bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of three intramedullary pinning techniques on pin location and articular damage in the canine humerus
Authors: Jones E. , Langley-Hobbs S. J. , Sissener T. R. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to compare the pin location and articular damage for intramedullary (IM) pins inserted into the humerus in a directed retrograde, non-directed retrograde, and normograde fashion. Proximal pin positioning in the humerus was significantly more cranial (p<0.05) using both retrograde techniques when compared to the normograde technique, although this did not cause significant interference with anatomical structures. The distance to the biceps tendon, transverse humeral ligament, and the distal pin location was similar with all insertion techniques, however two of ten pins passed in a non-directed retrograde fashion penetrated the shoulder joint. The results of this study suggest that although non-directed retrograde pinning cannot be recommended, either normograde or retrograde pins directed craniolaterally provide acceptable techniques for insertion of IM pins during distal humeral fracture repair.
Interlocking nail treatment of long-bone fractures in cats: 33 cases (1995–2004)
Authors: Díaz-Bertrana M. C. , Puchol J. L. , Sánchez A. , Franch J. , Durall I. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA retrospective study between 1995 and 2004 of fracture repair in cats (n=46) using interlocking nails (ILN) was made. Only the cases in which clinical and radiographic examination of bone healing were available are included. Five humeral and twenty eight femoral fractures were reviewed. Multiple-hole interlocking nails (MH-ILN) were used in 22 fractures, with the four-hole model (FH-ILN) in the remaining cases. In three of the cases, the FH-ILN was transformed to a three-hole model by cutting the nail between the two most distal holes. The average length of humeral ILN was 78.8 mm, and the femoral ILN was 97.2 mm. Static fixation was performed in 27 cases, with dynamic fixation in the remaining. The medullary canal filling was 100% in both radiographic views in 16 cases. Intra-operative complications were encountered in two cases. A total number of 76 screws were inserted, with 5.26% of them being malpositioned. Malunion, in a deformed femur, and partial unscrewing of one screw were the only radiographic complications observed at the time of follow-up. The clinical outcome, as well as fracture healing, were excellent in all of the cases. The results of this study indicate that the 4.0 and 5.0 mm MH-ILN and FH-ILN can be used to repair simple or comminuted humeral and femoral fractures in cats.
A comparison of palpation guided and ultrasound guided percutaneous biceps brachii tenotomy in dogs
Authors: Esterline M. L. , Armbrust L. , Roush J. K. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to compare palpation guided and ultrasound guided techniques for biceps brachii tenotomy in dogs. The differences between the two tenotomy procedures in muscle incision length, confidence level of tenotomy, percentage tendon transection, difficulty of tendon location or transection, or amount of haemorrhage, were not significant. The ultrasound guided tenotomy procedure took significantly longer to perform and required a longer skin incision, but these differences were not considered to be clinically important. With palpation guided tenotomy, several surrounding muscular and tendinous structures were damaged. We concluded that ultrasound guided tenotomy is an accurate method of tendon identification because it allowed for complete transection in 10 out of 11 tendons, and provides a method for checking completeness of tendon transection after the procedure.
Feline cranial cruciate rupture
Authors: Harasen G. L. G. 
Published: March 2018

SummarySeventeen cases of feline cranial cruciate ligament rupture are presented. The cases are divided into two groups: those with traumatic multiligamentous damage, and those with isolated cranial cruciate ligament rupture without a history of trauma. The cats that had suffered cruciate ligament rupture were heavier than the general population of cats and there is evidence reported that this injury parallels the degenerative cranial cruciate ruptures seen in overweight small breed dogs. The limited literature on this subject is reviewed including approaches to treatment.
Review of the literature
Authors: Van Ryssen B. , Gielen I. , Walschot N. , van Bree H. , Samoy Y. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryElbow incongruity is the term to describe bad alignment of the joint surfaces of the elbow. Two features illustrate incongruity of the elbow: an abnormal shape of the ulnar trochlear notch and a step between the radius and ulna, caused by either a short radius or a short ulna. It has been suggested that both an elliptical notch, and a step, can cause increased local pressure within the joint, resulting in loose fragments at different locations: ununited anconeal process (UAP), fragmented coronoid process (FCP), osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral condyle (OCD). These lesions are grouped under the term ‘elbow dysplasia’ and are the most frequent causes of front leg lameness in the dog. Although several radiographic features to diagnose incongruity have been described, the ‘scoring’ of incongruity is subjective because there is currently no objective method to measure the degree of incongruity. Because superimposition is avoided, CT is suggested as a standard technique to measure incongruity. Arthroscopy on the other hand, allows the direct visualisation of the intra-articular structures and their abnormalities. Information on both techniques are still relatively new. Several surgical techniques have been proposed to restore joint congruity; the one most frequently used is an ulnar osteotomy. But because of possible complications, other techniques are being developed. Reports evaluating the results of the different techniques are not yet available.
