bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Democracy, Partisanship, and Civil Society
Authors: Kim Sung Ho 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Weber is not generally recognized as a democratic theorist of civil society. Drawing from his religious and political writings, this chapter reconstructs his vision of pluralistically organized civil society. As such, Weber’s civil society was primarily a site of civic education and leadership selection where dynamic culture and a system of contestation would help arrest the bureaucratic petrification of modern democracy. Based on this reconstruction, Weber’s deeply political vision is brought to bear upon contemporary theories of civil society, including the partisanship theory of late, in order to explore the relevance of his politics of civil society in a time of troubled democracy.
Class, Caste, and Social Stratification in India
Authors: Singh Hira 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Max Weber’s distinction between class and status, identifying caste as the latter, is the single most important influence on the mainstream sociology of caste. There is ambiguity in Weber’s conceptualization in the sense that the contrast between class and status is marked by precarity in the long run when stabilization of economic power serves as a condition for the predominance of status usurpations. This ambiguity remains unresolved in Weber’s conceptual formulation. Mainstream sociology of caste owing allegiance to Weber reifies the contrast between caste as status and class. In Weber, caste is part of global-historical enquiry. In mainstream sociology, caste is uniquely Indian. It is argued that a critical scrutiny separating the rational and historically verifiable from the irrational empirically-historically unverifiable elements in Weber’s conceptual and theoretical formulations will enrich the Weberian legacy. Similarly, historical, cross-cultural comparative study will liberate caste from the myth of Indian exceptionalism.
Time and Regime Change
Authors: Wilson Matthew 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter summarizes conclusions about the timing of regime change and focuses on transitions from authoritarian rule. After discussing the ways in which legislatures and parties are thought to extend the life of nondemocratic regimes, it argues that scholars have paid insufficient attention to the specific role of legislatures in authoritarian regimes in historical context. Conceptualizing regimes by combining information on electoral practices and legislatures, it explores temporal aspects of regime change and demonstrates the staying power of legislative authoritarian regimes. Contributions include providing an overview of the ways in which scholars have described temporal processes involving regime change and expanding our knowledge of the complementarity of political institutions in autocracies.
Postcolonial Biblical Criticism and Feminist Studies
Authors: Scholz Susanne 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
After Two-Thirds World Bible scholars connected postcolonial theories with biblical studies in the early 1990s, it took another decade for postcolonial feminist Bible scholars to examine the Bible and its interpretation as part of past and present colonial and gender-oppressive structures of domination. Postcolonial feminist interpretations have proliferated in three main areas: (1) theoretical considerations about the nature, purpose, and goals of postcolonial feminist exegesis; (2) text-centered readings of particular biblical books, chapters, and themes or characters; and (3) some considerations on (post)colonial biblical interpretation histories with attention to sexism and gender issues. Challenges remain for postcolonial feminist exegetes. Yet, overall, postcolonial feminist exegetes continue to be called to make important scholarly contributions in solidarity with the ongoing struggles of bringing justice, peace, and the integrity of creation into the world.
Regulating Corruption in International Markets
Authors: Søreide Tina 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Markets and societies need protection against corruption. Though governments have introduced tougher regulations against the problem, enforcement failure is common. This chapter explains why. The nature of corruption makes the problem difficult to control, enforcement functions are dysfunctional, and political quests for commercial benefits reduce government commitment. Forces that strengthen the effect of anti-corruption regulations nevertheless exist. Across the globe, enforcement agencies are starting to pick up economic ideas on how to break the trust between those who collude and how to incentivize firms to self-report incidents and self-police their operations. Increasingly, firms want returns from their investment in corporate compliance, and major players in the private sector support policy initiatives for predictable and consistent law enforcement. Combined with regulations that target the problem indirectly—such as competition oversight, financial oversight, and anti-money-laundering tools—the costs associated with bribery outweigh the benefits for an increasing share of market players.
Language Comprehension, Inference, and Alternatives
Authors: Skordos Dimitrios , Barner David 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis chapter discusses the importance of pragmatic inference involving alternatives for language comprehension, reviewing the problem of restricting the inferential hypothesis space. It presents a brief overview of theoretical and empirical work on adults and then turns to developmental evidence from two characteristic case studies: scalar implicature and quantifier spreading, where children struggle when interpreting sentences including quantifiers. The authors argue that in both cases, children’s problems are closely linked to difficulties in reducing the inferential hypothesis space, while matching what is said to what is meant. Children are argued to misidentify the Question Under Discussion (QUD), which leads them to consider irrelevant alternatives and make non-adult-like inferences. When relevant alternatives are made salient and the QUD is appropriately identified, children make inferences in an adult-like manner.
