bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tissue Mast Cells in Human Bone Marrow
Authors: FADEM ROBERT S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Tissue mast cells were found in 7 of 2800 human bone marrows studied.
2. Tissue mast cells represented 1.0 per cent or more of the marrow cells in 3 of the cases, and each of the 3 exhibited some degree of marrow depression, as evidenced by anemia, leukopenia and/or thrombocytopenia.
3. The morphology and histochemistry of tissue mast cells in human bone marrow are described.
4. A relationship between tissue mast cells and marrow cellular depression is suggested based upon a possible inhibitory action of heparin upon local cell growth.
Pernicious Anemia in Asiatic Indians
Authors: GUPTA C. R. DAS , CHATTERJEA J. B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Three cases of pernicious anemia in Asiatic Indians are reported. The prevailing idea regarding the low incidence of pernicious anemia in Indians is corroborated. The pathogenesis of pernicious anemia and nutritional macrocytic anemia is discussed briefly.
A Study of Blood Volume and Anemia in Cancer Patients
Authors: BATEMAN JEANNE C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Hematologic findings are reported in 33 patients with cancer, in 8 patients with arrested cancer and in 10 patients without cancer.
2. Blood volume was variable and seemed to bear no direct relation to the disease. Prolonged impaired alimentation due to dysphagia or apathy in 3 patients was associated with lower than expected blood volume.
3. Recalculation of total hemoglobin on the basis of expected normal blood volume demonstrates a reduction in hemoglobin concentration when blood volume is increased and conversely in an elevation of hemoglobin concentration when blood volume is reduced.
4. A marked increase above "normal" in blood volume was found in 3 patients who had received large amounts of stilbestrol. Withdrawal of drug in the 1 patient observed resulted in reversion toward normal values.
5. Testosterone increased body weight, total blood volume and total circulating hemoglobin in 3 patients without active cancer. In 2 patients with far advanced cancer there was increase in weight, in 1 there was increase in blood volume, but in both there was progressive decrease in total hemoglobin.
Studies in Rh Sensitization
Authors: WIENER ALEXANDER S. , NAPPI RAFFAELE , GORDON EVE B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Periodic Rh antibodies were carried out over a period of one to four years in a series of 60 sensitized Rh-negative individuals. The results indicate that once an individual has become sensitized to the Rh factor, the antibodies persist in his body for the remainder of his life. An illustrative case is presented in which antibodies were found in the serum of an Rh-negative woman who had never received an injection of blood and who had had her last pregnancy twenty-two years previously.
Platelets interact with fibrin only after activation
Authors: Hantgan RR , Taylor RG , Lewis JC 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Interactions between platelets and fibrin have been visualized by phase contrast, epifluorescence, and scanning electron microscope examination of clots formed with dansylcadaverine-labeled fibrin and gel-filtered platelets. After thrombin activation, the platelets appeared as fluorescent aggregates with bridging strands of fibrin; formaldehyde- fixed platelets were not fluorescent under the same experimental conditions. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated that thrombin- activated cells had numerous pseudopods to which the fibrin strands adhered; fixed platelets exhibited a smooth discoid appearance and did not interact with the clot. Platelets trapped in clots formed with Batroxobin (Pentapharm) (platelets are not activated by Batroxobin as confirmed by light-scattering aggregometry measurements) remained as nonfluorescent, discoid cells, whereas platelets first activated by adenosine diphosphate formed brightly fluorescent aggregates. Light- scattering data of thrombin activation (0.2 U/mL) indicated that preincubation of platelets with 0.1 mmol/L prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) prior to addition of thrombin decreased the extent and rate of platelet shape change and resulted in 100-fold slower aggregation. Clots formed in the presence of PGE1 revealed decreased fluorescence intensity and fewer platelet-fibrin contacts. Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro, which blocks fibrinogen binding and fibrin assembly, was also effective in blocking platelet-fibrin interactions. These results indicate that platelet activation is a prerequisite for attachment of platelets to fibrin.
