bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF BANANA:
Authors: Ranathilaka M. B. , Lashmi Neluma , Atukorala Wasantha 
Published: March 2019

Banana is one of the prominent cultivation fruits in Sri Lanka and at present, approximately 54 percent of the total fruit cultivation lands are used to cultivate Banana. There is a wide range in cultivating practices and sales channels which all are linked together into the supply chain in the country. The domestic Banana supply chain is a good example of the fruit and vegetable supply chain of the country. This study attempts to determine the relative profitability of banana using data collected from ‘Walawa region’ during the period of July to September 2017. Total cost, profit and benefit cost ratio for indifferent marketing channels such as banana producers, wholesalers and retailers ware investigated. The results show that, the profit margin of the retailer is greater than that of the farmers and wholesalers. It is also found that average benefit cost ratio of the producer has the highest, however the retailer has the largest impact on determining the price of banana in the intermediate chain. The results of this study can be used to make appropriate policies for increasing the competition in different value chain of the Banana production and marketing in Sri Lanka.
Kodeks Hammurabiego widziany oczami ekonomisty
Authors: Sztaba Sławomir 
Published: March 2019

What comes to mind when thinking about the Code of Hammurabi is the famous phrase: eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth. It is an example of cruel punishment. However the Code, a collection of royal sentences which dates back to 19th century B.C., contains surprisingly modern regulations. First of all, the law was accessible to all. The Code had been inscribed in stone columns which were placed in temples. Modern courts of law try to block the publication of their sentences. This problem is solved with different efficiency depending of the country. Second, Hammurabi wanted his law to be permanent. He cursed his successors who would like to change his Code. In present day Poland the VAT law had been changed over 40 times in 2011 and 2012 alone. Third, the sentences in the Code were straightforward. This made faith in authorities and trust between people possible. Today, if one kills a man, one can e sentenced to life imprisonment or to probation. That situation destroys faith in justice. Fourth, the foundations of Hammurabi’s law were values. He wanted to protect the vulnerable and to get rid of the bad. Present day law is not aimed at preserving values. It is just a law. Th is short review of Hammurabi’s achievement from the perspective of modern law makes one miss the 4000 years old law.
Nutritional Support Improves Outcome in Patients with Lung Cancer Cachexia Receiving Chemotherapy
Authors: Akhtar Parveen Shahida , Khatun Nazreena , Parveen Rahnuma , Islam Rafiqul , Ara Ferdous 
Published: March 2019

Background: Malnutrition is a frequent complication in patients with advanced staged lung cancer and can negatively affect the outcome of treatments. Lack of knowledge about nutrition, complications of disease and side effects of anticancer therapies can also lead to inadequate nutrient intake and subsequent malnutrition. Nutritional status is a strong predictor of quality of life in cancer patients.
Objective: To get the effect of the nutritional intervention on outcome of dietary intake, body composition, nutritional status, functional capacity and quality of life in patients with lung cancer cachexia receiving chemotherapy.
Patients and Methods: This 6 months study included the lung cancer patients who were interviewed with clinical assessment. Nutritional score of each patient was recorded. Individualized management plan with nutritional intervention was given and nutritional counseling was done by a nutritionist every week. Chemotherapy ± radiotherapy was given. Every patient was followed up at 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 6th week and was assessed regarding symptoms, clinical findings, nutritional score and radiological status.
Results: Total 628 lung cancer patients with 523 (83%) males and 105 (17%) females (Male: female 4.98:1) were enrolled. Mean age was 56.88 years. Two thirds of them were illiterate. Around 90% came from poor and below average socioeconomic group. More than 95% male and >66% female were tobacco users in different forms. On assessing nutritional score, almost all were with high risk score (95%). About 80% presented with WHO performance status at 2 and 3. About 61% patients got treatment after hospitalization. Following nutritional intervention along with supportive, symptomatic, treatment of comorbid diseases and anti-cancer treatment, the result showed that mean nutritional score at 1st and 2nd week were 8.24 and 6.63 (high risk), at 3rd and 6th week were 5.46 and 4.34 (Intermediate risk). There was a significant effect for time (p<.001). Symptomatic improvement occurred in 60% of the patients.
Conclusion: Nutritional intervention improves nutritional score if the other treatment like supportive, symptomatic, comorbid condition and anticancer treatment could be applied adequately.
J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2019; 37(2): 66-71
Perspektif Mahasiswa Fakultas Psikologi Angkatan 2015 Universitas Yarsi Jakarta Pusat Terhadap Aplikasi Chemical Castration (Kebiri) Bagi Pelaku Kekerasan Seksual Anak Di Indonesia Dan Tinjauannya Menurut Islam
Authors: Insani Nisrina Nurul , Poerwantoro Bambang , Zuhroni Zuhroni 
Published: March 2019

