bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How are Music and Emotion Links Studied?
Authors: Juslin Patrik N. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers ways to establish links between musical features and specific emotions. The first step is usually to conduct an experiment, in which listeners rate the emotional expression of different excerpts of music — either music from commercial recordings or pieces created specifically for the study. The next step is to extract musical features associated with emotion categories. This can be done in four ways: analyzing the musical score of the pieces; relying on experts, such as music theorists and musicians, asking them to rate various aspects of the musical structure; measuring acoustic parameters of the music (e.g. sound level, timing, frequency spectrum of the timbre), using dedicated computer software; and manipulating specific musical features in synthesized (computerized) performances, to evaluate how they influence a listener's judgments of emotional expression.
Does Music Arouse Emotions? How do We Know?
Authors: Juslin Patrik N. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Many researchers consider emotional reactions to music to be of major importance. However, the notion that music arouses emotions has been the subject of controversy — much more so than the notion that music is heard as expressive of emotions. The first part of the book defined emotion partly in terms of various ‘components’ that together constitute an ‘emotion episode’. Any attempt to answer whether music can arouse emotions should then proceed from this definition: To what extent might listening to music produce reactions in the different components of emotion? This chapter examines the components one by one: feeling, expression, psychophysiology, neural activation, action tendency, and regulation, also collectively referred to as the FEPNAR components.
Get Into the Groove
Authors: Juslin Patrik N. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers a psychological mechanism that can arouse musical emotions called rhythmic entrainment. If brain stem reflexes focus on music as sound and sensation, entrainment focuses on rhythm. This is a primary feature of life. After all, we live in a rhythmic environment (e.g. seasons of the year, periods of daylight and dark), and our bodies are ‘symphonies of rhythm’, as reflected in processes such as heart rate, brain waves, and sleeping patterns. Rhythmic entrainment refers to a process whereby an emotion is evoked by a piece of music because a powerful, external rhythm in the music influences some internal bodily rhythm of the listener (e.g. heart rate), such that the latter rhythm adjusts towards and eventually ‘locks in’ to a common periodicity.
Ring My Bell
Authors: Juslin Patrik N. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the psychological mechanism known as evaluative conditioning. Evaluative conditioning is defined as a process whereby an emotion is evoked by a piece of music just because this stimulus has been paired, repeatedly, with other positive or negative stimuli, which are not necessarily logically connected to the music in any way. It is a special form of classic conditioning that involves the pairing of an initially neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) with an affectively valenced, unconditioned stimulus (US). After the pairing, the CS acquires the ability to arouse the same affective state as the US in the perceiver. The remainder of the chapter discusses the characteristics of evaluative conditioning, the emotions that conditioning might arouse, and the role of conditioning in everyday life.
The Last Chorus
Authors: Juslin Patrik N. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a synthesis of the discussions in the preceding chapters. It suggests that having read the previous chapters, readers will agree that little more can be said about musical emotions these days. However, much work remains to explore and understand fully the manifold mechanisms involved. Even now, it is possible to suggest possible ways of explaining how these mechanisms could produce some of the most complex and rewarding emotions experienced with music in daily life. The chapter also considers another paradox of music and emotion, which needs to be resolved: People tend to avoid experiencing sadness in everyday life, yet they seem to find the experience of sadness pleasurable in music listening.
‘It is the next best thing to a “chat” in St J squ’
Authors: Davey Jennifer 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
At heart of this book lie thousands of letters sent to and from Mary. These letters have either been overlooked or underused by political historians. This chapter considers what Mary’s letters can tell us about Victorian political culture and it is divided into three parts. The first section charts the history of Mary’s archive. It draws attention to the uneven patterns of survival that characterize the archives of aristocratic women and stresses the importance of historicizing the archives used by historians of high politics. The second section explores how Mary used the letter as a political tool to amass and exercise political influence. The final section explores the composition and form of Mary’s political network. Using network analysis, it reconstructs Mary’s position in political society and plots her proximity to the networks that sustained political life at Westminster. Overall, it argues that a close reading of epistolary culture offers a valuable insight into the labyrinthine networks that sustained Victorian political life.
