bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical Kinetics of Radiolabelling Reactions
Authors: Holland Jason P. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe application of chemical kinetics is one of the most powerful and versatile tools for investigating reaction mechanisms in complex mixtures. Kinetic studies are commonplace in traditional synthetic chemistry but are seldom used in radiopharmaceutical sciences. When deriving standard reaction rate laws, the focus is normally placed on calculating the chemical concentration of different species over time. In radiopharmaceutical synthesis, the desired product is one of the radioactive components of the mixture. Reaction conditions are optimised to obtain the radioactive product in the highest activity yield. When short‐lived radionuclides are used, radioactive decay during the reaction window means that the maximum activity yield does not necessarily coincide with the chemical or decay‐corrected radiochemical yields. To account for this difference in the kinetic models, it is shown how standard integrated rate laws can be modified to incorporate the contribution from radioactive decay. An example is then presented to show how radiochemical kinetics can be used to model complex systems, like [18F]FDG radiosynthesis, that involve parallel or competing reactions at the different chemical scales of the radionuclide and substrate. Increased knowledge of reaction rates, and a more wide‐spread application of radiochemical kinetics, can facilitate the development of new radiolabelling reactions. Accurate identification of maximum activity yields using kinetic models also has the potential to improve the optimisation and radiochemical efficiency of all current and future radiopharmaceutical syntheses.
Resolution of Viable and Membrane‐Compromised Free Bacteria in Aquatic Environments by Flow Cytometry
Authors: Grégori Gérald , Denis Michel , Sgorbati Sergio , Citterio Sandra 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn aquatic environments, free heterotrophic bacteria play an extremely important role due to their high biomass, wide panel of metabolisms, and ubiquity, as well as the toxicity of certain species. This unit presents a nucleic‐acid double‐staining protocol (NADS) for flow cytometry that can distinguish fractions of viable, damaged, or membrane‐compromised cells within the free‐bacterial community. The NADS protocol is based on the simultaneous utilization of two nucleic acid stains—membrane‐permeant SYBR Green and membrane‐impermeant propidium iodide (PI). The efficiency of the double staining on fresh samples is magnified by the FRET from SYBR Green to PI when both are bound to the nucleic acids. Full quenching of SYBR Green fluorescence by PI identifies cells with a compromised membrane, partial quenching indicates cells with a slightly damaged membrane, and lack of quenching characterizes cells with an intact membrane. Samples do not require any pretreatment and this protocol can be performed almost anywhere. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Energy router with virtual inertia control schemes and concurrency operation
Authors: Lv Zhipeng , Wu Ming , Liu Lan , Liu Haitao , Song Zhenhao , Sun Lijing 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThe energy router is one unified interface solution for organizing distributed energy running in a microgrid operation mode. Because of its flexible and controllable features, this model is expected to become an important scheme for the electricity market liberalization process. Power electronic equipment could not provide inertia and damping like that of the traditional synchronous grid, which leads to poor grid‐tied integrity and reliability. This paper proposes an energy router microgrid‐operation model in which the AC‐interface and DC‐interface conventional control strategies are replaced by a virtual synchronous generator (motor) and virtual DC motor control strategy such that the energy router can mimic the inertia and damping characteristics of a rotating motor in order to improve the stability of the distributed power network. The simulation results prove the effectiveness of the energy router microgrid running mode and the control strategy.
Network selection in heterogeneous access networks simultaneously satisfying user profile and QoS
Authors: Ali Javid , Ahmad Raja Wasim , Maqsood Tahir , Rodrigues Joel J. P. C. , Ul Haq Nuhman , Sarwar Shahzad , Iqbal Tassawar , Madani Sajjad A. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryMultimode capability empowers mobile devices to select the appropriate network to meet the requirements of user and applications. However, network selection is a challenging task owing to heterogeneous nature of network access links. At the same time, pervasiveness of mobile communication networks accompanied by the advances in wireless devices has raised the user expectations of persistent service and quality. Therefore, it is important for a mobile device to take situation‐based and timely decisions while selecting an access network to ensure both user's and operator's demand. The existing standard, called IEEE 802.21 (media‐independent handover), considers mobile device signal‐strength parameter for network selection from a list of networks. This research has proposed a ranking algorithm to rank heterogeneous networks based on a set of parameters including user profile and QoS. It selects most suitable network owing to multiple handover scenarios. The simulation results have shown that the proposed scheme has successfully satisfied apparently the contradictory requirements related to user profiles and QoS simultaneously.
