bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Timberland Investment Management Organizations and Other Participants in Forest Asset Markets: A Survey
Authors: Zinkhan F. Christian 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Southern acreage controlled by timberland investment management organizations (TIMOs) serving institutional investors increased by 148%, to 1.393 million ac from year-end 1987 to year-end 1990. Forest products companies were the primary source of this resource for a majority of theTIMOs making acquisitions during this time period. A 1991 survey of the 6 TIMOs, a sample of 46 forest products companies with land ownership in the South, and a sample of 132 forestry consultants serving individuals with southern holdings found that, when acquiring and selling forest, TIMOsgenerally placed greater emphasis (than the other two groups) on financially oriented criteria such as a tract's estimated present value relative to its anticipated transaction price. Many respondents reported the practice of timing timber sales through the analysis of historical price trends,implying a belief that southern stumpage markets are informationally inefficient. South. J. Appl. For. 17(1):32-38.
Harvest Felling of Residual Stems to Reduce Site Preparation Costs
Authors: Lewis Kelvin L. , Greene W. Dale 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Feller-bunchers were explored as an alternative to site preparation tractors for felling logging residuals on harvested sites. Harvest felling of residuals can reduce subsequent site preparation costs where at least 20% of feller-buncher time is available. Continuous disk sawhead feller-bunchersappear best suited for this task. Feller-bunchers are best suited for felling logging residuals averaging 4 to 6 in. dbh with 40 to 100 standing residuals/ac. In tests where standing logging residuals did not exceed 9 tons/ac and averaged 6 in. or less dbh, feller-bunchers felled this materialat a lower cost than site preparation tractors with shearing blades. Harvesting costs increase slightly as smaller stems are handled by the feller-buncher, but this may be more than offset by resulting site preparation savings. South. J. Appl. For. 17(1):39-43.
Artificial Regeneration of Baldcypress in a Louisiana Crayfish Pond
Authors: Conner William H. , Toliver John R. , Askew George R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Baldcypress (Taxodium distichum [L.] Rich.) seedlings were planted in a Louisiana crayfish pond to evaluate the effect of planting date on growth and survival. Storage techniques also were evaluated against containerized seedlings to determine the best method of holding seedlings fordelayed plantings. Seedlings planted in February had better survival and grew better than seedlings planted in July. Cold storage of bareroot seedlings was superior to tub storage or containerization for both survival and height growth. Planting baldcypress seedlings in crayfish ponds representsa viable multiple-use alternative for aquaculture operations. South. J. Appl. For. 17(1):54-57.
A Decision-Making Model to Manage or Regenerate Southern Bottomland Hardwood Stands
Authors: Manuel Thomas M. , Belli Keith L. , Hodges John D. , Johnson Robert L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A model was developed to assist managers of southern hardwoods in making a choice between two alternatives: regeneration or continued management of an existing stand. The model assigned index values to stands based solely on sample tree characteristics. Threshold index values were determinedbetween manageable and unmanageable stand situations for three sets of management objectives. Indices above a threshold value indicated high management potential, while indices below a threshold value indicated low management potential. Thirteen stands were modeled, and the model's decisionswere tested against the recommendations of expert foresters for each set of management objectives. Agreement between the model and experts ranged from 76% to 85%, depending on the management objective tested. South. J. Appl. For. 17(2):75-79.
Using Fractal Geometry to Quantify Loblolly Pine Seedling Root System Architecture
Authors: Diebel Kenneth E. , Feret Peter P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fractal geometry is a simple method of quantifying and describing complex shapes often found in nature (Mandelbrot 1983). The spatial arrangement of pine seedling roots is complex and not easily quantified. In this paper we report on a method for quantifying seedling roots based on concepts of fractal geometry.
Ten 1+0 bareroot seedlings of each of three grades of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were obtained from two Virginia Department of Forestry nurseries. The fractal dimension (D) was estimated for seedling roots using a computer-based box-count method. The results show that pine seedling roots have a fractal dimension, and the fractal dimension is highly correlated with root morphological traits. We propose that fractal geometry may be a new and efficient method to describe tree seedling root morphology. South. J. Appl. For. 17(3):130-134.
Yield Prediction for Mechanically Site-Prepared Slash Pine Plantations in the Southeastern Coastal Plain
Authors: Pienaar L. V. , Rheney J. W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Yield prediction equations with different input requirements, and intended for stand-level management planning, are presented in four separate sections: (1) Unthinned plantations with site index and planting survival at age 2 as input. Per-acre basal area and volume prediction equations are presented. (2) Thinned or unthinned plantations with age, surviving trees per acre, and average dominant/codominant height or site index as input; (3) A Weibull distribution-based yield prediction system for existing unthinned plantations with age, surviving trees per acre, and average dominant/codominant height as input. Tree volume and height prediction equations, developed for this plantation resource, are presented. (4) Future yield for thinned and unthinned plantations when an initial stand table is available. Survival and per-acre basal area projection equations of Section 2 are required to project the stand table. South. J. Appl. For. 17(4):163-173.
