bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Application and Suitability of Microbiological Tests for Fecal Bacteria in Pulp Mill Effluents: A Review
Authors: Tamplin Mark L. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Tests for fecal (thermotolerant) and total coliforms applied to drinking and recreational waters are convenient but not necessarily accurate indicators of the presence of pathogens originating from the intestines of warm-blooded animals. These tests may be inappropriate for analyses of complex industrial effluents such as pulp mill effluents, which may contain bacteria that yield a positive result in fecal and total coliform tests, even though no fecal source exists. Consequently, other more specific indicators for the presence of potential pathogens are needed. In cases where the sources of, or validity of, fecal responses are problematic, the direct examination of pathogens, and/or the use of new source-tracking techniques, such as DNA fingerprinting, may be better approaches for protecting public health.
An Assessment of Long-Term Monitoring Data for Constructed Wetlands for Urban Highway Runoff Control
Authors: Farrell Aaron C. , Scheckenberger Ronald B. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Constructed wetlands have gained acceptance as a means of treating stormwater runoff from urban developments. Much of the available data regarding the performance of these facilities is based upon monitoring conducted over the course of less than two years, and as such inherently assumes that the period of analysis represents the “typical” or “design” conditions under which these facilities are intended to operate. While this information has provided guidance regarding the mechanisms by which wetlands provide quality treatment of urban runoff, it does not fully reflect the variability of conditions under which the facilities operate over the fullness of time, which is of particular concern to designers and operators.
The construction of the Dartnall Road Interchange, as part of Hamilton's Lincoln Alexander Parkway, required a monitoring program—which included five years of water quality sampling—as a condition of approval by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans. This paper reports on the quantitative and qualitative wetland water quality monitoring data (sediment, nutrients, metals) obtained over the course of a total seven-year program, and provides information regarding the operating conditions and estimates on contaminant removal efficiencies from the facilities.
Windsor Combined Sewer Overflow Treatability Study with Chemical Coagulation
Authors: Li JianGuo , Dhanvantari Samir , Averill David , Biswas Nihar 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Long column settling and jar tests were undertaken as part of a treatability study of combined sewage at the Lou Romano Water Reclamation Plant (LRWRP) in Windsor, Ontario. Different types of cationic polymers were examined in jar tests, and the appropriate dosage and its relationship with the TSS removal were determined for the polymer coagulation process. Settling column tests were used to develop settling rate distribution curves under both chemically aided and unaided conditions, and to examine the performance of polymer coagulation in improving the settleability of wet-weather sewage during CSO events. The results of the long column settling tests for settling rate distributions show that the characteristics of the wet-weather sewage at the LRWRP during CSO events were similar to those of samples collected at actual overflow sites along the Windsor Riverfront. Settling rate distributions demonstrated that polymer addition to the wet-weather sewage significantly improved the settling characteristics.
Removal of Dyes from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption on Chrome-Tanned Solid Wastes Generated in the Leather Industry
Authors: Tahiri Soufiane , Messaoudi Ali , Albizane Abderrahman , Azzi Mohamed , Bouhria Mohamed , Younssi Saad Alami , Bennazha Jamal , Mabrour Jamal 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In this work, the ability of chrome shavings and of crust leather buffing dusts to remove dyes from aqueous solutions has been studied. Buffing dusts proved to be a much better adsorbent than chrome shavings for cationic dyes. The adsorption of anionic dyes is very important on two studied wastes. The pH has an obvious influence on the adsorption of dyes. Adsorption of cationic dyes is less favourable under acidic conditions (pH &lt;3.5) and at high pH values (pH &gt;10.5). The adsorption of anionic dyes on both adsorbents is more favourable under acidic conditions (pH &lt;3). The adsorption on chrome shavings is improved by the use of finer particles. The kinetic adsorption was also studied. Adsorption isotherms, at the optimum operating conditions, were determined. Adsorption follows the Langmuir model. The isotherm parameters have been calculated. The column technique could be applied to treat significant volumes of solutions.
