bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inbreeding in an endangered killer whale population
Authors: Ford M. J. , Parsons K. M. , Ward E. J. , Hempelmann J. A. , Emmons C. K. , Bradley Hanson M. , Balcomb K. C. , Park L. K. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThere are genetic risks associated with small population sizes, including loss of genetic diversity and inbreeding depression. The southern resident killer whale Orcinus orca population is a group of ~80 whales listed as ‘endangered’ under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Recovery efforts are focused on increasing prey and reducing impacts from environmental disturbance, but the population's small size and insularity suggest that inbreeding depression could also be important. We analyzed genotypes at 68–94 nuclear loci from 105 individuals to refine a population pedigree to evaluate inbreeding and the relationship between multi‐locus heterozygosity and fitness. Our results expand upon an earlier study and shed new light on both inbreeding within this population and the mating patterns of killer whales. We found that only two adult males sired 52% of the sampled progeny born since 1990. Confirming earlier results, we found male reproductive success increased with age. Based on the pedigree, four sampled offspring were the result of inbred mating – two between a parent and offspring, one between paternal half‐siblings, and one between uncle and half‐niece. There is no evidence to date that the survival or fecundity of these individuals is lower than normal. There was some evidence for inbreeding depression in the form of a weakly supported relationship between multi‐locus heterozygosity and annual survival probability, but the power of our data to quantify this effect was low. We found no evidence of inbreeding avoidance in the population, but a late age of breeding success for males may indirectly limit the frequency of parent/offspring mating. The effective number of breeders in the population is currently ~26, and was estimated to have ranged from 12–53 over the past 40 years. The population that produced the oldest (pre‐1970) sampled individuals was estimated to have 24 effective breeders. Overall, our results indicate that inbreeding is likely common in the population, but the fitness effects continue to be uncertain.
Midwives’ and women's views on accessing dental care during pregnancy: an Australian qualitative study
Authors: Lim M , Riggs E , Shankumar R , Marwaha P , Kilpatrick N 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundMaternal behaviours during pregnancy are likely to play a significant role in the development of dental caries in children. Although midwives are well placed to discuss oral health and provide information to women, dental attendance by women during pregnancy is minimal. This study aimed to explore midwives’ experience of facilitating pregnant women's access to dental care and to document women's experience of receiving dental information and care during pregnancy.MethodsFocus groups with midwives and telephone interviews with women who were referred to Monash Health Dental Services were conducted to explore their perspectives and experiences. The qualitative data was thematically analysed.ResultsThree focus groups with 13 midwives and telephone interviews with eight women who recently gave birth were conducted. Three key themes were identified: maternal oral health knowledge; barriers to accessing dental information and care during pregnancy; and suggested recommendations.ConclusionsThis study highlighted the barriers that exist for midwives to discuss oral health with women and refer women to dental care, and women's experiences of accessing dental care during pregnancy. Ongoing collaboration between the maternity and dental services is required to strengthen midwives’ knowledge, confidence and practise in supporting women to access dental care during pregnancy.
Longevity of anterior resin‐bonded bridges: survival rates of two tooth preparation designs
Authors: Abuzar M , Locke J , Burt G , Clausen G , Escobar K 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundSignificant developments have occurred in the design of resin‐bonded bridges (RBB) over the past two decades. They are commonly used as an alternative treatment option for a single missing tooth. The longevity of these bridges needs to be further investigated to evaluate long‐term outcomes for this option to remain relevant.MethodsA cohort of patients who received anterior resin‐bonded bridges (ARBB) over two decades was studied retrospectively. Longevity of 206 ARBB was assessed using Kaplan–Meier probability estimates. The two modified tooth preparation designs investigated were: (A) mesial and distal vertical grooves only; and (B) one proximal groove adjacent to the pontic and two palatal grooves. Age and gender of the patient cohort were also recorded.ResultsOverall survival rate of ARBB was 98% at 5 years, 97.2% at 10 years, and 95.1% from 12 years till 21 years. Survival curves showed minor differences when compared for the two designs, age groups and gender of ARBB recipients. Differences in the proportion of surviving bridges for design A (95.96%) and design B (98.13%) were not statistically significant (Fisher's exact test).ConclusionsAnterior RBB with described tooth preparation designs demonstrate a high survival rate.
Integrated approach to oral health in aged care facilities using oral health practitioners and teledentistry in rural Queensland
Authors: Tynan Anna , Deeth Lisa , McKenzie Debra , Bourke Carolyn , Stenhouse Shayne , Pitt Jacinta , Linneman Helen 
Published: April 2018

