bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constitutional Preambles as Narratives of Peoplehood
Authors: Addis Adeno 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Most constitutions start with a preamble. A constitutional preamble is a text designed to introduce the rest of the constitution. Often, it is also meant to give a concise statement of the nature of the system that the constitution establishes. While they may differ in style and length, most preambles seem to perform two primary functions. First, they declare or identify the source of authority for the document. In most preambles, it is ‘we the people’ that is invoked as the legitimate source of authority. Second, most preambles engage in an explicit attempt to project an identity for ‘we the people.’ At times, the people is defined through an extended historical biography. At other times, it is the presumed common ethnic origin or religious membership that is said to establish the bond, whether the people is territorially bound or not. Still at other times, it is the existence of common political and moral principles that is thought to make up the core constitutive elements of who the people are.
Whatever the strategy, preambles attempt to imagine a usable political identity for the people, its collective agency. ‘The people’ are viewed with sufficient agency capable of ‘ordaining’ or ‘granting’ the constitutional document to themselves. Of course, in many cases ‘we the people’ are the very creation of the document itself. Under this account, the ‘people’ are simultaneously the author and product of the constitution. In this sense, preambles are performative in nature: they constitute the people as they at the same time declare that the people are their authors. Through a close study of the constitutional preambles of all countries currently in existence, this article explores how preambles narrate a politically serviceable identity for ‘the people’. Whatever else they are meant to do, preambles are narratives of peoplehood. The formal legal status of preambles might be uncertain, but what is not in doubt and what has largely been neglected is the fact that preambles are also means through which a people attempts to imagine and solidify its identity. As Benedict Anderson long ago explained, an imagined identity is neither true nor false—it simply is. This article explores the processes by which this imagining takes place and the purposes for which it is adopted.
Case Note: Belcacemi and Oussar v Belgium App no 37798/13 (ECtHR, 11 July 2017)
Authors: Doomen Jasper 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The freedom of the individual can easily come into conflict with his or her obligation to integrate in society. The present case provides a good example. That some restrictions of citizens’ freedoms must be accepted for a state to function and, more basically, persist is evident and that, as a consequence, certain demands, incorporated in criminal law, are made from citizens is acceptable. The issue to what extent such restrictions are justified has increasingly become a topic of discussion. The present case raises a number of important questions with respect to the right to wear a full-face veil in public if the societal norm is that the face should be visible, the most salient of which are whether women should be ‘protected’ from unequal treatment against their will and to what extent society may impose values on the individual. I will argue that the Belgian law places unwarranted restrictions on citizens and that the values behind it testify to an outlook that is difficult to reconcile with the freedom of conscience and religion.
Crystal structure of 2-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,8-naphthyridine, C16H14N2
Authors: Jia Guo-Kai , Chen Xiao-Ming , He Fu-Lin , Chen Xiu-Wen , Wang Zong-Cheng 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
C16H14N2, orthorhombic, P212121, a = 6.449(8) Å, b = 10.548(14) Å, c = 17.84(2) Å, V = 1213(3) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0406, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0933, T = 296(2) K.
Milling process optimization for the best surface coat adhesion of the rigid polyurethane foam
Authors: Hafner Rok , Grguraš Damir , Kramar Davorin 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
In this research, the influences of milling parameters on the surface quality and coat adhesion of rigid polyurethane (PU) foam are highlighted. Several surface texture parameters were correlated with the milling parameters. The correlation between the coat adhesion strength, as determined by the pull-off test, and the milling parameters was also established. The investigation revealed that traditional height distribution roughness parameters, such as Ra, Sa, Rz, and Sz, do not offer sufficient information for a proper surface adhesion evaluation. Shaping and bearing surface parameters, on the contrary, provide more information for the surface quality assessment, although the structure of the PU was found to be inhomogeneous. The evaluation of milling process effects on surface texture and coat adhesion and the determination of optimal machining conditions were derived based on response surface methodology. The goal was an adequate surface texture that provides the best coat adhesion strength.
Laboratory Simulation of Dynamic Compressive Forces Experienced by a Package during Transport
Authors: Batt Gregory 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The objective of laboratory performance testing is to simulate the packaged product distribution environment, reproducing the hazards and associated damage potential that packaged products will encounter. Simulating the dynamic compressive forces that occur between unit loads or stacked packaged products while undergoing vehicle transport can be time consuming and expensive. In some cases, the number of test specimens required to complete a full unit load or stack of packaged products are not available for testing. For this reason, industry-accepted test standards allow for the use of a single box and an equivalent dead load in place of a full stack of packaged products for vibration testing. In this study, a device is designed and validated to record the dynamic compressive forces created by a stack of corrugated boxes. Various experiments are conducted, recording the dynamic compressive forces that occur from stacks of packages for comparison to a single package with a dead load. The dynamic compression response is used to drive a vibration table with the force-measuring device serving as the control feedback sensor. It is concluded that the use of a dead load does not reproduce the same damage potential as a stack of packages when acceleration is used to drive and control a vibration table. However, the use of a dead load is an efficient and economical way to test dynamic compression of corrugated fiberboard packages if force, rather than acceleration, is used to drive the vibration table.
