bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response to Finnemore and Toope
Authors: Goldstein Judith , Kahler Miles , Keohane Robert O. , Slaughter Anne-Marie 
Published: July 2002

Mark Twain has been quoted as saying, “It is admirable to do good. It is also admirable to tell others to do good—and a lot less trouble.” Twain's perhaps apocryphal aphorism could be adapted to contemporary social science scholarship: It is admirable to articulate and seek to apply new concepts. It is also admirable to tell others what is wrong with their concepts—and a lot less trouble.Martha Finnemore and Stephen Toope, in their comment on our summer 2000 special issue of IO, “Legalization and World Politics,” seem to be following this adaptation of Twain's advice. They think that our definition of legalization focuses too much on formalized constraints, that it does not relate closely to broader concepts of law, that we are too committed to a rational-strategic approach to politics, and that we do not have a theory of what generates obligation. They do not attempt, in their critique, to produce an alternative conceptualization that attains the breadth they seek without sacrificing conceptual and theoretical coherence. We thought that our own argument was both “dynamic” and “process-oriented,” so we look forward with interest to their attempt to improve on our work. We particularly look forward to a carefully designed research program that will evaluate fairly the many empirical claims that they advance.
Modulation of Spatial Orientation Processing by Mental Imagery Instructions: A MEG Study of Representational Momentum
Authors: Amorim Michel-Ange , Lang Wilfried , Lindinger Gerald , Mayer Dagmar , Deecke Lüder , Berthoz Alain 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Under appropriate conditions, an observer's memory for the final position of an abruptly halted moving object is distorted in the direction of the represented motion. This phenomenon is called “representational momentum” (RM). We examined the effect of mental imagery instructions on the modulation of spatial orientation processing by testing for RM under conditions of picture versus body rotation perception and imagination. Behavioral data were gathered via classical reaction time and error measurements, whereas brain activity was recorded with the help of magnetoence-phalography (MEG). Due to the so-called inverse problem and to signal complexity, results were described at the signal level rather than with the source location modeling. Brain magnetic field strength and spatial distribution, as well as latency of P200m evoked fields were used as neurocognitive markers. A task was devised where a subject examined a rotating sea horizon as seen from a virtual boat in order to extrapolate either the picture motion or the body motion relative to the picture while the latter disappeared temporarily until a test-view was displayed as a final orientation candidate. Results suggest that perceptual interpretation and extrapolation of visual motion in the roll plane capitalize on the fronto-parietal cortical networks involving working memory processes. Extrapolation of the rotational dynamics of sea horizon revealed a RM effect simulating the role of gravity in rotational equilibrium. Modulation of the P200m component reflected spatial orientation processing and a non-voluntary detection of an incongruity between displayed and expected final orientations given the implied motion. Neuromagnetic properties of anticipatory (Contingent Magnetic Variation) and evoked (P200m) brain magnetic fields suggest, respectively, differential allocation of attentional resources by mental imagery instructions (picture vs. body tilt), and a communality of neural structures (in the right centro-parietal region) for the control of both RM and mental rotation processes. Finally, the RM of the body motion is less prone to forward shifts than that of picture motion evidencing an internalization of the implied mass of the virtual body of the observer.
The Emotional Modulation of Cognitive Processing: An fMRI Study
Authors: Simpson Joseph R. , Öngür Dost , Akbudak Erbil , Conturo Thomas E. , Ollinger John M. , Snyder Abraham Z. , Gusnard Debra A. , Raichle Marcus E. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe functional neuroanatomy of visual processing of surface features of emotionally valenced pictorial stimuli was examined in normal human subjects using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Pictorial stimuli were of two types: emotionally negative and neutral pictures. Task performance was slower for the negatively valenced than for the neutral pictures. Significant blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) increases occurred in the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, midbrain, substantia innominata, and/or amygdala, and in the posterior cortical visual areas for both stimulus types. Increases were greater for the negatively valenced stimuli. While there was a small but significant BOLD decrease in the subgenual prefrontal cortex, which was larger in response to the negatively valenced pictures, there was an almost complete absence of other decreases prominently seen during the performance of demanding cognitive tasks [Shulman, G. L., Fiez, J. A., Corbetta, M., Buckner, R. L., Miezin, F. M., Raichle, M. E., & Petersen, S. E. (1997). Common blood flow changes across visual tasks: II. Decreases in cerebral cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 648-663]. These results provide evidence that the emotional valence and arousing nature of stimuli used during the performance of an attention-demanding cognitive task are reflected in discernable, quantitative changes in the functional anatomy associated with task performance.
