bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How robust are the temperature trends on the Antarctic Peninsula?
Authors: Gonzalez Sergi , Fortuny Didac 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe upward evolution of temperatures in the Antarctic Peninsula has weakened and even reversed in the last two decades. Due to the long-term variability in the region it is not easy to assess whether recent cooling trends are consistent with the internal variability or not. For this reason, this paper assesses the robustness of the trends by analysing their sensitivity with respect to the period selected. Every possible temperature trend in the interval 1958–2016 has been calculated and displayed in a two-dimensional parameter diagram. The results suggest that the warming observed in the Antarctic Peninsula since 1958 is quite robust, as all periods longer than 30 years exhibit statistically significant changes, especially in summer (with lower magnitude and higher significance) and autumn and winter (with larger magnitude and lower significance). Periods shorter than 30 years exhibit alternations of warming and cooling periods, and therefore do not represent robust trends even if they are statistically significant. Consequently, the recent 20-year cooling trend cannot be considered at the moment as evidence of a shift in the overall sign of the trend.
Neighborhood structural characteristics and Mexican-origin adolescents’ development
Authors: White Rebecca M. B. , Zeiders Katharine H. , Safa M. Dalal 
Published: October 2018

AbstractEthnic–racial and socioeconomic residential segregation are endemic in the United States, representing societal-level sociocultural processes that likely shape development. Considered alongside communities’ abilities to respond to external forces, like stratification, in ways that promote youth adaptive functioning and mitigate maladaptive functioning, it is likely that residence in segregated neighborhoods during adolescence has both costs and benefits. We examined the influences that early adolescents’ neighborhood structural characteristics, including Latino concentration and concentrated poverty, had on a range of developmentally salient downstream outcomes (i.e., internalizing, externalizing, prosocial behaviors, and ethnic–racial identity resolution) via implications for intermediate aspects of adolescents’ community participation and engagement (i.e., ethnic–racial identity exploration, ethnic–racial discrimination from peers, and school attachment). These mediational mechanisms were tested prospectively across three waves (Mage w1-w3 = 12.79, 15.83, 17.37 years, respectively) in a sample of 733 Mexican-origin adolescents (48.8% female). We found higher neighborhood Latino concentration during early adolescence predicted greater school attachment and ethnic–racial identity exploration and lower discrimination from peers in middle adolescence. These benefits, in turn, were associated with lower externalizing and internalizing and higher ethnic–racial identity resolution and prosocial behaviors in late adolescence. Findings are discussed relative to major guidelines for integrating culture into development and psychopathology.
Patterns of Political Secularism in Italy and Turkey: The Vatican and the Diyanet to the Test of Politics
Authors: Ozzano Luca , Maritato Chiara 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFor centuries, Rome and Istanbul have been representing and epitomizing two empires and two entities with both significant spiritual and temporal power: the Papacy and the Caliphate. During the 19th and the 20th centuries, these institutions underwent significant changes in a context of state secularization: in the case of the Papacy, there was a loss of temporal power and its “reduction” to a mainly moral authority; the Caliphate, on the other hand, was abolished after World War I, succeeded by the Presidency of Religious Affairs (Diyanet), a bureaucratic body under state control, founded in the era of Kemalist secularism. Despite these changes, today both institutions still play a significant role in the public life and public policies of the Italian and the Turkish republics. While the Vatican is able to influence the Italian public sphere and public discourse through both its influence on common people and its lobbying activities in relation to political decision-makers, in Turkey the Diyanet has become the main tool in the reshaping of Turkish society (both by the Kemalists and, later, by Erdoğan's AKP). This paper will analyze their influence on the two countries’ public policies in relation to religious pluralism and to family-related issues, to show how different ideas of secularism, institutional arrangements, and historical paths have led to a very different role of the two institutions in the Italian and Turkish political systems.
