bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Practical Good
Authors: Berryman Sylvia 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
On the model of Grice’s account of the creation of a new kind of value at the same time as the introduction of practical agents, this chapter continues the argument that Aristotle attempted to ‘bootstrap’ a commitment to normativity from the existence of practical reason. Reinterpreting Socrates’ paradoxical claim that everyone aims at the good, Aristotle turned a tautological analysis of action—that it necessarily aims at some good—into the normative thesis that we are, as rational agents, implicitly committed to seeking the true good. Central to his vision is the belief that we can antecedently identify some agents as more practically wise than others, averting the possibility of radical collective error.
Conclusion Philanthropy Recommended
Authors: Moore Sean D. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Revisiting both the Preface and Chapter 1, this Conclusion makes the case for questioning the eighteenth century as a theme park upon which political neo-conservatives and economic neo-liberals project their fantasies about the founders’ supposed intentions about small government and the provision of human needs by private charities instead of taxpayer-funded public programs. Arguing instead that slavery philanthropy was the origin of these ideas, and of the “charitable industrial complex” that we have today, it explains that nineteenth- and twentieth-century reformers were aware of that, and proceeded to found more progressive public cultural, educational, medical, and other kinds of institutions. The lesson we can learn from the story of slavery-funded private libraries is that we need that kind of reform again now.
India—the march of Modicare
Authors: Britnell Mark 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Ayushman Bharat, popularly referred to as ‘Modicare’, is the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s plans to extend universal healthcare to half a billion people from the poorest 100 million families in India starting in 2018. Supporting this, India’s finance minister Arun Jaitley said in his Budget speech: ‘India cannot realize its demographic dividend without its citizens being healthy.’ The Indian government is now realizing that one of the biggest challenges among many in delivering Modicare will be to secure a workforce of sufficient scale and quality, which meets the needs of rural as well as urban areas. With a population of 1.3 billion, India is estimated to have a target of 4.6 million skilled healthcare workers. In this chapter, Mark Britnell looks at India as the country is working to make Modicare a reality.
Entrepreneurial government—from under to oversupply
Authors: Britnell Mark 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The paradox of the global healthcare workforce is that while it has never been more abundant, it has never been scarcer relative to future patient needs. This workforce has largely been resistant to economic cycles of boom and bust, and has even flourished, relatively speaking, during recessions. But demand for health workers has surpassed our capacity to supply them and it has never been more important for governments to be progressive, agile, and courageous in tackling the looming crisis. In this chapter, Mark Britnell looks at entrepreneurial government, from under to oversupply. He shows how across the OECD, the functioning of the labour market for health workers—for good or ill—is characterized by strong government interventions affecting both supply and demand.
China—growth and social cohesion
Authors: Britnell Mark 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In China, the growth of the middle class, lifting so many from poverty, is enabled by the very same urbanization and industrialization that is affecting the physical and mental health of many. From cancer to diabetes, obesity to cardiovascular disease, the chronic diseases of wealth are rising rapidly in China, while the health system is failing to keep up with people’s soaring demand for quality healthcare. But it should not be forgotten how far China has already come—implementing the world’s largest basic healthcare coverage. In this chapter, Mark Britnell discusses whether it can pick up the pace in terms of the reach and depth of care provision, with many patients still incurring significant out-of-pocket expenses. Looking forward, he also analyses the developments needed in China to provide healthcare for the growing older population.
Women’s work? Altogether now
Authors: Britnell Mark 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Women make up a large and increasing proportion of the global healthcare workforce. As an industry, healthcare seems to welcome more women than most industries, typically ranking alongside sectors such as education and childcare in female participation rates. Nursing and clerical roles within the sector have been predominately female for some time, so much of the recent growth has been driven by a steady rise in the number of female doctors. This worldwide phenomenon, which began in the 1970s, is dubbed the ‘feminization of medicine’. Yet despite such strong female representation in the health workforce there are wide inequalities between men and women within it. In the face of acute workforce shortages, efforts to tackle these issues to attract, engage, and retain female staff will become increasingly important to both employers and governments. This chapter argues that pursuing gender equality in healthcare is a moral necessity to create a prosperous society. It also argues that there is an overwhelming business case for gender equity in the workplace—countries and companies with greater equity are better off for it.
AI, robotics and digital disruption—rise of the humans?
