bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cone-beam computed tomography in the assessment of periapical lesions in endodontically treated teeth
Authors: Gambarini Gianluca , Piasecki Lucila , Miccoli Gabriele , Gaimari Gianfranco , Nardo Dario Di , Testarelli Luca 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTObjective: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the quality of the coronal restoration and the root canal filling on the periapical status of endodontically treated teeth using CBCT. Materials and Methods: CBCT data were obtained from the records of patients who deny any dental treatment in the 2 years prior to the CBCT examination. CBCT images (90 kVp and 7 mA, exposure time of 23 s, and a voxel size of 0.2 mm, with a field of view of 13 cm x 13 cm) of 1011 endodontically treated teeth were observed. A score was given to the quality of the root filling and the quality of the coronal restoration. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were statistically analyzed to correlate the periapical status with gender, dental group. and quality of endodontic treatment and restoration (Chi-square test with a significance level of P < 0.001). Results: Absence of periapical periodontitis was found in 54.9% of the cases. The periapical outcome was not related to gender or dental group (P > 0.05). A statistically significant factor (Chi-square test, P < 0.0001) resulted when different qualities of sealing were compared. Conclusions: CBCT showed that high-quality root canal treatments followed by an adequate coronal sealing restoration avoid the presence of periapical periodontitis in time.
Gingival melanin depigmentation by 810 nm diode laser
Authors: Elemek Eser 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTThe color of gingiva is determined by number and size of blood vessels, thickness of epithelium, keratinization degree, and melanin pigments present in epithelium. Melanocytes, located in basal and suprabasal layers of epithelium, are the cells that produce melanin pigments which play a main role for pigmentation of gingiva. In this case series, the use of 810 nm diode laser for depigmentation of gingiva is presented. Two female patients applied with a chief complaint of “darkened gums” due to heavy smoking. In intraoral examination, diffuse melanin pigmentation was observed in both the maxilla and mandible. Under the local anesthesia, 810 nm diode laser was applied for depigmentation at 1.3 W power in continuous mode. Patients were recalled at weeks 1, 4, and 12 to evaluate the healing and recurrence rate. Both the patients had no postoperative pain or edema, and complete healing was observed at week 12. This study revealed that depigmentation with 810 nm diode laser is successful in terms of esthetics and patient comfort.
Technical note: A simple approach for efficient collection of field reference data for calibrating remote sensing mapping of northern wetlands
Authors: Gålfalk Magnus , Karlson Martin , Crill Patrick , Bousquet Philippe , Bastviken David 
Published: March 2018

