bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GIS Coop: networks of silvicultural trials for supporting forest management under changing environment
Authors: Seynave Ingrid , Bailly Alain , Balandier Philippe , Bontemps Jean-Daniel , Cailly Priscilla , Cordonnier Thomas , Deleuze Christine , Dhôte Jean-François , Ginisty Christian , Lebourgeois François , Merzeau Dominique , Paillassa Eric , Perret Sandrine , Richter Claudine , Meredieu Céline 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Key message

The diversity of forest management systems and the contrasted competition level treatments applied make the experimental networks of the GIS Coop, a nationwide testing program in the field of emerging forestry topics within the framework of the ongoing global changes.

Context

To understand the dynamics of forest management systems and build adapted growth models for new forestry practices, long-term experiment networks remain more crucial than ever.

Aims

Two principles are at the basis of the experimental design of the networks of the Scientific Interest Group Cooperative for data on forest tree and stand growth (GIS Coop): contrasted and extreme silvicultural treatments in diverse pedoclimatic contexts.

Methods

Various forest management systems are under study: regular and even-aged stands of Douglas fir, sessile and pedunculate oaks, Maritime and Laricio pines, mixed stands of sessile oak, European silver fir, and Douglas fir combined with other species. Highly contrasted stand density regimes, from open growth to self-thinning, are formalized quantitatively.

Results

One hundred and eighty-five sites representing a total of 1206 plots have been set up in the last 20 years, where trees are measured regularly (every 3 to 10 years). The major outputs of these networks for research and management are the calibration/validation of growth and yield models and the drawing up of forest management guides.

Conclusion

The GIS Coop adapts its networks so that they can contribute to develop growth models that explicitly integrate pedoclimatic factors and thus also contribute to research on the sustainability of ecosystems under environmental and socio-economic changes.
Unraveling the mechanical strength of biomaterials used as a bone scaffold in oral and maxillofacial defects
Authors: Prasadh Somasundaram , Wong Raymond Chung Wen 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThree‐dimensional printed natural and synthetic biomaterials have evolved as gold standards for tissue engineering scaffolds in recent trends owing to their superior role in hard tissue regeneration. The major drawback of these scaffolds is their relatively poor mechanical strength. Another key consideration in the design of the scaffolds is the difficulty in replicating the complex structural composition of hard tissues such as bones, and its structure cannot be reproduced with a single material that provides a limited range of properties. Sufficient mechanical strength is provided by the structure required for the replacement tissue. The mechanical properties of the scaffold play an important role in many applications of tissue engineering. Therefore, is it sufficient to withstand the force with only a single material used for the scaffold? There are many materials such as natural resin, synthetic resin, and polymers. They are used in combination to fulfill the function and to act as a kingpin by solving their drawbacks. The added material is not only superior in mechanical strength but also compatible with the tissues surrounding the implant, promoting cell adhesion and gradually degrading rather than intoxicating the patient. This review focuses on the various biomaterials used as scaffolds for critical size defects and the aftermath in their mechanical properties.
WARFARE, COMPETITION, AND THE DURABILITY OF ‘POLITICAL SMALLNESS’ IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY BUSOGA
Authors: FITZSIMONS WILLIAM 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMost scholarship on the military history of precolonial Africa focuses on state-level conflict, drawing on examples such as the Asante, Buganda, Zulu, and Kongo kingdoms. The current article instead examines connections between warfare and political history in the politically fragmented setting of nineteenth-century Busoga, Uganda, where a small geographical region hosted more than fifty micro-kingdoms competing as peer polities. Using sources that include a rich corpus of oral traditions and early archival documents, this article offers a reconstruction of military practices and ideologies alongside political histories of important Busoga kingdoms during the long nineteenth century. The article argues that routine political destabilization caused by competition between royal leaders, combined with shifting interests of commoner soldiers, continuously reconstituted a multi-polar power structure throughout the region. This approach moves beyond assessing the role of warfare in state formation to ask how military conflict could be a creative force in small-scale politics as well.
The Response of the Venusian Plasma Environment to the Passage of an ICME: Hybrid Simulation Results and Venus Express Observations
Authors: Dimmock A. P. , Alho M. , Kallio E. , Pope S. A. , Zhang T. L. , Kilpua E. , Pulkkinen T. I. , Futaana Y. , Coates A. J. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractOwing to the heritage of previous missions such as the Pioneer Venus Orbiter and Venus Express, the typical global plasma environment of Venus is relatively well understood. On the other hand, this is not true for more extreme driving conditions such as during passages of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs). One of the outstanding questions is how do ICMEs, either the ejecta or sheath portions, impact (1) the Venusian magnetic topology and (2) escape rates of planetary ions? One of the main issues encountered when addressing these problems is the difficulty of inferring global dynamics from single spacecraft obits; this is where the benefits of simulations become apparent. In the present study, we present a detailed case study of an ICME interaction with Venus on 5 November 2011 in which the magnetic barrier reached over 250 nT. We use both Venus Express observations and hybrid simulation runs to study the impact on the field draping pattern and the escape rates of planetary O+ ions. The simulation showed that the magnetic field line draping pattern around Venus during the ICME is similar to that during typical solar wind conditions and that O+ ion escape rates are increased by approximately 30% due to the ICME. Moreover, the atypically large magnetic barrier appears to manifest from a number of factors such as the flux pileup, dayside compression, and the driving time from the ICME ejecta.
Effect of Small‐Scale Gravity Waves on Polar Mesospheric Clouds Observed From CIPS/AIM
Authors: Gao Haiyang , Li Licheng , Bu Lingbing , Zhang Qilin , Tang Yuanhe , Wang Zhen 
Published: April 2018

