bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of food insecurity with early childhood caries
Authors: Angelopoulou Matina V. , Shanti S. D. , Gonzalez Cesar D. , Love Ashley , Chaffin Jeffrey 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to examine the association of food insecurity on the prevalence of dental caries in preschool children.MethodsEighty‐two children, aged 12‐71 months old, from the Marquette University School of Dentistry Community South Clinic and their caregivers participated in this cross‐sectional study. Following informed consent, parents completed the validated six‐item US Department of Agriculture food insecurity questionnaire and questions regarding demographic information and family structure. Upon clinical examination caries was recorded using the decayed, missing, filled teeth (dmft) index based on the International Caries Detection and Assessment System criteria.ResultsThe correlation between dmft and food insecurity was found statistically significant (P = 0.002, R2 = 0.115), and children of higher food insecurity demonstrated higher levels of dental caries. Food insecurity was also positively correlated with parental age (P = 0.034), whereby higher levels of food insecurity were associated with the father being less than 25 years of age. Results from the questionnaire revealed that 58.5 percent of the families were fully secure, 11.0 percent had marginal, 24.4 percent had low, and 6.1 percent had very low food security. Results from clinical examination reported dmft 4.09 ± 4.38, dt 2.20 ± 2.83, and ft 1.83 ± 2.95. Most of the children (79.7 percent) were Hispanic, 53.1 percent were female and the median age of the sample was 48 months.ConclusionsResults of the present study suggest that preschool children with food insecurity have higher levels of dental caries.
Positive and Negative Affects Facilitate Insight Problem‐Solving in Different Ways: A Study with Implicit Hints
Authors: Orita Ryo , Hattori Masasi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis study investigates the influence of affective states on the use of implicit hints when solving insight problems. To examine this, two experiments were conducted, both with Duncker's (1945) radiation problem as an insight problem. When primed with a hint, positive affect inhibited the number of incorrect solutions generated in Experiment 1 and increased the number of correct solutions in Experiment 2. In contrast, negative affect enhanced the participants’ performance regardless of the presence of hints across the two experiments. These results indicate that positive and negative affect facilitate insight problem‐solving in different ways. It seems that positive affect implicitly prompts the acceptance of cues and broadens people's search of a problem space, and negative affect encourages people to intensively focus on solving the insight task. The results suggest a resolution of a long‐standing debate on the effectiveness of positive versus negative affect in solving a problem.
Does Conventional Implicit Association Test of Shyness Measure “Self‐Shyness” or “Others‐Shyness”?
Authors: Sawaumi Takafumi , Inagaki Tsutomu , Aikawa Atsushi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures implicit associations between attitude targets and attributes. Its structure and procedure facilitate investigation of the strength of associations between one target and attributes relative to that between the other target and the same attributes when two targets are contradictory (e.g., black/white and comfortable/uncomfortable). This structure can cause conceptual complexity about what the IAT measures, particularly when a counter category is not needed. Thus, using the Single‐Target Implicit Association Test (ST‐IAT), which allowed only one target category for pairing with attributes, this paper delineated the association measured in the conventional IAT for shyness: “self‐shy” or “others‐shy.” Seventy‐seven Japanese university students completed the self‐report shyness scale, the conventional IAT, and two ST‐IATs (i.e., self/others as target). Results showed that implicit shyness produced in the conventional IAT significantly and positively correlated with that in the self‐targeted ST‐IAT. Moreover, implicit shyness in the conventional IAT was significantly accounted for by those produced by the ST‐IAT with self as target and those calculated in the ST‐IAT with others as target in opposite directions.
