bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
More frequent flooding? Changes in flood frequency in the Pearl River basin, China, since 1951 and over the past 1000 years
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Gu Xihui , Singh Vijay P. , Shi Peijun , Sun Peng 
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Flood risks across the Pearl River basin, China, were evaluated
using a peak flood flow dataset covering a period of 1951–2014 from 78 stations
and historical flood records of the past 1000 years. The generalized extreme value
(GEV) model and the kernel estimation method were used to evaluate
frequencies and risks of hazardous flood events. Results indicated that
(1) no abrupt changes or significant trends could be detected in peak
flood flow series at most of the stations, and only 16 out of 78 stations
exhibited significant peak flood flow changes with change points around 1990.
Peak flood flow in the West River basin increased and significant
increasing trends were identified during 1981–2010; decreasing peak flood
flow was found in coastal regions and significant trends were observed during
1951–2014 and 1966–2014. (2) The largest three flood events were
found to cluster in both space and time. Generally, basin-scale flood hazards
can be expected in the West and North River basins. (3) The
occurrence rate of floods increased in the middle Pearl River basin but
decreased in the lower Pearl River basin. However, hazardous flood events
were observed in the middle and lower Pearl River basin, and this is
particularly true for the past 100 years. However, precipitation extremes were
subject to moderate variations and human activities, such as building of
levees, channelization of river systems, and rapid urbanization; these were the
factors behind the amplification of floods in the middle and lower Pearl
River basin, posing serious challenges for developing measures of mitigation
of flood hazards in the lower Pearl River basin, particularly the Pearl River
Delta (PRD) region.
Quantitative estimation of soil salinity by means of different modeling methods and visible-near infrared (VIS–NIR) spectroscopy, Ebinur Lake Wetland, Northwest China
Authors: Wang Jingzhe , Ding Jianli , Abulimiti Aerzuna , Cai Lianghong 
Published: May 2018

Soil salinization is one of the most common forms of land degradation. The detection and assessment of soil salinity is critical for the prevention of environmental deterioration especially in arid and semi-arid areas. This study introduced the fractional derivative in the pretreatment of visible and near infrared (VIS–NIR) spectroscopy. The soil samples (n = 400) collected from the Ebinur Lake Wetland, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR), China, were used as the dataset. After measuring the spectral reflectance and salinity in the laboratory, the raw spectral reflectance was preprocessed by means of the absorbance and the fractional derivative order in the range of 0.0–2.0 order with an interval of 0.1. Two different modeling methods, namely, partial least squares regression (PLSR) and random forest (RF) with preprocessed reflectance were used for quantifying soil salinity. The results showed that more spectral characteristics were refined for the spectrum reflectance treated via fractional derivative. The validation accuracies showed that RF models performed better than those of PLSR. The most effective model was established based on RF with the 1.5 order derivative of absorbance with the optimal values of R2 (0.93), RMSE (4.57 dS m−1), and RPD (2.78 ≥ 2.50). The developed RF model was stable and accurate in the application of spectral reflectance for determining the soil salinity of the Ebinur Lake wetland. The pretreatment of fractional derivative could be useful for monitoring multiple soil parameters with higher accuracy, which could effectively help to analyze the soil salinity.
Overview of Aquatic Toxicity Testing under the U.S. EPA Oil Research Program
Authors: Barron Mace G. , Conmy Robyn N. , Holder Edith , Meyer Peter , Wilson Gregory J. , Principe Vanessa E. , Willming Morgan M. 
Published: May 2018

