bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors for Tuberculosis and Effect of Preventive Therapy Among Close Contacts of Persons With Infectious Tuberculosis
Authors: Reichler Mary R , Khan Awal , Sterling Timothy R , Zhao Hui , Chen Bin , Yuan Yan , Moran Joyce , McAuley James , Mangura Bonita ,   Tuberculosis Epidemiologic Studies Consortium Task Order 2 Team, Bakhtawar I , Ledoux C , Mcauley J , Beison J , Fitzgerald M , Naus M , Nakajima M , Schluger N , Hirsch-Moverman Y , Moran J , Blumberg H , Tapia J , Singha L , Hershfeld E , Roche B , Mangura B , Sevilla A , Sterling T , Chavez-Lindell T , Maruri F , Dorman S , Cronin W , Munk E , Khan A , Yuan Y , Chen B , Yan F , Shen Y , Zhao H , Punnoose R , Zhang H , Bessler P , Fagley M , Reichler M , Reichler M , Sterling T , Tapia J , Hirsch C , Luo C 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Close contacts of persons with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) have high rates of TB disease.

Methods
We prospectively enrolled TB patients and their close contacts at 9 US/Canadian sites. TB patients and contacts were interviewed to identify index patient, contact, and exposure risk factors for TB. Contacts were evaluated for latent TB infection (LTBI) and TB, and the effectiveness of LTBI treatment for preventing contact TB was examined.

Results
Among 4490 close contacts, multivariable risk factors for TB were age ≤5 years, US/Canadian birth, human immunodeficiency virus infection, skin test induration ≥10 mm, shared bedroom with an index patient, exposure to more than 1 index patient, and index patient weight loss (P &lt; .05 for each). Of 1406 skin test–positive contacts, TB developed in 49 (9.8%) of 446 who did not initiate treatment, 8 (1.8%) of 443 who received partial treatment, and 1 (0.2%) of 517 who completed treatment (1951, 290, and 31 cases/100 000 person-years, respectively; P &lt; .001). TB was diagnosed in 4.2% of US/Canadian-born compared with 2.3% of foreign-born contacts (P = .002), and TB rates for US/Canadian-born and foreign-born contacts who did not initiate treatment were 3592 and 811 per 100 000 person-years, respectively (P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
Treatment for LTBI was highly effective in preventing TB among close contacts of infectious TB patients. Several index patient, contact, and exposure characteristics associated with increased risk of contact TB were identified. These findings help inform contact investigation, LTBI treatment, and other public health prevention efforts.
Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and the Vaginal Microbiome as Modifiers of Tenofovir Diphosphate and Lamivudine Triphosphate Concentrations in the Female Genital Tract of Ugandan Women: Implications for Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate/Lamivudine in Preexposure Prophylaxis
Authors: Nicol Melanie R , Eneh Prosperity , Nakalega Rita , Kaiser Thomas , Kabwigu Samuel , Isingel Esther , Beksinska Mags , Sykes Craig , Fowler Mary Glenn , Brown Todd T , Staley Christopher , Kiweewa Matovu Flavia 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Effective concentrations of antiretrovirals in the female genital tract (FGT) are critical for suppression of viral shedding or effective preexposure prophylaxis. The disposition of tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) and emtricitabine triphosphate (FTC-TP) in the FGT have been previously described. Despite widespread use, however, lamivudine triphosphate (3TC-TP) exposure in the FGT is unknown. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and vaginal dysbiosis have been implicated in increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition, but whether they alter TFV-DP or 3TC-TP exposure, and therefore compromise prevention efficacy, is unknown.

Methods
Fifty premenopausal women living with HIV in Kampala, Uganda, and receiving daily tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/lamivudine were recruited. Ectocervical biopsies were obtained for quantification of TFV-DP and 3TC-TP using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was performed on DNA extracted from vaginal swabs. Wilcoxon rank-sum was used to test for differences between contraceptive groups.

Results
3TC-TP concentrations were on average 17-fold greater than TFV-DP concentrations in cervical tissues. TFV-DP concentrations in cervical biopsies were 76% greater in DMPA users compared with women using nonhormonal contraception (n = 23 per group). Abundance of Lactobacillus in vaginal swabs was correlated with 3TC-TP concentrations in cervical tissues.

