bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Star-forming content of the giant molecular filaments in the Milky Way
Authors: Zhang M. , Kainulainen J. , Mattern M. , Fang M. , Henning Th. 
Published: December 2018

Context.Through observations numerous giant molecular filaments (GMFs) have been discovered in the Milky Way. Their role in the Galactic star formation and Galaxy-scale evolution of dense gas is unknown.Aims.We investigate systematically the star-forming content of all currently known GMFs. This allows us to estimate the star formation rates (SFRs) of the GMFs and to establish relationships between the SFRs and the GMF properties.Methods.We identified and classified the young stellar object (YSO) population of each GMF using multiwavelength photometry from near- to far-infrared. We estimated the total SFRs assuming a universal and fully sampled initial mass function and luminosity function.Results.We uniformly estimate the physical properties of 57 GMFs. The GMFs show correlations between the13CO line width, mass, and size, similar to Larson’s relations. We identify 36 394 infrared excess sources in 57 GMFs and obtain SFRs for 46 GMFs. The median SFR surface density (ΣSFR) and star formation efficiency (SFE) of GMFs are 0.62M⊙Myr−1pc−2and 1%, similar to the nearby star-forming clouds. The star formation rate per free-fall time of GMFs is between 0.002−0.05 with the median value of 0.02. We also find a strong correlation between SFR and dense gas mass that is defined as gas mass above a visual extinction of 7 mag, which suggests that the SFRs of the GMFs scale similarly with dense gas as those of nearby molecular clouds. We also find a strong correlation between the mean SFR per unit length and dense gas mass per unit length. The origin of this scaling remains unknown, calling for further studies that can link the structure of GMFs to their SF activity and explore the differences between GMFs and other molecular clouds.
Der ISAR-positive Patient in der Urologie
Authors: Wiedemann Andreas , Püttmann Jens , Heppner Hans 
Published: December 2018

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Seit 2015 ist mit dem ISAR-Screening (Identification of Seniors at Risk) wie in vielen Bundesländern ein geriatrisches Eingangsscreening bei allen über 75-jährigen Krankenhauspatienten vorgeschrieben. Unklar ist bisher, wie die als „mit geriatrischem Handlungsbedarf“ identifizierten Patienten in der Urologie weiter charakterisiert sind und wie die hier enthaltenen Informationen in den klinischen Alltag einfließen könnten.
Methoden Vom 01.07.2016 bis 31.12.2016 wurden 337 Patienten identifiziert, die über 75-jährig dem ISAR-Screening unterzogen werden sollten. Das Ergebnis („mit“ oder „ohne“ geriatrischem Handlungsbedarf) wurde den Ergebnissen weitergehender Assessments (Sturzrisiko, Dekubitusrisiko, Mangelernährungsscreening), demografischen Daten (Alter, Aufnahmestatus) und urologischen Diagnosen gegenübergestellt.
Ergebnisse Von 377 im Untersuchungszeitraum aufgenommenen Patienten wurden 102 „ISAR-positiv“ getestet. Diese Patienten waren signifikant älter als „ISAR-negative“ Patienten, sie wiesen ein signifikant höheres Sturz-, Dekubitus- und Mangelernährungsrisiko auf und gelangten häufiger per Notfalleinweisung in das Krankenhaus. ISAR-positive Patienten wiesen als Ausdruck der Multimorbidität signifikant mehr Diagnosen im DRG-Satz auf – es dominierten urologische Malignome und entzündliche Erkrankungen des Harntraktes. Während prozesskonform nahezu alle definitionsgemäß zu untersuchenden Patienten dem ISAR-Screening unterzogen wurden, war der Durchdringungsgrad der nachfolgenden Assessments geringer.
Schlussfolgerung Das ISAR-Screening beschreibt sehr gut schon im Rahmen der Aufnahmesituation den vulnerablen, multimorbiden und von Chronifizierung und Autonomieverlust bedrohten „geriatrischen“ Patienten in der Urologie. Die Herausforderung der Zukunft wird sein, die hier gewonnenen Informationen in die klinische urologische Routine zu implementieren.