The criminal behavior of sexual violence has a fairly high level of quantity in Indonesia, and not infrequently victims of this type of crime are children of underage. in May 2016, President Joko Widodo has signed a law enforcement regulation (Perppu) number 1 of 2016 on the second change number 23 of 2002 on child protection. In the perppu described, perpetrators of sexual crimes against children, can be threatened with the death penalty. Meanwhile, the use of chemical substances and the installation of electronic detection equipment can also be considered by the judge to provide additional punishment. This study aims to determine the perspective of students faculty of psychology class of 2015 Yarsi University central Jakarta to the application of chemical castration (kebiri) for child sex offenders in Indonesia and its review according to Islam. Research method used descriptive with cross sectional approach. Sampling technique in this research is purposive sampling. The result showed 32 respondents, 18 respondents (56.3%) did not agree and 14 students (43.7%) agreed. Student perspective of the faculty of psychology class of 2015 Yarsi University Central Jakarta does not agree to the application of chemical castration (kebiri) for child sexual violence perpetrators in Indonesia. According to Islam's view, the enactment of chemical curiosity as punishment for perpetrators of sexual violence is forbidden because it includes human torture and bodily harm.
Physico-chemical and Bacteriological Water Quality Evaluation of the Four Tributaries in Mt. Matutum Protected Landscape (MMPL), South Cotabato, Philippines
Authors: Martin Tres Tinna B. , Lobredo Gerald G. , Leaño Emmanuel P. , Aljibe Maximo C. , Oconer Edna P. 
Published: March 2019

Healthy riverine systems provide ecological services that can be translated into human use and consumption. However, human activities cause environmental degradation limiting available pristine water supply and raising public health concerns. In the present study, four tributaries surrounding Mt. Matutum Protected Landscape (MMPL) were selected (Glandang, Linan, Kawit, and Amlok) for evaluation of their physicochemical and microbial characteristics between wet and dry season. The pH and total dissolved solids (TDS) of the river waters ranged from 6.75-8.68 and 55.96-221.89 ppm, respectively, with a pronounced pH fluctuation and TDS increase in Glandang and Linan tributaries from upstream to downstream stations. All tributaries showed varying dissolved oxygen (DO) levels upstream but become relatively stable downstream. All DO values, however, are below the standard limit set for freshwater quality. In terms of microbial load, total coliform ranged from 51-275 cfu/ml while E. coli showed absence (0 cfu/ml) to as high as 77 cfu/ml. Higher total coliform counts were observed on Kawit and Amlok tributaries which are situated in areas that are relatively more forested than the other two rivers. Presence of E. coli was also detected in the water samples from all tributaries. Temporal variation is significant indicating increased pH, TDS and microbial load during the wet season and DO during the dry season. The present microbial load of the four tributaries would restrict the utilization of water resource and necessitate proper treatments prior to domestic use.
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Iconoclasme, histoire de l’art et valeurs
Authors: Gamboni Dario 
Published: March 2019

Constatant l’abondance des études sur les phénomènes de destruction, cet essai commence par analyser la situation historiographique du début des années 1980. Au point de vue normatif de l’Histoire du vandalisme de Louis Réau, dénonçant « les crimes de lèse-beauté », répondait l’Ulmer Verein für Kunstwissenschaft, qui mettait en cause l’autonomie de l’art et cherchait à comprendre pourquoi la réflexion critique se voyait taxer d’« iconoclasme ». L’essai passe en revue les directions de recherche qui ont profité de cette ouverture et les publications résultantes, mettant en évidence leurs points communs (« agentivité » des objets) et leurs liens avec l’actualité (destruction des monuments de l’époque communiste, iconoclasme islamiste, « iconoclasme » dans l’art contemporain). Il montre enfin que la valeur de la destruction dans l’« économie de l’attention » rend illusoire toute volonté de « neutralité axiologique » et appelle à une conscience réflexive accrue de la part de l’histoire de l’art.
Mutiler, tuer, désactiver les images en Égypte pharaonique
Authors: Connor Simon 
Published: March 2019