Response of Longleaf Pine Seeds to Storage Conditions and Pregermination Treatments
Authors: Barnett James P. , Jones John P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Although longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seeds are considered the most susceptible of the southern pines to damage during collection, processing, and storage, results of these studies show that high seed quality can be assured for periods up to 20 yr through proper handling and storing techniques. Recommendations for long-term storage include drying seeds to moisture contents of 10% or less and storing at subfreezing temperatures, preferably near 0°F. Reevaluation of stratification treatments applied under operational conditions indicates that the soaking in water that is necessary for seed imbibition reduces total germination in an amount proportional to the length of the soak. Stratification is not recommended except under very controlled conditions. South. J. Appl. For. 17(4):174-179.
Growth and Yield of Thinned Upland Oak Stands in the Boston Mountains of Arkansas
Authors: Graney David L. , Murphy Paul A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Eighty-seven permanent plots were installed in natural even-aged upland oak (Quercus sp.) stands in the Boston Mountains of Arkansas on an array of sites and representing a range of ages. These plots were subsequently thinned to stocking levels of 40, 60, 80, and 100%. Measurements were taken at plot establishment and 5 and 10 yr after thinning. We developed a system of equations from these data to predict projected total basal area per ac and current and projected values for the following stand variables: quadratic mean dbh, total ft3 volume per ac, merchantable ft3 volume per ac, sawtimber ft3 volume per ac, and bd-ft volumes per ac for the three principal log rules-Doyle, Scribner, and International ¼ in. Forest managers can use these equations to predict the growth and yield potential of upland oak stands in the Boston Mountains. South. J. Appl. For. 18 (1): 10-14.
Effects of Fertilization on Production and Quality of Japanese Honeysuckle
Authors: Dyess John G. , Causey M. Keith , Stribling H. Lee , Lockaby B. Graeme 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Effects of fertilization on Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) for improving browse production and quality were studied using paired-comparisons T-tests. Treatment consisted of liming and fertilizing according to soil analysis recommendations. Samples were collected and analyzed in spring (June), autumn (September), and winter (December) for protein, fiber, digestible nutrients and selected minerals. Fertilization increased (P < 0.05) browse production in honeysuckle by an average of 2083 lb/ac in 1989 and 2064 lb/ac in 1990. Fertilization also increased (P < 0.05) crude protein content. Fertilization of selected patches of honeysuckle is a cost-effective alternative to cultivated food plots and would provide year-round, rather than only seasonal, browse for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). South. J. Appl. For. 18(2):68-71.
Mapping Forest Plots: A Fast Triangulation Method for One Person Working Alone
Authors: Quigley Martin F. , Slater Harold H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
With two fixed target locations, the Sonin electronic measuring device enables stem mapping of forest plots and transects to be done efficiently by one person, or greatly accelerates team work. There is no cumulative mapping error within individual plots. Measurements are much faster than tape measuring and more accurate than bearing/range methods, and the equipment costs are very low. The procedures for data verification, conversion to Cartesian coordinates, and for standarization of interplot coordinates are presented. South. J. Appl. For. 18(3):133-136.
Compliance with Silvicultural Best Management Practices on Harvested Sites in South Carolina
Authors: Adams Tim O. , Hook Donal D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
One-hundred-seventy-seven harvested sites in South Carolina were evaluated for compliance with Best Management Practices (BMPs). South Carolina Forestry Commission (SCFC)foresters evaluated the roads, road stream crossings, streamside management zones, harvest operations, and log decks. In addition, each site was evaluated for overall BMP compliance, which was based on the level of both off-site and on-site impacts. Overall BMP compliance was 84.7%. Compliance was highest for log decks (97.7%), roads (92.0%), and harvest operations (89.8%) and lowest for streamside management zones (72.4%) and road stream crossings (41.7%). Nineteen variables were analyzed to determine their influence on BMP compliance. Two variables were responsible for the 27 sites with inadequate ratings: (1) the presence of perennial and intermittent streams, and (2) logging under wet soil conditions. Compliance did not differ significantly among landowner categories or physiographic regions. To improve BMP compliance, landowners should identify sensitive sites and take adequate steps to protect them during timber harvesting. South. J. Appl. For. 18(4):163-167.
