bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Particulate Organics on the Removal of Dissolved Organics in Fixed-Film Biological Reactors
Authors: Särner E. , Marklund S. 
Published: May 2018

Very little is known about the interaction between dissolved and particulate organics in the fixed-film biological process used for wastewater purification, although this process has been used for many decades. The mechanisms for the removal of dissolved and particulate organics differ and it has been found that a large fraction of the organics in most wastewaters exists in particulate form.
In the experiments described here, the influence of particulate organics on the removal of glucose was studied in laboratory-scale fixed-film reactors. The particles used were starch particles and particles obtained from digested sewage sludge. The result of the experiments showed that for high glucose concentrations and high temperatures the removal of glucose was reduced when particles were adsorbed on the biofilm surface. A dramatic reduction was observed when large amounts of particles were adsorbed. This effect has also been observed in a full-scale trickling filter plant and in pilot trickling filters. At low glucose concentrations and low temperatures, however, a slight increase in glucose removal was observed when organic particles were adsorbed on the biofilm surface.
Removal of Iron Cyanide from Gold Mill Effluents by Ion Exchange
Authors: Vachon D. T. 
Published: May 2018

Using a strongly basic anion exchanger (Rohm & Haas Amberlite IRA-958) laboratory ion exchange tests were conducted on the removal of iron cyanide from synthetic and actual gold mill effluents. Variables examined included the effects of pH, concentration and hydraulic loading of the feed on the resin exchange capacity and resin column utilization. The results showed ion exchange to be an effective method of removing iron cyanide to concentrations of less than 3 mg/L. Tests with synthetic gold mill effluents gave resin exchange capacities ranging from 13 to 34 mg CNFe/mL resin depending on the concentration of iron, copper and zinc cyanides in these solutions. When raw barren bleed was tested, an exchange capacity for the ferro/ferricyanides was determined to be ~6 to 8 mg CNFe/mL resin. For chlorinated barren bleed, a resin exchange capacity of 14 mg CNFe/mL resin was observed. A capacity of 19 mg CNFe/mL resin was achieved for tailings pond decant.
Regeneration with 15% NaCl provided mixed results with recoveries ranging from 40 to 100% of the iron cyanide exchanged by the resin. Upon multiple exchange-regeneration cycles, the resin lost 25% of the exchange capacity for total cyanide during the first cycle. Subsequently, the loss in exchange capacity was approximately 1% per cycle. Pilot scale tests were considered essential prior to full scale system design.
Ozone Enhanced Biological Activated Carbon Filtration and its Effect on Organic Matter Removal, and in Particular on AOC Reduction
Authors: Janssens J. G. , Meheus J. , Dirickx J. 
Published: May 2018

Ozonation prior to GAC filtration is evaluated in relation to organic matter removal, and in particular to AOC (assimilable organic carbon) reduction. In terms of TOC removal, experimental results on pilot plant scale showed an increase of filter service time with about 60 % to 65 %. A dosage higher than 2 mg ozone/1 had no additional effect. The extent to which this increase of service time was predominantly due to enhanced biological activity or to long term cumulative slow adsorption is not yet clear.
Ozonation caused a very significant increase of AOC. This increase was a function of the applied ozone dosage. First experimental results suggested a relation between ozonation and an early “breakthrough” of AOC with GAC filters fed with ozonated water.
The Contribution of Agricultural Loading to Eutrophication in Finnish Lakes
Authors: Kauppi L. 
Published: May 2018

