bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
„Kryzys ukraiński ” – czy konieczność redefinicji polskiej polityki imigracyjnej?
Authors: Duszczyk Maciej 
Published: March 2018

Ukrainian Crisis – is a redefinition of polish migration policy necessary?
Difficult political and economic situation of Ukraine is quoted as the reason underlying growing inflow of the nationals of that state to Poland. The most frequently used instrument to obtain the right of stay and employment in Poland by Ukrainians is comprised by the declaration of an employer on the intention to entrust employment to a foreigner. Growth in the number of registered declarations causes a reaction of the government aimed to restrict the scale of the inflow. At the same time in the debate before parliamentary elections in 2015 the topic was addressed very rarely. In the case of migration issues, the debate was pursued around the problem of potential arrival to Poland of refugees from African states, who reached the European Union. The paper contains a statistical analysis of the scale of inflow of Ukrainians to Poland and conclusions from a review of the election agendas that emerged before the 2015 parliamentary elections in terms of account taken of migration topics. The paper also shows evolution of Polish immigration policy in the first years of 2010s. On this basis, three scenarios were presented for changes in Polish immigration policy as a result of the so-called “Ukrainian crisis”.
Kryzys Unii, idei , polityki ? Oferta programowa głównych europartii w kontekście wybor ów 2014 r.
Authors: Skrzypek Anna A. 
Published: March 2018

Crisis of the Union, of its’ idea, of its’ politics? The programmatic offer of the leading europarties in the context of the European elections 2014
The aim of this article is to comperatively evaluate the electoral manifestoes of the 4 largest Europarties, which thee had presented in the context of the European Elections 2014. Respectively the material that is subjected to qualitative analyses are the documents voted by: EPP (European People’s Party), PES (Party of European Socialists), ALDE (Alliance of the Liberals and Democrats) and EGP (European Greens Party). The findings built on the earlier studies that had been completed by the same author on the subject, whilst introducing a new, two‑piers analytical dimenssion. The first is the lense of the evolution of the europarties in the aftermath of the Lisbon Treaty. And the second is the persitent tripple‑folded crisis: of the European Union, of the idea of the European integration and of the so called “traditional (political) parties”. Having that in mind, the author seeks to determine in how far the renewal of the European project can be expected to result from the proposals of the europarties.
Energetyka jądrowa wobec wyzwań zmian klimatu w XXI wieku
Authors: Młynarski Tomasz 
Published: March 2018

Nuclear power towards the challenges of climate change in the 21 Century
Climate change force to re‑evaluate the current model of the global energy system, based in majority on intensive use of fossil fuels. Reducing their share in the energy balance of the world economy and the promotion of low‑carbon technologies in practice favors low CO2 emission technologies. A special role in the transformation of energy from fossil fuels to the sources low emission energy sources can play a nuclear power – the most efficient energy source available nowadays. The article attempts to answer the question whether nuclear power is a source of “clean energy” and to what extent this technology has the opportunity to make an important contribution to a real reduction of world greenhouse gas emissions in the near future.
Wady i zalety członkostwa w Unii Europejskiej oraz nowe wyzwania dla polityki integracyjnej Polski
Authors: Fiszer Józef M. 
Published: March 2018

Advantages and disadvantages of membership in the European Union and the new challenges for Polish integration policy
The purpose of this article is an attempt to show from the perspective of the 12 years that have passed since Polish accession to the European Union, the pros and cons of our membership in this unprecedented European project, and the analysis of the importance of this fact for the Polish domestic and foreign policy. Furthermore, the article shows the current threats the Union is facing and against this background presents new challenges and tasks for the Polish integration policy. The main thesis of the article is the observation that the Polish accession to the EU has been and is still one of the most important events in recent Polish history and success of its international policy. She became almost a turning point in Polish domestic and foreign policy. Poland thanks to the accession to the EU has strengthened its position in Europe and in the world, but today we must develop a new strategy and to establish further tasks and goals for the Polish integration policy, which should be adequate for the rapidly changing international reality.
Polska wobec emancypacji politycznej Łotwy i Estonii w latach 1989‑1991
Authors: Kastory Agnieszka Małgorzata 
Published: March 2018

