bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying the narrative used by educators in articulating judgement of performance
Authors: Valentine Nyoli , Schuwirth Lambert 
Published: March 2019

Introduction Modern assessment in medical education is increasingly reliant on human judgement, as it is clear that quantitative scales have limitations in fully assessing registrars’ development of competence and providing them with meaningful feedback to assist learning. For this, possession of an expert vocabulary is essential.
Aim This study aims to explore how medical education experts voice their subjective judgements about learners and to what extent they are using clear, information-rich terminology (high-level semantic qualifiers); and to gain a better understanding of the experts’ language used in these subjective judgements.
Methods Six experienced medical educators from urban and rural environments were purposefully selected. Each educator reviewed a registrar clinical case analysis in a think out loud manner. The transcribed data were analyzed, codes were identified and ordered into themes. Analysis continued until saturation was reached.
Results Five themes with subthemes emerged. The main themes were: (1) Demonstration of expertise; (2) Personal credibility; (3) Professional credibility; (4) Using a predefined structure and (5) Relevance.
Discussion Analogous to what experienced clinicians do in clinical reasoning, experienced medical educators verbalize their judgements using high-level semantic qualifiers. In this study, we were able to unpack these. Although there may be individual variability in the exact words used, clear themes emerged. These findings can be used to develop a helpful shared narrative for educators in observation-based assessment. The provision of a rich, detailed narrative will also assist in providing clarity to registrar feedback with areas of weakness clearly articulated to improve learning and remediation.
A review of pebble flow study for pebble bed high temperature gas-cooled reactor
Authors: Jiang Shengyao , Tu Jiyuan , Yang Xingtuan , Gui Nan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe pebble bed high temperature gas-cooled reactor is a promising generation-IV reactor, which uses large fuel pebbles and helium gas as coolant. The pebble bed flow is a fundamental issue for both academic investigation and engineering application, e.g., reactor core design and safety analysis. This work performed a review of recent progress on pebble flow study, focusing on the important issues like pebble flow, gas phase hydrodynamics, and inter-phase heat transfer (thermal hydraulics). Our group’s researches on pebble flow have also been reviewed through the aspects of phenomenological observation and measurement, voidage distribution, geometric and parameter optimization, pebble flow mechanisms, flow regime categorization, and fundamentals of modelings of pebble flow and radiation. Finally, the major problems or possible directions of research are concluded which would be some of our focuses on the pebble bed flow study.
The “Dunkelfeld” Project for Self-Identified Pedophiles: A Reappraisal of its Effectiveness
Authors: Mokros Andreas , Banse Rainer 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The “Dunkelfeld” project offers pharmacologic treatment and psychotherapy to self-referred pedophilic patients in an anonymous way.

Aim
To provide a re-assessment focusing on the crucial time × group interaction (ie, the treatment effect).

Methods
A recent study reported on the effectiveness of the “Dunkelfeld” program based on intermediate data of a treatment group (TG; n = 53) and a waiting-list control group (CG; n = 22). With psychological indicators, it was concluded that the therapy program changed dynamic risk factors that are associated with sexually offending against children. Although based on an independent groups pre-post design, the original report includes within-group pre- and post-comparisons only, as well as between-group comparisons at the pre- and post-treatment stages. In the current study, an effect size index was computed that compares the change occurring in both groups (TG and CG) with each other (Morris d). Moreover, 95% CI of d were calculated.

Main Outcome Measures
The analyses were limited to 12 dynamic risk factors pertaining to emotional dysfunction, offense-supportive attitudes, sexual dysregulation, impression management, and 2 types of delinquent behavior, including recent behavior related to sexual offenses against children and recent use of child sexual abuse images.

Results
All 14 indicators showed weak treatment effects at most, with a median d of 0.30. None of the effect sizes was statistically significant (ie, in every case the 95% CI included 0). Further methodologic concerns include a familywise error rate close to 1 and too little statistical power to identify potential effects.

