bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fortolkningen af forhistorien
Authors: Warburton David 
Published: February 2018

The study of prehistoric religion is shrouded in difficulties inherent to any disclipline dealing with the expression of concepts prior to the invention of writing. Archaeological investigations have revealed evidence of cult activities dating back to at least 8000 B.C., but the interpretation of these activities has been inhibited by difficulties in the development of archaeological theory as well as religion. Until recently, prehistoric archaeological theory avoided the issue of religion, concentrating on typology and function. Excavations and interpretations are largely influenced by prevailing theory, and these decisively influence the capacity of those interested in religion to interpret archaeological material. The same danger arises when archaeologists attempt to interpret archaeological material in conceptual terms familiar to students of comparative religion, as they are obliged to draw on existing theory to define the new approach to prehistoric religion. The material is simply exposed to a new approach.The situation was quite different for historical archaeology where gods and temples were present from the beginning. Symbols and writing were so common as hardly to attract attention. In fact, the disclipline itself partially owed its existence to the Bible and thus religion actually determined the agenda, leading som specialists to assume that the temples controlled the economy. With prehistoric archaeology, the apporach was virtually the opposite.These theoretical difficulties make the interpretation of the earliest traces of religion in the archaeological record very difficult. The archaeological community neglected the findings of the Anatolian site of Catal Hüyük when it was initially excavated in the 1950's and 1960's, as the community was agreed that religion could not be studied, and the importance of religion on the site could not be neglected. With the changing agenda in the 1990's, the archaeologist Ian Hodder decided to re-open the excavations at Catal Hüyük with a view to exploring their meaning in symbolic or religious terms. His approach may contribute to a finely nuanced version of the significance of social pressures as a fundamental factor in the development of religion. Scholars from other disciplines should, however, remain aware that the interpretations by archaeologists are always influenced by research agendas in other disciplines. They cannot, however, neglect the importance of studying the field simply because it is possible.
Odins viden - dens funktion og betydning
Authors: Schjødt Jens Peter 
Published: February 2018

it is the purpose of this article to discuss how to interpret Odin's wisdom. Many scholars have argued over the last ten years that Odin's wisdom should be compared to the abilities of the shaman as this figure is known from many circumpolar religions and that Odin should accordingly be viewed as a prototypical shaman. There are, however, some arguments against this theoy. First and foremost, it is obvious that Odin has certain functions in old Norse mythology that do not fit in with the "shamanic" interpretation. If we take a closer view of the role of Odin, it is obvious that he is not primarily linked to the magicians but rather to warriors and kings. This is due to the fact that shamans are normally practicing in societies very different from those of Scandinavia during the Viking age. The results of two analyses of mythical cores, that of Mimer, primarily known from the Eddas, and that of Hadding, known from Saxo's Gesta Danorum, show that a religious phenomenon explaining more adequately the many roles of Odin is that of initiation. The Mimer myth shows how Odin acquires intellectual power by confronting an object (the head of Mimer) which has been in the under world where is has been given numious poser. This myth is compared to the phenomenon of initiation and it is maintained that the myth, containing death and intellectual rebirth, must be seen as parallel in its structure as well as its symbolism to the initiation rituals which we see all over the world. Odin has thus gained knowledge as all initiates do during their initiation. On the other hand, the Hadding myth shows us Odin in a different role which is known equally well in the context of the mythology, namely that as an initator giving advice and skills to the young hero of the myth. Here we find the same symbolism as that of the initiation.Eventually, it is concluded that even if many of Odin's skills may be compared to those of the shaman, the phenomenon of initiation is able to account for the whole spectrum of functions that can be seen in Odin. Odin, then, must be seen first and foremost as the god of initiation.
Lad guden komme til os: Tempelprocessioner hos srilankansk-tamilske hinduer i Danmark
Authors: Fibiger Marianne C. Qvortrup 
Published: February 2018

