bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Ethicality
Authors: Dhami Sanjit , al-Nowaihi Ali 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe neoclassical model in economics envisages humans as amoral and self-regarding (Econs). This model, also known as the homo economicus model, is not consistent with the empirical evidence. In light of the evidence, the continued use of the homo economicus model is baffling. It also stymies progress in the field by putting the burden of adjustment on auxiliary assumptions that need to compensate for an unrealistic picture of human motivation and behavior. This essay briefly outlines the evidence for a more inclusive picture of humans in which ethics and morality play a central role. It argues for replacing the homo economicus model with a homo behavioralis model that has already enabled great progress to be made in the field of behavioral economics.
Virtue and Economics, Horse and Cart
Authors: Baker Jennifer A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Assimilating ethics to the economic way of thinking is a mistake, and I explain an alternative in this chapter. Applying virtue ethics to economics allows us to explain how economic reasoning ought to be related to our own agency. With virtue ethics, we can endorse some market norms for their contribution to general welfare and ethically critique any particular market norm on the basis of ethics. Concepts from virtue ethics can resolve established tensions between ethics and economics. Oikeiosis, or standard moral development, leaves room, in an account of virtue, for empirical discoveries (such as those economists themselves find) concerning our actual motivations. “Due action” is behavior economists can recommend, without expectations of virtue. And finally, the category of “moral indifferents” allows us to regard economics as the study of indifferents: crucial but unmoralized inputs to our collective lives.
Economics, Ethics, and Health Insurance
Authors: Hausman Daniel M. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Evaluating health care institutions and policies should depend on understanding the economic complexities of health care provision and on our values of compassion, choice, efficiency, fairness, and solidarity. These values may conflict, so applying them is difficult. We must also understand the problems with health care allocation, including employing markets. Regulations are needed first because of asymmetric information: doctors know more about treatments than patients and can exploit them. Second, health insurance is a better bargain for those who expect to be sick. Consequently, health insurance policies attract purchasers more likely to make claims. This adverse selection makes claims and premiums skyrocket, healthy people drop out, and private health insurance markets collapse, unless everyone is forced to buy insurance or insurers deny insurance to those with pre-existing conditions. Third is moral hazard: if insurance pays for a health problem, there is less incentive to avoid it or to economize on treating it. Health care policies must be economically sound and morally defensible.
The Ethics and Economics of Ecological Justice
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
If we are to emerge from the process of growing up with an adult conception of justice, it will be a conception of our place and of our due, alongside a conception of what other people are due, within a community that has a logic of its own. That logic will be described by economics (among other social sciences) and by ecology. Realistic possibilities are implications of those logics. Adult views about ethics and about justice will be disciplined by those logics.
Plato, Socrates, and Love
Authors: Vasiliou Iakovos 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Given the prodigious amount of scholarship on Platonic love, this article explores a different question: the nature of Plato’s love for Socrates as expressed in two dialogues, the Symposium and Phaedo, in which Plato depicts Socrates as surrounded by his lovers and disciples. By paying attention to the “outer frames” of the dialogues, that is, the relationship between the text and the reader, it is argued that Plato’s love for Socrates is displayed not only in his loving depiction of Socrates but also in Plato’s doing philosophy through the character of Socrates; Plato thereby shows what genuine love for Socrates would be like. Moreover, contrasted with the words and actions of other characters in these dialogues, Plato shows himself to be not just one among many of Socrates’ lovers, but in fact the best.
History of the Wada Test
Authors: Loring David W. , Meador Kimford J. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the origins and development of the Wada test. Wada testing, named after Juhn A. Wada, M.D., is the technique of arterial administration of amobarbital (or other short acting barbiturate) to transiently inactivate brain function in the distribution of the injected artery during which cognitive testing is performed. The procedure was developed to establish cerebral language dominance in the late 1940s, and it became a routine component of the preoperative evaluation for epilepsy surgery in the mid-1950s. However, the use of Wada testing as the primary technique to identify cortical language regions and predict risk of post-operative memory decline has been increasingly displaced by electroencephalogram (EEG) video monitoring, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of hippocampus, positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), functional MRI (fMRI), and even multi-modality imaging.
Vocal threat enhances visual perception as a function of attention and sex
Authors: Schirmer Annett , Wijaya Maria , Wu Esther , Penney Trevor B 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis pre-registered event-related potential study explored how vocal emotions shape visual perception as a function of attention and listener sex. Visual task displays occurred in silence or with a neutral or an angry voice. Voices were task-irrelevant in a single-task block, but had to be categorized by speaker sex in a dual-task block. In the single task, angry voices increased the occipital N2 component relative to neutral voices in women, but not men. In the dual task, angry voices relative to neutral voices increased occipital N1 and N2 components, as well as accuracy, in women and marginally decreased accuracy in men. Thus, in women, vocal anger produced a strong, multifaceted visual enhancement comprising attention-dependent and attention-independent processes, whereas in men, it produced a small, behavior-focused visual processing impairment that was strictly attention-dependent. In sum, these data indicate that attention and listener sex critically modulate whether and how vocal emotions shape visual perception.
Actigraphic detection of periodic limb movements: development and validation of a potential device-independent algorithm. A proof of concept study
Authors: Athavale Yashodhan , Krishnan Sridhar , Raissi Afsaneh , Kirolos Nardin , Jairam Trevor , Murray Brian J , Boulos Mark I 
Published: June 2019

