bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of the medical literature and assessment of current utilization patterns regarding the use of two common fluorescence in situ hybridization assays in the diagnosis of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and clear cell sarcoma
Authors: Linos Konstantinos , Kozel Jessica A. , Hurley Maria Yadira , Andea Aleodor A. 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundDermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a tumor of intermediate malignancy, which in selected circumstances can pose difficulty in diagnosis. Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) is a very rare aggressive soft tissue sarcoma that can be difficult to distinguish histologically from melanoma.MethodsThe current literature on t(17;22) COL1A1‐PDGFB fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay in DFSP was reviewed. Also reviewed was the current literature on dual color break‐apart EWSR1 FISH assay in CCS. Finally, the current utilization patterns of these tests was assessed in attendees of the American Society of Dermatopathology annual meeting (Chicago, 2016).ResultsThe literature indicates that (17;22) COL1A1‐PDGFB FISH assay has limited value for classic DFSP, where the diagnosis can be established by routine morphology and immunohistochemistry. Given the high specificity of the EWSR1 FISH assay and significant complexity in the diagnosis of CCS, this ancillary study is helpful in distinguishing CCS from melanoma.ConclusionsIn attendees, t(17;22) COL1A1‐PDGFB FISH testing for classic cases of DFSP is appropriately not being used by respondents. However, the literature sustains that it is useful in selected circumstances in which a definitive diagnosis is challenging. The majority of respondents are utilizing the EWSR1 FISH assay to distinguish CSS from melanoma as is supported by the literature.
The reciprocal relation between sleep and memory in infancy: Memory‐dependent adjustment of sleep spindles and spindle‐dependent improvement of memories
Authors: Friedrich Manuela , Mölle Matthias , Friederici Angela D. , Born Jan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSleep spindle activity in infants supports their formation of generalized memories during sleep, indicating that specific sleep processes affect the consolidation of memories early in life. Characteristics of sleep spindles depend on the infant's developmental state and are known to be associated with trait‐like factors such as intelligence. It is, however, largely unknown which state‐like factors affect sleep spindles in infancy. By varying infants’ wake experience in a within‐subject design, here we provide evidence for a learning‐ and memory‐dependent modulation of infant spindle activity. In a lexical‐semantic learning session before a nap, 14‐ to 16‐month‐old infants were exposed to unknown words as labels for exemplars of unknown object categories. In a memory test on the next day, generalization to novel category exemplars was tested. In a nonlearning control session preceding a nap on another day, the same infants heard known words as labels for exemplars of already known categories. Central–parietal fast sleep spindles increased after the encoding of unknown object–word pairings compared to known pairings, evidencing that an infant's spindle activity varies depending on its prior knowledge for newly encoded information. Correlations suggest that enhanced spindle activity was particularly triggered, when similar unknown pairings were not generalized immediately during encoding. The spindle increase triggered by previously not generalized object–word pairings, moreover, boosted the formation of generalized memories for these pairings. Overall, the results provide first evidence for a fine‐tuned regulation of infant sleep quality according to current consolidation requirements, which improves the infant long‐term memory for new experiences.
Does FDI crowd out domestic investment in transition countries?
Authors: Jude Cristina 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to empirically investigate the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and domestic investment in a sample of 10 Central and Eastern European countries over the period 1995–2015. We find FDI to lead to a creative destruction phenomenon, with a short‐term crowding out effect on domestic investment, followed by a long‐term crowding in. Greenfield FDI develops stronger long‐run complementarities with domestic investment, while mergers and acquisitions do not show a significant effect on domestic investment. Financial development seems to mitigate crowding out pressures and even foster a crowding in for mergers and acquisitions.
Place of neurosteroids in the treatment of status epilepticus
Authors: Rossetti Andrea O. 