Effects of family nutrition and physical activity screening for obesity risk in school‐age children
Authors: Herbenick Sara K. , James Kathy , Milton Jill , Cannon Dee 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPurposeAn obesogenic home environment is a major contributor to overeating and sedentariness in school‐aged children, as children have less autonomy during this phase of development and are influenced by family environmental cues. The purpose of this study was to implement a screening tool at a low socioeconomic elementary school clinic to identify children at risk of developing obesity and provide standardization for practitioners on educating parents regarding child obesity risk factors.Design and MethodsAn evidence‐based practice design utilizing the Family Nutrition and Physical Activity (FNPA) tool was completed at all visits of patients ages 4 to 11. Parents completed the 20‐item screening tool related to 10 factors (family meal patterns, family eating habits, food choices, beverage choices, restriction/reward, screen time behavior and monitoring, healthy environment, family activity involvement, child activity involvement, family routine). The nurse practitioner (NP) provided parents with education regarding healthy home practices based on American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommendations. Level of obesity risk (low, moderate, and high) was determined based on the FNPA score and body mass index (BMI) of the patient. Patients identified as at‐risk were scheduled for a 2‐month follow‐up and rescreened to determine if lifestyle modifications were made.ResultsTwenty‐seven children were screened using the FNPA tool, with an initial mean FNPA score of 64. Ninety‐three percent were classified as a moderate or high risk for obesity (BMI percentile 85th or greater and/or moderate‐high risk FNPA scores). Seven percent had a healthy BMI and low‐risk FNPA scores and did not require follow‐up intervention. Sixty‐seven percent of patients scores improved at follow‐up, with an average FNPA score of 70. Effect size stratified by risk category was low‐risk score 0.07 and moderate‐risk score 1.49 with a standard deviation of 5.36.Practice ImplicationsImplementation of the FNPA tool at a school‐based clinic is a feasible opportunity to identify children at risk for obesity and allows for anticipatory guidance by the NP to increase awareness of parental influence as role models for healthy lifestyle behaviors.
Reply to Skey and Fox about the paper ‘Who's afraid of Banal Nationalism?’
Authors: Duchesne Sophie 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis is a reply to Jon Fox's and Michael Skey's comments to my article ‘Who's afraid of Banal Nationalism?’. I try to clarify the main implications of the paper, namely, that following Billig, I think it has become of foremost importance to explore what people cannot do or think because of nationalism. It has become vital, in order to renew political imagination among citizens and scholars.
Populism and nationalism in a comparative perspective: a scholarly exchange
Authors: Bonikowski Bart , Halikiopoulou Daphne , Kaufmann Eric , Rooduijn Matthijs 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe purpose of the Exchange feature is to publish discussions that engage, advance and initiate new debates in the study of nations and nationalism. This Exchange article is on the subject of ‘Populism and Nationalism’. Each contributor addresses the following four questions on the subject: (1) What is populism and what role does it play within the context of democratic politics? (2) Does populism cut across left–right lines? (3) What is the relationship between nationalism and populism? (4) Are contemporary populist movements across Europe and the West comparable? Our aim is to generate a thought‐provoking conversation with regard to the rise of populism in Europe and the West.
Pathogenesis investigation of miR‐199‐5p in oral submucous fibrosis based on bioinformatics analysis
Authors: Yuan Yongxiang , Li Ning , Zeng Lijuan , Shen Zhengzhong , Jiang Canhua 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectivesFibrosis diseases are one of the leading causes of suffering and death. However, no systematic investigation has been carried out on fibrosis‐related genes.Materials and MethodsBy querying PubMed using keywords “fibrosis” and “gene” or “protein,” we identified fibrosis‐related genes in the last decade. Bioinformatics analysis was performed by MAS 3.0 software. Key miRNA was selected to assess its relationship with oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) and fibroblast functions.ResultsA total of 1,310 genes related to fibrosis were identified. TGF‐β1, CTGF, MMP9, HSP47, and S1P were found to be associated with mainly fibrotic organs. In total, 244 cellular components terms, 595 molecular function terms, 1,816 cellular component terms, and 136 KEGG pathway annotations were predicted. miR‐199‐5p was selected as the key miRNA, which has higher level in OSF. Upregulated miR‐199‐5p was significantly related to OSF duration and OSF histological grade (p = 0.028 and 0.012, respectively). Overexpressive miR‐199‐5p reduced proliferation and induced apoptosis in buccal fibroblasts. Additionally, expression levels of collagen I (COL I) and III (COL III) were promoted by overexpressive miR‐199‐5p in buccal fibroblasts.ConclusionThese results indicate that fibrosis‐related genes are related to a series of complex mechanisms. The characteristics of miR‐199‐5p may supply important clues for developing therapeutic strategy for OSF.