Genericity
Authors: Lazaridou-Chatzigoga Dimitra 
Published: May 2019

Abstract‘Birds fly’, ‘The fox is a sly animal’, and ‘A cat lands on its feet’ are all generic generalizations that allow speakers to talk about kinds of entities rather than individuals and to refer to their characteristic or essential properties. Their complex yet fundamental nature has attracted the interest of linguists and philosophers of language since the 1970s while they have also recently become the focus of concentrated interest by cognitive and developmental psychologists. The two main approaches to genericity in two different fields, formal semantics and cognitive psychology, are discussed. The review of the experimental research on the topic reveals that while the experimental study of generics is still in its early stages, interdisciplinary work that integrates the tools and perspectives of both strands of investigation can substantially advance our understanding of the topic.
Exhaustivity inIt-Clefts
Authors: Onea Edgar 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the most important theoretical positions on the exhaustivity inference often associated with it-clefts in English and comparable structures in other languages alongside with a brief review of the results of a number of experimental studies. There is a surprising discrepancy between the predictions of the theoretical analyses and the empirical findings. While theoretical approaches tend to derive exhaustivity as a necessary semantic inference, most experimental studies suggest that the exhaustivity of it-clefts might be a pragmatic inference. The chapter discusses this discrepancy in some detail and suggests some potential solutions.
Spatial Terms
Authors: Grigoroglou Myrto , Papafragou Anna 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAcross the world’s languages, spatial terms are organized around a set of basic, non-linguistic spatial notions. Nevertheless, there is also considerable cross-linguistic variation in terms of both the kinds of linguistic devices used to express spatial relations and the way these devices carve up the semantic domain of space. This chapter reviews literature on spatial terms cross-linguistically, focusing on three main sub-divisions of the spatial domain: location (i.e. the static position of an object in space); motion (i.e. the dynamic displacement of an object in space); and Frames of Reference (FoR; i.e. abstract spatial-coordinate axes imposed on spatial configurations). The intricate relation between spatial language and non-linguistic spatial cognition is discussed throughout the chapter.
Metaphor
Authors: Pouscoulous Nausicaa , Dulcinati Giulio 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMetaphors are pervasive in literature and everyday speech. This chapter explores how metaphors are interpreted both by adults and by children. It reviews recent findings and directions of research on four main issues: What is the relation between figurative and literal meaning in metaphor processing? How is the metaphorical meaning arrived at and which factors are at play in the interpretative process? What are the differences and similarities in processing between different types of metaphors and between metaphors and other tropes? How does metaphor comprehension develop through childhood? The chapter concludes with a few fairly clear answers the psycholinguistic literature has provided and a lot of open questions to be investigated in future research.
Verbal Uncertainty
Authors: Juanchich Marie , Sirota Miroslav , Bonnefon Jean-François 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWhen communicating uncertain facts, about risky outcomes or about the likelihood of future prospects, one may use numerical probabilities (e.g. there is a 20% probability) or verbal probabilities (e.g. there is a small chance). The present chapter provides an overview of the research into verbal probabilities; a survey of the methods used to tackle the meaning of verbal probabilities and unveil their usage; and an overview of the key findings in the field, including how people interpret the degree of certainty conveyed by verbal probabilities, the factors that affect this interpretation, how verbal probabilities are directional and can be used to frame uncertainty and the way speakers use verbal probabilities to make predictions.
Pronouns
Authors: Rohde Hannah 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWhen do speakers produce ambiguous expressions? How do comprehenders interpret such expressions to infer a speaker’s intended meaning? This chapter reviews a body of work on pronoun production and interpretation, considering a number of computational, linguistic, and psycholinguistic frameworks and the factors that have been posited to drive pronoun use. These factors include surface structural elements (grammatical role, syntactic parallelism), information structural cues (topichood), lexical semantics and real-world knowledge (thematic roles, causality), as well as aspects of the larger discourse (recency, rhetorical structure, coherence relations). The chapter then turns to a more general model of message production and interpretation that incorporates elements of existing pronoun models using a Bayesian approach.
Presuppositions, Projection, and Accommodation
Authors: Schwarz Florian 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis chapter reviews experimental work on presupposition, both in terms of methodological developments and the theoretical implications of experimental results. Presuppositions convey information that is typically assumed to already be taken for granted by the discourse participants. Furthermore, they are characteristically unaffected by a variety of linguistic embedding environments, such as negation, conditionals, and questions. After providing a brief background on the topic, and introducing key issues from the current literature, experimental approaches to investigating presuppositions are discussed, covering both unembedded and embedded environments, as well as the relation of presuppositions to the discourse context. The final section concludes and provides an outlook on future directions for the field.
