bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune Surveillance in the Injured Nervous System: T-Lymphocytes Invade the Axotomized Mouse Facial Motor Nucleus and Aggregate around Sites of Neuronal Degeneration
Authors: Raivich Gennadij , Jones Leonard L. , Kloss Christian U. A. , Werner Alexander , Neumann Harald , Kreutzberg Georg W. 
Published: April 2018

Although the CNS is an established immune-privileged site, it is under surveillance by the immune system, particularly under pathological conditions. In the current study we examined the lymphocyte infiltration, a key component of this neuroimmune surveillance, into the axotomized facial motor nucleus and analyzed the changes in proinflammatory cytokines and the blood–brain barrier.Peripheral nerve transection led to a rapid influx of CD3-, CD11a (αL, LFA1α)- and CD44-immunoreactive T-cells into the axotomized mouse facial motor nucleus, with a first, low-level plateau 2–4 d after injury, and a second, much stronger increase at 14 d. These T-cells frequently formed aggregates and exhibited typical cleaved lymphocyte nuclei at the EM level. Immunohistochemical colocalization with thrombospondin (TSP), a marker for phagocytotic microglia, revealed aggregation of the T-cells around microglia removing neuronal debris. The massive influx of lymphocytes at day 14 was also accompanied by the synthesis of mRNA encoding IL1β, TNFα, and IFN-γ. There was no infiltration by the neutrophil granulocytes, and the intravenous injection of horseradish peroxidase also showed an intact blood–brain barrier. However, mice withsevere combined immunodeficiency(SCID), which lack differentiated T- and B-cells, still exhibited infiltration with CD11a-positive cells. These CD11a-positive cells also aggregated around phagocytotic microglial nodules.In summary, there is a site-selective infiltration of activated T-cells into the mouse CNS during the retrograde reaction to axotomy. The striking aggregation of these lymphocytes around neuronal debris and phagocytotic microglia suggests an important role for the immune surveillance during neuronal cell death in the injured nervous system.
Temporal and Binaural Properties in Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus and Its Output Tract
Authors: Joris Philip X. , Smith Philip H. 
Published: April 2018

The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) is one of three nuclei at the terminal zone of the auditory nerve. Axons of its projection neurons course via the dorsal acoustic stria (DAS) to the inferior colliculus (IC), where their signals are integrated with inputs from various other sources. The DCN presumably conveys sensitivity to spectral features, and it has been hypothesized that it plays a role in sound localization based on pinna cues. To account for its remarkable spectral properties, a DCN circuit scheme was developed in which three inputs converge onto projection neurons: auditory nerve fibers, inhibitory interneurons, and wide-band inhibitors, which possibly consist of Onset-chopper (Oc) cells. We studied temporal and binaural properties in DCN and DAS and examined whether the temporal properties are consistent with the model circuit.Interneurons (type II) and projection (types III and IV) neurons differed from Occells by their longer latencies and temporally nonlinear responses to amplitude-modulated tones. They also showed evidence of early inhibition to clicks. All projection neurons examined were inhibited by stimulation of the contralateral ear, particularly by broadband noise, and this inhibition also had short latency. Because Occells had short-latency responses and were well driven by broadband stimuli, we propose that they provide short-latency inhibition to DCN for both ipsilateral and contralateral stimuli. These results indicate more complex temporal behavior in DCN than has previously been emphasized, but they are consistent with the recently described nonlinear behavior to spectral manipulations and with the connectivity scheme deduced from such manipulations.
Differential Expression of the mRNA for the Vanilloid Receptor Subtype 1 in Cells of the Adult Rat Dorsal Root and Nodose Ganglia and Its Downregulation by Axotomy
Authors: Michael Gregory J. , Priestley John V. 
Published: April 2018

