bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
El Parlamento italiano entre revisiones y tentativas de reforma constitucional
Authors: Pace Alessandro 
Published: July 2019

La hipótesis de partida del presente trabajo radica en que la Constitución italiana únicamente prevé «revisiones» constitucionales, homogéneas o incluso puntuales (apartado 1). No obstante, el autor critica que las fuerzas políticas han intentado aprobar hasta en seis ocasiones «reformas» constitucionales que, como tales, no son homogéneas. En concreto, cuatro de ellas no consiguieron ser aprobadas, mientras otras dos, aun siendo aprobadas por el Parlamento, acabaron siendo rechazadas tras sendos referéndums en 2006 y 2016 (apartado 2). Por lo tanto, el análisis revela que el significado original del concepto de «revisión» previsto en el artículo 138 de la Constitución italiana se ha mantenido firme (apartado 3). Finalmente, el autor somete a escrutinio la «reforma Boschi» (apartado 4), que fue abordada a iniciativa del líder del Partido Democrático, Matteo Renzi, siendo asimismo rechazada en sede popular. En efecto, dicha reforma planteaba serias perplejidades, tanto por la violación de la elección directa del Senado, como por la naturaleza contradictoria de la disciplina de los Senadores, por la diferenciación excesiva de los procedimientos legislativos y, por último, por la violación del principio constitucional de la garantía de las autonomías territoriales.
Digital Rectal Examination Remains a Key Prognostic Tool for Prostate Cancer: A National Cancer Database Review
Authors: Borkenhagen Jenna F. , Eastwood Daniel , Kilari Deepak , See William A. , Van Wickle Jonathan D. , Lawton Colleen A. , Hall William A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackground: Prostate cancer clinical stage T2 (cT2) subclassifications, as determined by digital rectal examination (DRE), are a historic method of staging prostate cancer. However, given the potential discomfort associated with prostate examination and the wide availability of other prognostic tests, the necessity of DRE is uncertain. This study sought to determine the prognostic value of the prostate cancer cT2 subclassifications in a contemporary cohort of patients. Methods: The National Cancer Database was used to identify a cohort of men with high-risk clinical T2N0M0 prostate cancer treated with external-beam radiotherapy and androgen deprivation therapies ± surgery from 2004 to 2010. We assessed overall survival from a landmark time of 10 months using Kaplan-Meier and log-rank test analysis. A multivariate proportional hazards model was used to estimate the simultaneous effects of multiple factors, including cT2 subclassification and other well-established prognostic indicators of overall survival in prostate cancer. Results: A total of 5,291 men were included in the final analysis, with a median follow-up of 5.4 years. The cT2a, cT2b, and cT2c subclassifications demonstrated increasing hazard ratios of 1.00 (reference), 1.25 (95% CI, 1.07–1.45; P=.0046), and 1.43 (95% CI, 1.25–1.63; P<.0001), respectively, reflecting a higher probability of death with each incremental increase in cT2 subclassification. This finding was independent of other known prognostic variables on multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Results show that cT2 subclassifications had independent prognostic value in a large and contemporary cohort of men. cT2 classification remains an important, low-cost prognostic tool for men with prostatic adenocarcinoma. The clinical relevance of this test should be appreciated and accounted for by providers treating prostate adenocarcinoma.
Chemotherapy With or Without Anti-EGFR Agents in Left- and Right-Sided Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: An Updated Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wang Zi-Xian , Wu Hao-Xiang , He Ming-Ming , Wang Ying-Nan , Luo Hui-Yan , Ding Pei-Rong , Xie Dan , Chen Gong , Li Yu-Hong , Wang Feng , Xu Rui-Hua 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackground:Previous meta-analyses have suggested primary tumor location as a predictive factor for efficacy of anti–epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapies in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, the recent phase III TAILOR trial addressing this issue was not included in those analyses. This meta-analysis incorporated data from the TAILOR trial to evaluate the efficacy of chemotherapy plus anti-EGFR agents (cetuximab [Cet] or panitumumab [Pani]) versus chemotherapy alone forRASwild-type (wt) right- and left-sided mCRC.Patients and Methods:A PubMed-based literature search was conducted to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) studying the additional efficacy of Cet/Pani in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone inRASwt left- and right-sided mCRC. Study-level pooled analyses of hazard ratios (HRs) for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) and odds ratios (ORs) for objective response rate (ORR) were performed.Results:Three first-line RCTs (CRYSTAL, PRIME, and TAILOR) and one second-line RCT (20050181) were included. Significant OS benefits from Cet/Pani were observed in the left-sided (HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.66–0.86) but not right-sided subgroups (HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.78–1.27). However, the addition of Cet/Pani to chemotherapy significantly improved PFS and ORR in both the left-sided (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.57–0.86, and OR, 3.28; 95% CI, 1.95–5.51, respectively) and right-sided subgroups (HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.59–0.99, and OR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.08–2.93, respectively).Conclusions:The addition of Cet/Pani to chemotherapy significantly benefits PFS and ORR in patients withRASwt right-sided mCRC, indicating that anti-EGFR therapies may remain an option for selected patients.
