bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development trends in taxonomy, with special reference to fungi
Authors: Wang Ke , Kirk Paul M. , Yao Yi‐Jian 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTaxonomy is a traditional subject, but it still receives attention and has become a topic of much discussion in recent years. Many of these discussions have raised concerns about the future of taxonomy, especially with regard to the workforce responsible for the discovery of new species in the context of declining biodiversity. Previous discussions were based on the taxonomic data of plants and animals, but the status of fungal taxonomy has not been mentioned. Fungi have one of the highest levels of biodiversity among all living organisms, second only to insects. The discussion of the future of taxonomy without the inclusion of fungal data is incomplete. Here, we present the results of analyses based on all new fungal taxa published since 1753. Fungal taxonomy is an ever‐growing area of study with increasing numbers of new taxa being described and growing numbers of fungal taxonomists. Compared with plants and most animal groups, there has been a much sharper increase in the rate at which new fungal taxa are being described. Furthermore, the number of taxonomists studying fungi has increased at a faster speed than those studying plants or animals. This indicates that fungal taxonomy is a prosperous subject and a dynamic area for scientific studies, and that it deserves much more attention and support. The study of fungal taxonomy will deepen our understanding of the biodiversity of our planet.
An optimization‐based traffic diversion model during construction closures
Authors: Memarian Arezoo , Rosenberger Jay M. , Mattingly Stephen P. , Williams James C. , Hashemi Hossein 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDuring major highway construction, when lanes or entire highway sections must be temporarily closed, traffic managers would like to inform motorists of alternative routes around the construction site well in advance of the project location. This study develops a traffic diversion model to propose an optimum alternate route to drivers during a construction activity. The models and algorithms developed in this study assess a potential diversion route to optimize network performance while considering the drivers’ behaviors in following the proposed alternate route during a closure. A bilevel optimization model is proposed to minimize the total travel time of the affected network considering the link closure and a proposed alternate route for the travelers. A travelers’ route choice decision is modeled based on the user equilibrium traffic assignment, whereas a certain percentage of drivers are assumed to divert to the recommended alternate route. A sufficiently large subnetwork is selected, and a path selection method is proposed to reduce the computational effort required to optimize the model. A set of simulation experiments is conducted using the Tarrant County network in north Texas. The results show the ability of the model to improve the overall network performance during hypothetical closure scenarios.
Multifocal lymphangioendotheliomatosis without thrombocytopenia or clinical signs of systemic bleeding
Authors: Peña Merino Lander , López Almaraz Ricardo , Fernández de Larrinoa Aitor , Rubio Lombraña Marta , González‐Hermosa Maria Rosario 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMultifocal lymphangioendotheliomatosis with thrombocytopenia (MLT) is an extremely rare recently described disorder characterized by diffuse congenital skin and gastrointestinal vascular lesions that may be associated with gastrointestinal bleeding and thrombocytopenia. We herein present a case report of multifocal lymphangioendotheliomatosis without thrombocytopenia or extensive extracutaneous involvement (gastrointestinal bleeding). Given the high morbidity and mortality associated with this disease, it is important for clinicians to recognize this disorder in order to select the most appropriate therapeutic approach.
Objective evaluation of wheezing in normal infants
Authors: Murayama Yoshifumi , Shioya Hiromi , Tadaki Hiromi , Miyamoto Manabu , Yoshihara Shigemi , Tabata Hideyuki , Furuya Hiroyuki , Uchiyama Atsushi , Mochizuki Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundTo evaluate the frequency of wheezing in infants, the presence of wheezing was examined in normal infants using a breath sound analyzer,MethodsA total of 443 infants (age range, 3–24 months) were included in the present study. The existence of audible wheezing and faint wheezing/inaudible wheezing‐like noises (FW) was confirmed on chest auscultation and a sound spectrogram. The breath sound parameters of the sound spectrum, frequency limiting 99% of power spectrum (F99), roll‐off from 600 to 1,200 Hz (slope) and spectrum curve indices, total area under the curve of dB data (A3/AT and B4/AT), and ratio of power and frequency at 50% and 75% of the highest frequency of the power spectrum (RPF50 and RPF75) were calculated. Using an original Japanese questionnaire, we examined the characteristics of the airway condition of all infants.ResultsFinally, a total of 398 infants were analyzed in the present study, and 283 were in good health while 115 had acute respiratory infection (ARI) in the last 7 days. No infants had audible wheezing on auscultation. Three infants without ARI (1.1%) and 10 infants with ARI (8.7%) had FW. In the evaluation of breath sound parameters, there were no marked differences between the infants with and without FW.ConclusionsUsing a breath sound analyzer, wheezing and FW were recognized in only a few infants in good health. Infants recognized to have audible wheezing in daily practice may be at risk of developing recurrent wheezing/asthma.
