bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three-stage Mesozoic intracontinental tectonic evolution of South China recorded in an overprinted basin: evidence from stratigraphy and detrital zircon U–Pb dating
Authors: Ma Huimin , Wang Yu , Huang Yajuan , Xie Yueting 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe NE–NNE-trending Yuan-Ma Basin in central South China, an overprinted basin, is important for understanding the transition in Mesozoic intracontinental deformation in South China from compressional to extensional settings. A detailed sedimentary and structural cross-section across the basin reveals the Upper Triassic – Lower Jurassic black coal-bearing shale, greyish-green sandstone and brick-red claystone, and the Middle Jurassic brick-red sandstone, pebbly sandstone and conglomerate in the eastern segment of the basin. The Lower Cretaceous brick-red coarse sandstone, pebbly sandstone and siltstone occurred in the western and central segments, as well as fault breccia and Lower Cretaceous sandstone at the western margin of the basin. Detrital zircon U–Pb dating by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry shows that the magmatic and metamorphic zircons yield significant age clusters at 900–700, 500–350 and 300–150 Ma, as well a minor age cluster at 120–100 Ma. Synthesizing the stratigraphic sequences, structures, isotopic dating results and palaeocurrent data, we infer that the Yuan-Ma Basin experienced three evolutionary stages and tectonic settings: (1) during Late Triassic – Early Jurassic time, the Yuan-Ma Basin was related to the diachronous progressive intracontinental deformation as a result of the early Mesozoic Xuefeng intracontinental orogeny in South China; (2) during Middle–Late Jurassic time, the Yuan-Ma Basin was related to intracontinental compression in South China; and (3) during late Early Cretaceous time, the Yuan-Ma Basin was constrained by the intracontinental extension that occurred in eastern China. These three stages, a result of various tectonic regimes, caused the intracontinental deformation that was controlled by the evolution of the continents and their margins.
OnCorrigia (Orthorchis) vitta(Duj. 1845)
Authors: Harvey L. A. , Channon C. E. 
Published: June 2019

1. Of thirty-fourApodemus sylvaticusexamined from in and near Exeter, thirteen were infested with varying numbers of the dicrocoeliid trematode,Corrigia vitta.2. The worms live in the interlobary canals of the pancreas, sometimes singly, but up to eight have been found in a single mouse.3. The dimensions of the more important organs are stated and compared with the measurements provided by other authors.4. The taxonomic status of the species is briefly considered.
The International Legislative Process: Direct Broadcasting and Remote Earth Sensing by Satellite Compared
Authors: Dalfen Charles M. 
Published: June 2019

In earlier volumes of thisYearbook, international responses to the prospective dangers and opportunities posed by direct satellite broadcasting were examined. It was suggested that the international treatment of the implications of this activity might be seen in the light of:the emergence of an embryonic international legislative process, with the [United Nations] committees on outer space, the seabed, and so on playing the role of parliamentary standing committees and the Assembly that of a parliament — albeit one whose “acts” must be ratified by the governments of members. [It was suggested that] the committees have shown their ability to study and pursue important legal questions and [that] the General Assembly has demonstrated its willingness to pass resolutions encouraging legal development. [It was added that] … the specialized agencies and other international organizations have shown a readiness and a high degree of competence in preparing briefs and studies, in advancing opinions both interested and disinterested, and in providing general expertise to the committees, in the manner of effectively operating government departments.
Patterns of Development in International Fishery Law
Authors: Ottenheimer Gerald R. 
Published: June 2019

The uncertainty surrounding the outcome of the imminent Law of the Sea Conference is inevitable in the light of the lack of consensus on many of the most pressing problems of ocean law. Nowhere is this lack of agreement more evident than in the law regulating the world’s fishery resources.During the past few years the attention of international lawyers and experts in related disciplines has been focused on the crucial considerations of continental shelf and ocean bed resources. Yet the legal problems related to international fisheries persist and increase.
Article 177 of the Treaty of Rome and the Evolution of the Doctrine of the Supremacy of Community Law
Authors: Raworth Philip 
Published: June 2019

The Reference Under Article 177Article 164 of the Treaty of Rome sets up a Court of Justice of the Communities whose task it is to ensure that “in the interpretation and application of the Treaty the law is observed.” The Court exercises this jurisdiction in various ways. It can hear actions against member states for violations of the Treaty and it can review the legality of the acts — or lack of action — of the Community organs. The Court of Justice also has a more or less plenary jurisdiction over certain purely Community matters. In none of these areas, however, has the Court had to deal with the sensitive issue of the relationship between municipal law and Community Law; this issue has come before it only by way of the reference under Article 177 of the Treaty of Rome.
War Law and the Medical Profession
Authors: Green L.C. 
Published: June 2019

