bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical and experimental investigation of impacts of nonlinear scattering encapsulated microbubbles on Nakagami distribution
Authors: Wang Diya , Sang Yuchao , Zhang Xinyu , Hu Hong , Lu Shukuan , Zhang Yu , Fu Chaoying , Cloutier Guy , Wan Mingxi 
Published: September 2019

PurposeThe Nakagami statistical model and Nakagami shape parameter m have been widely used in linear tissue characterization and preliminarily characterized the envelope distributions of nonlinear encapsulated microbubbles (EMBs). However, the Nakagami distribution of nonlinear scattering EMBs lacked a systematical investigation. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the Nakagami distribution of EMBs and illustrate the impact of EMBs' nonlinearity on the Nakagami model.MethodA group of simulated EMB phantoms and in vitro EMB dilutions with an increasing concentration distribution under various EMB nonlinearities, as regulated by acoustic parameters, were characterized by using the window‐modulated compounding Greenwood–Durand estimator.ResultsRaw envelope histograms of simulated and in vitro EMBs were well matched with the Nakagami distribution with a high correlation coefficient of 0.965 ± 0.021 (P < 0.005). The mean values and gradients of m parameters of simulated and in vitro EMBs were smaller than those of linear scatterers due to the stronger nonlinearity. These m values exhibited a quasi‐linear improvement with the increase in second harmonic nonlinear‐to‐linear component ratio regulated by pulse lengths and excitation frequencies at low‐ and high‐concentration conditions.ConclusionsThe Nakagami distribution was suitable for the EMBs characterization but the corresponding m parameter was affected by the EMBs' nonlinearity. These validations provided support and nonlinear impact assessment for the EMBs' characterization using the Nakagami statistical model in the future.
Short‐term heat stress impairs testicular functions in the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica: Molecular mechanisms and induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis in spermatogenic cells
Authors: Nash Sarah , Rahman Md Saydur 
Published: September 2019

AbstractGlobal temperature is increasing due to anthropogenic activities. Abnormal temperature has devastating effects on growth, reproduction, and development of aquatic organisms. In this study, we examined the effects of short‐term exposure to elevated temperatures (28 and 32°C for 1 week) on testicular functions, heat shock protein‐70 (HSP70), dinitrophenyl protein (DNP, a biomarker of reactive oxygen species [ROS]), and nitrotyrosine protein (NTP, an indicator of reactive nitrogen species [RNS]) expressions, protein carbonyl (PC, a measure of ROS) contents, nitrates/nitrites (NOx, a metabolite of nitric oxide) levels, extrapallial fluid (EPF) conditions, and cellular apoptosis in American oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Higher temperatures significantly decreased (~26%) sperm production in oysters compared with controls (24°C). HSP70, NTP, and DNP expressions were increased after heat exposure, consistent with increased EPF pH, and cellular apoptosis. The enhanced apoptosis in spermatogenic cells is associated with increased caspase 3/7 activity, PC contents, and NOx levels in testicular tissues. Together these results suggest that elevated temperature drastically increases oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis which in turn leads to decreased testicular functions in oysters. To the best of our knowledge, this study reports the first findings on the impacts of elevated temperatures on testicular functions in oysters.
Effect of PPARGC1A on the development and metabolism of early rabbit embryos in vitro
Authors: Zhang Guo‐Min , Guo Yi‐Xuan , Deng Ming‐Tian , Wan Yong‐Jie , Deng Kai‐Ping , Xiao Shen‐Hua , Meng Fan‐Xing , Wang Feng , Lei Zhi‐Hai 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPeroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator 1‐alpha (PPARGC1A) is a central regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism, and its expression is closely related to embryo development. To gain insights into the possible mechanisms of PPARGC1A during early embryogenesis, the development potential, mitochondrial biogenesis, and the culture medium metabolomics of embryos were evaluated when PPARGC1A overexpressed or suppressed in rabbit zygotes. Results showed that different PPARGC1A levels in rabbit zygotes could affect blastocyst percentage, and the expressions of mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic‐related genes, as well as the glutathione and adenosine triphosphate levels during early embryo development. In addition, compared with the controls, 12 and 10 different metabolites involved in carbohydrate, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism were screened in the 5 day's spent culture medium of PPARGC1A overexpressed and suppressed embryos by gas chromatography–mass spectrometer, respectively. Consistent with these metabolite changes, the transcriptions of genes encoding glucose transporters and fatty acid biosynthetic proteins in the embryos from different groups were regulated by PPARGC1A during rabbit embryo development. Taken together, these data provide evidence that PPARGC1A may regulate early rabbit embryo development through mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism.
