bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Coupledness of the Aerodynamics and Hydrodynamics on the Estimation of Fatigue Damage Equivalent Load for a Floating Offshore Wind Platform
Authors: Kanner Samuel , Yu Bingbin 
Published: December 2018

In this research, the estimation of the fatigue life of a semi-submersible floating offshore wind platform is considered. In order to accurately estimate the fatigue life of a platform, coupled aerodynamic-hydrodynamic simulations are performed to obtain dynamic stress values. The simulations are performed at a multitude of representative environmental states, or “bins,” which can mimic the conditions the structure may endure at a given site, per ABS Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Installation guidelines. To accurately represent the variety of wind and wave conditions, the number of environmental states can be of the order of 103. Unlike other offshore structures, both the wind and wave conditions must be accounted for, which are generally considered independent parameters, drastically increasing the number of states. The stress timeseries from these simulations can be used to estimate the damage at a particular location on the structure by using commonly accepted methods, such as the rainflow counting algorithm. The damage due to either the winds or the waves can be estimated by using a frequency decomposition of the stress timeseries.
In this paper, a similar decoupled approach is used to attempt to recover the damages induced from these coupled simulations. Although it is well-known that a coupled, aero-hydro analysis is necessary in order to accurately simulate the nonlinear rigid-body motions of the platform, it is less clear if the same statement could be made about the fatigue properties of the platform. In one approach, the fatigue damage equivalent load is calculated independently from both scatter diagrams of the waves and a rose diagram of the wind. De-coupled simulations are performed to estimate the response at an all-encompassing range of environmental conditions. A database of responses based on these environmental conditions is constructed. The likelihood of occurrence at a case-study site is used to compare the damage equivalent from the coupled simulations. The OC5 platform in the Borssele wind farm zone is used as a case-study and the damage equivalent load from the de-coupled methods are compared to those from the coupled analysis in order to assess these methodologies.
A Study of Negative Damping in Floating Wind Turbines Using Coupled Program FAST-SIMDYN
Authors: Jose Alwin , Falzarano Jeffrey , Wang Hao 
Published: December 2018

The Floating Offshore Wind Turbine (FOWT) is a fairly new concept. There are limited number of full-scale prototypes to provide real data. Therefore, most of the research today relies on numerical models. This is required, so that an adequate amount of confidence can be gained before venturing into large scale production. The major challenge ahead is proving their reliability and robustness. There needs to be supporting studies that consider most factors that can go wrong. The computer program FAST was a groundbreaking contribution from NREL in this regard. FAST is capable of doing combined loading analysis of FOWTs. The numerical model used for the hydrodynamics can, however, be improved further.
Non-linear hydrostatic and wave forces on floating structures become very important during large amplitude waves. The computer program SIMDYN is a blended time domain program developed by Marine Dynamics Laboratory at TAMU and is capable of capturing the role of non-linear fluid forces. SIMDYN has previously been used to demonstrate that nonlinear hydrostatics become very important in the problem of parametric excitation. In the current work, SIMDYN is coupled with FAST. The FAST-SIMDYN is now a tool that is capable of studying large amplitude motions of FOWTs in extreme seas.
FAST-SIMDYN was then used to study the classic instability of negative damping that occurs in FOWTs that use conventional land based control. The development of platform pitch and platform surge instability are studied in relation to different wave and wind scenarios. The intent was to do an analysis to see if the non-linear forces do play a significant role in large amplitude motions induced by negative damping. This study gives an indication of whether the development of an even more sophisticated hydrodynamic modules is justified.
Measured energy content of frequently purchased restaurant meals: multi-country cross sectional study
Authors: Roberts Susan B , Das Sai Krupa , Suen Vivian Marques Miguel , Pihlajamäki Jussi , Kuriyan Rebecca , Steiner-Asiedu Matilda , Taetzsch Amy , Anderson Alex K , Silver Rachel E , Barger Kathryn , Krauss Amy , Karhunen Leila , Zhang Xueying , Hambly Catherine , Schwab Ursula , Triffoni-Melo Andresa de Toledo , Fassini Priscila Giacomo , Taylor Salima F , Economos Christina , Kurpad Anura V , Speakman John R 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Objective
To measure the energy content of frequently ordered meals from full service and fast food restaurants in five countries and compare values with US data.

Design
Cross sectional survey.

