bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulation of the shear rate in the fused filament fabrication process of poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK)
Authors: Bakrani Balani Shahriar , Mokhtarian Hossein , Salmi Tiina , Coatanéa Eric 
Published: December 2024

AbstractFused filament fabrication (FFF) is a material extrusion-based process and one of the most popular additive manufacturing processes, widely used for rapid prototyping and manufacturing of polymeric parts. Despite the simplicity of the process, the polymer undergoes complex rheological properties’ transformation in this process. Understanding the rheological properties of the polymer during deposition is of paramount importance to model and improve the quality of the final product. In this study, for the first time, a two-phase flow numerical simulation approach with a Level Set equation has been used to model the shear rate in the FFF process after polymer exiting from the nozzle. The rheological properties of the raw PEEK as the feedstock were measured at low frequency by parallel-plate rheometer, and at high shear rate using an extensional die. Influence of travel speed, inlet velocity, nozzle diameter, and layer height on the shear rate of the deposited bead has been investigated. Obtained results revealed that the inlet velocity, nozzle diameter, and layer height highly influence the shear rate of the bead after exiting from the nozzle, while the influence of travel speed on the shear rate is negligible. Increasing the inlet velocity leads to an increase in velocity field and consequently maximum shear rate during deposition. Polymer melt tends to relax stress and become at steady state after existing from the nozzle rapidly, thus, it is required to reduce the inlet velocity using bigger nozzle diameter or smaller diameter raw filament or increase layer height to reduce the induced shear rate during deposition. Finally, multiple equations have been proposed to predict the maximum shear rate during the deposition based on the printing parameters.
Geospatial Assessment of Healthcare Accessibility and Equity in Qatar in Preparation for the 2022 FIFA World Cup
Authors: Abulibdeh Ammar , Alshammari Huda , Al-Hajri Najlaa , Al-Shamari Alanoud , Al-Naimi Fakhra 
Published: December 2024

AbstractAccessibility to healthcare is one of the significant components of social determinants of public healthcare and is integral to societies’ overall well-being and economic prosperity. This study intends to assess changes in spatial distributions and accessibility of healthcare services within Qatar for 2010–2020, specifically concerning preparation for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Assessment of the healthcare infrastructure is made using various techniques within a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) framework, like kernel density estimation, network analysis, and proximity analysis. The results show that access to healthcare has significantly improved, especially in urban centers such as Doha, besides a significant reduction in the length one travels to access healthcare facilities. However, despite improvements, many areas outside Doha still lag, requiring further investment in strategic planning. This study underscores how effective the health policies in Qatar and the Qatar National Master Plan (QNMP) have been in furthering principles of equity in access to healthcare services. The policy implications are that healthcare service planning should be integrated with urban development and transport networks for sustainable improvement in healthcare access. Thus, investment in infrastructure, strategic planning of locations, and addressing residual disparities are crucial for the long-term healthcare equity and system resilience of Qatar’s healthcare system.
Vulnerability assessment of major urban tunnel subjected to fire induced by traffic incidents - a case study
Authors: Yao Kaisen , Chen Suren 
Published: December 2024

AbstractAs a type of critical transportation infrastructures, safety of major tunnels in urban transportation corridors has become unprecedentedly crucial. In various fire incidents with high temperature environment, the ceiling and wall of a tunnel would risk spalling, strength reduction, and even structural failure. In addition to risks of structural damage, high temperature and thick smoke in fire incidents will increase the risk of severe injury and even death due to burning, lack of oxygen, inhaling smoke and reduced visibility for people inside the tunnel. Limited mobility of evacuees would delay the evacuation process by endangering the safety of both evacuees and first responders. A comprehensive simulation-based case study is conducted to look into the fire and smoke simulation as well as potential threats to structural integrity and human health caused by fire in typical traffic incidents of three types of vehicles. Fire and smoke simulation are conducted using the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), followed by the thermal and structural analyses with ANSYS. The comprehensive parametric study provides insights in terms of the impacts of different parameters including various typical traffic fire incidents on the structural performance and potential threats to evacuees.
Charles Darwin
Authors: Ruse Michael 
Published: December 2024

