bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small Molecules Make a Big Difference: A Solvent‐Controlled Strategy for Building Robust Conductive Network Structures in High‐Capacity Electrode Composites
Authors: Fu Xuewei , Wang Yu , Tuba James , Scudiero Louis , Zhong Wei‐Hong 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBuilding robust conductive network with polysulfides adsorption function in sulfur cathode composites is critical for lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries. Here, a very viable approach to realize this goal is reported. Only with the aid of a co‐solvent (acetic acid) of water, an advanced conductive network is established in the sulfur cathode without any additional treatment on the pristine materials. It is found that acetic acid surprisingly acts as an advanced co‐solvent and dispersant that can tune the chain structures of the binders and the surface properties of conductive agent and sulfur particles. Consequently, it notably strengthens the interactions among all the components, and helps build a functional and robust conductive network. The mechanical properties studied via rheological method and the electrochemical performance of the sulfur composites all are significantly enhanced compared with the counterpart using water as the solvent that has been traditionally viewed as a good solvent for preparing sulfur cathode with aqueous binders. This study reveals that the mixture of acetic acid and water is an effective solvent system for preparing high‐performance sulfur cathodes, and demonstrates that the rheological method is an important tool for characterizing mechanical properties of the electrode composites.
Nanosheet‐Assembled Hierarchical Carbon Nanoframeworks Bearing a Multiactive Center for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: He Ting , Ni Bing , Ou Yangchen , Lin Haifeng , Zhang Simin , Li Chaozhong , Zhuang Jing , Hu Wenping , Wang Xun 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDesigning noble metal‐free electrocatalysts with novel structure and high performance for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has been long pursued in many electrochemical energy storage and conversion technologies but remains a great challenge. Here, a novel zirconium‐porphyrin metal–organic framework (MOF) hierarchical nanoframework structure assembled by nanosheets is synthesized. Subsequent pyrolysis and acid etching of such material generates N‐doped hierarchical graphitic carbon nanoframework (N‐GCF) equipped with M‐N4 units. The N‐GCF catalyst demonstrates high ORR activity and stability with large diffusion‐limited current density (6.19 mA cm−2) and half‐wave potential (0.83 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode), which is one of the best carbon‐based ORR catalysts in basic electrolyte. Systematic experiments and characterizations reveal that favorable internal spaces and pores, unique hierarchical structure, and numerous nitrogen‐doped and metal‐N4 species synergistically contribute to the remarkably enhanced catalytic activity for ORR. This work is expected to expand the toolbox for the design and synthesis of MOF‐derived functional materials for electrochemical applications.
Multimodal Becoming: Literacy in and Beyond the Classroom
Authors: Lenters Kimberly 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe author explores the possibilities that posthumanist thinking offers for amplifying our understanding of multimodality in children's literacies in school and beyond. Drawing on data from a five‐month case study on the multimodal literacy practices of six fifth‐grade students across home, community, and school settings, the author focuses on one 10‐year‐old student. The author uses the student's engagement with graphic novels as a starting place for considering what students’ entanglements with multimodal literacies beyond the classroom can teach us about multimodality in classrooms. The author first discusses multimodality as it is typically framed and then puts this framing into conversation with posthumanist perspectives on literacy learning to open up considerations of what counts as multimodality. Finally, the author discusses ways that thinking with posthumanist concepts such as affect, embodiment, relationship, movement, and place can enhance both multimodal literacy instruction and students’ engagement with literacy.
