bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential Associations Between Anti-Tobacco Industry Attitudes and Intention to Quit Smoking Across Young Adult Peer Crowds
Authors: Nguyen Nhung , Lisha Nadra E. , Neilands Torsten B. , Jordan Jeffrey W. , Ling Pamela M. 
Published: February 2019

Purpose: To compare the relationship between anti-tobacco industry attitudes and intention and attempts to quit smoking across 6 young adult peer crowds. Design: A cross-sectional bar survey in 2015. Setting: Seven US cities (Albuquerque, Los Angeles, Nashville, Oklahoma City, San Diego, San Francisco, and Tucson). Participants: Two thousand eight hundred seventeen young adult bar patrons who were currently smoking. Measures: Intention to quit in the next 6 months and having made a quit attempt in the last 12 months were binary outcomes. Anti-industry attitudes were measured by 3 items indicating support for action against the tobacco industry. Peer crowd affiliation was measured using the I-Base Survey. Analysis: Adjusted multivariable logistic regression models examined the association between anti-industry attitudes and the outcomes for the total sample and for each peer crowd. Results: Overall, anti-industry attitudes were positively associated with both intention to quit (odds ratio [OR] = 1.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24-1.52) and attempt to quit (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.03-1.27). Intriguingly, the relationship between anti-industry attitudes and intention to quit differed by peer crowd affiliation, with significant associations for Homebody, Partier, Hipster, and Hip Hop, but not for Young Professional and Country. Conclusions: Developing health communication messages that resonate with unique peer crowd values can enhance the relevance of public health campaigns. Tobacco control practitioners should tailor anti-industry messages to promote intention to quit smoking among the highest risk young adults.
Financial Deepening
Authors: Chakraborty Shankha 
Published: February 2019

This article proposes a tractable model of the evolution of financial structure. Firms invest out of internal assets and by borrowing from banks and the financial market. In the presence of moral hazard, whereby owner–managers may intentionally reduce profitability of investment to appropriate resources, banks can monitor firms and partially alleviate agency problems. Under the optimal financial contract, banks monitor and outside investors lend to firms only if they borrow from banks too. The model is broadly consistent with financial development facts. Capital accumulation is facilitated by an increasing reliance on both types of external finance. Initially firms rely more heavily on expensive bank finance. With further development, banks eliminate much of the agency problem and firms substitute in favour of cheaper market finance. The short- and long-run effects of financial sector reforms are considered. JEL: E44, G20, O16
Marxian Economics: Notes from a Neo-classical Viewpoint
Authors: Mukherji Anjan 
Published: February 2019

Marxian economics has the twin features of attracting some of the best minds and at the same time being rejected by policymakers world over, even by those who had adopted them to begin with. These features are discussed in this article. It is argued that the first feature is because of the existence of inequality and its worsening and associated poverty, and the difficulty in the continued extraction of surplus is a possible explanation for the second. It is further argued that the labour theory of value is not really essential to the theory of exploitation of workers by capitalists, and we try to establish that Marx was way ahead of his time in setting up the worker–employer relation in modern terms. JEL: A20, B13, B14, B24, B51, D02, D86
Oral Hygiene Care in Patients With Advanced Disease: An Essential Measure to Improve Oral Cavity Conditions and Symptom Management
Authors: Magnani Caterina , Mastroianni Chiara , Giannarelli Diana , Stefanelli Maria Consiglia , Di Cienzo Valeria , Valerioti Teresa , Casale Giuseppe 
Published: February 2019

