bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two potential evolutionary origins of the fruiting bodies of the dictyostelid slime moulds
Authors: Hehmeyer Jenks 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTDictyostelium discoideum and the other dictyostelid slime moulds (‘social amoebae’) are popular model organisms best known for their demonstration of sorocarpic development. In this process, many cells aggregate to form a multicellular unit that ultimately becomes a fruiting body bearing asexual spores. Several other unrelated microorganisms undergo comparable processes, and in some it is evident that their multicellular development evolved from the differentiation process of encystation. While it has been argued that the dictyostelid fruiting body had similar origins, it has also been proposed that dictyostelid sorocarpy evolved from the unicellular fruiting process found in other amoebozoan slime moulds. This paper reviews the developmental biology of the dictyostelids and other relevant organisms and reassesses the two hypotheses on the evolutionary origins of dictyostelid development. Recent advances in phylogeny, genetics, and genomics and transcriptomics indicate that further research is necessary to determine whether or not the fruiting bodies of the dictyostelids and their closest relatives, the myxomycetes and protosporangids, are homologous.
Regulatory T‐cells in alopecia areata
Authors: Speiser Jodi J. , Mondo Dana , Mehta Vikas , Marcial Sheela A. , Kini Ameet , Hutchens Kelli A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundAlopecia areata (AA) is believed to have an autoimmune mechanism in which the hair follicles are targeted by CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. Studies investigating the autoimmune mechanism of other cutaneous diseases, including vitiligo, showed that Treg is a component of cutaneous immune privilege. Our study uses immunohistochemical staining in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue to examine the percentage of CD4+FoxP3+, CD25+FoxP3+, and CD8+FoxP3+ Treg in AA in human specimens.MethodsImmunohistochemical double staining for CD4+FoxP3+, CD25+FoxP3+, and CD8+FoxP3+ was performed on 12 AA cases and 12 other autoimmune and non‐autoimmune cutaneous diseases. The frequency of CD4+FoxP3+, CD25+FoxP3+, and CD8+ FoxP3+ Treg was counted and expressed as a percentage of total CD4+, CD25+, and CD8+ lymphocytes, respectively, in order to account for intersample inflammatory response variability.ResultsThere was a significant reduction in the mean frequency of CD4+ FoxP3+ and CD25+ FoxP3+ in AA when compared to other autoimmune and non‐autoimmune cutaneous diseases.Conclusion
Treg is significantly lower in AA when compared to other cutaneous diseases. Additionally, this immunohistochemical‐staining protocol may be useful to evaluate Treg in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded specimens for other cutaneous diseases. Studies examining Treg in AA and other cutaneous diseases may have implications for future interventions.
Surgical repair of synovial fistulae between a carpal hygroma, the tendon sheath of the extensor carpi radialis and the antebrachiocarpal joint in a horse
Authors: Rybar M. , Fraser B. S. L. 
Published: April 2019

SummaryThis paper reports the diagnosis and repair of synovial fistulae between a carpal hygroma and both the antebrachiocarpal (ABC) joint and the extensor carpi radialis (ECR) tendon sheath of the left carpus in a 7‐year‐old gelding. The communication was confirmed using contrast radiography. Arthroscopy visualised the synovial fistulae and aided in the surgical repair. The gelding made a full athletic and acceptable cosmetic recovery.
A network meta‐analysis of threats to South American fish biodiversity
Authors: Bezerra Luis Artur Valões , Freitas Matheus Oliveira , Daga Vanessa Salete , Occhi Thiago Vinicius Trento , Faria Larissa , Costa Ana Paula Lula , Padial Andre Andrian , Prodocimo Viviane , Vitule Jean Ricardo Simões 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWhile environmental alterations have made Homo sapiens the hyperkeystone species of the globe, biotic homogenization initiated a new era, the “Homogenocene.” Still, some terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in South America are considered pristine and wild, which can lead to a general faith that economic progress is consistent with conservation strategies, even without scientific support. We compiled anthropogenic threats to fish biodiversity in a hierarchical meta‐analysis, along with an evidence synthesis of threats related to biological invasions, based on peer‐reviewed research with the aim to represent the actual conservation status of the South American ichthyofauna. We highlighted human‐related threats and synergistic effects of biological invasions, climate change, environmental alterations (e.g., pollution, aquaculture and damming) and fisheries. Considering measures that reinforce novel alien fish (e.g., artificial hybrids or genetically modified) introductions, it became clear why an eventual increase in local or regional species richness is not always beneficial to aquaculture, biodiversity, human well‐being or nature. In fact, citizens in all societal roles, including scientists, should revise their concepts about threats to fish biodiversity. Environmental policies require more than taxonomic diagnostics to achieve conservation goals under an incompatible scenario of a multiplying number of fish species and biotic homogenization. We advocate for countries in South America using science‐based strategies useful to maintain their social and economic growth along with their “remaining nature.” We live a crucial moment when the government overlooks threats to biodiversity and uses agribusiness as the most acceptable manner of fuelling the economy.
