bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Which aspects of CSR predict firm market value?
Authors: Bajic Stevan , Yurtoglu Burcin 
Published: May 2018

PurposeThere is evidence that corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices predict higher firm value, but little evidence on which specific aspects of CSR drive this relationship. The purpose of this paper is to study this question in a sample drawn from 35 countries over 2003-2016.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employ a research design that analyzes observational data with panel data methods including ordinary least squares, firm-random effects, and firm-fixed effects.FindingsThe authors find in a sample drawn from 35 countries over 2003-2016 an economically significant relationship between an overall CSR measure and firm value. The overall CSR score builds on data from Asset4 and is comprised of three indices for environmental, social, and corporate governance aspects of CSR. The authors find that the social index consistently predicts higher market value. The authors also show that the use of particular elements of CSR can lead to substantial omitted variables bias when predicting firm value. The results also suggest a similar bias in studies that focus on a single index, which captures a specific aspect of CSR, but omits the remaining aspects.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is subject to limitations common to observational studies.Practical implicationsThe authors find robust evidence that CSR predicts market value using a country-benchmarked overall CSR index. The power to predict firm value comes solely from the social dimension of this measure, which captures firm-level practices related to treatment of employees and stakeholder relations including those with customers and the broader community. Three elements drive the social index: customer/product responsibility, human rights, and employment quality. None of the remaining 12 elements significantly predicts firm vale in an empirical setting with firm-FE and extensive covariates. The authors also show that omitted aspects of CSR can easily lead to an omitted variable bias and that the magnitude of this bias is potentially greater with an OLS specification.Social implicationsAmong the many dimensions of CSR, only a subset drives firm value. Policies that target to improve the CSR performance of firms adopt a broader definition of CSR.Originality/valueThe authors provide first-hand evidence on which specific aspects of CSR drive firm market value.
Measuring family business performance: research trends and suggestions
Authors: Williams Jr Ralph I. 
Published: May 2018

PurposeBusiness performance measurement is vital to expanding knowledge of how various strategies and behaviors affect organization outcomes. Given the recent growth of the family business research field, it is appropriate to assess how researchers measure family business performance, seeking to provide thoughts related to how to improve family business performance measurement in research. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachThis study applies a systematic approach to review 338 family business performance studies published in peer-reviewed journals from 1980 through 2015.FindingsObservations are presented from this exhaustive review, including the expansion of the family business research field, types of journals publishing family business studies, research topics, types of measures utilized, and others. In addition, potential gaps are identified and possible solutions are presented.Originality/valueIt appears no review of family business performance measurement in research is available. Observations from this review may assist researchers in measuring a vital metric, family business performance.
Small and medium technology enterprises in Zhongguancun and Silicon Valley
Authors: Trunina Anna , Liu Xielin , Chen Jian 
Published: May 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of similarities and differences between small and medium technology enterprises of Zhongguancun in China and Silicon Valley in the USA in the following aspects of their activities: scale, diversity and the strength of entrepreneurial networks; quality of collaboration network; reputation in the sense of stakeholders’ perception at the local market; and foreign networks.

Design/methodology/approach
The study uses a survey method. The analysis of variance statistical technique was applied to each aspect.

Findings
The investigation reveals that Chinese companies have more stakeholders among relatives and friends, government, universities, accounting/law, as well as collaborate more with competitors and suppliers, while the US companies have more and collaborate diverse relations with its clients. In America, companies tend to trust their partners more than they do in China. For Chinese companies, the local government appraises business more than the USA. Employees from the US companies also take more pride in telling others that they are members of the business. Domestic customers positively rate business products. Chinese companies actually have better access to foreign resources than the USA and collaborate more with their foreign stakeholders.

Practical implications
Understanding the distinctive features of each regional system is crucial for the success of small and medium technology enterprises for both Chinese and US entrepreneurs.

