bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Similar acute physiological responses from effort and duration matched leg press and recumbent cycling tasks
Authors: Steele James , Butler Andrew , Comerford Zoe , Dyer Jason , Lloyd Nathan , Ward Joshua , Fisher James , Gentil Paulo , Scott Christopher , Ozaki Hayao 
Published: February 2018

The present study examined the effects of exercise utilising traditional resistance training (leg press) or ‘cardio’ exercise (recumbent cycle ergometry) modalities upon acute physiological responses. Nine healthy males underwent a within session randomised crossover design where they completed both the leg press and recumbent cycle ergometer conditions. Conditions were approximately matched for effort and duration (leg press: 4 × 12RM using a 2 s concentric and 3 s eccentric repetition duration controlled with a metronome, thus each set lasted 60 s; recumbent cycle ergometer: 4 × 60 s bouts using a resistance level permitting 80–100 rpm but culminating with being unable to sustain the minimum cadence for the final 5–10 s). Measurements included VO2, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), blood lactate, energy expenditure, muscle swelling, and electromyography. Perceived effort was similar between conditions and thus both were well matched with respect to effort. There were no significant effects by ‘condition’ in any of the physiological responses examined (all p > 0.05). The present study shows that, when both effort and duration are matched, resistance training (leg press) and ‘cardio’ exercise (recumbent cycle ergometry) may produce largely similar responses in VO2, RER, blood lactate, energy expenditure, muscle swelling, and electromyography. It therefore seems reasonable to suggest that both may offer a similar stimulus to produce chronic physiological adaptations in outcomes such as cardiorespiratory fitness, strength, and hypertrophy. Future work should look to both replicate the study conducted here with respect to the same, and additional physiological measures, and rigorously test the comparative efficacy of effort and duration matched exercise of differing modalities with respect to chronic improvements in physiological fitness.
Quantifying Land and People Exposed to Sea‐Level Rise with No Mitigation and 1.5°C and 2.0°C Rise in Global Temperatures to Year 2300
Authors: Brown S. , Nicholls R. J. , Goodwin P. , Haigh I. D. , Lincke D. , Vafeidis A. T. , Hinkel J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe use multiple synthetic mitigation sea‐level scenarios, together with a non‐mitigation sea‐level scenario from the Warming Acidification and Sea‐level Projector model. We find sea‐level rise (SLR) continues to accelerate post‐2100 for all but the most aggressive mitigation scenarios indicative of 1.5°C and 2.0°C. Using the Dynamic Interactive Vulnerability Assessment modeling framework, we project land and population exposed in the 1 in 100 year coastal flood plain under SLR and population change. In 2000, the flood plain is estimated at 540 × 103 km2. By 2100, under the mitigation scenarios, it ranges between 610 × 103 and 640 × 103 km2 (580 × 103 and 700 × 103 km2 for the 5th and 95th percentiles). Thus differences between the mitigation scenarios are small in 2100. However, in 2300, flood plains are projected to increase to between 700 × 103 and 960 × 103 km2 in 2300 (610 × 103 and 1290 × 103 km2) for the mitigation scenarios, but 1630 × 103 km2 (1190 × 103 and 2220 × 103 km2) for the non‐mitigation scenario. The proportion of global population exposed to SLR in 2300 is projected to be between 1.5% and 5.4% (1.2%–7.6%) (assuming no population growth after 2100) for the aggressive mitigation and the non‐mitigation scenario, respectively. Hence over centennial timescales there are significant benefits to climate change mitigation and temperature stabilization. However, sea‐levels will continue to rise albeit at lower rates. Thus potential impacts will keep increasing necessitating adaptation to existing coastal infrastructure and the careful planning of new coastal developments.
