bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of career awareness on perceived career and talent development self-efficacy and career barriers among nursing students
Authors: Hashish Ebtsam Aly Abou 
Published: March 2019

Background Providing effective methods of raising career awareness for nursing students could affect their career self-efficacy and enable them to overcome the potential career barriers. Aims The aim of this study was two-fold: (a) to investigate the effect of career-awareness sessions on perceived career and talent development self-efficacy and career barriers among nursing students; and (b) to determine the relationship between career and talent development self-efficacy and career barriers. Methods A quasi-experimental research study with one-group, pre-test post-test design was conducted using a convenience sample of nursing students ( N = 245) who enrolled in the second year at the Technical Nursing Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt. Career Awareness Sessions (CASs) were introduced to nursing students as the study intervention. The Career and Talent Development Self-Efficacy Scale and the Career Barriers Inventory were used to measure study variables for pre- and post-awareness sessions. Results CASs had a significant effect on study variables, where the career and talent development self-efficacy score of nursing students significantly increased after sessions. Also, the career barriers score significantly decreased after sessions ( p < 0.001). A significant negative correlation between perceived career and talent development self-efficacy and career barriers was found ( p < 0.001). Conclusions Nursing curricula should prepare nursing students by offering continuous educational opportunities to assist them in enhancing their talent development self-efficacy needed for their professional roles and to overcome their potential career barriers.
Three-dimensional-guided navigation percutaneous screw fixation of fragility fractures of the pelvis
Authors: Wong Justin Shing Yan , Lau Janice Chi Kay , Chui King Him , Tiu Kwok Leung , Lee Kin Bong , Li Wilson 
Published: March 2019

Background: Three-dimensional (3D)-guided navigation percutaneous screw fixation of pelvi-acetabular fractures has been reported in patients with high-energy trauma. Its use in fragility fractures of the pelvis is expanding and its results are promising. Methods: We report a series of 17 consecutive patients with fragility fractures of the pelvis treated with 3D-guided navigation percutaneous screw fixation from 2016 to 2017. Percutaneous screw trajectories were planned preoperatively for the majority of patients. Closed reduction was performed prior to fixation in grossly displaced fractures. Results: The mean time to surgery was 8.6 ± 2.4 days, and the mean intraoperative blood loss was 94.1 ± 26.6 mL. One early surgical complication occurred involving an infected pelvic external fixator iliac pin track site, and there were no cases of neurological deficits after fixation. In total, 7 of the 14 patients had screw backout, and the mean backout distance was 8.3 ± 4.4 mm. Cortical perforation was seen in one patient involving an anterior column screw by 5.7 mm; 14 patients were followed up for a mean of 18.7 ± 2.8 months; 13 patients achieved complete fracture union, and 1 patient had a fracture non-union. Premorbid ambulatory function was restored in 8 of the 14 patients. The mean visual analogue scale for pain severity at follow-up was 0.36 ± 0.50. There were no cases of 30-day and 1-year mortality. Conclusion: 3D-guided navigation percutaneous screw fixation is a safe, precise, and effective surgical technique for managing fragility fractures of the pelvis.
Trends in pediatric cervical spine injuries in the United States in a 10-year period
Authors: Lykissas Marios , Gkiatas Ioannis , Spiliotis Antonios , Papadopoulos Dimitrios 
Published: March 2019

