bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design, Synthesis, and Crystallization‐Induced Emission of Boron Difluorides β‐Ketoiminates
Authors: Fedorenko Elena V. , Mirochnik Anatolii G. , Beloliptsev Anton Yu. , Svistunova Irina V. , Tretyakova Galina O. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA series of new nitrogen‐containing analogues of boron difluoride benzoylacetonates with hydrogen and methyl substituents at the nitrogen atom have been synthesized. A comparative study of boron difluoride β‐ketoiminates and their oxygen‐containing analogues by means of luminescence and IR spectroscopic methods as well as quantum chemistry simulations was also performed.
Ecological autocatalysis: a central principle in ecosystem organization?
Authors: Veldhuis Michiel P. , Berg Matty P. , Loreau Michel , Olff Han 
Published: February 2018

AbstractEcosystems comprise flows of energy and materials, structured by organisms and their interactions. Important generalizations have emerged in recent decades about conversions by organisms of energy (metabolic theory of ecology) and materials (ecological stoichiometry). However, these new insights leave a key question about ecosystems inadequately addressed: are there basic organizational principles that explain how the interaction structure among species in ecosystems arises? Here we integrate recent contributions to the understanding of how ecosystem organization emerges through ecological autocatalysis (EA), in which species mutually benefit through self‐reinforcing circular interaction structures. We seek to generalize the concept ofEAby integrating principles from community and ecosystem ecology. We discuss evidence suggesting that ecological autocatalysis is facilitated by resource competition and natural selection, both central principles in community ecology. Furthermore, we suggest that pre‐emptive resource competition by consumers and plant resource diversity drive the emergence of autocatalytic loops at the ecosystem level. Subsequently, we describe how interactions between such autocatalytic loops can explain pattern and processes observed at the ecosystem scale, and summarize efforts to model different aspect of the phenomenon. We conclude thatEAis a central principle that forms the backbone of the organization in systems ecology, analogous to autocatalytic loops in systems chemistry.
Bitterness Reduction of Cold Pressed Grapefruit Seed Oil by Adsorbent Treatment
Authors: Aydeniz Güneşer Buket , Yilmaz Emin 
Published: February 2018

The goal of this study is to remove bitterness of cold pressed grapefruit seed oil by adsorbent treatments. The oil is treated with amberlites XAD7, IR120, and IRA400 resins, and natural zeolite, sepiolite, and montmorillonite at 3% (w/w) level. Oil physicochemical properties, oil flavonoid, phenolic acid and phytosterol compositions, oil sensory descriptive analysis, oil consumer preferences as well as properties of the adsorbents are determined. The largest surface area, pore radius, pore volume, and oleic acid adsorption capacity are observed for natural sepiolite, zeolite and XAD7 amberlite. Adsorbent treatment usually reduced oil viscosity, free acidity, and soap content. In removal of flavonoids, natural sepiolite, zeolite and XAD7 resin are the most successful. Reductions from 3.0 to 60.0% are quantified. Phytosterol composition is not changed significantly by adsorbent treatment. Quantitative sensory descriptive data shows that natural sepiolite at first, followed by natural zeolite and amberlite XAD7 reduced bitterness and throatcatching scores almost by half, but consumer preference test results shows that these reductions were not enough for consumers to accept the taste/flavor of the treated oils. Hence, bitterness removal from grapefruit seed oil still remains as a research challenge.Practical Applications: To utilize cold pressed grapefruit seed oil for direct human consumption, the inherent bitterness needs to be removed. This study shows that almost half levels of sensorially perceived bitterness could be removed by natural sepiolite, zeolite, and amberlite XAD7 adsorbents. Although consumers find the treated oils still bitter, the treated oils could be used in formulated food preparations or in blend with other vegetable oils.Cold pressed grapefruit seed oils are treated with various adsorbents to remove bitterness, and then evaluated by analytical techniques and sensory evaluations.
Improved Characterization of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Desaturases and Elongases by Co‐Expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a Protozoan Acyl‐CoA Synthetase
Authors: Tripodi Karina E. J. , Berardi Florencia , Uttaro Antonio D. 
Published: February 2018

