bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomical Variations in Formation and Branching Pattern of the Border Nerves of Lumbar Region
Authors: Paul Laigy , Shastri Deepti 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Background Ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric, and genitofemoral nerves are together known as “border nerves” of the lumbar plexus. Aim of this study was to find out the variations in formation and branching pattern of these nerves and correlate with their clinical relevance.
Materials and Methods For this study 30 formaldehyde preserved cadavers were used, and the nerves were studied on both the sides, thus making the sample size of 60.
Results Iliohypogastric nerve was absent in 6.6% and double in 1.6%. It was prefixed with a twig from T12 in 6.6% and had origin from both L1 and L2 in 1.6%. The ilioinguinal nerve was absent in 3.3% and double in 3.3%. The genitofemoral nerve exhibited a large number of variations. It was absent in 1.6%. Early division of the nerve prior to emergence from the psoas major muscle was noticed in 13.3%, and early division soon after emergence from the muscle was noted in 3.3%. In one cadaver, on one side, genital branch was absent, and it continued as femoral branch only. In another cadaver, the nerve continued as genital branch only. In two other cases, genital and femoral branches were seen to arise separately from the lumbar plexus. The nerve had its origin from L1 and L2 in 25%, L2 and L3 in 25%, L1 in 3.3%, L2 in 46.66%, and L3 in 1.6% of the cases.
Conclusion Knowledge of these variations would be of immense help during surgical approach and giving nerve block for anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in this region.
Study of Acromial Shapes in Relation to Gender
Authors: Basavanna Pushpa Nagavalli , Bajpe Roshni 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Introduction Subacromial impingement syndrome is considered to be one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders affecting the shoulder joint. The objectives of the study were to find out the morphology of acromion process and the presence of enthesophytes in male and female scapulae.
Methodology The study was done on 100 male and 100 female adult dry human scapulae of different people, collected from the Department of Anatomy, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore. Acromial shapes were classified into 4 types—type I (flat), type II (curved), type III (hooked), and type IV (convex). Acromial spurs (enthesophytes), if any, in the anterior one-third of acromion was noted.
Results The most common type of acromion found in both the sexes is type I. Even the enthesophytes were more commonly associated with type I acromion. The study revealed that the acromial shape of dried scapulae did not vary significantly with sex.
Conclusion In the present study we could find the four types of acromion mentioned in the literature. Since acromial shapes influence the shoulder pathologies involving acromion, the knowledge on acromial morphology and enthesophytes aid the clinicians during its diagnoses and treatment (acromioplasty). Also, data on morphology of acromion could be used for forensic and anthropological purposes for determining gender, ethnicity, and so forth.
Memories from the margins? Anniversaries, Anabaptists and rethinking Reformations
Authors: Hill Kat 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWith the recent 500-year jubilee of the Lutheran Reformation, Reformation anniversaries have become big business and the subject of much scholarly debate. This paper considers the question of anniversaries in relation to supposedly marginal religious groups in the era of the Reformation. What do they choose to commemorate? How did they fit into our accounts of religious change? And what does memory from the margins tells us? The paper argues that considering memories and anniversaries amongst these communities allows us to reassess our categories of mainstream and marginal in relation to religious change in the early modern world and beyond, and to reconsider some of our narratives about the legacies of religious change.
Parvalbumin interneuron in the ventral hippocampus functions as a discriminator in social memory
Authors: Deng Xiaofei , Gu Lijia , Sui Nan , Guo Jianyou , Liang Jing 
Published: July 2019

Significance
Recent studies have identified the hippocampal projection neurons and related pathways that encode and keep social information about familiar conspecifics. On the other side of the coin, however, the neural mechanism for animals to determine the stranger in a group achieved little attention. Here, we demonstrate that ventral CA1 parvalbumin interneurons (vCA1-PVIs) specifically participated in retrieval of social information, and their excitation is crucial for distinguishing novel from familiar conspecifics. These findings not only highlight the importance of hippocampal interneurons in social memory, but also contribute to establish the relationship between PVIs’ deficits and impaired social memory in some psychiatric illnesses.
Pore-pressure diffusion, enhanced by poroelastic stresses, controls induced seismicity in Oklahoma
Authors: Zhai Guang , Shirzaei Manoochehr , Manga Michael , Chen Xiaowei 
Published: July 2019

