bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antagonistic microorganisms and medium moisture as possible sources of variation in common bunt (Tilletia tritici) incidence
Authors: Benada J. , Pospíšil A. 
Published: February 2018

Antagonistic soil microorgan isms decreased the germination of Tilletia tritici teliosporcs in dependence on the concentration of three formulations (Polyversum<sup>®</sup>, Supresivit<sup>®</sup> and lbefunginused and added in or on water agar. A higher content of water in the agar also decreased the germination, and water d rops on the agar surface inhibited it entirely. The presence and concentration of antagonistic microorganisms and soil moisture can vary in the soil and it is supposed that this may cause the variation in bunt incidence in field. This variation has to be taken into consideration in particular in variety trials. Polyversum® decreased the incidence of bunt in a field trial (efficacy 60%).
EDUCAÇÃO: conceitos, finalidades e modalidades
Authors: Rego Amancio Mauricio Xavier 
Published: February 2018

O objectivo deste artigo foi analisar as diferentes concepções e modalidades de educação. O artigo apresenta as características de três principais concepções de educação, a concepção conductista, a psico – cognitiva e a sócio – cognitiva, bem como as características das modalidades de educação, nomeadamente, educação formal, não – formal e informal. A metodologia adoptada é de cunho qualitativo e exploratório, porque realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobretudo nas obras de Aranha [1], Gago [2], Gervilla [3], Gohn [4], Ocaña[5], Rodrigues e Ferrão [6] e Saviani[7, 8]. Esta pesquisa pode facilitar na compreensão das concepções e modalidades de educação, portanto, o presente texto é importante para estudantes e profissionais da área de educação que procuram entender as diferenças existentes entre as principais concepções de educação e também as modalidades de educação. http://dx.doi.org/10.18226/23185279.v6iss1p38
Técnica de análise cefalométrica de tecidos moles: uma revisão de literatura
Authors: Nóbrega Marina Tavares Costa , Freire Julliana Cariry Palhano , Farias Ohana Rodrigues , Freire Stéphanie Cariry Palhano , Sant'Ana Eduardo , Dias-Ribeiro Eduardo 
Published: February 2018

Introdução: Por muito tempo as análises cefalométricas se restringiam aos tecidos duros, porém de algumas décadas pra cá, foi visto que a harmonia entre os tecidos é fundamental para um perfil facial agradável. Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão de literatura acerca do uso da análise cefalométrica de tecidos moles (ACTM). Metodologia: Foram analisados artigos científicos obtidos da base de dados PubMed, do período de 2000 à 2016, de acordo com os descritores: Norm (s), Soft tissue (s), Arnett, Cephalometry, bem como a associação dos termos. Totalizando-se 18 estudos, que utilizavam a análise cefalométrica de tecidos moles de Arnett al. (1999), para pacientes sem deformidades faciais. Os dados foram analisados a partir de estatística descritiva. Resultados: O continente asiático se destaca na quantidade de estudos envolvendo essa técnica, com 12 trabalhos, seguido pelo continente americano, com 4, enquanto na Oceania não foi encontrado nenhum estudo seguindo os critérios de inclusão. Conclusão: Concluiu-se através dos estudos encontrados, que a técnica de análise cefalométrica dos tecidos moles é conhecida e utilizada pelas diversas partes do mundo. E também que a individualidade do paciente deve ser levada em conta para o planejamento do tratamento, pois fatores como gênero e etnia influenciam em suas características faciais.Descritores: Cefalometria; Estética; Face.
Santo Augusto, entre idas e vindas: análise dos movimentos migratórios ocorridos numa perspectiva histórica
Authors: Paris Maria Stela , Linke Vinicius Brondani , Mueller Airton Adelar , Kelm Martinho Luis , Grzyboviski Denize 
Published: February 2018

