bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of blood-derived products and sodium hyaluronate on equine synovial fluid cells and on synovial fluid from osteochondrotic joints of horses after arthroscopy and administration of treatment
Authors: Machado Thaís S. L. , Massoco Cristina O. , Silva Luis Cláudio L. C. , Fülber Joice , Moreira Juliana J. , Baccarin Raquel Y. A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
To compare effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IRAP), autologous processed plasma (APP), and sodium hyaluronate treatments on synovial fluid cells in vitro and on synovial fluid obtained from osteochondrotic joints of horses.

SAMPLE
Synovial fluid cells from 8 healthy equine tibiotarsal joints (in vitro experiment) and synovial fluid samples from 40 tibiotarsal joints of 25 horses with osteochondrosis dissecans (in vivo experiment).

PROCEDURES
Effects of various treatments on concentrations of prostaglandin (PG) E2, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-10, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) were analyzed in cell medium supernatant, and production of reactive oxygen species was analyzed by use of flow cytometry. In an in vivo experiment, synovial fluid samples were collected before and 48 hours after arthroscopy and treatment administration (8 joints/treatment) and evaluated to determine concentrations of hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, PGE2, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1, IL-10, and IL-1ra.

RESULTS
All in vitro treatments reduced reactive oxygen species production, PRP increased PGE2 concentrations, and PRP, IRAP, and APP increased IL-1ra concentrations. Only IRAP and APP increased IL-1 concentrations. For the in vivo experiment, PRP increased and IRAP decreased PGE2 concentrations in synovial fluid after arthroscopy. All treatments increased IL-1ra concentrations, but only sodium hyaluronate resulted in a significant increase in concentration, compared with the concentration for untreated joints. Also, IRAP reduced hyaluronic acid breakdown in synovial fluid.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
PRP should be used with caution in the period immediately after arthroscopy and treatment of osteochondrotic joints of horses. All treatments had antioxidant effects. Sodium hyaluronate, APP, and IRAP might help ameliorate joint inflammation.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of olopatadine following administration via nasogastric tube to healthy horses
Authors: Kuroda Taisuke , Nagata Shun-ichi , Tamura Norihisa , Mita Hiroshi , Kusano Kanichi , Mizobe Fumiaki , Takizawa Yoshimasa , Fukuda Kentaro , Kasashima Yoshinori 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the pharmacokinetics and antihistaminic effects (pharmacodynamics) of olopatadine in a small population of healthy horses after administration via nasogastric tube.

ANIMALS
4 healthy adult Thoroughbreds.

PROCEDURES
Olopatadine (0.1 mg/kg, once) was administered via nasogastric tube. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points for pharmacokinetic analyses of the drug in plasma. Olopatadine effects were investigated by measurement of cutaneous wheals induced by ID histamine injection (0.1 mL [10 μg]/injection) at predetermined time points. Inhibition effect ratios were calculated on the basis of measured wheal size (area) after versus before olopatadine administration.

RESULTS
Mean ± SD maximum plasma olopatadine concentration was 48.8 ± 11.0 ng/mL approximately 1.5 hours after administration. Median terminal half-life was 6.11 hours. Mean ± SD maximal effect was 88.2 ± 4.9% inhibition approximately 3.5 hours after drug delivery, and the inhibition effect remained > 80% for 12.5 hours after treatment. No signs of adverse clinical effects were observed.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results suggested olopatadine may have a strong, long-term inhibitory effect against histamine-induced wheals in the skin of horses. Clinical research with a larger number of horses is warranted.
Metabolic stability and its role in the discovery of new chemical entities
Authors: Słoczyńska Karolina , Gunia-Krzyżak Agnieszka , Koczurkiewicz Paulina , Wójcik-Pszczoła Katarzyna , Żelaszczyk Dorota , Popiół Justyna , Pękala Elżbieta 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Determination of metabolic profiles of new chemical entities is a key step in the process of drug discovery, since it influences pharmacokinetic characteristics of therapeutic compounds. One of the main challenges of medicinal chemistry is not only to design compounds demonstrating beneficial activity, but also molecules exhibiting favourable pharmacokinetic parameters. Chemical compounds can be divided into those which are metabolized relatively fast and those which undergo slow biotransformation. Rapid biotransformation reduces exposure to the maternal compound and may lead to the generation of active, non-active or toxic metabolites. In contrast, high metabolic stability may promote interactions between drugs and lead to parent compound toxicity. In the present paper, issues of compound metabolic stability will be discussed, with special emphasis on its significance, in vitro metabolic stability testing, dilemmas regarding in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of the results and some aspects relating to different preclinical species used in in vitro metabolic stability assessment of compounds.
