bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathogen exposure disrupts an organism's ability to cope with thermal stress
Authors: Hector Tobias E. , Sgrò Carla M. , Hall Matthew D. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAs a result of global climate change, species are experiencing an escalation in the severity and regularity of extreme thermal events. With patterns of disease distribution and transmission predicted to undergo considerable shifts in the coming years, the interplay between temperature and pathogen exposure will likely determine the capacity of a population to persist under the dual threat of global change and infectious disease. In this study, we investigated how exposure to a pathogen affects an individual's ability to cope with extreme temperatures. Using experimental infections of Daphnia magna with its obligate bacterial pathogen Pasteuria ramosa, we measured upper thermal limits of multiple host and pathogen genotype combinations across the dynamic process of infection and under various forms (static and ramping) of thermal stress. We find that pathogens substantially limit the thermal tolerance of their host, with the reduction in upper thermal limits on par with the breadth of variation seen across similar species entire geographical ranges. The precise magnitude of any reduction, however, was specific to the host and pathogen genotype combination. In addition, as thermal ramping rate slowed, upper thermal limits of both healthy and infected individuals were reduced. Our results suggest that the capacity of a population to evolve new thermal limits, when also faced with the threat of infection, will depend not only on a host's genetic variability in warmer environments, but also on the frequency of host and pathogen genotypes. We suggest that pathogen‐induced alterations of host thermal performance should be taken into account when assessing the resilience of any population and its potential for adaptation to global change.
Strong photosynthetic acclimation and enhanced water‐use efficiency in grassland functional groups persist over 21 years of CO2 enrichment, independent of nitrogen supply
Authors: Pastore Melissa A. , Lee Tali D. , Hobbie Sarah E. , Reich Peter B. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractUncertainty about long‐term leaf‐level responses to atmospheric CO2 rise is a major knowledge gap that exists because of limited empirical data. Thus, it remains unclear how responses of leaf gas exchange to elevated CO2 (eCO2) vary among plant species and functional groups, or across different levels of nutrient supply, and whether they persist over time for long‐lived perennials. Here, we report the effects of eCO2 on rates of net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in 14 perennial grassland species from four functional groups over two decades in a Minnesota Free‐Air CO2 Enrichment experiment, BioCON. Monocultures of species belonging to C3 grasses, C4 grasses, forbs, and legumes were exposed to two levels of CO2 and nitrogen supply in factorial combinations over 21 years. eCO2 increased photosynthesis by 12.9% on average in C3 species, substantially less than model predictions of instantaneous responses based on physiological theory and results of other studies, even those spanning multiple years. Acclimation of photosynthesis to eCO2 was observed beginning in the first year and did not strengthen through time. Yet, contrary to expectations, the response of photosynthesis to eCO2 was not enhanced by increased nitrogen supply. Differences in responses among herbaceous plant functional groups were modest, with legumes responding the most and C4 grasses the least as expected, but did not further diverge over time. Leaf‐level water‐use efficiency increased by 50% under eCO2 primarily because of reduced stomatal conductance. Our results imply that enhanced nitrogen supply will not necessarily diminish photosynthetic acclimation to eCO2 in nitrogen‐limited systems, and that significant and consistent declines in stomatal conductance and increases in water‐use efficiency under eCO2 may allow plants to better withstand drought.
Intensified inundation shifts a freshwater wetland from a CO2 sink to a source
Authors: Zhao Junbin , Malone Sparkle L. , Oberbauer Steven F. , Olivas Paulo C. , Schedlbauer Jessica L. , Staudhammer Christina L. , Starr Gregory 
Published: May 2019

AbstractClimate change has altered global precipitation patterns and has led to greater variation in hydrological conditions. Wetlands are important globally for their soil carbon storage. Given that wetland carbon processes are primarily driven by hydrology, a comprehensive understanding of the effect of inundation is needed. In this study, we evaluated the effect of water level (WL) and inundation duration (ID) on carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes by analysing a 10‐year (2008–2017) eddy covariance dataset from a seasonally inundated freshwater marl prairie in the Everglades National Park. Both gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) rates showed declines under inundation. While GPP rates decreased almost linearly as WL and ID increased, ER rates were less responsive to WL increase beyond 30 cm and extended inundation periods. The unequal responses between GPP and ER caused a weaker net ecosystem CO2 sink strength as inundation intensity increased. Eventually, the ecosystem tended to become a net CO2 source on a daily basis when either WL exceeded 46 cm or inundation lasted longer than 7 months. Particularly, with an extended period of high‐WLs in 2016 (i.e., WL remained >40 cm for >9 months), the ecosystem became a CO2 source, as opposed to being a sink or neutral for CO2 in other years. Furthermore, the extreme inundation in 2016 was followed by a 4‐month postinundation period with lower net ecosystem CO2 uptake compared to other years. Given that inundation plays a key role in controlling ecosystem CO2 balance, we suggest that a future with more intensive inundation caused by climate change or water management activities can weaken the CO2 sink strength of the Everglades freshwater marl prairies and similar wetlands globally, creating a positive feedback to climate change.
