bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of high Km 5′-nucleotidase in leukemic blasts is an independent prognostic factor in adults with acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Galmarini Carlos M. , Graham Kathryn , Thomas Xavier , Calvo Fabien , Rousselot Philippe , El Jafaari Assia , Cros Emeline , Mackey John R. , Dumontet Charles 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCytarabine (ara-C) requires activation into its triphosphorylated form, ara-CTP, to exert cytotoxic activity. Cytoplasmic 5′-nucleotidase (5NT) dephosphorylates ara-CMP, a key intermediate, preventing accumulation of ara-CTP and may reduce cellular sensitivity to the cytotoxic activity of ara-C. To determine whether the level of expression of 5NT is correlated with clinical outcome in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treated with ara-C, this study analyzed the levels of messenger RNA expression of high Km 5NT by real-time polymerase chain reaction at diagnosis in blast cells of 108 patients with AML. High Km 5NT was expressed at diagnosis in the blast cells of 54% of patients. In univariate analysis, (1) patients whose blast cells contained high levels (values greater than the median value for total population) of high Km 5NT at diagnosis had significantly shorter disease-free survival (DFS) than patients with low levels of high Km 5NT (11 months versus 17.5 months, P = .02) and (2) high levels of high Km 5NT also predicted significantly shorter overall survival (15.7 months versus 39 months, P = .01) in young patients (≤ 57 years; median value for the entire population). In a multivariate analysis taking into account age, karyotype risk, and other factors found to have prognostic significance in univariate analysis, (1) high Km 5NT expression was an independent prognostic factor for DFS and (2) high levels of high Km 5NT also predicted significantly shorter overall survival in young patients. These results demonstrate that the expression of high levels of high Km 5NT in blast cells is correlated with outcome in patients with AML.
Nuclear factor-κB is constitutively activated in primitive human acute myelogenous leukemia cells
Authors: Guzman Monica L. , Neering Sarah J. , Upchurch Donna , Grimes Barry , Howard Dianna S. , Rizzieri David A. , Luger Selina M. , Jordan Craig T. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Human acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is thought to arise from a rare population of malignant stem cells. Cells of this nature, herein referred to as leukemic stem cells (LSCs), have been documented for nearly all AML subtypes and appear to fulfill the criteria for stem cells in that they are self-renewing and give rise to the cells found in many leukemic populations. Because these cells are likely to be critical for the genesis and perpetuation of leukemic disease, the present studies sought to characterize unique molecular properties of the LSC population, with particular emphasis on the transcription factor, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Previous experiments have shown that unstimulated human CD34+ progenitor cells do not express NF-κB. In contrast, primary AML CD34+ cells display readily detectable NF-κB activity as assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and gene expression studies. Furthermore, detailed analyses of enriched AML stem cells (CD34+/CD38−/CD123+) indicate that NF-κB is also active in the LSC population. Given the expression of NF-κB in leukemic, but not normal primitive cells, the hypothesis that inhibition of NF-κB might induce leukemia-specific apoptosis was tested by treating primary cells with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132, a well-known inhibitor of NF-κB. Leukemic CD34+/CD38− cells displayed a rapid induction of cell death in response to MG-132, whereas normal CD34+/CD38− cells showed little if any effect. Taken together, these data indicate that primitive AML cells aberrantly express NF-κB and that the presence of this factor may provide unique opportunities to preferentially ablate LSCs.
Induction of a long-lasting antitumor immunity by a trifunctional bispecific antibody
Authors: Ruf Peter , Lindhofer Horst 
Published: July 2002

