bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visualization of axonal protein allocation inDrosophilawith whole-brain localization microscopy
Authors: Chu Li-An , Lu Chieh-Han , Yang Shun-Min , Feng Kuan-Lin , Liu Yen-Ting , Chen Chun-Chao , Tsai Yun-Chi , Chen Peilin , Lee Ting-Kuo , Hwu Yeu-Kuang , Chen BiChang , Chiang Ann-Shyn 
Published: October 2018

AbstractLong-term memory (LTM) formation requires learning-induced protein synthesis in specific neurons and synapses within a neural circuit. Precisely how neural activity allocates new proteins to specific synaptic ensembles, however, remains unknown. We developed a deep-tissue super-resolution imaging tool suitable for single-molecule localization in intact adultDrosophilabrain, and focused on the axonal protein allocation in mushroom body (MB), a central neuronal structure involved in olfactory memory formation. We found that insufficient training suppresses LTM formation by inducing the synthesis of vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) proteins within a dorsal paired medial (DPM) neuron, which innervates all axonal lobes of the MB. Surprisingly, using our localization microscopy, we found that these learning-induced proteins are distributed only in a subset of DPM axons in specific sectors along the MB lobes. This neural architecture suggests that sector-specific modulation of neural activity from MB neurons gates consolidation of early transient memory into LTM.
AMPK regulates germline stem cell quiescence and integrity through an endogenous small RNA pathway
Authors: Kadekar Pratik , Roy Richard 
Published: October 2018

AbstractC. elegans larvae can undergo a global developmental arrest following the execution of a diapause-like state called ‘dauer’ in response to unfavourable growth conditions. Survival in this stage surpasses the normal lifespan of reproductive animals quite dramatically, and without any apparent negative impact on their reproductive fitness. During this period, the germ cells become quiescent and must retain their reproductive integrity so the animal can reproduce following recovery. This germline stem cell (GSC) arrest requires the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and in its absence the germ line undergoes hyperplasia. We show here that AMPK mutant animals exhibit complete sterility after recovery from dauer, suggesting that germ cell integrity is compromised during this stage in the absence of AMPK. These defects correlate with altered abundance and distribution of a number of chromatin modifications that affect gene expression. These aberrant chromatin modifications, along with the supernumerary germ cell divisions and the observed post-dauer sterility, were all corrected by disabling key effectors of the small interfering RNA pathway (dcr-1 and rde-4) and the primary Argonaute protein ergo-1, suggesting that AMPK regulates the function of these small RNA pathway components, and in its absence, the pathways become abnormally active. The aberrant regulation of the small RNA pathway components releases the germ cells from quiescence to proliferative state thereby compromising germ cell integrity. Curiously, AMPK expression in either the neurons or the excretory system is sufficient to restore the GSC quiescence and the fertility in the AMPK mutant post-dauer adults, while the fertility of these animals is also partially restored by disabling the dsRNA importer SID-1. Our data suggest that AMPK regulates a small RNA pathway in the soma to establish and/or maintain GSC quiescence and integrity cell non-autonomously in response to the energy stress associated with the dauer stage. Our findings therefore provide a unique model to better understand how the soma communicates with the germ line to establish the appropriate epigenetic modifications required to adapt to acute environmental challenges.
The multi PAM2 protein Upa2 functions as novel core component of endosomal mRNA transport
Authors: Jankowski Silke , Pohlmann Thomas , Baumann Sebastian , Müntjes Kira , Devan Senthil Kumar , Zander Sabrina , Feldbrügge Michael 
Published: October 2018

AbstractmRNA transport determines spatiotemporal protein expression. Transport units are higher-order ribonucleoprotein complexes containing cargo mRNAs, RNA-binding proteins and accessory proteins. Endosomal mRNA transport in fungal hyphae belongs to the best-studied translocation mechanisms. Although several factors are known, additional core components are missing. Here, we describe the 232 kDa protein Upa2 containing multiple PAM2 motifs (poly[A]-binding protein [Pab1] associated motif 2) as a novel core component. Loss of Upa2 disturbs transport of cargo mRNAs and associated Pab1. Upa2 is present on almost all transport endosomes in an mRNA dependent-manner. Surprisingly, all four PAM2 motifs are dispensable for function during unipolar hyphal growth. Instead, Upa2 harbours a novel N-terminal effector domain as important functional determinant as well as a C-terminal GWW motif for specific endosomal localisation. In essence, Upa2 meets all the criteria of a novel core component of endosomal mRNA transport and appears to carry out crucial scaffolding functions.