Background: Cervical spine fractures (CSFs) are potentially devastating injuries in pediatric population. Fortunately, these injuries are uncommon in pediatric patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the epidemiology, the risk factors, mechanisms of injury and to identify possible strategies for prevention. In addition, the aim of the current study was to compare CSF sustained in 2003 to CSF sustained in 2008 and 2013 so as to recognize the trend of pediatric CSFs in the United States. Methods: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was queried for CSF sustained in pediatric population up to 16 years of age for years 2003, 2008, and 2013. Outcomes of interest were patient characteristics (age and sex), causes of CSF, and mechanism of injury. Results: Eighty pediatric patients with CSF were identified. The average age was 10.5 years. Boys sustained significantly more CSF than girls. Statistically significant more CSF were occurred in children of 10–16 years than in children up to 9 years. Sports or recreational activities and home-related accidents were the predominant causes of CSF. Mechanisms of injury were age-related, with younger children sustaining CSF as a result of home-related accidents while adolescents commonly injured during sporting or recreational activities. In contrast to current data in literature, motor vehicle accidents were not a major cause of CSF. Comparing the years 2003, 2008, and 2013, statistically significant differences in the incidence of CSF were not found. Conclusions: Our study confirms previous findings that adolescents who sustain CSF have higher incidence of sport or recreation-related accidents than younger patients who sustain commonly home-related accidents as a consequence of insufficient parental supervision. The perception that motor vehicle accidents comprise major cause of CSF appears not to be true.
The beginning of the Eastern truth: The cultural elucidation of the truth 真 zhen
Authors: Ha Youngsam 
Published: March 2019

This article analyzes the etymology of the Chinese character 真 zheēn and researches what truth was, and how truth appeared, to the ancient Chinese people. The concept of truth in mainstream Western philosophy is examined first, and I compare it with the Chinese notion of truth through the etymology of the Chinese character 真 zheēn. Truth was not recognized by the dichotomy of ‘truth versus falsity’ in ancient China; nor did ancient Chinese people logically argue the correspondence of what was said and the state of affairs; nor did the truth have to be represented in accurate language. I argue that it was not after Shuowen Jiezi (说文解字) in the Han period when the Chinese character 真 zheēn, which means ‘truth’, first appeared; rather it appeared long before this in the bronze inscriptions of the Western Zhou period. Moreover, it appeared in the form of 贞 zheēn in the oracle bone era in the 13th century BC. In addition, 贞 zheēn in the period of the oracle bone era, the original form of 真 zheēn, composed of 卜 buˇ and 鼎 dǐng (changed into 贝 bèi later) describes the embodiment of the gods’ will through divination. This is no different from aletheia, meaning ‘truth’ in Greek – that is, unconcealment ( unverborgenheit) revealing something concealed ( letheia). Therefore, the view that 真 zheēn and the meaning of truth first appeared after the Han Dynasty and that the concept of truth in China is different from that of the West should be rediscussed from different angles, and the denigration of the East based on this recognition leaves room for reconsideration.
Intron-loss evolution of hatching enzyme genes in Teleostei
Authors: Kawaguchi Mari , Hiroi Junya , Miya Masaki , Nishida Mutsumi , Iuchi Ichiro , Yasumasu Shigeki 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Hatching enzyme, belonging to the astacin metallo-protease family, digests egg envelope at embryo hatching. Orthologous genes of the enzyme are found in all vertebrate genomes. Recently, we found that exon-intron structures of the genes were conserved among tetrapods, while the genes of teleosts frequently lost their introns. Occurrence of such intron losses in teleostean hatching enzyme genes is an uncommon evolutionary event, as most eukaryotic genes are generally known to be interrupted by introns and the intron insertion sites are conserved from species to species. Here, we report on extensive studies of the exon-intron structures of teleostean hatching enzyme genes for insight into how and why introns were lost during evolution.

Results
We investigated the evolutionary pathway of intron-losses in hatching enzyme genes of 27 species of Teleostei. Hatching enzyme genes of basal teleosts are of only one type, which conserves the 9-exon-8-intron structure of an assumed ancestor. On the other hand, otocephalans and euteleosts possess two types of hatching enzyme genes, suggesting a gene duplication event in the common ancestor of otocephalans and euteleosts. The duplicated genes were classified into two clades, clades I and II, based on phylogenetic analysis. In otocephalans and euteleosts, clade I genes developed a phylogeny-specific structure, such as an 8-exon-7-intron, 5-exon-4-intron, 4-exon-3-intron or intron-less structure. In contrast to the clade I genes, the structures of clade II genes were relatively stable in their configuration, and were similar to that of the ancestral genes. Expression analyses revealed that hatching enzyme genes were high-expression genes, when compared to that of housekeeping genes. When expression levels were compared between clade I and II genes, clade I genes tends to be expressed more highly than clade II genes.

