bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Digit Orientation on Gecko Adhesive Force Capacity: Synthetic and Behavioral Studies
Authors: Imburgia M J , Kuo C -Y , Briggs D R , Irschick D J , Crosby A J 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn this study we developed an analytical relationship between adhesive digit orientation and adhesive force capacity to describe the tendencies of climbing organisms that use adhesion for climbing to align their toes in the direction of loading, maximizing adhesive force capacity. We fabricated a multi-component adhesive device with multiple contact surfaces, or digits, to act as a model system mimicking the angular motion of a foot and found the synthetic experiments agree with the developed analytical relationship. In turn, we find that observations of gekkonid lizards climbing on vertical substrates correlate well with our analytical relationship; a reduction in toe spacing is seen on the forelimbs when the animals are facing up. Interestingly, the toes on the hindlimbs tend to have an increase in spacing, possibly a mechanism for stabilization rather than load-bearing.
Mitochondria and the Origin of Species: Bridging Genetic and Ecological Perspectives on Speciation Processes
Authors: Tobler M , Barts N , Greenway R 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMitochondria have been known to be involved in speciation through the generation of Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities, where functionally neutral co-evolution between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes can cause dysfunction when alleles are recombined in hybrids. We propose that adaptive mitochondrial divergence between populations can not only produce intrinsic (Dobzhansky–Muller) incompatibilities, but could also contribute to reproductive isolation through natural and sexual selection against migrants, post-mating prezygotic isolation, as well as by causing extrinsic reductions in hybrid fitness. We describe how these reproductive isolating barriers can potentially arise through adaptive divergence of mitochondrial function in the absence of mito-nuclear coevolution, a departure from more established views. While a role for mitochondria in the speciation process appears promising, we also highlight critical gaps of knowledge: (1) many systems with a potential for mitochondrially-mediated reproductive isolation lack crucial evidence directly linking reproductive isolation and mitochondrial function; (2) it often remains to be seen if mitochondrial barriers are a driver or a consequence of reproductive isolation; (3) the presence of substantial gene flow in the presence of mito-nuclear incompatibilities raises questions whether such incompatibilities are strong enough to drive speciation to completion; and (4) it remains to be tested how mitochondrial effects on reproductive isolation compare when multiple mechanisms of reproductive isolation coincide. We hope this perspective and the proposed research plans help to inform future studies of mitochondrial adaptation in a manner that links genotypic changes to phenotypic adaptations, fitness, and reproductive isolation in natural systems, helping to clarify the importance of mitochondria in the formation and maintenance of biological diversity.
Prolonged periods of waiting for an asylum decision and the risk of psychiatric diagnoses: a 22-year longitudinal cohort study from Denmark
Authors: Hvidtfeldt Camilla , Petersen Jørgen Holm , Norredam Marie 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
The high prevalence of psychiatric disorders among resettled refugees necessitates identification of factors that reduce the risk of mental illness. In this 22-year longitudinal cohort study, we assessed whether the length of asylum-decision waiting periods is associated with resettled refugees’ risk of being diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder.

Methods
We used full-population data from the Danish Civil Registration System to establish a cohort of 46 104 refugees resettled in Denmark during 1995–2016. Hazard ratios (HRs) for first-time psychiatric hospital contact (ICD-10) after residence permit issuance across varying lengths of asylum-decision waiting periods were estimated by cross-linkage with the Danish National Patient Register.

Results
Long asylum-decision waiting periods were associated with an increased risk of psychiatric disorders. Compared with refugees who waited 0–6 months for their asylum decision, the HRs of any psychiatric diagnosis were 1.22 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12–1.33] for those who waited 13–24 months and 1.46 (95% CI: 1.27–1.69) for those who waited 25–71 months. Associations varied across diagnoses and length of follow-up: whereas the risk of nervous disorders increased with longer asylum-decision waiting periods in the follow-ups of 0–2.9, 3–5.9 and 6–11.9 years, the risk of psychotic disorders was associated with longer asylum-decision procedures only in the 0–2.9-year follow-up.

Conclusion
Resettled refugees who waited longer than 1 year for an asylum decision face an increased risk of psychiatric disorders. Host countries should consider that long asylum-decision waiting periods could lead to mental illness among refugees.
Expected Monetary Impact of Oncotype DX Score-Concordant Systemic Breast Cancer Therapy Based on the TAILORx Trial
Authors: Mariotto Angela , Jayasekerea Jinani , Petkov Valentina , Schechter Clyde B , Enewold Lindsey , Helzlsouer Kathy J , Feuer Eric J , Mandelblatt Jeanne S 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
TAILORx demonstrated that women with node-negative, hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancers and Oncotype DX recurrence scores (RS) of 0–25 had similar 9-year outcomes with endocrine vs chemo-endocrine therapy; evidence for women aged 50 years and younger and RS 16–25 was less clear. We estimated how expected changes in practice following the trial might affect US costs in the initial 12 months of care (initial costs).

