bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GALEN ON BREAST-FEEDING
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: October 2019

Galen (130-200 AD), the founder of experimental physiology, stands second only to Hippocrates in importance during the ancient period of Greek medicine. His writings dominated medicine until the time of Versalius.
In his De Sanitate Tuenda, or Hygiene, Galen gave the following advice about breast-feeding.1
I order all women who are nursing babies to abstain completely from sex relations. For menstruation is provoked by intercourse, and the milk no longer remains sweet. Moreover some women become pregnant, than which nothing could be worse for the suckling infant. For in this case the best of the blood goes to the foetus. For the latter, which has in it the intrinsic principle of life, is governed thereby, and constantly draws its proper nourishment, is as if immovably rooted to the uterus night and day. Meantime the blood of the pregnant naturally becomes less and of inferior quality, so that not only less, but inferior, milk collects in the breasts; so that if a nursing mother should become pregnant, I should strongly advise that another nurse should be procured, thinking and considering that her milk would be better in taste, appearance, and odor. For to those tasting and smelling it, the best milk is sweet, looks white, and is midway between thin and thick. But poor milk is either thick and cheesy, or watery, thin, and livid, variable in consistency and color, and sour to the taste, and will give the impression of brine or some other extraneous quality, and is not sweet to the smell.
Sağlık Çalışanlarının Üniversitelere Geçiş Süreçlerini Etkileyen Unsurlar
Authors: BAYER Nükhet , ZEYBEK YILMAZ Ece , BAYRAM Ayhan 
Published: October 2019

Çalışmanın
amacı daha önce kliniklerde doktor, hemşire ve fizyoterapist olarak çalışan
daha sonra istifa ederek üniversitelerde öğretim elemanı olan sağlık
çalışanlarının üniversiteye geçiş süreçleri ve bu süreçlerini etkileyen
etmenleri belirlemektir. Araştırmada 7
tanesi hemşirelik ve sağlık hizmetleri bölümünde, 3 tanesi fizyoterapi-rehabilitasyon
bölümünde ve 2 tanesi de tıp fakültesinde görev yapan öğretim elemanlarına
nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden biçimsel mülakat yöntemiyle hazırlanan sorular
sorulmuştur. Biçimsel mülakat yöntemiyle elde edilen verilere içerik analizi
uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada NVivo 12 ProNitel Veri Analiz Programı kullanılarak
analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda klinikler ve
üniversitelerin çalışma şartları ve mobing durumlarına göre farklılık
gösterdiği, ücret açısından çok fazla bir farklılık olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Üniversitelere
geçiş nedenlerinin çalışma şartlarının zorluğu, iş yoğunluğu, kişisel gelişim,
vb etkenlerden kaynaklandığı, kiliniklerle üniversitelerin iş birliği yapmaları
gerektiği ve klinik deneyimi olan akademisyenlerin öğrenciler üzerinde daha
etkili olabileceği belirlenmiştir.
Determination of Reference Interval of Tumour Markers in Kahramanmaraş Region, Turkey
Authors: ÜREMİŞ Muhammed Mehdi , ÜREMİŞ Nuray 
Published: October 2019

Objectives: Reference intervals are important for disease diagnosis, monitoring and treatment. However, reference intervals may vary by age, gender, geographical location, dietary status and other factors.The aim of this study is to determine the reference intervals for alpha-fetoprotein
(AFP), CarbohydrateAntigen 15-3 (CA 15.3), Carbohydrate Antigen 19.9 (CA 19.9),
Carbohydrate Antigen 125 (CA 125), Carcinoembryonic
Antigen (CEA), Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA), free PSA (fPSA), and
thyroglobulin (TG) in Kahramanmaraş Region, Turkey.Material and Methods: Data derived from 21,190 individuals in 64,687 were
obtained from the Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory. The reference intervals for
the parameters were determined using indirect and non-parametric percentile
estimation method. Results: In
the study, the following respective lower and upper limits for the studied
parameters were determined- AFP: 0.52, 3.76 IU/ml; CA 15.3: 5.0, 37.60 IU/ml;
CA 19.9: 2.46, 29.5 IU/ml; CA 125: 2.89, 22.7 IU/ml; CEA: 0.11, 3.67 ng/ml;
fPSA: 0.02, 0.75 ng/ml; PSA: 0.14, 2.31 ng/ml; and TG: 0.34, 30.13 ng/ml.

