bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incubation Effect of Pre‐Irradiation on Bubble Formation and Ablation in Laser Ablation in Liquids
Authors: Reich Stefan , Letzel Alexander , Gökce Bilal , Menzel Andreas , Barcikowski Stephan , Plech Anton 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL) is a multi‐scale process, which is widely studied either in batch ablation with prolonged target irradiation as well as mechanistic investigations, in a defined (single‐shot) process. However, fundamental studies on defined pulse series are rare. We have investigated the effect of a developing rough morphology of the target surface on the PLAL process with nanosecond pulses and, partially, picosecond pulses. At low fluence the cavitation bubble growth as well as the ablation yield depend on the irradiation history of the target. The bubble size increases with repeated irradiation on one spot for the first 2–30 pulses as well as with the applied dose. This is discussed within the framework of incubation effects. Incubation is found to be important, resulting in a bubble volume increase by a factor of six or more between pristine and corrugated targets. The target surface, changing from smooth to corrugated, induces a more efficient localization of laser energy at the solid‐liquid interface. This is accompanied by a suppressed reflectivity and more efficient coupling of energy into the laser‐induced plasma. Thus, the cavitation bubble size increases as well as ablation being enhanced. At high fluence, such incubation is masked by the rapid development of surface damage within the first shots, which eventually would lead to a reduction of bubble sizes.
Rapid PCR Assay for Detecting Common Genetic Variants Arising in Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Cultures
Authors: Laing Owen , Halliwell Jason , Barbaric Ivana 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHuman pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are prone to acquiring genetic changes upon prolonged culture. Particularly common are copy number changes, including gains of chromosomes 1q, 12p, 17q, and 20q, and/or loss of chromosomes 10p and 18q. The variant cells harboring common genetic changes display altered behaviors compared to their diploid counterparts, thus potentially impacting upon the validity of experimental results and safety of hPSC‐derived cellular therapies. Hence, a critical quality attribute in hPSC maintenance should include frequent monitoring for genetic changes arising in cultures. This in turn places large demands on the genotyping assays for detection of genetic changes. Traditional methods for screening cells entail specialized cytogenetic analyses, but their high costs and a lengthy turnaround time make them impractical for high‐throughput analyses and routine laboratory use. Here, we detail a protocol for a rapid, accessible, and affordable PCR‐based method for detection of frequently occurring copy number changes in hPSCs. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Real‐Time Observation of Diarylethene‐Based Photoswitches in a Cyclic Peptide Environment
Authors: Schweigert Caroline , Babii Oleg , Afonin Sergii , Schober Tim , Leier Julia , Michenfelder Nadine C. , Komarov Igor V. , Ulrich Anne S. , Unterreiner Andreas Neil 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe report the photophysical properties of diarylethene‐based photoswitches (DAE) which were incorporated into the backbones of macrocyclic peptides of variable sizes (6, 10 and 14 amino acids: cDAE‐6, cDAE‐10, and cDAE‐14). The insertion leads to a consistent bathochromic shift in UV/Vis absorption bands, a considerable peptide‐size‐dependent fluorescence intensity increase (up to a factor of 1.7), and a drastically reduced photoisomerization efficiency leading to formation of the ring‐closed DAE fragment. The compounds were studied by time‐resolved photoinduced broadband absorption spectroscopy, revealing a ring closure reaction for the unconstrained DAE reference system and, to a lesser extent, for cyclic cDAE‐14. The smallest cyclic peptide cDAE‐6 does not undergo any photoisomerization process at all. Furthermore, the DAE fragment ring closure reaction in the reference system is concurrent with intersystem crossing that is complete within a few picoseconds. Further analysis showed dominant triplet absorption throughout the observed spectral window (350–700 nm) in all macrocyclic systems. As a consequence, ring closure is favored in the unconstrained system in contrast to the cyclic peptides. Our studies demonstrate the importance of understanding the population dynamics of DAE rotamers when designing efficiently photocontrollable diarylethene‐based peptidomimetics.
