bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fast‐switching high‐voltage porous‐tip electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for rapid detection of antirheumatic drugs in adulterated herbal dietary supplements
Authors: Yao Ya‐Nan , Wu Lin , Sun Wan‐Yang , Luo Zhi‐Hui , Di Dandan , Yuan Zi‐Cheng , Huang Zhengxu , Hu Bin 
Published: August 2019

RationaleHerbal dietary supplements (HDSs) adulterated with undeclared synthetic drugs can lead to serious health problemsMethodsA fast‐switching positive/negative high‐voltage (+/− HV) was developed to apply on electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) with porous tips for rapid screening of five antirheumatic drugs in antirheumatic HDSs. The fast‐switching (switch‐time: 100 ms) negative and positive ions were alternately generated to perform full‐MS and tandem‐MS analysis, providing an effective method for rapid detection of analytes in whichever mode of detection was most suitable (negative or positive ion mode). The use of different tips and solvents was also optimized in this work.ResultsThe limits of detection of the five antirheumatic drugs were found to be less than 0.1 ng/g (S/N > 3). The reproducibility of the five drugs was measured to be 10.0–23.3% (n = 5). A single sample analysis could be completed within 1 min. Rapid screening of a total of 28 real HDS samples collected from the market was examined by the fast‐switching HV substrate‐tip ESI‐MS method, and the screening result was further validated by conventional liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.ConclusionsOverall, our results demonstrated that fast‐switching HV substrate‐tip ESI‐MS is a rapid, reliable, and effective method for simultaneous screening of various analytes in complex samples.
A feasible strategy based on isotopic fine structures to enhance the reliability of metabolite identification by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Authors: Xu Lu , Li Xintong , Wang Xue , Song Aihua , Han Fei 
Published: August 2019

RationaleIn the process of the identification of unknown metabolites, the most important thing is to determine their real chemical formulae according to the accurate masses which are determined by high‐resolution mass spectrometry. However, high mass accuracy alone is not enough to exclude false candidates. Use of isotopic fine structures (IFSs) derived from Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT‐ICR MS) as a single further constraint could decisively determine the molecular formulae for unknown metabolites.MethodsGastrodin, an active constituent from Gastrodia elata Bl., which can penetrate through the blood–brain barrier and rapidly decompose to p‐hydroxybenzyl alcohol in the brain, was selected as a model drug. The accurate masses, possible chemical formulae and IFSs of its metabolites in rat plasma were acquired using FT‐ICR MS.ResultsBesides gastrodin, a total of eight metabolites including two phase I and six phase II metabolites were detected. Their chemical formulae were decisively determined by IFSs. Furthermore, their chemical structures were identified by comparing their fragment ions with those of gastrodin. Results indicated the metabolic pathways of gastrodin in rats including deglycosylation, oxidation, glucuronidation, sulfate conjugation and glycine conjugation.ConclusionsIt is demonstrated that IFSs are effective in unambiguous determination of chemical formulae of metabolites. It could be used as a feasible strategy to enhance the reliability of metabolite identification in drug metabolism studies.
Channel recovery in a regulated river: Effects of an experimental and natural flood in the Snowy River, SE Australia
Authors: Rose Teresa , Erskine Wayne , Miners Brett 
Published: August 2019

AbstractExperimental floods, generated downstream of dams, are used to recover specific bio‐geomorphic functions in regulated rivers. Studies of the effects of experimental floods vary in their objective, location, and the hydrological and bio‐geomorphic variables used to quantify recovery. Measurements of geomorphic change are required to guide future release strategies. The focus of this study was to determine if a large experimental flood in the Snowy River Australia, could promote geomorphic recovery of the river channel downstream of Jindabyne Dam following 35 years of flow regulation. The objectives of the release were to deepen, widen, and increase channel capacity and coarsen the riverbed substratum in the Jindabyne Gorge and Dalgety Uplands sections of the Snowy River. Data from the release were compared with that of a natural flood event that occurred after the experimental flow event. Both events showed channel adjustments and a degree of geomorphic recovery, but this varied between the two river sections. Marked channel adjustments occurred in the Dalgety Uplands reach following both the experimental and natural flood event and in the Jindabyne Gorge section following the natural flood event. Geomorphic changes were related to the hydrological character of each flood event. The number of flood peaks, the sequence of peaks, the flood duration, and the total energy expenditure differed markedly between the two events, and these four flood hydrological characteristics explained the greater geomorphic recovery associated with the natural flood event in the Jindabyne Gorge. No clear hydro‐geomorphic relationship was derived for channel change in the Dalgety Uplands where existing morphological constraints limit flood effectiveness.
