bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Phosphate on the Adsorption–Desorption Kinetics of Vanadium in an Acidic Soil
Authors: Sun Wenguang , Li Xueping , Padilla Joshua , Elbana Tamer A. , Selim H. Magdi 
Published: April 2019

Quantitative understanding of the mechanisms controlling the competitive retention and transport of V and phosphate on soils is essential for accurately evaluating the environmental risks of contaminants in the environment. Batch and stir‐flow chamber experiments were performed to quantify the extent of kinetics of V and phosphate competitive retention in an acidic soil (Sharkey clay). In this study, a stir‐flow model was used to describe tracer and competitive reactive solute adsorption, and desorption processes in soils. Based on optimized and predictive modeling results, a fully reversible–irreversible multi‐reaction model successfully described the time‐dependent competitive V and phosphate retention and transport process in Sharkey soil. Adsorption for V and phosphate were highly nonlinear and time dependent, where V binding affinities were stronger than those for phosphate. Results from batch experiments indicated that that the rate and extent (amount) of V released increased significantly in the presence of phosphate. Breakthrough curves for V, from stir‐flow experiments, were asymmetrical and exhibited slow release or tailing, indicating that nonequilibrium retention on the surface of soil was the dominant mechanism of the time‐dependent adsorption of V. Results of stir‐flow experiments indicated that increased mobility of V was observed in the presence of phosphate caused by direct competition for available retention sites. In conclusion, increased addition of phosphate causes decreasing sorption capacity and increasing mobility of V and needs to be considered in modeling the fate and transport of V in soil.Core Ideas
Retention mechanisms of V and phosphate were different.
The presence of P results in increased mobility of V.
The stir‐flow multi‐reaction model successfully described time‐dependent V transport.
Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Neonatal Rats: An Insight into its Applications to Induce Diabetic Complications
Authors: Baig Mirza Anwar , Panchal Shital Sharad 
Published: April 2019

Background:Diabetic complications are the major contributor in the mortality of diabetic patients despite controlling blood glucose level. In the journey of new drug discovery, animal models have to play a major role. A large number of chemical-induced and genetically modified animal models have been investigated to induce diabetic complications but none of them was found to be mimicking the pathophysiology of the human. Therefore, the search and identification of the appropriate animal model become essential.Objective:In the present review, we have made an attempt to understand the pathophysiology of diabetic complication in the neonatal streptozotocin-diabetic rat model and tried to identify the targets for therapeutic agents. The review will help the researchers to explore the animal model to induce diabetic complications, to identify targets and further to find lead molecules for treatment or prevention of diabetic complications.Methods:We have compiled the available research work from 1974 by using prominent databases, organized the available information and analyzed the data to improve the understanding of the pathophysiology of streptozotocin-induced diabetic complications in neonates of rats.Results:The neonatal streptozotocin-diabetic rat model is frequently used and well-established animal model for type 2 diabetes mellitus. We have found that this model has been used to study the pathogenesis of various micro and macrovascular diabetic complications and also investigated for its effects on the liver, thymus gland, and brain. The underlying pathophysiology for complications had a resemblance to the human.Conclusion:The neonatal streptozotocin-diabetic rat model may demonstrate symptomatic diabetic complications due to persistent hyperglycemia at the age of approximately 18-24 weeks. Critical interpretations of available research work showed that the researcher can explore split dose STZ (90- 100mg/kg b.w) model to induce Type 2 DM in neonates of rats at 2nd or 3rd postnatal day.
Nuevos registros de plantas vasculares para el departamento Boyacá, Colombia
Authors: Gómez-Parra Sofía , Mendoza-Cifuentes Humberto , Morales-Puentes María Eugenia , Malagón María , Manrique Naisla , Moreno Diego 
Published: April 2019