Multiscale patterns of rarity in fungi, inferred from fruiting records
Authors: Gange Alan C. , Allen Lewis P. , Nussbaumer Aline , Gange Edward G. , Andrew Carrie , Egli Simon , Senn‐Irlet Beatrice , Boddy Lynne 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimIt is unknown whether fungi show similar trends to other organisms in their macroecological patterns of abundance and spatial distribution. Here, we investigated fungal abundance–occupancy relationships to determine whether fungi that are common at a local scale tend to be more widely distributed.LocationUK and Switzerland.Time period1950–2014.Major taxa studiedFungi.MethodsWe used a local data set of fruiting records of 2,319 species in the UK, accumulated over 65 years, and one from Switzerland of 319 species, spanning 32 years. Using the number of records and occurrence as proxies for abundance, in each case we examined the form of species and rank abundance distributions and compared these with distributions of records in the national databases over the same time. We plotted relationships of the local number of records and regional occupancy and calculated multiscale indices of rarity for all fungal species.ResultsThere was a remarkable congruence in the patterns found in the UK and Switzerland. Regional assemblages are characterized by many rare species, whereas few are common (fitting the lognormal distribution). However, at local scales, distributions best fitted a power law, suggesting that habitat availability or dispersal processes might play important roles. Fungi with a high number of local records are densely distributed nationally, but unlike other organisms, locally rare fungi may also be densely distributed at a wider scale.Main conclusionsFungal fruiting records can be used to infer patterns in fungal distributions. Abundances in local assemblages may be determined by the position of the assemblage in the overall geographical range of each species, dispersal ability and environmental filtering. We advocate the use of multiscale approaches to rarity in future fungal sampling programmes, to provide more reliable information for future conservation policy decisions and fungal biogeography.
Mud Tank Zircon: Long‐Term Evaluation of a Reference Material for U‐Pb Dating, Hf‐Isotope Analysis and Trace Element Analysis
Authors: Gain Sarah E. M. , Gréau Yoann , Henry Hadrien , Belousova Elena , Dainis Ivars , Griffin William L. , O'Reilly Suzanne Y. 
Published: April 2019

Zircon megacrysts from the Mud Tank carbonatite, Australia, are being used in many laboratories as a reference material for LA‐ICP‐MS U‐Pb dating and trace element measurement, and LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS determination of Hf isotopes. We summarise a database of > 10000 analyses of Mud Tank zircon (MTZ), collected from 2000 to 2018 during its use as a secondary reference material for simultaneous U‐Pb and trace element analysis, and for Hf‐isotope analysis. Trace element mass fractions are highest in dark red‐brown stones and lowest in colourless and gem‐quality ones. Individual unzoned grains can be chemically homogeneous, while significant variations in trace element mass fraction are associated with oscillatory zoning. Chondrite‐normalised trace element patterns are essentially parallel over large mass fraction ranges. A Concordia age of 731.0 ± 0.2 Ma (2s, n = 2272) is taken as the age of crystallisation. Some grains show lower concordant to mildly discordant ages, probably reflecting minor Pb loss associated with cooling and the Alice Springs Orogeny (450–300 Ma). Our weighted mean 176Hf/177Hf is 0.282523 ± 10 (2s, n = 9350); the uncertainties on this ratio reflect some heterogeneity, mainly between grains. A few analyses suggest that colourless grains have generally lower 176Hf/177Hf. MTZ is a useful secondary reference material for U‐Pb and Hf‐isotope analysis, but individual grains need to be carefully selected using CL imaging and tested for homogeneity, and ideally should be standardised by solution analysis.
