bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glucose and GLP-2 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-2) Mobilize Intestinal Triglyceride by Distinct Mechanisms
Authors: Stahel Priska , Xiao Changting , Davis Xenia , Tso Patrick , Lewis Gary F. 
Published: July 2019

Objective:
Dietary triglycerides are partially retained in the intestine within intracellular or extracellular compartments, which can be rapidly mobilized in response to several stimuli, including glucose and GLP-2 (glucagon-like peptide-2). To elucidate the mechanism of intestinal lipid mobilization, this study examined the patterns and time course of lymph flow and triglycerides after glucose and GLP-2 treatment in rats.

Approach and Results:
Lymph flow, triglyceride concentration, and triglyceride output were assessed in mesenteric lymph duct-cannulated rats in response to an intraduodenal (i.d.) lipid bolus followed 5 hours later by either (1) i.d. saline+intraperitoneal (i.p.) saline (placebo), (2) i.d. glucose plus i.p. saline, (3) i.d. saline+i.p. GLP-2, or (4) i.d. glucose+i.p. GLP-2. GLP-2 and glucose administered alone or in combination stimulated total triglyceride output to a similar extent, but the timing and pattern of stimulation differed markedly. Whereas GLP-2 rapidly increased lymph flow with no effect on lymph triglyceride concentration or triglyceride:apoB48 (apolipoprotein B48) ratio (a surrogate marker of chylomicron size) compared with placebo, glucose transiently decreased lymph flow followed by delayed stimulation of lymph flow and increased lymph triglyceride concentration and triglyceride:apoB48 ratio.

Conclusions:
Glucose and GLP-2 robustly enhanced intestinal triglyceride output in rats but with different effects on lymph flow, lymph triglyceride concentration, and chylomicron size. GLP-2 stimulated triglyceride output primarily by enhancing lymph flow with no effect on chylomicron size, whereas glucose mobilized intestinal triglycerides, stimulating secretion of larger chylomicrons. This suggests that these 2 stimuli mobilize intestinal lipid by different mechanisms.
Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary and Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention Groups
Authors: Mahaffey Kenneth W. , Jardine Meg J. , Bompoint Severine , Cannon Christopher P. , Neal Bruce , Heerspink Hiddo J.L. , Charytan David M. , Edwards Robert , Agarwal Rajiv , Bakris George , Bull Scott , Capuano George , de Zeeuw Dick , Greene Tom , Levin Adeera , Pollock Carol , Sun Tao , Wheeler David C. , Yavin Yshai , Zhang Hong , Zinman Bernard , Rosenthal Norman , Brenner Barry M. , Perkovic Vlado ,   On behalf of the CREDENCE Study Investigators
Published: July 2019

Background:
Canagliflozin reduces the risk of kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, but effects on specific cardiovascular outcomes are uncertain, as are effects in people without previous cardiovascular disease (primary prevention).

Methods:
In CREDENCE (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes With Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation), 4401 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease were randomly assigned to canagliflozin or placebo on a background of optimized standard of care.

Results:

Primary prevention participants (n=2181, 49.6%) were younger (61 versus 65 years), were more often female (37% versus 31%), and had shorter duration of diabetes mellitus (15 years versus 16 years) compared with secondary prevention participants (n=2220, 50.4%). Canagliflozin reduced the risk of major cardiovascular events overall (hazard ratio [HR], 0.80 [95% CI, 0.67–0.95];
P
=0.01), with consistent reductions in both the primary (HR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.49–0.94]) and secondary (HR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.69–1.06]) prevention groups (
P
for interaction=0.25). Effects were also similar for the components of the composite including cardiovascular death (HR, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.61–1.00]), nonfatal myocardial infarction (HR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.59–1.10]), and nonfatal stroke (HR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.56–1.15]). The risk of the primary composite renal outcome and the composite of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure were also consistently reduced in both the primary and secondary prevention groups (
P
for interaction >0.5 for each outcome).

