bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
102 Three-year evaluation of yield and nutritive value of Tifton-85 bermudagrass and Tifton-85 bermudagrass-alfalfa mixtures produced as baleage in the Southeast
Authors: Hendricks Taylor J , Tucker Jennifer J , Hancock Dennis W , Stewart Lawton , Segers Jacob R 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Interseeding a legume, such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa), into bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) for baleage production can improve forage quality, reduce supplementation needs, and minimize production losses. The objective of this research was to compare the nutritive value and yield of bermudagrass with and without interseeded alfalfa when produced as baleage. This study was conducted at the University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Tifton, GA, on an established field of ‘Tifton 85’ (T85) bermudagrass. Ten 0.2-ha plots were randomly assigned to either T85+N or T85 interseeded with ‘Bulldog 805’ alfalfa (T85+Alf). T85+N received N fertilization (84 kg N/ ha) four times each growing season. Plots were harvested at early bloom stage every 28 to 35 days from 2016 to 2018, baled at 40–60% moisture, and individually wrapped. At each harvest, plots were evaluated for botanical composition and forage yield, and bales were sampled prior to wrapping for nutritive value analysis. Plots were also evaluated for botanical composition using the point-transect method 10 days post-harvest. Data were analyzed using mixed models and least significant differences at α = 0.05. Although seasonal yields were greater in the T85+N during year 1, alfalfa-bermudagrass plots produced at least one additional harvest each season of the study, and on average 8 cuttings per season each year following establishment. Ultimately this contributed to greater (P < 0.0001) cumulative yield in the alfalfa-bermudagrass treatment (34,783 vs. 25,608 kg/ha, respectively). Analyses of nutritive value through near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) show that CP and in-vitro true digestibility (IVTD) were greater (P = 0.005 and P = 0.034, respectively) in the alfalfa-bermudagrass treatment than the bermudagrass-only treatment (14.0 vs 11.4% CP and 66.7 vs. 60.2% IVTD, respectively). Improvements in seasonal yield and nutritive value makes bermudagrass interseeded with alfalfa a viable option for baleage producers in the Southeast.
110 Effect of different backgrounding diets for weaning beef calves on complete blood counts pre and post shipping
Authors: Tigue Daniel A , Wilkerson Shannon R , Rehm John G , Holland Courteney M , Broadway Paul R , Carroll Jeffery A , Burdick-Sanchez Nicole , Theurer Miles , Rodning Soren P , Starkey Jessica D , Mullenix Mary K , Bratcher Christy L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate if diet during the background phase has an effect on complete blood counts as an indicator of the stress response and immune function of calves shipped to feedyards in western Kansas from the Southeast. One hundred twenty (n = 120) Angus- and Hereford-sired steers (n = 60, 237.9±21.6 kg BW) and heifers (n = 60, 227.6±17.9 kg BW) from the E.V. Smith Research Center in Shorter, AL, were weaned on June 14, 2018. The following day, calves were weighed and blood was collected for analysis. Calves were then held in drylots for 14 d until forages reached an adequate height to begin grazing. Calves were then stratified by weight and randomly assigned to four dietary treatments, with three pens per treatment: Grazing (G), Grazing with supplement (GS), dry hay with supplement (HS), or baleage with supplement (BS). Dried distiller’s grains with solubles fed at 1% of BW was used in each diet including supplementation. After 80 d on treatment diets, calves were shipped to Hy-Plains Feedyard, LLC. in Montezuma, KS. Immediately prior to shipment, immediately post-shipment, and after 24 hr rest, blood was collected for analysis. Whole blood collected at each of the four times points was analyzed for complete blood counts using a ProCyte Dx Hematology Analyzer. The data were analyzed using the Mixed Procedure in SAS. While no significant differences (P > 0.05) were detected post-weaning and prior to initiation of dietary treatments, differences across diets were seen in red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, reticulocyte count, platelet count, white blood cell count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, and basophil counts (P < 0.05). Results of this study show that post-weaning backgrounding diets can have an effect on immune response to shipping stress
