bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flocculation of Waste Waters from Petroleum Refineries
Authors: Hade André , Elcabetz Acher 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Waste waters from petroleum refineries can be considered as a ternary-like system, the components of which have been characterized. They are: the alkaline liquor, the hydrocarbon rich oil in suspension and the silica rich solid also in suspension.
The parameters controlling the destabilization and the flocculation of these suspensions have been studied by light transmittance and electrophoretic mobility. Rate of flocculation, critical coagulation concentration (CCC) , critical restabilization concentration and optimum flocculation conditions have been determined for different combinations of added polyelectrolytes and/or simple electrolytes. Among eleven different polyelectrolytes, four of the cationic type were selected for their property to flocculate the suspension. It has been shown that an excess of polyelectrolyte brings about the restabilization of the particules. No flocculation has been observed for any of the anionic polymers tested.
Simple electrolytes are found to obey the Schulze-Hardy rule in their flocculation capacity. Various combinations of a polyelectrolyte with a simple salt lead to a lower CCC together with a broader concentration range between destabilization and restabilization. It is concluded that this binary suspension behaved essentially like a classical lyophobic sol.
Testing, Treating and Disposal of Oil and Gas Well Waste Water Sumps
Authors: Shaw D. R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This paper is written in order to illustrate the problem of drilling sump fluid disposal and the method of approach which has made it possible to alleviate this problem in Alberta.
The process of drilling an oil or gas well customarily generates a considerable volume of waste water (three of four million gallons could be generated by a single deep well). This water, if liberated incautiously, can have an adverse impact upon the environment.
Oil Removal from Refinery Wastes by Air Flotation
Authors: Volesky B. , Agathos S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Air flotation as a physical separation process for removing oily products and suspended solid matter from refinery wastewaters achieves removal efficiencies from 65% to more than 90%. Demonstrated capacity of the process for COD and BOD removal ranges up to 90%. With addition of flotation and flocculation aid chemicals better performance is achieved. Current results are presented and critically reviewed. It appears that the pressure dissolved-air flotation system employing recycle-flow operation can produce effluent containing consistently less than 15 p.p.m. of oil and suspended solids. Its performance and capacity of handling overload situations makes it superior to the conventional flocculation-sedimentation technique.
Oil removal limitations of the process and current research trends are stressed including an electro-flotation technique. Some aspects of process optimization are also discussed.
Stormwater Storage in Residential Subdivisions
Authors: Ahearn P.A. , Henry J.G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The effectiveness of incorporating storage in storm drainage systems was investigated for a residential subdivision of 100 acres under development in Southern Ontario. The types of storage examined were flat roofs, on-site storage of roof runoff, catch basin storage and holding reservoirs. A runoff model, which computes complete sewer hydrographs from given rainfall intensity-time patterns, was used to determine the storm sewer flow hydrograph at the subdivision outfall for a 2-year design storm. The effects of different storage methods on the outflow hydrograph were tested. Holding reservoirs can be utilized to make peak flows as small as desired, but with corresponding increases in storage volumes. The other local storage methods provided peak flow reductions of about 30 per cent, but the operational reliability of these methods needs to be established.
Removal of Residual Nutrients and Chemical Additives From Secondary Sewage by Reverse osmosis
Authors: Johnston H. Kirk , Lim H.S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The suitability of reverse osmosis as a renovation technique for the treatment of municipal wastewaters has been assessed. Cellulose acetate membranes capable of 70% and 90% NaCl rejections were employed in both laboratory and pilot plant studies to evaluate the efficiency of this technique in removing the residual precipitant chemicals generally employed in phosphorus removal programs (iron chloride, alum, and lime) and the nutrients (phosphates, nitrates and ammonia) characteristic of municipal wastewaters.
Secondary sewage and raw sewage as well as prepared nutrient solutions were employed in the course of this program. Both laboratory and pilot plant studies indicated consistently outstanding removal efficiencies for the species examined, almost independent of the nature of the waste solutions being treated. Permeation of the purified effluent was subject to significant reductions due to membrane fouling. This characteristic was most pronounced for the more permeable (less selective) membranes. Routine chemical and physical cleanings enable satisfactory flux levels to be maintained, thereby suggesting that reverse osmosis may become a viable municipal waste treatment technique.