Published: August 2018

SummaryThe treatment of refractory or super‐refractory status epilepticus (SE) currently relies on low‐evidence strategies, including general anesthetics to induce pharmacologic coma, ketogenic diet, immunosuppression, and other physical measures. Besides the formal uncertainty regarding efficacy, concerns have been about tolerability. In this situation, identification of alternative, higher evidence treatments is urgently needed. Allopregnanolone is an endogenous neurosteroid exerting a positive allosteric modulation on γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptors. In animal experiments it has been demonstrated that this neurosteroid displays relevant antiseizure properties in a variety of SE models, and that the tolerance to benzodiazepines, relying on receptor internalization, does not affect its action. An experimental clinical use in patients with SE older than 2 years was initated more than 5 years ago. Being a naturally occurring compound, no relevant adverse events are expected, and until now its safety profile appears reassuring. Preliminary results of a phase I/II trial seemed promising, but a recent well‐designed randomized, placebo‐controlled trial could not find any difference in terms of efficacy; tolerability seemed nevertheless good. Patients with refractory and super‐refractory SE still deserve further well‐designed studies to improve current treatment options.
Status epilepticus in the elderly
Authors: Leppik Ilo E. 
Published: August 2018

SummaryChildren and the elderly (≥60 years of age) have the highest incidence ofstatus epilepticus (SE). Because of their general health, elderly individuals are much more likely than younger (<60 years of age) persons to have more severe consequences from seizures. The incidence ofSEis 15.5/100 000 in the 60‐69 age group, 21.5/100 000 in the 70‐79 age group and 25.9/100 000 in persons 80 and older. The most common cause in the elderly is acute symptomatic, with stroke and hypoxia the most frequent. The overall mortality ofSEis quite high and occurs early, often within the first few days, and is related to the cause, with mortality of more than 80% in persons with anoxia. Although the cause ofSEis an important factor in mortality, the aging body and brain may contribute to an unfavorable outcome. Treatment in the elderly is essentially the same as in younger adults with benzodiazepines (lorazepam, diazepam, clonazepam) and longer acting antiseizure drugs (phenytoin, fosphenytoin, valproate, levetiracetam, and lacosamide. At this time there are no evidence‐based studies regarding Axis 2 (etiology) and Axis 4 (age). All current interventions forSEinvolve antiseizure drugs that were developed for treatment of chronic epilepsy. Treatments should be developed that are more specific for the various etiologies and involve drugs that work on the underlying cause of theSE.
Anesthetic drugs for the treatment of status epilepticus
Authors: Hocker Sara 
Published: August 2018

SummaryWorsening pharmacoresistance to antiseizure drugs is common with ongoing excitotoxic neuronal and systemic injury. Early initiation of anesthetic drugs in refractory status epilepticus (RSE) may halt these processes while allowing time for treatment targeting the cause of the seizures. Current guidelines support the use of anesthetic drugs as the third line pharmacologic therapy in generalized convulsive status epilepticus but do not clearly define the indications for these drugs in other types of status epilepticus. There is wide practice variation in choice of third line therapy for RSE, but there is overall consensus that anesthetics should be initiated earlier in generalized convulsive status epilepticus than in nonconvulsive forms. More recently, doubt has been cast on the appropriateness of anesthetic treatment of RSE following a series of studies associating their use with higher mortality and morbidity. This suggests that efforts should focus on determination of who benefits most, optimal use, and prevention of refractoriness. The risk‐benefit ratio of anesthetic use is discussed, with specific indications proposed. In addition, anesthetic dosing, supportive neurocritical care, electroencephalogram suppression target, and weaning of anesthesia are reviewed.
Epigenetic changes in status epilepticus
Authors: Henshall David C. 
