bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF IRON SULPHIDE THIN FILMS BY CHEMICAL BATH DEPOSITION METHOD
Authors: Kassim Anuar , WeeTee Tan , Abdullah Dzulkefly Kuang , Sharif Atan Mohd. , SoonMin Ho , Yong Gwee Siew , Nagalingam Saravanan 
Published: January 2019

FeS2 thin films have been deposited by using low cost chemical bath deposition technique. The films obtained under deposition parameters such as bath temperature (90 °C), deposition period (90 min), electrolyte concentration (0.15 M) and pH of the reactive mixture (pH 2.5). The thin films were characterized using X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy in order to study the structural and morphological properties. The band gap energy, transition type and absorption properties were determined using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. X-ray diffraction displayed a pattern consistent with the formation of an orthorhombic structure, with a strong (110) preferred orientation. Atomic force microscopy image showed the substrate surface is well covered with irregular grains. A direct band gap of 1.85 eV was obtained according to optical absorption studies. Keywords: Iron sulfide, X-ray diffraction, chemical bath deposition, thin films
DECREASEMENT OF COLOUR AND COD CONTENT OF THE LIQUID WASTE PRODUCT FROM THE JEANS WASHING INDUSTRY BY CHITOSAN AND <i>Trametes versicolor</i>
Authors: Bulan Rumondang , Sinaga Mersi Suryani , Darnianti Darnianti 
Published: January 2019

Chitosan and Trametes versicolor were used as the material for processing liquid waste product from the jeans washing industry in this study as they were more economics and no negative damage in the environmental life. This research is to find out the chitosan and Trametes versicolor effect as the coagulant in decreasing the colour and the COD content of the liquid waste product from the jeans washing industry using the coagulation method and floculation. The dosage of chitosan and Trametes versicolor were 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/L of the liquid waste product whereas the combination of chitosan and Trametes versicolor were 4:1, 3:2, 2:3 and 1:4. The data resulted from the analysis were shown as a graphics. The research results show that the optimum dosage of chitosan as coagulant was 800 mg/L which was able to decrease the colour intensity. For blue colour, the intensity decreased from 1.2 to 0.1%; the yellow colour intensity decreased from 0.9 to 0.0% and the COD 91.23%. The optimum dosage of Trametes versicolor of 600 mg/L was able to decrease the blue colour intensity from 1.2 to 0.11%; the yellow colour intensity from 0.9 to 0.1% and the COD was 91.37%. By using the combinationof chitosan and Trametes versicolor it was shown that the best result was using the 3:2 ratio which was able to decrease the blue colour intensity from 0.9 to 0.1% and the yellow colour intensity from 0.9 to 0.0% and the COD was 86.68%. Keywords: colour intensity, COD, liquid waste product of the jeans washing, chitosan, Trametes versicolor
IMMOBILIZATION OF HUMIC ACID ON CHITOSAN BEADS BY PROTECTED CROSS-LINKING METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION AS SORBENT FOR Pb(II)
Authors: Nurmasari Radna , Santoso Uripto Trisno , Umaningrum Dewi , Rohman Taufiqur 
Published: January 2019

Immobilization of humic acid (HA) on chitosan beads has been done using a protected cross-linking reaction method and the product was then utilized as sorbent for Pb(II). Protection of the active sites of HA was carried out by interacting HA with Pb(II) before performing the cross-linking reaction in order to maintain its adsorption capacity. Protected-HA was cross-linked with chitosan beads using glutaraldehyde in order to obtain sorbent insoluble both in aqueous acidic and basic solution. The result showed that the amount of immobilized HA on beads chitosan was 88.60% by weight. The adsorption capacity of the protected-sorbent beads for Pb(II) was 784 mg/g. As a comparison, the adsorption capacity of the non-protected sorbent beads for Pb(II) was only 142 mg/g. Keywords: immobilization, adsorption, crosslinking, humic acid, chitosan
AB INITIO INVESTIGATION OF 12-CROWN-4 AND BENZO-12-CROWN-4 COMPLEXES WITH Li<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, AND Hg<sup>2+</sup>
Authors: Yahmin Yahmin , Pranowo Harno Dwi , Armunanto Ria 
Published: January 2019

