bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Oscillation on Perineal Pressure in Cyclists: Implications for Micro-Trauma
Authors: Sanford Thomas , Gadzinski Adam J. , Gaither Thomas , Osterberg E. Charles , Murphy Greg P. , Carroll Peter R. , Breyer Benjamin N. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Background
Genital numbness and erectile dysfunction in cyclists may result from repeated perineal impacts on the bicycle saddle (micro-trauma) that occur during routine cycling.

Aim
To evaluate the relationship between oscillation forces and perineal pressures among cyclists in a simulated laboratory setting.

Methods
Participants were fit to a study bicycle to ensure all cyclists had the same torso angle (60 ± 1 degree) and maximum knee angle (150 ± 1 degree). A lever system was used to generate oscillation events of 3 progressively increasing magnitudes. Perineal pressure was continuously measured using a pressure sensor on the bicycle saddle. This process was carried out in each of the following conditions: (1) stationary (not pedaling) with the standard seatpost, (2) pedaling with standard seatpost, (3) stationary with seatpost shock absorber, and (4) pedaling with seatpost shock absorber.

Outcomes
We compared perineal pressure changes during oscillation events in the stationary and pedaling states, with and without the seatpost shock absorber.

Results
A total of 39 individuals were recruited (29 men and 10 women). As the amount of oscillation increased from an average of 0.7g (acceleration due to Earth’s gravity) to 1.3g, the perineal pressure increased from 10.3% over baseline to 19.4% over baseline. There was a strong linear relationship between the amount of oscillation and increase in pressure (r2 = 0.8, P &lt; .001). A seatpost shock absorber decreased the impact of oscillation by 53% in the stationary condition. Men and women absorbed the majority of shock in areas corresponding to pelvic bony landmarks.

Conclusion
This study represents one of the first characterizations of cycling-associated perineal micro-trauma in a laboratory setting. We found a strong linear relationship between oscillation magnitude and perineal pressure during cycling, which was mitigated by a seatpost shock absorber. The use of shock absorption in bicycle design may reduce perineal micro-trauma and potentially improve cycling-associated perineal numbness and erectile dysfunction.
Increased risk for dementia both before and after stroke: A population‐based study in women followed over 44 years
Authors: Guo Xinxin , Östling Svante , Kern Silke , Johansson Lena , Skoog Ingmar 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIntroductionLongitudinal studies are needed to understand the long‐term associations between stroke and dementia.MethodsA population sample of 1460 women without stroke or dementia at baseline was followed over 44 years, from 1968 to 2012. Information on stroke and dementia was obtained from neuropsychiatric examinations, key‐informant interviews, hospital registry, and medical records.ResultsDuring 44 years follow‐up, 362 women developed stroke and 325, dementia. The age‐specific incidence of the two disorders was similar. The incidence of dementia was higher in those with stroke than among those without (33.7% vs. 18.5%; age‐adjusted hazard ratio 1.44, 95% confidence interval 1.15–1.81). The increased risk of dementia started already 5 years before stroke, was highest 1 year after stroke, and continued more than 11 years after stroke.DiscussionThere is an increased risk for dementia both before and after stroke. This has implications for understanding the relation between the two disorders and for prevention of dementia and stroke.
Olfactory dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease– and Lewy body–related cognitive impairment
Authors: Yoo Han Soo , Jeon Seun , Chung Seok Jong , Yun Mijin , Lee Phil Hyu , Sohn Young Ho , Evans Alan C. , Ye Byoung Seok 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIntroductionOlfactory dysfunction is common in Alzheimer's disease– and Lewy body–related disorders, but its neural correlates have not been clearly elucidated.MethodsWe retrospectively recruited 237 patients with Alzheimer's disease–related cognitive impairment (ADCI) and 217 with Lewy body–related cognitive impairment (LBCI). They were identically evaluated using the Cross‐Cultural Smell Identification Test, neuropsychological tests, and brain magnetic resonance imaging.ResultsLBCI had more severe olfactory dysfunction than ADCI. Patients with more severe cognitive dysfunction had worse olfactory function in both groups. In ADCI, lower Cross‐Cultural Smell Identification Test scores correlated with a lower cortical thickness in brain regions typically affected in Alzheimer's disease, most prominently in the right parahippocampal cortex, whereas in LBCI, the scores correlated with white matter abnormalities in regions vulnerable to Lewy body, including subcortical regions of the orbitofrontal and frontoparietal cortices.DiscussionOur results suggest that cortical atrophy in ADCI and white matter abnormalities in LBCI play important roles in olfactory dysfunction.
