bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Case for Recognizing the Rights of Animals as Workers
Authors: Shaw Rosemary 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
For more than two centuries, human workers in both the United Kingdom and Australia have been afforded some level of protection at work by occupational or work health and safety legislation. Concurrently, the legislative protection of animals has grown from a bare recognition of some as legitimate objects for protection from cruelty to a space where many species are deemed sentient beings. However, current animal welfare legislation in Australia and elsewhere exempt some classes of animals from protection and allow some questionable practices that result in animals suffering in a range of environments. One such environment is, arguably, the workplace. While work health and safety legislation aims to make workplaces and systems of work safe for people, animals who work are not captured by this legislation in Australia. In this article, I argue that work health and safety legislation should take a new, contemporary, and inclusive approach by relinquishing outdated anthropocentric perspectives and recognizing the role of animals as workers and their need for workplace regulation and protection. The proposed reform of the work health and safety legislation would incorporate animal work health and safety by, as a minimum, extending the current definition of “workers” to include animals who work.
Via Jagellonica: The Kraków-Lublin-Vilnius Route and the Challenges of its Gaining Recognition for the UNESCO World Heritage List
Authors: Kopaczek Janusz 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This essay is a testimony to the globally unique historical Kraków-Lublin-Vilnius route born in the “heart” of the Old Continent in the late fourteenth century. This royal route played an irreplaceable role in the integration of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania completed by the creation of the Commonwealth of Two Nations. Until the early seventeenth century, this road, connecting two capital cities, was also a European cultural route enabling a lively exchange between the Western (Latin) and Eastern (Byzantine) civilizations. First, the author briefly outlines the history of the Jagiellonian route and then presents the contemporary institutionalized initiative to revive the route as an international cultural tourist trail. As a leader of this project he describes the challenges to inscribe “Via Jagellonica” Route on the World Heritage List in the category of a heritage trail. Considering the disparities between its undoubted “outstanding universal value” and the burdens arising on account of the methodology adopted by this institution, he recommends following the so-called faster path of inscribing the Lublin Union Route on the World Heritage List.
Encountering War, Encountering Others: Enid Bagnold and Mary Borden
Authors: Buck Claire 
Published: September 2018

This essay examines the literary and cultural trope of the colonial encounter as it appears in the work of First World War women writers. It focuses on British modernist Enid Bagnold and American modernist Mary Borden, comparing their representation of women war workers’ encounters with soldiers and labourers from the colonial world. The essay argues that Bagnold’s memoir Diary Without Dates (1918) and her novel The Happy Foreigner (1920) with Borden’s poem ‘The Hill’ are quite unusual for the visibility they give such encounters. Rather than reveal moments of identification and empathy across marginalized categories of gendered and racial otherness, these encounters import strangeness, discomfort and alterity into the texts. The essay concludes that Bagnold and Borden put at the centre of the First World War literary canon the uneven experiences of modernity that characterized the war’s displacements and disruptions.
Incorporating a continuous suction system as a preventive measure against fistula-related complications in head and neck reconstructive surgery
Authors: Chang Hsien Pin , Hong Jong Won , Lee Won Jai , Kim Young Seok , Koh Yoon Woo , Kim Se-Heon , Lew Dae Hyun , Roh Tae Suk 
Published: September 2018

Background Although previous studies have focused on determining prognostic and causative variables associated with fistula-related complications after head and neck reconstructive surgery, only a few studies have addressed preventive measures. Noting that pooled saliva complicates wound healing and precipitates fistula-related complications, we devised a continuous suction system to remove saliva during early postoperative recovery.
Methods A continuous suction system was implemented in 20 patients after head and neck reconstructive surgery between January 2012 and October 2017. This group was compared to a control group of 16 patients at the same institution. The system was placed orally when the lesion was on the anterior side of the retromolar trigone area, and when glossectomy or resection of the mouth floor was performed. When the orohypopharynx and/or larynx were eradicated, the irrigation system was placed in the pharyngeal area.
Results The mean follow-up period was 9.2±2.4 months. The Hemovac system was applied for an average of 7.5 days. On average, 6.5 days were needed for the net drain output to fall below 10 mL. Complications were analyzed according to their causes and rates. A fistula occurred in two cases in the suction group. Compared to the control group, a significant difference was noted in the surgical site infection rate (P<0.031).
