bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognition and Social Meaning in Economic Sociology
Authors: Bandelj Nina , Zoeller Christoffer J. P. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the literature on cognition and social meaning in economic sociology, with special attention to the case of money. The first part discusses subfields related to economic sociology that have carved space for attention to the role of cognitive processes, or cognitive embeddedness, including the institutional logics, conceptions of control, and classification/categorization perspectives. The second part takes up one central economic object, money, to compare and contrast the behavioral economics perspective on mental accounting with the research on the social meaning of money and relational work, which emphasizes how money’s multiple meanings and forms influence the negotiation of social-economic relations.
Getting a Foot in the Door
Authors: Peña-Alves Stephanie 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores sociocultural frames of metaphor in the case of door metaphors to highlight the cognitive sociology of access. Bridging and building on insights in cognitive linguistics and cognitive sociology, it contends that metaphorical projection involves generic sociomental processes. To illustrate this theoretical claim, the chapter analyzes how social structures of relevance and markedness in the built environment pattern the conceptual structures of door metaphors. It also analyzes individuals’ strategic use of door metaphors to shape metaphorical politics of access in the abstract. Attempting to broaden both the cognitive sociology of metaphor and the sociology of access, it concludes with a discussion of the promise of a distinctly cognitive sociology of access.
Reactions, Reflections, and Renewal
Authors: Crump Stephen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis chapter draws together the arguments, ideas, concepts, recommendations, case studies, and empirical data provided in the preceding chapters built on and around the conceptual framework set up in the first two chapters. The chapter does not attempt to replicate or repeat the many and varied points of view expressed in the detailed and informative work of the author contributions but rather to be summative, reflective, and forward-looking. This handbook has observed that modern times are hard times, changing times, where enactments in higher education have never been more crucial, nor more closely watched. The handbook also argues for critical thinking, for diversity, for social and economic progress as cornerstones of innovation and renewal, thus survival, of the vibrant but troubled ecosystem universities have become. In looking for solutions, reflecting back to when the common and public good was also a cornerstone of why universities existed, helps re-justify their elevated place in all social systems.
Paul and Scripture
Authors: Watson Francis 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This essay gives a programmatic account of Paul’s engagement with scripture, focusing especially on Paul’s most frequently cited source texts: Genesis and Psalms. Paul’s engagement with scripture, it is argued, is shaped by three main factors. First, he views himself not primarily as an interpreter of scripture but as a proclaimer of the gospel. Second, Paul’s own Pharisaic past makes him acutely aware that most of his fellow Jews read the same texts he does, and yet do not share his faith in Jesus as the crucified and risen Messiah. Third, Paul’s scriptural interpretation occurs in the context of letters addressed to communities he has founded. Paul does not engage with scripture to the same extent in all his letters. It would be a mistake to characterize him as, always and in every respect, a ‘biblical theologian’. Yet it would be a greater mistake to underestimate the value and significance he attributes to scripture.
Paternal Rights, Child Welfare and the Law in Nineteenth-Century Britain and Ireland
Authors: Griffin Ben 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This article problematizes the persistence of sexual inequality in Britain, by examining the intellectual work performed by judges as they sought to preserve men's paternal rights from new challenges in the nineteenth century. One set of challenges included changing understandings of childhood and male domestic authority, another derived from the peculiarities of British state formation. The article argues that the gender order was repeatedly unsettled by two processes of state formation: first, the efforts of reformers to rationalize the multiplicity of jurisdictions that characterized the ancien régime; second, the process of bringing within one polity the separate bodies of law found in England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland. Judicial efforts to reconfigure paternal rights in the face of these challenges produced a more severely patriarchal model of paternal rights than had existed before, but this proved short-lived. At the end of the nineteenth century, conflicts within the legal elite unravelled this patriarchal settlement in favour of a new model, which endured until the 1970s. This body of law was still profoundly inegalitarian, but used a more expansive definition of child welfare to place new limits on paternal power. Exploring this story reveals the extent to which the fragmentation of the juridical state created a double standard between rich and poor, with the rights of rich fathers enjoying much greater legal protection than those of the poor. The article argues that we should not see the law as a stable patriarchal monolith but as a gendered system that was continuously being reconstructed at the point of use by actors with considerable freedom of manoeuvre. Any history of the law must therefore also be a history of judicial mentalities.
How Can Abstract Objects of Mathematics Be Known?†
Authors: Kvasz Ladislav 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The aim of the paper is to answer some arguments raised against mathematical structuralism developed by Michael Resnik. These arguments stress the abstractness of mathematical objects, especially their causal inertness, and conclude that mathematical objects, the structures posited by Resnik included, are inaccessible to human cognition. In the paper I introduce a distinction between abstract and ideal objects and argue that mathematical objects are primarily ideal. I reconstruct some aspects of the instrumental practice of mathematics, such as symbolic manipulations or ruler-and-compass constructions, and argue that instrumental practice can secure epistemic access to ideal objects of mathematics.
