bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy Pricing Policies and the International Trade Regime
Authors: Moerenhout Tom S H 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
Energy subsidy and pricing reform is widely heralded as a necessity to transition to sustainable development and keep global warming below 2°C. Energy pricing policies and subsidies are also at the heart of the energy–trade–climate nexus, but progress has been slow within the international trade regime. This is unlike other international organizations or networks, where progress has been more substantial. This article investigates the lack of legitimacy to regulate or coordinate pricing reform and links it to fundamentally divergent interests between fuel producers and importers. The article discusses the regulatory and coordinative potential of the World Trade Organization and preferential trade agreements. It finds that at the World Trade Organization, the Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, the Anti-Dumping Agreement, case law, Ricardian theory, and negotiation history all preempt the consideration of most pricing policies as subsidies. As a result, subsidy notification within the World Trade Organization is low and while other options for improving transparency via the Committee on Trade and Environment and Trade Policy Review Mechanism have been suggested, not much has actually happened because producers protect their comparative advantage. Therefore, support for fuel pricing reform remains on a general level via Ministerial Statements or through general provisions in preferential trade agreements that reconfirm the G-20 and Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation commitments to fuel subsidy reform. The only real advancement has been made within bilateral trade negotiations where heavyweights such as the European Union can push trading partners to abandon dual pricing policies.
The Chevalier’s Secret: Emma Hardinge Britten and the Dawn of American Occultism
Authors: Thompson Robert C 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 1876, prominent spiritualist medium and writer Emma Hardinge Britten published two books written by the Chevalier Louis de B., arguably a pseudonym she used to disguise her own opinions about the nature of the soul and the power of the occult will. As American spiritualism fell into disrepute—dogged by cases of fraudulent mediums and a culture of excess—occultism, typified at the time by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, rose up to replace it. Britten saw the potential that Blavatsky’s views on the development of the conscious will, the existence of a spirit hierarchy, and training with skilled adepts could have for spiritualism’s much less structured approach to supernaturalism, but she worried over occultism’s dismissive attitude toward a unified concept of the soul. Blavatsky tended to fracture the self into several parts in her writing, dismissed the prospect of human spirit communication, and challenged the notion that all human souls were immortal. I argue that Britten created the Chevalier in order to challenge spiritualist orthodoxy while maintaining her identification as a medium who believed sincerely in the spiritualist concept of the soul. I discuss three major areas in which Britten sought to negotiate a space between spiritualism and occultism: the consequences of mediumistic passivity, the existence of non-human spirits, and the predominance of a secret Indian brotherhood at the head of an occult hierarchy.
The detection of Coccidioides from ambient air in Phoenix, Arizona: Evidence of uneven distribution and seasonality
Authors: Gade Lalitha , McCotter Orion Z , Bowers Jolene R , Waddell Victor , Brady Shane , Carvajal Joseph A , Sunenshine Rebecca , Komatsu Kenneth K , Engelthaler David M , Chiller Tom , Litvintseva Anastasia P 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCoccidioidomycosis is a debilitating fungal disease caused by inhalation of arthroconidia. We developed a novel approach for detection of airborne Coccidioides and used it to investigate the distribution of arthroconidia across the Phoenix, Arizona, metropolitan area. Air filters were collected daily from 21 stationary air-sampling units across the area: the first set collected before, during and after a large dust storm on August 25, 2015, and the second over the 45-day period September 25–November 8, 2016. Analysis of DNA extracted from the filters demonstrated that the day of the dust storm was not associated with increase of Coccidioides in air samples, although evidence of the low-level polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inhibition was observed in DNA extracted from samples collected on the day of the dust storm. Testing over 45 days identified uneven geographic distribution suggesting Coccidioides hot spots. In 2016, highest daily concentration of arthroconidia was observed between September 25–October 20, and only sporadic low levels were detected after that. These results provide evidence of seasonality and uneven spatial distribution of Coccidioides in the air. Our results demonstrate that routine air monitoring for arthroconidia is possible and provides an important tool for Coccidioides surveillance, which can address important questions about environmental exposure and human infection.
High-energy neutrino flux from individual blazar flares
Authors: Oikonomou Foteini , Murase Kohta , Padovani Paolo , Resconi Elisa , Mészáros Peter 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
