bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chinese Abalone Merchants and Fishermen in Nineteenth-Century Santa Barbara, California
Authors: Bentz Linda , Braje Todd J. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Shortly after the California Gold Rush, the first commercial abalone fishery sprang to life along the central and southern Californian coast, an industry founded and developed by Chinese immigrants. By shipping dried black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii) to Chinese communities in the American West, and exporting the product to a ready market in China, Chinese merchants assembled an elaborate trade network that reached from Santa Barbara, California, to China. Here, we offer the first synthesis of archaeological and historical data that describes the elements of Chinese export activities interpreted through a trading diaspora framework. Our results reveal details about an international trade network supported by the formation of self-governing business associations, relationships with trading partners, and interactions with European Americans. This study fills a critical gap in our understanding of the broader context of California’s historical fisheries and contextualizes the strategies of Chinese merchants who took advantage of new opportunities presented by a changing Pacific economy.
Two Modes of Political Engagement in Contemporary Israeli Art Photography
Authors: Morris-Reich Amos 
Published: June 2019

AbstractRanging from photojournalism to landscape photography from the late 1980s to the present, this article studies the ways in which Israeli still art photography has engaged politically with the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Following historical contextualization of the emergence of critical engagement in the late 1980s and the iconography of the conflict during the first Intifada, and after introducing notions from the sociology of critique, the article uses distinctions made by art photographers in classifying themselves and their peers and identifies two contrasting poles that mark the extremities of the field. Based on the understanding of the distinctness of photography as a medium with regard to the ways the photographer draws on signs from reality, the article characterizes the two modes of engagement as “indirect” or “direct.” The indirect mode is metaphorical, evading the easily identifiable iconography of the conflict; the direct mode focuses on its already visually fixed expressions in order to place its image before the eyes of viewers. The article then illustrates both modes with photographers who consistently pursue either a direct or an indirect mode of engagement and argues for a close relationship between each of the two modes and a distinct conception of politically engaged photographic critique. The article argues that the two modes differ both in terms of their conception of photography and with regard to their conception of politics and political education. Without ignoring ambivalence, which is built into the medium of photography, or the ambiguities built into any attempt of classification, the aim of the article, ultimately, is to bring to the surface the contrasting foundations of the two modes and the methods of engagement to which they are tied.
“Jewish Tactics and Memorial Space-making: Lisa Alembik’s Murder Ballads”
Authors: Orr Joey 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis essay discusses artist Lisa Alembik’s drawing series, Murder Ballads, as occupying the intersection of the imaginative discourse of post-witness representation and the production of Jewish memorial space. By representing missing places and people, Alembik puts her drawings into an exchange with an Appalachian musical form to explore family trauma. These crime scenes are spaces that breathe life into an inaccessible past.
In a Parallel World: An Introduction to Frank Ankersmit’s Philosophy of History
Authors: Tamm Marek , Zeleňák Eugen 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article proposes to identify the conceptual structure guiding Frank Ankersmit’s philosophy of history. We argue that philosophical analysis of history consists in Ankersmit’s approach of three different levels: 1) the level of the past itself which is the subject of ontology, 2) the level of description of the past that is studied by epistemology, and 3) the level of representation of the past which should be analysed primarily by means of aesthetics. In other words, the realm of history is constituted of three aspects: 1) historical experience, 2) historical research, and 3) historical representation. During his whole academic career, Ankersmit has been interested in the first and the third aspects and has tried deliberately to avoid any serious engagement in epistemology (historical research). Ankersmit’s philosophy of history is built on a few fundamental dichotomies that can be considered as a kind of axioms of his thinking: 1) the distinction between historical research and historical writing, and 2) the distinction between description and historical representation. The article offers a critical discussion of Ankersmit’s two different approaches to the philosophy of history: cognitivist philosophy of history (analysis of historical representation) and existentialist philosophy of history (analysis of historical experience), and concludes by a short overview of the impact and significance of his historical-philosophical work and of his idea of the uniqueness of history.
Frank Ankersmit and Hayden White on the Politics of Historical Representation
Authors: van den Akker Chiel 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe do not learn from the past nor from possible analogies between the past and the present. Rather we learn from representations of the past and the insights they offer, for those insights allow us to adopt the political and moral values that we need to plan a future course of action. It follows, so Frank Ankersmit argues, that aesthetics in its sense as a general theory of representation precedes ethics. This essay is concerned with this bold and important thesis. It will do so in the context of the politics of historical representation and the fact–value and subjectivity–objectivity distinctions. The subject was also dear to the heart of Ankersmit’s late American colleague Hayden White. Ankersmit is concerned with how historical representations support a future course of action. White, by contrast, was (also) concerned with how historical representations limit a future course of action since they cannot serve as a basis for utopian politics.