Abstract. The calibration and validation of remote sensing land cover products are
highly dependent on accurate field reference data, which are costly and
practically challenging to collect. We describe an optical method for
collection of field reference data that is a fast, cost-efficient, and robust
alternative to field surveys and UAV imaging. A lightweight, waterproof,
remote-controlled RGB camera (GoPro HERO4 Silver, GoPro Inc.) was used to
take wide-angle images from 3.1 to 4.5 m in altitude using an extendable
monopod, as well as representative near-ground (< 1 m) images to
identify spectral and structural features that correspond to various land
covers in present lighting conditions. A semi-automatic classification was
made based on six surface types (graminoids, water, shrubs, dry moss, wet
moss, and rock). The method enables collection of detailed field reference
data, which is critical in many remote sensing applications, such as
satellite-based wetland mapping. The method uses common non-expensive
equipment, does not require special skills or training, and is facilitated by
a step-by-step manual that is included in the Supplement. Over time a global
ground cover database can be built that can be used as reference data for
studies of non-forested wetlands from satellites such as Sentinel 1 and 2
(10 m pixel size).
ORCHIDEE-SOM: modeling soil organic carbon (SOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) dynamics along vertical soil profiles in Europe
Authors: Camino-Serrano Marta , Guenet Bertrand , Luyssaert Sebastiaan , Ciais Philippe , Bastrikov Vladislav , De Vos Bruno , Gielen Bert , Gleixner Gerd , Jornet-Puig Albert , Kaiser Klaus , Kothawala Dolly , Lauerwald Ronny , Peñuelas Josep , Schrumpf Marion , Vicca Sara , Vuichard Nicolas , Walmsley David , Janssens Ivan A. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Current land surface models (LSMs) typically represent soils in a very simplistic way, assuming soil organic carbon (SOC) as a bulk, and thus impeding a correct representation of deep soil carbon dynamics. Moreover, LSMs generally neglect the production and export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from soils to rivers, leading to overestimations of the potential carbon sequestration on land. This common oversimplified processing of SOC in LSMs is partly responsible for the large uncertainty in the predictions of the soil carbon response to climate change. In this study, we present a new soil carbon module called ORCHIDEE-SOM, embedded within the land surface model ORCHIDEE, which is able to reproduce the DOC and SOC dynamics in a vertically discretized soil to 2 m. The model includes processes of biological production and consumption of SOC and DOC, DOC adsorption on and desorption from soil minerals, diffusion of SOC and DOC, and DOC transport with water through and out of the soils to rivers. We evaluated ORCHIDEE-SOM against observations of DOC concentrations and SOC stocks from four European sites with different vegetation covers: a coniferous forest, a deciduous forest, a grassland, and a cropland. The model was able to reproduce the SOC stocks along their vertical profiles at the four sites and the DOC concentrations within the range of measurements, with the exception of the DOC concentrations in the upper soil horizon at the coniferous forest. However, the model was not able to fully capture the temporal dynamics of DOC concentrations. Further model improvements should focus on a plant- and depth-dependent parameterization of the new input model parameters, such as the turnover times of DOC and the microbial carbon use efficiency. We suggest that this new soil module, when parameterized for global simulations, will improve the representation of the global carbon cycle in LSMs, thus helping to constrain the predictions of the future SOC response to global warming.
Wetlands inform how climate extremes influence surface water expansion and contraction
Authors: Vanderhoof Melanie K. , Lane Charles R. , McManus Michael G. , Alexander Laurie C. , Christensen Jay R. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Effective monitoring and prediction of flood and drought events
requires an improved understanding of how and why surface water expansion and
contraction in response to climate varies across space. This paper sought to
(1) quantify how interannual patterns of surface water expansion and
contraction vary spatially across the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) and
adjacent Northern Prairie (NP) in the United States, and (2) explore how
landscape characteristics influence the relationship between climate inputs
and surface water dynamics. Due to differences in glacial history, the PPR
and NP show distinct patterns in regards to drainage development and wetland
density, together providing a diversity of conditions to examine
surface water dynamics. We used Landsat imagery to characterize variability
in surface water extent across 11 Landsat path/rows representing the PPR and
NP (images spanned 1985–2015). The PPR not only experienced a 2.6-fold
greater surface water extent under median conditions relative to the NP, but
also showed a 3.4-fold greater change in surface water extent between drought
and deluge conditions. The relationship between surface water extent and
accumulated water availability (precipitation minus potential
evapotranspiration) was quantified per watershed and statistically related to
variables representing hydrology-related landscape characteristics (e.g.,
infiltration capacity, surface storage capacity, stream density). To
investigate the influence stream connectivity has on the rate at which
surface water leaves a given location, we modeled stream-connected and
stream-disconnected surface water separately. Stream-connected surface water
showed a greater expansion with wetter climatic conditions in landscapes with
greater total wetland area, but lower total wetland density. Disconnected
surface water showed a greater expansion with wetter climatic conditions in
landscapes with higher wetland density, lower infiltration and less
anthropogenic drainage. From these findings, we can expect that shifts in
precipitation and evaporative demand will have uneven effects on
surface water quantity. Accurate predictions regarding the effect of climate
change on surface water quantity will require consideration of
hydrology-related landscape characteristics including wetland storage and
arrangement.
Active tectonics of the onshore Hengchun Fault using UAS DSM combined with ALOS PS-InSAR time series (Southern Taiwan)
Authors: Deffontaines Benoit , Chang Kuo-Jen , Champenois Johann , Lin Kuan-Chuan , Lee Chyi-Tyi , Chen Rou-Fei , Hu Jyr-Ching , Magalhaes Samuel 
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Characterizing active faults and
quantifying their activity are major concerns in Taiwan, especially following
the major Chichi earthquake on
21 September 1999. Among the targets that still remain poorly understood in
terms of active tectonics are the Hengchun and Kenting faults (Southern
Taiwan). From a geodynamic point of view, the faults
affect the outcropping top of the Manila accretionary prism of the Manila
subduction zone that runs from Luzon (northern Philippines) to Taiwan. In
order to better locate and quantify the location and
quantify the activity of the Hengchun Fault, we start from existing
geological maps, which we update thanks to the use of two products derived
from unmanned aircraft system acquisitions: (1) a very high precision
(< 50 cm) and resolution (< 10 cm) digital surface model
(DSM) and (2) a georeferenced aerial photograph mosaic of the studied area.
Moreover, the superimposition of the resulting structural sketch map with new
Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR)
results obtained from PALSAR ALOS images, validated by Global Positioning
System (GPS) and leveling data, allows the characterization and
quantification of the surface displacements during the monitoring period
(2007–2011). We confirm herein the geometry, characterization and
quantification of the active Hengchun Fault deformation, which acts as an
active left-lateral transpressive fault. As the Hengchun ridge was the
location of one of the last major earthquakes in Taiwan (26 December 2006,
depth: 44 km, ML= 7.0), Hengchun Peninsula active tectonics
must be better constrained in order if possible to prevent major destructions
in the near future.
Shelf sea tidal currents and mixing fronts determined from ocean glider observations
Authors: Sheehan Peter M. F. , Berx Barbara , Gallego Alejandro , Hall Rob A. , Heywood Karen J. , Hughes Sarah L. , Queste Bastien Y. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Tides and tidal mixing fronts are of fundamental importance to
understanding shelf sea dynamics and ecosystems. Ocean gliders enable the
observation of fronts and tide-dominated flows at high resolution. We use
dive-average currents from a 2-month (12 October–2 December 2013) glider
deployment along a zonal hydrographic section in the north-western North Sea
to accurately determine M2 and S2 tidal velocities. The results of
the glider-based method agree well with tidal velocities measured by current
meters and with velocities extracted from the TPXO tide model. The method
enhances the utility of gliders as an ocean-observing platform, particularly
in regions where tide models are known to be limited. We then use the
glider-derived tidal velocities to investigate tidal controls on the location
of a front repeatedly observed by the glider. The front moves offshore at a
rate of 0.51 km day−1. During the first part of the deployment (from
mid-October until mid-November), results of a one-dimensional model suggest
that the balance between surface heat fluxes and tidal stirring is the
primary control on frontal location: as heat is lost to the atmosphere,
full-depth mixing is able to occur in progressively deeper water. In the
latter half of the deployment (mid-November to early December), a front
controlled solely by heat fluxes and tidal stirring is not predicted to
exist, yet a front persists in the observations. We analyse hydrographic
observations collected by the glider to attribute the persistence of the
front to the boundary between different water masses, in particular to
the presence of cold, saline, Atlantic-origin water in the deeper portion of
the section. We combine these results to propose that the front is a hybrid
front: one controlled in summer by the local balance between heat fluxes and
mixing and which in winter exists as the boundary between water masses
advected to the north-western North Sea from diverse source regions. The
glider observations capture the period when the front makes the transition
from its summertime to wintertime state. Fronts in other shelf sea regions with
oceanic influence may exhibit similar behaviour, with controlling processes
and locations changing over an annual cycle. These results have implications
for the thermohaline circulation of shelf seas.
Engaging in the Battle of the Snails by Challenging the Traditional Dissertation Model
Authors: Kennedy Brianna L. , Altman Miriam , Pizano Ana 
Published: March 2018