Correction Factor For Anthrone Carbohydrate in Coloured Wastewater Samples
Authors: Leduy A. , Kosaric N. , Zajic J.E. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Spectrophotometric determination of total carbohydrate (TCH) in the wastewater samples by anthrone reagent is a simple and rapid method to follow the utilization of substrate, and hence the reduction of BOD5 load during the biological treatment process with chemoheterotrophs. However, for the coloured wastewater samples or treatment plant effluents, a correction factor was found necessary to compensate the colour inferences. Studies were conducted on various waste sulfite liquors (NH3-, Ca-, Mg-, Mixed- and Na-WSL) which provide a wide range of colours from creamy to black. The correction factor was calculated from the deviation of the standard calibration curves of glucose with and without the presence of WSL. These correction factors depended both on the nature and on the amount of WSL present. Within the practical dilution range of various WSL for the determination of TCH (1:1,000 - 4:1,000 v/v), the correction factors varied from 15 to 40%, which is highly significant if the correction was not made. In all WSL samples, the correction factor became more significant at higher concentration of WSL in the solution. Spectrophotometric studies of WSL at various concentrations within the visible range led to the development of the following empirical equation expressing their colour, $$\Lambda = \Lambda _{\rm s}\left( {1 + {[D_{\rm c}/D]}^2} \right)^{{\rm n/2}}$$
where Λ, Λs, Dc, D and n are the maximum transmitted wavelength of WSL solution, the maximum transmitted wavelength of water (solvent), the critical dilution of WSL, the dilution of WSL (reciprocal concentration of colouring materials) and the chromatic index of WSL respectively.
A Mathematical Model of Evaporation and Dissolution From Oil Spills on Ice, Land, Water and Under Ice
Authors: Leinonen P.J. , Mackay D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Mathematical models are presented which quantify the processes of evaporation and dissolution of components of crude oil in three situations: a spill on water, a spill on ice, and a spill under ice cover in which the oil lies between the water and ice phases. Constant spill area is assumed. The evaporation flux is calculated using a mass transfer coefficient based on windspeed and spill dimensions. The dissolution flux can be calculated from two models, a mass transfer coefficient approach and an eddy diffusivity approach involving the integration of a set of partial differential equations in depth and time. The selection of model parameters is discussed. For the three physical situations, using a synthetic crude oil, results are presented giving the relative rates of evaporation and dissolution and the aqueous phase concentration of selected hydrocarbons. The implications of the results for clean-up technology and aquatic toxicity are discussed, particularly with regard to spills under ice.
Non-Point Source Contributions to Water Quality Problems
Authors: McBean E.A. , Gorrie J.E. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Non-point source contributions of nitrogen and phosphorus are examined. A useful relation between nitrogen and phosphorus mass flux and instream flow is demonstrated to occur at a number of sampling locations situated on the Saint John River Basin. As well, through a multiple regression study, evidence is presented that argues that the variations in non-point source loadings observed from location to location are explainable in terms of the variations of relatively easily-measured parameters that describe the contributing areas.
Fish Size as a Quantitative Function of Tolerance to Heavy Metals
Authors: Spear P. , Anderson P.D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Variations in tolerance through a size range of test organisms were quantitatively represented by the function. $${\rm R} = {\rm \alpha } + {\rm \beta log C/}{\rm W}^{\rm b} \eqno \lpar1\rpar$$
where R = % quantal response (in probits),
C = concentration of toxicant in the ambient environment,
W = weight of test organism, and,
b = an empirically determined coefficient of weight.
This function expresses the lethal response curves of different sizes of test organisms of three species of fish following exposure to certain discrete heavy metal solutions for 96 hours. A useful derivative of Eq. 1 is, $$\log {\rm M} = {\rm a} + {\rm b log W}$$
where M = LC 50
The application of these weight functions in aquatic bioassay studies is discussed.
The standard bioassay procedure in aquatic toxicology simulates the principle mode of toxicant uptake from the ambient environment by exposing test organisms to aqueous solutions of chemicals for specified periods. The alternative bioassay method involves the administration of toxicants by parenteral (e.g. intraperitoneal , intravenous) or enteral (e.g. oral) routes.
It is accepted procedure in the latter bioassay studies to use a dose proportional to the body weight of the test animal. The assumption for normalizing the dose by the weight of the individual is that the magnitude of response to a given dose will change proportionally with size. For the former type of bioassay, some investigators have concluded that size of the test organism does not influence tolerance parameters (Cairns 1958; Bastos 1954) - Other studies have demonstrated that the magnitude of response varies with size (Weiss and Botts 1957; Mount 1962; Burdick et al. 1955; Skidmore 1967). The problem of size as a modifying factor may be avoided by using test organisms of similar body weight (Doudoroff et al. 1951). For those bioassay studies in which size standardization is either impractical or impossible, a rationale is needed to quantify changes in response attributable to the differences in weight of test organisms.
This paper considers the application of a weight factor-tolerance function which quantitatively represents the change in the magnitude of response with increasing size of three species of fish exposed to certain heavy metals. The quantity of the weight function is determined empirically and its value appears unique for species and toxicant. The usefulness of the weight factor in bioassay studies is discussed.