AbstractProblemResidents of residential aged care facilities are at very high risk of developing complex oral diseases and dental problems. Key barriers exist in delivering oral health services to residential aged care facilities, particularly in regional and rural areas.DesignA quality improvement study incorporating pre‐ and post chart audits and pre‐ and post consultation with key stakeholders, including staff and residents, expert opinion on cost estimates and field notes were used.SettingOne regional and three rural residential aged care facilities situated in a non‐metropolitan hospital and health service in Queensland.Key measures for improvement

Number of appointments avoided at an oral health facility

Feedback on program experience by staff and residents

Compliance with oral health care plan implementation

Observations of costs involved to deliver new service.

Strategies for changeThe model developed incorporated a visit by an oral health therapist for screening, education, simple intervention and referral for a teledentistry session if required.Effects of changeResults showed an improvement in implementation of oral health care plans and a minimisation of need for residents to attend an oral health care facility. Potential financial and social cost savings for residents and the facilities were also noted.Lessons learntScreening via the oral health therapist and teledentistry appointment minimises the need for a visit to an oral health facility and subsequent disruption to residents in residential aged care facilities.
Using rotational thromboelastometry clot firmness at 5 minutes (ROTEM® EXTEM A5) to predict massive transfusion and in‐hospital mortality in trauma: a retrospective analysis of 1146 patients
Authors: Kelly J. M. , Rizoli S. , Veigas P. , Hollands S. , Min A. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryViscoelastic assays such as TEG® and ROTEM® are increasingly used to guide transfusion of blood products. The EXTEM assay maximum clot firmness (MCF) is a ROTEM measure available after 25–29 min used to guide early decisions. EXTEM A10, the clot firmness at 10 min, is an accepted early surrogate, but investigators differ on whether A5, the clot firmness at 5 min, is acceptable. We re‐examined this in a retrospective observational analysis of 1146 trauma patients in one centre who had ROTEM data recorded. A5 and A10 both correlated well with maximum clot firmness, with Pearson coefficients of r = 0.92 and r = 0.96, respectively. The correlations of A5, A10 and maximum clot firmness with requirement for massive transfusion were all similarly high, with c‐stats of 0.87, 0.89 and 0.90, respectively. The correlations with mortality were also similar but weaker, with c‐stats of 0.67, 0.69 and 0.69, respectively. Using a previously validated cut‐off of A5 < 35 mm to predict massive transfusion gave a sensitivity of 95%, specificity 83%, positive predictive value 9.3% and negative predictive value 100%. Using a value of A5 < 29 mm, for a pragmatic positive predictive value of 20%, gave a sensitivity of 67%, specificity 95% and negative predictive value 99%. Whether aiming for a high sensitivity or a strong predictive value, A5 was non‐inferior to A10 and actually missed fewer cases needing massive transfusion. A5 has similar utility to both A10 and maximum clot firmness as an early measure of clot firmness, and a low A5 value is strongly predictive of the need for massive transfusion.
Mortality after a cerebrovascular event in age‐related macular degeneration patients treated with bevacizumab ocular injections
Authors: Hanhart Joel , Comaneshter Doron S. , Vinker Shlomo 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPurposeTo analyse the mortality associated with intravitreal injections of bevacizumab for age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) in patients previously diagnosed with stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA).MethodsWe reviewed bevacizumab‐treated AMD patients with a diagnosis of stroke or TIA prior to their first bevacizumab injection (n = 948). Those patients, naïve to any anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (anti‐VEGF) at the time of stroke/TIA, were then compared to age‐ and gender‐matched patients who had a stroke/TIA at the same time and had never been exposed to anti‐VEGF. Survival analysis was performed using adjusted Cox regression. The main outcome measure was survival. Adjusted variables were age, smoking, alcohol abuse, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, ischaemic heart disease, congestive heart failure and liver cancer.ResultsAge and gender distribution of bevacizumab‐treated patients and controls were similar (mean age: 83.4 versus 83.7 years, p = 0.3; 51.7% males versus 52.5% males, p = 0.7). The adjusted mortality in patients who received bevacizumab within 3 months after stroke/TIA was significantly different than in patients non‐exposed to bevacizumab (OR = 6.92, 95%, CI 1.88–25.43, p < 0.01). Within 6 months after stroke/TIA, the difference in adjusted mortality showed a strong trend (OR = 2.00, 95%, CI 0.96–4.16, p = 0.064). Within 12 months, it was insignificant (OR = 1.30, 95%, CI 0.75–2.26, p = 0.348).ConclusionWe found increased mortality within three months after a cerebrovascular event in patients treated with bevacizumab for AMD compared to patients for whom there was no record of a prescription to any anti‐VEGF agent.
Psychological therapy for inpatients receiving acute mental health care: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of controlled trials
Authors: Paterson Charlotte , Karatzias Thanos , Dickson Adele , Harper Sean , Dougall Nadine , Hutton Paul 
Published: April 2018