Assessment of Stormwater Retention Basin Water Quality in Winnipeg, Canada
Authors: Wakelin Sarah C. , Elefsiniotis Panagiotis , Wareham David G. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The water quality behaviour of 58 stormwater retention basins in Winnipeg, Canada, was intensively studied during a 5-month summer period (May to September). Dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, turbidity, transparency and depth were measured onsite. Samples analyzed in the laboratory included: total suspended solids (TSS), pH, chlorophyll α, fecal coliforms (FC), total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammonia, nitrate, total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate. Results showed that increases in TSS and turbidity resulted from increased chlorophyll α concentrations associated with algal growth. TKN increases were partly the result of nitrogen incorporation into proteinaceous material in the algal cells. Ammonia concentrations showed a maximum attributed to chemoheterotrophic degradation of dead biomass. Orthophosphate made up 30% to 50% of the total phosphorus present and the two followed the same general trends. Temperature increased and then decreased over the summer months with no apparent thermal stratification. After starting the summer with no dissolved oxygen gradient between top and bottom, depletion of the dissolved oxygen at the bottom of the basins during the latter half of the summer was attributed to chemoheterotrophic degradation of dead biomass. Finally, substantial counts of fecal coliform bacteria occurred in the basins in response to Canada geese migration.
Nitrate and Phosphate Removal by Co-immobilized Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Activated Sludge at Different pH Values
Authors: Huang Guolan , Wang Yuan 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A new immobilization method, the simplifying modified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-sulfate method, has been evaluated. The influence of pH value on nitrate and phosphate removal by co-immobilized Chlorella pyrenoidosa and activated sludge was studied. The results showed that the co-immobilized system was adaptable to the environment; the micro-algae reproduced rapidly inside a PVA gel carrier under pH ranging from 5.0 to 10.0. Phosphate removal efficiency of the co-immobilized system was distinctly affected by pH but nitrate removal efficiency was not affected very much. The co-immobilized system had a higher removal efficiency in the water when close to neutral. Under suitable circumstances, the removal efficiency of nitrate reached 80% in all four experimental periods; meanwhile, the highest removal efficiency of phosphate was 88% but decreased to 56% from the first period to the fourth period in the experiment.
Land Use and Water Quality Relationships in the Lower Little Bow River Watershed, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Little Joanne L. , Saffran Karen A. , Fent Livio 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Water quality in the Lower Little Bow River was monitored to determine if irrigation return flow streams had a significant impact on river water quality and to examine relationships between land use and water quality in this diverse agricultural watershed. Water samples were collected weekly or biweekly during the irrigation season and monthly in winter for three years. A comprehensive land use assessment was also completed. Significant differences in flows, and in nutrient and bacteria loads, were found along the mainstem of the river following the inflows of irrigation return water; however, differences in concentrations were only significant in a drought year when mainstem flows were reduced. Pearson correlations among land use, soil types, and water quality variables identified significant positive relationships between the proportion of cereals, irrigated land, and confined feeding operation (CFO) density and maximum concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), nitrate-nitrogen, and total phosphorus (TP) that were observed during runoff events. Most nutrient variables were inversely related to the proportion of native prairie. The variation in maximum TP and median dissolved P concentrations was largely explained by the proportion of cereals in the sub-basin, while the variation in maximum and median TN concentrations was explained by the proportions of irrigated land and native prairie, respectively. Microbiological variables were not related to any of the measured variables, suggesting that factors influencing bacteria populations operate at different scales.