The regimen I adopt shall be for the benefit of my patients according to my ability and judgment and not for their hurt or any wrong. I will give no deadly drug to any.… Whatsoever house I enter, there will I go for the benefit of the sick, refraining from all wrongdoing or corruption. … Whatsoever things I see or hear concerning the life of men, and my attendance upon the sick or even apart from them, which ought not to be noised abroad, I will keep silence thereon, counting such things to be as sacred secrets. (Hippocratic Oath)It was Reported in july 1979 that Dr. Luisa Mistrali-Guidotti, a missionary doctor serving in Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, had been shot and killed by government troops while making her rounds in her “familiar” ambulance car near Mtoko. She had previously been threatened with arrest for attending to wounded guerrillas. Except for the fact that she had been killed, rather than taken prisoner and mistreated or tortured, her case had much in common with that of Dr. Sheila Cassidy, who in 1976 had been imprisoned and tortured for her services to Allende supporters during the Chilean revolution. Incidents such as these serve to emphasize that the medical profession is as much prone to the risks of armed conflict as is everybody else.
La mutation du régime juridique des espaces en droit international public et le rôle des intrants technologiques
Authors: Côté René 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe author explores the relationship between technological change and the lawmaking process in the reorganization of international space since the Second World War. He points out three types of technological inputs that have been significant in the process: exploitation of resources technologies, of communication and transport technologies, and of military technologies. Those technological inputs each have had a different impact on the creation of new norms in international law. The author examines particularly the first two types, the latter being more ambiguous in its effects. First, he stresses that exploitation of resources technologies tends to set new rules that reattribute international space previously considered as res communis or res nullius into the jurisdiction of states or within the scope of the common heritage of mankind. The sharing of the new resources therefore withholds spatialism. Communication and transport technologies, on the contrary, support freedom in international space and therefore prefer functionalism to spatialism. Confusion may occur when a technology is considered either as a means of communication or of the exploitation of resources, as is the case in the spectrum/orbit issue. The author examines the conflicting role of different technological inputs and their effects on the emerging regime which has reattributed international space within the scope of state jurisdiction or consolidated the international status of other space.
Superior Orders and Command Responsibility
Authors: Green L.G. 
Published: June 2019

SommaireComme pile et face de la pièce de monnaie, l’ordre du supérieur est, conceptuellement, le revers de la responsabilité du supérieur. On a d’une part la responsabilité de la personne qui obéit à l’ordre d’un supérieur et de l’autre la responsabilité du supérieur qui donne l’ordre de faire un acte illégal. Dans cet article, l’auteur remarque que les codes nationaux consultés, de quelque sorte qu’ils soient, criminels ou militaires, tous posent bien comme principe le devoir d’obéir aux ordres, mais tous indiquent aussi que cette obligation ne s’applique qu’aux ordres qui sont en fait légaux. Tous ces codes, de même que toutes sortes de décisions de tribunaux de crimes de guerre, en particulier celle du Tribunal militaire international de Nuremberg, ainsi que la Résolution de l’Assemblée générale et l’opinion de la Commission internationale de droit confirment que plaider obéissance aux ordres d’un supérieur ne peut constituer une défense inattaquable. Ce moyen de défense, cependant, peut mener à une réduction de peine si l’inculpé ne savait pas que l’ordre dérogeait à la loi ou dans la mesure où, moralement, il n’avait pas le choix. Pour ce qui est de la responsabilité du supérieur, elle est clairement définie en droit militaire et a été reconnue par les tribuanux chargés de juger les crimes de guerre, comme il ressort des affairesYamashitaetMeyer. La situation à ce sujet a été quelque peu clarifiée par le Protocole I de 1977, qui semble indiquer ce qui est accepté en droit, comme on peut le voir dans les conclusions auxquelles est arrivée la Commission Kahan après son enquête sur les massacres perpétrés dans les camps de refugiés au Liban.
II: Le Canada et le système monétaire international en 1990
Authors: Colas Bernard 
Published: June 2019

La transition des pays d'europe centrale et orientale d'une économie à planification centralisée vers une économie de marché, l'invasion du Koweït et la persistance de la crise de l'endettement ont particulièrement marqué le système monétaire international au cours de l'année 1990.Peu d'initiatives majeures ont été prises cette année afin d'alléger la dette extérieure des pays en développement. La conclusion d'accords de restructuration entre les banques créancières et le Mexique, les Philippines, le Costa Rica, le Venezuela, l'Uruguay dans le cadre du Plan Brady, ainsi qu'avec le Chili et le Maroc sont toutefois à souligner. De plus, les Chefs d'État et de gouvernement des sept pays les plus industrialisés, réunis à Houston du 9 au 11 juillet 1990, ont décidé d'encourager le Club de Paris à allonger les périodes de remboursement de la dette des pays à revenu moyen inférieur. Cette démarche concerne les pays dont la dette officielle est importante et pour lesquels le recours au plan Brady aurait peu d'effets; la Pologne a été l'un des premiers pays à avoir bénéficié de cette initiative. Les Sept ont également souligné la décision prise par le Canada d'annuler les prêts d'aide publique au développement remboursables par 11 pays des Caraî bes membres du Commonwealth à concurrence de 11 millions CAD.
Ill Investissement
Authors: Ratelle Pierre 
Published: June 2019

