bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
149 Interaction of dietary protein and endophyte- infected Tall Fescue seed in stocker steers on finishing phase performance and carcass traits
Authors: Davis Matthew E , Poole Rebecca K , Poore Matthew H , Poole Daniel H , Pickworth Carrie L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Fescue toxicosis is a multifaceted disease that negatively impacts cattle. It was hypothesized that exposure to endophyte-infected fescue during the stocker phase affects finishing phase growth and carcass characteristics. Eight-month-old steers were sorted by weight and randomly assigned to receive one of four treatments for 56 days in confinement: endophyte-free seed (0 ug/ kg ergovaline) with either 18% (EF-18; n = 9) or 14% dietary protein (EF-14; n = 9) and endophyte-infected seed (500 ug/kg ergovaline) with 18% (EI-18; n = 9) or 14% dietary protein (EI-14; n = 9). Following fescue exposure calves were backgrounded on novel endophyte fescue pastures for 8 mo. At 18 mo, all steers were vaccinated, implanted, and reentered the feedlot for a 112 d growing phase and 52 d finishing phase. Body weight was recorded every 28 d and carcass data was collected at slaughter. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS for effects of BW, ADG, dressing percentage (DP), HCW, backfat, ribeye area (REA), KPH, USDA Yield grade (YG), and USDA Quality grade (QG). Statistical significance was determined at P > 0.05) HCW, BW, backfat, REA, DP, or QG. TheEI-14 had a greater ADG (1.69 kg/d) during the feedlot growing phase compared to the other treatment groups (1.53, 1.47, 1.55 for EI-18, EF-14, EF-18, respectively; P > 0.05). Steers stockered on 18% dietary protein had greater BW compared to steers previously fed at 14% (501.3±3.8 vs. 489.7±3.8; P = 0.0339). In addition, 18% protein in stocker diet resulted in greater KPH (2.3±0.2 vs. 1.78±0.2; P = 0.0129) and YG (3.4±0.1 vs. 3.0±0.1; P = 0.0168) compared with steers fed 14% dietary protein. Finishing growth and carcass characteristics were not affected by exposure to ergot alkaloids at weaning as much as dietary protein when cattle had a background period prior to feedlot entry
106 Randel Lecture: The history of the discovery of the Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory (StAR) Protein
Authors: Stocco Douglas M 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This two-part presentation regarding acute regulation of steroid biosynthesis documents discovery of the StAR protein and resolves controversy regarding mitochondrial cholesterol transport. The acute regulation of steroid biosynthesis was known to require de novo synthesis of a regulator protein to mediate the transfer of cholesterol, the substrate for steroids, from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane where it was converted to pregnenolone by the cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage enzyme. We discovered a novel protein that was tightly correlated with steroid biosynthesis and had the requisite characteristics for the putative acute regulator of cholesterol transfer for steroid synthesis. Further studies confirmed that StAR protein is an indispensable component in the process of mitochondrial uptake of the cholesterol substrate for steroidogenesis. The translocator protein (TSPO) is a mitochondrial outer membrane protein suggested to import cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane. However, it was demonstrated in vivo in Leydig cell specific TSPO conditional knockout mice that TSPO was not required for testosterone production or fertility. Similarly, global TSPO knockout (TSPO/-) mice were viable and fertile with fecundity equivalent to TSPO floxed (TSPOfl/fl) controls. Adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis did not differ between TSPOfl/ fl and TSPO-/- mice. In vitro use of different steroidogenic cell line models (MA-10, MLTC, Y-1, H295R and R2C) demonstrated that siRNA-knockdown of TSPO did not affect steroidogenesis. Also, CRISPR/ Cas9-mediated TSPO deletion did not affect MA-10 cell steroidogenesis. These results directly 1) refute the suggestion that TSPO is indispensable for viability and steroid hormone biosynthesis; and, 2) substantiate the primal role of the StAR protein as the rate limiting factor in steroid hormone biosynthesis.
