bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WWI in the Middle East and Africa: Nationalist Movements in a Formative Age
Authors: Erlich Haggai 
Published: October 2018

The article discusses the pre-war period, the war, and its aftermath in the larger regional context of the Middle East and the Horn of Africa. The main premise is that new movements emerged in the decades prior to the war in this area. They redefined societies and politics, and did so in terms that would later herald modern nationalism in various forms. Some of these movements were led by newly educated young generation; some were of more traditional and of more religious nature. After discussing the military stages of the war in this arena, the article presents the diplomatic dimensions of the war. In general, the two rival European camps developed diplomatic dialogues with these various local movements. Commitments and promises, which turned out to be important in shaping the post-War history of the Middle East and the Horn of Africa, were made. The pre-War movements went from ideas to reality, and the new League of Nations was involved in this transformation. The case of Ethiopia was somewhat different. The Christian empire was independent before the war, and no foreign army invaded her. Yet the developments during the war affected Ethiopian history and the entire Horn. Moreover, in the longer run, post-WWI Ethiopia had a profound impact on global history. It was the only entity in the area in question to enter the League of Nations as an independent state. It was the beginning of a long story that culminated in the 1935 Fascists invasion of Ethiopia, the ensuing destruction of the League of Nations, and the global deterioration towards World War II.
Askaris and the Great War. Colonial Troops Recruited in Libya for the War but Never Sent to the Austrian Front
Authors: Volterra Alessandro 
Published: October 2018

Between January and February 1915 an Ottoman army of 25,000 men tried in vain to invade Egypt. Subsequently the Ottoman Empire gave a hand to any Senussi military activity in neighbouring Cyrenaica (in particular the oases inland of the Libyan-Egyptian border and along the Mediterranean coast). Italy had been at arms with the Senussi resistance since as early as 1914 and had actually been dragged into the world war in Libya way earlier than the official date of 24 May 1915. In light of this, the recruitment policy of Italy and its political and military decisions in the face of war become extremely interesting. This article explores a few key issues: the increased number of soldiers from the Horn of Africa sent to Libya; the Libyan troops sent to Sicily between summer 1915 and spring 1916; and the debate over the use of African troops on the Italo-Austrian front.
Living the War Far Away from the Front: Creating Territories around Djibouti
Authors: Imbert-Vier Simon 
Published: October 2018

This article provides a general overview of the military events around Djibouti during the First World War. It then details Ethio-French relations at the beginning of the 20th century, before turning to the study of three concrete events within this territory when strategic and very local rationalities interfered. After the War, conflicting memories are an occasion to validate new conceptions of this territory. Beyond the available literature, this study is based mostly on French colonial archives in order to explain territorial conceptions.
Minder lokale mandatarissen in Brussel? Scenario’s en impact
Authors: van Haute Emilie , Deschouwer Kris , Gaudin Thibault , Janssens Rudi , Kavadias Dimokritos , Mares Ann , Pilet Jean-Benoit , Sierens Vivien , Tibbaut Aurélie 
Published: October 2018

Het aantal gemeenteraadsleden en schepenen in het Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest is relatief hoog, en stijgt bij elke verkiezing. In de debatten over het functioneren van de politieke instellingen van het Gewest wordt regelmatig het idee geopperd om het aantal lokale mandatarissen te verminderen. Deze bijdrage onderzoekt welke de mogelijke implicaties van een dergelijke vermindering zouden zijn. Drie scenario’s worden bekeken: een vermindering met 10 %, met 20 % en met 30 %. Voor elk van die scenario’s wordt gesimuleerd welke de gevolgen zijn voor de ideologische diversiteit in de gemeenteraden, de werklast voor de raadsleden en schepenen, de coalitievorming, de genderevenwichten en de positie van de Nederlandstalige verkozenen. Voor kleine fracties, voor de Nederlandstaligen en voor de genderevenwichten zouden de effecten duidelijk negatief zijn.
Fewer local representatives in Brussels? Scenarios and impact
Authors: van Haute Emilie , Deschouwer Kris , Gaudin Thibault , Janssens Rudi , Kavadias Dimokritos , Mares Ann , Pilet Jean-Benoit , Sierens Vivien , Tibbaut Aurélie 
Published: October 2018

