bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil Phosphorus Modeling for Modern Agriculture Requires Balance of Science and Practicality: A Perspective
Authors: Das Bianca , Huth Neil , Probert Merv , Condron Leo , Schmidt Susanne 
Published: September 2019

The use of phosphorus (P) fertilizers in arable crop and pastoral systems is expected to change as modern agriculture is challenged to produce more food with fewer inputs. Agricultural systems models offer a dual purpose to support and integrate recent scientific advances and to identify strategies for farmers to improve nutrient efficiency. However, compared with nitrogen and carbon, advances in P modeling have been less successful. We assessed the potential opportunity of P modeling to increase P efficiency for modern agriculture and identified the current challenges associated with modeling P dynamics at the field scale. Three major constraints were (i) a paucity of detailed field datasets to model strategies aimed at increasing P use efficiency, (ii) a limited ability to predict P cycling and availability under the local effects of climate change, and (iii) a restricted ability to match measured soil P fractions to conceptual and modelable pools in soils with different mineral properties. To improve P modeling success, modelers will need to walk a tightrope to balance the roles of assisting detailed empirical research and providing practical land management solutions. We conclude that a framework for interdisciplinary collaboration is needed to acquire suitable datasets, continually assess the need for model adjustment, and provide flexibility for progression of scientific theory. Such an approach is likely to advance P management for increased P use efficiency.Core Ideas
Models can complement research and identify strategies to increase P efficiency.
A variety of quality long‐term field trials is needed to advance model capabilities.
Well‐calibrated soil models are needed to assess climate change impacts on P cycling.
A framework is needed to streamline multidisciplinary research to improve P management.
Phosphorus mirabilis: Illuminating the Past and Future of Phosphorus Stewardship
Authors: Jarvie Helen P. , Sharpley Andrew N. , Flaten Don , Kleinman Peter J. A. 
Published: September 2019

After its discovery in 1669, phosphorus (P) was named Phosphorus mirabilis (“the miraculous bearer of light”), arising from the chemoluminescence when white P is exposed to the atmosphere. The metaphoric association between P and light resonates through history: from the discovery of P at the start of the Enlightenment period to the vital role of P in photosynthetic capture of light in crop and food production through to new technologies, which seek to capitalize on the interactions between novel ultrathin P allotropes and light, including photocatalysis, solar energy production, and storage. In this introduction to the Journal of Environmental Quality special section “Celebrating the 350th Anniversary of Discovering Phosphorus—For Better or Worse,” which brings together 22 paper contributions, we shine a spotlight on the historical and emerging challenges and opportunities in research and understanding of the agricultural, environmental, and societal significance of this vital element. We highlight the role of P in water quality impairment and the variable successes of P mitigation measures. We reflect on the need to improve P use efficiency and on the kaleidoscope of challenges facing efficient use of P. We discuss the requirement to focus on place‐based solutions for developing effective and lasting P management. Finally, we consider how cross‐disciplinary collaborations in P stewardship offer a guiding light for the future, and we explore the glimmers of hope for reconnecting our broken P cycle and the bright new horizons needed to ensure future food, water, and bioresource security for growing global populations.Core Ideas
This special section comprises 22 papers celebrating the 350th anniversary of P discovery.
Historical and emerging challenges and opportunities exist in P research and understanding.
Authors address P use efficiency and a kaleidoscope of challenges for efficient P use.
Focusing on place‐based solutions is required for effective P management.
Cross‐disciplinary collaborations in P stewardship are needed for food and water security.
Sorghum Hybrids for Low‐Input Farming Systems in West Africa: Quantitative Genetic Parameters to Guide Hybrid Breeding
Authors: Kante Moctar , Rattunde Fred , Nébié Baloua , Sissoko Ibrahima , Diallo Bocar , Diallo Abdoulaye , Touré Abocar , Weltzien Eva , Haussmann Bettina I.G. , Leiser Willmar L. 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTThe development of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] hybrids with Guinea‐race parents is a promising approach to increase yields in West Africa (WA). There is heretofore no quantitative genetic information about the genetic value of new hybrids and their parents, or about the efficiency of alternative selection methods for targeting yield performance under the predominantly low‐input, P‐deficient production conditions. This study aims to estimate the heterosis levels attainable by new Guinea‐race hybrids and the combining abilities of the current suite of parents with partial‐ to full‐Guinea‐race backgrounds of contrasting geographic origins, and to determine the effectiveness of direct selection under low‐P (LP) relative to indirect selection under high‐P (HP) conditions. Single‐cross hybrids were evaluated in 2015 and 2016 for yield under both LP and HP conditions at two locations in Mali. The hybrid yields were substantially superior to farmers’ local Guinea‐race varieties, with 20 to 80% higher means in both LP and HP environments. Average midparent and better‐parent heterosis estimates were, respectively, 78 and 48% under HP, and 75 and 42% under LP. Direct selection for yield under LP was predicted to be 20 to 60% more effective than indirect selection under HP conditions. The combining ability estimates provided initial insights into the potential benefit of germplasm from more eastern and humid regions of WA for developing a restorer pool distinct and complementary to the female pool from Mali and surrounding countries. Substantial yield superiorities of hybrids over local varieties suggested that a hybrid breeding strategy based on Guinea germplasm could help improve WA smallholder farmers’ livelihood.
Soil Biological Health: Influence of Crop Rotational Diversity and Tillage on Soil Microbial Properties
Authors: Alhameid Abdullah , Singh Jasdeep , Sekaran Udayakumar , Kumar Sandeep , Singh Shardendu 
Published: September 2019