155 Evaluation of cytokine response as an indicator of genetic resistance to fescue toxicosis in purebred Angus cattle
Authors: Mayberry Kyle , Poole Rebecca K , Newsome McKayla A , Khanal Piush , Poore Matthew H , Serao Nick V L , Poole Daniel H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Fescue toxicosis is a multifaceted syndrome common in cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue. However, varying responses among cattle potentially implies genetic tolerance to the syndrome. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the cytokine response of cows deemed either tolerant or susceptible to endophyte-infected fescue. Angus cows, 2–4 yrs old, grazed endophyte-infected tall fescue at two locations for 13 weeks starting mid-April 2016. A post-hoc analysis of animal performance was utilized to designate cattle into either tolerant (n = 20) or susceptible (n = 20) groups, based on physiological responses (changes in ADG) to chronic exposure to endophyte-infected fescue. Blood samples collected on weeks 1, 7, and 13 were used to evaluate serum prolactin (PRL) concentration. Cytokine concentrations were evaluated via Quantibody Bovine Cytokine Arrays. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with repeated measures. There were no differences by location or week. Tolerant cows tended to have decreased overall PRL concentrations compared to susceptible cows (98.3 and 138.4 ng/mL, respectively; P = 0.08). G protein-coupled receptor associated sorting protein (GASP)-1, a down-regulator of G protein-coupled receptors including D2-dopamine receptor a regulator of PRL secretion, was greater in tolerant cows when compared to susceptible cows (4.7 and 4.2 ng/mL; P = 0.03). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A was greater in tolerant cows when compared to susceptible cows (0.5 and 0.2 ng/mL; P = 0.02). Finally, interleukin (IL)-4, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, tended to be greater in tolerant cows when compared to susceptible cows (2.2 and 0.8 ng/mL, respectively; P = 0.07). Based on these data, greater concentrations of GASP-1, VEGF-A, and IL-4 in tolerant compared to susceptible cattle may mitigate the detrimental effects of fescue toxicosis, including suppressed PRL and vasoconstriction, leading to improved animal performance in a fescue environment. Additionally, these cytokines may serve as potential biomarkers for determining an animal’s tolerance or susceptibility to negative effects associated with endophyte-infected tall fescue
116 Polyclonal antibody preparations from avian origin improves growth performance of beef cattle during the first fourteen days of the backgrounding phase
Authors: da Silva Gleise Medeiros , Podversich Federico , Schulmeister Tessa , Luna Ana C G , Barreneche Gonzalo , DiLorenzo Nicolas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding avian-derived polyclonal antibody preparation (PAP; CAMAS, Inc.) against Streptococcus bovis, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and lipopolysaccharides (40, 35, and 25% of the preparation, respectively) on growth performance of beef cattle during the backgrounding phase. From d 0 to 56, Angus crossbreed heifers (n = 80; 360 ± 60 kg of BW; 470 ± 26 d of age) and steers (n = 20; 386 ± 65 kg of BW; 465 ± 30 d of age) were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 16 concrete-floored pens (108 m2), equipped with 2 GrowSafe (GrowSafe Systems Ltd., Airdrie, Alberta, Canada) feed bunks each. Animals received a common ad libitum diet (76% TDN, 15.9% CP, DM basis) with the addition of 1 (PAP1), 3 (PAP3), or 0 g (CON) of PAP per d. Feed intake was recorded daily and BW were obtained on d -1, 0, 14, 28, 42, 55, and 56, to assess changes in BW, ADG, DMI, and G:F. Based upon orthogonal contrasts (CON vs. PAP1, and PAP1 vs. PAP3), BW and ADG on d 14, and DMI from 0 to 28, and 0 to 42 were greater for PAP1 vs. CON (P ≤ 0.03), whereas PAP3 animals were intermediate (P ≥ 0.20). No differences in final BW, DMI, and ADG from d 0 to 56 were detected among treatments (P ≥ 0.22). In conclusion, feeding 1g of polyclonal antibody preparations against Streptococcus bovis, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and lipopolysaccharides in a backgrounding diet, improved growth performance in the first 14 d of feeding suggesting that feeding these PAP for longer than 14 d may not be necessary. The effects on subsequent feedlot performance when using PAP should be evaluated in future studies
175 Reduce Reuse ReRumen: Variability in nutritive value of paunch manure
Authors: Garcia Taylor J , Brady Jeffrey A , Guay Kimberly A , Muir James P , Smith William B 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Ruminant animals develop a diverse and complex microbial ecosystem for digesting fibrous feedstuffs, but this material represents a cost to the industry when bound for rendering at harvest. Our objective was to determine the feed value of paunch manure recovered from an abattoir. Twelve paunch samples were collected from slaughtered cattle at the Tarleton State University Meat Laboratory, Stephenville, TX. Samples were dried under forced air at 55°C to a constant weight and ground to pass through 2-mm screen. A subsample was ground to 1-mm and assayed for DM, CP, and sequential NDF and ADF. Physically effective fiber (peNDF) was calculated with 2 L of unground, dried at 55 ˚C, paunch material using the manually-operated Penn State Particle Separator. Paunch peNDF was determined by multiplying the physical effectiveness factor by the total NDF content of the sample. Samples (2-mm) were subject to batch culture in vitro digestibility assays for determination of digestibility coefficients. Data were analysed as a random effects model using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS. Neutral detergent fiber, ADF, ADL, CP, and peNDF values were 68.1, 39.9, 10.9, 15.0, and 38.7%, respectively. Contribution to variance of the individual animal for NDF, ADF, ADL, CP, and peNDF was 97.2, 97.9, 95.4, 19.1, and 97.5%, respectively. In vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD) was recorded as 46.2% and 21.6%, respectively. Contribution to variance of the animal for IVTD and IVNDFD was 99.05 and 98.49%, respectively. Data collected suggest paunch manure could provide valuable nutrients for livestock production, specifically fiber and protein. For full viability of application in a sustainable system, a centralized receiving and compositing system may be useful for development of a consistent product.
