bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can Young’s constructive ecumenical expressivism resolve the gamer’s dilemma?
Authors: Luck Morgan 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
This paper aims to evaluate a potential resolution to the gamer’s dilemma that arises from Gary Young’s metaethical theory of constructive ecumenical expressivism (CEE).

Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, the gamer’s dilemma is reformulated as a paradox and the potential resolution is evaluated in light of this new formulation.

Findings
The author argues that this resolution does resolve the dilemma, but CEE itself has limited appeal.

Originality/value
This paper contributes to the growing scholarship dedicated to resolving the gamer’s dilemma.
Loop‐mediated isothermal amplification for the rapid detection of Gardnerella vaginalis
Authors: Higashide Satoshi , Cho Otomi , Matsuda Yuko , Ogishima Daiki , Kurakado Sanae , Sugita Takashi 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to develop a method for the rapid detection of Gardnerella vaginalis, which is proposed to play a key role in the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis. Specific loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) primers were designed and used to detect target DNA within 45 min under isothermal conditions. Comparative screening indicated that the LAMP assay is superior to PCR in terms of rapidity, and is equivalent in sensitivity and specificity. This LAMP assay can be used for rapid screening and detection of G. vaginalis in vaginal samples; the limit of detection is 10 fg DNA.
A competition–defence trade‐off both promotes and weakens coexistence in an annual plant community
Authors: Petry William K. , Kandlikar Gaurav S. , Kraft Nathan J. B. , Godoy Oscar , Levine Jonathan M. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Competition–defence trade‐offs have long been thought to promote plant coexistence and increase species diversity. However, insights from modern coexistence theory clarify that such trade‐offs alone cannot sustain coexistence. Coexistence also requires stabilising niche differences and the ability of competitor populations to persist under consumer pressure. Despite the breadth of potential consequences of competition–defence trade‐offs, we have little mechanistic understanding of how they affect diversity in natural communities.

We investigated the effects of seed harvesting by ants on coexistence in an annual plant community. We parameterised a model of plant competitive population dynamics with data from two field experiments: (a) plant demographic rates and competition coefficients determined by growing plants alone and against intra‐ and interspecific competitor density gradients; (b) plant fitness losses to ant consumers determined by measuring seed removal from experimental depots. We tested for a trade‐off between a plant species’ demographic potential and its susceptibility to consumption and then determined the bounds of ant effects on pairwise and multispecies coexistence by comparing model projections with and without seed consumption.

Ants harvested seeds of all plant species, but they strongly preferred the competitively superior large seeded species, inducing a competition–defence trade‐off. Unequal seed loss to ants changed competition‐based fitness hierarchies, affecting both the number and identities of plant species pairs that were predicted to coexist compared to a scenario without ants. The trade‐off most often prevented coexistence by severely disadvantaging the superior competitor or excluding species directly through overconsumption, and a simulated reduction in the overall consumption rate opened few additional opportunities for coexistence. Ant exacerbation of average fitness differences was particularly disruptive to multispecies coexistence, where niche differences were insufficient to stabilise the coexistence of plant triplets and quadruplets.

Synthesis. Our results show that the presence of a competition–defence trade‐off in a community with stabilising niche differences does not always increase diversity. Instead, the full range of diversity outcomes—positive and negative changes in species number and changes in the identity of the dominant—are possible. Taken together, our results support the emerging paradigm that consumers have wide‐ranging impacts on plant diversity and suggest that variation in consumer pressure may be an important driver of large‐scale diversity patterns.
Updates on mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity
Authors: Chesson Peter 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

A quantitative approach to species coexistence based on the invasibility criterion has led to an appreciation of coexistence mechanisms in terms of stabilizing and equalizing components, but major challenges are the need to consider general multispecies settings, interactions beyond competition, and multiple scales of space and time. Moreover, two essential concepts, species‐level average fitness and scaling factors, have not had clear definitions.

A general approach to defining average fitnesses and scaling factors is given, along with the origin of stabilizing mechanisms as deviations from a reference model where no coexistence is possible. Illustrations are general Lotka–Volterra models, models accounting specifically for resource use and natural enemies, and models with temporal fluctuations.

Community averages of stabilizing mechanisms reveal overall opportunities for coexistence, and define mechanisms more precisely through their formulae. Average fitnesses adjusted for the presence of coexistence mechanisms provide a better definition of equalizing mechanisms. While these ideas apply to the components of invasion rates, permanence theory and stochastic persistence theory show how invasion rates can be used to demonstrate species coexistence in complex settings.

