bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure and composition of surface depletion layers in poled aluminosilicate glasses
Authors: Smith Nicholas J. , Regier Tom , Dutta Indrajit 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThermal poling processes can be used to form modified surface layers on glass that, under ion‐blocking electrode conditions, are depleted of virtually all network‐modifying cations relative to the network‐forming species. During this process, many outstanding questions remain as to the structure of these layers and how it may vary between glasses of different “parent” composition, with important implications for resultant surface properties and industrial applications of this technology. This phenomenon of depleting modifiers is particularly difficult to rationalize in aluminosilicate glass compositions, where—in the parent glass—aluminum ions are predominantly present as cation‐charge‐compensated [AlO4]− tetrahedra prior to poling. Here, we present results of a detailed investigation into the surface depletion layers formed across a wide range of ternary sodium aluminosilicate (NAS) glasses, applying a host of surface‐sensitive spectroscopy methods to directly interrogate the resulting composition and structure within the Na‐depleted, anode‐side surface layers. The desired depletion layers were successfully formed on all of the NAS glasses attempted, all showing (a) near‐complete depletion of alkali within 300‐500 nm‐thick layers on the anode‐side surfaces, (b) thin zones of Al depletion with the Na‐depleted layer, and (c) the absence of injected H+ ions that could serve as an alternative charge‐compensation mechanism. These data essentially confirmed a true binary Al2O3–SiO2 composition inside the depletion layers. However, no significant structural dependence was found as a function of parent glass, where initial compositions ranged from peralkaline to charge‐balanced. Importantly, TEM imaging showed the depletion layers to be fully amorphous and homogeneous (not phase‐separated) at the nanoscale, despite final compositions in the range of 5‐33 mol% Al2O3—a composition space notoriously prone to phase‐separation if prepared by conventional melting. Within the depletion layers, ELNES and TEY‐XANES evidence is shown for retention of Al in a 4‐coordinated state, along with XPS data indicating elimination of non‐bridging oxygen. Taken as a whole, our results indicate a highly‐connected aluminosilicate network, most likely with a relatively high concentration of 3‐coordinated oxygen—or O “triclusters”—as a plausible means of charge‐compensating 4‐coordinated Al in the absence of Na+ or H+. The combined results of this work provide convincing new evidence for unique glass structures within the depletion layers not achievable through analogous melt pathways, with important implications for surface properties.
A conceptual replication examining the risk of overtly listing eligibility criteria on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk
Authors: Siegel Jason T. , Navarro Mario 
Published: February 2019

AbstractRecent scholarship indicates that explicitly listing eligibility requirements on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk can lead to eligibility falsification. Offering a conceptual replication of prior studies, we assessed the prevalence of eligibility falsification and its impact on data integrity. A screener survey collected the summer before the 2016 presidential election assessed political affiliation. Participants were then randomly assigned to be exposed to a second survey link for which they were eligible or ineligible. There was a significant interaction such that the differences between self‐reported Republicans and Democrats on outcome measures (e.g., attitudes toward Hillary Clinton), were smaller among participants that were falsifying eligibility (i.e., imposters) than those that were not (i.e., genuine participants). Moreover, for most outcomes, imposters put forth responses that were significantly different from the responses put forth by those in the political party with which imposters were pretending to be affiliated. Imposters’ responses were also significantly different from participants in the political party with which imposters initially claimed to genuinely belong. For example, those who self‐reported themselves as Democrats on the screener survey but responded to a survey for “only Republicans” (i.e., imposter Republicans), reported more favorable attitudes toward Donald Trump than genuine Democrats, but indicated less favorable attitudes toward Donald Trump than genuine Republicans. These results highlight the potential harms of explicitly listing eligibility requirements and emphasize the importance of minimizing imposter participation.
The role of spore size in the global pattern of co‐occurrence among Selaginella species
Authors: Margaroni Sofia , Petersen Kurt B. , Gleadow Roslyn , Burd Martin 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAimSeparation of regeneration niches may promote coexistence among closely related plant species, but there is little evidence that regeneration traits affect species ranges at broad geographical scales. We address patterns of co‐occurrence within the genus Selaginella, an ancient lineage of free‐sporing, heterosporous, vascular plants. Specifically, we ask whether differences between species in spore size are associated with the extent of overlap in their geographical ranges, a measure of opportunity for ecological interaction.TaxonSelaginella (Selaginellaceae: Lycopodiales).MethodsWe used quantile regression to examine the relationship of spore size ratios (pairwise ratios for megaspores and microspores of co‐occurring species) to the area of range overlap and to latitude for a worldwide sample of 112 Selaginella species. Phylogenetically informed tests of statistical significance were used for each percentile relationship examined in the quantile regressions.ResultsLarge pairwise disparities in megaspore sizes were significantly associated with large range overlap. Disparities also tended to be larger at low latitudes. Microspore size differences, in contrast, were unrelated to shared range area or latitude.Main conclusionMegaspore size appears to affect coexistence at a broad regional scale among Selaginella species, in at least some cases. The pattern is consistent with some degree of competitive structuring of size‐related aspects of dispersal and establishment of propagules among some co‐occurring species. Habitat complexity, such as open microsites within otherwise closed and shaded vegetation, seems likely to promote reproductive niche separation and may account for the latitudinal structure in Selaginella spore sizes.
