bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of growth rate on the three‐dimensional orientation of vascular canals in the cortical bone of broiler chickens
Authors: Pratt Isaac V. , Cooper David M. L. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractVascular canals in cortical bone during growth and development typically show an anisotropic pattern with canals falling into three main categories: circumferential, radial, and longitudinal. Two major hypotheses attempt to explain the preferred orientations in bone: that vascular canal orientation is optimized to resist a predominant strain direction from functional loading, or that it reflects growth requirements and velocity. We use a controlled growth experiment in broiler chickens to investigate the effect of growth rate on vascular canal orientation. Using feed restriction we set up a fast growing control group and a slow growing restricted group. We compared the microstructure in the humerus and the femur at 42 days of age using synchrotron micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT), a three‐dimensional (3D) method that visualizes the full canal network. We measured the 3D orientation of each canal in the whole cross‐section of the bone cortex using a set of custom ImageJ scripts. Using these orientations we compute laminar, radial, and longitudinal indices that measure the proportion of circumferential, radial, and longitudinal canals, by unit of length, in the cortex. Following previous studies we hypothesized that vascular canal orientation is related to growth, with radial canals linked to a faster growth rate and related to functional loading through a high laminar index in flight bones which reflects torsional loading resulting from active flight. The control group had final body weights that were nearly twice the final weights of the restricted group and higher absolute growth rates. We found consistent patterns in the comparison between the humerus and the femur in both groups, with the humerus having higher laminar and longitudinal indices, and a lower radial index than the femur. The control group had higher radial indices and lower laminar and longitudinal indices in both the humerus and the femur than the restricted group. The higher radial indices in our control group point to a link between radial canals and faster growth, and between laminar canals and slower growth, while the higher laminar indices in the humerus point to a link between circumferential canals and torsional loading. Overall, our results indicate that the orientation of the cortical canal network in a bone is the consequence of a complex interaction between the growth rate of that bone and functional loading environment.
A Review on the Use of Wearable Functional Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy in Naturalistic Environments
Authors: Pinti Paola , Aichelburg Clarisse , Gilbert Sam , Hamilton Antonia , Hirsch Joy , Burgess Paul , Tachtsidis Ilias 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe development of novel miniaturized wireless and wearable functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) devices has paved the way for new functional brain imaging that could revolutionize the cognitive research fields. Over the past few decades, several studies have been conducted with conventional fNIRS systems that have demonstrated the suitability of this technology for a wide variety of populations and applications, to investigate both the healthy brain and the diseased brain. However, what makes wearable fNIRS even more appealing is its capability to allow measurements in everyday‐life scenarios that are not possible with other gold‐standard neuroimaging modalities, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging. This could have a huge impact on the way we explore the neural bases and mechanisms underpinning human brain functioning. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of studies conducted with wearable fNIRS in naturalistic settings in the field of cognitive neuroscience. In addition, we present the challenges associated with the use of wearable fNIRS in unrestrained contexts, discussing solutions that will allow accurate inference of functional brain activity. Finally, we provide an overview of the future perspectives in cognitive neuroscience that we believe would benefit the most from the study of wearable fNIRS devices.
Central nervous system lymphoma in 18 dogs (2001 to 2015)
Authors: LaRue M. K. , Taylor A. R. , Back A. R. , Lindley S. E. , Boudreaux B. L. , Almond G. T. , Shores A. , Brawner W. R. , Smith A. N. 
Published: July 2018

