bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Sharing Meanings Approach for Interdisciplinary Hazards Research
Authors: Hardy R. Dean 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHazards researchers frequently examine complex socioenvironmental problems, a difficult undertaking that is further compounded by the challenge of navigating the many disciplinary approaches in the field. This article draws on key insights from studies of the interdisciplinary process and proposes the “sharing meanings approach” for improving interdisciplinary collaboration in hazards research. The sharing meanings approach addresses common challenges to interdisciplinary teamwork and organizes them into four focal areas: (1) worldviews (including ontological, epistemological, and philosophical perspectives), (2) language, (3) research design, and (4) project goals. The approach emphasizes the process of sharing rather than seeking to develop a single set of shared meanings related to the four focal areas. The article identifies common challenges and recommends strategies and actions within each focal area for guiding teams toward sharing their implicit meanings. A hypothetical example is introduced to demonstrate how the approach offers a path for revealing and overcoming the common roadblocks experienced in interdisciplinary hazards research. By making interdisciplinary hazards teams’ implicit assumptions explicit, the sharing meanings approach offers an operational process to seize on moments of difference as productive tension and to see such challenges as opportunities—rather than obstacles—for innovating toward hybrid methodological research designs in hazards research.
Quantal Risk Assessment Database: A Database for Exploring Patterns in Quantal Dose‐Response Data in Risk Assessment and its Application to Develop Priors for Bayesian Dose‐Response Analysis
Authors: Wheeler Matthew W. , Piegorsch Walter W. , Bailer Albert John 
Published: October 2018

