bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How sensory sensitivity to graininess could be measured?
Authors: Puleo Sharon , Miele Nicoletta A. , Cavella Silvana , Masi Paolo , Di Monaco Rossella 
Published: October 2019

AbstractConsidering the lack of the literature and the need for developing a valid method to measure the texture sensitivity, in this study, we investigated the individual sensitivity to discriminate among different levels of graininess. With this purpose, five samples of cocoa‐based creams were prepared, by changing the refining time. Samples were first characterized in terms of particles size distribution, by means of laser diffraction. Then, 59 subjects evaluated the cream sample graininess intensity, by using gLM scales, and their liking, by using LAM scales. The graininess scores of each subject were fitted with a power model, already observed with the instrumental results, estimating both the power law exponent and the R2 coefficient, and using them as clustering parameters. Subjects were then clustered into three groups: high sensitivity; moderate sensitivity; low sensitivity. First, as it was hypothesized, results showed a significant difference between the three groups in terms of perceived graininess. Second, even though results showed a significant difference between the three groups in terms of perceived graininess, only little differences were found in terms of liking scores. Indeed, all the samples were equally liked for both the moderate and low sensitivity groups, whereas a significant trend was observed for the highly sensitive subjects who liked more the most refined samples. No significant relationships were found with age, and only a little trend was observed with gender: females seemed to be more sensitive than males. Texture attributes discrimination ability, as for example sensitivity to graininess, could affect food rejection or preferences and choice, but it is poorly investigated. This exploratory study, proposes a method to cluster consumers, based on their sensitivity. A statistical methodology has been developed to discriminate among consumer sensitivity levels. The results provide useful information about graininess sensitivity suggesting that the used methodologies could be applied to other texture properties resulting in a valid tool for the industry in the development and optimization of tailored new products.
Consistent spatial patterns across several plant communities within a region indicate that the same processes may be acting on Andean deserts and semideserts
Authors: López Ramiro Pablo , Zenteno‐Ruiz Freddy , Roque‐Marca Natalio , Moya Laura , Villalba David , Valdivia Sergio , Larrea‐Alcázar Daniel 
Published: October 2019

AbstractQuestionsSpatial pattern analysis may be used to derive hypotheses on the processes that shape plant communities. Do different mature semidesert communities exhibit the same major spatial patterns, suggesting that similar processes shape them?LocationNine localities in the Bolivian Andes.MethodsWe mapped all woody individuals at each locality. We performed uni‐, bi‐, and multivariate spatial analyses of nine Andean, mature semiarid plant communities to test for similarity in spatial patterns.ResultsWe found that the nine communities exhibited, in most of the main spatial pattern attributes, close similarities (community aggregation, importance of plant interactions, life form differences, etc.). Some peculiarities were likely due to differences in life form or site history.ConclusionsAt least for Andean semiarid communities, the complete analysis of a representative plot conveys reliable information on spatial relationships and, hence, on potential underlying mechanisms. This shows that the use of 1–2 representative plots can be used to extrapolate to similar communities within a given region. Our results can be used as a plausible hypothesis to be tested in other zones of the planet.
Morphological characterisation of glial and neuronal tau pathology in globular glial tauopathy (Types II and III)
Authors: Tanaka H. , Toyoshima Y. , Kawakatsu S. , Kobayashi R. , Yokota O. , Terada S. , Kuroda S. , Miura T. , Higuchi Y. , Otsu H. , Sanpei K. , Otani K. , Ikeuchi T. , Onodera O. , Kakita A. , Takahashi H. 
Published: October 2019

