bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Nanozymes for Food Quality and Safety Detection: Principles and Recent Applications
Authors: Huang Lunjie , Sun Da‐Wen , Pu Hongbin , Wei Qingyi 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe public concerns about agrifood safety call for innovative and reformative analytical techniques to meet the inspection requirements of high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility. Enzyme‐mimetic nanomaterials or nanozymes, which combine enzyme‐like properties with nanoscale features, emerge as an excellent tool for quality and safety detection in the agrifood sector, due to not only their robust capacity in detection but also their attraction in future‐oriented exploitations. However, in‐depth understanding about the fundamental principles of nanozymes for food quality and safety detection remains limited, which makes their applications largely empirical. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the principles, designs, and applications of nanozyme‐based detection technique in the agrifood industry. The discussion mainly involves three mimicking types, that is, peroxidase, oxidase, and catalase‐like nanozymes, capable of detecting major agrifood analytes. The current principles and strategies are classified and then discussed in details through discriminating the roles of nanozymes in diverse detection platforms. Thereafter, recent applications of nanozymes in detecting various endogenous ingredients and exogenous contaminants in foods are reviewed, and the outlook of profound developments are explained. Evidenced by the increasing publications, nanozyme‐based detection techniques are narrowing the gap to practical‐oriented food analytical methods, while some challenges in optimization of nanozymes, diversification of recognition‐to‐signal manners, and sustainability of methodology need to conquer in the future.
Effect of cleaning guidelines implementation on microbial colony count of laparoscopic instruments: A study in a public hospital in Iran
Authors: Aarabi Akram , Mosleh Sorour , Fazeli Hossein , Farahmand Hassan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroductionSome countries have implemented reuse of laparoscopic instruments for cost‐effective purposes. An accurate cleaning as the first step of reprocessing would lead to the effective sterilization. The purpose was to evaluate the effect of cleaning guidelines implementation on microbial load of laparoscopic instruments which were used in laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery.MethodsThis experimental study was done in an educational hospital, in 2017 and included a total of 128 laparoscopic instruments randomly selected from cholecystectomy surgeries and divided into two cleaning groups. The instruments were checked out in terms of number (colony‐forming units [CFU]/mL) and type of microorganisms in two groups of routine cleaning and according to guideline cleaning. This guideline was indigenous and taken from successful instruction in this context that was presented by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI). The appropriate statistical analysis was conducted by SPSS version 19.ResultsThe average microbial load was 2.4 × 106 CFU/100 mL after clinical use. It was reduced to 7.2 × 105 CFU/100 mL in the control group and 3.4 × 104 CFU/100 mL in the intervention group, after the cleaning process. The most common microorganisms that were isolated immediately after clinical use were Escherichia coli 81.2%, Pseudomonas 68.8%, Klebsiella 57.8%, and spp., and so on.ConclusionThe AAMI cleaning method is recommended to be utilized by operating room nurses for laparoscopic instruments.
Effects of inorganic nitrate in a rat model of monocrotaline‐induced pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Malikova Eva , Carlström Mattias , Kmecova Zuzana , Marusakova Margareta , Zsigmondova Bianka , Krenek Peter , Klimas Jan , Henrohn Dan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe nitrate‐nitrite‐nitric oxide (NO) pathway represents an alternative source of NO generation, which is independent of NO synthase and potentiated by hypoxia. Augmentation of this pathway by dietary nitrate has proven favourable effects in several cardiovascular disease models. However, less is known regarding its potential value in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The aim of this study was to assess the effects of oral inorganic nitrate administration in monocrotaline (MCT)‐induced PAH. Male 12‐week‐old Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with monocrotaline (MCT, 60 mg/kg). Nitrate treatment (0.3 or 1 mmol/kg/d; drinking water) commenced on day 12 following the MCT injection and continued for 16 days. Nitrate administration did not attenuate right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, increased lung weight and up‐regulated mRNA expression of brain natriuretic peptide. Plasma nitrate and nitrite levels were significantly increased as well as lung nitrate level, whereas nitrite lung level was decreased following nitrate treatment (1 mmol/kg/d). MCT‐induced PAH resulted in an increased MnSOD protein level, which was not observed following nitrate treatment. MCT‐associated up‐regulation of nNOS in the lung appeared to be dose‐dependently prevented by nitrate treatment. Western blot analysis did not reveal any differences in eNOS, iNOS, XO or gp91phox expression in the lungs among the groups. In conclusion, nitrate treatment did not significantly attenuate pathological RV and lung remodelling in the rat MCT model of PAH. The suppression of MnSOD and nNOS expression by nitrate could be interpreted as reduced demand of endogenous antioxidant defence in this model.
