bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Returning to the homeland
Authors: Noguchi Sachiko 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Research on the issues of the learners of Japanese outside Japan has increased with the expansion of Japanese language teaching worldwide, but research on those who teach them has received less attention. This paper focuses on one of the issues which Japanese instructors overseas face, in particular, that of native speakers. An individual’s competence in his/her first language in a foreign environment changes over time. The changes become more obvious when first language speakers find themselves in their own country after spending some considerable time overseas. In this study the speakers of the first language were thirteen native speaker instructors teaching at tertiary institutions in Australia. They were interviewed while on a visit to Japan regarding their communication skills in Japan both at the linguistic and non-linguistic levels. The results of the study show a wide range of changes observed; some features are common to many of these instructors while other changes are not. Changes in reading, writing, speaking and listening skills are reported. Associated aspects include skills for determining politeness levels. Non-linguistic features include socio-cultural aspects of Japanese society such as gift-giving customs, and appropriate dress. These changes in communication skills were detected and evaluated by the speakers themselves based on their own encounters while in Japan. The implications for their role as language instructors outside Japan are also discussed.
Second language learners in special education
Authors: Goldsmith Peggy W. 
Published: May 2018

During 1984, New South Wales Department of Education conducted a survey of ethnic-specific needs of students of non-English speaking backgrounds (NESB) in schools for specific purposes (SSPs), which are special education schools.
This paper indicates the results and outcomes of that survey. The percentage of students of NESBs in responding schools was 15.4%. The distribution of languages other than English spoken in homes of NESB students in SSPs is similar to that of the general population. The issues seen to be of greatest importance for schools with NESB pupils were assistance in communicating with non-English parents, and a knowledge of and contact with ethnic welfare/support agencies.
A literature search revealed little in the way of studies on language provision for students of NESB in SSPs in the USA, Canada, Britain or in Australia.
Assessment for placement in special education has always posed a difficulty in regard to students whose dominant language is not English. A move towards the use of Adaptive Behaviour Scales is a possible change in assessment procedures. where the level of language development will constitute just one factor among a number of others.
The commencement of English as a second language programme and a bilingual programme are seen as innovatory in this field of education.
The discourse of history
Authors: Rubina Antonia 
Published: May 2018

This paper analyzes two texts taken from an Australian and an Italian history textbook, using the systemic-functional model of language developed by Halliday, Martin and others. The analysis highlights fundamental differences in the way the discourse of history is realized in each text, both in terms of register and genre.
It is argued that such a diversity can be explained with different expectations in each country not only towards the role of history as a subject, but also towards the role of education in general.
It is suggested that, in the current debate about education reforms, the Australian educational system could look at other educational systems beyond the Anglo-American model.
Apologizing in Chilean Spanish and Australian English
Authors: Cordella Marisa 
Published: May 2018

Several studies across languages (Cohen and Olshtain, 1981; Olshtain, 1983; Trosborg, 1987; Holmes, 1989) investigated the different social and contextual factors that influence native speakers to select one or a group of “semantic formula(s)” (Fraser, 1981) in the act of apologizing. Nevertheless the literature is still in its infancy (Fraser, 1981 and Holmes, 1989) in respect to the gender differences between speaker (apologizer) and hearer (recipient), and in the comparison between Spanish and English. This paper aims to investigate the strategies and the semantic formulas that Chilean Spanish and Australian English native speakers use in the act of apologizing. A role play eliciting an apology was carried out in the participants’ mother tongue. Twenty two Chileans (twelve females and ten males) who had lived for not more than three years in Australia and twenty Australians (ten males and ten females) who, like the Chileans, varied in age from 17 to 30 were the informants in this study.
Results show that Chilean and Australian cultural values were reflected in the act of apologizing. Chileans in comparison to Australians make less use of the apology strategy “explicit expression of apology”. Nevertheless they appear to give more explanations than Australians in the act of apologizing. Differences were also found in both languages in the use of “speaker and hearer oriented apologies” and in the use of some strategies and intensifiers, in which the addressee’s gender played an important role in both languages.
Client demand, policy research and lobbying
Authors: Croft Kerrie , Macpherson R.J.S. ‘Mac’ 
Published: May 2018

This paper reports policy research into how the administrative policies in the NSW state secondary system affected the delivery of Languages education in the period 1980 to 1986. It traces how schools were timetabled and led in the post-Wyndham era and how this increasingly marginalised Languages, often on the grounds that the subject area was ‘elitist’. It is shown, however, that, by the mid 1980s, three forces were able to challenge the trend; demand by clients, the findings of policy research, and lobbying at the national level concerned with multiculturalism.
The learning of a second language must be regarded as a necessary part of total personality formation in the modern world ... Somehow, therefore, a second language must become part of the total educational process, not something reserved for the gifted, but a normal educational experience for the ordinary child.
(Dutton 1972)
Language planning and language management for tourism shopping situations
Authors: Marriott Helen E. 
Published: May 2018

