bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technique for reconstruction of large clival defects through an endoscopic‐assisted tunneled retropharyngeal approach
Authors: London Nyall R. , Ishii Masaru , Gallia Gary , Boahene Kofi D.O. 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundReconstruction of the clivus and posterior cranial base defects following endoscopic skull‐base surgery can be particularly challenging. Commonly, defects in this region are repaired with pedicled mucoperichondrial flaps from the sinonasal cavity. Complex and large defects often require regional or free flaps, particularly when intranasal flaps have been exhausted. While there are no primary barriers to routing flaps into the clivus or nasopharynx in large open approaches, secondary surgical corridors are necessary during endoscopic cases for routing of free flaps. Routing of free‐flap pedicles for endoscopic cranial base reconstruction has been described through secondary surgical corridors created through the maxillary sinus and infratemporal fossa. Here we describe the technique of a more direct pedicle route to the clivus through the retropharyngeal space.MethodsA patient with frank cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea and extensive osteoradionecrosis of the clivus and craniocervical junction presented for treatment. Due to the size and location of the defect and previous exhaustion of candidate mucoperichondrial flaps, free‐flap reconstruction was performed. A radial forearm free flap was tunneled through the prevertebral space into the nasopharynx and clivus and inserted with endoscopic‐assisted techniques. The flap pedicle coursed through the retropharyngeal space to the neck vessels where arterial and venous anastomosis was established.ResultsThe CSF leak and clival defect were successfully repaired with this technique. Postoperative imaging demonstrated appropriate positioning of the flap as well as the location of the free‐flap pedicle and anastomosis. Endoscopic evaluation at 6 months showed complete resurfacing of the previously exposed cranial base. In cadaveric dissection in 3 adult specimens, the pedicle length necessary to reach the inferior clivus and craniocervical junction from the closest recipient pedicle through a retropharyngeal route was an average of 6.5 cm vs an average of 16 cm through the transmaxillary approach.ConclusionThe retropharyngeal space offers a direct route for tunneling free flaps for the repair of large clival defects during endoscopic skull‐base surgery. Several advantages include a less circuitous pedicle route, mucosalization of the fascial flap, avoidance of midfacial degloving, and avoidance of potential disruption of the maxillary sinus.
Layered Thiadiazoloquinoxaline‐Containing Long Pyrene‐Fused N‐Heteroacenes
Authors: Hu Ben‐Lin , Zhang Ke , An Cunbin , Schollmeyer Dieter , Pisula Wojciech , Baumgarten Martin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThree thiadiazoloquinoxaline‐containing long pyrene‐fused N‐heteroacenes with 8, 13, and 18 rings were designed and synthesized. They show high electron affinities (EAs) of approximately 4.1 eV, which were derived from the onset of the reduction peaks in cyclic voltammetry. Crystal structure analysis revealed in‐plane extension through close contacts between thiadiazole units as well as layered packing, enabling in‐plane and interlayer electron transport. Organic field‐effect transistor devices provided electron mobilities, which suggest a potential way to enhance the charge transport in long N‐heteroacenes.
Stabile Stammlösungen von Silicium‐Grignard‐Reagenzien: Anwendung in eisen‐ und cobaltkatalysierten radikalischen C(sp3)‐Si‐Kreuzkupplungsreaktionen
Authors: Xue Weichao , Shishido Ryosuke , Oestreich Martin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractEs wird über eine widerstandsfähige Reaktionsvorschrift zur Herstellung von siliciumbasierten Magnesiumreagenzien berichtet. Das im Lithium‐auf‐Magnesium‐Ummetallierungsschritt eingesetzte MgBr2 wird in situ aus 1,2‐Dibromethan und elementarem Magnesium in heißem THF erzeugt. In der Wärme bildet sich kein Niederschlag an MgBr2, und die Ummetallierung bei erhöhter Temperatur führt zu homogenen Stammlösungen an Silicium‐Grignard‐Reagenzien, die sich zersetzungsfrei im Kühlschrank lagern lassen. Diese Methode umgeht die Herstellung von Siliciumpronukleophilen wie etwa Si‐Si‐ und Si‐B‐Reagenzien. Die neuen Grignard‐Reagenzien werden in bisher unbekannten eisen‐ und cobaltkatalysierten Kreuzkupplungsreaktionen von nichtaktivierten Alkylbromiden zur Anwendung gebracht. Die Verträglichkeit dieser Magnesiumreagenzien mit funktionellen Gruppen ist exzellent.
