bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nachkaltzeitliche reliktische und fossile Böden seit dem 15. Jahrtausend vor heute
Authors: Schirmer Wolfgang 
Published: November 2024

Bodenbildung findet stets statt, auch unter eiszeitlichen Bedingungen. Man kann also nicht nach ihrem Beginn fragen. Der Beginn der Entstehung fortgeschrittener Bodentypen aber ist von Interesse. Das Erscheinen der Verbraunung und zusätzlich der Lessivierung ist vom Substrat und Klima abhängig. Verbraunung und Lessivierung können theoretisch direkt nach der Entstehung des Substrates beginnen oder erst viel später. Diese Verweilzeit zu bestimmen, braucht es geeignete Datierungen. Der Autor findet den Zeitpunkt für den Beginn von Verbraunung und Lessivierung im carbonatischen Löss um 7000 vor heute. In carbonatfreien Sandgebieten kann sie in schwacher Form früher beginnen. Kräftige Lessivierung endet bereits wieder mit dem Atlantikum. Vor 7000 Jahren vor heute gab es zwei Erwärmungsphasen: die eine mit Beginn des Spätglazials ab rund 14 450 a vor heute, die andere mit Beginn des Holozäns ab 11 700 a. In diesen beiden Erwärmungsphasen herrschten bis 7000 a vor heute in Carbonatsubstraten humose A‐C‐Böden. Kurz vor dem Verbraunungsbeginn um 7000 a setzt bereits die anthropogene Sesshaftigkeit und Rodung ein. Auf den dadurch entstehenden Kolluvien bilden sich Braunerden, bei kürzerer Rodungsfolge A‐C‐Böden. Auch die Natur liefert während der Nacheiszeit Neusubstrate, wie Flussablagerungen, Muren, Dünen, Marsch‐ und Wattsedimente. Sie erleben notwendigerweise eine kürzere Bodenbildungsdauer als die Ablagerungen, die seit der letzten Kaltzeit mit der Bodenbildung beginnen konnten. Ihr späterer Bodenbildungsbeginn verleiht interessante Daten für Varianten der Bodenbildung.
Analysis of sagittal plane cine magnetic resonance imaging for measurement of pancreatic tumor residual motion during breath hold and evaluation of gating margins used in radiotherapy treatment
Authors: Phipps Adam , Robinson Maxwell , George Ben , Whyntie Tom 
Published: November 2024

AbstractBackground and purposeIn pancreatic radiotherapy, residual tumor motion during treatment increases the risk of toxicity. Cine imaging acquired during magnetic resonance guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) enables real‐time treatment gating in response to anatomical motion, which can reduce this risk; however, treatment gating can negatively impact the efficiency of treatment. This study aimed to quantify the extent of residual tumor motion during breath hold and evaluate the appropriateness of the treatment gating margins used in current clinical practice.Materials and methodsCine imaging acquired during pancreatic MRgRT of 11 patients on the ViewRay MRIdian was analyzed. The total duration of treatment analyzed was 12 h 13 min. Improved methods for processing and analyzing cine imaging were developed: breath holds were systematically separated with frequency analysis, residual motion was measured with consideration of both the tracking structure contour and centroid, and residual motion measurements were supported by phantom measurements of image scaling, resolution, and noise. Residual motion was measured at angles 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135° to the superior‐inferior (SI) direction. Total residual motion was measured by combining directional measurements.ResultsThe minimum tracking structure displacement resolvable through cine imaging was found to be 1.5 mm; therefore, residual motion analysis was limited to 1.5 mm spatial resolution. Total residual motion was contained within margins ±1.5, ±3, and ±4.5mm with mean percentage frequencies of 97.0%, 91.1%, and 67.8%. Most residual motion was observed in the SI direction, and significantly more residual motion was measured for the tracking structure contour than the centroid.ConclusionThe results demonstrate that patients are largely able to maintain breath hold positions to within a 3 mm margin, thus provide evidence that supports the use of a 3mm gating margin in clinical practice. Residual motion frequently exceeded 1.5 mm so a reduction in gating margin would have an undesirable impact on treatment efficiency.