Forced degradation of tacrolimus and the development of a UHPLC method for impurities determination
Authors: Peterka Tanja Rozman , Lušin Tina Trdan , Bergles Jure , Ham Zoran , Grahek Rok , Urleb Uroš 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography method for simultaneous determination of tacrolimus impurities in pharmaceutical dosage forms has been developed. Appropriate chromatographic separation was achieved on a BEH C18 column using gradient elution with a total run time of 14 min. The method was applied to analyses of commercial samples and was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. It was found to be linear, precise and accurate in the range of 0.05 to 0.6 % of the impurities level in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Stability indicating power of the method was demonstrated by the results of forced degradation studies. The forced degradation study in solution revealed tacrolimus instability under stress alkaline, thermal, light and photolytic conditions and in the presence of a radical initiator or metal ions. The drug was stable at pH 3–5. Solid-state degradation studies conducted on amorphous tacrolimus demonstrated its sensitivity to light, elevated temperature, humidity and oxidation.
Secondary metabolites from the resins of Aloe vera and Commiphora mukul mitigate lipid peroxidation
Authors: Rehman Najeeb Ur , Al-Riyami Samia Ahmed , Hussain Hidayat , Ali Amjad , Khan Abdul Latif , Al-Harrasi Ahmed 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Oxidative stress is often considered detrimental for cellular processes and damaging for the lipid bi-layer. Counteracting such stresses with the aid of nature-based chemical constituents can be an ideal therapeutic approach. The current study aimed to investigate the chemical constituents of resins derived from the well-known Aloe vera and less known Commiphora mukul trees and their effect in mitigating the lipid peroxidation (LPO) process. The bio-guided isolation of bio-active fractions from both resins afforded 20 chemical constituents (17 from A. vera and 3 from C. mukul). These compounds belonged to anthraquinones, anthraquinone glycosides, quinones, coumarins, polypodane-type terpenoids and benzene derivatives. Major chemical constituents of the resins of A. vera and C. mukul were from the classes of quinones and terpenoids. Feroxidin (4, from A. vera) showed slightly higher inhibition (IC
50 = 201.7 ± 0.9 µmol L−1) than myrrhanone C (18, from C. mukul: IC
50 = 210.7 ± 0.0 µmol L−1) and methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate from A. vera (13, IC
50 = 232.9 ± 0.2 µmol L−1) compared to the other compounds. Structure-activity relationship showed that the existence of hydroxyl, methoxy and ether groups might play a major role in countering oxidative stress. To the best of our knowledge, anti-LPO activities of compounds 1–4, 14, 18 and 20 are reported for the first time. Such chemical constituents with high anti-lipid peroxidation activity could be helpful in synthesizing candidate drugs.
Comparison of high-performance thin layer chromatography/UV-densitometry and UV-derivative spectrophotometry for the determination of trimetazidine in pharmaceutical formulations
Authors: Gackowski Marcin , Koba Marcin , Mądra-Gackowska Katarzyna , Kruszewski Stefan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
New methods for assaying trimetazidine dihydrochloride on the basis of thin layer chromatography and spectrophotometry are proposed and compared in the paper. In HPTLC/UV-densitometry, separation is achieved by using a mobile phase composed of ammonia-methanol (30:70, V/V) on silica gel HPTLC plates F254. Quantification using a non-linear calibration curve is accomplished by densito-metric detection at 230 nm. Derivative spectrophotometric determination of trimetazidine dihydrochloride is carried out from the fourth derivative of the absorbance at 233 nm in peak-zero mode. Statistical comparison led to the conclusion that there is no significant difference between the two studied methods and, moreover, that they demonstrate satisfactory accuracy and precision for routine applications.
Marking Sacred Ground through Imported Trees and Medieval European Sculpture at the Washington National Cathedral
Authors: Heavers Nathan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The landscape of the Washington National Cathedral contains a variety of sacred objects imported from Europe and Asia. They include stone sculptures and living flora. Many of the stone objects came from the collection of George Grey Barnard, an American sculptor, trained in Paris, who travelled Europe in the early 20th century purchasing medieval antiquities (Weinberger, 1941). How do we understand these displaced pieces incorporated into this new context? On the one hand, their use in the landscape brings it significance, a physical and tangible connection to the roots of Christianity. On the other hand, they remind us of the relative youth of this sacred landscape and the question of what makes places sacred. Is a place sacred because of something inherent to it or do we mark ordinary ground with significant objects to sanctify it? Largely, the Washington National Cathedral landscape seems to demonstrate the latter approach. Imported objects mark and validate the sacredness of the site from medieval stone archways to significant pairs of trees.
