bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aerosol–radiation feedback deteriorates the wintertime haze in the North China Plain
Authors: Wu Jiarui , Bei Naifang , Hu Bo , Liu Suixin , Zhou Meng , Wang Qiyuan , Li Xia , Liu Lang , Feng Tian , Liu Zirui , Wang Yichen , Cao Junji , Tie Xuexi , Wang Jun , Molina Luisa T. , Li Guohui 
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosols scatter or absorb a fraction of the
incoming solar radiation to cool or warm the atmosphere, decreasing surface
temperature and altering atmospheric stability to further affect the
dispersion of air pollutants in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). In the
present study, simulations during a persistent and heavy haze pollution
episode from 5 December 2015 to 4 January 2016 in the North China Plain
(NCP) were performed using the Weather Research and
Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) to comprehensively quantify
contributions of aerosol shortwave radiative feedback (ARF) to near-surface
(around 15 m above the ground surface) PM2.5 mass concentrations. The
WRF-Chem model generally performs well in simulating the temporal variations
and spatial distributions of air pollutants concentrations compared to
observations at ambient monitoring sites in the NCP, and the simulated
diurnal variations of aerosol species are also consistent with the
measurements in Beijing. Additionally, the model simulates the aerosol
radiative properties, the downward shortwave flux, and the PBL height
against observations in the NCP well. During the episode, ARF deteriorates the
haze pollution, increasing the near-surface PM2.5 concentrations in
the NCP by 10.2 µg m−3 or with a contribution of 7.8 % on
average. Sensitivity studies have revealed that high loadings of PM2.5
attenuate the incoming solar radiation reaching the surface to cool the
low-level atmosphere, suppressing the development of the PBL, decreasing the surface
wind speed, further hindering the PM2.5 dispersion, and consequently
exacerbating the haze pollution in the NCP. Furthermore, when the
near-surface PM2.5 mass concentration increases from around 50 to
several hundred µg m−3, ARF contributes to the near-surface
PM2.5 by more than 20 % during daytime in the NCP, substantially
aggravating the heavy haze formation. However, when the near-surface
PM2.5 concentration is less than around 50 µg m−3, ARF
generally reduces the near-surface PM2.5 concentration due to the
consequent perturbation of atmospheric dynamic fields.
Is water vapor a key player of the wintertime haze in North China Plain?
Authors: Wu Jiarui , Bei Naifang , Hu Bo , Liu Suixin , Zhou Meng , Wang Qiyuan , Li Xia , Liu Lang , Feng Tian , Liu Zirui , Wang Yichen , Cao Junji , Tie Xuexi , Wang Jun , Molina Luisa T. , Li Guohui 
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Water vapor has been proposed to amplify the severe haze
pollution in China by enhancing the aerosol–radiation feedback (ARF).
Observations have revealed that the near-surface PM2.5 concentrations
([PM2.5]) generally exhibit an increasing trend with relative humidity
(RH) in the North China Plain (NCP) during 2015 wintertime, indicating that the
aerosol liquid water (ALW) caused by hygroscopic growth could play an
important role in the PM2.5 formation and accumulation. Simulations
during a persistent and heavy haze pollution episode from 5 December 2015
to 4 January 2016 in the NCP were conducted using the WRF-Chem Model to
comprehensively quantify contributions of the ALW effect to near-surface
[PM2.5]. The WRF-Chem Model generally performs reasonably well in
simulating the temporal variations in RH against measurements in the NCP. The
factor separation approach (FSA) was used to evaluate the contribution of
the ALW effect on the ARF, photochemistry, and heterogeneous reactions to
[PM2.5]. The ALW not only augments particle sizes to enhance aerosol
backward scattering but also increases the effective radius to favor
aerosol forward scattering. The contribution of the ALW effect on the ARF
and photochemistry to near-surface [PM2.5] is not significant,
being generally within 1.0 µg m−3 on average in the NCP during the episode.
Serving as an excellent substrate for heterogeneous reactions, the ALW
substantially enhances the secondary aerosol (SA) formation, with an average
contribution of 71 %, 10 %, 26 %, and 48 % to near-surface sulfate,
nitrate, ammonium, and secondary organic aerosol concentrations.
