bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the use of script concordance test in a multicampus psychiatric pharmacy elective course
Authors: Phan Stephanie V. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Evaluating a student's ability to accept complexity, uncertainty, and ambiguity as part of clinical practice is difficult in a classroom setting using written tests. This study was conducted to explore the feasibility and validation of using a script concordance test (SCT) to evaluate pharmacy student knowledge and clinical competence in a psychiatry elective course.

Methods
This study involved prospective validation of psychiatry-focused SCT questions using a panel of practicing psychiatric pharmacists and retrospective review of student performance on the same SCT questions. The reliability of the SCT was also evaluated using Cronbach alpha coefficient.

Results
A total of 13 practicing psychiatric pharmacists participated in the validation phase of the study of 75 questions. Pharmacy student scores (n = 17) averaged 39.79 (±5.02) points, and psychiatric pharmacist scores averaged 50.11 (±4.51) points, representing mean percentages of 61.2% and 77.1%, respectively, on the adjusted exam. The Cronbach alpha was 0.94.

Discussion
The development of a valid and reliable SCT to test student psychiatric pharmacy knowledge and clinical competence after taking a psychiatry elective course was feasible.
MoS2/Graphene Composites as Promising Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion Applications
Authors: Wang Hongxia , Tran Diana , Qian Jun , Ding Fuyuan , Losic Dusan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractEnergy storage devices with high performance have been extensively studied for decades due to the increasing fuel demands. The physicochemical properties of 2D materials such as MoS2 and graphene, due to their high surface area, versatile electronic structure, high mechanical robustness, high electrical conductivity, and desirable electrochemical characteristics, make them superior candidates for energy storage applications. MoS2/graphene composites specially emerge as exceptional candidates that could offer new solution for energy storage applications. Many fabrication strategies to develop and synthesize MoS2/graphene composites are explored and introduced, such as hydrothermal and solvothermal treatment, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), sonication, microwave, and self‐assembly. For these composites to be suitable for energy storage devices applications, they are often integrated with other materials such as additional agents to improve their electrochemical and stability properties. In this review, recent progresses on the development of graphene/MoS2 composites for energy storage and conversion applications (supercapacitors, batteries, solar cells, and hydrogen evolution) are presented and discussed. Critical review and perspectives on the future directions for MoS2/graphene composite–based energy storage devices are also presented as concluding remarks.
in situ Formation of RSCl/ArSeCl and Their Oxidative Coupling with Enaminone Derivatives Under Transition‐metal Free Conditions
Authors: Shang Zhenhua , Chen Qingyu , Xing Linlin , Zhang Yilin , Wait Laura , Du Yunfei 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe reaction of diorganyl disulfides or diselenides with PhICl2 in DMF at room temperature led to the in situ formation of the reactive organosulfenyl chloride (RSCl) or selenenyl chloride (ArSeCl), which reacted with enaminone compounds to afford a series of α‐thioenaminones or α‐selenylenaminones, respectively, including the bioactive inhibitor for Cdc25B and its analogue, via the intermolecular oxidative C(sp2)‐S/Se cross coupling reactions under metal‐free conditions.magnified image
Advanced Artificial Muscle for Flexible Material‐Based Reconfigurable Soft Robots
Authors: Jiao Zhongdong , Zhang Chao , Wang Wei , Pan Min , Yang Huayong , Zou Jun 
Published: September 2019

AbstractFlexible material‐based soft robots are widely used in various areas. In many situations, the suitable soft robots should be rapidly fabricated to complete the urgent tasks (such as rescue), so the facile fabricating methods of the multifunctional soft robots are still in urgent needs. In this work, the origami structure is employed to design vacuum‐powered silicone rubber artificial muscles, which can perform multiple motions, including contraction, bending, twisting, and radial motions. Artificial muscles can be used for rapid reconfiguration of different soft robots, just like the “building bricks”. Based on these artificial muscles, four soft robots with different functions, including an omnidirectional quadruped robot, a flexible gripper, a flexible wrist, and a pipe‐climbing robot, are reconfigured to complete different tasks. The proposed origami artificial muscles offer a facile and rapid fabricating method of flexible material‐based soft robots, and also greatly improve the utilization rate of flexible materials.