English abstract: Through a presentation and analysis of Ter, a wagon procession which is part of a ten-day temple anniversary festival held once a year among Sri Lankan Tamil Hindus in Denmark, I aim to show the importance and the meaning of procession among Hindus in diaspora. The article will especially take Bernhard Lang’s definition or characteristics of procession into account but will also emphasise the multifunctional character of this procession as well as its importance as religion on public display. The analysis is based on my on-going research on the Sri Lankan Tamil Hindus in Denmark, which began shortly before the first Sri Lankan Hindu temples were consecrated around the year 2000. This has given me the possibility to follow the development of the Ter procession over the years and to notice how it has grown both in size and popularity. I will argue that the procession has become not only a fulcrum for social cohesion and identity but also as a way of communicating belonging, both internally within the group and externally to the surrounding society at large.
Dansk resume: I denne artikel vil jeg præsentere og analysere processionen Ter, en vognprocession der er tilknyttet en ti-dages tempelfødselsdagsfest som afholdes blandt de srilankansk-tamilske hinduer i Danmark, og jeg vil vise betydningen af denne procession for hinduer i diaspora. Artiklen vil tage udgangspunkt i Bernard Langs definition eller måske mere præcist hans processions-typologier, men vil lægge vægt på processionens multifunktionelle, performative og offentlige karakter. Analysen vil basere sig på mit løbende feltarbejde af de srilankansk-tamilske hinduer i Danmark, hvilket begyndte før det første srilankansk-tamilske hindutempel var indviet omkring år 2000. Det har givet mig muligheden for at følge udviklingen af Ter-processionen, som er vokset i både størrelse og popularitet. Jeg vil derfor argumentere for, at processionen er blevet helt central for såvel identitet som social sammenhængskraft for de srilankansk-tamilske hinduer her i landet. Processionen kan ved at være offentlig kommunikere et bestemt tilhørsforhold både indadtil og udadtil.
Les freins au désir d’enfant au Japon (note de recherche)
Authors: Harvey Valérie 
Published: February 2018

Au Japon, la dénatalité a atteint son plus bas niveau en 2005 avec un indice de fécondité record de 1,26 enfant par femme. Cette note de recherche présente les principaux facteurs qui freinent le désir d’enfant des Japonaises : la nécessité d’un mariage, l’impact d’une éducation supérieure et un marché du travail ne permettant pas de concilier carrière et famille. Par le biais d’entrevues réalisées avec des Japonaises, l’influence sur la fécondité du mariage, de l’éducation et du marché du travail a été investiguée. Si la natalité ne semble pas liée à la baisse du désir d’enfant, plusieurs femmes mettent en valeur que ce n’était pas un choix, mais plutôt les circonstances de leur vie qui les ont amenées à abandonner l’idée d’avoir un enfant.
Multi rationalités et pratiques d’acteurs dans le domaine de la planification familiale au Mali
Authors: Coulibaly Abdourahmane 
Published: February 2018

L’ambition des programmes de planification des naissances est de changer les conduites reproductives des acteurs sociaux à travers les messages sanitaires. Il s’agit d’une démarche pédagogique visant à susciter chez le récepteur du message une disponibilité au changement conforme aux prescriptions des programmes. À travers des exemples concrets, notre travail montre que la réalité est beaucoup plus complexe et que les acteurs sociaux ne sont pas des êtres passifs. En effet, leurs pratiques quotidiennes montrent qu’ils empruntent des arguments à des ensembles normatifs variés (coutume, religion, normes sexuelles mondialisées, etc.) pour justifier leurs actes. Ils hésitent, résistent, se soumettent… Loin d’accepter les normes « officielles » des programmes, ils les transforment à leur façon, les manipulent, les adaptent, les soumettent.
Couchsurfing : la distinction touristique par la rencontre
Authors: NEVEU Pauline 
Published: February 2018

Comme de nombreux autres domaines de l’activité humaine, le secteur du tourisme est modifié par les nouvelles possibilités technologiques. L’avènement de réseaux d’hospitalité, dont le plus connu est Couchsurfing, atteste de l’enthousiasme des voyageurs à utiliser Internet pour organiser leur(s) voyage(s). Il semblerait que ce type d’hébergement séduise un profil de visiteurs en quête d’« alternatif » et d’« authenticité ». Se basant sur une étude de deux ans auprès de couchsurfeurs parisiens, cet article souhaite présenter le discours idéologique des membres, ainsi que les paradoxes qui peuvent en émerger. Après avoir décrit Couchsurfing plus en détail, je caractériserai où se loge la distinction touristique pour ses adeptes. Elle tient au fait que les couchsurfeurs rencontrent un résident local, ce qui est facilité par l’homophilie sociale entre membres, ainsi que leur adhésion au principe de flexibilité (relationnelle, temporelle, matérielle). Aussi, résider chez quelqu’un s’inscrit-il en haut d’un classement hiérarchique des hébergements touristiques avec l’auberge de jeunesse, Airbnb et l’hôtel. Néanmoins, bien que prônant le détachement du tourisme traditionnel, les couchsurfeurs vont visiter les attractions classiques parisiennes. C’est cette forme de séjour entre rencontre avec un résident, hébergement gratuit et circuits touristiques hybrides que permet Couchsurfing dans Paris.
Le commerce de l’identité : (se) ressembler, (se) distinguer au cœur du tourisme parisien
Authors: CORBILLÉ Sophie 
Published: February 2018

