bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review and meta‐analysis of the effects of climate change on Holarctic mountain and upland bird populations
Authors: Scridel Davide , Brambilla Mattia , Martin Kathy , Lehikoinen Aleksi , Iemma Aaron , Matteo Anderle , Jähnig Susanne , Caprio Enrico , Bogliani Giuseppe , Pedrini Paolo , Rolando Antonio , Arlettaz Raphaël , Chamberlain Dan 
Published: March 2018

Mountain regions are globally important areas for biodiversity but are subject to multiple human‐induced threats, including climate change, which has been more severe at higher elevations. We reviewed evidence for impacts of climate change on Holarctic mountain bird populations in terms of physiology, phenology, trophic interactions, demography and observed and projected distribution shifts, including effects of other factors that interact with climate change. We developed an objective classification of high‐elevation, mountain specialist and generalist species, based on the proportion of their breeding range occurring in mountain regions. Our review found evidence of responses of mountain bird populations to climate (extreme weather events, temperature, rainfall and snow) and environmental (i.e. land use) change, but we know little about either the underlying mechanisms or the synergistic effects of climate and land use. Long‐term studies assessing reproductive success or survival of mountain birds in relation to climate change were rare. Few studies have considered shifts in elevational distribution over time and a meta‐analysis did not find a consistent direction in elevation change. A meta‐analysis carried out on future projections of distribution shifts suggested that birds whose breeding distributions are largely restricted to mountains are likely to be more negatively impacted than other species. Adaptation responses to climate change rely mostly on managing and extending current protected areas for both species already present, and for expected colonizing species that are losing habitat and climate space at lower elevation. However, developing effective management actions requires an improvement in the current knowledge of mountain species ecology, in the quality of climate data and in understanding the role of interacting factors. Furthermore, the evidence was mostly based on widespread species rather than mountain specialists. Scientists should provide valuable tools to assess the status of mountain birds, for example through the development of a mountain bird population index, and policy‐makers should influence legislation to develop efficient agri‐environment schemes and forestry practices for mountain birds, as well as to regulate leisure activities at higher elevations.
Lipid nanoparticles (SLN & NLC) for delivery of vitamin E: a comprehensive review
Authors: Saez V. , Souza I. D. L. , Mansur C. R. E. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe antioxidative and photoprotective properties of vitamin E have caused it to be included as an active agent in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. However, its lipophilicity, chemical instability and poor skin penetration have limited the effectiveness of these formulations. For that reason, many attempts to include it in different drug delivery systems have been made. In recent decades, lipid nanoparticles have received special attention due to their advantages of compatibility with the skin, ability to enhance penetration of drugs in the stratum corneum, protection of the encapsulated substance against degradation induced by the external medium and control of drug release. This work reviews the current status of the encapsulation of vitamin E in lipid nanoparticles. We describe the most important methods for obtaining and characterizing lipid nanoparticles containing vitamin E (LNP‐VE), various techniques for the evaluation of vitamin E's properties after encapsulation, the mainin vitroandin vivostudies of the potential effectiveness or toxicity ofLNP‐VE, the formulations and stability studies of this delivery system, the commercial products based onLNP‐VEand the regulatory aspects related to lipid nanoparticles. Finally, we discuss the most relevant advantages of encapsulating vitamin E in such particles and critical aspects that still demand attention to enhance the potential of solid lipid nanoparticles to deliver vitamin E.
