bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trifluoromethylation of Allenes: An Expedient Access to α‐Trifluoromethylated Enones at Room Temperature
Authors: Brochetta Massimo , Borsari Tania , Gandini Andrea , Porey Sandip , Deb Arghya , Casali Emanuele , Chakraborty Arka , Zanoni Giuseppe , Maiti Debabrata 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA silver(I) catalyzed regioselective trifluoromethylation of allenes using Langlois's salt (NaOSOCF3) is demonstrated. This transformation enables direct expedient access to α‐trifluoromethylated acroleins, which are valuable synthons for a number of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals containing vinyl‐CF3 moieties. Versatility of this trifluoromethylation method has been established with good yield and excellent regioselectivity. Preliminary experiments and computational studies were carried out to elucidate the mechanistic insight of this protocol.
Grafting of Polymer Brushes from Xanthate‐Functionalized Silica Particles
Authors: Ohno Kohji , Yahata Yoshikazu , Sakaue Motokazu , Ladmiral Vincent 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMonodisperse silica particles (SiPs) were surface‐modified with a newly designed silane coupling agent comprising a triethoxysilane and an alkyl halide, namely, 6‐(triethoxysilyl)hexyl 2‐bromopropionate, which was further treated with potassium O‐ethyl dithiocarbonate (PEX) to immobilize xanthate molecules on the particle surfaces. Surface‐initiated macromolecular design via interchange of xanthates (MADIX) polymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) was conducted with the xanthate‐functionalized SiPs. The polymerization was well controlled and produced SiPs coated with poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) with a well‐defined target molar mass and a graft density of about 0.2 chains nm−2. Dynamic light scattering and TEM measurements revealed that the hybrid particles were highly dispersible in good solvents without any aggregation. The PVAc brushes were hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid to produce poly(vinyl alcohol) brushes on the SiP surfaces. In addition, the number of xanthate molecules introduced on the SiP surfaces could be successfully controlled by adjusting the concentration of PEX. Thus, the SiPs have two functionalities: xanthates able to act as a MADIX chain‐transfer agent and alkyl bromide initiation sites for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). By using these unique bifunctional particles, mixed polymer brushes were constructed on the SiPs by MADIX of VAc followed by ATRP of styrene or methyl methacrylate.
ABC–ABC‐Type Directly meso–meso Linked Porphyrin Dimers
Authors: Higashino Tomohiro , Kurumisawa Yuma , Iiyama Hitomi , Imahori Hiroshi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCovalently linked porphyrin oligomers are attractive because of their extended π‐conjugated systems. Among various porphyrin oligomers, directly meso–meso linked porphyrin oligomers exhibit unique photophysical properties due to their strong exciton couplings derived from the alternative orthogonal geometry of the porphyrins. Although their structural and electronic properties can be greatly altered by substituents at meso positions, it is still difficult to introduce different substituents at the meso positions. Thus, it is a challenge to develop general synthetic methodologies for functional porphyrin dimers and oligomers with different substituents at the meso positions. Herein, a general synthetic strategy for ABC–ABC‐type directly meso–meso linked porphyrin dimers by stepwise functionalization starting from 10,15,20‐meso‐free 5‐substituted porphyrin as building block is established. A meso‐ABC–ABC‐type meso–meso‐linked donor–π‐acceptor‐type porphyrin dimer was prepared and exhibited the highest power conversion efficiency (7.91 %) ever reported for dye‐sensitized solar cells based on dimeric orthogonal donor–π‐acceptor‐type organic sensitizers. This synthetic strategy will provide useful guidance for the rational design of functional porphyrin dimers and oligomers for diverse applications.
