bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Busulfan in the Treatment of Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia. The Effect of Long Term Intermittent Therapy
Authors: HAUT A. , ABBOTT W. S. , WINTROBE M. M. , CARTWRIGHT G. E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The observations made during the administration of 114 courses of busulfan to 30 patients over a period of seven years are recorded. The responses to initial courses of therapy corresponded with those reported previously. With repeated courses of therapy, subjective improvement, the decline in the number of leukocytes, decrease of anemia and the subsidence of physical signs of the disease were as satisfactory as during the first course but tended to appear later. Patients were ambulatory and most were symptomatically and objectively improved during and after repeated courses as compared to their status beforehand.
2. Remissions were longest when the leukocyte values were 10,000 per cu. mm., or less, at the time busulfan was discontinued. Among such patients, remissions of six months or longer were seen in 85 per cent after the initial course of busulfan but in only 19 per cent after fifth or later courses.
3. Evidence of partial resistance to busulfan was seen in some cases after multiple courses of treatment. Complete resistance occurred in 15 patients upon development of the acute, myeloblastic phase of chronic myelocytic leukemia. When busulfan failed, 6-mercaptopurine and colcemide were temporarily of value; x-ray was not of benefit. After the onset of the acute phase. the median survival was three months. This mode of termination is probably no more frequent (50 per cent of cases) since the advent of busulfan therapy than before.
4. If anemia was not relieved, or a large spleen was not reduced 50 per cent in size following a course of therapy, the prognosis was poor and the acute phase imminent.
5. Thrombocytopenia in early, untreated cases was not necessarily a bad sign, nor was the use of busulfan precluded because of it. However, when thrombocytopenia appeared in a previously treated patient, without other evidence indicating busulfan toxicity, or when it occurred in a patient with three or more years of known disease, it usually presaged the development of the terminal acute phase.
6. Side effects of busulfan were significant in only one patient; this man received 8 milligrams daily, double the usual dose, for eight months and developed glossitis, anhydrosis and alopecia totalis. The major hazard in the use of the drug was the occurrence of pancytopenia. This could be related to excessive dosage.
7. Morbidity was clearly decreased. Longevity (median 42 months) was greater than in Minot’s untreated cases (median 31 months) and at least as great as that achieved by treatment with radioactive phosphorus and x-ray (median 32-41 months). Repeated courses of busulfan are considered to offer an effective and practical palliative form of therapy for chronic myclocytic leukemia, up to the time of appearance of the terminal acute myeloblastic phase.
The Effect of Hemorrhage on Plasma Iron Turnover
Authors: GIRVIN EB C. , OOI SENG KAH , WONG STANLEY PI SHU 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The plasma iron turnover rate in rats following a single hemorrhage reaches a maximum in about 48 hours and returns to normal between the seventh and tenth day. There is considerable variation in individual rats in both the maximum rate attained and the time required for recovery. No significant difference in response was observed due to the severity of hemorrhage upon removal of 2.7 to 18 per cent of total red cells.
Inhomogeneities in Alkali-Resistant Hemoglobin. Demonstration of Zone Electrophoretic Differences Using a Cationic Detergent Electrolyte
Authors: HOERMAN KIRK CONKLIN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Trimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride, a cationic active detergent electrolyte, when added to starch gels before electrophoresis, caused selected alteration in the migration rates of alkali-resistant hemoglobin. Other red blood cell pigments were not similarly affected. Electrophoretic inhomogeneity of cord blood and thalassemia hemoglobin was noted. New components of cord blood hemoglobin were revealed by the method. A new component in the hemoglobin of cases of severe thalassemia was demonstrated.
Study of Humoral Factors Regulating the Production of Leukocytes. I. Demonstration of a "Neutropoietin" in the Plasma after Administration of Triamcinolone to Rats
Authors: SHEN SHU CHU , HOSHINO TAKASHI 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups:
Group I. Rats given the triamcinolone daily by gastric catheter all developed neutrophilia accompanied by lymphopenia.
Group II. Rats given daily intraperitoneal injections of plasma from normal rats manifested no significant alteration in the peripheral blood elements.
