bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic mineral assemblage as a potential indicator of depositional environment in gas-bearing Silurian shales from Northern Poland
Authors: Niezabitowska D K , Szaniawski R , Jackson M 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARYOrganic matter preservation and associated conditions during deposition, important in the context of fossil fuel exploration, are commonly determined by advanced geochemical analyses. However, the relation between organic matter preservation and magnetic mineral composition remains poorly constrained. The aim of the studies was to check the potential of magnetic mineral differentiation between facies containing various amounts of organic matter as a factor to better understand the processes which influence water chemistry at the bottom of sedimentary basins, and thus to better understand factors controlling the preservation of organic matter. To determine the composition and the properties of magnetic minerals, detailed low-temperature measurements of Saturation Isothermal Remanent Magnetization and hysteresis loops were performed on two types of rocks, Silurian shales from the Baltic Basin (northern Poland). The analysed shale facies are characterized by similar thermal evolution, but different amounts of organic matter: the Pelplin Formation, containing a modest content of organic matter, in which we also examined early diagenetic carbon concretions; and the Jantar Formation, which represents an organic-rich ‘sweet spot’ layer. In both facies, the results indicate the presence of multi- or pseudo-single domain magnetite, which is interpreted as detrital in origin. However, the main observation gained from this study is the relation between magnetic mineral assemblage in the studied shales and the amount of organic matter: in the rocks with modest amounts of organic matter we observed hematite, while in organic-rich layers hematite was absent. Hematite (mostly single-domain grains) preserved in the Pelplin Formation suggests that stable oxygen-rich conditions were present at the bottom of the sedimentary basin continuously during deposition, concretion cementation and compaction. In turn, its absence in the Jantar Formation suggests that during sedimentation and early diagenesis more anoxic conditions appeared. Generally, findings show that the presence of hematite is related to the significantly lower amount of organic matter in sedimentary rocks. Thus, presence of this mineral may be a useful indicator of organic matter preservation.
Lenders’ selection capabilities, patent quality, and the outcome of patent-backed loans
Authors: Caviggioli Federico , Scellato Giuseppe , Ughetto Elisa 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the phenomenon of patent collateralization by empirically focusing on the factors that affect the outcome of the collateralization process. In particular, we want to examine to what extent patent quality, lenders’ characteristics, as well as lenders’ selection capabilities (i.e. in identifying high-quality patents) affect the likelihood of observing a security interest release. We identify the patents recorded in security agreements and their release from the USPTO Patent Assignment database. The final dataset is made up of a total of 8818 security interest agreement records, involving 133,110 patents pledged as collateral for debt between 2007 and 2010. We find evidence that a security interest is more likely to be released for patents with a higher technical merit and when the lenders are more experienced and are specialty finance companies. When considering other types of lenders (i.e. banks in particular) or less experienced lenders, the positive association between the security interest release and the technical merit of the pledged patent is lower. The evidence suggests that IP-backed loans represent an effective financial channel for those firms that control valuable intangible assets and that experience and specialization allow lenders to develop better selection capabilities.
How Unavoidable Are Analytical Treatment Interruptions in HIV Cure–Related Studies?
Authors: Margolis David M , Deeks Steven G 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this discussion, 2 established researchers and clinical trialists debate their opposing views on the utility, benefits, and risks of the use of analytical interruption of antiretroviral therapy as a clinical trial end point and outcome measure in human studies seeking to induce remission of or eradicate human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Split Vision: Multidimensionality in the European Union's Legal Policy Space
Authors: Larsson Olof , Naurin Daniel 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe European Union (EU) offers an example of deep judicialization, where highly salient political values are adjudicated on a regular basis. In such contexts, political attention may shift from national sovereignty costs (the vertical dimension) to distributive conflicts within and between states (the horizontal dimension), creating a multidimensional legal policy space. We discuss the implications of this setting for judicial behavior and argue that it may create both opportunities and pitfalls for international judges, depending on how the dimensions are related. If the institutional interests of judges in promoting international law systematically favor some states over others on the horizontal dimension, judicial activism is likely to provoke feedback effects in the form of severe legitimacy problems. If the dimensions are unrelated, on the other hand, adjudicators become further empowered. We draw on a large dataset to show how the Court of Justice of the EU has been able to use divisions between states on the left-right dimension to enhance the legitimacy and autonomy of European law.
