bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facing History: Sovereignty and the Spectacles of Justice and Violence in Poland's Capitalist Democracy
Authors: Gökariksel Saygun 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article explores the nexus of sovereignty, violence, and transitional justice through an analysis of the public exhibitions of the faces of communist-era secret service officers in Poland. During the rule of right-wing government from 2005 to 2007, the state-run Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) organized exhibitions in public squares across Poland, which stirred much contention. Was it a pursuit of justice or a call for public lynching? Was it a means to ensure public transparency and identify the “faceless” evil of communism, or instead a political instrument of anti-communist nationalists? In some places, like the deindustrialized city of Katowice, the exhibition even met with devastating attacks. Focusing on this event in Katowice, I use media reports, interviews, and other ethnographic material to explore what the IPN-led state spectacles of justice, particularly the figure of the face and the defacement practices they employ, reveal about tensions and contradictions of “post-socialist” sovereignty; how the figure of the (secret) communist agent has come to facialize both the unfinished reckoning with communist-era state violence and the “normalized” violence of capitalist transformation. I argue that past violence, which is the typical object of transitional justice, needs to be approached in a dynamic and relational manner, with a focus on the conjunctures—how different forms of violence become transformed, reproduced, or entangled across time and space. My comparative perspective on transitional justice highlights the problems caused when its nationalist appropriation becomes entangled with capital's violence.
State-Building after Disaster: Jiang Tingfu and the Reconstruction of Post-World War II China, 1943–1949
Authors: Mitter Rana 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPost-World War II reconstruction in Europe and Asia is a topic of growing interest, but relatively little attention has been paid to the relief and rehabilitation effort in China in the immediate post-1945 period. This article reassesses the postwar program implemented by the Chinese Nationalist (Guomindang) government and the UNRRA (the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), not just in terms of humanitarian relief, but also as part of a process that led to new thinking about the nature of the postwar state in Asia. It focuses on the ideas and actions of Jiang Tingfu (T. F. Tsiang), head of the Chinese National Relief and Rehabilitation Administration that worked with UNRRA. Chinese ideas for reconstruction in China were simultaneously statist, international, and transnational, and were shaped by high modern ideas drawn from Soviet and American examples. They were also influenced by China's poverty and wartime vulnerability, which made locally directed solutions more relevant in areas such as public hygiene. Success was unlikely because of the incipient Chinese Civil War and the huge demands of reconstruction on a state that was near-destitute, with a destroyed infrastructure. Nonetheless, its characteristics still bear examination as a first, tentative chapter in a longer story of post-imperialist and Cold War state-building that would shape countries in Asia and beyond.
Islam and Culture: Dis/junctures in a Modern Conceptual Terrain
Authors: Jouili Jeanette S. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractOver the last decades, Europe debates on Islam have been framed increasingly through the lens of cultural difference. In this discursive climate, culture constitutes a crucial terrain of investment for European Muslims in their struggle for inclusion and recognition. Based on two different ethnographic research projects among European Muslims, this essay examines two distinct types of culture discourses. One employs an Islam-versus-culture trope that serves to disconnect Islam from certain patriarchal practices perceived to exist within Muslim communities. The other discourse defends the intrinsic and symbiotic link between Islam and culture, especially in order to elevate the place of artistic practices within Muslim communities. To make sense of these seeming contradictions, I explore the multivalent meanings contained in my interlocutors’ uses of the culture concept by tracing the respective genealogies of these meanings. This includes an investigation of culture's conceptual histories, formulated successively by Enlightenment thinkers, Romanticists, and early anthropologists, as well as by Islamic reformers and their more recent successors. My investigation into these conceptual histories exposes broader concerns about individual freedom and agency on the part of cultural theorists, which have furthermore enabled various claims about modernity and backwardness. While European Muslims creatively integrate various articulations of the culture concept into their world-making projects, I argue that the ontological assumptions underpinning the culture concept continue to haunt and render precarious efforts to demonstrate Muslim belonging to Europe via culture.