Conclusions Clinical observations showed reduced saliva pooling and a reduction in the infection rate. This resulted in improved wound healing through the application of a continuous suction system.
Breast reconstruction statistics in Korea from the Big Data Hub of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service
Authors: Kim Jae-Won , Lee Jun-Ho , Kim Tae-Gon , Kim Yong-Ha , Chung Kyu Jin 
Published: September 2018

Background Previously, surveys have been used to investigate breast reconstruction statistics. Since 2015, breast reconstruction surgery after mastectomy has been covered by the National Health Insurance Service in Korea, and data from breast reconstruction patients are now available from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA). We investigated statistics in breast reconstruction in Korea through statistics provided by the HIRA Big Data Hub.
Methods We investigated the number of cases in mastectomy and breast reconstruction methods from April 1, 2015 to December 31, 2016. Data were furnished by the HIRA Big Data Hub and accessed remotely online. Results were tabulated using SAS Enterprise version 6.1.
Results The 31,155 mastectomy cases included 7,088 breast reconstruction cases. Implant-based methods were used in 4,702 cases, and autologous methods in 2,386. The Implant-based reconstructions included 1,896 direct-to-implant and 2,806 tissue-expander (2-stage) breast reconstructions. The 2-stage tissue-expander reconstructions included 1,624 expander insertions (first stage) and 1,182 expander-to-permanent-implant exchanges (second stage). Of the autologous breast reconstructions, 705 involved latissimus dorsi muscle flaps, 498 involved pedicled transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flaps, and 1,183 involved free-tissue transfer TRAM flaps, including deep inferior epigastric perforator free-tissue transfer flaps. There were 1,707 nipple-areolar complex reconstructions, including 1,565 nipple reconstructions and 142 areola reconstructions. The 1-year mean number of breast reconstructions was 4,050.
Conclusions This was the first attempt to evaluate the total number of breast reconstruction procedures using accurate, comprehensive data, and our findings may prove valuable as a foundation for future statistical studies of breast reconstruction procedures in Korea.
Accessory auricle: Classification according to location, protrusion pattern and body shape
Authors: Hwang Jungil , Cho Jaeyoung , Burm Jin Sik 
Published: September 2018

Background Accessory auricles (AAs) are common congenital anomalies. We present a new classification according to location and shape, and propose a system for coding the classifications.
Methods This study was conducted by reviewing the records of 502 patients who underwent surgery for AA. AAs were classified into three anatomical types: intraauricular, preauricular, and buccal. Intraauricular AAs were divided into three subtypes: intracrural, intratragal, and intralobal. Preauricular AAs were divided into five subtypes: precrural, superior pretragal, middle pretragal, inferior pretragal, and prelobal. Buccal AAs were divided into two subtypes: anterior buccal and posterior buccal. AAs were also classified according to their protrusion pattern above the surrounding surface: pedunculated, sessile, areolar, remnant, and depressed.Pedunculated and sessile AAs were subclassified as spherical, ovoid, lobed, and nodular, according to their body shape. Cartilage root presence and family history of AA were reviewed. A coding system for these classifications was also proposed.
Results The total number of AAs in the 502 patients was 1,003. Among the locations, the superior pretragal subtype (27.6%) was the most common. Among the protrusion patterns and shapes, pedunculated ovoid AAs were the most common in the preauricular (27.8%) and buccal areas (28.0%), and sessile lobed AAs were the most common in the intraauricular area (48.7%). The proportion of AAs with a cartilage root was 78.4%, and 11% of patients had a family history. The most common type of preauricular AA was the superior pretragal pedunculated ovoid AA (13.2%) with a cartilage root.
Conclusions This new system will serve as a guideline for classifying and coding AAs.
РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ И ОПАСНОСТЬ ПРОЯВЛЕНИЯ ОПОЛЗНЕВЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ СТАВРОПОЛЬСКОГО КРАЯ, "Геоморфология"
Authors: Разумов В.В. , Лиховид А. А. , Харин К. В. 
