bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atomic Layer Deposition of Titanium Phosphate from Titanium Tetrachloride and Triethyl Phosphate onto Carbon Fibers
Authors: Militzer Christian , Buchsbaum Julia , Dzhagan Volodymyr , Zahn Dietrich R. T. , Wulff Harm , Helm Christiane A. , Goedel Werner A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA thermal atomic layer deposition (ALD) process for depositing titanium phosphate onto bundles of carbon fibers as well as flat silicon and germanium substrates using titanium tetrachloride and triethyl phosphate as precursors is presented. This process yields conformal coatings on all substrates used while having a growth per cycle of 0.22 nm cycle−1, which is relatively high compared to other metal phosphate ALD processes. The reactions of the precursors with the surface are shown to be self‐limiting at 200 °C. Compositional analysis of the coating is performed using energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. It is shown that the as‐deposited coating has a chemical composition of Ti3.0PO8.2 and a residual carbon content of 7%. Upon thermal annealing in air, residual triethyl phosphate and water is lost from the coating and phosphate can be identified up to 1000 °C. At temperatures exceeding 1000 °C, the coating starts to decompose. Thermogravimetric analysis of coated carbon fibers shows that the coating increases the onset temperature of the carbon fiber oxidation, thus providing an oxidation protection to the fibers.
Palladium (II)‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling: Direct Synthesis of meta‐Substituted Biaryls from Aromatic Acids
Authors: Pu Fan , Zhang Lin‐Yan , Liu Zhong‐Wen , Shi Xian‐Ying 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA palladium‐catalyzed tandem process of simple aromatic acids has been achieved to afford meta‐substituted biaryls in moderate to good yields. The reaction proceeds via carboxyl‐directed intermolecular cross‐dehydrogenative coupling and subsequent decarboxylation. The new C−C bonds in this transformation are formed in the ortho position of carboxyl and the reaction tolerates electron‐rich acids. Both symmetrical and unsymmetrical meta‐substituted biaryls can be directly synthesized via this method.magnified image
Charge Pair Separation Dynamics in Organic Bulk‐Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Albes Tim , Gagliardi Alessio 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCharge pair separation in organic bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells is a complex interplay between numerous factors, such as the spatial geometry of the blend, the distribution of energetic disorder, the electric field, thermal fluctuations, and the mutual electron–hole Coulomb attraction. Insufficient separation from the interface and concomitant charge pair recombination is a main limitation in improving the PCE of organic BHJ solar cells and requires an in‐depth understanding of the timescales involved. Here, a 3D kinetic Monte Carlo model of a BHJ organic solar cell is set up and the time‐dependent evolution of mutual electron–hole pair distances separating from the heterojunction interface is investigated. Large fluctuations in separation times are found, in particular in dependence of the energetic disorder and the permittivity of the organic materials. At commonly observed values of energetic disorder, slight modifications of the permittivity can drastically influence the charge separation time and even outweigh orders of magnitude of geminate recombination rates, hence help to suppress geminate recombination. Thus, the results strongly support the recent trend of developing high‐permittivity organic materials for solar cell applications.
Effects of night duty events on blood pressure and autonomic modulation in physicians
Authors: Lee Hsiu‐Hao , Chen Bing‐Yu , Pan Shih‐Chun , Lo Shih‐Hsiang , Chen Pau‐Chung , Guo Yue Leon 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundThe dynamic effects of duty events on the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate variability (HRV) of physicians on duty are unknown.MethodsA study was conducted among 12 physicians on night duty. BP and HRV with and without the effect of a duty event were compared. The risk of higher BP and impaired HRV after a phone call were calculated.ResultsPhysicians had higher mean BP (122.4 ± 11.1; 76.9 ± 7.1 mmHg) within 30 min after a phone calls than without a phone call (113.5 ± 5.3; 69.0 ± 3.8) and higher sympathetic tone (low frequency normalized units (LFnu) 68.5 ± 8.9; high frequency normalized units (HFnu) 27.7 ± 8.7) within 10 min of a phone call than without a phone call (62.9 ± 8.51; 33.5 ± 8.4). Elevated BP and sympathetic tone recovered to baseline levels 30 min after a phone call.ConclusionsAmong physicians on night duty, sympathetic tone and BP might be elevated by clinical events, and these effects last for 30 min.
