bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
California Logging Utilization: 2004
Authors: Morgan Todd A. , Spoelma Timothy P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Astudy of logging activities conducted during 2004 provided utilization data and information on timber harvesting operations in California. A nested and stratified sampling scheme was used to produce a sample of felled trees with distributions of geographic area, ownership class, tree species, and tree size representative of California's recent sawlog and veneer log harvest. Results of the study indicated that about 50% of the harvested trees were less than 16.5-in.dbh, but these trees produced just 15% of the volume. About 50% of the harvested volume came from trees less than 24.5-in. dbh, and about two-thirds of the volume was from trees less than 30-in. dbh. Removals factors, quantifying impacts on growing stock, revealed that 1,051.4 ft3 of growing-stock volume was removed for every thousand cubic feet delivered to mills, with just 61.5 ft3 left in the forest as logging residue. Periodic reevaluations of logging utilization in California would make it possible to evaluate impacts of technology, market conditions, and policy changes on logging operations and utilization factors in the state.
Prediction of Growth and Mortality of Oregon White Oak in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Gould Peter J. , Marshall David D. , Harrington Constance A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We developed new equations to predict Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.) development within ORGANON, a stand-development model that is widely used in the Pacific Northwest. Tree size, competitive status, crown ratio, and site productivity were statistically significant predictors of growth and mortality. Three scenarios were projected with the new equations, the previous ORGANON model, and the Forest Vegetation Simulator. Compared with the two other models, the new equations predicted greater diameter growth in oak woodland and a greater effect of conifer removal in a conifer-oak stand. The new equations, which are based on considerably more information than previous equations, should give forest managers greater confidence in the ability of ORGANON to estimate the impacts of silvicultural treatments on oaks.
Potentials of Natural Tree Regeneration after Clearcutting in Subalpine Forests
Authors: Kreyling Juergen , Schmiedinger Andreas , Macdonald Ellen , Beiekuhnlein Carl 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Regeneration of interior mountain forests still is not adequately understood, although these forests are subject to intensified use over the last decades. We examined factors influencing the success of natural tree regeneration after harvesting in the Engelmann spruce–subalpine fir zone of the Monashee Mountains, British Columbia, Canada. Distance from the forest edge was an important factor for regeneration; at distances exceeding 70 m from the forest edge only 50% of plots showed sufficient natural regeneration to meet stocking targets compared with 90% of plots closer to forest edges. Seedling density and growth were superior in the more protected southern portions of clearcuts. Seedling growth was less in plots containing high cover of downed woody debris. There was no relationship between understory plant diversity or composition and tree seedling regeneration. However, cover of fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium) had a significant negative relationship with density but not growth of tree seedlings, particularly for lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia). Cover of fireweed decline substantially within the first 10 years after clearcutting. We conclude that natural regeneration of trees has potential to help achieve stocking targets and also to maintain natural diversity of tree species if spatial constraints, especially thresholds in clearcut size, are considered.
The Effects of Spatial Patterns on the Accuracy of Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) Estimates of Forest Canopy Cover
Authors: Christopher Treg A. , Goodburn John M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) estimates percent canopy cover without spatially explicit information. Estimates of canopy cover in FVS can be corrected for crown overlap, based on the assumption that trees in a stand are randomly distributed. This research assessed the accuracy of FVS estimates of canopy cover in stands with nonrandom spatial patterns. A method for measuring canopy cover within a geographic information system was developed to compare with FVS estimates of cover for 19, stem-mapped plots across Idaho and Montana. The Ripley's K(d) statistic was used to describe natural and simulated spatial patterns, so that the accuracy of canopy cover estimated by FVS could be considered for groups of plots classified as regular, clustered, or random. Results from the analyses of the effects of spatial patterns indicated that the FVS may underestimate canopy cover by 11% for plots with highly regular spatial patterns and overestimate by 2% for plots with clustered patterns. Although the magnitude of this bias likely is insufficient to justify changing the model's algorithm for canopy cover, users of this model should be aware of the potential bias that can occur as a result of assuming that trees in a stand are randomly distributed. Information on the general spatial pattern of the stand (i.e., clumped, random, and even) could be used by managers to anticipate the expected degree and direction of the bias.
The Impact of Federal and State Income Tax Liabilities on Timber Investments in the West
Authors: Smith Nathan R. , Bailey Phillip , Haney Harry , Salbador Debra , Greene John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Federal and state income taxes are calculated for hypothetical forest landowners in two income brackets across 13 states in the West to illustrate the effects of differential state tax treatment. The income tax liability is calculated in a year in which the timber owners harvest $200,000 worth of timber. State income taxes range from highs of $19,693 for middle-income and $34,993 for high-income landowners in Oregon to no income tax in Alaska, Nevada, Washington and Wyoming. After-tax land expectation values for a forest landowner in Oregon are also calculated to illustrate the importance of tax planning on returns to a timber investment. The need for adequate tax accounting is supported by the results.
