bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insect adaptations toward plant toxins in milkweed–herbivores systems – a review
Authors: Birnbaum S.S.L. , Abbot P. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractStudies of plant defenses and insect herbivores have been important in the development of our understanding of coevolution and specialization. Milkweed–herbivore systems have been a model for studying plant secondary chemistry defense evolution, insect adaptations to that chemistry, and coevolution between toxic plants and their herbivores for over a century. Yet, we are only beginning to unravel the multitude of adaptations required for insect specialization on milkweed plants. We review the empirical evidence for specialist insect adaptations toward milkweed toxins, coevolution between insects and milkweed plants, and canonical paradigms for sequestration and highlight the areas for further research. By comparing research performed with diverse milkweed insects, we discuss the need to comprehensively study adaptations and specialization in divergent insect taxa.
Hegel on the value of the market economy
Authors: Heisenberg Thimo 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIt is widely known that Hegel is a proponent and defender of the market economy. But why exactly does Hegel think that the market economy is superior to other economic systems? In this paper, I argue that Hegel's answer to this question has not been sufficiently understood. Commentators, or so I want to claim, have only identified one part of Hegel's argument—but have left out the most original and surprising dimension of his view: namely, Hegel's conviction that we should embrace the market economy for its educational impact. Indeed, Hegel thinks that the market, by creating a sphere of life apart from traditional norms and expectations, teaches us something about ourselves, about others, and about the world we inhabit together—something that we could not learn anywhere else, but that we inevitably need to live well as individuals.
Declining trend in valproate use in Finland among females of childbearing age in 2012–2016 – a nationwide registry‐based outpatient study
Authors: Virta L. J. , Kälviäinen R. , Villikka K. , Keränen T. 
Published: March 2018

Background and purposeDocumented teratogenic effects of valproate (VPA) prompted restrictions of its use in females of childbearing age in 2014. We investigated possible annual changes in the outpatient use of VPA in Finland during 2008–2016 with a special focus on women.MethodsWe identified all outpatients with VPA purchases between 2008 and 2016 categorizing users due to epilepsy, bipolar disorder or miscellaneous indications. Temporal trends in the annual prevalence rates of VPA use were estimated using Poisson regression analyses.ResultsBetween 2012 and 2016, the prevalence of VPA use among women aged 15–44 years decreased by 19%, from 50/10 000 to 40/10 000 (prevalence rate ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence intervals, 0.77–0.91; P < 0.001). The use of VPA due to epilepsy decreased significantly in females aged 15–24 and 25–34 years and that due to bipolar disorders decreased significantly in females aged 25–34 and 35–44 years. The use of VPA in the miscellaneous indication group decreased by 32% after 2014 in females aged 15–44 years and, most strikingly, by 56% among those aged 15–25 years. In women with epilepsy, the use of VPA increased among those over the age of 44 years.ConclusionsThe rates of female VPA users with childbearing potential have decreased in all three major indication groups in Finland during recent years, especially after the European Medicines Agency restrictions were published in 2014. However, it still remains open to question as to whether the practice of VPA use follows current guidelines. A special concern is the relatively high prevalence of off‐label use of VPA in fertile‐aged females.
Partial loss of function of colony‐stimulating factor 1 receptor in a patient with white matter abnormalities
Authors: Konno T. , Miura T. , Harriott A. M. , Mezaki N. , Edwards E. S. , Rademakers R. , Ross O. A. , Meschia J. F. , Ikeuchi T. , Wszolek Z. K. 