Clinical Implications
As far as dynamic risk factors are concerned, the data do not show that treatment within the “Dunkelfeld” program leads to any reduction of the proneness to commit sexual offenses against children.

Strengths & Limitations
The current study adds crucial information lacking in the original analysis. Because the re-appraisal has the same limited statistical power as the original study, the current results are tentative in the sense that the possibility of the program being effective cannot be ruled out. A further limitation is that not all of the dynamic risk factors chosen as indicators of possible treatment success have been established as relevant for sexual (re-)offending in prior empirical studies.

Conclusions
The outcome emphasizes the notion that independent groups pretest-posttest designs should be analyzed based on the treatment × time interaction.
Meta-Analytic Evidence for Neural Dysactivity Underlying Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Poeppl Timm B. , Langguth Berthold , Laird Angela R. , Eickhoff Simon B. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT

Introduction
About 30–40% of the population report sexual dysfunction. Although it is well known that the brain controls sexual behavior, little is known about the neural basis of sexual dysfunction.

Aim
To assess convergence of altered brain activity associated with sexual dysfunction across available functional imaging studies.

Methods
We used activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis to quantify interstudy concordance across 14 functional imaging studies reporting 179 foci from 40 individual analyses involving 191 subjects with sexual dysfunction and 123 controls.

Main Outcome Measure
Activation likelihood estimation scores were used to assess convergence of findings.

Results
Consistently decreased brain activity associated with sexual dysfunction was identified in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, ventral striatum, dorsal midbrain, anterior midcingulate cortex, and lateral orbitofrontal cortex.

Clinical Implication
These findings can serve as a basis for further studies on the pathophysiology of this highly common disorder with the view to development of more-specific treatment strategies.

Strength & Limitations
Findings are based on an observer-independent meta-analysis that provides robust evidence for and anatomic localization of altered brain activity related to sexual dysfunction. Our analysis cannot distinguish between the putative sources of sexual dysfunction, but it provides a more ubiquitous and general pattern of related altered neural activity.