Accelerated free‐breathing whole‐heart 3D T2 mapping with high isotropic resolution
Authors: Bustin Aurélien , Milotta Giorgia , Ismail Tevfik F. , Neji Radhouene , Botnar René M. , Prieto Claudia 
Published: September 2019

PurposeTo enable free‐breathing whole‐heart 3D T2 mapping with high isotropic resolution in a clinically feasible and predictable scan time. This 3D motion‐corrected undersampled signal matched (MUST) T2 map is achieved by combining an undersampled motion‐compensated T2‐prepared Cartesian acquisition with a high‐order patch‐based reconstruction.MethodsThe 3D MUST‐T2 mapping acquisition consists of an electrocardiogram‐triggered, T2‐prepared, balanced SSFP sequence with nonselective saturation pulses. Three undersampled T2‐weighted volumes are acquired using a 3D Cartesian variable‐density sampling with increasing T2 preparation times. A 2D image‐based navigator is used to correct for respiratory motion of the heart and allow 100% scan efficiency. Multicontrast high‐dimensionality undersampled patch‐based reconstruction is used in concert with dictionary matching to generate 3D T2 maps. The proposed framework was evaluated in simulations, phantom experiments, and in vivo (10 healthy subjects, 2 patients) with 1.5‐mm3 isotropic resolution. Three‐dimensional MUST‐T2 was compared against standard multi‐echo spin‐echo sequence (phantom) and conventional breath‐held single‐shot 2D SSFP T2 mapping (in vivo).ResultsThree‐dimensional MUST‐T2 showed high accuracy in phantom experiments (R2 > 0.99). The precision of T2 values was similar for 3D MUST‐T2 and 2D balanced SSFP T2 mapping in vivo (5 ± 1 ms versus 4 ± 2 ms, P = .52). Slightly longer T2 values were observed with 3D MUST‐T2 in comparison to 2D balanced SSFP T2 mapping (50.7 ± 2 ms versus 48.2 ± 1 ms, P < .05). Preliminary results in patients demonstrated T2 values in agreement with literature values.ConclusionThe proposed approach enables free‐breathing whole‐heart 3D T2 mapping with high isotropic resolution in about 8 minutes, achieving accurate and precise T2 quantification of myocardial tissue in a clinically feasible scan time.
Nutrition Management in Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Ramanathan Meera , Aadam Abdul Aziz 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAcute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal conditions necessitating inpatient care. In the United States, over 275,000 patients are hospitalized for management of AP, with an estimate that over $2.5 billion is spent annually in treatment, with incidence continuing to rise. AP is a highly inflammatory and catabolic state, putting all patients with the condition at risk of malnutrition. Numerous approaches to nutrition support in pancreatitis have been evaluated and remain controversial. In this narrative review, we aim to give an overview of indications for nutrition and approach to management of nutrition in severe and predicted severe AP based on currently available data.
