bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FIGS: spectral fitting constraints on the star formation history of massive galaxies since the cosmic noon
Authors: Ferreras Ignacio , Pasquali Anna , Pirzkal Nor , Pharo John , Malhotra Sangeeta , Rhoads James , Hathi Nimish , Windhorst Rogier , Cimatti Andrea , Christensen Lise , Finkelstein Steven L , Grogin Norman , Joshi Bhavin , Kim Keunho , Koekemoer Anton , O’Connell Robert , Östlin Göran , Rothberg Barry , Ryan Russell 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
We constrain the stellar population properties of a sample of 52 massive galaxies – with stellar mass log (Ms/M⊙) ≳ 10.5 – over the redshift range 0.5 &lt; z &lt; 2 by use of observer-frame optical and near-infrared slitless spectra from Hubble Space Telescope’s ACS and WFC3 grisms. The deep exposures (∼100 ks) allow us to target individual spectra of massive galaxies to F160W = 22.5 AB. Our spectral fitting approach uses a set of six base models adapted to the redshift and spectral resolution of each observation, and fits the weights of the base models, including potential dust attenuation, via a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. Our sample comprises a mixed distribution of quiescent (19) and star-forming galaxies (33). We quantify the width of the age distribution (Δt) that is found to dominate the variance of the retrieved parameters according to principal component analysis. The population parameters follow the expected trend towards older ages with increasing mass, and Δt appears to weakly anticorrelate with stellar mass, suggesting a more efficient star formation at the massive end. As expected, the redshift dependence of the relative stellar age (measured in units of the age of the Universe at the source) in the quiescent sample rejects the hypothesis of a single burst (aka monolithic collapse). Radial colour gradients within each galaxy are also explored, finding a wider scatter in the star-forming subsample, but no conclusive trend with respect to the population parameters.
H-, He-like recombination spectra – III. n-changing collisions in highly excited Rydberg states and their impact on the radio, IR, and optical recombination lines
Authors: Guzmán F , Chatzikos M , van Hoof P A M , Balser Dana S , Dehghanian M , Badnell N R , Ferland G J 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT
At intermediate to high densities, electron (de-)excitation collisions are the dominant process for populating or depopulating high Rydberg states. In particular, the accurate knowledge of the energy changing (n-changing) collisional rates is determinant for predicting the radio recombination spectra of gaseous nebula. The different data sets present in the literature come either from impact parameter calculations or semi-empirical fits and the rate coefficients agree within a factor of 2. We show in this paper that these uncertainties cause errors lower than 5 per cent in the emission of radio recombination lines of most ionized plasmas of typical nebulae. However, in special circumstances where the transitions between Rydberg levels are amplified by maser effects, the errors can increase up to 20 per cent. We present simulations of the optical depth and Hnα line emission of active galactic nuclei broad-line regions and the Orion Nebula Blister to showcase our findings.
In vitro isolation of class-specific oligonucleotide-based small-molecule receptors
Authors: Yang Weijuan , Yu Haixiang , Alkhamis Obtin , Liu Yingzhu , Canoura Juan , Fu Fengfu , Xiao Yi 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Class-specific bioreceptors are highly desirable for recognizing structurally similar small molecules, but the generation of such affinity elements has proven challenging. We here develop a novel ‘parallel-and-serial’ selection strategy for isolating class-specific oligonucleotide-based receptors (aptamers) in vitro. This strategy first entails parallel selection to selectively enrich cross-reactive binding sequences, followed by serial selection that enriches aptamers binding to a designated target family. As a demonstration, we isolate a class-specific DNA aptamer against a family of designer drugs known as synthetic cathinones. The aptamer binds to 12 diverse synthetic cathinones with nanomolar affinity and does not respond to 11 structurally similar non-target compounds, some of which differ from the cathinone targets by a single atom. This is the first account of an aptamer exhibiting a combination of broad target cross-reactivity, high affinity and remarkable specificity. Leveraging the qualities of this aptamer, instantaneous colorimetric detection of synthetic cathinones at nanomolar concentrations in biological samples is achieved. Our findings significantly expand the binding capabilities of aptamers as class-specific bioreceptors and further demonstrate the power of rationally designed selection strategies for isolating customized aptamers with desired binding profiles. We believe that our aptamer isolation approach can be broadly applied to isolate class-specific aptamers for various small molecule families.