Diet partitioning and trophic guild structure of fish assemblages in Chishui River, the last undammed tributary of the upper Yangtze River, China
Authors: Liu Fei , Wang Xue , Wang Meirong , Liu Huanzhang , Wang Jianwei 
Published: August 2019

AbstractKnowledge of trophic ecology of fish species is fundamental to understand the organization mechanism of fish assemblages and crucial for developing effective management and conservation strategies. This study examined the diet partitioning and trophic guild structure of fish assemblages in Chishui River, the last undammed tributary of the upper Yangtze River, China. Specimens were collected in three sections along the upstream–downstream gradient in 2012. Digestive tract contents of 54 fish species, represented by 692 individuals, were analysed and quantified. Analysis showed that fish assemblages in the Chishui River utilized aquatic insects, algae, detritus, molluscs, and fishes as the main food resources, whereas terrestrial insects were consumed only occasionally. The trophic guild structure of fish assemblages changed gradually with the longitudinal gradient. Specially, the number of trophic guilds increased with downstream distance. In addition, the relative number of omnivorous species increased longitudinally, whereas the relative number of insectivorous species declined downstream. This study demonstrated how fish assemblages utilize the food resources under near‐natural conditions. These results provide valuable information for fish conservation and ecological restoration.
Di(pyridin‐4‐yl)aniline Derivatives with a Push‐Pull Electronic Structure: Synthesis and Electrochromic Properties
Authors: Zhou Chuan‐wen , Zhu Chun‐rong , Huang Zhen‐jie , Zhang Wei‐jing , Tang Qian , Gong Cheng‐bin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTraditionally, electrochromic materials rely on counter redox materials like ferrocene to realize redox processes. In this work, two novel, closely related series of electrochromic materials bearing push‐pull electronic structure were designed and synthesised (N,N,N’,N’‐tetra(pyridin‐4‐yl)‐1,4‐phenylenediamine derivatives (TPPDs) and N,N,N′,N′‐tetra(pyridin‐4‐yl)benzidine derivatives (TPBDs)). When stimulated by an external electric field, both series of compounds exhibited intramolecular charge transfer because of their push‐pull electronic structures. Therefore, the TPPDs and TPBDs could undergo redox processes without the assistance of counter electrode chemicals. Furthermore, the TPPDs and TPBDs could replace the electrolyte that is required in conventional electrochromic devices (ECDs) because of their conductivity. This allowed the fabrication of a simple, single‐component ECD.
Rapid, Efficient, and Green Synthesis of Coumarin Derivatives via Knoevenagel Condensation and Investigating Their Biological Effects
Authors: Dinparast Leila , Hemmati Salar , Zengin Gokhan , Alizadeh Ali Akbar , Bahadori Mir Babak , Kafil Hossein Samadi , Dastmalchi Siavoush 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCoumarins as naturally occurring heterocycles are chemically and biologically attractive compounds due to their diverse pharmacological properties. This study aimed to design a green method for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives followed by their biological investigations. To do so, coumarins were synthesized with excellent yields using a one‐pot procedure under solvent‐free conditions at room temperature with very short reaction times. 1‐hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide was used as a reaction medium and an alternative for common toxic solvents. The structure of coumarins was confirmed using spectroscopic techniques as well as elemental analysis. The cytotoxicity of coumarins was evaluated against A549 cancerous cells and was found to be non‐cytotoxic in nature. Also, their abilities for inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, and α‐glucosidase were assessed. The results showed that some derivatives have mild to moderate inhibitory activity (IC50=3.64‐5.96 mm) against acetylcholinesterase. The tested coumarins have also moderately inhibited tyrosinase (IC50=3.95‐13.96 mm). The results of this study could be useful for the design and development of green and effective methods for the synthesis of new drugs with the core structure of coumarin.
Ytterbium Doped TiO2 Nanofibers on Activated Carbon Fibers Enhances Adsorption and Photocatalytic Activities for Toluene Removal
Authors: Liao Fang , Chu Lian‐Feng , Guo Cui‐Xiang , Guo Ya‐Jun , Ke Qin‐Fei , Guo Ya‐Ping 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe combination of activated carbon fiber (ACF) adsorbents and ytterbium‐doped TiO2 (Yb‐TiO2) photocatalysts is a promising strategy for toluene removal. Herein, we firstly constructed Yb‐TiO2/ACF porous materials (Yb‐TiACFs) by the treatment of TiO2/ACF porous materials (TiACFs) with Yb(NO3)3 solutions. The ultralong Yb‐TiO2 nanofibers that were composed of many nanocrystals along [101] direction twisted around ACFs. The synergetic effects of Yb‐TiO2 and ACFs promoted toluene adsorption, and the adsorption trends matched well with pseudo‐second‐order kinetics model. It was firstly found that ACFs and Yb3+ dopants improved TiO2 quantum efficiency by driving electron‐hole separation and enhancing light adsorption activity. Yb‐TiACFs promoted the photocatalytic oxidation of toluene, and the photocatalytic activity was better than TiO2 nanocrystals (P25, Evonik Degussa). The toluene photodegradation trend on Yb‐TiACFs was fit well with apparent first‐order reaction kinetics model. The interesting findings demonstrated that Yb‐TiACFs were a promising platform for toluene removal via adsorption and photocatalysis synergetic effects.