Modelling of Atrazine Loss in Surface Runoff from Agricultural Watershed
Authors: Chen Bing , Li Yifan , Huang Guohe , Struger John , Zhang Baiyu , Wu Shaoming 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
There have been growing concerns over the negative effect of pesticide usage on human health and environmental sustainability. It has been found out that atrazine, a widely used herbicide, threatens ecosystems. Its residues after application can be discharged into water bodies, and thus contaminate surface water and pose risks to public health. An integrated modelling system was developed to estimate atrazine losses through surface runoff. This model includes a distributed hydrological model, a pesticide adsorption model, relational databases, and a geographic information system. The proposed model can simulate atrazine losses due to runoff through the consideration of emission, degradation, adsorption, and movement of atrazine in dissolved and adsorbed phases at the top soil layer. A case study was carried out in the Auglaize-Blanchard Watershed. A comparison between observed and predicted data during May 1997 to April 1998 was conducted. The correlation coefficients are over 0.9 and the statistical significance level was approximately 5%, indicating a reasonable prediction accuracy. The modelling results provide useful decision support for water quality management.
Suggestions for a Modified Approach Towards Implementation and Assessment of Ganga Action Plan and Other Similar River Action Plans in India
Authors: Tare Vinod , Bose Purnendu , Gupta Santosh K. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In India, the implementation of river-cleaning operations through River Action Plans (RAPs) conventionally focuses on a reduction in concentrated or point sources of organic loading to the river, and is assessed by monitoring the consequent improvement in river water quality. However, in the case of Indian rivers or river stretches having substantial background pollution due to distributed or non-point loading of organic matter and nutrients, elimination of point sources of pollution may not substantially impact or improve river water quality. It is suggested that implementation of River Action Plans in India under such circumstances must be conducted using a multi-tier approach. The initial emphasis in such cases should be on the selection of priority stretches of the river, where pollution control will have maximum beneficial impact on the citizens, and interception and diversion of all concentrated or point loads of pollution from these stretches. In addition, measures to minimize non-point pollution and visible pollution to the river and initiation of riverfront restoration and development projects are necessary in these priority stretches. Such measures would result in aesthetic improvements, increase the beneficial uses of the river and its surroundings, and generate favorable public perception towards RAPs, though they may not be sufficient to enhance the river water quality to the desired levels. However, as a result of the above actions, public support for funding more expensive and longer-term river cleaning schemes, resulting in comprehensive reduction in organic and nutrient loading to the river from point and non-point sources all along its length, may be generated. The need for this alternative methodology for implementation and assessment of RAPs in India has been illustrated by taking the example of the Ganga Action Plan (GAP) and assessment of its implementation near the city of Kanpur in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India, as a test case.
Immunomodulation in Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis) Exposed to a Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent in Eastern Canada
Authors: St-Jean Sylvie D. , Courtenay Simon C. , Parker Roy W. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) were caged at three sites situated at increasing distance from the point of discharge of a pulp and paper mill effluent from July to October 1998. Two additional cages were deployed: one inside and one at the mouth of the adjacent industrialized Pictou Harbour. After 90 d exposure, we measured growth, survival, haemocyte counts (HC), phagocytic activity (PA), lysosome retention (LR) and bacterial clearance (BC). There was a small but significant difference in growth between cages. Mussels closest to the mill effluent grew the most while those at the mouth of the harbour grew the least. Mussels from three cages showed similar difficulty in clearing bacteria; the cage inside the harbour, the cage nearest to the pulp mill effluent and the cage furthest from the pulp mill, receiving a mixture of both pulp mill and harbour effluents. The mussels from those cages also showed the highest heavy metal burdens and conversely, the cage showing the most rapid clearance, outside both effluents, also showed the lowest heavy metal burden. Mussels caged in the pulp mill effluent showed lower PA and LR and higher mortality during the bacterial clearance test than other mussels. These results suggest that immunological biomarkers might be a useful and more sensitive adjunct to endpoints presently being measured from caged bivalves in environmental effects monitoring (EEM) programs, and assessments of aquatic environmental quality.