The Skopos Assumption: Its Justification and Function in the Neoplatonic Commentaries on Plato
Authors: Baltzly Dirk 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis paper examines the role of the theme (prothesis or skopos) in Neoplatonic interpretive practice, particularly with respect to Platonic dialogues. The belief that every dialogue has a single skopos and that every aspect of the dialogue can be seen as subserving that skopos is one of the most distinctive of the Neoplatonists’ intepretive principles.1 It is also the one that is most directly responsible for the forced and artificial character of their readings of Plato. The arguments offered in support of this principle are manifestly inadequate to justify the role that it plays. This is so even if we evaluate those arguments by the Neoplatonists’ own lights. If we want to understand how this practice seemed rational to them, we need to consider more than their texts and Plato’s. We need to consider the role that the shared act of reading a Platonic dialogue with the teacher had in transforming the souls of the students and in the self-understanding of Neoplatonic teachers. I. Hadot, among others, has argued that the continuous commentary was a kind of spiritual exercise.2 I largely agree with her conclusion, though I believe her analysis of the sense in which these were spiritual exercises needs to be deepened. I argue that the justification for the assumption that each dialogue has a single skopos is best understood by reference to the manner in which the practice of commentary functioned within the internal economy of their schools considered as textual communities.3
The Tepi Shemu Feast: A Tool for Testing Chronologies of Dynasty 21 to 25?
Authors: Gautschy Rita 
Published: June 2019

Due to the lack of a reliable king list and secure reign lengths, some freedom still exists to rearrange and re-date Egyptian kings of Dynasties 21 to 25. In recent articles, Ad Thijs as well as Michael Bányai have elaborated alternative chronologies for large parts of the Egyptian Third Intermediate Period.
Various suggested chronologies will be discussed in this article, taking into account the Karnak Priestly Annals, the Nile Level Records, the Chronicle of Prince Osorkon, Assyrian and Biblical texts referring to Egypt or Nubia, and astronomical data. The main focus rests on the astronomical data and the basic idea that it seems unlikely that priestly inductions during the Tepi Shemu feast took place on miscellaneous lunar days in different years. A tentative reconstruction of the course of events of the Tepi Shemu feast is proposed.
A New Astronomically Based Chronological Model for the Egyptian Old Kingdom
Authors: Gautschy Rita , Habicht Michael E. , Galassi Francesco M. , Rutica Daniela , Rühli Frank J. , Hannig Rainer 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
A recently discovered inscription on an ancient Egyptian ointment jar mentions the heliacal rising of Sirius. In the time of the early Pharaohs, this specific astronomical event marked the beginning of the Egyptian New Year and originally the annual return of the Nile flood, making it of great ritual importance. Since the Egyptian civil calendar of 365 days permanently shifted one day in four years in comparison to the stars due to the lack of intercalation, the connection of a date from the Egyptian civil calendar with the heliacal rising of Sothis is vitally important for the reconstruction of chronology. The new Sothis date from the Old Kingdom (3rd–6th Dynasties) in combination with other astronomical data and radiocarbon dating re-calibrates the chronology of ancient Egypt and consequently the dating of the Pyramids. A chronological model for Dynasties 3 to 6 constructed on the basis of calculated astronomical data and contemporaneously documented year dates of Pharaohs is presented.
Persecutions against Ismaʿili Missionaries in Central Asia: The Case of Nāser Khosrow
Authors: Mahamid Hatim 
Published: June 2019

Local governors in Central Asia persecuted Ismaʿili missionaries (dāʿis) since the early years of Ismaʿili activity there. The rise of the Fatimid State, from the tenth century onwards, encouraged the activity of those missionaries who were receiving support from the Fatimids, leading to increased persecutions of Ismaʿilis in Iraq and the eastern provinces of the Abbasid Caliphate.
This study will deal with the activity of those missionaries and the difficulties and persecutions that they faced, with a focus on the case of the dāʿi Nāser Khosrow (1004–1088/394–481) in Central Asia. At the time, Nāser was considered as a model dāʿi representing the activity of Ismaʿili missionaries. Throughout his life, he suffered bitterly in his role as the main dāʿi of the Fatimids. Despite the hostile atmosphere and insecurity, Nāser Khosrow succeeded in becoming a highly significant philosopher and poet, but died in a sorrowful situation, isolated in the valley of Yomgān.
Precious Skin
Authors: Yongdan Lobsang 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Before 2006, otter pelts, the skins of carnivorous mammals from the Lutrinae family, were considered to be among the most precious and sought-after commodities in Tibet, being used for clothing, hats, and cushions. The animal’s flesh and body parts were used as ingredients in Tibetan medicine. However, after the Dalai Lama criticised the use of wild animal furs in 2006 in response to requests from international conservation organisations, most Tibetans not only stopped wearing otter fur, but a significant number of people also set fire to pelts worth thousands of yuan. In this article, by exploring a number of Tibetan religious and historical texts, I discuss the history of otter fur in its broadest context and the change in social values indicated by the cessation of this practice and outline the history of otter fur usage in Tibet, as well as the rise and fall of the material’s trade in the country.