Les antiquités égyptiennes qui nous sont parvenues sont souvent sévèrement mutilées. Si des causes naturelles et accidentelles peuvent être à l’origine des dommages, les images portent dans de très nombreux cas des traces évidentes de dégradation intentionnelle. À l’époque pharaonique, les images sont considérées comme puissantes et significatives, actives en tant que substituts de l’être représenté. Elles sont soignées, servent à des rites, connaissent des déplacements, sont parfois transformées et, dans beaucoup de cas, mutilées ou brisées. Pendant la période chrétienne, on les considère comme des reliques du paganisme et, en tant que telles, elles sont l’objet de vandalisme. Les contextes pharaoniques témoignent également de plusieurs phases de mutilation des images. Plusieurs causes peuvent avoir entraîné cette pratique : damnatio memoriae, pillages, dommages causés par la guerre, mais parfois aussi des raisons plus pratiques, comme la réutilisation de matériaux. Dans beaucoup de situations, comme peut-être dans le cas des « cachettes », dans lesquelles les images sont enterrées sous le pavement d’une cour du temple, la dégradation des supports du culte peut avoir été un moyen de priver l’objet de ses facultés lorsqu’il était extrait de son contexte architectural et rituel. La mutilation serait alors un moyen de « désactiver » l’image avant de l’enterrer et de la protéger magiquement.
Entre monumentum et abolitio : le rôle des images et de leur destruction dans l’art romain
Authors: Galinier Martin 
Published: March 2019

Détruire un monument ou une image est, dans l’Antiquité romaine, un phénomène qui comporte deux aspects : l’abolitio memoriae à proprement parler, qui consiste à éradiquer tout signe de l’individu condamné et à laisser visible cette absence, et son contraire, la memoria des actes et du visage (imago) du grand homme, signes visibles de celui qui est considéré comme un exemple à suivre.Le destin des cités (Carthage, Corinthe, Troie) et celui des hommes sont intimement liés dans la culture romaine : les exemples civiques et familiaux, domestiques et funéraires, mettent en exergue l’obligation de se conformer à la pietas, sous peine d’éradication. Les destructions ont en conséquence une valeur morale, éducative, et elles se doivent d’être spectaculaires pour atteindre cet objectif.
Détruire, reconstruire, redéfinir : la fragmentation volontaire de la Santa Casa de Loreto et ses altérations répliquées
Authors: Giffin Erin 
Published: March 2019

En tant qu’elle est le lieu de l’Annonciation, la Santa Casa de Loreto fait écho au passé, devenant une puissante destination de pèlerinage dans l’Europe catholique. Pourtant, cette construction nazaréenne ne reçoit aucune dévotion en Terre sainte. La Santa Casa s’établit d’abord dans la ville de Lorette, à l’Est de l’Italie – vers laquelle l’édifice aurait volé au xiiie siècle –, mais aussi dans les nombreuses copies de l’édifice qui occupent des nefs d’églises, des chapelles et des cloitres à travers l’Europe. Des signes d’une communion tactile apparaissent dans nombre de ces Sante Case, aux briques et aux pierres minutieusement inégales, dont les surfaces peintes à fresque s’effritent délibérément. Chaque Sainte Maison transmet effectivement la structure contemporaine au sein de nouvelles communautés, « rejouant » la dévotion à travers les actes d’une fragmentation perpétuelle qui renforcent l’adoration lorettienne.
Perdre son époque. La destruction des statues parisiennes et leur conservation au moyen de la photographie. Une relation dialectique ?
Authors: Pittnauer Beate 
Published: March 2019

