bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mysticetes to MiniConference to Manuscripts: Introduction to Thematic Issue on Mysticete Anatomy
Authors: Reidenberg Joy S. 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTThis issue of the Anatomical Record is focused on the theme of Mysticete Anatomy. There are six included articles that explore the anatomy of the nasal region (Marquez et al., 2018; Maust‐Mohl et al., 2018), larynx (Damien et al., 2018), lungs (Fetherston et al., 2018), sublingual fascia (Werth et al., 2018), and brain (Raghanti et al., 2018). These papers document anatomical features exhibited by mysticetes (baleen whales) and their related cousins (including other whales, and the semiaquatic moose and hippopotamus). This theme stems from a 2‐day MiniConference on Mysticete Anatomy, hosted at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City on May 2016. Anatomy is explored in the contexts of function and evolution of aquatic adaptations. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 302:663–666, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Matrilin‐2 prevents the TNFα‐induced apoptosis of WB‐F344 cells via suppressing JNK pathway
Authors: Luo Junming , Peng Shaohua , Bai Wenbin , Wu Zhaoyu , Shan Zhongshu , Wu Zetao , Yuan Xin , Che Xiaoming , Duan Zhili , Peng Jinwu , Wang Yichun , Zhang Shukun 
Published: January 2019

AbstractOval cells, a kind of hepatic progenitor cell quiescent at normal condition, activates to proliferate and differentiate into hepatocytes under severe and long‐term liver injury, which usually raises severe inflammation. However, how oval cell survives in the inflammatory milieu interne is still unclear. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), mimicking inflammatory hepatic milieu interne, was used to treat oval cell line, WB‐F344, to test the protective function of matrilin‐2. In this study, our data suggested that matrilin‐2 prevented TNFα‐induced apoptosis in WB‐F344 cells via inhibiting ASK1/MKK7/JNK pathway. In conclusion, we determined that matrilin‐2 plays the key role in maintaining the survival of oval cell and guarantees its proliferation under various injury factors.
Systematic review of the use of big data to improve surgery in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Knight S R , Ots R , Maimbo M , Drake T M , Fairfield C J , Harrison E M 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background
Technological advances have led to the generation of large amounts of data, both in surgical research and practice. Despite this, it is unclear how much originates in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and what barriers exist to the use of such data in improving surgical care. The aim of this review was to capture the extent and impact of programmes that use large volumes of patient data on surgical care in LMICs.

Methods
A PRISMA-compliant systematic literature review of PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar was performed in August 2018. Prospective studies collecting large volumes of patient-level data within LMIC settings were included and evaluated qualitatively.

Results
A total of 68 studies were included from 71 LMICs, involving 708 032 patients. The number of patients in included studies varied widely (from 335 to 428 346), with 25 reporting data on 3000 or more LMIC patients. Patient inclusion in large-data studies in LMICs has increased dramatically since 2015. Studies predominantly involved Brazil, China, India and Thailand, with low patient numbers from Africa and Latin America. Outcomes after surgery were commonly the focus (33 studies); very few large studies looked at access to surgical care or patient expenditure. The use of large data sets specifically to improve surgical outcomes in LMICs is currently limited.

Conclusion
Large volumes of data are becoming more common and provide a strong foundation for continuing investigation. Future studies should address questions more specific to surgery.
Evaluation of a surgical training programme for clinical officers in Malawi
Authors: Gajewski J , Borgstein E , Bijlmakers L , Mwapasa G , Aljohani Z , Pittalis C , McCauley T , Brugha R 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background
Shortages of specialist surgeons in African countries mean that the needs of rural populations go unmet. Task-shifting from surgical specialists to other cadres of clinicians occurs in some countries, but without widespread acceptance. Clinical Officer Surgical Training in Africa (COST-Africa) developed and implemented BSc surgical training for clinical officers in Malawi.

Methods
Trainees participated in the COST-Africa BSc training programme between 2013 and 2016. This prospective study done in 16 hospitals compared crude numbers of selected numbers of major surgical procedures between intervention and control sites before and after the intervention. Volume and outcomes of surgery were compared within intervention hospitals between the COST-Africa trainees and other surgically active cadres.

