bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2D Nanomaterial Arrays for Electronics and Optoelectronics
Authors: Gong Chuanhui , Hu Kai , Wang Xuepeng , Wangyang Peihua , Yan Chaoyi , Chu Junwei , Liao Min , Dai Liping , Zhai Tianyou , Wang Chao , Li Liang , Xiong Jie 
Published: February 2018

AbstractTwo‐dimensional (2D) materials, benefitting from their unique planar structure and various appealing electronic properties, have attracted much attention for novel electronic and optoelectronic applications. As a basis for practical devices, the study of micro/nano‐2D material arrays based on coupling effects and synergistic effects is critical to the functionalization and integration of 2D materials. Moreover, micro/nano‐2D material arrays are compatible with traditional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) electronics, catering well to high‐integration, high‐sensitivity, and low‐cost sensing and imaging systems. This review presents some recent studies on 2D material arrays in sequence from their novel preparations to high‐integration applications as well as explorations on dimension tuning. A first focus is on various typical fabrication methods for 2D material arrays, including photolithography, 2D printing, seeded growth, van der Waals epitaxial growth, and self‐assembly. Then, the applications of 2D material arrays, such as field effect transistors, photodetectors, pressure sensors, as well as flexible electronic devices of photodetectors and strain sensors, are elaborately introduced. Furthermore, the recent burgeoning exploration of mixed‐dimensional heterostructure arrays including 0D/2D, 1D/2D, and 3D/2D is discussed. Ultimately, conclusions and an outlook based on the current developments in this promising field are presented.
Low‐Cost Chitosan‐Derived N‐Doped Carbons Boost Electrocatalytic Activity of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Qiao Mo , Meysami Seyyed Shayan , Ferrero Guillermo Alvarez , Xie Fei , Meng Han , Grobert Nicole , Titirici Maria‐Magdalena 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAn effective strategy is proposed to enhance the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in both acid and alkaline electrolytes by coating them with a layer of biomass derivative N‐doped hydrothermal carbons. The N‐doped amorphous carbon coating plays triple roles: it (i) promotes the assembly of MWCNTs into a 3D network therefore improving the mass transfer and thus increasing the catalytic activity; (ii) protects the Fe‐containing active sites, present on the surface of the MWCNTs, from H2O2 poisoning; (iii) creates nitrogenated active sites and hence further enhances ORR activity and robustness.
When 2D Materials Meet Molecules: Opportunities and Challenges of Hybrid Organic/Inorganic van der Waals Heterostructures
Authors: Gobbi Marco , Orgiu Emanuele , Samorì Paolo 
Published: February 2018

Abstractvan der Waals heterostructures, composed of vertically stacked inorganic 2D materials, represent an ideal platform to demonstrate novel device architectures and to fabricate on‐demand materials. The incorporation of organic molecules within these systems holds an immense potential, since, while nature offers a finite number of 2D materials, an almost unlimited variety of molecules can be designed and synthesized with predictable functionalities. The possibilities offered by systems in which continuous molecular layers are interfaced with inorganic 2D materials to form hybrid organic/inorganic van der Waals heterostructures are emphasized. Similar to their inorganic counterpart, the hybrid structures have been exploited to put forward novel device architectures, such as antiambipolar transistors and barristors. Moreover, specific molecular groups can be employed to modify intrinsic properties and confer new capabilities to 2D materials. In particular, it is highlighted how molecular self‐assembly at the surface of 2D materials can be mastered to achieve precise control over position and density of (molecular) functional groups, paving the way for a new class of hybrid functional materials whose final properties can be selected by careful molecular design.
Quartet Sampling distinguishes lack of support from conflicting support in the green plant tree of life
Authors: Pease James B. , Brown Joseph W. , Walker Joseph F. , Hinchliff Cody E. , Smith Stephen A. 
