bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leadership Personality Characteristics and Foreign Policy
Authors: Winter David G. 
Published: February 2019

When wars are declared or avoided, crises created or resolved, or peace and cooperation flourish instead of destruction and terrorism, diplomats, journalists, and the public often explain them as resulting from personality (and other psychological) characteristics of individual actors. Academic analysts, however, are trained in situational, structural, and historical perspectives and thus are skeptical of such explanations. After all, without the German defeat in World War I and the later support of rich industrialists, Adolf Hitler might well have remained a failed artist, living in poverty in Vienna. Even his racial policies echoed themes common in 19th-century German thought. On the other hand, Robert Kennedy once remarked that during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, US president Kennedy’s close advisors were “bright, able, dedicated . . . probably the brightest kind of group that you could get together under those circumstances”; then adding ominously that “if six of them had been President of the US, I think that the world might have been blown up.” Systematic academic study of leaders’ personalities and foreign policy charts a course between these two perspectives: in novel, ambiguous, complex, unstable, or conflicted situations, leaders can have important effects on foreign policy processes and outcomes—through their goals, impulsivity versus thoughtfulness, styles of seeking and interpreting “information,” and emotional responses to symbols. The psychological concept of “personality” includes several different kinds of “variables” or dimensions of individual difference: traits or consistencies of style; cognitions or beliefs, values, cognitive complexity, heroes, and self-concept; motives or goals conscious and nonconscious (or implicit). Underlying these three aspects of personality, however, are social contexts (culture, social class, history, gender, family structure, religion, institutions), which reflect past influences on personality development and present channels through which the other aspects are expressed. Since political leaders are not usually available for assessment with the usual tools and instruments of personality psychology, analysts must rely on alternative techniques, such as psychologically oriented interpretations of known biographical facts, systematic content analysis of verbal or written texts (speeches, interviews, written works, etc.), or assembling pooled judgments of experts or historians. Many of the case studies and more systematic research cited in this bibliography focus on leaders’ personalities rather than their foreign policies. Armed with an understanding of the elements of personality, however, researchers can readily extrapolate from the research literature to understand and predict foreign policy behaviors.
Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis
Authors: Lynch Michael E. 
Published: February 2019

Ethnomethodology (literally people’s methodology) is the study of practices through which members of a society collectively organize and sustain their activities. As the term suggests, ethnomethodology treats methodology as a widespread social phenomenon in addition to being a specialized set of practices in a science or other professional undertaking. Consequently, for ethnomethodology, the development and practical use of methods is a topic of sociological investigation rather than an exclusive disciplinary resource. Harold Garfinkel (b. 1917–d. 2011) coined the term “ethnomethodology” and founded the field that goes by that name. He studied under Talcott Parsons (b. 1902–d. 1979), but radically transformed the structural-functionalist theory of action that Parsons developed in the 1930s and 1940s. Garfinkel’s distinctive empirical approach to social action and interaction drew upon Edmund Husserl’s (b. 1859–d. 1938) phenomenological analysis of the everyday life-world, which Alfred Schutz (b. 1899–d. 1959) developed for sociology. Garfinkel gave relatively little mention of the philosophy of ordinary language arising from the later philosophical work of Ludwig Wittgenstein (b. 1889–d. 1951), and developed in reference to the social sciences by Peter Winch (b. 1926–d. 1997), but others have drawn linkages between them. Ethnomethodological research describes the organization of situated activities, including commonsense reasoning and ordinary language use, as well as more specialized practices of playing music, solving mathematics problems, or performing scientific experiments. Although ethnomethodology initially developed as part of sociology, and is still recognized as a sociological subfield, it has made inroads into philosophy of social science, social anthropology, communication and information studies, education studies, and science and technology studies. The allied field of Conversation Analysis, founded by Harvey Sacks (1935–1975) and developed by his students and colleagues, has also made strong inroads into sociolinguistics and related areas of research on social interaction.
Kim Stanley Robinson
Authors: Canavan Gerry 
Published: February 2019