Published: September 2018

Активизация оползневых процессов в равнинной западной части Ставропольского края и районе Кавказских Минеральных Вод (КМВ) происходит в основном под влиянием природно-климатических условий и инженерно-хозяйственной деятельности человека. Набор основных факторов активизации и степень их влияния на характер оползневой деятельности различаются по годам. За последние 10 лет наибольшая оползневая опасность отмечалась в 2005 и 2006 гг., наименьшая в 2013 г. За период 1992-2015 гг. максимальное количество (более 80%) чрезвычайных ситуаций и наиболее крупных происшествий, обусловленных оползневыми процессами, приходится на равнинные районы края. Больше всего чрезвычайных ситуаций оползневого характера за исследуемый период наблюдалось в Кочубеевском и Андроповском районах (по 23% от общего количества по краю), городах Ставрополе (19%) и Пятигорске (15%). Оползневые катастрофы чаще происходят в весенне-летний период (около 80%). На май месяц приходится порядка 30%.
СВЯЗЬ КАРСТА С НЕОГЕНОВЫМИ ДОЛИНАМИ СИСТЕМЫ ПАЛЕО-БЕЛОЙ В ЮЖНОМ ПРЕДУРАЛЬЕ, "Геоморфология"
Authors: Абдрахманов Р. Ф. , Попов В.Г. 
Published: September 2018

Главным фактором, вызвавшим формирование переуглубленной речной сети систем Палео-Волги, Палео-Днепра, Палео-Дона, Палео-Урала и др. палеорек явились тектонические движения земной коры на востоке Русской плиты и Южном Урале в миоцен-плиоценовую эпоху. Они коренным образом трансформировали облик рельефа Южного Пред- уралья и определили характер и масштабы многих экзогенных процессов. При этом резко усилилась денудационная деятельность подземных вод. В палеодолинах рек Белой, Уфы, Быстрого Таныпа, Демы и др. залегает толща (до 200 м) глинистых (в основании разреза - песчано-галечниковых) осадков позднего миоцена-плиоцена. Они, в зависимости от строения и гидрогеологических условий, могут способствовать как дренированию, так и экранированию окружающих водоносных комплексов палеозоя. В первом случае вдоль склонов палеодолин, сложенных известняками и гипсами каменноугольного и нижнепермского возраста, под влиянием возросших напорных градиентов и скоростей движения вод интенсифицируются карстовые процессы, а во втором - к тому же образуются восходящие концентрированные потоки вод, разгружающиеся в виде крупных карстовых источников. Помимо комплекса естественноисторических факторов, контролирующих развитие карстового процесса (литология пород, тектоника, гидрогеологические особенности и пр.), его масштабы и характер зависят от хозяйственной деятельности человека. Активизацию карста и суффозии часто вызывает рост городов и освоение территорий. Неогеновые и современные долины содействовали развитию карста в нижнепермских гипсах на территории Уфимской промышленно-урбанизированной агломерации, где зафиксировано 63 карстовых поля. В последние 25 лет техногенный фактор, вызывающий подтопление территории, в 70-80% случаев являлся причиной аварийных и катастрофических ситуаций, связанных с интенсификацией карста. Карстово-суффозионные процессы представляют угрозу эксплуатации Юмагузинской и Павловской ГЭС, созданных на закарстованных карбонатных породах в местах расположения палеодолин Белой и Уфы, несмотря на проведении сложных противофильтрационных мероприятий.
АКТИВИЗАЦИЯ ЭРОЗИОННЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ НА ВОДОСБОРАХ ПОД ВЛИЯНИЕМ АНТРОПОГЕННЫХ ФАКТОРОВ НА ЮЖНОМ УРАЛЕ И В ПРЕДУРАЛЬЕ, "Геоморфология"
Authors: Гареев А.М. , Чалов Р.С. 
Published: September 2018

Рассматриваются основные закономерности, отражающие особенности и условия эрозионных процессов как следствие хозяйственной деятельности на речных водосборах, ее роль в развитии рельефа и влияние на состояние природно-хозяйственных систем на Южном Урале и Предуралье. Одним из основных факторов, обуславливающих активизацию эрозионных процессов, является трансформация склонового стока, в т.ч. увеличение его поверхностной составляющей и разрушающей способности водных потоков в условиях деградации природных комплексов на водосборе. Показано, что интенсивное развитие и тенденции к их увеличению сохраняются в регионах (например, в Республиках Башкортостан и Татарстан) благодаря усилению пастбищной нагрузки из-за увеличения поголовья скота в частном секторе и исчезновения экономических стимулов защиты от эрозии пахотных земель, несмотря на общее снижение антропогенных нагрузок. Дается характеристика негативного влияния указанных процессов на хозяйственно-экономические и экологические условия в бассейнах малых рек.
