 subjects were initially asymptomatic from their TCs, and developed symptoms during the period of cyst growth, whereas 2 others experienced worsening of their symptoms during cyst growth.

CONCLUSION
We report on the growth of TCs, which is consistent with a widely-held theory that hydrostatic and pulsatile forces of CSF along with a ball-valve phenomenon allow for continuous dilation of TCs.
Free-Base and Total Nicotine, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Carbonyl Emissions From IQOS, a Heated Tobacco Product
Authors: Salman Rola , Talih Soha , El-Hage Rachel , Haddad Christina , Karaoghlanian Nareg , El-Hellani Ahmad , Saliba Najat A , Shihadeh Alan 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Introduction
IQOS is an emerging heated tobacco product marketed by Philip Morris International (PMI). Because the tobacco in IQOS is electrically heated and not combusted, PMI claims that it generates significantly lower toxicant levels than combustible cigarettes. To date, a few independent studies have addressed IQOS toxicant emissions, and none have reported reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the form of the nicotine emitted by the device.

Methods
In this study, IQOS aerosol was generated using a custom-made puffing machine. Two puffing regimens were used: Health Canada Intense and ISO. ROS, carbonyl compounds (CCs), and total nicotine and its partitioning between free-base and protonated forms were quantified in the IQOS aerosol by fluorescence, high-performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography, respectively. The same toxicants were also quantified in combustible cigarette aerosols for comparison. In addition, propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin were also measured in the IQOS tobacco and aerosol.

Results
IQOS and combustible cigarettes were found to emit similar quantities of total and free-base nicotine. IQOS total ROS (6.26 ± 2.72 nmol H2O2/session) and CC emissions (472 ± 19 µg/session) were significant, but 85% and 77% lower than levels emitted by combustible cigarettes.

Conclusions
IQOS emits harmful constituents that are linked to cancer, pulmonary disease, and addiction in cigarette smokers. For a given nicotine intake, inhalation exposure to ROS and CCs from IQOS is likely to be significantly less than that for combustible cigarettes.

Implications
IQOS is PMI’s new heated tobacco product. PMI claims that because IQOS heats and does not burn tobacco it generates low toxicant yields. We found that one IQOS stick can emit similar free-base and total nicotine yields as a combustible cigarette. A pack-a-day equivalent user of IQOS may experience significant inhalation exposure of ROS and CCs compared to background air. However, substituting IQOS for combustible cigarettes will likely result in far lower ROS and carbonyl inhalation exposure for a given daily nicotine intake.
Web-Based Contingency Management for Adolescent Tobacco Smokers: A Clinical Trial
Authors: Harvanko Arit , Slone Stacey , Shelton Brent , Dallery Jesse , Fields Sherecce , Reynolds Brady 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Introduction
Adolescence is a critical time when the majority of tobacco users initiate smoking. Contingency management for adolescent smoking cessation has shown promise in previous studies, but efficacy following removal of contingencies is not well understood. This study examined a remote form of contingency management among non-treatment-seeking adolescent smokers.

Methods
Participants (N = 127) submitted breath carbon monoxide (CO) three times daily throughout a 42-day program. For this randomized trial, participants in the active condition (n = 63) were reinforced for providing CO measurements on schedule and below a set criterion, whereas those in the control condition (n = 64) were reinforced for providing CO measurements on schedule. Self-reported smoking and urinary cotinine levels were collected at several timepoints.

Results
Active condition showed greater within-group reductions in CO levels relative to control condition, but not at 3- or 6-month follow-up. Active condition reported significantly less smoking during treatment compared to control condition, but not at follow-up. There were no significant differences for urinary cotinine. Overall treatment adherence was low, with only 37% and 51% of possible CO samples being submitted among active and control, respectively. Poor treatment adherence may explain the disparity between CO and cotinine results, and poor follow-up treatment efficacy.

Conclusions
This study replicates feasibility of a remote form of contingency management for adolescent smoking. CO results suggest active condition reduced smoking within group, but treatment adherence and posttreatment efficacy was poor. Future research should focus on increasing adherence for this type of program among adolescent smokers.

