bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Hemoglobin Concentration and Hematocrit Values in Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis Patients in Comparison to Nonankylosed Patients
Authors: Sahota Jasjit , Bakshi Dipanshu , Kaur Guneet , Singh Deepinder , Thakur Ambika , Grover Shekhar 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT

Aim
The aim of this study is to find if there is any correlation between the hematological parameters and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis and severity of the disease in such patients when compared with the nonankylosed patients.

Materials and methods
A total of 70 patients with age ranging from 10 to 40 years were included in the study after excluding the subjects according to the inclusion criteria. We categorized the subjects into two major groups: group I: control (nonankylosed/healthy subjects) and group II: study group (ankylosed subjects) with each group containing 35 subjects (n = 35) respectively. A detailed personal and medical history was obtained. The pharynx diameter was also recorded for each patient, and blood investigations using venous blood were done, which included hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit values.

Results
The results of study population showed a mean age of 22 ± 2.2 years. The most common etiology reported was trauma (65.7%) followed by infections, in which Noma was the most common one (80%). The difference of the mean values for hemoglobin and hematocrit concentration, between both the groups, was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between the hemoglobin concentration and duration of ankylosis.

Conclusion
This study was an attempt to find a relation between the hemoglobin and hematocrit values in TMJ ankylosis patients so that the clinical treatment and management of such patients during surgeries be improved and may be beneficial for the patient.

Clinical significance
Temporomandibular joint ankylosis patients have to undergo complex surgical treatment, where the risk of excessive blood loss is high. Therefore, considering the complications of blood transfusions, such as infections and other risk factors, these patients can be good subjects for autologous blood transfusions, which help in improvement of the overall well-being of the patient.

How to cite this article
Singh D, Kaur G, Bakshi D, Sahota J, Thakur A, Grover S. Evaluation of Hemoglobin Concentration and Hematocrit Values in Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis Patients in Comparison to Nonankylosed Patients. J Contemp Dent Pract 2018;19(2):210-213.
Comparison of Preoperative and Perioperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis Regimen in Compound Facial Fractures
Authors: Mamthashri Veeranjaneyalu , Praveen Reddy Bokka 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT

Aims and objectives
Intraoperative antibiotics may be effective in elective surgery; there may be an advantage to starting antibiotics preoperatively when there is already an infective focus, such as compound facial fractures. The purpose of this study is to compare preoperative and intraoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in compound facial fractures.

Materials and methods
This is a prospective study conducted over a period of 2 years on 50 patients, who underwent open reduction and rigid internal fixation. The patients were assigned to two groups. The patients in group I received antibiotics at the time of admission. The patients in group II received antibiotics perioperatively at the time of induction of general anesthesia. Postoperatively, the patients were evaluated for the reduction of pain and the presence of infection by assessing the local presence of erythema, swelling, a rise in temperature, and purulent discharge, if any, on a predefined proforma.

Results
A total of 72 fractures were assessed in 50 patients. There was an overall reduction of pain in both the groups. Wound healing status was found to be satisfactory in both the groups.

Conclusion
Wound status and infection rate were evaluated in patients of both the groups. In the study, there was no difference between the two groups on the predecided parameters whether the antibiotics were given either preoperatively or perioperatively.

Clinical significance
It is very essential to have a sound knowledge of the use of antibiotic therapy effectively to prevent the overuse of it and, thereby, help avoid developing resistance to antibiotics in patients.

How to cite this article
Mamthashri V, Reddy BP. Comparison of Preoperative and Perioperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis Regimen in Compound Facial Fractures. J Contemp Dent Pract 2018;19(2):214-220.
Clinical Evaluation of Microhybrid Composite and Glass Ionomer Restorative Material in Permanent Teeth
Authors: Kharma Khalil , Zogheib Tatiana , Mehanna Carina 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT

Aim
The aim of this study was to clinically compare glass ionomer cement (GIC) with microhybrid composite resin used in class I cavities on permanent teeth over a period of 9 months.

