bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oases of Humanity and the Realities of War
Authors: Brauman Rony 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The rehabilitation of international humanitarian law (IHL) has become a priority for those who think that the horrors of contemporary wars are largely due to the blurring of the distinction between civilians and combatants and for those who think that campaigning for the respect of IHL could result in more civilised wars. Similarly, respect for humanitarian principles is still seen by many as the best tool available to protect the safety of aid workers. In this text, I argue that both assumptions are misled. The distinction between civilians and combatants, a cornerstone of IHL, has been blurred in practice since the late nineteenth century. In addition, humanitarian agencies claiming to be ‘principled’ have been victims of attacks as much as others. History and current practice tell us that neither IHL nor humanitarian principles provide safety or can guide our decisions. Accepting their symbolic value, rather than their unrealised potential to protect and solve operational dilemmas, would free humanitarian agencies from endless speculations.
Reduced gray matter volume in male adolescent violent offenders
Authors: Zhang Ying-Dong , Zhou Jian-Song , Lu Feng-Mei , Wang Xiao-Ping 
Published: September 2019

BackgroundPrevious studies reported that reduced gray matter volume (GMV) was associated with violent-related behaviors. However, the previous studies were conducted on adults and no study has studied the association between GMV and violent behaviors on adolescents. The purpose of the study was to investigate GMV’s effects in adolescent violent offenders based on a Chinese Han population, which can address the problem of possible confounding factors in adult studies.MethodsWe recruited 30 male adolescent violent offenders and 29 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). Differences in both whole-brain and GMV were evaluated using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). We assessed the accuracy of VBM using the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and discriminant analysis.ResultsCompared with HCs, the male adolescent offenders showed significantly reduced GMV in five cortical and subcortical brain regions, including the olfactory cortex, amygdala, middle temporal gyrus and inferior parietal lobe in the left hemisphere, as well as the right superior temporal gyrus. Both ROC curve and discriminate analyses showed that these regions had relatively high sensitivities (58.6%–89.7%) and specificities (58.1%–74.2%) with 76.7% classification accuracy.ConclusionsOur results indicated that reduced volume in the frontal-temporal-parietal-subcortical circuit may be closely related to violent behaviors in male adolescents, which might be an important biomarker for detecting violent behaviors in male adolescents.
Attitudinal Disposition and Management Perception among Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Selected Hospitals in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Oyelami Funmilola , Ukoha Chidinma Emma , Olunuga Oluwatomi , Adelekan Ademola 
Published: September 2019

Background: Diabetes mellitus is an emerging metabolic disorder of the 21st century and has continued to attract the attention of health practitioners, as it continues to decrease the efficiency of its victims without any promise of change in the near or far future if more is not done to avert the progressing chronic condition.
Aim: To determine the attitudinal disposition and management perception among diabetics Mellitus patients in selected hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria.
Study Design: The study was a cross sectional survey design guided by a behavioral theory.
Place and Duration of Study: using purposive sampling, the study was carried out among diabetic patient attending University College Hospital, Ring-Road State Hospital and Oluyoro Catholic Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State.
Materials and Methodology: A systematic random sampling was used to select 600 out of 2,115 diabetes patients receiving treatment at University College Hospital, Ring-Road State Hospital and Oluyoro Catholic Hospital. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection on respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics, attitudinal disposition and management perception. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis.
Results: Mean age of the respondents was 63.9 ± 8.6 years, 75.3% were married and 62.7% were females. Majority (94.0%) of the respondents had a positive attitude towards compliance with management of DM. Majority (91.5%) were of the attitude that it is not necessary for people living with DM to do regular exercise as exercise will not make them to breakdown and 97.0% were of the attitude that diabetic patients cannot take any amount of alcohol beverages he/she wants. Respondents’ mean perception score was 21.8 ± 4.8 and 69.2% had a positive perception to management of DM. most (69.2%) of the respondents were of the perception that DM is a lifelong disease and can only be controlled but cannot be cured.
