bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimization of the spray‐drying parameters for developing guava powder
Authors: Aragüez‐Fortes Yojhansel , Robaina‐Morales Laura M. , Pino Jorge A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSpray‐drying process for guava pulp was optimized by response surface methodology. The factors were inlet air temperature (130–170°C) and maltodextrin DE 10 content (60–75% wb pulp solids basis), while powder yield, moisture, ascorbic acid retention, rehydration, and hygroscopicity were the responses variables. Inlet air temperature caused a positive effect on powder yield and ascorbic acid retention, while moisture content, rehydration, and hygroscopicity were negatively affected by maltodextrin content. The optimal conditions for drying guava pulp were an inlet air temperature of 148°C and maltodextrin content of 75% wb pulp solids basis; these parameters led to 67.9% powder yield, 4.2% wb moisture content, 90% ascorbic acid retention, 60 s rehydration time, hygroscopicity 21.7 g of water/100 g of dry matter and 9.2 μm of particle mean diameter.Practical applicationNowadays an increase in the use of foods that are easy to make or ready for direct consumption has received a significant attention. Guava fruit has many health benefits potential, but it has short shelf life and seasonal crop. This research give the information about the effect of inlet air temperature and maltodextrin content on spray drying process and physicochemical properties of the developed guava powder. It is important for dehydrated pulp and juice producers to avoid production problems, such as stickiness and low yield.
Determination of the effect of ethyl pyruvate on the surface contamination of sausage to Listeria monocytogenes by using Q‐PCR assay
Authors: Cetin Bayram , Ucak Ozkaya Gulsum , Uran Harun , Durak Muhammed Z. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn this study, we examined the effect of ethyl pyruvate on the efficacy of the inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of sausage samples by using quantitative PCR (Q‐PCR). Propidium monoazide (PMA) was used for direct quantification of viable and dead cells. The samples inoculated with L. monocytogenes (~3 to 4 log CFU/mL) and uninoculated samples were treated with 0, 42, 105, and 420 mg/L vaporized ethyl pyruvate (EP) in 1 L volume containers. Sausage samples were tested on Days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 with regards to changes in microbial, physicochemical, and quality characteristics. As compared with control samples (EP no‐applied), 105 and 420 mg/L concentration of vaporized EP applications were provided 1 and 2 log reduction, respectively. The vaporized EP application was considered to be an alternative preservation method for the modified atmosphere and vacuum packaging and could be easily applied, especially in meat products such as sausages.Practical applicationEP could be used for successful preservation of meat and meat products.
Associations between Skeletal Muscle and Myocardium in Aging: A Syndrome of “Cardio‐Sarcopenia”?
Authors: Keng Bryan M.H. , Gao Fei , Teo Louis L.Y. , Lim Wee Shiong , Tan Ru San , Ruan Wen , Ewe See Hooi , Koh Woon‐Puay , Koh Angela S. 
Published: August 2019