Setting
223 meals from 111 randomly selected full service and fast food restaurants serving popular cuisines in Brazil, China, Finland, Ghana, and India were the primary sampling unit; 10 meals from five worksite canteens were also studied in Finland. The observational unit was frequently ordered meals in selected restaurants.

Main outcome measure
Meal energy content, measured by bomb calorimetry.

Results

Compared with the US, weighted mean energy of restaurant meals was lower only in China (719 (95% confidence interval 646 to 799) kcal versus 1088 (1002 to 1181) kcal; P<0.001). In analysis of variance models, fast food contained 33% less energy than full service meals (P<0.001). In Finland, worksite canteens provided 25% less energy than full service and fast food restaurants (mean 880 (SD 156) versus 1166 (298); P=0.009). Country, restaurant type, number of meal components, and meal weight predicted meal energy in a factorial analysis of variance (R
2
=0.62, P<0.001). Ninety four per cent of full service meals and 72% of fast food meals contained at least 600 kcal. Modeling indicated that, except in China, consuming current servings of a full service and a fast food meal daily would supply between 70% and 120% of the daily energy requirements for a sedentary woman, without additional meals, drinks, snacks, appetizers, or desserts.

Conclusion
Very high dietary energy content of both full service and fast food restaurant meals is a widespread phenomenon that is probably supporting global obesity and provides a valid intervention target.
Heavy Rainfall Associated with Double Low-Level Jets over Southern China. Part II: Convection Initiation
Authors: Du Yu , Chen Guixing 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Heavy rainfall that occurred at the south coast of China on 10–11 May 2014 was associated with a synoptic-system-related low-level jet (SLLJ) and a boundary layer jet (BLJ). To clarify the role of the double low-level jets in convection initiation (CI), we perform convective-permitting simulations using a nonhydrostatic mesoscale model. The simulations reproduce the occurrence location and mesoscale evolution of new convective cells as well as their small-scale wavelike structures at the elevated layers, which are generally consistent with radar observations despite some differences in their orientation. The nighttime BLJ over the northern South China Sea strengthens the convergence at ~950 hPa near the coast where the BLJ’s northern terminus reaches the coastal terrain. Meanwhile, the SLLJ to the south of the inland cold front provides divergence at ~700 hPa near the SLLJ’s entrance region. Such low-level convergence and midlevel divergence collectively produce strong mesoscale lifting for CI at the coast. In addition to the enhanced mesoscale lifting, the double low-level jets also provide favorable conditions for the superimposed small-scale disturbances that can serve as effective moistening mechanisms of the lower troposphere during CI. In a sensitivity experiment with coastal terrain removed, CI still occurs near the coast but is delayed and weaker compared to the control run. This latter experiment suggests that double low-level jets and their coupling indeed exert key effects on CI, while the BLJ colliding with terrain may enhance coastal convergence for amplifying CI. These findings provide new insights into the occurrence of coastal heavy rainfall in the warm sector far ahead of the fronts.
A Marketing Appraisal of the Robinson-Patman Act
Authors: Robbins W. David 
Published: December 2018

The Robinson-Patman Act is the most basic statute affecting competitive pricing. Yet too few businessmen are aware of significant changes that have occurred in the interpretation and enforcement of the Act. Some pricing actions that were held illegal under earlier interpretation are today considered “a necessary part of competition.” The author also interprets other changed aspects of the Act.
The Elusive Element in Scientific Marketing
Authors: Weir Walter 
Published: December 2018

Marketing plans are made to guide future action, and research is generally employed to provide “clues” as to what the future will be. Yet research can do no more than to sift the past. Nevertheless, businessmen demand the best assurance they can obtain that their plans for the future will be “right.” Walter Weir believes that the closest approach to reading the future is in the creative imagination and the use of “fictions.” Until the social sciences improve, he maintains, this is the best means available for the purpose.
A New Look at Theory of Mind in Children with Ocular and Ocular-Plus Congenital Blindness
Authors: Begeer Sander , Dik Marjolein , Voor De Wind Marieke J. , Asbrock Doreen , Brambring Michael , Kef Sabina 
Published: December 2018