Donor Derivative Incorporation: An Effective Strategy toward High Performance All‐Small‐Molecule Ternary Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Tang Hua , Xu Tongle , Yan Cenqi , Gao Jie , Yin Hang , Lv Jie , Singh Ranbir , Kumar Manish , Duan Tainan , Kan Zhipeng , Lu Shirong , Li Gang 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThick‐film all‐small‐molecule (ASM) organic solar cells (OSCs) are preferred for large‐scale fabrication with printing techniques due to the distinct advantages of monodispersion, easy purification, and negligible batch‐to‐batch variation. However, ASM OSCs are typically constrained by the morphology aspect to achieve high efficiency and maintain thick film simultaneously. Specifically, synchronously manipulating crystallinity, domain size, and phase segregation to a suitable level are extremely challenging. Herein, a derivative of benzodithiophene terthiophene rhodanine (BTR) (a successful small molecule donor for thick‐film OSCs), namely, BTR‐OH, is synthesized with similar chemical structure and absorption but less crystallinity relative to BTR, and is employed as a third component to construct BTR:BTR‐OH:PC71BM ternary devices. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.14% and fill factor (FF) of 74.2% are successfully obtained in ≈300 nm OSC, which outperforms BTR:PC71BM (9.05% and 69.6%) and BTR‐OH:PC71BM (8.00% and 65.3%) counterparts, and stands among the top values for thick‐film ASM OSCs. The performance enhancement results from the enhanced absorption, suppressed bimolecular/trap–assisted recombination, improved charge extraction, optimized domain size, and suitable crystallinity. These findings demonstrate that the donor derivative featuring similar chemical structure but different crystallinity provides a promising third component guideline for high‐performance ternary ASM OSCs.
Energy Storage Data Reporting in Perspective—Guidelines for Interpreting the Performance of Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems
Authors: Mathis Tyler S. , Kurra Narendra , Wang Xuehang , Pinto David , Simon Patrice , Gogotsi Yury 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDue to the tremendous importance of electrochemical energy storage, numerous new materials and electrode architectures for batteries and supercapacitors have emerged in recent years. Correctly characterizing these systems requires considerable time, effort, and experience to ensure proper metrics are reported. Many new nanomaterials show electrochemical behavior somewhere in between conventional double‐layer capacitor and battery electrode materials, making their characterization a non‐straightforward task. It is understandable that some researchers may be misinformed about how to rigorously characterize their materials and devices, which can result in inflation of their reported data. This is not uncommon considering the current state of the field nearly requires record breaking performance for publication in high‐impact journals. Incorrect characterization and data reporting misleads both the materials and device development communities, and it is the shared responsibility of the community to follow rigorous reporting methodologies to ensure published results are reliable to ensure constructive progress. This tutorial aims to clarify the main causes of inaccurate data reporting and to give examples of how researchers should proceed. The best practices for measuring and reporting metrics such as capacitance, capacity, coulombic and energy efficiencies, electrochemical impedance, and the energy and power densities of capacitive and pseudocapacitive materials are discussed.
Velocity measurements in convective boiling flow using radioactive particle tracking technique
Authors: Yadav Ashutosh , Pant Harish Jagat , Roy Shantanu 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe design, performance, and safety analysis of nuclear reactors, in particular boiling water reactors, requires information about the vapor–liquid flow dynamics. Such data are necessary for stand‐alone analysis of the thermal hydraulics, as well as to serve as a database for validation of computational fluid dynamics models. Challenges in collecting such data are magnified in the context of flow boiling, which is known to be a complex, multi‐scale problem. The present work focuses on investigating the two‐phase flow dynamics of convective boiling flows on a test section equipped with different heater rods arrangements. Noninvasive radioactive particle tracking (RPT) has been used for measuring liquid velocity field, mean flow patterns, and turbulent kinetic energy of the liquid phase. A novel tracer particle reconstruction algorithm based on support vector regression has been applied in this study. This is the first application of RPT for measuring liquid velocity fields in convective boiling flows.