Results
Seventeen trainees participated in the COST-Africa BSc training. The volume of surgical procedures undertaken at intervention hospitals almost doubled between 2013 and 2015 (+74 per cent), and there was a slight reduction in the number of procedures done in the control hospitals (–4 per cent) (P = 0·059). In the intervention hospitals, general surgery procedures were more often undertaken by COST-Africa trainees (61·2 per cent) than other clinical officers (31·3 per cent) and medical doctors (7·4 per cent). There was no significant difference in postoperative wound infection rates for hernia procedures at intervention hospitals between trainees and medical doctors (P = 0·065).

Conclusion
The COST-Africa study demonstrated that in-service training of practising clinical officers can improve the surgical productivity of district-level hospitals.
Improving marking efficiency for longer programming solutions based on a semi‐automated assessment approach
Authors: Buyrukoglu Selim , Batmaz Firat , Lock Russell 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn recent years, many students in higher education have begun to learn programming languages. In doing so they will complete a variety of programming tasks of varying degrees of complexity. The students need to get consistent and personalized feedback to develop their programming skills. Human markers can provide personalized feedback using traditional manual approaches to assessment, but they may provide inconsistent feedback (especially for long programming solutions) since marking the programming solutions of multiple students can represent a significant workload for them. While full‐automated assessment systems are the best to provide consistent feedback, they may not provide sufficiently personalized feedback for novice programmers. This study develops a novel semi‐automated assessment approach in order to improve efficiency of human marker in the marking process and increase consistency of feedback (for both short and long programming solutions). It advocates the reuse of human marker's comments for similar code snippets, defined as segmented marking in this study. New full and partial marking models are developed based on segmented marking and they are tested by expert markers. The findings show that the two models are similar in efficiency, but that a partial marking approach potentially offers an improved efficiency for longer programming solutions. Such a finding has significant potential to reduce time spent on marking throughout the sector, which would have significant impact on both resourcing and timeliness of feedback.
Exosome proteomic analyses identify inflammatory phenotype and novel biomarkers in African American prostate cancer patients
Authors: Panigrahi Gati K. , Praharaj Prakash P. , Kittaka Hiroki , Mridha Asit R. , Black Olen M. , Singh Rakesh , Mercer Roger , van Bokhoven Adrie , Torkko Kathleen C. , Agarwal Chapla , Agarwal Rajesh , Abd Elmageed Zakaria Y. , Yadav Hariom , Mishra Santosh K. , Deep Gagan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAfrican American men face a stark prostate cancer (PCa)‐related health disparity, with the highest incidence and mortality rates compared to other races. Additional and innovative measures are warranted to reduce this health disparity. Here, we focused on the identification of a novel serum exosome‐based “protein signature” for potential use in the early detection and better prognosis of PCa in African American men. Nanoparticle tracking analyses showed that compared to healthy individuals, exosome concentration (number/ml) was increased by ~3.2‐fold (P ˂ 0.05) in the sera of African American men with PCa. Mass spectrometry‐based proteomic analysis of serum exosomes identified seven unique and fifty‐five overlapping proteins (up‐ or downregulated) in African Americans with PCa compared to healthy African Americans. Furthermore, ingenuity pathway analyses identified the inflammatory acute‐phase response signaling as the top pathway associated with proteins loaded in exosomes from African American PCa patients. Interestingly, African American PCa E006AA‐hT cells secreted exosomes strongly induced a proinflammatory M2‐phenotype in macrophages and showed calcium response on sensory neurons, suggesting a neuroinflammatory