bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Cutting Method on Stand Growth in Sawtimber Oak Stands
Authors: Ward Jeffrey S. , Stephens George R. , Ferrandino Francis J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Many upland oak forests in the eastern United States are approaching economic and biological maturity. A study was established in 1981–1984 in three central Connecticut forests to examine the effects of six distinct cutting methods (shelterwood, diameter limit, multiaged crop tree, high grading, silvicultural clearcut, forest preserve) on stand growth and dynamics in sawtimber oak stands. Board-foot volumes (International 1/4) averaged 8.4 mbf/ac before the initial harvest. Sixty-nine percent of sawtimber trees had butt-log grades of 2 or better. Volume growth was significantly lower on high grading plots (36 bf/ac/year) than on the forest preserve, diameter limit, shelterwood, and multiaged crop tree plots (∼214 bf/ac/year) through two cutting cycles. Total board-foot yield (final volumes plus harvested volumes) for the silvicultural clearcut plots (7.3 mbf/ac) was significantly lower than for uncut, shelterwood, and diameter limit cuts, 12.3, 12.5, and 13.0 mbf/ac, respectively. This study showed that three distinct cutting methods: shelterwood, multiaged crop tree, and forest preserve resulted in similar stand volume growth rates in sawtimber oak stands. The first two methods can be used by landowners who wish to generate income to offset expenses. The choice will depend on the aesthetic and regeneration goals of the landowner. Diameter-limit cutting also had similar volume rates, but it was necessary to lower the diameter limits for the second cutting cycle to maintain economically viable harvests. As a consequence, residual stand structure after the second cutting cycle was similar to that for the high grading plots. Although high grading had the highest harvested volume during the first cutting cycle, low quality of residual trees and depressed stand growth rates indicate it is not a viable option for long-term forest management. North. J. Appl. For. 22(1):59–67.
Diameter-Limit Cutting and Silviculture: A Comparison of Long-Term Yields and Values for Uneven-Aged Sugar Maple Stands
Authors: Nyland Ralph D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Computer simulations compared long-term sawtimber yields and values for uneven-aged sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) stands operated repeatedly by diameter-limit or selection system cutting. Findings show that the annualized sawtimber volume production and annualized revenues from selection system cutting exceed those from diameter-limit cutting. Also, present net worth values for selection system cutting exceed that of diameter-limit cutting at a 4, 6, and 8% interest rate. Findings also indicate that diameter-limit cutting in uneven-aged stands will result in less regular and less frequent yields of volume and value. The only advantage of diameter-limit cutting is the short-term financial gain that comes with removing a high volume during the first entry to a well-stocked uneven-aged stand. For sustained management, selection system cutting will prove superior for both sawtimber volume produced and recovered and its value.North. J. Appl. For. 22(2):111–116.
An Assessment of the Red Maple Resource in the Northeastern United States
Authors: Alderman Delton R. , Bumgardner Matthew S. , Baumgras John E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The red maple resource in the northeastern United States has exhibited dramatic gains in the past 3 decades in terms of stem numbers and net volume. Growing stock and sawtimber volumes have displayed extraordinary growth compared to other species, and red maple is replacing important market species that have historically been used in the Northeast. The increase in red maple has salient implications for foresters, primary and secondary manufacturers, and wood technologists. Data from the USDA Forest Service's (USFS) Forest Inventory and Analysis program were used to provide a regional assessment of the red maple resource. The analysis includes the location, concentration, volume, quality, and current utilization of red maple in the USFS's 13-state Northeastern Region. Study results indicate red maple is a significant and increasing component of northeastern forests, with Pennsylvania, New York, and Maine holding the largest volumes of red maple. Red maple, expressed as a percentage of USFS hardwood tree grades, is distributed primarily in grades 3 and lower. Finally, development of innovative markets and novel products, understanding consumers via consumer behavior research, and innovative silvicultural treatments will be required to increase the utilization of red maple.North. J. Appl. For. 22(3):181–189.
The Expense of Private Forestry: Survey Results of Private Practicing Foresters in Massachusetts
Authors: Hersey Charles , Kittredge David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
There is little information available on the rates and different methods of remuneration associated with various forestry activities. We surveyed 145 Massachusetts-licensed private foresters in the winter of 2004 to determine the method, average, and range of prices that foresters charge landowners for practices such as management plans, timber sales, and other services. The results indicate that foresters charge a wide range of prices, and there are several different ways to pay for the same service.North. J. Appl. For. 22(3):211–212.
