bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New drugs and regimens for tuberculosis
Authors: Chang Kwok‐Chiu , Nuermberger Eric , Sotgiu Giovanni , Leung Chi‐Chiu 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTSince standardized rifampin‐based first‐line regimens and fluoroquinolone‐based second‐line regimens were used to treat tuberculosis (TB), unfortunately without timely modification according to the drug resistance profile, TB and drug‐resistant disease are still important public health threats worldwide. Although the last decade has witnessed advances in rapid diagnostic tools and use of repurposed and novel drugs for better managing drug‐resistant TB, we need an appropriate TB control strategy and a well‐functioning health infrastructure to ensure optimal operational use of rapid tests, judicious use of effective treatment regimens that can be rapidly tailored according to the drug resistance profile and timely management of risk factors and co‐morbidities that promote infection and its progression to disease. We searched the published literature to discuss (i) standardized versus individualized therapies, including the choice between a single one‐size‐fit‐all regimen versus different options with different key drugs determined mainly by rapid drug susceptibility testing, (ii) alternative regimens for managing drug‐susceptible TB, (iii) evidence for using the World Health Organization (WHO) longer and shorter regimens for multidrug‐resistant TB and (iv) evidence for using repurposed and novel drugs. We hope an easily applicable combination of biomarkers that accurately predict individual treatment outcome will soon be available to ultimately guide individualized therapy.
Women's self‐defense and sexual assault resistance: The state of the field
Authors: Hollander Jocelyn A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPublic attention to sexual assault has increased dramatically over the last decade, spurring questions about how it can be prevented. One approach that has received scant attention is women's self‐defense training (sometimes known as sexual assault resistance training). This neglect is curious because empowerment‐based women's self‐defense (ESD) training is so far theonlyapproach that has produced substantively significant decreases in victimization rates. In this article, I review the research evidence on women's self‐defense training. Does resisting a sexual assault affect the outcome of sexual violence? Does self‐defensetrainingfurther reduce women's risk of violence? What are the other consequences of self‐defense training? How does self‐defense work for different groups of women—for example, those who have survived prior victimizations? Are the critiques of women's self‐defense training valid? Finally, what do we still need to learn about women's self‐defense? Overall, I argue that this evidence presents a compelling case that women's self‐defense training should be central to any efforts to prevent sexual violence.
Preliminary study of guard hair morphology in four dog breeds
Authors: Tumiłowicz Paweł , Goliszewska Agata , Arct Jacek , Pytkowska Katarzyna , Szczepanik Marcin 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundMorphological differences between mammalian hair types are useful for species distinction. Differences in animal hair structure are observed between species, whereas there may be breed differences within a species.HypothesisGuard hair structure may vary between different dog breeds.AnimalsHair samples were collected from 73 dogs of four breed types (wire‐haired Dachshund, Labrador retriever, German shepherd dog and Yorkshire terrier).MethodsHair was measured and analysed by scanning electron microscopy. The following were evaluated: hair thickness; medulla to hair cross‐sectional area ratio; scale density, pattern and margins; and medulla shape, composition and structure.ResultsThere were significant differences in all measured parameters between breeds.Conclusions and clinical importanceThese study findings may be useful for the study of classifying dog breeds and for forensic identification of a dog breed through hair sampling.
Mechanoadaptation: articular cartilage through thick and thin
Authors: Vincent Tonia L. , Wann Angus K. T. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe articular cartilage is exquisitely sensitive to mechanical load. Its structure is largely defined by the mechanical environment and destruction in osteoarthritis is the pathophysiological consequence of abnormal mechanics. It is often overlooked that disuse of joints causes profound loss of volume in the articular cartilage, a clinical observation first described in polio patients and stroke victims. Through the 1980s, the results of studies exploiting experimental joint immobilisation supported this. Importantly, this substantial body of work was also the first to describe metabolic changes that resulted in decreased synthesis of matrix molecules, especially sulfated proteoglycans. The molecular mechanisms that underlie disuse atrophy are poorly understood despite the identification of multiple mechanosensing mechanisms in cartilage. Moreover, there has been a tendency to equate cartilage loss with osteoarthritic degeneration. Here, we review the historic literature and clarify the structural, metabolic and clinical features that clearly distinguish cartilage loss due to disuse atrophy and those due to osteoarthritis. We speculate on the molecular sensing pathways in cartilage that may be responsible for cartilage mechanoadaptation.
