bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elevated CD3lowdouble negative T lymphocyte is associated with pneumonia and its severity in pediatric patients
Authors: Wang Ying , Lu Wenting , Li Aipeng , Sun Zhengyi , Wang Liying 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that the adaptive immunity function of T cells in disease states correlates with CD3 surface expression closely. During routine assessment of TBNK subsets in peripheral blood of pediatric patients by flow cytometry, we noticed that variable expression levels of CD3 on CD3+CD4−CD8−double-negative T (DNT) lymphocytes in different patients. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship of CD3 expression levels on DNT cells with disease severity.MethodsIn this prospective study, we investigated the frequencies of circulating CD4−CD8−DNT cell subsets with CD3lowor CD3highphenotype by flow cytometry in 76 pediatric patients with pneumonia, 55 patients with severe pneumonia (SP), and 29 healthy controls (Con).ResultsThe numbers of circulating DNT cells were similar in all groups; however, the frequency of CD3lowDNT cell subsets was significantly increased in patients with pneumonia (p < 0.001) and SP (p < 0.001). The elevated CD3lowDNT cell frequency showed a positive correlation with the clinical severity of pneumonia. On sub-group analysis, the frequency of CD3lowDNT cells was only elevated in children with pneumonia aged <5 years, while no association was observed with the causative pathogen of pneumonia.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that CD3 expression levels on DNT cell subsets of peripheral lymphocytes may be a valuable biomarker for evaluation of immune response in pediatric infectious disease. CD3lowDNT cells were elevated in children with pneumonia aged <5 years, which indicates that it may be an important research target in pediatric infectious diseases.
Fine Control of Perovskite Crystallization and Reducing Luminescence Quenching Using Self‐Doped Polyaniline Hole Injection Layer for Efficient Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Ahn Soyeong , Park Min‐Ho , Jeong Su‐Hun , Kim Young‐Hoon , Park Jinwoo , Kim Sungjin , Kim Hobeom , Cho Himchan , Wolf Christoph , Pei Mingyuan , Yang Hoichang , Lee Tae‐Woo 
Published: December 2018

AbstractOrganic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (OHPs) are promising emitters for light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) due to the high color purity, low cost, and simple synthesis. However, the electroluminescent efficiency of polycrystalline OHP LEDs (PeLEDs) is often limited by poor surface morphology, small exciton binding energy, and long exciton diffusion length of large‐grain OHP films caused by uncontrolled crystallization. Here, crystallization of methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) is finely controlled by using a polar solvent‐soluble self‐doped conducting polymer, poly(styrenesulfonate)‐grafted polyaniline (PSS‐g‐PANI), as a hole injection layer (HIL) to induce granular structure, which makes charge carriers spatially confined more effectively than columnar structure induced by the conventional poly(3,4‐ethylenedioythiphene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). Moreover, lower acidity of PSS‐g‐PANI than PEDOT:PSS reduces indium tin oxide (ITO) etching, which releases metallic In species that cause exciton quenching. Finally, doubled device efficiency of 14.3 cd A‐1 is achieved for PSS‐g‐PANI‐based polycrystalline MAPbBr3 PeLEDs compared to that for PEDOT:PSS‐based PeLEDs (7.07 cd A‐1). Furthermore, PSS‐g‐PANI demonstrates high efficiency of 37.6 cd A‐1 in formamidinium lead bromide nanoparticle LEDs. The results provide an avenue to both control the crystallization kinetics and reduce the migration of In released from ITO by forming OIP films favorable for more radiative luminescence using the polar solvent‐soluble and low‐acidity polymeric HIL.