Authors: Britnell Mark 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The McKinsey Global Institute suggests productivity could increase by nearly 50%, boosting the economy at a time of lacklustre productivity growth and helping offset the impact of a declining share of the population being of working age. Investing in automation at scale can enhance productivity. Today, advances in robotics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning, in which machines mimic cognitive functions such as learning and problem solving, are ushering in a new age of automation as machines match or outperform humans in a range of work activities, including those requiring cognitive capabilities. In this chapter, Mark Britnell looks at the advances in artificial intelligence, robotics, and digital tools in relation to healthcare systems and healthcare workers, all with the aim of improving the quality of care.
Japan—centenarians and robots
Authors: Britnell Mark 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Japan’s population is 127 million. In 40 years’ time, it is expected to have fallen by a third. That might not have been a big problem for health if it were not for the shifting balance between generations. The over-65s will grow from 26% of the population to nearly 40%. Meanwhile the working age population will shrink at about 1% a year. Supporting Japan’s elderly population is placing a growing financial and physical strain on its younger generations. In this chapter, Mark Britnell analyses the structures in place to increase the number of Japanese healthcare workers, and to keep the national healthcare at its high standard.
Brazil—power to the people
Authors: Britnell Mark 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Thirty years ago, Brazil’s health system was patchy and elitist, serving mainly the rich or unionized white-collar workers and neglecting the poorest—those living without access even to clean water, sewage, or housing. Today, the country’s Sistema Ùnico de Saúde (SUS) is one of the largest free universal health systems in the world. Conceived of as the country emerged from a brutal 20-year dictatorship and ushered into being by the same political movement that delivered Brazil back its civil democracy, 79% of Brazil’s population now rely solely on the SUS for health services. In this chapter, Mark Britnell takes a closer look at the Brazilian SUS, and PSF, the family health programme, and argues that both of these need to be protected and championed during these difficult times.
Conclusion—why some rabbits outrun foxes
Authors: Britnell Mark 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In this chapter Mark Britnell brings together his ideas for solving the global workforce shortage in healthcare. He argues for a total reimagination of how we conduct healthcare and construct healthcare systems to avoid the coming global workforce shortage in healthcare that will harm patients, citizens, and societies. He argues for a more innovative, concerted, and collaborative approach to policies and practice. This way productivity will improve in a key section of the economy and national wealth will increase, helping individual prosperity, families, communities, and social cohesion. He is careful to point out that solving the global workforce crisis in healthcare is a complex problem, but that it can be solved.
Territorial Cleavages and the Bolivian Constitutional Transition
Authors: Moreno Gustavo Bonifaz , Molina George Gray 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the territorial dynamics behind Bolivia’s constitutional transition of 2006–08 and the political process during that period. Evo Morales’s landslide win in the presidential election of December 2005 set the stage for a protracted constitutional transformation that is still playing out in Bolivia. The chapter first provides a historical background on Bolivian politics marked by constitutional, legal, and policy reform and periods of social unrest, political mobilization, and popular revolt before discussing the period of constitutional engagement and the outcome of the 2009 general elections. It argues that territorial cleavages played a crucial role in Bolivia’s constitutional transition, which broadened territorial support for the Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) from western enclaves to the eastern lowlands over a five-year period. The chapter also identifies two key institutions that secured the broad legitimacy for constitutional reform: an impartial electoral court and a functioning constitutional tribunal.
Constitutional Transitions and Territorial Cleavages
Authors: Ghai Yash , Cottrell Jill 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how the question of territorial cleavage affected constitutional transitions in Kenya by focusing on the work of the Constitution of Kenya Review Commission (CKRC) and the National Constitutional Conference (NCC). More specifically, it explores issues surrounding devolution of power and how they were resolved, along with the actors involved. The chapter first provides a background that led to the move for constitutional reform, placing emphasis on the political “mobilization”—engineered by political parties and interests—behind the debate over the issue of devolution. It then considers the process of constitutional engagement from the late 2000 to early 2004, the CKRC proposals for a new Constitution that was eventually adopted via referendum in August 2010, and the devolution discussion in the NCC. It also analyzes the outcome of the constitutional transition and the lessons that can be learned from the Kenyan experience.
