bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Policing Domestic Violence 1967–2017
Authors: Sherman Lawrence W. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe U.S. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice under President Johnson in 1967 called for a program of research that would support evidence‐based tracking, targeting, and testing of policing domestic “disputes.” During the past 50 years, the amount of research on domestic violence has grown. The findings from targeting studies reveal a steep pyramid from many low‐harm cases at the base rising to a tiny fraction that are lethal. The findings from testing studies reveal that arrests reduce reoffending among employed persons in the short run while increasing recidivism among unemployed suspects. Arrests in one experiment increased all‐cause mortality of victims over 23 years. The findings from tracking research reveal wide variance across police agencies in implementing mandatory arrest. Since the Crime Commission, however, mandatory arrest laws were also enacted in 28 states in the 1980s, with uneven enforcement for misdemeanor domestic abuse. New research is needed to test the effectiveness of other domestic violence interventions, including restorative justice, as well as follow‐up studies of previous research sites.
The Commission and the Police
Authors: Skogan Wesley G. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe major conclusions advanced in the 1967 report by the U.S. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice under President Johnson are reviewed in this article. Six of the Commission's visions for law enforcement are described, and subsequent changes in the character of American policing are traced. Many of the concerns of the Commission linger until this day. Progress on many fronts has been halting, their impact more muted than reformers had hoped, and the framework of institutions that define law enforcement in the United States has proved remarkably resistant to change.
Reflections on the Exercise of Prosecutorial Discretion 50 Years After Publication of The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society
Authors: Spohn Cassia 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society, the U.S. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice under President Johnson in 1967 acknowledged the influential role that prosecutors play but lamented the fact that their highly discretionary charging and plea bargaining decisions were often made haphazardly and inconsistently. The Commission called for more transparency and accountability in charging and plea bargaining processes. I examine the exercise of prosecutorial discretion in the 50 years since the publication of the Commission's report, with a focus on the results of research and changes in policy and practice. Although the charging and plea bargaining processes have not been subject to the type of scholarly scrutiny directed at judges’ sentencing decisions, the research that has been published in the past several decades has become more theoretically grounded, methodologically sophisticated, and transdisciplinary. In terms of policy, decisions handed down by the Supreme Court since the 1960s have provided some minimal regulation of charging and plea bargaining, and the reforms embraced by state and federal prosecutors have affected the exercise of prosecutorial discretion.
Fifty Years After the 1967 Crime Commission Report
Authors: Belknap Joanne , Grant Deanne 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn the 50 years since the U.S. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice under President Johnson issued its report, feminist activism and both feminist and mainstream research have resulted in defining domestic violence (DV) as a social problem. This awareness of the seriousness and expansiveness of DV has spurred the development of unprecedented programs and policies. Although DV policing changes have been significant, so too have been the development of and changes in safehouses, no‐drop court policies, domestic violence courts, community‐coordinated responses, and batterer intervention programs. In this article, we review the nonpolice responses to DV cases and outcomes and provide recommendations. First, research and policies need to more regularly be aimed at addressing victims’ safety and their diverse needs and experiences. Second, assessments should include addressing the processing of these cases through the impact of responses by individual community and criminal legal system actors (e.g., victim advocates, police, prosecutors, and judges) to victims and offenders.
What Could a New Crime Commission Accomplish?
Authors: Gest Ted 
Published: April 2018

AbstractEven though the crime rate in the United States has dropped since the U.S. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice under President Johnson issued its report in 1967, the total number of serious crimes in the nation has increased, and public concern about the subject remains high. The 1960s Commission did not fully consider several major subjects that have emerged after it reported, including mental illness, immigration, cybercrime and other white collar crimes, indigent defense, crime victims, and evidence‐based crime policy. Many observers believe that the need to deal with these subjects in addition to those discussed by other researchers in this volume warrants an examination of crime and justice by a new commission. Congress has considered proposals for such a study for nearly a decade, but they are yet to be acted on amid ideological disputes over other criminal justice issues. If Congress fails to establish a new commission, it is still possible that one could be formed with the support of state, county, and local governments, as well as with the support of private foundations.
Psychotic‐like experiences in pre‐adolescence: what precedes the antecedent symptoms of severe mental illness?
Authors: Bolhuis K. , Koopman‐Verhoeff M. E. , Blanken L. M. E. , Cibrev D. , Jaddoe V. W. V. , Verhulst F. C. , Hillegers M. H. J. , Kushner S. A. , Tiemeier H. 
Published: April 2018

