bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Update on the Prenatal Diagnosis and Outcomes of Fetal Bilateral Renal Agenesis
Authors: Huber Carola , Shazly Sherif A. , Blumenfeld Yair J. , Jelin Eric , Ruano Rodrigo 
Published: May 2019

Importance
Bilateral renal agenesis is a rare congenital anomaly associated with poor prognosis.

Objective
The aims of this article are to review and summarize evidence on prenatal diagnosis and outcomes of bilateral renal agenesis.

Evidence Acquisition
A search was undertaken using PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov databases from January 1, 1998, to September 1, 2018. Search terms include “prenatal diagnosis” OR “outcomes” AND “bilateral renal agenesis.” Search was limited to English language.

Results
Fetal ultrasonography is the primary imaging modality for prenatal diagnosis of fetal urogenital tract abnormalities. However, ultrasonography is limited by several factors; it is operator dependent and associated with small field of view, has limited soft-tissue acoustic contrast, and is also influenced by patient habitus and fetal position. Color Doppler ultrasonography can be used as an adjunct to exclude bilateral renal agenesis by visualizing renal arteries. In the literature, prenatal magnetic resonance imaging has been reported to be equal to or superior to prenatal ultrasonography. Bilateral renal agenesis with oligohydramnios/anhydramnios is associated with a poor prognosis; perinatal death occurs secondary to pulmonary hypoplasia in the majority of cases.

Conclusions
Ultrasonography in combination with color Doppler ultrasonography permits the fetal urinary tract to be assessed in the first and early second trimester of gestation. The magnetic resonance imaging can be used as a complementary adjunctive modality in equivocal or inconclusive ultrasonographic findings.

Target Audience
Obstetricians and gynecologists, family physicians.

Learning Objectives
After completing this activity, the learner should be able to describe the natural history of fetuses with bilateral renal agenesis; explain to patients the accuracy and limitations of the prenatal diagnosis of the anomaly; and counsel patients regarding the perinatal outcome and prognosis of fetuses with this condition.
The Association Between Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Glycemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Tharmaraja Thahesh , Stahl Daniel , Hopkins Christopher W.P. , Persaud Shanta J. , Jones Peter M. , Ismail Khalida , Moulton Calum D. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT

Objective
Individual studies have reported conflicting effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on glycemia. We systematically reviewed the effects of SSRIs on glycemia and whether metabolic and psychological factors moderated these effects.

Methods
We systematically searched for placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of SSRIs on glycemia (fasting blood glucose or HbA1c) as a primary or secondary outcome. Random effects meta-analysis was conducted to compute an overall treatment effect. Meta-regression tested whether depression, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, treatment duration, and weight loss moderated treatment effects.

Results
Sixteen randomized controlled trials (n = 835) were included and glycemia was usually a secondary outcome. Overall, SSRIs improved glycemia versus placebo (pooled effect size (ES) = −0.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.48 to −0.21; p < .001, I
2 = 0%). Individually, fluoxetine (ES = −0.29, 95% CI = −0.54 to −0.05; p = .018) and escitalopram/citalopram (ES = −0.33, 95% CI = −0.59 to −0.07; p = .012) outperformed placebo, but paroxetine (ES = −0.19, 95% CI = −0.58 to 0.19; p = .33) did not. Results were similar in populations selected for depression as those not. Across studies, baseline insulin resistance (p = .46), treatment duration (p = .47), diabetes status (p = .41), and weight loss (p = .93) did not moderate changes. Heterogeneity for all analyses was nonsignificant.

Conclusions
SSRIs seem to have an association with improvement in glycemia, which is not moderated by depression status, diabetes status, or change in weight across studies. Future powered trials with longer treatment duration are needed to confirm these findings.

Registration
PROSPERO ID: CRD4201809239.
Moderators of Response to Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Major Depression in Patients With Heart Failure
Authors: Smagula Stephen F. , Freedland Kenneth E. , Steinmeyer Brian C. , Wallace Meredith J. , Carney Robert M. , Rich Michael W. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT

Objective
Although cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is efficacious for major depression in patients with heart failure (HF), approximately half of patients do not remit after CBT. To identify treatment moderators that may help guide treatment allocation strategies and serve as new treatment targets, we performed a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Based on evidence of their prognostic relevance, we evaluated whether clinical and activity characteristics moderate the effects of CBT.