Conclusions:
Canagliflozin significantly reduced major cardiovascular events and kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, including in participants who did not have previous cardiovascular disease.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT02065791.
Twenty‐Four‐Hour Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion in China: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Tan Monique , He Feng J. , Wang Changqiong , MacGregor Graham A. 
Published: July 2019

Background
In China, high sodium and low potassium intakes result in elevated blood pressure, a major cause of cardiovascular disease, yet the intake estimates lack accuracy and nutritional strategies remain limited.

Methods and Results

We aimed to determine sodium and potassium intake by systematically searching for and quantitatively summarizing all published 24‐hour urinary sodium and potassium data (ie, the most accurate method).
MEDLINE
,
EMBASE
, Scopus, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang were searched up to February 2019. All studies reporting 24‐hour urinary sodium or potassium in China were included; hospitalized patients were excluded. Data were pooled using random‐effects meta‐analysis and heterogeneity was explored with meta‐regression. Sodium data were reported in 70 studies (n=26 767), 59 of which also reported potassium (n=24 738). Mean sodium and potassium excretions were 86.99 mmol/24 h (95%
CI
, 69.88–104.10) and 14.65 mmol/24 h (95%
CI
, 11.10–18.20) in children aged 3 to 6 years, 151.09 mmol/24 h (95%
CI
, 131.55–170.63) and 25.23 mmol/24 h (95%
CI
, 22.37–28.10) in children aged 6 to 16 years, and 189.07 mmol/24 h (95%
CI
, 182.14–195.99) and 36.35 mmol/24 h (95%
CI
, 35.11–37.59) in adults aged >16 years. Compared with southern China, sodium intake was higher in northern China (
P
<0.0001) but is declining (
P
=0.0066).

Conclusions
Average sodium intake in all age groups across China is approximately double the recommended maximum limits, and potassium intake is less than half that recommended. Despite a decline, sodium intake in northern China is still among the highest in the world, and the North–South divide persists. Urgent action is needed to simultaneously reduce sodium and increase potassium intake across China.
Domestic Jurisdiction over International Financial Institutions for Injuries to Project-Affected Individuals
Authors: Treichl Clemens , Reinisch August 
Published: July 2019