Methods
Data from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER), SEER-Medicare, and SEER-Genomic Health Inc datasets were used to estimate Oncotype DX testing and chemotherapy rates and mean initial costs pre- and post-TAILORx (in 2018 dollars), assuming all women received Oncotype DX testing and score-suggested therapy posttrial. Sensitivity analyses tested the impact on costs of assumptions about compliance with testing and score-suggested treatment and estimation methods.

Results
Pretrial mean initial costs were $2.816 billion. Posttrial, Oncotype DX testing costs were projected to increase from $115 to $231 million and chemotherapy use to decrease from 25% to 17%, resulting in initial care costs of $2.766 billion, or a net savings of $49 million (1.8% decrease). A small net savings was seen under most assumptions. The one exception was if all women aged 50 years and younger with tumors with RS 16–25 elected to receive chemotherapy, initial care costs could increase by $105 million (4% increase).

Conclusions
Personalizing breast cancer treatment based on tumor genetic profiles could result in small cost decreases in the initial 12 months of care. Studies are needed to evaluate the long-term costs and nonmonetary benefits of personalized cancer care.
Fighting about Women: Ideologies of Gender in the Syrian Civil War
Authors: Szekely Ora 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis article seeks to map and explain the sudden increase in the appearance of female combatants in the propaganda distributed by various parties to the Syrian civil war. Based on interviews and the analysis of online propaganda, the article argues that the importance of ideologies of gender to two of the four main participants in the Syrian civil war (specifically, the Kurdish Partiya Yekîtiya Demokrat, PYD, and the Islamic State, or ISIS) has rendered gender ideology an unusually salient point of ideological cleavage in the Syrian context. This has meant that other parties to the conflict, for whom gender ideology is less important, are able to easily signal their position in relation to other conflict participants by means of policies or actions relating to women's participation in the conflict.
Soft Rejuvenation: Cosmetics, Idealized White Femininity, and Young Women’s Bodies, 1880–1930
Authors: Smith Michelle J , Nicholas Jane 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In this article we draw together the histories of rejuvenation and cosmetic use in order to examine discourses of “soft rejuvenation” in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. While rejuvenation has typically been considered in relation to transnational medicalized attempts to restore youthful vitality and virility, we suggest that the logic of rejuvenation was feminized through the promotion of cosmetic and daily self-care regimens in this period. Drawing on material from British, American, and Canadian contexts relating to beauty and hygiene, we suggest that daily practices of caring for and disciplining the white female body, especially through cosmetic use, were legitimated, in part, using the rhetoric of rejuvenation. The article considers how the transnational, the modern, and the propagation of whiteness in the early twentieth century were mobilized in these ideas of how daily bodily work could preserve the (white) youthful face and body, which was understood to embody health and vigor. This discourse was significant for young women, who were subject to male control over their bodies as they began to be employed in nontraditional workplaces; however, we also argue that these cosmetic practices can be understood as a component of girls’ and women’s own self-fashioning of modern identities.
Ultraluminous X-ray sources with flat-topped noise and QPO
Authors: Atapin Kirill , Fabrika Sergei , Caballero-García Maria D 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT
We analysed the X-ray power density spectra of five ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) NGC 5408 X-1, NGC 6946 X-1, M 82 X-1, NGC 1313 X-1, and IC 342 X-1 that are the only ULXs that display both flat-topped noise (FTN) and quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs). We studied the QPO frequencies, fractional root-mean-square (rms) variability, X-ray luminosity, and spectral hardness. We found that the level of FTN is anticorrelated with the QPO frequency. As the frequency of the QPO and brightness of the sources increase, their fractional variability decreases. We propose a simple interpretation using the spherization radius, viscosity time, and α-parameter as basic properties of these systems. The main physical driver of the observed variability is the mass accretion rate that varies ≳3 between different observations of the same source. As the accretion rate decreases the spherization radius reduces and the FTN plus the QPO move towards higher frequencies, resulting in a decrease of the fractional rms variability. We also propose that in all ULXs when the accretion rate is low enough (but still super-Eddington) the QPO and FTN disappear. Assuming that the maximum X-ray luminosity depends only on the black hole (BH) mass and not on the accretion rate (not considering the effects of either the inclination of the super-Eddington disc or geometrical beaming of radiation), we estimate that all the ULXs have about similar BH masses, with the exception of M 82 X-1, which might be 10 times more massive.
