bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exoplanet Exergy: Why Useful Work Matters for Planetary Habitabilty
Authors: Scharf Caleb 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The circumstellar habitable zone and its various refinements serves as a useful entry point for discussing the potential for a planet to generate and sustain life. But little attention is paid to the quality of available energy in the form of stellar photons for phototrophic (e.g., photosynthetic) life. This short paper discusses the application of the concept of exergy to exoplanetary environments and the evaluation of the maximum efficiency of energy use, or maximum work obtainable from electromagnetic radiation. Hotter stars provide temperate planets with higher maximum obtainable work with higher efficiency than cool stars, and cool planets provide higher efficiency of radiation conversion from the same stellar photons than hot planets. These statements are independent of the details of any photochemical and biochemical mechanisms and could produce systematic differences in planetary habitability, especially at the extremes of maximal or minimal biospheres, or at critical ecological tipping points. Photoautotrophic biospheres on habitable planets around M-dwarf stars may be doubly disadvantaged by lower fluxes of photosynthetically active photons, and lower exergy with lower energy conversion efficiency.
Direct Detection of Ultrahigh-energy WIMPs with a Satellite Detector Like JEM-EUSO
Authors: Xu Ye 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The possibility of directly detecting ultrahigh-energy (UHE) weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) are considered by the WIMPs’ interaction with the nuclei in the air. Because neutrinos dominate the events from the spherical crown near the Extreme Universe Space Observatory on board the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM-EUSO), all the events from this region are ignored in my work. Then the numbers of UHE WIMPs and neutrinos detected by JEM-EUSO are evaluated at different energies (1 PeV < E < 100 EeV) in 10 years, respectively. If the energy thresholds are taken to be 20 EeV, neutrino events can be almost rejected in the detection of UHE WIMPs. According to my evaluation, O(10–100) UHE WIMP events can be detected by JEM-EUSO at energies above 70 EeV in 10 years.
Intratumoral Hypoxia Reduces IFN-γ–Mediated Immunity and MHC Class I Induction in a Preclinical Tumor Model
Authors: Murthy Aditi , Gerber Scott A , Koch Cameron J , Lord Edith M 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Tumor hypoxia occurs because of an increased demand for oxygen by the rapidly growing tumor cells, together with reduction in the oxygen supply due to malformed and nonfunctional tumor vasculature. The effects of tumor hypoxia on radiotherapy (RT) are well known; however, recent findings suggest it may also suppress immunotherapy, although the mechanisms governing this observation remain undetermined. Our laboratory and others have shown that IFN-γ conditions the tumor milieu and is important for the efficacy of RT. Thus, we hypothesized that hypoxia could inhibit IFN-γ–mediated antitumor responses, resulting in decreased RT efficacy. This inhibition could involve the production and/or the cellular response to IFN-γ. To test this, we used murine tumor cell lines B16F0 and Colon38. We observed that hypoxia inhibited upregulation of IFN-γ–dependent MHC class I expression by tumor cells along with the gene expression of IFN-γ–dependent chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10, essential for immune cell infiltration. Furthermore, CD8+ T cells, an important source of IFN-γ, which mediate effector antitumor responses, had reduced ability to proliferate and generate IFN-γ under hypoxic conditions in vitro. Interestingly, reoxygenation restored the cytokine-producing capability of these cells. Studies performed in vivo using a mouse tumor model and the hypoxia marker EF5 demonstrated that RT could reverse the hypoxia within treated tumors. This study has identified a unique mechanism of hypoxia-induced immune suppression involving the downregulation of IFN-γ production and cellular responsiveness to this essential cytokine. These results suggest that therapies that target and reduce tumor hypoxia can potentially boost antitumor immune responses.
DIRECT ACTING ANTIVIRAL TREATMENT FOR PATIENTS WITH END STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE WITH ACUTE HCV INFECTION
Authors: Hussein Nawfal R , Saleem Zana , Abd Kais 
Published: April 2019

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a public health problem. Such an infection is prevalent and aggressive in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). The efficacy and the safety of direct acting antivirus (DAA) in patients with acute HCV and ESKD is under investigation. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of sofosbuvir containing regimens in this difficult-to-treat population.