2017-063 ABSTRACT
The U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development is developing baseline data on the ecotoxicity of selected petroleum products, chemical dispersants, and other spill mitigating substances as part of its Oil Research Program. Two diluted bitumens (dilbits) from the Alberta Tar Sands region are being tested for acute and chronic toxicity to standard freshwater and marine organisms given their spill potential during shipment within the United States. Separately, crude oils representing a range of characteristics and representative dispersants are being tested to evaluate acute and chronic toxicity to marine organisms in support of proposed regulatory amendments to Subpart J of the U.S. National Contingency Plan. Water accommodated fractions (WAF) of oil are prepared using traditional slow-stir methods and toxicity tests follow U.S. EPA standard effluent testing guidelines, modified for testing petroleum products. WAFs are characterized for petroleum hydrocarbons including alkyl PAH homologs. Future research plans include evaluating oil spill mitigating substances such as surface washing and bioremediation agents. The results of the research program will assist the U.S. EPA in assessing toxicity of unconventional oils (dilbits), and establish baseline toxicity data for selected crude oils and spill mitigating substances in support of planning and response activities.
F
errante d'Aragona (1424/31–94)
Authors: Senatore Francesco 
Published: May 2018

Ferrante d'Aragona (1424 or 1431–94) was king of Naples from 1458. After the death of Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan (1466), Ferrante was one of the most important Italian politicians and a protagonist of European history. He was among the first European sovereigns to employ resident ambassadors, in Rome, Florence, and Milan, and he maintained relations with Aragon, Burgundy, France, Hungary, and the Muslim states. His objectives were the neutralization of the Angevin party, which claimed the kingdom of Naples, and hegemony for the Neapolitan kingdom in Italy and the Mediterranean.
Ferrante was brought up in a multilingual environment and had a juridical education. But his education was furthered by experience in practical affairs rather than by schooling in humanism.
French Religious Wars, Treaties of (1562–98)
Authors: Fett Denice 
Published: May 2018

The term “French Wars of Religion” (1562–98) describes a series of several brief, indecisive religious civil wars fought between the Catholic French Crown and French Protestants, known as Huguenots. In the late sixteenth century there were nine total wars, some of which lasted only a few months. In many cases each “war” was ended with some type of negotiated truce, peace, or treaty between the French Crown and its Huguenot subjects. However, these treaties failed to resolve any of the problems that caused the wars themselves.Although each war was brief and indecisive, collectively the wars led to the collapse of central authority in France and to widespread religious conflict in a period of virtual anarchy. With varying provisions of toleration, the treaties inflamed Catholics but failed to provide Huguenots with enough guarantees. In an environment of religious absolutes, the Crown's hopes for a negotiated political solution proved impossible.
Institute of Pacific Relations
Authors: Mimaki Seiko 
Published: May 2018

The Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR) was founded in 1925 as one of the earliest transnational NGOs in the Asia‐Pacific region. The IPR provided an international forum for discussing various regional issues, and soon developed into the largest multilateral organization in the region, and drew together leading intellectuals from both within and outside the region. Given the emergence of a peaceful Asia‐Pacific, IPR members believed that their mission should be to build a “Pacific Community,” where more equal partnership between Western powers and non‐Western powers would be achieved.Deepening international crises in the 1930s, however, changed the atmosphere of the IPR: IPR members came under heavy influence of governments and the two conferences held during World War II were attended by a large number of government officials. The heightened political tensions of the Cold War caused the IPR to close its doors in 1961.
Promoting Charge Separation in Semiconductor Nanocrystal Superstructures for Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Wang Lu , Cai Mujin , Sun Wei , He Le , Zhang Xiaohong 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIncreasing the lifetime of photoexcited charge carriers in metal oxide semiconductor nanocrystals is essential for the promotion of their photocatalytic efficiency. In this context, different strategies are developed for tailoring the structural and electronic properties of semiconductors at the single nanocrystal level, mainly including band‐structure engineering, doping, catalyst‐support interaction tuning, and cocatalysts decoration. Recently, an alternative strategy for prolonging the lifetime of photoexcited charge carriers is discovered at the nanocrystal superstructure level. By assembling semiconductor nanocrystals into ordered superstructures, a new pathway is created for the spatial separation of charge carriers between neighboring nanocrystals within the superstructure network. The inter‐nanocrystal charge transfer in the superstructures enables the increased charge separation efficiency of photogenerated electron–hole pairs, prolongs their lifetime and, in turn, improves the photocatalytic activity. In this review, recent developments of nanocrystal‐superstructure‐based photocatalysts and their applications in catalyzing different reactions are summarized. Several perspectives in terms of challenges and future research in this area are highlighted.
Indium(III)‐Catalyzed Hydration and Hydroalkoxylation of α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones in Aqueous Media
Authors: Yun Jin‐Jin , Zhi Man‐Ling , Shi Wen‐Xiao , Chu Xue‐Qiang , Shen Zhi‐Liang , Loh Teck‐Peng 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe hydration of α,β‐unsaturated ketones with water proceeded efficiently in the presence of In(OTf)3 (20 mol%) in aqueous media to afford synthetically versatile β‐hydroxyketones in moderate to good yields with good functional group compatibility. The method also can be extended to the hydroalkoxylation of α,β‐unsaturated ketones with various alcohols for the efficient synthesis of β‐alkoxyketones as well as tetrahydrofuran derivatives.magnified image
Controllable Phase Stabilities in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides through Curvature Engineering: First‐Principles Calculations and Continuum Prediction
Authors: Ouyang Bin , Ou Pengfei , Song Jun 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA controllable phase transition between the semiconducting 2H phase and metallic/semimetallic T (1T, 1T′, and 1T″) isomorphs provides an effective route to tune and even switch physical and electronic properties within 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). In this study, the feasibility of curvature engineering in manipulating the structural phase is investigated employing first‐principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations and continuum mechanics analysis. With WSe2 and MoTe2 as TMD representatives, it is found that bending deformation can not only energetically induce 2H → T (1T, 1T′, or 1T″) phase transformation, but also kinetically facilitate the phase transition by lowering transition activation barriers. Moreover, a phase stability diagram is constructed which suggests ways of achieving both uniformly 2H → T phase transition and programming printing of T phases in 2H‐TMD membranes. The theoretical results not only suggest a new feasible experimental design strategy of phase engineering, but also sheds light on novel device design with the patterning of T phases on the 2H‐TMD membrane.
Cold Vapor Generation beyond the Input Solar Energy Limit
Authors: Song Haomin , Liu Youhai , Liu Zhejun , Singer Matthew H. , Li Chenyu , Cheney Alec R. , Ji Dengxin , Zhou Lyu , Zhang Nan , Zeng Xie , Bei Zongmin , Yu Zongfu , Jiang Suhua , Gan Qiaoqiang 
Published: May 2018

Abstract100% efficiency is the ultimate goal for all energy harvesting and conversion applications. However, no energy conversion process is reported to reach this ideal limit before. Here, an example with near perfect energy conversion efficiency in the process of solar vapor generation below room temperature is reported. Remarkably, when the operational temperature of the system is below that of the surroundings (i.e., under low density solar illumination), the total vapor generation rate is higher than the upper limit that can be produced by the input solar energy because of extra energy taken from the warmer environment. Experimental results are provided to validate this intriguing strategy under 1 sun illumination. The best measured rate is ≈2.20 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 sun illumination, well beyond its corresponding upper limit of 1.68 kg m−2 h−1 and is even faster than the one reported by other systems under 2 sun illumination.
Ultrahigh Power Factor in Thermoelectric System Nb0.95M0.05FeSb (M = Hf, Zr, and Ti)
Authors: Ren Wuyang , Zhu Hangtian , Zhu Qing , Saparamadu Udara , He Ran , Liu Zihang , Mao Jun , Wang Chao , Nielsch Kornelius , Wang Zhiming , Ren Zhifeng 
Published: May 2018