Significance
We develop a physics-based earthquake-forecasting model for evaluating seismic hazard due to fluid injection, considering both pore pressure and poroelastic stresses. Applying this model to complex settings like Oklahoma, we show that the regional induced earthquake timing and magnitude are controlled by the process of fluid diffusion in a poroelastic medium, and thus seismicity can be successfully forecasted by using a rate-and-state earthquake nucleation model. We find that pore-pressure diffusion controls the induced earthquakes in Oklahoma. However, its impact is enhanced by poroelastic effects. This finding has significant implications for induced earthquake-forecasting efforts by integrating the physics of fluid diffusion and earthquake nucleation.
STAT6 induces expression of Gas6 in macrophages to clear apoptotic neutrophils and resolve inflammation
Authors: Nepal Saroj , Tiruppathi Chinnaswamy , Tsukasaki Yoshikazu , Farahany Joseph , Mittal Manish , Rehman Jalees , Prockop Darwin J. , Malik Asrar B. 
Published: July 2019

Significance
Clearance of apoptotic neutrophils by alveolar macrophages (AMФs) is critical for the resolution of acute lung injury (ALI). Here, we demonstrated that induction of the M1 phenotype in MФs activates the transcription factor STAT6 and thereby promotes resolution of lung injury by the increased expression of Gas6, the ligand for efferocytosis. Therefore, targeting the STAT6 activation pathway in AMФs and Gas6 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for resolution of inflammatory lung injury.
Enhancing humoral immunity via sustained-release implantable microneedle patch vaccination
Authors: Boopathy Archana V. , Mandal Anasuya , Kulp Daniel W. , Menis Sergey , Bennett Nitasha R. , Watkins Hannah C. , Wang Wade , Martin Jacob T. , Thai Nikki T. , He Yanpu , Schief William R. , Hammond Paula T. , Irvine Darrell J. 
Published: July 2019

Significance
Vaccine kinetics, the timing of antigen and/or adjuvant delivery to lymphoid organs, have recently been shown to substantially influence immune responses to subunit vaccines, but strategies to control vaccine kinetics in a clinically translatable manner are still lacking. MNs are arrays of solid micron-sized projections that have been utilized in early clinical trials for vaccine delivery. Here, we investigated whether implantable MN skin patches could be used to control vaccine kinetics. We show that sustained intradermal release of an HIV subunit vaccine from MNs enhanced GC responses and significantly improved humoral immunity compared with traditional bolus injections. The findings of this study have strong translational relevance as MNs, such as described here, can provide rapid needle-free vaccine administration.
Functional selection of protease inhibitory antibodies
Authors: Lopez Tyler , Mustafa Zahid , Chen Chuan , Lee Ki Baek , Ramirez Aaron , Benitez Chris , Luo Xin , Ji Ru-Rong , Ge Xin 
Published: July 2019

Significance
Proteases precisely control a wide variety of physiological processes and thus are important drug targets. Compared with small-molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are attractive, as they provide required specificity. However, finding inhibitory mAbs is often a bottleneck, largely due to lack of a function-based selection method. We overcame this obstacle and successfully isolated mAbs that effectively inhibited 5 therapeutic targets spanning 4 basic classes of proteases. Our mAb inhibitors are highly selective and deliver desired biochemical and biological actions, including reduction of amyloid beta formation in vitro and pain relief in animal behavioral tests. Thus, the technique described here can be readily applied to many pathophysiologically important proteases for the discovery and engineering of therapeutic mAbs.
Universal amplification-free molecular diagnostics by billion-fold hierarchical nanofluidic concentration
Authors: Ouyang Wei , Han Jongyoon 
Published: July 2019

Significance
The need for accurate analysis of low-abundance nucleic acids and proteins is ubiquitous in biological science and engineering. The revolutionary nucleic acid amplification techniques enabled single-copy detection of nucleic acids but have many issues restricting their implementation in diagnostics and various applications. Protein analysis lags severely behind because there are no protein amplification techniques. We report a universal technique that unprecedentedly achieves billion-fold enrichment of both nucleic acids and proteins directly in complex biological samples, which may play an enabling role in the rapid analysis of ultralow-abundance biomolecules (especially proteins) in many fields. We demonstrate direct detection of attomolar nucleic acid and protein biomarkers in crude clinical samples within an hour, validating its generic functionality in clinical diagnostics.
UvrD helicase activation by MutL involves rotation of its 2B subdomain
Authors: Ordabayev Yerdos A. , Nguyen Binh , Kozlov Alexander G. , Jia Haifeng , Lohman Timothy M. 
Published: July 2019

