bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic Literature Reviews: An Introduction
Authors: Lame Guillaume 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSystematic literature reviews (SRs) are a way of synthesising scientific evidence to answer a particular research question in a way that is transparent and reproducible, while seeking to include all published evidence on the topic and appraising the quality of this evidence. SRs have become a major methodology in disciplines such as public policy research and health sciences. Some have advocated that design research should adopt the method. However, little guidance is available. This paper provides an overview of the SR method, based on the literature in health sciences. Then, the rationale for SRs in design research is explored, and four recent examples of SRs in design research are analysed to illustrate current practice. Foreseen challenges in taking forward the SR method in design research are highlighted, and directions for developing a SR method for design research are proposed. It is concluded that SRs hold potential for design research and could help us in addressing some important issues, but work is needed to define what review methods are appropriate for each type of research question in design research, and to adapt guidance to our own needs and specificities.
From Invention Disclosures to Innovation - Challenges in Transforming Practice
Authors: Kirjavainen Senni , Björklund Tua A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAdopting design thinking and innovation-oriented approaches in organizations is crucial but not always simple. New practices of collaboration, user-orientedness and exploration require a compatible culture to be successfully integrated into product development. This paper presents a case study based on 12 interviews of employees and managers in a large Finland-based technology company, introducing new ways of working to product development. Silos, focusing on inventions, and a lack of resources for exploration were highlighted as key challenges in transitioning from incremental development to innovations. Perhaps counterintuitively, introducing new ways of working requiring a collaborative culture - the most widely recognized shortcoming in the current practice in the case - were best received, and support and feedback could be found for pilot projects in these arenas. When the gap between the practice and culture was smaller, change efforts could perhaps be more challenging, as there was less of a consensus on a need to change. The results suggest than developers need not automatically shy away from piloting new ways of working even when existing cultures are not compatible.
The Effects of Representation Mode on Conceptual Coherence in the Design of Physical Products
Authors: Trinh Yen Mai Thi , Elverum Christer Westum 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCoherence is important in the design of products, because it makes them easier to understand for their users. Designers can use different representation modes to express ideas about coherence. However, perception of a representation can be influenced by its mode. Therefore, designers must be aware of the influences that different representation modes can have on perception of coherence.The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of experienced modality on perception of conceptual coherence. In the study, participants were divided into two conditions for two representation modes: written word and physical object, both representing the same concepts. Each participant was presented with the concepts as words or objects and asked to list the properties of each concept. The results showed that between the two conditions, frequencies of responses were similar while frequencies of response contents were dissimilar and sometimes contrary. The main findings suggest that the effects of the modalities, written word and physical object, do not differ significantly for mental activity, but do differ considerably for semantic processing in ways that has implications for design.
Unveiling the Multiple and Complex Faces of Fidelity
Authors: Fiorineschi Lorenzo , Rotini Federico 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFidelity is one of the most important parameters to consider when dealing with prototypes, which affect the related costs and performances. Current literature contributions often rely on generic definitions of Fidelity based on the concept of closeness. However, the review performed in this paper revealed that Fidelity is a more complex concept, which considers (at least) eight main dimensions, mutually interrelated, and potentially characterized by many other potential sub-dimensions. The identified set has been applied to an industrial case study were a real engineering prototype has been assessed in terms of Fidelity. In particular, the case study application shows how the different dimensions can be interrelated each other. Furthermore, some important research hints have been highlighted in this paper, where the identified set of Fidelity dimensions paves the way for the related future activities.
Using Open Source Code Libraries for Robust Design Analysis
Authors: Otto Kevin , Wang Jiahui , Uyan Tekin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe design of systems today often involves computer simulation to assess performance and design margins. Understanding how variability erases design margin is important to assure adequacy of margins, especially in optimization efforts. In this paper, we develop a toolchain using open source code libraries in Python, and encapsulate it in Jupyter notebooks, to provide an open source, interactive uncertainty quantification and sensitivity analysis toolchain. This works generally with simulation tools, where a reference folder is created containing a script that reads an input file of parameter values and runs the simulation. With that easily created, the toolchain executes the necessary uncertainty quantification steps with replicates of that reference folder. This approach fits within a broader workflow outlined that defines the variation modes to study, maps to simulation inputs, and screens the variables for sensitivity before conducting an uncertainty quantification. An example is shown in the simulation analysis of a Stirling engine.