Tensions arise with regard to appropriate research preparation and dissertation experiences for students who have as a career goal the conducting of context-based research to solve problems of practice (Hochbein & Perry, 2013; Shulman, Golde, Conklin Bueschel, & Garabedian, 2006). Schön (1995) describes “technical rationality[,] the prevailing epistemology built into the research university” (p. 27), as a primary impediment to programs that attempt to develop practitioner scholars. In this paper, we define technical rationality and explore the epistemological challenges it presents to faculty. Next, we describe a critical incident illustrating how conflicting epistemologies between programs and graduate schools impact students and faculty. Finally, we make recommendations for policies and practices that could better support doctoral work conducted from a range of epistemological approaches.
On the Problem of Affective Nihilism
Authors: Creasy Kaitlyn 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Bernard Reginster has argued that Nietzschean nihilism is best characterized as a “philosophical claim.” This account has inspired a number of critical responses. While Reginster's characterization presents nihilism as a purely cognitive phenomenon, involving particular beliefs about meaning and value, it is just as frequently presented by Nietzsche as a feeling-based phenomenon, a weariness with one's world that comports one negatively toward the world. How, then, should Nietzsche's reader understand the problem of nihilism in his thought? In this article, I examine Nietzsche's account of drives, affects, and the relations he establishes between them to show that nihilism must be understood not only as involving particular beliefs, but as a psychophysiological condition, which I call, following Ken Gemes and John Richardson, affective nihilism.
What’s in it for me? Incentive compensation in hospital medicine
Authors: Weaver A. Charlotta , Kulkarni Nita , Cyrus Rachel 
Published: March 2018

