bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epistemic logic without closure
Authors: Leuenberger Stephan , Smith Martin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAll standard epistemic logics legitimate something akin to the principle of closure, according to which knowledge is closed under competent deductive inference. And yet the principle of closure, particularly in its multiple premise guise, has a somewhat ambivalent status within epistemology. One might think that serious concerns about closure point us away from epistemic logic altogether—away from the very idea that the knowledge relation could be fruitfully treated as a kind of modal operator. This, however, need not be so. The abandonment of closure may yet leave in place plenty of formal structure amenable to systematic logical treatment. In this paper we describe a family of weak epistemic logics in which closure fails, and describe two alternative semantic frameworks in which these logics can be modelled. One of these—which we termplurality semantics—is relatively unfamiliar. We explore under what conditions plurality frames validate certain much-discussed principles of epistemic logic. It turns out that plurality frames can be interpreted in a very natural way in light of one motivation for rejecting closure, adding to the significance of our technical work. The second framework that we employ—neighbourhood semantics—is much better known. But we show that it too can be interpreted in a way that comports with a certain motivation for rejecting closure.
Parenting practices during middle adolescence and high school dropout
Authors: Afia Kamel , Dion Eric , Dupéré Véronique , Archambault Isabelle , Toste Jessica 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTIntroductionDespite inconclusive findings, educational researchers have long considered adequate parenting practices instrumental in preventing high school dropout among adolescents. The present short‐term retrospective study focuses on parenting practices during middle adolescence when dropout typically occurs.MethodsThe culturally diverse, high‐risk sample of Canadian adolescents (N = 108; Mage = 16.0 years) from low‐income neighborhoods included very recent dropouts and matched still‐in‐school students. A global score reflecting the quality of parenting practices during the period preceding dropout (or comparable period) was derived from adolescents’ answers to a well‐established structured interview protocol. Transcripts of interviews were also used to identify the potentially disruptive challenges (e.g., parental incarceration) that families faced.ResultsResults show a robust relationship between current parenting practices and dropout that was not moderated by challenging family circumstances or immigration history. Descriptive findings indicate that extreme and relatively rare cases of parental neglect were associated with a high dropout risk, but that most dropouts lived in families where communication and supervision, although not entirely absent, were minimal.ConclusionOffering systematic support to parents of middle adolescents could help to prevent dropout in high‐risk communities.
The Indian Demand for Imported Fresh Apples: Effects of Tariff Reductions
Authors: Lee Kwanyoung , Gallardo R. Karina , Giacinti Miguel 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe estimated the impact of the Indian tariff on the demand for imported fresh apples from theUnited States. A 1% decrease in the tariff would increase the quantities demanded by 3.83%. If India eliminates the tariff on all imported fresh apples, total consumer welfare in terms of the imported fresh apple market will increase by $120 million yearly, 57% of the value of all fresh apples imported by India in 2015. This study adds evidence on the effects of tariff reduction on trade volume and welfare of consumers in the importing country.
Cortical Ribbon Sign in Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy with Sequential Atrophy
Authors: Muir Ryan T. , Sundaram Arun N. E. 
Published: August 2019

A 59-year-old man presented with confusion, decreased level of consciousness, and generalized tonic–clonic seizures. He was intubated and promptly stabilized on antiepileptic medications. He was not in status epilepticus. He improved after seizure control, though he remained confused. He was neither acutely intoxicated nor were there any substance withdrawal concerns prior to his presentation. Furthermore, no metabolic, electrolyte, or nutritional perturbations were identified. He did, however, have a history of alcoholic hepatitis and was awaiting a liver transplant, but his blood work did not reveal evidence of fulminant hepatic failure at presentation (international normalized ratio – 1.17, platelet count 161,000/µL, ammonia 18 µmol/L, blood urea nitrogen 4.5 mmol/L, and his liver enzymes were only remarkable for an elevated alkaline phosphatase of 143 U/L).
Dissemination and continuous improvement of a CTSA-based software platform, SPARCRequest©, using an open source governance model
Authors: He Wenjun , Sampson Royce , Obeid Jihad , Hutson Kyle , Knosp Boyd M. , LaSalle Bernard A. , Melancon Brian , McGhee Kimberly , Lenert Leslie A. , Brady Kathleen 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSPARCRequest© (Services, Pricing, & Application for Research Centers) is a web-based research management system that provides a modular and adaptable “electronic storefront” for research-related services. Developed by the South Carolina Clinical & Translational Research Institute at the Medical University of South Carolina, it was released as open source (OS) code in 2014. The adoption of SPARCRequest© accelerated in 2016, when, to ensure responsiveness to the needs of partners, its governance also became open. This governance model enables OS partners to suggest and prioritize features for new releases. As a result, the software code has become more modularized and can be easily customized to meet the diverse needs of adopting hubs. This article describes innovative aspects of the OS governance model, including a multi-institutional committee structure to set strategic vision, make operational decisions, and develop technical solutions; a virtual roadmap that ensures transparency and aligns adopters with release-based goals; and a business process model that provides a robust voting mechanism for prioritizing new features while also enabling fast-paced bug fixes. OS software evolves best in open governance environments. OS governance has made SPARCRequest© more responsive to user needs, attracted more adopters, and increased the proportion of code contributed by adopters.