Near‐Infrared Photoinduced Copper‐Catalyzed Azide‐Alkyne Click Chemistry with a Cyanine Comprising a Barbiturate Group
Authors: Kütahya Ceren , Yagci Yusuf , Strehmel Bernd 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA new near‐infrared (NIR) photosensitization system for the activation of a copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition click reaction (CuAAC) is reported. Selected cyanines comprising either a cationic or zwitterionic structural pattern were tested for their photosensitization activity to generate Cu(I) by photoreduction of Cu(II) to trigger CuAAC under NIR light at ambient temperature. The photosensitization system described also facilitates chemical modification of UV‐sensitive materials by CuAAC. Upon exposure to light of wavelength 790 nm under anaerobic conditions, the cyanine with a zwitterionic structure comprising a barbiturate group; that is 5‐(6‐(2‐(3‐ethyl‐1,1‐dimethyl‐1H‐benzo[e]indol‐2(3H)‐ylidene)ethylidene)‐2‐(2‐(3‐ethyl‐1,1‐dimethyl‐1H‐benzo[e]‐indol‐3‐ium‐2‐yl)vinyl)cyclohex‐1‐en‐1‐yl)‐1,3‐dimethyl‐2,6‐dioxo‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyrimidin‐4‐olate in combination with Cu(II)‐N,N,N′,N′′,N′′‐pentamethyldiethylene‐triamine complex, exhibited excellent activity with high yields. The possibility to synthesise different macromolecular structures such as telechelic polymers and block copolymers by NIR‐sensitized CuAAC is demonstrated. The structural and molecular characteristics of the intermediates and final products were evaluated by spectral and chromatographic analyses. This new photochemical reaction opens up new pathways for the macromolecular synthesis of complex macromolecular structures and applications requiring light as an activation tool.
A fine‐scale phylogenetic assessment of digenean trematodes in central Alberta reveals we have yet to uncover their total diversity
Authors: Gordy Michelle A. , Hanington Patrick C. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDespite over 100 years of digenean trematode parasite species descriptions, from a wide diversity of vertebrate and invertebrate host species, our ability to recognize the diversity of trematode species within a single lake remains an incredible challenge. The most challenging aspect is the identification of species from larval stages derived from intermediate hosts, due to the disjointed data of adult worm morphological descriptions, from which species are named, and links to corresponding molecular identifiers in depauperate databases. Cryptic species also play a significant role in the challenge of linking trematode larvae to adults, species identifications, and estimating diversity. Herein, we utilize a large, longitudinal dataset of snail first‐intermediate host infection data from lakes in Alberta, Canada, to infer trematode larval diversity using molecular phylogenetics and snail host associations. From our assessments, we uncover a diversity of 79 larval trematode species among just five snail host species. Only 14 species were identified to a previously described species, while the other 65 species are either cryptic or otherwise unrepresented by mitochondrial genes in GenBank. This study currently represents the largest and most diverse singular molecular survey of trematode larval fauna composed of over one thousand mitochondrial sequences. Surprisingly, rarefaction analyses indicate we have yet to capture the complete diversity of trematodes from our sampling area.
Novel bird responses to successive, large‐scale, landscape transformations
Authors: Lindenmayer David B. , Blanchard Wade , Westgate Martin J. , Foster Claire , Banks Sam C. , Barton Philip , Crane Mason , Ikin Karen , Scheele Ben C. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTransformation of intact vegetation into new kinds and configurations of human‐modified habitats is a well‐established driver of biodiversity loss. Following initial conversion, many human‐dominated landscapes are then subject to further large‐scale changes in land use. The impacts on biodiversity of repeated changes in land use remain poorly known, particularly how changes in the matrix interact with initial patterns of vegetation clearing. We used an 18‐yr study of birds in remnant patches of endangered temperate woodland in south‐eastern Australia to quantify the spatial and temporal effects of successive land use transformation in the surrounding landscape. We examined bird response to (1) initial patterns of landscape modification (creating semi‐cleared grazing land dominated by pastures that surrounded remnant woodland patches), (2) subsequent establishment and maturation of exotic tree plantations on the pastures surrounding woodland patches, and (3) additive and interactive effects of both types of landscape transformation. The majority of the 57 bird species modeled responded to conversion of grazing land to exotic plantations, either independently from initial patterns of landscape transformation (20 species), or interactively (18 species) or additively (15 species) with initial landscape transformation. The occurrence of only one species (the Common Bronzewing) was related to patterns of initial transformation but not subsequent transformation due to plantation establishment. Thus, despite many characteristics of the woodland patches within the plantation remaining largely unaltered throughout our 18‐yr investigation, the matrix had a profound effect on the kinds of species inhabiting them, with such impacts often magnified over time as the matrix continued to change. Plantation establishment triggered new regional‐level spatial processes with effects on birds detected in woodland patches up to 2 km away from the plantation. Matrix conversion selected for species with different traits (size, diet and movement patterns) compared to the initial transformation, suggesting it is acting as a different filter on the bird community. New kinds of landscape transformation (such as plantation establishment on previously cleared land) can radically affect the species that have persisted for many decades in previously modified landscapes. This highlights the challenges, but also opportunities, for conserving taxa in ever changing human‐dominated environments.