Published: March 2018

Background and purposeMutations in colony‐stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) cause adult‐onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP). Patients with ALSP can be misdiagnosed as having acute ischemic stroke due to hyperintensity lesions on diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Mutant CSF1R proteins identified in ALSP show a complete loss of autophosphorylation of CSF1R.MethodsWe conducted mutation screening of CSF1R in 123 patients with definite acute ischemic cerebrovascular syndrome and positive family history of stroke. The pathogenicity of identified variants was evaluated using functional analyses. The levels of autophosphorylation of CSF1R in response to treatment with ligands of CSF1R were examined in cells transfected with wild‐type and mutant CSF1R.ResultsWe identified eight CSF1R variants, six were known non‐pathogenic polymorphisms, whereas the other two were missense variants inducing substitution of amino acid residues (p.Glu573Lys and p.Gly747Arg). Functional assay showed that the levels of autophosphorylation of p.Gly747Arg were similar to those of wild‐type when treated with ligands. The autophosphorylation of p.Glu573Lys was detectable, but significantly decreased compared with those of wild‐type CSF1R (P < 0.001, two‐way anova with Bonferroni). The clinical presentation of the patient with p.Glu573Lys was consistent with cerebral embolism. The patient did not have typical clinical findings of ALSP. However, periventricular white matter abnormalities, unrelated to the recent infarct, were evident on brain magnetic resonance imaging.ConclusionsIn contrast to ALSP‐associated missense mutations, CSF1R p.Glu573Lys variant in a patient with acute ischemic cerebrovascular syndrome showed a partial loss of autophosphorylation of CSF1R; its clinical significance warrants further investigation.
Myosin 10 is involved in murine pigmentation
Authors: Liakath‐Ali Kifayathullah , Vancollie Valerie E. , Sequeira Inês , Lelliott Christopher J. , Watt Fiona M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMyosins are molecular motors that are well known for their role in cell movement and contractile functions. Although extensively studied in muscle physiology, little is known about the function of myosins in mammalian skin. As part of the Sanger Institute Mouse Genetics Project, we have identified a role for Myo10 in pigmentation, with a phenotype unlike those of Myo5a or Myo7a. Adult mice homozygous for a disrupted Myo10 allele on a C57BL/6N background displayed a high degree of penetrance for white patches on their abdomen and dorsal surface. Forepaw syndactyly and hind paw syndactyly were also observed in these mice. Tail epidermal wholemounts showed a complete lack of melanocytes in the hair follicles and interfollicular epidermis. Myo10 has previously been implicated in human pigmentation. Our current study reveals involvement of Myo10 in murine skin pigmentation.
A comparative review of the isotretinoin pregnancy risk management programs across four continents
Authors: Kovitwanichkanont Tom , Driscoll Tim 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIsotretinoin has revolutionized the treatment of severe acne vulgaris, a condition which if left untreated may result in significant socio‐psychological implications for those affected. Timely access to isotretinoin therapy is important to avoid the risks of potential physical and emotional scarring. However, due to its high risks of teratogenicity, isotretinoin must be used with care in females of childbearing potential. Since isotretinoin's introduction, numerous risk management programs have been implemented across the world in an attempt to prevent isotretinoin use in pregnancy. This paper aims to provide an evidence‐based review of the risk management programs for isotretinoin in Australia, Europe, Singapore, New Zealand, and the United States of America. The effectiveness of these programs and the factors leading to isotretinoin exposure in pregnancy are critically analyzed in an effort to inform the future direction with respect to designing the ideal regulatory program. Stringent risk management programs, such as the iPLEDGE in the US and Pregnancy Prevention Program (PPP) in Europe, may not be effective in reducing the risks of fetal exposure to isotretinoin when used alone. There is evidence that such strenuous regulation results in increased fear of teratogenic risks but does not translate into a reduced rate of pregnancies exposed to isotretinoin. A successful program must prioritize education about effective contraception, while minimizing any extraneous requirements, to ensure that women are not inadvertently undertreated for acne.
Le partenariat social, une voie d'avenir pour les syndicats indiens? Illustration par le cas de la fonction publique
Authors: BADIGANNAVAR Vidu 
Published: March 2018

RésuméEn Inde, depuis les réformes économiques de 1991, les syndicats ont toujours moins d'influence sur les politiques adoptées et l'issue de la négociation collective. En se fondant sur des données recueillies dans l'État du Maharashtra, auprès de délégués de deux centrales syndicales, l'auteur cherche à vérifier si le «partenariat social», au sens de coopération avec l'employeur, pourrait permettre aux syndicats d'inverser la tendance et de servir plus efficacement les intérêts des travailleurs. Si la législation protectrice du Maharashtra semble propice à la concertation, les pratiques sur le terrain, l'indifférence des autorités et une jurisprudence défavorable réduisent les possibilités de bâtir un véritable partenariat social.
