bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parameter settings in a compact laser‐nitriding system for titanium composed of a focused pulsed Nd:YAG laser and nitrogen gas blow
Authors: Ohtsu Naofumi , Saito Wataru , Yamane Misao 
Published: November 2018

The aim of the present study was to form a nitride layer on a titanium (Ti) substrate through a compact laser‐nitriding system comprising a focused pulsed Nd:YAG laser and nitrogen gas blow. To obtain a high‐quality layer, the effects of pulse frequency and gas flow rate on the surface characteristics were investigated by using plasma emission analysis as well as X‐ray analyses. Optical emission spectra from the laser‐induced plasma mainly consisted of ionic Ti lines, and their intensities when the pulse frequency was 15 Hz were much higher than those for 8 Hz. Similarly, the reflections from the δ‐TiN phase in the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern were enhanced when using 15 Hz. On the other hand, the flow rate of nitrogen gas blow had a significant effect on the thickness of the thin oxide layer that formed above the nitride layer. Using a lower flow rate resulted in the formation of a thicker oxide layer. The higher pulse frequency and the faster flow rate were beneficial for obtaining a higher‐quality layer because of the enhancement of nitridation and the suppression of oxidation, respectively.
Effects of thermal treatment on hydrophilicity and corrosion resistance of Ti surface
Authors: Boonrungsiman Suwimon , Prompinit Panida , Khemthong Pongtanawat , Wutikhun Tuksadon , Treethong Alongkot , Kasamechonchung Panita , Chanlek Narong , Maniratanachote Rawiwan , Horprathum Mati , Pankiew Apirak , Pornthreeraphat Suppanit , Khemasiri Narathon , Klamchuen Annop 
Published: November 2018