The number of municipal councillors and aldermen in the Brussels-Capital Region is relatively high, and increases at each election. In the debates on the functioning of the political institutions of the Region the idea to reduce the number of local representatives is regularly raised. This contribution explores the possible implications of such a reduction. Three scenarios are examined: a reduction by 10 %, by 20 % and by 30 %. For each of these scenarios, the consequences for the ideological diversity in the municipal councils, the workload for the representatives and the aldermen, the formation of coalitions, the gender balances and the position of the Dutch speaking elected representatives are simulated. For the smaller groups, the Dutch speaking representatives and the gender balances the effects are clearly negative.
Differential and Overlapping Immune Programs Regulated by IRF3 and IRF5 in Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells
Authors: Chow Kwan T. , Wilkins Courtney , Narita Miwako , Green Richard , Knoll Megan , Loo Yueh-Ming , Gale Michael 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
We examined the signaling pathways and cell type–specific responses of IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 5, an immune-regulatory transcription factor. We show that the protein kinases IKKα, IKKβ, IKKε, and TANK-binding kinase 1 each confer IRF5 phosphorylation/dimerization, thus extending the family of IRF5 activator kinases. Among primary human immune cell subsets, we found that IRF5 is most abundant in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Flow cytometric cell imaging revealed that IRF5 is specifically activated by endosomal TLR signaling. Comparative analyses revealed that IRF3 is activated in pDCs uniquely through RIG-I–like receptor (RLR) signaling. Transcriptomic analyses of pDCs show that the partitioning of TLR7/IRF5 and RLR/IRF3 pathways confers differential gene expression and immune cytokine production in pDCs, linking IRF5 with immune regulatory and proinflammatory gene expression. Thus, TLR7/IRF5 and RLR–IRF3 partitioning serves to polarize pDC response outcome. Strategies to differentially engage IRF signaling pathways should be considered in the design of immunotherapeutic approaches to modulate or polarize the immune response for specific outcome.
ITALIAN SCHOLARS ON IBADISM
Authors: Ersilia Francesca 
Published: October 2018

Il contributo Ã¨ incentrato sullâ€™apporto che studiosi italiani del secolo scorso hanno dato ad una migliore comprensione dellâ€™Ibadismo. Laura Veccia Vaglieri, Carlo Alfonso Nallino, Mario Martino Moreno, Roberto Rubinacci, insieme a Vanna Cremonesi e Generosa Crupi La Rosa sono stati tra i primi a sottolineare lâ€™importante contributo degli Ibaditi al pensiero islamico e, piÃ¹ in generale, alla formazione della cultura islamica. I risultati da essi raggiunti - al di lÃ delle conclusioni di ciascuno studioso â€“ sono di fondamentale importanza poichÃ© attraggono lâ€™attenzione su questioni cruciali come il passaggio di idee e dottrine allâ€™interno della comunitÃ musulmana. Nonostante la sua antichitÃ , lâ€™Islam Ibadita continua ad essere poco conosciuto e mal compreso. Spesso si riducono le sue peculiaritÃ ad alcune dottrine politiche e ad un certo â€œpuritanesimoâ€ religioso. Ma il quadro Ã¨ molto piÃ¹ complesso. La scuola ibadita ebbe fin dalle origini uno sviluppo parallelo ma autonomo rispetto alle scuole sunnite, basato sullâ€™apporto di proprie autoritÃ e giuristi. Gli Ibaditi hanno un ricco patrimonio letterario che risale fino alle origini dellâ€™Islam, il cui studio Ã¨ di grande potenzialitÃ per una migliore comprensione sia dellâ€™Islam in generale sia dellâ€™apporto Ibadita in particolare.
EQUITÃ€ NEL DIRITTO ODIERNO
Authors: Zagrebelsky Gustavo 
Published: October 2018

