bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphology of Serrated Glass Facades. Repetitive and Non-Repetitive Serration. Single and Double Serrated Facades
Authors: BRZEZICKI Marcin 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Serrated building envelopes are a very eye-catching element of contemporary architecture. This type of façade in plan resembles the edges of a serrated blade, hence the name. Serrated facades substantially influence the building’s tectonics understood as the relationship between the structural and the artistic form. They also have a major impact both on building physics (increased surface of heat exchange compared to flat facades, solar avoidance – decreased solar gains if properly designed) and on visual appeal. This paper examines façade morphology and analyses regular (repetitive) and irregular (non-repetitive) serration of façades and its influence on the aesthetic quality of the envelope. The morphological analysis also includes the direction of the serration. An exceptional feature of serrated façades is that the optical phenomena on the façade change depending on the viewing angle. The presented paper is based on case studies with special attention to morphological and qualitative analysis. Recently completed case studies serve as visual (photographs) and graphical illustrations (diagrammatic drawings). A review of technical and engineering justifications of the use of serrated facades is also included and briefly explained.
Space for University Students: Specific Requirements for “Self-Learning” Environment – Theoretical Approach
Authors: LASIEWICZ-SYCH Angelika 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The paper presents a humanistic approach in investigation of people-environment relations within university buildings. Architecture of the university buildings is considered to be a learning environment from the position of “critical pedagogy of place”. It emphasizes the importance of the place itself expressed by the specific link between building and its location understood mainly in environmental terms – not only as a functional node but also as a vital element of cultural and also natural environment (sustainable development). It also presents some of the contemporary research on learning environment focused on the topic of students’ engagement – influencing learning success, and its multiple relation with university building facilities and architecture. The theoretical considerations are illustrated by some examples of university buildings from US. The paper is a theoretical introduction to the following paper: “Students’ assessment of environmental conditions in university buildings – the research report”, which describes the method and results of research (by the same author) proceeded in a few Polish university buildings.
Impact of Envelope Structure on the Solutions of Thermal Insulation from the Inside
Authors: ORLIK-KOŻDOŃ Bożena , SZYMANOWSKA-GWIŻDŻ Agnieszka 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The article presents chosen issues related to the heat insulation of complex structure walls. Subjects covered in this study are building partitions that had been constructed in the so called “Prussian wall” technique and are located in the Upper Silesia region. Their technical condition as well as usable state are not satisfactory, especially in the light of thermal protection. One way of increasing their standard is insulating partitions. In case of historical monuments or rich architectural facades, typical insulation methods (the ETICS system) will not apply. Thus, the solution is to insulate external walls on the inside surface. This, however, causes moisture content difficulties, which means that steam diffusing through partition undergoes the process of condensation.
The authors suggest their own solutions to the problem of insulating diverse external partitions and base them on the research conducted in situ. They use The School of Music in Gliwice as an example. The measurement results obtained here were used in “heat-water content” modeling of walls for which WUFI 2D programme was applied. As shown in numerical analysis, the thickness and the sort of insulating layer have a key impact on the partition water content including wooden elements of construction. In case of walls that are 25 cm thick, the water content in the wall itself and wooden elements increased alongside the insulation material thickness, but it did not excess the permissible level, otherwise wood degradation would ensue. For “Prussian walls” that are 12 cm thick and insulated on the inside we observe exceeding the level of 20% water content, which is critical for wood durability.
These results present elementary problems that occur when buildings with “Prussian walls” construction undergo thermo insulation. Restoration process must be a compromise between the need to retain the historical aspect of a building and the need to bring them to modern heat and usability standards. On the basis of numerical analysis, possible solutions, which meet these criteria, have been proposed.
Research on Thermal Conditions in Ventilated Large Space Building
Authors: PALMOWSKA Agnieszka , MICZKA Gabriel 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The aim of the paper was to verify whether it is possible to predict thermal indoor environment in an industrial facility, characterized by large cubature and significant heat sources using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique. For this purpose, thermal imaging measurements were carried out to obtain boundary conditions, followed by numerical simulations of the airflow using the Ansys CFX software. Direct results of temperature and velocity distribution of air were analyzed for two different cases. The possibility of reducing the supply airflow rate without affecting either technology safety or thermal comfort was examined. The results of calculations can be helpful for improving the energy efficiency of the tested object by indicating the optimal operating modes for given operating conditions of the production hall.
Varying Influence of Dairy Manure Injection on Phosphorus Loss in Runoff over Four Years
Authors: Jahanzad Emad , Saporito Louis S. , Karsten Heather D. , Kleinman Peter J. A. 
Published: February 2019

