bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trabajo penitenciario: Análisis en virtud del derecho de igualdad ante la ley
Authors: Farías Pereira Javiera , Walker Martínez Agustín 
Published: September 2019

El artículo describe la regulación establecida en el Código del Trabajo en
materia de remuneraciones y su protección, y la contrasta con la contenida en el Decreto
943, que establece un estatuto laboral y de formación para el trabajo penitenciario
aplicable a los trabajadores que desarrollan sus funciones privados de libertad, bajo un vínculo de subordinación y dependencia con su empleador. Con ello se busca graficar la situación de desigualdad normativa en que se encuentran los trabajadores privados de libertad en relación con sus pares en el exterior, con la consecuente vulneración del derecho de igualdad ante la ley, a la luz de las normas constitucionales y del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos.
La tipificación de los delitos de injuria y calumnia y su efecto inhibitorio en el ejercicio de la libertad de expresión en Chile
Authors: Viollier Bonvin Pablo Agustín , Salinas Salgado Matías 
Published: September 2019

Este artículo analiza el efecto inhibitorio que la tipificación del delito de injuria y calumnia tiene en el ejercicio de libertad de expresión en nuestro país. El rol central que cumple la libertad de expresión en una sociedad democrática contrasta con la deficiente compatibilización que estos tipos penales hacen entre la protección de la honra de las personas —en especial de las figuras públicas— y el legítimo ejercicio de la libertad de expresión. De esta forma, la utilización estratégica de estos tipos penales
las ha transformado en verdaderas instituciones inhibidoras del ejercicio del derecho a informar y, por consiguiente, a ser informado.
Porphyry Copper Potential of the United States Southern Basin and Range Using ASTER Data Integrated with Geochemical and Geologic Datasets to Assess Potential Near-Surface Deposits in Well-Explored Permissive Tracts
Authors: Mars John C. , Robinson Gilpin R. , Hammarstrom Jane M. , Zürcher Lukas , Whitney Helen , Solano Federico , Gettings Mark , Ludington Steve 
Published: September 2019

AbstractArcGIS was used to spatially assess and rank potential porphyry copper deposits using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data together with geochemical and geologic datasets in order to estimate undiscovered deposits in the southern Basin and Range Province in the southwestern United States. The assessment was done using a traditional expert opinion three-part method and a prospectivity model developed using weights of evidence and logistic regression techniques to determine if ASTER data integrated with other geologic datasets can be used to find additional areas of prospectivity in well-explored permissive tracts. ASTER hydrothermal alteration data were expressed as 457 alteration polygons defined from a low-pass filtered alteration density map of combined argillic, phyllic, and propylitic rock units. Sediment stream samples were plotted as map grid data and used as spatial information in ASTER polygons. Gravity and magnetic data were also used to define basins greater than 1 km in depth. Each ASTER alteration polygon was ranked for porphyry copper potential using alteration types, spatial amounts of alteration, stream sediment geochemistry, lithology, polygon shape, proximity to other alteration polygons, and deposit and prospects data. Permissive tracts defined for the assessment in the southern Basin and Range Province include the Laramide Northwest, Laramide Southeast, Jurassic, and Tertiary tracts. Expert opinion estimates using the three-part assessment method resulted in a mean estimate of 17 undiscovered porphyry copper deposits, whereas the prospectivity modeling predicted a mean estimate of nine undiscovered deposits. In the well-explored Laramide Southeast tract, which contains the most deposits and has been explored for over 100 years, an average of 4.3 undiscovered deposits was estimated using ASTER alteration polygon data versus 2.8 undiscovered deposits without ASTER data. The Tertiary tract, which contains the largest number of ASTER alteration polygons not associated with known Tertiary deposits, was predicted to contain the most undiscovered resources in the southern Basin and Range Province.
Comparative Performance of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus RNA and DNA In Situ Hybridization on College of American Pathologists Proficiency Tests
Authors: Keung Elaine S. , Souers Rhona J. , Bridge Julia A. , Faquin William C. , Graham Rondell P. , Hameed Meera R. , Lewis James S. , Merker Jason D. , Vasalos Patricia , Moncur Joel T. 
Published: September 2019

Context.—
Detection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) in squamous cell carcinoma is important for classification and prognostication. In situ hybridization (ISH) is a commonly used HR-HPV–specific test that targets viral RNA or DNA. The College of American Pathologists (CAP) provides proficiency testing for laboratories performing HR-HPV ISH.

