bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antifilarial activity of azadirachtin fuelled through reactive oxygen species induced apoptosis: a thorough molecular study on Setaria cervi
Authors: Mukherjee N. , Joardar N. , Sinha Babu S.P. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractEfficacious therapeutic strategies against lymphatic filariasis are always sought after. However, natural products are a promising resource for developing effective antifilarial agents. Azadirachtin, a significant tetranortriterpenoid phytocompound found inAzadirachta indica, was evaluatedin vitrofor antifilarial potential against the filarial parasiteSetaria cervi. Dye exclusion and MTT assay confirmed the antifilarial potential of azadirachtin againstS. cerviwith a median lethal dose (LC50) of 6.28 μg/ml for microfilariae (mf), and 9.55 μg/ml for adult parasites. Morphological aberrations were prominent in the histological sections of the azadirachtin-exposed parasites. Moreover, alterations in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) parameters in treated parasites were evident. Induction of apoptosis in treated parasites was confirmed by DNA laddering, acridine orange (AO)/ethidium bromide (EtBr) double staining andin situDNA fragmentation. The downregulation of anti-apoptotic CED-9 and upregulation of proapoptotic EGL-1, CED-4 and CED-3 at both the transcription and translation levels confirmed apoptosis execution at the molecular level. Changes in the gene expressions of nuc-1, cps-6 and crn-1 further clarified the molecular cause of DNA degradation. Furthermore, azadirachtin was found to be non-toxic in bothin vitroandin vivotoxicity analyses. Therefore, the experimental evidence detailed the pharmacological effectiveness of azadirachtin as a possible therapeutic agent against filariasis.
A revision ofLeptogium(Collemataceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from Antarctica with a key to species
Authors: KITAURA Marcos J. , SCUR Mayara C. , SPIELMANN Adriano A. , LORENZ-LEMKE Aline P. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWith more than 180 known species,Leptogiumhas its greatest richness in tropical regions. Only three species have so far been reported from Antarctica but extensive surveys in the Antarctic Maritime Islands have shown that this is an underestimate.Leptogium antarcticum(non-isidiate, with medulla composed of columnar hyphae),L. marcellii(non-isidiate, with medulla composed of a sponge-like arrangement of hyphae) andL. tectum(isidiate, with medulla composed of columnar hyphae) are described here as new to science. The new species are compared with those already reported for the genus in Antarctica, namelyL. crispatellum,L. menziesiiandL. puberulum, and an identification key is provided. Sequences of ITS and mrSSU regions were obtained from recently collectedL. antarcticum,L. marcellii,L. puberulumandL. tectumspecimens. Morphological and anatomical data were compared along with available genetic data in order to delimit these species more accurately, using an integrative approach.
Habitat associations and distribution model forFuscopannaria leucostictain Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: PEARSON Kara , CAMERON Robert , MCMULLIN R. Troy 
Published: July 2018

AbstractFuscopannaria leucostictais a rare and understudied cyanolichen with an interesting and unusual distribution in tertiary relict hotspots worldwide. There is a relatively large population in eastern North America, where it occurs mostly throughout the Appalachian Mountains and reaches its northernmost extent in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Canada. The ability to detect this species, and thus determine its habitat requirements, is critical for understanding how it might be affected by human-induced environmental degradation. Maximum entropy modelling with MaxEnt was used to predict the distribution of suitable habitat for this species in Nova Scotia using 62 presence locations, 1405 pseudo-absence locations and four environmental covariates: depth to water table (a proxy for relative soil moisture), distance to the coast and mean annual temperature and precipitation. Our predictive maps identify important habitat features and areas of high suitability in Nova Scotia with an area under the curve value of 0·85. The predicted distribution of this lichen was most affected by temperature. This study elucidates locations as well as species-habitat relationships forF. leucosticta,providing land managers with baseline data that can aid in the discovery of additional populations and provide a better understanding of its ecological requirements which will support the development of sound conservation strategies for this rare lichen.