BF3‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Cyclic Carbamates from Boc‐Protected Aminals and Alkynes
Authors: Kano Taichi , Yasumoto Kento , Maruoka Keiji 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCyclic carbamates were synthesized by the acid‐catalyzed reaction between Boc‐protected aminals as an imine precursor and 4‐methoxyphenyl‐substituted alkynes. The resulting cyclic carbamates could be converted to the one carbon ring‐contracted cyclic carbamates by ozonolysis. Consequently, 4‐methoxyphenyl‐substituted alkynes served as masked acyl anion equivalents.
Enzyme‐Free Replication with Two or Four Bases
Authors: Hänle Elena , Richert Clemens 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAll known forms of life encode their genetic information in a sequence of bases of a genetic polymer and produce copies through replication. How this process started before polymerase enzymes had evolved is unclear. Enzyme‐free copying of short stretches of DNA or RNA has been demonstrated using activated nucleotides, but not replication. We have developed a method for enzyme‐free replication. It involves extension with reversible termination, enzyme‐free ligation, and strand capture. We monitored nucleotide incorporation for a full helical turn of DNA, during both a first and a second round of copying, by using mass spectrometry. With all four bases (A/C/G/T), an “error catastrophe” occurred, with the correct sequence being “overwhelmed” by incorrect ones. When only C and G were used, approximately half of the daughter strands had the mass of the correct sequence after 20 copying steps. We conclude that enzyme‐free replication is more likely to be successful with just the two strongly pairing bases than with all four bases of the genetic alphabet.
Iridium‐Catalyzed, Silyl‐Directed, peri‐Borylation of C−H Bonds in Fused Polycyclic Arenes and Heteroarenes
Authors: Su Bo , Hartwig John F. 
Published: May 2018

Abstractperi‐Disubstituted naphthalenes exhibit interesting physical properties and unique chemical reactivity, due to the parallel arrangement of the bonds to the two peri‐disposed substituents. Regioselective installation of a functional group at the position peri to 1‐substituted naphthalenes is challenging due to the steric interaction between the existing substituent and the position at which the second one would be installed. We report an iridium‐catalyzed borylation of the C−H bond peri to a silyl group in naphthalenes and analogous polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The reaction occurs under mild conditions with wide functional group tolerance. The silyl group and the boryl group in the resulting products are precursors to a range of functional groups bound to the naphthalene ring through C−C, C−O, C−N, C−Br and C−Cl bonds.
Versatile Nanostructures from Rice Husk Biomass for Energy Applications
Authors: Wang Zhaofeng , Smith Andrew T. , Wang Weixing , Sun Luyi 
Published: May 2018

AbstractConverting biomass into valuable products has great benefits in terms of both economic and environmental considerations, and has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Rice husk biomass was initially utilized to produce bulk materials for conventional applications while a variety of advanced nanostructures (NSs) have been fabricated over the past few years. In addition to their low cost and environmental friendliness, RH‐derived NSs (RH‐NSs) exhibit versatile properties, which are promising for broad applications in various fields. In this Review, we summarize the latest research on RH‐NSs, covering their design, fabrication, properties, and applications in the modern energy field. Based on the unique structure and components of RHs, a series of carbon/silicon‐based novel NSs with outstanding performances have been exploited, which are difficult to be synthesized using conventional chemical reagents. We also discuss perspective uses of RH‐NSs on the basis of the current research progress.
A Smart Sensing Method for Object Identification Using Circularly Polarized Luminescence from Coordination‐Driven Self‐Assembly
Authors: Imai Yuki , Nakano Yuka , Kawai Tsuyoshi , Yuasa Junpei 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe potential use of circularly polarized luminescence for object identification in a sensor application is demonstrated. New luminescence probes using pyrene derivatives as sensor luminophores were developed. (R,R)‐Im2Py and (S,S)‐Im2Py contain two chiral imidazole moieties at 1,6‐positions through ethynyl spacers (angle between spacers ca. 180°). The probe molecules spontaneously self‐assemble into chiral stacks (P or M helicity) upon coordination to metal ions with tetrahedral coordination (Zn2+). The chiral probes display neither circular dichroism (CD) nor circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) without metal ions. However, (R,R)‐Im2Py and (S,S)‐Im2Py exhibit intense chiroptical activity (CD and CPL) upon self‐assembly with Zn2+ ions. (R,R)‐Im2Py and (S,S)‐Im2Py with chemical stimuli‐responsibility allow sensing using the CPL signal as detection output, enabling us to discriminate between a signal from the target analyte and that from non‐target species.
