bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guidance for Preloading of Stainless Steel Bolting Assemblies using a Bolt Tightening Qualification Procedure
Authors: Stranghöner Natalie , Jungbluth Dominik , Abraham Christoph 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTIn modern steel constructions the use of stainless steel becomes more important, especially in corrosive environments where stainless steel is superior to carbon steel. So far, the use of stainless steel bolting assemblies for preloading in those constructions is not permitted according to EN 1090‐2 and EN 1993‐1‐4, unless all necessary parameters for a secure preloading are defined in a procedure test on a case by case basis. The treatment of preloaded stainless steel bolting assemblies as special fasteners is based on the lack of knowledge on the preloading and time‐dependent behaviour. Stainless steel tends to creep and relaxation. Furthermore, stainless steel bolting assemblies are susceptible to galling under high contact pressures which are achieved during the preloading process. It was always assumed, that these effects make a secure and efficient preloading of these types of bolting assemblies impossible. Besides that, it was in general questioned, if the resulting surface pressures of bolting assemblies according to EN ISO 4014 and EN ISO 4017 are acceptable for steel structures. Nevertheless, the construction industry highly demands the use of these types of bolting assemblies, especially when bolted connections have to be installed in corrosive environments, which was why the initiated European RFCS research project SIROCO also considered preloaded bolted connections made of stainless steels.The present paper summarizes the investigations into preloaded bolted connections made of stainless steel carried out in the frame of SIROCO. Furthermore, a guidance is given for the necessary procedure tests in form of a Bolt Tightening Qualification Procedure (BTQP) for the determination of reliable tightening parameters, considering the tightening method, a secure tightening process and the inspection criteria.
Simplified Bending Capacity Formulation Based on the Continuous Strength Method
Authors: Molkens Tom , Rossi Barbara 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTIn the frame of the current revision of the Eurocodes, there is a trend to simplify the existing design formulae while, at the same time, providing higher efficiency and reliability. To consider the effect of strain hardening present in the material behaviour of stainless steel, advanced design formulae are proposed in the 4th edition of the Design Manual for Structural Stainless Steel. The method called the continuous strength method (CSM), is a deformation‐based design approach that uses a bilinear hardening material model, leading to the introduction of several new parameters depending on which stainless steel family is considered and one additional design formula for the cross‐section verification. The CSM was proven to be accurate for austenitic, duplex and ferritic grades.The idea developed in the present paper is that there exists a reasonable and equally accurate approximation of the cross‐section capacity considering hardening through the combination of the elastic and plastic section modulus. The concept uses the current well‐known plastic section modulus and, to deal with the hardening effect, an additional contribution is added for which an equation is proposed. This equation only combines the elastic section modulus, the yield‐to‐ultimate strength ratio as well as their difference. Then, the cross section bending resistance is determined through well‐known cross‐section geometrical parameters.The presented approach is compared to the formulation of the CSM for I‐section and rectangular hollow sections beams, for austenitic, duplex and ferritic grades. It is shown to be only slightly more conservative for hollow sections. The formulation deals with tangible concepts, is easy to apply for daily engineering practice and guarantees a more rational use of the material benefit.
AMAGERVÆRKET BIO4: A steel building with a remarkable facade made of tree logs
Authors: Ramsussen Torben , Arndt Casper Højgaard , Nordestgaard Peter Madsen 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTCopenhagen has an ambition to become the first CO2 neutral capital in the world by 2025. The utility company HOFOR that provides district heating for 500.000 Copenhagen residents are therefore converting the heat and energy production at Amagerværket from coal to sustainable biomass.For the main building complex, this comes into play with the use of hanging tree logs and a garden at roof level. The façades of the main building complex consists of an inner layer of golden steel sandwich panels and an outer layer of tree trunks in full building height. The tree trunks are supported on the steel superstructure using an external secondary steel support system. On the northern façade, which is facing the city, the tree trunks are more prominent, as it consists of more layers of tree trunks and includes a stairway going up between the trunks to the viewing platform on top of the building. This part will be open for the public with features allowing the public to be educated about the BIO plant.The public access to the viewing platform gives special challenges for robustness and fire demands, but also for dynamic load and comfort for both the support system for tree logs, the stairway, and the cantilevered platform.For the facade with hanging tree logs there are supplementary challenges with, aesthetics, durability, structural use of wood logs and development of static supporting system, natural loading, as well as fabrication and erection, incl. mock up for testing the system.Modularity of the system is designed into this, so that there will be sets with large number of identical “boxes” that can be placed with variation throughout the facade giving a visual variation in the hanging tree logs but insuring the modularity for fabrication and erection.3,500 tons of steel makes all this happen.