Methods
Participants were randomized to enhanced usual care (UC) alone or CBT plus enhanced UC. The single-blinded outcomes were 6-month changes in Beck Depression Inventory total scores and remission (defined as a Beck Depression Inventory ≤ 9). Actigraphy was used to assess daily physical activity patterns. We performed analyses to identify the specific activity and clinical moderators of the effects of CBT in 94 adults (mean age = 58, 49% female) with HF and major depressive disorder.

Results
Patients benefited more from CBT (versus UC) if they had the following: more medically severe HF (i.e., a higher New York Heart Association class or a lower left ventricular ejection fraction), more stable activity patterns, wider active periods, and later evening settling times. These individual moderator effects were small (|r| = 0.10–0.21), but combining the moderators yielded a medium moderator effect size (r = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.20–0.52).

Conclusions
These findings suggest that increasing the cross-daily stability of activity patterns, and prolonging the daily active period, might help increase the efficacy of CBT. Given moderating effects of HF severity measures, research is also needed to clarify and address factors in patients with less severe HF that diminish the efficacy of CBT.

Clinical Trial Registration

clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01028625
Semiautomated Characterization of Carotid Artery Plaque Features From Computed Tomography Angiography to Predict Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Score
Authors: Zhu Guangming , Li Ying , Ding Victoria , Jiang Bin , Ball Robyn L. , Rodriguez Fatima , Fleischmann Dominik , Desai Manisha , Saloner David , Gupta Ajay , Saba Luca , Hom Jason , Wintermark Max 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
To investigate whether selected carotid computed tomography angiography (CTA) quantitative features can predict 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk scores.

Methods
One hundred seventeen patients with calculated ASCVD risk scores were considered. A semiautomated imaging analysis software was used to segment and quantify plaque features. Eighty patients were randomly selected to build models using 14 imaging variables and the calculated ASCVD risk score as the end point (continuous and binarized). The remaining 37 patients were used as the test set to generate predicted ASCVD scores. The predicted and observed ASCVD risk scores were compared to assess properties of the predictive model.

Results
Nine of 14 CTA imaging variables were included in a model that considered the plaque features in a continuous fashion (model 1) and 6 in a model that considered the plaque features dichotomized (model 2). The predicted ASCVD risk scores were 18.87% ± 13.26% and 18.39% ± 11.6%, respectively. There were strong correlations between the observed ASCVD and the predicted ASCVDs, with r = 0.736 for model 1 and r = 0.657 for model 2. The mean biases between observed ASCVD and predicted ASCVDs were −1.954% ± 10.88% and −1.466% ± 12.04%, respectively.

Conclusions
Selected quantitative imaging carotid features extracted from the semiautomated carotid artery analysis can predict the ASCVD risk scores.
Automated Volumetric Assessment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Response to Sorafenib: A Pilot Study
Authors: Fuentes David , Ahmed Kareem , Lin Jonathan S. , Abdel-Wahab Reham , Kaseb Ahmed O. , Hassan Manal , Szklaruk Janio , Morshid Ali , Hazle John D. , Qayyum Aliya , Elsayes Khaled M. 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
This pilot study evaluates the feasibility of automated volumetric quantification of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as an imaging biomarker to assess treatment response for sorafenib.

Methods
In this institutional review board–approved, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act–compliant retrospective study, a training database of manually labeled background liver, enhancing and nonenhancing tumor tissue was established using pretherapy and first posttherapy multiphasic computed tomography images from a registry of 13 HCC patients. For each patient, Hounsfield density and geometry-based feature images were generated from registered multiphasic computed tomography data sets and used as the input for a random forest–based classifier of enhancing and nonenhancing tumor tissue. Leave-one-out cross-validation of the dice similarity measure was applied to quantify the classifier accuracy. A Cox regression model was used to confirm volume changes as predictors of time to progression (TTP) of target lesions for both manual and automatic methods.

