bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal muscle thickness as a new indicator of nutritional status in older individuals
Authors: Hasegawa Yoko , Yoshida Mikako , Sato Aya , Fujimoto Yumiko , Minematsu Takeo , Sugama Junko , Sanada Hiromi 
Published: January 2019

AimTemporal muscle wasting is subjectively evaluated during nutritional assessment of protein–energy malnutrition. However, a quantitative evaluation method has not been established. The aim was to verify the validity and reliability of temporal muscle thickness measurement in comparison with established indicators of nutritional status, such as body mass index.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was carried out from September 2016 through June 2017. A total of 73 individuals aged ≥65 years were recruited from two facilities and one community walking group. Temporal muscle thickness was measured using ultrasonography. Nutritional status was assessed with anthropometric measurements and laboratory examinations.ResultsFor validity, the temporal muscle thickness showed strong correlations with muscle mass, including calf circumference (r = 0.608, P < 0.001) and arm muscle circumference (r = 0.433, P < 0.001). In contrast, no strong correlations were observed with serum protein levels, such as albumin (r = 0.324, P = 0.005), or fat mass evaluated as triceps skinfold thickness (r = 0.216, P = 0.067). Temporal muscle thickness was significantly related to body mass index after adjusting for possible confounding factors of masticatory status, age and sex (β = 0.335, P = 0.007). As for reliability, the intrarater reliability of the temporal muscle measurement was 0.99 (95% confidence interval 0.98–1.00). Bland–Altman plot analysis showed no systematic errors, and the coefficient of variation of temporal muscle thickness measurements was 2.3%.ConclusionsThe present study suggests that measuring a temporal muscle thickness using ultrasonography is a valid and reliable method for evaluating nutritional status. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 135–140.
Low incidence of acute rejection within 6 months of kidney transplantation in HIV‐infected recipients treated with raltegravir: the Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales (ANRS) 153 TREVE trial
Authors: Matignon M , Lelièvre J‐D , Lahiani A , Abbassi K , Desvaux D , Diallo A , Peraldi M‐N , Taburet A‐M , Saillard J , Delaugerre C , Costagliola D , Assoumou L , Grimbert P ,   the ANRS 153 TREVE study group
Published: January 2019

ObjectivesHigh rates of clinical acute rejection after kidney transplantation have been reported in people living with HIV (PLHIV), probably as a consequence of drug interactions. We therefore investigated the incidence of acute rejection within 6 months of transplantation in HIV‐infected recipients treated with a protease‐inhibitor‐free raltegravir‐based regimen.MethodsThe Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales (ANRS) 153 TREVE (NCT01453192) study was a prospective multicentre single‐arm trial in adult PLHIV awaiting kidney transplantation, with viral load < 50 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL, CD4 T‐cell count > 200 cells/μL, and HIV‐1 strains sensitive to raltegravir, aiming to demonstrate 6‐month clinical acute rejection rates < 30%. Time to transplantation was compared with that for uninfected subjects matched for age, sex and registration date.ResultsIn total, 61 participants were enrolled in the study, and 26 underwent kidney transplantation. Two participants experienced clinical acute rejection, corresponding to an estimated clinical acute rejection rate of 8% [95% confidence interval (CI) 2–24%] at 6 and 12 months post‐transplantation. HIV infection remained under control in all but one participant, who temporarily stopped antiretroviral treatment. Median time to transplantation was longer in PLHIV than in controls (4.3 versus 2.8 years, respectively; P = 0.002) and was not influenced by blood group.ConclusionsAcute rejection rates were low after kidney transplantation in PLHIV treated with a raltegravir‐based regimen. However, PLHIV have poorer access to transplantation than HIV‐uninfected individuals after registration on the waiting list.