Kim Stanley Robinson (b. 1952) was born in Waukegan, Illinois, but moved to California as a small child, where he has since lived most of his life. Robinson attended the University of California, San Diego, and received a BA in literature in 1974. He earned a PhD in English from UC San Diego in 1982 for his dissertation on the novels of Philip K. Dick, for which the famous Marxist literary critic Fredric Jameson served as a committee member. The dissertation was published as The Novels of Philip K. Dick by UMI Research Press in 1984, the same year as Robinson’s first novel, The Wild Shore, set in a post-apocalyptic California. Since then Robinson has published many major works in the science fiction genre, most notably the Mars trilogy (1992–1996). Robinson’s science fictions are closely associated with the socialist left, especially with regard to the environment, though the utopian optimism of his work seems to have been tempered somewhat by disheartening developments in global politics since the 1990s. Many of his post-Mars works explicitly “remix” elements of the Mars books; for instance, Aurora (2015) explores the idea of launching an inhabited asteroid out of the solar system to reach another star, as imagined in Blue Mars (1996), while Galileo’s Dream (2009) and 2312 (2012) imagine colonization of the solar system happening with much more destructive speed. Likewise, the Science in the Capital trilogy (2004–2007) and New York 2140 (2017) both explore the climate catastrophe of ice sheet collapse that also occurred in the Mars books, while the title of Red Moon (2018) alone suggests an obvious intertextual relationship with earlier works. Other noteworthy novels explore multiple possible futures for California (the Three Californias trilogy, 1984–1990), life in the scientific colony on Antarctica (Antarctica, 1997), an alternate history in which a much more virulent Black Plague killed nearly every European on the planet (The Years of Rice and Salt, 2002), and the dawn of modern humanity at the end of the Ice Age (Shaman, 2013). In 2020, his novel The Ministry for the Future focalized primarily through a United Nations subgroup charged with advocating on behalf of the unborn and the nonhuman in near-future rocked by climate crisis, brought significant new attention to his work, including an appearance on Barack Obama’s best-of list at the end of the year. While Robinson’s short fiction has not garnered the same critical attention as his novels, he has written a number of important and well-anthologized stories, most notably “The Lucky Strike” (1984), an alternate history in which the bombing of Hiroshima does not occur. Since the 1980s, Robinson has won the Campbell, Locus, Nebula, Hugo, and World Fantasy awards, among other distinctions, demonstrating his importance as a major figure in the field of contemporary science fiction.
John Ruskin
Authors: Wildman Stephen 
Published: February 2019

In an era of great prose writers—although he did win the Newdigate Prize for Poetry at Oxford—John Ruskin (b. 1819–d. 1900) rises above his peers as a true polymath. Widely known as “the author of Modern Painters” by the time he was thirty, he would become a recognized authority not only on painting and architecture, following publication of The Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849) and The Stones of Venice (1851–1853) but also on literature, history, and theology, all treated at length over the five volumes of Modern Painters (1843–1860). The pamphlets Pre-Raphaelitism (1851) and Academy Notes (1855–1859) placed him at the forefront of public controversy over modern art. Unto this Last, first published as essays in the Cornhill Magazine (1860) and then as a book (1862), was a bombshell explosion of laissez-faire capitalism, controversial and hugely influential for a generation before Marx’s writings were translated into English. From 1870, as the first Slade Professor of Fine Art at Oxford, he lectured and wrote on an ever-increasing range of subjects, mostly on art but also encompassing botany (Proserpina), geology (Deucalion), and ornithology (Love’s Meinie). In Fors Clavigera, ninety-six self-proclaimed “Letters to the Workmen and Labourers of Great Britain” issued between 1871 and 1884, he created an entirely new form of publication, prefiguring the age of the Internet, and in Praeterita (left unfinished in 1889), he wrote one of the most intriguing of autobiographies. A friend of, or correspondent with, eminent figures such as Carlyle, Browning, Rossetti, and Gladstone, at the time of his death in January 1900, he was the most widely read author of the age, and one of its greatest celebrities, even though he had been in retreat from public life for over a decade. Despite his reputation suffering some decline in a general reaction against Victorian sages in the early 20th century, interest revived after the war. Since the late 1960s, there has been hardly a book or art exhibition on a 19th-century subject in which Ruskin has not featured prominently. His writings have been translated into many languages, and there is a Ruskin Library in both England (Lancaster University) and Japan (Tokyo). Equally recognized as one of the finest prose writers in the English language and as a cultural commentator and social critic, Ruskin has proved capable of constant reinterpretation, most recently being lauded as a pioneer in matters of ecology and environmental concern.
Service-Learning and Professional Values Development of Baccalaureate Nursing Students
Authors: Herrmann Amanda D. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Service-learning has been linked to attributes of professionalism such as integrity, altruism, and social justice in nursing literature. The purpose of this literature review was to determine how local service-learning experiences with vulnerable populations affect the development of professionalism and professional values in baccalaureate nursing students. A summary of the themes, Professionalism and Leadership and Critical Stance on Social Justice, is presented.
Spontaneous Hair Repigmentation in an 80-Year-Old Man: A Case of Melanoma-Associated Hair Repigmentation and Review of the Literature
Authors: Chan Cynthia , Magro Cynthia M. , Pham Anh Khoa , LeBlanc Robert E. , Yan Shaofeng , Barton Dorothea T. , Pace Nicole C. , Chapman M. Shane , Momtahen Shabnam 
Published: February 2019

