bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Between persistently active and activity‐silent frameworks: novel vistas on the cellular basis of working memory
Authors: Kamiński Jan , Rutishauser Ueli 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRecent work has revealed important new discoveries on the cellular mechanisms of working memory (WM). These findings have motivated several seemingly conflicting theories on the mechanisms of short‐term memory maintenance. Here, we summarize the key insights gained from these new experiments and critically evaluate them in light of three hypotheses: classical persistent activity, activity‐silent, and dynamic coding. The experiments discussed include the first direct demonstration of persistently active neurons in the human medial temporal lobe that form static attractors with relevance to WM, single‐neuron recordings in the macaque prefrontal cortex that show evidence for both persistent and more dynamic types of WM representations, and noninvasive neuroimaging in humans that argues for activity‐silent representations. A key insight that emerges from these new results is that there are several neural mechanisms that support the maintenance of information in WM. Finally, based on established cognitive theories of WM, we propose a coherent model that encompasses these seemingly contradictory results. We propose that the three neuronal mechanisms of persistent activity, activity‐silent, and dynamic coding map well onto the cognitive levels of information processing (within focus of attention, activated long‐term memory, and central executive) that Cowan's WM model proposes.
Pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation: Focal patterns of activation
Authors: de Groot Natasja M. S. , Allessie Maurits A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractFor decades, electrical activity recorded has been investigated to unravel pathophysiology of cardiac arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation (AF). Particularly high‐resolution mapping studies have significantly contributed to novel insights into AF mechanisms. From these mapping studies, it appeared that persistence of AF is associated with a high incidence of focal patterns of activation. Features of these focal activation patterns indicated that they could be attributed to transmural propagation of fibrillation waves. However, “focal fibrillation waves” can only appear when there is electrical asynchrony between the endocardial and epicardial layer. By performing simultaneous high‐resolution mapping of the endo‐ and epicardial wall of the right atrium in humans during AF, the existence of electrical asynchrony (endo‐epicardial asynchrony [EEA]) between the endo‐ and epicardial layer was indeed confirmed. During sinus rhythm, focal patterns of activation are most frequently observed at the right atrium and a considerable degree of EEA—as large as 50 ms—may occur. Furthermore, prematurely aberrant atrial extrasystoles emerging as focal waves caused the highest degree of conduction disorders, particularly in patients with left atrial dilatation and diabetes mellitus. These observations emphasize the contribution of atrial anatomy to EEA and the role of focal patterns of activation in development AF.
Ketamine and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Rapid Opioid Tapering With Sustained Opioid Abstinence: A Case Report and 1‐Year Follow‐up
Authors: Ocker Aaron C. , Shah Nirmal B. , Schwenk Eric S. , Witkowski Thomas A. , Cohen Mitchell J. , Viscusi Eugene R. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundKetamine, a potent analgesic and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate‐(NMDA)‐receptor antagonist, improves analgesic outcomes in patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). The NMDA receptor has also been implicated in opioid withdrawal. The use of ketamine to assist with a rapid opioid taper in the setting of CRPS has not been previously described.CaseWe present a case in which a 5‐day continuous ketamine infusion was utilized in a robust multimodal analgesia regimen in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to successfully taper a patient with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) who was taking 330 mg of daily morphine equivalents completely off of opioids, minimize withdrawal symptoms, and produce sustained results.DiscussionCRPS may involve catecholamine hypersensitivity and central sensitization and can be notoriously challenging to treat by itself even outside of the context of an opioid taper. The patient we describe here received one additional 5‐day infusion at 6 months and remained opioid‐free while experiencing a major improvement in function and lifestyle that he still maintains. This was possible through a combination of aggressive inpatient management with ketamine as the centerpiece, followed by consistent outpatient CBT to maintain results without the need for a return to opioids. This combination has previously not been described in the setting of a rapid opioid taper and this patient’s underlying CRPS made it all the more remarkable.