Agriculture accounts for 9 per cent of the total surface area of Finland and generates the greatest single nutrient input to Finnish watercourses. Since agricultural activity is scattered throughout the whole country its effects in lakes are less pronounced than those of domestic and industrial effluents. On the other hand, point source phosphorus loading of lakes and rivers decreased significantly during the nineteen-seventies.
Phosphorus is the nutrient which primarily limits production in most Finnish lakes. The availability of phosphorus in agricultural runoff waters is therefore a crucial question in the evaluation of the eutrophicating effects of agriculture. Our results indicated that in runoff waters available phosphorus can be 60-70 per cent of the total phosphorus. However, the concentrations of available P were so low that they could be achieved in Finnish lakes of low ionic concentration through simple chemical desorption without the assistance of the algal uptake. The utilization of the spring maximum of runoff phosphorus in lakes would thus not depend on the concurrence of the maxima of loading and algal growth.
Sedimentation, Mineralization and Resuspension of Sludge in a Sewerage System: A Case Study
Authors: Hogendoorn-Roozemond A. S. 
Published: May 2018

Quantitative information was obtained on the processes of sedimentation, mineralization and resuspension of organic matter in a combined sewerage system by means of statistical analysis of dry and wet weather data on sewage flows.
The effects of temperature and length of intermittent dry weather periods on daily pollutant loads were also evaluated.
For the sewerage system investigated it was found that in summer 5-26% of the BOD produced is mineralized in the system before reaching the sewage treatment plant. Due to sedimentation under dry weather conditions up to 12% of the daily organic load produced may be present in the sewers as resuspendable deposits; in winter this percentage may even amount to 20-30% because of slow mineralization.
Biological Phosphorus Removal in Combination with Simultaneous Precipitation
Authors: Spatzierer G. , Ludwig C. , Matsché N. 
Published: May 2018

Two treatment plants - in the drainage area of Lake Neusiedl in Burgenland (Wulkatal, Eisbachtal)-with nitrification-denitrification and simultaneous precipitation of P were operated with an anoxic -anaerobic aeration tank to obtain biological P-removal. The results indicated that a complete denitrification is essential in the first tank to obtain release and biological uptake of phosphorus. Low loading in the Wulkatal-Plant resulted in incomplete denitrification and a biological P-removal of only 60 %. The dosage of a reduced amount of precipitant indicated a combined action of chemical and biological P-removal. In the Eisbachtal Treatment Plant with the same mode of operation - two aeration tanks of which the first was kept anoxic-anaerobic - a biological P-removal of more than 90 % was obtained under optimal process conditions. At low temperatures the removal efficiency was reduced. This could, however, be compensated by a reduced amount of precipitant. An average addition of about 1 g Fe/gP which is far below the theoretical amount for precipitation resulted in effluent concentrations below 1 mg P/1 over a period of two and half years.
At the high loaded Main Treatment Plant of Vienna (F/M ratio about 1 ky/kg.d) which has plug flow conditions in the aeration tanks and ferrous sulfate addition for the control of bulking, a significant biological P-removal has been observed. According to measurements at the 400.000 m3/d plant about 50 % of the P is removed by additional biological uptake.
Microbial Aspects of the Inuvik Sewage Lagoon
Authors: Henry J. G. , Prasad D. 
Published: May 2018

A facultative sewage lagoon in Inuvik, N.W.T. was studied in August (ice free) and November (ice covered) 1984. Emphasis was placed on the microbiological aspects and their relation to lagoon performance. Analyses performed included, pH, total alkalinity, total solids, suspended solids, volatile solids, COD and BOD5 determinations. The microbiological tests included total plate counts (20°C) and psychrotrophic counts (1°C).
Results indicated that the Inuvik sewage lagoon system achieved removal efficiencies, ranging from 90% BOD5 removal in summer to about 80% in winter. The total bacterial count was found to decrease in the liquid of the primary cells in the winter, but the bacterial count in the secondary cell was similar under both winter and summer conditions. No significant difference existed in bacterial counts in the sludge samples between primary and secondary cells. The total bacterial number decreased by one order of magnitude in the winter in sludges from all cells. A shift from mesophilic to psychrotrophic bacteria occurred in the winter. The percentage of psychrotrophs increased from less than 1% to over 80% with the change in season. The role of psychrotrophs in lagoon performance is discussed.
The Town of Vallauris (French Riviera–An Example of a Coastal Area Sanitation Improvement Project
Authors: Gelas G. 
Published: May 2018

