bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computational challenges of evolving the language-ready brain
Authors: Arbib Michael A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA theory of evolving the language-ready brain requires a theory of what it is that evolved. We offer the TCG (Template Construction Grammar) model of comprehension and production of utterances to exhibit hypotheses on how utterances may link to “what language is about.” A key subsystem of TCG is the SemRep system for semantic representation of a visual scene. We offer an account of how it may have evolved as an expansion of the ventral pathway supporting the planning of manual actions, complemented by a dorsal pathway for articulation. The Mirror System Hypothesis (MSH) claims that earlyHomo sapienshad protolanguage but not language and that cultural evolution yielded the social structures within which children could indeed acquire language. The article poses the challenge of understanding how a brain system could be innately specified that could develop into a TCG-like form, posing a range of questions for future research.
Mind the gap – moving beyond the dichotomy between intentional gestures and emotional facial and vocal signals of nonhuman primates
Authors: Liebal Katja , Oña Linda 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Despite the variety of theories suggesting how human language might have evolved, very few consider the potential role of emotions in such scenarios. The few existing theories jointly highlight that gaining control over the production of emotional communication was crucial for establishing and maintaining larger social groups. This in turn resulted in the development of more complex social emotions and the corresponding sophisticated socio-cognitive skills to understand others’ communicative behavior, providing the grounds for language to emerge. Importantly, these theories propose that the ability of controlling emotional communication is a uniquely human trait, an assumption that we will challenge. By taking a comparative approach, we discuss recent findings from behavioral and neurobiological studies from our closest relatives, the non-human primates, on the extent of control over their gestural, facial and vocal signals. This demonstrates that research foci differ drastically across these modalities, which further enhances the traditional dichotomy between emotional, involuntary facial and vocal expressions in contrast to intentionally, voluntarily produced gestures. Based on this brief overview, we point to gaps of knowledge in primate communication research and suggest how investigating emotional expressions in our closest relatives might enrich the road map towards the evolution of human language.
The evolution of enhanced conceptual complexity and of Broca’s area
Authors: Schoenemann P. Thomas 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Evolutionary change occurs most often through the modification of pre-existing structures. What were the pre-existing circuits in our primate ancestors that paved the way for human language, and how did they change in the lineages leading to our present condition? Among the neural modifications that were critical for human language, there are two of special interest: The origin and evolution of the remarkably rich conceptual world that humans share to the exclusion of other primates (which made possible increasingly sophisticated communication systems), and the origin of neural circuitry that underlies various sequential and hierarchical aspects of language, as utilized for example in syntax and word morphology. The fossil record of brain evolution and the archaeological record provide intriguing clues about these processes.
The comparative neuroprimatology 2018 (CNP-2018) road map for research on How the Brain Got Language
Authors: Arbib Michael A. , Aboitiz Francisco , Burkart Judith M. , Corballis Michael , Coudé Gino , Hecht Erin , Liebal Katja , Myowa-Yamakoshi Masako , Pustejovsky James , Putt Shelby , Rossano Federico , Russon Anne E. , Schoenemann P. Thomas , Seifert Uwe , Semendeferi Katerina , Sinha Chris , Stout Dietrich , Volterra Virginia , Wacewicz Sławomir , Wilson Benjamin 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
We present a new road map for research on “How the Brain Got Language” that adopts an EvoDevoSocio perspective and highlights comparative neuroprimatology – the comparative study of brain, behavior and communication in extant monkeys and great apes – as providing a key grounding for hypotheses on the last common ancestor of humans and monkeys (LCA-m) and chimpanzees (LCA-c) and the processes which guided the evolution LCA-m → LCA-c → protohumans → H. sapiens. Such research constrains and is constrained by analysis of the subsequent, primarily cultural, evolution of H. sapiens which yielded cultures involving the rich use of language.
Isozyme-Specific Role of SAD-A in Neuronal Migration During Development of Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Nakanishi Keiko , Niida Hiroyuki , Tabata Hidenori , Ito Tsuyoshi , Hori Yuki , Hattori Madoka , Johmura Yoshikazu , Yamada Chisato , Ueda Takashi , Takeuchi Kosei , Yamada Kenichiro , Nagata Koh-ichi , Wakamatsu Nobuaki , Kishi Masashi , Pan Y Albert , Ugawa Shinya , Shimada Shoichi , Sanes Joshua R , Higashi Yujiro , Nakanishi Makoto 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
SAD kinases regulate presynaptic vesicle clustering and neuronal polarization. A previous report demonstrated that Sada−/− and Sadb−/− double-mutant mice showed perinatal lethality with a severe defect in axon/dendrite differentiation, but their single mutants did not. These results indicated that they were functionally redundant. Surprisingly, we show that on a C57BL/6N background, SAD-A is essential for cortical development whereas SAD-B is dispensable. Sada−/− mice died within a few days after birth. Their cortical lamination pattern was disorganized and radial migration of cortical neurons was perturbed. Birth date analyses with BrdU and in utero electroporation using pCAG-EGFP vector showed a delayed migration of cortical neurons to the pial surface in Sada−/− mice. Time-lapse imaging of these mice confirmed slow migration velocity in the cortical plate. While the neurites of hippocampal neurons in Sada−/− mice could ultimately differentiate in culture to form axons and dendrites, the average length of their axons was shorter than that of the wild type. Thus, analysis on a different genetic background than that used initially revealed a nonredundant role for SAD-A in neuronal migration and differentiation.
Automated extraction of quality indicators for treatment of children with complex developmental disorders: A feasibility study using the example of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Borusiak Peter , Hameister Karin A , Jozwiak Dennis , Saatz Inga M , Mathea Lutz , Schilling Stephan , Buckard Johannes , Wegener Armin 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Quality issue
Quality assessment is challenging in children with developmental disorders. Previously, a set of quality indicators (QIs) was developed and analyzed in terms of feasibility of use with patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). QI assessment turned out to be possible but highly complex. Thus, we compared different technologies for automated extraction of data for assessment of QIs.

Choice of solution
Four automated extraction technologies (regular expressions, Apache Solr, Apache Mahout, Apache OpenNLP) were compared with respect to their properties regarding the complexity of implementing the QI, the complexity of implementing a check module, the reliability and quality of results, the complexity of preparation of interdisciplinary medical reports, and the complexity of deployment and installation.

Implementation
Twenty medical reports from different institutions were reviewed for compliance with three QIs by these technologies and compared with expert opinions.

Evaluation
Among the four technologies, Apache Solr had the best overall performance. For manual extraction of the three QIs, at least 77 s were necessary per medical report, whereas the prototype evaluated and extracted the QIs automatically in 8 s on average. Unexpectedly, different assessments of the degree of compliance by the experts turned out to be one of the stumbling blocks. An in-depth evaluation compared results on a semantic level.

Lessons learned
It is possible to extract QIs by post-processing automated technologies. This approach can also be applied to other developmental disorders. However, a more uniform documentation throughout institutions involved will be necessary in order to implement this method in daily practice.
Is a modified Global Trigger Tool method using automatic trigger identification valid when measuring adverse events?
Authors: Mevik Kjersti , Hansen Tonje E , Deilkås Ellen C , Ringdal Alexander M , Vonen Barthold 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Objectives
To evaluate a modified Global Trigger Tool (GTT) method with manual review of automatic triggered records to measure adverse events.

Design
A cross-sectional study was performed using the original GTT method as gold standard compared to a modified GTT method.

Setting
Medium size hospital trust in Northern Norway.

Participants
One thousand two hundred thirty-three records selected between March and December 2013.

Main outcome measure
Records with triggers, adverse events and number of adverse events identified. Recall (sensitivity), precision (positive predictive value), specificity and Cohen’s kappa with 95 % confidence interval were calculated.

Results
Both methods identified 35 adverse events per 1000 patient days. The modified GTT method with manual review of 658 automatic triggered records identified adverse events (n = 214) in 189 records and the original GTT method identified adverse events (n = 216) in 186 records. One hundred and ten identical records were identified with adverse events by both methods. Recall, precision, specificity and reliability for records identified with adverse events were respectively 0.59, 0.58, 0.92 and 0.51 for the modified GTT method. The total manual review time in the modified GTT method was 23 h while the manual review time using the original GTT method was 411 h.

Conclusions
The modified GTT method is as good as the original GTT method that complies with the GTTs aim monitoring the rate of adverse events. Resources saved by using the modified GTT method enable for increasing the sample size. The automatic trigger identification system may be developed to assess triggers in real-time to mitigate risk of adverse events.
Leveraging mobile health applications for biomedical research and citizen science: a scoping review
Authors: Schmitz Hannah , Howe Carol L , Armstrong David G , Subbian Vignesh 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectiveThis systematic review aims to analyze current capabilities, challenges, and impact of self-directed mobile health (mHealth) research applications such as those based on the ResearchKit platform.Materials and MethodsA systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. English publications were included if: 1) mobile applications were used in the context of large-scale collection of data for biomedical research, and not as medical or behavioral intervention of any kind, and 2) all activities related to participating in research and data collection methods were executed remotely without any face-to-face interaction between researchers and study participants.ResultsThirty-six unique ResearchKit apps were identified. The majority of the apps were used to conduct observational studies on general citizens and generate large datasets for secondary research. Nearly half of the apps were focused on chronic conditions in adults.DiscussionThe ability to generate large biomedical datasets on diverse populations that can be broadly shared and re-used was identified as a promising feature of mHealth research apps. Common challenges were low participation retention, uncertainty regarding how use patterns influence data quality, need for data validation, and privacy concerns.ConclusionResearchKit and other mHealth-based studies are well positioned to enhance development and validation of novel digital biomarkers as well as generate new biomedical knowledge through retrospective studies. However, in order to capitalize on these benefits, mHealth research studies must strive to improve retention rates, implement rigorous data validation strategies, and address emerging privacy and security challenges.
Taking preventative health messages into the wider caring professions: the views of housing staff and tenants
Authors: Blank Lindsay , Holding Eleanor , Crowder Mary , Butterworth Sally , Ferrari Ed , Goyder Elizabeth 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACT

Background
In order to harness the potential impact of the wider public health workforce, innovative services are providing opportunities for social housing staff to extend their public health role. This study explored the views of housing professionals and social housing residents on the delivery of preventative health messages by housing staff in the context of the evaluation of the roll-out of a new service.

Methods
We conducted semi structured interviews with 21 neighbourhood housing officers, 4 managers and 30 social housing tenants to understand their views on the widening role and the potential impact on the preventative healthcare messages being delivered.

Results
Neighbourhood officers were willing to discuss existing health conditions with tenants; but they often did not feel comfortable discussing their lifestyle choices. Most tenants also reported that they would feel discussions around lifestyle behaviours to be intrusive and outside the remit of housing staff.

Conclusions
Resistance to discussions of lifestyle topics during home visits was found among both housing staff and tenants. Appropriate staff training and the development of strong and trusting relationships between officers and tenants is needed, if similar programmes to extend the role of housing staff are to succeed in terms of health impact.
Dynamics of constrained many body problems in constant curvature two-dimensional manifolds
Authors: Maciejewski Andrzej J. , Przybylska Maria 
Published: September 2018

In this paper, we investigate systems of several point masses moving in constant curvature two-dimensional manifolds and subjected to certain holonomic constraints. We show that in certain cases these systems can be considered as rigid bodies in Euclidean and pseudo-Euclidean three-dimensional spaces with points which can move along a curve fixed in the body. We derive the equations of motion which are Hamiltonian with respect to a certain degenerated Poisson bracket. Moreover, we have found several integrable cases of described models. For one of them, we give the necessary and sufficient conditions for the integrability.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Finite dimensional integrable systems: new trends and methods’.
Relations in the cohomology ring of the moduli space of flatSO(2n + 1)-connections on a Riemann surface
Authors: Adina Gamse Elisheva , Weitsman Jonathan 
Published: September 2018