Bench‐Stable Stock Solutions of Silicon Grignard Reagents: Application to Iron‐ and Cobalt‐Catalyzed Radical C(sp3)–Si Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Xue Weichao , Shishido Ryosuke , Oestreich Martin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA robust method for the preparation of silicon‐based magnesium reagents is reported. The MgBr2 used in the lithium‐to‐magnesium transmetalation step is generated in situ from 1,2‐dibromoethane and elemental magnesium in hot THF. No precipitation of MgBr2 occurs in the heat, and transmetalation at elevated temperature leads to homogeneous stock solutions of the silicon Grignard reagents that are stable and storable in the fridge. This method avoids the preparation of silicon pronucleophiles such as Si−Si and Si−B reagents. The new Grignard reagents were applied to unprecedented iron‐ and cobalt‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions of unactivated alkyl bromides. The functional‐group tolerance of these magnesium reagents is excellent.
Status of corporate sustainability: a content analysis of Fortune 500 companies
Authors: Amini Mehdi , Bienstock Carol C. , Narcum John A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn order to explore and extend our understanding of corporate sustainability definitions and frameworks, we performed a content analysis of a sample of (2013) Fortune 500 companies' standalone sustainability reports using the content analysis tool, Leximancer (http://leximancer.com). Leximancer is a powerful content analysis tool that performs both conceptual and thematic analysis. In addition, Leximancer displays the results of the analyses visually, thus providing a view of the conceptual and thematic structure of the text, and enabling a researcher to quantify and display the text structure. The results of our analyses demonstrate three common themes (Business, Employees and Energy/Environment) observable across eight of the nine industries in our sample. In addition, we observed significant differences in the relative emphasis for the three common themes across industries. We believe a deeper understanding of the themes that motivate firms' sustainability efforts can enhance future research that explores relationships between organizational sustainability efforts and organizational performance.
A More Sustainable Process for Preparation of the Muscarinic Acetylcholine Antagonist Umeclidinium Bromide
Authors: Espadinha Margarida , Lourenço Nuno M. T. , Sobral Luis , Antunes Rafael , Santos Maria M. M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA more sustainable process for the synthesis of the long‐acting muscarinic acetylcholine antagonist umeclidinium bromide is described. Specifically, we report the synthesis of ethyl 1‐(2‐chloroethyl)‐4‐piperidinecarboxylate, a key intermediate in the preparation of umeclidinium bromide, in good yields using triethylamine, as well as the identification and characterization of the by‐product formed in this reaction. This new method of synthesis leads to an improvement in yield over that of previously reported protocols using potassium carbonate as base (65.6 % versus 38.6 %). Moreover, in the final synthetic step of the process to obtain umeclidinium bromide, we were able to replace the use of toxic solvents (acetonitrile/chloroform) with water. The use of this green solvent allowed precipitation of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) from the reaction medium with high purity and in high yield. Overall, we have developed a more efficient and environmentally friendly process for the synthesis of the umeclidinium bromide API with a higher overall yield (37.8 % versus previously reported overall yield of 9.7 %).
