bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resources and Organizational Capacity
Authors: Gattinara Pietro Castelli , Pirro Andrea L. P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the logic of resources in far-right movement parties, exploring the role of human and financial resources in the protest mobilization of these collective actors. While parties entering national parliaments are expected to institutionalize and professionalize, movement parties are likely to strike a balance between institutional and non-institutional politics. Triangulating original interviews with statutory and other data sources on the membership, organizational spread, and professionalization of ten movement parties in nine European countries, the chapter demonstrates that the resources deriving from institutional representation can be put at the service of organizational capacity but reveals no straightforward relationship between pre-existing resources and protest activity. More specifically, a strong membership does not necessarily feed into high rates of protest mobilization; membership figures seem rather a function of institutionalization. Professionalization efforts otherwise vary, with electorally successful ‘radical’ movement parties investing acquired resources to hire professional staff and routinize their operations.
Participation and Decision-Making Processes
Authors: Gattinara Pietro Castelli , Pirro Andrea L. P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the logic of participation in far-right movement parties, examining decision-making processes and the level of intra-organizational democracy. Far-right collective actors often combine informal processes with top-down decision-making. The chapter therefore considers whether protest activity is linked to more or less formal ways to aggregate interests, the availability of participatory practices empowering grassroots activists, and the leadership models adopted by far-right collective actors. Triangulating original interviews with statutory and other data sources, the chapter challenges the notion that heightened protest mobilization stems from bottom-up processes and the empowerment of rank-and-file activists. Instead, protest mobilization tends to occur more frequently in far-right movement parties in which informal, top-down structures, rather than bottom-up, horizontal practices are in place.
Contention and External Mobilization
Authors: Gattinara Pietro Castelli , Pirro Andrea L. P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter delves into the logic of contention in far-right movement parties, exploring the radicalness of their non-institutional activities and various features of their protest networks. The main concerns of this part of the study are the repertoire of action of movement parties, as well as the size and diversity of their protest network. In order to tackle these aspects, the empirical analysis uses and triangulates interviews with protest event and social network data. The chapter demonstrates that contention and external mobilization respond to multiple strategic needs and considerations, ranging from reputational pressures to the recruitment of activists, while also serving goals such as voicing opposition and offering various forms of political socialization. The chapter concludes by observing the increasingly porous boundaries between extremist and radical collective actors, and between conventional and confrontational forms of activism.
Introduction
Authors: Diago Ortega José-Modesto 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The book’s Introduction places the reader in a multidisciplinary setting in which economic, legal, political and cultural contexts will overlap and intertwine. In order to better understand, develop, and transcend the French brass instrument manufacturing industry during the nineteenth century and how the evolution of capitalism affected these enterprises, several preparatory and useful tools are provided: a retrospective of brass instrument manufacture over time, key points of nineteenth-century industrial property law, a discussion of the French judicial system was like at the time, precautions to be taken when dealing with intangible capital codified in patents and other sources, a brief and practical guide to the morphology and components of the main brasswinds, and a summary of the seventeen chapters.
Judicial Setback or ‘Nothing Patentable’
Authors: Diago Ortega José-Modesto 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the events that happened after Rapport d’expertise was recorded (November 1847). The proceedings were awaiting the Court to reconvene and (predictably) rule in favour of Sax. However, the Revolution broke out (February 1848) and with it the collapse of the July Monarchy and the resurgence of the Republic. Among the six members of the provisional government was Pierre Marie de Saint-Georges, the lawyer who represented the interests of the rival manufacturers. In this impasse, the military bands were redefined without the disputed instruments and Marie was appointed Minister of Justice. The trial was resumed (August 1848) and the same chamber struck down the saxhorn patent and completely invalidated the saxotromba’s, which was key to the strategy. The saxophone was exonerated. The judges did not value the experts’ report either. This chapter develops that abrupt change of judicial and economic course: the market had once again been liberalized.
