bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Campylobacter jejuni promotes colorectal tumorigenesis through the action of cytolethal distending toxin
Authors: He Zhen , Gharaibeh Raad Z , Newsome Rachel C , Pope Jllian L , Dougherty Michael W , Tomkovich Sarah , Pons Benoit , Mirey Gladys , Vignard Julien , Hendrixson David R , Jobin Christian 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveCampylobacter jejuni produces a genotoxin, cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), which has DNAse activity and causes DNA double-strand breaks. Although C. jejuni infection has been shown to promote intestinal inflammation, the impact of this bacterium on carcinogenesis has never been examined.DesignGerm-free (GF) ApcMin/+mice, fed with 1% dextran sulfate sodium, were used to test tumorigenesis potential of CDT-producing C. jejuni. Cells and enteroids were exposed to bacterial lysates to determine DNA damage capacity via γH2AX immunofluorescence, comet assay and cell cycle assay. To examine the interplay of CDT-producing C. jejuni, gut microbiome and host in tumorigenesis, colonic RNA-sequencing and faecal 16S rDNA sequencing were performed. Rapamycin was administrated to investigate the prevention of CDT-producing C. jejuni-induced tumorigenesis.ResultsGF ApcMin/+mice colonised with human clinical isolate C. jejuni81–176 developed significantly more and larger tumours when compared with uninfected mice. C. jejuni with a mutated cdtB subunit, mutcdtB, attenuated C. jejuni-induced tumorigenesis in vivo and decreased DNA damage response in cells and enteroids. C. jejuni infection induced expression of hundreds of colonic genes, with 22 genes dependent on the presence of cdtB. The C. jejuni-infected group had a significantly different microbial gene expression profile compared with the mutcdtB group as shown by metatranscriptomic data, and different microbial communities as measured by 16S rDNA sequencing. Finally, rapamycin could diminish the tumorigenic capability of C. jejuni.ConclusionHuman clinical isolate C. jejuni 81–176 promotes colorectal cancer and induces changes in microbial composition and transcriptomic responses, a process dependent on CDT production.
Post-traumatic growth in the military: a systematic review
Authors: Mark Katharine M , Stevelink Sharon A M , Choi Jeesoo , Fear Nicola T 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundPost-traumatic growth is defined as positive psychological, social or spiritual growth after a trauma.ObjectivesThis systematic review aimed to identify studies that quantitatively measured post-traumatic growth among (ex-) military personnel, to determine whether there is evidence of growth in this context and whether such growth is associated with any sociodemographic, military, trauma or mental health factors.Data sourcesThe electronic databases PsycInfo, OVIDmedline and Embase were searched for studies published between 2001 and 2017.Study eligibility criteria and participantsPapers were retained if they involved military or ex-military personnel, where some had been deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan.Study appraisalQuality assessment was conducted on all studies.Results21 studies were retained. The Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory was employed by 14 studies: means ranged from 32.60 (standard deviation = 14.88) to 59.07 (23.48). The Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory Short Form was used by five studies: means ranged from 17.11 (14.88) to 20.40 (11.88). These values suggest moderate growth. Higher levels of social support, spirituality and rumination and minority ethnicity were most frequently associated with more post-traumatic growth.LimitationsThe involved studies may lack generalisability and methodological quality.ConclusionsOverall, this paper confirms that negative reactions to trauma, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder, are not the only possible outcomes for service personnel, as moderate post-traumatic growth can also be observed.Implications of key findingsInterventions aimed at helping current and former armed forces personnel to identify and promote post-traumatic growth post-conflict may be beneficial for their well-being.
A Full-Wave CMOS Rectifier with High-Speed Comparators for Implantable Medical Devices
Authors: Deylamani Mahnaz Janipoor , Abdi Fatemeh , Amiri Parviz 
Published: October 2018