Depression and sexual risk behavior among long-distance truck drivers at roadside wellness clinics in Kenya
Authors: Romo Matthew L. , George Gavin , Mantell Joanne E. , Mwai Eva , Nyaga Eston , Strauss Michael , Odhiambo Jacob O. , Govender Kaymarlin , Kelvin Elizabeth A. 
Published: July 2019

Background
Truck drivers in sub-Saharan Africa are at high risk for both mental health disorders and sexually transmitted infections. We sought to determine the prevalence of depression among a sample of long-distance truck drivers seeking services at roadside wellness clinics in Kenya and explore the relationship between depression and sexual risk behavior.

Methods
We used data from an interviewer-administered questionnaire from 284 truck drivers in Kenya who participated in a randomized controlled trial evaluating whether offering oral HIV self-testing could increase HIV test uptake. Depression was categorized based on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score, with a score ≥10 indicative of probable major depressive disorder (MDD). Sexual risk behavior was operationalized as the number of condomless sex partners in the past 6 months.

Results
The mean participant age was 36.9 years, 83.0% were married, and 37.0% had a secondary school education or higher. Overall, 24% of participants had probable MDD, and 58.2% reported having one condomless sex partner in the past 6 months, whereas 27.3% reported having had two or more. In a multivariable Poisson regression model adjusted for demographic and other relevant variables, including number of sex partners, MDD was significantly associated with a greater number of condomless sex partners (adjusted prevalence ratio 1.63, 95% confidence interval [1.25–2.12], p < 0.001). General self-efficacy significantly mediated the association between MDD and number of condomless sex partners.

Conclusions
The high prevalence of depression highlights the need to test the feasibility and acceptability of mental healthcare interventions for this population, possibly integrated with HIV prevention services. Future research is needed to better understand the association between depression and sexual risk behavior, as well as the role of self-efficacy.
Effects of Natural and Inoculation Fermentation on the Antinutrient Composition of African Walnut Enriched with Carrot
Authors: Aribisala J. O. , Oladunmoye M. K. , Afolami O. I. 
Published: July 2019

The effects of fermentation on the antinutrient composition of African walnut enriched with carrot and without carrot were carried out in this study. The submerged natural fermentation of non- enriched and carrot enriched (walnut 70%; carrot 30%) African walnut was carried out and lasted for 5 days during which microorganisms were isolated and identified. Species of Lactobacillus and Bacillus that are most commonly used as probiotics in foods, drugs, and dietary supplements, which was isolated during the natural fermentation of African walnut, were then used singly and in consortium during inoculation fermentation. During the fermentation processes, the anti nutritional analysis was carried out on the fermented samples on a daily basis. Result revealed that the bacteria B. subtilis strain b17a and L. lactis SFL8 were the most predominant bacteria during the natural fermentation. Raw African walnut and carrot have tannin, saponins, Phytate and oxalate of 2.47± 0.10, 1.46 ± 0.10, 14.41 ± 0.10 , 3.29 ± .10 and 2.28 ± .08, 2.10 ± .10,11.50± .05, 0.37± .03 respectively. Raw walnut generally had a higher anti-nutrient composition than carrot except in saponins. Fermentation led to the reduction in antinutrient composition in the fermented sample. Natural fermented African walnut (NFW) and natural fermented African walnut enriched with carrot (NFWC) resulted in the highest reduction in antinutrient composition. NFW and NFWC had a reduction in tannin, saponins, Phytate and oxalate from (2.47±0.008b, 1.46±0.010a, 14.41±0.026d, 3.29±0.05c) to (0.98 ± 0.05a, 0.61±0.05a, 4.35±0.03a, 0.27±0.05a) and (0.91±0.005a, 0.45±0.005a, 3.61±0.03a, 0.17±0.005a) respectively. Inoculation fermentation in which a monoculture of L. lactis or B. subtillis was used as starter culture resulted in the least reduction in the antinutrient content. Carrot enrichment of fermented African walnut had a reducing effect on the antinutrient composition of African walnut as the fermentation enriched with carrot all had a reduced tannin, Phytate and oxalate composition compared to those that were not enriched. Hence, fermentation and enrichment with carrot can be employed in improving the nutritional quality of African walnut thereby helping in effectively utilising their potential as human food.