State Forest Resource Planning Programs in the Northeast United States
Authors: Kilgore Michael , Salk Raintry , Carpenter Constance , Prichard Teague 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A survey of state forest resource planning programs in the northeast United States was conducted in 2003. Using a mail-back questionnaire, the lead planners of state forestry agencies provided information on the types of planning processes undertaken, organizational capacity for planning, perceptions of planning effectiveness, planner training needs, adequacy of federal support for state planning efforts, and important barriers to more effective planning programs. Survey results indicate that state forest resource planning continues to evolve in response to important organizational and economic changes, as well as important changes to the state's forest resource base. Each state's forest resource planning program is unique and influenced by such factors as statutory authority and direction, available resources, and political support for planning. Opportunities to improve state forest resource planning include designing more effective and useful planning processes, increasing the visibility of planning efforts and resultant benefits among decisionmakers and interest groups, strengthening the professional capacity of planners to effectively carry out planning processes, and integrating state planning efforts with federal planning initiatives and programs.North. J. Appl. For. 22(4):221–228.
How Much Land is Needed for the Harvest Access System on Nonindustrial Private Forestlands Dominated by Northern Hardwoods?
Authors: Germain René H. , Munsell John F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Harvest access systems (forest roads, skid trails, and landings) account for 90% of the erosion and sedimentation during harvesting activities. A well-planned harvest access system can reduce the surface area disturbed by logging, thereby decreasing the potential for erosion and sedimentation. Most Best Management Practices (BMP) guidelines suggest that the area disturbed by the harvest access system should range from 10 to 15%. We measured surface area disturbance by the harvest access system on 43 harvest sites on nonindustrial private forestlands in northern hardwood cover types in New York State and found that the average area percent disturbed was 6% with a range of 3 to 13%. The quality of BMP implementation was positively associated with the percentage of surface area disturbed, suggesting that harvests with a low percentage of surface area disturbance do not necessarily exhibit high-quality BMP.North. J. Appl. For. 22(4):243–247.
Economic Analysis of Growth Effects of Thinning and Fertilization of Lodgepole Pine in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Ghebremichael Asghedom , Nanang David M. , Yang Richard 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study examined the economic profitability of eight combinations of thinning and fertilization treatments applied to 40-year-old natural stands of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. Var. latifolia Engelm) in Alberta, Canada. The eight treatments, consisting of four levels of nitrogen fertilizer application (0, 180, 360, and 540 kg ha−1) and two levels of thinning (thinned and unthinned), were applied in 1984 in a randomized complete block design with factorial treatments and nine replications per treatment. The diameters and heights of all trees on the experimental plots were measured in 1984, 1989, 1994, and 1999. A simple factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the 1984 volume as a covariate showed that both fertilization and thinning increased volume growth significantly. Economic analyses showed that thinning without fertilization was the most profitable treatment combination. The ranking of profitability was based on the soil expectation value and assumed that the thinnings had a commercial value. If thinnings had no market value, then the unthinned treatments were more profitable than their corresponding thinned ones. The profitability ranking was robust for real discount rates of 4 to 10%. To improve economic profitability, fertilization of lodgepole pine should be carried out when the stands are in an optimal stand density range for the site to ensure that the increased growth is concentrated on the most valuable trees with the best growth potential.North. J. Appl. For. 22(4):254–261.
Fifty-Year Impacts of the Beech Bark Disease in the Bartlett Experimental Forest, New Hampshire
Authors: Leak William B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Records from the early 1950s on the Bartlett Experimental Forest in New Hampshire showed that the percentage of American beech trees infected with heavy beech scale and Nectria was up to the 80 to 90% range. An inventory of beech bark disease conditions in three stands in 2004 showed that an older, uneven-aged stand managed by individual tree selection for 50 years had over 70% of the basal area in clean- (or disease-free) and rough-barked trees—trees that showed resistance or partial resistance to the disease; 15% of the basal area was clean. In contrast, an adjacent essentially unmanaged stand had well over 60% of the basal area in Nectria-damaged trees—those with sunken bark because of cambial mortality. A young unmanaged stand had a little over 60% of the basal area in mostly rough-barked trees. Records indicate that the amount of beech was not reduced by the disease in any of the inventoried stands. Apparently, single-tree selection over a 50-year period has substantially improved the disease resistance and merchantable potential of the stand.