Objective.—
To compare the analytical performance of RNA- and DNA-based ISH methods on CAP HR-HPV proficiency tests.

Design.—
Data from the 2016–2018 CAP HPV ISH proficiency testing surveys were reviewed. These surveys consist of well-characterized samples with known status for HR-HPV, including 1 to 2 copies, 50 to 100 copies, 300 to 500 copies, and no copies of HR-HPV per cell.

Results.—
Ninety-five participants submitted 1268 survey results from 20 cores. Overall, RNA ISH had a significantly higher percentage of correct responses than DNA ISH: 97.4% (450 of 462) versus 80.6% (650 of 806) (P &lt; .001). This disparity appears to be the consequence of a superior sensitivity of RNA ISH compared to DNA ISH for samples with 1 to 2 and with 50 to 100 copies of HR-HPV per cell: 95.2% (120 of 126) versus 53.8% (129 of 240), P &lt; .001, respectively, and 100% (89 of 89) versus 76.3% (119 of 156), P &lt; .001, respectively.

Conclusions.—
An assessment of CAP HR-HPV proficiency test performance indicates that RNA ISH shows significantly higher accuracy than DNA ISH owing to higher analytical sensitivity of RNA ISH in tumors with low (1–2 copies per cell) to intermediate (50–100 copies per cell) HR-HPV viral copy numbers. These data support the use of RNA over DNA ISH in clinical laboratories that perform HR-HPV testing as part of their testing algorithms.
The number of nephrons in different glomerular diseases
Authors: Viggiano Davide , Nigro Michelangelo , Sessa Francesco , Vignolini Graziano , Campi Riccardo , Serni Sergio , Pollastro Rosa Maria , Vallone Gianfranco , Gigliotti Giuseppe , Capasso Giovambattista 
Published: September 2019

BackgroundThe total number of nephrons has been measured mainly from post-mortem studies and only in selected populations. Data from living subjects are scanty, and direct comparisons among different glomerular diseases are lacking. The present work exploits modern methodology to estimate the total nephron number in glomerulopathies with prevalent proteinuria/nephrotic syndrome versus glomerulopathies with nephritic syndrome (IgA nephropathy (IgAN), lupus nephritis), thus extending previous observations about the number and function of glomeruli in different physiological and pathological states.MethodsThis is a retrospective study based on one hundred and seven patients who have undergone renal biopsy. The glomerular density has been estimated from the biopsy specimens and the total cortical volume has been obtained from ultrasound recordings. Stereological methods have been applied to calculate the total number of nephrons and their volume. The correlation between clinical parameters and quantitative morphological data have studied using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r).ResultsThe total number of nephrons inversely correlated with the systolic blood pressure (r= −0.4,p< 0.05). In proteinuric diseases, such as focal segmental glomerulo-sclerosis (FSGS), membranous nephropathy (MN) and diabetes, the change in estimated GFR (eGFR) directly correlated with the total number of non-sclerotic glomeruli (NSG) (r= 0.62,p< 0.01), whereas in nephritic syndrome no significant correlation was observed. The alterations in eGFR occurring in nephritic syndromes such as IgAN cannot be explained on the basis of the number of NSG.DiscussionThe fusion of the podocyte foot-processes that typically occurs in purely proteinuric diseases does not modify the glomerular filtration rate: therefore in these situations, the change in eGFR depends mainly on the number of available glomeruli. On the other side, the eGFR decrease occurring in nephritic syndromes, such as IgAN, cannot be explained simply on the basis of the number of NSG and likely depends on the substantial involvement of the mesangial axis. Future studies should verify whether these changes are reversible with appropriate therapy, thus reversing eGFR decrease.
Impact of Climate Change on the Production of Major Food and Commercial Crops in India: A Five Decadal Study
Authors: Arora Pooja , Devi Rajni , Chaudhry Smita 
Published: September 2019

