bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid synthesis of pristine graphene inside a transmission electron microscope using gold as catalyst
Authors: Gonzalez-Martinez Ignacio G. , Bachmatiuk Alicja , Gemming Thomas , Trzebicka Barbara , Liu Zhongfan , Rummeli Mark H. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMultiple methods with distinctive strengths and drawbacks have been devised so far to produce graphene. However, they all need post-synthesis transfer steps to characterize the product. Here we report the synthesis of pristine graphene inside the transmission electron microscope using gold as catalyst and self-removing substrate without employing a specialized specimen holder. The process occurs at room temperature and takes place within milliseconds. The method offers the possibility of precise spatial control for graphene production and immediate characterization. Briefly, the irradiating electrons generate secondary electrons leading to surface charging if the gold particles reside on a poorly conducting support. At a critical charge density, the particle ejects ions mixed with secondary electrons (plasma) causing the particle to shrink. Simultaneously, hydrocarbon contamination within the electron microscope is cracked, thus providing carbon for the growth of graphene on the particle’s surface. The Technique is potentially attractive for the manufacture of in situ graphene-based devices.
Preferential adsorption to air–water interfaces: a novel cryoprotective mechanism for LEA proteins
Authors: Yuen Fanny , Watson Matthew , Barker Robert , Grillo Isabelle , Heenan Richard K. , Tunnacliffe Alan , Routh Alexander F. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins comprise a diverse family whose members play a key role in abiotic stress tolerance. As intrinsically disordered proteins, LEA proteins are highly hydrophilic and inherently stress tolerant. They have been shown to stabilise multiple client proteins under a variety of stresses, but current hypotheses do not fully explain how such broad range stabilisation is achieved. Here, using neutron reflection and surface tension experiments, we examine in detail the mechanism by which model LEA proteins, AavLEA1 and ERD10, protect the enzyme citrate synthase (CS) from aggregation during freeze–thaw. We find that a major contributing factor to CS aggregation is the formation of air bubbles during the freeze–thaw process. This greatly increases the air–water interfacial area, which is known to be detrimental to folded protein stability. Both model LEA proteins preferentially adsorb to this interface and compete with CS, thereby reducing surface-induced aggregation. This novel surface activity provides a general mechanism by which diverse members of the LEA protein family might function to provide aggregation protection that is not specific to the client protein.
Identification of an activated neutrophil phenotype in polymyalgia rheumatica during steroid treatment: a potential involvement of immune cell cross-talk
Authors: Nadkarni Suchita , Lashin Hazem , Hollywood Jane , Dasgupta Bhaskar , Mason Justin C. , Perretti Mauro 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
We have reported the existence of a distinct neutrophil phenotype in giant cell arteritis (GCA) patients arising at week 24 of steroid treatment. In the present study, we investigated whether longitudinal analysis of neutrophil phenotype in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) could reveal a novel association with disease status and immune cell cross-talk. Thus, we monitored PMR patient neutrophil phenotype and plasma microvesicle (MV) profiles in blood aliquots collected pre-steroid, and then at weeks 1, 4, 12 and 24 post-steroid treatment.
Using flow cytometric and flow chamber analyses, we identified 12-week post-steroid as a pivotal time-point for a marked degree of neutrophil activation, correlating with disease activity. Analyses of plasma MVs indicated elevated AnxA1+ neutrophil-derived vesicles which, in vitro, modulated T-cell reactivity, suggesting distinct neutrophil phenotypic and cross-talk changes at 24 weeks, but not at 12-week post-steroid.
Together, these data indicate a clear distinction from GCA patient neutrophil and MV signatures, and provide an opportunity for further investigations on how to ‘stratify’ PMR patients and monitor their clinical responses through novel use of blood biomarkers.
Evaluating Pediatric Cochlear Implant Users' Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval Strategies in Verbal Working Memory
Authors: AuBuchon Angela M. , Pisoni David B. , Kronenberger William G. 
Published: March 2019