AbstractStudy ObjectivesWe propose a unique device-independent approach to analyze long-term actigraphy signals that can accurately quantify the severity of periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS).MethodsWe analyzed 6–8 hr of bilateral ankle actigraphy data for 166 consecutively consenting patients who simultaneously underwent routine clinical polysomnography. Using the proposed algorithm, we extracted 14 time and frequency features to identify PLMS. These features were then used to train a Naïve–Bayes learning tool which permitted classification of mild vs. severe PLMS (i.e. periodic limb movements [PLM] index less than vs. greater than 15 per hr), as well as classification for four PLM severities (i.e. PLM index < 15, between 15 and 29.9, between 30 and 49.9, and ≥50 movements per hour).ResultsUsing the proposed signal analysis technique, coupled with a leave-one-out cross-validation method, we obtained a classification accuracy of 89.6%, a sensitivity of 87.9%, and a specificity of 94.1% when classifying a PLM index less than vs. greater than 15 per hr. For the multiclass classification for the four PLM severities, we obtained a classification accuracy of 85.8%, with a sensitivity of 97.6%, and a specificity of 84.8%.ConclusionsOur approach to analyzing long-term actigraphy data provides a method that can be used as a screening tool to detect PLMS using actigraphy devices from various manufacturers and will facilitate detection of PLMS in an ambulatory setting.
Selective Ah Receptor Ligands Mediate Enhanced SREBP1 Proteolysis to Restrict Lipogenesis in Sebocytes
Authors: Muku Gulsum E , Blazanin Nicholas , Dong Fangcong , Smith Philip B , Thiboutot Diane , Gowda Krishne , Amin Shantu , Murray Iain A , Perdew Gary H 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) mediates 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced toxicity that can lead to chloracne in humans. A characteristic of chloracne, in contrast to acne vulgaris, is shrinkage or loss of sebaceous glands. Acne vulgaris, on the other hand, is often accompanied by excessive sebum production. Here, we examined the role of AHR in lipid synthesis in human sebocytes using distinct classes of AHR ligands. Modulation of AHR activity attenuated the expression of lipogenic genes and key proinflammatory markers in the absence of canonical DRE-driven transcription of the AHR target gene CYP1A1. Furthermore, topical treatment with TCDD, which mediates DRE-dependent activity, and SGA360, which fails to induce DRE-mediated responses, both exhibited a decrease in the size of sebaceous glands and the number of sebocytes within each gland in the skin. To elucidate the mechanism of AHR-mediated repression of lipid synthesis, we demonstrated that selective AHR modulators, SGA360 and SGA315 increased the protein turnover of the mature sterol regulatory element-binding protein (mSREBP-1), the principal transcriptional regulator of the fatty acid synthesis pathway. Interestingly, selective AHR ligand treatment significantly activated the AMPK-dependent kinase (AMPK) in sebocytes. Moreover, we demonstrated an inverse correlation between the active AMPK and the mSREBP-1 protein, which is consistent with the previously reported role of AMPK in inhibiting cleavage of SREBP-1. Overall, our findings indicate a DRE-independent function of selective AHR ligands in modulating lipid synthesis in human sebocytes, which might raise the possibility of using AHR as a therapeutic target for treatment of acne.
Gelatin-Collagen Nonwoven Scaffold Provides an Alternative to Suprathel for Treatment of Superficial Skin Defects
Authors: Schiefer Jennifer L. , Rath Rebekka , Held Manuel , Werner Jan-Ole , Petersen Wiebke , Schaller Hans-Eberhard , Rahmanian-Schwarz Afshin 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the effect of a new biologic gelatin-collagen nonwoven scaffold compared with a more common synthetic wound dressing on the healing of superficial wounds.

