bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic Studies in Photocatalysis
Authors: Buzzetti Luca , Crisenza Giacomo E. M. , Melchiorre Paolo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe fast‐moving fields of photoredox and photocatalysis have recently provided fresh opportunities to expand the potential of synthetic organic chemistry. Advances in light‐mediated processes have mainly been guided so far by empirical findings and the quest for reaction invention. The general perception, however, is that photocatalysis is entering a more mature phase where the combination of experimental and mechanistic studies will play a dominant role in sustaining further innovation. This Review outlines the key mechanistic studies to consider when developing a photochemical process, and the best techniques available for acquiring relevant information. The discussion will use selected case studies to highlight how mechanistic investigations can be instrumental in guiding the invention and development of synthetically useful photocatalytic transformations.
Characterization of 39 microsatellite markers from Nuphar shimadai (Nymphaeaceae) and cross‐amplification in two related taxa
Authors: Lu Hsueh‐Yu , Shih Huei‐Chuan , Ju Li‐Ping , Hwang Chao‐Ching , Chiang Yu‐Chung 
Published: October 2018

Premise of the StudyMicrosatellite loci were developed for Nuphar shimadai (Nymphaeaceae) to evaluate the population genetic dynamics for conservation purposes. The species is an endemic aquatic species in Taiwan that is endangered by anthropogenic activities.Methods and ResultsA magnetic bead enrichment protocol was used to identify 72 potential microsatellite loci and develop 39 microsatellite markers from N. shimadai. The number of alleles per locus ranged from one to 10 per locus, with levels of observed heterozygosity ranging from 0 to 1.0 within populations. As a result of inbreeding within isolated populations, 65% of loci significantly deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium within populations.ConclusionsThese novel markers should be valuable tools to evaluate the genetic diversity within the endangered aquatic taxon N. shimadai for conservation and reintroduction purposes in Taiwan.
Evolution and Development of the Atrial Septum
Authors: Jensen Bjarke , Wang Tobias , Moorman Antoon F.M. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThe complete division of the atrial cavity by a septum, resulting in a left and right atrium, is found in many amphibians and all amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals). Surprisingly, it is only in eutherian, or placental, mammals that full atrial septation necessitates addition from a second septum. The high incidence of incomplete closure of the atrial septum in human, so‐called probe patency, suggests this manner of closure is inefficient. We review the evolution and development of the atrial septum to understand the peculiar means of forming the atrial septum in eutherian mammals. The most primitive atrial septum is found in lungfishes and comprises a myocardial component with a mesenchymal cap on its leading edge, reminiscent to the primary atrial septum of embryonic mammals before closure of the primary foramen. In reptiles, birds, and mammals, the primary foramen is closed by the mesenchymal tissues of the atrioventricular cushions, the dorsal mesenchymal protrusion, and the mesenchymal cap. These tissues are also found in lungfishes. The closure of the primary foramen is preceded by the development of secondary perforations in the septal myocardium. In all amniotes, with the exception of eutherian mammals, the secondary perforations do not coalesce to a secondary foramen. Instead, the secondary perforations persist and are sealed by myocardial and endocardial growth after birth or hatching. We suggest that the error‐prone secondary foramen allows large volumes of oxygen‐rich blood to reach the cardiac left side, needed to sustain the growth of the extraordinary large offspring that characterizes eutherian mammals. Anat Rec, 302:32–48, 2019. © 2018 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.
1,8‐Substituted Pyrene Derivatives for High‐Performance Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Gong Xiaojie , Zheng Chaoyue , Feng Xingcui , Huan Yihong , Li Jiewei , Yi Mingdong , Fu Zhenqian , Huang Wei , Gao Deqing 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThere have been many reports on the application of pyrene derivatives as organic semiconductors, but 1,8‐subsituted pyrene semiconductors are less well‐developed. Two p‐type 1,8‐substituted pyrene derivatives were synthesized that were composed of a pyrene core, thiophene or bithiophene arms, and end‐capped octyl chains. These structures were not completely symmetrical and the dihedral angles between the pyrene core and the adjacent thiophene units had a difference of approximately two degrees. The field‐effect performance of these materials was tested on a variety of dielectric surfaces. The performance of both materials with a spin‐coated polystyrene layer on SiO2 (PS‐treated SiO2) was better than that with an octadecyltrichlorosilane self‐assembled monolayer on SiO2 (OTS‐treated SiO2), which was mainly attributed to the presence of large grains on the low‐leakage and high‐capacitance PS films. The thiophene‐contained compound presented a hole mobility of up to 0.18 cm2 V−1 s−1 on PS‐treated SiO2, which was 45 times that of the bithiophene‐contained compound, owing to less steric hindrance, high crystallinity, and large grain size.
