bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thinning Red Pine Plantations and the Langsaeter Hypothesis: A Northern Minnesota Case Study
Authors: Gilmore Daniel W. , O'Brien Timothy C. , Hoganson Howard M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Langsaeter hypothesis states, “The total production of cubic volume by a stand of given age and composition on a given site is, for all practical purposes, constant and optimum for a wide range of density of stocking. It can be decreased, but not increased, by altering the amount of growing stock to levels outside this range.” We used a multistep approach to test this hypothesis in a 46-year-old red pine plantation growing on a site of moderate quality in northern Minnesota. First, we used stem analysis data to construct tree-level red pine volume equations and compared them to existing equations. We then calculated stand-level volume. Doing this allowed us to evaluate the performance of two stand-level volume prediction equations, a growth and yield spreadsheet package, and a computer simulation model using 10-year pre- and post-thinning measurements. Tree volume prediction equations were similar to existing equations. For 10-year projections, the stand-level volume prediction equations and growth projection models provided volume estimates within 10% of actual volumes on average. Ten-year post-thinning measurements showed that a geometric, strip thinning to 100 ft2 of basal area resulted in a 40% volume gain, a crown thinning to 125 ft2 of basal area a 35% volume gain, and a low thinning to 140 ft2 of basal area a 30% volume gain, while an unharvested control had a 22% gain in volume relative to residual stand volumes. Although we found the 10-year volume growth varied less than 1 cord ac−1 between residual growing stock volumes retained in this study, we do not have strong evidence to support the Langsaeter hypothesis for red pine. North. J. Appl. For. 22(1):19–26.
Ten-Year Performance of Eastern White Pine under a Crop Tree Release Regime on an Outwash Site
Authors: Desmarais Kenneth M. , Leak William B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A young stand of eastern white pine aged 38–40 years received a crop tree release cutting reducing stocking to 100 trees/ac. This stocking level reflects the number of stems per acre that would be contained in a well-stocked mature stand at final harvest (20-in. quadratic mean stand diameter). The stand then was monitored for growth and value change. Stems that grew from poletimber to sawtimber size had the greatest rates of annual value change. They also showed the greatest return per square-foot of crown area used. Careful early thinning that removes sawtimber and releases good-quality poletimber capable of vigorous growth can substantially increase stand earnings if markets are available.North. J. Appl. For. 22(2):139–142.
Assessing and Understanding Timber Trespass and Theft Laws in the Appalachian Region
Authors: Mortimer Michael J. , Baker Shawn , Shaffer Robert M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Many forest landowners in the Appalachian region are at risk from timber theft and trespass. State laws within this region provide a confusing assortment of civil and criminal remedies to address such infractions. These heterogeneous laws address timber theft in varying specificityand intensity. A range of interpretations by courts have further impacted the meaning and effectiveness of existing laws. Few current civil and criminal remedies appear to provide sufficient protections for private forest landowners, and review and revision of existing statutory structuresis warranted. Specific areas of focus should include statutes of limitation, the issue of trespasser intent, and the method for ascertaining the landowners' damages.North. J. Appl. For. 22(2):94–101.
Effects of Mounding on Damage by the European Pine Weevil in Planted Norway Spruce Seedlings
Authors: Heiskanen Juha , Viiri Heli 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The European pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.) is not found in northern America so far but is the major pest in conifer reforestation in northern Europe. The effects of mounding on pine-weevil damage and growth in planted Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings were studied on two clearcut forest sites in Finland. Three different mounding treatments (spot mounding with or without mixing and inverting) were compared to three unscarified treatments with or without vegetation control (mulch or herbicide). Mounding significantly decreased pine-weevil damage, mortality, and growth losses of planted Norway spruce seedlings even if insecticide was used before planting. Seedling growth and survival were poorest with the heaviest feeding by the pine weevil. After the first growing season, the proportion of gnawed seedlings was higher on unscarified spots (76% gnawed), whereas seedlings on mounded spots had hardly any feeding (1%). Seedling mortality was lower on mounded (1%) than on unscarified spots, where it was higher in 1-year-old (27%) than 2-year-old seedlings (10%). After the second growing season, mortality and proportion of gnawed seedlings increased on both mounded and unscarified spots. The study indicates that mounding can provide an effective method of decreasing pine-weevil damage and improving plantation success.North. J. Appl. For. 22(3):154 –161.
Thoreau, Muir, and Jane Doe: Different Types of Private Forest Owners Need Different Kinds of Forest Management
Authors: Finley Andrew O. , Kittredge David B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We present a three-phase segmentation analysis designed to highlight the heterogeneity of forest ownership values and attitudes toward government control, privacy, and environmental protection held by a sample of Massachusetts private forest owners. This case study explores private forest owner characteristics that are associated with enrollment into Massachusetts' Chapter 61 current-use forest property tax program, which requires a professionally prepared 10-year forest management plan. We suggest the key to increasing landowner participation in forest management programs is to (1) recognize this heterogeneity of the target population, and (2) tailor the program to meet segment specific needs and desires.
