bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Interactive Online Educational Applet for Multiple Frequencies of Radar Observations
Authors: Nelson Ethan L. , L’Ecuyer Tristan S. , Igel Adele L. , van den Heever Susan C. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractRadar is an important tool for investigating and forecasting processes in Earth’s atmosphere. More specifically, multiple frequencies of radar with sensitivities to cloud and precipitation regimes are important for process-level weather and climate studies. An online educational applet (http://lecuyer.aos.wisc.edu/radarlabviewer) has been developed to provide a learning experience about this topic with an intended audience of undergraduate and graduate university–level students. Cloud-resolving model data coupled with a radar instrument simulator provide a three-dimensional view of a midlatitude winter cyclone that is explorable through the applet. This synthetic laboratory environment provides direct comparisons between modeled hydrometeors and simulated instrument observations allowing students to visualize the concepts of attenuation, non-Rayleigh scattering, insensitivity of instruments, and viewing perspective. Variations in the minimum detectable signal of instruments also expose students to the real-world tradeoffs between instrument features and costs. Additional development and formal educational assessment of the applet is planned in the future.
Automated Mapping of Convective Clouds (AMCC) Thermodynamical, Microphysical, and CCN Properties from SNPP/VIIRS Satellite Data
Authors: Yue Zhiguo , Rosenfeld Daniel , Liu Guihua , Dai Jin , Yu Xing , Zhu Yannian , Hashimshoni Eyal , Xu Xiaohong , Hui Ying , Lauer Oliver 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe advent of the Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on board the Suomi NPP (SNPP) satellite made it possible to retrieve a new class of convective cloud properties and the aerosols that they ingest. An automated mapping system of retrieval of some properties of convective cloud fields over large areas at the scale of satellite coverage was developed and is presented here. The system is named Automated Mapping of Convective Clouds (AMCC). The input is level-1 VIIRS data and meteorological gridded data. AMCC identifies the cloudy pixels of convective elements; retrieves for each pixel its temperature T and cloud drop effective radius re; calculates cloud-base temperature Tb based on the warmest cloudy pixels; calculates cloud-base height Hb and pressure Pb based on Tb and meteorological data; calculates cloud-base updraft Wb based on Hb; calculates cloud-base adiabatic cloud drop concentrations Nd,a based on the T–re relationship, Tb, and Pb; calculates cloud-base maximum vapor supersaturation S based on Nd,a and Wb; and defines Nd,a/1.3 as the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration NCCN at that S. The results are gridded 36 km × 36 km data points at nadir, which are sufficiently large to capture the properties of a field of convective clouds and also sufficiently small to capture aerosol and dynamic perturbations at this scale, such as urban and land-use features. The results of AMCC are instrumental in observing spatial covariability in clouds and CCN properties and for obtaining insights from such observations for natural and man-made causes. AMCC-generated maps are also useful for applications from numerical weather forecasting to climate models.
The Predictability of Tropical Pacific Decadal Variability: Insights from Attractor Reconstruction
Authors: Ramesh Nandini , Cane Mark A. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Tropical Pacific decadal variability (TPDV), though not the totality of Pacific decadal variability, has wide-ranging climatic impacts. It is currently unclear whether this phenomenon is predictable. In this study, we reconstruct the attractor of the tropical Pacific system in long, unforced simulations from an intermediate-complexity model, two general circulation models (GCMs), and the observations with the aim of assessing the predictability of TPDV in these systems. We find that in the intermediate-complexity model, positive (high variance, El Niño–like) and negative (low variance, La Niña–like) phases of TPDV emerge as a pair of regime-like states. The observed system bears resemblance to this behavior, as does one GCM, while the other GCM does not display this structure. However, these last three time series are too short to confidently characterize the full distribution of interdecadal variability. The intermediate-complexity model is shown to lie in highly predictable parts of its attractor 37% of the time, during which most transitions between TPDV regimes occur. The similarities between the observations and this system suggest that the tropical Pacific may be somewhat predictable on interdecadal time scales.
