bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minor and Major Complications Related to Minimally Invasive Repair of Pectus Excavatum
Authors: Hebra Andre 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe technique for minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum (MIRPE) has been adopted by most surgeons as the preferred method for treatment of this condition. However, there is limited awareness about the complications related to the procedure. Most importantly, the prevalence and potential for life-threatening complications have frequently been underestimated. The purpose of this communication is to increase awareness of the risk of minor and major (life-threatening) complications, as well as the operative steps and modifications which have been developed to prevent them. One of the most common complications reported in the early series of MIRPE cases was bar displacement, frequently requiring reoperation. Fortunately, technical modifications to the technique have resulted in a decrease in the incidence of such events from 10 to less than 2%. It is important for surgeons to have a good understanding of the potential complications, particularly the major type of complications post-MIRPE and postpectus bar removal. Although rare, the risk of mortality is real and it is the surgeon's responsibility to ensure optimal patient safety when performing this procedure. Factors such as operative technique, patient age, pectus severity and asymmetry, previous chest surgery, and the surgeon's experience play a role in the overall incidence of adverse events. These preventable events can be avoided with proper training, mentoring, and careful patient selection.
Psychotic Disorders in ICD-11
Authors: Zielasek J. , Cleveland H.-R. , Gaebel W. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryWithin the efforts to revise ICD-10, the World Health Organization (WHO) has appointed a disorder-specific Working Group on the Classification of Psychotic Disorders (WGPD). The WGPD has proposed several changes to the classification criteria of schizophrenia and other primary psychotic disorders in order to increase the clinical utility, reliability and validity of the diagnostic classification. The main proposals include changes to the chapter title, the replacement of existing schizophrenia subtypes with symptom specifiers, stricter diagnostic criteria for schizoaffective disorder, a reorganization of the delusional disorders and the acute and transient psychotic disorders, as well as the revision of course specifiers. These proposed revisions are subject to field trials with the aim of studying whether they will lead to an improvement of the classification system in comparison to its previous version. The proposals are compared with revisions of the according DSM-5 chapter. The impact of novel results from neuroscience and genetics on the current proposals is discussed, also with respect to future classification strategies such as the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project.
Primary Health Care and the ICD-11
Authors: Klinkman M. , Goldberg D. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryThis paper describes the necessity of adapting the major classifications of mental disorders exemplified by the ICD-11 and the DSM-5 for the special needs of primary medical care. An earlier version of the classification – the ICD-10-PHC – is described, and the process of adapting it is described in detail. The new 28 item version of the classification is described, and the procedures to be adopted in the Field Trials to be held during 2013 are set out, together with the specific problems these field trials will address.
Long-term mental health care for people with severe mental disorders – the importance of workplace rehabilitation
Authors: Boardman J. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryWork and meaningful activity have historically played a key role in rehabilitation services for people with severe mental health problems and continues to do so today. People with long-term and severe mental disorders have low rates of employment. In the last 30 years the increasing emphasis on raising the sights of mental health services to focus on personal recovery and the importance given to social justice and to combating social exclusion has led to a focus on gaining open employment. Individual Placement and Support (IPS) has emerged as an important and evidence-based scheme for getting people with severe mental health problems into open employment. Despite the strong and consistent evidence for the effectiveness of IPS, these schemes are not widely implemented. This paper summarises the background to, and research on, IPS and possible barriers to its wider implementation.
Was macht Supported Employment so überlegen?
Authors: Hoffmann H. 
Published: September 2018

ZusammenfassungMit der Einführung des Supported Employment wurde in der beruflichen Wiedereingliede-rung psychisch beeinträchtigter Menschen in die freie Marktwirtschaft ein Paradigmawechsel vollzogen, der sich in den USA und mittlerweile auch in Europa bewährt hat. Die wissenschaftliche Evidenz ist mittels zahlreicher randomisiert kontrollierter Studien erhärtet, weshalb Supported Employment in den Leitlinien als dem pre-vocational Training überlegen und somit als Methode der Wahl vorbehaltlos empfohlen werden kann. Supported Employment leistet zudem einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur Inklusion und Teilhabe psychisch beeinträchtigter Menschen.Für eine erfolgreiche Implementierung und Weiterverbreitung im deutschsprachigen Raum braucht es gewisse Adaptionen, einheitliche Qualitätsstandards, Anreize für die Arbeitgeber sowie noch zu verbessernde gesetzliche Grundlagen und Finanzierungsmodelle, die u.a. die unbefristete Begleitung durch einen Job Coach ermöglichen. Letzteres ist ein zentraler Faktor für den nachhaltigen Erfolg des Supported Employments.
Die Organisationsform des Maßregelvollzuges in Nordrhein-Westfalen und ihr Einfluss auf die Praxis der Forensischen Psychiatrie
Authors: Hollweg T. , Saimeh N. 
Published: September 2018