Controlling Beech Root and Stump Sprouts Using the Cut-Stump Treatment
Authors: Kochenderfer Jeffrey D. , Kochenderfer James N. , Miller Gary W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Application costs and efficacy were determined for cut-stump treatments applied to American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) to control root and stump sprouts in central West Virginia. Glyphosate as Glypro (53.8%) was applied to the outer 2 in. of beech stumps from trees >6.0-in. dbh within 1 hour after cutting. In addition to treatment plots, individual beech stumps were treated to determine mortality patterns. The treatments were applied in early September 2001 and evaluated 12 months after treatment. A rating system ranging from 1 to 7 (0 to 100% crown affected) based on visual estimates of symptoms was used to evaluate the efficacy of the treatments. Trees with a rating of 5 (75% crown control or greater) were considered controlled. After 12 months, more than 90% of beech root sprouts ≥1-ft tall to 5.9-in. dbh on treated plots were controlled. Complete control of stump sprouting also was achieved. An average of 93 beech stems was controlled around each treated stump. Mortality around treated stumps declined as the radial distance from stumps increased and stump size decreased. Average application cost (chemical and labor) ranged from $39.43 to 62.34 per acre depending on the basal area and number of stems treated. After two growing seasons, the number of beech root sprouts on more than 90% of the treated regeneration plots remained below levels considered as interfering according to guidelines for Allegheny hardwoods. This study demonstrated that herbicide is readily translocated from the surfaces of freshly cut beech stumps via parent root systems to attached live beech stems. The cut-stump method can be applied in areas where beech is the primary species interfering with the establishment and development of desirable regeneration.
Interference to Hardwood Regeneration in Northeastern North America: Assessing and Countering Ferns in Northern Hardwood Forests
Authors: Engelman Heather M. , Nyland Ralph D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The extremely dense shade cast by spreading ferns, particularly hayscented, New York, and bracken ferns, interferes with the survival and development of tree seedlings in northern hardwood forests. Excessive bracken frond litter and hayscented fern root mats can also prevent adequate germination and seedling development. In addition, the herbaceous cover may harbor detrimental small herbivores, while large ones often preferentially browse seedlings that grow through this layer. Increased understory light levels after an overstory disturbance, abundant soil moisture, fire, and herbivory promote ferns, whereas excessive and repeated cold or drought deter fern development and propagation. The most promising control methods repress ferns until seedlings cast adequate shade to inhibit further development of the fern layer. When ferns cover more than 30% of the understory, well-timed applications of either glyphosate or sulfometuron methyl have successfully controlled hayscented, New York, and bracken ferns. Two carefully timed mowings annually for at least 2 years have also provided long-lasting control on level, accessible sites. Deer populations must be reduced where browsing prevents development of desirable plants.
Indirect Effects of Forest Management on Riparian Zone Characteristics in the Adirondack Uplands of New York
Authors: Dieterich Michael , Woodcock Thomas , Adams Kenneth , Mihuc Timothy 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Riparian zones are transitional areas between streams and adjacent terrestrial habitats, and they typically have vegetation communities distinct from both. To identify possible effects of forest management within a watershed on riparian plant community structure and riparian zone width,understory vegetation was sampled in three managed and three unmanaged (Forest Preserve) watersheds (250ߝ550 ha) in the Adirondack Park, New York, at three lateral distances (2, 7, and 12 m) from the stream (n = 6). Abundance of herbs was greater at Preserve sites, althoughrichness was not affected by land use. Abundance and richness both decreased with distance from the stream within each land use type, and this decrease was less steep at Forest Preserve sites. Abundance of saplings was greater under management, and saplings did not respond to distance fromthe channel. Binary discriminant analysis demonstrated differences in herb community composition between land uses, although this difference decreased with increasing proximity to the channel. Although none of the riparian areas in this study have been directly logged, this study shows thatindirect effects of management in a watershed (e.g., increased light and evapotranspiration) can alter the riparian herbaceous community, increase the density of saplings, and narrow the riparian zone of small upland streams. North. J. Appl. For. 23(4):273–279.
Trends in Minnesota's Forestland Real Estate Market: Potential Implications for Forestland Uses
Authors: Kilgore Michael A. , MacKay Donald G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Data on nearly 8,000 sales of Minnesota forestland 20 ac or larger from 1989 through 2003 were analyzed to identify important real estate market trends and the implication of these trends on forestland uses. Over this 15-year period, the median sale price of forestland increased, onaverage, 13% per year in nominal terms, with per-acre prices inversely correlated with parcel size. From 1989 to 2003, 57% of all forestland sales were less than 40 ac, with just 3% exceeding 200 ac. The sales data documented an 18% decrease in the average sizeof forestland tracts since 1989, suggesting that forestland parcelization may be occurring. From 1989 to 2003, individuals accounted for 94% of all acreage purchased and 89% of all acreage sold, indicating a slight, but gradual, shift in forestland ownership out of incorporatedinterests to individuals. Although the land's annual income-generating ability compared with its market price fluctuated considerably from 1989 to 2003, Minnesota's forestland capitalization rate was slightly higher in 2003 than in 1989, suggesting that the economic competitiveness of timbermanagement as a land use increased over this period of considerable forestland price appreciation. With the exception of parcelization, these changes will likely have only a modest effect on forestland uses.
