bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic sexual dimorphism is associated with genomic signatures of resolved sexual conflict
Authors: Wright Alison E. , Rogers Thea F. , Fumagalli Matteo , Cooney Christopher R. , Mank Judith E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIntralocus sexual conflict, where an allele benefits one sex at the expense of the other, has an important role in shaping genetic diversity of populations through balancing selection. However, the potential for mating systems to exert balancing selection through sexual conflict on the genome remains unclear. Furthermore, the nature and potential for resolution of sexual conflict across the genome has been hotly debated. To address this, we analysed de novo transcriptomes from six avian species, chosen to reflect the full range of sexual dimorphism and mating systems. Our analyses combine expression and population genomic statistics across reproductive and somatic tissue, with measures of sperm competition and promiscuity. Our results reveal that balancing selection is weakest in the gonad, consistent with the resolution of sexual conflict and evolutionary theory that phenotypic sex differences are associated with lower levels of ongoing conflict. We also demonstrate a clear link between variation in sexual conflict and levels of genetic variation across phylogenetic space in a comparative framework. Our observations suggest that this conflict is short‐lived, and is resolved via the decoupling of male and female gene expression patterns, with important implications for the role of sexual selection in adaptive potential and role of dimorphism in facilitating sex‐specific fitness optima.
How long do dolphins live? Survival rates and life expectancies for bottlenose dolphins in zoological facilities vs. wild populations
Authors: Jaakkola Kelly , Willis Kevin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSurvival rates and life expectancies are commonly agreed upon indicators of well‐being for animals in zoological facilities, but even the most recent survival statistics for bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in marine mammal parks and aquariums use data that are now more than 25 yr old. The current study provides a comprehensive assessment of life expectancy and survival rates for bottlenose dolphins in U.S. zoological facilities from 1974 to 2012, utilizing three different analyses (annual survival rate, age‐at‐death, and Kaplan‐Meier), examining historical trends, and comparing to comparable data from wild populations. Both survival rate and life expectancy for dolphins in zoological facilities increased significantly over the past few decades, with a modern ASR of 0.972, and mean and median life expectancies calculated via Kaplan‐Meier of 28.2 and 29.2 yr, respectively. Survival rates and life expectancies for dolphins in U.S. zoological facilities today are at least as high as those for the wild dolphin populations for which there are comparable data.
What can cetacean stranding records tell us? A study of UK and Irish cetacean diversity over the past 100 years
Authors: Coombs Ellen J. , Deaville Rob , Sabin Richard C. , Allan Louise , O'Connell Mick , Berrow Simon , Smith Brian , Brownlow Andrew , Doeschate Mariel Ten , Penrose Rod , Williams Ruth , Perkins Matthew W. , Jepson Paul D. , Cooper Natalie 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThere are many factors that may explain why cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) strand. Around the UK and Ireland, over 20,000 stranding records have been collected since 1913, resulting in one of the longest, continuous, systematic stranding data sets in the world. We use this data set to investigate temporal and spatial trends in cetacean strandings and use generalized additive models (GAMs) to investigate correlates of strandings. We find a dramatic increase in strandings since the 1980s, most likely due to increases in recording effort, and the formation of formal strandings networks. We found no correlation between the numbers of cetaceans stranding each year and several potential environmental and anthropogenic predictors: storms, geomagnetic activity, North Atlantic Oscillations, sea‐surface temperature, and fishing catch. We suggest that this is because the scale of change in the variables is too coarse to detect any potential correlations. It may also highlight the idiosyncratic nature of species’ responses to external pressures, and further the need to investigate other potential correlates of strandings, such as bycatch and military sonar. Long‐term cetacean stranding data provide vital information on past and present diversity for common, rare, and inconspicuous species. This study underlines the importance of continued support for stranding networks.