Characterisation of nerve‐mediated ATP release from bladder detrusor muscle and its pathological implications
Authors: McCarthy Carly J. , Ikeda Youko , Skennerton Deborah , Chakrabarty Basu , Kanai Anthony J. , Jabr Rita I. , Fry Christopher H. 
Published: August 2019

Background and PurposeThis study aims to characterise the molecular mechanisms that determine variability of atropine resistance of nerve‐mediated contractions in human and guinea pig detrusor smooth muscle.Experimental ApproachAtropine resistance of nerve‐mediated contractions and the role of P2X1 receptors, were assessed in isolated preparations from guinea pigs and also humans with or without overactive bladder syndrome, from which the mucosa was removed. Nerve‐mediated ATP release was measured directly with amperometric ATP‐sensitive electrodes. Ecto‐ATPase activity of guinea pig and human detrusor samples was measured in vitro by measuring the concentration‐dependent rate of ATP breakdown. The transcription of ecto‐ATPase subtypes in human samples was measured by qPCR.Key ResultsAtropine resistance was greatest in guinea pig detrusor, absent in human tissue from normally functioning bladders, and intermediate in human overactive bladder. Greater atropine resistance correlated with reduction of contractions by the ATP‐diphosphohydrolase apyrase, directly implicating ATP in their generation. E‐NTPDase‐1 was the most abundantly transcribed ecto‐ATPase of those tested, and transcription was reduced in tissue from human overactive, compared to normal, bladders. E‐NTPDase‐1 enzymic activity was inversely related to the magnitude of atropine resistance. Nerve‐mediated ATP release was continually measured and varied with stimulation frequency over the range of 1–16 Hz.Conclusion and ImplicationsAtropine resistance in nerve‐mediated detrusor contractions is due to ATP release and its magnitude is inversely related to E‐NTPDase‐1 activity. ATP is released under different stimulation conditions compared with ACh, implying different routes for their release.
Influence of implant macrodesign and insertion connection technology on the accuracy of static computer‐assisted implant surgery
Authors: El Kholy Karim , Ebenezer Supriya , Wittneben Julia‐Gabriela , Lazarin Rafael , Rousson Dominique , Buser Daniel 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three different macrodesigns and two different insertion devices on the accuracy of static computer‐assisted implant surgery (sCAIS).Materials and MethodsNinety implant replicas with three different macrodesigns: Soft tissue level (TL), bone level (BL), and bone level tapered (BLT) were placed in 30 dental models with two implant insertion devices: Guided adapter and guided screwed‐in mount. Preoperative and postoperative positions of implants were compared and the mean angular deviation, crestal, and apical three‐dimensional (3D) deviation were calculated for each implant macrodesign and each insertion device. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, post hoc t‐tests and Bonferroni‐Holm's adjustment method. P values less than .05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsBLT implants had lower mean 3D deviation values at the crest and the apex when compared with 3D deviations with BL and TL implants (P < .05). Also, BLT implants had lower angular deviations, when compared with BL and TL Implants, however, angular deviations were not statistically significant (P > .05). Considering the insertion device method, no significant differences were noted between insertion devices irrespective of the deviation analyzed.ConclusionThe macrodesign of dental implants may have an influence on the accuracy of sCAIS, with tapered designs offering slightly better positional accuracy than parallel‐walled macrodesigns independent on the method of insertion used.
