bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some results on extension of maps and applications
Authors: Biasi Carlos , Libardi Alice K. M. , de Melo Thiago , dos Santos Edivaldo L. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis paper concerns extension of maps using obstruction theory under a non-classical viewpoint. It is given a classification of homotopy classes of maps and as an application it is presented a simple proof of a theorem by Adachi about equivalence of vector bundles. Also it is proved that, under certain conditions, two embeddings are homotopic up to surgery if and only if the respective normal bundles are SO-equivalent.
Creating a ‘monster’: the National Youth Service pre-university training programme, student activism and the Kenyan state, 1978–90
Authors: Melchiorre Luke 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn May 1984, the Kenyan government of Daniel arap Moi introduced a National Youth Service pre-university training programme (NYSPUT) for prospective university students. The programme was designed to instil discipline in Kenyan university students and inculcate them with a sense of loyalty and commitment to the Moi regime prior to their arrival on campus. This article argues that, in practice, however, the scheme had unintended consequences: it served to alienate student recruits from the ruling party and helped radicalize a small but vocal group of student activists, who, when they arrived on campus, confronted the Moi state with some of its most defiant political challenges of the 1980s. Relying on extensive interviews with former student recruits and archival research, this article highlights the key role that the NYSPUT played in shaping Kenya's young generation of 1980s student activists, who represented one of the most united and militant student movements in the country's history.
‘Shama will not dance’: University of Khartoum politics, 1964–69
Authors: Glade Rebecca 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn 1968, the Democratic Front organized a folkloric dance recital at the University of Khartoum as a prelude to the upcoming student union elections, a recital that was opposed by the Islamic Movement. This dispute culminated in a riot in which a student was killed, an event referred to as the ‘Ajakoincident’, which is discussed as the first recorded instance of inter-student violence at the university. Drawing on newspaper accounts from the time, secondary sources and first-hand interviews with participants, this article explores the clashing political and moral ideologies at stake within the University of Khartoum, and their links and affective power in relation to Khartoum politics more widely. In the process, it argues that the student political sphere did not simply function as a mirror to the wider political environment, but rather as a mobilizing ground for ideologically based parties, allowing more radical youth groups to influence national dialogues and put pressure on national political actors.
FAT or FiTT: Are Anvil Clouds or the Tropopause Temperature Invariant?
Authors: Seeley Jacob T. , Jeevanjee Nadir , Romps David M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe Fixed Anvil Temperature (FAT) hypothesis proposes that upper tropospheric cloud fraction peaks at a special isotherm that is independent of surface temperature. It has been argued that a FAT should result from simple ingredients: Clausius‐Clapeyron, longwave emission from water vapor, and tropospheric energy and mass balance. Here the first cloud‐resolving simulations of radiative‐convective equilibrium designed to contain only these basic ingredients are presented. This setup does not produce a FAT: the anvil temperature varies by about 40% of the surface temperature range. However, the tropopause temperature varies by only 4% of the surface temperature range, which supports the existence of a Fixed Tropopause Temperature (FiTT). In full‐complexity radiative‐convective equilibrium simulations, the spread in anvil temperature is smaller by about a factor of 2, but the tropopause temperature remains more invariant than the anvil temperature by an order of magnitude. In other words, our simulations have a FiTT, not a FAT.
Extrinsic Elastic Anisotropy in a Compositionally Heterogeneous Earth's Mantle
