bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mealtime dosing of a rapid-acting insulin analog reduces glucose variability and suppresses daytime cardiac sympathetic activity: a randomized controlled study in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Kanamori Takehiro , Takeshita Yumie , Isobe Yuki , Kato Ken-ichiro , Misu Hirofumi , Kaneko Shuichi , Takamura Toshinari 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveGlucose variability induces endothelial dysfunction and cardiac autonomic nerve abnormality. Here we compared the effects of mealtime insulin aspart and bedtime insulin detemir on glucose variability, endothelial function, and cardiac autonomic nerve activity among Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.Research design and methodsForty hospitalized patients received either mealtime insulin aspart or bedtime insulin detemir treatment for 2 weeks. We assessed glucose variability indices, including M-value, SD of blood glucose level, and mean blood glucose (MBG) level. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery was measured as an index of endothelial function. Low-frequency power, high-frequency power, and the low-frequency to high-frequency power ratio (LF:HF ratio) derived via heart rate variability analysis using a Holter ECG were employed as indices of cardiac autonomic nerve function.ResultsM-values and MBG levels showed a considerably greater decrease in the insulin aspart group than in the insulin detemir group (p=0.006  vs p=0.001); no change in FMD was observed in either group. Daytime LF:HF ratio significantly decreased in the insulin aspart group but not in the insulin detemir group. Total insulin dose at endpoint in the insulin aspart group was significantly higher than that in the insulin detemir group (p<0.001).ConclusionsMealtime insulin aspart reduced glucose variability to a greater extent than bedtime insulin detemir in patients with type 2 diabetes. Despite the need for higher insulin doses, insulin aspart decreased daytime cardiac sympathetic nerve activity. These properties may subsequently help reduce cardiovascular risks.Trial registration numberUMIN000008369.
Traditional, complementary and alternative medicine use in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review
Authors: James Peter Bai , Wardle Jon , Steel Amie , Adams Jon 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundThe WHO estimates that a considerable number of people in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) rely on traditional, complementary and alternative medicine (TCAM) to meet their primary healthcare needs, yet there remains a dearth of research evidence on the overall picture of TCAM utilisation in the region.MethodsWe conducted a literature search of original articles examining TCAM use in SSA between 1 January 2006 and 28 February 2017, employing Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Scopus, ProQuest, PubMed, Embase and African Journals Online databases. A critical appraisal of relevant articles reporting a quantitative or mixed-method design was undertaken.ResultsDespite the heterogeneity and general low quality of the identified literature, the review highlights a relatively high use of TCAM alone or in combination with orthodox medicine, in both general population and in specific health conditions in SSA. TCAM users compared with non-TCAM users are more likely to be of low socioeconomic and educational status, while there were inconsistencies in age, sex, spatial location and religious affiliation between TCAM users and non-TCAM users. Most TCAM users (55.8%–100%) in SSA fail to disclose TCAM use to their healthcare providers, with the main reasons for non-disclosure being fear of receiving improper care, healthcare providers’ negative attitude and a lack of enquiry about TCAM use from healthcare providers.ConclusionTCAM use in SSA is significant, although most studies emerge from a few countries. Factors associated with TCAM use in SSA are similar to those observed in other regions, but further research may be required to further elucidate challenges and opportunities related to TCAM use specific to SSA.