The Effects of Case Mixing on Word Recognition: Evidence from a PET Study
Authors: Mayall Kate , Humphreys Glyn W. , Mechelli Andrea , Olson Andrew , Price Cathy J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The early stages of visual word recognition were investigated by scanning participants using PET as they took part in implicit and explicit reading tasks with visually disrupted stimuli. CaSe MiXiNg has been shown in behavioral studies to increase reaction times (RTs) in naming and other word recognition tasks. In this study, we found that during both an implicit (feature detection) task and an explicit word-naming task, mixed-case words compared to same-case words produced increased activation in an area of the right parietal cortex previously associated with visual attention. No effect of case was found in this area for pseudowords or consonant strings. Further, lowering the contrast of the stimuli slowed RTs as much as case mixing, but did not lead to the same increase in right parietal activation. No significant effect of case mixing was observed in left-hemisphere language areas. The results suggest that reading mixed-case words requires increased attentional processing. However, later word recognition processes may be relatively unaffected by the disruption in presentation.
Similarity in Perception: A Window to Brain Organization
Authors: Solan Zach , Ruppin Eytan 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
This paper presents a neural model of similarity perception in identification tasks. It is based on self-organizing maps and population coding and is examined through five different identification experiments. Simulating an identification task, the neural model generates a confusion matrix that can be compared directly with that of human subjects. The model achieves a fairly accurate match with the pertaining experimental data both during training and thereafter. To achieve this fit, we find that the entire activity in the network should decline while learning the identification task, and that the population encoding of the specific stimuli should become sparse as the network organizes. Our results, thus, suggest that a self-organizing neural model employing population coding can account for identification processing while suggesting computational constraints on the underlying cortical networks.
Dissociable Processes for Learning the Surface Structure and Abstract Structure of Sensorimotor Sequences
Authors: Dominey Peter F. , Lelekov Taïssia , Ventre-Dominey Jocelyne , Jeannerod Marc 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A sensorimotor sequence may contain information structure at several different levels. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that two dissociable processes are required for the learning of surface structure and abstract structure, respectively, of sensorimotor sequences. Surface structure is the simple serial order of the sequence elements, whereas abstract structure is defined by relationships between repeating sequence elements. Thus, sequences ABCBAC and DEFEDF have different surface structures but share a common abstract structure, 123213, and are therefore isomorphic. Our simulations of sequence learning performance in serial reaction time (SRT) tasks demonstrated that (1) an existing model of the primate fronto-striatal system is capable of learning surface structure but fails to learn abstract structure, which requires an additional capability, (2) surface and abstract structure can be learned independently by these independent processes, and (3) only abstract structure transfers to isomorphic sequences.
We tested these predictions in human subjects. For a sequence with predictable surface and abstract structure, subjects in either explicit or implicit conditions learn the surface structure, but only explicit subjects learn and transfer the abstract structure. For sequences with only abstract structure, learning and transfer of this structure occurs only in the explicit group. These results are parallel to those from the simulations and support our dissociable process hypothesis. Based on the synthesis of the current simulation and empirical results with our previous neuropsychological findings, we propose a neuro-physiological basis for these dissociable processes: Surface structure can be learned by processes that operate under implicit conditions and rely on the fronto-striatal system, whereas learning abstract structure requires a more explicit activation of dissociable processes that rely on a distributed network that includes the left anterior cortex.
The Influence of Limit Cycle Topology on the Phase Resetting Curve
Authors: Oprisan Sorinel A. , Canavier Carmen C. 
