bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adoptive transfer of Trichinella spiralis-activated macrophages can ameliorate both Th1- and Th2-activated inflammation in murine models
Authors: Kang Shin Ae , Park Mi-Kyung , Park Sang Kyun , Choi Jun Ho , Lee Da In , Song So Myong , Yu Hak Sun 
Published: April 2019

AbstractTrichinella spiralisis a zoonotic nematode and food borne parasite and infection withT.spiralisleads to suppression of the host immune response and other immunopathologies. Alternative activated macrophages (M2) as well as Tregcells, a target for immunomodulation by the helminth parasite, play a critical role in initiating and modulating the host immune response to parasite. The precise mechanism by which helminths modulate host immune response is not fully understood. To determine the functions of parasite-induced M2 macrophages, we compared the effects of M1 and M2 macrophages obtained fromTrichinella spiralis-infected mice with those ofT.spiralisexcretory/secretory (ES) protein-treated macrophages on experimental intestinal inflammation and allergic airway inflammation.T.spiralisinfection induced M2 macrophage polarization by increasing the expression of CD206,ARG1, andFizz2. In a single application, we introduced macrophages obtained fromT.spiralis-infected mice andT.spiralisES protein-treated macrophages into mice tail veins before the induction of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, ovalbumin (OVA)-alum sensitization, and OVA challenge. Colitis severity was assessed by determining the severity of colitis symptoms, colon length, histopathologic parameters, and Th1-related inflammatory cytokine levels. Compared with the DSS-colitis group,T.spiralis-infected mice andT.spiralisES protein-treated macrophages showed significantly lower disease activity index (DAI) at sacrifice and smaller reductions of body weight and proinflammatory cytokine level. The severity of allergic airway inflammation was assessed by determining the severity of symptoms of inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), differential cell counts, histopathologic parameters, and levels of Th2-related inflammatory cytokines. Severe allergic airway inflammation was induced after OVA-alum sensitization and OVA challenge, which significantly increased Th2-related cytokine levels, eosinophil infiltration, and goblet cell hyperplasia in the lung. However, these severe allergic symptoms were significantly decreased inT. spiralis-infected mice andT. spiralisES protein-treated macrophages. Helminth infection and helminth ES proteins induce M2 macrophages. Adoptive transfer of macrophages obtained from helminth-infected mice and helminth ES protein-activated macrophages is an effective treatment for preventing and treating airway allergy in mice and is promising as a therapeutic for treating inflammatory diseases.
Evaluation of the Returned Electromagnetic Signal from Retro-reflectors in Turbid Media
Authors: Hassani nia Iman , Wheaton Skyler , Mohseni Hooman 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe provide first-principle theoretical and numerical simulations using the coherent Transfer Matrix Approach (TMA) to describe the behavior of the three main class of the optical beacons namely phase conjugators, reflectors, and retroreflectors within a turbid medium. Our theory describes the extraordinary enhancement (about 5 dB) offered by retroreflectors compared to reflectors in our detailed experiments and shows that they effectively act as local optical phase conjugators. Moreover, the performance of retroreflectors shows little degradation for increased light incident angles in turbid media, while the performance of reflectors degrades drastically. These results may find applications for detection of the echoes of electromagnetic radiation in turbid media.
