bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2051-P: Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Attenuates Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms Associated with Obesity
Authors: FERRULLI ANNA , MACRÌ CONCETTA , DANGELO VALENTINA , LUZI LIVIO 
Published: June 2019

The association between obesity and psychological distress has been widely demonstrated. Systematic reviews have highlighted the bidirectional nature of this relationship. Strategies aimed at improving dopamine function may be beneficial in the treatment of both obesity and the associated psychological symptoms. Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (dTMS) has been demonstrated capable of inducing satiety and body weight loss in obesity, through modulation of dopaminergic system. Aim of this study was to evaluate possible beneficial effects of a 5-week dTMS treatment on psychological conditions in obesity. A total of 33 obese patients (9 males, 24 females, age 48.1±10.6 years, BMI 36.9±4.7 Kg/m2) were randomized and completed the study: 13 obese subjects underwent a 5-week treatment with high-frequency (HF) dTMS (18 Hz), 10 were treated with low-frequency (LF) dTMS (1 Hz), and 10 were Sham-treated. Depressive symptoms [Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)], state [State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-1)] and trait anxiety (STAI-2), impulsiveness [Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS)] were evaluated at baseline and at the end of 15 dTMS sessions. After 5 weeks, a significant weight loss was found in HF vs. LF and vs. sham (p=0.001). In the same group, a significant decrease in both Zung SDS (37.3±4.2 vs. 26.7±5.4, p=0.049 vs. baseline; p=0.036 vs. Sham) and BDI scores (4.8±4.1 vs. 2.6±2.5, p=0.019 vs. baseline) was found. In HF, state (37.1±7.9 vs. 32.4, p=0.024) and trait anxiety (35.6±10.5 vs. 30.1±7.8, p=0.016), and impulsiveness (55.6±9.3 vs. 51.6±8.4, p=0.021) scores significantly decreased compared to baseline. Weight loss over 5 weeks of dTMS treatment was associated with psychological benefit; the improvement of psychological conditions in obese subjects has been hypothesized to be due to a direct effect of HF dTMS, as well as a weight loss secondary result. The reduction of impulsivity could concur to a greater control of food craving in HF.

Disclosure
A. Ferrulli: None. C. Macrì: None. V. Dangelo: None. L. Luzi: Consultant; Self; McKinsey & Company. Research Support; Self; Allergan, Gelesis, SunStar Inc. Speaker's Bureau; Self; A. Menarini Diagnostics, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Company, GlaxoSmithKline plc., Menarini Group, Novartis AG, Novo Nordisk Inc., Sunstar Foundation.

Funding
Italian Ministry of Health
2055-P: The Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Associated with Hypocaloric Diet on Glucose Homeostasis in Overweight or Obese Adults
Authors: ARAUJO CARINA DE , FITZ RAQUEL C. , NATIVIDADE GABRIELLA RICHTER , OSÓRIO AMANDA F. , MERELLO PAULA NUNES , SCHESTATSKY PEDRO , GERCHMAN FERNANDO 
Published: June 2019

Aims: To test the effect of repetitive active transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) associated with a hypocaloric diet (HD) on glucose homeostasis in overweight or obese adults.
Method: We selected in a RCT double-blind study, overweight or obese adults with different degrees of glucose tolerance to complete a 4-week (20 sessions; five consecutive weekdays) of fixed-dose tDCS (2mA, 20min) delivered over the right DLPFC associated with a standard HD. Subjects were randomly assigned (1:1) and stratified by sex to active tDCS group (AG) or sham tDCS group (SG). Changes on the glycemic and insulinemic response were assessed in a 4h liquid meal tolerance test (LMTT), performed before (t0) and after (t20) the 4-week intervention. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were used to determine glucose and insulin AUCs, indices of insulin sensitivity (MISI, Matsuda Insulin Sensitivity Index), insulin secretion (ISI, Insulin Secretion Index), and pancreatic β-cell function (DI, Disposition Index). Data were analyzed with generalized estimating equations adjusted for age, carbohydrate intake, and weight loss (%).
Results: Twenty-eight participants were randomized (79% obese; 29% IGT, 4% T2D; 37.6 [5.8] years). Changes over the time (mean [95% CI]) for FPG was higher in AG than in SG (∆t20-t0 = −7.8 [−14.0, −1.6] vs. ∆t20-t0 = −0.9 [−4.0, 2.1] mg/dL; p = 0.043) after the intervention. Likewise, the MISI was improved in AG compared with SG (∆t20-t0 = 3.2 [1.5 to 4.9] vs. ∆t20-t0 = 0.5 [−1.5, 2.5] pmol-1x mmol-1; p = 0.044). There were no significant differences between groups in fasting insulin, glucose and insulin AUCs, ISI, or DI over the study.
Conclusions: Repetitive active tDCS over the right DLPFC may be a promising non-invasive technique that could be used to improve glucose homeostasis in overweight or obese individuals on a low-calorie diet. ClinicalTrials.org: NCT02683902.