Impact of chronic urticaria on systemic lupus erythematosus: A nationwide population‐based study in Taiwan
Authors: Yong Su‐Boon , Su Kuan‐Wen , Chen Huang‐Hsi , Huang Jing‐Yang , Wu Hsing‐Ju , Wei James Cheng‐Chung 
Published: October 2018

AbstractChronic urticaria (CU) may be closely pathogenically related to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study aims to investigate the association between CU and SLE patients in Taiwan. A nationwide population‐based cohort study from 1997 to 2013 was conducted. Investigated subjects were selected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database using the International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision code. Participants consisted of 13 845 subjects newly diagnosed with CU from 2003 to 2013. We estimated the incidence risk of SLE among patients with CU by time‐to‐event analysis. Patients with CU were more likely to be female, and had a significant difference in urbanization and length of hospital stays (P < 0.0001). The incidence rates of SLE for the CU and control groups were 3.55 and 1.68, respectively. The crude hazard ratio of SLE among subjects with CU was 2.113 compared with the non‐urticarial control group. After adjusting the demographic, length of hospital stay and comorbidity, the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of SLE was still significantly higher in the CU group (aHR = 2.113) compared with the control group. The use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs or corticosteroids may decrease the risk of SLE in patients with CU (P = 0.0216 and 0.0120, respectively). In conclusion, CU is associated with a higher risk of incidental SLE in this population‐based, nationwide, cohort study. Inflammation and immune dysregulation are considered two potential mechanisms. Clinically, patients with urticaria should be carefully evaluated for risk of future SLE.
Cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated protein 4 expressed by melanoma cells does not affect melanoma‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the effector phase
Authors: Inozume Takashi , Hanada Ken‐ichi , Takeda Kazuyo , Maeda Tatsuo , Harada Kazutoshi , Kawamura Tatsuyoshi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated protein 4 (CTLA‐4) is one of the important molecules that regulate the anti‐melanoma T‐cell response. Currently, there are some reports showing that CTLA‐4 is expressed not only by T cells but also by various kinds of tumor cells, including melanoma cells. However, there is no report that shows the role of CTLA‐4 expressed by melanoma cells in melanoma‐specific cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte (CTL) response. In this report, we confirmed substantial CTLA‐4 expression and the localization of CTLA‐4 in melanoma cell lines and tissues. Also, we examined its impact on melanoma‐specific CTL in vitro, and found that CTLA‐4 expressed by melanoma cells does not affect melanoma‐specific CTL in the effector phase. Our findings suggest the importance of elucidating the role of CTLA‐4 expressed by melanoma cells, particularly in anti‐CTLA‐4 antibody therapy.
