bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computer-Assisted Compared with Conventional Total Knee Replacement
Authors: Petursson Gunnar , Fenstad Anne Marie , Gøthesen Øystein , Dyrhovden Gro Sævik , Hallan Geir , Röhrl Stephan M. , Aamodt Arild , Furnes Ove 
Published: August 2018

Background:
We previously reported the short-term radiographic and functional results of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing computer-assisted and conventionally performed total knee replacement. We currently report the 2-year clinical results from this trial.

Methods:
One hundred and ninety patients were randomly allocated to undergo either computer-assisted or conventional total knee replacement. One hundred and seventy-two patients were available for clinical evaluation at 2 years, and 167 (97%) of those answered all patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), including the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Knee Society Score (KSS), visual analog scale (VAS), and EuroQol-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D). Patients and clinical evaluators were blinded to the method of surgery. Surgical outcome was assessed using the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology-Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OMERACT-OARSI) criteria to calculate responder rates, divided into high responders, moderate responders, and nonresponders.

Results:
The computer-assisted group had significantly more improvement than the conventional group in the mean scores for 2 subscales of the KOOS (7.4 for symptoms [p = 0.02] and 16.2 for sport and recreation [p < 0.01]) and in 1 subscale of the WOMAC (8.8 for stiffness [p = 0.03]).The computer-assisted group also had significantly more high responders (82.8%) than the conventional group (68.8%; p = 0.03) at 2 years, with the number needed to treat determined to be 8.

Conclusions:
In this study, the use of computer navigation provided better pain relief and restored better function than the use of the conventional surgical technique at 2 years after total knee replacement.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Differences in the Radius of Curvature Between Femoral Condyles
Authors: Du Peter Z. , Markolf Keith L. , Levine Benjamin D. , McAllister David R. , Jones Kristofer J. 
Published: August 2018

Background:
The radius of curvature (ROC) is an important variable related to potential cartilage incongruities in the transplantation of a large femoral osteochondral allograft. The anterior-posterior length (APL) of a condyle is used as a criterion for donor-graft acceptance. We hypothesized that there would be a linear correlation between the ROC and APL of a condyle, that the ROC and APL would differ significantly between the medial femoral condyle (MFC) and the lateral femoral condyle (LFC), and that a donor graft from the LFC would be suitable for an MFC defect.

Methods:
Knee magnetic resonance imaging scans of 147 patients with no cartilage defects were analyzed. Best-fit circles in the sagittal plane were determined at standardized locations on each condyle. Assuming the use of a 20-mm graft that was flush to the edges of the native cartilage, the central graft prominence was calculated for potential donor-host differences in the ROC.

Results:
There was a linear correlation between the ROC and APL. There were significant differences in the mean ROC and APL between the MFC and LFC. Based on calculations of the central graft prominence among all ROC combinations within the patient group, 100% of potential medial-to-medial, 97.8% of lateral-to-lateral, and 92.5% of lateral-to-medial transplantations would produce a central graft prominence of <1 mm. On average, an allograft harvested from an LFC (mean ROC, 25.7 mm; mean APL, 69.8 mm) implanted into an MFC defect site (mean ROC, 31.9 mm; mean APL, 66.6 mm) would have a central graft prominence of 0.4 ± 0.3 mm.

Conclusions:
Assuming a maximum central graft prominence tolerance of +1 mm, our findings demonstrate that matching the ROC or APL would not be necessary for potential medial-to-medial or lateral-to-lateral allograft transplants within this patient group. Implantation of an LFC donor allograft into an MFC defect is also supported by our findings.
A Novel Method for the Approximation of Humeral Head Retrotorsion Based on Three-Dimensional Registration of the Bicipital Groove
Authors: Vlachopoulos Lazaros , Carrillo Fabio , Dünner Celestine , Gerber Christian , Székely Gábor , Fürnstahl Philipp 
Published: August 2018

Background:
The accurate restoration of premorbid anatomy is key for the success of reconstructive surgeries of the proximal part of the humerus. The bicipital groove has been proposed as a landmark for the prediction of humeral head retrotorsion. We hypothesized that a novel method based on bilateral registration of the bicipital groove yields an accurate approximation of the premorbid anatomy of the proximal part of the humerus.