Biomass and Taper for Trees in Thinned and Unthinned Longleaf Pine Plantations
Authors: Thomas Charles E. , Parresol Bernard R. , Lê Kim H. N. , Lohrey Richard E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) trees growing in thinned plantation studies in Louisiana and Texas and unthinned stands from the Louisiana sites were sampled for establishing taper, volume, and specific gravity. Stem analysis data were collected on 147 stems ranging in age from 30 to 50 yr. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) were employed to determine coefficients and to detect differences among treatments, for tree taper and specific gravity. Taper and volume equation coefficients and statistics at specified ages were developed for intermediate plantation ages by examining and aging internal growth rings from the stem sections. Biomass was computed by combining the taper and specific gravity equations. Seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) was used to simultaneously fit the system of four equations composed of specific gravity, taper, volume, and biomass, because of the correlated error structure of these equations. Biomass equations, however, could not be developed for the intermediate ages because specific gravity could not be determined or related to earlier tree ages. South. J. Appl. For. 19(1):29-35.
Scalping Reduces Impact of Soilborne Pests and Improves Survival and Growth of Slash Pine Seedlings on Converted Agricultural Croplands
Authors: Barnard E. L. , Dixon W. N. , Ash E. C. , Fraedrich S. W. , Cordell C. E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Field studies in northern Florida over 2 yr confirmed an association between certain soilborne agricultural pests and the first-year failure of slash pines (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) on recently converted agricultural croplands. Whitefringed beetles (Graphognathus spp.) and the charcoal root rot fungus (Macrophomina phaseolina [Tassi] Goid.), were associated, respectively, with up to 99 and 30% of the seedling mortality in individual study fields. Whitefringed beetles were the dominant pests in Florida's western panhandle, but M. phaseolina assumed an apparently more important role in the more drought-vulnerable sands of north-central Florida. The involvement of other soilborne insects, fungi, and plant parasitic nematodes appeared less important, but is not dismissed. Prescriptive treatments including carbofuran and benomyl root dips, soil-incorporated diazinon insecticide, methyl bromide soil fumigation, topically applied chlorpyrifos insecticide, band applications of sulfometuron and atrazine herbicides, and scalping varied in efficacy with respect to reducing pest damage and improving seedling performance. With the exception of one instance where seedlings grown in methyl bromide-treated soil performed best, seedlings in scalped rows consistently survived and grew better than seedlings in all other treatments. Across five study sites, seedlings in scalped rows averaged 83%survival, 54 cm in height, and 1.0 cm in groundline stem diameter after 1 growing season. Seedlings in check rows were among the poorest performers, averaging only 62% survival, 46 cm in height, and 0.8 cm in groundline stem diameter. Herbicide-treated seedlings performed similarly, averaging 60% survival, 46 cm in height, and 0.9 cm in groundline stem diameter. South. J. Appl. For. 19(2):49-59.
Use of FSCBG to Predict Pesticide Deposition on a Piedmont Pine Seed Orchard
Authors: Bush Parshall B. , Chapman Sandra S. , Berisford Yvette C. , Taylor John W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study demonstrates the usefulness of the FSCBG aerial simulation model as a forest management tool. In general, the model closely predicted the measured deposition of bifenthrin in a pine seed orchard. An exception was the August application during which wind gusts caused the pesticide to drift further from the application area than predicted by the model. FSCBG tended to underpredict drift and evaporative losses based on the input parameters of this study. Simulations of other registered pine seed orchard pesticides demonstrated no potential environmental risk to representative aquatic organisms in surrounding ponds or waterways based on the test conditions presented. South. J. Appl. For. 19(4):145-150.
Overstated Volumes from "Pushing" the Point
Authors: Oderwald R.G. , Gregoire T.G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
"Pushing" a prism point by failing to keep the prism over the sample point will cause volume to be overstated. The amount of overstatement differs by tree dbh, BAF, and distance the prism is from where it should be. Large dbh's are less overstated than small dbh's, large BAFs cause more overstatement than small BAFs. Large errors in prism position can cause overstatements of 7% to 19%; small errors can cause overstatements of 2% to 4%. South. J. Appl. For. 19(4):162-165.
A New Technique of Site Selection for Hardwoods
Authors: Baker James B. , Broadfoot W. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A problem foresters often face in establishing hardwood plantations is selecting proper sites for various species. Before planting, a forest manager should have confidence that a site is suitable for a particular species, and for investment planning he would like to have some idea of the site's potential productivity. This paper describes how to use a new technique of site selection for hardwoods that has recently been published by the Southern Forest Experiment Station.
Which Sand Pine to Plant in Florida? Fifth-Year Test Results
Authors: Rockwood D. L. , Kok H. R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Ocala (Pinus clausa var. clausa Ward), Choctawhatchee (P. clausa var. immuginata Ward), and Withlacoochee sand pines were established in 1970 at seven sites from Walton Country in northwest Florida to Volusia County in east-central Florida. After five years, the Choctawhatchee source had uniformly good survival but the lowest height. The Withlacoochee source was characterized by good height and intermediate survival. Ocala sand pine had the poorest survival and the greatest height. The Choctawhatchee source seems most suited for large scale reforestation, while the Withlacoochee source has potential for more widespread use than it is currently receiving.