Metamorphic olivine after dehydration embrittlement in Serpentinite: Case study from the Shiraga Serpentinite mass in the Sanbagawa high P/T metamorphic belt, central Shikoku, Japan
Authors: Fukumura Seiya , Okamoto Kazuaki , Terabayashi Masaru 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMetamorphic olivine veins in serpentinites are considered to be a metamorphism dehydration product. However, the previous descriptions of these veins have been from paleo‐collision belts such as those in the Alps, Norwegian Caledonides, and Spain. Here the unique metamorphic olivine veins in a mass of serpentinite in the high‐pressure/low‐temperature (high P/T) Sanbagawa belt was reported. The Sanbagawa belt is a product of the subduction of oceanic plates during the Cretaceous. Elongated olivine‐talc veins were observed along shear bands in serpentine mylonite. The olivine's chemical composition is nearly pure forsterite; magnetite is distributed along the boundary of the olivine vein. This clearly suggests that the olivine was formed by the antigorite terminal reaction at a pressure less than 1.5 GPa. The reaction was caused by local heating in the mylonite as there is little evidence of the continuous antigorite breakdown reaction in the serpentinite. Metamorphic olivines are possibly formed in the intraslab earthquake zone of a relatively warm subduction zone such as southwest Japan after the antigorite terminal reaction at P less than 1.5 GPa.
An efficient method to determine the Hydrophile‐Lipophile Balance of surfactants using the phase inversion temperature deviation of CiEj/n‐octane/water emulsions
Authors: Nollet M. , Boulghobra H. , Calligaro E. , Rodier J.‐D. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to develop a fast and an efficient method to determine the Hydrophile‐Lipophile Balance (HLB) number of cosmetic and pharmaceutics surfactants.MethodsThis method is based on the deviation of the phase inversion temperature induced by the addition of the test compound, with respect to the phase inversion temperature of a reference system, which includes an ethoxylated surfactant. This method is called PIT‐deviation.ResultsThree calibration curves are set up with three reference ethoxylated surfactants. These calibration curves make it possible to evaluate the interfacial behaviour of certain chemicals. More particularly, these curves make it possible to easily determine the surfactant HLB.ConclusionIn this study, a fast and accurate method has been developed to determine the hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance (HLB) number of amphiphilic chemicals. This new method can be applied to establish an HLB number of all commercial amphiphilic ingredients. Compounds which have a PIT‐deviation close to zero are also discussed.
Effect of TiB2 addition on grain orientation of porous Si3N4‐TiB2 composites by magnetic field alignment technology
Authors: Yang Zhigang , Zhao Zhijia , Yu Jianbo , Ren Zhongming 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTextured porous Si3N4‐TiB2 composites were prepared by gel‐casting–assisted magnetic field alignment technology and subsequent pressureless sintering in the N2 atmosphere. The effects of TiB2 content on grain orientation and properties of composites were studied. Results showed that using the magnetic field of 6T, Si3N4 grains exhibited a high a‐ or b‐axis orientation and TiB2 grains exhibited a high c‐axis orientation. In textured green bodies, the increase in TiB2 content from 0 to 20 wt%, the degree of texture of Si3N4 grains showed a slight decrease from 0.78 to 0.71. However, the degree of texture of TiB2 grains was maintained at about 0.98 regardless of TiB2 content. After sintering, except for the Si3N4 and TiB2 phases, new TiN and BN phases also appeared in the samples. Additionally, the sintering process promotes grain orientation of Si3N4 and TiB2. Herein, the degree of texture of TiB2 reached to about 1 regardless of TiB2 content, meaning that the complete grain orientation formed for TiB2. Owing to the reconstruction reaction between TiB2 and N2, new TiN and BN phases did not form the orientation. The increase in TiB2 contents gradually increased the apparent porosity of the textured samples from 27.9% to 39.4%, thereby leading to the decrease in bending strength from 126.8 ± 18.8 MPa to 60.3 ± 11.2 MPa and from 105.3 ± 19.8 MPa to 53.6 ± 13.0 MPa in two directions, respectively.
The Politics ofIDPEducation Provision: Negotiating identity and schooling in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Authors: Shanks Kelsey 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe expansion of Islamic State control in Iraq led to massive internal displacement. Iraq now has one of the largest internally displaced populations in the world. Many families found relative safety in government‐controlled towns throughout the country; a large proportion sought refuge in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), having fled from its northern territories where Arabs, Kurds, Yezidis, Assyrians and Turkmen each claimed demographic dominance. Consequently, theKRIhas become a sanctuary to almost a million IraqiIDPs of varying ethnic backgrounds and cultures. This article draws on extensive regional fieldwork to explore the relationship between education provision for displaced populations and broader ethno‐sectarian and socio‐political influences. The article will unpack the research question: “In what ways does education forIDPs inKRIexacerbate or mitigate conflict?” and will highlight key areas in which misunderstanding of identity politics has resulted in reduced quality education for displaced populations.
