bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Redistribution of the Corneal Epithelium After Overnight Wear of Orthokeratology Contact Lenses for Myopia Reduction
Authors: Zhang Ju , Li Jing , Li Xiaofeng , Li Fengjie , Wang Ting 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Background: To investigate changes in the corneal epithelium topographic map in juvenile myopia after overnight wear of orthokeratology lenses (OK).
Methods: A total of 53 juveniles (53 right eyes) successfully wore OK and were reviewed in a timely manner from January 2016 to July 2017. Epithelial and corneal data were obtained by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Changes in uncorrected visual acuity, diopter, corneal refractive power, and epithelial and corneal thickness were analyzed before and after 1 day, 1 week, and 1 mo of overnight wear of OK.
Results: The corneal epithelium was reshaped after 1 day of OK; the myopia degree was reduced, and uncorrected visual acuity reached 0 logMAR at 1 week. The central (2-mm) average epithelial thickness was 52.04±2.35 μm, 49.25±2.67 μm, 45.91±2.80 μm, and 47.53±3.44 μm before and after 1 day, 1 week, and 1 mo of OK, respectively (t=10.122, 10.782, and 10.673, respectively, P≤0.001). The central epithelium appeared to have a thinning trend, which was obvious at 1 week, when the average thinning of 6.13±1.67 μm accounted for approximately 11.78%±3.21% of the total epithelium thickness. The epithelial thickness of the reverse curve zone was 51.83±2.49 μm, 57.62±3.01 μm, 59.43±3.19 μm, and 60.22±2.75 μm before and after 1 day, 1 week, and 1 mo of OK, respectively, showing a significant increase over time (t=5.325, 6.177, and 6.312, respectively, P≤0.001).
Conclusion: In the early stage of OK, the corneal epithelium was redistributed very quickly. The central epithelium became thin, while the epithelium of the reverse curve zone correspondingly thickened and achieved a plateau at 1 mo. Epithelial redistribution guaranteed uncorrected visual acuity after removal of OK.
Adolescent to Adult Patient-centered HIV Transition (ADAPT): Study Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Trial
Authors: Ekong Ernest , Edokwe Chidozie , Isah Christopher , Shutt Ashley , Charurat Manhattan , Hassan-Hanga Fatimah , Buhari Ismail , Essen Mfon , Audu Esther , Okechukwu Adaora , Onyegbutulem Henry , Tepper Vicki 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Background: Innovative strategies and protocols are required for effective provision of healthcare services and attainment of optimal positive health outcomes for adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) as they transition to adult care.HIV-infected youth must learn to navigate a complex healthcare system as they transition from pediatric to adult care. Poorly planned transitions can result in non-adherence to ART, loss-to-follow-up in care and supportive services, with resultant negative health impact. This study evaluates two different approaches to the process of transition from pediatric to adult care in six facilities in Nigeria.
Methods: ADAPT will use a cluster randomized intervention trial to measure the impact of Peer Transition Advocates (PTAs) versus Education Interventionists (EIs) approach to the process of transition of ALHIV, with imbedded psychosocial/social network analyses. The study will be conducted in 6 healthcare facilities (three tertiary and three secondary) in Northern and Central Nigeria. The unit of randomization (cluster) will be the facilities (n=180 per intervention arm, N=360), study participants 17-19 year-old ALHIV enrolled in the pediatric ART clinic for ≥12 months and know their HIV status. Sixty participants will be recruited pre-transition per site and followed up 12 months post-transition. Primary outcome measure will be proportion of ALHIV achieving successful transition and viral suppression 12 months post-transition comparing the two arms. Secondary outcome measures are proportion of ALHIV achieving ownership of care, improved quality of life, better transfer experience, and social support system measured by individual and ego-network evaluation tools correlating with successful transition.
Discussion: ADAPT hypothesizes that by involving ALHIV in the study design, the PTA intervention will result in more successful transition and clinical outcomes in adult care. Further, we postulate that properly trained and supervised task-oriented peer support using lay workers assigned to track and guide each adolescent along the transition pathway in the clinic and in the community is the key starting point for transforming a dysfunctional system. Findings from ADAPT will guide institutions on best practices for transitioning ALHIV and other adolescents with chronic conditions in Nigeria and other resource-limited settings.
Plant Population and Fungicide Economically Reduced Winter Wheat Yield Gap in Kansas
Authors: Jaenisch Brent R. , de Oliveira Silva Amanda , DeWolf Erick , Ruiz‐Diaz Dorivar A. , Lollato Romulo P. 
Published: January 2019

