bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mass spectrometry transanal minimally invasive surgery (MS-TAMIS) to promote organ preservation in rectal cancer
Authors: Mason Sam , Manoli Eftychios , Poynter Liam , Alexander James , Paizs Petra , Adebesin Afeez , Goldin Robert , Darzi Ara , Takats Zoltan , Kinross James 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) is deployed for organ preservation in early rectal cancer and significant rectal polyps. Rapid evaporative ionisation mass spectrometry (REIMS) provides biochemical tissue analysis, which could be applied intraoperatively to give real-time tissue feedback to the surgeon and decrease the risk of an involved margin. However, the accuracy and feasibility of this approach have not been established.

Methods
In this prospective observational study, patients undergoing resection of rectal adenomas or carcinomas were recruited. An electrosurgical handpiece analysed tissues ex vivo using diathermy, with the aerosol aspirated into a Xevo G2-S ToF mass spectrometer. The relative abundance of lipids underwent predictive statistical modelling and leave-one-patient-out cross-validation. The outcomes of interest were the ability of REIMS to differentiate normal, adenomatous and cancerous tissue, or any disease subtype from normal. REIMS was coupled with TAMIS for in vivo sampling, assessing the accuracy of tissue recognition and distinguishing bowel wall layers.

Results
Forty-seven patients were included, yielding 266 spectra (121 normal, 109 tumour and 36 adenoma). REIMS differentiates normal, adenomatous and cancerous rectal tissues with 86.8% accuracy, and normal and adenomatous tissue with 92.4% accuracy and 91.4% accuracy when differentiating disease from normal. We have performed the first five in-man mass spectrometry augmented TAMIS (MS-TAMIS). In real time, MS-TAMIS can differentiate rectal mucosa and submucosa based on their relative abundance of triglycerides and glycerophospholipids. The ex vivo accuracy distinguishing diseased and normal tissues is maintained in vivo at 90%, with negative predictive value of 95%. The system identified a deep and lateral involved tumour margin during TAMIS.

Conclusions
REIMS distinguishes rectal tissue types based on underlying lipid biology, and this can be translated in vivo by coupling it to TAMIS. There is a role for this technology in improving the efficacy of resection of early rectal cancers.
Adaptive electronic differential control of vehicle by torque balance
Authors: Tian Hong , Zhu Weiguo , Wang Sharon 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Current adaptive torque balancing control of electric wheel-driven vehicle has shortcomings in electronic differential control of drive motor by using rotation speed mode. In order to solve this problem, an adaptive electronic differential control method of electric wheel-driven vehicle is proposed in this paper by torque balance. Firstly, by starting from the kinematics and dynamics of vehicle steering, the speed and force of each drived wheel in the steering are analyzed to explain the auxiliary role of electronic differential control to adaptive torque balancing, as well as influence of steering radius in vehicle. Then, electronic differential distribution by torque of wheel is used to control the abnormal jump interference and calculate the optimal combination of parameters in electronic differential control system. Finally, based on the optimal combination of these parameters, an adaptive electronic differential control of electric wheel-driven vehicle by torque balance is realized with fuzzy control in active and the reactive power. Experimental results show that the proposed method suppresses the abnormal jump interference factors of electronic differential control, as well as realizes the differential functions in control system. It has far-reaching significance by provideing a basic guarantee to realize adaptive electronic differential control system in electronic wheel-driven vehicle.
Nonlinear dynamic analysis of low viscosity fluid-lubricated tilting-pad journal bearing for different design parameters
Authors: Jin Yingze , Chen Fei , Xu Jimin , Yuan Xiaoyang 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
To reveal nonlinear dynamic rules of low viscosity fluid-lubricated tilting-pad journal bearings (TPJBs), the effects of design parameters on journal center orbits and dynamic minimum film thicknesses of water-lubricated TPJBs with and without static loads are investigated. The hydrodynamic bearing force used in the nonlinear dynamic analysis is an approximate analytical solution including the turbulence effect. The results reveal the methods for vibration suppression and load capacity improvement and give an optimal pivot offset and clearance ratio that can maximize the minimum film thickness. The results also show that four-pad TPJBs with loads between pads are preferred due to good dynamic performance and load capacity. This study would provide some guidance for nonlinear design of low viscosity fluid-lubricated TPJBs under dynamic loads.
