bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La participación política de jóvenes universitarios de Hidalgo, México. Posibilidades y tipos
Authors: Taguenca Belmonte Juan Antonio , González García Robert 
Published: July 2018

Objetivos: describir la preferencia por la democracia, la participación política, la información, el interés y el acatamiento a las decisiones de las mayorías, asociándolas con edad y nivel educativo. Además, se busca tipificar la participación política de los jóvenes universitarios del Estado de Hidalgo, México e identificar su confianza en las instituciones democráticas.
Metodología: investigación documental sobre el contexto sociopolíticode Hidalgo. Se aplicó un método mixto con encuesta de ciudadanía y participaciónrepresentativa en Hidalgo, lo mismo que entrevistas y grupos focales.
Resultados: se evidenció preferencia por la democracia independiente de edad, énero, nivel educativo e ingreso; también se halló desinformación, desinterés y poca participación política, desconfianza en las autoridades democráticas y poco acatamiento de decisiones mayoritarias. Los jóvenes universitarios hidalguenses sin participación política tienen un discurso sobre ésta basado en el temor; quienes participan convencionalmente poseen un discurso fundado en el realismo que defiende el impacto de la agenda política en la sociedad; y los que lo hacen con formas no convencionales mantienen un discurso de politización enmarcado en la falta de confianza en los mecanismos existentes de participación convencional.
Conclusiones: los universitarios hidalguenses se sitúan en un contexto sociopolítico adverso a la participación política. Se expresan a través de tres tipos de participación política: no participantes (experiencial con baja participación), participación convencional (realista con participación en partidos) y no convencional (politizada con participación en movimientos sociales).
Benchmarking of Siemens Linac in Electron Modes: 8-14 MeV Electron Beams
Authors: Dowlatabadi H , Mowlavi A A , Ghorbani M , Mohammadi S , Akbari F 
Published: July 2018

Introduction: Radiation therapy using electron beams is a promising method due to its physical dose distribution. Monte Carlo (MC) code is the best and most accurate technique for forespeaking the distribution of dose in radiation treatment of patients.Materials and Methods: We report an MC simulation of a linac head and depth dose on central axis, along with profile calculations. The purpose of the present research is to carefully analyze the application of MC methods for the calculation of dosimetric parameters for electron beams with energies of 8–14 MeV at a Siemens Primus linac. The principal components of the linac head were simulated using MCNPX code for different applicators. Results: The consequences of measurements and simulations revealed a good agreement. Gamma index values were below 1 for most points, for all energy values and all applicators in percent depth dose and dose profile computations. A number of states exhibited rather large gamma indices; these points were located at the tail of the percent depth dose graph; these points were less used in in radiotherapy. In the dose profile graph, gamma indices of most parts were below 1. The discrepancies between the simulation results and measurements in terms of Zmax, R90, R80 and R50 were insignificant. The results of Monte Carlo simulations showed a good agreement with the measurements. Conclusion: The software can be used for simulating electron modes of a Siemens Primus linac when direct experimental measurements are not feasible.
Alzheimer ’s Disease: Possible Mechanisms Behind Neurohormesis Induced by Exposure to Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Bevelacqua J J , Mortazavi S M J 
Published: July 2018

In 2016, scientists reported that human exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation (CT scans of the brain) might relieve symptoms of both Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD). The findings were unbelievable for those who were not familiar with neurohormesis. X-ray stimulation of the patient’s adaptive protection systems against neurodegenerative diseases was the mechanism proposed by those authors. Now, some more recent studies performed in the field of neurobiological research confirm that low levels of stress can produce protective responses against the pathogenic processes. This paper outlines possible protective consequences of LDR in preventing the pathogenesis of AD through mechanisms such as restoring the myelin sheath and preventing neurodegeneration caused by oxidative stress. Focal demyelination is frequently reported in the proximity of beta-amyloid plaques within neocortex. Extracellular accumulation of amyloid is among well-characterized pathological changes in AD. It should be noted that LDR has been shown to contribute to the regeneration and functional recovery after transverse peripheral nerve injury (through inducing increased production of VEGF and GAP-43), which advances both the axonal regeneration and myelination. Another mechanism which is possibly involved is preventing neurodegeneration caused by oxidative stress. While high doses can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation, substantial evidence now indicates that LDR can mitigate tissue damage through antioxidant defenses. Although adult neurogenesis has been reported to be beneficial for the regeneration of nervous system, some studies demonstrate that neurogenesis increases in AD brains. In spite of these reports, cellular therapy is introduced as a promising strategy for AD, and hence, LDR can affect the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells. Although such mechanisms are not fully known yet, it is hoped that this paper would foster further investigation into the mechanisms of this phenomenon, which accordingly improves human health.
