bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Truth to Be Found in Death
Authors: Muehlberger Ellen 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The first chapter examines how early fourth-century histories dealt with the insecurity of Christianity’s place in the empire by portraying emperors dying well or dying badly. This literary trope was a tool that argued that bodies were a signal of an alternate, but ultimately correct, narrative of the immediate past, one in which the success of Christianity was both inevitable and unmistakable. This way of mediating the past introduced a relationship between bodily suffering at death and divine displeasure, a concept that took root in the construction of heresiology and orthodoxy; the latter part of the chapter considers stories about heretics who die badly and notes how, associating what they saw as the filth of heresy with the filth of the dying body, Christian writers developed a vocabulary that equated a difficult death with moral stain.
Training for Death
Authors: Muehlberger Ellen 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains how the experience of death became a topic for so many Christians from so many different areas of the ancient world simultaneously, and why they all seemed to approach it in the same, peculiar way. All the Christian writers whose work is considered in this book had a common educational background, not in the church but in the rhetorical classrooms that formed elite men for public leadership. Often, the rhetorical training they received along with non-Christian contemporaries is seen as contentless, a rote memorization of styles and forms. This chapter calls that assumption into question by demonstrating how one rhetorical exercise—speech in character—created a pattern of speaking about and thinking about tragic circumstances. Its method of dealing with time, its emphasis on the reversal of fortune, and its focus on the regret of the person at the center of a tragedy all became fundamental to how Christians imagined the moment of reckoning.
What Remains?
Authors: Muehlberger Ellen 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 considers the wealth of images of death as a fund of Christian thinking about the nature of humanity and argues that by putting more effort toward imagining death, Christians invented a new stage of human experience: the postmortal. While some early Christian literature speaks formally of death as the moment of separation between an eternal soul and a mortal body, the picture that emerges from the evidence in this book is far more complex. What remained was not just a soul, or a mind, but was often also a body that received physical punishment. The chapter argues that in the Christian imagination about death we can access an informal anthropology that stands at odds with formal theological teachings about humanity from late antiquity. Once established, thinking about death as a moment of reckoning shifted how Christians thought of a person and his life.
Considering Compulsion in Late Ancient Christianity
Authors: Muehlberger Ellen 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
At the opening of the fifth century, Christian writers advocated explicitly for using force or the threat of force to produce allegiance among Christians. In this chapter the author disaggregates this act, compulsion, from the other kinds of violence in late antiquity that have drawn the attention of scholars. She then examines the most influential statements made in defense of compulsion, taking her bearings primarily from Augustine’s letters, to show how Christian reasoning about the propriety of compulsion depends directly on there being a vividly imagined and universally expected postmortal. In the latter part of the chapter, the author explains how the chronology for human life that includes the postmortal allowed Augustine to shift ethical questions about the act of compulsion onto more favorable ground. The shift to surrogated thinking persisted in Christian considerations of compulsion, and at the end of the chapter, the author reflects on the lasting effects of this approach.
Introduction
Authors: Barkin J. Samuel , Sjoberg Laura 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter sets up an identity crisis in International Relations theorizing as the context for the currently complicated relationship between constructivism and critical theorizing, both in disciplinary International Relations–centered theory discussions and in empirical research about global politics. It argues that in the face of a proliferation of theoretical perspectives and increasing uncertainty about the nature of the world of global politics “out there,” there has been a tendency of theorists outside the “neo-neo synthesis” of realisms and liberalisms to consolidate their work into another synthesis, one between constructivist and critical International Relations. The chapter makes the preliminary case that constructivism and critical theory should be seen as orthogonal rather than complementary, and that the two should be seen as sets of tools for research and argumentation, rather than as paradigmatic unities. Finally, the chapter introduces the idea of affordances as a way of thinking about what the two can do well.
The European Polarization of Income Distributions
Authors: Beckfield Jason 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The stratification of Europe combines two trends: the economic convergence among European economies and the within-nation polarization of the distribution of household income. This chapter examines the combination of these trends to describe the new structure of European stratification, and it analyzes what role European integration has played in these changes. Using fixed-effects models that simulate control for unmeasured but stable between-country differences in the drivers of income inequality over the 1973–2013 period, it extrapolates predictions from those models and compares these to data on income inequality from Waves V and VI of the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), circa 2000–2010, and Eurostat, circa 2008–2012. It then uses individual-level data from the LIS and Eurostat to calculate the level of total income inequality in Europe and the changing contribution of between- and within-nation income inequality to the total.
