bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eligibility for cardiovascular risk screening among different ethnic groups: The HELIUS study
Authors: Perini Wilco , Snijder Marieke B , Agyemang Charles , Peters Ron JG , Kunst Anton E , van Valkengoed Irene GM 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundEthnic differences in the age-of-onset of cardiovascular risk factors may necessitate ethnic-specific age thresholds to initiate cardiovascular risk screening. Recent European recommendations to modify cardiovascular risk estimates among certain ethnic groups may further increase this necessity.AimsTo determine ethnic differences in the age to initiate cardiovascular risk screening, with and without implementation of ethnic-specific modification of estimated cardiovascular risk.MethodsWe included 18,031 participants of Dutch, South-Asian Surinamese, African Surinamese, Ghanaian, Turkish and Moroccan background from the HELIUS study (Amsterdam). Eligibility for cardiovascular risk screening was defined as being eligible for blood pressure-lowering treatment, based on a combination of systolic blood pressure, estimated cardiovascular risk, and ethnic-specific conversion of estimated cardiovascular risk as recommended by European cardiovascular disease prevention guidelines. Age-specific proportions of eligibility were determined and compared between ethnic groups via logistic regression analyses.ResultsDutch men reached the specified threshold to initiate cardiovascular risk screening (according to Dutch guidelines) at an average age of 51.5 years. Among ethnic minority men, this age ranged from 39.8 to 52.4. Among Dutch women, the average age threshold was 53.4. Among ethnic minority women, this age ranged from 36.8 to 49.1. Age-adjusted odds of eligibility were significantly higher than in the Dutch among all subgroups, except among Moroccan men. Applying ethnic-specific conversion factors had minimal effect on the age to initiate screening in all subgroups.ConclusionsMost ethnic minority groups become eligible for blood pressure-lowering treatment at a lower age and may therefore benefit from lower age-thresholds to initiate cardiovascular risk screening.
Screw Loosening in Posterior Spine Fusion: Prevalence and Risk Factors
Authors: Marie-Hardy Laura , Pascal-Moussellard Hugues , Barnaba Anne , Bonaccorsi Raphael , Scemama Caroline 
Published: July 2019

