bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyphenols and Tryptophan Metabolites Activate the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in an in vitro Model of Colonic Fermentation
Authors: Koper Jonna E. B. , Loonen Linda M. P. , Wells Jerry M. , Troise Antonio Dario , Capuano Edoardo , Fogliano Vincenzo 
Published: November 2018

ScopeMany dietary phytochemicals have been reported to promote gut health. Specific dietary phytochemicals, such as luteolin, as well as specific microbial metabolites of tryptophan are ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which plays a role in immunity and homeostasis of the gut barrier. Here, the fate of luteolin during colonic fermentation and the contribution of tryptophan metabolites to AhR activity in different parts of the colon are investigated.Methods and resultsSeveral polyphenols are screened for AhR activation and oregano, containing the ligand luteolin, is added to batch cultures of human microbiota from the distal colon. Luteolin is rapidly metabolized, with no measurable increase in AhR activity. In the second experiment, using the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME), not all luteolin is metabolized in the ascending colon, but disappear rapidly in the transverse colon. The greatest AhR activity is due to microbiota‐derived metabolites of tryptophan, particularly in the descending colon.ConclusionsLuteolin in food is rapidly metabolized in the transverse colon. Tryptophan metabolism by the microbiota in the colon contributes substantially to the pool of lumen metabolites that can activate the AhR.
Subtractive non‐contrast‐enhanced MRI of lower limb veins using multiple flow‐dependent preparation strategies
Authors: Li Hao , Priest Andrew N. , Patterson Ilse , Graves Martin J , Lomas David J 
Published: November 2018

PurposeTo evaluate the performance of acceleration‐dependent vascular anatomy for non‐contrast‐enhanced MR venography (ADVANCE‐MRV) in femoral veins and to investigate whether venous signal uniformity can be improved by applying multiple acquisitions with different flow suppressions or multiple flow suppressions in 1 acquisition.MethodsThe ADVANCE‐MRV method uses flow‐sensitized modules to acquire a dark‐artery image set and a dark‐artery vein set, which are subsequently subtracted. Ten healthy volunteers were imaged using the ADVANCE‐MRV sequence with improved venous suppression uniformity in the dark‐artery vein images achieved by applying multiple flow suppressions in the same acquisition or by combining multiple images acquired with different flow suppressions. The performance of the improved technique was also evaluated in 13 patients with lower‐limb deep venous thrombosis.ResultsMultiple‐preparation and multiple‐acquisition approaches all improved venous signal uniformity and reduced the signal void artifacts observed in the original ADVANCE‐MRV images. The multiple‐acquisition approaches achieved excellent blood signal uniformity and intensity, albeit at the cost of an increase in the total acquisition time. The double‐preparation approach demonstrated good performance in all measurements, providing a good compromise between signal uniformity and acquisition time. The blood signal spatial variation and its variation using different gradient amplitudes were reduced by 20% and 29%. All patient images showed uniform and bright venous signal in nonoccluded sections of vein.ConclusionThe enhanced ADVANCE‐MRV methods substantially improved signal uniformity in healthy volunteers and patients with known deep venous thrombosis. The double‐preparation approach gave good‐quality femoral vein images, providing improved venous signal uniformity without increasing acquisition time in comparison to the original sequence.
From telling to sharing to silence: A longitudinal ethnography of professional‐patient communication about oral chemotherapy for colorectal cancer
Authors: Mitchell Gary , Porter Sam , Manias Elizabeth 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundHealthcare professionals are encouraged to promote concordance, a shared agreement about prescription and administration of medications, in their communication with patients. However, there is a paucity of research regarding the impact of communication about self‐administered oral chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to examine the changing dynamics of communication through the patient journey from diagnosis of colorectal cancer to posttreatment of chemotherapy.MethodsOver 60 hours of observational data were digitally recorded from interactions between 15 healthcare professionals, eight patients with colorectal cancer prescribed capecitabine, and 11 family members over a 6‐month period in outpatient departments within one hospital in the United Kingdom. Sixteen semi‐structured interviews were conducted with patients during and after their treatment. Three focus groups were carried out with healthcare professionals. These data were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsThe patient journey followed a path of four distinct phases: autocracy, physiological concordance, holistic concordance, and silence. Initially, communication was medicalised with patients occupying a passive role. As patients continued their journey, they took a more active role in their treatment discussion by leading consultations and sharing their priorities of care. At the end of treatment, patients felt isolated and unsupported when they were discharged from their oncology team.ConclusionsCommunication about oral chemotherapy is not a static process; it evolves to take account of changing clinical requirements and growing patient confidence in dealing with their cancer. Different stages in the treatment journey indicate the need for different approaches to communication.