The Gate to Gellerup, Aarhus, Denmark: Steel structures substitute part of concrete building
Authors: Nordestgaard Peter Madsen , Graa Kenneth , Borbjerggaard Kenneth H. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe Gate to Gellerup is one of the first pilot projects in the ambition Master Plan of Gellerupparken. The new innovative solution of constructions creates a new expression and opportunity to connect Aarhus to Gellerup. Not only does the new Gate improve the connection between areas, the new Gate also allows the inhabitants to pass though the building, as the road runs through the buildingThe stairway no. 44 in the block of flats – B4, fig. 1, has been elevated of the ground, to establish the new Infill project. The Infill project contains three stories of flats and a separate stair‐/elevator tower.In order to maintain the architectural expression of the block and of the flats, and due to the long span of the Infill structure as well as a restriction of maximum thichness of the floor slabs, the existing concrete structure has been replaced by a steel structure, as steel is the only feasible material to obtain slender architectural expression.The aim of the steel design was to find a synthesis of architecture, structural behaviour, productivity and buildability. Structural integrity is achieved by extensive analysis using 3D finite element software and the productivity and buildability was achieved by using simple connections and a continuous focus on easy assembly. The project has been designed by use of Tekla 3D‐model software.The steel structure has been designed in a way, which allows the contractor to assemble the whole steel structure on the ground and then hoist it in place as one assembly. This method was developed in order to achieve optimized period of installation on site.
Experimental and Software Analysis of Composite Action in Steel‐Concrete Composite Bridges with Continuous Shear Connectors
Authors: Kvočák Vincent , Kožlejová Viktória , Dubecký Daniel , Kanishchev Ruslan , Vaňová Patrícia 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTTwentieth century brought a lot of forward‐moving inventions. In the field of bridges and structural engineering we could witness the birth of the first steel‐concrete composite bridges and their rapid development. In 1985, the perforated steel strips were officially introduced to the eyes of researchers by a patent from Wolfhardt Andrä. Encased in concrete to make composite bridges they have several advantages – low construction height, lower usage of steel in comparison with embedded I‐beams, etc. In practise, they are mainly used as short railway bridges due to their practicality during the construction works. Nowadays, many research groups all around the world focus on improving the above mentioned invention by tuning the geometry of the strips as well as the concrete dowels to increase its composite action. Such research is also currently running at the Technical University of Košice, Faculty of Civil Engineering, which developed five perforated steel strip types. The specimens are tested at Laboratory of Excellent Research and are modelled in software for finite element analysis (ABAQUS) to simulate the performed tests.
Influence of the execution parameters on the welds of high‐strength steels
Authors: Stroetmann Richard , Kästner Thoralf 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTThe mechanical properties of welded joints are significantly influenced by the execution parameters. Within the scope of the ongoing AiF‐FOSTA research project P1020 dilatometer examinations and tests on welded joints using a new test specimen were carried out. Thermomechanically rolled and quenched fine‐grained structural steels were examined. Based on these examinations, regression models were developed to assess the mechanical properties of the heat‐affected zone as a function of the cooling time t8/5. In addition, the mechanical properties of welds with filler metals G35, G42 and G79 were examined and statistically evaluated. The results provide the basis for further development of the execution rules and a new design approach for welded joints on high‐strength steels.
Finite Element Analyses of Cold‐formed Stainless Steel Beam with Web Openings in Shear
Authors: Fareed Ishqy , Somadasa Wanniarachchi , Poologanathan Keerthan , Gunalan Shanmuganathan , Corradi Marco , Sivapalan Sivaram 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTIn the recent years, an increase in the use of stainless steel in the construction industry has been witnessed, more specifically in exposed architectural applications and where total life economics, durability, improved resistance to aggressive environment etc. are prime deciding criteria. However, limited research has been undertaken on the shear behaviour and strength of cold‐formed stainless steel beam with web openings. Hence a numerical study was undertaken to investigate the shear behaviour and strength of cold‐formed stainless steel with web openings. Finite element models of simply supported cold‐formed stainless steel Lipped Channel Beams with web openings were developed under a mid‐span load. They were then validated with currently available shear test results and further used in a detailed parametric study. In this research, both stocky and slender cross‐sections were considered. The ultimate shear capacities from finite element analyses confirmed that currently available design equations are inadequate to determine the shear capacities of stainless steel beams with web openings. Hence improved design equations were developed for the shear capacity of cold‐formed stainless steel beams with web openings. This paper presents the details of this numerical study of cold‐formed stainless steel beams with web openings, and the results..