118 Administering a synthetic appeasing pheromone to Bos indicus-influenced beef cattle at weaning and feedlot entry
Authors: Brandão Alice , Cooke Reinaldo F , Schubach Kelsey , Schumaher Thiago , Souza Osvaldo , Castro Thais , Cappellozza Bruno 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Synthetic appeasing pheromone (SAP) is expected to have a calming effect in cattle experiencing stressful situations, including weaning and feedlot arrival. In Exp. 1, 186 Bos indicus-influenced calves (73 heifers, 133 bulls) were weaned at 211 ± 1 d of age (d 0). Upon weaning, calves were ranked by sex and body weight (BW), and assigned to receive SAP (Nutricorp, Araras, SP, Brazil; n = 94) or water (CON; n = 92). Treatments (5 mL) were topically applied to the forehead of each animal. Calf BW was recorded on d 15 and 45. Calves that received SAP had greater (P < 0.01) average daily again (ADG) from d 0 to 15, and BW on d 15 compared with CON (0.94 vs. 0.73 kg/d and 249 vs. 246 kg; respectively). Calf ADG from d 15 to 45 was similar (P = 0.97) between treatments. Overall ADG and BW on d 45 were also greater in SAP vs. CON (0.36 vs. 0.29 kg/d and 251 vs. 248 kg; respectively). In Exp. 2, 140 Bos indicus-influenced bulls (~27 mo of age) were transported from a cow-calf ranch to a commercial feedlot (d -1), and maintained on a single pasture for 24 h. On d 0, bulls were ranked by BW and assigned to receive SAP (n = 70) or CON (n = 70) as in Exp. 1. Bulls receiving SAP had greater (P = 0.04) ADG from d 0 to 15, but less (P <0.01) ADG from d 15 to 45 compared to CON (1.65 vs. 1.45 kg/d and 1.42 vs. 1.65 kg/d; respectively). No other treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.18). Therefore, SAP administration to beef cattle at weaning or feedlot entry had immediate benefits to ADG, which were sustained for 45 d in weaned calves but not in feedlot cattle
168 Calf-inated Cups: Disposable coffee cups as a fiber source in ruminant diets
Authors: Wood Shelby L , Baker Lauren M , Cherry Nichole M , Muir James P , Smith William B 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Per unit energy, fiber is among the most expensive components of the ruminant diet. Wastes from human enterprises may represent the next step in feedstuff investigation. In an effort to minimize the anthropogenic waste contribution, and as a means to find a more cost-efficient resource to feed ruminant animals, our objective was to determine the nutritive value of disposable coffee cups and warmer sleeves in relation to ruminant nutrition. Discarded cups and warmer sleeves were collected from employees at Tarleton State University in fall of 2017. Cups were obtained from five sources, and warmer sleeves were obtained from two sources. Cups and sleeves were dried at 55°C for 72 h and ground to pass through a 2-mm screen. Ground samples were subjected to a batch-culture in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) assay. Original samples and incubated residues were then assayed for DM, NDF, ADF, and CP. Data were analyzed as a random effects model completely randomized design using the MIXED procedure of SAS. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of source (n = 5) or type (cup or sleeve) for contribution to variance of NDF, ADF, IVTD, and in vitro NDF digestibility (IVNDFD). Mean values for NDF, ADF, IVTD, and IVNDFD across samples were 89.5, 81.4, 24.5, and 18.7%, respectively. Results indicate a low digestibility coefficient for these waste products, thus meaning its use as a feedstuff could be questionable. However, such results provide insight into niches where this product and other anthropogenic wastes may fit in the larger picture of ruminant nutrition