Validity of Amontons’ law for run-in short-cut aramid fiber reinforced elastomers: The effect of epoxy coated fibers
Authors: Khafidh M. , Schipper D. J. , Masen M. A. , Vleugels N. , Dierkes W. K. , Noordermeer J. W. M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Friction between two contacting surfaces is studied extensively. One of the known friction theories is Amontons’ law which states that the friction force is proportional to the normal force. However, Amontons’ law has been found to be invalid for elastomers. In the present study, the validity of Amontons’ law for short-cut aramid fiber reinforced elastomers is studied. Two types of fillers are used to reinforce the elastomers, namely highly dispersible silica and short-cut aramid fibers. Short-cut aramid fibers with two different surface treatments are used, namely non-reactive fibers with standard oily finish (SF-fibers) and fibers treated with an epoxy coating (EF-fibers). A pin-on-disc tribometer is used to investigate the frictional behavior of the composites in sliding contact with a granite counter surface. The results show that, after the run-in phase, Amontons’ law is valid for those composites that are reinforced by short-cut aramid fibers (without reinforcing filler, i.e., silica) if the contact pressure is below a threshold value. However, once the contact pressure exceeds this threshold value, Amontons’ law will be invalid. The threshold contact pressure of the composites containing EF-fibers is higher than of the composites containing SF-fibers. The composites that are reinforced by silica and short-cut aramid fibers do not follow Amontons’ law.
Molecular dynamics simulations of CH4 diffusion in kaolinite: influence of water content
Authors: Zhang Bin , Kang Jianting , Kang Tianhe , Kang Guanxian , Zhao Guofei 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Understanding the interaction of CH4 with kaolinite is significant for researchers in the fields of coalbed CH4 and shale gas. The diffusion behaviors of CH4 in kaolinite with water contents ranging from 0 to 5 wt% have been analyzed by molecular dynamics simulations. The results of the simulations indicate that CH4 molecules can jump between adjacent holes in the kaolinite matrix. CH4 diffusion coefficient was very low (3.28 × 10−9 m2/s) and increased linearly with the increasing of water content. As the water content decreased, the value of radial distribution function first peak between CH4 and oxygen was larger, meaning that with lower water content, the interaction energy between CH4 and oxygen in kaolinite is stronger. The interaction between CH4 and water is linearly positively correlated with water content, in contrast, the interaction energy between kaolinite and water as well as between kaolinite and CH4 decreased linearly with increasing water content. On the other hand, the diffusion of CH4 molecules adsorbed on the surfaces also can be accelerated by the fast diffusion of water molecules in the middle micropore of the kaolinite.
Bomb 14C on paper and detection of the Forged Paintings of T’ang Haywen
Authors: Hajdas Irka , Koutouzis Philippe , Tai Kate , Hendriks Laura , Maurer Mantana , Röttig Maria Belen 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe bomb-peak signal preserved in the Arches® cotton paper was used to detect art forgeries imitating the work of Chinese artist T’ang Haywen (1927–1991). The dating of seven legitimate T’ang Haywen art pieces showed that the timing of the paper production was consistent with the artist’s use of Arches® paper starting in the early 1980s. The measured F14C of the paper from the 14 suspected forged paintings shows that the support material was produced in the last decade (2008–2011), therefore the art pieces could not be genuine T’ang Haywen works.
Le fédéralisme de réconciliation et les Peuples Autochtones : ébauche d'une proposition institutionnelle
Authors: Mejía Mesa Oscar 
Published: October 2019

RésuméLa Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada (CVRC) réitérait en 2015 la volonté des Peuples Autochtones de renouveler leur relation avec l’État canadien. Cet article présente une réflexion théorique sur les possibilités offertes par le fédéralisme afin de renouveler cette relation entre les Autochtones et l’État. L'article confronte les arguments des tenants du fédéralisme comme cadre des relations entre les Autochtones et l’État et ceux des critiques de l’établissement d'un rapport fédéral de nation à nation entre les Peuples Autochtones et le Canada. L'article présente donc une proposition pour le renouvellement de la relation entre les Autochtones et l’État à travers un modèle de fédéralisme basé autour de régions autochtones autonomes.