Published: August 2018

SummaryEpigenetics refers broadly to processes that influence medium‐ to long‐term expression of genes through changes to the readability and accessibility of the genome to transcription. The mediators include DNA methylation, posttranslational modification of histone proteins, and noncoding RNAs. The present review focuses on recent findings showing epigenetic processes influence susceptibility to and severity of status epilepticus, while status epilepticus in turn drives changes to epigenetic marks that affect the gene expression landscape underlying epileptogenesis. Experimental status epilepticus triggers select, spatiotemporal hypo‐ and hypermethylation changes throughout the genome. Experimental manipulations that alter DNA methylation after status epilepticus are associated with amelioration of cognitive and hyperexcitability phenotypes. Prolonged seizures also modify chromatin compaction via acetylation and other changes to histones and their expression. Finally, short noncoding RNAs called microRNAs target networks of genes through posttranscriptional and other mechanisms and their modulation can alter status epilepticus as well as serve as potential molecular biomarkers. Long noncoding RNAs have also been targeted to influence expression of genes affecting electrophysiological functions of neurons. In summary, epigenetic processes can modulate status epilepticus, and status epilepticus imposes changes on the epigenome, which together provide novel insight into pathomechanisms, therapy, and biomarkers for status epilepticus.
Harmonising national sanctioning administrative law: An alternative to a single capital‐markets supervisor
Authors: Pascua Mateo Fabio 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSince the disclosure in 2009 of the Larosière Report, legislative acts disciplining financial markets have established a set of rules called to form the foundations of a sanctioning administrative law to be enforced by the Member States. Furthermore, the ECtHR and the ECJ, are contributing to apply here the guarantees of the Rome Convention and the Charter of Fundamental Rights. This study, in addition to giving account of such legislation and case‐law, aims to outline the broad principles of this new law, whose purpose is levelling the ‘playing field’ amongst NCAs and fostering supervisory convergence without creating new institutions. Should this ‘experiment’ be successful, and a new way of ‘cooperative federalism’ could emerge at a global level in the Union. Otherwise, further centralisation—which is neither possible nor desirable at this stage—should be expected in future years, with a sort of single supervisory mechanism in securities markets.
Weed evolution: Genetic differentiation among wild, weedy, and crop radish
Authors: Charbonneau Amanda , Tack David , Lale Allison , Goldston Josh , Caple Mackenzie , Conner Emma , Barazani Oz , Ziffer‐Berger Jotham , Dworkin Ian , Conner Jeffrey K. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractApproximately 200 weed species are responsible for more than 90% of crop losses and these comprise less than one percent of all named plant species, suggesting that there are only a few evolutionary routes that lead to weediness. Agricultural weeds can evolve along three main paths: they can be escaped crops, wild species, or crop‐wild hybrids. We tested these three hypotheses in weedy radish, a weed of small grains and an emerging model for investigating the evolution of agricultural weeds, using 21 CAPS and SSR markers scored on 338 individuals from 34 populations representing all major species and sub‐species in the radish genus Raphanus. To test for adaptation of the weeds to the agricultural environment, we estimated genetic differentiation in flowering time in a series of common garden experiments with over 2,400 individuals from 43 populations (all but one of the genotyped populations plus 10 additional populations). Our findings suggest that the agricultural weed radish R. r. raphanistrum is most genetically similar to native populations of R. r. raphanistrum and is likely not a feral crop or crop hybrid. We also show that weedy radish flowers more rapidly than any other Raphanus population or cultivar, which is consistent with rapid adaptation to the frequent and severe disturbance that characterizes agricultural fields.