Research progress of vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of epilepsy
Authors: Fan Jing‐Jing , Shan Wei , Wu Jian‐Ping , Wang Qun 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) defined drug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE) that epilepsy seizure symptoms cannot be controlled with two well‐tolerated and appropriately chosen antiepileptic drugs, whether they are given as monotherapy or in combination. According to the WHO reports, there is about 30%‐40% of epilepsy patients belong to DRE. These patients need some treatments other than drugs, such as epilepsy surgery, and neuromodulation treatment. Traditional surgical approaches may be limited by the patient's clinical status, pathological tissue location, or overall prognosis. Thus, neuromodulation is an alternative choice to control their symptoms. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is one of the neuromodulation methods clinically, which have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In this review, we systematically describe the clinical application, clinical effects, possible antiepileptic mechanisms, and future research directions of VNS for epilepsy.
Rapid recalibration of temporal order judgements: Response bias accounts for contradictory results
Authors: Keane Brendan , Bland Nicholas S. , Matthews Natasha , Carroll Timothy J. , Wallis Guy 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRecent history influences subsequent perception, decision‐making and motor behaviours. In this article, we address a discrepancy in the effects of recent sensory history on the perceived timing of auditory and visual stimuli. In the synchrony judgement (SJ) task, similar timing relationships in consecutive trials seem more synchronous (i.e. less like the repeated temporal order). This effect is known as rapid recalibration and is consistent with a negative perceptual aftereffect. Interestingly, the opposite is found in the temporal order judgement (TOJ) task (positive rapid recalibration). We aimed to determine whether a simple bias to repeat judgements on consecutive trials (choice‐repetition bias) could account for the discrepant results in these tasks. Preliminary simulations and analyses indicated that a choice‐repetition bias could produce apparently positive rapid recalibration in the TOJ and not the SJ task. Our first experiment revealed no evidence of rapid recalibration of TOJs, but negative rapid recalibration of associated confidence. This suggests that timing perception was rapidly recalibrated, but that the negative recalibration effect was obfuscated by a positive bias effect. In our second experiment, we experimentally mitigated the choice‐repetition bias effect and found negative rapid recalibration of TOJs. We therefore conclude that timing perception is negatively rapidly recalibrated, and this is observed consistently across timing tasks. These results contribute to a growing body of evidence that indicates multisensory perception is constantly undergoing recalibration, such that perceptual synchrony is maintained. This work also demonstrates that participants’ task responses reflect judgements that are contaminated by independent biases of perception and decision‐making.
‘The referring court asks, in essence’: Is reformulation of preliminary questions by the Court of Justice a decision writing fixture or a decision‐making approach?
Authors: Šadl Urška , Wallerman Anna 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe Court of Justice can rephrase or otherwise depart from the questions referred to it by national courts under Article 267 of the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union. It does so routinely: a practice known as reformulation. Legal literature often argues that reformulation is used to clarify national court questions and bring them within the scope of European Union law. The aim of the present article is to explore this claim systematically. To this end, it compiles a unique dataset consisting of the Orders for Reference, in which the referring courts embed the preliminary questions, and the judgments, in which the Court of Justice communicates the answers. The findings suggest that reformulation is a decision‐making approach rather than a fixture of decision writing. It's main function is to neutralize conflicts and Europeanise disputes. It underlines the Court's power to shape the preliminary ruling procedure and its outcomes.
Long‐term change of phytoplankton in Lake Kivu: The rise of the greens
Authors: Rugema Edouard , Darchambeau François , Sarmento Hugo , Stoyneva‐Gärtner Maya , Leitao Maria , Thiery Wim , Latli Adrien , Descy Jean‐Pierre 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Phytoplankton time‐series enable the observation of recurrent seasonal patterns on community composition, but drastic shifts in community structure are rarely observed, unless linked to anthropogenic impacts (e.g. changes in nutrient inputs). Here, we report a unique case of non‐seasonal, multiannual regime shift of phytoplankton community structure in Lake Kivu, East Africa, and explore the possible causes for such changes.

