bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prenatal Lead Exposure, Type 2 Diabetes, and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Mexican Children at Age 10–18 Years
Authors: Liu Yun , Ettinger Adrienne S , Téllez-Rojo Martha , Sánchez Brisa N , Zhang Zhenzhen , Cantoral Alejandra , Hu Howard , Peterson Karen E 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Context
Several cross-sectional studies have assessed the association of lead exposure with type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults; however, studies of such associations in childhood are rare.

Objective
We assessed the prospective associations of prenatal exposure to lead with type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic risk factors in children.

Design
The Early Life Exposure in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants is a birth cohort study of pregnant women and their offspring.

Setting
Public hospitals in Mexico City.

Patients or Other Participants
Women were recruited during pregnancy; their offspring were recruited for a follow-up visit at age 10 to 18 years (n = 369).

Main Outcome Measures
We measured fasting serum markers of type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic risk factors in children, including fasting glucose, insulin, and lipids. The index of insulin resistance was calculated.

Results
The geometric mean of maternal blood lead levels (BLLs) during pregnancy was 4.3 µg/dL (95% confidence interval [CI]): 4.0-4.6 µg/dL) in the entire sample. In boys, those with maternal BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL (compared with those with BLLs &lt; 5 µg/dL) had significantly lower z scores for total cholesterol (β = -0.41, 95% CI: -0.71, -0.12), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (β = -0.32, 95% CI: -0.59, -0.05), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (β = -0.52, 95% CI: -0.81, -0.22), adjusting for covariates. No associations were detected in girls.

Conclusions
In our study, we found that higher prenatal exposure to lead was associated with lower levels of cholesterol in children following a sex-specific pattern. Further studies with a larger sample size that examine whether sex is a potential modifier are needed to confirm our findings.
Fertility in Adolescents With Klinefelter Syndrome: A Survey of Current Clinical Practice
Authors: Zganjar Andrew , Nangia Ajay , Sokol Rebecca , Ryabets Anna , Samplaski Mary K 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Context
Progress has been made in determining the fertility timeline and potential in adolescents with Klinefelter syndrome; however, medical professionals are currently without protocols to guide treatment.

Objective
To evaluate the current practices regarding fertility and andrology care in adolescent males with Klinefelter syndrome.

Design
A 24-question survey was developed to elicit practitioner background/expertise and management practices. This was distributed to members of the Society for the Study of Male Reproduction, the Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the Endocrine Society.

Setting
N/A.

Patients
Adolescent males with Klinefelter syndrome.

Intervention
None.

Main Outcome Measured
Current practices regarding fertility and andrology care.

Results
232 responses were received from 133 (57%) adult endocrinologists, 60 (26%) pediatric endocrinologists, and 39 (17%) urologists. Among these, 69% of respondents were in academics, 62% practiced for &gt; 10 years, and 65% received formal training in Klinefelter syndrome. All specialties encouraged sperm banking in late puberty, however most disagreed with the practice in early puberty. Seventy-eight percent agreed that testicular biopsy should be offered if no sperm was found in the ejaculate. The perceived optimal age for testicular biopsy varied among specialists. Clinical symptoms of hypogonadism (28%), rising gonadotropin levels (15%), and testosterone levels (15%) were the most commonly cited reasons for initiation of testosterone replacement therapy.

Conclusion
Fertility preservation practices in adolescents with Klinefelter syndrome vary greatly within and among the specialties caring for these patients. These findings should guide future research and highlight the importance of establishing clinical practice guidelines.
Ghrelin Does Not Directly Stimulate Secretion of Glucagon-like Peptide-1
Authors: Jepsen Sara Lind , Vestergaard Esben Thyssen , Larraufie Pierre , Gribble Fiona Mary , Reimann Frank , Jørgensen Jens Otto Lunde , Holst Jens Juul , Kuhre Rune Ehrenreich 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Context
The gastrointestinal hormone ghrelin stimulates growth hormone secretion and appetite, but recent studies indicate that ghrelin also stimulates the secretion of the appetite-inhibiting and insulinotropic hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1).