Conclusion: This study
demonstrates that the reference intervals quoted by the manufacturers for the
parameters examined do not perfectly coincide with the reference intervals that
are specific to our population. Establishing local reference intervals
increases the utility of screening tests.
Kayseri İl Merkezinde Doğum Yapan Kadınların Doğum Öncesi Bakım Alma Durumu ve Etkileyen Faktörler
Authors: ERDOĞAN Ayşegül , ÇETİNKAYA Fevziye 
Published: October 2019

Amaç: Kadınların doğum öncesi bakım (DÖB) alma
düzeyinin belirlenmesi ve doğum öncesi bakımın yeterliliğini etkileyen
faktörlerin saptanmasıdır.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Tanımlayıcı tipte olan
bu araştırma Kayseri İl merkezinde yürütülmüştür. Örneklem büyüklüğü %95 güven
düzeyinde, %80 güç ile %7 toleransla 501 kişi olarak hesaplanmıştır. Araştırma
kapsamına 650 kadının alınması hedeflenmiştir. 627 kadına ulaşılmış olup ulaşma
oranı %96,5’dir. Çalışmanın gücü %87 olarak bulunmuştur. Veri toplama yöntemi olarak
anket formu kullanılmış olup; veriler Haziran-Temmuz 2002 ve Ekim-Kasım 2002
tarihleri arasında toplanmıştır.Bulgular: Araştırma
grubuna alınan 627 kadının yaş ortalaması 25,5±5,2 bulunmuştur. Araştırma
grubundaki kadınların %97,5’i en az bir kez doğum öncesi bakım aldığı, %62,4’ünün ise yeterli doğum öncesi bakım
aldığı bulunmuştur. Tüm
değişkenler kontrol edildiğinde, yerleşim yeri, kadının eğitimi, eşin eğitimi,
aile tipi, sosyal güvence ve gebeliğin istenme durumu, yeterli doğum öncesi
bakım almada önemli birer belirleyici faktör olarak bulunmuştur.

Sonuç: DÖB hizmetlerinin kullanımında kadının statüsünün geçmişte oldukça önemli olduğu, yıllar içinde de kadınların sosyal gelişmişlik durumunun bu konuda hala belirleyici olduğu düşünülmüştür.
Left-Ventricular Pressure Relaxation and Diastolic Function of Isolated Working Mammalian Hearts at Hypothermia
Authors: Langer Stefan F. J. 
Published: October 2019

Background: Hypothermia is well known to elevate the time constant (whatever model is used) of the isochoric left-ventricular pressure fall. Due to different critera in use, it remained unclear whether prolonged diastole in hypothermia is sufficient for complete relaxation. Detecting and quantifying incomplete relaxation may become a valuable tool to prevent diastolic heart failure in hypothermia.Methods: Left-ventricular pressure decays in isolated guinea pig and rat hearts are analysed by 4-parametric regression at different temperatures, at sinus rhythm and electrical stimulation. Residual contraction (F_RC) is introduced and quantified by extrapolating the model's pressure forecast to end-systole, subtracting the asymptote, and normalising.Resultts: Isochoric pressure decay fits the regression model at all temperatures and heart beat frequencies. Residual contraction is virtually absent at normothermia and remains very small (F_RC<3%) down to 31°C. Lower temperatures or pacing induces higher F_RC. Eventually, the pressure curve becomes considerably elevated and looses its concavity.Conclusions: Despite slower pressure fall, ventricular relaxation remains fairly complete at hypothermia; and depends on considerable autoregulation of the individual heart. It is concluded (not proved) that individual emergence of negative lusitropy may indicate imminent heart failure. Asymptotic pressure rises are interpreted at higher ventricular tonus, independent from velocity of relaxation. Gradual increasing time constants may be attributed to a general slowing of bioreactions as temperature falls. Remarkable curve shape changes may be caused by aftercontractions due to elevated Ca++ sensitivity at hypothermia and high Ca++ load by pacing.
Investigation of Susceptibility Levels of Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations to Synthetic Pyrethroids in Antalya Province of Turkey
Authors: Ser Onder , Cetin Huseyin 
Published: October 2019