Climate change is posing a great threat to agriculture and food security, especially in the agriculture oriented and developing countries like India. The present study was carried out to critically study the impact of climate change on productivity of major cereal and commercial crops by statistically analyzing the time series data. The analysis inferred that crop production of both food and commercial crops in India has increased since 1960-61. It was observed that major food crops (rice & wheat) were adversely affected by increase in maximum temperature and decrease in rainfall. The alternative measures such as area under cultivation, irrigation, fertilizer and pesticide consumption were observed to be nullifying that negative impact of climate change by enhancing the overall production. However, the commercial crops were observed to be positively affected by the increasing temperature. The study suggested that although the agriculture sector is able to withstand the adverse impact of climate change till now, but in near future this situation can become reversed. This necessitates the implementation of appropriate adaptation and mitigation measures to deal with the problems of climate change and to ensure the food security and food safety along in long run.
Using Mothur to Determine Bacterial Community Composition and Structure in 16S Ribosomal RNA Datasets
Authors: Chappidi Sruthi , Villa Erika C. , Cantarel Brandi L. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene is one of the scaffolding molecules of the prokaryotic ribosome. Because this gene is slow to evolve and has very well conserved regions, this gene is used to reconstruct phylogenies in prokaryotes. Universal primers can be used to amplify the gene in prokaryotes including bacteria and archaea. To determine the microbial composition in microbial communities using high‐throughput short‐read sequencing techniques, primers are designed to span two or three of the nine variable regions of the gene. Mothur, developed in 2009, is a suite of tools to study the composition and structure of bacterial communities. This package is freely available from the developers (https://www.mothur.org). This protocol will show how to (1) perform preprocessing of sequences to remove errors, (2) perform operational taxonomic unit (OTU) analysis to determine alpha and beta diversity, and (3) determine the taxonomic profile of OTUs and the environmental sample. © 2019 The Authors.
High‐Throughput Gene Replacement in Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Zhao Can , Fraczek Marcin G. , Dineen Lauren , Lebedinec Ressa , Macheleidt Juliane , Heinekamp Thorsten , Delneri Daniela , Bowyer Paul , Brakhage Axel A. , Bromley Michael 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAspergillus fumigatus is a human pathogen and the principal etiologic agent of invasive and chronic aspergillosis leading to several hundreds of thousands of deaths every year. Very few antifungals are available to treat infections caused by A. fumigatus, and resistance is developing to those we have. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive pathogenicity and drug resistance have been hampered by the lack of large mutant collections, which limits our ability to perform functional genomics analysis. Here we present a high‐throughput gene knockout method that combines a highly reproducible fusion PCR method to enable generation of gene replacement cassettes with a multiwell format transformation procedure. This process can be used to generate 96 null mutants within 5 days by a single person at a cost of less than £18 ($24) per mutant and is being employed in our laboratory to generate a barcoded genome‐wide knockout library in A. fumigatus. © 2019 The Authors.
Catechin ameliorates Porphyromonas gingivalis‐induced inflammation via the regulation of TLR2/4 and inflammasome signaling
