bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forty Years of Corporation Law
Authors: Procaccia Uriel 
Published: May 2019

A reform of any body of law necessitates adopting new legal groundrules designed to improve the current situation. A reform is judged significant when the new rules have a major impact on society's daily life. In this respect, the last major reform in corporation law did not take place in the last forty years at all, but rather some 140 years ago, upon the implementation of the “limited liability” concept in England.In the first chapter, I analyze the term “significant reform” in the context of corporation law. I clarify why the concept of limited liability can be characterized as such a reform. In addition, we will note several other legal subjects that could have been construed as significant reforms.
Forty Years of Corporation Law
Authors: Yoran Aharon 
Published: May 2019

The principal thesis expressed by Professor Procaccia is that when establishing rules, their economic and political significance should be considered. Accordingly, the agency problem would be solved by developing a collective enforcement mechanism (the derivative action), and by creating rules that would enable the market for corporate control to function. Under his system, it is unimportant which specific rules of liability are set by the legislature since, in any case, the market mechanism will correct the rules. It is pointless, therefore, to “waste energy” on laying down primary principles of liability.The author has made a valuable contribution in presenting new approaches and their consequences: the previous school, the economic analysis of law, and the new school, critical legal studies. However, when he applies the implications of analysis in terms of these new concepts to corporation law in Israel, Prof. Procaccia fails to examine the question of the relevance and applicability of the models. The economic analysis of law model becomes irrelevant when the market fails. In such a case, the market mechanism does not work to correct the primary rules.
Forty Years of Tax Law in Israel
Authors: Flomin Yehezkel 
Published: May 2019

1.1 No discussion has taken place at governmental level about long-term taxation policy, the distribution of the tax burden, whether to distribute it between direct and indirect tax, or about the problems of tax incentives.1.2 The absence of a central tax authority, together with the neutralization of, and the erosion in, the standing of the department for state income, has led to the existence of three systems - income tax, customs and value added tax, and national insurance. National insurance lost its uniqueness a long time ago and has become, perhaps unknowingly, a fiscal, financial instrument, something that was never coordinated, at a national level, with the other tax systems.1.3 The lack of an integrated, comprehensive taxation concept has meant the existence of different tax laws, and a variety of contradictory definitions. These laws create contradictions, and provide a multitude of weird sources of tax planning, methods of assessment, collection, and enforcement.
Trypanosoma congolense:appearance and distribution of variable antigen types during metacyclic differentiationin vitro
Authors: Prain C. J. , Ross C. A. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryDifferentiation of epimastigotes and production of infective metacyclic forms ofTrypanosoma congolensewere examined in a culture system which enabled manipulation of the population density of insect forms. Scanning electron microscopy of cultures revealed the attachment sites of epimastigotes in detail, showing them to be attached as ‘clusters’ or ‘bundles’ and having associated fibrillar structures. Dividing epimastigotes were observed either within individual bundles or in association with two bundles. Metacyclic forms were detected by an immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) using metacyclic variable-antigen type (M-VAT) specific monoclonal antibodies, by day 7 after seeding cultures. Trypanosomes expressing M-VATs appeared singly in bundles, observed by both IFAT and an immunogold labelling method. Statistical analysis using Poisson calculations suggested that, in general, the distribution of metacyclics expressing individual M-VATs was random throughout cultures.
LO STATO IN PROSPETTIVA STORICA
Authors: Finer Samuel E. 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneNonostante l'opinione dei revisionisti, dal mio punto di vista l'Impero romano d'Occidente é veramente crollato; i secoli bui del Medio Evo sono stati veramente bui e iregnache da questo periodo sono faticosamente emersi non erano «stati» nel senso che noi oggi diamo a questo termine. Dopo la caduta dell'Impero romano dovevano passare un migliaio di anni prima che apparisse il «moderno stato europeo». Vorrei sottolineare come, contrariamente a quanto molti ritengono, l'Europa non abbia ‘inventato’ lo Stato. L'Europa lo hareinventatodopo un lungo periodo in cui al crollo era seguita una condizione di quasi anarchia e successivamente il feudalesimo.
