bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Children’s Social Problems in Relation to the Differentiation of Regional Structure
Authors: Sipilä Jorma 
Published: October 2019

The study deals with the relationship between regional structure and children’s social problems. Theoretical interest is focussed on deviant behaviour. Its association with social structure is described by a general model of deviant behaviour. On account of the model it would appear that deviant behaviour can de divided into two main types. Characteristic of the one is passiveness, relative stability over time and weak impact of contagion effects while the reverse is true of the other. The empirical part deals with the regional distribution of child welfare cases and other forms of deviant behaviour on the basis of representative data on the municipalities in Finland. The results indicated that differences in the effectiveness of official control could not account for regional variation in the number of child welfare cases. Important determinants were shared community values, stability of the community structure and regional historical differences in cultural patterns. Child welfare cases arise when individuals in close interpersonal relationship to the child do not compensate for the parent’s low resources of their total absence. The risk increases if there is only one parent, if the parents are deviant or otherwise isolated from the community, and if the informal community functions poorly.
Changes in Pre-Marital Relations: A Case Study in a Village in Northern Hungary
Authors: Szeman Zsuzsa 
Published: October 2019

This article describes a case-study conducted in the Northern Hungarian village of Felsotarkany. It involves in depth interviews with a limited number of married couples, and sought to find out the changes in pre-marital sexual relations over the past 30 years. A clarification had to be made of the extent to which the tesults were dependent on local characteristics and to which they fit in with the process of changes that is taking place throughout the country, a process slowly eliminating the double standard and permitting premarital relations for women. The study showed that this village had been typified by the double standard, prohibiting the women any type of sexual relationship prior to marriage. This view has, interestingly enough, survived and js still strong among the young people of the village today. It is not influenced by occupation, level of education, or position within the stratum pattern. It is, however, effected by very strong family socialization and by village control, which has maintained and is capable of transferring the norms: of the parents, despite the changed economic and social relations. The study has supported the assumption that despite the liberalization trend that is general in Hungary, there are still differences in the pre-marital sexual patterns from one region to the next, and there are particularly marked differences between rural and urban areas.
Toward Better Protection of Children
Authors: Sohn Herbert A. 
Published: October 2019

The state’s responsibility for the care of children in need of protection has been acknowledged for some time now. Most jurisdictions have set out in law the obligations and procedures by which the state is to apprehend children who are abandoned, deserted, neglected or otherwise mistreated. In North America, for example, shortly before the turn of the century, U.S. and Canadian laws provided for the apprehension of children who require protection. Over the decades these laws have been amended continually in response to increasing evidence of mistreatment of children at the hands of their guardians. In more recent times, however, the reports of mistreatment by natural guardians have been joined by allegations of improper procedures and neglect of the apprehended children at the hands of the very authorities charged with their protection. The response to these reports of misconduct has taken many forms, including the establishment of citizen advocacy groups and ombudsmen, selfmQJJitoring by state and private agencies and court appointed guardians. The province of Alberta in Canada has taken an inn.ovative self-monitoring approach, through the appointment of a Children’s Guardian. The Children’s Guardian, established in law, assumes responsibility as the legal guardian of all children who are the wards of the state. The Children’s Guardian must make decisions for, monitor the care and treatment of, and advocate on behalf of these children. The Alberta approach, which has been untried heretofore, is fraught with a number of legal and administraJive problems. This paper seeks to describe the inchoate efforts of the province of Alberta, through the appointment of the Children’s Guardian, to better ensure that children taken under care by the state are protected and given proper care and attention.
Endogamous Marriage in a Traditional Muslim Society: West Pakistan; a Study in lntergenerat:onal Change
Authors: Korson J. Henry 
Published: October 2019

The preference for cousin marriage in Muslim societies has been well known for a long time, yet little quantitative evidence is available to demonstrate its type, extent, or to what degree the practice continues or is changing from one generation to the next. Pakistan was founded in 1947 as an Islamic state, and 97 percent of the: population of West Pakistan are Muslims. Although there have been some significant changes in Pakistani society, cousin marriage continues to be practised, although to a reduced. extent. Based on samples taken in 1965 of unmarried graduate students, at the Universities of Karachi and the Punjab, it was found that the rate of cousin marriage among the respondents’ siblings was approximately one’ half that of the respondents’ parents; indicating a sharp decline in cousin marriage in one generation. The reasons for the desirability of cousin marriage are offered, as well as an assessment of the reasons for its decline.
Study of the Impact of a Family Protection Measure: The Selective Role Played by Social Factors in Utilizing the Allowance for Child Care in Hungary
Authors: Szabady Egon 
Published: October 2019

