bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiogenic Airflow in the Lung Revealed Using Synchrotron-Based Dynamic Lung Imaging
Authors: Dubsky Stephen , Thurgood Jordan , Fouras Andreas , R. Thompson Bruce , Sheard Gregory J. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe beating heart is known to produce pressure and airflow oscillations in the lungs of mammals. This phenomenon is often disregarded as detailed measurement of its effects in the lung have hitherto not been possible. Previous studies have attempted to measure the effect of these oscillations on gas mixing. However, the results have proven inconclusive, due to the lack of a direct measurement tool capable of flow measurement throughout the entire bronchial tree. Here we present the first detailed measurement of cardiogenic oscillations, using synchrotron-based dynamic lung imaging of live mechanically ventilated mice. The results demonstrate large flow oscillations and pendelluft in the airways due to the mechanical action of the beating heart. Using a virtual tracer modelling analysis we show that cardiogenic oscillations produced up to 4 times increased gas mixing, but only in the absence of tidal ventilation. The results highlight the importance of considering this often-disregarded phenomenon when investigating lung function, particularly in situations where tidal ventilation is reduced or absent.
Photobiont switching causes changes in the reproduction strategy and phenotypic dimorphism in the Arthoniomycetes
Authors: Ertz Damien , Guzow-Krzemińska Beata , Thor Göran , Łubek Anna , Kukwa Martin 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPhylogenetic analyses using mtSSU and nuITS sequences of Buellia violaceofusca (previously placed in Lecanoromycetes), a sterile, sorediate lichen having a trebouxioid photobiont, surprisingly prove that the species is conspecific with Lecanographa amylacea (Arthoniomycetes), a fertile, esorediate species with a trentepohlioid photobiont. These results suggest that L. amylacea and B. violaceofusca are photomorphs of the same mycobiont species, which, depending on the photobiont type, changes the morphology and the reproduction strategy. This is the first example of a lichenized fungus that can select between Trebouxia (Trebouxiophyceae) and trentepohlioid (Ulvophyceae) photobionts. Trebouxia photobionts from the sorediate morphotype belong to at least three different phylogenetic clades, and the results suggest that Lecanographa amylacea can capture the photobiont of other lichens such as Chrysothrix candelaris to form the sorediate morphotype. Phylogenetic analyses based on rbcL DNA data suggest that the trentepohlioid photobiont of L. amylacea is closely related to Trentepohlia isolated from fruticose lichens. The flexibility in the photobiont choice enables L. amylacea to use a larger range of tree hosts. This strategy helps the lichen to withstand changes of environmental conditions, to widen its distribution range and to increase its population size, which is particularly important for the survival of this rare species.
Probing variable range hopping lengths by magneto conductance in carbonized polymer nanofibers
Authors: Kim Kyung Ho , Lara-Avila Samuel , He Hans , Kang Hojin , Hong Sung Ju , Park Min , Eklöf Johnas , Moth-Poulsen Kasper , Matsushita Satoshi , Akagi Kazuo , Kubatkin Sergey , Park Yung Woo 
Published: March 2018

AbstractUsing magneto transport, we probe hopping length scales in the variable range hopping conduction of carbonized polyacetylene and polyaniline nanofibers. In contrast to pristine polyacetylene nanofibers that show vanishing magneto conductance at large electric fields, carbonized polymer nanofibers display a negative magneto conductance that decreases in magnitude but remains finite with respect to the electric field. We show that this behavior of magneto conductance is an indicator of the electric field and temperature dependence of hopping length in the gradual transition from the thermally activated to the activation-less electric field driven variable range hopping transport. This reveals magneto transport as a useful tool to probe hopping lengths in the non-linear hopping regime.
CISNE: An accurate description of dose-effect and synergism in combination therapies
Authors: García-Fuente Amador , Vázquez Fernando , Viéitez José M. , García Alonso Francisco J. , Martín José I. , Ferrer Jaime 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe precise determination of dose-effect curves and the combination effect of drugs is of crucial importance in the development of new therapies for the most dreadful diseases. We have found that the current implementations of the theory of Chouet al. are not accurate enough in some circumstances and might lead to erroneous predictions of synergistic or antagonistic behaviour. We have identified the source of inaccuracies and fixed it thereby improving the accuracy of those methods. Here we explain the main features of our approach and demonstrate its higher accuracy as compared to the standard methods. Therefore, this new implementation might have a huge impact in the reliability of future research on new Combination Therapies.
