bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intravoxel incoherent motion perfusion in patients with Moyamoya disease: comparison with 15O-gas positron emission tomography
Authors: Hara Shoko , Hori Masaaki , Ueda Ryo , Hagiwara Akifumi , Hayashi Shihori , Inaji Motoki , Tanaka Yoji , Maehara Taketoshi , Ishii Kenji , Aoki Shigeki , Nariai Tadashi 
Published: May 2019

Background Intravoxel incoherent motion magnetic resonance imaging (IVIM) enables non-invasive measurement of brain perfusion. Purpose To investigate whether IVIM could be used to evaluate the hemodynamic disturbance of Moyamoya disease (MMD) by comparison with the gold-standard 15O-gas positron emission tomography (PET) method. Material and Methods Ten consecutive patients with MMD (six women; mean age = 42.8 years) and 10 age-matched healthy controls were evaluated by diffusion-weighted images with 12 different b values in the range of 0–900 s/mm2 and 15O-gas PET. Tomographic maps of IVIM parameters, perfusion fraction ( f ), pseudo-diffusion coefficient ( D*), and f・D*, as well as cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and mean transit time (MTT) maps obtained with PET, were normalized and hemispheric gray and white matter values were calculated. IVIM parametric values were compared with PET parameters and with clinically assessed disease severity. Results There was significant correlation between D* and MTT ( r = –0.74, P < 0.001) and between f・D* and CBF ( r = 0.52, P = 0.02) in the cortical areas. The f values in the white matter were significantly higher in symptomatic MMD patients than in healthy controls ( P = 0.01). Conclusion IVIM may be used to non-invasively investigate cerebral hemodynamic impairment in patients with MMD. Further evaluation is needed to establish IVIM usage in clinical settings.
Malaria in a 2-Month-Old HIV-Exposed Nigerian Infant: Challenges of Care
Authors: Oyedeji Olusola Adetunji 
Published: May 2019

Background: Reports on malaria and HIV coinfections in exposed infants from tropical countries are scarce. Results: The case of a 2-month-old HIV-exposed Nigerian infant who presented with intermittent fever at a Nigerian tertiary hospital is reported. The rarity of the case and the challenges associated with making the diagnosis informed our decision to report the case. Conclusion: Diagnosing malaria in HIV-exposed infants in early infancy requires a high index of suspicion, good knowledge of the clinical presentation, and appropriate microbiological investigations for sepsis and malaria. Further studies need to be conducted on the association between malaria and HIV exposure.
Epinephrine Auto-Injectors for Anaphylaxis Treatment in the School Setting: A Discussion Paper
Authors: Tarr Cooke Abigail , Meize-Grochowski Robin 
Published: May 2019

Introduction: Anaphylaxis is a serious, life-threatening systemic allergic reaction that may occur in individuals not previously diagnosed with an allergy. Emergency first-line treatment of choice for acute anaphylaxis is intramuscular administration of epinephrine via an auto-injector. In the school setting, students with known allergies typically keep or carry an epinephrine auto-injector (EAI). For students who do not have a known allergy or for those whose personal EAIs are unavailable, an anaphylactic event could have serious adverse outcomes if an EAI is not available via an undesignated stock supply in the school. Methods: We searched the published literature from 2000 through 2018 in CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PubMed using the following search terms: anaphylaxis, school setting, epinephrine auto-injector, and food allergies. Throughout this article, undesignated stock EAIs, stock EAIs, EAI stock, and open-order EAIs are used interchangeably. Conclusion: Anaphylaxis is increasing worldwide as the incidence of food allergies increases. Although stock EAIs for students in schools can have important benefits, the availability of EAIs in the school setting is limited. Barriers to undesignated stock EAIs include the lengthy administrative process for developing school policies and protocols; gaps in nurses’ self-perceived knowledge versus objective knowledge on the topic of anaphylaxis; limited resources in many school districts; and complex role demands, lack of confidence in trained staff, or insufficient school nurse staffing. It is important that epinephrine be readily available in schools. Barriers to facilitating stock EAIs include those that can be addressed directly by nurses and those that may require policy changes. Nurses, particularly those working in school settings or pediatrics, could take the lead in discussions about the benefits of stock EAIs in schools, advocating for policy changes as warranted. Fully informed nurses can be better prepared to serve as advocates in ensuring that EAIs are available in school settings.
Dean’s Perspective on Academic Communities at UC San Diego, School of Medicine
Authors: Brandl Katharina , Mandel Jess , Kelly Carolyn J 
Published: May 2019