Background: Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) is an important vector of several pathogens. This mosquito is widely distributed throughout the world. We aimed to determine the susceptibility levels of Cx. pipiens populations to some synthetic pyrethroid insecticides in Antalya, Turkey.
Methods: The immature stages of mosquitoes were collected from eight locations in Alanya, Döşemealtı, Kemer, Kumluca, and Manavgat districts of Antalya between Apr and Oct of 2017. Adult susceptibility tests were carried out according to a modified version of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention bottle bioassay. In the tests, the World Health Organization recommended diagnostic doses; permethrin (0.75%), etofenprox (0.5%), deltamethrin (0.05%) and lambda-cyhalothrin (0.05%) were used.
Results: As a result of the susceptibility tests, deltamethrin was the least effective insecticide and it caused 58.78–97.56% mortalities on Cx. pipiens populations while permethrin was the most effective substance that caused 100% mortality on all populations. While all of the tested populations were found susceptible to permethrin, and possible resistant or resistant to deltamethrin. Etofenprox and lambda-cyhalothrin led to 91.54–100% and 93.1–100% mortali­ties, respectively.
Conclusion: The possible resistance or resistance to deltamethrin in all the areas is caused by the widespread use of this chemical against pests in agriculture and public health applications for long-term. Moreover, a concordance was found between resistance levels and the intensity of pesticide application in agriculture and public health, and organic and chemical pollution levels in the sampled habitats.
Status of Resistant and Knockdown of West Nile Vector, Culex pipiens Com-plex to Different Pesticides in Iran
Authors: Rahimi Sara , Vatandoost Hassan , Abai Mohammad Reza , Raeisi Ahmad , Hanafi-Bojd Ahmad Ali 
Published: October 2019

Background: West Nile virus (WNV) can cause a fatal disease in humans and it is mainly transmitted to people through the bites of infected mosquitoes. Vector control using insecticides is a very important goal. Study of Culex pipiens re­sistance towards several insecticides in the city of Tehran, Iran was evaluated.
Methods: Adult females reared from field-caught larvae from southern part of Tehran and lab strain reared in the insec­tary of Tehran University of Medical Science were determined for resistant status by exposing to 4% DDT, 0.1% bendi­ocarb, 0.1% propoxur, 1% fenitrothion, 0.05% deltamethrin, 0.75% permethrin, 0.05% lambda-cyhalothrin, 0.5% etofenprox, 5% malathion and 0.15% cyfluthrin papers using the standard WHO susceptibility tests.
Results: Results clearly showed resistance development of Cx. pipiens against tested insecticides. Mortalities of Cx. pipiens were less than 90% with high resistance, low knock down rate and knock down time (50%) observed against insec­ti­cides. DDT and Malathion showed the most and least lethal time (LT50) values for the field strain. The results of the knock­down test showed that DDT and deltamethrin had the most and least knockdown times (50%) for the field strain, re­spec­tively, while DDT and lambda-cyhalothrin had the most and least knockdown times (50%) for the lab strain, respectively.
Conclusion: Resistance to mentioned insecticides in Cx. pipiens is widely distributed in southern part of Tehran. Regu­lar implementation of susceptibility test in Cx. pipiens mosquitoes will help local public health authorities to develop new and better control strategies.
INTEGRATION OF EDUCATION: THE CASE STUDY OF ISLAMIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN SURAKARTA, INDONESIA
Authors: Fattah Santoso M. Abdul , Thoyibi M. , Aly Abdullah 
Published: October 2019

Purpose: The research was conducted to explore the integration of education in the Muslim society in Indonesia, specifically what had been done in Islamic Integrated Elementary Schools in Surakarta, Indonesia. Hence, it studied the founders of the schools and their motives, their understanding of the idea of integration of education, the icons of the schools in order to realize the idea, the implementation of the idea, and the social support.
Methodology: The research which was a case study using a qualitative approach found that the founders were either the older players or the newer ones, ranged from entrepreneur to activist. They established the schools and they were motivated by religious, educational, social-cultural, economic, and/or political factors. According to the informants, the integration of education had connotations in curriculum, learning, and management.
Result: The icons they formulated were the internalization of Islam, spiritualization of education, Islamization of knowledge, sharia curriculum, and salaf (ancestor) curriculum. Such icons, then, affected the implementation of the idea of the integration of education. Furthermore, the society gave positive response and support on the performance of the schools.
Applications: This research can be used for universities, teachers, and students.
Novelty/Originality: In this research, the model of integration of education: the case study of Islamic elementary schools in Surakarta, Indonesia is presented in a comprehensive and complete manner.
Avaliação do rendimento de hidrodestilação para a produção de óleo essencial das cascas de Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck
Authors: De Lima Fúlvia Bezerra , Placedes Janaina , Cardoso Cássia Regina 
Published: October 2019