Intraseasonal Variability of Summer Precipitation in Mexico: MJO Influence on the Midsummer Drought
Authors: Perdigón-Morales Juliet , Romero-Centeno Rosario , Barrett Bradford S. , Ordoñez Paulina 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The aim of this study is to understand how the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) modulates the bimodal seasonal rainfall distribution across the regions in Mexico where the midsummer drought (MSD) occurs. The MSD is characterized by a precipitation decrease in the middle of the rainy season. Relative frequencies of each active phase of the Real-time Multivariate MJO index were calculated at each grid point in the high-resolution Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) rainfall dataset for the first (MAX1) and second (MAX2) rainfall peaks and the MSD minimum (MIN). In addition, standardized anomalies of precipitation (from the CHIRPS dataset) and 300-hPa omega, 500-hPa geopotential height, and 850-hPa u- and υ-wind components (from the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis) were calculated for each MJO phase and each month in the rainy season. Results show that the MIN (MAX2) occurs more frequently during the dry (wet) MJO phases, while the MJO seems not to influence MAX1 significantly. Anomalous anticyclonic (cyclonic) circulations at 850 hPa, positive (negative) 500-hPa geopotential height anomalies, northeast (southwest) 850-hPa wind anomalies over southern Mexico, and a low-level westward (eastward) flow in the northeastern tropical Pacific support the MIN (MAX2) pattern under the influence of the dry (wet) MJO phases. These features are more clearly observed in the MSDs of 1- and 2-month duration and over the southern half of Mexico. The results suggest that the bimodal distribution is less influenced by the MJO in regions of northeastern Mexico.
Correcting Himawari-8 Advanced Himawari Imager Data for the Production of Vivid True-Color Imagery
Authors: Broomhall Mark A. , Majewski Leon J. , Villani Vincent O. , Grant Ian F. , Miller Steven D. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObservations of top-of-atmosphere radiances from the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) blue, green, and red spectral bands can be used to produce high-temporal-resolution, true-color imagery at 1-km spatial resolution over the Asia–Pacific region. To enhance interpretability and aesthetic appearance of these images, the top-of-atmosphere radiance data are processed to remove the Rayleigh-scattered atmospheric component, corrected for limb effects, blended with brightness temperature data from a thermal infrared window band at night, and the resultant imagery adjusted to optimize contrast. The contribution of Rayleigh scattering to the AHI observations is calculated by interpolating radiative transfer parameters from a preconstructed set of lookup tables, which are specifically created for the Himawari-8 AHI instrument. A surface reflectance value for each pixel is calculated after the Rayleigh contribution is removed. The spectrally dependent reflectance values produced from the lookup table differ from the exact calculation by up to 18% at the planetary limb, over 100% at the solar terminator, and by less than 0.5% at low to moderate solar and sensor zenith angles. The subsequent corrections applied for limb effects mitigate the areas with high interpolation error, which slightly reduces the spatial coverage, but provides Rayleigh-corrected surface reflectance products that have interpolation errors at or below 0.5%. Resolution sharpening increases the nominal pixel size from 1000 to 500 m while still producing sharp images. The resultant images are colorful, visually intuitive, high contrast, and of sufficient spatial and temporal resolution to provide a unique and complementary observational tool for use by weather forecasters and the general public alike.
Predictors of problematic Internet use in school going adolescents of Bhavnagar, India
Authors: Vadher Sneha B , Panchal Bharat N , Vala Ashok U , Ratnani Imran J , Vasava Kinjal J , Desai Rishi S , Shah Aayushi H 
Published: February 2019

Background: Problematic Internet use (PIU) is the inability of individuals to control their Internet use, resulting in marked distress and/or functional impairment in daily life. Aim/Objective: We assessed the frequency of PIU and predictors of PIU, including social anxiety disorder (SAD), quality of sleep, quality of life and Internet-related demographic variables among school going adolescents. Methods: This was an observational, single-centered, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study of 1,312 school going adolescents studying in Grades 10, 11 and 12 in Bhavnagar, India. Every participant was assessed by a pro forma containing demographic details, questionnaires of Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) for PIU severity, SAD severity, Quality of Sleep assessment and Quality of Life assessment, respectively. The statistical analysis was done with SPSS Version 23 (IBM Corporation) using chi-square test, Student’s t test and Pearson’s correlation. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to find the predictors of PIU. Results: We found frequency of PIUs as 16.7% and Internet addiction as 3.0% among school going adolescents. Participants with PIU are more likely to experience SAD ( p < .0001), poor quality of sleep ( p < .0001) and poor quality of life ( p < .0001). There is positive correlation between severity of PIU and SAD ( r = .411, p < .0001). Linear regression analysis shows PIU can be predicted by SAD, sleep quality, quality of life, English medium, male gender, total duration of Internet use, monthly cost of Internet use, education, social networking, gaming, online shopping and entertainment as purpose of Internet use. Conclusion: Participants with PIU are more likely to experience SAD, poor quality of sleep and poor quality of life.