Materials and methods
A total of 40 teeth with class I cavities were divided into two groups (n = 20) and restored with GIC (EQUIA; GC) and microhybrid resin composite (Amelogen Plus; Ultradent). Restorations were evaluated at ×4.5 magnification using the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria every 3 months. Statistical analysis was performed using the Fisher's exact test (α < 0.05).

Results
The data obtained reported no statistical significance difference between both groups in regard to anatomical shape, color, postoperative sensitivity, secondary caries, material handling, adaptation, and marginal staining.

Conclusion
The results of this clinical study showed that GIC (EQUIA; GC) can be used for the restoration of permanent teeth and may be more appropriate for certain clinical situations than the resin composite material.

Clinical significance
EQUIA (GIC) is a viable alternative to resin composite in restoring class I cavities in permanent teeth.

How to cite this article
Kharma K, Zogheib T, Bhandi S, Mehanna C. Clinical Evaluation of Microhybrid Composite and Glass Ionomer Restorative Material in Permanent Teeth. J Contemp Dent Pract 2018;19(2):226-232.
Angiogenesis and Fibrogenesis in Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Viewpoint
Authors: Kheur Supriya M , Choudhari Sheetal S , Kulkarni Deepak G , Patankar Sangeeta 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is characterized by excessive fibrosis of submucosa. The degree of vascularity in OSF has always been a matter of debate. Angiogenesis is the key mechanism involved in regeneration and repair. It also plays an important role in various pathologic conditions. Angiogenesis may contribute to the progression of fibrosis in fibrotic disorders. Inhibition of pathological angiogenesis is considered to be a new strategy for the treatment of various fibrotic disorders. In OSF, angiogenesis can be related to progression fibrosis. This article briefly describes the role of angiogenesis in pathogenesis of fibrosis in OSF and the importance of inhibition of pathologic angiogenesis in its prevention and treatment.

Clinical significance
Understanding the association between angiogenesis and fibrogenesis can help in developing new therapeutic strategies for treatment of OSF.

How to cite this article
Choudhari SS, Kulkarni DG, Patankar S, Kheur SM, Sarode SC, Sarode GS, Patil S. Angiogenesis and Fibrogenesis in Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Viewpoint. J Contemp Dent Pract 2018;19(2):242-245.
Prediction of CD8 and CD4 T cell epitopes in the polyprotein of Zika Virus; an immunoinformatics approach
Authors: Zaheer Tahreem , Khan Muhammad Talha Shahid , Dar Hamza Arshad , Ashraf Shifa Tariq , Paracha Rehan Zafar , Ali Amjad 
Published: February 2018

Background: Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus that belongs to family Flaviviridae. The virus has emerged as a global threat and no FDA approved vaccine is available, so an efficient vaccine needs to be designed in order to prevent the infection. Computationally designed vaccines can be used for broad-spectrum therapeutics as they can evoke response against viral infections. In the current study, we have predicted antigenic promiscuous T cell epitopes from Zika virus polyprotein using a range of immune-informatics tools and servers.
Methods: A total of 238 polyprotein sequences derived from 238 complete genomes were retrieved using NIAID Virus Pathogen Resource and multiple aligned. Using a consensus sequence, the promiscuous CD8-T cell epitopes were predicted from Propred I and CTLPred and their binding affinities were determined by NetMHC4.0. CD4-T cell epitopes were predicted using ProPred and the binding affinities were determined by MHCPred. Antigenicity score and Immunogenicity score was determined from Vaxijen 2.0 and IEDB immunogenicity tool. Homology was found by pBLAST.
Results: Among 78 predicted HLA-I binding epitopes, 19 highly antigenic, immunogenic and high-affinity epitopes are prioritized among which 15 are novel vaccine candidates. However, 66 strong HLA-II interacting T cell epitopes are pooled out from 70 predicted epitopes. Among the shortlisted CD4-T cell epitopes 56 epitopes are novel.
Conclusion: Epitope-based vaccines are robust and promising candidates against bacterial and viral infections. The predicted epitopes can serve as potential vaccine candidates. Our study shows promising epitopes that can be used to generate stimulate active immune responses in the majority of the human population around the world, However, our results need validation through experimental studies for confirmation.
Postseafloor Spreading Volcanism in the Central East South China Sea and Its Formation Through an Extremely Thin Oceanic Crust
Authors: Zhao Minghui , He Enyuan , Sibuet Jean‐Claude , Sun Longtao , Qiu Xuelin , Tan Pingchuan , Wang Jian 
Published: February 2018