AbstractConversion efficiency and output power are crucial parameters for thermoelectric power generation that highly rely on figure of merit ZT and power factor (PF), respectively. Therefore, the synergistic optimization of electrical and thermal properties is imperative instead of optimizing just ZT by thermal conductivity reduction or just PF by electron transport enhancement. Here, it is demonstrated that Nb0.95Hf0.05FeSb has not only ultrahigh PF over ≈100 µW cm−1 K−2 at room temperature but also the highest ZT in a material system Nb0.95M0.05FeSb (M = Hf, Zr, Ti). It is found that Hf dopant is capable to simultaneously supply carriers for mobility optimization and introduce atomic disorder for reducing lattice thermal conductivity. As a result, Nb0.95Hf0.05FeSb distinguishes itself from other outstanding NbFeSb‐based materials in both the PF and ZT. Additionally, a large output power density of ≈21.6 W cm−2 is achieved based on a single‐leg device under a temperature difference of ≈560 K, showing the realistic prospect of the ultrahigh PF for power generation.
Silver‐Promoted [3+1+1] Annulation of Isocyanoacetates with Nitrosoarenes
Authors: Fang Guichun , Wang Hongwei , Liu Qun , Cong Xuefeng , Bi Xihe 
Published: May 2018

Abstract[3+1+1] annulation of isocyanoacetates with nitrosoarenes for the preparation of 1,4,5‐trisubstituted imidazoles or 4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐imidazoles has been disclosed. Isocyanoacetates serve as both a three‐atom component and a one‐carbon unit in the reaction. Specially, with catalytic amounts of Ag2CO3 and a reduced temperature this [3+1+1] annulation of isocyanoacetates enables the formation of trans‐imidazolines in good yield and with high diastereoselectivity. Silver plays a critical dual role: i) as the catalyst for the efficiency to activate the isocyanides and ii) the oxidant in aromatization process.
Beta‐2 transferrin is detectable for 14 days whether refrigerated or stored at room temperature
Authors: Zervos Thomas M. , Macki Mohamed , Cook Bernard , Schultz Lonnie R. , Rock Jack P. , Craig John R. 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundThe effect of time and temperature on beta‐2 transferrin stability in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is not well established. After collecting nasal CSF for testing, beta‐2 transferrin has been found to be stable and detectable for 1 week, whether being refrigerated or stored at room temperature. The purpose of this study was to determine if beta‐2 transferrin remained detectable longer than 1 week and whether refrigeration improved its detectability.MethodsIn patients undergoing therapeutic CSF diversion, 2‐mL CSF samples were collected from 18 patients. The samples were divided and stored either at room temperature, or at 4°C, and tested for beta‐2 transferrin at 7 and 14 days. CSF was collected from external ventricular drains (EVDs) (n = 15), lumbar drains (n = 2), and subdural drains (n = 1).ResultsOf the 18 CSF samples originally testing positive for beta‐2 transferrin, none turned negative at 7 or 14 days, in both the refrigerated and room temperature groups (95% confidence interval [CI], 0% to 18.5%).ConclusionBeta‐2 transferrin remained detectable for 14 days in all CSF samples, regardless of being stored at 4°C or room temperature.
Asymmetric Covalent Triazine Framework for Enhanced Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis via Energy Transfer Cascade
Authors: Huang Wei , Byun Jeehye , Rörich Irina , Ramanan Charusheela , Blom Paul W. M. , Lu Hao , Wang Di , Caire da Silva Lucas , Li Run , Wang Lei , Landfester Katharina , Zhang Kai A. I. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractComplex multiple‐component semiconductor photocatalysts can be constructed that display enhanced catalytic efficiency via multiple charge and energy transfer, mimicking photosystems in nature. In contrast, the efficiency of single‐component semiconductor photocatalysts is usually limited due to the fast recombination of the photogenerated excitons. Here, we report the design of an asymmetric covalent triazine framework as an efficient organic single‐component semiconductor photocatalyst. Four different molecular donor–acceptor domains are obtained within the network, leading to enhanced photogenerated charge separation via an intramolecular energy transfer cascade. The photocatalytic efficiency of the asymmetric covalent triazine framework is superior to that of its symmetric counterparts; this was demonstrated by the visible‐light‐driven formation of benzophosphole oxides from diphenylphosphine oxide and diphenylacetylene.
Successful treatment of pulmonary invasive fungal infection by Penicillium non‐marneffei in lymphoblastic lymphoma: case report and literature review
Authors: Ramírez Isabel , Hidrón Alicia , Cardona Ricardo 
Published: May 2018

