bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction to CAUSES: Description of Weather and Climate Models and Their Near‐Surface Temperature Errors in 5 day Hindcasts Near the Southern Great Plains
Authors: Morcrette C. J. , Van Weverberg K. , Ma H.‐Y. , Ahlgrimm M. , Bazile E. , Berg L. K. , Cheng A. , Cheruy F. , Cole J. , Forbes R. , Gustafson W. I. , Huang M. , Lee W.‐S. , Liu Y. , Mellul L. , Merryfield W. J. , Qian Y. , Roehrig R. , Wang Y.‐C. , Xie S. , Xu K.‐M. , Zhang C. , Klein S. , Petch J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe introduce the Clouds Above the United States and Errors at the Surface (CAUSES) project with its aim of better understanding the physical processes leading to warm screen temperature biases over the American Midwest in many numerical models. In this first of four companion papers, 11 different models, from nine institutes, perform a series of 5 day hindcasts, each initialized from reanalyses. After describing the common experimental protocol and detailing each model configuration, a gridded temperature data set is derived from observations and used to show that all the models have a warm bias over parts of the Midwest. Additionally, a strong diurnal cycle in the screen temperature bias is found in most models. In some models the bias is largest around midday, while in others it is largest during the night. At the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains (SGP) site, the model biases are shown to extend several kilometers into the atmosphere. Finally, to provide context for the companion papers, in which observations from the SGP site are used to evaluate the different processes contributing to errors there, it is shown that there are numerous locations across the Midwest where the diurnal cycle of the error is highly correlated with the diurnal cycle of the error at SGP. This suggests that conclusions drawn from detailed evaluation of models using instruments located at SGP will be representative of errors that are prevalent over a larger spatial scale.
Characterization of Wildfire‐Induced Aerosol Emissions From the Maritime Continent Peatland and Central African Dry Savannah with MISR and CALIPSO Aerosol Products
Authors: Lee Huikyo , Jeong Su‐Jong , Kalashnikova Olga , Tosca Mika , Kim Sang‐Woo , Kug Jong‐Seong 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAerosol plumes from wildfires affect the Earth's climate system through regulation of the radiative budget and clouds. However, optical properties of aerosols from individual wildfire smoke plumes and their resultant impact on regional climate are highly variable. Therefore, there is a critical need for observations that can constrain the partitioning between different types of aerosols. Here we present the apparent influence of regional ecosystem types on optical properties of wildfire‐induced aerosols based on remote sensing observations from two satellite instruments and three ground stations. The independent observations commonly show that the ratio of the absorbing aerosols is significantly lower in smoke plumes from the Maritime Continent than those from Central Africa, so that their impacts on regional climate are different. The observed light‐absorbing properties of wildfire‐induced aerosols are explained by dominant ecosystem types such as wet peatlands for the Maritime Continent and dry savannah for Central Africa, respectively. These results suggest that the wildfire‐aerosol‐climate feedback processes largely depend on the terrestrial environments from which the fires originate. These feedbacks also interact with climate under greenhouse warming. Our analysis shows that aerosol optical properties retrieved based on satellite observations are critical in assessing wildfire‐induced aerosols forcing in climate models. The optical properties of carbonaceous aerosol mixtures used by state‐of‐the‐art chemistry climate models may overestimate emissions for absorbing aerosols from wildfires over the Maritime Continent.
Simple Versus Complex Physical Representation of the Radiative Forcing From Linear Contrails: A Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Rodríguez De León Rubén , Lim Ling L. , Lee David S , Bennett Michael , Krämer Martina 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAn off‐line complex representation of the radiative forcing of linear contrails is applied for the first time to monthly mean 3‐D distributions. This representation assumes the same temperature‐dependent, spatially and time‐varying functions of ice water content and particle size for contrails as for natural cirrus. This complex representation is contrasted with more commonly used simplified setups in which fixed contrail optical depth values [0.1 to 0.3] are prescribed and from which the results show differences covering a factor of 3 assuming fixed or variable contrail layer altitudes. This prescribed range of representative fixed altitudes resulted in differences covering a factor of 2 when the optical depth was also fixed. Prescribing fixed particle sizes also resulted in differences covering a factor of 2 if altitude and optical depth are also fixed. In contrast, the inclusion of the dependence of the contrail ice water content on temperature produced differences of around 20% or less when assuming the same ranges of altitudes and ice particle sizes, resulting in a much improved confidence in the radiative forcing estimates and more accurate spatial and temporal representations of the radiative interaction between contrails and the background meteorology. Assuming a contrail vertical extent of 500 m, a 9 mW m−2 annual mean contrail radiative forcing is estimated, with an uncertainty range between 1 and 23 mW m−2 based on the ice water content's observed variability.