Core Ideas
We studied the impact of three rotations and two tillage systems on soil biological health after 25 yr.
A significant rotation × tillage interaction was found for microbial biomass C and N, hot‐water‐extractable C, and urease and β‐glucosidase activity.
Adoption of no‐till and diversified crops improved these soil health properties.
Crop rotational diversity and tillage management influence soil microbial properties. Three crop rotations [maize (Zea mays L.)–soybean (Glycine max [Merr.] L.) (the 2‐yr rotation); maize–soybean–oat (Avena sativa L.) (3‐yr rotation); maize–soybean–oat–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (4‐yr rotation)] in combination with no‐till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) were used to assess the impact on soil health parameters such as microbial biomass C (MBC) and microbial biomass N (MBN), C fractions, and urease and β‐glucosidase enzymes. Soil samples were collected in the maize and soybean phases at planting and harvest in 2016 at surface depth (0–7.5 cm). A significant tillage × rotation interaction was observed for all the parameters. At planting, under the maize phase, NT with the 4‐yr rotation increased MBC by 86% and MBN by 20% compared with the same cropping system (4‐yr) under CT. The hot‐water‐extractable C fraction under NT was, respectively, 19, 27, and 71% higher at maize harvest, soybean planting, and soybean harvest than under CT. Urease activity under the 4‐yr rotation with NT was 55% higher than that under the 2‐yr rotation with NT and almost doubled that under the 4‐yr rotation with CT. Beta‐glucosidase enzyme activity was higher under the 2‐yr cropping system with NT than in the other treatments at planting and harvest in the maize phase. A diverse cropping system (maize–soybean–wheat–oat, the 4‐yr rotation) managed with NT could benefit soil health by improving MBC, MBN, hot‐water‐extractable C, and urease and β‐glucosidase enzyme activity.
Limitations to Redoximorphic Feature Development in Highly Calcareous Hydric Soils
Authors: King Matthew , Vaughan Karen L. , Clause Karen , Mattke Dan 
Published: September 2019

