bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting reintroduction outcomes for highly vulnerable species that do not currently coexist with their key threats
Authors: Parlato Elizabeth H. , Armstrong Doug P. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPredicting reintroduction outcomes before populations are released is inherently challenging. It becomes even more difficult when the species being considered for reintroduction no longer coexists with the key threats limiting its distribution. However, data from other species facing the same threats can be used to make predictions under these circumstances. We used an integrated Bayesian modeling approach to predict growth of a reintroduced population at a range of predator densities when no data are available for the species in the presence of that predator. North Island Saddlebacks (Philesturnus rufusater) were extirpated from mainland New Zealand by exotic mammalian predators, particularly ship rats (black rats [Rattus rattus]) but are now being considered for reintroduction to sites with intensive predator control. We initially modeled data from previous saddleback reintroductions to predator‐free sites to predict population growth at a new predator‐free site while accounting for random variation in vital rates among sites. We then predicted population growth at different rat‐tracking rates (an index of rat density) by incorporating a previously modeled relationship between rat‐tracking and vital rates of another predator‐sensitive species, the North Island Robin (Petroica longipes), and accounted for greater vulnerability of saddlebacks to rat predation based on information on historical declines of both species. The results allowed population growth to be predicted as a function of management effort while accounting for uncertainty, which means formal decision analysis could be used to decide whether to proceed with a reintroduction. Similar approaches could be applied to other situations where data on the species of interest are limited and provide an alternative to decision making based solely on expert judgment.
Understanding the role of economic transition in enlarging energy price elasticity
Authors: Li Jianglong , Li Zhi 
Published: February 2018

AbstractEvidence of energy price elasticity would allow for a better understanding of economic, distributional and environmental consequences of varying energy prices. We document the previously unnoticed causal relationship between energy price elasticity and economic transition by modelling energy price elasticity as endogenous to the economic system. The central message is that economic transition promotes incentives and flexibility of micro‐units to sufficiently use price signals. Three potential mechanisms are proposed and tested for economic transition affecting the energy price elasticity. The findings provide implications for energy price policies because it reveals how energy consumers respond to energy price changes alongside economic transition.
World traumatic dental injury prevalence and incidence, a meta‐analysis—One billion living people have had traumatic dental injuries
Authors: Petti Stefano , Glendor Ulf , Andersson Lars 
Published: February 2018

AbstractTraumatic dental injuries (TDIs) account for a considerable proportion of bodily injuries. Nevertheless, global TDI frequency is unknown, probably because TDI diagnosis is not standardized. This study estimated world TDI frequency. A literature search (publication years 1996‐2016) was aimed at covering as many countries, communities, ethnic groups as possible, thus achieving high generalizability. In particular, non‐specific keywords, no language restrictions, and large databanks were used. Observational studies reporting proportions of individuals with at least one TDI (prevalence) and who developed TDI (incidence rate) were considered. Prevalence rates to permanent dentition, primary dentition and in 12‐year‐olds, incidence rate to any tooth for any age, male‐to‐female prevalence ratio (PR) in 12‐year‐olds, with 95% confidence intervals (95 CIs), were extracted/calculated. Study quality, Z‐score distribution, funnel plot symmetry analysis, between‐study heterogeneity, sensitivity, and subgroup analyses were performed. Selected primary studies were 102 (permanent dentition; 268 755 individuals; median age, 13.8 years), 46 (primary dentition; 59 436 individuals; median age, 3.4 years), 42 (12‐year‐olds; 33 829 individuals), 11 (incidence rate; 233 480 person‐years; median age, 7.8 years), and 31 (PR; 16 003 males, 16 006 females). World TDI frequency resulted as follows: permanent dentition prevalence 15.2% (95 CI, 13.0%‐17.4%); primary dentition prevalence 22.7% (95 CI, 17.3%‐28.7%); 12‐year‐olds prevalence 18.1% (95 CI, 15.3%‐21.0%); incidence rate, 2.82 (95 CI, 2.28%‐3.42%) per 100 person‐years; PR, 1.43 (95 CI, 1.34%‐1.52%). Differences between WHO Regions were found. This study shows that more than one billion living people have had TDI. TDI is a neglected condition which could rank fifth if it was included in the list of the world's most frequent acute/chronic diseases and injuries.