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Objective: Screw loosening in spinal fusion is poorly defined. Accordingly, its prevalence rates range from 1% to 60%, and its risk factors remain undefined. The goal of this study was to assess the prevalence of screw loosening, according to precise definitions, and to identify factors associated with it. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed records for 166 patients who underwent a posterior spinal fusion in our institution between 2011 and 2016. We recorded demographic data, osteoporosis, pelvic balance, surgery-related information, and postoperative radiographic data at a minimum follow-up of 6 months. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used. Significance was defined by P < .05. Results: When loosening was defined by partial pull-out, its prevalence was 9.6% (95% CI 5.6-15); thoracic localization, the use of CrCo (chromium-cobalt) rods, osteoporosis, PI/LL (pelvic incidence/lumbar lordosis) mismatch (preoperative), and frontal imbalance (preoperative) were significant risk factors. When loosening was defined by osteolysis (radiolucent rim) >1 mm around at least 1 screw, its prevalence was 40.4% (95% CI 33-48) and age, scoliosis as indication for fusion, ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) 2 or 3, the use of CrCo rods, more than 5 levels fused, no circumferential arthrodesis, postoperative bracing, and sacrum or ilium as the inferior level of instrumentation were also significant risk factors. Conclusions: A clear definition of screw loosening seems essential for a useful analysis of the literature. Osteoporosis, sagittal imbalance, and rigid material appear to be risk factors, regardless of the definition.
Inherited genetic susceptibility to acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Down syndrome
Authors: Brown Austin L. , de Smith Adam J. , Gant Vincent U. , Yang Wenjian , Scheurer Michael E. , Walsh Kyle M. , Chernus Jonathan M. , Kallsen Noah A. , Peyton Shanna A. , Davies Gareth E. , Ehli Erik A. , Winick Naomi , Heerema Nyla A. , Carroll Andrew J. , Borowitz Michael J. , Wood Brent L. , Carroll William L. , Raetz Elizabeth A. , Feingold Eleanor , Devidas Meenakshi , Barcellos Lisa F. , Hansen Helen M. , Morimoto Libby , Kang Alice Y. , Smirnov Ivan , Healy Jasmine , Laverdière Caroline , Sinnett Daniel , Taub Jeffrey W. , Birch Jillian M. , Thompson Pamela , Spector Logan G. , Pombo-de-Oliveira Maria S. , DeWan Andrew T. , Mullighan Charles G. , Hunger Stephen P. , Pui Ching-Hon , Loh Mignon L. , Zwick Michael E. , Metayer Catherine , Ma Xiaomei , Mueller Beth A. , Sherman Stephanie L. , Wiemels Joseph L. , Relling Mary V. , Yang Jun J. , Lupo Philip J. , Rabin Karen R. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The authors report the interaction between Down syndrome, a major genetic leukemia predisposition condition, and inherited genetic alleles associated with increased susceptibility to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Effect of donor, component, and recipient characteristics on hemoglobin increments following red blood cell transfusion
Authors: Roubinian Nareg H. , Plimier Colleen , Woo Jennifer P. , Lee Catherine , Bruhn Roberta , Liu Vincent X. , Escobar Gabriel J. , Kleinman Steven H. , Triulzi Darrell J. , Murphy Edward L. , Busch Michael P. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study furnishes evidence that both confirms and refutes a long-standing maxim that a one-unit transfusion of red blood cells should yield a posttransfusion hemoglobin increment of 1 g/dL.
Study protocol and rationale of the “Cogni-action project” a cross-sectional and randomized controlled trial about physical activity, brain health, cognition, and educational achievement in schoolchildren
Authors: Solis-Urra Patricio , Olivares-Arancibia Jorge , Suarez-Cadenas Ernesto , Sanchez-Martinez Javier , Rodríguez-Rodríguez Fernando , Ortega Francisco B. , Esteban-Cornejo Irene , Cadenas-Sanchez Cristina , Castro-Piñero Jose , Veloz Alejandro , Chabert Steren , Sadarangani Kabir P. , Zavala-Crichton Juan Pablo , Migueles Jairo H. , Mora-Gonzalez Jose , Quiroz-Escobar Milton , Almonte-Espinoza Diego , Urzúa Alfonso , Dragicevic Constantino D. , Astudillo Aland , Méndez-Gassibe Eduardo , Riquelme-Uribe Daniel , Azagra Marcela Jarpa , Cristi-Montero Carlos 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Background
Education and health are crucial topics for public policies as both largely determine the future wellbeing of the society. Currently, several studies recognize that physical activity (PA) benefits brain health in children. However, most of these studies have not been carried out in developing countries or lack the transference into the education field. The Cogni-Action Project is divided into two stages, a cross-sectional study and a crossover-randomized trial. The aim of the first part is to establish the associations of PA, sedentarism, and physical fitness with brain structure and function, cognitive performance and academic achievement in Chilean schoolchildren (10–14 years-old). The aim of the second part is to determinate the acute effects of three PA protocols on neuroelectric indices during a working memory and a reading task.

Methods
PA and sedentarism will be self-reported and objectively-assessed with accelerometers in a representative subsample, whilst physical fitness will be evaluated through the ALPHA fitness test battery. Brain structure and function will be assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a randomized subsample. Cognitive performance will be assessed through the NeuroCognitive Performance Test, and academic achievement by school grades. In the second part 32 adolescents (12–13 year-old) will be cross-over randomized to these condition (i) “Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training” (MICT), (ii) “Cooperative High-Intensity Interval Training” (C-HIIT), and (iii) Sedentary condition. Neuroelectric indices will be measures by electroencephalogram (EEG) and eye-tracking, working memory by n-back task and reading comprehension by a reading task.

Discussion
The main strength of this project is that, to our knowledge, this is the first study analysing the potential association of PA, sedentarism, and physical fitness on brain structure and function, cognitive performance, and academic achievement in a developing country, which presents an important sociocultural gap. For this purpose, this project will use advanced technologies in neuroimaging (MRI), electrophysiology (EEG), and eye-tracking, as well as objective and quality measurements of several physical and cognitive health outcomes.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03894241 Date of register: March 28, 2019. Retrospectively Registered.
Effects of micro-porosity and local BMP-2 administration on bioresorption of β-TCP and new bone formation
Authors: Kakuta Atsuhito , Tanaka Takaaki , Chazono Masaaki , Komaki Hirokazu , Kitasato Seiichiro , Inagaki Naoya , Akiyama Shoshi , Marumo Keishi 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
It has been reported that the microporous structure of calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics is important to osteoconduction. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) has been shown to be a promising alternative to bone grafting and a therapeutic agent promoting bone regeneration when delivered locally. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of micro-porosity within beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) cylinders and local BMP-2 administration on β-TCP resorption and new bone formation.

