bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships among urinary protein‐to‐creatinine ratio, urine specific gravity, and bacteriuria in canine urine samples
Authors: Meindl Alison G. , Lourenço Bianca N. , Coleman Amanda E. , Creevy Kate E. 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundProteinuria is a marker of chronic kidney disease in dogs and a risk factor for increased morbidity and death. Predictive models using the results of readily available screening tests could foster early recognition.ObjectiveTo determine whether urine specific gravity (USG) and semiquantitative category of dipstick protein can be used to predict urinary protein‐to‐creatinine ratio (UP : C) and to examine the effect of urine culture results on UP : C in dogs.AnimalsThree hundred ninety‐four dogs (482 visits) presented to a university Community Practice Clinic or Veterinary Teaching Hospital between January 2011 and November 2015.MethodsRetrospective study. Medical records were searched to identify dogs for which urinalysis, UP : C measurement, and urine culture testing were performed during a single hospital visit. Urine specific gravity, UP : C, dipstick protein concentration, and findings of urine sediment analysis and urine culture were recorded. Regression or Spearman correlation analysis was used to test for relationships between UP : C and USG within dipstick categories and between UP : C and bacterial colony‐forming units per milliliter, respectively. Cohen's kappa test was used to evaluate agreement between urine culture and UP : C testing.ResultsThere were significant (P < .05) weak negative correlations (R2 range, 0.14‐0.37) between UP : C and USG for all nonnegative urine protein dipstick categories. The presence of a positive urine culture did not agree with the presence of abnormal UP : C (κ = −0.06).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceWithin dipstick protein categories, UP : C cannot be accurately predicted from USG. Repeating UP : C measurement after resolution of urinary tract infection is advisable.
On the Idiosyncrasies of the Labour Market for Visual Artists
Authors: Hartog Joop , Kackovic Monika 
Published: December 2018

AbstractLabour markets for visual artists active on the primary art market are characterized by the oversupply of producers, strong product heterogeneity, elusive buyer tastes, and highly uncertain incomes. Self‐employment is the rule, and often, in combination with other (non)art‐related work. First, we describe these features and provide empirical evidence for the Netherlands. Second, we build an analytical model by adjusting the standard model of labour supply to allow for these features. Third, we provide further suggestions for empirical work focusing on career dynamics in markets with extreme uncertainty.
Diagnostic performance of a stepwise cytological algorithm for biliary malignancy in primary sclerosing cholangitis
Authors: von Seth Erik , Ouchterlony Helena , Dobra Katalin , Hjerpe Anders , Arnelo Urban , Haas Stephan , Bergquist Annika 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackground and aimsDetection of early cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is challenging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a stepwise approach to biliary brush cytology with sequential use of fluorescence in‐situ hybridization (FISH) for the detection of biliary malignancy in PSC.MethodWe retrospectively studied consecutive patients with PSC who underwent biliary brushings at Karolinska University Hospital between 2009 and 2015 (n = 208). Brush samples were categorized as benign, equivocal (atypical or suspicious) and malignant. Equivocal cases were further analysed with FISH. Samples with a malignant cytology or positive FISH were considered positive. The diagnosis was determined after 12 months of follow‐up.ResultsThe diagnosis CCA was confirmed in 15 patients (7%), high‐grade dysplasia in three patients, and low‐grade dysplasia in five patients at follow‐up. Using the diagnostic algorithm, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) for a diagnosis of CCA were 80% (95%CI 52%‐96%), 96% (95%CI 92%‐98%), 60% (95%CI 36%‐81%) and 98% (95% CI 95%‐100%). In patients with equivocal cytology (n = 61), the sensitivity for CCA diagnosis increased to 100% (95%CI 72%‐100%) with a lower PPV of 58% (95%CI 34%‐78%). The diagnostic accuracy for detection of CCA in all patients was 95% (95%CI 91%‐97%).ConclusionBiliary brush cytology with sequential use of FISH in equivocal cases seems to be a highly predictive diagnostic test for CCA in PSC. These results support the use of FISH when cytology is equivocal for detection of biliary malignancy in PSC.
Introduced deer and their potential role in disease transmission to livestock in Australia
Authors: Cripps Jemma K. , Pacioni Carlo , Scroggie Michael P. , Woolnough Andrew P. , Ramsey David S. L. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

The transmission of pathogens between wildlife and livestock is a globally recognised threat to the livestock industry, as well as to human and wildlife health. Wild cervids are susceptible to many diseases affecting livestock. This presents a challenge for wildlife and domestic animal disease management because the frequent use of agricultural areas by wild cervids may hamper the effectiveness of disease control strategies.