Conclusions
We found that TFV-DP concentrations were significantly greater in DMPA users compared with women using nonhormonal contraception, suggesting that prevention efficacy is unlikely to be compromised by DMPA use. Similar to reports of FTC-TP, 3TC-TP exposure was significantly greater than TFV-DP in cervical tissue and was correlated with abundance of Lactobacillus. These data support lamivudine as an option for preexposure prophylaxis.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT03377608.
A case report: stent implantation to treat coarctation of persistent 5th aortic arch associated with interrupted 4th aortic arch
Authors: Kato Atsuko , Ohashi Naoki , Nishikawa Hiroshi 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Persistent 5th aortic arch is a rare cardiac anomaly that is usually surgically corrected during infancy or early childhood if it is associated with coarctation of the aorta. Here, we report an adult with coarctation of the 5th aortic arch who was successfully treated by stent implantation.

Case summary
An asymptomatic 32-year-old woman presented with hypertension and a significant arm–leg difference in pressure. On suspicion of coarctation of the aorta, a chest computed tomography was performed, leading to a diagnosis of an interrupted 4th aortic arch with coarctation of a persistent 5th aortic arch. Percutaneous catheter intervention using a PALMAZ large stent dilated to 12 mm resulted in a minimal peak-to-peak pressure gradient. The patient was discharged home after a 2-day monitoring without hypertension and arm–leg blood pressure difference. She remained normotensive with a patent aortic arch on echocardiography performed 10 months after treatment.

Discussion
As for simple coarctation of the aorta, stent implantation was feasible and effective in an adult patient with coarctation of the 5th aortic arch.
Functional assessment of tandem coronary artery stenosis by intracoronary optical coherence tomography-derived virtual fractional flow reserve: a case series
Authors: Okuya Yoshiyuki , Seike Fumiyasu , Yoneda Kohei , Takahashi Takefumi , Kishi Koichi , Hiasa Yoshikazu 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Optical coherence tomography (OCT)-derived fractional flow reserve (FFR)—which may be calculated using fluid dynamics—demonstrated an excellent correlation with the wire-based FFR. However, the applicability of the OCT-derived FFR in the assessment of tandem lesions is currently unclear.

Case summary
We present two cases of tandem lesions in the mid segment of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery which could have assessed accurately by OCT-derived FFR. The first patient underwent wire-based FFR at the far distal site of LAD, showed a value of 0.66. The OCT-derived FFR was calculated, yielding a value of 0.64. In the absence of stenosis at the proximal lesion, the OCT-derived FFR was calculated as 0.79, which was as same as the wire-based FFR obtained after stenting to the proximal lesion. Thus, additional stenting was performed at the distal lesion. The second patient underwent wire-based FFR at the far distal site of LAD, showed a value of 0.76 which was as same vale as OCT-derived FFR. Considering the absence of stenosis in the proximal lesion, the OCT-derived FFR was estimated as 0.88. After coronary stenting in the proximal lesion, the wire-based FFR yielded a value of 0.90. Therefore, additional intervention to the distal lesion was deferred.

Discussion
The described reports are the first two cases which performed physiological assessment using OCT in tandem lesions. The OCT-derived FFR might be able to estimate the wire-based FFR and the severity of each individual lesion in patients with tandem lesions.
Cell Biology of Coral Symbiosis: Foundational Study Can Inform Solutions to the Coral Reef Crisis
Authors: Weis Virginia M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Coral reefs are faced with almost complete destruction by the end of the century due to global warming unless humanity can cap global temperature rise. There is now a race to develop a diverse set of solutions to save coral reefs. In this perspective, a case is made for understanding the cell biology of coral–dinoflagellate symbiosis to help inform development of solutions for saving reefs. Laboratory model systems for the study of coral symbiosis, including the sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida, are featured as valuable tools in the fight to save corals. The roles of host innate immunity and inter-partner nutrient dynamics in the onset, ongoing maintenance, and dysregulation of symbiosis are reviewed and discussed. Key innate immune genes and pathways, such as glycan–lectin interactions, the sphingosine rheostat, and the cytokine transforming growth factor beta are shown to modulate a host immune response in the symbiotic state. An upset in the homeostatic inorganic nutrient balance during heat stress and high exogenous nutrient availability is credited with driving the partnership toward dysregulation and coral bleaching. Specific examples are given where knowledge of the cell biology of symbiosis is informing the development of solutions, including studies showing clear limitations in the value of partner switching and acclimatization protocols. Finally, emphasis is placed on rapid advancement of knowledge to try to meet the urgent need for solutions. This includes real-time open communication with colleagues on successes and failures, sharing of resources and information, and working together in the spirit of a collective mission to save coral reefs.
Long-term Assessment of Healthcare Utilization 5 Years After Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in US Infants
Authors: Simões Eric A F , Chirikov Viktor , Botteman Marc , Kwon Youngmin , Kuznik Andreas 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the primary cause of respiratory tract infections in infants; however, current burden estimates report only the short-term effects of acute infection.