Outcomes of Children with Mild Obstructive Sleep Apnea Treated Nonsurgically: A Retrospective Review
Authors: Kohn Jocelyn L. , Cohen Michael B. , Patel Prachi , Levi Jessica R. 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by partial or complete obstruction of the upper airway and is commonly caused by adenotonsillar hypertrophy in children. Accordingly, adenotonsillectomy is considered first‐line treatment. However, in cases of mild OSA, nonsurgical management has been proposed as an alternative. The purpose of this study was to determine the outcomes of pediatric patients with mild obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) treated without surgical intervention.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary care university medical center.Subjects and MethodsThe medical records of children ages 2 to 18 years with OSA at Boston Medical Center from January 2000 to April 2017 were reviewed. Children with mild OSA (apnea‐ hypopnea index [AHI] between 1 and 5), who were managed nonsurgically and had serial polysomnograms, were included. Serial sleep studies were compared to assess for patterns of change.ResultsOf the 201 patients with mild OSA who were identified, 104 (52%) opted for initial nonsurgical management. Of those, 91 had a follow‐up sleep study to reassess their OSA. Forty‐two (46 %) had a greater than 20% decrease in AHI and 38 (41%) had a greater than 20% increase on the second sleep study. The remaining 11 had changes less than 20% in either direction. There was not a significant difference in the proportion of patients with an increase vs decrease in AHI on follow‐up sleep study (P >. 05).ConclusionsMild pediatric OSA has approximately equal chances of worsening or improvement over time without surgical intervention, which is useful for counseling parents on treatment options.
Infectious complications in lupus nephritis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Thong K M , Chan T M 
Published: February 2019

Objectives Infection is an important concern in lupus nephritis treatment, but few studies have focused on this complication. Available data suggest marked variation in occurrence and outcome. This meta-analysis and review aims to provide an overview of infective complications, focusing on the risk factors and outcomes. Methods Original articles on lupus nephritis Class III/IV/V published in the period January 1980 to December 2016 were identified from the Pubmed/Medline electronic database. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was performed to investigate total and serious infections at different phases of treatment and their associated factors. A descriptive review that included all studies was also performed, providing details on the types of infection, infection-related mortality, and potential impact of different eras on infection rates. Results A total of 56 studies (32 randomized controlled trials) were included. The incidence rates of overall and serious infections were higher during the induction than maintenance phase of therapy, with serious infections occurring at 8.2–50 and 3.5 per 100 patient-years, respectively. Recent data, predominantly from Asia, suggested lower rates of overall infections with induction regimens that included tacrolimus compared with mycophenolate (risk ratio 0.50, 95% confidence interval 0.33–0.76, p = 0.001). Mycophenolate as induction treatment was associated with lower overall infection risks than cyclophosphamide in non-Asians (risk ratio 0.60, 95% confidence interval 0.48–0.75, p < 0.001). The rates of serious infections were 4.1–25% in Asian and 4.4–8.5% in non-Asian countries; with infection-related mortality rates of 0–6.7% in Asian, compared to 0–2.1% in non-Asian locations. Conclusions Infection remains a serious complication during treatment of lupus nephritis, but the reported rates and outcomes varied markedly. Mycophenolate was associated with lower infection risk than cyclophosphamide in non-Asians. Infection-related deaths appeared more common in Asian patients.