Massive Mortality of a Planktivorous Seabird in Response to a Marine Heatwave
Authors: Jones Timothy , Parrish Julia K. , Peterson William T. , Bjorkstedt Eric P. , Bond Nicholas A. , Ballance Lisa T. , Bowes Victoria , Hipfner J. Mark , Burgess Hillary K. , Dolliver Jane E. , Lindquist Kirsten , Lindsey Jacqueline , Nevins Hannahrose M. , Robertson Roxanne R. , Roletto Jan , Wilson Laurie , Joyce Trevor , Harvey James 
Published: February 2018

AbstractClimate change has exacerbated the occurrence of large‐scale sea surface temperature anomalies, or marine heatwaves (MHWs)—extreme phenomena often associated with mass mortality events of marine organisms. Using a combination of citizen science and federal data sets, we investigated the causal mechanisms of the 2014/2015 die‐off of Cassin's Auklets (Ptychoramphus aleuticus), a small zooplanktivorous seabird, during the NE Pacific MHW of 2013–2015. Carcass deposition followed an effective reduction in the energy content of mesozooplankton, coincident with the loss of cold‐water foraging habitat caused by the intrusion of the NE Pacific MHW into the nearshore environment. Models examining interannual variability in effort‐controlled carcass abundance (2001–2014) identified the biomass of lipid‐poor zooplankton as the dominant predictor of increased carcass abundance. In 2014, Cassin's Auklets dispersing from colonies in British Columbia likely congregated into a nearshore band of cooler upwelled water and ultimately died from starvation following the shift in zooplankton composition associated with onshore transport of the NE Pacific MHW. For Cassin's Auklets, already in decline due to ocean warming, large‐scale and persistent MHWs might represent a global population precipice.
Circulation of Venusian Atmosphere at 90–110 km Based on Apparent Motions of the O2 1.27 μm Nightglow From VIRTIS‐M (Venus Express) Data
Authors: Gorinov D. A. , Khatuntsev I. V. , Zasova L. V. , Turin A. V. , Piccioni G. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe paper is devoted to the investigation of Venus mesosphere circulation at 90–110 km altitudes, where tracking of the O2(a1Δg) 1.27 μm nightglow is practically the only method of studying the circulation. The images of the nightglow were obtained by VIRTIS‐M on Venus Express over the course of more than 2 years. The resulting global mean velocity vector field covers the nightside between latitudes 75°S–20°N and local time 19–5 h. The main observed mode of circulation is two opposite flows from terminators to midnight; however, the wind speed in the eastward direction from the morning side exceeds the westward (evening) by 20–30 m/s, and the streams “meet” at 22.5 ± 0.5 h. The influence of underlying topography was suggested in some cases: Above mountain regions, flows behave as if they encounter an “obstacle” and “wrap around” highlands. Instances of circular motion were discovered, encompassing areas of 1,500–4,000 km.
Increasing Mobility of High Arctic Sea Ice Increases Marine Hazards Off the East Coast of Newfoundland
Authors: Barber D. G. , Babb D. G. , Ehn J. K. , Chan W. , Matthes L. , Dalman L. A. , Campbell Y. , Harasyn M. L. , Firoozy N. , Theriault N. , Lukovich J. V. , Zagon T. , Papakyriakou T. , Capelle D. W. , Forest A. , Gariepy A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractHeavy ice conditions along Canada's east coast during spring 2017 presented hazardous conditions for the maritime industry and required the Canadian Coast Guard to pull its research icebreaker, CCGS Amundsen, off its scientific cruise to provide ice escort services and conduct search and rescue operations along Newfoundland's northeast coast. Greater ice concentrations and a thicker ice pack than are typical of this area created the anomalous ice cover. Within this paper we present in situ observations of the ice cover, confirming that pieces of multiyear sea ice from the high Arctic were present within the ice cover, and subsequently examine the transport pathway that connects the export of thick multiyear sea ice from the Lincoln Sea and Canadian Arctic Archipelago to coastal communities in Newfoundland. We conclude with a discussion on how an increasingly mobile Arctic sea ice cover may increase these ice hazards in the south.