Crystal Structure of Cytidine Deaminase Human APOBEC3F Chimeric Catalytic Domain in Complex with DNA
Authors: Cheng Chao , Zhang Tianlong , Wang Chunxi , Lan Wenxian , Ding Jianping , Cao Chunyang 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTAPOBEC3F (A3F) demonstrates antivirus activity through its A3F‐CD2 domain catalyzing deamination of cytidine in target motif 5’‐TC in viral cDNA during reverse transcription. But structural basis is unclear. Previously, chimeric A3F‐CD2 (i.e., A3Fc‐CD2, where residues 195—217 of A3F‐CD2 were replaced with residues 197—221 of A3G‐CD2) was found soluble with deamination activity. Here, we report crystal structures of A3Fc‐CD2 in complexes with single‐stranded DNA (5’‐ATTTT5C6A7A8T9T‐3’ and 5’‐ATTTT5C6A7A8C9T‐3’) at resolutions of 1.98 Å and 2.30 Å, respectively. They demonstrate that one molecular DNA binds two A3Fc‐CD2 molecules (monomers A and B) at two sites, distinct from the reported complex structure of human A3F‐CD2 with a 10‐dT DNA. The first site is formed by residues Tyr333, Lys358 and Tyr359 in monomer A, far away from Zn2+ binding motif, interacting with bases dT5, dC6 and dA7 through π‐π stacking and hydrogen bonds. The second site is composed of Trp277, Y307YFW310 near to Zn2+ binding region in monomer B, interacting with base dA8, mainly through π‐π stacking and hydrophobic interactions, determining deamination preference of DNA sequence. Subsequent biochemical investigations further confirm the contribution of these residues to DNA binding and deamination activities. These studies are helpful to understand the mechanism how A3F‐CD2 catalyzes cytidine deamination.
Relationships between neuronal birthdates and tonotopic positions in the mouse cochlear nucleus
Authors: Shepard Austin R. , Scheffel Jennifer L. , Yu Wei‐Ming 
Published: November 2018

AbstractTonotopy is a key anatomical feature of the vertebrate auditory system, but little is known about the mechanisms underlying its development. Since date of birth of a neuron correlates with tonotopic position in the cochlea, we investigated if it also correlates with tonotopic position in the cochlear nucleus (CN). In the cochlea, spiral ganglion neurons are organized in a basal to apical progression along the length of the cochlea based on birthdates, with neurons in the base (responding to high‐frequency sounds) born early around mouse embryonic day (E) 9.5–10.5, and those in the apex (responding to low‐frequency sounds) born late around E12.5‑13.5. Using a low‐dose thymidine analog incorporation assay, we examine whether CN neurons are arranged in a spatial gradient according to their birthdates. Most CN neurons are born between E10.5 ānd E13.5, with a peak at E12.5. A second wave of neuron birth was observed in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) beginning on E14.5 and lasts until E18.5. Large excitatory neurons were born in the first wave, and small local circuit neurons were born in the second. No spatial gradient of cell birth was observed in the DCN. In contrast, neurons in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) were found to be arranged in a dorsal to ventral progression according to their birthdates, which are aligned with the tonotopic axis. Most of these AVCN neurons are endbulb‐innervated bushy cells. The correlation between birthdate and tonotopic position suggests testable mechanisms for specification of tonotopic position.