Project-affected individuals are increasingly bringing tort claims against international financial institutions in domestic courts. In the US, such plaintiffs such plaintiffs have regularly failed to overcome the obstacle of the defendant institutions’ jurisdictional immunity under the International Organizations Immunities Act. In pending litigation, the US Supreme Court has resolved a long-standing debate as to its scope.
This paper examines the issue of jurisdictional immunity in the context of international project finance. It focuses on the specific frameworks established in treaties, analyses the interplay between international and domestic US norms and looks at possible implications of the exercise of domestic jurisdiction.
A key finding is that US courts, at least previously, used to grant more extensive immunities than international law required. While doubts persist as to whether domestic courts are a suitable venue for claims brought by project-affected people, existing means of international dispute settlement should be strengthened.
The Probabilistic Logic of Eusebius Amort (1692-1775)
Authors: Hanke* Miroslav 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
While classical sources including Aristotle, Cicero and Boëthius addressed different notions of probability, medieval contributions to probability (other than epistemic probability) seem rather scarce. The situation changes during the Second Scholasticism with the post-Tridentine debates on “probable opinion” in moral theology and the introduction of “moral necessity” and “moral implication” (tied to the ideas of frequency, stochastic processes, and propensity) in the debates on compatibilism and theological optimism. The eighteenth-century transformation of scholastic philosophy was marked, among other characteristics, by a gravitation towards the early modern scientific revolution. In his Philosophia Pollingana ad normam Burgundicae, the renowned moral theologian Eusebius Amort (1692-1775) addressed the basic issues of probabilistic logic from the philosophical, logical, and mathematical points of view in an attempt to synthesise earlier scholastic conceptual analyses of probability and probabilistic epistemic logic with the cutting-edge mathematical calculus introduced by Jacob Bernoulli.
The Subseasonal Experiment (SubX): A Multimodel Subseasonal Prediction Experiment
Authors: Pegion Kathy , Kirtman Ben P. , Becker Emily , Collins Dan C. , LaJoie Emerson , Burgman Robert , Bell Ray , DelSole Timothy , Min Dughong , Zhu Yuejian , Li Wei , Sinsky Eric , Guan Hong , Gottschalck Jon , Metzger E. Joseph , Barton Neil P , Achuthavarier Deepthi , Marshak Jelena , Koster Randal D. , Lin Hai , Gagnon Normand , Bell Michael , Tippett Michael K. , Robertson Andrew W. , Sun Shan , Benjamin Stanley G. , Green Benjamin W. , Bleck Rainer , Kim Hyemi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe Subseasonal Experiment (SubX) is a multimodel subseasonal prediction experiment designed around operational requirements with the goal of improving subseasonal forecasts. Seven global models have produced 17 years of retrospective (re)forecasts and more than a year of weekly real-time forecasts. The reforecasts and forecasts are archived at the Data Library of the International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Columbia University, providing a comprehensive database for research on subseasonal to seasonal predictability and predictions. The SubX models show skill for temperature and precipitation 3 weeks ahead of time in specific regions. The SubX multimodel ensemble mean is more skillful than any individual model overall. Skill in simulating the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), two sources of subseasonal predictability, is also evaluated, with skillful predictions of the MJO 4 weeks in advance and of the NAO 2 weeks in advance. SubX is also able to make useful contributions to operational forecast guidance at the Climate Prediction Center. Additionally, SubX provides information on the potential for extreme precipitation associated with tropical cyclones, which can help emergency management and aid organizations to plan for disasters.
Submental Island Flap: A Technical Update
Authors: Zenga Joseph , Emerick Kevin S. , Deschler Daniel G. 
Published: July 2019

Objectives: In recent years, the submental island flap has demonstrated decreased cost and morbidity as compared with free tissue transfer and has been widely applied to a range of head and neck defects. Several studies, however, continue to report a high rate of submental flap complications including partial necrosis and venous congestion. The object of this report is to describe a technical modification to the submental flap harvest which increases efficiency and reliability. Methods: Single institutional case series with chart review. The essential technical details and technique modifications of the submental flap harvest are described, and a case example is discussed. Results: Between January 2018 through January 2019, 24 submental island flaps were performed. All flaps included the mylohyoid muscle which was delineated with manual blunt dissection. Reconstructive indications included oral cavity and oropharyngeal wounds as well as facial cutaneous and lateral skullbase defects. There were no flap-related complications. Conclusions: Manual blunt dissection of the mylohyoid muscle and its inclusion in the submental island flap increases efficiency and reliability.
Samidorphan mitigates olanzapine-induced weight gain and metabolic dysfunction in rats and non-human primates
Authors: Cunningham Jacobi I , Eyerman David J , Todtenkopf Mark S , Dean Reginald L , Deaver Daniel R , Sanchez Connie , Namchuk Mark 
Published: July 2019

Background: Olanzapine, regarded as one of the most efficacious antipsychotic medications for the treatment of schizophrenia, is associated with a high risk of weight gain and metabolic dysfunction. ALKS 3831, a clinical candidate for treatment of schizophrenia, is a combination of olanzapine and samidorphan, an opioid receptor antagonist. The addition of samidorphan is intended to mitigate weight gain and the metabolic dysregulation associated with the use of olanzapine. Methods: Non-clinical studies were conducted to assess the metabolic effects of olanzapine and samidorphan alone and in combination at clinically relevant exposure levels. Results: Chronic olanzapine administration in male and female rats shifted body composition by increasing adipose mass, which was accompanied by an increase in the rate of weight gain in female rats. Co-administration of samidorphan normalized body composition in both sexes and attenuated weight gain in female rats. In hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp experiments conducted prior to measurable changes in weight and/or body composition, olanzapine decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in muscle while increasing uptake in adipose tissue. Samidorphan appeared to normalize glucose utilization in both tissues, but did not restore hepatic insulin sensitivity. In subsequent studies, samidorphan normalized olanzapine-induced decreases in whole-body glucose clearance following bolus insulin administration. Results from experiments in female monkeys paralleled the effects in rats. Conclusions: Olanzapine administration increased weight gain and adiposity, both of which were attenuated by samidorphan. Furthermore, the combination of olanzapine and samidorphan prevented olanzapine-induced insulin insensitivity. Collectively, these data indicate that samidorphan mitigates several metabolic abnormalities associated with olanzapine in both the presence and the absence of weight gain.
Histone deacetylases inhibitor trichostatin A reverses anxiety-like symptoms and memory impairments induced by maternal binge alcohol drinking in mice
Authors: Montagud-Romero Sandra , Cantacorps Lídia , Valverde Olga 
Published: July 2019