Prospective pilot study comparing deep sclerectomy outcomes with a long-term and intense corticosteroid treatment versus a standard one
Authors: Lanzagorta-Aresti Aitor , Perez-Lopez Marta , Davo-Cabrera Juan Maria , Palacios-Pozo Elena 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveTo compare prospectively intraocular pressure (IOP) results after deep sclerectomy (DS) using a topical short-term corticosteroid treatment (STCT, 1  month) versus a topical long-term and intense corticosteroid treatment (LTCT, 6 months) in a two2  year-follow-up.MethodsPatients with medically uncontrolled open angle glaucoma were prospectively recruited and underwent a DS.ResultsWe operated 45 eyes of 45 patients, 22 in STCT group and 23 in LTCT group. Median preoperative IOP was 27 (22–36.75)  mm Hg for STCT and for 25 (22–28) mm Hg for LTCT group without significant difference (p=0.195). Median postoperative IOP was 4 (3–6.25) mm Hg in STCT group versus 2 (0–5)  mm Hg in LTCT at day 1 (p=0.003); 8.5 (5.75–11.25)  mm Hg (STCT) vs 6 (4–9) mm Hg (LTCT) at week 1 (p=0.079); 17.5 (14.75–22.25)  mm Hg (STCT) vs 13 (10–14) mm Hg (LTCT) at month 1 (p=0.001); 16 (12–20) mm Hg (STCT) vs 12 (10–15) mm Hg (LTCT) at month 3 (p=0.008); 17 (14–20) mm Hg (STCT) vs 12 (10–14) mm Hg (LTCT) at month 6 (p=0.000); 16 (14–20) mm Hg (STCT) vs 14 (10–16) mm Hg (LTCT) at year 1 (p=0.002) and 17.5 (15–19)  mm Hg (STCT) vs 14 (12–16) mm Hg (LTCT) at year 2 (p=0.001). The complete success rate was 54.5 % in STCT and 87 % in LTCT (p=0.018).ConclusionsA long-term and intensive postoperative treatment enhances success rate in DS compared with a standard protocol.
Tetanic Facilitation of Neuromuscular Transmission by Adenosine A<sub>2A</sub> and Muscarinic M<sub>1</sub> Receptors is Dependent on the Uptake of Choline via High-Affinity Transporters
Authors: Castellão-Santana Lilian Martins , Yumi Abiko Priscila , Ambiel Celia Regina , Peixoto Ana Rita , Noronha-Matos José Bernardo , Correia-de-Sá Paulo , Alves-Do-Prado Wilson 
Published: October 2018

<b><i>Background/Aims:</i></b> In this study, we evaluated the functional impact of facilitatory presynaptic adenosine A<sub>2A</sub> and muscarinic M<sub>1</sub> receptors in the recovery of neuromuscular tetanic depression caused by the blockage of high-affinity choline transporter (HChT) by hemicholinium-3 (HC-3), a condition that mimics a myasthenia-like condition. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Rat diaphragm preparations were indirectly stimulated via the phrenic nerve trunk with 50-Hz frequency trains, each consisting of 500–750 supramaximal intensity pulses. The tension at the beginning (A) and at the end (B) of the tetanus was recorded and the ratio (R) B/A calculated. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Activation of A<sub>2A</sub> and M<sub>1</sub> receptors with CGS21680 (CGS; 2 nmol/L) and McN-A-343c (McN; 3 μmol/L) increased R values. Similar facilitatory effects were obtained with forskolin (FSK; 3 μmol/L) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 10 μmol/L), which activate adenylate cyclase and protein kinase C respectively. HC-3 (4 μmol/L) decreased transmitter exocytosis measured by real-time videomicroscopy with the FM4-64 fluorescent dye and prevented the facilitation of neuromuscular transmission caused by CGS, McN, and FSK, with a minor effect on PMA. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, neostigmine (NEO; 0.5 μmol/L), also decreased transmitter exocytosis. The paradoxical neuromuscular tetanic fade caused by NEO (0.5 μmol/L) was also prevented by HC-3 (4 μmol/L) and might result from the rundown of the positive feedback mechanism operated by neuronal nicotinic receptors (blocked by hexamethonium, 120 μmol/L). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Data suggest that the recovery of tetanic neuromuscular facilitation by adenosine A<sub>2A</sub> and M<sub>1</sub> receptors is highly dependent on HChT activity and may be weakened in myasthenic patients when HChT is inoperative.
