bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cash for long‐term care: Policy debates, visions, and designs on the move
Authors: Da Roit Barbara , Le Bihan Blanche 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCash‐for‐care (CfC) schemes have introduced a key transformation in long‐term care policies across Europe since the 1990s. The article explores the extent to which CfC policies have changed over time and into which directions, the ways in which change (if any) has occurred and the forces underlying it. By combining the literature on institutional change with ideational approaches, the article focuses on policy theories and policy designs, on modes of change and factors pushing for change within the CfC policy, and in the long‐term care and neighbouring policy fields. In doing so, we aim to contribute to understanding institutional change and the transformation of an increasingly important sector of the welfare state.
High‐frequency ultrasonography a new quantitative method in evaluation of skin lymphomas—First comparative study in relation to histopathology
Authors: Polańska Adriana , Bowszyc‐Dmochowska Monika , Olek‐Hrab Karolina , Adamski Zygmunt , Żaba Ryszard , Dańczak‐Pazdrowska Aleksandra 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIntroductionHigh‐frequency ultrasonography (HF‐USG) is a noninvasive method used in evaluation of depth and width of skin neoplasms. Recent data suggest that this method may also supplement objective clinical assessment in skin lymphomas, especially in mycosis fungoides, where subepidermal low echogenic band (SLEB) can be observed. The aim of the study was to present characteristic ultrasonic picture of MF in relation to histopathologic findings.Materials and methodsTen patients diagnosed as MF were included in the study. The USG examination was performed with the use of 20 MHz transducer within representative plaque. From the scanning lesion, the skin biopsy was taken. The relationship between histopathologic infiltrate with clonal T cells and USG image was investigated.ResultsIn all analyzed sonograms obtained from lesional skin of early‐stage MF, we could detect the presence of subepidermal low echogenic band (SLEB). We detected strong correlations between SLEB thickness and the thickness of subepidermal infiltration (0.994,P < 0.05).ConclusionsSubepidermal low echogenic band is a typical sign of infiltrative stage of MF, and its thickness may depend on the type of skin lesion. HF‐USG may be a reliable noninvasive method of quantitive assessments in MF, which corresponds to the thickness on T‐cell infiltration in histopathology.
Comparison of 2 canine celiotomy closure models for training novice veterinary students
Authors: Williamson Julie A. , Brisson Brigitte A. , Anderson Stacy L. , Farrell Robin M. , Spangler Dawn 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo compare a low‐fidelity foam and fabric (FF) model to a high fidelity silicone (SI) model for teaching canine celiotomy closure.Study designProspective blinded comparison of learning outcomes.Sample populationSecond‐year veterinary students who had never performed surgery as a primary surgeon (n = 46) and veterinarians experienced in performing canine celiotomy (n = 10).MethodsVeterinary students performed a digitally recorded celiotomy closure on a canine cadaver before and after participation in 4 facilitated laboratory training sessions on their randomly assigned model. Recordings were scored by masked, trained educators with an 8‐item task‐specific rubric. Students completed surveys evaluating the models. Experienced veterinarians tested the models and provided feedback on their features.ResultsCompleted pretest and posttest recordings were available for 38 of 46 students. Students' performance improved regardless of the model used to practice (P = .04). The magnitude of improvement did not differ between the 2 groups (P = .10). All students (n = 46) described their models favorably. Ninety percent of veterinarians thought both models were helpful for training students and gave similar ratings on all measures except for realism, which was rated higher for the SI model's skin (median, agree) compared with the FF model (median, neutral, P = .02).ConclusionModel‐based training was effective at improving students' surgical skills. Less experienced learners achieved similar skill gains after practicing with FF or SI models.Clinical significanceThe acquisition of surgical skills required to perform celiotomy closure in companion animals occurs similarly well on models made of foam and fabric or of silicone, providing flexibility in model selection.
