bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Depth‐Dependent Response of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Sediments to Changes in Water Column Nutrient Levels
Authors: Smith Jaclyn E. , Kiefer Lynda A. , Stocker Matthew D. , Blaustein Ryan A. , Ingram Shannon , Pachepsky Yakov A. 
Published: June 2019

Concentrations of Escherichia coli in bottom sediments can influence the assessment of microbial stream water quality. Runoff events bring nutrients to streams that can support the growth of E. coli in sediments. The objective of this work was to evaluate depth‐dependent changes in E. coli populations after nutrients are introduced to the water column. Bovine feces were collected fresh and mixed into sediment. Studies were performed in a microcosm system with continuous flow of synthetic stream water over inoculated sediment. Dilutions of autoclaved bovine manure were added to water on Day 16 at two concentrations, and KBr tracer was introduced into the water column to evaluate ion diffusion. Concentrations of E. coli, total coliforms, and total aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, along with orthophosphate‐P and ammonium N, were monitored in water and sediment for 32 d. Sediment samples were analyzed in 0‐ to 1‐cm and 1‐ to 3‐cm sectioned depths. Concentrations of E. coli and total coliforms in top sediments were approximately one order of magnitude greater than in bottom sediments throughout the experiment. Introduction of nutrients to the water column triggered an increase of nutrient levels in both top and bottom sediments and increased concentrations of bacteria in the water. However, the added nutrients had a limited effect on E. coli in sediment where bacterial inactivation continued. Vertical gradients of E. coli concentrations in sediments persisted during the inactivation periods both before and after nutrient addition to the water column.Core Ideas
Bacterial concentrations decreased with increasing sediment depth.
Bacterial concentrations were highest in the upper 1‐cm portion of sediment.
The addition of nutrients changed the bacterial concentrations in the water column.
The addition of nutrients had a negligible effect on the bacteria in underlying sediments.
Bacterial survival dynamics were similar in the top and bottom portions of sediment.
Mechanisms Responsible for Soil Phosphorus Availability Differences between Sprinkler and Furrow Irrigation
Authors: Ippolito James A. , Bjorneberg Dave L. , Blecker Steve W. , Massey Michael S. 
Published: June 2019

From a historical perspective, human‐induced soil erosion and resulting soil phosphorus (P) losses have likely occurred for thousands of years. In modern times, erosion risk and off‐site P transport can be decreased if producers convert from furrow to sprinkler irrigation, but conversion may alter nutrient dynamics. Our study goal was to determine soil P dynamics in furrow‐ (in place since the early 1900s) versus sprinkler‐irrigated (installed within the last decade) soils from four paired producer fields in Idaho. Furrow‐ and sprinkler‐irrigated soils (0–5 cm; Aridisols) contained on average 38 and 20 mg kg−1 of Olsen‐extractable P (i.e., plant‐available P), respectively; extractable P values over 40 mg kg−1 limit Idaho producers to P application based on crop uptake only. Soil samples were also analyzed using a modified Hedley extraction. Furrow‐irrigated soils contained greater inorganic P concentrations in the soluble+aluminum (Al)‐bound+iron (Fe)‐bound, occluded, and amorphous Fe‐bound pools. Phosphorus K‐edge X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy was unable to detect Fe‐associated P but indicated greater amounts of apatite‐like or octacalcium phosphate‐like P in furrow‐irrigated producer soils, while sprinkler‐irrigated fields had lower amounts of apatite‐like P and greater proportions of P bound to calcite. Findings from a controlled USDA‐ARS sprinkler‐ versus furrow‐irrigation study suggested that changes in P dynamics occur slowly over time, as few differences were observed. Overall findings suggest that Fe redox chemistry or changes in calcium (Ca)‐associated P in flooded conditions altered P availability under furrow irrigation, even in aridic, calcareous soils, contributing to greater Olsen‐extractable P concentrations in long‐term furrow‐irrigated fields.Core Ideas
Irrigation type may greatly affect soil P dynamics in calcareous systems.
Furrow irrigated fields contained more plant‐available P than sprinkler irrigated fields.
Furrow irrigation leads to Fe chemistry alterations, release of P, and increases available P.
Available P increases under furrow irrigation could limit amendment application based on P, not N, crop needs.
We still do not fully understand P dynamics in irrigated calcareous systems.
Microhydrological Niches in Soils: How Mucilage and EPS Alter the Biophysical Properties of the Rhizosphere and Other Biological Hotspots
Authors: Benard Pascal , Zarebanadkouki Mohsen , Brax Mathilde , Kaltenbach Robin , Jerjen Iwan , Marone Federica , Couradeau Estelle , Felde Vincent J.M.N.L. , Kaestner Anders , Carminati Andrea 
Published: June 2019

