bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Etyka zawodowa pracowników państwowych organów kontroli
Authors: Łabieniec Paweł 
Published: October 2018

State audit institutions constitute a very important part of the contemporary model of state. Auditors (people employed by state audit institutions), being professionals, should fulfill many duties which are customarily assigned to them by the society. In their daily work auditors should observe statutes and codes of ethics. The ethics of auditors of the Supreme Audit Office (Najwyższa Izba Kontroli) is held in high regard among rules of conduct for auditors. It serves a model for ethics in other state audit institutions, such as the National Labour Inspectorate (Państwowa Inspekcja Pracy) or Regional Chambers of Audit (regionalne izby obrachunkowe). Ethics of auditors is a special kind of ethics expected from public administration employees.
Kilka uwag o teorii znaczenia Kazimierza Ajdukiewicza
Authors: Tomza Anna 
Published: October 2018

The current discourse in the philosophy of law and philosophy of language is focused on one question – what is the proper meaning of the concept of meaning? The main problem in this reflections is a definition of a term ‘meaning’. Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, the most renown Polish logician, which analyzed this problem, present the definition of ‘meaning’ as a proper understanding of the sense of the directives. Many current philosophers take this part of Ajdukiewicz’s work to demonstrate the cognitive part of the philosophy of law and especially the philosophy of language. In the Polish theory of law this issue is overlooked. In my opinion Ajdukiewicz was a creator of the philosophical concept ‘meaning’, and this article will consider the possibility that the idea of directive concept of ‘meaning’ and the conception of meaning belongs rather to the philosophy of language than constitutes the theory of logic.
Insensitivity to Pain upon Adult-Onset Deletion of Nav1.7 or Its Blockade with Selective Inhibitors
Authors: Shields Shannon D. , Deng Lunbin , Reese Rebecca M. , Dourado Michelle , Tao Janet , Foreman Oded , Chang Jae H. , Hackos David H. 
Published: October 2018

Strong human genetic evidence points to an essential contribution of the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.7 to pain sensation: loss of Nav1.7 function leads to congenital insensitivity to pain, whereas gain-of-function mutations in theSCN9Agene that encodes Nav1.7 cause painful neuropathies, such as inherited erythromelalgia, a syndrome characterized by episodic spontaneous pain. Selective Nav1.7 channel blockers thus hold promise as potential painkillers with improved safety and reduced unwanted side effects compared with existing therapeutics. To determine the maximum effect of a theoretically perfectly selective Nav1.7 inhibitor, we generated a tamoxifen-inducible KO mouse model enabling genetic deletion of Nav1.7 from adult mice. Electrophysiological recordings of sensory neurons from these mice following tamoxifen injection demonstrated the loss of Nav1.7 channel current and the resulting decrease in neuronal excitability of small-diameter neurons. We found that behavioral responses to most, but surprisingly not all, modalities of noxious stimulus are abolished following adult deletion of Nav1.7, pointing toward indications where Nav1.7 blockade should be efficacious. Furthermore, we demonstrate that isoform-selective acylsulfonamide Nav1.7 inhibitors show robust analgesic and antinociceptive activity acutely after a single dose in mouse pain models shown to be Nav1.7-dependent. All experiments were done with both male and female mice. Collectively, these data expand the depth of knowledge surrounding Nav1.7 biology as it relates to pain, and provide preclinical proof of efficacy that lays a clear path toward translation for the therapeutic use of Nav1.7-selective inhibitors in humans.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTLoss-of-function mutations in the sodium channel Nav1.7 cause congenital insensitivity to pain in humans, making Nav1.7 a top target for novel pain drugs. Targeting Nav1.7 selectively has been challenging, however, in part due to uncertainties in which rodent pain models are dependent on Nav1.7. We have developed and characterized an adult-onset Nav1.7 KO mouse model that allows us to determine the expected effects of a theoretically perfect Nav1.7 blocker. Importantly, many commonly used pain models, such as mechanical allodynia after nerve injury, appear to not be dependent on Nav1.7 in the adult. By defining which models are Nav1.7 dependent, we demonstrate that selective Nav1.7 inhibitors can approximate the effects of genetic loss of function, which previously has not been directly established.
Ipsilesional Motor Cortex Plasticity Participates in Spontaneous Hindlimb Recovery after Lateral Hemisection of the Thoracic Spinal Cord in the Rat
Authors: Brown Andrew R. , Martinez Marina 
Published: October 2018