TAK1 mediates excessive autophagy via p38 and ERK in cisplatin‐induced acute kidney injury
Authors: Zhou Jun , Fan Youling , Zhong Jiying , Huang Zhenxing , Huang Teng , Lin Sen , Chen Hongtao 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe ability of cisplatin (cis‐diamminedichloroplatinum II) toxicity to induce acute kidney injury (AKI) has attracted people's attention and concern for a long time, but its molecular mechanisms are still widely unknown. We found that the expression of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β)‐activated kinase 1 (TAK1) could be increased in kidneys of mice administrated with cisplatin. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic pathway and is involved in various acute and chronic injuries. Moreover, p38 MAPK (mitogen‐activated protein kinase) and ERK regulate autophagy in response to various stimuli. Therefore, our hypothesis is that cisplatin activates TAK1, which phosphorylates p38 and ERK, leading to excessive autophagy of tubular epithelial cells and thus exacerbating kidney damage. Here, BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected with a TAK1 inhibitor and were then administrated with sham or cisplatin at 20 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection. Compared with mice in the vehicle cisplatin group, mice intraperitoneally injected with a TAK1 inhibitor were found to have lower serum creatinine and less tubular damage following cisplatin‐induced AKI. Furthermore, inhibition of TAK1 reduced p38 and Erk phosphorylation, decreased expression of LC3II and reversed the down‐regulation of P62 expression induced by cisplatin. The hypothesis was verified with tubular epithelial cells administrated with cisplatin in vitro. Finally, p38 inhibitor or ERK inhibitor abated autophagy activation and cell viability reduction in tubular epithelial cells treated with cisplatin plus TAK1 overexpression vector. Taken together, our results show that cisplatin activates TAK1, which phosphorylates p38 and ERK, leading to excessive autophagy of tubular epithelial cells that exacerbates kidney damage.
Th/U ratios in metamorphic zircon
Authors: Yakymchuk Chris , Kirkland Christopher L. , Clark Chris 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe Th/U ratios of zircon crystals are routinely used to help understand their growth mechanism. Despite the wide application of Th/U ratios in understanding the geological significance of zircon U–Pb ages, the main controls on the Th/U ratio in metamorphic zircon are poorly understood. Here, phase equilibria modelling coupled with solubility expressions for accessory minerals are used to investigate the controls on the Th/U ratios of suprasolidus metamorphic zircon in an average amphibolite facies metapelite composition. We also present a new database of metamorphic Th/U ratios in zircon from Western Australia. Several factors affecting the Th/U ratio are investigated, including the bulk rock concentrations of Th and U, the amount of monazite in the system, and open v. closed system behaviour. Our modelling predicts that the main controls on the Th/U ratio of suprasolidus metamorphic zircon are the concentrations of Th and U in the system, and the breakdown and growth of monazite in equilibrium with zircon. Furthermore, the relative timing of zircon and monazite growth during cooling and melt crystallization has an important role in the Th/U ratio of zircon. Early grown zircon near the peak of metamorphism is expected to have elevated Th/U ratios whereas zircon that grew near the solidus is predicted to have relatively low Th/U ratios, which reflects the coeval growth of monazite during cooling and melt crystallization. Our modelling approach aims to provide an improved understanding of the main controls of Th/U in metamorphic zircon in migmatites and hence better apply this geochemical ratio as a tool to assist in interpretation of the genesis of metamorphic zircon.
Development and evolution of tooth renewal in neoselachian sharks as a model for transformation in chondrichthyan dentitions
Authors: Meredith Smith Moya , Underwood Charlie , Clark Brett , Kriwet Jürgen , Johanson Zerina 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA defining feature of dentitions in modern sharks and rays is the regulated pattern order that generates multiple replacement teeth. These are arranged in labio‐lingual files of replacement teeth that form in sequential time order both along the jaw and within successively initiated teeth in a deep dental lamina. Two distinct adult dentitions have been described: alternate, in which timing of new teeth alternates between two adjacent files, each erupting separately, and the other arranged as single files, where teeth of each file are timed to erupt together, in some taxa facilitating similarly timed teeth to join to form a cutting blade. Both are dependent on spatiotemporally regulated formation of new teeth. The adult Angel sharkSquatina(Squalomorphii) exemplifies a single file dentition, but we obtained new data on the developmental order of teeth in the files ofSquatinaembryos, showing alternate timing of tooth initiation. This was based on micro‐CTscans revealing that the earliest mineralised teeth at the jaw margin and their replacements in file pairs (odd and even jaw positions) alternate in their initiation timing. Along withSquatina, new observations from other squalomorphs such asHexanchusandChlamydoselachus, together with representatives of the sister group Galeomorphii, have established that the alternate tooth pattern (initiation time and replacement order) characterises the embryonic dentition of extant sharks; however, this can change in adults. These character states were plotted onto a recent phylogeny, demonstrating that the Squalomorphii show considerable plasticity of dental development. We propose a developmental‐evolutionary model to allow change from the alternate to a single file alignment of replacement teeth. This establishes new dental morphologies in adult sharks from inherited alternate order.