Core Ideas
Plant mucilage and bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) prevent the breakup of the soil liquid phase.
Formation of continuous structures buffers soil hydraulic properties.
The release of viscous polymeric substances represents a universal strategy.
Plant roots and bacteria are capable of buffering erratic fluctuations of water content in their local soil environment by releasing a diverse, highly polymeric blend of substances (e.g. extracellular polymeric substances [EPS] and mucilage). Although this concept is well accepted, the physical mechanisms by which EPS and mucilage interact with the soil matrix and determine the soil water dynamics remain unclear. High‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography revealed that upon drying in porous media, mucilage (from maize [Zea mays L.] roots) and EPS (from intact biocrusts) form filaments and two‐dimensional interconnected structures spanning across multiple pores. Unlike water, these mucilage and EPS structures connecting soil particles did not break up upon drying, which is explained by the high viscosity and low surface tension of EPS and mucilage. Measurements of water retention and evaporation with soils mixed with seed mucilage show how these one‐ and two‐dimensional pore‐scale structures affect macroscopic hydraulic properties (i.e., they enhance water retention, preserve the continuity of the liquid phase in drying soils, and decrease vapor diffusivity and local drying rates). In conclusion, we propose that the release of viscous polymeric substances and the consequent creation of a network bridging the soil pore space represent a universal strategy of plants and bacteria to engineer their own soil microhydrological niches where stable conditions for life are preserved.
Analyst and etching protocol effects on the reproducibility of apatite confined fission-track length measurement, and ambient-temperature annealing at decadal timescales
Authors: Tamer Murat T. , Chung Ling , Ketcham Richard A. , Gleadow Andrew J.W. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Previous inter-laboratory experiments on confined fission-track length measurements in apatite have consistently reported variation substantially in excess of statistical expectation. There are two primary causes for this variation: (1) differences in laboratory procedures and instrumentation, and (2) personal differences in perception and assessment between analysts. In this study, we narrow these elements down to two categories, etching procedure and analyst bias. We assembled a set of eight samples with induced tracks from four apatite varieties, initially irradiated between 2 and 43 years prior to etching. Two mounts were made containing aliquots of each sample to ensure identical etching conditions for all apatites on a mount. We employed two widely used etching protocols, 5.0 M HNO3 at 20 °C for 20 s and 5.5 M HNO3 at 21 °C for 20 s. Sets of track images were then captured by an automated system and exchanged between two analysts, so that measurements could be carried out on the same tracks and etch figures, in the same image data, allowing us to isolate and examine the effects of analyst bias. An additional 5 s of etching was then used to evaluate etching behavior at track tips. In total, 8391 confined fission-track length measurements were performed; along with 1480 etch figure length measurements. When the analysts evaluated each other's track selections within the same images for suitability for measurement, the average rejection rate was ~14%. For tracks judged as suitable by both analysts, measurements of 2D and 3D length, dip, and c-axis angle were in excellent agreement, with slightly less dispersion when using the 5.5 M etch. Lengths were shorter in the 5.0 M etched mount than the 5.5 M etched one, which we interpret to be caused by more prevalent under-etching in the former, at least for some apatite compositions. After an additional 5 s of etching, 5.0 M tracks saw greater lengthening and more reduction in dispersion than 5.5 M tracks, additional evidence that they were more likely to be under-etched after the initial etching step. Systematic differences between analysts were minimal, with the main exception being likelihood of observing tracks near perpendicular to the crystallographic c axis, which may reflect different use of transmitted vs. reflected light when scanning for tracks. Etch figure measurements were more consistent between analysts for the 5.5 M etch, though one apatite variety showed high dispersion for both. Within a given etching protocol, each sample reflected a decrease of mean track length with time since irradiation, giving evidence of 0.2–0.3 μm of annealing over year to decade timescales.
Identification of interstratified mica and pyrophyllite monolayers within chlorite using advanced scanning/transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Wang Guanyu , Wang Hejing , Wen Jianguo 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Interstratified clay minerals reflect the weathering degree and record climatic conditions and the pedogenic processes in the soil. It is hard to distinguish a few layers of interstratified clay minerals from the chlorite matrix, due to their similar two-dimensional tetrahedral-octahedral-tetrahedral (TOT) structure and electron-beam sensitive nature during transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging. Here, we used multiple advanced TEM techniques including low-dose high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) imaging combined with energy-dispersive spectroscopic (EDS) mapping to study interstratified layers in a chlo-rite sample from Changping, Beijing, China. We demonstrated an interstratified mica or pyrophyllite monolayer could be well distinguished from the chlorite matrix by projected atomic structures, lattice spacings, and chemical compositions with advanced TEM techniques. Further investigation showed two different transformation mechanisms from mica or pyrophyllite to chlorite: either a 4 Å increase or decrease in the lattice spacing. This characterization approach can be extended to the studies of other electron-beam sensitive minerals.
Schizophrenia Patient Shows a Rare Interleukin 15 Receptor alpha Variant Disrupting Signal Transduction
Authors: Pan Yanli , Wang Zhimin , Zhang Guangping , Guo Junhua , Zhu Xuequan , Zhou Jia , Zhang Zhenrong , Sun Zuoli , Yang Jian , Kastin Abba J. , Pan Weihong , Wu Xiaojun , Zhang Jianliang , Wang Xiaomin , Wang Chuanyue , He Yi 
Published: June 2019