The structure and binding energies of 12-crown-4 and benzo-12-crown-4 complexes with Li+, Na+, K+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and Hg2+were investigated with ab initio calculations using Hartree-Fock approximation and second-order perturbation theory. The basis set used in this study is lanl2mb. The structure optimization of cation-crown ether complexes was evaluated at HF/lanl2mb level of theory and interaction energy of the corresponding complexes was calculated at MP2/lanl2mb level of theory (MP2/lanl2mb//HF/lanl2mb). Interactions of the crown ethers and the cations were discussed in term of the structure parameter of crown ether. The binding energies of the complexes show that all complex formed from transition metal cations is more stable than the complexes formed from alkali metal cations. Keywords: 12-crown-4, benzo-12-crown-4, alkali metals, transition metals
SYNTHESIZE AND CITOTOXICITY TEST OF SEVERAL COMPOUNDS OF MONO PARA-HIDROXY CHALCON
Authors: Arty Indyah Sulistyo 
Published: January 2019

Five compounds of mono para-hidroxy chalcon were synthesized (TC1, TC2, TC3, TC4, and TC5) and tested their cytotoxicity against HeLa cell and Raji cell. The difference in substituent of TC1 (R4 =H), TC2 (R4 = OCH3), and TC3 (R4 = F), showed the difference of their citotoxicity against HeLa cell. The citotoxicity of TC1 (LC50 = 16.08 µg/mL) ≈ TC3 (LC50 = 13.37 µg/mL), but the substituent difference of TC2 (LC50 = 147.43 µg/mL), decreasing it citotoxicity 10 times. Like wise their citotoxicity against Raji cell of TC1 (LC50 = 36.44 µg/mL) ≈ TC3 (LC50 = 30.46 µg/mL), but the substituent difference of TC2 (LC50 = 468.94 µg/mL), decreasing it citotoxicity activity 15 times. Nevertheless the strength of citotoxicity TC4 (LC50 = 98.74 µg/mL) and TC5 (LC50 = 110.97 µg/mL) against Raji cell are stronger than the citotoxicity of two of them against HeLa cell (LC50 of TC4 = none, LC50 of TC5 = 576.53 µg/mL). Keywords: mono para-hidroxy chalcon, HeLa cell, Raji cell, citotoxicity activity
SYNTHESIS OF TETRA-<i>p</i>-PROPENYLTETRAESTERCALIX[4]ARENE AND TETRA-<i>p</i>-PROPENYLTETRACARBOXYLICACIDCALIX[4]ARENE FROM <i>p-t</i>-BUTYLPHENOL
Authors: Kusumaningsih Triana , Jumina Jumina , Siswanta Dwi , Mustofa Mustofa 
Published: January 2019

A research has been conducted to synthesize tetra-p-propenyltetraestercalix[4]arene and tetra-p-propenyltetracarboxylicacidcalix[4] arene using p-t-butylphenol as a starting material. The synthesis was carried out in following stages, i.e (1) synthesis of p-t-butylcalix[4]arene from p-t-butylphenol, (2) debutylation of p-t-butylcalix[4]arene, (3) tetraallilation of 25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene with NaH and allilbromida in dry tetrahydrofuran, (4) Claissen rearrangement of 25,26,27,28-tetrapropenyloxycalix[4]arene, (5) esterification of tetra-p-propenyltetrahydroxycalix[4]arene, (6) hydrolisis of tetra-p-propenyltetraestercalix[4]arene. The all structures of products were observed by means of melting point, FTIR, and 1H-NMR spectrometers. Tetra-p-propenyltetraestercalix[4]arene compound was obtained as yellow liquid product in 55.08% yield. Tetra-p-propenyltetracarboxylicacidcalix[4]arene compound was obtained as white solid product with the melting point 135-137 °C at decomposed and in 70.05% yield. Keywords: calix[4]arene, Claissen rearrangement, esterification, hydrolisis
SYNTHESIS OF POLY-5,7-DIALLYL-25,26,27,28-TETRAHYDROXYCALIX[4]ARENE
Authors: Handayani Desi Suci , Jumina Jumina , Firdaus Maulidan , Kusumaningsih Triana 
Published: January 2019

