bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Layered Modulus on Hydraulic-Fracture Modeling and Fracture-Height Containment
Authors: Yue Kaimin , Olson Jon E. , Schultz Richard A. 
Published: May 2019

Summary
Oil and gas production from unconventional reservoirs, which are usually stratified with layers having different mechanical properties, generally requires the aid of hydraulic–fracturing technology. Predicting hydraulic–fracture–height growth is one of the critical factors in designing successful hydraulic–fracturing treatments. It has been well–documented that the in–situ–stress contrast between adjacent layers and interface properties are the dominating factors in fracture–height containment, whereas the modulus contrast between adjacent layers is generally considered to be of secondary importance in the direct control of fracture–height containment. However, the arrest of fluid–driven fractures at soft layers is often observed in outcrops and hydraulic–fracture–diagnostic field tests. The objective of this study is to investigate fracture–height containment resulting from the modulus contrast between adjacent layers.
To illustrate the effect of modulus contrast on fracture–height containment, this study proposes a new approach that uses the effective modulus of a layered reservoir. We use 2D finite–element models to evaluate the effective modulus of a layered reservoir, considering the effects of modulus values, fracture–tip location, height percentage of each rock layer, layer location, the number of layers, and the mechanical anisotropy. Then, the effect of modulus contrast on fracture–height growth is investigated with an analysis of the stress–intensity factor, taking into account the change of the effective modulus as the fracture tip propagates from the stiff layer to the soft layer.
This study shows that the detail of layering does not affect the effective modulus and the only important parameters are fracture–tip locations, modulus values, and the height percentage of each rock layer. In addition, this study empirically derives two approximations of effective moduli depending on fracture–tip locations: the modified height–weighted mean and the modified height–weighted harmonic average. Results from combining linear–elastic fracture mechanics with the effective–modulus approximations show that height growth will be inhibited by the soft layer because of a reduced stress–intensity factor.
The effective moduli can be applied to other hydraulic–fracture models to take into account the layering effect. This study also shows that soft layers inhibit hydraulic–fracture–height growth in layered reservoirs. As a result, hydraulic–fracture–height containment within a stratified rock stack can be better evaluated by comparing the modulus contrast between adjacent layers.
Ex vivo mouse hematopoietic stem cell expansion using polyvinyl alcohol
Authors: Wilkinson Adam C. , Ishida Reiko , Yamazaki Satoshi , Nakauchi Hiromitsu 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The self-renewal of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is key for life-long maintenance of hematopoiesis and the curative capacity of clinical bone marrow transplantation. However, while in vivo HSC self-renewal has been well-described, existing culture conditions poorly support ex vivo HSC self-renewal and afford a very limited window to study or modify HSCs in-a-dish. Here, we describe a simple culture platform that supports functional mouse HSCs ex vivo for 1-2 months. Rather than containing serum albumin, the media uses the synthetic polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). PVA represents an inexpensive and chemically-defined alternative to serum albumin supplements, which have long represented a major source of biological contaminants and batch-to-batch variability in HSC cultures. This novel culture system therefore provides a useful platform to expand and interrogate mouse HSCs.
Temperature‐Dependency of Phosphorus Sorption by Goethites and Tropical Soils Amended with Woodchip Biochar
Authors: Amarakoon Inoka , Zvomuya Francis , Motaung Mercy L. 
Published: May 2019