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution was one of the most significant revolutions in the history of science. Widely debated after the publication of the Origin of Species in 1859, it continues to be controversial. In this volume, Michael Ruse offers the definitive history of the theory of evolution through natural selection. Tracing Darwin's intellectual journey and experiences that lead him to his novel insights, Ruse explores his scientific contributions as well as their relationship to philosophical issues and religious implications, as well as being both inspiration and challenge to novelists and poets. He also shows how the Darwin's ideas continue to have contemporary relevance, as they shed light on social issues and problems, such as race, sexual orientation and the connections between Darwin's thinking to that of Sigmund Freud, and the status of women, including the possibility and desirability of social change. Written in an engaging, non-technical style, Ruse's volume serves as an ideal introduction to the ideas of one of the key figures in the history of modern science.
Pro-inflammatory and hyperinsulinaemic dietary patterns are associated with specific gut microbiome profiles: a TwinsUK cohort study
Authors: Shi Ni , Nepal Sushma , Hoobler Rachel , Menni Cristina , Playdon Mary C. , Spakowicz Daniel , Wells Philippa M. , Steves Claire J. , Clinton Steven K. , Tabung Fred K. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Metabolic dietary patterns, including the Empirical Dietary Index for Hyperinsulinaemia (EDIH) and Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Pattern (EDIP), are known to impact multiple chronic diseases, but the role of the colonic microbiome in mediating such relationships is poorly understood. Among 1,610 adults with faecal 16S rRNA data in the TwinsUK cohort, we identified the microbiome profiles for EDIH and EDIP (from food frequency questionnaires) cross-sectionally using elastic net regression. We assessed the association of the dietary pattern-related microbiome profile scores with circulating biomarkers in multivariable-adjusted linear regression. In addition, we used PICRUSt2 to predict biological pathways associated with the enriched microbiome profiles, and further screened pathways for associations with the dietary scores in linear regression analyses. Microbiome profile scores developed with 32 (EDIH) and 15 (EDIP) genera were associated with higher insulin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. Six genera were associated with both dietary scores: Ruminococcaceae_UCG-008, Lachnospiraceae_UCG-008, Defluviitaleaceae_UCG-011 Anaeroplasma, inversely and Negativibacillus, Streptococcus, positively. Further, pathways in fatty acid biosynthesis, sugar acid degradation, and mevalonate metabolism were associated with insulinaemic and inflammatory diets. Dietary patterns that exert metabolic effects on insulin and inflammation may influence chronic disease risk by modulating gut microbial composition and function.
An improved setup for radiocarbon analysis of water-soluble organic carbon in environmental matrices
Authors: Strähl Jan , Lechleitner Franziska A , Laemmel Thomas , Geissbühler Dylan , Salazar Gary A , Daellenbach Kaspar R , Szidat Sönke 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis paper presents an improved setup for radiocarbon analysis of water-soluble organic carbon based on wet chemical oxidation as installed at the Laboratory for the Analysis of Radiocarbon with AMS (LARA) at the University of Bern. The implementation of a non-dispersive infrared CO2 detector allows more precise and accurate quantification of carbon amounts in samples and establishes the possibility of simple monitoring of the efficacy of flushing and sampling processes. A detailed blank assessment unveiled undesired oxidation of different materials and sample temperature as critical factors regarding the level of constant contamination. Contamination arising from oxidation of septum pieces and carbon-based glues in conventional sampling needles was minimized by developing a glass-sintered needle. This new needle was also designed to be longer, reducing the minimum amount of sample solution needed to 2 mL. The oxidation time and temperature (1 hr at 75°C) were optimized to further decrease contamination during analyses of samples with carbon amounts of up to ∼50 µg. With these improvements, we now report low constant contamination levels of 0.62 ± 0.12 µg C (with F14C of 0.19 ± 0.04), whereas the cross contamination factor was determined to be 0.25 ± 0.07%.
Effect of nutritional supplements on the physico-structural and sensory characteristics of low-fat camel milk yogurt
Authors: Dikhanbayeva Fatima , Zhaxybayeva Elmira , Smailova Zhuldyz , Kenenbay Shynar , Zhunusova Gulzat 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis study aimed to elucidate the effects of various nutritional supplements on the physical, structural and sensory attributes of low-fat yogurt derived from camel milk, with the longer-term objective of enhancing its appeal and suitability for elderly consumers. Fresh camel milk was obtained from an Australian farm. Two yogurt variants were created: plain yogurt (CMY) and yogurt with added fructooligosaccharides, microbial transglutaminase (a ubiquitous food additive with potential health risks), apple pectin and linseed oil (CMYWA). The syneresis index of these yogurts was quantified through centrifugation, colour changes due to additives were assessed via colorimetric methods and both viscosity and granulometry were determined using precise instrumental techniques. After 7 d refrigerated storage, syneresis was 50% in CMY vs. 30% in CMYWA. Viscosity on day 7 was 205 mPa.s for CMYWA vs. 110 mPa.s for CMY. The CMYWA granule size increased from 2.1 μm on day 0 to 2.8 μm on day 14, while CMY granule size remained stable around 1.9 μm. Lactobacilli counts were higher in CMYWA at 2.8 × 107 CFU/g vs. 2.3 × 106 CFU/g in CMY. In a paired preference test with 37 consumers aged 18–65, CMYWA was significantly preferred over CMY. Sensory evaluations further substantiated that the yogurts with added supplements were more appealing to the palate. The results demonstrate the supplements improved camel milk yogurt properties.
Glycine rich proteins of ticks: more than a cement component
Authors: de Souza Renata Perotto , Valentina Mariana Vieira Dalla , Leal Bruna Ferreira , Oliveira Sílvia Dias , Ferreira Carlos Alexandre Sanchez 
Published: December 2024