Global Ten‐Moment Multifluid Simulations of the Solar Wind Interaction with Mercury: From the Planetary Conducting Core to the Dynamic Magnetosphere
Authors: Dong Chuanfei , Wang Liang , Hakim Ammar , Bhattacharjee Amitava , Slavin James A. , DiBraccio Gina A. , Germaschewski Kai 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFor the first time, we explore the tightly coupled interior‐magnetosphere system of Mercury by employing a three‐dimensional ten‐moment multifluid model. This novel fluid model incorporates the nonideal effects including the Hall effect, electron inertia, and tensorial pressures that are critical for collisionless magnetic reconnection; therefore, it is particularly well suited for investigating collisionless magnetic reconnection in Mercury's magnetotail and at the planet's magnetopause. The model is able to reproduce the observed magnetic field vectors, field‐aligned currents, and cross‐tail current sheet asymmetry (beyond magnetohydrodynamic approach), and the simulation results are in good agreement with spacecraft observations. We also study the magnetospheric response of Mercury to a hypothetical extreme event with an enhanced solar wind dynamic pressure, which demonstrates the significance of induction effects resulting from the electromagnetically coupled interior. More interestingly, plasmoids (or flux ropes) are formed in Mercury's magnetotail during the event, indicating the highly dynamic nature of Mercury's magnetosphere.
Is the Net Cloud Radiative Effect Constrained to be Uniform Over the Tropical Warm Pools?
Authors: Wall Casey J. , Hartmann Dennis L. , Norris Joel R. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGlobal radiative‐convective equilibrium simulations are used to investigate the hypothesis that mutual interactions among cloud albedo, sea surface temperature gradients, and atmospheric circulation constrain the net cloud radiative effect (CRE) to be similar in convective and nonconvective regions over the tropical warm pools. We perform an experiment in which convective clouds interact naturally with the ocean and atmosphere by forming over the warmest water and shading it and an experiment in which this interaction is removed by randomizing cloud shading of the ocean. Removing the cloud shading interaction enhances sea surface temperature gradients, lateral atmospheric heat transport, and large‐scale convective aggregation and produces convective clouds with much more negative net CRE. These findings support the hypothesis that feedbacks between sea surface temperature and convection are critical to obtaining similar net CRE in convective and nonconvective regions over the tropical warm pools.
Spatiotemporal Variability of Sea Ice in the Arctic's Last Ice Area
Authors: Moore G. W. K. , Schweiger A. , Zhang J. , Steele M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe Arctic Ocean's oldest and thickest sea ice lies along the ~2,000 km arc from the western Canadian Arctic Archipelago to the northern coast of Greenland. Climate models suggest that this region will be the last to lose its perennial ice cover, thus providing an important refuge for ice‐dependent species. However, remarkably little is known about the climate or characteristics of the sea ice in this remote and inhospitable region. Here, we use the Pan‐Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System model to show that the ice cover in the region is very dynamic, with changes occurring at a rate twice that of the Arctic Ocean as a whole. However, there are some differences in the changing nature of the ice cover between the eastern and western regions of the Last Ice Area, which include different timing of the annual minimum in ice thickness as well as distinct ice motion patterns associated with ice thickness extrema.