ObjectivesTo investigate the outcome of dogs with central nervous system lymphoma.Materials and MethodsA multi‐center, retrospective, observational study was conducted by reviewing medical records of 18 cases of central nervous system lymphoma from seven institutions.ResultsDiagnosis of lymphoma was made through cerebrospinal fluid analysis, histopathology, flow cytometry of the cerebrospinal fluid, and cytology of cerebrospinal fluid, lymph node or spleen with correlated imaging. A total of 15 of 18 dogs received specific treatment other than prednisone. Three dogs underwent chemotherapy and radiation therapy after surgical decompression, five dogs underwent chemotherapy, two dogs underwent radiation therapy after surgical decompression, three dogs underwent chemotherapy after surgical decompression and two dogs underwent radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Only one dog received prednisone, and two dogs did not receive any treatment. Overall, the median survival time was 171 days (range 1 to 1942 days).Clinical SignificanceDogs receiving any type of treatment for central nervous system lymphoma lived longer than cases described in previous historical reports. Further studies are needed to elucidate the importance of specific treatment modalities.
Who should sell stocks?
Authors: Guasoni Paolo , Liu Ren , Muhle‐Karbe Johannes 
Published: July 2018

AbstractNever selling stocks is optimal for investors with a long horizon and a realistic range of preference and market parameters, if relative risk aversion, investment opportunities, proportional transaction costs, and dividend yields are constant. Such investors should buy stocks when their portfolio weight is too low and otherwise hold them, letting dividends rebalance to cash over time rather than selling. With capital gains taxes, this policy outperforms both static buy‐and‐hold and dynamic rebalancing strategies that account for transaction costs. Selling stocks becomes optimal if either their target weight is low or intermediate consumption is substantial.
Mineralogy of volatile‐rich clasts in brecciated meteorites
Authors: Patzek M. , Bischoff A. , Visser R. , John T. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMeteoritic breccias are valuable samples as they can contain rare materials from the early solar system as clasts. Volatile‐rich, CI‐ and CM‐like clasts may represent parent body lithologies, which cannot be found as individual meteorites in today's meteorite collections. In order to reveal a better knowledge about the presence and chemical characteristics and variability of volatile (water‐bearing) materials in the early solar system these clasts play an important role. Such materials may have been available as the volatile component during the accretion of terrestrial planets. To understand the distribution of volatile‐rich materials in the solar system, we studied CI‐ and CM‐like clasts in brecciated meteorites including polymict ureilites, HEDs, CR, CB, CH, and ordinary chondrites. CI‐like clasts occur throughout all of the mentioned meteorite groups, whereas the CM‐like clasts have only been identified in HEDs and ordinary chondrites. The abundance of volatile‐rich clasts in general decreases in the order CH > CR > ureilites > HEDs > CB > OC > R. The mineralogy of CI‐like clasts is similar to CI chondrites, but their compositions of phyllosilicates differ. The mineralogy of CM‐like clasts clearly links them to CM chondrites. They must have been delivered to the HED parent body by low‐velocity impacts after differentiation and volcanism, as there is no evidence for high shock and heating processes. Additionally, we propose that CI‐like clasts in the CR, CB, and CH chondrites are a primary component of the appropriate parent bodies (accretionary breccias). Conversely, the CI‐like clasts in polymict ureilites and HEDs represent an infall as (micro)meteorites or as low‐velocity impactors, which happened after the accretion and differentiation of the appropriate parent bodies.
Petrographic investigation of shatter cone melt films recovered from MEMIN impact experiments in sandstone and iSALE modeling of their formation boundary conditions
Authors: Wilk Jakob , Hamann Christopher , Fazio Agnese , Luther Robert , Hecht Lutz , Langenhorst Falko , Kenkmann Thomas 
Published: July 2018