The synthesis of poly-5,7-diallyl-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene were performed in experimental series as follows: (1) Cyclotetramerization of p-t-butylphenol with NaOH and paraformaldehyde to p-butylcalix[4]arene, (2) Debutylation of p-butylcalix[4]arene using AlCl3 and phenol to tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene, (3) Allylation reaction using allylbromide to diallyloxy-dihydroxycalix[4]arene, (4) Claisen rearrangement reaction, (5) Cationic polymerization to diallylcalix[4]arenes. All of the synthesized products were analyzed by means of IR spectrometer and 1H-NMR spectrometer. The result of 25,27-diallyloxy-26,28-dihydroxycalix[4]arene synthesis was white crystals having m.p. 205-207 °C in 80.95% yield. The synthesis of 5,7-diallyl-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxy-calix[4]arene gave light yellow crystals having m.p. 214-216 °C in 78.67% yield. The polymerization gave poly(5,7-diallyl-25,26,27,28-tetra-hydroxycalix[4]arene) having m.p. 338-340 °C, in 60% yield. Its estimated has a relative molecular weight of 18,738 g/mol with the number of unit repetition about 37 monomer units. Keywords: Diallylation, polymerization, Poly-5,7-diallyl-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene
NITROGEN, WATER AND BENZENE ADSORPTION IN MESOPOROUS CARBON (CMK-1) AND COMMERCIAL ACTIVATED CARBON (NORIT SX22)
Authors: Taba Paulina 
Published: January 2019

Adsorption at various interfaces has attracted the attention of many scientists. This article discusses gas-solid and vapour-solid adsorption in CMK-1 and Norit SX22 using nitrogen, water and benzene as adsorbates. For comparison, MCM-48 used as template in synthesizing CMK-1 was also utilized as adsorbent. Results showed that the shape of nitrogen isotherm for CMK-1 is categorized as Type IV shape, whereas activated carbon (Norit SX2) has Type I shape with a hysteresis loop at P/P0 > 0.5, which is a H4 type of hysteresis. The shape of nitrogen isotherm for MCM-48 is categorized as Type IV shape with small hysteresis loop observed at P/P0 above 0.45, indicating that the larger pores are filled at high P/P0, which is typical of an H3 hysteresis loop The amount of nitrogen adsorbed in activated carbon at the high relative pressure is considerably smaller than that in CMK-1. The hydrophobicity feature of CMK-1 is the same as activated carbon (Norit SX2), but slightly different to the template MCM-48. The affinity of CMK-1 to benzene is considerably higher than activated carbon, suggesting the promising future of CMK-1 to be used as a selective adsorbent for the removal of organic compounds from water environment. Keywords: Adsorption, water, benzene, CMK-1, activated carbon
STABILITY OF KETOPROFEN COATED BY CHITOSAN-GUAR GUM GEL
Authors: Sugita Purwantiningsih , Srijanto Bambang , Arifin Budi , Setyowati Ellin Vina 
Published: January 2019

