bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Manure and Tillage on Edge‐of‐Field Phosphorus Loss in Seasonally Frozen Landscapes
Authors: Zopp Zachariah P. , Ruark Matthew D. , Thompson Anita M. , Stuntebeck Todd D. , Cooley Eric , Radatz Amber , Radatz Timothy 
Published: July 2019

Environmental conditions and management practices affect nutrient losses in surface runoff, but their relative impacts on phosphorus (P) loss during frozen and nonfrozen ground periods have not been well quantified. More specifically, the relative importance of manure application, tillage, and soil‐test P (STP) has not been assessed at the field scale. In this study, we compiled a dataset composed of 125 site‐years of data from 26 fields that were continually monitored for edge‐of‐field P loss during snowmelt and storm events. Regression tree analyses were performed to rank the level of influence each environmental and management factor had on nutrient loads. Dissolved P (DP) was the majority of the total P (TP) during frozen conditions, but a small portion of TP during nonfrozen conditions. Manure application had a greater influence on the flow‐weighted mean concentrations (FWMCs) of TP and DP during frozen conditions than during nonfrozen conditions. No‐till resulted in greater TP and DP FWMCs during frozen conditions than conventional tillage, whereas the opposite effect for TP FWMC was seen during nonfrozen conditions. However, regression tree analysis revealed that STP (0‐ to 5‐cm depth) was the most important factor in predicting DP and TP FWMCs during frozen conditions and DP FWMC during nonfrozen conditions. Extremely high STP values were associated with late‐frozen manure applications and grazed pastures. Reducing surface P loss in seasonally frozen landscapes will require prioritizing management strategies that avoid manure application through early‐ and late‐frozen conditions and lead to a drawdown of STP, particularly in the top 5 cm.Core Ideas
Monitoring P loss in cold climates is limited by the lack of long‐term, field‐scale studies.
Manure applied in late winter results in more P loss during the frozen ground season.
Conventional tillage reduces P loss during the frozen ground season.
Fields receiving late‐frozen manure applications had extremely high soil‐test P.
Regression tree analysis identified soil‐test P as the most important variable for frozen ground P loss.
Agricultural Water Quality in Cold Climates: Processes, Drivers, Management Options, and Research Needs
Authors: Liu Jian , Baulch Helen M. , Macrae Merrin L. , Wilson Henry F. , Elliott Jane A. , Bergström Lars , Glenn Aaron J. , Vadas Peter A. 
Published: July 2019

Cold agricultural regions are important sites of global food production. This has contributed to widespread water quality degradation influenced by processes and hydrologic pathways that differ from warm region analogues. In cold regions, snowmelt is often a dominant period of nutrient loss. Freeze–thaw processes contribute to nutrient mobilization. Frozen ground can limit infiltration and interaction with soils, and minimal nutrient uptake during the nongrowing season may govern nutrient export from agricultural catchments. This paper reviews agronomic, biogeochemical, and hydrological characteristics of cold agricultural regions and synthesizes findings of 23 studies that are published in this special section, which provide new insights into nutrient cycling and hydrochemical processes, model developments, and the efficacy of different potentially beneficial management practices (BMPs) across varied cold regions. Growing evidence suggests the need to redefine optimum soil phosphorus levels and input regimes in cold regions to allow achievement of water quality targets while still supporting strong agricultural productivity. Practices should be considered through a regional and site‐specific lens, due to potential interactions between climate, hydrology, vegetation, and soils, which influence the efficacy of nutrient, crop, water, and riparian buffer management. This leads to differing suitability of BMPs across varied cold agricultural regions. We propose a systematic approach (“CUPCAKE”), to achieve water quality objectives in variable and changing climates, which combines nutrient transport process Conceptualization, Understanding BMP functions, Predicting effects of variability and change, Consideration of producer input and agronomic and environmental tradeoffs, practice Adaptation, Knowledge mobilization, and Evaluation of water quality improvement.Core Ideas
Processes and controls on nutrient export in cold regions differ from warmer zones.
The nongrowing season is a key period of phosphorus and nitrogen loss.
Management practices show varied efficacy across different cold regions.
Nutrient mitigation should consider cold region processes and local context.
Nutrient management practices merit revisiting in cold regions.
Carbonation and the Urey reaction
Authors: Kellogg Louise H. , Lokavarapu Harsha , Turcotte Donald L. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
There are three major reservoirs for carbon in the Earth at the present time, the core, the mantle, and the continental crust. The carbon in the continental crust is mainly in carbonates (limestones, marbles, etc.). In this paper we consider the origin of the carbonates. In 1952, Harold Urey proposed that calcium silicates produced by erosion reacted with atmospheric CO2 to produce carbonates, this is now known as the Urey reaction. In this paper we first address how the Urey reaction could have scavenged a significant mass of crustal carbon from the early atmosphere. At the present time the Urey reaction controls the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. The CO2 enters the atmosphere by volcanism and is lost to the continental crust through the Urey reaction. We address this process in some detail. We then consider the decay of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM). We quantify how the Urey reaction removes an injection of CO2 into the atmosphere. A typical decay time is 100 000 yr but depends on the variable rate of the Urey reaction.
The Obesity-associated Risk in Open and Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Radak Djordje , Tanaskovic Slobodan , Neskovic Mihailo 
Published: July 2019

:The rising pandemic of obesity in modern society should direct attention to a more comprehensive approach to abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) treatment in the affected population. Although overweight patients are considered prone to increased surgical risk, studies on the subject did not confirm or specify the risks well enough.:Associated comorbidities inevitably lead to a selection bias leaning towards endovascular abdominal aortic repair (EVAR), as a less invasive treatment option, which makes it hard to single out obesity as an independent risk factor. The increased technical difficulty often results in prolonged procedure times and increased blood loss. Several smaller studies and two analyses of national registries, including 7935 patients, highlighted the advantages of EVAR over open repair (OR) of abdominal aortic aneurysm, especially in morbidly obese population (relative risk reduction up to 47%). On the other hand, two other studies with 1374 patients combined, concluded that EVAR might not have an advantage over OR in obese patients (P = 0.52). Obesity is an established risk factor for wound infection after both EVAR and OR, which is associated with longer length of stay, subsequent major operations, and a higher rate of graft failure. Percutaneous EVAR technique could present a promising solution to reducing this complication.:EVAR seems like a more feasible treatment option than OR for obese patients with AAA, due to lower overall morbidity and mortality rates, as well as reduced wound-related complication rates. However, there is a clear lack of high-quality evidence on the subject, thus future prospective trials are needed to confirm this advantage.
Rhizoma Coptidis for Alzheimer’s Disease and Vascular Dementia: A Literature Review
Authors: Wang Zhiyong , Yang Yang , Liu Meixia , Wei Yun , Liu Jiangang , Pei Hui , Li Hao 
Published: July 2019

Background:
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are major types of
dementia, both of which cause heavy economic burdens for families and society. However, no currently
available medicines can control dementia progression. Rhizoma coptidis, a Chinese herbal medicine, has
been used for >2000 years and is now gaining attention as a potential treatment for AD and VaD.

Methods:
We reviewed the mechanisms of the active ingredients of Rhizoma coptidis and Rhizoma
coptidis-containing Chinese herbal compounds in the treatment of AD and VaD. We focused on studies
on ameliorating the risk factors and the pathological changes of these diseases.

Results:
The Rhizoma coptidis active ingredients include berberine, palmatine, coptisine, epiberberine,
jatrorrhizine and protopine. The most widely studied ingredient is berberine, which has extensive therapeutic
effects on the risk factors and pathogenesis of dementia. It can control blood glucose and lipid
levels, regulate blood pressure, ameliorate atherosclerosis, inhibit cholinesterase activity, Aβ generation,
and tau hyperphosphorylation, decrease neuroinflammation and oxidative stress and alleviate cognitive
impairment. Other ingredients (such as jatrorrhizine, coptisine, epiberberine and palmatine) also regulate
blood lipids and blood pressure; however, there are relatively few studies on them. Rhizoma
coptidis-containing Chinese herbal compounds like Huanglian-Jie-Du-Tang, Huanglian Wendan Decoction,
Banxia Xiexin Decoction and Huannao Yicong Formula have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant
stress activities, regulate insulin signaling, inhibit γ-secretase activity, neuronal apoptosis, tau hyperphosphorylation,
and Aβ deposition, and promote neural stem cell differentiation, thereby improving
cognitive function.

Conclusion:
The “One-Molecule, One-Target” paradigm has suffered heavy setbacks, but a “multitarget-
directed ligands” strategy may be viable. Rhizoma coptidis active ingredients and Rhizoma coptidiscontaining
Chinese herbal compounds have multi-aspect therapeutic effects on AD and VaD.
Synthesis of Spiro[cycloalkane-pyridazinones] with High Fsp3 Character
Authors: Für Csilla Sepsey , Riszter Gergő , Gerencsér János , Szigetvári Áron , Dékány Miklós , Hazai László , Keglevich György , Bölcskei Hedvig 
Published: July 2019

Background:
owadays, in course of the drug design and discovery much attention is
paid to the physicochemical parameters of a drug candidate, in addition to their biological activity.
Disadvantageous physicochemical parameters can hinder the success of a drug candidate.

Objective:
Lovering et al. introduced the Fsp3 character as a measure of carbon bond saturation,
which is related to the physicochemical paramethers of the drug. The pharmaceutical research focuses
on the synthesis of compounds with high Fsp3 character.

Methods:
To improve the physicochemical properties (clogP, solubility, more advantageous ADME
profile, etc.) of drug-candidate molecules one possibility is the replacement of all-carbon aromatic
systems with bioisoster heteroaromatic moieties, e.g. with one or two nitrogen atom containing systems,
such as pyridines and pyridazines, etc. The other option is to increase the Fsp3 character of the
drug candidates. Both of these aspects were considered in the design the new spiro[cycloalkanepyridazinones],
the synthesis of which is described in the present study.

Results:
Starting from 2-oxaspiro[4.5]decane-1,3-dione or 2-oxaspiro[4.4]nonane-1,3-dione, the
corresponding ketocarboxylic acids were obtained by Friedel-Crafts reaction with anisole or veratrole.
The ketocarboxylic acids were treated by hydrazine, methylhydrazine or phenylhydrazine to form
the pyridazinone ring. N-Alkylation reaction of the pyridazinones resulted in the formation of further
derivatives with high Fsp3 character.

Conclusion:
A small compound library was obtained incorporating compounds with high Fsp3 characters,
which predicts advantageous physico-chemical parameters (LogP, ClogP and TPSA) for potential
applications in medicinal chemistry.
Microwave-assisted Synthesis and Docking Studies of Phenylureas as Candidates for the Drug Design Against the Biological Warfare Agent Yersinia Pestis
Authors: França Tanos Celmar Costa , Bastos Leonardo da Costa , Cuya Teobaldo , Sirouspour Mehdi , Chacón-Huete Franklin , Bendahan David , Forgione Pat 
Published: July 2019

Background:
Bubonic plague is amongst the diseases with the highest potential for being
used in biological warfare attacks today. This disease, caused by the bacterium Yersina pestis, is
highly infectious and can achieve 100% of fatal victims when in its most dangerous form. Besides,
there is no effective vaccine, and the chemotherapy available today against plague is ineffective if
not administered at the beginning of the infection.

Objective:
Willing to contribute for changing this reality we propose here new phenylureas as candidates
for the drug design against plague meant to target the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase from
Y. pestis (YpDHFR).

Methods:
Seven phenylureas, four of them new, were synthesized, following synthetic routes
adapted from procedures available in the literature, and using microwave irradiation. After, they
were submitted to docking studies inside YpDHFR and human DHFR (HssDHFR) in order to check
their potential as selective inhibitors.

Results:
Our results revealed four new phenylureas and a new synthetic route for this kind of molecule
using microwave irradiation. Also, our docking studies showed that these compounds are capable
of binding to both HssDHFR and YpDHFR, with U1 - U4 and U23 showing more selectivity for
HssDHFR and U7, U8 being more selective towards YpDHFR.

Conclusion:
We reported the synthesis with good yields of seven phenylureas, following a simple
and clean alternative synthetic route using microwave irradiation. Further molecular docking studies
of our compounds suggested that two are capable of binding more selectivity to YpDHFR, qualifying
as potential candidates for the drug design of new drugs against plague.
Synthesis, In Silico and In Vivo Evaluation of Novel 1, 3, 4-Thiadiazole Analogues as Novel Anticancer Agents
Authors: Krishna Swathi , Gowramma Byran , Mohammed Manal , Kalirajan Rajagopal , Kaviarasan Lakshman , Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy 
Published: July 2019

Background:
1,3,4-thiadiazole is a lead molécule which is versatile for a wide variety of
biological activities and in continuation of our interest in establishing some novel heterocyclic compounds
for antitumor activity.

Objective:
The objective of the study was to synthesize series of 5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1,3,4-
thiadiazol-2-amine derivative and evaluated for their possible in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity.

Methods:
The synthesis of 2-aminonaphthoxy-1,3,4-thiadiazole and 5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1,3,4-
thiadiazol-2-amine as intermediates were carried out by cyclization method. A mixture of thiosemicarbazide
and naphthoxyacetic acid/piperonylic acid and phosphoryl chloride were subjected to cyclization
with phosphorous oxychloride to obtain compound 3. Further compounds 1 and 3 were
reacted with different aromatic aldehydes in methanol to form compounds 2a-e and 4a-e. The compounds
2a-e and 4a-e were characterized for the melting points, IR, Proton NMR and Mass spectra.
The compounds were further evaluated for their anticancer activity. The docking study was performed
using Discovery studio 4.1 (Accelrys) software against DNA-binding domain of STAT3.
The compounds were analyzed for the ligand-protein binding interaction(s) by molecular docking
into the active site of STAT3β using the CDOCKER protocol of Discovery studio (v4.1).

Results:
The title compounds were screened for in vitro anticancer on human breastadenocarcinoma
cells (MCF-7 and Vero). Compounds 4c, 4d and 2d against MCF 7 and 4d against Vero cell lines
were found to be the most active dérivatives with IC50 values of 1.03, 2.81 and 3.45 µg/ml against
MCF 7 and 31.81 µg/ml against Vero cell lines, respectively.

Conclusion:
From the in vivo anticancer studies, it was concluded that the synthesized compounds
4c and 4d displayed anticancer activity comparable to the standard drug, while the rest of the compounds
demonstrated mild potency for anticancer studies.
Diabetes and Parkinson’s Disease: Debating the Link Through Ca2+/cAMP Signalling
Authors: Bergantin Leandro B. 
Published: July 2019

Background:A link between diabetes and Parkinson´s disease (PD) has been established by several reports. Consistent data report that people diagnosed with diabetes have demonstrated an enhanced risk of manifesting PD in their lifetime. The working principles involved in this link have been extensively discussed. Over the last decade, diabetes has been reported to be correlated with an increased risk of dementia, suggesting a potential role of diabetes, or insulin signalling dysregulations, in neurodegeneration. In addition, it is nowadays highly debated that dysregulations related to Ca2+ signalling may be an upstream issue which could also link diabetes and PD. Ca2+ and cAMP signalling pathways (Ca2+/cAMP signalling) control both the neurotransmitters/hormones release and neuronal death.Conclusion:Considering our previous reports about Ca2+/cAMP signalling, the putative contribution of Ca2+/cAMP signalling in this link (between diabetes and PD) is discussed in this paper.
Kisspeptin and the “Special Relationship” Between Reproduction and Metabolism: A Computational Approach
Authors: Lambrou George I. , Bacopoulou Flora 
Published: July 2019

Background:
Kisspeptin is one of the most potent stimulators of GnRH secretion and
consequent gonadotropin release from the anterior pituitary. Kisspeptin is considered critical in
regulating reproductive function in relation to metabolic cues. Reproductive function is gated by
the energy reserves of the individual. Conditions of energy insufficiency, such as Anorexia Nervosa,
often disturb reproductive function and fertility.

Objective:
The aim of this research was to investigate similar or comparable hormonal patterns in
kisspeptin mechanics using computational methodology tools.

Methods:
Twenty-two females with typical or atypical anorexia nervosa and fifteen control females,
were recruited from the Center for Adolescent Medicine of the University of Athens. Serum
levels of Prolactin (PRL), 17-Hydroxy-Progesterone (17OHPR), Free Triiodothyronine (FT3), Triiodothyronine
(T3), Free Thyroxine (FT4), Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Luteinizing
Hormone (LH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Estradiol (E2) were measured in patients
and controls. Data were modelled computationally in order to find similar or comparable patterns
between control and anorexic participants, with respect to kisspeptin.

Results:
Kisspeptin manifested symmetrical regression plots between controls and anorexics with
respect to 17OHPR, LH and FSH, as well as a threshold pattern among controls, typical and atypical
anorexics.

Conclusions:
Kisspeptin seems to participate in the anorexic hormonal milieu through threshold or
symmetrical mechanisms.
Structure and Characteristics of Electrospun ZnO Nanofibers for Gas Sensing
Authors: Lai Tang-Yu , Fang Te-Hua , Hsiao Yu-Jen , Kuo En-Yu 
Published: July 2019

Background::
A sensing material of zinc oxide (ZnO) was investigated for its use in the
electrospun nanofibers for gas sensing. The metal oxide semiconductor gas sensor response is caused
by the oxygen that undergoes a chemical reaction on the surface of an oxide, resulting in a change in
the measured resistance.

Objective::
One-dimensional nanofibers gas sensor have high sensitivity and diverse selectivity.

Methods::
One-dimensional nanofiber by an electrospinning method was collected and a sensing
membrane was formed. In addition, the gas sensing mechanism was discussed and verified by X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

Results::
The ZnO nanofiber membrane had an optimum crystalline phase with a lattice spacing of
0.245 nm and a non-woven fabric structure at a calcination temperature of 500°C, whereas the nanofiber
diameter and membrane thickness were about 100 nm and 8 μm, respectively. At an operating
temperature of 200°C, the sensing material exhibited good recovery and reproducibility in response
to Carbon monoxide (CO), and the concentration was also highly discernible. In addition, the reduction
in the peak of OIII at 531.5 to 532.5 eV according to the analysis of XPS was consistent with the
description of the sensing mechanism.

Conclusion::
The gas sensor of ZnO nanofiber membranes has high sensitivity and diverse selectivity,
which can be widely applied in potential applications in various sensors and devices.
High Flow Through Nasal Cannula in Stable and Exacerbated Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients
Authors: Bruni Andrea , Garofalo Eugenio , Cammarota Gianmaria , Murabito Paolo , Astuto Marinella , Navalesi Paolo , Luzza Francesco , Abenavoli Ludovico , Longhini Federico 
Published: July 2019

Background:High-Flow through Nasal Cannula (HFNC) is a system delivering heated humidified air-oxygen mixture at a flow up to 60 L/min. Despite increasing evidence in hypoxemic acute respiratory failure, a few is currently known in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients.Objective:To describe the rationale and physiologic advantages of HFNC in COPD patients, and to systematically review the literature on the use of HFNC in stable and exacerbated COPD patients, separately.Methods:A search strategy was launched on MEDLINE. Two authors separately screened all potential references. All (randomized, non-randomized and quasi-randomized) trials dealing with the use of HFNC in both stable and exacerbated COPD patients in MEDLINE have been included in the review.Results:Twenty-six studies have been included. HFNC: 1) provides heated and humidified airoxygen admixture; 2) washes out the anatomical dead space of the upper airway; 3) generates a small positive end-expiratory pressure; 4) guarantees a more stable inspired oxygen fraction, as compared to conventional oxygen therapy (COT); and 5) is more comfortable as compared to both COT and non-invasive ventilation (NIV).:In stable COPD patients, HFNC improves gas exchange, the quality of life and dyspnea with a reduced cost of muscle energy expenditure, compared to COT. In exacerbated COPD patients, HFNC may be an alternative to NIV (in case of intolerance) and to COT at extubation or NIV withdrawal.Conclusion:Though evidence of superiority still lacks and further studies are necessary, HFNC might play a role in the treatment of both stable and exacerbated COPD patients.