bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Energy Density Asymmetric Supercapacitor Based ZnS/NiCo2S4/Co9S8 Nanotube Composites Materials
Authors: Sui Yanwei , Zhang Yuanming , Hu Haihua , Xu Qin , Yang Fei , Li Zhaosheng 
Published: March 2018

AbstractFlexible energy storage devices are leading to many researches owing to the huge development prospects, especially the energy storage materials. Recently, ZnS/NiCo2S4/Co9S8 nanotube (ZNCN) is synthesized by adding rod‐like ZnO during hydrothermal process, differing from previous reports. The capacitance of ZNCN electrode is 1618.1 F g−1 at the current density of 1 A g−1 in 2 m KOH, a 1.2‐fold enhancement with respect to the pristine NiCo2S4/Co9S8 (NC) (1348 F g−1), a 1.44‐fold enhancement with respect to the pristine NiCo2S4 (1127 F g−1). ZNCN electrode maintains 77% of the original specific capacitance after 5000 cycles at 15 A g−1. An asymmetric supercapacitor is assembled using ZNCN as its positive electrode and the hydrated ferric oxide (FeOOH) deposited on the carbon cloth as negative electrode (ZNCN//FeOOH) to demonstrate performance. The as‐assembled device can operate in a voltage region of 1.6 V, at a power density of 0.75 kW kg−1, the energy density reaches 66 Wh kg−1, when solid‐state electrolyte and diaphragm are assembled into a flexible solid‐state device, it can successfully light up the LED light. The ZNCN in this study may provide a new material for flexible electronic devices, while providing a new strategy for energy storage applications.
Molecular Design of Blue Phosphorescent Host Materials for Phenylimidazole‐Type Blue Triplet Emitters to Extend Operational Lifetime
Authors: Byeon Sung Yong , Han Si Hyun , Lee Jun Yeob 
Published: March 2018

AbstractHerein, a molecular design to improve the quantum efficiency and lifetime of blue phosphorescent devices by managing the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital is developed. This is accomplished by introducing a strong electron‐withdrawing cyano (CN) moiety into the chemical structure, which is made up of carbazolylcarbazole and dibenzothiophene. The CN moiety is selectively introduced into the dibenzothiophene unit or carbazolylcarbazole unit to investigate the effect of the CN position on the device performance of blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). It is demonstrated that substituting CN into dibenzothiophene effectively facilitates electron injection and enhances the quantum efficiency of the blue OLEDs. A high external quantum efficiency of 26.8% is achieved in the blue phosphorescent devices using an imidazole ligand‐derived Ir emitter based on the molecular design to modify dibenzothiophene with the CN moiety. This also extends the lifetime of the blue phosphorescent device doped with the CN‐modified, imidazole ligand‐derived Ir emitter.
In Situ Atomic‐Scale Study of Particle‐Mediated Nucleation and Growth in Amorphous Bismuth to Nanocrystal Phase Transformation
Authors: Li Junjie , Chen Jiangchun , Wang Hua , Chen Na , Wang Zhongchang , Guo Lin , Deepak Francis Leonard 
Published: March 2018

AbstractUnderstanding classical and nonclassical mechanisms of crystal nucleation and growth at the atomic scale is of great interest to scientists in many disciplines. However, fulfilling direct atomic‐scale observation still poses a significant challenge. Here, by taking a thin amorphous bismuth (Bi) metal nanosheet as a model system, direct atomic resolution of the crystal nucleation and growth initiated from an amorphous state of Bi metal under electron beam inside an aberration‐corrected transmission electron microscope is provided. It is shown that the crystal nucleation and growth in the phase transformation of Bi metal from amorphous to crystalline structure takes place via the particle‐mediated nonclassical mechanism instead of the classical atom‐mediated mechanism. The dimension of the smaller particles in two contacted nanoparticles and their mutual orientation relationship are critical to governing several coalescence pathways: total rearrangement pathway, grain boundary migration‐dominated pathway, and surface migration‐dominated pathway. Sequential strain analyses imply that migration of the grain boundary is driven by the strain difference in two Bi nanocrystals and the coalescence of nanocrystals is a defect reduction process. The findings may provide useful information to clarify the nanocrystal growth mechanisms of other materials on the atomic scale.