AbstractP wave velocity models were obtained by forward and inverse modeling from 38 ocean bottom seismometers deployed in the central East subbasin of the South China Sea (SCS). Four types of crust have been defined: (a) thin oceanic crust (<5 km), (b) typical oceanic crust (5–6 km), (c) thick oceanic crust hosting postspreading volcanoes (>6 km) with significant intrusive roots, and (d) thick oceanic crust with enhanced spreading features (>6 km) but without significant roots. Within the central East subbasin, the thin oceanic crust, only identified inside an 80 km wide zone, is located within an overall 150 km wide domain characterized by N055° seafloor spreading trends. The postspreading volcanoes were formed during a N‐S tensional episode around 6–10 Ma, several millions of years after seafloor spreading ceased in the SCS. Seafloor spreading (N055° and N145°) and postspreading (N000° and N090°) features are observed in the morphology of some of these volcanoes. The rupture of the brittle thin oceanic crust was focused where the crust was the weakest, i.e., at the intersection of the extinct spreading ridge with former fracture zones. From geological and geophysical arguments, we suggest that the postspreading volcanism might have been influenced by the Hainan plume activity through a buoyancy‐driven partial melting mechanism.
Temporal Stress Changes Caused by Earthquakes: A Review
Authors: Hardebeck Jeanne L. , Okada Tomomi 
Published: February 2018