GuylinePC: An Interactive Guyline Tension Analysis Program for Guyed Logging Towers
Authors: Thompson Matthew , Stander Henk , John Sessions 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the US Pacific Northwest and other mountainous regions, cable yarding using portable steel towers is a common harvesting system in steep terrain. These systems are expensive and can be unsafe if improperly rigged. For both economic and safety considerations, configurations are used that ensure that the system can sustain the forces applied during yarding operations. We present a computer-based application, GuylinePC, for evaluating the guyline and anchor loads resulting from an applied load. Our model extends the usability and scope of a model previously developed by other researchers. Specifically we (1) provide a more modern graphical user interface, (2) use optimization methods to determine equilibrium states, and (3) illustrate the capability of the program to be used in design. We briefly discuss the analytical model and software application and present a design problem. The program is intended to improve a forest engineer's understanding of cable yarding systems.
Screening Hydrolyzed Casein as a Deer Repellent for Reforestation Applications
Authors: Kimball Bruce A. , Russell John H. , DeGraan Jeffrey P. , Perry Kelly R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Three independent experiments were conducted to evaluate hydrolyzed casein deer repellent to minimize browse damage in reforestation efforts. In the first experiment, western redcedar seedlings were treated with 12% hydrolyzed casein and a latex sticker or one of two commercial deer repellents in the nursery prior to a 45-day cold storage period. Treated and control (sticker only) seedlings were then offered to captive deer, and browse activity was monitored for 20 days. Whereas all control trees were severely browsed by day 4, the three repellents offered browse protection (17 to 33% survivability at day 20). The second experiment was a field evaluation of 12% hydrolyzed casein, a commercial repellent, and a control. Western redcedar seedlings in nine reforested units were treated and monitored periodically for browse damage by free-ranging deer. After 17 weeks, browse damage to the repellent-treated seedlings (93 and 89% survivability) was significantly lower than the control trees (85%). In the final experiment, three different products were used to affix hydrolyzed casein powder to western redcedar seedlings prior to a 45-day cold storage period. Treated seedlings were offered to captive deer, and browse activity was monitored for 28 days. Hydrolyzed casein–treated seedlings sustained significantly less browse damage (more than 70% survivability at 28 days) versus the controls (all trees browsed by day 28). Nursery treatment with hydrolyzed casein may provide significant protection for conifer seedlings in reforestation operations.
Survival and Sanitation of Dwarf Mistletoe-Infected Ponderosa Pine following Prescribed Underburning
Authors: Conklin David A. , Geils Brian W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We present results on survival of ponderosa pine and reduction in dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium) infection after six operational prescribed underburns in New Mexico. Survival 3 years postburn for 1,585 trees fit a logistic relationship with crown scorch, bole char, and mistletoe. The scorch effect was best represented by classes as <90, 90, and 100%; char as char-squared; and mistletoe as DMR < 5, 5, and 6. Survival ranged from over 90% for trees with DMR < 5 and scorch < 90% to almost 0% for trees with DMR 6 and scorch 100%. The proportion of surviving infected trees with reduction in DMR (scorch pruning) increased linearly with scorch. Reductions in average DMR (sanitation) from mortality and scorch pruning were observed on 12 of 14 plots and were associated with average scorch above 25%. A sanitation model estimated DMR reduction of 0.7 with 50% average scorch and initial average DMR of 3.0. Relative risk from scorch, char, mistletoe, and drought for up to 10 years postburn was assessed with proportional hazard models. Results indicate that underburning can be a viable tool to manage dwarf mistletoe, given sufficient fire intensity.
Understory Tree Development with Repeated Stand Density Treatments in Coastal Douglas-Fir Forests of Oregon
Authors: Shatford Jeffrey P.A. , Bailey John D. , Tappeiner John C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We studied the potential for stand density management treatments to increase growth rates of advanced regeneration in the understory of 50- to 70-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests. Study sites in Oregon included a mesic coastal site, a moderate coast range site, and a drier coast range foothills site. Commercial thinning treatments in 1974–1984 led to the establishment of Douglas-fir and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) in the understory and, in 1997, parts of these same stands were thinned for a second time to release this advanced regeneration and promote two-story structure. Both species responded positively where overstory was reduced to 30–40 m2/ha, but western hemlock saplings grew 30–80% more rapidly than Douglas-fir. Average annual height growth of all western hemlock saplings that were more than 1.0 m tall in 1999 was 23–30 cm/year in twice-thinned stands but only 13 cm/year in denser, once-thinned stands. About one-half of all western hemlock saplings doubled or tripled their height in 4 years after a second overstory treatment; the largest 10% of these saplings grew 74–93 cm/year and now represents midstory structure. The response of Douglas-fir saplings to a partial overstory removal was limited. Repeated density management treatments in these Douglas-fir forests can accelerate growth of understory saplings, resulting in the development of two or more canopy layers over time; however, repeated and/or heavy thinning will be required for Douglas-fir sapling growth. Furthermore, because of western hemlock's potential for rapid height growth, some reduction of hemlock sapling density may be needed to maintain vigorous Douglas-fir.