In this paper, we present a CMOS full-wave rectifier with comparator-controlled switches for transmission of wireless power in implantable medical devices. It uses MOS transistors as low loss switches to provide high power conversion efficiency (PCE). The proposed fast comparator circuit, by controlling the switches in the rectifier, reduces the reverse leakage current in the negative cycle and increases the conduction time in the positive cycle so that more current flows into the output load and optimizes the rectifier power efficiency. The designed comparator does not require constant voltage source for its function and it is self-biased. The proposed rectifier is implemented using 0.18[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m CMOS technology and provides 1.195[Formula: see text]V output DC voltage with a 190[Formula: see text][Formula: see text] load resistance and AC input signal with the frequency of 13.56[Formula: see text]MHz and peak-to-peak amplitude of 1.36[Formula: see text]V. Under these conditions, PCE and voltage conversion efficiency (VCE) values are 85.5% and 88%, respectively. The peak PCE and VCE increase with a decrease in operation frequency and dimensions of transistors are optimized using multiple simulations for intended frequency.
The Geikie Archive at Haslemere Educational Museum
Authors: Betterton John 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The extensive archive of papers, illustrations, albums and specimens accumulated by Sir Archibald Geikie and held by the Haslemere Educational Museum is a rich resource for any appreciation of his professional life and achievements. This paper charts the history of the archive, highlights some of its particular treasures and discusses the key series of records it contains.
When Is Enough, Enough? When Are More Observational Epidemiologic Studies Needed to Resolve a Research Question: Illustrations Using Biomarker–Cancer Associations
Authors: Marrone Michael T. , Tsilidis Konstantinos K. , Ehrhardt Stephan , Joshu Corinne E. , Rebbeck Timothy R. , Sellers Thomas A. , Platz Elizabeth A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackground:Research reproducibility is vital for translation of epidemiologic findings. However, repeated studies of the same question may be undertaken without enhancing existing knowledge. To identify settings in which additional research is or is not warranted, we adapted research synthesis metrics to determine number of additional observational studies needed to change the inference from an existing meta-analysis.Methods:The fail-safe number (FSN) estimates number of additional studies of average weight and null effect needed to drive a statistically significant meta-analysis to null (P ≥ 0.05). We used conditional power to determine number of additional studies of average weight and equivalent heterogeneity to achieve 80% power in an updated meta-analysis to detect the observed summary estimate as statistically significant. We applied these metrics to a curated set of 98 meta-analyses on biomarkers and cancer risk.Results:Both metrics were influenced by number of studies, heterogeneity, and summary estimate size in the existing meta-analysis. For the meta-analysis on Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer with 15 studies [OR = 2.29; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.71–3.05], FSN was 805 studies, supporting futility of further study. For the meta-analysis on dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and prostate cancer with 7 studies (OR = 1.29; 95% CI, 0.99–1.69), 5 more studies would be needed for 80% power, suggesting further study could change inferences.Conclusions:Along with traditional assessments, these metrics could be used by stakeholders to decide whether additional studies addressing the same question are needed.Impact:Systematic application of these metrics could lead to more judicious use of resources and acceleration from discovery to population-health impact.
Evaluating Breast Cancer Care Coordination at a Rural National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center Using Network Analysis and Geospatial Methods
Authors: Moen Erika L. , Kapadia Nirav S. , O'Malley A. James , Onega Tracy 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Background:
Variation in cancer care coordination may affect care quality and patient outcomes. We sought to characterize the impact of geographic access to and dispersion of cancer care providers on variation in care coordination.

Methods:
Using electronic health record data from 2,507 women diagnosed with breast cancer at a National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center from April 2011 to September 2015, a breast cancer patient–sharing physician network was constructed. Patient “care networks” represent the subnetworks of physicians with whom the focal patient had a clinical encounter. Patient care networks were analyzed to generate two measures of care coordination, care density (ratio of observed vs. potential connections between physicians), and clustering (extent to which physicians form connected triangles).

Results:
The breast cancer physician network included 667 physicians. On average, the physicians shared patients with 12 other physicians. Patients saw an average of 8 physicians during active treatment. In multivariable models adjusting for patient sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, we observed that greater travel burden (&gt;2 hours) and lower geographic dispersion were associated with higher care density (P &lt; 0.05 and P &lt; 0.001, respectively) but lower care network clustering (P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusions:
Variation in network-based measures of care coordination is partially explained by patient travel burden and geographic dispersion of care.