Purpose
The current study adopts a systematic approach to the examination of working memory components in pediatric cochlear implant (CI) users by separately assessing contributions of encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Method

Forty-nine long-term CI users and 56 typically hearing controls completed forward and backward span tasks with 3 stimulus sets: visually presented digits, pictures of concrete nouns, and novel symbols. In addition, measures associated with each memory stage were collected: Rapid digit naming provided an estimate of phonological recoding speed, nonword repetition assessed the robustness of representations within phonological storage, and vocabulary knowledge (as measured by the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test;
Dunn & Dunn, 1997
) estimated redintegration abilities during retrieval.

Results
Linear mixed modeling revealed that digit naming speed and vocabulary knowledge were consistently related to short-term and working memory span in both CI users and typically hearing controls. However, nonword repetition only contributed to the model for short-term memory.

Conclusions
Nonword repetition, an index of phonological storage, explained little of the individual variability inworking memory differences between CI users and typically hearing peers. On the other hand, individual differences in encoding and retrieval explained a significant amount of outcome variability in both short-term and working memory tasks. Differences between CI users and typically hearing peers in working memory therefore appear to reflect process components of encoding and retrieval and not simply differences in memory storage.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.7849394
Der natürliche Verlauf der Choroideremie
Authors: Seitz Immanuel , Fischer M. 
Published: March 2019

