bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variations of the CNS Venous System Mimicking Pathology: Spectrum of Imaging Findings
Authors: Freeman Colbey W. , Lazor Jillian W. , Loevner Laurie A. , Nabavizadeh Seyed Ali 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTVariations in the venous drainage of the central nervous system can have imaging and clinical findings that mimic pathology, presenting a challenge for neuroimagers and clinicians. Patients with these variants may undergo unnecessary testing, and patients with pathology may receive delayed diagnoses because of overlap with benign findings. Consequently, the accurate identification of venous variations on cross‐sectional imaging and angiography and their potential causes are critical for differentiating benign imaging variants from potential pathologic processes requiring further evaluation. For example, in the epidural space, benign dilation of the epidural venous plexus may be mistaken for evidence of a fistula, abscess, or metastasis. Hypoplasia of a dural venous sinus or an arachnoid granulation may mimic venous sinus thrombosis. The superior ophthalmic vein may demonstrate benign dilation in intubated patients, mimicking thrombosis, increased intracranial pressure, orbital varix, inflammatory pseudotumor, or other conditions. Furthermore, certain venous variations, such as the occipital sinus or emissary veins, may complicate surgery or herald pathology and should be reported. In addition, some supposedly benign variations, such as the developmental venous anomaly, can be complicated by pathology. The objective of this review article is to provide a descriptive and pictorial review of common anatomic and physiologic variations in the venous drainage system of the brain, spine, and orbits that can mimic pathology. Neuroimaging findings of related pathologies and differences in clinical presentations will also be discussed to assist in the approach to differential diagnosis.
Telomere erosion in Sjögren's syndrome: A multi‐tissue comparative analysis
Authors: Noll Braxton , Bahrani Mougeot Farah , Brennan Michael T. , Mougeot Jean‐Luc C. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundAcinar progenitor cells within salivary glands have decreased regenerative capacity and exhibit shorter telomeres in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) patients. We investigated whether DNA of saliva, PBMCs, and labial salivary gland (LSG) biopsy tissue have shorter telomeres in pSS compared to controls. mRNA expression of genes associated with pSS pathogenesis (ETS1, LEF1, and MMP9), telomere DNA damage response (ATM), senescence (CDKN2A), telomerase inhibition (IFN‐y, TGFβ1), and the shelterin complex (TPP1, POT1) were assessed in LSG tissue by qRT‐PCR to examine potential defects in telomere maintenance.MethodsRelative telomere length in DNA of saliva, PBMCs, and LSGs from non‐pSS sicca and pSS patients was measured using qPCR. Saliva DNA telomere length was further compared to healthy controls. Expression of genes affecting telomere maintenance was analyzed in LSGs using qRT‐PCR.ResultsPrimary Sjögren's syndrome patients have shorter telomeres in saliva DNA (n = 21) than healthy controls (n = 27) (P = .0035). ATM mRNA expression was higher in pSS LSG tissue (n = 16) vs non‐pSS sicca patients (n = 13) (P = .0283) and strongly correlated with LEF1, TPP1, and POT1 (P < .01, r > 0.6).ConclusionsPatients with pSS exhibited significant telomere erosion in saliva DNA. Overexpression of ATM in LSGs could represent a compensatory response to telomere shortening. The role of LEF1 in telomere erosion remains to be elucidated.
Learning skills in Tropidurus lizards are associated with territory harshness
Authors: Rodrigues A. V. , Kohlsdorf T. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractLearning increases the ability to cope with challenges experienced in natural environments and likely affects animal survival, especially in harsh environments. Most evidence for associations between environmental characteristics and learning ability derives from comparisons among closely related species of mammals or birds, although the contribution of such behavioral trait for variation in habitat usage may be established among individuals at the population level. Here, we used individuals of Tropidurus catalanensis lizards from the same population to test for associations between individual problem‐solving capacity and the type of territory used. Our prediction was that individuals living in harsher territories would exhibit enhanced capability for problem solving than lizards from more permissive (mild) territories. Lizards were tested during eight non‐consecutive days using a customized feeder and visual cues. After confirming that lizards learn to solve the proposed task, we corroborated the hypothesis that environmental parameters affecting territory harshness are associated with individual learning capacity. Specifically, individuals living in harsh territories presented greater enhancement of their performance for problem solving with exposure to the task. We also identified that some of these lizards shifted their behavior along the 2 weeks of trials, adopting an approach that apparently minimized attempts prior to success. Challenges imposed by structurally different territories may be overcome by individuals exhibiting enhanced learning, a skill that may initially allow colonization of harsh territories by a given set of individuals but might also be cryptic in the population and then become expressed in response to specific environmental settings.
Mitochondria, sex and variation in routine metabolic rate
Authors: Healy Timothy M. , Brennan Reid S. , Whitehead Andrew , Schulte Patricia M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractVariation in the metabolic costs associated with organismal maintenance may play a key role in determining fitness, and thus these differences among individuals are likely to be subject to natural selection. Although the evolvability of maintenance metabolism depends on its underlying genetic architecture, relatively little is known about the nature of genetic variation that underlies this trait. To address this, we measured variation in routine metabolic rate (ṀO2routine), an index of maintenance metabolism, within and among three populations of Atlantic killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, including a population from a region of genetic admixture between two subspecies. Polygenic association tests among individuals from the admixed population identified 54 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were associated with ṀO2routine, and these SNPs accounted for 43% of interindividual variation in this trait. However, genetic associations with ṀO2routine involved different SNPs if females and males were analysed separately, and there was a sex‐dependent effect of mitochondrial genotype on variation in routine metabolism. These results imply that there are sex‐specific genetic mechanisms, and potential mitonuclear interactions, that underlie variation in ṀO2routine. Additionally, there was evidence for epistatic interactions between 17% of the possible pairs of trait‐associated SNPs, suggesting that epistatic effects on ṀO2routine are common. These data demonstrate not only that phenotypic variation in this ecologically important trait has a polygenic basis with considerable epistasis among loci, but also that these underlying genetic mechanisms, and particularly the role of mitochondrial genotype, may be sex‐specific.
A stripe rust effector Pst18363 targets and stabilises TaNUDX23 that promotes stripe rust disease
Authors: Yang Qian , Huai Baoyu , Lu Yuxi , Cai Kunyan , Guo Jia , Zhu Xiaoguo , Kang Zhensheng , Guo Jun 
Published: September 2019