ObjectivesThe link between skeletal muscle and heart disease remains intriguing. It is unknown how skeletal muscle may be associated with aspects of myocardial structure and function, particularly in the presence of aging‐related sarcopenia. We hypothesize that among aging adults with sarcopenia, alterations in myocardial structure and/or function may exist, resulting in a syndrome of “cardio‐sarcopenia.”MethodsParticipants derived from a community cohort study underwent same‐day bioimpedance body composition analysis that measured skeletal muscle in sites such as the trunk, upper limb, and lower limb, and echocardiography for assessment of myocardial structure and function. Sarcopenia was diagnosed using the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia criteria.ResultsWe studied a total of 378 participants, of whom 88 (23.3%) had sarcopenia. Participants with sarcopenia had smaller left ventricular (LV) sizes (lower LV internal diameter end diastole (4.1 ± .7 vs 4.5 ± .6 cm; P < .0001), lower LV internal diameter end systole (2.3 ± .5 vs 2.5 ± .4 cm; P = .010), lower LV posterior wall end diastole (.7 ± .1 vs .8 ± .1 cm; P = .0036), and lower LV posterior wall end systole (1.4 ± .3 vs 1.5 ± .2 cm; P = .0031). Sarcopenic participants also had lower LV mass (106 ± 35 vs 126 ± 53; P = .0014) and lower left atrial (LA) volume (33 ± 13 vs 36 ± 13; P = .033). Adjusting for age and diabetes mellitus, skeletal muscle mass was associated with LV diameter (β = .06; 95% confidence interval [CI] = .03‐.09; P < .0001), LV mass (β = 4.04; 95% CI = 1.78‐6.29; P = .001), LA diameter (β = .05; 95% CI = .01‐.09; P = .007), and LA volume (β = 1.26; 95% CI = .38‐2.13; P = .005). A positive linear correlation was observed between LV mass and handgrip strength (r = .25; P < .0001).ConclusionAmong a community sample of older adults with preserved heart function, sarcopenia is associated with reductions in LV and LA sizes. Skeletal muscle mass was independently associated with specific indices of myocardial structure. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2568–2573, 2019
Empowerment in Polish fathers of children with autism and Down syndrome: the role of social support and coping with stress – a preliminary report
Authors: Pisula E. , Banasiak A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundAlthough empowerment is an important factor in the adaptation of parents of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities, our understanding of empowerment in fathers or how it relates to coping with stress and subjective social support is limited. In Poland, families with children with intellectual and developmental disabilities experience many challenges because of insufficient support. Although parental contribution to developing different forms of services for people with disability is crucial, the potential of fathers is underestimated and poorly understood.MethodsThe study enrolled 35 fathers of children with autism with intellectual disability, 37 fathers of children with Down syndrome and 40 fathers of typically developing children. They completed three questionnaires: Family Empowerment Scale, Ways of Coping Questionnaire and Social Support Questionnaire – Short Form.ResultsCompared with other groups, family empowerment was lower in fathers of children with autism. No group differences were found for the service system and community dimensions of empowerment. In the fathers of children with autism, social support was not related to empowerment, but there was a negative correlation between emotional coping and service system. Satisfaction with social support in fathers of children with Down syndrome correlated positively with the community dimension of empowerment.ConclusionsResults show that fathers of children with autism and intellectual disability require support in family empowerment and that the significance of emotion‐focused and problem‐focused coping and social support in the context of empowerment differs in fathers of children with autism and Down syndrome. These results should be considered preliminary because of the limited sample size.
Hematological and blood chemistry values in captive Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata fuscata)
Authors: Miyabe‐Nishiwaki Takako , MacIntosh Andrew J. J. , Kaneko Akihisa , Morimoto Mayumi , Suzuki Juri , Akari Hirofumi , Okamoto Munehiro 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundBiological information about captive Japanese macaques, including hematology and blood chemistry, is still lacking despite the fact that ethological and ecological data have accumulated during decades of field research.MethodsHematological (511 examinations of 280 Japanese macaques) and blood chemistry data (between 33 and 284 examinations from between 29 and 257 individual macaques) in clinically healthy, simian retrovirus‐free Japanese macaques tested between 2009 and 2013 were reviewed.Results and ConclusionsSpecific hematological and blood chemistry data for Japanese macaques without clinical signs of disease were provided in this study. Averages presented can be used as hematological parameters for Japanese macaques. Some differences between Japanese macaques and other closely related macaque species were found. Some parameters varied according to macaque age and sex, as well as regional origin. The data in this study will provide useful clinical indices for Japanese macaques in captive and similar conditions.
Involvement of purinergic 2X4 receptor in glycoprotein 120‐induced pyroptosis in dorsal root ganglia
Authors: Zhao Shanhong , Zhou Yanhong , Fan Yang , Gong Yingxin , Yang Jingjian , Yang Runan , Li Lin , Zou Lifang , Xu Xiumei , Li Guilin , Liu Shuangmei , Zhang Chunping , Li Guodong , Liang Shangdong 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPyroptosis is a type of programmed cell death, displaying caspase‐1‐dependent and pro‐inflammatory features. Purinergic 2X4 (P2X4) receptor activation in response to high‐adenosine triphosphate release can induce inflammation. Envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is considered one of the primary pathogens leading to neuronal injury. In this study, we investigated the possible role of P2X4 receptor activation in gp120‐triggered pyroptosis in cultured satellite glial cells (SGCs) of rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG). MTS assay, TdT‐mediated dUTP Nick‐end labeling assay, real‐time RT‐PCR, and western blotting et al. methods were used. The results indicated that the expression of P2X4 receptor in SGCs of DRG was up‐regulated upon cultured with gp120 for 24 h. The highest decrease in viability of SGCs due to gp120 treatment was accompanied by marked increases of positive pyroptosis cells and cellular lactate dehydrogenase release, elevated levels of interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐18, active caspase‐1 and NOD‐like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 1, and enhanced phosphorylation of p38MAPK. These abnormal changes because of gp120 were significantly inhibited and cell viability was markedly improved when SGCs of DRG were treated with short hairpin RNAs targeting P2X4 receptor. Our data suggest that silencing of P2X4 receptor may act effectively against gp120‐induced pyroptosis mediated by the activation of NOD‐like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 1 inflammasome and caspase‐1 signaling in SGCs of DRG.
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Mutant huntingtin fails to directly impair brain mitochondria
Authors: Hamilton James , Brustovetsky Tatiana , Brustovetsky Nickolay 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAlthough the mechanisms by which mutant huntingtin (mHtt) results in Huntington's disease (HD) remain unclear, mHtt‐induced mitochondrial defects were implicated in HD pathogenesis. The effect of mHtt could be mediated by transcriptional alterations, by direct interaction with mitochondria, or by both. In the present study, we tested a hypothesis that mHtt directly damages mitochondria. To test this hypothesis, we applied brain cytosolic fraction from YAC128 mice, containing mHtt, to brain non‐synaptic and synaptic mitochondria from wild‐type mice and assessed mitochondrial respiration with a Clark‐type oxygen electrode, membrane potential and Ca2+ uptake capacity with tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP+)‐ and Ca2+‐sensitive electrodes, respectively, and, reactive oxygen species production with Amplex Red assay. The amount of mHtt bound to mitochondria following incubation with mHtt‐containing cytosolic fraction was greater than the amount of mHtt bound to brain mitochondria isolated from YAC128 mice. Despite mHtt binding to wild‐type mitochondria, no abnormalities in mitochondrial functions were detected. This is consistent with our previous results demonstrating the lack of defects in brain mitochondria isolated from R6/2 and YAC128 mice. This, however, could be because of partial loss of mitochondrially bound mHtt during the isolation procedure. Consequently, we increased the amount of mitochondrially bound mHtt by incubating brain non‐synaptic and synaptic mitochondria isolated from YAC128 mice with mHtt‐containing cytosolic fraction. Despite the enrichment of YAC128 brain mitochondria with mHtt, mitochondrial functions (respiration, membrane potential, reactive oxygen species production, Ca2+ uptake capacity) remained unchanged. Overall, our results suggest that mHtt does not directly impair mitochondrial functions, arguing against the involvement of this mechanism in HD pathogenesis.
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Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials BadgeFor more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/
The role of roles in uniquely human cognition and sociality
Authors: Tomasello Michael 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTo understand themselves as playing a social role, individuals must understand themselves to be contributing to a cooperative endeavor. Psychologically, the form of cooperation required is a specific type that only humans may possess, namely, one in which individuals form a joint or collective agency to pursue a common end. This begins ontogenetically not with the societal level but rather with more local collaboration between individuals. Participating in collaborative endeavors of this type leads young children, cognitively, to think in terms of different perspectives on a joint focus of attention ‐ including ultimately an objective perspective ‐ and to organize their experience in terms of a relational‐thematic‐narrative dimension. Socially, such participation leads young children to an understanding of self‐other equivalence with mutual respect among collaborative partners and, ultimately, to a normative (i.e. moral) stance toward “we” in the community within which one is forming a moral role or identity. The dual‐level structure of shared endeavors/realities with individual roles/perspectives is responsible for many aspects of the human species' most distinctive psychology.
The Unique Contributions of Verbal Analogical Reasoning and Nonverbal Matrix Reasoning to Science and Maths Problem‐Solving in Adolescence
Authors: Brookman‐Byrne Annie , Mareschal Denis , Tolmie Andrew K. , Dumontheil Iroise 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTRelational reasoning, the ability to detect meaningful patterns, matures through adolescence. The unique contributions of verbal analogical and nonverbal matrix relational reasoning to science and maths are not well understood. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected during science and maths problem‐solving, and participants (N = 36, 11–15 years) also completed relational reasoning and executive function tasks. Higher verbal analogical reasoning associated with higher accuracy and faster reaction times in science and maths, and higher activation in the left anterior temporal cortex during maths problem‐solving. Higher nonverbal matrix reasoning associated with higher science accuracy, higher science activation in regions across the brain, and lower maths activation in the right middle temporal gyrus. Science associations mostly remained significant when individual differences in executive functions and verbal IQ were taken into account, while maths associations typically did not. The findings indicate the potential importance of supporting relational reasoning in adolescent science and maths learning.
‘There shouldn't be anything wrong with not knowing’: epistemologies in simulation
Authors: Ng Stella L , Kangasjarvi Emilia , Lorello Gianni R , Nemoy Lori , Brydges Ryan 
Published: August 2019