Core Ideas

Prophylactic applications of high input rates was not economical in most marketing scenarios
The only exception was using low‐cost fungicides and marketing wheat with a protein premium
Increased plant population economically reduced wheat yield gap in no‐tillage systems
Fungicide application economically reduced wheat yield gap under high‐disease pressure
Evidence suggested wheat yield was co‐limited by sink and source in our study
Despite the large differences between winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) current and potential yields (i.e., yield gap, YG) in Kansas, limited research is available on individual agronomic practices, or their combination, economically increasing yield. Our objective was to quantify the contribution of individual and combined management practices to reduce the wheat YG. An incomplete factorial treatment structure established in a randomized complete block design was conducted to evaluate the effects of 14 treatments on yield, YG, protein concentration, and net returns. The variety ‘Everest’ was evaluated at three locations in 2016 and 2017. We individually added six treatments to a farmer practice control (FP) or removed from a water‐limited yield control (Yw), which received all treatments. Treatments were: additional N, S, Cl, increased plant population, foliar fungicide, and plant growth regulator. Under no‐till which had low disease pressure, the Yw increased grain yield by 0.4 Mg ha−1 as compared with FP, mostly led by additional N, S, increased population, and fungicide (0.2–0.4 Mg ha−1). In conventional till which had high‐disease pressure, the Yw increased grain yield by 1.2 Mg ha−1 as compared with the FP, and foliar fungicide increased grain yield by 1.4 Mg ha−1. Foliar fungicide and increased plant population economically reduced the YG for conventional till and no‐till, respectively. Net return analysis indicated that intensifying wheat management might be justifiable when using low‐cost fungicides and if protein premiums are expected. Our results suggest that an integrated pest management should be preferred over an Yw approach with prophylactic pesticide application.
Yield Monitor Data Cleaning is Essential for Accurate Corn Grain and Silage Yield Determination
Authors: Kharel T.P. , Swink S.N. , Maresma A. , Youngerman C. , Kharel D. , Czymmek K.J. , Ketterings Q.M. 
Published: January 2019

Core IdeasCorn silage and grain yield monitors collect yield data of relevance to farmers.Evaluation of quality of yield monitor data is essential, especially for silage.A data cleaning protocol, consistent across fields, farms, and years, is needed.Semi‐automation is needed for quick and consistent processing of whole‐farm data.Yield monitor data are being used for a variety of purposes including conducting on‐farm studies, assessing nutrient balances, determining yield potential, and creating management zones. However, standardization of raw data processing is needed to obtain comparable data across fields, farms, and years. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of data cleaning protocols on corn (Zea maysL.) grain and silage yield data at the whole field (with and without headlands) and within field (soil map unit) scales. Corn silage data from 145 fields (three farms) and grain data from 88 fields (three farms) were processed. Comparisons were made to evaluate yields among three levels of cleaning: (i) none; (ii) automated cleaning (“Auto”) with filter settings derived for 10 fields per farm; and (iii) automated cleaning with manual inspection for unrepresentative patterns, after the automated cleaning step was completed (“Auto+”). The Auto+ cleaning process was conducted separately by three individuals to evaluate person‐to‐person differences. Spatial Management System software was used to read raw data and transfer to Ag Leader format. Yield Editor software was used to clean data (Auto and Auto+). Results showed the necessity of data cleaning, especially for corn silage. However, considering less than 5% deviation between methods at three spatial scales, the Auto and Auto+ cleaning resulted in similar output, as long as (i) each field or subfield included at least 100 harvester measurement points, and (ii) a moisture filter was applied for corn silage data.
Seed and Biomass Yield Responses of Blessed Thistle to Nitrogen and Density
Authors: Ghiasy‐Oskoee M. , AghaAlikhani M. , Mokhtassi‐Bidgoli A. , Sefidkon F. , Ayyari M. 
Published: January 2019