Nonclinical safety assessment of a human interleukin‐22FC IG fusion protein demonstrates in vitro to in vivo and cross‐species translatability
Authors: Lee Donna W. , Zhong Shelly , Pai Rama , Rae Julie , Sukumaran Siddharth , Stefanich Eric G. , Lutman Jeff , Doudement Estelle , Wang Xiaoting , Harder Brandon , Lekkerkerker Annemarie , Herman Ann , Ouyang Wenjun , Danilenko Dimitry M. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAlthough Interleukin‐22 (IL‐22) is produced by various leukocytes, it preferentially targets cells with epithelial origins. IL‐22 exerts essential roles in modulating various tissue epithelial functions, such as innate host defense against extracellular pathogens, barrier integrity, regeneration, and wound healing. Therefore, IL‐22 is thought to have therapeutic potential in treating diseases associated with infection, tissue injury or chronic tissue damage. A number of in vitro and in vivo nonclinical studies were conducted to characterize the pharmacological activity and safety parameters of UTTR1147A, an IL‐22 recombinant fusion protein that links the human cytokine IL‐22 with the Fc portion of a human immunoglobulin. To assess the pharmacological activity of UTTR1147A, STAT3 activation was evaluated in primary hepatocytes isolated from human, cynomolgus monkey, minipig, rat, and mouse after incubation with UTTR1147A. UTTR1147A activated STAT3 in all species evaluated, demonstrating that all were appropriate nonclinical species for toxicology studies.The nonclinical safety profile of UTTR1147A was evaluated in rats, minipigs, and cynomolgus monkeys to establish a safe clinical starting dose for humans in Phase I trials and to support clinical intravenous, subcutaneous and/or topical administration treatment regimen. Results demonstrate the cross‐species translatability of the biological response in activating the IL‐22 pathway as well as the translatability of findings from in vitro to in vivo systems. UTTR1147A was well tolerated in all species tested and induced the expected pharmacologic effects of epidermal hyperplasia and a transient increase in on‐target acute phase proteins. These effects were all considered to be clinically predictable, manageable, monitorable, and reversible.
HPA@Methenamine‐HNTs: A Novel Catalyst for Promoting One‐Pot and Three‐Component Synthesis of Chromenopyrimidine‐2,5‐Diones and Thioxochromenopyrimidin‐5‐ones in Aqueous Media
Authors: Sadjadi Samahe , M. Heravi Majid , Zadsirjan Vahideh , Beheshtiha Seyed Yahya Shirazi , Kelishadi Razieh Rezai 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA novel catalyst has been prepared through functionalization of halloysite nanoclay (HNTs) with methenamine and subsequent incorporation of Keggin type heteropolyacid (HPA). The catalyst was applied for promoting synthesis of chromenopyrimidine‐2,5‐diones and thioxochromenopyrimidin‐5‐ones through one‐pot reaction of urea/thiourea, aldehydes and 4‐hydroxycoumarin under mild reaction condition. The results confirmed that the catalyst could efficiently catalyze the reaction to furnish the corresponding products in high yields and short reaction times. Moreover, the catalyst was reusable up to three reaction runs with slight HPA leaching. The comparison of the catalytic activity of the catalyst with that of HPA, HNTs, HPA supported on HNTs and methenamine confirmed the superior catalytic activity of the catalyst, indicating the efficiency of Methenamine‐HNTs as a catalyst support. Finally, the comparison of the efficiency of the present protocol with some of the previous reports, confirmed the merit of use of this novel catalyst in terms of reaction yield and heterogeneity of the catalyst.