ContextMedical education embraces simulation‐based education (SBE). However, key SBE features purported to support learning, such as learner safety and learning through experience and error, may not align with the dominant culture of medicine, in which portraying confidence and certainty about one's knowledge prevails. Misaligned conceptions about knowledge and learning may produce unintended negative effects, including the suboptimal implementation of SBE, which could consequently compromise SBE and its outcomes.MethodsTo uncover the epistemological beliefs of students experiencing SBE, we conducted a theory‐informed analysis of interviews with 24 pre‐clerkship medical students following their participation in an SBE training study. Our analysis borrowed from coding methods common in constructivist grounded theory and used Hofer and Pintrich's four dimensions of epistemology as sensitising concepts.ResultsParticipants subscribed to a dominant view of knowledge as consisting of concrete facts, derived from external sources. By contrast, they described but did not prioritise a conception of building their own knowledge through different learning experiences. Participants positioned experts (i.e. teaching faculty members) as the ultimate knowledge validators through their presence and feedback. Participants also noted that faculty staff could counter medicine's pressures to perform with certainty and confidence at all times by instead embodying and modelling an authentic appreciation of learning through experiences, errors and discovery.ConclusionsMedicine's tendency to idealise the objective pursuit of singular truths may compromise the purported culture of SBE as a space for learning many wide‐ranging aspects of medicine, including how and when to innovate and deviate from norms. Explicit attempts to bridge the epistemological beliefs of medicine and SBE may better enable the realisation of safe experiential learning. Faculty members are positioned to play key roles in enabling this bridging.
Structural and functional characterization of SiiA, an auxiliary protein from the SPI4‐encoded type 1 secretion system from Salmonella enterica
Authors: Kirchweger Peter , Weiler Sigrid , Egerer‐Sieber Claudia , Blasl Anna‐Theresa , Hoffmann Stefanie , Schmidt Christiane , Sander Nathalie , Merker Dorothee , Gerlach Roman G. , Hensel Michael , Muller Yves A. 
Published: August 2019

