bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
336 Effects of supplemental SoyPass in forage-based diets containing distillers grains on performance of growing steers
Authors: Spore Tyler J , Carlson Zachary E , Erickson Galen E , Klopfenstein Terry , Watson Andrea K 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
One hundred twenty individually fed steers (initial BW 283 kg) were utilized in an 84-d growing trial to evaluate effects of increased metabolizable lysine from non-enzymatically browned soybean meal (SoyPass) in grass hay based diets containing wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS). Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial design with two levels of WDGS (20% or 35% of DM) and three levels of supplemental SoyPass replacing 0%, 30%, or 60% of WDGS. The statistical model included animal as the experimental unit and level of WDGS and SoyPass substitution were included as fixed effects. Covariate regression was used to test for linear and quadratic interactions between WDGS and SoyPass substitution. No interactions were detected for ADG between SoyPass supplementation and level of WDGS in the diet (P = 0.76). Additionally, SoyPass inclusion had no effect on ADG (P = 0.49). However, ADG was increased for steers consuming the 35% WDGS diet compared to steers offered the 20% WDGS diet (1.13 vs. 0.86 kg/d, respectively; P < 0.01). A SoyPass × WDGS interaction was detected for DMI (P = 0.01). As SoyPass replaced WDGS in the 35% diet, DMI increased linearly from 8.10 to 8.93 kg/d (P = 0.01). In the 20% WDGS diet, DMI decreased as SoyPass replaced 60% of the WDGS compared to 30% (7.68 vs. 8.36, P = 0.02). Therefore, G:F decreased linearly (P = 0.01) as SoyPass replaced WDGS in the 35% treatment and increased quadratically (P = 0.02) for the 20% WDGS treatment. Furthermore, BUN increased linearly as SoyPass replaced WDGS in the 20% diet (P = 0.01) but was not affected by SoyPass substitution in the 35% diet. Overall, results indicate forage-based growing diets formulated with low-levels of WDGS (< 20%) may be deficient in metabolizable lysine, which could be supplied with SoyPass.
335 Metabolizable protein requirement of lightweight beef calves
Authors: Redden Miles D , Shike Daniel W , McCann Joshua C 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective was to assess the metabolizable protein (MP) requirements of lightweight beef steers. The 2016 Beef Cattle Nutrient Requirements Model (BCNRM) prediction of MP requirements in lightweight beef steers (less than 250 kg) is limited by available performance data in beef calves. Fall born Angus × Simmental crossbred steers (n = 172; BW = 153 kg) were weaned at 70 d of age (± 26 d), backgrounded 73 d, implanted with Component TE-IS, blocked by BW as light (96–163 kg) or heavy (163–215 kg), and assigned to one of four treatments for 56 d. Treatment diets provided MP at: 0.59 (MP1), 0.69 (MP2), 0.85 (MP3), and 0.91 kg per d (MP4) based on observed DMI. Energy was similar across all treatments at 2.14 Mcal/kg ME. Shrunk body weights were collected on d 0 and 56 to estimate performance. Dry matter intake was affected (P < 0.01) by treatment and increased (linear; P < 0.01) with greater provision of MP. As a percent of shrunk body weight, DMI averaged 2.8% and tended (linear; P = 0.07) to increase with MP. Based on observed DMI, ADG for MP1, MP2, MP3, and MP4 was predicted using the BCNRM at 1.15, 1.55, 1.99, and 1.98 kg, respectively. Observed ADG increased quadratically (P = 0.01) with MP1, MP2, MP3, and MP4 gaining 1.86, 2.13, 2.3, and 2.3 kg, respectively. Final BW increased (quadratic; P = 0.02) with greater MP as MP1, MP2, MP3, and MP4 were 258, 273, 282, and 284 kg, respectively. Gain:feed increased quadratically (P = 0.04) with observed values for MP1, MP2, MP3, and MP4 being 0.323, 0.357, 0.359, and 0.360, respectively. Steer ADG response exceeded BCNRM predictions by 29%. Data suggest MP requirements of lightweight beef steers (BW = 213 kg) are 0.85 kg per d to achieve 2.3 kg ADG when fed a 2.14 Mcal/kg ME diet.