High‐Performance Yolk‐Shell Structured Silicon‐Carbon Composite Anode Preparation via One‐Step Gas‐Phase Deposition and Etching Technique
Authors: Zhou Peng , Xiao Peng , Pang Liang , Jiang Ziang , Hao Ming , Li Yang , Wu Feixiang 
Published: November 2024

AbstractFor producing high‐capacity silicon (Si) anodes, a combined gas‐phase deposition and etching technique is developed to construct yolk‐shell structured silicon‐carbon composites. As a novel etching agent in battery field, NF3 is applied to selectively etch Si to tailor the architecture. Si particles as self‐sacrificed precursor have no need to build artificial or complex templates in advance, thereby greatly simplifying fabrication process and showcasing practicality. As a result, yolk‐shell structured silicon‐carbon composites are successfully fabricated in a single step. Sufficient buffer space between Si and carbon layer accommodates the significant expansion of Si during lithiation, preventing fracture of the carbon layer, which greatly improves service life of Si‐based anodes. Moreover, the refined particle size of Si and abundant pores in inner Si cores enhance the lithiation and de‐lithiation kinetic. Even with a high Si loading of 3.9 mg cm−2, the produced anode exhibits a superior areal capacity of 16.3 mAh cm−2 at 0.2 mA cm−2. Furthermore, at a high current density of 4 A g−1, it demonstrates an excellent capacity of 1114 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles with a capacity retention of 96.3%. Additionally, with pre‐lithiation, it is successfully paired with an iron trifluoride cathode to construct high‐energy lithium‐ion batteries.
Ni‐MOF Engineered System Targeting Macrophage Aurora A Kinase for Bone Loss Prevention Through PD‐L1 Activation
Authors: Zhang Wenqian , Zhang Shengming , He Minghao , Hu Weixian , Han Wenhao , Zha Kangkang , Feng Qian , Liu Guohui , Zhao Yanli , Mi Bobin 
Published: November 2024

AbstractPostmenopausal bone loss due to estrogen deficiency necessitates effective therapeutic strategies. Our study explores targeting macrophage Aurora A kinase to mitigate bone loss. Aurora A kinase phosphorylation is observed being increased in bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) from ovariectomy (OVX) mice, along with a reduction in programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression. Detailed analysis reveals that PD‐L1 plays an immunomodulatory role by lowering the ratio of T helper 17 cells and regulatory T cells. The metabolic shift toward glycolysis through transcriptome sequencing, induced by Aurora A kinase inhibition, is essential for PD‐L1 expression in BMDMs. The interaction between Aurora A kinase and cytochrome C oxidase subunit 5B is found to enhance PD‐L1 expression. To apply these findings therapeutically, a multifunctional system is developed using a Nickel‐metal organic framework combined with bisphosphonate and MLN8237 (BP@Ni‐MOF/MLN8237). This system targets bone tissues through bisphosphonate and effectively delivers MLN8237 to macrophages, promoting PD‐L1 expression for a favorable immune environment. Moreover, this system exhibits an obvious angiogenic effect. The present study highlights the crucial roles of macrophage Aurora A kinase and PD‐L1 in maintaining bone homeostasis as well as the angiogenesis effect by Ni‐MOF engineered system, presenting a promising therapeutic approach to prevent postmenopausal bone loss.
Near‐Infrared II AIE Luminogens with Mitochondria‐Targeting Characteristics for Combinational Phototherapies of Breast Tumors Through Synergistic Cell Apoptosis and Pyroptosis
Authors: Su Huifang , Shang Wenzhao , Li Ge , Yan Wenqing , Yan Xueke , Tang Ben Zhong , Qin Wei 
Published: November 2024

AbstractConventional photosensitizers for tumor phototherapy are greatly limited by their reliance on a single‐cell death process, leading to insufficient therapeutic effects and restricted biomedical applications. To address these limitations, multifunctional fluorophores, BTA and BTB, are designed based on an electron donor‐π‐acceptor system. By adjusting the strength of the intramolecular charge transfer through varying electron‐donating moieties, their optical properties are tailored. BTA emits bright near‐infrared II (NIR‐II) fluorescence and exhibits typical aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics, a large Stokes shift (>250 nm), good photostability, satisfactory biocompatibility, and remarkable mitochondria‐targeting capabilities. Notably, it demonstrates potent photodynamic and photothermal properties. BTA as an effective photosensitizer and a photothermal agent, generates various cytotoxic Type I and II reactive oxygen species and photothermal energy to effectively destroy tumor cell mitochondria and suppress tumor growth. Importantly, the molecular mechanisms underlying combination phototherapy are elucidated, revealing that it induces synergistic cell apoptosis and pyroptosis. These results highlight the potential of multifunctional AIE materials with bright NIR‐II fluorescence and mitochondria‐targeting characteristics for the synergistic phototherapy of breast tumors, offering new insights for future therapeutic developments.