AbstractEarthquakes can change the stress field in the Earth's lithosphere as they relieve and redistribute stress. Earthquake‐induced stress changes have been observed as temporal rotations of the principal stress axes following major earthquakes in a variety of tectonic settings. The stress changes due to the 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku‐Oki, Japan, earthquake were particularly well documented. Earthquake stress rotations can inform our understanding of earthquake physics, most notably addressing the long‐standing problem of whether the Earth's crust at plate boundaries is “strong” or “weak.” Many of the observed stress rotations, including that due to the Tohoku‐Oki earthquake, indicate near‐complete stress drop in the mainshock. This implies low background differential stress, on the order of earthquake stress drop, supporting the weak crust model. Earthquake stress rotations can also be used to address other important geophysical questions, such as the level of crustal stress heterogeneity and the mechanisms of postseismic stress reloading. The quantitative interpretation of stress rotations is evolving from those based on simple analytical methods to those based on more sophisticated numerical modeling that can capture the spatial‐temporal complexity of the earthquake stress changes.
Out‐of‐Plane Seismic Reflections Beneath the Pacific and Their Geophysical Implications
Authors: Schumacher Lina , Thomas Christine , Abreu Rafael 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe detect seismic P wave arrivals that reach the surface from a different horizontal direction than the theoretical back azimuth of the earthquake. Slowness, back azimuth, and traveltime of observed out‐of‐plane signals are measured with array methods in relation to the main phases that travel along the great circle path. This directivity information is used to back trace the wave through a 1‐D velocity model to its scattering or reflection location. The focus of this study lies on out‐of‐plane signals reflected once beneath the Pacific at a depth greater than 800 km. Data analysis is carried out for a broad frequency range (band‐pass filter with corner periods of 0.5–5 s up to 5–50 s) to enable the detection of different structures and heterogeneities. In addition to mapping seismic heterogeneities in the lower mantle, we also qualitatively analyze waveforms and polarities of these signals to understand the nature of the structure. The observed 21 reflections with a reflection depth between 800 and 2,200 km illuminate heterogeneities in the mid‐ and lower mantle. Back‐traced locations show shallowest depths around Hawaii and increase in depth to the north and southwest. Analysis of the polarities indicates low velocities for the imaged structure, and complexity of waveforms argues for a likely thermochemical origin. Additional 11 deep reflections/scatterers with depth larger than 2,200 km suggest internal heterogeneities or a presence of the D'' reflector.
Secondary Gravity Waves in the Winter Mesosphere: Results From a High‐Resolution Global Circulation Model
Authors: Becker Erich , Vadas Sharon L. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis study analyzes a new high‐resolution general circulation model with regard to secondary gravity waves in the mesosphere during austral winter. The model resolves gravity waves down to horizontal and vertical wavelengths of 165 and 1.5 km, respectively. The resolved mean wave drag agrees well with that from a conventional model with parameterized gravity waves up to the midmesosphere in winter and up to the upper mesosphere in summer. About half of the zonal‐mean vertical flux of westward momentum in the southern winter stratosphere is due to orographic gravity waves. The high intermittency of the primary orographic gravity waves gives rise to secondary waves that result in a substantial eastward drag in the winter mesopause region. This induces an additional eastward maximum of the mean zonal wind at z ∼ 100 km. Radar and lidar measurements at polar latitudes and results from other high‐resolution global models are consistent with this finding. Hence, secondary gravity waves may play a significant role in the general circulation of the winter mesopause region.
Effects of Greenhouse Gas Increase and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion on Stratospheric Mean Age of Air in 1960–2010
Authors: Li Feng , Newman Paul , Pawson Steven , Perlwitz Judith 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe relative impacts of greenhouse gas (GHG) increase and stratospheric ozone depletion on stratospheric mean age of air in the 1960–2010 period are quantified using the Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry‐Climate Model. The experiment compares controlled simulations using a coupled atmosphere‐ocean version of the Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry‐Climate Model, in which either GHGs or ozone depleting substances, or both factors evolve over time. The model results show that GHGs and ozone depleting substances have about equal contributions to the simulated mean age decrease, but GHG increases account for about two thirds of the enhanced strength of the lower stratospheric residual circulation. It is also found that both the acceleration of the diabatic circulation and the decrease of the mean age difference between downwelling and upwelling regions are mainly caused by GHG forcing. The results show that ozone depletion causes an increase in the mean age of air in the Antarctic summer lower stratosphere through two processes: (1) a seasonal delay in the Antarctic polar vortex breakup that inhibits young midlatitude air from mixing with the older air inside the vortex, and (2) enhanced Antarctic downwelling that brings older air from middle and upper stratosphere into the lower stratosphere.
Cyclone Activity in the Arctic From an Ensemble of Regional Climate Models (Arctic CORDEX)
Authors: Akperov Mirseid , Rinke Annette , Mokhov Igor I. , Matthes Heidrun , Semenov Vladimir A. , Adakudlu Muralidhar , Cassano John , Christensen Jens H. , Dembitskaya Mariya A. , Dethloff Klaus , Fettweis Xavier , Glisan Justin , Gutjahr Oliver , Heinemann Günther , Koenigk Torben , Koldunov Nikolay V. , Laprise René , Mottram Ruth , Nikiéma Oumarou , Scinocca John F. , Sein Dmitry , Sobolowski Stefan , Winger Katja , Zhang Wenxin 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe ability of state‐of‐the‐art regional climate models to simulate cyclone activity in the Arctic is assessed based on an ensemble of 13 simulations from 11 models from the Arctic‐CORDEX initiative. Some models employ large‐scale spectral nudging techniques. Cyclone characteristics simulated by the ensemble are compared with the results forced by four reanalyses (ERA‐Interim, National Centers for Environmental Prediction‐Climate Forecast System Reanalysis, National Aeronautics and Space Administration‐Modern‐Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications Version 2, and Japan Meteorological Agency‐Japanese 55‐year reanalysis) in winter and summer for 1981–2010 period. In addition, we compare cyclone statistics between ERA‐Interim and the Arctic System Reanalysis reanalyses for 2000–2010. Biases in cyclone frequency, intensity, and size over the Arctic are also quantified. Variations in cyclone frequency across the models are partly attributed to the differences in cyclone frequency over land. The variations across the models are largest for small and shallow cyclones for both seasons. A connection between biases in the zonal wind at 200 hPa and cyclone characteristics is found for both seasons. Most models underestimate zonal wind speed in both seasons, which likely leads to underestimation of cyclone mean depth and deep cyclone frequency in the Arctic. In general, the regional climate models are able to represent the spatial distribution of cyclone characteristics in the Arctic but models that employ large‐scale spectral nudging show a better agreement with ERA‐Interim reanalysis than the rest of the models. Trends also exhibit the benefits of nudging. Models with spectral nudging are able to reproduce the cyclone trends, whereas most of the nonnudged models fail to do so. However, the cyclone characteristics and trends are sensitive to the choice of nudged variables.
Phagocyte Development
Authors: Patel Amit A , Yona Simon 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMature circulating white blood cells can be divided into two lineages: lymphoid and myeloid. The lymphoid lineage consists of T, B, NK and innate lymphoid cells, while the myeloid lineage includes functionally and morphologically distinct cell types including mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages), granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, mast cells and eosinophils) and platelets. Granulocytes and mononuclear phagocytes are key players at all stages of the immune response from its genesis to its resolution, and come under the banner of phagocytes. Damaged or infected tissue releases chemoattractants that rapidly recruit these phagocytes to the site of injury. Once at the inflamed site, these cells coordinate and carry out immune functions, playing a key role in host defence. The recent past has seen major progress in our understanding of phagocyte developmental biology. Here, we discuss the latest advances in myeloid development, underpinning our current understanding of how these cells are generated and maintained.Key ConceptsThe myeloid lineage includes functionally and morphologically distinct cell types including mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages) and granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, mast cells and eosinophils).The majority of tissue resident macrophages are generated before birth and are long‐lived self‐maintained cells throughout adulthood.Dendritic cells prime naïve T cells and are derived from a common precursor in the bone marrow that gives rise exclusively to this family of cells.Monocytes are the principal circulating mononuclear phagocyte. Monocytes develop in the bone marrow from a common monocyte progenitor, once in the circulation classical monocytes have the potential to convert into nonclassical monocytes. Classical monocytes are known to repopulate resident mononuclear phagocyte populations and have potent effector functions during immunity.Granulocyte subsets have a complex morphology with a segmented nucleus and each subset contains granules endowing them with a specific role in host defence.Transcription and growth factors control and dictate the development of phagocytes.
Deafness
Authors: Terrinoni Alessandro , Melino Gerry , Serra Valeria , Alessandrini Marco , Napolitano Bianca , Ciccarone Silvana , Lanzillotta Alessia , Bruno Ernesto 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