Core Ideas
Soil morphology in highly calcareous wetlands does not reflect current hydrology.
Despite anaerobic conditions, redox features do not form in carbonatic soils.
Problematic hydric soils in the arid west need to be investigated.
Alternative indicators must be used to identify problematic hydric soils.
Given the correct conditions, redox features will form in carbonatic soils.
Wetlands in arid climates are particularly important to understand and conserve given, their low spatial extent and high rate of delivering ecosystem services. Hydromorphic soils formed in calcareous geologic materials in western Wyoming present challenges related to wetland delineation. Despite the presence of hydrophytic vegetation and wetland hydrology, these soils have not developed the traditional redoximorphic features required to identify hydric soils. To determine the limiting factor responsible for the lack of redoximorphic feature expression, a mesocosm study was conducted with cores extracted from the field. Fifteen intact soil cores were treated with Fe, organic C (OC), a combination of Fe + OC, or no amendment and inundated for 18 wk. Oxidation–reduction potential and pH were measured weekly and after 18 wk, the barrels were drained, the soil cores were dissected, and the redoximorphic features were described. The mesocosms treated with Fe and Fe + OC generated the greatest amount of redoximorphic features (21.9 and 23.0%, respectively). In contrast, the OC‐treated and control mesocosms produced minimal redoximorphic features (0.16 and 0.08%, respectively). According to the results of this study, the addition of Fe and the accompanying acidifying conditions allowed for the development of redoximorphic features and therefore is responsible for their absence in situ. The field identification of carbonatic hydric soils will require the use of an alternative field indicator beyond soil morphological indicators.
Evolution mechanisms and fundamental equations of social water cycle fluxes
Authors: Hou Baodeng , Yang Ruixiang , Zhou Yuyan , Xiao Weihua , Wang Jianhua , Zhao Yong , Zhan Xuzhu 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The rise of socio-hydrology, addressing the interactions between human and water systems, is regarded as an innovative perspective to researches achieving the sustainable use of water resources. Revealing the social water fluxes, in terms of magnitude, structure, and variations under changing environment, could advance the understanding of water cycling under the dual driving forces: natural and anthropogenic. This study attempts to formulate the fundamental equations of the social water cycle by focusing on the evolution mechanisms of social water cycle fluxes. The endogenously dynamic characteristics of social water cycling are portrayed, i.e., the gradual change mechanism and the catastrophe mechanism, therefore dividing the evolution processes into four stages. Then, social water cycle flux reaches its peak and completes the first stage of evolution. The evolution process is an S-shaped curve process. After the peak, it enters the next evolutionary stage, where the pattern varies with the intensities of the gradual change mechanism and the catastrophe mechanism. The coordination relationships of these two mechanisms and the fluctuating characteristics in each stage are studied as well. Case studies are investigated in 39 countries globally to verify the fitting of the fundamental equations and evolution mechanisms.
Can shared standpipes fulfil the Sustainable Development Goal of universal access to safe water for urban poor in Kenya?
Authors: Sarkar Anindita 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
With the analyses of secondary data, the study finds that there has been a consistent increase in safe water coverage in Kenya over the years, mostly through paid common standpipes. However, primary data collected through in-depth field investigations in the Mathare slums of Nairobi reveal that the paid standpipes are overstressed and are prone to unreliable services, neglected operation and maintenance, illegal connections, water theft, unregulated and high tariffs and client favouritism on the basis of tribal affiliations. Thus, the most effective way to serve the urban poor is to increase the number of working standpipes with fixed operating schedules per day, along with strict enforcement of water tariff regulations.
Using response surface methodology (RSM) for optimizing turbidity removal by electrocoagulation/electro-flotation in an internal loop airlift reactor
Authors: Ntambwe Kambuyi T. , Eddaqaq F. , Driouich A. , Bejjany B. , Lekhlif B. , Mellouk H. , Digua K. , Dani A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Response surface methodology (RSM) is used to optimize the electrocoagulation/electro-flotation process applied for the removal of turbidity from surface water in an internal loop airlift reactor. Two flat aluminium electrodes are used in monopolar arrangement for the production of coagulants. The central composite design is used as a second-order mathematical model. The model describes the change of the measured responses of turbidity removal efficiency and energy consumption according to the initial conductivity (X1), applied voltage (X2), treatment time (X3) and inter-electrode distance (X4). The evaluation of the model fit quality is done by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Fisher's F-test is used to provide information about the linear, interaction and quadratic effects of factors. Multicriteria methodology, mainly the desirability function (D), is used to determine optimal conditions. The results show that, for a maximal desirability function D = 0.79, optimal conditions estimated are X1 = 1,487 μS/cm, X2 = 5 V, X3 = 6.5 min, X4 = 14 mm. The corresponding turbidity removal rate and energy consumption are 84.15% and 0.215 kWh/m3 respectively. A confirmation study is then carried out at laboratory scale using the optimal conditions estimated. The results show a turbidity removal rate of 72.05% and an energy consumption of 0.210 kWh/m3.
Electrochemical removal of nitrate from a Donnan dialysis waste stream
Authors: Makover Judah , Hasson David , Huang Yunyan , Semiat Raphael , Shemer Hilla 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The objective of this work was to investigate electrochemical removal of nitrate from a high salinity waste stream generated by Donnan dialysis. Donnan dialysis for nitrate removal is a promising technique. It produces a distinctive composition of a high salinity waste stream of NaCl or Na2SO4 that requires a viable disposal method. The waste stream has the full anionic composition of contaminated groundwater, but the only cation is sodium. Experiments were conducted in a batch system setup. A copper cathode was chosen over brass, aluminum and graphite cathodes. A dimensionally stable anode (DSA), Ti/PbO2, was selected over a Ti/Pt anode. Electrochemical denitrification of high salinity Donnan dialysis nitrate wastes was successfully achieved, with different behavior exhibited in high salinity NaCl solution than in high salinity Na2SO4 solution. NaCl inhibited nitrate removal at high salinities while Na2SO4 did not. The maximum removals after 4 h operation in the high salinity wastes were 69 and 87% for the NaCl and Na2SO4 solutions respectively.
İngilizce Dinleme Becerilerini Geliştirmek için Bir Oturumlu Strateji Eğitimi
Authors: Kımav Ali Ulus 
Published: September 2019