Plasmonic Nanocomposite for Visible Light‐Modulated Bimorph‐Actuator
Authors: Kumbhakar Partha , Narendhiran Santhosh , Midya Soumen , Islam Monsur , Balachandran Manoj , Singh Abhishek Kumar 
Published: November 2024

AbstractSoft actuators have great potential applications in sophisticated movement and sensitive devices due to their flexible nature, good interaction, and precise control. However, existing carbon‐based optical actuators are limited in their response under visible light irradiation. The limited visible light absorbance of the carbon nanostructure brought the metallic nanoparticle into the soft actuators that can absorb visible light. This study introduces a new type of plasmonic photothermal‐bimorph actuator, using graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and silver nanorods (Ag NRs) to overcome the limitations of traditional optical actuators. The bimorph film is actuated by visible and near‐infrared light stimuli with various power densities showing reversible deformation behavior. The actuator shows significant bending associated with a ≈50° change in bending angle under visible light irradiation with a response time of ≈5 ± 1 sec. Furthermore, a smart photo‐controlled non‐contact switch is fabricated based on photo‐thermal conversion properties, demonstrating perfect integration of plasmonic bimorph actuators. The density functional theory based molecular dynamics calculations provide an additional understanding of the bending of actuators under external stimulus. Using illustrative demonstrations of actuators, these results hint at a method for generating multipurpose visible light‐based soft robots, supporting a new approach to developing an optical locking system.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation for Facile Access to Optically Active Dihydrodibenzo‐Fused Azepines
Authors: He Zhenni , Yang Ji , Li Xiaohan , Huang Wei , Liu Kai , Xu Lijin , Shi Qian 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of various dibenzo‐fused azepines including 5H‐dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepines, dibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepines and 11H‐dibenzo[b,e]azepines using chiral iridium diamine catalysts and HCO2H/NEt3 as the hydrogen source has been accomplished. A range of chiral 10,11‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepines, 10,11‐dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine and 6,11‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenzo[b,e]azepines have been prepared in 82–94% yields with 82–99% ee. Diversely substituted substrates are suitable for this transformation, and a number of functional groups are tolerated. Enantiocontrol is achieved via judicious choice of catalyst, additive and hydrogen source. The synthetic potential of this reaction is explored through gram‐scale reactions without loss of reactivity and optical purity and further transformations on products.
PD‐1+CD8+ T Cell‐Mediated Hepatocyte Pyroptosis Promotes Progression of Murine Autoimmune Liver Disease
Authors: Long Jie , Yang Si‐Yu , Bian Zhen‐Hua , Zhu Hao‐Xian , Ma Min , Wang Xiao‐Qing , Li Liang , Zhang Weici , Han Ying , Gershwin M. Eric , Lian Zhe‐Xiong , Zhao Zhi‐Bin 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe specific mechanisms underlying effector pathways in autoimmune liver disease remain enigmatic and therefore constructing appropriate murine models to investigate disease pathogenesis becomes critical. A spontaneous severe murine model of autoimmune liver disease has been previously established in dnTGFβRII Aire−/− mice, exhibiting disease phenotypes that resemble both human primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). The data suggests that auto‐reactive liver‐specific CD8+ T cells are the primary pathogenic cells in liver injury. In this study, these data are advanced through the use of both single‐cell sequencing and extensive in vitro analysis. The results identify a specific expanded pathogenic subset of PD‐1+CD8+ T cells in the liver, exhibiting strong functional activity and cytotoxicity against target cells. Depletion of PD‐1+CD8+ T cells using CAR‐T cells effectively alleviates the disease. GSDMD‐mediated pyroptosis is found to be aberrantly activated in the livers of model mice, and treatment with a GSDMD‐specific inhibitor significantly inhibits disease progression. In vitro experiments reveal that PD‐1+CD8+ T cells can induce the pyroptosis of hepatocytes through elevated production of granzyme B and perforin‐1. These results provide a novel explanation for the cytotoxic activity of pathogenic liver PD‐1+CD8+ T cells in autoimmune liver diseases and offer potential therapeutic targets.