Analysis of the clinical characteristics of pediatric patients who experience ifosfamide‐induced encephalopathy
Authors: Ide Yuichiro , Yanagisawa Ryu , Kubota Noriko , Sakashita Kazuo , Tozuka Minoru , Nakamura Tomohiko , Honda Takayuki 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundSeveral kinds of pediatric hematological and/or malignant diseases are treated with chemotherapy regimens including ifosfamide (IFO). IFO‐induced encephalopathy (IIE) is one of the serious side effects, but there is not enough evidence regarding the clinical features of IIE in children.ProcedureWe performed a retrospective study on pediatric patients treated with chemotherapy regimens, including IFO, at a single center. We recorded the clinical characteristics of all patients; we compared the clinical characteristics between patients who developed IIE and those who did not.ResultsIn total, 88 patients received a chemotherapy regimen including IFO. IIE developed in seven patients (8.0%). The median age of patients at the time of IIE development was 4.3 (range 1.4‐6.5) years in the younger population. Six of seven patients with IIE improved with supportive therapy only; however, one patient died due to heart failure. Overall survival was not different between the two groups. Multivariable analysis revealed that the co‐administration of cisplatin (CDDP) or carboplatin (CBDCA) was a significant risk factor associated with IIE. Although there was no significant difference in laboratory data between the groups before chemotherapy, patients who developed IIE showed exacerbation in several laboratory tests, including those for renal and liver functions.ConclusionsRenal dysfunction caused by the combination of nephrotoxic agents (IFO and CDDP/CBDCA) seems to be important for the development of pediatric IIE. It was thought to be difficult to predict IIE onset based on laboratory data before the initiation of chemotherapy regimens; however, careful observation of laboratory data during IFO chemotherapy regimens may help predict IIE onset and facilitate early treatment.
Optimized Overall Photoactivity of WO3: Utilization of Incidence Dependence from Photonic Crystal Substrate
Authors: Chen Mengshi , Xiao Ye , Zhang Menglong 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this work, conductive PC‐FTO (photonic crystal fluorine doped tin oxide) films are fabricated on commercial FTO substrate. The PC‐FTO films serve as two roles: supplying large nan‐structural loading sites available for the embedded photoactive materials, and also manipulating the incident light to improve the performance of embedded photoactive materials under specific incidence range. Through facile solvothermal approach, WO3 platelets are synthesized directly inside the skeleton of PC‐FTO to form WO3@PC‐FTO photoanode which shows more efficiency utilization of light at certain incidence. These homogeneous coating of WO3 platelets in PC‐FTO film allows the study of photonic crystal impact on the photoactivity as a function of incidence.
Collaborative Curriculum Development in Teacher Design Teams
Authors: Handelzalts Adam 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA strategy secondary schools in the Netherlands apply to realize educational curriculum reform is organizing teams of teachers that are responsible for specific curricular domains. The study reported in this chapter aimed at describing the development of such teacher teams in lower secondary education, the type of curriculum design activities they undertake in the context of a school-based reform ambition, and ways to support their efforts. Teacher design teams in two different schools were followed during their first year of collaboration. Their activities were documented, teachers were interviewed and observed and (curriculum) documents produced by teacher design teams were collected and analyzed. This systematic documentation process and the perspective of the practitioners formed the basis for identifying activities and conditions that had a special (positive or negative) function for the teams. These activities and conditions will be presented and discussed.
Graph Perturbation as Noise Graph Addition: A New Perspective for Graph Anonymization
Authors: Torra Vicenç , Salas Julián 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Different types of data privacy techniques have been applied to graphs and social networks. They have been used under different assumptions on intruders’ knowledge. i.e., different assumptions on what can lead to disclosure. The analysis of different methods is also led by how data protection techniques influence the analysis of the data. i.e., information loss or data utility.
One of the techniques proposed for graph is graph perturbation. Several algorithms have been proposed for this purpose. They proceed adding or removing edges, although some also consider adding and removing nodes.
In this paper we propose the study of these graph perturbation techniques from a different perspective. Following the model of standard database perturbation as noise addition, we propose to study graph perturbation as noise graph addition. We think that changing the perspective of graph sanitization in this direction will permit to study the properties of perturbed graphs in a more systematic way.