Surface application of manure on no‐till farms can exacerbate P losses in runoff, contributing to the eutrophication of surface waters. We monitored 12 400‐m2 field plots over 4 yr to compare P losses in surface runoff and lateral subsurface flow with shallow disk injection and broadcast application of dairy manure. Given the substantial variability in annual P losses, as well as a gradual, annual buildup of residual soil test P, significant differences in runoff P losses were detected in only 1 of 4 yr: in 2014, total P losses in runoff were 68% greater from broadcast manure plots than injected manure plots. Dissolved and particulate P were roughly even in their contribution to runoff. Even so, there were significant relationships between annual dissolved P losses and P in the soil surface, which pointed to soils as a regular source of P in runoff. Overall, results confirm the potential for injection to reduce P loss in runoff relative to broadcast application, but because in a few sampling dates injection resulted in greater losses, this study also highlights the importance of assessing mitigation benefits of manure application practices over longer timeframes.Core Ideas
Broadcast vs. injected manure resulted in greater P loss in 1 of 4 yr and 13 of 17 dates.
Phosphorus losses in runoff mainly occurred in large precipitation events.
Lack of actively growing crops resulted in large P losses in winter and early spring.
An Investigation of Plume Response to Soil Vapor Extraction and Hypothetical Drum Failure
Authors: Behar Hannah R. , Snyder Emily E. , Marczak Stanislaw , Salazar Larry J. , Rappe Bobbie , Fordham Gerald F. , Chu Shaoping P. , Strobridge Daniel M. , Birdsell Kay H. , Miller Terry A. , Rich Kent C. , Stauffer Philip H. 
Published: February 2019

Core Ideas
Soil vapor extraction (SVE) wells are an effective interim remediation technique.
Flow and transport modeling assists in evaluation of vapor plume behavior.
Plume simulations assuming drum failure and SVE provide a framework for remediation planning.
A small borehole subset could be monitored for detection of VOC releases due to drum failure.
Soil vapor extraction (SVE) has been used at sites across the Department of Energy complex, including sites where legacy subsurface wastes represent a potential source of groundwater contamination. At Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), leakage from waste drums buried at an inactive chemical waste site has created a subsurface vapor plume of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Soil vapor extraction operation in 2015 and rebound testing through 2017 were successful in reducing the plume's mass and mitigating VOC migration toward the water table. However, the possibility that waste drums could fail and release VOCs could pose a challenge in the future. To explore the impacts of drum failure, as well as the capabilities of SVE remediation, we simulated hypothetical contaminant release scenarios and subsequent SVE remediation. Three‐dimensional subsurface VOC behavior, including advection, diffusion, and plume interactions with topography, were simulated using the porous flow simulator Finite Element Heat and Mass Transfer. Simulations of future site conditions have allowed identification of “sentry” boreholes that can be monitored for early detection in case of drum failure. Sentry boreholes can also be used to set concentration thresholds above which SVE should be initiated. For the LANL site, simulations show that SVE can be started 3 yr following drum failure and remain a viable remediation tool. More broadly, the principles outlined in this work can be used to support remediation planning at other subsurface waste sites. Predictive models of future releases can be analyzed to set concentration threshold values, guide selection of sentry boreholes, and increase operational efficiency.
Analogue Fracture Experiments and Analytical Modeling of Unsaturated Percolation Dynamics in Fracture Cascades
Authors: Noffz Torsten , Dentz Marco , Kordilla Jannes 
Published: February 2019