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Trends in the prevalence, incidence and surgical management of carpal tunnel syndrome between 1993 and 2013: an observational analysis of UK primary care records
Authors: Burton Claire L , Chen Ying , Chesterton Linda S , van der Windt Danielle A 
Published: June 2018

ObjectivesTo describe the prevalence, incidence and surgical management of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), between 1993 and 2013, as recorded in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD).DesignWe completed a series of cross-sectional epidemiological analyses to observe trends over time.SettingPrimary care data collected between 1993 and 2013, stored in the CPRD.PopulationIndividuals aged ≥18 years were selected. Prevalent and incident episodes of CTS and episodes of surgical intervention were identified using a list of preidentified Read codes.AnalysisWe defined incident episodes as those with no preceding diagnostic code for CTS in the past 2 years of data. Episodes of surgery were expressed as a percentage of the prevalent population during the same calendar year. Joinpoint regression was used to determine significant changes in the underlying trend.ResultsThe prevalence of CTS increased over the study period, with a particular incline between 2000 and 2004 (annual percentage change 7.81). The female-to-male prevalence ratio reduced over time from 2.74 in 1993 to 1.93 in 2013. The median age of females and males with CTS were noted to increase from 49 and 53 years, respectively in 1993 to 54 and 59 years, respectively in 2013. Incidence was also noted to increase over time. After an initial increase between 1993 and 2007, the percentage of prevalent patients with a coded surgical episode began to decrease after 2007 to 27.41% in 2013 (annual percentage change −1.7).ConclusionThis study has demonstrated that the prevalence and incidence of CTS increased over the study period between 1993 and 2013. Rates of surgery for CTS also increased over the study period; however after 2007, the per cent of patients receiving surgery showed a statistically significant decline back to the rate seen in 2004.
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and mortality risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kuitunen-Paul Sören , Roerecke Michael 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundWe summarise the evidence for an association between screening scores from the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and all-cause mortality.MethodsUsing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, prospective cohort studies reporting all-cause mortality risk by AUDIT scores (complete AUDIT-10 or AUDIT-C) were identified through MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed and Web of Science up to September 2016. Risk estimates were pooled using random effects meta-analyses.ResultsSeven observational studies with 18 920 observed deaths among 309 991 participants were identified. At-risk drinking (ie, hazardous/harmful consumption, AUDIT-10 ≥8 and AUDIT-C ≥4) was associated with elevated mortality risk after 2–10 years of follow-up (pooled relative risk (RR)=1.24, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.37) compared with moderate drinking (AUDIT-10=1–7, AUDIT-C=1–3). Compared to past year abstainers (AUDIT=0), moderate drinkers had a lower mortality risk (RR=0.75, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.79) in US Veterans and a similar mortality risk (RR=0.99, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.38) in population-based studies. Most data came from studies among Veterans using the short AUDIT-C in men and showed a dose–response relationship (RR=1.04, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.05 for each AUDIT-C score among drinkers). Data for women and young adults were scarce.ConclusionAUDIT screening scores were associated with mortality risk. The association was differential depending on the population examined, which may be related to prevalence of former drinkers among current abstainers. Due to heterogeneity between studies and the small number of populations examined, generalisability may be limited.