Finite Element Analyses of Cold‐formed Stainless Steel Beams Subject to Shear
Authors: Dissanayake Madhushan , Poologanathan Keerthan , Gunalan Shanmuganathan , Tsavdaridis Konstantinos Daniel , Nagaratnam Brabha 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTStainless steel is a high‐performance construction material that combines the strength and stiffness associated with ferrous alloys with the corrosion resistance derived principally from the high chromium content. Its unique combination of properties usually comes at a cost, which puts increased emphasis on ensuring that the material is utilized to the upmost in structural applications. Consequently, in the recent years, an increase in the use of stainless steel in the construction industry has been witnessed, more specifically in exposed architectural applications and where total life economics, durability, improved resistance to aggressive environment, etc. are prime deciding criteria. However, the shear behaviour and capacity of cold‐formed stainless steel beams has not been investigated adequately in the past. Hence, detailed finite element analyses (FEA) were undertaken to investigate the shear behaviour and strength of stainless steel lipped channel beams (LCBs). The developed finite element models were first validated using the shear test results. They were then used in a detailed parametric study to investigate the effects of various influential parameters such as section thickness, depth and grade. Moreover, a parametric study was conducted to emphasize the beneficial effect of strain hardening of stainless steel on shear capacity of LCBs, in particularly for compact sections. FEA results showed that currently available design equations (EN1993‐1‐4) are inadequate to capture the available inelastic reserve capacity of compact stainless steel LCBs, thus suitable equations were proposed to enhance the predictions. This paper presents the details of finite element modelling and analyses of stainless steel LCBs and the development of these new shear design rules.
Increasing incidence of Epstein‐Barr virus–related nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the United States
Authors: Argirion Ilona , Zarins Katie R. , Ruterbusch Julie J. , Vatanasapt Patravoot , Sriplung Hutcha , Seymour Erlene K. , Rozek Laura S. 
Published: September 2019

BackgroundThe incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has been historically low in the United States. Although etiological factors differ by histological subtype, Epstein‐Barr virus is accepted as the primary risk factor for nonkeratinizing NPC. In light of the changing epidemiology of viral‐associated cancers, it is important to evaluate the temporal incidence of NPC in the United States.MethodsIncidence and survival data from 1973 through 2015 were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. Stratified analyses were conducted to assess temporal trends in NPC by histological subtype, sex, and race. The data were analyzed using SAS and Joinpoint Regression Software to determine age‐adjusted incidence rates, determine trends in the annual percent change, and calculate 5‐year relative survival estimates and Kaplan‐Meier curves.ResultsAlthough overall NPC incidence is decreasing in the United States, the nonkeratinizing differentiated subtype is starkly increasing, with an annual percent change of approximately 4% among white males (95% CI, 2.5%‐5.2%), white females (95% CI, 1.9%‐6.2%), and black males (95% CI, 2.0%, 5.7%); 2.7% among black females (95% CI, 0.8%, 4.6%); and 1.8% among women in the “other” race category (95% CI, 0.4%‐3.3%). Racial disparities were noted, with 32% of nonkeratinizing NPC cases among blacks occurring before the age of 40 years. In addition, black males displayed consistently worse survival across all histological subtypes, whereas individuals in the “other” race category, particularly females, experienced the highest 5‐year relative survival estimates.ConclusionsThe current results indicate that the Epstein‐Barr virus–related, differentiated NPC subtype is increasing across all sexes and races in the United States, with distinct incidence and survival disparities among blacks.
Real‐time action feature extraction via fast PCA‐Flow
Authors: Chen Huafeng , Li Hongyang , Xu Zengmin , Zhao Yunhong , He Tigang 
Published: September 2019

SummaryAction recognition is a research hotspot in the field of Internet of Things (IoT). Currently, local pixel‐domain spatiotemporal feature extraction methods have reached the state‐of‐the‐art action recognition performance on many challenging datasets. However, the poor computational complexity of these approaches prevents them from scaling up to real‐time applications. For solving this problem, we present a novel real‐time video feature extraction technique by exploiting the fast PCA‐Flow algorithm. Firstly, we down‐sample video images in form of grid. Based on the down‐sampling images, PCA‐Flow algorithm is used to calculate optical flow among adjacent images. The PCA‐Flow matrices are then expanded to the original video image size by using efficient gCLSR super‐resolution method to keep the inherent geometric structure of the optical flow. Finally, we compute action descriptors based on original pixel frames and the enlarged PCA‐Flow images. The proposed approach is validated on three challenging datasets: UCF50, Hollywood2, and HMDB51. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method is more efficient in computation and can achieve competitive quality than the state‐of‐the‐art methods.