A Weed Compaction Roller System for Use with Mechanical Herbicide Application
Authors: Wiese Adam H. , Netzer Daniel A. , Riemenschneider Don E. , Zalesny Ronald S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We designed, constructed, and field-tested a versatile and unique weed compaction roller system that can be used with mechanical herbicide application for invasive weed control in tree plantations, agronomic settings, and areas where localized flora and fauna are in danger of elimination from the landscape. The weed compaction roller system combined with herbicide application generally had greater vegetation control compared with using only herbicide treatments or the unsprayed control. The roller system-herbicide treatment combination showed substantial total vegetation control two growing seasons after application without impacting diameter growth of the crop trees, which supports the need for less frequent entries into the field. The cost of the roller system was approximately $300.00.
Voluntary Best Management Practice Implementation by Nonindustrial Private Forestland Owners in New York City’s Water Supply System
Authors: Munsell John F. , Germain René H. , Bevilacqua Eddie , Schuster Rudy M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Protecting the quality of New York City’s 5,180 square-kilometer surface water storage and supply system is not achieved with extensive regulations or comprehensive filtration, but through voluntarism. With nearly 3,885 square-kilometers of forestland, the importance of fostering forest management that is compatible with water quality is paramount, yet challenging, given that approximately 90 percent of the system’s forestland is privately owned. The objective of this study was to evaluate voluntary best management practices implementation by nonindustrial private forestland owners in New York City’s water supply system. The theoretical constructs of the innovation-decision process model were tested for covariance using data collected from owners and their forestland in New York City’s water supply system. Path analysis indicated that certain types of knowledge predict an owner’s attitude formation or decision to use best management practices, but attitude formation does not always predict their decision. In addition, analysis of variance demonstrated that the implementation of best management practices does not always depend on a nonindustrial private forestland owner’s decision. This empirical result stimulates questions regarding the systemic variables at play in the transition from decision to implementation of forestry practices.
Stand Characteristics and Productivity Potential of Indiana Surface Mines Reclaimed Under SMCRA
Authors: Groninger John W. , Fillmore Stephen D. , Rathfon Ron A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) addresses a wide range of environmental concerns. However, its impacts on forest stand development and productive potential have only recently been investigated. We surveyed the vegetation and forest productivity on 22 surfacemine sites throughout the coal-bearing region of Indiana that were reclaimed to forest cover under the provisions of SMCRA 7–14 years prior to sampling. Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) were the most widely occurring tree species.Tall fescue and goldenrod were the most widely occurring nonarborescent species. Median site index (base age 50 for black oak) was 30 ft. Although satisfying forest cover stocking requirements for bond release, these reclaimed surface mines almost always displayed a level of productivity farbelow those of native forests typical of this region. Reclamation techniques differing from those used on these study sites are needed to restore forest productivity to surface-mined lands while still complying with SMCRA.
A Comparison of the Arithmetic and Geometric Means in Estimating Stump Diameter, Basal Area, and Volume in Appalachian Hardwoods
Authors: Wiant Harry V. , Brooks John R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The difference between the use of the arithmetic and geometric means for estimation of average stump diameter, stump cross-sectional area and estimated tree volume was investigated using measurements from 739 stumps from an Appalachian hardwood stand located in central West Virginia. Although average stump diameter, cross-sectional area, and tree volumes were statistically different between estimates based on the arithmetic and geometric mean diameter, these differences were of little practical significance. The difference in average stem diameter, cross-sectional area, tree cubic volume, and board foot volume were 0.05 in, 0.01 ft2, 0.45 ft3, and 2.41 bd ft, respectively.
Forest Resource Management in the North: Dealing with a Labyrinth of State Agencies and Authorities
Authors: Ellefson Paul V. , Kilgore Michael A. , Hibbard Calder M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
State agencies responsible for the use, management, and protection of forests have increased in number and have become increasingly more diverse in mission and organization. A 2000ߝ2001 assessment of state agencies affecting forest conditions in the North found that such agencies are dispersed over all sectors and levels of state government; a state's lead forestry agency often is only a small piece in the puzzle of state agencies affecting forests; consequences of fragmented state agency responsibility for forests generally are adverse, especially public confusion over agency roles and lack of integrated resource management; and coordination among state agencies affecting forest conditions takes many forms, although its occurrence generally is modest.
