PBI-4547 Reverses Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome through Regulation of Lipid/Glucose Metabolism, ß-Oxidation and Fibrosis in Liver, and White Adipose Tissue in ob/ob Mice
Authors: GAGNON LYNE , LAVERDURE ALEXANDRE , SARRA-BOURNET FRANÇOIS , CLOUTIER MARIE-PIER , FELTON ALEXANDRA , TREMBLAY MIKAËL , RICHARD JONATHAN , GERVAIS LIETTE , LAURIN PIERRE , LEBLOND FRANÇOIS A. , GROUIX BRIGITTE 
Published: June 2018

Introduction and Aims: Given the expected rise in the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis will, if not already, become an epidemic. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism of action of PBI-4547 on diabetic complications.
Methods: ob/ob mice (6 weeks old) were treated with vehicle or PBI-4547 (10, 25 and 50 mg/kg, oral once a day) from day 1 through 105. Liver and white adipose tissue (WAT) histology, blood glucose, serum triglyceride and adiponectin levels were examined. Gene expression of pro-inflammatory/fibrotic markers, metabolic and mitochondrial fatty acid transport and oxidation (FAO) regulators, and PPAR gene expression were determined in liver and WAT.
Results: Blood glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels were strongly reduced by PBI-4547. ob/ob mice displayed severe liver steatosis which was completely reversed with PBI-4547. PBI-4547 significantly reduced fibrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and adipocyte size in WAT. Serum level of adiponectin was reduced in ob/ob mice and increased with PBI-4547. In liver, PBI-4547 reduced TNF-α, collagen I, III and IV, α-SMA, fibronectin, MMP-2, TIMP1, ICAM, PDGFα, TGFβ1, PPARδ and PPARγ, FASN, but increased mitochondrial FA transport and oxidation (ACOX-1, CD36, FABP4, CPT1β, PDK4). In WAT, PBI-4547 reduced TNF-α, collagen types I, IV and VI, MMP-2, MCP-1, F4/80, increased PPARα and PPARγ, and also increased ACOX-1, CD36, FASN, FABP4, COX4I1, SREBF1, PGC1-α, UCP-1 (by 160X, suggesting browning of adipose tissue), CPT1α, CPT1β and PDK4. Furthermore, PBI-4547 increased adiponectin and its receptors, and abolished vaspin gene expression.
Conclusions: PBI-4547 is a potential novel therapy for diabetes and hepatic steatosis through its pleiotropic activities on glucose and lipid metabolism, by improving mitochondrial dysfunction, by inducing browning of adipose tissue, and by regulating adipokines.

Disclosure
L. Gagnon: Employee; Self; Prometic Biosciences Inc.. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Prometic Life Sciences Inc. A. Laverdure: Employee; Self; Prometic Biosciences Inc.. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Prometic Life Sciences Inc. F. Sarra-Bournet: Employee; Self; Prometic Biosciences Inc.. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Prometic Life Sciences Inc. M. Cloutier: Employee; Self; Prometic Biosciences Inc.. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Prometic Life Sciences Inc. A. Felton: Employee; Self; Prometic Biosciences Inc.. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Prometic Life Sciences Inc. M. Tremblay: Employee; Self; Prometic Biosciences Inc.. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Prometic Life Sciences Inc. J. Richard: Employee; Self; Prometic Biosciences Inc.. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Prometic Life Sciences Inc. L. Gervais: Employee; Self; Prometic Biosciences Inc.. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Prometic Life Sciences Inc. P. Laurin: Employee; Self; Prometic Biosciences Inc.. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Prometic Life Sciences Inc.. Board Member; Self; Prometic Life Sciences Inc. F.A. Leblond: Employee; Self; Prometic Biosciences Inc.. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Prometic Life Sciences Inc. B. Grouix: Employee; Self; Prometic Biosciences Inc.. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Prometic Life Sciences Inc..