Evolution of high-energy pelvic trauma in southern Finland: a 12-year experience from a tertiary trauma centre
Authors: Toimela Juhana , Brinck Tuomas , Handolin Lauri 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Purpose
We compared incidence, demographics, and injury mechanisms in severely injured patients with and without a pelvic ring fracture treated at a tertiary trauma centre. We also analyzed the changes in injury mechanisms that lead to high-energy pelvic trauma.

Methods
Data on severely injured adult patients (New Injury Severity Score [NISS] ≥16) from Helsinki Trauma Registry over the years 2006–2017 were reviewed. Patients with a pelvic ring fracture (PRF) and those without (N-PRF) were analyzed. Further subgrouping regarding time of the accident (2006–2009, 2010–2013, 2014–2017) was made. A comparison between groups was performed according to age, age > 60, gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, injury scoring and mechanism, and 30-day in-hospital mortality.

Results
We included 545 PRF and 1048 N-PRF patients. Pelvic ring fracture patients were more likely to be female (39% vs 22%, p < 0.001), to be more severely injured (NISS 35.2 vs 30.4, p < 0.001), injured due to a high fall (41% vs 25%, p < 0.001), to have self-inflicted injuries (23% vs 8%, p < 0.001), and to have higher 30-day in-hospital mortality (13% vs 9%, p = 0.005). During the study period, we noted increasing mean age and proportion of patients aged > 60, improvement in outcome (shown by decreasing 30-day in-hospital mortality rate) in both groups, and a decrease in motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) leading to pelvic trauma (30–16%).

Conclusions
High-energy pelvic trauma can no longer be characterized as traffic accident injuries among young men. MVAs leading to pelvic trauma are decreasing and the most common injury mechanism is high fall. The patients are older and often female. Every fourth high-energy pelvic trauma was due to attempted suicide.
Myasthenia gravis
Authors: Müllges Wolfgang , Stoll Guido 
Published: September 2019

ZusammenfassungDie Myasthenia gravis (MG) beruht auf einer durch Autoantikörper (Ak) gegen Acetylcholinrezeptoren (AChR) bzw. andere Strukturproteine der neuromuskulären Endplatte verursachten neuromuskulären Überleitungsstörung mit vorzeitiger Erschöpfbarkeit und teils manifesten Paresen einschließlich der bulbären und okulären Muskulatur. Während die okuläre MG in der Regel zunächst nur symptomatisch mit Acetylcholinesterasehemmern behandelt werden kann, erfordert die generalisierte MG eine Langzeitimmunsuppression. Der Thymus hat eine besondere Bedeutung in der Pathophysiologie der AChR-Ak-positiven MG, die als Paraneoplasie bei Thymomen auftreten kann. In dem Beitrag werden die Optionen der Basistherapie und der Eskalationsstufen bis hin zur Behandlung der myasthenen Krise mit Plasmaaustausch oder Immunglobulinen behandelt. Als neuer therapeutischer Ansatz bei der AChR-Ak-positiven MG steht mit Eculizumab ein Inhibitor der Komplementaktivierung für mit Immunsuppressiva schwer einstellbare Patienten zur Verfügung.
