bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Types 1 and 2 Plasminogen Activator lnhibitor and Tirmor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Fatients with Sepsis
Authors: Páramo J A , Pérez J L , Serrano M , Rochal E 
Published: July 2018

SummaryWe have determined the plasma concentrations of types 1 and 2 of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1 and PAI-2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and endotoxin in 47 patients with bacterial infection (22 patients presented with positive blood cultures). Results were compared with those observed in 30 healthy subjects. There was a significant increase in PAI-1 and TNF-α in patients as compared to controls (p <0.0001), whereas no differences for PAI-2 were observed. PAI-1 and TNF-α were significantly higher in 18 patients with gram-negative bacteremia as compared to all other patients (p <0.0001). However, no correlation between the analyzed parameters and either endotoxin or clinical outcome was observed. We conclude that there is an increase of PAI-1 and TNF-α in patients with sepsis, which is not related to the endotoxin concentration. Our results suggest that PAI-1, but not PAI-2, is the main plasminogen activator inhibitor in human sepsis.
Partial Neutralization of a Lupus Anticoagulant by Human Immunoglobulin
Authors: Carreras L O , Pérez G N , Martinuzzo M E , Malan-Borel I , Malbrän A , Said P B 
Published: July 2018

SummaryIn a patient with a Lupus Anticoagulant (LA) and recurrent fetal loss, we observed a significant shortening of the APTT after high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin infusion (IVIg).The LA activity present in patient’s serum and purified IgG was partially neutralized by IVIg in a dose-dependent way. In addition, IgG purified from IVIg and its F(ab′)2 fragment neutralized LA activity of the patient’s IgG. In both cases, the neutralization was dose-dependent and it was obtained with similar molar ratiosThe “in vitro” neutralization of LA activity and the immediate shortening of the APTT after IVIg infusion, might be mediated through idiotypel antiidiotype interactions.On the other hand, the long-lasting effect of IVIg in this patient indicates that it may induce specific inhibition of autoantibody synthesis.We believe that IVIg should be considered as a therapeutic alternative for LA-related clinical disorders.
Trifluoperazine Enhances Accumulation and Inhibits Phosphohydrolysis of Phosphatidate in Thrombin-Stimulated Platelets
Authors: Holmsen Holm , Dangelmaier Carol A 
Published: July 2018

SummaryTrifluoperazine (TFP) in concentrations up to 10-15 μM increased the formation of phosphatidic acid (PA) in platelets treated with 0.5 U/ml of thrombin, while higher concentrations of TFP inhibited formation of PA. Liberation of arachidonate (AA) from platelet phospholipids was progressively inhibited as the concentration of TFP increased. At thrombin doses lower than 0.1 U/ml TFP, (≤25 μM) enhanced PA formation with either no effect on AA liberation (6 donors) or with much greater enhancement of PA formation than the decrease in liberation of AA (3 donors). The enhancement of PA formation by TFP did therefore not seem to be due to inhibition of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) by the phenothiazine, which has been suggested. We show further that TFP inhibits PA phosphohydrolase in platelet lysates, although with complex kinetics. It is therefore concluded that the enhancement of thrombin-induced PA production by TFP is not caused by inhibition of PLA2 but could be due to TFP-induced inhibition of PA phosphohydrolase.
Low Prevalence of Coagulation and Fibrinolytic Activation in Patients with Primary Untreated Cancer
Authors: Nanninga P B , van Teunenbroek A , Veenhof C H N , Büller H R , ten Cate J W 
Published: July 2018