Platelet interaction with subendothelial extracellular matrix: platelet- fibrinogen interactions are essential for platelet aggregation but not for the matrix-induced release reaction
Authors: Eldor A , Vlodavsky I , Martinowicz U , Fuks Z , Coller BS 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Cultured endothelial cells produce an extracellular matrix (ECM) to which platelets adhere and spread, ultimately resulting in platelet aggregation, thromboxane B2 production, and serotonin release. We have investigated the role of fibrinogen binding to the platelet GPIIb/IIIa complex in these reactions by comparing normal platelet-rich plasma (PRP), PRP from patients with Glanzman's thrombasthenia (whose platelets lack the GPIIb/IIIa complex), PRP in the presence of a monoclonal antibody that blocks the binding of fibrinogen to the GPIIb/IIIa complex, platelets washed free of fibrinogen, and washed platelets to which fibrinogen was added. Although platelet aggregation was virtually completely inhibited in the samples in which the normal interaction between fibrinogen and GPIIb/IIIa was impaired, adhesion of platelets to the matrix, spreading, and release of [14C]-serotonin were not affected. All of the platelet preparations released significant amounts of T X B2 with time, but there was a decrease in the amount produced by both the thrombasthenic and antibody-treated platelets. We conclude that the interaction of fibrinogen with platelet GPIIb/IIIa is not required for platelet adhesion to ECM or for adhesion-induced shape change or serotonin release. On the other hand, the platelet-fibrinogen interaction may play some role in augmenting adhesion-induced T X B2 production, and it is absolutely required for adhesion-induced platelet aggregation.
Studies on the Radiosensitivity of Bone Marrow
Authors: VALENTINE WILLIAM N. , PEARCE MORTON LEE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Data are presented on (a) comparison of the regenerative capacity of erythroid tissue in the irradiated and nonirradiated cat after the stimulus of acute hemorrhage resulting in a 40 per cent reduction in the peripheral erythrocyte level; (b) comparison of the relative regenerative capacity of myelopoietic and erythropoietic tissue in the same animals after 200 r delivered to the whole body.
2. Recovery from standard anemia produced by hemorrhage immediately prior to irradiation injury was only slightly less rapid in the irradiated than in the control group. Estimates of functional reserve indicate that the cats exposed to 200 r were still able in the first 20 days after exposure to produce erythrocytes at nearly twice the normal production rate in the nonanemic, normal animal.
3. In sharp contrast to the findings for erythropoiesis, myelopoiesis as judged by peripheral leukocyte counts was severely depressed for about 30 days and final recovery delayed for 40 to 50 days after 200 r. In the face of the stimulus of leukopenia developing shortly after the radiation exposure, myeloid tissue appeared incapable of operating at more than a fraction of its normal productive capacity for a long period of time.
4. The data indicate that on the basis of functional impairment erythropoietic tissue is significantly less sensitive to radiation injury than is the myelopoietic tissue of the same animal under the conditions of this experiment.
An Exact Method for the Chamber Count of Eosinophils in Capillary Blood and Its Application to the Study of the Diurnal Cycle
Authors: DONATO ROBERT A. , STRUMIA MAX M. , HART ELEANOR D. , DELANOY DORIS K. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The paper describes and evaluates a capillary-tube technic for the chamber count of circulating eosinophils. The outstaning merits of the method are ease of collection, accuracy ard reproducibility of results and the fact that counting can be deferred for hours and even days without vitiation of the accuracy.
Application of this method to study of normal subjects indicates a diurnal cycle of eosinophil fluctuation, with a low at noon and a high late at night.
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Due to Anti-S
Authors: LEVINE PHILIP , FERRARO LOUIS R. , KOCH ELIZABETH 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In the article entited "Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Due to Anti-S: A Case Report with a Review of 12 Anti-S Sera Cited in the Literature," by Philip Levine, Louis R. Ferraro and Elizabeth Koch (Blood 7: 1030-1037, 1952), an error occurred in the first paragraph of page 1030. The last sentence in this paragraph should read: "Only one example of anti-s has thus far been observed."
