bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibitory Interactions between Perigeniculate GABAergic Neurons
Authors: Sanchez-Vives Maria V. , Bal Thierry , McCormick David A. 
Published: April 2018

Perigeniculate neurons form an interactive sheet of cells that inhibit one another as well as thalamocortical neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd). The inhibitory influence of the GABAergic neurons of the perigeniculate nucleus (PGN) onto other PGN neurons was examined with intracellular recordingsin vitro. Intracellular recordings from PGN neurons during the generation of spindle waves revealed barrages of EPSPs and IPSPs. The excitation of local regions of the PGN with the local application of glutamate resulted in activation of IPSPs in neighboring PGN neurons. These IPSPs displayed an average reversal potential of −77 mV and were blocked by application of bicuculline methiodide or picrotoxin, indicating that they are mediated by GABAAreceptors. In the presence of GABAAreceptor blockade, the activation of PGN neurons with glutamate could result in slow IPSPs that were mediated by GABABreceptors in a subset (40%) of cells. Similarly, application of specific agonists muscimol and baclofen demonstrated that PGN neurons possess both functional GABAAand GABABreceptors. Examination of the axon arbors of biocytin-filled PGN neurons often revealed the presence of beaded axon collaterals within the PGN, suggesting that this may be an anatomical substrate for PGN to PGN inhibition.Functionally, activation of inhibition between PGN neurons could result in a shortening or a complete abolition of the low threshold Ca2+spike or an inhibition of tonic discharge. We suggest that the mutual inhibition between PGN neurons forms a mechanism by which the excitability of these cells is tightly controlled. The activation of a point within the PGN may result in the inhibition of neighboring PGN neurons. This may be reflected in the LGNd as a center of inhibition surrounded by an annulus of disinhibition, thus forming a “center-surround” mechanism for thalamic function.
Short-Term Changes in the Ca2+-Exocytosis Relationship during Repetitive Pulse Protocols in Bovine Adrenal Chromaffin Cells
Authors: Engisch Kathrin L. , Chernevskaya Natalya I. , Nowycky Martha C. 
Published: April 2018

Stimulus-secretion coupling was monitored with capacitance detection in bovine chromaffin cells recorded in perforated patch mode and stimulated with trains of depolarizing pulses. A subset of stimulus trains evoked a response with a Ca2+-exocytosis relationship identical to that obtained for single depolarizing pulses (Engisch and Nowycky, 1996). Other trains evoked responses with enhanced or diminished Ca2+efficacy relative to this input–output function. The probability of obtaining a particular Ca2+-exocytosis relationship was correlated with the amount of Ca2+entry per pulse, such that shorter pulses or smaller currents were associated with the greatest efficacy, and longer pulses and larger currents with the lowest efficacy.Apparent enhancements in Ca2+efficacy were not caused by residual Ca2+summing between pulses, because decreasing the interval between pulses usually reduced efficacy in the same cell; conversely, increasing the interval between pulses did not prevent an enhanced Ca2+-exocytosis relationship. Apparent decreases in Ca2+efficacy were not caused by depletion of an available pool of release-ready vesicles, because an equivalent amount of total Ca2+entry during a single long depolarizing pulse usually evoked a much larger secretory response in the same cell. Finally, there were no striking differences in global Ca2+levels monitored with the fluorescent indicator Fura Red that could account for apparent changes in Ca2+efficacy during repetitive stimulus protocols. It appears that in chromaffin cells, the Ca2+-exocytosis relationship is subject to activity-dependent changes during a stimulus train and can be modulated up or down from a basal state accessed by single pulse stimulations.
Morphologically Docked Synaptic Vesicles Are Reduced insynaptotagminMutants ofDrosophila
Authors: Reist Noreen E. , Buchanan JoAnn , Li Jing , DiAntonio Aaron , Buxton Elizabeth M. , Schwarz Thomas L. 
Published: April 2018

