bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A numerical simulation of a novel self-powered implantable respiration sensor based on a triboelectric nanogenerator for medical applications
Authors: Mozaffari Samaneh , Nateghi Mohammad Reza 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The breathing rate is utilized as a reliable indicator in many cases to predict and diagnose respiratory diseases as well as the respiratory dysfunction caused by diseases such as the cystic fibrosis. Therefore, in this study, a self-powered implantable respiration sensor based on a contact-separation mode triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) was simulated to monitor the respiratory rates by sensing the variation of the diaphragm muscle. For this purpose, a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film with a thickness of 160 μm and a nylon film with a thickness of 180 μm are employed as the negative and positive triboelectric materials, respectively. Two copper layer each with a thickness of 100 μm are placed on the outer surfaces of the triboelectric layers as the conducting electrodes. In order to uniformly deform the moving plate of the TENG, it is rigidly attached to the center of the diaphragm through a silicon mechanical coupling element with dimensions of 80 × 80 μm2. The pressure caused by breathing on the diaphragm muscle, which is in the range of 266–666 Pa, is applied to the center of the device diaphragm. The effect of various parameters including external pressure, frequency and surface charge density on the output performance of the device is also investigated. It is evident that higher external pressure results in intensive deformations of the moving plate of the TENG, leading to a more significant energy conversion efficiency of the device. Similarly, increasing the surface charge density causes an increase in all electrical output parameters. Moreover, the device achieves an output power of 0.209 nW at a load resistance of 20 GΩ by applying a constant pressure of 666 Pa at a frequency of 0.24 Hz. All the results demonstrate the potential of the new proposed sensor for detecting and monitoring real-time respiratory rates with high sensitivity and clinical applications.
A new basic air shower observable sensitive to the cosmic-ray elemental mass
Authors: Basak A , Dey R K 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Based on a Monte Carlo simulation study of vertical extensive air showers (EAS) at the KASCADE location we introduce a new simple observable η

ρ(45;310) (in short η

ρ
) - the ratio between two lateral electron densities of an EAS measured at two well-defined radial distances indicated by the characteristic radial feature of the local age parameter (LAP). Our analyses of simulated data generated by the Group I nuclei with cosmic-ray elemental masses, A
actual = 1, 4, 12, 16, 24, 32, 40, 56, observed a double correlation of η

ρ
with, (i) the lateral shower age s
av, and (ii) A
actual of the EAS initiating primary particle. Applying the first correlation to a new set of simulated showers initiated by the Group II nuclei with A
actual = 7, 14, 20, 28, 40, 52, the average difference between the lateral shower age s
av obtained directly from the conventional LAP approach and the estimated one s
est is found to be close to 0. The second correlation involving η

ρ
with A
actual applied to the set of such showers estimates the average atomic mass

〈
ln

A

est

〉

of their shower initiating primaries, utilizing the η

ρ
s. Results of the work revealed that the method of estimating the lateral shower age is almost high-energy interaction model-independent. A certain level of model dependence is albeit found in the case of

〈
ln

A

est

〉

estimation.
Dependence of metrics and noise intensity on escape dynamics: mean first exit time and escape probability
Authors: Zheng Miaolei , Wang Hui , Wang Ying , Chen Xi 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This paper focuses on analyzing two deterministic quantities of the dynamics of stochastic systems, mean first exit time and escape probability. Through a detailed exploration of the escape phenomenon, we have successfully fitted the complex dynamics of the mean first exit time as a function of interval length (area size) and noise intensity, respectively. We have found that the mean first exit time tends to increase monotonically with the interval length (area size). Meanwhile, we also accurately captured the dynamical behavior of the minimum escape probability under various parameter cases. The relationship between them displays a range of patterns when we observed different intervals. Our research highlights the importance of noise effects when considering escape processes, especially in the context of interaction of interval length (area size) and noise intensity. A concrete error analysis is conducted to ensure the accuracy and generalization ability of the model’s predictions.
Maximum power transfer theorem with arbitrary Efficiency for Wireless Power Transfer
Authors: Sawayama Noboru 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Wireless power transfer (WPT) has been actively studied by many companies and research institutes for decades, and individual technologies have been highly developed. However, except for nearly contact WPT, it has not yet reached a standard adopted by multiple manufacturers. We believe that this is due to the lack of theory to evaluate the feasibility and validity of these proposals, while the market has high expectations for EV charging, which has led to unfeasible high specifications and many proposals for improvements. If non-physical proposals cannot be rejected, there is no way to set standard targets at a feasible level. The WPT consists of an electric circuit (Kirchhoff domain) that follows Kirchhoff’s law and a non-contact power transfer part (Maxwell domain) that follows Maxwell’s equations. Here, we show that by introducing the conduction wire electric field confinement by the free-electron model into the Axiomatic Maxwell’s equations (derived from the principle of relativity and the principle of action), the Kirchhoff and Maxwell domains can be integrated without contradiction. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the maximum power transfer theorem with arbitrary efficiency in the Kirchhoff domain, enabling the determination of all circuit constants necessary to meet specified requirements. Additionally, numerical analyses are presented to illustrate the application of this theorem in practical circuits, including switching power supplies and batteries.
3D MHD modelling of plasmoid drift following massive material injection in a tokamak
Authors: Kong M. , Nardon E. , Bonfiglio D. , Hoelzl M. , Hu D. ,   the JOREK Team,   JET Contributors,   the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation Team
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Mechanisms of plasmoid drift following massive material injection are studied via 3D non-linear MHD modelling with the JOREK code, using a transient neutral source deposited at the low field side midplane of a JET H-mode plasma to clarify basic processes and compare with existing theories. The simulations confirm the important role of the propagation of shear Alfvén wave (SAW) packets from both ends of the plasmoid (‘SAW braking’) and the development of external resistive currents along magnetic field lines (‘Pégourié braking’) in limiting charge separation and thus the

