bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Writing II
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that the fourth major kinographic operation in the ancient world finally occurred when the graphisms created by tablets and the phonisms of speech entered into a mutual subordination to an abstract meaning or idea. In other words, once graphism was liberated from its concrete tokens, it could create abstract signs for anything, including the discrete sounds made in human speech called phonemes. The practice of connecting written graphisms to speech first emerged in Sumer around 3500–3390 bce with the use of cuneiform, a written means of representing the Sumerian language. Egyptian hieroglyphics connected to language emerged around 3300 bce. The earliest alphabet is traced to proto-Sinaitic inscriptions (c. 1850 bce).
Tensional Motion
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Beginning around the fifth century ce, alongside the decline of the Roman Empire and the increasing decentralization of political power in the West, a new regime of motion began to take hold: tensional force. The task of Part III is to create a kinetic concept of force and explain the theological (descriptive) and kinographic (inscriptive) conditions of its dominant historical emergence in the West. Chapter 23 offers a purely kinomenological theory of the tensional motions that define the being as force. The thesis of the chapter is that dynamic being is defined by a material and kinetic tensional motion. The kinetic concept of force has three major kinetic features: tensional motion, triangulation, and relation.
Medieval Theology III
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that the third kinetic operation or feature in the ontological description of force is the internalization of motion. This is the motion that occurs when a flow is disjoined or released from a given field of circulation and then either recirculated back in or folded into another field. The transfer or flow of motion from one body to another therefore presupposes a double internalization of motion: first in the primary body within which the force is originally contained, and second within the receiving body that takes up this motion and continues it from the first. This chapter describes this type of motion at work in the theory of conatus.
Modern Phenomenology I
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The chapter argues that the regime of elastic motion rises to historical dominance during the modern period—around the eighteenth to the twentieth century. The rise of this new kinetic regime occurred alongside the rising predominance of a new ontological description of being as fundamentally temporal: phenomenology. During this period one of the most historically marginalized concepts of Western ontology, time, became the most fundamental description of all reality. Of course, all the other major ontological descriptions of space, eternity, and force persisted in various ways, especially during the transitional seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but by the end of the eighteenth century all these other names had become increasingly reinterpreted temporally.
Modern Phenomenology II
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that the descriptive primacy of time in modern ontology follows an elastic regime of motion. As noted in the previous chapter, some degree of elasticity had always been part of the kinetic structure of “tensional” time. In early modern descriptions of abstract or absolute time, the folds of lived time could expand and contract, as could the flow of time itself. However, this elasticity was also simultaneously subordinated to the ontological tensions of a more primary divine force. This chapter discusses time in the work of Kant, Hegel, and Marx.
The Keyboard II
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that the kinetics of the computer keyboard are defined primarily by a binary modulation, introduced in the mid-twentieth century. In addition to the binary circulation introduced by the typewriter, the transistor computer and computer keyboard move not only by mechanical and electrical circulation, but also by a quantum kinetic modulation of those circulations themselves. In particular, the computer keyboard not only has elastic oscillating keys supported by springs or rubber, but also relies on the work of transistors to modulate or modify the flow of energy released from the key contact. Transistors in turn rely not on a mechanical or even electrical switch, but on the modulation of a purely quantum flux in the subatomic structure of a semiconductor material. This kinetic operation is thus defined by three suboperations: modulated oscillation, modulated elasticity, and modulated subjectivity.
How China is Reshaping the Global Economy
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The growth of China and its re-emergence as a major economic power has been a key feature of globalization in the twenty-first century. China has become an increasingly significant actor in the global economy, and this is likely to continue in the foreseeable future. The implications of this for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have been a source of major debate. This book examines the arguments drawing on a growing body of research on China’s economic involvement in SSA and LAC. It begins by considering the process of economic reform in China from the late 1970s that provided the basis for China’s growing integration with the global economy. It considers four aspects of this integration: the growth of China as a global manufacturing centre, its impact on global commodity markets, the overseas expansion of Chinese firms as part of the ‘Go Global’ policy, and the increased role of China in global capital flows. Discussion of China’s impact on SSA and LAC is characterized by disagreements over both the extent of its presence and the underlying drivers. The book documents the different forms of Chinese economic involvement and clarifies some of the confusion that has arisen over the extent of China’s presence. It then analyzes the economic, social, political, and environmental impacts of China on both regions, to show a much more varied picture than the one that is often presented. These impacts depend to a significant extent on local conditions and actors, and cannot simply be read off as a consequence of Chinese expansion.