Privacy concerns in China's smart city campaign: The deficit of China's Cybersecurity Law
Authors: Yang Fan , Xu Jian 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMany cities around the world are increasingly embedding technological infrastructure in urban spaces. These infrastructures aim to collect vast amounts of data from citizens with an apparent purpose of improving public services. This article discusses privacy concerns generated by China's nationwide smart city campaign and further investigates why China's latest Cybersecurity Law is not adequate to address the risks to citizens' privacy. We argue that there is no functional privacy law in China that would apply to most data collected by smart city infrastructure; nor is there any law that would protect any personal data collected under this framework. We therefore propose practical suggestions to better protect citizens' data in China's ongoing smart city campaign.
Visible‐Light‐Driven Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes to Anilines in Water through Graphitic Carbon Nitride Metal‐Free Photocatalysis
Authors: Xiao Gang , Li Peifeng , Zhao Yilin , Xu Shengnan , Su Haijia 
Published: May 2018

AbstractGreen and efficient procedures are essential for the chemoselective hydrogenation of functionalized nitroarenes to form industrially important anilines. Herein, it is shown that visible‐light‐driven, chemoselective hydrogenation of functionalized nitroarenes with groups sensitive to forming anilines can be achieved in good to excellent yields (82–100 %) in water under relatively mild conditions and catalyzed by low‐cost and recyclable graphitic carbon nitride. The process is also applicable to gram‐scale reaction, with a yield of aniline of 86 %. A study of the mechanism reveals that visible‐light‐induced electrons are responsible for the hydrogenation reactions, and thermal energy can also promote the photocatalytic activity. A study of the kinetics shows that this reaction possibly occurs through one‐step hydrogenation or stepwise condensation routes. A wide range of applications can be expected for this green, efficient, and highly selective photocatalysis system in reduction reactions for the synthesis of fine chemicals.
Pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies of bavachinin through ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Qian Jun , Xie Fan , Shi Yanhong , Li Jinhang , Zhang Liuqiang , Li Yiming , Guo Fujiang , Wang Rui 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBavachinin (BVC), one of the main bioactive prenylated flavonoids derived from Psoralea corylifolia Linn, has a wide variety of pharmacological effects, such as antiangiogenic, antitumor, antiallergic, anti‐inflammatory and antibacterial activities, especially as a pan‐peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors agonist. A rapid and sensitive method for quantifying BVC in rat plasma was developed and validated through ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray‐ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Furthermore, a complete metabolic investigation of BVC was performed through ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. In the pharmacokinetic analysis, BVC exhibited rapid oral absorption (Tmax = 0.68 ± 0.21 h), good elimination (T1/2 = 2.27 ± 1.63 h) following oral administration and poor absolute bioavailability (5.27%). Moreover, 11 metabolites of BVC in plasma, urine, bile and feces were characterized. The main metabolic pathways of BVC involved isomeriszation, glucuronidation, sulfonation, hydroxylation, methoxylation and reduction. In conclusion, the present study provides a sensitive quantitative method with a lower limit of quantification of 1 ng/mL and an improved comprehension of the physiological disposition of BVC.