Methods:
Three-dimensional (3D) triangular surface models were created from computed tomographic data of 100 paired humeri (50 cadavers). Segments of the distal part of the humerus and the humeral shaft of prespecified lengths were defined. A surface registration algorithm was applied to superimpose the models onto the mirrored contralateral humeral model based on the defined segments. We evaluated the 3D proximal humeral contralateral registration (p-HCR) errors, defined as the difference in 3D rotation of the humeral head between the models when superimposed. For comparison, we quantified the landmark-based retrotorsion (LBR) error, defined as the intra-individual difference in retrotorsion, measured with a landmark-based 3D method.

Results:
The mean 3D p-HCR error using the most proximal humeral shaft (bicipital groove) segment for the registration was 2.8° (standard deviation [SD], 1.5°; range, 0.6° to 7.4°). The mean LBR error of the reference method was 6.4° (SD, 5.9°; range, 0.5° to 24.0°).

Conclusions:
Bilateral 3D registration of the bicipital groove is a reliable method for approximating the premorbid anatomy of the proximal part of the humerus.

Clinical Relevance:
The accurate approximation of the premorbid anatomy is a key for the successful restoration of the premorbid anatomy of the proximal part of the humerus.
Cellular Communication in Bone Homeostasis and the Related Anti-osteoporotic Drug Development
Authors: Zhang Yi , Luo Guojing , Yu Xijie 
Published: August 2018

Background:Intercellular crosstalk among osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocyte and chondrocyte is involved in the precise control of bone homeostasis. Disruption of this cellular and molecular signaling would lead to metabolic bone diseases such as osteoporosis. Currently a number of anti-osteoporosis interventions are restricted by side effects, complications and long-term intolerance. This review aims to summarize the bone cellular communication involved in bone remodeling and its usage to develop new drugs for osteoporosis.Methods:We searched PubMed for publications from 1 January 1980 to 1 January 2018 to identify relevant and latest literatures, evaluation and prospect of osteoporosis medication were summarized. Detailed search terms were ‘osteoporosis’, ‘osteocyte’, ‘osteoblast’, ‘osteoclast’, ‘bone remodeling’, ‘chondrocyte’, ‘osteoporosis treatment’, ‘osteoporosis therapy’, ‘bisphosphonates’, ‘denosumab’, ‘Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM)’, ‘PTH’, ‘romosozumab’, ‘dkk-1 antagonist’, ‘strontium ranelate’.Results:A total of 170 papers were included in the review. About 80 papers described bone cell interactions involved in bone remodeling. The remaining papers were focused on the novel advanced and new horizons in osteoporosis therapies.Conclusion:There exists a complex signal network among bone cells involved in bone remodeling. The disorder of cell-cell communications may be the underlying mechanism of osteoporosis. Current anti-osteoporosis therapies are effective but accompanied by certain drawbacks simultaneously. Restoring the abnormal signal network and individualized therapy are critical for ideal drug development.
Influence of Early Life Lead (Pb) Exposure on α-Synuclein, GSK-3β and Caspase-3 Mediated Tauopathy: Implications on Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Bihaqi Syed Waseem , Alansi Bothaina , Masoud Anwar M. , Mushtaq Foqia , Subaiea Gehad M. , Zawia Nasser H. 
Published: August 2018

Background:
Previously we have shown that developmental exposure to the heavy metal lead
(Pb) resulted in latent cognitive impairment, upregulation of biomarkers and pathology associated with
both the tau and amyloid pathways, however, the impact on Alpha Synuclein (α-Syn) and its relationship
to these pathways and their connection to cognitive performance warrant further elucidation.

Objective:
The present study determined the impact of developmental Pb exposure on the α-Syn pathways
in a mouse model knock-out (KO) for murine tau gene and in differentiated human neuroblastoma
SHSY5Y cell line exposed to a series of Pb concentrations.

Methods:
Western blot analysis and RT-PCR were used to assess the levels of intermediates in the tau
and α-Syn pathways following postnatal Pb exposure on aged mice lacking tau gene and in differentiated
SHSY5Y cells on day 3 and day 6 after the Pb exposure had ceased.

Result:

Early life Pb exposure is accompanied by latent up-regulation in α-Syn in these mice. Furthermore,
prior exposure to Pb in-vitro also resulted in an increase in α-Syn, its phosphorylated forms, as
well as an increase in glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and Caspase-3.