Changes in the population and diversity of plant parasitic nematodes and their effects on sugarcane growth at Wonji‐Shoa Sugar Estate, Ethiopia
Authors: Dengia Alemayehu , Dechassa Nigussae , Wogi Lemma , Amsalu Berhanu 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIn Wonji‐Shoa Sugar Estate (WSSE), sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) yields have declined by about 48% over the last 70 years. One of the causes for the decline is assumed to be the long‐term monoculture production system that results in the buildup of plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs). Therefore, the population and diversity of PPNs were investigated by conducting soil sampling using a biosequential method (simultaneous sampling of the soils of adjacent cultivated land [CL] and uncultivated land [UL]) and a chronosequential method (taking soil samples at different times from the same site). The samples were subjected to analysis using standard procedures to determine the change in the population, and identify the genera of PPNs. Additionally, a pot experiment that involved fumigation was conducted on top soils sampled from the CL and UL of the plantation. The results revealed that about 10 genera of PPNs (Meloidogyne, Helicotylenchus, Hoplolaimus, Rotylenchulus, Hemicycliophora, Discriconemella, Xhiphinema, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, and Scutellonema) were detected, of which the first four were newly identified. The population density and the number of genera of PPNs found in the CL were 36‐fold and 4.5‐fold higher than those found in the UL, respectively. Furthermore, fumigation reduced the population of the PPNs by 61% and increased production of cane biomass by 63%. It is concluded that the soils of the WSSE are infested by PPNs, which consequently have detrimental effects on sugarcane growth. While amending soil fertility is crucial, reversing the decline in sugarcane yields also necessitates implementing an integrated soil management system that includes PPNs.
Nanoscale wettability characterization—Interpreting droplet morphological evolution in nanopores
Authors: Chu Wenzhen , Zhang Kaiqiang 
Published: November 2024

AbstractNanoscale wettability, crucial for various disciplines in science and engineering, challenges traditional theory, particularly the Young's equation. This study proposes and validates a modified format of the Young's equation under nano‐confinement and, for the first time, the nano‐confined droplet morphological evolution and transition are investigated from thermodynamic theories and molecular dynamics simulation. The morphologies of droplets in nano‐silts, identified as double‐cap, single‐cap, and bridge‐shaped, underscore the critical roles of line tension and nano‐confinement in characterizing wetting behavior. In hydrophobic nano‐slits, droplets transition from the double‐cap to the single‐cap shape at the critical point of  = 0.31 and to bridge shape at the critical point of  = 0.40. Moreover, the relative width of the neck region in the bridge‐shaped droplets is found to stabilize at ratio of 1.8. Particularly, linear relationships have been established between the droplet contact angle and the parameter , which identify condensation and breakage of droplets within hydrophobic nano‐slits. This model effectively characterizes nanoscale wettability, with precise droplet behavior predictions, which could be beneficial to enhance nano‐fluid dynamics understanding and its applications in science and engineering.
In Situ Generated 1‐Naphthylmethyl Radicals from Bis(1‐Naphthylmethyl)tin Dichlorides: Utilization for C−C, C−N, and C−O Bond‐Forming Reactions
Authors: Dhanwant Kisturi , Bhedi Dharmveer , Bhanuchandra M. , Thirumoorthi Ramalingam 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe in situ‐generated 1‐naphthylmethyl radicals from the thermolysis of bis(1‐naphthylmethyl)tin dichlorides combine with persistent organic radicals, 4‐hydroxy‐TEMPO or 4‐oxo‐TEMPO designs C−O bond forming products. Subsequently, the C−N bond occurs when the 1‐naphthylmethyl radicals unite with nitric oxide (NO) under a nitrogen atmosphere. In contrast, the oxidation instead of the addition reaction predominantly happens in the 1‐naphthylmethyl radicals when nitrogen dioxide contains a high oxidation state nitrogen center, i. e., N(IV) used. The by‐product, dodecanuclear organotin cages, with twelve peripheral naphthyl units, could be isolated from the 4‐hydroxy‐TEMPO reaction. Besides, the synthesis of unsymmetrical diarylmethanes RArCH2 (R=1‐naphthyl, 2,4,6‐Me3C6H2, 3‐ and 4‐MeC6H4, phenyl, 4‐ClC6H4; Ar=4‐MeOC6H4, 3,4‐, 2,4‐ and 2,5‐Me2C6H3) in high yields and with good regioselectivity is reported. This new methodology involves the iodine‐mediated thermolysis of bis(arylmethyl)tin dichlorides (RCH2)2SnCl2 and an excess of an arene. This reaction involves homolytic cleavage of Sn−C bonds to give arylmethyl radicals that react with iodine in the presence of SnCl2 to give the corresponding cations, which undergo electrophilic attack on the arene. Functionalised diarylmethanes have wide applications in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and materials sciences. Alternative synthetic approaches to this class of organic compounds that avoid using a transition‐metal catalyst or a strong Lewis acid are desirable.