Sensitivity to the pungent vanilloid, capsaicin, defines a subpopulation of primary sensory neurons that are mainly polymodal nociceptors. The recently cloned vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1) is activated by capsaicin and noxious heat. Using combinedin situhybridization and histochemical methods, we have characterized in sensory ganglia the expression of VR1 mRNA. We show that this receptor is almost exclusively expressed by neurofilament-negative small- and medium-sized dorsal root ganglion cells. Within this population, VR1 mRNA is detected at widely varying levels in both the NGF receptor (trkA)-positive, peptide-producing cells that elicit neurogenic inflammation and the functionally less characterized glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-responsive cells that bind lectinGriffonia simplicifoliaisolectin B4 (IB4). Cells without detectable levels of VR1 mRNA are found in both classes. A subpopulation of the IB4-binding cells that produce somatostatin has relatively low levels of VR1 mRNA. A previously uncharacterized population of very small cells that express the receptor tyrosine kinase (RET) and that do not label for trkA or IB4-binding has the highest relative levels of VR1 mRNA. The majority of small visceral sensory neurons of the nodose ganglion also express VR1 mRNA, in conjunction with the BDNF receptor trkB but not trkA. Axotomy results in the downregulation of VR1 mRNA in dorsal root ganglion cells.Our data emphasize the heterogeneity of VR1 mRNA expression by subclasses of small sensory neurons, and this may result in their differential sensitivity to chemical and noxious heat stimuli. Our results also indicate that peripherally derived trophic factors may regulate levels of VR1 mRNA.
Role of Intrinsic Conductances Underlying Responses to Transients in Octopus Cells of the Cochlear Nucleus
Authors: Golding Nace L. , Ferragamo Michael J. , Oertel Donata 
Published: April 2018

Recognition of acoustic patterns in natural sounds depends on the transmission of temporal information. Octopus cells of the mammalian ventral cochlear nucleus form a pathway that encodes the timing of firing of groups of auditory nerve fibers with exceptional precision. Whole-cell patch recordings from octopus cells were used to examine how the brevity and precision of firing are shaped by intrinsic conductances. Octopus cells responded to steps of current with small, rapid voltage changes. Input resistances and membrane time constants averaged 2.4 MΩ and 210 μsec, respectively (n= 15). As a result of the low input resistances of octopus cells, action potential initiation required currents of at least 2 nA for their generation and never occurred repetitively. Backpropagated action potentials recorded at the soma were small (10–30 mV), brief (0.24–0.54 msec), and tetrodotoxin-sensitive. The low input resistance arose in part from an inwardly rectifying mixed cationic conductance blocked by cesium and potassium conductances blocked by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). Conductances blocked by 4-AP also contributed to the repolarization of the action potentials and suppressed the generation of calcium spikes.In the face of the high membrane conductance of octopus cells, sodium and calcium conductances amplified depolarizations produced by intracellular current injection over a time course similar to that of EPSPs. We suggest that this transient amplification works in concert with the shunting influence of potassium and mixed cationic conductances to enhance the encoding of the onset of synchronous auditory nerve fiber activity.
Actions of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Slices from Rats with Spontaneous Seizures and Mossy Fiber Sprouting in the Dentate Gyrus
Authors: Scharfman Helen E. , Goodman Jeffrey H. , Sollas Anne L. 
Published: April 2018

This study examined the acute actions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the rat dentate gyrus after seizures, because previous studies have shown that BDNF has acute effects on dentate granule cell synaptic transmission, and other studies have demonstrated that BDNF expression increases in granule cells after seizures.Pilocarpine-treated rats were studied because they not only have seizures and increased BDNF expression in granule cells, but they also have reorganization of granule cell “mossy fiber” axons. This reorganization, referred to as “sprouting,” involves collaterals that grow into novel areas, i.e., the inner molecular layer, where granule cell and interneuron dendrites are located. Thus, this animal model allowed us to address the effects of BDNF in the dentate gyrus after seizures, as well as the actions of BDNF on mossy fiber transmission after reorganization.In slices with sprouting, BDNF bath application enhanced responses recorded in the inner molecular layer to mossy fiber stimulation. Spontaneous bursts of granule cells occurred, and these were apparently generated at the site of the sprouted axon plexus. These effects were not accompanied by major changes in perforant path-evoked responses or paired-pulse inhibition, occurred only after prolonged (30–60 min) exposure to BDNF, and were blocked by K252a.The results suggest a preferential action of BDNF at mossy fiber synapses, even after substantial changes in the dentate gyrus network. Moreover, the results suggest that activation of trkB receptors could contribute to the hyperexcitability observed in animals with sprouting. Because human granule cells also express increased BDNF mRNA after seizures, and sprouting can occur in temporal lobe epileptics, the results may have implications for understanding temporal lobe epilepsy.
Activity of Neurons in Human Temporal Cortex during Identification and Memory for Names and Words
Authors: Ojemann George A. , Schoenfield-McNeill Julie 
Published: April 2018

