bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN FINANCE: A COLLECTION OF LITERATURE SURVEYS
Authors: Claus Iris , Krippner Leo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFinance plays a critical function in economies and continues to evolve in practice complemented by research, policy, and regulation. The articles in this special issue provide up‐to‐date reviews of contemporary topics in finance. Unconventional monetary policy, implicit bank guarantees, and financial fraud are in various ways associated with rethinks stimulated by the Global Financial Crisis. The topics of inflation risk premia, finance and productivity, angel investing, venture capital, relationship lending, and microfinance have benefitted from increased research associated with more data and use in practice. The final two topics of crowdfunding and crypto‐currencies are the products of recent technological developments.
Bullying Victimization in Schools: Why the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child Model Is Essential
Authors: Brewer Steven L. , Brewer Hannah J. , Kulik Keri S. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDBullying is more likely to happen in schools than in any other location. The purpose of this study is to use decision tree analyses to predict specific risk factors for bullying to identify areas of interest for school‐based bullying prevention.METHODSWe obtained data from the 2013 National Crime Victimization Study (NCVS) School Crime Supplement. We used case‐wise deletion to create a sample with completed data based on the measure of bullying (N = 4967). The dependent variable for this study was bullying. We used chi‐square automatic interaction detection (CHAID) to uncover predictors of bullying victimization in schools.RESULTSResults suggest that 21.7% of the participants were bullied during the 6 months prior to the survey. Being distracted in class and being involved in a fight were the top statistically significant variables for bullying victimization in schools. Fear of being attacked and seeing hate‐related words or symbols in school were also strong predictors of bullying.CONCLUSIONSBullying victimization can often be predicted. Therefore, school personnel can implement programs and policies consistent with the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC) model to improve the social and emotional climate in schools and proactively reduce opportunities for bullying victimization.
Schoolteachers' and Administrators' Perceptions of Concussion Management and Implementation of Return‐to‐Learn Guideline
Authors: Romm Kaitlin E. , Ambegaonkar Jatin P. , Caswell Amanda M. , Parham Candace , Cortes Nelson E. , Kerr Zachary , Broshek Donna K. , Caswell Shane V. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDConcussions are a public health concern and concussion management in school requires a team approach. We examined schoolteachers' and administrators' perceptions of concussions, management, and implementation of return‐to‐learn (RTL) guidelines.METHODSWe audio‐recorded and transcribed semistructured interviews with teachers (N = 16) and administrators (N = 6) from a public school system. We analyzed data using an analytic induction and constant comparison approach.RESULTSTwo themes emerged: different understanding, and school context. Participants with no sport coaching experience were less familiar with concussions than those who coached a sport. Participants with personal experience with concussions were more sympathetic toward concussed students' needs. Teachers expressed feeling ill‐equipped to implement RTL guidelines without specific instructions in the complex school environment. However, school administrators had minimal understanding of teacher‐described challenges.CONCLUSIONSTeachers and administrators recognize that concussions are a health concern, but differ in their perceptions of concussions, management, and implementation of RTL guidelines. Personal experiences mediate individual perceptions about concussions. The daily realities of a school environment complicate teachers' capacity to implement RTL guidelines. Conversely, school administrators did not express awareness of any challenges with concussion management. To best facilitate students' recovery schools should include all stakeholders when devising concussion management policies.
Disparities in Health Risk Behaviors and Health Conditions Among Rhode Island Sexual Minority and Unsure High School Students
Authors: Jiang Yongwen , Reilly‐Chammat Rosemary , Cooper Tara , Viner‐Brown Samara 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDSexual minority students have higher risk for health‐related behaviors. We examined 5 domains including 34 health risk behaviors and health conditions among sexual minorities and unsure students in Rhode Island. We also included sexual contact of heterosexually identified students to capture heterosexually identified students who may be considered sexual minorities by their behavior.METHODSWe used the 2007‐2015 Rhode Island Youth Risk Behavior Survey data (N = 14,264). We categorized students into 4 groups: students self‐identified as heterosexual and reported no sexual contact with same sex only or both sexes (group 1); self‐identified as heterosexual and reported sexual contact with same sex only or both sexes (group 2); self‐identified as lesbian, gay, bisexual (group 3); and responded as unsure (group 4). We used multivariable adjusted logistic regression analyses to evaluate associations of sexual minority and unsure students with 34 health risk behaviors and health conditions accounting for complex sampling design.RESULTSStudents in groups 2‐4 were more likely to engage in health‐risk behaviors including violent behaviors, attempted suicide, substance use, and no physical activity than their peers.CONCLUSIONSAs sexual minority youth continue to report higher rates of health‐related risk behaviors, targeted evidence‐based prevention approaches must focus on reducing these risk behaviors among those youth.