Antecedentes y Objetivos: Los páramos albergan una alta diversidad de especies vegetales, muchas de las cuales son endémicas de Colombia. Sin embargo, existen zonas de páramo aún sin explorar, lo que ha generado vacíos de información sobre la distribución de las especies. Por tanto, el objetivo de este estudio es presentar los nuevos registros de especies vegetales para el departamento Boyacá y contribuir al conocimiento de la flora del Páramo de Rabanal.Métodos: Se realizaron muestreos en el Páramo de Rabanal, municipio Samacá (veredas Loma Redonda y La Chorrera), se revisó la distribución de las especies y se realizó una breve descripción de aquellos taxones que son nuevos registros para el departamento.Resultados clave: Se presentan novedades en la diversidad florística del departamento Boyacá. Se identifican ocho nuevos registros de taxa entre angiospermas y pteridofitos, cuatro especies pertenecen a la familia Orchidaceae, dos a Polypodiaceae y las restantes a Bromeliaceae y Campanulaceae, comprendidas en un rango altitudinal de 3200-3301 m.Conclusiones: Esta es la primera aproximación florística para el sector noroccidental del Páramo de Rabanal donde se reportan ocho nuevos registros de distribución de especies vegetales para el departamento Boyacá. Este estudio demuestra la importancia de realizar expediciones botánicas que permitan incrementar el conocimiento de la diversidad, como base para el desarrollo de estrategias para su protección y conservación.
Studying the Mechanical Properties of Denture Base Materials Fabricated from Polymer Composite Materials
Authors: Oleiwi Jawad Kadhim , Hamad Qahtan Adnan 
Published: April 2019

In this research, the effect of adding two different types of reinforcing particles was investigated, which included: nano-zirconia (nano-ZrO2) particles and micro-lignin particles that were added with different volume fractions of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% on the mechanical properties of polymer composite materials. They were prepared in this research, as a complete prosthesis and partial denture base materials was prepared, by using cold cure poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin matrix. The composite specimens in this research consist of two groups according to the types of reinforced particles, were prepared by using casting methods, type (Hand Lay-Up) method. The first group consists of PMMA resin reinforced by (nano-ZrO2) particles, while the second group consists of PMMA resin reinforced by (micro-lignin) particles.
The mechanical tests performed in this research includedtensile test, compression test, impact test and hardness test. The results of this study showed that the values of tensile modulus of elasticity, compressive strength and hardness properties increased with increasing the volume fraction of these particles in PMMA composite materials. While, the values of tensile strength, elongation and impact strength properties decreased. Also, the addition of (nano-ZrO2) particles showed greater effect than that of (micro-lignin) particles in some properties of PMMA composite materials for prosthesis denture base materials specimens, while they have lower effect for the other properties.
Study the Effect of Cutting Parameters on Temperature Distribution and Tool Life During Turning Stainless Steel 316L
Authors: Akbar Ahmed A. , Shwaish Raed R. , Hadi Naba D. 
Published: April 2019

This paper is focused on studying the effect of cutting parameters (spindle speed, feed and depth of cut) on the response (temperature and tool life) during turning process. The inserts used in this study are carbide inserts coated with TiAlN (Titanum, Aluminium and Nitride) for machining a shaft of stainless steel 316L. Finite difference method was used to find the temperature distribution. The experimental results were done using infrared camera while the simulation process was performed using Matlab software package. The results showed that the maximum difference between the experimental and simulation results was equal to 19.3 , so, a good agreement between the experimental and simulation results was achieved. Tool life was decreased when spindle speed and feed were increased.
Microstructural Characterization and Mechanical Properties of Similar and Dissimilar Al Alloys Joined using Friction Stir Welding
Authors: Hassan Kharia Salman 
Published: April 2019