Legal challenges of artificial intelligence: modelling the disruptive features of emerging technologies and assessing their possible legal impact
Authors: Ballell Teresa Rodríguez de las Heras 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The extensive use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools and systems and its extraordinary relevance in a multitude of social and economic domains must be framed into the broader context of a second wave of digital transformation. AI embodies the transformative force and the disruptive potential of a second generation of technologies that are ushering in a new stage of the digital evolution of our societies and economies. The acceleration and accumulation of technological developments pose unforeseen challenges to the twenty-first century's law. A systematic, extensive, and wisely combined application of these emerging technologies, such as AI and advanced robotics, Internet-of-Things (IoT), and DLT, offers fascinating possibilities and announces great disruptive effects. The aim of this article is to devise an analytical framework to identify the disruptive features of AI, as one of the most illustrative exponents of the second-generation technologies, and assess the potential impact on certain existing principles, rules and concepts.
Integrating Online Georeferenced Epidemiological Analysis and Visualization into a Telemedicine Infrastructure – First Results
Authors: von Wangenheim Aldo , Savaris Alexandre , Borgatto Adriano Ferretti , de Souza Inácio Andrei 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTWith the objective to perform a first evaluation of the impact of the integration of a graphic spatial epidemiology tool that allows quasi-realtime georeferenced data visualization into a telemedicine infrastructure, this work presents GISTelemed, an online module specialized on indexing structured and semi-structured data, as well as querying the indexed content using structured and free-text search.We evaluated GISTelemed accordingly to the guidelines published by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and input provided by a questionnaire customized according to AdEQUATE (questionnAire for Evaluation of QUAlity in TElemedicine systems).39 healthcare professionals from 13 municipalities participated in the evaluation. We analyzed data from questionnaires using descriptive statistics, being Lernability and Comfort the characteristics that received the best evaluation. Quantitative evaluation based upon leprosis cases detected through tele-dermatology showed a sensitivity and PPV of respectively 77.2% and 95.3%. 22.8% of the cases detected were un-notified cases.Results from our case study show a good evaluation regarding the perceived software quality”. We conclude that the integration of spatial epidemiology tools to the STT/SC system, besides enabling visualization of data in maps, allowed users to analyze the evolution of morbidities and their co-occurrences.
Phylogenomics provides new insights into gains and losses of selenoproteins among Archaeplastida
Authors: Liang Hongping , Wei Tong , Xu Yan , Li Linzhou , Sahu Sunil Kumar , Wang Hongli , Li Haoyuan , Fu Xian , Zhang Gengyun , Melkonian Michael , Liu Xin , Wang Sibo , Liu Huan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSelenoproteins that contain selenocysteine (Sec) are found in all kingdoms of life. Although they constitute a small proportion of the proteome, selenoproteins play essential roles in many organisms. In photosynthetic eukaryotes, selenoproteins have been found in algae but are missing in land plants (embryophytes). In this study, we explored the evolutionary dynamics of Sec incorporation by conveying a genomic search for the Sec machinery and selenoproteins across Archaeplastida. We identified a complete Sec machinery and variable sizes of selenoproteomes in the main algal lineages. However, the entire Sec machinery was missing in the BV clade (Bangiophyceae-Florideophyceae) of Rhodoplantae (red algae) and only partial machinery was found in three species of Archaeplastida, indicating parallel loss of Sec incorporation in different groups of algae. Further analysis of genome and transcriptome data suggests that all major lineages of streptophyte algae display a complete Sec machinery, although the number of selenoproteins is low in this group, especially in subaerial taxa. We conclude that selenoproteins tend to be lost in Archaeplastida upon adaptation to a subaerial or acidic environment. The high number of redox-active selenoproteins found in some bloom-forming marine microalgae may be related to defense against viral infections. Some of the selenoproteins in these organisms may have been gained by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria.
Consciousness & Brain Functional Complexity in Propofol Anaesthesia
Authors: Varley TF , Luppi A , Pappas I , Naci L , Adapa R , Owen A , Menon DK , Stamatakis EA 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe brain is possibly the most complex system known to mankind, and its complexity has been called upon to explain the emergence of consciousness. However, complexity can take many forms: here, we investigate measures of algorithmic and process complexity in both the temporal and topological dimension, testing them on functional MRI data obtained from individuals undergoing various levels of sedation with the anaesthetic agent propofol, in two separate datasets. We demonstrate that the various measures are differently able to discriminate between levels of sedation, with temporal measures showing higher sensitivity. Further, we show that all measures are strongly related to a single underlying construct explaining most of the variance, as assessed by Principal Component Analysis, which we interpret as a measure of overall complexity of our data. This overall complexity was also able to discriminate between levels of sedation, supporting the hypothesis that consciousness is related to complexity - independent of how the latter is measured.
