bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetische Ursachen bei Dystonien
Authors: Weissbach Anne , Lohmann Katja 
Published: September 2018

ZusammenfassungDystonien sind eine klinisch und genetisch heterogene Gruppe von Bewegungsstörungen, bei denen es durch unwillkürliche, anhaltende oder intermittierende Muskelkontraktionen zu abnormen Bewegungen oder Haltungen kommt. Die Ursache einer Dystonie oder dystonen Bewegungsstörung bleibt zurzeit bei den meisten Patienten ungeklärt, doch scheinen genetische Faktoren eine große Rolle zu spielen. Zwar werden mehr und mehr Dystoniegene identifiziert (aktuell sind es bis zu 200 verschiedene), so sind diese doch nur für einige wenige und zum großen Teil sehr seltene Unterformen von Dystonien von Bedeutung. Dazu gehören v. a. die Dystonien, die früh, d. h. in der Kindheit oder Jugend beginnen und häufig auch mehrere Körperregionen betreffen. In der Vergangenheit wurden wiederholt mögliche gemeinsame Pathomechanismen der einzelnen genetischen Dystonien untersucht. Bis auf wenige Ausnahmen scheinen die kodierten Proteine aber dabei keinem gemeinsamen Wirkkreislauf anzugehören, sondern beeinflussen ganz unterschiedliche zelluläre Prozesse. Für die Mehrzahl der Dystonien mit bisher unbekannter Ursache wird eine Kombination aus verschiedenen genetischen und äußeren Einflüssen angenommen. Hier stellen wir die bekannten Dystoniegene vor, die v. a. bei isolierten (Dystonie als einzige Krankheitsmanifestation mit Ausnahme eines Tremors) oder kombinierten (Dystonie plus eine andere Bewegungsstörung wie Parkinson, Myoklonus oder Chorea) Dystonien relevant sind. Beispielhaft werden auch einige der Gene, die komplexe Dystonien verursachen, vorgestellt, bei denen, neben einer Dystonie, häufig auch eine Entwicklungsstörung oder Erkrankung anderer Organsysteme vorliegen. Abhängig von der klinischen Ausprägung der dystonen Symptome und weitestgehend unabhängig von genetischen Befunden kann die Dystonie auf eine orale Pharmakotherapie, intramuskuläre Botulinumtoxininjektionen oder eine tiefe Hirnstimulation ansprechen.
The impact of AVT mode on audience reception
Authors: Łabendowicz Olga 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Each mode of Audiovisual Translation (AVT) requires a slightly alternate approach. Whether a given audiovisual material is translated by the means of subtitling, dubbing or voice over often results in a very different translation of the same Source Text (ST), which is not surprising taking into consideration various technical constraints and translation tendencies typical of a given AVT mode. At the same time, audiences approach a given AV material with a prior set of expectations, which often include AVT mode preferences. Moreover, viewers’ prior knowledge and fluency in Source Culture (SC) affects their perception of the end translation. According to Marchant et al. (2009: 154), “the overt visual attention detected by an eye-tracker gives us a window on internal systems” what, in turn, may be crucial for translators to improve their performance. The presented article is an attempt to show how audience really watches AV materials and how various modes of AVT affect viewers’ reception of a given production. The main objective of the paper is to answer the question: How a mode of AVT affects audience’s reception of humorous audiovisual materials deeply rooted in Source Culture? The analysis is based on the research involving eye-tracking devices conducted in May-July 2016 in Warsaw (Poland), during which the participants were asked to watch five short fragments of various humorous American productions deeply rooted in American culture (animated tv series: The Simpsons and South Park; animated feature film: Madagascar; tv series with actors: Gilmore Girls).
Interpreter mediation at political press conferences
Authors: Liao Sixin , Pan Li 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Political press conferences, while playing a significant role in international communication by heads of state and government, are
still largely underexplored in interpreting studies. More scholarly attention is needed, particularly to examine the interpreter’s
mediating role in these uniquely constrained communicative settings. Drawing on narrative theory and Wadensjö’s model of
renditions, this paper investigates the interpreter’s mediating role at a 2011 joint press conference with the American and
Chinese Presidents, at that time Barack Obama and Hu Jintao respectively. Specifically, the study examines how the interpretation
comprises reduced, expanded and summarized renditions of the speakers’ narratives, and how the resulting mediation can affect not
only their image, but also the outcome of the diplomatic communication between their respective countries. Here, the interpreter’s
performance is subject not only to his language competence, but also to a number of other factors. On the one hand, his mediation
can be facilitated rather than restricted by the constraints of the setting where the interpreting occurs, such as technical
problems and time limitations. On the other hand, the mediation can also reflect the interpreter’s institutional role and the public narratives within the socio-cultural context.
Knowledge exclusion and the rationality of belief
Authors: Donahue Sean 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Two epistemic principles are Knowledge Exclusion and Belief Exclusion. Knowledge Exclusion says that it is necessarily the case that if an agent knows that p, then she does not believe that ∼p, and Belief Exclusion says that it is necessarily the case that if an agent believes that q, then she does not believe that ∼q. Many epistemologists find it reasonable to reject the latter principle and accept the former. I argue that this is in fact not reasonable by proposing a case in which an agent can use that she has contradictory beliefs towards a proposition as decisive evidence for that proposition. A natural response is that this case conflicts with common assumptions about the relation between knowledge, contradictory beliefs and rationality. I reply by drawing ideas from Lasonen-Aarnio’s (2010) remarks on unreasonable knowledge to explain why these common assumptions do not threaten my argument.
SanXoT: a modular and versatile package for the quantitative analysis of high-throughput proteomics experiments
Authors: Trevisan-Herraz Marco , Bagwan Navratan , García-Marqués Fernando , Rodriguez Jose Manuel , Jorge Inmaculada , Ezkurdia Iakes , Bonzon-Kulichenko Elena , Vázquez Jesús 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Summary
Mass spectrometry-based proteomics has had a formidable development in recent years, increasing the amount of data handled and the complexity of the statistical resources needed. Here we present SanXoT, an open-source, standalone software package for the statistical analysis of high-throughput, quantitative proteomics experiments. SanXoT is based on our previously developed weighted spectrum, peptide and protein statistical model and has been specifically designed to be modular, scalable and user-configurable. SanXoT allows limitless workflows that adapt to most experimental setups, including quantitative protein analysis in multiple experiments, systems biology, quantification of post-translational modifications and comparison and merging of experimental data from technical or biological replicates.