Lessons from Australian Water Reforms: Indigenous and Environmental Values in Market-Based Water Regulation
Authors: Macpherson Elizabeth , O’Donnell Erin , Godden Lee , O’Neill Lily 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe Australian model of water governance is considered one of the most effective, efficient and resilient approaches to designing and implementing water governance. In place since the early 1990s, the Australian approach is a hybrid governance system involving collaborative planning of water resources together with market mechanisms and statutory regulation. However, in implementing the model, successive reforms have yet to completely redress the historical exclusion of Aboriginal peoples from water law frameworks, and have struggled to account for the needs of a healthy and sustainable aquatic environment. In this chapter we examine the trajectory of water law and policy reform in Australia, including two of the most recent developments: the push to intensify water development in the northern Australian White Paper and the collaborative planning approach set in the Water for Victoria policy. Our study of the incremental and evolving Australian water law reforms highlights the difficulty of ensuring fairness in the operation of hybrid governance systems for water regulation, and reveals important lessons for international policy-makers embarking on and implementing water reforms in their own jurisdictions. From its inception, strategic planning for innovative water law reform must be supported by meaningful engagement with Indigenous peoples, and embed Indigenous and environmental values and rights in water planning and governance.
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome After Distal Radius Fracture Is Uncommon and Is Often Associated With Fibromyalgia
Authors: Crijns Tom J. , van der Gronde Bonheur A. T. D. , Ring David , Leung Nina 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Background
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is frequently diagnosed in patients recovering from surgery or injury. The symptoms and signs included in consensus diagnostic criteria for CRPS are expected after injury. Categorizing symptoms and signs that occur on a continuum as disproportionate or not is subjective and prone to bias. Psychiatrists and psychologists do not diagnose CRPS and instead measure and treat anxiety and catastrophic thinking on its continuum. Given the expected variation in subjective diagnoses such as CRPS, this study addresses factors associated with use of this diagnosis and how it influences care.

Questions/purposes
(1) Among patients recovering from fracture of the distal radius, what factors are associated with the diagnosis of CRPS? (2) Are patients diagnosed with CRPS after distal radius fractures, as opposed to those without CRPS, more likely to have a bone scan, stellate ganglion block, therapy, or subsequent surgery?

Methods
Using the Truven database, we identified 59,765 patients treated for a distal radius fracture from 2012 to 2014, of whom 114 (0.19%) were diagnosed with CRPS. The Truven Health MarketScan database is an administrative claims data set of commercially insured patients and this analysis only included patients with complete enrollment from 2012 through 2014. Bivariate analyses sought differences between patients diagnosed with and patients not diagnosed with CRPS. All factors with p < 0.05 were included in a multivariable logistic regression model.

Results
The covariates older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.029; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.011-1.048; p = 0.002), gender (women at greater risk, OR, 3.86; CI, 1.99-7.49; p < 0.001), concomitant fracture of the distal ulna (OR, 1.54; CI, 1.05-2.23; p = 0.029), open fracture (OR, 0.414; CI, 0.192-0.895; p = 0.025), and comorbid fibromyalgia (OR, 16.0; CI, 4.92-51.8; p < 0.001) were independently associated with a diagnosis of CRPS among patients recovering from a fracture of the distal radius. Patients diagnosed with CRPS are more likely than other patients with a distal radius fracture to have had a bone scan (OR, 66.0; CI, 8.19-532; p < 0.001), physical or occupational therapy (OR, 3.89; CI, 2.68-5.67; p < 0.001), and subsequent wrist surgery (OR, 2.52; CI, 1.65-3.84; p < 0.001). No one had a stellate ganglion injection.

Conclusions
We found that a coded diagnosis of CPRS is uncommonly applied to patients on the higher range of pain, stiffness, and limitations after fracture of the distal radius—most commonly in women and in association with another nonspecific, objectively unverifiable diagnosis (fibromyalgia)—and that this label may lead to more testing and invasive treatment. Future research should address the utility and value of diagnoses that create subjective categories for aspects of human illness that occur on a continuum.