Abstract:
Spontaneous hair repigmentation of physiologically white or gray hair is a rare occurrence that may be associated with melanoma in elderly individuals. We present the first case of this phenomenon in a man. A gray-haired, 80-year-old man presented to dermatology clinic with a 3-cm lock of black hair on his vertex scalp that developed over 1 year. Punch biopsies showed an increase in junctional dendritic melanocytes with rare pagetoid cells and extension along the follicular outer root sheath epithelium and interfollicular epidermis, associated with prominent dendritic melanocytic hyperplasia and pigment-containing melanocytes within the hair bulbs. Although the findings on the biopsies were not diagnostic of melanoma in situ, an irregular interfollicular distribution of melanocytes was concerning for an adjacent atypical process. A complete excision was performed and revealed melanoma in situ, lentigo maligna type. Rare reports describe spontaneous hair repigmentation as a harbinger of lentigo maligna in women. Repigmentation can occur in the setting of proliferation of malignant pigment-producing melanocytes or by paracrine stimulation of benign bulbar melanocytes through receptor tyrosine kinase KIT activation. Presence of prominent dendritic melanocytic hyperplasia and pigment-containing melanocytes within the hair bulbs in our patient's biopsies was suggestive of paracrine or physiologic stimulation of bulbar melanocytes. Given the importance of early melanoma detection and the low visibility of the scalp, this report raises awareness of an extraordinary presentation of lentigo maligna and exemplifies the importance of close clinicopathologic correlation to ensure optimal clinical management and patient outcome.
Collision of Subungual Neurofibroma and Onychomatricoma: S100 Positivity as a Clue
Authors: Llamas-Velasco Mar , Espinosa Pablo , Ovejero-Merino Enrique , Pérez-González Yosmar Carolina 
Published: February 2019