Effect of Task Through Test Rankings Based Learning Model REACT to the Achievement of Physics
Authors: Amirudin Dessy , Kusdiwelirawan A. , Soenarto Y. 
Published: July 2018

The aim of this study is to find out the effect of test-based on the ranking task through the learning model of REACT (relating, experiencing, applying, cooperating, and transferring) toward physics learning achievement. The research is held in 105 Senior High School in Jakarta on the even semester of 2015-2016. The population in this research is around 32 students roommates are all investigated. The sampling technique that use is purposing sampling technique. This research use quantitative research. After the data is distributed normally and the homogeneity based on the normality test and homogeneity, the data that is gained the lcount < ltable (0.11 < 0.156). The hypothesis test is done by using the t-test and the result tcount > ttable (8.575 > 1.689) (on the 0.05 significant extent) or 8.575 > 2.456 (on the 0.01 significant extent) which means H0 is rejected, H1 is therefore accepted. All in all this research could bring the effect of test-based on the ranking task learning model through the REACT toward physics learning achievement.
Nontraditional synthesis of nano- and microcrystal diamonds under high static pressures
Authors: Ekimov E A , Kondrin M V 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Diamond synthesis from organic materials under high pressure performed for the first time more than half a century ago is now in high demand to fit the needs of nanoelectronics and biomedicine due to the possibility of obtaining nanodiamonds of high structural perfection. The Institute for High Pressure Physics, RAS, being a pioneer in diamond synthesis in metallic solutions and unconventional media, is a recognized leader in the promotion of new trends in the synthesis of nanodiamonds free from metallic impurities. In this short review, we consider the most likely scenario of hydrocarbon carbonization with the formation of nano- and microcrystal diamonds.
De rechtspersoon-bestuurder en art. 2:11 BW
Authors: Huizink J.B. 
Published: July 2018

De rechtspersoon-bestuurder en art. 2:11 BW
In deze bijdrage wordt kort de werking van art. 2:11 BW besproken. Daarbij wordt onder meer ingegaan op enkele – vermeende – knelpunten en geprobeerd een antwoord te geven op de vraag naar de effectiviteit van de regeling. Daar is aanleiding toe, nu de Hoge Raad ruim een jaar geleden een belangrijk arrest over de reikwijdte van de bepaling heeft gewezen. In HR 17 februari 2017 ECLI:NL:HR:2017:275, NJ 2017/215 m.nt. Van Schilfgaarde (Le Roux Fruitexporters) werd beslist dat bestuurdersaansprakelijkheid op grond van onrechtmatige daad mede door art. 2:11 BW wordt bestreken.
Third party litigation funding
Authors: van der Krans A. 
Published: July 2018

Third party litigation funding. De voordelen, aandachtspunten en aanbevelingen om risico’s te beheersen
Third party litigation funding (TPLF, of procesfinanciering door derden) is de rechtsverhouding waarbij een derde zich tegen een in het vooruitzicht gestelde beloning verplicht om een eiser in een civiele procedure of arbitrage van financiering te voorzien om de kosten van procederen te dekken. TPLF kan de toegang tot de rechter vergroten, de onderhandelingskracht vergroten, een preventief effect hebben en een one-shot player laten transformeren in een repeat player. Een deel van de bezwaren tegen procesfinanciering is ongefundeerd, of overdreven. Omdat procesfinanciers hoge eisen stellen aan de (ver)haalbaarheid, omvang en beperking van risico’s is het onwaarschijnlijk dat TPLF zal leiden tot een claimcultuur. TPLF zorgt wel voor een driepartijenverhouding, die mogelijk voor complicaties kan zorgen. Ook kan TPLF grote consequenties voor de gefinancierde hebben, zeker in een volledig ongereguleerde markt als de Nederlandse. Grotere partijen moeten over het algemeen worden geacht deze consequenties te kunnen overzien en daarop te kunnen anticiperen. Consumenten en kleinere partijen zouden echter meer bescherming behoeven. Een gedragscode kan hierbij behulpzaam zijn en helpen misstanden op voorhand te voorkomen. Als deze handschoen door procesfinanciers in Nederland wordt opgepakt, kan TPLF een nuttige bijdrage leveren aan de borging van de toegang tot het recht.