Clinical management of endoscopically resected pT1 colorectal cancer
Authors: Antonelli Giulio , Berardi Giammauro , Rampioni Vinciguerra Gian , Brescia Antonio , Ruggeri Maurizio , Mercantini Paolo , Corleto Vito , D’Ambra Giancarlo , Pilozzi Emanuela , Hassan Cesare , Angeletti Stefano , Di Giulio Emilio 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Background Implementation of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening programs increases endoscopic resection of polyps with early invasive CRC (pT1). Risk of lymph node metastasis often leads to additional surgery, but despite guidelines, correct management remains unclear. Our aim was to assess the factors affecting the decision-making process in endoscopically resected pT1-CRCs in an academic center.
Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients undergoing endoscopic resection of pT1 CRC from 2006 to 2016. Clinical, endoscopic, surgical treatment, and follow-up data were collected and analyzed. Lesions were categorized according to endoscopic/histological risk-factors into low and high risk groups. Comorbidities were classified according to the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI). Surgical referral for each group was computed, and dissociation from current European CRC screening guidelines recorded. Multivariate analysis for factors affecting the post-endoscopic surgery referral was performed.
Results Seventy-two patients with endoscopically resected pT1-CRC were included. Overall, 20 (27.7 %) and 52 (72.3 %) were classified as low and high risk, respectively. In the low risk group, 11 (55 %) were referred to surgery, representing over-treatment compared with current guidelines. In the high risk group, nonsurgical endoscopic surveillance was performed in 20 (38.5 %) cases, representing potential under-treatment. After a median follow-up of 30 (6 – 130) months, no patients developed tumor recurrence. At multivariate analysis, age (OR 1.21, 95 %CI 1.02 – 1.42; P = 0.02) and CCI (OR 1.67, 95 %CI 1.12 – 3.14; P = 0.04) were independent predictors for subsequent surgery.
Conclusions A substantial rate of inappropriate post-endoscopic treatment of pT1-CRC was observed when compared with current guidelines. This was apparently related to an overestimation of patient-related factors rather than endoscopically or histologically related factors.
Amniotic Tissue Modulation of Knee Pain—A Focus on Osteoarthritis
Authors: Hannon Charles , Yanke Adam , Farr Jack 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe use of intra-articular therapies as sources of growth factors, anti-inflammatory mediators, and medicinal signaling cells for osteoarthritis (OA) is rapidly evolving. Amnion, chorion, amniotic fluid, and the umbilical cord are distinct placental tissues that have been investigated for use in OA. Amniotic membrane (AM) synthesizes a variety of growth factors, cytokines, and vasoactive peptides that modulate inflammation. In addition, they contain amniotic epithelial cells and amniotic mononuclear undifferentiated stromal cells, which have chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation capacity. AMs are also rich sources of hyaluronic acid and proteoglycans, which could play a role in the potential therapeutic relief of OA. Currently, there are several commercially available formulations of AM that differ based on content as well as how they were preserved. Understanding the processing of amniotic tissue is important because of their distinct mechanical and biologic effects of preservation on AM grafts. To date, there have been two preclinical and only one clinical study on the use of AM for OA, which show promising results. Many high level of evidence clinical trials are currently underway investigating the use of AM of OA. Future basic science and clinical research is warranted to better understand the anti-inflammatory and chondroregenerative properties of amniotic tissue and to determine clinically what amniotic tissue product is most efficacious for symptomatic OA.
Practical Considerations for the Assessment and Treatment of ADHD in Children with Epilepsy
Authors: Diekroger Elizabeth , Tangen Rachel 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric comorbidities in children with epilepsy, but it is under diagnosed and under treated which can impact the quality of life. Knowledge regarding ADHD characteristics, epilepsy-related risk factors, and associations with specific types of epilepsy provide a base for assessment. Epilepsy-related variables have not consistently predicted ADHD status, so screening and assessment for ADHD in children with epilepsy should be systematic and broad. Different assessment tools and techniques can be helpful including rating scales, diagnostic interviews, and neuropsychological testing. Treatment of ADHD with methylphenidate has been found to be safe and effective including in populations with uncontrolled seizures and coexisting intellectual disability. There are limited data on other medication and behavioral treatments. To improve assessment, diagnosis and treatment, medical provider knowledge, and practices, as well as family barriers to behavioral health should be targeted.