Nerve terminal specializations include mechanisms for maintaining a subpopulation of vesicles in a docked, fusion-ready state. We have investigated the relationship between synaptotagmin and the number of morphologically docked vesicles by an electron microscopic analysis ofDrosophila synaptotagmin(syt) mutants. The overall number of synaptic vesicles in a terminal was reduced, although each active zone continued to have a cluster of vesicles in its vicinity. In addition, there was an increase in the number of large vesicles near synapses. Examining the clusters, we found that the pool of synaptic vesicles immediately adjacent to the presynaptic membrane, the pool that includes the docked population, was reduced to 24 ± 5% (means ± SEM) of control in thesytnullmutation.To separate contributions of overall vesicle depletion and increased spontaneous release from direct effects of synaptotagmin on morphological docking, we examinedsytmutants in an altered genetic background. Recombiningsytalleles onto a second chromosome bearing an as yet uncharacterized mutation resulted in the expected decrease in evoked release but suppressed the increase in spontaneous release frequency. Motor nerve terminals in this genotype contained more synaptic vesicles than control, yet the number of vesicles immediately adjacent to the presynaptic membrane near active zones was still reduced (33 ± 4% of control).Our findings demonstrate that there is a decrease in the number of morphologically docked vesicles seen insytmutants. The decreases in docking and evoked release are independent of the increase in spontaneous release. These results support the hypothesis that synaptotagmin stabilizes the docked state.
Spinal Cord Neuronal Precursors Generate Multiple Neuronal Phenotypes in Culture
Authors: Kalyani Anjali J. , Piper David , Mujtaba Tahmina , Lucero Mary T. , Rao Mahendra S. 
Published: April 2018

Neuronal restricted precursors (NRPs) (Mayer-Proschel et al., 1997) can generate multiple neurotransmitter phenotypes during maturation in culture. Undifferentiated E-NCAM+(embryonic neural cell adhesion molecule) immunoreactive NRPs are mitotically active and electrically immature, and they express only a subset of neuronal markers. Fully mature cells are postmitotic, process-bearing cells that are neurofilament-M and synaptophysin immunoreactive, and they synthesize and respond to different subsets of neurotransmitter molecules. Mature neurons that synthesize and respond to glycine, glutamate, GABA, dopamine, and acetylcholine can be identified by immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR, and calcium imaging in mass cultures. Individual NRPs also generate heterogeneous progeny as assessed by neurotransmitter response and synthesis, demonstrating the multipotent nature of the precursor cells.Differentiation can be modulated by sonic hedgehog (Shh) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2/4 molecules. Shh acts as a mitogen and inhibits differentiation (including cholinergic differentiation). BMP-2 and BMP-4, in contrast, inhibit cell division and promote differentiation (including cholinergic differentiation). Thus, a single neuronal precursor cell can differentiate into multiple classes of neurons, and this differentiation can be modulated by environmental signals.
A Role for Tectal Midline Glia in the Unilateral Containment of Retinocollicular Axons
Authors: Wu Da-Yu , Schneider Gerald E. , Silver Jerry , Poston Michael , Jhaveri Sonal 
Published: April 2018

Retinal fibers approach close to the tectal midline but do not encroach on the other side. Just before the entry of retinal axons into the superior colliculus (SC), a group of radial glia differentiates at the tectal midline; the spatiotemporal deployment of these cells points to their involvement in the unilateral containment of retinotectal axons.To test for such a barrier function of the tectal midline cells, we used two lesion paradigms for disrupting their radial processes in the neonatal hamster: (1) a heat lesion was used to destroy the superficial layers of the right SC, including the midline region, and (2) a horizontally oriented hooked wire was inserted from the lateral edge of the left SC toward the midline and was used to undercut the midline cells, leaving intact the retinorecipient layers in the right SC. In both cases, the left SC was denervated by removing its contralateral retinal input. Animals were killed 12 hr to 2 weeks later, after intraocular injections of anterograde tracers to label the axons from the remaining eye. Both lesions resulted in degeneration of the distal processes of the tectal raphe glia and in an abnormal crossing of the tectal midline by retinal axons, leading to an innervation of the opposite (“wrong”) tectum. The crossover occurred only where glial cell attachments were disrupted.These results document that during normal development, the integrity of the midline septum is critical in compartmentalizing retinal axons and in retaining the laterality of the retinotectal projection.
Extraocular Motor Unit and Whole-Muscle Responses in the Lateral Rectus Muscle of the Squirrel Monkey
Authors: Goldberg Stephen J. , Meredith M. Alex , Shall Mary S. 
Published: April 2018