Hasty Raids
Authors: Diago Ortega José-Modesto 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter opens with the early (December 1854) initiatives of Sax to seize instruments, ledgers, and machinery from several of his competitors, claiming that they were allegedly manufacturing and selling brasswinds that stemmed from his patents. Nevertheless, those first raids turned out to be null and void because the raider had not satisfied any of the statutory prerequisites. However, the political and media outlets had already bet on Sax and could not afford to let him fall. To cover up the fiasco of the first, he organized a second wave of much more aggressive seizures at the companies’ workshops, but also at the site of the newly opened Parisian Universal Exhibition (May 1855), which implied public humiliation and the branding of his rivals as pirates. This time the raids were considered legal because Napoleon III had signed an imperial decree admitting Sax’s residence and allowing the conditions to be met.
Besson, a Brass Heavyweight Maker
Authors: Diago Ortega José-Modesto 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Gustave Besson, another of Sax’s fiercest and most vicious adversaries, who also suffered his raids early (1854) and often (four in 1857 and another in 1858). This entrepreneur is interesting not only because of his inventiveness but also because he designed ad hoc machinery that brought maturity, fluidity, and competitiveness to the market, which made him a constant target for his enemy. This chapter discusses those confrontations, but especially at how well Besson fought against the monopoly situation he suffered. Like Gautrot, he also realized early on the shift of the business towards the civil market and used novel and advanced commercial strategies, such as adapting advertising to this new consumer, organizing popular demonstrations, giving more years of guarantee, approaching municipal institutions, and even expanding abroad. Besson had already (c.1855) established in the UK (London) and protected new inventions there.
Drouelle or the Valve Big Business
Authors: Diago Ortega José-Modesto 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the vicissitudes of the persecution of Sébastien Drouelle (a manufacturer of valves), which lasted more than nine years and was escalated to the Court of Cassation three times. The complaint was based on the fact that this businessman was illegally manufacturing valves and other loose parts for the saxotromba. One of the defence’s arguments was that these valves were in the public domain and, more interestingly, that some of his customers were licensees of Sax. This episode has a very accurate account of exactly how that raid unfolded and what it uncovered, for Drouelle employed twenty-five people and his books were very reliably kept. These records showed that he traded with a plethora of builders. Thus, this chapter explores some of the aspects that made the business more competitive—for example, outsourcing or exploiting workers—and also the enormous amount of money it moved.
Conclusions
Authors: Diago Ortega José-Modesto 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses, relativizes and, above all, transcends what it meant the largest judicial battle in culture and industrial property in nineteenth-century Europe. The turbulent process that French brasswinds manufacturing and marketing sector went through led to a modern understanding of this type of instruments that not only affected France later on but was also reflected in other countries. These last pages are also a reminder that brasswinds are simply products of the Industrial Revolution, namely the development of metallurgy and new technologies applicable to brass, but under the ubiquitous cover, evolution, and rules of the capitalist system, one of the latter being the codification of these advances and progressions through the patent system. Like other consumer goods, brasswinds were and are at the mercy of the economic interests and vagaries of the bourgeois liberal society.
Locative Predications in Chadic Languages
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The general aim of the book is to demonstrate that the grammatical systems of individual languages code unique semantic structures. These semantic structures should be the main object of semantic description. The role of semantic structures encoded in grammatical systems is examined within a specific area, namely, how languages convey a presumably universal task such as information about the location of an entity or an event in a place and movements of an entity in space. The demonstration is based on non-aprioristic analyses of all of the formal coding means used for locative expressions in eight typologically distinct languages that belong to three branches of the Chadic family (Afroasiatic phylum), spoken in Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, and Niger. Chadic languages were chosen because some of them represent semantic and syntactic characteristics involving locative expressions that have not been observed in or described in other languages. The most important of these characteristics is the coding of the locative domain in the grammatical system. The crucial contribution of the volume is that it demonstrates the existence of the semantic structure coded by the grammatical system of the language, and that the forms of the utterances in the language are determined by the functions encoded in the grammatical system, by means of coding found in the language, and by the locus within the utterance where various functions are coded. The volume also demonstrates that the syntactic properties of some lexical items are determined by the functions encoded in the grammatical system.
The locative domain in Mina
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Mina (Central Chadic) codes the locative domain in its grammatical system, as evidenced by the grammatical markers dedicated to code functions within the locative domain and by the existence of inherently locative verbs and nouns along with inherently non-locative verbs and nouns, with each of these classes affecting the forms of utterances in a different way. The grammatical markers dedicated to coding locative functions include the predicator á that codes locative predication when the predicate of the clause is inherently non-locative or there is no predicate in the clause. The preposition n codes the complement as locative-only when the noun in the complement phrase is not inherently locative. Directionality is coded by verbs and inflectional markers added to verbs. Spatial relations to the locative complement are coded by markers derived from body-part terms. Mina codes motion toward a beneficiary as a distinct function within the grammatical system.
