bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning to Communicate in Science and Engineering
Authors: Poe Mya , Lerner Neal , Craig Jennifer 
Published: March 2019

Case studies and pedagogical strategies to help science and engineering students improve their writing and speaking skills while developing professional identities.
To many science and engineering students, the task of writing may seem irrelevant to their future professional careers. At MIT, however, students discover that writing about their technical work is important not only in solving real-world problems but also in developing their professional identities.
MIT puts into practice the belief that “engineers who don't write well end up working for engineers who do write well,” requiring all students to take “communications-intensive” classes in which they learn from MIT faculty and writing instructors how to express their ideas in writing and in presentations. Students are challenged not only to think like professional scientists and engineers but also to communicate like them.
This book offers in-depth case studies and pedagogical strategies from a range of science and engineering communication-intensive classes at MIT. It traces the progress of seventeen students from diverse backgrounds in seven classes that span five departments. Undergraduates in biology attempt to turn scientific findings into a research article; graduate students learn to define their research for scientific grant writing; undergraduates in biomedical engineering learn to use data as evidence; and students in aeronautic and astronautic engineering learn to communicate collaboratively. Each case study is introduced by a description of its theoretical and curricular context and an outline of the objectives for the students' activities. The studies describe the on-the-ground realities of working with faculty, staff, and students to achieve communication and course goals, offering lessons that can be easily applied to a wide variety of settings and institutions.
Patently Contestable
Authors: Arapostathis Stathis , Gooday Graeme 
Published: March 2019

An examination of the fierce disputes that arose in Britain in the decades around 1900 concerning patents for electrical power and telecommunications.
Late nineteenth-century Britain saw an extraordinary surge in patent disputes over the new technologies of electrical power, lighting, telephony, and radio. These battles played out in the twin tribunals of the courtroom and the press. In Patently Contestable, Stathis Arapostathis and Graeme Gooday examine how Britain's patent laws and associated cultures changed from the 1870s to the 1920s. They consider how patent rights came to be so widely disputed and how the identification of apparently solo heroic inventors was the contingent outcome of patent litigation. Furthermore, they point out potential parallels between the British experience of allegedly patentee-friendly legislation introduced in 1883 and a similar potentially empowering shift in American patent policy in 2011.
After explaining the trajectory of an invention from laboratory to Patent Office to the court and the key role of patent agents, Arapostathis and Gooday offer four case studies of patent-centered disputes in Britain. These include the mostly unsuccessful claims against the UK alliance of Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Edison in telephony; publicly disputed patents for technologies for the generation and distribution of electric power; challenges to Marconi's patenting of wireless telegraphy as an appropriation of public knowledge; and the emergence of patent pools to control the market in incandescent light bulbs.
Certified Programming with Dependent Types
Authors: Chlipala Adam 
Published: March 2019

A handbook to the Coq software for writing and checking mathematical proofs, with a practical engineering focus.
The technology of mechanized program verification can play a supporting role in many kinds of research projects in computer science, and related tools for formal proof-checking are seeing increasing adoption in mathematics and engineering. This book provides an introduction to the Coq software for writing and checking mathematical proofs. It takes a practical engineering focus throughout, emphasizing techniques that will help users to build, understand, and maintain large Coq developments and minimize the cost of code change over time.
Two topics, rarely discussed elsewhere, are covered in detail: effective dependently typed programming (making productive use of a feature at the heart of the Coq system) and construction of domain-specific proof tactics. Almost every subject covered is also relevant to interactive computer theorem proving in general, not just program verification, demonstrated through examples of verified programs applied in many different sorts of formalizations. The book develops a unique automated proof style and applies it throughout; even experienced Coq users may benefit from reading about basic Coq concepts from this novel perspective. The book also offers a library of tactics, or programs that find proofs, designed for use with examples in the book. Readers will acquire the necessary skills to reimplement these tactics in other settings by the end of the book. All of the code appearing in the book is freely available online.
Finite State Machines in Hardware
Authors: Pedroni Volnei A. 
Published: March 2019