Surface treatment of titanium (Ti) surface has been extensively studied to improve its properties for biomedical applications, including hydrophilicity, corrosion resistance, and tissue integration. In this present work, we present the effects of thermal oxidation as surface modification method on metallic titanium (Ti). The Ti foils were oxidized at 300°C, 400°C, 500°C, and 600°C under air atmosphere for 3 hours, which formed oxide layer on Ti surface. The physicochemical properties including surface chemistry, roughness, and thickness of the oxide layer were evaluated in order to investigate how these factors affected surface hydrophilicity, microhardness, and corrosion resistance properties of the Ti surface. The results revealed that surfaces of all oxidized samples were modified by formation of titanium dioxide layer, of which morphology, phase, and thickness were changed according to the oxidized temperatures. Increasing oxidation temperature led to the formation of thicker oxide layer and phase transformation of anatase to rutile. The presence of the oxide layer helped the improvement of corrosion resistance and microhardness. The most improvement in surface roughness was found in the specimens treated at 400°C, which significantly improved surface hydrophilicity. But both surface roughness and hydrophilicity reduced when oxidized at 500°C and 600°C, suggesting that hydrophilicity was dominated by the surface roughness. In addition, this surface treatment did not reduce the biocompatibility of the metallic Ti substrates against murine osteoblasts (MC3T3).
Optical Properties of Individual Aragonite Plates from Nacre
Authors: Lertvachirapaiboon Chutiparn , Pienpinijtham Prompong , Wongravee Kanet , Ekgasit Sanong 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe unique structural architecture of nacre from sea shells (e. g., mussel, pearl oyster, and abalone shells) is the basis of this substance's brilliant iridescent coloration. In fact, nacre consists of alternating bilayers of plate‐shaped aragonite and an organic binder. In this paper, we first report the optical characteristics of individual aragonite plates derived from nacre. A simple chemical method is employed to disintegrate nacre without structural and polymorphism changes. Implementation of this method enable us to investigate the optical properties of individual aragonite plates. Evidence indicate that most light is transmitted by aragonite plates, a phenomenon that contributes substantially to the fantastic iridescent colors displayed by nacre. Reflected light, on the other hand, displays wavelength selectivity that depends on the thickness of the aragonite plates. As typical material applications, natural aragonite plates are utilized as transparent fillers and as a pigment for surface coating. Aside from their use as optical materials, aragonite plates can also be employed as a solid support for the growth of metal nanoparticles and utilize for surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy.
PTSA‐Catalyzed Cyclization of 6‐Aminouracils with Diimines: Efficient Synthesis of Functionalized Tetrahydropyrimido[4,5‐d]pyrimidine‐2,4‐diones
Authors: Khodabakhshi Mohammad R. , Kiamehr Mostafa , Moghaddam Firouz M. , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA new and efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of 5,7‐diaryl‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydropyrimido[4,5‐d]pyrimidine‐2,4‐dione derivatives by cyclization of 6‐aminouracils with N,N′‐bis(arylmethylidene)arylmethanes (diimines). The products were formed in good yields and with very good anti‐diastereoselectivity. The best yields were obtained when p‐toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) was used as the catalyst. The solvent also played an important role in the optimization. An amino‐substituted 6‐aminouracil and a corresponding sulfur analog could be successfully employed. In addition, various diimines, electron rich and neutral, could be successfully employed. The products are of relevance as analogs of biologically active drugs and natural products.
Nanoemulsion Improves the Antifungal Activity of Allylic Thiocyanates against Yeasts and Filamentous Pathogenic Fungi
Authors: Dalla Lana Daiane F. , Giuliani Laura M. , Reolon Jéssica B. , Lopes William , Vainstein Marilene H. , Danielli Letícia J. , Bergamo Vanessa Z. , Pippi Bruna , Apel Miriam A. , Teixeira Mário L. , de Oliveira Luis F. S. , Machado Michel M. , de Andrade Saulo F. , Sá Marcus M. , Ferreira Misael , Munaretto Laiéli S. , Cruz Letícia , Silveira Gustavo P. , Elayne Edilma , Fuentefria Alexandre M. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWe report the antifungal and antichemotactic activities of a series of allylic thiocyanates with low toxicity. We also show improved antifungal activity of the most promising compound when used in a nanoemulsion (NE). The 4‐chlorophenyl‐substituted allylic thiocyanate (compound 11) exhibited a broad spectrum of antifungal activity and showed antichemotactic effects with 100% reduction in leucocyte migration. Minimal inhibitory concentrations ranged from 25 to 50 μg mL−1, and the mechanism of action was related to complexation with fungal ergosterol. The NE containing compound 11 enhanced the antifungal activity approximately 64‐fold for dermatophytes and 4‐fold for Candida spp.. Compound 11 was not mutagenic and did not cause cell death or significant haemoloysis, although it exhibited mild dose‐dependent DNA damage. It was not an irritant for chorioallantoic membrane of fertile white eggs and exhibited 100% inhibition of fungal growth in an in vivo model of dermatophytosis. Our data indicate that allylic thiocyanates are very promising for the antifungal potential in nanostructured systems, with associated anti‐inflammatory effect.
Field experience with obfuscating million‐user iOS apps in large enterprise mobile development
Authors: Wang Pei , Wu Dinghao , Chen Zhaofeng , Wei Tao 
Published: November 2018

SummaryIn recent years, mobile apps have become the infrastructure of many popular Internet services. It is now common that a mobile app serves millions of users across the globe. By examining the code of these apps, reverse engineers can learn various knowledge about the design and implementation of the apps. Real‐world cases have shown that the disclosed critical information allows malicious parties to abuse or exploit the app‐provided services for unrightful profits, leading to significant financial losses. One of the most viable mitigations against malicious reverse engineering is to obfuscate the apps. Despite that security by obscurity is typically considered to be an unsound protection methodology, software obfuscation can indeed increase the cost of reverse engineering, thus delivering practical merits for protecting mobile apps. In this paper, we share our experience of applying obfuscation to multiple commercial iOS apps, each of which has millions of users. We discuss the necessity of adopting obfuscation for protecting modern mobile business, the challenges of software obfuscation on the iOS platform, and our efforts in overcoming these obstacles. We especially focus on factors that are unique to mobile software development that may affect the design and deployment of obfuscation techniques. We report the outcome of our obfuscation with empirical experiments. We additionally elaborate on the follow‐up case studies about how our obfuscation affected the app publication process and how we responded to the negative impacts. This experience report can benefit mobile developers, security service providers, and Apple as the administrator of the iOS ecosystem.
Melatonin prevents chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced injury by inducing sirtuin 1-mediated autophagy in steatotic liver of mice
Authors: Ren Jie , Jin Meng , You Zhen-xi , Luo Miao , Han Yin , Li Guang-cai , Liu Hui-guo 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Background
Hepatic steatosis that occasionally results in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is related to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Many studies have shown that autophagy exerts protective effects on liver damage caused by various diseases and melatonin exhibits hepatoprotective properties. However, the mechanisms of liver injury induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) and the effect of melatonin on the regulation of liver injury remain unclear.