Core Ideas

This is the first report of blessed thistle response to nitrogen and plant density.
Optimizing nitrogen and density improved quality and quantity of blessed thistle seed.
Under low yielding conditions, the actual yield of blessed thistle is acceptable.
Blessed thistle is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid.
Developing alternative oilseed crops with acceptable seed yield and biomass production in low‐yielding environments could be a part of sustainable agriculture management strategies. Field experiments were conducted in a semiarid region of Iran in 2013 and 2014 to determine the effects of N fertilizer rates and plant densities on growth, seed yield and quality of blessed thistle (Cnicus benedictus L.) under low yielding conditions. Randomized complete‐block design with factorial arrangement of treatments was used in three replicates. Treatments consisted of four N rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg N ha−1) combined with five plant densities (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 plants m−2). According to quadratic functions, the maximum seed yield (913 kg ha−1) was achieved with 122 kg N ha−1 and 16 plants m−2. Although the seed oil content decreased with increasing N rates, increased seed yield partially compensated for the reduction in oil content. Higher seed protein was obtained from low plant densities (5–10 plants m−2) and high N rates (100–150 kg N ha−1). Nitrogen harvest index (NHI) decreased by 30 to 40% as a result of increased plant density across all N rates. Plant density and N did not affect seed fatty acid profiles, even though N rate by year interaction affected the profile. Linoleic acid was the predominant fatty acid comprising 62.5 to 66.2% of the total fatty acids. The study demonstrates that blessed thistle could be a promising oil crop for cultivation in low yielding soils, although breeding work is needed to enhance its prospects as a viable oil crop.
Nitrogen and Phosphorous Fertilizer Timing, Source, and Placement in Sugarbeet
Authors: DeBruyn Amanda H. , O’Halloran Ivan P. , Lauzon John D. , Van Eerd Laura L. 
Published: January 2019

Core Ideas

Evaluated 4R strategies of fertilizer N source, placement, timing in sugarbeet.
No benefit of N with P fertilizer in 5‐ by 5‐cm band based on root and sucrose yield.
No need to modify fertilizer N and P based on anticipated sugarbeet harvest date.
Late harvest may mitigate N losses due to lower soil mineral N at late than early.
An industry‐led renaissance of nutrient management is occurring in North America to apply the correct rate, source, placement, and timing. Crop consultants have recently recommended including fertilizer N in a 5‐ by 5‐cm band during sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) planting, but this practice has not been rigorously evaluated regarding its influence on N dynamics and/or yield. In 2013 to 2015 at two fields in southwestern Ontario, an experiment evaluated the impact of fertilizer application on sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) productivity at two harvest timings (mid‐September vs. late October–early November). Treatments were a negative control: no fertilizer (N0P0), positive controls: pre‐plant broadcast incorporated N (NpreP0) and in‐season, injected N (NseasonP0) and six fertilizer application method and timing combinations, all at an equal N application rate (112 kg N ha−1) to determine the need to include both N and P applied in a 5‐ by 5‐cm band (N5x5P5x5). The lack of treatment × harvest date interaction on all parameters suggested no need to adjust fertilizer based on harvest date. Average root yield in N5x5P5x5 treatment was 82 Mg ha−1, which was 15 to 20 Mg ha−1 greater than N0P0 but not different than other treatments. Sucrose yield and soil mineral nitrogen (SMN) did not differ among the fertilized treatments. From an agronomic and environment perspective, there was little evidence to suggest the need to band fertilizer N with the seed.
Diagnosis of the hydrology of a small Arctic permafrost catchment using HBV conceptual rainfall-runoff model
Authors: Osuch Marzena , Wawrzyniak Tomasz , Nawrot Adam 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Changes in active layer thickness (ALT) over Arctic and permafrost regions have an important impact on rainfall-runoff transformation. General warming is observed across Svalbard Archipelago and corresponds to increases in ground temperatures. Permafrost thaw and changes in ALT due to climate warming alter how water is routed and stored in catchments, and thus impact both surface and subsurface processes. The overall aim of the present study is to examine the relationships between temporal changes of active layer depth and hydrological model parameters, together with variation in the catchment response. The analysis was carried out for the small unglaciated catchment Fuglebekken, located in the vicinity of the Polish Polar Station Hornsund on Spitsbergen. For hydrological modelling, the conceptual rainfall-runoff HBV (Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning) model was used. The model was calibrated and validated on runoff within subperiods. A moving window approach (3 weeks long) was applied to derive temporal variation of parameters. Model calibration, together with an estimation of parametric uncertainty, was carried out using the Shuffled Complex Evolution Metropolis algorithm. This allowed the dependence of HBV model parameters on ALT to be analysed. Also, we tested the influence of model simplification, correction of precipitation, and initial conditions on the modelling results.
A simple regional snow hydrological process-based snow depth model and its application in the Upper Yangtze River Basin
Authors: Ren Yanqun , Liu Suxia 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Snow depth plays a significant role in the regional water balance, for which snowfall is usually determined by a fixed temperature threshold in regional snow research. This study developed a regional hydrological process-based snow depth model in the Upper Yangtze River Basin by using spatially distributed critical temperature data derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data and station data. Based on meteorological station and remotely sensed data, daily snow hydrological components from 1 August 2003 to 31 July 2015 were simulated. Results show that the simulated snow depth patterns agreed with those of the observed snow depth. The multi-year average of the starting date and ending date of snow duration was 16 October and 6 June, respectively, and that of maximum annual snowfall was approximately 455 mm, of which canopy interception comprised 10%, with a maximum value of 50 mm. The proportion of snow sublimation was less than 20%, which was contributed by interception sublimation (40%), snow surface sublimation (40%) and sublimation underneath the canopy (20%). The maximum annual snow sublimation was 29 mm. Snow melting was the primary snow consumption pathway, and approximately 70% of snowfall melted. This research is significant for the assessment and management of water resources in this region.
Simultaneous Determination of Imatinib and N-Desmethyl Imatinib in Rat Plasma and Tissues Using LC-MS/MS
Authors: Rao Zhi , Li Bo-xia , Jin Yong-Wen , Wen-Kou  , Ma Yan-rong , Zhang Guo-qiang , Zhang Fan , Zhou Yan , Wu Xin-an 
Published: January 2019