Reading Contra Julianum in Light of the City of God
Authors: Jones Kevin E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAugustine's rejection of pagan virtue in the City of God is often connected to his anti-Pelagian works and so exaggerated. However, Augustine's actual account of pagan virtue, both in the City of God and Contra Julianum, is much more nuanced than is commonly recognized. Augustine connects true virtue to true religio, its end in the beatific vision, and the grace without which it is impossible, and consistently highlights the connection between virtue and worship. Nevertheless, the category of the pagan virtues, habits sufficient to promote the flourishing of Rome, is an important part of Augustinian virtue theory. Attending to the presence of pagan virtue in the City of God shines light on why Augustine repeatedly claims that his theology, and not that of Julian, is most opposed to Manichean claims. The City of God provides useful context for interpreting Augustine's theology of grace in the anti-Pelagian works, and so avoiding an over exaggerated theology of the Fall.
Aquinas and Uber: The Justice of Surge Pricing
Authors: Azzi Thomas 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA significant demographic event or the advent of a natural disaster sees a surge in demand for a particular good or service. Conventional liberal market economics dictates that vendors should increase their prices to restore equilibrium to the market. Such an increase in price would provide an incentive for vendors to increase output or redirect their resources to those areas where there is a peak in demand. In the case of ride-share operators such as Uber, this is reflected in their surge pricing models to encourage drivers to service those areas where demand has spiked. Is such an increase in price justified according to the ethical principles of St. Thomas Aquinas' economic philosophy?
A case of Foix–Chavany–Marie syndrome due to bilateral corona radiata infarcts
Authors: Rossi Fabiana , Oliva Mariano , Straccia Giulia , Fratta Mario , Ugga Lorenzo , Tedeschi Enrico , Melone Mariarosa Anna Beatrice 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFoix–Chavany–Marie syndrome (FCMS) is a rare type of pseudobulbar palsy characterized by automatic‐voluntary dissociation of movements that depend on V, VII, IX, X, and XII cranial nerves. Most of cases are due to bilateral ischemic lesions of anterior opercula, but the syndrome has also been described after unilateral opercular damage either isolated or associated with contralateral cortico‐nuclear tract involvement. Here, we report the clinical and neuroradiological characteristics of a patient with FCMS due to sequential, bilateral, and symmetrical infarcts of corona radiata, presenting with slurred speech, severe hypophonia, and right central‐type facial palsy that rapidly progressed to inability to speak and swallow. In addition, we observed a sudden onset of neuro‐behavioral changes with psychomotor slowing, aggressive, and oppositive conducts along with emotional lability and involuntary crying. To the best of our knowledge, only one other FCMS case has been previously reported with this peculiar lesional topography.
Arabidopsis histone H3K4 demethylase JMJ17 functions in dehydration stress response
Authors: Huang Shuangzhan , Zhang Ai , Jin Jing Bo , Zhao Bo , Wang Tian‐Jing , Wu Yifan , Wang Shuang , Liu Yutong , Wang Jie , Guo Peng , Ahmad Rafiq , Liu Bao , Xu Zheng‐Yi 
Published: May 2019

Summary

Under dehydration in plants, antagonistic activities of histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methyltransferase and histone demethylase maintain a dynamic and homeostatic state of gene expression by orientating transcriptional reprogramming toward growth or stress tolerance. However, the histone demethylase that specifically controls histone methylation homeostasis under dehydration stress remains unknown. Here, we document that a histone demethylase, JMJ17, belonging to the KDM5/JARID1 family, plays crucial roles in response to dehydration stress and abscisic acid (ABA) in Arabidopsis thaliana.

jmj17 loss‐of‐function mutants displayed dehydration stress tolerance and ABA hypersensitivity in terms of stomatal closure. JMJ17 specifically demethylated H3K4me1/2/3 via conserved iron‐binding amino acids in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, H3K4 demethylase activity of JMJ17 was required for dehydration stress response.

Systematic combination of genome‐wide chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with massively parallel DNA sequencing (ChIP‐seq) and RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐seq) analyses revealed that a loss‐of‐function mutation in JMJ17 caused an ectopic increase in genome‐wide H3K4me3 levels and activated a plethora of dehydration stress‐responsive genes. Importantly, JMJ17 bound directly to the chromatin of OPEN STOMATA 1 (OST1) and demethylated H3K4me3 for the regulation of OST1 mRNA abundance, thereby modulating the dehydration stress response.

