bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water resources assessment as the basic tool for sustainable and environmentally sound river basin management
Authors: Miloradov R. M. , Marjanovic P. , Cukic Z. 
Published: May 2018

This paper deals with the methodology used for conducting a water resources assessment as the core component of water resources master plans. It is basically a quantitative and qualitative water resources balance (WRB) and an essential element of any short or long-term planning of sustainable and environmentally sound river basin development and management. The use of a water resources management balance instead of the water resources balance (water budget) that includes the water withdrawals and discharges in the balance equation should be favoured in water resources assessment.
By using a water resource management balance, the multiple use of a given volume of water is accounted for so that it is possible to satisfy larger water demands than by using the natural water budget approach. This approach forces planners to look at a much wider scope of alternatives (reservoirs versus water recirculation and conservation for example) to meet the demands and also reinforces the role of water quality in water resources assessment.
Water pollution control measures and water quality development in the Ruhr catchment 1972-1992
Authors: Imhoff K. R. 
Published: May 2018

Since five million people have to rely on Ruhr water as a source for potable water supply, quality and quantity aspects of the river are very important for the region.
In the last 20 years, 2.1 × 109 DM have been spent for water quality control in the Ruhr basin. The most important types of plants and the progress in river water quality are described.
Studies on wild and vaccine strains of poliovirus isolated from water and sewage
Authors: Sellwood Jane , Litton Pamela A. , McDermott Jacqueline , Clewley Jonathon P. 
Published: May 2018

The WHO Poliovirus Eradication Programme has renewed interest in the identification of wild and vaccine strains of poliovirus circulating in the community. One method of monitoring these strains is to study poliovirus isolates detected in sewage. To facilitate the isolation of poliovirus from sewage and eliminate the possibility of detecting the other enteroviruses, sewage was inoculated onto a transfected Mouse L cell line. This cell line contains the gene for the poliovirus receptor which allows poliovirus infection to take place but not that of other enteroviruses. This cell line is, however, too sensitive to the toxic elements of concentrated sewage to be of practical use.
Polioviruses have also been isolated from river and seawater as part of three year surveys of sewage discharges into a river system and a coastal harbour. These isolates have been characterised using PCR amplification of a region of the VP1 gene followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. All isolates were vaccine-like although many poliovirus type 2 isolates had distinct PCR-RFLP profiles. The RFLP typing method is an efficient system for rapidly monitoring poliovirus isolates from the environment.
Competitive sorption of phosphate and marine humic substances on suspended particulate matter
Authors: Kaštelan-Macan M. , Petrovic M. 
Published: May 2018

The sorption behavior of dissolved orthophosphate in the presence of background organics has been evaluated by studying the sorption on suspended particles (sand, calcite, bentonite and iron oxide). Humic and fulvic acids, that are the most significant component of organic substances in aquatic systems, were used as competitive solutes. Marine humic substances were isolated from the surface part of the sediment collected in Raska bay, Adriatic sea. Since the phenomena of phosphate fixation are especially important in estuarine waters, when fresh and saline waters undergo mixing in the coastal zone, the influence of salinity was studied. It was found that the following effects could be considered:
- reduced phosphate fixation due to favorable sorption of humic substances onto suspended particles,
- enhanced sorption induced by increased salinity and concentration of Ca2+-ions which enabled the bridging between sorbed humic acids and phosphate.
On-line quantification of settling properties with in-sensor-experiments in an automated settlometer
Authors: Vanrolleghem P. , Van der Schueren D. , Krikilion G. , Grijspeerdt K. , Willems P. , Verstraete W. 
Published: May 2018