Background:Imatinib (IM) is a chemotherapy medication metabolized by CYP3A4 to Ndesmethyl imatinib (NDI), which shows similar pharmacologic activity to the parent drug. Although methods for determination of IM and/or NDI have been developed extensively, only few observations have been addressed to simultaneously determine IM and NDI in biological tissues such as liver, kidney, heart, brain and bone marrow.Methods:A validated LC-MS/MS method was developed for the quantitative determination of imatinib (IM) and N-desmethyl imatinib (NDI) from rat plasma, bone marrow, brain, heart, liver and kidney. The plasma samples were prepared by protein precipitation, and then the separation of the analytes was achieved using an Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 column (4.6 × 100 mm, 3.5 µm) with gradient elution running water (A) and methanol (B). Mass spectrometric detection was achieved by a triplequadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray source interface in positive ionization mode.Results:This method was used to investigate the pharmacokinetics and the tissue distributions in rats following oral administration of 25 mg/kg of IM. The pharmacokinetic profiles suggested that IM and NDI are disappeared faster in rats than human, and the tissue distribution results showed that IM and NDI had good tissue penetration and distribution, except for the brain. This is the first report about the large penetrations of IM and NDI in rat bone marrow.Conclusion:The method demonstrated good sensitivity, accuracy, precision and recovery in assays of IM and NDI in rats. The described assay was successfully applied for the evaluation of pharmacokinetics and distribution in the brain, heart, liver, kidney and bone marrow of IM and NDI after a single oral administration of IM to rats.
Role of Nanotechnology in Diabetic Management
Authors: Siwach Reena , Pandey Parijat , Chawla Viney , Dureja Harish 
Published: January 2019

Background:Diabetes Mellitus (DM) has emerged as an epidemic that has affected millions of people worldwide in the last few decades. Nanotechnology is a discipline that is concerned with material characteristics at nanoscale and offers novel techniques for disease detection, management and prevention.Objective:Diabetes mellitus is an epidemic disease that has affected millions of people globally. Nanotechnology has greatly enhanced the health status by providing non-obtrusive techniques for the management and treatment of diabetic patients.Method:In diabetes research, the nanotechnology has encouraged the advancement of novel glucose monitoring and several modalities for insulin delivery holding possibilities to enhance the personal satisfaction and life quality for diabetic patients.Result:Nanoparticles hold a great potential in the areas of drug delivery and are explored as vehicles for orally administered insulin formulations. Glucose biosensors equipped with nanoscale materials such as Quantum Dots (QDs), Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs), Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) etc. have shown greater sensitivity. Nanotechnology in diabetic research is heading towards the novel techniques which can provide continuous glucose monitoring offering accurate information and improving patient’s compliance.Conclusion:The present review addresses the different aspects of nanoparticles and recent patents related to diabetic management based on nanotechnology.
ATIVIDADES PARA O ENSINO DE ONDAS SONORAS AOS ALUNOS SURDOS: UMA PROPOSTA INCLUSIVA. ACTIVITIES FOR THE EDUCATION OF SOUND WAVES TO DEAF STUDENTS: AN INCLUSIVE PROPOSAL
Authors: Braz Ruth Maria Mariani 
Published: January 2019