This paper analyzes problems in language management in six case studies of tourism shopping situations involving Japanese tourists. It utilizes a language planning and language management framework and argues that language planning can only proceed after actual problems in discourse are identified.
The examination of server and customer discourse in native Japanese situations or contact situations which are either Japanese-based or English-based reveals that problems occur in all three types of communicative situations and that they characterize not only the discourse of the tourist but also the server’s side. These problems are analyzed in terms of deviations and are categorized according to their nature as propositional, presentational or performance deviations.
The findings from these case studies are then examined in relation to the language planning activities of corporate agencies, the government and industry associations in relation to tourism and some recommendations pertinent to language planning are offered.
Schemas, authentic texts and cross-cultural communication
Authors: Kirkpatrick Andy 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
It is proposed that teaching and learning the schemas of language is important for effective language learning. In the first part of the paper, the cultural and linguistic interdependence of schemas is discussed. In the second part of the paper, 40 Chinese letters of request written by Mainland Chinese to Radio Australia are considered. The schemas and rhetorical structures of two of them are analysed in detail to illustrate points made in the first part of the paper. Finally a brief description is given of how the letters might be used to teach a request schema for Modern Standard Chinese to Australian tertiary students learning Chinese.
The computer as an aid to phonetic correction
Authors: McCarthy Brian 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Phonetic correction – class time does not always allow it, and perhaps near enough is good enough from a communicative point of view. Language laboratories allow students to work at their own pace using reliable models, but teacher monitoring and correction tend to be fleeting and intermittent. Computers can provide stimulating presentation and immediate feedback, but it is difficult to talk to them. This paper discusses the constraints imposed on phonetic correction in the classroom, and proposes a solution through the establishment of individual student pronunciation profiles coupled with computer and language laboratory exercises.
Tweezing the cofactor preference of gymnosperm pinene synthase
Authors: Tashiro Miki , Ono Koyo , Kimura Yuki , Kawai-Noma Shigeko , Saito Kyoichi , Umeno Daisuke 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The cellular activities of gymnosperms monoterpene synthases are largely compromised due to their requirement for manganese, which is deficient in microbial cells. Through site-saturation mutagenesis of the residue adjacent to metal-binding glutamate, we found that pinene synthase is highly mutable at this position yet drastically alter their metal binding preference, thereby quickly improving the cellular performance in heterologous hosts.
An in silico proteomics screen to predict and prioritize protein–protein interactions dependent on post-translationally modified motifs
Authors: Schmoker Anna M , Driscoll Heather E , Geiger Stefanie R , Vincent James J , Ebert Alicia M , Ballif Bryan A 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Motivation
The development of proteomic methods for the characterization of domain/motif interactions has greatly expanded our understanding of signal transduction. However, proteomics-based binding screens have limitations including that the queried tissue or cell type may not harbor all potential interacting partners or post-translational modifications (PTMs) required for the interaction. Therefore, we sought a generalizable, complementary in silico approach to identify potentially novel motif and PTM-dependent binding partners of high priority.

