bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Host genotype and infection status interact to shape microbiomes in Daphnia magna
Authors: Rajarajan Amruta , Decaestecker Ellen , Bulteel Lore , Walser Jean-Claude , Spaak Piet , Wolinska Justyna 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Host–bacterial communities (microbiomes) are influenced by a wide range of factors including host genotype and parasite exposure. However, few studies disentangle temporal and host-genotype-specific variation in microbiome response to infection across several host tissues. We experimentally exposed the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna to its fungal parasite Metschnikowia bicuspidata and characterized changes in host–bacterial communities associated with the parasite's development within the host. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to assess bacterial communities of the host (a) 24 h (‘initial parasite exposure’) and (b) 10 days (‘successful infection’) after exposure to a standard dose of M. bicuspidata spores, in host guts, body tissue (excluding guts) and whole individuals. We also investigated whether bacterial community responses to parasite exposure varied by host genotype.
Parasite exposure did not immediately alter host gut bacterial communities, but drove host-genotype-specific changes in the bacterial community composition of whole individuals. We validated that these changes were not driven by shifts in bacterial communities of the culturing medium, due to the addition of the parasite spore solution. Successful infection (i.e. the proliferation of M. bicuspidata spores in the host body) reduced alpha diversity and shifted abundance of dominant bacterial orders in the gut. Moreover, it induced a host-genotype-specific changes in body bacterial community composition. Overall, bacterial community responses to parasite exposure and subsequent infection are complex: they occur in a host-genotype-dependent manner, differentially at distinct timepoints after parasite exposure, and in specific host tissue.
A new blood parasite of the accentor birds: description, molecular characterization, phylogenetic relationships and distribution
Authors: Valkiūnas Gediminas , Iezhova Tatjana A. , Duc Mélanie , Dunn Jenny C. , Bensch Staffan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Haemoproteus bobricklefsi sp. nov. (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae) was found in the dunnock Prunella modularis and represents the first blood parasite described in accentor birds of the Prunellidae. The description is based on the morphology of blood stages and includes information about a barcoding segment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (lineage hDUNNO01) and the full mitochondrial genome, which can be used for identification and diagnosis of this infection. The new parasite can be readily distinguished from described species of haemoproteids parasitizing passeriform birds due to markedly variable position of nuclei in advanced and fully grown macrogametocytes. Illustrations of blood stages of the new species are given, and phylogenetic analyses based on partial mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences and the full mitochondrial genome identified the closely related lineages. DNA haplotype networks showed that transmission occurs in Europe and North America. This parasite was found in the dunnock in Europe and several species of the Passerellidae in North America. It is probably of Holarctic distribution, with the highest reported prevalence in the UK. The parasite distribution seems to be geographically patchy, with preference for areas of relatively cool climates. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that H. bobricklefsi sp. nov. belongs to the Parahaemoproteus subgenus and is probably transmitted by biting midges belonging to Culicoides (Ceratopogonidae). The available data on molecular occurrence indicate that this pathogen is prone to abortive development, so worth attention in regard of consequences for bird health.
Aurora kinase as a putative target to tick control
Authors: Moraes Bruno , Gomes Helga , Saramago Luiz , Braz Valdir , Parizi Luís Fernando , Braz Gloria , da Silva Vaz Itabajara , Logullo Carlos , Moraes Jorge 
Published: November 2024

AbstractAurora kinases (AURK) play a central role in controlling cell cycle in a wide range of organisms. They belong to the family of serine-threonine kinase proteins. Their role in the cell cycle includes, among others, the entry into mitosis, maturation of the centrosome and formation of the mitotic spindle. In mammals, 3 isoforms have been described: A, B and C, which are distinguished mainly by their function throughout the cell cycle. Two aurora kinase coding sequences have been identified in the transcriptome of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Rm-AURKA and Rm-AURKB) containing the aurora kinase-specific domain. For both isoforms, the highest number of AURK coding transcripts is found in ovaries. Based on deduced amino acid sequences, it was possible to identify non-conserved threonine residues which are essential to AURK functions in vertebrates and which are not present in R. microplus sequences. A pan AURK inhibitor (CCT137690) caused cell viability decline in the BME26 tick embryonic cell line. In silico docking assay showed an interaction between Aurora kinase and CCT137690 with exclusive interaction sites in Rm-AURKA. The characterization of exclusive regions of the enzyme will enable new studies aimed at promoting species-specific enzymatic inhibition in ectoparasites.