Impact:
Improved understanding of factors driving variation in patient care networks may identify patients at risk of receiving poorly coordinated cancer care.
Telomere Length-Associated Genetic Variants and the Risk of Thyroid Cancer in Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS)
Authors: Gramatges Maria M. , Morton Lindsay M. , Yasui Yutaka , Arnold Michael A. , Neglia Joseph P. , Leisenring Wendy M. , Machiela Mitchell J. , Dagnall Casey L. , Chanock Stephen J. , Armstrong Gregory T. , Robison Leslie L. , Bhatia Smita , Lupo Philip J. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Background:
Given the inverse relationship described previously between telomere content and thyroid subsequent malignant neoplasm (thyroid SMN) in survivors of childhood cancer, we investigated the relationship between known genetic determinants of leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and thyroid SMN among survivors.

Methods:
Leveraging data from a large, genotyped survivor cohort, the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study, we used a well-described genetic risk score method to estimate the HR for thyroid SMN among 5,324 genotyped survivors.

Results:
We identified 118 survivors with thyroid SMN and 5,206 without thyroid SMN. No association between genetically estimated LTL and risk for thyroid SMN was identified.

Conclusions:
Our results suggest that variation in common SNPs influencing LTL is not strongly associated with risk for thyroid SMN in survivors of childhood cancer.

Impact:
The previously observed inverse relationship between LTL and thyroid SMN risk in survivors of childhood cancer may be related to alternative molecular mechanisms and warrants further study.
A Novel Engineered Small Protein for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Human Programmed Death Ligand-1: Validation in Mouse Models and Human Cancer Tissues
Authors: Natarajan Arutselvan , Patel Chirag B. , Ramakrishnan Sindhuja , Panesar Paramjyot S. , Long Steven R. , Gambhir Sanjiv S. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Purpose:
To design and evaluate a small engineered protein binder targeting human programmed death-1 ligand (hPD-L1) in vivo for PET imaging in four mouse tumor models, and in situ in human cancer specimens.
Experimental Design: The hPD-L1 protein binder, FN3hPD-L1, was engineered using a 12-kDa human fibronectin type-3 domain (FN3) scaffold. The binder's affinity was assayed in CT26 mouse colon carcinoma cells stably expressing hPD-L1 (CT26/hPD-L1). 64Cu-FN3hPD-L1 was assayed for purity, specific activity, and immunoreactivity. Four groups of NSG mice (n = 3–5/group) were imaged with 64Cu-FN3hPD-L1 PET imaging (1–24 hours postinjection of 3.7 MBq/7 μg of Do-FN3 in 200 μL PBS): Nod SCID Gamma (NSG) mice bearing (i) syngeneic CT26/hPD-L1tumors, (ii) CT26/hPD-L1 tumors blocked (blk) by preinjected nonradioactive FN3hPD-L1 binder, (iii) hPD-L1-negative Raji xenografts, and (iv) MDA-MB-231 xenografts. The FN3hPD-L1 binder staining was evaluated against validated hPD-L1 antibodies by immunostaining in human cancer specimens.

Results:
FN3hPD-L1 bound hPD-L1 with 1.4 ± 0.3 nmol/L affinity in CT26/hPD-L1 cells. 64Cu-FN3hPD-L1 radiotracer showed &gt;70% yield and &gt;95% purity. 64Cu-FN3hPD-L1 PET imaging of mice bearing CT26/hPD-L1 tumors showed tumor-to-muscle ratios of 5.6 ± 0.9 and 13.1 ± 2.3 at 1 and 4 hours postinjection, respectively. The FN3hPD-L1 binder detected hPD-L1 expression in human tissues with known hPD-L1 expression status based on two validated antibodies.