The LYONNAISE DES EAUX Company has been managing the sanitation amenities for the town of VALLAURIS GOLFE-JUAN (a summer population of 35.000) since 1974, with a three-fold target:firstly, to arrange for the collection and disposal of the sewage effluent under all circumstances, despite the influx of tourists and without causing any inconvenience to users,secondly,to safeguard the appearance and condition of the beaches during the summer months by canalizing the estuary flow from the valleys and by pumping the runoff water seawards,thirdly, to treat the sewage from the town in order to discharge into the Mediterranean sea a good quality effluent which will not pollute the natural envi ronment.
The targets were reached by using the most modern techniques:
Sewage collection was optimized by installing a computerized management system for the networks, with regular monitored inspections and a preventive cleaning out programme carried out by specialist organizations.
The sewage water was treated in an underwater plant in the Port of GOLFE-JUAN. This plant, which is partially automated and invisible on the site, discharges to the sea water which conforms with the foreseen purity levels at an acceptable operating cost.
The Mediterranean Action Plan: A Regional Approach to Pollution Control
Authors: Jeftié Lj , Saliba L. J. 
Published: May 2018

Increasing concern over the deterioration of the Mediterranean sea as a result of increasing pollution by untreated sewage and industrial wastes, agricultural pesticides and fertilizers and oil discharges, led to a series of meetings between 1970 and 1974, and finally to the UNEP-sponsored Mediterranean Action Plan, adopted by governments of the region in 1975 and ongoing since that time.
The legal component of the Plan includes a framework Convention and four protocols; the environmental assessment component (the MED POL programme) consists of national pollution monitoring programmes, and research projects conducted by Mediterranean institutions; the environmental management component consists of the Blue Plan (a prospective study combining socio-economic development with environmental preservation) and the Priority Actions Programme (a series of sub-region sectoral projects in defined areas). The Plan has been financed by Mediterranean States since 1979, and is managed by UNEP with the cooperation of other competent UN Agencies.
During the last ten years, activities undertaken have improved knowledge of the state of pollution of the Mediterranean sea, and facilitated joint regional action in the form of preventive and control measures.
Maintaining Scientific Integrity under Pressure: The Experience of the Southern California Water Research Authority
Authors: Garber J. B. 
Published: May 2018

The experience of of the city of Los Angeles demonstrates that if political pressures are combined with ignorance of both economics science on the part of active participents in a democracy a city can be forced into unnecessary and expensive ‘anti-pollution' measures.
The author has been for 14 years, since 1972 the representative of the city of Los Angeles on the governing board for the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project (SCCWRA) formed in 1969 by five southern California sewage discharging agencies, to obtain a date base on on the ecology of the near-shore ocean watesr and the effect of sewage on those waters, in order to ensure that legislation and regulations concerning that discharge would be rationally based, It is a small research laboratory with capabilities in physics, chemistry, biology and engineering.
Because the only source of available founding was the agencies themselves, two mechanisms were put into place, in order to ensure the scientific credibility of the research (1) a commissior of five elected representatives, one from each of the sponsoring agencies would be responsible to the public, and (2) a consulting board of eminent scientists, with no political connection to any of the agencies,would guide the research and lend the weights of their reputations to the rasults, The commission selects both the consulting board and the project manager.
In actuality, the commission is not seen as a presence which bestows reliability on the research; for the scientific communty, the integrity of the research done has depended, as it always does, on publication of reports and review of the procedures by fellow scientists, The commission, although powerful, is invisible. For the public, the research results are made to speak for themselves, and they are interpreted in the light of the demand for 100% purity of both seafood and bathing waters.
Models for Aquacultural Treatment of Septage
Authors: Bhattarai Kiran K. , Polprasert Chongrak , Lohani Bindu N. 
Published: May 2018