The influence of pre- shot peening and welding parameters on mechanical and metallurgical properties of dissimilar and similar aluminum alloys AA2024-T3 and AA6061-T6 joints using friction stir welding have been studied. In this work, numbers of plates were equipped from sheet alloys in dimensions (150*50*6) mm then some of them were exposed to shot peening process before friction stir welding using steel ball having diameter 1.25 mm for period of 15 minutes. FSW joints were manufactured from plates at three welding speeds (28, 40, 56 mm/min) and welding speed 40mm/min was chosen at a rotating speed of 1400 rpm for welding the dissimilar pre- shot plates. Tow joints were made at rotational speed of 1000 rpm and welding speed of 40m/min from shot and without shot peening plats. Welding temperature was measured in three zones using thermocouple. Micro hardness (HV) and tensile tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical characteristic of the joints. The results show a decay in mechanical qualities when the welding speed was increased and the best result was at (28) mm/min and the opposite result was obtained when rotational speed increased and pre-shot contributed in improving of this decay at 88% of welding speed (40) mm/min and 98% at the rotational speed of 1000 rpm.
Bioremediation of Soil Contaminated with Diesel using Biopile system
Authors: Jabbar Noor Mohsen , Kadhim Estabriq Hasan , Mohammed Alaa Kareem 
Published: April 2019

This study was focused on biotreatment of soil which polluted by petroleum compounds (Diesel) which caused serious environmental problems. One of the most effective and promising ways to treat diesel-contaminated soil is bioremediation. It is a choice that offers the potential to destroy harmful pollutants using biological activity. The capability of mixed bacterial culture was examined to remediate the diesel-contaminated soil in bio piling system. For fast ex-situ treatment of diesel-contaminated soils, the bio pile system was selected. Two pilot scale bio piles (25 kg soil each) were constructed containing soils contaminated with approximately 2140 mg/kg total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs). The amended soil: (contaminated soil with the addition of nutrients and bacterial inoculum), where the soil was mixed with 1.5% of sawdust, then supplied with the necessary nutrients and watered daily to provide conditions promoting microorganism growth. Unamended soil was prepared as a control (contaminated soil without addition). Both systems were equipped with oxygen to provide aerobic conditions, incubated at atmospheric temperature and weekly sampling within 35 days. Overall 75% of the total petroleum hydrocarbons were removed from the amended soil and 38 % of the control soil at the end of study period.
The study concluded that ex-situ experiment (Bio pile) is a preferable, economical, and environmentally friendly procedure, thus representing a good option for the treatment of soil contaminated with diesel.
Optimization and Prediction of Process Parameters in SPIF that Affecting on Surface Quality Using Simulated Annealing Algorithm
Authors: Baden Aqeel Sabree 
Published: April 2019

Incremental sheet metal forming is a modern technique of sheet metal forming in which a uniform sheet is locally deformed during the progressive action of a forming tool. The tool movement is governed by a CNC milling machine. The tool locally deforms by this way the sheet with pure deformation stretching. In SPIF process, the research is concentrate on the development of predict models for estimate the product quality. Using simulated annealing algorithm (SAA), Surface quality in SPIF has been modeled. In the development of this predictive model, spindle speed, feed rate and step depth have been considered as model parameters. Maximum peak height (Rz) and Arithmetic mean surface roughness (Ra) are used as response parameter to assess the surface roughness of incremental forming parts along and across tool path direction. The data required has been generate, compare and evaluate to the proposed models that obtained from SPIF experiments.
Simulated Annealing Algorithm (SAA) is utilized to develop an effective mathematical model to predict optimum level. In simulated algorithm (SA), an exponential cooling schedule depending on Newtonian cooling process is used and by choosing the number of iterations at each step on the experimental work is done. The SA algorithm is used to predict the forming parameters (speed, feed and step size) on surface quality in forming process of Al 1050 based on Taguchi‘s orthogonal array of L9 and (ANOVA) analysis of variance were used to find the best factors that effect on the surface quality.
High Order Sliding Mode Observer-Based Output Feedback Controller Design For Electro-Hydraulic System
Authors: AL-Samarraie Shibly Ahmed , Mishary Mustafa H. 
Published: April 2019