Core Ideas
Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms described P sorption by oxides and soils, respectively.
Biochar increased the extent and relative strength of P sorption by goethite at 15°C.
Biochar reduced P sorption but increased P binding strength for sandy loam at 35°C.
Phosphorus is a key nutrient in agriculture but also a common contaminant. Bioavailability and transport of P are controlled by, among other things, the presence of Fe and Al oxides in tropical soils. Biochar has been suggested for improving the bioavailability and reducing the off‐site transport of P. The objective of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the effect of biochar on P sorption by goethite, aluminum‐substituted goethite (Al‐goethite), and two tropical soils amended with 0, 20, and 40 g biochar kg−1 at 15, 25, and 35°C. Sorption by goethite and Al‐goethite was adequately described by the Freundlich isotherm although the Langmuir isotherm was a better fit for the two soils tested. At 15°C, biochar application increased P sorption by goethite from 9.5 to 11 g kg−1/(mg L−1)1/n as indicated by the increase in the Freundlich constant, Kf, and the increase in relative sorption strength represented by a reduction in the Freundlich exponent (1/n) from 1.2 to 0.8. At 35°C, biochar addition significantly reduced the Langmuir sorption maximum (Smax) from 17.3 to 15.8 g kg−1 (mg L−1)−1 for the sandy loam soil, indicating a reduction in P sorption capacity in the presence of biochar. Biochar addition also significantly increased the Langmuir constant, (KL) for the sandy loam from 0.04 to 1.7 L mg−1 at 35°C, indicating greater P binding strength in the presence of biochar. The sorption data from this study provide insights into the effect of temperature on P sorption by Fe oxides and tropical soils in the presence of biochar.
Agricultural Edge‐of‐Field Phosphorus Losses in Ontario, Canada: Importance of the Nongrowing Season in Cold Regions
Authors: Plach Janina , Pluer Will , Macrae Merrin , Kompanizare Mazda , McKague Kevin , Carlow Ryan , Brunke Richard 
Published: May 2019

Agricultural P losses are a global economic and water quality concern. Much of the current understanding of P dynamics in agricultural systems has been obtained from rainfall‐driven runoff, and less is known about cold‐season processes. An improved understanding of the magnitude, form, and transport flow paths of P losses from agricultural croplands year round, and the climatic drivers of these processes, is needed to prioritize and evaluate appropriate best management practices (BMPs) to protect soil‐water quality in cold regions. This study examines multiyear, year‐round, high‐frequency edge‐of‐field P losses (soluble reactive P and total P [TP]) in overland flow and tile drainage from three croplands in southern Ontario, Canada. Annual and seasonal budgets for water, P, and estimates of field P budgets (including fertilizer inputs, crop uptake, and runoff) were calculated for each site. Annual edge‐of‐field TP loads ranged from 0.18 to 1.93 kg ha−1 yr−1 (mean = 0.59 kg ha−1 yr−1) across the region, including years with fertilizer application. Tile drainage dominated runoff across sites, whereas the contribution of tiles and overland flow to P loss differed regionally, likely related to site‐specific topography, soil type, and microclimate. The nongrowing season was the dominant period for runoff and P loss across sites, where TP loss during this period was often associated with overland flow during snowmelt. These results indicate that emphasis should be placed on BMPs that are effective during both the growing and nongrowing season in cold regions, but that the suitability of various BMPs may vary for different sites.Core Ideas
We conducted a multiyear, field‐based study of edge‐of‐field runoff and P loss.
Tile drainage was the dominant pathway for runoff.
Contribution of tiles and overland flow to P loss differed regionally.
The nongrowing season was critical for edge‐of‐field runoff and P loss.
Reanalysis Validates Soil Health Indicator Sensitivity and Correlation with Long‐term Crop Yields
Authors: van Es Harold M. , Karlen Douglas L. 
Published: May 2019

Core Ideas
Soil health metrics were sensitive in North Carolina soils.
Tillage intensity and fertility practices were especially differentiated by biological soil health metrics.
Soil health metrics associated with labile organic matter correlated well with crop yields.
Soil health (SH) refers to the ability of a soil to function and provide ecosystem services. This study reanalyzes data from long‐term agronomic management experiments in North Carolina and addresses previous conclusions regarding the utility of SH test metrics. Data for 15 SH indicators in the Comprehensive Assessment of Soil Health (CASH) framework from three long‐term trials in North Carolina were analyzed to assess effects of tillage intensity and organic vs. conventional management. This included four soil biological indicators—organic matter (OM), active carbon (ActC), respiration (Resp), and protein (Prot); four soil physical indicators—available water capacity (AWC), water‐stable aggregation (Agstab), surface and subsurface penetration resistance (SurfHard, SubHard); and seven soil chemical (fertility) indicators (P, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, pH). Corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) yield data and SH indicator values were correlated using site‐specific and multi‐site datasets. Long‐term management practices most commonly showed significant impacts with AgStab (up to 2.2′), ActC (2.1′), Prot (2.3′), and most chemical indicators. Tillage intensity had a greater impact than organic vs. conventional management and linear regression of multi‐year mean corn and soybean yield response to tillage showed significant correlations with eight SH indicators, highest among them ActC, Protein, Resp, and Mn (R2 = 0.85–0.93). Contrary to previous conclusions, CASH indicators, especially those related to labile C and N, responded well to management practices and showed utility for SH assessment in agronomic trials.
Plant Available Nitrogen Estimation Tools for a Biosolids‐Amended, Clayey Urban Soil
Authors: Alvarez-Campos Odiney , Evanylo Gregory K. 
Published: May 2019