Reapprasing the Approach of International Law to Civil Wars: Aid to Legitimate Governments or Insurgents and Conflict Minimization
Authors: BULTRINI ANTONIO 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSince the Second World War, there has been a constant decrease of inter-state conflicts. In sharp contrast, the level of intra-state violence has not declined and has even reached unprecedented peaks. This points to a striking discrepancy between the rejection of violence at the inter-state level and the wide leeway that is still afforded to the use of violence at the intra-state level and to external interferences fueling it. This article takes stock of the main features (and serious flaws) of the existing legal framework on aid to governments or insurgents in internal conflict situations. On the basis of a combined legal and conflict-management analysis, the author proposes a radically different approach and formulates a number of legal and policy recommendations on how to tackle the complex phenomenon of foreign intervention in civil wars, where enormous human, economic, and social implications are at stake.
Health Consequences of Lake Urmia in Crisis in the Disaster Area: A Pilot Study
Authors: Tabrizi Jafar Sadegh , Farahbakhsh Mostafa , Sadeghi-Bazargani Homayoun , Abdolahi Hossein Mashhadi , Nikniaz Zeinab , Farhangi Mahdieh Abbasalizad , Nikniaz Leila 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTObjective:This study investigated the health effects of Lake Urmia’s drought on adjacent urban and rural areas and people.Methods:The data for sociodemographic status, physical activity, dietary pattern, smoking, and angina of the subjects living in areas adjacent to and far from Lake Urmia were collected through validated questionnaires. Physical examinations, including blood pressure, anthropometrics, and biochemical measurements, were performed.Results:There were no significant differences between 2 areas in the case of age, sex, educational, and physical activity and smoking status (P > 0.05). The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures and the prevalence of hypertension, prehypertension, and anemia in cases living in the adjacent areas were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between 2 districts in the prevalence of hyperlipidemia, overweight/obesity, asthma, angina, infraction, diabetes, and vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency.Conclusions:Our data showed that Lake Urmia’s drought has serious effects on hypertension and anemia. More longitudinal and well-designed studies are needed to confirm these results.
Does Preparedness Matter? The Influence of Household Preparedness on Disaster Outcomes During Superstorm Sandy
Authors: Clay Lauren A. , Goetschius James B. , Papas Mia A. , Trainor Joseph , Martins Nuno , Kendra James M. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTObjectives:This study empirically examines preparedness with a kit, medication, and a disaster plan on disaster outcomes including perceived recovery, property damage, and use of medical or mental health services.Methods:Using a cross-sectional, retrospective study design, 1114 households in New York City were interviewed 21-34 months following Super Storm Sandy. Bivariate associations were examined and logistic regression models fit to predict the odds of disaster outcomes given the level of preparedness.Results:Respondents with an evacuation plan were more likely to report not being recovered (odds ratio [OR] = 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-3.8), property damage (OR = 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1-1.9), and use of medical services (OR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1-4.5). Respondents reporting a supply of prescription medication were more likely to report using mental health (OR = 3.5; 95% CI: 1.2-9.8) and medical services (OR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1-4.8)Conclusions:Having a kit, plan, and medication did not reduce risk of adverse outcomes in Superstorm Sandy in this sample. Disaster managers should consider the lack of evidence for preparedness when making public education and resource allocation decisions. Additional research is needed to identify preparedness measures that lead to better outcomes for more efficient and effective response and recovery.
The Myth of Stochastic Infallibilism
Authors: Bricker Adam Michael 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThere is a widespread attitude in epistemology that, if you know on the basis of perception, then you couldn't have been wrong as a matter of chance. Despite the apparent intuitive plausibility of this attitude, which I'll refer to here as “stochastic infallibilism”, it fundamentally misunderstands the way that human perceptual systems actually work. Perhaps the most important lesson of signal detection theory (SDT) is that our percepts are inherently subject to random error, and here I'll highlight some key empirical research that underscores this point. In doing so, it becomes clear that we are in fact quite willing to attribute knowledge to S that p even when S's perceptual belief that p could have been randomly false. In short, perceptual processes can randomly fail, and perceptual knowledge is stochastically fallible. The narrow implication here is that any epistemological account that entails stochastic infallibilism, like safety, is simply untenable. More broadly, this myth of stochastic infallibilism provides a valuable illustration of the importance of integrating empirical findings into epistemological thinking.
