bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Stand and Site Variables on the Lumber Value of Uneven-aged Loblolly Pine Stands
Authors: Patterson David W. , Murphy Paul A. , Shelton Michael G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Uneven-aged silviculture using single-tree selection provides the landowner with periodic income from a continuous forest which has a varied canopy. Data were collected from 24 plots of a larger study to determine if site index, basal area, and maximum dbh affected volume and value of lumber from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees in uneven-aged stands. Tree grades and lumber yield equations were used to determine the volume of lumber by grade for each tree. Market prices from May 1997 and May 1998 were used to estimate lumber value. Analysis of variance showed that study variables significantly affected lumber volume, lumber value/mbf, and stand value/ac. With 1997 prices, increases in site index and maximum dbh significantly increased lumber value/mbf, but only maximum dbh was significant with 1998 prices. Stand values ranged from $4,100 to $12,350/ac and were significantly higher for the higher site index, basal area, and maximum dbh. South. J. Appl. For. 24(4):202-206.
Twenty Years of Natural Loblolly and Shortleaf Pine Seed Production on the Crossett Experimental Forest in Southeastern Arkansas
Authors: Cain Michael D. , Shelton Michael G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Loblolly and shortleaf pine (Pinus taeda L. and P. echinata Mill., respectively) seed crops were monitored for 20 consecutive years (1980–1981 through 1999–2000) using seed-collection traps in natural stands on the Upper Coastal Plain of southeastern Arkansas. Each seed-collection period began on October 1 and continued through the end of February of successive years. Sound seeds were separated from void seeds by use of a cut test. During 20 yr, sound seed production ranged from 0 to 2,000,000/ac. There were six bumper seed crops (>800,000 sound seeds/ac), nine good seed crops (40,000—800,000 sound seeds/ac), and five poor seed crops (<40,000 sound seeds/ac). Because no poor seed crops occurred back-to-back, the seed supply was adequate for successful natural pine regeneration over the entire monitoring period. During 8 yr of adequate seed production, when weekly seed counts were made, seed dispersal always peaked in early November; therefore, site preparation should be completed before November to maximize seedling catch. South. J. Appl. For. 25(1):40–45.
A Generational Change in Site Index for Naturally Established Longleaf Pine on a South Alabama Coastal Plain Site
Authors: Boyer William D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Research on longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) has been carried out for over 50 yr on a coastal plain site in south Alabama. Studies have included the original second-growth stands and also naturally established third-growth stands. Site index data revealed that estimated site index values for third growth generally exceeded those for second growth. Age 50 site index in 16 study compartments with second growth near index age averaged 66 ft. Estimated site index for third-growth stands recorded in 17 different compartments averaged 81 ft. Nine of the 16 compartments with second-growth stands now include third growth about 40 yr in age. This provided an opportunity to make a direct comparison of generational site index differences within the same compartments. Site index for second growth averaged 65 ft (range 61 to 70 ft), while third growth averaged 83 ft (range 77 to 87 ft). Reasons for this large increase in apparent site quality are unknown, but since soils are the same, some climate changes may be suspect. South. J. Appl. For. 25(2):88–92.
Predicting Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners' Choices of a Forester for Harvesting and Tree Planting Assistance in Alabama
Authors: Zhang Daowei , Mehmood Sayeed R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners often seek technical assistance from public, consulting, and industry foresters. This study uses a multinomial logit model to investigate factors influencing landowners' choices of a specific type of forester for harvesting and tree planting assistance. Income and preparation of management plan are significant predictors in both cases. In addition, species composition is a significant factor in the choice for harvesting assistance, and size of ownership and time spent in forest management are significant factors in the choice for tree planting assistance. The results may be useful to assist foresters in developing their marketing strategy. Policy implications for the design and delivery of technical assistance are discussed. South. J. Appl. For. 25(3):101–107.