The research programme on aquacultural treatment of nightsoil has been conducted at the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) for about 10 years. This paper emphasizes only the research scheme in which nightsoil is fed directly into single-stage, non-flow-through ponds for the production of algae and fish Tilapia (Qreochromisniloticus). The culture of herbivorous fish such as Tilapia in the same pond to graze on the algae is practical, in order to produce the fish protein biomass which is easily harvestable for animal (or human) food.
Dynamic and empirical models describing the performance of nightsoil-fed fish ponds were developed to simulate the temporal changes of various physico-chemical and biological parameters including dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, bacteria, algae, and fish growth. These models were based on the basic mechanisms and phenomena occurring in the ponds, and the simulated results calculated from the Continuous System Modelling Programme (CSMP) computer package available at the AIT Regional Computer Center.
Night Soil Treatment by the Nitrified Liquor Recycling Process
Authors: Suzuki T. , Tohya Y. 
Published: May 2018

In recent years, most night soil treatment plants constructed in Japan have the function of nitrogen removal. This report describes three representative night soil treatment plants adopted for a nitrified liquor recycling process (we call this the Denipac process) constructed in the second half of the 1970's.
The Matsue City plant uses coagulation to remove phosphorus and color in addition to BOD and nitrogen. The removal of both BOD and phosphorus is nearly 100%. Inorganic nitrogen and color of the effluent are under 6 mgl−1 and 60 units, respectively. The Shiroishi City plant which was reconstructed from an anaerobic digestion system removes over 95% of BOD and inorganic nitrogen without any use of chemicals. At the Hiroshima City plant, night soil is evaporated by multiple effect evaporation, and condensate is treated by the nitrified liquor recycling process. The temperature of mixed liquor is controlled to about 40°C by adding sea water to lower the temperature (over 55°C) of the condensate before the biological treatment step. Nitrogen oxides in nitrified liquor consist almost entirely of nitrite because of controlling the temperature. The removal of BOD and total nitrogen is over 99% in this plant.
Electro-Impulse Sludge Stabilization
Authors: Dichtl N. J. 
Published: May 2018

The possibility of influencing the growth and metabolism of bacteria by electricity has been known for about 100 years. However, the development of this in practice in order to obtain positive effects on wastewater treatment or sludge stabilization did not occur.
Experiments on a semi-technical scale were formulated and carried out whereby two digesters containing municipal raw sludge were run with detention periods of 15 or 20 days at 33°C. Whilst one digestion process was operated as normal, the other was influenced by electro-impulse condenser discharge.
Clearly positive effects were obtained, especially with regard to increased gas production as well as a reduced content of H2S in the digestion gas.
Considering the necessary investment and running costs, the method seems to be a significant complement to sludge digesters.
Modifications of Physical and Chemical Soil Properties by Application of Treated Petrochemical Effluent
Authors: Simon Z. , Tedesco M. , Schneider P. 
Published: May 2018

Wastewaters generated by Pólo Petroquímico do Sul (South Petrochemical Complex, Triunfo, Brazil) and treated up to tertiary level at SITEL (the integrated effluent treatment plant of the complex) are disposed of on land since 1983 at average rates of 140 m3/ha.day. With the purpose of studying the cumulative effect on soil properties of effluent applied under distinct conditions, four sites have been selected for comparison with adjacent blank areas. Soil samples have been taken for analyses from three different depths (0–30, 30–60 and 60–120 cm) and infiltration tests have been conducted on site.
Soil pH, electrical conductivity and extractable Na, Ca and S increased in treated areas, while exchangeable Al and extractable Zn decreased. Exchangeable K and Mg and extractable P, Cu, Mn and B, as well as other toxic metals, did not show significant modifications in comparison with blank areas, with the exception of cadmium. Infiltration rates showed an average fourfold decrease in soils which underwent effluent application, due to increase in pH and exchangeable Na and decrease in Al, all these factors contributing to clay dispersion.
The main alterations of forest and grassland environments consisted of trees falling caused by progressive weakening of the root system, due, in turn, to the change to a predominantly anaerobic soil environment and damage to some grass and shrub species, due to the direct impact of sprayed effluent. The observed results are compatible with the average effluent characteristics: low concentrations of toxic metals and negligible contents of residual organic toxicants, together with a high Sodium Adsorption Ratio.
With respect to the chemical status of the investigated soils the service life of the disposal system can be extended to decades, provided the discharges of Cd are restricted. As far as infiltration rates are concerned, the results are worrying, however. The soils can be reclaimed by fallowing of the application areas and/or addition of Ca and Mg in order to decrease the Exchangeable Sodium Percentage.
‘Oasis'* Systems Management
Authors: Bertranou A. V. 
Published: May 2018