Disclosure
C. de Araujo: None. R.C. Fitz: None. G.R. Natividade: None. A.F. Osório: None. P.N. Merello: None. P. Schestatsky: None. F. Gerchman: Speaker's Bureau; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc. Other Relationship; Self; Sanofi-Aventis.

Funding
Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (FIPE15-0119, 16-0417)
2067-P: Interrelationship between Serum Bone-Derived Factors and Obesity and Visceral Fat Accumulation in Chinese Middle-Aged Men and Women
Authors: BAO YUQIAN , XU YITING , MA XIAOJING , PAN XIAOPING , HE XINGXING , XIAO YUNFENG 
Published: June 2019

Aims: This study was designed to investigate the interrelationships between three bone-derived factors [serum osteocalcin (OCN), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels] and body fat content and distribution, in order to reveal the potential endocrine function of bone in the development of obesity.
Methods: We recruited 1179 people (aged 59.5 ± 6.2 years) from communities in Shanghai. Serum OCN levels were determined using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, and thus serum FGF-23 and NGAL levels were determined using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The abdominal fat distribution, including visceral fat area (VFA), was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Visceral obesity was defined as a VFA ≥ 80 cm2.
Results: Serum OCN levels were inversely correlated with body fat parameters, while FGF-23 and NGAL were positively correlated (P &lt; 0.05). After adjusting for confounders, waist circumference (W) and VFA had a closer relationship with serum OCN, FGF-23, and NGAL levels than body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (fat%, all P &lt; 0.05). The risk of visceral obesity significantly increased with higher FGF-23 and/or NGAL levels, as well as with reduced OCN levels (all P &lt; 0.05). In addition, serum OCN, FGF-23, and NGAL levels were independently associated with visceral obesity (all P &lt; 0.01). The relationships persisted among subjects with normal glucose tolerance or subjects with hyperglycaemia (both P &lt; 0.05).
Conclusions: Compared to overall adiposity, visceral adiposity was more closely related to serum OCN, FGF-23 and NGAL levels. There was no interaction among the relationship of three bone-derived factors with visceral obesity, which suggested the independent relationship of endocrine function of skeleton with body fat.

Disclosure
Y. Bao: None. Y. Xu: None. X. Ma: None. X. Pan: None. X. He: None. Y. Xiao: None.
209-LB: Is the Abdominal Aorta Diameter a Novel Marker of Diabetes Risk in Elderly Women?
Authors: DąBROWSKI MARIUSZ , DEREZINSKI TADEUSZ , URUSKA ALEKSANDRA , ZOZULINSKA-ZIOLKIEWICZ DOROTA 
Published: June 2019