Mixed‐Conducting Perovskites as Cathode Materials for Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells: Understanding the Trends in Proton Uptake
Authors: Zohourian Reihaneh , Merkle Rotraut , Raimondi Giulia , Maier Joachim 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe proton uptake of 18 compositions in the perovskite family (Ba,Sr,La)(Fe,Co,Zn,Y)O3‐δ, perovskites, which are potential cathode materials for protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs), is investigated by thermogravimetry. Hydration enthalpies and entropies are derived, and the doping trends are explored. The uptake is found to be largely determined by the basicity of the oxide ions. Partial substitution of Zn on the B‐site strongly enhances proton uptake, while Co substitution has the opposite effect. The proton concentration in Ba0.95La0.05Fe0.8Zn0.2O3‐δ is found to be 10% per formula unit at 250 °C, 5.5% at 400 °C, and 2.3% at 500 °C, which are the highest values reported so far for a mixed‐conducting perovskite exhibiting hole, proton, and oxygen vacancy transport. A comprehensive set of thermodynamic data for proton uptake in (Ba,Sr,La)(Fe,Co,Zn,Y)O3‐δ is determined. Defect interactions between protons and holes partially delocalized from the B‐site transition metal to the adjacent oxide ions decrease the proton uptake. From these results, guidelines for the optimization of PCFC cathode materials are derived.
Melt‐Centrifuged (Bi,Sb)2Te3: Engineering Microstructure toward High Thermoelectric Efficiency
Authors: Pan Yu , Aydemir Umut , Grovogui Jann A. , Witting Ian T. , Hanus Riley , Xu Yaobin , Wu Jinsong , Wu Chao‐Feng , Sun Fu‐Hua , Zhuang Hua‐Lu , Dong Jin‐Feng , Li Jing‐Feng , Dravid Vinayak P. , Snyder G. Jeffrey 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMicrostructure engineering is an effective strategy to reduce lattice thermal conductivity (κl) and enhance the thermoelectric figure of merit (zT). Through a new process based on melt‐centrifugation to squeeze out excess eutectic liquid, microstructure modulation is realized to manipulate the formation of dislocations and clean grain boundaries, resulting in a porous network with a platelet structure. In this way, phonon transport is strongly disrupted by a combination of porosity, pore surfaces/junctions, grain boundaries, and lattice dislocations. These collectively result in a ≈60% reduction of κl compared to zone melted ingot, while the charge carriers remain relatively mobile across the liquid‐fused grains. This porous material displays a zT value of 1.2, which is higher than fully dense conventional zone melted ingots and hot pressed (Bi,Sb)2Te3 alloys. A segmented leg of melt‐centrifuged Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 and Bi0.3Sb1.7Te3 could produce a high device ZT exceeding 1.0 over the whole temperature range of 323–523 K and an efficiency up to 9%. The present work demonstrates a method for synthesizing high‐efficiency porous thermoelectric materials through an unconventional melt‐centrifugation technique.
Toward Efficient Polymer Solar Cells Processed by a Solution‐Processed Layer‐By‐Layer Approach
Authors: Cui Yong , Zhang Shaoqing , Liang Ningning , Kong Jingyi , Yang Chenyi , Yao Huifeng , Ma Lijiao , Hou Jianhui 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe solution‐processed layer‐by‐layer (LBL) method has potential to achieve high‐performance polymer solar cells (PSCs) due to its advantage of enriching donors near the anode and acceptors near the cathode. However, power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of the LBL‐PSCs are still significantly lower than those of conventional one‐step‐processed PSCs (OS‐PSCs). A method to solve the critical problems in LBL‐PSCs is reported here. By employing a specific mixed solvent (o‐dichlorobenzene [o‐DCB]/tetrahydrofuran) to spin‐coat the small‐molecular acceptor IT‐4F onto a layer of the newly designed polymer donor (PBDB‐TFS1), appropriate interdiffusion between the PBDB‐TFS1 and the IT‐4F can critically be controlled, and then an ideal phase separation of the active layer and large donor/acceptor interface area can be realized with a certain amount of o‐DCB. The PSCs based on the LBL method exhibit PCEs as high as 13.0%, higher than that of the counterpart (11.8%) made by the conventional OS solution method. This preliminary work reveals that the LBL method is a promising approach to the promotion of the photovoltaic performance of polymer solar cells.