Methods: A prospective and observational study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and the safety of sofosbuvir containing regimen in patient with ESKD who were undergoing haemodialysis and were acutely infected with HCV. Subjects either received sofosbuvir 200 mg and daclatasvir 60 mg daily or sofosbuvir 400mg/ledipasvir 60mg daily for 12 weeks.
Results: 19 Patients were recruited in this study who were infected with HCV genotype 1a. All subjects achieved sustained virologic response (SVR) twelve weeks after finishing the treatment course. No major adverse effects were reported and the treatment course was well tolerated.
Conclusions: sofosbuvir containing regimens were effective and safe for the treatment of acute HCV in patients with ESKD who were on haemodialysis.
Precursors and formation of secondary organic aerosols from wildfires in the Euro-Mediterranean region
Authors: Majdi Marwa , Sartelet Karine , Lanzafame Grazia Maria , Couvidat Florian , Kim Youngseob , Chrit Mounir , Turquety Solene 
Published: April 2019

Abstract. This work
aims at quantifying the relative contribution of secondary organic aerosol
(SOA) precursors emitted by wildfires to organic aerosol (OA) formation
during summer of 2007 over the Euro-Mediterranean region, where intense
wildfires occurred. A new SOA formation mechanism, H2Oaro,
including recently identified aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
emitted from wildfires, is developed based on smog chamber experiment
measurements under low- and high-NOx regimes. The aromatic
VOCs included in the mechanism are toluene, xylene, benzene, phenol, cresol,
catechol, furan, naphthalene, methylnaphthalene, syringol, guaiacol, and
structurally assigned and unassigned compounds with at least six carbon atoms
per molecule (USC>6). This mechanism
H2Oaro is an extension of the H2O
(hydrophilic–hydrophobic organic) aerosol mechanism: the oxidation of the
precursor forms surrogate species with specific thermodynamic properties
(volatility, oxidation degree and affinity to water). The SOA concentrations
over the Euro-Mediterranean region in summer of 2007 are simulated using the
chemistry transport model (CTM) Polair3D of the air-quality platform
Polyphemus, where the mechanism H2Oaro was implemented. To
estimate the relative contribution of the aromatic VOCs, intermediate
volatility, semi-volatile and low-volatility organic compounds (I/S/L-VOCs),
to wildfires OA concentrations, different estimations of the gaseous
I/S/L-VOC emissions (from primary organic aerosol – POA – using a factor of
1.5 or from non-methanic organic gas – NMOG – using a factor of 0.36) and
their ageing (one-step oxidation vs. multi-generational oxidation) are also
tested in the CTM. Most of the particle OA concentrations are formed from
I/S/L-VOCs. On average during the summer of 2007 and over the Euro-Mediterranean
domain, they are about 10 times higher than the OA concentrations formed from
VOCs. However, locally, the OA concentrations formed from VOCs can represent
up to 30 % of the OA concentrations from biomass burning. Amongst the VOCs,
the main contributors to SOA formation are phenol, benzene and catechol (CAT; 47 %); USC>6 compounds (23 %); and toluene and xylene (12 %). Sensitivity
studies of the influence of the VOCs and the I/S/L-VOC emissions and
chemical ageing mechanisms on PM2.5 concentrations show that surface
PM2.5 concentrations are more sensitive to the parameterization used for
gaseous I/S/L-VOC emissions than for ageing. Estimating the gaseous I/S/L-VOC emissions from POA or from NMOG has a high
impact on local surface PM2.5 concentrations (reaching −30 % in the Balkans,
−8 % to −16 % in the fire plume and +8 % to +16 % in Greece). Considering the VOC
as SOA precursors results in a moderate increase in PM2.5 concentrations
mainly in the Balkans (up to 24 %) and in the fire plume (+10 %).