Although species coexistence has often focused on competition, detailed models of the roles of natural enemies provide a new perspective on the opportunities for coexistence in nature. The concept of apparent competition recognizes the essential symmetry between density‐dependence from resource depletion and from supporting natural enemies. Natural enemy partitioning is the natural analogue of resource partitioning and has an equivalent role in promoting coexistence. Rather than reinforcing each other, however, the strength of coexistence is often intermediate between that implied by resource partitioning alone and that implied by natural enemy partitioning alone, as elucidated by recent Lotka–Volterra theory.

Synthesis. Although there are alternative approaches for understanding coexistence in multispecies settings, ideas based on stabilizing and equalizing mechanisms continue to provide new insights. Multiple species and multiple trophic levels are naturally challenging, but the new theories of permanence and stochastic persistence support the critical role of invasion rates in species coexistence, and thus support the understanding to be derived by partitioning invasion rates into average fitness differences and stabilizing components.
Social practice, plural lifestyles and health inequalities in the United Kingdom
Authors: Kandt Jens 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPersistent health inequalities pose a continued research and policy challenge in the United Kingdom and elsewhere. Current approaches to health research and promotion are predicated on a distinction between wider, social structural causes and individual, health‐related behaviours often conceived of as lifestyle choices. Drawing on Bourdieu's theory of social practice, this paper develops an integrated perspective by observing associations between health and structured lifestyle practices. Using the UK Understanding Society household survey, a taxonomy of eight lifestyle clusters is identified, which exhibit significant health inequalities on a number of indicators. But the plurality of practices and subjective orientations inherent in the taxonomy reveals a finer, more complex differentiation of the social gradient in health. In addition, lifestyle appears to at least in parts mediate the relationship between social, material conditions and health. A feature of the taxonomy is that it admits a relational and contextual apprehension of health‐relevant, behavioural aspects within a more holistic notion of lifestyles. Based on this view, strategic approaches can be developed that respond to group‐specific situations and pathways and their varying roots in upstream or downstream domains of policy.
Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Arican I. , Bass N. , Neelam K. , Wolfe K. , McQuillin A. , Giaroli G. 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveTo investigate the frequency of childhood and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in a cohort of patients with schizophrenia (SCZ).MethodsA systematic review was conducted to evaluate existing evidence. Two self‐report questionnaires were used to investigate adult ADHD and childhood ADHD symptoms in 126 patients with ICD‐10 diagnoses of SCZ.ResultsFive studies were included in the systematic review, with the prevalence of childhood and adult ADHD in SCZ subjects ranging between 17–57% and 10–47% respectively. Within our cohort, 47% of patients reported positive screening for ADHD symptoms either in childhood or adulthood. 23% reported symptomatology consistent with both childhood and adult ADHD.ConclusionsWe demonstrate a greater presence of ADHD symptomatology in SCZ compared to that reported for ADHD in the general population. Our findings highlight the importance of improved clinical assessment and treatment considerations in a subgroup of patients with SCZ.
Fetal sexual dimorphism in systemic soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase 1 among normotensive and preeclamptic women
Authors: Taylor Brandie D. , Haggerty Catherine L. , Ness Roberta B. , Hougaard David M. , Skogstrand Kristin , Roberts James M. , Olsen Jørn 
Published: August 2018