Spatial processes and evolutionary models: a critical review
Authors: Polly P. David 
Published: November 2018

AbstractEvolution is a fundamentally population level process in which variation, drift and selection produce both temporal and spatial patterns of change. Statistical model fitting is now commonly used to estimate which kind of evolutionary process best explains patterns of change through time using models like Brownian motion, stabilizing selection (Ornstein–Uhlenbeck) and directional selection on traits measured from stratigraphic sequences or on phylogenetic trees. But these models assume that the traits possessed by a species are homogeneous. Spatial processes such as dispersal, gene flow and geographical range changes can produce patterns of trait evolution that do not fit the expectations of standard models, even when evolution at the local‐population level is governed by drift or a typicalOUmodel of selection. The basic properties of population level processes (variation, drift, selection and population size) are reviewed and the relationship between their spatial and temporal dynamics is discussed. Typical evolutionary models used in palaeontology incorporate the temporal component of these dynamics, but not the spatial. Range expansions and contractions introduce rate variability into drift processes, range expansion under a drift model can drive directional change in trait evolution, and spatial selection gradients can create spatial variation in traits that can produce long‐term directional trends and punctuation events depending on the balance between selection strength, gene flow, extirpation probability and model of speciation. Using computational modelling that spatial processes can create evolutionary outcomes that depart from basic population‐level notions from these standard macroevolutionary models.
A Novel Prospective Study Assessing the Combination of Photodynamic Therapy and Proton Radiation Therapy: Safety and Outcomes When Treating Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Authors: Rice Stephanie R. , Li Yun R. , Busch Theresa M. , Kim Michele M. , McNulty Sally , Dimofte Andrea , Zhu Timothy C. , Cengel Keith A. , Simone Charles B. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMalignant pleural mesothelioma remains difficult to treat, with high failure rates despite optimal therapy. We present a novel prospective trial combining proton therapy (PT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) and the largest‐ever mesothelioma PT experience (n = 10). PDT photosensitizers included porfimer sodium (2 mg·kg−1; 24 h drug‐light interval) or 2‐[1‐hexyloxyethyl]‐2‐devinyl pyropheophorbide‐a (HPPH) (4 mg·m−2;48 h) with wavelengths of 630 nm to 60J·cm−2 and 665 nm to 15‐45J·cm−2, respectively. With a median age of 69 years, patients were predominantly male (90%) with epithelioid histology (100%) and stage III‐IV disease (100%). PT was delivered to a median of 55.0 CGE/1.8‐2.0 CGE (range 50–75 CGE) adjuvantly (n = 8) or as salvage therapy (n = 2) following extended pleurectomy/decortication (ePD)/PDT. Two‐year local control was 90%, with distant and regional failure rates of 50% and 30%, respectively. All patients received chemotherapy, and four received immunotherapy. Surgical complications included atrial fibrillation (n = 3), pneumonia (n = 2), and deep vein thrombosis (n = 2). Median survival from PT completion was 19.5 months (30.3 months from diagnosis), and 1‐ and 2‐year survival rates were 58% and 29%. No patient experienced CTCAEv4 grade ≥2 acute or late toxicity. Our prolonged survival in very advanced‐stage patients compares favorably to survival for PT without PDT and photon therapy with PDT, suggesting possible spatial or systemic cooperativity and immune effect.
Targeting cytokines secreted by CD4+CD25highCD127low regulatory T cells inhibits ovarian cancer progression
Authors: Ke Xing , Shen Lisong 
Published: November 2018

AbstractEpithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one of the major malignant cancers with high rates of early metastasis in which regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role. Tregs suppress immune responses and promote the development of tumours in patients with EOC. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we found higher levels of CD4+CD25highCD127low Tregs in patients with EOC than in patients with benign ovarian tumours and healthy donors. The immune inhibitory effect of Tregs functions by maintaining high levels of immunosuppressive cytokines in EOC. The high levels of Tregs and related cytokines (TGF‐β1 or IL‐10) were associated with lymphatic metastasis and FIGO stages of patients with EOC. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)‐2 in EOC cell lines were significantly regulated in the coculture experiment with CD4+CD25highCD127low Tregs sorted from EOC patients. Levels of MMP‐2 and TIMP‐2 conversely changed after blocking IL‐10R and TGF‐β1R in EOC cells. The invasion ability of EOC cells was also significantly downregulated in this process. The metastasis of EOC cells was correlated with the levels of TGF‐β1 or IL‐10. These findings suggested that immunosuppressive cytokines secreted by CD4+ Tregs could be a novel target for inhibiting EOC progression.
