bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tree Regeneration in Oak-Pine Stands with and without Prescribed Fire in the New Jersey Pine Barrens: Management Implications
Authors: Olson Matthew G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This is a case study comparing understory tree regeneration in two mixedwood stands types in the New Jersey Pine Barrens: oak‐pine treated with prescribed fire over the last half century (burned) and oak‐pine without a history of controlled burning (unburned). Understories of burned stands supported mainly desirable oak (Quercus spp.) and pine (Pinus spp.) regeneration (0.3 ft tall, <3 in. dbh), whereas the understories of unburned stands supported a greater abundance of undesirable, nonoak hardwoods (mainly sassafras [Sassafras albidum]) along with good numbers of oak regeneration and, unexpectedly, pine saplings (≥4.5 ft tall, <3 in. dbh). A regime of prescribed fire applied on an ∼6-year interval during the last half century appears to have reduced or excluded nonoak hardwoods, with the exception of hickory (Carya spp.). Maintaining oak‐pine mixtures on sites similar to the unburned stands used in this study may require silvicultural intervention.
Eastern Hemlock Decline in Riparian Areas from Maine to Alabama
Authors: Evans Daniel M. , Aust W. Michael , Dolloff C. Andrew , Templeton Ben S. , Peterson John A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) in the Appalachian mountain range is threatened by the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae). Potential impacts on riparian systems are great because of eastern hemlock's role as a foundation species that influences site soil, vegetation, and stream characteristics. We installed permanent research sites at 49 locations in riparian areas, from Maine to Alabama, to survey eastern hemlock health, measure stand dynamics, and predict near-term forest composition without eastern hemlock. This report summarizes the initial stand measurements from summer of 2008. We found hemlock woolly adelgid present at 25 of 49 stands from Massachusetts to Georgia, and all of these stands had some degree of hemlock decline. New England states, Ohio, western Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Alabama had good hemlock health and no sign of hemlock woolly adelgid. Eighteen of the 49 sites had no nonhemlock conifer species in the overstory, and 30 of 49 sites had less than 5 m2 ha−1 of nonhemlock conifers. Without eastern hemlock, 25 of the stands would have more than 90% hardwood in the overstory, many of which are in the mid-Atlantic and southern states at sites dominated by shrubs in the understory such as Rhododendron maximum. Competition from shrubs may hinder stand regeneration after disturbance by hemlock woolly adelgid. On the basis of the abundance of hardwood species and lack of conifer species present in the overstory at many infested hemlock-dominated stands, these sites may convert to hardwood-dominated stands, which will affect terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem dynamics.
Influences of Conventional and Low-Density Thinning on the Lower Bole Taper and Volume Growth of Eastern White Pine
Authors: Guiterman Christopher H. , Weiskittel Aaron R. , Seymour Robert S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Throughout the northeastern United States, thinning is a common management practice in stands of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), but foresters lack clear information as to whether conventional B-line or low-density thinning will best achieve their growth and financial objectives. Conventional management consists primarily of light crown thinning, whereas low-density management uses heavy crown thinning to isolate selected crop trees. To better inform silviculturists of the effects of these thinning regimes on volume growth and taper of white pine, we compared the lower bole taper—quantified as Girard form class (GFC)—and volume growth between the two thinning regimes and a nonthinned control. Over the 17-year study period, GFC increased among all treatments from an overall average of 0.77 — 0.01 (—SE) to 0.82 — 0.00. Trees under the B-line thinning regime had the most taper (lowest GFC), owing to a thinning-induced growth response at breast height but not at the top of the butt log. Low-density thinning, on the other hand, resulted in substantially larger, less tapered butt logs with significantly higher growth rates at both breast height and the top of the butt log. The volume growth of low-density trees was significantly higher than that of trees in the other treatments. At the stand level, however, the overall volume growth of the low-density treatment was significantly lower than that of the B-line treatment. Thus, this study reveals that when implementing low-density thinning, there is a tradeoff between overall stand growth and larger, less tapered individual trees.