Conclusion: Many of the respondents had appropriate perceptions needed to cope with the disease. However, the positive attitude sustenance demonstrated by the respondent should be promoted if compliance with the management of DM must be ensured.
Chronic Osteomyelitis among Children Attending Orthopedic Services at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital: Prevalence, Etiological Agents and Their Drug Susceptibility Patterns
Authors: Edson Tayebwa , Kyengera Kisitu , Andrew Baguma , Joel Bazira 
Published: September 2019

Background: This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine prevalence, causative agents and their drug susceptibility patterns of chronic osteomyelitis children among 766 children attending orthopedic services at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital between October 2016 and June 2017.
Methods: Seventy-four consented patients were consecutively enrolled and their demographic characteristics, clinical and radiological data collected. Superficial and deep bone pus swabs were collected and processed as per standard operative procedures. Susceptibility testing was done using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique. Data was analyzed using Stata version 13.0.
Results: The prevalence of children with COM was 9.7%. The female: Male ratio was 1:1.2 with a mean age of 11 years. The most infected bone was the tibia followed by the femur. The common clinical presentations were chronic bone pain and discharging sinus tracts whereas the most imminent radiological features were sequestrum and involcrum. Pus swabs were taken off from both the discharging sinuses and the deep intra osseous abscesses for culture and sensitivity studies. The concordance rate of the microorganisms between the superficial and the deep swabs was 62.5%. Staphylococcus aureus was the most predominant microorganism isolated (85%). All the microorganism isolates were sensitive to gentamycin. However, all Staphylococcus aureus isolated were resistant to penicillin.
Conclusion: Prevalence of Chronic osteomyelitis among children with orthopedic conditions presenting to MRRH is high. The isolated microorganisms are resistant to antibiotics we commonly use in our settings.
Developing Professional Capability: Growing Capacity and Competencies to Meet Complex Workplace Demands
Authors: Melacarne Claudio , Nicolaides Aliki 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis paper uses the constructs of capacity and competencies to explore how transversal and vertical skills are becoming more central than in the past for adult educators and higher educational design teaching. In this chapter, the authors will describe the context where this idea was created and describe two approaches that develop transversal and vertical skills in adult educational settings.
Enhancing Employability Through Developing T‐Shaped Professionals
Authors: Bierema Laura L. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe purpose of the chapter is to introduce the T‐shaped professional and advance it as an organizing rubric for curriculum development in higher education as a strategy to enhance employability. The chapter explores the T‐shaped professional by investigating its history, considering the context creating demand for T‐shaped people, and outlining curricular and pedagogical strategies for a developing T‐shaped people.
Impact of intrafraction prostate motion on clinical target coverage in proton therapy: A simulation study of dosimetric differences in two delivery techniques
Authors: Su Zhong , Slopsema Roelf , Flampouri Stella , Li Zuofeng 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the dosimetric impact of prostate intrafraction motion on proton double‐scattering (DS) and uniform scanning (US) treatments using electromagnetic transponder‐based prostate tracking data in simulated treatment deliveries.MethodsIn proton DS delivery, the spread‐out Bragg peak (SOBP) is created almost instantaneously by the constant rotation of the range modulator. US, however, delivers each entire energy layer of the SOBP sequentially from distal to proximal direction in time, which can interplay with prostate intrafraction motion. This spatiotemporal interplay during proton treatment was simulated to evaluate its dosimetric impact. Prostate clinical target volume (CTV) dose was obtained by moving CTV through dose matrices of the energy layers according to prostate‐motion traces. Fourteen prostate intrafraction motion traces of each of 17 prostate patients were used in the simulated treatment deliveries. Both single fraction dose‐volume histograms (DVHs) and fraction‐cumulative DVHs were obtained for both 2 Gy per fraction and 7.25 Gy per fraction stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT).ResultsThe simulation results indicated that CTV dose degradation depends on the magnitude and direction of prostate intrafraction motion and is patient specific. For some individual fractions, prescription dose coverage decreased in both US and DS treatments, and hot and cold spots inside the CTV were observed in the US results. However, fraction‐cumulative CTV dose coverage showed much reduced dose degradation for both DS and US treatments for both 2 Gy per fraction and SBRT simulations.ConclusionsThis study indicated that CTV dose inhomogeneity may exist for some patients with severe prostate intrafraction motion during US treatments. However, there are no statistically significant dose differences between DS and US treatment simulations. Cumulative dose of multiple‐fractions significantly reduced dose uncertainties.
