bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of mammal subsistence hunting in eastern Amazon, Brazil
Authors: Pires Mesquita Geison , Domingo Rodríguez‐Teijeiro José , Nascimento Barreto Larissa 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTHunting affects many threatened mammal species in Brazil. We described subsistence hunting patterns for medium‐ (1.0–14.9 kg) and large‐sized (>15 kg) mammal species by a rural community in the eastern Amazon, Brazil. From April 2012 to November 2013, we observed hunts and conducted semistructured interviews with local hunters. We identified species of game mammals in the region, frequency of capture, capture techniques used for each species, yield of the hunt, and reasons that hunting is practiced in the region. We then performed a correlation analysis and multivariate analysis to determine similarities and differences of mammals hunted in each landscape. We recorded 18 species of harvested animals (n = 132) including common paca (Cuniculus paca), capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), southern naked‐tailed armadillo (Cabassous unicinctus), nine‐banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), and six‐banded armadillo (Euphractus sexcinctus). Endangered species that were hunted included giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus) and white‐lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari). The medium‐sized mammals comprised 75.7% of harvested mammals, whereas 24.2% were large‐sized mammals; however, the latter group represented 55.8% of the mass of harvested meat. Half of all biomass harvested was from rainforests that made up 2.2% of the region. Knowing what, how, why, and where certain species are hunted increases understanding of pressure local communities exert on wild animal populations. As the first study of its kind in the eastern Brazilian Amazon, our study is a basis for further work in relation to effect and sustainability of hunting wildlife, and conservation strategies for medium‐ and long‐term management programs for species conservation at the regional level. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Impact of Biliary Drainage on Multidetector‐Row Computed Tomography on R0 Resection of Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Hosokawa Isamu , Shimizu Hiroaki , Yoshitomi Hideyuki , Furukawa Katsunori , Takayashiki Tsukasa , Miyazaki Masaru , Ohtsuka Masayuki 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundAlthough multidetector‐row computed tomography (MDCT) before biliary drainage is useful for the assessment of the resectability of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHC), the impact of biliary drainage on MDCT images before surgical resection for PHC has been poorly studied, and its possible consequences for R0 resection of PHC remain unclear. This study was performed to compare the surgical outcomes of patients with PHC who underwent MDCT before versus after biliary drainage.MethodsAll consecutive patients who underwent major hepatectomy extending to segment 1 with extrahepatic bile duct resection for PHC from 2009 to 2016 were retrospectively evaluated. R0 resection was defined as no residual cancer at all surgical margins. Patients with pathological stage IV PHC were excluded.ResultsOf 142 patients who underwent major hepatectomy, 108 were eligible for this study. Of these 108 patients, 64 (59%) and 44 (41%) underwent MDCT before and after biliary drainage, respectively. The total bilirubin concentration at presentation was lower in patients who underwent MDCT before than after biliary drainage (4.1 ± 5.9 vs. 8.0 ± 7.1 mg/ml, respectively; p = 0.002). Although there were no significant differences in the surgical characteristics or pathological stages between the two groups, R0 resection was more frequently achieved in patients who underwent MDCT before than after biliary drainage [46/64 (72%) vs. 22/44 (50%), respectively; p = 0.03]. On multivariate analysis, MDCT before biliary drainage was independently associated with R0 resection of PHC (risk ratio: 2.38, 95% CI 1.05–5.41; p = 0.04).ConclusionsIn selected patients, MDCT should be performed before biliary drainage to achieve R0 resection of PHC.
Construction of an alternative glycerol-utilization pathway for improved β-carotene production in Escherichia coli
Authors: Guo Jin-Ying , Hu Kun-Le , Bi Chang-Hao , Li Qing-Yan , Zhang Xue-Li 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Glycerol, which is an inevitable by-product of biodiesel production, is an ideal carbon source for the production of carotenoids due to its low price, good availability and chemically reduced status, which results in a low requirement for additional reducing equivalents. In this study, an alternative carbon-utilization pathway was constructed in Escherichia coli to enable more efficient β-carotene production from glycerol. An aldehyde reductase gene (alrd) and an aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (aldH) from Ralstonia eutropha H16 were integrated into the E. coli chromosome to form a novel glycerol-utilization pathway. The β-carotene specific production value was increased by 50% after the introduction of alrd and aldH. It was found that the glycerol kinase gene (garK), alrd and aldH were the bottleneck of the alternative glycerol metabolic pathway, and modulation of garK gene with an mRS library further increased the β-carotene specific production value by 13%. Finally, co-modulation of genes in the introduced aldH–alrd operon led to 86% more of β-carotene specific production value than that of the strain without the alternative glycerol-utilization pathway and the glycerol-utilization rate was also increased. In this work, β-carotene production of E. coli was significantly improved by constructing and optimizing an alternative glycerol-utilization pathway. This strategy can potentially be used to improve the production of other isoprenoids using glycerol as a cheap and abundant substrate, and therefore has industrial relevance.