Objective
To investigate the putative effect of ghrelin on GLP-1 secretion in vivo and in vitro.

Subjects and Methods
A randomized placebo-controlled crossover study was performed in eight hypopituitary subjects. Ghrelin or saline was infused intravenously (1 pmol/min × kg) after collection of baseline sample (0 min), and blood was subsequently collected at time 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Mouse small intestine was perfused (n = 6) and GLP-1 output from perfused mouse small intestine was investigated in response to vascular ghrelin administration in the presence and absence of a simultaneous luminal glucose stimulus. Ghrelin receptor expression was quantified in human (n = 11) and mouse L-cells (n = 3) by RNA sequencing and RT-qPCR, respectively.

Results
Ghrelin did not affect GLP-1 secretion in humans (area under the curve [AUC; 0–120 min]: ghrelin infusion = 1.37 ± 0.05 min × nmol vs. saline infusion = 1.40 ± 0.06 min × nmol [P = 0.63]), but induced peripheral insulin resistance. Likewise, ghrelin did not stimulate GLP-1 secretion from the perfused mouse small intestine model (mean outputs during baseline/ghrelin infusion = 19.3 ± 1.6/25.5 ± 2.0 fmol/min, n = 6, P = 0.16), whereas glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide administration, used as a positive control, doubled GLP-1 secretion (P &lt; 0.001). Intraluminal glucose increased GLP-1 secretion by 4-fold (P &lt; 0.001), which was not potentiated by ghrelin. Finally, gene expression of the ghrelin receptor was undetectable in mouse L-cells and marginal in human L-cells.

Conclusions
Ghrelin does not interact directly with the L-cell and does not directly affect GLP-1 secretion.
Phonetic considerations in restorative dentistry
Authors: Elsubeihi Emad S , Elkareimi Yaser , Elbishari Haitham 
Published: October 2019

The use of phonetics is one of several guides that can be used by the restorative dentist during the assessment and restoration of structurally compromised teeth. To accomplish this, an understanding of the basic mechanisms involved in producing sounds during speech can facilitate the application of these techniques during patient management. This review discusses the basic principles of speech sounds production. This is followed by a discussion of the clinical applications of the different phonetic tests in the assessment and management of dentate and partially dentate patients with structurally compromised dentitions.CPD/Clinical Relevance: Phonetic tests are among the many guides used in the assessment and management of dentate patients with structurally compromised dentitions. The clinician should be familiar with the basic principles and applications of these tests to be able to assess and manage patients in daily practice.
Morbidity and Mortality After Surgery for Nonmalignant Colorectal Polyps: A 10-Year Nationwide Analysis
Authors: Ma Christopher , Teriaky Anouar , Sheh Steven , Forbes Nauzer , Heitman Steven J. , Jue Terry L. , Munroe Craig A. , Jairath Vipul , Corley Douglas A. , Lee Jeffrey K. 
Published: October 2019

OBJECTIVES:
Rates of surgery for nonmalignant colorectal polyps are increasing in the United States despite evidence that most polyps can be managed endoscopically. We aimed to determine nationally representative estimates and to identify predictors of in-hospital mortality and morbidity after surgery for nonmalignant colorectal polyps.

METHODS:
Data were analyzed from the National Inpatient Sample for 2005–2014. All discharges for adult patients undergoing surgery for nonmalignant colorectal polyps were identified. Rates of in-hospital mortality and postoperative wound, infectious, urinary, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, or cardiovascular adverse events were calculated. Multivariable logistic regression using survey-weighted data was used to evaluate covariables associated with postoperative mortality and morbidity.