Cutaneous schistosomiasis and leishmaniasis coinfection: a case report
Authors: Gregorio A.W. , Vasconcellos M.R.A. , Enokihara M.M.S.S. , Guerra J.M. , Nonogaki S. , Tomimori J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe polymorphic clinical presentations of schistosomiasis and leishmaniasis allow their inclusion in the differential diagnoses of several conditions. Although an overlap in distribution of these diseases has been reported in endemic areas, coinfection with cutaneous schistosomiasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis in the same patient is rare.ObjectivesWe report an unusual case of concomitant cutaneous schistosomiasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Actions for the management and diagnosis were proposed.MethodsA patient presented with cutaneous lesions on the abdomen and left elbow. The presence of degenerated ova of Schistosoma mansoni in the skin biopsy led to perform a complementary investigation with immunohistochemical techniques, rectal biopsy and abdominal ultrasonography. After the left elbow lesions had failed to improve after several weeks of standard treatment, a new biopsy was performed and led to diagnosis of another infection.ResultsThe patient lived in an endemic area for two infectious diseases (schistosomiasis and leishmaniasis). Biopsies revealed chronic granulomatous dermatitis. Degenerated S. mansoni eggs were found in the abdominal lesion and in a rectal biopsy specimen. Ultrasonography revealed hepatic involvement. Despite combination treatment with oxamniquine and praziquantel, a cutaneous lesion persisted on the left elbow; a new biopsy revealed amastigote forms of Leishmania. The patient was successfully treated with intramuscular and intralesional meglumine antimoniate.ConclusionsThe presence of a similar granulomatous infiltrate in lesions caused by the two different infectious agents led to a delay in the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. This report serves as a warning of the unusual possibility of cutaneous schistosomiasis and leishmaniasis coinfection in an endemic area.
Primary prevention of keratinocyte carcinoma among outdoor workers, the general population and medical professionals: a systematic review updated for 2019
Authors: Ziehfreund S. , Schuster B. , Zink A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWorldwide 2–3 million cases of keratinocyte carcinoma (KC) are diagnosed annually. Sun‐related knowledge is essential for adequate protection against solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), the main risk factor for KC. The goal was (i) to provide an updated overview of primary prevention against KC including skin cancer‐related knowledge, attitudes and sun protection behaviour (SPB) of outdoor workers, the general population and medical professionals as well as (ii) to evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of sun protection programmes. We conducted a systematic review of articles indexed for MEDLINE on PubMed using selected MeSH terms and keywords related to the studied topic as well as an extensive hand search of publications between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2018. We identified 51 relevant cross‐sectional studies and 22 interventional studies. Sun‐related knowledge and attitude showed substantial differences with some alarming results, including people who had not even heard about skin cancer before. Reported SPB varied enormously between the included studies, with none of the studies providing an overall sufficient SPB in their examined sun protection measures. However, sun protection programmes using new technologies seem to have great potential to increase sun‐related knowledge and SPB. In countries worldwide, particularly in those where KC is not yet a public health issue, UVR protection should be promoted by healthcare institutions and authorities, politicians, cancer foundations and dermatologists to increase awareness as well as SPB and to decrease the worldwide burden of KC.
Opposite responses to selection and where to find them
Authors: Fisher David N. , Pruitt Jonathan N. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe generally expect traits to evolve in the same direction as selection. However, many organisms possess traits that appear to be costly for individuals, while plant and animal breeding experiments reveal that selection may lead to no response or even negative responses to selection. We formalize both of these instances as cases of “opposite responses to selection.” Using quantitative genetic models for the response to selection, we outline when opposite responses to selection should be expected. These typically occur when social selection opposes direct selection, when individuals interact with others less related to them than a random member of the population, and if the genetic covariance between direct and indirect effects is negative. We discuss the likelihood of each of these occurring in nature and therefore summarize how frequent opposite responses to selection are likely to be. This links several evolutionary phenomena within a single framework.