Acidic Pharmaceuticals in Sewage-Methodology, Stability Test, Occurrence, and Removal from Ontario Samples
Authors: Lee Hing-Biu , Sarafin Kurtis , Peart Thomas E. , Svoboda M. Lewina 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method for the determination of 11 selected acidic pharmaceuticals in sewage influent and effluent at trace levels has been developed. The drugs studied were salicylic acid, clofibric acid, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, gemfibrozil, fenoprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, diclofenac, fenofibrate, and indomethacin, which are commonly used as analgesic/anti-inflammatory agents or lipid regulators. The antibacterial agent triclosan was also included in this study. A solid-phase extraction procedure using the Waters Oasis HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) cartridge was optimized for the extraction and elution of these compounds. The acids were then converted into their trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives. Final analysis was performed with a Mass Selective Detector in the EI/SIM (electron impact/selected ion monitoring) mode. Recoveries of the drugs in spiked distilled water samples at 1 and 0.1 μ/L levels were better than 80%. Similar recoveries of the drugs were obtained from fortified final effluent samples except for acetaminophen, which could not be recovered even if the extraction was performed immediately. The detection limits for the drugs, based on a concentration factor of 1000, were between 10 and 20 ng/L. A stability study indicated that, except for salicylic acid and acetaminophen, the other acidic pharmaceuticals were better than 75% recovered after the samples had been stored at 4°C in the dark for up to seven days. This method has been applied to quantify acidic drugs in wastewater samples collected from several sewage treatment plants in Ontario. While clofibric acid, acetaminophen, fenoprofen, and fenofibrate have never been detected, the other eight compounds were found in nearly all the influent and effluent samples, from low μ/L to low ng/L levels. Eight sewage treatment plants removed from 0 to 98% of these drugs from the influent.
Polyelectrolyte Age and N-Nitrosodimethylamine Formation in Drinking Water Treatment
Authors: Kohut Keith D. , Andrews Susan A. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (polyDADMAC) and epichlorohydrin-dimethylamine (Epi-DMA) stock olutions were prepared, stored for varying amounts of time, and used in bench-scale simulations of coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation to determine whether polymer stock age had an influence on NDMA yields. Stock solution ages ranged from under one hour to fifty hours. PolyDADMAC stock age did not significantly affect NDMA production. Epi-DMA stock age significantly increased NDMA production over a time span of 0 to 5 hours, but not from 5 to 50 hours. The relationship between the change in NDMA yields and Epi-DMA stock solution age may be a first-order reaction or a two-phase process. Statistical evaluation of the data available supports both theories.
Experimental Study of the Influence of Different Weir Types on the Rate of Air Entrainment
Authors: Emiroglu M. Emin , Baylar Ahmet 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Aeration is used in water treatment to alter the concentration of dissolved gases, to strip volatile organics, and to reduce tastes and odours. This can be obtained by creating turbulence in the water. One method of producing such turbulence is via the overflow jets downstream of weir structures. This paper investigates the effect of varying weir types on the air entrainment rate. Empirical correlations predicting the maximum penetration depth and air entrainment rate were developed for different weir types. It is demonstrated that the air entrainment rate of the broad-crested weirs is generally much better than for the sharp-crested weir and the labyrinth weirs. The air entrainment rate increased as the weir longitudinal slope of the broad-crested weirs and the weir sill slope of the labyrinth weirs became larger.
A Review of Water Reuse and Recycling, with Reference to Canadian Practice and Potential: 1. Incentives and Implementation
Authors: Exall Kirsten , Marsalek Jiri , Schaefer Karl 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
As a country on the whole, Canada enjoys abundant freshwater resources, yet there remain regions with severe discrepancies between supply and demand. One solution to insufficient water supplies that has been gaining in popularity in other areas of the world is that of water reuse. Reuse or recycling of treated wastewater reduces effluent discharges into receiving waters and offers a reliable alternative supply of water for applications that do not require high-quality water, freeing up limited potable water resources. As compared to other countries worldwide, water reuse is currently practised infrequently in Canada. Use of reclaimed water requires a clear definition of the quality of water required, and while water quality criteria typically focus on pathogen risk to human health, chemical contaminants may also limit suitability for some reuse applications. Both health and environmental risk assessments are important steps in designing criteria for reuse projects. Alberta and British Columbia have recently produced guidance documents for water reuse projects; the permitted applications are discussed and the water quality criteria are compared with other standards and guidelines. Various treatment technologies for on-site and central wastewater reclamation facilities are described. Additional considerations for implementation of water reuse projects include project feasibility and planning, infrastructure needs, economics, and public acceptance.