Fluctuations in the Emission Polarization and Spectrum in Single Chains of a Common Conjugated Polymer for Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Hedley Gordon J. , Steiner Florian , Vogelsang Jan , Lupton John M. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMeasuring the nanoscale organization of conjugated polymer chains used in organic photovoltaic (OPV) blends is vital if one wants to understand the materials. This is made very difficult with high efficiency OPV polymers such as PTB7 that form aggregates, as a lack of periodicity and a high degree of disorder make understanding of the nanoscale organization challenging. Here, single molecule spectroscopy is used to observe single chains and aggregates of PTB7. Using four detectors the photoluminescence intensity, wavelength, polarization, and lifetime are simultaneously monitored. Fast (milliseconds) and slow (seconds) fluctuations are observed over a time window of 30 s in all of these observables from single aggregates and chains as individual chromophores activate and deactivate, leading to dynamical changes in the emission spectrum and dipole orientation. This information can be used to help reconstruct the spatial and spectral organization of disordered aggregates of PTB7, thereby adding valuable new information on how the chains are arranged in space.
Superconductor Electronics: Status and Outlook
Authors: Braginski Alex I. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSuperconductor electronics combines passive and active superconducting components and sometimes normal resistors into functional circuits and systems that also include room-temperature electronics for amplification, power sources, necessary controls, etc., usually computer operated. Furthermore, complete systems include magnetic and electromagnetic shielding, cryogenic enclosures, and increasingly a cryocooler in self-contained units. Components or devices of low or high critical temperature superconductors include inductances (coils), passive transmission lines, resonators, antennae, filters, as well as active elements: Josephson junctions, Josephson oscillators, and superconducting quantum interference devices. Of multiple demonstrated applications, mostly but not only in science and metrology, currently most successful are voltage standards, astronomy detectors and large telescope cameras, instruments for material characterization, and magnetometers for geomagnetic prospecting. Major current efforts concentrate on energy-efficient high-end computing and quantum computing. The outcomes of these efforts are likely to be known in the course of the following decade.
Speeding up non-Markovian first-passage percolation with a few extra edges
Authors: Medvedev Alexey , Pete Gábor 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
One model of real-life spreading processes is that of first-passage percolation (also called the SI model) on random graphs. Social interactions often follow bursty patterns, which are usually modelled with independent and identically distributed heavy-tailed passage times on edges. On the other hand, random graphs are often locally tree-like, and spreading on trees with leaves might be very slow due to bottleneck edges with huge passage times. Here we consider the SI model with passage times following a power-law distribution ℙ(ξ>t)∼t-α with infinite mean. For any finite connected graph G with a root s, we find the largest number of vertices κ(G,s) that are infected in finite expected time, and prove that for every k≤κ(G,s), the expected time to infect k vertices is at most O(k1/α). Then we show that adding a single edge from s to a random vertex in a random tree 𝒯 typically increases κ(𝒯,s) from a bounded variable to a fraction of the size of 𝒯, thus severely accelerating the process. We examine this acceleration effect on some natural models of random graphs: critical Galton--Watson trees conditioned to be large, uniform spanning trees of the complete graph, and on the largest cluster of near-critical Erdős‒Rényi graphs. In particular, at the upper end of the critical window, the process is already much faster than exactly at criticality.
Disparity of clustering coefficients in the Holme‒Kim network model
Authors: Oliveira R. I. , Ribeiro R. , Sanchis R. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe Holme‒Kim random graph process is a variant of the Barabási‒Álbert scale-free graph that was designed to exhibit clustering. In this paper we show that whether the model does indeed exhibit clustering depends on how we define the clustering coefficient. In fact, we find that the local clustering coefficient typically remains positive whereas global clustering tends to 0 at a slow rate. These and other results are proven via martingale techniques, such as Freedman's concentration inequality combined with a bootstrapping argument.