Poland’s attitude towards political emancipation of Latvia and Estonia in 1989‑1991
Year 1988 saw the beginning of the political emancipation of Latvia and Estonia. Both republics declared that the decisions about their incorporation in the Soviet Union – taken by their respective parliaments in 1940 – were illegal, and therefore null and void. Both countries took advantage of the freedoms gained as a result of Mikhail Gorbachev’s political reforms, and obtained international support for their independence aspirations. Poland found itself in a tricky situation. On the one hand, it supported Latvia and Estonia’s endeavours, but on the other hand, it advocated the territorial integrity of the USSR. Minister of Foreign Affairs Krzysztof Skubiszewski defined the policy towards the former Soviet republics as a policy of adaptation to the progressing “pluralism” within the Soviet Union (so‑called ‘dual‑track policy’). Poland maintained interministerial contacts with the Baltic republics, accepted their delegations, supported their gradual emergence in the international arena as individual entities, even though within the framework of the Soviet delegation. However, Polish officials avoided actions that could be regarded as formal recognition of the Baltic states’ independence. Given the restrictions that tied up the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, it was the delegates and senators from the CPC club that performed a significant role in the Polish diplomatic efforts. Their visits to the Baltic republics, seen as part of interparliamentary contacts, encouraged trust in the mutual relations and contributed to the promotion of the Polish dual‑track policy. Once the independence of the Baltic states was officially recognised by the Soviet Union, Poland resumed the relations with Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia.
Transfer wiedzy i dobrych praktyk w zakresie rynku telekomunikacyjnego Ukrainy i Gruzji w latach 2005‑2012 realizowanych przez Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej jako przykład subsydiarności Polski na rzecz rozwoju
Authors: Kamińska Agnieszka 
Published: March 2018

The transfer of knowledge and good practices in the telecommunications market of Ukraine and Georgia in 2005‑2012 carried out by the Office of Electronic Communications as an example of subsidiarity Polish development
This article is a brief summary of the role of subsidiarity (Polish Aid) in the process of telecommunications regulatory changes implemented in Georgia and Ukraine during 2005‑2012 years. It is characteristics of the aid granted in the framework of development for mentioned recipients for aid. It discusses the technical assistance granted under performed by the Office of Electronic Communications projects. Attention is paid to the factors that determine development activities, among which are m.in: limited effectiveness of current activities, the democratization of international relations and globalization. It was noted that development cooperation should take into account the demand, “recipient” and not focus only on offer “donor” of that assistance. Furthermore, this assistance should take into account the specific political and economic situation of the recipient country.
Zmiany i projekty zmian w polskim systemie wyborczym po uchwaleniu Kodeksu wyborczego
Authors: Sieklucki Dominik 
Published: March 2018

Polish electoral system in the process of change
The article is the critical examination of changes in the polish electoral system after codification in 2011 year. Author analyses all changes in electoral law since 5 January 2011 and all draft bills which have been submitted to the Marshall of the Sejm in two last terms. The most important aims of the article are the answers the questions about reasons, premises and purposes of the changes and draft bills. Author also identify three types of changes in electoral system – adjustments, reforms and modernizations – and tries to show basic threats and problems connected with changes in electoral law.
Prawne i organizacyjne uwarunkowania systemu odpowiedzialności członków korpusu służby cywilnej w Polsce
Authors: Mroczka Kamil 
Published: March 2018

