bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic and Functional Evaluation of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Toxicology of Heavy Metals
Authors: Li Qian , Yang Zhengli , Zhao Yifan , Jia Xiaodong , Zhou Zhijun , Zhang Yubin 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAll blood cells are differentiated from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), a process known as hematopoiesis that can be influenced by a variety of environmental factors. In this unit, we introduce a couple of protocols including phenotypic analysis, mixed bone marrow (BM) chimera and rescue assays, colony‐forming unit (CFU), and in vitro OP9 stromal cell differentiation assays for evaluating HSPCs in the BM of mice, and provide some examples of their implications in mouse models treated with heavy metals. The protocols for evaluating hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) comprise phenotypic analysis and functional transplantation assays. The protocols for assessing hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) consist of phenotypic analysis and in vitro differentiation assays. The main techniques applied in these protocols include flow cytometry (phenotypic analysis and sorting), irradiation, transplantation, and cell culture. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploring the Influence of Reaction Parameters on the Preparation of Calcium Carbonate by Spontaneous Precipitation
Authors: Wu Zhi Gang , Wang Jian , Guo Yang , Jia Yan Rong 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDifferent polymorph and morphology of CaCO3 powder are prepared by spontaneous precipitation method in the presence of sodium citrate and NaOH at ambient temperature. The influence of spontaneous precipitation reaction parameters such as aging time, pH value, the concentration of complexing agent sodium citrate on the crystal phase, particle size and morphology of the precipitated calcium carbonate is studied in this paper. The prepared samples are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the aging time, the pH of the solution and the concentration of sodium citrate turned out to be important for the morphologies and crystal phase of CaCO3. Increasing the aging time, the content of vaterite decreases slightly, whereas the opposite effect is observed for increasing pH. When pH value is 13, pure calcite irregular nanoparticles can be prepared. In the presence of sodium citrate, the content of vaterite increases as the increasing of sodium citrate. When the concentration of sodium citrate is increased to 0.1 m, uniform vaterite microsphere with 5 µm size can be obtained.
Investigation of Selected Alcohols as Antisolvents in the Crystallization Behavior of Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Sangwal Keshra , Mielniczek‐Brzóska Ewa 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMeasurements of temperatures Tw of water at initial temperature 30 °C and temperature Ts of aqueous ADP solutions saturated at 30 °C against the content x of three alcohols (i.e. methanol, ethanol and n‐butanol) added as antisolvents at different rates reveal regions of constant temperature in the maxima of the Tw(x) plots in water and in the vicinity of occurrence of three‐dimensional (3D) nucleation of the Ts(x) plots in the solutions. These regions of constant temperature, represented by the antisolvent content x, lie between x1 and x2 such that Δx = (x2−x1) > 0. It is found that the antisolvent content range Δx decreases with an increase in the maximum constant temperatures in the Tw(x) and Ts(x) plots. From an analysis of the data of x1 and x2 for different maximum temperatures obtained from the Tw(x) and Ts(x) plots it is argued that the maximum value of Δx is related to the withdrawal of the heat of reactions by the cooling system. However, in the case of ADP solutions, the value of Δx representing the width of the maxima due to 3D nucleation in the Ts(x) plots is also related to the reorganization of crystalline clusters to form stable 3D nuclei during antisolvent crystallization.