Authors: Faccenda Manuele , Ferreira Ana M. G. , Tisato Nicola , Lithgow‐Bertelloni Carolina , Stixrude Lars , Pennacchioni Giorgio 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSeveral theoretical studies indicate that a substantial fraction of the measured seismic anisotropy could be interpreted as extrinsic anisotropy associated with compositional layering in rocks, reducing the significance of strain‐induced intrinsic anisotropy. Here we quantify the potential contribution of grain‐scale and rock‐scale compositional anisotropy to the observations by (i) combining effective medium theories with realistic estimates of mineral isotropic elastic properties and (ii) measuring velocities of synthetic seismic waves propagating through modeled strain‐induced microstructures. It is shown that for typical mantle and oceanic crust subsolidus compositions, rock‐scale compositional layering does not generate any substantial extrinsic anisotropy (<1%) because of the limited contrast in isotropic elastic moduli among different rocks. Quasi‐laminated structures observed in subducting slabs using P and S wave scattering are often invoked as a source of extrinsic anisotropy, but our calculations show that they only generate minor seismic anisotropy (<0.1–0.2% of Vp and Vs radial anisotropy). More generally, rock‐scale compositional layering, when present, cannot be detected with seismic anisotropy studies but mainly with wave scattering. In contrast, when grain‐scale layering is present, significant extrinsic anisotropy could exist in vertically limited levels of the mantle such as in a mid‐ocean ridge basalt‐rich lower transition zone or in the uppermost lower mantle where foliated basalts and pyrolites display up to 2–3% Vp and 3–6% Vs radial anisotropy. Thus, seismic anisotropy observed around the 660‐km discontinuity could be possibly related to grain‐scale shape‐preferred orientation. Extrinsic anisotropy can form also in a compositionally homogeneous mantle, where velocity variations associated with major phase transitions can generate up to 1% of positive radial anisotropy.
The Beaufort Gyre Extent, Shape, and Location Between 2003 and 2014 From Satellite Observations
Authors: Regan Heather C. , Lique Camille , Armitage Thomas W. K. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe Beaufort Gyre is a significant reservoir of freshwater in the Arctic. It is thought to play a key role in regulating Arctic freshwater discharge to the North Atlantic, and in recent decades its freshwater content has increased in a time of rapid Arctic change. Despite this, its exact dynamical behavior is not fully understood. Here, we make use of an Arctic‐wide dataset of dynamic ocean topography, including data under sea ice, to characterize the time‐varying extent, shape, and location of the Beaufort Gyre. We show that the gyre expanded toward the northwest between 2003 and 2014, resulting in increased proximity to the Chukchi Plateau and Mendeleev Ridge by 2014. We find that the gyre strength and maximum dynamic ocean topography both respond readily to changes in intensity of the surface forcing, but the gyre area is additionally affected by the location of the Beaufort Sea High. This results in expansion over the Chukchi Plateau and increased asymmetry of the gyre as it becomes constrained by the shallow bathymetry. The gyre strength is correlated with the integrated surface stress on the ocean over the previous 3 months. We discuss the implications of the expansion over shallow bathymetry on gyre dynamical behavior and the potential impacts on the physical properties in the Canada Basin.
Meteorological Conditions During an Ozone Episode in Dallas‐Fort Worth, Texas, and Impact of Their Modeling Uncertainties on Air Quality Prediction
Authors: Hu Xiao‐Ming , Xue Ming , Kong Fanyou , Zhang Hongliang 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe Southern Great Plains experiences an unhealthy level of ozone (O3) at times. The formation mechanisms contributing to these O3 events are not always clear and in some cases are related to particular atmospheric circulation patterns. A severe O3 pollution event on 27 August 2011 in the Dallas‐Fort Worth (DFW) area is investigated with a combination of observations and simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF/Chem). During the O3 episode, a stationary front with a stagnant zone at the leading edge persisted to the west of DFW. At the time, Hurricane Irene was located in western Atlantic, displacing the Bermuda Subtropical High and affecting the circulations over the Southern Great Plains. The stagnant zone confined the pollutant plume originating from DFW, leading to accumulation of primary pollutants and prominent O3 formation. Emission sources from a few urban areas east of DFW as well as power plants near Mount Pleasant and Carthage also contributed to this DFW O3 pollution episode. This scenario is different from the typical summer days over the Southern Great Plains when southerly winds prevail along the west edge of the Bermuda High and the pollutant plumes from DFW are advected downstream, resulting in low O3. Ensemble WRF/Chem predictions driven by the operational Short‐Range Ensemble Forecast outputs are conducted to examine the impact of meteorological uncertainties (particularly transport uncertainties) on air quality forecasting. The ensemble mean gives a better prediction in terms of plume directions than individual members.
The Geology and Astrobiology of McLaughlin Crater, Mars: An Ancient Lacustrine Basin Containing Turbidites, Mudstones, and Serpentinites
