bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serotonin, behavior, and natural selection in New World monkeys
Authors: Reales Guillermo , Paixão‐Côrtes Vanessa R. , Cybis Gabriela B. , Gonçalves Gislene L. , Pissinatti Alcides , Salzano Francisco M. , Bortolini Maria Cátira 
Published: June 2018

AbstractTraits that undergo massive natural selection pressure, with multiple events of positive selection, are hard to find. Social behaviour, in social animals, is crucial for survival, and genetic networks involved in behaviour, such as those of serotonin (5‐HT) and other neurotransmitters, must be the target of natural selection. Here, we used molecular analyses to search for signals of positive selection in the 5‐HT system and found such signals in the M3‐M4 intracellular domain of the 5‐HT3A serotonin receptor subunit (HTR3A) in primates. We detected four amino acid sites with signs of putatively positive selection (398, 403, 432 and 416); the first three showed indications of being selected in New World monkeys (NWM, Platyrrhini), specifically in the Callitrichinae branch. Additionally, we searched for associations of these amino acid variants with social behavioural traits (i.e. sex‐biased dispersal, dominance and social monogamy) using classical and Bayesian methods, and found statistically significant associations for unbiased sex dispersal (398L and 416S), unbiased sex dominance (416S) and social monogamy (416S), as well as significant positive correlation between female dispersal and 403G. Furthermore, we found putatively functional protein motifs determined by three selected sites, of which we highlight a ligand motif to GSK3 in the 416S variant, appearing only in Platyrrhini. 5‐HT, 5‐HT3A receptor and GSK3 are part of a network that participates in neurodevelopment and regulates behaviour, among other functions. We suggest that these genetic variations, together with those found in other neurotransmitter systems, must contribute to adaptive behaviours and consequently to fitness in NWMs.
Effect of migration and environmental heterogeneity on the maintenance of quantitative genetic variation: a simulation study
Authors: McDonald Tegan Krista , Yeaman Sam 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe paradox of high genetic variation observed in traits under stabilizing selection is a long‐standing problem in evolutionary theory, as mutation rates appear too low to explain observed levels of standing genetic variation under classic models of mutation–selection balance. Spatially or temporally heterogeneous environments can maintain more standing genetic variation within populations than homogeneous environments, but it is unclear whether such conditions can resolve the above discrepancy between theory and observation. Here, we use individual‐based simulations to explore the effect of various types of environmental heterogeneity on the maintenance of genetic variation (VA) for a quantitative trait under stabilizing selection. We find that VA is maximized at intermediate migration rates in spatially heterogeneous environments and that the observed patterns are robust to changes in population size. Spatial environmental heterogeneity increased variation by as much as 10‐fold over mutation–selection balance alone, whereas pure temporal environmental heterogeneity increased variance by only 45% at max. Our results show that some combinations of spatial heterogeneity and migration can maintain considerably more variation than mutation–selection balance, potentially reconciling the discrepancy between theoretical predictions and empirical observations. However, given the narrow regions of parameter space required for this effect, this is unlikely to provide a general explanation for the maintenance of variation. Nonetheless, our results suggest that habitat fragmentation may affect the maintenance of VA and thereby reduce the adaptive capacity of populations.
Reinvestigation of Phryganella paradoxa (Arcellinida, Amoebozoa) Penard 1902
Authors: Dumack Kenneth , Kahlich Christopher , Lahr Daniel J. G. , Bonkowski Michael 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA major drawback in testate amoeba research is a general lack of scientific studies combining molecular approaches and classical laboratory experiments. We isolated five yet uncultured testate amoebae of the genus Phryganella Penard, 1902 from three different rivers and one pond in Germany. Based on established cultures we show their morphology, which we studied by light and electron microscopy, and present their unique feeding mode on abundant and common pennate diatoms like Nitzschia spp. and Synedra spp., whose frustules are bent and frequently, but not always, broken during the feeding process. We further obtained the first SSU rDNA sequences of strains of the family Phryganellidae, all of which contain introns. We used the sequences to confirm the taxonomic placement of the Phryganellidae in the Arcellinida (Amoebozoa), branching as a sister group to the Cryptodifflugiidae.