Developing a Quality of Experience (QoE) model for Web Applications
Authors: Lycett Mark , Radwan Omar 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWeb‐based service providers have long been required to deliver high quality services in accordance with standards and customer requirements. Increasingly, however, providers are required to think beyond service quality and develop a deeper understanding of their customers' Quality of Experience (QoE). Although models exist that assess the QoE of Web Application, significant challenges remain in: (1) Defining QoE factors from a Web engineering perspective, (2) quantifying the relationship between so‐called “objective” and “subjective” factors of relevance, and (3) dealing with limited data available in relation to subjective factors. In response, the work here presents a novel model (and associated software instantiation) that integrates factors through Key Performance Indicators and Key Quality Indicators. The mapping is incorporated into a correlation model that assesses the QoE of Web Applications, with a consideration of defining the factors in term of quality requirements derived from web architecture. The data resulting from the mapping is used as input of the proposed model to develop artefacts that quantify and predict QoE using Machine Learning. The development of proposed model is framed and guided by Design Science Research approach with the purpose of enabling providers to more informed decisions regarding QoE and/or to optimise resources accordingly. Although the work is oriented at developing an artefact that has clear utility for practice, the nascent design theory underpinning the work is developed and discussed.
The contribution of neutral evolution and adaptive processes in driving phenotypic divergence in a model mammalian species, the Andean fox Lycalopex culpaeus
Authors: Martinez Pablo A. , Pia Monica V. , Bahechar Ilham A. , Molina Wagner F. , Bidau Claudio J. , Montoya‐Burgos Juan I. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAimUnderstanding the mechanisms that drive phenotypic divergence along climatic gradients is a long‐standing goal of biogeography. To fulfil this objective, we tested if neutral and/or adaptive effects drive phenotypic diversification. We quantified the effects of neutral evolution and natural selection on morphological variability of a well‐suited mammalian species, the fox, Lycalopex culpaeus.LocationSouth America.MethodsWe analysed variations in skull shape, jaw shape and skull size in L. culpaeus. The processes underlying our models were: local adaptation, and short‐ or long‐term neutral evolution. We inferred genetic population structure using mitochondrial and nuclear markers, we quantified morphological differences among populations by performing geometric morphometric analyses, and we inferred an ecological niche model for calculating environmental resistance between populations.ResultsWe identified six genetically differentiated populations of the Andean fox, which correspond well to the described subspecies. We showed that skull shape variation is explained by population structure. Skull size showed a clear Bergmannian pattern with larger animals in higher latitudes (in absolute values). Skull size divergence is driven by the combined effects of environmental factors and population structure. Intriguingly, none of the models explains the variation observed in jaw shape.Main ConclusionPopulation phenotypic variation in the Andean fox L. culpaeus is driven by deterministic and neutral processes. The methodological framework presented here opens up new opportunities to study phenotypic evolution; it allowed us to demonstrate that the processes explaining trait variation can differ among traits and to show empirically for the first time that a trait can diverge among populations due to simultaneous adaptation and neutral evolution.
