bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The „Bridge Effect”
Authors: Mayer G , Mayer S , Waitz R 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThe “Bridge effect“ consists in the fact that an incomplete thromboplastin, tested by the thromboplastin generation test of Biggs and Douglas on a substrate having a deficiency in its own thromboplastin generation, coagulates it more slowly than a normal substrate. It is observed when the factorial deficiencies of the substrate and the thromboplastin correspond with each other (hemophilic — hemophilic, Christmas — Christmas), it is weak and inconstant (Christmas thromboplastin — hemophilic substrate) or non existent (hemophilic thromboplastin — Christmas substrate) when they are crossed. It is eliminated by an adequate correction of the substrate (AHG added to the hemophilic substrate, PTC added to the Christmas substrate). The “Bridge effect“ is a source of error which must be taken into account in the manipulation of thromboplastin generation tests.
Plasma Thromboplastin Component (Christmas Factor, Factor IX) Levels in Stored Human Blood and Plasma
Authors: Dieter Geratz J , Graham John B. 
Published: June 2018

Summary1. PTC activity was assayed in 26 units of human plasma prepared from whole blood stored for 3 weeks at 4° C. The plasma had been frozen and stored at — 20° C for additional periods ranging from a few days to 4 months. High PTC activity was still present in the plasma at the end of this period, the activity averaging 95% of normal.2. The PTC activity of 19 samples of “reclaimed“ plasma stored for an additional 6 months at — 20° C decreased by an average of 23%. This decrease was statistically significant.3. Liquid plasma kept at room temperature for 5½—7½ months contained no PTC activity.4. Lyophilized plasma stored at room temperature for 6—8 years contained an average of 30% PTC activity. Lyophilized plasma stored at — 20° C for 4 years contained 68% PTC activity.5. ACD and disodium hydrogen citrate anticoagulant solutions served equally well in preserving PTC activity in whole blood stored in glass tubes over a period of 3 weeks at 4° C.6. “Reclaimed“ plasma from outdated bank blood provided effective hemostasis in two operations for the removal of 20 teeth from a severely PTC-deficient patient.7. The high PTC activity of “reclaimed“ plasma was confirmed by the close agreement between the PTC level expected in a PTC deficient patient after transfusion of such plasma and that observed.
Platelet Activity and Activation of Blood Clotting by Glass
Authors: Ollendorff Preben 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThrough an investigation of the influence of platelet activity on the initiation of clotting by glass contact the following results were obtained:1. There was no correlation between platelet count and platelet activity in centrifuged plasma.2. When platelet-rich plasma was treated by excess of powdered glass the activated “foreign surface factor“ (FSF) in plasma was removed by the glass powder.3. When glass treated high-spun plasma was stored for 24 hours in siliconized tubes all the activity was lost, whereas in samples of glass treated platelet-rich plasma most of the activity remained.4. It was possible to produce higher FSF activity when the platelet-poor plasma prior to treatment by glass was either adsorbed by BaSO4 or diluted 1: 10.5. FSF activity was removed when activated plasma was treated with BaSO4. All the results, as well as many contradictory results obtained by other investigators, can be explained by suggesting the presence of an inhibitor in plasma, which reacts against activation of the precursor of the “foreign surface factor“ (pro-FSF). This inhibitor is neutralized by a platelet factor. The active FSF might be identical with activated PTA.
Inhibition of Clotting as the Result of Plasminogen Activation by Streptokinase
Authors: Beller F. K , Glas P 
Published: June 2018