Methods
Infants with RSV infection and ≥24 months of continuous enrollment were retrospectively identified from the Truven MarketScan database (1 January 2004–30 September 2015). Exposed infants (n = 38 473) were propensity score matched to nonexposed controls (n = 76 825) by baseline characteristics and gestational age. Five-year cumulative all-cause, asthma/wheezing, and respiratory event–related hospitalization rates and physician and emergency department healthcare-resource utilization rates were assessed.

Results
During follow-up, RSV-infected cohorts had higher average all-cause cumulative hospitalization rates, compared with controls, with values of 79.9 hospitalizations/100 patient-years (95% confidence interval [CI], 41.7–118.2) for 213 early premature infants (P < .001), 18.2 hospitalizations/100 patient-years (95% CI, .8–35.7) for 397 premature infants (P = .04), 34.2 hospitalizations/100 patient-years (95% CI, 29.1–39.2) for 4446 late premature infants (P < .001), and 16.1 hospitalizations/100 patient-years (95% CI, 14.9–17.4) for 33 417 full-term infants (P < .001). Cumulative rates of physician and emergency department visits were also higher for RSV-infected infants. Asthma/wheezing accounted for 10%–18% of total 5-year physician visits.

Conclusions
Infant RSV infection has a significant long-term healthcare-resource utilization impact across gestational ages for at least 5 years after infection, most of it in the first 2 years. Systematically collecting healthcare-resource utilization data will be important for cost-effectiveness evaluations of RSV interventions in planned or ongoing trials.
Systematics of Haloniscus Chilton, 1920 (Isopoda: Oniscidea: Philosciidae), with description of four new species from threatened Great Artesian Basin springs in South Australia
Authors: Stringer Danielle N , King Rachael A , Taiti Stefano , Guzik Michelle T , Cooper Steven J B , Austin Andrew D 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRecent surveys of Australian arid-zone groundwater ecosystems have uncovered considerable species diversity and extreme endemism for the oniscidean isopod genus Haloniscus Chilton, 1920. Phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses have recognised several distinct species from the Great Artesian Basin springs in South Australia, inspiring a morphological reassessment of the genus and examination of specimens from the iconic Lake Eyre and Dalhousie Springs. We present a revised diagnosis of Haloniscus, transfer the genus from the family Scyphacidae to Philosciidae and describe four new species, H. fontanus Stringer, King & Taiti n. sp., H. microphthalmus Stringer, King & Taiti n. sp., H. rotundus Stringer, King & Taiti n. sp., and H. yardiyaensis Stringer, King & Taiti n. sp., based on combined morphological and molecular evidence. We compare the results of molecular-based species delimitation analyses with morphological data, provide distribution information, and present a key to the described species of Haloniscus. Two species presently included in Andricophiloscia Vandel, 1973, A. stepheni (Nicholls & Barnes, 1926) and A. pedisetosa Taiti & Humphreys, 2001, from Western Australia are also transferred to Haloniscus.
Microcystic Adnexal Carcinoma: A Rare, Commonly Misdiagnosed Malignancy
Authors: Gerall Claire D , Sippel Michael R , Yracheta Jaclyn L , Hogan Fawn S 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMicrocystic adnexal carcinoma (MAC) is a rare, malignant cutaneous neoplasm that often presents as an inconspicuous, benign appearing lesion. Patients most commonly are asymptomatic and present for improved cosmesis, however perineural invasion may result in local numbness, paresthesia or pruritus. Although distant metastasis is rare, MAC has an increased propensity for local invasion, often resulting in significant morbidity as late presentation and misdiagnosis are common. A high index of suspicion is imperative, and deep tissue biopsy with defining histologic characteristics is required for diagnosis. Mohs micrographic surgery is currently the standard of care, providing the highest possibility for long-term cure. We present a case report of a 43-year-old male Air Force U-2 pilot with a benign presentation and initial clinical misdiagnoses of MAC, who underwent Mohs micrographic surgery followed by cervicofacial flap reconstruction of a 5.5 × 3.5 cm defect. We also identify increased radiation exposure of U-2 pilots as a potential risk factor for the early development of MAC, emphasizing the importance of exploring patient risk factors while having a high index of suspicion to aid in early diagnosis.
Beta-Lactam/Beta-Lactamase Inhibitor Therapy for Potential AmpC-Producing Organisms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Cheng Matthew P , Lee Robyn S , Cheng Alexandre P , De L’étoile-Morel Samuel , Demir Koray , Yansouni Cedric P , Harris Patrick , McDonald Emily G , Lee Todd C 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The optimal treatment for potential AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae, including Serratia, Providencia, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, and Morganella species, remains unknown. An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitors with carbapenems in the treatment of bloodstream infections with these pathogens found no significant difference in 30-day mortality (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.58 – 2.20).
Factors related to the increasing number of seriously injured cyclists and pedestrians in a Swedish urban region 2003–17
Authors: Värnild Astrid , Tillgren Per , Larm Peter 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
The number of seriously injured unprotected road users has increased during implementation of a road safety policy Vision Zero. The aim of the study is to identify factors associated with the increase in serious injuries among cyclists and pedestrians (even single pedestrian accidents) that occurred in an urban road space in a Swedish region 2003–17. The urban road space includes roads, pavements and tracks for walking and cycling.