The polite wiggle‐room effect in charity donation decisions
Authors: Juanchich Marie , Sirota Miroslav , Bonnefon Jean‐François 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe extend research on charity donations by exploring an everyday tactic for increasing compliance: asking politely. We consider three possible effects of politeness on charity donations: a positive effect, a negative effect, and a wiggle‐room effect where the perception of the request is adjusted to decline donating without feeling selfish. Results from six experiments systematically supported the polite wiggle‐room effect. In hypothetical donations contexts, indirect requests were judged more polite. In real donation contexts, though, indirect requests were not judged as more polite and had no consistent effect on donation decision. Rather, the decision to donate predicted the perceived politeness of the request, independently of its phrasing. Experiment 4 provided causal evidence that participants justified their donation decisions by adjusting their perception of the request. The polite wiggle‐room effect has important implications for organizations that seek to increase compliance while maintaining a positive image.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Beijing: Epidemiologic features and prognosis from 2010 to 2015
Authors: Zhou Shenghan , Zhou Yuliang , Qian Silin , Chang Wenbing , Wang Liping , Fan Dongsheng 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in Beijing from 2010 to 2015 and to address the issue of prognosis.MethodsThe number of patients diagnosed with ALS was generated from two aspects, namely, diagnostic hospitals and assisted care institutions. By examining the consistency of the overlapping data in terms of age and gender distributions, the number of ALS patients in Beijing was estimated to analyze the incidence. Finally, a prognosis study was carried out by sorting the clinical data of deceased patients to associate time to death with the demographic characteristics, including gender, age at diagnosis, site of onset, body mass index, and lag from onset to diagnosis.ResultsThe average yearly incidence was 0.8/100,000 persons, the male–female ratio was 1.63:1, and the mean age at diagnosis was 54.11 years. The mean time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 14.8 months, and the median survival time from diagnosis was 49.4 months. In addition, each of the identified clinical features was related to the survival of the patients with ALS.ConclusionsThe incidence of ALS in Beijing is similar to the rates in Hong Kong and Taiwan but is lower than the rates in Europe and America. In addition, the mean age at onset of the patients in Beijing was early, and overall ALS prognosis appears to be comparable to those reported in recent publications.
Adherence to postresection colorectal cancer surveillance at National Cancer Institute‐designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers
Authors: Kupfer Sonia S. , Lubner Sam , Coronel Emmanuel , Pickhardt Perry J. , Tipping Matthew , Graffy Peter , Keenan Eileen , Ross Eric , Li Tianyu , Weinberg David S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractGuidelines recommend surveillance after resection of colorectal cancer (CRC), but rates of adherence to surveillance are variable and have not been studied at National Cancer Institute (NCI)‐designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers. The aim of this study was to determine rates of adherence to standard postresection CRC surveillance recommendations including physician visits, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), computed tomography (CT), and colonoscopy after CRC resection at three NCI‐designated centers.Data on patients with resected CRC from 2010 to 2017 were reviewed. Adherence to physician visits was defined as having at least two visits within 14 months after surgical resection. CEA adherence was defined as having at least four CEA levels drawn within 14 months. CT and colonoscopy adherence were defined as completing each between 10 and 14 months from surgical resection. Chi‐square test and logistic regression analyses were performed for overall adherence and adherence to individual components.A total of 241 CRC patients were included. Overall adherence was 23%. While adherence to physician visits was over 98%, adherence to CEA levels, CT, and colonoscopy were each less than 50%. Center was an independent predictor of adherence to CEA, CT, and/or colonoscopy. Stage III disease predicted CT adherence, while distance traveled of 40 miles or less predicted colonoscopy adherence.Overall adherence to postresection CRC guideline‐recommended care is low at NCI‐designated centers. Adherence rates to surveillance vary by center, stage, and distance traveled for care. Understanding factors associated with adherence is critical to ensure CRC patients benefit from postresection surveillance.