Originality/value
This paper is a pioneer in the comparison and analysis of the two regions.
TTO characteristics and university entrepreneurship: a cluster analysis
Authors: Fernandez-Alles Mariluz , Diánez-González Juan Pablo , Rodríguez-González Tamara , Villanueva-Flores Mercedes 
Published: May 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyze potentially significant differences in a series of relevant characteristics of universities’ technology transfer offices (TTOs). To this end, TTOs have been classified by the function of their resources assigned to the enhancement of university entrepreneurship. The factors analyzed are the number of academic spin-offs created with the support of TTOs as well as the TTOs’ age, experience, professionalization and relational capital.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors have performed a hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis to identify the groups of TTOs with homogeneous behavior and features. This multivariate technique allows determining whether it is possible to identify some differentiated conglomerates of TTOs.

Findings
The results of the cluster analysis allow concluding that the number of academic spin-offs created with the support of TTOs, the age and degree of professionalization of these TTOs, the experiences of their employees in matters related to entrepreneurship and their relationships with market actors explain the different levels of commitment of TTOs toward the enhancement of university entrepreneurship. In contrast with the expected results, the relationship between TTOs and academic actors does not seem to explain such differences.

Originality/value
This research contributes to the identification of the particular design characteristics that TTOs should exhibit to promote the entrepreneurial performance of universities, offering important recommendations to academic institutions regarding the efficient design of TTOs to manage university ambidexterity and to build TTOs’ entrepreneurial identity.
Cyber security assurance process from the internal audit perspective
Authors: Bozkus Kahyaoglu Sezer , Caliyurt Kiymet 
Published: May 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to analyze the cybersecurity assurance approaches to determine the key issues and weaknesses within the internal audit and risk management perspective. Organizations increasingly rely on digital data to drive their growth and they are interconnected in a complex web to a multitude of stakeholders.

Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, cybersecurity is defined, and cybersecurity assurance model is explained based on the relevant literature. In addition, the role of internal auditing is introduced within this new business landscape. Finally, recommendations are made to provide best practices for stakeholders.

Findings
There are four major cyber-focused standards and frameworks in the current literature, namely, Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology, International Organization for Standardization, The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and National Institute of Standards and Technology. In addition, there are many mechanisms in existence and operation currently which support cybersecurity assurance to prevent major threats. These include risk assessment, risk treatment, risk management, security assurance and auditing.

Research limitations/implications
Cyber risk is not something that can be avoided; instead, it must be managed. Hence, it is very important to maintain formal documentation on related cyber controls. Internal audit should be an integral part of cybersecurity assurance process, as internal audit have a unique position to look across organizations. The contribution of internal audit also provides comfort to the Board and Audit Committee.

Practical implications
A model is introduced how the internal audit and information security functions could work together to support organizations accomplish a cost-effective level of information security. The key issues and approaches are explained for how to become a trusted cybersecurity advisor and a sample cybersecurity awareness program checklist is provided at Appendix 1.

Social implications
Considering cybersecurity threats grow with speed, complexity, and impact, organizations are no longer satisfied with an answer to a question like “are we secure?” instead, they need the answer for such a question like “how to give a reasonable assurance that our business will be secure enough?”. In that respect, the role of internal audit is discussed based on the relevant literature and the current condition of the business environment.

Originality/value
A model is introduced how the internal audit and information security functions could work together to support organizations accomplish a cost-effective level of information security. The key issues and approaches are explained for how to become a trusted cybersecurity advisor and a sample cybersecurity awareness program checklist is provided at Appendix 1.
Materiality disclosure in sustainability reporting: fostering stakeholder engagement
Authors: Ngu Sie Bing , Amran Azlan 
Published: May 2018

Purpose
This paper aims to illustrate that stakeholder engagement is a fundamental step of the sustainability reporting process, as it assists in defining the materiality and relevance of the information communicated and enhances greater transparency and greater accountability to stakeholders.

Findings
In today’s corporate world, the role of stakeholder engagement has been recognized as being significant in completing the process for materiality disclosure in sustainability reporting, and it has become one of the vital elements in advancing sustainable development in the corporate sector. The materiality approach has been recommended as the instrument for scoping and defining the content for sustainability reporting or reports that only disclose issues that are considered material from the perspective of the stakeholders. This is relevant to both businesses and stakeholders.

