bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Intra-abdominal Pressure Have a Causal Effect on Muscle Strength of Hip and Knee Joints?
Authors: Tayashiki Kota , Kanehisa Hiroaki , Miyamoto Naokazu 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Tayashiki, K, Kanehisa, H, and Miyamoto, N. Does intra-abdominal pressure have a causal effect on muscle strength of hip and knee joints? J Strength Cond Res 35(1): 41–46, 2021—It remains unclear whether intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) has a causal effect on lower-limb muscle strength. This study aimed to clarify whether or not changes in IAP, induced by changing breathing state, influence muscle strength of hip and knee extensor and flexor. Eighteen healthy males (age: 22.0 ± 2.2 years, height: 1.71 ± 0.03 m, and body mass: 68.1 ± 6.1 kg) performed maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs) of hip and knee extensor and flexor during breath-hold at full inspiration (inspiratory condition) or expiration (expiratory condition), or during normal breath-hold (normal condition). Intra-abdominal pressure was obtained by a pressure transducer placed in the rectum and determined at the time at which the developed torque reached to the maximum. The IAP during each MVIC was significantly greater in inspiratory condition than in expiratory condition (p < 0.05). The maximal torque of hip extensor was significantly greater in inspiratory condition than in expiratory condition (p < 0.05). By contrast, the maximal torque of each of hip flexor, knee extensor, and knee flexor was not different among the 3 breath-hold conditions. The IAP was significantly correlated with the maximal torque of hip extensor in each breath-hold condition. The current results suggest that a sufficient increase in IAP has a causal effect to specifically improve muscle strength of hip extensor.
Shorter Ground Contact Time and Better Running Economy: Evidence From Female Kenyan Runners
Authors: Mooses Martin , Haile Diresibachew W. , Ojiambo Robert , Sang Meshack , Mooses Kerli , Lane Amy R. , Hackney Anthony C. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Mooses, M, Haile, DW, Ojiambo, R, Sang, M, Mooses, K, Lane, AR, and Hackney, AC. Shorter ground contact time and better running economy: evidence from female Kenyan runners. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 481–486, 2021—Previously, it has been concluded that the improvement in running economy (RE) might be considered as a key to the continued improvement in performance when no further increase in V̇o
2max is observed. To date, RE has been extensively studied among male East African distance runners. By contrast, there is a paucity of data on the RE of female East African runners. A total of 10 female Kenyan runners performed 3 × 1,600-m steady-state run trials on a flat outdoor clay track (400-m lap) at the intensities that corresponded to their everyday training intensities for easy, moderate, and fast running. Running economy together with gait characteristics was determined. Subjects showed moderate to very good RE at the first (202 ± 26 ml·kg−1·km−1) and second (188 ± 12 ml·kg−1·km−1) run trials, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed significant relationship between ground contact time (GCT) and RE at the second run (r = 0.782; p = 0.022), which represented the intensity of anaerobic threshold. This study is the first to report the RE and gait characteristics of East African female athletes measured under everyday training settings. We provided the evidence that GCT is associated with the superior RE of the female Kenyan runners.
U.S. Army Physical Demands Study: Differences in Physical Fitness and Occupational Task Performance Between Trainees and Active Duty Soldiers
Authors: Canino Maria C. , Foulis Stephen A. , Zambraski Edward J. , Cohen Bruce S. , Redmond Jan E. , Hauret Keith G. , Frykman Peter N. , Sharp Marilyn A. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Canino, MC, Foulis, SA, Zambraski, EJ, Cohen, BS, Redmond, JE, Hauret, KG, Frykman, PN, and Sharp, MA. U.S. Army Physical Demands Study: Differences in physical fitness and occupational task performance between trainees and active duty soldiers. J Strength Cond Res 33(7): 1864–1870, 2019—U.S. Army initial entry training (IET) is designed to prepare trainees for the military environment and subsequent training, including specific programs to increase physical fitness to perform job-specific tasks to the minimal acceptable performance standard (MAPS). The aim of this study was to compare physical fitness and occupational task performance of trainees at the end of IET to that of active duty soldiers. One hundred seventy-nine male combat arms trainees at the end of IET and 337 male combat arms active duty soldiers performed a sandbag carry (SBC), casualty drag (CD), and move under direct fire (MUF). Physical fitness was assessed using Army Physical Fitness Test scores. A questionnaire was administered to determine frequency of task performance. Active duty soldiers compared with trainees were older (p < 0.01) and performed more push-ups (p < 0.01) and sit-ups (p < 0.01). Trainees performed the 2-mile run faster (p < 0.01). Ninety-four percent of trainees and 99% of active duty soldiers performed the 3 tasks to the MAPSs. Active duty soldiers performed significantly faster on both the SBC (p < 0.01) and CD (p < 0.01) and reported a higher task frequency on the SBC (p = 0.03) and CD (p < 0.01). No difference in MUF performance (p = 0.16) and task frequency (p = 0.13) was detected. Initial entry training seems to provide sufficient physical training as most trainees were able to meet the MAPSs; however, performance differences were still apparent between trainees and active duty soldiers. Additional practice performing the physically demanding tasks may help maximize performance on the physically demanding job requirements.
Testing Method for Determination of Microscopic Fracture Toughness for Rock Materials
Authors: Kataoka Minami , Jeong Sang-Sun , Obara Yuzo , Yoshinaga Toru , Mine Yoji , Takashima Kazuki 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The fracture behavior of rocks is known to depend on the microstructures of the rocks: the distribution and orientation of the microcracks, and the type, size, and shape of mineral grains. To explain quantitatively the effect of the microstructures on the fracture of rocks, the determination of the fracture toughness of grain and grain boundaries, namely, the microscopic fracture toughness (MFT), is necessary. The authors developed a testing method for determination of MFT for rock materials. A microsized specimen of a cantilever beam type with dimensions of 10 by 10 by 50 μm was used in this testing method, and we built a special testing machine for this specimen. Microsized specimens were made within grains of Iksan granite by Focused Ion Beam machining, and the MFT of its constituents—plagioclase, alkali feldspar, and quartz—was determined using this testing method at room temperature. The MFT varied widely and the results are discussed based on the mineralogical knowledge. This testing method will be helpful to more accurately interpret the fracture behavior.
Adquisición de las construcciones medias en español como segunda lengua
Authors: Guillén Solano Patricia 
Published: June 2018