Authors: Michalski Joseph R. , Glotch T. D. , Rogers A. Deanne , Niles Paul B. , Cuadros J. , Ashley James W. , Johnson Sarah Stewart 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMcLaughlin crater is a 92‐km diameter complex crater that formed on Mars ~4 billion years ago. The resulting basin was the site of a large (~3,000 km2), deep (~500 m), voluminous (~1,500 km3) Martian lake circa 3.8 Ga. While there is strong evidence that hundreds of lakes have existed on Mars at some point during the same time period, the geology of McLaughlin crater is extraordinary for a number of reasons. Detailed spectral analyses show that the deep‐water sediments include detrital inputs of olivine and pyroxene, but the lake‐floor sediments include lithologies with abundant Fe‐rich, Mg‐bearing smectite, serpentine‐rich deposits, and ferrihydrite. For astrobiologists, this site provides a treasure trove of high‐priority targets. Serpentinization reactions are thought to have played a key role in abiogenesis on Earth, and within McLaughlin crater, deposits of subterranean and probably sublacustrine serpentinites are well preserved. In addition, delta sequences are well exposed throughout the east side of the basin; such deposits are endorsed by some as the highest priority targets for preservation of organics on Mars. Yet deep‐water turbidites, which might have flowed through hydrothermal environments, may be the most intriguing aspect of this geology. Such rapid sedimentation could have sequestered and preserved any potential organic materials for future exploration by a rover.
Tunable and enhanced light emission in hybrid WS2-optical-fiber-nanowire structures
Authors: Chen Jin-hui , Tan Jun , Wu Guang-xing , Zhang Xue-jin , Xu Fei , Lu Yan-qing 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn recent years, the two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have attracted renewed interest owing to their remarkable physical and chemical properties. Similar to that of graphene, the atomic thickness of TMDCs significantly limits their optoelectronic applications. In this study, we report a hybrid WS2-optical-fiber-nanowire (WOFN) structure for broadband enhancement of the light–matter interactions, i.e., light absorption, photoluminescence (PL) and second-harmonic generation (SHG), through evanescent field coupling. The interactions between the anisotropic light field of an optical fiber nanowire (OFN) and the anisotropic second-order susceptibility tensor of WS2 are systematically studied theoretically and experimentally. In particular, an efficient SHG in the WOFN appears to be 20 times larger than that in the same OFN before the WS2 integration under the same conditions. Moreover, we show that strain can efficiently manipulate the PL and SHG in the WOFN owing to the large configurability of the silica OFN. Our results demonstrate the potential applications of waveguide-coupled TMDCs structures for tunable high-performance photonic devices.
Divergent methyl-coenzyme M reductase genes in a deep-subseafloor Archaeoglobi
Authors: Boyd Joel A , Jungbluth Sean P , Leu Andy O , Evans Paul N , Woodcroft Ben J , Chadwick Grayson L , Orphan Victoria J , Amend Jan P , Rappé Michael S , Tyson Gene W 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR) complex is a key enzyme in archaeal methane generation and has recently been proposed to also be involved in the oxidation of short-chain hydrocarbons including methane, butane, and potentially propane. The number of archaeal clades encoding the MCR continues to grow, suggesting that this complex was inherited from an ancient ancestor, or has undergone extensive horizontal gene transfer. Expanding the representation of MCR-encoding lineages through metagenomic approaches will help resolve the evolutionary history of this complex. Here, a near-complete Archaeoglobi metagenome-assembled genome (MAG; Ca. Polytropus marinifundus gen. nov. sp. nov.) was recovered from the deep subseafloor along the Juan de Fuca Ridge flank that encodes two divergent McrABG operons similar to those found in Ca. Bathyarchaeota and Ca. Syntrophoarchaeum MAGs. Ca. P. marinifundus is basal to members of the class Archaeoglobi, and encodes the genes for β-oxidation, potentially allowing an alkanotrophic metabolism similar to that proposed for Ca. Syntrophoarchaeum. Ca. P. marinifundus also encodes a respiratory electron transport chain that can potentially utilize nitrate, iron, and sulfur compounds as electron acceptors. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the Ca. P. marinifundus MCR operons were horizontally transferred, changing our understanding of the evolution and distribution of this complex in the Archaea.
Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports in Schools: A Tutorial
Authors: Keller-Bell Yolanda , Short Maureen 
Published: January 2019