Introduction and background: In 2010, the UC San Diego School of Medicine launched a new curriculum, the integrated scientific curriculum. As part of this curricular redesign, the school instituted academic communities. This perspective article outlines our experience with the first 8 years of these academic communities. Single-institution experience: We initiated academic communities with the hope that this structure would cultivate enhanced student-student and student-faculty engagement, improve faculty-student mentoring, and create additional service-learning and student leadership opportunities. The communities would also provide an environment for small group learning throughout the 4-year curriculum. After 8 years of experience, a comparison of student survey data pre- and post establishment of academic communities demonstrated enhanced connectedness between students and faculty and higher scores for faculty mentoring and for career planning. Our own lived experience with the communities revealed several unanticipated outcomes. The community directors became a source of support and advice for one another. Some faculty and administrators whose previous roles were affected by start of the academic communities needed to adjust expectations. Conclusions: The establishment of academic communities was associated with improvement in student-faculty engagement, student assessment of faculty mentoring, and career planning.
Gilteritinib induces differentiation in relapsed and refractory FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: McMahon Christine M. , Canaani Jonathan , Rea Bryan , Sargent Rachel L. , Qualtieri Julianne N. , Watt Christopher D. , Morrissette Jennifer J. D. , Carroll Martin , Perl Alexander E. 
Published: May 2019

Key Points
Gilteritinib induces 2 distinct marrow responses in FLT3-mutated AML: responses with and without differentiation. Ongoing clonal hematopoiesis is ubiquitous during gilteritinib therapy and may promote genetic evolution and drug resistance.
Changing Sociological and Clinical Patterns in Mental Handicap
Authors: Primrose D. A. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe historical development of official provision for the care and training of the mentally handicapped—both adults and children—is outlined, to show the changes between Local Authority and Government. Changes in emphasis between compulsory and voluntary admissions to institutions are discussed with particular reference to changes in the law and the administration of the services. Demographic changes due to longer survival, falling birth rate, and prevention, diagnosis and treatment of individual causes of mental handicap are discussed. Particular reference is made to Down's syndrome and to the fragile X syndrome.The need for psychiatrists in mental handicap is mentioned along with the benefit of early intervention. The numbers of the mentally handicapped needing specialist care and training are not diminishing, but the manner of provision is changing, and partly reverting to ways tried long ago.
Age at Seroconversion, HLA Genotype, and Specificity of Autoantibodies in Progression of Islet Autoimmunity in Childhood
Authors: Bauer Witold , Veijola Riitta , Lempainen Johanna , Kiviniemi Minna , Härkönen Taina , Toppari Jorma , Knip Mikael , Gyenesei Attila , Ilonen Jorma 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Context
Children with initial autoantibodies to either insulin (IAA) or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA) differ in peak age of seroconversion and have different type 1 diabetes (T1D) risk gene associations, suggesting heterogeneity in the disease process.

Objective
To compare the associations of age at seroconversion, HLA risk, and specificity of secondary autoantibodies with the progression of islet autoimmunity between children with either IAA or GADA as their first autoantibody.

Design and methods
A cohort of 15,253 children with HLA-associated increased risk of T1D participated in a follow-up program in which islet autoantibodies were regularly measured. The median follow-up time was 6.7 years. Spearman correlation, Kaplan-Meier survival plots, and Cox proportional-hazard models were used for statistical analyses.