Entre 1940 et 1944, dans la France occupée, plus d’un millier de monuments et de sculptures ont été retirés de l’espace public puis fondus afin de servir à l’industrie de l’armement allemande. La perte du patrimoine national s’avère être une question politique épineuse, qui a suscité différentes interprétations dans le débat public de l’époque comme dans l’historiographie. Dans cette perspective, le livre d’artiste La mort et les statues (1946), publié par Jean Cocteau et Pierre Jahan, représente un document d’époque unique, qui aborde l’« autre » côté de la destruction comme une perte sans précédent, absolue. Il s’agit ici d’analyser le rôle endossé par le médium photographique dans un commentaire historique au ton personnel, et la façon dont il fait parler l’« invisible » de la destruction.
Physical capital, total factor productivity, and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Garzarelli Giampaolo , Limam Yasmina Rim 
Published: March 2019

Background: A major question that received the attention of numerous theoretical and empirical studies during the past few decades relates to the issue of output growth decomposition and the sources of economic growth. The literature focuses on two sources of growth: factor accumulation (mainly physical capital) and total factor productivity (TFP) growth, presenting inconclusive results as to the relative importance of each.Aim: This article investigates the relative importance of physical capital accumulation and TFP in explaining output growth in 36 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries over 1996–2014. The possibility of TFP-induced input effects is tested in order to better assess the role of TFP in total output growth.Setting: 36 SSA countries over the period 1996–2014.Method: The article uses a stochastic frontier analysis, an empirical methodology that decomposes total output growth into input growth, technological change and technical efficiency change.Results: The contribution of physical capital to total growth exceeds that of TFP in 22 out of the 36 countries. The result withstands issues of TFP-induced effects on inputs.Conclusion: A large share of growth in SSA is explained by factor inputs and not by TFP. There is therefore room for TFP to further increase growth in SSA. In order to create more opportunities for growth, SSA countries ought to invest in productivity-enhancing factors.
Transport of aerosols over the French Riviera – link between ground-based lidar and spaceborne observations
Authors: Chazette Patrick , Totems Julien , Shang Xiaoxia 
Published: March 2019

Abstract. For the first time, a 355 nm backscatter N2-Raman
lidar has been deployed on the western part of the French Riviera to
investigate the vertical aerosol structure in the troposphere. This lidar
system, based at the AERONET site of Toulon–La Garde, performed continuous
measurements from 24 June to 17 July 2014, within the framework of the
multidisciplinary program Mediterranean Integrated Studies at the Regional
and Local Scales (MISTRALS). By coupling these observations with those of
the spaceborne instruments Cloud-Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization
(CALIOP), Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI), and
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS), the spatial extents
of the aerosol structures are investigated. The origins of the aerosol
plumes are determined using back trajectories computed by the Hybrid Single
Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT). This synergy allowed us to
highlight plumes of particulate pollutants moving in the low and medium free
troposphere (up to ∼5 km above the mean sea level) towards
the French Riviera. This pollution originates from the Spanish coast,
more particularly from Costa Blanca (including Murcia) and Costa Brava–Costa
Daurada (including Barcelona). It is mainly due to traffic, but also to
petrochemical activities in these two regions. Desert aerosol plumes were
also sampled by the lidar. The sources of desert aerosols have been
identified as the Grand Erg Occidental and Grand Erg Oriental. During desert
dust events, we highlight significant differences in the optical
characteristics in terms of the backscatter-to-extinction ratio (BER, inverse
of the lidar ratio) between the planetary boundary layer, with 0.024 sr−1
(∼42 sr), and the free troposphere, with 0.031 sr−1 (∼32 sr). These differences are greatly reduced in
the case of pollution aerosol plume transport in the free troposphere (i.e.,
0.021 and 0.025 sr−1). Transported pollution aerosols appear to
have
similar BER to what is emitted locally. Moreover, using the correlation
matrix between lidar aerosol extinction profiles as a function of altitude,
we find that during transport events in the low free troposphere, aerosols
may be transferred into the planetary boundary layer. We also note that the
relative humidity, which is generally higher in the planetary boundary layer
(>80 %), is found to have no significant effect on the BER.
In situ measurements of trace gases, PM, and aerosol optical properties during the 2017 NW US wildfire smoke event
Authors: Selimovic Vanessa , Yokelson Robert J. , McMeeking Gavin R. , Coefield Sarah 
Published: March 2019

