bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recurrent glioblastoma versus late posttreatment changes: diagnostic accuracy of O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine positron emission tomography (18F-FET PET)
Authors: Bashir Asma , Mathilde Jacobsen Sofie , Mølby Henriksen Otto , Broholm Helle , Urup Thomas , Grunnet Kirsten , Andrée Larsen Vibeke , Møller Søren , Skjøth-Rasmussen Jane , Skovgaard Poulsen Hans , Law Ian 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundDiagnostic accuracy in previous studies of O-(2-[18F]-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (18F-FET) PET in patients with suspected recurrent glioma may be influenced by prolonged dynamic PET acquisitions, heterogeneous populations, different non–standard-of-care therapies, and PET scans performed at different time points post radiotherapy. We investigated the diagnostic accuracy of a 20-minute 18F-FET PET scan in MRI-suspected recurrent glioblastoma 6 months after standard radiotherapy and its ability to prognosticate overall survival (OS).MethodsIn total, 146 glioblastoma patients with 168 18F-FET PET scans were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with MRI responses to bevacizumab or undergoing re-irradiation or immunotherapy after 18F-FET PET were excluded. Maximum and mean tumor-to-background ratios (TBRmax, TBRmean) and biological tumor volume (BTV) were recorded and verified by histopathology or clinical/radiological follow-up. Thresholds of 18F-FET parameters were determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Prognostic factors were investigated in Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsSurgery was performed after 104 18F-FET PET scans, while clinical/radiological surveillance was used following 64, identifying 152 glioblastoma recurrences and 16 posttreatment changes. ROC analysis yielded thresholds of 2.0 for TBRmax, 1.8 for TBRmean, and 0.55 cm3 for BTV in differentiating recurrent glioblastoma from posttreatment changes with the best performance of TBRmax (sensitivity 99%, specificity 94%; P &lt; 0.0001) followed by BTV (sensitivity 98%, specificity 94%; P &lt; 0.0001). Using these thresholds, 166 18F-FET PET scans were correctly classified. Increasing BTV was associated with shorter OS (P &lt; 0.0001).ConclusionA 20-minute 18F-FET PET scan is a powerful tool to distinguish posttreatment changes from recurrent glioblastoma 6-month postradiotherapy, and predicts OS.
Physical capacity of New South Wales ambulance paramedics
Authors: Hunter J R , Macquarrie A J , Sheridan S C 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundParamedics are among the most frequently injured health professionals in Australia. A lack of physical capacity may contribute to injury risk in this occupational population.AimsThis study sought to describe and compare the physical fitness of male and female paramedics across age groups to ascertain differences in physical capacity.MethodsA group of regional Australian paramedics (n = 140; 78 males; mean ± SD 37.4 ± 9.9 years; body mass index 28.1 ± 4.9 kg/m2) underwent a fitness assessment. Measures included upper, lower and core-body muscular strength and flexibility. Outcomes were compared between genders and across age groups using two-way between-groups analysis of variance.ResultsMale paramedics had greater upper body strength (P < 0.05; push-ups) mean (95% CI): 22.6 (19.4–25.9) versus 18.7 (15.2–22.3); similar lower body strength (single-leg wall squat): 39.0 (32.6–45.3) s versus 36.7 (27.1–46.3) s; greater core strength (P < 0.05; prone plank hold): 87.9 (77.6–98.3) s versus 73.8 (63.7–83.8) s; similar upper body flexibility (back scratch): −4.0 (−6.7 to −1.3) cm versus −0.3 (−2.2 to 1.7) cm; and similar lower body flexibility (sit and reach): 20.4 (18.2–22.6) cm versus 26.1 (23.5–28.7) cm to female paramedics. Core, upper and lower body strength all decreased with age (P < 0.05).ConclusionsCore, upper and lower body strength and upper body flexibility were poorer for older compared to younger regional paramedics in New South Wales, Australia. Future research should investigate whether these outcomes are associated with occupational injury risk. This information would assist in the design of injury prevention interventions for paramedics such as tailored workplace exercise programs.
Research and teaching activity in UK occupational physicians
Authors: Lalloo D , Demou E , Pahl N , Macdonald E B 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
For all doctors, including occupational physicians (OPs), research and teaching are considered core requirements of medical education and continuing professional development. Academic skills are also vital to evidence-based practice and advancement of occupational health (OH) as a specialty. In recent years, attention has focussed on the declining UK OH academic base and the research– practice gap, and increased practitioner participation in research is encouraged.

Aims
To establish a baseline of research and teaching activity among UK OPs, identify related barriers and inform strategies to overcome them.

Methods
An online survey including specific career profile questions derived from consensus following expert panel discussions. It formed part of a larger Delphi study on UK OH research priorities.

