bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are in‐migrant proprietors driving or enhancing cultural heritage tourism in transitioning resource‐dependent communities? The case of Trinity, Newfoundland and Labrador
Authors: Mitchell Clare J. A. , Shannon Meghan 
Published: April 2018

Key Messages

In‐migrants’ externally accumulated capital may influence path creation.
Newcomer and returnee proprietors in Trinity use recombination, layering, and conversion to augment an existing branching innovating tourism trajectory.
Civic‐minded in‐migrants helped create the path; their presence may be a precursor to private investment.
Modeling Prosocial Behavior Increases Helping in 16‐Month‐Olds
Authors: Schuhmacher Nils , Köster Moritz , Kärtner Joscha 
Published: April 2018

In two experiments, the imitation of helping behavior in 16‐month‐olds was investigated. In Study 1 (N = 31), infants either observed an adult model helping or not helping another individual before they had the opportunity to assist an unfamiliar experimenter. In one of two tasks, more children helped in the prosocial model condition than in the no model control condition. In Study 2 (N = 60), a second control condition was included to test whether infants imitated the prosocial intention (no neediness control). Children in the prosocial model condition helped more readily than children in the no model condition, with the second control condition falling in between. These findings propose that modeling provides a critical learning mechanism in early prosocial development.
Distribution and progression of add power among people in need of near correction
Authors: Han Xiaotong , Lee Pei Ying , Liu Chi , He Mingguang 
Published: April 2018

AbstractImportanceThis study helps to better understand the need and trend in presbyopic add power in the aging society.BackgroundDistribution and progression of presbyopic add power in East Asian population is largely unknown.DesignProspective cohort study.ParticipantsAbout 303 participants from a population‐based study of residents aged 35 years and older in Guangzhou, China.MethodsVisual acuity (VA) test and non‐cycloplegic automated refraction were performed at baseline in 2008 and the 6‐year follow‐up per standardized protocol. Participants with presenting near VA ≤ 20/40 underwent distance subjective refraction and add power measurement by increasing plus lens at a standard distance of 40 cm at each visit.Main outcome measuresAdd power at baseline and follow‐ups.ResultsMean (standard deviation) age of the study participants was 57.6 (11.1) years and 50.2% were female. The mean add power at baseline was 1.43, 1.73, 2.03 and 2.20 diopters (D) for individuals in the age groups of 35–44, 45–54, 55–64 and 65+ years, respectively. Participants with older age and lower educational level had significantly higher add power requirements (P < 0.001). The overall 6‐year increase in add power was 0.15D (95% CI: 0.06 to 0.25), and was smaller in myopic subjects (P = 0.03). Baseline age and add power, but not changes in biometric factors, were associated with longitudinal change in add power (P < 0.001).Conclusions and RelevanceDistribution and progression of add power in Chinese was different from that previously suggested by Caucasian studies. More studies are needed to establish up‐to‐date age‐related add power prescription norms for population of different ethnicities.
The Redevelopmental State: Governing Surplus Life and Land in the ‘Urban Age’
Authors: Doshi Sapana 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTThis article theorizes changing configurations of development governance emerging as states attempt to reconcile two contradictory pressures of global urbanization: dispossessing capitalist accumulation and demands for inclusive welfare. It introduces the ‘redevelopmental state’ as a dynamic spatio‐political framework for understanding how hegemonic rule is tenuously forged amid potentially volatile urban land struggles. Whereas Northern urban redevelopment theories are less attentive to post‐colonial urbanization processes and most developmental state scholarship has not focused on cities, the redevelopmental state offers an alternative conceptualization. It centres on how emerging regimes of territorial rule, development and political participation contour access to land and social benefits in Southern cities. Forged at key conjunctures of social pressure, these redevelopmental state spaces work through and beyond formal policies and institutions, and articulate with nationalist cultural politics of belonging and aspiration that foster consent for redevelopment while also legitimating exclusions, violence and dispossession. A case study of Mumbai illustrates redevelopmental state spaces that suture ethno‐religious nationalism, urbanized accumulation and populist welfare to unevenly distribute life capacities, garnering both cooperation and contestation. The article concludes by suggesting ways this spatially attuned framing can provide insights into the recent rise of ethno‐nationalism and authoritarian populism around the world.
