bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Covalent Binding of Maleic Anhydride Copolymer Monolayers to Polyacrylamide Hydrogels
Authors: Müller Christina , Ansorge Michael , Espig Martin , Zschoche Stefan , Schiller Jürgen , Pompe Tilo 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPhysicochemical surface modifications of soft hydrogel layers are beneficial tools for modulating biomimetic substrate properties in cell adhesion studies. Recently, a layered system of a polyacrylamide hydrogel with a monolayer coating of maleic anhydride copolymers was introduced, however, without a detailed study of the chemical coupling mechanism. Herein it is shown that a stable coupling results from covalent binding of maleic anhydride residues to the primary amides of polyacrylamide via imide bond formation. The many anhydride moieties of the copolymer chains allow for coupling with a low‐yield reaction at mild conditions. Furthermore, hydrogen bonding and polar interactions are excluded to account for a stable binding of maleic anhydride copolymers to polyacrylamide hydrogels.
Bulk Polymerization Photo‐Initiator ZnO: Increasing of the Benzoyl Formic Acid Concentration and LED Illumination
Authors: Schmitt Michael , Garra Patxi , Lalevée Jacques 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPolymerization in volume/bulk is one of the most important processes used in science and in industry to form solid polymers used in multiple different applications. The migration and transport of molecular polymerization initiators are problematic for commercially used photo‐polymerization procedures. ZnO not only is a well‐known photo‐semiconductor but has the potential to be used as an enlarged size photo‐initiation system. A high reactivity modification, firstly systematically investigated using novel light‐emitting diode illumination and two benchmarked resins is presented here. The curing potential of layers up to 1.4 mm is proven and first indications of differences in oxygen dependencies of such initiating systems are discovered. Additionally, the optimized synthesis procedure (0.45 mol L−1 Zn2+ at room temperature) is presented which allows to perform systematic variation of the ZnO surface. Starting from one approach/batch, the content of the modification is systematically increased.
Different Geometric Information Integrated within a Single Polydopamine Pattern to Yield Dual Shape Transformations
Authors: Chen Tingting , Ji Chong , Jin Ying , Wang Jun , Jin Qiao 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPatterned structures in planar sheets have been explored as the geometric information carriers for shape‐morphing materials dominated by the spatially nonuniform internal stresses. Generally, multi‐shape transitions require more than one pattern, incurring some concomitant problems, such as possible presence of cross‐talk between different structural components and complex preparing strategies. In the present research, local polydopamine (PDA) modification is used to pattern the pre‐stretched shape memory Nafion films. The obtained PDA pattern can be decoded to different geometric information, guiding discrepant 3D deformations under the stimulation of heat and near‐infrared light. The dual types of geometric information contained in one pattern can be ascribed to the increased transition temperature and obtain photothermal conversion capacity after PDA modification, which contributes to thermo‐ and light‐induced spatially nonuniform shape recovery, respectively.
Visualizing Nanoscale Coronal Segregation in Rod‐Like Micelles Formed by Co‐Assembly of Binary Block Copolymer Blends
Authors: Cruz Menandro , Xu Jiangping , Yu Qing , Guerin Gerald , Manners Ian , Winnik Mitchell A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMixed micelles formed by co‐assembly of pairs of block copolymers (BCPs) can develop novel morphologies and generate useful properties not accessible from homomicelles. For micelles consisting of two different polymers in the corona, identifying the location of the corona chains is a critical part of morphology characterization. Coronal segregation in mixed micelle is often characterized by transmission electron microscopy in combination with selective staining of individual polymers. In this study, Karstedt’s catalyst is used for selective Pt(0)‐olefin coordination staining of polyisoprene (PI) and poly(methylvinylsiloxane) (PMVS) corona chains in the presence of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) corona chains in cylindrical mixed micelles with a crystalline poly(ferrocenyldimethylsilane) (PFS) core. Previous experiments using OsO4 as a stain did not enable visualization of nanoscale coronal segregation in mixed micelles obtained from co‐assembly of PFS‐b‐PI and PFS‐b‐PDMS, as well as PFS‐b‐PMVS and PFS‐b‐PDMS.