Migration of Latin American nurses to Spain 2006–2016: a case study
Authors: Pastor‐Bravo M. , Nelson S. 
Published: April 2019

AimTo examine the migration of nurses from Latin America to Spain over the period from 2006 to 2016.BackgroundThis study examines the impact of the 2008 global economic crisis on migration flows of nurses to Spain from its major source countries of Latin America.MethodsUsing an exploratory case study, we present original data provided by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport of the Government of Spain upon request on applications and success rates for credential recognition of nurses intending to immigrate to Spain, with an extended analysis of Latin American applications which account for the 70% of skilled worker migration to Spain.ResultsSuccessful applications for credential recognition of overseas nursing qualifications plummeted from a peak of 1384 in 2007 to 55 in 2016. Migration intentionality also decreased but has undergone a slight increase in recent years.Discussion/ConclusionWe found that the economic crisis effectively closed the door to internationally educated nurses to work as nurses in Spain. Moreover, the denial of official recognition of nursing credentials appears to be unaffected by the existence of bilateral trade and mobility agreements between Spain and source countries. We conclude that the level of nursing migration to Spain is a sensitive indicator of domestic labour market conditions.Implications for health policyDespite the lack of any transparent policy on the credential approvals, in practice the government is limiting access to the nursing labour market by overseas education nurses. We urge that attention be paid by health human resource planners on the intersection between labour market and migration trends to support a transparent and data‐informed discussion by all stakeholders on the current state of the nursing labour market in Spain and its future needs.
Differential Quaternary dynamics of evergreen broadleaved forests in subtropical China revealed by phylogeography of Lindera aggregata (Lauraceae)
Authors: Ye Jun‐Wei , Li De‐Zhu , Hampe Arndt 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimAccording to palaeo‐biome reconstructions, the subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests (EBLF) in East Asia contracted to a narrow belt south of 24° N during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Yet numerous phylogeographical studies of EBLF plants have inferred glacial refugia north of this area. Here, we aim to further elucidate the Quaternary dynamics of EBLFs using the widespread shrub Lindera aggregata as model.LocationSubtropical China.TaxonLindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm (angiosperms).MethodsFour chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) fragments and 15 low‐copy nuclear genes (LCGs) were sequenced in 19 populations. The time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) was estimated using secondary calibrations. Bayesian algorithms were used to infer population clustering, phylogeny and divergence time. Historical gene flow was estimated using a maximum‐likelihood algorithm. Potential habitats at present and during the LGM were predicted using ecological niche modelling.ResultsThe TMRCA estimate was 1.78 Myr. We observed a shallow cpDNA network organized around one dominant haplotype. The LCGs revealed three distinct genetic clusters that reflected contrasting historical population dynamics. The most ancient cluster was located south of the Nanling and Wuyi Mountains and indicated long‐term population persistence in multiple refugia. The area further north was occupied by two disjunct clusters that dated back to the LGM and showed signatures of a rapid northward expansion from two refugia. We detected noteworthy pollen‐mediated secondary admixture between all three clusters including somewhat preferential southward gene flow.Main conclusionsLindera aggregata represents a rare example of extensive post‐glacial range expansion across the EBLF biome (expansion‐contraction model) that contrasts with its generalized long‐term population stability in the southernmost range parts. Our findings also provide rare evidence for noteworthy post‐glacial gene flow into long‐term refugial populations. They correspond relatively well with palaeo‐biome reconstructions and support the hypothesis that the EBLF has undergone extensive post‐glacial community reshuffling.
