bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leaves of Grass and Real Estate
Authors: Riley Peter 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the period leading up to the publication of Leaves of Grass in 1855, revealing how Whitman financed his poetic output by successfully negotiating the unstable Brooklyn real estate market. He bought and sold several properties, moving from house to house as he went along. In the years up to 1855, Whitman forged an adaptable marketplace persona, deploying it repeatedly while composing receipts, contracts, and house-plans. Whitman’s worldly experiences of moneymaking inform his narratives of transcendence and organic wholeness. In the attempt to transcend the particularities of his urban activity, he ends up building his poetic vision out of the rhythms and inflections of the real estate market. This has significant implications for the way we read his later works: for the rest of his career, Whitman concentrated on tearing down, annexing, and building over again his subsequent poetic projects.
Classical Modernism and Impersonal Poetic Labor
Authors: Riley Peter 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the emergence of a cultural logic that continues to inform the vocational contours of standard poetic biographies. It argues that a group of transatlantic literary modernists extended the logic of vocational modernity by exemplifying an influential figuration of poetic calling through their personal careers choices. By aligning an anti-Romantic patrician “classicism” with a Progressive-era literary professionalism, they secured the parameters of an exceptional poetic labor now defined strictly in opposition to quotidian work. Classical modernism subsequently promoted a series of Manichean icons—T. S. Eliot, Bank Clerk; Wallace Stevens, Insurance Salesman among them—reinforcing a dialectical relationship between distinct, though mutually reassuring spheres. These poets came to encapsulate a parable of threatened vocational integrity, drawing on the anxieties of the era while capitalizing on stable and well-paid employment. It is suggested that poetic careers are still read through this particular cultural lens.
Making Ends Meet
Authors: Riley Peter 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the continually waylaid career of Hart Crane. Working contra the vocational arrangement set out by his modernist colleagues, Crane consistently produced work that undermined the very possibility of a discrete poetic labor. His erratic career represents an important alternative to the binary vocational model exactly because this model always eluded him. He provides an insight into what happens when the modernist poet falls just short of the necessary privilege, infrastructural trappings and consistencies possessed by an Eliot or a Stevens. In his continual crossings out and rewritings, you see the drafts of poetry working themselves up into such a state that, perhaps inevitably, they start speaking in symptomatic shaking suspension bridges and apocalyptic vortices: a symbolic register that repeatedly refers back to, and reimagines, the shifting political and economic terrain beneath his feet.
Religious Thought in Medieval Rus
Authors: Obolevitch Teresa 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 explores the beginning of Russian religious thought in light of the relationship between faith and reason, Christian revelation and ancient philosophy. Two tendencies in Eastern Christian cosmology, reflecting two of the aspects (the transcendent and the immanent ones: the divine essence and the divine energies) of God are analyzed. The first one is typical for, and supposes that there is a clear-cut borderline between, the divine essence and creation and, respectively, between theology and science. Consequently, the task of philosophy is nothing other than to expose the limits of human reasoning and especially scientific knowledge. The second tendency claims that since the divine energies penetrate the empirical realm, therefore, cosmology is considered a part of theology. In Medieval Rus both approaches concerning the possibility of cognition of God through creation and, as one of the consequences, a link between theology and science, were adopted.
Peter Chaadaev
Authors: Obolevitch Teresa 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the topic of the relationship between faith and reason in the thought of Peter Chaadaev, recognized as the first original Russian philosopher. He treated faith and reason as two reliable paths representing feeling (of a temporary nature) and reasoning (which is more constant and stable) respectively, and both leading to God. Opposed to materialism and the newly found positivism, he tried to build a harmonious correlation between faith and natural science. It is argued that, according to Chaadaev, faith is the first stage of cognition but, on the other hand, it demands the confirmation of reason. Therefore, theology and science are complementary disciplines.
Fr. Pavel Florensky
Authors: Obolevitch Teresa 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 9 considers the philosophy of Fr. Pavel Florensky, “the Russian Leonardo da Vinci” who presented the most impressive attempt at the reconciliation of faith and science. Florensky was skeptical about the possibility of the rational expression of the content of revelation and maintained that a rational system violates the one religious Truth. At the same time, he tried to create a fusion of science and faith in the spirit of concordism. Emphasizing the antinomic character of the universe, he nevertheless believed in the possibility of overcoming the antinomy between science and religion, and of creating religious science and scientific religion.