Cet article propose de réfléchir à la tension qui existe entre singularité et similitude dans le tourisme parisien en procédant à un retour réflexif sur deux enquêtes ethnographiques qui traitent de pratiques relevant du tourisme culturel, quoique chacune différemment. La première concerne une association de tourisme « de proximité » installée dans un quartier populaire du nord-est de Paris ; la seconde, menée avec Sophie Chevalier et Emmanuelle Lallement, des étrangers qui, vivant de manière régulière et intermittente dans la capitale, possèdent ou louent un pied-à-terre à Paris. L’article a d’abord pour objectif de décrire comment la dialectique se ressembler / se distinguer s’exprime concrètement dans les deux situations, et comment elle se construit autour de deux figures, celle de « l’autochtone » et celle du « local ». Il s’agira ensuite de penser les liens entre ces formes de tourisme et la stratégie plus globale de la Ville de Paris. On verra comment le commerce de l’identité parisienne et l’affirmation de la singularité de la ville sont au centre de sa stratégie, dans un contexte économique où les productions symboliques sont devenues des éléments clés pour se différencier et fabriquer de « l’attractivité territoriale ». Cette stratégie fait elle aussi apparaître la figure de l’autochtone (le Parisien) comme médiateur entre le visiteur et le visité.
L’intervention en contexte de sport auprès des jeunes
Authors: Thibault Lévesque Julien , Molgat Marc , Moreau Nicolas 
Published: February 2018

Cet article est issu d’une étude portant sur l’analyse d’un rite de passage vécu au sein du programme d’intervention par le sport de l’organisme montréalaisDesÉquilibres. Il vise à explorer les conditions nécessaires à l’obtention de résultats positifs à l’intérieur d’interventions psychosociales en contexte de sport. Plus spécifiquement, la recherche vise à comprendre comment les interventions sportives peuvent être vécues comme un rite de passage. Pour ce faire, une analyse de données secondaires a été réalisée auprès de 14 jeunes inscrits en secondaire 3, âgés de 14 à 18 ans et ayant participé au programmeDesÉquilibres. L’analyse du discours des participants a permis de relever cinq éléments essentiels pour que les interventions sportives puissent être vécues avec succès comme un rite de passage : l’existence d’une épreuve physique et mentale, la mise en oeuvre d’une symbolique commune de l’épreuve, la reconnaissance sociale des participants, le présence d’un passeur et la mise en valeur du rôle et de la place de chacun au sein du groupe. Enfin, l’analyse permet de souligner comment cette intervention sportive « ritualisée » contribue au devenir adulte des participants.
Pensée pluraliste dans la cité
Authors: White Bob W. 
Published: February 2018

Toutes les sociétés sont plurielles, mais l’expérience de cette pluralité varie d’une société à une autre, notamment dans la façon de mettre en pratique le pluralisme. Dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche sur les dynamiques interculturelles dans l’espace urbain à Montréal, nous avons identifié trois orientations ou courants de pensée pluraliste : la reconnaissance de la diversité, la lutte contre la discrimination, et le rapprochement par le dialogue. À partir ces catégories, je propose une grille d’analyse qui permet de comprendre les tensions entre les différents acteurs sociaux impliqués dans l’action interculturelle à Montréal. D’abord j’utilise cette grille pour analyser le financement des projets dits « interculturels » à l’échelle de la ville. Ensuite, j’explore les tensions entre les différents acteurs dans le travail de concertation en contexte interculturel. Finalement j’utilise deux notions – le complémentarisme et l’explication – pour montrer comment une grille pluraliste peut faciliter la communication entre les différents acteurs du milieu et renforcer les principes pluralistes de façon plus large.
Ruptures et continuités dans la représentation de l’immigration
Authors: Anctil Pierre 
Published: February 2018