Our results demonstrate a new function of a histone demethylase under dehydration stress in plants.
Efficacy of population‐wide diabetes and obesity prevention programs: An overview of systematic reviews on proximal, intermediate, and distal outcomes and a meta‐analysis of impact on BMI
Authors: Roberts Samantha , Pilard Louis , Chen Junqiao , Hirst Jennifer , Rutter Harry , Greenhalgh Trisha 
Published: May 2019

SummaryWe conducted an overview of systematic reviews and a meta‐analysis of the impact on body mass index (BMI) of primary studies of population‐wide obesity and diabetes prevention programs, in order to evaluate their efficacy. We searched eight databases for reviews of population‐level programs reporting effect on diet, physical activity, BMI, or prevalence of obesity/overweight or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Meta‐analysis of primary studies within reviews reporting effect on BMI. Interventions were categorized using ANGELO framework and quality assessment using AMSTAR. Fifty‐three systematic reviews were included. Primary studies were largely natural experiments or cross‐sectional studies of national data. Increased price of sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) and fast food, decreased price of fruit and vegetables, food labelling, and grocery store interventions were associated with positive effects on diet. Park and playground renovations and point‐of‐choice prompts to increase stair use were associated with positive effects on physical activity. Increased price of SSBs, menu labelling, grocery store interventions, and multicomponent interventions were associated with small reductions in BMI. There was insufficient evidence of impact of any interventions on the prevalence of overweight, obesity, or T2DM. We have identified a promising suite of population‐wide actions to improve diet, increase physical activity, and reduce BMI. Impact on subsequent incidence of T2DM remains speculative.
Interesting case of narrow QRS tachycardia. What is the mechanism?
Authors: Mohanan Nair Krishna Kumar , Namboodiri Narayanan , Das Debasish , Valaparambil Ajitkumar 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA 67‐year‐old female presented with history of recurrent palpitations. During one of the episodes of palpitation, a narrow QRS tachycardia was recorded and it was reported to be terminated with intravenous adenosine. The 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) showed no manifest ventricular preexcitation. ECG was within normal limits. The patient underwent an electrophysiology study after informed consent. She was taking calcium channel blockers and that was stopped five half‐lives prior to the procedure. As catheters were being placed, a narrow QRS tachycardia got induced. During the study, there was development of right bundle branch block during the tachycardia. What is the mechanism of the tachycardia?
A multifaceted quality improvement project improves intraoperative redosing of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis during pediatric surgery
Authors: Colletti Ashley A. , Wang Ellen , Marquez Juan L. , Schwenk Hayden T. , Yeverino Calida , Sharek Paul J. , Caruso Thomas J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundAccurate intraoperative antibiotic redosing contributes to prevention of surgical site infections in pediatric patients. Ensuring compliance with evolving national guidelines of weight‐based, intraoperative redosing of antibiotics is challenging to pediatric anesthesiologists.AimsOur primary aim was to increase compliance of antibiotic redoses at the appropriate time and appropriate weight‐based dose to 70%. Secondary aims included a subset analysis of time compliance and dose compliance individually, and compliance based on order entry method of the first dose (verbal or electronic).MethodsAt a freestanding, academic pediatric hospital, we reviewed surgical cases between May 1, 2014, and October 31, 2017 requiring antibiotic redoses. After an institutional change in cefazolin dosing in May 2015, phased interventions to improve compliance included electronic countermeasures to display previous and next dose timing, an alert 5 minutes prior to next dose, and weight‐based dose recommendation (September 2015). Physical countermeasures include badge cards, posting of guidelines, and updates to housestaff manual (September 2015). Statistical process control charts were used to assess overall antibiotic redose compliance, time compliance, and dose compliance. The chi‐square test was used to analyze group differences.ResultsA total of 3015 antibiotic redoses were administered during 2341 operative cases between May 1, 2014, and October 31, 2017. Mean monthly compliance with redosing was 4.3% (May 2014‐April 2015) and 73% (November 2015‐October 2017) (P < 0.001). Dose‐only compliance increased from 76% to 89% (P < 0.001), and time‐only compliance increased from 4.9% to 82% (P < 0.001). After implementation of countermeasures, electronic order entry compared with verbal order was associated with higher dose compliance, 90% vs 86% (P = 0.015).ConclusionThis quality improvement project, utilizing electronic and physical interventions, was effective in improving overall prophylactic antibiotic redosing compliance in accordance with institutional redosing guidelines.