Background: Alcohol exposure during development has detrimental effects, including a wide range of physical, cognitive and neurobehavioural anomalies known as foetal alcohol spectrum disorders. However, alcohol consumption among pregnant woman is an ongoing latent health problem. Aim: In the present study, the effects of trichostatin A (TSA) on emotional and cognitive impairments caused by prenatal and lactational alcohol exposure were assessed. TSA is an inhibitor of class I and II histone deacetylases enzymes (HDAC), and for that, HDAC4 activity was determined. We also evaluated mechanisms underlying the behavioural effects observed, including the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in discrete brain regions and newly differentiated neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG). Methods: C57BL/6 female pregnant mice were used, with limited access to a 20% v/v alcohol solution as a procedure to model binge alcohol drinking during gestation and lactation. Male offspring were treated with TSA during the postnatal days (PD28–35) and behaviourally evaluated (PD36–55). Results: Early alcohol exposure mice presented increased anxiogenic-like responses and memory deterioration – effects that were partially reversed with TSA. Early alcohol exposure produces a decrease in BDNF levels in the hippocampus (HPC) and prefrontal cortex, a reduction of neurogenesis in the DG and increased activity levels of the HDAC4 in the HPC. Conclusions: Such findings support the participation of HDAC enzymes in cognitive and emotional alterations induced by binge alcohol consumption during gestation and lactation and would indicate potential benefits of HDAC inhibitors for some aspects of foetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
Comparison of the clinical efficacy of sonography-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) under local and general anesthesia
Authors: Wang Xunbao , Ye Qiongxiang , Liu Xinguo , Chen Jinjun , Wang Zhiyong , Xu Wanfeng , Zhao Pengfei , Tao Baozhou 
Published: July 2019

Objective This study aimed to compare the effect of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) under local infiltration anesthesia (PCNL-LIA) and general anesthesia (PCNL-GA) to treat upper urinary tract calculi on clinical application values. Methods Patients were randomly divided into the PCNL-LIA (16 patients) and PCNL-GA (20 patients) groups. Data on safety, cost, complications, rate of residual calculi, and prognosis were compared. Results The mean operation time in the PCNL-LIA group was less than that in PCNL-GA group (100±7.7 versus 120±9.0 minutes). The mean length of hospital stay in the PCNL-LIA group was shorter than that in the PCNL-GA group (6.9±0.5 versus 10.5±1.2 days). The rate of patients who required blood transfusion because of blood loss during or after surgery was less in the PCNL-LIN group than in the PCNL-GA group (13% versus 40%). The intervention rate in the PCNL-GA group was higher than that in the PCNL-LIA group. Visual analogue pain scale assessment showed that the PCNL-LIA group showed slightly more pain than the PCNL-GA group. Conclusion PCNL-LIA is safer, faster, and more convenient, and it also provides the benefits of a lower rate of blood loss and complications, lower cost, faster recovery, and shorter hospital stay compared with PCNL-GA.
Factors predictive of serious infections over time in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: data from a multi-ethnic, multi-national, Latin American lupus cohort
Authors: Pimentel-Quiroz V R , Ugarte-Gil M F , Harvey GB , Wojdyla D , Pons-Estel G J , Quintana R , Esposto A , García M A , Catoggio L J , Cardiel M H , Barile L A , Amigo M -C , Sato E I , Bonfa E , Borba E , Lavras Costallat L T , Neira O J , Massardo L , Guibert-Toledano M , Chacón-Díaz R , Alarcón G S , Pons-Estel B A 
Published: July 2019