Toxic Care (?)
Authors: Turk Elizabeth 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In post-socialist Mongolia, unsuccessful treatment, or worse, interventions that result in worsened health conditions, are common concerns. Patients and clients direct scepticism towards a range of practitioners, from biomedical physicians to shamans and ‘folk’ healers (domch). The gap between the ideal treatment and the actual outcome—the prevalence of treatment misfires—invites analysis of infrastructural changes to (health)care and wider contexts of relationality. As state-owned medicine was restructured in the 1990s, healing ‘traditions’ such as shamanism and Traditional Mongolian Medicine considered essentialised aspects of national identity have gained new legitimacy. Many people find it challenging to navigate the multiple authorities on health and wellbeing that exist in contemporary public. Patients and clients often questioned efficacy in terms of toxicity and poison (hor, horlol). Toxicity’s associations with Soviet-era regulation and Buddhist medical contexts articulate the importance of both state-sanctioned regulation and the practitioner’s specialised knowledge.
The Politics of the Inner Asian Frontier and the 1771 Exodus of the Kalmyks
Authors: Kendirbai Gulnar T. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This article offers a new explanatory framework for studies of the return of the tsar’s Kalmyk subjects to their ancestors’ lands in Jungaria in 1771, a unique episode of Russian imperial history that illustrates the complex power dynamics of the Inner Asian frontier. By highlighting structural similarities between Russian and Qing approaches to their nomadic counterparts, the article challenges earlier characterisations of the Russian/Kalmyk relationship as one of domination and subjugation, demonstrating instead that Russian imperial authorities continued to adhere to established steppe political practices in their interactions with the Kalmyks until at least the beginning of the nineteenth century.
Journey in Sufism
Authors: Rahmani Mansure , Gharamaleki Ahad Faramarz , Arif Hassan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Journey (safar) is strongly relevant to Sufism and mysticism. It has been considered as a paradigm for the various stages of spiritual transition. The problem addressed in this study concerns different uses of the word for analysis of the process of its conversion into a mystical term, and the criticism of this process. Sufis used the term journey in its literal meaning because of its important role in achieving mystical goals, utilizing it as a metaphor for death, life and the transition of one’s states influenced by religious sources. Journey as a metaphor for transition of one’s states was considered literal by the method of the “metaphysicalization” of sensual concepts. This new literal use of journey came to be employed as a paradigm to order the process of the mystical path. As such, the method of the metaphysicalization of sensual concepts needs linguistic arguments, as it cannot be applied to all words.
Shintō is the Indigenous Religion of the World
Authors: Miura Takashi 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This article responds to a call for more research on the theme of “universality” in Japanese religion as articulated by Michel Mohr in his recent monograph (2014). The article focuses on Deguchi Onisaburō 出口王仁三郎 and examines the ways in which he utilized “Shintō” as a self-universalizing framework. He argued that Shintō is the spiritual foundation of the entire world, a kind of cosmic principle that pervades the universe. Based on this, he claimed that all religions around the world are merely different forms of Shintō. Onisaburō was not the first to advance this type of universalizing argument, as a number of Shintō thinkers had made comparable claims since the medieval period. What was at stake for Onisaburō and his predecessors, in other words, was not Shintō’s “indigeneity” to Japan, but its universality. This observation helps to further relativize and historicize the prevailing characterization of Shintō as Japan’s “indigenous religion.”
Evaluating Higher Education by Indicators
Authors: King Roger 
Published: June 2019

This piece looks at indicators and data models in countries outside China to see if such approaches may contribute to the accountability and quality drives in higher education in China. It notes the policy movement in China from rapid student number expansion to more emphasis on quality and social purpose as desirable characteristics for its universities and colleges. The article remarks that establishing legibility to the center to enable effective but lighter-touch surveillance of higher education institutions is difficult in large mass sectors without a major commitment of resources and bureaucratic intervention which may not be desired by all stakeholders. Rather, it is suggested that utilizing good data and indicators may be one means of overcoming the difficulties in balancing central public control with the increased autonomy of universities in China. The article distinguishes between static data and dynamic data and goes on to consider the relevance of student posts on social media as an accurate guide to the student experience, a key component of the many institutional attempts in China to capture this dimension of quality. Overall, the chapter debates the extent to which an over-reliance on indicators and data may decontextualize the rich experiences and nuances found in the learning and teaching processes. There is the danger of over-simplification and the “exclusion of narrative” necessary for a full understanding of the knowledge process. Rather, the author supports a ‘variable geometry’ of approach to quality assessment and other forms of higher education accountability. This would seek to utilize both external data and indicators alongside a peer review methodology in which human opinion and assessment remains important.