Conclusion
The identified regions have previously been shown to be critically involved in mediating sexual arousal and to be part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. This suggests that the disturbance of brain activity associated with sexual dysfunction primarily affects sexual arousal already at early stages that are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.
Large neotheropods from the Upper Triassic of North America and the early evolution of large theropod body sizes
Authors: Griffin Christopher T. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractLarge body sizes among nonavian theropod dinosaurs is a major feature in the evolution of this clade, with theropods reaching greater sizes than any other terrestrial carnivores. However, the early evolution of large body sizes among theropods is obscured by an incomplete fossil record, with the largest Triassic theropods represented by only a few individuals of uncertain ontogenetic stage. Here I describe two neotheropod specimens from the Upper Triassic Bull Canyon Formation of New Mexico and place them in a broader comparative context of early theropod anatomy. These specimens possess morphologies indicative of ontogenetic immaturity (e.g., absence of femoral bone scars, lack of co-ossification between the astragalus and calcaneum), and phylogenetic analyses recover these specimens as early-diverging neotheropods in a polytomy with other early neotheropods at the base of the clade. Ancestral state reconstruction for body size suggests that the ancestral theropod condition was small (~240 mm femur length), but the ancestral neotheropod was larger (~300–340 mm femur length), with coelophysoids experiencing secondary body size reduction, although this is highly dependent on the phylogenetic position of a few key taxa. Theropods evolved large body sizes before the Triassic–Jurassic extinction, as hypothesized in most other ancestral state reconstructions of theropod body sizes, but remained rare relative to smaller theropods until the Jurassic.
Street Food, Urban Space, and Gender: Working on the Streets of Nineteenth-Century Rio de Janeiro (1830–1870)
Authors: Teubner Melina 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis article focuses on African women (Quitandeiras) who worked in the food sector of the fast-growing port city of Rio de Janeiro during the first half of the nineteenth century. The growing need to supply the harbour workers as well as the crews and captives on the slave ships stimulated the food economy in Rio de Janeiro. The absence of effective government food infrastructure offered opportunities for small businesses. The maritime world on a ship was, in many ways, male. However, there were a high number of female workers in the ports, especially in the informal food sector, frequently mentioned by contemporary authors. This article analyses the involvement of these women as part of a growing working class, who contributed to Rio de Janeiro's crucial role in global networks. The research also focuses on the formation of self-organized groups of female vendors. Thus, it provides further insights into strategies of local actors. By grouping together, the women gained some measure of protection, which empowered them to survive in a difficult and highly competitive market. Through their activities, they also changed the urban space of the port area, leaving their mark on it. They acted as crucial vectors for establishing different diaspora dishes, which met huge demand among many consumers. In doing so, they contributed to the formation of an African-American food culture on the streets of Rio de Janeiro.
Pragmatism, practices, and human rights
Authors: Lamb Robert 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis article is an intervention in recent debates about conceptual and normative theorisations of human rights, which have been increasingly characterised by a divide between ‘moral’ and ‘practice-based’/’political’ understandings. My aim is to articulate an alternative, pragmatist understanding of human rights, one that is importantly distinct from the practice-based account with which it might be thought affiliated. In the first part of the article, I reveal the fundamental flaw in the practice-based account of human rights: I argue that it is undermined by the ontological thesis at its heart, which naturalises and reifies political