Summary

Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), poses a tremendous threat to the production of wheat worldwide. The molecular mechanisms of Pst effectors that regulate wheat immunity are poorly understood.

In this study, we identified an effector Pst18363 from Pst that suppresses plant cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana and in wheat. Knocking down Pst18363 expression by virus‐mediated host‐induced gene silencing significantly decreased the number of rust pustules, indicating that Pst18363 functions as an important pathogenicity factor in Pst.

Pst18363 was proven to interact with wheat Nudix hydrolase 23 TaNUDX23. In wheat, silencing of TaNUDX23 by virus‐induced gene silencing increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation induced by the avirulent Pst race CYR23, whereas overexpression of TaNUDX23 suppressed ROS accumulation induced by flg22 in Arabidopsis. In addition, TaNUDX23 suppressed Pst candidate effector Pst322‐trigged cell death by decreasing ROS accumulation in N. benthamiana. Knocking down of TaNUDX23 expression attenuated Pst infection, indicating that TaNUDX23 is a negative regulator of defence. In N. benthamiana, Pst18363 stabilises TaNUDX23.

Overall, our data suggest that Pst18363 stabilises TaNUDX23, which suppresses ROS accumulation to facilitate Pst infection.
Sex differences in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in patients with burning mouth syndrome
Authors: Lee Yeon‐Hee , An Jung‐Sub , Chon Suk 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the sex differences in clinical features, including salivary flow rate, psychological distress and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response and their inter‐relationships in patients with burning mouth syndrome.Subjects and MethodsEighteen men and 37 postmenopausal women with burning mouth syndrome underwent a comprehensive questionnaire evaluation, psychological evaluation and salivary flow rate measurement. Laboratory tests were performed to investigate the function and integrity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis.ResultsBoth unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rates were higher in men than in women (unstimulated: 0.58 ± 0.32 vs. 0.37 ± 0.15 ml/min, p < .01; stimulated: 1.83 ± 0.63 vs. 1.22 ± 0.31, p < .001). Symptom severity scored on a visual analogue scale negatively correlated with anti‐diuretic hormone levels in both sexes. The visual analogue scale scores negatively correlated with unstimulated (r = −.652, p < .01) and stimulated (r = −.376, p < .05) salivary flow rates in men and women, respectively. Unstimulated salivary flow rates positively correlated with anti‐diuretic hormone (r = .453, p < .05) and progesterone (r = .402, p < .05) levels only in women.ConclusionsOur results suggest that clinicians should consider hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response, as well as sex and salivary flow rates, when identifying the aetiology of patients with burning mouth syndrome, as it may enable more accurate and effective treatment.
Transfusion independence after repeated haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplants in a patient with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II and hemosiderosis
Authors: Macaraeg Marci , Proytcheva Maria , Katsanis Emmanuel 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMatched related or unrelated donor allogeneic HCT has occasionally been applied in patients with severe CDA type II and proven to be curative. We report on the first patient with CDA to undergo haploidentical bone marrow transplantation with PT‐CY. A 12‐year‐old boy with severe hemosiderosis, and a, consequently, disturbed BM microenvironment, developed recurrent graft failures and required salvage with two additional haploidentical HCTs. He achieved complete donor chimerism and transfusion independence after the third HCT. Our case underscores the risks associated with performing haploidentical HCT in older pediatric patients with CDA and severe chronic iron overload.
The ScRALF3 secreted peptide is involved in sporophyte to gametophyte signalling and affects pollen mitosis I
Authors: Loubert‐Hudon A. , Mazin B. D. , Chevalier É. , Matton D. P. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Signalling events through small peptides are essential in multiple aspects of plant reproduction. The ScRALF3 Solanum chacoense Rapid Alkalinization Factor (RALF) peptide was previously shown to regulate multiple aspects of cell–cell communication between the surrounding sporophytic tissue and the female gametophyte during ovule development.