Knowledge, attitudes and practices related to dietary salt intake among adults in North India
Authors: Garg Vandana , Shivashankar Roopa , Kondal Dimple , Ghosh Shreeparna , Khandelwal Shweta , Gupta Ruby , Krishnan Anand , Amarchand Ritvik , Prabhakaran Dorairaj , Mohan Sailesh 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices related to salt consumption among adults in rural and urban North India.DesignData for the study were obtained from a community-based cross-sectional survey using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and 24 h urine samples.SettingData collection was conducted during March–October 2012 in rural Haryana and urban Delhi in North India.ParticipantsAdults (n 1635) aged ≥20 years (701 in rural Haryana; 934 in urban Delhi).ResultsTwenty-four per cent of rural and 40·5 % of urban participants knew that a high-salt diet causes high blood pressure. Nearly one-fifth of both rural and urban participants knew that there should be a maximum daily limit for consumption of salt. In rural and urban areas, 46·6 and 45·1 %, respectively, perceived it important to reduce the salt content of their diet; however, only 3·7 and 10·2 %, respectively, reported taking some actions. Participants reported they were consuming ‘too little salt’, ‘just the right amount of salt’ or ‘too much salt’, but their corresponding mean (95 % CI) actual salt consumption (g/d; as measured by 24 h urinary Na excretion) was higher, especially among rural participants (rural: 9·2 (8·13, 10·22), 8·5 (8·19, 8·77) or 8·4 (7·72, 8·99); urban: 5·6 (4·67, 6·57), 5·7 (5·32, 6·01) or 4·6 (4·10, 5·14), respectively).ConclusionsKnowledge about the deleterious health impact of excess salt consumption is low in this population. Tailored public education for salt reduction is warranted with a particular focus on rural residents.
The ‘Floating’Ummahin the Fall of ‘Ahok’ in Indonesia
Authors: Hadiz Vedi R. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe article examines the idea of a ‘floating’ummahin Indonesia today that affects the workings of Indonesian Islamic politics and democracy itself. It is asserted that theummah, or community of believers, are more disconnected from the large mainstream Islamic organisational vehicles in Indonesia than is often claimed. A considerable cross-section of this community has become increasingly disaffected with the status quo, as social inequalities sharpen and educated youths who face uncertain futures find appeal in the tough rhetoric of fringe Islamic organisations. This rhetoric emphasises absolute standards of morality as a solution to social and economic predicaments, thereby resulting in the mainstreaming of rigid religious attitudes. Consequently, organisations seen as guardians of ‘religious moderation’ have also picked up on them in an attempt to remain relevant to their increasingly socially heterogeneous constituencies. The overall result is an Islamic politics that has become more intolerant, especially when identity politics gets absorbed into conflicts between different oligarchic factions. This was seen in the dramatic fall of the ethnic-Chinese and Christian former governor of Jakarta known as ‘Ahok’ in 2017.
Observational Constraints Reduce Likelihood of Extreme Changes in Multidecadal Land Water Availability
Authors: Padrón Ryan S. , Gudmundsson Lukas , Seneviratne Sonia I. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractFuture changes in multidecadal mean water availability, represented as the difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration, remain highly uncertain in ensemble simulations of climate models. Here we identify a physically meaningful relationship between present‐day mean precipitation and projected changes in water availability. This suggests that the uncertainty can be reduced by conditioning the ensemble on observed precipitation, which is achieved through a novel probabilistic approach that uses Approximate Bayesian Computation. Comparing the constrained with the full ensemble shows that projected extreme changes in water availability, denoted by the 5th and 95th percentile of the full ensemble, are less likely over 73% and 63% of land, respectively. There is also an overall shift toward wetter conditions over Europe, Southern Africa, and Western North America, whereas the opposite occurs over the Amazon. Finally, the constrained projections support adaptation to shifts in regional water availability as imposed by different global warming levels.