Core Ideas
Biosolids produced by heat‐drying and Cambi process had higher plant available N.
Biosolids blended with woody byproducts had lower plant available N.
Soil nitrate and 7‐d anaerobic incubation were the best indicators of N availability.
Soil test reliability may have been reduced by high clay and low C and N of urban soil.
Improving mineralizable N estimates from exceptional quality (EQ) biosolids products is important for making more reliable N recommendations to rehabilitate disturbed urban soils for vegetative production. The objectives of this study were to compare the N fertilizer equivalency method and several chemical (NH4–N, NO3–N, total N, and organic N) and biological (7 d anaerobic incubation [7‐AI] and Solvita CO2 Burst) tests for quantifying plant available nitrogen (PAN) and organic N mineralization of EQ biosolids used to grow tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus Schreb.) in a clayey urban degraded soil. The EQ biosolids were products of thermal hydrolysis plus anaerobic digestion (Blue Plains exceptional quality biosolids; BLOOM), blending of BLOOM with woody mulch (BM), blending of BLOOM with sand and sawdust (Blue Pains exceptional quality biosolids + sand + sawdust; BSS), composting (Livingston compost; LBC), and heat drying (OCB; OceanGro thermally dried). The EQ biosolids were applied at agronomic N rates, and the inorganic fertilizer was applied at four N rates in a field study. The N fertilizer equivalency method predicted considerably lower organic N mineralization than calculated for BM (7.1%), BSS (–12%), and LBC (4.6%). Treatments BLOOM, BM, and OCB had the highest 7‐AI organic N mineralization. Correlations between tall fescue N uptake and soil N tests showed that soil NO3–N and 7‐AI were the best indicators of biosolids N availability in our urban soil. However, the relatively low correlations between soil N indicators and tall fescue N uptake was likely due to low residual soil N, high soil clay content, and possible low microbial activity of the low organic matter‐containing anthropogenic soil.
Subsurface Clay Soil Application Improved Aggregate Stability, Nitrogen Availability, and Organic Carbon Preservation in Degraded Ultisols with Cover Crop Mixtures
Authors: Ye Rongzhong , Parajuli Binaya , Sigua Gilbert 
Published: May 2019

Core Ideas
Subsurface clay soil amendment improved soil aggregation and its stability.
Microbial activities were suppressed by clay soil applications.
Clay soil amendment enhanced labile organic C pools.
Additions of clay soil promoted ammonium fixation and reduced nitrate leaching.
Coastal Plain soils of the southeastern United States are highly degraded, with low soil organic carbon (C), meager soil fertility, and poor soil structure. We tested the effectiveness of clay soil amendment to promote the formation of soil aggregates, improve organic C stability, and enhance nutrient availability in field. Subsurface clay soils (B horizon, 25% clay) were applied (∼25 T ha–1) to the top of the soil surface, followed by the planting of winter cover crop mixtures. Crop growth and nutrient uptake and relevant soil biogeochemical properties were analyzed at the end of the winter season. Additions of subsurface clay soils prompted the formation of water‐stable macroaggregates (250–2000 mm) from 32 to 54% and increased mean weight diameter of the aggregates from 390 to 592 mm. Additions of subsurface clay soils increased clay content from 1.5 to 3.8% but did not change soil texture, pH, water holding capacity, and bulk density. The stock of dissolved organic nitrogen was not affected by the amendment, whereas nitrate leaching from field was reduced by 61% because of clay soil application. Clay soil additions inhibited the activities of C‐cycling (N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase, β‐d‐cellubiosidase, β‐glucosidase, and β‐xylosidase) and N‐cycling (leucine aminopeptidase) enzymes but did not modify soil microbial community level substrate utilization patterns, resulting in a 63% reduction in C turnover rate and 19% increases in concentrations of labile organic C. Our results indicated that subsurface clay soil amendment can improve soil structure, nutrient availability, and the stability of labile C in the field, at least in the short term, and may be a promising management alternative to enhance the productivity and sustainability of the degraded Coastal plain soils.
Assessment of Managed Aquifer Recharge Sites Using a New Geophysical Imaging Method
Authors: Behroozmand Ahmad A. , Auken Esben , Knight Rosemary 
Published: May 2019