FeIn2S4 Nanocrystals: A Ternary Metal Chalcogenide Material for Ambipolar Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Kim Hyunjung , Tiwari Anand P. , Hwang Eunhee , Cho Yunhee , Hwang Heemin , Bak Sora , Hong Yeseul , Lee Hyoyoung 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAn ambipolar channel layer material is required to realize the potential benefits of ambipolar complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistors, namely their compact and efficient nature, reduced reverse power dissipation, and possible applicability to highly integrated circuits. Here, a ternary metal chalcogenide nanocrystal material, FeIn2S4, is introduced as a solution‐processable ambipolar channel material for field‐effect transistors (FETs). The highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the FeIn2S4 nanocrystals are determined to be −5.2 and −3.75 eV, respectively, based upon cyclic voltammetry, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and diffraction reflectance spectroscopy analyses. An ambipolar FeIn2S4 FET is successfully fabricated with Au electrodes (E
F = −5.1 eV), showing both electron mobility (14.96 cm2 V−1 s−1) and hole mobility (9.15 cm2 V−1 s−1) in a single channel layer, with an on/off current ratio of 105. This suggests that FeIn2S4 nanocrystals may be a promising alternative semiconducting material for next‐generation integrated circuit development.
Observation of Pseudocapacitive Effect and Fast Ion Diffusion in Bimetallic Sulfides as an Advanced Sodium‐Ion Battery Anode
Authors: Fang Guozhao , Wu Zhuoxi , Zhou Jiang , Zhu Chuyu , Cao Xinxin , Lin Tianquan , Chen Yuming , Wang Chao , Pan Anqiang , Liang Shuquan 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are promising next‐generation alternatives due to the low cost and abundance of sodium sources. Yet developmental electrodes in SIBs such as transition metal sulfides have huge volume expansion, sluggish Na+ diffusion kinetics, and poor electrical conductivity. Here bimetallic sulfide (Co9S8/ZnS) nanocrystals embedded in hollow nitrogen‐doped carbon nanosheets are demonstrated with a high sodium diffusion coefficient, pseudocapacitive effect, and excellent reversibility. Such a unique composite structure is designed and synthesized via a facile sulfidation of the CoZn‐MOFs followed by calcination and is highly dependant on the reaction time and temperature. The optimized Co1Zn1‐S(600) electrode exhibits excellent sodium storage performance, including a high capacity of 542 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, good rate capability at 10 A g−1, and excellent cyclic stability up to 500 cycles for half‐cell. It also shows potential in full‐cell configuration. Such capabilities will accelerate the adoption of sodium‐ion batteries for electrical energy applications.
Marinobufagenin inhibits glioma growth through sodium pump α1 subunit and ERK signaling‐mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway
Authors: Lan Yu‐Long , Wang Xun , Lou Jia‐Cheng , Xing Jin‐Shan , Zou Shuang , Yu Zhen‐Long , Ma Xiao‐Chi , Wang Hongjin , Zhang Bo 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMalignant glioma is one of the most challenging central nervous system diseases to treat and has high rates of recurrence and mortality. Current therapies often fail to control tumor progression or improve patient survival. Marinobufagenin (MBG) is an endogenous mammalian cardiotonic steroid involved in sodium pump inhibition. Currently, various studies have indicated the potential of MBG in cancer treatments; however, the precise mechanisms are poorly understood. The functions of MBG were examined using colony formation, migration, cell cycle, and apoptosis assays in glioma cells. A mitochondrial membrane potential assay was performed to determine the mitochondrial transmembrane potential change, and cytochrome c release from mitochondria was assayed by fluorescence microscopy. An immunofluorescence assay was performed, and the nuclear translocation of NF‐κB in glioma cells was confirmed by confocal microscopy. Western blotting and RT‐qPCR were used to detect the protein and gene expression levels, respectively. In addition, transfection experiment of ATP1A1‐siRNA was further carried out to confirm the role of sodium pump α1 subunit in the anticancer effect of MBG in human glioma. The apoptosis‐promoting and anti‐inflammatory effects of MBG were further investigated, and the sodium pump α1 subunit and the ERK signaling pathway were found to be involved in the anticancer effect of MBG. The in vivo anticancer efficacy of MBG was also tested in xenografts in nude mice. Thus, therapies targeting the ERK signaling‐mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathways regulated by MBG might represent potential treatments for human glioma, and this study could accelerate the finding of newer therapeutic approaches for malignant glioma treatment.