Conclusions:
The 64Cu-FN3hPD-L1 radiotracer represents a novel, small, and high-affinity binder for imaging hPD-L1 in tumors. Our data support further exploration and clinical translation of this binder for noninvasive identification of cancer patients who may respond to immune checkpoint blockade therapies.
The Black Death in Iran, according to Iranian Historical Accounts from the Fourteenth through Fifteenth Centuries
Authors: Fazlinejad Ahmad , Ahmadi Farajollah 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe Black Death, as a unique historical event, has long attracted the attention of medieval and medical historians both in terms of the length of the pandemic and its geographical scope. Nevertheless, historical studies on the Black Death have often neglected the role it played in Iran. The present paper examines Iranian historical accounts of events pertaining to the pandemic in the late Middle Ages and its consequent outbreak in Iran. Its findings can open new frontiers for understanding the broad geographical area impacted by plague and, specifically, its spread in Iran. This paper attempts also to highlight the value of Iranian historical sources from the fourteenth through sixteenth centuries for understanding better the outbreak of the plague.
An Educational Deployment of the NCAR Mobile Integrated Sounding System
Authors: Billings Brian , Cohn Stephen A. , Kubesh Rodney J. , Brown William O. J. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The best way to train the next wave of observational talent is through direct experience. In 2012 and again in 2014, students at St. Cloud State University (SCSU) welcomed deployments of professional atmospheric research equipment, allowing them to support and execute field projects. The Boundary Structure Experiments with Central Minnesota Profiling (BaSE CaMP) projects brought the Mobile Integrated Sounding System (MISS) from the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s (NCAR) Earth Observing Laboratory (EOL) to SCSU for a National Science Foundation–funded educational deployment. Its diverse instrumentation and ability to travel to interesting weather events and locations makes MISS extremely valuable for teaching students about both weather experiments and measurement strategies. In addition to the university project, outreach activities with MISS took place at high schools, regional conferences, and public events. MISS carries four instruments: a boundary layer wind profiler, a radio acoustic sounding system (RASS), radiosondes, and an instrumented 10-m tower. The type and time of MISS deployments were quite varied so students could participate around their class schedule, jobs, and other commitments. Each year the project had periods of fixed operations and mobile activity, where MISS was relocated to best observe current weather conditions. BaSE CaMP operations and results were incorporated into many classes in the meteorology program at SCSU. The original course request was for Radar and Satellite Meteorology, but other activities contributed to Atmospheric Dynamics, Physical Meteorology, and Meteorological Analysis Software courses.
An Evaluation of Size-Resolved Cloud Microphysics Scheme Numerics for Use with Radar Observations. Part I: Collision–Coalescence
Authors: Lee Hyunho , Fridlind Ann M. , Ackerman Andrew S. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This study evaluates some available schemes designed to solve the stochastic collection equation (SCE) for collision–coalescence of hydrometeors using a size-resolved (bin) microphysics approach and documents their numerical properties within the framework of a box model. Comparing three widely used SCE schemes, we find that all converge to almost identical solutions at sufficiently fine mass grids. However, one scheme converges far slower than the other two and shows pronounced numerical diffusion at the large-drop tail of the size distribution. One of the remaining two schemes is recommended on the basis that it is well converged on a relatively coarse mass grid, stable for large time steps, strictly mass conservative, and computationally efficient. To examine the effects of SCE scheme choice on simulating clouds and precipitation, two of the three schemes are compared in large-eddy simulations of a drizzling stratocumulus field. A forward simulator that produces Doppler spectra from the large-eddy simulation results is used to compare the model output directly with radar observations. The scheme with pronounced numerical diffusion predicts excessively large mean Doppler velocities and overly broad and negatively skewed spectra compared with observations, consistent with numerical diffusion demonstrated in the box model. Statistics obtained using the recommended scheme are closer to observations, but notable differences remain, indicating that factors other than SCE scheme accuracy are limiting simulation fidelity.
High-Resolution Seeded Simulations of Western North Pacific Ocean Tropical Cyclones in Two Future Extreme Climates
Authors: McLay J. G. , Hendricks E. A. , Moskaitis J. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTA variant of downscaling is devised to explore the properties of tropical cyclones (TCs) that originate in the open ocean of the western North Pacific Ocean (WestPac) region under extreme climates. This variant applies a seeding strategy in large-scale environments simulated by phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) climate-model integrations together with embedded integrations of Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System for Tropical Cyclones (COAMPS-TC), an operational, high-resolution, nonhydrostatic, convection-permitting numerical weather prediction (NWP) model. Test periods for the present day and late twenty-first century are sampled from two different integrations for the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 forcing scenario. Then seeded simulations for the present-day period are contrasted with similar seeded simulations for the future period. Reinforcing other downscaling studies, the seeding results suggest that the future environments are notably more conducive to high-intensity TC activity in the WestPac. Specifically, the future simulations yield considerably more TCs that exceed 96-kt (1 kt ≈ 0.5144 m s−1) intensity, and these TCs exhibit notably greater average life cycle maximum intensity and tend to spend more time above the 96-kt intensity threshold. Also, the future simulations yield more TCs that make landfall at >64-kt intensity, and the average landfall intensity of these storms is appreciably greater. These findings are supported by statistical bootstrap analysis as well as by a supplemental sensitivity analysis. Accounting for COAMPS-TC intensity forecast bias using a quantile-matching approach, the seeded simulations suggest that the potential maximum western North Pacific TC intensities in the future extreme climate may be approximately 190 kt.
Clinical utility of chromogranin A for the surveillance of succinate dehydrogenase B- and succinate dehydrogenase D-related paraganglioma
Authors: Thompson Michael JW , Parameswaran Venkat , Burgess John R 
Published: October 2018