Integrated, Regional‐Scale Hydrologic Modeling of Inland Lakes
Authors: Hanson Zachary J. , Zwart Jacob A. , Vanderwall Joseph , Solomon Christopher T. , Jones Stuart E. , Hamlet Alan F. , Bolster Diogo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractInland lakes constitute an important global freshwater resource and are often defining features of local and regional landscapes. While coupled surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) models are increasingly available, there is a clear need for spatially explicit yet computationally parsimonious modeling frameworks to explore the impacts of climate, land use, and other drivers on lake hydrologic and biogeochemical processes. To address this need, we developed a new method to simulate daily water budgets for many individual lakes at large spatial scales. By integrating SW, GW, and lake water budget models in a simple manner, we created a modeling framework capable of simulating the historical and future hydrologic dynamics of lakes with varying hydrologic characteristics. By extension, the model output enables ecological modeling in response to hydrologic drivers. As a case study, we applied the model to a large, lake‐rich region in northern Wisconsin and Michigan, simulating daily water budgets for nearly 4,000 lakes over a 36‐year period. Despite minimal calibration efforts, our simulated results compared reasonably well with observations and more sophisticated modeling approaches. Our integrated modeling requires very limited information, can be run on readily available computer resources, such as a desktop PC, and can be applied at regional, continental, or global scales, where necessary model setup and forcing data are available.
How Hydrologic Connectivity Regulates Water Quality in River Corridors
Authors: Harvey Jud , Gomez‐Velez Jesus , Schmadel Noah , Scott Durelle , Boyer Elizabeth , Alexander Richard , Eng Ken , Golden Heather , Kettner Albert , Konrad Chris , Moore Richard , Pizzuto Jim , Schwarz Greg , Soulsby Chris , Choi Jay 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDownstream flow in rivers is repeatedly delayed by hydrologic exchange with off‐channel storage zones where biogeochemical processing occurs. We present a dimensionless metric that quantifies river connectivity as the balance between downstream flow and the exchange of water with the bed, banks, and floodplains. The degree of connectivity directly influences downstream water quality — too little connectivity limits the amount of river water exchanged and leads to biogeochemically inactive water storage, while too much connectivity limits the contact time with sediments for reactions to proceed. Using a metric of reaction significance based on river connectivity, we provide evidence that intermediate levels of connectivity, rather than the highest or lowest levels, are the most efficient in removing nitrogen from Northeastern United States’ rivers. Intermediate connectivity balances the frequency, residence time, and contact volume with reactive sediments, which can maximize the reactive processing of dissolved contaminants and the protection of downstream water quality. Our simulations suggest denitrification dominantly occurs in riverbed hyporheic zones of streams and small rivers, whereas vertical turbulent mixing in contact with sediments dominates in mid‐size to large rivers. The metrics of connectivity and reaction significance presented here can facilitate scientifically based prioritizations of river management strategies to protect the values and functions of river corridors.
Of Small Streams and Great Lakes: Integrating Tributaries to Understand the Ecology and Biogeochemistry of Lake Superior
Authors: Marcarelli Amy M. , Coble Ashley A. , Meingast Karl M. , Kane Evan S. , Brooks Colin N. , Buffam Ishi , Green Sarah A. , Huckins Casey J , Toczydlowski David , Stottlemyer Robert 
Published: October 2018

AbstractLake Superior receives inputs from approximately 2,800 tributaries that provide nutrients and dissolved organic matter (DOM) to the nearshore zone of this oligotrophic lake. Here, we review the magnitude and timing of tributary export and plume formation in Lake Superior, how these patterns and interactions may shift with global change, and how emerging technologies can be used to better characterize tributary–lake linkages. Peak tributary export occurs during snowmelt‐driven spring freshets, with additional pulses during rain‐driven storms. Instream processing and transformation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) can be rapid but varies seasonally in magnitude. Tributary plumes with elevated DOC concentration, higher turbidity, and distinct DOM character can be detected in the nearshore during times of high runoff, but plumes can be quickly transported and diluted by in‐lake currents and mixing. Understanding the variability in size and load of these tributary plumes, how they are transported within the lake, and how long they persist may be best addressed with environmental sensors and remote sensing using autonomous and unmanned vehicles. The connections between Lake Superior and its tributaries are vulnerable to climate change, and understanding and predicting future changes to these valuable freshwater resources will require a nuanced and detailed consideration of tributary inputs and interactions in time and space.