METHODS:
Three superficial wounds with a depth of 0.5 mm and a length of 2.4 cm were created on the flanks of six minipigs using a skin dermatome. One wound on each pig was treated with the new nonwoven scaffold, one with the more common synthetic wound dressing, and one functioned as an untreated control wound. All three wounds were then covered with a semipermeable, sterile, transparent film.

RESULTS:
After 7 days, complete wound closure of all wounds could be detected; epidermal thickness and the number of epidermal cells of all treated wounds were significantly increased compared with the control wounds. The nonwoven dressing showed slightly better results compared with the more common dressing.

CONCLUSIONS:
The nonwoven scaffold is an interesting and competitive material for promoting epidermal wound healing. Because it is a biologic dressing, it degenerates completely and does not have to be removed from the wound. Further research should be conducted to compare this new dressing with other currently available wound treatments.
Health Equity and the Tripartite Mission: Moving From Academic Health Centers to Academic–Community Health Systems
Authors: Park Brian , Frank Brian , Likumahuwa-Ackman Sonja , Brodt Erik , Gibbs Brian K. , Hofkamp Holly , DeVoe Jennifer 
Published: June 2019

Academic health centers (AHCs) play a significant role in educating the health care workforce, conducting innovative biomedical and clinical research, and delivering high-quality patient care. Much work remains, however, to adequately address the social determinants of health and equity that affect communities where patients live, work, and play. Doing so will help achieve the Quadruple Aim while addressing the unjust social structures that disproportionately impact communities of color and vulnerable populations. AHCs have a timely opportunity to focus their leading roles in education, research, and clinical care on social determinants, moving outside their walls to create academic–community health systems: a collection of academic–community partnerships advancing health equity through collaboration, power sharing, and cocreation.
This Perspective proposes four strategies to start developing academic–community health systems. First, embark on all efforts through cocreation with communities. Second, address how future health care professionals are recruited. Third, build the right skills and opportunities for health care professionals to address health inequities. Finally, develop research agendas to evaluate programs addressing inequities. A fully realized vision of an academic–community health system will demonstrate interdependence between AHCs and the community. While considerable AHC resources are invested in building community capacity to improve health and health equity, health systems will also benefit in a multitude of ways, including increasing the diversity of ideas and experiences integrated into health systems. These strategies will support AHCs to embed across each arm of the tripartite mission a focus on partnering with communities to advance health equity together.
Use of Micafungin for the Prevention and Treatment of Invasive Fungal Infections in Everyday Pediatric Care in France: Results of the MYRIADE Study
Authors: Leverger Guy , Timsit Jean-François , Milpied Noël , Gachot Bertrand 
Published: June 2019

Background:
Invasive fungal infections are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. Safety and effectiveness of antifungal agents is a particular concern in pediatric populations, where data are often limited. Micafungin is an echinocandin with demonstrated antifungal activity against a wide spectrum of Candida spp.; this subanalysis of data from the MYRIADE study describes the use of micafungin and its therapeutic outcomes in pediatric patients, in normal clinical practice.