Availability and implementation
Download links for the SanXoT Software Package, source code and documentation are available at https://wikis.cnic.es/proteomica/index.php/SSP.

Contact
jvazquez@cnic.es or ebonzon@cnic.es

Supplementary information
Supplementary information is available at Bioinformatics online.
A Qualitative Evidence Synthesis Review of Longitudinal Qualitative Research in Gerontology
Authors: Nevedal Andrea L , Ayalon Liat , Briller Sherylyn H 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesGerontologists have long been interested in longitudinal qualitative research (LQR), yet ambiguity remains about best practices. The purpose of this review was to conduct a qualitative evidence synthesis to identify strengths and limitations in existing gerontological LQR.Research Design and MethodsWe searched for studies published in English before September 2017, using longitudinal qualitative methods and focusing on gerontology. We searched the following databases: PubMed and ProQuest. This was followed up by a snowball search to identify additional LQR articles that were not gerontologically focused but provided conceptual or methodological information to enhance gerontological LQR. Article titles and abstracts were reviewed, and selected articles were independently evaluated by all authors and summarized in a descriptive matrix based on design, analysis, and strengths and limitations.ResultsOur literature search resulted in 225 articles, which was then narrowed to 71 articles from 47 different journals based on our inclusion/exclusion criteria. LQR in gerontology varies considerably by study design and analysis approach. LQR design considerations involve number of time points and duration; rapport and retention; and consistent or different sampling, data collection, and measures. LQR analysis considerations involve synchronic and diachronic approaches, consistent or evolving coding, and individual- or group-level analysis. Gerontological LQR articles vary in the extent to which they address special aging considerations.Discussion and ImplicationsThis review indicates that there are areas where gerontological LQR can be strengthened going forward. We provide researchers with strategies to improve LQR rigor in our field and beyond.
Synergistic combinations of azoles and antihistamines against Candida species in vitro
Authors: Dennis Emily K , Garneau-Tsodikova Sylvie 
Published: September 2018

AbstractFungal infections are a major cause of skin and mucosal membrane disease. Immunocompromised individuals, such as those undergoing chemotherapy, are most susceptible to fungal infections. With a growing population of immunocompromised patients, there are many reports of increasing numbers of infections and of fungal strains resistant to current antifungals. One way to treat drug-resistant infections is to administer combinations of drugs to patients. Azoles are the most prescribed antifungals, as they are broad-spectrum and orally bioavailable. Terfenadine (TERF) and ebastine (EBA) are second-generation antihistamines, with EBA being used in many countries. In this study, we explored combinations of seven azole antifungals and two antihistamines (TERF and EBA) against a panel of 13 Candida fungal strains. We found 55 out of 91 combinations tested of TERF and EBA against the various fungal strains to be synergistic with the azoles. To evaluate the efficiency of these combinations to inhibit fungal growth, we performed time-kill assays. We also investigated the ability of these combinations to disrupt biofilm formation. Finally, we tested the specificity of the combinations towards fungal cells by mammalian cytotoxicity assays. These findings suggest a potential new strategy for targeting drug-resistant Candida infections.
Presence of Histopathological Treatment Effects at Resection of Recurrent Glioblastoma: Incidence and Effect on Outcome
Authors: Dalle Ore Cecilia L , Chandra Ankush , Rick Jonathan , Lau Darryl , Shahin Maryam , Nguyen Alan T , McDermott Michael , Berger Mitchel S , Aghi Manish K 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Resection may be appropriate for select patients with recurrent glioblastoma. The incidence of histopathological findings related to prior treatment and their prognostic implications are incompletely characterized.