The statistical properties of the networks of emigrants: the Ecuadorian case
Authors: Espinosa Alexandra M. , Horna Luís , Mendieta Muñoz Rodrigo , Pontarollo Nicola 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis article shows that the threshold model appropriately analysed can explain the emigration process as a consequence of the network features, where the willingness to emigrate depends on the personal and household conditions borne by the emigrant. In such a case, the emigration process can be defined in terms of a Pólya schema, and the emigration rate converges almost surely to a random variable with a beta distribution, which fully characterizes the network (assimilation, integration, separation or marginalization). The model is applied to Ecuador, which has experienced an unprecedented wave of emigration since 1998. We show that, despite the massive exodus, the process does not constitute a diaspora, because Ecuadorians do not interact appropriately with natives.
Dental caries experience of 5‐year‐old children related to their parents' education levels: a study in an Arab community in Israel
Authors: HOLAN GIDEON , IYAD NASER , CHOSACK AUBREY 
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence that parents' education may have on the prevalence of dental caries in young children. The study was conducted on 210 kindergarten childen aged 5 years in an Arab village.The presence of caries was determined according to the WHO criteria, with an explorer and a dental mirror under natural light. The education of the parents was assessed on a scale of 1–6 according to information obtained from a questionnaire to the parents.The results of this study showed that children of highly educated parents had relatively low dental caries experience. The influence of the mothers was apparent at a lower educational level than that of the fathers. In this population only 0·6% of the dental treatment needs were met. Of the kindergarten children 99·5% had experienced caries. The caries experience was extremely high: the mean dmfs was 17·7 (± 12·15), and the means dmft 8·04 (±8·37).
Estimating direct genetic and maternal effects affecting rabbit growth and feed efficiency with a factorial design
Authors: Garreau Hervé , Ruesche Julien , Gilbert Hélène , Balmisse Elodie , Benitez Florence , Richard François , David Ingrid , Drouilhet Laurence , Zemb Olivier 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe aim of this experiment was to evaluate the significance of neonatal environment on feed efficiency. For that purpose, rabbits from a line selected for residual feed intake (RFI) during 10 generations (G10 kits) were cross‐fostered with non‐selected control does (i.e., G0 line), and reciprocally. In parallel, sibs were fostered by mothers from their original line. Nine hundred animals were raised in individual (N = 456) or collective (N = 320) cages. Traits analysed in this study were body weight at 32 days and at 63 days, average daily gain (ADG), feed intake between weaning and 63 days (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and RFI. The maternal environment offered by does from the line selected for RFI deteriorated the FCR of the kits, independently of their line of origin, during fattening (+0.08 ± 0.02) compared to FCR of kits nursed by G0 does. The line, the type of housing and the batch were significant effects for all the measured traits: G10 kits were lighter than their G0 counterparts at 32 days (−82.9 ± 9 g, p < 0.0001) and at 63 days (−161 ± 16 g, p < 0.0001). They also had a lower ADG (−2.36 ± 0.36 g/day, p < 0.0001), RFI (−521 ± 24 g/day, p < 0.0001) and a lower FI (−855 ± 31 g, p < 0.0001), resulting in a more desirable feed efficiency (FCR: −0.35 ± 0.02). There was no significant difference in the contrast of G10 and G0 performances between collective and individual/digestive cages (p > 0.22): −2.35 g/day versus 2.94 g/day for ADG, −0.39 versus −0.40 for FCR, −577 g versus −565 g for RFI and −879 g versus −859 g for FI, respectively). Thus, no genotype‐by‐environment (housing) interaction is expected at the commercial level, that is, no re‐ranking of the animals due to collective housing.