PARLAMENTI E PARLAMENTARI NEGLI ANNI OTTANTA
Authors: Mastropaolo Alfio 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneAll'interno di quello che si suole ormai definire il mercato politico, il successo degli interessi organizzati ha da qualche decennio a questa parte finito, com'é noto, per cancellare del tutto la tradizionale rappresentazione del parlamento quale baricentro del sistema politico. Superata la fase in cui l'insidia piò grave alle prerogative delle assemblee legislative veniva dai partiti politici, i grandi gruppi d'interesse funzionali hanno addirittura dato luogo ad un secondo circuito rappresentativo in pieno regola, postosi decisamente in concorrenza rispetto a quello della rappresentanza politica democratica, che ha nel parlamento il suo principale punto di transito.
OPINIONE PUBBLICA E COMPETIZIONE PRESIDENZIALE NEGLI STATI UNITI
Authors: Mattei Franco 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneNel corso degli ultimi vent'anni, il processo di selezione dei candidati alla presidenza americana ha prodotto frequenti sorprese politiche ed alcuni vincitori inattesi. Il rapido declino di Muskie e la nomina di McGovern nel 1972, la scelta di Jimmy«Who?»Carter nel 1976, i successi di piò breve periodo di Bush e di Anderson nel 1980, la meteorica ascesa di Hart e le impreviste difficoltá di Mondale nel 1984 sono i casi piò noti offerti dalle recenti campagne elettorali pre-congressuali del partito democratico e repubblicano. L'analisi dei modi e dei tempi con i quali diversi candidati alla Casa Bianca hanno visto mutare radicalmente la propria posizione nella competizione intrapartitica é centrata sulla nozione dimomentum; in essa sono state condensate l'instabilitá e l'incertezza ricorrenti nell'attuale sistema di nomina dei candidati alla presidenza.
SCIENZA POLITICA E RELAZIONI INDUSTRIALI
Authors: Lanzalaco Luca 
Published: May 2019

Introduzione«Nello studio delle relazioni industriali nessuna disciplina, tra le scienze sociali, ha avuto un ruolo meno rilevante della scienza politica»: questa affermazione fatta da Peter Gourevitch, Peter Lange e Andrew Martin in un saggio purtroppo poco conosciuto (Gourevitch, Lange, Martin 1981, 401) induce, da un lato, a domandarsi se effettivamente la latitanza di questa disciplina sia stata grave e, dall'altro, a tentare di colmare parzialmente questa lacuna.
GENESI E SVILUPPI DELLA COMPARAZIONE: UNO, NESSUNO O CENTOMILA METODI?
Authors: Gangemi Giuseppe 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzionePer molto tempo, con il termine comparazione si individua il momento centrale dell'argomentazione razionale e soprattutto si afferma la direzione della riflessione logica sulla pratica di ricerca. Di conseguenza, si sostiene che i ricercatori dipendono dai logici, e sono questi che definiscono preventivamente le regole del corretto metodo di ricerca. Tale metodo consiste, per i razionalisti, nel piò e nel meno (cioè nella quantificazione). I logici cartesiani, infatti, usavano chiamare comparazione il confronto per appurare se qualcosa sia maggiore o minore, migliore o peggiore, di un'altra. Nella Logique de Port Royal, viene chiamato comparativo il giudizio per valutare se una cosa è piò o meno di un'altra (1662, II, X; 1969, 199). Questa definizione di comparazione non è dissimile dal «giudizio di confronto» della scolastica tomistica. Tuttavia, la differenza è nella maggiore enfasi posta sul concetto di quantità (il piò o il meno). Una simile definizione è strettamente connessa al tentativo di Cartesio (condiviso dai cartesiani di Port-Royal) di sviluppare la matematica come modello metodologico e come significato ultimo della natura. A proposito della metodologia cartesiana, essa ritiene indispensabile, all'esattezza di ogni raffronto, che ambedue i termini considerati consentano un piò o un meno, e quindi rientrino nel concetto generale di grandezza
COMPARAZIONE E CONTROLLO LOGICO
Authors: Bruschi Alessandro 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneAll'espressione «comparazione» vengono attribuiti molti e differenti significati: quasi in ciascuno di essi è previsto l'uso del cosiddetto «metodo logico» (definito nei canoni di Mill) per operare controlli sulle ipotesi. L'importanza accordata al metodo è tale che spesso la stessa comparazione viene ridotta al metodo logico, e il metodo comparato (logico) contrapposto ad altri, quali quello statistico o sperimentale (Smelser 1966, Lijphart 1971).
