bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grid Average and Nodal Value in High Order Scheme
Authors: Liu Z. , Cai Q. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTThe concepts of nodal value and grid average in cell centered finite volume method (FVM) are clarified in this work, strict distinction between the two concepts in constructing numerical schemes is made, and common fault in misidentifying the two concepts is pointed out. The expansion based on grid average, similar to Taylor’s expansion, is deduced to construct correct scheme in terms of grid average and to obtain modified partial differential equation (MPDE) which determines the order of accuracy of numerical scheme theoretically. Correct high order scheme, taking QUICK (Quadratic Upstream Interpolation for Convective Kinematics) scheme as an example, is constructed in different approaches. Furthermore, the property of interpolation coefficients is analyzed. We also pointed out that for high order schemes, round-off error dominates the absolute error in fine grid and truncation error dominates the absolute error in coarse grid.
LEAF ION CONTENT, YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY OF FIELD-GROWN MELON UNDER SALINE CONDITIONS
Authors: AKRAMI MAHMOUD , ARZANI AHMAD , MAJNOUN ZAHRA 
Published: August 2018

SUMMARYOur knowledge of melon (Cucumis melo L.) response to salinity stress is limited under field conditions and then the genotype × environment interaction and heritability of agro-morphological traits are poor understood. A field trial (2014/2015) was carried out to evaluate the performance of 17 melon cultivars, including 16 native and one exotic (Galia), under salinity stress. Leaf ion concentrations, agronomic, morphological and fruit quality traits were evaluated and their heritabilities were estimated. The results showed significant effects of salinity stress and genotype on the studied traits except for days to anthesis and peel thickness. Salinity stress also caused significant reductions in fruit weight and leaf K+ concentration, while increasing leaf Na+ and Ca2+ concentrations and total soluble solids. The most salt-tolerant cultivars (‘Sabouni’ and ‘Shahabadi-1’) had higher fruit yield, low leaf Na+ and high leaf K+ concentrations and enhanced K+/Na+ ratio under stress conditions. In general, the heritability estimates were higher under control than under salinity conditions, and the highest heritability was observed for total soluble solids. In addition, fruit weight, number of fruit per plant and leaf Na+ concentration were the strongest predictors of fruit yield, explaining 92% of yield variation under salt stress. These observations suggest that indirect selection based on these traits would be effective in improving fruit production under saline conditions.
Haematological alterations in non-human hosts infected withTrypanosoma cruzi: a systematic review
Authors: Villalba-Alemán Evaristo , Justinico David L. , Sarandy Mariáurea M. , Novaes Rômulo D. , Freitas Mariella B. , Gonçalves Reggiani V. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAmerican trypanosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease whose spectrum has not been quite understood, including the impact ofTrypanosoma cruziinfection on the haematological parameters of different vertebrate hosts. Thus, this study was designed to compare the pattern of haematological changes induced byT. cruziinfection in order to identify possible species-specific differences among taxons. We also aimed at evaluating the use of this parameter as a tool for diagnosis during the acute phase, when symptoms are usually masked. For this purpose, we performed a systematic search on PubMed and Scopus databases to retrieve original studies published until August 2016. Thirty-one studies were selected using Prisma strategy, which were then submitted to data extraction and methodological bias analysis. Half of the studies showed that the number of erythrogram decreased in infected animals, indicating anaemia. In 68.2% of the studies, the total amount of leukogram values increased, suggesting infection. The main methodological limitations were insufficient information forT. cruzistrains identification, inoculation routes and parasitological characterization. Most of the mammalian species analysed showed the same pattern of haematological changes followingT. cruziinfection, indicating that haematological parameters might direct the diagnosis of Chagas disease in the initial phase.