‘Begin afresh’
Authors: Davey Jennifer 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Complementing the discussion in Chapter 4, Chapter 5 examines Mary’s interaction with the machinery of the Liberal Party. It considers Mary’s attempts to work with and act alongside members of the Liberal Party in the late 1870s and 1880s. In contrast to her involvement with the Conservatives, her relationship with the Liberal Party was born out of necessity rather than ideological impulse and speaks to the restraints aristocratic women often worked within. In 1878, Mary and her husband found themselves cutting all ties with the Conservative Party. In an attempt to keep her political influence alive, Mary turned to the Liberal Party. This chapter considers, in turn, her relationship with local party officials, her only recorded electioneering efforts, her alliances with the Liberal leadership in the build-up to her husband’s appointment as Colonial Secretary in 1882, and her experiences of and involvement in Liberal cabinet politics.
International Refugee Law and the Protection of Stateless Persons
Authors: Foster Michelle , Lambert Hélène 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This book addresses a critical gap in existing scholarship by examining statelessness through the prism of international refugee law, in particular by examining the extent to which the 1951 Refugee Convention protects de jure stateless persons. It responds to the need for a coherent and inclusive legal framework to address the plight of stateless individuals who fear persecution. The central hypothesis of this book is that the capacity and potential of the 1951 Refugee Convention to protect stateless persons has been inadequately developed and understood. This is particularly so when we consider the significant transformation that has occurred over the past sixty years in delimiting state discretion in matters of nationality, including in relation to the acquisition and deprivation of nationality, and the treatment of non-nationals. While it may once have been correct to assume that matters of nationality were largely outside the realm of international law, the advent of international human rights law in particular has limited state sovereignty in this respect. Accordingly, whether a stateless person is also a refugee potentially admits of a very different answer in light of modern international human rights law as compared to 1951.
The Mode of Infinite Regression
Authors: Sienkiewicz Stefan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyses the mode of infinite regression. It argues that the main interpretations that have been given of the mode have been dogmatic ones, that is to say they have been interpretations which capture perfectly well how a dogmatic philosopher might come to suspend judgement on the basis of the mode but not how a sceptic might do so. The chapter concludes by suggesting a way in which the sceptic might come to suspend judgement on the basis of the mode by interpreting it in light of the sceptic’s method of equipollence.
The Mode of Reciprocity
Authors: Sienkiewicz Stefan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers an account of the mode of reciprocity. It identifies the type of priority on which the mode turns and—similarly to Chapter 3—argues that the standard way in which the mode has been interpreted has been a dogmatic one and offers a version of the mode according to which the sceptic might come to suspend judgement by interpreting the mode in light of the sceptic’s method of equipollence.
The Mode of Relativity
Authors: Sienkiewicz Stefan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes between three different versions of the mode of relativity which can be extracted from Sextus’ text. It argues that only one of these versions is non-trivial and that this non-trivial version is incompatible with the mode of disagreement. Given the centrality of the mode of disagreement to making sense of the sceptic’s practice if the Sextan interpreter is faced with a choice between rejecting relativity or disagreement, it is argued that relativity should be the mode that is jettisoned.
The Legitimacy of Whom?
Authors: Roughan Nicole 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that a complete account of a state’s legitimacy must evaluate not only its powers and its institutions, but also its officials. It gives reasons for separate evaluation of officials before suggesting that, to be legitimate, officials who claim a state’s authority must seek to improve the legitimacy of both the state’s powers and institutions. In exercising the state’s authority, officials owe relational duties towards those subject to the state’s powers and institutions. Finally, the chapter emphasizes that an assessment of the ‘micro-legitimacy’ of officials may be integrated with a pluralist dimension of ‘macro-legitimacy’, in which the state is one among many claimants of authority, one among many principals with official agents.
Perfectionist Liberalism and the Legitimacy of International Law
Authors: Sevel Michael 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Joseph Raz’s perfectionist liberalism, an alternative to liberal neutrality. Perfectionists, unlike neutralists, have done little to extend their view beyond the state to international law and institutions. It considers whether perfectionist liberalism can be a theory of legitimacy in this sphere. The discussion focuses on the neutralist worry that the moral pluralism and the conception of autonomy that are aspects of Raz’s view fail to respect moral diversity and the equal standing of citizens across state boundaries. In particular, it looks at Martha Nussbaum’s claim that Raz’s liberalism is less stable than John Rawls’s because it is incompatible with the moral views of many people. The chapter argues that this critique is not persuasive in the state context and, even if it were compelling, it would be less so in the suprastate context, due to well-known attributes of international institutions, including their limited jurisdiction and their relatively limited capacity to enforce norms and decisions.