Background:Schizophrenia is a complex and debilitating mental disorder with strong heritability. Its pathogenesis involves immune dysregulation. Interleukin 15 and interleukin 15 receptor alpha(IL-15Rα) are classical immune molecules. They also help maintain normal brain function, leading to our hypothesis that IL-15Rα gene(IL- 15RA) variants contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.Objective:We determine whether the genetic variants of IL-15RA are associated with the development and progression of schizophrenia and whether IL-15RA single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) plays a key role in downstream signaling transduction.Methods and results:We sequenced IL-15RA exon from 132 Chinese schizophrenic patients and identified a rare variant(rs528238821) in a patient diagnosed with catatonic schizophrenia and ankylosing spondylitis(AS). We overexpressed this missense variant in cells driven by pBI-CMV vector. The cells showed attenuated STAT3 phosphorylation in response to interleukin15.Conclusion:IL-15RA mutation is rare in schizophrenic patients but interfered with IL- 15Rα intracellular signal transduction. Given the similarity of symptoms of catatonic schizophrenia and the known phenotype of IL-15Rα knockout mice, gene variation might offer diagnostic value for sub-types of schizophrenia.
Sodium Hydrosulfide Post-conditioning Protects Hippocampal CA1 Neurons from Neuronal Cell Injury in the Rat Model of Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia Through Activation of Extracellular-regulated Kinases Signaling
Authors: Bai ChengPing , Zhao ChenLiang 
Published: June 2019