A combination pharmacotherapy of tapentadol and pregabalin to tackle centrally driven osteoarthritis pain
Authors: Lockwood Stevie Margaret , Dickenson Anthony H. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundMany Osteoarthritis (OA) patients report with clinical features to their pain that cannot be explained by purely peripheral mechanisms. Yet, the analgesic agents available that tackle centrally driven chronic pain often provide only partial pain relief, or have dose‐limiting side effects. We explored a combination therapy of the centrally acting analgesic agents tapentadol and pregabalin, to investigate if they could be used in combination to provide superior analgesia.MethodsUsing electrophysiological single‐unit recordings taken from spinal wide dynamic range neurons, Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Controls (DNIC) were assessed as a marker of potential changes in descending controls in a monoiodoacetate (MIA) model of OA. We investigated if a subcutaneous injection of tapentadol or pregabalin, both alone and in combination, inhibited neuronal responses and restored the expression of DNIC, quantified as a reduction in neuronal firing in the presence of a conditioning noxious stimulus.ResultsTapentadol restored DNIC‐induced neuronal inhibition in MIA animals, while pregabalin inhibited pre‐conditioned mechanically evoked neuronal responses but did not restore DNIC. Given in combination, tapentadol and pregabalin restored DNIC expression and also inhibited spinal neuronal responses.ConclusionsWe propose that there is both central sensitization and an imbalance in inhibitory and facilitatory descending controls in MIA animals. The combination therapy of tapentadol and pregabalin restored descending noradrenergic inhibitory tone and also inhibited nociceptive transmission at the level of the spinal cord.SignificanceThis study shows that pregabalin and tapentadol target different mechanisms of centrally driven chronic pain associated with osteoarthritis, and that when administered together can restore descending inhibitory tone whilst also tackling spinal neuronal hyperexcitability and may therefore provide superior analgesia.
Synthesis of Issues and Future Directions
Authors: Fu Alice C. , Kannan Archana , Shavelson Richard J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn this final chapter, we reflect on four themes that cut across the preceding chapters on evaluating outcomes in informal STEM education (ISE): validity, context, technology, and evaluation capacity building. We also note several topics that we hope will be addressed more extensively in future conversations about evaluation in ISE. These include the ethical responsibilities of evaluators, theory‐based approaches to evaluation, formal training and professional development pathways for evaluators, and funding opportunities and the structural landscape of the field.
