bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparisons and Futures
Authors: Kenny Michael 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This concluding chapter considers the UK in comparison with several other multi-national states (Spain, Canada and the former Czechoslovakia), examining the strategies pursued by unionists in each of these cases. And it explores whether the UK's current devolution framework can be stabilized, in the context of high levels of support for independence in Scotland, and recent political turbulence in Northern Ireland. The chapter considers the need to reassess polices and institutions relating to devolution and territorial management more generally, and draws attention to examples of more productive inter-governmental collaboration and partnership. It also makes the case for a more systematic policy focus upon underlying geographical inequalities if the discontents and disillusion leading citizens towards nationalist politics are to be assuaged.
Nehru's Bandung
Authors: Benvenuti Andrea 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This book sheds light on a neglected aspect of India’s Cold War diplomacy, starting with the role of Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and his Congress government in organizing the first Asian-African Conference in Bandung in April 1955. Andrea Benvenuti shows how, in the early Cold War, Nehru seized the opportunity accorded by the conference to transcend growing international tensions and pursue an alternative vision: a neutralized Asian “area of peace”, underpinned by a code of conduct based on the five principles of peaceful coexistence. Relying on Indian, Western, and Chinese archival sources, Nehru’s Bandung focuses on the policy concerns and calculations, as well as the international factors, that drove a sceptical Nehru to support Indonesia’s diplomatic push for such a gathering. It reveals how, in Nehru’s estimation, Bandung also served a further important purpose—securing China’s commitment to peaceful coexistence, without which stability in Asia would be illusory. Nehru’s support for an Asian-African conference did not derive from an emotional commitment to Afro-Asian internationalism. Instead, it stemmed from a desire to promote a “third way” in an increasingly polarised world, and to forge a stable regional order—one that would enhance India’s external security and domestic prosperity.
Introduction
Authors: Benvenuti Andrea 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides the historiographical context for examining Nehru’s role in organizing the Bandung Conference and discusses the nature, logic and development of his policy. The chapter highlights the book’s three main contributions to the existing historical scholarship on the Cold War, Indian foreign policy and Asian-African internationalism. Firstly, the book shifts the focus away from superpower competition as the structuring principle of Cold War international relations and recognises the role of influential Third World actors like India in shaping post-1945 world politics. Secondly, it places Bandung at the intersection of the various strands of Nehru’s foreign policy—notably, non-alignment, Afro-Asianism, accommodation with China, and opposition to military alliances such as SEATO. Finally, the study underscores the importance of state agency in shaping Asian-African internationalism by showing how the Bandung Conference’s origins lay in the interplay between regional nation-states, their interests and agendas.
The Nehru-Zhou Enlai Talks
Authors: Benvenuti Andrea 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
With an Asian-African conference still a long way off, Chapter 4 turns its attention to Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai’s visit to India in late June 1954. It details Nehru’s extensive discussions with his Chinese opposite number and the implications of their discussions for Nehru’s regional diplomacy. As Chapter 4 shows, the two leaders reached significant convergence on several Cold War issues, including their support for the concept of “areas of peace” and their opposition to what they saw as Washington’s aggressive containment in Asia. Zhou was also able to allay Indian fears of Chinese expansionism and reaffirmed Beijing’s commitment to the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence the two countries had established as a code of conduct to govern their bilateral relations following the signing of the April 1954 Sino-Indian agreement on Tibet. Although the two leaders did not discuss the potentially contentious border question, the Nehru-Zhou talks paved the way for closer political collaboration between the two Asian powers.
Towards an Afro-Asian Conference
Authors: Benvenuti Andrea 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 analyzes Nehru’s evolving views on the desirability of an Asian-African conference amid growing regional tensions. As the chapter reveals, Ali Sastroamidjojo’s visit to New Delhi in late September 1954 prompted Nehru to reassess his approach to the whole question. Faced with the Indonesian leader’s determination to get the idea of an Asian-African summit off the ground, Nehru agreed that such a conference should be take place in the near future. As Chapter 6 indicates, Nehru’s decision was influenced by a variety of factors. These included his recognition of Indonesia’s increasing importance for India’s regional calculations and his realisation that such a conference could serve as a platform to promote an alternative approach to regional relations centred around areas of peace and peaceful coexistence. Although Nehru refrained from publicly discussing the prospect of inviting China, he privately recognised the importance of Chinese participation in the future conference, given the role that China could play in furthering his vision of a neutralized Asia.