response. Additionally, proteomic analyses showed that the protein Isoform 2 of Filamin A has higher loading (2.6‐fold) in exosomes from African Americans with PCa, but a lesser loading (0.6‐fold) was observed in exosomes from Caucasian men with PCa compared to race‐matched healthy individuals. Interestingly, TCGA and Taylor's dataset as well as IHC analyses of PCa tissue showed a lower Filamin A expression in tissues of PCa patients compared with normal subjects. Overall, these results support the usefulness of serum exosomes to noninvasively detect inflammatory phenotype and to discover novel biomarkers associated with PCa in African American men.
The interactional workings of laughter in group supervision for psychotherapeutic counsellors
Authors: Hutchby Ian , Dart Alison 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundThis article examines the uses of laughter in group supervision meetings for psychotherapeutic counsellors.AimsFocusing on its production in the course of talk‐in‐interaction, we explore how laughter is used systematically to complete a range of group‐specific actions.MethodA set of group supervision sessions were drawn from a large corpus of recorded, naturally occurring counselling and group supervision meetings. Data were transcribed and analysed using the methods of Conversation Analysis.ResultsMore than simply a response to humour, laughter in group supervision is shown to be a complex phenomenon used to perform a range of actions. Three types of use are identified: laughter in re‐assigning “problems” to other parties; laughter in doing “being‐in‐charge” of the supervision discourse; and laughter in the negotiation of ethically or relationally “tricky business.”ConclusionThe practical significance of our analysis is to raise awareness, for supervisors and counsellors, of how laughter can play a key role in the discursive organisation of relations between supervisors, supervisees and the practical work of counselling.
Rh/Ce0.25Zr0.75O2 Catalyst for Steam Reforming of Propane at Low Temperature
Authors: Yu Lin , Sato Katsutoshi , Nagaoka Katsutoshi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) show high energy‐conversion efficiency and thus emit less CO2 than conventional combustion engines. Although SOFCs can directly convert hydrocarbons such as liquefied petroleum gas, these fuels readily induce coking on the electrodes of fuel cell stacks. To avoid coking, hydrocarbons can be subjected to a preliminary endothermic steam‐reforming step at a relatively low temperature using waste heat from the stack. Herein, we report that a Rh/Ce0.25Zr0.75O2 catalyst exhibited higher propane‐steam‐reforming activity than other Rh/Ce1−xZrxO2 catalysts and Rh/γ‐Al2O3. Catalyst characterization revealed that Rh/Ce0.25Zr0.75O2 had excellent redox property and high H2O‐adsorption activity, which contributed to the activation of steam and thus enhanced the propane‐steam‐reforming activity of this catalyst.
Catalysts Encapsulated in Biopolymer Hydrogels for Chemoenzymatic One‐Pot Processes in Aqueous Media
Authors: Pauly Jan , Gröger Harald , Patel Anant V. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCombining bio‐ and chemocatalysts for chemoenzymatic reaction sequences is of high interest to organic chemistry. In this study, we combined a ring‐closing metathesis reaction conducted by a Grubbs’ catalyst and a subsequent enzymatic ester hydrolysis reaction conducted by pig liver esterase within a two‐step one‐pot process. We addressed sustainability by encapsulating both catalysts in biopolymer‐based hydrogels derived from renewable resources to allow straightforward recycling and using aqueous media for the reactions. When we investigated the approaches of either conducting the reaction sequence in the same solvent for both reactions or using different preferred solvents for each reaction, the enzyme activity turned out to be enhanced when encapsulating the enzyme, thus shielding it from the Grubbs’ catalyst. In terms of recycling, the encapsulated catalysts demonstrated promising performance with >80 % conversion for seven runs.
Photoluminescence of Seven‐Coordinate Zirconium and Hafnium Complexes with 2,2′‐Pyridylpyrrolide Ligands
Authors: Zhang Yu , Akhmedov Novruz G. , Petersen Jeffrey L. , Milsmann Carsten 
Published: January 2019