Hydrodynamic Limit and Viscosity Solutions for a Two‐Dimensional Growth Process in the Anisotropic KPZ Class
Authors: Legras Martin , Toninelli Fabio Lucio 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWe study a two‐dimensional stochastic interface growth model that is believed to belong to the so‐called anisotropic KPZ (AKPZ) universality class [4,5]. It can be seen either as a two‐dimensional interacting particle process with drift that generalizes the one‐dimensional Hammersley process [1,24], or as an irreversible dynamics of lozenge tilings of the plane [5,29]. Our main result is a hydrodynamic limit: the interface height profile converges, after a hyperbolic scaling of space and time, to the solution of a nonlinear first‐order PDE of Hamilton‐Jacobi type with nonconvex Hamiltonian (nonconvexity of the Hamiltonian is a distinguishing feature of the AKPZ class). We prove the result in two situations: (1) for smooth initial profiles and times smaller than the time Tshock when singularities (shocks) appear or (2) for all times, including t > Tshock, if the initial profile is convex. In the latter case, the height profile converges to the viscosity solution of the PDE. As an important ingredient, we introduce a Harris‐type graphical construction for the process. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gaussian Complex Zeros on the Hole Event: The Emergence of a Forbidden Region
Authors: Ghosh Subhroshekhar , Nishry Alon 
Published: November 2018

AbstractConsider the Gaussian entire function

urn:x-wiley:00103640:media:cpa21800:cpa21800-math-0001

where {ξk} is a sequence of independent standard complex Gaussians. This random Taylor series is distinguished by the invariance of its zero set with respect to the isometries of the plane ℂ. It has been of considerable interest to study the statistical properties of the zero set, particularly in comparison to other planar point processes.We show that the law of the zero set, conditioned on the function Fℂ having no zeros in a disk of radius r and normalized appropriately, converges to an explicit limiting Radon measure on ℂ as r → ∞. A remarkable feature of this limiting measure is the existence of a large “forbidden region” between a singular part supported on the boundary of the (scaled) hole and the equilibrium measure far from the hole. In particular, this answers a question posed by Nazarov and Sodin, and is in stark contrast to the corresponding result of Jancovici, Lebowitz, and Manificat in the random matrix setting: there is no such forbidden region for the Ginibre ensemble. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quasiconvex Elastodynamics: Weak‐Strong Uniqueness for Measure‐Valued Solutions
Authors: Koumatos Konstantinos , Spirito Stefano 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA weak‐strong uniqueness result is proved for measure‐valued solutions to the system of conservation laws arising in elastodynamics. The main novelty brought forward by the present work is that the underlying stored‐energy function of the material is assumed to be strongly quasiconvex. The proof employs tools from the calculus of variations to establish general convexity‐type bounds on quasiconvex functions and recasts them in order to adapt the relative entropy method to quasiconvex elastodynamics. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Well‐Posedness and Global Behavior of the Peskin Problem of an Immersed Elastic Filament in Stokes Flow
Authors: Mori Yoichiro , Rodenberg Analise , Spirn Daniel 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWe consider the problem of a one‐dimensional elastic filament immersed in a two‐dimensional steady Stokes fluid. Immersed boundary problems in which a thin elastic structure interacts with a surrounding fluid are prevalent in science and engineering, a class of problems for which Peskin has made pioneering contributions. Using boundary integrals, we first reduce the fluid equations to an evolution equation solely for the immersed filament configuration. We then establish local well‐posedness for this equation with initial data in low‐regularity Hölder spaces. This is accomplished by first extracting the principal linear evolution by a small‐scale decomposition and then establishing precise smoothing estimates on the nonlinear remainder. Higher regularity of these solutions is established via commutator estimates with error terms generated by an explicit class of integral kernels. Furthermore, we show that the set of equilibria consists of uniformly parametrized circles and prove nonlinear stability of these equilibria with explicit exponential decay estimates, the optimality of which we verify numerically. Finally, we identify a quantity that respects the symmetries of the problem and controls global‐in‐time behavior of the system. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Isolation and Culture of Microglia