Purpose
This study was aimed to evaluate the role of CIH in steatohepatitis progression and the regulatory function of melatonin on fatty liver sensitivity to CIH injury, mainly focusing on autophagy signaling.

Methods
A high-fat diet (FD)-induced obesity mouse model was subjected to intermittent hypoxia/normoxia events for approximately 8 h per day using an autophagy agonist, rapamycin, or an inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), and SRT1720, a sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activator, or sirtinol, a SIRT1 inhibitor, with or without melatonin for a total of six successive weeks, followed by assessment of expression of autophagy-related genes and activity of serum aminotransferase as well as histological evaluation of tissue morphology.

Results
Neither FD nor CIH alone causes significant liver injury; however, the combination yielded higher serum aminotransferase activities and more severe histological changes, accompanied by a decrease in autophagy activity. Melatonin markedly inhibited FD/CIH-stimulated liver injury by enhancing autophagy. In contrast, SIRT1 inhibition resulted in a decrease in the expression of melatonin-induced autophagy-related genes as well as diminished its protective effects on FD/CIH-induced liver injury.

Conclusion
These results suggest that melatonin could ameliorate FD/CIH-induced hepatocellular damage by activating SIRT1-mediated autophagy signaling.
Cognitive load theory as a framework for simulation-based, ultrasound-guided internal jugular catheterization training: Once is not enough
Authors: McGraw Robert , Chaplin Tim , Rocca Nicole , Rang Louise , Jaeger Melanie , Holden Matthew , Keri Zsuzsanna , Fichtinger Gabor 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe main objective of this study was to use the principles of cognitive load theory to design a curriculum that incorporates a progressive part practice approach to teaching ultrasound-guided (USG) internal jugular catheterization (IJC) to novices. A secondary objective was to compare the technical proficiency of residents trained using this curriculum with the technical proficiency of residents trained with the current local standard of a single simulation session.MethodsThe experimental group included 16 residents who attended three 2-hour sessions of progressive part practice in a simulation lab. The control group included 46 residents who attended the current local standard of a single 2-hour simulation session just prior to their intensive care unit rotation. Technical proficiency was assessed using hand motion analysis and time to procedure completion.ResultsAfter three sessions, median scores for right hand motion (RHM) (34.5; [27.0-49.0]), left hand motion (LHM) (35.5; [20.0-45.0]), and total time (TT) (117.0 s; [82.7-140.0]) in the experimental group were significantly better than the control group (p<0.001). Results for eight experimental group residents who were assessed for retention at a later date revealed median scores for RHM (45.0; [32.0-58.0]), LHM (33.5; [20.0-63.0]), and TT (150.0 s; [103.0-399.6]), which were significantly better than those of the control group (p=0.01, p<0.01, and p=0.02, respectively).ConclusionThese results support multiple sessions of progressive part practice in a simulation lab as an effective competency-based approach to teaching USG IJC in preparation for the clinical setting.
One British Thing: Clay Pipes
Authors: Lemire Beverly 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe clay tobacco pipe is a “British thing” distinct to its time, but that is a partial provenance. Although many thousands have been unearthed in Britain or described in British archival records, the pipe is also evidence of early globalized trade, imperial ventures, and material translation across cultures. Its Britishness is contingent. This small relic accompanied complex enterprises where a new-style masculinity arose, new racial categories were framed, and a new sociability took root.
Determinants of hearing loss severity in tympanic membrane perforations in a sub-Saharan African setting
Authors: Choffor-Nchinda E , Djomou F , Meva'a Biouele R-C , Mindja D , Bola A , Kewe I , Vokwely J-E , Njock R 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundFactors specific to sub-Saharan Africa could have an impact on tympanic membrane perforation characteristics. Obtaining precise information on these characteristics and determinants of hearing loss severity would enable better management.ObjectiveTo determine the relationship between characteristics of tympanic membrane perforation and subsequent hearing impairment.MethodsA cross-sectional study of consenting patients presenting with tympanic membrane perforation was conducted. They were examined using otoendoscopy with a digital camera to obtain precise measurements, followed by pure tone audiometry.ResultsEighty-six cases of tympanic membrane perforation were included. Mean tympanic membrane perforation proportion was 34.1 ± 18.4 per cent. Medium-sized tympanic membrane perforations were predominant (47.7 per cent). Median tympanic membrane perforation duration was 20 years. Tympanic membrane perforation size was found to be a predictor of hearing loss severity (odds ratio = 2.5, 95 per cent confidence interval = 1.02–6.13,p= 0.04).ConclusionTympanic membrane perforation size was a predictor of hearing loss severity in our setting. Site, duration and aetiology seem to have no impact on hearing loss severity.
We Are Caregivers: Social Identity Is Associated with Lower Perceived Stress among Rural Informal Caregivers
Authors: Carroll Lisa , Chippior Jessica , Karmali Shazya , Sriram Deepika , Ysseldyk Renate 
Published: November 2018