Published: July 2002

Understanding the phenomenology of phase resetting is an essential step toward developing a formalism for the analysis of circuits composed of bursting neurons that receive multiple, and sometimes overlapping, inputs. If we are to use phase-resetting methods to analyze these circuits, we can either generate phase-resetting curves (PRCs) for all possible inputs and combinations of inputs, or we can develop an understanding of how to construct PRCs for arbitrary perturbations of a given neuron. The latter strategy is the goal of this study. We present a geometrical derivation of phase resetting of neural limit cycle oscillators in response to short current pulses. A geometrical phase is defined as the distance traveled along the limit cycle in the appropriate phase space. The perturbations in current are treated as displacements in the direction corresponding to membrane voltage. We show that for type I oscillators, the direction of a perturbation in current is nearly tangent to the limit cycle; hence, the projection of the displacement in voltage onto the limit cycle is sufficient to give the geometrical phase resetting. In order to obtain the phase resetting in terms of elapsed time or temporal phase, a mapping between geometrical and temporal phase is obtained empirically and used to make the conversion. This mapping is shown to be an invariant of the dynamics. Perturbations in current applied to type II oscillators produce significant normal displacements from the limit cycle, so the difference in angular velocity at displaced points compared to the angular velocity on the limit cycle must be taken into account. Empirical attempts to correct for differences in angular velocity (amplitude versus phase effects in terms of a circular coordinate system) during relaxation back to the limit cycle achieved some success in the construction of phase-resetting curves for type II model oscillators. The ultimate goal of this work is the extension of these techniques to biological circuits comprising type II neural oscillators, which appear frequently in identified central pattern-generating circuits.
Evaluation of Personal Agent-Oriented Virtual Society—PAW
Authors: Matsuda Kouichi 
Published: July 2002

In recent years, communication networks and computer technologies make it possible to create a cyberspace on the Internet. Recently, several 3-D shared virtual spaces and worlds have been realized in which users can share the same experience in a shared virtual environment. The next important step is to extend these environments into a virtual society. To realize a virtual society, it is important to obtain a large number of users in a virtual world and evaluate what kind of functions (especially, social functions) and interface should be supported. For this purpose, we constructed a personal agent-oriented virtual society called PAW (Personal Agent World) based on our Community Place system. PAW is a 3-D personal agent-oriented virtual society. PAW has improved upon past virtual spaces based on avatar and text communication by providing autonomous personal agents that interact with users plus a social and environmental infrastructure. Each user owns a personal agent that acts as user's partner and a mediator in the shared space. PAW was available on the Internet for eight months, during which it attracted hundreds of simultaneous user accesses and thousands of accumulated user accesses. In this paper, we give an architectural and design outline of PAW and the results of a questionnaire survey.
SHAME AND PROPHECY: APPROACHES PAST AND PRESENT
Authors: Stiebert Johanna 
Published: July 2002

AbstractShame is widely discussed both in the literature of psychology (in contradistinction to guilt) and social anthropology (in binary opposition with honour, where it is associated particularly with women and public loss of status). Recently, the honour–shame model has been used as heuristic pattern for analysing biblical texts. The focus has been primarily on the patriarchal narratives and Deuteronomistic history; yet the preponderance of shame vocabulary occurs in the prophetic corpus. Here the model proves to be ill fitting. One reason is that it tends to apply to static societies, whereas insofar as social contexts are implied in the Prophets these tend to be depicted as marked by turmoil and chaos attending the exile. In the absence of discussions using models constructed for the purposes of examining situations of social upheaval (such as revolutions or millenarian eruptions) three new approaches are proposed and discussed with regard to Ezekiel 16. The purpose is to probe their suitability for elucidating this baffling text as well as to redress the paucity of prophetic shame studies. The first examines antilanguages; the second grotesque language and the third, deviance amplification.