The paper gives an account of the results of research dealing with the role. of social factors in the development of fertility. Answers received in the: course of the fertility and family planning survey of 1965-1967, as to what reasons the women included in) the survey gave for using birth control, are published. The analysis of the survey data on the desired number of children has pointed out that earning activity is a considerable factor. Introduction of the maternity allowance has undoubtedly contributed to the increase in the number of births by earning mothers. However, it could be established that the influence of the allowance was different in the various social strata. Similarly, there was a difference by social strata in the proportions of women utilizing allowance. The different proportions reflect the fact that the dilemma of giving priority to maternity, and of bearing the disadvantages accompanying the interruption of the professional career for several years, arises differently for women of different social strata. As a conclusion, the author compares the results achieved on the basis of the survey on the influence of the child allowance care, according to which the fertility levels of different strata have approximated each other, with the results of a social restratification survey performed by the Demographic Research Institute, showing the same tendency.
Gender, Households and Informal Entrepreneurship in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Espinal Rosario , Grasmuck Sherri 
Published: October 2019

This paper presents findings from a study on gender and the informal economy, specifically, male and female microentrepreneurs in the Dominican Republic. A representative survey of 201 men and women as well as in-depth interviews with a sub-sample of the same producers are employed to analyze the impact of these family businesses on household relations and the relation of this sector to the broader economy and consumer markets. There are many assertions in the women and development literature regarding the relatively more efficient utilization of income by women for the welfare and nutrition of their children. Rarely, however, do such studies compare men and women in the same sector of the economy. Here we compare male and female owners of small microenterprises who have received credit for such business. Male and female entrepreneurs are compared in terms of their differential utilization of income in their households and in their businesses, differences in power relations and decisionmaking within households, the extent of familial and network support fqr the businesses in terms oflabor, child-care and psychological support. Finally, the absence of direct linkages between these businesses and larger capitalist firms in contrast to other research among informal producers is explored.
The Emergence of the Democratic Brazilian Middle-Class Family: A Mosaic of Contrasts with the American Family (1960-1994)
Authors: Westfried Alex Huxley 
Published: October 2019

The American and Brazilian democratic families are largely a product of several trends in each country: the emergence (especially since the 1960’s) for educated women of opportunities for a professional life, the existence of a feminist movement demanding sexual and economic equality between men and women, a sexual revolution that has changed traditional attitudes towards marriage, and demands of women to fulfill new roles beyond mothers and traditional wives. In addition the right to divorce has been very actively pursued in the USA, and to a lesser degree in Brazil. In both countries the right of women to share in decision making in marriage has become a very important trait in dual career marriages. Brazilian married and unmarried women with children are fortunate in having a kin system, domestic servants, and public day care centers that permit women to work and take care of their families without stress; this has yet to be realized in America. Economic independence has been realized by women in both countries, women need not depend on a male for their identity, and women have new life styles that were not as common previously; they can be single parents, live with a lover--male or female- or live alone without children. Marriage may no longer be the supreme achievement of a woman’s life--becoming competent as a professional is an alternate objective. The kinship system in Brazil plays a significant role; it may help to support divorced women with children; it provides economic and emotional support for all its members for a lifetime; it offers a refuge for men and women in times of difficulty. Children owe allegiance to their families by birth in Brazil, and are expected to help support their elderly parents in the twilight of their lives. The American family may be seen as more democratic in that young people leave home earlier than in Brazil, and the new families’ they create by marriage are more important than families they are born into. Apparently in the USA total freedom of each individual is highly prized--he or she depends on his/her own resourcefulness, where as in Brazil being interdependent with the family of origin is highly valued.
Effects of Migration, Ethnicity, and Religiosity on Cohabitation
Authors: Katz Ruth 
Published: October 2019