Preparation and preliminary biological evaluation of 11C-l-SPD
Authors: Tan Haibo , Zhang Zhengwei , Bao Weiqi , Guan Yihui 
Published: June 2018

Objective: To explore the method and quality control of [Formula: see text]C radiolabeled [Formula: see text]-SPD ([Formula: see text]-Stepholidine) and biodistribution of [Formula: see text]C-[Formula: see text]-SPD in vivo. Methods: (1) [Formula: see text]CO2 was produced by CTI RDS III cyclotron, converted [Formula: see text]CO2 to [Formula: see text]C–CH3I by CH3I die-block, and then converted it to [Formula: see text]C-Triflate–CH4, imported [Formula: see text]C-Triflate–CH4 to [Formula: see text]-SPD which was dissolved in Dimethyl sulfoxide [(CH3)2SO], reacted at common temperature and then obtained the product. (2) Take the sample of organs in different times 5, 15, 30, 60, 90[Formula: see text]min after injecting [Formula: see text]C-[Formula: see text]-SPD by vail in mice and measure the radioactive counts per minute (cpm), then the percent injection dose of wet tissue per gram (%ID/g) was calculated. Results: (1) The synthesis time of [Formula: see text]C-[Formula: see text]-SPD was 15 to 20[Formula: see text]min with chemical [Formula: see text]%, and PH values [Formula: see text], radiochemical [Formula: see text]% in 2[Formula: see text]h. All quality criteria of [Formula: see text]C-[Formula: see text]-SPD met the requirements of the positron radio-pharmaceuticals. (2) [Formula: see text]C-[Formula: see text]-SPD was of the characteristic that metabolism was through the liver, and kidney was the main excretory organ, which was [Formula: see text]%ID/g at 5[Formula: see text]min and was decreasing gradually, which was [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]ID/g in liver at 5[Formula: see text]min. Conclusion: (1) [Formula: see text]C-[Formula: see text]-SPD can be used to further study the animal or human. (2) [Formula: see text]C-[Formula: see text]-SPD could quickly discharge and decrease to the low level from background of issues in vivo.
Attenuated TRAF3 Fosters Activation of Alternative NF-κB and Reduced Expression of Antiviral Interferon, TP53, and RB to Promote HPV-Positive Head and Neck Cancers
Authors: Zhang Jialing , Chen Tony , Yang Xinping , Cheng Hui , Späth Stephan S. , Clavijo Paul E. , Chen Jianhong , Silvin Christopher , Issaeva Natalia , Su Xiulan , Yarbrough Wendell G. , Annunziata Christina M. , Chen Zhong , Van Waes Carter 
Published: June 2018

AbstractHuman papilloma viruses (HPV) are linked to an epidemic increase in oropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), which display viral inactivation of tumor suppressors TP53 and RB1 and rapid regional spread. However, the role of genomic alterations in enabling the modulation of pathways that promote the aggressive phenotype of these cancers is unclear. Recently, a subset of HPV+ HNSCC has been shown to harbor novel genetic defects or decreased expression of TNF receptor–associated factor 3 (TRAF3). TRAF3 has been implicated as a negative regulator of alternative NF-κB pathway activation and activator of antiviral type I IFN response to other DNA viruses. How TRAF3 alterations affect pathogenesis of HPV+ HNSCC has not been extensively investigated. Here, we report that TRAF3-deficient HPV+ tumors and cell lines exhibit increased expression of alternative NF-κB pathway components and transcription factors NF-κB2/RELB. Overexpression of TRAF3 in HPV+ cell lines with decreased endogenous TRAF3 inhibited NF-κB2/RELB expression, nuclear localization, and NF-κB reporter activity, while increasing the expression of IFNA1 mRNA and protein and sensitizing cells to its growth inhibition. Overexpression of TRAF3 also enhanced TP53 and RB tumor suppressor proteins and decreased HPV E6 oncoprotein in HPV+ cells. Correspondingly, TRAF3 inhibited cell growth, colony formation, migration, and resistance to TNFα and cisplatin-induced cell death. Conversely, TRAF3 knockout enhanced colony formation and proliferation of an HPV+ HNSCC line expressing higher TRAF3 levels. Together, these findings support a functional role of TRAF3 as a tumor suppressor modulating established cancer hallmarks in HPV+ HNSCC.Significance: These findings report the functional role of TRAF3 as a tumor suppressor that modulates the malignant phenotype of HPV+ head and neck cancers. Cancer Res; 78(16); 4613–26. ©2018 AACR.