arrangements and institutions that are radically contingent. In the second part, I identify, and outline the attractiveness of, a pragmatist normative account of human rights. In contrast to the practice-based approach, this pragmatist account construes human rights in ideational terms. The pragmatist understanding accepts both the contingency of our practices and the cultural limits to moral justification, while nevertheless retaining a commitment to the enterprise of normative philosophical conversation. I argue, in contrast to prevailing interpretations, that the international theory advanced by John Rawls exemplifies a pragmatist account of human rights and points a way forward for theoretically fruitful but appropriately circumscribed analysis of the concept.
The Internet of Things: Both Goods and Services
Authors: CHANDER ANUPAM 
Published: March 2019

AbstractInternational trade law, organized around the goods-services dichotomy, is about to meet the Internet of Things (IoT). How will rules written for the world of 1994 fare in a world of talking teapots and connected cars? IoT will especially raise governmental concerns with respect to privacy, security, and standards. Indeed, governments have already begun taking adverse measures against foreign IoT suppliers based not on the hardware, but on the digital features of the products. This paper argues that IoT devices comprise both goods and services, therefore calling into application multiple WTO disciplines, with the specific agreements that are applicable dependent on the particular governmental measure subject to challenge.
Indonesia–Import Licensing Regimes: GATT Rules for Agricultural Trade?
Authors: AHN DUKGEUN , GNUTZMANN-MKRTCHYAN AREVIK 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis paper examines two disputes brought by the United States and New Zealand in response to a series of import sanctions for agricultural products imposed by the Indonesian government to promote food self-sufficiency. We document the heterogeneous effect the sanctioning measures had on Indonesia's partners. We argue that Indonesia's import licensing regimes acted as a high, sometimes prohibitive, fixed cost of exporting. Frequent changes of regulation provided additional challenges and increased the costs of exporting. These properties determined the differential impacts of Indonesia's measures where some sustained significant market losses while other large exporters, in particular Australia, following a short decline strengthened their market position and export levels.
Enhanced Ionization in Magnetic Anomaly Regions of the Martian Lower Ionosphere Associated With Dust Storms
Authors: Venkateswara Rao N. , Leelavathi V. , Mohanamanasa P. , Haider S. A. , Rao S. V. B. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding instrument aboard the Mars Express spacecraft observes vertical echoes from the normal ionosphere and oblique echoes from ionization bulges. The peak frequencies of these two kinds of echoes are, in general, nearly equal. In the present study, we report the detection of oblique echoes whose peak frequencies are much larger than those of the vertical echoes. These echoes were observed on 15 June, 21 June, 28 June, and 10 July 2007, respectively. All these oblique echoes were observed from a region of strong crustal magnetic fields. After correcting for dispersion effects, the maximum electron density in the first case is found to be 3.75 × 105 cm−3 and is observed at an altitude of ~88 km. In subsequent cases, a gradual decrease in peak electron density and an increase in altitude are observed. The causative mechanism of these oblique echoes is examined by considering various forces from top and bottom. During the times of the observations, there were no solar flares or meteor in fall. The presence of solar energetic particles also could not be firmly established. We found that these strong oblique echoes were observed at the initial phase and during the progression of a planet‐encircling dust storm in Martian Year 28. A similar, but weaker features were observed in other dust storm seasons as well. Mechanisms causing such oblique echoes in regions of strong magnetic fields are discussed.
Pathological mechanisms and therapeutic outlooks for arthrofibrosis
Authors: Usher Kayley M. , Zhu Sipin , Mavropalias Georgios , Carrino John A. , Zhao Jinmin , Xu Jiake 
Published: March 2019