SummaryThe prevalence of subclinical coagulation abnormalities greatly differs in the various studies due to selection of patients and differences in study design. We performed coagulation studies in 69 consecutive patients with primary untreated cancer of various origin. The control group consisted of 42 sex and age matched healthy volunteers. Plasma coagulation tests included thrombin-antithrombin-III-complex (TAT), plasmin-alpha2-antiplasmin-complex (PAP) and tissue-plasminogen-activator-antigen (t-PA-ag). These tests were performed once, prior to any anti-cancer treatment. We evaluated if activation of the coagulation system (elevated TAT-complexes) and the fibrinolytic system (elevated PAP-complexes and t-PA-ag) correlated with the tumor-type or the extent of the tumor. To document clinical manifest haemorrhage or thromboembolic disease (TED) we performed a 6 months follow-up study.In 8 patients (12%) and in 3 control subjects (7%) an elevated TAT-complex level was observed (this difference is not significant). An increased plasma level of PAP-complex was seen in 8 patients (12%) versus none in the control group (p <0.05). In one patient both TAT and PAP-complex concentrations were elevated. Consequently, 15 of the 69 patients (22%) showed activation of the coagulation and/or fibrinolytic system.Fibrinolysis seems to be enhanced in a subset of cancer patients in contrast to blood coagulation.In 10 patients (14%) we found raised t-PA-ag levels. Three patients had both elevated levels of PAP-complex and t-PA-ag. These findings suggest that in a minority of patients increased PAP-complex levels may be a result of t-PA induced plasminogen activation. No preferential association was found between tumortype and activation of these systems.During follow-up we encountered in only 4 patients (6%) clinical evidence of haemorrhage or TED.We conclude that a subclinical coagulopathy is present in approximately a fifth (22%, 95 percent confidence limits 13-33%) of untreated primary cancer patients.
Concomitant Secretion by A431 Cells of Tissue Plasminogen Activator and a Specific Inhibitor Masks EGF Modulation of tPA Activity
Authors: George F , Pourreau-Schneider N , Boutiere B , Arnoux D , Boutiére B , Berthois Y , Martin P M , Sampol J 
Published: July 2018

SummaryIt has previously been reported that EGF enhances uPA but not tPA in the A431 squamous carcinoma cell line. To determine whether the absence of tPA modulation by EGF reflected steady levels or the action of an anti-activator, we assayed tPA, PAI-1 and tPA/PAI-1 complexes by zymography and immunological assays. Under conditions in which EGF had no effect on tPA activity, tPA antigen paradoxically increased with a concomitant rise of tPA/PAI-1 complexes. This indicated that tPA was rapidly inactivated through the formation of a complex, immunologically and electrophoretically related to tPA/PAI-1. tPA antigen and tPA/PAI-1 complexes were modulated by EGF in a time and concentration dependent manner. PAI-1 antigen was secreted into A431 medium (CM) after a lag phase of 16 h in both control andEGF-treated cultures. Evidence is presented here that two forms ofPAI-1 are present in A431 CM: an inactive form and an active form which neutralizes the tPA secreted, masking its enhancement by EGF infunctional assays.
Scientific and Standardization Committee Communications Comparison of Test Methods for the Lupus Anticoagulant: International Survey on Lupus Anticoagulants-I (ISLA-1)
Authors: Exner Thomas , Triplett Douglas A , Taberner David A , Howard Margaret A , Harris E Nigel 
Published: July 2018

SummarySix lyophilized plasma samples were sent to 20 “expert” laboratories for assessment of lupus anticoagulant (LA). Four samples contained pooled LA of graded potency mixed with aged normal plasma. One contained LA plus cephalin phospholipid and one contained a nonspecific venom anticoagulant. Sixteen methods were used overall with some participants using up to 8 methods. Results were scored in regard to the known potencies of LA in the samples and other known induced defects.Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) tests used by most participants for preliminary screening were relatively sensitive, but non-specific. Platelet or phospholipid neutralization procedures (PNP) appeared to be sensitive and specific but showed a non-linear response to increased LA content. Kaolin clotting time (KCT) tests showed the most sensitive response to increased LA content but the weaker LA were not scored as abnormal by most laboratories as the samples may have contained platelet fragments. Other commonly used tests such as the tissue thromboplastin inhibition (TTI) test and the dilute Russell’s viper venom test (DRVVT) were carried out somewhat inconsistently. The variability in performance of tests in different laboratories indicates that standardization of methodology is urgently required.Generally it seemed that most clotting tests were “bypassed” by the addition of phospholipid to a known LA-positive sample in apparently direct proportion to their sensitivity. Sample preparation, especially prevention of contamination with activated platelets is a vital preliminary part in the assay of LA.
Regulation of Fibrinogen Synthesis in Portal Hypertension
Authors: Grün M , Liehr H , Brunswig D , Thiel H 
Published: July 2018