Level of Evidence
Level III, prognostic study
Neuroprotective effect of tanshinone IIA against neuropathic pain in diabetic rats through the Nrf2/ARE and NF‐κB signaling pathways
Authors: Feng Fa‐Bo , Qiu Hai‐Yan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe study aims to investigate whether tanshinone (TSN) IIA affects diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) via the Nrf2/AR and NF‐κB signaling pathways. Rats were randomly assigned into DNP group, TSN group (injected with TSN IIA), TSN + DRB group (injected with TSN IIA and 15 mg/kg Nrf2/ARE inhibitors), TSN + PDTC group (injected with TSN IIA and 60 mg/kg NF‐κB inhibitors) or control group. The first four groups were successfully established as DNP models after injection of streptozotocin. The blood glucose level, mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT), thermal withdrawal latency (TWL), nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and antioxidase level were detected. Transmission electron microscopy and toluidine blue staining were utilized to observe the sciatic nerve. RT‐qPCR and western blot were used to measure expression levels of Nrf2/ARE and NF‐κB signaling pathway‐related genes. Blood glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA) and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) levels as well as expression of Keap1 and NF‐κB were increased in the TSN, TSN + DRB and TSN + PDTC groups compared to control group. Furthermore, the MWT, TWL, NVC, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and expression of Nrf2, heme oxygenase 1 (HO‐1) and inhibitory kappa B (IκB) decreased in the treatment groups. The TSN + DRB and TSN + PDTC groups showed similar trend when compared with the TSN group, while the opposite trend was observed in the TSN group when compared with the DNP group. Our study demonstrates that TSN IIA alleviates neuropathic pain by activating the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway and inhibiting the NF‐κB signaling pathway in diabetic rats.
Carbon Isotopes (δ13C and Δ14C) in Shell Carbonate, Conchiolin, and Soft Tissues in Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea Virginica)
Authors: Hadden Carla S , Loftis Kathy M , Cherkinsky Alexander 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBiogeochemical analyses of eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) are frequently included in environmental monitoring and paleoecological studies because their shells and soft tissues record environmental and dietary signals. Carbon isotopes in the mineral phase of the shell are derived from ambient bicarbonate and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), while organic carbon present in soft tissue is of dietary origin. Mineral-bound organic matter within the carbonate shell matrix (“conchiolin”) is studied less frequently. The purpose of this study was to compare carbon isotope composition (δ13C and Δ14C) of conchiolin to those of shell carbonates and soft tissues in eastern oysters and assess the extent to which conchiolin can provide insight into paleoecological records. Eleven oyster specimens were live-collected from Apalachicola Bay, USA, as well as a set of environmental samples (water, sediment, and terrestrial plants). Overall, the δ13C values in all studied oyster tissue types record environmental signals related to carbon sources, with conchiolin being enriched in13C by an average of 2.3‰ relative to bulk soft tissues. Δ14C values in oyster shell carbonates generally reflect the marine versus riverine source of DIC, while conchiolin Δ14C values are impacted by variable relative contributions of young and old organic matter. Environmental samples indicate a significantly large difference in Δ14C among sources, from –127‰ in particulate organic matter to approximately +15‰ in DIC. Conchiolin is significantly depleted in14C relative to other tissue types, by as much as 56.6‰, posing a major obstacle to the use of conchiolin as an alternative material for radiocarbon dating.
In SituScanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Observations of Damage and Crack Growth of Shale
Authors: Cui Zhendong , Han Weige 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTo better understand the formation and evolution of hierarchical crack networks in shales, observations of microscopic damage, and crack growth were conducted using anin situtensile apparatus inside a scanning electron microscope. An arched specimen with an artificial notch incised into the curved edge was shown to afford effective observation of the damage and crack growth process that occurs during the brittle fracturing of shale. Because this arched specimen design can induce a squeezing effect, reducing the tensile stress concentration at the crack tip, and preventing the brittle shale from unstable fracturing to some extent. Both induced and natural pores and cracks were observed at different scales around the main crack path or on fractured surfaces. Observations indicate that the crack initiation zone develops around the crack tip where tensile stresses are concentrated and micro/nanoscale cracks nucleate. Crack advancement generally occurs by the continuous generation and coalescence of damage zones having intermittent en echelon microscopic cracks located ahead of the crack tips. Mineral anisotropy and pressure build-up around crack tips causes crack kinking, deflection, and branching. Crack growth is often accompanied by the cessation or closure of former branch cracks due to elastic recovery and induced compressive stress. The branching and interactions of cracks form a three-dimensional hierarchical network that includes induced branch cracks having similar paths, as well as natural structures such as nanopores, bedding planes, and microscopic cracks.