Polyploidy in creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) shapes the biogeography of specialist herbivores
Authors: O'Connor Timothy K. , Laport Robert G. , Whiteman Noah K. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAimWhole‐genome duplication (polyploidy) can influence the biogeography and ecology of plants that differ in ploidy level (cytotype). Here, we address how two consequences of plant polyploidy (parapatry of cytotypes and altered species interactions) shape the biogeography of herbivorous insects.LocationWarm deserts of North America.TaxaGall midges (Asphondylia auripila group, Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) that attack three parapatric cytotypes of creosote bush (Larrea tridentata, Zygophyllaceae).MethodsWe surveyed Asphondylia species diversity at 177 sites across a 2300‐km extent. After noting a correspondence between the distributions of eight Asphondylia species and L. tridentata cytotypes, we fine‐mapped Asphondylia species range limits with transects spanning cytotype contact zones. We then tested whether plant–insect interactions and/or abiotic factors explain this coincidence by (a) comparing attack rates and gall midge communities on alternative cytotypes in a narrow zone of sympatry and (b) using species distribution models (SDMs) to determine if climatically suitable habitat for each midge species extended beyond cytotype contact zones.ResultsThe range limits of 6/17 Asphondylia species (including two novel putative species confirmed with COI sequencing) perfectly coincided with the contact zone of diploid and tetraploid L. tridentata. One midge species was restricted to diploid host plants while five were restricted to tetraploid and hexaploid host plants. Where diploid and tetraploid L. tridentata are sympatric, cytotype‐restricted midge species more frequently attacked their typical host and Asphondylia community structure differed markedly between cytotypes. SDMs predicted that distributions of cytotype‐restricted midge species were not constrained by climatic conditions near cytotype contact zones.Main conclusionsContact zones between plant cytotypes are dispersal barriers for many Asphondylia species due to plant–insect interactions. The distribution of L. tridentata cytotypes therefore shapes herbivore species ranges and herbivore community structure across North American deserts. Our results demonstrate that polyploidy in plants can affect the biogeography of ecological communities.
High vagility facilitates population persistence and expansion prior to the Last Glacial Maximum in an antarctic top predator: The Snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea)
Authors: Carrea Cecilia , Burridge Christopher P. , Wienecke Barbara , Emmerson Louise M. , White Duanne , Miller Karen J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAimsPleistocene glacial cycles have had profound effects on the distribution and genetic diversity of high latitude species, which can vary with species‐specific traits, such as vagility. Demographic responses of antarctic flying seabirds to the same events remain unassessed. We addressed this knowledge gap by studying the genetic population connectivity and demographic history of a flying seabird endemic to Antarctica, the Snow petrel. We hypothesize that their high vagility due to flight may represent an advantage over non‐flying seabirds in enduring past climate variation.LocationApproximately 3,000 km of coastline in East Antarctica, covering three areas in Mac. Robertson Land, Princess Elizabeth Land and Wilkes Land. An inland location was also sampled at the Prince Charles Mountains, Mac. Robertson Land.TaxonSnow petrel (Pagodroma nivea).MethodsWe sampled 93 individuals and sequenced a total of 5,412 base pairs, including two mitochondrial genes, four anonymous nuclear loci and a nuclear intron. We used frequentist and Bayesian approaches to examine population genetic structuring and an Extended Bayesian Skyline Plot method to infer the demographic history of the species in the study area. In addition, evidence of exposed bedrock during glacial periods was summarized in maps of the studied area representing potential refugia for the species.ResultsDifferentiation indexes, genetic clustering and haplotype networks suggest long‐term population connectivity for Snow petrels across the study area, with no evidence for reliction into refugia that were genetically isolated. Significantly, population expansions pre‐dated the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), but only where there was evidence of ice‐free areas during this period.Main conclusionsThe high vagility of Snow petrels may have been advantageous for access to foraging areas and supported large populations despite the harsh conditions during the LGM. Our results highlight that species‐specific traits can exert a strong influence on demographic responses to the same environmental events.