Diabetes mellitus (DM) prevalence increases worldwide. Elevated BMI, waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and triglycerides (TGs), as well as low HDL cholesterol level are known risk factors of DM incidence. We analyzed the association of these parameters, with the addition of abdominal aorta diameter (AAD) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using CKD-EPI equation, with DM incidence among 200 women aged 65-74, nondiabetic at baseline assessment in 2012. After 6.5 years of follow-up 36 new DM cases occurred. Women with incident DM had significantly higher baseline FPG, 108.6±18.0 vs. 97.2±10,9 mg/dL, P&lt;0.001 and TGs, 142.2±54,6 vs. 115,6±49,7 mg/dL, P=0.002, while they had lower AAD, 18.1±4,7 vs. 18.4±2,5 mm, P=0.019; HDL cholesterol 58.7±12.7 vs. 68.9±17.3 mg/dL, P&lt;0.001 and eGFR, 77.4±14.5 vs. 83.1±17.2 mL/min/1.73 m2, P=0.045. WC, BP and BMI were not significantly different between groups. Relative risk (RR) of DM incidence was significantly higher for AAD &lt;18 mm, RR (95% CI) 2.66 (1.41-5.01), P=0.003; FPG ≥100 mg/dL, RR 2.89 (1.51-5.55), P&lt;0.001; TGs ≥150 mg/dL, RR 2.26 (1.26-4.03), P=0.013 and eGFR &lt;75,0 ml/min/1,73 m2, RR 2.11 (1.18-3.77), P=0.020. Other variables did not attain statistical significance limit. In the multiple logistic regression analysis including all variables, only AAD &lt;18 mm, FPG ≥100 mg/dL, and eGFR &lt;75,0 ml/min/1,73 m2 were independently associated with DM risk (P=0.005, P=0.010 and P=0.018 respectively). In the backward stepwise regression analysis DM incidence could be predicted from a linear combination of the independent variables: AAD &lt;18 mm (P=0.005), FPG ≥100 mg/dL (P=0.009), eGFR &lt;75,0 ml/min/1,73 m2 (P=0.017) and TGs ≥150 mg/dL (P=0.034). Thus, AAD &lt;18 mm seem to be a novel, independent marker of DM risk in elderly women, and AAD assessment during routine abdomen ultrasound may be helpful, together with other DM risk factors, in identifying elderly females at very high risk of DM incidence.

Disclosure
M. D?browski: Other Relationship; Self; Ascensia Diabetes Care, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Company, Mundipharma, Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi-Aventis, Servier, WöRWAG Pharma. T. Derezinski: None. A. Uruska: None. D. Zozulinska-Ziolkiewicz: Advisory Panel; Self; Roche Diabetes Care. Other Relationship; Self; Ascensia Diabetes Care, AstraZeneca, Berlin-Chemie AG, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi-Aventis, Servier, WöRWAG Pharma.
2096-P: Real-World Examination of Lorcaserin Treatment in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes, Prediabetes, and Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: HARRIS SAMANTHA R. , KNOTH RUSSELL L. , LI XUAN , KHILFEH IBRAHIM , CHOI JIYOON , PHILIS-TSIMIKAS ATHENA , FUJIOKA KEN 
Published: June 2019

Background: Lorcaserin is a serotonin 2C receptor agonist approved in the U.S. as adjunct to a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity for chronic weight management in patients with a BMI ≥ 30 or ≥ 27 with at least one weight-related comorbidity. To date, there is limited data on the real-world use of lorcaserin for weight management, including in patients diagnosed with T2DM, prediabetes, and metabolic syndrome.
Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed at the Scripps Clinic Weight Management Center. Patients were identified if they had at least one prescription for lorcaserin and were ≥ 18 years old. Weight change at 90 days and reason for discontinuation were assessed for patients with at least one day on pharmacotherapy. Patients with weight loss of ≥ 5% at 90 days were defined as medication “responders.”
Results: A total of 118 overweight and obese patients filled a prescription for lorcaserin. Of these, 69 (58%) remained on lorcaserin ≥ 90 days (median follow-up was 306 days). Mean age was 53 years old, 73% were female, and mean baseline weight was 102 kg (BMI= 36). For patients who had follow-up weight information available (N=65), overall mean weight loss at 90 days was -3.5 kg (-4%) from baseline, responders had a decrease -7 kg (-7%, n=24) versus -1 kg (-2%) for non-responders (n=41). For patients diagnosed with metabolic syndrome (n=25), mean weight loss for responders (n=10, 40%) was -6.7 kg (-7%) versus -2.1 kg (-2%) for non-responders (n=15). Similar weight loss was observed in patients with T2DM and prediabetes.
Conclusion: These "real world" results represent a group of commercially insured overweight and obese patients and demonstrate that weight loss programs can use lorcaserin and expect to get significant weight loss when used according to the label.