Prenatal paracetamol exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preschool‐aged children
Authors: Trønnes Johanne N. , Wood Mollie , Lupattelli Angela , Ystrom Eivind , Nordeng Hedvig 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundRecent studies have suggested an association between prenatal paracetamol exposure and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in children. However, these findings may be confounded by unmeasured factors related to maternal use of paracetamol and child outcomes.ObjectiveTo examine the association between duration and timing of prenatal paracetamol exposure on parent‐reported communication skills, behaviour, and temperament in preschool‐aged children, with focus on the role of unmeasured confounding.MethodsWe used data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Linear and generalised linear models with inverse probability weights and robust standard errors were used to quantify the association between prenatal paracetamol exposure and continuous and categorical outcomes.ResultsOf the 32 934 children included in our study, 8374 (25.4%), 4961 (15.1%), and 1791 (5.4%) were prenatally exposed to paracetamol in one, two, and three trimesters, respectively. Children exposed to paracetamol in two trimesters scored lower on shyness compared with unexposed children (β −0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] −1.05, −0.19). Children exposed to paracetamol in three trimesters had a moderate increased risk of internalising behaviour problems (relative risk (RR) 1.36, 95% CI 1.02, 1.80) and borderline externalising behaviour problems (RR 1.22, 95% CI 0.93, 1.60) compared with unexposed children. Children exposed to paracetamol in 2nd/3rd trimester scored lower on shyness (β −0.32, 95% CI −0.66, 0.02) compared with unexposed children. Sensitivity analyses indicated that unmeasured confounders play an important role and may potentially bias the effect estimates away from the null.ConclusionsTiming of exposure and short‐term use of paracetamol during pregnancy do not seem to pose any substantial risk of the outcomes examined. Although we found an association between paracetamol use in multiple trimesters and lower shyness and greater internalising behaviour in preschool‐aged children, we cannot rule out chance or unmeasured confounding as possible explanations for these findings.
Local IL‐10 level as a predictive factor in generalized aggressive periodontitis treatment response
Authors: Taiete Tiago , Monteiro Mabelle F. , Casati Marcio Z. , do Vale Hugo Felipe , Ambosano Glaucia M. B. , Nociti Francisco H. , Sallum Enilson A. , Casarin Renato C. V. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractGeneralized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) presents a reduced response to non‐surgical therapy. However, it is not clear if the initial clinical, microbiological or immunological characteristics are impacting the worse response to treatment. This study aimed to identify the predictive value of clinical, microbiological and immunological patterns on the clinical response to therapy in GAgP patients. Twenty‐four GAgP patients were selected, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and subgingival biofilm were collected. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia levels were evaluated by qPCR, and IL‐1β and IL‐10 concentration by ELISA. Twelve patients were treated with SRP (scaling and root planning), and twelve with SRP plus 375 mg amoxicillin and 250 mg metronidazole (8/8 hours, 7 days) (SRP + AM). The clinical changes (Probing Pocket Depth [PPD] reduction and Clinical Attachment Level [CAL] gain) 6 months post‐treatment were correlated to the initial clinical, inflammatory and microbiological variables using stepwise logistic regression (α = 5%). CAL gain at 6 months was 1.16 ± 0.77 for SRP and 1.74 ± 0.57 mm for SRP + AM (P > .05). PPD reduction was 1.96 ± 0.82 for SRP and 2.45 ± 0.77 mm for SRP + AM (P < .05). In the SRP group, IL‐10 showed a predictive value for clinical response. The higher the IL‐10 concentration at baseline, the higher the reduction in PPD at 6 months (P = .01, r = .68). However, when antimicrobials were administered, no significant influence was detected (P > .05). It can be concluded that the IL‐10 levels in GFC act as a predictor of clinical response to GAgP. Moreover, the intake of antimicrobials appears to overlap the influence of the inflammatory response on clinical response to treatment.Clinical trial registration number: NCT03933501.