Aspects of the Indo-European Aorist and Imperfect
Authors: Hollenbaugh Ian 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The Proto-Indo-European (PIE) tense-aspect system has been reconstructed since the time of Delbrück (1897) as containing a fundamental opposition between two aspect-denoting stems: An Aorist stem, denoting perfective aspect, and a Present stem, denoting imperfective aspect. This reconstruction is, for practical reasons, based almost entirely on Greek and Vedic. Re-examining the Homeric and R̥gvedic data, I argue on semantic grounds against this century-old understanding of the tense-aspect system of PIE. In its place, I reconstruct the “Aorist” indicative as denoting perfect aspect (not perfective), and the “Imperfect” indicative as a simple past tense (not imperfective). Evidence for this reconstruction is based on the consistent usage in the R̥gveda of the Aorist in the meaning ‘have done X’ (with present reference) and the Imperfect in the meaning ‘did X’ (especially in narrative contexts)—a distribution which frequently has a precise match in Homer.
Anatolian evidence suggests that the Indo-European laryngeals *h2 and *h3 were uvular stops
Authors: Kloekhorst Alwin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In this article it will be argued that the Indo-European laryngeals *h2 and *h3, which recently have been identified as uvular fricatives, were in fact uvular stops in Proto-Indo-Anatolian. Also in the Proto-Anatolian and Proto-Luwic stages these sounds probably were stops, not fricatives.
A new look at the Greek desiderative
Authors: Kölligan Daniel 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This paper argues that the Greek desiderative formation in -σειε/ο- may be explained as continuing a form in *-s-eu̯-i̯e/o-, derived from the weak stem in *-eu̯- of u-stem adjectives built to non-reduplicated s-presents/desideratives of the type Ved. d(h)akṣu- ‘burning’ which is marginally preserved in Mycenaean e-wi-su° and probably Alphabetic Greek φαῦλος and αἴσυλα.
The historical morphology of definiteness in Baltic
Authors: Sommer Florian 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The history of the definite adjective in Baltic has been the object of a considerable tradition of research. Most studies approach the problem from an angle which emphasizes the prehistory of the construction and its deeper genealogical ties as well as structurally comparable constructions in neighboring languages.
The present paper, however, is primarily concerned with a thorough morphological description of these constructions in the Baltic languages exclusively, and the trajectory of historical developments within attested diachrony. It will be shown that Lithuanian, Latvian and Old Prussian are best addressed independently as they provide rather diverse challenges to an adequate morphological classification. Special prominence will be given to wordhood issues in Old Lithuanian.
Marking “Men of Iniquity”: Imperial Purpose and Imagined Boundaries in the Qing Processing of Rebel Ringleaders, 1786-1828
Authors: McMahon Daniel 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This essay explores the administrative and ideological context of Qing borderland pacification through examination of the imperial response to apex rebel ringleaders. Presented are five cases of bureaucratic “discourse” (official description and physical management) processing Lin Shuangwen (1786-1788 Lin Shuangwen Revolt), Shi Sanbao (1795-1797 Miao Revolt), Liu Zhixie (1796-1804 White Lotus Rebellion), Lin Qing (1813 Eight Trigrams Revolt), and Khoja Jahāngīr (1826-1828 Jahāngīr Uprising). Considered comparatively, we find common procedures of identification, deposition, sentencing, and execution that established the challengers as “men of iniquity,” reinforcing imperially preferred understandings of rebel organization, culpability, Qing legitimacy, and martial success. This procedure was also adjusted to fit differing conditions and state goals. As the empire entered its final century, shifting boundaries were asserted between rebel lords and war-zone populations, suggestive of both military efforts to exploit social divisions and expanded embrace of peripheral peoples as compliant and border-defending imperial subjects.
Manumission in Late Eighteenth-Century Jamaica
Authors: Ryden David Beck 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Manumission touched comparatively few slaves, but it proved to be an essential institution for the growth of Jamaica’s free population-of-color. Heretofore, there have been no systematic studies of manumission records for the eighteenth century. This paper analyzes manumission deeds filed as official records in the island’s Secretary’s office during the 1770s. These documents are scrutinized in light of Edward Long’s 1774 discussion on the free population and the manumission process. Despite white anxiety over the growth of the free-population-of-color, the data show that a wide cross-section of Jamaica’s free-population liberated enslaved people for a variety of reasons, including cash payments that reflected market imperatives. While most enslaved people could never hope to find freedom in this fashion, the constancy of manumission had an enormous bearing on the makeup of the free population.