bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endogenous Uncertainty and the Dynamics of Constraints
Authors: Humphreys Paul 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
An agent- based model of social dynamics is introduced using a deformable fitness landscape, and it is shown that in certain clearly specifiable situations, strategies that are different from utility maximization outperform utility maximizers. Simulation results are presented and intuitive interpretations of the results provided. The situations considered occur when individuals' actions affect the outcomes for other agents and endogenous effects are dominant. The Tragedy of the Commons is merely a special case of this. Arguments are given that constraints are to be encouraged in some circumstances. The appropriate role of constraints in various types of society is assessed and their use justified in identifiable types of situations.
Anti-Realism, Value, Perspectivism
Authors: Leiter Brian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
If all value judgments arise from affective responses, what are the implications for judgments about epistemic value and Nietzsche’s naturalism? The chapter offers a new reading of perspectivism: while all expressions of knowledge depend on “will” or “affect,” evolutionary pressures select in favor of some of these affects, such that most “creatures like us” converge on many epistemic values, albeit not all. Beyond that baseline, the “Busy World Hypothesis” reminds us that which objects of cognition command our attention is influenced by our other affects and interests, which determines what we come to know about the world. Nietzsche emerges as an anti-realist about epistemic value, as well as moral value, defending something like the old Stevensonian view that where people share attitudes, reasoning about what one ought to do and believe is possible; where people do not share attitudes, reasoning is not possible and only force prevails in a dispute.
Introduction
Authors: Leiter Brian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Moral psychology, for purposes of this volume, encompasses issues in metaethics, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of action, including questions concerning the objectivity of morality, the relationship between moral judgment and emotion, the nature of the emotions, free will, and moral responsibility, and the structure of the mind as that is relevant to the possibility of moral action and judgment. Nietzsche’s “naturalism” is introduced and explained, and certain confusions about its meaning are addressed. An overview of the volume follows
Double Standards
Authors: Weatherson Brian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter wraps up three loose ends from the discussion of normative externalism in ethics. It argues that there is nothing wrong with hypocrisy; in any case where hypocritical action seems wrong, some other feature of the act explains the wrongness. It argues that the problem of inter-theoretic value comparisons is not as big a problem for the internalist as is sometimes suggested, since everyone has to solve this problem. And it describes the parts of the bundle of views I call normative externalism, and sets out which of them are more central, or more peripheral, to the bundle.
Circles, Epistemic and Benign
Authors: Weatherson Brian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
If we reject level-crossing principles, some apparently circular reasoning becomes licensed. This looks like a problem for normative externalism. This chapter responds to the problem. The response takes some time, because it turns out there are many different ways to understand what it is for reasoning to be circular. The ultimate argument is that for every such way, either it is not problematic, or normative externalism does not license it. But there is no quick proof of this; each way to understand circular reasoning has to be treated separately. The chapter ends with a discussion of the Problem of Easy Knowledge, and of the norms for proper testing of measuring devices.
Screening and Regresses
Authors: Weatherson Brian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Sometimes a class of evidence can screen off other evidence. That is, sometimes possessing evidence of one kind can make it the case that other facts, facts which would usually be of evidential significance, are not in fact significant. This chapter starts with an argument that many philosophers have assumed that evidence of what one judges screens off the evidential significance of the reasons that judgment is based on. It then argues that these philosophers have gotten things back to front. There is a true principle around here, but it is the other way around: reasons a judgment is based on screens off the evidential significance of that very judgment. I argue this principle must be true, because it is the only motivated way to stop some problematic regresses.
Explaining Evil in Plato, Euripides, and Seneca
Authors: Kamtekar Rachana 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Plato distinguishes two kinds of explanation: rational explanation of an agent’s practical reasoning leading to the selection of an action as a reasonable means to a good end, and dispositional explanation, given in terms of the agency that is such as to bring about an action of a given sort. Rational explanation seeks completion in the explainer’s recognition of the agent’s end as a good and the agent’s means as reasonable, which confers intelligibility on the action; dispositional explanation is a fallback when the explainer cannot see the agent’s end as good or means as reasonable—as is the case with evil. This claim is illustrated in Euripides’s and Seneca’s Medea plays.
Dante on the Evil of Treachery