Key Clinical MessagePenicillium non‐marneffei species rarely cause disease in humans and are encountered most commonly in the clinical laboratory as culture contaminants; however, recently they have emerged as opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised hosts; therefore, it should not be routinely disregarded without a thorough investigation, especially if normally sterile sites are involved.
Polarization Resistance‐Free Mn3O4‐Based Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Fan Yafei , Wu Yanlin , Huang Xing , Clavel Guylhaine , Amsalem Patrick , Koch Norbert , Pinna Nicola 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTransition metal oxides have been proposed as a possible replacement of platinum for the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, as a result of the low intrinsic conductivity, an application in electrocatalysis is challenging. In this work, we demonstrate that atomic layer deposition (ALD) is capable to overcome this problem by coating conductive carbon nanotubes substrates with a conformal Mn3O4 layer of just few‐nm in thickness. The deposition parameters have been optimized in terms of thickness and crystallite sizes to produce a material exhibiting catalytic efficiency close to the one of carbon‐supported Pt particles and low polarization costs. The current densities recorded in linear sweep voltammetry prove that the Mn3O4 coating leads to a substantial increase of the catalytic efficiency, compared to uncoated carbon nanotubes, and was also higher than other manganese‐based catalysts reported so far. The sample prepared from only 50 ALD cycles (e. g. coating thickness of ∼2 nm) shows the best compromise between catalytic efficiency, with an onset potential at 0.867 V (vs. RHE), and good conductivity of the electrode materials minimizing polarization. Indeed, the Tafel plots exhibit a similar slope than Pt/C demonstrating that the Mn3O4/CNTs reduce oxygen in a one‐step four electrons mechanism and with a similar kinetics as Pt‐based electrocatalysts. Moreover, the current density keeps at 80 % even after 12 h at 0.58 V displaying a higher stability than Pt‐based catalysts. These findings are attributed to the few nm‐thick conformal and catalytic active coating obtained by atomic layer deposition, which also protects the underneath CNT substrate from corrosion.
Fuel Cell Measurements with Cathode Catalysts of Sputtered Pt3Y Thin Films
Authors: Lindahl Niklas , Eriksson Björn , Grönbeck Henrik , Lindström Rakel Wreland , Lindbergh Göran , Lagergren Carina , Wickman Björn 
Published: May 2018

AbstractInvited for this month′s cover is the group of Björn Wickman at Chalmers University of Technology. In the image, the alloy thin film is sputtered onto the electrode and used to catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201800023.
Genetic differentiation of Rubus chamaemorus populations in the Czech Republic and Norway after the last glacial period
Authors: Leišová‐Svobodová Leona , Phillips Jade , Martinussen Inger , Holubec Vojtěch 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe population structure of cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.), collected from Krkonose Mountains (the Czech Republic), continental Norway and Spitsbergen, was examined using microsatellite analyses (SSR). Among 184 individuals, 162 different genotypes were identified. The overall unbiased gene diversity was high (). A high level of genetic differentiation among populations (FST = 0.45; p < .01) indicated restricted gene flow between populations. Using a Bayesian approach, six clusters were found which represented the genetic structure of the studied cloudberry populations. The value of correlation index between genetic and geographical distances (r = .44) indicates that gene flow, even over a long distance, could exist. An exact test of population differentiation showed that Rubus chamaemorus populations from regions (Krkonose Mountains, continental Norway and Spitsbergen) are differentiated although some individuals within populations share common alleles even among regions. These results were confirmed by AMOVA, where the highest level of diversity was found within populations (70.8%). There was no difference between 87 pairs of populations (18.7%) mostly within cloudberry populations from continental Norway and from Spitsbergen. Based on obtained results, it is possible to conclude that Czech and Norwegian cloudberry populations are undergoing differentiation, which preserves unique allele compositions most likely from original populations during the last glaciation period. This knowledge will be important for the creation and continuation of in situ and ex situ conservation of cloudberry populations within these areas.