bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 3D Multifunctional Architecture for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with High Areal Capacity
Authors: Zhao Shiyong , Fang Ruopian , Sun Zhenhua , Wang Shaogang , Veder Jean‐Pierre , Saunders Martin , Cheng Hui‐Ming , Liu Chang , Jiang San Ping , Li Feng 
Published: April 2018

AbstractLithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are highly attractive as next‐generation electrochemical energy‐storage technologies because they can provide a high energy density at a low cost. However, the performance degradation of sulfur cathodes with high mass loadings remains a significant challenge to be addressed. Here, a 3D multifunctional integrated and sponge‐like architecture is designed as the cathode framework, which provides a favorable balance between high sulfur loadings and uncompromised electrochemical performances. In this architecture, a highly porous nitrogen‐doped carbon fiber foam is used as a 3D current collector and host for sulfur accommodation and a thin graphene layer is used for polysulfide interception, which not only facilitates fast electron and lithium‐ion transport but also enables effective active material immobilization by both physical restriction and chemical adsorption. With a sulfur loading of 7.7 mg cm−2, high areal capacities up to 8.7 mAh cm−2 are attained together with excellent cycling stability over 500 cycles. This approach demonstrates a new concept for the construction of cathode architectures for practical Li–S batteries and can be extended to other battery systems.
Ameliorative effect of animal bile preparations on dextran sulfate sodium‐induced colitis in mice
Authors: Watanabe Shiro , Fujita Kyosuke , Nishida Takeshi , Imura Johji 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTAimAnimal bile preparations harvested from bears, cattle, and pigs are composed of distinct types of bile acids. Given that several types of bile acid activate the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) or Takeda G‐protein receptor 5 (TGR5) and thereby exert anti‐inflammatory effects, we compared the effects of the three animal bile preparations on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis in mice.MethodsBear bile (BB), cattle bile (CB), and pig bile (PB) were orally given at 100 mg/kg/day during DSS treatment for 7 days. The colitis symptoms and the histological and biochemical markers of inflammatory response in the colon tissues were assessed.ResultsBB, CB, and PB similarly ameliorated the colitis symptoms in DSS‐treated mice. BB and CB but not PB attenuated inflammatory response in the colon tissues of DSS‐treated mice. The content of the bile acids agonistic to FXR and TGR5 was significantly increased by BB and CB but not by PB.ConclusionBB, CB, and PB are indistinguishable in ameliorating colitis symptoms in DSS‐treated mice. The differences, however, in the effects of the three animal bile preparations on colon inflammation may be due to the differences in the content of anti‐inflammatory bile acids.
Surgical Indication for Advanced Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma According to the Optimal Preoperative Carbohydrate Antigen 19‐9 Cutoff Value
Authors: Yamamoto Yusuke , Sugiura Teiichi , Todaka Akiko , Okamura Yukiyasu , Ito Takaaki , Ashida Ryo , Kakuda Yuko , Nakanuma Yasuni , Uesaka Katsuhiko 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe indication of surgery in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) patients with lymph node metastasis (LNM), macroscopic periductal infiltration (PI), and intrahepatic metastasis (IM) remains unclear.MethodsPatients who underwent resection for mass‐forming (MF) dominant ICC and unresected patients caused by LNM, IM, or locally advanced tumors (UR group) were enrolled. The significance of CA19‐9 was investigated in advanced ICC.ResultsSeventy‐three patients who underwent resection and 20 UR patients were analyzed. Using the minimum p value approach based on the overall survival, the optimal CA19‐9 cutoff value was 300 U/mL. The OS of the patients with CA19‐9 < 37 U/mL (n = 26; MST, 49.6 months) and 37–300 U/mL (n = 28; MST, 45.1 months) was comparable (P = 0.842); however, the OS of the patients with CA19‐9 = 37–300 U/mL was significantly better than that with CA19‐9 ≥ 300 U/mL (n = 19; MST, 15.3 months; P < 0.001). CA19‐9 > 300 U/mL, MF + PI, and IM were independently associated with OS. The OS of the patients with CA19‐9 < 300 U/mL who developed LNM (MST, 34.0 months), MF + PI (MST, 32.9 months), or IM (MST, 35.2 months), or who required major vascular resection (MST, 45.1 months) was better than those with CA19‐9 ≥ 300 U/mL who developed LNM (MST, 8.7 months; P = 0.005), MF + PI (MST, 7.5 months; P = 0.040), or IM (MST, 8.7 months; P = 0.001), or who required major vascular resection (MST, 14.8 months; P = 0.015); their prognosis was similar with the UR group.ConclusionsEven if patients had ICC developing LNM, PI, or IM, or require major vascular resection, surgical resection can be indicated for patients with CA19‐9 < 300 U/mL. However, the indications for either adjuvant therapy or resection should be carefully determined in patients with CA19‐9 ≥ 300 U/mL.