WHAT DOES 'IT' MEAN? INTERPRETATION AT THE POINT OF NO RETURN IN AMOS 1-2
Authors: Linville James 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper interprets the expression (lit. 'I will not cause him/it to return', Amos 1:3, 6, 9, 11, 13; 2:1, 4, 6) as the result of deliberate ambiguity that forms a rhetorical trap for the reader. This extends not only to the meaning of the individual terms employed and especially the referent of the pronoun suffix, but also to whether the formula is to be read as an assertion or a rhetorical question. The reader may easily agree to any number of complementary readings which look toward the punishment of the six foreign nations, only to be trapped into offering a similar judgment against Judah and Israel. This is complicated by the need to reconcile this with the promise of restoration with which the book closes. Many interpretations of the expression are reviewed and the level of contextual support for each is discussed. Many have strong contextual support in each of the eight cases, while some 'secondary' nuances are recognised. A number of readings construe the expression as denying some form of 'return' to the accused nations, e.g., from exile, or a return to the divine presence for punishment (or salvation). Alternatively, Yahweh may be speaking of the withdrawal of his word of punishment, the impending punishment, or some other related concept. To these numerous popular and plausible readings are added some less familiar ones. The reader's grappling with his or her own interpretation of the expression and the moral implications of Yahweh's severe punishment can be related to the character Amos's own described experiences. Prophecy is inevitable (Amos 3:8). Yet, Amos intercedes successfully (7:1-6). Yahweh's manipulative word games soon reassert the prophecy of destruction (7:7-9; 8:1-2). In the end, however, Yahweh relents (9:11-15). These reversals are already intimated in the instability of . This instability provides a 'trap' to keep the readers fascinated with the divine word and the nature of the bond between Yahweh and Israel.
HADĪTH IN THE RESPONSES OF ISHĀQ B. RĀHWAYH
Authors: Spectorsky Susan 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe Khorasanian scholar Ibn Rāhwayh (d. 238/853) is known mainly as a traditionist. His teachers were prominent traditionists, he was a colleague of Ibn Hanbal's, he is the author of a Musnad, and his students include Bukharī, Muslim, Abū Dāwūd, Nasā'ī and Tirmidhī. However, he was also a jurist, and his jurisprudence can be studied in a masā'il collection compiled by Ishāq b. Ibrāhīm al-Kawsaj (251/865) who was a younger contemporary of Ibn Rāhwayh's and also one of his students. Below, I analyze a number of Ibn Rāhwayh's responses to show how he actually uses hadīths in his jurisprudence. It turns out that despite his reputation as a traditionist, he does not use hadīths methodically. Although he uses them in his discussion of issues concerning which a body of ikhtilāf had grown up, he depends more on the authority of the Successors and the scholarly community than he does on hadīths from the Prophet.
Evolution's Pedagogy: An Adaptationist Model of Pretense and Entertainment
Authors: Steen Francis , Owens Stephanie 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe portrayal of the actions of fictive characters for purposes of entertainment is a familiar phenomenon. Theories that seek to explain why we are attracted to such fictions and whether we learn from them have produced no consensus and no adequate overall account. In this paper, we present the hypothesis that entertainment relies on cognitive adaptations for pretend play. As a simplified model system, we draw on our field study of children's chase play, which is characterized by an elementary form of pretense. The children pretend, at first without consciously representing their pretense, to be chased by predators. The details of this behavior, widespread among mammals, indicate that the biological function of the game may be to train predator-evasion strategies. Chase play, we suggest, evolved in early mammals because it enabled cheap and plentiful resources to be used to train strategies for events that are rare, dangerous, and expensive. More generally, we argue that pretense is used to access spaces of possible actions in order to locate and practice new strategies. It relies on the creation of a simulated scenario and requires sophisticated source monitoring. The simulation is experienced as intrinsically rewarding; boredom is a design feature to motivate the construction of a more appropriate pedagogical situation, while the thrill of play signals optimal learning conditions. The conscious narrative elaboration of chase games involves an elementary form of role play, where we propose a virtual agent is created that tracks and acts on the memories required for coherent action within the simulation. These complex if familiar design features, we suggest, provide a minimalist functional and adaptationist account of the central features of entertainment: that it is fun, that it involves us imaginatively and emotionally, and that it has a tacit pedagogical effect. The model provides a principled and testable account of fiction-based entertainment grounded in evolutionary and cognitive processes.