An on-line settlometer has been developed. Batch settling experiments lasting 40 min are performed in a model clarifier incorporated in the sensor (“In-Sensor-Experiment”). The descent of the sludge blanket interface is monitored and the settling characteristics are deduced. The hardware consists of a 10 litre Pyrex decanter, a stirring/wall-scraping mechanism, an external light source and a moving light-intensity scanner. Either stirred or non-stirred settling curves can be recorded.
Processing of the raw data readily produces the zone or hindered settling velocity (Vs) and the (stirred) sludge volume ([S]SV). The latter can be combined with a sludge concentration measurement to determine SVI-values, and dSVIs if a dilution step is included.
Initial results are reported on a more elaborate interpretation of the data based on sedimentation models. The Takács et al. and Cho et al. models described the settling curves equally well. However, an identifiability analysis showed that not all parameters can be given unique values on the basis of the simple batch settling experiments applied in the work. More elaborate “In-Sensor-Experiments” are required to obtain complete identification.
Two years of practical experience with the device on pilot- and full-scale treatment plants revealed its robustness, low maintenance requirements and reproducible monitoring of settling curves.
CETREL's environmental management system (BS-7750): an advanced and innovative project
Authors: Pereira F. A. , Kauss A. B. 
Published: May 2018

This paper analyses all of the activities carried out by CETREL to establish its Environmental Management System - EMS. This system encompasses all of CETREL's environmental protection efforts: treatment of industrial effluents and residues; environmental monitoring (soil, air, groundwater, rivers and the sea); wildlife preservation programme, environmental education programme, among other activities.
CETREL's EMS is a mid-sized system consisting of nearly 425 Instruments (244 Procedures and 181 Work Instructions). The size of the system was selected based on British Standard BS-7750, which provides the principal tools that will allow the organisation to continually maximise beneficial environmental effects while minimising adverse environmental effects.
Since the EMS in question is a voluntary one, the result of initiatives taken by CETREL itself, the system's design and architecture were chosen so that the Company's environmental standards would be more stringent than those in the environmental legislation, that is, stricter than the government-mandated environmental requirements.
Non-biodegradable wastewater compounds treated by ozone or ozone/UV - conversion monitoring by substance-specific analysis and biotoxicity testing
Authors: Schröder H. Fr. 
Published: May 2018

The behaviour of polar, biochemically non-degradable organic compounds in waste waters dominated by textile waste water is followed in the waste water treatment process by means of substance-specific mass-spectrometric detection. Selected polar compounds of anthropogenic and biogenic origin are identified by tandem mass spectrometry. Oxidation by ozone (O3) and O3/UV respectively is carried out to increase the biochemical degradability. Compared to biochemically pretreated waste water the biochemical degradability of O3-treated waste water was tripled, but the sample treated by O3/UV showed complete inhibition. Comparing the contents detected by MS it is impossible to find any reason for this inhibition.
Some of the compounds developing during the oxidation process are characterized by selective MS/MS methods.
Untreated waste waters and those treated by biochemical or chemical-physical procedures are examined with help of biotoxicity tests. Here waste water treated by O3 and O3/UV respectively showed higher toxicity than untreated or biochemically treated waste water.
Pathogen removal mechanisms in anoxic wastewater stabilization ponds
Authors: Almasi A. , Pescod M. B. 
Published: May 2018

Anoxic wastewater stabilization ponds can reduce land requirements by as much as two-thirds of that required for facultative ponds and can avoid the environmental nuisances of odour and corrosion, compared with anaerobic ponds. When effluent reuse is to be considered, the aim of wastewater treatment is not only to reduce degradable organic matter but also to remove pathogenic microorganisms. There are many pathogenic agents in domestic sewage and determination of all of them is not practically feasible, so faecal coliform organisms are normally estimated as indicators of health risk.
It has been found that the volumetric organic loading on ponds affects pathogen removal inversely and temperature has a positive effect. This was confirmed in the present studies on “anoxic” ponds and, in addition, other environmental factors (light, pH, DO and ORP) were found to have influenced pathogen removal in these ponds, which were loaded in the range between conventional loadings for anaerobic and facultative stabilization ponds. However, pathogen removal in anoxic ponds was not found to be significantly better or worse than in anaerobic or primary facultative ponds and, therefore, maturation ponds would be required following anoxic ponds to achieve an effluent quality suitable for unrestricted irrigation.
An innovative process for waste water treatment: the circulating floating bed reactor
Authors: Lazarova V. , Manem J. 
Published: May 2018

