bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Severe mycotic keratoconjunctivitis caused by Fusarium sp. in an immunocompetent child successfully treated with intravenous voriconazole and keratoplasty: case report and short review of the literature
Authors: Chacon-Cruz Enrique , Male-Valle Francisco , Rivas-Landeros Rosa M. , Lopatynsky-Reyes Erika Z. , Almada-Salazar Lucila A. , Becka Chandra M. 
Published: November 2018

Background: Pediatric mycotic infections in the eye are uncommon. However, ophthalmic infections by several fungal species have been described in immunocompetent subjects. Mycotic keratitis with or without conjunctivitis (MK) may account for more than 50% of all cases, particularly in tropical and sub-tropical areas. The leading mechanism is trauma. Treatment of MK is managed by medical (antifungal agents) and/or surgical means. This is the first case report of a patient with MK by Fusarium spp. successfully treated with keratoplasty and intravenous voriconazole, along with topical natamycin. Methods: Keratoplasty was performed and cultures obtained. Both Blood and Sabouraud Agars were used for cultures, and Lactophenol Cotton Blue Staining for microscopic observation. Results: A healthy, 10 year-old female, from the sub-tropical area of Sinaloa, Mexico, was admitted at both the CODET Vision Institute and the General Hospital of Tijuana, Mexico. Seven days after a direct trauma of the right cornea, the patient complained of progressive blurred vision, burning sensation, and itchiness. Clinical examination showed severe keratoconjunctivitis, and a necrotic slough on the cornea. Fungal colonies grew, and microscopic visualization showed typical ovoid, sickle-cell shaped macroconidia characteristics of Fusarium spp. The patient received intravenous voriconazole (200 mg every 12 h) and topical natamycin for 7 days prior and 6 days after keratoplasty. Topical natamycin was continued for 3 weeks. At 1-month follow-up, the patient’s outcome was significantly improved, with 90% vision recovery. Conclusion: This is the first pediatric case report of severe MK by Fusarium spp. successfully treated with combined intravenous voriconazole, keratoplasty and topical natamycin.
Single-Incision Double-Plating Approach in the Management of Isolated, Closed Osteoporotic Distal Femoral Fractures
Authors: Metwaly Radwan G. , Zakaria Zeiad M. 
Published: November 2018

Introduction: Distal femoral fractures in elderly population had recorded an increase in incidence in the last 2 decades. Lateral distal femoral locking plating is considered one of the best options especially when dealing with comminuted fractures but varus collapse of the medial femoral condyle occurs frequently in patients with osteoporosis. Anatomical reduction of the fracture with stable rigid fixation using double-plating approach allows early mobilization of geriatric population and prevents varus collapse minimizing the comorbidities in such fractures. Patients and Methods: Between September 2014 and January 2017, a prospective study on 23 patients with comminuted osteoporotic distal femoral fractures managed through the double-plating approach through a single parapatellar approach has been conducted. Only osteoporotic geriatric patients with isolated distal femoral fractures were included. Polytraumatized, open fractures, and fracture type 33-A1, 33-A2, and 33-B were excluded. The mean age was 69.6 years (61-80). All patients have been evaluated as regard duration of procedure, time to union, EQ-5D-5L score, the need of autologous bone grafts, range of knee motion, and presence of complications. Results: The average follow-up was 14.1 months. The majority of fractures were type 33-C2 (13 patients). Average procedure time was 148 minutes (117-193 minutes). Mean EQ-5D-5 L score was 83.8 (72-82). Average time to union was 9 months (3-12 months). Four (17.4%) cases needed autologous bone graft after 6 months. No loss of reduction in any of the cases was evident, although 6 (26%) cases had screw breakage or cutout in one of the plate fixation. Two (8.7%) patient developed superficial wound infection and 1 (4.3%) developed DVT. Discussion: This study aimed at evaluation of the success of double plating of distal femoral fractures in geriatric population. different fixation methods were studied for reduction and fixation of such a fracture such as external fixation, intramedullary nails and lateral plating. the quality of fracture reduction, functional and radiological outcomes, time to union, the need for bone grafting and complication are the main debatable issues. Conclusion: Single-incision double-plating approach for distal femoral osteoporotic fractures is effective and provides stable construct without reduction loss allowing early rehabilitation. Delayed union and the need for bone graft are the major drawbacks for this technique.
DREAM Act-Eligible Poised to Build on the Investments Made in Them
Authors: Kerwin Donald , Warren Robert 
Published: November 2018