AbstractQuantitative risk assessments for physical, chemical, biological, occupational, or environmental agents rely on scientific studies to support their conclusions. These studies often include relatively few observations, and, as a result, models used to characterize the risk may include large amounts of uncertainty. The motivation, development, and assessment of new methods for risk assessment is facilitated by the availability of a set of experimental studies that span a range of dose‐response patterns that are observed in practice. We describe construction of such a historical database focusing on quantal data in chemical risk assessment, and we employ this database to develop priors in Bayesian analyses. The database is assembled from a variety of existing toxicological data sources and contains 733 separate quantal dose‐response data sets. As an illustration of the database's use, prior distributions for individual model parameters in Bayesian dose‐response analysis are constructed. Results indicate that including prior information based on curated historical data in quantitative risk assessments may help stabilize eventual point estimates, producing dose‐response functions that are more stable and precisely estimated. These in turn produce potency estimates that share the same benefit. We are confident that quantitative risk analysts will find many other applications and issues to explore using this database.
Theoretical Matters: On the Need for Hazard and Disaster Theory Developed Through Interdisciplinary Research and Collaboration
Authors: Sherman‐Morris Kathleen , Houston J. Brian , Subedi Jishnu 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHazard and disaster research requires a willingness to step outside of traditional disciplinary ontological and epistemological assumptions to both accommodate and integrate different perspectives. Moreover, the complex qualities of hazards and disasters necessitate interdisciplinary approaches to inform theory development that encompasses environmental, human, and infrastructure systems at multiple scales and units of analysis. Unfortunately, truly integrative hazard and disaster theory at a scale broad enough to account for the many systems and processes involved is currently limited. In this article, we argue thatrobusthazard and disaster theory can only arise from interdisciplinary research and collaboration. We examine challenges to the development of interdisciplinary hazard and disaster theory, and discuss the characteristics of theory necessary for the goal‐oriented nature of research aimed at reducing disaster impact.
Discrete and continuous coupled nonlinear integrable systems via the dressing method
Authors: Biondini Gino , Wang Qiao 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA discrete analog of the dressing method is presented and used to derive integrable nonlinear evolution equations, including two infinite families of novel continuous and discrete coupled integrable systems of equations of nonlinear Schrödinger type. First, a demonstration is given of how discrete nonlinear integrable equations can be derived starting from their linear counterparts. Then, starting from two uncoupled, discrete one‐directional linear wave equations, an appropriate matrix Riemann‐Hilbert problem is constructed, and a discrete matrix nonlinear Schrödinger system of equations is derived, together with its Lax pair. The corresponding compatible vector reductions admitted by these systems are also discussed, as well as their continuum limits. Finally, by increasing the size of the problem, three‐component discrete and continuous integrable discrete systems are derived, as well as their generalizations to systems with an arbitrary number of components.
Predictive Validity of the Columbia‐Suicide Severity Rating Scale among a Cohort of At‐risk Veterans
Authors: Matarazzo Bridget B. , Brown Gregory K. , Stanley Barbara , Forster Jeri E. , Billera Melodi , Currier Glenn W. , Ghahramanlou‐Holloway Marjan , Brenner Lisa A. 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveTo examine the psychometric properties of the Columbia‐ Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C‐SSRS) among a cohort of veterans identified to be at risk for suicide.MethodConvergent, divergent, and predictive validity of the C‐SSRS were examined using secondary data from a study of veterans who presented to the psychiatric emergency room (n = 237). Data were collected 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months following emergency room discharge.ResultsResults demonstrated good evidence for convergent and divergent validity. Baseline intensity subscale scores predicted actual and interrupted attempts, and any behavior for all available data and for the subsample who had 6‐month follow‐up data, and also predicted preparatory behavior in the full sample. Baseline severity subscale scores predicted preparatory behavior and any behavior for the full sample and for those with 6 months of follow‐up, and actual attempts for the full sample. Severity of ideation cutoff scores was significantly associated with actual attempts and any behavior in both samples. Adding a prior behavior criterion demonstrated similar results.ConclusionsFindings suggest that the C‐SSRS is a psychometrically sound measure that can be used to augment suicide risk assessment with veterans who are already identified to be at risk for suicide.
Situating Emotions in Social Practices: Empirical Insights from Animal Husbandry in the Cow‐Calf Industry
Authors: Bassi Emilie M. , Parkins John R. , Caine Ken J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMeat production and consumption is hotly debated in many parts of the world, in part because of ongoing animal welfare concerns. Drawing on several contending positions about the role of human agency in social practices, coupled with a sociology of emotion, we empirically identify a range of perspectives on the role of emotions in social practices. Drawing on a narrative inquiry method with cow‐calf producers in Alberta, Canada, we seek to clarify how emotions can play a role in the evolution of farm animal care. Results suggest a narrative of ‘emotional agency’ where primary and secondary emotions are a catalyst for challenging, re‐directing, and changing norms associated with farm animal welfare.
Comparison of ceramide retention in the stratum corneum between dry skin and normal skin using animal model with fluorescent imaging method
Authors: Aoki Miku , Ogai Kazuhiro , Kobayashi Masato , Minematsu Takeo , Nakatani Toshio , Okuwa Mayumi , Sanada Hiromi , Sugama Junko 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackground/PurposeSkin care via moisturization compensates for the lack of skin barrier function. However, moisturizer application methods are not clearly decided. Here, we focused on and examined the retention of externally applied ceramide in the stratum corneum (SC) using fluorescent imaging method. This study aimed to compare ceramide retention in the SC between normal skin and dry skin using an animal model.MethodsNine‐week‐old Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into two groups: normal skin and dry skin model. The dry skin model group was treated with acetone‐diethyl ether solution. A fluorescently labeled ceramide solution was prepared and applied to rats’ back skin. Skin samples were taken at 0 minute and 12 hours after ceramide application. Fluorescently labeled ceramide was evaluated and observed under a microscope.ResultsThe intensity of externally applied ceramide in the normal skin group showed no significant change from 0 minute to 12 hours after application. In contrast, in the dry skin model group, the intensity of externally applied ceramide increased significantly from 0 minute to 12 hours after application.ConclusionOur findings demonstrate that the externally applied ceramide penetrated the SC of dry skin more than that of normal skin.
Comparing mobility patterns between residents and visitors using geo‐tagged social media data
Authors: Liu Qingsong , Wang Zheye , Ye Xinyue 
Published: October 2018