Warm‐, hot‐ and pain‐related neural activities depending on baseline skin temperatures
Authors: Nakata H. , Kakigi R. , Shibasaki M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundThis study investigated the characteristics of temperature‐related evoked neural activities to baseline skin temperatures on target and adjacent sites using contact heat evoked potentials (CHEPs).MethodsContact heat evoked potentials were recorded from 12 normal subjects during three stimuli: target temperatures for “warm”, “hot” and “pain” were set at 41, 46 and 51 °C, respectively. The baseline temperature was separately set at 30, 35 and 40 °C under all conditions, and a heat pulse was delivered over the right forearm at 41 °C under the warm condition, at 46 °C under the hot condition and at 51 °C under the pain condition.ResultsThe N2‐P2 amplitude was significantly larger at the 40 °C baseline than at the 30 and 35 °C baselines during the pain condition, whereas no significant differences were observed during the hot and warm conditions. In addition, the effects of an interference warm stimulation to adjacent sites were examined; however, no significant effects were observed.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the priming effects of temperature on CHEPs were only observed under the pain condition, indicating the specificity of thermal pain, as well as a difference in the neural mechanisms responsible for thermal noxious and innocuous processing in human brains.SignificanceThis study using CHEPs shows the importance of baseline and target skin temperatures to investigate the characteristics of temperature‐related neural activities. This measure may contribute to understanding of warm‐, hot‐, and pain‐related neural activities in human brains.
Effects of repeated conditioning pain modulation in healthy volunteers
Authors: Hoegh M. , Petersen K.K. , Graven‐Nielsen T. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundConditioned pain modulation (CPM) may be impaired in chronic pain patients compared with healthy subjects. The CPM‐effect is the difference between pain sensitivity assessments (test‐stimuli) with and without a painful conditioning stimulus. CPM has been extensively explored but effects of repeated CPM‐effects and differences between repeated CPM assessments and comparable control conditions are less studied.MethodsIn 20 healthy men, four 5‐min bouts with a test‐stimulus in the beginning and midway were applied by cuff‐algometry to the dominant leg. The 2nd test‐stimulus in each bout was conditioned in parallel by a painful cuff pressure on the contralateral leg. A control‐session was performed without conditioning. The conditioning intensity was 70% of the pressure‐pain tolerance threshold (PTT) assessed at baseline. Pain detection threshold (PDT) was extracted from test‐stimuli. CPM/Control‐effects were calculated as second minus first test‐stimulus, and netCPM‐effects were calculated as the difference between CPM‐effects and Control‐effects.ResultsPain detection threshold increased in all four bouts (p < 0.02) compared to the unconditioned test‐stimulus and compared to the 2nd test‐stimulus in bout1, bout3 and bout4 of the control‐session (p < 0.04). In the control‐session, the 1st test‐stimulus PDT increased from bout1 to bout2, bout3 and bout4 (p < 0.03). The netCPM‐effect increased progressively over the four bouts (p = 0.03).ConclusionConditioned pain modulation‐effects were maintained over four consecutive bouts and in the control‐session repeated pain thresholds assessments habituated more than in the CPM‐session leading to an increase in netCPM‐effect over the four bouts.SignificanceConditioning pain modulation can be assessed in 5‐min intervals by cuff algometry with a fixed conditioning stimulus. Without applying conditioning stimuli the pain sensitivity of test‐stimuli habituated. As a consequence, it can be speculated that the conditioning stimulus may negate the temporal habituation effects during repeated sessions, whereas this may not be the case for unconditioned stimuli. Applying both conditioned and unconditioned repeated test‐stimuli may be a way to assess different parts of the pain modulatory system, and a model for measuring a netCPM‐effect, which could indicate a balance between habituation and sensitization, is proposed.