Dihydroartemisinin induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion in epithelial ovarian cancer via inhibition of the hedgehog signaling pathway
Authors: Liu Yanmei , Gao Shujun , Zhu Jie , Zheng Ya , Zhang Haiyan , Sun Hong 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDihydroartemisinin (DHA), the primary of artemisinin extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Artemisia annua, has been used in malaria treatment for a long time. Recently, many studies have indicated that, in addition to antimalarial effects, DHA also exhibits anticancer activity in certain types of neoplasms, including ovarian cancer. However, the precise anti‐ovarian cancer mechanism of DHA is still unclear. Abnormal activation of the hedgehog (Hh) pathway is closely related to tumorigenesis and progression of ovarian cancer. We performed this study to elucidate the effects of DHA on the biological behavior of ovarian cancer cells and to determine its effects on the Hh signaling pathway. CCK8 assays and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the effects of DHA on cell viability and apoptosis in both ovarian cancer cells and HOSEPICs (human ovarian surface epithelial cells) in response to DHA treatment. Transwell membrane chambers were used to analyze the effects of DHA on the migration and invasion of epithelial ovarian cancer cells following treatment with DHA. The impact of DHA on Hh signaling was analyzed by RT‐qPCR and Western blot. DHA significantly inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer cells, and induced apoptosis in vitro. In contrast, DHA had few effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis in HOSEPICs. DHA inhibited the hedgehog signaling pathway. Furthermore, DHA inhibited purmorphamine (Hh signaling pathway agonist)‐induced cell proliferation, cell migration, and cell invasion and the inhibition of apoptosis. Importantly, DHA enhanced GANT61 (hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor)‐induced apoptosis and the inhibition of cell viability, migratory capacity, and invasive ability. This study demonstrates that DHA inhibits cell viability, migration, and invasion, as well as induces apoptosis in epithelial ovarian cancer through suppression of the Hh signaling pathway.
Clothing style confidence: The development and validation of a multidimensional scale to explore product longevity
Authors: Joyner Armstrong Cosette M. , Kang Jiyun , Lang Chunmin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPersonal style has been more frequently cited in the sustainable consumption discourse in recent years. The purpose of this research project is to conceptualize and operationalize clothing style confidence (CSC), defined as confidence about the individual way people express themselves with clothing and accessories. This study aims to advance a systematic understanding of the role of CSC in product longevity by developing a measurement scale through qualitative interviews, expert review, a survey to purify the scale, and a survey to validate a scale. The project began with 23 interviews among men and women who self‐identified as style confident, which aided in the development of 108 initial items. These items were reviewed by seven experts, resulting in the retention of 77 items. An online survey via a mass e‐mail facilitated through a large southwestern university's communication office yielded 141 responses for the purpose of scale purification, resulting in 26 items for the validation phase. An online survey was then conducted with a consumer panel purchased via Research Reward, yielding 451 usable surveys for scale validation. A measure of CSC that is both reliable and valid resulted, including 22 scale items across five distinct dimensions: style longevity, aesthetic perceptual ability, creativity, appearance importance, and authenticity. Analyses reveal a significant relationship between CSC and wardrobe engagement as well as wardrobe preservation, indicating that CSC is related to a more attentive and aware approach to clothing use that supports product longevity.
Interrogating PP1 Activity in the MAPK Pathway with Optimized PP1‐Disrupting Peptides
Authors: Wang Yansong , Hoermann Bernhard , Pavic Karolina , Trebacz Malgorzata , Rios Pablo , Köhn Maja 
Published: October 2018

AbstractProtein phosphatase‐1 (PP1)‐disrupting peptides (PDPs) are selective chemical modulators of PP1 that liberate the active PP1 catalytic subunit from regulatory proteins; thus allowing the dephosphorylation of nearby substrates. We have optimized the original cell‐active PDP3 for enhanced stability, and obtained insights into the chemical requirements for stabilizing this 23‐mer peptide for cellular applications. The optimized PDP‐Nal was used to dissect the involvement of PP1 in the MAPK signaling cascade. Specifically, we have demonstrated that, in human osteosarcoma (U2OS) cells, phosphoMEK1/2 is a direct substrate of PP1, whereas dephosphorylation of phosphoERK1/2 is indirect and likely mediated through enhanced tyrosine phosphatase activity after PDP‐mediated PP1 activation. Thus, as liberators of PP1 activity, PDPs represent a valuable tool for identifying the substrates of PP1 and understanding its role in diverse signaling cascades.