SummaryThe fibrinogen synthesis rate in patients with cirrhosis of the liver is enhanced. To confirm this, both experimental and clinical investigations were carried out. The fibrinogen synthesis rate was studied, using the incorporation rate of 14-C-Leucine into thrombin clottable plasma protein in the setting of experimental portal hypertension caused by gradual occlusion of the portal vein. Under these conditions the plasma distribution space increased to 148% of the control (day 6). This was dependent on the amount of the portocaval shunt volume. While plasma fibrinogen concentration remained unaltered, the plasma fibrinogen pool increased to 154% of the controls. At the same time, the fibrinogen synthesis rate increased to 159%. In relation to liver weight per 100 gm body weight the rate of synthesis was much more enhanced (211 % of control). During the decline to normal plasma volume, due to a decrease of portocaval shunt volume, the fibrinogen synthesis was inhibited (61% of control).Under clinical conditions in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension, the pathophysiological state is in important aspects comparable to the experimental model. A group of 28 patients with cirrhosis was investigated from the same point of view. In these patients the plasma volume and the plasma fibrinogen pool was markedly increased, depending again on the portocaval shunt volume but not on the portal pressure. From these data it is concluded that in patients with cirrhosis fibrinogen synthesis is enhanced.
The Function of the Platelet Surface in Coagulation
Authors: Burnham King J 
Published: July 2018

SummaryPlatelets washed by the albumen density gradient technique were used as the sole source of thromboplastin in a new test, and also as the sole source of factor X in a modification of the one-stage factor X assay test of Denson. These platelets were shown to be capable of generating considerable amounts of thrombin during periods of preincubation of up to 8 minutes. For at least 3 minutes of preincubation their size and shape remained invariant, as measured by counting and by sizing on a Coulter channelyser. It is suggested that this test measures a function of the platelet surface, rather than of the platelet after viscous metamorphosis. This function is tentatively named platelet catalytic activity (PCA). Support for this concept was given by the fact that aspirin and phenylbutazone did not affect the test. The factor X assay system confirmed the presence of a small amount of mostly inactive factor X on the surface of the platelet. This factor X could be activated by Russell viper venom.
Streptokinase and Urokinase in the Treatment of Pulmonary Thromboemboli
Authors: Bell William R 
Published: July 2018

SummaryIn Phase I of this study of 160 patients with pulmonary embolism, it was demonstrated that 12 hours of urokinase accelerated the resolution of pulmonary thromboemboli compared to heparin alone. Phase II compared 12 hours of urokinase, 24 hours of urokinase and 24 hours of streptokinase in 167 patients. All patients had a clinical history and angiographic diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Patients were randomly allocated to treatment. All physicians making patient observations were unaware of drug assignment.Resolution of the thromboembolism 24–30 hours after therapy had been instituted was determined by pulmonary angiography, lung perfusion scans and cardiopulmonary hemodynamics. Twenty-four hours of urokinase did not demonstrate greater clot resolution than 12 hours of urokinase. Twenty-four hours of urokinase resulted in greater improvement than streptokinase in lung perfusion scans, but not in angiograms. In patients with massive embolism, this difference was statistically significant. Hemodynamic differences varied.Bleeding complications and morbidity due to allergic reactions with streptokinase and urokinase were minimal. There was no statistically significant difference in mortality in the three treatment groups.From the Phase I and Phase II data it is reasonable to conclude that all three regimens of thrombolytic therapy are more effective than heparin alone in accelerating resolution of pulmonary emboli. Thrombolytic therapy offers the clinician an alternative to pulmonary embolectomy.
Venous Diameter and Compliance after Deep Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Meissner Mark H , Manzo Richard A , Bergelin Robert O , Eugene Strandness D 
Published: July 2018

SummaryDuplex sonography was used to measure diameters of the common femoral, superficial femoral, and popliteal veins in 56 patients followed for more than 6 months after DVT and in 17 normal subjects. Diameter changes with Valsalva’s maneuver were also measured as an index of venous compliance.Among patients with unilateral thrombosis, segments with residual disease were 0.07 to 0.28 cm smaller than the contralateral disease-free side (p <0.05 for CFV and SFV) with a diameter index (ipsilateral/con-tralateral diameter) significanty less than that of normal subjects. In contrast, completely recanalized segments were not significantly different from the contralateral side and had diameter indices indistinguishable from normal subjects. Distensibility with Valsalva’s maneuver was not significantly different from normal in DVT patients with either resolved or residual disease.Venous diameter does decrease following DVT, but returns to normal following complete recanalization and is not associated with chronic venous compliance changes.
Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis in a Random Sample of 788 Men 54 Years Old
Authors: Korsan-Bengtsen Kristoffer , Wilhelmsen Lars , Tibblin Gösta 
Published: July 2018