Pulpwood Procurement Practices in the Wisconsin-Upper Michigan Pulp and Paper Industry
Authors: Stier Jeffrey C. , Steele Thomas W. , Engelhard Robert J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Pulpwood constitutes the largest component of the annual timber harvest in Wisconsin. A study was conducted in 1983-84 to determine how pulp mills in Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan obtain their pulpwood supplies and how pulpwood procurement practices have changed over the past two decades. Results indicate that mills rely strongly upon public and private sources of timber, that they are highly dependent on truck transportation of wood supplies, and that they have built up strong procurement departments with links to a broad base of pulpwood producers. Competition and the emphasis on better business practices have increased in recent years as evidenced by the consolidation of woodsheds and greater attention to inventories and promotion of company-sponsored tree farms, especially among those firms that rely on the relatively more scarce long-fibered softwoods. Future procurement strategies suggest possible greater reliance on short-haul rail transportation in those situations where favorable rates can be obtained and expanded use of satellite chipping plants as a vehicle for ensuring a regular wood supply and reducing inventory costs. North. J. Appl. For. 3:10-14, Mar. 1986.
Fitting an Equation to a Two-Way Table
Authors: Gutierrez-Espeleta Edgar E. , Koehler Kenneth J. , Mize Carl W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A number of yield tables, site index curves, and volume tables were developed graphically. Many of these tables exist only in table form and not in equation form. This paper describes a quick technique that can be used to develop a regression equation that will estimate values in many of these two-variable tables. These equations can be incorporated into computer programs for easier calculation of values.
North. J. Appl. For. 3:33-34, Mar. 1986.
Amount and Characteristics of Logging Residue on Harvested Areas in Vermont
Authors: Remington Susan B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An assessment of the type and volume of logging residue was completed for 49 harvested areas in Vermont (manual felling, ground skidding). The line intersect technique was used to sample residue in the areas. On a per-acre basis, the mean volume of logging residue was 264 ft3 with a range of 69 to 797 ft3. The average volume of residue found in a soft-wood stand was 169 ft3 with a range of 69 to 313 ft3. The average volume of residue found in a hardwood stand was 329 ft3 with a range of 69 to 797 ft3. The average piece size was 3.4 in in diameter at the small end, 6.1 in at the large end, with a length of 16.3 ft and volume of 1.6 ft3. North. J. Appl. For. 3:63-65, June 1986.
A Method of Hazard-Rating White Spruce Plantations For Yellowheaded Spruce Sawfly Defoliation
Authors: Morse Bruce W. , Kulman Herbert M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A hazard-rating model for defoliation by the yellowheaded spruce sawfly was developed and validated using 25 white spruce plantations in north central Minnesota. The dependent variable was degree of defoliation, and the independent variables, as measured from small-format aerial photographs, were steepness and slope aspect. The site characteristics and defoliation were correlated using a maximum likelihood logistic regression. The final model determined that steep, south-facing slopes had the highest probability of sawfly-caused defoliation. Identification of high-hazard sites should be a major component of a management plan for this pest. North. J. Appl. For. 3:104-105, Sept. 1986.
Planted Oaks Perform Poorly in North Carolina and Tennessee
Authors: McGee Charles E. , Loftis David L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Results from two long-term studies involving artificial regeneration of northern red and black oak suggest that the clearcut/site-prepare/plant/clean sequence is not a viable regeneration alternative for these species. Height growth of planted oaks across a broad array of sites was unacceptably slow, and in neither study did the various cleaning regimes maintain the oaks in a favorable competitive position. North. J. Appl. For. 3:114-115, Sept. 1986.
Protecting Forest Streams During Whole-Tree Harvesting
Authors: Hornbeck James W. , Martin C. Wayne , Smith C. Tattersall 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Whole-tree harvesting has potential to cause different responses in quality of forest streams than those resulting from bole-only harvests. We sampled turbidity, temperature, and chemistry of streams draining watersheds that were whole-tree harvested in Maine, New Hampshire, and Connecticut. Changes in stream quality can be expected as a result of whole-tree harvesting, but commonsense precautions suggested at the end of this paper can keep the changes within acceptable limits. North. J. Appl. For. 3:97-100, Sept. 1986.