AbstractBispecific antibodies (bsAbs) can efficiently mediate tumor cell killing by redirecting preactivated or costimulated T cells to disseminated tumor cells, especially in a minimal residual disease situation. This study demonstrates that the trifunctional bsAb BiLu is able to kill tumor cells very efficiently without any additional costimulation of effector cells in vitro and in vivo. Remarkably, this bsAb also induces a long-lasting protective immunity against the targeted syngeneic mouse tumors (B16 melanoma and A20 B-cell lymphoma, respectively). A strong correlation was observed between the induction of a humoral immune response with tumor-reactive antibodies and the survival of mice. This humoral response was at least in part tumor specific as shown in the A20 model by the detection of induced anti-idiotype antibodies. Both the survival of mice and antitumor titers were significantly diminished when F(ab′)2 fragments of the same bsAb were applied, demonstrating the importance of the Fc region in this process. With the use of T-cell depletion, a contribution of a cellular antitumor response could be demonstrated. These results reveal the necessity of the Fc region of the bsAb with its potent immunoglobulin subclass combination mouse immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) and rat IgG2b. The antigen-presenting system seems to be crucial for achieving an efficient tumor cell killing and induction of long-lasting antitumor immunity. Hereby, the recruitment and activation of accessory cells by the intact bsAb is essential.
Shortened First-Line High-Dose Chemotherapy for Patients With Poor-Prognosis Aggressive Lymphoma
Authors: Gisselbrecht Christian , Lepage Eric , Molina Thierry , Quesnel Bruno , Fillet Georges , Lederlin Pierre , Coiffier Bertrand , Tilly Hervé , Gabarre Jean , Guilmin Francoise , Hermine Olivier , Reyes Félix 
Published: July 2002

PURPOSE: Randomized trial LNH93-3 was conducted on patients who had poor-prognosis aggressive lymphoma and were younger than 60 years with two to three factors of the age-adjusted International Prognostic Index to evaluate the benefit of early high-dose therapy (HDT) with autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were randomized between doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vindesine, bleomycin, and prednisone (ACVBP) chemotherapy followed by sequential consolidation and an experimental shortened treatment consisting of three cycles with escalated doses of cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, vindesine, bleomycin, and prednisone and collection of peripheral-blood stem cells. On day 60, HDT was administered with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, etoposide, cytarabine, and melphalan followed by ASCT. RESULTS: Eligible patients (n = 370) with aggressive lymphoma were analyzed. For ACVBP (181 patients) and HDT (189 patients), respective complete remission rates were 64% and 63%. With a median follow-up of 60 months, 5-year overall survival and event-free survival for ACVBP and HDT were 60% ± 8% and 46% ± 8% (P = .007) and 52 ± 8% and 39 ± 8% (P = .01), respectively. Survival was independently affected by age greater than 40 years (P = .0003), T-cell phenotype (P = .009), bone marrow involvement (P = .003), and HDT treatment group (P = .04). CONCLUSION: Early HDT with ASCT in high-risk patients was inferior to the ACVBP chemotherapy regimen. These results indicate that the received dose-intensity before HDT was too low when compared with ACVBP and HDT and was given too early.
Interferon Alfa Therapy for Malignant Melanoma: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Lens Marko B. , Dawes Martin 
Published: July 2002

PURPOSE: No standard systemic adjuvant therapy has been proven to increase overall survival in melanoma patients. The effect of interferon alfa (IFNα) as a single agent or in combination has been widely explored in clinical trials. The purpose of this study was to assess the benefit of IFNα therapy in malignant melanoma. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of randomized controlled trials comparing regimens with or without IFNα adjuvant therapy in melanoma patients. We assessed the effect of IFNα therapy on overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), melanoma recurrences, and toxicity. The quality of each trial was systematically evaluated. RESULTS: Nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of IFNα therapy in melanoma patients were identified. Eight were published and one was unpublished. Eight trials comprising 3,178 patients fulfilled our inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Quality assessment scores ranged from 22 to 71, with a mean score of 55.4 (95% confidence interval, 53.8 to 57.0). For OS, only one trial reported a statistically significant benefit for IFNα, but our analysis did not confirm it. Two trials reported statistically significant benefit in DFS for the patients treated with IFNα, but our analysis confirmed it in only one trial. There was a wide clinical heterogeneity between included trials, making meta-analysis inappropriate. CONCLUSION: In our review, results from included RCTs demonstrated no clear benefit of IFNα therapy on OS in melanoma patients. A large RCT is required to answer whether a full regimen of IFNα therapy is effective and to identify the subgroups of patients who might benefit from IFNα treatment.
Investigation of the Prognostic and Predictive Value of Thymidylate Synthase, p53, and Ki-67 in Patients With Locally Advanced Colon Cancer
Authors: Allegra Carmen J. , Parr Allyson L. , Wold Lester E. , Mahoney Michelle R. , Sargent Daniel J. , Johnston Patrick , Klein Pam , Behan Katie , O’Connell Michael J. , Levitt Ralph , Kugler John W. , Tria Tirona Maria , Goldberg Richard M. 
Published: July 2002