The Bogor Conference
Authors: Benvenuti Andrea 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In December 1954, as the Colombo powers neared a formal decision on holding an Asian-African conference, Nehru outlined the rationale behind India’s support for this initiative. Chapter 8 demonstrates that while Nehru saw the conference as an opportunity to foster Afro-Asian cooperation and discuss shared Afro-Asian concerns, his overriding motivation lay in Cold War considerations. In other words, he primarily intended to use the Afro-Asian gathering to win approval for the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and to promote his vision of a neutralized Asia. In this context, he saw China’s participation in the conference as critical to attaining India’s regional goals. Chapter 8 also examines Nehru’s and the Indian delegation’s role in shaping the outcome of the Bogor Conference in late December, where the leaders of the five Colombo powers set the date, agenda and composition of the upcoming Asian-African conference. Finally, this chapter explores Beijing’s rationale for accepting the invitation to the conference. In the Chinese view, attending the conference was part of a calculated strategy to boost China’s influence in the Afro-Asian world with the view to turning it into a support base for Beijing’s revolutionary aims.
Beyond Ukraine
Authors: Coker Christopher 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
War in the 21st century will remain a chameleon that takes on different forms and guises. This book offers the first comprehensive update and revision of ideas about the future of war since Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine. It argues that the war has fundamentally shifted our perspective on the nature and character of future war, but also cautions against marginalizing many other parallel trends, types of war, and ways of waging them. World-renowned international experts from the War Studies field consider the impact of the war in Ukraine on the broader social phenomenon of war: they analyze visions of future war; examine the impact of technological innovation on its conduct; assess our ability to anticipate its future; and consider lessons learned for leaders, soldiers, strategists, scholars and concerned citizens. Beyond Ukraine features contributions from Azar Gat, Beatrice Heuser, Antulio Echevarria, Audrey Cronin, T.X. Hammes, Kenneth Payne, Frank Hoffman, David Betz, Jan Willem Honig, and many other pre-eminent thinkers on the past, present and future of war—including an afterword by the late Christopher Coker.
People’s War vs Professional War
Authors: Honig Jan Willem 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The chapter asks whether war once again has become the business of the people or whether it is best left to supposedly more effective professionals. With the replacement of conscript forces by professionals across Europe, the question seemed settled. However, an analysis of the role of the people in European warfare since the French Revolution reveals that this situation ignores a long-standing, deeply political debate, marked by social prejudice, discordant ideas on how war is best fought, and incompatible moral and political demands about who can join in war. The people however once more hold the key to victory. Neither Russian professionals in Ukraine, nor their Western professional counterparts in Iraq and Afghanistan could prevail when the peoples on the opposing side decided to join the war and deny them victory. In modern wars, professional militaries alone can no longer guarantee victory in war.
Assembling the Future of Warfare
Authors: Gould Lauren , Arentze Linde , Hoijtink Marijn 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
War, like a societal centrifuge, has the power to draw in resources—intellectual, scientific, social, economic, cultural, and political—and unmake and re-work them in ways that cannot be foreseen. Arguably, today, we are again in the midst of such a reworking, with the war in Ukraine acting as a testing ground for an increasingly data-driven, automated, and technologically enhanced battlefield. Applying an assemblage approach, this chapter studies how commercial enterprises are drawn into the military-industrial complex to innovate for the current “turn” to big data, AI, and machine learning. Specifically, it traces how the Dutch military is assembling new alliances with defense companies, startups, and university students to innovate swarm technology. It illustrates that in the process of continuous adaptation, innovation and experimentation, Western militaries increasingly move away from hierarchical, democratically accountable systems rendering it increasingly hard to trace the lines of responsibility for the violence produced.
Afterword
Authors: Coker Christopher 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Humanity's evolving relationship with war requires a reconsideration of our assumptions about conflict. Due to the changing nature of warfare, including the emergence of new technologies such as cyber and information warfare, a shift in human attention is required. There are different cultural perspectives on war; however, in recent decades, Western perspectives on conflict have been predominantly highlighted. In this afterword, concerns are raised about the post-human condition and the nature of future conditions due to new digital technologies. It also addresses the metaphysical dimensions of war, reflecting on how it shapes human experiences and values, including concepts of sacrifice and participation in battle.
Radical Redemption in History
Authors: de Graaf Beatrice 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
To establish similarities and differences between redemption narratives and to make clearer statements about the last twenty years of terrorism and radicalization, chapter 3 examines attacks carried out in earlier waves of terrorism, particularly by fin de siècle anarchists such as Auguste Vaillant and Zinaida Konopliannikova, the Red Army Faction, the paramilitary Irish Republican Army, and “Unabomber” Ted Kaczynski. Clearly, in these cases, too, redemption was seen as a form of deliverance from or atonement for the perpetrators’ own past failings or sense of moral deficit. Thus, redemption as an act of martyrdom for the perpetrator’s own community is by no means a modern phenomenon. Finally, this chapter argues that a fourth R—that of radical redemption—should be added to Louise Richardson’s three Rs of revenge, renown, and reaction as narratives propelling the waves of terrorism.
