bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct and indirect genetic effects on reproductive investment in a grasshopper
Authors: Chakrabarty Anasuya , van Kronenberg Philipp , Toliopoulos Nikolaos , Schielzeth Holger 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA fundamental part of the quantitative genetic theory deals with the partitioning of the phenotypic variance into additive genetic and environmental components. During interaction with conspecifics, the interaction partner becomes a part of the environment from the perspective of the focal individual. If the interaction effects have a genetic basis, they are called indirect genetic effects (IGEs) and can evolve along with direct genetic effects. Sexual reproduction is a classic context where potential conflict between males and females can arise from trade‐offs between current and future investments. We studied five female fecundity traits, egg length and number, egg pod length and number and latency to first egg pod, and estimated the direct and IGEs using a half‐sib breeding design in the grasshopper Chorthippus biguttulus. We found that the male IGEs were an order of magnitude lower than the direct genetic effects and were not significantly different from zero. However, there was some indication that IGEs were larger shortly after mating, consistent with the idea that IGEs fade with time after interaction. Female direct heritabilities were moderate to low. Simulation shows that the variance component estimates can appear larger with less data, calling for care when interpreting variance components estimated with low power. Our results illustrate that the contribution of male IGEs is overall low on the phenotypic variance of female fecundity traits. Thus, even in the relevant context of sexual conflict, the influence of male IGEs on the evolutionary trajectory of female reproductive traits is likely to be small.
DO FIRMS SEEK A TARGET BOARD STRUCTURE? EVIDENCE FROM THE POST‐SOX PERIOD
Authors: Chung Chune Young , Liu Chang , Paul Donna L. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe investigate whether firms restructure board composition to align with changes in their contracting environment. Board size and independence increase with firm complexity, consistent with theoretical predictions. However, the hypothesized negative relation between board independence and information costs is evident only for firms completing acquisitions. Furthermore, board independence increases to offset increases in CEO power in a sample of firms making acquisitions, but decreases when CEO power increases in a large cross‐section of firms. We conclude that after the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002, firms face constraints adjusting to target board structure, but these constraints can be mitigated by a shock to the contracting environment via acquisition.
The 5Ts: Preliminary Development of a Framework to Support Inclusion of Older Adults in Research
Authors: Bowling C. Barrett , Whitson Heather E. , Johnson Theodore M. 
Published: January 2019

Background/ObjectivesTo address the underrepresentation of older adults in clinical research, the National Institutes of Health will require investigators to include individuals across the lifespan. As investigators from other fields endeavor to recruit participants who are more representative of the patient population, geriatricians may have the opportunity to influence a broad range of research studies in older adults. Our aims were to elicit challenges to inclusion of older adults in clinical research and to develop a preliminary framework for communicating these challenges to non–geriatrics‐trained researchers.DesignCommunication framework development.SettingAcademic hospital and Veterans Affairs Medical Center.ParticipantsNongeriatrician researchers and staff, aging research experts.MeasurementsInterviews were used to elicit challenges nongeriatrician investigators and research staff experience when conducting research that includes older adults and then solicit experienced aging researchers' responses to these challenges.ResultsChallenges described by nongeriatrician investigators included lack of knowledge, rigid study structures, and a disease‐focused approach. Responses from our geriatrics experts included communicating practical advice for avoiding common pitfalls. Our resulting framework is the 5Ts: Target Population, Team, Tools, Time, and Tips to Accommodate. This tool complements the 5Ms (Mind, Mobility, Medications, Multicomplexity, and Matters Most to Me) model for geriatric care and emphasizes representation of the Target Population, building research Teams that include aging expertise, incorporating appropriate Tools for function and patient‐reported outcomes, anticipating Time for longer study visits, and accommodating common needs with practical Tips. Limitations include convenience sampling and lack of formal qualitative thematic analysis.ConclusionCommunicating with nongeriatrician researchers using the 5Ts may offer a practical approach to avoiding barriers to inclusion of older adults in research and complements an existing framework for communicating the value of geriatric medicine. Next steps in developing the 5Ts will be to include additional stakeholders (eg, national samples of nongeriatrician investigators, older adults and their families) and evaluating the impact of its implementation. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:342–346, 2019.