ZusammenfassungDer Maßregelvollzug in Nordrhein-Westfalen in seiner heutigen Form geht auf die Neufassung des Maßregelvollzugsgesetzes von 1999 zurück, nach dem die Aufgabenträgerschaft beim Land liegt. Die Zuständigkeit wird in einem dreistufigen Behördenaufbau abgebildet mit dem Gesundheitsministerium als oberster Aufsichtsbehörde, dem Landesbeauftragten für den Maßregelvollzug und den Landschaftsverbänden als unterer staatlicher Maßregelvollzugsbehörde sowie beliehenen privaten Trägern. Die Struktur ist personalintensiv, fördert nicht unbedingt kurze Kommunikationswege, sorgt aber für eine verlässliche und transparente Organisationsform.
Forensische Gutachten im Strafverfahren
Authors: Wolf T. 
Published: September 2018

ZusammenfassungForensisch-psychiatrische Gutachten sind im Strafprozess unverzichtbar und beeinflussen die Entscheidung des Gerichts oft maßgeblich. Im rechtlichen Überblick wird gezeigt, in welchen Zusammenhängen solche Gutachten im Strafprozess benötigt werden; ferner sollen die wesentlichen Anforderungen an solche Gutachten, die häufigsten Fehlerquellen aus rechtlicher Sicht und die Folgen solcher Fehler angesprochen werden.
Therapiemängel im Maßregelvollzug
Authors: Kröber H.-L. 
Published: September 2018

ZusammenfassungDer psychiatrische Maßregelvollzug hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten große Fortschritte gemacht im Hinblick auf Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit. Es bleiben aber besondere Schwierigkeiten, die sich aus dem großen Machtgefälle und der langen Absonderung des Patienten von normalen Lebensverhältnissen ergeben. Ein Kernproblem ist die zu lange Behandlungszeit. Ein weiteres Problem ist das Fehlen evidenzbasierter Konzepte in der Einzeltherapie. Es werden dann umschriebene Schwächen wie eingeschränkte Empathie oder Dominanzstreben zu Entlassungshindernissen. Ein wesentlicher Besserungsansatz ist Therapie- Supervision und intensive Weiterbildung der Therapeuten.
NMDA-Rezeptor-Hypofunktion – der Schlüssel zur Pathophysiologie der Schizophrenie?
Authors: Normann C. 
Published: September 2018

ZusammenfassungDie pharmakologische Forschung auf dem Gebiet der Schizophrenie tritt seit einigen Jahren auf der Stelle. Die derzeit verfügbaren Medikamente unterscheiden sich nur geringfügig in ihrem vermuteten Wirkmechanismus und sind in ihrer Effektivität limitiert. Etwa jeder zweite Patient erfüllt keines der Kriterien einer „Recovery“ – ist also dauerhaft weder komplett symptomfrei, noch hat er sein prämorbides Funktionsniveau und eine subjektiv zufriedenstellende Lebensqualität wiedererlangt. Besonders schlecht ist die Prognose bei vorherrschender Negativsymptomatik: dies ist die Krankheitsdimension, die den Patienten nachhaltig in seiner Lebensführung beeinträchtigt. Einer der Gründe für die unbefriedigende Therapiesituation ist sicherlich die noch nicht in allen ihren Facetten verstandene Pathophysiologie der Schizophrenie. Die pharmakologische Forschung hat sich bisher im Wesentlichen auf die Überaktivität des dopaminergen Systems beschränkt. Eine mögliche Zielstruktur für neue Therapieformen könnte der NMDA-Rezeptor im glutamatergen System sein. Denn es wird postuliert, dass die Schizophrenie mit einer Unterfunktion des NMDARezeptors einhergeht. Dies könnte sekundär zu einer Dysregulation der dopaminergen Neurotransmission führen und über eine Hemmung der synaptischen Plastizität kognitive Funktionen beeinträchtigen. Die Funktionsfähigkeit des NMDA-Rezeptors zu verbessern scheint also ein vielversprechendes Konzept zu sein, um die Symptome der Schizophrenie zu mildern.
Entwicklungspsychopathologie psychischer Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Authors: Schmid M. , Schmeck K. 
Published: September 2018