Purpose
Positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS) provide a framework for behavioral expectations in school systems for children with and without disabilities. Speech-language pathologists who work in school settings should be familiar with this framework as part of their role in improving the outcomes for children. The purpose of this tutorial is to discuss PBIS and its use in school settings.

Method
The authors provide an overview of the PBIS framework and focus on its applicability in classroom-based settings. The process of implementing PBIS in classrooms and other settings such as speech-language therapy is discussed.

Conclusions
This tutorial provides speech-language pathologists with an overview of PBIS and may facilitate their understanding of how to implement PBIS in nonclassroom settings.
Parent–Child Interaction Therapy as a Behavior and Spoken Language Intervention for Young Children With Hearing Loss
Authors: Costa Elizabeth Adams , Day Lori , Caverly Colleen , Mellon Nancy , Ouellette Meredith , Wilson Ottley Sharlene 
Published: January 2019

Purpose
The importance of early intervention for fostering language in children with hearing loss has been well documented; those that facilitate parent engagement are particularly effective. Listening and spoken language outcomes among children with hearing loss continue to fall short compared to hearing peers, despite improvements in hearing technologies. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of parent–child interaction therapy (PCIT) as a behavioral intervention for children with hearing loss and its applicability as a language intervention.

Method

PCIT effectiveness was evaluated for children with hearing loss (PCIT treatment group:
N
= 18). For a subset of the treatment group (matched experimental group:
n
= 6), pretreatment and posttreatment language samples were compared to a matched control group (
n
= 6).

Results
Significant changes were observed in parent skills and child behavior from pretreatment to posttreatment for the PCIT treatment group. A subset of the treatment group (matched experimental group) with available matched controls (matched control group) demonstrated a significant increase in utterances and a trend toward significant increase in receptive vocabulary compared to the control group.

Conclusion
PCIT is a promising intervention for children with hearing loss that empowers parents to engage in optimal indirect language stimulation, improves parent–child interactions, improves child behavior, and promotes spoken language skills.
Biological growth and synthetic fabrication of structurally colored materials
Authors: McDougal Anthony , Miller Benjamin , Singh Meera , Kolle Mathias 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Nature’s light manipulation strategies—in particular those at the origin of bright iridescent colors—have fascinated humans for centuries. In recent decades, insights into the fundamental concepts and physics underlying biological light-matter interactions have enabled a cascade of attempts to copy nature’s optical strategies in synthetic structurally colored materials. However, despite rapid advances in bioinspired materials that emulate and exceed nature’s light manipulation abilities, we tend to create these materials via methods that have little in common with the processes used by biology. In this review, we compare the processes that enable the formation of biological photonic structures with the procedures employed by scientists and engineers to fabricate biologically inspired photonic materials. This comparison allows us to reflect upon the broader strategies employed in synthetic processes and to identify biological strategies which, if incorporated into the human palette of fabrication approaches, could significantly advance our abilities to control material structure in three dimensions across all relevant length scales.
From Islamic reform to Muslim activism : The evolution of an Islamist ideology in Kenya
Authors: Chome Ngala 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This article traces the evolution of an Islamist ideology in Kenya’s public discourse, putting Islamist ideas within a longer history of Muslim politics than most other studies. Specifically, it examines internal debates amongst the minority Muslim population of Kenya, and debates between Muslims and the state and Muslims and the wider Christian public, regarding how to improve the Muslim condition in a Christian-dominated country. The immediate background for the emergence of Islamist ideas is then discussed through an examination of trends since the 1990s, including increased contestations of religious and political authority, and responses to Muslim activism by the state and the wider Christian public. The article concludes that Islamist politics in Kenya, and elsewhere, are more often than not a result of local histories as much as they are part of a global Muslim ‘victimization’ narrative.
Regularity of contact with GPs: Measurement approaches to improve valid associations with hospitalization
Authors: Youens David , Harris Mark , Robinson Suzanne , Preen David B , Moorin Rachael E 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background
Studies examine longitudinal continuity of GP contact though few consider ‘regularity of GP contact’, i.e., the dispersion of contacts over time. Increased regularity may indicate planned ongoing care. Current measures of regularity may be correlated with the number of contacts and may not isolate the phenomenon of interest.