Epicormic Branches Affect Lumber Grade and Value in Willow Oak
Authors: Meadows James S. , Burkhardt E.C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A case study was conducted in a 50-yr-old bottomland oak stand in central Alabama to investigate the relationship between epicormic branches and lumber grade and value in willow oak (Quercus phellos L.). The stand had been thinned from below 7–10 yr earlier, resulting in a wide variety of epicormic branch conditions on the residual trees. A sample of 41 willow oak trees was selected before the stand was clearcut in late 1991. All merchantable logs in each tree were graded prior to felling. Average dbh of sampled trees was 19.1 in. Each tree averaged 9.5 epicormic branches on the sawlog portion of the bole. From these 41 trees, a random sample of 57 logs (31 butt logs and 26 upper logs) was shipped to a sawmill where they were sawn into lumber and graded. Epicormic branching had a large detrimental effect on log grade of individual trees. In general, as few as five epicormic branches somewhat evenly distributed on a 16 ft log was enough to cause a reduction in log grade. More importantly, defects caused by epicormic branches had a serious effect on lumber grade, particularly in the higher grades. Over 50% of the lumber volume that would have been graded as either First and Seconds or Select in the absence of epicormic branches was downgraded to No. 1 Common or below due to defects caused by epicormic branches. Based on lumber prices prevailing at the time of the study, defects caused by epicormic branches resulted in a 13% reduction in the value of the lumber produced in the final harvest. South. J. Appl. For.25(3):136–141.
A Numerical Rating System for Crown Classes of Southern Hardwoods
Authors: Meadows J.S. , Burkhardt E.C. , Johnson R.L. , Hodges J.D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A numerical rating system to delineate crown classes of southern hardwoods is described. The system is based on four criteria: (1) amount of direct sunlight from above, (2) amount of direct sunlight from the sides, (3) crown balance, and (4) relative crown size. The total point value assigned places the tree within one of the four crown classes. The rating system can be used to train inexperienced hardwood foresters and should give experienced foresters a better grasp of those factors important in hardwood crown classification. Time required to evaluate a tree varies by tree, by stand conditions, and by observer, but experienced users of the system can easily rate most trees in 30–45 seconds. The rating system is particularly useful in situations where an individual tree appears to be borderline between two crown classes. For researchers, the system provides: (1) an expression of individual-tree crown characteristics, and (2) documentation of changes in crown position and condition. In two tests comparing the numerical rating system with the conventional crown classification system, use of the rating system consistently improved the ability of participants to correctly identify crown classes. Dominant and suppressed trees were the easiest to assess with the numerical rating system, whereas codominant and intermediate trees were the most difficult. Agreement between participants and experts in identification of crown classes increased with the level of the participants' forestry knowledge and experience. In one test, a group of participants attending a continuing-education hardwood shortcourse, but with little to moderate hardwood experience, correctly identified the crown class of 78% of the trees after only 1 hr of training. South. J. Appl. For. 25(4):154–158.
Impacts of Shortleaf Pine-Hardwood Forest Management on Soils in the Ouachita Highlands: A Review
Authors: Liechty Hal O. , Shelton Michael G. , Luckow Kenneth R. , Turton Donald J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) is the most ecologically and economically important tree species in the Ouachita Highlands of the southcentral United States. This species can occur in relatively pure stands but most frequently exists in mixed stands with various hardwood species. Because of the diversity of land ownership, public concerns about forest management, and increased intensity of forest practices, the Ouachita Highlands have been a focal point for numerous research projects over the past 20 yr that have studied how forest management affects soils. We summarized information in four fundamental areas: (1) compaction, (2) soil loss, (3) organic matter, and (4) nutrients to better evaluate if and to what degree management practices such as harvesting and prescribed fire modify the productivity and sustainability of soils in this region. The review indicated that soils with less than 15% rock content or sandy loam textures were susceptible to compaction when harvested during wet weather conditions. Although partial harvesting techniques, such as single-tree or group selection, tended to reduce overall soil disturbance in a stand, it increased soil compaction on primary skid trails by concentrating traffic on fewer skid trails. Compaction on skid trails frequently elevated bulk density to levels that could reduce regeneration success or seedling growth. Using current harvesting systems, soil losses and displacement to streams after harvesting appeared to have little or no effect on long-term soil productivity. Harvesting and prescribed fires significantly altered nutrient and organic matter contents of the forest floor and mineral soil. However, recovery of these nutrient or organic pools often occurred rapidly after these cultural practices occurred. Little information was available for determining how repeated silvicultural practices over multiple rotations would affect long-term soil productivity in the Ouachita Highlands. South. J. Appl. For. 26(1):43–51.