HIF1α protein and mRNA expression as a new marker for post mortem interval estimation in human gingival tissue
Authors: Fais Paolo , Mazzotti Maria Carla , Teti Gabriella , Boscolo‐Berto Rafael , Pelotti Susi , Falconi Mirella 
Published: March 2018

AbstractEstimating the post mortem interval (PMI) is still a crucial step in Forensic Pathology. Although several methods are available for assessing the PMI, a precise estimation is still quite unreliable and can be inaccurate. The present study aimed to investigate the immunohistochemical distribution and mRNA expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF‐1α) in post mortem gingival tissues to establish a correlation between the presence of HIF‐1α and the time since death, with the final goal of achieving a more accurate PMI estimation. Samples of gingival tissues were obtained from 10 cadavers at different PMIs (1–3 days, 4–5 days and 8–9 days), and were processed for immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. The results showed a time‐dependent correlation of HIF‐1α protein and its mRNA with different times since death, which suggests that HIF‐1α is a potential marker for PMI estimation. The results showed a high HIF‐1α protein signal that was mainly localized in the stratum basale of the oral mucosa in samples collected at a short PMI (1–3 days). It gradually decreased in samples collected at a medium PMI (4–5 days), but it was not detected in samples collected at a long PMI (8–9 days). These results are in agreement with the mRNA data. These data indicate an interesting potential utility of Forensic Anatomy‐based techniques, such as immunohistochemistry, as important complementary tools to be used in forensic investigations.
Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on the process of hypertrophic scar formation in rabbit ears
Authors: Ren Jizhen , Liu Sumei , Wan Jin'e , Kang Enhao , Chen Zhenyu 
Published: March 2018

SummaryObjectiveTo explore the influence of hyperbaric oxygen on scar formation in rabbit ears.MethodsA total of 20 New Zealand rabbits were selected to establish the hypertrophic scar model on the ears. The rabbits were randomly divided into control group and experimental group (7d, 14d, 21d, and 28d group according to different HBO treatment days),each experimental group received hyperbaric oxygen treatment after the operation at the same time everyday for 1 hour. After the day 29, the scars were collected. Histomorphological change in scars was observed by hematoxylin‐eosin staining, Masson staining, and transmission electrical microscope. The expression of bax, bcl‐2, and the cell apoptosis rate was detected by immunohistochemical method.Results(i) Both number of fibroblast and amount of collagen fibrils in experimental group were significantly reduced compared with those in control group. In Masson staining, arrangement of collagen fibrils in experimental group was much more irregular and coarse than control groups. (ii) HI value can be found much smaller in the experimental groups than the control (P < .05). Among the four experimental groups, there is significant difference among 7d, 14d, and 21d groups (P < .05), while there is no difference between 21d and 28d groups (P > .05). (iii) Expression of Bax could be detected up‐regulated in experimental group (P < .05). While the expression of Bcl‐2 is detected significantly down‐regulated in experimental group than that in control group (P < .05). Compared with the 7d group, the expression of Bax and Bcl‐2 has significant difference in 14d group (P < .05), and the expression of this two factors in 21d group has significant difference comparing with 14d group(P < .05),but there is no significant difference between 28d group and 21d group(P > .05). (iv) Significant difference of cell apoptosis rate can be detected between the experimental groups and the control group (P < .05). Among the four experimental groups, there is significant difference among 7d, 14d, and 21d groups (P < .05), while there is no difference between 21d and 28d groups (P > .05).ConclusionThe hyperbaric oxygen can up‐regulate bax/bcl‐2 value, increase the cell apoptosis rate, and inhibit the early hypertrophic scar in rabbit ears.