Nevertheless, the SA enhancement due to the ALW decreases the aerosol
optical depth and increases the effective radius to weaken the ARF, reducing
near-surface primary aerosols. The contribution of the ALW total effect to
near-surface [PM2.5] is 17.5 % on average, which is overwhelmingly
dominated by enhanced SA. Model sensitivities also show that when the RH is
less than 80 %, the ALW progressively increases near-surface [PM2.5]
but commences to decrease when the RH exceeds 80 % due to the high
occurrence frequencies of precipitation.
Bayesian performance evaluation of evapotranspiration models based on eddy covariance systems in an arid region
Authors: Wei Guoxiao , Zhang Xiaoying , Ye Ming , Yue Ning , Kan Fei 
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Evapotranspiration (ET) is a major component of the land surface process
involved in energy fluxes and energy balance, especially in the hydrological
cycle of agricultural ecosystems. While many models have been developed as
powerful tools to simulate ET, there is no agreement on which model best
describes the loss of water to the atmosphere. This study focuses on two
aspects, evaluating the performance of four widely used ET models and
identifying parameters, and the physical mechanisms that have
significant impacts on the model performance. The four tested models are
the Shuttleworth–Wallace (SW) model, Penman–Monteith (PM) model,
Priestley–Taylor and Flint–Childs (PT–FC) model, and advection–aridity (AA)
model. By incorporating the mathematically rigorous thermodynamic
integration algorithm, the Bayesian model evidence (BME) approach is adopted
to select the optimal model with half-hourly ET observations obtained at a
spring maize field in an arid region. Our results reveal that the SW model has the
best performance, and the extinction coefficient is not merely partitioning
the total available energy into the canopy and surface but also including
the energy imbalance correction. The extinction coefficient is well
constrained in the SW model and poorly constrained in the PM model but not
considered in PT–FC and AA models. This is one of the main reasons that the
SW model outperforms the other models. Meanwhile, the good fitting of SW
model to observations can counterbalance its higher complexity. In addition,
the detailed analysis of the discrepancies between observations and model
simulations during the crop growth season indicate that explicit treatment
of energy imbalance and energy interaction will be the primary way of
further improving ET model performance.
Research on measurements of 2nd class leveling
Authors: Luvsandagva Purev , Oyuntsetseg Dash 
Published: July 2019

The leveling reference network of Mongolia was established during 1940-1949 by the leveling measurements of class II, III and IV. This work was completed by the Military Service of the Soviet Union (formerly USSR). Repeated measurements were carried out by the Mongolian Geodesy and Cartography Agency for 17 years between 1974-1991. Although, interim reviewing of the leveling measurements has been done, final result of equilibrium calibration did not achieve the network precision of accuracy, due to measurement technology at that time. According to international standards, leveling measurements for the leveling network should be repeated in 5-10 years, in relation to the soil migration and vertical movement of the earth's crust. The modern digital technologies using digital techniques (barcode rods and electronic levels) for leveling network allows for high quality network within a relatively short period. Therefore, repeated measurements for the reference network of Mongolia has been carried out since 2011, and total of 28061 km long network built using both direct and inverted ways of digital leveling. We have done comparative study for 2nd class leveling measurements of 39th line of 13th polygon of reference network of Mongolia. As a result, the comparison of 1945 and 2011 year’s data, max 74.6 cm elevation level difference was calculated in reference point of Рп1496-Рп1595. Likewise; 8.2 cm elevation level difference was calculated in reference point number of Рп1451-Тп01, data of 1975 and 2011.