ProblemA handful of studies report sexual dimorphism in the maternal angiogenic profile possibly influencing placental development and preeclampsia risk. This secondary analysis explored associations between fetal sex and soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1 (sFLT) and endoglin (9‐35 weeks gestation) using data from a nested case‐control study within the Danish National Birth Cohort.Method of studyA total of 448 preeclamptic women and 328 normotensive women had data on sFLT and endoglin. Preeclampsia was defined by blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg and proteinuria (≥0.3g or 300 mg/24 h.). Generalized linear models adjusting for gestational age of blood draw, body mass index, maternal age, and smoking determined associations between fetal sex and log‐transformed biomarkers.ResultsMale fetal sex is associated with 11% lower sFLT levels (β = −0.11, P = 0.03) in preeclamptic women. There were no differences observed in normotensive women. We found no statistically significant differences in endoglin by fetal sex among groups.ConclusionOur results are similar with other studies suggesting that women with female fetuses have increased sFLT levels. However, significant difference was only among women with preeclampsia. This study was exploratory and longitudinal investigations across pregnancy are required to understand the relationship between fetal sex and systemic maternal angiogenic biomarkers.
Developmental patterns of change in the influence of safe and risky peer choices on risky decision‐making
Authors: Braams Barbara R. , Davidow Juliet Y. , Somerville Leah H. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAdolescents take more risks when peers monitor their behavior. However, it is largely unknown how different types of peer influence affect adolescent decision‐making. In this study, we investigate how information about previous choices of peers differentially influences decision‐making in adolescence and young adulthood. Participants (N = 99, age range 12–22) completed an economic choice task in which choice options were systematically varied on levels of risk and ambiguity. On each trial, participants selected between a safer choice (low variability in outcome) and a riskier choice (high variability in outcome). Participants made choices in three conditions: a solo condition in which they made choices with no additional information, a social condition in which they saw choices of supposed peers, and a computer condition in which they saw choices of a computer. Results showed that participants’ choices conform to the choices made by the peers, but not a computer. Furthermore, when peers chose the safe option, late adolescents were especially likely to make a safe choice. Conversely, when the peer made a risky choice, late adolescents were least likely to follow choices made by the peer. We did not find evidence for differential influence of social information on decisions depending on their level of risk and ambiguity. These results show that information about previous decisions of peers are a powerful modifier for behavior and that the effect of peers on adolescents’ decisions is less ubiquitous and more specific than previously assumed.
Energy metabolism of white adipose tissue and insulin resistance in humans
Authors: Bódis Kálmán , Roden Michael 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundInsulin resistance not only occurs in obesity, but also in lipodystrophy. Although adipose tissue mass affects metabolic fluxes and participates in interorgan crosstalk, the role of energy metabolism within white adipose tissue for insulin resistance is less clear.Materials and methodsA Medline search identified in vivo studies in humans on energy and lipid metabolism in subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Studies in adipocyte cultures and transgenic animal models were included for the better understanding of the link between abnormal energy metabolism in adipose tissue and insulin resistance.ResultsThe current literature indicates that higher lipolysis and lower lipogenesis in VAT compared to SAT enhance portal delivery of lipid metabolites (glycerol and fatty acids) to the liver. Thus, the lower lipolysis and higher lipogenesis in SAT favour storage of excess lipids and allow for protection of insulin‐sensitive tissues from lipotoxic effects. In insulin‐resistant humans, enhanced lipolysis and impaired lipogenesis in adipose tissue lead to release of cytokines and lipid metabolites, ultimately promoting insulin resistance. Adipose tissue of insulin‐resistant humans also displays lower expression of proteins involved in mitochondrial function. In turn, this leads to lower availability of mitochondria‐derived energy sources for lipogenesis in adipose tissue.ConclusionsAbnormal mitochondrial function in human white adipose tissue likely contributes to the secretion of lipid metabolites and lactate, which are linked to insulin resistance in peripheral tissues. However, the relevance of adipose tissue energy metabolism for the regulation of human insulin sensitivity remains to be further elucidated.
Ownership transformation, firm performance and manufacturing growth in China
Authors: Wei Wei , Tang Jianmin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMany commentators and researchers have attributed the manufacturing success in China to its ownership reforms. Using a micro database from the Chinese National Bureau of Statistics, this paper documents and quantifies this development. With systematic and robust analyses, it shows that the development of private ownership indeed played an essential role in improving firm performance and the allocation and utilization of production resources in the Chinese manufacturing sector. In addition, the paper estimates the contributions of firms under different ownership to manufacturing growth, showing that the development of private ownership was the driving force of manufacturing growth in China. The strong credible evidence has important policy implications for further maintaining sustainable development in China.
Development of a risk assessment scale predicting incident functional disability among older people: Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study
Authors: Tsuji Taishi , Kondo Katsunori , Kondo Naoki , Aida Jun , Takagi Daisuke 
Published: August 2018

AimThe aim of the present study was to develop a risk assessment scale for predicting incident functional disability among older adults.MethodsWe used prospective cohort data from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study, a nationwide survey of 90 889 functionally independent older people collected from 23 municipalities. The incidence of functional disability was determined from long‐term care information obtained from municipal insurance databases. We constructed a Cox proportional hazards model with forward stepwise selection that used sex, age, and 12 of the essential items of the Public Survey of Long‐Term Care Prevention and Needs in Spheres of Daily Life (the Needs Survey). We assigned a score based on the obtained non‐standardized regression coefficients for each item and summed the scores to establish the risk assessment scale. The predictive validity was examined.ResultsThe cumulative incidence of functional disability during the 3‐year follow‐up period was 9.7%. A risk assessment scale of 0–48 that used sex, age and the Needs Survey's 10 essential items was established. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.804, and the sensitivity and specificity were both 0.733 (cut‐off 16/17). There was no significant intermunicipality difference in the associations between the total scores calculated by using the scale and the risk of new incidence (P = 0.135).ConclusionsWe developed a risk assessment scale predicting incident functional disability composed of 10 essential items of the Needs Survey, sex and age. The scale had superior predictive validity, regardless of the level of urbanness. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 1433–1438.
Comparison of PD‐L1 immunohistochemistry assays and response to PD‐1/L1 inhibitors in advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer in clinical practice
Authors: Villaruz Liza C , Ancevski Hunter Katerina , Kurland Brenda F , Abberbock Shira , Herbst Cameron , Dacic Sanja 
Published: August 2018