Political Leaning and Coverage Sentiment: Are Conservative Newspapers More Negative Toward Women?*
Authors: Shor Eran 
Published: November 2018

ObjectivesThis article examines whether newspapers’ political leaning affects coverage tone for individuals in the news and whether the gender of the person covered affects this relationship.MethodsI analyze sentiment data on millions of person‐names from more than 200 major American newspapers between the years 2004 and 2009, juxtaposing them with various measurements for the political leaning of these newspapers.ResultsResults show mixed support for the idea that political leaning in the media affects coverage patterns for individuals in the news. While newspapers located in states that are more likely to vote for Republicans cover women in a more negative way, I find no relationship between political leaning scores and coverage sentiment for men.ConclusionsThe study shows mild support for the proposition that relatively liberal newspapers are more likely to cover women and women's issues in a positive way.
Fear of blood, injections and fainting as barriers to blood donation in Brazil
Authors: Zucoloto Miriane Lucindo , Gonçalez Thelma , Menezes Neia Prata , McFarland Willi , Custer Brian , Martinez Edson Zangiacomi 
Published: November 2018

Background and objectivesThe objective of the present study was to investigate the fear of blood, injections and fainting as barriers to blood donation in a sample of primary healthcare users in a Brazilian municipality.Materials and MethodsThis is a cross‐sectional survey of primary care patients in 12 randomly selected healthcare facilities in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil in 2015–2016. Key variables were lifetime blood donation history, intentions to donate blood among non‐donors and current donation practice. To assess fear of blood in general (FBG), fear of injections in general (FIG) and fear of fainting due to fear of injection (FFI), we used the Blood Injection/Fear Scale (BIFS). We tested associations between variables using regression models and conditional inference trees (CIT).ResultsA total of 1055 primary healthcare users participated (79·7% female, mean age 40·6 years [SD= 15·2]), 63·4% never donated blood, 13·3% reported they are unable to donate, 6·1% donated only once, 17·2% donated multiple times. Women had higher scores forFIGandFBG.FFIwas associated with middle socioeconomic status. Those who never intended to donate exhibited the highest scores in the three dimension of fear. ByCITanalysis, being female and high scores forFBGare associated with decreased blood donation. Among males, blood donation frequency is low among those aged 33 years and under.ConclusionFear of blood, injections and fainting are barriers to blood donation in Brazil. Efforts to recruit and retain blood donors should convey information on blood donation processes and address misconceptions that may increase fear.
Pleistocene glaciation explains the disjunct distribution of the Chestnut‐vented Nuthatch (Aves, Sittidae)
Authors: Zhao Min , Chang Yongbin , Kimball Rebecca T. , Zhao Jian , Lei Fumin , Qu Yanhua 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPleistocene climatic oscillations have played an important role in shaping many species’ current distributions. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in studying the effects of glacial periods on East Asian birds. Integrated approaches allow us to study past distribution range changes due to Pleistocene glaciation, and how these changes have affected current population genetic structure, especially for species with unusual distribution patterns. The Wuyi disjunction is the disjunct distribution of birds between the Wuyi Mountains in south‐eastern China and south‐western China. Although several species exhibit the Wuyi disjunction, the process behind this unusual distribution pattern has remained relatively unstudied. Therefore, we used the Chestnut‐vented Nuthatch Sitta nagaensis as a model species to investigate the possible causes of the Wuyi disjunction. Based on phylogenetic analyses with three mitochondrial and six nuclear regions, the Wuyi population of the Chestnut‐vented Nuthatch was closely related to populations in mid‐Sichuan, from which it diverged approximately 0.1 million years ago, despite the long geographical distance between them (over 1,300 km). In contrast, geographically close populations in mid‐ and southern Sichuan were genetically divergent from each other (more than half a million years). Ecological niche modelling suggested that the Chestnut‐vented Nuthatch has experienced dramatic range expansions from Last Interglacial period to Last Glacial Maximum, with some range retraction following the Last Glacial period. We propose that the Wuyi disjunction of the Chestnut‐vented Nuthatch was most likely due to recent range expansion from south‐western China during the glacial period, followed by postglacial range retraction.