Core Ideas
We introduce a new geophysical imaging method to assess managed aquifer recharge sites.
This method provides high‐resolution 3D imaging of the subsurface down to a minimum depth of 50 m.
We introduce Resistivity Distribution Plot as a new approach to assign a saturated–unsaturated boundary.
In many places around the world, much attention is focused on managed aquifer recharge (MAR) because of reduced groundwater levels due to droughts. To assess the suitability of a site for MAR, detailed three‐dimensional (3D) information about the subsurface materials and their hydraulic properties is needed. In areas where the groundwater level is at an intermediate depth (e.g., 20–40 m), such information is needed from the ground surface down to a minimum depth of ∼50 m. To achieve this goal, we used a new geophysical imaging system: a towed time‐domain electromagnetic system that is efficient for acquiring data at a significantly improved resolution and a scale needed for MAR. During a 2‐d period, we acquired ∼92 line‐kilometers of data in one almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] grove, one pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) grove, one open field, and two active recharge basins in the Tulare Irrigation District in the Central Valley of California. At each site, a detailed 3D resistivity model with a resolution down to the 10‐ by 10‐m scale is presented in terms of resistivity distribution plots, which are then used to assign a saturated–unsaturated boundary. In addition, we used a resistivity–lithology transform to interpret the resistivity models and create lithology maps at each site. We used this information to assess the suitability of each site for MAR.
Huella genética de variedades de fresa obtenidas en el Colegio de Postgraduados, México
Authors: Tlatelpa Martín Aguilar , Zavala Guillermo Calderón , Espinosa María Alejandra Gutiérrez , Ortiz Ricardo Lobato , Téllez Leobigildo Córdoba , Haller Victor Volke , Fajardo Franco Marja Liza , Varela Amalio Santacruz 
Published: May 2019

En un programa de mejoramiento genético de fresa (Fragaria × ananassa) es importante contar con la metodología para evaluar la integridad genética de la planta en todas las etapas de incremento, desde diferentes criterios, como el fisiológico, morfológico y el molecular; para este propósito, una de las herramientas más apropiadas son los marcadores moleculares denominados Secuencias Simples Repetidas del inglés Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), ya que permiten, por ejemplo, identificar poblaciones con una diversidad genética reducida, revelar genealogías, conocer el grado de parentesco entre individuos, proporcionar elementos sólidos en la defensa de la propiedad intelectual, evaluar la pureza del material vegetal, identificar el grado de variación somaclonal y evitar la mezcla de material vegetal en bancos de germoplasma. En este sentido, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo obtener la huella genética de las variedades de fresa CP0201, CP0204, CP0615, CPLE7 desarrolladas en el Colegio de Postgraduados y como testigo la variedad Festival, desarrollada en Florida, USA, con el uso de nueve loci de microsatélites (SSR). El proceso incluyó la extracción de ADN a partir de tejido foliar de fresa, así como de la amplificación mediante PCR de punto final de los loci SSR agrupados en reacciones multiplex. Los productos de PCR fueron separados mediante electroforesis capilar y su tamaño en pares de bases se determinó con el programa GeneMapper® v. 4. A partir de las frecuencias alélicas se calcularon las matrices de distancia con los coeficientes de Jaccard y Dice. Se encontraron 63 alelos distintos, cada par de iniciadores amplificó entre 3 y 12 alelos. Los marcadores que presentaron mayor número de alelos fueron EMFn181 (11 alelos) y EMFv104 (12 alelos). Se generó la huella genética de cada variedad. Mediante los perfiles alélicos se encontraron diferencias entre las variedades CP0615, CPLE7 y Festival; CP0201 y CP0204 tuvieron una huella genética similar, ya que están emparentadas a través de su progenitor femenino; el índice de diversidad alélica dentro de las poblaciones varió de 3.96 a 5.93. Las variedades tuvieron un índice de uniformidad bajo debido al alto nivel de polimorfismo de los marcadores usados.
Cellular Stress and General Pathological Processes
Authors: Gusev Eugeny Yu. , Zotova Natalia V. 
Published: May 2019