Efficacy of Imagery Rehearsal Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Sexual Assault Victims With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Belleville Geneviève , Dubé‐Frenette Mylène , Rousseau Andréanne 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSleep disturbances are common among sexual assault victims with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for PTSD does not directly address sleep‐related symptoms. Trauma‐related sleep disturbances are associated with more impairment and contribute to the maintenance of PTSD. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of a combination of CBT and nightmare therapy (imagery rehearsal therapy; IRT) compared to CBT alone for the treatment of PTSD. We recruited 42 adult victims of sexual assault who were suffering from PTSD and randomly assigned them to either the experimental (IRT + CBT) or control condition (waiting period followed by CBT). After CBT, both groups demonstrated significant decreases in nighttime symptoms (except nightmare frequency) and PTSD symptoms and showed improvements in functional impairment and mental health, ds = 0.13–0.83, ps = .005–.008. Outcomes between the two groups did not differ significantly after CBT; however, we observed medium to medium‐large differences between the control group and experimental group in terms of nighttime symptoms, ds = 0.45–0.63. Although results did not clearly establish the superiority of IRT + CBT over CBT alone, they demonstrated that IRT yielded greater improvement in nighttime symptoms than the waiting period, ds = 0.72–1.13, ps = .006–.047 for all interaction effects. Findings suggest that targeting nightmares at the beginning of treatment for PTSD may yield rapid improvement in nighttime symptoms. This strategy could be useful for patients with time or resource constraints or those for whom nightmares are the primary complaint.
Conducting metagenomic studies in microbiology and clinical research
Authors: Martin Tiphaine C. , Visconti Alessia , Spector Tim D. , Falchi Mario 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Owing to the increased cost-effectiveness of high-throughput technologies, the number of studies focusing on the human microbiome and its connections to human health and disease has recently surged. However, best practices in microbiology and clinical research have yet to be clearly established. Here, we present an overview of the challenges and opportunities involved in conducting a metagenomic study, with a particular focus on data processing and analytical methods.
ALG9 Associated Gillessen-Kaesbach–Nishimura Syndrome (GIKANIS): An Uncommon Aetiology of Enlarged Foetal Kidneys
Authors: Arora Veronica , Shah Nupur , Khatter Sangeeta , Puri Ratna Dua , Kumar Reema , Gupta Pallav , Bijarnia-Mahay Sunita , Verma Ishwar Chander 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThere are innumerable causes of enlarged kidneys along with dysmorphism in the foetus. Various chromosomal microdeletion syndromes, ciliopathies, Zellweger syndrome, Perlman syndrome and congenital disorders of glycosylation. CDG are a large group of syndromes which cause disruption of one of the several synthetic pathways of glycan synthesis. Here, we describe an unusual and extremely rare presentation cause of enlarged foetal kidneys due to a novel missense variant causing Gillessen-Kaesbach–Nishimura syndrome. The role of deep phenotyping is emphasised as it is a pre-requisite for making a diagnosis and establishing a given mutation as pathogenic. The genetic and clinic aspects of the previously published data are also reviewed.
Traffic signal detection and classification in street views using an attention model
Authors: Lu Yifan , Lu Jiaming , Zhang Songhai , Hall Peter 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Detecting small objects is a challenging task. We focus on a special case: the detection and classification of traffic signals in street views. We present a novel framework that utilizes a visual attention model to make detection more efficient, without loss of accuracy, and which generalizes. The attention model is designed to generate a small set of candidate regions at a suitable scale so that small targets can be better located and classified. In order to evaluate our method in the context of traffic signal detection, we have built a traffic light benchmark with over 15,000 traffic light instances, based on Tencent street view panoramas. We have tested our method both on the dataset we have built and the Tsinghua–Tencent 100K (TT100K) traffic sign benchmark. Experiments show that our method has superior detection performance and is quicker than the general faster RCNN object detection framework on both datasets. It is competitive with state-of-the-art specialist traffic sign detectors on TT100K, but is an order of magnitude faster. To show generality, we tested it on the LISA dataset without tuning, and obtained an average precision in excess of 90%.
GPU based techniques for deep image merging
Authors: Archer Jesse , Leach Geoff , van Schyndel Ron 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Deep images store multiple fragments perpixel, each of which includes colour and depth, unlike traditional 2D flat images which store only a single colour value and possibly a depth value. Recently, deep images have found use in an increasing number of applications, including ones using transparency and compositing. A step in compositing deep images requires merging per-pixel fragment lists in depth order; little work has so far been presented on fast approaches.