Нивелирдлэгийн II ангийн хэмжилтийн судалгаа
Хураангуй: Монгол Улсын өндрийн тулгуур сүлжээг анх 1940-1949 онд нивелирдлэгийн II, III ба IV ангийн хэмжилтүүдээр байгуулсан байдаг. Энэ ажлыг ЗХУ-ын Улаан армийн цэргийн байр зүйн алба (хуучин нэрээр) хийж гүйцэтгэсэн. Давтан хэмжилтийн ажлыг 1994 - 199 1 оны хооронд 17 жил Монгол Улсын геодези зураг зүйн газар хийсэн. Хэмжилтийн ажлын чанарт завсрын үнэлгээ хийж байсан ч тэгшитгэн бодолтын эцсийн үр дүнгээр сүлжээний нарийвчлалын бодит байдлыг хангаж чадаагүй нь тухайн үеийн хэмжилтийн технологиос үүдэлтэй. Хөрсний шилжилт хөдөлгөөн болон дэлхийн царцдасын босоо хөдөлгөөнийг тодорхойлох, олон улсын судалгааны тогтсон стандартын дагуу өндрийн тулгуур сүлжээг 5-10 жилд давтан хэмжиж байх шаардлагатай байдаг. Орчин үеийн нивелирдлэгийн хэмжилтийг тоон технологи (бар кодтой рейк ба тоон нивелир )ашиглан харьцангуй богино хугацаанд чанарын өндөр түвшинд хийж гүйцэтгэх боломж нөхцөл бүрдсэн. Тийм учраас Монгол Улсын өндрийн тулгуур сүлжээний давтан хэмжилтийн ажлыг 2011 оноос эхлэн шууд ба урвуу чиглэлд нийт 26081км урт өндрийн сүлжээг тоон нивелир ашиглан хийж гүйцэтгэсэн байдаг. Монгол Улсын өндрийн сүлжээний 13-р полигоны 39-р шугамын нивелирдлэгийн II ангийн хэмжилтүүдийг харьцуулан судаллаа. Өндөржилтийн зөрүү хамгийн ихдээ 1945-2011 онд Рп1496-Рп1595 реперүүдийн хооронд - 94 . 8см, 1975-2011 онд Рп1451-Тп01 реперүүдийн хооронд 8.2 см байна.
Түлхүүр үг: Репер цэг, полигон, өндрийн тулгуур сүлжээ, царцдасын босоо хөдөлгөөн
Empirické zkoumání metodologie interpretace práva
Authors: Malaník Michal 
Published: July 2019

Tento článek se zaobírá možnostmi empirického zkoumání v oblasti metodologie interpretace práva. Stručně pojednává o úrovni zkoumání ve světové i tuzemské odborné literatuře a informuje o nejpodstatnějších zahraničních výzkumech na toto téma. Přestože je primární zájem kladen na interpretaci práva v rámci aplikačního procesu, tedy zejména jakým způsobem se dají zkoumat interpretační postupy soudců, článek nezapomíná i na fázi právotvorby, kde je nutno o chápání interpretačních metod uvažovat také. Článek také nabízí vybrané výsledky z pilotního výzkumu, který byl proveden s několika soudci Nejvyššího soudu.
Encontrar filosofia(s) e infância(s)
Authors: Oliveira Paula Ramos de , Badia Denis Domeneghetti , Fávari Cesira Elisa , Sônego Edileia Pereira 
Published: July 2019

Este texto busca pensar algumas possibilidades de unir “filosofia” e “infância” em dois momentos: o primeiro é teórico e o segundo traz propostas de trabalho em torno da temática. Na parte teórica, apresentamos a proposta de Matthew Lipman que tornou possível levar a filosofia às crianças. Na sequência apontamos as contribuições de outras áreas para pensar a infância: em P. Ariès vemos que o conceito de infância nem sempre existiu; Postman nos indica que vivemos o processo de adultização das crianças e o de infantilização dos adultos; Clarice Cohn mostra, com seu estudo dos Xikrin, que o conceito de infância pode não existir em certas sociedades; Walter Kohan pensa o tempo como intensidade (aión) e não somente como cronologia (chrónos), nos remetendo a um novo olhar para a infância; Larrosa trata da alteridade da infância, e da necessidade de entendê-la como um enigma. Por fim, olhamos para a criança como aquela que filosofa e que olha para a filosofia. Na parte dois apresentamos três atividades (carta, fotos, poesia, pintura, e fragmentos de Heráclito) propostas como experiências que tornem possível problematizar as relações entre filosofia e infância.
De la glotocronología a la filogenética: Estado de la cuestión y los nuevos desarrollos en la metodología de clasificación lingüística
Authors: Muñoz Javier 
Published: July 2019

En el presente artículo tratamos de mostrar una panorámica en la evolución de los estudios y la datación de lenguas antiguas y protolenguas. La glotocronología iniciada por M. Swadesh, pese a las polémicas y críticas suscitadas, ha evolucionado enormememente gracias a la incorporación de elementos estadísticos y etimológicos. Las nuevas metodologías utilizan grandes bases de datos y métodos relacionados con la filogenética. Proyectos como Ielex, ASJP o GDL muestran la importancia de la léxico-estadística actualmente y constituyen un elemento de gran valor para los investigadores así como un campo con enormes posibilidades dentro del aula.