Motivated by the recently reported evidence of an association between a high-energy neutrino and a γ-ray flare from the blazar TXS 0506+056, we calculate the expected high-energy neutrino signal from past, individual flares, from 12 blazars, selected in declinations favourable for detection with IceCube. To keep the number of free parameters to a minimum, we mainly focus on BL Lac objects and assume the synchrotron self-Compton mechanism produces the bulk of the high-energy emission. We consider a broad range of the allowed parameter space for the efficiency of proton acceleration, the proton content of BL Lac jets, and the presence of external photon fields. To model the expected neutrino fluence, we use simultaneous multiwavelength observations. We find that in the absence of external photon fields and with jet proton luminosity normalized to match the observed production rate of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays, individual flaring sources produce a modest neutrino flux in IceCube, $N^{\mathrm{IC,10 \,yr}}_{\nu _{\mu },{\mathrm{\gt 100~TeV}}} \lesssim 10^{-3}$ muon neutrinos with energy exceeding 100 TeV, stacking 10 yr of flare periods selected in the &gt;800 MeV Fermi energy range, from each source. Under optimistic assumptions about the jet proton luminosity and in the presence of external photon fields, we find that the two most powerful sources in our sample, AO 0235+164, and OJ 287, would produce, in total, $N^{\mathrm{IC \times 10,10 \,yr}}_{\nu _{\mu }, \rm all~flares, \gt 100~TeV} \approx 3$ muon neutrinos during Fermi flaring periods, in future neutrino detectors with total instrumented volume ∼10 times larger than IceCube, or otherwise, constrain the proton luminosity of blazar jets.
Developing a self-consistent AGB wind model – II. Non-classical, non-equilibrium polymer nucleation in a chemical mixture
Authors: Boulangier Jels , Gobrecht D , Decin L , de Koter A , Yates J 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTUnravelling the composition and characteristics of gas and dust lost by asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars is important as these stars play a vital role in the chemical life cycle of galaxies. The general hypothesis of their mass-loss mechanism is a combination of stellar pulsations and radiative pressure on dust grains. However, current models simplify dust formation, which starts as a microscopic phase transition called nucleation. Various nucleation theories exist, yet all assume chemical equilibrium, growth restricted by monomers, and commonly use macroscopic properties for a microscopic process. Such simplifications for initial dust formation can have large repercussions on the type, amount, and formation time of dust. By abandoning equilibrium assumptions, discarding growth restrictions, and using quantum mechanical properties, we have constructed and investigated an improved nucleation theory in AGB wind conditions for four dust candidates, TiO2, MgO, SiO, and Al2O3. This paper reports the viability of these candidates as first dust precursors and reveals implications of simplified nucleation theories. Monomer restricted growth underpredicts large clusters at low temperatures and overpredicts formation times. Assuming the candidates are present, Al2O3 is the favoured precursor due to its rapid growth at the highest considered temperatures. However, when considering an initially atomic chemical mixture, only TiO2-clusters form. Still, we believe Al2O3 to be the prime candidate due to substantial physical evidence in presolar grains, observations of dust around AGB stars at high temperatures, and its ability to form at high temperatures and expect the missing link to be insufficient quantitative data of Al-reactions.
Interacting young M-dwarfs in triple system – Par 1802 binary system case study
Authors: Cheng Shelley J , Vinson Alec M , Naoz Smadar 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
The binary star Par 1802 in the Orion Nebula presents an interesting puzzle in the field of stellar dynamics and evolution. Binary systems such as Par 1802 are thought to form from the same natal material and thus the stellar members are expected to have very similar physical attributes. However, Par 1802’s stars have significantly different temperatures despite their identical (within $3\, {\rm per\, cent}$) masses of about 0.39 M⊙. The leading proof-of-concept idea is that a third companion gravitationally induced the two stars to orbit closer than their Roche limit, which facilitated heating through tidal effects. Here we expand on this idea and study the three-body dynamical evolution of such a system, including tidal and pre-main-sequence evolution. We also include tidal heating and mass transfer at the onset of Roche limit crossing. We show, as a proof-of-concept, that mass transfer combined with tidal heating can naturally explain the observed temperature discrepancy. We also predict the orbital configuration of the possible tertiary companion. Finally, we suggest that the dynamical evolution of such a system has pervasive consequences. We expect an abundance of systems to undergo mass transfer during their pre-main-sequence time, which can cause temperature differences.
H ii versus H i in the ‘green valley’ galaxies: direct comparison
Authors: Bryukhareva Tatiana S , Moiseev Alexei V 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We study the morphology and kinematics of the ionization state of the gas in four ‘green valley’ early-type galaxies at different stages of their transition from a ‘blue cloud’ of star-forming galaxies to the sequence of passive evolution. The previous H i mapping of the considered sample reveals a spatial offset between the cold gas reservoirs and stellar discs depending on the post-starburst age. Consideration of the ionized-gas properties is essential to understand the role of various feedback processes in star formation quenching. We performed long-slit and 3D optical spectroscopic observations at the 6-m Russian telescope and compared the gas and stellar kinematics. Spatial distribution of the ionized gas is in agreement with H i maps; however, the one-order higher angular resolution in the H ii velocity fields allows us to study non-circular gas motions in detail, like the AGN-driven outflow in the nucleus of J1117+51. The most intriguing result is the global H i+H ii gas counter-rotation relative to the stellar disc in J1237+39. Therefore, in this case all the observed gas in the ‘green valley’ galaxy was captured from the environment via accretion or minor merging.
The Impact of Penicillin Skin Testing on Aztreonam Stewardship and Cost Savings in Immunocompromised Cancer Patients
Authors: Foolad Farnaz , Berlin Sheila , White Candice , Dishner Emma , Jiang Ying , Taremi Mahnaz 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
Reported penicillin allergies result in alternative antimicrobial use and are associated with worse outcomes and increased costs. Penicillin skin testing (PST) has recently been shown to be safe and effective in immunocompromised cancer patients, yet its impact on antimicrobial costs and aztreonam utilization has not been evaluated in this population.