Silvicultural Discipline to Maintain Acadian Forest Resilience
Authors: Salonius Peter 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Clearcut harvesting decreases structural complexity, eliminates old and genetically superior legacy trees, extirpates mature-forest floor vegetation, and creates hot and dry postharvest microclimates. The short-lived, exposure-tolerant, boreal tree species that regenerate in large forest openings are believed to be less able, than the late-successional Acadian species they replace, to adapt to the climate warming expected during the next forest rotation. A strip silviculture design is presented that includes limited canopy opening, “no-traffic” areas, maintenance of “full-cycle” survivors, and programmed return harvest intervals that approximate natural gap disturbance as a means of arresting the further increase of boreal species and restoring Acadian species on the landscape. Within the confines of this silvicultural discipline, two management options are described to accommodate extremes of future energy availability.
Managing the Wildland–Urban Interface in the Northeast: Perceptions of Fire Risk and Hazard Reduction Strategies
Authors: Blanchard Brian , Ryan Robert L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Much of the recent work in reducing wildland fire danger has occurred in the western and southeastern United States. However, high-risk areas do exist at the wildland–urban interface areas in the Northeast and very little work has been done to understand the fire management issues in this region. Therefore, this study used a survey of residents and landowners within the Plymouth Pine Barrens of southeastern Massachusetts to assess community members' perceptions of wildland fire risk and hazard reduction strategies. The research results indicate that residents have a low perception of wildland fire risk but support the use of fire hazard reduction strategies, including prescribed fire, mechanical removal of trees and brush, and construction of firebreaks. Previous experience with wildland fire was a major factor influencing respondents' perception of fire risk. Furthermore, participants' knowledge about specific fuel treatments positively influenced their support for those treatments. Overall, respondents believe that actions should be taken to reduce fire hazard within the study area and would like to be involved in the development of fire hazard reduction plans.
The Impact of Federal and State Income Tax Liabilities on Timber Investments in the Midwest and Northeast
Authors: Smith Nathan R. , Bailey Philip , Haney Harry , Salbador Debra , Greene John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Federal and state income taxes are calculated for hypothetical forest landowners in two income brackets across 23 states in the Midwest and Northeast to illustrate the effects of differential state tax treatment. The income tax liability is calculated in a year in which the timber owners harvest $200,000 worth of timber. State income taxes ranged from highs of $13,427 for middle-income landowners and $18,527 for high-income landowners in Maine to no tax burden in New Hampshire and South Dakota. Calculated state and federal income taxes are based on 2004 tax regulations and rates. After-tax land expectation values calculated for a forest landowner in the Northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan illustrate the importance of tax planning on returns to a timber investment. The results support the need for adequate tax accounting.
Timber Harvesting Characteristics on Forest Stewardship Properties and Non–Forest Stewardship Properties in Central West Virginia
Authors: Provencher Matthew A. , McGill David W. , Grushecky Shawn T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A study was conducted in the Elk River watershed in central West Virginia to evaluate the impact of the US Forest Stewardship Program (FSP) on the physical attributes of primary road systems used in timber harvesting operations. On seven properties enrolled in the FSP and on eight non-FSP properties, road systems used for logging within a 5-year period before this study were mapped and measured. Twenty dependent variables relating to residual vegetation, forest road characteristics, erosion, and certain best management practices (BMP) were used to characterize timber harvesting operations that had been conducted on these properties. With the exception of road density and waterbar implementation, analysis of these dependent variables failed to detect any statistical differences among property types. BMPs observed in this study included waterbars, broad-based dips, turnouts, culverts, and inside ditches. Results suggest that landowner objectives may play a role in the use of alternatives to waterbars. Eighty-one percent of BMP practices other than waterbars were observed on stewardship properties. Higher road densities on non-FSP properties were likely caused by road patterns used on forest industry properties.
Using Crown Ratio in Yellow-Poplar Compatible Taper and Volume Equations
Authors: Jiang Lichun , Brooks John R. , Hobbs Gerald R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Linear and nonlinear crown ratio (CR) functions were incorporated into a segmented taper and cubic foot volume function developed for yellow-poplar in West Virginia. The inclusion of a CR variable provided significantly different parameter estimates but only modest improvement in the prediction of upper stem size and volume. Sample trees from the west central region of West Virginia exhibited a larger improvement. The main differences were concentrated in the stem section above 60% of total height.