341 Evaluation of the safety of an algal biomass as an ingredient in finishing cattle diets
Authors: Norman Mitch , Carlson Zachary E , Hilscher Fred H , Erickson Galen E , Brodersen Bruce , Loy John , Wilson Jonathan , Rabe Christian , Watson Andrea K 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Algae production is increasing to supply the growing demand for Omega-3 fatty acids for aquaculture, human food and pet food; co-products from the algae industry could be a suitable feed ingredient for cattle feeding. A safety study was conducted to evaluate feeding algal biomass to cattle. Crossbreed cattle (20 steers and 20 heifers, 255 kg initial BW, SD=14) were individually fed 4 inclusions of condensed algal residue solubles (CARS; 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 % of diet DM) displacing dry rolled corn in a finishing diet (62.5 to 70% corn and 15% distillers grains) for a minimum of 97 d. At harvest, organs were weighed and sampled. Blood was collected every 30 d. Performance data were analyzed as a RCBD with treatment, gender, and treatment by gender interactions as fixed effects, BW block as a random effect and individual animal as the experimental unit. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test for linear, quadratic and cubic responses due to CARS inclusion. Increasing CARS in the diet quadratically increased DMI and ADG (P ≤ 0.01). A linear increase was observed for G:F, NEm,and NEg as CARS increased in the diet (P < 0.01). All organ weights measured were within expected ranges for cattle, with 6 out of 27 having differences in weight due to treatment (P ≤ 0.05). Histopathology analysis of organs revealed no differences due to treatment (P ≥ 0.24). Out of 21 blood chemistry measures, 8 were affected by treatment (P ≤ 0.02). Nearly all blood chemistry parameters were within expected ranges for cattle. No adverse effects of feeding CARS were observed in hematology, blood chemistry, or histopathology analyses. The feedstuff CARS demonstrated to be a safe and efficacious feed ingredient for cattle diets and maximized HCW, ADG, and DMI when fed at 2.5 or 5% of the diet.
338 Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on placenta and fetal liver mRNA, and fetal liver and brain fatty acids profile on early gestation in sheep
Authors: Roque Jose Alejandro , Oviedo Mario Francisco , Lee Hector Aaron , Relling Alejandro E 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in late gestation change offspring metabolism; however, their effect is not well known on early gestation in ewes. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in pregnant ewes on the concentration of EPA and DHA on fetal liver (FL) and fetal central nervous system (FCNS), and to evaluate the effect of the supplementation with EPA+ DHA on mRNA expression of genes associated with transport and metabolism of fatty acids (FA) in FL and placenta (caruncles and cotyledons). Twelve ewes (4 pens, three per pen) were blocked by pregnancy day. The ewes were assigned during the first 45 d of gestation to diet with an addition of 1.5% (dry matter bases) monounsaturated FA (MUFA) or EPA+DHA. A C-section was conducted at d 45 of gestation to collect FL, FCNS, caruncle and cotyledon. Data were analyzed using a mixed procedure (SAS). For the placenta mRNA concentration, a 2x2 factorial was used considering caruncle and cotyledon as the second main factor. Isomers of C18:1 (t6,8 and t12) increase (P < 0.05) in FL and FCNS with MUFA supplementation, fatty acids C20:3 (n-6), C20:3 (n-3), C22:1, C22:5 and C22:6 increase (P < 0.05) in FL and FCNS with EPA+DHA supplementation. In FL there was a tendency to increase for mRNA expression of FATP-1 (P = 0.10) with EPA+DHA supplementation, while mRNA concentration for LPL was greater (P = 0.02) for MUFA supplementation. In placenta DNMT3b and FFAR-4 showed a significant FA x tissue interaction (P < 0.05). These results suggest that FA supplementation during early gestation alters the FA profile in FL and FCNS and changed mRNA concentration of genes involved in the transport of FA and cell metabolism.