IL METODO COMPARATO: DUE DECENNI DI MUTAMENTI
Authors: Collier David 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneL'idea che la comparazione sia una «buona cosa» nasce direttamente dal nostro modo intuitivo di comprendere il mondo. La comparazione acuisce la nostra capacità di descrizione e può costituire un prezioso stimolo per la formazione dei concetti. Essa ci fornisce dei criteri per sottoporre a verifica le ipotesi, contribuisce alla scoperta per via induttiva di nuove ipotesi e alla costruzione di teorie. Harold Lasswell, nell'articolo di apertura del primo numero della rivista «Comparative Politics», affermava che il rilievo assunto dalla comparazione in una buona analisi è tale che il metodo scientifico è inevitabilmente comparato (Lasswell 1968, 3).
COMPARAZIONE E SPIEGAZIONE IN SCIENZA POLITICA
Authors: Panebianco Angelo 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneOltre alle domande su «come» e «perché» comparare, una domanda che vale la pena di porsi in tema di comparazione è: «perché si compara così poco nella scienza politica contemporanea?». A differenza delle domande sul come e sul perché, che sono di carattere metodologico, essa riguarda una questione di fatto. Tuttavia, come nel caso delle altre due, è impossibile rispondere a questa domanda senza mettere in conto le divisioni di fondo che attraversano la comunità internazionale degli scienziati politici (come tutte le altre comunità di scienziati sociali) e che riguardano natura e scopi delle scienze sociali. Come cercherò di dimostrare, partire da questa domanda su un problema di fatto può aiutare anche a meglio definire le questioni del come e, soprattutto, del perché.
TEMPO E RICERCA COMPARATA
Authors: Bartolini Stefano 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneQuesto articolo raccoglie una serie di riflessioni metodologiche attinenti al disegno della ricerca preferito dall'autore: una ricerca comparata che combina dimensione di variazione spazialeetemporale. Nel corso del lavoro si cercherà di giustificare tale preferenza. Tuttavia, l'obiettivo principale rimane quello di confrontare questa strategia di ricerca con altre e di porre in rilievo alcune questioni di metodo che le sono specifiche.
Noble Gas and Carbon Isotope Systematics at the Seemingly Inactive Ciomadul Volcano (Eastern‐Central Europe, Romania): Evidence for Volcanic Degassing
Authors: Kis B. M. , Caracausi A. , Palcsu L. , Baciu C. , Ionescu A. , Futó I. , Sciarra A. , Harangi Sz. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCiomadul is the youngest volcano in the Carpathian‐Pannonian Region, Eastern‐Central Europe, which last erupted 30 ka. This volcano is considered to be inactive, however, combined evidence from petrologic and magnetotelluric data, as well as seismic tomography studies, suggests the existence of a subvolcanic crystal mush with variable melt content. The volcanic area is characterized by high CO2 gas output rate, with a minimum of 8.7 × 103 t/year. We investigated 31 gas emissions at Ciomadul to constrain the origin of the volatiles. The δ13C–CO2 and 3He/4He compositions suggest the outgassing of a significant component of mantle‐derived fluids. The He isotope signature in the outgassing fluids (up to 3.10 Ra) is lower than the values in the peridotite xenoliths of the nearby alkaline basalt volcanic field (R/Ra 5.95 Ra ± 0.01), which are representative of a continental lithospheric mantle and significantly lower than MORB values. Considering the chemical characteristics of the Ciomadul dacite, including trace element and Sr–Nd and O isotope compositions, an upper crustal contamination is less probable, whereas the primary magmas could have been derived from an enriched mantle source. The low He isotopic ratios could indicate a strongly metasomatized mantle lithosphere. This could be due to infiltration of subduction‐related fluids and postmetasomatic ingrowth of radiogenic He. The metasomatic fluids are inferred to have contained subducted carbonate material resulting in a heavier carbon isotope composition (δ13C is in the range of −1.4‰ to −4.6‰) and an increase of CO2/3He ratio. Our study shows the magmatic contribution to the emitted gases.