Conclusions
Hatching enzyme genes evolved to lose their introns, and the intron-loss events occurred at the specific points of teleostean phylogeny. We propose that the high-expression hatching enzyme genes frequently lost their introns during the evolution of teleosts, while the low-expression genes maintained the exon-intron structure of the ancestral gene.
LLIN Evaluation in Uganda Project (LLINEUP): a cross-sectional survey of species diversity and insecticide resistance in 48 districts of Uganda
Authors: Lynd Amy , Gonahasa Samuel , Staedke Sarah G. , Oruni Ambrose , Maiteki-Sebuguzi Catherine , Dorsey Grant , Opigo Jimmy , Yeka Adoke , Katureebe Agaba , Kyohere Mary , Hemingway Janet , Kamya Moses R. , Donnelly Martin J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Background
Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are the principal tool for malaria control in Africa and are presently treated with a single class of insecticide; however, increasing levels of insecticide resistance threaten their success. In response to this threat nets have been developed that incorporate the synergist, piperonyl butoxide (PBO), which inhibits the activity of cytochrome P450s which is one main mechanisms of insecticide resistance, allowing resistance to pyrethroids to be reversed. However, data on the value and cost effectiveness of these nets is lacking. A large-scale cluster randomised trial of conventional LLINs and PBO-LLINs was conducted in Uganda in 104 health sub-districts (HSDs) in 2017–2019. Prior to the mass distribution of LLINs, a baseline entomological survey was carried out, the results of which are reported herein. Ten households from each HSD were randomly selected for entomological surveillance at baseline which included household mosquito collections.

Results
Prior to LLIN distribution entomological collections were carried out in 1029 houses across the 104 HSDs. Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) was the principal vector in all but 9 of the 71 HSDs that yielded vector species. Molecular analysis found An. gambiae (s.s.) to be the predominant vector collected. Plasmodium falciparum was detected in 5.5% of An. gambiae (s.s.) and in 4.0% of An. funestus (s.s.) examined. Infection rates of other plasmodium species (P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae) were lower with infection rates of 1.2% and 1.7% for An. gambiae (s.s.) and An. funestus (s.s.), respectively. The knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation Vgsc-L1014S was found at very high frequency in An. gambiae (s.s.) with the Vgsc-L1014F mutation at low frequency and the wild-type allele virtually absent. In An. arabiensis the wild-type allele was predominant. The resistance-associated alleles, Cyp4j5-L43F and Coeae1d were found at moderate frequencies which varied across the study site. Vgsc-N1575Y mutation was not found in any samples examined.