The coating stability of ketoprofen by chitosan-guar gum gel has been studied. Into 228.6 mL of 1.75% (w/v) chitosan solution in 1% (v/v) acetic acid, 38.1 mL of guar gum (gg) solution was added with concentration variation of 0.35, 0.55, and 0.75% (w/v) for ketoprofen microcapsules, and stirred with magnetic stirrer until homogenous. Afterwards, 7.62 mL of glutaraldehyde (glu) was added slowly under stirring, with concentrations varied: 3, 3.5, and 4% (v/v). All mixtures were shaked for 20 min for homogenization. Into each microcapsule mixture for ketoprofen, a solution of 2 g of ketoprofen in 250 mL of 96% ethanol was added. Every mixture was then added with 5 mL of 2% Tween-80 and stirred with magnetic stirrer for an hour at room temperature. Conversion of suspension into fine powders/granules (microcapsules) was done by using spray dryer. Every microcapsule formula was packed into capsules, as much as 100 g per capsule. The capsules were contained in 100-mL dark bottles and the bottles were kept in climatic chamber at (40 ± 2) °C and RH (75 ± 5) % for 3 months. The microcapsule stabilities were tested chemically and physically. The result showed that formulation of ketoprofen preparation composed of 1.75% (w/v) chitosan, 0.35% (w/v) gg, and 3.50% (v/v) glu, was relatively the best, with ketoprofen percentage left in microcapsule after 3 months, degradation rate constant, and shelf life of 80.33%, 0.0351 % week-1, and 18.92 months, respectively. Reaction kinetic model for this formula followed Prout-Tompkins equation and the degradation of ketoprofen was seem to follow autocatalytic reaction mechanism controlled by the formation and growth of reaction core. Keywords: Ketoprofen, chitosan-guar gum gel
YOGYAKARTA AIR BORNE QUALITY BASED ON THE LEAD PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION
Authors: Abidin Zaenal , Sunardi Sunardi 
Published: January 2019

Analysis of Yogyakarta air quality based on concentration of lead particulate using Fast Neutron Activation Analysis (FNAA) method has been done. The sample was taken 3 times in 16 strategic locations of Yogyakarta city using Hi-Vol air sampler that equipped with cellulose filter TFA 2133. The sample irradiated for 30 min with 14 MeV fast neutron and then counted using gamma spectroscopy (AccuSpec). The result indicated that concentration of Pb-208 along Diponegoro street up to Janti street respectively are minimally (0.689 - 0.775) mg/m3, and maximally: (1.598 - 1.785) mg/m3. According to DIY governor decree No. 153/2002 about the limited toxicity ambient on Yogyakarta area it is concentration that Pb. The concentration of Pb-208 are still below the permitted value of 2 mg/m3, but in certain areas, the Pb concentration is almost equal to upper limit of permitted concentration of Pb. Keywords: air borne, neutron generator, FNAA
EXTRACTION, CLEAN-UP, AND HPLC DETECTION OF CARBARYL AND CARBOFURAN FROM CABBAGE (Brassica oleracea)
Authors: Falah Iip Izul 
Published: January 2019

Carbaryl (1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate) and carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranol-N-methylcarbamate) are very important N-methylcarbamate pesticides due to their high insecticide and nematocide effects, and widely used in vegetables plantations. The increasing use of carbamate pesticides poses a risk to human and environment. Thus, it is necessary to quantify their residue amount in food and vegetables to prevent harmful effect on animals, human and environment. This work was aimed to study of carbaryl and carbofuran analysis from fortified cabbage (Brassica oleracea) by liquid-liquid extraction, clean-up using SPE, followed by HPLC detection. Result of the work showed that detection of carbaryl using spectrophotometer detector at wavelength of 220 nm was better than at 230 and 280 nm, respectively. When the carbamates were extracted from cabbage using methanol, followed by liquid-liquid extraction using dichloromethane, cleaned-up with SPE-C18 and eluted by acetonitrile, the recovery was 96.8%. The detection by HPLC involved 4.6 x 25 mm, 5 µm C18 column, spectrophotometer detector at wavelength of 220 nm, and isocratic mobile phase at ratio of 35:65 of acetonitrile:aquabidest gave a good separation between co-extracted compounds and the carbamates. Keywords: HPLC, carbaryl, carbofuran, extraction, clean-up
APHORPINE ALKALOIDS FROM BARK OF Cryptocarya ferrea
Authors: Saidi Nurdin , Hadi A. Hamid A. , Awang Khalijah , Mukhtar Mat Ropi 
Published: January 2019