Group III. Rats given daily intraperitoneal injections of plasma from rats given triamcinolone invariably developed neutrophilia without lymphopenia.
Studies of the bone marrow of these groups at the end of the experiments revealed increased myeloid:erythroid ratios in Groups I and III but not II.
It is therefore believed that this experiment suggests the existence of a neutrophilia-promoting factor in the plasma following the administration of triamcinolone.
An Attempt to Produce Hypersplenism in the Dog, Using Methylcellulose
Authors: WEISSMAN S. M. , WALDMANN T. A. , LEVIN E. , BERLIN N. I. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
(1) Hematological and histopathologic changes were studied in dogs and rats after infusions of solutions of methylcellulose.
(2) After 4 to 8 weeks of daily intravenous infusions of 0.6 Gm. of 400 centipoise methylcellulose, the dogs developed moderate anemia with a reduction of the mean red cell volume to 27 ± 4 cc./Kg., compared with 38.6 ± 3 cc./Kg. in the controls, and a reduction in the apparent red cell life span studied with Cr51 from 24 ± 3 days in the controls to 18 ± 3 in the treated animals.
(3) Following the infusions in the dog there was an increase of the mean blood urea nitrogen from 15 mg. per cent to 96 mg. per cent, with only a small increase in the rat.
(4) At necropsy there was foamy cytoplasmic vacuolization throughout the reticuloendothelial systems of both rat and dog. In the dog, the spleens were pale and moderately enlarged. Large cells with vacuolized cytoplasm largely replaced the normal structures of this organ. In the markedly enlarged rat spleen there were islands of methylcellulose-filled cells, surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes and strikingly engorged red pulp.
In the rat there was vacuolization of the renal glomerular cells but no significant change in the tubules or interstitial tissue. In the dogs sacrificed one week after the termination of the methylcellulose infusions, foamy cytoplasmic distention of the glomeruli and interstitial cells and tubular dilatation and cyst formation were noted. Progressive fibrosis and hyalinization of the glomerulus and fibrosis and calcification and lymphocytic infiltration of the interstitial tissue were seen in the kidneys of dogs sacrificed from 3 months to 3 years after termination of the methylcellulose infusions.
(5) Although methylcellulose infusions produce splenomegaly and anemia in the dog, the associated uremia precludes this preparation as a model for the study of hypersplenism.
Hematologic Findings in Children Exposed to A-Bomb Radiation In Utero in Hiroshima
Authors: TAKAMURA TSUGISO , UEDA SHOICHI 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Hematologic findings in in utero atomic bomb irradiated and nonirradiated children of Hiroshima between the years 1950 to 1957 have been compared, and no changes peculiar to the irradiated group were found.
2. Despite several predisposing factors in Japan toward the development of iron deficiency in children, overt anemia was rare and distribution of hemoglobin levels was only slightly lower than those reported in American and European children.
3. Leukocyte levels, irrespective of age of the children, were found to be progressively falling in the children of Hiroshima, whether or not exposure to irradiation had occurred. Thus, by 1957 the values were distinctly lower than those reported for normal children in Japan and the United States. No cause for this change was apparent.
Staining of Leukocytes by the Tetrazolium Method: Correlation of Results with the Leukocyte Count and with the Clinical Classification
Authors: MARCUSE PETER M. , COCHRAN JOAN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
(1) A method is described for the supravital staining of leukocytes with neotetrazolium chloride, using EDTA as the anticoagulant.
(2) The reaction, as demonstrated by this method, is not dependent on any particular substrate and cannot be regarded as a function of specific dehydrogenase. It permits, however, the direct visualization of endogenous reductase activity.
(3) The results, expressed as the percentage of leukocytes stained, show a relation to leukocytosis. Readings below 20 per cent are infrequently obtained with nonleukemic specimens when the leukocyte count exceeds 13,000/cu.mm. In leukemia low ratings are the rule, even in the presence of a high white blood count. In other diseases, including malignant lymphomas, the number of stained cells roughly parallels the elevation of the white blood count.
