bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In this issue of Weather
Authors: Galvin Jim 
Published: December 2018

We begin the last issue of 2018 with an account of severe surface icing, due to freezing rain, in the Czech Republic in 2014. This phenomenon is difficult to forecast, given the critical balance between surface (and ground) temperatures and the warm advection that is bringing rain, rather than snow. The paper by P. Zahradníček and his co‐authors ‘The December 2014 glaze event in the Czech Republic: predictability and impacts’ portrays this well, beginning on p. 375.Our 24th annual review of climate from the Hadley Centre at the Met Office begins on p. 382. ‘Global and regional climate in 2017’ by John Kennedy and his co‐authors shows how warm and wet much of the globe remained last year, despite the absence of El Niño conditions.On p. 394, Ian Strangeways’ paper ‘William Henry Dines – a blue plaque commemoration’ gives us an account of the celebration of the addition, earlier this year, of a sign marking the life and work of a pioneer in meteorology in Benson (Oxfordshire).Smog events – now largely absent in Europe and North America – are becoming an increasing hazard in the development world as cities grow and more people need to travel. The effects of a smog event in a northeastern Indian city are given by Sunil Gupta and Suresh Elumalai in ‘Adverse impacts of fog events during winter on fine particulate matter, CO and VOCs: a case study of a highway near Dhanbad, India’ on p. 396.On p. 402, our last paper moves on to consider the details and effects of one of last year's damaging North Atlantic hurricanes as it affected Puerto Rico: ‘Hurricane Maria: 12 hours that changed the history of a country’ by Rafael Mendez Tejeda.
A hierarchical taxonomy of business model patterns
Authors: Weking Jörg , Hein Andreas , Böhm Markus , Krcmar Helmut 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Although business model innovation (BMI) is essential to remaining competitive, many firms fail at it. A promising approach is building on reoccurring successful solutions – business model patterns (BMP) – as a blueprint for BMI. However, existing patterns face constraints subject to a high diversity and overlaps among patterns. In addition, literature do not consider relations among BMPs, which limits their potential for BMI. This paper develops a hierarchical taxonomy of BMPs including generalizations and specializations based on inheritance. We conduct a literature review to identify patterns and a cluster analysis to create an inductive structure, followed by a qualitative analysis. The resulting hierarchical taxonomy includes 194 elements. It is the first hierarchical taxonomy of BMPs. The hierarchy addresses the diversity of patterns and overlaps with inheritance. It aids research to structure and understand BMPs. For practice, the taxonomy allows for the application of patterns and supports BMI.
Infused virtue as virtue simply: the centrality of the Augustinian definition in Summa theologiae I/2.55–67
Authors: Miner Robert 
Published: December 2018

Abstract‘Virtue is a good quality of the mind, by which one lives rightly, which no one uses badly, which God works in us without us.’ Thomas Aquinas quotes this ‘Augustinian’ definition near the beginning of his treatment of virtue in general. Because it fails to apply to acquired virtues, some conclude that Aquinas presents this definition only to set it aside. Against such interpretations, I demonstrate that Thomas’ use of the definition is the key to understanding the treatment of virtue at Summa I/2.55–63. First, I show why Thomas places the definition where he does, at the end of question 55. Second, I show that the definition is not peripheral but rather discloses the inner logic of his treatment of virtue. Finally, I show that for the reader who grasps this inner logic, the conclusion drawn explicitly at Question 65 – that only infused virtue is virtue simply – is revealing but not surprising.
Public Services and Informal Profits: Governing Township Health Centres in a Context of Misfit Regulatory Institutions
Authors: Müller Armin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractChina's healthcare system is governed by institutions that are mutually incompatible. Although healthcare providers are supposed to offer affordable curative care services and engage in public health and administrative work, they receive insufficient financial support from the state and rely on generating informal profits and grey income. The “institutional misfit” between this public welfare mandate and medical service providers’ market orientation is particularly pronounced in the case of township health centres (THCs), a generalist type of healthcare provider with a key role in China's healthcare system. Based on fieldwork in four county-level jurisdictions, this study explores how local governments and THCs interact to cope with institutional misfit. It sheds light on a large variety of informal practices pertaining to human resources, healthcare services, drug procurement, health insurance and capital investment. Local governments deliberately neglect regulatory enforcement and collude with THCs to generate informal profits, behaviour which undermines service quality and increases healthcare costs. The study also shows that while the New Healthcare Reform altered the informal and collusive practices, it has failed to harmonize the underlying institutional misfit. To date, we see only a reconfiguration rather than an abandoning of informal practices resulting from recent healthcare reforms.