This paper explores GPU based merging of deep images using different memory layouts for fragment lists: linked lists, linearised arrays, and interleaved arrays. We also report performance improvements using techniques which leverage GPU memory hierarchy by processing blocks of fragment data using fast registers, following similar techniques used to improve performance of transparency rendering. We report results for compositing from two deep images or saving the resulting deep image before compositing, as well as for an iterated pairwise merge of multiple deep images. Our results show a 2 to 6 fold improvement by combining efficient memory layout with fast register based merging.
Component SPD matrices: A low-dimensional discriminative data descriptor for image set classification
Authors: Chen Kai-Xuan , Wu Xiao-Jun 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
In pattern recognition, the task of image set classification has often been performed by representing data using symmetric positive definite (SPD) matrices, in conjunction with the metric of the resulting Riemannian manifold. In this paper, we propose a new data representation framework for image sets which we call component symmetric positive definite representation (CSPD). Firstly, we obtain sub-image sets by dividing the images in the set into square blocks of the same size, and use a traditional SPD model to describe them. Then, we use the Riemannian kernel to determine similarities of corresponding subimage sets. Finally, the CSPD matrix appears in the form of the kernel matrix for all the sub-image sets; its i, j-th entry measures the similarity between the i-th and j-th sub-image sets. The Riemannian kernel is shown to satisfy Mercer’s theorem, so the CSPD matrix is symmetric and positive definite, and also lies on a Riemannian manifold. Test on three benchmark datasets shows that CSPD is both lower-dimensional and more discriminative data descriptor than standard SPD for the task of image set classification.
A novel detection method of cleaved plasma high‐molecular‐weight kininogen reveals its correlation with Alzheimer's pathology and cognitive impairment
Authors: Yamamoto‐Imoto Hitomi , Zamolodchikov Daria , Chen Zu‐Lin , Bourne S. Lloyd , Rizvi Syeda , Singh Pradeep , Norris Erin H. , Weis‐Garcia Frances , Strickland Sidney 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIntroductionAccumulation of β‐amyloid is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). β‐Amyloid activates the plasma contact system leading to kallikrein‐mediated cleavage of intact high‐molecular‐weight kininogen (HKi) to cleaved high‐molecular‐weight kininogen (HKc). Increased HKi cleavage is observed in plasma of AD patients and mouse models by Western blot. For potential diagnostic purposes, a more quantitative method that can measure HKc levels in plasma with high sensitivity and specificity is needed.MethodsHKi/c, HKi, and HKc monoclonal antibodies were screened from hybridomas using direct ELISA with a fluorescent substrate.ResultsWe generated monoclonal antibodies recognizing HKi or HKc specifically and developed sandwich ELISAs that can quantitatively detect HKi and HKc levels in human. These new assays show that decreased HKi and increased HKc levels in AD plasma correlate with dementia and neuritic plaque scores.DiscussionHigh levels of plasma HKc could be used as an innovative biomarker for AD.
Influence of massive ferromagnetic shaft on the distribution of electromagnetic field and magnetising current for two‐ and four‐pole induction motors at frequencies of 50 and 200 Hz
Authors: Dems Maria , Komeza Krzysztof , Lecointe Jean‐Philippe 
Published: August 2018

In this study, the authors aimed to analyse the influence of massive ferromagnetic shaft on the distribution of the electromagnetic field and to evaluate the magnetising current from the mains. To achieve this, they used motors powered by 50 and 200 Hz. They also used both numerical two‐dimensional (2D) and 3D field‐circuit methods as well as an analytical method based on the results of field analysis. This modified analytical method is based on the magnetisation characteristics of the shaft's material. According to the results, there was a significant impact of shaft's saturation on the machine with one pair of poles in the form of a significant increase in the amplitude of induction in the rotor yoke, which resulted in an increase in the magnetising component of the current drawn by the motor from the grid. This phenomenon was found to increase, in particular, when using non‐magnetic shafts. In the case of machines with two pairs of poles, this effect was found to be much smaller than that of one pair of poles. They verified the results experimentally by comparing the calculated and measured magnetising currents.