In this work we try to make a panoramic view of the different methodologies applied to date ancient and proto-languages. The inicial effort of M. Swadesh, highly criticised, had evolved to new methods linked with database and phylogenetics. Our goal is to show how this new methodology can help the scholar and how to apply this in a linguistics or a history of the language clashroom. Projects like Ielex, ASJP or GDL show the importance of l exicostatistics and constitute a field with a great potential in teaching and research.
De la etnolexicografía a la lexicografía crítica
Authors: Rodríguez Barcia Susana 
Published: July 2019

En este trabajo se presenta y establecen los límites de la lexicografía crítica como reciente disciplina dentro del ámbito de los estudios metalexicográficos. En concreto, se enmarca en el contexto general de la etnolexicografía (Fillmore 1994; Pérez 1997, 2000, 2005; Calero Vaquera 2010) con el fin de determinar su espacio propio dentro de las investigaciones lingüísticas y de destacar su relevancia en los estudios del discurso realizados con perspectiva crítica. Asimismo, también se recogen sus principios teóricos, líneas fundamentales de trabajo y claves analíticas.
In this paper the limits of critical lexicography are presented and defined as a recent discipline that is part of the field of meta-lexicographical studies. This paper falls squarely in the general framework of ethno- lexicography (Fillmore 1994; Pérez 1997, 2000, 2005; Calero Vaquera 2010) and seeks to stake out its own space within linguistic research and highlight its importance within the field of critical discourse studies. It also addresses the discipline’s principles, basic areas of inquiry and analytical codes.
Effect of Black Seed (Nigella sativa) and Uziza (Piper guineense) Leaf on the Histology of the Liver of Wistar Albino Rats
Authors: Franca Okoye Ngozi , Ibiwari Ikiriko, Favour 
Published: July 2019

Aim: This study was aimed at investigating the effects of aqueous extracts of both Nigella sativa and Piper guineense on the liver enzymes; alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Also the effect of Nigella sativa and Piper guineense extracts on the histology of the liver of Wistar rat was also studied.
Materials and Methods: A total of twenty five Wistar rats were used for the study. The animals were grouped into five groups, each having five animals. They were induced with sucrose and margarine to cause high sugar levels and hyperlipidemia respectively except the positive control group which was fed normal feed. The groups were: the positive control group, the negative control group which were induced without treatment, the uziza leaf group which were induced and were treated with 2 ml of aqueous extract of uziza leaf, the black seed group which were induced and were treated with 2 ml of aqueous extract of black seed, and the black seed and uziza group which were induced and were treated with 2ml of aqueous extract of black seed and 2 ml of aqueous extract of uziza leaf.
Results: The result showed that the extracts decreased the ALT and AST and ALP activities in the rats in a time dependent manner with highest decrease obtained on the third week of treatment with the extracts. The ALT activity (U/L) on the third week of treatment showed for the, negative control (64.48 ± 0.22), uziza leaf (28.82 ± 0.12), black seed (32.65 ± 0.02), black seed and uziza leaf (16.04 ± 0.02) (p≤0.05). The decrease in activity for AST levels (U/L) on the third week of treatment, showed for the negative control (58.00 ± 0.02), uziza leaf (11.00 ± 0.01), black seed (12.00 ± 0.02), black seed and uziza leaf (8.00 ± 0.02).
Conclusion: It can be concluded that both uziza leaf and black seed have hepatoprotective effect on the liver.
Impact of Non-financial Determinants on Indian Banking Stocks – An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Ram S. Sundara , Dave Munjal , Rajesh M. 
Published: July 2019

Aims: This study aims at analysing the influence of some of the most important external factors (macro economic variables) on the stock prices particularly the banking stocks of India listed in stock exchanges of the country.
Sample Design: Multistage design.
Place and Duration of Study: Public and private sector banks of India listed in stock exchanges of the country for a 12 year period i.e. 2006-07 to 2017-18.
Methodology: On the basis of market capitalisation the top five banks from each sector i.e. public and private are selected. The data of stock prices of these banks is collected from the annual reports of the banks. The data of the explanatory variables is collected from the reports of Central Statistics Office, financial journals etc.
Results: The impact of the explanatory macroeconomic variables on the market prices of these banking stocks for the period is analysed with the help of suitable statistical techniques viz., Mean, Standard Deviation, correlation, and Multiple Regression Analysis.
Conclusion: Some of the macroeconomic variables are influencing the stock prices of the banks.