Introduction Delays in theory of mind (ToM) of children who are congenitally blind have often been attributed to the absence of visual and social experiences. However, these delays could also be partly due to neural factors. In some children, the blindness itself has neural causes (ocular-plus blindness). Children whose blindness has an ocular-plus cause may be more delayed in ToM than children with blindness due to ocular causes. Methods In the current study, performances of children with congenital ocular-plus blindness ( n = 22) and congenital ocular blindness ( n = 9) were compared with sighted children ( n = 103) on ToM tasks designed for children with blindness. Results Compared with sighted children, ToM performance was delayed in children with ocular-plus blindness, but not in children with ocular blindness. Discussion ToM development in children with congenital blindness could be related to factors other than the loss of a sensory function and the lack of visual social and communicative experiences. Implications for practitioners The specific ToM deficits in children with ocular-plus blindness may help in developing new research paradigms that consider delays in ToM in children with congenital blindness.
The Effect of Nonverbal Cues on the Interpretation of Utterances by People with Visual Impairments
Authors: Sak-Wernicka Jolanta 
Published: December 2018

Introduction The purpose of this article is to explore the effect of nonverbal information (gestures and facial expressions) provided in real time on the interpretation of utterances by people with total blindness. Methods The article reports on an exploratory study performed on two groups of participants with visual impairments who were tested on their ability to interpret short dialogues provided as a recording with or without audio description (AD). The AD supplied additional information about gestures and facial expressions performed by speakers in the dialogues. The performance of the visually impaired participants was compared with participants who were sighted. Results There were no significant differences in the interpretation of the dialogues between the two groups of participants. No significant differences were found between the participants with visual impairments who were and were not provided with AD. Discussion The findings lend support for the premise that people with visual impairments are able to make correct assumptions about intentions, feelings, and attitudes of other people on the basis of available information during communication. The results also suggest that the lack of direct access to gestures and facial expressions during communication does not tend to impair the understanding of utterances by people who are blind.
The Role of Specialized Schools for Students with Visual Impairments in the Continuum of Placement Options: The Right Help, at the Right Time, in the Right Place
Authors: McMahon Eugene 
Published: December 2018

Introduction This study examined the current role of specialized schools for students with visual impairments and compares these results to a 1994 study. Methods Two surveys were used to gather data from specialized schools that were members of the Council of Schools for the Blind (COSB). The first survey gathered information about current enrollment in K-12, preschool, early intervention, and postgraduate programs. Data were also obtained from an ongoing longitudinal study of 2007–2012 graduates of specialized schools. Results Enrollment levels at specialized schools were the same as when measured in 1994. The sample had a higher percentage of students with additional disabilities than in the past, but academic programs still played a significant role at these specialized schools, with over 60% of students with visual impairment and no additional disabilities attending college after graduation. The study found that 80% of the specialized schools were involved in outreach activities, with nearly 50% providing direct instructional services to students attending school in general education environments. Specialized schools also provided consultations and in-service training sessions to educators who work in general education environments. Discussion The study shows that specialized schools continue to provide an essential placement option for some students with visual impairments at some time during their primary and secondary education. The majority of students at specialized schools have additional disabilities, but these schools continue to provide successful academic programs for the students who need them. Furthermore, the study shows that many of the specialized schools are involved in providing direct and indirect services to students being educated in general education environments. The continuum of placement options differs according to state. These differences result in varying degrees of involvement by specialized schools in the general education environment. It is critically important to ensure the continuum in each state affords every visually impaired child an appropriate education, although the location in which educational services are rendered may change with the needs of the student during his or her schooling.
A Longitudinal Study of Reading Development, Academic Achievement, and Support in Swedish Inclusive Education for Students with Blindness or Severe Visual Impairment
Authors: de Verdier Kim , Ek Ulla 
Published: December 2018

Introduction This longitudinal study examined reading development, academic achievement and support in school for six students with blindness or severe visual impairments in inclusive educational settings. Methods School grades and results from reading observations and decoding skills tests were collected, and interviews were conducted with students, parents, and teachers. Results The results show that the outcome of these students’ schooling varied a great deal regarding both levels of academic achievement and reading development, as well as in the support needed and received. Students with additional disabilities had less positive experiences in school, and the parents of these students were more critical of the support provided by the schools. Discussion Important aspects of the outcomes concerned the attitudes held by school management and teachers and the competence of teachers. In some cases, teachers lacked sufficient knowledge about braille and teaching methods for students with visual impairments. Implications for practitioners The findings imply that the support system for students with visual impairments in Sweden needs to be more systematized in order to secure equal educational opportunities for all students.
Including Students who Are Visually Impaired in the Classroom: Attitudes of Preservice Teachers
Authors: Ajuwon Paul M. , Sarraj Huda , Griffin-Shirley Nora , Lechtenberger DeAnn , Zhou Li 
Published: December 2018