Two Different Serologic Mechanisms of Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria, Illustrated by Three Cases
Authors: VAN LOGHEM J. J. , DE LEON D. E. MENDES , FRENKEL-TIETZ HERTA , VAN DER HART MIA 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
During the last years many examples of paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria have been described in which attention has been given to the serologic differentiation into two groups, the one (group A) characterized by a biphasic hemolysin, the other (group B) marked by the presence of cold aggluitinin in a very high titer, as was summarized in the report of Becker.3
We should like to stress that the hemolysins of group A, though all of the biphasic type, show many variations as far as concerns thermostability, optimal period of the cold phase and the need of complement for the fixation of the antibody in the cold. In our own case the hemolysin behaved differently from those earlier described in that it reacted only with the patient’s cells and not with others. In addition it was found that the hemolysin reacted with P.N.H. cells as a monophasic warm antibody.
Next to the hemolysin an incomplete cold antibody of an unusual type was present in the serum of the patient. It is suggested that this antibody is not identical with the hemolysin and of minor importance for the hemolytic process.
In group B the cold agglutinins predominated, but apart from these a monophasic warm hemolysin could be demonstrated in the serum of 2 patients.
In both groups (A and B) the complement was reduced or even absent, indicating that hemolysins played an active role in the red cell destruction, although in group B the major importance is given to the cold agglutinins. Therefore transfusions with fresh whole blood could be harmful, because this might result in adding complement to the patient’s blood and provoke hemolysis of the patient’s own cells as well as of the transfused cells. In all cases of paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria of both types and of other hemolytic anemias the possible influence of complement should be considered in regard to the serologic mechanism and blood transfusion therapy.
Effects of Pituitary and Adrenal Hormones on the Numbers of Thoracic Duct Lymphocytes
Authors: HUNGERFORD GERALD F. , REINHARDT WILLIAM O. , LI CHOH HAO 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The endocrine influences of hypophysectomy, adrenalectomy, and the administration of pituitary and adrenal hormones on the level of thoracic duct lymphocytes have been studied in test animals under standardized conditions. The following effects have been noted:
1. Numbers of thoracic duct lymphocytes are elevated after either hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy in the rat.
2. After the administration of either ACTH protein or pepsin peptide mixtures to normal or hypophysectomized rats, the number of thoracic duct lymphocytes is significantly reduced. This effect was not noted in adrenalectomized rats. These effects were observed two hours after administration of the ACTH preparations. If a shorter time elapsed, no effect was noted with the ACTH protein, nor was any effect noted with an ACTH acid peptide mixture under the conditions employed.
3. Administration of epinephrine to normal or hypophysectomized rats, singly or in combination with ACTH protein (in which case its effect was potentiated), produced a significant reduction in the number of thoracic duct lymphocytes. This effect was not observed in the adrenalectomized rat, suggesting that epinephrine may act directly in producing this effect.
4. Growth hormone (beef anterior pituitary), Pitressin, Pitocin, Adrenal Cortex Extract, cortisone acetate, and desoxycorticosterone glucoside did not alter the levels of thoracic duct lymphocytes under the conditions of these experiments.
Effects of Total Body X-Irradiation on Blood Coagulation in the Rat
Authors: COHN STANTON H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The hemorrhagic syndrome following exposure of rats to 400 r x-irradiation was studied. A blood coagulation defect was found in the irradiated animals.
2. This coagulation defect is quantitatively reflected by an increased heparin clotting time, and by alterations in the blood resistance measurements: lowered resistance, increased time until the beginning of clot retraction, and decreased clot retraction rate.
3. The decreased level of platelets in blood following exposure of the rat to radiation appears to be a major factor in defective clotting.
4. The post-irradiation hemorrhage appears to be correlated with the defective blood coagulation. At sixteen days after irradiation the degree of internal hemorrhage has reached its maximum value. Maximum deviations are also noted in clot retraction rate, time until inception of clot retraction, platelet level and heparin clotting time.
5. The heparin clotting time measurements and the electrical resistance measurements presented in this paper provide quantitative baselines for the clotting reactions before and after 400 r x-irradiation. Such eriteria make possible the evaluation of various therapeutic agents in terms of their effect on coagulation.