Objective: Though salary models vary, a portion of physician compensation is often provided as a bonus, or incentive payment, based on clinical productivity measured by the relative value unit (RVU). However, many hospitalists are involved in activities beyond clinical work, either administrative or educational, that may be difficult to measure and recognize in bonus payments. Furthermore, the changing nature of physician and hospital reimbursement necessitates a focus on quality measures not incentivized in the traditional RVU model.Methods: The authors describe a compensation model in an academic hospital medicine program that was initially developed in 2010 and modified in 2013. The model incents clinical productivity and adherence to quality metrics while also promoting nonclinical academic and administrative activities.Results: Implementation of this compensation model impacted the division’s quality goals by increasing completion of discharge summaries, reconciliation of discharge medications, and placement of follow-up appointment orders upon discharge. The impact on clinical and academic productivity is less clear.Conclusions: A compensation model that accounts for academic productivity and quality goals along with clinical productivity may be useful in incentivizing hospitalists in both academic and community-based hospital medicine practices. Future work should focus on whether such a model can be used effectively to address additional targets such as reducing readmissions and preventing hospital-acquired conditions.
Decreased Hip Internal Rotation Increases the Risk of Back and Abdominal Muscle Injuries in Professional Baseball Players: Analysis of 258 Player-seasons
Authors: Camp Christopher L. , Spiker Andrea M. , Zajac John M. , Pearson Dave , Sinatro Alec M. , Dines Joshua S. , Ranawat Anil S. , Coleman Struan H. 
Published: March 2018

Introduction:
The relationship of hip range of motion (ROM) to shoulder, elbow, abdominal, and back injuries remains undefined.

Methods:
We assessed hip ROM on players reporting to Major League Spring Training for an organization over six seasons (2010 to 2015). Hip ROM was correlated with player abdominal, back, shoulder, and elbow injury status for those seasons using multivariate binomial logistic regression analysis.