Using social media to disseminate research in infection prevention, hospital epidemiology, and antimicrobial stewardship
Authors: Cawcutt Kelly A. , Marcelin Jasmine R. , Silver Julie K. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSocial media, prevention of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and antimicrobial stewardship (ASP) each impact every area of medicine. Independently, each have power to change medicine, however, synergistically, the impact could be transformative. Given the profound clinical, financial, and public health impact of infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship combined with the incomplete uptake of best practices, multimodal strategies employing social media are critical to increase the speed and reach of research. This review discusses the strategic utilization of online communication platforms to increase the dissemination of critical publications.
Earliest known spatial competition between stromatoporoids: evidence from the Upper Ordovician Xiazhen Formation of South China
Authors: Jeon Juwan , Liang Kun , Lee Mirinae , Kershaw Stephen 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe earliest known interpreted spatial competition between two species of stromatoporoids, Clathrodictyon cf. C. mammillatum (Schmidt, 1858) and Labechia sp. is found in the Upper Ordovician Xiazhen Formation at Zhuzhai, South China. The interaction between these taxa was initiated by settlement of Labechia sp. on the surface of Clathrodictyon cf. C. mammillatum. Distortions of the intraskeletal elements of stromatoporoids represented by abnormally large, wide cysts and thick cyst plates in Labechia sp. are observed, along with zigzag crumpled distorted laminae and antagonistic behavior of the skeleton in Clathrodictyon cf. C. mammillatum, indicating syn-vivo interactions. The growth of Labechia sp. was terminated by the overgrowth of Clathrodictyon cf. C. mammillatum, possibly reflecting the ecological superiority of Clathrodictyon cf. C. mammillatum over Labechia sp. The observations are interpreted as competitive interaction between stromatoporoids that was most likely facultative, thus most likely occurring by chance, but the interaction allows assessment of different growth behaviors of the stromatoporoid species. Analysis of the interaction provides evidence to improve understanding of the paleoecology and growth behaviors of early stromatoporoids.
The Food Addiction Denmark (FADK) Project: a combined survey and register-based study
Authors: Horsager Christina , Østergaard Søren Dinesen , Lauritsen Marlene Briciet 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackground:Obesity represents a tremendous global health problem. Studies over the past decade have suggested that food addiction (FA), that is, physical cravings for certain foods – high in fat/sugar – and addiction-like overeating of these types of food, is a likely contributor to the obesity epidemic. While FA has been studied extensively, there are some significant gaps in the literature that need to be addressed: (I) Most estimates of the prevalence of FA are based on nonprobability sampling, which significantly limits the representativeness of the prevalence estimates. (II) Although addiction disorders are prevalent among individuals with mental disorders, large studies of FA among patients with clinically diagnosed mental disorders are lacking. (III) Most addiction disorders are heritable, but the familial transmission of FA remains virtually unknown. (IV) Due to a relative lack of longitudinal studies, little is known about the risk factors for and outcomes of FA. To close these gaps in the literature, we designed the Food Addiction Denmark (FADK) Project.Methods:The FADK study is a nationwide survey with retrospective and prospective register-based elements. Four randomly sampled cohorts were invited to participate in the survey: 5000 adults and 3750 adolescents from the general population and 5000 adults and 3529 adolescents with a mental disorder. The FADK questionnaire includes the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 and rating scales measuring psychopathology. Data from Danish health and socio-economic registers will be linked to all invitees.Discussion:We expect that the FADK Project will contribute significantly to our understanding of FA.
Weber’s Alternative Theory of Action
Authors: Schiermer Bjørn 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe present paper aims to unearth the rudiments of an alternative theory of action in Weber. Centring on salient descriptions of scientific practice found in Weber, I argue that one finds so-called “relational” impulses in these instances, which are at odds with the Kantian, subject-centred and dualist perspectives pervading much of Weber’s thought.The paper consists of two parts. In the first—critical—part, after a short sketch of my relational approach, I cite some well-known “Kantian” passages in Weber’s work and demonstrate their undesirable theoretical and empirical consequences. I investigate Weber’s “official” theory of action and understanding, his concepts of rationality and psychology, and his understanding of technological mediation. In the second—positive—part, I delve into Weber’s understanding ofcreativity, investigating relational traits in Weber’s descriptions of scientific practice and experience. I then demonstrate how Weber’s late concept ofpersonalityis based on relational and object-oriented attitudes. Further, I investigate how the two dimensions of creativity and personality merge in his concept ofSachlichkeit. Finally, I provide certain biographical observations and discuss the conflict between existentialist and relational interpretations of Weber. At the very end of the paper, I discuss some general implications of the relational perspective.
