bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A social cartography of analytics in education as performative politics
Authors: Prinsloo Paul 
Published: August 2019

AbstractData—their collection, analysis and use—have always been part of education, used to inform policy, strategy, operations, resource allocation, and, in the past, teaching and learning. Recently, with the emergence of learning analytics, the collection, measurement, analysis and use of student data have become an increasingly important research focus and practice. With (higher) education having access to more student data, greater variety and nuanced/granularity of data, as well as collecting and using real‐time data, it is crucial to consider the data imaginary in higher education, and, specifically, analytics as performative politics. Data and data analyses are often presented as representing “reality” and, as such, are seminal in institutional “truth‐making,” whether in the context of operational or student learning data. In the broader context of critical data studies (CDS), this social cartography examines and maps the “data frontier” and the “data gaze” within the context of the dominant narrative of evidence‐based management and the data imaginary in higher education. Following an analysis of the main assumptions in evidence‐based management and the power of metrics, this paper presents a social cartography of data analytics not only as representational, but as actant, and as performative politics.
Practitioner NotesWhat is already known about this topic

Student data in higher education are increasingly used not only to inform operational and strategic planning, but to inform and shape curricula, pedagogy and student learning.
The collection, measurement, analysis and use of student data are informed by a particular data imaginary in service of evidence‐based management.
Data and analytics are seen as objective, neutral representations of reality and used as basis for informing policy, operational planning, resource allocation, and, increasingly, learning analytics and student facing dashboards.
What this paper adds

Critically examines data analytics in higher education as “truth‐making” and never neutral, and always as provisional snapshots of “reality” serving particular, often undeclared, assumptions and interests.
Situates learning analytics as the collection, measurement, analysis and use of student data in the broader context of the data imaginary and student data as “data frontier”.
Provides evidence that data analytics is not only representational, but, increasingly, performative and political.
Implications for practice and/or policy