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a valuable host for the expression and characterization of eukaryotic enzymes involved in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) biosynthesis, such as elongases and desaturases. The yeast allows a correct subcellular localization of these proteins, provides electron donors required by desaturases and is unable to synthesize PUFA that could interfere in the enzymes characterization. Unfortunately, S. cerevisiae incorporates very long chain PUFAs inefficiently, which could interfere in the characterization of enzymes using these substrates. Acyl‐CoA synthetases (ACS) are involved in fatty acids uptake, and catalyze the synthesis of the corresponding CoA thioesters. ACS provides the substrates for elongases, acyl‐CoA desaturases and acyl transferases. Transferases are required to synthesize phospholipids which in turn, are substrates for acyl‐lipid desaturases. Expression in yeast of Trypanosoma brucei ACS1 notably improves the uptake of a wide variety of PUFA. Co‐expression of ACS1 with Elo5 elongase from Leishmania major or Des4 desaturase from T. brucei showes, respectively, 2‐ and 5.6‐fold increases in the uptake of the PUFA substrates and 2.4‐ and 3.5‐fold increases in substrate conversion. It also allows to produce significant amount of Des4 desaturase product for further analysis, whereas it is obtained in trace amounts when the enzyme is expressed alone.Practical applications: In this report, the use of yeast strains expressing ACS1 is proposed as a useful tool in the characterization of polyunsaturated fatty acids desaturases and elongases. Furthermore, this model could be used for the production of nutraceutical PUFA.S. cerevisiae (Sc) expressing an Acyl‐CoA synthetase from T. brucei (ACS1) significantly increases the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which are unusual for the yeast. It improves the possibility to study enzymes from the PUFA synthetic pathway, such as desaturases and elongases, by co‐expression in a Sc‐ACS1 background.
Community Engagement and Field Trials of Genetically Modified Insects and Animals
Authors: Neuhaus Carolyn P. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractNew techniques for the genetic modification of organisms are creating new strategies for addressing persistent public health challenges. For example, the company Oxitec has conducted field trials internationally—and has attempted to conduct field trials in the United States—of a genetically modified mosquito that can be used to control dengue, Zika, and some other mosquito‐borne diseases. In 2016, a report commissioned by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine discussed the potential benefits and risks of another strategy, using gene drives. Driving a desired genotype through a population of wild animals or insects could lead to irreversible genetic modification of an entire species. The NASEM report recommends community, stakeholder, and public engagement about potential uses of the technology, and it argues that the engagement should occur as research advances, well before gene drives are deployed. Yet what “engagement” means in practice is unclear. This article seeks clarity on this problem by offering a justification for community engagement and drawing out implications of this argument for the implementation and desired outcomes of community engagement.Community engagement is essential when it comes to research that would release genetically modified insects or animals into the environment. By contrast, obtaining informed consent from people who live near such a proposed field trial is neither necessary nor sufficient. Drawing on the epistemic and moral arguments for deliberative democracy, I propose two discrete mechanisms of community engagement: community advisory boards and deliberative forums, neither of which has been systematically incorporated into research governance. The proposed mechanisms would engender respect for persons who live near field trials, even when the results of deliberation override some individuals’ preferences. Community engagement foregrounds the community in our thinking about humans’ relationship to nature, and it implies that deciding to release genetically modified insects or animals into the wild ought to be a collective decision, not one made by product developers, policy‐makers, private companies, research funders, or scientists alone.
FLINT'S INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY
Authors: Kelly W. Osmund 
Published: February 2018

Water used for some industrial manufacturing processes often can be recycled. In 1956 the City of Flint, Mich., evaluated its water resources and arrived at the unenviable conclusion that, during drought years, it would be in need of more water than it had available. It was obvious to the city's administrators that, if the area were to continue to grow, water would have to be piped in from Lake Huron.The first two articles of this triad (presented at the Annual Conference on Jun. 23, 1970) dwell on the details of the successive measures taken by groups involved in Flint's water crisis that eventually led to its resolution. The third paper relates, for the most part, the measures taken by industry in the area.
Poliovirus in a Water Supply
Authors: Velde T. L. Vander 
Published: February 2018