LOFAR Lightning Imaging: Mapping Lightning With Nanosecond Precision
Authors: Hare B. M. , Scholten O. , Bonardi A. , Buitink S. , Corstanje A. , Ebert U. , Falcke H. , Hörandel J. R. , Leijnse H. , Mitra P. , Mulrey K. , Nelles A. , Rachen J. P. , Rossetto L. , Rutjes C. , Schellart P. , Thoudam S. , Trinh T. N. G. , ter Veen S. , Winchen T. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractLightning mapping technology has proven instrumental in understanding lightning. In this work we present a pipeline that can use lightning observed by the LOw‐Frequency ARray (LOFAR) radio telescope to construct a 3‐D map of the flash. We show that LOFAR has unparalleled precision, on the order of meters, even for lightning flashes that are over 20 km outside the area enclosed by LOFAR antennas (∼3,200 km2), and can potentially locate over 10,000 sources per lightning flash. We also show that LOFAR is the first lightning mapping system that is sensitive to the spatial structure of the electrical current during individual lightning leader steps.
Influence of Seepage Flows on the Erodibility of Fluidized Silty Sediments: Parameterization and Mechanisms
Authors: Zhang Shaotong , Jia Yonggang , Zhang Yaqi , Shan Hongxian 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe influence of seabed fluidization on the erosion of cohesive sediment has been well recognized, however, quantitative parameterization works are rather difficult and remain poorly understood. Therefore, case studies are still needed to achieve better results even locally. Silty seabed in the Yellow River Delta (YRD) has been exposed to frequent fluidization and serious erosion. The present paper attempts to advance the research progress on the influence of fluidization on erosion using an annular flume and the YRD silts as a case study. Erosion coefficients are found to increase from 8.27 × 10−5 to 5.44 × 10−4
, corresponding to fluidization degrees from 0.03 to 0.96. Erodibility may increase by 6–7 times when the bottom sediments are fluidized. The significant influence is successfully parameterized into the erosion coefficient of the linear erosion formulation. Both direction and magnitude of the seepage flows dominate the erodibility of fluidized silts. Infiltration inhibits while upward seepage enhances entrainment of fluidized sediments, specifically via (a) loss of the original cohesive force between soil particles, (b) uplifting seepage forces acting onto the sediments at the water‐seabed interface, which partially offset the particle gravity, and (c) seepage pumping of fines from the interior to the surface, which enlarges the surface Shield parameter.
Helicobacter pylori induces somatic mutations in TP53 via overexpression of CHAC1 in infected gastric epithelial cells
Authors: Wada Yuriko , Takemura Kosuke , Tummala Padmaja , Uchida Keisuke , Kitagaki Keisuke , Furukawa Asuka , Ishige Yuuki , Ito Takashi , Hara Yukichi , Suzuki Takashige , Mimuro Hitomi , Board Philip G. , Eishi Yoshinobu 
Published: February 2018

Infection with Helicobacter pylori is known to decrease the level of glutathione in gastric epithelial cells and increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can lead to DNA damage and the development of gastric cancer. Cation transport regulator 1 (CHAC1) has γ‐glutamylcyclotransferase activity that degrades glutathione. We found that cagA‐positive H. pylori infection triggered CHAC1 overexpression in human gastric epithelial (AGS) cells leading to glutathione degradation and the accumulation of ROS. Nucleotide alterations in the TP53 tumour suppressor gene were induced in AGS cells overexpressing CHAC1, whereas no mutations were detected in cells overexpressing a catalytically inactive mutant of CHAC1. A high frequency of TP53 mutations occurred in H. pylori‐infected AGS cells, but this was prevented in cells transfected with CHAC1 siRNA. These findings indicate that H. pylori‐mediated CHAC1 overexpression degrades intracellular glutathione, allowing the accumulation of ROS which subsequently causes mutations that could contribute to the development of gastric cancer.