Contrairement à une opinion assez répandue, l’immigration n’est pas un phénomène récent au sein de la société québécoise. D’importantes vagues migratoires se sont dirigées vers Montréal dès le tournant du XXe siècle qui étaient porteuses d’une grande diversité culturelle, linguistique et religieuse. L’accueil des immigrants et la rencontre du pluralisme sont ainsi des réalités que les francophones de la métropole ont traversées il y a plus de cent ans, mais qui n’ont pas nécessairement laissé des traces très positives dans le récit historique québécois. En fait, on pourrait affirmer que les réticences et les perceptions hostiles que l’on découvre dans le discours contemporain à ce sujet ont des racines historiques profondes qui plongent dans un passé lointain. Pour mieux comprendre les traumatismes vécus aujourd’hui par certains francophones face à l’immigration, l’article analyse 16 000 éditoriaux parus dans le quotidienLe Devoirentre 1910 et 1963, et touchant à la question de l’intégration des nouveaux citoyens. Publié à Montréal et porte étendard du nationalisme canadien-français,Le Devoira tenu un discours soutenu sur cette question, qui reposait essentiellement sur un refus viscéral d’accueillir des immigrants au Québec francophone. Les propos que le journal a tenus nous aident à mieux saisir l’origine des craintes xénophobes exprimées dans le présent sur cette question.
Effectiveness of winter temperatures for satisfying chilling requirements for reproductive budburst of red alder (Alnus rubra)
Authors: Prevéy Janet S. , Harrington Constance A. 
Published: February 2018

Background. Experiencing an adequate amount of cold temperatures over winter is necessary for many temperate tree species to break dormancy and flower in spring. Thus, changes in winter and spring temperatures associated with climate change may influence when trees break dormancy and flower in the future. There have been several experimental studies that have quantified the effectiveness of cold temperatures for chilling requirements for vegetative budburst of temperate trees, however, there are few experimental studies addressing the chilling requirements for reproductive budburst of trees, as it is difficult to place reproductively mature trees in temperature-controlled environments.
Methods. To identify how changing temperatures associated with climate change may impact reproductive phenology, we completed a temperature-controlled growth chamber experiment using cuttings of reproductive branches of red alder (Alnus rubra), one of the most widespread hardwood tree species of the Pacific Northwest, USA. The purpose of this study was to examine how colder (4 °C) and warmer (9 °C) winter temperature regimes influenced the timing of reproductive budburst of red alder cuttings in spring.
Results. We found that cuttings flowered earlier after pretreatment with a 4 °C winter temperature regime than after a 9 °C winter temperature regime. We used our experimental data to estimate a “possibility-line” showing the accumulated chilling and forcing temperatures necessary prior to reproductive budburst of red alder.
Discussion. This study provides a preliminary indication that warmer winters with climate change may not be as effective for satisfying chilling temperature requirements of Northwest hardwood tree species.
Paleozoic geomagnetism shapes vertebrate evolution
Authors: Staub John P 
Published: February 2018