Extracellular recordings of human temporal cortical neuronal activity during identification and memory for object names or words were obtained from 31 neurons at 18 sites in 12 left language dominant patients undergoing left (10) or right (2) awake craniotomy for epilepsy under local anesthesia. Frequency of activity during identification was compared with perceptual controls, that during the encoding phase of recent memory to identification of the same material. Statistically significant changes in one or more temporal epoch (p< 0.005) of one or more comparisons were present for 27 of the 31 neurons in either hemisphere. Few neurons changed activity in the same direction for both words and names. The instruction to retain an item in recent memory changed activity in most neurons from that during identification of the same material, although the items presented were identical and overtly identified in each task. Any individual neuron usually changed activity in one direction for only one task. There are separate, widely distributed neural networks for identification or recent memory for each type of material. The majority of nearby neurons recorded through the same extracellular microelectrode were related to the networks for different tasks.The temporal characteristics of these changes were also investigated; 31% of the changes were “phasic”: temporally related to presentation or response to the item. Most of the remaining neuron changes were sustained throughout a task, often for several minutes. These task-specific sustained changes may reflect effects of thalamo-cortical attentional systems. Individual neurons had both sustained and phasic changes to different tasks.
A dohányzás hatása a szívinfarktus utáni túlélésre – dohányzási paradoxon Magyarországon?
Authors: El-Meouch Nedim Márton , Ferenci Tamás , Jánosi András 
Published: April 2018

Abstract: Introduction: The strong, positive relationship between smoking and myocardial infarction was proven in the 1960s and 1970s. The prognostic significance of smoking in the acute phase of the infarction, and later in patients who survive the acute phase is, however, not clear. Numerous international studies focus on the phenomenon called the „smoker’s paradox”, which means that smokers have a lower mortality rate after suffering myocardial infarction than non-smokers. Although in many cases smoking does not have a positive effect on survival after controlling for confounders, an international consensus has not been reached regarding this issue. Aim: The aim of this paper was to investigate whether the paradox effect exists in the case of Hungarian patients after controlling for the patients’ risk profiles. Method: The database used for the research was based on the 2014–2016 data of the Hungarian Myocardial Infarction Registry (n = 20 811) supervised by the Gottsegen György National Institute of Cardiology. The present analysis uses multivariate methodology to adjust for confounding: logistic regression is used for the short-term survival and survival analysis – with Cox proportional hazards model and Accelerated Failure Time models – is used for the long-term survival. Age, sex, performing of PCI, type of infarction (ST-elevation or not), creatinine abnormality, need for prehospital reanimation, cardiogenic shock and the presence of several comorbidities and medical history data were controlled for in the multivariate analysis. Results: Both the short term – 30 day – mortality (OR = 1.517, 99% confidence interval: 1.229–1.872) and the long term mortality (HR = 1.395, 99% confidence interval: 1.232–1.579) were worse for smokers than non-smokers after adjusting for the abovementioned factors. Conclusion: The “smoker’s paradox” cannot be observed in the case of Hungarian patients, moreover smoking in itself is associated with worse prognosis. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(14): 557–565.
INDEKS SOSIAL EKONOMI RUMAH TANGGA NELAYAN INDONESIA
Authors: Ramadhan Andrian , Yuliati Christina , Koeshendrajana Sonny 
Published: April 2018