The Philippines
Authors: Lau Bryony 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how political interests in Mindanao and in Manila have made it difficult to resolve the territorial cleavage in southern Philippines, even though the 1987 Constitution envisioned Muslim autonomy within the unitary republic. It first provides a historical background on the Muslim insurgency in Mindanao, led by the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and later, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). It also considers the 1976 Tripoli agreement signed under martial law, the drafting of the 1987 Constitution, and the creation of the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao in 1989. It goes on to describe the period of constitutional engagement and more specifically, the “constitutional moment” for resolving the Mindanao question that began in mid-2010. Finally, it analyzes the outcome of the peace talks between the government and the Moro insurgents, along with some of significant the lessons that can be drawn from the experience.
The Withering Away of Politically Salient Territorial Cleavages in South Africa and the Emergence of Watermark Ethnic Federalism
Authors: Steytler Nico 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how a stable, legitimate, and highly regarded constitutional dispensation has successfully withered away the political salience of territorial cleavages in South Africa and paved the way for a stronger form of ethnic federalism. It first explains the context that led to South Africa’s transition from apartheid to democracy before discussing the period of constitutional engagement in 1990–96, focusing on the deal between the National Party (NP) and the African National Congress (ANC) that resulted in the adoption of an interim Constitution in December 1993. It also explores the constitutional provisions that sought to address the demands of the right-wing Afrikaners and the Zulu nationalists, along with the ratification of the final Constitution in 1996. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the outcome of the South African constitutional settlement and the important lessons that can be drawn from the unmaking of territorial politics in the country.
Sri Lanka’s Failed Peace Process and the Continuing Challenge of Ethno-Territorial Cleavages
Authors: Welikala Asanga 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines why the peace process in Sri Lanka failed to find a constitutional settlement for the country’s ethno-territorial cleavage, and even enthroned a government hostile to Tamil aspirations for regional autonomy. It first provides a historical background on the ethnic division between Sinhalese and Tamils before turning to the period of constitutional engagement in Sri Lanka, focusing in particular on the Norwegian-facilitated peace process between the Sri Lankan government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and highlighting its various weaknesses as a model of conflict transformation and constitutional transition. The chapter also analyzes the outcomes of the peace process and the lessons that can be drawn from it. Two features of Sri Lanka’s political culture that became evident in the failure of the peace negotiations are identified: the hyper-competitive nature of party politics and the elitism of constitutional politics.
Words by Convention
Authors: Leckie Gail , Williams J. R. G. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Existing metasemantic projects presuppose that word- (or sentence-) types are part of the non-semantic base. This paper proposes a new strategy: an endogenous account of word types, that is, one where word types are fixed as part of the metasemantics. On this view, it is the conventions of truthfulness and trust that ground not only the meaning of the words (meaning by convention) but also what the word type is of each particular token utterance (words by convention). The same treatment extends to identifying the populations through which the conventions prevail. The paper considers whether this proposal leads to new underdetermination challenges for metasemantics, and makes a case that it does not.
Standards Applied in Relevant Copyright Rulings
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the nature and content of eleven key standards that the Court has consistently employed in its copyright case law. They are: high level of protection, autonomous concepts of EU law, effectiveness, proportionality, fair balance of different rights and interests, interpretation in light of international instruments, interpretation in light of wording and context of provisions, interpretation in light of objectives pursued by legislation at issue, interpretation in light of fundamental rights as granted by the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, preventive nature of economic rights, and strict interpretation of exceptions and limitations. This chapter also conducts a statistical analysis of the selected rulings, to identify relationships between these standards (considered in pairs), both in general and with particular regard to selected areas (economic rights, exceptions and limitations, and enforcement). The goal is to facilitate the understanding of how different standards interact with each other.
Religion and History in Nineteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Bennett Joshua 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The chapter introduces the process by which progressive and developmental ideas of history became authoritative in Protestant intellectual culture: a process affecting Anglicans and nonconformists; liberals and evangelicals; and religious and secular critics. It argues that the religious revivalism of the earlier part of the century tended to express itself in terms of static conceptions of religious tradition. Religious and secular varieties of liberalism, by contrast, began to rely upon more dynamic ideas of the religious past. Religious liberals challenged traditionalists by interpreting religion in developmental terms. Rooting the wider progress of civilization in the different phases of the history of the church, they elevated history into a new kind of natural theology, often with reference to different kinds of German Idealism. Their unbelieving critics, on the other hand, understood progress as the history of secularization. The chapter grounds these debates in the institutions and publishing culture of the Victorian public sphere.
Did Jesus Rise from the Dead?
