bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two Alternate Social Possibilities
Authors: Eisler Riane 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores a number of societies of very different geographic locations, social structures, economic systems, and religious orientations in depth, using the analytical lens of the partnership-domination continuum. It illustrates how the divergent patterns associated with each orientation play out in our day-to-day life; shows that partnership and domination orientations can be found across a variety of cultural settings, ancient and modern; and demonstrates why a whole-systems analysis that includes the cultural construction of the formative parent-child and gender relations is vital if we are to move forward. It details how and why partnership-oriented cultures, such as the Moso, Teduray, Minangkabau, and Nordic nations, support more egalitarian, peaceful, empathetic, and caring ways of living.
Contracting or Expanding Consciousness
Authors: Eisler Riane 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at what gets in the way of our capacity for consciousness about ourselves, others, and nature—and the implications for our lives and the future of our planet. It draws from classic experiments on how perceptions are often suppressed, denied, and/or distorted in individuals who have been conditioned through their early experiences to believe that dominating and being dominated are our only alternatives, as well as how such individuals tend to have difficulty dealing with change. It presents recent studies using brain scans showing that this difficulty (with its implications for denial of climate change and other present threats) is associated with a particular kind of brain development. It also draws from new studies confirming that people from such backgrounds tend to vote for “strongman leaders”; support a punitive political agenda (such as capital punishment, heavy investment in prisons, use of military force in international affairs, and punishment of “immoral” women and gays); and deflect their suppressed fear and anger into prejudices against “inferior” or “dangerous” out-groups (all exploited by antidemocratic populists such as Trump in our world today). It examines how the cultural construction of gender roles and relations and the social categories provided by our languages affect what people perceive as moral, normal, and/or inevitable, revealing the psychosocial dynamics that habituate people to suppress their capacity for empathy, to accept authoritarian control, and to become unable to see more equitable, compassionate, less stressful life options.
The Real Culture Wars
Authors: Eisler Riane 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We humans live, and all too often die, by stories, as one of the authors almost died as a child in the Holocaust. This chapter shows that the real culture wars are not between religion and secularism, East and West, or capitalism and socialism, but are within all societies, between orientation to either the partnership or domination side of the social scale. Starting with the two different biblical stories about the creation of humanity—the famous tale where Eve is an afterthought responsible for all our ills, and the earlier story where both men and women are created equal—is a contrast in normative narratives that support domination or partnership. Covering a wide swath of prehistory and history, this contrast offers fascinating new insights: for example, how Western science came out of a hierarchical, conformist, misogynist, all-male medieval clerical culture (a world without women and children) and how it took more than 700 years for women’s, men’s, and gender studies to emerge in universities; how Freud’s secular theories replicated the earlier religious ideology of original sin and male supremacy; and how in all spheres (from the family, politics, and the academy to mainstream and popular culture worldwide), the underlying tension between movement toward partnership and the resistance/regressions to domination is playing out.
The Innovation Problem
Authors: Potts Jason 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Explains the nature of the innovation problem as an economic problem in the context of economic trade and long-run growth. Distinguishes between a market failure definition of the innovation problem as an allocation problems and the innovation problem as a collective action problem of coordination and discovery. Defines the innovation commons as the zeroth phase of the innovation trajectory. Introduces the concept of discovery failure and discovery costs. This locates the argument of the book in the broader context of Schumpeterian, evolutionary, and Austrian “mainline economics” with a contextualization of the innovation problem simultaneously as both a knowledge problem and a coordination problem, and therefore as a governance problem solved with institutions.
Four Theories of the Innovation Commons
Authors: Potts Jason 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter proposes four theories explaining how innovation commons work, in terms of how they pool information, and what specific problems they solve in order to discover entrepreneurial opportunities. The first is the “two commons” theory in which the innovation commons is a screening mechanism by having the truly valuable commons of entrepreneurial information accessed only through the commons of technological knowledge and material innovation resources. The second is the “evolution of cooperation” theory, which draws on modern evolutionary theory (specifically multilevel selection theory and evolutionary game theory). The third is the “defense against enclosure” theory, in which the commons is a preferred institution for first movers because it raises the cost of alternative institutions and minimizes the risk of loss of control of the technology. The fourth is the “institutional uncertainty and real options” theory.