Method
From September 2017 to January 2018, we screened all admitted patients receiving aztreonam. Those with a self-reported history of possible immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated reaction to penicillin were eligible for PST with oral challenge.

Results
A total of 129 patients were screened, and 49 patients were included and underwent testing. Sixteen patients (33%) had hematologic malignancies and 33 patients (67%) had solid tumors. After PST with oral challenge, 46 patients (94%) tested negative, 1 patient tested positive on oral challenge, and 2 patients had indeterminate results. The median time from admission to testing was 2 days (interquartile range, 1–4). After testing negative, 33 patients (72%) were switched to beta-lactam therapy, which resulted in a total of 390 days of beta-lactam therapy. For identical therapy durations, the direct total antibiotic cost was $15 138.89 for beta-lactams versus $78 331.50 for aztreonam, resulting in $63 192.61 in projected savings. A significant reduction in median days of aztreonam therapy per 1000 patient days (10.0 vs 8.0; P = .005) was found during the intervention period.

Conclusions
Use of PST in immunocompromised cancer patients receiving aztreonam resulted in improved aztreonam stewardship and significant cost savings. Our study demonstrates that PST with oral challenge should be considered in all cancer patients with reported penicillin allergies.
Risk of Subsequent HIV Infection Following Sexually Transmissible Infections Among Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: Harney Brendan L , Agius Paul A , El-Hayek Carol , Fairley Christopher K , Chow Eric P F , Roth Norman , Tee B K , Leslie David , Tachedjian Gilda , Hellard Margaret , Stoové Mark 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
HIV and bacterial sexually transmissible infection (STI) notifications among men who have sex with men (MSM) have increased in Australia and many other countries. The relationship between HIV infection and other STIs has been demonstrated previously. However, the relationship between the cumulative history of STIs and subsequent HIV infection remains largely unexplored and limits our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the elevated HIV risk.

Methods
Data from HIV-negative MSM who attended high–HIV caseload primary care clinics in Melbourne, Australia, from 2007 to 2014 with 2 or more HIV and STI tests were included. Controlling for sexual behaviors self-reported at clinic visits, discrete time survival analyses using generalized linear modeling estimated the effect of an STI at the prior test event and the cumulative history of STIs (none, 1, 2, or more [repeated]) on risk of HIV infection.