AbstractData from the Cloud Imaging and Particle Size experiment on the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) satellite are employed to study the impact of small‐scale gravity wave (GW) on albedo, ice water content (IWC), and particle radius (PR) of polar mesospheric clouds. Overall, 23,987 eligible GW events, with a horizontal wavelength of 20–150 km are eventually extracted from Cloud Imaging and Particle Size level 2 orbit albedo maps during 2007–2011. The overall statistical results show that when small‐scale GWs travel horizontally in polar mesospheric clouds, they can amplify the albedo and IWC by a rate of 10.0–22.6%, while reducing the PR by as much as −7.01%. Owing to the strong temporal and spatial dependences, the albedo and IWC variations are larger on an average during the core of the season, while they decrease during the initial and final periods of the season. The obvious zonal asymmetries are also found. The albedo variations show a positive linear relation with the GW amplitudes in albedo, as opposed to a negative linear relation with GW horizontal wavelengths. In most of the GW events, the periodic variation in the trend of albedo exhibits an anticorrelation with that of PR. Combining previous research studies with our results, we deduce that the rapid change in particle concentration and the upward movement of water vapor by GWs may be very important aspects for explaining the influence mechanism.
Interaction of Waves with Idealized High‐Relief Bottom Roughness
Authors: Yu Xiao , Rosman Johanna H. , Hench James L. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractConsiderable uncertainty exists about how to represent wave bottom friction in coastal systems like reefs where orbital excursions are similar to roughness element size. Here, interactions between waves and large bottom roughness were investigated using Large Eddy Simulations of oscillatory flow over infinite hemisphere arrays. Wave amplitude, period, and hemisphere spacing were varied to investigate the dependence of kinematics and dynamics on dimensionless parameters. The net effect of topography on the oscillatory flow was assessed using a spatially and phase‐averaged Navier‐Stokes framework. Dynamics depended strongly on Keulegan‐Carpenter number (KC), the ratio of wave orbital excursion to roughness element size. For
, flow separation was weak, form drag was small, stress gradients were negligible, and the main effect of topography on the flow was the inertial force associated with acceleration around roughness elements. For
, strong flow separation occurred, and both drag and inertial forces were important. Phase‐dependent dispersive stresses were the main mechanism for vertical momentum transfer between the canopy layer and the overlying water column. Friction factors based on the drag force increased with KC for
, different from previously proposed empirical curves, but approached these curves for high KC. Friction factors based on the total force decreased with increasing KC and were consistent with previously proposed curves. These results highlight the importance of distinguishing the total force on the bottom, the drag force that removes energy from the flow, and the shear stress above the canopy layer, which were very different for the parameter range in this study.
Spatial and Temporal Structure of the Tertiary Ozone Maximum in the Polar Winter Mesosphere
Authors: Smith Anne K. , Espy Patrick J. , López‐Puertas Manuel , Tweedy Olga V. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObservations from satellites and a ground‐based station are combined to construct a global data set for investigating the tertiary ozone maximum in the winter mesosphere for the period August 2004 to June 2017. These give a comprehensive picture of this ozone maximum in latitude, pressure, and time. The location of the tertiary ozone maximum shifts in latitude and pressure with the evolving season; the ozone peak occurs at lower latitude and higher pressure around the winter solstice. Highest average nighttime ozone concentrations and greatest degree of interannual variability are seen in late winter in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). The hemispheric differences and interannual variability in nighttime ozone are related to variations of temperature, H2O, and OH associated with dynamical activity. Elevated stratopause events in the NH winter are associated with transport of air that is depleted in H2O and enhanced in OH; photochemistry then leads to downward displacement of the altitude of maximum ozone and enhancement in the ozone amount. Transport by planetary waves in the NH extends the region of high ozone further from the pole and leads to longitudinal variations. The analysis shows that while the tertiary ozone maximum responds to a particular radiative situation as shown in previous studies, it is also the result of very dry air found in the winter polar mesosphere.