Unequal networks: comparing the pre‐migration overseas networks of Indonesian and Filipino migrant domestic workers
Authors: PAUL ANJU MARY 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPrevious studies of Asian migrant domestic workers' pre‐migration overseas networks have tended to be ethnographic, small‐n case studies such that it is unclear if network differences between migrants are due to individual‐ or country‐level differences or both. This article draws from an original survey of 1,206 Filipino and Indonesian domestic workers in Singapore and Hong Kong to reveal statistically significant differences in the pre‐migration overseas networks of these two nationality groups even after controlling for migrants' educational attainment, marital status, employment status, age, year of first migration, and survey location. Multiple regression analysis highlights how Filipino respondents are more likely than Indonesian respondents to have known existing migrants prior to their first migration from their homeland. Filipino respondents' overseas networks are also significantly larger, more geographically dispersed, and comprise more white‐collar contacts. These findings open up new terrain for migration scholars to study the impact of these nationality‐based network differences on the two groups' divergent migration experiences and aspirations.
Effects of in vitro digestion on the composition of flavonoids and antioxidant activities of the lotus leaf at different growth stages
Authors: Su Dongxiao , Li Ni , Chen Min , Yuan Yang , He Shan , Wang Yun , Wu Qinhua , Li Li , Yang Hualin , Zeng Qingzhu 
Published: February 2018

SummaryThe lotus leaf is rich in phenolic compounds and has good antioxidant activity. The effects of simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) digestions on the active substances and antioxidant activity of the lotus leaf in different growth stages (D25, D45 and D65) were investigated. The total phenolic content of D25 and D45 significantly increased by SGF digestion but not D65 compared to the DW treatment. However, SIF treatment saw markedly increased total phenolic content across all growth stages (D25, D45 and D65). Moreover, the total flavonoid content at all growth stages was increased by SIF digestion compared to SGF treatment. The pepsin and trypsin had different effects on the FRAP and ABTS (2, 2'‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid)) antioxidant activities of the lotus leaf. The SGF digestion increased the FRAP antioxidant capacity of the lotus leaf, and SIF digestion increased the ABTS antioxidant capacity of the lotus leaf. The HPLC results showed that the main flavonoid compound in the lotus leaf was isoquercetin. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development and utilisation of the lotus leaf as an inexpensive natural and functional food ingredient.
Implications of macrophage polarization in autoimmunity
Authors: Funes Samanta C. , Rios Mariana , Escobar‐Vera Jorge , Kalergis Alexis M. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryMacrophages are extremely heterogeneous and plastic cells with an important role not only in physiological conditions, but also during inflammation (both for initiation and resolution). In the early 1990s, two different phenotypes of macrophages were described: one of them called classically activated (or inflammatory) macrophages (M1) and the other alternatively activated (or wound‐healing) macrophages (M2). Currently, it is known that functional polarization of macrophages into only two groups is an over‐simplified description of macrophage heterogeneity and plasticity; indeed, it is necessary to consider a continuum of functional states. Overall, the current available data indicate that macrophage polarization is a multifactorial process in which a huge number of factors can be involved producing different activation scenarios. Once a macrophage adopts a phenotype, it still retains the ability to continue changing in response to new environmental influences. The reversibility of polarization has a critical therapeutic value, especially in diseases in which an M1/M2 imbalance plays a pathogenic role. In this review, we assess the high plasticity of macrophages and their potential to be exploited to reduce chronic/detrimental inflammation. On the whole, the evidence detailed in this review underscores macrophage polarization as a target of interest for immunotherapy.