Authors: Bohlen Christopher J. , Bennett F. Chris , Bennett Mariko L. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMicroglia represent 5‐10% of cells in the central nervous system and contribute to the development, homeostasis, injury, and repair of neural tissues. As the tissue‐resident macrophages of the central nervous system, microglia execute core innate immune functions such as detection of pathogens/damage, cytokine secretion, and phagocytosis. However, additional properties that are specific to microglia and their neural environment are beginning to be appreciated. This article describes approaches for purification of microglia by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting using microglia‐specific surface markers and for enrichment of microglia by magnetic sorting and immunopanning. Detailed information about culturing primary microglia at various developmental stages is also provided. Throughout, we focus on special considerations for handling microglia and compare the relative strengths or disadvantages of different protocols. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Next‐generation amplicon TRB locus sequencing can overcome limitations of flow‐cytometric Vβ expression analysis and confirms clonality in all T‐cell prolymphocytic leukemia cases
Authors: Kotrova Michaela , Novakova Michaela , Oberbeck Sebastian , Mayer Petra , Schrader Alexandra , Knecht Henrik , Hrusak Ondrej , Herling Marco , Brüggemann Monika 
Published: November 2018

AbstractT‐cell receptor (TCR) β repertoire analysis can distinguish monoclonal from polyclonal T‐cell proliferations and crucially aid in the diagnosis of T‐cell malignancies. TCR repertoire can be assessed either by flow cytometry (FCM), or by molecular genetic techniques. We compared the results of parallel analyses of Vβ expression by FCM and TRB rearrangements by DNA‐based next‐generation sequencing (NGS) in 80 diagnostic peripheral blood samples of patients with T‐cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T‐PLL) for (1) the diagnosis of clonality and (2) the assessment of dominant Vβ usage. FCM‐based analysis of the surface expression was performed using the IOTest Beta Mark kit. The NGS‐based analysis employed the multiplex Biomed‐2 VB‐JB primers. In all the samples, one or two clonal TRB rearrangements were detected by NGS. Although a dominant Vβ domain usage was detected by FCM in only 41/80 (51%) samples, clonality was suspected in all of them. In a total of 12 cases, the FCM missed the clone detected by NGS, despite theoretical coverage by the antibodies, the functionality of the rearrangement, and the expression of TCRαβ on the cell surface. Partly overlapping with those cases, FCM discovered predominant Vβ usage in the T‐PLL population that differed from the one detected by NGS in 10 cases. Overall, the concordant NGS and FCM results were obtained on 61/80 (76%) of samples. We conclude that NGS‐based TRB analysis can overcome certain limitations of FCM‐based analysis by the identification of both productive and nonproductive rearrangements and by covering the whole Vβ spectrum. Currently available FCM analysis of Vβ expression lacks this breadth but has advantages, such as parallel immunophenotyping and a more accurate quantification of the Vβ usage. © 2018 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Ionic Liquid‐based Microchannels for Highly Sensitive and Fast Amperometric Detection of Toxic Gases
Authors: Ge Mengchen , Hussain Ghulam , Hibbert D. Brynn , Silvester Debbie S. , Zhao Chuan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIonic liquid (IL)‐based microchannels sensors have been fabricated and employed for the detection of toxic ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) gases, with enhanced sensitivity and response times compared to conventional electrodes. Electrochemical techniques were employed to understand the behaviour of these highly toxic gases in two ionic liquids, [C4mpyrr][NTf2] and [C2mim][NTf2], on a gold modified microchannels electrode. The limits of detection (LODs) obtained in [C4mpyrr][NTf2] for NH3 (3.7 ppm) and in [C2mim][NTf2] for HCl (3.6 ppm) were lower than the current Occupational Safety and Health Administration Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA PEL) for the two gases (25 ppm for NH3 and 5 ppm for HCl). The response time of the sensor is 15 s with a sensitivity of 143 nA ppm−1 and 14 nA ppm−1 for HCl and NH3, respectively. These results demonstrate the superiority of IL‐based microchannels sensors for detecting toxic gases, when compared to commercially available sensors or traditional IL‐based sensor designs, where high sensitivity or fast response time is still a challenge.
Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solvent Engineering for High Quality Cation‐Anion‐Mixed Hybrid and High Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: He X. , Wu J. , Wu T. , Lan Z. , Huang M. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractHigh‐quality perovskite thin film is one of the most key factors as to the state‐of the‐art perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Solvent‐engineering has caused widespread concern in the aspects of improving the high‐quality perovskite layers. For the preparation of the cation‐anion‐mixed perovskite Cs0.05(MA0.17FA0.83)0.95Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3, the influence of the perovskite precursor composition on the quality of perovskite layers is not clear yet. Here, we conduct a systematic study on the solution composition by changing the molar ratio for lead (Pb) to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Significantly, we obtain a dense, uniform, long charge carrier lifetime perovskite thin film, which facilitates charge transportation and reduces charge recombination in PSCs and thus considerably improves the device performance. Based on solvent engineering of DMSO and replacing toxic solvent chlorobenzene with green solvent ethyl acetate, a high‐quality perovskite layer is prepared and the device based on green solvent process exhibits a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.23 %.