Background. Despite a fifty-year failure of paleontologists to find a viable connection between geomagnetic polarity reversals and evolutionary patterns, recent databases show that the early appearance, radiation, and diversification of Paleozoic vertebrates tend to occur during periods having frequent collapses of the Earth’s geomagnetic field. The transition time during the collapse of the Earth’s protective magnetic shield can last thousands of years, and the effects on biota are unknown. Solar and cosmic radiation, volcanism, weather alteration, low-frequency electromagnetic fields, depletion of ozone, and the stripping of atmospheric oxygen have been proposed as possible causes, but previous studies have found no effects.
Methods. Using published databases, we compiled a spreadsheet that shows the first appearance of 1809 age-dated genera with each genus assigned to one of 28 taxonomic groups. From Gradstein’s Geologic Time Scale 2012, we delineated 17 Paleozoic zones with either high or low levels of polarity reversals.
Results. From our compilation, we counted 508 Paleozoic vertebrates that first appeared within 20 million-years of the origin of their clade or natural group. These genera represent the initial radiation and diversification of individual Paleozoic vertebrate clades. After compensating for sample-size and external geologic biases, the resulting Pearson’s coefficient between these genera and polarity zones equals 0.781. Using 11 commonly accepted clades and assuming a natural competition existed between them, we counted each genus from a clade’s inception until it was bypassed by a subsequent clade. Here, Pearson's equals 0.901 with a p-value of <0.000001. In a blindfold study, we separated the Paleozoic into a dozen equally-sized temporal bins, then 13 bins, up to 31 bins. The mean Pearson coefficient for these bins is 0.810. After calculating coefficients for four distinct taxonomies, two paleomagnetic systems, three systematics for age-dating within geologic stages, and seven independent spreadsheets, the results suggest a strong relationship exists between Paleozoic vertebrates and polarity reversals. In addition, the earliest species of the major divisions of Paleozoic vertebrates (jawless fish, armored fish, jawed fish, cartilage fish, fish with bones, lobe-finned fish, tetrapods, amphibians, reptiles, and synapsids) first appeared in zones with relatively high levels of polarity reversals.
Discussion. The question: is this apparent connection between geomagnetism and the evolution of Paleozoic vertebrate due to environmental or biologic factors. If biologic, why are vertebrates the only biota effected? And after an indeterminate period of time, how do vertebrate families become immune to the ongoing effects of polarity reversals?
An Idealized Test of the Response of the Community Atmosphere Model to Near‐Grid‐Scale Forcing Across Hydrostatic Resolutions
Authors: Herrington A. R. , Reed K. A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA set of idealized experiments are developed using the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) to understand the vertical velocity response to reductions in forcing scale that is known to occur when the horizontal resolution of the model is increased. The test consists of a set of rising bubble experiments, in which the horizontal radius of the bubble and the model grid spacing are simultaneously reduced. The test is performed with moisture, through incorporating moist physics routines of varying complexity, although convection schemes are not considered. Results confirm that the vertical velocity in CAM is to first‐order, proportional to the inverse of the horizontal forcing scale, which is consistent with a scale analysis of the dry equations of motion. In contrast, experiments in which the coupling time step between the moist physics routines and the dynamical core (i.e., the “physics” time step) are relaxed back to more conventional values results in severely damped vertical motion at high resolution, degrading the scaling. A set of aqua‐planet simulations using different physics time steps are found to be consistent with the results of the idealized experiments.
Late Holocene Sea Surface Instabilities in the Disko Bugt Area, West Greenland, in Phase With δ18O Oscillations at Camp Century
Authors: Allan Estelle , de Vernal Anne , Knudsen Mads Faurschou , Hillaire‐Marcel Claude , Moros Matthias , Ribeiro Sofia , Ouellet‐Bernier Marie‐Michèle , Seidenkrantz Marit‐Solveig 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPalynological analyses of sediment core MSM343310 from Disko Bugt (68°38′861°N, 53°49′493°W) document decadal‐ to centennial‐scale variability of sea surface conditions during the last ~3,600 years. Dinocyst fluxes (>104 cysts/cm2 yr−1) indicate a very high productivity. Dinocyst assemblages dominated by Islandinium minutum, Brigantedinium spp., Islandinium? cezare, and the cyst of Pentapharsodinium dalei suggest low surface salinity and marked shifts in summer sea surface temperature. The application of the modern analog technique to dinocyst assemblages, using an updated reference data set with new sites from the West Greenland margin, led to reconstruct decadal‐centennial‐scale variations in sea surface salinity and temperature, in phase with the δ18O variations in the Camp Century ice core. At ~1.5 ka BP, the seasonal sea ice cover records an important regime change, from winter‐only sea ice to more unstable conditions marked by successive cooling pulses with sea ice cover of up to 8 months/yr. The data suggest a close relationship between hydrographic conditions and regional climate over Greenland. Our record shows variations with a mean 200 years periodicity until ~2 ka BP, which supports the hypothesis of climate variations driven by solar variability. After 1.5 ka BP, our data show a variability characterized by a 60–70 year periodicity, which suggests linkages with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and southwestward migration of the atmospheric polar front. The most recent part of the record, from ~1900 CE to 2007 CE, is characterized by assemblages reflecting warmer surface conditions and reduced sea ice cover.