Dealing With Death Taboo: Discussion of Do-Not-Resuscitate Directives With Chinese Patients With Noncancer Life-Limiting Illnesses
Authors: Cheng Hon-Wai Benjamin , Shek Pui-Shan Karen , Man Ching-Wah , Chan Oi-Man , Chan Chun-Hung , Lai Kit-Man , Cheng Suk-Ching , Fung Koon-Sim , Lui WK , Lam Carman , Ng Yuen-Kwan , Wong Wan-To , Wong Cherry 
Published: February 2019

Background: Noncancer patients with life-limiting diseases often receive more intensive level of care in their final days of life, with more cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed and less do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders in place. Nevertheless, death is still often a taboo across Chinese culture, and ethnic disparities could negatively affect DNR directives completion rates. Objectives: We aim to explore whether Chinese noncancer patients are willing to sign their own DNR directives in a palliative specialist clinic, under a multidisciplinary team approach Design: Retrospective chart review of all noncancer patients with life-limiting diseases referred to palliative specialist clinic at a tertiary hospital in Hong Kong over a 4-year period. Results: Over the study period, a total of 566 noncancer patients were seen, 119 of them completed their own DNR directives. Patients had a mean age of 74.9. Top 3 diagnoses were chronic renal failure (37%), congestive heart failure (16%), and motor neuron disease (11%). Forty-two percent of patients signed their DNR directives at first clinic attendance. Most Chinese patients (76.5%) invited family caregivers at DNR decision-making, especially for female gender (84.4% vs 69.1%; P = .047) and older (age >75) age group (86.2% vs 66.7%; P = .012). Of the 40 deceased patients, median time from signed directives to death was 5 months. Vast majority (95%) had their DNR directives being honored. Conclusion: Health-care workers should be sensitive toward the cultural influence during advance care planning. Role of family for ethnic Chinese remains crucial and professionals should respect this family oriented decision-making.
Long-Term Hemodynamic Effects After Carotid Artery Revascularization
Authors: Lim Sungho , Javorski Michael J. , Nassoiy Sean P. , Park Yaeji , Halandras Pegge M. , Bechara Carlos F. , Aulivola Bernadette , Crisostomo Paul R. 
Published: February 2019

Objective: The baroreceptor at the carotid body plays an important role in hemodynamic autoregulation. Manipulation of the baroreceptor during carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or radial force from carotid artery angioplasty and/or stenting (CAS) may cause both intraoperative and postoperative hemodynamic instability. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the long-term effects of CEA and CAS on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and subsequent changes on antihypertensive medications. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed to identify patients who underwent CEA or CAS between 2009 and 2015 at a single tertiary care institution. Baseline demographics and comorbidities were recorded. Operative details of the carotid artery endarterectomy and the use of balloon angioplasty during the CAS were analyzed. Hemodynamic parameters such as BP, HR, and antihypertensive medication requirement were evaluated at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months. Results: A total of 289 patients were identified. The average age was 70.6 years old, and males constituted 64.0%. All patients had moderate (>50%) to severe (>70%) carotid stenosis. Of those, 111 (40.5%) patients were symptomatic. Systolic BP (mm Hg) of CAS and CEA were similar over the entire follow-up period. Heart rate (beats/min) remained stable postoperatively. A reduced number of antihypertensive medications was observed in the CAS cohort during the first postoperative year when compared to the preoperative baseline: 2.03 at preop, 1.77 ( P < .01) at 3 months, 1.78 ( P = .02) at 6 months, 1.77 ( P = .02) at 12 months, 1.86 ( P = .09) at 24 months, and 2.03 ( P = =.50) at 36 months. Logistic regression analysis identified that CAS (odds ratio [OR]: 2.52, confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-5.83) and multiple (>2) antihypertensive medication use at baseline (OR: 5.89, CI: 2.62-13.26) were predictors for a reduction in the number of antihypertensive medications following carotid revascularization. Conclusion: Surgical intervention for carotid stenosis poses a risk of postoperative hemodynamic dysregulation. Although postoperative BP and HR remained relatively stable after both CAS and CEA, the number of postoperative antihypertensive medications was reduced in the CAS cohort for the first postoperative year when compared to baseline. Patients with multiple antihypertensive agents undergoing CAS should have close postoperative BP monitoring and should be monitored for a possible reduction in their antihypertensive medication regimen.