SummaryInvestigations of the clotting mechanism were carried out by lysis time determinations when plasminogen was activated by streptokinase and the following results were obtained:1. The recalcification time during the period of activation showed an initial decrease of the clotting time, followed by a prolongation.The thrombin time method showed only a prolongation up to the moment when inhibition of coagulation occurred.2. The clotting factors II, V, VII, VIII and IX remained unaffected in this system.3. The clotting activity, as well as the time required for the inhibition of coagulation, were dependent on the streptokinase concentration on the one hand, and on the fibrinogen concentration on the other.4. An antithrombin-like inhibitor could be excluded as the cause of incoagulability.5. In our system, inhibition of coagulation was caused by fibrinogenolysis, by which fibrinogen was altered to a biologically inactive globulin. The latter could still be demonstrated in large amounts by means of certain protein estimations. But the proteolytic activity is assumed to be not strong enough to destroy the other clotting factors as well.This system is, therefore, especially useful for studying the isolated “anti-fibrinogenic“ effect of plasmin.
An examination of a modified Yo‐Yo test to measure intermittent running performance in rugby players
Authors: Dobbin Nick , Moss Samantha Louise , Highton Jamie , Twist Craig 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis study examined how starting each shuttle in the prone position altered the internal, external and perceptual responses to the Yo‐Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo‐Yo IR1). Using a randomized crossover design, 17 male rugby players completed the Yo‐Yo IR1 and prone Yo‐Yo IR1 on two separate occasions. External loads (via microtechnology), , heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at 160, 280 and 440 m (sub‐maximal) and when the test was terminated (peak). The pre‐to‐post change in blood lactate concentration (Δ[La]b) was determined for both tests. All data were analysed using effect sizes (ES) and magnitude‐based inferences. Between‐trial differences (ES ± 90% CL) indicated that total distance was most likely lower (−1.87 ± 0.19), whereas other measures of peak external load were likely to very likely higher during the prone Yo‐Yo IR1 (0.62–1.80). Sub‐maximal RPE was likely to most likely higher (0.40–0.96) and peak RPE very likely higher (0.63 ± 0.41) in the prone Yo‐Yo IR1. The change in [La]b was likely higher after the prone Yo‐Yo IR1. Mean HR was possibly lower at 440 m (−0.25 ± 0.29) as was peak HR (−0.26 ± 0.25) in the prone Yo‐Yo IR1. , and were likely to very likely higher at 280 and 440 m (ES = 0.36–1.22), while peak values were possibly to likely higher (ES = 0.23–0.37) in the prone Yo‐Yo IR1. Adopting a prone position during the Yo‐Yo IR1 increases the internal, external and perceptual responses, placing greater emphasis on metabolically demanding actions typical of rugby.
Multiple deprivation and other risk factors for maternal obesity in Portsmouth, UK
Authors: Walker I V , Cresswell J A 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Background
Maternal obesity is known to be associated with a range of adverse outcomes, both for the mothers and their children. It may be more prevalent in areas with higher deprivation as measured by the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD), but this has not been demonstrated consistently. This study focused primarily on the relationship between maternal obesity and deprivation in a setting where areas of significant deprivation are surrounded by the overall affluent South East England.

Methods
The study used the records of 3830 women who delivered under the care of a Portsmouth hospital from 1 April 2013 to 31 March 2014. Logistic regression was used to analyse the association between national IMD quintiles and maternal obesity, accounting for the potential confounders of age, ethnic origin, smoking status and parity.

Results
Following adjustment, women in the most deprived IMD quintile were 1.60 (95% CI: 1.13, 2.26) times more likely to be obese compared to those in the least deprived quintile. Maternal obesity was also found to be associated with ethnicity and parity, but not with age or smoking status.

Conclusions
Maternal obesity increased with increasing deprivation. IMD may be a useful group-level indicator when planning interventions aimed at tackling maternal obesity.
Advances in B‐cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Genomics
Authors: Schwab Claire , Harrison Christine J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn childhood B‐cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP‐ALL), cytogenetic abnormalities remain important diagnostic and prognostic tools. A number of well‐established abnormalities are routinely used in risk stratification for treatment. These include high hyperdiploidy and ETV6‐RUNX1 fusion, classified as good risk, while Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) positive ALL and rearrangements of the KMT2A (MLL) gene define poor risk. A poor risk subgroup of intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21‐ALL) has been described, in which intensification of therapy has greatly improved outcome.Until recently, no consistent molecular features were defined in around 30% of BCP‐ALL (known as B‐other‐ALL). Recent studies are classifying them into distinct subgroups, some with clear potential for novel therapeutic approaches. For example, in 1 poor risk subtype, known as Ph‐like/BCR‐ABL1‐like ALL, approximately 10% have rearrangements of ABL‐class tyrosine kinases: including ABL1, ABL2, PDGFRB, PDGFRA, and CSF1R. Notably, they show a poor response to standard chemotherapy, while they respond to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as imatinib. In other Ph‐like‐ALL patients, deregulation of the cytokine receptor, CRLF2, and JAK2 rearrangements lead to activation of the JAK‐STAT signaling pathway, implicating a specific role for JAK inhibitors in their treatment. Other novel subgroups within B‐other‐ALL are defined by the IGH‐DUX4 translocation, related to deletions of the ERG gene and a good outcome, while fusions involving ZNF384, MEF2D, and intragenic PAX5 amplification (PAX5AMP) are linked to a poor outcome. Continued genetic screening will eventually lead to complete genomic classification of BCP‐ALL and define more molecular targets for less toxic therapies.
Antibody Persistence up to 3 Years After Primary Immunization With Inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine IXIARO in Philippine Children and Effect of a Booster Dose
Authors: Kadlecek Vera , Borja-Tabora Charissa Fay , Eder-Lingelbach Susanne , Gatchalian Salvacion , Kiermayr Sigrid , Sablan Benjamin , Kundi Michael , Taucher Christian , Dubischar Katrin L. 
Published: June 2018