The isolation of poliovirus from well water in Monroe County, Mich., is a useful, if ominous, finding. If the laboratory capabilities are available, researchers and public officials can examine both self‐supplied and community water supplies to see if conditions similar to the one described in this Joint Discussion exist in other locations.In the first article, a public‐health official discusses the construction of the well, the geological features of the area, and the operation from which the water samples (for isolation of the virus) were taken. The second article illuminates the laboratory and research techniques involved in the actual isolation of the poliovirus.
Face to Face
Authors: Johnson E.F. , Rice I.M. 
Published: February 2018

In the following interview I.M. Rice, director of the Dallas (Texas) Water Utilities, answers questions asked by Eric Johnson, executive director of AWWA. Some items discussed in the interview include: history of Dallas Water Utilities; reducing the overall number of employees and yet increasing service; budgeting, accounting, and rates; federal grants; and thoughts on water conservation.Mr. Rice joined Dallas Water Utilities in 1969 after completing a distinguished career with the US Army Corps of Engrs. (1939 – 1969). He received BS and MS degrees from Colorado School of Mines, MA degree from George Washington Univ., and PhD degree from American Univ. He is registered as a professional engineer in Colorado, and as a civil engineer in Hawaii and Texas. Professional societies in which he holds membership include: AWWA, WPCF, Water Resources Congress, Soc. of American Military Engrs., and Texas Water Conservation Assn.
Overcoming the flood: how midwestern utilities managed disaster
Authors: Reid Joe 
Published: February 2018

The value of detailed emergency plans became clear last summer to managers of drinking water utilities in Missouri, Illinois, and Iowa.In 1993, massive flooding threatened midwestem drinking water treatment plants. In this article, the author reviews the experiences of four utilities—three of them subsidiaries of American Water Works Service Co. (AWWSC). AWWSC's Iowa‐American plant in Davenport was threatened, but it was never in immediate danger because it had recently built facilities above the 5000‐year floodplain. However, both Missouri‐American and Illinois‐American were stricken. Local workers in both places solved problems using equal parts of creativity and perseverance: in addition, AWWSC's New Jersey headquarters office supplied expert assistance. by telephone, computer, and an on‐site crisis team. A fourth plant, Des Moines Water Works, had no headquarters office to turn to, but its 235 employees efficiently staffed vital operational and engineering support teams. Meanwhile, General Manager L.D; McMullen spent 4 hours a day answering questions from the media. Officials at all four utilities noted the importance of planning and coordination to successful resolution of the crisis. In addition, they all stressed the value of communication among staff members and with the public.
Emergency preparedness and response
Authors: Shimoda Todd A. 
Published: February 2018

Should an emergency strike, system safety and reliability can be increased if utilities have a plan of action.Your utility probably runs like clockwork, the water moving smoothly from process to process before it flows through the distribution system. But would you still be able to operate reliably if a tornado struck or an earthquake hit or an outbreak of waterborne disease erupted? If you don't have an emergency preparedness plan in effect and disaster strikes, your utility will be scrambling to recover. And in hindsight, you will wish you'd had a plan at the ready. Following the step‐bystep process described here can increase the safety of your water supply, even in the event of an emergency.
Water industry best practices
Authors: Green Neville , Patrick Roger 
Published: February 2018

The Sydney Water Board studied best practices around the world to see how its operations could be improved.Studying the practices that make leading organizations efficient and at the same time able to provide high‐quality services can identify enormous potential for improvement. The Sydney Water Board (SWB) has embraced a program for change based on a study of “best practice” at a number of organizations worldwide. Key results of the study are presented here. The practices, systems, and technology that determine “best practice” were discovered with the cooperation of the organizations achieving a designated level of performance. In some cases, this involved organizations outside the water and wastewater industries. The changes that will be implemented at the SWB are far‐reaching, reducing costs in the areas studied by as much as 30 percent, while benefiting customer service and the environment.
Toxicological studies on MX, a disinfection by‐product
Authors: Daniel F. Bernard , Robinson Merrel , Olson Greg R. , Stober Judy A. , Page Norbert P. 
Published: February 2018