165 Grazing evaluation of pearlillet with and without soybean hull supplementation in a forage-finished beef production system
Authors: McKee Robert W , Harmon Deidre , Hancock Dennis W , Stewart Lawton , Rigdon Macc , Thomas Chevise L , Stelzleni Alexander M 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Pearl millet may be a viable forage option in forage-finished beef production systems due to favorable agronomic traits and nutritive value. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate two varieties of pearl millet with and without soybean hull supplementation in a forage-finished beef production system. In a two-year grazing trial, sixteen 0.81-ha paddocks were randomly assigned to one of four treatments in a 2x2 factorial design: ‘Tifleaf 3’ pearl millet (PM) and ‘Exceed’ pearl millet (BMR) without and with soybean hull supplementation (0.75% of body weight (BW); PM+S and BMR+S, respectively). Each year, Angus crossbred steers (n = 32; BW = 444±59 kg) were paired to minimize variability among pairs. Pairs were randomly assigned to treatment paddocks. Grazing was initiated in June when forage was approximately 60-cm in height and terminated after approximately 90 d of rotational grazing. Average daily gain (ADG) was calculated from weights taken at grazing initiation and termination following an 18-h fast. Steers were harvested in September and carcass data were collected 24-h postmortem. All data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX (SAS v.9.4). Supplemented steers exhibited greater (P < 0.01) ADG than non-supplemented steers. No difference (P > 0.05) was observed for ADG between forage varieties. Pre-harvest shrunk weight, hot carcass weight (HCW), dressing percent (DP), and ribeye area were similar (P > 0.05) within supplemented and non-supplemented steers across forage varieties. Shrunk weight, HCW, and DP were similar (P > 0.05) for BMR+S and BMR. Rib-eye area was similar (P > 0.05) for BMR+S, PM+S, and PM. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed for fat thickness, adjusted fat thickness, yield grade, marbling score, or overall maturity. Results indicate pearl millet is a viable warm-season forage option for forage-finished beef systems in the Southeast and soybean hull supplementation can improve animal performance over forage alone.
183 Effect of fermentation temperature on in vitro digestibility of a finishing diet
Authors: Stotz Miranda K , Mejia-Turcios Sebastian E , Osorio Andrea M , Espinoza Nadira , Urso Philip M , Kondratovich Lucas , Carvalho Luis , Douglas Michael , Sarturi Jhones O , Henry Darren D , Crossland Whitney 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Heat stress (HS) has been indicated to increase ruminal temperature, increase digestibility, and reduce ruminal pH of steers fed high concentrate diets. However, it is unclear if this effect is the result of greater fermentation rate, slower passage rate, or a combination. The effect of ruminal incubation temperature on substrate digestibility and rate of fermentation were evaluated. Four cannulated British-crossbreed steers (BW = 520 kg ± 30 kg) consuming an 87% (DM) concentrate diet were utilized as rumen fluid donors in a randomized complete block design with two incubation treatments (CON=39°C and HS=42°C). Within block, duplicate 125 mL serum bottles containing 200 mg of dietary substrate were inoculated with a 2:1 buffer:ruminal fluid mixture and incubated for 24 h to measure total gas production, fermentation rate, fermentation lag, pH, and ammonia-N concentration. In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) was measured separately in 100 mL centrifuge tubes. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS using the fixed effect of treatment and random effect of rumen fluid donor (block). There was no treatment effect on total gas production (P = 0.92) or fermentation rate (P = 0.11); however, HS began fermenting substrate sooner than CON (P < 0.005). There was a significant effect of treatment on IVOMD where HS was greater compared to CON (79.3 vs. 70.4%; P = 0.05). Final pH and relative pH change were not different (P ≥ 0.25) likely due to buffering capacity of the in vitro technique Ammonia-N concentration was greater for HS than CON (7.92 vs. 5.33 mM; P < 0.05) and may indicate a temperature effect on ruminal nitrogen availability.In conclusion, it does not appear that incubating at a greater temperature affected the fermentation rate but likely induced a change in fermentation kinetics, which may have contributed to the greater overall IVOMD
36 Preweaning causes of morbidity and mortality