RESULTS:
An estimated 262,843 surgeries for nonmalignant colorectal polyps were analyzed. In-hospital mortality was 0.8% [95% confidence interval: 0.7%–0.9%] and morbidity was 25.3% [95% confidence interval: 24.2%–26.4%]. Postoperative mortality was associated with open surgical technique (vs laparoscopic), older age, black race (vs non-Hispanic white), Medicaid use, and burden of comorbidities. Female sex and private insurance were associated with lower risk. Patients developing a postoperative adverse event had a 106% increase in mean hospital length of stay (10.3 vs 5.0 days; P < 0.0001) and 91% increase in mean hospitalization cost ($77,015.24 vs $40,258.30; P < 0.0001).

DISCUSSION:
Surgery for nonmalignant colorectal polyps is associated with almost 1% mortality and common morbidity. These findings should inform risk vs benefit discussions for clinicians and patients, and although confounding by patient selection cannot be excluded, the risks associated with surgery support consideration of endoscopic resection as a potentially less invasive therapeutic option.
Remediation of Copper and Zinc from wastewater by modified clay in Asir region southwest of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Abdallah Samy 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
To investigate the efficacy of modified clay minerals to remediate heavy metals from industrial wastewater, two natural clay sediments dominated by kaolinite were selected. Since the kaolinite clay has low cation exchange capacity, some modifications were made using unusual treatments thermal transformation and acid activation techniques were used to increase exchangeability properties for producing modified kaolinite. The increased exchangeability was demonstrated through various methods. Results of X-Ray diffraction analysis verified the transformation of Kaolinite as indicated from disappearing all the diffractogram peaks due to kaolinite. In infra-red spectroscopy, the presence of a broad band with little change in the intensity in the region coupled with broad Si-O bending vibration band and Si-O-Al compound vibration bands explain the extent of structural disorder as a response of modification treatment. From a mineral structural viewpoint, destruction through heat treatment exposes directed –OH bonds located between the tetrahedral and octahedral layers (amorphization). It has been observed that after an acidification treatment, the –OH groups become less stable and lead to the newly formed vacant sites during the modification treatments accommodate extra structural water; thereby; broadening the –OH bands in the I.R spectrum.
Scanning Electron Microscope study has clearly demonstrated that, transformation in kaolinite structure from from hexagonal original shape to edgeless shape and values of Cation Exchange Capacity C.E.Cwere increased from 8.2 to 18.41 Meq/100g and from 12.66 to 28.53 Meq/100g in both Sinai and Aswan sediment, respectively. Result of the present study has indicated that crystalling structure of kaolinte tranformed to collapsed structure after modification treatment and the new structure can absorb a large amounts of pollutant metallic ions including Zn and cu from wastewater.
Observed increase of metal ions removed by modified clays are due to increase of exchange sites produced by the acid leaching on a collapsed kaolinite framework. A comparison of relative removing values between Zn and Cu revealed that the removing kinetics of Cu is more favored under identical molar concentrations than Zn.
Sedimentary facies of Paleogene lacustrine dolomicrite and implications for petroleum reservoirs in the southern Qianjiang Depression, China