Introduction:The effect of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on global cerebral ischemia remains partially understood. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, a donor of H2S) post-conditioning and its underlying mechanism in a transient global cerebral ischemia (tGCI) model.Materials & Methods:The tGCI rat model was established by the four-vessel occlusion method. Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 6 groups: sham, tGCI, tGCI +NaHS, tGCI+vehicle, tGCI+U0126 and tGCI+U0126+NaHS groups. Neurons survival was assessed by Nissl staining and NeuN immunostaining. Levels of extracellular extracellular-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2 and p-ERK1/2 were determined by western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Intraperitoneal injection of NaHS (24 μmol/kg) at 24 h post-tGCI attenuated tGCI-induced decrease of the survival and NeuN-positive neurons in the hippocampal CA1 subregion.Results:Compared to the sham group, tGCI significantly up-regulated p-ERK1/2 protein at 26 and 48 h post-tGCI. NaHS post-conditioning further enhanced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 at 26, 48 and 168 h post-tGCI. Nevertheless, U0126 (an inhibitor of MEK1/2) pre-treatment reduced the p-ERK1/2 level in both the tGCI+ U0126 group and the tGCI+ U0126+ NaHS group. IHC staining revealed that p-ERK1/2-positive cell could be observed in several hippocampal subregions of the rats receiving NaHS post-conditioning. Immunofluorescence staining showed that some neurons were double-stained with p-ERK1/2 and NeuN. Furthermore, U0126 pre-treatment significantly attenuated the protective effect of NaHS post-conditioning on the neurons survival and NeuNpositive neurons in CA1 subregion.Conclusion:These results suggested that NaHS post-conditioning can protect hippocampal CA1 neurons from tGCI-induced injury, at least partially, through activation of ERK1/2 signaling.
A Potential Role for the Existence of Pericytes in the Neurovascular Unit of the Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus of the Rat Preoptic Area to Control Blood-Brain Barrier Function
Authors: He Zhen , Patterson Tucker A. 
Published: June 2019

Background:
The present study aimed at determining pericytes, a missing component
in the previously proposed living neurovascular unit (NVU) of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of
the preoptic area (SDN-POA) in rats.

Materials and Mehods:
Calbindin D28K-immunoreactivities (CB28-irs) were used to delineate
the SDN-POA in which CD13-immunoreactivities (CD13-irs) or alpha-smooth muscle actinimmunoreactivities
(αSMA-irs), two pericyte biomarkers serving the indexes of pericytes, were
tagged using two adjacent brain sections (90-micron intervals). In addition, the nestinimmunoreactive
(nestin-ir) cells in the SDN-POA were counted as pericytes referring to additional
standards: location and nucleic and cellular morphology. Male SDN-POA volume (5.0±0.3x10-3
mm3) was significantly larger than the female (1.7±0.3x10-3 mm3). Within the SDN-POA, the
CD13-irs were characterized as dots, densely packed and net-like in distribution, while the αSMAirs,
excluding pipe-like or circular structures, appeared as short rod-like structures that were
sparsely distributed.

Results:
The immunoreactive counts of alpha-smooth muscle actin were 353±57/mm2 in males
and 124±46/mm2 in females (p<0.05). On the other hand, densities of the dot-like CD13-irs were
similar between males (4009±301/mm2) and females (4018±414/ mm2). There was no difference
between the male and the female in the nestin-ir pericyte count in the SDN-POA.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the present study adds new information concerning pericytes to the living
NVU of the SDN-POA. There is a difference of sex in the count of the αSMA-irs in the living
NVU of the SDN-POA. However, why such a difference exists warrants further investigations.
Methotrexate Hepatotoxicity in Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Analysis of the Physicians’ Policy
Authors: Anvari Bita 
Published: June 2019

Background::
Methotrexate hepatotoxicity could be a reason for the discontinuation or
dose reduction in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA); however, the consequence of different
policies in this situation is unclear and the physicians need to know what would happen after their
decision.

Objective::
To demonstrate the consequence of multiple approaches towards transaminitis management
in patients with RA receiving Methotrexate (MTX).

Method::
Data were obtained from the previous work (2006) on 295 patients with RA undergoing
MTX treatment. Those who developed transaminitis at least one time were selected for this study.
Then, the physicians’ decisions regarding discontinuing, decreasing, or prescribing a fixed dose of
MTX along with the effect of each decision on the next liver enzyme were evaluated.

Results::
Strategies of decreasing dose or discontinuing MTX were adopted in 31.4% of patients
and prescribing fixed dose was done in 53.9% of patients, leading to 93% and 65% next enzyme
normalization, respectively. Thirty-four patients had definite MTX induced transaminitis and
55.9% of the physicians decided to decrease MTX dose for them, causing normalization of the next
enzyme in 83% of these patients. In contrast, continuing MTX, even with the same dose, in definite
MTX induced transaminitis cases led to consecutive enzyme elevations in 88.9% of these patients
(p=0.001).