Changes in Soil Bulk Density Resulting from Construction and Conventional Cable Skidding Using Preplanned Skid Trails
Authors: Wang Jingxin , LeDoux Chris B. , Edwards Pam 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A harvesting system consisting of chainsaw felling and cable skidder extraction was studied to determine soil bulk density changes in a central Appalachian hardwood forest site. Soil bulk density was measured using a nuclear gauge preharvest and postharvest systematically across the harvest site, on transects across skid trails, and for a subset of skid trail transects closest to log landing after each of the first ten loaded machine passes. Bulk density was also measured in skid trails after their construction but prior to skidding. Bulk density did not change significantly across the harvest site, because the extraction equipment stayed on the preplanned skid trails. Bulk density increased on the skid trails as a result of construction by crawler bulldozer and during skidding. Bulk density in the skid trail increased by 30% because of construction by a crawler bulldozer. Fifty-five percent of the increase in bulk density attributable to skidding occurred after one loaded pass, and 80% of the bulk density increase was experienced after two loaded passes. Bulk density increased by only 5% between passes five and ten.
Do Improvement Harvests Mitigate Oak Decline in Missouri Ozark Forests?
Authors: Dwyer John P. , Kabrick John M. , Wetteroff James 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Since the 1970s, oak decline has been a chronic problem throughout the oak-dominated forests of the Missouri Ozarks. Prior research indicates that environmental stress, particularly drought, leads to the onset of oak decline. Consequently, some scientists and managers have advocated thinning and intermediate harvesting to maintain or improve tree vigor and growth, thereby leaving stands less susceptible to pathogens and pests that are frequently the ultimate cause of mortality of declining trees. However, few studies have experimentally evaluated the effectiveness of cutting treatments for mitigating oak decline, and some scientists have cautioned that cutting in declining stands exacerbates the problem. We conducted a replicated, 14-year study in southeastern Missouri to determine if improvement harvests would reduce the severity of oak decline symptoms and increase forest growth compared with untreated stands. Although we found that improvement harvests did not mitigate oak decline, they did not make decline worse and had the benefits of increasing the diameter growth of trees in the residual stand. Even in the absence of the improvement harvests, more than 70% of red oaks that initially exhibited little or no crown dieback remained in the same crown dieback classes during the 14-year study period. We also observed that more than 50% of the red oaks that initially exhibited moderate to severe decline symptoms appeared to improve during the study, regardless of harvest treatment. In contrast, fewer than 18% of declining white oaks improved during the study period.
Effects of Gypsy Moth Defoliation on Softwood and Hardwood Growth and Mortality in New Brunswick, Canada
Authors: Hennigar Chris Richard , MacLean David A. , Norfolk Chris James 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The first major European gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) outbreak occurred in central New Brunswick, Canada, on over 3,000 ha of forestland, from 2001ߝ2003. The outbreak was severe enough to result in considerable landowner concern and a privately funded aerial insecticide spray program to protect trees. Defoliation was unexpectedly severe on several tree species thought to be resistant or immune, as indicated from studies in the northeastern United States. Fifty plots (564 trees) were established and measured for standard mensurational characteristics, defoliation, and annual tree mortality, and after the cessation of defoliation, 44 trees were destructively stem analyzed to determine growth patterns. Balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.) with defoliation of more than 75% sustained specific volume increment reduction averaging 55% and 25% mortality after 2 years of severe defoliation. Red oak (Quercus rubra L.) sustained about 40% growth reduction, similar to results of previous studies. However, white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), with more than 75% defoliation for 2 years, sustained 43ߝ48% growth reduction, higher than in previous studies, and 4ߝ12% mortality. The gypsy moth range in Canada appears to be gradually expanding beyond previous climatic (cold winter temperature) limitations, and these results will help to predict future impacts.
Influence of Species on Site Selection and Timber Removal: A Case Study for West Virginia
Authors: Luppold William , Alderman Delton 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Over the last 40 years the composition of West Virginia forests has been changing as selective cutting practices have removed larger-diameter timber of specific species and partial canopy removal has fostered the regeneration of shade-tolerant species such as red maple. However, since the mid-1990s there has been considerable change in the number of markets accepting lower-quality and smaller-diameter roundwood, especially yellow-poplar. These changes have increased the number of roundwood markets and thus have increased the potential for harvesting based on silvicultural objectives or clearcuts. An examination of harvesting and merchandising practices for 28 harvest sites in West Virginia found an average of four merchandising separations or markets per site. Although the presence of new markets may have increased the section of sites containing yellow-poplar and the removal of this species from these sites, the continuation of diameter-limit cutting seems to have the greatest effect on which trees are removed. This pattern of partial harvests continues to favor the regeneration of shade-tolerant species such as red and sugar maple.