Results:
A total of 258 player-seasons (129 pitchers and 129 position players) resulted in 20 back and 35 abdominal injuries across all players and 28 elbow and 25 shoulder injuries in pitchers. Hip ROM did not correlate with shoulder or elbow injuries. Hip internal rotation deficit of 5° correlated with core injury (odds ratio [OR], 1.40; P = 0.024 for pitchers; OR, 1.35; P = 0.026 for position players) and back injury (OR, 1.160; P = 0.022 for pitchers).

Discussion:
Hip internal rotation deficits were predictive of back and abdominal injuries but not shoulder or elbow injury.
Intelligence leadership
Authors: Abels Paul 
Published: March 2018

Intelligence leadership. Leadership in the twilight between secrecy and openness
This article highlights the special position of European heads of intelligence and security services. In the search for important characteristics of intelligence leadership through time, a comparison is made between five services from five different countries (Germany, France, the Netherlands, Greece and Spain). Using Anglo-American reference information and a leadership typology developed by intelligence expert Robarge, the consecutive heads of service in these European countries are profiled and categorized. This leads to a picture that has always been dominated by males, a strong military presence and many end-of-career heads. Their influence on the internal and external service development was often substantial, with alternate appointments of inside and outside reformers. The scale of openness usually constituted a struggle with both the inside and outside world. Nowadays, the heads are being confronted with new challenges and demands, which leads to the conclusion that a new form of ‘distributed’ or ‘interdependent’ leadership is required, in which old reflexes to appoint people with an operational, military or police background as heads of these services are no longer self-evident.
De Wiv 2002 en Wiv 2017 op enkele hoofdlijnen vergeleken
Authors: Dielemans Rob 
Published: March 2018

Comparing the old and new Intelligence and Security Services Acts in the Netherlands
Last year, Dutch parliament approved the proposal for a new Intelligence and Security Services Act (Wiv 2017). This law will replace the current Intelligence and Security Services Act 2002 (Wiv 2002). The Wiv 2017 should be considered feasible with effect from 1 May 2018. Before that time however, an advisory referendum on the new law will be held on 21 March. This article first discusses the nature of the law and the need for innovation. Subsequently, a comparison of both laws takes place in general terms, with regard to the powers of the intelligence and security services, the safeguards, the supervision, the complaint handling and the international cooperation between intelligence and security services. It is argued that the extension of the powers of the services in the Wiv 2017 is only limited in scope, while the safeguards have been considerably strengthened. The introduction of a binding judgment in complaint handling also contributes to a better and more effective legal protection for citizens.
Enkele kanttekeningen bij de Wiv 2017
Authors: van Eijk Nico , Eijkman Quirine 
Published: March 2018

A few remarks on the new Dutch Intelligence and Security Services Act. The extension of powers evaluated on the basis of human rights clauses
The new Dutch Intelligence and Security Services Act 2017 extends the (special) powers of the intelligence and security services and introduces a new system of checks and balances. In this article several of the most impactful changes and underlying issues are discussed. They include the technology neutral approach, the new bulk surveillance powers, oversight (its role, tasks, independence and the use of outside experts), complaints and whistleblowers procedure, the lack of appeal procedures and the exchange of information with foreign agencies.
Inlichtingenwerk vanuit een methodologisch perspectief
Authors: de Valk Gilliam , Aerdts Willemijn 
Published: March 2018

Intelligence research from a methodological perspective
This article compares criminal investigations and judicial research to intelligence research. Criminal investigations and judicial research focus on evidence and prosecution, while intelligence researchers don’t want to overlook any threats. Methodologically speaking: criminal investigations and judicial research focus on keeping a low α value, intelligence focusses on keeping a low ß value. This ß oriented research should lead to drastically different research design. ß-oriented research is a quest for the unknowns. Possible threats need to be neutralized, most of the times without a judicial review (by a judge). This absence of review, in combination with the additional special powers laid down in the revised Intelligence and Security Services Acts, should be reason for adjustment of the oversight.