Computational Characterization of Suppressive Immune Microenvironments in Glioblastoma
Authors: Luoto Suvi , Hermelo Ismaïl , Vuorinen Elisa M. , Hannus Paavo , Kesseli Juha , Nykter Matti , Granberg Kirsi J. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The immunosuppressive microenvironment in glioblastoma (GBM) prevents an efficient antitumoral immune response and enables tumor formation and growth. Although an understanding of the nature of immunosuppression is still largely lacking, it is important for successful cancer treatment through immune system modulation. To gain insight into immunosuppression in GBM, we performed a computational analysis to model relative immune cell content and type of immune response in each GBM tumor sample from The Cancer Genome Atlas RNA-seq data set. We uncovered high variability in immune system–related responses and in the composition of the microenvironment across the cohort, suggesting immunologic diversity. Immune cell compositions were associated with typical alterations such as IDH mutation or inactivating NF1 mutation/deletion. Furthermore, our analysis identified three GBM subgroups presenting different adaptive immune responses: negative, humoral, and cellular-like. These subgroups were linked to transcriptional GBM subtypes and typical genetic alterations. All G-CIMP and IDH-mutated samples were in the negative group, which was also enriched by cases with focal amplification of CDK4 and MARCH9. IDH1-mutated samples showed lower expression and higher DNA methylation of MHC-I–type HLA genes. Overall, our analysis reveals heterogeneity in the immune microenvironment of GBM and identifies new markers for immunosuppression. Characterization of diverse immune responses will facilitate patient stratification and improve personalized immunotherapy in the future.
Significance: This study utilizes a computational approach to characterize the immune environments in glioblastoma and shows that glioblastoma immune microenvironments can be classified into three major subgroups, which are linked to typical glioblastoma alterations such as IDH mutation, NF1 inactivation, and CDK4-MARCH9 locus amplification.
Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/19/5574/F1.large.jpg. Cancer Res; 78(19); 5574–85. ©2018 AACR.
Mapeamento das características dinâmicas do nível freático do Sistema Aquífero Bauru como instrumento de gestão de recursos hídricos
Authors: Manzione Rodrigo Lilla 
Published: June 2018

O objetivo deste trabalho foi mapear o tempo de resposta dos níveis freáticos de aquíferos. Para tanto, recorreu-se à extração de séries temporais de dados de monitoramento de níveis freáticos, precipitação e evapotranspiração potencial em uma área representativa do Sistema Aquífero Bauru (SAB) na região hidrográfica do Médio Paranapanema (UGRHI-17), situada no Estado de São Paulo. A partir desses dados utilizou-se o modelo Predefined Impulse Response Function in Continuous Time (PIRFICT), obtendo-se uma função impulso-resposta (IR) cujos parâmetros são interpolados por metodologia geoestatística. Os resultados apresentaram-se como importantes ferramentas de auxílio para os tomadores de decisão quanto à adoção de práticas de manejo de resíduos e efluentes, uso da água, planos de remediação e políticas públicas para a gestão dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos.
The Pagan Opponents of Christianity on the Book of Genesis
Authors: van der Horst Pieter Willem 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Pagan criticism of the Bible is here illustrated by highlighting the main objections Celsus, Porphyry and Julian the Apostate raised against the Book of Genesis. Special attention is paid to their criticisms of the image of God as he is portrayed in the opening chapters of Genesis. Finally the article briefly sketches the philosophical background of these criticisms.
The Difficulty of Reconciliation after the St James Church Attack
Authors: Mason Garth John 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This article is a comparative reading of the autobiography Child of this Soil: My Life as a Freedom Fighter by Letlapa Mphahlele and the memoir by Charl van Wyk, Shooting Back: The Right and Duty of Self-Defence. The two texts culminate in recounting of the St. James Church attack in 1993 and the two men’s subsequent reconciliatory meetings. Mphahlele ordered the attack as an APLA commander and Van Wyk was the parishioner who fired back at the APLA attackers. Of interest are the conditions of possibility for dialogue between Van Wyk and Mphahlele in the context of the national narrative of reconciliation.