The locative domain in Hausa
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt , Munkaila Mohammed 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 demonstrates that there exists in Hausa (West Chadic) a grammatical category ‘locative domain’, which differs from all other domains in the language. Because of the existence of the locative domain, some verbs and nouns are inherently locative, and others are not. There are two types of locative predication in Hausa: stative and directional. The forms of locative predications differ depending on the value of the feature [locative] in predicates and in nouns in locative complements. If the predicate is not inherently locative, a locative predication is coded by the locative predicator. If the noun is inherently non-locative, the locative predication must deploy markers that allow such nouns to function as locative complements. The study proposes a new taxonomy of prepositions in Hausa. The presence of some prepositions is motivated by the lexical properties of predicates and of others by the lexical properties of nouns.
The locative domain in Wandala
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 9 describes the locative domain in Wandala (Central Chadic). Evidence for the existence of the locative domain in Wandala is provided by the dedicated formal means that are used to code only locative functions. These formal means include the category ‘locative predicator’ and the locative-only prepositions. The locative domain in Wandala is composed of three subdomains: stative predications, locative functions of the event, and locative functions of the complement. That the three subdomains share some of the same coding means is evidence that they belong to one locative domain. The specific locative functions encoded in the subdomain of the event and the locative complement are directionality and spatial dimensions of motion. The domain of the locative complement also codes spatial relations within the locative complement.
Theory of Mind and Metacognition
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Call Josep 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the primate research literature on the ability to attribute mental states to others as well as the understanding of the self and skills of metacognition. The chapter begins by reviewing the evidence on understanding goals and intentions in apes and monkeys, followed by studies on understanding perception in others including detecting gaze direction on the self, gaze directed to external entities, and joint attention. There is also a section on attribution of knowledge and ignorance in competitive situations and distinguishing knowledge from beliefs. Next, the chapter shifts its attention towards the self by focusing on monitoring and controlling self-generated actions, mirror self-recognition, and mirror use to monitor the self’s actions. The last part of the chapter is devoted to metacognition; more specifically, it reviews the evidence on monitoring and controlling the self’s decisions under uncertainty by displaying opting out responses or seeking additional information.
Europolity
Authors: Hewitson Mark 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The European Union, in Habermas’s opinion, owes its existence to the efforts of political elites who could count on the passive consent of their more or less indifferent populations, as long as the peoples could regard the Union as also being in their economic interest. The legitimacy of the EU rested on outcomes, not the citizens’ political will. ‘This state of affairs is explained not only by the history of its origins but also by the legal constitution of this unique formation’, with the European Central Bank, the Commission and the European Court of Justice intervening most profoundly in the lives of European citizens ‘even though these institutions are the least subject to democratic controls’. The European Council, which had taken the initiative during the eurozone crisis, is made up of heads of government whose role in the eyes of their citizens is to represent their respective national interests in distant Brussels, the German philosopher continues. Although the European Parliament was meant to be a ‘bridge between the conflict of opinions in the national arenas and the momentous decisions taken in Brussels’, the bridge is ‘almost devoid of traffic’. The European Union is neither a state-like entity nor a normal liberal, democratic polity. The old questions remain in place, therefore. What role should the European Union have and how can it function most effectively?
The Liberal Border Script and Its Contestations
Authors: Drewski Daniel , Gerhards Jürgen 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWith reference to political philosophy, this chapter argues that the “liberal border script” is characterized by an inherent tension between individual self-determination, which includes the right to cross-border interactions, and collective self-determination, which covers the states’ right to control their borders. It further argues that international law provides a reasonable point of reference to determine the specific content of the current border script. It then analyzes how international law regulates three kinds of cross-border interactions (communication, economic transactions, and the movement of people) and to what extent this can be interpreted in terms of the liberal border script. The chapter demonstrates that the right of the state to interfere with communication across national borders is very limited (1), that most states have substantially limited their ability to interfere with trade (2), and that states retain the right to control immigration, but they are required to open their borders to refugees (3).