ObjectiveAdolescent psychotic‐like experiences predict the onset of psychosis, but also predict subsequent non‐psychotic disorders. Therefore, it is crucial to better understand the aetiology of psychotic‐like experiences. This study examined whether (a) child emotional and behavioural problems at 3 and 6 years, or (b) childhood adversities were associated with psychotic‐like experiences at age 10 years.MethodThis prospective study was embedded in the Generation R Study; 3984 children (mean age 10 years) completed a psychotic‐like experiences questionnaire. Mothers reported problems of their child at ages 3, 6 and 10 years. Additionally, mothers were interviewed about their child's adversities.ResultsPsychotic‐like experiences were endorsed by ~20% of children and predicted by both emotional and behavioural problems at 3 years (e.g. emotional‐reactive problems: ORadjusted = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.06–1.15, aggressive behaviour: ORadjusted = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.02–1.05) and 6 years (e.g. anxious/depressed problems: ORadjusted = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.06–1.15, aggressive behaviour: ORadjusted = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.04–1.05). Childhood adversities were associated with psychotic‐like experiences (>2 adversities: ORadjusted = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.72–2.92), which remained significant after adjustment for comorbid psychiatric problems.ConclusionThis study demonstrated associations between early adversities, childhood emotional and behavioural problems and pre‐adolescent psychotic‐like experiences, which will improve the understanding of children at increased risk of severe mental illness.
Prognostic value of positive T wave in lead aVR in patients with non‐ST segment myocardial infarction
Authors: Separham Ahmad , Sohrabi Bahram , Tajlil Arezou , Pourafkari Leili , Sadeghi Robabeh , Ghaffari Samad , Nader Nader D. 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundLead aVR provides prognostic information in various settings in patients with ischemia. We aim to investigate the role of a positive T wave in lead aVR in non‐ST segment myocardial infarction (NSTEMI).MethodsIn a prospective cohort study, we included 400 patients with NSTEMI. Presentation electrocardiogram (ECG) was investigated for presence of a positive T wave as well as ST segment elevation (STE) in aVR and study variables were compared. Predictors of primary outcome defined as hospital major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and secondary outcome, defined as three‐vessel coronary disease and/or left main coronary artery stenosis (3VD/LMCA) stenosis in angiography, were determined in multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsPatients with a positive T wave in aVR were significantly older and were more likely to be female. Left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly lower in patients of positive T group. Positive T group was more likely to have 3VD/LMCA stenosis (58.3% vs. 19.8%, p < .001). The prevalence of a positive T wave in aVR was significantly higher in MACE group (54.9 % vs. 24.8%, p < .001). However, in multivariate analysis, it was not an independent predictor of MACE (OR: 1.083 95% CI: [0.496–2.365], p: .841). Though, it was independently associated with presence of 3VD/LMCA stenosis (OR: 3.747 95% CI: [2.058–6.822], p < .001).ConclusionThough positive T wave in lead aVR was more common in patients with MACE; it was not an independent predictor. Additionally, a positive T wave in aVR was an independent predictor of 3VD/LMCA stenosis in NSTEMI.
Editorial: the impact of steatosis on liver stiffness quantification is minimal—Authors’ reply
Authors: Karlas T. , Petroff D. , Wiegand J. 
Published: April 2018

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Karlas et al and Hassan and Tapper papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14529 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14584.
Developing an index of community competence in flood response for flood‐affected rural parishes on the Somerset Levels and Moors using composite and spatial datasets
Authors: Gerrard Ruth Elizabeth Cole 
Published: April 2018