Background: Oral problems are frequent in palliative care and can cause disabling symptoms such as orofacial pain, dysgeusia, and xerostomia. Even if oral care is an essential aspect of nursing, it is often not considered as a priority, especially when various complex patients’ needs have to be managed. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe oral conditions and evaluate the impact of standard oral care on symptom control and patient’s perceived comfort in a sample of terminally ill patients. Method: A prospective cohort study was carried out among 415 patients who were admitted to hospice. Patients were recruited before undergoing standard assisted procedure for oral hygiene care. Oral cavity condition, symptoms, and comfort were assessed at the recruitment (T0) and after 3 days (T2). Results: Seventy-five eligible patients were recruited. The Oral Assessment Guide score was significantly decreased after oral standard care ( P value <.0001). The average time spent by nursing staff for oral hygiene care was 5.3 minutes. Dysgeusia and xerostomia were significantly decreased after oral standard care ( P = .02 and P = .03). Patients reported a high level of comfort (86.6%) after the procedures for oral hygiene care. Conclusion: Patients admitted to hospice had frequent alterations in oral cavity with partial loss of its functions that can compromise their quality of life. Standard procedures for oral hygiene care are simple and fast to perform, and they may improve oral cavity conditions, symptoms control, and patients’ comfort.
Sedative and physiologic effects of tiletamine–zolazepam following buccal administration in cats
Authors: Nejamkin Pablo , Cavilla Verónica , Clausse María , Landivar Florencia , Lorenzutti Augusto M , Martínez Sofía , Del Sole María J , Martín-Flores Manuel 
Published: February 2019

Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the sedative and some physiological effects of tiletamine–zolazepam following buccal administration (BA) in cats. Methods Seven healthy spayed European shorthair cats (three males, four females) were studied twice in this randomized, blinded, crossover study. Each cat received two doses of tiletamine–zolazepam by BA: the low-dose (LD) group consisted of 5 mg/kg of each drug, and the high-dose (HD) group consisted of 7.5 mg/kg of each. Baseline systolic blood pressure (SAP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and a sedation score were recorded prior to administration of each treatment. The same variables plus the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen as measured by pulse oximetry (SpO2) were recorded at predefined intervals for the next 2 h. Results All cats completed the study. No retching or vomiting were observed. Hypersalivation was observed in 0/7 and 3/7 for LD and HD groups, respectively ( P = 0.2). There were significant changes in scores over time for posture, response to clippers and response to manual restraint for both groups, without differences between groups. RR, HR and SAP changed significantly over time. SAP and RR were significantly lower for the HD than for the LD group. No values for hemoglobin saturation <95% were observed. Conclusions and relevance BA of tiletamine–zolazepam at the doses studied here is a simple and effective method for chemical restraint in cats, where the LD group had a lower impact on SAP and RR than the HD group.
The effect of alternate occlusion on control of intermittent exotropia in children
Authors: Akbari Mohammad Reza , Mirzajani Ali , Moeinitabar Mohammad Reza , Mirmohammadsadeghi Arash , Khorrami-Nejad Masoud , Sharbatoghli Leila 
Published: February 2019

Purpose:The aim is to investigate the effect of alternate occlusion on control of intermittent exotropia in children 3 to 8 years old.Methods:The ability of 28 children to control of the deviation at far and near was evaluated based on 3-point and 6-point control scales. Stereopsis and fusion were assessed using the Titmus and Worth 4-dot tests, respectively. Two-hour alternate daily occlusion was prescribed for children with no dominancy. For children with a dominant eye, 2-h occlusion of the dominant eye for 5 days and the non-dominant eye for 2 days. All measurements were repeated at 3, 6, and 9 months after the treatment.Results:For all children with a mean age of 4.7 ± 1.56 years, deviation control at far improved significantly after 3, 6, and 9 months of treatment using both control scales when compared with baseline ( p = 0.005 after 3 months and p = 0.008 after 6 and 9 months for the 3-point scale, and p < 0.001 after 3 and 6 months and p = 0.010 after 9 months for the 6-point scale). Control at near showed a significant improvement after 3, 6, and 9 months of treatment based on the 6-point scale ( p = 0.007 for 3 months, p = 0.004 for 6 months, and p = 0.014 for 9 months). Near stereopsis improved significantly after 9 months of treatment ( p = 0.043).Conclusion:Alternate occlusion is significantly effective on control of intermittent exotropia. As a result, it can be used as a useful method to postpone or even eliminate the need for surgery in intermittent exotropia.
Higher EBV response is associated with more severe gray matter and lesion pathology in relapsing multiple sclerosis patients: A case-controlled magnetization transfer ratio study
Authors: Jakimovski Dejan , Ramanathan Murali , Weinstock-Guttman Bianca , Bergsland Niels , Ramasamay Deepa P , Carl Ellen , Dwyer Michael G , Zivadinov Robert 
Published: February 2019