An Engineered Alcohol Oxidase for the Oxidation of Primary Alcohols
Authors: Heath Rachel S. , Birmingham William R. , Thompson Matthew P. , Taglieber Andreas , Daviet Laurent , Turner Nicholas J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractStructure‐guided directed evolution of choline oxidase has been carried out by using the oxidation of hexan‐1‐ol to hexanal as the target reaction. A six‐amino‐acid variant was identified with a 20‐fold increased kcat compared to that of the wild‐type enzyme. This variant enabled the oxidation of 10 mm hexanol to hexanal in less than 24 h with 100 % conversion. Furthermore, this variant showed a marked increase in thermostability with a corresponding increase in Tm of 20 °C. Improved solvent tolerance was demonstrated with organic solvents including ethyl acetate, heptane and cyclohexane, thereby enabling improved conversions to the aldehyde by up to 30 % above conversion for the solvent‐free system. Despite the evolution of choline oxidase towards hexan‐1‐ol, this new variant also showed increased specific activities (by up to 100‐fold) for around 50 primary aliphatic, unsaturated, branched, cyclic, benzylic and halogenated alcohols.
A case of normotensive incidentally discovered adrenal pheochromocytoma
Authors: Ohara Nobumasa , Kaneko Masanori , Yaguchi Yuta , Ishiguro Hajime , Ishizaki Fumio , Maruyama Ryo , Suzuki Kazuya , Komeyama Takeshi , Usuda Hiroyuki , Yamazaki Yuto , Sasano Hironobu , Kaneko Kenzo , Kamoi Kyuzi 
Published: October 2018

Key Clinical MessagePheochromocytomas are catecholamine‐producing neuroendocrine tumors that arise from the adrenal medulla. The clinical presentation includes headache, palpitation, and hypertension, but pheochromocytomas are sometimes clinically silent. The present case highlights the importance of biochemical testing for pheochromocytoma in patients with adrenal incidentaloma, even if they are completely normotensive and asymptomatic.
A successful new method for single left lobe recruitment
Authors: Dybwik Knut , Nielsen Erik W. 
Published: October 2018

Key Clinical MessageAny gas will flow down the path of least resistance and highest compliance. This is a problem in the treatment of severe unilateral lung disease in the intensive care unit (ICU). Deep sedation interferes with the diaphragm's ability to distribute air into the lower lung. Spontaneous breathing in a conscious patient, in combination with mechanical ventilation via an endotracheal tube inserted into the left main stem bronchus, can recruit collapsed alveoli.
Rosai‐Dorfman disease in Malawi
Authors: Kasonkanji Edwards , Seguin Ryan , Kaimila Bongani , Dhungel Bal M. , Painschab Matt , Tomoka Tamiwe , Gopal Satish 
Published: October 2018

Key Clinical MessageRosai‐Dorfman Disease (RDD) is a rare lymphoproliferative disease with limited cases reported in sub‐Saharan Africa, potentially due to a lack of pathological services throughout the region. RDD diagnosis can be difficult, especially in resource‐limited setting, as symptoms can be nearly identical to more common causes of lymphadenopathy.
Cornual abscess rupture: A rare etiology of acute abdomen
Authors: Patil Pooja , Lua Lannah L. , Brar Bobby , Froehlich Mary , Planinic Petar 
Published: October 2018

Key Clinical MessageRuptured cornual abscess or pyometra can resemble other more common causes of acute abdomen, including appendicitis, diverticulitis, tubo‐ovarian abscess, and perforated viscus. Despite its rarity, the diagnosis of ruptured pyometra should always be considered in females presenting with acute abdominal pain, particularly in the setting of a retained intrauterine device.