Community resilience can help individuals to cope with the impacts of flooding, and indices can provide a quantified assessment of the spatial distribution of resilience characteristics. A key aspect of community resilience is community competence, describing the ability of a community to self‐organise to tackle problems. Community competence has been underrepresented in existing community resilience indices, sometimes dismissed as too intangible for such analyses. This research aimed to develop the first UK index‐based approach to measuring community competence, using proxy datasets, as a tool to improve information available to decision‐makers about which communities are more likely to mobilise an effective response to local flooding. Rural parishes on the Somerset Levels and Moors were chosen for study. A theoretical framework was created, populated by proxy datasets and tested against field data collected through surveys and interviews in six parishes affected by the 2013–2014 winter floods. Fieldwork results were used to refine the index. The final index was verified using a paired t test against field data, giving a p‐value of .0248 (statistically significant at p ≤ .05). This index was also compared with a vulnerability index based on existing methodology and was found to provide additional insights.
Returning to the country of origin in later life: Longitudinal evidence from the German Socio‐Economic Panel
Authors: Cela Eralba , Bettin Giulia 
Published: April 2018

Although migration literature has largely explored the determinants of the intention to return to the country of origin, older migrants have only more recently become the focus of scientific interest. Building on the literature related to return migration, well‐being and ageing, we investigate quantitatively the determinants of return intentions in later life. We draw on longitudinal data from the German Socio‐Economic Panel (GSOEP) for the period 1984–2013 to address the role of subjective and objective well‐being in shaping later‐life (im)mobility intentions. Our findings highlight the key role of different dimensions of well‐being (economic and psychological factors) whose effects on return intentions are greatly shaped by gender; men are more influenced by economic conditions than women, for whom more intimate and subjective considerations seem to play a major role. Satisfaction with life in Germany plays a major role in permanent settlement for both female and male migrants. Other factors related to integration and to the (transnational) family structure significantly affect the desire to return to the country of origin.
The edge of two worlds: A new review and synthesis on Eurasian forest‐steppes
Authors: Erdős László , Ambarlı Didem , Anenkhonov Oleg A. , Bátori Zoltán , Cserhalmi Dániel , Kiss Márton , Kröel‐Dulay György , Liu Hongyan , Magnes Martin , Molnár Zsolt , Naqinezhad Alireza , Semenishchenkov Yury A. , Tölgyesi Csaba , Török Péter 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAimsEurasian forest‐steppes are among the most complex non‐tropical terrestrial ecosystems. Despite their considerable scientific, ecological and economic importance, knowledge of forest‐steppes is limited, particularly at the continental scale. Here we provide an overview of Eurasian forest‐steppes across the entire zone: (a) we propose an up‐to‐date definition of forest‐steppes, (b) give a short physiogeographic outline, (c) delineate and briefly characterize the main forest‐steppe regions, (d) explore forest‐steppe biodiversity and conservation status, and (e) outline forest‐steppe prospects under predicted climate change.LocationEurasia (29°–56°N, 16°–139°E).Results and ConclusionsForest‐steppes are natural or near‐natural vegetation complexes of arboreal and herbaceous components (typically distributed in a mosaic pattern) in the temperate zone, where the co‐existence of forest and grassland is enabled primarily by the semi‐humid to semi‐arid climate, complemented by complex interactions of biotic and abiotic factors operating at multiple scales. This new definition includes lowland forest–grassland macromosaics (e.g. in Eastern Europe), exposure‐related mountain forest‐steppes (e.g. in Inner Asia), fine‐scale forest–grassland mosaics (e.g. in the Carpathian Basin) and open woodlands (e.g. in the Middle East). Using criteria of flora, physiognomy, relief and climate, nine main forest‐steppe regions are identified and characterized. Forest‐steppes are not simple two‐phase systems, as they show a high level of habitat diversity, with forest and grassland patches of varying types and sizes, connected by a network of differently oriented edges. Species diversity and functional diversity may also be exceptionally high in forest‐steppes. Regarding conservation, we conclude that major knowledge gaps exist in determining priorities at the continental, regional, national and local levels, and in identifying clear target states and optimal management strategies. When combined with other threats, climate change may be particularly dangerous to forest‐steppe survival, possibly resulting in compositional changes, rearrangement of the landscape mosaic or even the latitudinal or altitudinal shift of forest‐steppes.
Risk factors for Burkitt lymphoma: a nested case‐control study in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink
Authors: Karimi Parisa , Birmann Brenda M. , Anderson Lesley A. , McShane Charlene M. , Gadalla Shahinaz M. , Sampson Joshua N. , Mbulaiteye Sam M. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryBurkitt lymphoma (BL) occurs as three subtypes: endemic BL, immunosuppression‐related BL and sporadic BL. Descriptive studies of BL age‐specific incidence patterns have suggested multimodal peaks near 10, 40 and 70 years of age, but the risk factors for BL at different ages are unknown. We investigated risk factors for BL in the United Kingdom among 156 BL cases and 608 matched BL‐free controls identified in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) between 1992 and 2016. Associations with pre‐diagnostic body mass index, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, hepatitis, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), malaria, allergic and autoimmune conditions, and prednisone use were evaluated. Overall, we identified inverse associations between smoking and BL risk, and positive associations between prior EBV infection, HIV/AIDS and prescription or use of prednisone with BL risk. In age‐group stratified analyses, BL was associated with malaria exposure (vs. no exposure, odds ratio [OR] 8·00, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1·46–43·7) among those aged 20–59 years old and with hepatitis infection (vs. no infection, OR 3·41, 95% CI 1·01–11·5) among those aged 60+ years old. The effects of EBV, malaria, HIV/AIDS, prednisone and hepatitis on BL remained significant in mutually‐adjusted age‐group‐specific analyses. No risk factors were associated with childhood BL. We report novel associations for BL in non‐endemic settings.
Cardiac manifestations in sickle cell disease varies with patient genotype
Authors: Guedeney Paul , Lionnet François , Ceccaldi Alexandre , Stankovic Stojanovic Katia , Cohen Ariel , Mattioni Sarah , Montalescot Gilles , Bachmeyer Claude , Isnard Richard , Haymann Jean‐Philippe , Hammoudi Nadjib 
Published: April 2018