Methods:
MYRIADE was an observational, multicenter, national, prospective, longitudinal study conducted from January 2010 to December 2012, in patients treated with micafungin using a prophylactic or curative strategy, across 17 sites [oncohematology (n = 8), neonatal intensive care units (ICUs) (n = 5) and pediatric ICUs (n = 4)]. The treatment regimen, the achievement of the therapeutic objective and the tolerance were reported.

Results:
The study population consisted of 110 pediatric patients (31 neonates, 24 children <2 years old and 55 children ≥2 to <16 years old). The therapeutic objective was achieved in 49/64 (76.6%) oncohematology patients, 28/29 (96.6%) neonatal ICU patients and 12/14 (85.7%) pediatric ICU patients. Twenty-four (21.8%) children developed an adverse event (AE); more AEs were observed in oncohematology patients compared with ICU patients [17 (26.1%) vs. 7 (15.6%)]. Only one serious AE, reported in an oncohematology patient, was considered related to micafungin.

Conclusions:
In the first large observational study of micafungin treatment or prophylaxis conducted under real-world conditions in France, micafungin was effective and well tolerated for prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in pediatric oncohematology patients and for curative purposes in pediatric and neonatal ICU patients.
Development and Validation of Parental Vaccine Attitudes Scale for Use in Low-income Setting
Authors: Yousafzai Mohammad Tahir , Riaz Atif , Omer Saad B. , Husain Sara , Nisar Imran , Mahesar Waheed , Omar Imam Danyal , Wallace Aaron , Ali Asad 
Published: June 2019

Background:
This study aimed to develop a tool and assess its validity to measure childhood vaccine related attitudes among parents in a low-income setting.

Methods:
We developed a vaccine attitudes scale (VAS) composed of 14 Likert items each with 5 responses ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree (sum of scores range 14–70). The tool was administered to 901 parents with children 4–12 months of age during a vaccine coverage survey in Sindh, Pakistan. We performed factor analysis with eigenvalues >0.3 for sufficient factor loading and calculated Cronbach alpha for reliability.

Results:
The mean ± SD score on VAS was 48 ± 3 and Cronbach alpha was 0.61. Factor analysis identified that VAS measured 2 different domains related to the childhood vaccine related attitudes; (1) 10 items related to vaccine perceptions and concerns (mean 40 ± 5.5; Cronbach alpha 0.95) and (2) 4 items related to vaccine preventable disease salience and community benefit (mean 7 ± 3; Cronbach alpha 0.97). The odds of children being unimmunized was 5 times higher among parents who scored high (13–20) as compared with low (<13) on the subscale related to disease salience and community benefit (odds ratio 5.2; 95% CI: 3.6–7.6). The odds of children being unimmunized was 1.5 times higher among parents scoring high (40–50) as compared with low (<40) on subscale related to vaccine perception/concerns (odds ratio 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1–2.2).