E

×

B

plasmoid drift, where E and B are the electric and magnetic fields, respectively. The drift velocity is found to be limited by the SAW braking on the few microseconds timescale for cases with relatively small source amplitude while the Pégourié braking acting on a longer timescale is shown to set in earlier with larger toroidal extent of the source, both in good agreement with existing theories. The simulations also identify the key role of the size of the

E

×

B

flow region on plasmoid drift and show that the saturated velocity caused by dominant SAW braking agrees well with theory when considering an effective pressure within the

E

×

B

flow region. The existence of SAWs in the simulations is demonstrated and the 3D picture of plasmoid drift is discussed.
Macroporous coating of silver-doped hydroxyapatite/silica nanocomposite on dental implants by EDTA intermediate to improve osteogenesis, antibacterial, and corrosion behavior
Authors: Farmani Maryam , Mirahmadi-Zare Seyede Zohreh , Masaeli Elahe , Tabatabaei Farideh , Houreh Arezou Baharlou 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Coating a titanium (Ti) implant with hydroxyapatite (HA) increases its bioactivity and biocompatibility. However, implant-related infections and biological corrosion have restricted the success of implant. To address these issues, a modified HA nanocomposite (HA/silica-EDTA-AgNPs nanocomposite) was proposed to take advantage of the sustained release of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silicate ions through the silica-EDTA chelating network. As a result, a uniform layer of nanocomposite, compared to HA as the gold standard, was formed on Ti implants without fracture and with a high level of adhesion, using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). Bioactivity assessment evidenced a shift in the surface phase of the Ti implant to generation of beta-tricalcium phosphate, a more bioresorbable material than HA. Metabolic activity assessments using human dental pulp stem cells revealed that Ti surfaces modified by the new nanocomposite are superior to bare and HA-modified Ti surfaces for cell attachment and proliferation in vitro. In addition, it successfully inhibited bacterial growth and induced osteogenesis on the implant surface. Finally, potentiodynamic polarization behavior of Ti implants before and after coating confirmed that a thick oxide interface layer on the modified Ti surface acts as an electrical barrier and protects the substrate layer from corrosion. Therefore, the HA/silica-EDTA/Ag nanocomposite presented here, compared to HA, can better coat Ti dental implants due to its good biocompatibility and osteoinductive activity, along with improved biological stability.
Enhancing the porosity of biphasic calcium phosphate using polyethylene glycol as the porogen for bone regeneration applications
Authors: Nguyen Hong Anh Phuong , Nguyen Ngoc Hoi , Ho Quoc Vinh , Nguyen Luan Minh , Le Ngoc Thuy Trang , Thi Phuong Le , Yen Pham Nguyen Dong , Cu Thanh Son , Nguyen Thi Thanh Thuy , Nguyen Dai Hai 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) has been used as a material to support bone grafting, repair, recovery, and regeneration over the past decades. However, the inherent weakness of BCP is its low porosity, which limits the infiltration, differentiation, and proliferation of bone cells. To address this issue, porous BCP was synthesized using polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1000 with weight ratio ranging from 20%–60% in BCP as the porogen through the powder-forming method. Analytical methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy were used to demonstrate the purity, morphology and functional groups on the material surface of the obtained BCP samples. Structurally, the BCP sample with 60% PEG, named B60, possessed the highest porosity of 71% and its pore diameters ranging from 5 to 75 µm. Besides, the in vitro biocompatibility of B60 material have been demonstrated on the L929 cell line (90% cell viability) and simulated body fluid (apatite formation after 1 d). These results suggested that B60 should be further studied as a promising artificial material for bone regenerating applications.
A hybrid statistical–dynamical framework for compound coastal flooding analysis
Authors: Wang Zhenqiang , Leung Meredith , Mukhopadhyay Sudarshana , Sunkara Sai Veena , Steinschneider Scott , Herman Jonathan , Abellera Marriah , Kucharski John , Nederhoff Kees , Ruggiero Peter 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Compound coastal flooding due to astronomic, atmospheric, oceanographic, and hydrologic drivers poses severe threats to coastal communities. While physics-driven approaches are able to dynamically simulate temporally and spatially varying compound flooding generated by multiple drivers with correlations between some of them, computational burdens limit their capability to explore the full range of conditions that contribute to compound coastal hazards. Data-driven statistical approaches address some of these computational challenges; however, they are also unable to explore all possible forcing combinations due to short observational records, and projections are typically limited to a few locations. This study proposes a hybrid statistical–dynamical framework for compound coastal flooding analysis that integrates a stochastic generator of compound flooding drivers, a hydrodynamic model, and machine learning-based surrogate models. The framework was demonstrated in San Francisco Bay (SF) over the past 500 years with accuracy similar to the physics-driven approach but with much higher computational efficiency. The stochastic generator of compound flooding drivers is developed by coupling a sea surface temperature (SST) reconstruction model with a climate emulator, weather generator, and model of the hydrological and reservoir system. Using reconstructed SSTs as input, the generator of compound flooding drivers is employed to simulate time series of the forcing factors contributing to compound flooding (e.g. surge, waves, river discharge, etc) in SF Bay. A process-based hydrodynamic model is built to predict total water levels varying in time and space throughout SF Bay based on stochastically generated drivers. The machine learning-based surrogate models are then developed from a relatively small library (several hundred) of hydrodynamic model simulations to efficiently predict water levels for compound flooding analysis under the full range of stochastic drivers. This study contributes a hybrid statistical–dynamical framework to better understand the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of compound coastal-fluvial flooding, along with the relative contributions of drivers in complex nearshore, estuarine, and river environments for centennial timescales under past, present, and future climates.