Clinical application of intraoperative skeletal traction in the dog
Authors: Margini A. , Cappellari F. , Peirone B. , Rovesti G. L. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the technical feasibility of a method for pre-operative and intra-operative traction for reduction of fractures of the appendicular skeleton. Traction was used in 24 diaphyseal fractures in 21 dogs. For each dog, the data pertaining to signalment, limb circumference, fracture type, interval between fracture and surgery, and the traction modalities were recorded. In patients with a latency between trauma and surgery of less than three days, the duration of traction required to realign the bone segments was shorter than that required for older fractures (P = 0.02). Intraoperative malalignments were corrected by manoeuvres performed with the traction stand. Once realigned, fracture segments were kept stable for prolonged periods, without the need for a surgical assistant. Postoperative radiographs were evaluated for fracture reduction and axial alignment. Postoperative alignment was judged excellent in 21 fractures and good in three fractures. Fractures were stabilized using external skeletal fixation (n=10), plates (n=11) or locked nails (n=3), depending on the fracture type. The use of the technique was straightforward and easily applied in a surgical setting. However, its use requires careful application because of the potential for iatrogenic tissue damage.
Trabecular anisotropy and collagen fibre orientation in the mandibular condyle following experimental functional appliance treatment using sheep
Authors: Ma B. , Wiebkin O. W. , Wilson D. F. , Fazzalari N. L. , Sampson W. J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryIn order to study the modifying effects of functional appliances on the mechanical environment of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), we characterised the structure of the mandibular condyle subsequent to an experimental functional appliance intervention. Eight, four-month-old, castrated male Merino sheep, were randomly allocated to experimental and control groups (n = 4 in each group). Forward mandibular displacement was induced with an intraoral appliance. The study period was 15 weeks, during which time fluorochromes were administered to all of the animals. Midsagittal sections of the TMJ were selected for analysis and trabecular anisotropy was estimated using bone histomorphometry. Only the experimental group demonstrated that the trabecular bone in the central condylar region was less anisotropic when compared to the subchondral region. Also, the variation in trabecular anisotropy of the central condylar region was found to be smaller in the experimental group. The collagen fibre orientation was analysed under polarised light as the proportion of the dark or bright fibres observed in regions which existed before, and regions which formed during the experiment, as determined by the fluorochrome labels. In the experimental group, more bright collagen fibres were found in the most superior region of the mandibular condyle when compared with the controls. These results suggested that the experimental functional appliances changed the orientation and pattern of the mechanical forces acting on the mandibular condyle, and possibly increased the magnitude of the lateral functional forces applied to the most superior part of the condyle during such treatments.
Ventral fixation in atlantoaxial instability with axial fracture in a dog
Authors: Besalti O. , Pekcan Z. , Eminaga S. , Ozak A. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThis study reports the diagnosis and the surgical management of atlanto-axial instability with an oblique axial fracture in a dog. The fracture was diagnosed by radiography and Computed Tomography (CT). In the CT views, the appearance of the distortion of the atlantoaxial articular surface was interpreted as instability. The stabilization was achieved with the cancellous screws. Following the surgery, the neurological status improved and the dog no longer had marked neurological deficits.
A Comparison of Four Different Methods of Fixation of Osteochondral Fragments
Authors: Vasseur P. B. , Rodrigo J.J. , Johnson W. , Kass P. H. , Van Vechten B. J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryFixation methods for osteochondral shell grafts were studied using replace-ment of a femoral trochlear autograft in rabbits as the model. Twenty skeletally mature rabbits were divided into four groups with five rabbits in each. The articular cartilage of the femoral trochlea, including 2.0 mm of subchondral bone, was removed using a sagittal bone saw. The grafts were immediately reattached using either small Kirschner pins (K-pins), polydioxanone pins (PDP), polydioxanone suture (PDS), or polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement. Six months postoperatively the rabbits were killed and the graft sites compared to the contralateral control using radiography, gross examination, Safranin-O and H & E staining, and sulphate-35 radioactive uptake. Mild degenerative joint changes were evident radio-graphically in all of the operated joints. Articular surface defects at the graft sites were common and included small craters and erosions; a few had larger areas devoid of cartilage. Defects associated with the pin entrance sites were common in the K-pin and PD P groups. The PDS group had the least number of animals with articular surface defects. Safranin-O staining was complete in the PDS group, partial or complete in the K-pin and PD P groups, and partial in all of the joints in the PMM A group. H & E preparations of the cartilage sections were graded from 1 (normal cartilage) to 5 (multiple fissures, severe degradation). The PDS group had a mean (SD) score of 1.8 (0.8), the PD P group 2.4 (1.1), the K-pin group 2.5 (1.3), and the PMM A group 4.6 (0.6). The scores for the PMM A group were significantly greater then the scores for the other groups (p <0.05). The mean (SD) for radioactive counts per minute/mg tissue in treated graft sites as a percent of control was PDS: 130 (83); PDP : 115 (14); K-pins: 92 (42); PMMA : 91 (29). The relative percentages for radioactive uptake were not significantly different (P >0.05). Graft fixation using PDS, PDP, or K-pins was technically easy to perform and the results were generally satisfactory. Fixation using PMM A was technically demanding and histological evidence of moderate to severe cartilage degradation was present in all treated joints.Femoral trochlear autografts in rabbits were used to study fixation methods for osteochondral graft fragments. Six months after the operations the graft sites were evaluated using radiographs, gross examination, Safranin-O and H & E staining, and sulphate-35 radioactive uptake. Grafts stabilized using polydioxanone suture had the least number of articular surface defects and the most complete Safranin-O staining.