Disclosure
S.R. Harris: Consultant; Self; Sanofi. Research Support; Self; Eisai Inc. R.L. Knoth: Employee; Self; Eisai Inc. X. Li: Employee; Self; Eisai Inc. I. Khilfeh: Employee; Self; Eisai Inc. J. Choi: Employee; Self; Eisai Inc. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Johnson & Johnson. A. Philis-Tsimikas: Advisory Panel; Self; AstraZeneca, Lilly Diabetes, Novo Nordisk A/S, Sanofi. Employee; Spouse/Partner; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Glooko, Inc., National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Stock/Shareholder; Spouse/Partner; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Novo Nordisk Inc. K. Fujioka: Consultant; Self; Eisai Inc.

Funding
Eisai Inc.
2102-P: Upregulation of Adipose Tissue APOE Expression by ω3PUFA Supplementation Associates with Decreased Plasma FFA Levels and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Subjects
Authors: RAU CASSANDRA , LI TING , HERNANDEZ JAMES D. , MASUDA MIA Y. , ZHANG XIAODONG , WANG PANWEN , COLETTA DAWN K. , DEFILIPPIS ELEANNA 
Published: June 2019

Inflammation of adipose tissue (AT) is key for the development of insulin resistance (IR) in obesity. We previously showed that 3 months supplementation of fish oil (FO, 4g/day), a well-known anti-inflammatory agent, induced 25% improvement in glucose disposal during euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp in 13 obese, insulin resistant subjects (ADA abstract Hernandez J., et al 2017). To explore the mechanism(s) linked to this improvement, we first performed a microarray analysis of subcutaneous (SC) AT samples pre and post FO supplementation. Functional analysis indicated anti-inflammatory pathways as the principal pathways to be enriched after FO supplementation. We identified APOE (1.87 Fold Change (FC) Post vs. Pre-FO, P=0.004) among the most significantly enhanced genes, as APOE was common to the top 5 enriched anti-inflammatory pathways. RT-PCR analysis confirmed the changes in expression levels of several genes in these pathways including APOE, APOC1, MS4A6E, MMP9, MMP7, DEFB132, C1QTNF7, and POPDC3, thereby validating the microarray findings. Plasma and SC AT RT-PCR analysis showed significantly decreased inflammatory markers (IL1B: -0.28 FC, P=0.04, MCP1: -0.44 FC, P=0.04, CD68: -0.36 FC P=0.01) post vs. pre-FO. Additionally, mRNA adiponectin levels increased (FC +0.45 Post vs. Pre, P=0.02), while leptin decreased (FC -.030 Post vs. Pre, P=0.02).
Furthermore, ω3PUFA supplementation significantly reduced plasma FFA levels (Post-FO: 0.578+0.061mM vs. Pre-FO: 0.719 +0.055mM P&lt;0.05). Taken together, our data suggests that ω3PUFA supplementation-induced improvement of insulin sensitivity in obese, insulin resistant subjects is attributed to the reduction of plasma FFA levels. This then associates with inhibition of inflammatory processes mediated by APOE. Additional studies are needed to further analyze the mechanism(s) linking FO to AT APOE gene expression, inflammation and insulin sensitivity.

Disclosure
C. Rau: None. T. Li: None. J.D. Hernandez: None. M.Y. Masuda: None. X. Zhang: None. P. Wang: None. D.K. Coletta: None. E. DeFilippis: None.