Project and Community Management in Polar Sciences – Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Werner Kirstin , Zaika Yulia , Pavlov Alexey K. , Lidström Sven , Pope Allen , Badhe Renuka , Brückner Marlen , Cristini Luisa 
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Because geoscientific research often occurs via community-instigated bursts of activity with multi-investigator collaborations variously labelled as e.g., years (The International Polar Year IPY), experiments (World Ocean Circulation Experiment WOCE), programs (International Ocean Discovery Program), missions (CRYOSAT spacecraft), or decades (The International Decade of Ocean Exploration IDOE), successful attainment of research goals generally requires skilful scientific project management. In addition to the usual challenges of matching scientific ambitions to limited resources, on-going coordination and specifically project management, planning and implementation of polar science projects often involve many uncertainties caused by, for example, unpredictable weather or ocean and sea ice conditions, large-scale logistical juggling; and often these collaborations are spatially distributed and take place virtually. Large amounts of funding are needed to procure the considerable infrastructure and technical equipment required for polar expeditions; permissions to enter certain regions must be requested; and potential risks for expedition members as well as technical issues in extreme environments need to be considered. All these aspects are challenging for polar science projects, which therefore need a well thought-through program including a realistic alternative “plan B” and possibly also a “plan C” and “plan D”. The four most challenging overarching themes in polar science project management have been identified: international cooperation, interdisciplinarity, infrastructure, and community management. In this paper, we address ongoing challenges and opportunities in polar science project management based on a survey among 199 project and community managers and an additional of 85 project team members active in the field of polar sciences. Case studies and survey results are discussed with the conclusive goal to provide recommendations on how to fully reach the potential of polar sciences project and community management.
The ISC Bulletin as a comprehensive source of earthquake source mechanisms
Authors: Lentas Konstantinos , Di Giacomo Domenico , Harris James , Storchak Dmitry A. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract. In this article we summarize the availability of earthquake
source mechanisms in the Bulletin of the International Seismological
Centre (ISC). The bulletin in its current status contains ∼81 000
seismic events with only one associated mechanism solution and ∼25 000
events with at least two associated source mechanisms. The main sources of
earthquake mechanisms in the ISC Bulletin are reported solutions provided by
data contributors and ISC-computed focal mechanisms based on first motion
polarities. Given the importance of using pre-determined fault plane
solutions in different types of studies, here we briefly discuss the methodologies adopted by major data
providers to the ISC and investigate the intra-event variability of the
source mechanisms. We conclude that the overall agreement among different
earthquake mechanisms for the same event as reported by different sources can
show a similarity coefficient as high as 80 %, based on the rotation angles
of their best-fitting double couple solutions, for the majority of the cases.
The earthquake source mechanisms discussed in this work are freely available
within the ISC Bulletin websearch at http://doi.org/10.31905/D808B830.
“The First Real Indians That I Have Seen”: Franz Boas and the Disentanglement of the Entangled
Authors: Hatoum Rainer 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Franz Boas is known for his role in professionalizing the scholarly outlook of native North America, which in turn has strongly influenced the general perception of them by its “products“—its collections, museum displays, and academic output—even if only by critically dealing with these. In that connection, Boas the scholar and ethnographer has received increased attention, too. His shorthand field notes fall into this category. My analysis of these notes, which I decipher here for the first time, sheds new light on Boas, the field-person, and reveals new aspects of his encounters. This article will show that whereas Boas tried to seek a deeper understanding of Indigenous peoples, he did so by ignoring much of the reality of his encounters with them. In my analysis, I not only shed light on Boas's attempts to “disentangle” the “entangled” in the name of science but also revisit the original contexts of interaction.