Recent statistical data indicate that in western countries, at least 1:1000 suffer from congenital hearing impairment. Genetic factors are responsible for more than 60% of the congenital cases. However, hearing loss is a multifactorial disorder caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Molecular genetics of deafness has experienced remarkable progress in the last decade. Genes responsible for hereditary hearing impairment are being identified progressively. This article, reporting some syndromic conditions related to deafness, focuses on nonsyndromic hearing loss. Genes involved in this type of pathologic conditions have only recently begun to be identified. Owing to genetic heterogeneity, private nature of most mutations and large size of most deafness genes, the molecular diagnostic possibilities in recessive deafness are today available for a number of genes. Facility and benefits of genetic tracking should be an important public health issue, so that determinations of early diagnosis of hearing loss can be established.

Key Concepts

Deafness is the most common sensory deficit in humans, affecting 1 in 1000 newborn, and to date more than 23 different DFNB proteins have been discovered.

DFNB proteins can be classified into two classes: (1) genes regulating potassium homeostasis and (2) genes producing proteins that are important in the formation of stereocilia.

Mutation in the same gene can give rise to different phenotypes: we can have either deafness associated with a dermatologic disease or only deafness.

The same gene mutation can lead to different clinical presentations, indicating that the knowledge of molecular genetics has not reached the details of auditory neurological‐related physiology.

Owing to genetic heterogeneity, the molecular diagnostic possibilities in recessive deafness are still limited. However, facility and benefits of genetic tracking should make them an important public health issue.