Controlling Nanomaterial Size and Shape for Biomedical Applications via Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly
Authors: Khor Song Yang , Quinn John F. , Whittaker Michael R. , Truong Nghia P. , Davis Thomas P. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRapid developments in the polymerization‐induced self‐assembly (PISA) technique have paved the way for the environmentally friendly production of nanoparticles with tunable size and shape for a diverse range of applications. In this feature article, the biomedical applications of PISA nanoparticles and the substantial progress made in controlling their size and shape are highlighted. In addition to early investigations into drug delivery, applications such as medical imaging, tissue culture, and blood cryopreservation are also described. Various parameters for controlling the morphology of PISA nanoparticles are discussed, including the degree of polymerization of the macro‐CTA and core‐forming polymers, the concentration of macro‐CTA and core‐forming monomers, the solid content of the final products, the solution pH, the thermoresponsitivity of the macro‐CTA, the macro‐CTA end group, and the initiator concentration. Finally, several limitations and challenges for the PISA technique that have been recently addressed, along with those that will require further efforts into the future, will be highlighted.
Juvenile Chinook Salmon and Forage Fish Use of Eelgrass Habitats in a Diked and Channelized Puget Sound River Delta
Authors: Rubin Stephen P. , Hayes Michael C. , Grossman Eric E. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Eelgrass Zostera marina can form extensive meadows on Puget Sound river deltas. The extent to which these meadows provide critical rearing habitat for local estuarine fishes, especially out-migrating juvenile salmon, is not well understood. Further, delta eelgrass has been impacted by diking and river channelization with unknown consequences for fish. We sampled fish in the Skagit River delta, Washington, during April–September with a lampara net, which is well suited to capturing fish in eelgrass. We compared abundance and body size of Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and three forage fish species between eelgrass and nearby unvegetated habitat. We also assessed combined effects of eelgrass characteristics (meadow size and morphology) and oceanographic conditions (temperature and salinity), which covaried according to proximity and orientation to channelized distributary outlets, diked shorelines, and a jetty. Chinook Salmon were more abundant in eelgrass than in unvegetated habitat in June–July and were relatively more abundant in eelgrass compared with unvegetated habitat in regions with intact eelgrass than offshore from a channelized distributary outlet. Abundances of Pacific Herring Clupea pallasii and Shiner Perch Cymatogaster aggregata were consistently severalfold higher in eelgrass than in unvegetated habitat. Surf Smelt Hypomesus pretiosus were more abundant in eelgrass than in unvegetated habitat at some locations, but never less abundant in eelgrass. Our results suggest that conservation and restoration of delta eelgrass would benefit these species and help to identify the settings in which these actions would be most beneficial.
Variation in the Catch Rate and Distribution of Swordtip Squid Uroteuthis edulis Associated with Factors of the Oceanic Environment in the Southern East China Sea
Authors: Liao Cheng-Hsin , Lan Kuo-Wei , Ho Hsin-Ying , Wang Kae-Yih , Wu Yan-Lun 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Predictions from species distribution models are used to parameterize the environmental factors that influence the biology, distribution, and habitats of a species of interest. We fitted generalized additive models (GAMs) to spatiotemporal fishery data from torchlight fishing (2009–2013) to investigate the catch rates of swordtip squid Uroteuthis edulis in relation to changes in oceanographic conditions within the southern East China Sea, and we developed a habitat preference model. A high Jensen–Shannon divergence (JSD) value is considered to be an index of a thermal front. The results obtained using the selected GAMs revealed that the explained deviance in the catch rates pertaining to the oceanographic conditions was 45.10% throughout the year. All variables examined—sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll-a, sea surface height anomaly, and JSD—were statistically significant predictors (P &lt; 0.05), and JSD explained the greatest amount of deviance (17.70%). The model predicted relatively high abundance of swordtip squid at 27–28°N in the southern East China Sea during spring and a decrease from June to August. The high abundance occurred again in September and extended southwestwardly to a region including coastal mainland China. These results demonstrated that high swordtip squid abundance occurred in an SST range of 20.0–26.0°C and a JSD range of 0.35–0.50 during spring around 27–28°N, and movement toward the southwest corresponded with shifts in the Kuroshio front (26°C isotherm) in summer and autumn.
