bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stage-Specific and Seasonal Induction of the Overwintering Morph of Spotted Wing Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Authors: Leach Heather , Stone Jaclyn , Van Timmeren Steven , Isaacs Rufus 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is currently a major pest management challenge in berry and cherry production. This species has a winter morph phenotype with longer wings and increased melanization associated with survival in colder conditions. Measurements of wing morphology in Michigan D. suzukii collected during 2016 and 2017 showed that induction of this morph began in September and increased into December, correlated with decreasing temperature and day length. Importantly, we found that wing length increases along a continuous scale and there is overlap between the two morph types. We tested whether temperature or photoperiod elicited this phenotypic change using a factorial design with each preadult lifestage held at 10 or 25°C and 16:8 or 8:16 L:D. Our results support temperature as the main driver of transition to the winter morph for all immature stages. Comparing the reproductive capacity of winter morph flies in cold conditions and when previously acclimated to warm conditions, flies with the acclimation experience laid comparable numbers of eggs as the summer morphs at 25°C, indicating that winter morphs can reproduce after surviving cold periods. These results highlight the ability of D. suzukii to adapt to changing temperature conditions, allowing it to survive cold and also exploit warmer periods to build populations when conditions allow.
Immunomodulatory drugs in the treatment of multiple myeloma
Authors: Abe Yu , Ishida Tadao 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The prognosis of multiple myeloma was quite poor in the last century, but it has significantly improved with the incorporation of novel agents, immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and proteasome inhibitors. Thalidomide was first developed as a sedative in 1950s, but it was withdrawn from the market because of teratogenicity. In 1990s, however, thalidomide received attention due to the discovery of its anticancer potential derived from antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory activities, and its therapeutic effect on myeloma. In 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the use of thalidomide under strict control for the treatment of multiple myeloma. After that, two new IMiDs, lenalidomide and pomalidomide, were developed for the sake of more antitumor activity and less adverse events than thalidomide. The molecular mechanism of action of IMiDs remained unclear for a long time until 2010 when the protein cereblon (CRBN) was identified as a primary direct target. IMiDs binds to CRBN and alters the substrate specificity of the CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, resulting in breakdown of intrinsic downstream proteins such as IKZF1 (Ikaros) and IKZF3 (Aiolos). There are many clinical trials of multiple myeloma using IMiDs under various conditions, and most of them show the efficacy of IMiDs. Nowadays lenalidomide plays a central role in both newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory settings, mainly in combination with other novel agents such as proteasome inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. This review presents an overview of recent advances in immunomodulatory drugs in the treatment of multiple myeloma.
DNA Methylation Changes in the Sperm of Captive-Reared Fish: A Route to Epigenetic Introgression in Wild Populations
Authors: Rodriguez Barreto Deiene , Garcia de Leaniz Carlos , Verspoor Eric , Sobolewska Halina , Coulson Mark , Consuegra Sofia 
Published: June 2019

