bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lack of muscle fibre hypertrophy, myonuclear addition, and satellite cell pool expansion with resistance training in 83‐94‐year‐old men and women
Authors: Karlsen Anders , Bechshøft Rasmus L. , Malmgaard‐Clausen Nikolaj M. , Andersen Jesper L. , Schjerling Peter , Kjaer Michael , Mackey Abigail L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimsTo examine satellite cell and myonuclear content in very old (≥83 years) individuals, and the response to heavy resistance training.MethodsA group of very old men and women (Old, 83‐94 years, n = 29) was randomized to 12 weeks of heavy resistance training or untrained controls. A group of young men who did not resistance train (Young, 19‐27 years, n = 9) were included for comparison.ResultsCompared to young men, prior to training the old men had smaller type II fibres (−38%, P < 0.001), lower satellite cell content (−52%, P < 0.001), smaller myonuclear domain (−30%, P < 0.001), and a trend for lower myonuclear content (−13%, P = 0.09). Old women were significantly different from old men for these parameters, except for satellite cell content. Resistance training had no effect on these parameters in these old men and women. Fibre‐size specific analysis showed strong correlations between fibre size and myonuclei per fibre and between fibre size and myonuclear domain for both fibre types (r = 0.94‐0.99, P < 0.0001). In contrast, muscle fibre perimeter per myonucleus seemed to be constant across the range in fibre size, particularly in type I fibres (r = −0.31, P = 0.17).ConclusionsThe present data demonstrate that type II fibre size, satellite cell content and myonuclear domain is significantly smaller in very old men compared to young men, while myonuclear content is less affected. These parameters were not improved with heavy resistance training at the most advanced stage of ageing.
Volatile organic compounds emitted from faeces as a biomarker for colorectal cancer
Authors: Bond Ashley , Greenwood Rosemary , Lewis Stephen , Corfe Bernard , Sarkar Sanchoy , O'Toole Paul , Rooney Paul , Burkitt Michael , Hold Georgina , Probert Chris 
Published: March 2019

SummaryBackgroundColorectal cancer remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. The UK Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (BCSP) has demonstrated that detection of colorectal cancer at an earlier stage and identification of advanced pre‐malignant adenomas reduces mortality and morbidity.AimTo assess the utility of volatile organic compounds as a biomarker for colorectal neoplasia.MethodsFaeces were collected from symptomatic patients and people participating in the UK BCSP, prior to colonoscopy. Headspace extraction followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry was performed on faeces to identify volatile organic compounds. Logistic regression modelling and 10‐fold cross‐validation were used to test potential biomarkers.ResultsOne hundred and thirty‐seven participants were included (mean age 64 years [range 22‐85], 54% were male): 60 had no neoplasia, 56 had adenomatous polyp(s) and 21 had adenocarcinoma. Propan‐2‐ol was significantly more abundant in the cancer samples (P < 0.0001, q = 0.004) with an area under ROC (AUROC) curve of 0.76. When combined with 3‐methylbutanoic acid the AUROC curve was 0.82, sensitivity 87.9% (95% CI 0.87‐0.99) and specificity 84.6% (95% CI 0.65‐1.0). Logistic regression analysis using the presence/absence of specific volatile organic compounds, identified a three volatile organic compound panel (propan‐2‐ol, hexan‐2‐one and ethyl 3‐methyl‐ butanoate) to have an AUROC of 0.73, with a person six times more likely to have cancer if all three volatile organic compounds were present (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsVolatile organic compound analysis may have a superior diagnostic ability for the identification of colorectal adenocarcinoma, when compared to other faecal biomarkers, including those currently employed in UK.Clinical trial details: National Research Ethics Service Committee South West ‐ Central Bristol (REC reference 14/SW/1162) with R&D approval from University of Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital Trust (UoL 001098).
Randomised clinical trial: the DPP‐4 inhibitor, vildagliptin, inhibits gastric accommodation and increases glucagon‐like peptide‐1 plasma levels in healthy volunteers
Authors: Rotondo Alessandra , Masuy Imke , Verbeure Wout , Biesiekierski Jessica R. , Deloose Eveline , Tack Jan 
Published: March 2019

SummaryBackgroundDipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inactivates glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1). Whether DPP‐4 inhibition affects GLP‐1 metabolism and/or food intake in humans remains unknown.AimsTo evaluate the effect of vildagliptin (DPP‐4 inhibitor) on gastric accommodation and ad libitum food intake in healthy volunteers (HVs)MethodsThe effects of acute oral vildagliptin administration (50 mg) were evaluated in two randomised, placebo‐controlled, single‐blinded trials. Protocol 1 (n = 10, 32.3 ± 3 years, 23.4 ± 0.7 kg/m2): 60 min after treatment, a nutrient drink (270 kcal) was infused intragastrically and intragastric pressure (IGP) was measured for 1 h. Protocol 2 (n = 10, 24.3 ± 0.8 years, 22.3 ± 0.9 kg/m2): 60 min after treatment, HVs consumed one nutrient drink (300 kcal). Thirty minutes thereafter, HVs ate ad libitum from a free‐choice buffet for 30 min. Blood was collected at several time points to measure active GLP‐1 plasma levels.ResultsDuring the first 20 min after nutrient infusion, the drop in IGP was smaller after vildagliptin compared to placebo (treatment‐by‐time interaction effect: P = 0.008). No differences were seen on epigastric symptom scores. Planned contrast analysis showed that active GLP‐1 levels were higher after vildagliptin compared to placebo (P = 0.018) only after nutrient ingestion. Total food intake (316.38 ± 58.89 g vs 399.58 ± 63.02 g, P = 0.359) and total caloric intake (594.77 ± 115.17 kcal vs 742.77 ± 107.10 kcal, P = 0.371) did not differ between treatments.ConclusionsVildagliptin inhibits gastric accommodation without affecting epigastric symptom scoring in HVs. Active GLP‐1 plasma levels were increased after vildagliptin treatment, but the increase was not sufficient to affect ad libitum food intake. The study was registered at Clincialtrials.gov (NCT 03500900).
A hurricane alters pollinator relationships and natural selection on an introduced island plant
Authors: Temeles Ethan J. , Bishop Gabriella A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractNovel relationships between the floral morphology of introduced plants and the trophic morphology of native pollinators have been hypothesized to cause strong natural selection on both parties, but evidence for such selection is rare. We capitalized on a natural disturbance to examine selection on an introduced plant,Heliconia wagneriana, on the island of Dominica, before and after Hurricane Maria. Prior to the hurricane, femaleAnthracothorax jugularishummingbirds, which have longer bills than males, were the main visitor toH. wagneriana, and directional selection on corolla length was insignificant. After the hurricane, shorter‐billed maleA. jugulariswere the main visitor toH. wagneriana. The absence of trait matching between a short‐billed pollinator and a long‐flowered plant resulted in directional selection for shorter flowers because males preferentially visited plants with shorter flowers. The amount of nectar removed by maleA. jugulariswas negatively associated with flower length, with flowers >53 mm containing nearly five times the nectar than flowers <53 mm. We estimate a roughly 75% decrease in the population size ofA. jugularis, and results suggest the heaviest mortality occurred among short‐billed male hummingbirds and larger‐bodied individuals of both sexes, which would have higher nectar requirements and the most difficulty obtaining nectar. Our results indicate that hurricanes may alter relationships between plants and pollinators and that lack of trait matching resulting from such disturbances may lead to selection on both plant and pollinator.
Information as a crucial factor for toilet training by parents
Authors: Van Aggelpoel Tinne , Vermandel Alexandra , Fraeyman Jessica , Massart Michiel , Van Hal Guido 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundToilet training (TT) is a milestone in a child's development. Nowadays, children complete TT later than previous generations. This can have detrimental consequences for the child, the parents, and the environment. TT is experienced as difficult and time‐consuming; parents could benefit from guidelines to assist in this process.MethodsFocus group discussions (FGDs) were used to explore parents' experiences in an inductive approach applying purposive sampling. The FGDs aimed to explore the type of information parents wanted to receive on TT, from whom and how.ResultsAfter six FGDs, including 37 participants with personal experience in TT, data saturation was achieved. The findings of this qualitative study show that reputable agencies, family, friends, day‐care workers, and nursery school teachers were considered very helpful and trustworthy sources. TT information should be easily understandable and not contain scientific terms or much text. A colourful and illustrated brochure sent by regular mail is preferred.ConclusionOur study allows to develop a source of correct and wanted information about TT that parents can and want to use, which helps them completing this training more easily and timely.
Perception of impact of Dravet syndrome on children and caregivers in multiple countries: looking beyond seizures
Authors: Nabbout Rima , Auvin Stephane , Chiron Catherine , Thiele Elizabeth , Cross Helen , Scheffer Ingrid E , Schneider Amy L , Guerrini Renzo , Williamson Nicola ,   Zogenix and Adelphi Values study group
Published: March 2019