Methods
Data were retrieved from STRADA (Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition) and NVDB (National Road Database). Descriptive statistics and logistic regression with odds ratios for sex, age and part of road space were assessed.

Results
The number of seriously injured cyclists and pedestrians more than doubled from 2003 to 2017, with the greatest increase for pedestrians. Older age increased the probability of serious injury since 2012 for the group ≥ 80 years and since 2015 for the group 65–79 years. No significant effect of sex. Most injuries occur in areas not transformed by Vision Zero.

Conclusions
An increasing number of elderly persons in the generation born in the 1940s and increased life expectancy are important factors. There is a need to increase road safety measures that also promote active mobility.
Effects of Large-Scale Oceanic Phenomena on Non-Cholera Vibriosis Incidence in the United States: Implications for Climate Change
Authors: Logar-Henderson Chloë , Ling Rebecca , Tuite Ashleigh R. , Fisman David N. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPurposeEpidemics of diarrhea caused by toxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae are of global public health concern, but non-cholera Vibrio (NCV) species are also important causes of disease. These pathogens are thermophilic, and climate change could increase the risk of NCV infection. The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a “natural experiment” that may presage ocean warming effects on disease incidence.MethodWe obtained vibriosis case counts in the United States by digitizing annual reports from the U.S. Cholera and Other Vibrio Illness Surveillance system. Trends and environmental impacts (of ENSO and the North Atlantic Oscillation) were evaluated using negative binomial and distributed nonlinear lag models. Associations between latitude and changing risk were evaluated with meta-regression.ResultsTrend models demonstrated significant seasonality (P < 0.001) and a 7% annual increase in disease risk from 1999 to 2014 (annual IRR 1.071, 95% CI 1.061-1.081). Distributed lag models demonstrated increased vibriosis risk following ENSO conditions over the subsequent 12 months (integrated RR 1.940, 95% CI 1.298-2.901). The rate of change in vibriosis risk increased with state latitude (RR per 10° increase 1.066, 95% CI 1.027-1.107).ConclusionVibriosis risk in the United States appears to be impacted by irregular large-scale ocean warming and exhibits a north-south gradient in rate of change as would be expected if changing disease incidence is attributable to ocean warming. Vulnerable populations, which include high-income countries with well-developed public health systems, may experience increased risk of this disease as a result of climate change.
Human iPSC gene signatures and X chromosome dosage impact response to WNT inhibition and cardiac differentiation fate
Authors: D’Antonio-Chronowska Agnieszka , Donovan Margaret K. R. , Benaglio Paola , Greenwald William W. , Ward Michelle C. , Matsui Hiroko , Fujita Kyohei , Hashem Sherin , Soncin Francesca , Parast Mana , Adler Eric , Smith Erin N. , D’Antonio Matteo , Frazer Kelly A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNon-genetic variability in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines impacts their differentiation outcome, limiting their utility for genetic studies and clinical applications. Despite the importance of understanding how non-genetic molecular variability influences iPSC differentiation outcome, large-scale studies capable of addressing this question have not yet been conducted. Here, we performed 258 directed differentiations of 191 iPSC lines using established protocols to generate iPSC-derived cardiovascular progenitor cells (iPSC-CVPCs). We observed cellular heterogeneity across the iPSC-CVPC samples due to varying fractions of two cell types: cardiomyocytes (CMs) and epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs). Analyzing