PURPOSE: To evaluate the value of thymidylate synthase (TS), Ki-67, and p53 as prognostic markers in patients with Dukes’ B2 and C colon carcinoma. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis to evaluate the prognostic value of TS, Ki-67, and p53 in 465 patients with Dukes’ B2 (220 patients) or Dukes’ C (245 patients) colon carcinoma. Patients represent a nonrandom subset obtained from five randomized phase III trials and were treated with either surgery alone (151 patients) or surgery plus fluorouracil-based chemotherapy (314 patients). All three markers were assayed using immunohistochemical techniques. RESULTS: With a minimum follow-up of 5 years, our retrospective analysis failed to demonstrate a consistent and significant association between TS, Ki-67, or p53 and either disease-free survival or overall survival. Exploratory analyses did not reveal a convincing explanation for these results that are in conflict with the published literature. Notable interactions were observed. In particular, high Ki-67 levels were associated with increased (decreased) survival in patients with low (high) TS intensity. Patients whose tumors stained positively for p53 seemed to benefit substantially from the use of adjuvant chemotherapy compared with those who were not treated (P = .05). CONCLUSION: This retrospective investigation failed to demonstrate a significant association between TS, Ki-67, or p53 staining and clinical outcome.
Adjuvant Immunotherapy of Resected, Intermediate-Thickness, Node-Negative Melanoma With an Allogeneic Tumor Vaccine: Overall Results of a Randomized Trial of the Southwest Oncology Group
Authors: Sondak Vernon K. , Liu P.-Y. , Tuthill Ralph J. , Kempf Raymond A. , Unger Joseph M. , Sosman Jeffrey A. , Thompson John A. , Weiss Geoffrey R. , Redman Bruce G. , Jakowatz James G. , Noyes R. Dirk , Flaherty Lawrence E. 
Published: July 2002

PURPOSE: Patients with clinically negative nodes constitute over 85% of new melanoma cases. There is no adjuvant therapy for intermediate-thickness, node-negative melanoma patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The Southwest Oncology Group conducted a randomized phase III trial of an allogeneic melanoma vaccine for 2 years versus observation in patients with intermediate-thickness (1.5 to 4.0 mm or Clark’s level IV if thickness unknown), clinically or pathologically node-negative melanoma (T3N0M0). RESULTS: Six hundred eighty-nine patients were accrued over 4.5 years; 89 patients (13%) were ineligible. Surgical node staging was performed in 24%, the remainder were clinical N0. Thirteen eligible patients refused assigned treatment: seven on the observation arm and six on the vaccine arm. Most vaccine patients experienced mild to moderate local toxicity, but 26 (9%) experienced grade 3 toxicity. After a median follow-up of 5.6 years, there were 107 events (tumor recurrences or deaths) among the 300 eligible patients randomized to vaccine compared with 114 among the 300 eligible patients randomized to observation (hazard ratio, 0.92; Cox-adjusted P2 = 0.51). There was no difference in vaccine efficacy among patients with tumors ≤ 3 mm or > 3 mm. CONCLUSION: This represents one of the largest randomized, controlled trials of adjuvant vaccine therapy in human cancer reported to date. Compliance with randomization was excellent, with only 2% refusing assigned therapy. There is no evidence of improved disease-free survival among patients randomized to receive vaccine, although the power to detect a small but clinically significant difference was low. Future investigations of adjuvant vaccine approaches for patients with intermediate-thickness melanoma should involve larger numbers of patients and ideally should include sentinel node biopsy staging.
Challenges in the establishment of a rare plant species monitoring program using community science volunteers
Authors: Gibson David J. , Benda Christopher D. , Felsl Ingrid , Kiefer Gretel 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Community science programs enable the collection of large amounts of important data and enhance the appreciation of science among members of the public. However, there are challenges in the establishment of successful community science programs.