Published: February 2018

Premise of the StudyPhylogenetic support has been difficult to evaluate within the green plant tree of life partly due to a lack of specificity between conflicted versus poorly informed branches. As data sets continue to expand in both breadth and depth, new support measures are needed that are more efficient and informative.MethodsWe describe the Quartet Sampling (QS) method, a quartet‐based evaluation system that synthesizes several phylogenetic and genomic analytical approaches. QS characterizes discordance in large‐sparse and genome‐wide data sets, overcoming issues of alignment sparsity and distinguishing strong conflict from weak support. We tested QS with simulations and recent plant phylogenies inferred from variously sized data sets.Key ResultsQS scores demonstrated convergence with increasing replicates and were not strongly affected by branch depth. Patterns of QS support from different phylogenies led to a coherent understanding of ancestral branches defining key disagreements, including the relationships of Ginkgo to cycads, magnoliids to monocots and eudicots, and mosses to liverworts. The relationships of ANA‐grade angiosperms (Amborella, Nymphaeales, Austrobaileyales), major monocot groups, bryophytes, and fern families are likely highly discordant in their evolutionary histories, rather than poorly informed. QS can also detect discordance due to introgression in phylogenomic data.ConclusionsQuartet Sampling is an efficient synthesis of phylogenetic tests that offers more comprehensive and specific information on branch support than conventional measures. The QS method corroborates growing evidence that phylogenomic investigations that incorporate discordance testing are warranted when reconstructing complex evolutionary histories, in particular those surrounding ANA‐grade, monocots, and nonvascular plants.
Elektrolytadditive für Lithiummetallanoden und wiederaufladbare Lithiummetallbatterien: Fortschritte und Perspektiven
Authors: Zhang Heng , Eshetu Gebrekidan Gebresilassie , Judez Xabier , Li Chunmei , Rodriguez‐Martínez Lide M. , Armand Michel 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWiederaufladbare Lithiummetall(Li0)‐Batterien (LMBs), z. B. Systeme mit einer Li0‐Anode und einer Interkalations‐ und/oder Konversionskathode, Lithium‐Schwefel(Li‐S)‐ und Lithium‐Sauerstoff/Luft(Li‐O2/Luft)‐Batterien, erfreuen sich zunehmender Beliebtheit im Zusammenhang mit der Elektrifizierung von Transportsystemen und dem Ziel einer nachhaltigen Mobilität. Einige wiederaufladbare LMBs werden bereits für Nischenanwendungen vermarktet (z. B. Li0/LiFePO4‐Batterien von Bolloré Bluecar, Li‐S‐Batterien von OXIS Energy und Sion Power). Ihrer großflächigen Verbreitung stellen sich allerdings hohe Hindernisse in den Weg, z. B. Bildung von Lithiumdendriten, Elektrolytinstabilität gegenüber Hochspannungskathoden des Interkalationstyps, schlechte Elektronen‐ und Ionenleitfähigkeiten von Schwefel (S8) und O2 sowie der jeweiligen Reduktionsprodukte (z. B. Li2S und Li2O) und das Auflösen und Shuttling von Polysulfid‐Intermediaten (PS). Letztlich ergibt dies eine kurze Lebensdauer, einen geringen Coulomb‐/Energiewirkungsgrad, eine hohe Selbstentladerate und mangelnde Betriebssicherheit. Die Verwendung von Elektrolytadditiven gilt als die praktikabelste, wirtschaftlichste und wirksamste Lösungsstrategie für diese Probleme. Der vorliegende Aufsatz gibt einen detaillierten Einblick in die Forschung auf dem Gebiet der Elektrolytadditive für wiederaufladbare LMBs. Weiterhin enthält er eine Übersicht über Funktionsadditive für Batterien mit Li‐Anode und Interkalationskathode, für Li‐S‐Batterien und für Li‐O2‐Batterien. Die Darstellung des aktuellen Forschungsstands soll zu Überlegungen über neue Wege zu attraktiven Baulementen anregen.
Me3Si−SiMe2[oCON(iPr)2−C6H4]: An Unsymmetrical Disilane Reagent for Regio‐ and Stereoselective Bis‐Silylation of Alkynes
Authors: Xiao Peihong , Cao Yanjun , Gui Yingying , Gao Lu , Song Zhenlei 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe air‐stable unsymmetrical disilane Me3Si−SiMe2[oCON(iPr)2C6H4] has been developed for bis‐silylation of alkynes. This reagent tolerates a range of functional groups, providing Z‐vinyl disilanes in high yields. It is proposed that the phenyl‐ring‐tethered amide group directs oxidative addition of Pd0 into the Si−Si bond, which might facilitate formation of a six‐membered Pd cycle, generating products with good to excellent regioselectivity.