Cytokine profile (IL‐2, IL‐6, IL‐17, IL‐22, and TNF‐α) in vitiligo—New insight into pathogenesis of disease
Authors: Sushama Sushama , Dixit Niharika , Gautam Ram Krishna , Arora Pooja , Khurana Ananta , Anubhuti Anubhuti 
Published: March 2018

SummaryBackgroundVitiligo is an autoimmune disease associated with alteration in levels of various cytokines. However, there are very few studies in this regard.ObjectivesTo assess the serum levels of cytokines secreted by Th1 (IL‐2, TNF‐α), Th2 (IL‐6), and Th17 cells (IL‐17, IL‐22) in patients with localized vitiligo and generalized vitiligo and to correlate their levels with the extent, duration, and activity of disease.Material and MethodsSixty patients of vitiligo (30 each of localized and generalized) and 30 controls were recruited in the study. Serum IL‐2, ‐6, ‐17, ‐22, and TNF‐α levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in all patients and healthy controls, and their levels were correlated with the extent, duration, and activity of vitiligo.ResultsWe observed significantly raised levels of IL‐2, ‐6, ‐17, ‐22, and TNF‐α in both localized vitiligo and generalized vitiligo (P < .05). IL‐2 was significantly raised (P = .028) in localized vitiligo, whereas IL‐17 and IL‐22 were significantly raised in generalized vitiligo (P = .00 and P = .019, respectively). Activity of disease showed positive correlation with serum TNF‐α levels (P = .015) in localized vitiligo. Positive correlation of IL‐17 (R = .238) with body surface area (BSA) was observed in patients with generalized vitiligo.ConclusionsOur study shows that cytokines secreted by Th17 cells play an important role in maintenance and spread of vitiligo as they increase in line with extent of disease. Also TNF‐α increases in proportion with activity of disease, hence may act as biomarker for identifying patient with aggressive disease.
Transcriptome changes induced in vitro by alcohol‐containing mouthwashes in normal and dysplastic oral keratinocytes
Authors: Fox Simon A. , Currie Sean S. , Dalley Andrew J. , Farah Camile S. 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundThe role of alcohol‐containing mouthwash as a risk factor for the development of oral cancer is a subject of conflicting epidemiological evidence in the literature despite alcohol being a recognised carcinogen. The aim of this study was to use in vitro models to investigate mechanistic and global gene expression effects of exposure to alcohol‐containing mouthwash.MethodsTwo brands of alcohol‐containing mouthwash and their alcohol‐free counterparts were used to treat two oral cell lines derived from normal (OKF6‐TERT) and dysplastic (DOK) tissues. Genotoxicity was determined by Comet assay. RNA‐seq was performed using the Ion Torrent platform. Bioinformatics analysis used R/Bioconductor packages with differential expression using DEseq2. Pathway enrichment analysis used EnrichR with the WikiPathways and Kegg databases.ResultsBoth cell lines displayed dose‐dependent DNA damage in response to acute exposure to ethanol and alcohol‐containing mouthwashes as well as alcohol‐free mouthwashes reconstituted with ethanol as shown by Comet assay. The transcriptomic effects of alcohol‐containing mouthwash exposure were more complex with significant differential gene expression ranging from >2000 genes in dysplastic (DOK) cells to <100 genes in normal (OKF6‐TERT) cells. Pathway enrichment analysis in DOK cells revealed alcohol‐containing mouthwashes showed common features between the two brands used including DNA damage response as well as cancer‐associated pathways. In OKF6‐TERT cells, the most significantly enriched pathways involved inflammatory signalling.ConclusionsAlcohol‐containing mouthwashes are genotoxic in vitro to normal and dysplastic oral keratinocytes and induce widespread changes in gene expression. Dysplastic cells are more susceptible to the transcriptomic effects of mouthwash.