After an incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) spontaneous motor recovery can occur in mammals, but the underlying neural substrates remain poorly understood. The motor cortex is crucial for skilled motor learning and the voluntary control of movement and is known to reorganize after cortical injury to promote recovery. Motor cortex plasticity has also been shown to parallel the recovery of forelimb function after cervical SCI, but whether cortical plasticity participates in hindlimb recovery after SCI remains unresolved. Using intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) mapping, behavioral and cortical inactivation techniques in the female Long–Evans rat, we evaluated the spontaneous cortical mechanisms of hindlimb motor recovery 1–5 weeks after lateral hemisection of the thoracic (T8) spinal cord that ablated the crossed corticospinal tract (CST) from the contralesional motor cortex while sparing the majority of the CST from the ipsilesional motor cortex. Hemisection initially impaired hindlimb motor function bilaterally but significant recovery occurred during the first 3 weeks. ICMS revealed time-dependent changes in motor cortex organization, characterized by a chronic abolishment of hindlimb motor representation in the contralesional motor cortex and the development of transient bilateral hindlimb representation in the ipsilesional motor cortex 3 weeks after hemisection, when significant behavioral recovery occurred. Consistently, reversible inactivation of the ipsilesional, but not the contralesional motor cortex, during skilled ladder walking 3 weeks after hemisection reinstated deficits in both hindlimbs. These findings indicate that the ipsilesional motor cortex transiently reorganizes after lateral hemisection of the thoracic spinal cord to support recovery of hindlimb motor function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPartial motor recovery can occur after an incomplete spinal cord injury and is hypothesized to result from the reorganization of spared descending motor pathways. The motor cortex is crucial for the control of voluntary movement and contains topographical movement representations (motor maps) that are highly plastic. We examined the organization of hindlimb motor maps bilaterally after a lateral hemisection of the spinal cord to show that while motor maps are abolished in the deefferented cortex, the spared ipsilesional cortex transiently reorganizes to gain a representation of the affected hindlimb after injury that relates to recovery. This finding demonstrates that plasticity in the ipsilesional motor cortex at early time points after spinal cord hemisection is initially important to support motor recovery.
A Multicomponent Neuronal Response Encodes the Larval Decision to Pupariate upon Amino Acid Starvation
Authors: Jayakumar Siddharth , Richhariya Shlesha , Deb Bipan Kumar , Hasan Gaiti 
Published: October 2018

Organisms need to coordinate growth with development, particularly in the context of nutrient availability. Thus, multiple ways have evolved to survive extrinsic nutrient deprivation during development. InDrosophila, growth occurs during larval development. Larvae are thus critically dependent on nutritional inputs; but after critical weight, they pupariate even when starved. How nutrient availability is coupled to the internal metabolic state for the decision to pupariate needs better understanding. We had earlier identified glutamatergic interneurons in the ventral ganglion that regulate pupariation on a protein-deficient diet. Here we report thatDrosophilathird instar larvae (either sex) sense arginine to evaluate their nutrient environment using an amino acid transporter Slimfast. The glutamatergic interneurons integrate external protein availability with internal metabolic state through neuropeptide signals. IP3-mediated calcium release and store-operated calcium entry are essential in these glutamatergic neurons for such integration and alter neuronal function by reducing the expression of multiple ion channels.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCoordinating growth with development, in the context of nutrient availability is a challenge for all organisms in nature. After attainment of “critical weight,” insect larvae can pupariate, even in the absence of nutrition. Mechanism(s) that stimulate appropriate cellular responses and allow normal development on a nutritionally deficient diet remain to be understood. Here, we demonstrate that nutritional deprivation, in postcritical weight larvae, is sensed by special sensory neurons through an amino acid transporter that detects loss of environmental arginine. This information is integrated by glutamatergic interneurons with the internal metabolic state through neuropeptide signals. These glutamatergic interneurons require calcium-signaling-regulated expression of a host of neuronal channels to generate complex calcium signals essential for pupariation on a protein-deficient diet.
The Caenorhabditis elegans Oxidative Stress Response Requires the NHR-49 Transcription Factor
Authors: Hu Queenie , D’Amora Dayana R , MacNeil Lesley T , Walhout Albertha J M , Kubiseski Terrance J 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells can lead to the development of diseases associated with aging. We have previously shown that C. elegansBRAP-2 (Brca1 associated binding protein 2) regulates phase II detoxification genes such as gst-4, by increasing SKN-1 activity. Previously, a transcription factor (TF) RNAi screen was conducted to identify potential activators that are required to induce gst-4 expression in brap-2(ok1492) mutants. The lipid metabolism regulator NHR-49/HNF4 was among 18 TFs identified. Here, we show that knockdown of nhr-49 suppresses the activation of gst-4 caused by brap-2 inactivation and that gain-of-function alleles of nhr-49 promote gst-4 expression. We also demonstrate that nhr-49 and its cofactor mdt-15 are required to express phase II detoxification enzymes upon exposure to chemicals that induce oxidative stress. Furthermore, we show that NHR-49 and MDT-15 enhance expression of skn-1a/c. These findings identify a novel role for NHR-49 in ROS detoxification by regulating expression of SKN-1C and phase II detoxification genes.
Gradient material Pd-PdHx
Authors: Goltsova M. V. , Zhirov I. G. , Nazarov D. A. 
Published: October 2018