Gesture helps learners learn, but not merely by guiding their visual attention
Authors: Wakefield Elizabeth , Novack Miriam A. , Congdon Eliza L. , Franconeri Steven , Goldin‐Meadow Susan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTeaching a new concept through gestures—hand movements that accompany speech—facilitates learning above‐and‐beyond instruction through speech alone (e.g., Singer & Goldin‐Meadow, ). However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are still under investigation. Here, we use eye tracking to explore one often proposed mechanism—gesture's ability to direct visual attention. Behaviorally, we replicate previous findings: Children perform significantly better on a posttest after learning through Speech+Gesture instruction than through Speech Alone instruction. Using eye tracking measures, we show that children who watch a math lesson with gesture do allocate their visual attention differently from children who watch a math lesson without gesture—they look more to the problem being explained, less to the instructor, and are more likely to synchronize their visual attention with information presented in the instructor's speech (i.e., follow along with speech) than children who watch the no‐gesture lesson. The striking finding is that, even though these looking patterns positively predict learning outcomes, the patterns do not mediate the effects of training condition (Speech Alone vs. Speech+Gesture) on posttest success. We find instead a complex relation between gesture and visual attention in which gesture moderates the impact of visual looking patterns on learning—following along with speech predicts learning for children in the Speech+Gesture condition, but not for children in the Speech Alone condition. Gesture's beneficial effects on learning thus come not merely from its ability to guide visual attention, but also from its ability to synchronize with speech and affect what learners glean from that speech.
Effectiveness and safety of rivaroxaban vs warfarin in people with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation and diabetes: an administrative claims database analysis
Authors: Coleman C. I. , Bunz T. J. , Eriksson D. , Meinecke A.‐K. , Sood N. A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAimTo assess the effectiveness and safety of rivaroxaban vs warfarin in people with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation and diabetes treated in routine practice.MethodsUsing US MarketScan claims data for the period November 2011 to December 2016, we identified oral anticoagulation‐naïve people with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation and diabetes (Type 1 or Type 2) and ≥12 months of continuous insurance coverage prior to the qualifying oral anticoagulation dispensing time. Rivaroxaban users were 1:1 propensity score‐matched to warfarin users. Participants were followed until an event, oral anticoagulation switch/discontinuation, insurance disenrolment or end of follow‐up. Rates (events/100 person‐years) of the composite of stroke or systemic embolism and major bleeding were compared using Cox regression and reported as hazard ratios and 95% CIs.ResultsWe assessed 5517 rivaroxaban users (20% received the reduced dose) and 5517 warfarin users with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation and diabetes (~97% with Type 2 diabetes) with a median (interquartile range) available follow‐up of 1.5 (0.7, 2.7) years. Rivaroxaban was associated with nonsignificant reductions in stroke or systemic embolism (0.87 vs 1.35/100 person‐years; hazard ratio 0.68, 95% CI 0.44–1.05) and ischaemic stroke (0.69 vs 0.93/100 person‐years; hazard ratio 0.78, 95% CI 0.48–1.30) compared with warfarin. No differences in major bleeding (2.7 vs 3.0/100 person‐years; hazard ratio 0.96, 95% CI 0.74–1.25) were observed. Similar results were seen when analysis was limited to standard‐dose rivaroxaban. Reduced‐dose rivaroxaban was associated with a significantly decreased hazard of stroke or systemic embolism and ischaemic stroke, without an increase in major bleeding risk.ConclusionsRivaroxaban has effectiveness and safety at least as good as those of warfarin in people with diabetes and non‐valvular atrial fibrillation treated in routine clinical practice.
New classification of geometric ventricular patterns in severe aortic stenosis: Could it be clinically useful?
Authors: Di Nora Concetta , Cervesato Eugenio , Cosei Iulian , Ravasel Andreea , Popescu Bogdan A. , Zito Concetta , Carerj Scipione , Antonini‐Canterin Francesco , Popescu Andreea C. 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundIn severe aortic stenosis, different left ventricle (LV) remodeling patterns as a response to pressure overload have distinct hemodynamic profiles, cardiac function, and outcomes. The most common classification considers LV relative wall thickness and LV mass index to create 4 different groups. A new classification including also end‐diastolic volume index has been recently proposed.AimTo describe the prevalence of the newly identified remodeling patterns in patients with severe aortic stenosis and to evaluate their clinical relevance according to symptoms.MethodsWe analyzed 286 consecutive patients with isolated severe aortic stenosis. Current guidelines were used for echocardiographic evaluation. Symptoms were defined as the presence of angina, syncope, or NYHA class III–IV.ResultsThe mean age was 75 ± 9 years, 156 patients (54%) were men, while 158 (55%) were symptomatic. According to the new classification, the most frequent remodeling pattern was concentric hypertrophy (57.3%), followed by mixed (18.9%) and dilated hypertrophy (8.4%). There were no patients with eccentric remodeling; only 4 patients had a normalLV geometry. Symptomatic patients showed significantly more mixed hypertrophy (P < .05), while the difference regarding the prevalence of the other patterns was not statistically significant. When we analyzed the distribution of the classic 4 patterns stratified by the presence of symptoms, however, we did not find a significant difference (P = .157).ConclusionsThe new classification had refined the description of different cardiac geometric phenotypes that develop as a response to pressure overload. It might be superior to the classic 4 patterns in terms of association with symptoms.
