bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competition Between Forest Brush and Planted White Spruce in North-Central Maine
Authors: Lautenschlager Richard A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This experiment was designed to examine competition between planted white spruce (2 + 2 transplants and paperpot seedlings) and natural conifer regeneration, ferns, fireweed, grasses and sedges, hardwood brush, herbs, red raspberry, and shrubs on a somewhat poorly and a well drained site three growing seasons after planting in north-central Maine. Only conifers, hardwood brush, and red raspberry, however, produced enough cover to allow comparison of their competitive potentials. When present 0.5-1.5 m above ground and within 0.5 m of a planted stem, conifers, hardwood brush, and red raspberry cover consistently decreased spruce growth. When cover was equal, hardwood brush caused greater growth reductions than red raspberry, but raspberry cover was more common. Spruce grew better on the well drained than on the somewhat poorly drained site. Competitive vegetation was much more abundant on the well drained site, and reduced spruce growth to a greater degree there than on the somewhat poorly drained site. The smaller paperpot seedlings suffered more from competition and browsing than did the larger 2 + 2 transplants. Controlling broadleaved competition on the better site increased spruce growth; competition control on the poorer site was less critical but even there the control of hardwood brush and dense conifers increased spruce growth. North. J. Appl. For. 12(4):163-167.
Price Trends and Relationships for Red Oak and Yellow-Poplar Stumpage, Sawlogs, and Lumber in Ohio: 1975-1993
Authors: Luppold William G. , Baumgras John E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The rapidly changing domestic and international hardwood markets of the 1980s had a large impact on the demand and price of hardwood lumber, logs, and stumpage. In this paper we examine inflation adjusted (real)prices for red oak and yellow-poplar stumpage, logs, and lumber. We then relate the observed trends to changes in domestic lumber consumption, lumber and log exports, sawmill technology, and forest inventory trends. Increasing real prices for red oak stumpage, logs, and lumber are the result of expanding domestic and international demand coupled with relatively limited stumpage supplies. Yellow-poplar, a species in relatively abundant supply and lower demand, experienced a decline in real prices for logs and lumber. Gains in stumpage prices have exceeded those for both logs and lumber, indicating that stumpage prices have benefited from transferred efficiencies in harvesting and milling. Although this study focuses on stumpage and log prices in Ohio from 1975 to 1993, the results appear to be relevant to adjacent states. North. J. Appl. For. 12(4):168-173.
Influencing Nonindustrial Private Forest Management Through the Property Tax System
Authors: Rathke David M. , Baughman Melvin J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Minnesota currently offers property tax relief to private woodland owners through the 2b timberland class in the state's modified ad valorem tax system, and through the Tree Growth Tax Law (TGTL), a fixed rate, productivity tax. Enrollment in both these laws has dramatically increased in recent years, while the average tax payment has declined in both real and nominal dollars. A mail survey of nonindustrial private forest landowners found that participants in the TGTL generally pay much lower taxes than those in the ad valorem tax classes, and TGTL lands appear to be more intensively managed for timber. However, the TGTL's incentive for timber management may be its criteria for enrollment, not the tax rate. This study makes a strong case for requiring a management plan in order to be eligible for a lower tax rate. North. J. Appl. For. 13(1):30-36.
Vegetative Responses to Prescribed Burning in a Mature Red Pine Stand
Authors: Henning Sandra J. , Dickmann Donald I. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We investigated the effects of low-intensity, prescribed spring surface fires at varying intervals in a widely spaced, mature red pine plantation growing on a high quality sandy loam soil in northern Lower Michigan. Measurements of overstory characteristics, as well as the composition and development of the herbaceous and woody understory, were taken in unburned plots and during the seventh growing season following a single burn, the second growing season following the last of two burns at 5 yr intervals, and the growing season immediately following the last of four burns 2 yr intervals.
Except for loss of a few trees due to crown scorch early in the study when fuel loadings were high, the red pine overstory was minimally affected by fires at any return interval. Compared to unburned plots, fire had no effect on total species richness or percent cover of ground flora < 1.4 m tall, but species composition shifted; cover of mosses and lichens declined and black cherry seedlings increased at the two shortest fire intervals. Although percent cover of grasses, bracken fern, and Rubus spp. appeared to increase following fire, the clumped distribution of vegetation and interplot variability in overstory density obscured the statistical significance of these trends. Species richness and density of stems in the woody understory (> 1.4 m tall but < 10 cm dbh) declined abruptly as burning interval decreased and number of burns increased. Fewer than two woody understory species, on the average, persisted on plots burned every 2 yr, whereas nearly 12 grew on unburned plots. Postburn conditions were conducive to the re-establishment of black cherry and paper birch in the understory; density of all other major species dropped sharply after more than one fire. As time after the last fire increased, however, red maple, choke cherry, and white ash densities began to recover slowly, largely by sprouting. The significance of these findings to red pine managers in the Lake States is discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 13(3):140-146.