Psychophysiological Responses to Stress Related to Anxiety in Healthy Aging
Authors: Adorni Roberta , Brugnera Agostino , Gatti Alessia , Tasca Giorgio A. , Sakatani Kaoru , Compare Angelo 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The aim of the study was to explore the effects of situational stress and anxiety in a group of healthy elderly, both in terms of psychophysiological correlates and cognitive performance. Eighteen participants ( Mage = 70 ± 6.3; range 60–85) were assessed for anxiety and were instructed to perform a computerized math task, under both a stressful and a control condition, while near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) signal and electrocardiography (ECG) were recorded. NIRS results evidenced an increased activation of right PFC during the entire procedure, even if effect sizes between left and right channels were larger during the experimental condition. The amount of right activation during the stressful condition was positively correlated with anxiety. Response times (RTs) were slower in more anxious than in less anxious individuals, both during the control and stressful conditions. Accuracy was lower in more anxious than in less anxious individuals, only during the stressful condition. Moreover, heart rate (HR) was not modulated by situational stress, nor by anxiety. Overall, the present study suggests that in healthy elderly, anxiety level has a significant impact on cerebral responses, and both on the amount of cognitive resources and the quality of performance in stressful situations.
Phytoplankton Do Not Produce Carbon‐Rich Organic Matter in High CO2 Oceans
Authors: Kim Ja‐Myung , Lee Kitack , Suh Young‐Sang , Han In‐Seong 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe ocean is a substantial sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) released as a result of human activities. Over the coming decades the dissolved inorganic C concentration in the surface ocean is predicted to increase, which is expected to have a direct influence on the efficiency of C utilization (consumption and production) by phytoplankton during photosynthesis. Here we evaluated the generality of C‐rich organic matter production by examining the elemental C:N ratio of organic matter produced under conditions of varying pCO2. The data used in this analysis were obtained from a series of pelagic in situ pCO2 perturbation studies that were performed in the diverse ocean regions and involved natural phytoplankton assemblages. The C:N ratio of the resulting particulate and dissolved organic matter did not differ across the range of pCO2 conditions tested. In particular, the ratio for particulate organic C and N was found to be 6.58 ± 0.05, close to the theoretical value of 6.6.
The Principal Hugoniot of Forsterite to 950 GPa
Authors: Root Seth , Townsend Joshua P. , Davies Erik , Lemke Raymond W , Bliss David E. , Fratanduono Dayne E. , Kraus Richard G. , Millot Marius , Spaulding Dylan K. , Shulenburger Luke , Stewart Sarah T. , Jacobsen Stein B. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractForsterite (Mg2SiO4) single crystals were shock compressed to pressures between 200 and 950 GPa using independent plate‐impact steady shocks and laser‐driven decaying shock compression experiments. Additionally, we performed density functional theory‐based molecular dynamics to aid interpretation of the experimental data and to investigate possible phase transformations and phase separations along the Hugoniot. We show that the experimentally obtained Hugoniot cannot distinguish between a pure liquid Mg2SiO4and an assemblage of solid MgO plus liquid magnesium silicate. The measured reflectivity is nonzero and increases with pressure, which implies that the liquid is a poor electrical conductor at low pressures and that the conductivity increases with pressure.
