bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antinociceptive Activity of Phloroglucinol Derivatives Isolated from Southern Brazilian Hypericum Species
Authors: Bridi Henrique , Dischkaln Stolz Eveline , Maikon Corrêa de Barros Francisco , Elingson da Silva Costa Bianca , Guerini Letícia , Maris Kuze Rates Stela , Lino von Poser Gilsane 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe south Brazilian Hypericum species have revealed the presence of a series of biologically active phloroglucinol derivatives. In this study, a mixture of japonicine A and an isomer with an unreported structure, named japonicine E, was isolated from the roots of H. polyanthemum. Additionally, uliginosin A from H. myrianthum, isouliginosin B from H. polyanthemum, hyperbrasilol B and isohyperbrasilol B from H. caprifoliatum and cariphenone A from H. carinatum were also isolated. The structures were elucidated using 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR experiments and by comparison with previously reported data. The compounds japonicines A/E, uliginosin A, isouliginosin B, hyperbrasilol B and cariphenone A exhibited antinociceptive activity in the mice hot‐plate test and did not induce motor impairment in the rotarod apparatus.
Highly Efficient Photo‐Reduction of p‐Nitrophenol by Protonated Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets
Authors: Qian Jiajia , Yuan Aili , Yao Chengkai , Liu Jiyang , Li Benxia , Xi Fengna , Dong Xiaoping 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPhotocatalytic reduction of p‐nitrophenol to p‐aminophenol is important because of the high toxicity of p‐nitrophenol and the wide application of p‐aminophenol. Graphitic carbon nitride (g‐CN) is an excellent photocatalyst for various photo‐reduction reactions, but inefficient for photo‐reduction of p‐nitrophenol due to the electrostatic exclusion. In this work, we control the morphology and surface property of g‐CN and achieve significantly enhanced activity. The obtained protonated g‐CN nanosheet (pg‐CNNS) material has positively charged surface that can adsorb p‐nitrophenolate anions, therefore facilitating the transfer of photo‐generated electrons from catalyst to p‐nitrophenol. Its reaction rate is 1626 times higher than that of the pristine g‐CN. Besides the surface charge, the morphology of photocatalyst also has important effect on activity, which is demonstrated by the relatively low activity of protonated g‐CN in comparison to pg‐CNNS. The pg‐CNNS photocatalyst has an excellent stability and superior catalytic universality for photo‐reduction of various nitroaromatic compounds. This work does not only expand the application of a well‐known material, but also highlights the importance of understanding photocatalytic mechanism for designing photocatalyst.
Multiclass partial least squares discriminant analysis: Taking the right way—A critical tutorial
Authors: Pomerantsev Alexey , Rodionova Oxana 
Published: August 2018

Vityaz at the Crossroads by Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov, 1882. imageVityaz at the Crossroads by Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov, 1882.
Decision making is an important part of our lives, and chemometrics contributes to making choices more purposeful. Sometimes choosing the wrong way can lead to serious trouble. As written on the stone in the illustration, “If you ride to the left, you will lose your horse, if you ride to the right, you will lose your head.” Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) is an enormously popular method in various scientific areas: genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and in food and pharmaceutical sciences. In this paper, we provide a detailed PLS‐DA theory that could be used as an itinerary in this perilous world. A distinct feature of this theory is that it does not utilize the PLS scores but is entirely based on the predicted dummy responses. We demonstrate that the results of the direct multi‐class PLS‐DA can be presented in a straightforward way by projecting the response matrix on the “super‐score” space by means of Principal Component Analysis. Two approaches to discrimination are considered: the hard and the soft way of allocation. Correspondingly, two versions of PLS‐DA are presented: the conventional hard PLS‐DA and the newly introduced soft PLS‐DA that seems to be a novel approach in chemometrics. The quality of classification is assessed using figures of merit (sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency). It is shown how these characteristics are used for the selection of the model complexity. A number of practical problems are scrutinized, such as unbalanced sizes of classes, comparison of discriminant and class‐modeling approaches, and authentication by the “one against all” strategy. The paper is illustrated by real‐world and simulated examples.