Mineral equilibrium modelling and calculated chemical potential relations of reaction textures in the ultrahigh‐temperature In Ouzzal terrane (In Hihaou area, Western Hoggar, Algeria)
Authors: Doukkari Sid Ali , Diener Johann F.A. , Ouzegane Khadidja , Kienast Jean‐Robert 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMg–Al‐rich orthopyroxene–sillimanite‐bearing granulites from In Hihaou, In Ouzzal terrane, NW Hoggar were previously determined to have experienced ultrahigh‐temperature metamorphism at 1,050°C and 10 kbar. Multilayer corona and symplectite reaction textures that pervasively replace peak metamorphic porphyroblasts were interpreted to have formed during near‐isothermal decompression. Pseudosection calculations using new and realistic activity–composition models give estimates of 900 ± 20°C and 8 ± 0.5 kbar for the reaction texture assemblage. Calculated chemical potential relations show that reaction textures formed due to very minor decompression from peak conditions, when the removal of intracrystalline melt led to the development of local equilibrium domains around garnet and sillimanite porphyroblasts. The growth of initial monomineralic coronas further isolated the porphyroblasts from the matrix, leading to the later development of the symplectites. These results indicate that the derivation and interpretation of UHT conditions using the occurrence of diagnostic assemblages on classic petrogenetic grids can overestimate temperature and/or pressure conditions. Similarly, the interpretation of reaction textures to derive retrograde conditions and P–T paths without considering their spatial development is unlikely to be reliable, as textures do not typically form in this way or routinely record this information.
Intersectional Oppression: Multiple Stigmatized Identities and Perceptions of Invisibility, Discrimination, and Stereotyping
Authors: Remedios Jessica D. , Snyder Samantha H. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractParticipants (N = 602; having 0, 1, 2 or 3 stigmatized identities based on gender, race, sexual orientation, and social class) completed a survey on their feelings of invisibility and expectations of receiving unfair treatment (i.e., experiencing discrimination) and being stereotyped due to their group memberships. The results were consistent with the model of intersectional invisibility, with multiply‐stigmatized individuals reporting feeling more invisible than individuals who had one or zero stigmatized identities. In addition, multiply‐stigmatized individuals reported more unfair treatment and greater stereotype concerns than individuals with one stigmatized identity, with both reporting more unfair treatment/stereotype concerns than individuals without stigmatized identities. Thus, the present data suggest that multiply‐stigmatized individuals are keenly aware of their invisibility and that invisibility represents a source of perceived discrimination and stereotyping for multiply‐stigmatized individuals.
“I Have a Dream” of a Colorblind Nation? Examining the Relationship between Racial Colorblindness, System Justification, and Support for Policies that Redress Inequalities
Authors: Yogeeswaran Kumar , Verkuyten Maykel , Osborne Danny , Sibley Chris G. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractOne of Dr. Martin Luther King's most memorable quotes came from his famous “I have a dream” speech, which arguably called for a racially colorblind society. Today, colorblindness represents a complex ideology used in education, businesses, and governments, with both positive and negative implications for intergroup relations. On the one hand, colorblindness is used to promote fairness and equality between groups by asking people to ignore group membership and treat everyone the same. On the other hand, colorblindness serves a system‐justifying function by holding minority groups responsible for their current disadvantages. The present research utilizes a nationally representative sample of majority group New Zealanders (N = 8,728) to examine the implications of colorblindness on support for policies that redress inequalities between the indigenous (Māori) and majority (European) population through resource redistribution and symbolic incorporation into the nation's identity. Additionally, we examine the indirect effect of system‐justifying beliefs on the relationship between colorblindness and policy support. Data revealed that colorblindness predicted opposition toward both resource‐based approaches to redress inequalities and symbolic policies that incorporate indigenous culture into the national identity. Importantly, there was a significant indirect effect of system‐justifying beliefs on both outcomes. Taken together, these findings suggest that colorblindness can be used to undermine support for policies that redress inequalities between majority and minority groups in a post‐colonial society.
The Psychology of Martin Luther King Jr.’s “Creative Maladjustment” at Societal Injustice and Oppression
Authors: Allen Aerielle M. , Leach Colin Wayne 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMany theoretical frameworks in psychology are premised on the notion that people are hedonistic in nature—drawn to pleasure and avoidant of discomfort. In this essay, we argue that psychology's hedonism contrasts with Martin Luther King Jr's conception of creative maladjustment, wherein a feeling of “cosmic discontent” is focused on the ugly truth of societal injustice. After reviewing hedonistic assumptions in the psychology of coping, well‐being, and views of societal inequality, we discuss MLK's conception of creative maladjustment and tie it to critical consciousness and the present‐day idea of being “woke.” We then use MLK's ideas as a lens on contemporary psychological research of views of societal injustice “from above” and “from below.” We suggest that MLK's analysis continues to challenge psychology to develop an approach to cognition, emotion, and motivation at societal injustice that identifies the ethical value of a sustained discontent that illuminates truth and animates opposition.