Ascertaining top evidence in emergency medicine: A modified Delphi study
Authors: Bazak Stephanie J. , Sherbino Jonathan , Upadhye Suneel , Chan Teresa 
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe application of evidence-informed practice in emergency medicine (EM) is critical to improve the quality of patient care. EM is a specialty with a broad knowledge base making it daunting for a junior resident to know where to begin the acquisition of evidence-based knowledge. Our study’s objective was to formulate a list of “top papers” in the field of EM using a Delphi approach to achieve an expert consensus.MethodsParticipants were recruited from all 14 specialty EM programs across Canada by a nomination process by the program directors. The modified Delphi survey consisted of three study rounds, each round sent out via email. The study tool was piloted first with McMaster University’s specialty EM residents. During the first round, participants individually listed top papers relevant to EM. During the two subsequent rounds, participants ranked the papers listed in the first round, with a chance to adjust ranking based on group responses.ResultsA total of eight EM specialty programs responded with 30 responses across the three rounds. There were 119 studies suggested in the first round, and, by the third round, a consensus of>70% agreement was reached to generate the final list of 29 studies.ConclusionsWe produced, via an expert consensus, a list of top studies relevant for Canadian EM physicians in training. It can be used as an educational resource for junior residents as they transition into practice.
The Weighting of Cues to Upright Following Stroke With and Without a History of Pushing
Authors: Fraser Lindsey E. , Mansfield Avril , Harris Laurence R. , Merino Daniel M. , Knorr Svetlana , Campos Jennifer L. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjective:Perceived upright depends on three main factors: vision, graviception, and the internal representation of the long axis of the body. We assessed the relative contributions of these factors in individuals with sub-acute and chronic stroke and controls using a novel tool; the Oriented Character Recognition Test (OCHART). We also considered whether individuals who displayed active pushing or had a history of pushing behaviours had different weightings than those with no signs of pushing.Method:Three participants experienced a stroke <3 months before the experiment: one with active pushing. In total, 14 participants experienced a stroke >6 months prior: eight with a history of pushing. In total, 12 participants served as healthy aged-matched controls. Visual and graviceptive cues were dissociated by orienting the visual background left, right, or upright relative to the body, or by orienting the body left, right, or upright relative to gravity. A three-vector model was used to quantify the weightings of vision, graviception, and the body to the perceptual upright.Results:The control group showed weightings of 13% vision, 25% graviception, and 62% body. Some individuals with stroke showed a similar pattern; others, particularly those with recent stroke, showed different patterns, for example, being unaffected by one of the three factors. The participant with active pushing behaviour displayed an ipsilesional perceptual bias (>30°) and was not affected by visual cues to upright.Conclusion:The results of OCHART may be used to quantify the weightings of multisensory inputs in individuals post-stroke and may help characterize perceptual sources of pushing behaviours.
Direct numerical simulation of a bubble motion in a spherical tank under external forces and microgravity conditions
Authors: Dalmon A. , Lepilliez M. , Tanguy S. , Pedrono A. , Busset B. , Bavestrello H. , Mignot J. 