Urinary Excretion of Vitamin B12
Authors: SOKOLOFF MARTIN F. , SANNEMAN EVERETT H. , BEARD MARION F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Twelve patients, 6 with pernicious anemia and 6 without pernicious anemia as controls, were studied as to urinary excretion of vitamin B12.*
2. Microbiologic tube assay using Lactobacillus leichmanii A.T.C.C. # 4797 was the method of B12 assay.
3. Dosages used were 42.2, 63.3, 84.4, 211.0 µg given both in ascending and descending order at daily intervals.
4. Amounts of 84.4 to 211.0 µg of vitamin B12 parenterally resulted invariably in the excretion of 53 to 68 per cent of the injected vitamin B12 within 18 hours. The percentage of excretion rose remarkably as the dosage increased.
5. An amount of 42.2 µg of vitamin B12 parenterally resulted in relatively little excretion when this was the initial dose, but the excretion was appreciable when these doses followed the injection of the larger doses. "Saturation" of the body apparently occurs. In general more vitamimi B12 is excreted in the smaller doses if these follow the larger doses.
6. No significant differences could be detected between the pernicious anemia and nonpernicious anemia patients.
7. A possible explanation of these results is proposed.
Analytical Review: The Pathogenesis of Spherocytes and Leptocytes (Target Cells)
Authors: CROSBY WILLIAM H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The history of knowledge regarding the spherocyte and the target cell together with the theories of their pathogenic significance are reviewed.
2. Although these abnormal erythrocytes are generally considered to represent primary abnormalities of shape, it is pointed out that the abnormalities are secondary to disproportions between the cellular volume and the surface area.
3. The spherocyte is a thick red cell because—as compared with the normal erythrocyte—its surface area encloses a relatively larger volume. The disproportion may come about by increasing the volume, which occurs in hypotonic solutions and during periods of stagnation, either in the spleen or in the test tube. The disproportion may also result from shrinkage of the cellular surface, a change which occurs when a normal red cell is injured by various "sphering agents" including antibodies or when the natural "anti-sphering factor" is removed from its surface. In hereditary spherocytosis the cellular surface area is computed to be abnormally small. This apparently occurs as the result of a developmental defect.
4. The target cell, which is a thin erythrocyte, is the antithesis of the spherocyte. Compared with the normal red cell its volume is found to be small for the surface area. The disproportion occurs if the volume is reduced as when cells are exposed to a hypertonic environment. It occurs in hypochromia, as a consequence of too little hemoglobin. Target cells also result when a normal cellular volume is enclosed in an overlarge surface. This occurs in normal persons after splenectomy where it may be due to absence of some splenic effect on the maturation of the red cell surface. In hepatic disease the large surface area is an acquired change affecting even transfused red cells. It is reversible. In sickle cell anemia the large surface is apparently an hereditary characteristic.
Studies on Platelets
Authors: STEFANINI MARIO , CHATTERJEA JYOTI B. , DAMESHEK WILLIAM , WELCH C. STUART , SWENSON ORVAR , SALOMON LUCY 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The question of "selective sequestration" of platelets by the spleen in the pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (I. T.P.) was evaluated by means of direct experiments at operation. Observations were made on: (1) differences in platelet number and function between blood collected from the splenic artery and splenic vein; (2) platelet level of the splenic pulp in 2 cases of I.T.P.; (3) effect of the injection of platelet-rich 1) blood in the peripheral circulation on the platelet level in the blood from the splenic artery and splenic vein; (4) effect of the direct injection of platelet-rich blood in the splenic artery on the number of platelets in the splenic artery and splenic vein blood.
2. No significant differences in platelet number or function could be found in samples of blood collected from the splenic artery and vein in cases with I.T.P. or other pathologic conditions. In 2 cases of I.T.P., splenic pulp blood and blood from the peripheral circulation showed a comparable number of platelets, in respect to the various hematocrit readings. The injection of platelet-rich blood in the peripheral circulation failed to establish a difference in platelet count between blood from the splenic artery and splenic vein. No significant diminution of the number of platelets in the splenic vein blood followed the direct injection of platelet-rich blood in the splenic artery. A similar result was observed in 1 case of hereditary spherocytosis where the spleen admittedly does not sequester platelets.