ZusammenfassungEine entwicklungspsychopathologische Perspektive auf die Entstehung und den Verlauf von psychischen Störungen ermöglicht ein tieferes Verständnis für die komplexen Wirkungszusammenhänge, die der Genese von psychischen Störungen in allen Lebensaltern zugrunde liegt. Es werden Ansätze dargestellt, wie die Interaktion von angeborener oder erworbener Vulnerabilität mit akuten und chronischen Belastungen im Lebensumfeld von Kindern und Jugendlichen zur Entstehung von psychischen Störungen beiträgt.
Ethische Leitlinien in der psychiatrischen Forschung
Authors: Helmchen H. 
Published: September 2018

ZusammenfassungEinwilligungsfähigkeit ist eine Grundvoraussetzung der Teilnahme von Patienten als Probanden in Forschungsprojekten. Deshalb ist es erste Pflicht in der psychiatrischen Forschung, die Einwilligungsfähigkeit des Patienten festzustellen.Die Einwilligung nach Aufklärung sollte aber nicht nur als eine rechtliche Pflicht, sondern auch als eine Chance gesehen werden, eine vertrauensvolle Arzt-Patienten-Beziehung aufzubauen. Dies ist dem Respekt für die Selbstbestimmung und Würde des Patienten geschuldet.Einwilligungsfähigkeit ist keine allgemeine Eigenschaft, sondern auf die spezifische Intervention bezogen; die Gültigkeit der Einwilligung verlangt, dass der Patient die interventionsbezogene medizinische Information, ihre Tragweite und ihre Konsequenzen versteht sowie deren Bedeutung für sich selbst würdigen kann.Forschung mit Patienten, denen diese Einwilligungsfähigkeit fehlt, stößt auf ein schwerwiegendes Problem: Es besteht ein ungedeckter Forschungsbedarf bei häufigen schwerwiegenden psychischen Erkrankungen, aber gerade ein erheblicher Anteil von Patienten mit diesen Erkrankungen kann nicht gültig einwilligen. Wesentliche Leitlinien, die sich mit diesem Problem beschäftigen, werden diskutiert.Psychisch kranke Patienten, die bereit sind, an notwendiger Forschung teilzunehmen, sind eine rare Ressource. Sie muss durch strikte Befolgung ethischer Leitlinien geschützt werden.
Conductively coupled flexible silicon electronic systems for chronic neural electrophysiology
Authors: Li Jinghua , Song Enming , Chiang Chia-Han , Yu Ki Jun , Koo Jahyun , Du Haina , Zhong Yishan , Hill Mackenna , Wang Charles , Zhang Jize , Chen Yisong , Tian Limei , Zhong Yiding , Fang Guanhua , Viventi Jonathan , Rogers John A. 
Published: September 2018