Background Patients with mutations of succinate dehydrogenase B (SDHB) and succinate dehydrogenase D (SDHD) are at high risk of paraganglioma necessitating surveillance. Chromogranin A has been proposed as a biochemical marker of paraganglioma. We sought to determine the diagnostic utility of chromogranin A in a population-based SDHx sample. Methods Tasmania is an island state with one tertiary referral centre for endocrine neoplasia. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of all adult SDHB ( n = 52) and SDHD ( n = 10) patients undergoing paraganglioma surveillance between 2011 and 2017. Chromogranin A was referenced against the outcome of paraganglioma surveillance with a minimum of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) and plasma metanephrines (metanephrine and normetanephrine). Results Chromogranin A correctly predicted the result of paraganglioma surveillance more often in patients with SDHB compared with those with SDHD (77% vs. 22%, P = 0.003). In the SDHB group, chromogranin A demonstrated a sensitivity of 67% and specificity of 79% compared with 22% and 0% in the SDHD group. Chromogranin A identified one of three PET/CT-visualized SDHB-related paragangliomas with normal plasma metanephrines at the expense of nine false-positive results. A normal chromogranin A demonstrated a negative predictive value of 92% for SDHB-related paraganglioma. In patients with SDHB, plasma normetanephrine and metanephrine offered superior specificity (100%, P = 0.01 and 100%, P < 0.01, respectively) with comparable sensitivity (67%, P = 1.0 and 11%, P = 0.06, respectively) to chromogranin A. Conclusion Chromogranin A does not provide additive benefit to standard surveillance for predicting the presence of SDHB- or SDHD-related paraganglioma, but has a useful negative predictive value when normal in patients with SDHB mutation.
Combating Information Attacks in the Age of the Internet: New Challenges for Cognitive Engineering
Authors: Endsley Mica R. 
Published: October 2018

Objective: This article provides an overview of the characteristics of misinformation and information attack and their effects on the perceptions of the public, with the objective of outlining potential solutions and needed research for countering this growing problem. Background: Society is facing a significant challenge from the spread of misinformation through websites and social media that has driven a divergence in people’s perceptions and understanding of basic facts associated with many issues relevant to public policy decisions, including the economy, taxation, and the deficit; climate change and the environment; and vaccinations and public health and safety. A number of factors are driving this fracture, including information presentation challenges that lead to poor information understanding, deliberate information attacks, social network propagation, poor assessments of information reliability, and cognitive biases that lead to a rejection of information that conflicts with preexisting beliefs. Results: A framework for understanding information attack is provided, including common sources, features, avenues, cognitive mechanisms, and major challenges in overcoming information attacks. Conclusion and Application: Potential solutions and research needs are presented for improving people’s understanding of online information associated with a wide range of issues affecting public policy.