Early-Career Engineers’ Perceptions of Support for Innovation at the Workplace - What Seems to Matter
Authors: Simon Patrick , Björklund Tua A. , Sheppard Sheri 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPrevious research has shown the importance of contextual factors for increasing employee innovativeness, but to effectively support innovative behavior, we need to also understand what forms of support are perceived as meaningful by the employees themselves. The current study investigated the experiences of 35 early-career engineers in creating, championing and implementing new ideas at the workplace. They reported relatively few instances of support that had been experienced as helpful, and nearly all of these were related to either managerial or co-worker support. This support ranged from encouragement and positive feedback to tangible help in troubleshooting and finding resources, and, in the case of managers, providing sufficient autonomy and responsibility to enable the interviewees to pursue their ideas. Managerial support was most frequently reported by those working in self-described innovative positions, whereas co-worker support was more commonly reported by those working in self- described innovative environments. Formal processes and incentives were less likely to have been perceived as helpful than informal interactions with managers and co-workers.
Influence of Information Collection Strategy on Designer’s Mental Stress
Authors: Zhao Mengting , Zeng Yong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractInformation collection may affect the design quality and designer's performance through changing the structure of information and the way how information is searched and organized. Based on the theoretical analysis conducted by Wang et al., the present work continues to investigate the influence of designer's natural choice of information collection strategy on his/her mental stress both theoretically and empirically. Designers’ stresses are quantified from HRV data and are compared under different information collection strategies.
Building Tangible Augmented Reality Models for Use in Product Development
Authors: Jain Karan , Choi Young Mi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper discusses the issues involved with creating a Tangible Augmented Reality representation of a product so that it can be effectively and validly used to support the product design process. The development of a TAR representation entails building the physical model of the product, a digital model of the product, and developing interactions between the digital and physical representations. Different products have different user interactions, which makes developing TAR representation for products challenging since a new interaction needs to be mimicked. Challenges of developing TAR representations are discussed by investigating TAR representations of four consumer products: a space heater, a MP3 player, an electric can opener, and a seat assist cushion. The goal of TAR representations is to not only communicate the functionality of a product but also to improve the time efficiency of prototyping of physical products. Hence, having a good understanding of the user interactions that need to be developed and planning the representation for construction in the modeling software and AR software is crucial to making the process of developing a TAR representation efficient.
Exploring the Application of Network Analytics in Characterizing a Conceptual Design Space
Authors: Gyory Joshua T. , Goucher-Lambert Kosa , Kotovsky Kenneth , Cagan Jonathan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe ability to effectively analyse design concepts is essential for making early stage design decisions. Human evaluations, the most common assessment method, describe individual design concepts on a variety of ideation metrics. However, this approach falls short in creating a holistic representation of the design space as a whole that informs the underlying relations between concepts. Motivated by this shortcoming, this work leverages network theory to visualize and characterize features of a conceptual design space. To illustrate the utility of network theory for these purposes, a network composed of a corpus of solutions to a design problem and their semantic similarity is derived, and its design properties (e.g., uniqueness and innovation potential) are studied. This network-based approach not only characterizes features of individual designs themselves, but also uncovers more nuanced properties of the design space through studying emerging clusters of concepts. Overall, this work expands on developing research in design, demonstrating the value in applying network analytics to a conceptual design space as an engineering support tool to aid design decision-making.
Definitions and Attributes of Smart Home Appliances
Authors: Kim Sojung , Baek Joon Sang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe status of Smart Home Appliances (SHAs) in the smart home industry has been raised as major components of a smart home. To design a good SHA, diverse stakeholders in the smart home ecosystem need to have a common understanding of smart homes and SHAs. However, the studies on what they are, especially those reflecting practitioners’ point of view, have been scarce.In this research, we conducted systematic literature reviews and practitioner interviews using the concept mapping method to identify the attributes of SHAs depending both on academia and industry. In addition, we suggest a framework of the smart home ecosystem which describes how those attributes are revealed in the relationships among SHAs, users, and external stakeholders.Since all of the interviewees are Korean SHA development professionals, the findings from this research could have been limited to the current status of the Korean SHA industry. Nonetheless, we expect that this research would contribute to building a consensus on what smart homes and SHAs are and provide the designers and developers of SHAs with systematic perspectives on smart homes.