Authors: Shen Junjun , Chen Kongquan , Liu Yang , Chen Fangfang , Qiu Xiaosong , Ma Xiaoqiang , Meng Jianghui 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Paleogene lacustrine dolomicrite of Unit II of the lower Xingouzui Formation in the southern part of the Qianjiang Depression, China forms “tight carbonate” hydrocarbon reservoirs that can be divided into the following four dolomicrite types: dolomicrite, muddy dolomicrite, sandy dolomicrite, and gypsiferous dolomicrite. These four dolomicrite types occur in the following three distinct combinations, which are referred to as subfacies: (1) interbedded dolomicrite (or sandy dolomicrite) and dark-gray siliciclastic mudstone, interpreted as open lacustrine deposits, (2) grayish-dark siliciclastic mudstone with thinly-bedded muddy dolomicrite or gypsiferous dolomicrite, interpreted as restricted lacustrine deposits, and (3) grayish-green mudstone with thinlybedded brown-yellow siltstone, interpreted as lacustrine shoreline deposits. The spatial distribution of these subfacies was controlled by the paleo-provenance system, paleo-microgeomorphology, and lake level fluctuations. In the open lacustrine subfacies, dolomicrite or sandy dolomicrite are often vertically interbedded with dark argillite rocks, forming a suitable petroleum source rockreservoir association. The dolomicrite and sandy dolomicrite reservoirs possess many secondary crystalline pores and few dissolution pores, with mesopore porosities in the range of 15%–25%. The dark mud shale interval has total organic carbon (TOC) values exceeding 4% (averaging 1.29%). The organic matter is mainly type II2, with vitrinite reflectance values averaging 0.57, which indicates potential for the generation of immature oil. The oil-source correlation results indicated that the n-alkanes of the crude oil and source rock samples from Unit II of the lower Xingouzui Formation exhibit single peak values, with a main peak (post-peak) in C22 and a Pr/Ph ratio $#x003C; 1 in a C2920R $#x003E; C2720R $#x003E; C2820R distribution. These features indicate that source-reservoir interbedding is characteristic of selfsourced reservoirs. The interbedded dolomicrite (or sandy dolomicrite) and dark-gray siliciclastic mudstone, i.e., subfacies (1), is a favorable target for hydrocarbons in the study area.
“Females Are Not Just ‘Protected’ Males”: Sex-Specific Vulnerabilities in Placenta and Brain after Prenatal Immune Disruption
Authors: Braun Amy E. , Carpentier Pamela A. , Babineau Brooke A. , Narayan Aditi R. , Kielhold Michelle L. , Moon Hyang Mi , Shankar Archana , Su Jennifer , Saravanapandian Vidya , Haditsch Ursula , Palmer Theo D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCurrent perceptions of genetic and environmental vulnerabilities in the developing fetus are biased toward male outcomes. An argument is made that males are more vulnerable to gestational complications and neurodevelopmental disorders, the implication being that an understanding of disrupted development in males is sufficient to understand causal mechanisms that are assumed to be similar but attenuated in females. Here we examine this assumption in the context of immune-driven alterations in fetal brain development and related outcomes in female and male mice. Pregnant C57BL/6 mice were treated with low-dose lipopolysaccharide at embryonic day 12.5. Placental pathology, acute fetal brain inflammation and hypoxia, long-term changes in adult cortex cytoarchitecture, altered densities and ratio of excitatory (Satb2+) to inhibitory (parvalbumin+) neuronal subtypes, postnatal growth, and behavior outcomes were compared between male and female offspring. We find that while males experience more pronounced placental pathology, fetal brain hypoxia, depleted PV and Satb2+densities, and social and learning-related behavioral abnormalities, females exhibit unique acute inflammatory signaling in fetal brain, postnatal growth delay, opposite alterations in cortical PV densities, changes in juvenile behavior, delayed postnatal body growth, and elevated anxiety-related behavior as adults. While males are more severely impacted by prenatal immune disruption by several measures, females exposed to the same insult exhibit a unique set of vulnerabilities and developmental consequences that is not present in males. Our results clearly outline disparate sex-specific features of prenatal vulnerability to inflammatory insults and warn against the casual extrapolation of male disease mechanisms to females.
Scene Representations Conveyed by Cortical Feedback to Early Visual Cortex Can Be Described by Line Drawings
Authors: Morgan Andrew T. , Petro Lucy S. , Muckli Lars 
Published: October 2019