Trembling Aspen Removal Effects on Lodgepole Pine in Southern Interior British Columbia: Ten-Year Results
Authors: Heineman Jean L. , Simard Suzanne W. , Sachs Donald L. , Mather W. Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Manual cutting treatments are routinely applied to release lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) from trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) competition in southern interior British Columbia. We studied the effects of this treatment on pine and an aspen-dominated community on three sites in the Interior Douglas-Fir and Montane Spruce biogeoclimatic zones. After 10 years, when stands were 17–20 years old, treated aspen was significantly shorter than control aspen, and treated pine had significantly (21%) larger diameter than control pine. There were few other differences between brushed and unbrushed pine, and survival was excellent (≥97%), regardless of treatment. Brushing nearly doubled the average density of conifer stems that were free-growing according to legislated standards, but results were variable, and the free-growing status of the stand was changed on only one site. Regression analysis was used to examine the correlation between aspen abundance and pine size. The density of aspen at least as tall as the pine (tall aspen) predicted 36.2% of the variation in pine diameter, and total aspen density predicted 35.9% of the variation in pine height. An average density threshold of 1,867 tall aspen stems/ha, above which pine stem diameter declined, was identified in the three stands.
Naturally Seeded versus Planted Ponderosa Pine Seedlings in Group-Selection Openings
Authors: McDonald Philip M. , Fiddler Gary , Ritchie Martin , Anderson Paula 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this article was to determine whether natural regeneration or planted seedlings should be used in group-selection openings. The answer depends on the survival and growth rate of both types of seedlings, and that could depend on the size of the openings and the effect of trees on their edge. In this side-by-side study, the natural pine seedlings originated from the 1988 seed crop and the 1–0 nursery-grown seedlings were outplanted in spring 1989. Openings ranged from 0.01 to 0.65 ha. The plant community consisted of many species of shrubs, forbs, and grasses with manzanita having the highest density and greatest development. After 9 years, manzanita had an average density of 13,870 plants/ha, 2,050 m2/ha of foliar cover, and was 125 cm tall. From 1990 to 1997, planted ponderosa pine seedlings were taller (P < 0.05) than natural seedlings, and from 1995 to 1997, mean stem diameter at 30 cm of planted seedlings was larger than natural counterparts (P < 0.05). Development for 1 year in the nursery apparently gave the planted seedlings a growth advantage over the natural seedlings. For natural seedlings, distance from opening edge had little effect on pine height or diameter growth regardless of opening size. Planted seedlings, however, appeared to increase in height and diameter growth with both opening size and distance from edge.
Incorporating Regeneration Effort as a Decision Variable in Tactical Harvest Scheduling
Authors: Boston Kevin , Sessions John , Rose Robin , Hoskins Will 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A variable green-up period is incorporated into a tactical harvest scheduling model to allow for the regeneration policy to be included as a decision variable. The benefit of this formulation was demonstrated by solving a 91-logging unit forest plan under four different green-up policies.The first three policies used fixed green-up periods of 2, 3, and 4 years. The fourth policy uses a variable green-up period where the model selects the regeneration effort that determines the green-up period stand by stand. This policy allows each harvested stand to choose among a 2-, 3-,or 4-year green-up period. The variable green-up period resulted in a slight improvement in the net present value because its total was approximately $3,000 or $1.11/ac higher for the total planning area, not just the harvested acres when compared with the best solutions when 4-, 3-, and 2-year fixed green-up periods were used. The variable green-up constraint adds a level of complexity to the spatial harvest scheduling problem that is easily incorporated into a variety of heuristic procedures because they do not require that all combinations of harvest units be specified before solving the problem. The results cannot be generalized to other forests because the spatial arrangement of the stands is a major component in the value determination. However, using the methodology presented, forest managers can evaluate their own alternatives that may improve the returns from managing their resources.
Using Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) to Characterize Forest Stand Condition on the Kenai Peninsula of Alaska
Authors: Andersen Hans-Erik 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Airborne laser scanning (also known as light detection and ranging or LIDAR) data were used to estimate three fundamental forest stand condition classes (forest stand size, land cover type, and canopy closure) at 32 Forest Inventory Analysis (FIA) plots distributed over the Kenai Peninsula of Alaska. Individual tree crown segment attributes (height, area, and species type) were derived from the three-dimensional LIDAR point cloud, LIDAR-based canopy height models, and LIDAR return intensity information. The LIDAR-based crown segment and canopy cover information was then used to estimate condition classes at each 10-m grid cell on a 300 × 300-m area surrounding each FIA plot. A quantitative comparison of the LIDAR- and field-based condition classifications at the subplot centers indicates that LIDAR has potential as a useful sampling tool in an operational forest inventory program.