Results
We received 213 responses, about 18% of 1207 practising UK OPs. Of these, 162 (76%) undertook research at some career-point, of which 44 (27%) were currently research-active. Similarly, 154 (72%) undertook teaching at some career-point, of which 99 (64%) were currently teaching-active. Of those who had never undertaken research (n = 51) or teaching (n = 59), 40 and 42% were interested in doing so, respectively. Key barriers were lack of time and opportunity, the former particularly for respondents practising in industry, where ‘commercial’ demands take priority, rather than healthcare.

Conclusions
This study establishes a benchmark of academic activity among UK OPs and identifies related barriers. These ‘target’ barriers can shape research funding priorities and education to increase participation and develop the UK OH academic base.
Vitamin D and Acute Respiratory Infections—The PODA Trial
Authors: Aloia John F , Islam Shahidul , Mikhail Mageda 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
There is considerable heterogeneity in clinical trials examining the role of vitamin D in the prevention of acute respiratory infections (ARIs).

Methods
The primary aim of the Physical Performance, Osteoporosis, and Vitamin D in Older African-American Women (PODA) trial was the prevention of bone loss and decline in physical performance. A questionnaire about ARIs was administered every 3 months for 3 years to 260 black American women in a double-blind randomized clinical trial that had a placebo group and a vitamin D supplementation group. The serum 25(OH)D level was maintained &gt;30 ng/mL in the vitamin D group.

Results
Serum 25(OH)D was maintained &gt;30 ng/mL in 90% of the active group, whereas levels approximated those associated with the recommended dietary allowance (20 ng/mL) in the placebo group. There was no difference in occurrence of ARIs in the treatment group vs the placebo group. ARIs were not related to total or free 25(OH)D, which were measured at baseline and annually for 36 months.

Conclusions
Vitamin D supplementation sufficient to maintain serum 25(OH)D &gt;30 ng/mL does not prevent ARIs in older African American women.