Results
When compared with manual labels, an overall classification accuracy of dice similarity coefficient of 0.71 for pretherapy and 0.66 posttherapy enhancing tumor labels and 0.45 for pretherapy and 0.59 for posttherapy nonenhancing tumor labels was observed. Automated methods for quantifying volumetric changes in the enhancing lesion agreed with manual methods and were observed as a significant predictor of TTP.

Conclusions
Automated volumetric analysis was determined to be feasible for monitoring HCC response to treatment. The information extracted using automated volumetrics is likely to reproduce labor-intensive manual data and provide a good predictor for TTP. Further work will extend these studies to additional treatment modalities and larger patient populations.
Update on PET imaging biomarkers in the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders
Authors: Hellwig Sabine , Domschke Katharina 
Published: May 2019

Purpose of review
To give an update on recent imaging studies probing positron emission tomography (PET) as a tool for improving biomarker-guided diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders.

Recent findings
Several studies confirmed the value of imaging of regional neuronal activity and imaging of dopaminergic, serotonergic, and other neuroreceptor function in the diagnostic process of neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly schizophrenia, depression/bipolar disorder, substance use disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Additionally, imaging brain microglial activation using translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) radiotracer allows for unique in-vivo insights into pathophysiological neuroinflammatory changes underlying schizophrenia, affective disorders, and OCD.

Summary
The role of PET imaging in the biomarker-guided diagnostic process of neuropsychiatric disorders has been increasingly acknowledged in recent years. Future prospective studies are needed to define the value of PET imaging for diagnosis, treatment decisions, and prognosis in neuropsychiatric disorders.
The source and engine of coronal mass ejections
Authors: Georgoulis Manolis K. , Nindos Alexander , Zhang Hongqi 
Published: May 2019

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are large-scale expulsions of coronal plasma and magnetic field propagating through the heliosphere. Because CMEs are observed by white-light coronagraphs which, by design, occult the solar disc, supporting disc observations (e.g. in EUV, soft X-rays, Halpha and radio) must be employed for the study of their source regions and early development phases. We review the key properties of CME sources and highlight a certain causal sequence of effects that may occur whenever a strong (flux-massive and sheared) magnetic polarity inversion line develops in the coronal base of eruptive active regions (ARs). Storing non-potential magnetic energy and helicity in a much more efficient way than ARs lacking strong polarity inversion lines, eruptive regions engage in an irreversible course, making eruptions inevitable and triggered when certain thresholds of free energy and helicity are crossed. This evolution favours the formation of pre-eruption magnetic flux ropes. We describe the steps of this plausible path to sketch a picture of the pre-eruptive phase of CMEs that may apply to most events, particularly the ones populating the high end of the energy/helicity distribution, that also tend to have the strongest space-weather implications.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Solar eruptions and their space weather impact’.
Predicting the geoeffective properties of coronal mass ejections: current status, open issues and path forward
Authors: Vourlidas A. , Patsourakos S. , Savani N. P. 
Published: May 2019

Much progress has been made in the study of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), the main drivers of terrestrial space weather thanks to the deployment of several missions in the last decade. The flow of energy required to power solar eruptions is beginning to be understood. The initiation of CMEs is routinely observed with cadences of tens of seconds with arc-second resolution. Their inner heliospheric evolution can now be imaged and followed routinely. Yet relatively little progress has been made in predicting the geoeffectiveness of a particular CME. Why is that? What are the issues holding back progress in medium-term forecasting of space weather? To answer these questions, we review, here, the measurements, status and open issues on the main CME geoeffective parameters; namely, their entrained magnetic field strength and configuration, their Earth arrival time and speed, and their mass (momentum). We offer strategies for improving the accuracy of the measurements and their forecasting in the near and mid-term future. To spark further discussion, we incorporate our suggestions into a top-level draft action plan that includes suggestions for sensor deployment, technology development and modelling/theory improvements.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Solar eruptions and their space weather impact’.
The emergence of magnetic flux and its role on the onset of solar dynamic events
Authors: Archontis V. , Syntelis P. 
Published: May 2019