Paleoecology of an Upper Ordovician submarine cave-dwelling bryozoan fauna and its exposed equivalents in northern Kentucky, USA
Authors: Buttler Caroline J. , Wilson Mark A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA bryozoan-dominated fauna that inhabited small caves underneath a carbonate hardground is here described from the Corryville Formation (Upper Ordovician, Katian) exposed near Washington, Mason County, Kentucky, USA. The dominant bryozoan,Stigmatella personata(a trepostome), is found both growing downwards from the cave ceilings and upwards on the exposed hardground surface above. Another trepostome,Monticulipora, is a minor component of the cave fauna. There are few discernible anatomical differences between the bryozoan colonies that grew upwards in presumably well-lit waters and those that grew downwards in the gloomy caves. The pendant, cave-dwellingS.personatain some cases appears to have longer zooecial tubes than its exposed equivalent. The colonies ofS.personataare rounded mounds with multiple layers formed by self-overgrowth. The overgrowths in both downward and upward growing forms are marked by thin layers of sediment infilling the upper zooecial chambers in the older portion of the colony. We suggest that biofilms developed on patches of the colony where the zooids had died. Sediment adhered to these surfaces and the colony then overgrew the patches, trapping sediment within the skeleton. The bryozoan zoaria and the carbonate hardground are extensively bored by the cylindrical ichnogenusTrypanitesthat occasionally contain cylindrical calcite-filled tubes similar to “ghosts” of organic materials. Bioclaustrations are present in some of the bryozoan skeletons. This cave fauna is one of few submarine examples known from the Paleozoic. It supports the hypothesis that early cave-dwelling organisms were little differentiated from their exposed counterparts.
Parasitic causes of organ condemnation in cattle slaughtered in Fako abattoirs, South-West region of Cameroon, and estimate of financial losses
Authors: Kouam M.K. , Meningue R. , Fon D.E. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAn abattoir study was carried out between May and October 2016 to determine the parasitic causes of organ condemnation during meat inspection and to evaluate the attendant financial losses in Fako abattoirs, in the South-West region of Cameroon. Organs (liver, lungs, heart, tongue, kidney, spleen and intestine) were examined at meat inspection following standard procedures and the financial loss was estimated by considering the total weight of condemned organs and the price per kilogram of marketable organs, obtained from the local market. The organs of 1472 cattle were examined, of which 357 (24.38%) were condemned. The organs condemned because of parasitic infestations were the liver (333) and small intestine (24), and the infections were caused by flukes of Fasciola sp. and proglottids of Moniezia sp., respectively. Hydatid cysts and cysticerci were absent. The prevalence of fasciolosis and monieziosis was 22.62% and 1.63%, respectively. Condemnation deprived the region of 665.457 kg of meat, with an associated financial loss of CFA 1,330,902 (USD 2505), during the study period. Parasitic diseases worsen the food insecurity situation as they result in the withdrawal of a considerable amount of meat from the food chain. Fasciolosis, the leading parasitic cause of meat condemnation in Fako, is also zoonotic. It is therefore important that effective control measures are implemented countrywide against this parasitosis.
Machiavelli as Philosopher
Authors: Baluch Faisal 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper deals with Zuckert's book Machiavelli's Politics. It takes as its point of departure Zuckert's remark that Machiavelli is “surprisingly like Socrates.” The paper begins with a brief discussion of what makes a Socratic philosopher and then charts out the many similarities between Socrates and Machiavelli. Responses are offered to some of the key reservations against terming Machiavelli a Socratic. In particular, the paper points to a less activist and more meditative mode in Machiavelli's writings that allows one to make a more convincing case for a Socratic Machiavelli.