Mortality dynamics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections and the influence of defective OprD on mortality: prospective observational study
Authors: Yoon Eun-Jeong , Kim Dokyun , Lee Hyukmin , Lee Hye Sun , Shin Jeong Hwan , Park Yoon Soo , Kim Young Ah , Shin Jong Hee , Shin Kyeong Seob , Uh Young , Jeong Seok Hoon 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundTo assess the mortality dynamics of patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections (BSIs) and the influence of OprD deficiencies of the microorganism on early mortality.MethodsA prospective multicentre observational study was conducted with 120 patients with P. aeruginosa BSIs occurring between May 2016 and April 2017 in six general hospitals in South Korea. PCR and sequencing were carried out to identify the alterations in oprD and the presence of virulence factors. Cox regression was used to estimate the risk factors for mortality at each timepoint and Kaplan–Meier survival analyses were performed to determine the mortality dynamics.ResultsDuring the 6 week follow-up, 10.8% (13/120) of the patients with P. aeruginosa BSIs died in 2 weeks, 14.2% (17/120) in 4 weeks and 20.0% (24/120) in 6 weeks, revealing a steep decrease in cumulative survival between the fourth and sixth weeks. ICU admission and SOFA score were risk factors for mortality in any weeks after BSI onset and causative OprD-defective P. aeruginosa had a risk tendency for mortality within 6 weeks. Among the 120 P. aeruginosa blood isolates, 14 were XDR, nine produced either IMP-6 or VIM-2 MBL, and 21 had OprD deficiency.ConclusionsBSIs caused by OprD-defective P. aeruginosa resulted in a 2-fold higher 6 week mortality rate (33.3%) than that of BSIs caused by OprD-intact P. aeruginosa (17.2%), likely due to the decreased susceptibility to carbapenems and bacterial persistence in clinical settings.
Salinity tolerance in chickpea is associated with the ability to ‘exclude’ Na from leaf mesophyll cells
Authors: Kotula Lukasz , Clode Peta L , Jimenez Juan De La Cruz , Colmer Timothy D 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Salinity tolerance is associated with Na ‘exclusion’ from, or ‘tissue tolerance’ in, leaves. We investigated whether two contrasting chickpea genotypes, salt-tolerant Genesis836 and salt-sensitive Rupali, differ in leaf tissue tolerance to NaCl. We used X-ray microanalysis to evaluate cellular Na, Cl, and K concentrations in various cell types within leaflets and also in secretory trichomes of the two chickpea genotypes in relation to photosynthesis in control and saline conditions. TEM was used to assess the effects of salinity on the ultrastructure of chloroplasts. Genesis836 maintained net photosynthetic rates (A) for the 21 d of salinity treatment (60 mM NaCl), whereas A in Rupali substantially decreased after 11 d. Leaflet tissue [Na] was low in Genesis836 but had increased markedly in Rupali. In Genesis836, Na was accumulated in epidermal cells but was low in mesophyll cells, whereas in Rupali cellular [Na] was high in both cell types. The excessive accumulation of Na in mesophyll cells of Rupali corresponded to structural damage to the chloroplasts. Maintenance of photosynthesis and thus salinity tolerance in Genesis836 was associated with an ability to ‘exclude’ Na from leaflets and in particular from the photosynthetically active mesophyll cells, and to compartmentalize Na in epidermal cells.