Funding
Arizona Department of Health Services (14-00003606); Kathryn H. and Roger Penske Career Development Award
2107-P: The Association between Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity Phenotype, and the Risk of Thyroid Cancer
Authors: KIM EUN SOOK , HAN KYUNGDO , KWON HYUK-SANG 
Published: June 2019

Background: Current evidence suggest that obesity and metabolic unhealthy status may be linked to a higher risk of several cancers. This study investigated whether thyroid cancer risk is increased by metabolic syndrome (MetS) and obesity phenotypes.
Methods: A total of 23151947 adults who participated in health screening between 2009-2014 were enrolled from the Korean National Health Insurance Database. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fasting glucose, lipid profiles, and blood pressure were measured. Obesity status was subdivided into being metabolically healthy or unhealthy according to MetS besides BMI. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the risk of thyroid cancer.
Results: During the average 5.6-years of follow-up, 158788 cases of thyroid cancer were newly identified. In multivariate models adjusted for age, smoking, drinking, exercise, and income status, the risk of thyroid cancer was increased with increasing BMI and presence of any MetS components. MetS was associated with 1.30-fold higher risk for thyroid cancer in men and 1.12-fold in women. Compared to metabolically healthy non-obese subjects, metabolically unhealthy non-obese subjects had a higher risk of thyroid cancer in both genders. However, metabolically unhealthy obesity versus metabolically healthy obesity were at greater risk for thyroid cancer only in men.
Conclusions: Components of Mets, especially obesity, and MetS were significantly associated with increased risk of thyroid cancer in Korean men and women. Moreover, metabolically unhealthy subjects were at higher risk of thyroid cancer despite normal BMI. Management of metabolic disorders may give additional benefit of thyroid cancer prevention.

Disclosure
E. Kim: None. K. Han: None. H. Kwon: None.
2111-P: Effect Modification of Vitamin D Intervention by Obesity-Related Metabolites
Authors: BAGHERI MINOO , ASLIBEKYAN STELLA , DJAZAYERY ABOLGHASSEM , FARZADFAR FARSHAD 
Published: June 2019

Background: Effects of vitamin D on biomarkers of cardiometabolic disorders among obese individuals are highly variable between studies. Comparing the effects of vitamin D supplementation in metabolically healthy (MHO) vs. metabolically unhealthy (MUHO) obesity using metabolomics may yield mechanistic insights into the observed heterogeneity.
Objective: To quantify small molecular changes shortly after vitamin D intervention in MHO and MUHO individuals with sub-optimal levels of vitamin D (&lt;75 nmol/L) using a targeted metabolomics approach.
Methods: In two randomized double-blind clinical trials, 110 MHO and 105 MUHO individuals were separately and randomly assigned to receive a daily dose of vitamin D supplement (4000 IU) or placebo. These MHO/MUHO phenotypes were defined using the Adult Treatment Panel-III criteria. Obesity-related metabolites (n=104) were measured at baseline and after four months of supplementation, using liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Multiple linear regression models were fit to assess changes in metabolite levels, adjusting for appropriate covariates as well as controlling for multiple testing.
Results: In the MUHO group (n=78), we identified ten metabolites (citrulline, acyl-lysophosphatidylcholines C16:0, C16:1, C18:0 and C18:1, diacyl-phosphatidylcholines C32:0, C34:1, C38:3 and C38:4 and sphingomyelin C40:4) that were significantly altered (P=4.9×10-4 to P=0.007) in response to vitamin D therapy. In the MHO group (n=82), no significant metabolite changes were observed after the intervention.
Conclusion: Findings from our study contribute to the understanding of biological variation in Vitamin D metabolism across different obesity phenotypes. Upon successful validation, these insights can increase precision of clinical approaches to metabolic derangements in obesity. This study was registered at www.irct.ir as IRCT2015061522762N1.

Disclosure
M. Bagheri: None. S. Aslibekyan: Employee; Self; 23andMe. A. Djazayery: None. F. Farzadfar: None.