Adaptation of antibiotic treatment to clinical practice guidelines in patients aged ⩾65 years hospitalised due to community-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Fernandez-Sierra M. A. , Rueda-Domingo M. T. , Rodriguez-del-Aguila M. M. , Perez-Lozano M. J. , Force L. , Fernandez-Villa T. , Astray J. , Egurrola M. , Castilla J. , Sanz F. , Toledo D. , Dominguez A. ,   Workgroup Project PI12/02079
Published: August 2018

AbstractEarly, conforming antibiotic treatment in elderly patients hospitalised for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a key factor in the prognosis and mortality. The objective was to examine whether empirical antibiotic treatment was conforming according to the Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery guidelines in these patients. Multicentre study in patients aged ⩾65 years hospitalised due to CAP in the 2013–14 and 2014–15 influenza seasons. We collected socio-demographic information, comorbidities, influenza/pneumococcal vaccination history and antibiotics administered using a questionnaire and medical records. Bivariate analyses and multilevel logistic regression were made. In total, 1857 hospitalised patients were included, 82 of whom required intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Treatment was conforming in 51.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 49.1–53.8%) of patients without ICU admission and was associated with absence of renal failure without haemodialysis (odds ratio (OR) 1.49, 95% CI 1.15–1.95) and no cognitive dysfunction (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.25–2.35), when the effect of the autonomous community was controlled for. In patients with ICU admission, treatment was conforming in 45.1% (95% CI 34.1–56.1%) of patients and was associated with the hospital visits in the last year (<3 vs. ⩾3, OR 2.70, 95% CI 1.03–7.12) and there was some evidence that this was associated with season. Although the reference guidelines are national, wide variability between autonomous communities was found. In patients hospitalised due to CAP, health services should guarantee the administration of antibiotics in a consensual manner that is conforming according to clinical practice guidelines.
Atypical fetal development: Fetal alcohol syndrome, nutritional deprivation, teratogens, and risk for neurodevelopmental disorders and psychopathology
Authors: Georgieff Michael K. , Tran Phu V. , Carlson Erik S. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAccumulating evidence indicates that the fetal environment plays an important role in brain development and sets the brain on a trajectory across the life span. An abnormal fetal environment results when factors that should be present during a critical period of development are absent or when factors that should not be in the developing brain are present. While these factors may acutely disrupt brain function, the real cost to society resides in the long-term effects, which include important mental health issues. We review the effects of three factors, fetal alcohol exposure, teratogen exposure, and nutrient deficiencies, on the developing brain and the consequent risk for developmental psychopathology. Each is reviewed with respect to the evidence found in epidemiological and clinical studies in humans as well as preclinical molecular and cellular studies that explicate mechanisms of action.
Maternal programming: Application of a developmental psychopathology perspective
Authors: Glynn Laura M. , Howland Mariann A. , Fox Molly 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe fetal phase of life has long been recognized as a sensitive period of development. Here we posit that pregnancy represents a simultaneous sensitive period for the adult female with broad and persisting consequences for her health and development, including risk for psychopathology. In this review, we examine the transition to motherhood through the lens of developmental psychopathology. Specifically, we summarize the typical and atypical changes in brain and behavior that characterize the perinatal period. We highlight how the exceptional neuroplasticity exhibited by women during this life phase may account for increased vulnerability for psychopathology. Further, we discuss several modes of signaling that are available to the fetus to affect maternal phenotypes (hormones, motor activity, and gene transfer) and also illustrate how evolutionary perspectives can help explain how and why fetal functions may contribute to maternal psychopathology. The developmental psychopathology perspective has spurred advances in understanding risk and resilience for mental health in many domains. As such, it is surprising that this major epoch in the female life span has yet to benefit fully from similar applications.