Systematic review of congestion handling techniques for 802.11 wireless networks
Authors: Mishra Haribansh , Gupta Ratneshwer , Upadhyay Satyanshu Kumar 
Published: September 2019

SummaryIEEE 802.11 is a matured standard for wireless local area networks (WLANs). The cellular network providers had made every possible effort to offload their traffic over WLANs whenever it was possible, owing to the benefits that this technology provides. IEEE 802.11 is gaining greater prominence with the arrival of 802.11ax standard, which is backed by the Wi‐Fi alliance by branding as Wi‐Fi 6. The issue of congestion has been studied well for various networks. Particularly, in wireless networks, it needs to be tackled in a peculiar manner owing to the uncertain nature of the wireless medium. This study explores and evaluates the improvements done at various protocol layers to handle the problem of congestion in 802.11‐based wireless networks. An attempt is made to understand the implication of different parameters and the significance of cross‐layer interaction. Further, an endeavor is made to assess the influence on congestion control mechanisms in the different architectures of 802.11 networks. Lastly, the challenges that might be confronted at different protocol layers, while dealing with the issue of congestion, are classified.
Editorial to the virtual issue highlighting neuroscience based research in eating disorders to mark the 49th Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting
Authors: Frank Guido K. W. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjectiveThis virtual issue of the International Journal of Eating Disorders highlights recently published research that is based on neuroscience concepts, to mark the 49th Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting in Chicago, IL, in November 2019.Methods and ResultsThe collection of articles includes research published between 2018 and 2019 that fall within the broader field of clinical neuroscience. Those articles span a broad range of themes, including food intake regulation and reward circuitry, taste perception, decision‐making, cognitive and emotional bias, and targeting altered brain circuits using novel therapeutic methods.DiscussionThe eating disorders field as a whole is increasingly incorporating neuroscience‐based concepts when studying those disorders and developing disease models. We hope that this virtual issue will further stimulate discussion and research that is focused on brain circuits and neurobiology to study etiology and pathophysiology of eating disorders to develop more effective treatments.
Seagrass‐associated fungal communities show distance decay of similarity that has implications for seagrass management and restoration
Authors: Wainwright Benjamin J. , Zahn Geoffrey L. , Zushi Joshua , Lee Nicole Li Ying , Ooi Jillian Lean Sim , Lee Jen Nie , Huang Danwei 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMarine fungal biodiversity remains vastly understudied, and even less is known of their biogeography and the processes responsible for driving these distributions in marine environments. We investigated the fungal communities associated with the seagrass Enhalus acoroides collected from Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia to test the hypothesis that fungal communities are homogeneous throughout the study area. Seagrass samples were separated into different structures (leaves, roots, and rhizomes), and a sediment sample was collected next to each plant. Amplicon sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer 1 and subsequent analysis revealed significant differences in fungal communities collected from different locations and different structures. We show a significant pattern of distance decay, with samples collected close to each other having more similar fungal communities in comparison with those that are more distant, indicating dispersal limitations and/or differences in habitat type are contributing to the observed biogeographic patterns. These results add to our understanding of the seagrass ecosystem in an understudied region of the world that is also the global epicenter of seagrass diversity. This work has implications for seagrass management and conservation initiatives, and we recommend that fungal community composition be a consideration for any seagrass transplant or restoration programme.
Light environment drives the shallow‐to‐mesophotic coral community transition
Authors: Tamir Raz , Eyal Gal , Kramer Netanel , Laverick Jack H. , Loya Yossi 
Published: September 2019

AbstractLight quality is a crucial physical factor driving coral distribution along depth gradients. Currently, a 30 m depth limit, based on SCUBA regulations, separates shallow and deep mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs). This definition, however, fails to explicitly accommodate environmental variation. Here, we posit a novel definition for a regional or reef‐to‐reef outlook of MCEs based on the light vs. coral community–structure relationship. A combination of physical and ecological methods enabled us to clarify the ambiguity in relation to the mesophotic definition. To characterize coral community structure with respect to the light environment, we conducted wide‐scale spatial studies at five sites along shallow and MCEs of the Gulf of Eilat/Aqaba (0–100 m depth). Surveys were conducted by technical‐diving and drop‐cameras, in addition to one year of light spectral measurements. We quantify two distinct coral assemblages: shallow (<40 m) and MCEs (40–100 m), exhibiting markedly different relationships with light. The depth ranges and morphology of 47 coral genera were better explained by light than depth, mainly, due to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) (1% at 76 and 36 m, respectively). Branching coral species were found mainly at shallower depths, that is, down to 36 m. Among the abundant upper‐mesophotic specialist corals, Leptoseris glabra, Euphyllia paradivisa, and Alveopora spp. were found strictly between 40 and 80 m depth. The only lower‐mesophotic specialist, Leptoseris fragilis, was found deeper than 80 m. We suggest that shallow coral genera are light‐limited below a level of 1.25% surface PAR and that the optimal PAR for mesophotic communities is at 7.5%. This study contributes to moving MCE ecology from a descriptive phase into identifying key ecological and physiological processes structuring MCE coral communities. Moreover, it may serve as a model enabling the description of a coral zonation worldwide on the basis of light quality data.