The Project of Russian Cosmism
Authors: Obolevitch Teresa 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 13 describes the original project of Russian Cosmism, as exemplified especially by Nikolai Fedorov, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, and Vladimir Vernadsky, in the context of the relation between science and theology. Although they had a somewhat critical attitude toward the official doctrine of the Orthodox Church, the representatives of scientific cosmism professed a faith based on universal Reason, Order, and Harmony. The cosmists drew scientists’ attention to moral responsibility, the aims of scientific progress, and problems of ecology. For this reason, this concept is of particular importance nowadays. The chapter also discusses the limitation of Russian Cosmism, especially its speculative and esoteric character.
Epilogue
Authors: Moss Eloise 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In 1965, London-based Turkish-Cypriot author Taner Baybars’ novel A Trap for the Burglar portrayed a metropolitan couple whose marriage was disintegrating through the constant fear of burglary that ruled their lives, eventually making them suspect each other of being the thief. Its motifs of the psycho-sexual trauma inherent in the burglar’s interference in their happy existence anticipated the new legislation enforced under the Theft Act 1968 (still in use today), which explicitly sought to entwine the issues of burglary and rape. Creating a new, severer penalty for burglary-with-rape, it constituted this phenomenon as a distinctive, more serious strand of criminal enterprise. The epilogue considers the legacy of these shifts into the late twentieth century. Night Raiders has sought to demonstrate the depths to which burglary penetrated into the everyday lives of Londoners between 1860 and 1968. Even those who had no direct experience of being burgled were touched by the crime, whether through the accumulation of sensational stories of dramatic burglaries in the press, theatre, and on film, or through the integration of anti-burglar technologies around their homes. Walking around the city at night, catching glimpse of a broken rooftile or a sudden movement near the perimeter of a house, both residents and police would have likely turned their thoughts to thieves.
Introduction
Authors: Moss Eloise 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Until 1968, burglary was defined both legally and culturally as an extraordinary form of theft occurring between the ‘night-time’ hours of nine p.m. and six a.m., entwining the crime with visions of a shadowy, nightmarish nocturnal cityscape. Juxtaposing the horror of victims with the glamorous, sexy breed of ‘gentleman’ burglar gracing international cinema screens in phenomenally successful films such as Raffles (1939), the Introduction explores the vastly contradictory responses to the crime during the period 1860 and 1968. Encompassing not only fear-mongering accounts of the crime, but also those designed to excite, to challenge preconceptions, and to entertain, it maps out how these conflicting versions of burglary and burglars articulated broader social, political, and economic concerns. These included: the advent of mass literacy and growing demand for stories of crime that reflected the concerns of an audience of diverse class, age, and gender; the commercial imperatives of the insurance and entertainment industries as the middle classes expanded, including the development of household insurance and the popularity of the ‘true crime’ genre; the backlash against the evolving women’s movement and its alignment with new forms of criminality; and the evolution of new modes of policing and regulation, particularly forensic science. Following social surveyor Charles Booth’s observation that burglary was London’s ‘most characteristic crime’ in the early 1900s, the Introduction examines how the metropolis became peculiarly identified with burglars’ most daring exploits—and how the city itself was transformed by its association with the crime.
Dismantling Checks and Balances (I): The Remaking of the Constitutional Tribunal
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter reveals how, until 2015, the Polish Constitutional Tribunal (CT) was an important counter-majoritarian measure, effectively constraining the legislative and executive branches, and policing the operation of Poland’s democratic system. It discusses how, after the Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS)) party came to power, it disabled the CT through legislative bombardment, involving the enactment of numerous laws meant to paralyse its operation, and through court packing, including openly unconstitutional means. Once the pro-PiS judges (including ‘quasi-judges’, illegally appointed) gained a majority in the court in December 2016, the CT transformed from a paralysed, powerless institution into an active government aid, assisting it in its campaign to dismantle all checks and balances and limit civil rights. This chapter records a number of judgments handed down after 2016 that illustrate the role of the CT as an active, indeed enthusiastic, enabler. In addition, new judges have been active in their extra-judicial roles as supporters and defenders of the government. This must be seen against the broader theory of constitutional courts as an ‘insurance policy’ for the current majority. The transformation of the CT in Poland may suggest that the current rulers do not seriously envisage the prospect of losing power.
An Assault on Individual Rights
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Since coming to power, the Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS)) party has not engineered any massive breaches of individual rights, but its effective dismantling of checks and balances renders such an assault possible at any time. Selective infringements of rights have, however, occurred. This chapter describes restrictions on the right to assembly, mainly instituted by a new statute privileging so-called cyclical assemblies; on freedom of speech, evident in the law punishing ‘inappropriate’ statements about Holocaust crimes on Polish lands; and on privacy rights through uncontrolled surveillance, evident in the new law on police and anti-terrorism.