Genome‐wide markers untangle the green‐lizard radiation in the Aegean Sea and support a rare biogeographical pattern
Authors: Kornilios Panagiotis , Thanou Evanthia , Lymberakis Petros , Ilgaz Çetin , Kumlutaş Yusuf , Leaché Adam 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAimThe Aegean Sea constitutes a major biogeographic barrier between the European and Asian continents and several models of diversification in the Aegean have been documented. Here, we test three of those models for the Aegean green‐lizards (Lacerta trilineata–pamphylicagroup): Vicariance versus Overland Dispersal versus Island Stepping‐stone Dispersal. We investigate these hypotheses and complement our knowledge on the impact of the Aegean Barrier on east Mediterranean taxa.LocationAegean Sea, east Mediterranean.TaxonLacertalizards.MethodsWe analysed ddRADloci (double‐digest restriction‐site‐associatedDNA) to estimate species‐trees under coalescent models and maximum likelihood trees using concatenation. We performed hierarchical population structure analyses and inferred ancestral distribution‐areas. We also sequenced the complete cytochromebgene and produced a time‐calibrated mtDNAgene‐tree to conduct a critical comparison with previous studies.ResultsAegean green‐lizards diverged into four main groups in parallel during the Late Pliocene with distributions to the East and West of the Aegean. The Eastern group includesLacerta pamphylicaand East AegeanL. trilineata, while the Western group contains the Central Cyclades populations and the remaining populations of the Balkan Peninsula. The Aegean green‐lizards’ ancestor occurred in Anatolia, while the West lineage ancestor occurred in the Central Cyclades islands, revealing a dispersal between the two regions. The radiations of all major green‐lizard groups, includingtrilineata+pamphylica, occurred in parallel in the Late Pliocene.Main ConclusionsIn contrast to previously suggested biogeographical hypotheses for the group, based on mtDNA, the Island Stepping‐stone Dispersal scenario is strongly supported. Green lizards offer a rare paradigm of diversification in the Aegean, where populations largely expanded their geographical distribution and crossed the Aegean Barrier using the central Aegean islands as stepping stones.
Dual‐task effects on postural sway during sit‐to‐stand movement in children with Down syndrome
Authors: Pena G. M. , Pavão S. L. , Oliveira M. F. P. , Godoi D. , de Campos A. C. , Rocha N. A. C. F. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundCognitive and postural tasks require common cognitive mechanisms, resulting in conflicts when both tasks are simultaneously performed. The presence of neuromotor dysfunctions, such as Down syndrome, may impair coordination processes required to perform dual‐tasks. The objective of this study was to investigate the dual‐task effects on postural sway during sit‐to‐stand movements in typical children and children with Down syndrome in a cross‐sectional study.MethodsTwenty six typical children (10.2 ± 2.4 years) and 21 with Down syndrome (10.3 ± 2.3 years) performed sit‐to‐stand in the following conditions: (1) simple task; (2) dual‐task bimanual activity (DT‐Bim): sit‐to‐stand while carrying a tray using both hands; (3) dual‐task unimanual dominant activity (DT‐Uni‐Dom): sit‐to‐stand while holding a plastic cup simulating water using the dominant hand; (4) dual‐task unimanual non‐dominant activity (DT‐Uni‐Nondom): sit‐to‐stand movement while holding a plastic cup simulating water. For data analysis, sit‐to‐stand was divided into three phases: preparation (phase 1), rising (phase 2), and stabilisation (phase 3). The following variables were calculated for each phase: anterior‐posterior and medial‐lateral amplitude of centre‐of‐pressure displacement, anterior‐posterior and medial‐lateral velocity of centre‐of‐pressure sway and area of centre‐of‐pressure sway.ResultsChildren with Down syndrome showed greater sway than typical children in all sit‐to‐stand phases. Typical children showed greater anterior‐posterior amplitude in phase 2 of sit‐to‐stand during DT‐Uni Nondom compared with DT‐Uni Dom. Children with Down syndrome during simple task condition showed greater and faster values sway in phases 2 and 3 of sit‐to‐stand movement than in DT‐Bim activity, DT‐Uni Dom activity and DT‐Uni Nondom activity. During the condition of DT‐Bim activity, these children showed lower anterior‐posterior velocity of sway in phase 2 than during DT‐Uni Dom activity.ConclusionsChildren with Down syndrome showed greater postural sway during sit‐to‐stand than typical children. The addition of a concurrent motor task to sit‐to‐stand impacted postural sway in different intensities and in different ways across groups. Dual‐tasks increased body sway in typical children in the DT‐Uni Nondom condition compared with dominant one. In children with Down syndrome, dual‐tasks decreased body sway, apparently resulting in a postural strategy of stiffness.