Introduction This study examines the perceptions of preservice teachers concerning the inclusion of students with blindness or low vision (visual impairments) in their classrooms. Methods Using a modified version of the Preservice Inclusion Scale (PSIS), data were collected from participants in three universities in the United States before and after the completion of an introductory special education course. A Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) test was conducted to investigate the change in participants’ attitudes toward inclusion. Results The anxiety measure revealed an increase in the calmness level of preservice teachers, and the receptivity measure revealed a nonsignificant change in their receptivity level toward inclusion. Discussion There were three main study outcomes: A between-subject effect of the universities was not evident, no significant changes in hostility or receptivity were found, and the confidence of preservice teachers in teaching students with visual impairments was not a predictor of changes in attitudes toward inclusion. Suggestions for future research Future research should determine the nature and scope of strategies included in coursework, and whether these strategies relate more to improvements in attitudes than to coursework that does not include them.
Transportation Issues: Perspectives of Orientation and Mobility Providers
Authors: Crudden Adele 
Published: December 2018

Introduction This is an exploratory study of orientation and mobility (O&M) providers’ perceptions of transportation issues for persons who are blind or have low vision. Transportation challenges, particularly regarding employment, are examined, the role of O&M providers are explored, and strategies to address these barriers are suggested. Methods Six O&M providers volunteered to participate in a focus group conducted at a national conference. Transcripts of their remarks were coded and themes associated with the research questions were identified and reported. Results Limitations of public transportation and the cost of transportation were viewed as major barriers to accessing transportation, particularly regarding employment, but safety issues and stress associated with transportation were also concerns. Involvement of O&M providers in securing transportation varied; most were not directly involved in the process. Most visually impaired persons received instruction in the use of fixed-route transportation systems during O&M instruction regardless of availability. Discussion Living in areas with accessible public transportation, self-advocacy, and using bioptics to drive should be explored as they may be helpful in overcoming transportation barriers. People who are visually impaired are not routinely engaged in dialogue with O&M providers about the strategies needed to identify and negotiate the transportation options available to them. Implications for practitioners Engaging visually impaired people in discussions that focus on problem-solving skills, such as how to negotiate rides or find a driver, may be helpful to them in overcoming transportation barriers. Further research to determine who should be responsible for facilitating these conversations is warranted, as well as research regarding drivers’ attitudes about liability and the impact of bioptics on rehabilitation outcomes. Vision rehabilitation counselors may need training about how to screen consumers for referral for potential use of bioptics to enable driving.
The Experience of a Randomized Clinical Trial of Closed-Circuit Television versus Eccentric Viewing Training for People with Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Leat Susan J. , Si Francie Fengqin , Gold Deborah , Pickering Dawn , Gordon Keith , Hodge William 
Published: December 2018

Introduction In addition to optical devices, closed-circuit televisions (CCTVs) and eccentric viewing training are both recognized interventions to improve reading performance in individuals with vision loss secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Both are relatively expensive, however, either in the cost of the device or in the amount of time personnel need to provide training. In this randomized trial, we compared the effectiveness of these two interventions. Methods Participants with age-related macular degeneration and visual acuity between 6/48 (20/160) and 6/120 (20/400) first received basic low vision care, including optical devices. At the subsequent baseline visit, they undertook a battery of measures including logMAR visual acuity; reading speed and accuracy for text in 1.3M and 1M fonts; reading information on medicine bottles, utility bills, and food packages; the NEI-VFQ; the Geriatric Depression Scale; and a reading inventory questionnaire. They were then randomized to either obtaining a CCTV for home use or eccentric viewing training over the following six weeks. Results Recruitment was more difficult than expected for this population. Of 145 patients referred, 29 met the inclusion-exclusion criteria, 14 were willing to enroll, and 10 completed the trial. For the primary outcome (reading speed for 1.3M print), there was a significant improvement between baseline and outcome for the CCTV group (p = 0.005), but not for the eccentric viewing training group (p = 0.28), and the CCTV group showed significantly greater change (p = 0.04). There was a nonsignificant improvement in reading speed for 1M text and a decrease in the amount of time taken to read utility bill information in the CCTV group. There was a significant improvement in near visual acuity with current glasses with eccentric viewing training. The other measures did not reach statistical significance. Discussion Randomized clinical trials for low vision rehabilitation, particularly in the elderly population with vision loss, are challenging, but such trials are important for the allocation of resources. This trial showed early indications of more impact on reading performance from CCTV than eccentric viewing training.