Comparative analysis of different methods revealing the involvement of proteins during ageing of rice seeds
Authors: Xu Huibin , Jiang Jiahuang , Lian Ling , Wu Fangxi , Zheng Yanmei , Zhu Yongsheng , Jiang Minrong , Xie Hongguang , Wang Yupeng , Chen Liping , Xie Huaan , Zhang Jianfu 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSeed longevity is a very important characteristic controlling seed quality. However, the mechanism underlying this characteristic is poorly understood. In this study, 'FH7185', a storable rice variety, the germination rate of which was 66.63%, much higher than the control after artificial ageing under relative humidity 88% and 42°C for 21 days. Different methods were applied to reveal the involvement of proteins during ageing of rice seeds. In total, 35 differential proteins were identified from 2D‐PAGE, and 3,719 proteins from iTRAQ analysis. A comparison of these two methods showed that not all protein types could be detected on the 2D‐PAGE gels, and the dynamic range was somewhat limited. So the comprehensive proteome map from the iTRAQ analysis was used to identify the quantitatively regulated proteins that played roles in seed longevity, and found that the most marked change was the increased abundance of many metabolic enzymes, especially the ones involved in α‐linolenic acid metabolism in the embryos during ageing. OsLOX2 and OsLOX3 had a negative effect on seed longevity, which were lower in FH7185 than the control. The dehydrogenase (LOC_Os07g44430) which played a major catalytic role in lipid peroxidation, also changed significantly during ageing. Therefore, OsLOX2, OsLOX3 and Loc_OS 07G44430 may be involved in the regulation of seed longevity with a synergistic effect.
Neurocritical care monitoring of encephalopathic children with acute liver failure: A systematic review
Authors: Hunt Adam , Tasker Robert C. , Deep Akash 
Published: August 2019

AbstractResearch on non‐invasive neuromonitoring specific to PALF is limited. This systematic review identifies and synthesis the existing literature on non‐invasive approaches to monitoring for neurological sequelae in patients with PALF. A series of literature searches were performed to identify all publications pertaining to five different non‐invasive neuromonitoring modalities, in line with PRISMA guidelines. Each modality was selected on the basis of its potential for direct or indirect measurement of cerebral perfusion; studies on electroencephalographic monitoring were therefore not sought. Data were recorded on study design, patient population, comparator groups, and outcomes. A preponderance of observational studies was observed, most with a small sample size. Few incorporated direct comparisons of different modalities; in particular, comparison to invasive intracranial pressure monitoring was largely lacking. The integration of current evidence is considered in the context of the clinically significant distinctions between pediatric and adult ALF, as well as the implications for planning of future investigations to best support the evidence‐based clinical care of these patients.
Good outcome of the single‐center pediatric kidney transplant program in Abu Dhabi
Authors: Kumar Gurinder , AlIsmaili Zubaida , Ilyas Sadia Hafez , Ayyash Bakar Mustafa , Tawfik Eslam , AlMasri Omar , Al Hadhrami Hanan , Al Yafei Zain , El Ghazali Gehad , AlKhasawneh Eihab 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRenal transplantation is the treatment of choice for ESRD in children. It is associated with better quality of life, growth of children, and improved long‐term survival. The aim of the study was to evaluate the outcomes of pediatric renal transplantation at a tertiary care center in UAE. A retrospective chart review was undertaken for all the pediatric renal transplants performed at Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, UAE, over the past 9 years. The study evaluated the demographic data, outcomes, and complications of pediatric renal transplantation. The post‐transplantation outcomes including surgical complications, documented infections, graft rejection, graft and patient survival, effect on growth, and eGFR were reviewed. Between 2010 and 2018, 30 pediatric patients underwent renal transplantation. The follow‐up period ranged from 1 to 9 years with a mean of 3.3 years. The mean age of the patients at the time of transplant was 9.8 years, and 56.7% were males. Prior to the transplantation, the majority of the recipients were on peritoneal dialysis (70.0%). Main source of renal donation at our center was from LRD, chiefly from parents. Patient survival at 1 and 5 years was 100% and 96.7%, respectively. Graft survival at 1 and 5 years was 96.7% and 83.3%, respectively. During the 9‐year follow‐up period, 5 (16.7%) recipients experienced rejection episode. This study demonstrates that during 5‐year period, pediatric kidney transplantation program has achieved optimal patient (96.7%) and graft (83.3%) survival rates and is comparable to well‐established centers.