Comparison of quality of life evaluated by SF‐36 and DLQI in multibacillary and paucibacillary leprosy patients from Sao Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Guimenes Albuquerque Rachel , Grüdtner Buratto Gabriel , Hirotsu Camila , Maeda Solange M. , Floriano Marcos C. , Levy Andersen Monica , Tufik Sergio , Tomimori Jane 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundDermatological diseases have a negative impact on quality of life (QoL), affecting mental and physical health. Leprosy patients usually present with a worse QoL compared with those affected by other conditions. Reactions, neural damage, and pain are some of the consequences that contribute to the lower QoL. However, due to the wide spectrum of the disease, symptoms vary according to leprosy's subtype. This study aimed to compare the QoL between paucibacillary and multibacillary leprosy patients. Individuals were also compared considering the presence of reactions and a correlation between questionnaires was performed.MethodsA total of 104 patients with leprosy aged 18 years old and over were selected. QoL was assessed by the Brazilian‐Portuguese validated versions of the Medical Outcomes Study 36‐item short‐form health survey (SF‐36) and the Dermatology Life Quality Life Index (DLQI).ResultsMultibacillary patients showed a more impaired physical function, worse bodily pain, lower score of SF‐36, and higher interference of skin on the performance of daily activities when compared to the paucibacillary group. Individuals without reactions presented lower bodily pain and less effect of the skin on clothing choices compared to those with reactions. The SF‐36 domains exhibited weak correlations with most DLQI questions, and the linear regression model showed that 32% of changes in QoL were related to the skin aspect.ConclusionsMultibacillary leprosy patients have a worse QoL when compared to paucibacillary patients. Reactions played a small role in the QoL of our cohort of patients.
Stenocereus griseus (Haw) pitaya as source of natural colourant: technological stability of colour and individual betalains
Authors: Cejudo‐Bastante María Jesús , Hurtado Nelson , Muñoz‐Burguillos Pablo , Heredia Francisco J. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryStenocereus griseus pitaya has been evaluated as potential natural colourant on the basis of tristimulus colorimetry, differential colorimetry, and individual betalains, not previously conducted in conjunction with this raw material. Different technological treatment conditions were reproduced based on different pHs, temperatures and storage time. According to the results, cold temperatures (4 °C) maintained for longer the initial colour characteristics (L*, and hab) of the extracts, whereas hab modifications began from the commencement of treatment at room temperature. Highly acidic extracts (pH 4) were the most stable samples in the light of the lower hab and changes over time, even at room temperature. Betanin, isobetanin, betanidin and 2‐decarboxy‐neobetanin were more affected by temperature, whereas the content of the minor betalains significantly (P < 0.05) varied when pH was modified. Moreover, visually appreciable and quantitative colour changes (Δ > 3) were observed among all pH values and temperatures.
Effects of pulsed electric fields pretreatment on the quality of jujube wine
Authors: Xu Ling‐Fang , Tang Zhong‐Sheng , Wen Qing‐Hui , Zeng Xin‐An , Brennan Charles , Niu Debao 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPulsed electric fields (PEF) accounts for one of the novel non‐thermal processing and preservation technologies and is regarded as an emerging application with the advantage of minimising the loss of valued bioactive compounds in food processing. In this study, various PEF pulses were applied to jujube pulp before fermentation. The fermentation kinetics, compositions, volatile and sensory characteristics were investigated and compared. Results showed that the PEF pretreatment with ten exponential wave pulses at 1.5 kV cm−1, 1 Hz improved phenolic compounds extraction, especially for caffeic acid, morin and p‐hydroxybenzoic acid. Besides, fifty pulses pretreatment enhanced 10% of the wine dry extract. In addition, PEF pretreatment significantly enriched the floral and fruity volatile notes to jujube wine with a decrease in fusel oil. Consequently, PEF preprocessing is a promising method that can be adopted in winemaking industry to promote wine quality and sensory profile.