An intrusion detection system based on combining probability predictions of a tree of classifiers
Authors: Ahmim Ahmed , Derdour Makhlouf , Ferrag Mohamed Amine 
Published: February 2018

SummaryIntrusion detection system (IDS) represents an unavoidable tool to secure our network. It is considered as a second defense line against the different form of attacks. The principal limits of the current IDSs are their inability to combine the detection of the new form of attacks with high detection rate and low false alarm rate. In this paper, we propose an intrusion detection system based on the combination of the probability predictions of a tree of classifiers. Specifically, our model is composed of 2 layers. The first one is a tree of classifiers. The second layer is a classifier that combines the probability predictions of the tree. The built tree contains 4 levels where each node of this tree represents a classifier. The first node classifies the connections in 2 clusters: Denial of Service attacks and Cluster 2. Then, the second node classifies the connections of the Cluster 2 in Probing attacks and Cluster 3. The third node classifies the connections of the Cluster 3 in Remote‐to‐Local attacks and Cluster 4. Finally, the last node classifies the connections of the Cluster 4 in User‐to‐Root attacks and Normal connections. The second layer contains the last classifier that combines the probability predictions of the first layer and take the final decision. The experiments on KDD'99 and NSL‐KDD show that our model gives a low false alarm rate and the highest detection rate. Furthermore, our model is more precise than the recent intrusion detection system models with accuracy equal to 96.27% for KDD'99 and 89.75% for NSL‐KDD.
Learning of hierarchical serial patterns emerges in infancy
Authors: Lewkowicz David J. , Schmuckler Mark A. , Mangalindan Diane M. J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractRecursive, hierarchically organized serial patterns provide the underlying structure in many cognitive and motor domains including speech, language, music, social interaction, and motor action. We investigated whether learning of hierarchical patterns emerges in infancy by habituating 204 infants to different hierarchical serial patterns and then testing for discrimination and generalization of such patterns. Results indicated that 8‐ to 10‐month‐old and 12‐ to 14‐month‐old infants exhibited sensitivity to the difference between hierarchical and non‐hierarchical structure but that 4‐ to 6‐month‐old infants did not. These findings demonstrate that the ability to perceive, learn, and generalize recursive, hierarchical, pattern rules emerges in infancy and add to growing evidence that general‐purpose pattern learning mechanisms emerge during the first year of life.
Micro‐environment and intracellular metabolism modulation of adipose tissue macrophage polarization in relation to chronic inflammatory diseases
Authors: Zhu Xiao , Tu Yixuan , Chen Hainan , Jackson Ampadu O. , Patel Vaibhav , Yin Kai 
Published: February 2018

SummaryThe accumulation and pro‐inflammatory polarization of immune cells, mainly macrophages, in adipose tissue (AT) are considered crucial factors for obesity‐induced chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we highlighted the role of adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) polarization on AT function in the obese state and the effect of the micro‐environment and intracellular metabolism on the dynamic switch of ATMs into their pro‐inflammatory or anti‐inflammatory phenotypes, which may have distinct influences on obesity‐related chronic inflammatory diseases. Obesity‐associated metabolic dysfunctions, including those of glucose, fatty acid, cholesterol, and other nutrient substrates such as vitamin D and iron in AT, promote the pro‐inflammatory polarization of ATMs and AT inflammation via regulating the interaction between ATMs and adipocytes and intracellular metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and reverse cholesterol transportation. Focusing on the regulation of ATM metabolism will provide a novel target for the treatment of obesity‐related chronic inflammatory diseases, including insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers.
Diabetic dyslipidaemia is associated with alterations in eNOS, caveolin‐1, and endothelial dysfunction in streptozotocin treated rats
Authors: Shamsaldeen Yousif A. , Ugur Rosemary , Benham Christopher D. , Lione Lisa A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundDiabetes is a complex progressive disease characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia associated with endothelial dysfunction. Oxidized LDL (Ox‐LDL) is elevated in diabetes and may contribute to endothelial dysfunction. The aim of this study was to relate the serum levels of Ox‐LDL with endothelial dysfunction in streptozotocin (STZ)‐diabetic rats and to further explore the changes in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and caveolin‐1 (CAV‐1) expression in primary aortic endothelial cells.MethodsDiabetes was induced with a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ in male Wistar rats. During the hyperglycaemic diabetes state serum lipid markers, aortic relaxation and aortic endothelial cell eNOS and CAV‐1 protein expressions were measured.ResultsElevated serum Ox‐LDL (STZ 1486 ± 78.1 pg/mL vs control 732.6 ± 160.6 pg/mL, P < .05) was associated with hyperglycaemia (STZ 29 ± 0.9 mmol/L vs control: 7.2 ± 0.2 mmol/L, P < .001) and hypertriglyceridaemia (STZ 9.0 ± 1.5 mmol/L vs control: 3.0 ± 0.3 mmol/L, P < .01) in diabetic rats. A significant reduction was observed in STZ‐diabetic aortic endothelial cell eNOS and CAV‐1 of 40% and 30%, respectively, accompanied by a compromised STZ‐diabetic carbachol‐induced vasodilation (STZ 29.6 ± 9.3% vs control 77.2 ± 2.5%, P < .001).ConclusionsThe elevated serum Ox‐LDL in hyperglycaemic STZ‐diabetic rats may contribute to diabetic endothelial dysfunction, possibly through downregulation of endothelial CAV‐1 and eNOS.