Significance
UvrD helicase plays essential roles in multiple DNA metabolic processes, including methyl-directed mismatch repair. UvrD monomers can translocate along single-stranded DNA, but self-assembly or interaction with an accessory factor is required to activate processive DNA unwinding in vitro. A MutL protein dimer can activate the monomeric UvrD helicase, but the mechanism of activation is not known. The 2B subdomain of UvrD is regulatory and is rotationally flexible. Here we show that binding of MutL to a UvrD–DNA substrate complex is accompanied by rotation of the 2B subdomain to form an active helicase. The results show the important role of the 2B subdomain in regulating helicase activity.
African biomass burning is a substantial source of phosphorus deposition to the Amazon, Tropical Atlantic Ocean, and Southern Ocean
Authors: Barkley Anne E. , Prospero Joseph M. , Mahowald Natalie , Hamilton Douglas S. , Popendorf Kimberly J. , Oehlert Amanda M. , Pourmand Ali , Gatineau Alexandre , Panechou-Pulcherie Kathy , Blackwelder Patricia , Gaston Cassandra J. 
Published: July 2019

Significance
Phosphorus (P) deposition from aerosols can stimulate primary productivity in P-depleted marine and terrestrial ecosystems. We tested the hypothesis that African dust fertilizes the Amazon Basin and Tropical Atlantic Ocean (TAO) by measuring windborne dust, P, and soluble P in samples collected at a coastal site on the northeastern edge of the Amazon. Using satellite data and models, we identified a previously underestimated source of soluble P: biomass burning aerosol transported from southern Africa that can supply P to the Amazon, TAO, and Southern Ocean. Because P associated with biomass burning emissions is more soluble than P in transported dust, biomass burning aerosols immediately impact P cycling and primary production, especially in marine ecosystems like the TAO.
Increasing crop heterogeneity enhances multitrophic diversity across agricultural regions
Authors: Sirami Clélia , Gross Nicolas , Baillod Aliette Bosem , Bertrand Colette , Carrié Romain , Hass Annika , Henckel Laura , Miguet Paul , Vuillot Carole , Alignier Audrey , Girard Jude , Batáry Péter , Clough Yann , Violle Cyrille , Giralt David , Bota Gerard , Badenhausser Isabelle , Lefebvre Gaëtan , Gauffre Bertrand , Vialatte Aude , Calatayud François , Gil-Tena Assu , Tischendorf Lutz , Mitchell Scott , Lindsay Kathryn , Georges Romain , Hilaire Samuel , Recasens Jordi , Solé-Senan Xavier Oriol , Robleño Irene , Bosch Jordi , Barrientos Jose Antonio , Ricarte Antonio , Marcos-Garcia Maria Ángeles , Miñano Jesús , Mathevet Raphaël , Gibon Annick , Baudry Jacques , Balent Gérard , Poulin Brigitte , Burel Françoise , Tscharntke Teja , Bretagnolle Vincent , Siriwardena Gavin , Ouin Annie , Brotons Lluis , Martin Jean-Louis , Fahrig Lenore 
Published: July 2019

Significance
Agricultural landscape homogenization is a major ongoing threat to biodiversity and the delivery of key ecosystem services for human well-being. It is well known that increasing the amount of seminatural cover in agricultural landscapes has a positive effect on biodiversity. However, little is known about the role of the crop mosaic itself. Crop heterogeneity in the landscape had a much stronger effect on multitrophic diversity than the amount of seminatural cover in the landscape, across 435 agricultural landscapes located in 8 European and North American regions. Increasing crop heterogeneity can be an effective way to mitigate the impacts of farming on biodiversity without taking land out of production.
Post-Traumatic Stress and Marijuana Outcomes: The Mediating Role of Marijuana Protective Behavioral Strategies
Authors: Jordan Hallie R. , Madson Michael B. , Bravo Adrian J. , Pearson Matthew R. ,   Protective Strategies Study Team
Published: July 2019