3D Conformal Printing and Photonic Sintering of High‐Performance Flexible Thermoelectric Films Using 2D Nanoplates
Authors: Saeidi‐Javash Mortaza , Kuang Wenzheng , Dun Chaochao , Zhang Yanliang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFlexible thermoelectric (TE) devices hold great promise for energy harvesting and cooling applications, with increasing significance to serve as perpetual power sources for flexible electronics and wearable devices. Despite unique and superior TE properties widely reported in nanocrystals, transforming these nanocrystals into flexible and functional forms remains a major challenge. Herein, demonstrated is a transformative 3D conformal aerosol jet printing and rapid photonic sintering process to print and sinter solution‐processed Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 nanoplate inks onto virtually any flexible substrates. Within seconds of photonic sintering, the electrical conductivity of the printed film is dramatically improved from nonconductive to 2.7 × 104 S m−1. The films demonstrate a room temperature power factor of 730 µW m−1 K−2, which is among the highest values reported in flexible TE films. Additionally, the film shows negligible performance changes after 500 bending cycles. The highly scalable and low‐cost fabrication process paves the way for large‐scale manufacturing of flexible devices using a variety of high‐performing nanoparticle inks.
Noble Metal Particles Confined in Zeolites: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications
Authors: Chai Yuchao , Shang Weixiang , Li Weijie , Wu Guangjun , Dai Weili , Guan Naijia , Li Landong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNoble metal nanoparticles or subnanometric particles confined in zeolites, that is, metal@zeolite, represent an important type of functional materials with typical core–shell structure. This type of material is known for decades and recently became a research hotspot due to their emerging applications in various fields. Remarkable achievements are made dealing with the synthesis, characterization, and applications of noble metal particles confined in zeolites. Here, the most representative research progress in metal@zeolites is briefly reviewed, aiming to boost further research on this topic. For the synthesis of metal@zeolites, various strategies, such as direct synthesis from inorganic or ligand‐assisted noble metal precursors, multistep postsynthesis encapsulation and ion‐exchange followed by reduction, are introduced and compared. For the characterization of metal@zeolites, several most useful techniques, such as electron microscopy, X‐ray based spectroscopy, infrared and fluorescence emission spectroscopy, are recommended to check the successful confinement of noble metal particles in zeolite matrix and their unique physiochemical properties. For the applications of metal@zeolites, catalysis and optics are involved with an emphasis on catalytic applications including the size‐dependent catalytic properties, the sintering‐resistance properties, the substrate shape‐selective catalysis, and catalysis modulation by zeolite microenvironment.
High‐Efficiency and Reliable Smart Photovoltaic Windows Enabled by Multiresponsive Liquid Crystal Composite Films and Semi‐Transparent Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Xia Yu , Liang Xiao , Jiang Yun , Wang Shaofu , Qi Yuyang , Liu Yumin , Yu Li , Yang Huai , Zhao Xing‐Zhong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSmart photovoltaic windows (SPWs) are functional devices possessing the capabilities of electrical power output, energy saving, and privacy protection by managing sunlight under external stimuli and potentially applicable in the fields of energy‐saving buildings, automobiles, and switchable optoelectronics. However, long response time, low power conversion efficiency (PCE), poor stability and cycling performance, and monostimuli responsive behavior restrict their practical applications. To address these issues, high‐efficiency and reliable SPWs are demonstrated by coupling multiresponsive liquid crystal/polymer composite (LCPC) films and semi‐transparent perovskite solar cells (ST‐PSCs). In this design, fast and multiple stimuli‐responsive LCPC films are utilized as an inside layer to control the transparency of SPWs. The ST‐PSCs with competitive PCE and qualified transparency acting as an outside layer offer energy generation functionality. Benefiting from repeatable transparency transition modulated by external stimuli, a series of working modes are achieved in the SPWs providing distinguished and stable energy generation, energy saving, and privacy protection performances.