Large deviations for randomly connected neural networks: II. State-dependent interactions
Authors: Cabana Tanguy , Touboul Jonathan D. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
We continue the analysis of large deviations for randomly connected neural networks used as models of the brain. The originality of the model relies on the fact that the directed impact of one particle onto another depends on the state of both particles, and they have random Gaussian amplitude with mean and variance scaling as the inverse of the network size. Similarly to the spatially extended case (see Cabana and Touboul (2018)), we show that under sufficient regularity assumptions, the empirical measure satisfies a large deviations principle with a good rate function achieving its minimum at a unique probability measure, implying, in particular, its convergence in both averaged and quenched cases, as well as a propagation of a chaos property (in the averaged case only). The class of model we consider notably includes a stochastic version of the Kuramoto model with random connections.
Spatiotemporal Patterns and Mechanisms of Chinese Tallowtree (Triadica sebifera) Spread along Edge Habitat in a Coastal Landscape, Mississippi, USA
Authors: Fan Zhaofei , Yang Shaoyang , Liu Xia 
Published: November 2018

AbstractChinese tallowtree [Triadica sebifera(L.) Small] has reached unprecedented prevalence in coastal landscapes in the Gulf of Mexico, especially along edge habitat with low competition and abundant resource (e.g., light) availability. This study investigated the spatiotemporal patterns and mechanisms ofT. sebiferaspread along roadways and fire lines.Triadica sebiferaindividuals and landscape and community features were surveyed in equally spaced, spatially mapped plots. AllT. sebiferaindividuals were felled to determine tree age and status (seed trees or non-seed bearing trees), andT. sebiferaseed and seedling (≤2 yr old) densities and community and landscape features (over- and understory conditions, distance to seed trees) were measured. A zero-inflated negative binomial model was used to evaluate factors affectingT. sebiferaseed dispersal and seedling recruitment contributing to the observed spatiotemporal patterns. Introduced into the Grand Bay National Wildlife Refuge around 30 yr ago,T. sebiferatrees distribute in clustered patterns along roadways and fire lines and exhibit an exponential growth in density. HighT. sebiferaseed and seedling densities mainly occurred in sites that are ≤250 m from seed trees or have sparse overstory and high understory grass/herb coverage. With respect to the avian seed dispersal mechanism, the spatiotemporal patterns ofT. sebiferaspread along roadways and fire lines could be simply characterized by using landscape and community features that influence avian behaviors, including distance to seed trees, overstory tree density, and ground grass/herb coverage.
VLADIMIR JABOTINSKY AND POPULATION TRANSFERS BETWEEN EASTERN EUROPE AND PALESTINE
Authors: RUBIN GIL S. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractDrawing on new archival findings, this article argues that shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War, Vladimir Jabotinsky, founder and leader of the right-wing Revisionist Zionist movement, had begun to advocate for the transfer of the Arab population from Palestine – an aspect of his thought previously unknown. Jabotinsky's support for population transfers runs counter to his lifelong political thought. Prior to the war, Jabotinsky was a staunch advocate of minority rights for Jews in Europe and for extensive autonomy for the Arab population in Palestine. This article argues that Jabotinsky's shift was a product of the war. Jabotinsky believed that millions of Jewish refugees would be prevented from returning to their pre-war homes in eastern Europe and would immigrateen masseto Palestine; to resettle these refugees, the Arab population, he argued, ‘would have to make room’. Attentively following debates on population transfers in Europe, Jabotinsky concluded that the era of minority rights had come to an end and envisioned an increasingly ethno-national Jewish state. By highlighting the eastern Europe context in Jabotinsky's thought, this article emphasizes the importance of studying the history of Zionism alongside the transformation of the nation-state in eastern Europe in the 1940s.