Time Perception and Industrialization: Divergence and Convergence of Work Ethics in Chinese Enterprises in Africa
Authors: Xiaoyang Tang , Eom Janet 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAs Chinese investors set up business operations in Africa, disagreements between Chinese and Africans regarding work attitudes have emerged. A prevailing view is that cultural differences cause tensions between groups with regards to the meaning of “hard work,” “discipline” and “eating bitterness.” However, we argue that conflicting perceptions of work ethics between Chinese and Africans are instead caused by evolving notions of time that accompany a transition from a pre-capitalist manner of production to that of industrial capitalism. First, we refute the assumption that culture determines work ethics. Second, we show that when a society industrializes, its notions of work ethics and time perception change; we then show how China's industrialization impacts its approaches to operations in Africa. Third, we use two case studies of Chinese investments in Tanzania and Ethiopia to illustrate how Chinese managers are changing African workers’ attitudes through time discipline. Finally, we discuss the implications of a convergence of work ethics between Chinese and Africans.
Developing a risk management framework to improve public health outcomes by enumerating Salmonella in ground turkey – RETRACTION
Authors: Sampedro F. , Wells S. J. , Bender J. B. , Hedberg C. W. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Salmonella spp. continue to be a leading cause of foodborne morbidity worldwide. To assess the risk of foodborne disease, current national regulatory schemes focus on prevalence estimates of Salmonella and other pathogens. The role of pathogen quantification as a risk management measure and its impact on public health is not well understood. To address this information gap, a quantitative risk assessment model was developed to evaluate the impact of pathogen enumeration strategies on public health after consumption of contaminated ground turkey in the USA. Public health impact was evaluated by using several dose–response models for high- and low-virulent strains to account for potential under- or overestimation of human health impacts. The model predicted 2705–21 099 illnesses that would result in 93–727 reported cases of salmonellosis. Sensitivity analysis predicted cooking an unthawed product at home as the riskiest consumption scenario and microbial concentration the most influential input on the incidence of human illnesses. Model results indicated that removing ground turkey lots exceeding contamination levels of 1 MPN/g and 1 MPN in 25 g would decrease the median number of illnesses by 86–94% and 99%, respectively. For a single production lot, contamination levels higher than 1 MPN/g would be needed to result in a reported case to public health officials. At contamination levels of 10 MPN/g, there would be a 13% chance of detecting an outbreak, and at 100 MPN/g, the likelihood of detecting an outbreak increases to 41%. Based on these model prediction results, risk management strategies should incorporate pathogen enumeration. This would have a direct impact on illness incidence linking public health outcomes with measurable food safety objectives.
Identifying migration routes and non-breeding staging sites of adult males of the globally threatened Aquatic WarblerAcrocephalus paludicola
Authors: SALEWSKI VOLKER , FLADE MARTIN , LISOVSKI SIMEON , POLUDA ANATOLII , ILIUKHA OLEKSANDER , KILJAN GRZEGORZ , MALASHEVICH ULADZIMIR , HAHN STEFFEN 
Published: December 2018

SummaryBirds that are long-distance migrants partition their annual cycle among a number of locations over a large spatial range. The conservation of these species is particularly complex because it requires attention to a number of different and distant habitats based on knowledge of migratory phenology, routes and staging areas. In the case of the globally threatened Aquatic WarblerAcrocephalus paludicola, a habitat specialist that breeds in Europe and spends the boreal winter in sub-Saharan Africa, non-breeding staging areas were widely unknown until recently. We applied light-level geolocators to adult male Aquatic Warblers at breeding sites in Belarus and Ukraine. Data from eight retrieved geolocators confirmed a south-west and then westward migration route through Europe via the northern Mediterranean with staging sites on the Iberian Peninsula and occasionally France and north-west Africa. In sub-Saharan Africa, final staging areas were in Mali, either in the Inner Niger Delta or at (presumably) small water bodies in the desert, with one bird most likely staying in the north of Ivory Coast south of the previously assumed range. The birds probably stayed in the final staging areas for most of the non-breeding season, but the logger on only one bird provided data throughout the entire migration cycle. Pre-nuptial migration of the latter was by a more easterly route than the southward migration. Our study suggests that conservation strategies for Aquatic Warbler north of the Sahara should include consideration of unknown staging sites in the northern Mediterranean as well as on the Iberian Peninsula and in north-west Africa. South of the Sahara, our study demonstrates the importance of the Sahel for the conservation of the Aquatic Warbler, including both the major floodplains of the Niger River and small Sahelian wetlands that are under pressure from human development.