Risk factors for falls in homebound community‐dwelling older adults
Authors: Zhao Yunchuan (Lucy) , Alderden Jenny , Lind Bonnie , Stibrany Jennifer 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo examine risk factors associated with falls among homebound community‐dwelling older adults, a vulnerable population often possessing functional disabilities and chronic conditions.Design and SampleThe study was a cross‐sectional study utilizing round 6 data of the National Health and Aging Trend Study (NHATS). Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted. A total of 1,356 homebound community‐dwelling older adults aged 65 and above participated in the NHATS.MeasuresThe outcome variable was falls within the last month reported in NHATS. Independent variables were selected based on the NHATS disability conceptual model and literature review, including personal conditions, environmental conditions, and physical functioning limitations.ResultsIn the sample population, 21.2% reported falls. Males were more likely to experience a fall than females. Hypertension or depression/anxiety increased risk for falls. Older adults with hearing impairment or balance problems limiting activities were also more likely to fall.ConclusionsPublic health nurses need to conduct thorough fall risk assessment for homebound older adults, especially those with chronic health problems or functioning limitations. Studies are needed to examine the association between home environment and falls in homebound older adults.
Sun Protection Habits and Sun Exposure of Physical Education Teachers in the South of Spain
Authors: Castro‐Maqueda Guillermo De , Gutierrez‐Manzanedo José V. , Fernandez‐Santos Jorge R. , Linares‐Barrios Mario , Troya Martín Magdalena De 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe high prevalence and increasing incidence of skin cancer (SC) is a significant public health problem. We can address its main risk factor, which is incident and accumulated solar radiation, and its damages by disseminating knowledge and promoting changes in habits and attitudes toward the sun. The influence of teachers in the education of young people is crucial. Physical education teachers (PET) spend the majority of their time outdoors, thereby exposing themselves to solar radiation daily and greatly increasing the risk of SC. We carried out a case–control study matching for age and gender through surveys about photoexposure and photoprotection habits on a sample of 200 teachers (100 PET and 100 non‐PET) on South of Spain. The results confirmed that there is a significant difference in sun exposure during the workday; PET group showed higher exposure (P < 0.01). We ascertained that photoprotection habits are deficient across the population. These data contribute to the understanding of the danger associated with poor sun protection among teachers (primary and secondary school teachers) and its mitigation. It is also worth noting that future prevention campaigns will be necessary for the subsequent correct transmission of the habits to students.
Effects of HPV Status on Responsiveness to Ionizing Radiation vs Photodynamic Therapy in Head and Neck Cancer Cell lines
Authors: Kessel David , Cho Won Jin , Rakowski Joseph , Kim Harold E. , Kim Hyeong‐Reh C. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractEfficacy of ionizing radiation (I/R) was compared with phototoxic effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in vitro using two cell lines derived from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). A cell line derived from a donor with a human papilloma virus (HPV) infection was more responsive to I/R but significantly less responsive to PDT than a cell line derived from an HPV‐free patient. Cell death after I/R in the HPV(+) cell line was associated with increased DEVDase activity, a hallmark of apoptosis. The HPV(−) line was considerably less responsive to I/R, with DEVDase activity greatly reduced, suggesting an impaired apoptotic program. In contrast, the HPV(−) cells were readily killed by PDT when the ER was among the targets for photodamage. While DEVDase activity was enhanced, the death pathway appears to involve paraptosis until the degree of photodamage reached the LD99 range. These data suggest that PDT‐induced paraptosis can be a death pathway for cells with an impaired apoptotic program.