Because primate studies provide data for the current experimental models of the human oculomotor system, we investigated the relationship of lateral rectus muscle motoneuron firing to muscle unit contractile characteristics in the squirrel monkey. Also examined was the correlation of whole-muscle contractile force with the degree of evoked eye displacement. A force transducer was used to record lateral rectus whole-muscle or muscle unit contraction in response to abducens whole-nerve stimulation or stimulation of single abducens motoneurons or axons. Horizontal eye displacement was recorded using a magnetic search coil.(1) Motor units could be categorized based on contraction speed (fusion frequency) and fatigue. (2) The kt value (change in motoneuronal firing necessary to increase motor unit force by 1.0 mg) of the units correlated with maximum tetanic tension. (3) There was some tendency for maximum tetanic tension of this unit population to separate into three groups. (4) At a constant frequency of 100 Hz, 95% of the motor units demonstrated significantly different force levels dependent on immediately previous stimulation history (hysteresis). (5) A mean force change of 0.32 gm/° and a mean frequency change of 4.7 Hz/° of eye displacement were observed in response to whole-nerve stimulation.These quantitative data provide the first contractile measures of primate extraocular motor units. Models of eye movement dynamics may need to consider the nonlinear transformations observed between stimulation rate and muscle tension as well as the probability that as few as two to three motor units can deviate the eye 1°.
The acute effect of exposure to noise on cardiovascular parameters in young adults
Authors: Lu Shih-Yi , Lee Cheng-Lung , Lin Kuei-Yi , Lin Yen-Hui 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Objective
In this study, an experiment was conducted to examine whether noise exposure produced acute changes in cardiovascular responses, and whether these responses differed based on psychoacoustic parameters to noises of low to high intensity.

Methods
Thirty healthy subjects were enrolled. Three industrial noises were binaurally presented with a supraaural earphone. The sound levels of noise were &lt;55, 75, and 90 dB. Each noise was continued for 20 min and the electrocardiogram was simultaneously recorded.

Results
The results showed a statistically significant increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) at the 90 dB sound level. The study estimated a blood pressure increase of 0.85 mmHg/10 dB and 0.71 mmHg/10 dB in SBP and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), respectively. These results suggest that exposure to noise, particularly high-frequency noise, negatively impacts blood pressure. The tonality and fluctuation strength of noise especially impacts systolic blood pressure.

Conclusions
Th psycho-acoustic parameters of noise should be considered when evaluating the impact of noise exposure.
PENILAIAN KESIAPAN MALUKU SEBAGAI LUMBUNG IKAN NASIONAL
Authors: Suryawati Siti Hajar , Tajerin Tajerin 
Published: April 2018

Maluku merupakan propinsi kepulauan dengan potensi sumberdaya perikanan tangkap yang besar. Potensi tersebut meliputi kelompok jenis ikan pelagis besar seperti tuna dan cakalang, pelagis kecil, demersal, udang, cumi-cumi dan ikan karang. Hal tersebut mendorong pemerintah menjadikan wilayah Maluku menjadi lumbung ikan nasional (M-LIN). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis status kesiapan Maluku sebagai lumbung ikan nasional. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah Multi Dimensional Scaling (MDS) dala bentuk RAP-MLIN (Rapid Appraisal for Maluku as ‘Lumbung Ikan Nasional’) yang merupakan modifikasi dari software RAPFISH (Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries). Hasil analisisnya dinyatakan dalam bentuk indeks dan kesiapan program tersebut. Analisis leverage dan Monte-Carlo digunakan untuk mengetahui faktor pengungkit yang merupakan atribut-atribut yang sensitif terhadap indeks dan status kesiapan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada dimensi ekologi statusnya cukup siap (50,33%), dimensi ekonomi cukup siap (67,62%), dimensi sosial siap (92,37%), dimensi teknologi siap (99,90%), dimensi infrastruktur cukup siap (70,56%), dan dimensi kelembagaan dan kebijakan siap (86,26%). Dari 47 atribut yang dianalisis, terdapat 18 atribut yang merupakan faktor pengungkit terhadap indeks dan status kesiapan, sehingga perlu dilakukan upaya perbaikan atau intervensi terhadap atribut-atribut tersebut. Dengan melakukan intervensi terhadap 18 faktor tersebut diharapkan dapat meningkatkan status kesiapan Maluku sebagai Lumbung Ikan Nasional ke tingkat yang lebih siap.
STATUS KEBERLANJUTAN SUMBER DAYA PERIKANAN DI PERAIRAN BENGKULU
Authors: Erwina Yuyun , Kurnia Rahmat , Yonvitner Yonvitner 
Published: April 2018