Well‐Being and Academic Achievement: Differences Between Schools From 2002 to 2010 in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area
Authors: Karvonen Sakari , Tokola Kari , Rimpelä Arja 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDWe studied school‐level differences in academic achievement and well‐being from 2002 to 2010 in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, as well as the connection between academic achievement, well‐being, and socioeconomic composition.METHODSThe School Health Promotion Study covered 109 schools and 78% of schoolchildren (N = 100,413; aged 14 to 16 years). Depression was measured with the modified Beck Depression Scale and academic achievement with the grade‐point average. Trajectory analysis identified groups of schools that were as heterogeneous over time as possible.RESULTSSix school trajectories differing in academic achievement and 3 in well‐being were observed. Differences between the trajectories persisted over time. Academic achievement and well‐being were related: schools on a poor achievement trajectory were more often on a low‐well‐being trajectory. The poor socioeconomic composition of students was more common in low‐academic achievement and well‐being trajectories.CONCLUSIONSAcademic achievement and well‐being differed between schools and are closely related to each other and to the school's socioeconomic composition. Differences between the schools did not increase over time. Educational policies aimed at reducing differences should address both academic achievement and well‐being.
Pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin after single intravenous, oral and subcutaneous administration to dogs
Authors: Landoni Maria Fabiana , Albarellos Gabriela Alejandra 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe pharmacokinetic properties of the fluoroquinolone levofloxacin (LFX) were investigated in six dogs after single intravenous, oral and subcutaneous administration at a dose of 2.5, 5 and 5 mg/kg, respectively. After intravenous administration, distribution was rapid (T½dist 0.127 ± 0.055 hr) and wide as reflected by the volume of distribution of 1.20 ± 0.13 L/kg. Drug elimination was relatively slow with a total body clearance of 0.11 ± 0.03 L kg−1 hr−1 and a T½ for this process of 7.85 ± 2.30 hr. After oral and subcutaneous administration, absorption half‐life and Tmax were 0.35 and 0.80 hr and 1.82 and 2.82 hr, respectively. The bioavailability was significantly higher (p ˂ 0.05) after subcutaneous than oral administration (79.90 vs. 60.94%). No statistically significant differences were observed between other pharmacokinetic parameters. Considering the AUC24 hr/MIC and Cmax/MIC ratios obtained, it can be concluded that LFX administered intravenously (2.5 mg/kg), subcutaneously (5 mg/kg) or orally (5 mg/kg) is efficacious against Gram‐negative bacteria with MIC values of 0.1 μg/ml. For Gram‐positive bacteria with MIC values of 0.5 μg/kg, only SC and PO administration at a dosage of 5 mg/kg showed to be efficacious. MIC‐based PK/PD analysis by Monte Carlo simulation indicates that the proposed dose regimens of LFX, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg/24 hr by SC route and 10 mg/kg/24 hr by oral route, in dogs may be adequate to recommend as an empirical therapy against S. aureus strains with MIC ≤ 0.5 μg/ml and E. coli strains with MIC values ≤0.125 μg/ml.
Exploring urban print environments: a comparative study across San Antonio and Santiago and implications for early childhood literacy practices
Authors: Sailors Misty , Orellana Pelusa , Stortz Rebecca , Sellers Teresa 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn this study, we compared the types of texts found in two metropolitan areas (Santiago, Chile, and San Antonio, TX, USA) as a way of documenting the sponsorship of literacy within these two communities. We found (roughly) equal number of texts across the sites but interesting patterns within each. San Antonio's texts were primarily sponsored by industry and the military and Santiago's texts by political and religious sponsors. Similarly, there were statistically significant differences in the types of texts across neighbourhoods based on how well they were historically resourced. Our findings have implications for teaching early literacy through environmental print.