Existential constructions in Bantu languages
Authors: Bernander Rasmus , Devos Maud , Gibson Hannah 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines existential predication in a sample of one hundred Bantu languages found across the Bantu-speaking region. Following Creissels (2019a), existential constructions are defined in relation to plain locational clauses. In comparison to the latter, they involve an alternative way of encoding the prototypical figure-ground relationship: the ground, rather than the figure, is the perspectival centre. The chapter shows that a broad distinction can be made between those Bantu languages which have dedicated mechanisms for convening existential interpretations and those which have non-dedicated strategies, i.e. they use plain locational constructions except for sometimes being associated with a change in word order. Three out of the seven types of dedicated cross-linguistic existential constructions identified by Creissels (2019a) are attested in the sample: locative existentials, locative-possessive existentials, and comitative existentials. Locative morphology is also shown to be a prevalent characteristic of all dedicated types of existentials found in the Bantu languages.
Micro-variation in the nominal class marking systems of Malawian languages
Authors: Mtenje-Mkochi Atikonda 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines micro-variation in the nominal class marking systems of six selected Malawian languages, namely Cicewa, Citumbuka, Cisena, Cindali, Cinyiha, and Ciyao. The analysis is based on Guérois et al.’s (2017) parameters of variation. The chapter observes that the languages under examination share most features expressed in the parameters with regard to nominal class marking. However, variation is exhibited through different realizations of the class 5 prefix and the occurrence of the augment. The chapter notes that some instances of micro-variation are not captured by Guérois et al.’s (2017) parameters and suggests that sub-parameters for analysing variation in closely related languages be developed. The chapter also argues that the shared linguistic features of the selected languages are indications of a linguistic area but that, within this larger linguistic area, the languages also form two ‘sub-areas’s – a northern Malawi one and a central and southern Malawi one.
Morphosyntactic and semantic variation of the persistive aspect in Lake Tanganyika Bantu
Authors: Abe Yuko 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the semantic variation in reflexes of *kɪ́- as attested in nine Bantu languages found near Lake Tanganyika, namely: Fuliiru (JD63), Rundi (JD62), Bembe (D54), Ha (JD66), Holoholo (D28), Bende (F12), Taabwa (M41), Fipa (M13), and Lungu (M14). The verbal marker *kɪ́- in early Bantu, most probably encoded ‘persistive’, usually appears in the pre-stem TA slot and refers to ‘a situation that has held continuously since an implicit or explicit point in the past up to the time of speaking’ (Nurse 2008a: 145). However, in individual languages, reflexes of the persistive *kɪ́- have developed various meanings that deviate from the morpheme’s original function. Through a comparative overview of the meanings of *kɪ́-, and its uses across these nine languages, the chapter offers a semantic explanation for the present-day micro-variation found in Lake Tanganyika Bantu.
‘Being Persecuted’ and Protection
Authors: Storey Hugo 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at the interrelationship between ‘being persecuted’ and protection. It begins with the notion of surrogacy. Despite recent criticisms by leading scholars, this notion is seen to play a substantive role in establishing the meaning of protection within the refugee definition and of the nexus clause relating to Convention reasons. After consideration of the arguments for and against, it is concluded that protection is an integral part of the meaning of ‘being persecuted’. It is advanced that even though protection arises as a test within the ‘being persecuted’ element, it must be accorded the same meaning as the term holds in the availment clause. Two important ingredients of the term’s meaning are highlighted: that it is to be understood as encompassing internal and external protection; and that two of the qualities that the state must possess are ability and willingness to protect. Applying a human rights approach is seen to require understanding protection as both a negative concept and a positive concept. It is argued that de facto as well as de jure state entities can be assessed as to whether they provide protection in Article 1A(2). Human rights law is seen to offer strong support for the notion that it is a state’s duty to protect its own population against sufficiently severe harms. Also probed is the key notion of the effectiveness of protection. The chapter ends by identifying a limited number of ‘basic propositions’ distilled from the earlier analysis, followed by the author’s own ‘suggested propositions’.
The Interpersonal-Affective Focus
Authors: Lemma Alessandra , Hepworth Mary , Fonagy Peter , Abrahams Deborah , Luyten Patrick 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the architecture of a psychodynamic formulation. This formulation bridges theory and practice and ensures that therapy matches the needs of the individual patient. The specific approach to formulation in dynamic interpersonal therapy (DIT) is described, that is, the interpersonal-affective focus (IPAF). A step-by-step guide to constructing a DIT formulation, using the patient’s language and metaphors, is provided. Use of transference and countertransference is key to inform the formulation. Finally, an explanation of how to select a focus is offered, and sharing the IPAF with the patient is discussed.