Assessment of Small Sacral Objects in the Senica Region, Slovakia
Authors: Bihuňová Mária , Michalica Adrián 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The sacral objects have great meaning in the cultural landscape in Slovakia. There are several types according to the significance, size and location, which could be identified in the countries, where the major religion is Christianity. The paper deals with the assessment of the sacral objects from architectural and urban point of view and also according to the presence of greenery accompanying the object. The surveyed area was the Senica region, located in the western part of Slovakia. The hidden symbolism and meaning of these objects could be find in their formation and precise placement. The greenery, which was planted by them – the type and number – has also significant meaning. The group of trees draws attention to a small sacral object, which could be noticed from distance, they protect it and support it. There are descriptions and explanations in stories and memories. Obviously, in the past, these objects did not have only symbolic meaning, but also a concrete spiritual significance for society. The field survey was carried out in 2017. Several criteria were evaluated: the location of the objects, the architectural background and the trees inventory.
Reuse of Churches in Urban and Rural Dutch Landscapes
Authors: Netsch Stefan , Gugerell Katharina 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
European churches are confronted with the challenge of finding new uses for their church buildings. Due to a lack of members and income, the maintenance of their buildings cannot be ensured in the future; therefore, new applications and users are to be found. This task poses a considerable challenge, especially in a to a certain extent provincial and conservative country like the Netherlands, where people, even irreligious ones, perceive the church as a building that belongs to them. Besides having to deal with the building in an architectural way, there is a wide range of possibilities for reusing it; for example, community-based or mixed uses, commercial or residential ones. The eventual solution is mainly based on the church’s building type, the influence of the neighborhood, the owner’s financial possibilities, and the location. One of the present study’s main results suggests that uses which serve the community are more likely to be found in rural areas, consequently reflecting the importance of those buildings there.
Employment status and other predictors of mental health and cognitive functions in older Croatian workers
Authors: Bjelajac Adrijana Košćec , Bobić Jasminka , Kovačić Jelena , Varnai Veda Marija , Macan Jelena , Smolić Šime 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine mental health and cognitive functions in older Croatian workers (50–65 years) taking into account their employment status, self-assessed health, and a set of demographic characteristics. We analysed the data collected on 650 older workers (71 % employed) in the Wave 6 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Unemployed workers reported symptoms of loneliness more often than the employed, while in rural areas unemployment was additionally associated with more pronounced symptoms of depression. Feeling of loneliness was also higher in those living without a partner in the household and in those with poorer health. In urban residents symptoms of depression were more severe in women, respondents with higher education, those living without a partner, and those who rated their health as poorer. As for cognitive functions, unemployment significantly predicted poorer subtraction in the rural subsample. Women in general showed less efficient numerical abilities. In the urban subsample poorer numerical abilities were also associated with lower education and living without a partner in the household. Better verbal recall was predicted by higher education and better self-rated memory. Higher scores in verbal fluency were predicted by urban residency and better self-rated health. Our results indicate that the protective factors for good mental health and cognitive functioning in older Croatian workers are being employed, having more education, living with a partner in the household, and being healthier. These findings stress the importance of implementing broader social policy strategies covering employment, education, and health.
Drone and Worker Brood Was Unexpectedly Well Heated Both in Standard-Cell and Small-Cell Comb Colonies
Authors: Olszewski Krzysztof , Borsuk Grzegorz , Dziechciarz Piotr , Wójcik Łukasz , Paleolog Jerzy 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Temperatures of worker- and drone-brood rearing in various hive locations were compared in both colonies kept on small-cell combs (4.90 mm) (SMC) and standard-cell combs (5.50 mm) (STC) in two seasons. Temperatures close to the worker-brood comb placed near the rightmost storage-comb were lower than those near the worker brood in the nest centre but equal to those near the outskirt drone-brood comb (34.37-35.24°C) regardless of the month and the comb-cell size. Temperatures of the brood rearing in the SMC did not differ from those in the STC, independently on the location (center-periphery) and the brood type (drone-worker). Occasionally, they were even higher in the STC near the peripheral drone-brood comb and in the nest centre. We concluded that the drones which are involved in colony reproduction could affect its thermoregulation. The peripheral drone brood can be heated just as well as the worker brood, if the colony is strong enough and has the proper drone-worker ratio. Therefore, it is doubtful whether a higher temperature near the worker brood in the SMC limit the development of the V. destructor population. A lower temperature may not be a factor in encouraging V. destructor females to prefer trap-drone-combs for reproduction in the SMC. Strong field colonies may be especially prone to such behaviour. Therefore, temperature cannot be considered a mechanism of effective Varroa control in SMC.