Improved Rainfall‐Runoff Calibration for Drying Climate: Choice of Objective Function
Authors: Fowler Keirnan , Peel Murray , Western Andrew , Zhang Lu 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIt has been widely shown that rainfall‐runoff models often provide poor and biased simulations after a change in climate, but evidence suggests existing models may be capable of better simulations if calibration strategies are improved. Common practice is to use “least squares”‐type objective functions, which focus on hydrological behavior during high flows. However, simulation of a drying climate may require a more balanced consideration of other parts of the flow regime, including mid‐low flows and drier years in the calibration period, as a closer analogue of future conditions. Here we systematically test eight objective functions over 86 catchments and five conceptual model structures in southern and eastern Australia. We focus on performance when evaluated over multiyear droughts. The results show significant improvements are possible compared to least squares calibration. In particular, the Refined Index of Agreement (based on sum of absolute error, not sum of squared error) and a new objective function called the Split KGE (which gives equal weight to each year in the calibration series) give significantly better split‐sample results than least squares approaches. This improvement held for all five model structures, regardless of basin characteristics such as slope, vegetation, and across a range of climatic conditions (e.g., mean precipitation between 500 and 1,500 mm/yr). We recommend future studies to avoid least squares approaches (e.g., optimizing NSE or KGE with no prior transformation on streamflow) and adopt these alternative methods, wherever simulations in a drying climate are required.
Understanding the Global Variability in Thermospheric Nitric Oxide Flux Using Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs)
Authors: Flynn Sierra , Knipp Delores J. , Matsuo Tomoko , Mlynczak Martin , Hunt Linda 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe present the first‐ever global assessment of thermospheric nitric oxide infrared radiative flux (NOF) variability. NOF (W/m2) from 100‐ to 250‐km altitude is extracted from 13.7 years of data from the TIMED satellite, Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument, and decomposed into four empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) and their amplitudes. We determine the strongest modes of NOF variability in the data set and develop a compact model of NOF. The first four EOFs account for 83% of the variability in the data. We illustrate the NOF model and discuss the geophysical associations of the EOFs. The first EOF represents 69% of the total variance and correlates strongly with Kp and solar shortwave flux, suggesting that geomagnetic activity and solar weather account for a large portion of NOF variability. EOF 2 shows annual and seasonal variations, possibly due to annual and seasonal thermospheric composition and temperature changes and may represent the chemical breathing mode of NOF. EOF 3 shows annual variations and correlates with solar energetic particle events and X‐flares. EOF 3 may represent winter time solar energetic particle event‐enhanced diurnal tide effects. EOF 4 suggests a meridional transport mechanism at the predawn and postdusk equator after strong storms. The EOF uncertainty is verified using cross‐validation analysis. Quantifying the spatial and temporal variabilities of NOF using eigenmodes will increase the understanding of how upper atmospheric nitric oxide cooling behaves and could increase the accuracy of future space weather and climate models.
Navigating Your Social Media Presence: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Tutelman Perri R. , Dol Justine , Tougas Michelle E. , Chambers Christine T. 
Published: April 2018