Results
Persistent positivity for at least one of the tested autoantibodies was detected in 998 children; 388 of children progressed to clinical T1D. Young age at initial seroconversion was associated with a high probability of expansion of IAA-initiated autoimmunity and progression to clinical diabetes, whereas expansion of GADA-initiated autoimmunity and progression to diabetes were not dependent on initial seroconversion age. The strength of HLA risk affected the progression of both IAA- and GADA-initiated autoimmunity. The simultaneous appearance of two other autoantibodies increased the rate of progression to diabetes compared with that of a single secondary autoantibody among subjects with GADA-initiated autoimmunity but not among those with IAA as the first autoantibody.

Conclusions
Findings emphasize the differences in the course of islet autoimmunity initiated by either IAA or GADA supporting heterogeneity in the pathogenic process.
Racial Abstraction and Species Difference: Anthropomorphic Animals in “Multicultural” Children’s Literature
Authors: Bow Leslie 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This essay explores anthropomorphism in contemporary children’s literature, books in which animals model racialized behaviors in order to promote racial resilience and “teach tolerance.” Unveiling the unintended consequences of invoking species difference as a form of racial abstraction, the essay contextualizes “multicultural” picture books that enlist animal surrogates within the “here and now” innovations of Lucy Sprague Mitchell’s Bank Street Writers Lab and the animal stories of Margaret Wise Brown. In keeping with studies in developmental psychology that explain how children acquire and unlearn biases, the work engages two arenas: books that imagine the adoptive family as cross-species alliance and those that depict biodiversity as a visual metaphor for multiculturalism. In looking at the adult’s ventriloquism of imaginary figures for the imagined child, the essay explores the imperfect correspondence between pedagogic aims and fantastical form, the fissures that arise in turning to nonhuman figures to express adult anxieties over racial difference. Anthropomorphic animals reconcile the paradox of diversity at the millennium: envisioning democratic inclusion without invoking the divisiveness of US racial history.
Lines in the Dirt (c. 1969): Postwar Literalism and the Failure of Technology
Authors: Gladstone Jason 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis essay argues that what most characterizes the late twentieth century is not, as is often assumed, the threat posed to the human by technology but rather that imposed by technology’s failure. The essay does so by tracking the development of a postwar literalism that is neither modernist nor postmodernist. This literalism emerges as an aesthetic in the earthworks and writings of Michael Heizer and Robert Smithson and is isolated as a cultural logic by Thomas Pynchon’s Gravity’s Rainbow (1973). Backed by the rise of cybernetics, this literalism reconfigures the Aristotelian conception of the artifact. Through the lines in the dirt they feature, the works discussed in this essay bracket off the axes of the subject, the human, and the machine. To that end, they generate “failed artifacts” by isolating the exposures of human-made things to their environments as junctures for rendering the empirical limits of technology and putting its conceptual coherence into question. Here, then, technology fails not only in fact but in principle.
The herpes simplex virus 1 Us3 kinase is involved in assembly of membranes needed for viral envelopment and in distribution of glycoprotein K
Authors: Tobler Kurt , Senn Claudia , Schraner Elisabeth M. , Ackermann Mathias , Fraefel Cornel , Wild Peter 
Published: May 2019