Indeks Sosial Ekonomi merupakan indeks komposit yang menunjukkan kondisi sosial ekonomi rumah tangga berdasarkan tiga aset modal yaitu modal finansial, modal sumberdaya manusia dan modal sosial. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui perbedaan kondisi sosial ekonomi nelayan berdasar kelas armada. Metode yang digunakan merupakan modifikasi dari kerangka sustainable livelihood dengan analisis dilakukan secara deskriptif. Berdasarkan hasil analisis diketahui bahwa nilai indeks yang terbesar terletak pada kelas armada 11-30 GT. Data ini menunjukkan bahwa nelayan pada kelas tersebut memiliki kondisi sosial ekonomi yang lebih baik. Namun demikian, semakin besar ukuran armada tidak selalu menunjukkan hubungan yang positif karena nilai indeks yang terkecil justru terjadi pada kelas armada 5-10 GT. Oleh karena itu pengembangan usaha nelayan berdasarkan kelas armada akan lebih baik bila dikembangkan pada dua kelas yaitu kurang dari 5 GT atau 11-30 GT.Ttile: Socio Economics Index of Fisher Household in IndonesiaThe socio-economic index is a composite index showing the socio-economic conditions of households based on three capital assets namely financial capital, human capital and social capital. The purpose of this research is to understand the difference of socio-economic condition of fisher based on fleet class. The method used is a modification of the sustainable livelihood framework with the analysis conducted descriptively. Based on the analysis results, it is known that the largest index value lies in the class of 11-30 GT fleet. These data indicate that fisher in those classes have better socioeconomic conditions. However, the larger the size of the fleet does not always show a positive relationship because the smallest index value actually occurs in the 5-10 GT fleet class. Therefore, the development of fishing business based on fleet class will be better if developed in two classes that is less than 5 GT or 11-30 GT.
Tibetan Bonpo Mendrup: The Precious Formula’s Transmission
Authors: Sehnalova Anna 
Published: April 2018

The article presents the traceable history of the Tibetan Bonpo mendrup ritual practice in textual sources, as it has been recorded by the Bonpos themselves. These records are put into context with the current performance of the practice by the Bonpo exile community.
The study aims to embrace all the relevant Bonpo historical material accessible, and thus deals with documents of a wide time spam, from the eleventh or twelfth century onwards until the early twentieth century. The Bonpo mendrup is a healing, longevity, rejuvenation and enlightenment-seeking contemplative meditational practice of the Tibetan tantric tradition with a strong emphasis on its medicinal component. It embodies various spheres of knowledge and their principles, as the Indian tantrism, a strong Buddhist cosmological organisational and soteriological framework, the Tibetan medical tradition, with embedded elements of alchemy and Tibetan indigenous religious notions. As the studied sources reveal, its origin can be traced to the intellectually vibrant times in Tibet of around the twelfth century, where all these fields of expertise came together. Thus the case provides an example of such a complex composed of tantra, medicine and alchemic influences specific for Tibet.
Since then, the Bonpo mendrup can be followed by varied records in a number of Bonpo literary sources of different genres. These are compared with the present form of the ritual. The sources support the ritual’s anticipated transmission and practice throughout the history. They show that different ideas apply to its origin, and particularly its revelation as a treasure text, and that the ritual existed in varied forms, and was shared and imparted among different lineages of Bon. The most important finding is that the practice is actually traceable throughout the history, and likely have never ceased to be active over the centuries from the very early times until today.
Transition Practices of Vocational Rehabilitation Counselors Serving Students and Youth With Disabilities
Authors: Neubert Debra A. , Luecking Richard G. , Fabian Ellen S. 
Published: April 2018