Genome-wide transposon screen of aPseudomonas syringae mexBmutant reveals the substrates of efflux transporters
Authors: Helmann Tyler C. , Ongsarte Caitlin L. , Lam Jennifer , Deutschbauer Adam M. , Lindow Steven E. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBacteria express numerous efflux transporters that confer resistance to diverse toxicants present in their environment. Due to a high level of functional redundancy of these transporters, it is difficult to identify those that are of most importance in conferring resistance to specific compounds. The resistance-nodulation-division (RND) protein family is one such example of redundant transporters that are widespread among Gram-negative bacteria. Within this family, the MexAB-OprM protein complex is highly-expressed and conserved amongPseudomonasspecies. We exposed barcoded transposon mutant libraries in isogenic wild-type and ΔmexBbackgrounds inP. syringaeB728a to diverse toxic compoundsin vitroto identify mutants with increased susceptibility to these compounds. Mutants in genes encoding both known and novel redundant transporters, but with partially overlapping substrate specificities were observed in a ΔmexBbackground. Psyr_0228, an uncharacterized member of the Major Facilitator Superfamily of transporters, preferentially contributes to tolerance of acridine orange and acriflavine. Another transporter located in the inner membrane, Psyr_0541, contributes to tolerance to acriflavine and berberine. The presence of multiple redundant, genomically encoded, efflux transporters appears to enable bacterial strains to tolerate a diversity of environmental toxins. This genome-wide screen in a hyper-susceptible mutant strain revealed numerous transporters that would otherwise be dispensable in these conditions. Bacterial strains such asP. syringaethat likely encounter diverse toxins in their environment such as in association with many different plant species, probably benefit from possessing multiple redundant transporters that enable versatility to tolerate novel toxicants.
Rolling stones gather moss: Movement and longevity of moss balls on an Alaskan glacier
Authors: Hotaling Scott , Bartholomaus Timothy C. , Gilbert Sophie L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractGlaciers support diverse ecosystems that are largely comprised of microbial life. However, at larger, macroscopic scales, glacier moss balls (sometimes called “glacier mice”) can develop from impurities on ice surfaces and represent a relatively rare biological phenomenon. These ovoid-shaped conglomerations of dirt and moss are only found on some glacier surfaces and provide key habitats for invertebrate colonization. Yet, despite their development and presence being widely reported, no targeted studies of their movement and persistence across years have been conducted. This knowledge gap is particularly important when considering the degree to which glacier moss balls may represent viable, long-term biotic habitats on glaciers, perhaps complete with their own ecological succession dynamics. Here, we describe the movement and persistence of glacier moss balls on the Root Glacier in southcentral Alaska, USA. We show that glacier moss balls move an average of 2.5 cm per day in herd-like fashion, and their movements are positively correlated with glacier ablation. Surprisingly, the dominant moss ball movement direction does not align with the prevailing wind or downslope directions, nor with any dominant direction of solar radiation. After attaining a mature size, glacier moss balls persist for many years, likely in excess of 6 years. Finally, we observed moss ball formation on the Root Glacier to occur within a narrow, low albedo stripe downwind of a nunatuk, a potential key source of moss spores and/or fine-grained sediment that interact to promote their formation.
Volume and intramuscular fat content of upper extremity muscles in individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke
Authors: Garmirian Lindsay R. P. , Acosta Ana Maria , Schmid Ryan , Dewald Jules P. A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractStroke survivors often experience upper extremity deficits that make activities of daily living (ADLs) like dressing, cooking and bathing difficult or impossible. Survivors experience paresis, the inability to efficiently and fully activate muscles, which combined with decreased use of the upper extremity, will lead to muscle atrophy and potentially an increase in intramuscular fat. Muscle atrophy has been linked to weakness post stroke and is an important contributor to upper extremity deficits. However, the extent of upper extremity atrophy post hemiparetic stroke is unknown and a better understanding of these changes is needed to inform the direction of intervention-based research. In this study, the volume of contractile tissue and intramuscular fat in the elbow and wrist flexors and extensors were quantified in the paretic and non-paretic upper limb using MRI and the Dixon technique for the first time. Total muscle volume (p≤0.0005) and contractile element volume (p≤0.0005) were significantly smaller in the paretic upper extremity, for all muscle groups studied. The average percent difference between limbs and across participants was 21.3% for muscle volume and 22.9% for contractile element volume. We also found that while the percent intramuscular fat was greater in the paretic limb compared to the non-paretic (p≤0.0005), however, the volume of intramuscular fat was not significantly different between upper limbs (p=0.231). The average volumes of intramuscular fat for the elbow flexors/extensors and wrist flexors/extensors were 28.1, 28.8 and 19.9, 8.8 cm3 in the paretic limb and 29.6, 27.7 and 19.7, 8.8 cm3 in the non-paretic limb. In short, these findings indicate a decrease in muscle volume and not an increase in intramuscular fat, which will contribute to the reduction in strength in the paretic upper limb.