A comprehensive guide to the theory and design of hardware-implemented finite state machines, with design examples developed in both VHDL and SystemVerilog languages.
Modern, complex digital systems invariably include hardware-implemented finite state machines. The correct design of such parts is crucial for attaining proper system performance. This book offers detailed, comprehensive coverage of the theory and design for any category of hardware-implemented finite state machines. It describes crucial design problems that lead to incorrect or far from optimal implementation and provides examples of finite state machines developed in both VHDL and SystemVerilog (the successor of Verilog) hardware description languages.
Important features include: extensive review of design practices for sequential digital circuits; a new division of all state machines into three hardware-based categories, encompassing all possible situations, with numerous practical examples provided in all three categories; the presentation of complete designs, with detailed VHDL and SystemVerilog codes, comments, and simulation results, all tested in FPGA devices; and exercise examples, all of which can be synthesized, simulated, and physically implemented in FPGA boards. Additional material is available on the book's Website.
Designing a state machine in hardware is more complex than designing it in software. Although interest in hardware for finite state machines has grown dramatically in recent years, there is no comprehensive treatment of the subject. This book offers the most detailed coverage of finite state machines available. It will be essential for industrial designers of digital systems and for students of electrical engineering and computer science.
Documenting and Assessing Learning in Informal and Media-Rich Environments
Authors: Lemke Jay , Lecusay Robert , Cole Michael , Michalchik Vera 
Published: March 2019

An extensive review of the literature on learning assessment in informal settings, expert discussion of key issues, and a new model for good assessment practice.
Today educational activities take place not only in school but also in after-school programs, community centers, museums, and online communities and forums. The success and expansion of these out-of-school initiatives depends on our ability to document and assess what works and what doesn't in informal learning, but learning outcomes in these settings are often unpredictable. Goals are open-ended; participation is voluntary; and relationships, means, and ends are complex. This report charts the state of the art for learning assessment in informal settings, offering an extensive review of the literature, expert discussion on key topics, a suggested model for comprehensive assessment, and recommendations for good assessment practices.
Drawing on analysis of the literature and expert opinion, the proposed model, the Outcomes-by-Levels Model for Documentation and Assessment, identifies at least ten types of valued outcomes, to be assessed in terms of learning at the project, group, and individual levels. The cases described in the literature under review, which range from promoting girls' identification with STEM practices to providing online resources for learning programming and networking, illustrate the usefulness of the assessment model.
Effect of Soil Compaction and Bulk Density on the Growth and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max) on Sandy Clay Loam Soil of the Semi-arid Region of Northern Nigeria as Influenced by Tractor Wheel Traffic
Authors: Dauda Abdu , Usman Bukar 
Published: March 2019

Soil compaction from farm machinery is an environmental problem. The effect of compaction on plant growth and yield depends on the crop grown and the environmental conditions that crop encounters. The effect of compaction from tractor traffic on soybean (Glycine max), variety TGX1448-2E, on a sandy clay loam soil in the semi-arid region of northern Nigeria was investigated for two growing seasons, 2015 and 2016. A randomized complete block design of the field of plots with treatments of 0,5,10, 15 and 20 passes of a tractor MF 390 was used. Each treatment was replicated three times. The soil bulk density, penetration resistance and soil moisture content for each applied load were measured and the yield from each treatment was determined. Agronomic treatments were kept the same for all plots in both 2015 and 2016. Results showed increased soil bulk density, penetration resistance and soil moisture content with increased tractor passes. Highest grain yield was obtained at 5 tractor passes with a mean bulk density of 1.76 Mgm,-3 penetration resistance 1.70 MPa and moisture content 13.37% with a mean yield of 2568 kgha-1 and lowest was obtained from 20 tractor passes were 340 kgha-1. Statistical models were used to predict yield as a function of bulk density, penetration resistance, moisture content, contact pressure, and a number of tractor traffic passes. Grain yield with respect to moisture content gave the best yield prediction (r2 = 0.94).
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of kaempferol-3-O-glucoside and 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropan-1-one Isolated from the Leaves of Annona muricata (Linn.)
Authors: Taiwo Festus O. , Oyedeji Olaoluwa , Osundahunsi Moyosore T. 
Published: March 2019