Investigation of the dynamic capillary pressure during displacement process in fractured tight rocks
Authors: Li Ying , Li Haitao , Chen Shengnan , Luo Hongwen , Liu Chang 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis work investigates the dynamic capillary pressure during the displacement process in fractured tight rocks, through specially designed experiments on fractured and intact core samples. The dynamic capillarity coefficient of matrix and the multiphase flow behaviors are also obtained. Results have shown that the dynamic capillary pressure of the matrix becomes around 5–20% higher after the fracturing treatment. The lower and less variable values of dynamic capillarity coefficient of matrix illustrate a weakened dynamic effect and a more uniform displacement front. Moreover, time derivative of water saturation is increased significantly with fractures. Finally, oil relative permeability after fracturing is lower than its value of the intact core at high water saturations. A dynamic capillarity coefficient model for matrix, which includes the influence of fractures, is derived and verified with the averageR2more than 0.95. This wok helps to understand and predict multiphase flow in fractured tight porous media.
Anxiety and contradictory class position in the hierarchy of Brazilian firefighters
Authors: Azevedo Danielle S. S. , Lima Eduardo P. , Gunn Virginia , Muntaner Carles , Ng Edwin , Assunção Ada A. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundWorkers holding intermediate hierarchical positions in an institution may have a higher risk of occupational stress‐related, ill health. This study examined the prevalence rates and odds ratios (ORs) of anxiety disorders among a hierarchical group of firefighters.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study samples firefighters from Minas Gerais, Brazil, who answered a structured questionnaire in 2011 (survey completion rate = 89.5%). The outcome of interest was a medical diagnosis of anxiety disorder. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted among five hierarchical occupational positions: privates (lowest position), corporals, sergeants (intermediate position), sub lieutenants, and officers (highest position).ResultsOverall, 8.4% of the sample reported an anxiety disorder, with the highest rate observed among intermediate workers (sergeants = 14.2%), followed by corporals (10%), privates (5.6%), sub lieutenants (5%), and officers (2.1%). Compared with privates, the unadjusted OR for sergeants was 2.49 (95% confidence interval, 1.35, 4.58). This finding remained statistically significant after adjustment for several control variables but was eliminated by age.ConclusionThe mental health of firefighters is affected by social class position. Mental health promotion efforts should focus on longitudinal research and work toward interventions aimed at modifying the hierarchical structure of workplaces.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Dearomative syn‐1,4‐Oxyamination
Authors: Tang Conghui , Okumura Mikiko , Deng Hejun , Sarlah David 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA palladium‐catalyzed dearomative syn‐1,4‐oxyamination protocol using non‐activated arenes has been developed. This one‐pot procedure utilizes arenophile chemistry, and the corresponding para‐cycloadducts are treated with oxygen nucleophiles via formal allylic substitution, providing direct access to syn‐1,4‐oxyaminated products. The reaction conditions permit a range of arenes, as well as different O‐nucleophiles, such as oximes and benzyl alcohols. Moreover, this process was established in an asymmetric fashion, delivering products with high enantioselectivity. The dearomatized products are amenable to a multitude of further derivatizations ranging from olefin chemistry to C−H activation, giving rise to a diverse set of new functionalities. Overall, this dearomative functionalization offers rapid and controlled formation of molecular complexity, enabling straightforward access to functionalized small molecules from simple and readily available arenes.
Steigerung der Wasseroxidation durch In‐situ‐Elektrokonversion eines Mangangallids: Ein intermetallischer Vorläuferansatz
Authors: Menezes Prashanth W. , Walter Carsten , Hausmann Jan Niklas , Beltrán‐Suito Rodrigo , Schlesiger Christopher , Praetz Sebastian , Yu. Verchenko Valeriy , Shevelkov Andrei V. , Driess Matthias 
Published: September 2019

AbstractErstmals wurden, in einen intermetallischen Vorläuferansatz, durch In‐situ‐Elektrokonversion von Mangangallid (MnGa4) hochleistungsfähige und langzeitstabile MnOx‐basierte Elektrokatalysatoren für die Wasseroxidation in alkalischem Medium hergestellt. Überraschend führt seine Elektrokorrosion, unter gleichzeitigem Verlust von Ga, gleichzeitig zu drei kristallinen Typen von MnOx‐Mineralien mit verschiedenen Strukturen und induzierten Defekten: Birnessit δ‐MnO2, Feitknechtit β‐MnOOH und Hausmannit α‐Mn3O4. Das Vorkommen und die intrinsische Stabilität von aktiven MnIII/MnIV‐Zentren in den drei gebildeten MnOx‐Phasen erklärt die hervorragende Effizienz und Stabilität des Systems für die elektrokatalytische Wasseroxidation. Nach der elektrophoretischen Abscheidung des MnGa4‐Vorläufers auf elektrisch leitfähigem Nickelschaum wurde ein niedriges Überpotential von 291 mV bei der Stromdichte von 10 mA cm−2 erreicht, das praktisch den Überpotentialen von edelmetallbasierten Katalysatoren entspricht und für mehr als fünf Tage beständig ist.
