bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ghostbuster: A tool for simplifying and converting GADTs
Authors: ZAKIAN TIMOTHY A. K. , MCDONELL TREVOR L. , CIMINI MATTEO , NEWTON RYAN R. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractGeneralized Algebraic Data Types, or simply GADTs, can encode non-trivial properties in the types of the constructors. Once such properties are encoded in a datatype, however,allcode manipulating that datatype must provide proof that it maintains these properties in order to typecheck. In this paper, we take a step towardgradualizingthese obligations. We introduce a tool, Ghostbuster, that produces simplified versions of GADTs which elide selected type parameters, thereby weakening the guarantees of the simplified datatype in exchange for reducing the obligations necessary to manipulate it. Likeornaments, these simplified datatypes preserve the recursive structure of the original, but unlike ornaments, we focus on information-preserving bidirectional transformations. Ghostbuster generates type-safe conversion functions between the original and simplified datatypes, which we prove are the identity function when composed. We evaluate a prototype tool for Haskell against thousands of GADTs found on the Hackage package database, generating simpler Haskell'98 datatypes and round-trip conversion functions between the two.
Soybean Flower and Pod Response to Fomesafen, Acifluorfen, and Lactofen
Authors: Beam Shawn C. , Flessner Michael L. , Pittman Kara B. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDiphenyl ether herbicides are commonly applied POST in soybean to control weeds late in the growing season that have not been controlled by other previous weed management tactics. These “rescue” applications can occur during reproductive soybean growth. The effect of these herbicides on the developing flowers and pods is not known. Field research studies were conducted over 3 yr to determine how soybean flowers and developing pods respond to fomesafen, acifluorfen, and lactofen when applied at R1, R3, and R5 growth stages. Flower and pod counts in the nontreated check showed an increase (17.1, 5.8, and 2.21 at R1, R3, and R5 stage, respectively) and were statistically the same as the herbicide treatments 1 wk after treatment. Fomesafen, acifluorfen, and lactofen applied at 395, 420, and 219 g ai ha–1 at R1, R3, and R5 stage had no negative impact on soybean flowers and developing pods when compared to the nontreated check. No significant differences were observed in soybean yield between any treatments in all site-years of the study.
Forcing Single‐Column Models Using High‐Resolution Model Simulations
Authors: Christensen Hannah M. , Dawson Andrew , Holloway Christopher E. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractTo use single‐column models (SCMs) as a research tool for parameterization development and process studies, the SCM must be supplied with realistic initial profiles, forcing fields, and boundary conditions. We propose a new technique for deriving these required profiles, motivated by the increase in number and scale of high‐resolution convection‐permitting simulations. We suggest that these high‐resolution simulations be coarse grained to the required resolution of an SCM, and thereby be used as a proxy for the true atmosphere. This paper describes the implementation of such a technique. We test the proposed methodology using high‐resolution data from the UK Met Office's Unified Model, with a resolution of 4 km, covering a large tropical domain. These data are coarse grained and used to drive the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecast's Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) SCM. The proposed method is evaluated by deriving IFS SCM forcing profiles from a consistent T639 IFS simulation. The SCM simulations track the global model, indicating a consistency between the estimated forcing fields and the true dynamical forcing in the global model. We demonstrate the benefits of selecting SCM forcing profiles from across a large domain, namely, robust statistics, and the ability to test the SCM over a range of boundary conditions. We also compare driving the SCM with the coarse‐grained data set to driving it using the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecast operational analysis. We conclude by highlighting the importance of understanding biases in the high‐resolution data set and suggest that our approach be used in combination with observationally derived forcing data sets.
Observation of Oblique Lower Band Chorus Generated by Nonlinear Three‐Wave Interaction
Authors: Teng S. , Zhao J. , Tao X. , Wang S. , Reeves G. D. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractOblique whistler mode waves have been suggested to play an important role in radiation belt electron dynamics. Recently, X. Fu et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074411) proposed that highly oblique lower band whistler waves could be generated by nonlinear three‐wave resonance. Here we present the first observational evidence of such process, using Van Allen Probes data, where an oblique lower band chorus wave is generated by two quasi‐parallel waves through nonlinear three‐wave interaction. The wave resonance condition is satisfied even in the presence of frequency chirping of one of the pump waves. Different from the simulation results of X. Fu et al. (2017), simultaneous particle data do not show a plateau in the electron distribution, which could be due to the very weak intensity of the generated waves. These results should help to better understand the generation of oblique waves in the inner magnetosphere and their relative roles in energetic electron dynamics.