Opening windows of opportunities: Evidence for interventions to prevent or treat depression in pregnant women being associated with changes in offspring's developmental trajectories of psychopathology risk
Authors: Goodman Sherryl H. , Cullum Katherine A. , Dimidjian Sona , River Laura M. , Kim Christine Youngwon 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAlthough animal models and correlational studies support a model of fetal programming as a mechanism in the transmission of risk for psychopathology from parents to children, the experimental studies that are required to empirically test the model with the human prenatal dyad are scarce. With a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature, we critically examined the evidence regarding the neurobiological and behavioral changes in infants as a function of randomized clinical trials to prevent or reduce maternal depression during pregnancy, treating randomized clinical trials as experiments testing the fetal programming model. Based on 25 articles that met inclusion criteria, we found support for interventions designed to change maternal prenatal mood being associated with changes in offspring functioning, but with a very small effect size. Effect sizes ranged broadly, and were higher for younger children. The findings enhance understanding of putative mechanisms in the transmission of risk from women's prenatal depression to infants’ vulnerabilities to, and early signs of, the development of psychopathology. We note limitations of the literature and suggest solutions to advance understanding of how preventing or treating depression in pregnant women might disrupt the transmission of risk to the infants.
Availability of food and beverage items on school canteen menus and association with items purchased by children of primary-school age
Authors: Clinton-McHarg Tara , Janssen Lisa , Delaney Tessa , Reilly Kathryn , Regan Tim , Nathan Nicole , Wiggers John , Yoong Sze Lin , Wyse Rebecca , Grady Alice , Lecathelinais Christophe , Wolfenden Luke 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo (i) describe the proportion of foods and beverages available on school canteen menus classified as having high (‘green’), moderate (‘amber’) or low (‘red’) nutritional value; (ii) describe the proportion of these items purchased by students; and (iii) examine the association between food and beverage availability on school canteen menus and food and beverage purchasing by students.DesignA cross-sectional study was conducted as part of a larger randomised controlled trial (RCT).SettingA nested sample of fifty randomly selected government schools from the Hunter New England region of New South Wales, Australia, who had participated in an RCT of an intervention to improve the availability of healthy foods sold from school canteens, was approached to participate.SubjectsSchool principals, canteen managers and students.ResultsThe average proportion of green, amber and red items available on menus was 47·9, 47·4 and 4·7 %, respectively. The average proportion of green, amber and red items purchased by students was 30·1, 61·8 and 8·1 %, respectively. There was a significant positive relationship between the availability and purchasing of green (R2=0·66), amber (R2=0·57) and red menu items (R2=0·61). In each case, a 1 % increase in the availability of items in these categories was associated with a 1·21, 1·35 and 1·67 % increase in purchasing of items of high, moderate and low nutritional value, respectively.ConclusionsThe findings provide support for school-based policies to improve the relative availability of healthy foods for sale in these settings.
Unveiling the Ambrotype: Characterization of Two 19th Century Photographs
Authors: Costa Leonor , Nunes Margarida , Costa Sónia , Trindade Milene , Miguel Catarina , Ferreira Teresa 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis work used a multi-analytical approach to characterize two 19th century ambrotypes and was motivated by the lack of insight on these historical objects. Photographic imaging and optical microscopy (OM) were used to identify abrasions, cracks related to reticulation, tarnishing, and other aspects associated to production and degradation processes. With variable pressure scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) these processes were seen with great detail and further characterized. Elemental point analysis and elemental mapping showed that the photosensitive material used was silver iodide. Degradation compounds were found as silver and chlorine-containing compounds. In one of the items, the tarnishing area also contained redeposited silver in a ring-shape surrounding a nucleus rich in silver, copper, and sulfur, in addition to copper-based salts. EDS analyses also identified that the supports were common soda–lime–silica glasses, refined with arsenic; and showed that a pigment rich in iron was used in both items to hand color the cheeks, extended with aluminum silicates alone or mixed with barium sulfate. Theμ-Raman study pointed out that a synthetic Mars pigment was employed.μ-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analyses identified collodion as the binder. Shellac was used as a protective varnish in one of the items and a gum was possibly employed on the other. Bitumen was used for the background in one ambrotype.