AimsGlobular glial tauopathy (GGT) is a new category within the 4‐repeat tauopathies that is characterised neuropathologically by tau‐positive globular glial inclusions (GGIs), namely, globular oligodendrocytic and astrocytic inclusions (GOIs and GAIs). Occurrence of tau‐positive neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions (NCIs) is also a feature. GGT is classified into three pathological subtypes (Types I, II and III). We studied the tau pathology in 6 cases of GGT (Type II, n = 3; Type III, n = 3), with special reference to GAIs and NCIs.MethodsNeuropathological examinations were conducted, along with immunohistochemistry, morphometry and three‐dimensional imaging, and biochemical and genetic analysis of tau.ResultsThe cortical GAIs in Type II and those in Type III were distinguishable from each other. In the motor cortex, GAIs were much more numerous in Type III than in Type II. Prominent occurrence of perikaryal globular structures was a feature of GAIs in Type III. By contrast, prominent occurrence of radiating process‐like structures was a feature of GAIs in Type II. Overall, the GAIs were significantly smaller in Type III than in Type II. NCIs were divisible into three subgroups in terms of shape: diffuse granular, thick cord‐like, and round/horseshoe‐shaped structures. In all cases, NCIs were a feature of the upper and lower motor neurons. Interestingly, the round/horseshoe‐shaped NCIs were observed only in Type III cases.ConclusionsThese findings, which characterised GAIs and NCIs, indicated that Type II and Type III constitute two distinct pathological subtypes, and also further strengthen the concept of GGT as a distinct entity.
Glycosylated flavonoids: fruit's concealed antifungal arsenal
Authors: Sudheeran Pradeep Kumar , Ovadia Rinat , Galsarker Ortal , Maoz Itay , Sela Noa , Maurer Dalia , Feygenberg Oleg , Oren Shamir Michal , Alkan Noam 
Published: October 2019

Summary

Fruit defense against pathogens relies on induced and preformed mechanisms. The present contribution evaluated performed resistance of red and green mango fruit against the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and identified the main active antifungal components.

High‐performance liquid chromatography analysis of nonhydrolyzed mango peel extracts identified major anthocyanin peaks of glycosylated cyanidin and methylcyanidin, and flavonol peaks of glycosylated quercetin and kaempferol, which were more abundant on the 'red side' of red mango fruit. Organic extracts of red vs green mango peel were more efficient in inhibiting C. gloeosporioides.

Transcriptome analysis of the mango–C. gloeosporioides interaction showed increased expression of glucosidase genes related to both fungal pathogenicity and host defense. Glucosidase treatment of organic peel extract increased its antifungal activity. Additionally, quercetin and cyanidin had significantly higher antifungal activity than their glycosylated derivatives. Peel extract volatiles treated with glucosidase had antifungal activity. GCMS analysis identified 15 volatiles after glucosidase hydrolysis, seven of them present only in red fruit.

These results suggest that the fruit obtains a concealed arsenal of glycosylated flavonoids in its peel when they are hydrolyzed by β‐glucosidase that is induced in both fungus and host during infection process, become more toxic to the fungal pathogen, inhibiting decay development.
On Referring: Donnellan versus Strawson
Authors: Capuano Antonio 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn ‘Reference and Definite Descriptions', Keith Donnellan claimed that Bertrand Russell and Peter Strawson ignored referential uses of definite descriptions. The intense debate that followed Donnellan's paper focused on the contrast between Donnellan and Russell, leaving Strawson aside. In this paper, I focus on the contrast between Donnellan and Strawson. By focusing on this contrast, my aim is, first, to clarify the nature of Donnellan's distinction between referential and attributive uses of definite descriptions and, second, to argue that a proper understanding of referential uses holds the key to a proper understanding of direct reference. Contrary to the standard view, the crucial issue is not the nature of the proposition expressed (singular versus general) but how a speaker comes to talk about an object.
Review of mobile laser scanning target‐free registration methods for urban areas using improved error metrics
Authors: Nguyen Hoang Long , Belton David , Helmholz Petra 
Published: October 2019

AbstractRegistration is one of the most important tasks in mobile laser scanning (MLS) point cloud processing. This paper firstly reviews existing target‐free matching techniques as well as methods to evaluate the quality of the registration. Next, a new error metric is introduced that takes into account the residuals of check planes as well as their orientation. Experiments using real datasets in combination with reference data were performed to evaluate the suitability of these metrics. The proposed error metric proved to be more suitable for evaluating the quality of point cloud registration than state‐of‐the‐art equivalents. The results also indicate that least squares plane fitting is the best technique for MLS point cloud registration.
Involvement of nitrate reductase‐dependent nitric oxide production in magnetopriming‐induced salt tolerance in soybean
Authors: Kataria Sunita , Jain Meeta , Tripathi Durgesh K. , Singh Vijay P. 
Published: October 2019