ObjectivesThe effectiveness of psychological therapies for those receiving acute adult mental health inpatient care remains unclear, partly because of the difficulty in conducting randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in this setting. The aim of this meta‐analysis was to synthesize evidence from all controlled trials of psychological therapy carried out with this group, to estimate its effects on a number of important outcomes and examine whether the presence of randomization and rater blinding moderated these estimates.MethodA systematic review and meta‐analysis of all controlled trials of psychological therapy delivered in acute inpatient settings was conducted, with a focus on psychotic symptoms, readmissions or emotional distress (anxiety and depression). Studies were identified through ASSIA, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO using a combination of the key terms ‘inpatient’, ‘psychological therapy’, and ‘acute’. No restriction was placed on diagnosis. The moderating effect of the use of assessor‐blind RCT methodology was examined via subgroup and sensitivity analyses.ResultsOverall, psychological therapy was associated with small‐to‐moderate improvements in psychotic symptoms at end of therapy but the effect was smaller and not significant at follow‐up. Psychological therapy was also associated with reduced readmissions, depression, and anxiety. The use of single‐blind randomized controlled trial methodology was associated with significantly reduced benefits on psychotic symptoms and was also associated with reduced benefits on readmission and depression; however, these reductions were not statistically significant.ConclusionsThe provision of psychological therapy to acute psychiatric inpatients is associated with improvements; however, the use of single‐blind RCT methodology was associated with reduced therapy‐attributable improvements. Whether this is a consequence of increased internal validity or reduced external validity is unclear. Trials with both high internal and external validity are now required to establish what type, format, and intensity of brief psychological therapy is required to achieve sustained benefits.Practitioner pointsClinical implications:

This review provides the first meta‐analytical synthesis of brief psychological therapy delivered in acute psychiatric inpatient settings.

This review suggests that brief psychological therapy may be associated with reduced emotional distress and readmissions.

Limitations:

The evidence in this review is of limited quality.
The type, format, and intensity of brief psychological therapy required to achieve sustained benefits are yet to be established.
Finding an unfamiliar face in a line‐up: Viewing multiple images of the target is beneficial on target‐present trials but costly on target‐absent trials
Authors: Matthews Claire M. , Mondloch Catherine J. 
Published: April 2018