Temperature‐ and Humidity‐Dependent Phase States of Secondary Organic Aerosols
Authors: Petters Sarah S. , Kreidenweis Sonia M. , Grieshop Andrew P. , Ziemann Paul J. , Petters Markus D. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractViscosity of monoterpene‐derived secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) as a function of temperature and relative humidity (RH), and dry SOA glass transition temperatures are reported. Viscosity was measured using coalescence time scales of synthesized 100 nm dimers. Dry temperature‐dependent SOA viscosity was similar to that of citric acid, coal tar pitch, and sorbitol. The temperature where dry viscosity was 106 Pa·s varied between 14 and 36 °C and extrapolated glass transition varied between −10 and 20 °C (±10 °C). Mass fragment f44 obtained with an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor was anticorrelated with viscosity. Viscosity of humidified Δ3‐carene and α‐pinene SOAs exceeded 106 Pa·s for all subsaturated RHs at temperatures <0 and –5 °C, respectively. Steep viscosity isopleths at 106 Pa·s were traced for these across (temperature, RH) conditions ranging from (approximately −5 °C, 100%) and (approximately 36 °C, 0%). Differences in composition and thus hygroscopicity can shift humidified viscosity isopleths for SOAs at cold tropospheric temperatures.
Aftershock Rate and Pore Fluid Diffusion: Insights From the Amatrice‐Visso‐Norcia (Italy) 2016 Seismic Sequence
Authors: Albano Matteo , Barba Salvatore , Saroli Michele , Polcari Marco , Bignami Christian , Moro Marco , Stramondo Salvatore , Di Bucci Daniela 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe developed a numerical model by using only early and unreviewed data and information related to the 2016 Mw 6 earthquake in central Italy to quickly evaluate the pore pressure contribution to the aftershock release after a severe mainshock. Moreover, a computational procedure is proposed for discussing if and how such an approach could be useful in the management of a seismic crisis. The two‐dimensional finite element model in this study is based on poroelastic theory and includes a planar seismogenic fault. The model geometry and parameters are based on data collected from the literature before the mainshock. The dip and depth of the seismogenic fault are based on preliminary information from focal mechanisms and related fault inversions. The fault slip is calibrated with synthetic aperture radar interferometric data, and the hydraulic properties of the medium are progressively calibrated based on routine aftershock data collected during the sequence. The procedure proposed here can be efficiently applied in a diverse range of cases depending on data availability. Typically, the available “ingredients” allow for a quick, simplified analysis to be conducted rapidly. The simulation results show that early information and routine data are useful in developing and calibrating a model that can rapidly describe the approximate temporal evolution of overpressured conditions, which represent a crucial driving mechanism in the occurrence of aftershocks. These findings highlight the need to adequately consider time‐dependent poroelastic effects when modeling postseismic scenarios and predicting the spatiotemporal evolution of the stresses following a large earthquake.
Seismic Evidence on Different Rifting Mechanisms in Southern and Northern Segments of the Fenhe‐Weihe Rift Zone
Authors: Ai Sanxi , Zheng Yong , Riaz Muhammad Shahid , Song Meiqing , Zeng Sijia , Xie Zujun 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe Fenhe‐Weihe Rift (FWR) system is one of the most active rift zones in east China, and plays an important role in the reactivation of the North China Craton. In this work, a high‐resolution 3‐D lithospheric S wave velocity model of the FWR is built by joint inversion of receiver functions and ambient noise. Strong correlation between topography and tectonic features is observed at shallow depths. At great depths, strong heterogeneities are observed along the FWR: (1) high‐velocity anomalies emerge beneath the Weihe and Taiyuan basins in the lower crust; (2) two high‐velocity anomalies are imaged in the uppermost mantle beneath the south to central FWR; and (3) two strong large‐scale, low‐velocity zones are observed beneath the north Trans‐North China Oregon: one is at ~60 km and the other one is much larger with a deeper source. Based on the petrologic properties, geochemical analyses, and seismic images obtained in this work, we propose that the rifting mechanisms between the south and north FWR are different. In the south, the rifting could be mainly caused by the passive effects from the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, while in the north the rifting is due to the combined effects of the asthenosphere upwelling and the counterclockwise rotation of the Ordos block. The uppermost mantle high‐velocity anomalies underneath the south to central part of the FWR could be the remnants of strong ancient cratonic root, and act as mechanical barriers to block the rifting processes between the south and north FWR.