Magnetic Fluctuations and Turbulence in the Venusian Magnetosheath Downstream of Different Types of Bow Shock
Authors: Xiao S. D. , Zhang T. L. , Vörös Z. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe statistically examine the characteristic scaling features of fluctuations in the dayside Venusian magnetosheath downstream of different types, quasi‐parallel (Q∥) and quasi‐perpendicular (Q⊥), of bow shock based on Venus Express data. We found that magnetic fluctuations have different characteristic scaling features downstream of Q∥ and Q⊥ bow shocks. Although the Venusian dayside magnetosheath is much thinner than the Earth magnetosheath, fully developed turbulence can be still observed downstream of the Q∥ bow shock, while the turbulence is not dominant downstream of Q⊥ bow shock. The type of bow shock plays an important role in the characteristic scaling features of downstream magnetic fluctuations. That means that the Q∥ IMF might be a source of the turbulence in Venusian magnetosheath.
Multiple Satellite Analysis of the Earth's Thermosphere and Interplanetary Magnetic Field Variations Due to ICME/CIR Events During 2003–2015
Authors: Krauss S. , Temmer M. , Vennerstrom S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe present a refined statistical analysis based on interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) as well as corotating interaction regions (CIRs) for the time period 2003–2015 to estimate the impact of different solar wind types on the geomagnetic activity and the neutral density in the Earth's thermosphere. For the time‐based delimitation of the events, we rely on the catalog maintained by Richardson and Cane and the corotating interaction region lists provided by S. Vennerstrom and Jian et al. (2011, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207‐011‐9737‐2). These archives are based on in situ measurements from the Advanced Composition Explorer and/or the Wind spacecraft. On this basis, we thoroughly investigated 196 Earth‐directed ICME and 195 CIR events. To verify the impact on the Earths thermosphere we determined neutral mass densities by using accelerometer measurements collected by the low‐Earth‐orbiting satellites Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment and Challenging Minisatellite Payload. Subsequently, the atmospheric densities are related to characteristic ICME parameters. In this process a new calibration method has been examined. Since increased solar activity may lead to a decrease of the satellites orbital altitude we additionally assessed the orbital decay for each of the events and satellites. The influence of CIR events is in the same range of magnitude as the majority of the ICMEs (186 out of 196). Even though, the extended investigation period between 2011 and 2015 has a lack of extreme solar events the combined analysis reveals comparable correlation coefficients between the neutral densities and the various ICME and geomagnetic parameters (mostly >0.85). The evaluation of orbit decay rates at different altitudes revealed a high dependency on the satellite actual altitude.
Edge Plasma Enhancements of Equatorial Plasma Depletions Observed by All‐Sky Imager and the C/NOFS Satellite
Authors: Wu Kun , Xu Jiyao , Xiong Chao , Yuan Wei 
Published: October 2018

AbstractEquatorial plasma depletions (EPDs) appearing at nighttime low latitudes were widely studied before. The edge plasma enhancements of equatorial plasma depletions (EPEEPDs) were repeatedly observed by the all‐sky imager and the Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite. However, the two‐dimensional structures of EPEEPDs have not been well addressed. In this study, the airglow observations from one all‐sky imager showed that the EPEEPDs occurred only in the east and west edges of EPDs but not at the poleward edge as earlier reported from the in situ measurements of low Earth orbit satellites. Four‐year observations (2012–2015) from both our all‐sky imager and the C/NOFS satellite have been analyzed. Compared to the airglow images, the in situ observation from C/NOFS showed that the edge plasma enhancements appeared to be less prominent with respect to the background, but both showed that the plasma enhancement was a high‐incidence phenomenon, and the average incidence reached about 82% during days with EPDs observed. The occurrence of EPEEPDs showed similar characteristic as EPDs, such as the longitudinal dependences. The zonal extension of EPEEPDs showed different scale characteristics at different altitudes; its zonal extent varied with its altitudinal dependence. Four‐year observations from C/NOFS satellite showed that the occurrence of EPEEPDs peaked during 20:00–22:00 LT. The result from all‐sky imager showed that the relative intensity enhancement appeared contemporaneously, with maximal relative intensity exceeding 90%. We suggest that the generation mechanism of EPEEPDs is possibly related to the polarized electric field of EPDs. The plasma is more likely to be redistributed and exhibits as depletion and enhancement.