Kant’s Radical Critique of Ontotheology
Authors: Abacı Uygar 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the way Kant’s revolutionary theory of modality radicalizes his critique of ontotheology in the Ideal of Pure Reason. First it shows how Kant’s downgrading of his own precritical ‘only possible argument’ from an objectively valid demonstration of the real necessity of the existence of God to a subjectively valid demonstration of the necessity of assuming the idea of such a being is due to his shift from an ontological to an epistemological interpretation of the actualist principle. Second, it argues that Kant’s refutation of the traditional ontological argument in the Ideal follows a multilayered strategy, consisting of a combination of two historical lines of objection, only the second of which presupposes his negative thesis that existence is not a real predicate, as well as an additional, third objection based on his further thesis that all existential judgments are synthetic, albeit in a peculiar sense.
Knowledge and Belief from Plato to Locke
Authors: Ayers Michael , Antognazza Maria Rosa 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This essential historical introduction to the main themes of the book starts with a close, sympathetic, and significantly novel analysis (with reference to associated arguments) of a famous argument in Plato’s Republic in which Plato draws a distinction of kind between knowledge and belief, and between their objects. It is then demonstrated that the distinction, broadly so understood, remained a dominant force, in one form or another, in all non-sceptical branches of the European philosophical tradition, including empiricism (not least, Locke’s), until the eighteenth century (the epistemology of the Stoics and of Aquinas being particularly striking examples). It is argued that there is much to learn from this history (so different from the myth of a ‘traditional analysis’ of knowledge as ‘justified true belief’), and specific features of the traditional distinction are identified as deserving the further, sympathetic consideration given, in effect, in later chapters.
International development assistance and health
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Ruckert Arne 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The pursuit of global health gains has been one the aims of international development policy for several decades. Along with migration, trade agreements and dominant macroeconomic policies (i.e., neoliberalism), development assistance (aid) is one of the defining elements of contemporary globalization, a noblesse oblige on the part of wealthier nations to support the improvement of lives in poorer, often former colonized, nations. Rarely achieving its stated commitments, and declining since its peak-generosity in the 1960s, aid has been subject to intense disagreements, vacillating between being seen as creating a neocolonial dependency, to arguments for its absolute necessity in saving lives. Since 2000 the aid discourse has been dominated by global development goals, the first set expiring in 2015 (the Millennium Development Goals) and the next and more exhaustive set running until 2030 (the Sustainable Development Goals). Whether these new goals will deliver on their commitments remains an open question.
The gendered face of global health
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Ruckert Arne 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Globalization’s misallocation of opportunities and risks applies not only between countries, but within them. One of those that stand out applies to women and girls. There are gendered health implications of globalization for men, but a longer litany of gender inequities in the social distribution and practices of power manifest in health inequalities facing women. Concern for women’s health has also assumed global policy prominence for at least the past three decades. Despite gains in child and some maternal health outcomes over this period, gendered health inequities are still unnecessarily large and derive from persistent (in some instances worsening) inequalities in the allocation of resources essential to health, such as income and food security. These structural curtailments on women’s well-being, many of them grounded in globalization processes, have not prevented mobilizing counter-measures; nor have they been devoid of some elements of female empowerment, notably in new employment opportunities for women.
The Problem of Education Quality in Developing Countries
Authors: Hossain Naomi , Hickey Sam 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The universalization of basic education was set to be one of the great policy successes of the twentieth century, yet millions are still unenrolled, and many of those who attended school learned little. The ‘learning crisis’ now dominates the global education policy agenda, yet little is understood of why education quality reforms have had so little success compared to earlier expansionary reforms. This chapter sets out the rationale for this book, which is to explore how the nature of the political settlement or distribution of power between contending social groups in a given country shapes efforts to get learning reforms on the policy agenda, how they are implemented, and what difference they make to what children learn. It discusses debates about the sources and determinants of the learning crisis, examining its extent and nature and providing a rationale for the key themes the book takes up in subsequent theoretical, empirical, and comparative chapters.
Boom Cities
Authors: Saumarez Smith Otto 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Boom Cities: Architect-Planners and the Politics of Radical Urban Renewal in 1960s Britain is the first published history of the profound transformations of British city centres in the 1960s. It details the rise and fall of this complex and notorious subject, of which it has often been said that urban planners did more damage to Britain’s cities than even the Luftwaffe had managed. The result is the first account to reveal the origins and dissolution of the cross-party consensus on modernist urban planning, before the ideological smearing that has ever since characterized the high-rise towers, dizzying ring roads, and concrete precincts that were left behind. The rebuilding of British city centres during the 1960s drastically affected the built form of urban Britain, including places ranging from traditional cathedral cities through to the decaying towns of the Industrial Revolution. Throughout the course of the book many cities are visited, but, more importantly, Boom Cities uncovers both the planning philosophy, and the political, cultural, and legislative background that created the conditions for these processes to occur across the country. It reveals the role of architect-planners in these transformations. The book also provides an unconventional account of the end of modernist approaches to the built environment, showing it from the perspective of planning and policy elites, rather than through the emergence of public opposition to planning.