Background:Capsids of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) are assembled in cell nuclei, released into the perinuclear space by budding at the inner nuclear membrane acquiring tegument and envelope. Alternatively, capsids gain access to the cytoplasm via dilated nuclear pores. They are enveloped by Golgi membranes. Us3 is a non-essential viral kinase that is involved in nucleus-to-cytoplasm translocation, preventing apoptosis and regulation of phospholipid-biosynthesis. Us3-deletion mutants(HSV-1∆Us3) accumulate in the perinuclear space. Nuclear and Golgi membranes proliferate, and homogeneous, proteinaceous structures of unknown identity are deposited in nuclei and cytoplasm. Glycoprotein K (gK), a highly hydrophobic viral protein, is essential for production of infectious progeny virus but, according to the literature, exclusively vital for envelopment of capsids by Golgi membranes. In the absence of Us3, virions remain stuck in the perinuclear space but mature to infectivity without reaching Golgi membranes, suggesting further function of gK than assumed.Methods:We constructed a HSV-1∆Us3 mutant designated CK177∆Us3gK-HA, in which gK was hemagglutinin (HA) epitope-tagged in order to localize gK by immunolabeling using antibodies against HA for light and electron microscopy.Results:CK177∆Us3gK-HA-infected Vero cells showed similar alterations as those reported for other HSV-1∆Us3, including accumulation of virions in the perinuclear space, overproduction of nuclear and Golgi membranes containing electron dense material with staining property of proteins. Immunolabeling using antibodies against HA revealed that gK is overproduced and localized at nuclear membranes, perinuclear virions stuck in the perinuclear space, Golgi membranes and on protein deposits in cytoplasm and nuclei.Conclusions:Us3 is involved in proper assembly of membranes needed for envelopment and incorporation of gK. Without Us3, virions derived by budding at nuclear membranes remain stuck in the perinuclear space but incorporate gK into their envelope to gain infectivity.
Development of a patient reported outcome questionnaire to measure the impact of postpartum blood loss in women with moderate and severe anaemia: A study using a multi-faceted approach
Authors: Miller Lori , Chaudhri Shahana , Beaumont Danielle , Kayani Aasia , Javid Kiran , Chaudhri Rizwana , Edwards Phil , Brenner Amy , Roberts Ian , Shakur-Still Haleema 
Published: May 2019

Background: Globally, over one-third of pregnant women are anaemic and are at increased risk of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). Tranexamic acid (TXA) given within 3 hours of birth significantly reduces death due to bleeding in women with PPH. However, for many, treatment is too late to prevent death from PPH. The WOMAN-2 trial aims to see if giving TXA can prevent PPH and other outcomes in women with moderate and severe anaemia. Assessing the impact of postpartum blood loss on women’s own perceptions of their health and well-being is an important outcome for the WOMAN-2 trial. This study aimed to develop a conceptual framework and questionnaire to measure the impact of postpartum blood loss on participant-reported outcomes (PRO) in women with moderate and severe anaemia. Methods: A conceptual framework and PRO questionnaire were developed using a multifaceted, iterative process. Factors influencing anaemic women’s postpartum experience were identified from review of the literature and through group discussion with them. De novo items were combined with those from an existing instrument (Multi-dimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory, Short Form (MFSI-SF)). Content validity was tested among a group of obstetricians and anaemic postpartum women, revised and then pilot tested among 124 women with moderate and severe anaemia following vaginal birth. Results: Women with moderate and severe anaemia who experienced PPH reported more fatigue on the MFSI-SF (p=0.001); reported feeling more ill (p=0.004); and had greater difficulty breastfeeding (p=0.039), compared to those who did not experience PPH. Compared to women with moderate anaemia, women with severe anaemia reported experiencing worse symptoms of anaemia (p=0.001) and scored worse on the MFSI-SF (p=0.007). Conclusions: Significant differences between the scores of women who developed PPH and those who did not and the scores between women with moderate and severe anaemia indicate that the questionnaire had satisfactory construct validity.
Methodological Support of Readiness Formation of Future Teachers for Inclusion
Authors: Козырева Ольга , Kozyreva Ol'ga 
Published: May 2019

The results of higher education are determined by normative documents and are based on the theory of competence approach. They refl ect the readiness
of the future teacher to professional activities in the terms of inclusive education.
Analytical verifi cation of various scientifi c sources makes it possible to assert that the essence of the various components of the methodological support of the learning process is the subject of scientifi c disputes. But it is worth noting that currently the researchers have not brought a single interpretation of such a concept as “methodological support”, which forces for their own understanding of this designation to refer to it. Methodological support is mainly singled out not just as a pedagogical component, but also as an integral part of the whole educational process. It is characterized by the volume and content of the working programs of disciplines, provides organizational and pedagogical conditions necessary for the formation of the educational environment of the University readiness of future teachers for inclusion. Properly selected and implemented in full methodological support of any process makes it guaranteed to be effective.
Features of Mastering the Spelling of Vocabulary Words by Younger Schoolchildren with General Speech Underdevelopment
Authors: Николаева Е. , Nikolaeva E. 
Published: May 2019