Effect of phantom‐making error in the calculation of quantitative values of single‐photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography using system planar sensitivity
Authors: Nojima Yuta , Yamazaki Yoshihiro 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to clarify the effect of the accuracy of phantom-making on quantification accuracy in the measurement of system planar sensitivity using a disc source. We measured the system planar sensitivity using the method recommended by the equipment manufacturer. A container of 99mTc solution was placed at a height of 10 cm from the surface of the collimator using styrofoam. The system planar sensitivity was the average of the values obtained from the two detectors, the measurements were taken thrice. The system planar sensitivity values obtained when the disc source size (5.0, 14.5 and 20 cm), solution volume (50, 100 and 150 ml) and radioactivity (nine points between 36 MBq and 505 MBq) changed were used to evaluate the quantification accuracy. The relative error for the 5.0 cm source significantly exceeded for the other source sizes (p < 0.05); however, no statistically significant difference was observed between the 14.5 cm and 20.0 cm sources. The smaller the solution volume, the smaller the relative error and the higher the quantification accuracy. The quantification accuracy increased as radioactivity decreased. The relative error was lowest at 36 MBq and highest at 505 MBq, with a difference of approximately 10%. Quantification accuracy improved as the size of the surface source exceeded 14.5 cm and the amount of solution decreased. Radioactivity at the time of measurement significantly affected quantification accuracy and 73–103 MBq of radioactivity was sufficient for repeatable and quantification accuracy.
Effect of Cherenkov light on cell survival in x-ray irradiation of LINAC based on Monte Carlo simulation and cell survival measurements
Authors: Hirano Yoshiyuki , Terada Yuka 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Cherenkov radiation is emitted during x-ray irradiation in a linear accelerator (LINAC). Cherenkov light contains many short wavelength components, including ultraviolet (UV) light, which is well-known for its bactericidal effects. A similar phenomenon is probable for human cancer cells. To assess the effect of Cherenkov light on cell death in x-ray irradiation, we employed simulations and UV cell survival data. We measured the survival rates of HeLa cells exposed to 254 nm (UVC) and 310 nm (UVB) light to determine the 50% lethal dose (LD50) required to kill 50% of the cells. For other wavelengths, we utilized literature values to establish the relationship between wavelength and LD50. Due to the broad range of the Cherenkov light spectrum, we need LD50 as a function of wavelength to estimate cell survival solely from Cherenkov light. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to calculate the fluence distribution of Cherenkov light in a 300 mm3 phantom comprised of soft tissue, both with and without absorption of visible light. The latter scenario is considered to be most influenced by Cherenkov light. By combining the fluence distribution and the wavelength-LD50 relationship, we determined the distribution of the survival rate. Our findings indicate that, in the absence of absorption, a radiation dose of approximately 90 Gy or greater is necessary for Cherenkov light to have any effect. As a result, the impact of Cherenkov light on cell survival can be considered negligible for typical dose of 2 Gy.
Monitoring and predicting marine heatwaves in Vanuatu
Authors: Bhardwaj Jessica , Kuleshov Yuriy 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Marine Heatwaves (MHWs) have disastrous impacts on ecosystems and communities in the south-west Pacific but there is limited research investigating their onset and evolution in this region. In collaboration with local fisheries and marine sectors, this study applied a MHW framework to define and categorize MHW events in the waters around Vanuatu. A range of events amongst the most intense and longest were investigated, as well as an anecdotally notable event from February 2016. This event was neither in the top five longest, nor the most intense of events, highlighting how impacts in marine ecosystems are non-linear and have cascading interactions with a region’s exposure and vulnerability. In analysing these events, we also explore how sub-seasonal to seasonal (S2S) prediction can be used to forecast MHW events. Hindcasts from the Bureau of Meteorology’s operational coupled ocean-atmosphere model were used to create weekly and monthly forecasts for each MHW event in the period from 1980 to 2018. We found that chance above 90th percentile hindcasts had promising accuracy with average hit rates highest for lead 0 weekly and monthly hindcast but conclude that hindcast accuracy is not always indicative of real time forecast accuracy as real time forecasts use a larger set of model ensembles. We also investigated an event outside the hindcast study period (May 2022) due to its notably ‘off the charts’ impacts. This event was the longest and most intense event on record, surpassing the previously longest and most intense event by 144 days and 0.56 °C. As climate change intensifies, such extreme events will become more frequent and will likely compound with other extremes, making the use and uptake of monitoring and prediction services critical to the long-term resilience of marine-reliant communities and sectors.
Resonant structure for improved directionality and extraction of single photons
Authors: Chowdhury Sagar , Rituraj  , Krishnamurthy Srini , Bhallamudi Vidya Praveen 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Fluorescent atomic defects, particularly in dielectric materials such as diamond, are promising for several emerging quantum applications. However, efficient light extraction, directional emission, and narrow spectral emission are key challenges. We have designed a dielectric metasurface exploiting Mie-resonance and Kerker conditions to address these issues. Our designed diamond metasurface, tailored for nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect centers in diamond, predicts up to 500× improvement in the collection of 637 nm (zero phonon line) photons over that from the bare diamond. Our design achieves highly directional emission, predominantly emitting in a