Spectroscopy of metal hexaborides: Phonon dispersion models
Authors: Alarco Jose A. , Shahbazi Mahboobeh , Talbot Peter C. , Mackinnon Ian D.R. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractRaman spectroscopy of many metal hexaborides is well understood for vibrations of
symmetry that can be ascribed to the breathing and deforming modes of boron octahedral clusters at the corners of the cubic unit cell. However, the significance of the lower energy modes has been subject to debate wherein interpretation is dependent on “rattling” of the metal ion within the boron cage or on alternative mechanisms such as the presence of defects or of isotope clusters. Furthermore, converged calculations of phonon dispersions (PDs) using Density Functional Theory (DFT) for YB6 with
symmetry in the published literature are limited and equivocal. Converged PDs across all reciprocal lattice orientations are an important indicator of thermodynamic stability for a phase. We use this criterion to evaluate symmetry conditions for hexaboride structures and compare DFT models of PDs with Raman spectra for the hexaborides BaB6, LaB6, and YB6. We demonstrate that models with lower symmetry using a P4/mmm superlattice along one primary axial direction allow the lower energy modes to be assigned to a point symmetry. This approach, which models displacements of the metal position along the superlattice direction, results in a convergent PD for YB6, an outcome difficult to achieve with
symmetry.
Rapid isolation and characterization of crocins, picrocrocin, and crocetin from saffron using centrifugal partition chromatography and LC–MS
Authors: Karkoula Evangelia , Angelis Apostolis , Koulakiotis Nikolaos‐Stavros , Gikas Evangelos , Halabalaki Maria , Tsarbopoulos Anthony , Skaltsounis Alexios‐Leandros 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study demonstrates a simple method for one‐step isolation of the main secondary metabolites of a hydroalcoholic extract of Crocus sativus stigmas (saffron) using step‐gradient centrifugal partition chromatography. The analysis was performed in dual and elution−extrusion mode, using five biphasic systems of the solvents heptane/ethyl acetate/butanol/ethanol/water in ratios of 4:10:0:4:10, 1:13:0:4:10, 1:12:1:4:10, 1:10:3:4:10, and 1:7:6:4:10. Five major crocins, picrocrocin, and crocetin were directly isolated in one step. Scaling up to preparative level, allowed the recovery of significantly high quantities of pure compounds, especially trans‐crocin‐4, saffron's principal crocin. Comparing dual‐mode and elution‐extrusion, in dual‐mode, the trans‐crocin‐4 containing fractions were co‐eluted with a high amount of free β‐d‐glucose. In contrast, absence of free β‐d‐glucose was observed in the corresponding trans‐crocin‐4 fractions obtained by the second method denoting its superiority against dual‐mode. Initiating analysis with the 4th solvent‐system afforded selective isolation of trans‐crocin‐4, with reduction in experimental time and solvent consumption. Structure elucidation was performed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry, and high‐resolution tandem mass spectrometry. The proposed methodology comprises an integrated approach for the purification and characterization of biologically active saffron components in a fast, selective, and environmentally friendly manner.
Interspace between Popliteal Artery and posterior Capsule of the Knee (IPACK) Injectate Spread: A Cadaver Study
Authors: Niesen Adam D. , Harris David J. , Johnson Christopher S. , Stoike David E. , Smith Hugh M. , Jacob Adam K. , Amundson Adam W. , Pawlina Wojciech , Martin David P. 