Strategies, facilitators and barriers to implementation of evidence-based practice in community nursing: a systematic mixed-studies review and qualitative synthesis
Authors: Mathieson Amy , Grande Gunn , Luker Karen 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAimTo appraise and synthesize empirical literature on implementation of evidence within community nursing. To explore the use of implementation theory and identify the strategies required for, and the barriers and facilitators to, successful implementation within this context.BackgroundThere is an international consensus that evidence-based practice can improve outcomes for people using health and social care services. However, these practices are not always translated into care delivery. Community nursing is a relatively understudied area; little is known about how innovations in practice are implemented within this setting.MethodsSystematic mixed-studies review, synthesizing quantitative and qualitative research. The electronic databases AMED, PsycINFO, Ovid Medline, CINAHL Plus, ASSIA, British Nursing Index and EMBASE were used. Two grey literature databases were also searched: OpenGrey and EThOS. English language, peer-reviewed papers published between January 2010 and July 2017 were considered. Criteria included implementation of an innovation and change to practice within adult community nursing. An approach called Critical Interpretive Synthesis was used to integrate the evidence from across the studies into a comprehensible theoretical framework.ResultsIn total, 22 papers were reviewed. Few studies discussed the use of theory when planning, guiding and evaluating the implementation of the innovation (n=6). A number of implementation strategies, facilitators and barriers were identified across the included studies, highlighting the interplay of both service context and individual factors in successful implementation.ConclusionImplementation is an expanding area of research; yet is challenged by a lack of consistency in terminology and limited use of theory. Implementation within community nursing is a complex process, requiring both individual and organizational adoption, and managerial support. Successful adoption of evidence-based practice however, is only possible if community nurses themselves deem it useful and there is evidence that it could have a positive impact on the patient and/or their primary carer.
“Paint It Black”
Authors: Zerhouni Oulmann , Lepage Johan 
Published: August 2018

Abstract. The present study is a first attempt to link self-reported difficulties in everyday emotion regulation (ER) with evaluative conditioning (EC). We conducted a within-subject study in which participants (n = 90) filled the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and were exposed to neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with mildly or highly arousing negative unconditioned stimuli (USs) and positive USs. Participants then filled a contingency awareness measure. Results showed (i) that CSs paired with highly arousing negative USs were more negatively evaluated, (ii) that the EC effect with highly and mildly arousing negative USs was stronger among participants with greater self-reported difficulties in everyday ER. Moreover, participants were more likely to be aware of the CS-US contingencies with highly (vs. mildly) arousing negative USs. Implications for the understanding of maladaptive behaviors and for future directions in EC research are discussed.
Reply to Comment by Genthon et al. on “Surface Air Relative Humidities Spuriously Exceeding 100% in CMIP5 Model Output and Their Impact on Future Projections”
Authors: Ruosteenoja Kimmo , Jylhä Kirsti , Räisänen Jouni , Mäkelä Antti 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe commentators regard a categorical truncation of supersaturations with respect to ice in climate model output as an inappropriate solution to the supersaturation issue. This view is supported by observational evidence from the East Antarctic Plateau. We accept this criticism to a certain degree. Even so, it is necessary to make a clear distinction between the true supersaturations measured in the atmosphere and the spurious supersaturations existing in archived model output data sets: the latter result, for example, from inconsistencies in the interpolation of temperature and specific humidity to the near‐surface level. In the CMIP5 model output data sets, the largest relative humidities in near‐surface air are far above those observed. Moreover, supersaturations given at the 2‐m height are generally much larger than those at the lowermost tropospheric isobaric levels. Projections of relative humidity for the future may be considerably distorted if founded on unmodified output data sets.