The effects of interleukin‐33 on airways collagen deposition and matrix metalloproteinase expression in a murine surrogate of asthma
Authors: An Gao , Zhang Xin , Wang Wenjun , Huang Qiong , Li Yan , Shan Shan , Corrigan Chris J. , Wang Wei , Ying Sun 
Published: February 2018

SummaryIt has been suggested that interleukin‐33 (IL‐33) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma through a variety of pathways, but its role in airways fibrosis in asthma has not been fully elucidated. In the present study we evaluated changes in the expression of extracellular matrix proteins (ECMs) as well as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) in an IL‐33‐induced, antigen‐independent murine surrogate of asthma as well as a conventional surrogate employing per‐nasal challenge of mice previously sensitized to produce an IgE response to ovalbumin (OVA). In addition, in in vitro experiments we explored the direct effects of IL‐33 on the proliferation and function of murine fibroblasts. Per‐nasal administration of IL‐33 alone was sufficient to induce airways deposition of ECMs, including collagens I, III, V and fibronectin, to a degree comparable with that observed in the OVA‐sensitized and challenged mice. These changes were associated with a local imbalance between the expression of extracellular MMPs and TIMPs. Per‐nasal challenge of mice with IL‐33 also induced elevated airways expression of connective tissue growth factor and fibroblast growth factor receptor 4, two key facilitators of local fibrosis, again to a degree compatible with that observed in OVA‐sensitized and challenged mice. Deletion of the ST2 gene, which encodes the IL‐33 receptor, abrogated these fibrotic changes in the airways in the OVA surrogate. In vitro, IL‐33 significantly increased the proliferation and expression of collagen III by murine lung fibroblasts. These data suggest that direct exposure of murine airways to IL‐33 is able to induce local fibrotic changes, at least partially through effects of signalling through the IL‐33/ST2 axis on fibroblast function and local expression of MMPs and their inhibitors, and other fibrosis‐related proteins.
Thermophysical properties of rare earth barium aluminates
Authors: Feng Jing , Zhou Yunxuan , Ren Xiaorui , Song Peng , Pan Wei 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe super low thermal conductivity and ultrahigh thermal expansion of Ba6Ln2Al4O15 (Ln = Gd, Dy, Er, and Yb) compounds with one‐sixth of the oxygen vacancy have been synthesized by the solid‐state reaction method. The lowest thermal conductivity of Ba6Yb2Al4O15 was found to be 0.98 W/(m.K) at 1073 K. The large concentration of oxygen vacancies in Ba6Ln2Al4O15 compounds leads to low elastic modulus and loose chemical bonds. The average thermal expansion coefficients of Ba6Ln2Al4O15 compounds was 11.8 × 10−6 ˜ 13.6 × 10−6 · K−1. The loose chemical bonds with Young's moduli were in the range of 102.8 ˜ 135.9 GPa.
Conversion of calcium aluminate cement hydrates at 60°C with and without water
Authors: Zhang Yang , Ye Guotian , Gu Wenjing , Ding Dafei , Chen Liugang , Zhu Lingling 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThere have been different hypotheses about the transformation mechanisms of calcium aluminate cement hydrates and this work aims to clarify the long‐running debate about the conversion approaches. In this work, CAH10 and C2AH8 were produced from the pastes of calcium aluminate cement (CAC) cured for 24 hours at 10 and 20°C separately. And the cured pastes were continually cured at 60°C for 3 days with water and without water, respectively. The hydration of the pastes was halted by freeze‐drying, and the phases and microstructure of hydrates were investigated by XRD and SEM, respectively. The results indicate that CAH10 and C2AH8 converted into C3AH6 and AH3 in water presence at 60°C, but did not transform into C3AH6 and AH3 without water. It is confirmed that the conversion of CAH10 and C2AH8 to C3AH6 and AH3 happens through preceding solution of CAH10 and C2AH8 and subsequent precipitation of C3AH6 and AH3.