Purpose:The Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act of 2014 mandates vocational rehabilitation (VR) counselors play a greater role in providing transition-related services for students and youth with disabilities, such as pre-employment activities and increased collaborative efforts with state and local education agencies and American Jobs Centers to improve employment outcomes.Method:We surveyed 538 VR counselors in 13 high performing State Vocational Rehabilitation Agencies to rate the importance of transition-related skills and their preparation to undertake these activities.Results:Overall, VR counselors rated the importance of all transition-related items highly, but rated their preparation to perform these practices significantly lower. Job exploration counseling was cited as the most important skill. In terms of preparation, working with employers was rated the lowest. In terms of barriers to serving youth, time and case management were cited most frequently. Implications for caseload specialization and preparation of VR counselors are discussed.Conclusion:The results of the study have implications for preparing VR counselors to comply with the WIOA mandates regarding transition services for students and youth with disabilities.
Natural-Gas-Liquids Recovery - Retrofit Breathes New Life Into Old Scrubber
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: April 2018

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 188200, “NGL Recovery—A New Concept for an Old Scrubber,” by Ankur Jariwala, SPE, Pinkesh Sanghani, and Dag Kvamsdal, Schlumberger, prepared for the 2017 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, 13–16 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
An onshore gas-processing facility in Southeast Asia currently receives rich wet gas from an offshore production unit. Because of an inefficient scrubber design, the gas-processing facility was experiencing natural-gas-liquid (NGL) carryover of 1,550 B/D from the scrubber into the pipelines. A retrofit scrubber was designed to increase the NGL production by 8,540 B/D. This paper presents details of the retrofit scrubber design and shows the importance of using high-efficiency separation internals.
Challenges With the Existing Scrubber
The condensate scrubber vessel was originally designed to handle 300 MMscf/D of gas. The condensate scrubber had an inlet vane and pack internals along with a mesh pad for final demisting. The customer deter-mined that the scrubber was designed incorrectly because, since the plant startup, it was experiencing large NGL carryover from the scrubber into the gas lines. Because of this inefficient scrubber vessel, the facility was losing approximately 1,550 B/D of NGL.
The existing scrubber design was analyzed with governing empirical formulas and computational-fluid- dynamics (CFD) analysis to identify the following challenges.
The existing scrubber vessel had limitations in managing maximum gas loading (k-value) before the bulk of the liquid was dragged by the gas to the demister section of the scrubber. Maximum vessel k-value was predicted to be 0.347 m/s, and values were considered to be much higher in this application.
The inlet device was designed inadequately, leading to incorrect flow paths and a poor distribution of fluids.
Because of the inertia of the gas, the entry flow into the vessel pushed the gas upward in the vane pack, resulting in poor distribution in the vane-pack region such that only part of the vane pack was used.
High-velocity zones in the vessel reduced the performance of the vane pack.
The overall separation performance for the current separator was estimated to be 51%, resulting in a gross liquid carryover of 8,500 B/D.
CFD Analysis of the Existing Scrubber
Fig. 1 shows the predicted gas flow in the vessel, illustrated by path lines. The simulation shows that a relatively large fraction of the gas is directed downward against the liquid pad. This could result in re-entrainment from the already-separated liquid, leading to high liquid carryover.
The poor flow distribution in the inlet vane is caused by a very large and sudden expansion of the flow area in the vane. This undesirable distribution creates zones of high gas velocity, causing droplet breakup and low separation performance in the vessel.
Global comparison of 20 reference evapotranspiration equations in a semi-arid region of Iran
Authors: Farzanpour Hadi , Shiri Jalal , Sadraddini Ali Ashraf , Trajkovic Slavisa 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Accurate estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is a major task in hydrology, water resources management, irrigation scheduling and determining crop water requirement. There are many empirical equations suggested by numerous references in literature for calculating ETo using meteorological data. Some such equations have been developed for specific climatic conditions while some have been applied universally. The potential for usage of these equations depends on the availability of necessary meteorological parameters for calculating ETo in different climate conditions. The focus of the present study was a global cross-comparison of 20 ETo estimation equations using daily meteorological records of 10 weather stations (covering a period of 12 years) in a semi-arid region of Iran. Two data management scenarios, namely local and cross-station scenarios, were adopted for calibrating the applied equations against the standard FAO56-PM model. The obtained results revealed that the cross-station calibration might be a good alternative for local calibration of the ETo models when proper similar stations are used for feeding the calibration matrix.