Implications
This study demonstrates feasibility of a remote form of contingency management therapy for smoking cessation among adolescents, while providing posttreatment efficacy data. Within-group efficacy of this form of treatment is suggested, but treatment adherence and follow-up efficacy were poor. This study underscores the need for further development of contingency management therapy for adolescent smoking cessation, which emphasizes better treatment adherence and posttreatment efficacy.
Property of young massive clusters in a galaxy–galaxy merger remnant
Authors: Matsui Hidenori , Tanikawa Ataru , Saitoh Takayuki R 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
We investigate the properties of young massive clusters (YMCs) in a galaxy–galaxy merger remnant by analyzing the data obtained by a gas-rich major merger simulation in Matsui et al. (2012, ApJ, 746, 26). We found that the YMCs are distributed at a few kpc and at ∼10 kpc from the galactic center; in other words, there are two components of their distribution. The former are formed in filamentary and turbulent gas generated at a few kpc from the center as a result of galaxy encounters, and the latter are formed in tidal tails which are far from the center. The YMCs are much less concentrated than galaxy stars. The mass function of the YMCs is dN/dM∝M−2. Most YMCs are formed between the second encounter and the final coalescence phase of the galactic cores, and their formation rate is especially high at the final coalescence phase. Most of them consist of single stellar population in age, but YMCs with multi-stellar populations in age are also formed. The multiple populations are produced by the following process: a YMC captures dense gas, and another generation of stars form within the cluster. There are several YMCs formed in an isolated disk before the encounter of galaxies. These candidates contain stars with various ages by capturing dense gas and forming stars. YMCs in a merger remnant have various orbits, but a large fraction of candidates have circular orbits.
Associations between smoking and extra-axial manifestations and disease severity in axial spondyloarthritis: results from the BSR Biologics Register for Ankylosing Spondylitis (BSRBR-AS)
Authors: Zhao Sizheng , Jones Gareth T , Macfarlane Gary J , Hughes David M , Dean Linda E , Moots Robert J , Goodson Nicola J 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Objective
The effects of smoking on disease manifestations in axial SpA are inadequately described. Utilizing a large and well-characterized cohort, we investigated the association between smoking and extra-axial manifestations, and smoking and disease severity measures.

Methods
Baseline data from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register for Ankylosing Spondylitis were explored. Our analyses focused on extra-axial manifestations and other disease severity measures, including scales for fatigue, sleep, anxiety and depression. Logistic and linear models were used to quantify associations between disease characteristics according to smoking status (current/ex/never) and quantity (heavy/light), adjusting for age, gender, BMI, education, deprivation, comorbidities, symptom duration and alcohol status.

Results
A total of 2031 participants were eligible for the current analysis (68% male, mean age 49 years). Of these, 24% were current and 32% ex-smokers. When compared with non-smokers, current smokers had lower odds of uveitis [OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5–0.9] and higher odds of psoriasis (ORadj 1.6, 95% CI 1.1–2.3). Ex- and current smokers had incrementally more severe disease than never smokers, with higher BASDAI (β = 0.3, 95% CI 0.1–0.6; β = 0.9, 95% CI 0.6–1.2) and BASFI (β = 0.5, 95% CI 0.2–0.8; β = 1.3, 95% CI 1.0–1.6); similar associations were observed for fatigue, sleep, anxiety and depression.

Conclusion
In this large cross-sectional study, we observed that smoking is independently associated with an adverse disease profile in axial SpA, including worse fatigue, sleep, anxiety and depression, and higher odds of psoriasis. The paradoxical association between current smoking and reduced odds of uveitis is interesting and warrants further investigation.
Three Lymphadenectomy Strategies in Low-Risk Endometrial Carcinoma: A Cost-effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Suidan Rudy S. , Sun Charlotte C. , Cantor Scott B. , Mariani Andrea , Soliman Pamela T. , Westin Shannon N. , Lu Karen H. , Giordano Sharon H. , Meyer Larissa A. 
Published: November 2018

(Abstracted from Obstet Gynecol 2018;132:52–58)
There has been an ongoing debate on the optimal approach to lymph node dissection in women with endometrial cancer. Traditionally, routine lymph node dissection has been considered to be the standard of care for surgical management of endometrial cancer.
Different Patterns of Ovarian Recovery After Cancer Treatment Suggest Various Individual Ovarian Susceptibilities to Chemotherapy
Authors: Decanter Christine , Cloquet Marc , Dassonneville Audrey , D'Orazio Emmanuelle , Mailliez Audrey , Pigny Pascal 
Published: November 2018

(Abstracted from Reprod Biomed Online 2018;36:711–718)
A late marker for the resumption of follicle growth after chemotherapy is the final recovery of menstrual activity. This can be monitored by measuring concentrations of anti–müllerian hormone (AMH), which is a real-time indicator of both follicular depletion and renewal of growth.
Long-term Outcomes After Elective Sterilization Procedures—A Comparative Retrospective Cohort Study of Medicaid Patients
Authors: Steward Rachel , Carney Patricia , Law Amy , Xie Lin , Wang Yuexi , Yuce Huseyin 
Published: November 2018

(Abstracted from Contraception 2018;97:428–433)
The second most common form of contraception among reproductive-aged women in the United States is female sterilization, although trends suggest declining rates. Methods available for interval sterilization include laparoscopic tubal ligation (TL) and hysteroscopic sterilization (HS).
Opioid Prescribing Patterns Among American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Members in the Medicare Part D Database
Authors: Charlson Emily S. , Feng Paula Wu , Bui Anh , Grob Seanna , Tao Jeremiah P. 
Published: November 2018

Purpose:
To assess opioid prescribing patterns among American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (ASOPRS) members.