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar os movimentos migratórios ocorridos em Santo Augusto, um pequeno município do noroeste do estado Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil, desde sua emancipação política, na década de 1950, até o ano de 2017, investigando sua constituição, colonização, povoamento, dinâmica populacional e economia interna. O fenômeno migratório é contemporâneo nos estudos do campo sociológico, histórico e do desenvolvimento; sua origem é tanto econômica quanto social, e provoca mudanças na estrutura das cidades e do campo, bem como aumento/redução do lugar onde se vive. Em termos metodológicos, trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva desenvolvida pela estratégia estudo de caso. O processo de coleta de dados é caracterizado como uma pesquisa documental e entrevista, com abordagem qualitativa de dados. O estudo mostra que, desde sua existência, o município sempre apresentou oscilações em seu número de habitantes; que o poder público, assim como os órgãos ligados à agricultura, tenta conter o êxodo, por meio de ações que visem ao fortalecimento econômico local; e, ainda, que apesar de muitos não verem perspectiva de mudança, a maioria dos moradores torce e prefere acreditar que fatos novos surgirão, para que o município alcance o desenvolvimento desejado.
Desafios e mecanismos de enfrentamento na relação entre Agricultura Familiar e Alimentação Escolar
Authors: Teo Carla Rosane Paz Arruda , Mossmann Márcia Pozzagnol , Taglietti Roberta Lamonatto 
Published: February 2018

Este texto objetiva reconhecer os desafios que têm sido relatados na literatura quanto à inserção da agricultura familiar no mercado institucional da alimentação escolar e os mecanismos de enfrentamento e superação desses desafios que têm sido construídos. Realizou-se revisão narrativa da literatura com busca na Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, no Google Acadêmico e no Scientific Electronic Library Online, cruzando-se “alimentação escolar” and “agricultura”. Foram incluídos os materiais localizados que atenderam aos seguintes critérios: artigos, livros, dissertações, anais de eventos; formato completo, gratuito e on-line; publicados a partir de 2009; com aderência ao objetivo desta revisão. Entre os desafios que emergiram, destacam-se: logística, falta de assistência técnica e interesse de agricultores e/ou prefeituras, burocracia para habilitação dos agricultores e adequação às normas sanitárias, fragilidades das chamadas públicas, dificuldades financeiras, estruturais e de organização dos atores envolvidos com o PNAE, sua compreensão sobre o Programa e resistências às inovações. Quanto aos mecanismos de enfrentamento construídos, a literatura evidenciou: fortalecimento do diálogo, articulação intersetorial, apoio de instituições de ensino/pesquisa, assistência técnica e extensão rural, organização dos agricultores em associações/cooperativas, planejamento dialógico das chamadas públicas, aproximação entre gestores, Conselhos de Alimentação Escolar, agricultores e lideranças locais, investimentos estruturais do poder público e de agricultores/cooperativas e, sobretudo, vontade política. Apesar dos avanços observados, ainda é necessária maior aproximação entre gestores e agricultores, além de fortalecimento do Conselho de Alimentação Escolar, o que pode contribuir para a sustentabilidade da inserção da agricultura familiar na alimentação escolar.
Constitutions and Citizenship: Lessons for African Countries
Authors: Mbaku John Mukum 
Published: February 2018

Summary
Since the colonial period in Africa, ruling elites have manipulated laws regulating citizenship to advance their political and economic interests. The European colonialists used citizenship laws to enhance their ability to maintain control over the colonies and minimize the ability of Africans to fight for independence. Many Africans believed that independence and the establishment of new institutional arrangements would allow them to develop a common national citizenship, one in which all the citizens of each country would have equality before the law and be granted equal opportunity for self-actualization within all parts of the country, regardless of their racial or ethnic affiliation. However, in the post-independence period, incumbent political elites have been acting like their colonial counterparts and have used citizenship laws to get rid of critical and opposing voices by depriving these people of their nationality. In 1996, for example, Zambia’s ruling political party, the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD), adopted a new constitution, which effectively stripped the country’s independence president, Kenneth Kaunda, of his Zambian citizenship and prevented him from challenging the MMD for leadership of the country. Similarly, in 2000, then president of Côte d’Ivoire, Henri Konan Bédié, changed the constitution and introduced a citizenship clause that effectively disqualified the candidacy of his main opposition, Alassane Ouattara. South Africa’s apartheid regime, on the other hand, introduced a racially-based multilayered citizenship system in which individuals of European origin were placed at the top, enjoying full citizenship rights, and Africans were relegated to the bottom with extremely attenuated citizenship rights. Some African groups were actually forced to lose their South African citizenship. Citizenship is a complex issue and one that citizens of a country must deal with. The paper suggests that in doing so, African countries must not allow citizenship to be defined by race, ethnicity, religion, or other ascriptive traits, but by allegiance or fidelity to a set of values or ideals (e.g., democracy, rule of law, equality before the law) that define the nation.
Is the Inter-American Human Rights System Biased? A Quantitative Analysis of Regional Human Rights Litigation in the Americas
Authors: Zschirnt Simon 
Published: February 2018