Background:
An inactivated Vero cell culture derived Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine (IXIARO) requires a booster dose 1 year after primary schedule for long-term antibody persistence in adults. The aim of this study is to evaluate immunogenicity and safety of a booster dose in children 2 months to <18 years of age.

Methods:
This is a randomized, controlled open-label study in the Philippines. Three hundred children vaccinated with IXIARO in a previous trial were randomized 1:1 to receive either no booster or a booster 12 months after initiation of the primary series. Neutralizing antibody titers were assessed before and after the booster and up to 3 years after primary series. Safety endpoints included the rate of subjects with solicited adverse events (AEs), unsolicited AEs and serious AEs within 1 month after the booster.

Results:
Geometric mean titer declined by 1 year after the primary series, but titers remained above the established protective threshold in 85%–100% of children depending on age group. The booster led to a pronounced increase in geometric mean titer and 100% seroprotection rate in all age groups. The booster was well tolerated, with AE rates lower compared with the primary series. Most AEs were mild.

Conclusions:
A booster dose of IXIARO administered 12 months after the primary immunization was well tolerated and highly immunogenic.
Effect of crisaborole topical ointment, 2%, on atopic dermatitis–associated pruritus: an extended analysis of 2 phase 3 clinical trials
Authors: Yosipovitch Gil , Simpson Eric L. , Tan Huaming , Gerber Robert A. , Luger Thomas , Ständer Sonja , Tom Wynnis L. , Cappelleri Joseph C. , Bushmakin Andrew G. , Ports William C. , Tallman Anna M. 
Published: June 2018

Introduction:
Pruritus is an essential feature of atopic dermatitis (AD) and is widely considered the most distressing symptom. Crisaborole ointment is a nonsteroidal phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor for the treatment of mild to moderate AD. The efficacy of crisaborole for AD-associated pruritus was assessed in 2 phase 3 trials using the Severity of Pruritus Scale (SPS). Post hoc validation of the SPS identified that 1 SPS observation provided inadequate test-retest reliability. Therefore, extended analyses were conducted using at least 2 SPS observations for robust assessment of pruritus in the phase 3 crisaborole trials.

Methods:
Data were analyzed from 2 identically designed, vehicle-controlled, double-blind, phase 3 trials designed to investigate the efficacy and safety of crisaborole in AD patients aged 2 years and above (AD-301: NCT02118766; AD-302: NCT02118792). At least 2 SPS observations were averaged for acceptable test-retest reliability.

Results:
At least 2 baseline observations were available for 569 patients in AD-301 and 561 patients in AD-302. Median time to pruritus improvement (SPS score ≤1 with at least 1-point improvement from baseline) was shorter with crisaborole than with vehicle (AD-301: 5.0 vs. 10.0 d, P=0.0003; AD-302: 6.0 vs. 9.0 d, P=0.0087). At week 4, more crisaborole-treated patients than vehicle-treated patients experienced pruritus improvement (AD-301: 37% vs. 21%, P<0.0001; AD-302: 34% vs. 21%, P=0.0006), mean pruritus scores were lower with crisaborole than with vehicle (AD-301: 0.97 vs. 1.28, P<0.0001; AD-302: 1.08 vs. 1.35, P<0.0001), and more crisaborole-treated patients than vehicle-treated patients experienced a clinically important pruritus response (AD-301: 75% vs. 57%, P<0.0001; AD-302: 72% vs. 64%, P=0.0828).