Conclusion
Authors: Beckfield Jason 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This concluding chapter summarizes the book’s main findings, details the limitations of the research, and elaborates the implications of the argument for the social science of stratification, as well as for the political questions of where Europe goes from here. It begins with an analysis of the recent recession through the lens of unequal Europe. It then evaluates three counterfactual scenarios. The first is Global Europe: what if Europe globalized instead of regionalized? The second is Economic Europe: what if Europe integrated economically without integrating politically? The third is Social Europe: what if the technocratic capitalist turn had failed to dominate European-level policy and jurisprudence in the 1980s?
Meet the Food Radicals
Authors: Norwood F. Bailey , Mix Tamara L. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
They are twenty-seven persons changing how we farm, how the food system operates, and how we eat. No two are the same, but all are far from ordinary. Some want to change how we farm to make it more sustainable, while others want to transform the food system in the name of social justice. Some seek to alter what we eat, while others want to change how and where we eat. They include regular farmers, but also farmers growing food without the sun or soil. They include architects, molecular biologists, Black Lives Matter activists, anarchists, undercover animal rights investigators, big farmers, small farmers, martial arts instructors, and more. Join us at the table to dine with twenty-seven food radicals—and see the world of food as you have rarely seen it before.
Introduction
Authors: Norwood F. Bailey , Mix Tamara L. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Describing someone as a food “radical” can imply many different things. It can suggest the person has unusual ideas, or it can mean that he or she is awesome in some way. The Latin ancestor of the word “radical” suggests the person is someone attempting to get at the “root” of a food problem. Many individuals seek to improve the food system. Most are radical in various ways. All are creative, unconventional, brave, and compassionate people. While they do not all agree on solutions, they do agree on the need for a better food system, and one can learn something from all of them.
The Farm
Authors: Norwood F. Bailey , Mix Tamara L. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Agriculture is experiencing radical changes. Farmers are learning to produce crops without tilling the soil, robots are becoming farmhands, and companies are raising crops without sunlight or soil. Though these changes are revolutionary, some believe we have not gone far enough. While pesticides allow farmers to prevent soil erosion, some argue agroecological methods can prevent erosion without pesticides, through the use of polycultures, green manures, and other techniques used in organic agriculture. Livestock agriculture is also being challenged on animal welfare and environmental grounds, so much so that some individuals conduct undercover investigations of livestock farms, and companies are investing large amounts of money to create meat substitutes. The possibilities afforded by genetic engineering are enormous, and while some see the technology as a key component of sustainability, others see it as a threat. While individuals may share similar goals for improving the food system, their preferred methods often differ.
Resilience, Transitions, and Youth Leaving Care
Authors: Gilligan Robbie 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses resilience in the lives of care leavers. Youth transitions can be especially challenging for young adults who face major adversity in their lives as they negotiate early encounters with adult life. One such group is young people leaving out-of-home care at the official age, in many jurisdictions, of 18 years. Young people leaving care often do not have the luxury of extending the timing of their transitions, as may be the case for their peers not in care; circumstances force them to make early transitions and, typically, without the level of support their more fortunate peers may be able to call on. Yet many young adults leaving care do quite well; they manage to display resilience. They find resources in their social ecology which help them to manage the process of their transitions. This chapter explores the background to such displays of resilience and how former caregivers and other concerned adults may help to stimulate and sustain such resilience. It also argues that support from concerned adults in arenas such as education and work may be especially helpful in promoting resilience to adversity among youth transitioning to adulthood from care.
The Benefits of Extending State Care to Young Adults
Authors: Courtney Mark E. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter summarizes recent research in the United States providing evidence of the benefits of allowing youth in foster care to remain in care through their 21st birthdays. The chapter provides relevant background information about the foster care system in the United States, describes two studies that have considered the relationship between extended foster care and young people’s transition to adulthood, summarizes the findings of those studies regarding the potential benefits of extended care, and discusses the implications of the studies’ findings for policy and practice. As child welfare systems around the world increasingly continue to support young people in care into adulthood, research will be needed to ensure that these new care systems meet the needs of the young adults they serve.