Conclusion:
An environmental agent can act as a latent inducer of both α-Syn and associated kinases
that are involved in tau hyperphosphorylation and may allude to the interactive nature of these two neurodegenerative
pathways.
Anti-α4β1 Integrin Antibodies Attenuated Brain Inflammatory Changes in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Manocha Gunjan , Ghatak Atreyi , Puig Kendra , Combs Colin 
Published: August 2018

Background:
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with age-associated central nervous
system degeneration and dementia. This decline in the function correlates with deposition of Aβ peptide
containing plaques and associated reactive gliosis. The inflammatory phenotype of microglia, in particular,
is often considered detrimental to cognitive function in AD. In addition to the changes in the CNS,
altered immune changes in the periphery have recently been observed in AD suggesting a critical immune-
related communication between the periphery and the brain.

Objective:
We hypothesized that modulating the peripheral immune system may alter the proinflammatory
gliosis associated with AD. Therapeutic antibodies against the α4β1 integrin receptor have been
used clinically to attenuate the ability of various immune cells to adhere to endothelium and migrate into
target tissues such as the intestines (Crohn’s disease) or brain (multiple sclerosis). We hypothesized that
a similar peripheral antibody-based therapy would attenuate gliosis by altering immune cell infiltration
or phenotype in peripheral organs and the brain using an APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease.

Method:
Littermate control wild-type and APP/PS1 mice were tail vein injected with either saline, isotype
control (IgG2b), or an antibody recognizing α4-integrin, anti-CD49d, once a week for 4 consecutive
weeks. To understand CNS and peripheral immune changes, brains and spleen were used.

Results/Conclusion:

Our data suggests that the antibody therapy was able to reduce microgliosis, astrogliosis,
and synaptic changes in the APP/PS1 mice compared to isotype control injections without
changing amyloid-β plaque load. Interestingly, both isotype control and antibody therapy also reduced
the number of proinflammatory cytokines in the spleen although changes in the brain were less robust.
The anti-CD49d and isotype control treatments also reduced CD4 immunoreactivity in the brains, suggesting
a possible mechanism for attenuation of inflammation in the brain. This data suggests that it is
indeed feasible to alter the immune component of AD brain changes using a clinically feasible strategy
of delivering a particular subtype of IgG or epitope selective antibodies that target infiltration of the
peripheral immune system.
Evaluation of the in vitro Antitumor Activity of Nanostructured Cyclotides in Polymers of Eudragit® L 100-55 and RS 30 D
Authors: Silva Osmar N. , Pinto Michelle F.S. , Viana Juliane F.C. , Freitas Camila G. , Fensterseifer Isabel C.M. , Craik David J. , Franco Octavio L. 
Published: August 2018

Background:
Cancer is a major cause of mortality and morbidity and given the limitations
of many current cancer drugs, there is great need to discover and develop novel treatments. An
alternative to the conventional drug discovery path is to exploit new classes of natural compounds
such as cyclotides. This peptide family is characterized by linked C- and N-termini and a structural
fold called the cyclic cystine knot (CCK). The CCK fold is responsible for the exceptional enzymatic,
chemical and thermal stability of cyclotides.

Methods:
In the present study, an alternative to traditional cancer treatments, involving new nanomaterials
and nanocarriers allowing efficient cyclotide delivery, is proposed. Using the polymers
Eudragit&#174; L 100-55 and RS 30 D, the cyclotides kalata B2 and parigidin-br1 (PBR1) were nanocapsulated,
and nanoparticles 91 nm and 188 nm in diameter, respectively, were produced.

Results:
An encapsulation rate of up to 95% was observed. In vitro bioassays showed that the
nanostructured cyclotides were partially able to control the development of the colorectal adenocarcinoma
cell line CACO2 and the breast cancer cell line MCF-7.