Effects of exendin‐4 on colonic motility in rats and its underlying mechanism
Authors: Yan Lin , Tang Qincai , Quan Xiaojing , Ren Haixia , Chen Wei , Xia Hong , Luo Hesheng 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundGlucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor (GLP‐1R) agonists modulate gastrointestinal motility; however, the effects of GLP‐1R agonists on colonic motility are still controversial, and the molecular mechanism is unclear. Exendin‐4 shares 53% homology with GLP‐1 and is a full agonist of GLP‐1R. In this study, our aims were to explore the role and mechanism of exendin‐4 in isolated rat colonic tissues and cells.MethodsAn organ bath system was used to examine the spontaneous contractions of smooth muscle strips. The whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique was used to investigate the currents of L‐type voltage‐dependent calcium channels and large conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ (BKCa) channels in smooth muscle cells.Key ResultsExendin‐4 decreased both the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous contractions of smooth muscle strips in a concentration‐dependent manner. The inhibitory effect was completely blocked by exendin‐4(9‐39), a GLP‐1R antagonist. Moreover, this effect was partially abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX), a blocker of neuronal voltage‐dependent Na+ channels, Nω‐Nitro‐l‐arginine (L‐NNA), a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, apamin, an inhibitor of small‐conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ (SK) channels. Whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings revealed that exendin‐4 inhibited the peak current of L‐type calcium channels in colonic smooth muscle cells, but did not change the shape of the current‐voltage (I‐V) curves. The steady‐state activation and steady‐state inactivation of L‐type calcium channels were not affected. Likewise, BKCa currents were significantly inhibited by exendin‐4.ConclusionsExendin‐4 indirectly inhibits colonic muscle activity via a nitrergic and a purinergic neural pathway through NO and ATP release and inhibits L‐type voltage‐dependent calcium channels and BKCa channels in smooth muscle cells.
The prospects for constraining productivity through time with the whole‐plant physiology of fossils
Authors: Boyce C. Kevin , Zwieniecki Maciej A. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryAnatomically preserved fossils allow estimation of hydraulic parameters, potentially providing constraints on interpreting whole‐plant physiology. However, different organ systems have typically been considered in isolation – a problem given common mismatches of high and low conductance components coupled in the hydraulic path of the same plant. A recent paper addressed the issue of how to handle resistance mismatches in fossil plant hydraulics, focusing on Carboniferous medullosan seed plants and arborescent lycopsids. Among other problems, however, a fundamental error was made: the transpiration stream consists of resistances in series (where resistances are additive and the component with the largest resistance can dominate the behavior of the system), but emphasis was instead placed on the lowest resistance, effectively treating the system as resistances in parallel (where the component with the smallest resistance will dominate the behavior). Instead of possessing high assimilation capacities to match high specific stem conductances, it is argued here that individual high conductance components in these Paleozoic plants are nonetheless associated with low whole‐plant productivity, just as can be commonly seen in living plants. Resolution of how to handle these issues may have broad implications for the Earth system including geobiological feedbacks to rock weathering, atmospheric composition, and climate.