AbstractLuminescent seven‐coordinated zirconium and hafnium complexes bearing three mono‐anionic 2,2′‐pyridylpyrrolide ligands and one chloride were synthesized. Solid‐state structures and the dynamic behaviors in solution were probed by X‐ray crystallography and variable temperature 1H NMR experiments, respectively. Absorption spectroscopy and time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) calculations supported a hybrid of ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer (LMCT)/ligand‐to‐ligand charge transfer (LLCT) for the visible light absorption band. The complexes (MePMPMe)3MCl (M=Zr, Hf, MePMPMe=3,5‐dimethyl‐2‐(2‐pyridyl)pyrrolide) are emissive in solution at room temperature upon irradiation with visible light due to a combination of phosphorescence and fluorescence characterized by excited state lifetimes in the μs and low to sub‐ns timescale, respectively. Electrochemical experiments revealed that the zirconium complex possesses a reversible redox event under highly reducing condition (−2.29 V vs. Fc+/0).
Azaindolo[3,2,1‐jk]carbazoles: New Building Blocks for Functional Organic Materials
Authors: Kader Thomas , Stöger Berthold , Fröhlich Johannes , Kautny Paul 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe preparation and characterization of 12 azaindolo[3,2,1‐jk]carbazoles is presented. Ring‐closing C−H activation allowed for the convenient preparation of six singly and six doubly nitrogen‐substituted indolo[3,2,1‐jk]carbazole derivatives in which ten of the materials have not been described in the literature before. The detailed photophysical and electrochemical characterization of the developed materials revealed a significant impact of the incorporation of pyridine‐like nitrogen into the fully planar indolo[3,2,1‐jk]carbazole backbone. Furthermore, the nitrogen position decisively impacted intermolecular hydrogen bonding and thus the solid‐state alignment. Ultimately, the versatility of the azaindolo[3,2,1‐jk]carbazoles scaffold makes this class of materials an attractive new building block for the design of functional organic materials.
Synthesis of Functional Monosilanes by Disilane Cleavage with Phosphonium Chlorides
Authors: Santowski Tobias , Sturm Alexander G. , Lewis Kenrick M. , Felder Thorsten , Holthausen Max C. , Auner Norbert 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe Müller–Rochow direct process (DP) for the large‐scale production of methylchlorosilanes MenSiCl4−n (n=1–3) generates a disilane residue (MenSi2Cl6−n, n=1–6, DPR) in thousands of tons annually. This report is on methylchlorodisilane cleavage reactions with use of phosphonium chlorides as the cleavage catalysts and reaction partners to preferably obtain bifunctional monosilanes MexSiHyClz (x=2, y=z=1; x,y=1, z=2; x=z=1, y=2). Product formation is controlled by the reaction temperature, the amount of phosphonium chloride employed, the choice of substituents at the phosphorus atom, and optionally by the presence of hydrogen chloride, dissolved in ethers, in the reaction mixture. Replacement of chloro by hydrido substituents at the disilane backbone strongly increases the overall efficiency of disilane cleavage, which allows nearly quantitative silane monomer formation under comparably moderate conditions. This efficient workup of the DPR thus not only increases the economic value of the DP, but also minimizes environmental pollution.
Hierarchical Porous N‐Doped Carbon Nanosheets Obtained by Organic–Inorganic Bipolymeric Engineering for Improved Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Fan Xiaojing , Tan Furui , Meng Fancheng , Liu Jiehua 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA new route for obtaining N‐doped carbon nanosheets through an in situ solid‐state thermal organic–inorganic polymerization and carbonization method, with glucose and melamine as precursors, due to different temperature intervals for glucose or melamine polymerization, is reported. At a current rate of 0.2 C, as a cathode for a lithium–sulfur cell, the N‐doped carbon nanosheet/sulfur hybrid delivers a high capacity of 1313 and 722 mA h g−1 in the 1st and 200th cycles, respectively; these values are over 40 % higher than that of cells with glucose‐derived carbon nanosheets.
A Unified Mechanism to Account for Manganese‐ or Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Nitrile α‐Olefinations by Primary or Secondary Alcohols: A DFT Mechanistic Study
Authors: Lu Yu , Zhao Ruihua , Guo Jiandong , Liu Zheyuan , Menberu Wasihun , Wang Zhi‐Xiang 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAcceptorless dehydrogenative coupling (ADC) reactions generally involve a nucleophile (e.g., amine) as a coupling partner. Intriguingly, it has been reported that nitriles could also act as nucleophiles in ADC reactions, achieving the α‐olefination of nitriles with primary or secondary alcohols by employing a manganese or ruthenium pincer complex as the catalyst, respectively. Although different mechanisms have been postulated for the two catalytic systems, the results of our DFT mechanistic study, reported herein, have allowed us to propose a unified mechanism to account for both nitrile α‐olefinations. The reactions take place in four stages, namely alcohol dehydrogenation, nitrile activation to generate a nucleophilic metal species, coupling of an aldehyde or ketone with the metal species to form a C−C bond and to transfer a nitrile (Cα−)H atom to the carbonyl group, and dehydration by transferring the protonic (N−)H to the hydroxy group. A notable feature of the coupling stage is the activation of water or alcohol to give an intermediate featuring an OH−‐ or OR−‐like group that activates a nitrile Cα−H bond. Moreover, the mechanism can even be applied to the base (KOtBu, modeled by the (KOtBu)4 cluster)‐catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation of nitriles with ketones, which further indicates the generality of the mechanism and the resemblance of the metal pincer complexes to the (KOtBu)4 base. We expect these in‐depth mechanistic insights and the finding of the resemblance of the metal pincer complexes to the (KOtBu)4 cluster could assist the development of new ADC reactions.
„Brot aus Luft“ und andere chemische Beiträge zur Welternährung
Authors: Fischer Pauline J. , Kühn Fritz E. 
Published: January 2019