Published: June 2018

We present, in this paper, numerical simulations of bubble sloshing in a spherical tank, resulting from a tank rotation around a fixed axis in microgravity conditions. This configuration is of great interest in space applications where sloshing can have harmful effects on the stability of satellites. Depending on the dimensionless numbers characterising this phenomenon, our study is focused on the motion and the deformation of a bubble, initially at rest, which is set in motion when the manoeuvre is starting until it reaches a constant rotation speed around the axis. It is shown in this article that, during the first stage of the manoeuvre, the motion of the bubble is essentially driven by the inertial force that depends on the angular acceleration. Next, when the angular velocity is increasing, the centrifugal force being dominant, the trajectory of the bubble is pushed towards the direction between the centre of the tank and the axis of rotation. Finally, when the angular velocity becomes constant, the bubble, reaching a quasi-steady position, is deformed and pressed against the solid boundary of the tank. A quantified description of these phenomena is proposed through a parametric study varying the essential dimensionless numbers, i.e. the Bond number based on the angular velocity, and another Bond number based on the angular acceleration. As the temporal evolution of the forces acting on the satellite wall is of utmost importance for designing satellites and manoeuvres, we also present an analysis characterising the latter. We also detail the first comparisons between the numerical simulations and the Fluidics experiment performed in the International Space Station (ISS) in microgravity conditions. Thanks to these comparisons, we can validate the simulations in configurations of interest.
Tsunami-based evidence for large eastern Aleutian slip during the 1957 earthquake
Authors: Griswold Frances R. , MacInnes Breanyn T. , Higman Bretwood 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe Aleutian subduction zone is capable of generating magnitude ~9 earthquakes that have local impact and broadcast their destructive power across the Pacific through tsunamis. Field surveys of the tsunami from the 1957 Great Aleutian earthquake (reportedMw8.6) indicate a tsunami amongst the largest of the twentieth century. In the eastern half of the rupture zone, stranded logs record up to 18 m run-up in the Islands of Four Mountains (IFM) and 32±2 m on Unalaska Island. In conjunction with archaeological studies in the region, these observations show the potential impact of tsunamis on the ancient peoples in the IFM. Simulation of the near-field tsunami produced from the published slip distribution of 1957 is almost an order of magnitude smaller than all field observations. Increasing the earthquake magnitude and amount of eastern slip used in forward models of the tsunami demonstrate that run-up observations can be achieved throughout the eastern Aleutians if the earthquake was more than twice as large—at leastMw8.8 earthquake with 10–20 m of eastern slip. Additionally, up to five possible IFM paleotsunami deposits agree with the regional picture of regular large events, illustrating the circum-Pacific tsunami hazard from the east-central Aleutians.
Description of a new species of the genus Anguillonema Fuchs, 1938 (Nematoda: Sphaerularioidea) with an identification key to the species
Authors: Yaghoubi A. , Pourjam E. , Pedram M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAnguillonema iranicum n. sp. is described and illustrated as the second species of this genus from Iran, based on morphological, morphometric and molecular characteristics. It is identified by a short, thin body, a continuous lip region, six lines on the lateral field, a short, thin stylet, a posteriorly located pharyngo-intestinal junction to excretory pore, the presence of a post-vulval uterine sac, vulval position at 89% (87.4–89.9%) of body length, an elongate conoid tail with a rounded to pointed tip and not dorsally bent, and common functional males with short spicules and lacking a bursa. Morphological differences between the new species and the three known species of the genus, namely A. amolensis, A. crenati and A. poligraphi, are discussed. Molecular phylogenetic studies of the new species using partial 18S rDNA sequence revealed that it formed a sister clade with three species of Howardula, one species of Anguillonema and one unidentified isolate. In phylogenetic analyses using partial sequences of 28S rDNA D2-D3 segment, the new species formed a clade with two isolates of Parasitylenchus. A key to identification of Anguillonema species is also presented.
COMPARATIVE VALUE AND THE WEIGHT OF REASONS
Authors: Sher Itai 
Published: June 2018

Abstract:One view of practical reasoning is that it involves the weighing of reasons. It is not clear, however, how the weights of reasons combine, especially given the logical and substantive relations among different reasons. Nor is it clear how the weighing of reasons relates to decision theoretic maximization of expected value. This paper constructs a formal model of reasons and their weight in order to shed light on these issues. The model informs philosophical debates about reasons, such as the question of whether reasons or values are more fundamental and the opposing doctrines of atomism and holism about reasons.