SummaryBlood coagulation and fibrinolysis have been studied in a randomly selected population of 788 men 54 years of age. The mean values, standard deviations and distributions of recalcified plasma clotting time, PTT in silicone tubes and glass tubes, factor II-VII-X activity, factor VIII, fibrinogen, fibrinolytic activity in an euglobulin precipitation and plasminogen are presented. Linear regression analyses between the variables have been carried out. It was found that there is a significant correlation between fibrinogen and PTT in silicone tubes. An increased fibrinogen concentration thus tends to give prolonged clotting times. Factor VIII is negatively correlated to recalcified plasma clotting time and PTT in glass and silicone tubes. Increased factor VIII levels thus tend to shorten the clotting times. There is also a slight negative correlation between factor II-VII-X activity and PTT in glass tubes. In evaluating the significance of prolonged or shortened clotting times the inverse influence of fibrinogen and factor VIII on clotting time has to be considered. This is especially important in situations with increased frequency of thrombosis where both fibrinogen and factor VIII often are increased.
Ristocetin - A New Tool in the Investigation of Platelet Aggregation
Authors: Howard Margaret A. , Firkin B. G 
Published: July 2018

Summary1. The antibotic, Ristocetin, causes precipitation of fibrinogen from platelet poor plasma, as well as platelet aggregation.2. The precise mechanism of Ristocetin’s effect on platelets has not been elucidated, but it has been shown to initiate ADP release, which may contribute in part to its aggregating ability.3. Ristocetin has been shown to produce aggregation in platelet rich plasma from thrombasthenic patients.4. Three patients with Von Willebrand’s disease were examined. In 2, Ristocetin caused no platelet aggregation whatsoever, whilst the third aggregated normally. It is suggested, on this basis, that Von Willebrand’s disease may be subdivided into two types and that Ristocetin could prove to be a valuable technique for further study of this group of disorders.
Surface Factor Mechanisms in Relation to Blood Platelets: Evidence that Activated Hageman Factor is Present on the Surface of Platelets*
Authors: Iatridis P. G , Ferguson J. H , Iatridis S. G 
Published: July 2018

SummaryBlood platelet suspensions from normal (N) or hemophilia A (VIII-) subjects contain active SF (surface factor or activation product) in their plasmatic atmosphere. Since factor XII is an essential precursor, SF is not formed on platelets from a Hageman-deficient. Experimental evidence establishing these facts was obtained by means of clotting tests (PCa and PTT) and the thrombelastograph (TEG). The SF activity of normal platelets, like a plasma SF preparation, corrects the deficiencies in XII- plasmas, best tested in silicone or the stainless steel cuvette of the TEG. An anti-SF preparation inhibited the platelet SF activity. Allowing for the SF effect, there was no evidence for any significant factor VIII (AHF) in the platelet plasmatic atmospheres.How surface factor (SF) activation from precursors (XII, XI) in the plasma and plasmatic atmosphere of altering platelets may combine in a mutually reinforcing reaction to trigger intrinsic blood clotting is discussed. When stress, vascular injury, stasis, and other factors enter the picture, the stage may be set for the occurrence of thrombosis in vivo.
Purification and Kinetic Studies on a Circulating Anticoagulant in a Suspected Case of Lupus Erythematosus*
Authors: Yin E. T , Gaston L. W 
Published: July 2018

Summary1. A circulating anticoagulant in a suspected case of lupus erythematosus has been highly purified by a combination of Sephadex gel filtration and DEAE cellulose chromatography.2. The inhibitor is a gamma globulin with a sedimentation coefficient of 6.6 Svedberg units.3. For its anticoagulant action, the lupus inhibitor requires a co-factor which is present both in the lupus and normal blood.4. The cofactor is located in the gamma globulins fraction which is relatively heat stable, but less than the inhibitor, at 56° C.5. The active lupus inhibitor (inhibitor + cofactor) is not species specific against human prothrombin.6. Working with highly purified systems, the active inhibitor is found to inhibit prothrombin conversion by formed prothrombin activator. It does not appear to inhibit the formation of prothrombin activator nor does it affect purified prothrombin.
Assay and Content of Tissue Thromboplastin in Different Organs*
Authors: Astrup T 
Published: July 2018