AbstractGlycine-rich proteins (GRPs) are arbitrarily defined as those containing 20% or more glycine residues and constitute a superfamily divided into subfamilies based on their structure and/or function. GRPs have been identified in a diverse array of organisms and have been shown to possess a number of distinctive biological characteristics, including nucleic acid binding, adhesive glue-like properties, antimicrobial activity, involvement in the stress response and in the formation of cuticle components. In ticks, their expression has been described and studied mainly in the salivary glands, and their primary function is usually associated with cement formation and/or structure. Conversely, several GRPs are present in all tick developmental stages, and the expression of many GRP genes is modulated by physiological processes and immune challenges, such as feeding and pathogen infection. Considering that some tick GRPs appear to play essential roles in the tick life cycle, they have been evaluated as immune targets, with a focus on their potential application in vaccine development. This review highlights the roles that tick GRPs may perform beyond the formation and maintenance of the cement scaffold, including structural characterization, locations and functional relevance, hypothetical functions, and their potential use in anti-tick vaccine development.
Projecting Future Chronic Coastal Hazard Impacts, Hotspots, and Uncertainty at Regional Scale
Authors: Leung Meredith , Cagigal Laura , Mendez Fernando , Ruggiero Peter 
Published: December 2024

AbstractWhile there is high certainty that chronic coastal hazards like flooding and erosion are increasing due to climate change induced sea‐level rise, there is high uncertainty surrounding the timing, intensity, and location of future hazard impacts. Assessments that quantify these aspects of future hazards are critical for adaptation planning under a changing climate and can reveal new insights into the drivers of coastal hazards. In particular, probabilistic simulations of future hazard impacts can improve these assessments by explicitly quantifying uncertainty and by better simulating dependence structures between the complex multivariate drivers of hazards. In this study, a regional‐scale probabilistic assessment of climate change induced coastal hazards is conducted for the Cascadia region (Northern Washington to Northern California), USA during the 21st century. Three co‐produced hazard proxies for beach safety, erosion, and flooding are quantified to identify areas of high hazard impacts and determine hazard uncertainty under three sea‐level rise scenarios. A novel chronic coastal hazard hotspot indicator is introduced that identifies areas that may experience significant increases in hazard impacts compared to present day conditions. We find that beaches near the California‐Oregon border and in Northern Washington have larger hazard impacts and hazard uncertainty due to their morphologic setting. Erosional hazards, relative to beach safety and coastal flooding, will increase the most in Cascadia during the 21st century under all sea‐level rise scenarios. Finally, we find that hazard uncertainty associated with wave and water level variability exceeds the uncertainty associated with sea‐level rise for most of the 21st century.
Altitudinal Variation of O+ Scale Height at the Equatorial Topside Ionosphere
Authors: Gao Shunzu , Xiong Chao , Zhu Ziyuan , Zhan Weijia , Pignalberi Alessio , Zhang Hong 
Published: December 2024