Constraining the Milky Way halo potential with the GD-1 stellar stream
Authors: Malhan Khyati , Ibata Rodrigo A 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
We use ESA/Gaia astrometry together with SEGUE and LAMOST measurements of the GD-1 stellar stream to explore the improvement on the Galactic gravitational potential that these new data provide. Assuming a realistic universal model for the dark matter halo together with reasonable models of the baryonic components, we find that the orbital solutions for GD-1 require the circular velocity at the Solar radius to be $V_{\rm circ}({\rm R}_\odot) =244\pm 4{\rm \, km\, s^{-1}}$, and also that the density flattening of the dark halo is $q_{\rho }=0.82^{+0.25}_{-0.13}$. The corresponding Galactic mass within $20{\rm \, kpc}$ was estimated to be $M_{\rm MW}(\lt 20{\rm \, kpc})=2.5\pm 0.2 \times 10^{11} {\rm \, M_\odot }$. Moreover, Gaia’s excellent proper motions also allowed us to constrain the velocity dispersion of the GD-1 stream in the direction tangential to the line of sight to be $\lt 2.30{\rm \, km\, s^{-1}}$ (95 per cent confidence limit), confirming the extremely cold dynamical nature of this system.
2MASS J10274572+0629104: the very short period young M6 dwarf binary system identified in K2 data
Authors: Paudel R R , Gizis J E , Burgasser A J , Hsu C 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT
We report the identification of a very low mass new binary system 2MASS J10274572+0629104, based on Kepler K2 photometry and Gaia DR2 astrometry. It is located at a distance of 90.0 ± 2.9 pc. The K2 light curve is consistent with a beat pattern of two periodic signals, and using Lomb–Scargle periodogram, we find two rotation periods of 0.2114 ± 0.0002 and 0.2199 ± 0.0003 d. We conclude that these rotation periods arise from two stars with similar spectral types of M6, and have nearly equal luminosity. It is the first ultracool binary system to be identified based on beat patterns in the light curve. Near-infrared spectroscopy yields RV = −9.8 ± 0.6 km s−1, v sin i = 21.5 ± 1.1 km s−1, Teff = 3110 ± 40 K, and log g = 5.2 ± 0.2. The motions are consistent with a young age, as are the rotation periods, but the source does not appear to be part of any known moving group. Furthermore, we detected three strong white light flares in the K2 light curve, with estimated total (UV/optical/IR) energies of 2.6 × 1033, 5.0 × 1033, and 3.5 × 1033 erg, respectively.
Bayesian Inference of Evolutionary Histories under Time-Dependent Substitution Rates
Authors: Membrebe Jade Vincent , Suchard Marc A , Rambaut Andrew , Baele Guy , Lemey Philippe 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMany factors complicate the estimation of time scales for phylogenetic histories, requiring increasingly complex evolutionary models and inference procedures. The widespread application of molecular clock dating has led to the insight that evolutionary rate estimates may vary with the time frame of measurement. This is particularly well established for rapidly evolving viruses that can accumulate sequence divergence over years or even months. However, this rapid evolution stands at odds with a relatively high degree of conservation of viruses or endogenous virus elements over much longer time scales. Building on recent insights into time-dependent evolutionary rates, we develop a formal and flexible Bayesian statistical inference approach that accommodates rate variation through time. We evaluate the novel molecular clock model on a foamy virus cospeciation history and a lentivirus evolutionary history and compare the performance to other molecular clock models. For both virus examples, we estimate a similarly strong time-dependent effect that implies rates varying over four orders of magnitude. The application of an analogous codon substitution model does not implicate long-term purifying selection as the cause of this effect. However, selection does appear to affect divergence time estimates for the less deep evolutionary history of the Ebolavirus genus. Finally, we explore the application of our approach on woolly mammoth ancient DNA data, which shows a much weaker, but still important, time-dependent rate effect that has a noticeable impact on node age estimates. Future developments aimed at incorporating more complex evolutionary processes will further add to the broad applicability of our approach.
Transcription attenuation-derived small RNA rnTrpL regulates tryptophan biosynthesis gene expression in trans
Authors: Melior Hendrik , Li Siqi , Madhugiri Ramakanth , Stötzel Maximilian , Azarderakhsh Saina , Barth-Weber Susanne , Baumgardt Kathrin , Ziebuhr John , Evguenieva-Hackenberg Elena 
Published: April 2019