Efficiency of Subsurface Sewage Disposal Systems in Removal of Contaminants From Domestic Sewage
Authors: Brandes M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In order to determine the efficiency of subsurface disposal systems in removal of contaminants, fifteen systems located on three lakes and on the St. Lawrence River in Ontario, were under study for about two years. Tritium (3H) , radioactive phosphorus (32p) and fluorescein were used for tracing the subsurface movement of the septic tank effluent and for determining the time taken by the effluent to reach the receiving waters. It was observed that a considerable part (89 to 98%) of the phosphorus from the effluent was fixed in the soil when the soil contained more than 67% silt and clay. When clayey silt was the filtering medium the concentration of the phosphorus in the ground water dropped to a level of less than 0.2 mg/l (as P) in a distance of 17 meters from the disposal systems. A satisfactory removal of faecal coliform organisms by the same uniform undisturbed clayey silt was also observed. The removal of phosphorus and of faecal coliform organisms by disposal systems built on sandy fill was less efficient. The concentration of nitrates, free ammonia and chlorides in the ground water close to receiving waters was lower than concentrations permissible in public surface water supplies.
Flocculation of Neutralized Mine Drainage With Polymers
Authors: Huck P.M. , Murphy K.L. , LeClair B.P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Metal-bearing wastewaters such as base metal mine drainage are conventionally treated with lime to precipitate the metals as hydroxides. Although the addition of a synthetic polymer has been found to aid clarification in this process, no rational methodology exists for the determination of optimum flocculation conditions.
Using tailored polyacrylamide, the present research examined the effects of polymer properties and mixing conditions on supernatant particulate iron concentrations for synthetic minewaters containing various initial concentrations of that metal. It was found that mixing conditions were more important than polymer properties in producing optimum behaviour. Optimum rapid mix speed appeared to be proportional to minewater strength, while flocculation time varied inversely with strength. The system was sensitive to polymer degree of hydrolysis but not to dosage. At pH 9.5, residual total iron concentrations below 0.2 mg/l were achieved. Mechanistic modeling using the flocculation equation was successful.
Decolourization of Kraft Mill Effluents by Magnesium Coagulation
Authors: Rush R.J. , Oldham W.K. , Stepko W.E. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A magnesium-plus-lime coagulation process incorporating magnesium recovery by sludge carbonation, recently developed for water treatment, has been tested for its application to decolonization of kraft mill effluents. Total bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) after biological treatment and effluent from the first caustic extraction stage of a CEDED bleachery (T-20 effluent) were examined in the laboratory.
Preliminary results of ongoing pilot scale testing of this unique treatment and recovery process on a simulated kraft waste are also presented.
At the bench scale it was shown that a combination of low magnesium and low lime dosages can achieve better decolourization of kraft mill effluents than much greater amounts of lime alone. Colour removals of 90–95% were achieved using either fresh or recycled magnesium.
Results of both laboratory and pilot plant studies showed that greater than 90% magnesium recovery can be attained with proper operation of the sludge carbonator.
Neutralization and Fertilization of Acidified Lakes Near Sudbury, Ontario
Authors: Scheider W. , Dillon P.J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Investigations into the consequences of neutralizing acidic lakes, establishing buffer systems and reducing heavy metal levels by additions of Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3 are described. Two pairs of lakes in the immediate vicinity of Sudbury, Ontario, were chosen for study commencing in June 1973. Prior to treatment, all lakes could be described as soft (hardness 21–47 mg/l as CaCO3), poorly buffered (alkalinity 0.4–2.6 mg/l as CaCO3) with low pH values (4.4–4.5). Sulphate was the dominant ionic constituent in the lakes (26–55 mg/l). Copper and nickel levels were among the highest recorded in the Sudbury region. The low HPC: aciduric ratio (total heterotrophic plate count: acid-tolerant plate count) demonstrates the atypical bacterial composition of the lake waters. The standing stocks of phytoplankton, Zooplankton and zoobenthos were somewhat lower and taxonomic composition abnormal as compared to “typical” oligotrophic lakes on the Canadian Shield as studied in the Experimental Lakes Area of Ontario.
The two downstream lakes were treated in the fall of 1973, one with Ca(OH)2 only; the other with a combination of Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3. The upstream lakes were monitored as controls. Both treated lakes showed an increase in pH to about 7.0 and reductions in total Cu, Ni and Zn levels of 13–83%. The combination treatment proved superior in that a more stable buffer system was established and pH remained near neutrality for the duration of the study.
The rapid pH change (three units in a matter of weeks) caused an initial decline in the standing stock of phytoplankton, Zooplankton and zoobenthos. The bacteria were the first to show a positive response to the altered water chemistry; the HPC: aciduric ratio increasing immediately following treatment. The phytoplanktonic standing stock increased and the taxonomic composition changed the summer following treatment. Numbers of Zooplankton and zoobenthos did not increase the year following treatment, probably because of the relative difficulty in recolonization and their slower reproductive rate.