In the present study, experiments were performed to investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in magnetopriming‐induced seed germination and early growth characteristics of soybean (Glycine max) seedlings under salt stress. The NO donor (sodium nitroprusside, SNP), NO scavenger (2‐[4‐carboxyphenyl]‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl‐3‐oxide, CPTIO), inhibitors of nitrate reductase (sodium tungstate, ST) or NO synthase (N‐nitro‐L‐Arg‐methyl ester, LNAME) and NADPH oxidase inhibitor (diphenylene iodonium, DPI) have been used to measure the role of NO in the alleviation of salinity stress by static magnetic field (SMF of 200 mT, 1 h). Salt stress (50 mM NaCl) significantly reduced germination and early growth of seedlings emerged from non‐primed seeds. Pre‐treatment of seeds with SMF positively stimulated the germination and consequently promoted the seedling growth. ST, LNAME, CPTIO and DPI significantly decreased the growth of seedling, activities of α‐amylase, protease and nitrate reductase (NR), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide (O2•−) and NO content in roots of seedlings emerged from non‐primed and SMF‐primed seeds. However, the extent of reduction was higher with ST in seedlings of SMF‐primed seeds under both conditions, whereas SNP promoted all the studied parameters. Moreover, the generation of NO was also confirmed microscopically using a membrane permanent fluorochrome (4‐5‐diaminofluorescein diacetate [DAF‐2 DA]). Further, analysis showed that SMF enhanced the NR activity and triggered the NO production and NR was maximally decreased by ST as compared to LNAME, CPTIO and DPI. Thus, in addition to ROS, NO might be one of the important signaling molecules in magnetopriming‐induced salt tolerance in soybean and NR may be responsible for SMF‐triggered NO generation in roots of soybean.
Private facilitators of public regulation: A study of the environmental consulting industry
Authors: Owen Dave 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMost accounts of businesses and regulators depict adversarial relationships. In these accounts, businesses typically seek to avoid or limit public regulation or, alternatively, to distort it so it serves private rather than public ends. This article uses a study of the environmental consulting industry to explore a different set of relationships between businesses and public regulation. These consultants generally work for for‐profit companies, and they serve as regulatory intermediaries between businesses and government. Those dual roles raise concerns that environmental consultants, like many other businesses, will seek to subvert regulatory schemes or will serve as instruments of regulatory capture. While some evidence supports these concerns, interviews and documentary research also demonstrated widespread perceptions that consultants play two other roles. First, environmental consultants strive to operate as trusted facilitators of constructive relationships between regulators and regulated entities. Second, for combined reasons of profit motive and value‐based moral commitments, environmental consultants also strive to act as guardians and proponents of the public values underlying environmental regulation. These roles have implications for descriptive understandings of the functioning of regulatory regimes and for regulatory system design. Most importantly, in contrast to literature emphasizing the need to protect regulatory governance from private, for‐profit entities, these findings illustrate how for‐profit regulatory intermediaries can work to bolster regulatory governance.
In the shadow of sunshine regulation: Explaining disclosure biases
Authors: Bolognesi Thomas , Pflieger Géraldine 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPerformance reporting in sunshine regulation is subjected to disclosure biases, because agents may game the regulation or encounter difficulties in complying. These biases limit the appraisal of the impact of sunshine regulation on performance. We investigate the behavioral causes of such disclosure biases by focusing on transaction cost economizing and opportunism. We provide an original methodology to take into account information asymmetries in principal–agent relationships. We focus on water utilities management in France. Our data set includes 795 observations covering water utilities and performance indicators characteristics. It allows for comparisons of revealed and observed performances and identifies different types of disclosure biases. Findings indicate that opportunism is a significant motivation for disclosure biases, while, unexpectedly, transaction costs are not a direct trigger of disclosure biases.
Mechanical and morphological determinants of peak power output in elite cyclists
Authors: Kordi Mehdi , Folland Jonathan , Goodall Stuart , Haralabidis Nicos , Maden‐Wilkinson Tom , Sarika Patel Tejal , Leeder Jonathan , Barratt Paul , Howatson Glyn 
Published: October 2019