AimTo assess the relevance and generalizability across countries of concepts of the impact of Dravet syndrome beyond seizures, as recognized by families.MethodCaregivers of children with Dravet syndrome in four countries (Australia [n=8]; USA, UK, and Italy [all n=4]) participated in 1‐hour qualitative telephone interviews, identifying key Dravet syndrome concepts. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and, where necessary, translated into English for thematic analysis. Conceptual saturation was assessed and findings compared to the previously developed French conceptual disease model.ResultsThe most common seizure types reported by caregivers were tonic–clonic, absence, or focal‐impaired awareness (localized/partial). Fever and physical activity were the most commonly reported triggers. Patient‐relevant impacts included impairment in cognition, motor skills, communication, social skills, and behavioural functioning. Caregivers consistently reported negative social, physical, and family impacts. Concepts identified in the interviews showed similarity with the French conceptual model. Minor differences between countries are likely to reflect variations in health care systems.InterpretationFindings in Italy, Australia, UK, and USA confirm that the key impacts of Dravet syndrome on children and caregivers identified in France are generalizable across countries. Key symptom and impact concepts relevant to children and parents should be targeted as critical outcomes in new therapy evaluations.What this paper adds

Relevance of the impact of Dravet syndrome on children and caregivers was confirmed across countries.

Patient and caregiver‐relevant Dravet syndrome impacts contribute to poorer health‐related quality of life.

Indirect seizure impacts were reported to be as important as direct impacts.

Country‐specific differences in concepts probably reflect differences in health care systems.
Trial design and baseline data for LIRA‐PRIME: A randomized trial investigating the efficacy of liraglutide in controlling glycaemia in type 2 diabetes in a primary care setting
Authors: Unger Jeff , Allison Dale C. , Carlton Melissa , Lakkole Kavitha , Lowe Derek , Murphy Gerri , Panda Jayant K. , Sargin Mehmet , Kaltoft Margit , Treppendahl Marianne B. , Zoghbi Marouan ,   on behalf of the LIRA‐PRIME global panel
Published: March 2019

AimsUsing a pragmatic approach, the LIRA‐PRIME trial aims to address a knowledge gap by comparing efficacy in controlling glycaemia with glucagon‐like peptide‐1 analog liraglutide vs oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) uncontrolled with metformin monotherapy in primary care practice. We report the study design and patient baseline characteristics.Materials and methodsThis 104‐week, two‐arm, open‐label, active‐controlled trial is active in 219 primary care practices across nine countries. At screening, eligible patients with T2D were at least 18 years of age, had been using a stable daily dose of metformin ≥1500 mg or the maximum tolerated dose for ≥60 days, and had a glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) of 7.5% to 9.0%, measured ≤90 days before screening. Patients were randomized (1:1) to liraglutide or OAD, both in addition to pre‐trial metformin. Individual OADs were chosen by the treating physician based on local guidelines. The primary endpoint is time to inadequate glycaemic control, defined as HbA1c above 7.0% at two scheduled consecutive visits after the first 26 weeks of treatment.ResultsThe trial randomized 1997 patients with a mean (standard deviation) age of 56.9 (10.8) years, T2D duration of 7.2 (5.9) years (range, <1‐47 years), and HbA1c of 8.2%. One‐fifth of patients had a history of diabetes complications, and most were overweight (24.8%) or had obesity (65.3%).ConclusionsThis pragmatically designed, large‐scale, multinational, randomized clinical trial will help guide treatment decisions for patients with T2D who are inadequately controlled with metformin monotherapy and treated in primary care.
Decision models of prediabetes populations: A systematic review
Authors: Leal Jose , Morrow Liam Mc , Khurshid Waqar , Pagano Eva , Feenstra Talitha 
Published: March 2019

