bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Concept of Microwave Foam Drying Under Vacuum: A Gentle Preservation Method for Sensitive Biological Material
Authors: Ambros S. , Dombrowski J. , Boettger D. , Kulozik U. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMicrowave vacuum drying as compared to conventional vacuum drying has evinced advantages regarding drying time, while comparable product characteristics were achieved when drying sensitive biological material. Due to the volumetric microwave input, a time reduction of up to 90% is possible. When drying viscous liquids, a foamed structure that remains stable during drying exhibits further advantages as the diffusion‐limited third drying step is enhanced by the porous structure. As foams not only have to be thermally resistant during microwave vacuum processing, but also withstand the vacuum, a specific process for foam drying by microwaves under low pressure conditions was developed. Foam formation and stabilization was achieved by using a synergistic mixture of proteins and carbohydrates; Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei F19 (L. paracasei) served as a model sensitive substance. Investigation of surface activity and foaming properties as a function of L. paracasei concentration revealed a significant positive contribution of the bacterial cells. It was shown that L. paracasei directly adsorbed at the air–water interface. Besides, a structuring of the liquid lamellae was assumed. Moreover, drying time was reduced to at least 50% compared to microwave vacuum drying without foaming. It was further observed that the slight loss in survival was mainly due to the relatively high moisture content and high vacuum levels at the beginning of the process. However, foaming, vacuum application, and final drying, respectively, did not affect viability of the bacterial cells. Thus, by incorporation of lactic acid bacteria into foam structures, drying can be carried out in a fraction of time, and further results in high‐product quality.Practical ApplicationThe application of continuous foam drying offers an efficient and energy‐saving alternative to the currently applied techniques for the processing of sensitive material. The process could be applied for the preservation of starter cultures and probiotics as well as in the pharmaceutical industry, when sensitive material such as therapeutic proteins is dried. This process is especially suitable for freezing‐sensitive and thermolabile substances.
Seasonal dynamics of marine snow‐associated and free‐living demethylating bacterial communities in the coastal northern Adriatic Sea
Authors: Steiner Paul A. , Sintes Eva , Simó Rafel , De Corte Daniele , Pfannkuchen Daniela Marić , Ivančić Ingrid , Najdek Mirjana , Herndl Gerhard J. 
Published: July 2019