Two‐Component Aggregation‐Induced Emission Materials: Tunable One/Two‐Photon Luminescence and Stimuli‐Responsive Switches by Co‐Crystal Formation
Authors: Li Shuzhen , Yan Dongpeng 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMolecular materials with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE), which have been paid much attention recently, are important for applications in optoelectronic devices, chemical sensors, and biomedical probes. To date, single‐component AIE systems are largely developed; however, the knowledge on the aggregation emission properties for multicomponent systems is still rather limited. In this work, it is shown that the AIE can be further extended to two‐component molecular assemblies, with the (naphthylvinyl)pyridine (NP) as the model. The NP‐based two‐component solutions present typical AIE properties, and their aggregation/crystalline states (co‐crystals) further exhibit different fluorescence emission (blue/cyan/green) with variable photoluminescence quantum yields as high as 50.4%. The co‐crystals present adjustable two‐photon fluorescence emission that is absent for the pristine NP solid. Moreover, NP‐based co‐crystals represent smart luminescent switches with reversible changes upon external stimuli (such as heat and base vapor), and the fluorescence visualization can be easily monitored benefitting from their high‐efficiency photoemission and obvious color change. It can be expected that by virtue of facile design of intermolecular interactions (such as halogen/hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions) during co‐aggregation and/or co‐crystallization, the two‐component AIE materials can be readily extended to other fluorphore systems toward tuning high‐efficiency solid‐state emission, two‐photon luminescence, and stimuli‐responsive switching.
Die Aren‐limitierte nicht‐dirigierte C‐H‐Aktivierung von Aromaten
Authors: Wedi Philipp , van Gemmeren Manuel 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDie nicht‐dirigierte C(sp2)‐H‐Aktivierung einfacher Aromaten hat in den letzten Jahren durch die Entdeckung neuer Katalysatorsysteme, die den Einsatz des Arens als limitierendes Reagenz ermöglichen, rasante Fortschritte gemacht. In diesem Kurzaufsatz werden wichtige Entwicklungen im Katalysator‐ und Ligandendesign zur Steigerung der Reaktivität und Selektivität vorgestellt.
The Mackay‐Type Cluster [Cu43Al12](Cp*)12: Open‐Shell 67‐Electron Superatom with Emerging Metal‐Like Electronic Structure
Authors: Weßing Jana , Ganesamoorthy Chelladurai , Kahlal Samia , Marchal Rémi , Gemel Christian , Cador Olivier , Da Silva Augusto C. H. , Da Silva Juarez L. F. , Saillard Jean‐Yves , Fischer Roland A. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe paramagnetic cluster [Cu43Al12](Cp*)12 was obtained from the reaction of [CuMes]5 and [AlCp*]4 (Cp*=η5‐C5Me5; Mes=mesityl). This all‐hydrocarbon ligand‐stabilized M55 magic atom‐number cluster features a Mackay‐type nested icosahedral structure. Its open‐shell 67‐electron superatom configuration is unique. Three unpaired electrons occupy weakly antibonding jellium states. The situation prefigures the formation of a conduction band, which is in line with the measured temperature‐independent magnetism. Steric protection by twelve Cp* ligands suppresses the intrinsic polyradicalar reactivity of the Cu43Al12 core.