Isolation, identification and characterization of the compounds isolated from the bark of Cryptocarya ferrea yielded three known aphorpine alkaloids. They are (-)-O-methylisopiline 1, (+)-norlirioferine 2 and (+)-lirioferine 3. Structural elucidation was established through several spectroscopic methods, such as 1D-NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT, NOE), 2D-NMR (COSY, NOESY, HMQC, HMBC), UV, IR, and MS and comparison with the published data. Keywords: Cryptocarya ferrea; (-)-o-methylisopiline, (+)-norlirioferine, (+)-lirioferine
AMINO AND MERCAPTO-SILICA HYBRID FOR Cd(II) ADSORPTION IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Authors: Buhani Buhani , Narsito Narsito , Nuryono Nuryono , Kunarti Eko Sri 
Published: January 2019

Modification of silica gel with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane through sol-gel technique producing amino-silica hybrid (HAS) and mercapto-silica hybrid (HMS), respectively, has been carried out using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as silica source. The adsorbents were characterized using infrared spectroscopy (IR), and X-ray energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDX). Adsorption of Cd(II) individually as well as its binary mixture with Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) in solution was performed in a batch system. Adsorption capacities of Cd(II) ion on adsorbent of silica gel (SG), HAS, and HMS are 86.7, 256.4 and 319.5 μmol/g with the adsorption energies are 24.60, 22.61 and 23.15 kJ/mol, respectively. Selectivity coefficient (α) of Cd(II) ion toward combination of Cd(II)/Ni(II), Cd(II)/Cu(II), and Cd(II)/Zn(II) ions on HAS adsorbent is relatively smaller than those on HMS adsorbent which has α > 1. Keywords: adsorption, amino-silica hybrid, mercapto-silica
CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOBILIZED LIPASE IN ALUMINOSILICATE FOR LACTOSYL PALMITATE SYNTHESIS
Authors: Roosdiana Anna , Setianingsih Tutik , Mardiana Diah , Suratmo Suratmo 
Published: January 2019

Whey lactose can be esterified enzymatically by using immobilized lipase. The lipase can be isolated from Rhizopus oryzae, purified and immobilized in mesoporous aluminosilica. The use of immobilized lipase has advantages, there are longer shelf life and repeatable use. It is necessary to characterize the immobilized lipase dan ester product. The aim of the research was to characterize immobilized lipase, including determination lipase adsorption type in mesoporous aluminosilicate, immobilized lipase stability during storage time, efficiency of repetitive use of immobilized lipase. The result showed that lipase adsorption in mesoporous aluminosilicate was physical adsorption type through hydrogen bound and electrostatic interaction. Immobilized lipase stability was relatively constant at storage temperature 5 °C for 25 days resulting in 98.16% of initial activity. The repetitive use of immobilized lipase showed efficient until 5 uses within activity of 50.22%. The IR spectra of lactosyl palmitate from both whey and pure lactose result showed bands at wavelength number of 3462 cm-1(OH bond), 1739 cm-1 and 1747 (C=O ester bond) 1295 cm-1 dan 1242 cm-1 (C-O ester bond). In addition, the HLB value for lactosyl palmitate (whey) 4.708 and lactosyl palmitate (pure lactose) 4.715, therefore both lactosyl palmitate is appropriate as emulgator in W/O. Keywords: immobilized lipase, aluminosilica, lactose, whey, lactosyl palmitate
CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION OF EUGENOL ISOLATED FROM CLOVE OIL TO 4-ALLYL-2-METHOXY-6-SULFONICPHENOL AND 4-ALLYL-2-METHOXY-6-AMINOPHENOL
Authors: Sudarma I Made , Ulfa Maria , Sarkono Sarkono 
Published: January 2019