Supramolecular Crystals based Fast Single Ion Conductor for Long‐Cycling Solid Zinc Batteries
Authors: Chen Ze , Huang Zhaodong , Wang Chenlu , Li Dedi , Xiong Qi , Wang Yanbo , Hou Yue , Wang Yanlei , Chen Ao , He Hongyan , Zhi Chunyi 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) used in Zn‐ion batteries (ZIBs) have low ionic conductivity due to the sluggish dynamics of polymer segments. Thus, only short‐range movement of cations is supported, leading to low ionic conductivity and Zn2+ transference (tZn2+). Zn‐based supramolecular crystals (ZMCs) have considerable potential for supporting long‐distance Zn2+ transport; however, their efficiency in ZIBs has not been explored. The present study developed a ZMC consisting of succinonitrile (SN) and zinc bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (Zn(TFSI)2), with a structural formula identified as Zn(TFSI)2SN3. The ZMC has ordered three‐dimensional tunnels in the crystalline lattices for ion conduction, providing high ionic conductivities (6.02×10−4 S cm−1 at 25 °C and 3.26×10−5 S cm−1 at −35 °C) and a high tZn2+ (0.97). We demonstrated that a Zn‖Zn symmetrical battery with ZMCs has long‐term cycling stability (1200 h) and a dendrite‐free Zn plating/stripping process, even at a high plating areal density of 3 mAh cm−2. The as‐fabricated solid‐state Zn battery exhibited excellent performance, including high discharge capacity (1.52 mAh cm−2), long‐term cycling stability (83.6 % capacity retention after 70000 cycles (7 months)), wide temperature adaptability (−35 to 50 °C) and fast charging ability. The ZMC differs from SPEs in its structure for transporting Zn2+ ions, significantly improving solid‐state ZIBs while maintaining safety, durability, and sustainability.
Hydrogenating Polyethylene Terephthalate into Degradable Polyesters
Authors: Guo Zhenbo , Zhang Haoran , Chen Haoyu , Zhang Meiqi , Tang Xiaoyan , Wang Meng , Ma Ding 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe recycling and upcycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the most widely used polyester plastic globally, has attracted growing attention concerning its disposal as non‐degradable waste in the natural environment. Transforming end‐of‐life PET into (bio)degradable polyester offers a novel approach to managing its waste. In this study, we introduce a simple process capable of converting waste PET into degradable polyester, polyethylene terephthalate‐polyethylene‐1,4‐cyclohexanedicarboxylate (PET‐PECHD), by partly hydrogenating the aromatic rings (x) into aliphatic ones (y). The polyesters with variable x/y compositions ranging from 100/0 to 0/100 can be achieved, and the molecular weight (Mw) can be maintained when x/y >87/13 due to the nonobvious depolymerization. Pronounced depolymerization would occur with deeper hydrogenation, which generates a blend of PET‐PECHD and polyethylene‐1,4‐cyclohexanedicarboxylate (PECHD) with lower Mw, and finally a single‐type polymer PECHD. The PET‐PECHD demonstrates comparable thermal stability and mechanical strength compared to PET, along with superior extensibility, barrier properties, and (bio)degradability in acidic, alkaline solutions, and moist soil. This research highlights the potential for cost‐effective, large‐scale production of degradable polyester from real‐life plastic waste.
Unprecedented Photoinduced‐Electron‐Transfer Probe with a Turn‐ON Chemiluminescence Mode‐of‐Action
Authors: David Maya , Gutkin Sara , Nithun Raj V. , Jbara Muhammad , Shabat Doron 
Published: November 2024

AbstractPeT‐based fluorescent probes were demonstrated to be powerful tools for detection and imaging, owing to their significant fluorescence enhancement in response to specific targets. While numerous examples of fluorescence‐based PeT have been frequently reported, there is not even a single example of a PeT probe that operates via a chemiluminescence mode. Here we report the first PeT‐based turn‐on probe that acts via a chemiluminescent operation mode. We designed, synthesized, and evaluated a novel chemiluminescent probe, featuring a PeT‐based turn‐on mechanism. The probe consists of a phenoxy‐1,2‐dioxetane, linked to an azide unit that acts as a PeT quencher. Upon cycloaddition of a strained cycloalkyne with the azide, a triazole‐dioxetane is formed, which undergoes relatively slow chemiexcitation, resulting in a measurement window with an exceptionally high signal‐to‐noise ratio (over 5000‐fold). The PeT‐dioxetane probe could effectively detect and image two model proteins labeled with strained cycloalkyne units (Myc‐DBCO and Max‐DBCO) through either NHS or maleimide conjugations. Comparative analysis shows that our PeT‐based chemiluminescent probe significantly outperforms a commercially available fluorescent analog. We anticipate that the insights gained from this study will facilitate the development of additional chemiluminescent probes utilizing various PeT‐quenching pathways.