We recorded phytoplankton biomass every 2 weeks over a period of 12 years (from 2002 to 2015). Phytoplankton community previously dominated by cyanobacteria and diatoms changed considerably from 2012, with a conspicuous rise in the biomass of green algae (from 3 to 33% lake‐wide), and a decline of cryptophytes and cyanobacteria along with an increase in total chlorophyll a concentration. Concomitantly, we observed significant differences in the mixed layer depth between the two periods, resulting from changes in the thermal gradient. The euphotic zone depth was also reduced in 2012–2015, probably from the higher phytoplankton biomass. Moreover, mean particulate nitrogen and phosphorus increased as well as the particulate N:P ratio.

Desmids (Cosmarium laeve) now dominate the mixolimnion, probably due to atelomixis, observed in high‐frequency temperature measurements. We believe that decadal or multidecadal variability of climate on the Indian Ocean may be the reason for this regime shift in thermal stratification, with a strong impact in phytoplankton community structure.

In conclusion, our study demonstrates that tropical lakes may be subject to non‐seasonal fluctuations that generate multiannual regime shifts. These regime shifts have probably never been reported previously because of the lack of long phytoplankton time‐series in low latitudes.
Bacterial Type I CRISPR‐Cas systems influence inflammasome activation in mammalian host by promoting autophagy
Authors: Wu Qun , Wang Biao , Zhou Chuanmin , Lin Ping , Qin Shugang , Gao Pan , Wang Zhihan , Xia Zhenwei , Wu Min 
Published: August 2019

SummaryThe clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR‐associated systems (CRISPR‐Cas) systems in prokaryotes function at defending against foreign DNAs, providing adaptive immunity to maintain homeostasis. CRISPR‐Cas may also influence immune regulation ability in mammalian cells through alterations of pathogenic extent and nature. Recent research has implied that Type I CRISPR‐Cas systems of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain UCBPP‐PA14 impede recognition by Toll‐like receptor 4, and decrease pro‐inflammatory responses both in vitro and in vivo. However, the molecular mechanism by which CRISPR‐Cas systems affect host immunity is largely undemonstrated. Here, we explored whether CRISPR‐Cas systems can influence autophagy to alter the activation of inflammasome. Using the wild‐type PA14 and total CRISPR‐Cas region deletion (∆TCR) mutant strain, we elucidated the role and underlying mechanism of Type I CRISPR‐Cas systems in bacterial infection, and showed that CRISPR‐Cas systems impacted the release of mitochondrial DNA and induction of autophagy. CRISPR‐Cas deficiency led to an increase of mitochondrial DNA release, a decrease in autophagy, an increase of inflammasome activation and, ultimately, an elevation of pro‐inflammatory response. Our findings illustrate a new important mechanism by which Type I CRISPR‐Cas systems control their virulence potency to evade host defense.
International Council of Nurses: putting nurses at the centre of the world’s policymaking has benefits for us all
Authors: Catton Howard 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis year’s International Council of Nurses Congress in Singapore was an opportunity for nurses from around the world to discuss and shape policy and practice around the world. The World Health Organization recognises ICN’s unique ability to influence its policies, represent nursing and help with the challenges that lie ahead, including a potential shortfall of nine million nurses by 2030. All nurses can get involved in efforts to raise the profile of the profession and attract a new generation who will continue to maintain the high standards expected of registered nurses for decades to come.
