bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aortopulmonary window in adults: A rare entity leading to Eisenmenger syndrome
Authors: El Dick Joud , El‐Rassi Issam , Tayeh Christelle , Bitar Fadi , Arabi Mariam 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAn aortopulmonary window (APW) is a rare congenital heart defect involving an abnormal communication between the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk with separate aortic and pulmonary valves. This defect accounts for 0.2% of all congenital cardiac anomalies and if left untreated can lead to Eisenmenger syndrome, severe pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, and poor survival. The authors herein present a case of APW type III with Eisenmenger syndrome in an adult patient whose initial complaint was cyanosis, and provide a thorough review of the literature of cases of APW with Eisenmenger syndrome that have survived into adulthood.
Intertemporal sustainability of current account imbalances: New evidence from the OECD countries
Authors: Singh Tarlok 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis study estimates the intertemporal model for the relationship between exports and imports and examines the sustainability of current account deficits (CADs) and the validity of intertemporal budget constraint for 24 Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development countries. The standard ordinary least squares (OLS)‐based two‐step Engle and Granger test, the cointegration regression Durbin–Watson (CRDW) test, and the Stock–Watson test performed on the one‐regime model with time‐invariant parameters and no structural break provide mixed support for the presence of cointegration between exports and imports. The recursive least squares‐based cumulative sum of recursive residuals (CUSUM) and the cumulative sum of squares of recursive residuals (CUSUMSQ) tests and the OLS‐based Andrews‐Quandt (AQ) and Andrews – Ploberger (AP) tests suggest the presence of structural breaks in the long‐run relationship between exports and imports for a number of countries. The end‐of‐sample new cointegration breakdown tests performed on the OLS, fully modified OLS, and full‐information maximum‐likelihood estimates of the model suggest the presence of cointegration between exports and imports for most countries. The dominant support for cointegration between trade flows points toward the sustainability of CADs and the validity of intertemporal budget constraint. The macroeconomic stabilization policies seem to have been effective in correcting the market failures and maintaining the steady‐state equilibrium relationship between trade flows in the sample countries. The findings of this study have important implications for empirical research. The structural breaks in the cointegrating vector could occur even over the short time periods and at any point in time. It is essentially important to assess the sustainability of the external position in the presence of long‐period as well as short‐period breaks in the cointegrating vector.
Can Item Response Times Provide Insight Into Students’ Motivation and Self‐Efficacy in Math? An Initial Application of Test Metadata to Understand Students’ Social–Emotional Needs
Authors: Soland James 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAs computer‐based tests become more common, there is a growing wealth of metadata related to examinees’ response processes, which include solution strategies, concentration, and operating speed. One common type of metadata is item response time. While response times have been used extensively to improve estimates of achievement, little work considers whether these metadata may provide useful information on social–emotional constructs. This study uses an analytic example to explore whether metadata might help illuminate such constructs. Specifically, analyses examine whether the amount of time students spend on test items (after accounting for item difficulty and estimates of true achievement), and difficult items in particular, tell us anything about the student's academic motivation and self‐efficacy. While results do not indicate a strong relationship between mean item durations and these constructs in general, the amount of time students spend on very difficult items is highly correlated with motivation and self‐efficacy. The implications of these findings for using response process metadata to gain information on social–emotional constructs are discussed.
Corrosion fatigue behaviour and microstructural characterisation of G20Mn5QT cast steel in 3.5‐wt% NaCl solution
Authors: Han Qinghua , Wang Xin , Lu Yan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCorrosion fatigue behaviour and microstructural characterisation of G20Mn5QT cast steel are investigated in simulated seawater. Fractography is performed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The macroscale fracture surface and microstructure of the failed specimen are acquired including the crack initiation, crack propagation, and pitting evolution. The maximum cyclic stress (S) versus number of cycles to failure (N) curves is derived by three‐parameter fatigue curve method. Fatigue life is predominantly controlled by the corrosion pitting‐induced crack initiation when tested in simulated seawater at lower stress levels. As the maximum cyclic stress is less than 185 MPa, the chloride ion erosion is the main influence factor, which affects the fatigue failure of the G20Mn5QT cast steel in simulated seawater.
Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) simulated hydrological impacts of land use change from temperate grassland to energy crops: A case study in western UK
Authors: Holder Amanda J. , Rowe Rebecca , McNamara Niall P. , Donnison Iain S. , McCalmont Jon P. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWhen considering the large‐scale deployment of bioenergy crops, it is important to understand the implication for ecosystem hydrological processes and the influences of crop type and location. Based on the potential for future land use change (LUC), the 10,280 km2 West Wales Water Framework Directive River Basin District (UK) was selected as a typical grassland dominated district, and the Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrology model with a geographic information systems interface was used to investigate implications for different bioenergy deployment scenarios. The study area was delineated into 855 sub‐basins and 7,108 hydrological response units based on rivers, soil type, land use, and slope. Changes in hydrological components for two bioenergy crops (Miscanthus and short rotation coppice, SRC) planted on 50% (2,192 km2) or 25% (1,096 km2) of existing improved pasture are quantified. Across the study area as a whole, only surface run‐off with SRC planted at the 50% level was significantly impacted, where it was reduced by up to 23% (during April). However, results varied spatially and a comparison of annual means for each sub‐basin and scenario revealed surface run‐off was significantly decreased and baseflow significantly increased (by a maximum of 40%) with both Miscanthus and SRC. Evapotranspiration was significantly increased with SRC (at both planting levels) and water yield was significantly reduced with SRC (at the 50% level) by up to 5%. Effects on streamflow were limited, varying between −5% and +5% change (compared to baseline) in the majority of sub‐basins. The results suggest that for mesic temperate grasslands, adverse effects from the drying of soil and alterations to streamflow may not arise, and with surface run‐off reduced and baseflow increased, there could, depending on crop location, be potential benefits for flood and erosion mitigation.
Dry‐matter losses and changes in nutrient concentrations in grass and maize silages stored in bunker silos
Authors: Köhler Brigitte , Taube Friedhelm , Ostertag Johannes , Thurner Stefan , Kluß Christof , Spiekers Hubert 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTo reduce losses and improve forage use efficiency in dairy farming systems, mass and nutrient flows during silage production have to be measured from the field to feed bunk. However, data on these losses at the farm scale are scarce. Thus, we examined dry‐matter (DM) losses and changes in nutrient concentrations (proximate constituents, nitrogen [N], phosphorus [P]) and energy values (net energy for lactation [NEL]) of silages on three experimental farms from ensiling to feed‐out. The investigated material included forages from permanent grassland and whole‐crop maize that were stored in 64 side‐walled bunker silos. To determine DM losses, the total‐in versus total‐out method was applied. Additionally, the changes in the nutrient concentrations were measured by comparing the concentrations before and after ensiling. Data analyses were carried out by using ANOVA, and the means across groups were compared via multiple contrast tests. On average, the farms had good silage production management. Average values showed a trend towards higher DM losses during the ensiling process with grass (9%) than maize (7%). The N and P concentrations of the silages remained mainly unchanged during the ensiling process, suggesting that the total losses of N and P were also low (<10%). Regarding the fibre fractions, ensiling resulted in a significant reduction in the concentration of amylase‐treated ash‐excluded neutral detergent fibre (aNDFom) for grass (11%) and maize (15%), while ash‐excluded acid detergent fibre (ADFom) was not affected by the ensiling process. These changes resulted in slightly improved energy values in the silages.
Revisiting “An Exercise in Groundwater Model Calibration and Prediction” After 30 Years: Insights and New Directions
Authors: Hunt Randall J. , Fienen Michael N. , White Jeremy T. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn 1988, an important publication moved model calibration and forecasting beyond case studies and theoretical analysis. It reported on a somewhat idyllic graduate student modeling exercise where many of the system properties were known; the primary forecasts of interest were heads in pumping wells after a river was modified. The model was calibrated using manual trial‐and‐error approaches where a model's forecast quality was not related to how well it was calibrated. Here, we investigate whether tools widely available today obviate the shortcomings identified 30 years ago. A reconstructed version of the 1988 true model was tested using increasing parameter estimation sophistication. The parameter estimation demonstrated the inverse problem was non‐unique because only head data were available for calibration. When a flux observation was included, current parameter estimation approaches were able to overcome all calibration and forecast issues noted in 1988. The best forecasts were obtained from a highly parameterized model that used pilot points for hydraulic conductivity and was constrained with soft knowledge. Like the 1988 results, however, the best calibrated model did not produce the best forecasts due to parameter overfitting. Finally, a computationally frugal linear uncertainty analysis demonstrated that the single‐zone model was oversimplified, with only half of the forecasts falling within the calculated uncertainty bounds. Uncertainties from the highly parameterized models had all six forecasts within the calculated uncertainty. The current results outperformed those of the 1988 effort, demonstrating the value of quantitative parameter estimation and uncertainty analysis methods.