Published: September 2018

ObjectivesLocal anesthetic injection into the interspace between the popliteal artery and the posterior capsule of the knee (IPACK) has the potential to provide motor‐sparing analgesia to the posterior knee after total knee arthroplasty. The primary objective of this cadaveric study was to evaluate injectate spread to relevant anatomic structures with IPACK injection.MethodsAfter receipt of Institutional Review Board Biospecimen Subcommittee approval, IPACK injection was performed on fresh‐frozen cadavers. The popliteal fossa in each specimen was dissected and examined for injectate spread.ResultsTen fresh‐frozen cadaver knees were included in the study. Injectate was observed to spread in the popliteal fossa at a mean ± SD of 6.1 ± 0.7 cm in the medial‐lateral dimension and 10.1 ± 3.2 cm in the proximal‐distal dimension. No injectate was noted to be in contact with the proximal segment of the sciatic nerve, but 3 specimens showed injectate spread to the tibial nerve. In 3 specimens, the injectate showed possible contact with the common peroneal nerve. The middle genicular artery was consistently surrounded by injectate.ConclusionsThis cadaver study of IPACK injection demonstrated spread throughout the popliteal fossa without proximal sciatic involvement. However, the potential for injectate to spread to the tibial or common peroneal nerve was demonstrated. Consistent surrounding of the middle genicular artery with injectate suggests a potential mechanism of analgesia for the IPACK block, due to the predictable relationship between articular sensory nerves and this artery. Further study is needed to determine the ideal site of IPACK injection.
Hamiltonian approach and quantization of D = 3,$$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$ supersymmetric non-Abelian multiwave system
Authors: Bandos Igor , Sabido M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe develop Hamiltonian formalism and quantize supersymmetric non-Abelian multiwave system (nAmW) in D=3 spacetime constructed as a simple counterpart of 11D multiple M-wave system. Its action can be obtained from massless superparticle one by putting on its worldline 1d dimensional reduction of the 3d SYM model in such a way that the new system still possesses local fermionic kappa-symmetry.The quantization results in a set of equation of supersymmetric field theory in an unusual space withsu(N)-valued matrix coordinates. Their superpartners, the fermionicsu(N)-valued matrices, cannot be split on coordinates and momenta in a covariant manner and hence are included as abstract operators acting on the state vector in the generic form of our D=3 Matrix model field equations. We discuss the Clifford superfield representation for the quantum state vector and in the simplest case ofN= 2 elaborate it in a bit more detail. As a check of consistency, we show that the bosonic Matrix model field equations obtained by quantization of the purely bosonic limit of our D=3 nAmW system have a nontrivial solution.
Trauma in the Elderly: Demographic Trends (1995–2014) in a Major New Zealand Trauma Centre
Authors: Burstow Matthew , Civil Ian , Hsee Li 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundPopulation studies have confirmed an increase in the proportion of elderly patients (≥65 years of age), and this could be expected to be reflected in trauma admissions and outcomes. This study aims to investigate the demographic trends for elderly patients admitted following trauma to Auckland City Hospital (ACH) and their outcomes.Materials and methodsThe ACH Trauma Database was searched from 1995 to 2014, and data including date of admission, injury cause, age, sex, mortality, Injury Severity Score (ISS), Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay and length of stay (LOS) were extracted.ResultsA total of 26,882 patients were identified, with 4428 patients ≥65 years of age admitted following trauma. In the mid‐1990s between 200 and 250 trauma patients ≥65 years were admitted to ACH annually. This has increased to >400 in 2014 and now represents >20% of all admissions. Females are over represented (61.7%) in those ≥65 years (vs. 29.4% in < 65 years, p < 0.001), and falls are the greatest cause of admission for trauma in those ≥65 years at 72% (vs. 36.9% in those < 65 years, p < 0.001). Elderly trauma patients are more than twice as likely to die (5.6% vs. 2.3%, p < 0.001) compared with trauma patients < 65 years despite an identical median ISS of 4 (p = 0.86). Furthermore, of those ≥65 years, 2.2% died of minor/moderate trauma (ISS ≤ 15) versus only 0.12% for those < 65 years confirming the complexities of ageing physiology in a trauma setting. Until 2003, mortality from trauma in elderly patients closely paralleled the rate of severe trauma admissions (ISS ≥ 16), but after 2003, despite a steady increase in severe trauma in this cohort, mortality rates have fallen.ConclusionsElderly patients bring with them a greater burden of co‐morbidities, and trauma admission of elderly patients has almost doubled over 20 years, including severe trauma (ISS ≥ 16), but despite this mortality has decreased. Integration of services into the new ACH in 2003 as well as improving trauma and medical care may be possible explanations. Further resources will be required to meet service demand, along with consideration of strategies to integrate multi‐disciplinary care and consolidate trauma management for this vulnerable patient group.