Abstract:
We present a 41-year-old man with a hemionychodystrophy of the first toe, appearing as a longitudinal thickening of the nail plate, overcurved and with holes in its thickened free margin, thus leading to the clinical diagnosis of onychomatricoma. Complete excision showed typical nail plate of onychomatricoma and, underlying it, curvy disorganized neural-looking fascicles without atypia and with diffuse positivity for S100, interpreted as subungual neurofibroma (NF). Subungual NF is a very rare tumor, with only 12 previous cases reported. Its diagnosis is based on histopathology, as the tumor presents waves or whorls of disorganized neural-looking cells positive for S100. Regarding onychomatricoma, it is characterized by typical glove finger digitations (which were present in our case) and an underlying stroma composed by a cellular superficial layer (this layer expresses CD34 but not CD99) and a more sclerotic and deeper area. As we did not find information on S100 expression in the stroma of onychomatricoma, we have stained 4 typical cases, and all were negative with S100 and positive with CD34, as expected. In conclusion, as “subungual NF” is so rare and, in our case, seems to collide with a typical onychomatricoma, we recommend adding S100 staining to properly characterize tumors involving nail plate, to detect underlying neural tumors, as has happened in our case.
A Unique and Rare Case of Extramammary Paget Disease With Concomitant Herpes Simplex
Authors: Long Valencia , Michelle Liang W. T. , Joyce Lee S. S. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract:
We describe a rare and unique case of extramammary Paget disease in the genitals with concomitant histological features of herpes virus infection. This is a very rare and interesting association that has only been reported in 1 article in the literature so far.
Biomarkers of Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity
Authors: Neuman Manuela G. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract:
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a comprehensive phenomenon. The injury to the liver may occur as an unexpected and undesired reaction to a therapeutic dose of a drug (idiosyncratic reaction) or as an expected therapeutic effect of the direct (intrinsic) toxicity of a drug taken in a large enough dose to cause liver injury. The direct toxicity (type A) reactions represent an extension of the drug's therapeutic effect; they occur relatively frequently and are typically dose-related and frequency-of-exposure-related. By contrast, idiosyncratic reactions, or type B reactions, are unpredictable, occurring only in susceptible individuals, and are unrelated to the dose or frequency of exposure. DILI encompasses both acute and/or chronic hepatic lesions. The liver injury may be the only clinical manifestation of the adverse drug effect. Otherwise, it may be accompanied by injury to other organs, or by systemic manifestations. The liver injury may be observed in 1–8 days from taking the drug. DILI cases may result in the disapproval of a new drug or in the removal of a useful drug from the market by regulatory agencies. The purpose of this review is to provide guidance to facilitate the detection and assessment of hepatotoxicity induced by therapeutics that received market authorization. This review supports the safe and effective use of drugs by patients and guides laboratory medicine professional in determining the possible drug-induced liver damage.
Distinguishing Between Cyclopropylfentanyl and Crotonylfentanyl by Methods Commonly Available in the Forensic Laboratory
Authors: Bergh Marianne Skov-Skov , Bogen Inger Lise , Wohlfarth Ariane , Wilson Steven Ray , Øiestad Åse Marit Leere 
Published: February 2019

Background:
The opioid analgesic fentanyl and its analogues pose a major health concern due to its high potency and the increasing number of overdose deaths worldwide. The analogues of fentanyl may differ in potency, toxicity, and legal status, and it is therefore important to develop analytical methods for their correct identification. This can be challenging since many fentanyl analogues are structural isomers. Two fentanyl isomers that have been in the spotlight lately due to difficulties regarding separation and identification are cyclopropylfentanyl and crotonylfentanyl, which have been reported to display nearly identical fragmentation patterns and chromatographic behavior.

Methods:
Chromatographic separation of cyclopropylfentanyl and crotonylfentanyl by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography was investigated using 3 different stationary phases (high strength silica T3, ethylsiloxane/silica hybrid C18, and Kinetex biphenyl) using gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of 10 mM ammonium formate pH 3.1 and MeOH. Detection was performed by tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, the major metabolites of the 2 compounds formed on incubation with human liver microsomes were identified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis.

Results:
Baseline separation of cyclopropylfentanyl and crotonylfentanyl was achieved on the ethylsiloxane/silica hybrid C18 column with retention times of 6.79 and 7.35 minutes, respectively. The major metabolites of the 2 analogues formed by human liver microsomes differed, with the main biotransformation being N-dealkylation and carboxylation for cyclopropylfentanyl and crotonylfentanyl, respectively. We demonstrated the usefulness of the 2 approaches by unambiguously identifying cyclopropylfentanyl, as well as its metabolites, in 2 authentic postmortem blood samples.