Methods:
An observational, retrospective, cohort study of ASOPRS members’ prescribing patterns in the 2013–2016 Medicare Part D Prescriber database. These prescribers were stratified by years in practice, sex, and geography. The ASOPRS member cohort was compared with all ophthalmologists, as a group, and other surgeons.

Results:
The authors identified 617 surgeons in the 2017 ASOPRS directory. Members wrote an average of 45 opioid prescriptions/year. Almost half (45%) wrote <10 prescriptions. Those with >10 prescriptions averaged 78 annually. A minority wrote >100 prescriptions per year (14.8%). Overall, opioids comprised 16.5% of all prescriptions written by ASOPRS members. Despite seeing a similar number of beneficiaries (p = 0.20), male members prescribed a greater number (p < 0.05) and a higher rate (p < 0.05) of opioids than female members. Older members had a lower opioid prescription rate (p < 0.0001). Many heavy opioid prescribers practiced in states with high opioid overdose deaths.

Conclusions:
American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery members prescribe moderate amounts of opioids at a rate (16.5%) higher than all of ophthalmology (4%),
1
above the national mean (6.8%), but lower than other surgical services (36.5%).
2
Male gender, younger age, and practice in states with high opioid-related deaths were correlated to number of prescriptions. Prescribing patterns may naturally relate to the type of surgical intervention and population. Further research is warranted to understand opioid prescriptions and their role in the opioid epidemic.
Genome-wide association reveals contribution of MRAS to painful temporomandibular disorder in males
Authors: Smith Shad B. , Parisien Marc , Bair Eric , Belfer Inna , Chabot-Doré Anne-Julie , Gris Pavel , Khoury Samar , Tansley Shannon , Torosyan Yelizaveta , Zaykin Dmitri V. , Bernhardt Olaf , de Oliveira Serrano Priscila , Gracely Richard H. , Jain Deepti , Järvelin Marjo-Riitta , Kaste Linda M. , Kerr Kathleen F. , Kocher Thomas , Lähdesmäki Raija , Laniado Nadia , Laurie Cathy C. , Laurie Cecelia A. , Männikkö Minna , Meloto Carolina B. , Nackley Andrea G. , Nelson Sarah C. , Pesonen Paula , Ribeiro-Dasilva Margarete C. , Rizzatti-Barbosa Celia M. , Sanders Anne E. , Schwahn Christian , Sipilä Kirsi , Sofer Tamar , Teumer Alexander , Mogil Jeffrey S. , Fillingim Roger B. , Greenspan Joel D. , Ohrbach Richard , Slade Gary D. , Maixner William , Diatchenko Luda 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Painful temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are the leading cause of chronic orofacial pain, but its underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure. Although many environmental factors have been associated with higher risk of developing painful TMD, family and twin studies support a heritable genetic component as well. We performed a genome-wide association study assuming an additive genetic model of TMD in a discovery cohort of 999 cases and 2031 TMD-free controls from the Orofacial Pain: Prospective Evaluation and Risk Assessment (OPPERA) study. Using logistic models adjusted for sex, age, enrollment site, and race, we identified 3 distinct loci that were significant in combined or sex-segregated analyses. A single-nucleotide polymorphism on chromosome 3 (rs13078961) was significantly associated with TMD in males only (odds ratio = 2.9, 95% confidence interval: 2.02-4.27, P = 2.2 × 10−8). This association was nominally replicated in a meta-analysis of 7 independent orofacial pain cohorts including 160,194 participants (odds ratio = 1.16, 95% confidence interval: 1.0-1.35, P = 2.3 × 10−2). Functional analysis in human dorsal root ganglia and blood indicated this variant is an expression quantitative trait locus, with the minor allele associated with decreased expression of the nearby muscle RAS oncogene homolog (MRAS) gene (beta = −0.51, P = 2.43 × 10−5). Male mice, but not female mice, with a null mutation of Mras displayed persistent mechanical allodynia in a model of inflammatory pain. Genetic and behavioral evidence support a novel mechanism by which genetically determined MRAS expression moderates the resiliency to chronic pain. This effect is male-specific and may contribute to the lower rates of painful TMD in men.