Authors: Levering Matthew 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This book defends the reasonableness of believing that Jesus of Nazareth rose from the dead. It mounts both historical arguments and theological arguments. There are only two alternatives as a historical matter: either Jesus actually rose from the dead, or else his bereaved disciples saw hallucinatory visions and were fooled by them. Indebted to N. T. Wright, this book argues that historical evidence points to the former scenario. The Gospels were backed by eyewitnesses who were living and telling their stories even during the time of the writing of the Gospels. In addition, “history” is not a neutral category; to know what history actually is, it is necessary to know whether or not there is a Creator God who loves his creatures. Furthermore, there is every reason to consider the Scriptures of Israel to belong to the background evidence by which scholars and inquirers evaluate the credibility of the testimony to Jesus’ Resurrection. The historical evidence for this event will be more credible to those who cultivate an ability to contemplate the whole. The book also addresses the question of why, after Jesus rose from the dead, he did not continue to show himself in his glorified flesh. Jesus’ entire mission is predicated upon helping us to avoid cleaving to the present world over God. He is leading us to where he is—the kingdom of God, the beginning of the new creation at the Father’s right hand.
Law for Sale
Authors: Stark Johanna 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The book focuses on the philosophical underpinnings, problems, and consequences of regulatory competition. The term ‘regulatory competition’ describes a dynamic in which states as producers of legal rules compete for the favour of mobile consumers of their legal products. Besides discussing regulatory competition, a factual phenomenon, identifying the structural conditions for law markets to occur and referring to particular fields of law where competitive dynamics among legislators can be observed, arguments critical of regulatory competition as a policy approach are presented from the perspective of political theory and philosophy. These arguments provide a clearer picture of the incompatibilities between the theoretical pedigree of regulatory competition—the assumptions we must accept in order to see its promises and its appeal—and other sets of beliefs and commitments that shape our thinking about law and the state. They come to the conclusion that the existence of so-called ‘law markets’ that come with a commodification of law itself is at odds with both our conception of the functions of legal rules and of key political ideals and principles such as democracy, state autonomy, and political authority.
Law as a Contested Commodity
Authors: Stark Johanna 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Several types of philosophical arguments have been offered as to why some things should not, or cannot, consistently be bought and sold, such as human organs, Nobel Prizes, or democratic votes. Starting from the debate about so-called ‘contested commodities’, this chapter deals with the commodification of law itself and discusses whether philosophical criticism regarding the commodification of certain types of goods and practices is applicable in the context of law as a product as well. The argument’s starting point is that regulatory competition leads to the law being perceived as a commodity that is subject to the market mechanism. It proceeds with a discussion of the premise that the market mechanism comes with its own kind of valuation, with the price mechanism serving as the primary indicator of value. Criticism of commodification and commercialization is often based on the perception that market valuation tends to be dominant over other evaluative standards, sometimes ‘crowding out’ considerations that cannot be directly translated into market vocabulary. Under conditions of regulatory competition, there is a case to be made that some of the normative considerations, the values and principles that underlie legal rules would in case of conflict be ‘crowded out’ by the imperatives of success in a global law market.
Elements of Classical Electrodynamics
Authors: Milonni Peter W. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews some topics in classical electrodynamics that are fundamental for modern quantum optics and that appear throughout the remaining chapters, includingelectric dipole radiation, electromagnetic energy, Abraham and Minkowski momenta in dielectric media, photon momentum, and Rayleigh scattering. Other foundational topics treatedare Earnshaw’s theorem, gauges and Lorentz transformations of fields, radiation reaction, the Ewald-Oseen extinction theorem, different forms of stress tensors in dielectric media, and the optical theorem.
Fluctuations, Dissipation, and Noise
Authors: Milonni Peter W. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
General concepts in the theory of fluctuations and dissipation are reviewed and applied to examples in quantum optics. Brownian motion, Fokker-Planck and Langevin equations, and the Wiener-Khintchine theorem are reviewed, followed by a derivation and discussion of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. The general problem of an oscillator coupled to a heat bath is revisited, as is the nonrelativistic theory of radiation reaction. The general ideas about fluctuations and dissipation developed in the first part of the chapter are then applied to the theory of the fundamental laser linewidth, the photon statistics of linear amplifiers and attenuators, the noise figure, amplified spontaneous emission, and the quantum theory of the beam slitter and homodyne detection.