Capillary breakup extensional rheometry of associative and hydrolyzed polyacrylamide polymers for oil recovery applications
Authors: Azad Madhar S , Dalsania Yogesh Kumar , Trivedi Japan J. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTHigh molecular weight polymers used for heavy oil recovery exhibit viscoelasticity that can influence the oil recovery during chemical enhanced oil recovery. Different polymers having similar molecular weight and shear rheology may have different elongation flow behavior depending on their extensional properties. Displacing slugs are more likely to stretch than shear in tortuous porous media. Therefore, it is critical to seek an analytical tool that can characterize extensional parameters to improve polymer selection criteria. This article focuses on the extensional characterization of two polymers (hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and associative polymer) having identical shear behavior using capillary breakup extensional rheometer to explain their different porous media behavior. Maximum extensional viscosity at the critical Deborah number and Deborah number in porous media classified the associative polymer as the one having high elastic‐limit. Extensional characterization results were complemented by significantly higher pressure drop, marginally increased oil recovery of associative polymer in porous media. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46253.
More than ethanol: a techno‐economic analysis of a corn stover‐ethanol biorefinery integrated with a hydrothermal liquefaction process to convert lignin into biochemicals
Authors: Bbosa Denis , Mba‐Wright Mark , Brown Robert C. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractHigh‐value chemicals from lignin could increase the profitability of lignocellulosic biorefineries. Besides lignin from the paper and pulp industry, ethanol plants produce lignin as a waste; thus, the objective of this work is to evaluate the techno‐economics of integrating hydrothermal liquefaction of lignin to produce biochemicals within ethanol biorefineries. This paper evaluates a 2000 metric tonne per day (MTPD) corn‐stover biorefinery producing 61 MMgal/yr. of ethanol and different yields of lignin‐derived biochemicals. A minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) of $1.03 ± 0.19 per gallon was computed considering the production of lignin‐derived catechol, phenol, cresols, acetic acid, formic acid, furfural, and acetaldehyde. The most influential factors on MESP identified are fixed capital investment, internal rate of return (IRR), feedstock price, cresols, catechol, and acetic acid prices. In terms of costs, the total purchased equipment cost is $114.5 MM, total installed cost (TIC) is $345.7 MM, and total capital investment is $624.5 MM. However, ethanol biorefineries adopting this lignin‐to‐chemicals strategy could still face higher levels of price uncertainty. The hydrothermal liquefaction process for the production of lignin‐derived chemicals is in the early stages of development; thus more laboratory and pilot‐scale research is needed to establish its potential for commercialization. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Handheld augmented reality system for resistive electric circuits understanding for undergraduate students
Authors: Reyes‐Aviles Fernando , Aviles‐Cruz Carlos 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAugmented Reality (AR) is a recognized technology having a great potential to enhance the cognitive learning process. In this paper, a mobile AR system is proposed which helps in the understanding of resistive electric circuits for undergraduate engineering students. The designed system employs a smartphone, a measuring instrument, and a resistive circuit on a breadboard. The smartphone captures a photograph of the electric circuit and receives data from the measuring instrument (current and voltage) to calculate theoretical values and generate a layer of virtual objects which is then merged with the original image and displayed on the screen of the smartphone. In order to display the AR, a markless method is developed for a typical circuit for identifying resistors in a circuit and set virtual objects over it. The developed circuit displays (via AR) the theoretical current, voltage, power, and their measured values, as well as the error for each parameter. Technical efficiency of the developed system is 98%. Additionally, a satisfaction qualitative study is presented.
Lysine‐241 Has a Role in Coupling 2OG Turnover with Substrate Oxidation During KDM4‐Catalysed Histone Demethylation
Authors: Hancock Rebecca L. , Abboud Martine I. , Smart Tristan J. , Flashman Emily , Kawamura Akane , Schofield Christopher J. , Hopkinson Richard J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe JmjC histone lysyl demethylases (KDMs) play important roles in modulating histone methylation states and have the potential to be regulated by oxygen availability. Lys241 of the KDM4 subfamily is proposed to be important in oxygen binding by KDM4A. We report evidence that, although Lys241 is unlikely to be directly involved in oxygen binding, it has an important role in coupling 2‐oxoglutarate cosubstrate oxidation with lysine demethylase activity. The results suggest that compounds promoting the uncoupling of substrate oxidation are of interest as JmjC‐KDM inhibitors.