Makes explicit some of the theoretical, political, epistemological and ontological assumptions underpinning and sustaining the data imaginary in higher education.
Foregrounds the need for more critical approaches to our expectations, collections, analyses and use of student data.
Argues the need for policy and practitioners to recognise the inherent political and performative nature of data and data analysis, and the need for transparency, accountability and care.
Audience Design in Multiparty Conversation
Authors: Yoon Si On , Brown‐Schmidt Sarah 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHow do speakers design what they say in order to communicate effectively with groups of addressees who vary in their background knowledge of the topic at hand? Prior findings indicate that when a speaker addresses a pair of listeners with discrepant knowledge, that speakers Aim Low, designing their utterances for the least knowledgeable of the two addressees. Here, we test the hypothesis that speakers will depart from an Aim Low approach in order to efficiently communicate with larger groups of interacting partners. Further, we ask whether the cognitive demands of tracking multiple conversational partners' perspectives places limitations on successful audience design. We find that speakers can successfully track information about what up to four of their partners do and do not know in conversation. When addressing groups of 3–4 addressees at once, speakers design language based on the combined knowledge of the group. These findings point to an audience design process that simultaneously represents the perspectives of multiple other individuals and combines these representations in order to design utterances that strike a balance between the different needs of the individuals within the group.
Interaction Promotes the Adaptation of Referential Conventions to the Communicative Context
Authors: Castillo Lucía , Smith Kenny , Branigan Holly P. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCoordination between speakers in dialogue requires balancing repetition and change, the old and the new. Interlocutors tend to reuse established forms, relying on communicative precedents. Yet linguistic interaction also necessitates adaptation to changing contexts or dynamic tasks, which might favor abandoning existing precedents in favor of better communicative alternatives. We explored this tension using a maze game task in which individual participants and interacting pairs had to describe figures and their positions in one of two possible maze types: a regular maze, in which the grid‐like structure of the maze is highlighted, and an irregular maze, in which specific parts of the maze are salient. Participants repeated this task several times. Both individuals and interacting pairs were affected by the different maze layouts, initially using more idiosyncratic description schemes for irregular mazes and more systematic schemes for regular mazes. Interacting pairs, but not individuals, abandoned their unsystematic initial descriptions in favor of a more systematic approach, which was better adapted for repeated interaction. Our results show communicative conventions are initially shaped by context, but interaction opens up the possibility for change if better alternatives are available.
Final countdown for biodiversity hotspots
Authors: Habel Jan C. , Rasche Livia , Schneider Uwe A. , Engler Jan O. , Schmid Erwin , Rödder Dennis , Meyer Sebastian T. , Trapp Natalie , Sos del Diego Ruth , Eggermont Hilde , Lens Luc , Stork Nigel E. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMost of Earth's biodiversity is found in 36 biodiversity hotspots, yet less than 10% natural intact vegetation remains. We calculated models projecting the future state of most of these hotspots for the year 2050, based on future climatic and agroeconomic pressure. Our models project an increasing demand for agricultural land resulting in the conversion of >50% of remaining natural intact vegetation in about one third of all hotspots, and in 2–6 hotspots resulting from climatic pressure. This confirms that, in the short term, habitat loss is of greater concern than climate change for hotspots and their biodiversity. Hotspots are most severely threatened in tropical Africa and parts of Asia, where demographic pressure and the demand for agricultural land is highest. The speed and magnitude of pristine habitat loss is, according to our models, much greater than previously shown when combining both scenarios on future climatic and agroeconomic pressure.
Predator‐induced selection on urchin activity level depends on urchin body size
Authors: Pretorius Justin D. , Lichtenstein James L. L. , Eliason Erika J. , Stier Adrian C. , Pruitt Jonathan N. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTemporally consistent individual differences in behavior impact many ecological processes. We simultaneously examined the effects of individual variation in prey activity level, covering behavior, and body size on prey survival with predators using an urchin–lobster system. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that slow‐moving purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) and urchins who deploy extensive substrate (pebbles and stones) covering behavior will out‐survive active urchins that deploy little to no covering behavior when pitted against a predator, the California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus). We evaluated this hypothesis by first confirming whether individual urchins exhibit temporally consistent differences in activity level and covering behavior, which they did. Next, we placed groups of four urchins in mesocosms with single lobster and monitored urchin survival for 108 hr. High activity level was negatively associated with survival, whereas urchin size and covering behavior independently did not influence survival. The negative effect of urchin activity level on urchin survival was strong for smaller urchins and weaker for large urchins. Taken together, these results suggest that purple urchin activity level and size jointly determine their susceptibility to predation by lobsters. This is potentially of great interest, because predation by recovering lobster populations could alter the stability of kelp forests by culling specific phenotypes, like foraging phenotypes, from urchin populations.
Temporal variation in spatial genetic structure during population outbreaks: Distinguishing among different potential drivers of spatial synchrony
Authors: Larroque Jeremy , Legault Simon , Johns Rob , Lumley Lisa , Cusson Michel , Renaut Sébastien , Levesque Roger C. , James Patrick M. A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSpatial synchrony is a common characteristic of spatio‐temporal population dynamics across many taxa. While it is known that both dispersal and spatially autocorrelated environmental variation (i.e., the Moran effect) can synchronize populations, the relative contributions of each, and how they interact, are generally unknown. Distinguishing these mechanisms and their effects on synchrony can help us to better understand spatial population dynamics, design conservation and management strategies, and predict climate change impacts. Population genetic data can be used to tease apart these two processes as the spatio‐temporal genetic patterns they create are expected to be different. A challenge, however, is that genetic data are often collected at a single point in time, which may introduce context‐specific bias. Spatio‐temporal sampling strategies can be used to reduce bias and to improve our characterization of the drivers of spatial synchrony. Using spatio‐temporal analyses of genotypic data, our objective was to identify the relative support for these two mechanisms to the spatial synchrony in population dynamics of the irruptive forest insect pest, the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana), in Quebec (Canada). AMOVA, cluster analysis, isolation by distance, and sPCA were used to characterize spatio‐temporal genomic variation using 1,370 SBW larvae sampled over four years (2012–2015) and genotyped at 3,562 SNP loci. We found evidence of overall weak spatial genetic structure that decreased from 2012 to 2015 and a genetic diversity homogenization among the sites. We also found genetic evidence of a long‐distance dispersal event over >140 km. These results indicate that dispersal is the key mechanism involved in driving population synchrony of the outbreak. Early intervention management strategies that aim to control source populations have the potential to be effective through limiting dispersal. However, the timing of such interventions relative to outbreak progression is likely to influence their probability of success.
Successful treatment of two horses after perforation of the small intestine by fine wire
Authors: Crosby D. E. , Wise J. , Hilbert B. J. 
Published: August 2019