To Protect and Kill: US Fish and Wildlife Service’s Management of Human–Wildlife Conflict, 1996-2011
Authors: Lynch Michael J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHarms against nonhuman animals have become a significant concern in different disciplines (e.g., green criminology). This paper presents a multi-disciplinary discussion of one form of animal harm—wildlife harm—created by state agencies charged with protecting animals. Specifically, this issue is examined by reviewing the complex problems faced by theUSFish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), which is charged with competing objectives: between protecting economic and public health interests, and protecting wildlife. In managing the human–wildlife conflicts brought to its attention, theUSFWSmust often make tradeoffs between protecting economic and public health interests, and protecting wildlife. As the data reviewed here indicate, this leads theUSFWSto kill a large number of animals each year to protect economic and public health interests—more than 40 million animals since 1996. The political and economic factors that influence these killings, and how the state balances conflicting interests, are also examined.
Canine Rescue as a Social Movement: The Politics of Love
Authors: Peterson Anna L. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCanine rescue is a growing movement that affects the lives of tens of thousands of nonhuman animals and people every year. Rescue is noteworthy not only for its numbers, but also because it challenges common understandings of animal advocacy. Popular accounts often portray work on behalf of animals as sentimental, individualistic, and apolitical. In fact, work on behalf of animals has always been political, in multiple ways. It is characterized both by internal political tensions, especially between animal rights and welfare positions, and by complex relations to the broader public sphere. I analyze canine rescue, with a focus on pit bull rescue, to show that an important segment of canine rescue movements adopts an explicitly political approach which blurs the divide between rights and welfare, addresses the social context of the human-animal bond, and links animal advocacy to social justice.
Etmopterus marshae sp. nov, a new lanternshark (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae) from the Philippine Islands, with a revised key to the Etmopterus lucifer clade
Authors: EBERT DAVID A. , VAN HEES KELLEY E. 
Published: October 2018

A new species of lanternshark, Etmopterus marshae (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae), is described from the Philippine Islands, western North Pacific Ocean. The new species occurs along insular slopes at a depth range of 322–337 m. The new species resembles other members of the “Etmopterus lucifer” clade in having linear rows of dermal denticles, and most closely resembles E. burgessi from Taiwan and E. evansi and E. pycnolepis from the South Pacific. It can be distinguished from all other members of the E. lucifer clade by a combination of characteristics, including length of anterior and posterior flank branches being of relatively equal length, straight vs. curved anterior flank marking, relative lengths of caudal markings, coloration, and relatively small size. A revised key to the revised key to the Etmopterus lucifer clade is provided.
On the Momentum Budget of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
Authors: Garcia Rolando R. , Richter Jadwiga H. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This study documents the contribution of equatorial waves and mesoscale gravity waves to the momentum budget of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in a 110-level version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model. The model has high vertical resolution, 500 m, above the boundary layer and through the lower and middle stratosphere, decreasing gradually to about 1.5 km near the stratopause. Parameterized mesoscale gravity waves and resolved equatorial waves contribute comparable easterly and westerly accelerations near the equator. Westerly acceleration by resolved waves is due mainly to Kelvin waves of zonal wavenumber in the range k = 1–15 and is broadly distributed about the equator. Easterly acceleration near the equator is due mainly to Rossby–gravity (RG) waves with zonal wavenumbers in the range k = 4–12. These RG waves appear to be generated in situ during both the easterly and westerly phases of the QBO, wherever the meridional curvature of the equatorial westerly jet is large enough to produce reversals of the zonal-mean barotropic vorticity gradient, suggesting that they are excited by the instability of the jet. The RG waves produce a characteristic pattern of Eliassen–Palm flux divergence that includes strong easterly acceleration close to the equator and westerly acceleration farther from the equator, suggesting that the role of the RG waves is to redistribute zonal-mean vorticity such as to neutralize the instability of the westerly jet. Insofar as unstable RG waves might be present in the real atmosphere, mixing due to these waves could have important implications for transport in the tropical stratosphere.