Legal and organizational conditions of a system of liability of members of the civil service in Poland
The main aim of this article is to present and discuss the fundamental aspects of selected types of liability of the civil service members. Responsibility, as a rule, consists of the use of punitive sanctions i.e. the penalties for violation of: the rules laid down in specific obligation‑imposing laws and regulations, the principles of community life (especially in the context of vague quantifiers like sufficiently good repute) and rules of conduct defined by the concept of dignity of the office. There is no doubt that the possibility of responsibility reflects on the performance of the civil servants. Legal regulations concerning various types of liability are therefore primarily aimed at taking care of the public interest and realization of tasks of the State in accordance with applicable laws. Under the current legal regime governing the sphere of responsibility of the members of the civil service, responsibility/liability can be divided into the following types: disciplinary, criminal, material and financial for a blatant violation of the law or a breach of public finance discipline.
Tożsamość narodowa w procesie globalizacji
Authors: Kisiel Roman , Kamiński Marcin , Idźkowska Katarzyna 
Published: March 2018

National identity in the globalisation process
Globalisation is the notion that has no single, universal definition. Although every theoretician has a different perception and definition of it, there is no doubt concerning the fact that the process of the global economy internationalisation initiated already during the times of great geographic discoveries leads to deepening the relations across the national borders all over the world as concerns economic, social and technological relations. The integration understood in that way, as well as the ease of crossing the borders involved in it, leads to the questions concerning the national identity, sovereignty and feeling of belonging. In extreme cases, it may be the reason for aversion to citizens of other countries. The assume objective of the paper is to highlight the issue of national identity in the process of progressing globalisation and integration of countries and societies in the global scale as well as the analysis of contemporary values and customs at the background of progressing integration and melting of nationalities. For that purpose, questionnaire based survey covering 210 respondents (divided into three groups – high school students, students of tertiary schools and people over 50 years of age) living in Warmińsko‑Mazurskie voivodship was conducted. The studies on the attitude of the Poles to other nationalities were complemented by the results of the survey by the Public Opinion Research Centre presented in the work “Attitudes of the Poles towards other nations”.
Twórczość Harukiego Murakamiego w świetle zjawiska transkulturowości - muzyczne studium przypadku
Authors: Duda Anna 
Published: March 2018

Haruki Murakami’s writings in the light of phenomenon of transculturalism – music case study
The main goal of the article is to show phenomenon of transculturalism in Haruki Murakami’s novels. Through analysis of western music on japanese ground I will try to demonstrate that there are pieces created with a completely new interpretative undertone. In his novels, among characters listening to Miles Davis, Radiohead or The Beatles, reading Franz Kafka or Fyodor Dostoyevsky and watching American westerns, we encounter traditions and aesthetic categories typical of Japan. Mono no aware, regardless of the writer’s intentions, builds up the background of all his novels. Moreover, this fact does not only result from his original style of writing but from the character of Japanese culture. I have employed this fact as a key to deciphering to what extent Murakami’s writings are postmodernist.
The effect of education level on the food label reading habits<p>Eğitim düzeyinin besin etiketi okuma alışkanlıkları üzerine etkisi
Authors: Çoşkun Fatma , Kayışoğlu Serap 
Published: March 2018