Six deer species have established wild populations in Australia and are expanding in range and abundance. A comprehensive literature review of diseases impacting deer and livestock was undertaken, resulting in consideration of 38 pathogens. A qualitative risk assessment was then carried out to assess the overall risk posed by the pathogens to the livestock industry.

Five diseases (bovine tuberculosis, foot and mouth disease, malignant catarrhal fever, surra, and screw‐worm fly infestation) ranked highly in our risk assessment. Of these five diseases, only one (malignant catarrhal fever) is currently present in Australia, but all five are notifiable diseases at a national level. Data on these diseases in deer are limited, especially for one of the most abundant species, the sambar deer Rusa unicolor, highlighting a further potential risk attributable to a lack of understanding of disease epidemiology.

This paper provides a detailed review of the pathogens affecting both cervids and livestock in Australia, and applies a qualitative framework for assessing the risk posed by deer to the livestock industry. The qualitative framework used here could easily be adapted to assess disease risk in other contexts, making this work relevant to scientists and wildlife managers, as well as to livestock industry workers, worldwide.
Unintentional endotracheal tube cuff deflation during routine checks: a simulation study
Authors: Patel Vikesh , Hodges Emily J , Mariyaselvam Maryanne ZA , Peutherer Catherine , Young Peter J 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTBackgroundEndotracheal tube cuff pressures should be maintained between 20 and 30 cm H2O to prevent the aspiration of subglottic secretions past the cuff. Guidance recommends regular monitoring of the cuff pressure, performed using a handheld manometer/inflator. Poor technique can lead to transient deflation of the cuff, leading to the bolus aspiration of upper respiratory tract secretions, tracheal colonization and, ultimately, ventilator‐associated pneumonia.Aims and objectivesTo determine whether intensive care staff transiently deflate the endotracheal tube cuff to below 20 cm H2O during routine cuff pressure checks when using a handheld manometer/inflator device.DesignThis was an exploratory simulation study.MethodsA sample of medical (n = 10) and nursing staff (n = 10), capable of caring for a tracheally intubated patient, participated in the study on a single day. A mannequin was intubated with a standard oral endotracheal tube with the cuff pressure set at 50 cm H2O. Participants were required to check and correct the cuff pressure to the appropriate level with a manometer. The lowest attained and the final target pressures were recorded.ResultsThree doctors were unfamiliar with the manometer and did not attempt measurement. During cuff pressure readjustment, 59% (10/17) of participants transiently deflated the cuff below 20 cm H2O and then re‐inflated to attain the final pressure. Of these participants, four deflated the cuff pressure to 0 cm H2O before re‐adjusting it back into range. Most participants, 88% (15/17), corrected the final cuff pressure to between 20 and 30 cm H2O.ConclusionsPoor technique when using the manometer led to unintentional cuff deflation during routine checks. In clinical practice, this could increase the risk of pulmonary aspiration and ventilator‐associated pneumonia. Further research into alternatives for handheld manometers, such as automated continuous cuff pressure monitors, is warranted.Relevance to clinical practiceCuff deflations can easily occur during routine cuff pressure checks. Staff should be aware of the implications of cuff deflations and seek to improve training with manometers.
Enhancing cultural safety among undergraduate nursing students through watching documentaries
Authors: Mkandawire‐Valhmu Lucy , Weitzel Jennifer , Dressel Anne , Neiman Tammy , Hafez Shahad , Olukotun Oluwatoyin , Kreuziger Suzanne , Scheer Victoria , Washington Rosetta , Hess Alexa , Morgan Sarah , Stevens Patricia 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to develop an understanding of how nursing students gained perspective on nursing care of diverse populations through watching documentaries in a cultural diversity course. The basis of this paper is our analyses of students’ written responses and reactions to documentaries viewed in class. The guiding theoretical frameworks for the course content and the study included postcolonial feminism, Foucauldian thought, and cultural safety. Krathwohl's Taxonomy of the Affective Domain was used to identify themes and determine how undergraduate nursing students were progressing in achieving learning outcomes. Our findings suggest that while the use of documentaries serves as a tool for deepening students’ understanding of the realities of various populations, this activity, in the absence of critical reflection, may inadvertently promote stereotypes and further marginalize different people groups. Even though nursing students reflected on the importance of cultural safety in nursing, our findings indicate that their actions may not reflect this, especially since these students are in the early stages of the nursing program. Students need to be provided with a space where they can explore implicit biases evoked by exposure to new information about different people groups as a way of enhancing culturally safe care.
N2 fixation in free‐floating filaments of Trichodesmium is higher than in transiently suboxic colony microenvironments
Authors: Eichner Meri , Thoms Silke , Rost Björn , Mohr Wiebke , Ahmerkamp Soeren , Ploug Helle , Kuypers Marcel M. M. , de Beer Dirk 
Published: December 2018