Conclusions
No significant differences between planned intervention arms was observed in vector densities, sporozoite infection rate or insecticide resistance marker frequency across the study site prior to the distribution of LLINs. Very high levels of kdr resistance were observed in all areas; however, the resistance-associated markers Cyp4j5-L43F and Coeae1d were found at varying frequencies across the study site which may have implications for the effectiveness of standard LLINs.
Trial registration This study is registered with ISRCTN, ISRCTN17516395. Registered 14 February 2017, http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN17516395
Discrimination in a search and matching model with self-employment
Authors: Lain Jonathan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn many urban African labour markets, women outnumber men in self-employment, even though gender earnings gaps are larger for the self-employed than the wage-employed. In this paper, we suggest an explanation for this pattern using a search and matching model that allows for individual heterogeneity and participation in both self- and wage-employment as well as discrimination against women in the wage sector. We show that discrimination in wage-employment can generate gender earnings gaps across all sectors of the economy, even if the underlying ability distributions for women and men are identical. This result arises because discrimination creates extra frictions for women, making it harder for them to select occupations according to their comparative advantage. Moreover, the earnings gaps that arise turn out to be larger for the self-employed, even though it is not the self-employment sector that is characterised by discrimination. Policy makers may therefore need to target the wage sector in order to address gender inequality for the self-employed.
Fluid simulations in heritage science
Authors: Grau-Bové Josep , Mazzei Luca , Strlic Matija , Cassar May 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This review addresses the use of computational fluid dynamics for the interpretation and preservation of heritage. Fluid dynamic simulations in the heritage field focus mostly on slow air movement in indoor spaces and they usually involve temperature and humidity. Simulations have different roles: they may be exploratory, they may be used to support preventive conservation and occasionally they aid historical or archaeological interpretation. The research questions rarely involve testing or development of new mathematical formulations; instead, existing computational models are used as a means to help solve practical issues. Computationally, the simulations are typically steady-state and they always use a turbulence model. Experimental validations against measured data are uncommon and there is a need for the production of benchmarking cases and the publication of experimental data. Further research is needed in order to explore suitable approximations to the simulation of change in the time-scale of months or years, low turbulence flows for which current mainstream turbulence models are ill-suited, and new mathematical formulations for near-wall transport phenomena.
Evaluation of the expression of Bmi-1 stem cell marker in sinonasal melanomas and its correlation with the expression of cell cycle proteins
Authors: dos Santos Harim Tavares , de Souza do Nascimento Juliana , Meireles Fernanda , Scarini João Figueira , Egal Erika Said , Montalli Victor Angelo , Fonseca Felipe Paiva , Mariano Fernanda Viviane , Altemani Albina 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Background
Sinonasal melanomas (SNM) are aggressive neoplasms, which present distinct clinicopathological and molecular aspects when compared to cutaneous melanomas (CM). B-cell-specific moloney murine leukemia virus integration site-1 (Bmi-1) is a stem cell marker involved in the regulation of the cell cycle and has been found to be expressed in 70% of CM and 100% of benign nevi. Regarding the cell cycle, Bmi-1 is known to be an upstream repressor of p16, which is a tumor suppressor encoded by the INK4a/Arf locus. Considering this, the aim of this study is to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of Bmi-1 in a series of SNM and its correlation with the expression of cell cycle proteins (p16 and Ki-67, a nuclear antigen of proliferating cells).

Methods
In 16 cases of SNM, nuclear expression of Bmi-1 and nuclear and cytoplasmic of p16 was classified as: absent, low (> 5 to < 50% of cells) and high (≥50%). Ki-67 proliferation index was represented by the ratio positive cells/ total cells.

Results
Histologically, all cases presented varying amount of necrosis and 75% contained undifferentiated cells. Bmi-1 was detected in 6 cases (37.5%) with high level of expression in 2; p16 expression was seen in 10 cases (62.5%) with high level in 7. The frequency of p16 expression did not differ significantly between tumors with or without Bmi-1 expression. Ki-67 index ranged from 8 to 22%. Neither Bmi-1 nor p16 expression showed correlation with Ki-67 index. Bmi-1 negative tumors presented more extensive necrosis (71.4%); no association between Bmi-1 expression and undifferentiated phenotype was observed.

Conclusions
In our SNM series, low immunohistochemical expression of Bmi-1 was a common phenomenon favoring the hypothesis that mucosal melanoma possibly presents molecular pathways different from the cutaneous counterpart. In SNM, Bmi-1 and p16 expression levels did not correlate with each other or with the cell proliferative index.
Image quality optimization of narrow detector dental computed tomography for paediatric patients
Authors: Brasil Danieli Moura , Pauwels Ruben , Coucke Wim , Haiter-Neto Francisco , Jacobs Reinhilde 
Published: March 2019