Occurrence of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Sewage and Sludge Samples in Toronto, Canada
Authors: Lee Hing-Biu , Peart Thomas E. , Chan Jack , Gris Greg 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In recent years, many anthropogenic chemicals occurring in the environment have been shown to mimic the action of endogenous hormones. These endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can potentially lead to a host of adverse effects on wildlife, such as the feminization of fish, the lack of reproductive success of some species, birth defects, and the development of physical abnormality. In an attempt to establish the levels of contamination by EDCs in municipal sewage and sludge, we have collected samples in the Toronto area and analyzed them for alkylphenols, alkylphenol ethoxylates and carboxylates, 17ß-estradiol and its metabolites, testosterone, bisphenol A, as well as butyltin species. Previously developed methods using solvent extraction, solid-phase extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, GC/MS, and HPLC determination have been used for such samples. Levels of these chemicals varied from &lt;1 ng/L for 17ß-estradiol in the effluent to nearly 900 µg/L for nonylphenol ethoxylates in the influent. Levels of EDCs in sludge also varied widely from &gt;500 µg/g for nonylphenol to &lt;0.1 µg/g for bisphenol A. The screening of many of the above EDCs has become an integral part of an on-going wastewater quality monitoring program in Toronto.
Summary of Case Studies Investigating the Causes of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Regulatory Toxicity
Authors: Kovacs Tibor , Gibbons Sharon , O'Connor Brian , Martel Pierre , Paice Michael , Naish Valerie , Voss Ron 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In Canada, effluents from pulp and paper mills are regulated for toxicity. The regulation requires ≥50% survival of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to full-strength (i.e., 100%) effluent for 96 h in tests that must be conducted monthly. The regulation also calls for ≥50% survival of Daphnia magna exposed to 100% effluent for 48 h in weekly monitoring tests. Every year, about 10 to 25% of the mills exceed the regulatory limit at least once in tests with either rainbow trout or Daphnia magna. Between 1996 and 2003, we investigated 84 such cases from 32 mills. Of the 84 investigations, 49 involved only trout, 29 involved only Daphnia, and six involved both species. We identified the actual cause of toxicity in 70% of the cases and partially or tentatively identified the toxicant(s) in 17% more. In the cases involving only trout, the most frequent causes of toxicity were related to biotreatment performance (e.g., ammonia). In the cases involving only Daphnia, the most frequent cause of toxicity seemed to be related to polymeric formulations. For those cases involving both trout and Daphnia, the cause of toxicity was traced to more than one compound or to excess concentrations of a specific compound resulting from a spill or biotreatment-related problems.
Treatment of Log Yard Runoff in an Aerobic Trickling Filter
Authors: Woodhouse Christine , Duff Sheldon J.B. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Contaminated stormwater runoff from log yards is generated when precipitation comes into contact with wood, woody debris and equipment at outdoor wood sorting, processing and storage facilities. Nine runoff samples collected at a sawmill had biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), tannins and lignin (T+L), and total suspended solids (TSS) levels ranging from 25 to 745 mg/L, 125 to 4610 mg/L, 10 to 1505 mg/L, and 65 to 2205 mg/L, respectively. Six samples were acutely toxic (EC50 &lt;100%) based on the Microtox assay.
The samples were effectively treated using a laboratory-scale, attached microbial growth reactor. Treatment for 24 hours at 34°C resulted in substantial reductions in BOD (94–100%), COD (86–93%) and T+L (91–97%). Near complete removal of acute toxicity and colour were also observed. Twenty-four-hour treatment at lower temperatures, 24 and 5 C, reduced BOD concentrations by 97 and 76%, COD by 91 and 64%, and T+L by 95 and 67%, respectively.