When trust is lost: the impact of interpersonal trauma on social interactions
Authors: Bell Victoria , Robinson Benjamin , Katona Cornelius , Fett Anne-Kathrin , Shergill Sukhi 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundTrauma due to deliberate harm by others is known to increase the likelihood of developing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This is the first study investigating basic and dynamic trust in ‘interpersonal’ PTSD.MethodsThirty-two participants with PTSD and 22 healthy controls played a novel multi-round version of a monetary investment protocol, the so-called ‘Trust Game’, a task from the behavioural economics literature, which is considered to involve trust and reciprocity. We used two ‘Trust Games’ including cooperative and unfair partners.ResultsFindings showed an effect for lower basic investment in PTSD compared to healthy controls, that trended towards significance (p = 0.09). All participants showed behavioural flexibility and modified their trust based on behavioural cues from their cooperative and unfair game partners. However, participants with PTSD made significantly lower investments towards the cooperative partner than controls. Investments towards the unfair partner did not differ between groups. Higher trauma scores were associated with lower levels of trust-related investments towards the cooperative but not the unfair game partner.ConclusionThe association between reduced trust towards cooperative others in individuals who experienced interpersonal trauma could indicate acquired insensitivity to social rewards or inflexible negative beliefs about others as a sequel of the traumatic experience, which increases in a dose response relationship with the severity of the trauma. A specific focus on cooperation and trusting behaviour could provide a treatment target for future cognitive and pharmacological interventions.
Experimental validatıon of peripheral dose distribution of electron beams for eclipse electron Monte Carlo algorithm
Authors: Acar Hilal , Caglar Mustafa , Altinok Ayse Y. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAimThe accuracy of two calculation algorithms of the Varian Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS), the electron Monte Carlo algorithm (eMC) and general Gaussian pencil beam algorithm (GGPB) for calculating peripheral dose distribution of electron beams was investigated.MethodsPeripheral dose measurements were carried out for 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 22 MeV electron beams using parallel plate ionisation chamber and EBT3 film in the slab phantom. Measurements were performed for 6×6, 10×10 and 25×25 cm2 cone sizes at dmax of each energy up to 20 cm beyond the field edges. The measured and TPS calculated data were compared.ResultsThe TPS underestimated the out-of-field doses. The difference between measured and calculated doses increase with the cone size. For ionisation chamber measurement, the largest deviation between calculated and measured doses is <4·29% using the eMC, but can increase up to 8·72% of the distribution using GGPB. For film measurement, the minimum gamma analysis passing rates between measured and calculated dose distributions for all field sizes and energies used in this study were 91·2 and 74·7% for eMC and GGPB, respectively.FindingsThe use of GGPB for planning large field treatments with 6 MeV could lead to inaccuracies of clinical significance.
A study to evaluate the effectiveness of Best Beginnings’ Baby Buddy phone app in England: a protocol paper
Authors: Deave Toity , Kendal Sally , Lingam Raghu , Day Crispin , Goodenough Trudy , Bailey Elizabeth , Ginja Sam , Nightingale Sam , Coad Jane 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIntroductionDevelopments in information and communication technologies have enabled electronic health and seen a huge expansion over the last decade. This has increased the possibility of self-management of health issues.PurposeTo assess the effectiveness of the Baby Buddy app on maternal self-efficacy and mental well-being three months post-birth in a sample of mothers recruited antenatally. In addition, to explore when, why and how mothers use the app and consider any benefits the app may offer them in relation to their parenting, health, relationships or communication with their child, friends, family members or health professionals.MethodsWe will use a mixed-methods approach, a cohort study, a qualitative element and analysis of in-app data. Participants will be first-time pregnant women, aged 16 years and over, between 12 and 16 weeks of gestation and recruited from five English study sites.Evaluation planWe will compare maternal self-efficacy and mental health at three months post-delivery in mothers who have downloaded the Baby Buddy app compared with those that have not downloaded the app, controlling for confounding factors. Women will be recruited antenatally between 12 and 16 weeks of gestation. Further follow-ups will take place at 35 weeks of gestation and three months post-birth. Data from the cohort study will be supplemented by in-app data that will include, for example, patterns of usage. Qualitative data will assess the impact of the app on the lives of pregnant women and health professionals using both focus groups and interviews.EthicsApproval from the West Midlands-South Birmingham Research Ethics Committee (NRES) (16/WM/0029) and the University of the West of England, Bristol, Research Ethics Committee (HAS.16.08.001).DisseminationFindings of the study will be published in peer reviewed and professional journals, presented locally, nationally and at international conferences. Participants will receive a summary of the findings and the results will be published on Best Beginnings’ website.