MITO-Tag Mice enable rapid isolation and multimodal profiling of mitochondria from specific cell types in vivo
Authors: Bayraktar Erol C. , Baudrier Lou , Özerdem Ceren , Lewis Caroline A. , Chan Sze Ham , Kunchok Tenzin , Abu-Remaileh Monther , Cangelosi Andrew L. , Sabatini David M. , Birsoy Kıvanç , Chen Walter W. 
Published: December 2018

Significance
Mitochondria are intracellular hubs of metabolism that play critical roles in mammals, but knowledge of the metabolic landscape within mitochondria in mammalian tissues remains incomplete. Prior studies have often relied on interrogating metabolites within whole tissue, but this approach does not reveal the behavior of metabolites within specific organelles and cell types. To address this, we generated a transgenic mouse that can express a mitochondrially localized epitope tag (MITO-Tag) with spatiotemporal control to allow for rapid, cell-type-specific immunoisolation of mitochondria from tissues. We demonstrate that these MITO-Tag Mice can be utilized for profiling a variety of molecular components of mitochondria, such as proteins, lipids, and polar metabolites, and thus believe that MITO-Tag Mice will be useful for studying mitochondrial physiology.
Cultural system.
Authors: Vásquez Jiménez J. , Sanewski G. M. , Reinhardt D. H. , Bartholomew D. P. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

This chapter discusses culture of pineapple, starting from land selection (focusing on temperature, topography, soil types, sunlight and water quality), soil surveys, soil sampling, soil analyses, land and soil preparation, treatment of previous crop residues, to planting, irrigation, crop scheduling, fertilizer application, and pest, disease and weed control. Other cultural practices are also mentioned, including slip removal, sucker removal and trimming, crown removal, and leaf pruning (trimming). The chapter also described preharvest fruit treatments, harvesting, transportation of harvested fruit, ratooning and farm efficiency.
Clinical Performance of (1,3) Beta-D Glucan for the Diagnosis of Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP) in Cancer Patients Tested With PCP Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Morjaria Sejal , Frame John , Franco-Garcia Alexandra , Geyer Alexander , Kamboj Mini , Babady N Esther 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Background
Serum (1,3)-beta-D glucan (BDG) is increasingly used to guide the management of suspected Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). BDG lacks specificity for PCP, and its clinical performance in high-risk cancer patients has not been fully assessed. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for PCP detection is highly sensitive, but cannot differentiate between colonization and infection. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of serum BDG in conjunction with PCP PCR on respiratory samples in patients with cancer and unexplained lung infiltrates.

Methods
We performed a retrospective analysis of adult patients evaluated for PCP at our institution from 2012 to 2015, using serum BDG and PCP PCR. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the serum BDG at different thresholds were evaluated using PCP PCR alone or in conjunction with clinical presentation in PCP PCR–positive patients.

Results
With PCP PCR alone as the reference method, BDG (≥80 pg/mL) had a sensitivity of 69.8%, specificity of 81.2%, PPV of 34.6%, and NPV of 95.2% for PCP. At ≥200 pg/mL in patients with a positive PCR and a compatible PCP clinical syndrome, BDG had a sensitivity of 70%, specificity of 100%, PPV of 100%, and NPV of 52.0% for PCP.

Conclusions
Patients negative by both BDG and PCR were unlikely to have PCP. In patients with a compatible clinical syndrome for PCP, higher BDG values (>200 pg/mL) were consistently associated with clinically-significant PCP infections among PCP PCR–positive oncology patients.