Reframing the individual stress response: Balancing our knowledge of stress to improve responsivity to stressors
Authors: Liu Jenny Jing Wen , Reed Maureen , Vickers Kristin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAlthough responses to stressors have both adverse and positive consequences on health, many believe that stress is entirely negative. Research revealed that negative beliefs about stress can hinder well‐being and result in the avoidance of stressors. Stress‐optimizing interventions that target various stress appraisal processes may be a useful tool to reframe how individuals understand and respond to stressors. The current study extends previous findings on stress reframing and sought to examine the extent to which the presentation of information about stress outcomes may influence the individual to respond to subsequent stressors. Seventy‐seven undergraduate students (96% female) were randomized into one of four reframing conditions (balanced stress outcomes, negative stress outcomes, positive stress outcomes, and control) and underwent a psychosocial stressor. Results highlight similarities between balanced and positive framings of stress across measures of heart rate and blood pressure, whereas subjective ratings of stress and electrodermal activity suggest balanced framing may be efficacious in attenuating stress. Findings are discussed in the context of differing stress‐optimizing interventions and consider the complexities of the individual stress response.
Posttraumatic growth during cognitive behavioural therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: Relationship to symptom change and introduction of significant other assessment
Authors: Schubert Christine F. , Schmidt Ulrike , Comtesse Hannah , Gall‐Kleebach Dominique , Rosner Rita 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPosttraumatic growth (PTG) may play a role in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as it is supposed to have either beneficial or dysfunctional effects on treatment‐related PTS symptom (PTSS) changes. This study examined whether cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for PTSD patients can foster PTG assessed by self‐reports and reports from significant others. Forty‐eight PTSD patients participating in trauma‐focused CBT were assessed twice: at the beginning of therapy (T1) and after 3 months of therapy (T2, N = 34). We used the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), and constructed a significant other version of the PTGI (PTGI‐SOA). The PTSS severity declined during the course of treatment, whereas PTG levels remained stable. Both the PTGI and PTGI‐SOA were associated with higher PTSS reduction at T2. The results suggest that PTG is associated with greater improvement in PTSS during trauma‐focused CBT, even though treatment could not directly enhance PTG. Significant other assessments seem to be a promising approach to improve PTG measurement.
SFLA‐based heuristic method to generate software structural test data
Authors: Ghaemi Amir , Arasteh Bahman 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSoftware testing is one of the significant stages in software development life cycle which is a costly and time‐consuming task. Automatic tests data generation is one of the traditional techniques to reduce the cost and time spent in software testing. Different evolutionary algorithms have been proposed to generate test data which cover target paths in a software program. In this paper, shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA) is proposed to generate structural test data. The proposed SFLA algorithm is characterized by high convergence speed and simple implementation. In the proposed SFLA, branch coverage is used as the fitness function to generate effective test data. For comparing the performance of the proposed SFLA with genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), ant colony optimization (ACO), and artificial bee colony (ABC), seven benchmark programs were used. The results indicated that the proposed SFLA has an average of 99.99% for branch coverage, average 99.97% for success rate, and 2.03 for the average number of generation for covering all branches.
Uniform Substitution at One Fell Swoop
Authors: Platzer André 
Published: August 2019

AbstractUniform substitution of function, predicate, program or game symbols is the core operation in parsimonious provers for hybrid systems and hybrid games. By postponing soundness-critical admissibility checks, this paper introduces a uniform substitution mechanism that proceeds in a linear pass homomorphically along the formula. Soundness is recovered using a simple variable condition at the replacements performed by the substitution. The setting in this paper is that of differential hybrid games, in which discrete, continuous, and adversarial dynamics interact in differential game logic
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The role of land tenure in livelihood transitions from fishing to tourism
Authors: Fabinyi Michael 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCoastal tourism has been supported by the growth of middle-class tourist markets, promoted by governments who view it as an important avenue for economic growth and backed by environmental organisations who regard it as an alternative, more environmentally sustainable livelihood than capture fisheries. How policymakers and households in coastal areas negotiate the challenges and opportunities associated with growing tourism and declining capture fisheries is increasingly important. Drawing on extended ethnographic fieldwork from the Philippines between 2006 and 2018, this paper examines the transition from fishing to tourism and the consequences for one coastal community. I focus on land tenure as a key variable that shapes the effects and opportunities associated with livelihood transitions from fishing to tourism. While tourism has not been inherently positive or negative, the ability of local households to negotiate the boom and obtain the full benefits out of it is questionable. Many fishers have switched their primary livelihood activity to tourism, including the construction of tourist boats, working as tour guides or providing accommodation. However, the growth of tourism has prompted several attempts to evict the community, including from local elites who aimed to develop resorts on the coast and a recent push by the national administration to ‘clean up’ tourist sites around the country. I argue that land tenure in coastal communities should be more of a focus for researchers working in small-scale fisheries, as well as for researchers working on land rights.
