bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulation of Ice-Structure Interactions Using a Coupled SPH-DEM Method
Authors: Mintu Shafiul , Molyneux David 
Published: November 2018

Ice-structure interaction (ISI) is a complex process, which requires a thorough understanding of the underlying physics to ensure safe operations in the ice-covered regions. Application of discrete element method (DEM) to compute ice loads on structures is a widely accepted approach, where the equations of rigid body motions are solved for all ice pieces in the computational domain. In most ISI simulations, the ice zone is assumed to be resting on a static water foundation omitting the hydrodynamic effects (added mass, water drag, wave damping) of the interacting bodies. This assumption can introduce erroneous results to simulations of the floating ice floes behavior, which in turn will incur uncertainties in planning ice management activities.In this paper, a smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code is coupled with a three-dimensional DEM model to take the hydrodynamic effects of the interacting bodies including the ice pieces into account. The ice zone is modeled as discrete elements, which allows computing interaction forces by considering contact laws. The water foundation is modeled using smooth particles, which are modelled with the Naiver-Stokes equations.Several applications of ship and offshore structures interacting with level ice and pack ice are simulated. A scenario of an offshore supply vessel operating in the marginal ice zone (MIZ) that is subject to wave forces is also simulated to show how this approach can be used for modelling complex real-world problems. This scenario is unique in a sense that it yields a multi-physics solution, where ice-structure-wave are all included in a single CFD simulation as a fully coupled analysis. The cost of the simulation is significantly reduced by running the computations on a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) instead of a typical CPU workstation. Some of the initial results of ice-structure interactions are presented in this paper and a reasonable agreement with reduced scale model test results are found.
Heat, salt, and volume transports in the eastern Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean from 2 years of mooring observations
Authors: Pnyushkov Andrey V. , Polyakov Igor V. , Rember Robert , Ivanov Vladimir V. , Alkire Matthew B. , Ashik Igor M. , Baumann Till M. , Alekseev Genrikh V. , Sundfjord Arild 
Published: November 2018

Abstract. This study discusses along-slope volume, heat, and salt transports derived
from observations collected in 2013–2015 using a cross-slope array of six
moorings ranging from 250 to 3900 m in the eastern Eurasian Basin (EB) of
the Arctic Ocean. These observations demonstrate that in the upper 780 m
layer, the along-slope boundary current advected, on average, 5.1±0.1 Sv
of water, predominantly in the eastward (shallow-to-right) direction.
Monthly net volume transports across the Laptev Sea slope vary widely, from
∼0.3±0.8 in April 2014 to ∼9.9±0.8 Sv in June 2014;
3.1±0.1 Sv (or 60 %) of the net transport
was associated with warm and salty intermediate-depth Atlantic Water (AW).
Calculated heat transport for 2013–2015 (relative to −1.8 ∘C) was
46.0±1.7 TW, and net salt transport (relative to zero salinity) was
172±6 Mkg s−1. Estimates for AW heat and salt transports were
32.7±1.3 TW (71 % of net heat transport) and 112±4 Mkg s−1
(65 % of net salt transport). The variability of currents explains
∼90 % of the variability in the heat and salt transports.
The remaining ∼10 % is controlled by temperature and
salinity anomalies together with the temporal variability of the AW layer
thickness. The annual mean volume transports decreased by 25 % from
5.8±0.2 Sv in 2013–2014 to 4.4±0.2 Sv in 2014–2015, suggesting
that changes in the transports at interannual and longer timescales in the
eastern EB may be significant.
What's in Your File Folder? Part 3: Differentiation and Integration in Logic (and Illogic)
Authors: Bissell Roger E. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn this third installment of his series on key, underappreciated ideas in Ayn Rand's epistemology, the author discusses the nature of differentiation and integration as the functional essence of consciousness and applies that insight to various cognitive and noncognitive processes of awareness, with a special emphasis on logic and illogic. He offers an extended analysis of the fallacies of “Frozen Abstraction” and “False Alternative,” as well as critiques of a long-standing Objectivist conflation of falsity and contradiction and a relatively more recent Objectivist error, the fallacy of “genuine awareness.”
The Power of Proficiency Testing: Unraveling Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Interference, With Potential Impact on Clinical Testing of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3
Authors: Ida Cristiane M. , Lundquist Patrick A. , Weck Karen , Highsmith W. Edward 
Published: November 2018

Context.—The College of American Pathologists proficiency testing program has been instrumental in identifying problems in clinical testing.Objective.—To describe how this program was used to identify a single-nucleotide polymorphism that affects clinical testing for spinocerebellar ataxia type 3.Design.—A proficiency testing sample with discordant results for spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 analysis was further evaluated by targeted Sanger sequencing and genotype polymerase chain reaction using multiple DNA polymerases.Results.—Of 28 laboratories responding in the spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 Proficiency Survey, 18 reported an incorrect homozygous result and 10 reported the expected heterozygous result. A heterozygous single-nucleotide polymorphism complementary to the 3′ end of a published forward primer was identified in the proficiency testing sample, which may have led to allele dropout. However, this primer was used by only 3 of 18 laboratories (16%) reporting a homozygous result. A new forward primer of identical sequence, except for the 3′ end being complementary to the single-nucleotide polymorphism, showed the expected heterozygous pattern. The possibility of DNA polymerase 3′-5′ exonuclease activity contributing to allele dropout was investigated by testing 9 additional polymerases with and without exonuclease activity. No clear pattern emerged, but enzymes with and without 3′-5′ exonuclease activity yielded both homozygous and expected heterozygous results with the published forward primer.Conclusions.—Proactive systematic primer sequence checking is recommended because single-nucleotide polymorphism interference may result in allele dropout and impact clinical testing. Allele dropout is also influenced by other factors, including DNA polymerase exonuclease activity.
Pediatric Antiviral Stewardship: Defining the Potential Role of Ribavirin in Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Associated Lower Respiratory Illness
Authors: Hoover Jessica , Eades Shannan , Lam Weng Man 
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES Although no longer included in the American Academy of Pediatrics guideline, ribavirin was shown to be beneficial in a subset of adult patients with severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)–associated bronchiolitis. This study aimed to investigate risk factors for progression to severe acute respiratory tract infections in hospitalized pediatric patients with RSV-associated bronchiolitis to identify which patients may benefit from inhaled ribavirin therapy, despite its substantial cost, diffcult administration, and potential complications.
METHODS Patients were identified by ICD-9 codes for RSV bronchiolitis and were only included if they had a confirmed positive result for RSV via polymerase chain reaction for detection and typing of respiratory viruses. Patient characteristics, including underlying conditions and comorbidities, were analyzed for the risk of severe acute respiratory tract infection.
RESULTS A total of 299 patients were included in the study population. Ninety-six patients (32%) were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit, and almost half of those patients (46%) required mechanical ventilation. Weight and presence of atrial septal defect were the only factors significantly associated with the need for mechanical ventilation, as identified by univariate analysis. Two patients required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and a total of 5 patients, including one who received ECMO, died with RSV infection as the primary cause. Of these patients, all were less than 1 year of age. Two had a history of prematurity; however, no variables were associated with mortality.
CONCLUSIONS Given the side effect profile and expense of ribavirin therapy, it is prudent to limit use to patients at risk for significant morbidity and mortality from RSV disease. Because we were unable to identify patients who would most likely benefit from ribavirin antiviral therapy, we cannot recommend the routine use of ribavirin to prevent mechanical ventilation, ECMO, or death from RSV bronchiolitis in our institution.
La fabrique des restes
Authors: Homola Stéphanie 
Published: November 2018

Les arts mantiques chinois sont fondés sur le postulat d’une dynamique cosmique cyclique dont la régularité rendrait les évènements futurs prédictibles. Cependant, du fait de la multiplicité des paramètres qui entrent en jeu dans cette dynamique, son déchiffrement est particulièrement complexe et nécessite des techniques élaborées de « calcul » du destin. Ce travail se concentre, en particulier, sur des opérations de décompte visant à produire des restes dans plusieurs pratiques divinatoires spécialisées et communes observées aujourd’hui dans le monde chinois. Ce processus opératoire est mis en relation avec des procédures divinatoires similaires dans d’autres contextes culturels ainsi qu’avec d’autres activités telles que le jeu. Cet article interroge la tension entre la complexité des techniques divinatoires (qui visent à inclure le maximum de paramètres pour rendre compte d’une situation de la manière la plus juste possible) et la nécessaire simplicité que requiert l’application de ces techniques dans des contextes d’action et de prise de décision. Il met ainsi en évidence à quel point les artefacts divinatoires et les schèmes de pensée qui leur sont associés fonctionnent comme des outils de déchiffrement et d’orientation en réduisant l’insondable diversité du cosmos à une échelle appréhendable par l’esprit humain.