Determinants and Projections of Land Use in the South Central United States
Authors: Ahn SoEun , Plantinga Andrew J. , Alig Ralph J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This article presents historical trends and future projections of forest, agricultural, and urban/other land uses for the South Central region of the United States. An econometric land use model is used to investigate the relationship between the areas of land in alternative uses and economic and demographic factors influencing land use decisions. Determinants of land use included in the model are the net returns from different land uses, land quality, and demographic variables such as population density. Given projections of stumpage prices and population, the fitted econometric models are used to generate projections of future land use to the year 2050. Under a scenario in which population changes in the future, but stumpage prices remain constant, urban/other land increases by 2.2 million ac from 1992 to 2050. More private timberland (1.8 million ac) than agricultural land (0.4 million ac) is converted to urban/other land to accommodate the population increase. Under a scenario of population growth and 0.5% annual increases in stumpage prices, private timberland increases from 101.7 million ac to 107.2 million ac by 2050, and the urban/other land increases by 1.3 million ac. Agricultural land declines by almost 7 million ac, mirroring the increases in the urban/other land and private timberland. South. J. Appl. For. 26(2):78–84.
Effects of Early Release on Natural Versus Container Loblolly Pines 12 Years After Field Establishment
Authors: Cain Michael D. , Barnett James P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Genetically improved, container loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings were compared to naturally established loblolly seedlings on a cutover pine site. Crop pines on 6 of 12 plots were released from woody and herbaceous competition within a 2 ft radius of each stem. On release plots, woody competition was controlled by hand-cutting for 5 consecutive yr and herbaceous competition was controlled with herbicides for 4 consecutive yr after pine establishment. Competition control increased 12 yr survival by 68 percentage points for natural pines and by 47 percentage points for planted pines. Twelve years after field establishment, mean-tree volume of planted pines was no different than that of naturally established pines. Nevertheless, volume gains of 150% to 200% were achieved within regeneration techniques as a result of release. South. J. Appl. For. 26(4):173–180.
Checking Our Foundations: Matthews' Least Cost Models Revisited
Authors: Stuart William B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Logging in the U.S. South at the beginning of the twentieth century was an operating unit of manufacturing and therefore treated as a cost center. Around the middle of the century, it shifted to a service provided by standalone firms operating as “for profit” businesses. The engineering economy approach of cost control from the earlier era of company logging operations continues to be used by professionals. Increasing production to distribute “fixed costs” is a key element of many cost control approaches. The most common of these, the model for identifying the point of operation where average total cost per unit is minimized, exemplified by Matthews' road spacing model, is revisited considering the complexities of the modern operating environment and the competing objectives of land management, wood supply, and for-profit contractors. South. J. Appl. For. 27(1):30–35.
A Simplified Method of Predicting Percent Volume in Log Portions
Authors: Oderwald Richard G. , Popescu Sorin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Effective multi-product inventory requires methods that can estimate the percent of total tree merchantable volume in any one piece regardless of length or position. The usual equations for predicting percent volume by piece are confined to specific log lengths and length units. A simple method of predicting percent board foot volume in any piece of a bole or log in any length units is presented. It is widely applicable but not as accurate as other more specific methods. South. J. Appl. For. 27(2): 149–152.
Determination of the Minimum Number of Stool Bed Ortets Required to Capture a Desirable Genotype from Full-Sibling Family Crosses
Authors: Myszewski Jennifer H. , Bridgwater Floyd E. , Byram Thomas D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two important questions for clonal forestry are: (1) how many ortets must be established to ensure that one or more of the best genotypes in a family will be available for field tests and plantation establishment; and (2) how certain can one be that at least one top genotype will be present in a sample of n ortets. In this study, we calculated the level of confidence (LOC) in having included one or more desirable, rootable genotypes in a random sample of n ortets from a full-sibling family. We also calculated the number of unique ortets required to achieve a given LOC in having included one or more desirable, rootable genotypes in a sample. In general, when the sample size is small, either because the original number of ortets was low or because of poor rootability, the LOC is lower. When rootability is low or when only a small percentage of the possible genotypes is considered desirable, the original number of ortets required to achieve a given LOC is higher. Both LOC and sample size are highly influenced by the target number of desirable genotypes to be captured in a sample of ortets. South. J. Appl. For. 27(3):160–163.
Timber Harvesting and Flooding: Emerging Legal Risks and Potential Mitigations
Authors: Mortimer Michael J. , Visser Rien J. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The relationship between timber harvesting in steep terrain and natural calamities such as flooding has recently coalesced as extensive litigation in West Virginia. Accusations that timber harvesting was responsible for widespread flooding includes novel uses of the legal theories of negligence per se and strict liability. Managing for increases in water yield, application of best management practices (BMP), and predictability of flooding events all play a role in whether timber operations are ultimately susceptible to liability for flooding events. The authors suggest that recent legal actions and difficulties in predicting the outcomes of such lawsuits necessitates a fundamental review of best management practice design and implementation. Consideration of water quantity BMP may be warranted. South. J. Appl. For. 28(2):69–75.