Severe maternal morbidity surveillance: Monitoring pregnant women at high risk for prolonged hospitalisation and death
Authors: Dzakpasu Susie , Deb‐Rinker Paromita , Arbour Laura , Darling Elizabeth K. , Kramer Michael S. , Liu Shiliang , Luo Wei , Murphy Phil A. , Nelson Chantal , Ray Joel G. , Scott Heather , VandenHof Michiel , Joseph K. S. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundThere is no international consensus on the definition and components of severe maternal morbidity (SMM).ObjectivesTo propose a comprehensive definition of SMM, to create an empirically justified list of SMM types and subtypes, and to use this to examine SMM in Canada.MethodsSevere maternal morbidity was defined as a set of heterogeneous maternal conditions known to be associated with severe illness and with prolonged hospitalisation or high case fatality. Candidate SMM types/subtypes were evaluated using information on all hospital deliveries in Canada (excluding Quebec), 2006‐2015. SMM rates for 2012‐2016 were quantified as a composite and as SMM types/subtypes. Rate ratios and population attributable fractions (PAF) associated with overall and specific SMM types/subtypes were estimated in relation to length of hospital stay (LOS > 7 days) and case fatality.ResultsThere were 22 799 cases of SMM subtypes (among 1 418 545 deliveries) that were associated with a prolonged LOS or high case fatality. Between 2012 and 2016, the composite SMM rate was 16.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 15.9, 16.3) per 1000 deliveries. Severe pre‐eclampsia and HELLP syndrome (514.6 per 100 000 deliveries), and severe postpartum haemorrhage (433.2 per 100 000 deliveries) were the most common SMM types, while case fatality rates among SMM subtypes were highest among women who had cardiac arrest and resuscitation (241.1 per 1000), hepatic failure (147.1 per 1000), dialysis (67.6 per 1000), and cerebrovascular accident/stroke (51.0 per 1000). The PAF for prolonged hospital stay related to SMM was 17.8% (95% CI 17.3, 18.3), while the PAF for maternal death associated with SMM was 88.0% (95% CI 74.6, 94.4).ConclusionsThe proposed definition of SMM and associated list of SMM subtypes could be used for standardised SMM surveillance, with rate ratios and PAFs associated with specific SMM types/subtypes serving to inform clinical practice and public health policy.
Concepts for prevention of complications in implant therapy
Authors: Romanos Georgios E. , Delgado‐Ruiz Rafael , Sculean Anton 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe use of dental implants is nowadays a well‐accepted and highly predictable treatment modality for restoring the dentition and reestablishing the masticatory function of edentulous and partially edentulous patients. Despite the high predictability and excellent long‐term survival rates reported for implant therapy, complications may still occur and can jeopardize both short‐ and long‐term success. The present paper provides an overview on the most important aspects related to the etiology, prevention, and management of complications associated with implant therapy. Data from the literature indicate that a number of factors, such as surgical trauma, implant diameter, type of implant‐abutment connection, abutment disconnection and reconnection, presence of microgap, and implant malpositioning, can substantially influence the biologic processes of bone remodeling and biofilm formation, thus increasing the rate of short‐ and long‐term hard‐ and soft‐tissue complications. Other factors, such as excess cement at cement‐retained prosthetic restorations, abutment mobility, and infections (e.g. peri‐implant mucositis and peri‐implantitis) caused by bacterial biofilm, are further causes for complications and failures. More recent evidence also indicates that besides the need for sufficient bone volume surrounding the implant, the presence of an adequate width and thickness of attached mucosa may improve biofilm control and limit crestal bone resorption. Furthermore, emerging evidence points also to the pivotal role of human factors as one of the most important causes of complications in implant dentistry. It can be concluded that clinicians need to consider all biologic and biomechanical factors affecting implant placement and survival, as well as undergo adequate training to improve their surgical skills to control and prevent implant complications. Careful patient selection and control of environmental and systemic factors, such as smoking, diabetes etc., coupled with an accurate surgical and prosthetic planning, enable a better prevention and control of infections.