Conclusions:
These extended analyses show that patients treated with crisaborole experienced rapid and clinically relevant improvement in AD-associated pruritus.
Intracochlear Pressures in Simulated Otitis Media With Effusion: A Temporal Bone Study
Authors: Alhussaini Mohamed A. , Banakis Hartl Renee M. , Benichoux Victor , Tollin Daniel J. , Jenkins Herman A. , Greene Nathaniel T. 
Published: June 2018

Hypothesis:
Simulated otitis media with effusion reduces intracochlear pressures comparable to umbo velocity.

Background:
Otitis media with effusion is a common cause of temporary hearing loss, particularly in children, producing deficits of 30 to 40 dB. Previous studies measured the effects of simulated effusion on ossicular mechanics; however, no studies have measured cochlear stimulation directly. Here, we compare pressures in the scala vestibuli and tympani to umbo velocity, before and after induction of simulated effusion in cadaveric human specimens.

Methods:
Eight cadaveric, hemi-cephalic human heads were prepared with complete mastoidectomies. Intracochlear pressures were measured with fiber optic pressure probes, and umbo velocity measured via laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV). Stimuli were pure tones (0.1–14 kHz) presented in the ear canal via a custom speculum sealed with a glass cover slip. Effusion was simulated by filling the mastoid cavity and middle ear space with water.

Results:
Acoustic stimulation with middle ear effusion resulted in decreased umbo velocity up to ∼26 dB, whereas differential pressure (P
Diff) at the base of the cochlea decreased by only ∼16 dB.

Conclusion:
Simulating effusion leads to a frequency-dependent reduction in intracochlear sound pressure levels consistent with audiological presentation and prior reports. Results reveal that intracochlear pressure measurements (P
SV and P
ST) decrease less than expected, and less than the decrease in P
Diff. The observed decrease in umbo velocity is greater than in the differential intracochlear pressures, suggesting that umbo velocity overestimates the induced conductive hearing loss. These results suggest that an alternate sound conduction pathway transmits sound to the inner ear during effusion.
Vestibular Outcomes in Bilateral Posterior Semicircular Canal Occlusion for Refractory Benign Positional Vertigo
Authors: Carr Simon D. , Rutka John A. 
Published: June 2018

Introduction:
Bilateral posterior semicircular canal (PSCC) occlusion is a successful treatment of bilateral benign positional vertigo (BPV) refractory to particle repositioning manoeuvers. Little about the effects on the vestibular ocular reflex (VOR) postoperatively, which is the intent of this study.

Methods:
All patients who underwent bilateral posterior canal occlusion for BPV at the University Health Network by the senior author (J.A.R.) between 2001 and 2017 with pre- and postoperative vestibular testing were included in the study.
All patients underwent a detailed history and neuro-otological examination including dynamic visual acuity (DVA). Laboratory testing including video head impulse testing or magnetic scleral search coil testing, video nystagmography, cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials and audiological testing before and following their procedure at 1, 6, and 12 months postoperatively.

Results:
Three patients were included in the study, all females, with a mean age of 41 years (range 36–44 yr). All patients had developed bilateral BPV after head trauma. Mean length of follow-up was 26 months (range 6–84 mo). All patients demonstrated a reduction in the vertical VOR of between 0.37 and 0.57o/s at 1 month postocclusion. Between 6 and 12 months postoperatively, an improvement in their vertical VOR between 0.45 and 0.75o/s was observed. Clinically, all patients reported complete resolution of their positional vertigo with a negative Dix-Hallpike bilaterally at follow-up. None reported oscillopsia, which was confirmed with DVA testing.