AbstractArthrofibrosis is a fibrotic joint disorder that begins with an inflammatory reaction to insults such as injury, surgery and infection. Excessive extracellular matrix and adhesions contract pouches, bursae and tendons, cause pain and prevent a normal range of joint motion, with devastating consequences for patient quality of life. Arthrofibrosis affects people of all ages, with published rates varying. The risk factors and best management strategies are largely unknown due to a poor understanding of the pathology and lack of diagnostic biomarkers. However, current research into the pathogenesis of fibrosis in organs now informs the understanding of arthrofibrosis. The process begins when stress signals stimulate immune cells. The resulting cascade of cytokines and mediators drives fibroblasts to differentiate into myofibroblasts, which secrete fibrillar collagens and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Positive feedback networks then dysregulate processes that normally terminate healing processes. We propose two subtypes of arthrofibrosis occur: active arthrofibrosis and residual arthrofibrosis. In the latter the fibrogenic processes have resolved but the joint remains stiff. The best therapeutic approach for each subtype may differ significantly. Treatment typically involves surgery, however, a pharmacological approach to correct dysregulated cell signalling could be more effective. Recent research shows that myofibroblasts are capable of reversing differentiation, and understanding the mechanisms of pathogenesis and resolution will be essential for the development of cell-based treatments. Therapies with significant promise are currently available, with more in development, including those that inhibit TGF-β signalling and epigenetic modifications. This review focuses on pathogenesis of sterile arthrofibrosis and therapeutic treatments.
How rapid advances in imaging are defining the future of precision radiation oncology
Authors: Beaton Laura , Bandula Steve , Gaze Mark N. , Sharma Ricky A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractImaging has an essential role in the planning and delivery of radiotherapy. Recent advances in imaging have led to the development of advanced radiotherapy techniques—including image-guided radiotherapy, intensity-modulated radiotherapy, stereotactic body radiotherapy and proton beam therapy. The optimal use of imaging might enable higher doses of radiation to be delivered to the tumour, while sparing normal surrounding tissues. In this article, we review how the integration of existing and novel forms of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography have transformed tumour delineation in the radiotherapy planning process, and how these advances have the potential to allow a more individualised approach to the cancer therapy. Recent data suggest that imaging biomarkers that assess underlying tumour heterogeneity can identify areas within a tumour that are at higher risk of radio-resistance, and therefore potentially allow for biologically focussed dose escalation. The rapidly evolving concept of adaptive radiotherapy, including artificial intelligence, requires imaging during treatment to be used to modify radiotherapy on a daily basis. These advances have the potential to improve clinical outcomes and reduce radiation-related long-term toxicities. We outline how recent technological advances in both imaging and radiotherapy delivery can be combined to shape the future of precision radiation oncology.
Pathogenicity of Nipah henipavirus Bangladesh in a swine host
Authors: Kasloff S. B. , Leung A. , Pickering B. S. , Smith G. , Moffat E. , Collignon B. , Embury-Hyatt C. , Kobasa D. , Weingartl H. M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn 1998 an outbreak of fatal encephalitis among pig farm workers in Malaysia and Singapore led to the discovery of Nipah henipavirus (NiV), a novel paramyxovirus closely related to Hendra henipavirus with case fatality rates of nearly 40%. Following its initial emergence nearly annual outbreaks of NiV have occurred in Bangladesh with a different, NiV Bangladesh, genotype, where the role of pigs in its transmission remains unknown. The present study provides the first report on susceptibility of domestic pigs to NiV Bangladesh following experimental infection, characterizing acute and long-term phases of disease and pathogenesis. All pigs were successfully infected with NiV Bangladesh following oronasal inoculation, with viral shedding confirmed by a novel genotype-specific qRT-PCR in oral, nasal and rectal excretions and dissemination from the upper respiratory tract to the brain, lungs, and associated lymphatic tissues. Unlike previous NiV Malaysia findings in pigs, clinical signs were absent, viremia was undetectable throughout the study, and only low level neutralizing antibody titers were measured by 28/29 days post-NiV-B infection. Results obtained highlight the need for continued and enhanced NiV surveillance in pigs in endemic and at-risk regions, and raise questions regarding applicability of current serological assays to detect animals with previous NiV-B exposure.
In-situ observation of collective bubble collapse dynamics in a quasi-two-dimensional foam
Authors: Yanagisawa Naoya , Kurita Rei 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe stability of foams is an important subject not only for fundamental science, but for applications in daily life. The most destructive phenomenon underpinning foam collapse is a collective bubble collapse, yet the mechanism behind this is unclear. In this study, we clarify the dynamics of the collective bubble collapse in a quasi-two-dimensional foam by in-situ observation with a high speed camera. We find two modes for collective bubble collapse: one is the propagation of liquid film breakage via impact with the stream of another broken liquid film. The other is breakage of a distant liquid film due to penetration by a liquid droplet, emitted by impact with the flow of a broken liquid film. As the liquid fraction increases, the velocity of liquid droplets decreases. Instead of penetration, the liquid droplet bounces like a billiard ball or it is absorbed into other films.
Inhibition of IL-17 ameliorates systemic lupus erythematosus in Roquinsan/san mice through regulating the balance of TFH cells, GC B cells, Treg and Breg
Authors: Lee Seon-yeong , Lee Seung Hoon , Seo Hyeon-Beom , Ryu Jun-Geol , Jung KyungAh , Choi Jeong Won , Jhun JooYeon , Park Jin-Sil , Kwon Ji Ye , Kwok Seung-Ki , Youn Jeehee , Park Sung-Hwan , Cho Mi-La 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is mediated by a chronic and dysregulated inflammatory response. Interleukin (IL)-17, a proinflammatory cytokine, and T helper (Th)17 cells are associated with chronic autoimmune diseases. We hypothesized that inhibition of IL-17 would decrease the numbers of T cell subsets that function as B-cell helpers, as well as B-cell differentiation into plasma cells and autoantibody expression. The IL-17 level was increased markedly in Roquinsan/san mice. Loss of IL-17 in Roquinsan/san mice improved nephritis by downregulating immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgG1, and IgG2a production. Formation of germinal centers (GCs), and follicular B- and T-cell differentiation was reduced, whereas the number of regulatory T (Treg) cells and immature B cells was increased, by IL-17 deficiency in Roquinsan/san mice. These results suggest that IL-17 inhibition can ameliorate SLE by inhibiting B-cell differentiation into GCs. Therefore, IL-17–producing Th17 cells show promise as a target for development of novel therapeutics for SLE.