An Experimental Study of Compression of Femoral Fractures by an Interlocking Intramedullary Pin
Authors: Diaz M. C. , Morales I. , Durall I. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryReturn of function and callus healing were investigated in a group of ten dogs after osteotomy of the femur treated by application of a pin, perfo-rated by threaded openings, through which a metal bar could be introduced into the trochanteric fossa. A jig, indicating the position of the openings, was attached and the distal fragment fixed with three screws into the pin; the fracture was then compressed by means of a compressor travelling from the base of the jig to rest against the bar inserted into the trochanteric fossa, approximating the proximal fragment to the distal one. Two screws were then inserted into the proximal fragment. The results revealed a full return of limb function between four and 16 days and consolidation of the callus between eight and 16 weeks.Femoral osteotomy was performed in a group of ten mongrel dogs weighing between 16 and 32 kg and stabilised with a pin, fixed with screws, which compressed the fracture. The results revealed return of normal limb function between four and 16 days later; consolidation of the callus was complete between eight and 16 weeks.
Biceps Tenosynovitis in the Dog: Radiographic and Sonographic Findings
Authors: Wallace L. , Johnston G. R. , Rivers B. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryUltrasonography of the biceps brachii tendon was prospectively evaluated as an ancillary diagnostic technique in comparison to arthrography in canine biceps tenosynovitis, in a series of six cases with surgical and histopathological confirmation of the diagnosis. Arthrographic findings, compatible with the disease, were present in all six cases, and correlated well with surgical findings. Significant differences were not found in the sonographic appearance of the affected versus the contralateral unaffected biceps brachii tendon proper. In two cases, sonography demonstrated a sonolucency surrounding the affected tendon; in one of these cases effusion within the biceps tendon sheath was noted at operation. In a third case, sonographic findings correlated with the presence of periosteal proliferation within the intertubercular groove noted on survey radio-graphs. Based on these six cases, arthrography appears to be a more sensitive ancillary diagnostic technique in this disorder than ultrasonography of the biceps brachii tendon.Ultrasonography was prospectively evaluated in comparison to arthrography as an ancillary diagnostic technique in six cases of canine biceps tenosynovitis with surgical and histopathological confirmation of the diagnosis. Results obtained indicate arthrography appears to be a more sensitive ancillary diagnostic technique than ultra-sonography in this disorder.
Biomechanical Comparison of Three Repair Methods for Proximal Femoral Physeal Fractures in Shear and Tension
Authors: Roush J. K. , McLaughlin R. M. , Gaughan E. M. , DeBowes R. M. , Tillson D. M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryProximal femoral physeal fractures were created in femora harvested from 64 immature dogs and repaired with one of three repair techniques. Techniques used included a single lag screw placed distal to the trochanter, three divergent pins from below the trochanter, and two screws placed from the articular surface of the femoral head. The re-paired fractures were tested in tension and shear for strength and stiffness. The strength and stiffness were recorded by a hydraulic testing machine and the mode of failure was determined by visual inspection. Fractures repaired with a single lag screw and with the two screws were significantly stronger in tension than those repaired with multiple pins. Significant differences were not found between the repair techniques for shear strength or stiffness in neither tension nor shear. The modes of failure differed between the repair techniques.Three techniques of proximal femoral physeal fracture repair; a single screw from below the greater trochanter, three divergent pins, and two screws placed from the articular sur-face, were tested in tension and shear. Fractures, created on in vitro femora, repaired with a single lag screw and the two screws, were significantly stronger in tension than those repaired with multiple pins. Significant differences were not found between the repair techniques for shear strength or stiffness in neither tension nor shear.