AbstractInterbreeding between hatchery-reared and wild fish, through deliberate stocking or escapes from fish farms, can result in rapid phenotypic and gene expression changes in hybrids, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We assessed if one generation of captive breeding was sufficient to generate inter- and/or transgenerational epigenetic modifications in Atlantic salmon. We found that the sperm of wild and captive-reared males differed in methylated regions consistent with early epigenetic signatures of domestication. Some of the epigenetic marks that differed between hatchery and wild males affected genes related to transcription, neural development, olfaction, and aggression, and were maintained in the offspring beyond developmental reprogramming. Our findings suggest that rearing in captivity may trigger epigenetic modifications in the sperm of hatchery fish that could explain the rapid phenotypic and genetic changes observed among hybrid fish. Epigenetic introgression via fish sperm represents a previously unappreciated mechanism that could compromise locally adapted fish populations.
DNA-segment-capture model for loop extrusion by structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) protein complexes
Authors: Marko John F , De Los Rios Paolo , Barducci Alessandro , Gruber Stephan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCells possess remarkable control of the folding and entanglement topology of long and flexible chromosomal DNA molecules. It is thought that structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) protein complexes play a crucial role in this, by organizing long DNAs into series of loops. Experimental data suggest that SMC complexes are able to translocate on DNA, as well as pull out lengths of DNA via a ‘loop extrusion’ process. We describe a Brownian loop-capture-ratchet model for translocation and loop extrusion based on known structural, catalytic, and DNA-binding properties of the Bacillus subtilis SMC complex. Our model provides an example of a new class of molecular motor where large conformational fluctuations of the motor ‘track’—in this case DNA—are involved in the basic translocation process. Quantitative analysis of our model leads to a series of predictions for the motor properties of SMC complexes, most strikingly a strong dependence of SMC translocation velocity and step size on tension in the DNA track that it is moving along, with ‘stalling’ occuring at subpiconewton tensions. We discuss how the same mechanism might be used by structurally related SMC complexes (Escherichia coli MukBEF and eukaryote condensin, cohesin and SMC5/6) to organize genomic DNA.
Structure and ligand binding of the glutamine-II riboswitch
Authors: Huang Lin , Wang Jia , Watkins Andrew M , Das Rhiju , Lilley David M J 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
We have determined the structure of the glutamine-II riboswitch ligand binding domain using X-ray crystallography. The structure was solved using a novel combination of homology modeling and molecular replacement. The structure comprises three coaxial helical domains, the central one of which is a pseudoknot with partial triplex character. The major groove of this helix provides the binding site for L-glutamine, which is extensively hydrogen bonded to the RNA. Atomic mutation of the RNA at the ligand binding site leads to loss of binding shown by isothermal titration calorimetry, explaining the specificity of the riboswitch. A metal ion also plays an important role in ligand binding. This is directly bonded to a glutamine carboxylate oxygen atom, and its remaining inner-sphere water molecules make hydrogen bonding interactions with the RNA.
Long-term Outcomes of Patients With Human Herpesvirus 6 Encephalitis
Authors: Fida Madiha , Hamdi Ahmed M , Bryson Alexandra , Razonable Raymund R , Abu Saleh Omar 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Human herpesviruses 6 (HHV-6) A and B cause encephalitis in patients with hematologic malignancies, especially those undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In this cohort of 10 patients, persistent neurologic deficits associated with moderate to severe bilateral hippocampal atrophy were characteristic long-term findings, despite prolonged antiviral treatment.
Long-Acting Lipoglycopeptides: “Lineless Antibiotics” for Serious Infections in Persons Who Use Drugs
Authors: Morrisette Taylor , Miller Matthew A , Montague Brian T , Barber Gerard R , McQueen R Brett , Krsak Martin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
Injection drug use is associated with serious infections. Due to challenges with medical management of addiction, relapses and additional infections are common. Persons who use drugs (PWUD) are more likely to leave against medical advice before completing treatment, which could result in treatment failure. Prolonged intravenous (IV) antimicrobial therapy in PWUD may be complicated by concern for IV catheter misuse, sometimes requiring prolonged hospitalization. Ideal alternatives would provide the following: (1) high success rate; (2) reduced rate of medical complications; (3) improved safety profiles; and (4) improved cost-effectiveness. Long-acting lipoglycopeptides present such opportunity for treatment of serious Gram-positive infections.

Methods
We performed a system-wide, retrospective analysis of adults admitted to University of Colorado Health from September 2015 to June 2018 and treated with dalbavancin or oritavancin based on clinical judgment of their treating physicians.

Results
Fifty-six patients met inclusion criteria (17 PWUD vs 39 non-PWUD). The PWUD group were younger, healthier by Charlson comorbidity index, more likely insured by Medicaid, and admitted for conditions requiring longer treatment. Ten patients were lost to follow-up. Of the patients with follow-up, clinical failure was met in 1 PWUD patient (6%) and 6 non-PWUD patients (15%) (P = .413). The median hospital length-of-stay reduction was 20 days (interquartile range [IQR], 10–30 days) in PWUD vs 11 days (IQR, 9–14 days) in non-PWUD; P = .133. Estimated median savings were $40 455.08 (IQR, $20 900.00–$62 700.00) in PWUD vs $19 555.08 (IQR, $15 375.08–$23 735.08) in non-PWUD; P = .065.