The Influence of Substorms on Extreme Rates of Change of the Surface Horizontal Magnetic Field in the United Kingdom
Authors: Freeman Mervyn P. , Forsyth Colin , Rae I. Jonathan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe investigate how statistical properties of the rate of change R of the surface horizontal magnetic field in the United Kingdom differ during substorm expansion and recovery phases compared with other times. R is calculated from 1‐min magnetic field data from three INTERMAGNET observatories—Lerwick, Eskdalemuir, and Hartland and between 1996 and 2014—nearly two solar cycles. Substorm expansion and recovery phases are identified from the SuperMAG Lower index using the Substorm Onsets and Phases from Indices of the Electrojet method. The probability distribution of R is decomposed into categories of whether during substorm expansion and recovery phases, in enhanced convection intervals, or at other times. From this, we find that 54–56% of all extreme R values (defined as above the 99.97th percentile) occur during substorm expansion or recovery phases. By similarly decomposing the magnetic local time variation of the occurrence of large R values (>99th percentile), we deduce that 21–25% of large R during substorm expansion and recovery phases are attributable to the Disturbance Polar (DP)1 magnetic perturbation caused by the substorm current wedge. This corresponds to 10–14% of all large R in the entire data set. These results, together with asymptotic trends in occurrence probabilities, may indicate the two‐cell DP2 magnetic perturbation caused by magnetospheric convection as the dominant source of hazardous R > 600 nT/min that is potentially damaging to the U.K. National Grid. Thus, further research is needed to understand and model DP2, its mesoscale turbulent structure, and substorm feedbacks in order that GIC impact on the National Grid may be better understood and predicted.
Deciphering Color Reflectance Data of a 520‐kyr Sediment Core From the Southern Ocean: Method Application and Paleoenvironmental Implications
Authors: Wu Li , Wang Rujian , Krijgsman Wout , Chen Zhihua , Xiao Wenshen , Ge Shulan , Wu Jiawang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSediment color reflectance contains important information on paleoenvironmental changes. Such data are routinely measured on sediment cores from the Southern Ocean. Their usefulness, however, is undervalued. Here for the first time, color reflectance of an ~520‐kyr sediment core retrieved off Prydz Bay (East Antarctica) was intensively investigated to correlate sediment color changes to changes in sediment compositions. Total carbon, total organic carbon, X‐ray fluorescence‐derived Fe/Ti and Br/Ti ratios, water content and mineral composition of sediment from this core, and color reflectance of another two sediment cores retrieved nearby were analyzed in this study. The raw reflectance data were transformed into their first‐order derivatives and subjected to factor analysis algorithms. A four‐factor model was selected to unmix the data set, explaining >80% of the total data variance. Its robustness is supported by similar factor analysis results from the other two cores. The four factors represent (from Factors 1–4) pulses of sedimentary Mn enrichment and Fe3+/Fe2+ changes in clay minerals, relative content changes of colorless components, hematite and goethite, and water, respectively. Scores of Factor 1 show high spikes at glacial terminations, recording enhanced deglacial ventilation in the abyssal Southern Ocean. Scores of Factor 2 mainly reflect biogenic components and chlorite but are further complicated by refractory terrigenous organic carbon and Mn‐oxides/‐hydroxides. Higher Scores of Factor 3 occur mainly at peak interglacial intervals, associated with enhanced transport of sediment of Antarctic origin by oceanic currents. Water content (Factor 4) in the core sediment was significantly influenced by opal content and sediment grain size compositions.
The Budget of Macrobenthic Reworked Organic Carbon: A Modeling Case Study of the North Sea
Authors: Zhang Wenyan , Wirtz Kai , Daewel Ute , Wrede Alexa , Kröncke Ingrid , Kuhn Gerhard , Neumann Andreas , Meyer Julia , Ma Mengyao , Schrum Corinna 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe importance of macrobenthos in benthic‐pelagic coupling and early diagenesis of organic carbon has long been recognized but has not been quantified at a regional scale. By using the southern North Sea as an exemplary area we present a modeling attempt to quantify the budget of total organic carbon (TOC) reworked by macrobenthos in seafloor surface sediments. Vertical profiles in sediments collected in the field indicate a significant but nonlinear correlation between TOC and macrobenthic biomass. A mechanistic model is used to resolve the bidirectional interaction between TOC and macrobenthos. A novelty of this model is that bioturbation is resolved dynamically depending on variations in local food resource and macrobenthic biomass. The model is coupled to 3‐D hydrodynamic‐biogeochemical simulations to hindcast the mutual dependence between sedimentary TOC and macrobenthos from 1948 to 2015. Agreement with field data reveals a satisfactory model performance. Our simulations show that the preservation of TOC in the North Sea sediments is determined not only by pelagic conditions (hydrodynamic regime and primary production) but also by the vertical distribution of TOC, bioturbation intensity, and the vertical positioning of macrobenthos. Macrobenthos annually ingest 20–35% and in addition vertically diffuse 11–22% of the total budget of TOC in the uppermost 30‐cm sediments in the southern North Sea. This result indicates a central role of benthic animals in modulating the organic carbon cycling at the sediment‐water interface of continental margins.
