bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lauric acid [MAK Value Documentation, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated lauric acid [143‐07‐7], considering all toxicity endpoints.In an oral 18‐week study no substance‐related effects were observed in rats up to 9000 mg/kg body weight and day. As lauric acid is an organic acid, the respiratory tract might be a target organ; however, inhalation studies are not available. A maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) was derived by read across to other solid acids. Lauric acid is irritating to the rabbit eye but less so than succinic and adipic acid. Also the acidity of saturated solutions of lauric acid is less than that of succinic and adipic acid. For the latter acids, a MAK value of 2 mg/m3 for the inhalable fraction was set like that for phosphoric acid. Phosphoric acid is a stronger acid that is corrosive to the eyes of rabbits. Therefore, in analogy to phosphoric acid as a worst‐case, a MAK value of 2 mg/m3 for the inhalable fraction is set for lauric acid.As the MAK value has been derived in analogy to phosphoric acid, lauric acid is also classified in Peak Limitation Category I with an excursion factor of 2.Lauric acid does not have genotoxic potential. There are no carcinogenicity studies available with lauric acid. Results of a dermal initiation‐promotion study with lauric acid alone were negative; promoting activity was seen only after application of an initiator. Lauric acid is no longer classified as carcinogenic to humans, based on the Commission's evaluation of this type of study.No significant contribution to systemic toxicity was demonstrated in calculations of dermal absorption. Limited data in animals do not indicate a sensitizing potential for lauric acid.Developmental toxicity studies are lacking; therefore, lauric acid is assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group D.Completed: February 24, 2016
Dipropylene glycol [MAK Value Documentation, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the work place (MAK value) for dipropylene glycol has been set at 100 mg/m
3
for the inhalable fraction, considering the endpoints respiratory tract irritation and systemic toxicity as well as absorption through the skin. A 2‐year drinking water study with rats shows a NOAEL for focal inflammation of the liver in males of 115 mg/kg body weight and day and a NOAEL for olfactory epithelium degeneration in males and females of 470 and 530 mg/kg body weight and day, respectively. This raises the question, whether the olfactory epithelium could also be a local target tissue after inhalation. Inhalation studies with dipropylene glycol are not available. The substance shows very slight irritation of skin and eyes, if any. Thus, there are no indications of a potential local irritative effect to the upper airways. Therefore, the MAK value of 100 mg/m
3
derived from systemic effects is validated. As systemic effects are critical, the assignment to Peak Limitation Category II and the excursion factor of 2 are retained. A recent in‐vitro study with human skin shows that skin contact does not contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and the former designation with an “H” notation is withdrawn.

Completed: March 23, 2015
2‐(Propyloxy)ethanol (2‐Propoxyethanol) [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated 2‐(propyloxy)ethanol [
2807‐30‐9
] considering all toxicological endpoints.

2‐(Propyloxy)ethanol is a haemolytic and irritant glycol ether, similar to the homologous 2‐butoxyethanol. The haemolytic activity for both compounds is mediated by the corresponding alkoxy acid and is lower in human erythrocytes than in rat erythrocytes in vitro. The critical effect is the irritation seen in subchronic studies in rats at the lowest concentration tested of 100 ml/m
3
. A NOAEC was not obtained. For 2‐butoxyethanol the NOAEC for nasal effects in rats was 31 ml/m
3
. Therefore, by analogy with the better investigated 2‐butoxyethanol, the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of 2‐(propyloxy)ethanol is lowered to 10 ml/m
3
. This limit also protects from systemic toxicity. The assignment to Peak Limitation Category I with an excursion factor of 2 is retained.

A prenatal toxicity study in rats was re‐evaluated by the Commission and the NOAEC for developmental toxicity of 400 ml/m
3
was confirmed. In rabbits, the NOAEC for developmental toxicity is 500 ml/m
3
. Even after considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace the differences of both NOAECs to the MAK value are sufficient. Therefore, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed and 2‐(propyloxy)ethanol remains assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C.

2‐(Propyloxy)ethanol is not genotoxic in vitro. In vivo studies as well as carcinogenicity studies are not available.
Percutaneous absorption can contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and 2‐(propyloxy)ethanol remains designated with an “H” notation. Results in animal studies do not point to a sensitization potential.
Trimethylpentane (all isomers) [MAK Value Documentation, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated trimethylpentane (all isomers), considering all toxicity endpoints. Available unpublished study reports and publications are described in detail.