Human behavior is dependent on the ability of neuronal circuits to predict the outside world. Neuronal circuits in early visual areas make these predictions based on internal models that are delivered via non-feedforward connections. Despite our extensive knowledge of the feedforward sensory features that drive cortical neurons, we have a limited grasp on the structure of the brain's internal models. Progress in neuroscience therefore depends on our ability to replicate the models that the brain creates internally. Here we record human fMRI data while presenting partially occluded visual scenes. Visual occlusion allows us to experimentally control sensory input to subregions of visual cortex while internal models continue to influence activity in these regions. Because the observed activity is dependent on internal models, but not on sensory input, we have the opportunity to map visual features conveyed by the brain's internal models. Our results show that activity related to internal models in early visual cortex are more related to scene-specific features than to categorical or depth features. We further demonstrate that behavioral line drawings provide a good description of internal model structure representing scene-specific features. These findings extend our understanding of internal models, showing that line drawings provide a window into our brains' internal models of vision.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe find that fMRI activity patterns corresponding to occluded visual information in early visual cortex fill in scene-specific features. Line drawings of the missing scene information correlate with our recorded activity patterns, and thus to internal models. Despite our extensive knowledge of the sensory features that drive cortical neurons, we have a limited grasp on the structure of our brains' internal models. These results therefore constitute an advance to the field of neuroscience by extending our knowledge about the models that our brains construct to efficiently represent and predict the world. Moreover, they link a behavioral measure to these internal models, which play an active role in many components of human behavior, including visual predictions, action planning, and decision making.
Cohomology of the vector fields lie algebras on ℝℙ1 acting on bilinear differential operators
Authors: Meher Abdaoui 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Let Vect (ℝℙ1) be the Lie algebra of smooth vector fields on ℝℙ1. In this paper, we classify -invariant linear differential operators from Vect (ℝℙ1) to vanishing on , where is the space of bilinear differential operators acting on weighted densities. This result allows us to compute the first differential -relative cohomology of Vect (ℝℙ1) with coefficients in .
The Nature of Text Production – Similarities and Differences between Writing and Translation
Authors: Dam-Jensen Helle , Heine Carmen , Schrijver Iris 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWriting Research and Translation Studies are not only neighbouring disciplines, but also have conflating research interests. Correspondences between the two can be found in five aspects: the ontological nature of the object of study, cognitive factors, the situational factors, the disciplinary nature of the two fields, and the paradigmatic turns they have gone through. This article discusses the similarities and differences and proposes a strengthening of the cooperation between the fields on the basis of an overarching category of text production. Areas of current and apparent fruitful cooperation in research projects and education are described. The article promotes the idea of a more comprehensive understanding of the nature of text production through systematic cooperation of both disciplines.
A húgyhólyag urothelialis daganatainak molekuláris alcsoportbeosztása és annak klinikai vonatkozásai
Authors: Szarvas Tibor , Oláh Csilla , Riesz Péter , Géczi Lajos , Nyirády Péter 
Published: October 2019

Abstract: Current advances in molecular techniques and bioinformatics allowed the analysis of complex molecular patterns in various cancers including muscle-invasive bladder cancer. As a consequence, in the last few years numerous gene- and protein expression-based molecular classifications have been recommended. Recently a comprehensive consensus classification for muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer has been published, distinguishing 6 subgroups with a potential impact on clinical decision-making. At the same time, the therapeutic landscape of muscle-invasive bladder cancer becomes increasingly differentiated as novel checkpoint inhibitors have been available for cisplatin-ineligible and/or resistant patients. Furthermore, promising results have been obtained with FGFR targeting agents. Therefore, molecular subtyping will probably have a crucial role in individualized therapeutic decision-making in bladder cancer. In the present work, we summarize the evolution, recent advances and potential therapeutic relevance of molecular subclassifications in bladder cancer. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(42): 1647–1654.
An auto-combustion synthesis and luminescence properties of polyhedral YVO4: Ln3+ (Ln = Eu, Sm, Yb/Er, Yb/Tm) microcrystals
Authors: Yang Shanshan , Jiang Linwen , Feng Junli , Li Jiangtao , Chen Xin , He Mingyu , Chen Hongbing 
Published: October 2019

Abstract