AbstractUnderstanding the behavior of residents and visitors is vital in tourism studies, urban planning, and local economic development. However, most existing studies consider visitors as one group, while overlooking the difference in mobility patterns between subgroups of visitors and residents. In this research, we analyzed the mobility pattern of local Twitter users and visitor Twitter users, from the flow network and evenness distribution of user activities. The results show that short distance movement is the dominant type of activity not only for residents, but also for visitors. Moreover, intra‐county movement accounts for the primary type of movement for all groups of Twitter users. Besides, the centrality index of Twitter users reconstructs a core–peripheral structure, and there is some relationship between the centrality index and population size. Further, the spatial distribution of evenness index at different spatial scales shows a clear “T”‐shaped core–peripheral structure. However, we need to synthesize multiple open big data to improve the study and conduct the analysis in future work at finer spatial scales, such as census tracts, census blocks, or the street level.
Antibiotic lock therapy for salvage of tunneled central venous catheters with catheter colonization and catheter‐related bloodstream infection
Authors: Zanwar Saurabh , Jain Punit , Gokarn Anant , Devadas Santhosh Kumar , Punatar Sachin , Khurana Sachin , Bonda Avinash , Pruthy Ritesh , Bhat Vivek , Qureshi Sajid , Khattry Navin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCentral venous catheters (CVCs) represent a significant source of infection in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and can add to the cost of care, morbidity, and mortality. Organisms forming biofilms on the inner surface of catheters require a much higher local antibiotic concentration to clear the pathogen growth. Antibiotic lock therapy (ALT) represents one such strategy to achieve such high intraluminal concentrations of antibiotics and can facilitate catheter salvage. Patients with catheter colonization (CC) or hemodynamically stable catheter‐related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) received ALT per institutional policy. We analyzed the incidence of CC and CRBSI and salvage rate of tunneled CVCs (Hickman) with ALT in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant in this retrospective study. Catheter colonization was noted in 9.8% and CRBSI in 10.7% patients. Gram‐negative bacilli (GNB) accounted for 45% and 83% of isolates in CC and CRBSI, respectively. In patients with CRBSI, the rate of catheter salvage with the use of ALT in addition to systemic antibiotics was 86% compared to 55% in patients with systemic antibiotics use only (P = 0.06). There was no CRBSI related mortality, and no increase in resistant strains was noted at subsequent CRBSI. In conclusion, ALT represents an important strategy for catheter salvage, especially for gram‐negative infections, in a carefully selected patient population.
Treatment of chronic hepatitis C viral infection with sofosbuvir and daclatasvir in kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Huang Hongfeng , Tang Huanna , Deng Hao , Shen Jia , Zhou Qin , Xie Wenqing , Wu Jianyong , Chen Jianghua 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the efficacy and the risk of sofosbuvir‐daclatasvir treatment among kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.MethodsA real‐life retrospective cohort analysis was performed on KTRs treated with sofosbuvir‐daclatasvir at our center between January 2016 and March 2018. We collected data from 19 KTRs (13 males; age 48.3 ± 9.6 years; HCV genotype I, n = 16; chronic active hepatitis B coinfection, n = 8). Virological and clinical data were assessed.ResultsOverall, 100% of the patients had achieved a sustained virological response 12 weeks after treatment (SVR12). Their liver function improved notably, with a significant decline in the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels (ALT 34.8 ± 18.6 IU/L pre‐treatment and 15.0 ± 6.8 IU/L post‐treatment, P = 0.0003; AST: 35.05 ± 18.1 IU/L pre‐treatment and 19.1 ± 7.0 post‐treatment, P = 0.001). A significant amelioration was observed in patients with proteinuria (n = 12) (0.95 [0.35‐3.31] g/g at baseline to 0.39 [0.27‐1.02] g/g post‐therapy, P = 0.048). The serum creatinine, eGFR, and tacrolimus levels were stable during therapy.ConclusionThe preliminary data demonstrated that sofosbuvir‐daclatasvir was highly effective in treating HCV infection in KTRs with acceptable tolerance.
Evolution in screening for Down syndrome
Authors: Ashoor Al Mahri Ghalia , Nicolaides KH 
Published: October 2018