Solar Radio Burst Events on 6 September 2017 and Its Impact on GNSS Signal Frequencies
Authors: Sato H. , Jakowski N. , Berdermann J. , Jiricka K. , Heßelbarth A. , Banyś D. , Wilken V. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDuring the intense solar radio bursts on 6 September 2017, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signal interferences were observed at ground stations in the European longitude sector from 20°N to 70°N for all GNSS satellites in view including GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo. The solar radio noise reduced the signal‐to‐noise ratio with clear frequency dependence. The impact of the radio burst has been found at L2 and L5 frequencies, but not at L1 frequency. The ground observation of the solar radio spectrum between 1.0 and 2.0 GHz corresponds well to such frequency dependence. The maximum signal‐to‐noise ratio reduction of ‐10 dB was found when the solar radio flux was pulsating around 2,000 solar flux unit level. Precise point positioning results show that accuracy is reduced with stronger deviation for dual‐frequency solutions than for single‐frequency solutions based on L1 signal only. The positioning error refers rather to the solar extreme ultraviolet flare than to solar radio interferences. The results presented here are a clear indication of frequency‐dependent GNSS performance degradation during strong space weather events.
Experimental behaviour analysis for optimally controlled standalone DFIG system
Authors: Soued Salah , Chabani Mohammed Saci , Becherif Mohamed , Benchouia Mouhamed Toufik , Ramadan Haitham Saad , Betka Achour , Golea Amar , Zouzou Salah Eddine 
Published: May 2019

Metaheuristic optimisation techniques such as the Grey Wolf optimiser (GWO) and artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithms have been developed for enhancing the dynamic behaviour of wind energy conversion system. The stand‐alone doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) control system based on the direct voltage control is experimentally validated for the robust independent control of the stator voltage amplitude and the consequent rotor current regulation. The GWO and ABC are used for selecting the optimal gains of the proportional–integral (PI) regulator to improve the dynamic performance and the robust stability of the DFIG system in the presence of step voltage variation and sudden load operation. Through, MATLAB™/Simulink numerical simulations, the dynamic performances of the GWO‐PI and ABC‐PI applied to stand‐alone DFIG systems are compared with the conventional PI controller under different disturbances. Using a 3 kW DFIG test bench DSPACE DS1104 card prototype, the experimental validation justifies the superiority of proposed novel GWO‐PI and ABC‐PI controllers over the conventional PI control in terms of steady‐state errors, maximum overshoots, settling time and rise time.
Multiple sampling PSC‐PWM with hierarchical control architecture for MMC‐DSTATCOM
Authors: Zhang Yuxiao , Dai Ke , Xu Chen , Kang Yong , Dai Ziwei 
Published: May 2019

The modular multilevel converter (MMC) is attractive for medium‐ and high‐power applications because of its high modularity, availability and power quality. In this study, a quadruple sampling phase‐shifted‐carrier pulse‐width modulation (PSC‐PWM) strategy based on hierarchical distributed control architecture for MMC in medium‐voltage power distribution static synchronous compensator (DSTATCOM) application is presented. Compared to centralised control architecture, the multi‐digital signal processors master–slave hierarchical control architecture can enhance the scalability of MMC‐DSTATCOM and the sub‐module (SM) number can expand without limitation. To take advantage of the proposed hierarchical architecture, the multiple sampling PSC‐PWM technique is employed to improve the converter performance. The spectrum of the electromotive force of MMC with quadruple sampling is almost the same as that of natural sampling, which leads to fewer harmonics in reactive and harmonic current compensating. Besides, it also raises the sampling frequency so that the MMC‐DSTATCOM can compensate harmonic at the low SM switching frequency. The effectivenesses of the proposed architecture and modulation method are verified by experimental results obtained from a 60 V/2 kVA downscaled prototype.