Order-Making through Contestations
Authors: Risse Thomas 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The chapter discusses the Liberal International Order (LIO) pertaining to the international system and institutionalized particularly after World War II. The liberal order script for the international system has been written and rewritten through various internal and external contestations over the past more than 70 years. Some of these contestations have successfully transformed the LIO, while others have had little effect. The chapter challenges the dominant interpretation of the LIO as a US or “Western” hegemonic order by pointing to its many authors from Latin America, Africa, and Asia. The chapter documents the history of the LIO as a history of contestations by focusing on three foundational documents, namely the 1945 United Nations Charter (the LIO’s “constitution”), the 1944 Bretton Woods agreements as setting up the liberal international economic order, and the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights as the founding document of international political liberalism.
Beyond “Liberal Education”
Authors: Caruso Marcelo , Waldow Florian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter asks how institutionalized education relates to the principles, contents, and narratives that make up the liberal script, such as individual and collective self-determination, meritocracy, individualism, and private property. It looks at how modern liberalism became closely associated with universal schooling, including how this in many respects contradicted what had for a long time been known as “liberal education.” The chapter then discusses how compulsory education and mass schooling became institutionalized as central elements of a liberal order, nationally and internationally. Then, it focuses on the role of education as a medium for the ordering of liberal societies and the allocation of life chances according to “merit.” It concludes with the argument that what is “liberal” about education in the liberal script is a particular set of tensions, contradictions, and struggles.
Peripheral Liberalism: New Perspectives on the Liberal Script in the (Post-)Socialist World
Authors: Axe Kevin , Rupprecht Tobias , Trinkle Alice 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter puts into question a widely held belief that the liberal script in countries of (former) state socialism was simply transferred from West to the East after the end of the Cold War. It introduces the term “peripheral liberalism” for a range of ideas on a market- and individual rights-based transformation that emerged in Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, and East Asia as early as the 1970s. While political dissent and human rights activism of the informal opposition have long dominated Western perceptions of the transformation of socialist states, recent scholarship suggests that elites of late state socialism themselves paved the way for economic reforms and political change. Such local intellectual traditions and domestic powerplay were eventually also more influential than Western advisory and political pressure after 1989, although the latter have become a major target of current contestations of the liberal script especially in Eastern Europe.
Liberal Rationality and Its Unacknowledged Commitments
Authors: Menzel Anne 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Within the contemporary liberal script, “rationality” describes an orientation toward progress based on objective knowledge. Objective knowledge and rational policymaking are seen as the best options for improving human welfare, especially when dealing with the poor and “underdeveloped.” This chapter sets out to disrupt this liberal imaginary by drawing attention to unacknowledged commitments in liberal practice, namely in peacebuilding and development cooperation. It begins with some historical background on the emergence of the social sciences alongside rising demands for rational policies “at home” and in the colonies. In this context, it also discusses Max Weber’s early defence of objectivity despite his awareness of the situatedness of knowledge. Next, the chapter turns to contemporary examples in peacebuilding and development practice and discusses how unacknowledged commitments shape rational policymaking in these fields. The main point is not new but worth repeating: Liberal rationality is not objective but situated in particular—and usually unacknowledged—commitments.
Better than the “Liberal Peace”? Brazilian Peacekeeping between Postcolonial Branding and Violent Order-Making
Authors: Müller Markus-Michel , Xavier do Monte Izadora 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes how and to what effect Brazil’s domestic liberal script and contemporary UN-mandated international interventions interact at the beginning of the 21st century. Zooming in on the causes and consequences of Brazil’s contribution to MINUSTAH—the country’s biggest peacekeeping engagement thus far—we argue that the elite-driven enactment of the liberal script in Brazil, while discursively embracing ideas of collective and individual self-determination, has produced a violent and exclusionary form of governing security. Far from seeking to provide a public good, Brazilian security governance primarily aims at safeguarding the (re-)production of a highly unequal and racialized sociopolitical order, which, in turn, negatively impacts upon people’s self-determination regarding the exercise of their personal freedom and autonomy. Our analysis reveals how Brazil’s leading role in MINUSTAH implied a traveling abroad of this violent form of governing security with negative implications for the individual self-determination of those intervened upon in Haiti.