AbstractShatter cones are diagnostic for the recognition of meteorite impact craters. They are unambiguously identifiable in the field and the only macroscopic shock deformation feature. However, the physical boundary conditions and exact formation mechanism(s) are still a subject of debate. Melt films found on shatter cone surfaces may allow the constraint of pressure–temperature conditions during or immediately after their formation. Within the framework of the MEMIN research group, we recovered 24 shatter cone fragments from the ejecta of hypervelocity impact experiments. Here, we focus on silicate melt films (now quenched to glass) found on shatter cone surfaces formed in experiments with 20–80 cm sized sandstone targets, impacted by aluminum and iron meteorite projectiles of 5 and 12 mm diameter at velocities of 7.0 and 4.6 km s−1, respectively. The recovered shatter cone fragments vary in size from 1.2 to 9.3 mm. They show slightly curved, striated surfaces, and conical geometries with apical angles of 36°–52°. The fragments were recovered from experiments with peak pressures ranging from 46 to 86 GPa, and emanated from a zone within 0.38 crater radii. Based on iSale modeling and petrographic investigations, the shatter coned material experienced low bulk shock pressures of 0.5–5 GPa, whereas deformation shows a steep increase toward the shatter cone surface leading to localized melting of the rock, resulting in both vesicular as well as polished melt textures visible under the SEM. Subjacent to the melt films are zones of fragmentation and brittle shear, indicating movement away from the shatter cone apex of the rock that surrounds the cone. Smearing and extension of the melt film indicates subsequent movement in opposite direction to the comminuted and brecciated shear zone. We believe the documented shear textures and the adjacent smooth melt films can be related to frictional melting, whereas the overlying highly vesiculated melt layer could indicate rapid pressure release. From the observation of melting and mixing of quartz, phyllosilicates, and rutile in this overlying texture, we infer high, but very localized postshock temperatures exceeding 2000 °C. The melted upper part of the shatter cone surface cross‐cuts the fragmented lower section, and is accompanied by PDFs developed in quartz parallel to the {112} plane. Based on the overprinting textures and documented shock effects, we hypothesize shatter cones start to form during shock loading and remain an active fracture surface until pressure release during unloading and infer that shatter cone surfaces are mixed mode I/II fracture surfaces.
Rice PPS1 encodes a DYW motif‐containing pentatricopeptide repeat protein required for five consecutive RNA‐editing sites of nad3 in mitochondria
Authors: Xiao Haijun , Zhang Qiannan , Qin Xiaojian , Xu Yanghong , Ni Chenzi , Huang Jishuai , Zhu Linlin , Zhong Feiya , Liu Wei , Yao Guoxin , Zhu Yingguo , Hu Jun 
Published: July 2018

Summary

The pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein family is a large family characterized by tandem arrays of a degenerate 35‐amino‐acid motif whose members function as important regulators of organelle gene expression at the post‐transcriptional level. Despite the roles of PPRs in RNA editing in organelles, their editing activities and the underlying mechanism remain obscure.

Here, we show that a novel DYW motif‐containing PPR protein, PPS1, is associated with five conserved RNA‐editing sites of nad3 located in close proximity to each other in mitochondria, all of which involve conversion from proline to leucine in rice. Both pps1 RNAi and heterozygous plants are characterized by delayed development and partial pollen sterility at vegetative stages and reproductive stage.

RNA electrophoresis mobility shift assays (REMSAs) and reciprocal competition assays using different versions of nad3 probes confirm that PPS1 can bind to cis‐elements near the five affected sites, which is distinct from the existing mode of PPR‐RNA binding because of the continuity of the editing sites. Loss of editing at nad3 in pps1 reduces the activity of several complexes in the mitochondrial electron transport chain and affects mitochondrial morphology.

Taken together, our results indicate that PPS1 is required for specific editing sites in nad3 in rice.
STAYGREEN, STAY HEALTHY: a loss‐of‐susceptibility mutation in the STAYGREEN gene provides durable, broad‐spectrum disease resistances for over 50 years of US cucumber production
Authors: Wang Yuhui , Tan Junyi , Wu Zhiming , VandenLangenberg Kyle , Wehner Todd C. , Wen Changlong , Zheng Xiangyang , Owens Ken , Thornton Alyson , Bang Hailey H. , Hoeft Eric , Kraan Peter A. G. , Suelmann Jos , Pan Junsong , Weng Yiqun 
Published: July 2018

Summary

The Gy14 cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is resistant to oomyceteous downy mildew (DM), bacterial angular leaf spot (ALS) and fungal anthracnose (AR) pathogens, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown.

Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for the disease resistances in Gy14 and further map‐based cloning identified a candidate gene for the resistant loci, which was validated and functionally characterized by spatial‐temporal gene expression profiling, allelic diversity and phylogenetic analysis, as well as local association studies.

We showed that the triple‐disease resistances in Gy14 were controlled by the cucumber STAYGREEN (CsSGR) gene. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the coding region resulted in a nonsynonymous amino acid substitution in the CsSGR protein, and thus disease resistance. Genes in the chlorophyll degradation pathway showed differential expression between resistant and susceptible lines in response to pathogen inoculation. The causal SNP was significantly associated with disease resistances in natural and breeding populations. The resistance allele has undergone selection in cucumber breeding.

The durable, broad‐spectrum disease resistance is caused by a loss‐of‐susceptibility mutation of CsSGR. Probably, this is achieved through the inhibition of reactive oxygen species over‐accumulation and phytotoxic catabolite over‐buildup in the chlorophyll degradation pathway. The CsSGR‐mediated host resistance represents a novel function of this highly conserved gene in plants.
CROSS‐CHANNEL CONNECTIVITY: WEALDEN WHETSTONE IMPORTS FROM ROMAN BRITAIN TO THE CONTINENT
Authors: Reniere Sibrecht , Thiébaux Aurélie , Dreesen Roland , Goemaere Éric , De Clercq Wim 
Published: July 2018