AbstractRibosome-mediated transcription attenuation is a basic posttranscriptional regulation mechanism in bacteria. Liberated attenuator RNAs arising in this process are generally considered nonfunctional. In Sinorhizobium meliloti, the tryptophan (Trp) biosynthesis genes are organized into three operons, trpE(G), ppiD-trpDC-moaC-moeA, and trpFBA-accD-folC, of which only the first one, trpE(G), contains a short ORF (trpL) in the 5′-UTR and is regulated by transcription attenuation. Under conditions of Trp sufficiency, transcription is terminated between trpL and trpE(G), and a small attenuator RNA, rnTrpL, is produced. Here, we show that rnTrpL base-pairs with trpD and destabilizes the polycistronic trpDC mRNA, indicating rnTrpL-mediated downregulation of the trpDC operon in trans. Although all three trp operons are regulated in response to Trp availability, only in the two operons trpE(G) and trpDC the Trp-mediated regulation is controlled by rnTrpL. Together, our data show that the trp attenuator coordinates trpE(G) and trpDC expression posttranscriptionally by two fundamentally different mechanisms: ribosome-mediated transcription attenuation in cis and base-pairing in trans. Also, we present evidence that rnTrpL-mediated regulation of trpDC genes expression in trans is conserved in Agrobacterium and Bradyrhizobium, suggesting that the small attenuator RNAs may have additional conserved functions in the control of bacterial gene expression.
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT AT A THERAPEUTIC RADON SPA FACILITY IN HUNGARY
Authors: Kavasi Norbert , Csordas Anita , Nagy Katalin , Beltran Silvana , Kikaj Dafina , Vaupotič Janja , Kovacs Tibor 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In order to estimate occupational exposure of workers in a therapeutic radon spa facility, radon concentration in the workplace air was investigated at Markhot Ferenc Hospital, Eger, Hungary. The investigated balneotherapeutic facility and its natural hot spa water are used for treatments and rehabilitations of rheumatic patients. Radon concentration, radon decay products at a bathhouse, treatment rooms and a consultation room were continuously measured in August and September 2018. In the present study, different levels of radon concentration among the observation sites and its clear temporal variations were found, though radon concentrations in the investigated sites were below 300 Bq m−3. Regarding such radon fluctuation and low equilibrium factor level (0.1), the annual effective doses of workers are estimated to be around 0.5 mSv year−1.
Assessing Drug-Induced Long QT and Proarrhythmic Risk Using Human Stem-Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes in a Ca2+ Imaging Assay: Evaluation of 28 CiPA Compounds at Three Test Sites
Authors: Lu Hua Rong , Zeng Haoyu , Kettenhofen Ralf , Guo Liang , Kopljar Ivan , van Ammel Karel , Tekle Fetene , Teisman Ard , Zhai Jin , Clouse Holly , Pierson Jennifer , Furniss Michael , Lagrutta Armando , Sannajust Frederick , Gallacher David J 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The goal of this research consortium including Janssen, MSD, Ncardia, FNCR/LBR, and Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) was to evaluate the utility of an additional in vitro assay technology to detect potential drug-induced long QT and torsade de pointes (TdP) risk by monitoring cytosolic free Ca2+ transients in human stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hSC-CMs). The potential proarrhythmic risks of the 28 comprehensive in vitro proarrhythmia assay (CiPA) drugs linked to low, intermediate, and high clinical TdP risk were evaluated in a blinded manner using Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye assay recorded from a kinetic plate reader system (Hamamatsu FDSS/µCell and FDSS7000) in 2D cultures of 2 commercially available hSC-CM lines (Cor.4U and CDI iCell Cardiomyocytes) at 3 different test sites. The Ca2+ transient assay, performed at the 3 sites using the 2 different hSC-CMs lines, correctly detected potential drug-induced QT prolongation among the 28 CiPA drugs and detected cellular arrhythmias-like/early afterdepolarization in 7 of 8 high TdP-risk drugs (87.5%), 6 of 11 intermediate TdP-risk drugs (54.5%), and 0 of 9 low/no TdP-risk drugs (0%). The results were comparable among the 3 sites and from 2 hSC-CM cell lines. The Ca2+ transient assay can serve as a user-friendly and higher throughput alternative to complement the microelectrode array and voltage-sensing optical action potential recording assays used in the HESI-CiPA study for in vitro assessment of drug-induced long QT and TdP risk.
Generalization asymmetry in multivariate cross-classification: When representation A generalizes better to representation B than B to A
Authors: van den Hurk Job , Op de Beeck Hans P. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn recent years, the use of multivariate cross-classification (MVCC) has grown in popularity as a way to test for the consistency of information in neural patterns of activation across cognitive states. In this approach, a classification algorithm is trained on dataset A and then tested on a different dataset B in order to test for commonalities in the information representation in both datasets. Interestingly, several papers report an asymmetry in the generalization direction: training on A and testing on B returns significantly better decoding results than training on B and testing on A. Whereas several neurocognitive hypotheses have been put forward as an explanation for this phenomenon, none of them has been demonstrated directly. Through simple simulations, we show that asymmetry can arise as soon as two datasets with identical ground truths have a different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) – generalization is best from the lower SNR to the higher SNR dataset. The extent of the asymmetry is further modulated by the overlap in informative voxels and whether the two datasets have an equal number of informative voxels. These findings demonstrate that the observation of decoding direction asymmetry in MVCC can be explained by simple SNR differences and not necessarily implies complex neurocognitive mechanisms.