Conclusion:
The 4-item scale assessing parental attitudes toward vaccine preventable disease salience and community benefit is sufficiently reliable and can predict vaccine acceptance among parents in low income setting.
The investigation of fatty acid composition of breast milk and its relationship with dietary fatty acid intake in 5 regions of China
Authors: Liu Yan , Liu Xinru , Wang Lingning 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
To investigate the relationship between dietary fatty acid (FA) intake and the lactate FA levels in Chinese women.
A total of 2007 samples from 5 regions of China were collected, including 431 in Shandong, 402 in Changchun, 419 in Chongqing, 398 in Guangzhou, and 357 women in Hohhot. All participants were mothers of healthy full-term newborns, collecting the foremilk from day 1 to day 7 and the mature breast milk on day 42 after delivery. The FA composition of the breast milk was analyzed by high resolution capillary gas chromatography.
The total FA content of mature breast milk in Shandong was the highest (34.95 g/L), and that was the lowest in Guangzhou (29.72 g/L). The saturated FA content of breast milk was increased from 1 to 7 days after delivery and decreased in mature breast milk. The saturated FA content of breast milk in Hohhot was the highest (37.43%), but that was the lowest in Changchun (32.80%). Maternal dietary FA composition was positively correlated with saturated FAs (SFA), polyunsaturated FAs (PUFA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (P < .001), and negatively with monounsaturated FAs (MUFA) (P > .05) in breast milk.
The FA content of breast milk is different in different regions of China, which was affected by maternal dietary FA composition. Lactating women in China should consume more foods rich in polyunsaturated FAs to ensure the growth of infant.
Evaluation of the depiction ability of the microanatomy of the temporal bone in quarter-detector CT
Authors: Kurokawa Ryo , Maeda Eriko , Mori Harushi , Amemiya Shiori , Sato Jiro , Ino Kenji , Torigoe Rumiko , Abe Osamu 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Little is known regarding differences between model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) and hybrid iterative reconstruction (HIR) in temporal bone computed tomography (CT). This study compared the ability to depict microstructures in temporal bone in quarter-detector CT (QDCT) between MBIR and HIR.
Sixty-two temporal bones in 31 consecutive adult patients who underwent QDCT were included. Reconstruction was performed with Forward projected model-based Iterative Reconstruction SoluTion (FIRST) BONE mild mode and Adaptive Iterative Dose Reduction 3D (AIDR3D) enhanced mild mode. Imaging quality was graded for 3 microstructures (spiral osseous lamina, tympanic membrane, and singular canal).
Spiral osseous lamina was significantly well-delineated in the AIDR3D enhanced group, compared with the FIRST group. In nearly all cases with FIRST, spiral osseous lamina was poorly defined. Although there was no significant difference, depiction of the tympanic membrane and singular canal tended to be better with AIDR3D enhanced mode.
Routine reconstruction for preoperative temporal bone CT should be performed with HIR, rather than MBIR.
Accuracy of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 for diagnosing sepsis
Authors: Li Xiang-jin , Tan En-li , Zhao Cheng-peng , Yan Juan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background:
Sepsis is a complex and life-threatening systemic disease. A positive blood culture is the criterion standard of diagnosis for sepsis; however, it does not produce results for 24 to 72 hours. Besides, the clinical manifestations of sepsis are variable and nonspecific. Therefore, a new diagnostic biomarker for diagnosis of sepsis should be developed. The present study aims to assess the diagnostic value of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in individuals with sepsis.

Methods:
The literature will be searched in PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases from the inception of each database up to June 2019. The methodological quality of eligible study will be assessed by Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool-2 (QUADAS-2). Stata 15.1 software (version 15.1, Stata Corporation) will be used to calculate the pooled sensitivity, pooled specificity, pooled positive likelihood ratio, pooled negative likelihood ratio, pooled diagnostic odds ratio, pre-test probability, post-test probability, and summary receiver-operating characteristic curve for diagnostic value of ICAM-1. The I
2 statistic will be used to test heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis will be used to explore the source of inconsistency. GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) system will be used to assess the certainty of evidence. This study will be conducted fully following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of diagnostic test accuracy.

Results and conclusions:
Our study will detect the potential of ICAM-1 for diagnosing the patients with sepsis and the results will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal.

Discussion:
The evidence will indicate that ICAM-1 is a valuable biomarker for detecting sepsis. This is a protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis, so the ethical approval and patient consent are not required.