What you always wanted to know about the deterministic part of the International Planning Competition (IPC) 2014 (but were too afraid to ask)
Authors: Vallati Mauro , Chrpa Lukáš , Mccluskey Thomas L. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe International Planning Competition (IPC) is a prominent event of the artificial intelligence planning community that has been organized since 1998; it aims at fostering the development and comparison of planning approaches, assessing the state-of-the-art in planning and identifying new challenging benchmarks. IPC has a strong impact also outside the planning community, by providing a large number of ready-to-use planning engines and testing pioneering applications of planning techniques.This paper focusses on the deterministic part of IPC 2014, and describes format, participants, benchmarks as well as a thorough analysis of the results. Generally, results of the competition indicates some significant progress, but they also highlight issues and challenges that the planning community will have to face in the future.
Linear Turán Numbers of Linear Cycles and Cycle-Complete Ramsey Numbers
Authors: COLLIER-CARTAINO CLAYTON , GRABER NATHAN , JIANG TAO 
Published: April 2018

Anr-uniform hypergraph is called anr-graph. A hypergraph islinearif every two edges intersect in at most one vertex. Given a linearr-graphHand a positive integern, thelinear Turán numberexL(n,H) is the maximum number of edges in a linearr-graphGthat does not containHas a subgraph. For each ℓ ≥ 3, letCrℓdenote ther-uniform linear cycle of length ℓ, which is anr-graph with edgese1, . . .,eℓsuch that, for alli∈ [ℓ−1], |ei∩ei+1|=1, |eℓ∩e1|=1 andei∩ej= ∅ for all other pairs {i,j},i≠j. For allr≥ 3 and ℓ ≥ 3, we show that there exists a positive constantc=cr,ℓ, depending onlyrand ℓ, such that exL(n,Crℓ) ≤cn1+1/⌊ℓ/2⌋. This answers a question of Kostochka, Mubayi and Verstraëte [30]. For even ℓ, our result extends the result of Bondy and Simonovits [7] on the Turán numbers of even cycles to linear hypergraphs.Using our results on linear Turán numbers, we also obtain bounds on the cycle-complete hypergraph Ramsey numbers. We show that there are positive constantsa=am,randb=bm,r, depending only onmandr, such that\begin{equation} R(C^r_{2m}, K^r_t)\leq a \Bigl(\frac{t}{\ln t}\Bigr)^{{m}/{(m-1)}} \quad\text{and}\quad R(C^r_{2m+1}, K^r_t)\leq b t^{{m}/{(m-1)}}. \end{equation}
Low‐Latitude Ionospheric Density Irregularities and Associated Scintillations Investigated by Combining COSMIC RO and Ground‐Based Global Positioning System Observations Over a Solar Active Period
Authors: Yang Zhe , Liu Zhizhao 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis study for the first time presents a locally integrated analysis of occurrences of ionospheric E and F region irregularities/scintillations in southeast China, by employing radio occultation (RO) profile data retrieved from Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) satellites and observations from a ground‐based Global Navigation Satellite System receiver over a solar active period from 2014 to 2015. Their occurrences in both nighttime and daytime were examined by using both amplitude scintillation index (S4) and the rate of change of total electron content index. It is found that (1) F region irregularities occurred predominantly during 20–03 local time (LT) and exhibited maximum (minimum) during equinoxes (solstices) and equinoctial (solstice) asymmetry. Their geographic mapping reveals the maximum occurrence in the westward tilted structure of equatorial plasma bubbles. In addition, the altitude‐time variations indicate that their occurrences at higher altitudes were prevailing at 20–22 LT. (2) The E region irregularities were found prominently during 15–00 LT at altitudes of 90–110 km with an even geographic distribution. Their occurrences with maximum in summer (May–August) were distinctly detected by RO observations but insignificantly by ground‐based observations. (3) By examining simultaneous observations of E and F region irregularities, it is found that they appeared absent during 21–00 LT and predominant after midnight. This could be related to the weakening/disruption of sporadic E (Es) layers during the development of equatorial plasma bubbles. A sign of coupling of E and F regions during nighttime is likely revealed from RO profile data.