Plasma exosomes exacerbate alcohol- and acetaminophen-induced toxicity via CYP2E1 pathway
Authors: Rahman Mohammad A. , Kodidela Sunitha , Sinha Namita , Haque Sanjana , Shukla Pradeep K. , Rao Radhakrishna , Kumar Santosh 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCellular CYP2E1 is well-known to mediate alcohol- (ALC) and acetaminophen- (APAP) induced toxicity in hepatic and extra-hepatic cells. Although exosomes have been gaining importance in understanding mechanism of intra- and inter-cellular communication, the functional role of drug metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in human plasma exosomes are yet to be explored. In our previous study, we reported that human plasma-derived exosomes contain substantial level of functional CYP2E1. In the current project, we investigated the potential role of plasma exosomal CYP2E1 in mediating ALC- and APAP-induced toxicity. We treated hepatic and extra-hepatic (monocytic) cells with exosomes ± ALC/APAP. We observed that the plasma exosomes containing CYP2E1 cargo further exacerbate ALC- and APAP-induced toxicity in both hepatic and monocytic cells. Further, both exosomes- and ALC/APAP-induced toxicity was reduced/abolished by a selective inhibitor of CYP2E1 enzyme activity (diallyl ether). However, only ALC-, but not exosome-induced toxicity was reduced/abolished by CYP2E1 siRNA. These findings suggest that ALC/APAP-induced toxicity in the presence of exosomes are mediated, at least in part, by CYP2E1 enzyme. To validate these in vitro findings, we characterized plasma exosomal contents in a binge-drinking animal model and their effect on ALC/APAP-induced toxicity in monocytic cells. Our results showed that ALC exposure caused a significant induction of the plasma exosomal CYP2E1 level in a binge drinking murine model. These exosomes containing increased levels of CYP2E1 caused significant toxicity in monocytic cells compared to exosomes derived from control mice. Overall, our results showed an important role of exosomal CYP2E1 in exacerbating ALC- and APAP-induced toxicity. The study is significant in terms of understanding the role of exosomal CYP2E1 in cell-cell interactions, and their effects on drug-induced toxicity.
Synapse loss and progress of Alzheimer’s disease -A network model
Authors: Kashyap G. , Bapat D. , Das D. , Gowaikar R. , Amritkar R. E. , Rangarajan G. , Ravindranath V. , Ambika G. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe present observational evidence from studies on primary cortical cultures from AD transgenic mice, APPSwe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) mice, for significant decrease in total spine density at DIV-15 and onward. This indicates reduction in potential healthy synapses and strength of connections among neurons. Based on this, a network model of neurons is developed, that explains the consequent loss of coordinated activity and transmission efficiency among neurons that manifests over time. The critical time when structural connectivity in the brain undergoes a phase-transition, from initial robustness to irreparable breakdown, is estimated from this model. We also show how the global efficiency of signal transmission in the network decreases over time. Moreover, the number of multiple paths of high efficiency decreases rapidly as the disease progresses, indicating loss of structural plasticity and inefficiency in choosing alternate paths or desired paths for any pattern of activity. Thus loss of spines caused by β-Amyloid (Aβ) peptide results in disintegration of the neuronal network over time with consequent cognitive dysfunctions in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD).
Clinical efficacy of laminectomy with instrumented fixation in treatment of adjacent segmental disease following ACCF surgery: a retrospective observational study of 48 patients
Authors: Yang Sidong , Yang Dalong , Ma Lei , Wang Hui , Ding Wenyuan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis study was designed to investigate the clinical efficacy of laminectomy with instrumented fixation in treatment of adjacent segmental diseases following anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) surgery. Between January 2008 and December 2015, 48 patients who underwent laminectomy with instrumented fixation to treat adjacent segmental diseases following ACCF surgery, were enrolled into this study. The patients were followed up at least 2 years. Pain assessment was determined by visual analogue scale (VAS) score and Neck Disability Index (NDI) score; neurological impairment was evaluated by Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score; and radiographic parameters were also compared. All comparisons were determined by paired t test with appropriate Bonferronni correction. VAS score preoperatively and at last follow-up was 5.28 ± 2.35 vs 1.90 ± 1.06 (P < 0.001). JOA score preoperatively and at last follow-up was 8.2 ± 3.6 vs 14.5 ± 1.1 (P < 0.001). NDI score preoperatively and at last follow-up was 30.5 ± 12.2 vs 10.6 ± 5.8 (P < 0.001). Moreover, the losses of cervical lordosis and C2-C7 range of motion after laminectomy were significant (both P < 0.005), but not sagittal vertical axis distance. Postoperative complications were few or mild. In conclusion, clinical effectiveness and safety can be guaranteed when the patients undergo laminectomy with instrumented fixation to treat adjacent segmental diseases following ACCF surgery.