A Multiproduct Growth and Yield Model for the Circumboreal Aspens
Authors: Perala Donald A. , Host George E. , Jordan James K. , Cieszewski Christopher J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A simulation model is described that grows stands of aspen of given age, site quality, and stocking from establishment to breakup. Specifying mean July air temperature allows custom application to most aspen growing regions in North America and Scandinavia. The program predicts total yields in number of trees, basal area, and biomass; and merchantable yields in cubic feet and cords for user-specified utilization standards, and in board feet, Scribner. North. J. Appl. For. 13(4):164-170.
Changes in the Condition and Species Composition of Developing Even-Aged Northern Hardwood Stands in Central New York
Authors: Wang Ziyin , Nyland Ralph D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Five Central New York northern hardwood stands were regenerated by clearcutting method, and followed through 20 yr of development. Observations from permanent remeasured plots indicate that a closed canopy formed and completely shaded the ground by 10-15 yr. Data gathered before that time did provide general information about features like the proportion of area stocked with trees and the stem density. After canopy closure, no new species entered the stand. Yet the actual species composition continued to change throughout the 20 yr period. Additional changes will occur as relatively short-lived species like striped maple, pin cherry, and aspen die. For other species, the change of importance will continue to depend on differences in their growth rates and tolerance to shading. Collectively, these dynamics will likely prolong the relatively rapid shifting of species composition for at least one-third to one-half of a century. Such findings suggest that the onset of canopy closure marks the earliest time to glean realistic information about the future species composition of emerging even-aged northern hardwood stands, and that considerable uncertainty remains about what species will eventually dominate the sites. North. J. Appl. For. 13(4):189-194.
Determining Forest Harvest Impact Assessment Criteria Using Expert Opinion: A Delphi Study
Authors: Egan Andrew F. , Jones Stephen B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Nonindustrial private forests (NIPFs) account for 58% of the nation's commercial forest. The stewardship of these forests is important to the sustainability of a broad array of forest values. However, little is known about the stewardship behaviors of NIPF owners, particularly as they relate to timber harvesting.
As a first step in exploring the stewardship of harvested NIPFs, criteria were developed to aid in evaluating the postlogging condition of these forestlands. A Delphi procedure was used to systematically elicit expert opinion on the establishment of these criteria. Twenty experts in the fields of forest management, silviculture, and timber harvesting participated in the process that involved 3 iterations and spanned 7 months. A rating system of prioritized evaluation criteria and measures emerged that could be used to assess an array of postharvest attributes. Applications of the system, in either its current or a modified form, include logger training program assessments and future studies of forest stewardship as it is reflected in postharvest site conditions. North. J. Appl. For. 14(1):20-25.
Individual Tree Volume Equations for Red Pine in Michigan
Authors: Fowler Gary W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
New total, pulpwood, sawtimber, and residual pulpwood cubic foot individual tree volume equations were developed for red pine in Michigan using nonlinear and multiple linear regression. Equations were also developed for Doyle, International 1/4 in., and Scribner bd ft volume, and a procedure for estimating pulpwood and residual pulpwood rough cord volumes from the appropriate cubic foot equations was described. Average ratios of residual pulpwood (i.e., topwood, cubic foot or cords) to mbf were developed for 7.6 and 9.6 in. sawtimber. Data used to develop these equations were collected during May-August 1983-1985 from 3,507 felled and/or standing trees from 27 stands in Michigan. Sixteen and 11 stands were located in the Upper and Lower Peninsulas, respectively. All equations were validated on an independent data set. Rough cord volume estimates based on the new pulpwood equation were compared with contemporary tables for 2 small cruise data sets. The new equations can be used to more accurately estimate total volume and volume per acre when cruising red pine stands. North. J. Appl. For. 14(2):53-58.
Assessment of Ecological Land Type Community Characteristics for Silvicultural Diagnosis in the Central Hardwoods
Authors: Jose Shibu , Gillespie Andrew R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
If ecosystem management replaces traditional multiple-use management on national forests, changes must be made in the delineation of forest stands reflecting ecological uniformity rather than cover type or physiographic uniformity. With delineation of ecological land units must come an understanding of forest community response to silvicultural practices and other disturbance within these units. The objective of this study was to define forest community characteristics of ecological land type phases (ELTPs) or uniform, repeatable communities in the eastern Central Hardwood Forest.
Forest inventory data were collected from 80 plots along a moisture gradient in the Hoosier National Forest in southern Indiana. This gradient intersected recognized upland hardwood forest cover types which, with delineation by soil type, physiography, and indicator vegetation, could be classified into uniform ecological land type phases. Stand density, basal area, volume, standing biomass, productivity, species composition, and site index values for major species were compared among ELTPs using analysis of variance.