Practical implications
The paper provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the leading global companies in preparing their sustainability reports.
Psychological and physiological stress variations through casual and serious leisure
Authors: Kim Byung-Gook , Lee Sang-Kyung 
Published: May 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify the role of two kinds of leisure activities (i.e. casual and serious leisure) in reducing psychological and physiological stresses and, specifically, to investigate the differences between pre- and post-psychological and physiological stresses.

Design/methodology/approach
The data analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 20.0 program. Descriptive analyses were calculated to identify the characteristics of the sample, including gender, education and age. Because of the small sample size (n < 30), this study uses a nonparametric test. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to examine the differences between pre- and post-stresses of psychological and physiological approaches. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to examine the differences of stresses between the casual and serious leisure groups. In addition, the Kendall rank correlation coefficient was used to measure the association between leisure experiences and stresses.

Findings
The findings from this study indicated that pre-overall affective stress was significantly higher than post-overall affective stress. There were significant differences between pre- and post-physiological stresses during serious leisure. Research findings also suggested that serious leisure experiences have a significant and negative relationship with cognitive stress and physiological stress.

Research limitations/implications
The data were obtained from two different types of leisure setting, and hence, the generalizability of the study findings to other regions needs to be explored in future studies. Research across other leisure settings also might permit the validation of more stable relationships between leisure and stresses. Future research is needed to investigate other important antecedents of individuals’ psychological and physiological stresses in the leisure setting and may identify the complex nature of leisure participants’ perceptions and their relationships with experiences.

Originality/value
Despite the growth of stress and leisure research, physiological-based analyses in this area are limited. Numerous studies have focused on leisure coping with negative life events based on social psychological perspectives. The finding of this study would be helpful to leisure practitioners to manifest the strengths and opportunities of experiences and performances associated with the leisure activity.
Decision-making participation eulogizes probability of behavioral output; job satisfaction, and employee performance (evidence from professionals having low and high levels of perceived organizational support)
Authors: Shahzad Imran Ahmed , Farrukh Muhammad , Kanwal Nagina , Sakib Ali 
Published: May 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to test social exchange in the presence of perception about organizational support theory.

Design/methodology/approach
Data have been collected through a questionnaire survey at a primary level and were analyzed primarily by smartPLS.

Findings
Results show that all relationships among study variables are highly responsive to the perception about organizational support. Nonmonetary rewards create reciprocity of employee performance (EP), but their magnitudes get affected where practioners need to pay specific attention on employee perception about organizational discretionary arrangements.

Research limitations/implications
The sample size for this study was taken only 10 percent from the top ten banking organizations and these organizations were selected from three big cities only including two provincial capitals. Purposive/judgmental sampling technique is being used for the data collection purpose. As moving out from these cities earning opportunities, langue and behaviors are different; so, the results cannot be generalized to the entire country and other industries.

Practical implications
All managers who are intended and assigned for the increase in overall firms’ performances can achieve their targets and goals by focusing on decision-making participation (DMP) through job satisfaction. Further to this, in order to increase the strength of exchange relationship where firms can introduce DMP to increase employees’ performance, perception about organizational support (if it is to be focused) to its workers well-being can yield and induce employees to perform more.