OBJECTIVE
To quantify the incidence and survival outcomes associated with treatment effect at resection of recurrent glioblastoma (GBM).

METHODS
Patients who underwent resection for recurrent GBM were retrospectively reviewed, and pathology, treatment history, and survival data were collected. Treatment effect was defined as any component of treatment-related changes on pathology.

RESULTS
In total, 110 patients underwent 146 reoperations. Median age at first reoperation was 57.2 yr and overall survival from reoperation was 10.8 mo. Treatment effect of any kind was noted in 81 of 146 reoperations (55%). Increased treatment effect was observed closer to radiotherapy; by quartile of time from radiotherapy, the rates of treatment effect were 77.8%, 55.6%, 40.7%, and 44.4% (P = .028). Treatment effect was associated with earlier reoperation (8.9 vs 13.8 mo after radiotherapy, P = .003), and the presence of treatment effect did not impact survival from primary surgery (25.4 vs 24.3 mo, P = .084). Patients treated with bevacizumab prior to reoperation were less likely to have treatment effect (20% vs 65%, P < .001).

CONCLUSION
Histopathological treatment-related changes are evident in a majority of patients undergoing resection for recurrent glioblastoma. There was no association of treatment effect with overall survival from primary surgery.
Integrative Complexity in Politics
Authors: Conway Lucian Gideon , Suedfeld Peter , Tetlock Philip E. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Political action is often a product of political thinking, and one of the most important aspects of political thought is its complexity. Thus, it is not surprising that the study of integrative complexity—the level of cognitive differentiation and subsequent integration of idea elements pertaining to an issue—has had a long and rich history in understanding political behavior. This chapter explores two arenas in which integrative complexity has contributed to our understanding of political behavior: political violence and political success. It then pursues multiple perspectives that help explain where integrative complexity comes from, including the cognitive manager model, the value pluralism model, and a strategic communication model. The chapter concludes by placing past research in the context of new developments in integrative complexity theory and measurement and considers productive directions for future complexity research in an increasingly social media–driven environment.
Israel as a Field of Study
Authors: Troen Ilan 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter charts the growth of Israel studies from 1985, when it emerged as a distinct field of academic scholarship in the United States, to its present international position. From the self-examination of Zionist settlers to academic writings during the Mandate period and the early years of the state, the subject has taken root in the last three decades particularly in Israel and the United States. The development of what is legitimately considered Israel studies began decades earlier, primarily in Israel. During the formative period essential characteristics were established, especially a proclivity toward comparative perspectives that were first anchored in European academic culture but increasingly became American oriented after World War II and Israel’s independence. More recently the globalization of the field and its growing interest among non-Israelis and non-Jews promise innovative inquiries in a discourse that is often contentious, not only in relation to the Israeli-Arab conflict but also to many internal topics.
Work and Exploitation in Capitalism
Authors: Vidal Matt 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Labor process theory has produced important typologies of managerial control and a rich body of empirical case studies. However, it has struggled to deal with genuine cases of upskilling and worker empowerment. This chapter revisits Marx to show that he theorized economic development, technological change and the capitalist labor process as contradictory processes evolving across distinct stages. While Marx saw deskilling as dominant in the earliest stages of capitalism, he also theorized tendencies for upskilling. The chapter then reviews the early debates within labor process theory over deskilling versus responsible autonomy and coercion versus consent. It highlights how labor process research has, with a few important exceptions, neglected to systematically consider the contradictory nature of labor process dynamics. Finally, the chapter proposes that a central contradiction within the labor process is between management-as-coordination versus management-as-discipline. It suggests that this contradiction has become intensified in the current stage of capitalism: post-Fordism.
Impact of Policy Interventions on Postoperative Opioid Prescribing
Authors: MacLean Charles D , Fujii Mayo , Ahern Thomas P , Holoch Peter , Russell Ruby , Hodges Ashley , Moore Jesse 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Objective
To assess postoperative opioid prescribing in response to state and organizational policy changes.

Methods
We used an observational study design at an academic medical center in the Northeast United States over a time during which there were two important influences: 1) implementation of state rules regarding opioid prescribing and 2) changes in organization policies reflecting evolving standards of care. Results were summarized at the surgical specialty and procedure level and compared between baseline (July–December 2016) and postrule (July–December 2017) periods.