AimsWith evidence supporting the use of preventive interventions for prediabetes populations and the use of novel biomarkers to stratify the risk of progression, there is a need to evaluate their cost‐effectiveness across jurisdictions. Our aim is to summarize and assess the quality and validity of decision models and model‐based economic evaluations of populations with prediabetes, to evaluate their potential use for the assessment of novel prevention strategies and to discuss the knowledge gaps, challenges and opportunities.Materials and methodsWe searched Medline, Embase, EconLit and NHS EED between 2000 and 2018 for studies reporting computer simulation models of the natural history of individuals with prediabetes and/or we used decision models to evaluate the impact of treatment strategies on these populations. Data were extracted following PRISMA guidelines and assessed using modelling checklists. Two reviewers independently assessed 50% of the titles and abstracts to determine whether a full text review was needed. Of these, 10% was assessed by each reviewer to cross‐reference the decision to proceed to full review. Using a standardized form and double extraction, each of four reviewers extracted 50% of the identified studies.ResultsA total of 29 published decision models that simulate prediabetes populations were identified. Studies showed large variations in the definition of prediabetes and model structure. The inclusion of complications in prediabetes (n = 8) and type 2 diabetes (n = 17) health states also varied. A minority of studies simulated annual changes in risk factors (glycaemia, HbA1c, blood pressure, BMI, lipids) as individuals progressed in the models (n = 7) and accounted for heterogeneity among individuals with prediabetes (n = 7).ConclusionsCurrent prediabetes decision models have considerable limitations in terms of their quality and validity and do not allow evaluation of stratified strategies using novel biomarkers, highlighting a clear need for more comprehensive prediabetes decision models.
Time trends in prescribing of type 2 diabetes drugs, glycaemic response and risk factors: A retrospective analysis of primary care data, 2010–2017
Authors: Dennis John M. , Henley William E. , McGovern Andrew P. , Farmer Andrew J. , Sattar Naveed , Holman Rury R. , Pearson Ewan R. , Hattersley Andrew T. , Shields Beverley M. , Jones Angus G. ,   on behalf of the MASTERMIND consortium
Published: March 2019