Although its adverse effects on rats and mice are clear, MX requires further study before conclusions regarding its effect on humans can be made.MX may be the most important single mutagen so far identified in chlorine‐disinfected waters. The objective of these studies was to determine the toxicity of MX to mammals by repeatedly administering varying dosages of the compound to B6C3F1 mice and Fischer rats. Toxicity was evidenced in rats by decreased food and water consumption—and decreased body weight gain at a high MX dosage. Similar weight loss was observed in male mice at MX dosages of 8, 16, and 64 mg/kg body weight. Based on these decreased body weight gains, the presence of stomach lesions, and other changes, 8 mg/kg was considered to be the lowest adverse effect level for oral exposure to MX for 14 days in mice and rats. Additional research is required to elucidate the effect of MX in drinking water on human health.
Exhausting and regenerating resin for uranium removal
Authors: Zhang Zhihe , Clifford Dennis A. 
Published: February 2018

As expected, lowering the pH adversely affected uranium removal by anion resin—but at a lower than anticipated pH.Uranium removal with chloride‐form anion exchange resin was studied near Houston, Texas, where an abandoned water supply well contained 120 μg/L uranium and 25 pCi/L radium. With this neutral‐pH, sulfate‐free water, the resin exhibited enormous capacity for the uranyl tricarbonate complex, still removing 95 percent uranium after nearly 16 months without regeneration and after 302,000 bed volumes of throughput. Computer predictions indicate, however, that the presence of sulfate in feedwater would significantly shorten the run length. The efficiency of uranium removal did not deteriorate at a feed pH as low as 5.6, but when the pH was lowered to 4.3, uranium removal decreased to 50 percent and the run length was shortened to 5,000 bed volumes. Results indicate that sodium chloride (NaCl) was an adequate regenerant and, within the range of 0.5 to 4.0 N, the more concentrated the NaCl, the more efficient it was.
Training for the next century
Authors: Rossiter David L. 
Published: February 2018

Training isn't just for operators—and today it's likely to be brought to your TV screen by satellite.This Roundtable discussion was moderated by David L. Rossiter, director of the technical and education department, AWWA, 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver, CO 80235. Other participants were John DeKam, director of AWWA's Michigan Section, outgoing chair of AWWA's Education Committee, and superintendent of the Bay Metropolitan Water Treatment Plant, 2691 N. Euclid Road, Bay City, MI 48706; Donna G. Jensen, water quality consultant, 197 Saddle Mountain Dr., Clancy, MT 59634, formerly field services program manager for the drinking water and subdivision section of the Water Quality Bureau, Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences; Ray Pirkl, director of distance learning programs, Portland Community College, 12000 S.W. 49th Ave., P.O. Box 19000, Portland, OR 97280‐0990, and a board member of the Portland Valley Water District; and Robert C. Renner, principal of Process Applications Inc., 2627 Redwing Road, Suite 340, Fort Collins. CO 80526. The discussion was held June 7, 1993, in San Antonio, Texas, and was updated by participants in March 1994.
SCADA trends and integration perspectives
Authors: Jentgen Lawrence A. , Wehmeyer Mark G. 
Published: February 2018

The latest trends in SCADA system technology, a rapidly changing field, are being put into practice by the Navajo Tribal Utility Authority.Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system technology—used by drinking water utilities to monitor and control remote facilities—has changed substantially in the past two to three years. This change has followed exponential advances in computer system performance, electronics, software, and standards. New SCADA systems, with their improved capacity for data management and communication with related systems, are a better bargain than previous SCADA systems. “Open systems,” in which all components can communicate regardless of brand name, are a common goal for manufacturers and users. Communication standards for utilities associated with open systems, utilities communication architecture, is described, as is the implementation of a SCADA system by the Navajo Tribal Utility Authority.
Synthetic adsorbent versus GAC for TCE removal
Authors: Hand David W. , Jr. Jon A. Herlevich , Perram David L. , Crittenden John C. 
Published: February 2018