Results
We used as an initial example the interaction between the Src homology 2 (SH2) domains of the adaptor proteins CT10 regulator of kinase (CRK) and CRK-like (CRKL) and phosphorylated-YXXP motifs. Employing well-curated, publicly-available resources, we scored and prioritized potential CRK/CRKL–SH2 interactors possessing signature characteristics of known interacting partners. Our approach gave high priority scores to 102 of the &gt;9000 YXXP motif-containing proteins. Within this 102 were 21 of the 25 curated CRK/CRKL–SH2-binding partners showing a more than 80-fold enrichment. Several predicted interactors were validated biochemically. To demonstrate generalized applicability, we used our workflow to predict protein–protein interactions dependent upon motif-specific arginine methylation. Our data demonstrate the applicability of our approach to, conceivably, any modular binding domain that recognizes a specific post-translationally modified motif.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Feudal Obligation or Paid Service? The Recruitment of Princely Armies in the Late Medieval Low Countries
Authors: Burgers Jan W J , Damen Mario 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The fourteenth century was an age of transition in the recruitment of armies in the Low Countries. In the princely host, the traditional feudal ties remained important, but they underwent a process of multiplication and diversification. In this article, we explore the changing nature of these feudal relations and other bonds, and the consequences for the power relationships between princes and their vassals in the later Middle Ages. It discusses the implications of five types of ties between a prince and the men who fought in his army. These five forms of military recruitment were triggered by the increasingly business-like way in which princes raised their armies, and mark the transition from a feudal host to a contract army. For a long time the feudal host remained the core of the army, but the underlying feudal relations became increasingly monetarised through the granting of fief-rentes and fief-rentes de reprise. In this, the feudal ties and military contracts in the Low Countries show striking similarities to bastard feudalism in England, although there are also important differences.
Welfare of aquatic animals: where things are, where they are going, and what it means for research, aquaculture, recreational angling, and commercial fishing
Authors: Browman Howard I , Cooke Steven J , Cowx Ian G , Derbyshire Stuart W G , Kasumyan Alexander , Key Brian , Rose James D , Schwab Alexander , Skiftesvik Anne Berit , Stevens E Don , Watson Craig A , Arlinghaus Robert 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe revisit the evidence attributing sentience-pain-suffering to aquatic animals. The objective is to inform readers of the current state of affairs, to direct attention to where research is needed, and to identify “wicked” questions that are difficult to resolve unequivocally. By separating the ethical from the scientific debate, applying organized skepticism to the latter, and taking a pragmatic approach that does not depend on resolving the “wicked” questions, we hope to focus and strengthen research on aquatic animal welfare. A second but closely-related objective is to briefly summarize the research used to support the regulations governing the welfare of aquatic animals, particularly its limitations. If you interact with aquatic animals, these regulations already affect you. If the regulatory environment continues on its current trajectory (adding more aquatic animal taxa to those already regulated), activity in some sectors could be severely restricted, even banned. There are surely some lively debates and tough choices ahead. In the end, extending legal protection to aquatic animals is a societal choice, but that choice should not be ascribed to strong support from a body of research that does not yet exist, and may never exist, and the consequences of making that decision must be carefully weighed.
Host HDAC4 regulates the antiviral response by inhibiting the phosphorylation of IRF3
Authors: Yang Qi , Tang Jielin , Pei Rongjuan , Gao XiaoXiao , Guo Jing , Xu Chonghui , Wang Yun , Wang Qian , Wu Chunchen , Zhou Yuan , Hu Xue , Zhao He , Wang Yanyi , Chen Xinwen , Chen Jizheng 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Class II HDACs, such as HDAC4, are critical regulators of the immune response in various immune cells; however, its role in innate immunity remains largely unknown. Here, we report that the overexpression of HDAC4 suppresses the production of type I interferons triggered by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). HDAC4 repressed the translocation of transcription factor IRF3 to the nucleus, thereby decreasing IRF3-mediated IFN-β expression. In particular, we also determined that HDAC4 can be phosphorylated and simultaneously block the phosphorylation of IRF3 at Ser386 and Ser396 by TBK1 and IKKε, respectively, by interacting with the kinase domain of TBK1 and IKKε. Furthermore, IFN-β may stimulate the expression of HDAC4. Our findings suggest that HDAC4 acts as a regulator of PRR signaling and is a novel mechanism of negative feedback regulation for preventing an over-reactive innate immune response.
FDA to Minimize Abuse Potential of OTC Antidiarrheal
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S. 
Published: May 2018

The Food and Drug Administration remains concerned about potential abuse of the over-the-counter antidiarrheal loperamide. The agency is working with manufacturers to create packaging that more clearly shows the dose for consumers and to limit the number of doses in one package.Intentional abuse or unintentional overdose of loperamide can lead to serious cardiac complications and possibly death.
FDA Approves First Treatment for Nonmetastatic, Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S. 
Published: May 2018

Erleada (apalutamide) is the first treatment approved for nonmetastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer.If patients prescribed apalutamide are also taking other drugs metabolized by the same cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme systems, the circulating levels of apalutamide may be altered.
Innovations and Challenges of Implementing a Glucose Gel Toolkit for Neonatal Hypoglycemia
Authors: Hammer Denise , Pohl Carla , Jacobs Peggy J. , Kaufman Susan , Drury Brenda 
Published: May 2018

Background:
Transient neonatal hypoglycemia occurs most commonly in newborns who are small for gestational age, large for gestational age, infants of diabetic mothers, and late preterm infants. An exact blood glucose value has not been determined for neonatal hypoglycemia, and it is important to note that poor neurologic outcomes can occur if hypoglycemia is left untreated. Interventions that separate mothers and newborns, as well as use of formula to treat hypoglycemia, have the potential to disrupt exclusive breastfeeding.

Purpose:
To determine whether implementation of a toolkit designed to support staff in the adaptation of the practice change for management of newborns at risk for hypoglycemia, that includes 40% glucose gel in an obstetric unit with a level 2 nursery will decrease admissions to the Intermediate Care Nursery, and increase exclusive breastfeeding.

Method:
This descriptive study used a retrospective chart review for pre/postimplementation of the Management of Newborns at Risk for Hypoglycemia Toolkit (Toolkit) using a convenience sample of at-risk newborns in the first 2 days of life to evaluate the proposed outcomes.