Disruption of giant molecular clouds and formation of bound star clusters under the influence of momentum stellar feedback
Authors: Li Hui , Vogelsberger Mark , Marinacci Federico , Gnedin Oleg Y 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Energetic feedback from star clusters plays a pivotal role in shaping the dynamical evolution of giant molecular clouds (GMCs). To study the effects of stellar feedback on the star formation efficiency of the clouds and the dynamical response of embedded star clusters, we perform a suite of isolated GMC simulations with star formation and momentum feedback subgrid models using the moving-mesh hydrodynamics code Arepo. The properties of our simulated GMCs span a wide range of initial mass, radius, and velocity configurations. We find that the ratio of the final stellar mass to the total cloud mass, ϵint, scales strongly with the initial cloud surface density and momentum feedback strength. This correlation is explained by an analytic model that considers force balancing between gravity and momentum feedback. For all simulated GMCs, the stellar density profiles are systematically steeper than that of the gas at the epochs of the peaks of star formation, suggesting a centrally concentrated stellar distribution. We also find that star clusters are always in a sub-virial state with a virial parameter ∼0.6 prior to gas expulsion. Both the sub-virial dynamical state and steeper stellar density profiles prevent clusters from dispersal during the gas removal phase of their evolution. The final cluster bound fraction is a continuously increasing function of ϵint. GMCs with star formation efficiency smaller than 0.5 are still able to form clusters with large bound fractions.
Multiwavelength radio observations of a brightest cluster galaxy at z = 1.71: detection of a modest active galactic nucleus and evidence for extended star formation
Authors: Trudeau Ariane , Webb Tracy , Hlavacek-Larrondo Julie , Noble Allison , Gendron-Marsolais Marie-Lou , Lidman Christopher , Mezcua Mar , Muzzin Adam , Wilson Gillian , Yee H K C 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
We present deep, multiwavelength radio observations of SpARCS104922.6 + 564032.5, a z = 1.71 galaxy cluster with a starbursting core. Observations were made with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA) in three bands: 1–2 GHz, 4–8 GHz, and 8–12 GHz. We detect a radio source coincident with the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) that has a spectral index of α = 0.44 ± 0.29 and is indicative of emission from an active galactic nucleus. The radio luminosity is consistent with the average luminosity of the lower redshift BCG sample, but the flux densities are 6σ below the predicted values of the star-forming spectral energy distribution based on far infrared data. Our new fit fails to simultaneously describe the far infrared and radio fluxes. This, coupled with the fact that no other bright source is detected in the vicinity of the BCG implies that the star formation region, traced by the infrared emission, is extended or clumpy and not located directly within the BCG. Thus, we suggest that the star-forming core might not be driven by a single major wet merger, but rather by several smaller galaxies stripped of their gas or by a displaced cooling flow, although more data are needed to confirm any of those scenarios.
The effect of polymorphisms in the promoter of the BIRC5 gene on the risk of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma and patient’s outcomes
Authors: Wang Na , Li Yan , Zhou Rong-Miao , Cui Sai-Jin , Cao Shi-Ru , Huang Xi , Huo Xiang-Ran , Shan Bao-En 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat-containing 5 (BIRC5) is an inhibitor of apoptosis proteins and plays a key role in apoptosis or programmed cell death. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of BIRC5 gene polymorphisms on the risk of developing oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and patients’ outcomes in a high-incidence population from northern China. A population-based case-control study was performed in 597 ESCC patients and 597 control subjects.Survival data were available for 211 patients who received platinum-based chemotherapy after surgery. Five polymorphisms (-31 C&gt;G, -241 C&gt;T, -625 G&gt;C, -644 T&gt;C and -1547 A&gt;G) in the promoter of the BIRC5 gene were genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction-ligase detection reaction (PCR-LDR) method. Compared with the -31 CC genotype, the -31 CG/GG genotype of -31 C&gt;G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was associated with a significant elevated risk of ESCC [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07–1.84]. Interestingly, this association was stronger among females, younger patients and non-smokers in stratified analyses (adjusted OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.07–2.75; adjusted OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.10–2.36; adjusted OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.26–2.58, respectively]. Survival analyses showed that the T allele of -241 C&gt;T SNP was associated with poor prognosis [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.99, 95% CI = 1.09–8.19) and that the C allele of -625 G&gt;C SNP was associated with good prognosis (HR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.38–0.99) in ESCC patients. The -31 C&gt;G polymorphism may be involved in the development of ESCC, and the -241 C&gt;T and -625 G&gt;C polymorphisms may be useful prognostic markers for ESCC.