Regioselective C−H Alkylation via Carboxylate‐Directed Hydroarylation in Water
Authors: Zhang Guodong , Jia Fan , Gooßen Lukas J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn the presence of catalytic [RuCl2(p‐cym)]2 and using Li3PO4 as the base, benzoic acids react with olefins in water to afford the corresponding 2‐alkylbenzoic acids in moderate to excellent yields. This C−H alkylation process is generally applicable to diversely substituted electron‐rich and electron‐deficient benzoic acids, along with α,β‐unsaturated olefins including unprotected acrylic acid. The widely available carboxylate directing group can be removed or utilized for further derivatization. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the transformation proceeds via a ruthenacycle intermediate.
Cell type specific tracing of the subcortical input to primary visual cortex from the basal forebrain
Authors: Lean Georgina A. , Liu Yong‐Jun , Lyon David C. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe basal forebrain provides cholinergic inputs to primary visual cortex (V1) that play a key modulatory role on visual function. While basal forebrain afferents terminate in the infragranular layers of V1, acetylcholine is delivered to more superficial layers through volume transmission. Nevertheless, direct synaptic contact in deep layers 5 and 6 may provide a more immediate effect on V1 modulation. Using helper viruses with cell type specific promoters to target retrograde infection of pseudotyped and genetically modified rabies virus evidence was found for direct synaptic input onto V1 inhibitory neurons. These inputs were similar in number to geniculocortical inputs and, therefore, considered robust. In contrast, while clear evidence for dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus input to V1 excitatory neurons was found, there was no evidence of direct synaptic input from the basal forebrain. These results suggest a direct and more immediate influence of the basal forebrain on local V1 inhibition.
Interfacial Assembly of Robust TiO2 Nanosheets Onto Silica‐Modified Reduced Graphene Oxide for Highly Efficient Degradation of Organic Dyes
Authors: Wu Minghong , Gu Lanbing , Wang Qiong , Wang Chao , Zhang Haijiao 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe assembly of two‐dimensional (2D) transition‐metal oxides and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) has shown great potential in photocatalysis, energy storage, and photoelectric devices. In the work, we present a 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)‐induced interfacial assembly route for preparation of a new type of 2D TiO2@RGO hybrid nanostructure. Benefiting from the electrostatic interaction between APTES and RGO, followed by the hydrolysis of APTES, an ultrathin SiO2 layer is first well grown into the surface of RGO. Subsequently, ultrathin TiO2 nanosheets (about 4 nm in thickness) are uniformly decorated onto the surface of silica‐modified RGO. These robust TiO2 nanosheets interconnect each other and form a unique net‐like architecture. Significantly, the TiO2@RGO products show superior structural stability. Consequently, the TiO2@RGO product annealed at 750 °C demonstrates an excellent photocatalytic activity and a good cycling life for degradation of organic dyes such as methyl orange (MO), rhodamine B (RhB) and methyl blue (MB) owing to the unique construction and enhanced synergistic effect.
Tracking the Sugar Rush: Incorporating Continuous Glucose Monitoring Into Multisite Early Clinical Research With Type 2 Diabetes Subjects
Authors: Paglialunga Sabina , Morimoto Bruce H. , de la Peña Amparo , Fortier Caroline 
Published: February 2018

AbstractContinuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems allow patients with diabetes mellitus to closely track glucose concentrations over several days, identify trends in glucose levels, and avoid glucose excursions. This technology has not only advanced diabetes mellitus management but has increased patient safety through greater glycemic awareness. Due to these attributes, CGM is now being applied in therapeutic research as a pharmacodynamic tool to support early clinical drug development programs. However, to date only a handful of studies have utilized CGM in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) drug development. A potential barrier from fostering greater use of CGM in clinical development may be related to concerns over subject variability. Therefore, we investigated a key consideration when implementing CGM into early clinical research studies: daily variation within patients with T2DM from multiple clinical research units. From 24 patients with T2DM, we observed strong daily reproducibility (Pearson R = 0.86, P < .0001) in CGM results and found that this technique is practical for multisite studies. Altogether, with low daily variability, CGM is a powerful pharmacodynamic tool for drug efficacy and safety monitoring.