Aim The aim of this study was to identify factors predictive of serious infections over time in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods A multi-ethnic, multi-national Latin American SLE cohort was studied. Serious infection was defined as one that required hospitalization, occurred during a hospitalization or led to death. Potential predictors included were sociodemographic factors, clinical manifestations (per organ involved, lymphopenia and leukopenia, independently) and previous infections at baseline. Disease activity (SLEDAI), damage (SLICC/ACR Damage Index), non-serious infections, glucocorticoids, antimalarials (users and non-users), and immunosuppressive drugs use; the last six variables were examined as time-dependent covariates. Cox regression models were used to evaluate the predictors of serious infections using a backward elimination procedure. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed. Results Of the 1243 patients included, 1116 (89.8%) were female. The median (interquartile range) age at diagnosis and follow-up time were 27 (20–37) years and 47.8 (17.9–68.6) months, respectively. The incidence rate of serious infections was 3.8 cases per 100 person-years. Antimalarial use (hazard ratio: 0.69; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.48–0.99; p = 0.0440) was protective, while doses of prednisone >15 and ≤60 mg/day (hazard ratio: 4.18; 95 %CI: 1.69–10.31; p = 0.0019) and >60 mg/day (hazard ratio: 4.71; 95% CI: 1.35–16.49; p = 0.0153), use of methylprednisolone pulses (hazard ratio: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.10–2.13; p = 0.0124), increase in disease activity (hazard ratio: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01–1.04; p = 0.0016) and damage accrual (hazard ratio: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.11–1.34; p < 0.0001) were predictive factors of serious infections. Conclusions Over time, prednisone doses higher than 15 mg/day, use of methylprednisolone pulses, increase in disease activity and damage accrual were predictive of infections, whereas antimalarial use was protective against them in SLE patients.
Analysis of HLA-G expression in renal tissue in lupus nephritis: a pilot study
Authors: Foschi V , Bortolotti D , Doyle A F , Stratigou V , Stephens L , Trivedi P , Rinaldi R , Padovan M , Bortoluzzi A , Lightstone L , Cairns T D , Botto M , Cook T H , Rizzo R , Govoni M , Pickering M C 
Published: July 2019

Background The study aimed to investigate whether HLA-G antigen is expressed in the kidneys of patients affected by lupus nephritis (LN) and whether its detection in renal biopsies could be adopted as a marker of treatment response and prognosis. Methods Thirty renal biopsies from patients with LN were selected and analyzed through immunohistochemistry. Laboratory and clinical data were retrospectively collected at baseline, 6 and 12 months and at the latest clinical appointment. A number of patients (63.3%) were treated with rituximab (RTX) +/− methylprednisolone in the induction phase. The expression of HLA-G in glomeruli, tubules and infiltrating cells was examined and compared between lupus patients who achieved either complete or partial renal response and those who did not respond to treatment. Results HLA-G staining was observed in the glomeruli of 20 of 30 samples from patients with LN. The expression of the antigen was detected in podocytes, along glomerular capillary walls, on parietal glomerular epithelial cells and within the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Seventy per cent of patients whose glomeruli expressed HLA-G achieved partial or complete response at 6 months and 75% at the latest available follow up compared with 30% and 40%, respectively, of those who did not show any expression. The pattern of staining in tubules and infiltrating cells was highly variable precluding any clinical correlation. Conclusion This study demonstrates that HLA-G is expressed in renal tissue in LN. Our retrospective data suggest that its expression could correlate with response to treatment.