Rules of the Innovation Commons
Authors: Potts Jason 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the basic institutional similarities between innovation commons (as a species of knowledge commons) and the eight core design principles, or rules of the commons, that Ostrom discovered. It explores the innovation commons through the lens of these rules that enable a group to form under uncertainty, and that make cooperation a safe and effective strategy within that group. The question is explored in terms of the core problems a commons must solve: identity, cooperation, consent, monitoring, punishment, and independence. The chapter then examines these rules in the broader context of multilevel selection theory, arguing that group selection operates over innovation.
Inclusive Innovation Policy
Authors: Potts Jason 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 9 draws out a particular formulation of the institutional approach to policy that is based around permissionless innovation and the work of Calestous Juma. It distinguishes between two types of innovation policy from the perspective of government: (1) being supportive of “friends of innovation,” or (2) being against “enemies of innovation.” It argues from a public choice theoretical perspective that modern innovation policy is usually configured as (1), i.e., supporting investment in innovation, but it would actually be better if it were (2), namely configured so as to seek to oppose those who seek to stifle new ideas in order to protect their existing investments and economic rents. The chapter proposes inclusive innovation as a new social contract for innovation. I argue that this is a long run social welfare maximizing policy approach, but implies that the role of policy is largely to facilitate social Coasean bargaining in order to compensate the losers.
Growing Up Indian, Becoming Immigrants
Authors: Saunders Jennifer B. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractChapter 3 focuses on narratives about immigration and reveals performers’ interpretations of the immigration experience and the processes by which they shape their transnational social realities. A close reading of their performances uncovers the ways that dharm (“religion” or “duty”) shapes the Guptas and their social networks’ understandings of immigration, adjustment, and the identities that both precipitate and result from these experiences. Interpreting the Guptas’, their family’s, and their community’s narrative performances of immigration within the context of dharm demonstrates their participation in creating identities, shaping community, and reinterpreting dharm in a transnational context. Two features of the Guptas’ immigration narratives—ambivalence and comparison—work together to help these immigrants and their families enact their imagination in co-constructing their experience as transnational.
Movies, Modernism, and the Science Fiction Pulps
Authors: Telotte J. P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This book considers the impact that the new art of film had on the development of the emerging science fiction (SF) genre during the pre- and early post-World War II era, during the time that the genre was trying to locate an identity, develop its key themes, and even settle on a name. Focusing on the primary venue for early SF literature, the popular pulp magazines such as Amazing Stories, Wonder Stories, and Astounding Stories, it traces this early film/literature relationship by examining four common features of the pulps: stories that involve film or the film industry; film-related advertising; editors’ commentaries and readers’ remarks on film; and cover and story illustrations. All these features demonstrate an interest and even a fascination with the movies, which, as many of SF’s readers, writers, and editors recognized, demonstrated a modernist agenda similar to that which characterized the literature. By surveying these haunting traces of another medium in early SF discourse, this book shows how that cinematic influence penetrated and, both consciously and unconsciously, helped shape the experience of SF, as well as the cultural idea of SF during this formative period.
Soot, Dirt, and Human Flesh Packed Together
Authors: Pollock Ethan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
For the first half of the nineteenth century, the banya remained popular with the people, but was generally ignored by medical professionals in Russia. Ironically, in Western Europe, doctors began to explore the potential of steam bathing for treating ailments and improving health. In the West, public bathhouses were new and could be considered modern. In Russia they had always existed and were considered traditional. In 1812 a popular broadside depicted Napoleon suffering in the Russian banya. In his fiction, the author Fyodor Dostoevsky used the banya as a place of ambiguity: it was clean and dirty, pure and corrupt, a potential gateway to hell and salvation.
In the Banya I Changed My World View
Authors: Pollock Ethan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Soviet Union collapsed, but banyas remained. After 1991, various threads of the banya’s history were taken up by different parts of the Russian population. Some saw them as places for contemplation and camaraderie; others went for sex, to conduct business deals, to connect with tradition, or to feed their souls. Still others saw them as primarily about health. But it was also a place of corruption, suspicion, danger, and transgression. In the West, they went from being an odd habit restricted to immigrants from the former Soviet Union to a mainstay of American cities catering to people seeking an authentic spa experience. Banyas showed up in films, novels, and journalistic accounts of Russia as a key to understanding Russian culture.