SummaryThis paper describes the successful surgical management of two horses with fine wire penetration of the small intestine. Exploratory laparotomy in Case 1 revealed an adhesion between adjacent loops of jejunum. Dissection of the adhesion revealed a small length of fine wire. In Case 2, exploratory laparotomy revealed a dense adhesion between the jejunum and the ventral abdominal wall. Dissection of the adhesion also revealed fine wire extending from the jejunum. Neither case required intestinal resection, and both horses made uncomplicated recoveries from the surgical procedures and were discharged 5 days after surgery.
Fish communities diverge in species but converge in traits over three decades of warming
Authors: McLean Matthew , Mouillot David , Lindegren Martin , Villéger Sébastien , Engelhard Georg , Murgier Juliette , Auber Arnaud 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDescribing the spatial and temporal dynamics of communities is essential for understanding the impacts of global environmental change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Trait‐based approaches can provide better insight than species‐based (i.e. taxonomic) approaches into community assembly and ecosystem functioning, but comparing species and trait dynamics may reveal important patterns for understanding community responses to environmental change. Here, we used a 33‐year database of fish monitoring to compare the spatio‐temporal dynamics of taxonomic and trait structure in North Sea fish communities. We found that the majority of variation in both taxonomic and trait structure was explained by a pronounced spatial gradient, with distinct communities in the southern and northern North Sea related to depth, sea surface temperature, salinity and bed shear stress. Both taxonomic and trait structure changed significantly over time; however taxonomically, communities in the south and north diverged towards different species, becoming more dissimilar over time, yet they converged towards the same traits regardless of species differences. In particular, communities shifted towards smaller, faster growing species with higher thermal preferences and pelagic water column position. Although taxonomic structure changed over time, its spatial distribution remained relatively stable, whereas in trait structure, the southern zone of the North Sea shifted northward and expanded, leading to homogenization. Our findings suggest that global environmental change, notably climate warming, will lead to convergence towards traits more adapted for novel environments regardless of species composition.
Improved properties of low‐carbon MgO‐C refractories with the addition of multilayer graphene/MgAl2O4 composite powders
Authors: Ding Donghai , Lv Lihua , Xiao Guoqing , Luo Jiyuan , Lei Changkun , Ren Yun , Yang Shoulei , Yang Pan , Hou Xing 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe paper investigated the effects of different amounts (0%, 3%, 6%, 9%) of in situ multilayer graphene/MgAl2O4 composite powders on the slag resistance, thermal shock resistance, and oxidation resistance of low‐carbon MgO‐C refractories. Comparing with commercial MgAl2O4, the MgAl2O4 in in situ multilayer graphene/MgAl2O4 composite powders has higher lattice strain of crystal, which can trap more Mn and Fe ions, resulting in the better slag resistance. The oxidation decarbonation layer of MgO‐C specimen with 3% composite powders is 9.71 mm, which is lower than not only the specimen with other contents but also specimen containing carbon black/MgAl2O4 powders. Moreover, the residual strength ratio of the specimen C/MA‐3 was 47.47%, which is 28.5% and 8.08% higher than specimens with no additive and with carbon black/MgAl2O4 powders, respectively. Both improving thermal shock and oxidation resistance properties are related with the unique nano structure, multilayer graphene in situ formed between MgAl2O4 grains, of added composite powders. The former is due to higher strain energy consumed by multi‐deflection of cracks inside the multilayer graphene/MgAl2O4 composite powders. And the latter is due to the higher energy of oxidation activation of multilayer graphene/MgAl2O4 composite powders due to effective protection of multilayer graphene by MgAl2O4.
Synthesis of Si3N4 whiskers by rapid nitridation of silicon droplets
Authors: Yang Jinguang , Wu Ping , Zhang Yanping , Yan Dan , Zhang Shiping , Li Ya‐nan , Wang Li 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBelt‐like β‐Si3N whiskers were successfully synthesized by nitriding of liquid silicon without catalysts at 1500°C by using micron‐sized silicon powders within 10 minutes. Silicon droplets formed by the melting of silicon particles greatly facilitates the diffusion of nitrogen. Several whiskers cling together to form a whisker‐cluster. The whisker‐clustermorphology results from nitriding of separate silicon droplets. The growth of the belt‐like β‐Si3N4 whisker was controlled by vapor‐liquid‐solid mechanism. The synthesis of silicon nitride whiskers can be effectively improved by nitriding liquid phase silicon.
Chemical fractionation of caseins by differential precipitation: influence of pH, calcium addition, protein concentration and temperature on the depletion in α‐ and β‐caseins
Authors: Kern Loïc , Fabre Olivier , Scher Joël , Petit Jeremy 
Published: August 2019

SummaryThe impact of pH, calcium and casein concentrations, and temperature on the efficiency of the differential precipitation of caseins by calcium affinity was investigated, using native phosphocaseinate as starting material. We adapted one of the most recent methods for the separation of caseins that is based on the addition of calcium at alkaline pH. Increasing the pH to 11 disturbed the micellar structure by enhancing electrostatic repulsion of caseins, leading to a marked viscosity increase and a significant particle size decrease, indicating casein micelle disruption. This pH‐driven increase in negative charges enhanced the affinity of individual caseins for calcium, proportionally to the number of phosphate groups carried by each casein. The addition of calcium first led to a progressive increase in the proportion of precipitated caseins, before reaching a plateau. Hence, an optimal calcium/casein molar ratio of about 40 was evidenced to optimise casein precipitation (and fractionation), leading to significant depletion of α‐casein (around 80%) and, in a lesser extent, β‐casein (around 65%) and κ‐casein (around 55%). This method led to relative proportions of caseins significantly differing from the starting material: 31% α‐casein, 45% β‐casein and 24% κ‐casein.
Laminar flow cleaning of gelatinised, partially hydrolysed starch
Authors: Zahn Susann , Otto Clemens , Rohm Harald 
Published: August 2019