Objectives: Dental CBCT exposure parameters should be optimized according to patient-specific indications, mainly for children that are most vulnerable to harmful effects of ionizing radiation. The aim of this study was to determine optimized kV settings for paediatric acquisitions for a dental CBCT device. Methods: Clinical and quantitative evaluations of image quality were performed using 5 and 10 years old (y/o) anthropomorphic phantoms. Technical evaluation was performed with the SEDENTEXCT-IQ phantom. Images were obtained using a PaX-i3D Green CBCT (Vatech, Korea) device, combining tube voltages ranging from 85 to 110 kV and 2 fields of view (FOVs: 21 × 19 and 12 × 9 cm), while maintaining the radiation dose fixed by adjusting the mA accordingly. Clinically, observers assessed images based on overall quality, sharpness, contrast, artefacts, and noise. For quantitative evaluation, mean grey value shift, % increase standard deviation, % beam-hardening and contrast-to-noise ratio were calculated. For technical evaluation, segmentation accuracy, contrast-to-noise ratio and full width at half maximum were measured. Biplot graphs were used to choose representative parameters, from which the best kV was selected for each protocol and evaluation. kV values that had no statistical differences (p > 0.05) with the best kV chosen were considered as having the same quality. Results: Clinically, 95 kV was found as a cut-off value. From the quantitative aspect, 85 kV (p < 0.05) showed the worst quality, except in 12 × 9 cm 5 y/o. Technically, 85 and 110 kV in the large FOV showed significantly worse quality for the large FOV. Conclusion: For paediatric indications, 95 kV or higher (and correspondingly low mA values) was found as optimal.
Analysis of the expression of D-dimer, CD147 and miR203 and their correlation in gastric cancer
Authors: Wu Xiguo , Liu Xiuzhen 
Published: March 2019

Objectives: To evaluate the relationship of D-dimer, CD147 and miR-203, and detect the influence of these biomarkers on the pathological characteristics in patients with gastric cancer.
Methods: The patients with gastric cancer treated using radical gastrectomy between May 2013 and October 2017 were reviewed retrospectively. The expression of D-dimer, miR203 and CD147 was measured for all the patients, and the clinical data including age, gender, tumor size, tumor differentiation, invasion depth, lymphatic metastasis, TMN stage, and pathological type were retrieved and analyzed. The study was carried out in affiliated Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang Medical College, Qingzhou, China.
Results: Two hundred sixty patients with gastric cancer were included. The patients with tumor metastasis, larger tumor diameter, lower differentiation, lymphatic metastasis, deeper invasion, and higher TMN stage presented with a significantly higher D-dimer and CD 147 expression, but the level of the two biomarkers didn’t show a significant difference in patients with different pathological type, gender and age. Compared with CD147 and D-dimer, miR203 presented with different characteristics of expression. In addition, the expression of miR203 was negatively correlated with CD147 and D-dimer, and there was a positive correlation between CD147 and D-dimer in patients with gastric cancer.
Conclusion: In this study, a close correlation of D-dimer, miR203 and CD147 was found, and these three biomarkers should be screened in gastric cancer patients.
How to cite this:Wu X, Liu X. Analysis of the expression of D-dimer, CD147 and miR203 and their correlation in gastric cancer. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(2):443-447. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.2.718
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Dimensions of the paediatric femur: Anatomical limitations of flexible intramedullary nailing
Authors: Lucak T. , Raju S. , Andrews A. , Igbokwe L. , Heffernan M. J. 
Published: March 2019

Purpose Although spica casting remains the benchmark for treating diaphyseal femur fractures in preschool children, some authors advocate using flexible intramedullary nails in certain situations. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the anatomic feasibility of flexible nailing in young children. Methods Consecutive patients between the ages of zero and ten years with normal femurs who received femur radiographs at a tertiary paediatric hospital over a two-year period were included. Anteroposterior femur radiographs were evaluated for length and isthmus width measurements. Each femur was templated for flexible nail size. The proportions of each age group capable of accommodating two flexible nails up to 4.0 mm in size were determined and compared. Results A total of 381 full-length femur radiographs were reviewed. There was a strong, direct linear relationship between age and femoral length (R2 = 0.896) and a moderate correlation between age and femoral isthmus width (R2 = 0.417). Although the percentage of femurs able to accommodate flexible nails continued to increase with age, this increase did not represent a significant difference when comparing preschool-aged children with older age groups. Conclusions Age and femoral length demonstrated a strong, positive correlation while age and isthmus width had weaker correlation. The ability of femurs to accommodate flexible nails increased with age with most children age two years and older able to accommodate two flexible nails of at least 2.5 mm in size. Level of Evidence III