This paper presents the results of a study by the Center for Migration Studies (CMS) on potential beneficiaries of the DREAM Act of 2017 (the “DREAM Act” or “Act”). The study reveals a long-term, highly productive population, with deep ties to the United States. In particular, it finds that: • More than 2.2 million US residents would qualify for conditional residence under the DREAM Act. • An additional 929,000 — who are now age 18 and over — arrived when they were under 18, but have not graduated from high school and are not enrolled in school and, thus, would not currently qualify for status under the Act. • The DREAM Act-eligible can be found in large numbers (5,000 or more) in 41 states and more than 30 counties, metropolitan areas, and cities. • Potential DREAM Act recipients have lived in the United States for an average of 14 years. • Sixty-five percent (age 16 and above) participate in the labor force, with far higher rates in Wisconsin, Massachusetts, Utah, Arkansas, Illinois, Tennessee, and Oregon. • This population works heavily in sales and related occupations; food preparation and serving; construction and extracting; office and administrative support; production; transportation and material moving; and building/grounds cleaning and maintenance. • Many of the DREAM Act-eligible are highly skilled and credentialed. • 70,500 are self-employed. • Eighty-eight percent speaks English exclusively, very well, or well. • 392,500 have US-citizen children, and more than 100,000 are married to a US citizen or lawful permanent resident. • Twenty-nine percent has attended college or received a college degree. • The DREAM Act-eligible include 50,700 Temporary Protected Status (TPS) recipients from El Salvador, Haiti, and Honduras, 45 percent of whom live in the Miami metro area, Los Angeles County, the Washington, DC area, Houston, New York City, the San Francisco metro area, and the City of Dallas. The study also underscores the immense investment — $150 billion — that states and localities have already made in educating these young Americans. It argues that over time and with a path to citizenship the return on this investment will increase by virtually every indicia of integration — education levels, employment rates, self-employment numbers, US family members, and English language proficiency.
Twenty Years after IIRIRA: The Rise of Immigrant Detention and its Effects on Latinx Communities across the Nation
Authors: Juárez Melina , Gómez-Aguiñaga Bárbara , Bettez Sonia P. 
Published: November 2018

This paper studies the dynamics of detention, deportation, and the criminalization of immigrants. We ground our analyses and discussion around the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996's (IIRIRA's) detention mandate, the role of special interest groups and federal policies. We argue that these special interest groups and major federal policies have come together to fuel the expansion of immigrant detention to unprecedented levels. Moreover, we aim to incite discussion on what this rapid growth in detention means for human rights, legislative representation and democracy in the United States. This study analyzes two main questions: What is the role of special interests in the criminalization of immigrants? And does the rapid increase in detention pose challenges or risks to democracy in the United States? Our study is grounded within the limited, yet growing literature on immigrant detention, government data, and “gray” literature produced by nonprofits and organizations working on immigration-related issues. We construct a unique dataset using this literature and congressional reports to assess what factors are associated with the rise of immigrant detention. A series of correlations and a time series regression analysis reveal that major restrictive federal immigration policies such as IIRIRA, along with the increasing federal immigration enforcement budget, have had a significant impact on immigrant detention rates. Based on these findings, we recommend three central policy actions. First, the paper recommends increased transparency and accountability on behalf of the Department of omeland Security, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and on lobbying expenditures from for-profit detention corporations. Second, it argues for the repeal of mandatory detention laws. These mandatory laws have led to the further criminalization and marginalization of undocumented immigrants. And lastly, it argues that repeal of the Congressional bed mandate would allow for the number of detainees to mirror actual detention needs, rather than providing an incentive to detain. However, we anticipate that the demand for beds will increase even more given the current administration's push for the criminalization and increased arrests of undocumented individuals. The rhetoric used by the present administration further criminalizes immigrants. 1
Immigration Governance for the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Wasem Ruth Ellen 
Published: November 2018

The governance of immigration has a checkered past, and policy makers’ efforts at reform rarely meet expectations. Critiques have echoed over the years and across the political spectrum. The current system of immigration governance is scattered around the federal government, with no clear chain of command. No single government department or agency captures the breadth of the Immigration and Nationality Act's reach. At the crux of understanding immigration governance is acknowledging that immigration is not a program to be administered; rather, it is a phenomenon to be managed. The abundance of commissions that have studied the issues and the various administrative structures over time offers some wisdom on ingredients for successful governance. Based upon this research, options for effective immigration governance emerge. This paper studies the administration of immigration law and policy with an eye trained on immigration governance for the future. It opens with a historical overview that provides the backdrop for the current state of affairs. It then breaks down the missions and functions of the Immigration and Nationality Act by the lead agencies tasked with these responsibilities. The paper concludes with an analysis of options for improving immigration governance. Each of these options poses unique challenges as well as political obstacles.
Relationship Between Preoperative Antidepressant and Antianxiety Medications and Postoperative Hospital Length of Stay
Authors: Vashishta Rishi , Kendale Samir M. 
Published: November 2018

BACKGROUND:
Patients on antidepressant or antianxiety medications often have complex perioperative courses due to difficult pain management, altered coping mechanisms, or medication-related issues. This study examined the relationship between preoperative antidepressants and antianxiety medications on postoperative hospital length of stay while controlling for confounding variables.