I Conjoncture politique et économique canadienneEn 1991, la conjoncture politique et économique canadienne a été à l’image de celle que les investisseurs Canadians et étrangers avaient connue en 1990. Au niveau politique, l’incertitude constitutionnelle a persisté à un point tel que personne ne pouvait plus affirmer avec certitude que le Canada allait continuer d’exister dans l’avenir. Au niveau économique, la récession a continué de faire rage, provoquant la faillite de milliers d’entreprises et la mise à pied de dizaines de milliers de personnes.
III Investissement
Authors: Ratelle Pierre 
Published: June 2019

Comme le Prévoit l’accord de libre-échange Canada-États-Unis (ALÉ), la Loi sur investissement Canada (“LIC”) a etc modifiee, le icr Janvier 1992, pour une quatrieme année consécutive en faveur des investisseurs américains.Le seuil d'examen par l'agence Investissement Canada de l'acquisition directe d'une entreprise canadienne par un Américain passe de 100 millions à 150 millions de dollars; ce qui représente un seuil 30 fois plus éléve que celui auquel sont soumis les autres investisseurs étrangers. Quant à l'acquisition indirecte d'une entreprise canadienne par un Américain, elle ne sera plus soumise dorénavant à un examen de la part d'Investissement Canada; tandis que les autres investisseurs étrangers demeurent, quant à eux, toujours assujettis au seuil d'examen de 50 millions de dollars.
NAFTA Dispute Settlement and Mexico: Interpreting Treaties and Reconciling Common and Civil Law Systems in a Free Trade Area
Authors: Thomas J.C. , Ayllón Sergio López 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe first NAFTA Chapter 19 binational panel review of a Mexican antidumping determination raises important questions about the interpretation of treaties. In confronting the different way in which Mexico, a civil law country, had implemented NAFTA, the panel had to deal with a process of implementation different from that in the common law jurisdictions of Canada and the United States. The authors argue that in interpreting NAFTA, the panel relied on the negotiating history of one party, the United States, to reach a conclusion that did not represent the intentions of the three parties, and led to the exercise of a jurisdiction by a Chapter 19 panel in respect of Mexico that ü different from that exercised by Chapter 19 panels reviewing determinations from the other two NAFTA parties.
L'échange dette-contre-nature: un instrument utile de protection de l'environnement?
Authors: Breton-Le Goff Gaëlle 
Published: June 2019

SommaireAlors que les effets de la crise asiatique s’étendent à l Amérique latine, et que les États empruntent largement pour soutenir leurs économies vacillantes, les ressources naturelles, ressources économiques fondamentales, sont de plus en plus menacées par les nécessités du remboursement de la dette. Dette et environnement restent aujourd’hui encore, quatorze années après la proposition du vice-président de WWF, Thomas Lovejoy, profondément interdépendants. Les échanges dette-contre-nature de la première génération dans les années 1984-90 ont inévitablement rencontré des difficultés. Mais la technique a convaincu, les État et les États s’en sont alors emparés pour la transposer aux problèmes du règlement de la dette dans les relations bilatérales. Peu à peu, la technique des échanges s’est affinée, s’est structurée et s’est diversifiée. Repensé et corrigé, le mécanisme des échanges dette-contre-nature apparaît à la fois comme un instrument utile de gestion et de protection de la ressource naturelle, et comme une source de financement pour la mise en œuvre du droit international de l’environnement. Enfin cet article met en lumière l’importance du rôle des organisations non gouvernementales dans le développement du droit international de l’environnement et plaide pour le maintien de la participation de la société civile au mécanisme qu 'elles ont inventé.
Investor-State Arbitration under NAFTA Chapter 11
Authors: Thomas J. C. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryChapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) provides for suits by foreign investors from the NAFTA Parties against one of the other Parties. The author reviews this provision and discusses its possible ambit in light of the decisions so far rendered. The author considers that, properly interpreted, Chapter 11 will provide an extraordinary means of redress and will not open the floodgates to all kinds of claims that second-guess legitimate governmental legislative activity or policymaking.
Reporting to the Human Rights Committee: The Canadian Experience
Authors: Major Marie-France 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIn 1966, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Once it had acceded to the Covenant, Canada undertook the obligation to make regular reports to the Human Rights Committee (the independent body of experts established under the Covenant) in regard to its protection of human rights and its progress in implementing the new treaty. In the next few pages, the four reports submitted by Canada, as well as the comments issued by committee members in the course of analysis of these reports, are examined, so as to get a better sense of whether, and to what extent, Canada is fulfilling its Covenant commitments.
Judicial Notice and Reception Theory: Thoughts on the Contribution of Ronald St. John Macdonald
Authors: van Ert Gibran 
Published: June 2019