Summary

To understand the role of micrometer‐scale oxygen (O2) gradients in facilitating dinitrogen (N2) fixation, we characterized O2 dynamics in the microenvironment around free‐floating trichomes and colonies of Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101.

Diurnal and spatial variability in O2 concentrations in the bulk medium, within colonies, along trichomes and within single cells were determined using O2 optodes, microsensors and model calculations. Carbon (C) and N2 fixation as well as O2 evolution and uptake under different O2 concentrations were analyzed by stable isotope incubations and membrane inlet mass spectrometry.

We observed a pronounced diel rhythm in O2 fluxes, with net O2 evolution restricted to short periods in the morning and evening, and net O2 uptake driven by dark respiration and light‐dependent O2 uptake during the major part of the light period. Remarkably, colonies showed lower N2 fixation and C fixation rates than free‐floating trichomes despite the long period of O2 undersaturation in the colony microenvironment.

Model calculations demonstrate that low permeability of the cell wall in combination with metabolic heterogeneity between single cells allows for anoxic intracellular conditions in colonies but also free‐floating trichomes of Trichodesmium. Therefore, whereas colony formation must have benefits for Trichodesmium, it does not favor N2 fixation.
External water transport is more important than vascular transport in the extreme atmospheric epiphyte Tillandsia usneoides (Spanish moss)
Authors: Herppich Werner B. , Martin Craig E. , Tötzke Christian , Manke Ingo , Kardjilov Nikolay 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMost epiphytic bromeliads, especially those in the genus Tillandsia, lack functional roots and rely on the absorption of water and nutrients by large, multicellular trichomes on the epidermal surfaces of leaves and stems. Another important function of these structures is the spread of water over the epidermal surface by capillary action between trichome “wings” and epidermal surface. Although critical for the ultimate absorption by these plants, understanding of this function of trichomes is primarily based on light microscope observations. To better understand this phenomenon, the distribution of water was followed by its attenuation of cold neutrons following application of H2O to the cut end of Tillandsia usneoides shoots. Experiments confirmed the spread of added water on the external surfaces of this “atmospheric” epiphyte. In a morphologically and physiologically similar plant lacking epidermal trichomes, water added to the cut end of a shoot clearly moved via its internal xylem and not on its epidermis. Thus, in T. usneoides, water moves primarily by capillarity among the overlapping trichomes forming a dense indumentum on shoot surfaces, while internal vascular water movement is less likely. T. usneoides, occupying xeric microhabitats, benefits from reduction of water losses by low‐shoot xylem hydraulic conductivities.
Treatment and Dose Prioritization in Early Phase Platform Trials of Targeted Cancer Therapies
Authors: Li Yimei , Wang Ming , Cheung Ying Kuen 
Published: December 2018