Dual‐tracer PET/CT scan after injection of combined [18F]NaF and [18F]FDG outperforms MRI in the detection of myeloma lesions
Authors: Withofs Nadia , Beguin Yves , Cousin François , Tancredi Tino , Simoni Paolo , Alvarez‐Miezentseva Victoria , De Prijck Bernard , Hafraoui Kaoutar , Bonnet Christophe , Baron Frédéric , Hustinx Roland , Caers Jo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe detection rates of whole‐body combined [18F]NaF/[18F]FDG positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (PET/CT), CT alone, whole‐body magnetic resonance imaging (WB‐MRI), and X‐ray were prospectively studied in patients with treatment‐requiring plasma cell disorders The detection rates of imaging techniques were compared, and focal lesions were classified according to their anatomic location. Twenty‐six out of 30 initially included patients were assessable. The number of focal lesions detected in newly diagnosed patients (n = 13) and in relapsed patients (n = 13) were 296 and 234, respectively. The detection rate of PET/CT was significantly higher than those of WB‐MRI (P < 0.05) and CT (P < 0.0001) both in patients with newly diagnosed and in those with relapsed multiple myeloma (MM). The X‐ray detection rate was significantly lower than those of all other techniques, while CT detected more lesions compared with WB‐MRI at diagnosis (P = 0.025). With regard to the infiltration patters, relapsed patients presented more diffuse patterns, and more focal lesions located in the limbs compared with newly diagnosed patients. In conclusion, the detection rate of [18F]NaF/[18F]FDG PET/CT was significantly higher than those of CT, MRI, and X‐ray, while the detection rate of X‐rays was significantly lower than those of all other imaging techniques except for focal lesions located in the skull.
Development of surface functionalization strategies for 3D‐printed polystyrene constructs
Authors: Lerman Max J. , Muramoto Shin , Arumugasaamy Navein , Van Order Michael , Lembong Josephine , Gerald Anushka G. , Gillen Greg , Fisher John P. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThere is a growing interest in 3D printing to fabricate culture substrates; however, the surface properties of the scaffold remain pertinent to elicit targeted and expected cell responses. Traditional 2D polystyrene (PS) culture systems typically require surface functionalization (oxidation) to facilitate and encourage cell adhesion. Determining the surface properties which enhance protein adhesion from media and cellular extracellular matrix (ECM) production remains the first step to translating 2D PS systems to a 3D culture surface. Here we show that the presence of carbonyl groups to PS surfaces correlated well with successful adhesion of ECM proteins and sustaining ECM production of deposited human mesenchymal stem cells, if the surface has a water contact angle between 50° and 55°. Translation of these findings to custom‐fabricated 3D PS scaffolds reveals carbonyl groups continued to enhance spreading and growth in 3D culture. Cumulatively, these data present a method for 3D printing PS and the design considerations required for understanding cell–material interactions. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B:2566–2578, 2019.
People‐nearby applications and local communities: Questioning about individuals’ loneliness and social motivations toward people‐nearby applications
Authors: Procentese Fortuna , Gatti Flora 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe present study aims to deepen the relationship between people's loneliness and relational motivations toward people‐nearby applications (PNAs) use, within the uses and gratification framework. Indeed, due to the spread of indifference and mistrust toward other citizens, local communities and the relationships within them can leave some individuals’ social needs unsatisfied. An online questionnaire, including the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults—short version and the Cyber Relationships Motives Scale, was administered to 647 PNAs users (age: M = 26.76; standard deviation = 8.77); hierarchical regressions were performed. Individuals’ loneliness associated significantly with the search for love and the desire to meet new people when perceiving offline constraints, but not with the simple desire to meet new people. These results support the idea that PNAs could represent a mean to integrate the aggregation functions of local communities, allowing to find new people to meet nearby regardless of the constraints actually perceived. Being social relationships critical for individuals’ well‐being, understanding the unsatisfied individual needs underlying PNAs social uses and how these apps could be used within local communities could help in integrating people within their local communities and neighbourhoods again, fostering their well‐being too.
Microbial killing by NK cells
Authors: Mody Christopher H , Ogbomo Henry , Xiang Richard F , Kyei Stephen K , Feehan David , Islam Anowara , Li Shu Shun 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
It is now evident that NK cells kill bacteria, fungi, and parasites in addition to tumor and virus-infected cells. In addition to a number of recent publications that have identified the receptors and ligands, and mechanisms of cytotoxicity, new insights are reflected in the reports from researchers all over the world at the 17th Meeting of the Society for Natural Immunity held in San Antonio, TX, USA from May 28 through June 1, 2018. We will provide an overview of the field and discuss how the presentations at the meeting might shape our knowledge and future directions in the field.