Hereditary Methemoglobinemia: A New Variant Exhibiting Dominant Inheritance of Methemoglobin A
Authors: TOWNES PHILIP L. , LOVELL GEORGE R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A case of dominantly inherited methemoglobinemia is described.
2. Despite the pattern of autosomal dominant inheritance, the hemoglobin is thus far indistinguishable from methemoglobin A and is considered to be normal rather than one of the subtypes of hemoglobin M.
3. The primary defect is one in which there is a decreased capacity to reduce methemoglobin via the normal glucose dependent pathway.
4. The nature of the specific defect remains to be more completely elucidated but is considered not to result from a deficiency of TPN or DPN methemoglobin reductase.
5. Hereditary methemoglobinemia and hemoglobin M disease are reviewed.
Phospholipid Accumulation in Histiocytes of Splenic Pulp Associated with Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Authors: SALTZSTEIN SIDNEY L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Accumulation of a lipid, histochemically a phospholipid, in the histiocytes of the splenic pulp was observed in seven patients with thrombocytopenic purpura. Six had classical idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura with abundant megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. Splenectomy resulted in clinical and hematologic remissions in four of these six, continued thrombocytopenia in the fifth, and in the continued requirement of corticosteroid to maintain a reasonably normal platelet count in the sixth. The seventh patient, who died shortly after splenectomy, had marked hypoplasia of megakaryocytes. Similar lipid accumulation was not seen in more than 700 other spleens, removed for a variety of reasons, reviewed in this study. Platelet phagocytosis has been suggested as a source of the lipid.
On the Possibility of Cure of Malignant Lymphoid Tumors. I. Treatment of Autochthonous Lymphoid Tumors in C57BL Mice with Massive Doses of Lymphocytolytic Agents
Authors: KAPLAN HENRY S. , NAGAREDA C. SUSAN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Strain C57B1 mice in which thymic lymphosarcomas had been induced with total-body X-radiation were treated, at various times in the course of tumor development, with either hydrocortisone or local X-irradiation. Their survival was compared with that of placebo-treated controls. In other sacrificed control groups, the incidence and extent of lymphoma development at the time of treatment was established by microscopic examination.
Treatment with single massive doses of hydrocortisone or local thymic X-irradiation at 50 or 100 days after lymphoma induction resulted in permanent cure of half or more of the animals. For a given dose, hydrocortisone was equally effective when given at any time interval up to 100 days after the start of lymphoma induction. However, the therapeutic efficacy of hydrocortisone was a significant function of hormone dose, over the range 0.3 to 3.0 mg. In addition to the cure of many animals, significant prolongation of life was noted in animals dying of lymphomas in all of the treated groups.
Synthesis of M Protein by Mouse Myeloma Tumor: Correlation of In Vitro and In Vivo Methods
Authors: TRUAX WAYNE E. , BRAY JUANITA P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. In vitro incubation of Potter-Pilgrim No. 5563 and No. 5647 mouse myeloma tumors with tritiated-d,l-leucine produced demonstrable radioactivity in the respective myeloma proteins.
2. In vivo inoculation of H3-d,l-leucine in tumor bearing animals showed similar incorporation and in addition showed incorporation of radioactivity into albumin and alpha globulin.
3. It is suggested that the in vitro studies better serve to identify the isolated tissue function in protein synthesis.
4. Mouse myeloma studies confirm previous results in human multiple myeloma and indicate that in vitro incubation of protein producing tissues with H3-d,l-leucine can demonstrate protein synthesis.
Leukocytic Alkaline Phosphatase in Busulfan Induced Remissions of Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia
Authors: XEFTERIS E. , MITUS W. J. , MEDNICOFF I. B. , DAMESHEK WILLIAM 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The alkaline phosphatase content of mature neutrophils, characteristically low in chronic granulocytic leukemia, became normal in 7 of 12 cases developing full initial remissions as a result of Myleran therapy. The alkaline phosphatase content was also found to be normal in 2 further cases in which these enzyme levels were first estimated with the patients already in full remission. The data presented suggest that the return of the alkaline phosphatase level to normality may presage a lengthy remission.