Are children with chronic illnesses requiring dietary therapy at risk for disordered eating or eating disorders? A systematic review
Authors: Conviser Jenny H. , Fisher Sheehan D. , McColley Susanna A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectivePediatric chronic illnesses (CI) can affect a child's mental health. Chronic illnesses with treatment regimens that specify a therapeutic diet may place the child at increased risk for disordered eating and specific eating disorders (ED). The aim of this review is to examine the relation between diet‐treated CI and disordered eating and to determine the order of onset to infer directionality. Diet‐treated CI is hypothesized to precede and to be associated with disordered eating.MethodA comprehensive search of empirical articles that examine the relation between diet‐treated CI (diabetes, cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, gastrointestinal disorders, and inflammatory bowel diseases) and disordered eating was conducted in Medline and PsycINFO using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines. A table of the sample's characteristics, ED measures, major pertinent findings, and the onset of CI in relation to ED were provided.ResultsDiet‐treated CI was associated with disordered eating and ED. Diet‐treated CI had onset prior to disordered eating in most studies, except for inflammatory bowel diseases. Disordered eating and unhealthy weight management practices put children at risk for poor medical outcomes.DiscussionInterventions for diet‐treated CI require a focus on diet and weight, but may increase the risk for disordered eating. Future research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms that transform standard treatment practices into pathological eating, including characteristics and behaviors of the child, parents/care providers, family, and treatment providers.
Body composition and physical fitness in women with bulimia nervosa or binge‐eating disorder
Authors: Mathisen Therese Fostervold , Rosenvinge Jan H. , Friborg Oddgeir , Pettersen Gunn , Stensrud Trine , Hansen Bjørge Herman , Underhaug Karoline E. , Teinung Elisabeth , Vrabel KariAnne , Svendsen Mette , Bratland‐Sanda Solfrid , Sundgot‐Borgen Jorunn 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectiveKnowledge about physical fitness in women with bulimia nervosa (BN) or binge‐eating disorder (BED) is sparse. Previous studies have measured physical activity largely through self‐report, and physical fitness variables are mainly restricted to body mass index (BMI) and bone mineral density. We expanded the current knowledge in these groups by including a wider range of physical fitness indicators and objective measures of physical activity, assessed the influence of a history of anorexia nervosa (AN), and evaluated predictive variables for physical fitness.MethodPhysical activity, blood pressure, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), muscle strength, body composition, and bone mineral density were measured in 156 women with BN or BED, with mean (SD) age 28.4 years (5.7) and BMI 25.3 (4.8) kg m−2.ResultsLevel of physical activity was higher than normative levels, still <50% met the official physical activity recommendation. Fitness in women with BN were on an average comparable with recommendations or normative levels, while women with BED had lower CRF and higher BMI, VAT, and body fat percentage. We found 10–12% with masked obesity. A history of AN did not predict current physical fitness, still values for current body composition were lower when comparing those with history of AN to those with no such history.DiscussionOverall, participants with BN or BED displayed adequate physical fitness; however, a high number had unfavorable CRF and body composition. This finding calls for inclusion of physical fitness in routine clinical examinations and guided physical activity and dietary recommendations in the treatment of BN and BED.