SummaryThe extent of DMSP demethylation has been hypothesized to depend on DMSP availability and bacterial sulfur demand, which might lead to niche differentiation of the demethylating bacterial community. In this study, we determined DMSP concentrations in marine snow and the ambient water over a seasonal cycle and linked DMSP concentrations to the abundance of bacteria harbouring the demethylation dmdA gene in the Adriatic Sea. In marine snow, DMSP concentrations were up to four times higher than in the ambient water and three times higher in marine snow in summer than in winter. The average dmdA:recA gene ratio over the sampling period was 0.40 ± 0.24 in marine snow and 0.48 ± 0.21 in the ambient water. However, at the subclade level, differences in the demethylating bacterial community of marine snow and the ambient water were apparent. Seasonal patterns of potentially demethylating bacteria were best visible at the oligotype level. In the ambient water, the SAR116 and the OM60/NOR5 clade were composed of oligotypes that correlated to high DMSP concentrations, while oligotypes of the Rhodospirillales correlated to low DMSP concentrations. Our results revealed a pronounced seasonal variability and spatial heterogeneity in DMSP concentrations and the associated demethylating bacterial community.
International Multiparty Mediation: Prospects for a Coordinated Effort
Authors: Vuković Siniša 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe field of international peace mediation has become increasingly complex. Proliferation of actors that are able and willing to mediate has made multiparty mediation a standard format through which conflicts get managed. Due to their ad hoc nature, multiparty mediation efforts require specific mechanisms that will provide sufficient clarity and direction for the mediators involved. This paper departs by differentiating three distinct, yet highly interrelated, fundamental aspects that contribute to the overall success in multiparty mediation: cooperation, coordination and leadership. Treating coordination as a subset element of wider cooperation, this paper addresses the main challenges of achieving effective coordination in a given context. The paper highlights the relevance of information carrying capacity and premediated appointment of a leader when developing particular coordination mechanisms.
Availability and organization of difficult airway equipment in Swedish hospitals: A national survey of anaesthesiologists
Authors: Bjurström Martin F. , Persson Karolina , Sturesson Louise W. 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundAirway complications account for almost one third of anaesthesia‐related brain damage and death. Immediate access to equipment enabling rescue airway strategies is crucial for successful management of unanticipated difficult airway situations.MethodsWe conducted a nationwide survey of Swedish anaesthesiologists to analyse availability and organization of difficult airway trolleys (DATs), and multiple factors pertaining to difficult airway management, to highlight areas of potential improvement.ResultsSix hundred and thirty‐nine anaesthesiologists completed the 14‐item survey. Whereas DATs were almost ubiquitous (95%) in main operating departments of hospitals, prevalence was low in remote anaesthetizing locations (20.3%) and electroconvulsive therapy units (26.6%). Approximately 60% of emergency departments had a DAT. Immediate (within 60 seconds) access to videolaryngoscopes in all units where general anaesthesia is conducted was reported by 56.8%. Almost half of anaesthesiologists reported that all DATs at their workplace were standardized. Forty‐six per cent reported that the DATs were organized according to a difficult airway algorithm; almost 90% believe that such an organization can impact the outcome of a difficult airway situation positively. Only 36.2% of DATs contained second‐generation supraglottic airway devices exclusively. Most Swedish anaesthesiologists use the Swedish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive care Medicine difficult airway algorithm, but almost one fifth prefer the Difficult Airway Society algorithm. Less than half of respondents underwent formal difficult airway training annually.ConclusionOur results motivate efforts to (a) increase availability of DATs in remote anaesthetizing locations, (b) increasingly standardize DATs and organize DATs according to airway algorithms, and (c) increase the frequency of difficult airway training.
Prescription opioid availability and opioid overdose‐related mortality rates in Medicaid expansion and non‐expansion states
Authors: Swartz James A. , Beltran Susanny J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimsTo determine whether, in the United States, higher opioid overdose‐related mortality rates (OOMR) in Affordable Care Act (ACA) Medicaid expansion states relative to mortality rates in non‐expansion states have been mediated by increased prescription opioid availability.DesignSeparate mixed‐effect regression models examined difference‐in‐difference effects of time and expansion status on Medicaid‐reimbursed opioids measured in morphine milligram (mg) equivalents on all OOMR and on prescription OOMR. We used generalized structural equation models to test whether increases in Medicaid‐reimbursed prescription opioid availability mediated OOMR post‐Medicaid expansion.Setting and participantsThis study used national, serial, cross‐sectional data for Medicaid‐reimbursed prescription opioids, Medicaid enrollment information and annual OOMR for any opioids and for prescription opioids from 49 states and the DC pre‐ (2008–13) and post‐ACA Medicaid expansion (2014–16).MeasurementsThe outcome measures were OOOMR and Medicaid‐reimbursed prescription opioid availability. The main input variables were time and ACA Medicaid expansion status.FindingsMedicaid expansion states had larger increases in prescription opioid availability (b = 480, 357.8, P = 0.001) compared with non‐expansion states. However, the largest increases in prescription opioid availability in expansion states were between 2009 and 2011, well before the ACA Medicaid expansion. Whereas expansion states also had higher any OOMR compared with non‐expansion states (b = 3.6, P = 0.011), significant differences in prescription OOMR between expansion and non‐expansion states did not emerge until 2015 (b = 1.4, P = 0.014) and 2016 (b = 4.0, P = 0.004), and Medicaid‐reimbursed prescription opioid availability was not a significant mediator.ConclusionsIncreases in Medicaid‐reimbursed prescription opioid availability in Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion states in the United States do not appear to have mediated post‐Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion mortality rate differences, but there is still a possibility of lagged effects.
The association between induction of labour at 38 to 39 weeks pregnancy and indication for caesarean delivery: An observational study
Authors: de Vries Bradley Stephen , McGeechan Kevin , Barratt Alexandra , Tooher Jane , Wong Ebony , Phipps Hala , Gordon Adrienne , Hyett Jon Anthony 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundInduction of labour is associated with a reduction in caesarean delivery, but the mechanism of action and which groups of women might benefit remain unknown.AimsTo assess the association between induction of labour at 38–39 weeks pregnancy, and caesarean delivery: (i) overall; (ii) for slow progress in labour; and (iii) for suspected fetal compromise.Material and methodsRetrospective observational study in two Sydney hospitals from 2009 to 2016, among nulliparous women with induction of labour at 38 or 39 completed weeks pregnancy and a singleton, cephalic presenting fetus. The comparator was all planned vaginal births beyond 39(+1/7) weeks, whether or not labour was induced. Binary and multinomial multiple logistic regressions adjusting for multiple confounders were performed.ResultsThere were 2388 and 15 259 women in the study and comparison groups respectively. Induction of labour was associated with caesarean delivery overall only for women <25 years of age (adjusted odds ratio 1.63; 95% CI 1.17–2.27) and was not associated with caesarean delivery for slow progress. Induction of labour was positively associated with increased caesarean delivery for suspected fetal compromise among young women (<30 years), with the association weakening as maternal age increased. The association between induction of labour and caesarean delivery was different for slow progress compared with suspected compromise (P = 0.005).ConclusionsInduction of labour has different effects on the likelihood of caesarean delivery for slow progress and for suspected fetal compromise. Women <30 years of age are at higher risk of caesarean delivery for suspected fetal compromise, potentially due to uterine hyperstimulation.
Getting involved in the community—What stops us? Findings from an inclusive research project
Authors: Mooney Fran , Rafique Nazia , Tilly Liz 
Published: July 2019

Accessible summary

Feeling alone and not connected to other people where you live affects many people and especially people with a learning disability. The government and the newspapers are talking a lot about this, they want to understand who is affected and what can be done.