Population structure of a global agricultural invasive pest, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Qin Yu‐jia , Krosch Matthew N. , Schutze Mark K. , Zhang Yue , Wang Xiao‐xue , Prabhakar Chandra S. , Susanto Agus , Hee Alvin K. W. , Ekesi Sunday , Badji Kemo , Khan Mahfuza , Wu Jia‐jiao , Wang Qiao‐ling , Yan Ge , Zhu Li‐huan , Zhao Zi‐hua , Liu Li‐jun , Clarke Anthony R. , Li Zhi‐hong 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBactrocera dorsalis, the Oriental fruit fly, is one of the world's most destructive agricultural insect pests and a major impediment to international fresh commodity trade. The genetic structuring of the species across its entire geographic range has never been undertaken, because under a former taxonomy B. dorsalis was divided into four distinct taxonomic entities, each with their own, largely non‐overlapping, distributions. Based on the extensive sampling of six a priori groups from 63 locations, genetic and geometric morphometric datasets were generated to detect macrogeographic population structure, and to determine prior and current invasion pathways of this species. Weak population structure and high genetic diversity were detected among Asian populations. Invasive populations in Africa and Hawaii are inferred to be the result of separate, single invasions from South Asia, while South Asia is also the likely source of other Asian populations. The current northward invasion of B. dorsalis into Central China is the result of multiple, repeated dispersal events, most likely related to fruit trade. Results are discussed in the context of global quarantine, trade, and management of this pest. The recent expansion of the fly into temperate China, with very few associated genetic changes, clearly demonstrates the threat posed by this pest to ecologically similar areas in Europe and North America.
Differences in the equine faecal microbiota between horses presenting to a tertiary referral hospital for colic compared with an elective surgical procedure
Authors: Stewart H. L. , Southwood L. L. , Indugu N. , Vecchiarelli B. , Engiles J. B. , Pitta D. 
Published: August 2018

SummaryBackgroundThe faecal microbiota is emerging as potentially important in intestinal disease. More research is needed to characterise the faecal microbiota from horses with colic.ObjectivesTo compare the relative abundance of bacterial populations comprising the faecal microbiota in horses presenting for colic compared with an elective surgical procedure.Study designProspective observational clinical study.MethodsAdmission faecal samples were collected from horses presenting for colic and elective surgical procedures. Faecal samples were extracted for genomic DNA, PCR‐ amplified, sequenced and analysed using QIIME. Species richness and Shannon diversity were estimated for each faecal sample. The extent of the relationship between bacterial communities (beta diversity) was quantified using pairwise UniFrac distances, visualised using principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and statistically analysed using PERMANOVA. The relative abundance of bacterial populations between the two treatment groups were compared using ANCOM.ResultsFaecal bacterial communities in horses presenting for colic had fewer species (P<0.001) and lower diversity (P<0.001) compared with horses presenting for elective surgical procedures. Based on the PERMANOVA analysis, there was a significant difference in the bacterial community composition between horses admitted for colic vs. elective procedures (P = 0.001). Based on ANCOM test, at the genus level, 14 bacterial lineages differed between the two groups. The relative abundance of known commensal bacteria including Prevotella, Clostridia, Lachnospiraceae were reduced whereas Christenellaceae, Streptococcus and Sphaerochaeta were increased in horses with colic when compared with elective cases.Main limitationsRelative low numbers and a diverse population of horses.ConclusionsChanges in bacterial populations in the faecal microbiota of horses presenting for colic observed in this study concurs with previous studies in veterinary and human patients with gastrointestinal disease. Future studies focusing on different causes of colic, chronic or recurrent disease, and the association with histological changes within the intestine are needed.
The Summary is available in Portuguese ‐ see Supporting Information
The biological assembly of OXA‐48 reveals a dimer interface with high charge complementarity and very high affinity
Authors: Lund Bjarte Aarmo , Thomassen Ane Molden , Nesheim Birgit Helene Berg , Carlsen Trine Josefine Olsen , Isaksson Johan , Christopeit Tony , Leiros Hanna‐Kirsti S. 