Assessing “Urban Karst” Effects from Groundwater–Storm Sewer System Interaction in a Till Aquitard
Authors: Shepley Martin G. , Schmidt Nick , Senior Matt J. , Worthington Stephen R. H. , Scheckenberger Ron B. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractStorm sewer systems and their associated utility trenches may strongly influence the effects of urbanization on a groundwater system. This study was undertaken to identify the causes of district‐wide basement infiltration in an aquitard system. It comprised widespread continuous monitoring of utility trench wells and dye tracing from storm sewer system exfiltration tests. The results indicate that a major effect of urbanization on shallow groundwater is related to storm sewer system exfiltration, which is marked by a characteristic pattern of head variations in the aquitard unrelated to distributed surface infiltration. The aquitard constrains flow from storm sewer system exfiltration to the utility trench, creating an urban flow path for groundwater discharge. Temporary buildup of water levels in the utility trench drives relatively high‐velocity flow through the permeable sewer bedding material of the utility trench to a separate foundation drainage collector system, ultimately causing a severe “urban karst” effect that produces system surcharging and widespread basement water infiltration. The main conditions causing the “urban karst” are the large hydraulic conductivity ratio between the utility trench material and the aquitard, and the shallow depth and low gradient of the storm sewer system imposed by a very flat drainage basin.
How to discuss gene therapy for haemophilia? A patient and physician perspective
Authors: Miesbach Wolfgang , O’Mahony Brian , Key Nigel S. , Makris Mike 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGene therapy has the potential to revolutionise treatment for patients with haemophilia and is close to entering clinical practice. While factor concentrates have improved outcomes, individuals still face a lifetime of injections, pain, progressive joint damage, the potential for inhibitor development and impaired quality of life. Recently published studies in adeno‐associated viral (AAV) vector‐mediated gene therapy have demonstrated improvement in endogenous factor levels over sustained periods, significant reduction in annualised bleed rates, lower exogenous factor usage and thus far a positive safety profile. In making the shared decision to proceed with gene therapy for haemophilia, physicians should make it clear that research is ongoing and that there are remaining evidence gaps, such as long‐term safety profiles and duration of treatment effect. The eligibility criteria for gene therapy trials mean that key patient groups may be excluded, eg children/adolescents, those with liver or kidney dysfunction and those with a prior history of factor inhibitors or pre‐existing neutralising AAV antibodies. Gene therapy offers a life‐changing opportunity for patients to reduce their bleeding risk while also reducing or abrogating the need for exogenous factor administration. Given the expanding evidence base, both physicians and patients will need sources of clear and reliable information to be able to discuss and judge the risks and benefits of treatment.
Women’s health literacy and the complex decision‐making process to use complementary medicine products in pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Barnes Larisa A. J. , Barclay Lesley , McCaffery Kirsten , Aslani Parisa 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about women's decision‐making processes regarding using complementary medicine products (CMPs) during pregnancy or lactation.ObjectivesTo explore the decision‐making processes of women choosing to use CMPs in pregnancy and lactation; and to investigate how women's health literacy influences their decisions.Design, setting and participantsIn‐depth interviews and focus group discussions were held with twenty‐five pregnant and/or breastfeeding women. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsKey to women's decision making was the desire to establish a CMPs safety and to receive information from a trustworthy source, preferably their most trusted health‐care practitioner. Women wanted positive therapeutic relationships with health‐care practitioners and to be highly involved in the decisions they made for the health of themselves and their children. Two overarching components of the decision‐making process were identified: (a) women's information needs and (b) a preference for CMP use. Women collated and assessed information from other health‐care practitioners, other mothers and published research during their decision‐making processes. They showed a strong preference for CMP use to support their pregnancy and breastfeeding health, and that of their unborn and breastfeeding babies.Discussion and ConclusionsComplex decision‐making processes to use CMPs in pregnancy and lactation were identified. The participants showed high levels of communicative and critical health literacy skills in their decision‐making processes. These skills supported women's complex decision‐making processes.
Thermodynamic investigation and reaction mechanism of B4C synthesis based on carbothermal reduction
Authors: Li Xin , Lei Minjun , Gao Shuaibo , Nie Dan , Liu Kun , Xing Pengfei , Yan Shu 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe reaction mechanism of B4C synthesis as yet remains unclear due to the lack of sufficient thermodynamic investigation, which limits the large‐scale controllable production of B4C ceramic material. In this paper, thermodynamic investigation of B4C synthesized by carbothermal reduction was calculated at atmospheric pressure over a wide temperature range (1500‐2500 K) coupled with the effects of pressure on B4C synthesis. Besides, predominance diagrams for B–C–O system at different temperatures and pressures were further established. Upon thermodynamic results, reaction mechanism was proposed and then verified by the synthesis experiment of B4C at desired temperatures. The thermodynamic investigation indicates that B4C may be synthesized by the reactions of C with liquid B2O3 (LS mechanism) or gaseous B2O2 (VS mechanism). At low temperature (~1823 K), B4C is polyhedral shape via LS mechanism, while two‐dimensional flake‐like B4C is synthesized by VS mechanism at high temperature (2123 K~). The obtained two types of B4C verify the accuracy of thermodynamic results. This study is instructive for the optimization of temperature, pressure for large‐scale controllable production of B4C ceramic material.