Aim: The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of educational level on the habit of reading food labels. Method: 406 consumers aged 18 and over living in Suleymanpaşa district of Tekirdağ province created samples of research. Findings: According to results of the research; as the level of education increases, the percentage of those who understand the information on the label and argue that the label is very important have increased (from 41.7% to 72.7% and from 10.3% to 59.1%, respectively). With the increase in educational level, the percentage of learners who interpreted label information from the television decreased (from 54.1% to 0%), the proportion of educators, doctors and dietitians increased (from 6.9% to 45.5% and from 0% to 18.2%, respectively). From the information on the label; Colorants, additives, artificial sweeteners, sugar and cholesterol are the most harmful. The information that consumers are most interested in on the label are statements relating to health problems the number of citations, vitamins, salt, sodium ratio and cholesterol amount, rerpectively. Generally, 72.2% of those surveyed stated that health problems were the factor in reading the nutritional label. Conclusion: It is necessary to simplify food labels and educate consumers about label information.Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetAmaç: Araştırmanın amacı eğitim düzeyinin besin etiketi okuma alışkanlığı üzerine etkisini araştırmaktır. Metod: Tekirdağ ili Süleymanpaşa ilçesinde yaşayan 18 yaş ve üzeri 406 tüketici araştırmanın örneklemini oluşturmuştur. Bulgular: Araştırma sonuçlarına göre eğitim seviyesi yükseldikçe etiketteki bilgileri anlayanların ve etiketin çok önemli olduğunu savunanların oranı artmıştır (sırasıyla %41,7’den %72,7’ye ve %10,3’ten %59,1’e). Eğitim seviyesinin yükselmesi ile birlikte etiket bilgilerini yorumlamayı televizyondan öğrenenlerin oranı azalmış (%54,1’den %0’a), eğitim kuruluşu, doktor ve diyetisyenden öğrenenlerin oranı artmıştır (sırasıyla %6,9’dan %45,5’e ve %0’dan %18,2’ye). Etiket üzerinde yer alan bilgilerden; renklendiriciler, katkı maddeleri, yapay tatlandırıcılar, şeker ve kolesterol en zararlı olarak görülenlerdir. Etiket üzerinde tüketicilerin en fazla dikkat ettikleri bilgiler sırayla, sağlık problemleri ile ilişkili olduğunu bildiren cümleler, içerdiği vitaminler, tuz, sodyum oranı ve kolesterol miktarıdır. Genel olarak araştırmaya katılanların %72,2’si sağlık sorunlarının besin etiketini okumada etken olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Sonuç: Gıda etiketlerini basitleştirmek ve tüketicileri etiket bilgileri konusunda eğitmek gerekmektedir.
Responsiveness of The Countermovement Jump and Handgrip Strength to an Incremental Running Test in Endurance Athletes: Influence of Sex
Authors: García-Pinillos Felipe , Delgado-Floody Pedro , Martínez-Salazar Cristian , Latorre-Román Pedro Á. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The present study analyzed the acute effects of an incremental running test on countermovement jump (CMJ) and handgrip strength performance in endurance athletes, considering the effect of post-exercise recovery time and sex. Thirty-three recreationally trained long-distance runners, 20 men and 13 women, participated voluntarily in this study. The participants performed the Léger test, moreover, the CMJ and handgrip strength tests were carried out before and after the running test and during different stages of recovery (at the 1st min of recovery (posttest1), 5th min of recovery (posttest2), and 10th min of recovery (posttest3)). Two-way analysis of variance revealed a significant improvement in the CMJ (pre-posttest1, p = 0.001) and handgrip strength (pre-posttest2, p = 0.017) during recovery time. The Pearson’s Chi-2 test showed no significant relationship (p ≥ 0.05) between sex and post-activation potentiation (PAP). A linear regression analysis pointed to heart rate recovery as a predictive factor of CMJ improvement (PAP). In conclusion, despite significant fatigue reached during the Léger test, the long-distance runners did not experience an impaired CMJ and handgrip strength performance, either men or women, achieving an improvement (PAP) in posttest conditions. The results obtained showed no significant relationship between sex and PAP. Moreover, significant effect of recovery after running at high intensity on CMJ performance and handgrip strength was found. Finally, the data suggest that PAP condition can be predicted by heart rate recovery in endurance runners.
Effect of Compression Garments on Physiological Responses After Uphill Running
Authors: Struhár Ivan , Kumstát Michal , Králová Dagmar Moc 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Limited practical recommendations related to wearing compression garments for athletes can be drawn from the literature at the present time. We aimed to identify the effects of compression garments on physiological and perceptual measures of performance and recovery after uphill running with different pressure and distributions of applied compression. In a random, double blinded study, 10 trained male runners undertook three 8 km treadmill runs at a 6% elevation rate, with the intensity of 75% VO2max while wearing low, medium grade compression garments and high reverse grade compression. In all the trials, compression garments were worn during 4 hours post run. Creatine kinase, measurements of muscle soreness, ankle strength of plantar/dorsal flexors and mean performance time were then measured. The best mean performance time was observed in the medium grade compression garments with the time difference being: medium grade compression garments vs. high reverse grade compression garments. A positive trend in increasing peak torque of plantar flexion (60