Increasing volumes of wastewater combined with limited space availability and progressively tightening European standards promote the development of new intensive biotechnologies for water treatment. Fixed biomass processes offer several advantages compared with conventional biological treatments: higher volumetric load, increased process stability and compactness of the reactors. The purpose of this paper is to present a new concept of gas-lift mobile bed, the circulating floating bed reactor (CFBR). The reactor design is simple and does not require any complex technical devices (easier effluent and air-flow distribution, no primary settling, no back-washing).
This new process is studied and developed in an industrial-scale prototype. The optimum hydrodynamic characteristics of the CFBR (liquid circulation velocity 0.3-0.4 m s−1, kLa 50-300 h−1, average mixing time 85 s) were not deteriorated by the high solid hold-ups (up to 40% v/v) of the floating media. On the contrary, three-phase operating improves the local gas hold-up in the downcomer. Improved hydrodynamics in the CFBR guarantee high nitrification rates and operation stability either in tertiary (up to 2 kgN m−3 d−1) or secondary (up to 0.6 kgN m−3 d−1) nitrification. The results show that nitrification is the limiting step in simultaneous C+N treatment. The negative effect of the increasing C/N ratio is more pronounced than stepwise decreasing of the temperature. The study of the biofilm composition and activity shows an effective control of the attached biomass growth by the high liquid circulation velocity.
It is concluded that this new three-phase bioreactor ensures not only an enhanced process stability and biological reaction rate through an effective biofilm control but also guarantees an excellent synergy between hydrodynamic and biological performances. These advantages are highlighted by the simplicity of the reactor design. Thus, this innovative technology will be an attractive solution for intensive wastewater treatment for nitrogen and carbon removal.
The relationship between settling velocity grading and the characteristics of the contributing catchment
Authors: Tyack J. Naomi , Hedges Peter D. , Smisson Robert P. M. 
Published: May 2018

A method for measuring the settling velocity gradings of both storm and dry weather flow (DWF) sewage was investigated. This method was then used experimentally to determine whether a relationship exists between the settling velocity grading of a sewage as it enters a treatment works and the characteristics of the contributing catchment.
The problems associated with the collection of data on the characteristics of the contributing catchments are discussed. These include the availability of up to date information within the water companies and the time consuming nature of collecting full sets of information for a particular wastewater treatment works.
An S-shaped curve was fitted to all the settling velocity gradings produced during the research. Relationships relating the curve constants to the catchment characteristics were derived using multiple regression techniques. The methodology was proved, but the model was not sensitive enough to be used successfully as a predictive tool without further analysis involving either more sites and/or a more careful selection of the test sites.
Settleable sewer solids at stormwater tanks with clarifier for combined sewage
Authors: Michelbach Steven , Weiß Gebhard J. 
Published: May 2018

A six-year study of CSO problems showed that in most cases the settleable sewer solids are responsible for poor water quality. This is the reason why the settling behaviour of settleable solids should be taken into account at stormwater treatment to a greater degree than it is done up to now. New efficiency measurements at stormwater tanks with clarifier overflows for combined sewage showed two important results:
1) The annual mean surface loading qA of a clarifier-type CSO tank is only about 25 % of the design surface loading of 10 m3/(m·h) recommended by the German guideline A 128.
2) The settling process in stormwater tanks is effective:
- The median settling velocity vs of sewer solids is reduced from about 0,21 cm/s to vs = 0,035 cm/s.
- The concentration of settleable solids is reduced about 80 %, that of total solids about 65% and COD concentration about 50 %.
With this efficiency, well designed stormwater tanks will be a good measure in many cases to reduce significantly CSO impacts on receiving water quality.
Earthquake resistance of sewerage pipe line facilities
Authors: Chiba Yasuto , Jo Takao , Ito Norio 
Published: May 2018