ZusammenfassungSeit ihrer Erstbeschreibung im Jahr 1872 herrscht um den natürlichen Verlauf der Choroideremie eine rege und in Teilen bis heute andauernde akademische Debatte. Aufgrund der Seltenheit der Erkrankung verlief diese traditionell weitgehend am Rande des klinisch geprägten Interessenhorizonts. Nun jedoch hat die Entwicklung grundlegend neuer, potenziell verlaufsmodifizierender Therapieansätze die Frage nach dem natürlichen Verlauf der Chorioideremie ins Zentrum der Aufmerksamkeit eines größeren Fachpublikums gerückt. Dieser Übersichtsartikel subsumiert den aktuellen Stand der Fachliteratur zum natürlichen Verlauf dieser seltenen Erkrankung und illustriert dessen Eigenheiten anhand eines übersichtlichen 2-Phasen-Modells. Neben einer ausführlichen Besprechung klinisch gängiger Modalitäten liegt der Fokus des Manuskripts auf der Ausarbeitung forschungsrelevanter Fragestellungen wie der intraindividuellen Symmetrie sowie der Etablierung neuer Endpunkte. Darüber hinaus werden die Limitationen bisheriger Studien diskutiert und Empfehlungen für zukünftige Beobachtungsstudien entwickelt.
Prophylactic pancreatic duct stenting in severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a prospective randomized study
Authors: Karjula Heikki , Nordblad Schmidt Palle , Mäkelä Jyrki , Liisanantti Janne H. , Ohtonen Pasi , Saarela Arto 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Background Pancreatic duct disruption is common and is associated with high morbidity in cases of acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP). In this study, we tested the feasibility and safety of prophylactic pancreatic duct stenting (PPDS) in ANP and compared PPDS with conservative treatment.
Methods We prospectively enrolled patients (aged 18 – 75 years) diagnosed with ANP between February 2011 and July 2015. These patients were prospectively randomized to receive PPDS or conservative treatment at two tertiary centers. PPDS was performed as soon as possible after randomization.
Results Concern regarding iatrogenic infections with pancreatic necrosis in the PPDS group prompted interim analysis, which confirmed a highly elevated risk. Thus, the trial was terminated prematurely for ethical reasons. Of the 11 patients in the PPDS group, all patients with successful pancreatic duct placement (5/5, 100 %) presented with infection, compared with only 3 of the 13 patients (23.1 %) in the conservative treatment group (P = 0.01). Analysis revealed success rates of 63.6 % for pancreatic duct cannulation, 45.5 % for pancreatic duct stenting, and 18.2 % for placement of a stent bridging the necrosis. Cannulation and stenting failures were due to duodenal edema and pancreatic duct stenosis.
Conclusions PPDS in ANP is associated with an unacceptably high risk of pancreatic necrosis infection. In addition, the procedure is technically challenging due to duodenal edema and ductal stenosis.
Activity-Based Cost Analysis of Including Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in the Diagnostic Pathway of Focal Pancreatic Lesions Detected by Abdominal Ultrasound
Authors: Faccioli Niccolò , Dietrich Christoph F. , Foti Giovanni , Santi Elena , Comai Alessio , D’Onofrio Mirko 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Purpose To perform an activity-based cost analysis of the inclusion of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the diagnostic pathway of newly detected focal pancreatic lesions revealed by abdominal ultrasound (US) in comparison to computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Materials and Methods Over a 14-year period, 977 patients with newly detected focal pancreatic lesions on US and subsequently studied with CEUS and/or CT and MRI were included. The cost of equipment, materials and human resources for every imaging method was calculated. We analyzed the costs in different scenarios considering whether or not CT or MRI was required in the diagnostic pathway. The savings (R) were calculated by subtracting the differential cost of CEUS from the eliminated third-level exam (CCEUS: CEUS cost; CCT: CT cost; CMRI: MRI cost) compared to conventional ultrasound (CCEUS-CUS): R = CCT-(CCEUS-CUS) or R = CMRI-(CCEUS-CUS).
Results Total costs were: US 28.39 €; CEUS 70.50 €; CT 106.23 €; MRI 219.61 €. In 388/563 patients CEUS characterized the pancreatic lesion as solid, with only CT being performed as a second-level investigation: the savings were 68 870.36 €. In 266/414 patients CEUS diagnosed lesions as cystic, with only MRI being performed as a second-level examination: the savings were 16 825.07 €. Considering the whole diagnostic pathway of the patients, the cost savings were 76 809.35 € for solid lesions and 26 242.49 € for cystic lesions, with overall savings of 103 051.84 €.
Conclusion CEUS represents a cost-effective imaging method for the differentiation of focal pancreatic lesions and could guide the selection of the best imaging modality for preoperative assessment, thereby optimizing resources and securing the diagnostic pathway.
The Nonvolatile and Volatile Metabolites of Prangos ferulacea and Their Biological Properties
Authors: Bruno Maurizio , Ilardi Vincenzo , Lupidi Giulio , Quassinti Luana , Bramucci Massimo , Fiorini Dennis , Venditti Alessandro , Maggi Filippo 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindl. (Fam. Apiaceae), an orophilous species of eastern Mediterranean and western Asia, possesses a number of biological properties that are worthy of exploitation in different fields. Phytochemical investigations revealed the presence of coumarins, prenyl-coumarins, and furano-coumarins as the main constituents of this species, as well as several flavonoids. Among prenyl-coumarins, osthol is a promising apoptotic agent quite selective toward cancer cells. In addition, the essential oils have been extensively investigated, and several chemotypes have been identified. This work reviews the literature on this species published between 1965 and 2018, describes its volatile and nonvolatile metabolites, and outlines its pharmacological effects.
π-Allylpalladium Complexes in Synthesis: An Update
Authors: Parisotto Stefano , Deagostino Annamaria 
Published: March 2019

This review aims to summarize the development of the chemistry of π-allylpalladium complexes both as intermediates and catalysts/reagents between 2013 and early 2109. Major attention has been devoted to the synthetic aspect of these versatile intermediates.1	Introduction2	π-Allylpalladium Complexes Generated from Allyl Electrophiles2.1	Activated Allylic Compounds2.2	Unactivated Allylic Compounds: Allylic Alcohols and Hydrocarbons2.3	Total Syntheses3	π-Allylpalladium Complexes Generated from Dienes3.1	Conjugated Dienes3.2	Allenes4	π-Allylpalladium Complexes Exploited as Reactants and Precatalysts4.1	Allylpalladium-Catalyzed Dehydrogenation4.2	Allylpalladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Alkenylboronic Esters4.3	Allylpalladium-Based Precatalysts5	Conclusions
Chromium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings and Related Reactions
Authors: Li Jie , Knochel Paul 
Published: March 2019