Comorbidities and treatment outcomes in multidrug resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Samuels Joel Philip , Sood Aashna , Campbell Jonathon R. , Ahmad Khan Faiz , Johnston James Cameron 
Published: March 2018

AbstractLittle is known about the impact of comorbidities on multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes. We aimed to examine the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD), alcohol misuse, and smoking on MDR/XDRTB treatment outcomes. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Registrar and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews as per PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies were identified and treatment outcome data were extracted. We performed a meta-analysis to generate a pooled relative risk (RR) for unsuccessful outcome in MDR/XDRTB treatment by co-morbidity. From 2457 studies identified, 48 reported on 18,257 participants, which were included in the final analysis. Median study population was 235 (range 60–1768). Pooled RR of unsuccessful outcome was higher in people living with HIV (RR = 1.41 [95%CI: 1.15–1.73]) and in people with alcohol misuse (RR = 1.45 [95%CI: 1.21–1.74]). Outcomes were similar in people with diabetes or in people that smoked. Data was insufficient to examine outcomes in exclusive XDRTB or CKD cohorts. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, alcohol misuse and HIV were associated with higher pooled OR of an unsuccessful outcome in MDR/XDRTB treatment. Further research is required to understand the role of comorbidities in driving unsuccessful treatment outcomes.
Analysis of Long Term Study Indicates Both Agronomic Optimal Plant Density and Increase Maize Yield per Plant Contributed to Yield Gain
Authors: Assefa Yared , Carter Paul , Hinds Mark , Bhalla Gaurav , Schon Ryan , Jeschke Mark , Paszkiewicz Steve , Smith Stephen , Ciampitti Ignacio A. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractConcurrent to yield, maize (Zea Mays L.) plant density has significantly increased over the years. Unlike yield, however, the rate of change in plant density and its contribution to maize yield gain are rarely reported. The main objectives of this study were to examine the trend in the agronomic optimum plant density (AOPD) and quantify the contribution of plant density to yield gain. Maize hybrid by seeding rate trials were conducted from 1987–2016 across North America (187,662 data points). Mixed model, response surface, and simple linear regression analyses were applied on the meta-data. New outcomes from this analysis are: (i) an increase in the AOPD at rate of 700 plant ha−1 yr−1, (ii) increase in the AOPD of 1386, 580 and 404 plants ha−1 yr−1 for very high yielding (VHY, > 13 Mg ha−1), high yielding (HY, 10–13 Mg ha−1) and medium yielding (MY, 7–10 Mg ha−1), respectively, with a lack of change for the low yielding (LY, < 7 Mg ha−1) environment; (iii) plant density contribution to maize yield gain ranged from 8.5% to 17%, and (iv) yield improvement was partially explained by changes in the AOPD but we also identified positive impacts on yield components as other sources for yield gain.
Tobacco-Free Cigarette Smoke Exposure Induces Anxiety and Panic-Related Behaviours in Male Wistar Rats
Authors: Chírico Máira Tereza Talma , Bezerra Frank Silva , Guedes Mariana Reis , Souza Ana Beatriz , Silva Fernanda Cacilda , Campos Glenda , de Noronha Sylvana Rendeiro , Mesquita Laura Batista Tavares , Reis Thayane Oliveira , Cangussú Silvia Dantas , Chianca-Jr Deoclécio Alves , de Menezes Rodrigo Cunha 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSmokers, who generally present with lung damage, are more anxious than non-smokers and have an associated augmented risk of panic. Considering that lung damage signals specific neural pathways that are related to affective responses, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of pulmonary injury on anxiety and panic-like behaviours in animals exposed to cigarette smoke with and without tobacco. Male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: a control group (CG); a regular cigarette group (RC); and a tobacco-free cigarette (TFC) group. Animals were exposed to twelve cigarettes per day for eight consecutive days. The animals were then exposed to an elevated T-maze and an open field. The RC and TFC groups presented increases in inflammatory cell inflow, antioxidant enzyme activity, and TBARS levels, and a decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio was observed in the TFC group. Exposure to RC smoke reduced anxiety and panic-related behaviours. On the other hand, TFC induced anxiety and panic-related behaviours. Thus, our results contradict the concept that nicotine is solely accountable for shifted behavioural patterns caused by smoking, in that exposure to TFC smoke causes anxiety and panic-related behaviours.