AimsSeveral studies have demonstrated analytical comparability between different PD‐L1 assays, but their clinical validity in non‐small‐cell lung cancer in terms of response to treatment outside clinical trials has not been established. The aim of our study is to assess the analytical performance of laboratory‐developed tests for Ventana SP263 and Agilent/Dako 22C3, and to investigate the association between PD‐L1 assays and response to PD‐1/L1 inhibitors.Methods and resultsPD‐L1 SP263 and 22C3 assays were performed on 302 consecutive non‐small‐cell lung carcinoma samples Both assays were optimised for use on the automated Ventana BenchMark Ultra platform. Scoring algorithms for staining of the tumour cells using the established cut‐offs were applied to all samples. Best overall response (BOR) for 44 patients treated with either nivolumab, pembrolizumab or atezolizumab were assessed using recist version 1.1 and correlated with PD‐L1 assay results. Assays showed good agreement, with a concordance correlation coefficient of 0.86 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.82–0.90)]. Comparing the assays using cut‐offs of 1%, 5%, 10%, 1–49% and ≥50% showed an association between the two assays (P < 0.0001). The SP263 10% cut‐off (P = 0.032) was associated with BOR, whereas the 1% (P = 0.087) and 5% (P = 0.051) cut‐offs were not. In contrast 22C3, cut‐offs of 1% (P = 0.019), 5% (P = 0.025) and 10% (P = 0.014) were all associated with BOR.ConclusionsThe SP263 and 22C3 LDTs demonstrated good analytical concordance, and correlation with response to PD‐1/L1 inhibitors.
Development and validation of the periodontal aesthetic perception scale in patients with periodontal problems
Authors: Gokturk Ozge , Yarkac FatmaUcan , Basol Gulsah 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to develop and validate a periodontal aesthetic‐specific tool to assess aesthetic conditions perceived by patients with periodontal problems.Materials and MethodsHundred patients were interviewed that described the nonaesthetic gingival appearance. An item pool with 22 items was generated. Subsequently, expert opinion on the selected item pool was gathered. In accordance with expert opinions, the questionnaire was finalized by reducing the number of items to 7. The questionnaire tested on three patient groups (gingival recession group, gingival enlargement group and periodontal healthy group). Then, the validity and reliability of the questionnaire were examined.ResultsAccording to the results of the exploratory factor analysis (EFA), 1 item was removed from the scale. The final 6‐item questionnaire was shown to have a two‐domain structure. Cronbach's alpha for the whole scale was 0.766. The interclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) values were between 0.98 and 1.00, demonstrating excellent agreement. Overall, these findings indicated that the Periodontal Aesthetic Perception Scale (PAPS) has good reliability.ConclusionThis reliable, valid and short questionnaire specific to aesthetic conditions perceived by patients with periodontal problems may serve as a valued instrument in future clinical trials.
Quality of life before and after cosmetic procedures on the face: A cross‐sectional study in a public service
Authors: Ribeiro Felipe , Steiner Denise 
Published: August 2018

SummaryBackgroundQuality of life can be impaired by health conditions that modify body appearance.AimsThe objective of this cross‐sectional study was to evaluate the quality of life of patients before and after free‐of‐charge esthetic dermatological treatments offered in a philanthropic Dermatological Clinic for nonpathological conditions, such as anti‐aging procedures.MethodsAll consecutive patients admitted between March and November 2016 were recruited. All esthetic treatments in this study were simple procedures applied in one session only, on the face, neck, arms, and upper chest, with a consult visit scheduled four weeks later for clinical evaluation. The WHOQOL‐BREF instrument was used before and one month after the procedure.ResultsWHOQOL‐BREF scores increased significantly after treatment (P < 0.001) in all the domains.ConclusionPatients undergoing simple dermatological treatments applied by specialists report overall and specific domain improvements in quality of life, according to the World Health Organization instrument, regardless of the type of procedure.