Hemolysis In Vitro and the Anemia of Leukemia
Authors: CROSBY WILLIAM H. , VULLO CALOGERO , GARRIGA SERGIO 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Autohemolysis occurs in vitro in the blood of some patients with leukemia and other disseminated neoplastic diseases. It is known that patients with such diseases are frequently anemic and hemolytic disease frequently contributes to the anemia. The present study has demonstrated that the in vitro autohemolytic phenomenon is not necessarily associated with a short red cell life span. This suggests that the abnormality does not damage the red cells while they are in the circulation.
The Use of FE59 and CR51 for Estimating Red Cell Production and Destruction: An Interpretive Review
Authors: STOHLMAN FREDERICK 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In surveying some of the limitations of studies with Cr51 and Fe59 my purpose has been not to deny their usefulness but to put them in perspective. These technics have made possible many extensions of the fundamental understanding of red cell physiology and iron metabolism. They will continue to be valuable experimental tools. It is hoped that if some of the limitations of isotope technics are considered, the non-experimental use of these isotopes will be confined to situations in which otherwise unavailable information of diagnostic or therapeutic importance can be obtained. Unfortunately isotope technics are used when more conventional means would be adequate or even preferable. An extreme example is the suggestion24 that repeated Fe59 turnover studies might be used to determine the total dose of parenteral iron (as Imferon or saccharated iron oxide) to be given in iron deficiency anemia, pointing out that in so doing the possibility of iatrogenic hemochromatosis could be avoided. The usual calculations for determining dose25 however are not only safer but more accurate.
The use of Fe59 and Cr51 entails some risk, the main hazards being hepatitis, with the use of donor plasma or cells, and the possibility of untoward effects from radiation. An estimate of the risk of hepatitis can be gained from its incidence after transfusion. The radiation hazard is more difficult to assess. Leukemia has occurred after large doses of radiation but the extent of the radiation hazard is unknown from the much smaller doses of radiation employed in the usual isotopes studies. Certainly the risk is not such as to preclude the use of isotopes to obtain information essential for diagnosis. However, when such information can be obtained by other means or when results cannot be adequately interpreted, the use of isotopes in clinical medicine appears unwarranted. In considering the use of isotopes in the doubtful case, the dose of radiation to be delivered should not be thought of as an isolated event but rather as adding to a total radiation dose, which as shown by the British survey28 may be appreciable.
Repeated Plasmapheresis of Blood Donors As a Source of Platelets
Authors: KLIMAN ALLAN , GAYDOS LAWRENCE A. , SCHROEDER LESLIE R. , FREIREICH EMIL J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Repeated plasmapheresis with simple plastic equipment was performed on six normal donors for the purpose of obtaining platelet-rich-plasma. Plasmapheresis was performed at rates of up to 1000 ml. of plasma per week for periods up to three months. The six donors produced a total of 26.5 liters of platelet-rich-plasma, an amount which would have requried 106 separate blood donations had conventional means been used.
No significant changes in hemoglobin, platelets or white cells were observed in the donors and serum protein depletion was minimal. No reactions to intensive plasmapheresis were encountered even when the procedure was abruptly terminated. Repeated donor plasmapheresis is a convenient method for producing large amounts of platelet-rich-plasma and affords a practical means of controlling donor factors in platelet transfusion studies.
The Colchicine Method in the Study of Bone Marrow Cell Proliferation
Authors: CARDINALI GIUSEPPE , CARDINALI GIULIANA , AGRIFOGLIO MARIA F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The rate of metaphase accumulation in the bone marrow cells of AKR mice treated with colchicine was investigated. The influence of this alkaloid on the differential count of the bone marrow cells in these animals was also studied. It was demonstrated that the stathmokinetic effect of colchicine on the bone marrow cells started almost immediately after the administration of the drug. The number of arrested metaphases increased linearly from one-half hour to six hours after the injection of colchicine, and then fell rapidly.
In rats injected with colchicine, the changes in the bone marrow concentration of this compound were followed for eight hours. The colchicine concentrations increased from the first to the fourth hour, and then fell rapidly, reaching the zero level at the eighth hour.