SummaryOn the occasion of a conference in honour of Ronald St. John Macdonald, the author revisits Macdonald’s important 1974 article “The Relationship between International Law and Domestic Law in Canada.” Macdonald’s discussion of the judicial notice of international law by Canadian courts is considered in light of recent case law. In particular, the practice of international lawyers giving expert evidence on international law is criticized as inconsistent with the doctrine of judicial notice. Finally, the author reflects on Macdonald’s view that a theoretical framework is needed to explain the reception of international law in the law of Canada
Receiving theHeadianLegacy: International Lawyers, South-to-North Resource Transfers, and the Challenge of International Development
Authors: Okafor Obiora Chinedu 
Published: June 2019

A new factor has recently reemerged: financial transfers from South to North. Reemerged, for it was also a common occurrence in earlier colonial periods.— Ivan Leigh HeadWritten over fifteen years ago by Ivan Leigh Head, a highly distinguished Canadian international lawyer, foreign policy expert, and international development thinker, the words contained in the above quotation point firmly at this great man’s analytic incisiveness and hint at the sheer depth of his fairness of mind. For although the net transfer of resources from the much poorer geopolitical “South” to a far richer “North” remains to this day one of the most important obstacles to international development, rarely have the dominant accounts of international development given this phenomenon the pride of place that it surely deserves. Ivan Head was therefore well ahead of his time in foregrounding, highlighting, and criticizing this very disturbing, yet continuing, feature of South-North relations.
La notion de conditionnalité reconsidérée dans les relations Nord-Sud: une approche favorisant le plein exercice des droits économiques dans les pays en développement
Authors: Mercure Pierre-François 
Published: June 2019

SommaireLes conventions internationales à caractère économique sont souvent modelées sur les préoccupations de la partie la plus puissante à l’entente au détriment de la partie la plus faible. Cette situation, qui est l’une des consequences de l’inégalité de faits entre les États, s’exprime par une conditionnalité rigoureuse imposée aux pays en développement lorsqu’ils s’engagent avec un pays développé ou une organisation internationale créanciers. Le pays en développement est alors confronté au dilemme de devoir rembourser la dette contractée conformément aux modalités de la conditionnalité, mettant en péril la mise en application de droits de la personne à caractère économique : droit à l’éducation, à la santé, au logement, à la nourriture, etc., ou de donner préséance à ces droits sur son obligation de remboursement de la créance. Les pays en développement ont avancé l’argument de l’état de nécessité, avec un succès limité, comme en témoignent les décisions internationals relatives à cette préoccupation des états qui remonte au début du 20e siècle.Le droit à la conditionnalité universelle aurait comme fondement le droit positif des transferts financiers Nord-Sud, qui est inéquitable car il integer une conditionnalité préjudiciable aux pays en développement. La notion de conditionnalité constituerait ainsi, la source d’un droit pour les pays en développement, dont l’application aurait comme objectif le rétablissement des droits de la personne à caractère économique qui ont été restreints par l’application stricte de la notion de conditionnalité dans l’entente économique. C’est à travers l’étude de la notion de conditionnalité dans le contexte des relations Nord-Sud que cet article tente de démontrer l’existence du droit à la conditionnalité universelle dont la doctrine n’a jamais fait état. La notion de conditionnalité est ainsi envisagée sous une double perspective: celle où elle origine de la convention économique qui lie le débiteur et le créancier et celle où elle sert de fondement à un droit du débiteur à l’égard du créancier. Dans les deux situations, le débiteur est un pays en développement et le créancier est un pays développé ou une organization internationale.
The Rogue Civil Airliner and International Human Rights Law: An Argument for a Proportionality of Effects Analysis within the Right to Life
Authors: Holman Robin F. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryExisting theoretical approaches to international human rights law governing the state’s duty to respect and ensure the right not to be arbitrarily deprived of life fail to provide a satisfactory analytical framework within which to consider the problem of a rogue civil airliner — a passenger-carrying civil aircraft under the effective control of one or more individuals who intend to use the aircraft itself as a weapon against persons or property on the surface. A more satisfactory approach is provided by the addition of a norm of proportionality of effects that is analogous to those that have been developed within the frameworks of international humanitarian law, moral philosophy, and modern constitutional rights law. This additional norm would apply only where there is an irreconcilable conflict between the state’s duties in respect of the right to life such that all of the courses of action available will result in innocent persons being deprived of life.