A scoping review of transmission models for soil-transmitted helminth infections to underpin the development of a transmission model for Strongyloides stercoralis
Authors: Winslow Mackrina , Villanueva-Cabezas Juan Pablo , Colella Vito , Campbell Patricia T. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections afflict people worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Strongyloides stercoralis is distinctive from other STH nematodes by its complex life cycle features of autoinfection, parthenogenesis, and environmental reproduction. This scoping review aims to identify the structures, features, and techniques employed in existing STH models, emphasizing their potential application in describing S. stercoralis infection dynamics. A comprehensive search was conducted in the Medline, Embase, and Scopus databases for studies published until 14 June 2024. A total of 47 studies presenting a new model or novel adaptation of an existing model to human STH infection transmission were identified: only one described S. stercoralis transmission in humans. The identified models were predominantly deterministic and focused on the dynamics of mean worm load within hosts and the infectiousness of the environmental reservoir. One model addressed transmission in multi-host scenarios, as not all STH transmission cycles involve multiple hosts. Models were frequently used to simulate the effectiveness of mass drug administration, including drug efficacy and treatment coverage, while water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), health education, and vaccination were less explored. Given the limitation of individual-level data, compartmental models may be a reasonable starting point for S. stercoralis transmission. For a comprehensive understanding, incorporating parasite life cycle features into the model, exploring multi-host dynamics, including a diverse range of host heterogeneities, and assessing the impact of climatic factors like rainfall and land surface temperature on parasite survival in the environment may be beneficial, especially in settings where their importance is notable.
Host and geographically related genetic variation in species of Cloacina (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) from western and eastern grey kangaroos, Macropus fuliginosus and M. giganteus (Marsupialia: Macropodidae)
Authors: Middleton Shane Gerald , Koehler Anson , Beveridge Ian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Specimens of Cloacina artemis, C. expansa, C. hera, C. hermes, C. hestia, C. magnipapillata, C. obtusa and C. selene, which occur in both of the closely related species of grey kangaroos, Macropus fuliginosus and M. giganteus, were found to differ genetically based on sequence data derived from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1, ITS-2) of ribosomal DNA. The extent of differences varied from a single base pair in C. expansa, to 32 in C. hestia. In the case of C. hera, C. hestia and C. magnipapillata, separate genotypes were found in M. fuliginosus and M. giganteus. With C. artemis, C. expansa, C. obtusa and C. selene, nematode genotypes did not correspond with host distributions. In C. hermes, two genotypes were detected but they were not related phylogenetically. The data provide evidence suggestive of genetic differentiation in most of the nematode species potentially associated with host speciation, but with differing degrees of genetic differentiation and different associations with the two host species possibly related to changes in the geographical distribution of the hosts over time.
They only hate the term: policy branding and the politics of critical race theory
Authors: Collins Jonathan E. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractHow does the public form preferences on racialized policy issues that are both widely discussed and broadly misunderstood? This has been the question centering around the sudden attacks on academic terms like “critical race theory” (CRT). I argue that the politicization of, and opinion polarization around, critical race theory is evidence of what I call policy branding, where political parties or organizations brand an arbitrary concept that has national salience into a policy issue. Using a series of original survey experiments, this study shows that one of the primary sources of opposition to critical race theory is the literal use of the term. I juxtapose this with evidence that the education policy issue at the core, antiracist teaching, maintained strong public, bipartisan support. This study has implications for the consequences of political elite capture of academic concepts and ideas.
Children’s reliance on pointing and mutual exclusivity in word-referent mapping: The role of vocabulary and language exposure
Authors: Falkeisen Myrna , Verhagen Josje 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This study explored monolingual and multilingual two- to five-year-olds’ reliance on a non-verbal and a verbal cue during word-referent mapping, in relation to vocabulary knowledge and, for the multilinguals, Dutch language exposure. Ninety monolingual and sixty-seven multilingual children performed a referential conflict experiment that pitted a non-verbal (pointing) cue and a verbal (mutual exclusivity) cue. Mixed-effect regressions showed no main effects of vocabulary and language exposure. An interaction between vocabulary and group showed that lower vocabulary scores were associated with a stronger reliance on pointing over mutual exclusivity for multilinguals (but not monolinguals). Furthermore, an interaction between vocabulary, language exposure, and cue word (novel vs. familiar label) indicated that multilinguals with lower exposure and lower vocabulary showed a stronger reliance on pointing over mutual exclusivity when a novel rather than familiar word was used. These findings suggest that multilingual and monolingual children go through different trajectories when learning to map words to referents.