Should I stay or should I go? A retrospective propensity score-matched analysis using administrative data of hospital-at-home for older people in Scotland
Authors: Tsiachristas Apostolos , Ellis Graham , Buchanan Scott , Langhorne Peter , Stott David J , Shepperd Sasha 
Published: May 2019

ObjectivesTo compare the characteristics of populations admitted to hospital-at-home services with the population admitted to hospital and assess the association of these services with healthcare costs and mortality.DesignIn a retrospective observational cohort study of linked patient level data, we used propensity score matching in combination with regression analysis.ParticipantsPatients aged 65 years and older admitted to hospital-at-home or hospital.InterventionsThree geriatrician-led admission avoidance hospital-at-home services in Scotland.Outcome measuresHealthcare costs and mortality.ResultsPatients in hospital-at-home were older and more socioeconomically disadvantaged, had higher rates of previous hospitalisation and there was a greater proportion of women and people with several chronic conditions compared with the population admitted to hospital. The cost of providing hospital-at-home varied between the three sites from £628 to £2928 per admission. Hospital-at-home was associated with 18% lower costs during the follow-up period in site 1 (ratio of means 0.82; 95% CI: 0.76 to 0.89). Limiting the analysis to costs during the 6 months following index discharge, patients in the hospital-at-home cohorts had 27% higher costs (ratio of means 1.27; 95% CI: 1.14 to 1.41) in site 1, 9% (ratio of means 1.09; 95% CI: 0.95 to 1.24) in site 2 and 70% in site 3 (ratio of means 1.70; 95% CI: 1.40 to 2.07) compared with patients in the control cohorts. Admission to hospital-at-home was associated with an increased risk of death during the follow-up period in all three sites (1.09, 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.19 site 1; 1.29, 95% CI: 1.15 to 1.44 site 2; 1.27, 95% CI: 1.06 to 1.54 site 3).ConclusionsOur findings indicate that in these three cohorts, the populations admitted to hospital-at-home and hospital differ. We cannot rule out the risk of residual confounding, as our analysis relied on an administrative data set and we lacked data on disease severity and type of hospitalised care received in the control cohorts.
Developmental factors associated with decline in grip strength from midlife to old age: a British birth cohort study
Authors: Kuh Diana , Hardy Rebecca , Blodgett Joanna M , Cooper Rachel 
Published: May 2019

ObjectivesTo test whether developmental factors are associated with grip strength trajectories between 53 and 69 years, and operate independently or on the same pathway/s as adult factors.DesignBritish birth cohort study.SettingEngland, Scotland and Wales.Participants3058 men and women.Main outcome measuresGrip strength (kg) at ages 53, 60–64 and 69 were analysed using multilevel models to estimate associations with developmental factors (birth weight, growth parameters, motor and cognitive development) and father’s social class, and investigate adult factors that could explain observed associations, testing for age and sex interactions.ResultsIn men, heavier birth weight, beginning to walk ‘on time’, later puberty and greater weight 0–26 years and in women, heavier birth weight and earlier age at first standing were independently associated with stronger grip but not with its decline. The slower decline in grip strength (by 0.07 kg/year, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.11 per 1 SD, p=0.003) in men of higher cognitive ability was attenuated by adjusting for adult verbal memory.ConclusionsPatterns of growth and motor development have persisting associations with grip strength between midlife and old age. The strengthening associations with cognition suggest that, at older ages, grip strength increasingly reflects neural ageing processes. Interventions across life that promote muscle development or maintain muscle strength should increase the chance of an independent old age.
One-minute and five-minute Apgar scores and child developmental health at 5 years of age: a population-based cohort study in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Razaz Neda , Cnattingius Sven , Persson Martina , Tedroff Kristina , Lisonkova Sarka , Joseph K S 
Published: May 2019

ObjectivesWe investigated the associations between Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min, across the entire range of score values, and child developmental health at 5 years of age.SettingBritish Columbia, CanadaParticipantsAll singleton term infants without major congenital anomalies born between 1993 and 2009, who had a developmental assessment in kindergarten between 1999 and 2014.Main outcomes and measuresDevelopmental vulnerability on one or more domains of the Early Development Instrument and special needs requirements. Adjusted rate ratios (aRRs) and 95% CIs were estimated using log-linear regression.ResultsOf the 150 081 children in the study, 45 334 (30.2%) were developmentally vulnerable and 3644 (2.5%) had special needs. There was an increasing trend in developmental vulnerability and special needs with decreasing 1 min and 5 min Apgar scores. Compared with children with an Apgar score of 10 at 5 min, the aRR for developmental vulnerability increased steadily with decreasing Apgar score from 1.02 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.04) for an Apgar score of 9 to 1.57 (95% CI 1.03 to 2.39) for an Apgar score of 2. Among children with 1 min Apgar scores in the 7–10 range, changes in Apgar scores between 1 and 5 min were associated with significant differences in developmental vulnerability. Compared with children who had an Apgar score of 9 at 1 min and 10 at 5 min, children with an Apgar score of 9 at both 1 and 5 min had higher rates of developmental vulnerability (aRR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.05). Compared with infants with an Apgar of 10 at both 1 and 5 min, infants with a 1 min score of 10 and a 5 min score of <10 had higher rates of developmental vulnerability (aRR 1.53, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.17).ConclusionRisks of adverse developmental health and having special needs at 5 years of age are inversely associated with 1 min and 5 min Apgar scores across their entire range.