Light‐Induced Activation of c‐Met Signalling by Photocontrolled DNA Assembly
Authors: Chen Shan , Li Jingying , Liang Hong , Lin Xia‐Hui , Li Juan , Yang Huang‐Hao 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOptical manipulation appears to be a powerful tool for spatiotemporally controlling a variety of cellular functions. Herein, a photocontrolled DNA assembly approach is described which enables light‐induced activation of cellular signal transduction by triggering protein dimerization (c‐Met signalling in this case). Three kinds of DNA probes are designed, including a pair of receptor recognition probes with adaptors and a blocker probe with a photocleavable linker (PC‐linker). By implementing PC‐linkers in blocker probes, the designed DNA probes response to light irradiation, which then induces the assembly of receptor recognition probes through adaptor complementing. Consequently, light‐mediated DNA assembly promotes the dimerization of c‐Met receptors, resulting in activation of c‐Met signalling. It is demonstrated that the proposed photocontrolled DNA assembly approach is effective for regulating c‐Met signalling and modulating cellular behaviours, such as cell proliferation and migration. Therefore, this simple approach may offer a promising strategy to manipulate cell signalling pathways precisely in living cells.
Visible Light‐Promoted Three‐Component Carboazidation of Unactivated Alkenes with TMSN3 and Acrylonitrile
Authors: Yang Bo , Ren Xiang , Shen Xuzhong , Li Tongtong , Lu Zhan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA novel difunctionalization of unactivated alkenes has been reported via visible light‐promoted three‐component carboazidation using TMSN3 and acrylonitrile as partners without any stoichiometric oxidants. This protocol is operationally simple for straightforward access to azido derivatives with good functional group tolerance from readily available starting materials. A facile azido radical‐catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of vinylcyclopropane with acrylonitrile was also observed to deliver a multi‐substituted cyclopentane.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Radical Cascade Cyclization: Synthesis of (20S)‐Camptothecin, SN‐38 and Irinotecan
Authors: Yuan Yao , Dong Wuheng , Gao Xiaoshuang , Xie Xiaomin , Curran Dennis P. , Zhang Zhaoguo 
Published: August 2018

Abstract(20S)‐Camptothecin, irinotecan and SN‐38 were successfully synthesized by a photocatalyzed radical cascade cyclization from an N‐propargyl iodopyridinone and an arylisonitrile under visible light with a ruthenium catalyst. This synthetic method provided a useful entry into composing camptothecin family of antitumor agents in good yields under mild reaction conditions without the use of heavy metal reagents.
Alternative splicing of the Caenorhabditis elegans lev‐11 tropomyosin gene is regulated in a tissue‐specific manner
Authors: Watabe Eichi , Ono Shoichiro , Kuroyanagi Hidehito 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTropomyosin isoforms contribute to generation of functionally divergent actin filaments. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, multiple isoforms are produced from lev‐11, the single tropomyosin gene, by combination of two separate promoters and alternative pre‐mRNA splicing. In this study, we report that alternative splicing of lev‐11 is regulated in a tissue‐specific manner so that a particular tropomyosin isoform is expressed in each tissue. Reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis of lev‐11 mRNAs confirms five previously reported isoforms (LEV‐11A, LEV‐11C, LEV‐11D, LEV‐11E and LEV‐11O) and identifies a new sixth isoform LEV‐11T. Using transgenic alternative‐splicing reporter minigenes, we find distinct patterns of preferential exon selections in the pharynx, body wall muscles, intestine and neurons. The body wall muscles preferentially process splicing to produce high‐molecular‐weight isoforms, LEV‐11A, LEV‐11D and LEV‐11O. The pharynx specifically processes splicing to express a low‐molecular‐weight isoform LEV‐11E, whereas the intestine and neurons process splicing to express another low‐molecular‐weight isoform LEV‐11C. The splicing pattern of LEV‐11T was not predominant in any of these tissues, suggesting that this is a minor isoform. Our results suggest that regulation of alternative splicing is an important mechanism to express proper tropomyosin isoforms in particular tissue and/or cell types in C. elegans.