ELF Whistler Dependence on a Sunlit Ionosphere
Authors: Fritz Bruce A. , Heavisides John , Young Matthew A. , Kim Hyomin , Lessard Marc R. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractNarrow bandwidth, whistler‐like spectral features in the extremely low frequency (ELF) range were recorded at South Pole Station over the duration of 2004. A full year of observation shows a distinct lack of activity over the Antarctic winter season. A calculation of solar zenith angle at the time of detection illustrates a connection between the occurrence of ELF whistlers and a sunlit ionosphere. ELF whistlers detected at low latitude follow a similar general trend between ELF whistler occurrence rate and changing solar zenith angle, but with an additional persistence of detections after local sunset. Temporal profiles from the International Reference Ionosphere 2016 show that the peaks in ELF whistler occurrence align with times of changing ionospheric composition. Correlation with solar activity per the F10.7 index shows no connection to daily variations in activity, and the consistency of solar flux levels throughout 2004 appears insufficient to explain the absence of events during the winter blackout. These observations place new physical constraints on the conditions necessary for detecting ELF whistlers and suggest the potential for localized generating mechanisms due to plasma instabilities in the ionosphere.
Statistical Analysis of the Electron Density Gradients in the Polar Cap F Region Using the Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radar North
Authors: Forsythe Victoriya V. , Makarevich Roman A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractElectron density gradients in the polar F region ionosphere are essential for the structuring processes through the gradient‐drift instability (GDI). The information about the typical strength of gradients is important for the theoretical studies and modeling of the GDI waves, but rarely available because of significant experimental challenges in evaluation of the gradients, particularly at small scales and in 3‐D. In this study, multipoint density measurements of the Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radar North working in a special high‐spatial‐resolution mode are employed to address the above question in a systematical manner. The 3‐D gradient vectors as well as their horizontal and vertical components are estimated for the first time and analyzed statistically utilizing a large Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radar North data set. Statistical analysis of the gradient strength shows that the vertical components of the gradient strength vectors are larger than their horizontal counterparts, especially in the lower portion of the F region (below 220 km). The sharpness of the density gradients reveals a significant increase around magnetic midnight due to a decreased effect of the solar smoothing. Further, sharp density gradients occur during magnetically quiet times, possibly because of the presence of the polar holes and reduced plasma precipitation. The peak of occurrence for the horizontal components of the gradient strength vectors occurs at 0.5 × 10−6 m−1, whereas 15.5% of horizontal gradients exceeds 10−5 m−1. These gradients are strong enough for a direct generation of GDI waves at decameter scale (i.e. in linear regime), which implies that nonlinear turbulent cascade is not necessarily required for at least some GDI waves.
Short‐Period Nonlinear Viscoelastic Memory of Rocks Revealed by Copropagating Longitudinal Acoustic Waves
Authors: Feng Xuan , Fehler Michael , Brown Stephen , Szabo Thomas L. , Burns Daniel 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe describe a new sensitive acoustic method to measure nonlinear viscoelastic properties of rocks directly in the time domain. Unlike static stress‐strain measurements, or dynamic acousto‐elastic methods that use steady state resonance to load a strain field into a rock, our method uses two copropagating longitudinal acoustic waves, one to perturb the strain in the sample and the other to probe the effect of that strain. Experiments on Crab Orchard Sandstone and Lucite samples are presented. We evaluate the time‐dependent nonlinear effects and find strong evidence that rocks have a short‐period nonlinear viscoelastic memory that is a function of the time history of the loaded strain. We develop a phenomenological model to describe both this nonlinear viscoelastic memory and the nonlinear elastic behavior of rock. Our model shows that the viscoelastic memory is controlled by both the traditional nonlinear elastic coefficients and a memory strength parameter. These new observations and methods have significance for quantifying changes in microstructure. This short‐term memory effect, on the order of a small fraction of a cycle, is shown to be related through viscoelasticity to absorption in the sample.