Impact of parental mental illness on children's HoNOSCA results in a regional child and adolescent mental health service
Authors: Arthur Naughton Michael Frederick , Maybery Darryl , Sutton Keith , Goodyear Melinda 
Published: May 2019

AbstractUse of routine outcome measures are frequently used to ascertain improvement in children's symptomology, this study examined whether living with a parent with a mental illness impacted outcome measures. The study examined 134 children attending a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS). The majority lived with a parent reporting mental illness. Routine HoNOSCA and CGAS outcome measures were collected over a 6‐month period. Children of parents with a mental illness scored higher on most outcome measures. All children improved on most variables over the 6 months of CAMHS intervention with children of parents with mental illness showing greater improvement compared to other children on behaviour but less improvement on all other variables. They did not, however, improve as much on education‐related factors and showed lower improvement in overall functioning. Younger children with a parent with a mental illness improved least in the area of behaviour. This study highlighted the need for greater use and integration of measures where children live with a parent who has a mental illness. Findings suggest parental mental illness impacted on overall child outcomes, and this influence remained irrespective of clinical intervention. The common occurrence of parental mental illness, where children also have a mental illness, indicates focusing on a wider set of outcome measures for more effective intervention. Analysis of a larger cohort sample is warranted.
Boosting piezoelectric response of KNN‐based ceramics with strong visible‐light absorption
Authors: Zhong Haoyin , Xiao Hongyuan , Jiao Nan , Guo Yiping 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA series of (1 − x)(K0.48Na0.52)NbO3‐x(Bi0.5Na0.5)(Zr0.55Ni0.45)O3‐δ (KNN‐BNZN) ceramics are designed to achieve excellent piezoelectric response along with narrow bandgap. The ceramics with x = 0.04 exhibit unprecedented piezoelectric coefficient d33 ~ 318±10pC N−1 in comparison with all reported narrow bandgap ceramics. A rhombohedral‐orthorhombic‐tetragonal (R‐O‐T) phase boundary is observed, indicating the formation of defect dipoles (Ni2+‐) at morphotropic phase boundary region is desirable for piezo‐/ferroelectric properties. In addition, a narrow bandgap ~2.5 eV along with gap states (~0.9 eV and ~1.6 eV) is obtained from the ceramics when x > 0.02, which can be persuasively explained by the schematic plot of bandgap splitting mechanism proposed in this work, where Ni 3d energy state plays a role as a scaffold in the process of electron transition. More importantly, largely enhanced photovoltaic performance of the ceramics is achieved under AM 1.5 irradiation. The NIR photoresponse property (maximum current density of ~100 nA cm−2) indicates such KNN‐based ceramics with sub bandgap ~ 0.9 eV may even have potential to be applied in NIR light‐activated devices. Our findings might pave way for the further development of piezoelectric/photoresponsive multifunctional devices.
Core‐shell structured iron‐containing ceramic nanoparticles: Facile fabrication and excellent electromagnetic absorption properties
Authors: Gu Chong , Guo Changqing , Dong Xichao , Hu Zhiming , Wu Pengfei , Su Zhiming , Lu Yingxi , Xu Binbin , Yu Zhaoju , Liu Anhua 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this work, novel core‐shell structured Fe3Si@C/SiC/Fe3O4/SiO2 nanoparticles were fabricated via a polymer‐derived ceramic approach, starting from sol‐like polycarbosilane‐encapsulated polynuclear carbonyl iron nanoparticles and with pitch as an isolator to avoid aggregation during polymer‐to‐ceramic transformation. Elemental analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, vibrating sample magnetometer and vector network analyzer were employed to investigate the composition, nano/microstructure, morphology, and dielectric/magnetic properties. The results show that the size of obtained Fe3Si@C/SiC/Fe3O4/SiO2 nanoparticles is in the range of 2‐200 nm. And the unique core‐shell structure with the hetero‐interface combined with simultaneous dielectric and magnetic loss endow Fe3Si@C/SiC/Fe3O4/SiO2 nanoparticles outstanding electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbing performance. With a sample thickness of 4.5 mm, the minimum reflection coefficient (RC) of the composites Fe3Si@C/SiC/Fe3O4/SiO2 mixed with paraffin wax reaches −44.7 dB, indicating that more than 99.99% EM waves can be attenuated by the composites. By adjusting the sample thicknesses, the effective bandwidth (the bandwidth of RC values lower than −10 dB) amounts 9.5 GHz (from 2.5 to 12.0 GHz), covering the whole C and X bands.