There was analyzed videotape recording of palladium plate bending during its one-side saturation with hydrogen in experimental conditions of isothermal temperature 130 °С, step hydrogening up to РН2 = 0,01МPа, 0,033, 0,05 МPа. For experiments pure palladium plate of (68×5,5×0,27) mm size electrolytically covered with copper was used as well as specially constructed hydrogen vacuum device. It is shown, that palladium plate bending processes in two stages. In the first stage it is very intensive and quickly reaches values much more than plates thickness. In the second stage the plate is returning to initial state but fixing a small residual form changing. The second stage is much more slow than the first one. Repeated hydrogening lead to a decrease in the maximum bending of the plate. It is shown that the bending is caused by internal stresses induced by hydrogen concentration gradients but the responsibility of such a behavior possessed by temporarily existing gradient material Pd-PdHx. In the first moments of saturation the layer of PdHx is formed in palladium subsurface layers and a side near copper is free from hydrogen. As hydrogen concentration in plate becomes equal through the plate thickness, the plate returns to initial form.There were calculated parameters of temporarily existing gradient material Pd-PdHх in frames of model discussed. Results of the work are of interest for development of hydrogen sensors.
Guest Editorial: Putting the Power Into Empowerment To Drive Digitalization
Authors: Heilmann Matthias 
Published: October 2018

Guest editorial
It is time to put a common misconception to rest. The oil and gas industry is not lagging behind other industrial sectors in the race toward digitalization. We are leading the charge. This confidence is born from our status as one of the earliest adopters of digital technologies to efficiently transform complex reservoirs into revenues.
However, two things have happened since our industry first started adopting digital in its original form several decades ago. First, oil and gas businesses are experiencing new pressures from the downturn, which has placed increased focus on productivity and the navigation of diverse energy dynamics. Second, the Industrial Internet of Things (IoT) or Digital 4.0 technologies have developed at an increasing rate, with the democratization of cloud computing and the advancements in data analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning creating new opportunities beyond the consumer space. The resulting environment is one in which the oil and gas industry must consider the role these new digital technologies will play in navigating shifting industry dynamics.
While the industry is at a prime point, testing and beginning to put to work new digital ideas, the draw to return to age-old, tried and tested methods can be tempting. Unlike vehicle manufacturing, we are truly a process-driven industry where simulation, data measurement, and modeling are at the core of everything oil and gas does because everything is connected. We must move forward to adopt industrial IoT technologies that optimize across assets, processes, people, production, and the reservoir and wells by delivering answers in real time. Harnessing data that have been stranded will improve reliability, optimize production, and transform overall operations beyond what existing, siloed software solutions were able to deliver.
The value in data analytics at scale across an enterprise is visualization of historical and real-time performance across an entire business, from the reservoir and well to the refinery. Connecting digital across oil and gas businesses will be a key topic at the inaugural ENGenious conference and exhibition taking place in Aberdeen, 4–6 September 2018. Four key pillars of activity will be on the agenda: data analytics, automation and control systems, robotics, and smart communications. While the event will explore what innovation means for the onshore and offshore upstream oil and gas industry, it will embrace the learnings and experiences from a diverse range of industries. Using an ecosystem approach, this will create an enlightening forum to encourage cross-pollination of ideas and information exchange.
Can Putting Blockchain on Drilling Rigs Really Get Everyone on the Same Screen?
Authors: Rassenfoss Stephen 
Published: October 2018