Authors: Stump Eleonore 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Dante is a superb Thomist; and, in his Divine Comedy, he puts flesh on Aquinas’s sophisticated philosophical and theological views by means of an allegory with novelistic elements. In the Inferno, Dante the traveler exemplifies the way in which to do well what the sinner in hell did horribly. The punishment of the sinner shows the ugliness of a particular evil, and the actions of Dante the traveler show something powerfully good that is the alternative, the near neighbor, of the evil. By this twinned means, the nature of the seven deadly sins is vividly exposed, and true goodness and love, opposed to all the seven deadly sins, is illuminated and poignantly depicted. Furthermore, Dante is not only a superb Thomist and an insightful philosopher in his own right, but he incarnates the philosophy in narrative; and that makes all the difference in the world to his ability to give us insight into evil.
Generation of Yellow Flowers of the Japanese Morning Glory by Engineering Its Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway toward Aurones
Authors: Hoshino Atsushi , Mizuno Takayuki , Shimizu Keiichi , Mori Shoko , Fukada-Tanaka Sachiko , Furukawa Kazuhiko , Ishiguro Kanako , Tanaka Yoshikazu , Iida Shigeru 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Wild-type plants of the Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea nil) produce blue flowers that accumulate anthocyanin pigments, whereas its mutant cultivars show wide range flower color such as red, magenta and white. However, I. nil lacks yellow color varieties even though yellow flowers were curiously described in words and woodblocks printed in the 19th century. Such yellow flowers have been regarded as ‘phantom morning glories’, and their production has not been achieved despite efforts by breeders of I. nil. The chalcone isomerase (CHI) mutants (including line 54Y) bloom very pale yellow or cream-colored flowers conferred by the accumulation of 2′, 4′, 6′, 4-tetrahydoroxychalcone (THC) 2′-O-glucoside. To produce yellow phantom morning glories, we introduced two snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) genes to the 54Y line by encoding aureusidin synthase (AmAS1) and chalcone 4′-O-glucosyltransferase (Am4′CGT), which are necessary for the accumulation of aureusidin 6-O-glucoside and yellow coloration in A. majus. The transgenic plants expressing both genes exhibit yellow flowers, a character sought for many years. The flower petals of the transgenic plants contained aureusidin 6-O-glucoside, as well as a reduced amount of THC 2′-O-glucoside. In addition, we identified a novel aurone compound, aureusidin 6-O-(6″-O-malonyl)-glucoside, in the yellow petals. A combination of the coexpression of AmAS1 and Am4′CGT and suppression of CHI is an effective strategy for generating yellow varieties in horticultural plants.
Sex determination and gene expression in Daphnia magna exposed to juvenile hormone
Authors: Wuerz Maggie , Whyard Steve , Loadman Nancy L , Wiegand Murray D , Huebner Judith D 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Daphnia spp. cycle between asexual and sexual reproduction depending on environmental conditions. Under favorable conditions, female offspring are produced, resulting in rapid population expansion; in less favorable conditions, males are produced, initiating the sexual portion of their lifestyle. Although mediated by environmental cues, sex determination is ultimately dependent on the expression of Doublesex genes, Dsx1 and Dsx2, in Daphnia. We exposed Daphnia magna to juvenile hormone III (JHIII), an insect hormone often mimicked by agricultural insecticides. Juvenile hormone (JH) and JH analogues disrupt the insect endocrine system, inhibiting reproduction; these chemicals pose an environmental threat to non-target organisms by leaching into surrounding waters. When Daphnia are exposed to JH or JH analogues, it causes a premature shift from asexual to sexual reproduction. We showed that Dsx1 is upregulated throughout vitellogenesis in female D. magna producing male offspring and Dsx2 is upregulated during late vitellogenesis, suggesting that both Dsx1 and Dsx2 contribute to male sex determination. In addition, Dsx2 expression increases during sexual maturation in male D. magna, suggesting that it also plays a role in spermatogenesis. In addition, exposure to JHIII decreased reproductive output, slowed growth and prematurely shifted D. magna reproductive strategy to the sexual portion of their lifecycle.
Knowledge Spillovers through Networks of Scientists
Authors: Zacchia Paolo 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this article, I directly test the hypothesis that interactions between inventors of different firms drive knowledge spillovers. I construct a network of publicly traded companies in which each link is a function of the relative proportion of two firms’ inventors who have former patent collaborators in both organizations. I use this measure to weigh the impact of R&D performed by each firm on the productivity and innovation outcomes of its network linkages. An empirical concern is that the resulting estimates may reflect unobserved, simultaneous determinants of firm performance, network connections, and external R&D. I address this problem with an innovative IV strategy, motivated by a game-theoretic model of firm interaction. I instrument the R&D of one firm’s connections with that of other firms that are sufficiently distant in network space. With the resulting spillover estimates, I calculate that among firms connected to the network the marginal social return of R&D amounts to approximately 112% of the marginal private return.
Is the Caprini Score Predictive of Venothromboembolism Events in Orthopaedic Fracture Patients?
Authors: Dashe Jesse , Parisien Robert L. , Pina Matthew , De Giacomo Anthony F. , Tornetta Paul 
Published: May 2019