The Impact of Tides on Simulated Landfast Ice in a Pan‐Arctic Ice‐Ocean Model
Authors: Lemieux Jean‐François , Lei Ji , Dupont Frédéric , Roy François , Losch Martin , Lique Camille , Laliberté Frédéric 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe impact of tides on the simulated landfast ice cover is investigated. Pan‐Arctic simulations are conducted with an ice‐ocean (CICE‐NEMO) model with a modified rheology and a grounding scheme. The reference experiment (without tides) indicates there is an overestimation of the extent of landfast ice in regions of strong tides such as the Gulf of Boothia, Prince Regent Inlet, and Lancaster Sound. The addition of tides in the simulation clearly leads to a decrease of the extent of landfast ice in some tidally active regions. This numerical experiment with tides is more in line with observations of landfast ice in all the regions studied. Thermodynamics and changes in grounding cannot explain the lower landfast ice area when tidal forcing is included. We rather demonstrate that this decrease in the landfast ice extent is dynamically driven by the increase of the ocean‐ice stress due to the tides.
Impact of Biomass Burning and Vertical Mixing of Residual‐Layer Aged Plumes on Ozone in the Yangtze River Delta, China: A Tethered‐Balloon Measurement and Modeling Study of a Multiday Ozone Episode
Authors: Xu Zhengning , Huang Xin , Nie Wei , Shen Yicheng , Zheng Longfei , Xie Yuning , Wang Tianyi , Ding Ke , Liu Lixia , Zhou Derong , Qi Ximeng , Ding Aijun 
Published: October 2018

AbstractOzone (O3) is one of the most important trace gases in the troposphere because of its impact on human health, crop yield, climate change, and atmospheric oxidizing capacity. In recent years, China has suffered from deleterious O3 pollution in many regions, especially in eastern China during summer. However, understanding the causes of high O3 pollution episodes is still limited because existing measurements were mainly conducted at the surface level. In this study, we conducted an intensive tethered‐balloon measurement at the Station for Observing Regional Processes of the Earth System in the Yangtze River Delta during a multiday O3 episode in mid‐June 2014, with the highest hourly surface O3 record (142 ppbv) at the station in 2014. By integrating available ground‐based, remote sensing and aircraft measurement data together with chemical transport modeling and Lagrangian dispersion modeling, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of the main source and formation mechanism for two typical days during the multiday O3 episode. On 11 June, agricultural straw burning in the north significantly enhanced O3 concentration (40–50 ppbv) above the planetary boundary layer (PBL) over Nanjing and further influenced the downwind surface O3 in the following days. On 14 June, regional photochemically aged air masses from city clusters in the Yangtze River Delta substantially influenced early morning ground O3 concentrations by vertical mixing from the residual layer and contributed to PBL daytime O3 buildup. This study provides a clear picture of the transport and mixing of O3 and relevant pollutants in the PBL from different sources and highlights the significance of regional emission control in the mitigation of photochemical pollution in eastern China.
Geology of Hebes Chasma, Mars: 1. Structure, Stratigraphy, and Mineralogy of the Interior Layered Deposits
Authors: Schmidt Gene , Fueten Frank , Stesky Robert , Flahaut Jessica , Hauber Ernst 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHebes Chasma is an 8‐km deep, 126 by 314 km, isolated basin that is partially filled with massive deposits of water‐altered strata called interior layered deposits (ILDs). By analyzing the ILD's structure, stratigraphy, and mineralogy, a depositional history of Hebes Chasma is interpreted. Three distinct ILD units were found and are informally referred to as the Lower, Upper, and Late ILD. These units are distinguished by their layer thicknesses, layer attitudes, mineralogies, and erosional landforms. The Lower and Upper ILDs comprise the chasma's 7.5‐km tall, 120 by 43 km, central mound, and the Late ILD is located in the valley between the central mound and the chasma's northern wall. A horizontal unconformity separates the Lower and Upper ILDs, and layer attitudes revealed large‐scale shallow folding within the Lower ILD. All ILDs are characterized by both monohydrated and polyhydrated sulfates signatures. Erosional landforms such as hummocks, polygons, and debris flows suggest past glacial activity within the chasma. A scenario involving several ash fall events during various stages of chasma formation is proposed as the dominant setting throughout Hebes' geologic history.