We report the challenges associated with the recent establishment of a community science program to monitor rare plants in the geographically diverse southern Illinois, USA region.

Over the first 3 years, our program has been successful in the collection of over 250 monitoring records for rare species through the recruitment of a group of passionate volunteers. However, our volunteers are predominantly middle‐income, college educated, white females who are not representative of the population at large of the region. We propose a recruitment strategy to broaden the diversity of our volunteers by better engaging community members who are not typically involved with plant monitoring but are interested in hiking, walking in natural areas, gardening, and restoration activities, and others who would like the opportunity to collaborate with scientists and researchers in addressing an environmental issue.

Practical implication: Community science plant monitoring programs face challenges in recruitment, retention, remoteness of field sites and data quality. Addressing these challenges through targeted recruitment strategies aimed at reducing structural and cultural barriers to participation, along with frequent program assessment, is necessary to enhance the success of these programs.
Fractal Antennas
Authors: Anguera Jaume , Puente Carles , Borja Carmen , Soler Jordi 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe combination of fractal geometry with electromagnetic theory opens an interesting window for research to find new antenna designs and applications. Fractal antenna technology applications can be divided into six main groups:Multifrequency: antenna elements, frequency‐selective surfaces (FSSs), and arrays.Miniaturization: electrically small antennas, decoupling structures, and metamaterials.High directivity radiating elements.Low‐sidelobe arrays.Undersampled arrays.Fast computational methods.This chapter reviews salient results of the work done in the fractal technology field covering the last six fields.
Leaky Waves: Principles and Applications
Authors: Simeoni Patrizio , Frezza Fabrizio 
Published: December 2024

AbstractHere, inhomogeneous waves, and, in particular, leaky waves are initially described and natural phenomena that can be expressed in terms of inhomogeneous improper waves are also introduced. The description of the physical properties of inhomogeneous waves and leaky waves and their physical characteristics will finally allow us to describe the propagation features and the radiation patterns generated by leaky‐wave antennas (LWAs), as they are conventionally defined in terms of leaky waves. Furthermore, this chapter will go into the description of LWAs families and features.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS FOR PLANAR HIGH‐FREQUENCY CIRCUITS
Authors: Rautio James C. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractNumerical electromagnetics entered mainstream high‐frequency and microwave design starting about 1990. Today, with much faster computers and more powerful algorithms and design flows, numerical electromagnetics is now considered a required part of nearly all high‐frequency design. This chapter discusses the impact of numerical electromagnetics on design of planar circuits at high frequency, including silicon and gallium arsenide‐integrated radiofrequency‐integrated circuits (RFICs), and low‐temperature‐cofired ceramic (LTCC) circuits.
COULOMB GAUGE IN ELECTROMAGNETICS
Authors: Nevels Robert D. , Michalski Krzysztof A. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractProblems in high frequency electromagnetic scattering and diffraction, where the fields are expressed in terms of magnetic vector and scalar potentials, have in the past almost exclusively been solved with the Lorenz gauge. However, in this chapter it will be shown that any wave guidance or scattering problem that can be found through an application of the Lorenz gauge can as well be solved subject to the Coulomb gauge. It will be shown that the Coulomb gauge formulation displays some unique mathematical characteristics that provide insight into the meaning and structure of potentials. Also, the component parts of the mathematical expressions for the field arising from an application of the Coulomb gauge provide a way of directly determining how the field changes with a change in frequency.
SPICE
Authors: Cheng Chung‐Kuan , Ho Chia‐Tung , Holtz Chester 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) is a program for electronic circuit design simulation and is one of the most successful academic products. Integrated circuit (IC) designers often use SPICE to check functionality, integrity, and power integrity before physical implementation (i.e., layout design) and tape‐out. Using SPICE to verify IC designs is essential for circuit validation due to the high cost of photolithographic masks and other manufacturing processes. The input to SPICE is a design “netlist,” which is composed of electronic components, such as resistance, transistor, capacitance, and sources. After the SPICE simulation, users can inspect the signal waveform or perform measurements virtually on the probing nodes in the netlist. Nowadays, there are open‐source and commercial SPICE programs for designers or researchers to incorporate SPICE into their projects. Active electronic components are usually described in the device model to reflect the current and voltage behaviors. According to user requirements, SPICE is capable of performing several types of analysis (e.g., DC, AC, transient, and DC sweep) and provides a bridge between time and frequency domain. Facing future challenges, many emerging methods and algorithms have been proposed to address the growing complexity of circuit designs and performance bottlenecks. Additionally, as technology evolves, SPICE continues to add device models to accurately capture the electronic component behavior in advanced technology nodes, such as the TSMC Interface and the Open Model Interface models.
RESONANT TUNNELING DIODES
Authors: Maezawa Koichi 
Published: December 2024

AbstractResonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) exploit the quantum tunneling effect emerging in nanometer‐scale thin semiconductor heterostructures. The RTDs feature strong nonlinear current–voltage characteristics exhibiting negative differential resistance and also extremely high operation frequency. These features make the RTDs extremely useful for nonlinear microwave/millimeter‐wave circuits as well as high‐speed digital circuits. The features of RTDs and their applications to high‐frequency circuits are discussed.
RADIO‐FREQUENCY‐INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Authors: Chongcheawchamnan M. , Karacaoglu U. , Amsdon T. J. , Robertson I. D. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis chapter gives an overview of the technology and design of radiofrequency (RF)‐integrated circuits in silicon technology. These circuits have transformed the field of wireless communications, forming the heart of sophisticated multiple‐input, multiple‐output RF transceivers for use in cellular handsets. The technology is now starting to transform new fields in the millimeter‐wave frequency range, enabling it to be used for new consumer applications such as radars for autonomous cars. The chapter describes the key active device technologies and passive components before going on to describe the state of the art in circuit design techniques. There are separate sections dedicated to the design of amplifiers, oscillators, mixers and modulators, and integrated transceivers. A final section gives an introduction to the importance of taking the packaging into account at the chip design and layout stage, as well as describing the rapidly emerging field of RF system‐in‐package technology, where sophisticated millimeter‐wave antenna arrays can be integrated with active circuits. The chapter includes 180 references to research papers describing advanced techniques developed in both industry and academia.
ANTENNA BOOSTER TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Anguera Jaume , Andújar Aurora 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSmall and multiband antennas are always playing a predominant role in wireless communications to provide range, connectivity, and ensure battery life. In this regard, antenna booster technology features small size (∼λ/30), multiband, and multi‐radio behavior and at the same time easy to be embedded into a wireless device due to its chip‐like nature. The design of antenna systems radically differs from those based on conventional antenna design relying on shaping the geometry of the antenna to determine the frequencies of operation. On the contrary, with the antenna booster technology approach, the frequencies of operation are determined by the designer thanks to the combination of an antenna booster and a matching network. By doing so, all the complexity in the antenna part is removed and most of the intelligence is translated into the matching network. This enables making an antenna booster 10 times smaller than other antennas while flexibly adapting to any wireless protocol and device. Besides, reconfigurability can be combined with the matching network increasing the flexibility to adapt to any frequency band. Antenna booster technology is finding its applications in the design of wireless devices needing operation in the frequency range from 0.4 to 10 GHz.