Traumatic Fracture of the Medial Coronoid Process in Two Dogs
Authors: Yovich J. C. , Read R. A. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryAcute traumatic fracture of the me-dial coronoid process occurred in two adult dogs. The fracture was the sole injury in one dog, but was associated with further elbow trauma in the other. Surgical removal of the fractured portion of medial coronoid process resulted in a rapid return to normal elbow function which was sustained on long-term follow-up. Radiographs showed some osteophyte formation within the elbow joints at one year postoperatively. Two years later, repeat radiography of the elbow of one of the dogs did not show any further osteophyte production. In contrast, the surgical removal of fragmented coronoid processes frequently results in continuing lameness, reduced range of elbow movement and progressive osteoarthritis.Removal of a traumatically fractured portion of the medial coronoid process in two adult dogs resulted in a rapid return to soundness. Elbow function in both dogs remained normal on long-term follow-up.
Comparison of Stifle Biomechanics after Two Different Techniques of Cranial Cruciate Ligament Repair
Authors: Bauer M.S. , Aiken S.W. , Toombs J.P. , Prostredny J.M. , Davidson Jacqueline 
Published: March 2018

SummaryStifle joint biomechanics were evaluated by analysis of instant centre of motion, after cranial cruciate ligament transection and after stifle joint stabilization, using either the fibular head transposition or the under-and-over fascial strip technique. The instant centres of motion and resulting velocity vectors were determined by radiographic evaluation of the stifle of twelve fresh cadavers before and after cranial cruciate ligament transection, and after stabilization of the stifle joint by either the fibular head transposition or the under-and-over fascial strip technique. All 12 stifles had normal instant centres of motion before transection of the cranial cruciate ligament, and 10 of 12 were normal after transection. All six stifles repaired by fibular head transposition retained normal instant centre of motion. Abnormal instant centres of motion were present in three of six stifles repaired by the under-and-over technique. These differences were not statistically significant.Stifle joint biomechanics were evaluated by analysis of instant centre of motion after cranial cruciate ligament transection and after stifle joint stabilization using either the fibular head transposition or the underand-over fascial strip technique. Neither surgical technique consistently resulted in abnormal instant centres of motion.
Femoral Head Excision Arthroplasty Using the Vascularised Rectus Femoris Muscle Sling
Authors: Clayton Hilary , Skuba Elizabeth , Remedios Audrey 
Published: March 2018

SummaryRectus femoris muscle slings were transposed over femoral head ostectomy sites in four large breed dogs, while in three other dogs, standard femoral head and neck excision arthroplasty was performed. After the operation two dogs, with rectus femoris muscle slings, showed transient swelling of the operated limb and remained weight bearing minimally throughout the 28-day study period. In the two remaining dogs with muscle transposition, the surgical sites were normal, but decreased weight bearing and marked lameness were apparent. The dogs with standard femoral head excisions did not have any postoperative problems with the surgical sites and were weight bearing, with slight to moderate gait abnormalities, after the operation. All of the dogs showed decreases in coxofemoral range of motion, standing hip angle and limb length of the operated leg but postoperative differences between the two treatment groups were not significant. Thigh muscle circumference was significantly less in dogs with rectus femoris muscle slings than those with standard femoral head excision. Extensive perfusion of transposed slings was apparent on angiographic studies. Histopathology of muscle slings showed focal inflammation, muscle fibre atrophy and fibrosis with intact neurovascular supply.Femoral head excisional arthroplasty was performed in seven large breed dogs, four of which had adjunctive rectus femoris muscle slings trans-posed over ostectomy sites. Although the rectus femoris muscle sling remained vascular and was associated with minimal immediate postoperative complications, dogs with muscle transposition showed decreased weight bearing, more obvious lameness and a slower return to function, than dogs with standard femoral head and neck excision. Dogs with rectus femoris muscle slings did not show any improvement in coxofemoral range of motion, standing hip angle or limb length, rather more thigh muscle atrophy was evident on day 28 after surgery.
Evaluation of N-Butyl 2-Cyanoacrylate for the Fixation of Osteochondral Fractures
Authors: Aron D. N. , Rowland G. N. , Purinton P. T. , Roberts R. E. , Gorse Mary Jean 
Published: March 2018

SummaryUnstable osteochondral fractures were created on one medial femoral condyle of 39 adult rabbits. The fractures were repaired with n-butyl cyanoacrylate adhesive in 21 rabbits. The remaining fractures were not repaired. Radiographs were made at frequent intervals. The rabbits were euthanatized at 4, 6, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after surgery. The alignment and stability of the osteochondral fragments were assessed, followed by collection of sections of the medial femoral condyles for histological evaluation. Radiologically, the adhesive repaired fractures healed by primary bone union. The adhesive repaired fractures were significantly (p <0.05) better aligned and more stable than the non-repaired fractures at necropsy. Histologically, there was healing of the subchondral fracture lines of adhesive repaired fractures. The articular cartilage overlying the healing fragments was normal or had only minor surface irregularities.