A qualitative study of the impact of plexiform neurofibromas on need fulfilment in adults with neurofibromatosis type 1
Authors: Heaney Alice , Wilburn Jeanette , Langmead Shannon , Blakeley Jaishri , Huson Susan , Jim Carly , McKenna Stephen P 
Published: February 2019

Objective: To explore the impact of plexiform neurofibromas on the lives of adults with neurofibromatosis type 1. Background: Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a complex neurogenetic syndrome that affects many aspects of health and functioning. A common manifestation of neurofibromatosis type 1 is plexiform neurofibromas, non-cancerous tumours that can cause disfigurement, pain and neurologic disability. Patient-reported outcome measures used in this condition have addressed symptoms and functional ability but not how the condition affects patients’ lives, particularly, their ability to meet their human needs. Methods: Unstructured qualitative interviews were conducted with adults with neurofibromatosis type 1–associated plexiform neurofibromas in the United Kingdom and United States. Interviewees were encouraged to describe how plexiform neurofibromas affected their ability to meet their needs. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The UK and US transcripts were combined and theoretical thematic analysis was conducted. Results: In all, 42 interviews (United Kingdom = 20, United States = 22) were conducted. Transcripts revealed 696 statements on the impact of plexiform neurofibromas on need fulfilment. Five major themes emerged: appearance, relationships, independence, role fulfilment and pleasure. Conclusion: Neurofibromatosis type 1–associated plexiform neurofibromas have a major effect on individuals’ ability to meet their needs. An understanding of need fulfilment will complement information generated from traditional patient-reported outcome measures, particularly in a multi-faceted syndrome such as neurofibromatosis type 1.
Distribution of Cr3+between octahedral and tetrahedral sites in synthetic blue and green (CaMgSi2O6)95(CaCrAlSiO6)5diopsides
Authors: Akasaka Masahide , Takasu Yohei , Handa Makoto , Nagashima Mariko , Hamada Maki , Ejima Terumi 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe distribution of Cr3+ions in blue and green diopsides crystallised from a glass with the composition [CaMgSi2O6(Di)]95[CaCrAlSiO6(CrAlTs)]5(mol.%) was determined using Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction data in order to evaluate published results by optical spectroscopic analysis, and to clarify the influence of Cr3+–Al3+distribution between the octahedralM1 and tetrahedralTsites on the crystal structure. The starting material was Di95CrAlTs5-diopside crystallised from glass at 800°C for 2 days. After another 19 days at 800°C and 1000°C for 7 days, the diopsides remained blue. The blue diopside gradually changed to bluish green by heating at 1200°C for 3 days and to green after 7 days. The stoichiometric compositions of the synthesised phases were confirmed by electron microprobe analysis. The Cr occupancies refined by the Rietveld method resulted in the site populations in theM1 andTsites:M1[Mg0.95Cr0.030(4)Al0.020]T[Si1.950Cr0.020Al0.030] andM1[Mg0.95Cr0.037(4)Al0.013]T[Si1.950Cr0.013Al0.037] (per 6 oxygens) for the blue diopsides at 800 and 1000°C, respectively:M1[Mg0.95Cr0.042(3)Al0.008]T[Si1.950Cr0.008Al0.042] for the bluish green diopside at 1200°C for 3 days; andM1[Mg0.95Cr0.049(3)Al0.001]T[Si1.950Cr0.001Al0.049] for the green diopside at 1200°C for 7 days. Such Cr and Al distributions effect the volumes and site distortions of the octahedral and tetrahedral coordination polyhedra: theTO4tetrahedron volumes of the blue diopsides (2.251–2.258 Å3) are larger than that of the green diopside (2.237 Å3); theM1O6octahedron volumes of the former (11.74–11.77 Å3) are smaller than that of the latter (11.86 Å3); theTO4tetrahedra in the blue diopside (<λtet> =1.006; σθ(tet)2= 24.37–24.69) are less distorted than that of the green diopside (<λtet> = 1.007; σθ(tet)2= 27.94); theM1O6octahedra in the former (<λoct> =1.006; σθ(oct)2= 20.39–21.13) are more distorted than that of the latter (<λoct> = 1.005; σθ(oct)2= 17.58).