Antecedent-Contained Deletion
Authors: Syrett Kristen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis chapter introduces the linguistic phenomenon of Antecedent-Contained Deletion (ACD): a type of construction in which a site of Verb Phrase Ellipsis (VPE) is contained in the antecedent from which it derives its interpretation. The chapter reviews theoretical approaches to resolving interpretation in ACD structures (drawing primarily on the covert movement operation of Quantifier Raising (QR)), and the accessibility of one or more sentential interpretations when the site of ellipsis is embedded in non-finite and finite clauses. Behavioural responses from offline judgement studies with children and adults, as well as online studies with adults, provide data bearing directly on these theoretical accounts.
Scalar Implicatures
Authors: Breheny Richard 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis chapter reviews recent experimental research into questions about how language and other functions of the mind are integrated when humans communicate. It posits a Gricean system that serves this purpose and discusses how recent developmental and ethological research provides evidence for such a system’s existence. Subsequently it focuses on the much-studied phenomenon of scalar implicature. It first considers the phenomenon of scalar implicature in the broader context of pragmatic effects. A short review of theoretical debates as to the status of various sub-types of scalar phenomenon is followed by sections that discuss experimental research relevant to different interfaces in the Gricean system when it comes to scalars.
Reference and Informativeness
Authors: Davies Catherine , Arnold Jennifer E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHow do speakers get other people to understand what they are talking about? Language wouldn’t succeed unless we were able to refer to ideas and things in the world, and get other people to understand them. Yet this human ability is complex, not least because it requires speakers and addressees to pay attention to context. This chapter reviews research on reference and informativeness in communication. It outlines the problem of referential choice, that is, how speakers select from the variety of expressions available to them. It then compares findings from two previously distinct literatures—pragmatic informativeness and discourse-based models of reference—and discusses how each has investigated (i) speakers’ choice of referring expressions; and (ii) how speakers’ choices affect addressees. It also examines processing, by reviewing the constraints affecting referential choice, both those associated with interlocutors themselves and those stemming from the referents under discussion. It concludes by raising some of the outstanding questions in linguistic reference.
Turn-Taking
Authors: de Ruiter Jan P. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn their informal verbal exchanges people tend to follow the ‘one speaker at the time’ rule posited by Emanuel Schegloff. The use of the term ‘turn-taking’ to describe the process in which this rule operates in human conversation is relatively recent. Especially since the famous 1974 paper by Harvey Sacks, Emanuel Schegloff, & Gail Jefferson in the journal Language, which marks the birth of the sociological discipline now called Conversation Analysis (CA), turn-taking in conversation has attracted attention from a variety of disciplines. This chapter briefly summarizes the main theoretical approaches and controversies regarding turn-taking, followed by some reflections on different ways it can be studied experimentally.
Uncovering Expertise for Safe and Efficient Performance in Railroad Operations
Authors: Roth Emilie M. , Naweed Anjum , Multer Jordan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the literature on expertise in railroad operations and how it contributes to overall safety and productivity. The chapter is informed by research conducted across multiple continents, including Australia, Europe, and the United States. While the primary focus is on locomotive engineers, expertise in other railroad positions (e.g., conductors, dispatchers) is also covered. The chapter begins with an overview of railroad operations and how expertise fits into the railroad enterprise. Methods used to uncover expertise in railroad research are summarized, followed by a review of the types of strategies that railroad workers exhibit. This includes cognitive as well as teamwork strategies that contribute to overall system safety and resilience. This is followed by a discussion of the impact of ongoing technological changes on the requirements for expertise, and the chapter ends with speculation on longer term changes in railroad technologies and the nature of expertise.
Framing and Translating Expertise for Government
Authors: Conway Gareth E. , Gore Julie 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Expertise is of great value within and for government, which seeks to influence complex situations through the use of complex policy interventions. The framing of expertise in government, however, is not immune to popular narratives that we are all experts now and that all perspectives on an issue are of equal value, irrespective of who proposes them. This chapter describes the nature of government work and its challenges; the overlap between expertise, evidence, and values; how expertise has been considered over time in government, and the difficulty in identifying who the expert is. We then reconsider whether expertise is under threat, and identify research gaps that if addressed would support the further professionalization of the policy function in government.