Methods
Bilateral cylindrical bone defects were created in rabbit distal femora, and the defects were filled with β-TCP. Rabbits were divided into 3 groups; defects were filled with a β-TCP cylinder with a total of approximately 60% porosity (Group A: 13.4% micro- and 46.9% macropore, Group B: 38.5% micro- and 20.3% macropore, Group C: the same micro- and macro-porosity as in group B supplemented with BMP-2). Rabbits were sacrificed 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks postoperatively.

Results
The number of TRAP-positive cells and new bone formation in group B were significantly greater than those in group A at every period. The amount of residual β-TCP in group C was less than that in group B at all time periods, resulting in significantly more new bone formation in group C at 8 and 12 weeks. The number of TRAP-positive cells in group C was maximum at 4 weeks.

Conclusions
These results suggest that the amount of submicron microporous structure and local BMP-2 administration accelerated both osteoclastic resorption of β-TCP and new bone formation, probably through a coupling-like phenomenon between resorption and new bone formation.
Addressing shame: what role does shame play in the formation of a modern medical professional identity?
Authors: Miles Sandy 
Published: July 2019

SummaryShame is a highly prevalent, though rarely discussed, emotion experienced by trainee doctors. Seeking to avoid the pain of shame can cause significant distress and maladaptive behaviours. However, it plays a key role in helping doctors identify their moral values which, in turn, form the basis of their medical professional identity. This article uses personal doctors’ narratives together with sources from sociology, psychology and medical education to address shame as experienced by medical trainees – its causes, effects and remedies that doctors and medical educators can use to neutralise its malign effects.
Comparison of Macintosh Laryngoscopy in Bed-up-Head–Elevated Position With GlideScope Laryngoscopy: A Randomized, Controlled, Noninferiority Trial
Authors: Tsan Samuel E. H. , Lim Siu M. , Abidin Mohd F. Z. , Ganesh Shahmini , Wang Chew Y. 
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND:
Approximately half of all difficult tracheal intubations (DTIs) are unanticipated; hence, proper positioning during intubation is critical to increase the likelihood of success. The bed-up-head–elevated (BUHE) intubation position has been shown to improve laryngeal view, reduce airway complications, and prolong safe apneic time during intubation. In this study, we sought to determine whether the BUHE intubation position is noninferior to Glidescope (GLSC)-assisted intubation with regard to laryngeal exposure.

METHODS:
A total of 138 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I to III patients were randomly assigned into 2 groups and underwent baseline laryngoscopy in the sniffing position. Group BUHE patients (n = 69) were then intubated in the BUHE position, while group GLSC patients (n = 69) were intubated using GLSC laryngoscopy. Laryngeal exposure was measured using Percentage of Glottic Opening (POGO) score and Cormack–Lehane (CL) grading, and noninferiority will be declared if the difference in mean POGO scores between both groups do not exceed −15% at the lower limit of a 98% confidence interval (CI). Secondary outcomes measured included time required for intubation (TRI), number of intubation attempts, use of airway adjuncts, effort during laryngoscopy, and complications during intubation.

RESULTS:
Mean POGO score in group BUHE was 80.14% ± 22.03%, while in group GLSC it was 86.45% ± 18.83%, with a mean difference of −6.3% (98% CI, −13.2% to 0.6%). In both groups, there was a significant improvement in mean POGO scores when compared to baseline laryngoscopy in the sniffing position (group BUHE, 25.8% ± 4.7%; group GLSC, 30.7% ± 6.8%) (P < .0001). The mean TRI was 36.23 ± 14.41 seconds in group BUHE, while group GLSC had a mean TRI of 44.33 ± 11.53 seconds (P < .0001). In patients with baseline CL 3 grading, there was no significant difference between mean POGO scores in both groups (group BUHE, 49.2% ± 19.6% versus group GLSC, 70.5% ± 29.7%; P = .054).