Resíduos da laranja são originados, em sua maior parte, da produção de suco de laranja. Esses materiais vegetais podem ocasionar problemas ambientais e econômicos, devido ao processo de fermentação, ocasionado pela alta quantidade de água que possuem. Dentre as possíveis alternativas de aproveitamento dos resíduos da laranja está a obtenção de óleos essenciais. O presente trabalho objetivou analisar o rendimento do óleo essencial da casca de laranja através da hidrodestilação, variando a quantidade de água (solvente) e o tempo de extração. Os ensaios foram conduzidos baseados em um planejamento fatorial de dois níveis. Utilizou-se casca de laranja do tipo Pera, uma das mais produzidas no Brasil. Através do planejamento fatorial realizado no software Statistica, verificou-se que apenas a variável tempo foi determinante para o cálculo do rendimento. Assim, obteve-se uma equação preditiva para a estimativa de rendimento no período estudado. Experimentalmente, verificou-se que o rendimento mais alto foi obtido com a maior quantidade de solvente (400 mL) e maior tempo de extração (40 min); sendo este de aproximadamente 2,36% de óleo essencial. A densidade do óleo essencial foi determinada; ρ=0,8356 g/mL; valor próximo aos encontrados na literatura.
Risk Assessment and Simulation of Injectivity Decline Under Uncertainty
Authors: Chiotoroiu Maria-Magdalena , Clemens Torsten , Zechner Markus , Hwang Jongsoo , Sharma Mukul M. , Thiele Marco 
Published: October 2019

SummaryWaterflooding can lead to substantial incremental oil production. Implementation of water-injection projects requires the project to fit into the risk (defined here as negative outcomes relative to defined project objectives) and uncertainty (defined here as the inability to estimate a value precisely) a company is willing to take.One of the key risks for water injection into a shallow reservoir is injection-induced fractures extending into the caprock. If this risk is seen as “intolerable” in an as-low-as-reasonably-practicable (ALARP) analysis, a decision might be made not to proceed with the project. In this study, we evaluated caprock integrity by conducting simulations of long-term water injection that include the effects of formation damage caused by internal/external plugging, geomechanical stress changes, and fracture propagation in the sandstone and bounding shale.The risk of fracture growth into the caprock was assessed by conducting Latin hypercube sampling considering a set of modeling parameters each associated with an uncertainty range. This allowed us to identify the range of operating parameters in which the risk of fracture-height growth was acceptable. Our simulations also allowed us to identify important factors that affect caprock integrity. To cover the uncertainty in geomechanical reservoir evaluation, the operating envelope is identified such that the risk to the caprock integrity is reduced. This requires introducing a limit for the bottomhole pressure (BHP), including a safety margin.The limit of the BHP is then used as a constraint in the uncertainty analysis of water injectivity. The uncertainty analysis should cover the various development options, the parameterization of the model, sampling from the distribution of parameters- and distance-based generalized sensitivity analysis (dGSA) as well as probabilistic representation of the results. The results indicate that the time to reach the BHP limit varies substantially, dependent on the chosen development scenario. Injection of water (1000 m3/d), with total suspended-solids content ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 ppm by volume (ppmv) and particle size from 1 to 5 µm, into long horizontal wells (2000 m) results in injection times of more than 10,000 days even for the P10 percentile. However, injection of poor-quality water (injection rate 600 m3/d, well length 600 m), with total suspended-solids content ranging from 0.5 to 5 ppmv and particle size from 10 to 30 µm, leads to the BHP limit of 10 (P10) to 740 (P90) days.The dGSA can be used to determine which parameter has a stronger impact on the BHP and, hence, on the project, and should be measured if warranted by a value-of-information analysis. In the case reported here, dGSA showed that the filter-cake permeability has a big impact on the results and, hence, will be determined by laboratory measurements.The final development option to be chosen depends on a traditional net-present-value analysis.
Knowledge of reproductive age women on prevention of mother to child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and associated factors at Mecha district, Northwest Ethiopia: A community based cross sectional study
Authors: liyeh Tewachew Muche , Cherkose Endeshaw Admasu , Limenih Miteku Andualem , Yimer Tigist Seid , Tebeje Hailemariam Demewozu 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Abstract

Objective : To asses knowledge of reproductive age women on prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV and associated factors at Mecha district, North West Ethiopia, 2016.