Exogenous melatonin protects small‐for‐size liver grafts by promoting monocyte infiltration and releases interleukin‐6
Authors: Song Zhuolun , Humar Bostjan , Gupta Anurag , Maurizio Eleonora , Borgeaud Nathalie , Graf Rolf , Clavien Pierre‐Alain , Tian Yinghua 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDefective regeneration of small‐for‐size (SFS) liver remnants and partial grafts remains a key limiting factor in the application of liver surgery and transplantation. Exogenous melatonin (MLT) has protective effects on hepatic ischemia‐reperfusion injury (IRI), but its influence on graft regeneration is unknown. The aim of the study is to investigate the role of MLT in IRI and graft regeneration in settings of partial liver transplantation. We established three mouse models to study hepatic IRI and regeneration associated with partial liver transplantation: (I) IR+PH group: 60 minutes liver ischemia (IR) plus 2/3 hepatectomy (PH); (II) IR+exPH group: 60 minutes liver IR plus extended hepatectomy (exPH) associated with the SFS syndrome; (III) SFS‐LT group: Arterialized 30% SFS liver transplant. Each group was divided into MLT or vehicle‐treated subgroups. Hepatic injury, inflammatory signatures, liver regeneration, and animal survival rates were assessed. MLT reduced liver injury, enhanced liver regeneration, and promoted interleukin (IL) 6, IL10, and tumor necrosis factor‐α release by infiltrating, inflammatory Ly6C+ F4/80+ monocytes in the IR+PH group. MLT‐induced IL6 significantly improved hepatic microcirculation and survival in the IR+exPH model. In the SFS‐LT group, MLT promoted graft regeneration and increased recipient survival along with increased IL6/GP130‐STAT3 signaling. In IL6−/− mice, MLT failed to promote liver recovery, which could be restored through recombinant IL6. In the IR+exPH and SFS‐LT groups, inhibition of the IL6 co‐receptor GP130 through SC144 abolished the beneficial effects of MLT. MLT ameliorates SFS liver graft IRI and restores regeneration through monocyte‐released IL6 and downstream IL6/GP130‐STAT3 signaling.
Innovation and R&D in the Upper Echelons: The Association between the CTO's Power Depth and Breadth and the TMT's Commitment to Innovation
Authors: Garms Florian Peter , Engelen Andreas 
Published: March 2018

Both practice and academic research observe the increasing occurrence and relevance of functional top management team (TMT) positions created to manage critical firm outcomes. Following this trend, firms have established Chief Technology Officers (CTOs) in their TMTs to give research‐and‐development‐ and innovation‐related topics a voice in the firms' upper echelons and to ensure that these topics receive sufficient resources. However, there is large variety in CTOs' positioning and profiles across firms, ranging from CTOs who are deeply rooted in the scientific community with a legacy of subject‐matter expertise to CTOs who are responsible for various other functions and operate at the center of the TMT. Despite this heterogeneity in CTOs' positioning, research has been silent on the CTO's optimal positioning in the top management to ensure that adequate resources are committed to innovation efforts.This paper closes this gap by examining the influence of the depth (conceptualized as structural and expert power) and breadth (conceptualized as multifunctional power) of the CTO's power, as characteristic features of the CTO's positioning, on the TMT's commitment to innovation. The research model is validated empirically by means of a multisource secondary panel data set comprising 266 firm‐year observations from 55 S&P 500 firms between 1995 and 2012. This paper finds that innovation commitment increases with the CTO's level of structural power and decreases with increasing levels of the CTO's expert and multifunctional power. It has several theoretical and research‐related implications for investigations of CTO positions, for innovation management theory building, and for the broader management literature.
A Toxoplasma gondii locus required for the direct manipulation of host mitochondria has maintained multiple ancestral functions
Authors: Blank Matthew L. , Parker Michelle L. , Ramaswamy Raghavendran , Powell Cameron J. , English Elizabeth D. , Adomako‐Ankomah Yaw , Pernas Lena F. , Workman Sean D. , Boothroyd John C. , Boulanger Martin J. , Boyle Jon P. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe Toxoplasma gondii locus mitochondrial association factor 1 (MAF1) encodes multiple paralogs, some of which mediate host mitochondrial association (HMA). Previous work showed that HMA was a trait that arose in T. gondii through neofunctionalization of an ancestral MAF1 ortholog. Structural analysis of HMA‐competent and incompetent MAF1 paralogs (MAF1b and MAF1a, respectively) revealed that both paralogs harbor an ADP ribose binding macro‐domain, with comparatively low (micromolar) affinity for ADP ribose. Replacing the 16 C‐terminal residues of MAF1b with those of MAF1a abrogated HMA, and we also show that only three residues in the C‐terminal helix are required for MAF1‐mediated HMA. Importantly these same three residues are also required for the in vivo growth advantage conferred by MAF1b, providing a definitive link between in vivo proliferation and manipulation of host mitochondria. Co‐immunoprecipitation assays reveal that the ability to interact with the mitochondrial MICOS complex is shared by HMA‐competent and incompetent MAF1 paralogs and mutants. The weak ADPr coordination and ability to interact with the MICOS complex shared between divergent paralogs may represent modular ancestral functions for this tandemly expanded and diversified T. gondii locus.