ZusammenfassungSeit der Etablierung und Verbreitung der Mineralstofftheorie durch Justus von Liebig ist es gelungen, durch gezielten Einsatz von vor allem mineralischen Düngern die Ernteerträge erheblich zu steigern und so Nahrung für die wachsende Weltbevölkerung bereitzustellen. Bei der Versorgung der Pflanzen spielt Stickstoff, welcher der wichtigste Pflanzennährstoff nach den gut verfügbaren Nährstoffen C, H und O ist, eine entscheidende Rolle. Durch die großtechnische Stickstofffixierung im Haber‐Bosch‐Prozess gelang der Durchbruch zur Produktion diverser mineralischer N‐Dünger. Des Weiteren sind die Nährstoffe P, K, Ca, Mg und einige Spurenelemente wie Fe und Mn essentiell für das Pflanzenwachstum und den Ertrag. Neben der Düngung mit den richtigen Nährstoffen sind auch der pH‐Wert des Bodens und die Bodenstruktur entscheidend für ein gutes Pflanzenwachstum. Aufgrund der unerwünschten Folgen für Umwelt und Ernteprodukte bei unsachgerechter und vor allem übertrieben starker Düngung ist die Vermittlung von Grundkenntnissen über die Auswirkung und den sinnvollen Einsatz von Düngemitteln von großer und wachsender Bedeutung.
Cocaine addicted to cytoskeletal change and a fibrosis high
Authors: Verma Avnish , Bennett Jason , Örme Ayşe Merve , Polycarpou Elena , Rooney Brian 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCocaine is one of the most widely abused illicit drugs due to its euphoric and addictive properties. Cocaine‐mediated cognitive impairments are the result of dynamic cytoskeletal rearrangements involved in mediating structural and behavioural plasticity. Cytoskeletal changes initiated following cocaine abuse are regulated by the Rho family of GTPases with significant downstream activity in key actin binding proteins. Moreover, signalling via the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein, sigma‐1 receptor has highlighted the possibility of cocaine regulated pathology in other organ systems. However, the question of whether upstream stimulation of such a high affinity binding receptor is directly involved in cocaine‐mediated cytoskeletal changes at present remains unknown. In this review, we describe the functional role of key cytoskeletal regulators in response to cocaine‐induced signalling cues. In addition, we ascertain the extent of whether global cytoskeletal modulators involved in cocaine‐induced neurological stimulation can be used as a platform for future studies into elucidating its fibrotic potential within the hepatic microenvironment. A focus on aspects still poorly understood relating to the nonneuronal pathological impact of cocaine is discussed in the sphere of hepatic dysregulation. Lastly, we suggest that cocaine may mediate its pathological capacity via the sigma1 receptor in regulating hepatoxicity, hepatic stellate cells activity, cytoskeletal dynamics, and the transcriptional regulation of key hepato‐fibrogenic modulators.
Advancements in the Development of non‐BET Bromodomain Chemical Probes
Authors: Clegg Michael A. , Tomkinson Nicholas C. O. , Prinjha Rab K. , Humphreys Philip G. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe bromodomain and extra terminal (BET) family of bromodomain‐containing proteins (BCPs) have been the subject of extensive research over the past decade, resulting in a plethora of high‐quality chemical probes for their tandem bromodomains. In turn, these chemical probes have helped reveal the profound biological role of the BET bromodomains and their role in disease, ultimately leading to a number of molecules in active clinical development. However, the BET subfamily represents just 8/61 of the known human bromodomains, and attention has now expanded to the biological role of the remaining 53 non‐BET bromodomains. Rapid growth of this research area has been accompanied by a greater understanding of the requirements for an effective bromodomain chemical probe and has led to a number of new non‐BET bromodomain chemical probes being developed. Advances since December 2015 are discussed, highlighting the strengths/caveats of each molecule, and the value they add toward validating the non‐BET bromodomains as tractable therapeutic targets.