Improvement in dissolution rate and photodynamic efficacy of chlorin e6 by sucrose esters as drug carrier in nanosuspension formulation: optimisation and in vitro characterisation
Authors: Paul Shubhajit , Heng Paul Wan Sia , Chan Lai Wah 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Objectives
Chlorin e6 is a poorly water-soluble photoactive drug. Its monomers form aggregates at the tumour physiological pH, which drastically reduces its photodynamic efficacy. This study aimed to improve the dissolution rate and photodynamic efficacy of chlorin e6 by nanosuspension formulation using biodegradable sucrose esters as drug carrier.

Methods
A modified emulsion-solvent diffusion method was used to prepare the nanosuspension, where amount of Ce6, ratio of sucrose monopalmitate to sucrose monolaurate as carrier and ratio of dichloromethane to acetone as solvent, were varied using central composite design. Particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro drug release characteristics of the nanosuspensions were evaluated. The formulation was optimised by response surface methodology and its photodynamic efficacy evaluated.

Key findings
The optimised nanosuspension had mean particle size of ~200 nm, 88% drug encapsulation efficiency and faster drug release compared to pure Ce6. Spectroscopic studies showed that Ce6 exists in monomeric form in the carrier, which facilitated a remarkable increase in cellular uptake, in vitro singlet oxygen generation and cytotoxicity to oral squamous carcinoma cells.

Conclusions
The dissolution rate and photodynamic efficacy of Ce6 were markedly improved by formulating the drug as a nanosuspension with sucrose esters as drug carrier.
Canopy height and competition explain species segregation in wet heathlands
Authors: Fagúndez Jaime 
Published: June 2018

AbstractQuestionsWhat is the general pattern of species co‐occurrence in managed heathlands? Is the pattern consistent among functional groups? Is it ruled by species competition, or by contrasting environments at a fine scale? Does grazing pressure and herbivore species condition species interactions?LocationErica mackayana wet heaths, Galicia, NW Iberian Peninsula.MethodsA null model approach was used to compare species co‐occurrence with generated random matrices from 54 10‐m transects. The C‐score was obtained from the multispecies presence/absence matrix for each transect of shrubs and graminoids recorded at 25‐cm intervals. Differences in canopy height were recorded to assess the importance of the environment compared to inter‐specific competition. Results were linked to different levels of grazing pressure and herbivore species.ResultsSpecies segregation was the main pattern for all species, but mainly among graminoid species compared to shrubs. Graminoids showed an even proportion of segregated pairs explained by different canopy heights and competition. These differences were mainly species environmental requirements of canopy height. Levels of grazing pressure enhanced species segregation in graminoids but had no effect on shrubs or the total species set.ConclusionsCompetition and canopy height affect the E. mackayana heathland composition, but differently for functional groups. A heterogeneous vegetation profile with shrub mats and open gaps created by light grazing promotes species co‐existence within mats and competition in gaps. I suggest this is an optimum structure for the habitat to be targeted through management.
Complainant emotional expressions and perceived credibility: Exploring the role of perceivers’ facial mimicry and empathy
Authors: Ask Karl 
Published: June 2018

PurposeThis research investigated the roles of perceivers’ facial mimicry and empathy in the emotional victim effect (EVE) – the finding that complainants tend to appear more credible when exhibiting (vs. not exhibiting) negative emotional displays during their statements. Because facial mimicry plays a key role in empathic responding, it was hypothesized that inhibiting and facilitating perceivers’ mimicry would attenuate and amplify the EVE, respectively.MethodsParticipants (N = 362) in an experiment were instructed to mimic or not to mimic facial expressions (controls received no mimicry instructions) while watching a statement by an emotional or non‐emotional rape complainant. Participants rated the complainant's believability and the extent to which they experienced cognitive and affective empathy.ResultsThe perceived believability of the complainant was not affected by complainant emotions, thus failing to replicate the EVE. However, the inhibition of mimicry unexpectedly reduced the perceived believability of the complainant, apparently by decreasing participants’ cognitive empathy.ConclusionsThe current findings suggest that mimicry inhibition may increase scepticism in the context of credibility assessment. This has important implications for decision‐making in legal settings and for research on the process of credibility attribution. Moreover, the failure to replicate the EVE adds to the cumulative evidence on the underlying effect size for the phenomenon.
Relationship between water quality variations and land use in the Batutegi Dam Watershed, Sekampung, Indonesia
Authors: Somura Hiroaki , Yuwono Slamet B. , Ismono Hanung , Arifin Bustanul , Fitriani Fitriani , Kada Ryohei 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe Sekampung Hulu and Sangharus rivers were selected as target sites to study improved use and conservation of dam reservoir water because the region is an important source of fresh water, irrigation water for downstream agriculture and production of hydropower. The two rivers exhibited differences in average water quality. Most water quality parameters exhibited clear differences between the two rivers at each sampling event, with the relative differences not changing during the sampling period. Analysis of water quality based on land use percentage indicated that upland fields had a major impact on most water quality parameters. In addition, forest and plantation conditions had a major impact on the suspended solids concentrations. The results of the present study suggest that current management of these land use categories may not be adequate to prevent or even decrease erosion.