The need for case-specific justice, going beyond the law as a general and abstract norm, deeply penetrates the legal practice, from its origins to the present day. Examples taken from Plato and Aristotle are illustrated in this regard. These could spark an interest in tracing the tension between abstract generalities and concrete details in the theories of justice and in the history of judicial institutions throughout the ages. These include the tensions that emerged during the Enlightenment, as well as those from the period dominated by the doctrine of law as an expression of general will that was therefore just. The work highlights the renewal of this issue, crucial for our vision of the law and our expectations of it in current constitutional state, which in many respects has gone beyond the concept of the law from the Enlightenment Ã la Montesquieu, Bentham and Beccaria, given the constitutional requirement to focus on the needs of specific cases. Within this revival, a particularly important role is played by the numerous cases in which the laws are declared unconstitutional because of their excessive generality or abstractness, or on the basis of the judiciaryâ€™s inability to pass a fair judgement on the case before them. This is a surprising result that has emerged from the principles of equality and adequacy of law, a result that also calls into question the concept of jurisdiction and problematises the suitability of a judicial organisation modelled on an official judge â€œsubject only to the lawâ€ in relation to the important, delicate and even dangerous function referred to by Plato as the â€œarte regiaâ€.
Myriad of MR imaging phenotypes of primary central nervous system lymphoma in a cohort of immunocompetent Indian patient population
Authors: Neelakantan Sankar , Kumaran Sunitha P , Viswamitra Sanjaya , Ghosal Nandita 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPCNSL (primary central nervous system lymphoma) is a chemosensitive and radiosensitive tumor, and early diagnosis has a significant impact on management. Unlike many other brain tumors, radical surgical excision of PCNSLs is not indicated because these lesions are highly infiltrative and even partial resection leads to a bad prognosis. The goal of this study is to highlight the unusual radiological presentation of PCNSLs and increase the awareness, familiarity, and global database of our observations that pose a challenge on management.
Magnetic resonance imaging findings in brain resulting from high-voltage electrical shock injury of the scalp
Authors: Chandrasekhar Dileep P , Noone Mohan L , Babu S P Harish , Bose V T Chandra 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe report a case of high-voltage electrical injury to scalp, focusing on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in brain. A 51-year-old male suffered burns to the right side of scalp and loss of consciousness following electric shock. Brain abnormalities were detected on MRI taken 4 days after the insult. Right parietal lobe neuroparenchyma beneath the scalp burn defect demonstrated homogeneous hypointensity on T1-weighted MR images, while T2-weighted images depicted hyperintensity mainly in white matter forming finger-like projections. Follow-up MRI showed that the abnormality had disappeared, indicating that the cerebral edema was reversible.
Prenatal diagnosis of congenital high airway obstruction syndrome
Authors: Lago Leal Víctor Lago , Cortés Luis Martínez , Del Cacho Carlos Seco Del 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCongenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS) is a rare sequence due to a complete obstruction of the fetal airway that blocks the larynx or trachea, either intrinsic atresia or extrinsic compression (e.g., congenital neck mass). Despite the true incidence of CHAOS is unknown, an incidence of 1 per 50,000 newborns is described. If any obstruction occurs in the tracheobronchial airway, this secretion cannot be extricated. Because of this situation, a knock-on effect starts: the enlargement of the lungs squeezes the heart and great veins, what results in a replacement of the heart to the center of the chest becoming small and dysfunctional. Decreased venous return and the failure of cardiovascular system end in ascites and hydrops. The diaphragm planes or inverts according to the severity of the process. In case of unrecognized syndrome during the prenatal period, it usually results in stillbirth or death shortly after delivery. The overall prognosis remains fatal, and long-term medical and surgical challenges for survivors remain considerable even after overcoming fetal intervention.
Predicting the molecular subtype of breast cancer based on mammography and ultrasound findings
Authors: Rashmi S , Kamala S , Murthy S Sudha , Kotha Swapna , Rao Y Suhas , Chaudhary K Veeraiah 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Aim: To determine the correlation between mammography and ultrasound features of breast cancer with molecular subtypes and to calculate the predictive value of these features. Materials and Method: This is a prospective study of consecutive patients with breast cancer presenting between January 2016 and July 2017, who underwent mammography and/or ultrasound of breast and excision of the breast mass. Patients with contralateral breast mass, metastases, h/o prior cancer treatment, and other malignancies were excluded. On mammography, the presence or absence of microcalcification was noted. On ultrasound examination size, margins, microcalcification, posterior acoustic features, vascularity, and axillary nodes were assessed. Margins were categorized into circumscribed and non-circumscribed. Posterior acoustic features were classified into four categories: shadowing, enhancement, mixed, and no changes. Vascularity was assessed based on Adler's index into grades 0, 1, 2, and 3. Grades 0 and 1 were considered low and 2 and 3 were high. Results: Tumors with non-circumscribed margins and posterior acoustic shadowing were likely to be luminal A or B subtype of breast cancer [odds ratio (JR) 5.78; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.68–9.80; P < 0.0001]. Tumors with non-circumscribed margins, posterior acoustic shadowing, and high vascularity were more likely to be luminal B subtype (JR 2.88; 95% CI 2–4.14; P- <0.0001). Tumors with microcalcification and posterior mixed acoustic pattern were strongly associated to be HER2-positive (JR 5.48; 95% CI 3.06–9.80; P < 0.0001). Tumors with circumscribed margins and posterior acoustic enhancement were highly suggestive of triple-negative breast cancer (JR 7.06; 95% CI 4.64–10.73; P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Microcalcification detected on mammography and certain ultrasound features such as circumscribed or non-circumscribed margins, posterior acoustic features, and vascularity are strongly correlated in predicting the molecular subtypes of breast cancer, and thus may further expand the role of conventional breast imaging.
Resilience, self-esteem, and body attitude in women from early to late adulthood
Authors: Izydorczyk Bernadetta C. , Rąba Monika , Sitnik-Warchulska Katarzyna 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundThere are only a few papers dealing with the correlation power of mental resources (i.e. resilience and self-esteem) and attitude towards one’s own body in women at different ages, from youth to late adulthood. The aim of the article was to present the results of research focusing on the influence of mental resources (resilience and self-esteem) on development of anti-health or health-promoting attitudes in adult women towards their own bodies.Participants and procedureThe study involved 150 female participants aged 20–55 years. The following research methods were applied: the Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale SES, the Scale of Resilience Measurement SPP-25, the Contour Drawing Rating Scale by Thomson and Gray, the Multidimensional Self-Esteem Inventory (MSEI), the Body Esteem Scale BES by Franzoi and Shields, the Eating Disorder Inventory EDI, and the Questionnaire of Behaviour Towards the Body.ResultsThe conducted analysis indicated a relevant relation between individual resources (both general self-esteem and mental resiliency) and cognitive emotional attitude towards one’s own body in the examined women. The predictors of behaviours towards one’s own body in the examined women turned out to be only a strong drive to be thin and fear of gaining weight. The strongest predictors of self-assessment of the body and the evaluation of physical attractiveness were general self-esteem and resilience. Self-esteem turned out to be the strongest predictor for satisfaction with sexual attractiveness.ConclusionsEarly diagnosis of distorted body image, and adopting a negative attitude towards it, can help to make more detailed psychological diagnosis of individual’s resources (resiliency and self-esteem) and their role in the development of the attitude towards one’s own body.
Polish version of the Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being – three factors rather than one
Authors: Kłym-Guba Maria , Karaś Dominika 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundIn their conception of well-being, Waterman et al. refer to the eudaimonist philosophy in which well-being is the active development of human best potentials and perceiving them as personally expressive.Participants and procedureThe main objective of the present research was to determine the psychometric properties of the Polish adaptation of the Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being (QEWB) and to verify the structure of the construct. Four studies were performed with a total of 2273 participants. The psychometric properties of the Polish adaptation of the QEWB were proven. To verify the factorial structure, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used, as well as exploratory structural equation modeling. The factor analysis showed that although assessing the general score of the QEWB is justified, the three-factorial structure fit best (CFI from .929 to .963 and RMSEA from .038 to .052 in all four studies). The criterion validity of the three factors was tested using the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF), measures of procrastination (PPS, NAPS), personality traits (IPIP-BMF-20) and grit (Grit-S).ResultsThe results confirm the factorial structure of eudaimonic well-being reported in the literature, which is not fully compatible with the originally described structure.ConclusionsThe current study showed the importance of considering eudaimonic well-being as a multidimensional and multifactorial construct.
Ice core evidence for decoupling between midlatitude atmospheric water cycle and Greenland temperature during the last deglaciation
Authors: Landais Amaëlle , Capron Emilie , Masson-Delmotte Valérie , Toucanne Samuel , Rhodes Rachael , Popp Trevor , Vinther Bo , Minster Bénédicte , Prié Frédéric 
Published: October 2018