Nine-Year Response of Hardwood Understory to Organic Matter Removal and Soil Compaction
Authors: Ponder Felix 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of three levels of organic matter removal (OMR) and three levels of soil compaction (SC) on the development of understory vegetation in a central hardwood forest were evaluated 9 years after treatments were applied as part of a national program of long-term soil productivityresearch. The three levels of biomass removal (OMR) were removal of merchantable boles only (OM0), removal of the whole tree (OM1), and removal of the whole tree plus forest floor (OM2). The three levels of soil compaction (SC) were none (C0), medium (C2), and severe (C2). Weeds were controlledin all plots for the first 2 years. Understory vegetation within 81 7.9-m2 subplots was inventoried by species and quantified into plant groups of woody (trees, shrubs, and woody vines) and herbaceous (annuals, perennials, and grasses) at year 5 (after 3 years of no weed control)and year 9 (after 7 years of no weed control). Vegetation was analyzed for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). OMR did not significantly affect the overall number of plants over the 5-year measurement period, but there were differences for both woodyvines and grasses, which were highest in the OM0 treatment in 1999, but by 2003, they were not different. There were no differences in plant numbers among plant groups for SC in the 1999 measurement period between treatments for any plant group, but there were significantly fewer trees andwoody vines in the C2 treatments than in the C0 or C1 treatments in 2003; the opposite was true for herbaceous annuals, which were highest in C1 and C2 treatments. Over the 5-year measurement period, only the height of woody vines was significantly affected by OMR, but SC significantly affectedthe height of all plant groups over the 5-year measurement period. Annually, however, trees were tallest in the OM0 and C0 treatment than in OM2 and C2 treatments. The annual height of other plants, excluding trees, was affected only 1 year of 5 by OMR. Fewer trees and shorter trees in thesevere compaction treatment suggest that, in the short term, soil productivity has been affected on the site.
Field Note: Alternative Leader Growth Control for Fraser Fir and Korean Fir Christmas Trees
Authors: Nzokou Pascal , Cregg Bert M. , O'Donnell Jill 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Excessive leader growth is a challenge for Christmas tree growers who are seeking about 30–35 cm (12–14 in.) shoot elongation for good balance between height and lateral growth. Current cultivation practices include manually pruning leaders to 30–35 cm. In this studywe investigated the use of a growth regulator Ethyl-naphthaleneacetate acid (NAA) and a girdling process using a five-bladed plier (Top-Stop Nipper, Monterey Lawn and Gardens Products, Inc., Fresno, CA) as alternative methods to slow leader growth in Fraser fir (Abies fraseri [Pursh]Poir.), and Korean fir (Abies koreana Wils). NAA applications at rates of 40–160 ml/L reduced the height growth in both Fraser fir and Korean fir. However, in Fraser fir, other morphological parameters such as the leader straightness and bud density were generally adversely affected.The highest rates of 250 and 500 ml/l caused unacceptable reduction in growth and in many cases leader death. NAA applications on Korean fir resulted in significant reduction of leader growth and significantly increased the bud density without negative impact on leader straightness. Partialgirdling of stems was not effective at reducing the leader height in both Fraser fir and Korean fir.
Growth of Northern Hardwoods in New England: A 25-Year Update
Authors: Leak William B. , Gove Jeffrey H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Twenty-five-year results from a study of four stand density levels and three percentages of sawtimber in a beech-red maple-birch-hemlock stand in New Hampshire showed that moderate stand densities of 60- to 80-ft2/ac with 25- to 30-ft2 of sawtimber produced the best growth responses. Ingrowth was dominated by beech, red maple, and hemlock. Treatments with low initial numbers of poletimber stems had well-developed J-shaped or slightly sigmoid diameter distributions after 25 years. Results apply to the first entries into northern hardwood stands ofmoderate vigor and quality.
Short-Rotation Woody Biomass as a Crop on Marginal Lands in Iowa
Authors: Goerndt Michael E. , Mize Carl 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
There is increasing interest in producing woody biomass on marginal lands in Iowa, but there is little information about its economic feasibility. To address this issue, a study was initiated in 1995 to analyze growth of certain fast-growing tree species, clones of hybrids, and selectedclones, which will be referred to as entries, on marginal lands. Three entries, including the “Crandon” clone (Populus alba × Populus grandidentata), the “Eugenii” clone (Populus × canadensis), and silver maple (Acer saccharinum),were established in test plantings on three land types”bottomland, steep slopes, and upland agricultural land”across the state. Trees generally were measured annually. Two types of yield models were developed to predict biomass per hectare over time for the three aforementionedentries. Crandon had the highest rate of biomass production on all land types. Economic analyses were conducted on the three entries, and Crandon produced the highest economic return on all land types.
Ecoregion-Based Local Volume Equations for Appalachian Hardwoods
Authors: Brooks John R. , Wiant Harry V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Local merchantable board foot, cubic foot, and weight equations are developed for six economically important hardwood species in central Appalachia. Equations were based on a simple power function and were fit to volumes from the US Forest Service Forest Inventory Analysis data for West Virginia and parts of Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and Kentucky. Five ecoregions were identified and the volume equations were tested to determine whether differences by ecoregion were statistically significant. Results varied by species, volume type, and ecoregion. Average bias between a single-species region-wide model and specific ecoregion forms ranged from −9.1 to 8.5% for gross board foot volume (International ¼ in.), −3.5 to 9.2% for gross merchantable cubic foot volume, and −9.5 to 16.7% for merchantable drybole weight (pounds).