Tüm okullar başarılı
olmak için öğrenciler için etkili öğrenme-öğretme ortamları hazırlamalıdır
ancak bu her zaman kolay olmamaktadır. Öğrenme-öğretme ortamlarının hazırlanması
çok aşamalı bir süreçtir ve etkililiği, fiziksel ortam, sınıf mevcudu, öğrenme
malzemelerinin uygunluğu gibi dış etmenlerden etkilenebildiği gibi,
öğrencilerin gereksinimlerine ve öğrenme stillerine uygunluk, duyuşsal
etmenler, doğru öğrenme stratejilerinin kullanılması gibi bireysel etmenlerden
de etkilenmektedir. Bu durum
öğrencilerin diğer derslerde kullandıkları öğrenme stratejilerini yabancı dil
derslerinde de benzer şekilde kullandıkları dil sınıfları için de geçerlidir.
Ancak yabancı dil öğrenme stratejileri dil becerilerinin geliştirilmesinde,
özellikle dinleme becerilerinin geliştirilmesinde etkili olarak
kullanılamamaktadır. Bunun nedeni olarak farklı aksanlar, düşük yeterlik
düzeyi, gürültü, görsel destek eksikliği ve gereksinim duyulmayan stratejilerin
öğretilmesi gösterilebilir. Aynı zamanda bu becerileri geliştirmekle ilgili
yapılan araştırmalarda bu becerilerin nasıl geliştirildiğine yönelik yeterli
bilgi sunulmamaktadır. Bu problem durumundan yola çıkan bu araştırma not alma
stratejilerinin tek oturumlu strateji öğretimi yoluyla sistematik öğretiminin
öğrencilerin hedef dildeki dinleme becerileri dersindeki başarısına etkisini
araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Zayıf deneysel modele göre desenlenen bu
araştırmaya orta yeterlik seviyesindeki 19 yoğun İngilizce programı öğrencisi
gönüllü olarak katılmıştır ve bu öğrenciler gereksinimlerine ve okulun öğrenme
kazanımlarına dayalı olarak strateji eğitimi almışlardır. Yapılan ön-test ve
son-test sonuçlarına göre öğrencilerin başarı puanları arasında anlamlı fark
görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, gereksinime dayalı hazırlanan strateji öğretimi
programının başarılı olduğu görülmüştür.
Preparing India to Leverage Power of Mobile Technology: Development of a Bilingual Mobile Health Tool for Heart Patients
Authors: Jain Yojna Sah , Garg Arun , Jhamb D.K. , Jain Praful , Karar Akash 
Published: September 2019

Background:
Mobile health technology offers promising means to implement public
health strategies for the prevention and management of chronic conditions. However, at the moment,
there is a dearth of both; specific mobile health tools tailored for the knowledge and language needs
of Indian population; as well as enough systematic and scientific clinical data to analyse their impact
in varied Indian socioeconomic and disease populations.

Objective:
To develop a smartphone-based bilingual educational mobile application for heart patients
and pilot test in an Indian clinical setting.

Methods:
An Android™ based mobile application was developed according to a systematic instructional
design model. Thereafter, expert assessment was done by 3 software engineers and 2
healthcare professionals using a peer-reviewed, objective and multidimensional Mobile Application
Rating Scale (MARS). A pilot user satisfaction evaluation was done based on feedback from 35 Coronary
Artery Disease patients visiting Cardiology outpatient Department of a North Indian tertiary
care centre.