Nature-Inspired Design for Self-Organized Social Systems: A Tool for Collaborative Communities
Authors: Lee Sumin , Baek Joon Sang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis research was motivated by the need to design for self-organized and sustained collaborative communities. A collaborative community is defined as a group of people who are bound by a sense of community and fulfil their unmet needs through collaboration (Baek, Meroni, & Manzini, 2015). A community with limited resources and premature organisational structure and therefore experience an unbalanced workload is fragile. If the community fails to distribute workloads fairly within and the commitment of the sacrificing members is exhausted, it is likely to fall apart. Inspired by the self- organization phenomena in nature, we designed a tool that these communities can use to conceive strategies that contribute to autonomy and collaboration. For validation, we applied the tool to an industrial design student club. The results demonstrate that despite the differences between social and ecological systems, there is a potential to learn from nature to design for self-organized collaborative communities with the condition that one has sufficient knowledge about both the references and the design target. We also discuss the problem-solving and learning effects of the tool.
Axioms of Value
Authors: Reber Michael , Duffy Alex , Hay Laura 
Published: July 2019

AbstractExtensive work exists on value in multiple domains. However, there are different interpretations, highlighting a lack of clarity about the fundamental characteristics. To address this, we present seven value axioms resulting from inductive research. The axioms may be viewed as general rules describing value in any context, therefore conveying the fundamental characteristics of the phenomenon. They reveal that value is: (1) connected to people; (2) an output of a cognitive process; (3) in requirement of a determination process; (4) a matter of a given situation; (5) determined by the interpretations of entities; and related to (6) entities and (7) criteria. The nature of value is of particular importance to the design community, given the emphasis on value in design and product development. In this context, a lack of clarity may be perceived in terms of when value appears, appropriate metrics, and how to add value. To provide explanations, there is a need for a theory of value in design. The presented axioms may provide the basis, as they are fundamental statements on the nature of value and not limited to a specific domain. We highlight theory requirements based on the axioms.
Observations on the Effects of Skill Transfer through Experience Sharing and In-Person Communication
Authors: Vestad Håvard , Kriesi Carlo , Slåttsveen Kristoffer , Steinert Martin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAn essential part of any space in which physical prototyping and prototype-driven product development is being conducted is the education of its users in the necessary skills to fully utilise the material resources of the space. This paper describes how two different skills were transferred between five projects in our research laboratory, TrollLABS. Based on the observed skill-transfers in the production of PCBs and use of RF-communication in mechatronics projects certain tendencies emerged: How the use of forced vocal experience sharing; And in-person transferring of skills has impacted the acquired skills of the learner. The observations further show that through the guidance of a more experienced user the learner is able to make “skill-jumps”: Intermediate skill steps, as well as underlying detailed knowledge, are skipped and the learner is able to reach a high skill level in a shorter time than the original acquirer of the skill. Furthermore, skills are retained in the space through cross-generational collaboration and communication. This article aims to share these insights and provide a starting point for answering some of the challenges of modern maker spaces.
Does Open Source Hardware Have a Sustainable Business Model? An Analysis of Value Creation and Capture Mechanisms in Open Source Hardware Companies
Authors: Li Zhuoxuan , Seering Warren 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAnalyzing value creation and capture mechanisms of open source hardware startup companies, this paper illustrates how an open source strategy can make economical sense for hardware startups. By interviewing 37 open source hardware company leaders, 12 company community members as well as analyzing forum data of 3 open source hardware companies; we realize that by open sourcing the design of hardware, a company can naturally establish its community, which is a key element for a company's success. Establishing a community can increase customer perceived value, decrease product development and sales cost, shorten product go-to-market time, and incubate startups with knowledge, experience and resources. These advantages can compensate for the risks associated with open source strategies and can make open source design a viable product development strategy for hardware startups.