Complex long-term activity of the post-nova X Serpentis
Authors: Šimon V. 
Published: March 2018

Aims. X Ser is a cataclysmic variable (CV) which erupted as a classical nova in 1903. In this work we use over 100 years of photometry to characterize the long-term light curve of X Ser, with the aim of interpreting the post-nova activity in X Ser in the context of behaviors in other old novae.
Methods. This analysis of its long-term optical activity uses the data from the Digital Access to a Sky Century @ Harvard (DASCH), AAVSO, and Catalina Real-time Transient Survey databases, supplemented by the data of other authors.
Results. We show that X Ser displays a strong complex activity with the characteristics of various CV types after the return to quiescence from its classical nova outburst. Both nova-like and dwarf nova (DN) features are present. The decaying branches of the individual post-nova outbursts display large mutual similarities and obey the Bailey law for outbursts of DNe. These outbursts of X Ser constitute a uniform group (inside-out outbursts), and their decaying branches can be explained by propagation of cooling front through the accretion disk. In the interpretation, X Ser rapidly transitioned to a thermal-viscous instability regime of the disk, initially only intermittently. The occurrence of the DN outbursts shortly after the end of the nova outburst suggests that the mass transfer rate into the disk was usually not sufficiently high to prevent a thermal-viscous instability of this post-nova. The very long orbital period, and hence large accretion disk of X Ser can contribute to this.
Tödliche Blutung aus einer tracheo-aortalen Fistel – seltene iatrogene Komplikation
Authors: Lang Juliane , Birngruber Christoph , Dettmeyer Reinhard 
Published: March 2018

ZusammenfassungBerichtet wird über eine weder vorhersehbare noch beherrschbare letale Komplikation bei liegender Trachealkanüle. Nach Anlage eines Tracheostoma entwickelte sich eine nekrotisierend-fistelnde Entzündung zwischen der Trachea und der Aorta. Als Folge einer Arrosion der Aortenwand kam es zu einer tödlichen Blutung in die Lichtung der Trachea und des Bronchialbaums mit tiefer Blutaspiration.
Reizdarmsyndrom – eine Krankheit
Authors: Andresen Viola , Layer Peter 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) counts among the most prevalent chronic diseases. Clinically, the IBS is characterized by abdominal symptoms combined with irregular defecation, which are not explained by routine diagnostic tests. IBS is often triggered by enteric bacterial infections, and its pathogenesis involves disturbed enteric, gut-brain, and cerebral mechanisms. Diagnostic work-up must aim to establish a positive IBS diagnosis, and to exclude serious underlying differential diagnoses (such as neoplasia, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease and others). On the other hand, it is important to avoid diagnostic “overkill” including repetitive testing. Successful treatment of IBS usually combines unspecific basic (nutritional, psychological, lifestyle etc.) measures with specific, symptom-oriented medical therapy. Therapeutic efficacy is greatly enhanced by ruling out worrying diagnostic uncertainties (reassurance), and by initiating positive patient guidance.
Seltener klinischer Fall eines Dünndarm-Ileus in Folge eines invaginierten Meckel’schen Divertikels
Authors: Schadow Claudia , Schmidt Hanna , Schorcht Alexander , Meyer Frank 
Published: March 2018

Zusammenfassung
Anamnese und klinischer Befund Aufnahme eines 43-jährigen Patienten mit seit 2 Tagen bestehenden diffusen abdominellen Beschwerden anamnestisch (epigastrischer Beginn; keine abdominellen Voroperationen).