This paper describes ‘oases' as an integrated basis for rational water management, and integrated management as a tool for rational decision-making. In the evolution of man's relationship with water, three phases (the uses phase, the resources phase, and the environment phase) and three stages (legal, institutional, and integrative), are identified, which are examined in three areas (Argentina, Latin America, and the world) . The challenge of water resources management is to move from fragmented (closed) to complete (open) ‘oases', the ultimate goal being to restore man's relationship with nature. Integrated management of water resources is presented as a way of solving the problems that tend to dissociate man from institutions. Integrated management is a versatile tool that goes beyond the limits of disciplines that result in partial views of reality. It is also a specialized tool that promotes a harmonious relationship between natural and cultural sciences.
*In this paper, the word ‘oasis' is not given its customary meaning of “a fertile spot in the desert”. Instead, the definition the author wishes to ascribe to the word ‘oasis' is as follows: “An ecologic subsystem within the natural ecosystem, the differentiating element of which is the presence of water in all its dimensions (technical, economic, administrative/ institutional, political). The ‘oasis' is a potentially open subsystem which permits the integration of man and nature.”
Inhibition of Metabolic Hydrogen Ion Flux Resulting from Cadmium Stress in Aquatic Microecosystems
Authors: Nicholas William D. , Ray Abernathy A. 
Published: May 2018

Periodic changes in pH were monitored at 30 s intervals in naturally-derived, aquatic microeco-systems. The pH of the system was controlled between two setpoints with a microcomputer. When the upper setpoint was reached a light bank was turned off until the pH dropped to the lower setpoint and the light was again turned on. The cycling of the pH in the microcosms was analyzed using time series analysis techniques. Each experiment resulted in a 24 hour control data set and a 24 hour experimental data set that began with the addition of an inhibitor or toxicant.
EC50 values (effective concentration for 50% inhibition) of net photosynthesis and respiration of the community were calculated from slopes of the periodic response to cadmium and compared to literature values. The EC50 for dark induced pH change was 3.8 ppm while the EC50 for light induced pH change was 0.51 ppm. Increasing cadmium concentrations caused dominant peaks in the variance periodograms to be shifted to longer periods.
Wastewater Stabilization Lagoon Design Criteria for Portugal
Authors: Gomes de Sousa J. M. 
Published: May 2018

Although there are only a few wastewater stabilization lagoon plants in Portugal, this treatment system is particularly attractive because of the low energy requirements and because its operation is simple and the operating costs are small. Furthermore, the climatic factors are also favourable.
In this context, the main objective of the study, which was undertaken in the Frielas experimental complex, on the outskirts of Lisbon, was the development of an appropriate stabilization lagoon design procedure for application in Portugal, regarding the raw wastewater characteristics and the climatic factors.
The results obtained include the physical, chemical and biological characteristics and the flow rates of the influent and effluent wastewaters from the lagoons. The following main conclusions were reached:–the lagoons are normally over-designed, in particular the anaerobic and the facultative lagoons;–the soluble BOD concentration in the effluent, in general, meets the discharge requirements;–due to the presence of algae in the effluent, the TSS concentration is higher than the corresponding concentration in a secondary effluent.