Iron‐Doped Bismuth Tungstate with an Excellent Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Hu Tingxia , Li Haiping , Du Na , Hou Wanguo 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe metal‐doping of Bi‐based oxide photocatalysts to enhance the photocatalytic performance has been a research hotspot in recent years, but the research on the mechanism of doping‐induced photoactivity improvement is still incomplete. To illustrate the mechanism completely and clearly, Fe‐doped Bi2WO6, as an example, was synthesized by a facile hydrothermal route. Fe‐doped Bi2WO6 exhibits a much higher photoactivity than pure Bi2WO6 in the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) and salicylic acid (SA). By replacing W6+, the Fe3+ doping narrows the energy band gap and generates many oxygen vacancies, which can increase the adsorption of both RhB and SA, and the introduced defect and Fe‐doping energy levels in the band gap of Bi2WO6 increase the separation efficiency of photoinduced charge carriers significantly. These lead to the considerable photoactivity enhancement of Fe‐doped Bi2WO6. The photoactivity of Fe‐doped Bi2WO6 is stable and superior to that of most reported modified Bi2WO6 photocatalysts. This work illustrates in detail the mechanism for the photoactivity improvement of Fe‐doped Bi2WO6, which benefits the research of other metal‐doped photocatalysts.
Artificial Photosynthesis of Methanol by Mn:CdS and CdSeTe Quantum Dot Cosensitized Titania Photocathode in Imine‐Based Ionic Liquid Aqueous Solution
Authors: Nie Rong , Ma Wenjie , Dong Yapeng , Xu Yanjie , Wang Jinyuan , Wang Jianguo , Jing Huanwang 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe artificial photosynthesis (APS) of carbon‐based chemicals from CO2 and water is a promising strategy for solar energy conversion and storage. A new Mn‐doped CdS and CdSeTe quantum dot cosensitized TiO2 photocathode was fabricated and applied to CO2 reduction in an APS cell with modified BiVO4 as the counter electrode. The 3 D structure of the photocathode constructed by Mn:CdS and CdSeTe quantum dots showed a high efficiency for light harvesting and electron transfer in this system to yield methanol at a rate of 90 μm h−1 cm−2 at −0.9 V versus the saturated calomel electrode under 200 mW cm−2 irradiation. Methanol could also be produced by a two‐electrode system under the same conditions. 13CO2‐labeling experiments were performed to show that the carbon‐based products are derived from CO2. A mechanism for CO2 reduction in this new APS cell was proposed based on the experimental results. In addition, headspace GC was used to quantify the products by an external standard method.
Co‐occurrence dynamics of endangered Lower Keys marsh rabbits and free‐ranging domestic cats: Prey responses to an exotic predator removal program
Authors: Cove Michael V. , Gardner Beth , Simons Theodore R. , O'Connell Allan F. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe Lower Keys marsh rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris hefneri) is one of many endangered endemic species of the Florida Keys. The main threats are habitat loss and fragmentation from sea‐level rise, development, and habitat succession. Exotic predators such as free‐ranging domestic cats (Felis catus) pose an additional threat to these endangered small mammals. Management strategies have focused on habitat restoration and exotic predator control. However, the effectiveness of predator removal and the effects of anthropogenic habitat modifications and restoration have not been evaluated. Between 2013 and 2015, we used camera traps to survey marsh rabbits and free‐ranging cats at 84 sites in the National Key Deer Refuge, Big Pine Key, Florida, USA. We used dynamic occupancy models to determine factors associated with marsh rabbit occurrence, colonization, extinction, and the co‐occurrence of marsh rabbits and cats during a period of predator removal. Rabbit occurrence was positively related to freshwater habitat and patch size, but was negatively related to the number of individual cats detected at each site. Furthermore, marsh rabbit colonization was negatively associated with relative increases in the number of individual cats at each site between survey years. Cat occurrence was negatively associated with increasing distance from human developments. The probability of cat site extinction was positively related to a 2‐year trapping effort, indicating that predator removal reduced the cat population. Dynamic co‐occurrence models suggested that cats and marsh rabbits co‐occur less frequently than expected under random conditions, whereas co‐detections were site and survey‐specific. Rabbit site extinction and colonization were not strongly conditional on cat presence, but corresponded with a negative association. Our results suggest that while rabbits can colonize and persist at sites where cats occur, it is the number of individual cats at a site that more strongly influences rabbit occupancy and colonization. These findings indicate that continued predator management would likely benefit endangered small mammals as they recolonize restored habitats.