BLAWAP, a Black Walnut Size and Value Growth Model
Authors: Gutierrez-Espeleta Edgar E. , Mize Carl W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Black walnut offers the highest potential return of any forest tree in the Midwest, but managing walnut in natural stands requires information on the size and value growth of individual trees. We developed an interactive computer program, BLAWAP, that estimates the dbh and height growth of individual, forest grown black walnut trees in Iowa. It uses a taper equation, the estimated dbh and height, and user-supplied information to estimate the value of the tree over the next 20 years. The program and its components are described, and program use is discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 3:135-136, Dec. 1986.
Profitability of Various Timber Harvesting Systems as Affected by Product Sorting and Timber Stand Parameters
Authors: Blinn Charles R. , Sinclair Steven A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The decision-maker in a logging firm should be keenly aware of what product-sorting intensity to select in order to maximize profitability and how stand parameters will affect profitability within any given logging chance. Computer simulation was used to examine the impact of various timber stand parameters on profitability of five timber harvesting systems operating under three product-sorting intensities. For the five harvesting systems assessed, felling and processing were accomplished manually and/or mechanically, and material was transported to a landing with forwarders or skidders. The study included both roundwood and whole-tree chips product forms.
The forwarding system appears to be a profitable timber harvesting system, yielding the highest profitability index values under product sorting. The forwarding and whole-tree chip systems showed the highest profitability under a pulpwood-only harvest. The average number of trees per cord was most highly correlated with net present value for all roundwood harvesting systems. Net present value for the whole-tree chip system was most strongly correlated with the average number of cords of pulpwood material per acre. North. J. Appl. For. 3:167-172, Dec. 1986.
Winter Logging on the Tanana River Flood Plain in Interior Alaska
Authors: Zasada John C. , Slaughter Charles W. , Teutsch Christian E. , Argyle J. Dean , Hill William 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Flood plains in interior Alaska support an important forest resource. Silvicultural alternatives for these sites depend on access and on the effect of timber harvesting on the residual stand and site. Some aspects (i.e., road access, logging damage to residual stand, and effect of logging on snow pack) of winter logging of white spruce on an island in the Tanana River were observed. Winter roads of snow and ice were easily developed over a variety of surface conditions and appeared to have little lasting impact. Damage to uniformly spaced residual shelterwood trees was variable. Much of this damage could be eliminated by better sale administration, methods of sale layout, and harvesting methods. Logging activity created two distinct snow layers—an upper layer mixed with logging debris and a lower, compacted layer that showed little evidence of being physically disturbed. The compacted layer could provide good physical protection to seedlings and protect the forest floor frown disturbance. North. J. Appl. For. 4:11-16, Mar. 1987.
Forestry Incentive Program Investments in the North: Retention Rates for Acres Treated in 1974
Authors: Ellefson Paul V. , Risbrudt Christopher D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forestry Incentive Program investments made in 1974 were sampled in late 1981 to determine whether treatments made had been successful. Nine percent of acres treated were sampled. The retention rate for treated stands was 96.5%. Of the total treated acres lost, 36% had been replanted or interplanted. Drought, insects, and diseases were the primary causes of loss of treated acres. North. J. Appl. For. 4:133-135, Sept. 1987.
Salvaging Fire-Damaged Timber in Michigan
Authors: Baumgartner David C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Most wildfire effects appraisal systems suggest that the value of salvageable dead or damaged trees should be included to determine the net economic impact of the fire. However, little information on how to estimate salvage values has been available, and salvage values are often neglected in postfire value change appraisals. A survey of forest managers in Michigan provided statistics on salvage occurring in Michigan from 1980 to 1983. Uses to which wildfire-damaged timber is put and problems in marketing damaged timber are identified. Guidelines are suggested for wildfire effects appraisers to use in estimating salvage values after fires. North. J. Appl. For. 4:149-152, Sept. 1987.