Enhanced microwave‐absorbing property of precursor infiltration and pyrolysis derived SiCf/SiC composites at X band: Role of carbon‐rich interphase
Authors: Yang Lingwei , Liu Haitao , Zu Mei 
Published: February 2018

AbstractCeramic matrix composites (CMCs) can be microwave‐absorbent when endowing the composite constituents with proper dielectric properties. In this work, we report a new method to enhance the microwave‐absorbing property of CMCs by in situ fabrication of a carbon‐rich interphase at the fiber/matrix interface. This was achieved in a SiC fiber reinforced SiC matrix (SiCf/SiC) composite fabricated by precursor infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP). We found that as the PIP temperature increased from 800 to 1000°C, the microwave‐absorbing property of the SiCf/SiC composite was significantly enhanced at X band, which also surpassed those of the SiC fiber and monolithic SiC ceramic fabricated at the same temperature. The dominant mechanism was studied by decoupling the effect of individual SiC fibers, SiC matrix, and fiber/matrix interface. The results showed that the SiC fiber and SiC matrix were barely microwave‐absorbent, due to their low dielectric losses. The microwave‐absorbing mechanism was finally ascribed to the fiber/matrix interface, which was carbon‐rich, containing Si and O elements. The interphase showed a conductivity that was superior to that of the fiber and the matrix, and mainly dominated the dielectric property of the overall composite. The results highlight the role of carbon‐rich interphase on the microwave‐absorbing property of CMCs.
Effects of composition and solidification rate on growth striations in laser floating zone melted Al2O3/GdAlO3 eutectic ceramics
Authors: Ma Weidan , Su Haijun , Zhang Jun , Ren Qun , Liu Haifang , Wang Enyuan , Ren Junfei , Lu Ze , Liu Lin , Fu Hengzhi 
Published: February 2018

AbstractGrowth striations with a period of 283 seconds are observed in Al2O3/GdAlO3 (GAP) directionally solidified eutectic ceramics prepared by laser floating zone melting (LFZM) process. The effects of composition and solidification rate on the microstructure of growth striations are investigated, aiming to reveal the formation mechanism of growth striations. The results show that a number of coarse primary Al2O3 phases are produced preferentially at growth striations in hypoeutectic ceramics and primary GAP phases segregate in hypereutectic ceramics. Simultaneously, homogeneous “Chinese script” eutectic microstructures are formed between two adjacent growth striations in Al2O3/GAP eutectic ceramics, affected very few by the composition segregations at growth striations. Moreover, it is also found that the interval of periodic growth striations has a liner relationship with solidification rate, but has no relevance with composition. The width of growth striations, however, mainly depends on composition that the larger the composition deviates from eutectic composition, the coarser the phases precipitate at growth striations. Based on the detailed examinations of solid‐liquid interface right at growth striations, the growth striations induced by Marangoni convection are strongly affected by constitutional undercooling in Al2O3/GAP off‐eutectic ceramics.
Relation of serum uric acid to an exaggerated systolic blood pressure response to exercise testing in men with normotension
Authors: Jae Sae Young , Bunsawat Kanokwan , Choi Yoon‐Ho , Kim Yeon Soo , Touyz Rhian M. , Park Jeong Bae , Franklin Barry A. 
Published: February 2018

The authors investigated the hypothesis that high serum uric acid concentrations may be related to an exaggerated systolic blood pressure (SBP) response to maximal exercise testing in men with normotension, independent of potential confounding variables. In 4640 healthy men with normotension who underwent maximal treadmill exercise testing and fasting blood chemistry studies, including serum uric acid concentrations, an exaggerated SBP response, defined as SBP ≥ 210 mm Hg, was detected in 152 men (3.3%). After adjusting for potential confounders, participants in the highest quartile of serum uric acid (>6.6 mg/dL) had a higher odds ratio of demonstrating an exaggerated SBP to maximal exercise (odds ratio, 2.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.24–3.86) compared with participants in the lowest quartile of serum uric acid (<5.1 mg/dL). High serum uric acid concentrations are associated with an exaggerated SBP response to maximal exercise testing in men with normotension, independent of established coronary risk factors.
Margin Requirements and the Security Market Line
Authors: JYLHÄ PETRI 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTBetween 1934 and 1974, the Federal Reserve changed the initial margin requirement for the U.S. stock market 22 times. I use this variation to show that investors' leverage constraints affect the pricing of risk. Consistent with earlier theoretical predictions, I find that tighter leverage constraints result in a flatter relation between betas and expected returns. My results provide strong empirical support for the idea that the constraints investors face may help explain the empirical failure of the capital asset pricing model.