339 Effect of DHA and EPA supplementation during the first third of gestation on growth, metabolism and gene expression in hypothalamus in finished lambs
Authors: Oviedo Mario Francisco , Roque Jose Alejandro , Lee Hector Aaron , Relling Alejandro E 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Supplementation with fatty acids (FA) during late gestation regulates offspring development; however, its effect in the first third of gestation is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation during the first third of gestation on productive performance and hypothalamic neuropeptides on the offspring. Seventy-nine post-weaning lambs, born of sheep supplemented in the first third of gestation with 1.5% Ca salts rich in monounsaturated FA (MUFA) or PUFA [DHA and EPA; Dam supplementation (DS)], were distributed in a 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments to finishing diets containing MUFA or PUFA [Lamb supplementation (LS)]. The experiment last for 56 d. Measurements dry matter intake (daily), body weight and plasma metabolites (every 14 d) were taken. Twenty-four lambs were slaughtered and hypothalamus were obtained for mRNA concentration. The data were analyzed with a mixed model in SAS (9.4) using repeated measurements. There was a DS x LS interaction for BW (P < 0.10) where LS with PUFA born from DS with MUFA were heavier than the other 3 treatments. Lambs born from DS with MUFA have a greater DMI (P < 0.01). There was a time x DS effect (P < 0.05) for plasma glucose and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentration, due to a greater concentration for glucose and lower for NEFA on the lambs born from DS-MUFA at weaning but not on d 56. Lambs born from MUFA supplemented dams had a greater (P ≤ 0.05) hypothalamus mRNA concentration for CART, GH-receptor, KISS-1, leptin receptor, POMC, and NPY receptor Y1. There were no LS effects (P > 0.05) for these neuropeptides. These results indicate that supplementation with fatty acids during early pregnancy change productive performance, metabolic, and neuropeptides of lambs independently of the final diet.
345 Comparison of multiple trace mineral products provided to beef cattle as injectable, oral drench, oral paste, or bolus
Authors: Jackson Trey D , Carmichael Remy N , Deters Erin L , Messersmith Elizabeth M , VanValin Katherine , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
To determine the effect of various trace mineral-containing products on trace mineral status of cattle 56 Angus-cross steers (303 ± 15 kg; n = 8 per treatment) were blocked by BW and administered a trace mineral treatment on d-0: injectable saline (CON), injectable Multimin®90 (ITM), MineralMax drench (MMD), MineralMax paste (MMP), Starting Fluid Drench (SFD), Se365 bolus (Se365), or Reloader250 bolus (Rel250). Steers received a common diet (silage-based d 0–49; corn-based d 50–122) via bunks capable of measuring individual feed disappearance. Plasma (0, 8, 24, and 48-h) and liver (-7, 2, 15, 29, 49, 65, 91, and 120-d) samples were obtained for analysis of Cu, Mn, Se, and Zn. Data were analyzed as repeated measures with effects of treatment, time, and treatment×time, with initial mineral concentration as covariate. Plasma Zn, Mn, and Se concentrations were affected by treatment×time (P = 0.001) where ITM was greater through 8-h for Zn and through 24-h for Mn and Se over all other treatments. Liver Se concentration was greater in ITM vs. other treatments through d-15 and Rel250 was greater than ITM and MMP on d-91 and greater than CON, MMD, MMP, and SFD on d-120 (treatment×time; P ≤ 0.001). Plasma Cu, and liver Cu, Mn, and Zn concentrations were unchanged by treatment (P ≥ 0.05). Liver Mn concentrations were least on d-2 and generally increased over time (P ≤ 0.001), while liver Zn concentrations were greatest on d-2 and least from d-29 onward (time; P ≤ 0.001). Liver Cu concentrations were greatest on d-15 and d-29 vs. other days (time; P ≤ 0.001). Overall, use of injectable trace mineral rapidly increased plasma Mn, Se and Zn, and liver Se concentrations. Oral treatments tested here exerted no effect on plasma or liver concentrations, while the multi-element bolus, Rel250, increased liver Se after 91-d.