Prolonged depression of knee‐extensor torque complexity following eccentric exercise
Authors: Pethick Jamie , Whiteaway Katherine , Winter Samantha L. , Burnley Mark 
Published: November 2018

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Does eccentric exercise leading to prolonged knee‐extensor torque depression also result in a prolonged loss of knee‐extensor torque complexity?
What is the main finding and its importance?
The recovery of the loss of torque complexity after eccentric exercise took 24 h, whereas after acute muscle fatigue it took 10 min. The depression of torque complexity after eccentric exercise was prolonged.
AbstractNeuromuscular fatigue reduces the temporal structure, or complexity, of muscle torque output. Exercise‐induced muscle damage reduces muscle torque output for considerably longer than high‐intensity fatiguing contractions. We hypothesized that muscle‐damaging eccentric exercise would lead to a persistent decrease in torque complexity, whereas fatiguing exercise would not. Ten healthy participants performed five isometric contractions (6 s contraction, 4 s rest) at 50% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) before, immediately after and 10, 30 and 60 min and 24 h after eccentric (muscle‐damaging) and isometric (fatiguing) exercise. These contractions were also repeated 48 h and 1 week after eccentric exercise. Torque and surface EMG signals were sampled throughout each test. Complexity and fractal scaling were quantified using approximate entropy (ApEn) and the detrended fluctuation analysis α exponent (DFA α). Global, central and peripheral perturbations were quantified using MVCs with femoral nerve stimulation. Complexity decreased after both eccentric [ApEn, mean (SD), from 0.39 (0.10) to 0.20 (0.12), P < 0.001] and isometric exercise [from 0.41 (0.13) to 0.09 (0.04); P < 0.001]. After eccentric exercise, ApEn and DFA α required 24 h to recover to baseline levels, but after isometric exercise they required only 10 min. The MVC torque remained reduced [from 233.6 (74.2) to 187.5 (64.7) N m] 48 h after eccentric exercise, with such changes evident only up to 60 min after isometric exercise [MVC torque, from 246.1 (77.2) to 217.9 (71.8) N m]. The prolonged depression in maximal muscle torque output is therefore accompanied by a prolonged reduction in torque complexity.
Establishing a composite neonatal adverse outcome indicator using English hospital administrative data
Authors: Knight Hannah Ellin , Oddie Sam J , Harron Katie L , Aughey Harriet K , van der Meulen Jan H , Gurol-Urganci Ipek , Cromwell David A 
Published: November 2018

ObjectiveWe adapted a composite neonatal adverse outcome indicator (NAOI), originally derived in Australia, and assessed its feasibility and validity as an outcome indicator in English administrative hospital data.DesignWe used Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) data containing information infants born in the English National Health Service (NHS) between 1 April 2014 and 31 March 2015. The Australian NAOI was mapped to diagnoses and procedure codes used within HES and modified to reflect data quality and neonatal health concerns in England. To investigate the concurrent validity of the English NAOI (E-NAOI), rates of NAOI components were compared with population-based studies. To investigate the predictive validity of the E-NAOI, rates of readmission and death in the first year of life were calculated for infants with and without E-NAOI components.ResultsThe analysis included 484 007 (81%) of the 600 963 eligible babies born during the timeframe. 114/148 NHS trusts passed data quality checks and were included in the analysis. The modified E-NAOI included 23 components (16 diagnoses and 7 procedures). Among liveborn infants, 5.4% had at least one E-NAOI component recorded before discharge. Among newborns discharged alive, the E-NAOI was associated with a significantly higher risk of death (0.81% vs 0.05%; p<0.001) and overnight hospital readmission (15.7% vs 7.1%; p<0.001) in the first year of life.ConclusionsA composite NAOI can be derived from English hospital administrative data. This E-NAOI demonstrates good concurrent and predictive validity in the first year of life. It is a cost-effective way to monitor neonatal outcomes.