RNAmod: an integrated system for the annotation of mRNA modifications
Authors: Liu Qi , Gregory Richard I 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Dynamic and reversible RNA modifications such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A) can play important roles in regulating messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing, export, stability and translation. Defective mRNA modification through altered expression of the methyltransferase and/or demethylases results in developmental defects and cancer progression. Identifying modified mRNAs, annotating the distribution of modification sites across the mRNA, as well as characterizing and comparing other modification features are essential for studying the function and elucidating the mechanism of mRNA modifications. Several methods including methylated RNA immunoprecipitation and sequencing (MeRIP-seq) are available for the detection of mRNA modifications. However, a convenient and comprehensive tool to annotate diverse kinds of mRNA modifications in different species is lacking. Here, we developed RNAmod (https://bioinformatics.sc.cn/RNAmod), an interactive, one-stop, web-based platform for the automated analysis, annotation, and visualization of mRNA modifications in 21 species. RNAmod provides intuitive interfaces to show outputs including the distribution of RNA modifications, modification coverage for different gene features, functional annotation of modified mRNAs, and comparisons between different groups or specific gene sets. Furthermore, sites of known RNA modification, as well as binding site data for hundreds of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are integrated in RNAmod to help users compare their modification data with known modifications and to explore the relationship with the binding sites of known RBPs. RNAmod is freely available and meets the emerging need for a convenient and comprehensive analysis tool for the fast-developing RNA modification field.
Treatment Outcomes and Dose Rate Effects Following Gamma Knife Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Vestibular Schwannomas
Authors: Smith Deborah Ruth , Saadatmand Heva Jasmine , Wu Cheng-Chia , Black Paul J , Wuu Yen-Ruh , Lesser Jeraldine , Horan Maryellen , Isaacson Steven R , Wang Tony J C , Sisti Michael B 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS; Elekta AB) remains a well-established treatment modality for vestibular schwannomas. Despite highly effective tumor control, further research is needed toward optimizing long-term functional outcomes. Whereas dose-rate effects may impact post-treatment toxicities given tissue dose-response relationships, potential effects remain largely unexplored.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate treatment outcomes and potential dose-rate effects following definitive GKRS for vestibular schwannomas.

METHODS
We retrospectively reviewed 419 patients treated at our institution between 1998 and 2015, characterizing baseline demographics, pretreatment symptoms, and GKRS parameters. The cohort was divided into 2 dose-rate groups based on the median value (2.675 Gy/min). Outcomes included clinical tumor control, radiographic progression-free survival, serviceable hearing preservation, hearing loss, and facial nerve dysfunction (FND). Prognostic factors were assessed using Cox regression.

RESULTS
The study cohort included 227 patients with available follow-up. Following GKRS 2-yr and 4-yr clinical tumor control rates were 98% (95% CI: 95.6%-100%) and 96% (95% CI: 91.4%-99.6%), respectively. Among 177 patients with available radiographic follow-up, 2-yr and 4-yr radiographic progression-free survival rates were 97% (95% CI: 94.0%-100.0%) and 88% (95% CI: 81.2%-95.0%). The serviceable hearing preservation rate was 72.2% among patients with baseline Gardner-Robertson class I/II hearing and post-treatment audiological evaluations. Most patients experienced effective relief from prior headaches (94.7%), tinnitus (83.7%), balance issues (62.7%), FND (90.0%), and trigeminal nerve dysfunction (79.2%), but not hearing loss (1.0%). Whereas GKRS provided effective tumor control independently of dose rate, GKRS patients exposed to lower dose rates experienced significantly better freedom from post-treatment hearing loss and FND (P = .044).