Evidence that Crystal Facet Orientation Dictates Oxygen Evolution Intermediates on Rutile Manganese Oxide
Authors: Kakizaki Hirotaka , Ooka Hideshi , Hayashi Toru , Yamaguchi Akira , Bonnet‐Mercier Nadège , Hashimoto Kazuhito , Nakamura Ryuhei 
Published: February 2018

AbstractElucidating the mechanism that differentiates the oxygen‐evolving center of photosystem II with its inorganic counterpart is crucial to develop efficient catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Previous studies have suggested that the larger overpotential for MnO2 catalysts under neutral conditions may result from the instability of the Mn3+ intermediate to charge disproportionation. Here, by monitoring the surface intermediates of electrochemical OER on rutile MnO2 with different facet orientations, a correlation between the stability of the intermediate species and crystal facets is confirmed explicitly for the first time. The coverage of the Mn3+ intermediate is found to be 11‐fold higher on the metastable (101) surfaces compared to (110) surfaces, leading to the superior OER activity of (101) surfaces. The difference in OER activity may result from the difference in surface electronic states of Mn3+, where interlayer charge comproportionation of Mn2+ and Mn4+ to generate two Mn3+ species is favored on (101) facets. Considering the fact that the OER enzyme accommodates Mn3+ stably during the Kok cycle, the enhanced OER activity of the rutile MnO2 catalyst with a metastable surface highlights the importance of mimicking not only the crystal structure but also the electronic structure of the targeted natural enzyme.
Polymer Vesicles: Modular Platforms for Cancer Theranostics
Authors: Wang Fangyingkai , Xiao Jiangang , Chen Shuai , Sun Hui , Yang Bo , Jiang Jinhui , Zhou Xue , Du Jianzhong 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAs an emerging field that is receiving an increasing amount of interest, theranostics is becoming increasingly important in the field of nanomedicine. Among the various smart platforms that have been proposed for use in theranostics, polymer vesicles (or polymersomes) are among the most promising candidates for integration of designated functionalities and modalities. Here, a brief summary of typical theranostic platforms is presented with a focus on modular polymer vesicles. To highlight modularity, the different methodologies for designing therapeutic and diagnostic modules are classified and current examples of theranostic vesicles that excel in both performance and design principle are provided. Finally, future prospects for theranostic polymer vesicles that can be readily prepared with functional modules are proposed. Overall, theranostic polymer vesicles with modular modalities and functions are more promising in nanomedicine than simply being “over‐engineered”.
Nanoalloy Materials for Chemical Catalysis
Authors: Fang Hao , Yang Jinhu , Wen Ming , Wu Qingsheng 
Published: February 2018

AbstractNanoalloys (NAs), which are distinctly different from bulk alloys or single metals, take on intrinsic features including tunable components and ratios, variable constructions, reconfigurable electronic structures, and optimizable performances, which endow NAs with fascinating prospects in the catalysis field. Here, the focus is on NA materials for chemical catalysis (except photocatalysis or electrocatalysis). In terms of composition, NA systems are divided into three groups, noble metal, base metal, and noble/base metal mixed NAs. Their design and fabrication for the optimization of catalytic performance are systematically summarized. Additionally, the correlations between the composition/structure and catalytic properties are also mentioned. Lastly, the challenges faced in current research are discussed, and further pathways toward their development are suggested.