Key content

This article describes how screening for fetal trisomy 21 has evolved from advanced maternal age, with a detection rate of 30% at a false positive rate (FPR) of 5%, to second trimester serum biochemistry, with a detection rate of 60–75% at an FPR of 5%, and then to the first trimester combination of fetal nuchal translucency and serum biochemistry, with a detection rate of 90% at an FPR of 5%.

The introduction of cell‐free DNA analysis of maternal blood is outlined. This method has improved detection rate to 99% with a reduction in FPR to 0.1%.

As this test is currently expensive, it may be difficult to offer it to all patients as a first‐line method of screening. A feasible approach to the introduction of the cell‐free DNA test is discussed, which is to offer it contingent on the results of first‐line screening with the combined test.

Learning objectives

To understand the different methods available for screening for fetal trisomy 21.

To learn about the performance of different methods of screening.

To be able to describe the new method of screening by cell‐free DNA testing.

To understand the issues related to clinical implementation of cell‐free DNA testing.

Ethical issues

Should the cell‐free DNA test be offered solely based on health economic considerations or on individual patient interests?

Should screening be carried out for conditions other than trisomy 21?
Violations of Core Knowledge Shape Early Learning
Authors: Stahl Aimee E. , Feigenson Lisa 
Published: October 2018

AbstractResearch on cognitive development has revealed that even the youngest minds detect and respond to events that adults find surprising. These surprise responses suggest that infants have a basic set of “core” expectations about the world that are shared with adults and other species. However, little work has asked what purpose these surprise responses serve. Here we discuss recent evidence that violations of core knowledge offer special opportunities for learning. Infants and young children make predictions about the world on the basis of their core knowledge of objects, quantities, and social entities. We argue that when these predictions fail to match the observed data, infants and children experience an enhanced drive to seek and retain new information. This impact of surprise on learning is not equipotent. Instead, it is directed to entities that are relevant to the surprise itself; this drive propels children—even infants—to form and test new hypotheses about surprising aspects of the world. We briefly consider similarities and differences between these recent findings with infants and children, on the one hand, and findings on prediction errors in humans and non‐human animals, on the other. These comparisons raise open questions that require continued inquiry, but suggest that considering phenomena across species, ages, kinds of surprise, and types of learning will ultimately help to clarify how surprise shapes thought.
Crop genome‐wide association study: a harvest of biological relevance
Authors: Liu Hai‐Jun , Yan Jianbing 
Published: October 2018