The consensus of integrative diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis‐2017
Authors: Li Junxiang , Chen Jing , Tang Wenfu 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAcute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common acute abdominal diseases. The digestive disease committee, Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine, released Integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis in 2010.1 Since then, further studies and great progress have been made by domestic and foreign counterparts from the perspective of both Chinese and Western medicine in AP, including the classification, fluid resuscitation, organ function maintenance, surgery intervention, enteral nutrition (EN), and syndrome differentiation and treatment. It is necessary to update the consensus on diagnosis and treatment of integrated Chinese and Western medicine to meet clinical needs. Therefore, the 2012 Revision of the Atlanta Classification Standard (RAC) by the International AP Consensus,2 the 2013 the Management of Acute Pancreatitis by the American College of Gastroenterology,3, 4 the 2014 Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of the acute pancreatitis guide (2014) by the Chinese medical association branch,5 the 2014 Guidelines on Integrative Medicine for Severe Acute Pancreatitis by the General Surgery Committee of the Chinese Society of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine,6 and Traditional Chinese Medicine Consensus on the Diagnosis and Treatment for Acute Pancreatitis by the Spleen and Stomach committee of China Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine7, 8 were taken into account for the revision of the consensus published in 2010. The digestive specialists in Chinese and Western medicine had a discussion on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) types, syndrome differentiation, the main points of integrative medicine, and so on. According to the Delphi method, Consensus of Integrative Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis (the 2017 revision) has been passed after three rounds votes. (The voting options are as follows: (a) totally agree; (b) agree, but with some reservations; (c) agree, but with larger reservations; (d) disagree, but reserved; and (e) absolutely disagree. If more than two out of three choose (a), or over 85% choose (a) + (b), the consensus will be passed.) The final validation was carried out by the core expert group in Taizhou, Jiangsu on June 9, 2017. The full text is as follows.
Analysis of long non‐coding RNA expression profiles in neonatal rats with hypoxic‐ischemic brain damage
Authors: Zhou Han , Wang Xuan , Cheng Rui , Hou Xuewen , Chen Ying , Feng Yun , Qiu Jie 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHypoxic‐ischemic brain damage (HIBD) which is a common cause of acute mortality and neurological dysfunction in neonates still lacks effective therapeutic methods. Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were demonstrated to play a crucial role in many diseases. To give a foundation for subsequent functional studies of lncRNAs in HIBD, we investigated the profiling of lncRNAs and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) using neonatal HIBD rat model. Six neonatal rats were divided into sham‐operated group (n = 3) and HIBD group (n = 3) randomly. Deep RNA sequencing was implemented to find out the meaningful lncRNAs and mRNAs. Quantitative real‐time PCR was used to validate expressions of lncRNAs and mRNAs. The Gene Ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes a genomes (KEGG) database were used to predict functions of lncRNAs. A total of 328 differentially expressed lncRNAs (177 down‐regulated vs 151 up‐regulated) and 7157 differentially expressed mRNAs (2552 down‐regulated vs 4605 up‐regulated) were identified. The Quantitative real‐time PCR results showed significant differential expressions of five lncRNAs and five mRNAs which were consistent with the RNA‐Seq data. Gene ontology and KEGG analysis showed these lncRNAs and their expression‐correlated mRNAs were closely related to the Janus tyrosine kinase‐signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK‐STAT) signaling pathway, NF‐kappa B signaling pathway, Toll‐like receptor signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, Notch signaling pathway, mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathway, neuroactive ligand‐receptor interaction pathway and more. The results of our study identified the characterization and expression profiles of lncRNAs in neonatal HIBD and may be a basis for further therapeutic research.Open Science BadgesThis article has received a badge for *Open Materials* and *Open Data* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript and because it made the data publicly available. The data can be accessed at https://osf.io/yf3da/. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Impaired hypothalamic leptin sensitivity in pseudopregnant rats treated with chronic prolactin to mimic pregnancy
Authors: Augustine Rachael A. , Knowles Penelope J. , Khant Aung Zin , Grattan David R. , Ladyman Sharon R. 