Role of amylolytic activities during pregermination on rice kernel morphology and physicochemical properties of isolated starch
Authors: Kupkanchanakul Warunee , Thongngam Masubon , Shi Yong‐Cheng , Naivikul Onanong 
Published: May 2018

Background and objectivesThe role of amylolytic activities during four stages of pregermination varying on embryonic growth length between 0.5 and 7.0 mm on dynamic changes of rice kernel morphology and chemical composition, crystallinity, and thermal properties of isolated starches from three different Thai rice cultivars—SPT1 (waxy), PTT1 (low amylose), and PNL2 (high amylose)—were investigated.FindingsAmylolytic activities of all rice cultivars significantly increased at each progressive stage, whereas SPT1 showed the highest increase in alpha‐amylase activity as the first stage of pregermination. Scanning electron micrographs showed the radial crack of kernel, appearance of individual and nonuniform starch granules after pregermination, particularly of the SPT1 cultivar. Molecular weight distribution of pregerminated brown‐rice starch (PGBRS) indicated the partial hydrolysis of starch molecules especially amylopectin, resulting in a decrease fraction of high MW molecules after pregermination. All PGBRS had A‐type X‐ray diffraction patterns with higher relative crystallinity than their natives, except that of PNL2 cultivar. Pregermination led to the change onset temperature (To) of starch gelatinization (gel_p1) and retrograded amylopectin melting (ret_p1) of PGBRS for all rice cultivars and peak temperature (Tp) of gel_p1 and ret_p1 of PGBRS for only SPT1 cultivar, whereas SPT1 was found at the lower stage than other cultivars. PGBRS at the second and third stage for SPT1, after the third stage for PTT1, and after the second stage for PNL2 had lower enthalpy (ΔH) of ret_p1 than their natives.ConclusionsAlpha‐amylase activity plays a role in partial hydrolysis of amylopectin at amorphous region during rice pregermination which resulted in significant changes of thermal properties for all rice, especially SPT1 cultivar. Pregermination with 2–3‐mm EGL of all rice could be used as starch bio‐modification to obtain a lower retrograded starch as a functional ingredient of rice‐based products.Significance and noveltyThe change in thermal properties of waxy SPT1 rice cultivar, which mostly contained amylopectin and highly increased alpha‐amylase activity after first stage of pregermination, was more pronounced than those of nonwaxy PTT1 and PNL2 rice cultivars.
Recycling Antibiotic Bacterial Residues for Application in High‐Performance Lithium−Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Wang Qian , Zhong Hui , Jiang Min , Liao Qunchao , Yang Juan , Zhou Xiangyang , Tang Jingjing 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAntibiotic bacterial residue is a type of hazardous waste generated during the extraction of antibiotic. Owing to the large amount, difficult disposal, and negative impacts on the environment and human health of antibiotic bacterial residues, it is of great significance to find an efficient treatment and resource technology. In an effort to recycle antibiotic bacterial residues from “trash to treasure” and to target a high‐value application, antibiotic bacterial residues are utilized for the fabrication of nitrogen‐doped porous carbon, which are then used to modify a separator in the configuration of lithium–sulfur batteries. Owing to the high level of nitrogen doping, large surface area, and abundant pores, the obtained lithium–sulfur batteries deliver a high initial discharge capacity of 1426 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C and a low fading rate of 0.077 % per cycle within 700 cycles at 0.5 C with pure sulfur cathode.
Hierarchical Bi2Te3 Nanostrings: Green Synthesis and Their Thermoelectric Properties
Authors: Liu Yu , Wang Qishun , Pan Jing , Sun Yabin , Zhang Lingling , Song Shuyan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBi2Te3 hierarchical nanostrings have been synthesized through a solvothermal approach with the assistance of sucrose. The hierarchical Bi2Te3 was supposed to be fabricated through a self‐assembly process. Te nanorods first emerge with the reduction of TeO32− followed by heterogeneous nucleation of Bi2Te3 nanoplates on the surface and tips of Te nanorods. Te nanorods further transform into Bi2Te3 nanorods simultaneously with the nanoplates’ growth leading to a hierarchical structure. By controlling the reaction kinetics by adding different amount of ethylene glycol, the length of nanorods and the number of nanoplates could be tailored. The use of sucrose is vital to the formation of hierarchical structure because it not only serves as a template for the well‐defined growth of Te nanorods but also promotes the heterogeneous nucleation of Bi2Te3 in the self‐assembly process. The Bi2Te3 nanomaterial shows a moderate thermoelectric performance because of its hierarchical structure. This study shows a promising way to synthesize Bi2Te3‐based nanostructures through environmental friendly approach.
Surface‐enhanced chiroptical spectroscopy with superchiral surface waves
Authors: Pellegrini Giovanni , Finazzi Marco , Celebrano Michele , Duò Lamberto , Biagioni Paolo 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe study the chiroptical properties of one‐dimensional photonic crystals supporting superchiral surface waves by introducing a simple formalism based on the Fresnel reflection matrix. We show that the proposed framework provides useful insights on the behavior of all the relevant chiroptical quantities, allowing for a deeper understanding of surface‐enhanced chiral sensing platforms based on one‐dimensional photonic crystals. Finally, we analyze and discuss the limitations of such platforms as the surface concentration of the target chiral analytes is gradually increased.