170 Effect of supplementation of zinc sulfate or zinc methionine on growth, reproductive development, and immunocompetence of replacement Holstein heifers
Authors: Hebbert Caitlin S , Soto-Navarro Sergio A , Summers Adam F , Rodela Jorge A , Urias Susana A , Brown Mike S , Sullivan L J 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Twenty-four Holstein heifers (165.6 kg ± 5.1 kg initial BW) were utilized in a complete randomized design. The objective was to evaluate effects of supplemental Zn source on growth, reproductive development, and immunocompetence of replacement Holstein heifers. Heifers were randomly allotted to one of two treatments: supplemental zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) or supplemental zinc methionine (ZnMet). Dietary Zn averaged 78.5 ppm for ZnSO4 heifers and 86.3 ppm for ZnMet heifers. Weights and blood were collected once weekly. On d 85 heifers were inoculated with ovalbumin to assess immunocompetence. Follicular aspirations and reproductive tract scores (RTS) were taken on d 106. Liver biopsies and body measurements were collected on d 133 and d 259. Source of Zn did not affect (P ≥ 0.54) BW, DMI, ADG, or G:F. Body measurements were similar (P ≥ 0.28) between treatments. Treatment groups did not differ in RTS, ovarian area, or follicle size or number (P ≥ 0.14). Concentration of progesterone, estradiol, and ratio of progesterone to estradiol of follicular fluid were not affected (P ≥ 0.40) by Zn source. Heifers pubertal prior to synchronization, heifers pregnant per service, total services to pregnancy, and percent heifers pregnant at conclusion of the study (P ≥ 0.34) were not different between treatments. Liver mineral concentrations (P ≥ 0.55) were not affected by Zn source. Circulating Zn in serum did not differ on either d 1, d 141, or d 252 (P ≥ 0.36) for either treatment. Heifers supplemented with ZnMet demonstrated a greater (P = 0.02) antibody response 14 d after initial ovalbumin vaccination than ZnSO4 heifers. By d 14 after second inoculation, immune response was similar (P = 0.38) for both treatments. These results suggest that in the absence of stress, ZnMet enhances immunocompetence of replacement Holstein heifers but has no effect on growth or reproductive development.
184 Effect of monensin intake during a stocker phase and subsequent finishing phase on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers
Authors: Weiss Caleb P , Beck Paul A , Gadberry Shane , Tomczak Dexter J , Richeson John T , Robison Colton A , Wilson Blake K , Hess Tom , Hubbell Donald S 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of monensin supplementation during the stocker and finishing phase on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of beef steers. In Exp. 1 and 2, steers (n = 61, BW = 345 ± 20 kg and n = 70, BW = 298 ± 26 kg) were fed hay and supplement or grazed wheat pasture (Exp. 1) or bermudagrass (Exp. 2) and then were transported 1,068 km to Canyon, TX, for finishing. For Exp. 3 steers (n = 59, BW = 322 ± 31 kg) grazed wheat pasture and then transported 636 km to Stillwater, OK, for finishing. Treatments were arranged as a 3 × 2 factorial with three monensin levels during the stocker phase (0, 800, 1600 g/ton fed in a free choice mineral) and two levels during finishing [0 (UN) or 37.5 mg/kg diet DM (RUM). There were no location × treatment interactions (P ≥ 0.19) for performance or carcass measurements, therefore data were pooled across locations. Stocker × feedlot treatment interactions were not observed for performance data (P ≥ 0.50), but were observed for carcass characteristics. Cattle consuming RUM in the feedlot had decreased (P < 0.01) DMI and increased (P < 0.01) G:F compared with UN. Cattle on 1600UN treatment had the greatest LM area whereas 0U had the least (103.4 vs 96.3 cm2). Steers on the 800UN and 1600UN treatments had decreased YG and 800RUM had the greatest (2.31 and 2.22 vs 2.75). Cattle consuming RUM during finishing had increased (P = 0.03) fat thickness compared to UN. Supplementation of monensin to stocker cattle may have minimal impact on subsequent feedlot performance. Providing monensin in feedlot diets still decreases DMI and improves feed efficiency of feedlot cattle.