Introduction
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This is a brief introduction to the re-emergence of China as a global economic power, emphasizing the role played by changes in the global economy from the 1970s and the internal reforms in China from the end of the 1970s. It describes briefly the importance of economic relations with China for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), and introduces contrasting views of the impact of China on SSA and LAC. It emphasizes a framework which highlights both the direct and indirect impacts of China on the two regions, and identifies both positive and negative effects. It provides an outline of the main parts and chapters of the book.
Making Sense of a Quiet Revolution
Authors: Leisering Lutz 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter introduces the topic of the book, social cash transfers for the poor in the global South, and depicts the research questions, theories, methods, indicators, and data of the analysis. The research questions relate to what kind of social cash transfer programmes have been set up in the global South, how international organizations came to accept the concept and constructed models of cash transfers, what factors made for the global spread of cash transfers, and if cash transfers have brought social citizenship to the poor. Drawing on Georg Simmel, T. H. Marshall, John W. Meyer, and Franz-Xaver Kaufmann, the theoretical approach of the book combines sociological theories of social policy, constructivist institutionalism, and world society theory, to complement the dominant approaches from welfare economics and political economy. Research includes qualitative and quantitative data and methods, with a unique large N data set. A figure depicts the research plan of the book.
Theorizing Social Policy in Development Contexts
Authors: Leisering Lutz 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
A theory of ‘social policy in development contexts’ is a desideratum, since Northern theories cannot be simply applied to the South. This chapter outlines a sociological theory of social policy that covers North and South. The emphasis is on processes of social recognition, complementing political economy approaches that focus on redistribution. Building on F.-X. Kaufmann, the chapter develops an ‘onion skin model’ that maps the cognitive and normative foundations of social policy on four layers or ‘skins’. The model specifies layered political commitments that reflect recognition of the ‘social’, linked to discursive frames. The argument is that social policy is predicated on the articulation of political commitments to the social at four layers, in conjunction with powerful frames, such as human rights or a collective use for society. To specify the ‘social’, T. H. Marshall’s work on social citizenship is revisited. Ways of measuring theoretical concepts are also discussed.
Case Study
Authors: Leisering Lutz 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter provides a case study of the most common and particularly successful cash transfer programme, ‘social’ (non-contributory) pensions, based on a unique database that covers all social pensions in all countries of the global South, with differentiated variables. The chapter charts the massive spread of social pensions since the 1990s, and investigates if and how social pensions have created social citizenship rights for older persons. While ‘universal’ (non-means-tested) social pensions are often seen as embodying social citizenship rights, in this chapter a more complex social citizenship index is constructed. Using this index, a fuzzy set analysis reveals that the contribution of social pensions to social citizenship cuts across the distinction ‘universal’ vs. means-tested. Moreover, social pensions are located in the overall arrangement of old-age security in a country, giving rise to four models of social citizenship in old age.
National and International Drivers of the Spread of Social Cash Transfers
Authors: Leisering Lutz 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter seeks to explain the remarkable spread of social cash transfer programmes in the countries of the global South. General explanatory models of social policy development are discussed, and then specified and tested for social pensions, using multivariate quantitative analysis (event history analysis, 1971–2011). Theories familiar from explaining the historical rise of Northern welfare states have to be modified and extended to accommodate development contexts. Three major groups of drivers of the spread of social pensions are found: socio-economic modernization and political regime type; global norms; and pension reform events. By way of qualitative analysis, three mechanisms are identified, by which global ideas and norms influence domestic policies: cultural linkages, theorization, and quantification. These mechanisms also help to explain the diffusion of new ideas within transnational communities and within domestic political arenas.
Social Cash Transfers
Authors: Leisering Lutz 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter draws together the findings from the earlier chapters, depicting achievements, limitations, and backgrounds of the global rise of social cash transfers. Cash transfers have turned millions of the poor into rights-holders, indicating an entitlement revolution. Cash transfers bring material betterment, but also a social recognition of the poor as agents of their own lives and as contributors to economic development. The rise of cash transfers reflects far-reaching changes in domestic and global politics, namely a ‘socialization’ of politics, growing political commitments to the social, and powerful new frames. Still, the politics of ‘Leaving no one behind’ remain thin; categorically fragmented and particularistic rather than universalistic cash transfer regimes prevail, and political commitments are uneven. Generally, cash transfers are Janus-faced, reflecting social citizenship as well as social control. Based on the findings, the onion skin model of political commitments and frames developed in Chapter 2 is refined.