Nietzsche’s Anti-Realism about Value
Authors: Leiter Brian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Nietzsche defends the metaphysical thesis that there are no objective (i.e. mind-independent) facts about values, including moral values. His primary arguments for his moral anti-realism are “best explanation” arguments: the best explanation of our moral judgments, indeed of the two-millennium long disagreements among moral philosophers, make no reference to objective moral facts. The details of an “inference to the best explanation” are laid out, and illustrated with Nietzsche’s own texts. Contemporary attempts to defend the explanatory role of moral facts are critiqued, and the radical implications of the argument from disagreement among philosophers considered and defended.
The Galactic center lobe filled with thermal plasma
Authors: Nagoshi Halca , Kubose Yuzo , Fujisawa Kenta , Sorai Kazuo , Yonekura Yoshinori , Sugiyama Koichiro , Niinuma Kotaro , Motogi Kazuhito , Aoki Takahiro 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
An observational result of a radio continuum and H92α radio recombination line of the Galactic center lobe (GCL), using the Yamaguchi 32 m radio telescope, is reported. The obtained spatial intensity distribution of the radio recombination line shows two distinctive ridge-like structures extending from the Galactic plane vertically to the north at the eastern and western sides of the Galactic center, which are connected to each other at a latitude of ${1{^{\circ}_{.}}2}$ to form a loop-like structure as a whole. This suggests that most of the radio continuum emission of the GCL is free–free emission, and that the GCL is filled with thermal plasma. The east ridge of the GCL observed with the radio recombination line separates 30 pc from the radio arc, which has been considered a part of the GCL, but coincides with a ridge of the radio continuum at a Galactic longitude of 0°. The radial velocity of the radio recombination line is found to be between −4 and +10 km s−1 across the GCL. This velocity is much smaller than expected from the Galactic rotation, and hence indicates that the GCL exists apart from the Galactic center. These characteristics of the GCL suggest that the long-standing hypothesis that the GCL was created by explosive activity in the Galactic center is unlikely, but favor that the GCL is a giant H ii region.
Food Deserts and the Causes of Nutritional Inequality*
Authors: Allcott Hunt , Diamond Rebecca , Dubé Jean-Pierre , Handbury Jessie , Rahkovsky Ilya , Schnell Molly 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
We study the causes of “nutritional inequality”: why the wealthy eat more healthfully than the poor in the United States. Exploiting supermarket entry and household moves to healthier neighborhoods, we reject that neighborhood environments contribute meaningfully to nutritional inequality. We then estimate a structural model of grocery demand, using a new instrument exploiting the combination of grocery retail chains’ differing presence across geographic markets with their differing comparative advantages across product groups. Counterfactual simulations show that exposing low-income households to the same products and prices available to high-income households reduces nutritional inequality by only about 10%, while the remaining 90% is driven by differences in demand. These findings counter the argument that policies to increase the supply of healthy groceries could play an important role in reducing nutritional inequality.
NRAMP1 promotes iron uptake at the late stage of iron deficiency in poplars
Authors: Chen Hui-Min , Wang Yi-Ming , Yang Hai-Ling , Zeng Qing-Yin , Liu Yan-Jing 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for plant survival and proliferation. Plants have evolved complex mechanisms to maintain Fe homeostasis in response to Fe deficiency. In this study, we evaluated the physiological, biochemical and transcriptomic differences between poplars grown under Fe-sufficient and Fe-deficient conditions to elucidate the mechanistic responses of poplars to Fe deficiency. Our results revealed that chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis were inhibited under Fe-deficient conditions. The inhibition of these pathways caused chlorosis and reduced shoot growth. Although both photosynthetic systems (PSI and PSII) were inhibited under Fe limitation, PSI was affected more severely and earlier than PSII. Fe deficiency also promoted root growth and increased the accumulation of divalent metal ions in roots. IRT1 and NRAMP1 are both Fe2+ transporters for iron uptake in Arabidopsis. In this study, however, only NRAMP1 was induced to promote Fe2+ uptake in roots at the late stage of Fe deficiency response. It indicated that NRAMP1, rather than the more well-known IRT1, might be a major Fe2+ transporter at the late stage of Fe-deficiency in poplars.