Authors: Smith David R 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Prior to weaning, beef calves are susceptible to a variety of traumatic, infectious, parasitic, nutritional, and metabolic diseases. Calves less than three weeks of age are particularly vulnerable to weather-related factors that may induce hypo- or hyperthermia, predation and other forms of physical injury, and metabolic diseases often related to starvation. The most common infectious cause of death in calves less than three weeks of age is diarrhea due to a variety of viral, bacterial, and protozoal infections. The leading cause of death in calves from 3 weeks of age to weaning is pneumonia, although parasitism and nutritional deficiencies are common causes of impaired productivity at that age. Both neonatal calf diarrhea and calf pneumonia can be explained in part by age-related susceptibility due to loss, or failure to acquire, maternal immunity from colostrum. The waning of passively-acquired maternal immunity, in the gut in the case of neonatal calf diarrhea, or systemically in the case of pneumonia, prior to the onset of a strong acquired immunity creates an age-related window of susceptibility for these two important infectious diseases of calves prior to weaning. Most pathogens associated with diarrhea or pneumonia are endemic to most cattle herds. The adult cow herd serves as the reservoir of these agents from one year to the next. Between birth and weaning, pathogens are primarily transmitted between calves by direct contact or through contaminated environmental surfaces. The incidence of both neonatal calf diarrhea and calf pneumonia are affected by population dynamics that create opportunities for effective contacts. The system of management either creates or averts the relative opportunities for all forms of calf-hood diseases, and the design of beef cattle production systems that favor disease prevention remains an important scientific endeavor.
35 Economic Considerations of Pre-Weaning Calf Health Management
Authors: Riley John M , Hurt Courtney , Peel Derrell , Raper Kellie 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The impacts of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDv) and persistently infected (PI) are felt across the cattle industry. This project utilized data and parameters from a meta-analysis of reported results along with partial budgeting procedures to determine economic costs and benefits of herd and calf health management. A base herd of 100 head, consisting of 50 breeding females, 43 calves, and 7 replacement heifers and bulls was implemented. Ninety- six percent of cow-calf operations are uninfected from BVDv. Introduction of an enhanced health program as an uninfected herd resulted in a net loss of $7.64 per bred cow in the first year of the program and a net loss of $6.46 in year two. First-year costs were higher due to initial testing, while second-year costs did not include testing under the assumption that carriers were culled. Infected herds incurred net losses of health program implementation of $96.21 per bred cow for the first year but a gain of the program of $27.96 in year two. First-year losses were larger due to increased testing and eradication costs. Gains in the second year stemmed from increased productivity across the herd. Furthermore, gains were discovered beyond cow-calf operations. Evaluation of down-stream demand for calves (i.e., stocker operations) resulted in gains of $4.39 per stocker for a producer that retains ownership of their calves and $48.89 for producers purchasing calves from cow-calf operators (commercial). Commercial stocker operators benefited from fewer health issues without added cow-calf level costs. These results indicate cow-calf producers would carry the burden of the costs of managing, and attempting to eradicate, BVDv/PI across the industry. These results provide industry stakeholder groups and policymakers benchmarks for incentives to induce health programs, targeted largely at the cow-calf level
127 Effects of Reed Sedge Peat on stress and digestibility of lambs at weaning
Authors: Price Rhianwedd O , Rude Brian J , Boyer Angela R , Zimmerman Nicole G 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Fourteen lambs (age = 71.5 ± 4.15 d; BW = 24.1 ± 3.82 kg) were used to test the effects of feeding Reed Sedge Peat (RSP) during weaning. Lambs (10 females, 4 males) were randomly assigned by sex to one of two groups, they were either fed 56.8 g/d of RSP, or were not fed RSP. Both groups were fed 0.5% BW 18% show lamb grower complete feed (Ware Milling, Houston, MS) and had ad lib access to pasture [80% bermudagrass (Cynadon dactylon) and 20% dallisgrass (Paspallum dilatatum) during the day during the weaning portion of the study (14 d prior to weaning through 14 d after weaning). On d 15 after weaning, 10 of the lambs (6 females, 2 males) were randomly selected by treatment and moved to small individual pens where they underwent a digestibility trial for 8 days (3 d adjustment and 5 d collection) during which they were fed 1% BW hay/d and 4% BW/d 18% show lamb grower complete feed used during the weaning trail. At d 2 an initial blood sample was taken via jugular venipuncture, then ACTH was injected into the vein. Blood samples were taken at 15 min intervals for 1 h following synthetic ACTH injection, and analysed by conducting a cbc with differential. Reed-Sedge Peat had no effect (P > 0.05) on digestibility of DM, OM, ash, protein, NDF, ADF, HC, or fat. Reed-Sedge Peat, also had no effect on intake DM (P = 0.3184), DMI per BW (P = 0.1062), hay intake (P = 0.9581), hay intake per BW (P = 0.9330), or concentrate intake (P = 0.8744). There was a tendency (P = 0.0552) for increased intake for RSP with regard to the concentrate. No difference for blood parameters between groups (P > 0.05).