On the Influence of Nb/Ti Ratio on Environmentally-Assisted Crack Growth in High-Strength Nickel-Based Superalloys
Authors: Németh A. A. N. , Crudden D. J. , Collins D. M. , Kuksenko V. , Liebscher C. H. , Armstrong D. E. J. , Wilkinson A. J. , Reed R. C. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The effect of Nb/Ti ratio on environmentally-assisted crack growth of three prototype Ni-based superalloys is studied. For these alloys, the yield strength is unaltered with increasing Nb/Ti ratio due to an increase in grain size. This situation has allowed the rationalization of the factors influencing damage tolerance at 700 °C. Primary intergranular cracks have been investigated using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in a scanning transmission electron microscope and the analysis of electron back-scatter diffraction patterns. Any possible detrimental effect of Nb on the observed crack tip damage due to Nb-rich oxide formation is not observed. Instead, evidence is presented to indicate that the tertiary γ′-precipitates are dissolving ahead of the crack consistent with the formation of oxides such as alumina and rutile. Our results have implications for alloy design efforts; at any given strength level, both more and less damage-tolerant variants of these alloys can be designed.
Deformation-Induced Microstructural Banding in TRIP Steels
Authors: Celotto S. , Ghadbeigi H. , Pinna C. , Shollock B. A. , Efthymiadis P. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Microstructure inhomogeneities can strongly influence the mechanical properties of advanced high-strength steels in a detrimental manner. This study of a transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel investigates the effect of pre-existing contiguous grain boundary networks (CGBNs) of hard second-phases and shows how these develop into bands during tensile testing using in situ observations in conjunction with digital image correlation (DIC). The bands form by the lateral contraction of the soft ferrite matrix, which rotates and displaces the CGBNs of second-phases and the individual features within them to become aligned with the loading direction. The more extensive pre-existing CGBNs that were before the deformation already aligned with the loading direction are the most critical microstructural feature for damage initiation and propagation. They induce micro-void formation between the hard second-phases along them, which coalesce and develop into long macroscopic fissures. The hard phases, retained austenite and martensite, were not differentiated as it was found that the individual phases do not play a role in the formation of these bands. It is suggested that minimizing the presence of CGBNs of hard second-phases in the initial microstructure will increase the formability.
New perspectives in fire management in South American savannas: The importance of intercultural governance
Authors: Mistry Jayalaxshmi , Schmidt Isabel Belloni , Eloy Ludivine , Bilbao Bibiana 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWildfires continue to cause damage to property, livelihoods and environments around the world. Acknowledging that dealing with wildfires has to go beyond fire-fighting, governments in countries with fire-prone ecosystems have begun to recognize the multiple perspectives of landscape burning and the need to engage with local communities and their practices. In this perspective, we outline the experiences of Brazil and Venezuela, two countries where fire management has been highly contested, but where there have been recent advances in fire management approaches. Success of these new initiatives have been measured by the reduction in wildfire extent through prescribed burning, and the opening of a dialogue on fire management between government agencies and local communities. Yet, it is clear that further developments in community participation need to take place in order to avoid the appropriation of local knowledge systems by institutions, and to better reflect more equitable fire governance.
Effect of prenatal stress on ɑ5 GABAA receptor subunit gene expression in hippocampus and pilocarpine induced seizure in rats
Authors: Nejatbakhsh Mehrdad , Saboory Ehsan , Bagheri Morteza 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe GABAergic synapses go through structural and functional maturation during early brain development. Maternal stress alters GABAergic synapses in developing brain, which are associated with the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders in adults. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of prenatal restraint stress (PS) on pilocarpine‐induced seizure and ɑ5 subunit of γ‐amino butyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor expression in hippocampus. Pregnant Wistar rats were subjected to PS at gestational days 15–17 and the pups were examined for susceptibility to seizure and ɑ5 subunit of GABAA receptor expression in hippocampus at postnatal days 14 and 21 (P14 and PND 21). Quantitative real‐time PCR was used for evaluating the gene expression in the pups. Pilocarpine was injected intraperitoneally into the pups and seizure behaviors were recorded. The results showed that ɑ5 subunit mRNA expression significantly increased in hippocampus at both the P14 and P21 in the stressed rats. However, ɑ5 subunit level was greater at the P21 than at the P14 in both the groups. Latency of first tonic‐clonic seizure significantly decreased in the PS group compared to the control pups. Number and duration of tonic–clonic seizures increased in the PS rats compared to the controls. PS led to an increase in total score of seizure at the P14 and P21. It can be concluded that PS increases the seizure susceptibility and GABAA receptor ɑ5 subunit gene expression in offspring; it is likely that the mechanism of increased seizure susceptibility by PS, at least in part, can increase the GABAA receptor ɑ5 subunit gene expression in hippocampus.