Assessing the Time Dependence of Reconnection With Poynting's Theorem: MMS Observations
Authors: Genestreti K. J. , Cassak P. A. , Varsani A. , Burch J. L. , Nakamura R. , Wang S. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe investigate the time dependence of electromagnetic‐field‐to‐plasma energy conversion in the electron diffusion region of asymmetric magnetic reconnection. To do so, we consider the terms in Poynting's theorem. In a steady state there is a perfect balance between the divergence of the electromagnetic energy flux
and the conversion between electromagnetic field and particle energy
. This energy balance is demonstrated with a particle‐in‐cell simulation of reconnection. We also evaluate each of the terms in Poynting's theorem during an observation of a magnetopause reconnection region by Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS). We take the equivalence of both sides of Poynting's theorem as an indication that the errors associated with the approximation of each term with MMS data are small. We find that, for this event, balance between
is only achieved for a small fraction of the energy conversion region at/near the X‐point. Magnetic energy was rapidly accumulating on either side of the current sheet at roughly 3 times the predicted energy conversion rate. Furthermore, we find that while
and
are observed, as is expected for reconnection, the energy accumulation is driven by the overcompensation for
by
. We note that due to the assumptions necessary to do this calculation, the accurate evaluation of
may not be possible for every MMS‐observed reconnection event; but, if possible, this is a simple approach to determine if reconnection is or is not in a steady state.
Statistical Properties of Plasmaspheric Hiss From Van Allen Probes Observations
Authors: Hartley D. P. , Kletzing C. A. , Santolík O. , Chen L. , Horne R. B. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractVan Allen Probes observations are used to statistically investigate plasmaspheric hiss wave properties. This analysis shows that the wave normal direction of plasmaspheric hiss is predominantly field aligned at larger L shells, with a bimodal distribution, consisting of a near‐field aligned and a highly oblique component, becoming apparent at lower L shells. Investigation of this oblique population reveals that it is most prevalent at L < 3, frequencies with f/fce>0.01 (or f > 700 Hz), low geomagnetic activity levels, and between 1900 and 0900 magnetic local time. This structure is similar to that reported for oblique chorus waves in the equatorial region, perhaps suggesting a causal link between the two wave modes. Ray tracing results from HOTRAY confirm that it is feasible for these oblique chorus waves to be a source of the observed oblique plasmaspheric hiss population. The decrease in oblique plasmaspheric hiss occurrence rates during more elevated geomagnetic activity levels may be attributed to the increase in Landau resonant electrons causing oblique chorus waves to be more substantially damped outside of the plasmasphere. In turn, this restricts the amount of wave power that can access the plasmasphere and evolve into oblique plasmaspheric hiss. These results confirm that, despite the difference in location of this bimodal distribution compared to previous studies, a direct link between oblique equatorial chorus outside of the plasmasphere and oblique hiss at low L shells is plausible. As such, these results are in keeping with the existing theory of chorus as the source of plasmaspheric hiss.
Microstructural Evolution of Porosity and Stress During the Formation of Brittle Shear Fractures: A Discrete Element Model Study
Authors: LongJohn Tamunoisoala , Morgan Julia K. , Dugan Brandon 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBrittle fracturing in rocks is a progressive process involving changes in stress, strain, and porosity. Changes in these properties occur heterogeneously within a rock and are manifest at the grain scale, which is difficult to observe directly in the laboratory or the field. This study uses the discrete element method to show that fractures correspond to zones of generally lower stresses, higher porosity, and highly localized dilation and distortional strain. Using the discrete element method, we conducted numerical biaxial experiments at different confining pressures to probe the internal conditions of a low cohesive sandy sediment numerical analog. When compression begins, the stresses within the sandy sediment are relatively homogeneous with anastomosing stress chains. At yield stress, when the confining pressure is relatively low, multiple dilational bands start to open. At peak stress, high‐magnitude stress chains localize adjacent to the developing shear band and distortion is evident. Postpeak stress, through‐going shear fractures are fully developed. High stresses are transmitted across the fracture where porosity is low through a network of particles in contact. With increasing confining pressure, distortion is favored over dilation during deformation. Also, the number of particles that define the width of a stress chain across a shear fracture, and the steepness of the fracture, increases. Our results can be applied to understanding stress conditions of field samples, and in constraining rock property changes during reservoir modeling of fractured reservoirs.