Conclusion:
Bilateral PSCC occlusion results in a reduction in the vertical VOR of the PSCCs.
Over a 6 to 12 month time period improvement in the VOR gain can be demonstrated, most likely due to central compensation. There is clinical correlation with improvement in DVA testing. Bilateral PSCC occlusion is a safe and effective treatment for bilateral BPV proved refractory to particle repositioning manoeuvers.
The modern cardiovascular care unit: the cardiologist managing multiorgan dysfunction
Authors: Bochaton Thomas , Bonnefoy-Cudraz Eric , Aissaoui Nadia 
Published: June 2018

Purpose of review
Despite many advances in the management of critically ill patients, cardiogenic shock remains a challenge because it is associated with high mortality. Even if there is no universally accepted definition of cardiogenic shock, end-perfusion organ dysfunction is an obligatory and major criterion of its definition.
Organ dysfunction is an indicator that cardiogenic shock is already at an advanced stage and is undergoing a rapid self-aggravating evolution. The aim of the review is to highlight the importance to diagnose and to manage the organ dysfunction occurring in the cardiogenic shock patients by providing the best literature published this year.

Recent findings
The first step is to diagnose the organ dysfunction and to assess their severity. Echo has an important and increasing place regarding the assessment of end-organ impairment whereas no new biomarker popped up.

Summary
In this review, we aimed to highlight for intensivists and cardiologists managing cardiogenic shock, the recent advances in the care of end-organ dysfunctions associated with cardiogenic shock. The management of organ dysfunction is based on the improvement of the cardiac function by etiologic therapy, inotropes and assist devices but will often necessitate organ supports in hospitals with the right level of equipment and multidisciplinary expertise.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Point of Care Tests for Diagnosing Celiac Disease
Authors: Singh Prashant , Arora Ananya , Strand Tor A. , Leffler Daniel A. , Mäki Markku , Kelly Ciaran P. , Ahuja Vineet , Makharia Govind K. 
Published: June 2018

Goals:
To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the overall diagnostic accuracy of point of care tests (POCTs) for diagnosing celiac disease (CD).

Background:
Recently, POCTs for CD have been developed and are commercially available. Studies have reported significant variability in their sensitivity (70% to 100%) and specificity (85% to 100%).

Study:
We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE databases, and the Cochrane library through June 2017. Positive reference test was defined as villous atrophy along with positive celiac-specific serology and/or clinical improvement after gluten-free diet. Normal duodenal biopsy was defined as negative reference test. Bivariate random-effect model was used to present the summary estimates of sensitivities and specificities along with 95% confidence regions We assessed methodologic quality using the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies-2 tool.

Results:
The pooled sensitivity and specificity of all POCTs (based on tTG or DGP or tTG+Anti-gliadin antibodies) for diagnosing CD were 94.0% [95% confidence interval (CI), 89.9-96.5] and 94.4% (95% CI, 90.9-96.5), respectively. The pooled positive and negative likelihood ratios for POCTs were 16.7 and 0.06, respectively. The pooled sensitivity and specificity for IgA-tTG-based POCTs were 90.5% (95% CI, 82.3-95.1) and 94.8% (95% CI, 92.5-96.4), respectively.

Conclusions:
The pooled sensitivity and specificity of POCTs in diagnosing CD are high. POCTs may be used to screen for CD, especially in areas with limited access to laboratory-based testing. Further research assessing the diagnostic accuracy of individual POCTs and comparing it with other available POCTs is needed.
Mixing patterns of HIV transmission among men who have sex with men in the United Kingdom
Authors: Le Vu Stéphane , Ratmann Oliver , Delpech Valerie , Brown Alison E , Gill O Noel , Tostevin Anna , Dunn David , Fraser Christophe , Volz Erik M ,   on behalf of the UK HIV Drug Resistance Database1
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundNear 60% of new HIV infections in the United Kingdom are estimated to occur in men who have sex with men (MSM). Patterns of mixing between different risk groups of MSM have been suggested to spread the HIV epidemics through age-disassortative partnerships and to contribute to ethnic disparities in infection rates. Understanding these mixing patterns in transmission can help to determine which groups are at a greater risk and guide prevention.MethodsWe analyzed combined epidemiologic data and viral sequences from MSM diagnosed with HIV as of mid-2015 at the national level. We applied a phylodynamic source attribution model to infer patterns of transmission between groups of patients by age, ethnicity and region.ResultsFrom pair probabilities of transmission between 19 847 MSM patients, we found that potential transmitters of HIV subtype B were on average 5 months older than recipients. We also found a moderate overall assortativity of transmission by ethnic group and a stronger assortativity by region.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that there is only a modest net flow of transmissions from older to young MSM in subtype B epidemics and that young MSM, both for Black or White groups, are more likely to be infected by one another than expected in a sexual network with random mixing.