Pengelolaan sumber daya perikanan belum berhasil menuaikan kesejahteraan. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan penelitian dengan tujuan menganalisis keberlanjutan sumber daya perikanan di perairan Bengkulu. Penelitian dilakukan pada awal Oktober sampai dengan akhir November 2014. Lokasi penelitian di Provinsi Bengkulu. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer diperoleh dari pengamatan langsung dan wawancara (200 responden) dengan metode purposive sampling dan pengukuran panjang ikan dominan yang tertangkap yaitu : Ikan kape-kape (Psenes sp) (1.217 ekor), ikan bleberan (Thryssa sp) (699 ekor) dan tenggiri (Scomberomorus sp) (492 ekor). Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Multi Dimensional Scaling (MDS)melalui pendekatan RAPFISH (Rapid Asessment Technique for Fisheries). Penentuan prioritas strategi kebijakan menggunakan analisis kobe plot. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa status keberlanjutan pengelolaan sumber daya perikanan termasuk dalam kategori kurang berkelanjutan dengan nilai indeks 47,109, nilai stress 12,8% dan nilai R2 sebesar 95,3%. Strategi pengelolaan yang harus dilakukan untuk menjaga dan meningkatkan keberlanjutan sumber daya perikanan adalah: Strategi restorasi (0–5 tahun), strategi pengembangan sosial (5–10 tahun) dan strategi keberlanjutan (10–15 tahun). Atribut yang menjadi prioritas untuk diperbaiki dalam rangka meningkatkan status keberlanjutan pengelolaan sumber daya perikanan di perairan Bengkulu adalah harga jual ikan, pemanfaatan pengetahuan lokal yang terkait dengan pengelolaan perikanan, atribut tingkat konflik antar nelayan dan atribut peranan lembaga keuangan mikro/ kelompok usaha bersama.
STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF SOIL CEMENT ELEMENTS WHEN STABILIZING ROADBED MODEL IN LABORATORY CONDITIONS
Authors: Petrenko V. D , Tiutkin O. L. , Sviatko I. O. 
Published: April 2018

Purpose.Experimental studies allow determining th estress-strain state or bearing capacity of the tested soil body. A preliminary study of the results of model testing and experimental research allows us to find the optimal solutions and to justify the parameters of the chosen technology. The purpose of this work is to determine the effect of soil cement elements when stabilizing the roadbed on a weak subgrade using the soil tests in laboratory conditions. Methodology. During the development of measures for the reconstruction and consolidation of soil bodies, their strength is tested using many methods. In all cases, we take into account the physical and mechanical characteristics of soils obtained as a result of research, as well as the existing regulatory documents. We performed the experimental studies by model testing in laboratory conditions. The model testing was based on the corresponding relationships between geometric sizes, mechanical properties of materials, loads and other factors on which the stress-strain state depends. During testing, the model was loaded gradually. We maintained each load level up to conditional stabilization of the soil deformation. We took the readings from measuring devices at each stage of loading after achievement of stabilization of soil mass deformations. We fixed the readings in the test journal. Findings. During stabilization with soil cement piles there is an improvement in mechanical properties, which leads to a decrease in deformations by 2…3.5 times. Each test is accompanied with graphs of relative deformations-stress dependence, as well as deformation curves and compression curves. According to the results of experimental stu-dies, it can be seen that when testing a model with cement piles, compared with a model without soil cement piles, the relative deformations of the samples taken prior to the experiment and after the experiment almost coincide, indicating a decrease in deformability under load. Originality. We proved that this stabilization type positively affects the stress-strain state of the soil body, by increasing its physical and mechanical characteristics. The obtained results allow for rational design of subgrade stabilization work with the help of modern technologies.Practicalvalue. The in-depth analysis of the results of experimental studies opens up possibilities for theoretical synthesis and development of theoretical foundations, which will allow in the future avoiding, in the similar cases, the experimental verification of the stabilization type given for the relative type of soil. It is confirmed that this method of stabilization used can be applied in real conditions.
The incidence of polyneuropthy and its relation with disease parameters in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: OGAN Nalan , SAYIN Refah , BAHA Ayşe , AKPINAR Evrim Eylem , GÜLHAN Meral 
Published: April 2018