Psychometric properties of the brief loss of control over eating scale (LOCES‐B) in early adolescents
Authors: Vannucci Anna , Ohannessian Christine McCauley 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the brief loss of control over eating scale (LOCES‐B) in a community sample of adolescents.MethodParticipants were 1,116 adolescents (11–15 years; 53% girls; 53% non‐Hispanic White) recruited from middle schools in the Northeast United States. Participants were administered self‐report surveys during school in the fall of 2016.ResultsConfirmatory factor analyses indicated that the LOCES‐B total score was unidimensional, which was invariant across gender and weight status. The LOCES‐B had excellent internal consistency (α = .92). The LOCES‐B total score had large, positive relationships with the frequency of LOC eating episodes, objective bulimic episodes, and subjective bulimic episodes, and a small, positive relationship with objective overeating episode frequency. After adjusting for demographics, anthropometrics, and LOC eating frequency, adolescents reporting higher scores on the LOCES‐B total score had greater body image dissatisfaction, more internalizing symptoms, and lower trait effortful control.DiscussionFindings suggested that the LOCES‐B is a reliable and valid measure of LOC eating in early adolescents. The availability of the LOCES‐B has the potential to elucidate the developmental trajectories, predictors, and outcomes of LOC eating across the full severity spectrum in large cohort studies of youth.
Maternal hatching synchronization in a subsocial burrower bug mitigates the risk of future sibling cannibalism
Authors: Mukai Hiromi , Hironaka Mantaro , Tojo Sumio , Nomakuchi Shintaro 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSibling cannibalism—the killing and consumption of conspecifics within broods—carries a high risk of direct and inclusive fitness loss for parents and offspring. We reported previously that a unique vibrational behavior shown by the mother of the subsocial burrower bug,Adomerus rotundus(Heteroptera: Cydnidae), induced synchronous hatching. Maternal regulation may be one of the most effective mechanisms for preventing or limiting sibling cannibalism. Here, we tested the hypothesis that synchronous hatching induced by maternal vibration inA. rotundusprevents sibling cannibalism. Mothers and their mature egg masses were allocated to three groups: synchronous hatching by maternal vibration (SHmv), synchronous hatching by artificial vibration (SHav), and asynchronous hatching (AH). We then investigated the influence of each hatching strategy on the occurrence of sibling cannibalism of eggs and early‐instar nymphs in the laboratory. No difference in the proportion of eggs cannibalized was observed among the three groups. However, the proportion of nymphs cannibalized was higher in theAHgroup than in theSHmv group. The difference in the number of days to first molting within clutch was significantly higher in theAHgroup than in theSHmv group. Junior nymphs were sometimes eaten by senior nymphs. However, immediately after molting, senior nymphs were at a high risk of being eaten by junior nymphs. Our results indicate that synchronous hatching ofA. rotundusis necessary to mitigate the risk of sibling cannibalism.