o
·s-1, 120
o
·s-1) was found in the medium grade compression garments: a difference between 24 and 48 hours post run. The highest pain tolerance shift in the gastrocnemius muscle was the medium grade compression garments, 24 hour post run, with the shift being +11.37% for the lateral head and 6.63% for the medial head. In conclusion, a beneficial trend in the promotion of running performance and decreasing muscle soreness within 24 hour post exercise was apparent in medium grade compression garments.
The Robust Demands of Oppression Problematizing Pettit’s Account of Attachments
Authors: Gregoratto Federica 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The article critically discusses Pettit’s account of love as an intimate attachment. I will not question his notion that love implies care; my aim is to show how, under certain social structural conditions, the demands of love bring about and/or reproduce oppression. First, I recap and discuss Pettit’s conception of love. Second, I show how the traditional gender order generates asymmetries in the provision of care, thus setting the ground for situations in which the demands of care become oppressive. Third, I critically discuss the ways in which a person can resist the oppression implied in the demands of care. In a fourth step, I consider Pettit’s critique of problematic forms of love. Finally, I conclude by drawing upon the categories of freedom and domination as key concepts for developing a more critical account of love.
The Sex of the Body Politic: Questioning the Legal Constraints on Genderism between Law and Literature
Authors: Cordiano Alessandra 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The acknowledgement of the concept of gender identity is a somewhat recent conquest that has come about thanks mainly to the accomplishments of science and modern technology. The Italian system outlines the generally dominant judicial categories and gives only a partial idea of the historical and judicial evolution of the story of gender. History shows that past societies were more tolerant, or simply more accepting of issues of sexuality. Their more relaxed attitude was reflected in culture and literature and in their more open approach towards matters regarding homosexuality, transsexuality, intersexuality and even transvestism. But it was with Shakespeare that the supremacy of heterosexuality and the sexual canons of the dominant culture saw a major shake-up. Shakespeare used devices like the feminization of the male and women playing male parts as narrative pretexts to comment on themes such as the rivalry between the sexes in the contention for power, conflicts that give rise to a symbiosis between genders and disfigurements of the body that overturn the social order that is shaped by gender binary.
An Uneasy Character: John Calhoun’s Cameos in The Gorgeous Hussy and Amistad
Authors: Martinico Giuseppe 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This article explores the figure of John Calhoun in two movies, The Gorgeous Hussy (1936), directed by Clarence Brown, and Amistad (1997), directed by Steven Spielberg. In both these movies, John Calhoun’s character had very few but significant scenes that portrayed him as one of those having moral responsibility for the forthcoming Civil War. This representation is in line with the traditional treatment reserved for Calhoun in American history and literature. Building on these cameos in this essay I shall try to reconstruct his thoughts on two matters: States’ rights and slavery.
Unrepresented and “Circumlocuted” People: Public Institutions and Citizens in Dickens’ Little Dorrit
Authors: Ligugnana Giovanna 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Charles Dickens’ novels often present a peculiar vision of the mid-nineteenth-century Victorian government and, more generally, of public administration. In Little Dorrit, the author presents his personal critique of a corrupt, nepotistic and detached bureaucracy that works to maintain itself, stifling citizens’ economic initiative in the process and likewise hindering the development of society. In the same novel, however, the author presents the Marshalsea prison as an unexpected example of ‘domestic’ administration, an official institution that simultaneously punishes and protects, and where, contrary to the other public institutions, the protagonists have really been part of.
Representative Government and Constitutional Reality: Spain between Literature and Political Thought
Authors: Cañueto Daniel Fernández 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The article analyses how the features of modern political representation have developed in Spanish constitutional history from a multidisciplinary perspective (political philosophy, political science, constitutional law and literature). Between the eighteenth- to the twentieth-century, indeed, the Kingdom of Spain experienced transformations in the concepts of sovereignty, periodic suffrage, free public opinion, and the free and non-revocable mandate. The article also takes into account how the evolution of concepts at stake affected the evolution of the others.