COMPOUND POISSON CLAIMS RESERVING MODELS: EXTENSIONS AND INFERENCE
Authors: Meng Shengwang , Gao Guangyuan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe consider compound Poisson claims reserving models applied to the paid claims and to the number of payments run-off triangles. We extend the standard Poisson-gamma assumption to account for over-dispersion in the payment counts and to account for various mean and variance structures in the individual payments. Two generalized linear models are applied consecutively to predict the unpaid claims. A bootstrap is used to estimate the mean squared error of prediction and to simulate the predictive distribution of the unpaid claims. We show that the extended compound Poisson models make reasonable predictions of the unpaid claims.
An In Situ Simulation-Based Training Approach to Active Shooter Response in the Emergency Department
Authors: Mannenbach Mark S. , Fahje Carol J. , Sunga Kharmene L. , Sztajnkrycer Matthew D. 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTWith an increased number of active shooter events in the United States, emergency departments are challenged to ensure preparedness for these low frequency but high stakes events. Engagement of all emergency department personnel can be very challenging due to a variety of barriers. This article describes the use of an in situ simulation training model as a component of active shooter education in one emergency department. The educational tool was intentionally developed to be multidisciplinary in planning and involvement, to avoid interference with patient care and to be completed in the true footprint of the work space of the participants. Feedback from the participants was overwhelmingly positive both in terms of added value and avoidance of creating secondary emotional or psychological stress. The specific barriers and methods to overcome implementation are outlined. Although the approach was used in only one department, the approach and lessons learned can be applied to other emergency departments in their planning and preparation. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:345–352)
Lebesgue measure of escaping sets of entire functions
Authors: CUI WEIWEI 
Published: May 2018

For a transcendental entire function $f$ of finite order in the Eremenko–Lyubich class ${\mathcal{B}}$, we give conditions under which the Lebesgue measure of the escaping set ${\mathcal{I}}(f)$ of $f$ is zero. This complements the recent work of Aspenberg and Bergweiler [Math. Ann. 352(1) (2012), 27–54], in which they give conditions on entire functions in the same class with escaping sets of positive Lebesgue measure. We will construct an entire function in the Eremenko–Lyubich class to show that the condition given by Aspenberg and Bergweiler is essentially sharp. Furthermore, we adapt our idea of proof to certain infinite-order entire functions. Under some restrictions to the growth of these entire functions, we show that the escaping sets have zero Lebesgue measure. This generalizes a result of Eremenko and Lyubich.
Interannual modulation of seasonal glacial velocity variations in the Eastern Karakoram detected by ALOS-1/2 data
Authors: USMAN MUHAMMAD , FURUYA MASATO 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTUnlike in most other regions, Karakoram glaciers are either stable or advancing, a phenomenon known as the Karakoram anomaly. Despite studies of glacier surges and the derivation of surface velocity maps, the spatiotemporal variability of glacier dynamics still remains poorly understood, particularly in the Eastern Karakoram Range. We use Advanced Land Observing Satellite/the Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (ALOS/PALSAR)-1/2 data from 2007 to 2011 and 2014 to 2015 to examine detailed surface velocity patterns of the Siachen, Baltoro, Kundos, Singkhu and Gasherbrum Glaciers. The first three glaciers show considerable velocity variability (20–350 m a−1), with clear seasonal patterns. Although all glaciers, except for Baltoro, flow slowest in 2015, the velocity structures are individual and vary in space and time. In Gasherbrum Glacier, peak surge-phase velocities are seasonally modulated, with maxima in summers 2006 and 2007, suggesting surface melt plays an important role in maintaining the active phase. Given the relatively close proximity of these glaciers, we assume that surface melt timing and rates are comparable. We therefore argue that the observed spatiotemporal and interannual velocity patterns are determined by local and internal mechanisms, including englacial and subglacial hydrology, thermal processes and tributary configuration of each individual glacier.
Beyond the China factor: challenges to backward linkages in the Mozambican construction sector
Authors: Wethal Ulrikke 
Published: May 2018

AbstractChina has become a significant contributor to closing Africa's infrastructural gap, but Chinese companies are repeatedly criticised for not involving local businesses in their operations, and for isolating themselves from the socio-economic environment. Can this be attributed to ‘typical Chinese business practice’? This article employs linkage theory to examine the weak domestic backward linkages in Chinese-led construction projects in Mozambique. The analysis shows that while Chinese companies do not involve Mozambican businesses in their activities to any extent, this cannot be attributed solely to any ‘Chinese business model’. It is a consequence of weak local industrial capabilities, fragile social infrastructure and a liberal policy environment not conducive to the creation of domestic backward linkages in Chinese-led construction projects.