Indigenous Youth Leaving Care in Canada
Authors: Fast Elizabeth , Ismail Allouche Zeina , Drouin Gagné Marie-Eve , Boldo Vicky 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter critically examines the notion of Canadian Indigenous youth leaving care by arguing that all forms of separation, including adoption, should be analyzed through the lens of ongoing colonization of Indigenous peoples. Several immediate and long-term practices are examined, some of which call for greater support for Indigenous ways of caring for children, urgent measures to address poverty in Indigenous communities, cultural planning for Indigenous children who are currently separated from their families and communities, and ways of supporting Indigenous youth in transition to adulthood who are looking to reconnect with their families, communities, and cultures.
Mind-Society
Authors: Thagard Paul 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Social change comes from the combination of communication among people and their individual cognitive and emotional processes. This book systematically connects neural and psychological explanations of mind with social phenomena, covering major social sciences (social psychology, sociology, politics, economics, anthropology, and history) and professions (medicine, law, education, engineering, and business). The aim is not to reduce the social to the psychological but rather to display their harmony and interdependence. This display is accomplished by describing the interconnections among mental and social mechanisms, which interact to generate social changes ranging from marriage patterns to wars. The major tool for this description is the method of social cognitive-emotional workups, which connects the mental mechanisms operating in individuals with social mechanisms operating in groups. Social change is the result of emergence from interacting social and mental mechanisms, which include the neural and molecular processes that make minds capable of thinking. Validation of hypotheses about multilevel emergence requires detailed studies of important social changes, from norms about romantic relationships to economic practices, political institutions, religious customs, and international relations. This book belongs to a trio that includes Brain–Mind: From Neurons to Consciousness and Creativity and Natural Philosophy: From Social Brains to Knowledge, Reality, Morality, and Beauty. They can be read independently, but together they make up a Treatise on Mind and Society that provides a unified and comprehensive treatment of the cognitive sciences, social sciences, professions, and humanities.
Economics
Authors: Thagard Paul 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The irrational exuberance of people in an economic bubble can be contrasted with the panicked despair of people in a crash by identifying their very different concepts, beliefs, rules, analogies, and emotions. Motivated inference encourages people to think that good times can only continue, whereas fear-driven inference disposes people to dread that bad times will only get worse. In bubbles, motivated inference and molecules such as testosterone and dopamine provide the feedback loop to encourage individuals to remain optimistic. In crashes, fear driven-inference and molecules such as cortisol promote pessimism. Bubbles, crashes, and other economic changes are not just matters of individual psychology because they are also social processes resulting from the communicative interactions of many people.
Explanation
Authors: Thagard Paul 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Different styles of explanation employ different patterns. In narrative explanation, people tell a story concerning how events come about. Explanation by elimination occurs when a phenomenon is explained away as being nonexistent. Explanation by deduction is powerful in mathematical fields such as physics, but is rarely possible in more qualitative fields such as biology, psychology, and sociology. In these fields, the most useful approach is mechanistic, where events are explained by showing how they causally result from regular changes in systems of connected and interacting parts. Like explanation, causality cannot be captured by a simple analysis in terms of universal regularities, manipulations, probabilities, or causal networks. Rather, a three-analysis marks all of these as typical features of causal relations, on top of familiar exemplars such as pushes and pulls.
Beauty and Beyond
Authors: Thagard Paul 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The main mental and social functions of art are the expression and transmission of emotions, in relationships among creative artists and their appreciators. Artistic emotions are semantic pointers in brains that integrate sensory representations with combinations of physiological changes and cognitive appraisals. The central emotional response to art is beauty, resulting from pleasurable emotional coherence through unity in diversity of sensory representations. Art generates other important emotional responses, including interest, shock, sadness, fear, anger, and disgust. Art is good or bad depending on the intensity and quality of the emotions that it generates. Art can offer valuable contributions to the needs-related emotions of its producers and appreciators. Art occurs at the social intersection of mind and world when creators and appreciators use their brains to generate and perceive works that stimulate emotions.