We analysed the global expression pattern of ScRALF3 with GUS reporter gene under control of the ScRALF3 promoter and validated it with in situ hybridisation. To better understand the role of ScRALF3 we used three different RNA interference (RNAi) lines that reduced the expression of ScRALF3 during pollen development.

Both expression methods showed the presence of ScRALF3 in different tissues, including stigma, style, vascular tissues and during stamen development. Down‐regulation of ScRALF3 expression through RNAi showed drastic defects in early stages of pollen development, mainly on the first mitosis.

These results suggest that the ScRALF3 secreted peptide regulates the transition from sporogenesis to gametogenesis in both male and female gametophytes.
Fear, anxiety, and their disorders from the perspective of psychophysiology
Authors: Hamm Alfons O. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPsychophysiology is a central hub connecting neurobiological and behavioral domains with clinical science, thus providing ideal tools for increasing the understanding of mental disorders beyond the level of symptom reports. The present article provides an overview of how psychophysiological research can contribute toward efforts directed at an improved understanding of anxiety disorders. Starting with the behavioral domain, it is demonstrated that defensive behaviors are fundamental to anxiety disorders and that these behaviors are dynamically organized depending upon the proximity of a specific threat. The next section reviews neural networks that are activated during the encoding of threat‐relevant information and during the organization of the cascade of defensive responses, including how passive avoidance might be conceptualized within a neurobehavioral framework. The last section addresses the translation of these behavioral and neuronal findings from experimental psychopathology research to clinical populations. Finally, evidence is presented to support how behavioral approaches may be helpful in predicting treatment outcomes.
Offshoring and firm overlap: Welfare effects with non‐sharp selection into offshoring
Authors: Capuano Stella , Egger Harmut , Koch Michael , Schmerer Hans‐Jörg 
Published: September 2019

AbstractUsing German establishment data, we provide evidence for selection of larger, more productive producers into offshoring. However, the selection is not sharp, and offshoring and nonoffshoring producers coexist over a wide range of the revenue distribution. To explain this overlap, we set up a model of offshoring, in which we decouple offshoring status from revenues through heterogeneity in two technology parameters. In an empirical analysis, we employ German establishment data to estimate key parameters of the model and show that disregarding the overlap has large quantitative effects. It lowers the estimated gains from offshoring by almost 50% and, at the same time, exaggerates the role of the extensive margin for explaining the evolution of German offshoring since the 1990s.
Early necrotic skin lesions after a ABO‐incompatible kidney transplantation: The threat of Cunninghamella Spp.
Authors: Belliere Julie , Rolland Marion , Tournier Emilie , Cassaing Sophie , Iriart Xavier , Paul Carle , Kamar Nassim 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA 49‐year‐old man underwent ABO‐incompatible kidney transplantation with a living donor. At day 33 post‐transplantation, he presented with undiagnosed epilepsy with generalized tonic‐clonic seizures. At day 44 post‐transplantation, he developed left‐sided pneumonia attributed to Aspergillus fumigatus and treatment with liposomal amphotericin B was initiated. At day 51 post‐transplantation, necrotic skin lesions appeared. DNA sequencing in a fresh cutaneous biopsy finally identified Cunninghamella Spp., a member of the order Mucorales. Unfortunately, the necrotic lesions spread, and the patient died at day 60 post‐transplantation. This case report highlights the infectious risk related to ABO‐incompatible kidney transplantation and suggests a requirement for rapid identification of every skin lesion, even in the early phases of immunosuppression.
CG hypomethylation leads to complex changes in DNA methylation and transpositional burst of diverse transposable elements in callus cultures of rice
Authors: Hu Lanjuan , Li Ning , Zhang Zhibin , Meng Xinchao , Dong Qianli , Xu Chunming , Gong Lei , Liu Bao 
Published: September 2019