Result : About 22.4% of the respondents were knowledgeable on prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV. Having knowledge on PMTCT of HIV was significantly associated with urban residence (AOR =2.486, 95%CI= 1.160-5.328), education level of secondary and above (AOR =5.445, 95%CI=2.698-10.986), those having history of antenatal care followup (AOR =4.430, 95%CI=1.471-13.340), those with history of institutional delivery (AOR=4.766, 95%CI = 2.004-11.334), those having comprehensive knowledge on HIV/AIDS (AOR=1.697, 95%CI = 1.011-2.846), women who were knowledgeable about mother to child transmission of HIV (AOR =2.203, 95% CI =1.37-3.54), and women who held discussions with their husband regarding HIV/AIDS, (AOR= 2.700, 95%CI =1.658-4.396).

Key words : knowledge, PMTCT, HIV, Women, Ethiopia
Reduced strength, poor balance and concern about falls mediate the relationship between knee pain and fall risk in older people
Authors: Hicks Cameron J , Levinger Pazit , Menant Jasmine C , Lord Stephen R , Sachdev Perminder S , Brodaty Henry , Sturnieks Daina L 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Aims

Pain is an independent risk factor for falling. One in two older community-dwelling people with musculoskeletal pain fall each year. This study examined physical, psychological and medical factors as potential mediators to explain the relationship between knee pain and falls.Methods

Three hundred and thirty-three community-dwelling people aged 70+ years (52% women) participated in this cohort study with a 1-year follow-up for falls. Participants completed questionnaires (medical history, general health and concern about falls) and underwent physical performance tests. Participants were classified into ‘pain’ and ‘no pain’ groups based on self-reported knee pain. Poisson Regression models were computed to determine the Relative Risk (RR) of having multiple falls and potential mediators for increased fall risk.Results

One hundred and eighteen (35.5%) participants were categorised as having knee pain. This group took more medications and had more medical conditions (P <0.01) compared to the no pain group. The pain group had poorer balance, physical function and strength and reported increased concern about falls. Sixty one participants (19.5%) reported ≥ 2 falls, with the pain group twice as likely to experience multiple falls over the 12 month follow up (RR = 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.27 – 3.13). Concern about falls, knee extension torque and postural sway with eyes closed were identified as significant and independent mediators of fall risk, and when combined explained 23% of the relationship between knee pain and falls.Conclusion

This study has identified several medical, medication, psychological, sensorimotor, balance and mobility factors to be associated with knee pain, and found the presence of knee pain doubles the risk of multiple falls in older community living people. Alleviating knee pain, as well as addressing associated risk factors may assist in preventing falls in older people with knee pain.
Predisposing factors influencing occupational injury among frontline building construction workers in Ghana
Authors: AMISSAH JOHN , Badu Eric , Agyei-Baffour Peter , Nakua Emmanuel Kwaku , Mensah Isaac 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Objective
This study aims to examine the predisposing factors influencing occupational injuries among frontline construction workers in Ghana. A cross-sectional survey was carried out with 634 frontline construction workers in Kumasi metropolis of Ghana using a structured questionnaire. The study was conducted from December 2016 to June 2017 using a household-based approach. The respondents were selected through a two-stage sampling approach. A multivariate logistics regression model was employed to examine the association between risk factors and injury. Data was analyzed employing descriptive and inferential statistics with STATA version 14.

Results
The study found an injury prevalence of 57.91% among the workers. Open Wounds (37.29%) and fractures (6.78%) were the common and least injuries recorded respectively. The proximal factors (age, sex of worker, income) and distal factors (eg. work structure, trade specialization, working hours, job/task location, and monthly off days) were risk factors for occupational injuries among frontline construction workers. The study recommends that policymakers and occupational health experts should incorporate the proximal and distal factors in the design of injury prevention as well as management strategies.