Quantification of cliff retreat in coastal Quaternary sediments using anatomical changes in exposed tree roots
Authors: Lopez‐Saez Jérôme , Corona Christophe , Morel Pauline , Rovéra Georges , Dewez Thomas J.B. , Stoffel Markus , Berger Frédéric 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSea cliffs represent 80% of the world's coasts and can be found virtually in all types of morphogenetic environments. Most studies on rocky environments focused on the impacts of modern sea level rise on cliff stability derived from sequential surveys, direct measurements or erosional features in anthropogenic structures. In this study, we explore the potential of dendrogeomorphic techniques to quantify multidecadal changes in coastal environments on Porquerolles Island (France). We sampled a total of 56 cross‐sections from 16 Pinus halepensis Mill. roots growing on former alluvial deposits and on sandy‐gravelly cliffs to quantify mean annual cliff retreat rates as well as changes in cliff geometry. Anatomical changes in roots have been used successfully in the past to quantify continuous denudation rates on slopes, channel incision and gullying processes but the approach has not been used so far in a coastal cliff context. At Porquerolles Island, reconstructed rates of cliff retreat cover 30–40 years and show average erosion rates between 0.6 and 3.9 cm yr−1 (average: 2.1 cm yr−1). Highest rates are observed at Pointe de la Tufière (2.6–3.9 cm yr−1), a small rock promontory that is more exposed to wave and storm surges than the remainder of the study area. By contrast, lower erosion rates are recorded at cliffs protected by the La Courtade pocket beach (0.6–1.9 cm yr−1). This contribution demonstrates that dendrogeomorphic analyses of roots clearly have a significant potential and that they are a powerful tool for the quantification of multidecadal rates of cliff retreat in areas where measurements of past erosion are lacking. More specifically, the approach also has clear advantages over the shorter time series obtained with repeat monitoring (e.g. terrestrial laser scanning, sensors, erosion pins) or over longer, but more coarsely resolved records obtained from aerial photographs or radio‐nuclides. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased fMRI activity correlations in autobiographical memory versus resting states
Authors: Warren Kristen N. , Hermiller Molly S. , Nilakantan Aneesha S. , O'Neil Jonathan , Palumbo Robert T. , Voss Joel L. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAutobiographical memory retrieval is associated with activity of a distributed network that is similar to the default‐mode network (DMN) identified via activity correlations measured during rest. We tested whether activity correlations could be used to identify the autobiographical network during extended bouts of retrieval. Global‐correlativity analysis identified regions with activity correlation differences between autobiographical‐retrieval and resting states. Increased correlations were identified for retrieval versus resting states within a distributed network that included regions prototypical for autobiographical memory. This network segregated into two subnetworks comprised of regions related to memory versus cognitive control, suggesting greater functional segregation during autobiographical retrieval than rest. DMN regions were important drivers of these effects, with increased correlations between DMN and non‐DMN regions and segregation of the DMN into distinct subnetworks during retrieval. Thus, the autobiographical network can be robustly identified via activity correlations and retrieval is associated with network functional organization distinct from rest.
Nonlinear neuroplasticity corresponding to sports experience: A voxel‐based morphometry and resting‐state functional connectivity study
Authors: Chang Chih‐Yen , Chen Yin‐Hua , Yen Nai‐Shing 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWe aimed to investigate the structural neuroplasticity associated with different levels of sports experience and its effect on the corresponding resting‐state functional circuitry. We recruited 18 skilled baseball batters (SB), 19 intermediate baseball batters (IB), and 17 healthy controls (HC), and used magnetic resonance imaging methods to compare their regional gray‐matter volume (GMV) and seed‐based resting‐state functional connectivity (rsFC). Our results revealed that a quadratic function could better depict intergroup differences in regional GMV than a linear function. In particular, the IB showed lower or higher regional GMV than the other two groups. The difference in GMV in the supplementary motor area and areas belonging to the ventral stream, including the middle temporal gyrus and middle temporal pole, might be possibly related to baseball‐specific motor and perceptual experience, such as inhibitory action control and pitch identification. On the other hand, the stronger rsFC seeded from the right middle temporal pole to the default mode network, particularly in the precuneus, in the SB and IB relative to that in the HC might be possibly associated with the theory of mind, such as deciding whether to swing or not against the pitcher by detecting the spatial information of pitches. In conclusion, our three‐group design enabled the capture of the unique and transient changes that occur during the intermediate phase of expertise development. Our findings indicated that structural and functional brain changes do not necessarily linearly increase as a function of experience as previously suggested by the literature.
Language network measures at rest indicate individual differences in naming decline after anterior temporal lobe resection
Authors: Audrain Samantha , Barnett Alexander J. , McAndrews Mary P. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWhile anterior temporal lobe (ATL) resection is an effective treatment for temporal lobe epilepsy, surgery on the dominant hemisphere is associated with variable decline in confrontation naming. Accurate prediction of naming impairment is critical to inform clinical decision making, and while there has been some degree of success using task‐based functional MRI (fMRI) paradigms, there remains a growing interest in the predictive utility of resting‐state connectivity as it allows for relatively shorter scans with low task demands. Our objective was to assess the relationship between measures of preoperative resting‐state connectivity and postoperative naming change in patients following left ATL resection. We compared the resting language network connectivity of each patient to a normative healthy control template using a novel measure called “matrix similarity,” and found that patients with more abnormal global language‐network connectivity—particularly of regions spared from surgery—showed greater postoperative naming decline than those with normative patterns of connectivity. When we interrogated the degree centrality of to‐be‐resected regions in a more targeted approach of the pathological temporal lobe, we found that greater functional integration of those regions with the rest of the language network at rest was related to greater decline in naming following surgery. Finally, we found that matrix similarity was a better predictor of postoperative outcome than degree within to‐be‐resected regions, network clustering, modularity, and language task fMRI laterality. We provide some of the first evidence that using this novel measure, a relatively short preoperative resting scan can be exploited to inform naming ability following ATL resection.