Significance
A critical challenge for flexible biomedical implants is in the development of materials and structures that enable intimate coupling to biotissues with long-term stability. The results presented here address this problem through a materials and integration strategy that combines highly doped silicon nanomembranes chemically bonded to thin films of thermal silicon dioxide in a construct that simultaneously serves as a biofluid barrier and a conductively coupled biointerface. Use of this approach with various flexible electronic systems, including passive and active electrodes for electrophysiological sensing and electrical stimulation, illustrate capabilities in high-fidelity operation. Systematic accelerated lifetime studies in artificial biofluids highlight the stability of these systems for chronic operation, without electrical leakage or other forms of degradation.
High Sensitivity Mapping of Cortical Dopamine D2 Receptor Expressing Neurons
Authors: Khlghatyan Jivan , Quintana Clémentine , Parent Martin , Beaulieu Jean-Martin 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Cortical D2 dopamine receptor (Drd2) have mostly been examined in the context of cognitive function regulation and neurotransmission modulation of medial prefrontal cortex by principal neurons and parvalbumin positive, fast-spiking, interneurons in schizophrenia. Early studies suggested the presence of D2 receptors in several cortical areas, albeit with major technical limitations. We used combinations of transgenic reporter systems, recombinase activated viral vectors, quantitative translatome analysis, and high sensitivity in situ hybridization to identify D2 receptor expressing cells and establish a map of their respective projections. Our results identified previously uncharacterized clusters of D2 expressing neurons in limbic and sensory regions of the adult mouse brain cortex. Characterization of these clusters by translatome analysis and cell type specific labeling revealed highly heterogeneous expression of D2 receptors in principal neurons and various populations of interneurons across cortical areas. Transcript enrichment analysis also demonstrated variable levels of D2 receptor expression and several orphan G-protein-coupled receptors coexpression in different neuronal clusters, thus suggesting strategies for genetic and therapeutic targeting of D2 expressing neurons in specific cortical areas. These results pave the way for a thorough re-examination of cortical D2 receptor functions, which could provide information about neuronal circuits involved in psychotic and mood disorders.
Incidence of infective endocarditis in patients considered at moderate risk
Authors: Østergaard Lauge , Valeur Nana , Wang Andrew , Bundgaard Henning , Aslam Mohsin , Gislason Gunnar , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Bruun Niels Eske , Søndergaard Lars , Køber Lars , Fosbøl Emil Loldrup 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Aims
Stratification of patients at risk of infective endocarditis (IE) remains a cornerstone in guidance of prophylactic strategies of IE. However, little attention has been given to patients considered at moderate risk.

Methods and results
Using Danish nationwide registries, we assessed the risk of IE in patients with aortic and mitral valve disorders, a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED), or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and compared these patient groups with (i) controls from the background population using risk-set matching and (ii) a high-risk population (prosthetic heart valve). Cumulative incidence plots and multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazard analysis were used to compare risk of IE between risk groups. We identified 83 453 patients with aortic or mitral valve disorder, 50 828 with a CIED, and 3620 with HCM. The cumulative risk of IE after 10 years was 0.9% in valve disorder, 1.3% in CIED, and 0.5% in HCM patients. Compared with the background population, valve disorder, CIED, and HCM carried a higher associated risk of IE, hazard ratio (HR) = 8.75 [95% confidence interval (CI) 6.36–12.02], HR = 6.63 (95% CI 4.41–9.96), and HR = 6.57 (95% CI 2.33–18.56), respectively. All three study groups were associated with a lower risk of IE compared with high-risk patients, HR = 0.27 (95% CI 0.23–0.32) for valve disorder, HR = 0.28 (95% CI 0.23–0.33) for CIED, and HR = 0.13 (95% CI 0.06–0.29) for HCM.