Authors: Lee Hyun Ah , Song Yu Ri , Park Mi Hee , Chung Hae‐Young , Na Hee Sam , Chung Jin 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundPorphyromonas gingivalis is a major periodontopathogen found in patients with chronic periodontitis that can lead to alveolar bone or tooth loss. Interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), a proinflammatory cytokine, is most relevant to the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Catechin is one of the main polyphenol compounds found in green tea and possesses a range of health benefits. This study examined the anti‐inflammatory effects of catechin in THP‐1‐derived macrophages infected with P. gingivalis as well as its effects on P. gingivalis‐induced periodontitis in a mouse model.MethodsThe cytokine levels and relevant protein expression in THP‐1 cells were measured using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analysis, respectively. An apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) pyroptosome formation was measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Micro‐computed tomography was used to determine the level of bone loss induced by a P. gingivalis oral infection.ResultsCatechin attenuated the production of IL‐1β by inhibiting pro‐IL‐1β expression via the downregulation of nuclear factor‐κB, p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase, and Toll‐like receptor signaling. In addition, catechin inhibited the activation of inflammasomes induced by P. gingivalis, but did not affect the growth of P. gingivalis. Catechin reduced the level of alveolar bone loss in a P. gingivalis‐induced periodontitis mouse model.ConclusionCatechin possesses anti‐inflammatory properties by reducing the level of IL‐1β production, suggesting that it can potentially be used for the prevention and treatment of periodontal inflammation caused by P. gingivalis.
Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MALDI MSI) for Monitoring of Drug Response in Primary Cancer Spheroids
Authors: Mittal Parul , Price Zoe K , Lokman Noor A , Ricciardelli Carmela , Oehler Martin K , Klingler‐Hoffmann Manuela , Hoffmann Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMalignant ascites is a fluid, which builds up in the abdomen and contains cancer cells in the form of single cells or multicellular clusters called spheroids. Malignant ascites has been observed in patients suffering from ovarian, cervical, gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, endometrial, or primary liver cancer. The spheroids are believed to play a major role in chemo resistance and metastasis of the cancer. To ease the discomfort of patients, malignant ascites (MA) is often drained from the abdomen using a procedure called paracentesis. MA retrieved via this minimal invasive procedure is a great source for cancer spheroids, which can be used for testing chemotherapeutic drugs and drug combinations. Herein, the existing workflow is adapted to make concurrent monitoring of drug accumulation, drug response, and drug metabolites feasible using primary spheroids or spheroids grown without a scaffolding matrix. To achieve this, those spheroids are embedded in matrigel, before fixing them with formalin. This makes it possible to process, store, and ship samples at room temperature. This new approach might be used to choose the best targeted therapy for each patient and thereby facilitate personalized medicine.
Internal plasticization of poly(vinyl) chloride using glutamic acid as a branched linker to incorporate four plasticizers per anchor point
Authors: Li Longbo , Tek Andy T. , Wojtecki Rudy J. , Braslau Rebecca 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTInternal plasticization of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) using thermal azide‐alkyne Huisgen dipolar cycloaddition between azidized PVC and electron‐poor acetylenediamides incorporating a branched glutamic acid linker resulted in incorporation of four plasticizing moieties per attachment point on the polymer chain. A systematic study incorporating either alkyl or polyethylene glycol esters provided materials with varying degrees of plasticization, with depressed Tg values ranging from −1 °C to 62 °C. Three interesting trends were observed. First, Tg values of PVC bearing various internal plasticizers were shown to decrease with increasing chain length of the plasticizing ester. Second, branched internal plasticizers bearing triethylene glycol chains had lower Tg values compared to those with similar length long‐chain alkyl groups. Finally, thermogravimetric analysis of these internally plasticized PVC samples revealed that these branched internal plasticizers bearing alkyl chains are more thermally stable than similarity branched plasticizers bearing triethylene glycol units. These internal tetra‐plasticizers were synthesized and attached to PVC‐azide in three simple synthetic steps. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 1821–1835
Selling in Spanish and/or English: A study of Hispanic direct sellers
Authors: Canziani Bonnie F. , Welsh Dianne H. B. , Ramadani Veland 
Published: September 2019