Objective:
Explore the validity of the Caprini Score in orthopaedic patients with lower-extremity fractures.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Level I trauma academic medical center.

Patients/Participants:
Eight hundred forty-eight patients with lower-extremity fractures from 2002 to 2015 with exclusion criteria: minors, follow-up less than 30 days.

Intervention:
Stratify patients into 2 groups: high-risk (pelvic and acetabular fractures) and low-risk groups (isolated foot and ankle fractures).

Main Outcome:
Caprini Score, fracture classification, length of follow-up, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) chemoprophylaxis, and venothromboembolism (VTE) events [DVT and/or pulmonary embolism (PE)] diagnosed with objective testing.

Results:
Eight hundred forty-eight patients (499 M; 349 F) 18–93 years of age (average 43.7) with average body mass index of 29. Three hundred high-risk and 548 low-risk patients with no differences in demographics with average follow-up of 288 days. There were 33 (3.9%) VTE events, which were more common in the high-risk group (8%: 9 DVT, 15 PE) than the low-risk group (1.6%: 8 DVT, 1 PE) (P < 0.0001). The cutoff that best-predicted VTE events based on receiver-operating curves was 12 (c = 0.74) in the high-risk group, 11 (c = 0.79) in the low-risk group, and 12 (c = 0.83) overall.

Conclusion:
There was a significant lower VTE rate found in the low-risk group, but the Caprini prediction model was not significantly different between the 2 groups. This displays that patient factors play a large role in the development of VTE events independent of injury type. The Caprini score may help identify patients who may require increased protection.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Managing Today’s Workforce to Meet Tomorrow’s Challenges
Authors: Webb Patricia Golden 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARY
Healthcare is facing a world of change. New regulations, rapid advances in information technology, shifts in payment from volume to value, consumer demands for better access to care, increased public scrutiny of outcomes, patient safety concerns, and business consolidation all add increasing degrees of difficulty to the work that healthcare leaders do. Effective management of a diverse workforce can make a significant impact on all of these challenges.
This article covers four aspects of workforce management: talent, leadership, technology, and culture. Each is described, along with tactics to address it. The recommendations are based on both my research of human capital management and my experience as a senior human resource officer and healthcare executive, now with the nation’s third-largest nonprofit health system, Catholic Health Initiatives.
Considerations Around Predicting Physician Assistant National Certifying Exam Scores From PACKRAT®: A Multiprogram Study
Authors: Honda Trenton , Barry Carey , Buchs Shalon R. , Garbas Breann L. , Hibbard Susan T. , McLellan Alison , Riethle Theresa , Swanchak Lori E. 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
The Physician Assistant Clinical Knowledge Rating and Assessment Tool (PACKRAT®) is a known predictor of performance on the Physician Assistant National Certifying Exam (PANCE). It is unknown, however, whether these associations (1) vary across programs; (2) differ by PACKRAT metrics (first-year [PACKRAT 1], second-year [PACKRAT 2], and composite score [arithmetic mean of PACKRAT 1 and PACKRAT 2]); or (3) are modified by demographic or socioeconomic variables.