Electrochemical Production of Si without Generation of CO2 Based on the Use of a Dimensionally Stable Anode in Molten CaCl2
Authors: Ge Jianbang , Zou Xingli , Almassi Soroush , Ji Li , Chaplin Brian P. , Bard Allen J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe current Si production process is based on the high‐temperature (1700 °C) reduction of SiO2 with carbon that produces large amounts of CO2. We report an alternative low‐temperature (850 °C) process based on the reduction of SiO2 in molten CaCl2 that does not produce CO2. It utilizes an anode material (Ti4O7) capable of sustained oxygen evolution. Two types of this anode material, dense Ti4O7 and porous Ti4O7, were tested. The dense anode showed a better performance. The anode stability is attributed to the formation of a protective TiO2 layer on its surface. In situ periodic current reversal and ex situ H2 reduction could be used for extending the lifetime of the anodes. The findings show that this material can be applied as a recyclable anode in molten CaCl2. Si wires, films, and particles were deposited with this anode under different cathodic current densities. The prepared Si film exhibited ≈30–40 % of the photocurrent response of a commercial p‐type Si wafer, indicating potential use in photovoltaic cells.
A General Acid‐Mediated Hydroaminomethylation of Unactivated Alkenes and Alkynes
Authors: Kaiser Daniel , Tona Veronica , Gonçalves Carlos R. , Shaaban Saad , Oppedisano Alberto , Maulide Nuno 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn comparison to the extensively studied metal‐catalyzed hydroamination reaction, hydroaminomethylation has received significantly less attention despite its considerable potential to streamline amine synthesis. State‐of‐the‐art protocols for hydroaminomethylation of alkenes rely largely on transition‐metal catalysis, enabling this transformation only under highly designed and controlled conditions. Here we report a broadly applicable, acid‐mediated approach to the hydroaminomethylation of unactivated alkenes and alkynes. This methodology employs cheap, readily available, and bench‐stable reactants and affords the desired amines with excellent functional group tolerance and impeccable regioselectivity. The broad scope of this transformation, as well as mechanistic investigations and in situ domino functionalization reactions are reported.
Synthesis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Phenyl Addition–Dehydrocyclization: The Third Way
Authors: Zhao Long , Prendergast Matthew B. , Kaiser Ralf I. , Xu Bo , Ablikim Utuq , Ahmed Musahid , Sun Bing‐Jian , Chen Yue‐Lin , Chang Agnes H. H. , Mohamed Rana K. , Fischer Felix R. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent the link between resonance‐stabilized free radicals and carbonaceous nanoparticles generated in incomplete combustion processes and in circumstellar envelopes of carbon rich asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. Although these PAHs resemble building blocks of complex carbonaceous nanostructures, their fundamental formation mechanisms have remained elusive. By exploring these reaction mechanisms of the phenyl radical with biphenyl/naphthalene theoretically and experimentally, we provide compelling evidence on a novel phenyl‐addition/dehydrocyclization (PAC) pathway leading to prototype PAHs: triphenylene and fluoranthene. PAC operates efficiently at high temperatures leading through rapid molecular mass growth processes to complex aromatic structures, which are difficult to synthesize by traditional pathways such as hydrogen‐abstraction/acetylene‐addition. The elucidation of the fundamental reactions leading to PAHs is necessary to facilitate an understanding of the origin and evolution of the molecular universe and of carbon in our galaxy.