Results indicate that significant differences in these parameters exist among different ELTPs which once were classified all as "upland hardwoods." Standing basal area, volume, biomass, and annual basal area, volume, and biomass increments were significantly different among ELTPs. Dry slopes and dry ridges were the least productive units. Dry-mesic slopes and dry-mesic ridges proved most suited for white oak management, one of the most valuable species in the region. Thus, silviculturists and forest managers should recognize these important community differences when planning treatment or inventory in the Central Hardwood Region. North. J. Appl. For. 14(2):72-77.
Tree Regeneration Response to the Group Selection Method in Southern Indiana
Authors: Weigel Dale R. , Parker George R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Tree regeneration response following the use of the group selection method was studied within 36 group openings on the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane Division in south central Indiana. Two different aspects and three time periods since cutting were examined. The objectives were to determine whether aspect, age, species group, location within the opening, or their interactions had any influence on the number of stems or average height of the tree regeneration. Among openings up to 20 yr since cutting, yellow-poplar and dogwood were most abundant for stems greater than 2.5 cm diameter at breast height (dbh), and dogwood and cherry-ash-walnut were most abundant for stems less than 2.5 cm dbh. The location×species group interaction also influenced the number of stems greater than 2.5 cm dbh. Stems less than 2.5 cm dbh were influenced by the age×species group and aspect×species group interactions. The north aspect and the oldest openings contained the most stems per hectare less than 2.5 cm dbh. The interaction of age and species group influenced average height for stems greater than or equal to 2.5 cm dbh. Average height increased with age for stems greater than or equal to 2.5 cm dbh. North. J. Appl. For. 14(2):90-94.
Stand Density Management Diagram for Mixed Balsam Fir-Black Spruce Stands
Authors: Sturtevant Brian R. , Bissonett John A. , Long James N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stand density management diagrams (SDMDs) provide a useful means of predicting the consequences of alternative density management regimes. The specific objectives of this project were to create a SDMD that could (a) be applied to mixed balsam fir-black spruce stands, and (b) allow structural predictions beyond the typical 60 yr pulpwood rotation period. We constructed the SDMD using data from 129 horizontal point samples from 24 stands and 17 permanent sample plot measurements within 9 stands, located in western and central Newfoundland. The model has not been tested with an independent data set, and should therefore be viewed as a first approximation. We further discuss the diagram's applicability, and provide an example of its utility by demonstrating a precommercial thinning treatment versus no treatment scenario. North. J. Appl. For. 15(1):17-22.
Compliance with Forestry Best Management Practices in Maine
Authors: Briggs Russell D. , Cormier Janet , Kimball Alan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Compliance with 60 forestry best management practices (BMPs) in Maine was evaluated from a sample of 120 sites randomly selected from areas harvested during the period January 1, 1993 to December 31, 1994. The forestry BMPs were organized into six groups [haul roads, stream crossings, skid roads/trails, putting trails/roads to bed, log yards/landings, and streamside management zones (SMZs)]. Applicability of each practice was assessed at each site and compliance with applicable BMPs rated. Evidence of sediment movement was used as a measure of BMP effectiveness. Compliance with the various BMPs within each of the six groups ranged as follows: haul roads 34%-100%; stream crossings 31%-94%; skid roads/trails 49%-95%; putting trails/roads to bed 25%-88%; log yards/landings 53%-96%; and SMZs 42%-78%. Low levels of compliance per se may overstate the negative impacts in those cases where BMPs are applicable on a small number of sites. For example, compliance with the recommendation that water courses be forded only on hard bottoms and banks was low (54%) but was applicable to only 39 sites, affecting 21 of the 120 sites examined. Overall compliance was greatest for the BMPs related to yards and landings (81%) and was lowest for putting trails/roads to bed (54%). Compliance levels in Maine were similar to those reported in Vermont and Minnesota. Compliance tended to be higher for those BMPs associated with planning and layout of haul roads and skid trails, compared to those dealing with water diversion from long, unobstructed surfaces. Old roads pose a challenge. Many road systems in use today were constructed a decade or more ago by scraping surface soil down to the basal till generating low road surfaces bounded by high banks. Ditches slowly eroded and became ineffective in diverting water from the road surface. Corrective measures are expensive, and new water diversion ditches will disturb more of the area. This study supports the utility and effectiveness of commonly recommended BMPs in reducing erosion and sedimentation in Maine. When BMPs were used, sediment movement was eliminated completely or was largely restricted from surface waters. Numbers of sites at which appreciable sediment delivery to surface waters was associated with noncompliance of individual BMPs within each of the six categories are summarized as follows: haul roads 1-17 sites; stream crossings 0-17 sites; skid roads/trails 0-20 sites; putting trails/roads to bed 9-14 sites; log yards/landings 1-14 sites; and SMZs 1-9 sites. In total, noncompliance with at least one BMP was associated with a downstream sediment trail at 34 sites. North. J. Appl. For. 15(2):57-68.