As may be gathered from the fact that Japan is known as an earthquake archipelago, the country has experienced earthquakes in numerous areas in the past and has suffered from great damage as a result of these.
Although the need for earthquake resistance measures in pipe line facilities has increased as a result of this earthquake damage, there is still a shortage of information regarding sewerage pipe materials that are earthquake resistant. In order to rectify this situation, Japan Institute of Wastewater Engineering Technology (JIWET) has brought together sewerage pipe materials that are considered to be both earthquake resistant and suited to open-cut method (which is the main element required in discussing the seismic resistance of sewerage pipe line systems) in a publication known as “Technical Data on Earthquake Resistant Sewerage Pipe Line Materials - Special Edition” (hereinafter referred to as the Technical Data).
Theory of filtration of highly compactable biosolids
Authors: Cleveland Theodore G. , Tiller Frank M. , Jae-Bok Lee 
Published: May 2018

Compactability of particulate structures is a key factor in the behavior of thickeners, filters, centrifuges, and presses. Aggregates in slurries are deposited at a cake or sediment surface under null stress. As more deposits cover the surface, developing stresses compact the particulate bed. Principal sources of stress originate from (1) sediment weight in thickening, (2) frictional drag in filters, (3) centrifugal forces in centrifuges, and (4) surface forces in belts or diaphragms. Only frictional forces in filters are considered in the present work.
Stress applied to cakes results in a decrease in porosity and an increase in resistance to flow (decrease in permeability). The rate at which the permeability decreases with pressure has a profound effect on cake behavior. For highly compactable beds of biosolids or fragile flocs, doubling of the pressure may result in more than a doubling of the local resistance. Consequently, at applied pressures frequently below one atmosphere, increasing pressure neither increases the flow rate nor decreases the average cake porosity.
For highly compactable biosolids, theoretical equations show that (1) filtrate volume vs. t is independent of pressure drop across the cake, Δpc, (2) the average specific resistance is proportional to Δpc, and (3) the average volume fraction of solids is independent of Δpc.
Nutrient emissions from agriculture in the Netherlands, causes and remedies
Authors: Boers Paul C. M. 
Published: May 2018

Agriculture causes 60% of the total nitrogen emissions and 40-50% of the total P emissions to the surface waters in the Netherlands. These high emissions are mainly caused by the large amounts of fertilizers used on Dutch farms. On average, 39 kg P ha−1 and 340 kg N ha−1 are given in excess to the uptake by the crop.
The Netherlands follows a strategy of gradual reduction of the nutrient applications to crops. The first two phases were aimedat stabilisation and a gradual reduction of the use of organic manure. The goal of the third phase is to accomplish equilibrium fertilization in the year 2000. This means that the amount of fertilizer given may not exceed the crop uptake, considering an acceptable loss to the environment. The losses are based upon acceptable emissions, mainly to surface waters. With the average excess rainfall in the Netherlands, the water quality standards are met with a loss of 0.4 kg P ha−1 and 6 kg N ha−1, much lower than the present excesses of minerals. The challenge for the future is to close the gap between environmentally acceptable and present losses. Equilibrium fertilization will not solve all problems at short notice. Therefore, additional techniques to reduce nutrient losses are in development. Examples are restoration of buffer strips and wetlands, lowering of groundwater levels, dosing of ferric and aluminum compounds in the soils and several additional measures in eutrophied lakes.
Dyeing wastewater treatment by activated sludge process with a polyurethane fluidized bed biofilm
Authors: Park Yung-Kyu , Lee Chul-Hee 
Published: May 2018

In case of the porous polyurethane fluidized bed biofilm-activated sludge process followed by a coagulation process(the FBAS-C process), 75% CODMn was removed by treating with the biological FBAS process in the loading range of 0.16∼0.32 kgCODMn/kgVSS·day. The biomass yield and microbial decay coefficients were 0.42 kg MLSS/kgBOD and 0.11 day−1, respectively. The optimum coagulation conditions for the effluent of the FBAS process were at pH 6 and 600mg/L alum dosage. Consequently, 92% of total CODMn removal efficiency was observed in the FBAS-C process. Meanwhile, in case of a coagulation process followed by the porous polyurethane fluidized bed biofilm-activated sludge process(C-FBAS process). the raw dyeing wastewater was treated at pH 6 in the presence of 1,000 mg/L alum and, continuously, the effluent coagulated wastewater was treated by the FBAS process in the loading range of 0.09∼0.19 kg CODMn/kgVSS·day. Removal efficiency of CODMn in the biological process, FBAS, was 82%. The biomass yield and microbial decay coefficient in the C-FBAS process were similar to those in the FBAS-C process.
The final effluent CODMn was about 65 mg/L in both tested processes, the FBAS-C and C-FBAS. However, the FBAS-C process illustrated better treatibility than C-FBAS in terms of the total sludge production, since the former produced about 20% less sludge than the latter.
Fate and toxic effects of nitrophenols on anaerobic treatment systems
Authors: Haghighi-Podeh Mohammad R. , Bhattacharya Sanjoy K. 
Published: May 2018