Assessing the Use of Chopper Herbicide for Establishing Hardwood Plantations on a Cutover Site
Authors: Schuler Jamie L. , Robison Daniel J. , Quicke Harold E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Successful establishment of hardwood plantations requires effective weed management. Mechanical weed control is inefficient, and few herbicides are available for use in hardwood plantations. In an effort to identify new chemical control options, the potential of imazapyr (Chopper herbicide) for site preparation prior to planting three common southern hardwood species was assessed. Twelve site preparation treatments were tested using Chopper applied at four rates and three timings prior to planting. Each site preparation rate and time pairing was repeated under two postplant herbicide regimes—directed glyphosate (Accord herbicide) sprays designed to maintain weed-free conditions and a single broadcast sulfometuron methyl (Oust herbicide) treatment designed to test a potential operational sequencing of Chopper site preparation followed by herbaceous weed control. Although results must be evaluated in the context of a single site and set of environmental conditions, they demonstrate the utility of Chopper herbicide for site preparation prior to planting hardwoods. For sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.)and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.),site preparation before the end of July with Chopper rates up to 64 oz/ac improved survival and growth over postplant treatments alone. For later season applications, sycamore and sweetgum were more sensitive to the Chopper site preparation rate. For Oct. site preparation, Chopper rates above 16 oz/ac adversely affected planted sycamore seedlings and rates greater than 32 oz/ac adversely effected planted sweetgum seedlings. Cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.)performed best using the highest Chopper rate of 64 oz/ac regardless of timing. South. J. Appl. For. 28(3):163–170.
A Random-Parameter Height-Dbh Model for Cherrybark Oak
Authors: Lynch Thomas B. , Holley A. Gordon , Stevenson Douglas J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A random-parameter model was used to relate total height to diameter at breast height (dbh) for cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.). Data were obtained from 561 trees located in 50 stands occurring on bottomland hardwood sites in East Texas, near the western extent of the cherrybarkoak natural range. Mixed-model estimation techniques were used to fit fixed-effects parameters to the height-dbh relationship for cherrybark oak, with random-effects parameters representing sample stands from which tree data were obtained. The fixed-effect parameter estimates can be used topredict average cherrybark oak height for a given dbh in the region from which the data were obtained. Because random parameters associated with stands were used in the data-fitting process, the models can be calibrated to fit new stands by obtaining measurements to fit appropriate randomparameters for that stand. This calibration improves height predictions for individual stands while requiring less data than would the development of a completely new height prediction model for that stand. South. J. Appl. For. 29(1):22–26.
A Review of the Biological, Social, and Regulatory Constraints to Intensive Plantation Culture
Authors: Rousseau Randall , Kaczmarek Don , Martin John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Substantial progress continues to be made in a variety of biological fields toward increasing plantation productivity. Productivity in a wide variety of forest ecosystems is controlled by environmental variables, cultural treatments, the genotypes deployed, and the interactions thatmay exist among these various factors. Effective and efficient increases in productivity require a thorough understanding of these complex interactions. A thorough understanding of the biological limits to productivity and the development of effective genetic resources and cultural regimesto overcome some of these limitations is only one facet that forest managers must currently address. New management strategies for future plantations inherently carry new challenges and limitations that must prove to be substantially more profitable and ecologically sound than current technologies.To operate in the social context we currently face, industrial forest lands will continue to represent a range of management intensities with differing primary management objectives. On many of our most intensively managed forest lands, clonal plantation forestry is becoming the future. Thenext step in this progression may be the use of genetically modified trees. The form that intensive forest management will take in the future in the United States is subject to factors beyond the development of improved cultural regimes or new genotypes that may be deployed. Government restrictionsmay greatly impede or halt new technologies. Beyond controls imposed by formal regulations, negative public sentiment has been seen in the form of boycotts of retail markets thus pressuring the industry to use more costly management strategies. Research that is not directly related to stand productivity but rather possible impacts of increasing stand productivity to the environment and other ecological processes will draw even greater attention. South. J. Appl. For. 29(2):105–109.