Comparison of Soil and Vegetation Characteristics of Six Upland Forest Habitat Types in North Central Wisconsin
Authors: Fassnacht Karin S. , Gower Stith T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Habitat type classification is a natural classification system that uses the co-occurrence of ground flora and tree species to formulate taxa that can be used to identify sites which support similar plant communities or associations at climax. In 1988 a habitat type classification was developed for northern Wisconsin forests, but scientists have yet to determine whether important soil and vegetation characteristics are similar within a habitat type and if they exhibit consistent differences among habitat types. We compared the soil and vegetation characteristics of 24 sites from the 6 major habitat types in north central Wisconsin. Total soil nitrogen and organic matter concentrations, soil available potassium, soil silt fraction, and soil water-holding capacity all generally increased in the order: Quercus-Acer/Epigaea (QAE) < Acer-Quercus/Vaccinium (AQV) < Pinus/Maianthemum-Vaccinium (PMV) < Acer/Vaccinium-Viburnum (AVVib) < Acer-Tsuga/Dryopteris (ATD) < Acer/Viola-Osmorhiza (AViO). In addition, we observed positive trends (QAE < AQV < PMV < AVVib < ATD < AViO) in leaf area index (leaf area per unit ground area )and forest net primary productivity, both of which are expressions of total resource availability. North. J. Appl. For. 15(2):69-76.
Plot Size Recommendations for Biomass Estimation in a Midwestern Old-Growth Forest
Authors: Spetich Martin A. , Parker George R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We examine the relationship between disturbance regime and plot size for woody biomass estimation in a midwestern old-growth deciduous forest from 1926 to 1992. Analysis was done on the core 19.6 ac of a 50.1 ac forest in which every tree 4 in. dbh and greater has been tagged and mapped since 1926. Five windows of time are compared—1926, 1976, 1981, 1986 and 1992. The most efficient plot sizes requiring measurement of the least total area range from 0.02 to 1.6 ac. A small plot size was recommended after grazing disturbance, and a large size was recommended when mortality was high and acceptable error was low. North. J. Appl. For. 15(4):165-168.
Effects of Mixed Stand Management to Reduce Impacts of Spruce Budworm Defoliation on Balsam Fir Stand-Level Growth and Yield
Authors: Needham Ted , Kershaw John A. , MacLean David A. , Su Qiong 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Mixed hardwood-balsam fir stand management has been proposed as one silvicultural technique to reduce spruce budworm damage to balsam fir. An analysis was conducted using published results from New Brunswick, Canada, and northern New England, USA, to assess whether optimum hardwood levels (percent volume) could be determined for various levels of budworm defoliation. The goal was to maximize standing balsam fir volume and to determine trade-offs between reduced damage (hence reduced volumes losses) versus the amount of fir volume lost as a result of allocating growing space to hardwood species. Optimum hardwood levels depended on severity of budworm attack. Below 45% defoliation (5 yr average), the amount of balsam fir volume lost to increased hardwood growing space exceeded the amount of volume protected. As defoliation severity increased above 45%, the optimal hardwood levels increased. At severe levels of defoliation (> 75%) optimal hardwood content was approximately 50% of initial standing volume. The results suggest that mixed stand management can potentially reduce balsam fir volume losses in areas with frequent severe spruce budworm outbreaks. North. J. Appl. For. 16(1):19-24.
Effects of the White Pine Weevil in Well-Stocked Eastern White Pine Stands in Wisconsin
Authors: Pubanz Dan M. , Williams Randy L. , Congos David L. , Pecore Marshall 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We documented the effects of the white pine weevil, a native insect, on the development of 30-to 80-yr-old white pine in 17 well-stocked plantations in northern Wisconsin and 150-yr-old white pine on the Menominee Indian Reservation in northeastern Wisconsin. Thirty-four plots with unsuppressed white pine were located in these plantations. Of these plots, 79.4% averaged at least 165 white pine crop trees per acre and were considered to be sufficiently stocked with crop trees. A total of 411 trees that satisfied crop tree criteria were evaluated, and 87.3% had identifiable weevil injury. The number of weevil injuries ranged from zero to six in the lower 17 ft of the tree and averaged 2.1 injuries. In 101 dominant/codominant white pines that were 150 yr old, volume lost to crook was 0.1%. The lower 16 ft of these felled trees were sectioned and contained an average of 3.3 weevil injuries. Stocking and management are key to minimizing the effects of white pine weevil on white pine. North. J. Appl. For. 16(4):185-190.