“Strangers in the ER”: Quality indicators and third party interference in Dutch emergency care
Authors: Moes Floortje B. , Houwaart Eddy S. , Delnoij Diana M. J. , Horstman Klasien 
Published: March 2018

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesThis paper examines a remarkable dispute between Dutch insurers, hospitals, doctors, and patients about a set of quality indicators. In 2013, private insurers planned to drastically reform Dutch emergency care using quality indicators they had formulated drawing from clinical guidelines, RCTs, and systematic reviews. Insurers' plans caused much debate in the field of emergency care. As quality indicators have come to play a more central role in health care governance, the questions what constitutes good evidence for them, how they ought to be used, and who controls them have become politically and morally charged. This paper is a case study of how a Dutch public knowledge institution, the National Health Care Institute, intervened in this dispute and how they addressed these questions.MethodWe conducted ethnographic research into the knowledge work of the National Health Care Institute. Research entailed document analysis, participant observation, in‐depth conversations, and formal interviews with 5 key‐informants.ResultsThe National Health Care Institute problematized not only the evidence supporting insurers' indicators, but also—and especially—the scope, purpose, and use of the indicators. Our analysis shows the institute's struggle to reconcile the technical rationality of quality indicators with their social and political implications in practice. The institute deconstructed quality indicators as national standards and, instead, promoted the use of indicators in dialogue with stakeholders and their local and contextual knowledge.ConclusionsEven if quality indicators are based on scientific evidence, they are not axiomatically good or useful. Both proponents and critics of Evidence‐based Medicine always feared uncritical use of evidence by third parties. For non‐medical parties who have no access to primary care processes, the type of standardized knowledge professed by Evidence‐based Medicine provides the easiest way to gain insights into “what works” in clinical practice. This case study reminds us that using standardized knowledge for the management of health care quality requires the involvement of stakeholders for the development and implementation of indicators, and for the interpretation of their results.
Assessment of knowledge and applications of hygiene practices in the food service sector
Authors: Schirone Maria , Visciano Pierina , Di Serafino Gabriella , Tofalo Rosanna , Ciccarelli Andrea , Suzzi Giovanna 
Published: March 2018

AbstractForty food service establishments were investigated in the Abruzzo region (central Italy) by two physical inspections and in the second one the managers were asked to fill a detailed checklist aiming at verifying the application of good hygiene practices and other regulatory requirements intended to all member states of the European Union. The results showed that training and personal hygiene were observed by most establishments (92.5 and 60%, respectively), as well as sanitation and update of supplier list (from 75 to 100% the first item and 87.5% the last). On the contrary, the major nonconformances regarded the registration documents, above all food traceability (90%), and storage for incoming raw materials (77.5%). The compliance to the investigated requirements did not depend on the size of food service establishment but it was strictly affected by the manager capacity or sensitivity. The specific points of the checklist (personnel, foodstuffs supplier, storage, temperature control, sanitation, personal hygiene, pest control, and registration documents) proposed in this study could facilitate and promote a good management of the food distribution system also to avoid the potential occurrence of health hazards for consumers.Practical applicationsThe study deals with the application of good hygiene practices in forty food service establishments located in the Abruzzo region, central Italy. The investigation was achieved with the support of a detailed checklist prepared by the authors and the responses were analyzed by a multiple correspondence analysis and then a cluster analysis. This article can assist the food business operators by providing some suggestions to deliver and ameliorate the potential nonconformances observed in the investigated establishments.
Using the Hendrich II Inpatient Fall Risk Screen to Predict Outpatient Falls After Emergency Department Visits
Authors: Patterson Brian W. , Repplinger Michael D. , Pulia Michael S. , Batt Robert J. , Svenson James E. , Trinh Alex , Mendonça Eneida A. , Smith Maureen A. , Hamedani Azita G. , Shah Manish N. 
Published: March 2018

ObjectivesTo evaluate the utility of routinely collected Hendrich II fall scores in predicting returns to the emergency department (ED) for falls within 6 months.DesignRetrospective electronic record review.SettingAcademic medical center ED.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 65 and older seen in the ED from January 1, 2013, through September 30, 2015.MeasurementsWe evaluated the utility of routinely collected Hendrich II fall risk scores in predicting ED visits for a fall within 6 months of an all‐cause index ED visit.ResultsFor in‐network patient visits resulting in discharge with a completed Hendrich II score (N = 4,366), the return rate for a fall within 6 months was 8.3%. When applying the score alone to predict revisit for falls among the study population the resultant receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plot had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.64. In a univariate model, the odds of returning to the ED for a fall in 6 months were 1.23 times as high for every 1‐point increase in Hendrich II score (odds ratio (OR)=1.23 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.19–1.28). When included in a model with other potential confounders or predictors of falls, the Hendrich II score is a significant predictor of a return ED visit for fall (adjusted OR=1.15, 95% CI=1.10–1.20, AUC=0.75).ConclusionRoutinely collected Hendrich II scores were correlated with outpatient falls, but it is likely that they would have little utility as a stand‐alone fall risk screen. When combined with easily extractable covariates, the screen performs much better. These results highlight the potential for secondary use of electronic health record data for risk stratification of individuals in the ED. Using data already routinely collected, individuals at high risk of falls after discharge could be identified for referral without requiring additional screening resources.