Este artículo estudia la adquisición de la voz media en español como segunda lengua, centrándose en el uso del pronombre se como estrategia para expresar anticausatividad. La investigación se lleva a cabo con seis hablantes de español como segunda lengua, tres de ellos con instrucción formal universitaria en español como segunda lengua y tres de ellos sin estudios formales en esta lengua pero que han vivido en Costa Rica al menos por tres años. Para efectuar el estudio, se les solicita a los participantes que respondan la pregunta ¿Qué le pasó a...? de acuerdo con una serie de ilustraciones, con el fin de determinar el uso de la estructura. Finalmente, sus respuestas son analizadas y comparadas.
Las funciones del lenguaje de Jakobson en la titulación deportiva: Estudio estilístico de <i>La Nación</i> y <i>La Extra</i>
Authors: Vargas Castro Erika 
Published: June 2018

En el siguiente artículo se estudian los titulares periodísticos dentro del esquema de la comunicación de Jakobson. Los titulares son enunciados producidos por un diario (el cual funciona como emisor) y transmiten un mensaje relacionado con una realidad, sea física o mental, a un destinatario, el lector. En el caso de los periódicos La Nación y La Extra, el código compartido es el español, pero se emplean diferentes subcódigos: mientras que el primer diario se caracteriza por el uso de un registro formal, en el segundo se prefiere el léxico informal propio del sociolecto al que se dirige el diario. Asimismo, se presupone que las funciones del lenguaje de Jakobson que deben prevalecer en los titulares son la referencial y la fática, pero en la sección deportiva se demostró que en ambos periódicos se utilizan titulares cuya forma podría vincularse con la función poética. Esto evidencia una mayor libertad en la sección deportiva para interactuar con el contenido del mensaje. Además, en el caso de La Extra, se registraron titulares en donde se enfatiza alguna de las otras funciones, ya sea la emotiva, la conativa o la metalingüística, por cuanto también se busca interactuar con el lector, incorporar rasgos subjetivos y emplear juegos lingüísticos con el fin de hacer el titular más atractivo.
Herramientas para la elección de documentos auténticos como punto de partida para la creación de secuencias didácticas en ELE
Authors: Arias Corrales Ileana 
Published: June 2018