Epigenomic profiling of retinal progenitors reveals LHX2 is required for developmental regulation of open chromatin
Authors: Zibetti Cristina , Liu Sheng , Wan Jun , Qian Jiang , Blackshaw Seth 
Published: April 2019

AbstractRetinal neurogenesis occurs through partially overlapping temporal windows, driven by concerted actions of transcription factors which, in turn, may contribute to the establishment of divergent genetic programs in the developing retina by coordinating variations in chromatin landscapes. Here we comprehensively profile murine retinal progenitors by integrating next generation sequencing methods and interrogate changes in chromatin accessibility at embryonic and post-natal stages. An unbiased search for motifs in open chromatin regions identifies putative factors involved in the developmental progression of the epigenome in retinal progenitor cells. Among these factors, the transcription factor LHX2 exhibits a developmentally regulated cis-regulatory repertoire and stage-dependent motif instances. Using loss-of-function assays, we determine LHX2 coordinates variations in chromatin accessibility, by competition for nucleosome occupancy and secondary regulation of candidate pioneer factors.
Overexpression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin is correlated with poor prognosis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Xu Lu , Guo Yacong , Xu Ning , Chen Lihai , Zhu Jin , Liu Ningsheng , Zhang Zhi-Yuan 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an IL-7-like cytokine that has been reported to be associated with several malignant tumors. The present study aimed to evaluate its role in epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC). The mRNA levels of TSLP in human EOC samples and EOC cell lines were determined. Then, the expression of TSLP was examined in 144 clinical tissue microarray samples and correlated with clinicopathological factors. Finally, the correlation between TSLP overexpression and prognosis of EOC patients was analyzed. Our data show that mRNA levels of TSLP were significantly higher in EOC tissues and cell lines. Chi-square tests revealed that TSLP overexpression in EOC was significantly associated with age, histological type, Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, histological differentiation, pelvic involvement, and lymphatic metastasis. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed that poor prognosis was significantly correlated with older age, advanced FIGO stage, poor histological differentiation, pelvic involvement, lymphatic involvement, or TSLP overexpression (P&lt;0.05). Additionally, multivariate Cox regression analysis confirmed pelvic involvement and TSLP overexpression as independent prognostic factors for both overall and disease-free survival. Taken altogether, TSLP overexpression reflects a more malignant phenotype and TSLP may be a novel biomarker for EOC.
Modelling ecosystem adaptation and dangerous rates of global warming
Authors: Millington Rebecca , Cox Peter M. , Moore Jonathan R. , Yvon-Durocher Gabriel 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe are in a period of relatively rapid climate change. This poses challenges for individual species and threatens the ecosystem services that humanity relies upon. Temperature is a key stressor. In a warming climate, individual organisms may be able to shift their thermal optima through phenotypic plasticity. However, such plasticity is unlikely to be sufficient over the coming centuries. Resilience to warming will also depend on how fast the distribution of traits that define a species can adapt through other methods, in particular through redistribution of the abundance of variants within the population and through genetic evolution. In this paper, we use a simple theoretical ‘trait diffusion’ model to explore how the resilience of a given species to climate change depends on the initial trait diversity (biodiversity), the trait diffusion rate (mutation rate), and the lifetime of the organism. We estimate theoretical dangerous rates of continuous global warming that would exceed the ability of a species to adapt through trait diffusion, and therefore lead to a collapse in the overall productivity of the species. As the rate of adaptation through intraspecies competition and genetic evolution decreases with species lifetime, we find critical rates of change that also depend fundamentally on lifetime. Dangerous rates of warming vary from 1°C per lifetime (at low trait diffusion rate) to 8°C per lifetime (at high trait diffusion rate). We conclude that rapid climate change is liable to favour short-lived organisms (e.g. microbes) rather than longer-lived organisms (e.g. trees).
Perception Versus Reaction: Comparison of Tinnitus Psychoacoustic Measures and Tinnitus Functional Index Scores
Authors: Manning Candice , Thielman Emily J. , Grush Leslie , Henry James A. 