Diverse taxa of zooplankton inhabit hypoxic waters during both day and night in a temperate eutrophic lake
Authors: Nolan Sean , Bollens Stephen M , Rollwagen-Bollens Gretchen 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
As the frequency and intensity of hypoxic events increase in both fresh and marine waters, understanding the ecological effects of hypoxia becomes more important. The extant literature reports varying effects of hypolimnetic hypoxia on the vertical distribution and diel vertical migration (DVM) of zooplankton, with some but not all taxa reported to avoid hypoxic waters. We studied the vertical distribution and DVM of diverse zooplankton taxa throughout three seasons over 2 years (2014 and 2015) in Lacamas Lake, WA, USA. We observed hypoxia (<2 mg L−1 dissolved oxygen) in the hypolimnion of Lacamas Lake during five of six sampling periods, with zooplankton populations often exhibiting ‘h-metric’ values (defined as the proportion of a zooplankton population residing within hypoxic waters) ranged from 0.14 to 1.00, with an overall mean of h = 0.66. Moreover, we observed a lack of DVM in most zooplankton taxa on most occasions. Our findings indicate both community-level and taxon-specific zooplankton tolerances to hypoxia, although the exact mechanisms at play remain to be fully elucidated. Nevertheless, the common residency in hypoxic waters and the lack of DVM by diverse zooplankton taxa that we observed likely have implications for food web dynamics in Lacamas Lake and other water bodies.
Statistical Modeling of Distribution Patterns: A Markov Random Field Implementation and Its Application on Areas of Endemism
Authors: Salinas Nelson R , Wheeler Ward C 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA statistical framework to infer areas of endemism from geographic distributions is proposed. This novel method is based on hidden Markov random fields (HMRFs), a type of undirected graph model commonly used in computer vision. This framework assumes areas of endemism are the states of the hidden layer of the model, whereas taxon distributions are emitted values in the observed layer. Taxon distributions are associated to the observed layer through a clustering procedure based on the extent of overlap. Observations are emitted by the hidden layer according to a Gaussian distribution, whereas the joint distribution of the hidden layer follows a Potts model. State and parameter inference of the maximum a posteriori configuration is performed through a modified version of the expectation-maximization algorithm. The optimal number of areas of endemism in the data set is estimated through the pseudolikelihood information criterion, a model selection procedure that uses an approximation to likelihood. The performance of the new algorithm was assessed on simulated data, and compared with the most popular methods for delimitation of areas of endemism: biotic element analysis, parsimony analysis of endemism, and endemicity analysis. HMRFs efficiently recovered the true pattern across a wide range of uncertainty values. The performance was also examined on empirical data: South African weevils (Sciobius) and Central American ground beetles and funnel-web tarantulas (Carabidae and Dipluridae, respectively). HMRFs uncovered six areas of endemism from the weevil data set, whereas eight were estimated for the Central American arthropods (compared with 3–5 and 3–14 from the other methods, respectively).
Low Genetic Diversity Suggests the Recent Introduction of Dogwood Powdery Mildew to North America
Authors: Wyman Christopher R. , Hadziabdic Denita , Boggess Sarah L. , Rinehart Timothy A. , Windham Alan S. , Wadl Phillip A. , Trigiano Robert N. 
Published: May 2019

Cornus florida (flowering dogwood) is a popular understory tree endemic to the eastern hardwood forests of the United States. In 1996, dogwood powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe pulchra, an obligate biotrophic fungus of large bracted dogwoods, reached epidemic levels throughout the C. florida growing region. In the late 1990s, both sexual and asexual stages of E. pulchra were regularly observed; thereafter, the sexual stage was found less frequently. We examined the genetic diversity and population structure of 167 E. pulchra samples on C. florida leaves using 15 microsatellite loci. Samples were organized into two separate collection zone data sets, separated as eight zones and two zones, for the subsequent analysis of microsatellite allele length data. Clone correction analysis reduced the sample size to 90 multilocus haplotypes. Our study indicated low genetic diversity, a lack of definitive population structure, low genetic distance among multilocus haplotypes, and significant linkage disequilibrium among zones. Evidence of a population bottleneck was also detected. The results of our study indicated a high probability that E. pulchra reproduces predominately via asexual conidia and lend support to the hypothesis that E. pulchra is an exotic pathogen to North America. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
PDEparams: Parameter fitting toolbox for partial differential equations in Python
Authors: Parra-Rojas César , Hernandez-Vargas Esteban A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMotivationPartial differential equations (PDEs) is a well-established and powerful tool to simulate multi-cellular biological systems. However, available free tools for validation against data are not established. ThePDEparamsmodule provides flexible functionality in Python for parameter estimation in PDE models.ResultsThePDEparamsmodule provides a flexible interface and readily accommodates different parameter analysis tools in PDE models such as computation of likelihood profiles, and parametric boot-strapping, along with direct visualisation of the results. To our knowledge, it is the first open, freely available tool for parameter fitting of PDE models.Availability and implementationThePDEparamsmodule is distributed under the MIT license. The source code, usage instructions and step-by-step examples are freely available on GitHub atgithub.com/systemsmedicine/PDE_params.Contactvargas@fias.uni-frankfurt.de