A perturbed linear system with property of strong observability ensures that there is a sliding mode observer to estimate the unknown form inputs together with states estimation. In the case of the electro-hydraulic system with piston position measured output, the above property is not met. In this paper, the output and its derivatives estimation were used to build a dynamic structure that satisfy the condition of strongly observable. A high order sliding mode observer (HOSMO) was used to estimate both the resulting unknown perturbation term and the output derivatives. Thereafter with one signal from the whole system (piton position), the piston position make tracking to desire one with a simple linear output feedback controller after canceling the perturbation term.
The numerical simulation results showed excellent performance of the proposed output feedback controller in forcing the piston position to follow the desired reference position. Moreover, the control effort spent was minimal.
Comparative Study of Performance and Emission Characteristics between Spark Ignition Engine and Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine (HCCI)
Authors: Ali Nahedh Mahmood 
Published: April 2019

Many researchers consider Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine mode as a promising alternative to combustion in Spark Ignition and Compression Ignition Engines. The HCCI engine runs on lean mixtures of fuel and air, and the combustion is produced from the fuel autoignition instead of ignited by a spark. This combustion mode was investigated in this paper. A variable compression ratio, spark ignition engine type TD110 was used in the experiments. The tested fuel was Iraqi conventional gasoline (ON=82).
The results showed that HCCI engine can run in very lean equivalence ratios. The brake specific fuel consumption was reduced about 28% compared with a spark ignition engine. The experimental tests showed that the emissions concentrations were reduced by 91.27% for NOx, 85.99% for CO, 78.91% for CO2, and 83.56% for unburned hydrocarbons compared to the SI engine. HCCI engine produced little noise with about 26.68% less than SI engine.
Experimental and Numerical Research on Flow-Induced Vibration in Valves
Authors: Hussein Asmaa Ali 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
All central air conditioning systems contain piping system with various components, sizes, material, and layouts. If such systems in operating mode, the flow in piping system and its component such as valves can produce severe vibration due to some flow phenomenon’s. In this research, experimental measurements and numerical simulation are used to study the flow-induced vibration in valves. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) concepts are included with one-way and two-way fluid-structure interaction concepts by using finite element software Package (ANSYS 14.57). Detection analysis is performed on flow characteristics under operation conditions and relations with structural vibration. Most of real geometrical, operational, and boundary conditions are simulated to obtain best similarity with real operation conditions. Comparisons performed between experimental data and numerical results (one-way and two-way simulation) to verify the results. The main conclusion was drawn from the study that the dominant source of vibration for valve is the water pulsation in addition to amount of water hammering. In addition, the main source of water pulsation in globe valve is the vortex shedding and pressure difference between upstream and downstream of valve. The vibration amplitude was increased with increasing flow rate until to be maximum when the flow rate around 30% and then decreased until flow rate reaches to around 85% and then trends to be constant.
Keywords: Flow-induced vibration, vortex shedding, pressure pulsation, valve, finite element, ANSYS, fast Fourier transform (FFT).
Simulation Model of Wind Turbine Power Control System with Fuzzy Regulation by Mamdani and Larsen Algorithms
Authors: Aziz Ghada Adel 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The aim of this work is to create a power control system for wind turbines based on fuzzy logic. Three power control loop was considered including: changing the pitch angle of the blade, changing the length of the blade and turning the nacelle. The stochastic law was given for changes and instant inaccurate assessment of wind conditions changes. Two different algorithms were used for fuzzy inference in the control loop, the Mamdani and Larsen algorithms. These two different algorithms are materialized and developed in this study in Matlab-Fuzzy logic toolbox which has been practically implemented using necessary intelligent control system in electrical engineering and renewable energy concepts.