Aim: To evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of bioactive compounds isolated from Annona muricata (Linn.) leaf extract.
Study Design: In vitro antimicrobial assay of bioactive compounds isolated from solvent fractions of plant leaf extract against selected clinical bacterial and fungal isolates. Antioxidant assay of plant leaf extract.
Place and Duration of Study: All the work was carried out in the Departments of Chemistry and Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria between March, 2015 and January, 2016.
Methodology: Isolation of bioactive compounds was by column and thin layer chromatographic techniques. Isolated compounds were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis. Antimicrobial activities were evaluated by disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods while antioxidant activity was investigated using the 2,2-dipheny-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging assay.
Results: Two compounds kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (1) and 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-Phenylpropan-1-one (2) were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of leaf extract of A. muricata. The two compounds showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activities with zones of inhibition ranging from 26.00 ± 1.73 to 31 ± 1.00 mm and 17.33 ± 1.15 to 31.33 ± 1.15 mm respectively, for compounds 1 and 2 for the test bacteria species and 15.33 ± 1.15 to 31.33 ± 1.15 mm and 17.67 ± 0.58 to 29.67 ±1.53 mm respectively, for compounds 1 and 2 for the test fungi. Minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged between 0.625-5.00 µg/mL and 1.25-5.00 µg/ml respectively, for compounds 1 and 2. Minimum bactericidal concentrations ranged between 2.5-10.00 µg/mL for both compounds which compared favourably with the reference drugs used. DPPH radical-scavenging activities were IC50 = 13.41 ± 0.64 µg/mL and 7.42 ± 0.90 µg/mL for compounds 1 and 2 respectively, compared with IC50 = 51.99 ± 1.44 µg/ml obtained for the standard ascorbic acid. The results show that both isolated compounds from A. muricata leaf possess in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and they may be useful as active ingredients in antimicrobial drug formulations and as agents for the control of free radical-related pathological disorders.
Psychometric Properties of Iranian Version of Clustera Personality Disorder Questionnaire
Authors: Farokhi Nazanin , Kashni Farah Lotfi , Vaziri Shahram 
Published: March 2019