:From the viewpoint of the general pathology, most of the human diseases are associated with a limited number of pathogenic processes such as inflammation, tumor growth, thrombosis, necrosis, fibrosis, atrophy, pathological hypertrophy, dysplasia and metaplasia. The phenomenon of chronic low-grade inflammation could be attributed to non-classical forms of inflammation, which include many neurodegenerative processes, pathological variants of insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, and other manifestations of the endothelial dysfunction. Individual and universal manifestations of cellular stress could be considered as a basic element of all these pathologies, which has both physiological and pathophysiological significance.:The review examines the causes, main phenomena, developmental directions and outcomes of cellular stress using a phylogenetically conservative set of genes and their activation pathways, as well as tissue stress and its role in inflammatory and para-inflammatory processes.:The main ways towards the realization of cellular stress and its functional blocks were outlined. The main stages of tissue stress and the classification of its typical manifestations, as well as its participation in the development of the classical and non-classical variants of the inflammatory process, were also described.:The mechanisms of cellular and tissue stress are structured into the complex systems, which include networks that enable the exchange of information with multidirectional signaling pathways which together make these systems internally contradictory, and the result of their effects is often unpredictable. However, the possible solutions require new theoretical and methodological approaches, one of which includes the transition to integral criteria, which plausibly reflect the holistic image of these processes.
Temperature Rise Prediction of Oil-Air Lubricated Angular Contact Ball Bearings Using Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Wang Baomin , Chang Xiao 
Published: May 2019

Background:
Angular contact ball bearing is an important component of many high-speed
rotating mechanical systems. Oil-air lubrication makes it possible for angular contact ball bearing to
operate at high speed. So the lubrication state of angular contact ball bearing directly affects the performance
of the mechanical systems. However, as bearing rotation speed increases, the temperature rise
is still the dominant limiting factor for improving the performance and service life of angular contact
ball bearings. Therefore, it is very necessary to predict the temperature rise of angular contact ball bearings
lubricated with oil-air.

Objective:
The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of temperature calculation of bearing
from many studies and patents, and propose a new prediction method for temperature rise of angular
contact ball bearing.

Methods:
Based on the artificial neural network and genetic algorithm, a new prediction methodology
for bearings temperature rise was proposed which capitalizes on the notion that the temperature rise of
oil-air lubricated angular contact ball bearing is generally coupling. The influence factors of temperature
rise in high-speed angular contact ball bearings were analyzed through grey relational analysis, and
the key influence factors are determined. Combined with Genetic Algorithm (GA), the Artificial Neural
Network (ANN) model based on these key influence factors was built up, two groups of experimental
data were used to train and validate the ANN model.

Results:
Compared with the ANN model, the ANN-GA model has shorter training time, higher accuracy
and better stability, the output of ANN-GA model shows a good agreement with the experimental
data, above 92% of bearing temperature rise under varying conditions can be predicted using the ANNGA
model.

Conclusion:
A new method was proposed to predict the temperature rise of oil-air lubricated angular
contact ball bearings based on the artificial neural network and genetic algorithm. The results show that
the prediction model has good accuracy, stability and robustness.