The Alkanes with Maximum Wiener Polarity Index
Authors: Du Zhibin , Ali Akbar 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe Wiener polarity index (usually denoted by
) of an alkane is the number of unordered pairs of carbon atoms which are separated by three carbon–carbon bonds. This topological index
is useful for predicting the boiling points of alkanes. Deng [MATCH Commun. Math. Comput. Chem. 66 (2011) 305] proved that the maximum
value among all alkanes, with n carbon atoms, is
. The main purpose of present paper is to find all those alkanes with n carbon atoms, which attain the maximum value of
.
Multiaxial cyclic plasticity in accordance with 1D hyperbolic models and Masing criteria
Authors: Restrepo Doriam , Taborda Ricardo 
Published: August 2018

SummaryBounding surface plasticity models based on one‐dimensional hardening functions are broadly accepted as a valid approach to represent the multiaxial cyclic behavior of undrained cohesive soils. However, under certain conditions, these models may exhibit deviations from the expected stress path. This makes them inadequate to meet traditional hysteretic rules. Current solutions to this problem impose thresholds to help adjust the stress path by introducing additional memory variables. This article presents a formulation that achieves the same goal without the need of such additional variables. The proposed formulation operates on a generic hardening function under multiaxial loading while preserving the simplicity inherited from pure deviatoric bounding surface models. In addition, the approach presented here allows the implementation of Masing‐type rules, as well as the use of reduction factors to mitigate the overdamping effects of large hysteresis loops. The formulation is tested using well‐known hyperbolic backbone functions under radial and nonradial multiaxial loading cycles, and it is shown to have good agreement with reference solutions.
Smashing OpenFlow's “atomic” actions: Programmable data plane packet manipulation in hardware
Authors: Pontarelli Salvatore , Bonola Marco , Bianchi Giuseppe 
Published: August 2018

SummaryRecently, with new hardware architectures such as Reconfigurable Match Tables and languages such as P4, the Software Defined Networking community has started to bring line‐rate data plane programmability inside switching chipsets. Starting from the original OpenFlow's match/action abstraction, most of the work has so far focused on key improvements in matching flexibility. Conversely, the “action part,” ie, the set of operations (such as encapsulation or header manipulation) performed on packets after the forwarding decision, has received way less attention. Goal of this paper is to move beyond the idea of “atomic,” preimplemented, actions, and rather make them programmable while retaining high speed multi‐Gbps operation. To this purpose, we propose a domain‐specific HW architecture, called Packet Manipulation Processor (PMP), able to efficiently implement such actions. Both a PMP C++ instruction set simulator and a NetFPGA prototype have been developed. The performances of the PMP have been verified with three nontrivial use cases (tunneling, NAT, and ARP reply generation), showing that also in the worst case the throughput is well above 10 Gbps.