Our group did a research project to find out some of the things that stop us getting involved in local places with local people where we can make and keep friends. The people in the research project mainly lived independently and did not use learning disability services, so needed to use local community organisations.

Pictorial cards, made by one of the group members, using photographs were used to sort out all the things we talked about into groups. These included transport, fear and anxiety, limits on our choice and control, risks and personal safety.

We then talked about what could be done, this included more easy read information, so people know what is available locally, more support to go to places and advocacy to get involved. There also needs to be better community safety including more Safe Places in the community.

AbstractBackgroundSocial isolation is an issue that affects many people and especially people with a learning disability. There is an association between social exclusion and feeling lonely, an issue currently highlighted as a growing concern which needs to be addressed both in the media and by the government.MethodsThe Building Bridges Research Group do inclusive research projects about the issues that are important to them. Over the summer of 2018, the research group undertook an inclusive research project to identify some of the specific barriers that prevent community inclusion and the opportunity to develop friends. The people involved mainly lived independently and did not use learning disability services, with the exception of evening clubs, so needed to use universal services.ResultsPictorial cards, made by one of the group, using photographs were used to organise the data into themes. These included transport, fear and anxiety, limits on choice and control, risks and personal safety.ConclusionThe inclusive research design enabled people with a learning disability to contribute to all stages of the research project, from identifying the issue, gathering data, the analysis and writing up. They also made suggestions of ways to increase social networks, friendships and well‐being and so decrease loneliness. These include more access to easy read information, more support and advocacy and measures to address community safety including a wider roll‐out of the Safe Places scheme. There also needs to be further research undertaken with other people with a learning disability in different areas to widen the understanding of the impact of these barriers on people's lives.
Agreement between supine and standing bioimpedance spectroscopy devices and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry for body composition determination
Authors: Esco Michael R. , Fedewa Michael V. , Freeborn Todd J. , Moon Jordan R. , Wingo Jonathan E. , Cicone Zack , Holmes Clifton J. , Hornikel Bjoern , Welborn Bailey 
Published: July 2019