185 Strategies for managing open beef cows
Authors: Lira Stephen M , Biermacher Jon T , Whitley Evan , Ford Devlon 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Open beef cows account for between 15 and 30% of a spring-calving cow/calf operation’s annual revenue; however, most producers commonly sell open cows at weaning when prices are at a seasonal low. A three-year (2015–2018) study was conducted using open beef cows (n = 244) from a spring-calving herd in south-central Oklahoma. The objective of the study was to determine whether or not the net return of retaining, feeding, rebreeding, and marketing rebred cows was greater than the revenue from selling open cows at weaning. Each year at weaning, open cows were sorted into Thin or Moderate groups using an average threeman Body Condition Score (BCS). Thin cows (BCS < 5.5) received a ration of 11.4% CP and 63.9% TDN, while Moderate cows (5.5 ≤ BCS ≤ 6.0) received 10.4% CP and 55.2% TDN. Rations were formulated to transform the final condition of all cattle to a BCS of 6. Two rested bulls were assigned to each feeding group during the first 60 days of retention. After 90 days of retention all cattle were pregnancy tested via ultrasound. Enterprise budgeting techniques were used to calculate revenue, costs, and net return for each cow. Mixed effects (ANOVA) models using the Mixed Procedure in SAS were used to determine the fixed effects of feeding treatment, age, pregnancy status, and market type on ending weight and BCS and net return. Year and individual animal were tested and treated as random for each model analyzed. On average, net return was affected by feeding treatment (P = 0.0323), age (P < 0.0001), and pregnancy status (P < 0.0001). The results suggest that producers who have the ability to sort and feed young, thin cows in poorer condition and rebreed them using rested bulls can expect to earn $68/head more than selling them as open at weaning
38 Enhancing production efficiency on southern beef farms with an interactive extension approach using forage management
Authors: Poore Matthew H , Rogers Johnny R , Franzluebbers Alan J 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Production efficiency in beef grazing systems can be improved by several relatively simple changes in forage management practices. During a 4-year project period funded by the NRCS Conservation Innovation Grant Program (68-3A75-14–251) and in collaboration with the University of Georgia, the Amazing Grazing Program in North Carolina utilized several innovative forage management approaches on 6 private farms and 3 public research stations to educate beef producers. On-farm grid sampling illustrated spatial distribution of soil nutrients as influenced by long-term historical management, particularly of winter hay feeding stations. Side-by-side testing of simple and complex annual forage mixes on three private farms demonstrated the opportunities to enhance forage nutritive value, capture the value of diverse botanical composition, and to defer grazing on perennial pastures. Smallplot testing of yield response to fall-stockpiled tall fescue nitrogen fertilizer rate allowed producers to reap the economic benefits of improved soil health and to help improve the environment surrounding their farm. At each private farm, summer, and winter forage management workshops explored innovative approaches to beef farm management, including the nature and importance of dung beetles, value of simple compared with complex annual forages, how to approach winter grazing, benefits of hay unrolling, need for mineral supplementation, utilizing temporary fencing, and frost-seeding clovers. As the project progressed, interest and attendance at workshops grew and cooperating farmer engagement increased. We found that many small-scale beef farmers were interested in simple practices such as hay unrolling and frost seeding when demonstrated by their peers. Using a variety of educational approaches, workshop audiences responded positively to hands-on activities and time for open discussion. Attendees were interested, attentive, and motivated to adopt new practices based on these practical demonstrations on peer farms.
132 Effects of high-energy diet on viscera and progeny carcass yield in sheep
Authors: Gallo Sarita Bonagurio , Honigmann Sophia , Brochine Luciano , de Oliveira Giuliana Micai , Tedeschi Luis Orlindo 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The energy required during gestation in sheep is high, and when restricted, fetal development may be affected; thus, knowledge of its deficit needs to be better understood. The objective was to evaluate different levels and sources of energy in the diet of sheep and their influence on the viscera and carcass yield of the offspring. The experiment was carried out at the Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering of USP, Brazil, using 56 pregnant ewes, Dorper and Santa Ines breeds, randomly distributed in four treatments: control group (fed according to the 2007 NRC recommendation); and groups with 10% more energy with different sources (starch, ST; protected fat, PF; and chromium, Cr). Ewes were fed the experimental diets at the beginning (50 days) and end of the gestation (50 days). The middle of gestation the ewes received the diet as recommended by the NRC (2007). After weaning at 60 days, 32 uncastrated male lambs were confined for a period of 60 days. In the confinement the lambs received a growth diet, being the same for all the animals. After this period, lambs were slaughtered, and the non-carcass components were weighed, the warm and cold carcass yields were calculated. The experimental design was completely randomized, with eight replicates and four treatments, the means were analyzed by orthogonal contrasts, assuming a significant threshold of 5%. Lambs in the PF treatment had lower cold carcass yield (50.8%, PPP > 0.05). The sheep fed according to the energy recommendation had lambs with greater weight of omental fat, testicular, kidney and rumen. These lambs also had a smaller spleen, heart, liver, and intestine. We concluded that the maternal diet affected the growth and development of progeny by altering the viscera and the carcass yields. Acknowledgment to FAPESP (process 2017/20555–8).