Introduction
Authors: Leung Janny H.C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the intertwined relationship between language, identity, politics, and law, and provides a road map for the book. It begins with an example of a language conflict that invites the reader to consider complexities involved in the promulgation of an official language law. It then outlines the steps that this book will take to help the reader make sense of multilingual legal orders today. It sets the stage for the project by reviewing existing literature that has tackled related issues in various academic fields, including linguistics (and its subfields such as sociolinguistics, linguistic ecology, and language policy and planning), law, and political science, and evaluating the limitation in scope and reach of such works.
Mapping a Global Phenomenon
Authors: Leung Janny H.C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Having explored how official multilingualism has emerged as a product of historical and sociopolitical development, this chapter moves on to survey the extent of the phenomenon in the contemporary world. The data set offers a panoramic view of jurisdictions around the world that are officially bilingual or multilingual. Although there is not enough room to provide a detailed history of any particular jurisdiction, the chapter annotates the data and makes a number of generalized observations. The global data provide a sense of scale that speaks for itself and allow one to observe patterns and trends that help make sense of the phenomenon. Although linguistic demographics and the ideology of linguistic nationalism have a role to play, they are insufficient to explain the data. Official multilingualism is largely a post-colonial legacy, but there is also an emergent trend that official language policy responds to market forces under late capitalism.
Creating Multilingual Legal Texts
Authors: Leung Janny H.C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter assesses the challenges in producing multilingual legal texts, especially where these texts are supposed to be equally authentic. The first of these challenges is translation. The risk is that a failure to achieve translation equivalence compromises legal certainty. Equivalence aside, there are also deeper political tensions in the process of legal translation: power struggles among speakers of the source and target language may be reflected in translation strategies adopted. Apart from translating the law, the legislature also needs to revise drafting procedures to ensure that different language versions of the law are consistent with one another, and that they respect linguistic equality where it is emphasized by the law. Where the new official language has not developed a legal vocabulary and a formal register, further linguistic engineering may be necessary. Sometimes ideological engineering is also called for.
Moment of Reckoning
Authors: Muehlberger Ellen 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Late antiquity saw a proliferation of Christian texts dwelling on the emotions and physical sensations of dying—not as a heroic martyr in a public square or a judge’s court but as an individual, at home in a bed or in a private room. In sermons, letters, and ascetic traditions, late ancient Christians imagined the last minutes of life and the events that followed death in elaborate detail. This book traces how, in late ancient Christianity, death came to be thought of as a moment of reckoning: a physical ordeal whose pain is followed by an immediate judgment of one’s actions by angels and demons and, after that, fitting punishment. This emphasis on the experience of death ushered in a new ethical sensibility among Christians, in which one’s death was to be imagined frequently and anticipated in detail. This was initially meant as a tool for individuals: preachers counted on the fact that becoming aware of a judgment arriving at the end of one’s life tends to sharpen one’s scruples. But, as this book argues, the change in Christian sensibility toward death did not just affect individuals. Death imagined as the moment of reckoning created a fund of images and ideas within late ancient Christian culture about just what constituted a human being and how variances in human morality should be treated. This had significant effects on the Christian adoption of power in late antiquity, especially in the case of power’s heaviest baggage: the capacity to authorize violence against others.
Introduction
Authors: Muehlberger Ellen 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The introduction reviews scholarship about death and deathways in late ancient religions, noting the emphasis of such scholarship on the experiences of those who survive the dead. It clarifies that this book addresses a slightly different topic: the anticipations of the living for how their own deaths will be. Locating this book in the history of scholarship that links cultural attention to the experience of death with the development of a sense of individualism, the author does not claim the origin of the focus on the individual within Christianity, but instead explores the synergy of ideas about the generic individual’s death that became salient in late ancient writing. This choice is contextualized to avoid doctrinal statements about death and to use instead performative sermons, narratives, and visions as sources for how early Christians imagined their last moments. A chapter outline for the book appears at the end of the introduction.
The Constructivist–Critical Theory Synthesis
Authors: Barkin J. Samuel , Sjoberg Laura 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Is there a constructivist–critical theory synthesis? This chapter makes the case that such a synthesis can indeed be found, both in the practice and the politics of the discipline of International Relations. The chapter locates the synthesis both in broader social science debates about social construction and in disciplinary histories of International Relations that see both critical theory and constructivism on the same side of the so-called third debate. The chapter sees the synthesis being expressed implicitly, as a default category for work that does not fit into the realist/liberal synthesis or is outside the neopositivist mainstream. The chapter also sees the synthesis in explicit claims—of nonfoundationalism, of the rejection of metanarratives, or of the embrace of progressive politics. Finally, the chapter sees traces of a synthesis even when critical theory and constructivism are presented as paradigmatically distinct.