CONCLUSIONS:
In the general population, BUHE intubation position provides a noninferior laryngeal view to GLSC intubation. The laryngeal views obtained in both approaches were superior to the laryngeal view obtained in the sniffing position. In view of the many advantages of the BUHE position for intubation, the lack of proven adverse effects, the simplicity, and the cost-effectiveness, we propose that clinicians should consider the BUHE position as the standard intubation position for the general population.
Exploring Structures and Properties through Anion Chemistry
Authors: Kageyama Hiroshi , Yajima Takeshi , Tsujimoto Yoshihiro , Yamamoto Takafumi , Tassel Cedric , Kobayashi Yoji 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The discovery of new extended structures has often led to the development of new fields in chemistry and physics. However, the numerous combinations of metals (or cations) to yield new materials have been largely exhausted. Materials development based on the anion-centered strategy allows us to access several new classes of materials, such as iron oxides with square-planar coordination and mixed-anion oxides including oxyhydrides.
Association analysis between quantitative MRI features and hypoxia-related genetic profiles in prostate cancer: a pilot study
Authors: Sun Yu , Williams Scott , Byrne David , Keam Simon , Reynolds Hayley M. , Mitchell Catherine , Wraith Darren , Murphy Declan , Haworth Annette 
Published: July 2019

Objective:
To investigate the association between multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) imaging features and hypoxia-related genetic profiles in prostate cancer.

Methods:
In vivo mpMRI was acquired from six patients prior to radical prostatectomy. Sequences included T 2 weighted (T2W) imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, dynamic contrast enhanced MRI and blood oxygen-level dependent imaging. Imaging data were co-registered with histology using three-dimensional deformable registration methods. Texture features were extracted from T 2W images and parametric maps from functional MRI. Full transcriptome genetic profiles were obtained using next generation sequencing from the prostate specimens. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between mpMRI data and hypoxia-related gene expression levels. Results were validated using glucose transporter one immunohistochemistry (IHC).

Results:
Correlation analysis identified 34 candidate imaging features (six from the mpMRI data and 28 from T 2W texture features). The IHC validation showed that 16 out of the 28 T 2W texture features achieved weak but significant correlations (p &lt; 0.05).

Conclusions:
Weak associations between mpMRI features and hypoxia gene expressions were found. This indicates the potential use of MRI in assessing hypoxia status in prostate cancer. Further validation is required due to the low correlation levels.

Advances in knowledge:
This is a pilot study using radiogenomics approaches to address hypoxia within the prostate, which provides an opportunity for hypoxia-guided selective treatment techniques.
Impact of malaria on haematological parameters of urban, peri-urban and rural patients in the Ashanti region of Ghana: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Mutala Abdul-Hakim , Badu Kingsley , Owusu Christian , Agordzo Samuel Kekeli , Tweneboah Austine , Ackom Abbas Dawood , Addo Matthew Glover 
Published: July 2019

Background: This study aimed at investigating haematological changes in malaria patients across different demographic settlements. Malaria parasites trigger changes in certain haematological parameters, which may result in a number of clinical manifestations. Differences in demographic settlements, such as rural, peri-urban and urban settlements, may also influence these changes, but this has rarely been studied. Methods: We conducted a hospital-based, cross-sectional study from January to December 2018 in three different settlements. A total of 598 participants were recruited. Giemsa-stained blood smears were examined to detect and quantify malaria parasitaemia, while haematological parameters were measured using a haematology analyser. Results: The rural settlement had the highest malaria prevalence compared to the other study communities (p=0.009). The difference in parasite densities across the three communities was also significant (p=0.0149). When the malaria-infected population was compared to the uninfected, there were differences in red blood cell count (p=0.0170), haemoglobin levels (p=0.0165), mean corpuscular volume (p=0.0139) and platelet counts (p<0.0001). The difference in median white blood cell (p-value <0.0001), neutrophil (p-value <0.0001) and lymphocyte (p-value <0.0269) count were significantly higher in infected patients from the peri-urban area compared to malaria patients from the rural and urban areas. There were also significant differences in platelet (p=0.0002), plateletcrit (p=0.0041), mean platelet volume (p=0.0009) and platelet large cell ratio (p=0.0046) levels between patients from the urban, peri-urban and rural areas. Conclusions: Patients infected with malaria generally had low red blood cell, haemoglobin and platelets in comparison to uninfected patients. There were also significant differences in several haematological parameters between malaria-infected patients from the three demographic settlements. Atypical results from routine haematological assays, especially findings of anaemia and thrombocytopenia, may be indicative of malaria and, in cases where the infection is asymptomatic, may improve diagnosis by prompting a more thorough search for the parasite in the peripheral circulation.
Evolution of late steps in exocytosis: conservation, specialization
Authors: Boehm Cordula , Field Mark C. 
Published: July 2019