The evidence for species—phenotypic and genetic clustering
Authors: Barraclough Timothy G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis chapter discusses how to detect evolutionary species, and how to test whether species are real and to evaluate the alternative hypotheses for the structure of diversity described in chapter 2. After outlining evidence from phenotypic data, such as surveys of morphology, it describes population genetic methods for delimiting species from single-locus genetic data, of the kind gathered by DNA barcoding and taxonomy initiatives. All forms of life display the same pattern of discrete clustering of genetic variation that is indicative of the existence of independently evolving groups, that is, species. This is perhaps the best comprehensive evidence we have for the reality of species, but it leaves open many further questions about the causes of that pattern, and does not rule out more complex models for the structure of diversity.
How does species richness accumulate over time?
Authors: Barraclough Timothy G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSpecies are units for understanding the evolution of diversity over large geographical scales and long timescales. This chapter investigates the processes causing proliferation and demise of species diversity within lineages and regions. Phylogenetic approaches have focused on documenting speciation and extinction rates, but mechanistic theory explaining variation in rates is scarce. Diversity patterns are better explained by geographical and ecological opportunity than by correlates of speciation and extinction rates per se. The neutral theory of biodiversity provides a framework that can be adapted to predict diversity patterns in terms of limits due to competition for space and resources, and species turnover (which cannot be detected directly from phylogenetic trees). These theories bring macroevolutionary and microevolutionary theories closer together. In particular, diversity patterns are the outcome of individual selection and dispersal playing out over long timescales. Some of the processes influencing species patterns can also structure diversity at higher taxonomic levels.
Conclusions
Authors: Barraclough Timothy G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis final chapter summarizes conclusions from the book and highlights a few general areas for future work. The species model for the structure of diversity is found to be useful and largely supported by current data, but is open to future tests against explicit alternative models. It is also a vital component for understanding and predicting contemporary evolution in the diverse systems that all organisms live in. The common evolutionary framework for microbial and multicellular life is highlighted, while drawing attention to current gaps in understanding for each type of organism. Future work needs to scale up to develop model systems of diverse assemblages and clades, including time-series data ranging from contemporary to geological scales. The imminent avalanche of genome data for thousands of individuals sampled within and between species is identified as a key challenge and opportunity. Finally, this chapter repeats the challenge that evolutionary biologists should embrace diversity and need to attempt to predict evolution in diverse systems, in order to deliver solutions of benefit to society.
Enacted Context
Authors: Fitzgerald Louise 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents a distinct perspective on context, adopting an interactionist view that includes the interaction of context, actors, and action. The chapter traces the gradual development of this interactionist perspective and then provides three illustrative examples from which to develop further the concept of context. First, it is argued that the actor fluidly blends context into form by selectively melding contextual elements, with the crucial difference between the elements of the external context and the elements of the personal context being one of distance. Second, it is suggested that attention to certain elements of context is dynamically driven by focus, and selective attention is framed by sensemaking and is driven by an individualized judgment of what is “relevant.” This explanation perceives the bounding of context as an act of individual sensemaking, embodied cognition, and judgment.
Technology in Context
Authors: Wentzer Helle Sofie 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The phrase “technology in context” contains a paradox, because much technology is assumed “context-free.” Information and communication technology (ICT) in health care, including telemedicine, electronic patient records, and other forms of ICT are often presented as virtual—free of time and space. This chapter argues that technology development and implementation, as drivers of modernity, make attention to context more relevant than ever in both practice and research. High-tech and information technologies transcend the traditional understanding of context to become something multilayered and relational, with the risk of blurring borderlines of tasks, roles, and responsibilities. Research into disrupted and decontextualized spaces of action offers insights into the dependencies and vulnerabilities of ICT-mediated health care practices. Here, surgery is chosen as a learning aid to understand the mediated character of context, its dependencies and vulnerabilities, and how it must be continuously reproduced at different levels of understanding and organization.
Essays in Experience
Authors: Milnes Tim 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that the familiar essay becomes an important analogue for communicative reason through its connections with three crucial features of socialized empiricism: scepticism, dialogue, and philosophical thought as performance. The first of this trio of concerns stems from a connection between the activity of ‘essaying’ and philosophical doubt. The second emerges around the genre’s association with ideas of sociability and the activities of dialogue and conversation. Addison’s declared intention to bring philosophy and science out of the academies and into the coffee houses is radicalized by Hume’s endeavour to incorporate the language of sociability into the principles of philosophy itself. Consequently, in the familiar essay, Hume and Johnson find a generic trope for an active and engaged (rather than receptive and contemplative) empiricism, one which implies that the truth of any empirical statement ultimately depends upon the manner of its performance.