Published: February 2019

Pregnancy in rodents is associated with hyperphagia, increased fat deposition, elevated leptin concentrations and insensitivity to the satiety action of leptin. To investigate the hormonal mechanisms involved in the development of this state of pregnancy‐induced leptin resistance, we have used a pseudopregnancy rat model. We have previously demonstrated that pseudopregnant rats have a normal feeding response to leptin, although, if pseudopregnancy is extended using chronic i.c.v. ovine prolactin infusion along with progesterone implants, then leptin no longer suppresses food intake. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of chronically high lactogen levels, as seen in mid‐pregnancy, on leptin‐induced activation of hypothalamic Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signal transduction and mRNA expression of leptin (LepR‐B) and prolactin (Prlr‐L) receptors, using pseudopregnant rats chronically infused with ovine prolactin. Groups of virgin (dioestrous) and pseudopregnant rats were treated with chronic i.c.v. infusion of either prolactin (2.5 μg μL‐1 h‐1 for 5 days) or vehicle (artificial cerebrospinal fluid [aCSF]) via a minipump connected to a cannula surgically implanted into the lateral ventricle. Rats were fasted overnight and then received an i.c.v. injection of leptin (400 ng) or vehicle (aCSF) and were perfused 30 minutes later. In chronic vehicle‐infused pseudopregnant rats, i.c.v. leptin increased the number of phosphorylated STAT3 positive cells in the arcuate nucleus and ventromedial nucleus (VMH) of the hypothalamus, similar to all acute‐leptin treated virgin groups. This effect of leptin, however, was not observed in the pseudopregnant rats that were chronically infused with prolactin. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis also showed decreased expression of LepR‐B in the arcuate and VMH nuclei, as well as decreased Prlr‐L in the arcuate nucleus of prolactin‐infused “extended pseudopregnancy” rats. These data suggest that the attenuation of the leptin‐induced suppression of food intake caused by chronically high lactogen levels in pseudopregnant rats is associated with impaired leptin‐induced activation of the JAK/STAT pathway in specific hypothalamic nuclei.
Voigt‐Futcher pigmentary demarcation lines
Authors: Zieleniewski Łukasz , Schwartz Robert A. , Goldberg David J. , Handler Marc Zachary 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPigmentary demarcation lines (PDLs) are physiological abrupt transitions between hyperpigmented and lighter skin, a common and sometimes troubling feature of normal skin. They are seen in a majority of dark‐complexioned women and a substantial percentage of light‐complexioned ones too. We review this salient finding and approaches to its management.
Management of labor and delivery in myasthenia gravis: A new protocol
Authors: Tsurane Kotoi , Tanabe Serabi , Miyasaka Naoyuki , Matsuda Minako , Takahara Megumi , Ida Tsutomu , Kohyama Akira 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAimPregnancy with myasthenia gravis (MG) is known to be associated with an increased cesarean section rate, presumably due to maternal fatigue during labor. Although epidural labor analgesia (ELA) appears to be a good option for circumventing maternal fatigue, a protocol for managing MG deliveries has not been established. This study, based on a review of our case series, aimed to evaluate the validity of our management protocol for maternal MG, in which ELA is used depending on MG severity.MethodsParturients with systemic muscle weakness or worsening symptoms were classified as Category A (A), and those without symptoms were classified as Category B (B). In A, ELA was given at the onset of labor. Immediate vacuum delivery was done once the fetal head descended to station +2. For B, spontaneous vaginal delivery was chosen. The duration, blood loss, fetal weight, Apgar score and MG symptoms on post‐partum day (PPD) 1, 14 and 30 were recorded.ResultsSix patients were enrolled. Four were classified in A, and two were classified in B. No adverse events occurred during labor. Transvaginal delivery was successfully achieved in all the patients. Symptoms of MG were well‐controlled. MG symptoms were stable on PPD 1 in all the patients although two patients complained of worsening symptoms after PPD 14.ConclusionWomen with MG can safely undergo spontaneous or operative vaginal delivery. ELA is a good option for circumventing the effects of maternal fatigue on delivery. Our protocol may lower the cesarean section rate in maternal MG.
Temporomandibular pain in adolescents with a history of preterm birth
Authors: Nilsson Ing‐Marie , Brogårdh‐Roth Susanne , Månsson Johanna , Ekberg EwaCarin 
Published: February 2019

SummaryAimTo evaluate the frequency of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain among adolescents with a history of preterm birth compared to a matched control group.MethodsA group of 192 preterm‐born adolescents was followed up at the age of 17‐19 years and compared to matched controls. Self‐report questionnaires included screening questions about TMD pain, chronic diseases, general health, depression, anxiety, anger, antisocial behaviour and self‐concept. TMD pain was defined as answering “yes” to one or both of the following questions: “Do you have pain in the temple, face, temporomandibular joint or jaws once a week or more?” and “Do you have pain when you open your mouth wide or chew once a week or more often?” Data analysis was performed using chi‐square test and logistic regression model with likelihood ratio test.ResultsA TMD pain frequency of 23% of preterm‐born adolescents and 26% among the controls was found, with no significant differences between the groups. Neither were there differences regarding anxiety, depression, anger or self‐confidence. Within the preterm group, adolescents with TMD pain registered tension and pain in the body, trouble sleeping, stomach pain and feelings of hopelessness about the future. The controls with TMD pain, more reported having a bad life, feeling like a failure and having bodily pain. Among tested background variables, only TMJ locking or intermittent locking once a week or more was found to explain TMD pain in adolescents.ConclusionA high frequency of TMD pain was found in both groups, one possible explanation could be TMJ dysfunction.