Association of Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure With Dermatomyositis in a National Myositis Patient Registry
Authors: Parks Christine G. , Wilkerson Jesse , Rose Kathryn M. , Faiq Abdullah , Noroozi Farhadi Payam , Long Craig S. , Bayat Nastaran , Brunner Hermine I. , Goldberg Bob , McGrath John A. , Miller Frederick W. , Rider Lisa G. 
Published: September 2019

ObjectiveDermatomyositis (DM) has been associated with geospatial differences in ultraviolet (UV) radiation, but the role of individual determinants of UV exposure prior to diagnosis is unknown. The objective was to examine the role of those individual determinants.MethodsWe analyzed questionnaire data from 1,350 adults in a US national myositis registry (638 with DM, 422 with polymyositis [PM], and 290 with inclusion body myositis [IBM] diagnosed at ages 18–65 years), examining the likelihood of DM compared with PM and IBM diagnosis, in relation to self‐reported sunburn history and job‐ and hobby‐related sun exposures in the year prior to diagnosis. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) using logistic regression adjusted for age, skin tone, and sex, to determine the association of individual UV exposures with DM diagnosis. We also evaluated the proportion of DM by maximum daily ambient UV exposure, based on UVB erythemal irradiances for participant residence in the year prior to diagnosis.ResultsDM was associated with sunburn in the year before diagnosis (2 or more sunburns OR 1.77 [95% CI 1.28–2.43] versus PM/IBM; 1 sunburn OR 1.44 [95% CI 1.06–1.95]) and with having elevated job‐ or hobby‐related sun exposure (high exposure OR 1.64 [95% CI 1.08–2.49] or moderate exposure OR 1.35 [95% CI 1.02–1.78] versus low or no exposure). Ambient UV intensity was associated with DM in females (β = 3.97, P = 0.046), but not overall.ConclusionOur findings suggest that high or moderate personal exposure to intense sunlight is associated with developing DM compared with other types of myositis. Prospective research on UV exposure as a modifiable risk factor for DM is warranted.
Genotypic and phenotypic variability of 22q11.2 microduplications: An institutional experience
Authors: Yu Alexander , Turbiville Donald , Xu Fangling , Ray Joseph W. , Britt Allison D. , Lupo Pamela J. , Jain Sunil K. , Shattuck Karen E. , Robinson Sally S. , Dong Jianli 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDuplications in the 22q11.2 region can cause 22q11.2 duplication syndrome and encompass a variety of phenotypes including developmental delays, facial abnormalities, cardiovascular defects, central nervous system delays, and other congenital abnormalities. However, the contribution of these contiguous duplicated regions to the clinical phenotypes has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we identified nine patients carrying different 22q11.2 microduplications detected by chromosomal microarray. Of these patients, seven pediatric patients presented with various clinical features including two neonate cases died shortly after birth, and two healthy adults. We examined region specific genotype–phenotype associations and found unpredictability associated with 22q11.2 duplications in these nine patients.