Recruitment mechanisms for reserved seats for women in parliament and switches to non-quota seats: a comparative study of Tanzania and Uganda
Authors: Wang Vibeke , Yoon Mi Yung 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTanzania and Uganda are among the most cited countries employing reserved-seat quotas. They adopted these quotas in 1985 and 1989, respectively. However, the two countries use different mechanisms to recruit reserved-seat members of parliament (MPs). Drawing on interview data from Tanzania and Uganda, this study compares the two models in terms of their effectiveness in facilitating the transfer of female MPs to non-quota seats in subsequent elections, thereby furthering women's sustainable representation. We find that the Tanzanian model is superior because it compartmentalises quota MPs in reserved seats less than the Ugandan model. The Ugandan model creates a gendered perception that constituency seats are for males and quota seats are for females – as if each sex has a distinct category of parliamentary seats. This perception affects each step of the switch to a non-quota seat, from the decision to switch to party nominations to voters’ decisions at the polls.
Economic growth, rural assets and prosperity: exploring the implications of a 20-year record of asset growth in Tanzania
Authors: Brockington Dan , Howland Olivia , Loiske Vesa-Matti , Mnzava Moses , Noe Christine 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMeasures of poverty based on consumption suggest that recent economic growth in many African countries has not been inclusive, particularly in rural areas. We argue that measures of poverty using assets may provide a different picture. We present data based on recent re-surveys of Tanzanian households first visited in the early 1990s. These demonstrate a marked increase in prosperity from high levels of poverty. It does not, however, follow that these improvements derive from GDP growth. We consider the implications of this research for further explorations of the relationship between economic growth and agricultural policy in rural areas.
Shifting visions of property under competing political regimes: changing uses of Côte d'Ivoire's 1998 Land Law
Authors: Boone Catherine 
Published: May 2018

AbstractLand law reform through registration and titling is often viewed as a technocratic, good-governance step toward building market economies and depoliticising land transactions. In actual practice, however, land registration and titling programmes can be highly partisan, bitterly contentious, and carried forward by political logics that diverge strongly from the market-enhancing vision. This paper uses evidence from Côte d'Ivoire to support and develop this claim. In Côte d'Ivoire after 1990, multiple, opposing political logics drove land law reform as it was pursued by successive governments representing rival coalitions of the national electorate. Between the mid-1990s and 2016, different logics – alternatively privileging user rights, the ethnic land rights of autochthones, and finally a state-building logic – prevailed in succession as national government crafted and then sought to implement the new 1998 land law. The case underscores the extent to which deeply political questions are implicated in land registration and titling policies.
The demand for ‘critical research’ in a competitive authoritarian regime: think tanks in Mozambique
Authors: Nylen William R. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThink tanks in competitive authoritarian regimes are implicitly if not explicitly oppositional, producing and disseminating research critical of government policies and elite behaviour. Existing literature asks how and why such think tanks emerge and survive, and if they exercise real influence. This paper asks if anyone actually reads their critical research. Focusing on two cases in Mozambique – theInstituto de Estudos Sociais e Económicos(IESE) and theCentro de Integridade Pública(CIP) – three original data sets are examined: (1) citations in the bibliographies of end-of-programme theses of undergraduates in the political science, public administration, economics, and/or sociology departments of two of Mozambique's most important universities; (2) websites and Facebook activities – visits, downloads, etc.; and (3) citations in academic journals that publish on Africa. Findings show evolving demand for these think tanks’ research, suggesting their growing status within Mozambique and, by implication, within civil societies of similar competitive authoritarian regimes.
Turning the Tables on McTaggart
Authors: Boccardi Emiliano 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAccording to A-theories of time, the metaphysical ground of change and dynamicity is provided by a continuous shifting in which events are past, present and future (A-determinations). It is often claimed that these theories make better sense of our experience of dynamicity than their rival, the B-theories; according to the latter, dynamicity is grounded solely in the irreducible earlier-than relations (B-relations) which obtain between events or states of affairs. In this paper, I argue that the experience of time's dynamicity, on the contrary, cannot be accounted for solely in terms of representations of irreducible A-determinations, because any representation which is adequate to ground these experiences must itself involve representation of irreducible B-relations, while it needs not involve representation of A-determinations. Even if, as a matter of contingent fact, our experiences of dynamicity consisted of representations of successions of A-determinations, what would account for them being experiencesof dynamicitywould be solely the B-theoretic relations of succession, rather than the irrelevant A-theoretic nature of therelata.