Insights into post‐polymerisation modification of bio‐based unsaturated itaconate and fumarate polyesters via aza‐michael addition: Understanding the effects of CC isomerisation
Authors: Farmer T. J. , Macquarrie D. J. , Comerford J. W. , Pellis A. , Clark J. H. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTDevelopment of renewable bio‐based unsaturated polyesters is undergoing a renaissance, typified by the use of itaconate and fumarate monomers. The electron‐deficient CC bond found on the corresponding polyesters allows convenient post‐polymerisation modification to give a wide range of polymer properties; this is notably effective for the addition of nucleophilic pendants. However, preservation of unsaturated functionality is blighted by two undesirable side‐reactions, branching/crosslinking and CC isomerisation. Herein, a tentative kinetic study of diethylamine addition to model itaconate and fumarate diesters highlights the significance of undesirable CC isomerisation. In particular, it shows that reversible isomerisation from itaconate to mesaconate (a poor Michael acceptor) is in direct competition with aza‐Michael addition, where the amine Michael donor acts as an isomerisation catalyst. We postulate that undesired formation of mesaconate is responsible for the long reaction times previously reported for itaconate polyester post‐polymerisation modification. This study illustrates the pressing need to overcome this issue of CC isomerisation to enhance post‐polymerisation modification of bio‐based unsaturated polyesters. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 1935–1945
Synthesis and electroluminescent performance of thermally activated delayed fluorescence‐conjugated polymers with simple formylphenyl as pendant acceptor
Authors: Yang Yike , Zhu Yunhui , Wang Yanjie , Wang Shumeng , Zhan Hongmei , Cheng Yanxiang 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTFormylphenyl has been demonstrated to act as an acceptor to construct thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter, and therefore a series of the TADF‐conjugated polymers with formylphenyl as pendant acceptor and carbazole/acridine as backbone donor are designed and synthesized. All polymers involve the twisted donor/acceptor structural moieties with the sufficiently spatial separation between the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital as well as a small singlet/triplet splitting, and exhibit the legible TADF features confirmed by theoretical calculation and their transient decay spectra. The solution‐processed organic light‐emitting diodes using neat film of the polymers as emissive layer achieve excellent performance with the maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of up to 10.6%, the maximum current efficiency of up to 35.3 cd A−1 and the low turn‐on voltage of 2.7 V. Moreover, the EQE still remains 10.3% at the luminance of 1000 cd m−2 with the low driving voltage of 4.4 V and extremely small efficiency roll‐off. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 1989–1996
Magnetically Responsive Silica Hollow Spheres: Straightforward Synthesis of Accessible Micro‐Sized Containers
Authors: Deon Monique , de Andrade Rafaela Carvalho , Nicolodi Sabrina , da Cunha João Batista Marimon , Costa Tania Maria Haas , Rodembusch Fabiano Severo , de Menezes Eliana Weber , Benvenutti Edilson Valmir 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSilica hollow spheres are obtained as micro‐sized containers with magnetic‐field‐induced mobility. The completely empty hollow spheres are proved accessible with features of confined environment, where an unexpected structured fluorescence emission with large Stokes' shift is observed. This multifunctional system is achieved through a controllable etching of magnetite from magnetite@silica core–shell with hydrochloric acid solution, resulting in silica hollow spheres coupled with remaining magnetite@silica. The increase in the etching time leads to an increase in the proportion of hollow to magnetite‐occupied spheres, and the obtained hollow spheres are completely empty. The remaining magnetite particles have their crystalline structure preserved and even the material with higher proportion of hollow spheres presents high saturation magnetization, which grants response from the whole system induced by a magnetic field. The accessibility of the hollow structure is successfully observed by steady‐state fluorescence spectroscopy using toluene as optical probe.
Morphology and Crystal Planes Effects on Supercapacitance of CeO2 Nanostructures: Electrochemical and Molecular Dynamics Studies
Authors: Jeyaranjan Aadithya , Sakthivel Tamil Selvan , Molinari Marco , Sayle Dean C. , Seal Sudipta 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNano cerium oxide (CeO2) is a promising supercapacitor material, but the effect of morphology on charge storage capacity remains elusive. To determine this effect, three different morphologies, nanorods, cubes, and particles are synthesized by a one‐step hydrothermal process. Electrochemical evaluation through cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge techniques reveals specific capacitance to be strongly dependent on the nanostructure morphology. The highest specific capacitance in nanorods (162.47 F g−1) is due to the substantially larger surface area relative to the other two morphologies and the predominant exposure of the highly reactive {110} and {100} planes. At comparable surface areas, exposed crystal planes exhibit a profound effect on charge storage. The exposure of highly reactive {100} planes in nanocubes induce a greater specific capacitance compared to nanoparticles, which are dominated by the less reactive {111} facets. The experimental findings are supported by reactivity maps of the nanostructures generated by molecular dynamics simulations. This study indicates that supercapacitors with higher charge storage can be designed through a nanostructure morphology selection strategy.