Taking the Temperature of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits Using Clumped Isotope Thermometry
Authors: Mering John A. , Barker Shaun L.L. , Huntington Katharine W. , Simmons Stuart , Dipple Gregory , Andrew Benjamin , Schauer Andrew 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Better tools are needed to map the thermal structure of ore deposits. Here, carbonate clumped isotope thermometry is applied for the first time in epithermal, skarn, and carbonate-hosted deposits to identify the conditions involved in metal transport and deposition. Clumped isotope temperature calibrations were tested by measurement of carbonates from three geothermal fields in the Taupo volcanic zone, New Zealand, that record growth temperatures between 130° and 310°C. Results for modern Taupo volcanic zone calcites were paired with known fluid δ18O values and these indicate precipitation in equilibrium with produced geothermal waters. Measurements carried out at the Waihi low sulfidation deposit in New Zealand, the Antamina polymetallic skarn in Peru, and the Mount Isa sediment hosted Pb-Zn and Cu deposit in Queensland, Australia, demonstrate that clumped isotope values are sensitive to temperature gradients defined using other methods. At Waihi, an andesite-hosted deposit, temperature controls the majority of variation in carbonate mineral δ18O. At Mount Isa, ~300° to 400°C temperatures were recorded in a 1.5 Ga orebody, which are consistent with fluid inclusion values, highlighting the longevity of clumped isotope archives in dolomite minerals. Collectively, these results demonstrate the potential for clumped isotopes to delineate the heat footprint around deposits that contain carbonates, and to more effectively disentangle magmatic and meteoric fluid δ18O signals.
The relationship between math personality, math anxiety, test preparation strategy and medication dose calculations in first year nursing students
Authors: Osahor Kelechi , Woodend Kirsten , Mackie Jane 
Published: April 2019

The objectives of this study were twofold: (1) To determine the predictors of performance on a medication dose calculation test in first year baccalaureate nursing students. The variables studied were: level of math anxiety; math personality; arithmetic ability; program of study; age; and the number of strategies used to prepare for a medication dose calculation test. (2) To determine the factors that affect math anxiety. The variables studied were: arithmetic ability, program of study, math personality, the number of test preparation strategies used and age. Participants consisted of a convenience sample (n = 163) from the first year of a Canadian baccalaureate nursing program. Participants completed a mathematics test, which served as a baseline measure of arithmetic ability. They also completed a series of online questionnaires on math anxiety and math personality, age and program of study (compressed program vs. collaborative program). Participants then completed a medication dose calculation test after which they were asked how many different strategies that they had used in preparation for the test. Performance on the medication dose calculation test was regressed on arithmetic ability, mathematics anxiety, program of study, mathematics personality, the number of test preparation strategies and age. Math anxiety was regressed on pretest score, program of study, math personality, the number of test preparation strategies used and age. The variables found to predict performance on the medication dose calculation test were anxiety and program of study. Of the predictors investigated, only the “Inchworm” math personality and number of test preparation strategies used by students significantly predicted anxiety. Strategies to improve nursing students’ ability to perform dosage calculations should incorporate anxiety-reducing tactics as anxiety was found to be a key predictor of performance on the medication dose calculation test. These strategies should focus on supporting students who possess an “inchworm” math personality.
Exclusión social de los vecinos en una perspectiva comparada mundial
Authors: Juan Díez-Nicolás  , López-Narbona Ana María 
Published: April 2019

El objetivo de esta investigación es describir la exclusión social en una perspectiva comparada internacional. Grupos no deseables como vecinos se utilizan frecuentemente como aproximación para responder a tres preguntas: quiénes son los grupos sociales más excluidos, quiénes son los excluyentes y cuáles son las principales variables explicativas de la exclusión social. La exclusión social, como fenómeno multidimensional, se define en relación a conceptos como estigma, discriminación y prejuicio.
Se han construido tres índices para medir la exclusión social y analizado cuatro variables para explicar la exclusión social: posición social, exposición a la información, valores postmaterialistas y percepción de seguridad. Asimismo se han añadido otras variables al análisis. Las bases de datos utilizadas han sido EVS y WVS (de 1981 a 2014).
Why Does Clostridium difficile Infection Recur?