20
∘

lobe in the forward direction. This makes the light collection more efficient, including fiber-based collection. The predicted results are stable against the position of the emitter placed in the metaelement, thus alleviating the challenging fabrication requirement of precise positioning of the defect center. Equally importantly, our design approach can be applied to enhance single photon emission also from other defects such as SiV, other materials such as hBN, and other sources such as quantum dots.
Atmospheric water harvesting using a desiccant-based solar still: experimental investigation and economic analysis
Authors: Safoui Rachid , Belaaribi Rachida , Achahour Omar , Elfanaoui Abdeslam , Ihlal Ahmed , Mouaky Ammar , Amagour Mohamed El Habib , Abou Oualid Hicham , Awad Mohamed M 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Water scarcity is currently a major worldwide issue, and many unconventional solutions are being tested to provide water to populations in remote areas. A promising method involves harvesting water from ambient air using a humidity adsorbent and solar energy. This approach was explored through a desiccant-based solar still, using river sand impregnated with a calcium chloride solution. The sorption-desorption stability of the bed sorbent was studied over five consecutive days. Absorption occurred at night, allowing the bed to capture water vapor from the surrounding air. Various parameters that influenced the kinetics of water vapor absorption were studied. The results showed that the bed could harvest 671.02 ml m−2 of water vapor from the ambient air at an average ambient temperature of 25 °C and an average relative humidity of 80%. The daytime process involved simultaneous desiccant regeneration and water vapor condensation. Several parameters were recorded during the trials to evaluate their influence on the evaporation rate and collected condensate. Experimental findings showed that the total amount of evaporated water is affected by the initial desiccant concentration in the bed and the cumulative solar energy. Optimal conditions yielded 908.67 ml m−2 of evaporated water at an initial desiccant concentration of 50% and 25.47 MJ m−2 of solar energy. The water yield ranged from 561.51 ml m−2 to 645.39 ml m−2, with a maximum energy efficiency of 24.60%. The estimated cost of collected water was $0.086 per liter, with a payback period of 18.25 months.