Ontology-Oriented Software Effort Estimation System for E-commerce Applications Based on Extreme Programming and Scrum Methodologies
Authors: Adnan Muhammad , Afzal Muhammad , Asif Khadim Hussain 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Presently, software industry is severely suffering from inaccurate effort estimation and inadequate unstructured or semi-structured project history management. In fact, both are difficult to accomplish and hence badly impact the software projects. We proposed improvements in the effort estimation and the project history management of e-commerce projects focusing on Extreme Programing (XP) and Scrum methodologies using ontology models in our software effort estimation system. Proposed system infers suitable estimate in the form of time, resources and lessons learnt as per the project leader’s requirements by using description logic and HermiT reasoner. To validate our approach, we have performed a case study comprising 20 Business-to-Consumer (B2C) web projects and performed comparative analysis on the collected efforts in both XP and Scrum contexts by applying (Mean Magnitude of Relative Error) MMRE and PRED(25) prediction accuracy measures. Likewise, software functional size of understudy e-commerce projects was measured using COSMIC functional size measurement methodology. Regression analysis of relations among actual COSMIC function points, estimated effort, and actual effort spent for the projects show better significance-F and R2 values for our approach. The comparative results show that overall proposed approach provides accurate estimates and significantly improves over planning poker and delphi methods by 10% and 30%, respectively.
Honeybees prefer novel insect-pollinated flower shapes over bird-pollinated flower shapes
Authors: Howard Scarlett R , Shrestha Mani , Schramme Juergen , Garcia Jair E , Avarguès-Weber Aurore , Greentree Andrew D , Dyer Adrian G 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPlant–pollinator interactions have a fundamental influence on flower evolution. Flower color signals are frequently tuned to the visual capabilities of important pollinators such as either bees or birds, but far less is known about whether flower shape influences the choices of pollinators. We tested European honeybee Apis mellifera preferences using novel achromatic (gray-scale) images of 12 insect-pollinated and 12 bird-pollinated native Australian flowers in Germany; thus, avoiding influences of color, odor, or prior experience. Independent bees were tested with a number of parameterized images specifically designed to assess preferences for size, shape, brightness, or the number of flower-like shapes present in an image. We show that honeybees have a preference for visiting images of insect-pollinated flowers and such a preference is most-likely mediated by holistic information rather than by individual image parameters. Our results indicate angiosperms have evolved flower shapes which influence the choice behavior of important pollinators, and thus suggest spatial achromatic flower properties are an important part of visual signaling for plant–pollinator interactions.
Neighborhood environment, self-rated health and quality of life in Latin America
Authors: Gomez Luis F , Soto-Salazar Carolina , Guerrero José , Garcia María , Parra Diana C 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
To conduct a systematic review examining the associations between neighborhood environments and self-rated health (SRH) and health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) in the urban context of Latin America. We conducted a structured search of quantitative studies in three bibliographic databases published in Spanish, English, Portuguese and French from January 1990 to December 2015. We restricted the search to studies conducted in Latin-American cities with one million and more inhabitants. Eleven studies were finally included in the analysis. Ten were cross-sectional studies and one was a cohort follow-up study. Two studies found positive associations between accessibility to parks and HR-QOL. One study found that high neighborhood social capital was positively associated with SRH. Neighborhood socioeconomic status was positively associated with both HR-QOL and SRH in two studies. A walkable neighborhood was positively associated with SRH in two studies. Three studies included attributes related with neighborhood security perception and road safety, with higher scores of HR-QOL, both in the physical and mental dimensions, while high levels of street noise were negatively associated. Narrowness and slope of streets were negatively associated with SRH. No association was found between the perception of neighborhood security and SRH. The results of this systematic review show that several studies conducted in Latin America have found significant associations between neighborhood environment and SRH and HRQOL. However, the relatively small number of studies and the heterogeneity among them require further studies to better understand this topic in the region.