Atmosphere‐Ice‐Ocean‐Ecosystem Processes in a Thinner Arctic Sea Ice Regime: The Norwegian Young Sea ICE (N‐ICE2015) Expedition
Authors: Granskog Mats A. , Fer Ilker , Rinke Annette , Steen Harald 
Published: February 2018

AbstractArctic sea ice has been in rapid decline the last decade and the Norwegian young sea ICE (N‐ICE2015) expedition sought to investigate key processes in a thin Arctic sea ice regime, with emphasis on atmosphere‐snow‐ice‐ocean dynamics and sea ice associated ecosystem. The main findings from a half‐year long campaign are collected into this special section spanning the Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, and Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences and provide a basis for a better understanding of processes in a thin sea ice regime in the high Arctic. All data from the campaign are made freely available to the research community.
From Ice Sheets to Main Streets: Intermediaries Connect Climate Scientists to Coastal Adaptation
Authors: Ultee Lizz , Arnott James C. , Bassis Jeremy , Lemos Maria Carmen 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDespite the societal relevance of sea‐level research, a knowledge‐to‐action gap remains between researchers and coastal communities. In the agricultural and water‐management sectors, intermediaries such as consultants and extension agencies have a long and well‐documented history of helping to facilitate the application of scientific knowledge on the ground. However, the role of such intermediaries in adaptation to sea‐level rise, though potentially of vital importance, has been less thoroughly explored. In this commentary, we describe three styles of science intermediation that can connect researchers working on sea‐level projections with decision‐makers relying on those projections. We illustrate these styles with examples of recent and ongoing contexts for the application of sea‐level research, at different spatial scales and political levels ranging from urban development projects to international organizations. Our examples highlight opportunities and drawbacks for the researchers involved and communities adapting to rising seas.
Autoimmune postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
Authors: Watari Mari , Nakane Shunya , Mukaino Akihiro , Nakajima Makoto , Mori Yukiko , Maeda Yasuhiro , Masuda Teruaki , Takamatsu Koutaro , Kouzaki Yanosuke , Higuchi Osamu , Matsuo Hidenori , Ando Yukio 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the association between postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and circulating antiganglionic acetylcholine receptor (gAChR) antibodies. We reviewed clinical assessments of Japanese patients with POTS, and determined the presence of gAChR antibodies in serum samples from those patients. Luciferase immunoprecipitation systems detected anti‐gAChRα3 and β4 antibodies in the sera from POTS (29%). Antecedent infections were frequently reported in patients in POTS patients. Moreover, autoimmune markers and comorbid autoimmune diseases were also frequent in seropositive POTS patients. Anti‐gAChR antibodies were detectable in significant number of patients with POTS, and POTS entailed the element of autoimmune basis.
Self‐Aligned and Scalable Growth of Monolayer WSe2–MoS2 Lateral Heterojunctions
Authors: Li Ming‐Yang , Pu Jiang , Huang Jing‐Kai , Miyauchi Yuhei , Matsuda Kazunari , Takenobu Taishi , Li Lain‐Jong 
Published: February 2018

Abstract2D layered heterostructures have attracted intensive interests due to their unique optical, transport, and interfacial properties. The laterally stitched heterojunction based on dissimilar 2D transition metal dichalcogenides forms an intrinsic p–n junction without the necessity of applying an external voltage. However, no scalable processes are reported to construct the devices with such lateral heterostructures. Here, a scalable strategy, two‐step and location‐selective chemical vapor deposition, is reported to synthesize self‐aligned WSe2–MoS2 monolayer lateral heterojunction arrays and demonstrates their light‐emitting devices. The proposed fabrication process enables the growth of high‐quality interfaces and the first successful observation of electroluminescence at the WSe2–MoS2 lateral heterojunction. The electroluminescence study has confirmed the type‐I alignment at the interface rather than commonly believed type‐II alignment. This self‐aligned growth process paves the way for constructing various 2D lateral heterostructures in a scalable manner, practically important for integrated 2D circuit applications.