Methods
Linear and logistic hierarchical regression models (HRMs) were used to evaluate associations between PACKRAT metrics and (1) continuous PANCE scores and (2) odds of low PANCE performance (LPP), respectively. Likelihood ratio tests were used to evaluate differences in associations between programs and effect modification by demographic and socioeconomic variables. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to examine the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values for various PACKRAT metrics/cut points. Models were adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic variables. The PACKRAT scores were standardized for each year to the national mean and SD.

Results
Adjusted HRMs across 5 programs (n = 1014) found the composite score to have the strongest association, with a 10-percentile–point increase associated with a 22-point (95% confidence interval [CI]: 19–26) increase in PANCE score. The composite score also strongly predicted decrements in odds of LPP (odds ratio: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.38–0.55). Hierarchical regression models and ROC curves identified significant variability in associations among programs. Effect modification was not observed by any investigated variable.

Conclusions
The composite score had the largest magnitudes of association with PANCE scores and odds of LPP. The significant difference in association identified between programs suggests that the predictive ability of the exam is not uniform. The lack of effect modification by demographic and socioeconomic variables suggests that associations do not significantly differ by these metrics.
Prediction of acute kidney injury: the ratio of renal resistive index to semiquantitative power Doppler ultrasound score—a better predictor?
Authors: Zhi Hai Jun , Zhao Jing , Nie Shen , Ma Yun Jie , Cui Xiao Ya , Zhang Meng , Li Yong 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This study aimed to explore the diagnostic performance of the ratio of renal resistive index (RRI) to semiquantitative power Doppler ultrasound (PDU) score in predicting acute kidney injury (AKI) 3 in critically ill patients.
This study was a prospective, observational study that included 101 critically ill patients. RRI and semiquantitative PDU score were measured within 6 hours following admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). The ratio of RRI to PDU (RRI/PDU) was calculated as follows: RRI / PDU. If PDU score was 0, the RRI/PDU was 1. Meanwhile, AKI was defined according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria.
Median RRI/PDU was 0.234 (0.190, 0.335) in patients with AKI 0–2 and 0.636 (0.411, 0.738) in patients with AKI 3 (P < .001). As assessed by the area under the receiver operator characteristic curves (AUC), RRI/PDU performed best in diagnosing AKI 3 [AUC = 0.935 (95% CI: 0.868–0.974)]. Optimal cuto for RRI/PDU was > 0.37, and the sensitivity and specificity were 90.5% and 90.0%, respectively. In 93 patients, except for 8 patients with a PDU score of 0, the AUC of RRI/PDU [0.938 (95% CI: 0.868–0.977)] was superior to the PDU score (0.905 [95% CI: 0.826–0.956], P = .133), RRI [0.782 (95% CI: 0.684–0.861), P = .016], serum creatinine [0.801 (95% CI: 0.705–0.877), P = .017], or 6 hours AKI stage (0.876 [95% CI: 0.791–0.935], P = .110) in predicting AKI 3 on D5.
In our study, RRI, PDU score, RRI/PDU, and 6 hours AKI stage were useful in predicting AKI 3. Furthermore, RRI/PDU may be a better predictor of AKI 3.
Effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on hard exudates in patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Moon Sang Woong , Shin Yong Un , Cho Heeyoon , Bae So Hyun , Kim Ha Kyoung 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Purpose:
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of orally administered grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) in patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR).

Methods:
In this randomized (1:2:2), multicentre, double-blind trial, patients (n = 124; age: 40–78 years) were administered placebo, calcium dobesilate (CD; 750 mg/d), or GSPE (150 mg/d) orally for up to 12 months. All patients had retinal thickening with hard exudates (HEs) that met predefined criteria; the median best-corrected visual acuity was 0.8, as assessed using the Snellen visual acuity card. The main outcome measure was an improvement in HEs by at least 1 grade on a 10-grade severity scale. This was evaluated using fundus photography over 1 year.