Background: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection has been associated with higher clinical activity and risk of multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: To evaluate associations between EBV-specific humoral response and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR)-derived measure in MS patients and healthy controls (HCs). Methods: The study included 101 MS patients (69 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and 32 secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS)) and 41 HCs who underwent clinical, serological, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigations. MTR values of T1 or T2 lesion volume (LV), normal-appearing (NA) brain tissue (NABT), gray matter (NAGM), and white matter (NAWM) were obtained. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to quantify EBV antibody levels. Partial correlations corrected for MRI strength were used, and Benjamini–Hochberg–adjusted p-values < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: MS patients had significantly higher anti-EBV nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) titer when compared to HCs (107.9 U/mL vs 27.8 U/mL, p < 0.001). Within the MS group, higher serum anti-EBNA-1 titer was significantly correlated with lower T1-LV MTR ( r = –0.287, p = 0.035). Within the RRMS group, higher serum anti-EBNA-1 titer was associated with T1-LV MTR ( r = –0.524, p = 0.001) and NAGM MTR ( r = –0.308, p = 0.043). These associations were not present in HCs or SPMS patients. Conclusion: Greater EBV humoral response is associated with lower GM MTR changes and focal destructive lesion pathology in RRMS patients.
The association between apelin polymorphisms and hypertension in China: A meta-analysis
Authors: Wang Tianyi , Liu Conghe , Jia Lili , Ding Jun 
Published: February 2019

Introduction: Apelin plays an important part in regulating blood pressure, metabolism, and the development of cancer. Recent studies have investigated the association of apelin polymorphisms and hypertension risk, but no meta-analysis has been conducted. Materials and methods: Five studies were included in this meta-analysis in total. The pooled odds ratio and its corresponding 95% confidence interval were calculated by the random-effect model. Results: The overall pooled odds ratio of the distribution of rs3761581 G allelic frequency was 0.90 (95% confidence interval: 0.82–1.00). In female participants, the pooled odds ratio of the frequency of G allele was 1.01 (95% confidence interval: 0.89–1.14). For males, the pooled odds ratio of the frequency of G allele was 0.69 (95% confidence interval: 0.46–1.03). As for rs56204867, the overall pooled odds ratio of the frequency of G allele was 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 0.86–1.37). In females, the pooled odds ratio of the frequencies of the G allele was 1.05 (95% confidence interval: 0.86–1.29). In male participants, the frequency of G allele did not show significant correlation with hypertension (pooled odds ratio=1.21 95% confidence interval: 0.81–1.79). Conclusion: This meta-analysis revealed that there was no correlation between apelin polymorphisms, rs3761581 and rs56204867, and the prevalence of hypertension.
Plasma glucose concentration 60 min post oral glucose load and risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: Pathophysiological implications
Authors: Abbasi Fahim , Tern Paul JW , Reaven Gerald M 
Published: February 2019

Aim: The aim of this study was to gain insight into the pathophysiological significance of elevated plasma glucose concentrations (mmol/L) 60 min post oral glucose load in apparently healthy individuals. Methods: Comparison of resistance to insulin action and associated cardio-metabolic risk factors in 490 apparently healthy persons, subdivided into those with a plasma glucose concentration 60 min following a 75-g oral glucose challenge of <8.6 versus ⩾8.6. Results: Insulin resistance was significantly greater in persons with normal glucose tolerance whose 60-min glucose concentration was ⩾8.6, associated with higher blood pressure, plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, triglyceride and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Similar differences were seen in persons with impaired fasting glucose, but not in those with impaired glucose tolerance or both impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance. The group whose 60-min glucose was <8.6 ( n = 318) contained primarily persons with normal glucose tolerance (88%), whereas the majority of those whose 60-min value was ⩾8.6 ( n = 172) had prediabetes (59%) and in particular combined impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance. Conclusion: Plasma glucose concentration of ⩾8.6 mmol/L 60 min post oral glucose identifies higher proportions of combined impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance individuals as well as normal glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose individuals with a more adverse cardio-metabolic profile, contributing to observed increased overall risk of type 2 diabetes and other metabolic diseases.
Effects of in situ fenestration stent-graft of left subclavian artery on the hemodynamics after thoracic endovascular aortic repair
Authors: Qiao Yonghui , Mao Le , Ding Ying , Fan Jianren , Luo Kun , Zhu Ting 
Published: February 2019