Background: The present study investigated the mediating role of protective behavioral strategies for marijuana (PBSM) on the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and marijuana outcomes (i.e. marijuana use frequency, marijuana use quantity, cannabis use disorder (CUD) symptoms, and marijuana-related problems). Methods: Participants were 1,107 traditional age college students ( M age = 20.26, SD = 3.32; 66.5% White, non-Hispanic; 68.8% female), who reported consuming marijuana at least once in the last 30 days and completed measures of PTSD symptoms, PBSM, and marijuana-related outcomes. Results: PBSM significantly mediated the positive relationships between PTSD symptoms and both CUD symptoms and marijuana-related problems. More specifically, PTSD symptoms were negatively associated with PBSM, which in turn was negatively associated with marijuana use frequency and marijuana use quantity, which were in turn positively associated with CUD symptoms and marijuana-related problems. Conclusion: Taken together, the associations between higher PTSD symptoms and greater experience of CUD symptoms and marijuana-related problems may occur because students use fewer PBSM and thus engage in larger quantity and frequency of marijuana use. These findings lend support to the utility of targeting PBSM as a harm reduction effort for students with PTSD symptoms who use marijuana.
Nematocidal activity of 6-O-octanoyl- and 6-O-octyl-d-allose against larvae of Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Sakoguchi Hirofumi , Shintani Tomoya , Ishiyama Hironobu , Yanagita Ryo C , Kawanami Yasuhiro , Sato Masashi 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
The nematocidal activities of the fatty acid esters of d-allose were examined using the larvae of C. elegans. Among the fatty acid esters, 6-O-octanoyl-d-allose (3) showed significant activity. 6-O-octanoyl-d-glucose (5) showed no activity, indicating that the D-allose moiety is essential for the nematocidal activity of 3. A nonhydrolyzable alkoxy analog 6-O-octyl-d-allose (6) also showed activity equivalent to that of 3.
Manual dexterity and outcomes in a commonly used test battery to assess auditory processing disorder (APD) in children
Authors: Ahmmed Ansar Uddin 
Published: July 2019

Purpose:
Sensori-motor processing is a factor in sensory and auditory processing disorders and motor skills are related to language ability. However, data on the extent of motor impairment and its relation to different auditory processing (AP) domains are sparse. This study evaluated the prevalence of impaired manual dexterity (MD) and its relationship with different AP tests comprising a commonly used diagnostic test battery for auditory processing disorder (APD).

Method:
Data were collected retrospectively from case notes of 513 children who had routine APD assessment. Five diagnostic AP tests of the SCAN-3 test battery (‘Filtered Words’, ‘Auditory Figure Ground 0 dB’, ‘Competing Words-Directed Ears’, ‘Competing Sentences’ and ‘Time Compressed Sentences’), MD component of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-second edition (MABC-2), and Children’s Communications Checklist-2 (CCC-2) were used to assess AP, motor skill and language abilities respectively. Percentile rankings ≤10 were considered as failing the tests. Contingency tables were used to compare the proportions of participants with impaired MD between three groups of participants based on AP abilities. Multiple regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between MD and AP tests, controlling for age, NVIQ and language.

Results:
Impaired MD were seen in 37.9%, 40.7% and 47.6% of participants who passed all, failed only one and failed two or more AP tests, respectively. A significant proportion of variance in MD was explained by ‘Competing Sentences’ and ‘Time Compressed Sentences’.