METHODS:
From an administrative database of 48,435 adult patients who underwent noncardiac surgery from 2011 to 2014 at a single, large urban academic institution, multivariable zero-truncated negative binomial regression analyses controlling for age, sex, medical comorbidities, and surgical type were performed to assess whether preoperative exposure to antidepressant or antianxiety medication use was associated with postoperative hospital length of stay.

RESULTS:
There were 5111 (10.5%) patients on antidepressants and 4912 (10.1%) patients on antianxiety medications. The median length of stay was 3 days (interquartile range = 2–6). After controlling for confounding variables, preoperative antidepressant medication was associated with increased length of stay with an incidence rate ratio of 1.04 (99% confidence interval, 1.0–1.08, P < .001) and antianxiety medication with an incidence rate ratio of 1.1 (99% confidence interval, 1.06–1.14; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS:
The association between antidepressants or antianxiety medications and increased postoperative length of stay suggests that these patients may require greater attention in the perioperative period to hasten recovery, which may involve integrating preoperative counseling, postoperative psychiatric consults, or holistic recovery approaches into enhanced recovery protocols.
Acute Kidney Injury and Risk of Death After Elective Surgery: Prospective Analysis of Data From an International Cohort Study
Authors: Chaudery Hannan , MacDonald Neil , Ahmad Tahania , Chandra Susilo , Tantri Aida , Sivasakthi Velayuthapillai , Mansor Marzida , Matos Ricardo , Pearse Rupert M. , Prowle John R. 
Published: November 2018

BACKGROUND:
Postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with a high mortality rate. However, the relationship among AKI, its associations, and mortality is not well understood.

METHODS:
Planned analysis of data was collected during an international 7-day cohort study of adults undergoing elective in-patient surgery. AKI was defined using Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria. Patients missing preoperative creatinine data were excluded. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine the relationships among preoperative creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), postoperative AKI, and hospital mortality, accounting for the effects of age, major comorbid diseases, and nature and severity of surgical intervention on outcomes. We similarly modeled preoperative associations of AKI. Data are presented as n (%) or odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals.

RESULTS:
A total of 36,357 patients were included, 743 (2.0%) of whom developed AKI with 73 (9.8%) deaths in hospital. AKI affected 73 of 196 (37.2%) of all patients who died. Mortality was strongly associated with the severity of AKI (stage 1: OR, 2.57 [1.3–5.0]; stage 2: OR, 8.6 [5.0–15.1]; stage 3: OR, 30.1 [18.5–49.0]). Low preoperative eGFR was strongly associated with AKI. However, in our model, lower eGFR was not associated with increasing mortality in patients who did not develop AKI. Conversely, in older patients, high preoperative eGFR (>90 mL·minute−1·1.73 m−2) was associated with an increasing risk of death, potentially reflecting poor muscle mass.

CONCLUSIONS:
The occurrence and severity of AKI are strongly associated with risk of death after surgery. However, the relationship between preoperative renal function as assessed by serum creatinine-based eGFR and risk of death dependent on patient age and whether AKI develops postoperatively.
Modalities of Death and the Thought of Life: The Politics of Metaphoricity in Julia Kristeva and Jacques Derrida
Authors: Margaroni Maria 
Published: November 2018

This article throws into relief the difference that renders both Kristeva and Derrida's articulations of metaphor difficult. The difficulty lies in appreciating what I shall call the reversive force at work in every motion, a force suggested by the prefix dis-/dif- shared by both difference and difficulty. If misreading is the index of carelessness in the face of precisely such a reversive force, then the felicity of our conveyance through footsteps destined to remain ahead of us necessitates a commitment to a care-full reading that (following Maurice Blanchot) will take the risk of imagining the hand writing and the death (i.e. the promise, chance, fear of impossibility) that bears this hand along. Paradoxically, for Blanchot this difficult reading is marked by an ease that we associate with happiness and innocence, for it opens itself joyfully as well as trustingly to the death borne by writing and "holds [it] in its turn" though (as Blanchot emphasizes) only in order to reverse it (precisely "through its ease"). It is this happy innocence, this joyful beginning as if for the first time (without guilt or knowledge, without fear of harm, without praejudicium) that determines an understanding of politics in the second part of the essay which investigates the stakes of each theorist's pas au-delà: that is, their step beyond in the direction of a more archaic motility.
Recent advances in understanding dominant spinocerebellar ataxias from clinical and genetic points of view
Authors: Coarelli Giulia , Brice Alexis , Durr Alexandra 
Published: November 2018