Understanding and Classifying Constructivisms
Authors: Barkin J. Samuel , Sjoberg Laura 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The chapter discusses various ways that constructivism might be defined, and finds in them a tendency to make constructivisms into at once more than they are (by imbuing them with “naturally” associated politics) and less (by divorcing them from their roots as social theory). The chapter builds an argument that what constructivisms have in common is the ontological assumption of the social construction of international politics as expressed in methodology for doing International Relations research. This assumption should not be understood as taking specific ontologies, let alone methods, methodologies, or politics, as definitional of constructivism. Work can reasonably be described as constructivist if it builds on an ontology of co-constitution and intersubjectivity in the context of a particular set of methodological claims underlying a research exercise about global politics. This brackets what work might be called constructivist but does not associate constructivism either with any specific ontology or with any specific methodology.
Understanding and Classifying Critical Approaches
Authors: Barkin J. Samuel , Sjoberg Laura 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that what various theoretical approaches to IR that describe themselves or are described as critical share in common is that they are political rather than social theories. There are no other common elements to be found across this group of approaches. Various schemas used to typify different sorts of critical theories (e.g., emancipatory/postmodern; feminist/postcolonial/poststructuralist; Copenhagen School/Aberystwyth School/Paris School) signify different political theories with different political content but share political investment in both disciplinary International Relations and global politics. They are explicitly engaged in International Relations theorizing and International Relations research as a political enterprise with political ends.
Critical Theory Is Ontologically Promiscuous and Methodologically Agnostic
Authors: Barkin J. Samuel , Sjoberg Laura 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Do critical approaches to International Relations have some ontological commonality? Is there some tenet about what the world is (or should be) that critical approaches share? Does critical International Relations scholarship have methodological, perhaps even constructivist, commonality? This chapter makes the case that critical theories are sets of political commitments, not ontologies or sets of research methods. To read critical theories as ontology or method is to do injustice to their ties to politics; to read critical theories as methodologically bound is unfairly limiting to them. The chapter provides an overview of the range of ontologies and methods that are useful to the spectrum of International Relations critical theories, suggesting that this spectrum is broad, varied, and not necessarily internally consistent. While constructivisms can be methodologically useful to critical theorizing, they are only some among many of the tools that can be employed fruitfully in service of the various ends of International Relations critical theories.
A Case against the Constructivist–Critical Theory Synthesis
Authors: Barkin J. Samuel , Sjoberg Laura 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter builds on the understandings of constructivist and critical International Relations theories laid out in the book so far to make an argument that constructivisms and critical theories are not the same thing, naturally aligned, or necessarily productive bedfellows. Furthermore, there are both analytical and political downsides to the constructivist/critical theory nexus, which are evident in work in international relations that pairs the two unreflectively. In fact, many of the intersections between constructivisms and critical theories in the current International Relations theory literature are contrived at the expense of some or even most of the core tenets of either theory. This chapter suggests that the “end of International Relations” and the lost, confused nature of International Relations theory (particularly progressive International Relations theory) can find their origins in the underspecification and overreached application of pairings between constructivisms and critical theorizing in International Relations. These implications make it necessary to critically evaluate figurations of constructivist and critical International Relations.
Thinking beyond the Constructivist–Critical Theory Synthesis
Authors: Barkin J. Samuel , Sjoberg Laura 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter returns to the concept of affordances introduced in chapter 1. It proceeds in the spirit of thinking through theoretical approaches’ affordances to ask how specific critical theories and constructivisms might inform each other in the absence of a broader constructivist–critical theory synthesis. It does so in two parts. The first looks at examples of specific overlaps in which the affordances of a particular constructivism serve the needs of a particular exercise in critical theory, or vice-versa. It demonstrates that, while there are approaches that do not afford overlap, there are also approaches that do afford overlap. The second part argues that a politics and an ontology are not strictly analogous; the scope for constructivist tools in critical research is in fact narrower than the scope for critical reading of constructivist research.
Unequal Europe
Authors: Beckfield Jason 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Euro-crisis of 2009–2012 and the UK’s 2016 vote to leave the EU vividly demonstrated that EU policies matter for the distribution of resources within and between European nation-states. Throughout these events, distributive conflicts between the European Union’s winners and losers intensified, and continue today. This book places these events into a broader historical, sociological, and economic perspective by analyzing how European integration has reshaped the distribution of income across the households of Europe. The motivating question is: who wins and who loses from European integration? Using individual- and household-level income survey data, combined with macro-level data on social policies, and case studies of welfare reforms in EU and non-EU states, this book shows how European integration has restratified Europe by simultaneously drawing national economies closer together and increasing inequality among households. With the benefit of hindsight, we can now see that the Single European Act of 1985 had an array of intended and unintended consequences for inequality in Europe. With the Single European Act, EU policymakers revived the integration project by elevating the single market to the top priority of European law and by constitutionalizing the idea that markets solve social and political problems.