Investigation of the Perception of a Radical Degree of Novelty from the Perspective of Product Users
Authors: Herrmann Thorsten , Roth Daniel , Binz Hansgeorg 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe dichotomy of radical and incremental innovation has been discussed in numerous literature sources and a great amount of advices on how to handle them in design processes has been provided. Nevertheless, only a minority of literature sources addresses the perception of radicalism from a user's perspective, meaning that there is less research on how users or, in other words, consumers perceive a radical degree of novelty of products. Furthermore, there is little research on how this perception can be measured.This paper discusses the aforementioned user's perception and proposes a way to derive criteria which users take into account when they decide whether an idea or an innovation is radical or incremental. A concept for an investigative model was developed and applied by using it in the field with 49 test subjects. Consequently, a set of criteria was derived which concretises the decision whether a product was radical or not. The criteria were analyzed statistically and can be used by designers planning to develop a radical innovation in order to check whether the criteria people use to differentiate between radical and incremental products are fulfilled.
The Impact of Viewing Images of Precedents on the Cognitive Process of Architectural Idea Generation
Authors: Djari Chahinez , Arrouf Abdelmalek 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAmong the increasing number of researches about design thinking, several studies, empirically investigate the report between design process and different sources of inspiration. Visualization of Images represents one of the most current stimuli in the architectural design.This work focuses on the link between the active part of design process and images of precedents when visualized by the designer at the beginning of his design activity. It aims to identify and measure the impact of such visualization on the cognitive process of ideation.We use the protocol analysis method. Data are collected through design experiment and coded by the semio-morphic coding scheme. Results show that the visualization of images of precedents enhances the productivity of the ideation process. The process consistency is also improved by the apearence of homogeneous phases. Moreover the ideation process becomes more creative cognitively, by making the genesis of primitive chains of actions faster, easier and similar.Accordingly, this paper communicate the effect of a common practice such images’ visualization on the architectural design process to get insight on the cognitive befits of this practice.
A Model-Based Approach to Identify Barriers in Design Knowledge Reuse
Authors: Jordan Thomas , Bender Beate , Herzog Michael , Song Young-Woo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractToday, information and knowledge as competitive factors influence the success of companies as much as traditional production factors like human resources or physical capital. However, the reuse of design knowledge still represents a major challenge for engineering organizations. That is, because barriers exist hindering a successful knowledge reuse. On the basis of a literature review, the research depicted in this paper analyses the relation between single information conveying design knowledge and barriers hindering a successful knowledge reuse. Developing a model-based approach, we propose a micro logic containing three steps and underlying methods enabling practitioners to identify situation-specific barriers within their organization. We illustrate the industrial application of the approach in a case study at a mining machinery OEM.
Approach for a Machine-Interpretable Provision of Standard Contents Using Welded Constructions as an Example
Authors: Manoharan Thivakar , Loibl André , Nagarajah Arun , Köhler Peter 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn order to meet the quality standards required in today's product development process, the designer must be able to draw on the knowledge contained in standards at all times. However, in today's digital work environment, these are usually only available in paper or PDF form. To support the designer during the product development process, a research project examine how knowledge from standards can be made available digitally and integrated into his working environment. This paper presents a concept with a RESTful service as a central knowledge base, which provides knowledge in the form of microservices. The implementation is carried out using welding assemblies as an example. To achieve the high-quality requirements and to implement them, the standard contents had to be prepared in a machine-interpretable and cross system way.
Early Stage Digital Twins for Early Stage Engineering Design
Authors: Jones David Edward , Snider Chris , Kent Lee , Hicks Ben 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTWhile extensive modelling - both physical and virtual - is imperative to develop right-first-time products, the parallel use of virtual and physical models gives rise to two interrelated issues: the lack of revision control for physical prototypes; and the need for designers to manually inspect, measure, and interpret modifications to either virtual or physical models, for subsequent update of the other. The Digital Twin paradigm addresses similar problems later in the product life-cycle, and while these digital twins, or the “twinning” process, have shown significant value, there is little work to date on their implementation in the earlier design stages. With large prospective benefits in increased product understanding, performance, and reduced design cycle time and cost, this paper explores the concept of using the Digital Twin in early design, including an introduction to digital twinning, examination of opportunities for and challenges of their implementation, a presentation of the structure of Early Stage Twins, and evaluation via two implementation cases.