Staying the Course: On the Value of Social Studies of Science in Resistance to the “Post‐Truth” Movement
Authors: Fujimura Joan H. , Holmes Christopher J. 
Published: August 2019

Scientific knowledge has been under attack recently, especially during and from the Trump administration. This article discusses the value of research in social studies of science in relation to scientific practice and post‐truth attacks on science. This literature analyzes the expert work and social values that enter into the production of evidence, the development and testing of methods, and the construction of theoretical and epistemological frames for connecting evidence, methods, and methodologies. Although researchers in this area argue that there are politics in science, this article demonstrates that their analyses of the processes of adjudicating evidence and epistemologies contribute to science. In contrast, post‐truth attacks on scientific expertise exemplify a particular kind of politics aimed at supporting a particular group's political and economic interests.
A molecular phylogeny of Cochylina, with confirmation of its relationship to Euliina (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Brown John W. , Aarvik Leif , Heikkilä Maria , Brown Richard , Mutanen Marko 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis work presents a multiple‐gene phylogenetic analysis of 70 species representing 24 genera of Cochylina and eight species representing eight genera of Euliina, and a maximum‐likelihood analysis based on 293 barcodes representing over 220 species of Cochylina. The results confirm the hypothesis that Cochylina is a monophyletic group embedded within a paraphyletic Euliina. Six major monophyletic lineages are recognized and defined within Cochylina: a Phtheochroa Group, a Henricus Group, an Aethes Group, a Saphenista Group, a Phalonidia Group and a Cochylis Group. The work summarizes the groups (including related genera not included in our analysis), provides morphological characters that support the molecular data, and compares results to previous phylogenies of Cochylina. The following nomenclatural changes are proposed: Brevicornutia, rev.stat.; Neocochylis, rev.stat.; Paracochylis, rev.stat.; Pontoturania, rev.stat.; and Platphalonidia, rev.stat.
Biochemical characterization of diterpene synthases of Taiwania cryptomerioides expands the known functional space of specialized diterpene metabolism in gymnosperms
Authors: Ma Li‐Ting , Lee Yi‐Ru , Tsao Nai‐Wen , Wang Sheng‐Yang , Zerbe Philipp , Chu Fang‐Hua 
Published: August 2019

SummaryTaiwania cryptomerioides is a monotypic gymnosperm species, valued for the high decay resistance of its wood. This durability has been attributed to the abundance of terpenoids, especially the major diterpenoid metabolite ferruginol, with antifungal and antitermite activity. Specialized diterpenoid metabolism in gymnosperms primarily recruits bifunctional class‐I/II diterpene synthases (diTPSs), whereas monofunctional class‐II and class‐I enzymes operate in angiosperms. In this study, we identified a previously unrecognized group of monofunctional diTPSs in T. cryptomerioides, which suggests a distinct evolutionary divergence of the diTPS family in this species. Specifically, five monofunctional diTPS functions not previously observed in gymnosperms were characterized, including monofunctional class‐II enzymes forming labda‐13‐en‐8‐ol diphosphate (LPP, TcCPS2) and (+)‐copalyl diphosphate (CPP, TcCPS4), and three class‐I diTPSs producing biformene (TcKSL1), levopimaradiene (TcKSL3) and phyllocladanol (TcKSL5), respectively. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) elicited the accumulation of levopimaradiene and the corresponding biosynthetic diTPS genes, TcCPS4 and TcKSL3, is consistent with a possible role in plant defense. Furthermore, TcCPS4 and TcKSL3 are likely to contribute to abietatriene biosynthesis via levopimaradiene as an intermediate in ferruginol biosynthesis in Taiwania. In conclusion, this study provides deeper insight into the functional landscape and molecular evolution of specialized diterpenoid metabolism in gymnosperms as a basis to better understand the role of these metabolites in tree chemical defense.