Conclusions:
In this study, we successfully demonstrated that cyclopropylfentanyl and crotonylfentanyl can be distinguished by methods commonly available in forensic laboratories.
Hospital ownership of postacute care providers and the cost of care
Authors: Carroll Nathan W. , Hearld Larry R. , Joseph Reena 
Published: February 2019

Background
Hospitals are facing incentives to manage the total cost of care for episodes of illness, including the costs of inpatient care as well as the cost of care provided by physicians and postacute care (PAC) providers. PAC is an especially important component of the overall cost of care. One strategy hospitals employ in managing this cost is to own PAC providers. Prior work on the relationship between PAC ownership and cost has reached mixed conclusions.

Purpose
The aim of this study was to examine the associations between the episodic costs of care and hospital ownership of PAC providers, including skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), home health agencies (HHAs), and inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRF).

Methodology
We examine panel data on hospital ownership of PAC providers from the American Hospital Association for 2013–2015 and cost of care data from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services’ Value-Based Purchasing Program. Using ordinary least squares, we quantify the association between a hospital’s PAC ownership choice (both ownership of any PAC provider and ownership of particular types of providers) and the episodic cost of care.

Results
In 2015, 80% of hospitals owned some type of PAC provider. We find that ownership of SNFs and HHAs is associated with a lower episodic cost of care, whereas ownership of inpatient rehabilitation facilities is associated with higher episodic costs of care. The effects of ownership do not differ for hospitals that participate in a voluntary shared saving program (Bundled Payment for Care Improvement).

Conclusion
The effects of PAC ownership vary by the type of PAC provider owned. Our results suggest that ownership of SNFs and HHAs may be a viable strategy for success in reimbursement programs that reward hospitals for managing the total costs for episodes of care.
Higher odds of irritable bowel syndrome among hospitalized patients using cannabis: a propensity-matched analysis
Authors: Adejumo Adeyinka C. , Ajayi Tokunbo O. , Adegbala Oluwole M. , Bukong Terence N. 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundThe endogenous cannabinoid system modulates many brain–gut and gut–brain physiologic pathways, which are postulated to be dysfunctional in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Herein, we examine the relationship between cannabis use disorder (CUD) and having IBS.Patients and methodsAfter selecting patients aged 18 years and above from the 2014 Nationwide Inpatient Survey, we used the International Classification of Diseases, 9th ed. codes to identify individuals with CUD, IBS, and the established risk factors for IBS. We then estimated the crude and adjusted odds ratios of having a diagnosis of IBS with CUD and assessed for the interactions of CUD with other risk factors (SAS 9.4). We confirmed our findings in two ways: conducting a similar analysis on a previous Nationwide Inpatient Survey data (2012); and using a greedy algorithm to design a propensity-scored case–control (1 : 10) study, approximating a pseudorandomized clinical trial.Results:Out of 4 709 043 patients evaluated, 0.03% had a primary admission for IBS and 1.32% had CUD. CUD was associated with increased odds of IBS [adjusted odds ratio: 2.03; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.53–2.71]. CUD was related to higher odds for IBS among males compared with females (3.48; 1.98–6.12 vs. 1.48; 0.88–2.50), and Hispanics and Caucasians compared with Blacks (5.28; 1.77–15.76, 1.80; 1.02–3.18 vs. 1.80; 0.65–5.03). On propensity-matching, CUD was associated with 80% increased odds for IBS (1.82; 1.27–2.60).Conclusion:Our findings suggest that CUD is significantly associated with IBS among the general population. Males, Caucasians, and Hispanics might be more impacted by CUD associated IBS. Additional biomedical studies are required to elucidate this relationship.
Proboscis Lateralis With Heminasal Hypoplasia
Authors: Ghieh Fadi , Karami Reem , Sittah Ghassan Abu 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Proboscis Lateralis is a rare congenital anomaly composed of an accessory tubular appendage with possible associated craniofacial anomalies. Computed tomography scan is essential for evaluation of the anomaly and proposing a plan of management. Treatment is complex and should be individualized. The authors present the case of an 18-month old female with left proboscis lateralis associated with left heminasal hypoplasia and coloboma of the left upper eyelid.