Statistical State Dynamics of Weak Jets in Barotropic Beta-Plane Turbulence
Authors: Bakas Nikolaos A. , Constantinou Navid C. , Ioannou Petros J. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Zonal jets in a barotropic setup emerge out of homogeneous turbulence through a flow-forming instability of the homogeneous turbulent state (zonostrophic instability), which occurs as the turbulence intensity increases. This has been demonstrated using the statistical state dynamics (SSD) framework with a closure at second order. Furthermore, it was shown that for small supercriticality the flow-forming instability follows Ginzburg–Landau (G–L) dynamics. Here, the SSD framework is used to study the equilibration of this flow-forming instability for small supercriticality. First, we compare the predictions of the weakly nonlinear G–L dynamics to the fully nonlinear SSD dynamics closed at second order for a wide range of parameters. A new branch of jet equilibria is revealed that is not contiguously connected with the G–L branch. This new branch at weak supercriticalities involves jets with larger amplitude compared to the ones of the G–L branch. Furthermore, this new branch continues even for subcritical values with respect to the linear flow-forming instability. Thus, a new nonlinear flow-forming instability out of homogeneous turbulence is revealed. Second, we investigate how both the linear flow-forming instability and the novel nonlinear flow-forming instability are equilibrated. We identify the physical processes underlying the jet equilibration as well as the types of eddies that contribute in each process. Third, we propose a modification of the diffusion coefficient of the G–L dynamics that is able to capture the evolution of weak jets at scales other than the marginal scale (side-band instabilities) for the linear flow-forming instability.
A Robust Constraint on the Temperature and Height of the Extratropical Tropopause
Authors: Thompson David W. J. , Ceppi Paulo , Li Ying 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn a recent study, the authors hypothesize that the Clausius–Clapeyron relation provides a strong constraint on the temperature of the extratropical tropopause and hence the depth of mixing by extratropical eddies. The hypothesis is a generalization of the fixed-anvil temperature hypothesis to the global atmospheric circulation. It posits that the depth of robust mixing by extratropical eddies is limited by radiative cooling by water vapor—and hence saturation vapor pressures—in areas of sinking motion. The hypothesis implies that 1) radiative cooling by water vapor constrains the vertical structure and amplitude of extratropical dynamics and 2) the extratropical tropopause should remain at roughly the same temperature and lift under global warming. Here the authors test the hypothesis in numerical simulations run on an aquaplanet general circulation model (GCM) and a coupled atmosphere–ocean GCM (AOGCM). The extratropical cloud-top height, wave driving, and lapse-rate tropopause all shift upward but remain at roughly the same temperature when the aquaplanet GCM is forced by uniform surface warming of +4 K and when the AOGCM is forced by RCP8.5 scenario emissions. “Locking” simulations run on the aquaplanet GCM further reveal that 1) holding the water vapor concentrations input into the radiation code fixed while increasing surface temperatures strongly constrains the rise in the extratropical tropopause, whereas 2) increasing the water vapor concentrations input into the radiation code while holding surface temperatures fixed leads to robust rises in the extratropical tropopause. Together, the results suggest that roughly invariant extratropical tropopause temperatures constitutes an additional “robust response” of the climate system to global warming.
Public Attention to Natural Hazard Warnings on Social Media in China
Authors: Hu Xi , Zhang Xiujuan , Wei Jiuchang 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Hazard warning is vital in disaster management. The rapid development of social media allows warning producers and receivers to exchange warning messages effectively and sufficiently. This study investigates the factors that influence public attention to natural hazard warning information on social media. Drawing from the protective action decision model and framing theory, this study classifies antecedents into three groups, namely, hazard information, publisher’s/reader’s characteristics, and frame setting. To test the hypotheses empirically, we select Sina Weibo, the leading social network in China, as the research context. From this platform, 3452 warning messages issued by authorities in the target area are collected. We code each message based on its attributes that are related to our study for linear regression analyses. Results show that all the factors related to publisher’s/reader’s characteristics exert significant effects on public attention. However, the affected range indicated by a warning message and the formality of the message’s language are not significantly related to public attention to the message.