Regional and network properties of white matter function in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Ji Gong‐Jun , Ren Cuiping , Li Ying , Sun Jinmei , Liu Tingting , Gao Yaxiang , Xue Dongzhang , Shen Longshan , Cheng Wen , Zhu Chunyan , Tian Yanghua , Hu Panpan , Chen Xianwen , Wang Kai 
Published: November 2018

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with dysfunction in cortices as well as white matter (WM) tracts. While the changes to WM structure have been extensively investigated in PD, the nature of the functional changes to WM remains unknown. In this study, the regional activity and functional connectivity of WM were compared between PD patients (n = 57) and matched healthy controls (n = 52), based on multimodel magnetic resonance imaging data sets. By tract‐based spatial statistical analyses of regional activity, patients showed decreased structural‐functional coupling in the left corticospinal tract compared to controls. This tract also displayed abnormally increased functional connectivity within the left post‐central gyrus and left putamen in PD patients. At the network level, the WM functional network showed small‐worldness in both controls and PD patients, yet it was abnormally increased in the latter group. Based on the features of the WM functional connectome, previously un‐evaluated individuals could be classified with fair accuracy (73%) and area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristics (75%). These neuroimaging findings provide direct evidence for WM functional changes in PD, which is crucial to understand the functional role of fiber tracts in the pathology of neural circuits.
Circulating Oxidized Low‐Density Lipoprotein is a Strong Risk Factor for the Early Stage of Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Ai Yongshun , Dong Huiqiu , Wang Junsong , Xu Li 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis study aimed to detect the circulating oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL) levels of controls and patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP), unstable angina pectoris (UAP), and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and also to investigate the correlation with the severity of coronary heart disease (CHD). Plasma levels of circulating ox‐LDL‐4E6, malondialdehyde (MDA), high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apoprotein A, apoprotein B, and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) were measured in 99 participants who underwent coronary angiography. The plasma ox‐LDL level was significantly higher in patients with CHD than in controls (P = 0.000). However, it was lower in the UAP and AMI groups than in the SAP group (P = 0.000). The lipid peroxide level (MDA) showed a significant difference among all groups (P = 0.000). It increased significantly in patients with CHD. The Lp(a) and hs‐CRP levels were significantly higher in patients with CHD (P = 0.000 and 0.000, respectively). No difference in Lp(a) was found among the SAP, UAP, and AMI groups (P = 0.296). In patients with CHD, the plasma ox‐LDL correlated negatively with hs‐CRP (P = 0.011), and serum MDA correlated positively with hs‐CRP (P = 0.004). The plasma ox‐LDL could be used as a strong risk factor for the early stage but not the advanced stage of CHD. Hs‐CRP may bound and transfer ox‐LDL to macrophages. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 71(1):277–282, 2019
The role of nervous system in adaptive response of bone to mechanical loading
Authors: Qiao Yini , Wang Yang , Zhou Yimei , Jiang Fulin , Huang Tu , Chen Liujing , Lan Jingxiang , Yang Cai , Guo Yutong , Yan Shanyu , Wei Zhangming , Li Juan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBone tissue is remodeled through the catabolic function of the osteoclasts and the anabolic function of the osteoblasts. The process of bone homeostasis and metabolism has been identified to be co‐ordinated with several local and systemic factors, of which mechanical stimulation acts as an important regulator. Very recent studies have shown a mutual effect between bone and other organs, which means bone influences the activity of other organs and is also influenced by other organs and systems of the body, especially the nervous system. With the discovery of neuropeptide (calcitonin gene‐related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, and neuropeptide Y) and neurotransmitter in bone and the adrenergic receptor observed in osteoclasts and osteoblasts, the function of peripheral nervous system including sympathetic and sensor nerves in bone resorption and its reaction to on osteoclasts and osteoblasts under mechanical stimulus cannot be ignored. Taken together, bone tissue is not only the mechanical transmitter, but as well the receptor of neural system under mechanical loading. This review aims to summarize the relationship among bone, nervous system, and mechanotransduction.