Semantics
Authors: Weaver Bryan R. , Scharp Kevin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 presents a semantic theory for reasons locutions. The semantic theory pairs a Kaplanian semantic framework with Craige Roberts’s question under discussion (QUD) pragmatic theory. The result is QUD Reasons Contextualism, which specifies eight distinct kinds of contexts of utterance for reasons locutions and the truth conditions for each one. The chapter then explains how each of the six reasons distinctions surveyed in Chapter 1 is related to the semantics for reasons locutions. In particular, the chapter shows that the agent neutral/agent relative distinction is a presemantic distinction, the normative/motivating/explanatory, objective/subjective, and permissive/obligatory distinctions are content distinctions, the adaptive/evaluative/practical and internal/external distinctions are domain distinctions, and the contributory/conclusive/sufficient distinction is a nonsemantic distinction. In addition, the chapter presents an extended example and an analogy with love locutions to illustrate the results. Finally, the chapter suggests a formal semantics for reasons locutions in the style of Kratzer’s semantics for modals.
The Competition
Authors: Weaver Bryan R. , Scharp Kevin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 shows why QUD Reasons Contextualism is preferable to its competitors. In particular, it considers Stephen Finlay’s conceptual analysis of reasons locutions, an expressivist view of reasons locutions based on the work of Simon Blackburn, Tim Henning’s information contextualism, and Niko Kolodny’s semantic relativism.
Implications
Authors: Weaver Bryan R. , Scharp Kevin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 lays out some of the implications of QUD Reasons Contextualism for five issues in the philosophy of normativity: the ontology of reasons, indexical facts, the reasons to be rational debate, the difficulty of defining moral reasons, and the reasons-first debate. The chapter shows that the ontology of reasons is a pseudo-problem and agent-relative reasons are not indexical facts. It offers replies to Kolodny’s arguments for the claim that we do not have reason to be rational. The chapter also offers a novel account of moral reasons and an initial statement of a reasons-first supervenience view. It also offers replies to objections to the reasons-first approach by Snedegar and Daniel Fogal.
Introduction
Authors: Weaver Bryan R. , Scharp Kevin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Introduction provides some background on the huge role that reasons play in the literature on metaethics and epistemology over the past five decades. It also introduces the reader to why an understanding of the semantics for ‘reason’ is essential to making sense of the myriad ways reasons have been used across philosophy. Moreover, it presents the distinctions among kinds of reasons that have been prevalent in the literature and summarizes the overarching framework for understanding these distinctions and how they relate to one another.
Term Limits and Succession in Dictatorships
Authors: Ezrow Natasha 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores executive term limits in authoritarian regimes. Though it may seem counter-intuitive, authoritarian regimes often willingly implement term limits. This chapter explains why this is the case and how term limits might help to maintain autocratic stability. The chapter also explains how term limits are enforced and what type of authoritarian regime is most likely to have term limits, looking at personalist regimes, single-party regimes, and military regimes. As the chapter will argue, many single-party regimes implement executive term limits because they ensure leadership turnover and prolong the tenure of the regime. Nevertheless, term limits do not always lead to stability. This chapter also explores the cases where term limits may lead to the downfall of a regime or at least have a liberalizing effect on the regime.
The Politics of Presidential Term Limits in Malawi
Authors: VonDoepp Peter 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Malawi witnessed the institution of a “life-presidency” shortly after gaining independence in 1964. With the transition to democracy in the mid-1990s, term limits became a central component of the country’s constitutional order. While they have survived intact, they have been targeted for revision or removal on two occasions. In particular, President Bakili Mulizi (1994–2004) and his allies attempted (and failed) to amend the constitution to allow himself to stand for a third term. Prior to the 2009 elections, he also was associated with a court case arguing that the constitutional stipulation did not prevent him from running again. The successful preservation of Malawi’s term limits has reflected the operation of several important accountability mechanisms that undermined projects to remove them. These included checks on powerful political actors that emerged from “formal” institutions, such as parties, legislatures, and the judiciary. It also involved resistance from civil society and the donor community.