RÉSUMÉLes aidants naturels ressentent fréquemment de hauts niveaux de stress dans des contextes où les sources d’appuis sont limitées, particulièrement en milieu rural. Cette recherche a fait appel à une approche à méthodes mixtes afin d’explorer les expériences d’aidants naturels vivant en milieu rural, en considérant les liens entre le stress perçu et l’identité sociale de l’aidant, les interactions sociales, ainsi que les appuis formels et informels favorisant l’adaptation. Les thèmes principaux qui sont ressortis dans les groupes de discussion (n =8) incluaient : le manque de services accessibles, la conciliation des difficultés rencontrées, les besoins pratiques non satisfaits, la forte identité communautaire. Les données de l’enquête (n =22) ont révélé que le soutien perçu (p. ex. pouvoir compter sur quelqu’un), les interactions sociales et l’identité d’aidant (rôle perçu comme important pour l’image de soi) étaient tous associés à une diminution du stress provenant de bouleversements de la vie, mais seule l’identité d’aidant était associée à une atténuation de la détresse personnelle et des émotions négatives liées au stress de l’aidant. Ces résultats suggèrent que, bien que la disponibilité des services dans les milieux ruraux soit insuffisante, d’autres options pourraient aider à amoindrir le stress de l’aidant, telles que l’accroissement de l’accès à des services de soutien, la promotion des interactions sociales pour les aidants et les personnes âgées et la valorisation de l’identité sociale de l’aidant.
Hidden from Scholarly Eyes for a Century: An unknown Bāysunghurī manuscript sheds new light on his court and library
Authors: MIHAN SHIVA 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPersian arts of the book reached new heights under the patronage of the Timurids, in particular in the atelier of prince Bāysunghur (1399–1433) in Herat. This paper introduces a dual-text manuscript produced there in 833/1430, now held in the Suleymaniye Library in Istanbul, which has previously escaped scholarly attention. Up until now its scribe, Saʿd Mashhadī, has been known only for his copy of theTārīkh-i Jahāngushāyof ʿAtā-Malik Juvaynī (834/1431). He has been identified with Maulānā Saʿd al-Dīn named in the ʿArża-dāsht, the report written by Bāysunghur's chief librarian, Jaʿfar Tabrīzī. On the basis of the report and a study of the calligraphy, I argue Saʿd Mashhadī penned a third manuscript for Bāysunghur, an early copy of theZubdat al-tawārīkh, c.829/1426. This article attempts to provide a fuller picture of the calligrapher. A number of biographical dictionaries mention a contemporary called Ḥāfiẓ Saʿd, a follower of Qāsim Anvār, who was a prominent poet and riddle writer. Beginning with a poetic connection between the two names in a biographical work, and pursuing an in-depth study of hisDīvān, which, through riddles, reveals an association with Bāysunghur's atelier, I suggest that Saʿd Mashhadī and Ḥāfiẓ Saʿd could be the same person. Whether or not this is the case, this study sheds new light on an important but little known court poet and Sufi and a calligrapher in the royal atelier.
Increased Motor Cortex Excitability for Concealed Visual Information
Authors: Hadar Aviad A. , Lazarovits Avi , Yarrow Kielan 
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Deceptive behavior involves complex neural processes involving the primary motor cortex. The dynamics of this motor cortex excitability prior to lying are still not well understood. We sought to examine whether corticospinal excitability can be used to suggest the presence of deliberately concealed information in a modified version of the guilty knowledge test (GKT). Participants pressed keys to either truthfully or deceitfully indicate their familiarity with a series of faces. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded during response preparation to measure muscle-specific neural excitability. We hypothesized that MEPs would increase during the deceptive condition not only in the lie-telling finger but also in the suppressed truth-telling finger. We report a group-level increase in overall corticospinal excitability 300 ms following stimulus onset during the deceptive condition, without specific activation of the neural representation of the truth-telling finger. We discuss cognitive processes, particularly response conflict and/or automated responses to familiar stimuli, which may drive the observed nonspecific increase of motor excitability in deception.
Distribution of CO2 in Western Pacific, Studied Using Isotope Data Made in Taiwan, OCO‐2 Satellite Retrievals, and CarbonTracker Products
Authors: Laskar Amzad H. , Lin Li‐Ching , Jiang Xun , Liang Mao‐Chang 
Published: November 2018