Abstract. The last deglaciation represents the most recent example of
natural global warming associated with large-scale climate changes. In
addition to the long-term global temperature increase, the last deglaciation
onset is punctuated by a sequence of abrupt changes in the Northern
Hemisphere. Such interplay between orbital- and millennial-scale variability
is widely documented in paleoclimatic records but the underlying mechanisms
are not fully understood. Limitations arise from the difficulty in
constraining the sequence of events between external forcing, high- and low-
latitude climate, and environmental changes. Greenland ice cores provide sub-decadal-scale records across the last
deglaciation and contain fingerprints of climate variations occurring in
different regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Here, we combine new ice
d-excess and 17O-excess records, tracing changes in the
midlatitudes, with ice δ18O records of polar climate. Within
Heinrich Stadial 1, we demonstrate a decoupling between climatic conditions
in Greenland and those of the lower latitudes. While Greenland temperature
remains mostly stable from 17.5 to 14.7 ka, significant change in the midlatitudes of the northern Atlantic takes place at ∼16.2 ka, associated
with warmer and wetter conditions of Greenland moisture sources. We show that
this climate modification is coincident with abrupt changes in atmospheric
CO2 and CH4 concentrations recorded in an Antarctic ice
core. Our coherent ice core chronological framework and comparison with other
paleoclimate records suggests a mechanism involving two-step freshwater
fluxes in the North Atlantic associated with a southward shift of the
Intertropical Convergence Zone.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Reflectance Confocal Microscopy for Diagnosis of Skin Lesions: An Update
Authors: Rao Babar K. , John Ann M , Francisco Gina , Haroon Attiya 
Published: October 2018