Long‐term efficacy and safety of adjunctive ethanol infusion into the vein of Marshall during catheter ablation for nonparoxysmal atrial fibrillation
Authors: Liu Chih‐Min , Lo Li‐Wei , Lin Yenn‐Jiang , Lin Chin‐Yu , Chang Shih‐Lin , Chung Fa‐Po , Chao Tze‐Fan , Hu Yu‐Feng , Tuan Ta‐Chuan , Liao Jo‐Nan , Chen Yun‐Yu , Kuo Ling , Chang Ting‐Yung , Hoang Quang Minh , Salim Simon , Vicera Jennifer Jeanne B. , Wu Cheng‐I , Chuang Chieh‐Mao , Huang Ting‐Chung , Chen Shih‐Ann 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIntroductionWe aimed to clarify the effect of vein of Marshall (VOM) ethanol infusion for treating VOM triggers and/or mitral flutter after first‐attempt endocardial ablation in patients with nonparoxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF).Methods and ResultsOf the 254 consecutive patients (age, 56 ± 10 years; 221 male) undergoing catheter ablation for drug‐refractory nonparoxysmal AF, 32 (12.6%) received VOM ethanol infusion. The patients were stratified into group 1 (pulmonary vein isolation [PVI], substrate modification, VOM ethanol infusion), group 2 (PVI, substrate modification), and group 3 (PVI alone). Propensity‐matched analysis (N = 128) of long‐term outcomes (3.9 ± 0.5 years) revealed a higher AF recurrence risk in group 2 (hazard ratio [HR], 4.17; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.63‐10.69; P = .003) and group 3 (HR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.09‐3.04; P = .021) than in group 1, as well as a higher atrial arrhythmia recurrence risk in group 2 than in group 1 (HR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.16‐5.03; P = .018). A higher procedural termination rate was observed in group 1 than groups 2 and 3 (41.7% vs 17.2% vs 18.8%; P = .042). On multivariate analysis, VOM ethanol injection was an independent predictor of freedom from recurrence of AF (HR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.08‐0.52; P = .001) and atrial arrhythmia (HR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.17‐0.74; P = .005), whereas a left atrial diameter >45 mm and hypertension were independent risk factors for recurrence. Periprocedural complications rates were comparable among the groups.ConclusionAdjunctive VOM ethanol infusion is effective and safe for treating nonparoxysmal AF in patients with VOM triggers and/or refractory mitral flutter, providing good long‐term freedom from AF and atrial arrhythmia.
Ginkgo biloba extract protects human melanocytes from H2O2‐induced oxidative stress by activating Nrf2
Authors: Zhang Shaolong , Yi Xiuli , Su Xin , Jian Zhe , Cui Tingting , Guo Sen , Gao Tianwen , Li Chunying , Li Shuli , Xiao Qian 
Published: May 2019

AbstractVitiligo is a common skin depigmenting disorder characterized by the loss of functional melanocytes. Its pathogenesis is complicated and oxidative stress plays a critical role in the development of vitiligo. Thus, antioxidant therapy is a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent or even reverse the progression of depigmentation. Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 has been confirmed to have protective effects on neurons against oxidative stress. Notably, several clinical trials have shown that patients with stable vitiligo achieved repigmentation after taking EGb761. However, the exact mechanism underlying the protective effects of EGb761 on melanocytes against oxidative stress has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we found that EGb761 effectively protected melanocytes against oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis and alleviated the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation by enhancing the activity of antioxidative enzymes. Furthermore, the antioxidative effect of EGb761 was achieved by activating Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidative genes. In addition, interfering Nrf2 with siRNA abolished the protective effects of EGb761 on melanocytes against oxidative damage. In conclusion, our study proves that EGb761 could protect melanocytes from H2O2‐induced oxidative stress by activating Nrf2. Therefore, EGb761 is supposed to be a potential therapeutic agent for vitiligo.