Stacking ensemble learning based material removal rate prediction model for CMP process of semiconductor wafer
Authors: Song Zhilong , Zhao Wenhong , Zhang Xiao , Ke Mingfeng , Fang Wei , Lyu Binghai 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The material removal rate (MRR) serves as a crucial indicator in the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process of semiconductor wafers. Currently, the mainstream method to ascertain the MRR through offline measurements proves time inefficient and struggles to represent process variability accurately. An efficient MRR prediction model based on stacking ensemble learning that integrates models with disparate architectures was proposed in this study. First, the processing signals collected during wafer polishing, as available in the PHM2016 dataset, were analyzed and preprocessed to extract statistical and neighbor domain features. Subsequently, Pearson correlation coefficient analysis (PCCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were employed to fuse the extracted features. Ultimately, random forest (RF), light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), and backpropagation neural network (BPNN) with hyperparameters optimized by the Bayesian Optimization Algorithm were integrated to establish an MRR prediction model based on stacking ensemble learning. The developed model was verified on the PHM2016 benchmark test set, and a Mean Square Error (MSE) of 7.72 and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 95.82% were achieved. This indicates that the stacking ensemble learning based model, integrated with base models of disparate architectures, offers considerable potential for real-time MRR prediction in the CMP process of semiconductor wafers.
Understanding the roles of meso-institutions: a comparative approach to urban water provision in seven Asian cities
Authors: Jensen O. , Ménard C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This article is about a partially untold story: the central role played by intermediate or ‘meso’ institutions in urban water supply. Three central functions are identified: translating policies and laws into operational targets; monitoring; and incentivizing operators. This paper considers which aspects of institutional design and capacity allow meso-institutions to perform these functions successfully, and conversely what constrains them from doing so. It explores this issue through a careful examination of urban water provision in seven Asian cities which represent a range of macro-institutional environments and micro-institutional arrangements. The analysis shows that in many cases meso functions are performed inadequately or not at all for water supply, with negative consequences for the quality of service. This is particularly evident in cases where ownership and decision rights are not clearly defined and allocated.
Using Rainfall‐Induced Groundwater Temperature Response to Estimate Lateral Flow Velocity
Authors: Chen Kewei , Guo Zhilin , Yin Maosheng , Liang Xiuyu , Chang Zhenbo , Yang Shuai , Wei Xiaoou , Zhai Xuchen , Zheng Chunmiao 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis study introduces a novel heat tracing method for estimating lateral groundwater flow velocity induced and sustained by heavy rainfall events in lowland areas, leveraging the distinct temperature difference between rainfall and groundwater. The method is motivated by the observation that the rainfall‐induced groundwater temperature signal dissipates along the flow path. To explain the observed temperature anomaly and then estimate the lateral flow velocity, we develop a semi‐analytical model for heat transport in the aquifer, accounting for conduction losses to adjacent layers. Our findings reveal that interactions between the aquifer, vadose zone, and bedrock significantly influence the temperature signal, thereby affecting velocity estimation. Inaccuracies in measured aquifer properties, such as thickness, porosity, and thermal conductivity of surrounding layers, increase the uncertainty of velocity estimates. However, variations in aquifer thermal conductivity have a minimal effect on the method's overall accuracy. When estimating multiple parameters, velocity estimates tend to be less reliable, especially if aquifer porosity remains uncertain. This is due to the challenges of simultaneously inverting both velocity and porosity. Overall, this work underscores the potential of using heat as a tracer for assessing lateral groundwater flow following rainfall, offering a practical, low‐cost solution applicable in a wide range of settings.
Projected Changes to Characteristics of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Indian Ocean Dipole, and Southern Annular Mode Events in the CMIP6 Models
Authors: Chung C. T. Y. , Power S. B. , Boschat G. , Gillett Z. E. , Narsey S. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIn this study we analyse projections of future changes to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and Southern Annular Mode (SAM) using the latest generation of climate models. Multiple future scenarios are considered. We quantify the fraction of models that project future increases or decreases in the frequency and amplitude of ENSO, IOD, and SAM events in the late 21st century. Changes to the frequency of co‐occurring and consecutive driver phases are also examined. We find that while there is large inter‐model spread, the most common pathways correspond to more frequent ENSO events; weaker, less frequent IOD events; and stronger, but less frequent austral spring SAM events. There is no clear consensus on the change to the frequency of concurrent events, though we find a significant increase in La Niña‐ and El Niño‐only events occurring with neutral IOD and SAM. We also find a significant increase to the frequency of consecutive positive IOD events under a high emissions scenario, but no significant change to the frequency of consecutive ENSO or negative IOD events. In most models, the correlation between drivers, that is, ENSO and IOD, and ENSO and SAM, does not significantly change between the late 20th and late 21st century. These results indicate a high degree of internal variability in the models.