Poisson’s Ratio of Asphalt Concrete Mixes Using Indirect Tensile Test
Authors: Lindelöf Peter , Said Safwat , Ahmed Abubeker 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Increased interest in mechanistic evaluation of flexible pavement structures has brought a demand for accurate and practical methods, models, or both to estimate the mechanical properties of asphalt concrete mixtures. One of these properties is the Poisson’s ratio (ν) of asphalt concrete mixtures, which is often assumed to have a constant value of 0.35 in asphalt concrete evaluations. However, investigations have reported that mixture type, air void content, and temperature produce considerable variation in measured ν-values that could have a significant effect on evaluations of asphalt concrete mixes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of air voids, binder type, and testing conditions on the measured ν-values. Indirect tensile (IDT) tests were conducted to measure ν-values. The study indicated that the Poisson’s ratio of the asphalt concrete mixes, on average, attained a maximum value at a particular level of air void content. Furthermore, when comparing the Poisson’s ratio values in relation to the dynamic modulus, calculated using the Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) equation, higher ν-values were attained. This demonstrates the importance of measuring the Poisson’s ratio of a mix type.
Characterization, Expression, and Functional Analysis of a Novel NAC Gene Associated with Resistance to Verticillium Wilt and Abiotic Stress in Cotton
Authors: Wang Weina , Yuan Youlu , Yang Can , Geng Shuaipeng , Sun Quan , Long Lu , Cai Chaowei , Chu Zongyan , Liu Xin , Wang Guanghao , Du Xiongming , Miao Chen , Zhang Xiao , Cai Yingfan 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Elucidating the mechanism of resistance to biotic and abiotic stress is of great importance in cotton. In this study, a gene containing the NAC domain, designated GbNAC1, was identified from Gossypium barbadense L. Homologous sequence alignment indicated that GbNAC1 belongs to the TERN subgroup. GbNAC1 protein localized to the cell nucleus. GbNAC1 was expressed in roots, stems, and leaves, and was especially highly expressed in vascular bundles. Functional analysis showed that cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt was reduced when the GbNAC1 gene was silenced using the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) method. GbNAC1-overexpressing Arabidopsis showed enhanced resistance to Verticillium dahliae compared to wild-type. Thus, GbNAC1 is involved in the positive regulation of resistance to Verticillium wilt. In addition, analysis of GbNAC1-overexpressing Arabidopsis under different stress treatments indicated that it is involved in plant growth, development, and response to various abiotic stresses (ABA, mannitol, and NaCl). This suggests that GbNAC1 plays an important role in resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses in cotton. This study provides a foundation for further study of the function of NAC genes in cotton and other plants.
Regulators of Long-Term Memory Revealed by Mushroom Body-Specific Gene Expression Profiling in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Widmer Yves F , Bilican Adem , Bruggmann Rémy , Sprecher Simon G 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Memory formation is achieved by genetically tightly controlled molecular pathways that result in a change of synaptic strength and synapse organization. While for short-term memory traces, rapidly acting biochemical pathways are in place, the formation of long-lasting memories requires changes in the transcriptional program of a cell. Although many genes involved in learning and memory formation have been identified, little is known about the genetic mechanisms required for changing the transcriptional program during different phases of long-term memory (LTM) formation. With Drosophila melanogaster as a model system, we profiled transcriptomic changes in the mushroom body—a memory center in the fly brain—at distinct time intervals during appetitive olfactory LTM formation using the targeted DamID technique. We describe the gene expression profiles during these phases and tested 33 selected candidate genes for deficits in LTM formation using RNAi knockdown. We identified 10 genes that enhance or decrease memory when knocked-down in the mushroom body. For vajk-1 and hacd1—the two strongest hits—we gained further support for their crucial role in appetitive learning and forgetting. These findings show that profiling gene expression changes in specific cell-types harboring memory traces provides a powerful entry point to identify new genes involved in learning and memory. The presented transcriptomic data may further be used as resource to study genes acting at different memory phases.