Conclusion:
Data reported herein indicate that nanoformulated cyclotides exhibit antitumor activity
and sustained drug release. Thus, the system using Eudragit&#174; nanocapsules seems to be efficient for
cyclotide encapsulation and probably could be used to target specific tumors in future studies.
Novel Automated Method for the Detection of White Matter Hyperintensities in Brain Multispectral MR Images
Authors: Chen Hsian-Min , Chen Clayton Chi-Chang , Wang Hsin Che , Chang Yung-Chieh , Pan Kuan-Jung , Chen Wen-Hsien , Chen Hung-Chieh , Wu Yi-Ying , Chai Jyh-Wen , Ouyang Yen-Chieh , Lee San-Kan 
Published: August 2018

Background:
According to the Standards for Reporting Vascular Changes on Neuroimaging,
White Matter Hyperintensities (WMHs) are cerebral white matter lesions that are characterized
by abnormal tissues of variable sizes and appear hyperintense in T2-weighted Magnetic
Resonance (MR) measurements without cavitation (i.e., their tissue signals differ from those of
Cerebrospinal Fluid or CSF). Such abnormal tissue regions are typically observed in the MR images
of brains of healthy older adults and are associated with a number of geriatric neurodegenerative
diseases. Explanations of the exact causes and mechanisms of these diseases remain inconclusive.
Moreover, WMHs are typically identified by visual assessment and manual examination, both
of which require considerable time. This brings up a need of developing a method for detecting
WMHs more objectively and enabling patients to be treated early. As a consequence, damages on
nerve cells can be limited and the severity of patients’ conditions can be contained.

Aims:
This paper presents a computer-aided technique for automatically detecting and segmenting
anomalies in MR images.

Methods:
The method has two steps: (1) a Band Expansion Process (BEP) to expand the dimensions
of brain MR images nonlinearly and (2) anomaly detection algorithms to detect WMHs. Synthesized
MR images provided by BrainWeb were used as benchmarks against which the detection
performance of the algorithms was determined.

Results:
The most notable findings are as follows: Firstly, compared with the other anomaly detection
algorithms and the Lesion Segmentation Tool (LST), BEP-anomaly detection is shown to be
the most effective in detecting WMHs. Secondly, across all levels of background noise and inhomogeneity,
the mean Similarity Index (SI) produced by our proposed algorithm is higher than that
produced by LST, indicating that the algorithm is more effective than LST in segmenting WMHs
from brain MR images.

Conclusion:
Experimental results demonstrated a significantly high accuracy of the BEP-K/R-RX
method in detection of synthetic brain MS lesion data. In the meantime, it also effectively enhances
the detection of brain lesions.
A Comprehensive Review on Nature Inspired Neural Network based Adaptive Filter for Eliminating Noise in Medical Images
Authors: Kumar Manish , Mishra Sudhansu Kumar 
Published: August 2018

Background:
Various kind of medical imaging modalities are available for providing
noninvasive view and for analyzing any pathological symptoms of human beings. Different noise
may appear in those modalities at the time of acquisition, transmission, scanning, or at the time of
storing. The removal of noises from the digital medical images without losing any inherent features
is always considered a challenging task because a successful diagnosis relies on them. Numerous
techniques have been proposed to fulfill this objective, and each having their own benefits and
limitations.

Discussion:
In this comprehensive review article, more than 65 research articles are investigated to
illustrate the applications of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) in the field of biomedical image
denoising. In particular, the zest of this article is to highlight the hybridized filtering model using
nature-inspired algorithms and artificial neural networks for suppression of noise. Various other
techniques, such as fixed filter, linear adaptive filters and gradient descent learning based neural
network filter are also included.

Conclusion:
This article envisages how to train ANN using derivative free nature-inspired algorithms,
and its performance in various medical images modalities and noise conditions.
Protective Effect of Alpha-Tocopherol in Deltamethrin Induced Immunotoxicity
Authors: Kumar Anoop , Sharma Ruchika , Rana Divya , Sharma Neelima 
Published: August 2018

Background and Objective: α-Tocopherol is the active form of vitamin E which has various
biological functions. However, the exact molecular mechanism of its action is not fully understood.
Thus, the main objective of the current study is to determine the contribution of α-tocopherol in
counteraction of the apoptogenic signaling pathways induced by deltamethrin in murine thymocytes
and splenocytes.
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Methods and Results: Deltamethrin (25 µM) induces apoptosis at 18 h through the activation of
reactive oxygen species, caspases and depletion of glutathione in thymocytes and splenocytes. MTT
assay results have shown that α-tocopherol (10 and 50 µg/ml) when added along with Deltamethrin
(25µM), increases the viability of thymocytes and splenocytes in a concentration-dependent manner.
The α-tocopherol treatment reduces the early markers of cell death (ROS and caspase3 activation)
significantly. Further, the depleted GSH by deltamethrin has also been restored by α-tocopherol. At 18
h, α-tocopherol (50 µg/ml) significantly reduced the Deltamethrin induced cell death. In additional,
phenotyping and cytokines assay have demonstrated that alpha-tocopherol significantly ameliorated
the altered immune functions.