Ulcer‐free survival days and ulcer healing in patients with diabetic foot ulcers: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Akturk Afram , van Netten Jaap J. , Scheer Rene , Vermeer Marloes , van Baal Jeff G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHealing rates may not give a complete indication of the effectiveness and management of diabetic foot ulcers because of high recurrence rates. The most important outcome for patients is remaining ulcer‐free; however, this has hardly been investigated. The aim of our study was to prospectively investigate ulcer‐free survival days and ulcer healing in patients with diabetic foot ulcers. This was a prospective cohort study of all referrals to our diabetic foot expertise centre from December 2014 to April 2017. Outcomes were determined after a minimum follow‐up period of 12 months. Primary outcomes were ulcer‐free survival days and 12‐month healing percentages. Predictors for ulcer‐free survival days and healing were investigated in multivariate analyses. A total of 158 patients were included. Median ulcer‐free survival days in the healed group were 233 days (interquartile range [IQR] 121‐312) and 131 days (IQR 0–298) in the overall population. The healing rate at 12‐month follow up was 67% (106/158), and the recurrence rate was 31% (33/106). Independent predictors of ulcer‐free survival days were duration of diabetes, peripheral artery disease (PAD), cardiovascular disease, end‐stage renal disease (ESRD), and infection. Ulcer‐free survival days are related to PAD and cardiovascular disease, and ulcer‐free survival days should be the main outcome when comparing the effectiveness of management and prevention of the diabetic foot ulcers.
Fish Fingers and Measles? Assessing Complex Gender Equality in the Scenarios for the Future of Europe
Authors: Ahrens Petra , van der Vleuten Anna 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn 2017, at a time when the EU was experiencing a triple crisis, the European Commission published a White Paper containing five scenarios outlining potential ways out of it. In his State of the Union address Commission President Juncker added a sixth. Although the Commission refers to fundamental values it neglects gender equality and reduces equality to the harmonization of the quantity of fish in fish fingers and EU‐wide access to vaccination against measles. Despite the neglect of gender equality, the scenarios are not gender neutral. A feminist institutionalist analysis unpacks the potential direct and indirect positive and negative gendered consequences of each scenario and illuminates how the choice of scenario makes a difference as to their gendered impacts and as to the access for feminist actors to bring gender issues to the table.
Critical care nurses' experiences of providing care for adults in a highly technological environment: A qualitative evidence synthesis
Authors: Crilly Geraldine , Dowling Maura , Delaunois Isabelle , Flavin Mary , Biesty Linda 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAims and objectivesTo synthesise the available body of qualitative evidence relating to nurses' perceptions and experiences of care provision in adult critical care environments.MethodsThe study adhered to ENTREQ (Confidence in Evidence of Reviews of Qualitative Research) guidelines. See Appendix S1. A systematic search of the literature in nine databases was undertaken: CINAHL, Web of Science, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Campbell Collaboration, ProQuest A & I, DART and Lenus. Blind screening to select relevant studies was undertaken, and each selected study was assessed for quality using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme framework. Guided by Thomas and Harden's three‐stage approach to thematic analysis, line‐by‐line coding of participants' verbatim accounts and the researchers' interpretations in the selected studies' findings was undertaken and then organised into higher order analytical themes. Confidence in the findings was reviewed using GRADE‐CERQual.ResultsTwelve studies reported in thirteen papers, including 122 nurses, were selected in the final sample for synthesis. Three analytical themes were identified: (a) sometimes machines get all the attention, (b) with experience the patient becomes the focus and (c) technology can't save everybody.ConclusionsProviding care for adult patients in a highly technological environment is challenging particularly for novice nurses, who face the potential of technology drawing all their attention. Experienced critical care nurses learn to keep technology in abeyance and deliver person‐centred care within the bounds of a technological environment.Relevance to clinical practiceThe review supports Locsin's theory of technological competence and highlights that providing care in critical care requires nurses to actively balance attention for the person while managing machines. Experienced nurses achieve this balance and can offer support to novice nurses. Critical care nurse orientation programmes should be underpinned by a holistic approach which addresses the dualism of technology and care.