Long noncoding RNAs: A new player in the prevention and treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy?
Authors: Ma Chao , Luo Huan , Liu Bing , Li Feng , Tschöpe Carsten , Fa Xianen 
Published: August 2018

SummaryDiabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) can cause extensive necrosis of the heart muscle by metabolic disorders and microangiopathy, with subclinical cardiac dysfunction, and eventually progress to heart failure, arrhythmia, and cardiogenic shock; severe patients may even die suddenly. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of nonprotein‐coding RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides. They have critical roles in various biological processes, including gene expression regulation, genomic imprinting, nuclear‐cytoplasmic trafficking, RNA splicing, and translational control. Recent studies indicated that lncRNAs extensively participate in the development of diverse cardiac diseases, such as cardiac ischaemia, hypertrophy, and heart failure. Little is known about lncRNA in DCM. In this review, we summarize the current literature on lncRNAs in DCM studies, aiming to provide new methods for DCM's future prevention and treatment strategies.
A basic study for estimation of occlusal force using an ear wearable sensor
Authors: Taniguchi Kazuhiro , Kurosawa Mami , Kimura Yutaka , Nishikawa Atsushi 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe aim to develop earphone type wearable devices for measuring occlusal force. In this article, we investigated the correlation between occlusal force and the movement of the ear canal as a basic study to estimate the occlusion force. The proposed estimation method uses the least squares method and the weighted average. We developed an experimental device for simultaneously measuring occlusal force and the movement of the ear canal. This device primarily consists of an occlusal force sensor and a wearable ear sensor, and converts analog signals from both sensors into digital signals using an analog‐to‐digital (AD) converter, then records the data as signals associated with measurement time. The experiment involved six subjects, who performed chewing of the occlusal force sensor five times, for 2 seconds. The occlusal force sensor was placed at the right second molar, with the wearable ear sensor placed on the right ear. Through the experiment, the occlusion and the ear canal movement were found to have a strong correlation. The average correlation coefficients consistently exceeded 0.89 for all subjects.
Restoring historical forest conditions in a diverse inland Pacific Northwest landscape
Authors: Johnston James D. , Dunn Christopher J. , Vernon Michael J. , Bailey John D. , Morrissette Brett A. , Morici Kat E. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA major goal of managers in fire‐prone forests is restoring historical structure and composition to promote resilience to future drought and disturbance. To accomplish this goal, managers require information about reference conditions in different forest types, as well as tools to determine which individual trees to retain or remove to approximate those reference conditions. We used dendroecological reconstructions and General Land Office records to quantify historical forest structure and composition within a 13,600 ha study area in eastern Oregon where theUSDAForest Service is planning restoration treatments. Our analysis demonstrates that all forest types present in the study area, ranging from dry ponderosa pine‐dominated forests to moist mixed conifer forests, are considerably denser (273–316% increase) and have much higher basal area (60–176% increase) today than at the end of the 19th century. Historically, both dry pine and mixed conifer forest types were dominated by shade‐intolerant species. Today, shade‐tolerant tree cover has increased in dry pine stands, while mixed conifer stands are now dominated by shade‐tolerant species. Federal managers in eastern Oregon are currently required to retain all live trees >53 cm diameter at breast height in the course of forest management activities because this size class is assumed to be under‐represented on the landscape relative to historical conditions. However, we found the same or greater number of live trees >53 cm today than in the late 19th century. Restoring historical conditions usually involves removing shade‐tolerant trees that established since Euro‐American management significantly altered natural disturbance regimes. We evaluated a wide range of tree morphological and environmental variables that could potentially predict the age of grand fir and Douglas‐fir, the most abundant shade‐tolerant species found within the study area. We describe several morphological characteristics that are diagnostic of tree age and developed decision trees that predict the approximate age of trees using morphological characteristics that are easy to measure in the field such as height to live foliage or height to dead branches. Information about structural and compositional change over time combined with tree‐age prediction tools provides a flexible framework for restoring historical conditions and meeting other resource management objectives.