Three‐Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Shear Stimulation of Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Ucar E. , Berre I. , Keilegavlen E. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractShear‐dilation‐based hydraulic stimulations can enable commercial exploitation of geothermal energy from reservoirs with inadequate initial permeability. While contributing to enhancing the reservoir's permeability, hydraulic stimulation processes may also lead to undesired seismic activity. Here we present a three‐dimensional numerical model aiming to aid increased understanding of shear‐dilation based hydraulic stimulation and its consequences. The fractured reservoir is modeled as a network of explicitly represented large‐scale fractures immersed in a permeable rock matrix. The numerical formulation is constructed by coupling three physical processes: fluid flow, fracture deformation, and rock matrix deformation. For flow simulations, the discrete fracture‐matrix model is used, which allows fluid transport from high‐permeable conductive fractures to rock matrix and vice versa. The mechanical behavior of the fractures is modeled with reversible and irreversible deformations corresponding to elastic deformation and slip. Linear elasticity is assumed for mechanical deformation and stress alteration of the rock matrix. Fractures are modeled as lower‐dimensional surfaces embodied in the domain, subjected to specific governing equations for their deformation along the tangential and normal directions. Both the fluid flow and momentum balance equations are approximated by finite volume discretizations. The new numerical model is demonstrated considering a three‐dimensional fractured formation with a network of 20 explicitly represented fractures. The effects of fluid exchange between fractures and rock matrix on the permeability evolution and the generated seismicity are examined for test cases resembling realistic reservoir conditions.
Estimation of Full Moment Tensors, Including Uncertainties, for Nuclear Explosions, Volcanic Events, and Earthquakes
Authors: Alvizuri Celso , Silwal Vipul , Krischer Lion , Tape Carl 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA seismic moment tensor is a 3 × 3 symmetric matrix that provides a compact representation of a seismic source. We develop an algorithm to estimate moment tensors and their uncertainties from observed seismic data. For a given event, the algorithm performs a grid search over the six‐dimensional space of moment tensors by generating synthetic waveforms for each moment tensor and then evaluating a misfit function between the observed and synthetic waveforms. “The” moment tensor M0 for the event is then the moment tensor with minimum misfit. To describe the uncertainty associated with M0, we first convert the misfit function to a probability function. The uncertainty, or rather the confidence, is then given by the “confidence curve”
, where
is the probability that the true moment tensor for the event lies within a certain neighborhood of M that has fractional volume V. The area under the confidence curve provides a single, abbreviated “confidence parameter” for M0. We apply the method to data from events in different regions and tectonic settings: 17 nuclear explosions and 12 earthquakes at the Nevada Test Site, 63 small (Mw<2.5) events at Uturuncu volcano in Bolivia, and 21 moderate (Mw>4) earthquakes in the southern Alaska subduction zone. Characterization of moment tensor uncertainties puts us in better position to discriminate among moment tensor source types and to assign physical processes to the events.
Does Pacific Variability Influence the Northwest Atlantic Shelf Temperature?
Authors: Chen Ke , Kwon Young‐Oh 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe relationship between North Pacific variability and sea surface temperature (SST) of the Northwest Atlantic continental shelf is examined over interannual time scale in 1982–2014. Statistically significant negative correlations exist between Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index and SST in the Gulf of Maine (GoM) in spring and summer. Cross‐correlation analysis further suggests significant negative lead‐lag correlations, with the spring PDO leading the GoM SST by 0–3 months while the summer PDO lags by 1–3 months. These correlations are dominated by the interannual component of the PDO. Statistical relationships are placed in context by further investigating the physical processes controlling the upper ocean mixed layer temperature budget in the GoM. The results reveal contrasting roles between the atmosphere and the ocean in spring and summer, respectively. Local atmospheric forcings, in particular the radiative air‐sea fluxes, are the dominant driver for the interannual variability of springtime SST over the Northwest Atlantic shelf. In contrast, oceanic terms are important in controlling the interannual variability of summertime SST. As a result, reconstructed SST using atmospheric forcings successfully reproduces the statistical relationship with PDO in spring, but not in summer. Furthermore, it is shown that the SST anomalies in the central and eastern North Pacific play a key role in these relationships.