Treatment and outcomes of arthrogryposis in the lower extremity
Authors: Hamdy Reggie C. , van Bosse Harold , Altiok Haluk , Abu‐Dalu Khaled , Kotlarsky Pavel , Fafara Alicja , Eidelman Mark 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this multiauthored article, the management of lower limb deformities in children with arthrogryposis (specifically Amyoplasia) is discussed. Separate sections address various hip, knee, foot, and ankle issues as well as orthotic treatment and functional outcomes. The importance of very early and aggressive management of these deformities in the form of intensive physiotherapy (with its various modalities) and bracing is emphasized. Surgical techniques commonly used in the management of these conditions are outlined. The central role of a multidisciplinary approach involving all stakeholders, especially the families, is also discussed. Furthermore, the key role of functional outcome tools, specifically patient reported outcomes, in the continuous monitoring and evaluation of these deformities is addressed. Children with arthrogryposis present multiple problems that necessitate a multidisciplinary approach. Specific guidelines are necessary in order to inform patients, families, and health care givers on the best approach to address these complex conditions
The multiple‐kinase inhibitor lenvatinib inhibits the proliferation of acute myeloid leukemia cells
Authors: Feng Fan , Li Xiaojuan , Li Ruisheng , Li Boan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundCurrent chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) mainly involves cytotoxic agents such as doxorubicin (DNR), mitoxantrone (Mito) or 2‐aminopurine‐6‐thiol (6‐TG). However, because these agents are relatively ineffective, discovering other more effective drugs for AML treatment would be valuable.MethodsThe in vitro antitumor effect of lenvatinib on AML cells was examined using the colorimetric MTT assay for assessing cell metabolic activity. AML cells mixed with Poloxamer 407 were injected into nude mice to form subcutaneous tumors. Tumor‐bearing mice received lenvatinib by oral administration. The antitumor effect of lenvatinib was established by measuring tumor volumes and weights.ResultsLenvatinib inhibited the growth of AML cells in a dose‐dependent manner. We used AML cells to establish subcutaneous tumor tissues by mixing the cell suspension with Poloxamer 407. Poloxamer 407 alone did not influence the subcutaneous growth of AML cells. Treatment of lenvatinib inhibited in vivo tumor growth of AML cells.ConclusionThe multiple‐kinase inhibitor lenvatinib inhibits the in vitro proliferation of AML cells, and restricts the in vivo growth of AML tumors.
Curcuma longa normalized cimetidine‐induced pituitary‐testicular dysfunction: Relevance in nutraceutical therapy
Authors: Onwuemene Ngozi Joy , Imafidon Christian Eseigbe , Ayoka Abiodun Oladele 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe increasing incidence of chemically induced infertility is both a social threat and a threat to the continuation of life itself. Treatment or management therapy is often expensive. This study investigated the effects of acetone extract of a local plant (Curcuma longa) in a Wistar rat model of cimetidine‐induced pituitary‐testicular dysfunction.MethodsThirty‐five male Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups of 5 rats. After a phytochemical screening of an acetone extract of C. Longa, cimetidine and the extract at three doses, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg, were orally co‐administered to the rats for 28 consecutive days. Comparisons were made (at P < 0.05) against a control (2 mL/kg distilled water), a standard treatment group (cimetidine + 50 mg/kg vitamin C), a toxic group (60 mg/kg cimetidine) and a group receiving extract alone.ResultsCimetidine administration was associated with deleterious alterations to sperm motility, sperm count and sperm viability, as well as derangements in the plasma levels of FSH, LH and testosterone (P < 0.05). Both brain and testicular GSH and TBARS levels were significantly altered following cimetidine administration, and distortions were seen in the pituitary and testicular histoarchitecture. These changes were significantly normalized by co‐administration of graded doses of the extract, with an associated improvement of both pituitary and testicular histology.ConclusionAcetone extract of C. Longa normalized cimetidine‐induced pituitary‐testicular dysfunction in Wistar rats. This presents the extract as a potential nutraceutical choice against chemically induced reproductive toxicity.