The overall objective of this research was to develop new compounds with potential biological activity from readily accessed natural products, in particular eugenol. Eugenol has been reported to posses antioxidant and anticancer properties. In an attempt to enhance intrinsic activity of this natural compound, some derivatives were possible to synthesize. The main aim of this preliminary research was to isolate eugenol from clove oil and made its sulfonic and amine derivatives through chemical transformation. Clove oil was extracted from clove buds with dichloromethane and followed by isolation of eugenol using column chromatography to afford eugenol (73%). Eugenol has been reported to posses antioxidant and anticancer properties. In an attempt to enhance intrinsic activity of this natural compound, some derivatives were possible to synthesize. Eugenol was transformed to its sulfonic derivative in moderate yield by treatment with chlorosulfonic acid and to its amine by reduction of its nitro derivative. This transformation was rapidly confirmed by GC-MS analysis which showed significance molecular ion at m/z 244 corresponding to molecular formula C10H12SO5. and at m/z 179 corresponding to molecular formula C10H11O2NH2. Keywords: Chemical Transformation, Eugenol, 4-Allyl-2-methoxy-6-sulfonicphenol and 4-Allyl-2-methoxy-6-aminophenol
SYNTHESIS ALKANOLAMIDE TETRAHIDROXY OCTADECANOATE COMPOUND FROM CANDLE NUT OIL
Authors: Daniel Daniel 
Published: January 2019

Candle nut oil could be transesterificated by methanol with concentrated H2SO4 as a catalyst to form fatty acid methyl esther. Methyl linoleate could be separated by Column Chromatography mechanism technic partition from fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) mixture, then it was treated by ethanolamine at base condition in benzene as solvent and sodium methylate as a catalyst at reflux condition for 6 hours to form an alkanolamide. Alkanolamide could be epoxydized by tert-buthyl hydroperoxyde and peroxygenase as a catalyst and it was refluxed for 6 hours at 40 °C and nitrogen gas condition to form the epoxy alkanolamide octadecanoate, and then it was hydrolyzed by HCl 0.1 M to form alkanolamide tetrahidroxy octadecanoate (Polyol). Alkanolamide tetrahidroxy octadecanoate could be separated by Column Chromatography using silica gel H 40 and the eluent was the mixture of chloroform, ethyl acetate, formic acid in a ratio 90:10:1 (v/v/v/). Determination of HLB value from alknolamide tetrahydroxy octadecanoate is 13.096. Therefore, this compound was particularly suitable for application as an o/w emulsifiers. All af the reaction steps were confirmed by using FT-IR, 1H-NMR, GC-MS, Gas Chromatography and TLC. Keywords: Esterification, Candle nut oil, Surfactant, Amidation, Polyol.
NORARTOCARPETIN, FLAVONE DERIVATIVE FROM LEAVES OF Artocarpus fretessi
Authors: Soekamto Nunuk Hariani , Nafie Nursiah La , Mandey Fredryk Welliam , Garson Marry 
Published: January 2019

Norartocarpetin (1), together with mulberrin (2) and mulberrokromen (3) were isolated from Artocarpus fretessi (Moraceae). This plant is an endemic species in Indonesia and locally known as ";Kelembi"; or ";Maumbi";. The structure of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of physical and spectroscopic data. Compounds (1) is precursor of compound (2) and (3) in the biogenetic pathway. Keywords: Norartocarpetin, mulberrin, mulberrokromen, Artocarpus fretessi (Moraceae).
SYNTHESIS OF AZO COMPOUNDS DERIVATIVE FROM EUGENOL AND ITS APPLICATION AS A TITRATION INDICATOR
Authors: Purwono Bambang , Mahardiani Catur 
Published: January 2019

The synthesis of azo compounds from eugenol has been carried out by diazotation reaction. The diazonium salt was produced by reaction of aniline and sodium nitrite in acid condition at 0-5 °C temperature to yield benzenediazonium chloride salt. The salt was then reacted with eugenol to produce the azo derivatives. The azo product was analyzed by IR, 1H-NMR, dan GC-MS spectrometer. The results showed that the reaction of benzenediazonium chloride with eugenol gave 4-allyl-2-methoxy-6-hydroxyazobenzene in 34.27% yield for 30 minutes reaction. The derivative of azo compound was dissolved in ethanol and then the color changing was observed in range of pH 9.8-11.1 from yellow to red. Application for titration indicator for acetic acid titrated with sodium hydroxide showed error less than 3.20% compared with phenol phtaline indicator. Keywords: Eugenol, Azo compound, titration indicator