Core IdeasMass redistribution at unsaturated fracture intersections depends on free‐surface flow modes.A Washburn‐type flow regime is recovered via an analytical solution for capillary fracture inflow.A Gaussian transfer function predicts mass partitioning for arbitrary‐sized fracture cascades.Infiltration and recharge dynamics in fractured aquifer systems often strongly deviate from diffuse Darcy–Buckingham type flows due to the existence of a complex gravity‐driven flow component along fractures, fracture networks, and fault zones. The formation of preferential flow paths in the unsaturated or vadose zone can trigger rapid mass fluxes, which are difficult to recover by volume‐effective modeling approaches (e.g., the Richards equation) due to the nonlinear nature of free‐surface flows and mass partitioning processes at unsaturated fracture intersections. In this study, well‐controlled laboratory experiments enabled the isolation of single aspects of the mass redistribution process that ultimately affect travel time distributions across scales. We used custom‐made acrylic cubes (20 by 20 by 20 cm) in analog percolation experiments to create simple wide‐aperture fracture networks intersected by one or multiple horizontal fractures. A high‐precision multichannel dispenser produced gravity‐driven free‐surface flow (droplets or rivulets) at flow rates ranging from 1 to 5 mL min−1. Total inflow rates were kept constant while the fluid was injected via 15 (droplet flow) or three inlets (rivulet flow) to reduce the impact of erratic flow dynamics. Normalized fracture inflow rates were calculated and compared for aperture widths of 1 and 2.5 mm. A higher efficiency in filling an unsaturated fracture by rivulet flow observed in former studies was confirmed. The onset of a capillary‐driven Washburn‐type flow was determined and recovered by an analytical solution. To upscale the dynamics and enable the prediction of mass partitioning for arbitrary‐sized fracture cascades, a Gaussian transfer function was derived that reproduces the repetitive filling of fractures, where rivulet flow is the prevailing regime. Results show good agreement with experimental data for all tested aperture widths.
Turbidity reduction in drinking water by coagulation-flocculation with chitosan polymers
Authors: Soros Ampai , Amburgey James E. , Stauber Christine E. , Sobsey Mark D. , Casanova Lisa M. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Turbidity reduction by coagulation-flocculation in drinking water reduces microbes and organic matter, increasing effectiveness of downstream treatment. Chitosan is a promising household water coagulant, but needs parameters for use. This study tested the effects of chitosan dose, molecular weight (MW), degree of deacetylation (DD), and functional groups on bentonite and kaolinite turbidity reduction in model household drinking water. Higher MW or DD produced greater reductions. Highest reductions were at doses 1 and 3 mg/L by MW &gt;50,000 or &gt;70% DD (residual turbidity &lt;5 NTU). Higher doses did not necessarily continually increase reduction. For functional groups, 3 mg/L produced the highest reductions by lactate, acetate, and HCl, and lower reductions of kaolinite than bentonite. Doses where the point of zero charge was observed clustered around 3 mg/L. Chitosan reduced clay turbidity in water; effectiveness was influenced by dose, clay type, MW, DD, and functional groups. Reduction did not necessarily increase with MW. Bentonite had a broader effective dose range and higher reduction at the optimal dose than kaolinite. Chitosans with and without functional groups performed similarly. The best of the studied doses was 3 mg/L. Chitosans are promising for turbidity reduction in low-resource settings if combined with sedimentation and/or filtration.
This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.
Enzyme and Transporter Kinetics for CPT-11 (Irinotecan) and SN-38: An Insight on Tumor Tissue Compartment Pharmacokinetics Using PBPK
Authors: Fan Yingfang , Mansoor Najia , Ahmad Tasneem , Wu Zhuo X. , Khan Rafeeq A. , Czejka Martin , Sharib Syed , Ahmed Mansoor , Chen Zhe S. , Yang Dong H. 
Published: February 2019