U.S. Auditors' Perceptions of the PCAOB Inspection Process: A Behavioral Examination
Authors: Johnson Lindsay M. , Keune Marsha B. , Winchel Jennifer 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThis study examines U.S. auditors' observations of the PCAOB inspection process, and its impact on their work, in order to understand the current U.S. regulatory audit climate. Using 20 interviews with experienced auditors, we consider behavioral factors (e.g., perceived power of and trust in the PCAOB) that can impact the level and form of auditor compliance according to theory from the slippery slope framework on audit regulation (Kirchler et al. 2008; Dowling et al. 2018). Our participants described an audit climate with a powerful regulator. They reported that their desire to receive “clean” inspection reports has had a substantial impact on audit procedures and quality control. However, our participants do not appear to have high trust in the PCAOB, as they questioned aspects of the inspection process and its expectations. Accordingly, we conclude that U.S. public company auditors operate in an antagonistic environment in which auditors perceive the PCAOB has high coercive power. In other words, they comply due to fear of enforcement rather than agreement with the PCAOB's views on audit quality. Some auditors also indicated that they consider both the costs and benefits of compliance. Theoretical intuition implies that any future increases to perceived costs relative to perceived benefits of compliance could ultimately decrease the PCAOB's coercive power and reduce U.S. auditor compliance. Our findings have implications for regulators and researchers interested in understanding behavioral factors that may influence regulatory compliance.
Differently motivated exchange traded fund trading activities and the volatility of the underlying index
Authors: Xu Liao , Yin Xiangkang , Zhao Jing 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper examines the correlations between two types of a market index's volatility and three trading motives of the index's exchange traded funds (ETFs). We find that ETF trading driven by belief dispersion is highly correlated with both the variance in efficient price innovations (VEPI) and the index's total volatility. Privately informed ETF trading is closely connected to the VEPI but not the total volatility, while liquidity ETF trading explains the total volatility but has little power in explaining the VEPI. Moreover, the leading ETF dominates smaller ETFs in explaining both types of volatility and often has more explanatory power than control variables.
Genetic potential for disease resistance in critically endangered amphibians decimated by chytridiomycosis
Authors: Kosch T. A. , Silva C. N. S. , Brannelly L. A. , Roberts A. A. , Lau Q. , Marantelli G. , Berger L. , Skerratt L. F. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHundreds of amphibian species have declined worldwide after the emergence of the amphibian fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Despite captive breeding efforts, it is unlikely that wild populations for many species will be reestablished unless Bd resistance increases. We performed a Bd‐challenge study in the functionally extinct southern corroboree frog Pseudophryne corroboree to investigate differences in Bd susceptibility among individuals and populations, identify genetic [major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I] and genome‐wide variants associated with Bd resistance, and measure genetic diversity and population genetic structure. We found three MHC variants and one MHC supertype associated with Bd infection load and survival along with a suggestively associated single nucleotide polymorphism. We also showed that genome‐wide heterozygosity is associated with increased survival. Additionally, we found evidence of significant population structure among the four P. corroboree populations studied and high MHC genetic diversity. Our results indicate that there are immunogenetic differences among captive southern corroboree frogs; such differences could be manipulated to increase disease resistance and mitigate the significant threat of chytridiomycosis. These results demonstrate a potential long‐term solution to chytridiomycosis that could include breeding more resistant individuals and returning them to the wild.