Conservation of freshwater wildlife in Hong Kong: A genetic perspective
Authors: Wong Wai Yee , Chow Lai Him , Wu Tsz Huen , Ma Ka Yan , Tsang Ling Ming , Chu Ka Hou 
Published: September 2019

AbstractFreshwater fauna is highly threatened owing to various human disturbances and a lack of natural connectivity among populations. Immediate conservation actions are vital to save freshwater wildlife from population decline and extinction. Given the paucity of resources, conservation prioritization is essential to guide resource allocation for effective and practical management; however, the incorporation of quantitative ranking approaches in population genetic studies is highly limited.This study scrutinized the genetic diversity and examined the population structure of three invertebrates (the atyid shrimpCaridina cantonensis, the pachychilid snailSulcospira hainanensis, the palaemonid shrimpMacrobrachium hainanense) and five fishes (the Chinese barbBarbodes semifasciolatus, the paradise fishMarcopodus opercularis, the Hong Kong paradise fishMacropodus hongkongensis, the Beijiang thick‐lipped barbAcrossocheilus beijiangensis, and the rosy bitterlingRhodeus ocellatus) in Hong Kong, based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene and control region, respectively. In general, the three fish species of conservation concern (M. hongkongensis,A. beijiangensis,andR. ocellatus) showed low to no genetic diversity while the other species showed high genetic diversity and strong population differentiation.This study also investigated the use of Heightened Evolutionary Distinctiveness (HED) estimation on quantitatively prioritizing the 95 populations for conservation, including three previously studied species (the white cheek gobyRhinogobius duospilus, the sucker‐belly loachPseudogastromyzon myersi, and the striped loachSchistura fasciolata). Only five sites had relatively high normalized HED values (>0.70) for all taxa occurring there, and thus are of relatively higher conservation priority. Many sites harboured evolutionarily distinct populations for only one to three species; therefore, a general plan for all freshwater inhabitants cannot be formulated.This comprehensive comparative study highlights the importance of genetic attributes in conservation decision making and sheds light on plausible conservation management in Hong Kong and other highly developed areas with significant freshwater biodiversity.
Competitive interactions for food resources between the invasive Amur sleeper (Perccottus glenii) and threatened European mudminnow (Umbra krameri)
Authors: Grabowska Joanna , Błońska Dagmara , Kati Sára , Nagy Sándor Alex , Kakareko Tomasz , Kobak Jarosław , Antal László 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe European mudminnow (Umbra krameri) is a strictly protected, threatened fish species, endemic to the River Danube and Dniester basins. Population decreases have been observed for several decades, primarily due to habitat loss, but, recently, the adverse impact of invasive species, including the Amur sleeper (Perccottus glenii), has also been implicated in its decline.The correspondence in the disappearance of the European mudminnow and the appearance of the Amur sleeper has been observed in some waters, but the mechanism by which the invader has an impact has remained speculative until now.As both species have similar dietary preferences and habitat requirements, competitive interactions between them for the same limited food resource (gammarids) in the same space (aquarium with artificial plants) were investigated experimentally. The foraging of two‐species and single‐species pairs and single individuals was tested.Feeding rates and prey capture efficiency were similar in both species, but the Amur sleeper was a superior competitor compared with the European mudminnow; it negatively influenced the foraging efficiency of the latter, preventing its access to prey through aggressive interactions. In the presence of the alien competitor, the feeding rate of European mudminnow decreased to one third of that observed in single‐species or single‐individual treatments.These results demonstrate that interference competition for food may be the mechanism explaining the rapid decline of this threatened species. We conclude that the invasion of the Amur sleeper will accelerate the extinction of the European mudminnow, especially in isolated, small, shallow water bodies.The study illustrates that monitoring the Amur sleeper invasion is essential for the active conservation of the European mudminnow. For reintroduction attempts, special care must be taken to avoid invaded water bodies. Moreover, prevention of the introduction of the Amur sleeper, especially in waters occupied by the European mudminnow, must be pursued.
A Cascade Synthesis of Hetero‐arylated Triarylmethanes Through a Double 5‐endo‐dig Cyclization Sequence
Authors: Paluru Dilip K. , Mahesh Sriram , Ahmad Feroz , Vijaya Anand Ramasamy 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA sequential two‐step method for the synthesis of hetero‐arylated triarylmethanes through a Ag‐catalyzed sequential double cyclization–nucleophilic addition cascade is described. This methodology basically involves an initial 5‐endo‐dig cyclization of o‐alkynyl anilines to provide 2‐substituted indole derivatives, which then react with 2‐(2‐enynyl)‐pyridines to afford indolizine‐containing unsymmetrical triarylmethanes through another 5‐endo‐dig cyclization.