Experiences using the poststroke checklist in Sweden with a focus on feasibility and relevance: a mixed-method design
Authors: Kjörk Emma K , Carlsson Gunnel , Sunnerhagen Katharina S , Lundgren-Nilsson Åsa 
Published: May 2019

ObjectiveThe wide range of outcomes after stroke emphasises the need for comprehensive long-term follow-up. The aim was to evaluate how people with stroke and health professionals (HPs) perceive the use of the poststroke checklist (PSC), with a focus on feasibility and relevance.DesignAn exploratory design with a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods.SettingOutpatient care at a university hospital and primary care centres in western Sweden.ParticipantsForty-six consecutive patients (median age, 70; range, 41–85; 13 women) and 10 health professionals (median age 46; range, 35–63; 7 women).ResultsMost patients (87%) had one or more problems identified by the PSC. The most common problem areas were life after stroke (61%), cognition (56%), mood (41%) and activities of daily living (39%). Three organisational themes emerged from the focus group discussions. The perception ofthe content and relevance ofthe PSC was that common poststroke problems were covered but that unmet needs still could be missed. Identifying needs was facilitated when using thePSC as a tool for dialogue.The dialogue between the patient and HP as well as HPs stroke expertise was perceived as important. The PSC was seen asa systematic routine and a base for egalitarian follow-up, but participants stressed consideration given to each individual. Addressing identified needs and meeting patient expectations were described as challenging given available healthcare services.ConclusionsThe PSC is a feasible and relevant tool to support egalitarian follow-up and identify patients who could benefit from targeted poststroke interventions. Stroke expertise, room for dialogue and caring for identified needs emerged as important issues to consider when using the PSC. Nutrition, sexuality and fatigue were areas mentioned that might need to be addressed within the discussions. The PSC can facilitate patients in expressing their needs, enhancing their ability to participate in decision-making.
Hypotonic and isotonic intravenous maintenance fluids in hospitalised paediatric patients: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Torres Silvio Fabio , Iolster Thomas , Schnitzler Eduardo Julio , Siaba Serrate Alejandro Javier , Sticco Nicolás A , Rocca Rivarola Manuel 
Published: May 2019

ObjectiveTo compare the changes in serum sodium and acid/base status in patients receiving hypotonic and isotonic solutions.DesignA randomised, controlled and double-blind clinical trial.SettingDepartment of Paediatrics in a tertiary general hospital (Hospital Universitario Austral) in Buenos Aires, Argentina.PatientsChildren between 29 days and 15 years of age who were hospitalised in the paediatric intensive care unit and general hospital between 12 January 2010 and 30 November 2016, and who required exclusively parenteral maintenance solutions for at least 24 hours.InterventionsA hypotonic solution with 77 mEq/L sodium chloride (0.45% in 5% dextrose) and isotonic solution with 150 mEq/L (0.9% in 5% dextrose) were infused for 48 hours and were labelled.Main outcome measureThe main outcome was to evaluate the incidence of hyponatraemia between patients treated with parenteral hydration with hypotonic or isotonic fluids. The secondary outcome was to estimate the incidence of metabolic acidosis induced by each of the solutions.ResultsThe 299 patients in the present study were randomised to groups that received the hypotonic solution (n=154) or isotonic solution (n=145). The mean serum sodium concentration measurements at 12 hours were 136.3±3.9 mEq/L and 140.1±2.3 mEq/L in the hypotonic and isotonic groups, respectively, with a hyponatraemia incidence of 8.27% (n=12) and 18.8% (n=29) (p<0.001). At 24 hours, 12.4% (n=18) of the isotonic group had developed hyponatraemia compared with 46.1% (n=71) of the hypotonic group (p<0.001). The mean serum sodium concentration measurements were 134.4±5.6 and 139.3±3.1, respectively. No patient developed hypernatraemia (serum sodium concentrations >150 mEq/L) or other adverse outcomes. The relative risk in the hypotonic group was 3.7 (95% CI 2.3 to 5.9), almost four times the risk of developing hyponatraemia than those who received isotonic fluids. There were also no significant differences between the groups with regard to the development of metabolic acidosis. Hypotonic solution, age <12 months and postoperative abdominal surgery were risk factors associated with hyponatraemia.ConclusionsThe incidence of iatrogenic hyponatraemia was greater with the administration of hypotonic fluids compared with that of isotonic fluids. There were no significant differences in the incidence of metabolic acidosis between the groups.