Conclusions:
Poor MD is common in children with suspected APD. Evaluation of APD needs to include motor and other transdisciplinary assessments for different co-morbid neurodevelopmental conditions to facilitate individualized support and to help formulating an operational definition of APD. The relationship between MD, ‘Competing Sentences’ and ‘Time Compressed Sentences’ supports the role of processing of sequences, working memory and time in motor coordination.
Stern–Gerlach splitting of low-energy ion beams
Authors: Henkel Carsten , Jacob Georg , Stopp Felix , Schmidt-Kaler Ferdinand , Keil Mark , Japha Yonathan , Folman Ron 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We present a feasibility study with several magnetic field configurations for creating spin-dependent forces that can split a low-energy ion beam by the Stern–Gerlach (SG) effect. To the best of our knowledge, coherent spin-splittings of charged particles have yet to be realised. Our proposal is based on ion source parameters taken from a recent experiment that demonstrated single-ion implantation from a high-brightness ion source combined with a radio-frequency Paul trap. The inhomogeneous magnetic fields can be created by permanently magnetised microstructures or from current-carrying wires with sizes in the micron range, such as those recently used in a successful implementation of the SG effect with neutral atoms. All relevant forces (Lorentz force and image charges) are taken into account, and measurable splittings are found by analytical and numerical calculations.
Electrical connectors for neural implants: design, state of the art and future challenges of an underestimated component
Authors: Koch Julia , Schuettler Martin , Pasluosta Cristian , Stieglitz Thomas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Technological advances in electrically active implantable devices have increased the complexity of hardware design. In particular, the increasing number of stimulation and recording channels requires innovative approaches for connectors that interface electrodes with the implant circuitry. Objective. This work aims to provide a common theoretical ground for implantable connector development with a focus on neural applications. Approach. Aspects and experiences from several disciplines are compiled from an engineering perspective to discuss the state of the art of connector solutions. Whenever available, we also present general design guidelines. Main results. Degradation mechanisms, material stability and design rules in terms of biocompatibility and biostability are introduced. Considering contact physics, we address the design and characterization of the contact zone and review contaminants, wear and contact degradation. For high-channel counts and body-like environments, insulation can be even more crucial than the electrical connection itself. Therefore, we also introduce the requirements for electrical insulation to prevent signal loss and distortion and discuss its impact on the practical implementation. Significance. A final review is dedicated to the state of the art connector concepts, their mechanical setup, electrical performance and the interface to other implant components. We conclude with an outlook for possible approaches for the future generations of implants.
Mapping the availability of bushmeat for consumption in Central African cities
Authors: Fa Julia E , Wright Juliet H , Funk Stephan M , Márquez Ana Luz , Olivero Jesús , Farfán Miguel Ángel , Guio Fanny , Mayet Luc , Malekani Divin , Holo Louzolo Charles , Mwinyihali Robert , Wilkie David S , Wieland Michelle 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The trade of bushmeat from rural areas to supply burgeoning cities is a major conservation and livelihood concern. Using a whole-city sampling strategy we mapped the distribution and numbers of meat outlets in the Kinshasa–Brazzaville metropolitan area, two neighboring capital cities in Central Africa. We show that both cities differ in the number and density of meat outlets, with more in Brazzaville per area sampled and inhabitants. The number of meat outlets is related to human population densities and primarily concentrated along the banks of the Congo River, in the more affluent areas of the cities. Across the two cities, roughly 22% of all sampled markets (50% in Brazzaville and 19% in Kinshasa) and 24% of all visited restaurants (24% in each city) were selling bushmeat during our survey. Despite the relatively low number of establishments offering bushmeat for sale, extrapolated to the entire area and population of both cities, we expect the overall amount of wild animal meat consumed per annum to be significantly high. We suggest that the supply of such numbers of wild animal meat will strongly impact the animal populations sourcing these cities. Our data also indicate that the number of domestic meat outlets may be adequate to supply urban dwellers with sufficient animal protein.
Intensity-duration-frequency curves at the global scale
Authors: Courty Laurent G , Wilby Robert L , Hillier John K , Slater Louise J 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves usefully quantify extreme precipitation over various durations and return periods for engineering design. Unfortunately, sparse, infrequent, or short observations hinder the creation of robust IDF curves in many locations. This paper presents the first global, multi-temporal (1–360 h) dataset of generalized extreme value (GEV) parameters at 31 km resolution dubbed PXR-2 (Parametrized eXtreme Rain). Using these data we generalize site-specific studies to show that that GEV parameters typically scale robustly with event duration (r
2 > 0.88). Thus, we propose a universal IDF formula that allows estimates of rainfall intensity for a continuous range of durations (PXR-4). This parameter scaling property opens the door to estimating sub-daily IDF from daily records. We evaluate this characteristic for selected global cities and a high-density rain gauge network in the United Kingdom. We find that intensities estimated with PXR-4 are within ±20% of PXR-2 for durations ranging between 2 and 360 h. PXR is immediately usable by earth scientists studying global precipitation extremes and a promising proof-of-concept for engineers designing infrastructure in data-scarce regions.