Boosting Water Oxidation through In Situ Electroconversion of Manganese Gallide: An Intermetallic Precursor Approach
Authors: Menezes Prashanth W. , Walter Carsten , Hausmann Jan Niklas , Beltrán‐Suito Rodrigo , Schlesiger Christopher , Praetz Sebastian , Yu. Verchenko Valeriy , Shevelkov Andrei V. , Driess Matthias 
Published: September 2019

AbstractFor the first time, the manganese gallide (MnGa4) served as an intermetallic precursor, which upon in situ electroconversion in alkaline media produced high‐performance and long‐term‐stable MnOx‐based electrocatalysts for water oxidation. Unexpectedly, its electrocorrosion (with the concomitant loss of Ga) leads simultaneously to three crystalline types of MnOx minerals with distinct structures and induced defects: birnessite δ‐MnO2, feitknechtite β‐MnOOH, and hausmannite α‐Mn3O4. The abundance and intrinsic stabilization of MnIII/MnIV active sites in the three MnOx phases explains the superior efficiency and durability of the system for electrocatalytic water oxidation. After electrophoretic deposition of the MnGa4 precursor on conductive nickel foam (NF), a low overpotential of 291 mV, comparable to that of precious‐metal‐based catalysts, could be achieved at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 with a durability of more than five days.
A numerical study of single air bubble formation comparison between in viscous liquid and in water
Authors: Islam Md. Tariqul , Ganesan Poo Balan , Billah Md. Masum , Uddin Md. Nasir 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe performance of bubble column reactors is dependent on bubble size that is formed through a sparger. Here, a single air bubble formation (BF) using an orifice in the viscous liquid is modeled by using the volume of fluid method. The interface between the air and the liquid phase is calculated by using the continuum surface force equation. Detailed characteristics of BF such as the instantaneous contact angle, bubble departure volume, bond number due to orifice size and surface tension, and capillary number are examined for different orifice sizes at constant air flow rate boundary condition. The numerical results are validated with available correlation and experimental data for orifice bond number reported in the literature. A comparison of BF characteristics between in the viscous liquid and in the water is examined. The instantaneous contact angle decreases steeply for the orifice with small size than a large orifice. The bubble volume increases with increasing contact angle and decreasing the orifice bond number. In comparison with water, a decreasing detachment time and dome width of bubble and an increasing bubble neck elongation are found in viscous liquid and decrease with increasing bond number. Moreover, there is a minimum capillary number, where the bubble neck elongation height and breakup processes are relatively fast. This study can helpful in designing a coarse gas sparger to develop pseudo‐homogeneous bubbly flow regime at lower superficial gas velocity conditions.
Porous fibers surface decorated with nanofillers: From melt‐spun PP/PVA blend fibers with silica nanoparticles
Authors: Yan Xiang , Cayla Aurélie , Salaün Fabien , Devaux Eric , Liu Pengqing , Mao Jianzhao , Huang Tingjian 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTBiphasic polypropylene (PP)‐polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers containing silica nanoparticles with various surface hydrophobicity were melt‐spun. The localization of nanoparticles relates on the thermodynamic factors, and the design promotes a surface‐decorated fibrous scaffold with nanoparticles after selective extraction. The influence of silica nanoparticles on the melt flow index was observed, and the interface‐located Aerosil R972 silica nanoparticles lead to an increase in viscosity. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrates the preponderant interfacial localization of Aerosil R972 nanoparticles within the biphasic fibers. The porous morphology of the obtained fibers was investigated by SEM, selective extraction experiment, X‐ray diffraction analysis, and dynamical mechanical analysis. The specific interface area of PP70‐PVA30 fibers with a draw ratio (DR) of 2 is 3.2 m2 g−1 and is further enlarged with the increase of DR. The incorporation of nanoparticles contributes to the increase of interconnectivity of the PVA phase. The further increment of DR modifies the crystalline structure, and results in better mechanical properties. The Aerosil R972‐containing fibers with the DR of 3 provide almost completely accessible PVA phase, with enough mechanical strength to be transformed into textile products, and retains a good mechanical property after selective extraction. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48470.
Municipal Water Project Managers: A Hard Road Gets Harder
Authors: Kerr Donald 
Published: September 2019

Key TakeawaysHiring a consultant for a water project is a responsibility for which municipal officials are not always well trained and prepared.The skills and authority exercised by consultants have been compromised by limited training, certain business models, legislation, and a city's bottom line.Consulting engineers could benefit from adding political know‐how to their toolbox of expertise.