SummaryThe purpose of this paper is to demonstrate cross‐Channel exchange of calcareous sandstone‐type whetstones derived from the Weald (Sussex, UK) in the Roman period. The presence of this particular type of whetstone at several Roman sites on the Continent – more specifically, in Belgium, France and the Netherlands – is reported for the first time. The morphology, geological provenance, petrographic characteristics and distribution patterns are discussed, based on a comparative analysis with archaeological and geological reference material. The geological analysis identifies a common geological source for the Continental finds: the very fine‐grained, thin‐bedded, flagstone‐like calcareous sandstone beds of the Lower Cretaceous Wealden Clay Formation. These sandstones were, most probably, extracted in the north‐western part of the Weald area. The distribution pattern of the archaeological material implies the importance of personal mobility, with potential military affinities.
Severity and threshold of peanut reactivity during hospital‐based open oral food challenges: An international multicenter survey
Authors: Arkwright Peter D. , MacMahon Jayne , Koplin Jennifer , Rajput Shelly , Cross Stephanie , Fitzsimons Roisin , Davidson Neil , Deshpande Veena , Rao Naveen , Lumsden Colin , Lacy David , Allen Katrina J. , Vance Gillian , Mwenechanya James , Fox Adam T. , Erlewyn‐Lajeunesse Michel , Mistry Hitesh , Hourihane Jonathan O'B 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundPeanut allergy is classically managed by food avoidance. Immunotherapy programs are available at some academic centers for selected patients reacting to small amounts of peanut during food challenge. We aimed to determine and compare reaction thresholds and prevalence of anaphylaxis during peanut oral challenges at multiple specialist allergy centers.MethodsA retrospective, international survey of anonymized case records from seven specialist pediatric allergy centers from the UK and Ireland, as well as the Australian HealthNuts study. Demographic information, allergy test results, reaction severity and threshold during open oral peanut challenges were collated and analyzed.ResultsOf the 1634 children aged 1‐18 years old included, 525 (32%) failed their peanut challenge. Twenty‐eight percent reacted to 25 mg, while 38% only reacted after consuming 1 g or more of whole peanut. Anaphylaxis (55 [11%]) was 3 times more common in teenagers than younger children and the likelihood increased at all ages as children consuming more peanut at the challenge. Children who developed anaphylaxis to 25‐200 mg of whole peanut were significantly older. Previous history of reaction did not predict reaction threshold or severity.ConclusionsMore than a third of the children in this large international cohort tolerated the equivalent of one peanut in an oral challenge. Anaphylaxis, particularly to small amounts of peanut, was more common in older children. Tailored immunotherapy programs might be considered not only for children with low, but also higher reaction thresholds. Whether these programs could prevent heightened sensitivity and anaphylaxis to peanut with age also deserves further study.
Association between obesity and pediatric psoriasis
Authors: Hunjan Manrup K. , Maradit Kremers Hilal , Lohse Christine , Tollefson Megha 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObese children are at higher risk of developing psoriasis, and obesity severity is correlated with psoriasis severity. The relationship between obesity and pediatric psoriasis was explored in a well‐defined population. Obesity and psoriasis coexist at diagnosis, but it is likely that obesity commonly precedes psoriasis in children.
Neurocognitive assessment of children with neurodevelopmental disorders: Preliminary findings
Authors: Kawabe Kentaro , Horiuchi Fumie , Kondo Shizuka , Matsumoto Miki , Seo Kanae , Oka Yasunori , Ueno Shu‐ichi 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundAttention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, and is often treated pharmacologically. It is necessary to use both subjective and objective assessments to diagnose and determine the efficacy of pharmacological treatment in children with ADHD, but cognitive assessment tools for ADHD are scarce. We examined a computer‐administered, brief, and repeatable cognitive assessment tool: CogHealth. The aims of this study were to use the CogHealth battery, an objective assessment tool, to compare cognitive function between children with ADHD or ADHD + autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and healthy children and to assess improvements in cognitive function following pharmacological treatment.MethodsWe measured the cognitive function of nine children with ADHD or ADHD + ASD using CogHealth and compared the results with those of 33 age‐matched children from the community. Cognitive function comparisons were made before and after psychostimulant treatment with methylphenidate.ResultsWe detected significant cognitive abnormalities in the children with ADHD, compared with the control subjects. The children with pre‐treatment ADHD had significantly more errors on the detection task (DT), and more anticipatory errors in the one card learning task, compared with control children. The children with ADHD significantly improved their accuracy on the one back test (OBT), and had significantly fewer errors, anticipatory errors, and shorter reaction times after osmotic‐release oral system methylphenidate treatment.ConclusionThe DT is a useful neurocognitive function assessment for children with ADHD, and the OBT can measure pharmacological treatment effectiveness in children with ADHD.
Increased M1 macrophages in young miR‐15a/16−/− mice with tumour grafts or dextran sulphate sodium‐induced colitis
Authors: Jia Xiaoqin , Hu Xiangyu , Han Sen , Miao Xin , Liu Hao , Li Xiaomin , Lin Zhijie , Wang Zhengbing , Gong Weijuan 
Published: July 2018

AbstractM1 macrophages are involved in inflammation by producing proinflammatory cytokines, whereas M2 macrophages are associated with wound healing and tissue regeneration by producing anti‐inflammatory cytokines. MicroRNAs are involved in macrophage polarization. To evaluate whether miR‐15a/16 is involved in macrophage polarization under tumour or inflammation microenvironments, we observed the growth of transplanted hepatic cancer (H22) cells or severity of dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis in 8‐week‐old miR‐15a/16 knockout (KO) mice. Compared with littermate controls, the miR‐15a/16−/− mice exhibited retarded tumour growth and increased sensibility to DSS‐induced colitis. Meanwhile, the M1 cell frequencies were higher in tumour tissues and inflamed colons of KO mice than of littermate controls. Macrophages with miR‐15a/16 deletion revealed an enhanced NF‐κB transcription under the physiological state and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) stimulation. STAT3 expression was also significantly increased in miR‐15a/16−/− macrophages under LPS or HMGB1 stimulation. The polarization of M1 macrophages can be associated with the coactivation of NF‐κB and STAT3. Results indicated that miR‐15a/16 deficiency in the macrophages directs M1 polarization for tumour suppression and proinflammation. Thus, miR‐15a/16 deletion in macrophages holds a distinct biological significance from that of the microRNA deficiency in tumour cells.