Food-Dependent Plasticity in Caenorhabditis elegans Stress-Induced Sleep Is Mediated by TOR–FOXA and TGF-β Signaling
Authors: Goetting Desiree L , Soto Rony , Van Buskirk Cheryl 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Behavioral plasticity allows for context-dependent prioritization of competing drives, such as sleep and foraging. Despite the identification of neuropeptides and hormones implicated in dual control of sleep drive and appetite, our understanding of the mechanism underlying the conserved sleep-suppressing effect of food deprivation is limited. Caenorhabditis elegans provides an intriguing model for the dissection of sleep function and regulation as these nematodes engage a quiescence program following exposure to noxious conditions, a phenomenon known as stress-induced sleep (SIS). Here we show that food deprivation potently suppresses SIS, an effect enhanced at high population density. We present evidence that food deprivation reduces the need to sleep, protecting against the lethality associated with defective SIS. Additionally, we find that SIS is regulated by both target of rapamycin and transforming growth factor-β nutrient signaling pathways, thus identifying mechanisms coordinating sleep drive with internal and external indicators of food availability.
Secretory Vesicle Polar Sorting, Endosome Recycling and Cytoskeleton Organization Require the AP-1 Complex in Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: Martzoukou Olga , Diallinas George , Amillis Sotiris 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The AP-1 complex is essential for membrane protein traffic via its role in the pinching-off and sorting of secretory vesicles (SVs) from the trans-Golgi and/or endosomes. While its essentiality is undisputed in metazoa, its role in simpler eukaryotes seems less clear. Here, we dissect the role of AP-1 in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans and show that it is absolutely essential for growth due to its role in clathrin-dependent maintenance of polar traffic of specific membrane cargoes toward the apex of growing hyphae. We provide evidence that AP-1 is involved in both anterograde sorting of RabERab11-labeled SVs and RabA/BRab5-dependent endosome recycling. Additionally, AP-1 is shown to be critical for microtubule and septin organization, further rationalizing its essentiality in cells that face the challenge of cytoskeleton-dependent polarized cargo traffic. This work also opens a novel issue on how nonpolar cargoes, such as transporters, are sorted to the eukaryotic plasma membrane.
La autotoma de muestra cervico-vaginal y la toma hecha por el ginecólogo en el diagnostico de cáncer de cuello uterino. Aplicabilidad en los programas de pesquisa de cáncer de cuello uterino
Authors: Bastidas Pacheco Gilberto Antonio , Iglesias Roman Lisandro , Pérez Amilcar Josue , Villegas ´Ávila Elci Josefina 
Published: June 2018

Introducción: En el ámbito mundial el cáncer cervico-uterino es el segundo entre las mujeres. En los países de alto riesgo el cáncer cervical afecta a un número substancial de mujeres en edad reproductiva y laboralmente activas que tienen acceso limitado a actividades de detección o diagnóstico precoz por motivos económicos o por barreras culturales.
Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y de campo con base en toma de muestra cervical por la propia mujer y el profesional de la salud, para posterior pesquisa de cáncer de cuello uterino.
Resultados: En más del 98% de las muestras por autotoma hubo concordancia diagnóstica con las obtenidas por los profesionales de la salud. Conclusión: Existe alta correspondencia diagnóstica entre la toma de muestra realizada por la propia mujer y el profesional de la salud, que el nivel educativo de las féminas no influye en la decisión de realizarse la autotoma, ni en su capacidad para aprender la prueba, y que este estudio se trata del primero de este tipo realizado en Venezuela.
Surgical resection of Haglund deformity by lateral approach: our institutional experience on 29 heels
Authors: Mir Naseer A. , Ali Nadeem , Khan Kafeel , Dar Tahir A. , Khandy Rouf I. , Dhar Shabir A. 
Published: June 2018

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Haglund deformity is a common cause of posterior heel pain and consists of a constellation of soft tissue and osseous abnormalities. The treatment starts with conservative approach and ends with surgical treatment in case conservative treatment fails and the symptoms are bothersome. Different surgical procedures and approaches have been used for this deformity. But in the literature, the results have been inconsistent. In this study we evaluated the clinical and functional outcome of osteotomy of the calcaneal tuberosity with debridement of the retrocalcaneal bursa and the Achilles tendon using a lateral approach at our institute.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A total of 29 feet in 25 patients that underwent surgical procedure from August 2013 to March 2017 at our institute were included in this study. The clinical and functional outcome was evaluated using AOFAS ankle-hind foot scale.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The mean AOFAS ankle-hind foot score had improved by 32 points from the pre-operative mean score, with a mean score of 86 at the final follow up of one year. Five out of 29 operated feet had superficial surgical site infection in the postoperative period that responded to antibiotic therapy and regular antiseptic dressings. One patient had local betadine allergy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> We conclude lateral approach to debridement and calcaneal tuberosity resection is an effective method with good clinical and functional outcome in patients with refractory Haglund deformity. </p>
Agricultural Trade Policy: ‘America First’?
Authors: Ahrendsen Bruce L. 