Structure and functional analysis of theLegionellachitinase ChiA reveals a novel mechanism of metal-dependent mucin degradation
Authors: Richardson Katherine H. , Grigoryeva Lubov S. , Corsini Paula , White Richard C. , Shaw Rosie , Portlock Theo J. , Dorgan Benjamin , Fornili Arianna , Cianciotto Nicholas P. , Garnett James A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractChitinases are important enzymes that contribute to the generation of carbon and nitrogen from chitin, a long chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine that is abundant in insects, fungi, invertebrates and fish. Although mammals do not produce chitin, chitinases have been identified in bacteria that are key virulence factors in severe respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary diseases. However, it is unclear how these enzymes are able to carry out this dual function.Legionella pneumophilais the causative agent of Legionnaires’ disease, an often-fatal pneumonia and its chitinase ChiA is essential for the survival ofL. pneumophilain the lung. Here we report the first atomic resolution insight into the pathogenic mechanism of a bacterial chitinase. We derive an experimental model of intact ChiA and show how its N-terminal region targets ChiA to the bacterial surface after its secretion. We provide the first evidence thatL. pneumophilacan bind mucins on its surface but this is not dependent onchiA. This demonstrates that additional peripheral mucin binding proteins are also expressed inL. pneumophila. Finally, we show that the ChiA C-terminal chitinase domain has novel metal-dependent peptidase activity against mammalian mucins. These findings suggest that ChiA facilitates bacterial penetration of the alveolar mucosa and ChiA may be a promising target for vaccine development.
Brain regions with positive and negative task-evoked responses engage in cooperative rather than competitive interactions
Authors: Csumitta Kelsey D. , Ossowski Alexandra , Gilmore Adrian W. , Gotts Stephen J. , Martin Alex 
Published: July 2019

SummaryBrain regions displaying task-induced decreases in activity, sometimes referred to as “Task-Negative”, have been proposed to reflect cortico-cortical competition from regions showing task-induced increases in activity, sometimes referred to as “Task-Positive”. If these functional networks are competitive, trial-level fMRI BOLD responses across voxels exhibiting Positive and Negative responses should be anti-correlated. Additionally, the correlation between the BOLD response and behavior in Positive and Negative regions should have opposite sign. Here, we test these predictions using trial-to-trial variability in an object naming task. In contrast to the negative coupling proposed by a competition model, we find positive coupling between Positive and Negative regions and show that this coupling aligns with trial-level behavioral correlations. We provide evidence that these cooperative interactions are not due to a non-specific global factor and discuss alternative proposals, such as thalamo-cortical gating.HighlightsTested competitive interactions among positive and negative task-evoked regionsPositive and negative regions exhibited positive coupling at trial and run levelsSmaller competitive effects seen in BOLD-behavior correlationsStrong cooperative effects not due to a non-specific common global factoreTOCCsumitta et al. show that positive and negative BOLD responses do not exhibit cortical competition among corresponding brain regions. Rather, these networks display positive coupling. The spatial distribution of positive coupling aligned with behavioral correlations, suggesting normal, cooperative network interactions.
Specific lid-base contacts in the 26S proteasome control the conformational switching required for substrate engagement and degradation
Authors: Greene Eric R. , Goodall Ellen A. , de la Peña Andres H. , Matyskiela Mary E. , Lander Gabriel C. , Martin Andreas 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe 26S proteasome is essential for protein homeostasis and the regulation of vital cellular processes through ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated substrates. To accomplish the multi-step reaction of protein degradation, the proteasome’s regulatory particle, consisting of the lid and base subcomplexes, undergoes major conformational changes whose origin and control are largely unknown. Investigating the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 26S proteasome, we found that peripheral interactions between the lid subunit Rpn5 and the base AAA+ ATPase ring play critical roles in stabilizing the substrate-engagement-competent state and coordinating the conformational switch to processing states after a substrate has been engaged. Disrupting these interactions perturbs the conformational equilibrium and interferes with degradation initiation, while later steps of substrate processing remain unaffected. Similar defects in the early degradation steps are also observed when eliminating hydrolysis in the ATPase subunit Rpt6, whose nucleotide state seems to control conformational transitions of the proteasome. These results provide important insight into the network of interactions that coordinate conformational changes with various stages of proteasomal degradation, and how modulators of conformational equilibria may influence substrate turnover.