We consider the moduli space of flatSO(2n + 1)-connections (up to gauge transformations) on a Riemann surface, with fixed holonomy around a marked point. There are natural line bundles over this moduli space; we construct geometric representatives for the Chern classes of these line bundles, and prove that the ring generated by these Chern classes vanishes below the dimension of the moduli space, generalizing a conjecture of Newstead.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Finite dimensional integrable systems: new trends and methods’.
Modeling sensory-motor decisions in natural behavior
Authors: Zhang Ruohan , Zhang Shun , Tong Matthew H. , Cui Yuchen , Rothkopf Constantin A. , Ballard Dana H. , Hayhoe Mary M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAlthough a standard reinforcement learning model can capture many aspects of reward-seeking behaviors, it may not be practical for modeling human natural behaviors because of the richness of dynamic environments and limitations in cognitive resources. We propose a modular reinforcement learning model that addresses these factors. Based on this model, a modular inverse reinforcement learning algorithm is developed to estimate both the rewards and discount factors from human behavioral data, which allows predictions of human navigation behaviors in virtual reality with high accuracy across different subjects and with different tasks. Complex human navigation trajectories in novel environments can be reproduced by an artificial agent that is based on the modular model. This model provides a strategy for estimating the subjective value of actions and how they influence sensory-motor decisions in natural behavior.Author summaryIt is generally agreed that human actions can be formalized within the framework of statistical decision theory, which specifies a cost function for actions choices, and that the intrinsic value of actions is controlled by the brain’s dopaminergic reward machinery. Given behavioral data, the underlying subjective reward value for an action can be estimated through a machine learning technique called inverse reinforcement learning. Hence it is an attractive method for studying human reward-seeking behaviors. Standard reinforcement learning methods were developed for artificial intelligence agents, and incur too much computation to be a viable model for real-time human decision making. We propose an approach called modular reinforcement learning that decomposes a complex task into independent decision modules. This model includes a frequently overlooked variable called the discount factor, which controls the degree of impulsiveness in seeking future reward. We develop an algorithm called modular inverse reinforcement learning that estimates both the reward and the discount factor. We show that modular reinforcement learning may be a useful model for natural navigation behaviors. The estimated rewards and discount factors explain human walking direction decisions in a virtual-reality environment, and can be used to train an artificial agent that can accurately reproduce human navigation trajectories.
Investigating the conformational response of the Sortilin receptor upon binding endogenous peptide- and protein ligands by HDX-MS
Authors: Trabjerg Esben , Abu-Asad Nadia , Wan Ziqian , Kartberg Fredrik , Christensen Søren , Rand Kasper D. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSortilin is a multifunctional transmembrane neuronal receptor involved in sorting of neurotrophic factors and apoptosis signalling. So far, structural characterization of Sortilin and its endogenous ligands has been limited to crystallographic studies of Sortilin in complex with the neuropeptide Neurotensin. Here, we use hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry to investigate the conformational response of Sortilin to binding biological ligands including the peptides Neurotensin and the Sortilin propeptide and the proteins Progranulin and pro-Nerve growth factor-β. The results show that the ligands employ two binding sites inside the cavity of the β-propeller of Sortilin. However, ligands have distinct differences in their conformational impact on the receptor. Interestingly, the protein ligands induce conformational stabilization in a remote membrane-proximal domain, hinting at an unknown conformational link between the ligand binding region and this membrane-proximal region of Sortilin. Our findings improves our molecular understanding of Sortilin and how it mediates diverse ligand-dependent functions important in neurobiology.
Stability and sensitivity of structural connectomes: effect of thresholding and filtering and demonstration in neurodegeneration
Authors: McColgan Peter , Blom Tessel , Rees Geraint , Seunarine Kiran K , Gregory Sarah , Johnson Eileanoir , Durr Alexandra , Roos Raymund AC , Scahill Rachael I , Clark Chris A , Tabrizi Sarah J , Razi Adeel ,   the Track-HD Investigators
Published: September 2018

AbstractStructural connectomes derived using diffusion tractography are increasingly used to investigate white matter connectivity in neurological diseases. However inherent biases in diffusion tractography algorithms may lead to both false negatives and false positives in connectome construction. A range of graph thresholding approaches and more recently several streamline filtering algorithms have been developed to address these issues. However there is no consensus in the literature regarding the best available approach. Using a cohort of Huntington’s disease patients and healthy controls we compared the effect of several graph thresholding strategies: proportional, absolute, consensus and consistency thresholding, with and without streamline filtering, using Spherical Deconvolution Informed Filtering of tractograms (SIFT2) algorithm. We examined the effect of thresholding strategies on the stability of graph theory metrics and the sensitivity of these measures in neurodegeneration. We show that while a number of graph thresholding procedures result in stable metrics across thresholds, the detection of group differences is highly variable. We also showed that the application of streamline filtering using SIFT2 resultes in better detection of group differences and stronger clinical correlations. We therefore conclude that the application of SIFT2 streamline filtering without graph thresholding may be sufficient for structural connectome construction.
Membrane capacitance recordings resolve dynamics and complexity of receptor-mediated endocytosis in Wnt signalling
Authors: Bandmann Vera , Mirsanaye Ann Schirin , Schäfer Johanna , Thiel Gerhard , Holstein Thomas , Mikosch-Wersching Melanie 
Published: September 2018

AbstractReceptor-mediated endocytosis is an essential process in signaling pathways for an activation of intracellular signaling cascades. One example is the Wnt signaling pathway, which seems to depend on endocytosis of the ligand-receptor complex for initiation of Wnt signal transduction. So far, the role of different endocytic pathways in Wnt signaling, the molecular players and the kinetics of this process are unclear. Here, we monitor endocytosis in Wnt3a and Wnt5a mediated signaling by membrane capacitance recordings of HEK293 cells. Our measurements revealed a fast and substantial increase in the number of endocytic vesicles. This endocytotic activity is specifically elicited by extracellular Wnt ligands; it starts immediately upon ligand binding and ceases over a period of ten minutes. By using specific inhibitors, we can dissect Wnt induced endocytosis into two independent pathways, where canonical Wnt3a is taken up mainly by clathrin-independent endocytosis and Wnt5a exclusively by clathrin-mediated endocytosis.