En este artículo se presenta, en primer lugar, la definición y tipología de documentos auténticos en el ámbito de la enseñanza de lenguas extrajeras. Seguidamente, se analizan algunas propuestas en cuanto a la pertinencia de su uso y luego se propone una serie de criterios para la elección de documentos auténticos orales o escritos como punto de partida para la planificación de una secuencia didáctica. Dicha propuesta tiene como objetivo primordial brindar herramientas y sobre todo criterios de reflexión que orienten las decisiones de la persona ya que en lo que respecta a la planificación didáctica, son las decisiones acertadas las que garantizan un curso de lengua extranjera coherente, motivante y a la vez eficaz. Finalmente, la autora presenta algunas pistas de explotación de dichos documentos.
Uncovering the Relation between CK and PCK: An Investigation of Preservice Elementary Mathematics Teachers’ Algebra Teaching Knowledge
Authors: Güler Mustafa , Çelik Derya 
Published: June 2018

This article discuss the algebra teaching knowledge of preservice elementary mathematics teachers in the context of CK and PCK as well as the relationship between them. The study was conducted with 101 preservice teachers sampled from a state university in Turkey. Rasch analysis was used to interpret the data. The results revealed that preservice teachers performed at mid-level for both CK and PCK tests. It was also found that there was significant correlation between the CK and PCK test scores. Weaknesses of the preservice teachers in terms of knowledge of the learner component of PCK, in comparison with presentation of content, were identified.
A prospective randomized trial to compare side effects of early versus late removal of Foley’s catheter and vaginal pack following vaginal hysterectomy
Authors: Gupta Ayesha , P. Reddi Rani 
Published: June 2018

Background: There is a controversy about the ideal time for removal of catheter and vaginal pack following vaginal hysterectomy. The present study was undertaken to compare post-operative morbidity in early and late removal of Foley’s catheter and vaginal pack. The aim of this study is to compare post-operative morbidity in early and late removal of Foley’s catheter and vaginal pack following vaginal hysterectomy.Methods: This was a prospective randomized study with n=100 of those women who were undergoing vaginal hysterectomy with or without pelvic floor repair and fulfilled the inclusion criteria. After informed written consent, they were assigned to Foley’s catheter and vaginal pack removal group in 6 hours (group I, n=50) or 24 hours removal group (group II, n=50). Primary parameters used to assess were urine routine and microscopy, urine culture and sensitivity on post-operative day 2, need for re-catheterization and repacking, febrile morbidity, ambulation, vault infection and post-operative hospital stay duration were analyzed in both groups.Results: Febrile morbidity was found in 6% and 8%, Positive urine culture was found in 10% and 20%, Rate of re-catheterization was 10% in group I and group II respectively. Vaginal bleeding after pack removal and repacking was in 6% in group I whilst none had in group II.Conclusions: Early removal was associated with less incidence of urinary tract infection, and increased rate of re-catheterization and repacking. Needs larger comparative studies to support the practice of early removal.
Sumber Dana dan Persepsi Tentang Bunga Bank oleh Pedagang Muslim (Studi Pedagang di Pasar Basah di Kota Kendari Tahun 2015)
Authors: Afandi Nur , Ernawati Ernawati 
Published: June 2018

Abstract Fatwa of The Council of Indonesian Ulama (Majelis Ulama Indonesia, MUI) Number 1/ 2004 imply that bank interest equal to usury. The purpose of this study was to determine Muslim traders' perceptions of interest, and their consistency in the behavior of loan applications. Methods of data collection used in this study was questionnaires to Muslim traders of Wet Mandonga Market Kendari City. Samples taken in this research were 30 respondents with census sampling technique. The data were analyzed using percentage. The level of consistency of respondents is calculated by the share of the number of respondents who consider the bank interest equal to usury and do not make loans with conventional scheme, to the total respondents. The results showed that all Muslim traders in the Wet Market Mandonga Kendari City have understood that the interest is equal to usury However there are 16.67 percent of respondents whose equity is usury, where 6.67 percent of which comes from loan shark. The consistency of perception and application of the understanding of interest money on Muslim traders reached 83.33 percent.AbstrakFatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) Nomor 1 Tahun 2004 membawa pesan bahwa bunga bank sama dengan riba. Penelitian ini mengkaji persepsi pedagang muslim tentang bunga, dan konsistensinya terhadap perilaku pengajuan pinjaman modal. Metode pengumpulan data diperoleh melalui kuisioner bagi pedagang muslim di Pasar Basah Mandonga Kota Kendari. Sampel pada penelitian ini berjumlah 30 orang pedagang, yang ditentukan berdasarkan metode sensus. Metode analisis yang digunakan yaitu matriks empat kuadran dan persentase. Tingkat konsistensi responden dihitung dengan persentase jumlah responden yang menganggap bunga bank sama dengan riba yang sekaligus tidak melakukan pinjaman dengan tambahan bunga, terhadap total responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa seluruh pedagang muslim di Pasar Basah Mandonga Kota Kendari telah memahami bahwa bunga pinjaman uang sama dengan riba. Meskipun demikian terdapat 16,67 persen responden yang permodalannya bersifat ribawi yang 6,67 persen diantaranya bersumber dari rentenir. Adapun konsistensi persepsi dan aplikasi dari pemahaman akan bunga uang pada pedagang muslim mencapai 83,33 persen
O palácio e o consenso: o Officium Palatinum e a articulação da aristocracia visigoda (Séculos VI-VIII)
Authors: Daflon Eduardo Cardoso 
Published: June 2018