The effects of food and parasitism on reproductive performance of a wild rodent
Authors: Shaner Pei‐Jen L. , Yu Ai‐Yun , Li Shou‐Hsien , Hou Ching‐Ho 
Published: March 2018

AbstractFood and parasitism can have complex effects on small mammal reproduction. In this study, we tested the effects of sex, food, and parasitism on reproductive performance of the Taiwan field mouse (Apodemus semotus). In a field experiment, we increased food availability for a portion of the mice in the population by providing sorghum seeds to a set of food stations. We reduced parasite intensity of randomly chosen mice through ivermectin treatment. We determined the number and quality of offspring for the mice using paternity analysis. We quantified seed consumption with stable carbon isotope values of mouse plasma and parasite intensity with fecal egg counts of intestinal nematodes and cestodes (FEC). In a laboratory experiment, we reduced parasite intensity of randomly chosen mice through ivermectin treatment. We quantified their immune functions by total white blood cell count, percent granulocyte count, and percent lymphocyte count through hematological analyses. We measured the FEC and energy intake of the mice. From the field experiment, the number of offspring in A. semotus increased with increasing seed consumption. Due to the trade‐off between number and quality of offspring, the offspring quality decreased with increasing seed consumption for the females. The ivermectin treatment did not affect offspring number or quality. However, the FEC was positively correlated with number of offspring. In the laboratory experiment, the percent lymphocyte/granulocyte count changed with parasite intensity at low energy intake, which was relaxed at high energy intake. This study demonstrated positive effects of food availability and neutral effects of parasitism on A. semotus reproduction. However, the benefits of food availability for the females need to take into account the offspring number–quality trade‐off, and at high infection intensity, parasitism might negatively affect offspring quality for the males. We suggest that food availability could mediate the relationships between parasite intensity and immune responses.
Timely supplemental irrigation changed nitrogen use of wheat by regulating root vertical distribution
Authors: Wu Baojian , Zhang Hongbo , Wang Dong 
Published: March 2018

AbstractCrop nitrogen (N) uptake depends on the root absorption area and the soil N availability which are closely related to the soil water status. With the increasing water shortages in the North China Plain, supplemental irrigation (SI) to winter wheat is a promising technique. To clarify the relationships between water and nitrogen use, four SI regimes in Tritcum aestivum L. cv. Jimai 22 were set up: no‐irrigation after emergence (T1), SI at jointing and anthesis (T2), SI at sowing, jointing and anthesis (T3), and SI at pre‐wintering, jointing and anthesis (T4). The results indicate that T2 had higher root length density (RLD) and root surface area density (RAD) in the 0–20, 60–80, and 80–100 cm soil layers, as well as higher post‐anthesis N uptake from soil by 23–26% in 2012–2013 and 162–177% in 2013–2014, compared to T3 and T4. The grain yield under T2 was lower than T3 but was not significantly different from T4, whereas its water use efficiency (WUE) was higher relative to both T3 and T4. There were no significant differences among T2, T3, and T4 in N use efficiency (NUE). The N uptake after jointing and WUE were positively correlated with the RLD and RAD in the 0–20 cm soil layer. The NUE was positively correlated with the RLD and RAD in the 20–40 cm soil layer. These results indicate that timely SI at jointing and anthesis was dependent on a suitable water supply at sowing, which increased the soil water content in the upper soil layer after jointing and improved the absorption area of the roots in both the deep and surface soil layers; this further improved the post‐anthesis N uptake from the soil and the WUE. This approach can be a valuable way to maintain high grain yields and NUE in winter wheat while using less irrigation and achieving higher WUE in the North China Plain.