Illiberal Democracy or Populist Authoritarianism?
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Poland’s constitutional breakdown of 2015 constitutes an interesting, if unfortunate, case study of the relationship between populism and democracy, and the related concept of ‘illiberal democracy’. Without generalizing this finding, the chapter argues that in Poland, illiberal democracy is largely an oxymoron. By dismantling various checks and balances, and the many democratic institutions related to elections and judicial review, the ruling party greatly weakens the democratic character of the state. The temptation to consider Poland as a case of ‘political constitutionalism’, in contrast to ‘legal constitutionalism’, should be resisted. The chapter considers how Poland lacks many of the democratic prerequisites critical for ‘political constitutionalism’. The Polish variant of populism is aggressively anti-pluralistic, anti-deliberative, and hostile to minorities. The system can be better described as that of ‘plebiscitarian authoritarianism’. It is also antithetical to the ideal of the rule of law, in particular in its disregard for the various unwritten clauses (constitutional conventions) supplementing the constitutional text.
Afterword
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
While the developments described in the book give great cause for concern, there are nevertheless some democratic resources that may justify moderate optimism: Poland has a lively and pluralistic commercial media, vibrant civil society, individual courageous judges, the Ombudsman, etc. Furthermore, populism often carries seeds of self-destruction. This short concluding chapter ends with an “authoritarian playbook” illustrating the steps that the governing populist party have followed in consolidating its power. But knowing this playbook is useful not only to would-be and actual autocrats: it is also illuminating to those who advocate resistance to today’s enemies of democracy.
France
Authors: Balzacq Thierry 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
France conducted a unique grand strategy, labeled “grandeur,” from the late 1950s to 1989. Its key elements were: the search for global status; the need for independence in decision-making and a related refusal to accept subordination to the United States; and the primacy of nuclear power in its military arsenal. But France has radically reoriented its grand strategy for the last three decades towards a more integrative formulation of “liberal engagement.” This chapter first describes the features of grandeur and then identifies the factors that led France to pursue liberal engagement. It describes and compares the characteristics of the two along three axes: their theoretical bases, causal logic, and policy components. The chapter concludes by examining the impact of liberal engagement on France’s forms of foreign engagement; assesses the ways and extent to which they serve France’s interests; and evaluates the consequences of those choices.
Brazil
Authors: Milani Carlos R. S. , Nery Tiago 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
After the civil-military dictatorship (1964–1985), the Brazilian re-democratization process coincided with a “double divorce.” The first was between foreign policy and defense policy, the second between military and civilian authorities. It was only in the aftermath of the inauguration of the 1988 Constitution that the Brazilian federal government began constructing a bridge between these two public policies, their respective administrations, and attendant constituencies under the aegis of a democratic regime. Cardoso’s government began implementing a strategy aimed at placing the armed forces under civilian control. But it was during Lula’s and Rousseff’s subsequent administration’s that they laid out a “sketch of Brazil’s grand strategy,” interrupted by Rousseff’s 2016 controversial impeachment.Â?In this context, we analyze the main challenges concerning the conception and the implementation of Brazil’s grand strategy between 2003 and 2014, thus demonstrating how Brazil’s domestic politics and its development model together played key roles in this process.
India
Authors: Fair C. Christine 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter maps the historic foundations of Indian grand strategy and the obstacles that have precluded the realization of a new one. First, it describes the elements of Nehru’s grand strategy, and the ways and means that India adopted to pursue them. Second, it examines the factors that have galvanized debates about discarding these Nehruvian commitments. Third, it describes the various contemporary, contending schools of thought about what India’s grand strategy should be. Fourth, it explores the various bureaucratic and political obstacles to transitioning away from this Nehruvian past. The fifth section argues that what has resulted is a form of incrementalism that has nonetheless precipitated important changes in India’s political, diplomatic, and military behavior away from these past Nehruvian commitments. The chapter concludes on a skeptical note by questioning whether the contemporary Indian administration will be able to craft a coherent grand strategy, given the vociferous nature of India’s democracy and decentralized political structure.
The European Union
Authors: Fiott Daniel , Simón Luis 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Many theorists and policymakers may be surprised to learn that an international organization, such as the European Union, has the capacity to form and articulate its own grand strategy. However, identifying “who” makes EU grand strategy is challenging. A range of institutions and actors play a role in the formulation, consolidation, and execution of the EU’s grand strategy. These institutions, together with EU member states, define “grand strategy” in differing ways. Furthermore, some actors are more conscious than others that they are actually engaged in “grand strategy”–making rather than simply debating policies. This chapter identifies the leading actors in EU grand strategy; why and how these actors pursue grand strategy goals using a variety of instruments; discusses what those goals have been; and the prospects for their attainment.