the transcriptomes of CM-fated and EPDC-fated iPSCs discovered that 91 signature genes and X chromosome dosage differences influence WNT inhibition response during differentiation and are associated with cardiac fate. Analysis of an independent set of 39 iPSCs differentiated to the cardiac lineage confirmed shared sex and transcriptional differences that impact cardiac fate outcome. The scale and systematic approach of our study enabled novel insights into how iPSC transcriptional and X chromosome gene dosage differences influence WNT signaling during differentiation and hence cardiac cell fate.
Condensin facilitates sister chromatid separation in actively transcribed DNA regions by relieving the obstructive effect of transcription
Authors: Nakazawa Norihiko , Arakawa Orie , Yanagida Mitsuhiro 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe evolutionarily conserved protein complex, condensin, is central to chromosome dynamics, including mitotic chromosome condensation and segregation. Genome-wide localization of condensin is correlated with transcriptional activity; however, the significance of condensin accumulation in transcribed regions remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that condensin relieves the obstructive effect of mitotic transcription on sister chromatid separation in fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Time-lapse visualization of sister chromatid DNA separation revealed that mutant condensin causes delayed segregation specifically at mitotically transcribed, condensin-bound gene locus, ecm33+. Contrarily, the delay was abolished by transcriptional shut-off of the actively transcribed gene. We also showed that delayed separation at a heat shock-inducible gene locus, ssa1+, in condensin mutants was significantly alleviated by deletion of the gene. Since condensin has ability to remove ssDNA-binding proteins and RNA from unwound ssDNAs or DNA-RNA hybrids in vitro, we propose a model that condensin-mediated removal of mitotic transcripts from chromosomal DNA is the primary mechanism of sister chromatid separation.
MBOAT7-Driven Phosphatidylinositol Remodeling Promotes the Progression of Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma
Authors: Neumann Chase K. A. , Zhang Renliang , Silver Daniel J. , Venkaleshwari Varadharajan , Traughber C. Alicia , Przybycin Christopher , Bayik Defne , Smith Jonathan D. , Lathia Justin D. , Rini Brian I. , Brown J. Mark 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe most common kidney cancer, clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC) is closely associated with obesity. In fact, the “clear cell” variant of RCC is given this name due to large lipid droplets within the tumor cells. Although it is well appreciated that renal lipid metabolism is altered in ccRCC, the mechanisms driving this are not well understood. Leveraging a shotgun lipidomics approach we have identified a lipid signature for ccRCC that includes an increase in arachidonic acid-enriched phosphatidylinositols (AA-PI). In parallel, we found that ccRCC tumors have increased expression of the acyltransferase enzyme membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain containing 7 (MBOAT7) that contributes to AA-PI synthesis. In ccRCC patients,MBOAT7expression increases with tumor grade, and increasedMBOAT7expression correlates with poor survival. Genetic deletion of MBOAT7 in ccRCC cells decreases proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest, and MBOAT7−/−cells fail to form tumorsin vivo. RNAseq of MBOAT7−/−cells identified alterations in cell migration and extracellular matrix organization, which were functionally validated in migration assays. Our work highlights the accumulation of AA-PI in ccRCC and demonstrate a novel way to decrease the AA-PI pool in ccRCC by limiting MBOAT7. Our data reveal that metastatic ccRCC is associated with altered AA-PI metabolism, and identify MBOAT7 as a novel target in advanced ccRCC.