SummaryWith the advent of rapid genotyping and next‐generation sequencing technologies, genome‐wide association study (GWAS) has become a routine strategy for decoding genotype–phenotype associations in many species. More than 1000 such studies over the last decade have revealed substantial genotype–phenotype associations in crops and provided unparalleled opportunities to probe functional genomics. Beyond the many ‘hits’ obtained, this review summarizes recent efforts to increase our understanding of the genetic architecture of complex traits by focusing on non‐main effects including epistasis, pleiotropy, and phenotypic plasticity. We also discuss how these achievements and the remaining gaps in our knowledge will guide future studies. Synthetic association is highlighted as leading to false causality, which is prevalent but largely underestimated. Furthermore, validation evidence is appealing for future GWAS, especially in the context of emerging genome‐editing technologies.
Comparing the influence of two immunosuppressants (fingolimod, azathioprine) on wound healing in a rat model of primary and secondary intention wound closure
Authors: Ginestal Ricardo , Pérez‐Köhler Bárbara , Pérez‐López Paloma , Rodríguez Marta , Pascual Gemma , Cebrián David , Bellón Juan M. , García‐Moreno Francisca 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTIn this study, rat models of wound closure by first and second intention were developed to evaluate the influence that two immunosuppressants for treating multiple sclerosis (fingolimod, azathioprine) have on wound healing. Sixty‐three Sprague‐Dawley rats were daily treated with fingolimod (0.6 mg/kg), azathioprine (2.5 mg/kg), or placebo (saline). Following 6 weeks of treatment, a linear incision (1.5 cm) or a circular excisional defect (diameter 1.5 cm) was made on the dorsal skin. The treatments were uninterrupted and after 7 days (incisional) or 21 days (incisional, excisional), animals were euthanized (n = 7 per group and time‐point). Morphometric (wound closure), histological (stainings), and immunofluorescent studies (macrophages) were performed to evaluate the healing process. For both the incisional and excisional defects, animals treated with fingolimod exhibited a healing process equivalent to that of placebo in terms of collagenization, wound closure, and macrophage response. By comparison, groups treated with azathioprine displayed a delay in healing times which was especially evident in the excisional defect, where inflammatory reaction and collagen deposition in the repair tissue remained active by day 21. These results show that immunosuppressants with a selective mechanism of action (fingolimod) can have less impact on wound healing than their classical nonselective counterparts (azathioprine).
Nocturia has no impact on depression severity in patients suffering from depression but correlates with sleep quality
Authors: Przydacz Mikolaj , Skalski Michal , Golabek Tomasz , Sobański Jerzy , Klasa Katarzyna , Świerkosz Agata , Dudek Dominika , Chłosta Piotr 
Published: October 2018

Cel pracyZwiązek pomiędzy nykturią, depresją i zaburzeniami snu w populacji ogólnej został szeroko udokumentowany. Dotychczasowe badania nie przeanalizowały jednak wpływu nykturii na nasilenie choroby u pacjentów chorujących na depresję, a także związku pomiędzy nykturią a zaburzeniami snu wśród omawianych pacjentów. W tym celu zbadaliśmy wpływ nykturii na nasilenie depresji oraz jakość snu u pacjentów cierpiących na depresję.MetodaPrzeprowadziliśmy badanie przekrojowe wśród pacjentów depresyjnych leczonych w oddziale oraz poradni przyklinicznej Kliniki Psychiatrii Dorosłych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w Krakowie. Wszyscy pacjenci spełnili kryteria DSM-5 oraz ICD-10 dla depresji. Nykturia została oceniona za pomocą skali International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), nasilenie depresji za pomocą 17-punktowego kwestionariusza Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), a jakość snu za pomocą Holland Sleep Disorders Questionnaire (HSDQ). Analiza statystyczna została przeprowadzona za pomocą testu ANOVA (post-hoc Tukey test).WynikiDo badania zostało włączonych 98 pacjentów. Nykturia została stwierdzona u 68 z nich. Większość pacjentów (35) wykazała łagodne nasilenie depresji. Średni wynik z kwestionariusza HSDQ wyniósł 78.8 (zakres 32-146). Wykonana przez nas analiza statystyczna wykazała brak wpływu nykturii na nasilenie depresji (p=0.625) przy jednak istotnie statystycznej korelacji pomiędzy nykturią a jakością snu (p=0.037). Test post-hoc analizujący korelację pomiędzy stopniem nasilenia nykturii a zaburzeniami snu pokazał, że większa liczba nocnych mikcji (co najmniej 3 epizody) prowadzi do istotnie wyższych wyników punktowych w kwestionariuszu HSDQ.WnioskiNasze badanie wykazało brak wpływu nykturii na nasilenie depresji u pacjentów ze zdiagnozowaną depresją. Niemniej, wskazaliśmy istotnie statystycznie związek pomiędzy nykturią a jakością snu u omawianych chorych. Dalsze badania z większą liczbą pacjentów są niezbędne do potwierdzenia omawianych wyników.