Untersuchungen Gastroskopie und Abdomensonografie erbrachten nur eine geringgradige Gastritis, laborchemisch lediglich leichtgradige Leukozytose (10 610/µl). Nach 24 h klinischer Beobachtung bereits zunehmende Ileus-Symptomatik mit progredient geblähtem Abdomen, klingenden Darmgeräuschen und rezidivierendem, teils stuhligem Erbrechen. CT: intraluminaler Ileumtumor. Chirurgisch wurde die OP-Indikation gestellt.
Diagnose Dringender Verdacht auf mechanischen Ileus aufgrund eines obstruierenden Dünndarmtumors mit geplanter frühelektiver Operation.
Therapie In der Unterbauchlaparotomie Invagination im terminalen Ileum – nach Devagination wurde ein invaginiertes Meckel’sches Divertikel eruiert. Dieses wurde „wandbündig“ reseziert und das Ileum quer vernäht.
Verlauf Postoperativ unauffällig.
Folgerung Ein invaginiertes Meckel’sches Divertikel gehört zu den seltenen Ursachen für einen Dünndarm-Ileus bzw. ein unklares/akutes Abdomen beim Erwachsenen. Diese Ileus-Ursache sollte jedoch bei nicht voroperierten erwachsenen Patienten mit – wenn auch selten – in Betracht gezogen werden.
Fragment questions in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Wei Ting-Chi 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis paper argues that fragment question (FQ) in Mandarin Chinese is derived from topic movement and TP deletion, contributing to the growing body of evidence that sentence fragments are syntactically full clauses (Merchant 2004). Structurally, an FQ consists of a topic-like constituent followed by a particlene, which functions as a topic marker and as a constituent question particle simultaneously. The fragment is argued to move to the SpecTopP rather than SpecFocP (Wei 2013), because FQ exhibits topic properties and respects island effects such as the complex NP island and the adjunct island. However, it is insensitive to islands such as the sentential subject island and left branch condition. We propose that the absence of island effect can be attributed to the pied-piping of the entire topic-like island to the SpecTopP. In addition, the proposed analysis not only captures the ineligible FQs caused by intervention effect within the passive structures but also the eligible FQs induced by preposition drop in the language.
Revisiting form typicality of nouns and verbs
Authors: Sharpe Victoria , Marantz Alec 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Research has shown that, in English, the mapping between a word’s form and its syntactic category is not entirely arbitrary. Though formal differences between lexical categories are subtle, adults are sensitive to them and access this knowledge when retrieving or manipulating grammatical category information. Studies of form typicality have so far exclusively investigated unambiguous (or disambiguated) wordforms. We test the prediction that form typicality also affects visual processing of ambiguous wordforms, with formal features correlating, not with a form’s designation as a particular category, but with a form’s probability of being used as a particular category. Our results indicate that “form discrepancy”, a measure of how well a form’s category usage matches up with its form (i.e. typically nouny forms associated with high probability of usage as a noun), is a significant predictor of lexical decision response time. These data are in line with models in which category is not specified for roots in the lexicon but rather assigned within syntactic or semantic context, and show that distributional information about grammatical category usage is automatically accessed in visual word processing.
Transculturation and Bourdieu’s habitus theory
Authors: Sayols Jesús 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn the last two decades, Bourdieu’s sociology has provided appropriate tools for examining the work of literary translators through history. However, Bourdieusian approaches to literary translation seem to reproduce a major problem underlying Bourdieu’s theory; namely, a deterministic view of human behaviour. This article, against the alleged incompatibility between sociological approaches and culturalist paradigms, proposes to combine Bourdieu’s sociology with the notion of transculturation borrowed from Latin American cultural studies. The article demonstrates how transculturation helps elucidating the divided and contradictory nature of the habitus, as it was originally formulated by Bourdieu in his early writings on Kabylian society. Data from my previous study on the translational activity of Dai Wangshu in Republican China are used to illustrate how transculturation reveals itself as a valid model for the study of literary translators through history beyond the limitations of a sociologically-informed approach based exclusively on a Bourdieusian perspective.