Transition-metal-catalyzed cross-couplings have been recognized as a powerful tool for sustainable syntheses. Despite the fact that remarkable progress was achieved by palladium and nickel catalysis, the high price and toxicity still remained a drawback. Recently, naturally more abundant and less toxic low-valent chromium salts, such as Cr(II) and Cr(III) chlorides, displayed notable unique catalytic reactivity. Thus, recent progress in the field of chromium-catalyzed cross-couplings and related reactions are highlighted in the present short review until December­ 2018.1	Introduction and Early Chromium-Mediated Reactions2	Chromium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings and Related Reactions3	Conclusion
Retrograde Abdominal Hysterectomy
Authors: Hiramatsu Yuji 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe basic procedure of abdominal hysterectomy is extrafascial hysterectomy, and intrafascial hysterectomy (Aldridge operation) and retrograde hysterectomy are performed as applied surgical procedures. The Aldridge operation and retrograde hysterectomy are performed when strong adhesion is present around the uterus. Retrograde hysterectomy is also useful when the cervicovaginal junction is not clearly felt by palpation, such as when uterine rupture immediately occurs after vaginal delivery or when a large tumor mass is present in the vagina.
Direct Oral Anticoagulants or Standard Anticoagulant Therapy in Fragile Patients with Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: López-Núñez Juan , Pérez-Andrés Ricard , Di Micco Pierpaolo , Schellong Sebastian , Gómez-Cuervo Covadonga , Sahuquillo Joan , Ciammaichella Maurizio , Morales Maria , Bosevski Marijan , Monreal Manuel ,   and the RIETE Investigators
Published: March 2019

Background The efficacy and safety of the direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in fragile patients (age ≥ 75 years and/or creatinine clearance levels ≤ 50 mL/min and/or body weight ≤ 50kg) with venous thromboembolism (VTE) has not been evaluated.
Methods We used the RIETE database to compare the rates of the composite of VTE recurrences or major bleeding during anticoagulation in fragile patients with VTE, according to the use of DOACs or standard anticoagulant therapy.
Results From January 2013 to April 2018, 24,701 patients were recruited. Of these, 10,054 (41%) were fragile. Initially, 473 fragile patients (4.7%) received DOACs and 8,577 (85%) low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). For long-term therapy, 1,298 patients (13%) received DOACs and 5,038 (50%) vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). Overall, 95 patients developed VTE recurrences and 262 had major bleeding. Patients initially receiving DOACs had a lower rate of the composite outcome (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.32; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.08–0.88) than those on LMWH. Patients receiving DOACs for long-term therapy had a nonsignificantly lower rate of the composite outcome (HR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.46–1.03) than those on VKAs. On multivariable analysis, patients initially receiving DOACs had a nonsignificantly lower risk for the composite outcome (HR: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.11–1.15) than those on LMWH, while those receiving DOACs for long-term therapy had a significantly lower risk (HR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.41–0.92) than those on VKAs.
Conclusions Our data suggest that the use of DOACs may be more effective and safe than standard therapy in fragile patients with VTE, a subgroup of patients where the risk for bleeding is particularly high.
Titanium/Zirconium functionally graded materials with porosity gradients for potential biomedical applications
Authors: Matuła Izabela , Dercz Grzegorz , Barczyk Jagoda 
Published: March 2019

The main aim of this study was the fabrication of functionally graded materials for biomedical applications. Samples with gradient porosities were prepared by a two-stage powder metallurgy method. The internal and external zones of both samples were composed of different phases and pore structures. The phase compositions, microstructures, porosities, and microhardness of the sintered samples were analysed. The results revealed successful fabrication of materials with gradient porosities by the powder metallurgy method, and the transition zone (formed by diffusion) between the external and internal zones was found to be permanent. The Rietveld refinement analysis showed that the production method and atomic radii of the elements used in the synthesis influenced the material structure. This paper is part of a Thematic Issue on The Crystallographic Aspects of Metallic Alloys.
Key comparison BIPM.RI(I)-K3 of the air-kerma standards of the NPL, UK, and the BIPM in medium-energy x-rays
Authors: Burns D T , Kessler C , Kelly M , Bass G A , Maughan D J 
Published: March 2019