Objective: This study was conducted to determining psychometric properties of Cluster A personality Disorder Questionnaire in Iran.
Methods: This was a methodology study. Statistical population consisted of 1375 students of Islamic Azad University North Branch. Central Branch, Roudehen Branch and Karaj Branch selected using random sampling method. Of completed 1375 questionnaires, 1303 questionnaires were selected because of invalid and malformed collected questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics-mean, standard deviation inferential statistics- determination coefficient, and Cronbach’s alpha- to examine validity and reliability of test; Millon Personality Disorder Questionnaire considered as external benchmark. In addition, t and z tests were used for standardization.
Findings: Results showed the obtained Cronbach’s alpha for subscales including Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal equal to 0.610- 0.674 and 0.650 respectively. Internal consistency of questionnaire items was significant based on Cronbach’s alpha at level of 0.05 (P<0.005) indicating internal stability, validity and reliability of test. Evidences from simultaneous validity correlation indicated positive and significant correlation between scores of two tests.
Discussion and Conclusion: It can be stated in accordance with the results obtained from study that Cluster A Personality Disorder Questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument to diagnose clinical symptoms of cluster A personality disorder in Iranian community.
Surface Passivation toward Highly Stable Mn4+‐Activated Red‐Emitting Fluoride Phosphors and Enhanced Photostability for White LEDs
Authors: Zhou Yayun , Song Enhai , Deng Tingting , Wang Yuanjing , Xia Zhiguo , Zhang Qinyuan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMn4+‐activated red‐emitting fluoride phosphors are indispensable candidates for white light emitting diodes (WLEDs) with enhanced color rendition, however, their intrinsic hydrolysis characteristics seriously restricted the durability applications. Here, a facile and general postsynthetic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) surface passivation strategy is proposed to treat the K2XF6:Mn4+ (KXF, X = Ti, Si, Ge) phosphors, in which a Mn4+‐rare surface protective layer appears and further covers the corresponding particles. The environment moisture can be effectively isolated by the Mn4+‐rare surface passivation layer with low solubility, which will be sacrificed to protect the phosphor particles even if under extreme hydrolysis conditions. The relative external quantum efficiency of the optimized phosphors still maintains over 96% after the passivation treatment, and the relative luminous intensity still remain 97% even when soaked in water after 12 h. The correlated color temperature of high‐power WLEDs fabricated by the passivated phosphors has no remarkable change during aging process (100 days) in the high temperature (85 °C) and high humidity atmosphere (85%). It is expected that such a surface‐redox strategy can be expanded to other doped materials systems, and also opening a new perspective for the development of luminescence materials with enhanced surface stability and device duration.
Ultrastable Lead‐Free Double Perovskite Photodetectors with Imaging Capability
Authors: Li Ying , Shi Zhifeng , Lei Lingzhi , Li Sen , Yang Dongwen , Wu Di , Xu Tingting , Tian Yongzhi , Lu Yingjie , Wang Ye , Zhang Lijun , Li Xinjian , Zhang Yuantao , Du Guotong , Shan Chongxin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractRecently, the halide perovskites have increasingly received attention because of their superior capabilities in photodetector applications. However, the well‐known instability and lead‐toxicity are two major obstacles for their commercialization and practical applications. In this work, self‐powered photodetectors based on solution‐processed double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 films are fabricated for the first time. Owing to the high material integrity of Cs2AgBiBr6 and efficient interfacial charge transfer from perovskite to the underlying electron‐quenching layer, the photodetector demonstrates excellent performances. Especially, the unencapsulated device demonstrates a good working stability in the open air. Typically it has the ability to endure a high temperature of 373 K for 10 h continuous running, demonstrating a good temperature resistance. In addition, after 3‐month storage in open air, the photodetection capability of the device can almost be maintained. By deploying the photodetector as a point‐like sensing pixel, high‐resolution imaging patterns are acquired, which is the first report on imaging applications of lead‐free perovskite photodetectors. The obtained results suggest that the lead‐free double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 is potentially an attractive candidate to be applied in high‐efficiency and stable photodetectors that can be employed in optical imaging.
Hyperporous Carbon from Triptycene‐Based Hypercrosslinked Polymer for Iodine Capture
Authors: Zhang Qing‐Mei , Zhai Tian‐Long , Wang Zhen , Cheng Guang , Ma Hui , Zhang Qing‐Pu , Zhao Yu‐Hang , Tan Bien , Zhang Chun 
Published: March 2019

AbstractConsidering the nuclear fuel reprocessing conditions at 75 °C and the oxidizability of iodine, thermal and chemical stabilities are especially important for porous materials to enrich iodine. However, most organic or metal coordinated porous materials hardly meet this long‐term demand. Here, highly porous carbon is prepared from pyrolysis at high temperature using triptycene‐based hypercrosslinked polymer as precursor, and possesses high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of 3125 m2 g−1 and pore volume of 1.60 cm3 g−1, and exhibits excellent iodine uptake ability of 340 wt% at 75 °C. Moreover, the obtained hyperporous carbon also displays remarkable capture efficiency of iodine from water with the maximum adsorption capacity of 926 mg g−1. With the characteristics of easy preparation and good chemical and thermal stabilities, the hyperporous carbon may be an ideal adsorbent in iodine capture.
Black Phosphorous/Indium Selenide Photoconductive Detector for Visible and Near‐Infrared Light with High Sensitivity
Authors: Cao Rui , Wang Hui‐De , Guo Zhi‐Nan , Sang David K. , Zhang Li‐Yuan , Xiao Quan‐Lan , Zhang Yu‐Peng , Fan Dian‐Yuan , Li Jian‐Qing , Zhang Han 
Published: March 2019