The re‐examination determined that it is difficult to draw final conclusions from a carcinogenicity study of a mixture of 542 hydrocarbons and from mechanistical studies with some of their single components. Thus, the assignment to Carcinogen Category 3 A has been withdrawn. The critical effect is the acute effect on the central nervous system in rats. The NOAEC after 60 min inhalation is 500 ml 2,2,4‐trimethylpentane/m
3
. Experimental data from structurally analogous n‐alkanes and iso‐alkanes lead to the assumption that the concentration of 2,2,4‐trimethylpentane in the brain after 8 hours will be about twice as high as after one hour. The short half‐life in the brain, estimated to be about one hour, does not predict an accumulation during the work week. The same assumptions are made for the other trimethylpentane isomers. Thus, taking into consideration uncertainties in the extrapolation of animal to human data, a MAK value of 100 ml/m
3
(470 mg/m
3
) is set for all trimethylpentane isomers. As the critical effect is systemic, trimethylpentane isomers are assigned to Peak Limitation Category II. The excursion factor of 2 is set as the estimated half‐life in the brain is one hour or even less. Prenatal developmental toxicity studies with trimethylpentane isomers are not available. For structurally analogous C8‐isoalkanes the NOAEC for developmental toxicity in rats is more than 1200 ml/m
3
. Acute neurotoxicity is critical, but the consequences of acute neurotoxic effects on in‐utero development of the nervous system are not knownand studies on developmental neurotoxicity of C8‐alkanes are not available. Thus, trimethylpentane isomers are classified in Pregnancy Risk Group D. There are no clinical data and no data in animals concerning the sensitizing potential of trimethylpentane isomers. In analogy to n‐heptane, skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.

Completed: June 24, 2016
Di‐tert‐dodecylpentasulfid / Di‐tert‐dodecylpolysulfid [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the work place (MAK value), the Pregnancy Risk Group and the absorption through the skin of di(tert‐dodecyl)polysulfide [
68583‐56‐2
;
68425‐15‐0
] (di(tert‐dodecyl)pentasulfide [
31565‐23‐8
]).

The systemic toxicity is low and the substance is at most minimally irritating to skin and eye. Acidophilic globuli are present in the kidney of male rats in an oral 28‐day study at 50 mg/kg body weight and day, resulting from an α2u‐globulin mediated kidney toxicity which, however, is not relevant for humans. Based on this the NOAEL of 1000 mg/kg body weight and day, the MAK value would be 200 mg/m
3
. However, the substance is a poorly water‐soluble liquid and an accumulation in the lung is expected. Most of the molecule consists of hydrocarbon chains resulting in characteristics similar to severely refined mineral oil, for which a MAK value of 5 mg/m
3
had been set as the respirable fraction (R) based on inhalation studies. Therefore, the MAK‐value for di(tert‐dodecyl)polysulfide is also set at 5 mg/m
3
R. Peak Limitation is designated as well by analogy with severely refined mineral oil with Category II and excursion factor of 4.