Hybrid datasets: integrating observations with experiments in the era of macroecology and big data
Authors: Benedetti‐Cecchi Lisandro , Bulleri Fabio , Dal Bello Martina , Maggi Elena , Ravaglioli Chiara , Rindi Luca 
Published: August 2018

AbstractUnderstanding how increasing human domination of the biosphere affects life on earth is a critical research challenge. This task is facilitated by the increasing availability of open‐source data repositories, which allow ecologists to address scientific questions at unprecedented spatial and temporal scales. Large datasets are mostly observational, so they may have limited ability to uncover causal relations among variables. Experiments are better suited at attributing causation, but they are often limited in scope. We propose hybrid datasets, resulting from the integration of observational with experimental data, as an approach to leverage the scope and ability to attribute causality in ecological studies. We show how the analysis of hybrid datasets with emerging techniques in time series analysis (Convergent Cross‐mapping) and macroecology (Joint Species Distribution Models) can generate novel insights into causal effects of abiotic and biotic processes that would be difficult to achieve otherwise. We illustrate these principles with two case studies in marine ecosystems and discuss the potential to generalize across environments, species and ecological processes. If used wisely, the analysis of hybrid datasets may become the standard approach for research goals that seek causal explanations for large‐scale ecological phenomena.
Why the path to polycentricity matters: evidence from fisheries governance in Palau
Authors: Carlisle Keith M. , Gruby Rebecca L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPolycentricity, a complex form of governance characterized by multiple centers of semiautonomous decision‐making, has been embraced by commons scholars for the governance of complex natural resource systems. In this context, several benefits are commonly ascribed to polycentric governance systems, including enhanced adaptive capacity, mitigation of risk and provision of good institutional fit. We examine the functioning of a polycentric governance system through a qualitative case study of the governance of small‐scale fishing in the Northern Reef region of Palau where fishery resources have been declining in recent decades. By engaging a theoretical model of a functional polycentric governance system, we identify deficiencies in institutional features that partly explain why functionality is not fully achieved. Analysis of the historical transition of the governance system from community‐based to polycentric reveals that the path to polycentricity and contextual conditions constitute additional distal explanations of deficiencies in functionality. The findings suggest that transitioning from community‐based to polycentric governance risks producing conditions conducive to crowding‐out and erosion of rule compliance where the form of polycentricity assumed entails primarily higher‐level government decision‐makers with insufficient capacity for rule implementation. The case underlines the need for more refined theory concerning the emergence and functionality of different forms polycentric governance systems in various contexts.
A Psychological Approach to Human Capital
Authors: Kell Harrison J. , Robbins Steven B. , Su Rong , Brenneman Meghan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe concept of human capital originated in economics over 200 years ago. The current paper takes a novel approach to human capital by interpreting it from a psychological perspective. We divide human capital into 2 domains: traditional and nontraditional. The traditional domain consists of the constructs that have been historically classified as human capital: the cognitive skills and knowledge associated with educational success and measured by high‐stakes tests. The nontraditional domain consists of constructs that have not historically been associated with human capital: personality traits, vocational interests, and psychosocial and academic‐related factors. Both traditional and nontraditional human capitals are important predictors of school and work success. Science, however, is concerned with developing explanations in addition to making accurate predictions, and we move beyond a descriptive taxonomy of human capital constructs by providing a psychological process‐based account of human capital grounded in the cognitive–affective processing system (CAPS) developed by Mischel and Shoda. To practically illustrate the power of this approach for explaining how human capital is manifested in individuals' actions, we offer a CAPS‐based model of student help‐seeking behavior—a type of behavior that is an important facilitator of positive educational outcomes.