Environmental flows and water reserves: Principles, strategies, and contributions to water and conservation policies in Mexico
Authors: Salinas‐Rodríguez Sergio A. , Barrios‐Ordóñez Jorge E. , Sánchez‐Navarro Rafael , Wickel Albertus J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSince the Brisbane Declaration in 2007, implementation of environmental flows in public policies has witnessed a steady increase around the globe. Environmental water reserves are an annual volume that is designated to remain in the ecosystem for the sustainable management of river basins. In Mexico, these reserves are determined on the basis of the Mexican Environmental Flows Norm and must be established at a river basin scale through a presidential decree for 50 years. In this manuscript, we present and discuss the implementation strategy of the norm developed for the National Water Reserves for the Environment Program, and its results in 25 reference sites based on environmental flow assessments conducted from 2012 to 2015 using hydrological and holistic methodologies. An analytical evaluation revealed an overall consistency between the Norm's environmental objectives (baseline) and the current ecological conditions on‐site for the 80% of the cases (96% over high confidence rating). Furthermore, in 72% of the reference sites, the coefficient of variation among the reserve's was below the fourth quartile (<11%), whereas those remaining above that limit can be attributed to a difference in the methods' hydrologic scope. The recommended volumes for environmental allocation are feasible under the current water availability conditions in the 94% of the river basins. Although challenges have appeared in the process, to date, one reserve has been decreed on the basis of the strategic approach of setting sustainable limits of water allocation and being built an enriched flow‐ecology relationships' understanding system, urgently needed to prevent ecosystems degradation and secure ecological processes.
SERS and DFT investigation on push‐pull molecules: 4‐Dimethylamino‐ 4’‐nitrostilbene adsorbed on silver colloidal nanoparticles
Authors: Muniz‐Miranda Maurizio , Muniz‐Miranda Francesco , Pedone Alfonso 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe adsorption of 4‐dimethylamino‐4’‐nitrostilbene, a typical push‐pull chromophore, on Ag colloidal nanoparticles has been studied for the first time by SERS spectroscopy with different exciting lines and interpreted by the help of density functional theory calculations. This study allowed ascertaining the adsorption of DANS on silver via nitro‐group and collecting information on the structural changes of the molecule induced by the interaction with the metal surface, leading to augmented nonlinear optical properties. In addition, under blue‐green light irradiation the adsorbed molecules undergo a photoreduction of the nitro‐group by a plasmon‐induced catalyzing effect of the nanostructured silver surface.
Polymorphic Evolution of TiO2 in Hydrothermal Reaction System of Layered Titanate Nanosheets
Authors: Xu Linfeng , Li Sen , Uemura Shinobu , Kusunose Takafumi , Kong Xingang , Feng Qi 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe hydrothermal formation mechanisms of TiO2 polymorphs of brookite and anatase, and their nanocomposites were investigated systematically in a mixed solution reaction system of titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) and tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH) by using XRD, FE‐SEM and TEM observations, and SAED. The titanate nanosheets with lepidocrocite‐type layered structure are formed firstly, and then transformed to the TiO2 polymorphs by topotactic structural transformation reactions in the reaction system. The pH value and the concentration of TMA+ play the key roles in the formation of TiO2 polymorphs. The small‐sized layered titanate nanosheets are formed and transformed to anatase phase under low pH and low TMA+ concentration conditions, while the large‐sized layered titanate nanosheets are formed and transferred to brookite phase under high pH and high TMA+ concentration conditions. The anatase‐brookite nanocomposites can be obtained from the mixture of small‐ and large‐sized nanosheets under middle pH conditions, in which the anatase nanocrystals are formed on the surface of brookite nanocrystal.