Conclusions
Long-acting lipoglycopeptides may be equally effective as standard-of-care, present a safety advantage, and secure earlier discharge and significant cost-savings.
Partially Dissecting Electron Fluxes in Both Photosystems in Spinach Leaf Disks during Photosynthetic Induction
Authors: Zhang Meng-Meng , Fan Da-Yong , Murakami Keach , Badger Murray R , Sun Guang-Yu , Chow Wah Soon 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Photosynthetic induction, a gradual increase in photosynthetic rate on a transition from darkness or low light to high light, has ecological significance, impact on biomass accumulation in fluctuating light and relevance to photoprotection in strong light. However, the experimental quantification of the component electron fluxes in and around both photosystems during induction has been rare. Combining optimized chlorophyll fluorescence, the redox kinetics of P700 [primary electron donor in Photosystem I (PSI)] and membrane inlet mass spectrometry in the absence/presence of inhibitors/mediator, we partially estimated the components of electron fluxes in spinach leaf disks on transition from darkness to 1,000 ï¿½mol photonsï¿½m−2ï¿½s−1 for up to 10 min, obtaining the following findings: (i) the partitioning of energy between both photosystems did not change noticeably; (ii) in Photosystem II (PSII), the combined cyclic electron flow (CEF2) and charge recombination (CR2) to the ground state decreased gradually toward 0 in steady state; (iii) oxygen reduction by electrons from PSII, partly bypassing PSI, was small but measurable; (iv) cyclic electron flow around PSI (CEF1) peaked before becoming somewhat steady; (v) peak magnitudes of some of the electron fluxes, all probably photoprotective, were in the descending order: CEF1 > CEF2 + CR2 > chloroplast O2 uptake; and (vi) the chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like complex appeared to aid the antimycin A-sensitive CEF1. The results are important for fine-tuning in silico simulation of in vivo photosynthetic electron transport processes; such simulation is, in turn, necessary to probe partial processes in a complex network of interactions in response to environmental changes.
IgM anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies associate with senescent and IL-17+ T cells in SLE patients with a pro-inflammatory lipid profile
Authors: López Patricia , Rodríguez-Carrio Javier , Martínez-Zapico Aleida , Pérez-Álvarez Ángel I , Benavente Lorena , Caminal-Montero Luis , Suárez Ana 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Objective
The aim was to evaluate whether T cell subsets and the lipid profile could be linked to the cardioprotective effect of IgM anti-phosphorylcholine (PC) antibodies in SLE.

Methods
Anti-PC antibodies were quantified by ELISA in 197 patients and 99 controls and analysed in relationship to clinical features, treatments and serum lipids. Carotid atheromatosis was evaluated by ultrasonography; Th1, Th17, Treg and CD4+CD28null cells by flow cytometry; and cytokine serum levels by immunoassays, in a subgroup of 120 SLE patients and 33 controls.

Results
IgM anti-PC serum levels were reduced in SLE patients compared with controls (P &lt; 0.001) and were associated with age (β= −0.252; P = 0.002), high-density lipoprotein (HDL; β = 0.271; P = 0.001), low-density lipoprotein (LDL; β= −0.192; P = 0.017) and glucocorticoid treatment (β= −0.201; P = 0.012), whereas the IgG-to-IgM anti-PC ratio was increased (P = 0.007) and associated with age (β = 0.194; P = 0.028) and SLEDAI (β = 0.250; P = 0.005). Also, patients with clinical or subclinical cardiovascular disease exhibited reduced IgM anti-PC levels compared with their cardiovascular disease-free counterparts, regardless of glucocorticoid usage (P = 0.001). CD4+CD28null and Th17 cells were increased in SLE patients compared with controls (P &lt; 0.01) and correlated inversely with IgM anti-PC levels. These associations were observed in patients displaying high triglyceride or low HDL levels, even after adjusting for clinical parameters and treatments (CD4+CD28null: β = −0.455, P = 0.001; Th17: β= −0.280, P = 0.035), but not in those with a normal lipid profile. High triglyceride and low HDL profiles were related to low IgM anti-PC and Treg levels, respectively, whereas both lipid profiles were associated with inflammatory markers and cytokines.