New data on developmental toxicity are not available. As the MAK value is lowered, Pregnancy Risk Group C is retained. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.
2‐Propanol [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) and the Pregnancy Risk Group of 2‐propanol [67‐63‐0].In carcinogenicity studies no tumours were observed in rats and mice up to 5000 ml/m3. From the LOAEC in rats and mice of 2500 ml/m3where narcotic effects were observed, a MAK value of 200 ml/m3is derived also considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace because the blood:air partition coefficient of 2‐propanol is > 5 (see List of MAK‐ and BAT Values, chapters I b and I c). Therefore, the MAK value of 200 ml/m3is confirmed. At this concentration, no irritation is expected in humans based on the limited data in humans and animals.Since a systemic effect is critical, Peak Limitation Category II is retained for 2‐propanol. Due to the half‐life of up to 2 hours in rats, the excursion factor of 2 is confirmed.In developmental toxicity studies, 2‐propanol does not result in teratogenicity but in fetotoxicity at maternally toxic doses in rats and rabbits. According to a PBPK model and considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace, the NOAEL of 600 mg/kg body weight in rats is scaled to a concentration of 1000 ml/m3. There is no PBPK model for rabbits but due to the similar NOAEL for developmental toxicity in rabbits the same concentration is supposed. Because fetotoxicity was only observed at maternally toxic doses, the difference of the NOAEC for fetotoxicity and the MAK value is sufficient so that 2‐propanol remains assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C.
Benzylbutylphthalat [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated benzyl butyl phthalate [85‐68‐7] to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail. Critical effect is the toxicity to kidneys and liver. In higher doses benzyl butyl phthalate acts adversely to male reproductive organs, fertility and fetal development. The NOAEC of 218 mg/m3derived from a 13‐week inhalation study in rats is used to set a MAK value of 20 mg/m3for the respirable fraction (R), the MAK value is supported by the long‐term feeding studies in rats and mice.Since a systemic effect is critical, Peak Limitation Category II is assigned. The default excursion factor of 2 is set as no half‐life in blood is known.In prenatal toxicity studies in rats at 450 mg/kg body weight and day and above an increased number of resorptions and at 750 mg/kg body weight and day increased mortality and teratogenicity occurred, with a NOAEL of 350 mg/kg body weight and day. From a 2‐generation study in rats a NOAEL for fetotoxicity of 100 mg/kg body weight and day was derived. In a prenatal study in mice the LOAEL for increased resorptions and malformations was 910 mg/kg body weight and day with a NOAEL of 182 mg/kg body weight and day. The NOAELs can be scaled to concentrations of 613 mg/m3(rat, prenatal), 182 mg/m3(mice, prenatal) and 245 mg/m3(rat, pre‐ and postnatal), respectively, at the workplace. Thus, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed, and benzyl butyl phthalate is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C.Available in vitro and in vivo data predominantly show no genotoxic effects. A contribution of cytotoxic effects for some positive test results cannot be excluded. A dominant lethal test with subcutaneous administration to rats was negative. Therefore, the substance is not regarded as a germ cell mutagen.No increased tumour incidence was observed in chronic feeding studies in mice. In F344 rats at high doses an increased incidence of mononuclear cell leukemia is observed, which was within the range of the historical control. Furthermore in F344 rats incidences of adenomas (pancreas tumours, adrenal phaeochromocytomas, urinary bladder tumours), but not of carcinomas are increased. The adenoma incidences were mainly within the range of historical controls. A carcinogenic effect in humans, therefore, is unlikely.Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.Data in humans and limited data in animals do not show a skin sensitizing potential.
DVH Analytics: A DVH database for clinicians and researchers
Authors: Cutright Dan , Gopalakrishnan Mahesh , Roy Arkajyoti , Panchal Aditya , Mittal Bharat B. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn this study, we build a vendor‐agnostic software application capable of importing and analyzing non‐image‐based DICOM files for various radiation treatment modalities (i.e., DICOM RT Dose, RT Structure, and RT Plan files). Dose‐volume histogram (DVH) and planning data are imported into a SQL database, and methods are provided to manage, edit, view, and download data. Furthermore, the software provides various analytical tools for plan evaluations, plan comparisons, benchmarking, and plan outcome predictions. DVH Analytics is developed using Python, including libraries such as pydicom, dicompyler, psycopg2, SciPy, Statsmodels, and Bokeh for parsing DICOM files, computing DVHs, communicating with a PostgreSQL database, performing statistical analyses, and creating a web‐based user interface. This software is open‐source and compatible with Windows, Mac OS, and Linux. For proof‐of‐concept, a database with over 3,000 DVHs from a single physician's head & neck practice was built. From these data, differences in means, correlations, and temporal trends in dose to multiple organs‐at‐risk (OARs) were observed. Furthermore, an example of the predictive regression tool is reported, where a model was constructed to predict maximum dose to brainstem based on minimum distance from planning target volume (PTV) and treatment beam source‐to‐skin distance (SSD). With DVH Analytics, we have developed a free, open‐source software program to parse, organize, and analyze non‐image‐based DICOM data for use in a radiation oncology setting. Furthermore, this software can be used to generate statistical models for the purposes of quality control or outcome predictions and correlations.
Fluorescent Organic Glass with Unique Optical and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Ku Kahoe , Joung Joonyoung F. , Park Heeyeon , Kim Myeong‐Geun , Park Sungnam , Kim Woong 
Published: July 2018

AbstractConventional organic glasses such as molecular and polymeric glasses either lack processability or have ill‐defined properties. Here, a novel organic glass is reported having well‐defined fluorescent properties and high compatibility with various fabrication processes. The fluorescent organic glass (FOG) is synthesized by simply heating benzyl alcohol with a small amount of aqueous sulfuric acid. Owing to its outstanding optical properties, FOG is placed beyond the domain of conventional organic glasses in the Abbe diagram. Moreover, excellent rheological properties render it amenable to molding, blowing, and nanopatterning processes. Finally, based on extensive characterization, it is proposed that a FOG is composed of a 1,2,3,4‐tetraphenyl‐1,3‐butadiene core and poly(phenylene methylene) branches, which are responsible for molecular fluorescence and polymeric processability, respectively. The demonstration may contribute significantly to the development of organic glasses with unprecedented properties for various applications.
In Vivo Imaging of MMP‐13 Activity Using a Specific Polymer‐FRET Peptide Conjugate Detects Early Osteoarthritis and Inhibitor Efficacy
Authors: Duro‐Castano Aroa , Lim Ngee Han , Tranchant Isabelle , Amoura Mehdi , Beau Fabrice , Wieland Heike , Kingler Otmar , Herrmann Matthias , Nazaré Marc , Plettenburg Oliver , Dive Vincent , Vicent María J. , Nagase Hideaki 
Published: July 2018