AbstractTo assess sources and processes that affect the variability of CO2 at local to regional scales, we have analyzed the mixing ratio [CO2] and stable isotopic compositions (δ13C and δ18O) of atmospheric CO2 for three years (2014–2016) in urban and sub‐urban areas in Taipei, Taiwan. The data are compared with those from some background sites, viz., Lulin, Mauna Loa, and Minamitorishima, to evaluate how local emissions affect CO2 level regionally. [CO2] over the urban and sub‐urban stations are significantly higher than that observed at the three aforementioned remote sites mainly due to local emissions, which partly mask the seasonal cycle caused by photosynthesis and respiration. Likewise, significantly low δ13C and δ18O values observed at two Taipei stations also point to anthropogenic emissions. The seasonal cycles in [CO2] and in the isotopic compositions are retrieved using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method. Regional impact is assessed using CO2 products from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2 satellite, the NOAA/EARL CarbonTracker project, and meteorological data from European Centre for Medium range Weather Forecast‐Interim. We found that besides local emissions, Taiwan is largely affected by external CO2 in winter and spring originated from north, west and southwest landmasses. In winter air masses with elevated CO2 concentrations, originated in eastern China influence Taipei. In spring season, about 2 ppmv enhancement in CO2 observed at the top of Lulin, a high mountain station (2.8 km), could be linked to CO2 produced by biomass burning in the southeast Asian countries and transported to the region by easterly winds.
High‐Resolution Climate Projections for the Northeastern United States Using Dynamical Downscaling at Convection‐Permitting Scales
Authors: Komurcu M. , Emanuel K. A. , Huber M. , Acosta R. P. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractTo paraphrase former Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill, “All climate change is local”—that is, society reacts most immediately to changes in local weather such as regional heat waves and heavy rainstorms. Such phenomena are not well resolved by the current generation of coupled climate models. Here it is shown that dynamical downscaling of climate reanalyses using a high‐resolution regional model can reproduce both the means and extremes of temperature and precipitation as observed in the well‐measured northeastern United States. Given this result, the downscaling is applied to climate projections for the middle and end of the 21st century under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 as well as for the historical time period to help assess regional climate impacts in the northeastern United States. The resulting high‐resolution projections are intended to support regional sustainability studies for the northeastern United States and are made publicly available.