Determination of Ni and Zn in an Oil Matrix using Schiff Base‐Assisted Extraction Followed by a Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer: A Simple Strategy to Determine Ni and Zn
Authors: Karan Arda , Tokay Feyzullah , Bağdat Sema 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn the present work, a new and simple Schiff base‐assisted extraction strategy for Ni and Zn from an edible oil matrix with subsequent determination using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer was suggested. According to the green approach, laborious sample‐pretreatment procedures were eliminated via complexation of the analytes with N,N′‐bis(4‐methoxysalycylidene)‐2‐hydroxy‐1,3‐propanediamine (4MSHP) and transferred from the oil phase to the aqueous phase. The complexation properties of 4MSHP, Ni, and Zn were investigated using UV–vis spectrophotometry. The experimental conditions that affect the extraction efficiency were optimized using central composite design. The optimum conditions for the extraction of Ni and Zn were as follows: a volume to oil mass ratio of 0.83 to 1.31 mL g−1 of 4MSHP solution; 62.3‐ and 50.6‐min, stirring time; 27.3 and 31.1 °C, temperature, respectively. The detection limits (3sbm−1) were 0.41 μg g−1 for Ni and 0.16 μg g−1 for Zn. Validation of the suggested work was performed by the analysis of organometallic standard‐doped n‐hexane solutions as certified reference materials under the optimum experimental conditions. The recovery percentages were warranted the accuracy and found as 98.2 ± 1.8% for Ni and 99.8 ± 1.2% for Zn. In addition, relative SD values were below 5% for both the analytes. The Student's t‐test showed that there was no significant difference between the found and doped amount of analytes at 95% confidence level. The features such as the detection technique, cheapness, eco‐friendly solvent usage, and practicality were better compared to the literature.
Stabilizing cumulative incidence estimation of pregnancy outcome with delayed entries
Authors: Rousson Valentin , Allignol Arthur , Aurousseau Alexandre , Winterfeld Ursula , Beyersmann Jan 
Published: July 2018

AbstractA pregnancy may end up with (at least) three possible events: live birth, spontaneous abortion, or elective termination, yielding a competing risks issue when studying an association between a risk factor and a pregnancy outcome. Cumulative incidences (probabilities to end up with the different outcomes depending on gestational age) can be estimated via the Aalen–Johansen estimate. Another issue is that women are usually not entering such an observational study from the first day of pregnancy, resulting in delayed entries. As in traditional survival analysis, this can be solved by considering “at risk” at a given gestational age only for those women who entered the study before that age. However, the number of women at risk at an early gestational age might be extremely low, such that the estimates of cumulative incidence may increase exaggeratedly at that age because of a single event. One solution to reduce the problem has been recently proposed in the literature, which is to ignore simply those early events, creating a small mean bias but enhancing stability of estimates. In the present paper, we propose an alternative computationally simple approach to tackle this problem that consists to postpone to later gestational ages (rather than to ignore) those early events. The two approaches are compared with respect to bias, stability, and sensitivity on the smoothing parameter via simulations reproducing realistic pregnancy scenarios, and are illustrated with data from a study on the effects of statins on pregnancy outcomes. We also outline that all three approaches are asymptotically equivalent.
Metabolic engineering of Bacillus subtilis forl‐valine overproduction
Authors: Westbrook Adam W. , Ren Xiang , Moo‐Young Murray , Chou C. Perry 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBacillus subtilis has been commonly applied to industrial enzyme production due to its genetic tractability, “generally recognized as safe (GRAS)” status, and robust growth characteristics. In spite of its ideal attributes as a biomanufacturing platform, B. subtilis has seen limited use in the production of other value‐added biochemicals. Here, we report the derivation of engineered strains of B. subtilis for l‐valine overproduction using our recently developed CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats)‐Cas9 (CRISPR‐associated [protein] 9) toolkit. We first manipulate the native l‐valine biosynthetic pathway by relieving transcriptional and allosteric regulation, resulting in a >14‐fold increase in the l‐valine titer, compared to the wild‐type strain. We subsequently identify and eliminate factors limiting l‐valine overproduction, specifically increasing pyruvate availability and blocking the competing l‐leucine and l‐isoleucine biosynthetic pathways. By inactivating (a) pdhA, encoding the E1α subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, to increase the intracellular pyruvate pool, and (b) leuA and ilvA, respectively encoding 2‐isopropylmalate synthase and l‐threonine dehydratase, to abolish the competing pathways, the l‐valine titer reached 4.61 g/L in shake flask cultures. Our engineered l‐valine‐overproducing strains of B. subtilis are devoid of plasmids and do not sporulate due to the inactivation of sigF, encoding the sporulation‐specific transcription factor σ
F, making them attractive for large‐scale l‐valine production. However, acetate dissimilation was identified as limiting l‐valine overproduction in ΔpdhA B. subtilis strains, and improving acetate dissimilation or identifying alternate modes of increasing pyruvate pools to enhance l‐valine‐overproduction should be explored.