Mūrējumu korozija apkārtējās vides ietekmē
Authors: Karpe Margarita , Kiriloviča Inta , Vītiņa Inta , Timma Laimons 
Published: November 2018

Būvniecībā kopš seniem laikiem izmanto neorganiskās saistvielas. Materiāli kultūrvēsturiskajos un mākslas pieminekļos pastāvīgi tiek pakļauti struktūras sairšanas procesiem, kurus paātrina arvien pieaugošais vides piesārņojums. Autotransporta dūmgāzes gaisā izdala NxOy, SO2, CO un CO2, kas saistās ar gaisa mitrumu un veido skābos lietus. Tie kopā ar putekļiem un sodrējiem nonāk uz mūrējumu virsmas, veidojot blīvu slāni. Rezultātā sākas ķīmiski korozijas procesi, veidojoties ūdenī šķīstošiem sāļiem (visbiežāk – nātrija, kālija, kalcija un magnija sulfāti). Atmosfēras mitruma svārstību un žūšanas procesu rezultātā šie sāļi kristalizējas un izraisa mūrējuma sairšanu, ko veicina bioloģiskā un fizikālā korozija.Pirmie pētījumi par mūrējumu un dabīgo akmens materiālu koroziju Latvijā sākti 1984. g. RTU Silikātu tehnoloģijas katedrā. 1995. g. RTU Silikātu materiālu institūtā tika nodibināts Akmens materiālu konservācijas un restaurācijas centrs (AMKRC). Tā darbības pamatā ir kultūrvēsturisko pieminekļu zinātniskā analīze – korodējošo materiālu sastāva, struktūras, fizikālo un mehānisko īpašību izpēte.In restoration of the masonry, it is important to maintain its original composition and appearance by matching historical materials with appropriate material which is consistent both visually and in accordance with physical and chemical properties. Materials of historic-cultural and artistic monuments are constantly exposed to disintegration processes which are accelerated by ever- increasing environmental pollution (NxOy, SO2, CO and CO2). This environmental pollution reacts with moisture from air and causes acid rain. As a result, water- soluble salts (most commonly sodium, potassium and magnesium sulphates, and gypsum) are formed, causing the chemical corrosion of the masonry, which can cause its disintegration.The earliest research on corrosion of masonry and of natural stone materials in Latvia was conducted in 1984 at the Department of Silicate Technologies, Riga Technical University. In 1995 the Center for Conservation and Restoration of Stone Materials was established at the Institute of Silicate Materials, Riga Technical University. Research by the Center includes scientific analyses of cultural-historical monuments – the study of the composition, structure, physical, and mechanical properties of corroding materials.
Pašattīroši audumi: kas tie ir un kāpēc tādi nepieciešami?
Authors: Eglītis Raivis , Mežinskis Gundars , Buiķe Ieva 
Published: November 2018

Pašattīroši audumi ir tekstilmateriāli, kuriem piemīt spēja ārēju vides faktoru iedarbībā atbrīvot savu virsmu no dažādiem piesārņojumiem. Šādi audumi ļauj samazināt ūdens un enerģijas patēriņu, kas saistīts ar drēbju mazgāšanu, samazināt infekciju risku, pateicoties to biocīdām īpašībām, kā arī pasargā cilvēkus no UV starojuma. Papildus tam šādus audumus arī būtu grūtāk saslapināt; tas mūsdienu mitrajā klimatā samazinātu diskomfortu no salijušām drēbēm. Šādus efektus pašattīroši audumi iegūtu ar tādiem mehānismiem kā fotokatalīze un superhidrofobitāte. Lai audumi iegūtu augstāk minētās īpašības, piemērotākie ir ZnO un TiO2 nanodaļiņu veidotie pārklājumi. Savukārt pārklājumu ieguvei jāizmanto sola-gēla metode, kas sniedz iespēju izveidot homogēnus pārklājumus pie temperatūrām, kuras iztur organiskas dabas materiāli. Kopš 2011. gada ar šādu audumu izstrādi ir nodarbojies Rīgas Tehniskās universitātes Dizaina tehnoloģiju institūts. Kopš 2016. gada ar šādiem pārklājumiem nodarbojas arī Rīgas Tehniskās universitātes Silikātu materiālu institūtā. Izmantojot savas gadu desmitu laikā iegūtās zināšanas sola-gēla tehnoloģijā un nanostrukturētu pārklājumu ieguvē, sekmīgi uzsākti pētījumi rūpnieciski izmantojamu tehnoloģiju izstrādei kokvilnas audumiem.Self-Cleaning Fabrics: What Are They and How Are They Used?Self-cleaning fabrics are textile materials, which under the influence of various external environmental factors have the ability to rid their surface from various contaminants. Such fabrics make it possible to reduce water and energy consumption associated with washing clothes, to reduce the risk of infections due to their biocidal properties, and to protect people from UV radiation. In addition, such fabrics would also be more difficult to wet. This would reduce the possibility of wet clothes in damp climates. Such effects by self-cleaning fabrics could be achieved through mechanisms of photocatalysis and superhydrophobicity. To develop textiles with above mentioned properties, the most suitable approach is the deposition of coatings formed by ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles. In turn, the sol-gel method should be used to obtain coatings. This would make it possible to create homogeneous coatings at temperatures that organic materials can withstand. Institute of Design Technologies, Riga Technical University, has been working on the development of such fabrics since 2011. The research in the field of such coatings at the Institute of Silicate Materials, Riga Technical University, has been performed since 2016. Thanks to decades long research in sol-gel technology and nanostructured coatings, the development of commercially available technologies for cotton fabrics has been successfully launched at the Institute of Silicate Materials.Keywords: self-cleaning fabrics, sol-gel method, TiO2, ZnO
Commissioning of a respiratory gating system involving a pressure sensor in carbon‐ion scanning radiotherapy
Authors: Mizuno Hideyuki , Saito Osami , Tajiri Minoru , Kimura Taku , Kuroiwa Daigo , Shirai Toshiyuki , Inaniwa Taku , Fukahori Mai , Miki Kentaro , Fukuda Shigekazu 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis study reports the commissioning methodology and results of a respiratory gating system [AZ – 733 V/733 VI (Anzai Medical Co., Japan)] using a pressure sensor in carbon‐ion scanning radiotherapy. Commissioning includes choosing a location and method for pressure sensor installation, delay time measurement of the system, and the final flow test. Additionally, we proposed a methodology for the determination of a threshold level of generating an on/off gate for the beam to the respiratory waveform, which is important for clinical application. Regarding the location and method for installation of the pressure sensor, the actual person's abdomen, back of the body position, and supine/prone positioning were checked. By comparing the motion between the pressure sensor output and the reference LED sensor motion, the chest rear surface was shown to be unsuitable for the sensor installation, due to noise in the signal caused by the cardiac beat. Regarding delay time measurement of the system, measurements were performed for the following four steps: (a). Actual motion to wave signal generation; (b). Wave signal to gate signal generation; (c). Gate signal to beam on/off signal generation; (d). Beam on/off signal to the beam irradiation. The total delay time measured was 46 ms (beam on)/33 ms (beam off); these were within the prescribed tolerance time (<100 ms). Regarding the final flow test, an end‐to‐end test was performed with a patient verification system using an actual carbon‐ion beam; the respiratory gating irradiation was successfully performed, in accordance with the intended timing. Finally, regarding the method for determining the threshold level of the gate generation of the respiration waveform, the target motion obtained from 4D‐CT was assumed to be correlated with the waveform obtained from the pressure sensor; it was used to determine the threshold value in amplitude direction.
A Pilot Study of Infrared Thermal Imaging to Detect Active Bone Lesions in Children With Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis
Authors: Zhao Yongdong , Iyer Ramesh S. , Reichley Lucas , Oron Assaf P. , Gove Nancy E. , Kitsch Averi E. , Biswas Debosmita , Friedman Seth , Partridge Savannah C. , Wallace Carol A. 