The impact of simulation‐based medical education on resident management of emergencies in pediatric anesthesiology
Authors: Ambardekar Aditee P. , Black Stephanie , Singh Devika , Lockman Justin L. , Simpao Allan F. , Schwartz Alan J. , Hales Roberta L. , Rodgers David L. , Gurnaney Harshad G. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundResident education in pediatric anesthesiology is challenging. Traditional curricula for anesthesiology residency programs have included a combination of didactic lectures and mentored clinical service, which can be variable. Limited pediatric medical knowledge, technical inexperience, and heightened resident anxiety further challenge patient care. We developed a pediatric anesthesia simulation‐based curriculum to address crises related to hypoxemia and dysrhythmia management in the operating room as an adjunct to traditional didactic and clinical experiences.AimsThe primary objective of this trial was to evaluate the impact of a simulation curriculum designed for anesthesiology residents on their performance during the management of crises in the pediatric operating room. A secondary objective was to compare the retention of learned knowledge by assessment at the eight‐week time point during the rotation.MethodsIn this prospective, observational trial 30 residents were randomized to receive simulation‐based education on four perioperative crises (Laryngospasm, Bronchospasm, Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT), and Bradycardia) during the first week (Group A) or fifth week (Group B) of an eight‐week rotation. Assessment sessions that included two scenarios (Laryngospasm, SVT) were performed in the first week, fifth week, and the eighth week of their rotation for all residents. The residents were assessed in real time and by video review using a 7‐point checklist generated by a modified Delphi technique of senior pediatric anesthesiology faculty.ResultsResidents in Group A showed improvement between the first week and fifth week assessment as well as between first week and eighth week assessments without decrement between the fifth week and eighth week assessments for both the laryngospasm and SVT scenarios. Residents in Group B showed improvement between the first week and eighth week assessments for both scenarios and between the fifth week and eighth week assessment for the SVT scenario.ConclusionThis adjunctive simulation‐based curriculum enhanced the learner's management of laryngospasm and SVT management and is a reasonable addition to didactic and clinical curricula for anesthesiology residents.
Intra‐operative temperature monitoring with cutaneous zero‐heat‐ flux‐thermometry in comparison with oesophageal temperature: A prospective study in the paediatric population
Authors: Carvalho Hugo , Najafi Nadia , Poelaert Jan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundMaintenance of thermal homeostasis is of crucial importance in the anesthetized pediatric patient. Gold‐standard methods for central core temperature measurement are however inappropriately invasive and impractical in daily practice. The SpotOn sensor uses zero‐heat‐flux thermometry technology and claims to bypass the invasiveness of classical methods and still accurately display central core temperatures. Up to date no formal analysis of this method in children has taken place.AimsThe primary objective was to assess the accuracy in comparison with esophageal temperature; the secondary objective concerned the safety of the SpotOn sensor in the pediatric patients.MethodsFifty‐four children aged 1‐12 years with an American Society of Anesthesiology classification I or II scheduled to undergo elective surgical procedures under general anesthesia for a minimum of 30 minutes were included. Exclusion criteria included: fragile forehead skin, procedures impeding proper SpotOn placement, thoracoscopic or gastroesophageal procedures, coagulopathy, hemodynamic instability, or vasoactive medication use. After sevoflurane induction, an esophageal temperature probe was placed in the lower third of the esophagus, and a SpotOn sensor on the lateral forehead. Temperatures were recorded in pairs per 1 minute intervals. Temperatures were subjected to bias analysis with 0.5°C as the a priori established clinical significance cutoff.ResultsBland‐Altman analysis revealed the two methods differed on average 0.14°C (95% limits of agreement: −0.39 to 0.66), with 89.5% of the differences being under 0.5°C. No significant differences could be found between the two methods for the established 0.5°C cutoff. Linear regression analysis determined the following linear regression equation: 0.837x + 5.86 (R2 = 0.738). Lin's concordance correlation coefficient of 0.83 (95% CI: 0.81‐0.84). No complications were observed with the use of the SpotOn sensor.ConclusionSpotOn revealed itself as accurate as an esophageal temperature probe when estimating central core temperatures under ideal conditions and over a narrow range of temperatures. No adverse effects were observed with the use of the SpotOn sensor.