When viewing unfamiliar faces, photographs of the same person often are perceived as belonging to different people and photographs of different people as belonging to the same person. Identity matching of unfamiliar faces is especially challenging when the photographs are of a person whose ethnicity differs from that of the observer. In contrast, matching is trivial when viewing familiar faces, regardless of race. Viewing multiple images of an own‐race target identity improves accuracy on a line‐up task when the target is known to be present (Dowsett et al., 2016, Q J Exp Psychol, 69, 1), suggesting that exposure to within‐person variability in appearance is key to face learning. Across three experiments, we show that viewing multiple images of a target identity also improves accuracy for other‐race faces on target‐present trials. However, viewing multiple images decreases accuracy (i.e., increases false alarms) on target‐absent trials for both own‐ and other‐race faces. We discuss the implications of our findings for models of face recognition and for forensic settings.
Envisioning Democracy: Participatory Filmmaking with Homeless Youth
Authors: Kennelly Jacqueline 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper explores the democratic potential for participatory filmmaking with homeless youth, as well as the constraints and dilemmas associated with this visual method. Theorizing democracy through the work of Hannah Arendt and Pierre Bourdieu, the paper approaches democracy not as an end, but rather as a process that seeks to lessen social injustice. Bourdieu's work helps us appreciate, however, that this process is constrained by structures of inequality that shape access to the political dispositions that enable such engagement. Consistent with other research on low‐income and marginalized young people, this study found that homeless youth engage with democracy through forms of community participation and mutual support, and are disinclined to orient toward liberal democratic structures such as voting and political parties, which they see as harmful or problematic. With a focus on one particular dilemma faced by the research team—namely, the question of how to make sense of and represent the issue of legalizing marijuana, which had been signaled by the youth participants as of primary political importance to them—the paper uses Arendt and Bourdieu to discuss how participatory filmmaking can help to expand the space of appearances available to homeless youth in Canadian society, and create a space at a shared table of understanding with middle class power brokers.
Maximizing biodiversity conservation and carbon stocking in restored tropical forests
Authors: Brancalion Pedro H.S. , Bello Carolina , Chazdon Robin L. , Galetti Mauro , Jordano Pedro , Lima Renato A.F. , Medina Aretha , Pizo Marco Aurélio , Reid J. Leighton 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAssessing the conservation value of restoration plantings is critical to support the global forest landscape restoration movement. We assessed the implications of tree species selection in the restoration of Brazil's Atlantic Forest regarding carbon stocking and species conservation. This assessment was based on a comprehensive dataset of seedling acquisition records from 961 restoration projects, more than14 million seedlings, 192 forest remnants, and functional data from 1,223 tree species. We found that animal‐dispersed trees with larger seeds tend to have higher seed prices, yet are underrepresented in the seedlings acquired for restoration plantations. Compared to forest remnants, fruit supply potentially offered by the species acquired for restoration plantings is lower for birds, but higher for bats. Reduced abundance of medium‐ and/or large‐seeded, animal‐dispersed trees lead to declines of 2.8–10.6% in simulated potential carbon stocking. Given the uncertainty in these estimates, policy interventions may be needed to encourage greater representation of large‐seeded, animal‐dispersed tree species in Atlantic Forest restorations. These findings provide critical guidance for recovering tree functional diversity, plant‐frugivore mutualistic interactions, and carbon stocking in multi‐species tropical forest restoration plantings.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: Prevalence and implications for surgical treatment outcome