Anti‐inflammatory potential of a carvedilol gel in the pulpal tissue of rats after dental bleaching: A histopathological evaluation
Authors: Louzada Lidiane M. , Briso André L. F. , Benetti Francine , Vieira Letícia B. , de Castilho Jacinto Rogério , Dezan‐Júnior Elói , Cintra Luciano T. A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAimCarvedilol is an antioxidant that decreases inflammation in periodontitis. The hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) of bleaching gel causes inflammation and necrosis of the dental pulp. In the present study, we evaluated the anti‐inflammatory potential of carvedilol in the pulp of rats after bleaching.MethodsThe right upper molars of rats received 35% H2O2 (1× 30 minutes), and the left upper molars were used as the control. Half of the rats received carvedilol gel (1× 10 minutes), forming the following groups: bleached, bleached followed by carvedilol (bleached+carvedilol), and control. After 2 and 30 days (N = 7 hemi‐maxillae/group), the rats were killed for histological evaluation, and statistical tests were performed (P < 0.05).ResultsAfter 2 days, the bleached group showed necrosis in the occlusal third of the coronal pulp, and in the bleached+carvedilol group, severe inflammation (P > 0.05), both different from the control (P < 0.05). In the middle third, the bleached group showed severe inflammation, and the bleached+carvedilol group showed moderate inflammation (P > 0.05), with the only difference between the bleached and control groups (P < 0.05). In the cervical third, the bleached group showed moderate inflammation, and the bleached+carvedilol group showed mild inflammation (P > 0.05). The difference again was only between the bleached and control groups (P < 0.05). At 30 days, there was no inflammation and a marked amount of tertiary dentin in bleached teeth (P > 0.05).ConclusionCarvedilol gel has the potential of minimizing H2O2 damage, especially in deep regions of the dental pulp of rats after bleaching.
ON THE SECOND STAGE OF THE CAMBRIDGE CAPITAL CONTROVERSY
Authors: Fratini Saverio M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe second stage of the Cambridge capital controversy concerns the neo‐Walrasian theory of value and distribution. Since production is not understood in this theory as employing factors of production but rather commodities, that is goods and services with date and place of delivery, some scholars maintained that it is not affected by the problems that emerged, during the first stage of the controversy, as regards the conception of capital as a factor of production and the rate of interest as the price for its use. The reply of the ‘neo‐Ricardians’ was based on two arguments. The first regarded the relevance of the new notions of equilibrium adopted in the neo‐Walrasian approach, with particular reference to temporary and Arrow–Debreu equilibria, and the second the possibility that the phenomena of re‐switching and reverse capital deepening, by affecting the working of the saving‐investment market, could cause equilibrium multiplicity and instability also in a neo‐Walrasian framework.