SummaryBackgroundResearch comparing bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) to dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) is limited, especially with newer BIS devices that take measures in a standing position instead of the traditional supine position.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to compare a standing BIS device (BISSTA) and a supine BIS device (BISSUP) to DXA for measuring body fat percentage (BF%), fat mass (FM) and fat‐free mass (FFM) in a cohort of male and female subjects displaying a wide range of ages and BMI levels.MethodsNinety‐five subjects (30 ± 15 years, 170 ± 8·0 cm, 72·6 ± 14·8 kg) participated in the study. Body composition measures were taken from BISSTA, BISSUP and DXA during a single visit to the laboratory following an 8‐ to 12‐h fast in a euhydration state.ResultsSupine BIS device and BISSTA produced r‐values >0·91 and low SEE values for all measurements compared to DXA. Effect sizes were ‘trivial’ for FFM comparing both BISSUP and BISSTA to DXA (<0·1) and ‘small’ for FM and BF% (<0·39). Compared to DXA, BISSTA resulted in lower total (TE) and constant errors/mean differences (CE) (TE < 3·6 kg, CE < −1·82 kg) versus BISSUP (TE < 4·35 kg, CE < −3·10 kg) for FFM.ConclusionFat‐free mass values for BISSTA resulted in the most comparable measurements to DXA with no mean differences and the lowest total error and effect size. However, the findings indicated both BIS devices may be acceptable alternatives to DXA for BF%, FM and FFM in clinical practice.
Excess sensitivity and borrowing constraints: Evidence from Iranian households
Authors: Einian Majid , Nili Masoud 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn contrast to the findings of simple rational expectations permanent income hypothesis models, empirical studies show that income changes can help predict consumption change. This is dubbed as excess sensitivity in the macroeconomic literature. We use Iranian household data to investigate the excess sensitivity using civil servant status as a proxy for borrowing constraints. We observe that the excess sensitivity is different among different panels. Much less excess sensitivity is observed for government employees who have better access to finance due to the structure of the labour market and banking system in Iran. Our proxy variable to divide data, which is the working status of the head of the household, does not suffer from endogeneity problems evident in the previous literature. The results of this study indicate that the actual consumption profile of a constrained household is suboptimal and hence deepening financial access can decrease the welfare loss of this suboptimality.
Effectiveness of mindfulness‐based interventions on anxiety for children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ruiz‐Íñiguez Raquel , Santed Germán Miguel Á. , Burgos‐Julián Francisco A. , Díaz‐Silveira Cintia , Carralero Montero Ana 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimThis paper aims to investigate the extent to which mindfulness‐based interventions serve to reduce anxiety in children and adolescents. A heterogeneous sample was used, including clinical and non‐clinical population.MethodsA literature search of controlled intervention studies published up to December 31, 2016, was carried out in PubMed, Lilacs, Cochrane, Embase, PsycInfo, Opengrey and Teseo databases. The effect size was calculated by Cohen's d. The Cochran Q statistic and the I2 index were used for the study of heterogeneity. An analysis was conducted using the random effects model.Results829 articles were identified, of which 18 were finally selected. Of these, only three had statistically significant effect sizes. The overall combined result obtained was .013, but it did not result statistically significant (CI95% [−.102, .128].) The Q statistic was statistically significant (Q [18] = 28.497, P = . 39) and the I2 index was 40.34%, indicating a moderate heterogeneity.ConclusionsThis meta‐analysis did not obtain statistically significant results that could provide conclusions. In general, the studies analysed are small, of low power and have a marked heterogeneity, which implies that the findings are provisional and need to be supported by more robust studies.Although it cannot be ruled out that mindfulness‐based interventions are not effective in the infant‐juvenile population, it is also possible that this effect could not be detected due to the limited number of available studies. Larger investigations are needed, with sufficient statistical power and designs that control the variables potentially moderating, to establish clear conclusions.
Advancing our understanding of ecological stability
Authors: Kéfi Sonia , Domínguez‐García Virginia , Donohue Ian , Fontaine Colin , Thébault Elisa , Dakos Vasilis 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe concept of ecological stability occupies a prominent place in both fundamental and applied ecological research. We review decades of work on the topic and examine how our understanding has progressed. We show that our understanding of stability has remained fragmented and is limited largely to simple or simplified systems. There has been a profusion of metrics proposed to quantify stability, of which only a handful are used commonly. Furthermore, studies typically quantify one to two metrics of stability at a time and in response to a single perturbation, with some of the main environmental pressures of today being the least studied. We argue that we need to build on the existing consensus and strong theoretical foundation of the stability concept to better understand its multidimensionality and the interdependencies between metrics, levels of organisation and types of perturbations. Only by doing so can we make progress in the quantification of stability in theory and in practice, and eventually build a more comprehensive understanding of how ecosystems will respond to ongoing environmental change.
Challenging EU constitutional law: The Italian Constitutional Court's new stance on direct effect and the preliminary reference procedure
Authors: Gallo Daniele 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article seeks to examine the relationship between EU law and the Italian legal order in light of the recent Italian Constitutional Court (ICC)’s jurisprudence attempting to redefine EU core principles. When fundamental rights are at stake, three assumptions are challenged: the determination of direct effect shall be a prerogative of the ECJ; EU directly effective provisions entail the disapplication of conflicting national law; judges have the discretion to refer preliminary references to the ECJ where a clarification on EU law is needed. The contribution argues that the judicial search for a balance between sovereignty and supranationality is undermined by the ICC's new resistance to the well‐established EU jurisprudence. In that respect, the paper posits that the ICC's activism is the result of an unjustified ‘argumentative self‐restraint’ of the ECJ vis‐à‐vis the evolution of EU foundational principles.
Socially induced stress and behavioural inhibition in response to angling exposure in rainbow trout
Authors: Lovén Wallerius Magnus , Gräns Albin , Koeck Barbara , Berger David , Sandblom Erik , Ekström Andreas , Arlinghaus Robert , Johnsson Jörgen I. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIt is well known that fish can learn to avoid angling gear after experiencing a catch‐and‐release event, that is, after a private hooking experience. However, the possible importance of social information cues and their influence on an individual's vulnerability to angling remains largely unexplored, that is, social experience of a conspecific capture. The effects of private and social experience of hooking on the stress response of fish and subsequent catch rates were examined. Hatchery‐reared rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), were implanted with heart rate loggers and experimentally subjected to private or social experience of hooking. Private and social experience of angling induced an increased heart rate in fish compared with naïve control fish. While private experience of hooking explained most of the reduced vulnerability to capture, no clear evidence was found that social experience of hooking affected angling vulnerability in fish that had never been hooked before. While both private and social experiences of angling constitute significant physiological stressors for rainbow trout, only the private experience reduces an individual's vulnerability to angling and in turn affecting population‐level catchability.