Published: August 2018

Many class D β‐lactamases form dimers in solution. The functional basis of the dimerization of OXA‐48‐like class D β‐lactamases is not known, but in order to understand the structural requirements for dimerization of OXA‐48, we have characterized the dimer interface. Size exclusion chromatography, small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used to confirm the oligomeric state of OXA‐48 in solution. X‐ray crystallographic structures were used to elucidate the key interactions of dimerization. In silico residue scanning combined with site‐directed mutagenesis was used to probe hot spots of dimerization. The affinity of dimerization was quantified using microscale thermophoresis, and the overall thermostability was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. OXA‐48 was consistently found to be a dimer in solution regardless of the method used, and the biological assembly found from the SAXS envelope is consistent with the dimer identified from the crystal structures. The buried chloride that interacts with Arg206 and Arg206′ at the dimer interface was found to enhance the thermal stability by > 4 °C and crystal structures and mutations (R189A, R189A/R206A) identified several additional important ionic interactions. The affinity for OXA‐48 R206A dimerization was in the picomolar range, thus revealing very high dimer affinity. In summary, OXA‐48 has a very stable dimer interface, facilitated by noncovalent and predominantly charged interactions, which is stronger than the dimer interfaces previously described for other class D β‐lactamases.PDB codesThe oxacillinase‐48 (OXA‐48) R206A structure has PDB ID: 5OFT and OXA‐48 R189A has PDB ID: 6GOA.
Small fatigue crack growth behavior of titanium alloy TC4 at different stress ratios
Authors: Hu Xu‐Teng , Zhu Lei , Jiang Rong , Song Ying‐Dong , Qu Shou‐Dao 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn this paper, the small fatigue crack behavior of titanium alloy TC4 at different stress ratios was investigated. Single‐edge‐notch tension specimens were fatigued axially under a nominal maximum stress of 370 MPa at room temperature. Results indicate that fatigue cracks in TC4 initiate from the interface between α and β phases or within α phase. More than 90% of the total fatigue life is consumed in the small crack initiation and growth stages. The crack growth process of TC4 can be divided into three typical stages, ie, microstructurally small crack stage, physically small crack stage, and long crack stage. Although the stress ratio has a significant effect on the total fatigue life and crack initiation life at constant σmax, its effect on crack growth rate is indistinguishable at R = −0.1, 0.1, and 0.3 when crack growth rate is plotted as a function of ∆K.
The multi‐feedstock biorefinery – Assessing the compatibility of alternative feedstocks in a 2G wheat straw biorefinery process
Authors: Zhang Heng , Lopez Pau Cabañeros , Holland Claire , Lunde Alan , Ambye‐Jensen Morten , Felby Claus , Thomsen Sune Tjalfe 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFor second‐generation (2G) bioethanol refineries, the feedstock supply is one of the important parameters in terms of cost and consistency. Biorefineries are in most cases designed for a specific type of feedstock. For some biorefineries, the use of multiple feedstocks is an option, but how would such feedstocks perform when used in a process designed and optimized for a specific feedstock? There is no “one‐size‐fits‐all” processing package, due to variations in composition and structure of different feedstock types, but due to the size of commercial biorefineries, only minor adjustments of the processing parameters are practically feasible. In this study, 16 alternative feedstocks were characterized and compared to the benchmark feedstock wheat straw under identical processing conditions. The alternative feedstocks studied were as follows: barley straw, rye straw, grass straw, oat straw, Norway spruce sawdust, mixed softwood sawdust, oat wrap, biogas fiber, deep litter, washed deep litter, ryegrass fiber, lucerne fiber, ryegrass chaff, mixed grain chaff, rapeseed press cake, and beer production mash. These biomasses varied in carbohydrate content and accessibility after hydrothermal pretreatment. Applying a hydrothermal pretreatment under identical conditions, the subsequent enzymatic convertibility of these biomasses ranged from 0.5% to complete conversion based on their glucan content. Water retention value was determined and correlated with enzymatic convertibility, which provided a simple method for indirect measurement of biomass recalcitrance. Ethanol potentials were estimated based on carbohydrate release from enzymatic hydrolysis, and yeast toxicity test was performed on liquid fractions from hydrothermal pretreatment. Furthermore, a number of key processing indicators, including market price, logistics and availability, were taken into consideration based on a proposed full‐scale 2G ethanol plant in Denmark. The overall results show that while some feedstocks had inferior performance compared to wheat straw, identical or even superior performance was observed from barley, oat, and ryegrass feedstocks.