Social media use is on the rise. With a 10-fold increase in use over the last decade, it is estimated that over 69% of adults now use social media on a regular basis. Social media has been identified as a key resource for health professionals, including psychologists, to learn new knowledge, interact with others, keep up-to-date on the latest research, and get tips on how to integrate evidence-based information into their clinical practice. The objectives of this article are to (a) summarize professional opportunities in the area of social media and outline the various ways that pediatric psychologists can use social media in their research, practice, and advocacy; and (b) provide practical suggestions for pediatric psychologists on creating, sharing and interacting over social media. Recommendations for participating in activities such as live tweeting, video streaming, and social media evaluation are discussed. Common barriers, potential pitfalls, and ethical issues associated with use of social media by pediatric psychologists are also addressed. Implications for Impact Statement This article offers an overview of social media applications for pediatric psychologists engaged in research and clinical practice. Suggestions for using social media, including ethical and practical considerations, are also reviewed.
A search for transiting planets in the β Pictoris system
Authors: Mol Lous M. , Weenk E. , Kenworthy M. A. , Zwintz K. , Kuschnig R. 
Published: April 2018

Context. Transiting exoplanets provide an opportunity for the characterization of their atmospheres, and finding the brightest star in the sky with a transiting planet enables high signal-to-noise ratio observations. The Kepler satellite has detected over 365 multiple transiting exoplanet systems, a large fraction of which have nearly coplanar orbits. If one planet is seen to transit the star, then it is likely that other planets in the system will transit the star too. The bright (V = 3.86) star β Pictoris is a nearby young star with a debris disk and gas giant exoplanet, β Pictoris b, in a multi-decade orbit around it. Both the planet’s orbit and disk are almost edge-on to our line of sight.
Aims. We carry out a search for any transiting planets in the β Pictoris system with orbits of less than 30 days that are coplanar with the planet β Pictoris b.
Methods. We search for a planetary transit using data from the BRITE-Constellation nanosatellite BRITE-Heweliusz, analyzing the photometry using the Box-Fitting Least Squares Algorithm (BLS). The sensitivity of the method is verified by injection of artificial planetary transit signals using the Bad-Ass Transit Model cAlculatioN (BATMAN) code.
Results. No planet was found in the BRITE-Constellation data set. We rule out planets larger than 0.6 RJ for periods of less than 5 days, larger than 0.75 RJ for periods of less than 10 days, and larger than 1.05 RJ for periods of less than 20 days.
Chemical composition of giant stars in the open cluster IC 4756
Authors: Bagdonas Vilius , Drazdauskas Arnas , Tautvaišienė Gražina , Smiljanic Rodolfo , Chorniy Yuriy 
Published: April 2018