A comparison was done to access the functionality of the developed power control system of fuzzy logic and classical control system with PID – control. It can be concluded that the power control system of fuzzy logic allows to accurately maintain production under the control target function for each work area. When switching operation of wind turbines, it has the distinction that from 13.5 m/s to another wind velocity value, there is no overshoot and a typical of classical control systems, and when the wind velocity V is less than13.5 m / s, the pitch angle of the blades should be slightly greater than zero, and if it has increased by 5 °, then blade length should be minimal as possible. Simulation program proved the possibility of effective power regulation for the large wind turbines controller fuzzy type on the basis of knowledge production "if - then" rules, which were shown to be effective on these wind turbines control.
Keywords: Mamdani and Larsen algorithms fuzzy inference, Matlab Fuzzy Logic ,Fuzzy-PID controllers, Wind turbine.
Iraqi Bauxite and Porcalinite Rocks Based Refractory, Preparation and Studying Properties
Authors: Merzah Amel S. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Locally natural occurring Iraqi rocks of Bauxite and Porcelanite (after pre calcinations at 1000oC for 1hr) were used, with the addition of different proportions of MgO and Al2O3, to prepare refractory materials. The effects of these additives on the physical and thermal properties of the prepared refractories were investigated.
Many batches of Bauxite/MgO, Bauxite/Al2O3, Bauxite/MgO/Al2O3, and Porcelanite/ MgO/Al2O3 were prepared. The mixture is milled and classified into different size fractions; fine (less than 45μm) 40%, middle (45-75μm) 40%, and coarse (75-106μm) 20% .
X-ray diffraction technique was used to identify the structure of Bauxite and Porcelanite rocks. The samples were formed by semi dry pressing with the addition of few drops of water as a binder. These samples were sintered at 1100oC for 2hrs. Physical properties (linear shrinkage, density and porosity), and the thermal properties (thermal conductivity, diffusivity and specific heat) were measured for all the prepared samples.
The results show the increasing of density is susceptible to the thermal properties, and also the addition of Al2O3 and MgO to the natural rocks have a limited effect, and the values of the parameters above for the natural rocks, were in the levels to be used as a refractory material for lining a metal fusion furnaces and other applications.
Keywords: Bauxite, Refractory brick, Porcelanite Stone, Physical properties, Thermal properties.
Design a Vegetative Filter Strips Length Using VFSMOD_W Model for Reducing Sediments and Pesticides
Authors: Shukur Hayat Kareem , Sachit Dawood E. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The vegetative filter strips (VFS) are a useful tool used for reducing the movement of sediment and pesticide in therivers. The filter strip’s soil can help in reducing the runoff volume by infiltration. However, the characteristics of VFS (i.e., length) are not recently identified depending on the estimation of VFS modeling performance. The aim of this research is to study these characteristics and determine acorrelation between filter strip length and percent reduction (trapping efficiency) for sediment, water, and pesticide. Two proposed pesticides(one has organic carbon sorption coefficient, Koc, of 147 L/kg which is more moveable than XXXX, and another one has a Koc of 2070 L/kg which is less moveable than XXXX) are presented, where the goal is to prevent 95% of incoming sediment and 85% of the incoming pesticide to reach a receiving stream in still water, Oklahoma from a cultivated field (1250 m²),for 2 hour storm with 5 years return period. Several VFS lengths were simulated including1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, and 13 m. The results showed that the percent of reduction of sediment, pesticide, and water mainly depends on VFS lengths. Moreover, considering the design storms range, the simulation illustrated that the optimal filter length was13m for silty clay loam. When the value of was increased from 147 L/kg to 6070 L/kg, the filter length decreased from 13 to 9.5 because of the increase in trapping efficiency. In addition, the results revealed that the trap­ping efficiency was for sediment but not for water orpesticide which was highly impacted by the narrow filter strips. The amount of the rainfall and runoff of the designated field was larger than the infiltration capacity of filter strips, which resulted in low trapping efficiency for pesticide and water.
Keywords: Models ,runoff, sediment, vegetative filter strip, , water quality, watershed planning.