Wave Interaction of Reverse‐Fault Rupture With Free Surface: Numerical Analysis of the Dynamic Effects and Fault Opening Induced by Symmetry Breaking
Authors: Scala A. , Festa G. , Vilotte J.‐P. , Lorito S. , Romano F. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSeveral great earthquakes occur on thrust faults along both subduction and continental collision zones. These events often feature a large shallow slip patch, an asymmetric pattern for the ground motion, and the static deformation between the hanging wall and footwall of the fault. From a mechanical point of view, this asymmetry can be partially explained taking into account the interaction between the fault and the seismic radiation emitted during rupture propagation and stored in the hanging wall in the vicinity of the free surface. We numerically investigate the rupture dynamics along a thrust dipping fault impacting onto the free surface at a dip angle of δ = 20°, in a 2‐D elastic model. We show how the wave interaction of the rupture with the free surface leads to a breaking of the reflection symmetry. Compared to a rupture propagating in an infinite medium, this interaction enhances the slip rate in the updip direction as an effect of the coupling between slip and normal traction around the crack front. The breaking of symmetry leads to sizeable acceleration of the rupture toward asymptotic speed with inertia acquisition, and dependence of the rupture dynamics on the level of friction along the interface might produce an interface opening over a finite length in the vicinity of the surface. We finally explore how the wave interaction drives amplification and asymmetry of the shallow slip and the vertical displacement at the surface. The described effects should be considered in various numerical approaches and in interpretation of geophysical observations.
Active Deformation Near the Rio Grande Rift and Colorado Plateau as Inferred from Continuous Global Positioning System Measurements
Authors: Murray K. D. , Murray M. H. , Sheehan A. F. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe used data from 333 continuous Global Positioning System stations, including 26 stations installed in 2006–2007 as part of a collaborative EarthScope experiment, to investigate how deformation is distributed near the Rio Grande Rift. Our previous analysis, using data from 2006 to 2010, was consistent with a nearly uniform east‐west distributed extensional strain rate of ~1.2 nε/year (nanostrain/year) along five profiles spanning a ~1,000‐km region. We built upon this analysis with additional Global Positioning System networks and longer time series of data spanning varying time ranges between 1993 and 2018. In all five east‐west profiles, extensional strain rates are higher within and west of the fault‐defined rift zone than to the east. There is an east‐to‐west increase in Central New Mexico from 0.7 ± 0.1 to 1.8 ± 0.8 nε/year that is significant at the 95% confidence level. We found elevated extensional and shear strain rates of over 10 nε/year along parts of the central Rio Grande Rift, particularly along the southeast edge of the Colorado Plateau along part of the Jemez lineament, as well as elevated dilatational strain rates and uplift above the Socorro magma body. Results from Euler pole analysis of Global Positioning System velocities for sites within the Colorado Plateau show nonrigid behavior with considerable deformation near the plateau margins and internal east‐west extension. Our results suggest the Rio Grande Rift is actively deforming in an evolving tectonic environment.