Individual Adjustment of Electrical Conductivity and Thermopower Enabled by Multiple Interfaces in Polyaniline‐Based Ternary Hybrid Nanomaterials for High Thermoelectric Performances
Authors: Wang Yao , Yu Chao , Sheng Ming , Song Silong , Deng Yuan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractRecent developed conducting polymer based hybrid thermoelectric (TE) materials provide a promising alternative route for energy conversion on a large scale. However, high thermopower largely relies on high content of low‐abundance elements, such as tellurium, which impedes the mass production of these materials. To optimize the compositions of the hybrids and further improve the TE properties, interfacial engineering is therefore employed to modulate the carrier transport properties in rationally designed multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)‐Te nanorod/polyaniline (PANI) ternary hybrid nanomaterials considering the similar π–π conjugated interactions among these constituents. The effects of MWCNTs and Te nanorods, especially the multiple interfaces formed between the constituents, on the TE performances and carrier transport behavior are studied in depth. Due to simultaneous increase in both electrical conductivity and thermopower, an optimal power factor of 54.4 µW m−1 K−2 is obtained in 52%Te‐16% MWCNT/PANI film, which is almost twice the value of binary Te/PANI film at the same Te content and comparable to that of 60% Te/PANI film. Moreover, the ternary hybrid film shows good mechanical stability. This study demonstrates an effective strategy to improve TE performances of conducting polymer based hybrids and has great potential for cost‐effective flexible energy conversion devices.
Suppressing the Self‐Discharge of Supercapacitors by Modifying Separators with an Ionic Polyelectrolyte
Authors: Wang Haiyan , Zhou Qinqin , Yao Bowen , Ma Hongyun , Zhang Miao , Li Chun , Shi Gaoquan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe application of supercapacitors for energy storage is severely limited by their self‐discharging behavior. Herein, a convenient technique is reported to effectively suppress the self‐discharge of typical activated carbon‐based supercapacitors by modifying their porous cellulose separators with a cationic polyelectrolyte, polyethyleneimine. Experimental and theoretical studies indicate that polyelectrolyte modification slows the ion diffusion driven by concentration gradient, while does not sacrifice the electrochemical performances of the supercapacitors.
All‐Glass 3D Optofluidic Microchip with Built‐in Tunable Microlens Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser‐Assisted Etching
Authors: Hu Yanlei , Rao Shenglong , Wu Sizhu , Wei Pengfei , Qiu Weixin , Wu Dong , Xu Bing , Ni Jincheng , Yang Liang , Li Jiawen , Chu Jiaru , Sugioka Koji 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDevelopment of tunable microlenses by taking advantage of the physical adaptability of fluids is one of the challenges of optofluidic techniques, since it offers many applications in biochips, consumer electronics, and medical engineering. Current optofluidic tuning methods using electrowetting or pneumatic pressure typically suffer from high complexity involving external electromechanical actuating devices and limited tuning performance. In this paper, a novel and simple tuning method is proposed that changes the liquid refractive index in an optofluidic channel while leaving the shape of the microlens unchanged. To create an optofluidic microlens with high robustness and optical performance, built‐in microlenses are fabricated inside 3D glass microfluidic channels by optimized single‐operation wet etching assisted by a femtosecond laser. Tuning of focusing properties is demonstrated by filling the channel with media having different indices. Continuous tuning over a wide range (more than threefold tunability for both focal length and focal spot size) is also achieved by pumping sucrose solutions with different concentrations into the microchip channels. Reversible tuning is experimentally verified, indicating intriguing properties of the all‐glass optofluidic microchip. Both the proposed tuning method and the all‐glass architecture with built‐in microlens offer great potential toward numerous applications, including microfluidic adaptive imaging and biomedical sensing.
Measuring the effect of agricultural cooperatives on household income: Case study of a rice‐producing cooperative in China
Authors: Hoken Hisatoshi , Su Qun 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAgricultural cooperatives in China, known as “Farmers’ Professional Cooperatives” (FPCs), are becoming popular and have been intensely promoted by the Chinese government to improve the economic welfare of small farmers. However, few studies on FPCs have measured the benefits to gain farmers who participate in FPCs after controlling for observable attributes of farmers. This paper investigates the treatment effect of participation in a rice‐producing cooperative in suburban China using the propensity score matching (PSM) method. Estimated results show that a significant difference is observed between participants and nonparticipants of the cooperative in terms of net income from rice production. In addition, there is significant heterogeneity of the treatment effects between large and small farmers. Therefore, we can conclude that the participation in agricultural cooperatives is more beneficial to relatively small farmers who are subject to suffer from higher transaction costs. [EconLit citations: Q12, Q13, O13]