Relocation of Light and Moderate‐Magnitude (M4–6) Seismicity Along the Central Mid‐Atlantic
Authors: Cleveland K. Michael , Ammon Charles J. , Kintner Jonas 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe estimate precise relative epicentroid locations of earthquakes along the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (MAR) between 12°N and 19°N using intermediate‐period Rayleigh and Love wave cross‐correlation measurements. We relocate 152 earthquakes with magnitudes ranging between 4.0 and 6.0 and when possible use P waveform modeling to estimate centroid depths. We compare surface‐wave locations to locations in the U.S. Geological Survey, Global Centroid Moment Tensor, and Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory hydroacoustic catalogs (Smith et al., , https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013912) and demonstrate that surface‐wave based relative location techniques provide significant improvement on precision. Our analyses shift locations to more tectonically consistent alignments that correlate strongly with bathymetric features. Relocations along the Fifteen‐Twenty and Marathon Fracture Zones (FZs) move to within a few kilometers of the transform bathymetry. Events along ridge segments scatter over a distance of about 10–20 km perpendicular to the local plate boundary and most ridge‐segment seismicity clusters spatially. North of the Fifteen‐Twenty FZ, ridge events along several segments locate preferentially in the North American Plate, suggesting recent asymmetric seismic strain release and perhaps asymmetric spreading. Along the ridge between 13°N and 14°N, moderate‐magnitude seismic strain release concentrates in an area with two active oceanic core complexes (OCC) along the western rift boundary, but the largest events along this segment appear to occur along the eastern boundary rift valley faults and represent deformation opposite the OCC detachment surface processes. Precise moderate‐magnitude earthquake epicentroid locations for events that occurred over the last few decades complement the results of temporary seismometer deployments that have imaged microseismic activity along the MAR.
Global Distribution of Non‐algal Particles From Ocean Color Data and Implications for Phytoplankton Biomass Detection
Authors: Bellacicco M. , Volpe G. , Briggs N. , Brando V. , Pitarch J. , Landolfi A. , Colella S. , Marullo S. , Santoleri R. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn the last few decades, phytoplankton biomass has been commonly studied from space. However, satellite analysis of non‐algal particles (NAPs), including heterotrophic bacteria and viruses, is relatively recent. In this work, we estimate the backscattering coefficient associated with the NAP fraction that does not covary with chlorophyll based on satellite particulate backscattering coefficient and chlorophyll (bbpNAP). bbpNAP is computed at 100‐km resolution using 19 years of monthly satellite data. We find clear differences in bbpNAP between northern and southern oceans. High bbpNAP values are found in the Arctic and Southern Oceans, the North Atlantic area influenced by the Gulf Stream current, as well as shelf regions (i.e., Patagonian shelf) affected by upwelling regimes. Low correlation between chlorophyll and backscattering prevents precise bbpNAP estimations in oligotrophic areas (e.g., subtropical gyres). These bbpNAP estimations lead to a reduction to half in satellite‐based phytoplankton biomass estimates respect to previously published results.