AbstractExploring differences within a U.S. sample of Hispanic direct sellers provides insights into the impact of acculturation on satisfaction survey responses. The scope of the study is constrained to sellers who self‐identified ethnically as Latino/Hispanic on a U.S. national survey of direct sellers. Findings show evidence of cultural heterogeneity within this sample of Hispanic direct sellers that corresponds to their uses of English and Spanish in selling activities. Practical implications suggest that Spanish Dominant Sellers claim higher satisfaction ratings and higher performance estimates than do English Dominant Sellers. English Dominant Sellers indicate greater use of Web 2.0 technologies for selling. Implications and future studies are discussed.
Aerobic exercise training improves hepatic and muscle insulin sensitivity, but reduces splanchnic glucose uptake in obese humans with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Gregory Justin M. , Muldowney James A. , Engelhardt Brian G. , Tyree Regina , Marks-Shulman Pam , Silver Heidi J. , Donahue E. Patrick , Edgerton Dale S. , Winnick Jason J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Background
Aerobic exercise training is known to have beneficial effects on whole-body glucose metabolism in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The responses of the liver to such training are less well understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of aerobic exercise training on splanchnic glucose uptake (SGU) and insulin-mediated suppression of endogenous glucose production (EGP) in obese subjects with T2D.

Methods
Participants included 11 obese humans with T2D, who underwent 15 ± 2 weeks of aerobic exercise training (AEX; n = 6) or remained sedentary for 15 ± 1 weeks (SED; n = 5). After an initial screening visit, each subject underwent an oral glucose load clamp and an isoglycemic/two-step (20 and 40 mU/m2/min) hyperinsulinemic clamp (ISO-clamp) to assess SGU and insulin-mediated suppression of EGP, respectively. After the intervention period, both tests were repeated.

Results
In AEX, the ability of insulin to suppress EGP was improved during both the low (69 ± 9 and 80 ± 6% suppression; pre-post, respectively; p < 0.05) and high (67 ± 6 and 82 ± 4% suppression, respectively; p < 0.05) insulin infusion periods. Despite markedly improved muscle insulin sensitivity, SGU was reduced in AEX after training (22.9 ± 3.3 and 9.1 ± 6.0 g pre-post in AEX, respectively; p < 0.05).

Conclusions
In obese T2D subjects, exercise training improves whole-body glucose metabolism, in part, by improving insulin-mediated suppression of EGP and enhancing muscle glucose uptake, which occur despite reduced SGU during an oral glucose challenge.
The effect of cysteine oxidation on DJ-1 cytoprotective function in human alveolar type II cells
Authors: Bahmed Karim , Boukhenouna Samia , Karim Loukmane , Andrews Tessa , Lin Jiusheng , Powers Robert , Wilson Mark A. , Lin Chih-Ru , Messier Elise , Reisdorph Nichole , Powell Roger L. , Tang Hsin-Yao , Mason Robert J. , Criner Gerard J. , Kosmider Beata 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDJ-1 is a multifunctional protein with cytoprotective functions. It is localized in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and mitochondria. The conserved cysteine residue at position 106 (Cys106) within DJ-1 serves as a sensor of redox state and can be oxidized to both the sulfinate (-SO2−) and sulfonate (-SO3−) forms. DJ-1 with Cys106-SO2− has cytoprotective activity but high levels of reactive oxygen species can induce its overoxidation to Cys106-SO3−. We found increased oxidative stress in alveolar type II (ATII) cells isolated from emphysema patients as determined by 4-HNE expression. DJ-1 with Cys106-SO3− was detected in these cells by mass spectrometry analysis. Moreover, ubiquitination of Cys106-SO3− DJ-1 was identified, which suggests that this oxidized isoform is targeted for proteasomal destruction. Furthermore, we performed controlled oxidation using H2O2 in A549 cells with DJ-1 knockout generated using CRISPR-Cas9 strategy. Lack of DJ-1 sensitized cells to apoptosis induced by H2O2 as detected using Annexin V and propidium iodide by flow cytometry analysis. This treatment also decreased both mitochondrial DNA amount and mitochondrial ND1 (NADH dehydrogenase 1, subunit 1) gene expression, as well as increased mitochondrial DNA damage. Consistent with the decreased cytoprotective function of overoxidized DJ-1, recombinant Cys106-SO3− DJ-1 exhibited a loss of its thermal unfolding transition, mild diminution of secondary structure in CD spectroscopy, and an increase in picosecond–nanosecond timescale dynamics as determined using NMR. Altogether, our data indicate that very high oxidative stress in ATII cells in emphysema patients induces DJ-1 overoxidation to the Cys106-SO3− form, leading to increased protein flexibility and loss of its cytoprotective function, which may contribute to this disease pathogenesis.