Results:
An Android™ based mobile application named as ‘Happy Heart’ was developed. The content
was developed in both Hindi and English under professional supervision. For this mobile application,
the Mean MARS score was 3.60 ± 0.86 and subjectivity score was 3.30 ± 1.03. The overall
user satisfaction response for the mobile application was 4.09 ± 0.75 indicating that most of the testers
found it useful.

Conclusion:
This mobile application is developed as a research tool to further conduct a clinical
study in Coronary Artery Disease Patients. Current evaluation was a pilot testing wherein this application
showed promising results.
ATIK KÖMÜR KATKILI ASFALT BETONU PERFORMANS KARAKTERİSTİKLERİNİN YAPAY SİNİR AĞLARI VE MERKEZİ KOMPOZİT TASARIM YÖNTEMLERİ KULLANILARAK KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
Authors: KATANALP Burak Yiğit , YILDIRIM Zeynel Baran , KARACASU Murat , İBRİKÇİ Turgay 
Published: September 2019

Bu
çalışmada atık kömür katkılı modifiye bitüm kullanılarak Marshall tasarımı ile
hazırlanmış asfalt betonu numunelerinin performans karakteristikleri deneysel
tasarım yöntemlerinden Merkezi Kompozit Tasarım (MKT) ve Geri Yayılımlı Yapay
Sinir Ağı (YSA) modeli kullanılarak tahmin edilmiştir. Her iki modelin tahmin
ettiği performans değerleri karşılaştırılmıştır. MKT yönteminin optimum olarak
belirlediği koşullarda doğrulama deneyleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca optimum
deney koşulları YSA giriş parametresi olarak tanımlanmış ve ağın ürettiği
çıktılar ile doğrulama deneyi sonuçları % 95 güven aralığının alt ve üst
limitleri arasında incelenmiştir. MKT ve YSA modellerinin yanıt değişkenleri
üzerindeki tahmin değerleri sırası ile %84.8 – 94.3 – 89.65 – 47.1 olarak elde
edilmiştir. Kullanılan modeller karşılaştırıldığında MKT ve YSA tahminlerinin
tamamının, doğrulama deney sonuçlarının ise
%91.67 nin belirlenen güven aralıklarında kaldığı gözlemlenmiştir. Kullanılan
her iki yöntemin ürettiği çıktılar sayesinde Marshall tasarımı performans
değerlerinin belirlenmesi için üretilmesi gereken numune sayılarının azalacağı
düşünülmüştür. Böylece zaman tasarrufu ve ekonomik kazançların sağlanabileceği
belirlenmiştir.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF TRANSDERMAL PATCHES OF METOPROLOL TARTRATE USING PERMEATION ENHANCERS OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC ORIGIN
Authors: CHAUHAN SHIKHA BAGHEL , SAINI SUSHILA 
Published: September 2019

Objective: Oral metoprolol tartrate has a short elimination half-life (2-3h) and low bioavailability undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism and frequent dosing. The aim of the present investigation was to formulate, develop and evaluate metoprolol tartrate transdermal patches using various synthetic and natural penetration enhancers.
Methods: Enhancers used were eugenol, limonene, basil oil, urea and SLS (sodium lauryl sulphate). Polymer used was chitosan and PEG 400 used as a plasticizer. Transdermal Films were prepared by using solvent casting method. FTIR and DSC were studied to assess any interaction between the drug and polymers. Films were evaluated for Physico-chemical Characteristics like thickness, weight variation, folding endurance, moisture loss, moisture absorption and drug content. In vitro skin permeation studies were performed using Keshary chien cell For 24 h across rat skin.
Results: Chitosan was found to be a suitable polymer for matrix formation. 3.5% w/w was used to optimize to formulate transdermal patches. 1.5% of total solution v/v lactic acid was used for dissolution of chitosan. 2.5%v/v of total solution PEG 400 was used to provide plasticity and smoothness to the patches. From the evaluation of patches formulation, F10 containing Basil oil as penetration enhancer in the concentration of 1.5% v/v was found to be best among all batches because of its consistent release rate For 24 h and extent of drug release was 85.20%. It can be concluded that naturally occurring volatile oils i.e., terpenes appear acceptable permeation enhancer and shows the best permeation across skin as indicated by high percutaneous enhancement ability.
Conclusion: The developed transdermal patches are stable, non-irritating, and had increased efficacy of metoprolol and therefore had a good potential for hypertension treatment.