The consequence of cerebral small vessel disease: Linking brain atrophy to motor impairment in the elderly
Authors: Su Ning , Liang Xinyu , Zhai Fei‐Fei , Zhou Li‐Xin , Ni Jun , Yao Ming , Tian Feng , Zhang Shu‐Yang , Jin Zheng‐Yu , Cui Li‐Ying , Gong Gaolang , Zhu Yi‐Cheng 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn the elderly, brain structural deficits and gait disturbances due to cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) have been well demonstrated. The relationships among CSVD, brain atrophy, and motor impairment, however, are far from conclusive. Particularly, the effect of CSVD on subcortical nuclear atrophy, motor performance of upper extremities, and associating patterns between brain atrophy and motor impairment remains largely unknown. To address these gaps, this study recruited 770 community‐dwelling subjects (35–82 years of age), including both CSVD and non‐CSVD individuals. For each subject, four motor tests involving upper and lower extremities were completed. High‐resolution structural MRI was applied to extract gray matter (GM) volume, white matter volume, cortical thickness, surface area, and subcortical nuclear (caudate, putamen, pallidum, and thalamus) volumes. The results showed worse motor performance of lower extremities but relatively preserved performance of upper extremities in the CSVD group. Intriguingly, there was a significant association between the worse performance of upper extremities and atrophy of whole‐brain GM and pallidum in the CSVD group but not in the non‐CSVD group. In addition, mediation analysis confirmed a functional CSVD‐to‐“brain atrophy”‐to‐“motor impairment” pathway, that is, a mediating role of thalamic atrophy in the CSVD effect on walking speed in the elderly, indicating that CSVD impairs walking performance through damaging the integrity of the thalamus in aging populations. These findings provide important insight into the functional consequences of CSVD and highlight the importance of evaluating upper extremities functions and exploring their brain mechanisms in CSVD populations during aging.
Treatment effect estimators for count data models
Authors: Hasebe Takuya 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we consider a switching regression model with count data outcomes, where the possible outcome differs across two alternate states and individuals endogenously select one of the states. We assume lognormal latent heterogeneity. Building on the switching regression model, we derive estimators of various treatment effects: the average treatment effect, the average treatment effect on the treated, the local average treatment effect, and the marginal treatment effect. We illustrate an application that examines the effects of public insurance on the number of doctor visits using the data employed by previous studies.
Quantitative analysis of riverbank groundwater flow for the Qinhuai River, China, and its influence factors
Authors: Lu Chengpeng , Chen Shuai , Jiang Yong , Shi Junchao , Yao Congcong , Su Xiaoru 
Published: June 2018

AbstractInteractions of surface water and groundwater (SW–GW) play an important role in the physical, chemical, and ecological processes of riparian zones. The main objective of this study was to describe the two‐dimensional characteristics of riverbank SW–GW interactions and to quantify their influence factors. The SW–GW exchange fluxes for six sections (S1 to S6) of the Qinhuai River, China, were estimated using a heat tracing method, and field hydrogeological and thermodynamic parameters were obtained via inverse modelling. Global sensitivity analysis was performed to compare the effects of layered heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity and river stage variation on SW–GW exchange. Under the condition of varied river stage, only the lateral exchange fluxes at S1 apparently decreased during the monitoring period, probably resulting from its relatively higher hydraulic conductivity. Meanwhile, the SW–GW exchanges for the other five sections were quite stable over time. The lateral exchange fluxes were higher than the vertical ones. The riverbank groundwater flow showed different spatial variation characteristics for the six sections, but most of the higher exchange fluxes occurred in the lower area of a section. The section with larger hydraulic conductivity has an apparent dynamic response to surface water and groundwater level differences, whereas lower permeabilities severely reduced the response of groundwater flow. The influence of boundary conditions on SW–GW interactions was restricted to a limited extent, and the impact extent will expand with the increase of peak water level and hydraulic conductivity. The SW–GW head difference was the main influence factors in SW–GW interactions, and the influence of both SW–GW head difference and hydraulic conductivity decreased with an increase of the distance from the surface water boundary. For each layer of riverbank sediment, its hydraulic conductivity had greater influence on its groundwater flow than the other layers, whereas it had negligible effects on its overlying/underlying layers. Consequently, the variations in river stage and hydraulic conductivity were the main factors influencing the spatial and temporal characteristics of riverbank groundwater flow, respectively.