Authors: Kamenskaya Oksana , Loginova Irina , Chernyavskiy Alexander , Edemskiy Aleksander , Lomivorotov Vladimir V. , Karaskov Aleksander 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of our study was to investigate the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and examine their impact on the results of pulmonary thrombendarterectomy (PEA).MethodsWe enrolled 136 patients with CTEPH who scheduled for elective PEA. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) including full‐body plethysmography with bronchodilation test and lung diffusion capacity assessment were performed in all patients prior to surgery treatment. The diagnosis of COPD was verified in accordance with the recommendations of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2017. The effect of COPD on perioperative characteristics, complications, in‐hospital and one‐year mortality of patients with CTEPH were analysed.ResultsIn the study group with CTEPH the prevalence of COPD was 23%. In 13% of patients, COPD was first detected. The results of PFTs showed more severe airflow limitations with obstructive pattern in patients with concomitant COPD, as well as a more pronounced decrease in the lung diffusion capacity. The presence of COPD in patients with CTEPH significantly increases the risk of residual pulmonary hypertension in the early postoperative period of PEA (OR = 6.2 (1.90‐10.27), P = .002), duration of hospital stay (OR = 1.1 (1.01‐1.20), P = .020) and the risk of in‐hospital mortality (OR = 4.4 (1.21‐16.19), P = .023). The lung diffusion capacity revealed significant negative associations with the duration of hospital stay and in‐hospital mortality (OR 0.87 (0.74‐0.98), P = .012).ConclusionCOPD in patients with CTEPH significantly increases the risk of residual pulmonary hypertension, in‐hospital mortality and increases the duration of hospital stay after PEA.
Pleural tuberculosis: A concise clinical review
Authors: Shaw Jane A. , Irusen Elvis M. , Diacon Andreas H. , Koegelenberg Coenraad F. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious cause of death worldwide, and the commonest cause of death in people living with HIV. Globally, pleural TB remains one of the most frequent causes of pleural exudates, particularly in TB‐endemic areas and in the HIV positive population. Most TB pleural effusions are exudates with high adenosine deaminase (ADA), lymphocyte‐rich, straw‐coloured and free flowing, with a low yield on mycobacterial culture. TB pleurisy can also present as loculated neutrophil‐predominant effusions which mimic parapneumonic effusions. Rarely, they can present as frank TB empyema, containing an abundance of mycobacteria. Up to 80% of patients have parenchymal involvement on chest imaging. The diagnosis is simple if M. tuberculosis is detected in sputum, pleural fluid or biopsy specimens, and the recent advent of liquid medium culture techniques has increased the microbiological yield dramatically. Where the prevalence of TB is high the presence of a lymphocyte‐predominant exudate with a high ADA has a positive predictive value of 98%. In low prevalence areas, the absence of an elevated ADA and lymphocyte predominance makes TB very unlikely, and pleural biopsy should be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Pleural biopsy for liquid culture and susceptibility testing must also be considered where the prevalence of drug resistant TB is high. Treatment regimens are identical to those administered for pulmonary TB. Initial pleural drainage may have a role in symptom relief and in hastening the resolution of the effusion. Surgical intervention may be required in loculated effusions and empyemas.
Pulmonary functions in pseudoexfoliation syndrome
Authors: Batur Muhammed , Seven Erbil , Tanrıkulu Merhamet , Ekin Selami , Tekin Serek , Yasar Tekin 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectivesIt is well‐known that pseudoexfoliative material deteriorates iris dilatation function. This material was also found in lung tissue. The aim of the study was to evaluate pulmonary function in patients with pseudoexfoliation.MethodsThis prospective study included 60 pseudoexfoliation syndrome patients without any pulmonary diseases and 52 age‐ and gender‐matched controls without any pulmonary diseases. Patients were asked about their cigarette use and the presence of any systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and asthma. All cases underwent full ophthalmologic and general medical examinations including pulmonary auscultation and pulmonary posterior‐anterior X‐ray. Pulmonary function tests were used for evaluation of pulmonary function. FVC, FEV1, FEV1%, FEV1/FVC and saturation values were recorded.ResultsMean age was 67.1 ± 8.8 (44‐82) years in the pseudoexfoliation group and 63.8 ± 9.4 (43‐82) years in the control group (P > .05). Mean FEV1 was 1.60 ± 0.62 in the pseudoexfoliation group and 1.84 ± 0.61 in the control group (P = .036). Mean FEV1% was 70.65 ± 23.89 in the pseudoexfoliation group and 83.46 ± 17.83 in the control group (P = .002). Mean FEV1/FVC ratios were 0.72 ± 0.15 in the pseudoexfoliation group and 0.77 ± 0.11 in the control group (P = .043). No statistically significant differences were found between the groups for FVC, saturation or cigarette use.ConclusionThese results suggest that there is decline in some pulmonary functions in pseudoexfoliation syndrome.