The role of joint engagement in the development of language in a community-derived sample of slow-to-talk children
Authors: CONWAY L. J. , LEVICKIS P. A. , MENSAH F. , SMITH J. A. , WAKE M. , REILLY S. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWe explored whether supported (SJE) or coordinated joint engagement (CJE) between mothers recruited from the community and their 24-month-old children who were slow-to-talk at 18 months old were associated with child language scores at ages 24, 36, and 48 months (n = 197). We further explored whether SJE or CJE modified the concurrent positive associations between maternal responsive behaviours and language scores. Previous research has shown that SJE, maternal expansions, imitations, and responsive questions were associated with better language scores. Our main finding was that SJE but not CJE was consistently positively associated with 24- and 36-month-old expressive and receptive language scores, but not with 48-month-old language scores. SJE modified how expansions and imitations, but not responsive questions, were associated with language scores; the associations were evident in all but the highest levels of SJE. Further research is necessary to test these findings in other samples before clinical recommendations can be made.
The Fiscal Revolution in America: A Reinterpretation
Authors: Hillyer James 
Published: June 2018

Abstract:Between the 1930s and early 1960s, U.S. economic policy underwent an important transformation, described by economist Herbert Stein as “The Fiscal Revolution in America.” During those years, policymakers utilized Keynesian ideas to promote prosperity, and the fiscal revolution reached its peak after John F. Kennedy proposed a growth-boosting tax cut despite the unprecedented peacetime consequence of running a deficit in nonrecession conditions. This article explores how that revolution developed during the postwar period. It challenges the argument that the business community shaped and consolidated the fiscal revolution in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Instead, this article shows that liberal economists played a crucial role in fashioning Keynesianism’s postwar consolidation, so much so that the brand of that doctrine implemented in the early 1960s owed much to their efforts and was significantly different to the one championed by the business community.
Detection of IgG3 antibodies specific to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) p24 protein as marker for recently acquired infection
Authors: Viana I. F. T. , Coêlho D. F. , Palma M. L. , Nascimento E. J. M. , Gu G. , Lima L. F. O. , Foti L. , Krieger M. A. , Pilcher C. , Calzavara-Silva C. E. , Mailliard R. B. , Rinaldo C. R. , Dhalia R. , Marques E. T. A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractReducing the risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission is still a public health priority. The development of effective control strategies relies on the quantification of the effects of prophylactic and therapeutic measures in disease incidence. Although several assays can be used to estimate HIV incidence, these estimates are limited by the poor performance of these assays in distinguishing recent from long-standing infections. To address such limitation, we have developed an assay to titrate p24-specific IgG3 antibodies as a marker of recent infection. The assay is based on a recombinant p24 protein capable to detect total IgG antibodies in sera using a liquid micro array and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Subsequently, the assay was optimised to detect and titrate anti-p24 IgG3 responses in a panel of sequential specimens from seroconverters over 24 months. The kinetics of p24-specific IgG3 titres revealed a transient peak in the 4 to 5-month period after seroconversion. It was followed by a sharp decline, allowing infections with less than 6 months to be distinguished from older ones. The developed assay exhibited a mean duration of recent infection of 144 days and a false-recent rate of ca. 14%. Our findings show that HIV-1 p24-specific IgG3 titres can be used as a tool to evaluate HIV incidence in serosurveys and to monitor the efficacy of vaccines and other transmission control strategies.
Examining variation in interstage mortality rates across the National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative: do lower-mortality centres have lower-risk patients?