3. The results of these various experiments failed to indicate any "selective sequestration" of platelets by the spleen in "idiopathic" thrombocytopenic purpura.
A Second Example of Anti-Cellano (Anti-K)
Authors: LEVINE PHILIP , KUHMICHEL A. B. , WIGOD MILTON 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In the article entitled "A Second Example of Anti-Cellano (Anti-k," by Philip Levine, A. B. Kuhmichel and Miltons Wigod (Blood 7: 251-254, 1952), the word "Anti-k" should have been spelled with a small k (the small k signifying Cellano, the capital K signifying Kell).
The Pathogenesis of Postirradiation Anemia
Authors: KAHN J. B. , FURTH J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. To assess the effects of irradiation on erythrocytes in vivo, one group of rabbits was injected with radioiron-tagged erythrocytes immediately before, and a second group immediately after exposure to x-rays. A third control group received the tagged erythrocytes but no irradiation. There was a drop in red cell mass in both irradiated groups as compared with the controls, but there was no difference between the two irradiated groups, i.e., between the behavior of irradiated and nonirradiated erythrocytes in irradiated hosts. These findings indicate that there is no direct effect of irradiation in the median lethal range on erythrocytes in vivo.
2. The degree of anemia was studied as a function of irradiation dose. It requires nearly lethal doses of x-rays to cause a conspicuous anemia. In the fatally irradiated animals the drop in red cell mass and total circulating radioiron is precipitous; in those nonfatally irradiated the drop is gradual and relatively slight, even though the animals may have received the same dose.
3. Increase of specific organ activity of the liver and spleen of irradiated animals can be correlated with hemosiderin deposits and congestion. Deposition of hemosiderin is a consequence of irradiation, its degree increasing with the effectiveness of the irradiation.
4. The erythrocyte mass of rabbits obtained by two direct isotopic technics (P32 and Fe59) and one indirect technic (T-1824 dye) differ by constant ratios. The Fe59/P32 ratio is 0.89; the Fe59 values are regarded as correct. With the aid of conversion factors either technic can be used. If an indirect technic is employed and the erythrocyte mass is estimated on the basis of plasma volume measurements, it is necessary to calculate first the average body hematocrit. This is done by multiplying the large vessel hematocrit by a conversion factor, which is 0.83 in normal rabbits.
The Effect of Methylxanthines on the Hypocoagulability Induced by Chloroform in the Dog
Authors: FIELD JOHN B. , GRAF L. , LINK KARL PAUL 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The oral administration of a single or two consecutive daily doses of chloroform to dogs, induced hypoprothrombinemia and lowered the fibrinogen level. Both changes from the normal were most marked 48 hours after chloroform administration. By resting the dogs about 2 weeks between trials comparable reductions in the plasma prothrombin and fibrinogen levels were realized.
2. When caffeine, theobromine, theophylline and adenine were given orally to dogs prior to the oral administration of chloroform and continuing for five consecutive days, the hypoprothrombinemia was either markedly reduced or completely prevented. Creatine, creatinine, guanidine or uracil also afforded some protection. Guanine, xanthine, arginine, allantoin, uric acid or urea gave practically no protection.
3. Caffeine, theobromine, theophylline and adenine also prevented a reduction in the plasma fibrinogen level during chloroform intoxication. Uracil and guanidine showed some protective action, while creatine, creatinine, guanine, xanthine, uric acid, allantoin, urea and arginine gave no detectable protection.
4. Liver injury from the chloroform, as reflected by the bromsulfalein test and icteric plasma, was readily detectable when the methylxanthines or adenine were given with the chloroform, even though no change in prothrombin or fibrinogen level was apparent.
5. It appears that a definite relationship exists between the purine bases (caffeine, theobromine, theophylline and adenine) and the specific function of the liver to elaborate plasma prothrombin and fibrinogen. The capacity of the liver to synthesize prothrombin apparently can be affected independently of other normal functions.