Results:
The rate of improvement in the HE severity was higher in the GSPE group than in the CD group. No statistically significant difference existed among the study groups in optical coherence tomography parameters, such as central subfield macular thickness and total macular volume (TMV). However, in the GSPE group, TMV after 9 months of treatment was significantly decreased compared with that at baseline. The GSPE group showed a significantly greater improvement in HE severity than did the placebo or CD group. Four cases in the GSPE group and 2 in the CD group were determined to have developed potential treatment-related adverse reactions, which were all gastrointestinal in nature.

Conclusions:
Oral GSPE therapy for 1 year improved HEs in patients with NPDR. The efficacy of GSPE for HEs was higher than that of oral CD in the study patients.
Effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical surgery for FIGO stage IB2/IIA2 cervical cancer
Authors: Zhao Hui , He Yue , Zhu Li-Rong , Wang Jian-Liu , Guo Hong-Yan , Xu Ting , Wang Yi-Qin , Yao Ying , Wu Yu-Mei 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This study compared the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by radical surgery (RS) vs primary surgical treatment (PST) in patients diagnosed with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IB2/IIA2 cervical cancer.
Data of 303 cervical cancer patients who received primary therapy for stage IB2/IIA2 cervical cancer at 7 medical centers in Beijing, China between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2016 and followed through December 31, 2017 were collected retrospectively. The response rates, surgical characteristics, and overall survival (OS) durations of patients who received NACT followed by RS were compared to those of patients who received PST.
An improved short-term complete response rate was observed among patients who received intra-arterial chemotherapy compared with patients who had intravenous chemotherapy (18.3% vs 4.1%, P
difference = .020). Patients who received NACT were more likely to undergo laparoscopic surgery and to have a lower blood loss volume (555.4 ± 520.2 ml vs PST, 682.5 ± 509.8 ml; P = .036) and increased estimated operative time (249.9 ± 101.9 vs PST, 225.1 ± 76.5 min; P = .022). No differences in high-risk factors (HRFs), the effects of supplemental treatment, or 5-year OS were observed between patients who received NACT and PST.
Our findings indicate that patients who received NACT for FIGO stage IB2/IIA2 cervical cancer were more likely to undergo laparoscopic surgery. These findings have important implications regarding treatment with curative intent for stage IB2/IIA2 cervical cancer and warrant a further analysis of treatment strategies to ensure adequate treatment and patient-centered care.
Effectiveness of sigmoidoscopy for assessing ulcerative colitis disease activity and therapeutic response
Authors: Lin Wei-Chen , Chang Chen-Wang , Chen Ming-Jen , Hsu Tzu-Chi , Wang Horng-Yuan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) typically begins in the rectum and progresses proximally in a contiguous fashion without skip lesions. Post-treatment inflammation distribution can change over time. Colonoscopy is unpleasant for the patient and clinical trials often use sigmoidoscopy for evaluation of disease severity. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether sigmoidoscopy is adequate to assess disease activity and therapeutic response as colonoscopy.
We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent colonoscopy for the initial diagnosis and follow-up by evaluating their mucosal inflammation in our hospital from January 2012 and December 2017.
A total of 69 patients were analyzed. During follow up, the inflamed segment changed post-treatment in 62% (43/69). Extensive UC was common in the changed disease extent group (P < .01). Patients treated with oral mesalazine had a higher rate of changed disease extent (P < .01). The sigmoid segment was the most commonly involved segment, and the rectum was the severely inflamed segment during initial diagnosis and follow-up. According to Mayo endoscopic subscore (MES) in the most severely inflamed colonic and rectosigmoid segment, there were high degrees of correlation in the initial UC diagnosis (r = .90, P < .01) and follow-up (r = .74, P < .01).
Our findings suggest that sigmoidoscopy is effective as colonoscopy for detecting disease activity and evaluating therapeutic response in UC patients during follow-up.