Objectives The left subclavian artery during thoracic endovascular aortic repair could be reconstructed by in situ fenestration. This study aims to evaluate the effects of thoracic endovascular aortic repair with in situ fenestration thoracic endovascular aortic repair on the hemodynamics. Methods A male patient suffering from aortic dissection is treated by in situ fenestration thoracic endovascular aortic repair and the fenestration stent implanted in the left subclavian artery is partially protruding in the aortic arch for the stability. Two-phase non-Newtonian blood model is applied and three-element Windkessel model is implemented to reproduce physiological pressure waves. Simulations are carried out in three postoperative models to analyze different in situ fenestration thoracic endovascular aortic repair strategies; Case A: the protrusion length of fenestration stent is 23.2 mm representing the clinical postthoracic endovascular aortic repair aorta; Case B: the protrusion length is reduced by half simulating the improved surgery; Case C: the protruding portion is removed to simulate the ideal fenestration. Results In Case A, a pressure difference is found on the fenestration stent surface and a blood acceleration phenomenon around the stent is observed. Only 2.36% of the inlet blood flow is assigned to the left subclavian artery. In the improved surgery, the blood supply to the left subclavian artery is elevated to 4.01%. As for the ideal fenestration, a further improvement is observed (6.14%). Moreover, the aortic arch surface exposed to low time-averaged wall shear stress expands significantly when the protrusion length is shortened. Conclusions Overall, we conclude that appropriately shortening the protrusion length of the stent-graft may improve the efficacy of in situ fenestration thoracic endovascular aortic repair from the perspective of hemodynamics.
Location-specific differences in hematoma volume predict outcomes in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Ironside Natasha , Chen Ching-Jen , Dreyer Victoria , Christophe Brandon , Buell Thomas J , Connolly Edward Sander 
Published: February 2019

Background and objective Functional outcome after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) may vary depending on hematoma volume and location. We assessed the interaction between hematoma volume and location, and modified the original ICH score to include such an interaction. Methods Consecutive ICH patients were enrolled in the Intracerebral Hemorrhage Outcomes Project from 2009 to 2017. Inclusion criteria were age≥18 years, baseline modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score 0–2, neuroimaging, and follow-up. Functional dependence and mortality were defined as 90-day mRS>2 and death, respectively. A location ICH score was developed using multivariable regression and area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC) analyses. Results The study cohort comprised 311 patients, and the derivation and validation cohorts comprised 209 and 102 patients, respectively. Interactions between hematoma volume and location predicted functional dependence ( p = 0.008) and mortality ( p = 0.025). The location ICH score comprised age≥80 years (1 point), Glasgow Coma Scale score (3–9 = 2 points; 10–13 = 1 point), volume–location (lobar:≥24 mL=2 points, 21–24 mL=1 point; deep:≥8 mL=2 points, 7–8 mL=1 point; brainstem:≥6 mL=2 points, 3–6 mL=1 point; cerebellum:≥24 mL=2 points, 12–24 mL=1 point), and intraventricular hemorrhage (1 point). AUROC of the location ICH score was higher in functional dependence (0.883 vs. 0.770, p = 0.002) but not mortality (0.838 vs. 0.841, p = 0.918) discrimination compared to the original ICH score. Conclusions The interaction between hematoma volume and location exerted an independent effect on outcomes. Excellent discrimination of functional dependence and mortality was observed with incorporation of location-specific volume thresholds into a prediction model. Therefore, the volume–location relationship plays an important role in ICH outcome prediction.
A Radiological Study Assessing the Prevalence of Frontal Recess Cells and the Most Common Frontal Sinus Drainage Pathways
Authors: Tran Luan V. , Ngo Ngoc H. , Psaltis Alkis J. 
Published: February 2019