AbstractAltitude variation of the topside ionospheric electron density or its scale height has been widely investigated in the past. However, as the oxygen ion (O+) is an important indicator for separating the topside ionosphere and plasmasphere, the altitude variation of O+, which has not been well investigated, is crucial to understand the topside ionosphere. In this study, we provided analysis on how the O+ scale height varies with altitude under different solar and geomagnetic activities, by using 12‐year measurements from the incoherent scatter radar (ISR) located at Jicamarca. Constant scale height Chapman (CSC) as well as Linearly Varying Chapman (LVC) functions are used to reconstruct the O+ profile. The corresponding scale heights of O+ based on both approaches have been compared. The O+ profile derived from LVC function shows better agreement with the ISR measurements than that from CSC function. We found that the O+ scale height increases with increasing solar/geomagnetic activity, and its height gradient varies significantly with local time, reaching a maximum of 0.05 at sunrise (around 06:00 local time) and a minimum of about −0.08 at noon (around 12:00 LT). We further investigated possible drivers causing the O+ scale height variations at topside ionosphere, based on simulations from the SAMI2 physics‐based model. The model results show that the solar extreme ultra‐violet (EUV) radiation plays a key role in the positive gradient of O+ scale height observed around sunrise, while the vertical plasma drift caused by E × B significantly contributes to the negative gradient observed around noon.
A Link Between U.S. East Coast Sea Level and North Atlantic Subtropical Ocean Heat Content
Authors: Steinberg Jacob M. , Griffies Stephen M. , Krasting John P. , Piecuch Christopher G. , Ross Andrew C. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractUsing a recently developed 1/12th degree regional ocean model, we establish a link between U.S. East Coast sea level variability and offshore upper ocean heat content change. This link manifests as a cross‐shore mass redistribution driven by an offshore thermosteric sea level response to subsurface warming or cooling. Approximately 50% of simulated monthly to interannual coastal sea level variance south of Cape Hatteras can be statistically accounted for by this mechanism, realized as a function of regional ocean hypsometry, gyre scale warming, and the depth dependence of density change. This response to offshore warming explains the nonstationarity of U.S. East Coast sea level covariance, a specifically observed and modeled behavior after 2010. Since approximately 2010, elevated rates of sea level rise south of Cape Hatteras can be partly explained as the result of shoreward mass redistribution due to offshore subsurface warming within the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. These results reveal a mechanism that connects local coastal sea level to a broader region and identifies the influence of regional heat content changes on coastal sea level. This analysis presents a framework for identifying new regions that may be susceptible to enhanced sea level rise due to ocean warming and helps bridge the gap between quantifying large scale change and anticipating local coastal impacts that can make flooding and storm surge more acutely damaging.
Probabilistic Identification of Debris‐Flow Pathways in Mountain Fans Within a Stochastic Framework
Authors: Schiavo M. , Gregoretti C. , Boreggio M. , Barbini M. , Bernard M. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractDebris flows are solid‐liquid mixtures originating in the upper part of mountain basins and routing downstream along incised channels. When the channel incises an open fan, the debris flow leaves the active channel and propagates downstream along a new pathway. This phenomenon is called an avulsion. We retrieve the most probable avulsion pathways leveraging a Monte Carlo approach based on using Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). Starting from LiDAR‐based DEMs, we build an ensemble of synthetic DEMs using a local Gaussian probability density function of local elevation values and obtain an ensemble of drainage networks using a gravity‐driven routing algorithm. The ensemble of drainage networks was used to obtain the most probable pathways of avulsions. We applied our methodology to a real monitored fan in the Dolomites (Northeastern Italian Alps) subjected to debris‐flow activity with avulsions. Our approach allows us to verify the consistency between the occurrence probability of a synthetic pathway and those that historically occurred. Furthermore, our approach can be used to predict future debris‐flow avulsions, assuming relevance in debris‐flow risk assessment and planning of debris‐flow control works.
Deep Learning Insights Into Ionospheric Sporadic E Irregularities Under Different Solar Activity Conditions
Authors: Tian Penghao , Yu Bingkun , Ye Hailun , Xue Xianghui , Wu Jianfei , Chen Tingdi 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSolar activity profoundly modulates many atmospheric coupling systems, particularly the morphology of the ionospheric irregularities, which is crucial for reliable radio communication. However, the understanding of its long‐term response behavior under different solar activity conditions remains limited, and the exact evolutionary mechanisms of global scale ionospheric coupling system remain poorly constrained. Here we initially show from 2007 to 2018, the weak ionospheric sporadic E scintillation in high latitude regions experienced intensification corresponding with periods of high solar activity. Subsequently, we extend a deep learning model framework called SELF‐ANN proposed by Tian to further clarify the underlying relationship between solar activity and ionospheric irregularities. Compared to SELF‐ANN, we expand the scope of analysis to include data spanning from 2007 to 2018, thus broadening the investigation into the impacts of solar variability. Using long‐term solar activity data and observations of the ionospheric E region irregularity from COSMIC RO, this model was trained to provide solar‐dependent ionospheric morphology. Based on the model, we have successfully achieved high‐precision modeling of weak ionospheric E region irregularities, which commonly occur and are challenging to detect with ionosondes, under different solar activity conditions. Quantitatively, the model achieves a mean absolute error of 0.004, coupled with a Spearman's R value of 0.589 for weak scintillation. Ionospheric reconstructions under different solar activity conditions can improve the understanding of ionospheric evolutionary mechanisms and underscore the importance of incorporating solar variations into ionosphere changes forecasting to ensure the development of future reliable communications.
Multimodal zur Immunkompetenz
Authors: Jahn Claus 
Published: December 2024