355 Effect of shelf setting of a wet/dry feeder on growth performance of finishing pigs
Authors: Holen Julia P , Renken Molly R , Kerkaert Tim A , Boerboom Mike J , Johnston Lee J , Knott Jeffrey S 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Recent advancements in wet/dry shelf feeders have caused them to become more popular in swine finishing barns. Pigs consume feed faster from wet/dry feeders compared with dry feeders, so manufacturers recommend higher stocking density than dry feeders. However, there are little data published indicating optimal feeder shelf settings for wet/dry feeders. The objective of this study was to evaluate two shelf settings for wet/dry feeders in a commercial setting. Pigs (n = 1200) were blocked by initial BW and pens were assigned within block to one of two shelf settings: 60% or 85% open. Openings for each feeder were determined by caliper measurement. Each pen (n = 20/treatment) was stocked with 30 pigs, providing 2.54 cm of linear feeder space (15 pigs per 38.1 cm feeder hole) and 0.637 m2 of floor space per pig. Mash feed (primarily corn-soybean meal-DDGS) delivery was recorded daily using Big Dutchmen Feed Exact Pro, and pigs were weighed biweekly throughout the 84 d trial. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with pen considered the experimental unit. Initial pig BW was similar (17.5 vs 17.4 kg; SE=0.1) for 85% and 60% treatments, respectively. Feeder shelves that were 85% open allowed pigs to have greater (P < 0.01) ADG (1.06 vs. 1.02 kg/d; SE=0.01), ADFI (2.63 vs. 2.48; SE=0.01) and were heavier at d 84 (107.1 vs 103.3 kg; SE=0.4) compared with feeder shelf openings of 60%. However, feeders that were 60% open supported better G:F (0.412 vs 0.404; P < 0.01; SE=0.001) compared with the 85% openings, respectively. No behavioral vices were observed in this study. These data suggest shelf settings for wet/dry feeders that are 85% open support faster but less efficient growth than shelf settings of 60%.
359 Determination of relative bioavailability of copper from GemStone® copper in growing beef steers
Authors: DiRusso Gabrielle C , Niedermayer Emma , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
To evaluate bioavailability of Cu from Cu glycinate (CuGly; GemStoneCu; Phibro Animal Health Corporation) vs. Cu sulfate (CuSO4) in diets supplemented with 0.3% S and 2 mg Mo/kg DM 60 Angus-cross steers (288 ±26 kg initial BW) were randomly assigned to treatments within weight blocks and housed in pens (n = 6 steers/pen) with GrowSafe bunks. Treatments included: no supplemental Cu (CON; analyzed 6 mg Cu/kg DM); 5 mg supplemental Cu/kg DM from CuSO4 (SUL5) or CuGly (GLY5); or 10 mg supplemental Cu/kg DM from CuSO4 (SUL10) or CuGly (GLY10). Liver and blood samples were collected from all steers at the start (used as covariates) and end of the trial to determine Cu status. Steers were weighed on d 0, 28, 56, and 90. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized block design using Proc Mixed of SAS with steer as experimental unit (n = 12/treatment) with treatment and block fixed. Contrast statements compared supplementation source (sulfate vs. glycinate) and concentration. Copper supplementation did not affect steer final BW, or overall ADG, DMI, and G:F (P ≥ 0.19). Initial liver Cu concentrations (374 mg/kg DM) were highly adequate, such that even with antagonist supplementation final plasma Cu concentrations were not affected by supplemental Cu concentration (P ≥ 0.34). Control steers had lesser final liver Cu concentrations vs. steers supplemented 5 or 10 mg Cu/kg DM (P ≤ 0.0004). Supplementing 10 vs. 5 mg Cu/kg DM increased liver Cu concentrations (P = 0.0001). Source did not affect final liver Cu concentrations (P = 0.40). Relative bioavailability was determined by regressing liver Cu concentrations on Cu intake; relative bioavailability of CuGly was 115.5% compared with CuSO4 (100%; P = 0.27). Based on the calculated relative bioavailability CuGly may be a good supplemental Cu source when dietary Cu antagonists are present.
364 Impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus challenge and deoxynivalenol on intestinal integrity and nutrient transport
Authors: Gerrard Samuel , Helm Emma T , Todd Blaire , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus infections and mycotoxin contaminated feedstuffs are two common issues facing the pork industry as both act, independently, to antagonize pig intestinal function, growth performance, and health. However, the combined impact of PRRS and mycotoxin exposure on pig intestinal health and function has not been investigated. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to examine the impact of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) on the intestinal integrity and function of PRRS infected pigs, employing an ex vivo model. Jejunum samples were collected from PRRS naïve (control; n = 6) and 21 day post inoculated PRRS virus infected (n = 8) gilts (10 weeks of age). In duplicate, explants were mounted into modified Ussing Chambers and incubated with or without 25 mM DON for 45 minutes prior to assessment of transepithelial resistance (TER), mucosal to serosal macromolecule (FD4) flux, and active glucose and glutamine transport. Data were analyzed using the mixed model procedure of SAS and a split plot design to examine the fixed effects of PRRS, DON, and their interaction. There were no PRRS by DON interactions for any ex vivo parameters assessed. Irrespective of DON, PRRS jejunum segments had decreased TERs (57%, P < 0.001), increased FD4 flux (P = 0.005), and tended to have increased active glucose transport (P = 0.093) compared with uninfected controls. Irrespective of PRRS status, DON increased FD4 flux (113%, P = 0.013), and tended to increase active glucose transport (P = 0.088) compared with jejunal explants not treated with DON. However, TERs and active glutamine transport did not differ due to DON treatment. Taken together, these data highlight the impacts that viral health challenge and mycotoxin contamination have on aspects of intestinal integrity and function. However, it does not appear that PRRS challenged pigs are more sensitive to the effects of DON than their healthy counterparts.