Carbofuran Trials in a Red Pine Seed Orchard
Authors: Rush Peter A. , Overton Ronald P. , Guries Raymond P. , Hall David J. , Perry Robert S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Seed and cone insects can drastically reduce seed yields from pine seed orchards and consequently reduce the profitability of entire tree improvement programs. Liquid and granular formulations of carbofuran both controlled the eastern pine seedworm, the red pine coneworm, the webbing coneworm, and a cone resin midge in field trials at a red pine seed orchard in southern Wisconsin. Both formulations substantially reduced the frequency of insect attacks when applied at the rate of 0.8 oz of active ingredient per inch of tree diameter. The percent of cones attacked by insects declined from 96% in untreated trees to 32% in trees treated with granular carbofuran and 11% in trees treated with liquid carbofuran. Some phytotoxicity was noted on trees treated with liquid carbofuran; phytotoxicity was much less apparent on trees treated with the granular formulation. Label amendments have been made to allow the operational use of carbofuran in northern pine seed orchards, and this may make northern tree improvement programs more profitable. North. J. Appl. For. 4:177-180, Dec. 1987.
Is Timber the Highest and Best Economic Use of Vermont Forest Properties?
Authors: Armstrong Frank H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Vermont land boom of 1965-1973 saw buyers viewing forest properties as having a higher economic use than timber production. A series of developments after 1973 caused a shifting to the lower valued use of timber production. These included high interest rates, sky-rocketing property taxes, and Internal Revenue Service regulations that made depreciable real estate a far more attractive investment. This resulted in a large volume of Vermont timberland being on the market at reduced prices, producing capital losses for some earlier buyers, but creating investment opportunities today. North. J. Appl. For. 4:186-189, Dec. 1987.
Lower Bole Diameter and Volume of Four Appalachian Hardwoods
Authors: Wiant Harry V. , Williams Thomas B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Coefficients are provided for estimating dbh from stump measurements and estimating diameter and volume from groundline to dbh for northern red oak, white oak, red maple, and yellow-poplar. North. J. Appl. For. 4:212, December 1987.
Root Regeneration and Field Performance of Hormone-Treated Red Oak Seedlings
Authors: Larson Merlyn M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Northern red oak often grows slowly the first few years after out-planting, and weed control may be required for an extended time. In an attempt to stimulate early growth, hormone mixtures of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and kinetin were applied to seedlings before planting by soaking roots in hormone solutions, by application of vacuum during the root-soak period to increase hormone penetration, and by dipping roots in starch polyacrylate gel with hormones. Root regeneration potential and field performance were markedly improved when hormone-treated trees were planted on a weed-free site. A safe and beneficial hormone mixture for soaking seedling roots is 200 mg/l IAA plus 0.1 mg/l kinetin.
North. J. Appl. For. 5:25-28, March 1988.
Regeneration Development in an Upland Hardwood Stand Following a Shelterwood Harvest
Authors: Martin A. Jeff , Hix David M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 1958, 85 permanent milacre plots were established in a 3.5-ac shelterwood harvest area to monitor regeneration over time. Individual seedlings were numbered with metal tags in this predominantly red oak stand in east-central Wisconsin. Findings, after 26 growing seasons, indicate a low proportion of red oak in the present stand (7.8% of the basal area, 3.6% of the stems). The predominant species is now eastern hophornbeam (ironwood), although other species such as white ash and basswood are common. All of the present red oak became established after the initial regeneration counts. Height growth and survival rates were significantly higher for those stems taller than the mean seedling height in 1959.
North. J. Appl. For. 5:46-49, March 1988.
The Shelterwood Method in Northeastern Forest Types: A Literature Review
Authors: Hannah Peter R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The shelterwood method is used to regenerate an even-age stand under an existing partial canopy. The method is not widely used: however, it is becoming recognized as the best way for regenerating Allegheny hardwoods. The method should be applicable with most tree species of the Northeast and has good potential as an environmentally and esthetically acceptable means of practicing even-age management. Advantages, difficulties, and examples of applications are discussed.