A cluster of high psychological and somatic symptoms in children with idiopathic scoliosis predicts persistent pain and analgesic use 1 year after spine fusion
Authors: Voepel‐Lewis Terri , Caird Michelle S. , Tait Alan R. , Farley Frances A. , Li Ying , Malviya Shobha , Hassett Afton , Weber Monica , Currier Emily , de Sibour Trevor , Clauw Daniel J. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryBackgroundPersistent postoperative pain is a significant problem for many children, particularly for those undergoing major surgery such as posterior spine fusion. More than two‐thirds report persistent pain after spine fusion, yet factors that may contribute to poorer outcomes remain poorly understood.AimsThis prospective, longitudinal study examined how psychologic and somatic symptoms cluster together in children aged 10‐17 years with idiopathic scoliosis, and tested the hypothesis that a higher psychological and somatic symptom cluster would predict worse pain outcomes 1 year after fusion.MethodsOtherwise healthy children with idiopathic scoliosis completed preoperative surveys measuring recent pain intensity, pain location(s), somatic symptom severity, painDETECT (neuropathic‐type pain symptoms), pain interference, fatigue, depression, anxiety, and pain catastrophizing. Pain outcome data were collected during hospitalization, and at 1 year after surgery.ResultsNinety‐five children completed baseline surveys and a cluster analysis differentiated 28 (30%) with a high symptom profile that included; higher depression, fatigue, pain interference, catastrophizing, and painDETECT scores. High symptom cluster membership independently predicted higher pain interference at 1 year (β 9.92 [95% CI 6.63, 13.2], P < 0.001). Furthermore, children in this high symptom cluster reported significantly higher pain intensity and painDETECT scores, and had a 50% higher probability of continued analgesic use at 1 year compared to those in the Low Symptom Cluster (95% CI 21.3‐78.5, P = 0.001).ConclusionFindings from this exploratory study suggest a need to comprehensively assess children with scoliosis for preoperative signs and symptoms that may indicate an underlying vulnerability for persistent pain. This, in turn may help guide a comprehensive perioperative treatment strategy to mitigate the potential for long‐term pain trajectories.
Trichoderma species associated with green mould disease of Pleurotus ostreatus and their sensitivity to prochloraz
Authors: Innocenti G. , Montanari M. , Righini H. , Roberti R. 
Published: October 2018

Green mould disease causes serious economic losses in Pleurotus ostreatus crops worldwide, including in Italy, where prochloraz is the only chemical fungicide allowed to control the disease. The effectiveness of the doses 0.01, 0.05, 0.25 and 1.25 μL L−1 (field dose) of prochloraz (Sponix Flow, 450 g L−1), against colony growth rate and spore germination of Trichoderma pleuroti, T. pleuroticola and T. guizhouense strains on wheat straw extract agar plates were evaluated. Complete inhibition of Trichoderma pleuroti and T. pleuroticola growth was shown by the field dose of prochloraz, and also by the 0.25 μL L−1 dose for T. pleuroti. Complete inhibition of spore germination occurred for all Trichoderma strains at field dose, and at 0.25 μL L−1 for T. pleuroti strains. In in vivo assays, the effect of prochloraz doses 0.05, 0.25 and 1.25 μL L−1 on colonization of straw substrate by T. pleuroti, T. pleuroticola and T. guizhouense inoculated at two spore densities (102 and 105 spores mL−1) immediately after P. ostreatus spawn was studied. Trichoderma pleuroti and T. pleuroticola were both responsible for green mould disease, whereas T. guizhouense was not pathogenic. Trichoderma pleuroti was more aggressive than T. pleuroticola. Prochloraz was effective against T. pleuroti at the field dose, and against T. pleuroticola at 0.25 and 1.25 μL L−1. The study on Trichoderma × Pleurotus interaction type showed that Trichoderma species were active against the mycelial growth of P. ostreatus by competition for space and nutrients, and neither hyphal interaction nor effect by volatile or nonvolatile metabolites occurred.
Incidence, pathogenicity and diversity of Alternaria spp. associated with alternaria leaf spot of canola (Brassica napus) in Australia
Authors: Al‐Lami H. F. D. , You M. P. , Barbetti M. J. 