Results showed that the synthetic adsorbent studied is more efficient than GAC in removing trichloroethene from a groundwater—as well as being more resistant to fouling by natural organic matter.The performance of a synthetic adsorbent in removing trichloroethene (TCE) from a groundwater containing natural organic matter (NOM) was compared with that of granular activated carbon (GAC). Adsorption equilibrium, kinetic, and pilot‐plant experiments were used to compare the adsorbents. Adsorption isotherm studies showed that the synthetic adsorbent had three to four times more TCE capacity than GAC over a TCE concentration range of 10‐2,000 μg/L. When preexposed for 24 weeks to a groundwater containing NOM, the synthetic adsorbent showed an average 12 percent loss in capacity compared with the single‐solute isotherm performed on the virgin adsorbent; GAC showed an average 35 percent loss in its virgin capacity for a preexposed time of only 10 weeks. Rapid small‐scale column tests and model calculations predicted pilot‐plant effluent profiles for the synthetic adsorbent. The pilot‐plant data confirmed that the synthetic adsorbent is more efficient than GAC in removing TCE.
Enhanced coagulation for arsenic removal
Authors: Cheng Robert C. , Liang Sun , Wang Hsiao‐Chiu , Beuhler Mark D. 
Published: February 2018

Preliminary bench‐ and pilot‐scale investigations showed that coagulation is a promising treatment for removing arsenic from drinking water but that further work is needed, primarily on full‐scale plants.The possible use of enhanced coagulation for arsenic removal was examined at the facilities of a California utility in 1992 and 1993. The tests were conducted at bench, pilot, and demonstration scales, with two source waters. Alum and ferric chloride, with cationic polymer, were investigated at various influent arsenic concentrations. The investigators concluded that for the source waters tested, enhanced coagulation could be effective for arsenic removal and that less ferric chloride than alum, on a weight basis, is needed to achieve the same removal.
Regulatory Compliance Costs
Authors: III John E. Cromwell 
Published: February 2018

Understanding cost estimates is important to regulators as well as to utilities and their customers.This roundtable discussion was moderated by John Cromwell, manager of special studies, Apogee Research Inc., 4350 East–West Highway, Bethesda, MD 20814. Other participants were: Janet L. Auerbach, chief, Regulation Management Branch, Drinking Water Standards Division, USEPA, 401 M St. SW, Washington, DC 20460; Jack DeMarco, superintendent of water quality and treatment, Cincinnati Water Works, 5651 Kellogg Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45228; Vanessa M. Leiby, executive director, Association of State Drinking Water Administrators, 1120 Connecticut Ave. NW, Suite 1060, Washington, DC 20036; Robert Raucher, vice‐president, RCG/Hagler Bailly, P.O. Drawer O, Boulder, CO 80306; and John S. Young Jr., vice‐president–engineering, American Water Works Service Co., 1025 Laurel Oak Rd., Voorhees, NJ 08043.
NOM characterization and treatability
Authors: Owen Douglas M. , Amy Gary L. , Chowdhury Zaid K. , Paode Rajendra , McCoy George , Viscosil Kathy 
Published: February 2018

These authors recommend that water treatment plant designers and operators use an integrated approach to optimize the collective effects of the treatment train for removing NOM.Because it is not practical to analyze for each individual chemical compound present in natural organic matter (NOM), surrogate characterization methods were south that could identify interrelationships between NOM and its teratability. Source‐related and seasonal differences, effects of ozonation and coagulation on NOM, characterization of NOM in sequential unit processes including granular activated carbon, and aspects of bromide‐NOM interactions are explored. Whereas coagulants remove NOM intact, particularly higher‐molecular‐weight fractions, ozone converts humic to nonhumic material, resulting in NOM fractions that colud be difficult to remove by subsequent of separation techniques unles the bromide concentration is equalized in the individual fractions.