The effects of restoration on vegetation trends: spatiotemporal variability and influencing factors
Authors: ZHANG Kun , LÜ Yihe , FU Bojie , LI Ting 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTSince the ‘Grain to Green Program' was launched in 1999 in the Loess Plateau, China, the processes and patterns of ecological change have become important. Through the use of the fractional vegetation cover (FVC) index, this study examines the spatial distribution and temporal change of vegetation cover in the Loess Plateau during 2000–2014. Over this period more than 60% of the Loess Plateau has remained with little vegetation cover (FVC <30%). The spatial distribution pattern shows an overall increase from the NW to SE. Temporally, the vegetation cover exhibits a general trend of improvement. In 2000–2005, 2000–2010 and 2000–2014, the percentages of restored vegetation (vegetation with significantly increased FVC, P<0.05) were 2, 21 and 52%, respectively. The rate of vegetation cover restoration was highly variable among different bioclimatic zones. The expansion of restored vegetation was greater in the N of the Loess Plateau than in the south. Both human restoration activities and climatic fluctuation influenced the vegetation cover change. The ‘Grain to Green Program' emphasised vegetation restoration. Regional precipitation also had clear effects on vegetation cover. The results of this study reveal that vegetation change shows a non-linear process in response to climate and ecological restoration measures, and that the change gradually emerges over time. This study highlights the importance of considering the spatiotemporal variability in vegetation cover during the implementation of restoration programs, which could aid decision-making for the effective and sustainable management of large-scale restoration programs.
The challenges and potential utility of phenotypic specimen-level phylogeny based on maximum parsimony
Authors: TSCHOPP Emanuel , UPCHURCH Paul 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTSpecimen-level phylogenetic approaches are widely used in molecular biology for taxonomic and systematic purposes. However, they have been largely ignored in analyses based on morphological traits, where phylogeneticists mostly resort to species-level analyses. Recently, a number of specimen-level studies have been published in vertebrate palaeontology. These studies indicate that specimen-level phylogeny may be a very useful tool for systematic reassessments at low taxonomic levels. Herein, we review the challenges when working with individual organisms as operational taxonomic units in a palaeontological context, and propose guidelines of how best to perform a specimen-level phylogenetic analysis using the maximum parsimony criterion. Given that no single methodology appears to be perfectly suited to resolve relationships among individuals, and that different taxa probably require different approaches to assess their systematics, we advocate the use of a number of methodologies. In particular, we recommend the inclusion of as many specimens and characters as feasible, and the analysis of relationships using an extended implied weighting approach with different downweighting functions. Resulting polytomies should be explored usinga posterioripruning of unstable specimens, and conflicting tree topologies between different iterations of the analysis should be evaluated by a combination of support values such as jackknifing and symmetric resampling. Species delimitation should be consistent among the ingroup and based on a reproducible approach. Although time-consuming and methodologically challenging, specimen-level phylogenetic analysis is a highly useful tool to assess intraspecific variability and provide the basis for a more informed and accurate creation of species-level operational taxonomic units in large-scale systematic studies. It also has the potential to inform us about past speciation processes, morphological trait evolution, and their potential intrinsic and extrinsic drivers in pre-eminent detail.
VHF and UHF Electromagnetic Radiation Produced by Streamers in Lightning
Authors: Shi Feng , Liu Ningyu , Dwyer Joseph R. , Ihaddadene Kevin M. A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn this letter, we report simulation results of streamer propagation and collision that produce electromagnetic radiation in the very high frequency (VHF) and ultra high frequency (UHF) bands. The streamers are initiated in overbreakdown field conditions, 1.5Ekand2Ek, respectively, which may be found during the corona flash stage of negative leader stepping processes. We find that while streamer propagation produces stronger VHF radiation, the head‐on collision of streamers dominates UHF, and even higher‐frequency radiation. Analysis of the energy spectral densities obtained from different simulation cases shows that the total length and radii of colliding streamers, as well as the ambient field, are important parameters for the UHF radiation produced by streamer collisions. The larger those parameters are, the stronger UHF radiation produced. Finally, by comparing with the measured spectral magnitude of lightning field in the VHF range, it is found that there are probably 105–107 streamers involved during the lightning corona flash stage.
A Transport Method for Restoring Incomplete Ocean Current Measurements
Authors: Ameli Siavash , Shadden Shawn C. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractRemote sensing of oceanographic data often yields incomplete coverage of the measurement domain. This can limit interpretability of the data and identification of coherent features informative of ocean dynamics. Several methods exist to fill gaps of missing oceanographic data and are often based on projecting the measurements onto basis functions or a statistical model. Herein, we use an information transport approach inspired from an image processing algorithm. This approach aims to restore gaps in data by advecting and diffusing information of features as opposed to the field itself. Since this method does not involve fitting or projection, the portions of the domain containing measurements can remain unaltered, and the method offers control over the extent of local information transfer. This method is applied to measurements of ocean surface currents by high frequency radars. This is a relevant application because data coverage can be sporadic, and filling data gaps can be essential to data usability. Application to two regions with differing spatial scale is considered. The accuracy and robustness of the method is tested by systematically blinding measurements and comparing the restored data at these locations to the actual measurements. These results demonstrate that even for locally large percentages of missing data points, the restored velocities have errors within the native error of the original data (e.g., <10% for velocity magnitude and <3% for velocity direction). Results were relatively insensitive to model parameters, facilitating a priori selection of default parameters for de novo applications.