Main and interactive effects of weekly transformational and laissez‐faire leadership on followers’ trust in the leader and leader effectiveness
Authors: Breevaart Kimberley , Zacher Hannes 
Published: January 2019

Leaders’ behaviour fluctuates over time, and leaders use different behaviours that impact their followers. Whereas transformational leadership is associated with positive outcomes, laissez‐faire leadership negatively affects followers. An important question that remains unanswered is how the joint use of both leadership behaviours relates to leader effectiveness. In this study, we answer this question by investigating the main and interactive effects of transformational and laissez‐faire leadership behaviours on perceived leader effectiveness. Specifically, we hypothesized that leaders are perceived as less effective by their followers when they use both transformational and laissez‐faire leadership, because it reduces followers’ trust in their leader. Data came from 59 employees who participated in a weekly diary study and provided 228 data points. Results showed that both weekly transformational and laissez‐faire leadership predicted trust in the leader assessed in the following week. Trust in the leader, in turn, positively predicted perceived leader effectiveness assessed one week later. Contrary to our predictions, we found that trust in the leader and perceived leader effectiveness were reduced when leaders showed a combination of less (−1SD) weekly transformational and more (+1SD) laissez‐faire leadership than usual. In the weeks that leaders showed more (+1SD) transformational leadership, followers had more trust in their leader and perceived their leader to be more effective regardless of the leader's use of laissez‐faire. These findings suggest that it is important to take interactions between different leadership behaviours into account when studying leadership effectiveness.Practitioner pointsLeaders should inspire, support, and intellectually challenge their followers on a weekly basis, because these transformational leadership behaviours enhance followers’ trust in the leader.Leaders should refrain from a passive approach towards their followers, especially in weeks when they do not show transformational leadership, because this approach reduces followers’ trust in the leader.Leaders use different leadership behaviours within the same week and the effects of these behaviours are rather short‐lived (i.e., within that week rather than across weeks).Followers’ trust in the leader positively predicts followers’ perceptions of leader effectiveness.
Religiousness and the HEXACO personality factors and facets in a large online sample
Authors: Ashton Michael C. , Lee Kibeom 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the associations of religiousness with personality characteristics.MethodWe obtained self‐ratings of religiousness along with self‐reports on the HEXACO Personality Inventory—Revised in a sample of nearly 200,000 online respondents. Respondents also indicated their religious affiliation, religiousness of upbringing, and political orientation; a subset of the respondents also indicated attitudes about immigration and foreign aid.ResultsReligiousness showed weak associations (|r|s < 0.15) with several HEXACO factors but somewhat stronger associations with the Fairness and Altruism facets (both rs > 0.20). On those facets, participants with the highest religiousness self‐rating (7 on a 1‐to‐7 scale) averaged about 1 SD higher than did participants with the lowest religiousness self‐rating. In addition, religiousness was negatively related to the Unconventionality facet among persons whose upbringing was very religious, but not among persons whose upbringing was very nonreligious. Religiousness/personality associations were generally quite similar within different religious affiliations (Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, and several branches of Christianity) but were stronger within relatively religious countries than within nonreligious countries. Despite the positive association of religiousness with the Altruism facet, religiousness was uncorrelated with pro‐out‐group attitudes (i.e., favoring multicultural immigration and foreign aid).ConclusionThe findings advance our understanding of religiousness/personality associations.
Long‐lasting persistence of large B‐cell clones in hepatitis C virus‐cured patients with complete response of mixed cryoglobulinaemia vasculitis
Authors: Visentini Marcella , Del Padre Martina , Colantuono Stefania , Yang Baoran , Minafò Ylenia Aura , Antonini Silvia , Carnovale Myriam , De Santis Adriano , Pulsoni Alessandro , De Sanctis Giuseppe Maria , Gragnani Laura , Zignego Anna Linda , Fiorilli Massimo , Casato Milvia 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackground & AimsHepatitis C virus (HCV)‐related mixed cryoglobulinaemia vasculitis (MCV) is characterized by the expansion of rheumatoid factor‐producing B‐cell clones. The aim of this study was to assess whether B‐cell clones may persist in these patients after the clearance of the virus with antiviral therapy, and whether their persistence influences clinical outcomes.MethodsForty‐five HCV‐cured MCV patients were followed up for a median of 18.5 (range 9‐38) months after the clearance of HCV. Circulating B‐cell clones were detected using flow cytometry either by the skewing of kappa/lambda ratio or by the expression of a VH1‐69‐encoded idiotype.ResultsThe clinical response of vasculitis was 78% complete, 18% partial and 4% null. However, cryoglobulins remained detectable in 42% of patients for more than 12 months. Circulating B‐cell clones were detected in 18 of 45 patients, and in 17 of them persisted through the follow‐up; nine of the latter patients cleared cryoglobulins and had complete response of vasculitis. Several months later, two of these patients had relapse of MCV.ConclusionsB‐cell clones persist in MCV patients long after HCV infection has been cleared but halt the production of pathogenic antibody. These ‘dormant’ cells may be reactivated by events that perturb B‐cell homeostasis and can give rise to the relapse of cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis.