Seasonal acclimatization of thallus proline contents of Mastocarpus stellatus and Chondrus crispus: intertidal rhodophytes that differ in freezing tolerance
Authors: Harris Jonathan P. , Logan Barry A. 
Published: February 2018

Mastocarpus stellatus and Chondrus crispus often co‐occur in the lower intertidal of Northern Atlantic rocky shorelines. At our field site along the Maine coast (USA), Mastocarpus stellatus thalli possessed greater contents of proline when compared with thalli of Chondrus crispus. In addition, M. stellatus thalli acclimated to colder growth conditions in winter/early spring by increasing proline content several fold; no seasonal acclimation in proline content was observed in C. crispus. Proline accumulates in the tissues of a broad diversity of freezing‐tolerant organisms and is among the most common cryoprotectant molecules. Thus, our observations provide a basis for the previously well‐documented greater freezing tolerance of Mastocarpus stellatus when compared with Chondrus crispus.
Diagnosis, presentation and initial severity of Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH) in patients attending 28 hospitals in the UK
Authors: Gordon Victoria , Adhikary Ratul , Appleby Victoria , Das Debasis , Day James , Delahooke Toby , Dixon Selena , Elphick David , Hardie Claire , Hoeroldt Barbara , Hooper Patricia , Hutchinson John , Jones Rebecca , Khan Faisal , Aithal Guruprasad P. , McGonigle John , Nelson Andrew , Nkhoma Alick , Pelitari Stavroula , Prince Martin , Prosser Annell , Sathanarayana Vinay , Savva Sophia , Shah Naina , Saksena Sushma , Thayalasekaran Sreedhari , Vani Deven , Yeoman Andrew , Gleeson Dermot ,   The UK Multi‐Centre AIH Audit Group
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackground & AimsThere is limited information regarding patients with AIH outside relatively few large centres. We describe here the presenting features of patients with AIH, collected as part of an audit involving 28 UK hospitals.MethodsPatients (incident since 1/1/2007 or prevalent since 1/1/2000) were ≥18 years and either met 1999 International AIH Group (IAIHG) diagnostic criteria (n = 1164), or received immunosuppressive therapy for clinically diagnosed AIH (n = 103).ResultsOf 1267 patients (80% women, 91% Caucasian, age (median(range)) 55(8‐86) years, 0.5% had acute viral hepatitis (CMV/EBV/HEV); 2% were taking Nitrofurantoin and 0.7% Khat. Twenty‐one percent had clinical decompensation and/or a MELD score of >15. Time from first abnormal liver tests to diagnosis was ≥1 year in 19% and was longer in jaundiced vs non‐jaundiced patients. HBV and HCV serology were undocumented in 4%, serum immunoglobulins in 31% and autoantibodies in 11%‐27%. When documented, ≥1 antibody was present in 83%. LKM‐1‐positive and autoantibody‐negative patients had more severe disease. Histological cirrhosis was reported in 23%, interface hepatitis 88%, predominant lymphocytes/plasma cells 75%, rosettes 19% and emperipolesis 0.4%. Only 65% of those meeting 1999 IAIHG criteria also met simplified IAIHG criteria. University Hospitals compared to District General Hospitals, were more likely to report histological features of AIH.ConclusionsThis cohort from across the UK is older than other multicentre AIH cohorts. One‐fifth had decompensation or MELD >15. Diagnosis was delayed in 19%, diagnostic testing was incomplete in one‐third and rosettes and emperipolesis were infrequently reported.
Strict local martingales and optimal investment in a Black–Scholes model with a bubble
Authors: Herdegen Martin , Herrmann Sebastian 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThere are two major streams of literature on the modeling of financial bubbles: the strict local martingale framework and the Johansen–Ledoit–Sornette (JLS) financial bubble model. Based on a class of models that embeds the JLS model and can exhibit strict local martingale behavior, we clarify the connection between these previously disconnected approaches. While the original JLS model is never a strict local martingale, there are relaxations that can be strict local martingales and that preserve the key assumption of a log‐periodic power law for the hazard rate of the time of the crash. We then study the optimal investment problem for an investor with constant relative risk aversion in this model. We show that for positive instantaneous expected returns, investors with relative risk aversion above one always ride the bubble.