Decolonising Theology from #Feesmustfall and #Foratemer
Authors: Buttelli Felipe Gustavo Koch , Le Bruyns Clint 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This article reflects on the challenges to systematic theology that arise from students’ struggles against capitalism in Brazil and South Africa. It suggests an understanding of the social, political and economic reality, emphasising that these struggles are part of the new social movements that struggle against capitalism. Epistemologically, a kairos and decolonial theology is suggested as a meaningful theological response to the contemporary struggles. Lastly, it affirms that a decolonial theology may help to create hope in struggles to overcome capitalism. It suggests ways to embody this theological approach in political praxis, in a creative way trying to overcome capitalism.
On the Time of Emergence of Tropical Width Change
Authors: Quan Xiao-Wei , Hoerling Martin P. , Perlwitz Judith , Diaz Henry F. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe tropical belt is expected to expand in response to global warming, although most of the observed tropical widening since 1980, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, is believed to have mainly originated from natural variability. The view is of a small global warming signal relative to natural variability. Here we focus on the question whether and, if so when, the anthropogenic signal of tropical widening will become detectable. Analysis of two large ensemble climate simulations reveals that the forced signal of tropical width is strongly constrained by the forced signal of global mean temperature. Under a representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) emissions scenario, the aggregate of the two models indicates a regression of about 0.5° lat °C−1during 1980–2080. The models also reveal that interannual variability in tropical width, a measure of noise used herein, is insensitive to global warming. Reanalysis data are therefore used to constrain the interannual variability, whose magnitude is estimated to be 1.1° latitude. Defining the time of emergence (ToE) for tropical width change as the first year (post-1980) when the forced signal exceeds the magnitude of interannual variability, the multimodel simulations of CMIP5 are used to estimate ToE and its confidence interval. The aforementioned strong constraint between the signal of tropical width change and global mean temperature change motivates using CMIP5-simulated global mean temperature changes to infer ToE. Our best estimate for the probable year for ToE, under an RCP8.5 emissions scenario, is 2058 with 10th–90th percentile confidence of 2047–68. Various sources of uncertainty in estimating the ToE are discussed.
Macrocomplexes and discordant high-sensitivity cardiac troponin concentrations
Authors: Kavsak Peter A , Roy Chantele , Malinowski Paul , Mark Ching-Tong , Scott Terry , Clark Lorna , Lamers Shana , Ainsworth Craig 
Published: June 2018

Background Analytical comparisons between different high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) assays are important for reassurance of results performed with different methodologies and to identify potential interferences or confounders to result interpretation. Our objective in the present study was to compare Beckman Coulter’s latest hs-cTnI assay to Abbott’s hs-cTnI assay and to assess agreement between results. Methods Two hundred ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid plasma samples that had clinically reported hs-cTnI results from the Abbott ARCHITECTi2000 that spanned the analytical range were stored (median = 4 h), re-centrifuged and retested for hs-cTnI on the Abbott ARCHITECTi1000 and Beckman Coulter Access2 analysers. Passing–Bablok regression and fold-differences were evaluated, with differences approximately three-fold between results further subjected to Roche hs-cTnT testing and polyethylene glycol precipitation. Results The Beckman and Abbott hs-cTnI concentrations were correlated ( r = 0.95) with Beckman yielding proportionally lower concentrations (slope = 0.78; 95%CI: 0.74–0.85). There were 12 samples that yielded Abbott hs-TnI concentrations ≥3-fold higher than the Beckman hs-cTnI concentrations; of which nine samples from seven different patients had sufficient quantity for additional testing. All seven patients had macrocomplexes as determined with polyethylene glycol precipitation that affected the Abbott hs-cTnI assay. One patient with Abbott hs-cTnI results >1300 ng/L had polyethylene glycol, heterophile antibodies and creatine kinase-MB testing performed which confirmed that a macrocomplex most likely affected the Abbott and Roche (hs-cTnT = 65 ng/L) assays but not the Beckman (hs-cTnI = 12 ng/L) assay. Conclusion The hs-cTnI concentrations obtained from ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid plasma between the Beckman and Abbott assays are highly correlated, with large differences in concentrations (≥3-fold) between Abbott and Beckman assays possible due to macrocomplexes.