Exosomes from tendon stem cells promote injury tendon healing through balancing synthesis and degradation of the tendon extracellular matrix
Authors: Wang Yunjiao , He Gang , Guo Yupeng , Tang Hong , Shi Youxing , Bian Xuting , Zhu Min , Kang Xia , Zhou Mei , Lyu Jingtong , Yang Mingyu , Mu Miduo , Lai Fan , Lu Kang , Chen Wan , Zhou Binghua , Zhang Jiqiang , Tang Kanglai 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTendon injuries are common musculoskeletal system disorders in clinical, but the regeneration ability of tendon is limited. Tendon stem cells (TSCs) have shown promising effect on tissue engineering and been used for the treatment of tendon injury. Exosomes that serve as genetic information carriers have been implicated in many diseases and physiological processes, but effect of exosomes from TSCs on tendon injury repair is unclear. The aim of this study is to make clear that the effect of exosomes from TSCs on tendon injury healing. Exosomes were harvested from conditioned culture media of TSCs by a sequential centrifugation process. Rat Achilles tendon tendinopathy model was established by collagenase‐I injection. This was followed by intra‐Achilles‐tendon injection with TSCs or exosomes. Tendon healing and matrix degradation were evaluated by histology analysis and biomechanical test at the post‐injury 5 weeks. In vitro, TSCs treated with interleukin 1 beta were added by conditioned medium including exosomes or not, or by exosomes or not. Tendon matrix related markers and tenogenesis related markers were measured by immunostaining and western blot. We found that TSCs injection and exosomes injection significantly decreased matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)‐3 expression, increased expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐3 (TIMP‐3) and Col‐1a1, and increased biomechanical properties of the ultimate stress and maximum loading. In vitro, conditioned medium with exosomes and exosomes also significantly decreased MMP‐3, and increased expression of tenomodulin, Col‐1a1 and TIMP‐3. Exosomes from TSCs could be an ideal therapeutic strategy in tendon injury healing for its balancing tendon extracellular matrix and promoting the tenogenesis of TSCs.
Does shared decision making respect a patient's relational autonomy?
Authors: Lewis Jonathan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAccording to many of its proponents, shared decision making (“SDM”) is the right way to interpret the clinician‐patient relationship because it respects patient autonomy in decision‐making contexts. In particular, medical ethicists have claimed that SDM respects a patient'srelationalautonomy understood as a capacity that depends upon, and can only be sustained by, interpersonal relationships as well as broader health care and social conditions. This paper challenges that claim. By considering two primary approaches to relational autonomy, this paper argues that standard accounts of SDM actually undermine patient autonomy. It also provides an overview of the obligations generated by the principle of respect for relational autonomy that have not been captured in standard accounts of SDM and which are necessary to ensure consistency between clinical practice and respect for patient autonomy.
Calibration of life history traits with epiphyseal closure, dental eruption and bone histology in captive and wild red deer
Authors: Calderón Teresa , DeMiguel Daniel , Arnold Walter , Stalder Gabrielle , Köhler Meike 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe study of skeletochronology and bone tissue as a record of information on ontogenetic stages and events is widely used for improving the knowledge about life histories (LHs) of extinct and extant vertebrates. Compared with dinosaurs and extant reptiles, mammalian bone histology has received little attention. Here, we calibrate for the first time bone and dental age with histological bone characteristics and LH stages in ontogenetic series of red deer. We rely on known LHs of different aged individuals of captive Cervus elaphus hippelaphus from Austria to correlate epiphyseal closure, dental eruption pattern, bone growth marks and bone tissue patterns in femora and tibiae, and of wild Cervus elaphus hispanicus from Spain. Our data show that females (of both subspecies) attain skeletal maturity earlier than males. At this moment, epiphyseal closure (in femora and tibiae) and dental eruption are complete and long bones start to deposit an external fundamental system. The results also show that the attainment of reproductive maturity in red deer occurs slightly before skeletal maturity.