Prognostic Factors Associated with Clinical and Economic Outcomes of Appendectomies in Children: A Multilevel Analysis in a National Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Valero Juan , Buitrago Giancarlo , Eslava‐Schmalbach Javier , Rincon Carlos J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundAcute appendicitis is the most common acute surgical abdominal pathology in children, and it has a large impact on morbidity and the costs incurred by health care systems. In low‐ and median‐income countries, national information on the clinical and economic outcomes associated with this surgery does not exist. This study aimed to identify and describe the clinical and economic outcomes for children undergoing appendectomy in Colombia's contributory system and to determine the prognostic factors associated with these outcomes.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted using administrative data from patients under 18 years of age who underwent an appendectomy between July 1, 2013, and September 30, 2015, in Colombia's contributory health system. Thirty‐day mortality rates, intensive care unit (ICU) admission rates, length of stay (LOS), readmission rates and median costs were estimated for the entire country by geographic region and insurer. The prognostic factors associated with these outcomes were identified using generalized multilevel mixed models.ResultsA total of 21,674 children were included. The 30‐day postoperative mortality rate was 0.06% [95% CI 0.02–0.9], the ICU admission rate was 8.00% [95% CI 7.63–8.36], the mean LOS was 2.48 days (SD 5.24), the readmission rate was 1.5% [95% CI 1.33–1.66] and the median cost for Colombia was 394 USD [p25–p75: 256–555]. The prognostic factors that were associated with the 30‐day ICU admission rate, LOS and readmission rate were the insurer, geographic region, age, occurrence of an appendectomy with peritoneal drainage, and certain comorbidities, such as cancer and neurological, respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses. The prognostic factors associated with costs were those previously mentioned as well as the occurrence of a laparoscopic appendectomy.ConclusionsIn Colombia's contributory health system, large differences in clinical outcomes and the costs incurred by the system exist, and these differences are associated with the geographic region, the insurer, and some of the clinical characteristics of the children undergoing appendectomy.
A pragmatic guide to geoparsing evaluation
Authors: Gritta Milan , Pilehvar Mohammad Taher , Collier Nigel 
Published: September 2019

AbstractEmpirical methods in geoparsing have thus far lacked a standard evaluation framework describing the task, metrics and data used to compare state-of-the-art systems. Evaluation is further made inconsistent, even unrepresentative of real world usage by the lack of distinction between thedifferent types of toponyms, which necessitates new guidelines, a consolidation of metrics and a detailed toponym taxonomy with implications for Named Entity Recognition (NER) and beyond. To address these deficiencies, our manuscript introduces a new framework in three parts. (Part 1) Task Definition: clarified via corpus linguistic analysis proposing a fine-grainedPragmatic Taxonomy of Toponyms. (Part 2) Metrics: discussed and reviewed for a rigorous evaluation including recommendations for NER/Geoparsing practitioners. (Part 3) Evaluation data: shared via a new dataset calledGeoWebNewsto provide test/train examples and enable immediate use of our contributions. In addition to fine-grained Geotagging and Toponym Resolution (Geocoding), this dataset is also suitable for prototyping and evaluating machine learning NLP models.
Intracranial pressure variability: relation to clinical outcome, intracranial pressure–volume index, cerebrovascular reactivity and blood pressure variability
Authors: Svedung Wettervik Teodor , Howells Timothy , Enblad Per , Lewén Anders 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
It was recently found in traumatic brain injury (TBI) that ICP variability (ICPV) predicted favorable outcome. We hypothesized that ICPV may depend on intracranial compliance, unstable blood pressure and cerebral vasomotion. In this study, we aimed to further investigate the explanatory variables for ICPV and its relation to outcome. Data from 362 TBI patients were retrospectively analyzed day 2 to 5 post-injury. ICPV was evaluated in three ways. First, variability in the sub-minute time interval (similar to B waves) was calculated as the amplitude of the ICP slow waves using a bandpass filter, limiting the analysis to oscillations of 55 to 15 s (ICP AMP 55–15). The second and third ICPV measures were calculated as the deviation from the mean ICP averaged over 30 min (ICPV-30m) and 4 h (ICPV-4h), respectively. All ICPV measures were associated with a reduced intracranial pressure/volume state (high ICP and RAP) and high blood pressure variability in multiple linear regression analyses. Higher ICPV was associated with better pressure reactivity in the univariate, but not the multiple analyses. All ICPV measures were associated with favorable outcome in univariate analysis, but only ICP AMP 55–15 and ICPV-30m did so in the multiple logistic regression analysis. Higher ICPV can be explained by a reduced intracranial compliance and variations in cerebral blood volume due to the vessel response to unstable blood pressure. As ICP AMP 55–15 and ICPV-30m independently predicted favorable outcome, it may represent general cerebral vessel activity, associated with better cerebral blood flow regulation and less secondary insults.