Published: October 2018

Studies were undertaken to determine Alternaria spp. associated with leaf spot symptoms on canola (Brassica napus) in two cropping seasons (2015, 2016) across southern Australia. Major allergen Alt a1 and plasma membrane ATPase genes were used to identify Alternaria spp. In 2015, 112 isolates of seven Alternaria spp. were obtained, with A. metachromatica predominating. In 2016, 251 isolates of 12 Alternaria spp. were obtained, with A. infectoria predominating. Alternaria spp. isolates were morphologically and phylogenetically identified and studies to determine their pathogenicity on both B. napus (cv. Thunder TT) and B. juncea (cv. Dune) confirmed 10 species (A. alternata, A. arborescens, A. brassicae, A. ethzedia, A. hordeicola, A. infectoria, A. japonica, A. malvae, A. metachromatica and A. tenuissima) as pathogenic on both Brassica species. Alternaria ethzedia, A. hordeicola and A. malvae were recorded for the first time in Australia on any host and the record of A. arborescens was the first for New South Wales (NSW) and South Australia (SA). Other first records included A. infectoria on B. napus in NSW; A. japonica on B. napus in NSW and Western Australia (WA); A. metachromatica on any host in NSW, Victoria (VIC), WA and SA; and A. tenuissima on B. napus in NSW, SA and WA. It is evident that alternaria leaf spot on canola across southern Australia is not solely caused by A. brassicae, but that a range of other Alternaria spp. are also involved to varying degrees, depending upon the year and the geographic locality.
An application of data mining to identify potential risk factors for anophthalmia and microphthalmia
Authors: Weber Kari A. , Yang Wei , Carmichael Suzan L. , Lupo Philip J. , Dukhovny Stephanie , Yazdy Mahsa M. , Lin Angela E. , Van Bennekom Carla M. , Mitchell Allen A. , Shaw Gary M. ,   National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundWe examined a large number of variables to generate new hypotheses regarding a wider range of risk factors for anophthalmia/microphthalmia using data mining.MethodsData were from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a multicentre, case‐control study from 10 centres in the United States. There were 134 cases of “isolated” and 87 “nonisolated” (with other major birth defects) of anophthalmia/microphthalmia and 11 052 nonmalformed controls with delivery dates October 1997‐December 2011. Using random forest, a data mining procedure, we compared the two case types with controls for 201 variables. Variables considered important ranked by random forest were included in a multivariable logistic regression model to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.ResultsPredictors for isolated cases included paternal race/ethnicity, maternal intake of certain nutrients and foods, and childhood health problems in relatives. Using regression, inverse associations were observed with greater maternal education and with increasing intake of folate and potatoes. Odds were slightly higher with greater paternal education, for increased intake of carbohydrates and beans, and if relatives had a childhood health problem. For nonisolated cases, predictors included paternal race/ethnicity, maternal intake of certain nutrients, and smoking in the home the month before conception. Odds were higher for Hispanic fathers and smoking in the home and NSAID use the month before conception.ConclusionsResults appear to support previously hypothesised risk factors, socio‐economic status, NSAID use, and inadequate folate intake, and potentially provide new areas such as passive smoking pre‐pregnancy, and paternal education and ethnicity, to explore for further understanding of anophthalmia/microphthalmia.
Are free trade agreements good for the environment? A panel data analysis
Authors: Nemati Mehdi , Hu Wuyang , Reed Michael 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis study empirically examines the relationship between free trade agreements (FTAs) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. For this purpose, we use three different FTAs: the Southern Common Market, the North American Free Trade Agreement, and the Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement. These FTAs are between developing, both developing and developed, and only developed countries, respectively. Panel unit root, panel cointegration, and fully modified ordinary least squares estimations are employed to examine the long‐run relationship between GHG emissions and trade liberalization. The results indicate that the environmental effects of FTAs depend on the different agreement types. When FTAs are between only developed or developing countries, overall there is no environmental damage, and these types of FTAs can be beneficial for the environmental quality in the long run. However, when developing and developed countries are in a trade agreement, overall environmental quality decreases due to increased GHG emissions.
Evaluating South African Fiscal and Monetary Policy Trade‐offs Using a Wavelet‐Based Model
Authors: Crowley Patrick M. , Hudgins David 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe balance between South African fiscal and monetary policy in an open economy context poses some interesting questions for policymakers: questions such as whether more aggressive monetary or fiscal policy will likely deliver better growth prospects in the short and medium run, and what will the consequences be for the real exchange rate and for inflation? This research applies wavelet analysis to post‐apartheid South African quarterly macroeconomic data, and uses the decomposition to simulate a large state‐space linear‐quadratic tracking model. We find that restricted fiscal policy is the best option to realise growth, leading to lower interest rates, lower inflation, real exchange depreciation and improved trade balances compared to restricted monetary policy.