Published: June 2018

There has been a growing openness and importance in trade over time as indicated by an increasing ratio of trade to gross domestic product for the World. However, some recent movements have been more protectionist and less open to trade. The potential impacts of less trade are explored with the United States (US) taken as an example. Trade agreements have been important in increasing trade by the US, particularly for US agriculture which has had a trade surplus since 1959. Countries should benefit from trade according to economic theory. However, stances taken by the US administration during the first half of 2017 have resulted in the withdrawal of the US from the Trans-Partnership Agreement and an announced renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement. With falling US farm income, the potential undoing of trade agreement benefits, and possible trade retaliations, US agriculture is concerned about any potential disruption in exports and losses from less trade. In addition, US consumers and importers of US agriculture should be concerned about a potential decrease in trade.
JEL Code: Q18
Bread consumption habits in the gluten free diet
Authors: Csapóné Riskó Tünde , Péntek Ádám , Wiwczaroski Troy 
Published: June 2018

Gluten is a protein found in many grain products. Celiac disease is a genetic autoimmune disorder characterized by sensitivity to gluten. When a person with celiac disease consumes gluten, his/her immune system perceives the gluten to be a harmful substance and reacts negatively. The only treatment for individuals with celiac disease is lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet. It is one of the most frequent and well defined of all lifelong diseases. In Hungary, 1-2 % of the population is said to be affected, but only every 10th has been diagnosed. Bread is a basic and frequently consumed food made principally from wheat. Gluten is the main structure-forming protein in flour, and is responsible for the elastic characteristics of dough, and contributes to the crumb structure and appearance of many baked products. Gluten removal results in major problems for bakers. Currently many gluten-free products available on the market are of low quality, exhibiting poor mouth feel and flavour. People wishing to eat bread in the gluten-free diet basically have two options: buying or baking the bread for themselves. There are several gluten-free bread brands are available on the Hungarian market. The price, ingredients, texture, colour, softness of the available breads are different. There is a rather good choice in gluten-free flour mixtures on the Hungarian market, as well. The composition of these mixtures are also different. The aim of our empirical research was to investigate the gluten-free bread consumption habits of people following gluten-free diet. The research was carried out using Google forms in January 2017. Size of the sample is 196. The online form was shared in four closed gluten free Facebook groups in Hungary since they are really active in sharing information concerning gluten-free lifestyle and diet. Summarizing, in this study we wish to examine how evolve the world pork meat production, trade and consumption, and to demonstrate the main consuming countries, highlighting the role of China, as it is the most populated country in the world with its 1.4 billion inhabitants.
JEL Code: M31
Differences of the primary energy consumption of the countries all over the world
Authors: Tóth Judit , Magda Róbert 
Published: June 2018

The global energy consumption is continuously growing, because the population of Earth and the standard of living expands day by day. As a result, the emission of greenhouse gases increases further more. The various countries use the different types of fuels in varying amount.In this study we have examined the primary energy consumption of the countries, according to the BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2016 (BP, 2016), based upon their usage of fuels.The assay resulted in a 7 cluster model. With one exception, each cluster contains a resource, which is used in a much larger amount than in the other clusters. As a result, we may differentiate between an average cluster, and the clusters of countries that use primarily hydropower, nuclear energy, renewable energy, coal, fossil oil, and natural gas.We have examined if there is any connection between the location of a country in a cluster and its HDI, as well as the countries’ competitiveness.
JEL Code: Q42, Q43, Q35, Q01, P28, P18
Empirical research on corporate strategies in Hungarian dairy industry
Authors: Szabó-Szentgróti Eszter , Szabó-Szentgróti Gábor , Szakály Zoltán 
Published: June 2018

Corporate strategy has never been as important as it is nowadays. Markets are changing rapidly because of consumer demands, innovations, information flow and economic changes. Our paper concentrates on Hungarian dairy industry (hereinafter dairy) and four main objectives were defined to be analysed: (1) domestic dairy company features, (2) main strategic characteristics, (3) how companies’ strategy resonates on the consumer side and (4) companies’ financial background were analysed as well. A company database was made in order to prepare for the primary research and to understand better the nature of today’s market. B2B (26 companies) and B2C (503 people) surveys were used in order to gain primary data. In 2017 132 Hungarian companies were observed in milk processing, but 44% of the market participants are not present in dairy competition. It is a fairly fragmented market structure because 10-20% of the annual turnover is accumulated among the 80-90% of competitors. The factor analysis of the data proved that the dairy companies followed m strategies at the same time; and it is assumed that most of them are unconscious. Strategically, the majority of the dairy sector is not up-to-date and modern enough. SMEs sector management skills and strategic preparedness are considered to be out-of-date and insufficient. Strategic planning can possibly have an influence on financial results, which was only partly proved by the analysed criteria system. The production and use of own raw milk supplies might make companies experience financial benefits. Nearly 78% of the respondents would rather purchase goods made from own raw material. The willingness to pay a higher price for this was in average 5-15%.
JEL Code: L1, L66