Towards meaningful monitoring: A case study of a threatened rodent
Authors: Geyle Hayley M. , Guillera‐Arroita Gurutzeta , Davies Hugh F. , Firth Ronald S. C. , Murphy Brett P. , Nimmo Dale G. , Ritchie Euan G. , Woinarski John C. Z. , Nicholson Emily 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDetecting trends in species’ distribution and abundance are essential for conserving threatened species, and depend upon effective monitoring programmes. Despite this, monitoring programmes are often designed without explicit consideration of their ability to deliver the information required by managers, such as their power to detect population changes. Here, we demonstrate the use of existing data to support the design of monitoring programmes aimed at detecting declines in species occupancy. We used single‐season occupancy models and baseline data to gain information on variables affecting the occupancy and detectability of the threatened brush‐tailed rabbit‐ratConilurus penicillatus(Gould 1842) on the Tiwi Islands, Australia. This information was then used to estimate the survey effort required to achieve sufficient power to detect changes in occupancy of different magnitudes. We found that occupancy varied spatially, driven primarily by habitat (canopy height and cover, distance to water) and fire history across the landscape. Detectability varied strongly among seasons, and was three times higher in the late dry season (July–September), compared to the early dry season (April–June). Evaluation of three monitoring scenarios showed that conducting surveys at times when detectability is highest can lead to a substantial improvement in our ability to detect declines, thus reducing the survey effort and costs. Our study highlights the need for careful consideration of survey design related to the ecology of a species, as it can lead to substantial cost savings and improved insight into species population change via monitoring.
Bees of the Victorian Alps: Network structure and interactions of introduced species
Authors: Johanson Lucy G. , Hoffmann Ary A. , Walker Ken L. , Nash Michael A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBees are considered the most important plant pollinators in many ecosystems, yet little is known about pollination of native plants by bees in many Australian ecosystems including the alpine region. Here we consider bee pollination in this region by constructing a bee visitation network and investigating the degree of specialism and network ‘nestedness’, which are related to the robustness of the network to perturbations. Bees and flowers were collected and observed from 10 sites across the Bogong High Plains/Mt Hotham region in Victoria. Low nestedness and a low degree of specialism were detected, consistent with patterns in other alpine regions. Twenty‐one native and one non‐indigenous bee species were observed visiting 46 of the 67 flower species recorded. The introduced Apis mellifera had a large floral overlap with native bees, which may reduce fecundity of native bees through competition. The introduced plant, Hypochaeris radicata (Asteraceae), had the largest and most sustained coverage of any flower and had the most visitations and bee species of any flower. The network developed in this study is a first step in understanding pollination patterns in the alpine/subalpine region and serves as a baseline for future comparisons.
Microbat responses to forest decline
Authors: Wentzel Jacobus J. , Craig Michael D. , Barber Paul A. , StJ Hardy Giles E. , Fleming Patricia A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTree declines have been recorded across forests and woodlands on most continents, causing tree mortality over thousands of square kilometres, yet the impact of tree declines upon mammals have only rarely been quantified. Once the dominant tree over the western parts of the Swan Coastal Plain in Western Australia, tuart (Eucalyptus gomphocephala) forest has been reduced to less than a third of its former range through clearing for agriculture and urban development. Additionally, over the last 30 years, the remnant population has been heavily impacted by a decline that has an unknown cause, but is likely related to a root pathogen coupled with abiotic factors (reduced rainfall, increased salinity and elevated temperatures). Tuart decline is evident as marked canopy dieback, replacement with epicormic growth and increasing bare branches, while leaf litter is lost from the tree surrounds. We examined the effect of tuart decline and other vegetation measures upon bat activity using auditory monitoring. Vegetation structure was correlated with Vespertilionidae bat activity. Falsistrellus mackenziei were more likely to forage around healthy canopies (activity positively correlated with tuart crown density and negatively correlated with tuart crown dieback). By contrast, the other three taxa were more often encountered in declining rather than healthy tuart sites. Chalinolobus gouldii was positively associated with tuart crown dieback. Activity of Vespadelus regulus and Nyctophilus spp. (species not distinguishable from their calls) were significantly positively correlated with an open tall canopy (positively with cover of plants >10 m tall and negatively with overall canopy cover density). There were no vegetation measurements that were strong predictors of activity of two Molossidae species (Ozimops kitcheneri and Austronomus australis), which intercept insects above the forest canopy. This study clearly reveals different factors influencing the activity of bat taxa, which are likely related to where they feed and their manoeuvrability around tree canopies.