Background:Computational tools are becoming more and more powerful and comprehensive as compared to past decades in facilitating pharmaceutical, pharmacological and clinical practice. Anticancer agents are used either as monotherapy or in combination therapy to treat malignant conditions of the body. A single antineoplastic agent may be used in different types of malignancies at different doses according to the stage of the disease.Objective:To study the behavior of CPT-11 (Irinotecan) and its metabolite SN-38 in tumor tissue compartment through the Whole Body-Physiologically Pharmacokinetics (WB-PBPK) and to determine the activity of metabolic enzymes and transporters participating in the disposition of CPT-11 and SN-38 working in their physiological environment inside the human body.Methods:Whole body PBPK approach is used to determine the activity of different metabolic enzymes and transporters involved in the disposition of CPT-11 and its active metabolite, SN-38. The concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters of the parent compound and its metabolite administered at clinically applicable dose via the intravenous route in the tumor tissue are predicted using this approach.Results:The activity rate constants of metabolic enzymes and transporters of CPT-11 are derived at their natural anatomic locations. Concentration-time curves of CPT-11 and SN-38 with their 5th to 95th percentage range are achieved at the tumor tissue level. Mean tumor tissue pharmacokinetics of both compounds are determined in a population of 100 individuals.Conclusion:Tumor tissue concentration-time curves of CPT-11 and SN-38 can be determined via PBPK modeling. Rate constants of enzymes and transporters can be shown for healthy and tumor bearing individuals. The results will throw light on the effective concentration of active compound at its target tissue at the clinically applied IV dose.
Analysis and Optimization of Sb2Te3 and Bi2Te3 Materials for Enhancing the Performance of Thermoelectric Energy Harvester for WSN Applications
Authors: Verma Gourav , Sharma Vidushi 
Published: February 2019

Background:
Thermoelectric (TE) materials are used to fabricate the thermoelectric
generator (TEG). Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) is used to convert thermal energy into electrical
energy and vice-versa. Bismuth-Telluride and Antimony Telluride (Bi/Sb)2Te3 alloys are popular
in the research community due to its capability of electrical energy generation in the range of room
temperature. The Phase Change Material (PCM) is a good source of thermal energy storage in
thermal energy harvesting. We have reviewed patents having the information of thermal energy
storage and tried to provide a better cost-effective solution in thermal energy harvesting using
Phase Change Material (PCM) and material used in thermoelectric generator. Finding the most
appropriate TE alloy for a particular application is a challenge in the research community.

Objective:
The objective of this paper is to conduct a study and analysis of performance parameter
of (Bi/Sb)-Te based TE alloy along with the effect of Phase Change Material (PCM) on energy
generation.

Methods:
An investigation over a wide range of temperature is performed. A Bi2Te3 based Commercial-
of-the-shelf (COTS) Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) has been experimentally tested in a
controlled temperature environment for the analysis of its efficiency.

Results:
This is found that maximum efficiency of 2.12% is achieved at a temperature difference of
60°C.

Conclusion:
This investigation will be useful for the selection of material for thermal energy harvesting
techniques and helps to provide an optimized framework for the research community to decide
the (Bi1-xSbx)2Te3 mixed crystal alloy for their applications.
Vietnam Syndrome and its Effects on the Gulf War Strategy
Authors: Yurtbay Baturay 
Published: February 2019