Context.—
Histopathology is the current standard to diagnose skin disease. However, biopsy may not always be feasible, such as in patients with multiple nevi, a patient with a lesion on an aesthetically significant site, or in children. Recently, noninvasive techniques, including reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), optical coherence tomography, and Raman spectroscopy, have enabled dermatologists to manage skin lesions in real time without the need for biopsy.

Objective.—
To report the updated diagnostic accuracy of RCM for equivocal skin lesions.

Design.—
In this study, we retrospectively reviewed our data of clinically suspicious lesions from 2010 to 2017 that were evaluated by RCM.

Results.—
Our results showed an overall sensitivity of 98.2% and specificity of 99.8%.

Conclusions.—
In conclusion, RCM is a noninvasive real-time tool with the potential to diagnose skin lesions with high accuracy and without biopsy.
BRCT domains of the DNA damage checkpoint proteins TOPBP1/Rad4 display distinct specificities for phosphopeptide ligands
Authors: Day Matthew , Rappas Mathieu , Ptasinska Katie , Boos Dominik , Oliver Antony W , Pearl Laurence H 
Published: October 2018

TOPBP1 and its fission yeast homologue Rad4, are critical players in a range of DNA replication, repair and damage signalling processes. They are composed of multiple BRCT domains, some of which bind phosphorylated motifs in other proteins. They thus act as multi-point adaptors bringing proteins together into functional combinations, dependent on post-translational modifications downstream of cell cycle and DNA damage signals. We have now structurally and/or biochemically characterised a sufficient number of high-affinity complexes for the conserved N-terminal region of TOPBP1 and Rad4 with diverse phospho-ligands, including human RAD9 and Treslin, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe Crb2 and Sld3, to define the determinants of BRCT domain specificity. We use this to identify and characterise previously unknown phosphorylation-dependent TOPBP1/Rad4-binding motifs in human RHNO1 and the fission yeast homologue of MDC1, Mdb1. These results provide important insights into how multiple BRCT domains within TOPBP1/Rad4 achieve selective and combinatorial binding of their multiple partner proteins.Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see <xref ref-type="decision-letter" rid="SA1">decision letter</xref>).