Association between rectal douching and HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Li Peiyang , Yuan Tanwei , Fitzpatrick Thomas , Smith Kumi , Zhao Jin , Wu Guohui , Ouyang Lin , Wang Ying , Zhang Kechun , Zhou Yiguo , Li Meijuan , Chen Dahui , Li Linghua , Cai Weiping , Cai Yong , Zou Huachun 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundMen who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately affected by HIV and other STIs worldwide. Rectal douching, which is commonly used by MSM in preparation for anal sex, may increase the risk of HIV and other STIs by injuring the rectal mucosa. Results from individual studies reporting associations between rectal douching and HIV and other STIs among MSM are inconsistent. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the association between rectal douching and HIV and other STIs among MSM.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science for studies published from January 1970 to November 2018. Studies that reported ORs and 95% CIs of associations between rectal douching and infection with HIV/STIs, or reported enough data to calculate these estimates, were included. We assessed risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. ORs were pooled using a random effects model.ResultsTwenty-eight eligible studies were identified in our review, of which 24 (20 398 participants) were included in the meta-analysis. Rectal douching was associated with increased odds of infection with HIV (OR 2.80, 95% CI 2.32 to 3.39), and any STI other than HIV (including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis and human papillomavirus) (OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.95 to 3.11) among MSM. For specific STIs, douching was associated with increased odds of viral hepatitis (HBV, HCV) (OR 3.29, 95% CI 2.79 to 3.87), and chlamydia or gonorrhoea (OR 3.25, 95% CI 2.02 to 5.23). These associations remained significant in studies that adjusted for potential confounders.ConclusionRectal douching may put MSM at increased risk for infection with HIV and other STIs. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify this association, and health education materials should inform men of the potential for increased risk of infection with rectal douching.
Economic burden of lung cancer attributable to smoking in China in 2015
Authors: Shi Ju-Fang , Liu Cheng-Cheng , Ren Jian-Song , Parascandola Mark , Zheng Rong , Tang Wei , Huang Hui-Yao , Li Fang , Wang Le , Su Kai , Li Ni , Zhang Kai , Chen Wan-Qing , Wu Ning , Zou Xiao-Nong , Liu Guo-Xiang , Dai Min 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundLung cancer is substantially attributable to smoking, but detailed related estimates on smoking-attributable expenditure (SAE) in China are not available yet, which could inform tobacco control and cancer prevention initiatives.MethodsA prevalence-based approach was adopted to estimate the total SAE, including direct expenditure (medical and non-medical) and indirect cost (disability and premature death). Detailed per-patient data on direct expenditure and work-loss days were acquired from a unique multicentre survey in China. Other parameters were from literatures and official reports.ResultsThe total estimated SAE of lung cancer was US$5249 million in China in 2015 (0.05 % of gross domestic product for China). The estimated direct SAE was US$1937 million (36.9 % of the total SAE), accounting for 0.29 % of total healthcare expenditure for China. The medical and non-medical direct expenditures were US$1749 million and US$188 million, respectively. The estimated indirect cost was US$3312 million (63.1 % of the total SAE), including US$377 million due to disability and US$2935 million due to premature death. The SAE increased with age, peaking at 60–64 years (US$1004 million), and was higher among men, in urban areas and in eastern China. If smoking prevalence was reduced to 20%, as is the goal of Healthy China 2030, the total SAE would be decreased by 4.9 %.ConclusionsSmoking-attributable economic burden caused by lung cancer was substantial in China in 2015, and will continue increasing given current trends in lung cancer. However, future economic burden can be prevented with implementation of effective tobacco control and other interventions.