Abstract Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are rare types of cerebellar ataxia with a dominant mode of inheritance. To date, 47 SCA subtypes have been identified, and the number of genes implicated in SCAs is continually increasing. Polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion diseases (ATXN1/SCA1, ATXN2/SCA2, ATXN3/SCA3, CACNA1A/SCA6, ATXN7/SCA7, TBP/SCA17, and ATN1/DRPLA) are the most common group of SCAs. No preventive or curative treatments are currently available, but various therapeutic approaches, including RNA-targeting treatments, such as antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), are being developed. Clinical trials of ASOs in SCA patients are already planned. There is, therefore, a need to identify valid outcome measures for such studies. In this review, we describe recent advances towards identifying appropriate biomarkers, which are essential for monitoring disease progression and treatment efficacy. Neuroimaging biomarkers are the most powerful markers identified to date, making it possible to reduce sample sizes for clinical trials. Changes on brain MRI are already evident at the premanifest stage in SCA1 and SCA2 carriers and are correlated with CAG repeat size. Other potential biomarkers have also been developed, based on neurological examination, oculomotor study, cognitive assessment, and blood and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Longitudinal studies based on multimodal approaches are required to establish the relationships between parameters and to validate the biomarkers identified.
Key Concepts for assessing claims about treatment effects and making well-informed treatment choices
Authors: Oxman Andrew David , Chalmers Iain , Austvoll-Dahlgren Astrid ,   Informed Health Choices group
Published: November 2018

Background:The Informed Health Choices (IHC) Key Concepts are standards for judgement, or principles for evaluating the trustworthiness of treatment claims and treatment comparisons (evidence) used to support claims, and for making treatment choices. The list of concepts provides a framework, or starting point, for teachers, journalists and other intermediaries for identifying and developing resources (such as longer explanations, examples, games and interactive applications) to help people to understand and apply the concepts. The first version of the list was published in 2015 and has been updated yearly since then. We report here the changes that have been made from when the list was first published up to the current (2018) version.Methods:We developed the IHC Key Concepts by searching the literature and checklists written for the public, journalists, and health professionals; and by considering concepts related to assessing the certainty of evidence about the effects of treatments. We have revised the Key Concepts yearly, based on feedback and suggestions; and learning from using the IHC Key Concepts, other relevant frameworks, and adaptation of the IHC Key Concepts to other types of interventions besides treatments.Results:We have made many changes since the Key Concepts were first published in 2015. There are now 44 Key Concepts compared to the original 32; the concepts have been reorganised from six to three groups; we have added higher-level concepts in each of those groups; we have added short titles; and we have made changes to many of the concepts.Conclusions:We will continue to revise the IHC Key Concepts in response to feedback. Although we and others have found them helpful since they were first published, we anticipate that there are still ways in which they can be further improved. We welcome suggestions for how to do this.
Variation in the effectiveness of insecticide treated nets against malaria and outdoor biting by vectors in Kilifi, Kenya
Authors: Kamau Alice , Mwangangi Joseph M. , Rono Martin K. , Mogeni Polycarp , Omedo Irene , Midega Janet , Scott J. Anthony G. , Bejon Philip 
Published: November 2018

Background: Insecticide treated nets (ITNs) protect humans against bites from the Anopheles mosquito vectors that transmit malaria, thereby reducing malaria morbidity and mortality. It has been noted that ITN use leads to a switch from indoor to outdoor feeding among these vectors. It might be expected that outdoor feeding would undermine the effectiveness of ITNs that target indoors vectors, but data are limited. Methods: We linked homestead level geospatial data to clinical surveillance data at a primary healthcare facility in Kilifi County in order to map geographical heterogeneity in ITN effectiveness and observed vector feeding behaviour using landing catches and CDC light traps in six selected areas of varying ITN effectiveness. We quantified the interaction between mosquitoes and humans to evaluate whether outdoor vector biting is a potential explanation for the variation in ITN effectiveness. Results: We observed 37% and 46% visits associated with positive malaria slides among ITN users and non-ITN-users, respectively; ITN use was associated with 32% protection from malaria (crude OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.64, 0.73). We obtained significant modification of ITN effectiveness by geographical area (p=0.016), and identified significant hotspots using the spatial scan statistic. Majority of mosquitoes were caught outdoor (60%) and were of the An. funestus group (75%). The overall propensity to feed at times when most people are indoor was high; the vast majority of the Anopheles mosquitoes were caught at times when most people are indoor. Estimates for the proportion of human-mosquito contact between the first and last hour when most humans were indoor was consistently high, ranging from 0.83 to 1.00. Conclusion: Our data do not provide evidence of an epidemiological association between microgeographical variations in ITN effectiveness and variations in the microgeographical distribution of outdoor biting.