<p>A chamada Hispânia Visigótica foi, sem dúvida, uma sociedade estratificada e cindida. Não só em distintas classes sociais – sendo a aristocracia e o campesinato as duas principais –, mas também do ponto de vista das disputas internas às classes, algo que pode ser percebido pelas tensões intermitentes das quais a documentação nos dá apenas algumas pistas. Estes conflitos internos, no que diz respeito à aristocracia, são mais evidentes no contexto das constantes disputas pelo trono régio, porém se manifestam frequentemente nos conflitos pelo controle de patrimônio fundiário e dos dependentes. Em suma, a fim de amortecer e tentar controlar estes choques internos, podemos vislumbrar a existência de mecanismos privilegiados de articulação dos grupos dominantes, sendo um deles o palácio régio ou, como muitas vezes referido nos documentos de época, o <em>Officium Palatinum</em>.<em> </em>Assim, consiste em um dos objetivos fundamentais deste trabalho esboçar uma caracterização deste âmbito de articulação, bem como explicitar os níveis de dominação por ele propiciado.</p>
Índice de Mobilidade Urbana Sustentável (IMUS) para o Domínio Planejamento Integrado em Sinop-MT
Authors: Ferreira Paulo , Guarda Emeli Lalesca Aparecida da , Leão Marlon , Sanches João Carlos Machado , Ohira Luís Shigeharu 
Published: June 2018

Com base no Índice de Mobilidade Urbana Sustentável – IMUS- desenvolvido por Costa (2008) este trabalho tem por objetivo aferir, através do cálculo dos indicadores, os aspectos positivos e negativos na atual conjuntura de desenvolvimento e mobilidade urbana, relacionado ao domínio Planejamento Integrado, no município de Sinop/MT. Os dados aferidos entre os meses de agosto e outubro de 2015 estão relacionados a um contexto específico no tempo, podendo ser reavaliados em situações futuras, em função de mudanças, de ordem econômica, social, ambiental ou do próprio sistema de mobilidade urbana. Obteve-se o IMUS de 0,551 para o município de Sinop. Nesta avaliação, considera-se que Sinop atingiu uma pontuação mediana de acordo com a escala proposta pelo IMUS. O município tem buscado a viabilização de um desenvolvimento mais sustentável, porém, ainda tem muito que ajustar quanto ao planejamento integrado, a partir de ações integradas e de pessoal qualificado. As ações de reconhecimento e fiscalização estão presentes, ainda assim, o município possui pendências de regularização de novos bairros e condomínios residenciais, faltam escolas e postos de saúde, reflexos do constante e acentuado crescimento do município. Observa-se ainda que os problemas encontrados impactam de maneira mais significativas as populações mais carentes, que ocupam as áreas mais distantes do centro da cidade.
SAĞLIK BİLİŞİM TEKNOLOJİLERİ VE YENİ HUKUKSAL SORU(N)LAR
Authors: KÜZECİ Elif 
Published: June 2018