Authors: Bates Katherine E. , Yu Sunkyung , Lowery Ray , Pasquali Sara K. , Brown David W. , Manning Peter B. , Uzark Karen 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundAlthough interstage mortality for infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome has declined within the National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative, variation across centres persists. It remains unclear whether centres with lower interstage mortality have lower-risk patients or whether differences in care may explain this variation. We examined previously established risk factors across National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative centres with lower and higher interstage mortality rates.MethodsLower-mortality centres were defined as those with >25 consecutive interstage survivors. Higher-mortality centres were defined as those with cumulative interstage mortality rates >10%, which is a collaborative historic baseline rate. Baseline risk factors and perioperative characteristics were compared.ResultsSeven lower-mortality centres were identified (n=331 patients) and had an interstage mortality rate of 2.7%, as compared with 13.3% in the four higher-mortality centres (n=173 patients, p<0.0001). Of all baseline risk factors examined, the only factor that differed between the lower- and higher-mortality centres was postnatal diagnosis (18.4 versus 31.8%, p=0.001). In multivariable analysis, there remained a significant mortality difference between the two groups of centres after adjusting for this variable: adjusted mortality rate was 2.8% in lower-mortality centres compared with 12.6% in higher-mortality centres, p=0.003. Secondary analyses identified multiple differences between groups in perioperative practices and other variables.ConclusionsVariation in interstage mortality rates between these two groups of centres does not appear to be explained by differences in baseline risk factors. Further study is necessary to evaluate variation in care practices to identify targets for improvement efforts.
An illiquid market in the desert: estimating the cost of water trade restrictions in northern Chile
Authors: Edwards Eric C. , Cristi Oscar , Edwards Gonzalo , Libecap Gary D. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis paper estimates the cost of a policy to restrict water trades to mining firms in northern Chile in order to protect riparian ecosystems and indigenous agriculture. In response to the policy, mining firms have developed high-cost desalination and pumping facilities to secure adequate water supplies. We develop a methodology and estimate the cost of market transactions that fail to occur due to the policy. Lost trade surplus is estimated at US$52 million per year. Without trade restrictions, around 86 per cent of the remaining agricultural water in the region would be transferred to mining.
Planning target volume (PTV) margin practice patterns in adults and paediatrics among the Paediatric Radiation Oncology Society (PROS) members: an international survey
Authors: ElBeltagi Mohamed N. , Wall Verna , Marignol Laure 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimEvolving data are showing the need of considering smaller planning target volume (PTV) margin in paediatrics compared with adults treated for the same body site. This study proposed to evaluate the current patterns of practice regarding the PTV margin in paediatric patients compared with adult patients through an international survey.Materials and methodsA four-item questionnaire was created to address the PTV margins for paediatrics and adults as part of a comprehensive survey. International Paediatric Radiation Oncology Society (PROS) members were selected to partake and were contacted via email.ResultsIn total, 43 responded to the survey. The majority of the responders have written guidelines for PTV margin while the majority of those who have guidelines do not have separate guidelines for paediatrics. The implemented PTV margin for paediatric patients was in the majority 3–5 mm for the head region and 5–10 mm for the torso region and the difference from the PTV margin implemented in adults was not statistically significant.ConclusionThe majority of responders employ a series of site-specific PTV margin protocols that are applied to both adults and paediatrics, and do not take into consideration patient age or size. These results highlight the need of a separate policy for PTV margin in adults and paediatrics in every institution.
The ecumenical origins of pan-Africanism: Africa and the ‘Southern Negro’ in the International Missionary Council’s global vision of Christian indigenization in the 1920s
Authors: Engel Elisabeth 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis article explores the attitudes and policies of the International Missionary Council (IMC) concerning Africa and African Americans. It aims to revise historical scholarship that views the ecumenical missionary movement as originating in white Western missions and guided by the goals of post-war internationalism. It argues that the IMC, founded in 1921 as the central institution for coordinating Protestant missions around the world, developed an ecumenical definition of pan-Africanism. This definition cast African Americans from the US south in the role of ‘native’ leaders in the formation of indigenous churches in Africa. With this racialized version of Christian indigenization, the IMC excluded African Christian groups that sought to form their own churches. It promoted, instead, European colonial projects and missionary societies that aimed to use African American missionaries to counter the incendiary ideas of pan-Africanism.