AimTo describe population‐level time trends in prescribing patterns of type 2 diabetes therapy, and in short‐term clinical outcomes (glycated haemoglobin [HbA1c], weight, blood pressure, hypoglycaemia and treatment discontinuation) after initiating new therapy.Materials and methodsWe studied 81 532 people with type 2 diabetes initiating a first‐ to fourth‐line drug in primary care between 2010 and 2017 inclusive in United Kingdom electronic health records (Clinical Practice Research Datalink). Trends in new prescriptions and subsequent 6‐ and 12‐month adjusted changes in glycaemic response (reduction in HbA1c), weight, blood pressure and rates of hypoglycaemia and treatment discontinuation were examined.ResultsUse of dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors as second‐line therapy near doubled (41% of new prescriptions in 2017 vs. 22% in 2010), replacing sulphonylureas as the most common second‐line drug (29% in 2017 vs. 53% in 2010). Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors, introduced in 2013, comprised 17% of new first‐ to fourth‐line prescriptions by 2017. First‐line use of metformin remained stable (91% of new prescriptions in 2017 vs. 91% in 2010). Over the study period there was little change in average glycaemic response and in the proportion of people discontinuing treatment. There was a modest reduction in weight after initiating second‐ and third‐line therapy (improvement in weight change 2017 vs. 2010 for second‐line therapy: −1.5 kg, 95% confidence interval [CI] −1.9, −1.1; P < 0.001), and a slight reduction in systolic blood pressure after initiating first‐, second‐ and third‐line therapy (improvement in systolic blood pressure change 2017 vs. 2010 range: −1.7 to −2.1 mmHg; all P < 0.001). Hypoglycaemia rates decreased over time with second‐line therapy (incidence rate ratio 0.94 per year, 95% CI 0.88, 1.00; P = 0.04), mirroring the decline in use of sulphonylureas.ConclusionsRecent changes in prescribing of therapy for people with type 2 diabetes have not led to a change in glycaemic response and have resulted in modest improvements in other population‐level short‐term clinical outcomes.
Stem growth characteristics of high yielding Miscanthus correlate with yield, development and intraspecific competition within plots
Authors: Robson Paul R. H. , Donnison Iain S. , Clifton‐Brown John C. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHigh yielding perennial grasses are utilized as biomass for the bioeconomy and to displace fossil fuels. Many such grasses, including Miscanthus, are largely undomesticated. The main Miscanthus crop is a naturally occurring hydrid M. × giganteus (Mxg). All above ground biomass from Miscanthus is harvested. Stem traits correlate strongly with yield and therefore understanding the seasonal progression of stem growth should identify routes for improved yield. If such studies utilized high yielding commercial genotypes growing in plots the conclusions are likely to be more commercially relevant. Stem elongation was measured from five high yielding genotypes, 10 plants per plot from 20 plots in a replicated field trial over 4 years. Richards growth function produced an accurate fit to stem elongation. Differentials, double differentials and integrals of the parameterized function produced six growth characteristics, describing growth rate, timing and duration of the logarithmic growth phase and area under the growth curve. Maximum growth rate was correlated with yield and compensatory interactions were identified, for example plants with higher maximal growth rates had shorter durations of logarithmic growth. Plant position within plots of lower yielding genotypes did not affect growth characteristics but had a significant effect on late season growth characteristics in higher yielding genotypes. Two high yielding genotypes were compared over 3 years and growth parameterized using four different factors. The inverse correlation between maximum growth rate and duration of logarithmic growth was consistent across years and factors in both genotypes except when parameterized using temperature and only in Mxg. This suggested that different limitations to growth were exerted on the two genotypes which may help explain the exceptional performance of the Mxg genotype. We discuss the implications of the identified complex interactions in growth characteristics for approaches to maximize seasonal yield in perennial biomass crops.
Why is fruit colour so variable? Phylogenetic analyses reveal relationships between fruit‐colour evolution, biogeography and diversification
Authors: Lu Lu , Fritsch Peter W. , Matzke Nicholas J. , Wang Hong , Kron Kathleen A. , Li De‐Zhu , Wiens John J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimAre different fruit colours related to large‐scale patterns of dispersal, distribution and diversification? Here, we investigate this question for the first time, using phylogenetic approaches in the tribe Gaultherieae (Ericaceae). We test relationships between fruit colour and (a) biogeographic dispersal, (b) elevational and latitudinal species distributions and (c) rates of diversification.LocationGlobal.Time periodRecent to 30 million years ago.Major taxa studiedThe plant tribe Gaultherieae in the family Ericaceae (blueberries and relatives).MethodsWe estimated a new time‐calibrated phylogeny for Gaultherieae. Data on fruit colours and geographic distributions for each species were compiled from published sources and field observations. Using phylogenetic methods, we estimated major dispersal events across the tree and the most likely fruit colour associated with each dispersal event, and tested whether dispersal between major biogeographic regions was equally likely for different fruit colours, and whether dispersal distances were larger for certain colours. We then tested the relationships between fruit colours and geographic variables (latitude, elevation) and diversification rates.ResultsLarge‐scale dispersal events were significantly associated with red‐fruited lineages, even though red‐fruited species were relatively uncommon. Further, different fruit colours were associated with different elevations and latitudes (e.g. red at lower elevations, violet at lower latitudes, white at higher elevations). Violet colour was related to increased diversification rates, leading to more violet‐fruited species globally.Main conclusionsOverall, we show that different fruit colours can significantly impact the large‐scale dispersal, distribution and diversification of plant clades. Furthermore, the interplay between biogeography and fruit‐colour evolution seems to generate “taxon cycles” in fruit colour that may drive variation in fruit colour over macroevolutionary time‐scales.
Pharmacy-led ward-based education reduces pharmaceutical waste and saves money
Authors: Tisdall Julia , Edmonds Michelle , McKenzie Alana , Snoswell Centaine L 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Objectives
To measure the effectiveness of pharmacy-led ward-based education sessions for pharmaceutical waste.

Methods
A pharmacy technician delivery pharmaceutical waste education in 2017. To measure the impact, results from pharmaceutical wastage audits from 2016 and 2018 were compared.

Key findings
Pharmacy-led ward-based education reduces pharmaceutical waste and saves money. It was calculated that the cost of medication wastage was reduced by $1715.67 in the audit period, extrapolating to an annual saving of $44 607.45.

Conclusions
The findings highlighted the importance of pharmacy technicians and provided evidence for an advanced scope pharmacy technician ward role to reduce pharmaceutical wastage.