Feminist political ecology and legal geography: A case study of the Tonle Sap protected wetlands of Cambodia
Authors: Gillespie Josephine , Perry Nicola 
Published: October 2018

Legal geography (LG) unravels the co-constitutive relationship between law, space and society. Much LG scholarship has focused on urban issues situated in the Global North, but there is an emerging scholarship that explicitly extends this effort to the Global South and to rural locations. For example, Gillespie’s LG research in Southeast Asia exposes problems in governance institutions and decision-making processes that can unintentionally exacerbate existing socioeconomic disadvantage. The feminist political ecology (FPE) approach, as conceptualized by Rocheleau et al. and more recently expanded upon by Elmhirst provides a useful additional framework for considering the intersectionality of social and environmental factors which constitute identity, and the mutual dependency between identity and ecological processes. In this paper we argue that marrying an LG perspective with FPE results in a more nuanced understanding of complex legal–human–environment dynamics. Our focus on lore/law plus gendered identity as a lens for analysis blends an emergent LG literature with insights from FPE. This paper draws on research from a pilot project on the formal and informal regulatory mechanisms that enable and/or disable sustainable conservation in the protected wetlands of the Tonle Sap (lake) in central Cambodia.
Chondrocytes cultured in silk-based biomaterials maintain function and cell morphology
Authors: Ni Yusu , Jiang Yi , Wang Kaishi , Shao Zhengzhong , Chen Xin , Sun Shan , Yu Huiqian , Li Wen 
Published: October 2018

Objective: To characterize the morphology of chondrocytes and the expression and secretion of active collagen II by these cells cultured within a regenerated silk fibroin film. Silk fibroin film cytocompatibility and the effect of silk fibroin on chondrocytes in vitro were also evaluated. Methods: Chondrocytes were transfected with a lentivirus containing a green fluorescent protein marker and cultured within a regenerated silk fibroin film. Effects on chondrocyte adhesion, growth, and expression of functional collagen II were assessed in vitro by analysis with immunofluorescent histochemistry and laser scanning confocal microscopy. Results: The results of this study showed that the regenerated silk fibroin film had no cytotoxic effect on chondrocytes. The regenerated silk fibroin film facilitated the adhesion of chondrocytes with typical morphology. Chondrocytes cultured within silk fibroin films exhibited the expression of collagen II in vitro. Conclusion: Regenerated silk fibroin film was found to be an excellent biomaterial with good cytocompatibility for chondrocytes, because these cells remained functional and maintained normal cell morphology when cultured in silk-based biomaterials. These results suggest that silk-based chondrocyte biomaterial complexes may provide a feasible and functional biomaterial for repairing clinical cartilage defects.
Yield of Emergent Neuroimaging in Patients With Sturge-Weber Syndrome Presenting With Acute Neurologic Symptoms
Authors: Jülich Kristina , Neuberger Ilana , Sahin Mustafa , Takeoka Masanori , Pinto Anna , Prabhu Sanjay P. 
Published: October 2018

Background/Aims: Seizures, strokelike episodes, and headaches are common complications in patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome. Based on our experience, we hypothesized that patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome have frequent urgent neuroimaging studies when presenting acutely to the emergency department. In this study, we aimed to determine the incidence of acute imaging studies in this patient population and to evaluate the prevalence of findings such as acute intracranial hemorrhagic or ischemic strokes. Methods: To determine the frequency and yield of brain imaging, we conducted a retrospective chart analysis in patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome who presented to Boston Children’s Hospital with acute neurologic symptoms between 1996 and 2016. Results: We reviewed 136 encounters of patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome. In 73 of 136 encounters (53.7%), patients underwent a total of 89 imaging studies, consisting of 47 head computed tomographies (CTs) and 42 brain magnetic resonance images (MRIs). Twenty-two percent of patients imaged underwent both CT and MRI scanning of the brain. Patients with strokelike episodes or headaches were more likely to be imaged compared to patients presenting with seizures (89.7% and 100% vs 34.4%, respectively). None of the neuroimaging studies showed acute hemorrhagic or ischemic strokes. Conclusions: Acute neurologic manifestations of Sturge-Weber syndrome frequently lead to urgent neuroimaging. In our cohort, there was no imaging evidence of acute hemorrhagic or ischemic strokes. In addition, emergent imaging in patients presenting with breakthrough seizures did not result in meaningful changes in management.