SummaryWith the advances in the discovery of molecular targets, there is increasing interest in evaluating targeted therapies for disease subtypes characterized by certain biomarkers. Patients with a certain biomarker could potentially benefit from different experimental drugs, and, therefore, evaluating the relative efficacy of these drugs is an important objective. We consider the design of an early phase platform trial where multiple therapies are evaluated in patients with different biomarkers, with the objective of identifing the best drug at an efficacious and safe dose for a given disease subtype. We use the continual reassessment method to estimate the maximum tolerated dose of a drug and adopt hierarchical Bayesian modelling to estimate the efficacy of a drug administered at multiple doses. Using the continual reassessment method and hierarchical Bayesian modelling as the basis of inference, we propose various algorithms that prescribe the drug–dose for the patients using adaptive randomization. We demonstrate that adaptive randomization puts more patients at the right drug and dose on average than does balanced randomization, with slightly larger variability in distribution, and has no effect on the accuracy of drug–dose selection. Moreover the simulations show advantages of hierarchical Bayesian modelling over the beta–binomial model in scenarios with relatively flat or partially flat dose–efficacy relationships.
Bed sediment entrainment by streamflow: State of the science
Authors: Dey Subhasish , Ali Sk Zeeshan 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn fluvial sedimentology, bed sediment entrainment by streamflow has a decisive role in controlling several fluvial processes. Owing to its huge practical importance, the subject has been painstakingly explored for over a century. However, a detailed understanding of the mechanism of the bed sediment entrainment phenomenon achieved hitherto is far from complete. The central theme of bed sediment entrainment is occupied by the sediment entrainment threshold, which varies enormously in its qualitative definition, identification and quantification encompassing a broad range of spatiotemporal scales. This article presents the state of the science of the entrainment of non‐cohesive bed sediments under a steady‐unidirectional streamflow. It begins with the diverse definitions and representations of the entrainment threshold criterion from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives, scrutinising its suitability and ambit of applicability. Then, the effects of energetic factors that drive the entrainment threshold criterion are critically appraised. The indispensable mechanisms of bed sediment entrainment, including the theoretical background and modelling strategies, the role of turbulent bursting phenomenon and the phenomenological perspective into the origin of the scaling laws of sediment entrainment, are explained. Throughout the article, special emphasis is given to the strengths and weaknesses of the current state of the science. In addition, a deliberate attempt is made to invoke the thought‐provoking ideas on the multifarious features of bed sediment entrainment. Finally, the innovative perspectives on the bed sediment entrainment are provided and the concluding remarks are made, elucidating the major challenges and suggesting the prospective ways to resolve them as a future scope of research.
Consumption Responses to a Large Shock to Financial Wealth: Evidence from Italy
Authors: Bottazzi Renata , Trucchi Serena , Wakefield Matthew 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe estimate marginal propensities to consume from wealth shocks. We exploit large asset‐price shocks in 2007–2008 and household‐level panel data to implement instrumental variables. A fall of one euro in risky financial wealth resulted in cuts to annual total (non‐durable) consumption of 8.5–9 (5.5–5.7) cents, with small effects on food spending. Effects seem stronger for lower‐wealth or indebted households, but significant responses from wealthier households and those without mortgages are important for our baseline results. Counterfactuals indicate financial‐wealth effects were relatively important for consumption falls in Italy in 2007–2008. The estimated effects are consistent with a simulated life‐cycle model capturing the wealth shock.
An evidence‐based medicine approach for case presentations by trainees
Authors: Lycan Thomas W , Ahmed Tamjeed , Seegars Mary Beth , Patel Meera , Woods Ryan , Melin Susan A 
Published: December 2018