Temperature and water stress affect plant–pollinator interactions in Borago officinalis (Boraginaceae)
Authors: Descamps Charlotte , Quinet Muriel , Baijot Aurélie , Jacquemart Anne‐Laure 
Published: February 2018

AbstractClimate change alters the abiotic constraints faced by plants, including increasing temperature and water stress. These changes may affect flower development and production of flower rewards, thus altering plant–pollinator interactions. Here, we investigated the consequences of increased temperature and water stress on plant growth, floral biology, flower‐reward production, and insect visitation of a widespread bee‐visited species, Borago officinalis. Plants were grown for 5 weeks under three temperature regimes (21, 24, and 27°C) and two watering regimes (well‐watered and water‐stressed). Plant growth was more affected by temperature rise than water stress, and the reproductive growth was affected by both stresses. Vegetative traits were stimulated at 24°C, but impaired at 27°C. Flower development was mainly affected by water stress, which decreased flower number (15 ± 2 flowers/plant in well‐watered plants vs. 8 ± 1 flowers/plant under water stress). Flowers had a reduced corolla surface under temperature rise and water stress (3.8 ± 0.5 cm2 in well‐watered plants at 21°C vs. 2.2 ± 0.1 cm2 in water‐stressed plants at 27°C). Both constraints reduced flower‐reward production. Nectar sugar content decreased from 3.9 ± 0.3 mg/flower in the well‐watered plants at 21°C to 1.3 ± 0.4 mg/flower in the water‐stressed plants at 27°C. Total pollen quantity was not affected, but pollen viability decreased from 79 ± 4% in the well‐watered plants at 21°C to 25 ± 9% in the water‐stressed plants at 27°C. Flowers in the well‐watered plants at 21°C received at least twice as many bumblebee visits compared with the other treatments. In conclusion, floral modifications induced by abiotic stresses related to climate change affect insect behavior and alter plant–pollinator interactions.
Moisture availability limits subalpine tree establishment
Authors: Andrus Robert A. , Harvey Brian J. , Rodman Kyle C. , Hart Sarah J. , Veblen Thomas T. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn the absence of broad‐scale disturbance, many temperate coniferous forests experience successful seedling establishment only when abundant seed production coincides with favorable climate. Identifying the frequency of past establishment events and the climate conditions favorable for seedling establishment is essential to understanding how climate warming could affect the frequency of future tree establishment events and therefore future forest composition or even persistence of a forest cover. In the southern Rocky Mountains, USA, research on the sensitivity of establishment of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa)—two widely distributed, co‐occurring conifers in North America—to climate variability has focused on the alpine treeline ecotone, leaving uncertainty about the sensitivity of these species across much of their elevation distribution. We compared annual germination dates for >450 Engelmann spruce and >500 subalpine fir seedlings collected across a complex topographic‐moisture gradient to climate variability in the Colorado Front Range. We found that Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir established episodically with strong synchrony in establishment events across the study area. Broad‐scale establishment events occurred in years of high soil moisture availability, which were characterized by above‐average snowpack and/or cool and wet summer climatic conditions. In the recent half of the study period (1975–2010), a decrease in the number of fir and spruce establishment events across their distribution coincided with declining snowpack and a multi‐decadal trend of rising summer temperature and increasing moisture deficits. Counter to expected and observed increases in tree establishment with climate warming in maritime subalpine forests, our results show that recruitment declines will likely occur across the core of moisture‐limited subalpine tree ranges as warming drives increased moisture deficits.
A Sustainable Tandem Catalysis Approach to Plant Oil‐Based Polyols via Schenck‐Ene Reaction and Epoxidation
Authors: Unverferth Maike , Meier Michael A. R. 
Published: February 2018

Novel polyols are synthesized in a one‐pot, tandem reaction approach. First, singlet oxygen is used as oxidant in the photochemical Schenck‐Ene reaction to obtain allyl hydroperoxides of triglycerides, which are reacted in situ to the corresponding epoxy alcohols catalyzed by titanium(IV) isopropoxide. Subsequent acidic epoxide ring‐opening with perchloric acid yields a triglyceride‐based polyol. Under basic conditions applying aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, cleavage of the ester bonds of the triglyceride and epoxide ring‐opening occur simultaneously resulting in a fatty acid‐based polyol.Practical Applications: Polyols, especially also based on renewable fatty acids, are valuable monomers for the synthesis of polyurethanes, polyester‐ and alkyd‐resins. With the here reported method, a maximum of three hydroxyl groups per double bond of the unsaturated triglyceride can be introduced, which cannot be realized with the methods reported to date.A tandem catalytic system of Schenk‐Ene reaction and in situ epoxidation efficiently leads to plant oil derived epoxy alcohols, which can be converted to triglyceride or fatty acid based polyols. Most interestingly, three OH‐groups per double bond of the fatty acid can be obtained via this route.