A plethora of solar dynamic events, such as the formation of active regions, the emission of jets and the occurrence of eruptions is often associated with the emergence of magnetic flux from the interior of the Sun to the surface and above. Here, we present a short review on the onset, driving and/or triggering of such events by magnetic flux emergence. We briefly describe some key observational examples, theoretical aspects and numerical simulations, towards revealing the mechanisms that govern solar dynamics and activity related to flux emergence. We show that the combination of important physical processes like shearing and reconnection of magnetic fieldlines in emerging flux regions or at their vicinity can power some of the most dynamic phenomena in the Sun on various temporal and spatial scales. Based on previous and recent observational and numerical studies, we highlight that, in most cases, none of these processes alone can drive and also trigger explosive phenomena releasing considerable amount of energy towards the outer solar atmosphere and space, such as flares, jets and large-scale eruptions (e.g. coronal mass ejections). In addition, one has to take into account the physical properties of the emerging field (e.g. strength, amount of flux, relative orientation to neighbouring and pre-existing magnetic fields, etc.) in order to better understand the exact role of magnetic flux emergence on the onset of solar dynamic events.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Solar eruptions and their space weather impact’.
Direct visualization of human myosin II force generation using DNA origami-based thick filaments
Authors: Fujita Keisuke , Ohmachi Masashi , Ikezaki Keigo , Yanagida Toshio , Iwaki Mitsuhiro 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMuscle contraction can be explained by the swinging lever-arm model. However, the dynamic features of how the myosin head swings the lever-arm and its initial interactions with actin are not well understood even though they are essential for the muscle force generation, contraction speed, heat production, and response to mechanical perturbations. This is because myosin heads during force generation have not been directly visualized. Here, we engineered thick filaments composed of DNA origami and recombinant human muscle myosin, and directly visualized the heads during force generation using nanometer-precision single-molecule imaging. We found that when the head diffuses, it weakly interacts with actin filaments and then strongly binds preferentially to the forward region as a Brownian ratchet. Upon strong binding, the head two-step lever-arm swing dominantly halts at the first step and occasionally reverses direction. These results can explain all mechanical characteristics of muscle contraction and suggest that our DNA origami-based assay system can be used to dissect the mechanistic details of motor proteins.
Antibiotics and food in the American press
Authors: Bridier-Nahmias Antoine , Badau Estera , Nyvall-collen Pi , Andremont Antoine , Arquembourg Jocelyne 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe emergence of antimicrobial resistant infections from food is well documented in the scientific literature but, in this kind of matter, the public opinion is an important policy driver and is vastly forged by traditional media. Here, we propose a text mining study through about 500 articles from two reference daily U.S. newspapers to assess the media coverage of this issue. Our results indicate that, since the middle of the 80s, the two journals considered here adopted a very different narrative around the issue, echoing civil society concerns in one case and the official discourse in the other.
Girdin: an essential component of pre-replicative complex in human cells
Authors: Wu Lihong , Hua Yu , Chang Feiran , Kong Daochun 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA central event in the initiation of DNA replication in eukaryotes is the assembly of pre-replicative complex (pre-RC) on specific chromatin sites known as DNA replication origins. The pre-RC assembly process differs between budding and fission yeasts. In fission yeast, Sap1 directly participates in pre-RC assembly, together with the four initiation factors: ORC, Cdc18/Cdc6, Cdt1, and MCM. In metazoans, the nature of DNA replication origins is not defined and the mechanism of pre-RC assembly remains incompletely known. In this study, Girdin was identified as an essential replication initiation factor in human cells. Similar to the activity of Sap1, human Girdin binds to DNA origins, interacts with ORC, and is required for pre-RC assembly due to its essential role in recruitment of Cdc6 to DNA origins. Thus, DNA origins in human or metazoans are defined as including two elements, one bound by ORC and the other bound by Girdin.
Increasing objective cardiometabolic burden associated with attenuations in the P3b event-related potential component in older adults
Authors: Keage Hannah A.D. , Feuerriegel Daniel , Greaves Danielle , Tregoweth Emma , Coussens Scott , Smith Ashleigh E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCardiometabolic diseases and risk factors increase the risk of late-life cognitive impairment and dementia, and have also been associated with detrimental grey and white matter changes. However the functional brain changes associated with cardiometabolic health in late-life are unclear. We sought to characterise these functional changes by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) during a n-back working memory task (0, 1 and 2 back) in 85 adults (60% female) between 50 and 80 years of age. Due to a stratified recruitment approach, participants varied widely regarding cognitive function and cardiometabolic health. Standard and objective cut-offs for high blood glucose, waist to hip ratio (i.e. obesity), high blood cholesterol, and hypertension were employed to generate a summative score for cardiometabolic burden (none, one, or two or more above cut-off). Mixed effects modelling (covarying for age and gender) revealed no statistically significant associations between cardiometabolic burden and visual P1 and N1 component amplitudes. There was a significant effect for the P3b component: as cardiometabolic burden increased, P3b amplitude decreased. We show that cardiometabolic factors related to the development of cognitive impairment and dementia in late-life associate with functional brain activity, as recorded via ERPs. Findings have relevance for the monitoring of lifestyle interventions (typically targeting cardiometabolic factors) in ageing, as ERPs may provide a more sensitive measure of change than cognitive performance. Further, our results raise questions related to the findings of a broad range of ERP studies where the groups compared may differ in their cardiometabolic health status (not only in psychological symptomatology).
Permissive Fatty Acid Incorporation in Host Environments Promotes Staphylococcal Adaptation to FASII Antibiotics
Authors: Kénanian Gérald , Morvan Claire , Weckel Antonin , Pathania Amit , Anba-Mondoloni Jamila , Halpern David , Solgadi Audrey , Dupont Laetitia , Henry Céline , Poyart Claire , Fouet Agnès , Lamberet Gilles , Gloux Karine , Gruss Alexandra 
Published: May 2019