Summary
Although the Organization of American States’ Inter-American human rights system has played a key role in the advancement of human rights, its work has recently become controversial. Some leftist governments have alleged bias, criticizing the system as a politicized one that prioritizes certain rights over others and embodies a neoliberal ideology that reflects disproportionate US influence. The system has also faced perceptions of cultural bias from Anglophone Caribbean states. This article tests the veracity of these allegations using statistical analysis of Inter-American Commission on Human Rights decisions. It finds that, even when controlling for a range of relevant factors, there have been significant differences in the Commission’s receptiveness to different types of claims of human rights violations. However, the Commission’s decisions have not exhibited any political or cultural biases. Also, to the extent there has been bias involving the United States, it has arguably been bias against the United States.
Impeachment in the U. S. Constitution and Practice – Implications for the Czech Constitution
Authors: Tomoszek Maxim 
Published: February 2018

Summary
The goal of this article is to critically evaluate, what role the impeachment plays in the U. S. Constitutional system and how it contributes to ensuring accountability of elected officials in the USA. To this end, the author will provide a short overview of the development of the institution of impeachment, discuss the current regulation of impeachment in the U. S. Constitution and the application of impeachment in practice, assessing its efficiency and role in the constitutional system. Finally, the conclusions will be reflected upon from the viewpoint of the Czech Constitutional system and its model of constitutional accountability.
Rule of Law in the United States. Stability is one of the World’s Most Valued Commodities
Authors: Dansby Joshua W. 
Published: February 2018

Summary
“The rule of law is like the notion of ‘the good’. Everyone is for the good, although we hold different ideas about what the good is.” 1 Two primary ways of viewing the Rule of Law have developed over the years: the “thick” theory of the Rule of Law advocates that, in addition to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced, and independently adjudicated, participation in government decisions (democracy) and consistency with international human rights law are essential for the Rule of Law in a society; the “thin” theory of the Rule of Law asserts that democracy and consistency with human rights law, while nice, are not essential for the Rule of Law. While the Rule of Law is often talked about in the context of developing countries that are coming out of conflict, there is little talk about the Rule of Law and its application to countries such as the United States. The past two years have seen the Rule of Law in the United States threatened as it has never been before, with Senators refusing to do their constitutional duty, a President that threatens to disregard the rulings of the judiciary, and judges both politicizing and abdicating their role as the interpreters of the law. Using a definition of the “thin” theory of the Rule of Law formulated by Brian Tamanahan, I ultimately argue that it not only is, but should be the case that a product of the Rule of Law, stability, a combination of security and predictability, is one of the world’s most valued commodities; and that Rule of Law, rather than the Rule of Man, is and should always be the bedrock of the United States of America.
The Dispute between the Constitutional Tribunal and the Supreme Court over Interpretative Verdicts in the Republic of Poland
Authors: Dąbrowski Marcin 
Published: February 2018

Summary
The article is focused on a serious dispute between the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Tribunal over interpretative verdicts in the Republic of Poland. This kind of decisions are issued by the Tribunal. Interpretative verdicts contain explanation (interpretation) of a statutory provision, which constitutionality is controlled by the Tribunal. The main problem is, if this kind of decisions bind other courts. Judges of the Tribunal Court claim that courts, including the Supreme Court, are suppose to obey interpretative verdicts. The judges of Supreme Court maintain that this kind of decisions only indicates one of possible interpretation of a statutory provision and courts don’t have to follow it. In the article the author describes this type of verdicts, their history and explains the essence of the dispute.
Hate Speech, Democratic Legitimacy and the Age of Trump
Authors: Kahn Rob 
Published: February 2018