Funding
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
2118-P: Evidence of GIP-Induced Regulation of Fatty Acid Desaturase 2 (FADS2) Gene Expression in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue
Authors: RAMICH OLGA , PFEIFFER ANDREAS F. , RUDOVICH NATALIA N. 
Published: June 2019

The incretin glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an important regulator of postprandial metabolism by stimulating insulin secretion and inhibiting lipolysis in the adipocytes. GIP is also involved in the development of the low-grade tissue inflammation upon high-fat and high-sucrose diet, but complete mechanisms of this action remain poorly understood. Fatty acid (FA) composition affects the obesity-associated low-grade inflammation. Recently human studies showed that fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) gene polymorphism is associated with FA metabolism and adipose tissue inflammation. Here we aimed to investigate the effect on GIP infusion on the FADS2 gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and FA composition in humans. Eleven male subjects without diabetes (age: 36.9 ± 1.9 years; body mass index 32.2 ± 1.0 kg/m2) underwent saline infusion (0.9% NaCl), GIP infusion at an infusion rate of 2.0 pmol kg−1min−1, lipid infusion (Intralipid 20% emulsion for infusion) or combined GIP and lipid infusion of 4 hours duration. SAT biopsies were taken at −40 min and 240 min of infusions and FADS2 mRNA levels were detected by real-time PCR. FA compositions were measured in plasma at 0 and 240 minutes of each test by LCMS. FADS2 desaturating activity was calculated as a ratio of 18:3n-6 to 18:2n-6 FA, 20:3n-6 to 20:2n-6 FA, 22:4n-5 to 22:4n-6 FA and C22:6n-3 to C22:5n3 FA. FADS2 gene expression was increased after GIP, lipid and combined GIP and lipid infusion (p&lt;0.01) compared to saline infusion. 18:3n-6 to 18:2n-6 FA ratio was significantly down-regulated at the end of GIP+lipid and lipid infusion but did not change after the GIP infusion alone. The observed GIP-dependent upregulation of FADS2 gene in adipose tissue may influence regulation of adipose tissue inflammation in postprandial state and in obesity. The observed down-regulation of 18:3n-6 to 18:2n-6 ratio reflects the saturation of enzyme capacity by substrate overload during the experiments

Disclosure
O. Ramich: None. A.F. Pfeiffer: Advisory Panel; Self; Abbott, Berlin-Chemie AG, Novo Nordisk A/S. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Lilly Diabetes, Novartis AG, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH. N.N. Rudovich: None.
2119-P: AKR1B10 Is Upregulated in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Is Regulated by Fatty Acid Loading in Hepatocytes and Hepatic Stellate Cells
Authors: DAVIS BETHANY , WILHELMSEN DANIELLE M. , HANSON AMANDA , DISTEFANO JOHANNA 
Published: June 2019

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity are associated with fat accumulation in the liver, which is commonly diagnosed as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Not only do individuals with T2D have an increased risk of developing the disease, but patients with NAFLD are also at greater risk for developing T2D, and the majority of patients with NAFLD are overweight or obese. Hepatic lipid accumulation has been proposed as a cause, rather than a consequence, of hepatic insulin resistance, but the molecular mechanisms by which this occurs are not yet known. We previously observed abundant expression of aldo-keto reductase family 1 member 10 (AKR1B10) in obese NAFLD patients with advanced liver fibrosis using RNA-sequencing. The goals of this study were to measure AKR1B10 expression across the histological spectrum of NAFLD and elucidate factors that regulate AKR1B10 expression in cultured liver cells. We found that hepatic AKR1B10 expression was increased 6-fold, 19-fold, and 50-fold in NAFLD patients with steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis compared to those with normal liver histology (P&lt;0.05). We next treated human hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells with 100 µM palmitate for 24 hours and found a 1.5-fold and 8-fold upregulation, respectively, in AKR1B10 expression compared to vehicle-treated cells. These results show that AKR1B10, which functions to reduce retinals to retinols in the liver, is increased across the NAFLD spectrum and upregulated in key liver cells in response to lipid loading. Studies to investigate the relationship between AKR1B10 expression and lipid-loading in NAFLD are ongoing.

Disclosure
B. Davis: None. D.M. Wilhelmsen: Stock/Shareholder; Self; Not sure of company name. Stock/Shareholder; Spouse/Partner; Not sure-. A. Hanson: None. J. DiStefano: None.

Funding
National Institutes of Health (DK091601)