Elektronik
Sağlık ya da kısaca e-Sağlık olarak da nitelenebilecek sağlık bilişim
teknolojileri, yeni iletişim teknolojilerinin (Information Communication
Technologies-ICTs) sağlık amacıyla kullanılmasını ifade eder. Sağlık bilişim
teknolojilerindeki hızlı gelişim geleneksel sağlık hizmeti sunumunda ve
hasta-hekim ilişkisinde dönüşüm yaratmaktadır. Bu gelişmenin daha uzun ve daha
sağlıklı bir yaşam için pek çok olanak sunduğu açıktır. Ancak bazı yan etkileri
olduğu da belirtilmelidir. Nitekim sağlık bilişim teknolojilerindeki hızlı
gelişim kişisel verilerin işlenme süreçleri ile ilgili yeni sorular ve sorunlar
gündeme getirmektedir. Bu soruların yetkin bir şekilde yanıtlanması,
yürürlükteki hukuk kurallarını yorumlarken ve gelecekteki hukuk kurallarını
tasarlarken teknolojinin kendine özgü yapısını dikkate almayı gerektirir. Bu
çalışma kapsamında öncelikle e-sağlık uygulamalarının getirdiği yenilikler
karşısında ortaya çıkan hukuksal sorular değerlendirilmiştir. Ardından ise bu
sorunlara çözüm olacağı umulan bazı öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Kanımızca bu
sorunların çözülebilmesi, veri öznesinin kendine ilişkin bilgiler üzerindeki
denetimini güçlendiren, sürecin şeffaflığını destekleyen ve teknolojinin
kendine özgü unsurlarını dikkate alan bir bakış açısı ile olanaklıdır. Bu bakış açısının mevcut hukuk kurallarının
yorumuna ve yeni kuralların tasarımına yansıtılması, hak ve özgürlükler ile
teknolojik gelişmeler arasında dengenin kurulması açısından yararlı sonuçlar
verebilir. Ayrıca teknolojinin önüne bariyerler koymadan bireyin haklarını
korumak için hukuk kurallarının yanında bu bakış açısını sistemleştiren etik
kurallara da başvurulması daha sağlıklı bir gelecek kurmakta yardımcı
olacaktır.
Selectively Targeted Anti-Neoplastic Cytotoxicity of Three Immunopharmaceuticals with Covalently Bound Fludarabine, Gemcitabine and Dexamethasone Moieties Synthesized Utilizing Organic Chemistry Reactions in a Multi-Stage Regimen
Authors: Coyne Cody P. , Narayanan Lakshmi 
Published: June 2018

Background:
Unintentional passive diffusion of conventional small molecular weight pharmaceuticals
across intact membranes of normal healthy cells in tissues and organ systems induces sequelae that limit therapeutic
dosage and duration of administration. Selective “targeted” delivery of pharmaceuticals is a molecular
strategy that can potentially provide heightened margins-of-safety with greater potency and improved efficacy.

Materials and Methods:
Monophosphate analogs of fludarabine, gemcitabine, and dexamethasone were combined
with a carbodiimide reagent in the presence of imidazole to produce reactive intermediates that were subsequently
covalently bound to monoclonal anti-IGF-1R or anti-EGFR IgG-immunoglobulin. The resulting covalent
immunopharmaceutical end-products, fludarabine-(5'-phosphoramidate)-[anti-IGF-1R], gemcitabine-(5'-
phosphoramidate)-[anti-IGF-1R], and dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramidate)-[anti-EGFR] were evaluated by
SDS-PAGE/chemiluminescent autoradiography (fragmentation/polymerization detection), UV spectrophotometric
absorbance (purity; molar-incorporation-index), cell-ELISA (retained selective binding-avidity), and cell
vitality-viability (selectively “targeted” anti-neoplastic cytotoxicity).

Results:
Maximum selectively “targeted” anti-neoplastic cytotoxicity of fludarabine-(5'-phosphoramidate)-[anti-
IGF-1R], gemcitabine-(5'-phosphoramidate)-[anti-IGF-1R], and dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramidate)-[anti-
EGFR] was detected at the pharmaceutical-equivalent concentrations of 10-5 M (94.7%), 10-7 M (93.1%), and 10-7
M (64.9%) respectively.

RDiscussion:

Organic chemistry reactions were optimized in a template multi-stage synthesis regimen for fludarabine-(
5'-phosphoramidate)-[anti-IGF-1R], gemcitabine-(5’-phosphoramidate)-[anti-IGF-1R], and dexamethasone-(
C21-phosphoramidate)-[anti-EGFR]. Attributes of the synthesis regimen include; [-i-] covalent bonding of
pharmaceutical moeities at high molar incorporation indexes, [-ii-] implementation of organic chemistry reactions
in a non-dedicated synthesis regimen allowing component substitution and [-iii-] optional preservation of presynthesized
amine-reactive pharmaceutical intermediates for on-demand immunopharmaceutical synthesis. Attributes
of the covalent immunopharmaceuticals are; absence of any synthetically introduced chemical groups,
retained IgG-immunoglobulin binding-avidity and potent selective “targeted” anti-neoplastic cytotoxic potency.
Under in-vivo conditions, supplemental anti-neoplastic cytotoxicity is realized through trophic receptor inhibition
and activation of multiple cytotoxic host immune responses.