Summary1. The assay of thromboplastin in tissues in terms of units of concentration by means of the double logarithmic graph is described and discussed. The significance of comparing thromboplastin in terms of concentrations and not in terms of activities is explained.2. The concentration of thromboplastin in some human and animal organs is estimated. Great variations are encountered in concentrations. The differences are larger than is generally assumed from activity assays only. The possible role of these differences in the local repair of tissue injuries as part of the hemostatic balance is mentioned.
Studies on Thrombin Inactivation in Normal Plasma, Serum and Plasma Fractions, and its Relation to Heparin
Authors: Blombäck Birger , Blombäck Margareta , Olsson Per 
Published: July 2018

SummaryThe antithrombin activity of plasma, serum and plasma fractions has been studied under different experimental conditions. Two different methods have been used for the assay of antithrombin activity.Under the experimental conditions described the following antithrombin activities have been found to be of importance in the inactivation of thrombin:1. Progressive inactivation in the absence of heparin can take place in plasma and to a less extent in defibrinated plasma and serum.2. Inactivation of thrombin in presence of fibrinogen and heparin in low concentration (about 0.03 I.U./ml). This effect was abolished at high heparin levels.3. Inactivation of thrombin by plasma, defibrinated plasma and serum at high concentrations of heparin (about 2—15 I.U./ml). This activity is tentatively named the heparin co-factor.
Addition of Prothrombin to Blood from Dogs Receiving Dicumarol
Authors: Schröer Heinz , Heene D. L , Seegers W. H 
Published: July 2018

SummaryThe prothrombin concentration of dog plasma was lowered by giving large doses of Dicumarol. The dog blood was then mixed with progressive increments of purified bovine prothrombin. When the concentration of prothrombin was equivalent to normal the whole blood clotting time and the prothrombin time were normal. The purified prothrombin supplied all that was essential and did not add detectable amounts of extraneous pro coagulant power. The residual prothrombin in the serum was generally higher when clotting occurred in silicone lined test tubes than in glass. In silicone tubes very little hemophilia B (factor IX, autoprothrombin II) activity developed. This activity was found in the glass tubes in a concentration proportional to the original prothrombin added. The transformation of prothrombin to autoprothrombin II occurred in plasma when there was a glass surface.
Thyroid Disorders and Hemostasis
Authors: Squizzato Alessandro , Gerdes Victor , Elbers Laura 
Published: July 2018

AbstractLower levels of free thyroxine (whether this is endogenous or exogenous) lead to a hypocoagulable state, and higher levels of free thyroxine lead to a hypercoagulable state. In this narrative review, the effects of different levels of thyroid hormones on clinical end points are described. Hypothyroidism is associated with an increased bleeding risk, whereas hyperthyroidism leads to an increased risk of venous thrombosis. Besides, effects of thyroid hormone on the heart may indirectly influence hemostasis. Hyperthyroidism leads to a higher incidence of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter, and, at least partly by that mechanism, a higher risk of cerebral arterial thrombosis. In addition, compression effects of goiter on developing venous thrombosis are described. This is caused by local stasis of blood due to tumor expansion.
Nonverbal predication in Paresi-Haliti
Authors: Brandão Ana Paula 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The Paresi people, who number approximately 3000, live in Mato Grosso, Brazil. The following types of predicates are found: nominal, adjectival, locational, existential and possessive predicates. There are three types of strategies used: verbless predicates, the use of the copula tyaona, and the use of prefixes. The source of the copula may be its homonymous form tyaona ‘live, be born, happen’. It has a more restricted use in nominal and adjectival predicates, with the meaning ‘become’ (similar to a semi-copula), and takes aspectual markers. Nominal predicates can be further semantically classified into identity or predicational statements (Stassen 1997). In locative predicates, a copula is used when the the personal proclitics are used instead of full noun phrases. Existential predicates are formed by the existential verb aka. Possessive predicates are formed by prefixes, a strategy which is not common cross-linguistically. They may be derived from inalienable (plant parts and kinship terms) and alienable nouns through the attributive ka-. Its negative counterpart, the prefix ma-, derives private stative predicates from nouns and stative verbs.