Remote Sensing of Sargassum Biomass, Nutrients, and Pigments
Authors: Wang Mengqiu , Hu Chuanmin , Cannizzaro Jennifer , English David , Han Xingxing , Naar David , Lapointe Brian , Brewton Rachel , Hernandez Frank 
Published: July 2018

AbstractField and laboratory experiments are designed to measure Sargassum biomass per area (density), surface reflectance, nutrient contents, and pigment concentrations. An alternative floating algae index‐biomass density model is established to link the spectral reflectance to Sargassum biomass density, with a relative uncertainty of ~12%. Monthly mean integrated Sargassum biomass in the Caribbean Sea and central West Atlantic reached at least 4.4 million tons in July 2015. The average %C, %N, and %P per dry weight are 27.16, 1.06, and 0.10, respectively. The mean chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) concentration is ~0.05% of the dry weight. With these parameters, the amounts of nutrients and pigments can be estimated directly from remotely sensed Sargassum biomass. During bloom seasons, Sargassum carbon can account for ~18% of the total particulate organic carbon in the upper water column. This study provides the first quantitative assessment of the overall Sargassum biomass, nutrients, and pigment abundance from remote sensing observations, thus helping to quantify their ecological roles and facilitate management decisions.
Role of Greenland Sea Gyre Circulation on Atlantic Water Temperature Variability in the Fram Strait
Authors: Chatterjee Sourav , Raj Roshin P. , Bertino L. , Skagseth Ø. , Ravichandran M. , Johannessen Ola M. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAtlantic Water (AW) transported from the Nordic Seas is the major source of oceanic heat to the Arctic Ocean. Based on results from the TOPAZ reanalysis, a regional coupled ice‐ocean data assimilation system, we show that interannual variability of AW temperature in the Fram Strait (FS) is associated with the strength of the Greenland Sea gyre (GSG) circulation. The response of the GSG to the anomalous wind stress curl over the Nordic Seas modifies the AW inflow and thus influences the variability of AW temperature in the FS. A stronger (weaker) GSG circulation increases (decreases) the AW flow speed toward FS, leading to increased (decreased) oceanic heat content and higher (lower) AW temperature therein. This implies that the Nordic Seas circulation is not only a passive conduit of AW, but its response to overlying atmospheric variability can also largely influence the AW temperature in the FS by modifying the transport of AW.
On the Solstice Maxima and Azimuth‐Dependent Characteristics of the 150‐km Echoes Observed Using the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar
Authors: Pavan Chaitanya P. , Patra A. K. , Otsuka Y. , Yokoyama T. , Yamamoto M. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe present long overdue statistical analysis of the 150‐km echoes based on 10 years of observations made using the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar located at Kototabang, Indonesia. Analysis shows that while the basic features of the echoes are very similar to those observed from other equatorial/low‐latitude stations, occurrence and power/signal‐to‐noise ratio of the echoes are much higher in the solstices than in the equinoxes. Furthermore, both occurrence rate and power/signal‐to‐noise ratio of the echoes in the December solstice are marginally lower than those of the June solstice. The observed solstice‐equinox asymmetry has important implications with regard to the generation mechanism of the 150‐km echoes since this seasonal behavior cannot be accounted for by the recently proposed photoelectron‐induced enhanced plasma wave process alone. Equatorial Atmosphere Radar observations also display remarkable azimuthal variations of the echo characteristics, which indicate magnetic aspect angle dependence of the echoes. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of the origin of the 150‐km echoes.