SummaryThe cleanability of food contact materials is, among others, determined by the physico‐chemical properties of the soiling material. In the current study, starch of different origin was gelatinised and partially hydrolysed with diastase. The degree of hydrolysis was determined as the reducing capacity in terms of dextrose equivalents, and by the changes in apparent viscosity and surface tension. After spreading the starch paste on electropolished stainless steel coupons and subsequent drying, the removal was studied with a laboratory flow cell. These cleaning tests revealed a higher cleaning effectivity for smaller dextrins, which can be attributed to corresponding changes in solubility. Furthermore, the addition of commercially available diastase to demineralised water increased the cleaning effectivity of starch and dextrin soils at 25 °C. The results indicate that smaller starch breakdown products require reduced energy for removal so that cleaning processes can be adequately adjusted.
Controllable ultra‐broadband visible and near‐infrared photoemissions in Bi‐doped germanium‐borate glasses
Authors: Liu Xueyun , Cheng Cuimei , Li Xiaoman , Jiao Qing , Dai Shixun 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe design of functional materials with tunable broadband luminescence performance is still of great interest in the fields of lighting, solar cells, tunable lasers, and optical amplifiers. Here, via a melt‐quenching method, a series of bismuth (Bi)‐doped germanium‐borate glasses with composition of 40GeO2–25B2O3–25Gd2O3–10La2O3–xBi2O3 have been prepared, in which multiple Bi active centers can be stabilized simultaneously. Dual‐modulating modes of visible (380‐750 nm) and near‐infrared (NIR) (1000‐1600 nm) broadband photoemissions were effectively controlled under flexible excitation scheme. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra at low temperature 10‐298 K were appropriately employed to interpret such an unusual wide visible emission band. To further illustrate the origin of NIR component, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurement was carried out. It is demonstrated experimentally that the visible emission mainly originates from the collective contribution of the 3P1/3P01S0 transitions of Bi3+, while the broadband NIR luminescence should be related to the formation of low valent Bi+ and (or) Bi0 centers. This work may help to enhance the knowledge of the complex luminescence mechanism for the Bi species and it also enables such transparent glass materials to be a promising candidate for the multifunctional tunable light source.
Response of narrow QRS tachycardia in a patient with surgical closure of atrial septal defect to atrial overdrive pacing: What is the mechanism?
Authors: Mohanan Nair Krishna Kumar , Namboodiri Narayanan , Kevadiya Hiren , Debasish Das , Valaparambil Ajitkumar 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA 57‐year old woman who had pericardial patch closure of ostium secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) at the age of 23 years presented with shortness of breath. Her echocardiogram showed no residual ASD, good biventricular function and normal pulmonary artery pressures.
Three randomized studies of dentine hypersensitivity reduction after short‐term SnF2 toothpaste use
Authors: Creeth Jonathan , Maclure Robert , Seong Joon , Gomez‐Pereira Paola , Budhawant Chandrashekhar , Sufi Farzana , Holt Jonathan , Chapman Nicholas , West Nicola 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAimTo evaluate effects of a 0.454% stannous fluoride test toothpaste on dentine hypersensitivity (DH) applied by fingertip, then 3 days’ brushing, versus a sodium monofluorophosphate‐based control.Materials and MethodsIn three randomized clinical studies, DH was assessed using evaporative (Schiff scale) and tactile (Yeaple probe) stimuli. Participants applied toothpaste to two sensitive teeth by fingertip (60 s each); DH was re‐assessed, prior to brushing. Test treatment participants brushed their sensitive teeth, with all participants then brushing all teeth for ≥60 s, twice daily for 3 days. DH was re‐assessed. Data were analysed by study and then pooled.ResultsIn two studies, test treatment significantly reduced DH versus control treatment after fingertip application and 3 days’ brushing (both measures). In one study, both treatments significantly reduced DH without between‐treatment differences. Mean Schiff differences (95% confidence intervals) for fingertip/3d were as follows: Study 1: −0.09 (−0.280, 0.092)/ −0.18 (−0.442, 0.072); Study 2: −0.72 (−0.839, −0.610)/ −1.02 (−1.150, −0.882); and Study 3: −0.26 (−0.387, −0.123)/ −0.92 (−1.055, −0.793). Pooled analysis indicated test treatment significantly reduced DH versus control (both timepoints, both measures). Toothpastes were generally well‐tolerated.ConclusionStudies indicated that single, fingertip application of a SnF2 toothpaste reduced DH versus a control. DH relief increased over 3 days.