The Ending Phase
Authors: Lemma Alessandra , Hepworth Mary , Fonagy Peter , Abrahams Deborah , Luyten Patrick 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The final phase of dynamic interpersonal therapy (DIT) (sessions 13–16) is described in this chapter. It provides a guide for how to prepare the patient for ending, with a focus on interpreting the unconscious meaning of endings. It examines the challenges of both premature and prolonged endings and how to work with resistances to ending. It outlines the use of the ‘goodbye letter’, providing templates for this letter and how to make use of the attachment descriptors that are completed in the initial phase as a prompt for reviewing the work of therapy. DIT aims to foster the development of a therapeutic relationship that is more attuned to reality than in longer-term psychodynamic therapies. This reality-attuned relationship is supported by engaging in a review of the therapy in a collaborative manner.
Assessing and Guiding Student Science Learning with Pedagogically Informed Natural Language Processing
Authors: Linn Marcia C. , Gerard Libby 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Natural language processing (NLP) tools can score students’ written explanations, opening new opportunities for science education. Optimally, these scores offer designers opportunities to align guidance with tested pedagogical frameworks and to investigate alternative ways to personalize instruction. We report on research, informed by the knowledge integration (KI) pedagogical framework, using online authorable and customizable environments (ACEs), to promote a deep understanding of complex scientific topics. We study how to personalize guidance to enable students to make productive revisions to written explanations during instruction, where they conduct investigations with models, simulations, hands-on activities, and other materials. We describe how we iteratively refined our assessments and guidance to support students in revising their scientific explanations. We report on recent investigations of hybrid models of personalized guidance that combine NLP scoring with opportunities for teachers to continue the conversation.
Automated Scoring in Chinese Language for Science Assessments
Authors: Chiu Mei-Hung , Zeng Mao-Ren 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Research has shown that analysing Chinese response words is challenging due to the implicit expressions and sentence patterns of Chinese writing. Therefore, this study aims to explore the possibility of automated scoring of students’ explanations for scientific phenomena in Taiwan. The tests were conducted with 896 students in grades 10–12 in northern Taiwan, who had learned some chemistry in grades 8 and 9. The results from a machine learning (ML)-driven scoring portal show that both the accuracy and kappa values were as satisfactory as those in other studies. In addition, between holistic and analytic analyses, analytic analysis outperformed holistic analysis in terms of accuracy and kappa value. The results show that automated scoring is suitable for science assessment in the Chinese language.
Exploring Attributes of Successful Machine Learning Assessments for Scoring of Undergraduate Constructed Response Assessment Items
Authors: Shiroda Megan , Doherty Jennifer , Haudek Kevin C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Content-based computer scoring models (CSMs) have successfully automated scoring of constructed response assessments, thereby increasing their use in multiple educational settings. However, the creation of CSMs remains time-intensive as little is known about model, item, and training set features that expedite development. Herein, we examined a large set of holistic CSMs for text classification to determine the relationship between scoring accuracy and different assessment item, CSM, and training set features. We found the number of rubric and CSM bins, item question structure, and item context significantly influenced CSM accuracy. By applying novel text diversity metrics, we found most text diversity metrics did not correlate to CSM accuracy. However, fewer shared words across responses correlated to increased CSM accuracy overall and within individual bins. Finally, we applied ordination technique to visualize constructed response corpora based on shared language among responses. We found these techniques aided decision-making during CSM development.
Pseudo Artificial Intelligence Bias
Authors: Zhai Xiaoming , Krajcik Joseph 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Pseudo artificial intelligence bias (PAIB) is broadly disseminated in the literature, which can result in unnecessary AI fear in society, exacerbate the enduring inequities and disparities in access to and sharing the benefits of AI applications, and waste social capital invested in AI research. This study systematically reviews publications in the literature to present three types of PAIBs identified due to (a) misunderstandings, (b) pseudo mechanical bias, and (c) overexpectations. We discuss the consequences of and solutions to PAIBs, including certifying users for AI applications to mitigate AI fears, providing customized user guidance for AI applications, and developing systematic approaches to monitor bias. We concluded that PAIB due to misunderstandings, pseudo mechanical bias, and overexpectations of algorithmic predictions is socially harmful.
Far-Right Protest and Electoral Mobilization
Authors: Gattinara Pietro Castelli , Pirro Andrea L. P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents ten movement parties of the far right in Bulgaria, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, and Sweden. To shed light on the different ways in which protest can be combined with elections, the chapter positions these collective actors in their respective national contexts, specifically focusing on the accessibility of the electoral market and the strength of the far-right movement sector. Combining original protest event data and information on institutional representation, the chapter classifies the ten cases on the basis of their different trajectories in the protest and electoral arena, distinguishing between ‘dormant’, ‘unfulfilled’, ‘institutional’, and ‘accomplished’ movement parties.