Striatal dopaminergic alterations in Tourette’s syndrome: a meta-analysis based on 16 PET and SPECT neuroimaging studies
Authors: Hienert Marius , Gryglewski Gregor , Stamenkovic Mara , Kasper Siegfried , Lanzenberger Rupert 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Despite intense research, the underlying mechanisms and the etiology of Tourette’s syndrome (TS) remain unknown. Data from molecular imaging studies targeting the dopamine system in Tourette patients are inconclusive. For a better understanding of the striatal dopamine function in adult dopamine-antagonist-free patients we performed a systematic review in August 2017 identifying 49 PET and SPECT studies on the topic of TS. A total of 8 studies appraised the dopamine transporter (DAT) with 111 Tourette patients and 93 healthy controls, and could be included in a meta-analytic approach. We found a significantly increased striatal DAT binding in Tourette patients (Hedges' g = 0.49; 95% CI: (0.01–0.98)), although this effect did not remain significant after correcting for age differences between cohorts. A second meta-analysis was performed for the striatal dopamine receptor including 8 studies with a total of 72 Tourette patients and 71 controls. This analysis revealed a nonsignificant trend toward lower dopamine 2/3 receptor binding in striatum of Tourette patients. Other analyses regarding study population characteristics in both the DAT and receptor meta-analysis did not show any meaningful results. Our results indicate that dopaminergic alterations in TS are likely and thereby this data would be in line with the current pathophysiological hypotheses of a dysfunction in the dopamine system, e.g., the hypothesis of tonic-phasic dysfunction. However, these analyses suffer from low effect sizes probably due to the heterogeneity of TS and highlight the need for further large-scaled neuroimaging studies.
γδ T cells control humoral immune response by inducing T follicular helper cell differentiation
Authors: Rezende Rafael M. , Lanser Amanda J. , Rubino Stephen , Kuhn Chantal , Skillin Nathaniel , Moreira Thais G. , Liu Shirong , Gabriely Galina , David Bruna A. , Menezes Gustavo B. , Weiner Howard L. 
Published: August 2018

Abstractγδ T cells have many known functions, including the regulation of antibody responses. However, how γδ T cells control humoral immunity remains elusive. Here we show that complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA), but not alum, immunization induces a subpopulation of CXCR5-expressing γδ T cells in the draining lymph nodes. TCRγδ+CXCR5+ cells present antigens to, and induce CXCR5 on, CD4 T cells by releasing Wnt ligands to initiate the T follicular helper (Tfh) cell program. Accordingly, TCRδ−/− mice have impaired germinal center formation, inefficient Tfh cell differentiation, and reduced serum levels of chicken ovalbumin (OVA)-specific antibodies after CFA/OVA immunization. In a mouse model of lupus, TCRδ−/− mice develop milder glomerulonephritis, consistent with decreased serum levels of lupus-related autoantibodies, when compared with wild type mice. Thus, modulation of the γδ T cell-dependent humoral immune response may provide a novel therapy approach for the treatment of antibody-mediated autoimmunity.
The molecular genetic basis of herbivory between butterflies and their host plants
Authors: Nallu Sumitha , Hill Jason A. , Don Kristine , Sahagun Carlos , Zhang Wei , Meslin Camille , Snell-Rood Emilie , Clark Nathan L. , Morehouse Nathan I. , Bergelson Joy , Wheat Christopher W. , Kronforst Marcus R. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractInteractions between herbivorous insects and their host plants are a central component of terrestrial food webs and a critical topic in agriculture, where a substantial fraction of potential crop yield is lost annually to pests. Important insights into plant–insect interactions have come from research on specific plant defences and insect detoxification mechanisms. Yet, much remains unknown about the molecular mechanisms that mediate plant–insect interactions. Here we use multiple genome-wide approaches to map the molecular basis of herbivory from both plant and insect perspectives, focusing on butterflies and their larval host plants. Parallel genome-wide association studies in the cabbage white butterfly,Pieris rapae, and its host plant,Arabidopsis thaliana, pinpointed a small number of butterfly and plant genes that influenced herbivory. These genes, along with much of the genome, were regulated in a dynamic way over the time course of the feeding interaction. Comparative analyses, including diverse butterfly/plant systems, showed a variety of genome-wide responses to herbivory, as well as a core set of highly conserved genes in butterflies as well as their host plants. These results greatly expand our understanding of the genomic causes and evolutionary consequences of ecological interactions across two of nature’s most diverse taxa, butterflies and flowering plants.