SummarySalmonella invasion is mediated by a concerted action of the Salmonella pathogenicity island 4 (SPI4)‐encoded type one secretion system (T1SS) and the SPI1‐encoded type three secretion system (T3SS‐1). The SPI4‐encoded T1SS consists of five proteins (SiiABCDF) and secretes the giant adhesin SiiE. Here, we investigated structure–function relationships in SiiA, a non‐canonical T1SS subunit. We show that SiiA consists of a membrane domain, an intrinsically disordered periplasmic linker region and a folded globular periplasmic domain (SiiA‐PD). The crystal structure of SiiA‐PD displays homology to that of MotB and other peptidoglycan (PG)‐binding domains. SiiA‐PD binds PG in vitro, albeit at an acidic pH, only. Mutation of Arg162 impedes PG binding of SiiA and reduces Salmonella invasion efficacy. SiiA forms a complex with SiiB at the inner membrane (IM), and the observed SiiA‐MotB homology is paralleled by a predicted SiiB‐MotA homology. We show that, similar to MotAB, SiiAB translocates protons across the IM. Mutating Asp13 in SiiA impairs proton translocation. Overall, SiiA shares numerous properties with MotB. However, MotAB uses the proton motif force (PMF) to energize the bacterial flagellum, it remains to be shown how usage of the PMF by SiiAB assists T1SS function and Salmonella invasion.
The Methodological Impact of Fides et Ratio on Catholic Social Teaching
Authors: Schlag Martin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractJohn Paul II’s encyclical Fides et Ratio is of astonishing importance for the methodology of Catholic social teaching. This article highlights three points that emerged as contributions of Fides et Ratio to the epistemology and methodology of the social magisterium. According to Gaudium et Spes, Catholic social teaching is essentially a service of the Church that affects social life indirectly by making a free offer of sense and faith. Fides et Ratio reinforces this paradigm shift by rejecting fideism also in matters of social morality. In this, it goes beyond Vatican I, Dei Filius. The encyclical further clarifies that the method of Catholic social teaching is tripartite and requires the cooperation of at least three disciplines: theology, philosophy, and social sciences. Because of the shifting character of history, Catholic social teaching too fluctuates. It is sensitive to time and place, to history and culture.
Diffuse light and wetting differentially affect tropical tree leaf photosynthesis
Authors: Berry Z. Carter , Goldsmith Gregory R. 
Published: August 2019