A key comparison has been made between the air-kerma standards of the NPL, UK, and the BIPM in the medium-energy x-ray range. The results show the standards to be in agreement at the level of the standard uncertainty of the comparison of 3.4 parts in 103, with some evidence of a dependence on radiation quality. The results are analysed and presented in terms of degrees of equivalence, suitable for entry in the BIPM key comparison database.
KEY WORDS FOR SEARCH
Radiation dosimetry, air kerma, comparison, medium-energy x-rays

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Recent peat and carbon accumulation following the Little Ice Age in northwestern Québec, Canada
Authors: Piilo Sanna R , Zhang Hui , Garneau Michelle , Gallego-Sala Angela , Amesbury Matthew J , Väliranta Minna M 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Peatland ecosystems are important carbon sinks, but also release carbon back to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide and methane. Peatlands therefore play an essential role in the global carbon cycle. However, the response of high-latitude peatlands to ongoing climate change is still not fully understood. In this study, we used plant macrofossils and peat property analyses as proxies to document changes in vegetation and peat and carbon accumulation after the Little Ice Age. Results from 12 peat monoliths collected in high-boreal and low-subarctic regions in northwestern Québec, Canada, suggest high carbon accumulation rates for the recent past (post AD 1970s). Successional changes in plant assemblages were asynchronous within the cores in the southernmost region, but more consistent in the northern region. Average apparent recent carbon accumulation rates varied between 50.7 and 149.1 g C m−2 yr−1 with the northernmost study region showing higher values. The variation in vegetation records and peat properties found within samples taken from the same sites and amongst cores taken from different regions highlights the need to investigate multiple records from each peatland, but also from different peatlands within one region.
Towards applying N balance as a sustainability indicator for the US Corn Belt: realistic achievable targets, spatio-temporal variability and policy implications
Authors: Sela S , Woodbury P B , Marjerison R , van Es H M 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Gains in nitrogen use efficiency in the production of corn (Zea mays L.) remain low due to management constraints and difficulties in accurately predicting the optimum fertilizer application rate. Retailers and consumers are looking for robust sustainability indicators to help drive the industry towards more sustainable food production, including the simple input-output based ‘N balance’ metric. Seven-year simulations for 25 locations across five US Corn Belt States (NE, IA, MN, IL, IN) were conducted using the biogeochemical Adapt-N® model to determine (i) realistically achievable N balance values when N rates are optimized, (ii) the effects of climate and soil type on achievable N balance values, and (iii) the relative importance of N application timing (fall, spring, split in-season) and formulation (+/− nitrapyrin) in reducing N balance. Split in-season applications reduced N rates by 39% and 22% over fall and spring applications and N balance by 36% and 22%, respectively. Adding nitrapyrin to fall or spring preplant applications modestly reduced N inputs by 9% and 4% and N balance by 18% and 12%. Split N management reduced N losses by 52% and 31% of total area-scaled N losses compared to fall and spring N applications and adding nitrapyrin by 13% and 10%, respectively. Benefits from improved timing and formulation were greater in the more humid eastern part of the region. Split in-season N management allows farmers to reach sustainable N balance levels in 88% of cases, with the remainder mostly affected by mid-season droughts. Economic assessment found partial profit to be enhanced with lower N balance, suggesting that N balance reductions may be achieved through voluntary approaches. The model simulations offered ranges of realistic N balance values that can be used to inform policy discussions. It appears that N balance is best applied when averaged over multiple seasons and threshold levels should be guided by characteristics of the production environment, including soil type and climate.