Equivalent‐circuit–based modeling of the scattering and noise parameters for multi‐finger GaAs pHEMTs
Authors: Caddemi Alina , Cardillo Emanuele , Crupi Giovanni 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis study is focused on the experimental characterization of the high‐frequency linear behavior of interdigitated gallium arsenide (GaAs) pseudomorphic high‐electron‐mobility transistors (pHEMTs) in terms of scattering and noise parameters. A measurement‐based model is developed by using the equivalent‐circuit representation. The values of the extrinsic bias‐independent elements are obtained by means of the “cold” approach and then subtracted from the scattering parameter measurements at the bias point of interest, thereby enabling calculation of the intrinsic bias‐dependent elements. Next, the extracted small‐signal equivalent circuit is expanded by assigning an equivalent noise temperature to each resistor, thus obtaining the noise model. The validity of the extracted equivalent‐based model is fully confirmed by the good agreement between measurements and model simulations over a broad frequency range for devices having different number of gate fingers. In addition, the scaling of the achieved performance versus the total gate width is analyzed and discussed.
The role of news articles, prior destination experience, and news involvement in destination image formation
Authors: Gabbioneta Claudia , De Carlo Manuela 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDespite the relevance of news articles as autonomous image formation agents, we still have limited understanding of their influence on destination image and the conditions under which such influence occurs. This paper analyses the role of news articles and two moderating conditions—prior destination experience and news involvement—in destination image formation. It shows that the number of news articles individuals read is positively associated with their image of the destination, that news involvement enhances the influence of the news articles on destination image formation, and that this influence holds even after controlling for prior destination experience.
A life course perspective to understanding senior tourism patterns and preferences
Authors: Huber Dominik 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis paper explores the relationships between life course transitions and seniors' tourism behaviour with a focus on social–psychological factors. The study employs a qualitative research approach and applied biographical interviews with 23 participants (older than 60 years) from Germany. Five themes are identified and presented in this paper: “role transitions,” “the loss of partners,” “stressful situations and illness,” “travel saturation,” and “perception of age.” A model is developed that integrates the impact of life course transitions, the collections of travel experiences, and the perception of age on tourism behaviour. Research findings are discussed in light of existing literature and theories on human development and ageing.
Thermal decomposition of CH3I revisited: Consistent calibration of I‐atom concentrations behind shock waves with dual I‐/H‐ARAS
Authors: Weber Isabelle , Olzmann Matthias 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIodinated hydrocarbons are often used as precursors for hydrocarbon radicals in shock‐tube experiments. The radicals are produced by C─I bond fission reaction, and their formation can be followed through time‐resolved monitoring of the complementary I‐atom concentrations, for example, by I‐atom resonance absorption spectroscopy (I‐ARAS). This very sensitive technique requires, however, an independent calibration. As a very clean source of I atoms, CH3I is particularly well suited as calibration system for I‐ARAS presumed the yield of I atoms and the rate coefficient of I‐atom formation from CH3I are known with sufficient accuracy. But if the formation of I atoms from CH3I by I‐ARAS is to be characterized, an independent calibration system is required.In this study, we propose a cross‐calibration approach for I‐ARAS based on the simultaneous time‐resolved monitoring of I and H atoms by ARAS in C2H5I pyrolysis experiments. For this reaction system, it can be shown that at sufficiently short reaction times very similar amounts of I and H atoms are formed (difference <1%). As calibration of H‐ARAS, with mixtures of N2O and H2, is a well‐established technique, we calibrated I‐atom absorption–time profiles with respect to simultaneously recorded H‐atom concentration–time profiles. Using this approach, we investigated the thermal decomposition of CH3I in the temperature range 950–2050 K behind reflected shock waves at two different nominal pressures (p ∼ 0.4 and 1.6 bar, bath gas: Ar). From the obtained absolute I‐atom concentration–time profiles at temperatures T < 1250 K, we inferred a second‐order rate coefficient k(T) = (1.7 ± 0.7) × 1015 exp(–20020 K/T) cm3 mol–1 s–1 for the reaction CH3I + Ar → CH3 + I + Ar. A small mechanism to describe the pyrolysis of CH3I under shock‐tube conditions is presented and discussed.