A novel quantitative trait locus on chromosome A9 controlling oleic acid content in Brassica napus
Authors: Zhao Qing , Wu Jian , Cai Guangqin , Yang Qingyong , Shahid Muhammad , Fan Chuchuan , Zhang Chunyu , Zhou Yongming 
Published: May 2019

SummaryOne of the most important goals in the breeding of oilseed crops, including Brassica napus, is to improve the quality of edible vegetable oil, which is mainly determined by the seed fatty acid composition, particularly the C18:1 content. Previous studies have indicated that the C18:1 content is a polygenic trait, and no stable quantitative trait loci (QTLs) except for FAD2 have been reported. By performing a GWAS using 375 low erucic acid B. napus accessions genotyped with the Brassica 60K SNP array and constructing a high‐density SNP‐based genetic map of a 150 DH population, we identified a novel QTL on the A9 chromosome. The novel locus could explain 11.25%, 5.72% and 6.29% of phenotypic variation during three consecutive seasons and increased the C18:1 content by approximately 3%–5%. By fine mapping and gene expression analysis, we found three potential candidate genes and verified the fatty acids in a homologous gene mutant of Arabidopsis. A metal ion‐binding protein was found to be the most likely candidate gene in the region. Thus, the C18:1 content can be further increased to about 80% with this novel locus together with FAD2 mutant allele without compromise of agronomic performance. A closely linked marker, BnA129, for this novel QTL (OLEA9) was developed so that we can effectively identify materials with high C18:1 content at an early growth stage by marker‐assisted selection. Our results may also provide new insight for understanding the complex genetic mechanism of fatty acid metabolism.
Comparison of the performance of the Beck Depression Inventory‐II and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies‐Depression Scale in Arab adolescents
Authors: Dardas Latefa Ali , Shoqirat Noordeen , Xu Hanzhang , Al‐Khayat Amjad , Bani Ata Suhad , Shawashreh Atef , Simmons Leigh Ann 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackground and PurposeFew instruments have been established as valid and reliable to screen for depression among Arab adolescents. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the performance of two of the most widely used depression screening instruments, the Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies‐Depression scale (CES‐D), with Arab adolescents.MethodsA nationwide school survey was conducted in Jordan. A total of 3,292 adolescents (1,766 females; 54%) aged 13–17 years completed and returned the survey that included the BDI‐II, CES‐D, sociodemographics, and health information. Comparisons were made between the BDI‐II and CES‐D on internal consistency and the reported prevalence of depression in the whole population and subgroups. Multivariate ordinary least squares and logistic regressions were used to assess factors associated with adolescent depression. Agreement regarding recommended cutoffs was also examined using Cohen's k.ResultsDepression prevalence was significantly higher with the CES‐D compared to the BDI‐II among the same set of sample subgroups. Depression scores from both instruments showed different statistical associations with established risk factors for adolescent depression. The two instruments showed a moderate agreement (kappa = 0.55), indicating that the instruments do not completely identify the same cases. Different cutoff scores of the CES‐D seemed to perform better for different age groups.ConclusionsOur results varied systematically as a function of the measure used to identify depression prevalence. Caution in the interpretation of associations of depression scores with risk factors is required, as associations may be measurement artifacts. However, given the limited availability of mental health care resources in Arab countries, screening instruments like the BDI‐II and CES‐D may be a critical first step in preliminarily identifying cases, albeit neither can replace the clinical interview. We cautiously recommend using the CES‐D with the risk of over diagnosing, but with the benefit of finding issues which are not typically addressed when there is a lack of mental health services. With the growing social and political unrest in Arab countries, increasing depression rates over time is expected to be a major public health issue. Methodical consideration for how to invest in community‐based screening is warranted.