Published: April 2019

PurposePsychoacoustic characteristics of tinnitus include its loudness and pitch. These characteristics are commonly measured and reported; however, it has not been shown that they are associated with the impact, or bothersomeness, of tinnitus. This study addressed this question by determining correlations between measures of tinnitus loudness, tinnitus pitch, and functional effects of tinnitus.MethodTinnitus loudness matches, pitch matches, a numeric rating scale (NRS) of tinnitus loudness, and responses to the 25-item tinnitus functional index (TFI) were obtained from 223 participants who experienced tinnitus for at least 6 months. Estimates of tinnitus pitch were calculated by use of a Bayesian sequential analysis technique.ResultsThe total TFI score, as well as each of its 8 subscales, had weak or no correlations with both loudness matches and pitch matches, but moderate correlations with the NRS.ConclusionsPsychoacoustic measurements used to estimate aspects of tinnitus perception appear unrelated to the impact of tinnitus, as assessed by a subjective outcome instrument. These psychoacoustic measurements do not assess reactions to tinnitus. These reactions should be measured by validated questionnaires, such as the TFI, which are designed to measure tinnitus impact. The moderate correlations between the NRS and the TFI suggest that self-reported tinnitus loudness is more a measure of tinnitus reactions than perception.
Nuklearmedizinische Therapie von Nebennierentumoren
Authors: Kreißl Michael , Genseke Philipp 
Published: April 2019

ZusammenfassungIn der Nebenniere liegen 2 distinkt unterschiedliche Gewebe, das Nebennierenmark und die Nebennierenrinde vor. Beide Gewebearten sezernieren unterschiedliche Hormone und besitzen eigene molekulare Charakteristika, die für eine spezifische Bildgebung mit Radiotracern genutzt werden können. Für das Nebennierenmark sind dies der Noradrenalin-Re-Uptake-Transporter und, beschränkt, auch der Somatostatinrezeptor. Für die Nebennierenrinde ist eine spezifische Darstellung von Enzymen der Cortisol- und Aldosteronbiosynthese möglich. In theranostischen Ansätzen wurden alle Zielstrukturen bisher bereits für gezielte Radionuklidtherapien genutzt, jedoch ist bisher lediglich die Noradrenalin-Re-Uptake-Transporter-gezielte 131I-metaIodBenzylGuanidin (mIBG)-Behandlung klinisch etabliert.
Radioembolisation
Authors: Paprottka Philipp 
Published: April 2019

ZusammenfassungDie Radioembolisation von Lebertumoren kombiniert eine interstitielle Strahlentherapie mit Betastrahlern mit einer arteriellen Mikroembolisation durch Glas- oder Harzpartikel. Als Radionuklid wird seit einigen Jahren 90Y und seit Kurzem auch 166Ho angewandt. Im Gegensatz zu 90Y sendete 166Ho auch Gammastrahlung aus, die für die SPECT-Bildgebung eingesetzt werden kann. Holmium ist außerdem paramagnetisch, sodass die Partikel auch in der MRT sichtbar gemacht werden können. Die Radioembolisation erfordert eine sorgfältige Planung, um Nebenwirkungen durch Partikel zu verhindern. Während in der Vergangenheit v. a. Behandlungen der gesamten Leber oder eines Leberlappens durchgeführt wurden, werden jetzt zunehmend superselektive Therapien von Lebersegmenten durchgeführt, um höhere Strahlendosen unter Schonung des normalen Lebergewebes applizieren zu können.