Dental treatment procedures for periodontal disease and the subsequent risk of ischaemic stroke: A retrospective population‐based cohort study
Authors: Lin Hsiao‐Wei , Chen Chun‐Min , Yeh Yi‐Chun , Chen Yen‐Yu , Guo Ru‐Yu , Lin Yen‐Ping , Li Ya‐Ching 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimTo investigate the association between specific dental therapy for periodontal disease and the risk of ischaemic stroke.Materials and MethodsWe conducted a population‐based cohort study that used data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database 2005 for the period of 2000–2013. Our observations focused on patients with the diagnoses of gingivitis or periodontitis with and without specific treatment and subsequent incidence of ischaemic stroke. Dental care services include dental scaling, intensive treatment (subgingival curettage and root planing) and tooth extraction. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the hazard ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).ResultsCompared with those in the gingivitis cohort, patients with periodontitis have a higher risk of ischaemic stroke and a lower survival rate of stroke over the 10‐year follow‐up period. After integrative dental care, both dental scaling and intensive treatment, the risk was reduced, especially in patients with periodontitis, while patients with periodontal disease may have an increased risk of stroke after tooth extraction therapy.ConclusionsOur study showed that periodontitis is a risk factor for ischaemic stroke. Both dental scaling and intensive treatment for periodontal disease are associated with a lower risk of further ischaemic stroke events.
Cross‐cohort change in adolescent outcomes for children with mental health problems
Authors: Sellers Ruth , Warne Naomi , Pickles Andrew , Maughan Barbara , Thapar Anita , Collishaw Stephan 
Published: April 2019

BackgroundChild mental health problems are common. Previous studies have examined secular changes in their prevalence but have not assessed whether later outcomes have changed. We therefore aimed to test whether outcomes of child mental health problems have changed over a 40‐year period.MethodsThree cohorts were utilized: The National Child Development Study (NCDS: N = 14,544, aged 7 in 1965), the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC: N = 8,188, aged 7 in 1998), and the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS: N = 13,192, aged 7 in 2008). Mental health problems at age 7 were identified using the parent‐reported Rutter‐A scale (NCDS) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (ALSPAC and MCS). Associated outcomes were compared across cohorts: age 11 social functioning, age 16 exam attainment and age 16 mental health.ResultsChild mental health problems were common in each cohort (boys: 7.0%–9.7%; girls: 5.4%–8.4%). Child mental health problems became more strongly associated with social functioning problems (boys: NCDS OR = 1.95 (1.50, 2.53), MCS OR = 3.77 (2.89, 4.92); interaction p < .001; girls: NCDS OR = 1.69 (1.22, 2.33), MCS OR = 3.99 (3.04, 5.25), interaction p < .001), lower academic attainment for boys (NCDS OR = 0.49 (0.31, 0.78), ALSPAC OR = 0.30 (0.22, 0.41), interaction p = .009), and age 16 mental health problems (boys: NCDS d′ = 0.55 (0.38, 0.72), ALSPAC d′ = 0.95 (0.73, 1.16); interaction p = .004; girls: NCDS d′ = 0.50 (0.34, 0.65), ALSPAC d′ = 0.99 (0.78, 1.20); interaction p < .001).ConclusionsChild mental health problems have become more strongly associated with negative social, educational and mental health outcomes in recent generations.
Vital laser‐activated teeth bleaching and postoperative sensitivity: A systematic review
Authors: Kikly Amira , Jaâfoura Sabra , Sahtout Saida 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectiveThis systematic review investigated the effect of vital laser‐activated tooth bleaching regarding efficiency and postoperative sensitivity. The search for articles was conducted on Medline (PubMed) database. The following keywords were used: “Lasers” [Mesh] and “Tooth bleaching” [Mesh]. Using the Boolean operator “AND,” the following Boolean equation was formulated: (“Lasers” [MeSH] AND “Tooth bleaching” [MeSH]).Materials and MethodsInclusion criteria were as follow: clinical trials in English or French available in full text. Article search was limited to the ones published between 2007 and 2019.ResultsA total of 12 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The quality assessment of trials included was undertaken independently as part of data extraction process. A JADAD score was attributed to each paper.ConclusionA marked color change was noted for patients undergoing light‐activated bleaching independently of the bleaching agent. Regarding sensitivity, the results of the various studies proved controversial.Clinical SignificanceLaser activation of the bleaching agent promotes the efficiency of the treatment but does not reduce postoperative sensitivity.