Hyponatremia in dogs and cats
Authors: Burton Andrew G. , Hopper Kate 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo review the pathophysiology, diagnostic approach, and treatment recommendations for hyponatremia in dogs and cats.EtiologyHyponatremia almost always results from an increase in total body water (TBW), and not from loss of sodium. Abnormalities in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are commonly part of the etiology of hyponatremia.DiagnosisDiagnosis of hyponatremia focuses on the cause of the increase of TBW. Assessment of the patient's volume status and measurement of urine sodium concentration are important factors. Measurement or calculated estimation of plasma osmolality can also guide the assessment of hyponatremia.TherapyToo rapid correction of serum sodium can precipitate osmotic demyelination syndrome. As a general rule, serum sodium concentration should be raised ≤10 mmol/L over 24 hours, but rapid increases in serum sodium are indicated if neurologic abnormalities are evident. Serum sodium can be increased using hypertonic saline, with dosing based on the patient's calculated sodium deficit. Treatment of the underlying cause of water ingestion or retention is also required to fully resolve hyponatremia.PrognosisMortality rates are significantly higher in dogs and cats with hyponatremia compared to those with normal serum sodium concentrations, even in patients with mild hypontremia (<5 mmol/L below the lower value of the reference interval). Hyponatremia is also associated with increased risk of death if present during specific disease states in dogs.
Estimating the effect size of the 15Q11.2 BP1–BP2 deletion and its contribution to neurodevelopmental symptoms: recommendations for practice
Authors: Jønch Aia Elise , Douard Elise , Moreau Clara , Van Dijck Anke , Passeggeri Marzia , Kooy Frank , Puechberty Jacques , Campbell Carolyn , Sanlaville Damien , Lefroy Henrietta , Richetin Sonia , Pain Aurelie , Geneviève David , Kini Usha , Le Caignec Cédric , Lespinasse James , Skytte Anne-Bine , Isidor Bertrand , Zweier Christiane , Caberg Jean-Hubert , Delrue Marie-Ange , Møller Rikke Steensbjerre , Bojesen Anders , Hjalgrim Helle , Brasch-Andersen Charlotte , Lemyre Emmanuelle , Ousager Lilian Bomme , Jacquemont Sébastien 
Published: August 2019

BackgroundThe 15q11.2 deletion is frequently identified in the neurodevelopmental clinic. Case–control studies have associated the 15q11.2 deletion with neurodevelopmental disorders, and clinical case series have attempted to delineate a microdeletion syndrome with considerable phenotypic variability. The literature on this deletion is extensive and confusing, which is a challenge for genetic counselling. The aim of this study was to estimate the effect size of the 15q11.2 deletion and quantify its contribution to neurodevelopmental disorders.MethodsWe performed meta-analyses on new and previously published case–control studies and used statistical models trained in unselected populations with cognitive assessments. We used new (n=241) and previously published (n=150) data from a clinically referred group of deletion carriers. 15q11.2 duplications (new n=179 and previously published n=35) were used as a neutral control variant.ResultsThe deletion decreases IQ by 4.3 points. The estimated ORs and respective frequencies in deletion carriers for intellectual disabilities, schizophrenia and epilepsy are 1.7 (3.4%), 1.5 (2%) and 3.1 (2.1%), respectively. There is no increased risk for heart malformations and autism. In the clinically referred group, the frequency and nature of symptoms in deletions are not different from those observed in carriers of the 15q11.2 duplication suggesting that most of the reported symptoms are due to ascertainment bias.ConclusionsWe recommend that the deletion should be classified as ‘pathogenic of mild effect size’. Since it explains only a small proportion of the phenotypic variance in carriers, it is not worth discussing in the developmental clinic or in a prenatal setting.
Accuracy of fluoroscopic-guided genicular nerve blockade: a need for revisiting anatomical landmarks
Authors: Fonkoue Loïc , Behets Catherine Wydemans , Steyaert Arnaud , Kouassi Jean-Eric Kouame , Detrembleur Christine , De Waroux Bernard Le Polain , Cornu Olivier 
Published: August 2019

Background and objectivesGenicular nerve blockade (GNB) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) have recently emerged as treatment options for patients with chronic knee pain. However, an increasing number of anatomical studies and systematic reviews concluded that the anatomical basis for needle placement was unclear, incomplete and somewhat inaccurate. This study was designed to assess the accuracy of updated anatomical landmarks for fluoroscopy-guided blockade of the consistent genicular nerves in a cadaveric model.MethodsBased on a comprehensive review of recent anatomical studies and prior dissection of 21 fresh cadaver knees, we defined bony landmarks with high likelihood of successful ablation of the five consistent genicular nerves (GN). We tested the accuracy of GNBs using the above-stated anatomical landmarks in 10 intact fresh cadaveric knees. Needle placement was guided by fluoroscopy and 0.5 mL of 0.1% methylene blue was injected at the site of each nerve. The knees were subsequently dissected to assess the accuracy of the injections. If the nerve was dyed with blue ink, the placement was considered accurate.ResultsThe accuracy of our injections was 100% for the superior medial genicular nerve, inferior medial GN, infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve and recurrent fibular nerve. The superior lateral GN was dyed in 90% of specimens.ConclusionThis study provides physicians with precise anatomical landmarks for the five consistent GN for fluoroscopic-guided GNB. Our revised technique, which targets more nerves with increased accuracy, could potentially lead to improved therapeutic benefits on chronic knee pain.