ClinicalTrials.gov Registration Number
NCT01153568.
Left Ventricular Assist Device Infections and the Potential Role for Dalbavancin: A Case Report
Authors: Howard-Anderson Jessica , Pouch Stephanie M , Sexton Mary Elizabeth , Mehta Aneesh K , Smith Andrew L , Lyon George M , Friedman-Moraco Rachel 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Left ventricular assist device infections (LVADIs) are common but challenging to treat, often requiring prolonged courses of intravenous antibiotics. Dalbavancin could have a role in treating patients with chronic LVADIs given its less frequent dosing requirements. Here, we illustrate a case in which dalbavancin was used as suppressive therapy for an LVADI for greater than 7 months.
Projections and Hazards of Future Extreme Heat
Authors: Raymond Colin , Coumou Dim , Foreman Tim , King Andrew , Kornhuber Kai , Lesk Corey , Mora Camilo , Perkins-Kirkpatrick Sarah , Russo Simone , Vijverberg Sem 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter surveys how the state of knowledge about the physical processes that cause extreme heat and the societal factors that determine its impacts can be used to better predict these aspects of future climate change. Covering global projections; event attribution; atmospheric dynamics; regional and local effects; and impacts on health, agriculture, and the economy, this chapter aims to provide a guide to the rapidly growing body of literature on extreme heat and its impacts, as well as to highlight where there remain significant areas in need of further research.
The Literati and the Dao
Authors: Lash Scott 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter develops the argument that China is a civilizational state and follows a trajectory different from that of the Western nation-state. Weber is correct in selecting features of Chinese culture and social and political structure that stand in contrast to Western forms of rationalization: the role of magic, the particularism of guilds, the absence of the Western polis and Roman law, and the universalism demanded of Christianity in contrast to the religions of southeast Asia. Following Sheldon Pollock’s The Language of the Gods in the World of Men, the nature of language itself differentiates Latin in the West, Sanskrit in south and southeast Asia, and Chinese analogical language in China. Language, or langue-pensée, has a determining effect on stratification and configurations of power, especially in the development of the vernacularization of language as a precondition for the nation-state. China, in contrast to India and the West, resisted vernacularization. It is as if the West had kept to the Latin of the Holy Roman Empire. The nature of Chinese language therefore is intrinsic to the civilization and imperial state in China to this day.
Student Privacy and the Law in the Internet Age
Authors: Plunkett Leah , Gasser Urs , Cortesi Sandra 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
New types of digital technologies and new ways of using them are heavily impacting young people’s learning environments and creating intense pressure points on the “pre-digital” framework of student privacy. This chapter offers a high-level mapping of the federal legal landscape in the United States created by the “big three” federal privacy statutes—the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), and the Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment (PPRA)—in the context of student privacy and the ongoing digital transformation of formal learning environments (“schools”). Fissures are emerging around key student privacy issues such as: what are the key data privacy risk factors as digital technologies are adopted in learning environments; which decision makers are best positioned to determine whether, when, why, and with whom students’ data should be shared outside the school environment; what types of data may be unregulated by privacy law and what additional safeguards might be required; and what role privacy law and ethics serve as we seek to bolster related values, such as equity, agency, and autonomy, to support youth and their pathways. These and similar intersections at which the current federal legal framework is ambiguous or inadequate pose challenges for key stakeholders. This chapter proposes that a “blended” governance approach, which draws from technology-based, market-based, and human-centered privacy protection and empowerment mechanisms and seeks to bolster legal safeguards that need to be strengthen in parallel, offers an essential toolkit to find creative, nimble, and effective multistakeholder solutions.
Universal Pre-Kindergarten
Authors: Gomez-Velez Natalie 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
At the turn of the twenty-first century, public universal pre-kindergarten (UPK) gained momentum across the United States as a widely popular public policy goal. More recently, however, implementing high-quality UPK has been hampered by federal disengagement from the issue, fiscal constraints, and conflicting state policy approaches. This chapter examines the growth of UPK as an important policy goal on the federal and state levels; the impact of the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) and a new presidential administration on federal policy disengagement from the issue; and varying degrees of state fiscal support and state and local policy approaches in thwarting the full realization of UPK’s promise. This examination notes the urgent need for a policy focus on the equitable delivery of high-quality programs if UPK is to improve future educational outcomes and help close opportunity gaps. Universal access will not achieve pre-kindergarten’s benefits without high-quality programming. If universal pre-kindergarten’s promise is to be achieved, the federal and state governments must work in tandem to ensure that all children, starting with those most in need of early education, have access to high-quality, age-appropriate UPK. Because ESSA limits federal policy prescriptions, advocacy must focus on the state level, using evidence-based lessons from research and experience.
Scriptural Battlefields
Authors: Cañizares-Esguerra Jorge , Masters Adrian 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Scholars have barely begun to explore the role of the Old Testament in the history of the Spanish New World. And yet this text was central for the Empire’s legal thought, playing a role in its legislation, adjudication, and understandings of group status. Institutions like the Council of the Indies, the Inquisition, and the monarchy itself invited countless parallels to ancient Hebrew justice. Scripture influenced how subjects understood and valued imperial space as well as theories about Paradise or King Solomon’s mines of Ophir. Scripture shaped debates about the nature of the New World past, the legitimacy of the conquest, and the questions of mining, taxation, and other major issues. In the world of privilege and status, conquerors and pessimists could depict the New World and its peoples as the antithesis of Israel and the Israelites, while activists, patriots, and women flipped the script with aplomb. In the readings of Indians, American-born Spaniards, nuns, and others, the correct interpretation of the Old Testament justified a new social order where these groups’ supposed demerits were in reality their virtues. Indeed, vassals and royal officials’ interpretations of the Old Testament are as diverse as the Spanish Empire itself. Scripture even outlasted the Empire. As republicans defeated royalists in the nineteenth century, divergent readings of the book, variously supporting the Israelite monarchy or the Hebrew republic, had their day on the battlefield itself.
Changing Capital Market Structure and Regulatory Challenges