Mathematical modeling of hydrodynamic properties of lime (Mexican lime)
Authors: Rozbahani Atefeh , Movahhed Sara , Ahmadi Chenarbon Hossein 
Published: April 2019

AbstractGrading and hydraulic handling of fruits and vegetables are important subjects of study in industries to maintain their quality and reduce their losses. It is thus essential to have knowledge of hydrodynamic properties of agricultural products for sorting, grading, washing, packaging, and storage purposes. This study first determined the physical properties (i.e., mass, density, volume and shape coefficient) influencing terminal and other hydrodynamic properties of Mexican lime (locally known as Jahromi lime). Then, a water column and a video camera were used to measure the terminal velocity and falling time of the samples. The effect of physical properties determined, and the difference between water and lime densities on the hydraulic properties were analyzed in MATLAB. The results show that Mexican lime samples reached their terminal velocity in 2.5 s when the terminal velocity and the falling time were 0.08 m/s and 6.5 s, respectively. The water–lime density difference, volume, and the sample mass had the significant effect (p < 0.05) on the terminal velocity and falling time. However, the shape coefficient had no significant effect.Practical applicationsFruits with different densities fall to different depths at a given time, and a properly situated separator can be used for grading them. This research prospect the use of Mexican lime terminal velocity as a parameter for density‐based hydraulic grading to be used in the design and development processes of fruit sorting and grading systems, and regression equations of sample movement were fitted based on their physical properties to find the best model.
Assessment of secondary zinc reserves of nations
Authors: Maung Kyaw Nyunt , Lwin Cherry Myo , Hashimoto Seiji 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWhen addressing the sustainable use of metals, one must consider not only primary metals in the natural environment but also alternative resources, such as secondary metals found in society. For that purpose, elucidating the availability of secondary metals, that is, secondary metal reserves, is important. A classification framework of the secondary resources was applied to investigate its applicability to zinc and to assess the secondary zinc reserves and resources of major targeted countries. Our estimates show that Japan and the United States have secondary zinc reserves of 14 and 13 Mt, respectively, and showed the total estimated amount of secondary zinc reserves of the study countries is equivalent to about 24% of the global primary zinc reserves. On a per‐capita basis, France, Germany, and Japan have the largest secondary zinc reserves. The application of a classification framework showed that a considerable amount of secondary zinc resources is found in landfills, providing a future potential target for secondary zinc landfill mining. The framework provides details about the sizes and locations of secondary zinc resources. This information is useful for both industry and policy makers to maximize access to valuable secondary zinc sources. This study also highlights the necessity for the integrated management of primaszzry and secondary zinc resources.
Influence of short‐term side effects on oral sleep appliance compliance among CPAP‐intolerant patients: An objective monitoring of compliance
Authors: Mullane Shane , Loke Weiqiang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the predictive value of side effects on usage times during the initial titration phase of oral appliance therapy for sleep apnoea. The secondary objective was to assess the correlation between subjective and objective usage times.MethodsA total of 21 subjects diagnosed with sleep apnoea and a history of non‐compliance with CPAP therapy were enrolled in the 4‐week clinical study. Objective compliance was assessed through an intra‐oral compliance monitor embedded in a Thornton Adjustable Positioner. Subjective compliance was evaluated through self‐reporting and questionnaire for side effects.ResultsExcess salivation, xerostomia and tooth discomfort were the most common side effects (61%‐67%). Noises (OR = 10, 95% CI = 0.85‐117.02, P = 0.067), jaw discomfort (OR = 15, 95% CI = 1.21‐185.20, P = 0.035) and gum discomfort (OR = 8.86, 95% CI = 1.0‐∞, P = 0.038) were highly predictive of non‐compliance. Subjects with either “none” or “mild” side effects recorded a mean oral appliance usage time ≥5.5 hours/night, while subjects reporting “severe” side effects recorded a mean usage time ≤4 hours/night. The mean usage time was 5.49 hours/night, with nightly compliance (defined as >4 hours per night for 70% the nights per week) at 33%. Nonetheless, compliance increased from 26%‐50% from week 1 to week 4. The subjective and objective usage times were highly correlated (r = 0.81).ConclusionsThere was a high correlation between subjective and objective compliance reporting data. Moderate/severe side effects had the greatest effect on compliance.