Results
A total of 8941 MSM met the study criteria; 227 (2.5%) were diagnosed with HIV over the follow-up period. Adjusting for sexual behaviors, a cumulative history of repeated rectal gonorrhea infections (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 6.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.68–14.50) and a single rectal gonorrhea infection (aHR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.15–3.79) were associated with increased HIV infection risk.

Conclusions
Repeated and single rectal gonorrhea infections were independently associated with increased HIV infection risk. These findings suggest that MSM with any history of rectal gonorrhea, particularly repeat rectal gonorrhea, represent a group for whom preventive interventions for HIV should be emphasized.
Phase transition encoded in neural network
Authors: Kashiwa Kouji , Kikuchi Yuta , Tomiya Akio 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We discuss an aspect of neural networks for the purpose of phase transition detection. To this end, we first train the neural network by feeding Ising/Potts configurations with labels of temperature so that it can predict the temperature of the input. We do not explicitly supervise whether the configurations are in the ordered/disordered phase. Nevertheless, we can identify the critical temperature from the parameters (weights and biases) of the trained neural network. We attempt to understand how temperature-supervised neural networks capture information on the phase transition by paying attention to what quantities they learn. Our detailed analyses reveal that they learn different physical quantities depending on how well they are trained. The main observation in this study is how the weights in the trained neural network can have information on the phase transition in addition to temperature.
Fatigue in inflammatory rheumatic disorders: pathophysiological mechanisms
Authors: Korte S Mechiel , Straub Rainer H 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Today, inflammatory rheumatic disorders are effectively treated, but many patients still suffer from residual fatigue. This work presents pathophysiological mechanisms of fatigue. First, cytokines can interfere with neurotransmitter release at the preterminal ending. Second, a long-term increase in serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines increase the uptake and breakdown of monoamines (serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine). Third, chronic inflammation can also decrease monoaminergic neurotransmission via oxidative stress (oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin [BH4]). Fourth, proinflammatory cytokines increase the level of enzyme indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase activity and shunt tryptophan away from the serotonin pathway. Fifth, oxidative stress stimulates astrocytes to inhibit excitatory amino acid transporters. Sixth, astrocytes produce kynurenic acid that acts as an antagonist on the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor to inhibit dopamine release. Jointly, these actions result in increased glutamatergic and decreased monoaminergic neurotransmission. The above-described pathophysiological mechanisms negatively affect brain functioning in areas that are involved in fatigue.
Increasing hybrid rye level substituting wheat grain with or without enzyme on growth performance and carcass traits of growing-finishing barrows and gilts
Authors: Smit Miranda N , Zhou Xun , Landero José L , Young Malachy G , Beltranena Eduardo 
Published: August 2019