Ionospheric Responses to CME‐ and CIR‐Driven Geomagnetic Storms Along 30°E–40°E Over the African Sector From 2001 to 2015
Authors: Matamba Tshimangadzo Merline , Habarulema John Bosco 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we present the responses of the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) to coronal mass ejection (CME)‐ and corotating interaction region (CIR)‐driven storms using stations that lie within 30°E–40°E geographic longitude in middle, low, and equatorial latitudes over the African sector. CIR‐driven storms are generally weak (−50 nT < Dst < −25 nT) to moderate (−100 nT < Dst < −50 nT) in intensity, while CME‐driven storms are often associated with the intense (Dst < −100 nT) geomagnetic storms. CIR‐driven storms have long recovery phase as compared to CME‐driven storms. CME‐ and CIR‐driven storms were classified based on the features of proton temperature, magnetic field, solar wind speed, and proton density. The storm periods analyzed occurred during the period 2001–2015, which covers part of solar cycles 23 and 24. Disturbance storm time (Dst) ≤ −30 nT and Kp ≥ 3 indices were used simultaneously to identify the storm periods considered. The total number of CME‐ and CIR‐driven storms identified was 148 and 167, respectively. However, due to lack of TEC data, the number of CME‐ and CIR‐driven storms considered for the middle‐latitude, low‐latitude, and equatorial latitude stations are different for different regions. TEC data used in this study was derived from the Global Navigation Satellite System observations. The statistical analysis of ionospheric storm effects were compared over middle, low, and equatorial latitudes in the African sector for the first time. Negative ionospheric storm effects occurred only during CME‐driven storms over midlatitude stations and were more prevalent in summer. For the low and equatorial latitudes, negative ionospheric storm effects were observed during both CME‐ and CIR‐driven storms. Our analysis has shown that positive ionospheric storm effects were more prevalent over middle, low, and equatorial latitudes during both CME‐ and CIR‐driven storms. A significant number of cases where the electron density changes remained within the background variability during storm conditions were observed over the low‐latitude stations compared to other latitude regions.
Plant Regrowth as a Driver of Recent Enhancement of Terrestrial CO2 Uptake
Authors: Kondo Masayuki , Ichii Kazuhito , Patra Prabir K. , Poulter Benjamin , Calle Leonardo , Koven Charles , Pugh Thomas A. M. , Kato Etsushi , Harper Anna , Zaehle Sönke , Wiltshire Andy 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe increasing strength of land CO2 uptake in the 2000s has been attributed to a stimulating effect of rising atmospheric CO2 on photosynthesis (CO2 fertilization). Using terrestrial biosphere models, we show that enhanced CO2 uptake is induced not only by CO2 fertilization but also an increasing uptake by plant regrowth (accounting for 0.33 ± 0.10 Pg C/year increase of CO2 uptake in the 2000s compared with the 1960s–1990s) with its effect most pronounced in eastern North America, southern‐eastern Europe, and southeastern temperate Eurasia. Our analysis indicates that ecosystems in North America and Europe have established the current productive state through regrowth since the 1960s, and those in temperate Eurasia are still in a stage from regrowth following active afforestation in the 1980s–1990s. As the strength of model representation of CO2 fertilization is still in debate, plant regrowth might have a greater potential to sequester carbon than indicated by this study.
Upper Atmosphere Heating From Ocean‐Generated Acoustic Wave Energy
Authors: Bowman D. C. , Lees J. M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractColliding sea surface waves generate the ocean microbarom, an acoustic signal that may transmit significant energy to the upper atmosphere. Previous estimates of acoustic energy flux from the ocean microbarom and mountain‐wind interactions are on the order of 0.01 to 1 mW/m2, heating the thermosphere by tens of Kelvins per day. We captured upgoing ocean microbarom waves with a balloon‐borne infrasound microphone; the maximum acoustic energy flux was approximately 0.05 mW/m2. This is about half the average value reported in previous ground‐based microbarom observations spanning 8 years. The acoustic flux from the microbarom episode described here may have heated the thermosphere by several Kelvins per day while the source persisted. We suggest that ocean wave models could be used to parameterize acoustically generated heating of the upper atmosphere based on sea state.