CONCLUSION
Whereas GKRS provides excellent tumor control and effective symptomatic relief for vestibular schwannomas, dose-rate effects may impact post-treatment functional outcomes. Further research remains warranted.
The History of Antibiotic Treatment of Osteomyelitis
Authors: Cortés-Penfield Nicolás W , Kulkarni Prathit A 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAntibiotic treatment of osteomyelitis has evolved substantially over the past 80 years. Traditional teachings (eg, that antimicrobials must be given parenterally, selected based upon ratios of achieved bone vs serum drug levels, and continued for 4–6 weeks) are supported by limited data. New studies are challenging this dogma, however. In this review, we seek to contextualize the discussion by providing a narrative, chronologic review of osteomyelitis treatment spanning the pre-antibiotic era through the present day and by describing the quality of evidence supporting each component of traditional osteomyelitis therapy.
Large angular scale fluctuations of near-infrared extragalactic background light based on the IRTS observations
Authors: Kim Min Gyu , Matsumoto Toshio , Lee Hyung Mok , Jeong Woong-Seob , Tsumura Kohji , Seo Hyunjong , Tanaka Masahiro 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
We measure the spatial fluctuations of the Near-Infrared Extragalactic Background Light (NIREBL) from 2° to 20° in angular scale at the 1.6 and $2.2\, \mu \mathrm{m}$ using data obtained with Near-Infrared Spectrometer (NIRS) on board the Infrared Telescope in Space (IRTS). The brightness of the NIREBL is estimated by subtracting foreground components such as zodiacal light, diffuse Galactic light, and integrated star light from the observed sky. The foreground components are estimated using well-established models and archive data. The NIREBL fluctuations for the 1.6 and $2.2\, \mu \mathrm{m}$ connect well toward the sub-degree scale measurements from previous studies. Overall, the fluctuations show a wide bump with a center at around 1° and the power decreases toward larger angular scales with nearly a single power-law spectrum (i.e., ${F[\sqrt{l(l+1)C_l/2\pi }]} \sim \theta ^{-1}]$, indicating that the large-scale power is dominated by the random spatial distribution of the sources. After examining several known sources, contributors such as normal galaxies, high-redshift objects, intra-halo light, and far-IR cosmic background, we conclude that the excess fluctuation at around the 1° scale cannot be explained by any of them.
Psychophysiological insomnia and respiratory tract infections: results of an infection-diary-based cohort study
Authors: Nieters Alexandra , Blagitko-Dorfs Nadja , Peter Hans-Hartmut , Weber Susanne 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Study Objectives
The immune theory of sleep suggests an important role of sleep for a functioning immune system. Insomnia has been associated with heightened risk for infections. The aim of the study was to test whether psychophysiological insomnia (PI) is associated with subsequent respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in the context of an infection-diary-based cohort study.

Methods
We recruited 674 adults from a cross-sectional survey on airway infections into the airway infection susceptibility (AWIS) cohort and invited them to self-report in diaries incident RTIs experienced during 7097 months (mean of 11.9 months of completed infection diaries per individual). The Regensburg Insomnia Scale (RIS) was assessed at baseline to measure PI. As outcome, we considered an infection diary score summing up prospectively reported RTIs.

Results
The RIS score correlated significantly with the infection diary score summarizing reported RTIs (correlation coefficient = 0.265, p &lt; 0.001). Adjustments by putative confounders did only marginally affect this relationship. No significant differences in the relationship between RIS score and diary score were found for subgroups including those by gender, body mass index, perceived stress, and comorbidity. People affected by a combination of high PI and obesity were eight times more likely to belong to the group reporting the highest 10% of RTIs compared to the nonobese group with low RIS score (p &lt; 0.001). A high RIS score in men was associated with a higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, an indicator of inflammation.

Conclusions
Our data support the relevance of adequate sleep for an immune system ready to fight pathogens and prevent airway infections.