Walking Speed, Cognitive Function, and Dementia Risk in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Authors: Hackett Ruth A. , Davies‐Kershaw Hilary , Cadar Dorina , Orrell Martin , Steptoe Andrew 
Published: March 2018

ObjectivesTo determine the relationships between walking speed, cognitive function, and the interaction between changes in these measures and dementia risk.DesignLongitudinal observational study.SettingEnglish Longitudinal Study of Ageing.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 60 and older (N=3,932).MeasurementsWalking speed and cognition were assessed at Waves 1 (2002–03) and 2 (2004–05) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. New dementia cases were assessed from Wave 3 (2006–07) to Wave 7 (2014–15). The associations were modelled using Cox proportional hazards regression.ResultsParticipants with faster baseline walking speeds were at lower risk of developing dementia (hazard ratio (HR)=0.36, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.22–0.60). Those with a greater decline in walking speed from Wave 1 to 2 were at greater risk of developing dementia (HR=1.23, 95% CI=1.03–1.47). Participants with better baseline cognition (HR=0.42, 95% CI=0.34–0.54) were at lower risk of developing dementia. Those with a greater decline in cognition from Wave 1 to 2 were at greater risk of developing dementia (HR=1.78, 95% CI=1.53–2.06). Change in walking speed and change in cognition did not have an interactive effect on dementia risk (HR=1.01, 95% CI=0.88–1.17).ConclusionIn this community‐dwelling sample of English adults, those with slower walking speeds and a greater decline in speed over time were at greater risk of developing dementia independent of changes in cognition. Further research is required to understand the mechanisms that may drive these associations.
Medicare Part D Use of Older Medicare Beneficiaries Admitted to Hospice
Authors: Zueger Patrick M. , Holmes Holly M. , Calip Gregory S. , Qato Dima M. , Pickard A. Simon , Lee Todd A. 
Published: March 2018

ObjectivesTo describe medications that older hospice beneficiaries receive through Medicare Part D and assess patterns in Part D use for individuals admitted to hospice for cancer and noncancer causes.DesignDescriptive cohort analysis using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare linked database.SettingU.S. hospice programsParticipantsPart D‐enrolled Medicare beneficiaries aged 66 and older who were admitted to hospice and died while under hospice care between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2013 (N = 88,957).MeasurementsWe determined the 25 most commonly dispensed medications and the prevalence of at least 1 dispensing through Part D after hospice admission. The prevalence and temporal trends in receipt of opioid analgesics and several preventative medication classes are described.ResultsMore than half of individuals admitted to hospice for cancer (53.5%) and noncancer causes (52.9%) received at least 1 medication through Part D after hospice admission. The prevalence of receiving at least 1 Part D medication after admission was greatest in individuals admitted for debility or failure to thrive (63.5%) and dementia (61.5%) and lowest in those admitted for ischemic stroke (35.4%) and renal disease (36.0%). Beta‐blockers, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, proton pump inhibitors, and statins were among the most common preventative drug classes received overall, although prevalence differed according to admission diagnosis. Nearly 1 in 6 individuals received opioids through Part D after admission, with prevalence steadily decreasing over the study period.ConclusionReceipt of medications through Medicare Part D after hospice admission is common, particularly for preventative medications, and varies according to admission diagnosis. Further research aimed at better understanding individual‐, provider‐, and healthcare system–level contributors to nonpalliative medication use in the hospice population is warranted.