Usefulness of high-resolution ultrasound for small nerve blocks: visualization of intercostobrachial and medial brachial cutaneous nerves in the axillary area
Authors: Varela Victor , Ruíz Carlos , Pomés Jaume , Pomés Isaac , Montecinos Sara , Sala-Blanch Xavier 
Published: August 2019

IntroductionHigh-resolution ultrasound (HRU) allows one to identify small nerves, but in the clinical setting, intercostobrachial nerve (ICBN) and medial brachial cutaneous nerve (MBCN) are not identified with conventional portable ultrasound (CPU) devices. The aim of this study is to identify both nerves and describe their relation with specific anatomical structures which could be easily identified with the ultrasound devices available in the clinical setting.Methods21 healthy patients were scanned using HRU bilaterally in the axillary area located over the conjoint tendon to find the ICBN and MBCN and describe their anatomic relations. 5 fresh cadavers were used to validate the previous anatomical findings. ICBN and MBCN ultrasound-guided block was performed with 5 mL of methylene blue and iodine contrast, and the distribution was assessed by both CT scan and dissection.ResultsICBN and MBCN were identified in all cases. The average distance of the ICBN branches to the artery was 35±6 mm in men and 27±5 mm in women. Constant identification of the muscle–tendon junction of the latissimus dorsi muscle with respect to the location of the branches of the ICBN nerve was observed. Dissection and CT scan confirmed these findings.ConclusionHRU is a useful tool to identify ICBN and MBCN nerves, and to describe structures which can be easily identified with CPU use in the clinical setting.
Effect of Intermittent Versus Continuous Low-Dose Aspirin on Nasal Epithelium Gene Expression in Current Smokers: A Randomized, Double-Blinded Trial
Authors: Garland Linda L. , Guillen-Rodriguez José , Hsu Chiu-Hsieh , Yozwiak Michael , Zhang Hao Helen , Alberts David S. , Davis Lisa E. , Szabo Eva , Merenstein Carter , Lel Julian , Zhang Xiaohui , Liu Hanqiao , Liu Gang , Spira Avrum E. , Beane Jennifer E. , Wojtowicz Malgorzata , Chow H.-H. Sherry 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA chemopreventive effect of aspirin (ASA) on lung cancer risk is supported by epidemiologic and preclinical studies. We conducted a randomized, double-blinded study in current heavy smokers to compare modulating effects of intermittent versus continuous low-dose ASA on nasal epithelium gene expression and arachidonic acid (ARA) metabolism. Fifty-four participants were randomized to intermittent (ASA 81 mg daily for one week/placebo for one week) or continuous (ASA 81 mg daily) for 12 weeks. Low-dose ASA suppressed urinary prostaglandin E2 metabolite (PGEM; change of −4.55 ± 11.52 from baseline 15.44 ± 13.79 ng/mg creatinine for arms combined, P = 0.02), a surrogate of COX-mediated ARA metabolism, but had minimal effects on nasal gene expression of nasal or bronchial gene-expression signatures associated with smoking, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Suppression of urinary PGEM correlated with favorable changes in a smoking-associated gene signature (P &lt; 0.01). Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed that ASA intervention led to 1,079 enriched gene sets from the Canonical Pathways within the Molecular Signatures Database. In conclusion, low-dose ASA had minimal effects on known carcinogenesis gene signatures in nasal epithelium of current smokers but results in wide-ranging genomic changes in the nasal epithelium, demonstrating utility of nasal brushings as a surrogate to measure gene-expression responses to chemoprevention. PGEM may serve as a marker for smoking-associated gene-expression changes and systemic inflammation. Future studies should focus on NSAIDs or agent combinations with broader inhibition of pro-inflammatory ARA metabolism to shift gene signatures in an anti-carcinogenic direction.