SummaryWenn Infekte bei Kindern ungewöhnlich häufig oder schwerwiegend auftreten, spricht man von Infektanfälligkeit, häufig assoziiert mit angeborenen oder erworbenen Immundefiziten, psychosozialen Belastungen, Umweltfaktoren oder Ernährungsdefiziten. Zu den präventiv wirksamen Maßnahmen zählen Impfungen, gute Hygienepraktiken, gesunde Ernährung, ausreichende Flüssigkeitszufuhr, gesunder Schlaf, Bewegung, Aufenthalte im Freien, eine gesunde soziale Einbindung sowie ein frühes Immuntraining durch „Spielen im Dreck“, Menschen- und Tierkontakt. Während die konventionelle Therapie insbesondere mit Antibiotika und Immunmodulatoren arbeitet, kommen in der Naturheilkunde unter anderem Phytotherapeutika (zum Beispiel Echinacea, Thymian), Ernährungstherapie, Ordnungstherapie und Komplexhomöopathie zur Anwendung.
Parapharyngeal Space: Diagnostic Imaging and Intervention
Authors: Vogl Thomas J. , Burck Iris , Stöver Timo , Helal Rania 
Published: December 2024

AbstractDiagnosis of lesions of the parapharyngeal space (PPS) often poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge due to its deep location. As a result of the topographical relationship to nearby neck spaces, a very precise differential diagnosis is possible based on imaging criteria. When in doubt, imaging-guided – usually CT-guided – biopsy and even drainage remain options.Through a precise analysis of the literature including the most recent publications, this review precisely describes the basic and most recent imaging applications for various PPS pathologies and the differential diagnostic scheme for assigning the respective lesions in addition to the possibilities of using interventional radiology.The different pathologies of PPS from congenital malformations and inflammation to tumors are discussed according to frequency. Characteristic criteria and, more recently, the use of advanced imaging procedures and the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) allow a very precise differential diagnosis and support further diagnosis and therapy. After precise access planning, almost all pathologies of the PPS can be biopsied or, if necessary, drained using CT-assisted procedures.Radiological procedures play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment planning of PPS pathologies.