Conclusion::
Normalization of liver enzymes was observed after decreasing dose or discontinuing
MTX, suggesting this policy as the best practice for the management of MTX induced transaminitis.
However, the trend to improvement, despite the type of physicians’ decision, was observed.
This trend was not found in definite MTX induced transaminitis, revealing the prominence of the
physician’s policy in this situation.
Distinctive Features in Spondyloarthritis Between Women and Man in Moroccan Context: Disease Beginning, Clinical Manifestations, Disease Activity and Function Scores
Authors: Nihad Siar , Nessrine Akasbi , Sofia Zoukal , Salma Ghazzali , Khadija El Kohen , Taoufik Harzy 
Published: June 2019

Background:
Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a common group of chronic rheumatic
inflammatory diseases, which usually affects the axial skeleton, and are more frequently observed
in males than in females. Several differences have been brought up in the clinical presentation of
axSpA, according to the patient’s gender. In fact; axSpA severity in women tends to be moderate,
leading then, to an underdiagnosis in this category of patients. While male axSpA patients seem to
set forth more spinal destructions on radiographs.

Objective:
As the main goal, our study aims to bring up the particularities of female axial spondyloarthritis,
all the while comparing them with the male form.

Materials and Methods:
This is a cross-sectional study carried out in the period lying between January
2012 and December 2017, at a single rheumatology department in Morocco. All patients with
an axial spondyloarthritis meeting the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society
(ASAS) classification criteria 2010, and who have been admitted in our department, during that period,
were included. The data was recorded and analyzed using SPSS v20 univariate and bivariate
analysis. A value of p <0.005 has been used to identify factors associated with axSpA in women.

Results:
A total of 277 patients were enrolled, of which 147 are female and 130 are male with a sex
ratio of 1.1. Cervical stiffness was more common in men. On the other hand, women had more arthritis
and enthesitis. However, no considerable divergences have been underscored between the
two genders, neither in the prevalence of extra-articular manifestations, nor in disease activity
BASDAI and BASFI. Men had more radiographic sacroiliitis compared to women (57.5% vs.
42.5%, p=0.01), more coxitis (66.7% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.0001). The Multivariate logistic regression
analysis showed that female gender was associated with a greater age at the diagnosis onset (IC:
1.053-1.103, OR=1.07, p=0.001) and arthritis (IC: 2.37-4.26, OR=2.3, p=0.004). While the male
sex was associated with a young age of onset (CI: 4.50-19.52, OR = 9.3), coxitis (CI: 2.53-4.23,
OR = 3.3) and smoking (CI: 15.667-900.18, OR = 118.7).

Conclusion :
The comparison between male and female patients suffering from axial spondyloarthritis
found many differences and similarities as well, in the disease expression. This study showed
actually that women had the less severe form of spondyloarthritis.
Ideal 1:1 stoichiometry curcumin inclusion complex induced potential apoptosisin colorectal adenocarcinoma cells: The clear image of necrosis and functionalized dying effect
Authors: K Kavitha , Mohamed J Muthu , Karthikeyini S Chitra 
Published: June 2019

Background:
This study investigates the inclusion complex of curcumin (CMN) enhance the solubility, which can be utilized for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) greater to free CMN.

Methods:
CMN solid dispersion (SD) prepared by a hot melt method using CMN with several carriers of poloxamers (P-407 and P-188), gelucire 50/13 (GLR) and mannitol (MNT). Prior, molecular modelling and phase solubility studieswere performed with drug and carriers. The SD characterized by in vitrodrug release, SEM and functionalize dyeing test. Additionally, the cytotoxicity and image of apoptosisresolved to utilize the colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines.

Results:
The result showed that CMN-P-407 inclusion complex produced significant properties towards solubility (318 ± 14.46 fold) and dissolution (91 ± 0.431% at 30 min). Similarly, these data fit with insilico model. The IC50 value for inclusion complex found to be 74 and 52 µM/mL, while that for free CMN ranged from 146 and 116 µM/mL on the SW480 and Caco-2 cells respectively. Apoptosis study described that the cells are undergoing cell death by apoptosis and the small number of necrosis.

Conclusion:
The profound efﬁciency of CMN-P-407 SD indicated its potential application for CRC treatment by showing a higher capability of inhibiting cell growth compared to that of free CMN.