Cultural Treatments Affect Growth, Volume, and Survival of Sweetgum, Sycamore, and Loblolly Pine
Authors: Hunt Ron , Cleveland Glenn 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
At age five, disk cultivation between trees, the maximum-care treatment, produced a statistically significant height increase for sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) as compared to trees grown on minimum-care (shear and burn) plots. Volume index (dbh² x height) of loblolly pine was significantly larger with cultivation than with the minimum treatment. Fusiform rust incidence (Cronartium fusiforme Hedgc and Hunt ex Cumm.) on loblolly pine was 1.5 to 3.0 times greater on maximumcare plots than on minimum-care plots. The hardwoods on less than the maximum-care plots experienced heavy mortality and very little growth.
Uneven-Aged Management in the Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Type
Authors: Williston Hamlin L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The advantages and disadvantages of uneven-aged management in the loblolly-shortleaf pine type (Pinus taeda L. and P. echinata Mill.) are discussed. This evaluation concludes that uneven-aged management is feasible for woodlands of small landowners. Where 4,000 board feet (International ¼-inch rule) per acre were left following a cyclic cut, the annual growth was more than 400 board feet per acre in trees 11.6 inches d.b.h. and larger.
Removal of Hardwood Vegetation Increases Growth and Yield of A Young Loblolly Pine Stand
Authors: Clason T. R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In five years, growth and yield of a pre-commercially thinned, natural, seven-year-old loblolly pine stand were significantly increased by removing hardwood vegetation. Compared to thinned-only plots, the additive effects of removing hardwood and herbaceous vegetation increased radial growth rates 36 percent and cubic volume growth 63 percent. Removing hardwoods alone accounted for a 23-percent radial growth increase and a 45-percent volume growth increase. Thinning and herbaceous vegetation removal offered no advantage above thinning alone. Optimal increases in growth were obtained when the precommercial thinning included the eradication of hardwood vegetation.
Total and Partial Stand-Level Yield Prediction for Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations in East Texas
Authors: Lenhart J. D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Observations from East Texas Pine Plantation Research Project permanent plots in loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pine plantations throughout East Texas were utilized to develop methods to estimate stand-level yield values. Predicted yields are volume in cubic feet and green weight in pounds. Predictor variables for total yield are plantation age, site index (base age 25 yr) and surviving trees per acre. Partial yield is derived using total yield and plantation quadratic mean diameter in conjunction with specified threshold dbh and upper stem dob values. Expected total yield per acre is converted to partial yield per acre by considering combinations of threshold dbh and upper stem dob values. For each combination, total yield per acre is reduced by a proportional value to estimate a partial yield per acre. South. J. Appl. For. 20(1):36-41.
Factors Contributing to Variability in Loblolly Pine Foliar Nutrient Concentrations
Authors: Colbert Stephen R. , Lee Allen H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Variability in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) foliar nutrient concentrations was partitioned into field sampling and laboratory components using data from 43 midrotation, site-prepared stands in the southeastern United States. Foliar nutrient concentrations were normally distributed; N and P concentrations averaged 1.06% and 0.100%, respectively. Coefficients of variation (CV) for individual studies ranged from 3.4 to 8.5% for N and 3.7 to 12.2% for P. Accuracy and precision of nutrient determinations exhibited practical and statistical variability among laboratories examined; average CV ranged from 1.6 to 6.9% for N and from 1.2 to 17.9% for P. A majority of laboratories achieved percent recovery [(observed ÷ known) x 100] ± 5% and CV ≤ 5% for most elements, suggesting these levels are achievable given present quality assurance (QA) technology. Field sampling accounted for 71 and 86% of the total variation in foliar N and P concentrations, respectively. Field sampling guidelines suggested to reduce the introduction of extraneous variation include careful attention to sampling season, crown class and position, foliage age, and growth flush. South. J. Appl. For. 20(1):45-52.
Fungicides Improve Field Performance of Stored Loblolly and Longleaf Pine Seedlings
Authors: Brissette John C. , Barnett James P. , Jones John P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Seedlings of loblolly and longleaf pine lifted in December, January, and February were treated with either benomyl or ridomil before cold storage. Along with an untreated control, they were planted after cold storage of less than 1 wk, 3 wk, and 6 wk. Survival was measured in mid-June after planting, and after 1 and 4 yr in the field. Total height was measured after 4 yr. The fungicide application increased survival of both species lifted in December or February and was beneficial to longleaf pine seedlings regardless of storage duration. Fungicide-treated longleaf pine seedlings had greater mean 4 yr height than the controls, but fungicides did not affect the height of loblolly pine. South. J. Appl. For. 20(1): 5-9.