Summary
Should democracies punish hate speech? Eric Heinze, Professor of Law and Humanities at Queen Mary, University of London, has written an important new book on this subject, Hate Speech and Democratic Citizenship. At the center of Heinze’s book is a revolutionary idea: Instead of debating whether democracies per se can or cannot legitimately ban hate speech (which assumes all democracies are the same), we should only condemn hate speech as illegitimate in those democracies that are longstanding, stable and prosperous. In this essay, I show how Heinze’s idea frees the debate over hate speech regulation from the Europe vs. America dichotomy that has haunted it for years, while carrying a special poignancy for the United States in the age of Trump.
Neurological Critical Care Services’ Influence Following Large Hemispheric Infarction and Their Impact on Resource Utilization
Authors: Shah Syed Omar , Au Yu Kan , Rincon Fred , Vibbert Matthew 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

Introduction: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is the fourth leading cause of death in the US. Numerous studies have demonstrated the use of comprehensive stroke units and neurological intensive care units (NICU) in improving outcomes after stroke. We hypothesized that an expanded neurocritical care (NCC) service would decrease resource utilization in patients with LHI.

Methods: Retrospective data from consecutive admissions of large hemispheric infarction (LHI) patients requiring mechanical ventilation were acquired from the hospital medical records. Between 2011-2013, there were 187 consecutive patients admitted to the Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience (Philadelphia, USA) with AIS and acute respiratory failure. Our intention was to determine the number of tracheostomies done over time. The primary outcome measure was the number of tracheostomies over time. Secondary outcomes were, ventilator-free days (Vfd), total hospital charges, intensive care unit length of stay (ICU-LOS), and total hospital length of stay (hospital-LOS), including ICU LOS. Hospital charges were log-transformed to meet assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity of residual variance terms. Generalized Linear Models were used and ORs and 95% CIs calculated. The significance level was set at α = 0.05.

Results: Of the 73 patients included in this analysis, 33% required a tracheostomy. There was a decrease in the number of tracheostomies undertaken since 2011. (OR 0.8; 95% CI 0.6-0.9: p=0.02).
Lower Vfd were seen in tracheostomized patients (OR 0.11; 95%CI 0.1-0.26: p<0.0001). The log-hospital charges decreased over time but not significantly (OR 0.9; 95%CI 0.78-1.07: p=0.2) and (OR 0.99; 95%CI 0.85-1.16: p=0.8) from 2012 to 2013 respectively.
The ICU-LOS at 23 days vs 10 days (p=0.01) and hospital-LOS at 33 days vs 11 days (p=0.008) were higher in tracheostomized patients.

Conclusion: The data suggest that in LHI-patients requiring mechanical ventilation, a dedicated NCC service reduces the overall need for tracheostomy, increases Vfd, and decreases ICU and hospital-LOS.
Brain Death in Children: Incidence, Donation Rates, and the Occurrence of Central Diabetes Insipidus
Authors: Yener Nazik , Paksu Muhammed Şükrü , Köksoy Özlem 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

Introduction: Brain death is currently defined as the loss of full brain function including the brainstem. The diagnosis and its subsequent management in the pediatric population are still controversial. The aim of this study was to define the demographic characteristics, clinical features and outcomes of patients with brain death and determine the incidence of brain death, donation rates and occurrence of central diabetes insipidus accompanying brain death in children.

Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at a twelve-bed tertiary-care combined medical and surgical pediatric intensive care unit of the Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical School, Samsun, Turkey. In 37 of 341 deaths (10.8%), a diagnosis of brain death was identified. The primary insult causing brain death was post-cardiorespiratory arrest in 8 (21.6%), head trauma in 8 (21.6%), and drowning in 4 (18.9%). In all patients, transcranial Doppler ultra-sound was utilised as an ancillary test and test was repeated until it was consistent with brain death.