Introduction: Legislators in the Steel-Hard Casing
Authors: Koß Michael 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter identifies the problem of legislative democracy. As a response to growing pressures to increase procedural efficiency in the wake of the Industrial Revolution and the advent of more inclusive suffrage formulae, legislators face two procedural alternatives: to centralize control over the legislative agenda, to create powerful committees. Talking legislatures combine centralized agenda control and weak committees, working ones decentralized agenda control and powerful committees, and hybrid ones centralized agenda control and powerful committees. According to the dynamic partisan perspective adopted in this book, a centralization of agenda control only occurs as a response to anti-system obstruction. Given legislators’ demand for mega-seats, the creation of powerful committees is the default way to rationalize legislative procedures. If, however, legislators fail to procedurally respond to anti-system obstruction they risk a breakdown of legislative procedures. This is why this book ultimately focuses on legislative democracy rather than legislative organization.
The Analysis of Talking and Working Legislatures
Authors: Koß Michael 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses agenda control and committee power as the most important features of talking and working legislatures. Agenda control is regarded as centralized if governments possess privileges in two or more of its defining dimensions (timetable, positive, and negative control). Correspondingly, legislative committees are regarded as powerful if at least permanence and rewrite authority are present. This chapter also discusses existing explanations for the distribution of agenda control and committee power. From this discussion follows the methodological decision to first develop a theoretical model of procedural change whose hypotheses are examined in a qualitative process-tracing analysis focusing on controlled cross-case comparisons of four types of procedural reforms (path changes plus path-dependent, incremental, and failed reforms).
Grammaticalization in the languages of Europe
Authors: Dahl Östen 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe Eurocentric bias in most linguistic research makes it difficult to determine what is peculiar to grammaticalization in Europe. Typological profiles can be established, if not for Europe as a whole, at least for parts of it, in particular for what have been referred to as the ‘Standard Average European’ (SAE) languages. A small set of spreading grammaticalization processes have contributed significantly to the SAE profile. The chapter looks more closely at one of those processes—the rise of so-called ‘possessive perfects’, a development which has few close parallels outside Europe. As has been argued recently by other scholars, the link to possessive constructions is more problematic than has been assumed earlier. In connection with claims about the special nature of grammaticalization in East and Mainland Southeast Asia, some comparisons are made between that area and Europe, in support of the argument that the differences may be less radical than has been claimed.
Boundary Value Problems for the Lorentzian Dirac Operator
Authors: Bär Christian , Hannes Sebastian 
Published: December 2018

AbstractOn a compact globally hyperbolic Lorentzian spin manifold with smooth space-like Cauchy boundary, the (hyperbolic) Dirac operator is known to be Fredholm when Atiyah–Patodi–Singer boundary conditions are imposed. This chapter explores to what extent these boundary conditions can be replaced by more general ones and how the index then changes. There are some differences to the classical case of the elliptic Dirac operator on a Riemannian manifold with boundary.
Brauer Group of Moduli of Higgs Bundles and Connections
Authors: Baraglia David , Biswas Indranil , Schaposnik Laura P. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractGiven a compact Riemann surface X and a semi-simple affine algebraic group G defined over C, there are moduli spaces of Higgs bundles and of connections associated to (X, G). The chapter computes the Brauer group of the smooth locus of these varieties.
Classification of Boundary Lefschetz Fibrations over the Disc
Authors: Behrens Stefan , Cavalcanti Gil R. , Klaasse Ralph L. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter shows that a 4-manifold admits a boundary Lefschetz fibration over the disc if and only if it is diffeomorphic to S1×S3#nCP¯2,#mCP2#nCP¯2 or #m(S2×S2). Given the relation between boundary Lefschetz fibrations and stable generalized complex structures, the chapter concludes that the 4-manifolds S1×S3#nCP¯2,#(2m+1)CP2#nCP¯2 and #(2m+1)S2×S2 admit stable generalized complex structures whose type change locus has a single component and are the only 4-manifolds whose stable structure arises from boundary Lefschetz fibrations over the disc.
SL(∞,ℝ), Higgs Bundles and Quantization
Authors: Biquard Olivier 
Published: December 2018

AbstractNigel Hitchin recently proposed a theory of SL(∞, R)-Higgs bundles which should parametrize a Hitchin component of representations of surface groups into SL(∞, R). This chapter discusses some properties and propose a formal approximation of SL(∞, R) representations by SL(n, R) representations in the large N limit, where n goes to infinity.
Various Generalizations and Deformations of PSL(2,ℝ) Surface Group Representations and their Higgs Bundles
Authors: Collier Brian 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to examine the various ways in which Fuchsian representations of the fundamental group of a closed surface of genus g into PSL(2, R) and their associated Higgs bundles generalize to the higher-rank groups PSL(n, R), PSp(2n, R), SO0(2, n), SO0(n,n+1) and PU(n, n). For the SO0(n,n+1)-character variety, it parameterises n(2g−2) new connected components as the total spaces of vector bundles over appropriate symmetric powers of the surface, and shows how these components deform in the character variety. This generalizes results of Hitchin for PSL(2, R).
Mixing Flows on Moduli Spaces of Flat Bundles over Surfaces
Authors: Forni Giovanni , Goldman William M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter extends Teichmüller dynamics to a flow on the total space of a flat bundle of deformation spaces of representations of the fundamental group of a fixed surface S in a Lie group G. The resulting dynamical system is a continuous version of the action of the mapping class group of S on the deformation space. It observes how ergodic properties of this action relate to this flow. When G is compact, this flow is strongly mixing over each component of the deformation space and of each stratum of the Teichmüller unit sphere bundle over the Riemann moduli space. It proves ergodicity for the analogous lift of the Weil–Petersson geodesic local flow.
Stable Betti Numbers of (Partial) Toroidal Compactifications of the Moduli Space of Abelian Varieties
Authors: Grushevsky Samuel , Hulek Klaus , Tommasi Orsola , Sikirić Mathieu Dutour 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter presents an algorithm for explicitly computing the number of generators of the stable cohomology algebra of any rationally smooth partial toroidal compactification of Ag, satisfying certain additivity and finiteness properties, in terms of the combinatorics of the corresponding toric fans. In particular, the algorithm determines the stable cohomology of the matroidal partial compactification, in terms of simple regular matroids that are irreducible with respect to the 1-sum operation, and their automorphism groups. The algorithm also applies to compute the stable Betti numbers in close to top degree for the perfect cone toroidal compactification. This suggests the existence of an algebra structure on the stable cohomology of the perfect cone compactification in close to top degree.
Parabolic Higgs Bundles for Real Reductive Lie Groups
Authors: Riera Ignasi Mundet i 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter explains the correspondence between local systems on a punctured Riemann surface with the structure group being a real reductive Lie group G, and parabolic G-Higgs bundles. The chapter describes the objects involved in this correspondence, taking some time to motivate them by recalling the definitions of G-Higgs bundles without parabolic structure and of parabolic vector bundles. Finally, it explains the relevant polystability condition and the correspondence between local systems and Higgs bundles.
An Explicit View of the Hitchin Fibration on the Betti Side for ℙ1 minus Five Points
Authors: Simpson Carlos T. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe dual complex of the divisor at infinity of the character variety of local systems on P1−{t1,…,t5} with monodromies in prescribed conjugacy classes Ci⊂SL2(C), was shown by Komyo to be the sphere S3. This chapter compares in some detail the projection from a tubular neighbourhood to this dual complex, with the corresponding Hitchin fibration at infinity.
The Theatre of Democratization
Authors: David Roman , Holliday Ian 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines key protagonists of the transition, focusing on their agendas and popular support. It looks at the military and the USDP as its extended political wing, the NLD and Aung San Suu Kyi as its overwhelmingly dominant leader, activist monks, ethnic parties and armed groups, and leading political forces in civil society. After a brief theoretical introduction, it evaluates each set of actors through an analysis of relevant records, attitudes, evolution, and reception by the people. It finds that the country’s political spectrum has a triangular shape with a balancing role for monks, whose prominent role in society allows them to challenge both the illiberal attitudes professed by the military and its backers, and the moderately liberal attitudes held by Aung San Suu Kyi and NLD supporters.
Group Relations and Tolerance
Authors: David Roman , Holliday Ian 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Respect for ethnic and religious minorities is widely considered essential for creation of a stable democracy. In the context of Myanmar’s transition, this chapter assesses group relations, investigates majority and minority perceptions of other groups, evaluates constitutional provisions on equality and government policy on citizenship and interfaith marriage, assesses tolerance of four political, religious, ethnic, and national groups, and looks at the roots of intolerance towards the Rohingya. It triangulates the authors’ interviews with members of ethnic minorities and politicians, surveys, and survey experiments, with secondary survey data and historical resources. It reveals generally positive group relations, which are however clouded by xenophobic and Islamophobic tendencies and outright rejection of the Rohingya.