Conclusion:
These findings indicate that α-tocopherol shows immunoprotective effects in
Deltamethrin induced splenic and thymic apoptosis by inhibiting oxidative stress and caspasedependent
apoptogenic pathways.
The Effect of Rhizobia Isolates Against Black Root Rot Disease of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L) Caused by Fusarium solani
Authors: Tamiru Gedyon , Muleta Diriba 
Published: August 2018

Objective:Evaluate for potential biocontrol agent by assessing isolates forin vitroinhibitory efficacy, probable mechanisms to inhibit fungal pathogen and effect on growth of Faba bean infected withF. solani.Methods:The effect of Rhizobium isolates on the development of radial mycelium ofF. solaniin PDA medium were testedin vitro. The experiments were carried out using the dual culture technique. Isolates that showed inhibitory effect againstF. solaniin vitrowere tested to assess hydrolytic enzymes and growth promoting traits. Subsequently, the three Rhizobium isolates that showed the greatest inhibitions and their combinations were tested in the greenhouse againstF. solaniroot rot on seedlings by applying cell suspensions at three different times of exposure to the pathogen.Results:In dual culture, 27 rhizobium isolates inhibited the radial growth ofF. solanimycelium more than 25%. Isolates JU26(1), JU15(2) and Ho-1WG, inhibited fungal radial growth by 70.5 %, 64.7% and 63.7%, respectively. Among the 27 Rhizobium isolates tested for hydrolytic enzymes 26.1%, 44.4%, 14.8% were positive for chitinase, protease and lipase production, respectively. Chitinase, protease and lipase positive isolates showed significant fungal mycelia inhibition. Eight (29.6%) were positive for hydrogen cyanide production. Also, 24(88.8%) were positive for IAA production and over 50% formed visible dissolution haloes on PA. Concurrent production of protease, lipases, chitinase, IAA and phosphate solubilization coupled with anti-fungal activity suggests potential plant growth promotion and broad-spectrum bio control of these isolates. Furthermore, combination and Ho-1WG consistently reduced disease incidence and severity; and increased growth parameters on seedling in greenhouse at all times of application compared to diseased (control). Maximum disease severity (73.3%) reduction was observed with application of combination before the pathogen. The combination formulation provided the highest (48 cm/plant) shoot height when applied before the pathogen.Conclusion:Beneficial traits strongly assist the efficiency of candidate antagonists for desired biocontrol, emphasizing the value of concerted mechanisms of action. The result indicated the possible use of Rhizobial isolates as an alternative means of BRR management but further study is needed to verify actual use in agricultural production.
A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis of Studies Comparing Response to Experimentally-evoked Pain Between Obese and Non-Obese Individuals
Authors: Astita Rehab , Tashani Osama A. , Paley Carole A. , Sharp Duncan , Johnson Mark I. 
Published: August 2018

Background:
The relationship between obesity and pain remains unclear. The aim of this systematic review was to determine whether response to experimentally-evoked pain differed between obese and non-obese individuals. Studies that compared responses to experimentally-evoked pain between obese and non-obese human participants post-puberty (i.e. >16 years) were sought. Eligible studies published between January 1950 and May 2017 were identified by searching OVID, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Science Direct.

Explanation:
Methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the ‘QualSyst’ questionnaire. Of 1106 references identified only nine studies (683 participants) were eligible for review. Pressure pain was assessed in five studies and electrical pain in three studies. Two studies investigated thermal pain. Obesity was categorized according to body mass index (BMI) or as weight as a percentage of ideal body weight. Six of the nine included studies were of low methodological quality. There was a lack of extractable data to pool for meta-analysis of studies using thermal or electrical pain. A forest plot of data extracted from four studies on pressure pain threshold found no differences between obese and non-obese groups (overall effect size was Z=0.57, p=0.57).

Conclusion:
Small sample size was the main limitation in all studies. Participants with obesity were more sensitive to mechanical noxious stimuli than non-obese participants in three of five studies. However, overall, it was not possible to determine whether there are differences in pain sensitivity response to experimental stimuli between obese and non-obese individuals.