Measuring growth and medium‐ and longer‐term outcomes in malnourished children
Authors: Owino Victor O. , Murphy‐Alford Alexia J. , Kerac Marko , Bahwere Paluku , Friis Henrik , Berkley James A. , Jackson Alan A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSevere and moderate acute malnutrition are among the leading causes of mortality among children in low‐ and middle‐income countries. There is strong evidence that growth assessed anthropometrically from conception to 2 years of age marks later risk of ill health. This is central to the concept of the developmental origins of adult disease and is presumed to be related to modification of developmental processes during critical “window(s)” of vulnerability. Interventions to treat acute malnutrition have resulted in dramatic increase in the number of affected children surviving. Ensuring that these children thrive to fulfil their full physical and cognitive potential is a new challenge. Integral to this challenge is the need to be able to measure how earlier insults relate to the ability to survive and thrive to productive adulthood. Despite its obvious value, routine anthropometry does not adequately indicate how earlier adverse exposures affect more refined aspects of growth. Anthropometry is inadequate for predicting how disruption of healthy growth might modulate risk of disease or any subsequent interventions that correct this risk. A clear characterisation of healthy child growth is needed for determining which component best predicts later outcomes. The extent to which postnatal acute malnutrition is a consequence of maternal factors acting preconception or in utero and their relationship to postnatal health and long‐term risk of non‐communicable diseases is not clear. Body‐composition measurement has significant untapped potential allowing us to translate and better understand the relationship between early insults and interventions on early growth in the short‐term and long‐term health outcomes.
Perceptions of competency‐based medical education from medical student discussion forums
Authors: Dehmoobad Sharifabadi Anahita , Clarkin Chantalle , Doja Asif 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundCompetency‐based medical education (CBME) is becoming widely implemented in medical education. Trainees’ perceptions of CBME are important factors in the implementation and acceptance of CBME. Online discussion groups allow unique insight into trainees’ perceptions of CBME during residency training.MethodsWe analysed 867 posts from 20 discussion threads in Premed 101 (Canadian) and 2756 posts from 50 threads in Student Doctor Network (SDN) (American) using NVivo 11. Inductive content analysis was used to develop a data‐driven coding scheme that evolved throughout the analysis. Measures were taken to ensure the trustworthiness of findings, including co‐coding of a subsample of 600 posts, peer debriefing, consensus‐based analytical decision making and the maintenance of an audit trial.ResultsMedical residents and students participating in the discussion forums emphasised select themes regarding the implementation of CBME in residency training. Concerns about CBME in Canada primarily involved its implications for the length of residency and post‐residency opportunities. Posts on the American forum had a prominent focus on differing areas, such as the subjectivity in the assessment of core competencies and the role of CBME in termination of a resident's position.ConclusionsOnline discussion groups have the potential to provide unique insight into perceptions of CBME. The presented concerns may have implications for refining the model of CBME and illustrate the importance of providing clarification for trainees regarding length of training and evaluation structures from those involved in designing of CBME programmes.