Ion Velocity and Electron Temperature Inside and Around the Diamagnetic Cavity of Comet 67P
Authors: Odelstad E. , Eriksson A. I. , Johansson F. L. , Vigren E. , Henri P. , Gilet N. , Heritier K. L. , Vallières X. , Rubin M. , André M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA major point of interest in cometary plasma physics has been the diamagnetic cavity, an unmagnetized region in the innermost part of the coma. Here we combine Langmuir and Mutual Impedance Probe measurements to investigate ion velocities and electron temperatures in the diamagnetic cavity of comet 67P, probed by the Rosetta spacecraft. We find ion velocities generally in the range 2–4 km/s, significantly above the expected neutral velocity
1 km/s, showing that the ions are (partially) decoupled from the neutrals, indicating that ion‐neutral drag was not responsible for balancing the outside magnetic pressure. Observations of clear wake effects on one of the Langmuir probes showed that the ion flow was close to radial and supersonic, at least with respect to the perpendicular temperature, inside the cavity and possibly in the surrounding region as well. We observed spacecraft potentials
V throughout the cavity, showing that a population of warm (∼5 eV) electrons was present throughout the parts of the cavity reached by Rosetta. Also, a population of cold (
) electrons was consistently observed throughout the cavity, but less consistently in the surrounding region, suggesting that while Rosetta never entered a region of collisionally coupled electrons, such a region was possibly not far away during the cavity crossings.
Observed Propagation Route of VLF Transmitter Signals in the Magnetosphere
Authors: Zhang Zhenxia , Chen Lunjin , Li Xinqiao , Xia Zhiyang , Heelis Roderick A. , Horne Richard B. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSignals of powerful ground transmitters at various places have been detected by satellites in near‐Earth space. The study on propagation mode, ducted or nonducted, has attracted much attentions for several decades. Based on the statistical results from Van Allen Probes (data from October 2012 to March 2017) and DEMETER satellite (from January 2006 to December 2007), we present the ground transmitter signals distributed clearly in ionosphere and magnetosphere. The observed propagation route in the meridian plane in the magnetosphere for each of various transmitters from the combination of DEMETER and Van Allen Probes data in nighttime is revealed for the first time. We use realistic ray tracing simulation and compare simulation results against Van Allen Probes and DEMETER observation. By comparison we demonstrate that the observed propagation route, with partial deviation from the field lines corresponding to ground stations, provides direct and clear statistical evidence that the nonducted propagation mode plays a main role, although with partial contribution from ducted propagation. The propagation characteristics of VLF transmitter signals in the magnetosphere are critical for quantitatively assessing their contribution to energetic electron loss in radiation belts.
Intercomparison of Six Upscaling Evapotranspiration Methods: From Site to the Satellite Pixel
Authors: Li Xiang , Liu Shaomin , Li Huaixiang , Ma Yanfei , Wang Jianghao , Zhang Yuan , Xu Ziwei , Xu Tongren , Song Lisheng , Yang Xiaofan , Lu Zheng , Wang Zeyu , Guo Zhixia 
Published: June 2018

AbstractLand surface evapotranspiration (ET) is an important component of the surface energy budget and water cycle. To solve the problem of the spatial‐scale mismatch between in situ observations and remotely sensed ET, it is necessary to find the most appropriate upscaling approach for acquiring ground truth ET data at the satellite pixel scale. Based on a data set from two flux observation matrices in the middle stream and downstream of the Heihe River Basin, six upscaling methods were intercompared via direct validation and cross validation. The results showed that the area‐weighted method performed better than the other five upscaling methods introducing auxiliary variables (the integrated Priestley‐Taylor equation, weighted area‐to‐area regression kriging [WATARK], artificial neural network, random forest [RF], and deep belief network methods) over homogeneous underlying surfaces. Over moderately heterogeneous underlying surfaces, the WATARK method performed better. However, the RF method performed better over highly heterogeneous underlying surfaces. A combined method (using the area‐weighted and WATARK methods for homogeneous and moderately heterogeneous underlying surfaces, respectively, and using the RF method for highly heterogeneous underlying surfaces) was proposed to acquire the daily ground truth ET data at the satellite pixel scale, and the errors in the ground truth ET data were evaluated. The Dual Temperature Difference (DTD) and ETMonitor were validated using ground truth ET data, which solve the problem of the spatial‐scale mismatch and quantify uncertainties in the validation process.