Electron Energy Spectrum and Auroral Power Estimation From Incoherent Scatter Radar Measurements
Authors: Virtanen Ilkka I. , Gustavsson Björn , Aikio Anita , Kero Antti , Asamura Kazushi , Ogawa Yasunobu 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDifferential energy flux of electrons precipitating into the high‐latitude ionosphere can be estimated from incoherent scatter radar observations of the ionospheric electron density profile. We present a method called ELSPEC for electron spectrum estimation from incoherent scatter radar measurements, which is based on integration of the electron continuity equation and spectrum model selection by means of the Akaike information criterion. This approach allows us to use data with almost arbitrary time resolutions, enables spectrum estimation with dense energy grids, avoids noise amplifications in numerical derivatives, and yields statistical error estimates for all the output parameters, including the number and energy fluxes and upward field‐aligned currents carried by the precipitating electrons. The technique is targeted for auroral energies, 1–100 keV, which ionize the atmosphere mainly between 80 and 150 km altitudes. We validate the technique by means of a simulation study, which shows that Maxwellian, kappa, and mono‐energetic spectra, as well as combinations of those, can be reproduced. Comparison study for two conjugate satellite measurements to the EISCAT UHF radar are shown, for Reimei and Swarm, showing an agreement with the results. Finally, an example of a 2‐hr measurement by the EISCAT radar is shown, during which we observe a variety of precipitation characteristics, from soft background precipitation to mono‐energetic spectra with peak energies up to 60 keV. The upward field‐aligned current varies from 0 to 10 μAm−2 and the total energy flux from 0 to 250 mWm−2.
Timescales of Dayside and Nightside Field‐Aligned Current Response to Changes in Solar Wind‐Magnetosphere Coupling
Authors: Milan Stephen E. , Carter Jennifer Alyson , Sangha Harneet , Laundal Karl M. , Østgaard Nikolai , Tenfjord Paul , Reistad Jone Peter , Snekvik Kristian , Coxon John C , Korth Haje , Anderson Brian J. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPrincipal component analysis is performed on Birkeland or field‐aligned current (FAC) measurements from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment, to determine the response of dayside and nightside FACs to reversals in the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and the occurrence of substorms. Dayside FACs respond promptly to changes in IMF BY, but the nightside response is delayed by up to an hour and can take up to 4 hr to develop fully, especially during northward IMF. Nightside FAC asymmetries grow during substorm growth phase when the IMF has a significant BY component, and also promptly at substorm onset. Our findings suggest that magnetotail twisting and/or BY penetration into the magnetotail, due to subsolar reconnection with east‐west orientated IMF, are the main cause of these nightside FAC asymmetries and that asymmetries also arise due to magnetotail reconnection of these twisted field lines.
Attenuation and Directional Spreading of Ocean Waves During a Storm Event in the Autumn Beaufort Sea Marginal Ice Zone
Authors: Montiel F. , Squire V. A. , Doble M. , Thomson J. , Wadhams P. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis paper investigates the attenuation and directional spreading of large amplitude waves traveling through pancake ice. Directional spectral density is analyzed from in situ wave buoy data collected during a 3‐day storm event in October 2015 in the Beaufort Sea. Two proxy metrics for wave amplitude obtained from energy density spectra, namely, spectral amplitude and significant wave height, are used to track the waves as they propagate along transects through the array of buoys in the predominantly pancake ice field. Two types of wave buoys are used in the analysis and compared, exhibiting significant differences in the wave energy density and directionality estimates. Although exponential decay is observed predominantly, one of the two buoy types indicates a potential positive correlation between wave energy density and the occurrence of linear wave decay, as opposed to exponential decay, in accord with recent observations in the Antarctic marginal ice zone. Factors affecting the validity of this observation are discussed. An empirical power law with exponent 2.2 is also found to hold between the exponential attenuation coefficient and wave frequency. The directional content of the wave spectrum appears to decrease consistently along the wave transects, confirming that wave energy is being dissipated by the pancake ice as opposed to being scattered by ice cakes.
On the Recent Ambiguity of the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre Index
Authors: Hátún H. , Chafik L. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe so‐called gyre index appears to be related to core aspects of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre, meridional overturning circulation, hydrographic properties in the Atlantic inflows toward the Arctic, and in marine ecosystems in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Recent publications, however, present a more linear version of this index with less of the key interannual‐to‐decadal variability. This has introduced uncertainty about the meaning and usefulness of the gyre index. We claim that these concerns are primarily caused by the fact that the recently produced “gyre index” is not the same as the original gyre index and discuss possible reasons.