Generalized analytical formulae to compute electrical characteristics of a homogenous ladder network of the transformer winding
Authors: Mondal Mithun , Kumbhar Ganesh Balu 
Published: February 2018

SummaryMany electrical systems are expressed as a complex ladder network consisting of combinations of resistances, inductances, and capacitances. Computation of electrical characteristics, such as voltages, currents, and equivalent impedances of these ladder networks require the solution of complicated differential‐algebraic equations that are quite tedious and cumbersome. The earlier works have given particular attention to purely resistive ladder networks ignoring the inductance and capacitance parameters. Moreover, there are no direct expressions available to quickly compute these characteristics. This paper derives generalized analytical expressions that can be directly used to obtain the electrical characteristics of a finite as well as semi‐infinite homogenous ladder network by simply plugging the values of its constituent parameters. Expressions are deduced for excitation source applied to the input terminal and across 2 arbitrary nodes, respectively. Kirchhoff mesh and node laws along with ordinary algebra and trigonometric theorems are applied to derive these expressions. Boundary‐value technique is used to circuit equations to determine unknown coefficients of the expressions. The derivation given in these paper would surely help the readers to quickly compute the electrical characteristics without solving recursive circuit equations and avoiding complex state‐space matrices.
Molecular dynamics simulation of Ag–Cu cluster growth on a thin polymer film
Authors: Abraham J.W. , Bonitz M. 
Published: February 2018

We present molecular dynamics (MD) simulation results for the growth of silver–copper nanoparticles on a polymeric surface during sputter deposition. The simulation procedure extends a previous implementation for gold nanoparticles to bimetallic nanoparticles. Making use of an accelerated version of MD, the timescales of the simulations become comparable to those of an actual deposition process, which may take several minutes in experiments. While silver and copper are known to be immiscible in the bulk, we trace the concentration profiles of Ag and Cu atoms in the clusters for film thicknesses up to 1.8 nm and are thus able to investigate the early stages of phase separation on the nanoscale.
Plasma simulation of complex HL‐2M divertor geometries using SOLEDGE2D‐EIRENE edge plasma transport code
Authors: Mao R. , Fedorczak N. , Ciraolo G. , Bufferand H. , Zheng G.Y. , Li J.X. 
Published: February 2018

In this paper, we present the initial results of a fundamental study of the impact of the magnetic configuration on the detachment behaviour and heat exhaust in HL‐2M simulation for low power.Starting from typical HL‐2M single‐null shapes, the plasma density at the core–edge interface is varied from 1 × 1019 to 8 × 1019 m−3 to investigate the detachment plasma characteristics. The additional X‐point near the primary X‐point and target is invested in snow flake plus (SF+) and snow flake minus (SF−) configurations. Detachment at the outer target is also studied in these simulations. The degree of detachment and the radiation location are investigated using the SOLEDGE2D simulation results. It is found that advanced divertor configurations result in a deeper detachment under the same plasma density and in a reduction in the detachment threshold.
Potency of Δ9–tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids in cannabis in England in 2016: Implications for public health and pharmacology
Authors: Potter David J. , Hammond Kathy , Tuffnell Shaun , Walker Christopher , Di Forti Marta 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn 2005 and 2008, studies reported that cannabis in England had become dominated by the sinsemilla (unseeded female) form. The average potency (Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] content) of this material had doubled over the previous decade. Cannabis resin then circulating contained approximately equal ratios of THC and cannabidiol (CBD), whereas sinsemilla was almost devoid of CBD. Despite raised health concerns regarding sinsemilla use and the development of psychotic disorders, no update on street cannabis potency has been published since 2008. A total of 995 seized cannabis samples were acquired from the same 5 constabulary areas included in the 2005 study. The differing forms were segregated, and a representative 460 samples analyzed to assess their cannabinoid content using gas chromatography. The resultant median sinsemilla potency of 14.2% THC was similar to that observed in 2005 (13.9%). In each case, sinsemilla contained minimal CBD. Compared with 2005, resin had significantly higher mean THC (6.3%) and lower CBD (2.3%) contents (p < 0.0001). Although the average THC concentration in sinsemilla samples across the 5 constabularies has remained stable since 2005, the availability of this potent form of cannabis has further increased. Moreover, the now rarer resin samples show significantly decreased CBD contents and CBD:THC ratios, leaving the United Kingdom's cannabis street market populated by high‐potency varieties of cannabis, which may have concerning implications for public health.