From the results obtained, it appeared that four hours post-injection was the most convenient time for the study of the bone marrow proliferative activity by the colchicine method when 1.2 mg./Kg. of colchicine per body weight was used. The fact that four hours after the injection, a mild decrease in the percentage of mature bone marrow granulocytes was found, may represent a limiting factor, which is, however, of moderate importance in the application of this technic.
pH Dependent Hemolytic Systems. III. The Physical Properties of the Serum Factors Involved, with Some Observations on Their Occurrence in Various Disease States in Man
Authors: YACHNIN STANLEY , GARDNER FRANK H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Agglutinins for various artificially altered red blood cells belong to the class of 19S macroglobulins, which migrate electrophoretically as fast gamma or slow beta globulins. The agglutinin activity of serum for altered red cells is readily destroyed by sulfhydryl compounds. Hemolysins for altered red cells are not readily recoverable from serum fractions prepared by starch block electrophoresis or density gradient ultracentrifugation, but, when present, are found to have the same properties. This information lends credence to the concept of these serum factors as examples of "natural antibody," although the stimulus to their formation is not understood.
The sera from patients with various types of hemolytic anemias and various dysproteinemias including macroglobulinemia were found to contain normal amounts of altered red cell agglutinins and hemolysins.
The sera from three patients with congenital agammaglobulinemia were studied. Two of these sera contained agglutinins and hemolysins for altered red blood cells, as well as isohemolysins and isoagglutinins. The significance of this finding is discussed.
The "T" agglutinin and the agglutinin for periodate-treated red cells, both of which are macroglobulins, have been shown by other workers to be absent from newborn sera. Their inability to cross the placenta can be explained by their large size.
Influence of Spleen on Thrombocytopenia Induced by Humoral Factor(s) of Experimental Hypersplenism
Authors: PÉREZ-TAMAYO RUY , MEJIA SILVIA , MONTFORT IRMGARD 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The influence of the spleen on the thrombocytopenia induced in normal rats by intragastric administration of humoral factor or factors [HF(s)] was studied. Splenectomized rats showed the same thrombocytopenia associated with administration of HF(s) as rats with intact spleen. Thrombocytopenia established by two separate and disconnected periods of intragastric administration of HF(s) and followed by splenectomy was not modified. It is concluded that the spleen is not required by HF(s) to induce thrombocytopenia in the normal rat, and also that the spleen does not participate in the maintenance of thrombocytopenia observed after discontinuation of HF(s).
S-C Hemoglobin: A Clinical Study
Authors: RIVER GEORGE L. , ROBBINS ANITA B. , SCHWARTZ STEVEN O. , Feldhake Charlotte 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Seventy-five cases of S-C hemoglobin disease were studied, ranging in age from 14 months to 66 years.
2. Pain in the splenic area was the most common presenting complaint, splenomegaly being readily demonstrable in about two-thirds of the cases.
3. Hematuria, epistaxes and concomitant infections occurred with sufficient frequency to suggest a relationship to the underlying S-C disease.
4. Pregancy was tolerated fairly well.
5. Although a number of clinical and hematologic features are suggestive of S-C disease, the diagnosis must still be based on electrophoretic studies of the hemoglobin.
Porphyrin Concentration and Myeloperoxydase Activity in the Tissues of the Shay Chloroma of the Rat
Authors: KELÉNYI GABRIEL , PONGRATZ JULIUS , ORBAN STEPHEN , DEAK GEORG 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Previous investigations have shown that when cells of the Shay chloro-leukemia of the rat are inoculated into animals of different age subcutaneously, intraperitoneally or intravenously, various forms of chloromatous and leukemic processes develop.
In the present studies, the porphyrin concentration and the myeloperoxydase activity of these various forms were studied by quantitative methods.
It was found that the porphyrin concentration and the myeloperoxydase activity of the tissues show an inverse relationship; i.e., in tissues with high myeloperoxydase activity, porphyrin concentration was low and in those with low myeloperoxydase activity, the porphyrin concentration was high.
Possible causes of the reverse relationship of the two components of the chloroleukemic tissues are discussed.