The (Dis)Advantage of Friendship on Information Search and Satisfaction
Authors: Kwon Ohjin , Walsh Darlene , Kim Hakkyun 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAcross four experiments, and focusing on consumer behaviour in a high uncertainty market (i.e., a used car market), this research shows that prior to a purchase, buyers are less motivated to search for information when they purchase a product from a friend (compared to someone they do not know). We also show that buyers are more willing to search for information after a transaction when sellers are their friends, a reversal in search behaviour due to the greater social risk that buyers bear when dealing with a friend. Finally, this research shows that both the transaction outcome (i.e., positive versus negative) and the buyer–seller relationship determine the degree to which people are satisfied or dissatisfied with a seller. Copyright © 2018 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hyperpolarized Porous Silicon Nanoparticles: Potential Theragnostic Material for 29Si Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Seo Hyeonglim , Choi Ikjang , Whiting Nicholas , Hu Jingzhe , Luu Quy Son , Pudakalakatti Shivanand , McCowan Caitlin , Kim Yaewon , Zacharias Niki , Lee Seunghyun , Bhattacharya Pratip , Lee Youngbok 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPorous silicon nanoparticles have recently garnered attention as potentially‐promising biomedical platforms for drug delivery and medical diagnostics. Here, we demonstrate porous silicon nanoparticles as contrast agents for 29Si magnetic resonance imaging. Size‐controlled porous silicon nanoparticles were synthesized by magnesiothermic reduction of silica nanoparticles and were surface activated for further functionalization. Particles were hyperpolarized via dynamic nuclear polarization to enhance their 29Si MR signals; the particles demonstrated long 29Si spin‐lattice relaxation (T1) times (∼25 mins), which suggests potential applicability for medical imaging. Furthermore, 29Si hyperpolarization levels were sufficient to allow 29Si MRI in phantoms. These results underscore the potential of porous silicon nanoparticles that, when combined with hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging, can be a powerful theragnostic deep tissue imaging platform to interrogate various biomolecular processes in vivo.
Detection of Refined Sunflower and Rapeseed Oil Addition in Cold Pressed Rapeseed Oil Using Mid Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: McDowell Daniel , Osorio Maria Teresa , Elliott Christopher T. , Koidis Anastasios 
Published: May 2018

In this study, a new screening technique for the detection of two types of oil adulterants in cold pressed rapeseed oil is investigated. The calibration models built with four different multivariate classifiers (SIMCA, PLS‐DA, LDA‐KNN, and LDA‐SVM) are based on spectral fingerprints from either FT‐IR and Raman instruments from authentic pure oils and in‐house admixtures of the oils involved. When refined sunflower oil is the adulterant, both FT‐IR and Raman produce effective models with high sensitivity of 86% and 93% respectively. When refined rapeseed oil is the adulterant the sensitivity decreases. This is explained by the chemical differences of the two adulterants. PLS‐R quantification analysis estimates minimum detection levels of 15% (Raman) and 9% (FT‐IR) when refined sunflower oil is the adulterant, and 22% (Raman) and 64% (FT‐IR) when refined rapeseed oil is the adulterant. This initial study shows the potential of Raman spectroscopy to be utilized for the screening of cold pressed rapeseed oil authenticity.Practical Applications: It has been well documented in the past that high‐value edible oils can be easily adulterated with lower cost oils for economic gain. Although the cold pressed rapeseed oil industry has not experienced such fraud, it would be prudent to have analytical techniques available to authenticate genuine oils quickly. This would further strengthen cold pressed rapeseed oil's reputation as a product free from substitutional fraud. These calibration models can tool the industry and regulatory bodies with a screening method to detect authenticity in realistic levels.A feasibility study regarding cold pressed rapeseed oil adulteration is investigated. Cold pressed rapeseed oil is adulterated with either refined rapeseed oil or refined sunflower oil and spectra is acquired using either Raman or FT‐IR spectroscopy. A library of spectra is gathered which includes pure cold pressed rapeseed oil and cold pressed rapeseed oil admixtures of varying concentrations. Chemometric analysis is carried out on the dataset with both classification and quantification techniques. The optimum instrument‐chemometric pairings for cold pressed rapeseed oil authentication are discussed.