Smart disclosure: promise and perils
Authors: BAR-GILL OREN 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe move to smart disclosure promises to revitalize disclosure mandates and save them from a fate of ignored verbiage. But by making disclosure relevant and effective, this shift to smart disclosure also raises several concerns. Specifically, simple disclosures like genetically modified food disclosures, restaurant hygiene grades, annual percentage rate disclosures, etc., can result in market distortions and inefficiencies as: (1) consumers might draw false inferences from the disclosure; and (2) disclosing one dimension will elevate this dimension relative to other dimensions, and thus distort demand for the product and even alter the product itself. Relatedly, System 1 disclosures, like graphic cigarette labels, might influence behavior by triggering an emotional response rather than through informed deliberation, thus abandoning traditional justifications for disclosure mandates. In light of these concerns, it is more difficult to view disclosure mandates as minimally paternalistic. Government, by tweaking disclosure design, wields substantial power over markets and consumers.
Retributivism and the Use of Imprisonment as the Ultimate Back-up Sanction
Authors: Bülow William 
Published: August 2019

AbstractImprisonment is often said to be the ultimate back-up sanction for offenders who do not abide by their non-custodial sentence. From a standard consequentialist perspective this is morally justified, if it is a cost-effective means to crime prevention. In contrast, the use of imprisonment as a back-up is much harder to justify from retributivist perspectives, with their emphasis on just desert or deserved censure. The crux is this: if the reason for a non-custodial sentence is that a prison sentence risks being a disproportionate or inappropriate sanction, retributivists need to explain how a prison term can be warranted as the backup sanction for those who breach the requirements of their non-custodial sentence, even though their original crime wasn’t serious enough to warrant imprisonment in the first place. The aim in this paper is to critically assess the extent to which retributivists can justify the use of imprisonment as the ultimate back-up sanction. In doing so, I first examine two broad strategies that are discussed in the literature, and which retributivists could employ in order to respond to this problem. The first strategy stresses how desert has only a limited role in sentencing such that it demarcates a range of deserved punishment. On this view, associated with limiting retributivism, one could initially opt for a less harsh yet deserved punishment, leaving room for the imposition of back-up sanctions when needed. The second strategy focuses on how the act of breach is a reprehensible act that can allow for a penalty increase, and thereby lead to imprisonment. Although it is argued that both strategies fail, the paper proposes an alternative solution to this problem.
Promoting Integrated Mental Health Care Services in Disaster Response Programs: Lessons Learned After the Impact of Hurricane María in Puerto Rico
Authors: Jiménez Chávez Julio C. , Viruet Sánchez Esteban , Rosario Maldonado Fernando J. , Ramos Lucca Axel J. , Barros Cartagena Barbara 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTMeteorological and even human-made disasters are increasing every year in frequency and magnitude. The passage of a disaster affects a society without distinction, but groups with social vulnerability (low socioeconomic status, chronic medical, or psychological conditions, limited access to resources) face the most significant impact. As a result, psychological and behavioral symptoms (eg, depression and anxiety) can ensue, making the immediate response of mental health services crucial. Secondary data from a database of a temporary healthcare unit were analyzed. A total of 54 records were reviewed to collect information; univariate and bivariate analyses were done. The purpose of this article is to present our experience regarding the incorporation of a mental health services model, with its respective benefits and challenges, into a temporary healthcare unit, after Hurricane Maria in 2017.
ISLAM IN THE INTERIOR OF PRECOLONIAL EAST AFRICA: EVIDENCE FROM LAKE TANGANYIKA
Authors: GOODING PHILIP 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMost histories of East Africa's precolonial interior only give cursory attention to Islam, especially in histories of present-day west-central Tanzania and the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Most converts to Islam in this context are usually viewed as ‘nominal’ Muslims. This article, by contrast, builds on recent scholarship on other regions and time periods that questions the conceptual validity of the ‘nominal’ Muslim. New converts necessarily questioned their social relationships, ways of living, and ritual practices through the act of conversion. On the shores of Lake Tanganyika, new converts were observable through the act of circumcision, dietary restrictions, abidance by some of Islam's core tenets, and the adoption and adaptation of certain phenomena from East Africa's Indian Ocean coast and islands. Interior populations’ conversion to Islam was bound up with broader coast-interior material, cultural, and religious exchanges.