Objectives
To compare two published and one newly developed regularity index in terms of their ability to measure regularity of GP contacts independently of the number of contacts and the impact on their association with hospitalization.

Methods
A cohort at risk of diabetes-related hospitalization in Western Australia from 1990 to 2004 was identified using linked administrative data. For each regularity index, relationships with number of GP contacts were assessed. Hospitalization was then regressed on each index with and without number of contacts as a covariate.

Results
Among 153,414 patients the new regularity index showed a reduced association with number of contacts compared with existing indices. Associations with hospitalization differed between measures; for previously published indices, there were no significant associations between regularity and hospitalization, whereas on the new index, most regular GP contact was associated with reduced hospitalization (IRR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.88–0.93). When number of contacts was added as a covariate, point estimates for this index showed little change, whereas for existing measures this addition changed point estimates.

Conclusion
A new measure of regularity of GP contact was less correlated with the number of contacts than previously published measures and better suited to estimating unconfounded relationships of regularity with hospitalization.
New order-statistics-based ranking models and faster computation of outcome probabilities
Authors: Baker Rose 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn sport, order-statistics-based models such as Henery’s gamma model and the Thurstone–Mosteller type V model are useful in estimating competitor strengths from observed performance of players in competitions between two or more players. They can also be applied in many other areas, such as analysis of consumer preference data, which would be useful to marketing management. Two new families of such models derived from the exponentiated exponential, and Pareto distributions are introduced. Use of order-statistics-based models when there are more than two competitors has been hampered by lack of an efficient method of computation of outcome probabilities as a function of competitor strengths, and a fast method of computation of outcome probabilities is presented, which exploits the fact that the integral to be evaluated is an iterated integral.
The Best Laid Plans: Why New Parents Fail to Habituate Practices
Authors: Thomas Tandy Chalmers , Epp Amber M 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Consumers regularly fail to habituate newly adopted practices. In contrast to established practices, this often occurs because understanding a practice is different from actually doing it. Our work explores this “messiness of doing” and explains why consumers successfully habituate some newly adopted practices after experiencing obstacles (i.e., misaligned practice elements) but not others. Utilizing a longitudinal approach that follows first-time parents from pregnancy through the first eight months postpartum, we track how parents plan for practices and how those plans unfold. We document a process whereby parents first engage in extensive planning and preparation prior to the birth of their child, during which parents build two realignment capabilities (anticipation and integration). After the baby’s arrival, some practices invariably do not work. Parents respond to these misalignments by following one of five paths—differentiated by the capabilities parents build while planning—that result in practice abandonment, vulnerable habituation, or habituation. Our work highlights the challenges associated with translating a social practice into an enacted practice and the corresponding importance of accumulating realignment capabilities during planning. To facilitate habituation of newly adopted practices, how consumers make plans for these practices may ultimately matter more than what they actually plan to do.