Conclusions
Heart valve disorder, CIED, and patients with HCM were associated with a higher risk of IE compared with the background population but have a lower associated risk of IE compared with high-risk patients.
The Cycle Structure of Unicritical Polynomials
Authors: Bridy Andrew , Garton Derek 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
A polynomial with integer coefficients yields a family of dynamical systems indexed by primes as follows: for any prime $p$, reduce its coefficients mod $p$ and consider its action on the field $ {{\mathbb{F}}}_p$. The questions of whether and in what sense these families are random have been studied extensively, spurred in part by Pollard’s famous “rho” algorithm for integer factorization (the heuristic justification of which is the conjectural randomness of one such family). However, the cycle structure of these families cannot be random, since in any such family, the number of cycles of a fixed length in any dynamical system in that family is bounded. In this paper, we show that the cycle statistics of many of these families are as random as possible. As a corollary, we show that most members of these families have many cycles, addressing a conjecture of Mans et al.
The SLC transporter in nutrient and metabolic sensing, regulation, and drug development
Authors: Zhang Yong , Zhang Yuping , Sun Kun , Meng Ziyi , Chen Ligong 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic diseases is growing worldwide. Accumulating evidence suggests that solute carrier (SLC) transporters contribute to the etiology of various metabolic diseases. Consistent with metabolic characteristics, the top five organs in which SLC transporters are highly expressed are the kidney, brain, liver, gut, and heart. We aim to understand the molecular mechanisms of important SLC transporter-mediated physiological processes and their potentials as drug targets. SLC transporters serve as ‘metabolic gate’ of cells and mediate the transport of a wide range of essential nutrients and metabolites such as glucose, amino acids, vitamins, neurotransmitters, and inorganic/metal ions. Gene-modified animal models have demonstrated that SLC transporters participate in many important physiological functions including nutrient supply, metabolic transformation, energy homeostasis, tissue development, oxidative stress, host defense, and neurological regulation. Furthermore, the human genomic studies have identified that SLC transporters are susceptible or causative genes in various diseases like cancer, metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, immunological disorders, and neurological dysfunction. Importantly, a number of SLC transporters have been successfully targeted for drug developments. This review will focus on the current understanding of SLCs in regulating physiology, nutrient sensing and uptake, and risk of diseases.
Jian-Wei Pan: building the quantum internet
Authors: Ball Philip 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
For many decades since its inception in the early twentieth century, quantum mechanics seemed to be an exotic and peculiarly non-intuitive kind of physics that applied to matter at the smallest scales: the laws that govern atoms, photons and subatomic particles. All our engineering, meanwhile, was dominated by the familiar rules of classical physics, in which objects have definite positions, trajectories and properties.
But, in the past several decades, scientists have started to harness quantum rules in practical technologies. In 1985, the physicist Richard Feynman suggested that computers governed by quantum rules might be capable of computations beyond the means of classical ones like those in use today. At much the same time, other researchers showed that information encoded in quantum states could be transmitted between a sender and receiver using a kind of encryption that could not be intercepted and read without that being detected. Quantum computers and quantum cryptography have now become central components of a real-world quantum-information technology that may soon find scientific, industrial and social uses.
These applications could be increasingly enabled by a global information network with quantum capability: a quantum internet. China is at the forefront of that enterprise, and one of the scientific leaders in this effort is Jian-Wei Pan of the University of Science and Technology of China in Hefei. Pan studied for his PhD with quantum-information pioneer Anton Zeilinger in Vienna before returning to China to implement these nascent technologies. In 2012, he won the International Quantum Communication Award and, in 2017, he was included in Nature’s annual list of the ‘ten people who mattered in science’ over the past year. That July, he and his colleagues reported ‘quantum teleportation’ of photons from a ground-based station to a satellite 1400 km away.
NSR recently interviewed Professor Pan about the current achievements and future prospects for quantum-information technologies.
The changing face of risk factors for non-communicable disease in Myanmar: findings from the 2009 and 2014 WHO STEP Surveys
Authors: Grover Shekhar , Sinha Dhirendra N , Gupta Sanjay , Gupta Prakash C , Mehrotra Ravi 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundMyanmar is burdened with the dual problem of communicable and non-communicable diseases (NCD), and is constantly endeavoring to attain its health objectives with limited resources. This study compares the results for the 2009 and 2014 WHO STEPs surveys (the ‘stepwise’ approach to adult risk factor surveillance) in Myanmar to determine the change in NCD risk factors over time.MethodologyThe proportion of individuals with major NCD risk factors such as current tobacco and alcohol consumption, &lt;5 fruit/vegetable servings, physical activity, raised blood pressure (BP) and overweight and obesity from the year 2009 (n = 6414) and year 2014 (n = 8757) WHO STEP surveys were compared for the age group 25–64 and relative changes (RC) calculated.ResultsTobacco and alcohol consumption has increased significantly (25 and 49% RC, respectively) over the years. Individuals with low fruit/vegetable consumption (&lt;5 servings) have declined (4.3% RC) and physical activity has increased significantly (46.5% RC). The prevalence of overweight, obese and hypertensive individuals has reduced significantly during this period with a RC reduction of 18, 28 and 20%, respectively.ConclusionReductions in some NCD risk factors are encouraging but control of tobacco use and alcohol consumption requires more stringent policies in order to prevent NCDs in the future.