Summary

Most ecosystems experience frequent cloud cover resulting in light that is predominantly diffuse rather than direct. Moreover, these cloudy conditions are often accompanied by rain that results in wet leaf surfaces. Despite this, our understanding of photosynthesis is built upon measurements made on dry leaves experiencing direct light.

Using a modified gas exchange setup, we measured the effects of diffuse light and leaf wetting on photosynthesis in canopy species from a tropical montane cloud forest.

We demonstrate significant variation in species‐level response to light quality independent of light intensity. Some species demonstrated 100% higher rates of photosynthesis in diffuse light, and others had 15% greater photosynthesis in direct light. Even at lower light intensities, diffuse light photosynthesis was equal to that under direct light conditions. Leaf wetting generally led to decreased photosynthesis, particularly when the leaf surface with stomata became wet; however, there was significant variation across species.

Ultimately, we demonstrate that ecosystem photosynthesis is significantly altered in response to environmental conditions that are ubiquitous. Our results help to explain the observation that net ecosystem exchange can increase in cloudy conditions and can improve the representation of these processes in Earth systems models under projected scenarios of global climate change.
From the Arctic to the tropics: multibiome prediction of leaf mass per area using leaf reflectance
Authors: Serbin Shawn P. , Wu Jin , Ely Kim S. , Kruger Eric L. , Townsend Philip A. , Meng Ran , Wolfe Brett T. , Chlus Adam , Wang Zhihui , Rogers Alistair 
Published: August 2019

Summary

Leaf mass per area (LMA) is a key plant trait, reflecting tradeoffs between leaf photosynthetic function, longevity, and structural investment. Capturing spatial and temporal variability in LMA has been a long‐standing goal of ecological research and is an essential component for advancing Earth system models. Despite the substantial variation in LMA within and across Earth's biomes, an efficient, globally generalizable approach to predict LMA is still lacking.

We explored the capacity to predict LMA from leaf spectra across much of the global LMA trait space, with values ranging from 17 to 393 g m−2. Our dataset contained leaves from a wide range of biomes from the high Arctic to the tropics, included broad‐ and needleleaf species, and upper‐ and lower‐canopy (i.e. sun and shade) growth environments.

Here we demonstrate the capacity to rapidly estimate LMA using only spectral measurements across a wide range of species, leaf age and canopy position from diverse biomes. Our model captures LMA variability with high accuracy and low error (R2 = 0.89; root mean square error (RMSE) = 15.45 g m−2).

Our finding highlights the fact that the leaf economics spectrum is mirrored by the leaf optical spectrum, paving the way for this technology to predict the diversity of LMA in ecosystems across global biomes.