Global and regional left ventricular circumferential strain during incremental cycling and isometric knee extension exercise
Authors: Beaumont Alexander , Sculthorpe Nicholas , Hough John , Unnithan Viswanath , Richards Joanna 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to investigate left ventricular (LV) circumferential strain responses to incremental cycling and isometric knee extension exercises.MethodsTwenty‐six healthy male participants (age = 30 ± 6 years) were used to study LV global (GCS) and regional circumferential strain at the apex (ACS) and base (BCS) during incremental cycling at 30% and 60% work rate maximum (Wmax) and short‐duration (15 seconds contractions) isometric knee extensions at 40% and 75% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) using two‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography.ResultsDuring cycling (n = 22), GCS increased progressively from rest to 60% Wmax (−22.85 ± 3.26% to −29.87 ± 2.59%, P < .01). ACS increased from rest to 30% Wmax (−26.29 ± 4.84% to −36.84 ± 6.94%, P < .01) and then remained unchanged to 60% Wmax (−40.72 ± 4.06%, P = .068). BCS decreased from rest to 30% Wmax (−19.41 ± 2.79 to −17.51 ± 4.66%, P = .05) and then remained unchanged to 60% Wmax. During isometric knee extension (n = 23), GCS decreased from rest to 40% MVC (−22.63 ± 3.46 to −20.10 ± 2.78%, P < .05) and then remained unchanged to 75% MVC. Similarly, BCS decreased from rest to 40% MVC (−19.21 ± 2.58% to −13.55 ± 3.45%, P < .01) and then remained unchanged, whereas ACS did not change with exercise intensity (rest, −26.05 ± 5.34%; 40% MVC, −26.64 ± 4.53% and 75% MVC −27.22 ± 5.34%, all P > .05).ConclusionGlobal circumferential strain increased stepwise during incremental cycling, mediated by the apex with trivial changes at the base. In contrast, GCS decreased during the isometric knee extension to 40% MVC and then plateaued, due to decreased BCS as ACS was maintained. A novel finding is that the GCS response appears to be exercise modality dependant and is the consequence of region‐specific changes.
An analysis of clinical transition stresses experienced by dental students: A qualitative methods approach
Authors: Botelho M. , Gao X. , Bhuyan S. Y. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIntroductionStress in dental students is well established with potential psychological distress, emotional exhaustion and burnout‐related symptoms. Little attention has been given to the problems encountered by dental students during the transition from theoretical or paraclinical training to the clinical environment. The aim of this study was to adopt a qualitative research methods approach to understand the perceived stressors during students’ clinical transition and provide insights for curriculum planners to enhance learning.MethodsThis study analysed four groups of 2nd‐ and 3rd‐year BDS students’ experiences in focus group interviews relating to their pre‐clinical and clinical transitions. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim, and a thematic analysis was performed using an inductive qualitative approach.ResultsKey overlapping domains identified were the transition gap and stresses. The transition gap was subclassified into knowledge and skill (hard and soft), and stresses was subcategorised into internal and external stresses. On first coming to clinics, students experienced knowledge gaps of unfamiliar clinical treatments with mismatches between knowledge acquisition and clinical exposure. Students felt incompetent owing to the stresses attributable to curriculum design, staff and the patient. This negatively affected their confidence and clinical performance.ConclusionA range of challenges have been identified that will allow curriculum designer's to plan a more supportive learning experience to help students during their transition to clinical practice giving them timely knowledge, confidence and clinical performance to better prepare them for entering clinics.
Evaluation of small‐group education on the shade determination ability of preclinical dental students—A controlled clinical trial
Authors: Corcodel N. , Krisam J. , Klotz A.‐L. , Deisenhofer U. K. , Stober T. , Hassel A. J. , Rammelsberg P. , Zenthöfer A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of small‐group education including practical training on dental students’ shade determination performance compared with a control group.MethodsSixty‐three non‐colour‐blind preclinical students were asked to participate and belonged to an intervention (n = 31) and a control (n = 32) group, respectively. All students received a lecture on dental shade determination. The members of the intervention group were educated and practically trained in small groups in addition. Ten volunteers, each with unrestored upper right middle and lateral incisors, were recruited. The students of both the intervention and control groups were then asked to determine the colour of the volunteers’ test teeth using the 3D‐Master shade guide (Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany) under artificial daylight illumination. For analytical purposes, the CIE L*a*b* coordinates were obtained using a spectrophotometer. Colour differences, ΔE, between all shade tabs selected by the students and the natural teeth were calculated. ΔE observed in the intervention and control groups were compared using t tests. In addition, a multi‐level regression model was adjusted for age and gender.ResultsMean (SD) ΔE between the shade tabs selected by the students and the natural teeth in the intervention and control groups were 3.8 (2.1) and 4.3 (2.3), respectively (P < .001). The effect of group membership was reproduced in multivariate analysis whereas age and gender did not reach statistical significance.ConclusionsWith more intensive education and practical training the ability to perform clinical shade determinations improved for students without previous clinical experience. The results obtained support the idea of implementing thematic small‐group education in the dental curriculum.