Authors: Mattli Walter , Kellerman Miles 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Advances in telecommunication technology in the nineteenth century encouraged greater centralization of liquidity on single, dominant exchanges in most major industrialized countries. Electronic trading, in contrast, has precipitated increased market fragmentation, creating a host of new regulatory dilemmas. In an attempt to understand this phenomenon, this chapter proposes a two-stage process of market structural development in response to electronic trading. This process is then examined in equities and foreign exchange markets. Despite significant differences between these two asset classes, they have exhibited a remarkably similar pattern of disintermediation followed by reintermediation. This analysis is followed by a survey of recent regulatory approaches to mitigate the negative externalities associated with electronic trading. It concludes with a brief discussion on the future of market fragmentation and centralization in global capital markets.
Michel Foucault,Discipline and Punish
Authors: Luxon Nancy 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPublished in 1975, Michel Foucault’s Discipline and Punish has profoundly affected how we think about power and hierarchy broadly speaking, as well as their specific effects on incarceration. If the text initially influenced debates on moral autonomy, political agency, and historicist methodologies for political theorizing, its influence has since widened. The following article (1) briefly presents the argument in Discipline and Punish, and its implications for rethinking power and hierarchy; (2) considers its reception in light of debates around agency, autonomy, and political activity; and (3) finishes by tracing Discipline’s implications for work on subjectivity and subject-formation, incarceration and poverty governance, feminist theory and intersectionality, and inquiry into colonialism and its legacies.
James Scott, Seeing Like a State
Authors: King Loren 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
States see the world in a particular way, simplifying their domains to better rule them. By the early twentieth century, these ordering imperatives coincided with progressive ideals grounded in hopes that scientific and technological progress could shape the world for good. That conceit—that we should use the formidable power of the state to forge grand rational schemes for human improvement—blinded planners to the critical importance of local, cumulative, practical knowledge. This is Scott’s core thesis in Seeing Like a State, which he supports with a rich (if selective) body of evidence. If we defend Scott’s book as political theory, then we might worry that he has simply rediscovered skeptical themes (specifically, worries about coercive power and rational planning) long-evident in counter-enlightenment, anarchist, libertarian, and postcolonial thought. These worries, while reasonable, should not obscure the great value of Scott’s book as grounded political theory: there are lessons here, both methodological and substantive, for political theory.
Thinking about Satire
Authors: Marshall Ashley 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
What did eighteenth-century writers and critics have to say about satire? The relevant primary material is voluminous, including Dryden’s Discourse, Pope’s Epilogue to the Satires, essays and sermons on ridicule, authorial prefaces, and passing strictures upon particular satires. The commentary is often occasional, subjective, and partisan, usually either focusing on single works or operating in the realm of abstraction. Satire was a contentious subject for many readers and writers. It produced anxiety, because of its socio-moral consequences and because of the uncertainties of the form. No consensus existed in the realms of definition, terminology, objective, method, or target. Contemporary attitudes towards satire were decidedly mixed; few in the eighteenth century would consider satire the achievement of the age. But 1660–1745 was the aetas mirabilis of English satire, marked by rich debates about ethics and efficacy, about the aesthetics and humanity of humorous judgement—and a time of satiric production that is, quantitatively and qualitatively, astonishing.
The Female Wits
Authors: van Hensbergen Claudine 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Taking as its focus the satirical play The Female Wits: or, the Triumvirate of Poets at Rehearsal (1696) this chapter reconstructs the satirical milieu around female dramatists at the turn of the eighteenth century. The leading playwright Susannah Centlivre repeatedly claimed that female dramatists only found success where they obscured their gender, with discriminatory attitudes laying them open to ‘the carping Malice of the Vulgar World’. This chapter explores the extent to which this was true, examining whether we should read The Female Wits as a misogynistic silencing of women playwrights, or rather as a work that speaks to their commercial popularity. By contextualizing this analysis through the writings of Centlivre and her contemporaries Delarivier Manley, Mary Pix, and Catharine Trotter, as well as considering their treatment in the stage reform debates, the chapter argues that scholars may have overestimated the power of satire to curtail the careers of female dramatists.
Epigram and Spontaneous Wit
Authors: Loveman Kate 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter investigates epigrams in order to recover elusive practices that widely affected the composition and interpretation of satire in the long eighteenth century. Restoration courtiers were credited with the production of spontaneous satirical epigrams. However, epigrammatic composition was far from being an elite practice: satirical epigrams circulated via oral transmission, in manuscript, in print, and as graffiti. Epigrammatic graffiti and rhyming games offered people from a range of stations opportunities to encounter and compose verses, in the process teaching ways to appreciate inventive rhyme and diction in poetry. Such widespread activities influenced the transmission and reception of works by noted satirists including the Earl of Rochester, Samuel Butler, and Jonathan Swift. These ephemeral practices of wit had a profound influence on the literary history of the period and their effects can be seen in editions of Restoration satire today.
Ridicule as a Tool for Discovering Truth
Authors: Klein Lawrence E. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores eighteenth-century discussion of the nature, power, import, and uses of ridicule. While many assented to the role of ridicule in flagging defects of character and social or moral practice, the use of ridicule in relation to the establishment of truth was more controversial. The proposition that ridicule could serve as a ‘test of truth’ arose at the beginning of the century in comments by the 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury about ‘enthusiasm’. Once raised, the topic sparked discussion for decades. Initially, the attack on Shaftesbury arose in the context of the politics of religion, in which churchmen emphasized the connection between ridicule and irreligion. As partisan and religious politics calmed in the second half of the century, ridicule came to be situated in enlightened discussion of human communicative capacities and the parameters of taste.
Alexander Pope and the Philosophical Horace
Authors: Haugen Kristine Louise 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Alexander Pope’s moralizing satires belong to the Augustan style of free translation. But in one crucial respect, Pope acted more like the Latin continental commentators through whom many English readers approached Horace. He studied Horace for concealed philosophical meanings; he often detected danger, especially in Horace’s Epicurean philosophy of pleasure; and through contradiction, misdirection, or silence, Pope guided readers towards a more suitable moral or a seemingly innocuous understanding of what Horace said. This intellectual and supremely ambitious Pope is not the genteel, easily confused poet we know from the scholarship of the middle twentieth century. He does resemble the driven and often duplicitous Pope described by Victorian scholars. Meanwhile, earlier English translators for more than a century had been keenly alive to Horace’s philosophy of pleasure. Pope’s innovation was to intervene even more fully and decisively than earlier humanists or translators as he masked, reversed, or banalized Horace’s ideas.