Results
We analyzed data from 17,937 procedures from July 2016 to December 2017, two-thirds of which were outpatient. Schedule II opioids were prescribed in 61% of cases and no opioids at all in 28%. The median morphine milligram equivalent (MME) prescribed at discharge decreased 40%, from 113 MME in the baseline period to 68 MME in the postrule period. Decreases were seen across all the surgical specialties.

Conclusions
Postoperative opioid prescribing at the time of hospital discharge decreased between 2016 and 2017 in the setting of targeted and replicable state and health care organizational policies.

Policy Implications
Policies governing the use of opioids are an effective and adoptable approach to reducing opioid prescribing following surgery.
Smooth muscle: a stiff sculptor of epithelial shapes
Authors: Jaslove Jacob M. , Nelson Celeste M. 
Published: September 2018

Smooth muscle is increasingly recognized as a key mechanical sculptor of epithelia during embryonic development. Smooth muscle is a mesenchymal tissue that surrounds the epithelia of organs including the gut, blood vessels, lungs, bladder, ureter, uterus, oviduct and epididymis. Smooth muscle is stiffer than its adjacent epithelium and often serves its morphogenetic function by physically constraining the growth of a proliferating epithelial layer. This constraint leads to mechanical instabilities and epithelial morphogenesis through buckling. Smooth muscle stiffness alone, without smooth muscle cell shortening, seems to be sufficient to drive epithelial morphogenesis. Fully understanding the development of organs that use smooth muscle stiffness as a driver of morphogenesis requires investigating how smooth muscle develops, a key aspect of which is distinguishing smooth muscle-like tissues from one anotherin vivoand in culture. This necessitates a comprehensive appreciation of the genetic, anatomical and functional markers that are used to distinguish the different subtypes of smooth muscle (for example, vascular versus visceral) from similar cell types (including myofibroblasts and myoepithelial cells). Here, we review how smooth muscle acts as a mechanical driver of morphogenesis and discuss ways of identifying smooth muscle, which is critical for understanding these morphogenetic events.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Mechanics of Development’.
The first digestive movements in the embryo are mediated by mechanosensitive smooth muscle calcium waves
Authors: Chevalier Nicolas R. 
Published: September 2018

Peristalsis enables transport of the food bolus in the gut. Here, I show by dynamicex vivointra-cellular calcium imaging on living embryonic gut explants that the most primitive form of peristalsis that occurs in the embryo is the result of inter-cellular, gap-junction-dependent calcium waves that propagate in the circular smooth muscle layer. I show that the embryonic gut is an intrinsically mechanosensitive organ, as the slightest externally applied mechanical stimulus triggers contractile waves. This dynamic response is an embryonic precursor of the ‘law of the intestine’ (peristaltic reflex). I show how characteristic features of early peristalsis such as counter-propagating wave annihilation, mechanosensitivity and nucleation after wounding all result from known properties of calcium waves. I finally demonstrate that inter-cellular mechanical tension does not play a role in the propagation mechanism of gut contractile waves, unlike what has been recently shown for the embryonic heartbeat. Calcium waves are a ubiquitous dynamic signalling mechanism in biology: here I show that they are the foundation of digestive movements in the developing embryo.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue on ‘Mechanics of development’.
Investigating the mechanistic basis of biomechanical input controlling skeletal development: exploring the interplay with Wnt signalling at the joint
Authors: Rolfe Rebecca A. , Shea Claire A. , Singh Pratik Narendra Pratap , Bandyopadhyay Amitabha , Murphy Paula 
Published: September 2018

Embryo movement is essential to the formation of a functional skeleton. Using mouse and chick models, we previously showed that mechanical forces influence gene regulation and tissue patterning, particularly at developing limb joints. However, the molecular mechanisms that underpin the influence of mechanical signals are poorly understood. Wnt signalling is required during skeletal development and is altered under reduced mechanical stimulation. Here, to explore Wnt signalling as a mediator of mechanical input, the expression of Wnt ligand and Fzd receptor genes in the developing skeletal rudiments was profiled. Canonical Wnt activity restricted to the developing joint was shown to be reduced under immobilization, while overexpression of activated β-catenin following electroporation of chick embryo limbs led to joint expansion, supporting the proposed role for Wnt signalling in mechanoresponsive joint patterning. Two key findings advance our understanding of the interplay between Wnt signalling and mechanical stimuli: first, loss of canonical Wnt activity at the joint shows reciprocal, coordinated misregulation of BMP signalling under altered mechanical influence. Second, this occurs simultaneously with increased expression of several Wnt pathway component genes in a territory peripheral to the joint, indicating the importance of mechanical stimulation for a population of potential joint progenitor cells.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Mechanics of Development’.