Multifunctional Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Aerogel for Self‐Cleaning, Heat‐Insulating, and Highly Efficient Microwave Absorbing Material
Authors: Li Ya , Liu Xiaofang , Nie Xiaoyu , Yang Wenwen , Wang Yidong , Yu Ronghai , Shui Jianglan 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMultifunctionalization is the future development direction for microwave absorbing materials, but has not yet been explored. The effective integration of multiple functions into one material remains a huge challenge. Herein, an aerogel‐type microwave absorber assembled with multidimensional organic and inorganic components is synthesized. Polyacrylonitrile fibers and polybenzoxazine membranes work as the skeleton and crosslinker, respectively, forming a 3D framework, in which carbon nanotubes are interconnected into an electrically conductive network, and Fe3O4 nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed throughout the aerogel. Remarkably, the microwave absorption performances of the aerogel achieve ultralight, ultrathin (1.5 mm), and strong absorption (reflection loss of −59.85 dB) features. In particular, its specific reflection loss values considerably outperform the current magnetic–dielectric hybrids with similar components. Moreover, the aerogel possesses strong hydrophobicity and good thermal insulation, endowing it attractive functions of self‐cleaning, infrared stealth, and heat insulation that is even comparable to commercial products. The excellent multifunction benefits from the cellular structure of aerogel, the assembly of multidimensional nanomaterials, and the synergistic effect of organic–inorganic components. This study paves the way for designing next‐generation microwave absorbing materials with great potential for multifunctional applications.
Silver‐Nanowire‐Based Interferometric Optical Tweezers for Enhanced Optical Trapping and Binding of Nanoparticles
Authors: Nan Fan , Yan Zijie 
Published: December 2018

AbstractLight‐induced self‐assembly offers a new route to build mesoscale optical matter arrays from nanoparticles (NPs), yet the low stability of optical matter systems limits the assembly of large‐scale NP arrays. Here it is shown that the interferometric optical fields created by illuminating a single Ag nanowire deposited on a coverslip can enhance the electrodynamic interactions among NPs. The Ag nanowire serves as a plasmonic antenna to shape the incident laser beam and guide the optical assembly of colloidal metal (Ag and Au) and dielectric (polystyrene) NPs in solution. By controlling the laser polarization direction, both the mesoscale interactions among multiple NPs and the near‐field coupling between the NPs and nanowire can be tuned, leading to large‐scale and stable optical matter arrays consisting of up to 60 NPs. These results demonstrate that single Ag nanowires can serve as multifunctional antennas to guide the optical trapping and binding of multiple NPs and provide a new strategy to control electrodynamic interactions using hybrid nanostructures.
Adjusting the Structure and Electronic Properties of Carbons for Metal‐Free Carbocatalysis of Organic Transformations
Authors: Antonietti Markus , Lopez‐Salas Nieves , Primo Ana 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCarbon nanomaterials doped with some other lightweight elements were recently described as powerful, heterogeneous, metal‐free organocatalysts, adding to their high performance in electrocatalysis. Here, recent observations in traditional catalysis are reviewed, and the underlying reaction mechanisms of the catalyzed organic transformations are explored. In some cases, these are due to specific active functional sites, but more generally the catalytic activity relates to collective properties of the conjugated nanocarbon frameworks and the electron transfer from and to the catalytic centers and substrates. It is shown that the learnings are tightly related to those of electrocatalysis; i.e., the search for better electrocatalysts also improves chemocatalysis, and vice versa. Carbon–carbon heterojunction effects and some perspectives on future possibilities are discussed at the end.
Using multiple coding schemes for classification and coding of agricultural injury
Authors: Murphy Dennis , Gorucu Serap , Weichelt Bryan , Scott Erika , Purschwitz Mark 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundAgricultural safety and health researchers have used a variety of classification and coding schemes to identify and categorize injury, illness, and disease associated with agricultural hazards. This paper demonstrates how the Farm and Agricultural Injury Classification (FAIC) and Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System (OIICS) coding schemes can be used in tandem for all agricultural injuries.MethodsSpecific cases from the AgInjuryNews.org database were selected to illustrate how the FAIC and OIICS codes can be applied to agricultural injury, and to illustrate limitations that still exist with each coding scheme.ResultsUsing the FAIC and OIICS together provided a clearer picture of an injury incident by combining more explicit occupational and non‐occupational exposures with incident type details in a single table.ConclusionsBoth FAIC and OIICS coding schemes depend on sufficient information being available from injury reports. This paper concluded with suggestions for improving coding of agricultural injury.