Reduced Atmospheric Ion Escape Above Martian Crustal Magnetic Fields
Authors: Fan Kai , Fraenz Markus , Wei Yong , Han Qianqian , Dubinin Eduard , Cui Jun , Chai Lihui , Rong Zhaojin , Zhong Jun , Wan Weixing , Mcfadden James , Connerney J.E.P. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMartian crustal fields were considered as too weak to have a distinctive effect on global escape rates of Martian heavy ions. However, new observations by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution mission reveal a more precise result and show a notably lower atmospheric ion escape region above the area of the strongest crustal fields. A comparison between the fluxes of high and low energy O+ ions suggests that the strongest crustal fields may trap low energy ions and reduce the solar wind pick‐up efficiency while high energy ions form a flux depletion above the crustal field. Statistical results indicate a maximum reduction of the global escape flux by nearly 35% when the strongest crustal field region is oriented sunward. This is the first time that the protective effect of the crustal fields on heavy planetary ions has been observed and it might indicate a more effective protection of atmospheres by stronger magnetic fields like at Earth.
The July 2019 Ridgecrest, California, Earthquake Sequence: Kinematics of Slip and Stressing in Cross‐Fault Ruptures
Authors: Barnhart William D. , Hayes Gavin P. , Gold Ryan D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe July 2019 Ridgecrest, California, earthquake sequence produced cross‐fault ruptures from a Mw6.4 left‐lateral foreshock and a Mw7.1 right‐lateral mainshock. We use interferometric synthetic aperture radar and satellite optical imagery to characterize the surface displacements and subsurface fault slip characteristics of the sequence. We document ~46 km of surface rupture and peak slip values of ~5 m associated with the Mw7.1 and evidence that the two ruptures crossed each other. We additionally document evidence of triggered creep along 20–25 km of the central Garlock fault. Static stress change analysis shows that the foreshock sequence systematically promoted slip at the Mw7.1 hypocenter. Moreover, we find static stress changes promoted slip on the Garlock fault only in locations where we document surface creep, strongly indicating that the Garlock fault is sensitive to static stress changes. A potential rupture of the Garlock fault where slip was promoted could produce a Mw6.7–7.0 earthquake.
RBSP‐ECT Combined Spin‐Averaged Electron Flux Data Product
Authors: Boyd A. J. , Reeves G. D. , Spence H. E. , Funsten H. O. , Larsen B. A. , Skoug R. M. , Blake J. B. , Fennell J. F. , Claudepierre S. G. , Baker D. N. , Kanekal S. G. , Jaynes A. N. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe describe a new data product combining the spin‐averaged electron flux measurements from the Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) Energetic Particle Composition and Thermal Plasma (ECT) suite on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Van Allen Probes. We describe the methodology used to combine each of the data sets and produce a consistent set of spectra for September 2013 to the present. Three‐minute‐averaged flux spectra are provided spanning energies from 15 eV up to 20 MeV. This new data product provides additional utility to the ECT data and offers a consistent cross calibrated data set for researchers interested in examining the dynamics of the inner magnetosphere across a wide range of energies.
Studying Dawn‐Dusk Asymmetries of Mercury's Magnetotail Using MHD‐EPIC Simulations
Authors: Chen Yuxi , Tóth Gábor , Jia Xianzhe , Slavin James A. , Sun Weijie , Markidis Stefano , Gombosi Tamas I. , Raines Jim M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMESSENGER has observed a lot of dawn‐dusk asymmetries in Mercury's magnetotail, such as the asymmetries of the cross‐tail current sheet thickness and the occurrence of flux ropes, dipolarization events, and energetic electron injections. In order to obtain a global pictures of Mercury's magnetotail dynamics and the relationship between these asymmetries, we perform global simulations with the magnetohydrodynamics with embedded particle‐in‐cell (MHD‐EPIC) model, where Mercury's magnetotail region is covered by a PIC code. Our simulations show that the dawnside current sheet is thicker, the plasma density is larger, and the electron pressure is higher than the duskside. Under a strong interplanetary magnetic field driver, the simulated reconnection sites prefer the dawnside. We also found the dipolarization events and the planetward electron jets are moving dawnward while they are moving toward the planet, so that almost all dipolarization events and high‐speed plasma flows concentrate in the dawn sector. The simulation results are consistent with MESSENGER observations.