198 Replacing cottonseed meal and sorghum grain with corn dried distillers grains with solubles in lamb feedlot diets: Growth performance and ruminal fluid parameters
Authors: Hodges Kade , Whitney Travis R , Ramsey Shawn 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Effects of replacing cottonseed meal (CSM) and sorghum grain with dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in Dorper ram lamb (n = 46) feedlot diets on growth performance and rumen fluid parameter were evaluated. In a randomized design study, lambs were individually fed ad libitum 70.9% concentrate diets for 56 d in individual pens. The positive control diet (CNTL) contained CSM, sorghum grain, and other concentrates, but no DDGS. Four treatment diets were similar to CNTL, but had no CSM which was replaced 0% (0DDGS), 33% (33DDGS), 66% (66DDGS) or 100% (100DDGS) of the sorghum grain. Lambs fed CNTL were compared to 0DDGS and linear and quadratic effects were evaluated within the four DDGS diets. A treatment × day interaction was observed (P < 0.001) for lamb BW, but not for ADG, DMI, or G:F (P > 0.10). Lambs fed CNTL had greater (P ≤ 0.02) BW on d 42 and 56 and greater (P < 0.01) overall ADG and G:F than lambs fed 0DDGS. On d 42 and 56, lamb BW quadratically increased (P ≤ 0.04) as DDGS increased in the diet. Averaged across all days, ADG quadratically increased (P < 0.001) and DMI and GF tended to quadratically increase (P ≤ 0.08) as DDGS increased in the diet. On d 56, ruminal pH quadratically decreased (P < 0.001), acetate linearly increased (P < 0.001) and acetate:propionate tended to linearly increase (P = 0.08) as DDGS increased in the diet. Results indicated that lamb growth performance is enhanced when CSM is used to increase dietary CP (CNTL vs. 0DDGS) and that all of the CSM and up to 66% of the sorghum grain can be replaced by DDGS (66DDGS) without negatively affecting growth performance.
51 Effects of two different hatcher basket wash systems on microbial counts
Authors: Sanders Abigail , Hoefler William C , Rainey Malcolm 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The recently hatched chicks’ umbilicus provides a pathway for the introduction of pathogenic microorganisms. Consequently, sanitation of hatcher basket is crucial to the future success of the chick. The design of this study was to examine the effects of two hatcher basket wash systems on microbial loads and subsequent 7 d chick mortality. Treatment 1 consisted of a single stage wash system and treatment 2 was a Multi-stage wash system. On sampling days, 10 hatcher baskets randomly selected off the chick processing line were individually swabbed pre-washing. A 5.08 cm2 templet placed in the lower left hand corner of each hatcher basket ensured accurate sampling. Following pre-wash sampling each basket was labeled, placed into the wash system, and recovered immediately post washing. A second templet placed in the same location as the first and a post wash swab collected. Samples were collected for 10 non-consecutive days. Following each collection day, each swab was plated on a 3M-Petrifilm Count Plate and allowed to incubate for 48 h at 39.44oC. Following incubation, plates were read to determine total plate count (TPC per cm2). There were no significant (P .05) at either the prewash (993 vs 595) or post wash (38 vs 58). There were no significant differences (P > .05) in 7 day mortality between treatment 1 vs 2 (0.95% vs 1.12%). In conclusion, both wash systems were effective in reducing microbial loads.