SummaryBackgroundEvidence‐based medicine (EBM) is a key aspect of medical training that can be challenging for trainees to learn. Tumour boards (TBs) are multidisciplinary meetings that are often opportunities for trainees to deliver patient case presentations, which is another integral part of medical education; however, TBs are time intensive, typically lack academic structure and may fail to emphasise EBM.ObjectiveTo design a systematic approach to improve both trainee satisfaction and the level of evidence cited at typical academic TBs.MethodsFrom 2017 to 2018, Plan–Do–Study–Act (PDSA) methodology was used to develop a systematic approach for medical oncology trainees towards TBs. Statistical testing was used to assess which characteristics of a patient case made it more difficult to apply EBM.Anonymous surveys were distributed to trainees before and after the intervention to assess the educational utility.ResultsWe developed a shared voluntary case database, so that references with higher levels of evidence could be rapidly recalled and applied to similar cases. We then developed EBM‐focused review sessions to highlight database trends. Both the database and the review sessions had high participation rates (>90% cases had voluntary data entry), and each were reported to have educational value by trainees.ConclusionsA two‐step implementation of an easy‐to‐use case database followed by review sessions focused on high‐yield sources of evidence improved trainee satisfaction for TBs, but did not significantly improve the strength of the evidence cited.
Setting priorities for research in blood donation and transfusion: outcome of the James Lind Alliance priority‐setting partnership
Authors: Hibbs Stephen P. , Brunskill Susan J. , Donald Graham C. , Saunders Heather D. , Murphy Michael F. 
Published: December 2018

BACKGROUNDHow do we decide which topics should be prioritized for research? The need for a robust process for prioritization by key stakeholders, and not just the researchers themselves, was recognized by the James Lind Alliance. A methodology has been established to enable clinicians, patients, and caregivers to identify and prioritize important uncertainties for research in different health areas. This methodology was applied to transfusion medicine to help focus the research agenda in this field.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA steering group was formed in 2015 comprising four donor/patient/caregiver representatives and six clinicians and was supported by an information scientist and James Lind Alliance representatives. The scope of the priority‐setting partnership included uncertainties from blood donation through transfusion but excluded laboratory aspects of transfusion and specialist blood products. Three methods were used to identify the top 10 research priorities: two widely disseminated online surveys, a search of existing literature, and a final prioritization workshop.RESULTSThere were 408 respondents to the first survey contributing 817 questions, which were refined into 54 indicative questions that had not already been answered by previous research. Respondents to a second survey were asked to select the three questions they believed to be the most important. The 30 most popular research questions were then brought to a workshop of donors, patients, and caregivers to produce the “top 10.”CONCLUSIONThis prioritized list should be of considerable value to both researchers and funding bodies when considering what research should be conducted in transfusion medicine.
Dietary Protein for Training Adaptation and Body Composition Manipulation in Track and Field Athletes
Authors: Witard Oliver C. , Garthe Ina , Phillips Stuart M. 
Published: December 2018

Track and field athletes engage in vigorous training that places stress on physiological systems requiring nutritional support for optimal recovery. Of paramount importance when optimizing recovery nutrition are rehydration and refueling which are covered in other papers in this volume. Here, we highlight the benefits for dietary protein intake over and above requirements set out in various countries at ∼0.8–1.0 g·kg body mass (BM)−1·day−1 for training adaptation, manipulating body composition, and optimizing performance in track and field athletes. To facilitate the remodeling of protein-containing structures, which are turning over rapidly due to their training volumes, track and field athletes with the goal of weight maintenance or weight gain should aim for protein intakes of ∼1.6 g·kg BM−1·day−1. Protein intakes at this level would not necessarily require an overemphasis on protein-containing foods and, beyond convenience, does not suggest a need to use protein or amino acid-based supplements. This review also highlights that optimal protein intakes may exceed 1.6 g·kg BM−1·day−1 for athletes who are restricting energy intake and attempting to minimize loss of lean BM. We discuss the underpinning rationale for weight loss in track and field athletes, explaining changes in metabolic pathways that occur in response to energy restriction when manipulating protein intake and training. Finally, this review offers practical advice on protein intakes that warrant consideration in allowing an optimal adaptive response for track and field athletes seeking to train effectively and to lose fat mass while energy restricted with minimal (or no) loss of lean BM.