Flexible Transparent Nanogenerators Utilizing Shape‐Modulated ZnO Nanorod Arrays on Graphene Electrodes
Authors: Son Myungwoo , Jang Hanbyeol , Lee Mi‐So , Yoon Tae‐Ho , Lee Byoung Hun , Lee Woong , Ham Moon‐Ho 
Published: February 2018

AbstractFlexible and transparent hybrid piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) are prepared, based on vertical arrays of shape‐modulated ZnO nanorods (ZnO‐NRs) placed between two single‐layer graphene sheets. A simple transfer printing method using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamps in conjunction with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) enables the fabrication of flexible stacked structures of ZnO‐NRs/graphene/PDMS/PET, and the morphology of the ZnO‐NRs is controlled by metallic additives during their hydrothermal synthesis. The hybrid PENGs are transparent and generated electrical power upon bending; the power output performance is dependent on the nanorod morphology with a net volume power density of 0.0513 mW mm−3 for Cd‐doped ZnO‐NRs, which is comparable to that of today's energy storage devices. The variation in output power is ascribed to the differences in the deformation modes of ZnO‐NRs on bending because of the differences in their aspect ratios that are, in turn, controlled by the metallic additives; this suggests the possibility of customizing the power generation characteristics within a single material system.
Patterned and Iridescent Plastics with 3D Inverse Opal Structure for Anticounterfeiting of the Banknotes
Authors: Meng Yao , Liu Fangfang , Umair Malik Muhammad , Ju Benzhi , Zhang Shufen , Tang Bingtao 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIridescent and metallic structural colors originating from 3D photonic crystals (3DPCs) based on Bragg's law of diffraction have attracted considerable attention in recent years. The distinctive optical properties of the material promise tremendous potential in anticounterfeiting fields. However, the poor durability and device‐assisted detection of 3DPCs still limit the material's practical application. To overcome these inherent limitations, a novel iridescent flexible polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) plastic film with a 3D inverse opal (3DIO) structure is prepared for the anticounterfeiting of banknotes. The excellent durability of the plastic film is due to the intrinsic robust properties of PVDF resin. Patterns can be easily printed on the plastic films by pressing method. The patterned colored PVDF film changes into six distinct color states when the viewing angle increases from 5° to 45°, and the color switching requires no external stimuli, which makes the plastic films a higher security‐level material. Given their excellent mechanical properties, the colored films can serve as an ideal candidate for anticounterfeiting materials.
Preparation and performance of poly (lactic acid)/fulvic acid benzhydrazide composites
Authors: Liu Panyu , Zhen Weijun , Bian Shengzhen , Wang Xuefeng 
Published: February 2018

AbstractFulvic acid (FA) was reacted with benzhydrazide to obtain the amide derivative of fulvic acid benzhydrazide (FA‐BH). The structure of FA‐BH was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Poly (lactic acid)/fulvic acid benzhydrazide (PLA‐FA‐BH) composites were prepared by melt blending. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, and rheological analysis of PLA‐FA‐BH composites showed that the introduction of 0.1 wt% FA‐BH increased the tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at break, and impact strength of PLA3 (0.1%) increased by 6.38%, 27.47%, 28.75%, and 74.56%, respectively. The crystallinity of PLA was increased from 4.63% to 41.88% due to FA‐BH. The crystallization rate of PLA was greatly improved. The network structure of the PLA matrix became stiff due to incorporation of FA‐BH. The storage modulus and complex viscosities of PLA‐FA‐BH composites were significantly improved compared with pure PLA. The nucleation effect of FA‐BH improved the comprehensive performance of PLA.
Biodegradable Monocrystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Microcells as Power Supplies for Transient Biomedical Implants
Authors: Lu Luyao , Yang Zijian , Meacham Kathleen , Cvetkovic Caroline , Corbin Elise A. , Vázquez‐Guardado Abraham , Xue Mantian , Yin Lan , Boroumand Javaneh , Pakeltis Grace , Sang Tian , Yu Ki Jun , Chanda Debashis , Bashir Rashid , Gereau Robert W. , Sheng Xing , Rogers John A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBioresorbable electronic materials serve as foundations for implantable devices that provide active diagnostic or therapeutic function over a timeframe matched to a biological process, and then disappear within the body to avoid secondary surgical extraction. Approaches to power supply in these physically transient systems are critically important. This paper describes a fully biodegradable, monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) platform based on microscale cells (microcells) designed to operate at wavelengths with long penetration depths in biological tissues (red and near infrared wavelengths), such that external illumination can provide realistic levels of power. Systematic characterization and theoretical simulations of operation under porcine skin and fat establish a foundational understanding of these systems and their scalability. In vivo studies of a representative platform capable of generating ≈60 µW of electrical power under 4 mm of porcine skin and fat illustrate an ability to operate blue light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) as subdermal implants in rats for 3 d. Here, the PV system fully resorbs after 4 months. Histological analysis reveals that the degradation process introduces no inflammatory responses in the surrounding tissues. The results suggest the potential for using silicon photovoltaic microcells as bioresorbable power supplies for various transient biomedical implants.