Fashioned in the light of physics: the scope and methods of Halford Mackinder's geography
Authors: HAYES EMILY 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThroughout his career the geographer, and first reader in the ‘new’ geography at the University of Oxford, Halford Mackinder (1861–1947) described his discipline as a branch of physics. This essay explores this feature of Mackinder's thought and presents the connections between him and the Royal Institution professor of natural philosophy John Tyndall (1820–1893). My reframing of Mackinder's geography demonstrates that the academic professionalization of geography owed as much to the methods and instruments of popular natural philosophy and physics as it did to theories of Darwinian natural selection. In tracing the parallels between Tyndall and Mackinder, and their shared emphasis upon the technology of the magic lantern and the imagination as tools of scientific investigation and education, the article elucidates their common pedagogical practices. Mackinder's disciplinary vision was expressed in practices of visualization, and in metaphors inspired by physics, to audiences of geographers and geography teachers in the early twentieth century. Together, these features of Mackinder's geography demonstrate his role as a popularizer of science and extend the temporal and spatial resonance of Tyndall's natural philosophy.
Trajectory of neurological examination abnormalities in antipsychotic-naïve first-episode psychosis population: a 1 year follow-up study
Authors: Lizano Paulo , Dhaliwal Kiranpreet , Lutz Olivia , Mothi Suraj Sarvode , Miewald Jean , Montrose Debra , Keshavan Matcheri 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundNeurological Examination Abnormalities (NES) are quantified by measuring subtle, partially localizable (cerebello-thalamo-prefrontal cortical circuit) and heritable neurological signs comprising sensory integration, motor coordination and complex motor sequencing that are associated with first-episode psychosis (FEP). A few studies have evaluated NES longitudinally and as a predictor for diagnostic and response classification, but these studies have been confounded, underpowered and divergent. We examined (1) baseline and longitudinal NES differences between diagnostic and year 1 response groups; (2) if NES predicts diagnostic and response groups and (3) relationships between clinical variables and NES measures in antipsychotic-naïve FEP.MethodsNES and clinical measures were obtained for FEP-schizophrenia (FEP-SZ,n= 232), FEP non-schizophrenia (FEP-NSZ,n= 117) and healthy controls (HC,n= 204). Response groups with >25% improvement in average year 1 positive and negative symptomatology scores were classified as responsive (n= 97) and <25% improvement as non-responsive (n= 95). Analysis of covariance, NES trajectory analysis and logistic regression models assessed diagnostic and response group differences. Baseline and longitudinal NES relationships with clinical variables were performed with Spearman correlations. Data were adjusted for age, sex, race, socioeconomic status and handedness.ResultsCognitive perceptual (COGPER) score was better than repetitive motor (REPMOT) at differentiating FEP-SZ from FEP-NSZ and distinguishing responders from non-responders. We identified significant group-specific associations between COGPER and worse GAF, positive and negative symptomatology and some of these findings persisted at 1-year assessment.ConclusionNES are an easy to administer, bedside-elicited, endophenotypic measure and could be a cost-effective clinical tool in antipsychotic-naïve FEP.
PROSODY FACILITATES MEMORY RECALL IN L1 BUT NOT IN L2 IN HIGHLY PROFICIENT LISTENERS
Authors: Schmidt Elaine , Pérez Ana , Cilibrasi Luca , Tsimpli Ianthi 
Published: August 2019

AbstractProsody is crucial for language comprehension because it highlights underlying structures. This study explores whether prosody facilitatesmemory recallto the same extent in L1 and L2, and whether memory recall is poorer in L2 or whether language-specific differences can mitigate L2 processing difficulties. Nineteen Greek learners of English, and a monolingual English baseline, repeated three-digit chunks with and without prosodic cues in L1 and L2. Prosody was a major facilitator of memory recall only in L1 despite the high proficiency of learners. This indicates that L2 mastery of prosody perception is hard to attain, mirroring production studies. However, when prosodic boundary cues were absent, memory recall in L2 was comparable to L1. This demonstrates that language-specific differences can attenuate more general processing difficulties in L2. This study is the first to demonstrate differences in prosodic processing in L1 and L2 resulting in poorer memory recall in L2.