The article discusses the peculiarities of vocabulary spelling skills by younger schoolchildren with general speech underdevelopment. Persistent diffi culties in forming vocabulary spelling skills are a sign of dysorphography. Among younger schoolchildren with general speech underdevelopment, this disorder occurs quite often. In turn, research in the fi eld of Russian language teaching methods indicates a high prevalence of vocabulary words and imperfect methods of working with them. Mastering vocabulary words at school is reduced to learning their spelling. We organized an experimental work, the purpose of which was to study the level of development of the skill of writing vocabulary words by younger schoolchildren with general speech underdevelopment and establishing its dependence on the level of development of the auditory and visual memory of children. The data we have identifi ed are evidence of the need to search for methods of working with vocabulary words based on a combination of diff erent types
of memory.
Supermarket USA
Authors: Hamilton Shane 
Published: May 2019

This innovative history of supermarkets describes the role of food and agriculture during and after the Cold War. American business leaders and political figures deployed American supermarkets around the world as explicitly anticommunist "weapons" in the Cold War economic contest with the Soviet Union. Modern supermarkets, built upon industrial agriculture supply chains, penetrated world political and economic spheres during the Cold War Farms Race, embodying a pervasive rhetoric of exceptional American food abundance, a counterrevolutionary ideology of capitalist economic development, and a moral claim to the justifiability of U.S. economic power on the world stage. The farmers who produced the food for supermarket supply chains were enlisted in the Farms Race in ways that shaped how agricultural development schemes proceeded in the latter half of the twentieth century. Ultimately, notions of U.S. food power were reconfigured into global systems of market power coordinated by multinational agribusiness corporations. The stage was set for our present moment, in which transnational supermarkets operate as powerful institutions of nonstate governance in the global food economy.
Book Reviews
Authors: Lonergan Meg D. , Prorokova Tatiana 
Published: May 2019

Why Horror Seduces, Mathias Clasen (2017) New York: Oxford University Press, 190 pp., ISBN-13 978-0-19066-650-7, p/bk, $29.40 CAD
Plant Horror: Approaches to the Monstrous Vegetal in Fiction and Film, Dawn Keetley and Angela Tenga (eds) (2016) London: Palgrave Macmillan, xxiv, 278 pp., ISBN: 978-1-137-57062-8, h/bk, $119,99
Development of a metrology technique suitable for in situ measurement and corrective manufacturing of freeform optics
Authors: Burada Dali Ramu , Pant Kamal K. , Mishra Vinod , Bichra Mohamed , Khan Gufran Sayeed , Sinzinger Stefan , Shakher Chandra 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The applications of freeform optical surfaces in modern optical systems are providing unique solutions over rotationally symmetric surfaces. These surfaces offer higher degrees of freedom to the designer to enhance the high-end performance of the optical system. The precise metrology of freeform optics is one of the major bottlenecks for its use in imaging applications. Modern optical fabrication methods (i.e. fast or slow tool servo configuration) are, in principle, capable to meet the challenges to generate complex freeform surfaces if supported by precise metrology feedback for error compensation. In the present work, we have developed a Shack-Hartmann sensor-based metrology technique that can be used for quantitative in situ measurement of freeform optics. The sensor head is used to measure freeform optics in the reflection mode by following the CNC tool path in the offline mode. The measurements are used as feedback for corrective machining. Quantitative analysis is also performed to estimate the error budget of the metrology system. Further, the proposed in situ metrology scheme is validated by measuring freeform surface using a coherence correlation interferometric optical profiler.