Treatment of patients with peritoneal metastases from gastric cancer
Authors: Kitayama Joji , Ishigami Hironori , Yamaguchi Hironori , Sakuma Yasunaru , Horie Hisanaga , Hosoya Yoshinori , Lefor Alan Kawarai , Sata Naohiro 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDespite recent advances in chemotherapy, outcomes of patients with peritoneal metastases (PM) from gastric cancer are still very poor and standard treatment has not been established. Although oral S‐1 appears to be effective for patients with PM, the effects of systemic chemotherapy are limited. Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) yield fewer benefits in patients with PM from gastric cancer than in patients with PM from other malignancies. In comparison, repeated intraperitoneal chemotherapy (RIPEC) with taxanes using an implantable peritoneal access port has a pharmacokinetic advantage for the control of peritoneal lesions and in combination with systemic chemotherapy can result in surprisingly long‐term survival in patients with PM from gastric cancer. Herein, we review the results of recent clinical studies specifically targeting PM from gastric cancer and discuss future prospects for an intraperitoneal approach to the ideal treatment of patients with gastric cancer with peritoneal involvement.
Unsymmetrische, cyclische Diborene und thermische Umlagerung zu einem Borylborylen
Authors: Stennett Tom E. , Mattock James D. , Vollert Ivonne , Vargas Alfredo , Braunschweig Holger 
Published: February 2018

AbstractCyclische Diborane(4), die auf einer chelatisierenden, monoanionischen Benzylphosphan‐Brücke basieren, wurden mittels Bor‐Silicium‐Austausch aus Arylsilanen und B2Br4 hergestellt. Koordination von Lewis‐Basen an das verbleibende sp2‐Boratom ergab unsymmetrische sp3‐sp3‐Diborane, die mit KC8 zu ihren entsprechenden trans‐Diborenen reduziert wurden. Diese Verbindungen wurden mit einer Kombination aus spektroskopischen Methoden, Röntgenstrukturanalyse und DFT‐Rechnungen untersucht. Beim PMe3‐stabilisierten Diboren 6 wurde eine thermische Umlagerung zum gem‐Diboren 8 beobachtet. DFT‐Rechnungen an 8 lassen auf eine Borylborylen‐Struktur mit einer polaren Bor‐Bor‐Bindung schließen.
Nano‐sized metal complexes of azo L‐histidine: Synthesis, characterization and their application for catalytic oxidation of 2‐amino phenol
Authors: El‐Wakiel Nadia 
Published: February 2018

A novel azo dye ligand formed by the coupling of L‐histidine with 2‐hydroxy‐1‐naphthaldyhide(H2L) and its Ru3+, Pd2+ and Ni2+ nano‐sized complexes were obtained and described by elemental analysis, TGA, magnetic moment measurements, molar conductance, UV‐Vis, ESR, X‐ray powder diffraction, IR, SEM, TEM, 1H‐nmr, 13C‐nmr, and EI‐mass spectral studies. The analytical results and spectral studies detected that the H2L ligand acts as dibasic tetradentate via aldehyde oxygen, azo nitrogen and deprotonated OH and COOH groups. The data showed the paramagnetic Ru3+ complex has octahedral geometry while Pd2+ and Ni2+ have square planar structures. The molar conductance measurements display all complexes are nonelectrolyte. The crystallinity, morphology and average particle size data revealed the prepared complexes were formed in the Nano scale. The average particle size as calculated from TEM images are found to be 13.72, 64.52 and 115.00 nm for Ru3+, Pd2+ and Ni2+ chelates, respectively. The catalytic activities of these compounds were checked for oxidation of 2‐amino phenol to 2‐amino‐3H phenoxazine‐3‐one as heterogeneous catalysts. A 96, 31 and 21% catalytic conversion are found when using Ru(III), Pd(II) and Ni(II) complexes respectively.