SummaryCG methylation (mCG) is essential for preserving genome stability in mammals, but this link remains obscure in plants. OsMET1‐2, a major rice DNA methyltransferase, plays critical roles in maintaining mCG in rice. Null mutation of OsMET1‐2 causes massive CG hypomethylation, rendering the mutant suitable to address the role of mCG in maintaining genome integrity in plants. Here, we analyzed mCG dynamics and genome stability in tissue cultures of OsMET1‐2 homozygous (−/−) and heterozygous (+/−) mutants, and isogenic wild‐type (WT). We found mCG levels in cultures of −/− were substantially lower than in those of WT and +/−, as expected. Unexpectedly, mCG levels in 1‐ and 3‐year cultures of −/− were 77.6% and 48.7% higher, respectively, than in shoot, from which the cultures were initiated, suggesting substantial regain of mCG in −/− cultures, which contrasts to the general trend of mCG loss in all WT plant tissue cultures hitherto studied. Transpositional burst of diverse transposable elements (TEs) occurred only in −/− cultures, although no elevation of genome‐wide mutation rate in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms was detected. Altogether, our results establish an essential role of mCG in retaining TE immobility and hence genome stability in rice and likely in plants in general.
Transposons played a major role in the diversification between the closely related almond and peach genomes: results from the almond genome sequence
Authors: Alioto Tyler , Alexiou Konstantinos G. , Bardil Amélie , Barteri Fabio , Castanera Raúl , Cruz Fernando , Dhingra Amit , Duval Henri , Fernández i Martí Ángel , Frias Leonor , Galán Beatriz , García José L. , Howad Werner , Gómez‐Garrido Jèssica , Gut Marta , Julca Irene , Morata Jordi , Puigdomènech Pere , Ribeca Paolo , Rubio Cabetas María J. , Vlasova Anna , Wirthensohn Michelle , Garcia‐Mas Jordi , Gabaldón Toni , Casacuberta Josep M. , Arús Pere 
Published: September 2019

SummaryWe sequenced the genome of the highly heterozygous almond Prunus dulcis cv. Texas combining short‐ and long‐read sequencing. We obtained a genome assembly totaling 227.6 Mb of the estimated almond genome size of 238 Mb, of which 91% is anchored to eight pseudomolecules corresponding to its haploid chromosome complement, and annotated 27 969 protein‐coding genes and 6747 non‐coding transcripts. By phylogenomic comparison with the genomes of 16 additional close and distant species we estimated that almond and peach (Prunus persica) diverged around 5.88 million years ago. These two genomes are highly syntenic and show a high degree of sequence conservation (20 nucleotide substitutions per kb). However, they also exhibit a high number of presence/absence variants, many attributable to the movement of transposable elements (TEs). Transposable elements have generated an important number of presence/absence variants between almond and peach, and we show that the recent history of TE movement seems markedly different between them. Transposable elements may also be at the origin of important phenotypic differences between both species, and in particular for the sweet kernel phenotype, a key agronomic and domestication character for almond. Here we show that in sweet almond cultivars, highly methylated TE insertions surround a gene involved in the biosynthesis of amygdalin, whose reduced expression has been correlated with the sweet almond phenotype. Altogether, our results suggest a key role of TEs in the recent history and diversification of almond and its close relative peach.
Control of cystic echinococcosis: Background and prospects
Authors: Larrieu Edmundo , Gavidia Cesar M. , Lightowlers Marshall W. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractCystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is a chronic and debilitating zoonotic larval cestode infection in humans, which is principally transmitted between dogs and domestic livestock, particularly sheep. Human CE occurs in almost all pastoral communities and rangeland areas of the underdeveloped and developed world. Control programmes against CE have been implemented in several endemic countries to reduce or eliminate the disease. New Zealand and Tasmania are examples of some of the first programmes to be undertaken (in insular territories) and which were very successful in the elimination of CE. The advent and proven effectiveness of praziquantel, plus the experience of insular models, produced high expectations for rapid advances in a second generation of control programmes undertaken in continental areas (Argentina, Uruguay and Chile). Nevertheless, only moderate gains in CE control have been made and the impact on prevalence among humans has been slight. A major impediment to the adoption of procedures that were successful in New Zealand and Tasmania has been the requirement to administer praziquantel to dogs in rural areas eight times per year over numerous years. In addition, there have been clear technological improvements made in the diagnosis of canine echinococcosis for surveillance, the genetic characterization of parasite strains and in vaccination against CE infection in livestock. In order to establish new paradigms and appropriate combinations of control strategies, we have carried out a review and discussion of the available control tools and control models. Control strategies must be suitable and sustainable to benefit the Echinococcosis–endemic areas primarily, which at the same time are the poorest regions of the world.