AVPR1b variation and the emergence of adaptive phenotypes in Platyrrhini primates
Authors: Fam Bibiana S. O. , Reales Guillermo , Vargas‐Pinilla Pedro , Paré Pamela , Viscardi Lucas H. , Sortica Vinicius A. , Felkl Aline B. , de O. Franco Álvaro , Lucion Aldo B. , Costa‐Neto Claudio M. , Pissinatti Alcides , Salzano Francisco M. , Paixão‐Côrtes Vanessa R. , Bortolini Maria Cátira 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPlatyrrhini (New World monkeys, NWm) are a group of primates characterized by behavioral and reproductive traits that are otherwise uncommon among primates, including social monogamy, direct paternal care, and twin births. As a consequence, the study of Platyrrhine primates is an invaluable tool for the discovery of the genetic repertoire underlying these taxon‐specific traits. Recently, high conservation of vasopressin (AVP) sequence, in contrast with high variability of oxytocin (OXT), has been described in NWm. AVP and OXT functions are possible due to interaction with their receptors: AVPR1a, AVPR1b, AVPR2, and OXTR; and the variability in this system is associated with the traits mentioned above. Understanding the variability in the receptors is thus fundamental to understand the function and evolution of the system as a whole. Here we describe the variability of AVPR1b coding region in 20 NWm species, which is well‐known to influence behavioral traits such as aggression, anxiety, and stress control in placental mammals. Our results indicate that 4% of AVPR1b sites may be under positive selection and a significant number of sites under relaxed selective constraint. Considering the known role of AVPR1b, we suggest that some of the changes described here for the Platyrrhini may be a part of the genetic repertoire connected with the complex network of neuroendocrine mechanisms of AVP–OXT system in the modulation of the HPA axis. Thus, these changes may have promoted the emergence of social behaviors such as direct paternal care in socially monogamous species that are also characterized by small body size and twin births.
Assessment of different sperm functional tests in golden‐headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas)
Authors: Arakaki Paloma Rocha , Salgado Paula Andrea Borges , de Agostini Losano João Diego , Blank Marcel Henrique , Nichi Marcílio , Pereira Ricardo José Garcia 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe golden‐headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) is an endangered species endemic to Brazil's Atlantic Forest, a shrinking biodiversity hotspot. As in other Neotropical primates, its semen characteristics and freezability are poorly studied. Hence, reproductive technologies for callitrichids would greatly benefit from reliable methods of semen analysis. In a bid to promote reproductive research in tamarins, we validated simple and inexpensive sperm function tests that can be used to monitor sperm‐egg binding, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity, mitochondrial activity, and DNA fragmentation. Ejaculates from adult males were individually diluted and divided into control and damage‐induced aliquots, and then samples comprising assorted amounts of damaged spermatozoa were examined by organelle‐specific tests. Our findings showed that sperm‐binding in chicken egg perivitelline membrane (EPM) positively correlated with the number of spermatozoa injured by snap‐freezing. Eosin‐nigrosin (EN) and propidium iodide readings were correlated with each other, and both provided robust measurements of plasma membrane integrity. A high correlation between expected and measured amounts of acrosome‐intact spermatozoa was found using Fast Green‐Rose Bengal (FG‐RB), Coomassie Blue (CB), and FITC‐PSA stains, and all three methods exhibited comparable results. Likewise, different percentages of UV‐irradiated spermatozoa were accurately assessed for DNA integrity by Toluidine Blue (TB) and sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) tests. Comparisons between 3,3′‐diaminobenzidine (DAB) and JC‐1 stains also indicated the reliability of the former assay to ascertain gradual increases in spermatozoa with greater mitochondrial function. These data confirmed that different parts of the tamarin spermatozoa can be simply and consistently evaluated by EPM, EN, FG‐RB, CB, TB, and DAB protocols.
Total Synthesis of Leuconoxine, Melodinine E, and Mersicarpine through a Radical Translocation–Cyclization Cascade
Authors: Kim Ryan , Ferreira Andrew J. , Beaudry Christopher M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe Aspidosperma alkaloids leuconoxine, melodinine E, and mersicarpine were synthesized. The approach features a key cascade radical reaction. A 1,5‐hydrogen atom transfer is followed by spontaneous 5‐exo‐trig cyclization to construct the central indoline architecture. Late‐stage differentiation of the radical cyclization product by chemoselective oxidation allows production of either the leuconoxine/melodinine E or mersicarpine structure.