Abstract2D materials offer tremendous opportunities for designing and investigating multifunctional high‐performance electronic and optoelectronic devices. In this contribution, a photogate vertical structure is devised by vertically stacking layered indium selenide (InSe) on top of layered black phosphorous (BP). The photodetector built with the vertical structure possesses a wide response range from 405 to 1550 nm, and the photodetector exhibits a relatively fast (≈22 ms) response and high responsivity of ≈53.80 A W−1 at λ = 655 nm and 43.11 A W−1 at λ = 1550 nm, respectively. Under visible‐light illumination (λ = 655 nm), the external quantum efficiency of the device can reach 1020%. By taking advantage of gate‐tunable modulation, the forward‐to‐reverse bias current ratio is as high as 103. In addition, the environmental degradation of BP could be effectively suppressed by InSe capping. The high sensitivity, broad spectral response, and enhanced stability of the photodetector show that the photogate structure provides a new opportunity for broad spectral detection or imaging at room temperature by using 2D materials with a vertical structure.
A Recyclable Chiral 2‐(Triphenylmethyl)pyrrolidine Organocatalyst Anchored to [60]Fullerene
Authors: Rosso Cristian , Emma Marco G. , Martinelli Ada , Lombardo Marco , Quintavalla Arianna , Trombini Claudio , Syrgiannis Zois , Prato Maurizio 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHybridization of a chiral 3‐hydroxy‐2‐trityl‐pyrrolidine deriving from (R)‐pyrrolidinol with [60]fullerene via click chemistry provides a highly efficient supported enantioselective organocatalyst, which was successfully exploited in a Michael addition of malonates to cinnamaldehydes, via iminium ion activation. The supported organocatalyst was recycled up to six times, with only a moderate decrease in terms of activity and with no loss in enantioselectivity.magnified image
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to Spiking Neural Network (SNN) Converters Based on Diffusive Memristors
Authors: Midya Rivu , Wang Zhongrui , Asapu Shiva , Joshi Saumil , Li Yunning , Zhuo Ye , Song Wenhao , Jiang Hao , Upadhay Navnidhi , Rao Mingyi , Lin Peng , Li Can , Xia Qiangfei , Yang J. Joshua 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBiorealistic spiking neural networks (SNN) are believed to hold promise for further energy improvement over artificial neural networks (ANNs). However, it is difficult to implement SNNs in hardware, in particular the complicated algorithms that ANNs can handle with ease. Thus, it is natural to look for a middle path by combining the advantages of these two types of networks and consolidating them using an ANN–SNN converter. A proof‐of‐concept study of this idea is performed by experimentally demonstrating such a converter using diffusive memristor neurons coupled with a 32×1 1‐transistor 1‐memristor (1T1R) synapse array of drift memristors. It is experimentally verified that the weighted sum output of the memristor synapse array can be readily converted into the frequency of oscillation of an oscillatory neuron based on a SiOxNy:Ag diffusive memristor. Two converters are then connected capacitively to demonstrate the synchronization capability of this network. The compact oscillatory neuron comprises multiple transistors and has much better scalability than a complimentary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) integrate and fire neuron. It paves the way for emulating half center oscillators in central pattern generators of the central nervous system.
A Synthetic, Transiently Thermoresponsive Homopolymer with UCST Behaviour within a Physiologically Relevant Window
Authors: Zhang Zhiyue , Li Hui , Kasmi Sabah , Van Herck Simon , Deswarte Kim , Lambrecht Bart N. , Hoogenboom Richard , Nuhn Lutz , De Geest Bruno G. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractInteractive materials that can respond to a trigger by changing their morphology, but that can also gradually degrade into a fully soluble state, are attractive building blocks for the next generation of biomaterials. Herein, we design such transiently responsive polymers that exhibit UCST behaviour while gradually losing this property in response to a hydrolysis reaction in the polymer side chains. The polymers operate within a physiologically relevant window in terms of temperature, pH, and ionic strength. Whereas such behaviour has been reported earlier for LCST systems, it is at present unexplored for UCST polymers. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, in contrast to LCST polymers, in aqueous medium the UCST polymer forms a coacervate phase below the UCST, which can entrap a hydrophilic model protein, as well as a hydrophobic dye. Because of their non‐toxicity, we also provide in vivo proof of concept of the use of this coacervate as a protein depot, in view of sustained‐release applications.