Background:The eukaryotic endomembrane system likely aroseviaparalogous expansion of genes encoding proteins specifying organelle identity, coat complexes and government of fusion specificity. While the majority of these gene families were established by the time of the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA), subsequent evolutionary events molded these systems, likely reflecting adaptations retained for increased fitness. As well as sequence evolution, these adaptations include loss of otherwise canonical subunits, emergence of lineage-specific proteins and paralog expansion. The exocyst complex is involved in late exocytosis, and possibly additional pathways, and is a member of the complexes associated with tethering containing helical rods (CATCHR) tethering complex family, which includes conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG), homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting (HOPS), class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) and others. The exocyst is integrated into a complex GTPase signaling network in animals, fungi and other lineages. Prompted by discovery of Exo99, a non-canonical subunit in the excavate protistTrypanosoma brucei,and significantly increased genome sequence data, we examined evolution of the exocyst.Methods:We examined evolution of the exocyst by comparative genomics, phylogenetics and structure prediction.Results:The exocyst is highly conserved, but with substantial losses of subunits in the Apicomplexa and expansions in Streptophyta plants and Metazoa. Significantly, few taxa retain a partial complex, suggesting that, in the main, all subunits are required for functionality. Further, the ninth exocyst subunit Exo99 is specific to the Euglenozoa with a distinct architecture compared to the other subunits and which possibly represents a coat system.Conclusions:These data reveal a remarkable degree of evolutionary flexibility within the exocyst complex, suggesting significant diversity in exocytosis mechanisms.
Non-medical practitioner roles in the UK: who, where, and what factors influence their development?
Authors: Abraham Jenny , Bailey Liz , Coad Jane , Whiteman Becky , Kneafsey Rosie 
Published: July 2019

Background: traditional health workforce roles are changing, with existing roles being extended and advanced, while new roles are being created, often undertaking duties previously completed by doctors, sometimes referred to as non-medical practitioners (NMPs). Aim: to investigate which NMP roles exist within the UK, mapping distribution, and explore factors influencing their development and recruitment. Methods: two descriptive, exploratory, online self-completed semi-structured questionnaires were used. One was sent to all NHS acute healthcare providers (n=156) and private/independent healthcare providers in England (n=90). A separate questionnaire collected data, using convenience and snowballing approaches, from NMPs across the UK. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and frequency statistics. Qualitative data derived from open questions and comments were analysed using content and thematic analysis. Results: healthcare organisations in England returned 23/246 useable questionnaires; 115 NMPs returned responses, 19 did not meet the criteria, leaving 96 useable responses. Conclusion: seven NMP roles were identified, throughout the UK, with regional variation. Several factors influence the development and recruitment of NMP roles in England such as service delivery and national policies. Inconsistencies were noted in Agenda for Change pay banding. Many practitioners undertook NMP roles to progress their career clinically.
Being Other Than We Are...
Authors: Barnett Heather 
Published: July 2019

For a number of years, artist Heather Barnett has challenged groups of people to test their capacity for collective action against that of a single celled organism. The experiment, Being Slime Mould, invites a group of humans to operate as a superorganism, taskedwith some fundamental ontological rules of a nonhuman intelligent life form through playful participation.
Being (or becoming) slime mould is of course an impossibility; we can no more become slime mould than we can become badger or bat. The point of the exercise, therefore, is in the trying: the endeavour to put aside human ego and individualism in order to shift perception towards other ways of sensing, knowing and being. Drawing on Barnett’s own artistic practice, and from the fields of ecology, philosophy and speculative design, this paper investigates the motivations and methods of humans to engage philosophically and experientially with the sensory subjectivities of ontological others.