SummaryDevelopment of fatty acid synthesis pathway (FASII) inhibitors against the major human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus hinges on the accepted but unproven postulate that an endogenously synthesized branched chain fatty acid is required to complete membrane phospholipids. Evidence for anti-FASII efficacy in animal models supported this view. However, restricted test conditions used previously to show FASII antibiotic efficacy led us to investigate these questions in a broader, host-relevant context. We report that S. aureus rapidly adapts to FASII antibiotics without FASII mutations when exposed to host environments. Treatment with a lead FASII antibiotic upon signs of infection, rather than just after inoculation as commonly practiced, failed to eliminate S. aureus from infected organs in a septicemia model. In vitro, addition of serum facilitated rapid S. aureus FASII bypass by environmental fatty acid (eFA) replacement in phospholipids. Serum lowers membrane stress, leading to increased retention of the two substrates required for exogenous fatty acid (eFA) utilization. In these conditions, eFA occupy both phospholipid positions 1 and 2, regardless of anti-FASII selection. This study revises conclusions on S. aureus fatty acid requirements by disproving the postulate of fatty acid stringency, and reveals an Achilles’ heel for using FASII antibiotics to treat infection in monotherapy.Significance statementAntibiotic discovery to overcome treatment failure has huge socio-medical and economic stakes. The fatty acid synthesis (FASII) pathway is considered an ideal druggable target against the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, based on evidence of anti-FASII efficacy in infection models, and the postulate that S. aureus synthesizes an irreplaceable fatty acid. We report that S. aureus alters its behavior in host-relevant conditions. Administering FASII antibiotics upon signs of infection, rather than just after inoculation as frequently practiced, failed to clear septicemic infections. In serum, S. aureus rapidly overcomes FASII antibiotics by incorporating alternative fatty acids. We conclude that previously, premature antibiotic treatments and experimental constraints masked S. aureus antibiotic adaptation capacity. These findings should help streamline future drug development programs.