Thermally stable large strain in low‐loss (Na0.2K0.8)NbO3‐BaZrO3for multilayer actuators
Authors: Kim Sun‐Woo , Lee Tae‐Gon , Kim Dae‐Hyeon , Kim Eun‐Ji , Kim Dae Su , Kang Woo‐Seok , Jo Wook , Lee Sang Jin , Han Seung Ho , Kang Hyung‐Won , Hong Youn‐Woo , Nahm Sahn 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCuO‐doped (1–x)(Na0.2K0.8)NbO3‐xBaZrO3ceramics (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.06) were densified at 960°C. The ceramic with x = 0 exhibited a large sprout‐shaped strain vs electric‐field (S‐E) curve and a double polarization vs electric‐field (P‐E) hysteresis curve, owing to the defect polarization (PD) developed between Cu2+ions at Nb5+sites and oxygen vacancies. The sizes of theS‐EandP‐Eloops decreased with increasing x, owing to the decrease in the number ofPDs. The ceramic with x = 0.04 displayed smallS‐EandP‐Ecurves, indicating its small dielectric loss. It exhibited large strain (0.19% at 8.0 kV/mm) at room temperature, which was maintained at 200°C. A similar strain was observed after applying 106cycles of an electric field (3.0 kV/mm). Hence, this specimen exhibited large strain with excellent thermal and fatigue properties. Moreover, the synthesized multilayer actuator using the ceramic with x = 0.04 showed excellent vibrational properties, making it promising for applications in multilayer piezoelectric actuators.
The unlearning process of senior clinical nurses in rehabilitation wards
Authors: Yamaguchi Tae , Sakai Ikuko 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAimsThe aim of this study was to create a model and verify its fitness for focusing on unlearning of senior clinical nurses who transferred from acute to rehabilitation wards.BackgroundThe processes by which nurses with experience in acute wards acquire expertise in rehabilitation wards, the ‘process of unlearning’, have not yet been clarified.DesignThis research used a cross‐sectional study.MethodsContent analysis of interview data of 23 senior clinical nurses was used to reveal factors constituting nurses’ unlearning and a base model was created. Data were collected between May ‐ September 2016. For its verification, categories extracted through content analysis were used as latent variables and subcategories as observation variables. The model's fit was confirmed through a survey of 5,435 senior clinical nurses from July to September 2017.ResultsWe extracted six categories—‘awareness’, ‘conflict’, ‘discard’, ‘acquisition’, ‘acceptance’ and ‘establishment’—and 22 subcategories of the factors constituting unlearning and created a base model. The effective response rate in the survey for verifying the fitness of the base model was 20.2%. The base model generally fulfilled the fitness, but we further studied the model fit with the data and modified it to comprise five categories, excluding ‘acceptance’, with 16 subcategories. The fitness of the modified model further improved. Through revalidation, we confirmed that the modified model satisfies the goodness of fit.ConclusionOur findings add to the development of rehabilitation nursing skills of nurses transferred from acute to rehabilitation wards in a Japanese community‐based integrated care system.ImpactThis study revealed the unlearning process of senior clinical nurses. The unlearning process identified in this study contributes to knowledge and skills acquisition specific to nurses specializing in rehabilitation. It will be used for developing a re‐education programme for rehabilitation nurses in the future.
Drawing blood from peripheral intravenous cannula compared with venepuncture: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Coventry Linda L. , Jacob Alycia M. , Davies Hugh T. , Stoneman Laurita , Keogh Samantha , Jacob Elisabeth R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAimsTo synthesize the evidence evaluating if blood samples are similar when obtained from peripheral intravenous cannula compared with venepuncture.DesignA systematic review and meta‐analysis was undertaken.Data sourcesSearches were conducted in databases for English language studies between January 2000–December 2018.Review methodsThe search adhered to the Meta‐analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. The methodological quality of studies was assessed using Joanna Briggs critical appraisal instruments. The overall quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE.ResultsSixteen studies were identified. Findings suggest haemolysis rates are higher in blood sampled from peripheral intravenous cannula. However, haemolysis rates may be lower if a peripheral intravenous cannula blood sampling protocol is followed. For equivalence of blood test results, even though some results were outside the laboratory, allowable error and were outside the Bland–Altman Level of Agreement, none of these values would have required clinical intervention. With regard to the contamination rates of blood cultures, the results were equivocal.ConclusionFurther research is required to inform the evidence for best practice recommendations, including, if a protocol for drawing blood from a peripheral cannula is of benefit for specific patient populations and in other settings.ImpactVenepuncture can provoke pain, anxiety and cause trauma to patients. Guidelines recommend blood samples from peripheral intravenous cannula be taken only on insertion. Anecdotal evidence suggests drawing blood from existing cannulas may be a common practice. Further research is required to resolve this issue.