Positron emission tomography imaging of cerebral glucose metabolism and type 1 cannabinoid receptor availability during temporal lobe epileptogenesis in the amygdala kindling model in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Cleeren Evy , Casteels Cindy , Goffin Karolien , Koole Michel , Van Laere Koen , Janssen Peter , Van Paesschen Wim 
Published: April 2018

SummaryObjectiveWe investigated changes in the endocannabinoid system and glucose metabolism during temporal lobe epileptogenesis.MethodsBecause it is rarely possible to study epileptogenesis in humans, we applied the electrical amygdala kindling model in nonhuman primates to image longitudinal changes in type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) binding and cerebral glucose metabolism. Two rhesus monkeys received [18F]‐MK‐9470 and fluorodeoxyglucose–positron emission tomography ([18F]‐FDG ‐PET) scans in each of the 4 kindling stages to quantify relative changes over time of CB1R binding and cerebral glucose metabolism in vivo. We constructed z‐score images relative to a control group (n = 8), and considered only those changes measured in both kindled animals by calculating the binary conjunction image per kindling stage.ResultsThe seizure‐onset zone exhibited an increased CB1R binding and a decreased glucose metabolism, which both aggravated gradually in extent and intensity throughout kindling. The ipsilateral thalamus and insula showed hypometabolism that coincided with an increase and a decrease in CB1R binding, respectively. These changes also became gradually more severe throughout kindling and overlapped with ictal perfusion changes during the final stage of amygdala kindling, with hyperperfusion in the ipsilateral thalamus and hypoperfusion in the ipsilateral insula.SignificanceThe observed changes in CB1R binding may reflect a combination of a protective mechanism of neurons against seizure activity that becomes stronger over time to combat more severe seizures, and on the other hand, a process of epileptogenesis that facilitates seizure activity and generalization, depending on the cell type involved in those specific regions. This study provides unique evidence that the CB1R is dynamically and progressively involved from the start of mesial temporal lobe epileptogenesis.
Insights from a text mining survey on Expert Systems research from 2000 to 2016
Authors: Cortez Paulo , Moro Sérgio , Rita Paulo , King David , Hall Jon 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis study presents a literature analysis using a semiautomated text mining and topic modelling approach of the body of knowledge encompassed in 17 years (2000–2016) of literature published in the Wiley's Expert Systems journal, a key reference in Expert Systems (ESs) research, in a total of 488 research articles.The methodological approach included analysing countries from authors' affiliations, with results emphasizing the relevance of both U.S. and U.K. researchers, with Chinese, Turkish, and Spanish holding also a significant relevance. As a result of the sparsity found on the keywords, one of our goals became to devise a taxonomy for future submissions under 2 core dimensions: ESs' methods and ESs' applications. Finally, through topic modelling, data‐driven methods were unveiled as the most relevant, pairing with evaluation methods in its application to managerial sciences, arts, and humanities. Findings also show that most of the application domains are well represented, including health, engineering, energy, and social sciences.
Effects of length of ensiling and maturity group on chemical composition and in vitro ruminal degradability of whole‐crop maize
Authors: Gerlach K. , Pfau F. , Pries M. , Hünting K. , Weiß K. , Richardt W. , Südekum K.‐H. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractNine hybrids (three maturity groups, dry matter 343 ± 5.6 g/kg) of whole‐crop maize were ensiled in eight replicates in laboratory‐scale silos. Each hybrid was sampled at harvest and after 30, 60, 90 and 120 days (d) of ensiling. Samples were analysed for chemical composition (proximate constituents, fermentation products and pH), starch, non‐protein N (NPN) and NH3‐N. Each sample and its neutral detergent fibre (NDF) fraction were incubated in the Hohenheim gas test system. In vitro gas production was measured after 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 hr of incubation. Gas production of the neutral detergent soluble (NDS) fraction (mainly starch) was calculated using a curve subtraction method. Gas production dynamics over time were estimated using a nonlinear regression equation; afterwards, a two‐factorial analysis of variance (storage length, maturity group and their interaction) using the general linear models procedure was conducted. After 30 d, all silages were well fermented. Most fermentation products and proximate constituents only changed until 30 or maximum 60 d of ensiling. Only few changes in in vitro nutrient degradability were detected after the first 30 d or as influenced by maturity group. Ensiling per se increased the ruminal degradability of the NDS, but there was no further increase caused by a prolonged duration of storage. However, extensive changes in crude protein fractions occurred with a linear increase in NPN and NH3‐N compounds from 0 to 120 d of storage, indicating continual protein and amino acid degradation.