Conclusion
The present study provides evidence for an association of IgM anti-PC antibodies with pro-atherogenic T cell subsets in SLE, with a high triglyceride/low HDL lipid profile playing a facilitating major role.
MONITORING AND CHARACTERISATION OF NEW EVIDENCE OF NATURAL RADIONUCLIDES IN ROCK OUTCROPS IN PARAÍBA—BRAZIL
Authors: do Nascimento Santos Josineide Marques , dos Santos Júnior José Araújo , dos Santos Amaral Romilton , Fernández Zahily Herrero , Bezerra Jairo Dias , Cavalcanti Freire Bezerra Mariana Brayner , da Silva Arykerne Nascimento Casado , de Araújo Eduardo Eudes Nóbrega , Rojas Lino Angel Valcárcel , Milan Marvic Ortueta , de Barros Correia Filipe Lopes 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The radiometric monitoring carried out in the present study allowed the discovery of anomalous granite outcrops in natural radionuclides in the rural area of São Mamede in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. The characterisation study made it possible to determine maximum specific concentrations of approximately 199 kBq kg−1 of 238U, 85 kBq kg−1 of 226Ra, 26 kBq kg−1 of 232Th and 24 kBq kg−1 of 40K. Models for environmental dosimetry were applied, which resulted in obtaining the following quantities: radium equivalent (Raeq), indices of external (Hex), internal (Hin) and representative (Iyr) damage, and the effective outdoor dose (HE). The maximum results presented were approximately 123 kBq kg−1, 332, 562, 832, and 68 mSv y−1, respectively. Consequently, it was possible to define the region as of high radioactive background due to isolated rocky outcrops located in the rural area of the mentioned municipality.
‘No Man’s Land’: Disability, Rehabilitation, Welfare Policy and the British Ex-Service Migrant in Australia, 1918–39
Authors: Robinson Michael 
Published: June 2019

Summary
An inter-war analysis of the British and Australian departments charged with compensating disabled First World War veterans and the British ex-service migrant in inter-war Australia illustrates how nation-states have failed to unify welfare and disability rehabilitation. Contemporary welfare states continue to codify and establish categories of prioritisation regarding communities with disabilities for public finance administered by national government departments. This binational case study identifies reoccurring type one and type two error problems: policy can deny legitimate claims for state assistance while also validating and financing potentially illegitimate claims. This underlines the factors that dictate which error type is ruled to be the least significant and the impact the resulting model has on individual claimants. This study reinforces the thesis of David Gerber who stresses the ahistorical centrality of ‘biopolitics’ or the relationship between societal and political perceptions of a conflict on state policy, in the treatment of veteran communities.
XI The Eighteenth Century
Authors: Dye Jill , Glover Danni , Scott Robert , Harriman-Smith James 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter has four sections: 1. General and Prose; 2. The Novel; 3. Poetry; 4. Drama. Section 1 is by Jill Dye; section 2 is by Danni Glover; section 3 is by Robert Scott; section 4 is by James Harriman-Smith.
An overview of reactive arthritis
Authors: Pennisi Megan , Perdue Jacqueline , Roulston Tessa , Nicholas Joyce , Schmidt Eric , Rolfs Jenna 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
Reactive arthritis, also known as Reiter syndrome, is a spondyloarthropathy that typically follows a urogenital or gastrointestinal infection, and is characterized by conjunctivitis, urethritis, and arthritis. The frequency of reactive arthritis in the United States is estimated at 3.5 to 5 patients per 100,000. Physician assistants (PAs) can manage the condition; therefore, they should be familiar with the disease's signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and treatment regimens. Without proper management, reactive arthritis can progress to a chronic destructive arthritis. Prompt recognition of the condition is key to early intervention and a better patient outcome with fewer complications.
The Impact of Positive Space Training on Students’ Communication With LGBTTQ+ Communities
Authors: Haghiri-Vijeh Roya , McCulloch Tara , Atack Lynda , Bedard Gabriel 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, two-spirit, and queer (LGBTTQ+) communities have experienced discrimination from nurses and other health care professionals, resulting in health inequity. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of positive space training on students’ knowledge and comfort level with LGBTTQ+ communities. A quasi-experimental study with surveys and focus groups was conducted with 160 students. All participants perceived an increase in knowledge and comfort in communicating with LGBTTQ+ people after training. Positive space training can be part of the bank of learning strategies we offer students to increase their knowledge and comfort when interacting with LGBTTQ+ communities.
Biological treatments for severe asthma
Authors: Assaf Sara M. , Hanania Nicola A. 
Published: June 2019