Home as a concept has several dimensions and aspects of theoretical importance. From a family and individual perspective “being at home” can mean a variety of different statuses and experiences. In the global society the question arises as to how families and their members are able to negotiate establishing a home and having a place as well as group identity. Understanding of mobility includes decision making as both an individual and a family activity that moves one from being a potential migrant or immigrant into an actual one, and from a temporary worker to a long term resident. Clashes of interest and different perceptions of opportunity are important at different points in the process. The globalization of the economic system and the growth of world political and non-governmental agencies and movements have challenged the way macro-systems are understood. These macroprocesses are mediated and interpreted at the micro level by individuals and their families. Two aspects at this micro level are newly developed in this model for family mobility and migration decisions in this model: -The relative attachment of families to place and culture and how their worldviews influence their negotiation skills and their understanding of mobility or stability options. -The many inputs from family and social networks at different points in the mobility decision making process and its implementation. Home and family are altered in the dynamic process of decision-making and the resulting new situation may be evaluated by families and society around the critical social values. In this context assimilation, integration, or continued multiple loyalties are not simple policy and program plans, but familial choices in their search for a secure and satisfactory survival of family and home.
Financial and Practical Kin Support in Sweden: Normative Guidelines and Practice
Authors: Björnberg Ulla , Ekbrand Hans 
Published: October 2019

In Sweden de-familialization is since several decades an established policy in the sense that the state has acquired a significant responsibility for the welfare of individuals, independent of the family he/she belongs to. In debates concerning the relations between support from the welfare state and the family one recurring statement is that in taking over the family responsibility, the state has contributed to the weakening of support between family generations in Swedish families. Results from a survey covering 2666 randomly chosen individuals from 18 years regarding intergenerational support partly supports this assumption. What then about practical support? To which extent is there a flow of practical support between kin and which are the determinants behind such support? The focus of the article will be on giving and reception of practical support to and by members of the family belonging to different generations. The questions asked are the role of needs, emotional closeness and family of origin for giving and receiving practical support. Financial support will also be discussed based on results from the same study. Indicators of closeness will be used in the analysis as well as experiences of disruption in families. Further, which motives are regarded as legitimate for giving and receiving support between kin members of different family types. We draw on theory of moral economy, reciprocity and gift giving in the analysis. Following the arguments within the framework of ‘moral economy’ we distinguish different motives behind material and practical support exchanged between family members. Transfers of material and practical support can be linked to needs of such support. It can also be linked to a normative obligation - a family member feels obliged to help. Further it can be linked to desires to keep the family together, which basically can be regarded as an aspect of obligation. Finally it can be linked to motives to sustain personal relationships through strengthening emotional ties.
Early Sexual Experiences and Pregnancy Wastage in Two Cultures
Authors: Michielutte Robert , Haney C. Allen , Vincent Clark E. , Cochrane Carl M. 
Published: October 2019

This study has examined the relationship between pregnancy wastage and four early sexual experience variables. Data from two countries were utilized for the analysis; a sample of southern, black, low-income women in the United States, and a sample of primarily lowincome women in Costa Rica. The analysis indicated that age at first marriage, age at first intercourse, and age first learned of contraception have little relationship to pregnancy wastage. Age at first conception was found to be weakly related to pregnancy wastage after controlling for age and marital status. Women who had their first conception at an early age experienced slightly greater pregnancy wastage. It is possible that response and/or measurement error as well as the effect of variables not considered in the analysis may be responsible for the absence of clear relationships between age at early; sexual events and pregnancy wastage. However, it is also possible that pregnancy wastage does not vary appreciably for different subgroups of women and that most women are subject to a uniformly low risk of pregnancy wastage.
Soft Skills Needed by Electrical Technology Students for 21st Century Jobs
Authors: Olojuolawe Sunday Rufus , Fadila Nor Bt Mohd Amin , Abdul Latif Adibah 
Published: October 2019

The study investigated the rise in the rate of unemployment among Electrical Technology graduates from Colleges of Education in Nigeria despite the huge government investment in power and education sectors. The study is a qualitative study which involve a survey of literature and interview protocol. This study is designed to determine the employability skills needed by electrical technology students in Colleges of Education qualitatively with the aimed of suggesting a departure from the general framework available to all disciplines. A review of journal articles and policy documents on Employability skills and Electrical Technology was conducted, leading to the interview data that was conducted among 6 employers of labour and 4 Senior Academic staff in the four Colleges of Education that have Electrical Technology programme in South Western Nigeria. The study revealed that there is a skill mismatch between Colleges of Education in Nigeria and the labour market. Thus, the students lack the skills for 21st-Century jobs. The two results were integrated to come up with a Framework of employability for Electrical Technology students in Colleges of Education in Nigeria. The study observed that the framework developed was still broad and therefore recommends a valid discipline-difference employability skill framework using Rasch Analysis Model to determine the competencies and its hierarchy.
PENGARUH FREE CASH FLOW, INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY SET, MANAGERIAL OWNERSHIP TERHADAP DIVIDEN POLICY MELALUI DEBT POLICY SEBAGAI PEMEDIASI
Authors: Oktarini Luh Nik , Purwaningrat Putu Atim 
Published: October 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of free cash flow to debt policy to determine the influence of investment opportunity set against debt policy to determine the effect of managerial ownership on debt policy to determine the effect of free cash flow to the dividend policy to determine the effect of managerial ownership to dividend policy. This research was conducted on manufaktur companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange 2011-2015 period. Methods of data collection is done by using the method of documentation. Data analysis with path analysis with AMOS program version 20. The results showed the effect of variable free cash flow to debt policy is significant, effect of variable investment opportunity set against debt policy is significant, the effect of managerial ownership variable against debt policy is not significantly, the effect of variable free cash flow toward dividend policy is not significant, the effect of managerial ownership variable to dividend policy is a significant and indirect influence of the variable investment opportunity set against the dividend policy through debt policy is significant.
RELATIONSHIP OF INFORMATION AND MOTHERS’EDUCATIONTOWARD CHILDREN MENTAL RETARDATION TREATMENT INPRIMARY DISABILITY SCHOOL (SDLB)LABUY CITY BANDA ACEH
Authors: Husna Asmaul 
Published: October 2019