Thermal Characteristics and Recent Changes of Permafrost in the Upper Reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Western China
Authors: Cao Bin , Zhang Tingjun , Peng Xiaoqing , Mu Cuicui , Wang Qingfeng , Zheng Lei , Wang Kang , Zhong Xinyue 
Published: June 2018

AbstractTo investigate the thermal characteristics and dynamics of permafrost as well as seasonally frozen ground over the upper reaches of the Heihe River Basin (URHR), an observation network with 14 boreholes was established during 2011–2014. The in situ measurements indicated mean annual air temperature that ranged from −5.2 to −2.3°C at the monitored elevation range of ∼3,600–4,150 m, and mean annual ground surface temperature that ranged from −1.3 to 1.7°C during 2013–2017. The mean annual ground temperature at 16‐ to 18‐m depth ranged from −1.71°C on the high (>4,000 m above sea level) north facing slope to about 0‐C around areas near the lower limit of permafrost. Active layer thickness at the monitored sites varied significantly with the range of 0.77–4.90 m during 2011–2017, and maximum frozen depth in seasonally frozen ground was about 5 m. Permafrost thickness was between ∼136 m and less than 10 m. Both permafrost and seasonally frozen ground were found to be subject to serious warming during the measured period in the URHR. This study provides new quantitative insights for permafrost and seasonally frozen ground in the URHR.
Genetic variability and ontogeny predict microbiome structure in a disease-challenged montane amphibian
Authors: Griffiths Sarah M , Harrison Xavier A , Weldon Ché , Wood Michael D , Pretorius Abigail , Hopkins Kevin , Fox Graeme , Preziosi Richard F , Antwis Rachael E 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Amphibian populations worldwide are at risk of extinction from infectious diseases, including chytridiomycosis caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Amphibian cutaneous microbiomes interact with Bd and can confer protective benefits to the host. The composition of the microbiome itself is influenced by many environment- and host-related factors. However, little is known about the interacting effects of host population structure, genetic variation and developmental stage on microbiome composition and Bd prevalence across multiple sites. Here we explore these questions in Amietia hymenopus, a disease-affected frog in southern Africa. We use microsatellite genotyping and 16S amplicon sequencing to show that the microbiome associated with tadpole mouthparts is structured spatially, and is influenced by host genotype and developmental stage. We observed strong genetic structure in host populations based on rivers and geographic distances, but this did not correspond to spatial patterns in microbiome composition. These results indicate that demographic and host genetic factors affect microbiome composition within sites, but different factors are responsible for host population structure and microbiome structure at the between-site level. Our results help to elucidate complex within- and among- population drivers of microbiome structure in amphibian populations. That there is a genetic basis to microbiome composition in amphibians could help to inform amphibian conservation efforts against infectious diseases.