Originality/value
This study ensures researchers not to forget to check the impact of perceived organizational support during a discussion on social exchange and more specifically nonmonetary part of the exchange. This study suggests the way to increase employee outcomes is by focusing on the employee perception about the organizational care about them and involving them in DMP which does not involve any monetary benefits and ultimately managers and organizations can concentrate on these points to have the overall increase in EP, while keeping themselves in limited or available budgets/resources.
Effects of Psidium guajava leaf extract on secretion systems of gram‐negative enteropathogenic bacteria
Authors: Nakasone Noboru , Ogura Yasunori , Higa Naomi , Toma Claudia , Koizumi Yukiko , Takaesu Giichi , Suzuki Toshihiko , Yamashiro Tetsu 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTIn this study, 672 plant‐tissue extracts were screened for phytochemicals that inhibit the function of the type III secretion system (T3SS) of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). Among candidates examined, an extract from the leaves of Psidium guajava (guava) was found to inhibit secretion of EPEC‐secreted protein B (EspB) from EPEC and EHEC without affecting bacterial growth. Guava extract (GE) also inhibited EPEC and EHEC from adhering to, and injecting EspB into, HEp‐2 cells. GE seemed to block translocation of EspB from the bacterial cells to the culture medium. In addition, GE also inhibited the T3SS of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. After exposure to GE, Y. pseudotuberculosis stopped secreting Yersinia outer proteins and was unable to induce apoptosis of mouse bone marrow‐derived macrophages. S. typhimurium exposed to GE stopped secreting Sip proteins and was unable to invade HEp‐2 cells. GE inhibited secretion of EspC, the type V secretion protein of EPEC, but not secretion of Shiga toxin 2 from EHEC. Thus, our results suggest that guava leaves contain a novel type of antimicrobial compound that could be used to treat and prevent gram‐negative enteropathogenic bacterial infections.
Assessing the temporal dynamics of aquatic and terrestrial litter decomposition in an alpine forest
Authors: Yue Kai , García‐Palacios Pablo , Parsons Scott A. , Yang Wanqin , Peng Yan , Tan Bo , Huang Chunping , Wu Fuzhong 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Litter decomposition supplies nutrients and energy within and among aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. It is driven by several biotic and abiotic factors, the relative importance of which may change during litter decay. However, to date, very few studies have addressed the temporal dynamics of such factors across aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, which limits our understanding of litter decomposition process.

To assess the temporal dynamics of major abiotic and biotic litter decomposition drivers, we conducted a 2‐year field experiment to evaluate the losses of foliar litter carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in alpine streams, riparian zones and forest floors. Environmental (soil, water and climatic) factors were continuously monitored, and incubated plant litter was sampled over time to assess temporal changes in litter chemistry and microbial diversity.

We analysed sequential litter decomposition stages based on mass‐loss intervals and used structural equation modelling to disentangle the relative importance of each biotic and abiotic driver.

Our results suggested that across the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, litter C and N loss was generally controlled by a common hierarchy of drivers: (a) Environment and initial litter quality regulated C and N loss via both direct and indirect effects, and their total effects were mainly significant in the early and late decomposition stages, respectively; (b) changes in litter chemistry significantly influenced litter decomposition throughout the decomposition process, mainly via direct effects; and (c) microbial diversity per se showed minimal effects on litter C and N loss.

The identified common hierarchy of biotic and abiotic drivers and their direct and indirect effects on C and N loss at different decomposition stages across aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems indicates the possibility of integrating aquatic and terrestrial decomposition into a single framework for future construction of models accounting for temporal dynamics of litter decomposition.

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Individual variation, population‐specific behaviours and stochastic processes shape marine migration phenologies
Authors: Freshwater Cameron , Trudel Marc , Beacham Terry D. , Gauthier Stéphane , Johnson Stewart C. , Neville Chrys‐Ellen , Juanes Francis 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

The phenology of long‐distance migrations can influence individual fitness, moderate population dynamics and regulate the availability of ecosystem services to other trophic levels. Phenology varies within and among populations, and can be influenced by conditions individuals experience both prior to departure and encounter en route.

Assessing how intrinsic and extrinsic factors (e.g., individual physical condition vs. environmental conditions) interact to influence variation in migratory phenologies across ecological scales is often limited due to logistical constraints associated with tracking large numbers of individuals from multiple populations simultaneously.

We used two natural tags, DNA and otolith microstructure analysis, to estimate the relative influence of individual traits (life‐history strategy, body size at departure and growth during migration), population‐specific behaviours and interannual variability on the phenology of marine migrations in juvenile sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka.

We show that the timing and duration of juvenile sockeye salmon migrations were correlated with both life‐history strategy and body size, while migration duration was also correlated with departure timing and growth rates during migration. Even after accounting for the effect of individual traits, several populations exhibited distinct migration phenologies. Finally, we observed substantial interannual and residual variation, suggesting stochastic environmental conditions moderate the influence of carry‐over effects that develop prior to departure, as well as population‐specific strategies.

Migratory phenologies are shaped by complex interactions between drivers acting at multiple ecological and temporal scales. Given evidence that intraspecific diversity can stabilize ecological systems, conservation efforts should seek to maintain migratory variation among populations and preserve locally adapted phenotypes; however, variation within populations, which may buffer systems from environmental stochasticity, should also be regularly assessed and preserved.