Radiation dose dependence on subject size in abdominal computed tomography: Water phantom and patient model comparison
Authors: Li Xinhua , Yang Kai , Liu Bob 
Published: March 2018

PurposeDevelopment of patient organ dose evaluation method in computed tomography (CT) needs to model the correlation between organ dose and patient size, under various conditions of scan length, tube current lineshape, and organ location. To facilitate this task, this work was to perform a comprehensive study of the relationship between the dose to water phantom and its diameter under various settings of phantom axis, scan length, and the location across or beyond the scanned range.MethodsA dose calculation algorithm and the published data by Li et al. [Med. Phys. 39, 5347–5352 (2012); 40, 031903 (2013); 43, 5878–5888 (2016)] were used to calculate longitudinal dose distribution DL(z) in 10‐ to 50‐cm diameter water phantoms undergoing constant tube current scans. The relationship between dose and phantom diameter was examined on three phantom axes (center, cross‐sectional average, periphery), at seven scan lengths from 15 to 70 cm, and at eight longitudinal locations within or beyond each scan range. The water phantom results were compared to those of patient models of eight previous studies.ResultsFor the water phantoms matching the abdominal perimeters (36.3–124.5 cm) of the GSF family of voxelized phantoms, the median and range of DL(z)(water) across scan range were consistent with those of the organ doses from the GSF phantom abdominal scans of a previous study. In 41 water phantoms (diameters 10–50 cm), DL(z)(water) at locations inside scan range decreased with increasing phantom diameters. Exponential regression analysis of the above trend yielded regression parameters approximately consistent with those of phantom or patient models of eight previous studies. However, the usual exponential function might not be optimal for modeling the dose dependence on subject size. Inside scan range, the log(dose) vs diameter curve was non‐linear on a semilogarithmic graph. Outside of scan range, dose might increase with larger subject sizes, contradicting to the exponential attenuation law. In the CT examinations of a patient population, direct modeling of organ dose dependence on patient size would be more challenging due to varying scan lengths and changing organ distances to the scan range centers.ConclusionAn efficient approach to take into account the abdominal organ dose dependences on other factors is to calculate DL(z)(water) with the water equivalent diameter, scan length, and tube current lineshape from the patient examinations, and to evaluate the organ dose to DL (z)(water) ratio, where z is at the organ's longitudinal location. The ratio may be used for abdominal organ dose evaluation in the patient examinations. How to make use of DL(z)(water) for organ dose evaluation in other body regions may be explored in the future.
A preclinical Talbot–Lau prototype for x‐ray dark‐field imaging of human‐sized objects
Authors: Hauke C. , Bartl P. , Leghissa M. , Ritschl L. , Sutter S. M. , Weber T. , Zeidler J. , Freudenberger J. , Mertelmeier T. , Radicke M. , Michel T. , Anton G. , Meinel F. G. , Baehr A. , Auweter S. , Bondesson D. , Gaass T. , Dinkel J. , Reiser M. , Hellbach K. 
Published: March 2018

PurposeTalbot–Lau x‐ray interferometry provides information about the scattering and refractive properties of an object — in addition to the object's attenuation features. Until recently, this method was ineligible for imaging human‐sized objects as it is challenging to adapt Talbot–Lau interferometers (TLIs) to the relevant x‐ray energy ranges. In this work, we present a preclinical Talbot–Lau prototype capable of imaging human‐sized objects with proper image quality at clinically acceptable dose levels.MethodsThe TLI is designed to match a setup of clinical relevance as closely as possible. The system provides a scan range of 120 × 30 cm2 by using a scanning beam geometry. Its ultimate load is 100 kg. High aspect ratios and fine grid periods of the gratings ensure a reasonable setup length and clinically relevant image quality. The system is installed in a university hospital and is, therefore, exposed to the external influences of a clinical environment.To demonstrate the system's capabilities, a full‐body scan of a euthanized pig was performed. In addition, freshly excised porcine lungs with an extrinsically provoked pneumothorax were mounted into a human thorax phantom and examined with the prototype.ResultsBoth examination sequences resulted in clinically relevant image quality — even in the case of a skin entrance air kerma of only 0.3 mGy which is in the range of human thoracic imaging. The presented case of a pneumothorax and a reader study showed that the prototype's dark‐field images provide added value for pulmonary diagnosis.ConclusionWe demonstrated that a dedicated design of a Talbot–Lau interferometer can be applied to medical imaging by constructing a preclinical Talbot–Lau prototype. We experienced that the system is feasible for imaging human‐sized objects and the phase‐stepping approach is suitable for clinical practice.Hence, we conclude that Talbot–Lau x‐ray imaging has potential for clinical use and enhances the diagnostic power of medical x‐ray imaging.