NCX1 and NCX3 as potential factors contributing to neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in the A53T transgenic mouse model of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Sirabella Rossana , Sisalli Maria Josè , Costa Giulia , Omura Katia , Ianniello Gaetano , Pinna Annalisa , Morelli Micaela , Di Renzo Gianfranco Maria , Annunziato Lucio , Scorziello Antonella 
Published: June 2018

AbstractNa+-Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) isoforms constitute the major cellular Ca2+ extruding system in neurons and microglia. We herein investigated the role of NCX isoforms in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Their expression and activity were evaluated in neurons and glia of mice expressing the human A53T variant of α-synuclein (A53T mice), an animal model mimicking a familial form of PD. Western blotting revealed that NCX3 expression in the midbrain of 12-month old A53T mice was lower than that of wild type (WT). Conversely, NCX1 expression increased in the striatum. Immunohistochemical studies showed that glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astroglial cells significantly increased in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and in the striatum. However, the number and the density of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons decreased in both brain regions. Interestingly, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA-1)-positive microglial cells increased only in the striatum of A53T mice compared to WT. Double immunostaining studies showed that in A53T mice, NCX1 was exclusively co-expressed in IBA-1-positive microglial cells in the striatum, whereas NCX3 was solely co-expressed in TH-positive neurons in SNc. Beam walking and pole tests revealed a reduction in motor performance for A53T mice compared to WT. In vitro experiments in midbrain neurons from A53T and WT mice demonstrated a reduction in NCX3 expression, which was accompanied by mitochondrial overload of Ca2+ ions, monitored with confocal microscopy by X-Rhod-1 fluorescent dye. Collectively, in vivo and in vitro findings suggest that the reduction in NCX3 expression and activity in A53T neurons from midbrain may cause mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal death in this brain area, whereas NCX1 overexpression in microglial cells may promote their proliferation in the striatum.
Surface ocean pH variations since 1689 CE and recent ocean acidification in the tropical South Pacific
Authors: Wu Henry C. , Dissard Delphine , Douville Eric , Blamart Dominique , Bordier Louise , Tribollet Aline , Le Cornec Florence , Pons-Branchu Edwige , Dapoigny Arnaud , Lazareth Claire E. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIncreasing atmospheric CO2 from man-made climate change is reducing surface ocean pH. Due to limited instrumental measurements and historical pH records in the world’s oceans, seawater pH variability at the decadal and centennial scale remains largely unknown and requires documentation. Here we present evidence of striking secular trends of decreasing pH since the late nineteenth century with pronounced interannual to decadal–interdecadal pH variability in the South Pacific Ocean from 1689 to 2011 CE. High-amplitude oceanic pH changes, likely related to atmospheric CO2 uptake and seawater dissolved inorganic carbon fluctuations, reveal a coupled relationship to sea surface temperature variations and highlight the marked influence of El Niño/Southern Oscillation and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation. We suggest changing surface winds strength and zonal advection processes as the main drivers responsible for regional pH variability up to 1881 CE, followed by the prominent role of anthropogenic CO2 in accelerating the process of ocean acidification.
Targeted disruption of the extracellular polymeric network of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by alginate oligosaccharides
Authors: Powell Lydia C. , Pritchard Manon F. , Ferguson Elaine L. , Powell Kate A. , Patel Shree U. , Rye Phil D. , Sakellakou Stavroula-Melina , Buurma Niklaas J. , Brilliant Charles D. , Copping Jack M. , Menzies Georgina E. , Lewis Paul D. , Hill Katja E. , Thomas David W. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAcquisition of a mucoid phenotype byPseudomonassp. in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, with subsequent over-production of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), plays an important role in mediating the persistence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) infections. The ability of a low molecular weight (Mn = 3200 g mol−1) alginate oligomer (OligoG CF-5/20) to modify biofilm structure of mucoidPseudomonas aeruginosa(NH57388A) was studied in vitro using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) with Texas Red (TxRd®)-labelled OligoG and EPS histochemical staining. Structural changes in treated biofilms were quantified using COMSTAT image-analysis software of CLSM z-stack images, and nanoparticle diffusion. Interactions between the oligomers, Ca2+and DNA were studied using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Imaging demonstrated that OligoG treatment (≥0.5%) inhibited biofilm formation, revealing a significant reduction in both biomass and biofilm height (P < 0.05). TxRd®-labelled oligomers readily diffused into established (24 h) biofilms. OligoG treatment (≥2%) induced alterations in the EPS of established biofilms; significantly reducing the structural quantities of EPS polysaccharides, and extracellular (e)DNA (P < 0.05) with a corresponding increase in nanoparticle diffusion (P < 0.05) and antibiotic efficacy against established biofilms. ITC demonstrated an absence of rapid complex formation between DNA and OligoG and confirmed the interactions of OligoG with Ca2+evident in FTIR and MD modelling. The ability of OligoG to diffuse into biofilms, potentiate antibiotic activity, disrupt DNA-Ca2+-DNA bridges and biofilm EPS matrix highlights its potential for the treatment of biofilm-related infections.