Future Philosophy
Authors: Thagard Paul 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Philosophy hangs together by coherence relations tied to scientific evidence. Multilevel materialism in the philosophy of mind fits well bidirectionally with reliable coherentism in epistemology. Understanding the brain as operating with neural mechanisms of parallel constraint satisfaction supports and is supported by the view that knowledge is based on reliable coherence. Both of these views fit with scientific realism as the most plausible approach to metaphysics. There are internally coherent alternatives to my system of social cognitivism, such as religious philosophies that espouse faith and supernaturalism, but these are incompatible with centuries of accumulated evidence. This concluding chapter addresses three important philosophical questions that remain unresolved despite relevant advances in cognitive science: the existence of free will, the nature of mathematical knowledge, and the mental capacities of machines and nonhuman animals.
Concepts in the Brain
Authors: Kemmerer David 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
For most native English speakers, the meanings of words like “blue,” “cup,” “stumble,” and “carve” seem quite natural. Research in semantic typology has shown, however, that they are far from universal. Although the roughly 6,500 languages around the world have many similarities in the sorts of concepts they encode, they also vary greatly in how they partition particular conceptual domains, how they map those domains onto syntactic categories, which distinctions they force speakers to habitually track, and how deeply they weave certain notions into the fabric of their grammar. Although these insights from semantic typology have had a major impact on psycholinguistics, they have mostly been neglected by the branch of cognitive neuroscience that studies how concepts are represented, organized, and processed in the brain. In this book, David Kemmerer exposes this oversight and demonstrates its significance. He argues that as research on the neural substrates of semantic knowledge moves forward, it should expand its purview to embrace the broad spectrum of cross-linguistic variation in the lexical and grammatical representation of meaning. Otherwise, it will never be able to achieve a truly comprehensive, pan-human account of the cortical underpinnings of concepts. The book begins by elaborating the different perspectives on concepts that currently exist in semantic typology and cognitive neuroscience. Then it shows how a synthesis of these approaches can lead to a more unified understanding of several domains of meaning—specifically, objects, actions, and spatial relations. Finally, it explores multiple issues involving the interplay between language, cognition, and consciousness.
Actions
Authors: Kemmerer David 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores how typological findings about action concepts can inform neuroscientific work on their cortical implementation. Because common representational patterns in the cross-linguistic treatment of actions are likely to reflect fundamental properties of this intricate semantic sphere, they provide neuroscientists with important “targets” to search for in the brain. And because less frequent and downright rare patterns reveal the scope of cultural variation, they show neuroscientists how much conceptual diversity must ultimately be accommodated by any comprehensive brain-based theory. The first section concentrates on motion events. Then the next section discusses events of cutting, breaking, and opening. After that, the chapter turns to events of putting and taking. Finally, the last two sections deal with serial verb constructions and verbal classification systems.
The Institutional Architecture of Progressive Democracy
Authors: Emerson Blake 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes examples of Progressive administration from the New Deal and the Second Reconstruction. This account explores the tension between public deliberation in the administrative process and efficient delivery of the services that make democracy possible. During the New Deal, the Tennessee Valley Authority and the Agricultural Adjustment Administration engaged in highly deliberative forms of land use planning. But these deliberative procedures tended to exclude low-income and minority farmers. The Farm Security Administration, by contrast, provided desperately needed goods and services to poor farmers, but did not generally engage them in administrative policymaking. As the New Deal drew to a close, the Progressive emphasis on participatory modes of administration were codified in a thin form in the Administrative Procedure Act. At the same time, the social impacts of the New Deal agricultural agencies created some of the conditions for the Second Reconstruction. During the Second Reconstruction, civil rights agencies attempted to combine public participation and efficient bureaucracy in new institutional forms. The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare developed broad understandings of the social background for segregation that enabled courts to integrate schools in the South. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission deliberated with civil rights groups and the courts to develop the disparate impact theory of discrimination. The Office of Economic Opportunity instituted radical forms of public participation in implementing the “maximum feasible participation” requirement of the Economic Opportunity Act.