A Recurrent Magmatic Pattern on Observable Timescales Prior to Plinian Eruptions From Nevado de Toluca (Mexico)
Authors: Weber Gregor , Arce José Luis , Ulianov Alexey , Caricchi Luca 
Published: October 2019

AbstractNevado de Toluca is a stratovolcano in the densely populated Mexican Highland and the source of three late Pleistocene Plinian eruptions. While the characterization of the magmatic processes and timescales, leading to these events, is crucial to evaluate potential signals of the reawakening of this volcano, they are not well constrained. Here we present insights gathered from the analysis of mineral zoning. Abrupt changes in plagioclase compositions (anorthite [An] >10 mol. %) record repeated thermochemical disturbance of a shallow magma reservoir prior to the three eruptions investigated. In particular, sudden chemical changes in the outermost crystal rims indicate that the eruptions were triggered by recharge of less evolved magma. Recalculated melt compositions reveal that magma input is chemically heterogeneous. Orthopyroxene compositions span a large range (En53‐En92, Cr2O3 of up to 0.9 wt. %) resulting from magma hybridization, which is consistent with a late‐stage temperature increase recorded by amphibole chemistry. Using diffusion chronometry, we show that this recharge typically occurs decades to centuries before Plinian eruptions and hence on timescales relevant for volcano monitoring. Additionally, modeling of Mg profiles in plagioclase constraints the duration of differentiation cycles to be millennial in order of magnitude. Our study shows that similar processes preceded explosive eruptions from Nevado de Toluca, suggesting that analogous paths of unrest should be considered when evaluating potential future activity. We emphasize that signs of deep crustal activity, such as relatively broad deformation pattern surrounding the volcano, could herald the reactivation of Nevado de Toluca.
Boulder Distributions Around Young, Small Lunar Impact Craters and Implications for Regolith Production Rates and Landing Site Safety
Authors: Watkins R. N. , Jolliff B. L. , Mistick K. , Fogerty C. , Lawrence S. J. , Singer K. N. , Ghent R. R. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe use Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera Narrow Angle Camera images to characterize boulder populations around six small (<1 km), young (<200 Ma) impact craters near spacecraft landing sites. The Narrow Angle Camera boulder counts are used to analyze how boulder distributions vary around craters of different sizes and ages. These comparisons inform how various properties affect the distance to which boulders are ejected and the size and density of boulders produced by an impact event. The counts show that boulder population densities decrease with crater age, with few boulders remaining at craters older than a few hundred million years, consistent with results of other studies of boulder degradation rates on the Moon. Variations in boulder distributions around younger craters may provide information regarding impact conditions; South Ray crater has a larger population of small boulders than the larger North Ray crater, which could be explained by variations in impact velocity. Large craters generally excavate more boulders than smaller craters, and the size of the largest boulder ejected is related to crater size by a power‐law function. Larger boulders occur closer to the crater rim (within 2–4 crater radii), whereas smaller boulders occur at all distances. The density of boulders is greater near the crater rim and decreases with increasing radial distance; this data can aid in establishing safe landing zones for future missions. Analyzing boulder distributions across craters of varying ages allows us to test models of boulder breakdown rates, with implications for understanding the Moon's regolith production rate.
Impacts of environmental and socio-economic factors on emergence and epidemic potential of Ebola in Africa
Authors: Redding David W. , Atkinson Peter M. , Cunningham Andrew A. , Lo Iacono Gianni , Moses Lina M. , Wood James L. N. , Jones Kate E. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractRecent outbreaks of animal-borne emerging infectious diseases have likely been precipitated by a complex interplay of changing ecological, epidemiological and socio-economic factors. Here, we develop modelling methods that capture elements of each of these factors, to predict the risk of Ebola virus disease (EVD) across time and space. Our modelling results match previously-observed outbreak patterns with high accuracy, and suggest further outbreaks could occur across most of West and Central Africa. Trends in the underlying drivers of EVD risk suggest a 1.75 to 3.2-fold increase in the endemic rate of animal-human viral spill-overs in Africa by 2070, given current modes of healthcare intervention. Future global change scenarios with higher human population growth and lower rates of socio-economic development yield a 1.63-fold higher likelihood of epidemics occurring as a result of spill-over events. Our modelling framework can be used to target interventions designed to reduce epidemic risk for many zoonotic diseases.