Introduction of Ag/CuO/MCM‐48 as an efficient catalyst for the one‐pot synthesis of novel pyran‐pyrrole hybrids
Authors: Tavakoli Fateme , Mamaghani Manouchehr , Sheykhan Mehdi 
Published: July 2019

Bimetallic silver and copper incorporated mesoporous MCM‐48 (Ag/CuO/MCM‐48) was synthesized by simple wet‐impregnation method. The knowledge about its structural properties was gathered by means of Fourier transform‐infrared, energy‐dispersive X‐ray, X‐ray diffraction, field emission‐scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analyses. The catalytic activity of Ag/CuO/MCM‐48 was examined in the one‐pot three‐component reaction of 3‐(1‐methyl‐1H‐pyrrol‐2‐yl)‐3‐oxopropanenitrile, malononitrile and various aromatic aldehydes leading to novel pyran‐pyrrole hybrid derivatives in reduced reaction times (5–10 min) and excellent yields (88–97%). Application of Ag/CuO/MCM‐48 as a potent heterogeneous catalyst with good reusability up to five times, use of ethanol as an eco‐compatible medium and chromatography‐free work‐up are some crucial green aspects of this procedure.
Synthesis, spectra, crystal structures and anticancer studies of 26‐membered macrocyclic dibutyltin(IV) dithiocarbamate complexes: Single‐source precursors for tin sulfide nanoparticles
Authors: Selvaganapathi Pandurangan , Thirumaran Subbiah , Ciattini Samuele 
Published: July 2019

Four new macrocyclic dinuclear dibutyltin(IV) dithiocarbamate complexes of the type [Bu2Sn(dtc)]2, where dtc = hexane‐1,6‐diylbis(4‐fluorobenzyldithiocarbamate) anion (1), hexane‐1,6‐diylbis(4‐chlorobenzyldithiocarbamate) anion (2), hexane‐1,6‐diylbis(furfuryldithiocarbamate) anion (3) and hexane‐1,6‐diylbis(pyrrole‐2‐ylmethyldithiocarbamate) anion (4), have been prepared. The dithiocarbamate ligands efficiently self‐assemble with Bu2Sn(IV) to form bimetallic 26‐membered macrocycles. All the complexes have been characterized using elemental analysis, infrared and NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopies and X‐ray crystallography. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis of all the complexes confirms the formation of the dinuclear metallomacrocycles in which dithiocarbamate ligands are asymmetrically bound to the tin atoms. The coordination sphere around the tin atom in 1–4 can be described as a skew trapezoidal bipyramid. The dimensions of the cavity of the macrocycles of 1–4 are ca 8.0 × 9.0 Å2. Complexes 1–4 were evaluated for their in vitro anticancer activity against MCF‐7 and HL‐60 cells. Complexes 1 and 2 are more active against MCF‐7 and HL‐60. Thermal decomposition of 1 and 4 yielded tin sulfides. They were characterized using powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and UV diffuse reflectance and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopies. PXRD studies reveal that the as‐prepared tin sulfides are composed of orthorhombic phase of SnS.
Bio‐based benzoxazines based on sesamol: Synthesis and properties
Authors: Liu Xiaoyun , Li Ziying , Zhan Guozhu , Wu Yuting , Zhuang Qixin 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTSesamol was used with furfurylamine, dehydroabietylamine, and stearylamine to prepare three fully‐bio‐based benzoxazines: S‐fa, S‐da, and S‐sa, respectively. Their structures were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),1H‐NMR, and13C‐NMR. FTIR and differential scanning calorimetry were performed to monitor the curing behaviors of S‐fa, S‐da, and S‐sa. The thermal stability of the corresponding polybenzoxazines was supported by thermogravimetric analysis, and all polymers showed high thermal stability. The limiting oxygen indexes of all three polybenzoxazines were higher than 30, suggestive of good flame retardancy. The use of polybenzoxazine for the corrosion protection of Q235 low‐carbon steel was also studied. The results of OCP curves and Tafel plots demonstrate that the polymer coatings provide good corrosion resistance and can be applied to this purpose. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 48255.