In an effort to increase biological standing stock, Middle Lake was fertilized with phosphorus 1½ years after neutralization. Numbers of phytoplankton and Zooplankton increased and taxonomic composition shifted.
Potential Effect of Methane Oxidation and Nitrification-Denitrification on the Oxygen Budget of Hamilton Harbour
Authors: Snodgrass W.J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Samples of gas generated by Hamilton Harbour have been collected at a deep water station (20 m) for four months during the summer and early fall of 1975. Methane and nitrogen are the only significant gases collected at the sediments or at the top of the water column. Methane is lost from the rising gas bubble but nitrogen is not lost. Sources of methane and nitrogen gas production are reviewed. Complete oxidation of the methane lost from the gas bubble represents an oxygen sink of 0.3 gm O2/m2/day. Nitrogen production represents an oxygen sink of 0.1 gm O2/m2/day; this assumes that all nitrogen collected is due to nitrification-denitrification of ammonia produced in the sediments. These sinks are respectively estimated to account for 16–32% and 7–14% of the hypolimnetic oxygen demand. These data provide initial order estimates for two components of the hypolimnetic oxygen demand and a partial basis for construction and calibration of an oxygen model for Hamilton Harbour.
Modelling Simulation and Control of an Existing Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Process
Authors: Thérien N. , Harrington P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The dynamic response of the activated sludge process in the wastewater treatment plant of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke was analysed with respect to large disturbances in both the flow rate and the quality of wastewater entering the plant.
A mass balance conducted for the organic substrate and biomass entering and leaving the process led to a model consisting of two separate differential equations in terms of BOD and VSS with a two-phase bio-kinetic relationship for the reaction term.
Predictions of the model for BOD and VSS variations in time were compared to experimental observations at the plant. A model using mean daily values for VSS and expressed in terms of BOD for the stream flowing out the clarifier unit in response to flow rate and BOD cyclic fluctuations of the entering wastewater stream to the process was found apt at describing the time at which BOD peaks in the process effluent occurred as well as predicting the magnitude of these peaks.
The dynamic behaviour of the activated sludge process has been simulated for periods of one to several days using this model. Its use in predicting appropriate control action in time in order to improve the treatment efficiency is also indicated.
Contribution a la rationalisation du reseau qualite de l’eau de la Baie James
Authors: Bobée B. , Cluis D. , Tessier A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A water quality sampling programme for James Bay territory established in a previous study has been carried out for the Department of Natural Resources of the Province of Quebec.
The network is composed of 5 base-stations, sampled every fortnight to determine the variability with time of the parameters and 16 satellite-stations, sampled five times yearly with a view to determine the spatial variability.
The data (major ions and certain nutrients) gathered during the 1974–1975 field survey are subjected to an analysis by a multivariate technique (correspondence analysis) in addition to certain classical statistical methods. The latter have shown that the mean values obtained at satellite stations were representative of the annual mean. In addition, the results permit the determination for a given parameter, of the relationship between stations and, for a given station, the relationship between parameters. In both cases, the formulation of predictive equations was attempted.
An overall evaluation of the data by correspondence analysis has permitted: - a more precise definition of the qualitative behaviour of the different sub-basins of the James Bay territory and characterization of their waters;- a proof of the existence of gradual concentration changes in both East-West and North-South directions.
Within the original objectives of the network, the results of the study have led to the following recommendations: - to continue synchronised samplings;- to transform a base station with a low information content into a satellite station;- to create a new base station in the eastern part of the territory.
The Airborne Transmission of Organisms Emitted from Wastewater Treatment Processes
Authors: Crawford G.V. , Jones P.H. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Parameters believed to affect the emission and transmission of organisms were studied. The predictive model of Ledbetter and Randall (1965) was found to be more reliable for organism concentrations downwind of a wastewater source than six other models considered. The model predicts total organism, fecal Coliform, total Coliform, fecal streptococci and S. faecal is concen-trations. S. faecal is was selected as the most suitable indicator of the presence of airborne pathogenic organisms emitted from wastewater treatment processes.
The Freshwater Clam (Elliptio Complanata), A Practical Tool for Monitoring Water Quality
Authors: Curry C.A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Freshwater clams (Elliptio complanata) from Balsam Lake were placed in cages in the Humber and Moira Rivers in southern Ontario.
Clams were exposed from 4 to 6 weeks and analyzed for organic trace contaminants (pesticides and PCB's).
Humber River clams accumulated significant levels of PCB's (polychlori-nated biphenyls), EDDT (total l,l,l-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane), dieldrin, alpha- and gamma- chlordane after 8 days. Only PCBs and Zddt were accumulated in Moira River clams.
Caged clams proved practical for detecting organic trace contaminants in water after a short exposure period.
The advantages of using clams over fish and water samples for bio-monitoring are discussed as well as the practical considerations to further enhance the usefulness of this organism.