Behavioural study of the golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) in a Tropical Lake, Chenderoh Reservoir, Malaysia
Authors: Ismail Siti Norasikin , Abdul Wahab Nurul Izzati , Mansor Mashhor 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA survey on the egg deposition behaviour of the golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) was conducted at Chenderoh Reservoir in Malaysia. The distribution of P. canaliculata and medium preferences for egg deposition in the lake were recorded. The egg deposition mediums included aquatic plants, rocks and boats and other artificial structures. The number of egg clusters on the aquatic plants was counted to examine the preferred plant species for egg deposition, being collected thereafter for hatching test. This study findings indicated P. canaliculata laid eggs on the stems and leaves of aquatic plants, with a 43% occurrence compared to the other hard medium surfaces such as boats, rocks, fish cages and emerged bamboo piles, with a 14% occurrence recorded for each medium. A total of 65% of the eggs were deposited on the stems, and 35% on the leaves, of the aquatic plants. Phragmites australis (41%) of the Poaceae family was the most preferred plant for egg deposition, whereas the least preferred plant for egg deposition was Neptunia oleracea (3%) of the Fabaceae family. There was no significant difference (p < 0.5) in the percentage of hatched egg between the submersed and nonsubmersed hatching tests. The incubation period of the egg to hatch period was approximately 14 days upon the hardening of the calcium shell. In addition, about 60% of the eggs hatched, even though the eggs were immersed in the water. As the invasive P. canaliculata is considered to be in the top 100 of the “World Most Invasive Alien Species,” these types of behavioural studies are needed to better understand and control the snail, reducing the economic loss, especially in the agriculture sector, as well as facilitating a healthier lake environment.
The choice of universal primers and the characteristics of the species mixture determine when DNA metabarcoding can be quantitative
Authors: Piñol Josep , Senar Miquel A. , Symondson William O. C. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDNA metabarcoding is a technique used to survey biodiversity in many ecological settings, but there are doubts about whether it can provide quantitative results, that is, the proportions of each species in the mixture as opposed to a species list. While there are several experimental studies that report quantitative metabarcoding results, there are a similar number that fail to do so. Here, we provide the rationale to understand under what circumstances the technique can be quantitative. In essence, we simulate a mixture of DNA of S species with a defined initial abundance distribution. In the simulated PCR, each species increases its concentration following a certain amplification efficiency. The final DNA concentration will reflect the initial one when the efficiency is similar for all species; otherwise, the initial and final DNA concentrations would be poorly related. Although there are many known factors that modulate amplification efficiency, we focused on the number of primer–template mismatches, arguably the most important one. We used 15 common primers pairs targeting the mitochondrial COI region and the mitogenomes of ca. 1,200 insect species. The results showed that some primers pairs produced quantitative results under most circumstances, whereas some other primers failed to do so. In conclusion, depending on the primer pair used in the PCR amplification and on the characteristics of the mixture analysed (i.e., high species richness, low evenness), DNA metabarcoding can provide a quantitative estimate of the relative abundances of different species.
Evaluating genomic signatures of “the large X‐effect” during complex speciation
Authors: Presgraves Daven C. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe ubiquity of the “two rules of speciation”—Haldane's rule and the large X‐effect—implies a general, special role for sex chromosomes in the evolution of intrinsic postzygotic reproductive isolation. The recent proliferation of genome‐scale analyses has revealed two further general observations: (a) complex speciation involving some form of gene flow is not uncommon, and (b) sex chromosomes in male‐ and in female‐heterogametic taxa tend to show elevated differentiation relative to autosomes. Together, these observations are consistent with speciation histories in which population genetic differentiation at autosomal loci is reduced by gene flow while natural selection against hybrid incompatibilities renders sex chromosomes relatively refractory to gene flow. Here, I summarize multilocus population genetic and population genomic evidence for greater differentiation on the X (or Z) vs. the autosomes and consider the possible causes. I review common population genetic circumstances involving no selection and/or no interspecific gene flow that are nevertheless expected to elevate differentiation on sex chromosomes relative to autosomes. I then review theory for why large X‐effects exist for hybrid incompatibilities and, more generally, for loci mediating local adaptation. The observed levels of sex chromosome vs. autosomal differentiation, in many cases, appear consistent with simple explanations requiring neither large X‐effects nor gene flow. Discerning signatures of large X‐effects during complex speciation will therefore require analyses that go beyond chromosome‐scale summaries of population genetic differentiation, explicitly test for differential introgression, and/or integrate experimental genetic data.