1-3% of the Indonesia population range suffer mental retardation, the incidence is difficult to know because the mental retardation sometimes not recognized until the mid-age children where retardasinya still being float. The highest incidence come about children aged 10 to 14 years. Mental Retardation blew to men about 1,5 times more than women. This research aim to find out the relationship of information and mothers’ education toward children mental retardation treatment in Primary Disability School. This research is Analyticsurvey, that used cross-sectional approach, population in this studywereallmothers of childrenwith mentalretardationPrimary Disability School(SDLB) in LabuyBandaAceh. The result of this research is a significant relationship between the information of children with mental retardation treatment in Primary Disability School(SDLB) in LabuyBandaAceh 2014(p value =0.040). There is a significant relationship between the education of children with mental retardation treatment in Primary Disability School(SDLB) in LabuyBandaAceh 2014 (p value=0,011).Keyword: Information, Education, and Mental Reterdation
HIGH RISK PERCEPTION OF THE INFECTED SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STI) STI CLINIC ON IN PADANG BULAN PUBLIC HEALTH CENTERS
Authors: Meutia Ayu Febrini 
Published: October 2019

Clinical STI (Sexually Transmitted Infections) is a prevention program of the government which aSTI’s to carry out the functions of control and reduce the spread of STIs in sex workers, homosexuals, Transgenders, Customers sex workers, and sexual partner fixed. STI’S showed an increasing prevalence. STI’S is an indicator for the entrance of HIV AIDS. STI prevalence from year to year but the increasing attention to STI’S at this time if neglected.This study is a qualitative study that illustrates the perception of a high risk group for contracting STIs clinic utilization of primary STI’S.Data obtained by using indepth interviews and secondary data obtained from the health center as well as the data - other supporting data. Data processing is done by qualitative descriptive method.The results showedthe informantto obtaininformationaboutSTIsClinicobtained fromfield officerorGovernmental Organization. Their knowledge ofSTIsclinicisonly limitedtothe examinationof HIV/AIDSalone. The wholeinformantsfromthe highriskgroupof contractingSTDsthatsex workersdidnotknow the type-the typeof STIsother thanHIV/AIDS. Perception ofhigh risk of contractingSTIsgroupformedbythe informationthattheycan, they havethe knowledgeandexperiencethey feel.STIclinicsare expected tofurther maximize thedissemination of information onSTIdiseasein detailandaccurately. Expected tosupportcross-sectoral, especially governmentin an effort toincreasethe utilization ofSTIclinic Keywords : Perception , Clinical STI’S , STI’S High-Risk Groups
THE COMPLIANCE TREATMENT OF A PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS AT TRIENGGADENG COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTER REGENCY OF PIDIE JAYA
Authors: Andika Fauziah , Marniati Marniati 
Published: October 2019

Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) is still a public health problem in the world. Not only in the world, in Indonesia is also a public health problem both in terms of mortality, the incidence of the disease and its diagnosis and treatment. A lot of factors affect whether a person is obedient and submissive in treatment of pulmonary TB disease, which are due to the role of health workers, the role of the PMO (supervisors of taking medicine), distance and knowledge of the patient. Pulmonary tuberculosis patients must be able to do the treatment on an ongoing basis, where the treatment is done for 6 months without stopping. Noncompliance treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis patients can increase the number of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Keywords: Compliance treatment, age, distance, PMO's role and the role of health workers