Restructured Fe−Mn Alloys Encapsulated by N‐doped Carbon Nanotube Catalysts Derived from Bimetallic MOF for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Dong Zhun , Liu Guangli , Zhou Sicong , Zhang Yanyuan , Zhang Wanli , Fan Aixin , Zhang Xin , Dai Xiaoping 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA set of novel catalysts FeMn/N‐CNTs that partly maintain the core‐shell structure have been prepared successfully by calcination of analogous MOF‐74, which has bimetallic species (Fe and Mn) and a cheap organic ligand (2, 5‐dihydroxylbenzoic acid, DHBA) with melamine as additional nitrogen source. These catalysts exhibit a distinctive microstructure of Fe−Mn alloys surrounded by N‐doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Electrochemical methods have been employed to investigate their activity in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline solution. The highest ORR performance of Fe3Mn1/N‐CNTs‐100 shows that the half wave potential is at 0.865 V and the kinetic current density (at 0.9 V) is 1.447 mA cm−2, which are higher than those of commercial Pt/C (0.855 V, 0.946 mA cm−2). In addition, Fe3Mn1/N‐CNTs‐100 is much more durable than commercial Pt/C under the conditions tested. The highly efficient ORR performance may be attributed to the unique microstructure and large surface area with appropriate pore size, as well as to the synergistic effects between the pyridinic N species and the Fe−Nx species that play important roles in ORR in alkaline solution. However, in acid medium, only Fe−Nx species catalyze ORR and pyridinic N species are limited to work as the active sites. This study may prompt others to explore the development of heteroatom‐doped CNTs surrounding particles as efficient catalyst for ORR and fuel cell applications.
Electronic Modifications of Fluorescent Cytidine Analogues Control Photophysics and Fluorescent Responses to Base Stacking and Pairing
Authors: Teppang Kristine L. , Lee Raymond W. , Burns Dillon D. , Turner M. Benjamin , Lokensgard Melissa E. , Cooksy Andrew L. , Purse Byron W. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe rational design of fluorescent nucleoside analogues is greatly hampered by the lack of a general method to predict their photophysics, a problem that is especially acute when base pairing and stacking change fluorescence. To better understand these effects, a series of tricyclic cytidine (tC and tCO) analogues ranging from electron‐rich to electron‐deficient was designed and synthesized. They were then incorporated into oligonucleotides, and photophysical responses to base pairing and stacking were studied. When inserted into double‐stranded DNA oligonucleotides, electron‐rich analogues exhibit a fluorescence turn‐on effect, in contrast with the electron‐deficient compounds, which show diminished fluorescence. The magnitude of these fluorescence changes is correlated with the oxidation potential of nearest neighbor nucleobases. Moreover, matched base pairing enhances fluorescence turn‐on for the electron‐rich compounds, and it causes a fluorescence decrease for the electron‐deficient compounds. For the tCO compounds, the emergence of vibrational fine structure in the fluorescence spectra in response to base pairing and stacking was observed, offering a potential new tool for studying nucleic acid structure and dynamics. These results, supported by DFT calculations, help to rationalize fluorescence changes in the base stack and will be useful for selecting the best fluorescent nucleoside analogues for a desired application.
Short, Tin‐Free Synthesis of All Three Inthomycins
Authors: Kumar Manjeet , Bromhead Liam , Anderson Zoe , Overy Alistair , Burton Jonathan W. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe inthomycins are a family of structurally and biologically rich natural products isolated from Streptomyces species. Herein the implementation of a modular synthetic route is reported that has enabled the enantioselective synthesis of all three inthomycins. Key steps include Suzuki and Sonogashira cross‐couplings and an enantioselective Kiyooka aldol reaction.
Hydrogel and Organogel Formation by Hierarchical Self‐Assembly of Cyclic Peptides Nanotubes
Authors: Shaikh Huda , Rho Julia Y. , Macdougall Laura J. , Gurnani Pratik , Lunn Andrew M. , Yang Jie , Huband Steve , Mansfield Edward D. H. , Peltier Raoul , Perrier Sebastien 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBreaking away from the linear structure of previously reported peptide‐based gelators, this study reports the first example of gel formation based on the use of cyclic peptides made of alternating d‐ and l‐amino acids, known to self‐assemble in solution to form long nanotubes. Herein, a library of cyclic peptides was systemically studied for their gelation properties in various solvents, uncovering key parameters driving both organogel and hydrogel formation. The hierarchical nature of the self‐assembly process in water was characterised by a combination of electron microscopy imaging and small‐angle X‐ray scattering, revealing a porous network of entangled nanofibres composed by the aggregation of several cyclic peptide nanotubes. Rheology measurements then confirmed the formation of soft hydrogels.