Quantum-enhanced magnetometry by phase estimation algorithms with a single artificial atom
Authors: Danilin S. , Lebedev A. V. , Vepsäläinen A. , Lesovik G. B. , Blatter G. , Paraoanu G. S. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPhase estimation algorithms are key protocols in quantum information processing. Besides applications in quantum computing, they can also be employed in metrology as they allow for fast extraction of information stored in the quantum state of a system. Here, we implement two suitably modified phase estimation procedures, the Kitaev and the semiclassical Fourier-transform algorithms, using an artificial atom realized with a superconducting transmon circuit. We demonstrate that both algorithms yield a flux sensitivity exceeding the classical shot-noise limit of the device, allowing one to approach the Heisenberg limit. Our experiment paves the way for the use of superconducting qubits as metrological devices which are potentially able to outperform the best existing flux sensors with a sensitivity enhanced by few orders of magnitude.
Effect of ionic strength and seawater cations on hagfish slime formation
Authors: Böni L. J. , Zurflüh R. , Baumgartner M. E. , Windhab E. J. , Fischer P. , Kuster S. , Rühs P. A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe defensive slime of hagfish consists of a polyanionic mucin hydrogel that synergistically interacts with a fiber network forming a coherent and elastic hydrogel in high ionic strength seawater. In seawater, the slime deploys in less than a second entrapping large quantities of water by a well-timed thread skein unravelling and mucous gel swelling. This rapid and vast hydrogel formation is intriguing, as high ionic strength conditions generally counteract the swelling speed and ratio of polyelectrolyte hydrogels. In this work we investigate the effect of ionic strength and seawater cations on slime formation dynamics and functionality. In the absence of ionic strength skeins swell radially and unravel uncontrolled, probably causing tangling and creating a confined thread network that entraps limited water. At high ionic strength skeins unravel, but create a collapsed and dense fiber network. High ionic strength conditions therefore seem crucial for controlled skein unraveling, however not sufficient for water retention. Only the presence of naturally occurring Ca2+ or Mg2+-ions allowed for an expanded network and full water retention probably due to Ca2+-mediated vesicle rupture and cross-linking of the mucin. Our study demonstrates that hagfish slime deployment is a well-timed, ionic-strength, and divalent-cation dependent dynamic hydrogel formation process.
Azosemide is more potent than bumetanide and various other loop diuretics to inhibit the sodium-potassium-chloride-cotransporter human variants hNKCC1A and hNKCC1B
Authors: Hampel Philip , Römermann Kerstin , MacAulay Nanna , Löscher Wolfgang 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe Na+–K+–2Cl−cotransporter NKCC1 plays a role in neuronal Cl−homeostasis secretion and represents a target for brain pathologies with altered NKCC1 function. Two main variants of NKCC1 have been identified: a full-length NKCC1 transcript (NKCC1A) and a shorter splice variant (NKCC1B) that is particularly enriched in the brain. The loop diuretic bumetanide is often used to inhibit NKCC1 in brain disorders, but only poorly crosses the blood-brain barrier. We determined the sensitivity of the two human NKCC1 splice variants to bumetanide and various other chemically diverse loop diuretics, using theXenopusoocyte heterologous expression system. Azosemide was the most potent NKCC1 inhibitor (IC50s 0.246 µM for hNKCC1A and 0.197 µM for NKCC1B), being about 4-times more potent than bumetanide. Structurally, a carboxylic group as in bumetanide was not a prerequisite for potent NKCC1 inhibition, whereas loop diuretics without a sulfonamide group were less potent. None of the drugs tested were selective for hNKCC1B vs. hNKCC1A, indicating that loop diuretics are not a useful starting point to design NKCC1B-specific compounds. Azosemide was found to exert an unexpectedly potent inhibitory effect and as a non-acidic compound, it is more likely to cross the blood-brain barrier than bumetanide.