Finding causation in occupational fatalities: A latent class analysis
Authors: Farina Elena , Bianco Selene , Bena Antonella , Pasqualini Osvaldo 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundThe method “Learning by mistakes” was developed in Italy to conduct occupational injury investigations and to collect information on the genesis of injuries. The aim is to analyze data classified with this method in order to identify patterns among the factors contributing to injury dynamics.MethodsData regarding 673 factors, corresponding to 354 occupational fatalities that occurred in the Piedmont region (north‐west of Italy) during 2005‐2014 were considered. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was applied to find patterns among these factors.ResultsThe eight‐class model was selected. Most of the factors fell in the class “Fall from height or vehicle rollover due to incorrect practice” (40.56%) while the remaining factors where heterogeneously distributed in the other classes.ConclusionsAll the classes found allow for a logical interpretation. Systematic use of LCA could aid in uncovering new, unexpected patterns of factors not otherwise detectable by analysis of the single fatal accident.
One‐Pot Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of 2‐Pyrazolines
Authors: Thomson Connor J. , Barber David M. , Dixon Darren J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA scalable, one‐pot, enantioselective catalytic synthesis of 2‐pyrazolines from beta‐substituted enones and hydrazines is described. Pivoting on a two‐stage catalytic Michael addition/condensation strategy, the use of an aldehyde to generate a suitable hydrazone derivative of the hydrazine was found to be key for curtailing background reactivity and tuning the catalyst‐controlled enantioselectivity. The new synthetic method is easy to perform, uses a new and readily prepared cinchona‐derived bifunctional catalyst, is broad in scope, and tolerates a range of functionalities with high enantioselectivity (up to >99:1 e.r.). The significant scalability of this methodology was demonstrated with the synthesis of more than 80 grams of a pyrazoline product with 89 % catalyst recovery.
Kinetische Studie zu Donor‐Akzeptor‐Cyclopropanen: Strukturelle und elektronische Einflüsse auf die Reaktivität
Authors: Lücht Alexander , Kreft Alexander , Grunenberg Jörg , Jones Peter G. , Werz Daniel B. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDie Kinetik einer (3+2)‐Cycloadditionsreaktion von 18 unterschiedlichen Donor‐Akzeptor‐Cyclopropanen mit einem Aldehyd wurde mittels NMR‐Spektroskopie untersucht. Eine höhere Elektronendichte des Donorsubstituenten führt zu einer 50‐fachen Beschleunigung der Reaktion im Vergleich zum nativen System (Donorsubstituent=Phenyl), wohingegen ein elektronenziehender Substituent die Reaktion um den Faktor 660 verlangsamt. Dieses Verhalten korreliert mit dem Hammett‐Parameter σ. Die erhaltenen Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der (3+2)‐Cycloaddition korrelieren ebenfalls gut mit den Daten aus weiteren Untersuchungen von (3+n)‐Cycloadditionen mit einem Nitron (n=3) und einem Isobenzofuran (n=4). Ein Vergleich der kinetischen Daten mit den Bindungslängen in den Cyclopropanen (erhalten durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse und quantenchemische Berechnungen) und den 1H‐ und 13C‐NMR‐Verschiebungen zeigt keinen einheitlichen Trend. Im Gegensatz dazu sind die berechneten relaxierten Kraftkonstanten von D‐A‐Cyclopropanen ein Anhaltspunkt für die Reaktivität derselbigen.
Kinetic Studies of Donor–Acceptor Cyclopropanes: The Influence of Structural and Electronic Properties on the Reactivity
Authors: Kreft Alexander , Lücht Alexander , Grunenberg Jörg , Jones Peter G. , Werz Daniel B. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe kinetics of (3+2) cycloaddition reactions of 18 different donor–acceptor cyclopropanes with the same aldehyde were studied by in situ NMR spectroscopy. Increasing the electron density of the donor residue accelerates the reaction by a factor of up to 50 compared to the standard system (donor group=phenyl), whereas electron‐withdrawing substituents slow down the reaction by a factor up to 660. This behavior is in agreement with the Hammett substituent parameter σ. The obtained rate constants from the (3+2) cycloadditions correlate well with data from additionally studied (3+n) cycloadditions with a nitrone (n=3) and an isobenzofuran (n=4). A comparison of the kinetic data with the bond lengths in the cyclopropane (obtained by X‐ray diffraction and computation), or the 1H and 13C NMR shifts, revealed no correlation. However, the computed relaxed force constants of donor–acceptor cyclopropanes proved to be a good indicator for the reactivity of the three‐membered ring.