Impact of armour layer on the depth of scour hole around side-by-side bridge piers under ice-covered flow condition
Authors: Namaee Mohammad Reza , Sui Jueyi 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In the present study, experiments were conducted in a large-scale flume to investigate the issue of local scour around side-by-side bridge piers under both ice-covered and open flow conditions. Three non-uniform sediments were used in this experimental study. Analysis of armour layer in the scour holes around bridge piers was performed to inspect the grain size distribution curves and to study the impact of armour layer on scour depth. Assessments of grain size of deposition ridges at the downstream side of bridge piers have been conducted. Based on data collected in 108 experiments, the independent variables associated with maximum scour depth were assessed. Results indicate that the densi-metric Froude number was the most influential parameter on the maximum scour depth. With the increase in grain size of the armour layer, ice cover roughness and the densimetric Froude number, the maximum scour depth around bridge piers increases correspondingly. Equations have been developed to determine the maximum scour depth around bridge piers under both open flow and ice covered conditions.
Mathematical modeling of shallow-water flows on steep slopes
Authors: Ni Yufang , Cao Zhixian , Liu Qingquan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
A 2D hydrodynamic (labeled as CAR) model has been proposed in a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system with two axes within the horizontal plane and one axis along the vertical direction (global coordinates), considering the effects of bed slope on both pressure distribution and bed shear stresses. The CAR model satisfactorily reproduces the analytical solutions of dam-break flow over a steep slope, while the traditional Saint-Venant Equations (labeled as SVE) significantly overestimate the flow velocity. For flood events with long duration and large mean slope, the CAR and the SVE models present distinguishable discrepancies. Therefore, the proposed CAR model is recommended for applications to real floods for its facility of extending from 1D to 2D version and ability to model shallow-water flows on steep slopes.
Average Word Length from the Diachronic Perspective: The Case of Arabic
Authors: Milička Jiří 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Previous studies based on English, Russian and Ch inese corpora show that the average word length in texts grows steadily across centuries. These findings are in accordance with our results: the average word length in Arabic texts also grows during the analysed time span (8th century to the first half of the 20th century). Our paper shows the detailed statistics of the word length distribution century by century. The dynamics of the average word length correlates with the dynamics of the average word distribution entropy, which encourages an explanation of the phenomenon based on the Shannonian theory of communication.
Unboxing news automation
Authors: Sirén-Heikel Stefanie , Leppänen Leo , Lindén Carl-Gustav , Bäck Asta 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
News automation is an emerging field within journalism, with the potential to transform newswork. Increasing access to data, combined with developing technology, will allow further inquiries into automated journalism. Producing news text using NLG (natural language generation) is currently largely undertaken in specific, predictable news domains, such as sports or finance. This interdisciplinary study investigates how elite media representatives from Finland, Europe and the US imagine the affordances of this emerging technology for their organization. Our analysis shows how the affordances of news automation are imagined as providing efficiency, increasing output and aiding in reallocating resources to pursue quality journalism. The affordances are, however, constrained by such factors as access to structured data, the quality of automation and a lack of relevant skills. In its current form, automated text generation is seen as providing only limited benefits to news organizations that are already imagining further possibilities of automation.
How streaming services make cinema more important
Authors: Gaustad Terje 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The technocultural disruption triggered by digitization has radically changed the way in which we consume films outside cinemas and transformed content providers’ business models. In Norway, between 2010 and 2016, DVD/Bluray and subscription-based streaming services switched places as major and minor platforms for home video consumption. Hence, home video consumption has migrated from a high-yielding platform at the head of the home video release cycle to a low-yielding platform at the tail end, where films also face tougher competition from drama series and international content tends to surpass local content. A case study of the earnings generated by local films released by a major distributor in this period suggests that home video revenues have diminished, making local films much more dependent on theatrical revenues and vulnerable to changes in cinema-going behaviour.
A Foucauldian Analysis on Discourse in Primary School Physical Education Classes in Singapore
Authors: Chung Ho Jin , Leng Ho Keat , Park Chanmin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This study aims to investigate the discourse in physical education (PE) classes among primary school students in Singapore and reveal the distinctive governing epistemological structure. Eight primary school students were interviewed, and an archaeological analysis based on Foucault’s thoughts and works was employed. The findings of this study provided a deeper understanding of PE discourse and offered a unique perspective on the conditions for such discourse to happen. A Foucauldian approach is thus a useful tool for policymakers when designing the PE curriculum and syllabus.