Context. Homogeneous investigations of red giant stars in open clusters contribute to studies of internal evolutionary mixing processes inside stars, which are reflected in abundances of mixing-sensitive chemical elements like carbon, nitrogen, and sodium, while α- and neutron-capture element abundances are useful in tracing the Galactic chemical evolution.
Aims. The main aim of this study is a comprehensive chemical analysis of red giant stars in the open cluster IC 4756, including determinations of 12C∕13C and C/N abundance ratios, and comparisons of the results with theoretical models of stellar and Galactic chemical evolution.
Methods. We used a classical differential model atmosphere method to analyse high-resolution spectra obtained with the FEROS spectrograph on the 2.2 m MPG/ESO Telescope. The carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen abundances, 12C∕13C ratios, and neutron-capture element abundances were determined using synthetic spectra, and the main atmospheric parameters and abundances of other chemical elements were determined from equivalent widths of spectral lines.
Results. We have determined abundances of 23 chemical elements for 13 evolved stars and 12C∕13C ratios for six stars of IC 4756. The mean metallicity of this cluster, as determined from nine definite member stars, is very close to solar – [Fe/H] = − 0.02 ± 0.01. Abundances of carbon, nitrogen, and sodium exhibit alterations caused by extra-mixing: the mean 12C∕13C ratio is lowered to 19 ± 1.4, the C/N ratio is lowered to 0.79 ± 0.05, and the mean [Na/Fe] value, corrected for deviations from the local thermodynamical equilibrium encountered, is enhanced by 0.14 ± 0.05 dex. We compared our results to those by other authors and theoretical models.
Conclusions. Comparison of the α-element results with the theoretical models shows that they follow the thin disc α-element trends. Being relatively young (~ 800 Myr), the open cluster IC 4756 displays a moderate enrichment of s-process-dominated chemical elements compared to the Galactic thin disc model and confirms the enrichment of s-process-dominated elements in young open clusters compared to the older ones. The r-process-dominated element europium abundance agrees with the thin disc abundance. From the comparison of our results for mixing-sensitive chemical elements and the theoretical models, we can see that the mean values of 12C∕13C, C/N, and [Na/Fe] ratios lie between the model with only the thermohaline extra-mixing included and the model which also includes the rotation-induced mixing. The rotation was most probably smaller in the investigated IC 4756 stars than 30% of the critical rotation velocity when they were on the main sequence.
A Comparison of GFR Estimation Formulae in Pediatric Oncology
Authors: Rechenauer Tobias , Zierk Jakob , Gräfe Daniel , Rascher Wolfgang , Rauh Manfred , Metzler Markus 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Background Application of potentially nephrotoxic chemotherapy requires continuous monitoring of renal function for toxicity and dosing. Novel pediatric glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimating equations including cystatin C have been proposed to enhance the reliability of GFR calculation.
Materials and methods We examined a pediatric oncologic data set with a total of 363 GFR measurements. An analysis of distribution characteristics and comparison of medians was performed to compare creatinine and cystatin C-based GFR estimating formulae. Furthermore, we investigated the clinical impact of different equations in regard to therapeutic consequences.
Results Significant differences in estimated GFR values were calculated depending on the applied formula (range of median GFR from 94.8 to 180.9 mL/min per 1.73 m2) which may result in different therapeutic consequences for the use of potentially nephrotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. Significant correlation for all examined formulae was identified, however there were large fluctuations among the correlation coefficients ranging from 0.254 to 1.0.
Conclusion This study compares proposed pediatric GFR estimating equations in a clinical setting. It underlines the current limitations and difficulties of GFR estimation including potential dosing errors. Cystitis C-based equations can be used as alternatives to creatinine-based estimations when the appropriate laboratory method has been applied. A comparative calculator for pediatric GFR estimating equations along with background information is provided at http://gfr.pedz.de and may support clinical decision-making.
Vascularized Lymph Node Transfer for Lymphedema
Authors: Schaverien Mark , Badash Ido , Selber Jesse , Cheng Ming-Huei , Patel Ketan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAdvances in our understanding of the lymphatic system and the pathogenesis of lymphedema have resulted in the development of effective surgical treatments. Vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT) involves the microvascular transplantation of functional lymph nodes into an extremity to restore physiological lymphatic function. It is most commonly performed by transferring combined deep inferior epigastric artery perforator and superficial inguinal lymph node flaps for postmastectomy breast reconstruction. For patients who do not require or are unable to undergo free abdominal breast reconstruction or have lymphedema affecting the lower extremity, several other VLNT options are available. These include flaps harvested from within the axillary, inguinal, or cervical lymph node basins, and lymph node flaps from within the abdominal cavity. This article reviews the lymph node flap options and techniques available for VLNT for lymphedema.