Donor Rhodium Carbenes by Retro‐Buchner Reaction
Authors: Mato Mauro , Echavarren Antonio M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractRhodium carbenes are key intermediates in a range of cycloadditions and insertion reactions. Herein, we report the first generation of donor RhII carbenes by decarbenation of 7‐substituted 1,3,5‐cycloheptatrienes. This discovery unlocks an improved retro‐Buchner‐cyclopropanation sequence, a Si−H insertion reaction for a broad‐scope synthesis of allylsilanes, and a new method for the vinylogation of aldehydes. The last strategy led to the development of an iterative synthesis of E‐polyenes, and to the total synthesis of navenones B and C.
Synergized poly(lactic acid)–hydroxyapatite composites: Biocompatibility study
Authors: Akindoyo John O. , Beg Mohammad D. H. , Ghazali Suriati , Alam A. K. M. M. , Heim Hans P. , Feldmann Maik 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT
In vitro biocompatibility of impact modified composites produced from poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and hydroxyapatite (HA) is reported in this study. Surface modification was previously used to facilitate the dispersion of HA in PLA, whereas impact property of the PLA‐HA composites was deliberately enhanced as it was necessary. Herein, osteoblast cell culture assay was used to assess the possible effects of HA surface modification and impact modification on the cell behavior in physiological media. Furthermore, antimicrobial properties of the HA were assessed. Evidence of HA modification was confirmed through elemental and spectroscopic analysis. Incorporation of HA offered better cell attachment and proliferation to the PLA matrix, with significant increase in the cell viability (%). Also, modification of HA did not present obvious cytotoxicity to the PLA‐HA composite. Conversely, incorporation of impact modifier slowed down the rate of cell proliferation on the composite surface but facilitates increased wettability. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47400.
Effect of polyhydric alcohols on the mechanical and thermal properties, porosities, and air permeabilities of polyurethane‐blended films
Authors: Lee Jeong Hoon , Min Mun Hong , Lee Seung Geol 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTPolyurethane (PU) and polyhydric alcohols composites were successfully prepared to be used as coating materials for fabrics. The effects of various polyhydric alcohols on the PU composites properties have been investigated. The tensile strengths, glass‐transition temperatures, thermal‐mechanical properties, and swelling capacities of the PU/polyhydric‐alcohol‐blended films are described in detail, along with their surface and cross‐sectional morphologies. The tensile strengths and glass‐transition temperatures of the PU/polyhydric‐alcohol‐blended films were found to decrease remarkably with increasing polyhydric‐alcohol concentration. The swelling capacities and porosities of the PU/poly(propylene glycol) (PPG)‐blended and PU/glycerol‐blended films were observed to increase with increasing PPG or glycerol concentration. However, the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) concentration in the PU/PEG‐blended film did not significantly affect its properties. The air and water‐vapor permeability of nonwoven nylon fabrics coated with PU/PPG and PU/glycerol increased with increasing PPG or glycerol contents, while those coated with PU/PEG were unaffected by PEG content. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47429.
AIE Fluorescent Gelators with Thermo‐, Mechano‐, and Vapochromic Properties
Authors: Chen Hui , Zhou Lu , Shi Xiang , Hu Jun , Guo Jia , Albouy Pierre‐Antoine , Li Min‐Hui 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA series of aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) fluorescent gelators (TPE‐Cn‐Chol) were synthesized by attaching tetraphenylethylene (TPE) to cholesterol through an alkyl chain. The properties of the gel, nano‐/microaggregate, and condensed phases were studied carefully. TPE‐Cn‐Chol molecules form AIE fluorescent gels in acetone and in DMF. Their fluorescence can be reversibly switched between the “on” and “off” states by a gel–sol phase transition upon thermal treatment. The AIE properties of aggregated nano‐/microstructures in acetone/water mixtures with different water fractions were studied by using fluorescence spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In different acetone/water mixtures, the TPE‐Cn‐Chol molecules formed different nano‐/microaggregates, such as rodlike crystallites and spherical nanoparticles that showed different fluorescence colors. Finally, the condensed phase behavior of TPE‐Cn‐Chol was studied by using polarizing microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fluorescence spectrometry, fluorescence optical microscopy, and wide‐angle X ray scattering (WAXS). The clover‐shaped TPE unit introduced into the rodlike cholesterol mesogen inhibits not only the formation of a liquid‐crystal phase but also recrystallization upon cooling from the isotropic liquid phase. Very interestingly, TPE‐Cn‐Chol molecules in the condensed state change their fluorescence color under external stimuli, such as melting, grinding, and solvent fuming. The phase transition is the origin of these thermo‐, mechano‐, and vapochromic properties. These findings offer a simple and interesting platform for the creation of multistimuli‐responsive fluorescent sensors.
Glutathione compartmentalization and its role in glutathionylation and other regulatory processes of cellular pathways
Authors: Scirè Andrea , Cianfruglia Laura , Minnelli Cristina , Bartolini Desirée , Torquato Pierangelo , Principato Giovanni , Galli Francesco , Armeni Tatiana 
Published: December 2018

AbstractGlutathione is considered the major non‐protein low molecular weight modulator of redox processes and the most important thiol reducing agent of the cell. The biosynthesis of glutathione occurs in the cytosol from its constituent amino acids, but this tripeptide is also present in the most important cellular districts, such as mitochondria, nucleus, and endoplasmic reticulum, thus playing a central role in several metabolic pathways and cytoprotection mechanisms. Indeed, glutathione is involved in the modulation of various cellular processes and, not by chance, it is a ubiquitous determinant for redox signaling, xenobiotic detoxification, and regulation of cell cycle and death programs. The balance between its concentration and redox state is due to a complex series of interactions between biosynthesis, utilization, degradation, and transport. All these factors are of great importance to understand the significance of cellular redox balance and its relationship with physiological responses and pathological conditions. The purpose of this review is to give an overview on glutathione cellular compartmentalization. Information on its subcellular distribution provides a deeper understanding of glutathione‐dependent processes and reflects the importance of compartmentalization in the regulation of specific cellular pathways. © 2018 BioFactors, 45(2):152–168, 2019
Introducing a Sustainability Evaluation Framework based on the Sustainable Development Goals applied to Four Cases of South African Frugal Innovation
Authors: Dressler Anne , Bucher Julien 
Published: December 2018

AbstractEvaluating sustainability based on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is a complex but purposeful approach with a broad field of application. In order to handle the complexity of the SDGs and achieve flexibility at the same time, this paper introduces a three‐step evaluation system based on the SDGs for the assessment of the sustainability of innovations. It was used to assess four cases of South African frugal innovation with the conclusion that all four examined cases were sustainable, indicating an interrelation between the frugality and the sustainability of an innovation. The framework was reviewed and revised several times and tested successfully and so far has proven to be applicable to a wide spectrum of innovations.
Subclinical cerebral edema in diabetic ketoacidosis in children
Authors: Agarwal Hemant S. 
Published: December 2018

Key Clinical MessageSubclinical cerebral edema in diabetic ketoacidosis tends to manifest with subtle neurological symptoms including headache, lethargy, or disorientation and a Glasgow Coma Scale of 14‐15. Treatment of subclinical cerebral edema with hyperosmolar therapy for persistent symptoms is associated with good outcomes.
Integration of metallic TaS2 Co‐catalyst on carbon nitride photoharvester for enhanced photocatalytic performance
Authors: Chen Hanxiang , Zhang Xiaoni , Ji Haiyan , Xia Kaixiang , Yi Jianjian , Ke Fusheng , Xu Hui , Chen Mindong , Li Huaming 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe efficient separation of photogenerated electron‐hole (e−‐h+) pairs is the key point for photocatalytic reactions. The integration of co‐catalysts, especially noble‐metals, can improve the e−‐h+ separation efficiency dramatically. However, the high‐cost would limit their large‐scale application. Therefore, the exploration of noble‐metal‐free co‐catalysts is still important for the development of photocatalysis. In this work, we report a series of metallic TaS2 based catalysts that can effectively boost the photocatalytic performance of a metal‐free semiconductor (2D‐C3N4). The advantages of the as‐prepared catalysts were demonstrated as follows: (i) noble‐metal‐free; (ii) outstanding electrical conductivity; and (iii) superior stability. As demonstrated in a photocatalytic degradation reaction, the optimal removal rate of pollutant Rhodamine B (RhB) reached 92 % after 100 min of irradiation, which is enhanced by almost 25 % more than pure two‐dimensional graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (2D‐C3N4). This work may provide insight into finding new low‐cost metallic materials as co‐catalysts to promote phototcatalytic performance.