North. J. Appl. For. 5:70-77, March 1988.
Federal-State Death Tax Implications for Private Nonindustrial Forest Landowners in the Northeast
Authors: Walden John B. , Haney Harry L. , Siegel William C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Tax planning is an important component of forest management. Management planning generally focuses on income and property taxes. Potential death taxes, however, are often overlooked, which can cause serious problems with the orderly transfer of forested property at death. This article examines key provisions of the federal death tax law, together with the death tax statutes of 13 northeastern states. A modal depicts the combined death tax levy—federal plus state—in these states for a specific planning strategy at the first spouse's death. A second model examines the total tax levy for three different strategies through the second spouse's death based on the property distribution at the first death. North. J. Appl. For. 5:135-141, June 1988.
Saddled Prominent Outbreaks in North America
Authors: Martinat Peter J. , Allen Douglas C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Saddled prominent has caused severe defoliation in eastern North America at 10-13 year intervals since 1907. Outbreaks consisted of simultaneous infestations in physiographically separated New England mountain systems: the Taconic, Berkshire, Green, and White Mountains. In more extensive outbreaks, concurrent infestations occurred within a 2-3 year period in New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Quebec, the Canadian Maritimes, Michigan, and Wisconsin. However, outbreaks were most frequent and persistent in New England, where defoliation first appeared on ridges or upper slopes, and American beech and sugar maple composed at least 60% of the forest. In subsequent years, defoliation persisted in these epicenters (outbreak foci) and spread to stands at lower elevations. General population collapse usually occurred during the third or fourth summer following initial defoliation. Based solely on the historical pattern of infestations, outbreaks are predictable if at all, in the Green and White Mountains in New England. North. J. Appl. For. 5:88-91, June 1988.
Eastern White Pine Cone and Seed Maturity in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Barnett James P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Tests over a 4-year period with eastern white pine in western North Carolina indicated that cone and seed maturity could not be accurately determined by specific gravity, but cone moisture content appeared to be directly related to both. A moisture content of 200% (dry weight basis) indicated maturity of both cones and seeds. After-ripening of cones for 4 weeks improved both seed yield and quality. Moist cone storage was helpful only if immature cones were collected. Dry cone storage provided seeds of high viability over the entire collection period. North. J. Appl. For. 5:172-176, Sept. 1988.
Sowing Method and Seed Treatment Effects on Jack Pine Direct Seeding
Authors: Van Damme Laird 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Jack pine seed from local seed sources received six treatment combinations by Hilleshog AB of Sweden as follows: (1) control, no treatment, (2) pelleting, (3) coloring, (4) pelleting and coloring, (5) coloring and scenting, and (6) pelleting, coloring and scenting. Laboratory tests performed by Hilleshog AB, a Swedish agriculture seed treating company that pelleted the test seed, showed pelleting to slow the rate of germination, but germination capacity was greater than 90% after 21 days for all treatments. Treated seed were factorially combined with hand and mechanical sowing methods with Bracke scarification in May 1984 on a sandy jack pine site west of Thunder Bay. Another treatment consisted of manually made pyramidal impressions from a corrugated pallet, which compacted the upper-mid-slope region of the scalp. This treatment, randomized within the 2 × 6 factorial design was then hand sown with untreated seed. Percentage of stocked scalps 2 months after germination showed hand sowing to be superior to machine sowing (45% vs 36%). Hand-sown untreated seed performed slightly better than treated seed (58% vs 32%-49%), but differences between seed treatments were not significant when sown by machine. Best results were obtained from untreated seed sown onto the upper slope of a Bracke scalp stabilized by the corrugated pallet (79%). Microsite stabilization appears critical for successful stocking of jack pine and merits further study toward scarification machinery modification. North. J. Appl. For. 5:237-240, December 1988.