Impact of metal grain work function variability on ferroelectric insulation based GAA MOSFET
Authors: Jena Biswajit , Dash Sidhartha , Mishra Guru Prasad 
Published: August 2018

In this work, a ferroelectric dielectric based TiN‐GAA MOSFET with metal work‐function variations (WFVs) has been proposed. The proposed model exhibits higher Ion/Ioff ratio and lower subthreshold swing (58 mV/decade) as compared to conventional GAA MOSFET as a result of an amalgam of both gate all around (GAA) geometry and ferroelectric effect. The investigation is further extended to different technology nodes with WFV. The WFV induced threshold voltage is considered to be a function of the ratio of average grain size to grain area concept. The model exhibits a higher probability of threshold matching as compared to previously published results and the superiority is reflected in the Pelgrom plot. Thus the model can provide insight to counter the challenges created by WFV.
Intense C III] λλ1907,1909 emission from a strong Lyman continuum emitting galaxy
Authors: Schaerer D. , Izotov Y. I. , Nakajima K. , Worseck G. , Chisholm J. , Verhamme A. , Thuan T. X. , de Barros S. 
Published: August 2018

We have obtained the first complete ultraviolet (UV) spectrum of a strong Lyman continuum (LyC) emitter at low redshift – the compact, low-metallicity, star-forming galaxy J1154+2443 – with a Lyman continuum escape fraction of 46% discovered recently. The Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph spectrum shows strong Lyα and C III] λ1909 emission, as well as O III] λ1666. Our observations show that strong LyC emitters can have UV emission lines with a high equivalent width (e.g. EW(C III]) = 11.7 ± 2.9 Å rest-frame), although their equivalent widths should be reduced due to the loss of ionizing photons. The intrinsic ionizing photon production efficiency of J1154+2443 is high, log(ξ0ion = 25.56 erg−1 Hz), comparable to that of other recently discovered z ~ 0.3−0.4 LyC emitters. Combining our measurements and earlier determinations from the literature, we find a trend of increasing ξ0ion with increasing C III] λ1909 equivalent width, which can be understood by a combination of decreasing stellar population age and metallicity. Simple ionization and density-bounded photoionization models can explain the main observational features including the UV spectrum of J1154+2443.
Vector-valued Littlewood-Paley-Stein Theory for Semigroups II
Authors: Xu Quanhua 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Inspired by a recent work of Hytönen and Naor, we solve a problem left open in our previous work joint with Martínez and Torrea on the vector-valued Littlewood-Paley-Stein theory for symmetric diffusion semigroups. We prove a similar result in the discrete case, namely, for any $T$ which is the square of a symmetric diffusion Markovian operator on a measure space $(\Omega , \mu )$. Moreover, we show that $T\otimes{ \textrm{Id}}_X$ extends to an analytic contraction on $L_p(\Omega ; X)$ for any $1&lt;p&lt;\infty $ and any uniformly convex Banach space $X$.
Crucial role of CD69 in anti-tumor immunity through regulating the exhaustion of tumor-infiltrating T cells
Authors: Mita Yukiyoshi , Kimura Motoko Y , Hayashizaki Koji , Koyama-Nasu Ryo , Ito Toshihiro , Motohashi Shinichiro , Okamoto Yoshitaka , Nakayama Toshinori 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer treatment highlights the negative regulation of anti-tumor immunity, such as effector T-cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment. However, the mechanisms underlying the induction and prevention of T-cell exhaustion remain largely unknown. We found that CD69, a type II glycoprotein known to regulate inflammation through T-cell migration and retention in tissues, plays an important role in inducing the exhaustion of tumor-infiltrating T cells. Cd69–/– mice showed reduced tumor growth and metastasis in a 4T1-luc2 murine breast cancer model, in which increased numbers of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, relatively little T-cell exhaustion, and enhanced IFNγ production were observed. Anti-CD69 monoclonal antibody treatment attenuated the T-cell exhaustion and tumor progression in tumor-bearing mice. These findings highlight a novel role of CD69 in controlling the tumor immune escape mediated by T-cell exhaustion and indicate that CD69 is a novel target for cancer immunotherapy.