Purpose of review
Asthma is a heterogenous disease associated with different phenotypes and endotypes. The unmet needs with severe asthma have led to the emergence of potential therapeutic targets beyond the existing therapies. Recently, several biologics were examined and some have now been approved to target T2 airway inflammation in patients with severe disease. We provide an overview of recently approved biologic, those which are emerging and highlight unmet needs in this area.

Recent findings
Multiple biologics targeting T2 high asthma are now available for clinical use in the appropriate groups of severe asthma. These target overlapping phenotypes, which include allergic and eosinophilic asthma. Available biologics were shown to improve outcomes that include the reduction of exacerbations and improvement of lung function. Some have also demonstrated improvement in patient-reported outcomes. Some of these biologics have also demonstrated beneficial effects on associated asthma comorbidities. Biomarkers help predict response to certain biologics, although only few currently exist. Emerging biologics blocking other pathways of airway inflammation are under development. Several small molecule antagonists and inhibitors are also in development. Biologics and therapies targeting T2 low or non-T2 asthma are needed.

Summary
Recently approved biologic therapies improve asthma outcomes in subset of patients. Future research to uncover better predictors of response can improve the precise approach to therapy of patients with severe disease.
Common and different roles of IL-4 and IL-13 in skin allergy and clinical implications
Authors: Roesner Lennart M. , Zeitvogel Jana , Heratizadeh Annice 
Published: June 2019

Purpose of review
This review summarizes the mode of action of IL-4 and IL-13 in skin allergy, upcoming therapeutics and depicts key outcomes of the latest clinical trials.

Recent findings
Atopic dermatitis is considered to be one of the most common inflammatory skin disease in industrialized countries. Accompanied by strong pruritus, atopic dermatitis has a significant impact on quality of life in severely affected individuals. Aside from unspecific immunosuppressant medications, therapeutics targeting the key cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 and their downstream mediators are under development or have been approved just recently with outstanding potential.

Summary
The recent development of several biologics and small compounds has the potential to revolutionize the treatment of atopic dermatitis, and applying this set of state-of-the-art drugs will provide a unique chance to gain insights into this skin disorder, patient subgroups, and key inflammatory mediators.
Impact of infections in autoimmune rheumatic diseases and pregnancy
Authors: Jara Luis J. , Cruz-Dominguez Maria del Pilar , Saavedra Miguel A. 
Published: June 2019

Purpose of review
To provide an update about the impact of infections in autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs), from the analysis of the role of infections in pregnant women without ARDs, to the identification of maternal–fetal infections and their role in the maternal–fetal outcome of women with ARDs.

Recent findings
Recent studies indicate that patients with ARDs and pregnancy are also susceptible to presenting infections of varying degrees, including serious infections, which contribute to the morbidity and mortality observed in pregnancy and postpartum of these patients.
Any type of infectious agent will interact with a hormonal, immunological and metabolic environments modified by ARD, treatments, and by the changes inherent in pregnancy. Therefore, infections in the pregnancy of patients with ARDs should be considered as a risk factor for an unfavorable maternal–fetal outcome.

Summary
The recognition of infections in the pregnancy of ARDs as a risk factor is the first step to prevent, identify, and treat them in a timely manner, and thus contribute to the favorable course of pregnancy in these patients. Patients with ARDs and major organ involvement, use of high doses of steroids, immunosuppressant and biological therapies, adolescence, and obesity are populations susceptible to developing infections.