Magnetic and magnetoresistive properties of nanocomposites based on Co and SiO
Authors: Pazukha I. M. , Shkurdoda Y. O. , Chornous A. M. , Dekhtyaruk L. V. 
Published: May 2019

A series of thin-film nanocomposites based on ferromagnetic metal Co and insulator SiO were prepared using an electron-beam method. The magnetoresistive and magnetic properties of these structures deposited at room temperature and then annealed to 700 K were investigated. The results showed that at the Co concentration 40 [Formula: see text]x [Formula: see text] 60 at.%, thin-film nanocomposites exhibit magnetoresistance (MR) that is conditional on spin-dependent tunnelling of electrons. This range of concentrations corresponds to the prepercolation area according to the magnetic investigations. For samples with x [Formula: see text] 70 at.%, the anisotropic character of MR peculiar to the homogeneous ferromagnetic materials appears. According to the magnetic properties study, this range of concentrations corresponds to the area after transition through the percolation threshold. The annealing process in temperature range from 300 K to 700 K in the magnetic field slightly influenced the magnetoresistive properties of the thin-film nanocomposites based on Co and SiO for all range of concentrations.
Characterization of Dioctyl terephthalate biodegradation by food waste composting
Authors: Lee Sung Tse , Tran Huu Tuan , Lin Chitsan , Hoang Hong Giang , Vo Thi Dieu Hien , Vu Chi Thanh , Bui Xuan Thanh 
Published: May 2019

Dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP), a plasticizer is used as an additive in many plastic products. Disposal of DOTP into environment has been of concern because it is hardly biodegradable in nature. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the biodegradation of DOTP by aerobic composting processes without bioaugmentation. The initial DOTP concentration in the compost mixture was 11,882 mg/kg, after 35-day incubation, the removal efficiency of the compost reactor was 98%. The degradation was found to follow the first-order kinetic with the half-life of 5.2 days. Food waste composting was demonstrated as a technically robust and economically competitive process for the degradation of DOTP, and that of other similar plasticizers are expected.
A Modified Newton–Özban Composition for Solving Nonlinear Systems
Authors: Sharma Rajni , Sharma Janak Raj , Kalra Nitin 
Published: May 2019

In this work, a modified Newton–Özban composition of convergence order six for solving nonlinear systems is presented. The first two steps of proposed scheme are based on third-order method given by Özban [Özban, A. Y. [2004] “Some new variants of Newton’s method,” Appl. Math. Lett. 17, 677–682.] for solving scalar equations. Computational efficiency of the presented method is discussed and compared with well-known existing methods. Numerical examples are studied to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method. The basins of attraction of some of the existing methods along with the proposed method are given to exhibit their performance.
Nepal earthquake evidence from GNSS data at the Everest Pyramid Lab
Authors: Poretti G. , Morsut F. , Pettenati F. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The permanent GNSS station located at the Everest Pyramid Laboratory of EvK2CNR recorded its position coordinates during the earthquakes at the Gorkha (25 April 2015) and Ghorthali zones (12 May 2015) at an interval of every 30 s. The data recorded over three days prior to and after the earthquakes were analysed and the movement indicated a shifting of the GNSS station point from its original position every 30 s. From an accurate analysis of the coordinates of the station determined using GNSS Bernese software, it is possible to detect the movements of the station during the seismic events.
The shifts in the GNSS point were summed to provide an integral function (PIF, Pyramid Integral Function) that can be computed for each of the three components. Comparing them with the displacement record of the GURALP broadband seismic station (IO-EVN) of the OGS (Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, OGS, Trieste), located at the Pyramid, it is possible to establish a correlation, particularly with the vertical and north components; the maxima of the PIF coincide with the time of occurrence of the earthquakes.