Electrical Conductivity of (Mg, Fe)CO3 at the Spin Crossover and Its Implication for Mid‐Mantle Geomagnetic Heterogeneities
Authors: Zhao Chaoshuai , Liu Jin , Xu Liangxu , Hou Mingqiang , Zhuang Yukai , Zhu Jie , Lin Jung‐Fu 
Published: November 2024

Abstract(Mg, Fe)CO3 is an important deep carbon carrier and plays a vital role in our understanding of lower‐mantle carbon reservoirs. The electrical conductivity (EC) of FeCO3 was measured at 126−2000 K up to 83 GPa in diamond‐anvil cells using a standard four‐probe van der Pauw method. Moreover, the EC of FeCO3 increases by ∼6 orders of magnitude from 300 to 1500 K at 10−20 GPa, indicating a strong effect of high temperature. The EC of Fe0.65Mg0.35CO3 was measured up to 60 GPa at 300 K, the EC values of (Mg, Fe)CO3 are proportional to iron content and increase by 2–3 orders of magnitude at 300 K across the spin crossover. The EC values of (Mg, Fe)CO3 and FeCO3 + Fe3O4 ± C mixtures surpass that of bridgmanite, ferropericlase and davemaoite by ∼1–4 orders of magnitude at depths of 800–2,000 km. This result sheds insights into the genesis of local geomagnetic heterogeneities in the mid‐lower mantle.
Process Evaluation of Subseasonal North Atlantic Oscillation Prediction in the ECMWF Ensemble Forecast System
Authors: Kim Minju , Yoo Changhyun , Kim Hyemi 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis study evaluates the prediction skill of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) pattern and its associated energy budget as simulated by the European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts ensemble forecast system. By classifying NAO events into high‐ and low‐skill cases, we analyzed the stationarity of NAO patterns and the role of baroclinic energy conversion in NAO prediction. In both positive and negative NAO phases, high‐skill cases exhibited more stationary NAO patterns than low‐skill cases. The analysis of processes indicates that high‐skill NAO cases are due to stronger baroclinic maintenance of NAO, with its initial position at the climatological thermal trough, whereas low‐skill NAO cases result from forecast biases in wave propagation from the North Pacific. Specifically, biases in baroclinic energy conversion in the meridional direction from week 2 lead to weak advection of the eddy available potential energy (EAPE), resulting in lower prediction skill.
Flux Ropes Induced by O+ ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ Outflow in the Near‐Earth Magnetotail: Three‐Dimensional Hybrid Simulations
Authors: Omelchenko Y. A. , Mouikis C. , Ng J. , Roytershtyen V. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractSpacecrafts observe signatures of duskside magnetic reconnection in the Earth's magnetotail associated with the presence of oxygen ions of ionospheric origin. The exact role of ions in mediating reconnection remains largely unknown due to the local nature of observational techniques. We analyze results from global three‐dimensional hybrid (kinetic ions, fluid electrons) simulations of outflows and demonstrate that oxygen ions, escaping from the top of the ionosphere into the lobes, may cause disruptions on the duskside of the proton‐formed magnetotail, adding up to its turbulent, unsteady nature. These ions are shown to be capable of inducing magnetic flux ropes in the current sheet that thins out toward the dusk flank of the magnetotail due to Hall and ion kinetic effects. Unlike magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations, where dawn‐dusk magnetotail asymmetries may develop due to nonuniform ionospheric conductivity, the hybrid simulations demonstrate duskside tail disruptions on much faster ion gyroscales.
Atomic‐Level Structural Responses of Chang'e‐5 Ilmenite to Space Weathering
Authors: Zhang Chaoqun , Niu Xiaoguang , Gu Lixin , Tang Xu , Chen Yi , Cai Changrun , Dai Yanchao , Li Gen , He Hongping , Pan Yongxin , Zhang Zhigang , Li Jinhua 
Published: November 2024

AbstractSpace weathering records provide insights to better understand the formation and evolution of the lunar regolith. Ilmenite has contrasting responses to different space weathering processes. However, the atomic‐scale structural modification of ilmenite induced using different space weathering processes remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate the effects of spacing weathering on lunar ilmenite grains returned from Chang'e‐5 (CE‐5) mission using a combination of transmission electron microscopy and thermodynamic modeling approaches. Experimental results show that melt shock induces the formation of twining structures and vein‐like Si‐Ca‐rich nanostructures in the outermost and sub‐outermost layers of ilmenite, respectively. In contrast, solar wind causes the formation of multilayered nanostructures surrounding the ilmenite grains. These structures are characterized by an outermost amorphous Si‐rich vapor deposited layer, a middle layer rich in titanium (Ti) oxides and zero‐valent iron (Fe0) nanoparticles, and an innermost layer hosting crystallographic orientation defect. The Ti oxides were identified as poorly crystallized anatase. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that the disruptive sputtering of solar wind and the reduction of hydrogen under lunar surface pressure conditions can promote ilmenite transformation into Fe0 and Ti oxides; nevertheless, the pressure increase associated with melt shock can lead to a rise in the decomposition temperature of ilmenite. In other words, solar wind irradiation plays a more significant role in promoting nanoparticle (such as anatase and Fe0) formation as compared to melt shock. Thus, unlike the chemical alteration of ilmenite induced by the solar wind irradiation, melt shock mainly causes physical changes in ilmenite grains.