Results: In 33 (89%) patients, central diabetes insipidus was determined at or near the time brain death was confirmed. The four patients not diagnosed with CDI had acute renal failure, and renal replacement treatment was carried out. The consent rate for organ donation was 18.9%, and 16.7% of potential donors proceeded to actual donation.

Conclusion: In the current study the consent rate for organ donation is relatively low compared to the rest of the world. The prevalence of central diabetes insipidus in this pedaitric brain death population is higher than reports in the literature, and acute renal failure accounted for the lack of central diabetes insipidus in four patients with brain death. Further studies are needed to explain normouria in brain-dead patients.
Post-Pneumonectomy ARDS and Ogilvie Syndrome – A Case Report
Authors: Stoica Radu T. , Cordoș Ioan , Macri Anca 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

Introduction: The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a severe hypoxemic acute lung injury that may com­plicate lung resections. Reported mortality is very high, up to 50%. This report covers an ARDS case occurring post left pneumonectomy, with a favorable outcome, despite association with an acute colonic pseudo-obstruction syndrome (Ogilvie syndrome) that required abdominal surgery for decompression.

Case report: A 60-year old Caucasian male, diagnosed with a stage IIIA left lung tumor underwent a left pneumonec­tomy. On the second postoperative day, the patient developed ARDS, requiring ventilatory support. Two days later, as the multiple organ dysfunction worsened, a bowel obstruction occurred. With an acute colonic pseudo-obstruction diagnosis, the decision was to perform laparotomy and a temporary cecostomy. A subsequent improvement in the respiratory parameters and vital functions resulted in weaning from ventilator 8 days after the onset of the ARDS and transfer to the surgery ward 14 days after pneumonectomy.
Therapeutic adherence in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Mazur-Nicorici Lucia , Sadovici-Bobeica Victoria , Garabajiu Maria , Mazur Minodora 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

Introduction. The aim of the research was the study of the adherence to treatment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Methods. Cross-sectional study including 132 consecutive patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLICC, 2012 classification criteria). We collected clinical and socio-demographic data, socio-economic status; we assessed SLEDAI-2k disease activity, and estimated the adherence to treatment by Morisky questionnaire.

Results. Our results demonstrated that low adherence to treatment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus was in only 11.36% of patients, while 43.18% and 45.46% of the patients were scored as moderate and high adherence, respectively. A moderate/high adherence to treatment was associated to a high level of education (r = −0.51, p < 0.05, 95% CI = −0.25 to −0.66), low disease activity (r = 0.38, p < 0.05, 95% CI = 0.25 to 0.53) and low indices of physician global assessment (r = −0.31, p<0.05, 95% CI = −0.23 to −0.71). The sub-analysis of the adherence to each drug demonstrated that the highest adherence was to treatment with glucocorticosteroids – 92.85%, followed by hydroxychloroquine and aspirin – 92.15% and 89.79%, respectively.

Conclusion. In our cohort, the adherence to treatment was high in 45.46%, moderate in 43.18% and low in only 11.36% cases. High adherence to treatment was associated to low disease activity. The adherence was positively influenced by the age at the onset of the disease and a high educational level.
The Role of Planktonic Algae in the Ecological Assessment of Storage-Reservoirs of the ILI-Balkhash Basin
Authors: Barinova Sophia , Krupa Elena , Romanova Sophia 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
The largest wastewater treatment systems include Sorbulak and Kurty reservoirs, and the small storage ponds were studied in the summer of 2017 and characterized mainly by organic pollution. Phytoplankton communities were represented by species tolerant of organic and toxic pollution. Cyanobacteria dominated in the reservoirs, and dinophyte algae were only in the Kurty Reservoir. According to the results of CCA analysis, only Cr and certain nutrients had a significant effect on the abundance of algae. A statistically positive significant association between the Shannon index and the average algal cell mass was established. The results obtained are a particular example reflecting the non-linearity of changes in plankton communities in the gradient of nutrient loading and eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems.