bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel microneedle patches for transdermal delivery of AP39, a hydrogen sulphide donor, in the treatment of scenarios mimicking neurological disorders
Authors: Balakrishnan Pavanjeeth , Junaid Sarah , Ahmad Shakil , Wang Keqing , Hindalekar Yukta Sameer , Shokr Hala , Upadhya Manoj , Hopkins Sarah , Sacharczuk Jakub , Singh Rana Karan , Anas Al Tahan Mohamad , Juvale Parag , Chan Felix , Sanchez-Aranguren Lissette , Marwah Mandeep 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Purpose
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease are debilitating conditions resulting from a progressive degeneration of nerve cells that is attributed to oxidative stress. Given the role of hydrogen sulphide (H2S), an endogenously produced signalling molecule involved in regulating of oxidative stress, exogenous administration of H2S has been proposed as a potential treatment strategy. This research study involved an investigation into the mechanical properties of microneedles loaded AP39 (a H2S donor), their ability to penetrate skin and effectiveness to deliver AP39 across murine skin. Additionally, the study explored the capability of permeated AP39 to release H2S and thus quench H2O2-induced oxidative stress in neuroblastoma cells, SHSY5Y cells.

Methods
Microneedles were prepared using 20% w/v polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) of either 27,000 or 67,000 molecular weights, with or without trehalose 15% w/v. Mechanical and insertion properties of microneedles were determined and optimised formulation applied to murine skin to observe AP39 flux through the skin. Collected media was applied to a microvasculature blood–brain-barrier model to evidence AP39 permeation, following which, permeated AP39 was applied to an oxidative stress scenario in SHSY5Y cells to assess AP39 potential in limiting oxidative stress.

Results
Microneedle fracture testing observed the microneedles produced from polyvinyl alcohol 67,000 with trehalose were best able to withstand compression force applied. Microneedles formulated from PVA 67,000 were best able to penetrate the parafilm model. Further, the PVA 67,000 with trehalose microneedle formulation was observed to pierce murine skin and deliver 32.84 ± 2.11% of applied AP39 across the skin over 32 h. AP39 transport across the HUVEC microvasculature model gave an apparent membrane permeability of 18.6 ± 1.4. Finally, AP39 attenuated H2O2-induced oxidative stress as well as inflammation in SHSY5Y cells; resulting in reduced neurodegeneration burden.

Conclusion
These findings demonstrate that microneedle patches for the transdermal delivery of AP39 may provide a promising clinical approach in the treatment of neurological disorder associated with oxidative stress.
Benchmark Sample Design for the Validation of Residual Stress Measurements by Diffraction: Insights and Practicalities
Authors: Haribabu Gowtham Nimmal , Canelo-Yubero David , Maawad Emad , Faria Guilherme Abreu , Staron Peter , Schell Norbert , Ramadhan Ranggi Sahmura , Cabeza Sandra , Paecklar Arnold , Pirling Thilo , Withers Philip J. , Roy Matthew J. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractNon-destructive determination of residual stresses can present significant challenges. Two benchmark samples having the same geometry have been developed which can be measured by diffraction techniques and adapted to other material systems to validate RS measurements. While having the same geometry, one was solely elastically loaded while the other had stresses generated by significant plasticity. Measurements by a neutron diffraction and two synchrotron X-ray diffraction instruments (white beam and monochromatic beam) have been made in the ferrite phase at identical locations on S355 ferrite/pearlite steel benchmark samples. Broadly consistent results (± 30–50 MPa) are obtained across the three diffractometers. These results were corroborated by finite element predictions, with standard deviation on differences between predictions and measurements being  ± 22 MPa for benchmarks with elastic sources of stress and ± 77 MPa for the plastically deformed case. Differences in the stresses were found when making near-surface measurements but only when around 80% of the gauge volume was outside the sample. The larger discrepancies between the measurements and the FE model in the plastic case may be due to plastic load transfer from the softer ferrite to the harder cementite during plastic deformation.
Wafer-Scale Ag2S-Based Memristive Crossbar Arrays with Ultra-Low Switching-Energies Reaching Biological Synapses
Authors: Zhu Yuan , Nyberg Tomas , Nyholm Leif , Primetzhofer Daniel , Shi Xun , Zhang Zhen 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMemristive crossbar arrays (MCAs) offer parallel data storage and processing for energy-efficient neuromorphic computing. However, most wafer-scale MCAs that are compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology still suffer from substantially larger energy consumption than biological synapses, due to the slow kinetics of forming conductive paths inside the memristive units. Here we report wafer-scale Ag2S-based MCAs realized using CMOS-compatible processes at temperatures below 160 °C. Ag2S electrolytes supply highly mobile Ag+ ions, and provide the Ag/Ag2S interface with low silver nucleation barrier to form silver filaments at low energy costs. By further enhancing Ag+ migration in Ag2S electrolytes via microstructure modulation, the integrated memristors exhibit a record low threshold of approximately − 0.1 V, and demonstrate ultra-low switching-energies reaching femtojoule values as observed in biological synapses. The low-temperature process also enables MCA integration on polyimide substrates for applications in flexible electronics. Moreover, the intrinsic nonidealities of the memristive units for deep learning can be compensated by employing an advanced training algorithm. An impressive accuracy of 92.6% in image recognition simulations is demonstrated with the MCAs after the compensation. The demonstrated MCAs provide a promising device option for neuromorphic computing with ultra-high energy-efficiency.
Synergistic Effect of TiO₂ Nanorods Incorporated with Graphene Oxide for Photocatalytic Degradation of Multiple Dyes
Authors: Bhattacharyya Bagmita , Geetha Mithra , Anwar Hayarunissa , Zaidi Shabi Abbas , Sadasivuni Kishor Kumar , Mohamed Maimoona , Sheikh Hanan , Alfarwati Sarya Muhannad , Jarrar Rouzait Anwar 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater is essential for mitigating environmental and health risks. In this study, we developed a novel nanocomposite, TiO₂-incorporated graphene oxide (TiO₂@GOn), aimed at enhancing the photocatalytic degradation of neutral red dye, which served as the target analyte. The photocatalysis technique was employed, leveraging the excitation of TiO₂ under UV light to generate reactive oxygen species for efficient dye degradation. TiO₂ nanorods were combined with graphene oxide to form the TiO₂@GOn nanocomposite, designed to improve charge separation and enhance catalytic activity. Nanocomposite characterization was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine crystallographic structure, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to visualize surface morphology, and UV–Vis spectroscopy to evaluate the optical properties and photocatalytic behavior. The TiO₂@GOn nanocomposite demonstrated a synergistic catalytic effect, outperforming pristine TiO₂ and graphene oxide individually in dye degradation. This study introduces a highly efficient nanomaterial for environmental applications, offering a sustainable approach to the treatment of dye pollutants in wastewater.
Similarity between oxygen evolution in photosystem II and oxygen reduction in cytochrome c oxidase via proton coupled electron transfers. A unified view of the oxygenic life from four electron oxidation–reduction reactions
Authors: Yamaguchi Kizashi , Miyagawa Koichi , Shoji Mitsuo , Isobe Hiroshi , Kawakami Takashi 
Published: November 2024

AbstractBasic concepts and theoretical foundations of broken symmetry (BS) and post BS methods for strongly correlated electron systems (SCES) such as electron-transfer (ET) diradical, multi-center polyradicals with spin frustration are described systematically to elucidate structures, bonding and reactivity of the high-valent transition metal oxo bonds in metalloenzymes: photosystem II (PSII) and cytochrome c oxidase (CcO). BS hybrid DFT (HDFT) and DLPNO coupled-cluster (CC) SD(T0) computations are performed to elucidate electronic and spin states of CaMn4Ox cluster in the key step for oxygen evolution, namely S4 [S3 with Mn(IV) = O + Tyr161-O radical] state of PSII and PM [Fe(IV) = O + HO-Cu(II) + Tyr161-O radical] step for oxygen reduction in CcO. The cycle of water oxidation catalyzed by the CaMn4Ox cluster in PSII and the cycle of oxygen reduction catalyzed by the CuA-Fea-Fea3-CuB cluster in CcO are examined on the theoretical grounds, elucidating similar concerted and/or stepwise proton transfer coupled electron transfer (PT-ET) processes for the four-electron oxidation in PSII and four-electron reduction in CcO. Interplay between theory and experiments have revealed that three electrons in the metal sites and one electron in tyrosine radical site are characteristic for PT-ET in these biological redox reaction systems, indicating no necessity of harmful Mn(V) = O and Fe(V) = O bonds with strong oxyl-radical character. Implications of the computational results are discussed in relation to design of artificial systems consisted of earth abundant transition metals for water oxidation.
Graphical abstract
Fundamental understanding of voltage decay in Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides cathode materials
Authors: Xie Huixian , Xiao Jiacheng , Chen Hongyi , Zhang Boyang , Hui Kwun Nam , Zhang Shanqing , Liu Chenyu , Luo Dong , Lin Zhan 
Published: November 2024

AbstractTo satisfy the needs of modern intelligent society for power supplies with long-endurance ability, Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides (LRMOs) are receiving much attention because of their ultrahigh capacity. However, their real-world implementation is hindered by the serious voltage decay, which results in a continuous decrease in energy density. The understanding on voltage decay still remains a mystery due to the complicated hybrid cationic-anionic redox and the serious surface-interface reactions in LRMOs. Moreover, some of the mechanisms are occasionally contradictory, indicating that the origin of voltage decay is still unclear. As a result, none of the innovative strategies proposed on the basis of mechanisms has effectively alleviated the problem of voltage decay, and voltage decay becomes a long-term distress of LRMOs. Therefore, it is particularly crucial to sort out the mutual relation of various mechanisms, which helps to go back to the source of voltage decay. In this review, we summarize the current mechanisms of voltage decay as structural evolution and oxygen chemistry, and attempt to trace the origin of voltage decay for LRMOs. In addition, we discuss how current researches address the issue with generalized guidance in designing appropriate strategies based on mechanisms.
In vitro slow-growth conservation, acclimatization, and genetic stability of virus-free apple plants
Authors: Lu Xian , Sun Pengpeng , Liu Ruihan , Wang Caiwen , Tong Lu , Tahir Muhammad Mobeen , Ma Xiaoyan , Bao Junhua , Zhang Dong , Wang Minrui , An Na 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIn vitro slow-growth storage has long played an important role in maintaining valuable horticultural materials. It is particularly applicable to the conservation of virus-free materials recovered from meristem culture or shoot-tip cryotherapy. In this study, the apple cultivar ‘Yanfu-6’ and the rootstock genotype ‘Qingzhen-1’ obtained from a virus disinfection program were compared during the establishment of in vitro slow-growth storage programs. At room temperature (25℃), combining with 4.5% sucrose or 0.5% mannitol, extended the conservation period of ‘Yanfu-6’ and ‘Qingzhen-1’to 5 and 9 months, respectively. Decreasing the temperature to 12℃ led to further reduced shoot growth, extending the conservation period to 9 months for ‘Yanfu-6’, while more than 80% of ‘Qingzhen-1’ shoots could be recovered after one year of storage. Similarly, high rooting and acclimatization success levels were obtained for ‘Qingzhen-1’ after one-year storage at 12℃, as well as for the plants that underwent monthly subcultures, but not for ‘Yanfu-6’. The inability to root in ‘Yanfu-6’ was overcome by micrografting onto rootstock ‘Qingzhen-1’, which resulted in a rooting percentage of 83% and an acclimatization success of 77%. In the analysis of genetic stability by next-generation sequencing, reduced levels of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and insertions and deletions (InDels) were detected in ‘Qingzhen-1’ shoots recovered after one-year storage at 12℃, as compared with shoots that underwent regular subcultures. These results highlight the use of in vitro slow-growth program assisted with micrografting for the conservation of valuable horticultural species.
Dynamic metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling reveals yellow flower development in Camellia perpetua, a rare continuously flowering golden Camellia species
Authors: Zhu Xianliang , Jiang Haidu , Pan Xinfeng , Fu Jiaxin , Peng Lihui , Zhang Jin , Tang Jianmin , Zou Rong , Zhao Bo , Wei Xiao , Chai Shengfeng 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe golden camellia, a highly valued ornamental plant, belongs to the Chrysantha section, the sole group in the Camellia genus that produces yellow flowers. The cultivation and broader application of this unique species have been significantly hindered by the scarcity of golden camellia and the limited knowledge of the molecular mechanisms governing yellow flower development. To investigate the dynamics of metabolite accumulation and gene expression during the yellow flower formation of C. perpetua, a continuously flowering golden camellia, a comprehensive metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis was performed across five distinct developmental stages. This analysis identified 1,160 metabolites, with flavonoids constituting the largest proportion at 21.6%. Comparative transcriptomic profiling indicated that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with photosynthesis were predominantly active during the early stages of flower development, while DEGs involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway showed a marked increase as the flowers matured. The integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic data highlighted the pivotal regulatory role of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in the formation of yellow flowers in C. perpetua, identifying 50 key genes and 17 crucial metabolites and mapping their interaction networks. Furthermore, weighted gene co-expression network analysis pinpointed several hub genes, such as flavonol synthase, which are likely critical to flavonoid production due to their elevated expression levels, particularly in the early bud and yellowing phases. This study provides valuable insights into the molecular pathways that underlie yellow flower development in golden camellia species.
The influence of wind and basin geometry on surge attenuation along a microtidal channel in the western Baltic Sea
Authors: Kiesel Joshua , Knies Arne , Vafeidis Athanasios T. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The capacity of river mouths to reduce storm surge water levels upstream, referred to as along-estuary attenuation, has been assessed by several studies. The coastal protection function of semi-enclosed water bodies such as lagoons and channels with narrow inlets remains less explored and generalization is hampered by differences in morphology and hydrodynamic forcing. Here we use a hydrodynamic model to investigate surge attenuation along a microtidal channel with a narrow inlet at the Baltic Sea coast of Germany called The Schlei. We quantify the importance of wind and the contribution of the barrier spit system, which is constricting the inlet, to the reduction of water levels at the landward end of the channel. In addition, we explore the role of dikes in the region for the reduction of peak water levels and coastal flooding. We find effective along-channel attenuation inside The Schlei in its current state, which is mostly a result of the channel’s narrows. However, reduction rates decrease under simplified sea-level rise scenarios. Furthermore, along-channel attenuation is highly variable and can change to substantial amplification depending on hydrometeorological forcing. The barrier spit contributes to along-channel attenuation whereas the effect of existing dikes (or their removal) for along-channel attenuation is negligible.
Crypto-Asset Market Abuse Under EU MiCA
Authors: Barczentewicz Mikołaj , de Gândara Gomes André 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The new EU Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (“MiCA”) emphasises the prevention of market abuse as one of its five main objectives. This paper critically analyzes MiCA’s provisions on market abuse (Title VI), applying the new rules to the primary categories of crypto-asset market integrity risks to provide a coherent interpretation. In doing so, we consider both the pre-existing legal framework for protecting market integrity, chiefly the Market Abuse Regulation (“MAR”), and the unique features of crypto-asset markets. We find that by largely replicating MAR, MiCA presents “new wine in old bottles” challenges, as crypto-assets introduce novel issues that the legislator attempts to address with a subset of existing tools. The extent to which “decentralized finance” (DeFi) activities will incur liability under MiCA’s anti-market abuse provisions remains unclear, particularly regarding various blockchain network participants. Furthermore, classifying MEV strategies as market abuse may prove difficult. The absence of certain safe-harbor provisions present in MAR, such as those for self-insiders and buy-back and stabilisation schemes, may create uncertainty and potentially chill legitimate market behavior under MiCA.
Rotating attosecond electron sheets and ultra-brilliant multi-MeV γ-rays driven by intense laser pulses
Authors: Hu Li-Xiang , Yu Tong-Pu , Cao Yue , Chen Min , Zou De-Bin , Yin Yan , Sheng Zheng-Ming , Shao Fu-Qiu 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Isolated multi-MeV