Objective: Chronic
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is accompanied by several concomitant
conditions due to its systemic effects. Hypoxia and oxidative stress associated
with COPD are also believed to contribute to the disease course through the
effects of several inflammatory mediators. Major causative agents causing of peripheral
neuropathy are age, hypoxia, duration and severity of COPD, hypercapnia and
smoking. The present study aimed to investigate the incidence of polyneuropathy
and its relation with disease parameters in COPD patients. Methods: Of a total
number of 45 patients who had been followed up between January 1, 2015 and
December 31, 2016 with a diagnosis of COPD at Ufuk University School of
Medicine were enrolled retrospectively. All
patients underwent electroneuromyography, arterial blood gas measurements and
pulmonary function tests. Patients were divided as those with or without
neuropathy, and factors contributing to the development of neuropathy were
investigated based on clinical and laboratory findings. Results: Eleven (24.4%) patients
were women and 34 (74.6%) were men, and the mean age was
73.2 years. Mean PaO2 was 58.2 mmHg, pCO2 was 41.2 mmHg,
and FEV1 was 45.3%. Neuropathy was diagnosed in twenty (44.4%)
patients. Significant
differences were found in pO2, pCO2, SO2,
mMRC, smoking status and number of exacerbations per year (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Patients who experience
frequent exacerbations and those with hypoxemia or hypercapnia as demonstrated
should be taken into more careful clinical assessments with respect to polyneuropathy.
US Gulf of Mexico Production Projected To Hit Record High
Authors: Whitfield Stephen 
Published: April 2018

The deepwater US Gulf of Mexico (GOM) sector has struggled since the onset of the oil price downturn in 2014, but as costs settle and operators establish new standards for running efficient projects, this year may be a significant turning point for the industry in the region.
In January, Wood Mackenzie published a report predicting that production of oil and gas in the deepwater GOM will reach an all-time record high this year, with more than 1.9 million BOPD, surpassing the previous record set in 2009 by nearly 10% and representing 13% growth year over year.
William Turner, Wood Mackenzie’s senior research analyst and lead author of the report, Deepwater GoM: 5 Things to Look for in 2018, said that, more than 2 months into the calendar year, the level of activity in the region is still on track to meet expectations. However, recent developments may have an effect on that trajectory.
Policy Impacts
In January, the US Department of the Interior (DOI) announced a proposal to place more than 90% of federal offshore land containing oil and gas—including land in the GOM—up for auction between 2019 and 2024. In February the DOI’s Royalty Policy Committee issued a recommendation for lower royalty rates for offshore oil and gas drilling on sea-bed owned by the US government.
If approved, royalties from off-shore drilling would drop from 18.75% to 12.5%, the lowest royalty rate per-mitted. The US Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) had already relaxed royalty rates to 12.5% for some shallow-water leases in August 2017.
With the WTI and Brent crude prices still hovering in the low $60s as of early March amidst relatively high supply, the recommendation could make it more attractive for operators to look at bidding for offshore oil leases in the GOM.
Turner said while the decision on the royalty came faster than anticipated, it is likely the US federal government wanted it in place before Lease Sale 250 on 21 March. At the time of this writing, it was scheduled to be the largest regionwide sale in US history, with 77.3 million acres offshore Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida avail-able for exploration and development. The sale includes approximately 14,700 unleased blocks located in the GOM’s Western, Central, and Eastern planning areas. The BOEM estimated that these blocks contain about 90 billion bbl of undiscovered technically recoverable oil and 327 Tcf of undiscovered technically recoverable gas.
The royalty rate may have a bigger impact on operators’ decision making in the coming months. For instance, Turner said it is possible that Total may try to rebid for leases in the North Platte field—where it holds a 40% working interest—rather than taking over operation of its holdings from Cobalt International Energy.