Background To date, there are numerous studies documenting the prevalence of frontal recess cells, but only 1 study using the newly developed International Frontal Sinus Anatomical Classification (IFAC) system. The identification of the frontal cells and their influence on the frontal drainage pathway plays an important role in endoscopic frontal sinus surgery. Objective The aim of this study is to document the radiological prevalence of various types of frontal cells, as classified by IFAC and the most common frontal sinus drainage pathways based on its anatomic relationships with these cells. Methods Using a novel preoperative virtual planning software (Scopis Building Blocks), consecutive computerized tomography scans of the sinuses of patients were analyzed for the prevalence of frontal cells, as classified by the by IFAC, and the frontal sinus drainage pathways at the Ear Nose Throat Hospital of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Results In this study, 208 computed tomography scans of consecutively selected frontal sinuses of 114 patients were included for analysis. The agger nasi cell was present in 95.7% of reviewed scans. The frontal cells prevalence was as follows: supra agger cell (SAC): 16.3%, supra agger frontal cell (SAFC): 13%, supra bulla cell (SBC): 46.2%, supra bulla frontal cell (SBFC): 4.3%, supra orbital ethmoid cell: 17.3%, and frontal septal cell: 10.6%. The most common frontal sinus pathway type in relation to frontal cells was medial to SAC (70.6%), medial to SAFC (81.5%), anterior to SBC (88.5%), and anterior to SBFC (100%). In cases that had 2 frontal cells group, the drainage pathway was medial to SAC/SAFC and anterior to SBC/SBFC in most cases. Conclusion This study documents the prevalence of frontal cells (classified by IFAC) using a novel preoperative virtual planning software in the Vietnamese population. It demonstrates predominantly medial anteromedial frontal drainage pathways as related to these frontal cells.
Lesion Size Measured on MRI Does Not Accurately Reflect Arthroscopic Measurement in Talar Osteochondral Lesions
Authors: Yasui Youichi , Hannon Charles P. , Fraser Ethan J. , Ackermann Jakob , Boakye Lorraine , Ross Keir A. , Duke Gavin L. , Shimozono Yoshiharu , Kennedy John G. 
Published: February 2019

Background: Lesion size is a major determinant of treatment strategy for osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs). Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used in the preoperative evaluation of OLTs, the reliability of the MRI measurement compared with the arthroscopic measurement is unknown. Purpose: To compare preoperative lesion size measured on MRI versus intraoperative lesion size measured during arthroscopy. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of patients treated with bone marrow stimulation for OLTs. The diameter of the lesion was measured at its widest point in 2 planes, and MRI measurements were compared with those made during arthroscopy using a custom-made graduated probe. Results: A total of 39 patients with 45 OLTs were analyzed. Mean ± SD area measurements on MRI were significantly greater than the equivalent arthroscopic measurements (42.2 ± 30.5 vs 28.6 ± 23.1 mm2, respectively; P = .03). Compared with the arthroscopic measurement, MRI overestimated OLT size in 53.3% (24/45) of ankles and underestimated OLT size in 24.4% (11/45). The mean MRI diameter measurement was significantly greater than the arthroscopic measurement in the coronal plane (MRI diameter vs arthroscopic measurement coronal plane, 6.1 ± 2.6 vs 4.9 ± 2.3 mm, P = .03; sagittal plane, 8.0 ± 3.6 vs 6.3 ± 3.6 mm, P = .05). Further, MRI overestimated coronal diameter in 48.9% (22/45) of ankles and underestimated in 26.7% (12/45) compared with the arthroscopic measurement. Similarly, sagittal plane MRI diameter measurements overestimated lesion size in 46.7% (21/45) of ankles and underestimated lesion size in 28.9% (13/45) compared with the arthroscopic findings. Conclusion: In a majority of lesions, MRI overestimated OLT area and diameter compared with arthroscopy. Surgeons should be aware of the discrepancies that can exist between MRI and arthroscopic measurements, as these data are important in making treatment decisions and educating patients.