The Vietnam War killed and wounded many soldiers and civilians. US foreign policy began to shift after the War’s, end including discussions on the level of power to be used for future wars or conflicts. The United States experienced considerable anxiety over its failures in Vietnam, which was coined the Vietnam Syndrome by the media and various political sciences scholars. The Gulf War, the first serious use of US military power after the Vietnam War, began with discussions about the suitable use of force and how the Vietnam War Syndrome could be overcome. While the Vietnam War was a huge failure for the United States, it also paved the way for new discussions on US foreign policy dealing with appropriate use of force, including last resort uses and US vital interests. These discussions are considered as the corner stone for the US success in the Gulf War.
This study will briefly explain the effects and consequences of the Vietnam War and the Gulf War as well as analyse US foreign policy discussions between the Vietnam War and the Gulf War. While examining US foreign policy and the US intervention in the Gulf War, this research will mainly focus on the Shultz doctrine and the Weinberger doctrine. This study will show that the Vietnam War started many discussions on the use of force and its application in future wars that were part of the US Gulf War military strategy. Even though the United States experienced failure in the Vietnam War, the lessons taken helped to govern future conflicts and the most important clues were seen in the Gulf War.
Violência Política: do Estado à Subversão do Estado - Análise sobre um Modelo Conceptual
Authors: Duarte Felipe Pathé 
Published: February 2019

Este é um artigo conceptual, antológico e descritivo. Referir-nos-emos aos problemas do foro teórico relacionados com a definição de violência e associamo-la não só ao exercício do poder como à sua derrocada. Expomo-la aqui de uma perspectiva dialéctica. Em primeiro é analisada a vioência como forma de constituição de Estado; em segundo como forma de manutenção de Estado; e; por último, como forma de destruição de Estado. Ou seja, nas duas primeiras perspectivas a violência é vista como um elemento institucional, para na última ser analisada como forma de pôr em causa essa mesma dimensão institucional. Assim entramos no campo da subversão. O artigo refere-se a representações conceptuais que vêem na violência uma dimensão instrumental, estruturada ou não-estruturada, garante de possível transformação ou subsistência política, quer ao nível institucional ou não-institucional. Falamos assim da violência como continuação da política, mas por outros meios.
Enviromental Protection and Sustainable Development in the European Union: Evolution, Governance and Implications for Competitiveness
Authors: Bongardt Annette , Torres Francisco 
Published: February 2019

This article considers how the EU governance set-up envolved with respect to environmental protection and sustainable development. It aims at evaluating the EU´s progress towards creating the basis for a competitive, low-carbon, European economy (a kind of EU industrial strategy) and sustainable production and consumption patterns. The article concludes that environmental and energie policies have become increasingly Europeanized and come under the single market and competitiveness rationale. It puts forward that the shift to a low-carbon economy is associated with important economic benefits, whereas economic costs appear overrated. However, shortcomings in EU governance sit uneasily with a more coherent approach to sustainable development.
A Moralidade da Distância e da Guerra sem Risco
Authors: Vicente João 
Published: February 2019

A condução da Guerra de acordo com princípios éticos, não só é moralmente correta mas revela a humanidade da sociedade moderna. Ao confrontarmos a introdução de uma nova tecnologia no espaço de batalha com os princípios éticos e legais universalmente aceites, estamos a garantir os padrões morais das futuras gerações. A possibilidade de conduzir uma Guerra virtuosa, porque cirúrgica, consciente e escrupulosa, contrasta com o argumento de que se trata de uma Guerra virtual em que as imagens de vídeo reduzem o conflito a um distante jogo de consola. Uma das maiores críticas apontadas aos sistemas aéreos não tripulados, quando comparados com a alternativa viável, a tripulada, é de que infligem danos desproporcionados e desnecessários, nomeadamente em civis, em resultado do afastamento físico e da eventual desconexão emocional dos seus operadores. O estabelecimento de uma relação causal entre o distanciamento do combatente do ato de matar corpo a corpo, e a probabilidade de aumentar a eclosão da Guerra é difícil de determinar. Todavia, caso essa relação exista, então ela será sublimada pelo emprego de drones de combate, obrigando a uma diluição da perceção tradicional de combate. Importa por isso verificar se o aumento da distância poderá ser associado com a abstração ou indiferença à morte. E numa era em que a Guerra Aérea Remota se ameça transformar num instrumento de morte à escala industrial, será importante debruçar-mo-nos sobre os efeitos morais de tal emprego generalizado. Palavras-Chave: Guerra Aéres Remota, Unmanned Aircraft Systems, drones, moralidade.