ON THE HIGHER CLASSIFICATION OF LAKE BAIKAL AMPHIPODS
Authors: Kamaltynov Ravil Masalimovich 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA new system of higher taxa of Baikalian amphipods is proposed. This fauna forms a monophyletic part of the superfamily Gammaroidea Leach, 1814 (sensu Bousfield, 1977) and now comprises: Acanthogammaridae Garjajeff, 1901 (with the subfamilies: Acanthogammarinae Garjajeff, 1901, Abyssogammarinae n. subfam., Eulimnogammarinae n. subfam., Hyalellopsinae n. subfam., Odontogammarinae n. subfam., Plesiogammarinae n. subfam., Parapallaseinae n. subfam., and Poekilogammarinae n. subfam.), Macrohectopidae Sowinsky, 1915, Micruropidae n. fam., and Pachyschesidae n. fam. The amphipod fauna of Lake Baikal consists of 50 genera, 261 species, and 73 subspecies. One genus, 4 species, and 8 subspecies of Baikalian origin are endemic to the Angara River and one species is endemic to the Yenisey River delta. The total number of taxa of Baikalian amphipods is now 4 families, 8 subfamilies, 51 genera, 265 species, and 81 subspecies. Un nouveau systeme de taxa superieurs est propose pour les amphipodes du lac Baikal. Cette faune constitue une partie monophyletique de la super-famille Gammaroidea Leach, 1814 (sensu Bousfield, 1977) et comprend maintenant: Acanthogammaridae Garjajeff, 1901 (avec les sousfamilles: Acanthogammarinae Garjajeff, 1901, Abyssogammarinae n. sous-fam., Eulimnogammarinae n. sous-fam., Hyalellopsinae n. sous-fam., Odontogammarinae n. sous-fam., Plesiogammarinae n. sous-fam., Parapallaseinae n. sous-fam., Poekilogammarinae n. sous-fam.), Macrohectopidae Sowinsky, 1915, Micruropidae n. fam. et Pachyschesidae n. fam. La faune d'amphipodes du lac Baikal comprend 50 genres, 261 especes et 73 sous-especes. Un genre, 4 especes et 8 sous-especes d'origine baikalienne sont endemiques du fleuve Angara et une espece est endemique du delta du fleuve Yenisey. Le nombre total des taxa d'amphipodes du Baikal est maintenant de 4 familles, 8 sous-familles, 51 genres, 265 especes et 81 sous-especes.
Requirements for branched chain amino acids and their interactions in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Perelman Dalia , Lu Nancy 
Published: July 2002

AbstractBranched chain amino acid (BCAA) requirements and their interactions were studied in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Optimal, deficiency and toxic levels affecting nematode population growth were determined for each of the three BCAAs. The optimal range for leucine was 0.72-2.8; for isoleucine, 0.86-1.7; and for valine, 0.51-4.1 mg ml-1. Leucine at high concentrations was toxic. When isoleucine and valine were both added at high concentrations, they also exerted a marked toxic effect. The interactions of the branched chain amino acids found among vertebrate animals were not observed in C. elegans. Les besoins relatifs aux amino-acides en chaîne ramifiée et leurs interactions chez le nématode Caenorhabditis elegans - Les besoins relatifs aux amino-acides en chaîne ramifiée (BCAA) et leurs interactions ont été étudiés chez le nématode Caenorhabditis elegans. Les niveaux optimal, de déficience et toxique affectant la croissance de la population du nématode ont été déterminés pour chacune des BCAA. L'optimum est, pour la leucine de 0,72 à 2,8, pour l'isoleucine de 0,86 à 1,7 et pour la valine de 0,51 à 4,1 mg ml-1. A forte concentration la leucine est toxique. Si l'isoleucine et la valine sont ajoutées à forte concentration elles exercent également une action toxique prononcée. Les interactions entre BCAA observées chez les vertébrés ne l'ont pas été chez les C. elegans.