Students with Disabilities
Authors: Rothstein Laura 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter provides the foundation overview on the history, evolution, and trends regarding the education of students with disabilities. Moving from an era of almost total exclusion (or at best separate education) that lasted until the 1970s to the evolution of a zero reject philosophy that all students with disabilities are entitled to public education has resulted in considerable time, effort, and resources devoted to this population. This is the only field of education law that has its own comprehensive, complex, and detailed set of statutory rights, remedies, and procedures. The current political trend related to school choice, in addition to reducing resources for public education generally, threatens the protections currently in place for this population of students. The chapter traces the history, provides an overview of the three key statutes, discusses the substantial level of judicial attention to these issues (including a large body of Supreme Court attention), frames the areas of unresolved attention, and highlights current issues and trends under the political forces that could turn back fifty years of progress.
The Shifting Landscape of Education Governance
Authors: Snyder Jeffrey W. , Reckhow Sarah 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In recent decades, education governance has seen many important shifts that influence how education services are provided to students. This chapter introduces three of the most pronounced changes. First, the formal actors responsible for education have shifted from an environment most centered on local school boards to one where city, state, and federal politicians have more responsibility and influence over education. Second, due to policies enabling vouchers, charter schools, and cyber schools, public funding for education is now distributed to a wider array of school types beyond traditional brick-and-mortar public schools. Third, the role of outside private money from philanthropies has increased over time, and the organizational form favored by these donors may be changing in ways that limit the amount of transparency required of these funders. Cumulatively, these changes have eroded the traditionally insulated and localized character of education governance, making education more similar to other areas of U.S. policymaking.
Health, Disease, and Sanitation in American Economic History
Authors: Bleakley Hoyt , Cain Louis P. , Hong Sok Chul 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Long-run changes in public health and well-being have been remarkable; Americans are living healthier, longer, and more productive lives. This chapter begins with a consideration of health trends over the past three hundred years. The shift from the miasmatic to the germ theory of disease ushered in a period of significant improvement. The second section considers the disease environment for both chronic and infectious diseases, how it has changed over time, and how those changes impacted the economy. Models of health based on selection, cumulative effects, and critical periods are contrasted. The final section focuses on the sanitary systems that have played a major role in improving health. The evolution of water supply and wastewater removal systems from simple wells and sewers to today’s complex treatment systems have improved health and reduced mortality. Estimates of the economic effectiveness of these systems suggest these large investments in public capital have been justifiable.
Executive Compensation in American Economic History
Authors: Frydman Carola 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter documents the evolution of executive compensation in large, publicly traded American corporations over the past century. Executive pay followed a J-shaped pattern. The real value of median total pay declined sharply during World War II, then fell slowly in the late 1940s. From the 1950s to the mid-1970s, executive pay increased at about 0.8 percent annually, but it accelerated quickly from the mid-1970s to the early 2000s, reaching rates of 10 percent in the 1990s. The structure of pay also underwent an important transformation. Until the mid-1980s, the compensation of executives was primarily composed of salaries and bonuses. Since then, the use of equity-based pay has become increasingly widespread. The chapter reviews theories for the long-run changes in executive pay, including rent extraction, returns to talent, and the role of government interventions. None of these alone can account for the patterns in executive compensation over time.
The Labor Force in American Economic History
Authors: Margo Robert A. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the historical evolution of the labor force and wages in the United States from 1800 to the present. Standard data sources for tracing this evolution, such as the decennial census and the Current Population Survey, are discussed. Basic statistics on the size of the labor force (total number of workers and in proportion to the population), its demographic composition (gender and age), the distribution of occupations, hours worked, unemployment rates, and wages are presented and interpreted. The shift from bound labor (indentured servitude and slavery) to free labor, the rise of unions, and government regulation of labor markets are examined. The chapter concludes with suggestions for further research.
Demography in American Economic History
Authors: Haines Michael R. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter deals with the population of the United States from its beginnings in colonial times since the first census in 1790 to the present. It deals with the processes of population growth and change: fertility, mortality, urbanization, and migration, both external and internal. In the 220 years since 1790, the population of the United States increased from about 4 million to almost 309 million persons in 2010. Relatively high fertility in earlier times combined with moderate mortality and significant net immigration combined to create this growth. The chapter also deals with changes in population by race, ethnicity, and location.