$\gamma$

-rays with attosecond duration, high collimation and beam angular momentum (BAM) may find many interesting applications in nuclear physics, astrophysics, etc. Here, we propose a scheme to generate such

$\gamma$

-rays via nonlinear Thomson scattering of a rotating relativistic electron sheet driven by a few-cycle twisted laser pulse interacting with a micro-droplet target. Our model clarifies the laser intensity threshold and carrier-envelope phase effect on the generation of the isolated electron sheet. Three-dimensional numerical simulations demonstrate the

$\gamma$

-ray emission with 320 attoseconds duration and peak brilliance of

$9.3\times 10^{24}$

photons s

${}^{-1}$

mrad

${}^{-2}$

mm

${}^{-2}$

per 0.1

$\%$

bandwidth at 4.3 MeV. The

$\gamma$

-ray beam carries a large BAM of

$2.8 \times 10^{16}\mathrm{\hslash}$

, which arises from the efficient BAM transfer from the rotating electron sheet, subsequently leading to a unique angular distribution. This work should promote the experimental investigation of nonlinear Thomson scattering of rotating electron sheets in large laser facilities.
Judgments and beliefs about climate change: measurement, stability, and behavioral consequences
Authors: Hilbig Benjamin E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In light of the growing threat of climate change and urgency of mitigation at the societal and individual level, an exponentially growing body of research has addressed how and what people think about climate change—ranging from basic judgments of truth and attitudes about risk to predictions of future outcomes. However, the field is also beset by a striking variety of items and scales used to measure climate change beliefs, with notable differences in content, untested structural assumptions, and unsatisfactory or unknown psychometric properties. In a series of four studies (total N = 2,678), scales for the assessment of climate change beliefs are developed that are comprehensive and balanced in content and psychometrically sound. The latent construct structure is tested, and evidence of high rank-order stability (1-year retest-reliability) and predictive validity (for policy preferences and actual behavior) provided.
Active wake-flow control for a notchback Ahmed body driven by a genetically inspired optimization
Authors: He Kan , Minelli Guglielmo , Su Xinchao , Huang Ning , Krajnović Siniša 
Published: November 2024

This paper explores active wake-flow control on a notchback Ahmed body using genetically inspired optimization. Hotwire and particle image velocimetry measurements record velocity data and flow structures in the wake. Pulsed jets at four actuation slots (two at the roof trailing edge, two at the side trailing edges) dynamically control the wake to minimize aerodynamic drag. The study achieves up to 9.2 % (without consideration of energy consumption) drag reduction, primarily by manipulating vortices from the roof rear end. The paper elucidates the underlying flow mechanism and evaluates various actuation strategies, highlighting how optimal control leads to reattachment of wake separation at the rear slant, diminishing the slant bubble and promoting downstream reattachment for enhanced drag reduction.
Flow structures and combustion regimes in an axisymmetric scramjet combustor with high Reynolds number
Authors: Tang Tao , Sun Mingbo , Yan Bo , Wang Zhenguo , Yu Jiangfei , Huang Yuhui , Wang Hongbo , Zhu Jiajian 
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the flow structures and combustion regimes in an axisymmetric cavity-based scramjet combustor with a total temperature of 1800 K and a high Reynolds number of approximately 1 × 107. The hydroxyl planar laser-induced fluorescence technique, along with the broadband flame emission and CH* chemiluminescence, is employed to visualize the instantaneous flame structure in the optically accessible cavity. The jet-wake flame stabilization mode is observed, with intense heat release occurring in the jet wake upstream of the cavity. A hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes/large-eddy simulation approach is performed for the 0.18-equivalent-ratio case with a pressure-corrected flamelet/progress variable model. The combustion regime is identified mainly in the corrugated or wrinkled flamelet regime (approximately 102 < Da < 104, 103 < Ret < 105 where

$Da$

is the Damköhler number and

$Re_t$

is the turbulent Reynolds number). The combustion process is jointly dominated by supersonic combustion (which accounts for approximately 58 %) and subsonic combustion, although subsonic combustion has a higher heat release rate (peak value exceeding 1 × 109 J (m3s)−1). A partially premixed flame is observed, where the diffusion flame packages a considerable quantity of twisted premixed flame. The shockwave plays a critical role in generating vorticity by strengthening the volumetric expansion and baroclinic torque term, and it can facilitate the chemical reaction rates through the pressure and temperature surges, thereby enhancing the combustion. Combustion also shows a remarkable effect on the overall flow structures, and it drives alterations in the vorticity of the flow field. In turn, the turbulent flow facilitates the combustion and improves the flame stabilization by enhancing the reactant mixing and increasing the flame surface area.