Uroonkologische und nuklearmedizinische Behandlungsmöglichkeiten beim metastasierten, kastrationsresistenten Prostatakarzinom (mCRPC)
Authors: Kroenke Markus , Eiber Matthias , Tauber Robert 
Published: April 2019

ZusammenfassungGrundlage der systemischen Therapie des fortgeschrittenen oder metastasierten Prostatakarzinoms ist die Hormontherapie. Diese besteht bei in der Regel aus einer Androgendeprivationstherapie mit dem Ziel der Absenkung des Testosteronwerts auf Kastrationsniveau. Bei Patienten mit einer hohen Metastasenlast im hormon-sensiblen Stadium wird die Behandlung initial durch eine Chemotherapie mit Docetaxel ergänzt. Alternativ können Patienten mit einem primär metastasierten, unbehandelten Prostatakarzinom und einem hohen Risikoprofil mit einer erweiterten Hormontherapie mit Abirateron/Prednison und Androgendeprivation therapiert werden. Wenn es zu einer Tumorprogression unter Androgendeprivationstherapie trotz Testosteronwerten im Kastrationsbereich kommt, spricht man von einem kastrationsresistenten Prostatakarzinom. Zur Behandlung des nicht metastasierten, kastrationsresistenten Prostatakarzinoms stehen seit Kurzem die Antiandrogene Enzalutamid und Apalutamid zur Verfügung. Das metastasierte, kastrationsresistente Prostatakarzinoms kann mit folgenden zugelassenen Therapieoptionen behandelt werden: Erweiterte Hormontherapie mit Abirateron/Prednison oder Enzalutamid; Taxan basierte Chemotherapie mit Docetaxel oder Cabazitaxel; Radioisotopentherapie mit Radium-223-Dichlorid. Eine PSMA-Liganden-basierte Radionuklidbehandlung zeigt in ersten Veröffentlichungen vielversprechende Therapieergebnisse und wird in Deutschland bereits im Rahmen eines individuellen Heilversuchs angeboten. Die Auswahl und Sequenz der verschiedenen Therapieoptionen ist u. a. abhängig von den Zulassungskriterien, der Patientenpräferenz und dem Nebenwirkungsprofil. Der folgende Artikel gibt einen Überblick über aktuelle Therapieoptionen zur Systemtherapie im hormonsensiblen und kastrationsresistenten Stadium des metastasierten Prostatakarzinoms.
Assessment of the Relationship Between Serum High Molecular Weight Adiponectin Hormone Levels and Insulin Resistance in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Pekcan Meryem , Tokmak Aytekin , Akkaya Hatice , Pekcan Gültekin , Onur Andaç , Kısa Üçler , Çil Aylin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess the rate of insulin resistance (IR) and the relationship between IR and high-molecular weight adiponectin (HMWA) in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). A cross sectional study involving 43 women with PCOS and 39 normal women was carried out over a period of nine months. Fasting glucose and insulin levels, lipid parameters and androgen levels were measured in all serum samples. HMWA was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and IR was estimated using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index. The IR was more prevalent in the PCOS group than in the controls (p=0.002). Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, sex hormone binding globulin, free androgen index, total testosterone, insulin, and HOMA-IR levels were significantly higher in the PCOS group as compared to the control group (all p<0.05). Moreover, HMWA was significantly lower and negatively correlated with the clinical and biochemical hyperandrogenism in the PCOS group. HMWA and HOMA-IR were also associated with triglyceride, body mass index, and fat mass in this group. ROC curve analyses demonstrated that the AUC, indicative of the HMWA value for discriminating PCOS with IR, was 0.725, with a confidence interval of 0.615–0.835 (p=0.001). The serum HMWA levels are lower in patients with PCOS, which suggest that HMWA might be involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS. We also conclude that HMWA might be a strong determinant of IR in PCOS patients.
The Price of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Coiera Enrico 
Published: April 2019

Introduction: Whilst general artificial intelligence (AI) is yet to appear, today’s narrow AI is already good enough to transform much of healthcare over the next two decades.
Objective: There is much discussion of the potential benefits of AI in healthcare and this paper reviews the cost that may need to be paid for these benefits, including changes in the way healthcare is practiced, patients are engaged, medical records are created, and work is reimbursed.
Results: Whilst AI will be applied to classic pattern recognition tasks like diagnosis or treatment recommendation, it is likely to be as disruptive to clinical work as it is to care delivery. Digital scribe systems that use AI to automatically create electronic health records promise great efficiency for clinicians but may lead to potentially very different types of clinical records and workflows. In disciplines like radiology, AI is likely to see image interpretation become an automated process with diminishing human engagement. Primary care is also being disrupted by AI-enabled services that automate triage, along with services such as telemedical consultations. This altered future may necessarily see an economic change where clinicians are increasingly reimbursed for value, and AI is reimbursed at a much lower cost for volume.
Conclusion: AI is likely to be associated with some of the biggest changes we will see in healthcare in our lifetime. To fully engage with this change brings promise of the greatest reward. To not engage is to pay the highest price.