Spin density encodes intramolecular singlet exciton fission in pentacene dimers
Authors: Krishnapriya K. C. , Roy Palas , Puttaraju Boregowda , Salzner Ulrike , Musser Andrew J. , Jain Manish , Dasgupta Jyotishman , Patil Satish 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe formation of two triplet excitons at the cost of one photon via singlet exciton fission in organic semiconductors can potentially enhance the photocurrent in photovoltaic devices. However, the role of spin density distribution in driving this photophysical process has been unclear until now. Here we present the significance of electronic spin density distribution in facilitating efficient intramolecular singlet exciton fission (iSEF) in π-bridged pentacene dimers. We synthetically modulate the spin density distribution in a series of pentacene dimers using phenyl-, thienyl- and selenyl- flanked diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) derivatives as π-bridges. Using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, we find that efficient iSEF is only observed for the phenyl-derivative in ~2.4 ps while absent in the other two dimers. Electronic structure calculations reveal that phenyl-DPP bridge localizes α- and β-spin densities on distinct terminal pentacenes. Upon photoexcitation, a spin exchange mechanism enables iSEF from a singlet state which has an innate triplet pair character.
Defect engineered bioactive transition metals dichalcogenides quantum dots
Authors: Ding Xianguang , Peng Fei , Zhou Jun , Gong Wenbin , Slaven Garaj , Loh Kian Ping , Lim Chwee Teck , Leong David Tai 
Published: December 2018

AbstractTransition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) quantum dots (QDs) are fundamentally interesting because of the stronger quantum size effect with decreased lateral dimensions relative to their larger 2D nanosheet counterparts. However, the preparation of a wide range of TMD QDs is still a continual challenge. Here we demonstrate a bottom-up strategy utilizing TM oxides or chlorides and chalcogen precursors to synthesize a small library of TMD QDs (MoS2, WS2, RuS2, MoTe2, MoSe2, WSe2 and RuSe2). The reaction reaches equilibrium almost instantaneously (~10–20 s) with mild aqueous and room temperature conditions. Tunable defect engineering can be achieved within the same reactions by deviating the precursors’ reaction stoichiometries from their fixed molecular stoichiometries. Using MoS2 QDs for proof-of-concept biomedical applications, we show that increasing sulfur defects enhanced oxidative stress generation, through the photodynamic effect, in cancer cells. This facile strategy will motivate future design of TMDs nanomaterials utilizing defect engineering for biomedical applications.
Ulcerative colitis mucosal transcriptomes reveal mitochondriopathy and personalized mechanisms underlying disease severity and treatment response
Authors: Haberman Yael , Karns Rebekah , Dexheimer Phillip J. , Schirmer Melanie , Somekh Judith , Jurickova Ingrid , Braun Tzipi , Novak Elizabeth , Bauman Laura , Collins Margaret H. , Mo Angela , Rosen Michael J. , Bonkowski Erin , Gotman Nathan , Marquis Alison , Nistel Mason , Rufo Paul A. , Baker Susan S. , Sauer Cary G. , Markowitz James , Pfefferkorn Marian D. , Rosh Joel R. , Boyle Brendan M. , Mack David R. , Baldassano Robert N. , Shah Sapana , Leleiko Neal S. , Heyman Melvin B. , Grifiths Anne M. , Patel Ashish S. , Noe Joshua D. , Aronow Bruce J. , Kugathasan Subra , Walters Thomas D. , Gibson Greg , Thomas Sonia Davis , Mollen Kevin , Shen-Orr Shai , Huttenhower Curtis , Xavier Ramnik J. , Hyams Jeffrey S. , Denson Lee A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMolecular mechanisms driving disease course and response to therapy in ulcerative colitis (UC) are not well understood. Here, we use RNAseq to define pre-treatment rectal gene expression, and fecal microbiota profiles, in 206 pediatric UC patients receiving standardised therapy. We validate our key findings in adult and paediatric UC cohorts of 408 participants. We observe a marked suppression of mitochondrial genes and function across cohorts in active UC, and that increasing disease severity is notable for enrichment of adenoma/adenocarcinoma and innate immune genes. A subset of severity genes improves prediction of corticosteroid-induced remission in the discovery cohort; this gene signature is also associated with response to anti-TNFα and anti-α4β7 integrin in adults. The severity and therapeutic response gene signatures were in turn associated with shifts in microbes previously implicated in mucosal homeostasis. Our data provide insights into UC pathogenesis, and may prioritise future therapies for nonresponders to current approaches.