Mechanical peak power output (PPO) is a determinant of performance in sprint cycling. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between PPO and putative physiological determinants of PPO in elite cyclists, and to compare sprint performance between elite sprint and endurance cyclists. Thirty‐five elite cyclists (18 endurance; 17 sprint) performed duplicate sprint cycling laboratory tests to establish PPO and its mechanical components. Quadriceps femoris (QVOL) and hamstring muscle volume (HAMVOL) were assessed with MRI, vastus lateralis pennation angle (PθVL) and fascicle length (FLVL) were determined with ultrasound imaging, and neuromuscular activation of three muscles was assessed using EMG at PPO during sprint cycling. For the whole cohort, there was a wide variability in PPO (range 775‐2025 W) with very large, positive, bivariate relationships between PPO and QVOL (r = .87), HAMVOL (r = .71), and PθVL (r = .81). Step‐wise multiple regression analysis revealed that 87% of the variability in PPO between cyclists was explained by two variables QVOL (76%) and PθVL (11%). The sprint cyclists had greater PPO (+61%; P < .001 vs endurance), larger QVOL (P < .001), and BFVOL (P < .001) as well as more pennate vastus lateralis muscles (P < .001). These findings emphasize the importance of quadriceps muscle morphology for sprint cycling events.
Cities are Not Products
Authors: Vanolo Alberto 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis paper reflects critically on city branding by building on Kavaratzis and Ashworth’s 2005 article ‘City branding: An effective assertion of identity or a transitory marketing trick?’ It discusses the relationships between urban geography and branding studies, and challenges the idea that cities may be considered as special kinds of products in need of specific branding techniques. This exercise entails reflection on the boundaries between the concept of branding and its potential relation with the commodification of cities.
Pathogen reduction with riboflavin and ultraviolet light induces a quasi‐apoptotic state in blood leukocytes
Authors: Tran Johnson Q. , Muench Marcus O. , Heitman John W. , Jackman Rachael P. 
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUNDAlloimmunization to platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) transfusions can cause adverse reactions such as platelet refractoriness or transplant rejection. Pathogen reduction treatment with ultraviolet light and riboflavin (UV + R) of allogeneic PRP was shown to reduce allogeneic antibody responses and confer partial antigen‐specific immune tolerance to subsequent transfusions in mice. Studies have shown that UV + R was effective at both rapidly killing donor white blood cells (WBCs) and reducing their ability to stimulate an allogeneic response in vitro. However, the manner in which UV + R induces WBC death and its associated role in the immune response to treated PRP is unknown.METHODS AND MATERIALSThis study evaluates whether UV + R causes WBC apoptosis by examining phosphatidylserine exposure on the plasma membrane, membrane asymmetry, caspase activity, and chromatin condensation by flow cytometry. The immunogenicity of WBCs killed with UV + R versus apoptotic or necrotic pathways was also examined in vivo.RESULTSWBCs after UV + R exhibited early apoptotic‐like characteristics including phosphatidylserine exposure on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and loss of membrane asymmetry, but unlike canonical apoptotic cells, caspase activity and chromatin condensation were not apparent. However, in vivo studies demonstrated, unlike untreated or necrotic WBCs, both apoptotic WBCs and UV + R–treated WBCs failed to prime alloantibody responses to subsequent untreated transfusions.CONCLUSIONOverall, the mechanism of WBC death following UV + R treatment shares some membrane characteristics of early apoptosis but is distinct from classic apoptosis. Despite these differences, UV + R–treated and apoptotic WBCs both offer some protection from alloimmunization.
Atypical and malignant canine intracranial meningiomas may have lower apparent diffusion coefficient values than benign tumors
Authors: Fages Julien , Oura Trisha J. , Sutherland‐Smith James , Jennings Samuel H. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCanine intracranial meningiomas can be graded based on histological classification as benign (grade I), atypical (grade II), and anaplastic or malignant (grade III). In people, grade II/III meningiomas behave more aggressively, have a higher potential for recurrence after surgical resection, and have lower apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values with diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). In this retrospective analytical cross‐sectional study, 42 dogs had ADC values quantified in an attempt to differentiate tumor histologic grade. Our hypothesis was that ADC values would be significantly lower in grade II and III versus grade I meningiomas in dogs. On each ADC image, a polygonal region of interest (ROI) was hand‐drawn along the lesion's periphery, excluding fluid‐filled and hemorrhagic regions. Mean ADC value (ADCmean) and minimum ADC value (ADCmin) were calculated. Additionally, two smaller, ovoid ROI were drawn within the lesion with mean ADC calculated (ADCmean sR and ADCmin sR). Normalized ADC values using white matter were also calculated (ADCn and ADCn sR). Grades of each tumor were assigned based on histopathology review. Association between ADC parameters and histological grade was tested by means of two‐sample t‐tests. There were 14 grade I (33.3%), 25 grade II (59.5%), and three grade III (7.2%) meningiomas. ADCmean sR and ADCmin sR were significantly lower when comparing grade II/III to grade I (P < .05). Grade II tumors had significantly lower ADCmean, ADCmean sR, ADCmin sR, ADCn, and ADCn sR than grade I meningiomas. This preliminary study supports the potential of ADC values to help predict the histological grade of intracranial meningiomas in dogs.
Effects of Ultrasonic Vibration Assistance on Chip Formation Mechanism in Cutting of Ti–6Al–4V
Authors: Gao Jian , Jin Xiaoliang 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis paper presents the effects of ultrasonic vibration assistance on shear band formation and chip segmentation mechanism in orthogonal cutting of Ti–6Al–4V. Experimental observations of chip microstructure show that the shear bands disappear when vibration assistance is applied along tangential direction at certain cutting speeds. A plastic chip flow model is developed to predict the stress and temperature variations in the primary shear zone at cutting, chip elastic recovery, and tool-chip separation periods. The simulation results show that the temperature in the primary shear zone in vibration-assisted cutting is much lower when compared with conventional cutting, therefore suppresses the generation of shear bands. The simulations of average cutting forces and pitch lengths of chip segments are compared with the experimental results. A finite element model is further developed to prove the temperature reduction when ultrasonic vibration assistance is applied.
Rotational Rheometry of a Fumed Silica Lubricating Grease
Authors: Zakani Behzad , Ansari Mahmoud , Grecov Dana 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The rheological properties of lubricating greases are the governing properties for performance assessment in lubrication applications. These properties can be determined under both controlled stress and strain rheometry. Moreover, studying the effect of temperature on these properties is of great importance. This study investigates the differences between rheological characterizations performed under both controlled stress and strain modes on fumed silica greases. The results of steady-state viscometry under controlled strain mode revealed a non-monotonic temperature-dependent behavior. This non-monotonic behavior, attributed to the shear banding, was also observed in up and down stress ramp data. The results of the controlled stress and controlled strain rheometry modes coincided well at high values of stress and shear rates due to the reduced effect of stick-slip phenomenon and elastic deformation. A two-step yielding flow curve observed in the steady flow curves was justified by bond and cage breakage mechanisms in fumed silica suspensions.
Kinship-based social inequality in Bronze Age Europe
Authors: Mittnik Alissa , Massy Ken , Knipper Corina , Wittenborn Fabian , Friedrich Ronny , Pfrengle Saskia , Burri Marta , Carlichi-Witjes Nadine , Deeg Heidi , Furtwängler Anja , Harbeck Michaela , von Heyking Kristin , Kociumaka Catharina , Kucukkalipci Isil , Lindauer Susanne , Metz Stephanie , Staskiewicz Anja , Thiel Andreas , Wahl Joachim , Haak Wolfgang , Pernicka Ernst , Schiffels Stephan , Stockhammer Philipp W. , Krause Johannes 
Published: October 2019

Ancient DNA informs on past culturesArchaeology has used analysis of the artifacts and remains of people to uncover their past behaviors and to infer their cultural practices. However, establishing genetic relationships has only recently become possible. Mittniket al.examined the kinship and inheritance of the remains of people from the German Lech River Valley over a time period spanning the Late Neolithic Corded Ware Culture, the Bell Beaker Complex, the Early Bronze Age, and the Middle Bronze Age (see the Perspective by Feinman and Neitzel). From genetic and archaeological analyses, it was revealed that the Early Bronze Age household's burials over multiple generations consisted of a high-status core family and unrelated low-status individuals. Furthermore, women were not related to the men within the household, suggesting that men stayed within their birth communities in this society, but women did not.Science, this issue p.731; see also p.682