Tobacco‐product usage as a risk factor for dental implants
Authors: Javed Fawad , Rahman Irfan , Romanos Georgios E. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe oral cavities of tobacco smokers and users of smokeless tobacco products are exposed to high concentrations of nicotine. A limited number of animal studies have assessed the effect of nicotine on osseointegration. Results from experimental studies have reported a statistically significant decrease, at 4 weeks of follow‐up, in bone‐to‐implant contact among rats exposed to nicotine compared with unexposed rats. Nicotine increases the production of inflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha) by osteoblasts. Waterpipe, pipe, and cigarette smokers are at increased risk of developing oral cancer, periodontal disease, and alveolar bone loss. One explanation for this is that smokers (regardless of the type of tobacco product) are exposed to similar chemicals, such as nicotine, tar, oxidants, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide. Moreover, raised levels of proinflammatory cytokines have been identified in the gingival crevicular fluid of cigarette smokers with peri‐implant diseases. Therefore, it is hypothesized that nicotine and chemicals in tobacco smoke induce a state of oxidative stress in peri‐implant tissues (gingiva and alveolar bone), thereby increasing the likelihood of peri‐implant disease development via an inflammatory response, which if left uncontrolled, will result in implant failure/loss. In this regard, tobacco smoking (including cigarettes, waterpipe, and pipe) is a significant risk factor for peri‐implant diseases. The impact of vaping electronic cigarettes using nicotine‐containing e‐juices remains unknown. Habitual use of smokeless tobacco products is associated with oral inflammatory conditions, such as oral precancer, cancer, and periodontal disease. However, the effect of habitual use of smokeless tobacco products on the success and survival of dental implants remains undocumented.
Chronic hyperglycemia as a risk factor in implant therapy
Authors: Javed Fawad , Romanos Georgios E. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIt has been estimated that by 2030, the number of patients with diabetes aged > 64 years will be > 82 million in underdeveloped countries, and > 48 million in developed countries. Chronic hyperglycemia delays wound healing by reducing the expression of growth factors in the wound fluid and re‐epithelialization. Impaired wound healing in patients with diabetes has also been associated with inhibition of the production of stromal cell‐derived factor‐1alpha by several tissues including bone marrow, brain, heart, spleen, and gingivae. Chronic hyperglycemia interferes with the osseointegration of implants by deferring the expression of fibronectin and integrins. Results from experimental studies have shown a significantly higher bone‐to‐implant contact around implants placed in healthy animals compared with animals with streptozotocin‐induced diabetes. Moreover, persistent hyperglycemia plays a role in abnormal differentiation of osteoclasts, thereby making bone tissue more susceptible to resorption. Furthermore, persistent hyperglycemia has also been associated with increased peri‐implant soft tissue inflammation (increased peri‐implant bleeding on probing and probing depth) and crestal bone loss. Clinical studies have shown that under optimal glycemic control dental implants can show success and survival rates of up to 100% in patients diagnosed with diabetes. Although patients with diabetes can undergo dental implant therapy and can exhibit implant survival similar to those in systemically healthy individuals, the contribution of glycemic control and regular oral hygiene maintenance cannot be disregarded.
Risk factors in lateral window sinus elevation surgery
Authors: Testori Tiziano , Weinstein Tommaso , Taschieri Silvio , Wallace Stephen S. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMaxillary sinus augmentation is the most predictable of the pre‐prosthetic surgical procedures. There are, however, known and well‐documented complications that can and do occur. The most common are the intraoperative complications of sinus membrane perforation and bleeding, and the postoperative complications of sinus graft infections, sinus infections, and sinusitis. The majority of these complications can be prevented, or their incidence greatly reduced, through a thorough understanding of maxillary sinus anatomy, the multifaceted etiologies of these conditions, and the steps that can be taken to avoid them. This volume of Periodontology 2000 will discuss both the preoperative and intraoperative procedures that will prevent these untoward outcomes and the necessary treatment modalities that will limit their adverse effects.