SummaryCardiac involvement is well characterized in sickle cell anaemia (SCA) but cardiac features associated with Haemoglobin SC (HbSC) disease are mostly unknown. We compared 60 patients with HbSC disease (median age 31 years, 25 men) to 60 SCA patients and 60 controls matched for age and gender. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricle (LV) mass index (LVMi), cardiac index and peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) were measured using echocardiography. LV filling pressures were assessed using the ratio of early diastolic transmitral velocity to tissue velocity (E/e’ ratio). The LVMi was higher in both genotypes compared to controls. However, whereas LV hypertrophy was observed only in 3(5%) HbSC patients, this condition was diagnosed in 27(45%) SCA patients (P < 0·0001). While cardiac index and TRV were similar in HbSC compared to controls, SCA patients exhibited elevated cardiac output and TRV. LVEF was similar in the 3 groups. However, both genotypes had a higher E/e’ ratio compared to controls. Cardiac involvement in SCA was related to anaemia and haemolysis, while LV diastolic dysfunction and TRV in HbSC disease patients were related to arterial hypertension and overweight comorbidities. In summary, cardiac involvement and its determinants are different in HbSC disease and SCA. Patient's genotype should be considered with regard to the echocardiographic indications and findings.
β‐arrestin1‐medieated inhibition of FOXO3a contributes to prostate cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Kong Zhenzhen , Deng Tuo , Zhang Mengping , Zhao Zhijian , Liu Yang , Luo Lianmin , Cai Chao , Wu Wenqi , Duan Xiaolu 
Published: April 2018