Using Machine Learning to Predict Geomorphic Disturbance: The Effects of Sample Size, Sample Prevalence, and Sampling Strategy
Authors: Perry George L. W. , Dickson Mark E. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAdvances in data acquisition and statistical methodology have led to growing use of machine‐learning methods to predict geomorphic disturbance events. However, capturing the data required to parameterize these models is challenging because of expense or, more fundamentally, because the phenomenon of interest occurs infrequently. Thus, it is important to understand how the nature of the data used to train predictive models influences their performance. Using a database of cliff failure prediction and associated covariates from Auckland, New Zealand, we assess the performance of seven machine‐learning algorithms under different sampling strategies. Three sampling components are investigated: (i) the number of data points used in model training (sample size), (ii) the prevalence of occurrences (presences) in the data, and (iii) random versus spatial sampling strategy. Across the seven algorithms, small sample sizes can produce models that perform relatively well, especially if the prime concern is identifying key predictors rather than quantifying risk or predicting categorical outcome. Our analyses show that for the same effort (i.e., number of samples), sampling around multiple locations provides better predictions than sampling at just one or a few locations. Predictive performance may be further improved by considering issues such as the nature of what absences actually represent and paying careful attention to decisions about hyperparameter tuning, training‐testing data splits, and threshold optimization. It is well known that big data can inform complex data‐driven modeling, but here we show that careful sampling can facilitate informative event prediction even from small data.
From Remotely‐Sensed Data of Norwegian Boreal Forests to Fast and Flexible Models for Estimating Surface Albedo
Authors: Hu Xiangping , Cherubini Francesco , Vezhapparambu Sajith , Strømman Anders Hammer 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe importance to consider changes in surface albedo and go beyond simple carbon accounting when assessing climate change impacts of forestry and land use activities is increasingly recognized. However, representation of albedo changes in climate models is complex and highly parameterized, thereby limiting their applications in climate impact studies. The availability of simple yet reliable albedo models can enhance consideration of albedo changes in land use studies. We propose a set of simplified models for estimating surface albedo in a boreal forest. We process and harmonize datasets of remotely‐sensed albedo estimates, forest structure parameters, and meteorological records for different forest locations in Norway. By combining linear unmixing with nonlinear programming, we simultaneously produce albedo estimates at the same resolution of the land cover dataset (16 m, notably higher than satellite retrievals) and a variety of flexible models for albedo predictions. We test different combinations of functional forms, variables, and constraints, including variants specific for snow‐free conditions. We find that models capture the seasonal pattern of surface albedo and the interactive effect of forest structures and meteorological parameters, and many of them show good statistical scores. The cross‐validation exercise shows that the models derived from one area perform reasonably well when applied to other forested areas in Norway, regardless of the temporal and spatial scales. By incorporating changes in forest structure and climate conditions as explicit variables, these models are simple to be used in different applications aiming at estimating albedo changes from forest management and climate change.