Introduction
Authors: Mann-Feder Varda R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This Introduction defines care leaving and discusses how youth who transition out of care experience emerging adulthood in comparison to their normative peers. It orients the reader to the parts of the book and positions this collection overall as advocating for practices and policies that advance the development of youth in substitute care into emerging adulthood, thus enhancing their prospects throughout life. The chapters of Part One explore the various theoretical perspectives brought to bear on emerging adulthood generally and youth in foster care in particular; the chapters of Part Two discuss research contributions to care leaving from around the world; and the chapters of Part Three identify practice issues developed in numerous countries to ease the transition to adulthood for those leaving foster care.
How Can I Be a Real Adult?
Authors: Mann-Feder Varda R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter proposes that developmental theory can provide multiple lenses through which the transition to adulthood for youth from care can be understood and supported. This chapter outlines the benefits of a developmental approach and presents theories, such as Erikson’s identity theory and the theory of emerging adulthood, which stresses the importance of the identity formation process; attachment processes throughout the lifespan; and loss, grief, and mourning as it relates to the experiences of youth removed from home and placed incare. Relevant research with care leavers is reviewed, and implications are outlined for practice, policy, and future research that promotes optimal development for youth leaving care.
Policy as Social Ecological Resilience Scaffolding for Leaving Care
Authors: Pinkerton John , Van Breda Adrian 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter’s authors argue that social policy on leaving care is a critical resilience process for promoting care leavers’ successful transition toward emerging adulthood. Care leaving literature has given limited attention to the wider policy contexts in which care leavers make this transition. This chapter argues for a better understanding of how these contexts can bolster the social ecology of care leaving by providing a policy scaffolding to the support and services required by care leavers. South Africa is used to illustrate the argument, capitalizing on the heightened political sensibilities of a society still grappling with the legacy of apartheid and committed to developmental social welfare as a strategic policy direction. The chapter concludes that the South African case study not only highlights the need to address the policy context of youth transitioning from out-of-home care, but also demonstrates the benefits of cross-national reflection on policy and practice development and implementation.
The Transition to Adulthood from Care
Authors: Marion Élodie , Paulsen Veronika 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter reports on a literature review that was conducted spanning the past 2 years to provide an overview of existing research and to identify future research needs in the field. Increased awareness of the changes related to traditional transition markers in emerging adulthood and of the poor outcomes and vulnerability of care leavers has led to a growing interest in this population. After a systematic process, 64 articles were included in the content analysis. This study identified four major topics that characterize recent research in this area: (1) policy, program, and services; (2) transition trajectories and markers; (3) social network and social support; and (4) subpopulations.
Foster Care as a Support System for Early Leavers
Authors: Magnuson Doug , Jansson Mikael , Benoit Cecilia 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter is based on findings from a research project entitled Risky Business. In the study, 92 street-involved participants in wave 1 (out of 189) had some kind of care experience, either temporary or permanent, and, of the 64 participants in all five waves, 38 had care experience. These youth left care early, prior to the transition to adulthood, in favor of independence, although foster care and related services often reappeared later. In this chapter, the authors describe the role that foster care homes and staff played in the transition out of care and as support systems for youth seeking jobs, education, and refuge from street life. These cases might be instructive for considering how to make the normative, legal transition out of care at older ages more responsive for marginalized youth.
The Longer Term Contributions of Formal and Informal Support
Authors: Ibrahim Rawan W. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Drawing on the findings of a qualitative follow-up study of 29 Jordanian care leavers, this chapter demonstrates how a combination of formal and informal support has contributed positively to care leavers’ longer term outcomes. The support that the care leavers were offered by the growing formal entities, as well as their affiliation with adults and families outside care, enabled them to deal successfully with issues such engaging in higher education, achieving security in accommodations, and home ownership. The chapter demonstrates that the young adults were able to use the opportunities given to them to achieve progress despite an economic climate that challenges all young people and an often-unforgiving social context that strongly stigmatizes care leavers. Focusing on factors that promote positive outcomes for care leavers, this chapter offers considerations for practice and for policy and contributes to the growing body of international research on this topic generally, and specifically from developing economies.