Abstract:
New European, fall-planted hybrid rye grown in western Canada is more resistant to ergot and fusarium and has lower content of anti-nutritional factors than common rye. We evaluated the effect of feeding increasing hybrid rye level substituting wheat grain and non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) enzyme inclusion in diets fed to growing-finishing pigs raised under western Canadian commercial conditions. In total, 1,008 pigs (~44 kg body weight [BW]) housed in 48 pens by sex, 21 pigs per pen, were fed diets with one of three rye (var. KWS Bono; KWS LOCHOW GMBH) inclusion levels substituting wheat grain: low (L; one-third of wheat replaced), medium (M; two-thirds of wheat replaced), or high (H; most wheat replaced), either without (WO) or with (W) enzyme inclusion (280 units of β-glucanase and 900 units of xylanase per kilogram feed; Endofeed W DC; GNC Bioferm) over four growth phases (Grower 2: d 0 to 22, Grower 3: d 23 to 42, Finisher 1: d 43 to 63, Finisher 2: d 64 to slaughter). Pen BW, feed added, and orts were measured on d 0, 22, 42, 63, 76, 91, and at slaughter weight (130 kg). Warm carcasses were weighed and graded (Destron). BW was not affected by either increasing hybrid rye level substituting wheat grain or enzyme inclusion throughout the trial. For the entire trial (d 0 to 76), pigs fed increasing hybrid rye level substituting wheat grain had decreased (P &lt; 0.050) average daily feed intake (ADFI; L 3.05, M 2.98, H 2.91 kg/d) and average daily weight gain (ADG; L 1.01, M 1.00, H 0.97 kg/d). Enzyme inclusion did not affect ADFI but tended (P = 0.080) to increase ADG (WO 0.98, W 1.00 kg/d). Enzyme inclusion improved (P &lt; 0.050) gain-to-feed ratio only in pigs fed the H rye level. Most carcass traits were not affected by either increasing hybrid rye level substituting wheat grain or enzyme inclusion. Increasing dietary hybrid rye level substituting wheat grain increased (P &lt; 0.001) cost per tonne of feed (L 240.28, M 241.28, H 242.20 Can$/kg), but did not affect feed cost per pig or per kilogram BW gain. Enzyme inclusion increased (P &lt; 0.001) cost per tonne of feed (WO 240.36, W 242.15 Can$/kg), but feed cost per pig (WO 82.14, W 80.44 Can$ per pig) and per kilogram BW gain (WO 0.96, W 0.94 Can$/kg gain) were reduced (P &lt; 0.050). In conclusion, fall-planted hybrid rye can completely replace wheat grain in grower-finisher pig diets without affecting feed efficiency, feed cost per pig or feed cost per kilogram BW gain. Inclusion of NSP enzyme would be recommended for diets including high rye levels to improve feed efficiency and ADG.
Inpatient Opioid Use After Vaginal Delivery
Authors: Badreldin N. , Grobman W.A. , Yee L.M. 
Published: August 2019

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;219:608.e1–608)
Inpatient opioid use may serve as a first opioid exposure for many patients undergoing labor and delivery, as well as result in subsequent opioid abuse or dependence. However, data regarding this issue in this patient population are limited; current literature largely focuses on outpatient opioid prescription and treatment for the management of postdelivery pain. Therefore, this study evaluated opioid use in women during postpartum hospitalization and identified both maternal and prescribing provider characteristics associated with opioid prescription and use.
Immediate Versus Delayed Pushing During the Second Stage of Labor
Authors: Sperling J.D. , Gossett D.R. 
Published: August 2019

(JAMA. 2018;320(14):1439–1440)
In an effort to optimize cesarean delivery rates, there has been extensive research examining the management of labor. A prolonged second stage of labor is associated with adverse outcomes for both mother and infant and whether women should push immediately or delay pushing upon complete cervical dilation is still unknown.
Acute Myocardial Infarction During Pregnancy and the Puerperium in the United States
Authors: Smilowitz N.R. , Gupta N. , Guo Y. , Zhong J. , Weinberg C.R. , Reynolds H.R. , Bangalore S. 
Published: August 2019

(Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93:1404–1414)
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) during pregnancy occurs infrequently yet accounts for 5% to 7% of maternal fatalities. In addition, there are significant risks to the developing fetus. The physiological changes in the cardiovascular system and the hypercoagulable state of pregnancy contribute to the increased risk of AMI during pregnancy. This study analyzed hospital admissions from a large national database to evaluate trends in the incidence, in-hospital management, and outcomes of AMI complicating pregnancy and the puerperium in the United States.
Alcohol, Cigarette, and Cannabis Use Between 2002 and 2016 in Pregnant Women From a Nationally Representative Sample
Authors: Agrawal A. , Rogers C.E. , Lessov-Schlaggar C.N. , Carter E.B. , Lenze S.N. , Grucza R.A. 
Published: August 2019

(JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(1):95–96)
In the National Survey of Drug Use and Health, the prevalence of cannabis use in pregnant women aged 18 to 44 years rose from 2.37% in 2002 to 3.85% in 2014. Corresponding rates of alcohol use (eg, 11.2% from 2001 to 2005 vs. 10.2% from 2011 to 2013) and cigarette smoking (eg, 13.3% in 2002 vs 12.3% in 2010) during pregnancy have declined. The purpose of this study was to provide more detailed characterization of patterns of substance use during pregnancy.