129 Evaluation of the effect of Bedoukian compound X administered twice on gastrointestinal nematode infection in sheep
Authors: Miller James E , Burke Joan M 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and coccidia have a large financial and health impact on small ruminants. Recent years have seen an increase in anthelminthic/ coccidiostat resistance, and there is a need to develop alternative control methods. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of a unique proprietary compound used in the fragrance/flavor industry with an insect repellant application (Compound X; Bedoukian Research) on parasite control in sheep. Previous research by our laboratories showed a short term reduction in fecal egg count (FEC) in sheep orally drenched with the product. In the current study, naturally infected (GIN and coccidia) Katahdin lambs were orally drenched with 15 mL of Compound X and 15 mL mineral oil (CMX; n = 11) or 30 mL mineral oil (CON; n = 9) on d 0 and 21; FEC/fecal oocyst count (FOC) were determined every 7 d for 8 wk, and feces were cultured to examine GIN larvae. Data were analyzed using a mixed model with repeated measures over time, and regression (SAS). The FEC were reduced in CMX compared with CON between d 0 and 21 (P < 0.03, both mixed model and regression), d 21 and 42 (P < 0.001, mixed and regression), and d 0 and 56 (P < 0.001); FEC were influenced by day of study (P < 0.04), and the interaction tended to be significant using regression (P < 0.10). The FOC were negligible and not analyzed. There was no effect on development of nematode larvae in feces. However, there was a shift in population distribution from Haemonchus contortus to Trichostrongylus spp. which indicated a possible effect on female H. contortus fecundity. There was a sign of toxicity in one lamb following the second CMX drench. The value of using such a compound for GIN control may warrant further investigation.
133 Effect of terminal sire breed on grazing performance, parasitism and market grade of crossbred lambs
Authors: Maierle Camren l , Weaver Andrew R , Tuckwiller Reese H , Rohrbaugh Roger T , Garza Javier , Padrino Domingo Mata , Greiner Scott P , Bowdridge Scott A 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Improvements in growth and carcass conformation through terminal sire crossbreeding systems may improve lamb value in a pasture-based system. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of different terminal sires on parasitism, growth, composition, and marketability of grazing lambs. Suffolk (SU; n = 2) and Texel (TX; n = 2) sires were mated to commercial ewes at the WVU Organic Farm. April-born lambs were managed on pasture as one group until weaning in midJune, then were separated into 3 replicates per sire breed. Lambs were rotationally grazed for 93 d with paddock movement every 10 d. Lambs were supplemented at a rate of 2% of bodyweight with a 16% CP corn-soybean meal supplement. Weights were collected at weaning and then weekly for the duration of the study. Fecal egg counts (FEC) and FAMACHA scores were collected biweekly. Lambs were de-wormed when FAMACHA score was ≥ 3. Ultrasound measures of rib eye area (REA) were obtained at study conclusion and lambs were marketed at a graded auction. Sire breed did not impact weaning weight or growth rate throughout the test. Fecal egg count was slightly higher in TX vs. SU-sired lambs (257 vs 191 eggs/g; P < 0.05). FAMACHA scores were lower in TX vs. SU-sired lambs (1.58 vs. 1.96; P < 0.0001). Fewer deworming treatments were necessary in TX-sired lambs at 10% (4/39) whereas as SU-sired lambs required 55% (22/40) (P < 0.0001). TX-sired lambs had greater REA (11.57 vs 9.42 cm2; P < 0.0001) and graded better at the saleyard. Grading was set to a 6 pt scale with higher equating to higher sale price. Lambs sired by TX rams graded 5.2 and SU-sired lambs graded 3.6 (P < 0.0001). These data demonstrate that Texel-sired lambs required fewer dewormer treatments and were compositionally more desirable when marketed