Abstract. In mid-August through mid-September of 2017 a major wildfire smoke and haze
episode strongly impacted most of the NW US and SW Canada. During this period
our ground-based site in Missoula, Montana, experienced heavy smoke impacts
for ∼ 500 h (up to 471 µg m−3 hourly average
PM2.5). We measured wildfire trace gases, PM2.5 (particulate matter
≤2.5 µm in diameter), and black carbon and submicron aerosol
scattering and absorption at 870 and 401 nm. This may be the most extensive
real-time data for these wildfire smoke properties to date. Our range of
trace gas ratios for ΔNH3∕ΔCO and ΔC2H4∕ΔCO confirmed that the smoke from mixed, multiple sources
varied in age from ∼ 2–3 h to ∼ 1–2 days. Our study-average
ΔCH4∕ΔCO ratio (0.166±0.088) indicated a large
contribution to the regional burden from inefficient smoldering combustion.
Our ΔBC∕ΔCO ratio (0.0012±0.0005) for our ground
site was moderately lower than observed in aircraft studies (∼ 0.0015)
to date, also consistent with a relatively larger contribution from
smoldering combustion. Our ΔBC∕ΔPM2.5 ratio (0.0095±0.0003) was consistent with the overwhelmingly non-BC (black carbon),
mostly organic nature of the smoke observed in airborne studies of wildfire
smoke to date. Smoldering combustion is usually associated with enhanced PM
emissions, but our ΔPM2.5∕ΔCO ratio (0.126±0.002)
was about half the ΔPM1.0∕ΔCO measured in fresh
wildfire smoke from aircraft (∼ 0.266). Assuming PM2.5 is
dominated by PM1, this suggests that aerosol evaporation, at least near
the surface, can often reduce PM loading and its atmospheric/air-quality
impacts on the timescale of several days. Much of the smoke was emitted late
in the day, suggesting that nighttime processing would be important in the
early evolution of smoke. The diurnal trends show brown carbon (BrC),
PM2.5, and CO peaking in the early morning and BC peaking in the early
evening. Over the course of 1 month, the average single scattering albedo for
individual smoke peaks at 870 nm increased from ∼ 0.9 to ∼ 0.96.
Bscat401∕Bscat870 was used as a proxy for the size and
“photochemical age” of the smoke particles, with this interpretation being
supported by the simultaneously observed ratios of reactive trace gases to
CO. The size and age proxy implied that the Ångström absorption
exponent decreased significantly after about 10 h of daytime smoke aging,
consistent with the only airborne measurement of the BrC lifetime in an
isolated plume. However, our results clearly show that non-BC absorption can
be important in “typical” regional haze and moderately aged smoke, with BrC
ostensibly accounting for about half the absorption at 401 nm on average for
our entire data set.
Empirical estimate of the signal content of Holocene temperature proxy records
Authors: Reschke Maria , Rehfeld Kira , Laepple Thomas 
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Proxy records from climate archives provide evidence about past climate changes, but the recorded signal is affected by non-climate-related effects as well as time uncertainty. As proxy-based climate reconstructions are frequently used to test climate models and to quantitatively infer past climate, we need to improve our understanding of the proxy record signal content as well as the uncertainties involved. In this study, we empirically estimate signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of temperature proxy records used in global compilations of the middle to late Holocene (last 6000 years). This is achieved through a comparison of the correlation of proxy time series from nearby sites of three compilations and model time series extracted at the proxy sites from two transient climate model simulations: a Holocene simulation of the ECHAM5/MPI-OM model and the Holocene part of the TraCE-21ka simulation. In all comparisons, we found the mean correlations of the proxy time series on centennial to millennial timescales to be low (R<0.2), even for nearby sites, which resulted in low SNR estimates. The estimated SNRs depend on the assumed time uncertainty of the proxy records, the timescale analysed, and the model simulation used. Using the spatial correlation structure of the ECHAM5/MPI-OM simulation, the estimated SNRs on centennial timescales ranged from 0.05 – assuming no time uncertainty – to 0.5 for a time uncertainty of 400 years. On millennial timescales, the estimated SNRs were generally higher. Use of the TraCE-21ka correlation structure generally resulted in lower SNR estimates than for ECHAM5/MPI-OM. As the number of available high-resolution proxy records continues to grow, a more detailed analysis of the signal content of specific proxy types should become feasible in the near future. The estimated low signal content of Holocene temperature compilations should caution against over-interpretation of these multi-proxy and multisite syntheses until further studies are able to facilitate a better characterisation of the signal content in paleoclimate records.