Sensor fault diagnosis and fault‐tolerant control for stochastic distribution time‐delayed control systems
Authors: Wang Hao , Yao Lina 
Published: July 2019

SummaryIn this paper, a new fault diagnosis and fault‐tolerant control method based on the model equivalent transformation is proposed for the stochastic distribution time‐delayed control system, in which the random delay between the controller and the actuator and the external disturbance is considered. The system is modeled by using a linear B‐spline to approximate the probability density function (PDF) of system output. The original system is transformed into an equivalent system without random delay based on the Laplace transformation method. Then, the equivalent system that is converted to the augmentation system with a new state variable is introduced. The observer is designed to estimate the fault information based on the augmentation system. Observer gain matrices and controller parameters are obtained by solving the linear matrix inequality. The PI control algorithm is used to make the PDF of the system output track the desired distribution. Finally, the validity of the proposed method is verified by computer simulation results.
Simultaneous Electrochemical Dual‐Electrode Exfoliation of Graphite toward Scalable Production of High‐Quality Graphene
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Xu Youlong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDeveloping scalable methods to produce large quantities of high‐quality and solution‐processable graphene is essential to bridge the gap between laboratory study and commercial applications. Here an efficient electrochemical dual‐electrode exfoliation approach is developed, which combines simultaneous anodic and cathodic exfoliation of graphite. Newly designed sandwich‐structured graphite electrodes which are wrapped in a confined space with porous metal mesh serve as both electrodes, enabling a sufficient ionic intercalation. Mechanism studies reveal that the combination of electrochemical intercalation with subsequent thermal decomposition results in drastic expansion of graphite toward high‐efficiency production of graphene with high quality. By precisely controlling the intercalation chemistry, the two‐step approach leads to graphene with outstanding yields (85% and 48% for cathode and anode, respectively) comprising few‐layer graphene (1–3 layers, >70%), ultralow defects (ID/IG < 0.08), and high production rate (exceeding 25 g h−1). Moreover, its excellent electrical conductivity (>3 × 104 S m−1) and great solution dispersibility in N‐methyl pyrrolidone (10 mg mL−1) enable the fabrication of highly conductive (11 Ω sq−1) and flexible graphene films by inkjet printing. This simple and efficient exfoliation approach will facilitate the development of large‐scale production of high‐quality graphene and holds great promise for its wide application.
New Strategies for the Preparation of Sinter‐Resistant Metal‐Nanoparticle‐Based Catalysts
Authors: Wang Lingxiang , Wang Liang , Meng Xiangju , Xiao Feng‐Shou 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSupported metal nanoparticles are widely used as catalysts in the industrial production of chemicals, but still suffer from deactivation because of metal leaching and sintering at high temperature. In recent years, serious efforts have been devoted to developing new strategies for stabilizing metal nanoparticles. Recent developments for preparing sinter‐resistant metal‐nanoparticle catalysts via strong metal–support interactions, encapsulation with oxide or carbon layers and within mesoporous materials, and fixation in zeolite crystals, are briefly summarized. Furthermore, the current challenges and future perspectives for the preparation of highly efficient and extraordinarily stable metal‐nanoparticle‐based catalysts, and suggestions regarding the mechanisms involved in sinter resistance, are proposed.
Independent Two Way Switching of the Wetting Behavior of Cellulose‐Derived Nanoparticle Surface Coatings by Light and by Temperature
Authors: Nau Maximilian , Seelinger David , Biesalski Markus 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRecently, donor acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) have received interest as photoresponsive polarity switches. In this work, a range of DASAs are synthesized and combined with nanoparticles from hydroxypropyl cellulose stearic acid ester to yield a photoresponsive composite material. This composite is spray‐coated onto porous paper substrates, forming an interface that is initially superhydrophobic and can be switched by a visible light trigger to become hydrophilic. Subsequently, this hydrophilic state can be switched back to regain a hydrophobic surface by heating above the Tm of the polymer, creating a system that can exist in three stable states, which can be triggered by independent (i.e., light/heat) stimuli. If such coatings are being applied onto porous paper substrates, using such independent stimuli, water drops placed on top of the paper can be submerged (i.e., wicked) into the paper by simple illumination with light, and the surface can be “reclosed” by subsequent heating of the paper. The latter may become promising for paper‐based fluid timers, e.g., in diagnostic applications.