Published: November 2018

ObjectiveChronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) is an autoinflammatory bone disease. An inexpensive and rapid imaging tool, infrared thermal imaging, was evaluated for its utility to detect active bone lesions in extremities of children with CNO.MethodsChildren with suspected active CNO and healthy controls were enrolled. All subjects underwent infrared thermal imaging of the lower extremities. Patients in the CNO group also received a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination. Hyperintensity within bone marrow on a fluid‐sensitive T2‐weighted MRI sequence was considered confirmatory for inflammation. Infrared thermal data were analyzed using custom software by dividing the leg below the knee into 3 equal segments longitudinally and adding the distal femur segment as an equal length above the knee. Median and 95th percentile temperatures were recorded for each leg segment. Temperature differences between inflamed and uninflamed segments in all subjects (both intersubject and intrasubject) were evaluated using a linear mixed‐effects model.ResultsThirty children in the suspected/known CNO group and 31 healthy children were enrolled. In the healthy control group, males had significantly higher temperature in their lower extremities than females (P < 0.05). There was no difference in temperature detected between inflamed leg segments of patients with CNO versus uninflamed leg segments of the healthy control group. However, within the CNO group, significantly higher temperatures were detected for inflamed versus uninflamed distal tibia/fibula segments (P < 0.01).ConclusionChildren with active CNO lesions in the distal tibia/fibula exhibited higher regional temperatures on average than healthy extremities. Larger studies are warranted to further evaluate the clinical utility of infrared thermal imaging for CNO detection.
Large‐Pore Mesoporous‐Silica‐Coated Upconversion Nanoparticles as Multifunctional Immunoadjuvants with Ultrahigh Photosensitizer and Antigen Loading Efficiency for Improved Cancer Photodynamic Immunotherapy
Authors: Ding Binbin , Shao Shuai , Yu Chang , Teng Bo , Wang Meifang , Cheng Ziyong , Wong Ka‐Leung , Ma Ping'an , Lin Jun 
Published: November 2018

AbstractReported immunoadjuvants still have many limitations, such as inferior cellular uptake capacity and biocompatibility, overly large particle sizes, single function, and unsatisfactory therapeutic efficacy. Here, large‐pore mesoporous‐silica‐coated upconversion nanoparticles (UCMSs) with a size of less than 100 nm are successfully prepared by a typical silica sol–gel reaction using mesitylene as a pore‐swelling agent and are applied as a novel immunoadjuvant. The obtained UCMSs not only show significantly higher loadings for the photosensitizers merocyanine 540 (MC540), model proteins (chicken ovalbumin (OVA)), and tumor antigens (tumor cell fragment (TF)), but also are successfully employed for highly efficient in vivo vaccine delivery. The prepared UCMSs–MC540–OVA under 980 nm near‐infrared irradiation shows the best synergistic immunopotentiation action, verified by the strongest Th1 and Th2 immune responses and the highest frequency of CD4+, CD8+, and effector‐memory T cells. Additionally, nanovaccines UCMSs–MC540–TF can more effectively inhibit tumor growth and increase the survival of colon cancer (CT26)‐tumor‐bearing BALB/c mice compared with either photodynamic therapy or immunological therapy alone, suggesting the enhanced immunotherapy efficacy and clinical potential of UCMSs as immunoadjuvants for cancer immunotherapy.
The Dawn of Thiol‐Yne Triazine Triones Thermosets as a New Material Platform Suited for Hard Tissue Repair
Authors: Arseneault Mathieu , Granskog Viktor , Khosravi Sara , Heckler Ilona Maria , Mesa‐Antunez Pablo , Hult Daniel , Zhang Yuning , Malkoch Michael 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe identification of a unique set of advanced materials that can bear extraordinary loads for use in bone and tooth repair will inevitably unlock unlimited opportunities for clinical use. Herein, the design of high‐performance thermosets is reported based on triazine‐trione (TATO) monomers using light‐initiated thiol‐yne coupling (TYC) chemistry as a polymerization strategy. In comparison to traditional thiol‐ene coupling (TEC) systems, TYC chemistry has yielded highly dense networks with unprecedented mechanical properties. The most promising system notes 4.6 GPa in flexural modulus and 160 MPa in flexural strength, an increase of 84% in modulus and 191% in strength when compared to the corresponding TATO system based on TEC chemistry. Remarkably, the mechanical properties exceed those of polylactide (PLA) and challenge poly(ether ether ketone) PEEK and today's methacrylate‐based dental resin composites. All the materials display excellent biocompatibility, in vitro, and are successfully: i) molded into medical devices for fracture repair, and ii) used as bone adhesive for fracture fixation and as tooth fillers with the outstanding bond strength that outperform methacrylate systems used today in dental restoration application. Collectively, a new era of advanced TYC materials is unfolded that can fulfill the preconditions as bone fixating implants and for tooth restorations.