Millennial‐ to Orbital‐Scale Responses of Western Equatorial Atlantic Thermocline Depth to Changes in the Trade Wind System Since the Last Interglacial
Authors: Venancio I. M. , Mulitza S. , Govin A. , Santos T. P. , Lessa D. O. , Albuquerque A. L. S. , Chiessi C. M. , Tiedemann R. , Vahlenkamp M. , Bickert T. , Schulz M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSurface ocean circulation in the western equatorial Atlantic is mainly wind driven and plays a major role for the transport of warm waters to the North Atlantic. Past changes in the strength and direction of the trade winds are well documented, but the response of the western equatorial Atlantic circulation and water column structure to these changes is unclear. Here we used the difference between the stable isotopic oxygen composition of two species of planktonic foraminifera (Globigerinoides ruber white and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei) from two sediment cores collected off northeastern Brazil to investigate millennial‐ and orbital‐scale changes in upper ocean stratification since the Last Interglacial. Our records indicate enhanced upper ocean stratification during several Heinrich stadials, partly due to a shoaling of the thermocline, which was linked to a decrease in the strength of southeast trades winds. In addition, we show that a decrease in wind zonality induced by increases in Northern Hemisphere low‐latitude summer insolation causes a shoaling of the thermocline in the western equatorial Atlantic. These ocean‐atmosphere changes contributed to a reduction in the cross‐equatorial transport of warm waters, particularly during Heinrich stadials and Marine Isotope Stage 4.
Global optimization of spin Hamiltonians with gain-dissipative systems
Authors: Kalinin Kirill P. , Berloff Natalia G. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractRecently, several platforms were proposed and demonstrated a proof-of-principle for finding the global minimum of the spin Hamiltonians such as the Ising and XY models using gain-dissipative quantum and classical systems. The implementation of dynamical adjustment of the gain and coupling strengths has been established as a vital feedback mechanism for analog Hamiltonian physical systems that aim to simulate spin Hamiltonians. Based on the principle of operation of such simulators we develop a novel class of gain-dissipative algorithms for global optimisation of NP-hard problems and show its performance in comparison with the classical global optimisation algorithms. These systems can be used to study the ground state and statistical properties of spin systems and as a direct benchmark for the performance testing of the gain-dissipative physical simulators. Our theoretical and numerical estimations suggest that for large problem sizes the analog simulator when built might outperform the classical computer computations by several orders of magnitude under certain assumptions about the simulator operation.
Nonanatomic resection is not inferior to anatomic resection for primary intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A propensity score analysis
Authors: Li B. , Song J. L. , Aierken Y. , Chen Y. , Zheng J. L. , Yang J. Y. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWhether anatomic resection (AR) achieves better outcomes than nonanatomic resection (NAR) in patients with primary intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is unclear. Data were retrieved for all consecutive patients who underwent liver resection for primary ICC from January 2007 to July 2017. The prognoses of the patients without direct invasion to contiguous organs or extrahepatic metastasis who underwent AR or NAR were compared. 85 patients underwent AR, and 65 patients underwent NAR. operation time were slightly decreased in the NAR group. The risk of Clavien-Dindo classification (CDC) IV in the AR group was significant higher than that in the NAR group. Cox regression analysis showed lymph node metastasis and adjuvant therapy were significant prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS), respectively. After 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM), 29 pairs of patients were compared. The survival curves showed the NAR group had slightly improved DFS and OS than the AR group before and after matching. Thus, we conclude NAR was not inferior to AR in improving the survival outcomes for patients with primary solitary ICC lesions without direct invasion to contiguous organs or extrahepatic metastasis. Furthermore, patients may benefit from NAR.
Hospizarbeit bei Neugeborenen – passt das
zusammen?
Authors: Globisch Marcel 
Published: December 2018

ZusammenfassungNicht selten werden Kinder mit einer lebensverkürzenden Krankheit geboren, die
das erste Lebensjahr nicht überleben. Die speziellen Bedürfnisse der Familien in
einer solchen Situation übernimmt die Palliativversorgung. Und auch die
Kinderhospizarbeit kann dazu einen Beitrag leisten – wie Autor Marcel Globisch
vom Deutschen Kinderhospizverein im folgenden Beitrag erläutert.