‘Knowledge is power’: A framework for partnering with consumers in developing and delivering a scientific meeting in nephrology
Authors: Duncanson Emily , Dansie Kathryn , Gutman Talia , Tong Allison , Howell Martin , Jesudason Shilpanjali , Reidlinger Donna , Williamson Amber , Scholes‐Robertson Nicole , Murphy Lisa , Hawley Carmel M , Craig Jonathan C , Johnson David W , McDonald Stephen 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTInvolving consumers (patients, carers and family members) across all stages of research is gaining momentum in the nephrology community. Scientific meetings present a partnership opportunity with consumers for dissemination of research findings. The Better Evidence and Translation in Chronic Kidney Disease (BEAT‐CKD) research collaboration, in partnership with Kidney Health Australia, convened two consumer sessions at the 54th Australian and New Zealand Society of Nephrology Annual Scientific Meeting held in September 2018. The educational objectives, topics and session formats were informed by members of the Better Evidence and Translation‐Chronic Kidney Disease Consumer Advisory Board (which at the time comprised 36 consumers from around Australia with varied experience of kidney disease). Patients, health professionals and researchers facilitated and presented at the sessions. In‐person and live‐streaming attendance options were available, with over 400 total participants across the two sessions. Sessions were also video recorded for dissemination and later viewing. Evaluations demonstrated consumers found the presentations informative, relevant and accessible. Attendees indicated strong interest in participating in similar sessions at future scientific meetings. We propose a framework for partnering with consumers as organisers, facilitators, speakers and attendees at scientific meetings in nephrology.
Automation and Job Polarization: On the Decline of Middling Occupations in Europe
Authors: Jerbashian Vahagn 
Published: January 2019

AbstractUsing data from 10 Western European countries, I provide evidence that the fall in prices of information technologies (IT) is associated with a lower share of employment in middle‐wage occupations and a higher share of employment in high wage occupations in industries which depend more on IT relative to industries which depend less. Similar results hold within gender and age groups, with notable differences in these groups. For instance, the share of employment in high wage occupations among males has increased less than among females with the fall in IT prices.
On the Whitham system for the radial nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Authors: Ablowitz Mark J. , Cole Justin T. , Rumanov Igor 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDispersive shock waves (DSWs) of the defocusing radial nonlinear Schrödinger (rNLS) equation in two spatial dimensions are studied. This equation arises naturally in Bose‐Einstein condensates, water waves, and nonlinear optics. A unified nonlinear WKB approach, equally applicable to integrable or nonintegrable partial differential equations, is used to find the rNLS Whitham modulation equation system in both physical and hydrodynamic type variables. The description of DSWs obtained via Whitham theory is compared with direct rNLS numerics; the results demonstrate very good quantitative agreement. On the other hand, as expected, comparison with the corresponding DSW solutions of the one‐dimensional NLS equation exhibits significant qualitative and quantitative differences.
Tsogolo la Thanzi: A Longitudinal Study of Young Adults Living in Malawi's HIV Epidemic
Authors: Yeatman Sara , Chilungo Abdallah , Lungu Sydney , Namadingo Hazel , Trinitapoli Jenny 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTsogolo la Thanzi (TLT) was designed to study how young adults navigate sexual relationships and childbearing during a generalized HIV epidemic. TLT began in 2009 with a population‐representative sample of 1,505 women and 574 men between the ages of 15 and 25 living in Balaka, southern Malawi, where regional adult HIV prevalence then stood at 15 percent. The first phase (2009–11) included a series of eight interviews, spaced four months apart. During this time, women's romantic and sexual partners enrolled in the study on an ongoing basis. A refresher sample of 315 women was added in 2012. Seventy‐eight percent of respondents were re‐interviewed in the second phase of TLT (2015), which consisted of follow‐up interviews approximately 3.5 years after the previous interview (ages 21–31). At each wave, detailed information about fertility intentions and behaviors, relationships, sexual behavior, health, and a range of sociodemographic and economic traits was gathered by means of face‐to‐face surveys. Biomarkers for HIV and pregnancy were also collected. Distinguishing features include: a population‐representative sample, closely spaced data collection, dyadic data on couples over time, and an experimental approach to HIV testing and counseling. Data are available through restricted data‐user agreements managed by Data Sharing for Demographic Research (DSDR) at the University of Michigan.