O projeto “Atividades para o Ensino de Ondas Sonoras” é uma proposta inclusiva que tem como objetivo possibilitar que os alunos surdos e ouvintes tenham as mesmas condições de assimilar o referido conteúdo, incluso no Currículo Mínimo de Física para o Ensino Médio. A metodologia utilizada foi o simulador PhET. Foram explorados os sentidos de tato e visão dos surdos. Esteve ainda disponível na sala de aula o apoio de uma intérprete da Língua Brasileira de Sinais. Foi neste contexto que os alunos puderam aprender através da exploração e da descoberta. A proposta foi aplicada com êxito entre alunos de uma escola pública, inseridos em diferentes séries dos Ensinos Fundamental e Médio. Tivemos como resultado o sucesso dos alunos surdos nesta aprendizagem, bem como o neologismo de dois sinais em LIBRAS: um para ultrassom e o outro para infrassom.
FORMAÇÃO ONLINE SOBRE DROGAS PARA DOCENTES NA PERSPECTIVA DA REDUÇÃO DE DANOS: O PONTO DE VISTA DOS CURSISTAS. ONLINE EDUCATION ON DRUGS FOR TEACHERS IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF DAMAGE REDUCTION: THE VIEW OF CURSISTS
Authors: Figueiredo Francisco José , Monteiro Simone Souza 
Published: January 2019

Pesquisas revelam que drogas circulam entre os jovens, mas diante do despreparo dos professores, o tema não é abordado nas escolas. Este estudo descreve um curso de formação online sobre drogas para docentes - informada pela perspectiva da Redução de Danos como modelo crítico e emancipatório - e as atividades educativas desenvolvidas na etapa final da formação. Apesar de ainda haver dúvidas sobre a concepção de redução de danos, os cursistas entrevistados promoveram espaços de diálogo e aprendizagem sobre drogas com suas turmas. Os resultados sugerem que o curso pode contribuir para a abordagem do tema entre estudantes.
Does the Market Value Auditors' Industry Specializations? Evidence from the Contagion Effects of Restatements
Authors: Ji Amy E , Kumar Krishna R. , Pei Hang , Xue Yanfeng 
Published: January 2019

SYNOPSIS
This study investigates whether auditors' industry specializations are valued by the capital market. By using a quasi-experimental research design, we control for the confounding effects of auditor choices, which are often found in prior studies. Specifically, we examine whether an auditor's non-restating audit clients suffer collateral damage from restatements of the same auditor's other clients. If an auditor's industry specialization is valued by the market, the contagion effect should be greater for clients of industry specialist auditors. We find that the non-restating clients of city-level industry specialists whose other clients issue restatements experience −0.8 percent abnormal returns around restatement announcements. For national industry specialists, we find negative market reaction to the auditors' non-restating clients only when the restatements convey severe negative signals. Overall, the evidence is consistent with the notion that auditors' reputations as national- and city-level specialists are priced at a premium in the capital markets.
Accounting in 2036: A Learned Profession
Authors: Barth Mary E. 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT
My vision is that by 2036 accounting is known as the learned profession that provides information for informed decision-making to support a prosperous society. By 2036, academic and practicing accountants view themselves as part of the same profession, and practicing accountants look to academics to develop knowledge relevant to identifying information—and its characteristics—useful in informing decisions. In sum, insights from research are instrumental in shaping accounting in practice. To achieve this vision, academics need to (1) conduct fundamental and applied research; (2) communicate research insights outside of academia; (3) interact with practicing accountants and others who use accounting information, such as managers, capital providers, regulators, and government officials; and (4) ensure that everyone understands that academic accountants are responsible for the “learned” part of accounting as a learned profession.