Modern industrial societies discharge vast quantities of chemicals into the environment. Removal of priority pollutants is a vital task of increasing importance. A literature search shows that more quantitative information about the effects and fates of these pollutants during anaerobic treatment is needed. The objective of this research was to study the fate and toxic effects of nitrophenols (2-nitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol) on methanogenic bacteria.
Both batch and continuous flow experiments were performed. Batch anaerobic toxicity assay (ATA) were performed in methanogenic enrichment cultures. The effects of 4-nitrophenol were also studied using chemostats at 15-day solids retention time. Stock acetate enrichment cultures were developed and used in this research.
An inhibition coefficient model was used to quantify the effects of 4-nitrophenol. The competitive inhibition coefficient model can adequately describe the fate of the systems exposed to 4-nitrophenol. The results of this research showed that about 81% of 4-nitrophenol can be removed by biodegradation. Among the nitrophenols studied, 4-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol were most toxic.
Anaerobic treatment of chemical and brewery waste water with a new type of anaerobic reactor; the biobed® EGSB reactor
Authors: Zoutberg George R. , Frankin Rob 
Published: May 2018

In this paper a new ultra high loaded type of anaerobic reactor, the Biobed® EGSB (Expanded Granular Sludge Bed) reactor, is presented. Also presented is the full scale implementation of this reactor in two different types of industry; namely chemical industry and brewery.
The chemical factory involved is Caldic Europoort in the Netherlands. In this factory formaldehyde is produced from methanol. The waste water is characterised by high concentrations of these compounds (formaldehyde till 5 g/l and methanol till 10 g/l). Due to the special configuration of the employed anaerobic reactor it is possible to acquire a removal efficiency for both compounds of more than 99%.
At the brewery involved the Biobed® reactor is installed before an existing aerobic treatment. Here, the reactor serves as “COD remover”, which results in a decreased COD load to the aerobic post-treatment causing lesser sludge production and lesser energy consumption.
It is concluded that the Biobed® EGSB reactor is a new ultra high loaded anaerobic treatment system in which it is possible to obtain high volumetric COD removal rates and in which it is possible to treat waste water containing toxic but degradable chemical compounds.
Use of the freshwater macroinvertebrate Chironomus riparius (diptera: chironomidae) in the assessment of sediment toxicity
Authors: Watts M. M. , Pascoe D. 
Published: May 2018

The growth and emergence responses of the midge Chironomus riparius Meigen were used to evaluate the toxicity of natural and formulated reference sediments which were either obtained from polluted sites or spiked with copper in the laboratory. A significant reduction in larval growth was only observed in one of the two polluted field sediments tested. The reasons for this are discussed. However, copper spiking resulted in significant growth reductions of larvae exposed to the two formulated reference sediments at copper concentrations of 3 and 4 mg Cu2+ 1−1. Growth of larvae exposed in natural reference sediment was not significantly affected at equivalent concentrations.
The emergence of adults was adversely affected in polluted field sediment compared to formulated reference sediment. Male, female and total adult median emergence times (EmT50) were significantly greater in the former treatment indicating a delay in emergence, attributable to sediment contamination. In addition, survivorship of the larvae in the polluted sediment was reduced, resulting in a lower percentage of adults emerging compared to the formulated reference sediment. The results of this study illustrate the usefulness of chronic response criteria, incorporating the more sensitive life-stages of C. riparius, in the assessment of sediment toxicity.