Authors: Orenstein Robert , Patron Roberto L. , Seville M. Teresa 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Clostridium (or Clostridioides) difficile infection affects more than 500,000 people annually in the United States, one-third of whom have recurrent symptoms. The evolution of C difficile as a resilient pathogen has to do with its ability to persist in the environment and in the host, leading to recurrence and environmental spread. Understanding the mechanisms by which this microbe interacts with the environment, the host, and the gut microbiota are critical to solving this problem. This article presents a brief clinical vignette; discusses the current state of understanding of colonization, transmission, and recurrence; and considers the role the host plays in eliminating this infection. The understanding of these mechanisms and application of osteopathic principles has the potential to improve patient outcomes.
Monolithic integration of tricolor micro-LEDs and color mixing investigation by analog and digital dimming
Authors: Robin Yoann , Hemeret François , D’Inca Gillian , Pristovsek Markus , Trassoudaine Agnès , Amano Hiroshi 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
We report on the growth, processing and optical characterization of monolithically integrated tricolor micro-LEDs. The 100 × 100 μm2 active area of the devices is composed of independent subpixels emitting in the blue, green and yellow–orange range with color saturation of over 90% for all bands. The gamut of the device is recorded by both digital and analog dimming, i.e. by pulse width modulation or by varying the current density. Results indicate color mixing performed by both methods leads to a rotated or distorted gamut significantly different from the one predicted by the CIE color model. We explain our findings in terms of quantum-confined Stark effect screening and efficiency droop at high current density, which modify the expected hue and brightness of mixed colors.
Controlled oxide interlayer for improving reliability of SiO2/GaN MOS devices
Authors: Yamada Takahiro , Terashima Daiki , Nozaki Mikito , Yamada Hisashi , Takahashi Tokio , Shimizu Mitsuaki , Yoshigoe Akitaka , Hosoi Takuji , Shimura Takayoshi , Watanabe Heiji 
Published: April 2019

Abstarct
The impact of controlling Ga-oxide (GaO
x
) interlayers in SiO2/GaO
x
/GaN gate stacks is investigated by means of physical and electrical characterizations. Direct deposition of SiO2 insulators produces thin GaO
x
interlayers, and subsequent oxidation treatment attains high-quality insulator/GaN interface. However, the Ga diffusion into the SiO2 layers severely degrades the breakdown characteristics of GaN-MOS devices. To improve reliability of such devices, we proposed a two-step procedure with the initial SiO2 deposition conducted under nitrogen-rich ambient, followed by thick SiO2 capping. We found that this two-step procedure enables nitrogen incorporation in the insulator/GaN interface to stabilize GaN surface. Consequently, the Ga diffusion into the SiO2 overlayer during the oxidation annealing is effectively suppressed. The proposed method allows us to achieve a SiO2/GaO
x
/GaN stacked structure of superior electrical property with improved Weibull distribution of an oxide breakdown field and with interface state density below 1010 cm−2 eV−1.
SupraCells: Living Mammalian Cells Protected within Functional Modular Nanoparticle‐Based Exoskeletons
Authors: Zhu Wei , Guo Jimin , Amini Shahrouz , Ju Yi , Agola Jacob Ongudi , Zimpel Andreas , Shang Jin , Noureddine Achraf , Caruso Frank , Wuttke Stefan , Croissant Jonas G. , Brinker C. Jeffrey 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCreating a synthetic exoskeleton from abiotic materials to protect delicate mammalian cells and impart them with new functionalities could revolutionize fields like cell‐based sensing and create diverse new cellular phenotypes. Herein, the concept of “SupraCells,” which are living mammalian cells encapsulated and protected within functional modular nanoparticle‐based exoskeletons, is introduced. Exoskeletons are generated within seconds through immediate interparticle and cell/particle complexation that abolishes the macropinocytotic and endocytotic nanoparticle internalization pathways that occur without complexation. SupraCell formation is shown to be generalizable to wide classes of nanoparticles and various types of cells. It induces a spore‐like state, wherein cells do not replicate or spread on surfaces but are endowed with extremophile properties, for example, resistance to osmotic stress, reactive oxygen species, pH, and UV exposure, along with abiotic properties like magnetism, conductivity, and multifluorescence. Upon decomplexation cells return to their normal replicative states. SupraCells represent a new class of living hybrid materials with a broad range of functionalities.