Proliferative Lesions and Breast Cancer Histopathology
Authors: Apple Sophia K. , Bassett Lawrence W. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Breast in situ lesions and invasive carcinomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors comprising many different morphological and biological subtypes. The majority of invasive breast cancers thought to arise in the terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU). As multidisciplinary diagnosis and detection of early breast carcinomas is the gold standard, an understanding of histopathology in correlation with radiologic findings is critical. This chapter reviews the histopathology of high-risk proliferative lesions, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), and invasive breast carcinoma. Tumor progression and some of the frequently seen invasive breast cancer subtypes are described. Histopathology of other malignancies arising from mesenchymal origin, including phyllodes tumor, is also described.
An Overview of Digital Mammography Technology and MQSA Requirements
Authors: Oshiro Thomas , Bassett Lawrence W. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Understanding the fundamentals of mammographic imaging is essential for any practicing physician. The elements described in this section should serve as a brief review of how digital mammography systems acquire and generate images. Equipment including digital receptor design and technical factors to optimize the radiographic contrast and spatial resolution while reducing breast doses to lower levels are outlined. General image processing features as well as commonly encountered clinical artifacts will be reviewed. MQSA (Mammography Quality Standards Act) and ACR standards that define qualifications for personnel (interpreting physicians, radiologic technologists and medical physicists), minimum equipment performance characteristics and methodologies for routine quality control testing are summarized.
Breast Ultrasound Overview
Authors: Raghu Madhavi , Philpotts Liane E. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Ultrasound of the breast is comfortable, widely available, and does not involve ionizing radiation. Indications for a breast ultrasound study include evaluation of a palpable lump, further evaluation of a mammographic or MRI abnormality, screening among women who are at increased cancer risk, and to provide guidance for a percutaneous biopsy. This chapter provides an overview of breast ultrasound, which is a key modality for diagnostic evaluation and, increasingly, for supplemental screening. Topics that will be covered here include the breast anatomy on ultrasound, imaging techniques, medical physics associated with breast ultrasound (including spatial compounding, Doppler imaging, and harmonic imaging), and clinical indications.
Emerging Breast Imaging Technologies
Authors: Umphrey Heidi R. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Emerging breast imaging technologies may provide improved care across the entire breast cancer care continuum; however, assessment of these technologies and their added value will require further development and research. Contrast-enhanced mammography was first described in 1985, utilizing digital subtraction angiography of the breast. Molecular techniques in breast imaging are expanding as advances in technology allow for decreased radiotracer dose and reveal high sensitivity for the detection of breast cancers. Molecular breast imaging (MBI) tools may have a role as we develop personalized breast imaging protocols based on risk. This chapter, appearing in the section on breast cancer overview, describes the new emerging technologies in breast imaging, including contrast-enhanced spectral mammography and molecular breast imaging.
Circumscribed Mass: Intramammary Lymph Node
Authors: Kettler Mark D. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter, appearing in the section on circumscribed mass, reviews the key clinical and imaging features, differential diagnosis, and management recommendations for intramammary lymph nodes. Benign intramammary lymph nodes are ubiquitous on screening mammography, and whenever it is possible to do so, they should be differentiated from solid masses in order to avoid unnecessary recalls for diagnostic imaging. Three-dimensional tomosynthesis can facilitate the diagnosis of benign intramammary lymph nodes and decrease the number of recalls for supplemental breast imaging. Ultrasound may help in distinguishing between benign lymph nodes and other breast masses when this cannot be accomplished by using mammography alone.
Large Circumscribed Mass in Young Female
Authors: Kettler Mark D. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Fibroepithelial lesions account for the overwhelming majority of solid breast masses affecting women younger than age 20. Nearly all present as self-detected or provider-detected palpable masses. All fibroepithelial lesions are composed of stromal (fibrous) and glandular (epithelial) elements and variable histology. Rapidly growing mobile breast masses in girls or female adolescents may represent juvenile fibroadenomas, which have different but benign histological features when compared to typical fibroadenomas. Benign phyllodes tumors closely resemble usual fibroadenomas and juvenile fibroadenomas on imaging. Decisions whether to biopsy these tumors are made clinically; the diagnosis of phyllodes tumor depends on histological assessment.
This chapter, appearing in the section on circumscribed mass, reviews the key clinical and imaging features, differential diagnosis, and management recommendations of large solid breast masses affecting young women, including typical fibroadenomas, giant fibroadenomas, juvenile fibroadenomas, and phyllodes tumors.