Tunable optical spin Hall effect in a liquid crystal microcavity
Authors: Lekenta Katarzyna , Król Mateusz , Mirek Rafał , Łempicka Karolina , Stephan Daniel , Mazur Rafał , Morawiak Przemysław , Kula Przemysław , Piecek Wiktor , Lagoudakis Pavlos G. , Piętka Barbara , Szczytko Jacek 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe spin Hall effect, a key enabler in the field of spintronics, underlies the capability to control spin currents over macroscopic distances. The effect was initially predicted by D'Yakonov and Perel1 and has been recently brought to the foreground by its realization in paramagnetic metals by Hirsch2 and in semiconductors3 by Sih et al. Whereas the rapid dephasing of electrons poses severe limitations to the manipulation of macroscopic spin currents, the concept of replacing fermionic charges with neutral bosons such as photons in stratified media has brought some tangible advances in terms of comparatively lossless propagation and ease of detection4–7. These advances have led to several manifestations of the spin Hall effect with light, ranging from semiconductor microcavities8,9 to metasurfaces10. To date the observations have been limited to built-in effective magnetic fields that underpin the formation of spatial spin currents. Here we demonstrate external control of spin currents by modulating the splitting between transverse electric and magnetic fields in liquid crystals integrated in microcavities.
Sulfurimonas subgroup GD17 cells accumulate polyphosphate under fluctuating redox conditions in the Baltic Sea: possible implications for their ecology
Authors: Möller Lars , Laas Peeter , Rogge Andreas , Goetz Florian , Bahlo Rainer , Leipe Thomas , Labrenz Matthias 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The central Baltic Sea is characterized by a pelagic redox zone exhibiting high dark CO2 fixation rates below the chemocline. These rates are mainly driven by chemolithoautotrophic and denitrifying Sulfurimonas GD17 subgroup cells which are motile and fast-reacting r-strategists. Baltic Sea redox zones are unstable and a measurable overlap of nitrate and reduced sulfur, essential for chemosynthesis, is often only available on small scales and short times due to local mixing events. This raises the question of how GD17 cells gain access to electron donors or acceptors over longer term periods and under substrate deficiency. One possible answer is that GD17 cells store high-energy-containing polyphosphate during favorable nutrient conditions to survive periods of nutrient starvation. We used scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to investigate potential substrate enrichments in single GD17 cells collected from Baltic Sea redox zones. More specific substrate enrichment features were identified in experiments using Sulfurimonas gotlandica GD1T, a GD17 representative. Sulfurimonas cells accumulated polyphosphate both in situ and in vitro. Combined genome and culture-dependent analyses suggest that polyphosphate serves as an energy reservoir to maintain cellular integrity at unfavorable substrate conditions. This redox-independent energy supply would be a precondition for sustaining the r-strategy lifestyle of GD17 and may represent a newly identified survival strategy for chemolithoautotrophic prokaryotes occupying eutrophic redox zones.
Antiepileptic drug carbamazepine promotes horizontal transfer of plasmid-borne multi-antibiotic resistance genes within and across bacterial genera
Authors: Wang Yue , Lu Ji , Mao Likai , Li Jie , Yuan Zhiguo , Bond Philip L , Guo Jianhua 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAntibiotic resistance is a severe global threat for public health, causing around 700,000 deaths per year. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is one of the most significant pathways to disseminate antibiotic resistance. It is commonly acknowledged that sub-minimum inhibition concentrations of antibiotics are major contributors in promoting antibiotic resistance through HGT. Pharmaceuticals are occurring in our environments at increased levels, yet little is known whether non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals cause or accelerate the dissemination of antibiotic resistance. Here, we report for the first time that the antiepileptic drug, carbamazepine, promotes conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. It was seen that environmentally relevant concentrations of carbamazepine (e.g., 0.05 mg/L) significantly enhanced the conjugative transfer of multiresistance genes carried by plasmid within and across bacterial genera. The underlying mechanisms of the enhanced HGT were revealed by detecting oxidative stress and cell membrane permeability, in combination with MinION DNA sequencing, genome-wide RNA sequencing, and proteomic analysis. Carbamazepine induced a series of acute responses, including increased levels of reactive oxygen species, the SOS response; increased cell membrane permeability, and pilus generation. Expressional levels of genes related to these processes were significantly upregulated during carbamazepine exposure. Given that HGT occurs widely among different species in various environments, these findings are an early warning for a wide assessment of the roles of non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals in the spread of antibiotic resistance.