When Diamond Offshore Drilling announced that it will be equipping its offshore drilling rigs with blockchain, the calls started coming.
“I was shocked by the response on the first 4 days,” said Harris Reynolds, manager for research and development for Diamond Offshore. The reaction exceeded anything he had seen in more than 3 decades of product development.
The level of interest was surprising in an industry where customers are normally wary of new things until totally proven. Blockchain for drilling is an industry-first based on technology from outside the oil and gas industry that has never been field-tested, and will be valuable only if it disrupts how things are done.
The last point actually may be a positive. The hope is that blockchain can open the door to significant cost reductions by putting everyone on the same screen. The software created in partnership with a pioneer in that field, Data Gumbo, creates a common view of the plan, predicted costs, progress, and performance of everyone working in an offshore project, among many things.
While a drilling company took the initiative looking for a competitive edge, it was built for use by operating companies that will define how this tool will be used. Diamond is seeking initial users of its blockchain service, which it plans to install on its most advanced drilling rigs by year end and eventually on its entire fleet.
“We are just one part of the spread, a fraction of that,” said Reynolds, adding that the company is trying to speed an advance in the industry, which it expects will become common in a few years.
Blockchain’s claim to fame is the software used to record who owns Bitcoin. The safeguards built into the system create an “immutable ledger” of those who create Bitcoin and the parties involved when the crypto currency changes hands. That makes it possible to track a chain of ownership that can be audited.
In oil and gas, the goal is to use an industrial version of the software to create a common account of things that are tracked now using a variety of tools such as relational databases or spreadsheets. Blockchain descriptions often refer to these as ledgers. The problem is the numbers often vary, reflecting different points of view and different record-keeping systems.
“That is the thing. Their accounting software and my accounting system have got different records of what happened,” said Andrew Bruce, chief executive officer for Data Gumbo. Opportunities are missed because “data is out there but it is on an island,” Reynolds said.
The system creates a constantly updated chain of blocks, which cannot be altered, recording facts on a certain topic. With blockchain, Bruce said, “everybody gets a record and there is no room for dispute.”
Downhole Plunger Speed Study in Sucker Rod High GOR and High Friction Wells
Authors: Ferrigno E.. , El Khouri D.. , Moreno G.. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This work arises from the comprehensive study of a park of 50 wells with artificial lift pumping systems. These have intelligent well controllers and telemetry systems with downhole calculation modules deriving from the processing of dynamometry and surface production data.
In both controllers and telemetry software, dynamometer cards are processed using wave equation algorithms applied to vertical wells. These calculation methods do not consider the effects of Columbian frictions in deviated wells.
The aim of the study was to compare the dynamometer cards obtained using controllers and telemetry with other external softwares that do consider Coloumbian frictions and their effects in deviated wells. The goal was to assess whether, despite the limitations of the analysis, the results were acceptable to determine conditions of fluid pound, run algorithms to control pump filling, and to analyze Goodman diagram applied to sucker rods. Thus, it is possible to describe the scope of the technology available in the field to optimize wells in real time and to provide an operational diagnostic.
Within the framework of the above-mentioned study, and as part of the need to understand the high rate of early faults observed in wells, advanced studies of speed and cycle times of pump strokes were conducted. This paper focuses on the specific findings obtained as regards this topic.
Solving Gas Interference Issues with Sucker Rod Pumps in the Permian Basin
Authors: Allison A. P. , Leal C. F. , Boland M. R. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Gas/liquid ratios (GLRs) typically increase later in the life of a sucker rod-pumped well, and unconventional reservoirs may have high GLRs from the beginning of production. How to handle that gas production is important for sucker rod pumps, as the efficiency is reduced when gas enters the pump. A project was undertaken to quantify several methods used to handle gas production with sucker rod pumps and the effectiveness of each.
This project focused on three areas of design or operation intended to improve gas handling: Gas separator design: The sizing of downhole gas separators was reviewed, and steps were taken to match the pumping system with the proper separator. In cases where the separator was not pulled, the pump displacement was adjusted to ensure it was within the capacity of the existing separator. Where there was an opportunity to replace the separator, the design was modified to ensure the separator capacity matched the expected well production.Variable speed drives: Horizontal wells do not provide consistent inflow, but rather exhibit slugging behavior as portions of the lateral load up with liquid or gas. This makes pump-off control difficult with conventional rod pump controllers, which stop the pump completely when there is a lack of fluid at the pump. The performance of variable speed drives was studied to determine if continuous operation while adjusting the speed to accommodate slugging would improve production.Backpressure valves: Backpressure has been used as a method to improve the performance of wells with gas interference, but the benefits have been questionable compared to the negative impacts on equipment loading. Wells with elevated tubing backpressure were identified, the backpressure was reduced to line pressure, and the impact on performance was monitored.