Influence of Ash Substrate Proximity on Growth and Survival of Planted Mixed-Conifer Seedlings
Authors: York Robert A. , Thomas Zachary , Restaino Joseph 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
To address uncertainty in the performance of seedlings planted in and around postburn substrates, we systematically planted seedlings in the center of, on the edge of, and outside ash substrate footprints following burning of logging residue piles and monitored growth and survival for a decade. Five species (Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii], giant sequoia [Sequoiadendron giganteum], incense-cedar [Calocedrus decurrens], sugar pine [Pinus lambertiana], and ponderosa pine [Pinus ponderosa]) were planted in a regenerating mixed-conifer stand in the Sierra Nevada range of California. There was a positive effect of ash substrate proximity on growth that was immediate and persisted for 10 years for every species except incense-cedar. Seedlings planted in the centers of ash substrates consistently outgrew (in both height and basal diameter) seedlings that were planted either on the edges of or outside ash substrates. Douglas-fir had the greatest height gain (+47%), followed by giant sequoia (+28%), sugar pine (+23%), and ponderosa pine (+17%). Basal diameter differences were similar. No effect of ash proximity on survival was detected. Planting seedlings in the centers of ash substrates led to exceptionally larger trees by the time the stand had developed enough to apply a precommercial thin, a relevant milestone for managed stands.
Whitebark Pine Planting Guidelines
Authors: McCaughey Ward , Scott Glenda L. , Izlar Kay L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This article incorporates new information into previous whitebark pine guidelines for planting prescriptions. Earlier 2006 guidelines were developed based on review of general literature, research studies, field observations, and standard US Forest Service survival surveys of high-elevation whitebark pine plantations. A recent study of biotic and abiotic factors affecting survival in whitebark pine plantations was conducted to determine survival rates over time and over a wide range of geographic locations. In these revised guidelines, we recommend reducing or avoiding overstory and understory competition, avoiding swales or frost pockets, providing shade and wind protection, protecting seedlings from heavy snow loads and soil movement, providing adequate growing space, avoiding sites with lodgepole or mixing with other tree species, and avoiding planting next to snags.
Small Parcel Fuel Reduction with a Low-Investment, High-Mobility Operation
Authors: DeLasaux Mike J. , Hartsough Bruce R. , Spinelli Raffaele , Magagnotti Natascia 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fuel reduction treatments are especially urgent near homes, where a stand replacement fire would also endanger property and human lives. However, the forested properties associated with homes are often too small for cost-effective mechanized fuel treatment performed with traditional methods and equipment. This project tested a small rubber-tracked skid-steer specially modified for forestry operations that can provide all the functions of a complete harvesting system. The skid-steer can, alternately,carry a hot saw for tree felling, a processor to delimb and buck felled trees, a brush cutting head for mastication, and a log-grapple to transport logs and trees. All of the equipment can be transported on a trailer pulled by a heavy pickup truck, which makes for fast, economical movement between project sites. The study confirmed that this system is well suited to small-parcel conditions around home sites and performs best on even terrain, moderate slopes, and softwood trees with a dbh between 5 and 8 in. It took from 7 to 15 productive machine-hours ac−1 to perform all treatment phases (i.e., mastication, felling, processing, and skidding). The occurrence of delays significantly increased this figures, bringing the average 9.7 productive hours ac−1 to 13.5 worksite hours. Treatment cost was estimated at $480 ac−1 and $1,146 ac−1 for whole-tree and cut-to-length harvesting, respectively. In addition to offering a reasonable treatment cost, the system has the advantage of requiring a low investment, which allows small-scale enterprises to get into the business.
Evaluating Satellite Imagery‐Based Land Use Data for Describing Forestland Development in Western Washington
Authors: Kline Jeffrey D. , Moses Alissa , Azuma David , Gray Andrew 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forestry professionals are concerned about how forestlands are affected by residential and other development. To address those concerns, researchers must find appropriate data with which to describe and evaluate rates and patterns of forestland development and the impact of development on the management of remaining forestlands. We examine land use data gathered from Landsat imagery for western Washington and evaluate its usefulness for characterizing low-density development of forestland. We evaluate the accuracy of the satellite imagery‐based land use classifications by comparing them with other data from US Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis inventories and the US census. We then use the data to estimate an econometric model describing development as a function of socioeconomic and topographic factors and project future rates of development and forestland loss to 2020. We conclude by discussing how best to meet the land use data needs of researchers, forestry policymakers, and managers.