The Reinstatement Effect in Human Predictive Learning: Contextual Modulation and the Impact of Extinction Reminders
Authors: Gámez A. Matías , Bernal-Gamboa Rodolfo 
Published: November 2018

AbstractOne of the most relevant phenomena both from a theoretical and clinical perspective is extinction. In particular, several researchers are interested in the response recovery effects from extinction. Reinstatement is an effect that has been proposed as a laboratory model to study relapse from extinction-based therapeutic treatments. We designed two experiments with humans to evaluate the reinstatement effect in a predictive learning task. In both experiments, participants learned a specific relationship between two cues (X and Y) and two outcomes (O1 and O2) during the first phase. Throughout extinction, both cues were presented without outcomes. After an exposure to the original outcomes, reinstatement of the first-learned information was observed during testing in both experiments. However, we found that the reinstatement effect was contextual modulated (Experiment 1; ηp2= .78, 90% CI [.48, .86],p< .0001). Furthermore, in Experiment 2 we showed a reduction of reinstatement when an extinction reminder was used ηp2= .45, 90% CI [.07, .65],p =.012. Theoretical implications are discussed, and some potential uses are mentioned.
Response of Sweetpotato Cultivars to Linuron Rate and Application Time
Authors: Beam Shawn C. , Jennings Katherine M. , Chaudhari Sushila , Monks David W. , Schultheis Jonathan R. , Waldschmidt Mathew 
Published: November 2018

AbstractField studies were conducted in 2015 and 2016 in North Carolina to determine the response of ‘Covington’ and ‘Murasaki-29’ sweetpotato cultivars to four rates of linuron (420, 560, 840, and 1,120 g ai ha–1) alone or withS-metolachlor (803 g ai ha–1) applied 7 or 14 d after transplanting (DAP). Injury (chlorosis/necrosis and stunting) to both cultivars was greater when linuron was applied withS-metolachlor as compared to linuron applied alone. Herbicide application at 14 DAP caused greater injury (chlorosis/necrosis and stunting) to both cultivars than when applied at 7 DAP. At 4 wk after treatment (WAT), stunting of Covington and Murasaki-29 (hereafter Murasaki) from linuron at 420 to 1,120 g ha–1increased from 27% to 50% and 25% to 53%, respectively. At 7 or 8 WAT, crop stunting of 8% or less and 0% was observed in Covington and Murasaki, respectively, regardless of application rate and timing. Murasaki root yields were similar in the linuron alone or withS-metolachlor treatments, and were lower than the nontreated check. In 2016, no. 1 and marketable sweetpotato yields of Covington were similar for the nontreated check, linuron alone, or linuron plusS-metolachlor treatments, but not in 2015. Decreases in no. 1 and marketable root yields were observed when herbicides were applied 14 DAP compared to 7 DAP for Covington in 2015 and for Murasaki in both years. No. 1 and marketable yields of Covington were similar for 420 to 1,120 g ha–1linuron and nontreated check except marketable root yields in 2015. No. 1 and marketable sweetpotato yields of Murasaki decreased as application rates increased.
Developmental changes of cortical white–gray contrast as predictors of autism diagnosis and severity
Authors: Bezgin Gleb , Lewis John D. , Evans Alan C. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractRecent studies suggest that both cortical gray and white-matter microstructural characteristics are distinct for subjects with autism. There is a lack of evidence regarding how these characteristics change in a developmental context. We analysed a longitudinal/cross-sectional dataset of 402 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans (171 subjects with autism and 231 with typical development) from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange, cohorts I–II (ABIDE-I-II). In the longitudinal sample, we computed the rate of change in the white–gray contrast, a measure which has been related to age and cognitive performance, at the boundary of the cerebral cortex. Then, we devised an analogous metric for the cross-sectional sample of the ABIDE dataset to measure age-related differences in cortical contrast. Further, we developed a probabilistic model to predict the diagnostic group in the longitudinal sample of the cortical contrast change data, using results obtained from the cross-sectional sample. In both subsets, we observed a similar overall pattern of greater decrease within the autistic population in intensity contrast for most cortical regions (81%), with occasional increases, mostly in primary sensory regions. This pattern correlated well with raw and calibrated behavioural scores. The prediction results show 76% accuracy for the whole-cortex diagnostic prediction and 86% accuracy in prediction using the motor system alone. Our results support a contrast change analysis strategy that appears sensitive in predicting diagnostic outcome and symptom severity in autism spectrum disorder, and is readily extensible to other MRI-based studies of neurodevelopmental cohorts.