Conclusion
Authors: Ripsman Norrin 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This concluding chapter is divided into five sections. The first section considers several methodological challenges that complicate the mission of comparative GS analysis and, consequently, probes the limits of this exercise. The next three sections examine the aggregate insights of the volume regarding: (1) the sources of GS in the states examined in the volume; (2) the range of goals that states pursue with their GSs; and (3) the tools that states use to promote their geostrategic goals. The final section evaluates additional insights suggested by this comparative exercise and explore avenues for inquiry.
Nature’s Mathematics
Authors: Owens Thomas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 explores the geometrical quality of Wordsworth’s and Coleridge’s imaginative commitments. Focusing principally on The Pedlar, the Guide to the Lakes, and Coleridge’s Notebooks, the chapter locates the origins of Wordsworth’s and Coleridge’s geometric visions in a divinely relational language of shapes which they intuited as children to describe the world about them and which moulded their shared Pedlar consciousness in the 1790s. It proposes that Wordsworth and Coleridge sustained the mathematical expressions of the Pedlar’s ethico-theological vision in their dealings with nature and the mind, perceiving in the material world a language of geometric forms which held it together.
Stellar Revisions
Authors: Owens Thomas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 scrutinizes a sequence of changes that Wordsworth made to The Prelude in the 1820s and 1830s which suggest that his numerous scientific connections at Trinity College, Cambridge, rarely mentioned in biographies of the poet, alongside his close friendship with William Rowan Hamilton, spurred him to integrate the latest innovations in mathematics and astronomy into his autobiographical poem. Wordsworth’s proximity to scientific advance in later life effected a ‘transfiguration’ in his poetics, given that his amendments to several passages of The Prelude suggest that he thought language could become outmoded like a mathematical formula or a technical instrument.
Introduction
Authors: Owens Thomas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Introduction proposes that a series of speculative scientific analogies operate at the very centre of how Wordsworth and Coleridge perceived the world and how they expressed that perception, revealing the brilliant inventiveness with which they transfigured the material universe. It establishes the conceptual value of analogy for the poets and suggests that focusing on the poets’ imaginative uses of analogy is a way to uncover the importance of scientific patterns, principally derived from mathematics and astronomy, for their poetic, religious, philosophical, and critical writing. This overturns the long-standing critical consensus that the Romantic poets were not interested or able to understand hard science and instead highlights the centrality of scientific structures in their creative thinking.
Narrative
Authors: Burnham Michelle 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the publication history of the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century genre of Pacific travel narratives, and examines its narrative features. During this period, ships moved with increasing regularity on incredibly risky voyages between the world’s oceans. At the same time, novels came to dominate the literary world of fiction. These developments are related by their shared narrative dynamics, especially in the relationship between narrative suspense and numerical speculation, between words and numbers. The short-term risks and losses that attended these voyages were offset by their long-term profits, as the pleasure of accumulation concealed but also depended on the horrors of violence.
Numbers
Authors: Burnham Michelle 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on American mathematical schoolbooks from the age of revolutions, as well as associated genres such as manuals on bookkeeping, navigation, and insurance. Knowledge of these fields was crucial for the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century voyages of commerce and discovery that connected the Atlantic and Pacific, and these books introduced a wide variety of readers, including women, to the world of global trade. In their attention to the interrelated practices of calculation and speculation, these genres—in dialogue with literature on the lottery—taught readers the narrative dynamics of suspense that also informed the emerging genre of the novel. Like transoceanic travel narratives, novels were the textual companions to capitalism, offering readers regular practice in accommodating the sensations of expectation central to a world increasingly penetrated by global trade and its mechanisms of risk-taking and risk assessment. Novels emerged, in other words, as numberless representations of an increasingly number-driven world.
Politics
Authors: Burnham Michelle 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues for a revolutionary Pacific that should be seen as a transoceanic counterpart to the revolutionary Atlantic. The Pacific has been left out of early American studies because the region’s events and actors cannot be accommodated by the central story of the American Revolution, a linear story plotted around the nation that took shape in its aftermath. Yet maritime travel writing from the period routinely describes constant uprisings, rebellions, and acts of resistance throughout the Pacific by reference precisely to the major revolutions of the Atlantic. An attention to empire rather than nation, and to cyclicality rather than linearity, is needed to bring the Pacific and Atlantic worlds into greater dialogue within American literary and cultural history during the age of revolution. Moreover, by paying attention to the embodied experiences of indigenous women in the Pacific, we can recover the violence concealed by triumphant narratives of political revolution.