363 Evaluating the effects of day of iron injection after farrowing on preweaning performance and hematological criteria
Authors: Roubicek Cierra , Williams Hayden E , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C , Dritz Steve S , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Holtcamp Andrew 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Newborn pigs (n = 324; 1.6 kg BW) were used in an 19-d study evaluating the effects of Fe injection timing after birth on preweaned pig performance and blood criteria. A total of 27 litters were used, with the number of pigs per sow equalized on each day of farrowing. Two d after farrowing, all piglets were weighed, and six barrows and six gilts within each litter were allotted to 1 of 6 treatments in a CRD. Treatments consisted of a negative control receiving no Fe injection or 200 mg of injectable Fe (Gleptoforte, Ceva Animal Health, Lenexa, KS) provided on d 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 after farrowing. Piglets were weighed and bled on d 2, 12, and 21 after birth to determine growth performance and blood Fe status. Overall, increasing the age that piglets received a 200 mg Fe injection until 4 or 6 d after birth tended to increase (quadratic; P = 0.065) ADG (Table 1). Not providing an Fe injection tended to decrease (P = 0.070) overall ADG and decreased (P = 0.0003) d 21 BW compared to all other treatments. Significant treatment×day interactions (P < 0.001) were observed for hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct). The interactions occurred because pigs injected with 200 mg of Fe on d 2, 4, 6, or 8 after birth had increasing values until d 21 after birth, while pigs receiving a 200 mg Fe injection on d 10 after birth had decreasing values to d 12 then increasing values to d 21. Pigs not provided an Fe injection after birth had decreasing values to d 21. These results suggest that providing a 200 mg Fe injection on d 4 or 6 after farrowing provided the greatest preweaning growth performance and blood Fe status until weaning.
365 Effect of feeding a blend of short, medium, and long chain fatty acids and triglycerides to lactating sows on piglet growth, feed intake, and survivability to weaning
Authors: Becker Larissa , Knute Nick , Abdullah Mahfuz , Dasari Mohan , Hastad Chad W 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Dietary fat may impact energy intake and palatability of feed, and influence energy storage. The objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that including a blend of short, medium, and long chain fatty acids and triglycerides (R2 Feed Energy, Pleasant Hill, IA) in lactation diets will reduce pre-weaning mortality and increase litter weaning weight. On day 114 of gestation, dietary treatments were initiated: 1) Negative control diet and 3.2% of an all-vegetable oil blend, (Trt B); 2) Control diet with replacement of oil blend with 3.2% proprietary blend of short, medium, and long chain fatty acids and triglycerides (Trt R). Sows (n = 207; L02 Cross; PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were allotted to treatment based on body condition and parity. There were 88 parity 0 and 1 sows: 45 on TRT R and 43 on TRT B, and 119 parity 2 to 6 sows: 59 on TRT R and 60 on TRT B. Average sow parity was 2.85. Sows received 1.56 kg of their assigned diet twice per day prior to farrowing. After farrowing, sows were fed ad libitum with free access to water. Data on sow ADFI, litter weaning weight, and number of piglets weaned per sow were evaluated using PROC MIXED (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Compared with B, sows fed R consumed more feed (6.44 vs. 5.90 kg/d; P < 0.025). There was no difference in weaning weight (6.1 vs. 5.9kg; P > 0.10) or number weaned per litter (11.44 vs. 11.28; P > 0.10), for treatments R and B, respectively. There was no difference in sow body condition score after weaning (2.07 vs. 1.93; P = 0.18) for treatments R and B, respectively. The addition of R2 to sow lactation diets improved sow feed intake, but not piglet growth or number weaned.