Recently, β‐arrestin1 has been indicated as a prostate cancer promoter through promoting cell proliferation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition, but its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, our data revealed that β‐arrestin1 could promote cell growth through inhibiting the transcriptional activity and expression of FOXO3a in prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. We found that β‐arrestin1 could promote the cell and tumor growth of prostate cancer, and β‐arrestin1 expression represented a negative correlation with FOXO3a expression but not FOXO1 expression in prostate cancer cell lines and tissues. In addition, forced expression of β‐arrestin1 induced a significant decrease of FOXO3a expression but had no clear effect on FOXO1 expression. Mechanistically, β‐arrestin1 could interact with FOXO3a and MDM2, respectively, and promote the interaction between FOXO3a and MDM2, whereas it had no obvious interaction with FOXO1. Furthermore, β‐arrestin1 could inhibit the transcriptional activity of FOXO3a via Akt and ERK1/2 pathways. Together, our results revealed a novel mechanism for β‐arrestin1 in the regulation of the prostate cancer procession through inhibiting FOXO3a.
Efficacy studies of Sclerotium rolfsii lectin on breast cancer using NOD SCID mouse model
Authors: Hegde Prajna , Narasimhappagari Jagadeesh , Swamy Bale M. , Inamdar Shashikala R. 
Published: April 2018

Expression of altered glycans such as TF, Tn, and sTn antigens has been observed in a number of carcinomas which are targeted in cancer therapy. Sclerotium rolfsii lectin (SRL) is known to recognize TF and its substituted forms. Clinical potential of SRL has been demonstrated by studying its interaction with different types of cancer cells. Here we report, in vitro studies of SRL on breast cancer MDA‐MB‐468 cells and in vivo studies with MCF‐7 xenografts. In vitro growth inhibitory studies of SRL on metastatic triple negative breast cancer MDA‐MB‐468 cells were performed by MTT assay, flow cytometry, adhesion, and CAM assay. In vivo efficacy studies of SRL were performed using NOD SCID mice bearing MCF‐7 xenografts. SRL has strong binding to MDA‐MB‐468 cells with MFI of 85.5 and has growth inhibitory effect with IC50 of 32 μg/ml at 48 hr. SRL has antiangiogenesis effect and also anti adhesive effect with fibronectin and collagen at 20 μg/ml by 36% and 42%, respectively. In vivo efficacy studies of SRL on NOD SCID mice bearing MCF‐7 xenogratfs revealed 61.77% and 75.71% tumor regressing effect, respectively, at 20 and 30 mg/kg body weight without any toxicity. All these results substantiate clinical potential of SRL on breast cancer.
Indirect co-cultures of healthy mesenchymal stem cells restore the physiological phenotypical profile of psoriatic mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Campanati A , Orciani M , Sorgentoni G , Consales V , Mattioli Belmonte M , Di Primio R , Offidani A 
Published: April 2018

Summary
Psoriasis microenvironment, characterized by an imbalance between T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th17 and Th2 cytokines and also influences the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) phenotypical profile. MSCs from healthy donors (H-MSCs) can exert a strong paracrine effect by secreting active soluble factors, able to modulate the inflammation in the microenvironment. To evaluate the influence of H-MSCs on MSCs from psoriatic patients (PsO-MSCs), H-MSCs and PsO-MSCs were isolated and characterized. Indirect co-culture of H-MSCs with PsO-MSCs was performed; effects on proliferation and expression of cytokines linked to Th1/Th17 and Th2 pathways were assayed before and after co-culture. The results show that before co-culture, proliferation of PsO-MSCs was significantly higher than H-MSCs (P &lt; 0·05) and the levels of secreted cytokines confirmed the imbalance of Th1/Th17 versus the Th2 axis. After co-culture of H-MSCs with PsO-MSCs, healthy MSCs seem to exert a ‘positive’ influence on PsO-MSCs, driving the inflammatory phenotypical profile of PsO-MSCs towards a physiological pattern. The proliferation rate decreased towards values nearer to those observed in H-MSCs and the secretion of the cytokines that mostly identified the inflammatory microenvironment that characterized psoriasis, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17A, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), is significantly lower in co-cultured PsO-MSCs than in individually cultured PSO-MSCs (P at least &lt; 0·05). In conclusion, our preliminary results seem to provide an intriguing molecular explanation for the ever-increasing evidence of therapeutic efficacy of allogeneic MSCs infusion in psoriatic patients.