AbstractImaging early molecular changes in osteoarthritic (OA) joints is instrumental for the development of disease‐modifying drugs. To this end, a fluorescent resonance energy transfer‐based peptide probe that is cleavable by matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP‐13) has been developed. This protease degrades type II collagen, a major matrix component of cartilage. The probe exhibits high catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM = 6.5 × 105m−1 s−1) and high selectivity for MMP‐13 over a set of nine MMPs. To achieve optimal in vivo pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration, the probe has been further conjugated to a linear l‐polyglutamate chain of 30 kDa. The conjugate detects early biochemical events that occur in a surgically induced murine model of OA before major histological changes. The nanometric probe is suitable for the monitoring of in vivo efficacy of an orally bioavailable MMP‐13 inhibitor, which effectively blocks cartilage degradation during the development of OA. This new polymer‐probe can therefore be a useful tool in detecting early OA, disease progression, and in developing MMP‐13‐based disease‐modifying drugs for OA.
VOx@MoO3 Nanorod Composite for High‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Wang Si‐Qi , Cai Xiang , Song Yu , Sun Xiaoqi , Liu Xiao‐Xia 
Published: July 2018

AbstractVanadium oxide is a promising pseudocapacitive electrode, but their capacitance, especially at high current densities, requires improvement for practical applications. Herein, a VOx@MoO3 composite electrode is constructed through a facile electrochemical method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrate a modification on the chemical environment and electronic structure of VOx upon the effective interaction with the thin layer of MoO3. A careful investigation of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data reveals much enhanced power capability of the composite electrode. More charge storage sites will also be created at/near the heterogeneous interface. Due to those synergistic effects, the VOx@MoO3 electrode shows excellent electrochemical performance. It provides a high capacitance of 1980 mF cm−2 at 2 mA cm−2. Even at the high current density of 100 mA cm−2, it still achieves 1166 mF cm−2 capacitance, which doubles the sum of single electrodes. The MoO3 layer also helps to prevent VOx structure deformation, and 94% capacitance retention over 10 000 cycles is obtained for the composite electrode. This work demonstrates an effective strategy to induce interactions between heterogeneous components and enhance the electrochemical performance, which can also be applied to other pseudocapacitive electrode candidates.
Exponential Lag Synchronization of Memristive Neural Networks with Reaction Diffusion Terms via Neural Activation Function Control and Fuzzy Model
Authors: Liu Yicheng , Liao Xiaofeng , Li Chuandong 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the problem of exponential lag synchronization of memristive neural networks with reaction diffusion terms via neural activation function control and fuzzy model. An memristor‐based circuit which exhibits the feature of pinched hysteresis is introduced and further, the memristive neural networks with reaction diffusion terms and such system containing fuzzy model are described at length, respectively. By utilizing the Lyapunov functional method and the neural activation function controller depending on the output of the system in the case of packed circuits, some concise conditions are acquired to guarantee the slave systems exponential lag synchronized with the master systems. Finally, several simulated examples are also presented to demonstrate the correctness of the theoretical results.
Obstetric anesthesia/analgesia does not affect disease course in multiple sclerosis: 10‐year retrospective cohort study
Authors: Harazim Hana , Štourač Pavel , Janků Petr , Zelinková Hana , Frank Kamil , Dufek Michal , Štourač Petr 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectivesMultiple sclerosis (MS) often occurs in young women and the effect of obstetric anesthesia/analgesia on the disease is poorly understood. No previous study has investigated the course of the disease in women in labor in the Czech Republic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence or absence of relapses in the 6‐month postpartum period in MS parturients with and without obstetric anesthesia/analgesia.Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively studied all deliveries (n = 58,455) at the University Hospital Brno from 2004 to 2013 and identified those of the women with an ICD‐10 code G35 (MS) recorded anytime in their medical history (n = 428). We included only deliveries of women with confirmed diagnosis at the time of labor (n = 70). Statistical analysis was performed using the Fischer Exact Test.ResultsThere were 70 deliveries of 65 women, including 45 vaginal deliveries and 25 Cesarean deliveries (16 under general anesthesia, 8 with epidural anesthesia and 1 with spinal anesthesia). Epidural obstetric analgesia was performed in 11 deliveries. There was no statistically significant difference in relapses between the vaginal delivery group (n = 15; 33%) and Cesarean section group (n = 10; 40%), p = 0.611.ConclusionNeither delivery mode (vaginal vs Caesarean) nor type of obstetric anesthesia/analgesia was found to have any impact on the course of MS at 6 months postpartum in women with this condition.