Results:
Following implementation of the Toolkit, at-risk newborns had a clinically but not statistically significant 6.5% increase in exclusive breastfeeding and a clinically but not statistically significant 5% decrease in admissions to the Intermediate Care Nursery.

Implications for Practice:
The Toolkit was designed for ease of staff use and to improve outcomes for the at-risk newborn.

Implications for Research:
Future research includes replication at other level 2 and level 1 obstetric centers and investigation into the number of 40% glucose gel doses that can safely be administered.
Oral Fluoroquinolone Prescribing to Children in the United States From 2006 to 2015
Authors: Etminan Mahyar , Guo Michael Y. , Carleton Bruce 
Published: May 2018

Background:
Fluoroquinolone (FQ) prescription rates have increased over the last 10 years despite recent warnings of serious adverse effects such as peripheral neuropathy and tendinopathy. Currently, there are no published data on the extent or appropriateness of FQ prescribing in children.

Methods:
Drug prescription data from the PharMetrics Plus health claims database (United States) were analyzed to examine dispensing of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, or gemifloxacin to children from 2006 to 2015. Based on American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations, an algorithm was created to quantify inappropriate FQ prescriptions, which was further stratified by age and FQ type.

Results:
Among a cohort of 2,754,431 children, 372,357 prescriptions for an oral FQ were dispensed between 2006 and 2015. An increase was observed in FQ prescriptions from 2006 to 2013, with numbers coming down in 2014 and 2015. Ciprofloxacin was the most frequently prescribed FQ (334,268 prescriptions) followed by levofloxacin (19,386), moxifloxacin (18,434) and combined ofloxacin/gemifloxacin prescriptions (369). Of the FQ prescriptions in children, 48% were prescribed to those 10 years of age or younger, and 22% were deemed inappropriate.

Conclusions:
Our study suggests an increase in the prescribing of FQs, mostly ciprofloxacin, over a 10-year period, although numbers have decreased slightly in 2014 and 2015. At least 1 in 5 prescriptions were deemed unnecessary. In light of recent FQ safety warnings and lack of long-term safety data with FQ use in children and potential risk of increasing antibiotic resistance, clinicians are advised to refrain from using FQs for uncomplicated community-acquired infections.
Sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction
Authors: Walley Keith R. 
Published: May 2018

Purpose of review
Sepsis leads to a complex intramyocardial inflammatory response that results in sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction. Here, recent findings are reviewed in a physiologic context.

Recent findings
Decreased systolic contractility during sepsis limits ventricular ejection and stroke volume. Initially, this effect is compensated for by increased diastolic filling during volume resuscitation. Reduced afterload due to arterial vasodilation also compensates so that cardiac output can be maintained or increased. Recent results recognize the importance of diastolic dysfunction, reduced ventricular diastolic compliance that impedes ventricular filling. Diastolic dysfunction becomes increasingly important as severity of septic shock increases. When impaired ventricular ejection is coupled with limited diastolic filling, stroke volume must decrease. Accordingly, diastolic dysfunction is more closely related to mortality than systolic dysfunction. Recent trials of beta-adrenergic agonists and levosimendan have been disappointing, while approaches to modulating the intramyocardial inflammatory response show promise.

Summary
Sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a major contributor to outcome of septic shock. Significant strides have been made in understanding the intramyocardial inflammatory response that causes myocardial dysfunction. A number of novel approaches show promise by modulating the intramyocardial inflammatory response.
Blood loss mitigation and replacement in facial surgery: a review
Authors: Herford Alan , Lowe Isaac 
Published: May 2018

Purpose of review
To provide a comprehensive overview of the predisposing factors that contribute to a risk of excess bleeding for surgical therapy in the head and neck regions, provide a thorough overview of techniques and tools for managing blood loss complications, and provide intervention algorithms to help guide clinical decision making.

Recent findings
With the current landscape of medications and reversal agents, protocols for intervention in a variety of situations, and new tools for blood loss management all rapidly changing and being developed it is critical to stay up to date to provide patients the best care in the most critical of situations.

Summary
With the risk of blood loss complications in head and neck surgery ranging from minimal to extreme surgeons require a comprehensive understanding risk factors, patient evaluation tools, and proper management algorithms. The first opportunity to prevent unnecessary blood loss and blood loss complications is the health history and physical appointment where a clinician can identify any medications, conditions, or other predisposing factors that would elevate a patient's risk of excess bleeding and the necessity for treatment augmentation. Although not all complications can be prevented because of the natural physiological variation that occurs from patient to patient, despite proper and proper diagnostics, a full working knowledge of most likely complications, hemostatic tools, and concise communication with team members can prevent a lot of blood loss and the complications associated.