Oxytocin enhances the pain‐relieving effects of social support in romantic couples
Authors: Kreuder Ann‐Kathrin , Wassermann Lea , Wollseifer Michael , Ditzen Beate , Eckstein Monika , Stoffel‐Wagner Birgit , Hennig Juergen , Hurlemann René , Scheele Dirk 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSocial support plays a vital role in physical and mental well‐being. The neuropeptide hormone oxytocin (OXT) has been implicated in modulating pair‐bonding and affiliative behaviors, but whether OXT contributes to the analgesic effects of a romantic partner's touch remains elusive. In the present randomized placebo‐controlled, between‐group, functional magnetic resonance imaging study involving 194 healthy volunteers (97 heterosexual couples), we tested the effects of intranasal OXT (24 IU) on handholding as a common mode of expressing emotional support in romantic couples. We scanned the subjects while brief electric shocks were administered. The subjects assumed that they received social support from either their romantic partner or an unfamiliar person. Unbeknown to the subject, in the partner and stranger support conditions, the same male experimenter always held the subject's left hand. Partner support was most effective in reducing the unpleasantness of electric shocks, and OXT further attenuated the unpleasantness across conditions. On the neural level, OXT significantly augmented the beneficial effects of partner support, as evidenced by a stronger decrease of neural responses to shocks in the anterior insula (AI), a stronger activity increase in the middle frontal gyrus (MFG), and a strengthened functional coupling between the AI and MFG. Our results support the notion that OXT specifically modulates the beneficial effects of social support in romantic couples by concomitantly reducing pain‐associated activity and increasing activity linked to cognitive control and pain inhibition. We hypothesize that impaired OXT signaling may contribute to the experience of a lack of partner support.
Simtuzumab for Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Phase 2 Study Results With Insights on the Natural History of the Disease
Authors: Muir Andrew J. , Levy Cynthia , Janssen Harry L.A. , Montano‐Loza Aldo J. , Shiffman Mitchell L. , Caldwell Stephen , Luketic Velimir , Ding Dora , Jia Catherine , McColgan Bryan J. , McHutchison John G. , Mani Subramanian G. , Myers Robert P. , Manns Michael , Chapman Roger , Afdhal Nezam H. , Goodman Zachary , Eksteen Bertus , Bowlus Christopher L. ,   for the GS‐US‐321‐0102 Investigators
Published: August 2018

Lysyl oxidase like‐2 (LOXL2) plays a central role in fibrogenesis and is elevated in the serum and liver of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). We evaluated the safety and efficacy of simtuzumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against LOXL2, in patients with PSC. Patients with compensated liver disease caused by PSC were randomized 1:1:1 to receive weekly subcutaneous injections of simtuzumab 75 mg, simtuzumab 125 mg, or placebo for 96 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was mean change in hepatic collagen content assessed by morphometry between baseline and week 96. Additional endpoints included change in Ishak fibrosis stage and the frequency of PSC‐related clinical events. Overall, 234 patients were randomized and started treatment. At week 96, the mean change from baseline in hepatic collagen content was –0.5% for patients receiving simtuzumab 75 mg (P = 0.73 versus placebo), +0.5% for patients receiving simtuzumab 125 mg (P = 0.33 versus placebo), and 0.0 for patients receiving placebo. Compared with placebo, neither dose of simtuzumab led to significant reductions in Ishak fibrosis stage, progression to cirrhosis, or frequency of clinical events. Overall, 80 (34%) patients had fibrosis progression and 47 (20%) experienced PSC‐related clinical events. In a multivariate model of baseline factors, PSC‐related clinical events were more frequent in patients with advanced fibrosis (hazard ratio [HR], 2.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02‐4.06; P = 0.045), higher alkaline phosphatase (HR per 10 U/L, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00‐1.02; P = 0.015), and higher enhanced liver fibrosis score (HR per unit, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.98‐1.61; P = 0.073). Overall, rates of adverse events and laboratory abnormalities were similar between groups. Conclusion: Treatment with the LOXL2 inhibitor simtuzumab for 96 weeks did not provide clinical benefit in patients with PSC.