bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sampling design and methodology of the Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys
Authors: Nguyen Kimberly H , Kress Howard , Villaveces Andres , Massetti Greta M 
Published: November 2018

IntroductionGlobally 1 billion children are exposed to violence every year. The Violence Against Children Surveys (VACS) are nationally representative surveys of males and females ages 13–24 that are intended to measure the burden of sexual, physical and emotional violence experienced in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood. It is important to document the methodological approach and design of the VACS to better understand the national estimates that are produced in each country, which are used to drive violence prevention efforts.MethodsThis study describes the surveys’ target population, sampling design, statistical considerations, data collection process, priority violence indicators and data dissemination.ResultsTwenty-four national household surveys have been completed or are being planned in countries across Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and Eastern Europe. The sample sizes range from 891 to 7912 among females (72%–98% response rate) and 803–2717 among males (66%–98% response rate). Two face-to-face interviews are conducted: a Household and an Individual Questionnaire. A standard set of core priority indicators are generated for each country that range from prevalence of different types of violence, contexts, risk and protective factors, and health consequences. Results are disseminated through various platforms to expand the reach and impact of the survey results.ConclusionData obtained through VACS can inform development and implementation of effective prevention strategies and improve health service provision for all who experience violence. VACS serves as a standardised tool to inform and drive prevention through high-quality, comprehensive data.
Pipeline embolization device treatment of internal carotid artery terminus aneurysms
Authors: Pujari Amit , Howard Brian Matthew , Madaelil Thomas P , Skukalek Susana Libhaber , Roy Anil K , Dion Jacques E , Cawley C Michael , Grossberg Jonathan A 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundThe pipeline embolization device (PED) is approved for the treatment of large aneurysms of the proximal internal carotid artery (ICA). Its off-label application in treating aneurysms located specifically at the ICA terminus (ICA-T) has not been studied.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective chart review of patients from 2011 to 7 treated with PEDs. Out of 365 patients, 10 patients with ICA-T aneurysms were included. Patient demographics, procedural information, follow-up imaging, and clinical assessments were recorded.ResultsMean age was 46.9 years (±8.8), and 6 (60%) patients were women. The mean maximum diameter of the aneurysms treated was 14.7 mm (±10.7) and the mean neck diameter was 9.3 mm (±6.6). Reasons for presentation included six incidental findings, one acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and three patients with prior SAH. Kamran–Byrne Occlusion Scale scores for the treated aneurysms were as follows: three class IV (complete obliteration), four class III (<50% filling in both height and width for fusiform aneurysms or residual neck for saccular aneurysms), one class II fusiform aneurysm, 1 class 0 saccular aneurysm (residual aneurysm body), and one not classified due to pipeline thrombosis. Two clinically asymptomatic complications were noted: one patient who had a small distal cortical SAH post PED and one patient whose stent was found to be thrombosed on follow-up angiogram. All patients were seen in follow-up, and no patients were found to have worsening of their pre-procedure modified Rankin Scale score.ConclusionThe PED has potential for treating ICA-T aneurysms not amenable to conventional treatment strategies. Further studies are warranted to confirm the long term outcomes.
Response of winter wheat to herbicide plus fungicide plus ammonium thiosulphate tank-mixes
Authors: Hooker David C. , Soltani Nader , Sikkema Peter H. 
Published: November 2018

A study was conducted at six field sites near Exeter and Ridgetown, ON, over a 3 yr period (2014, 2015, and 2016) to determine the effect of ammonium thiosulphate (ATS), various fungicides (azoxystrobin/propiconazole, trifloxystrobin/prothioconazole, or pyraclostrobin/metconazole), and various herbicides (bromoxynil/MCPA, thifensulfuron/tribenuron + MCPA, pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil, or 2,4-D/dichlorprop) applied alone and in tank-mix combinations on winter wheat crop injury and grain yield. The treatments were applied using Hypro ULD120-02 flat-fan nozzles around Zadoks growth stage 30. The herbicides and fungicides caused <0.6% leaf injury when ATS was not added to the tank-mix. When averaged across fungicides in ATS tank-mixes, leaf injury 1 wk after treatment application was 3.5% to 3.7% with thifensulfuron/tribenuron and dichlorprop-P/2,4-D herbicides and 5.1% to 5.8% injury with bromoxynil/MCPA and thifensulfuron/tribenuron herbicides. On the three field sites with the highest leaf injury, a fungicide–ATS tank-mix increased injury to 4.5% averaged across fungicides and to 4.3% with a herbicide–ATS tank-mix averaged across herbicides. Three-way tank-mixes of herbicide–fungicide–ATS caused the highest injury (7.1%). Despite significant crop injury 1 WAA with some tank-mixes, there was no evidence that grain yields were adversely affected. This study shows that the co-application of a three-way tank-mix of ATS with fungicides (azoxystrobin/propiconazole, trifloxystrobin/prothioconazole, or pyraclostrobin/metconazole) and herbicides (bromoxynil/MCPA, thifensulfuron/tribenuron + MCPA, pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil, or dichlorprop-P/2,4-D) has the potential to cause considerable injury in winter wheat under some environmental conditions in Ontario, but the effect seems transient, with no grain yield reductions detected.
Prolonged intake of desloratadine: mesenteric lymphatic vessel dysfunction and development of obesity/metabolic syndrome
Authors: Gasheva Olga Y. , Tsoy Nizamutdinova Irina , Hargrove Laura , Gobbell Cassidy , Troyanova-Wood Maria , Alpini Sally F. , Pal Sarit , Du Christina , Hitt Angie R. , Yakovlev Vlad V. , Newell-Rogers M. Karen , Zawieja David C. , Meininger Cynthia J. , Alpini Gianfranco D. , Francis Heather , Gashev Anatoliy A. 
Published: November 2018

This study aimed to establish mechanistic links between the prolonged intake of desloratadine, a common H1 receptor blocker (i.e., antihistamine), and development of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated for 16 wk with desloratadine. We analyzed the dynamics of body weight gain, tissue fat accumulation/density, contractility of isolated mesenteric lymphatic vessels, and levels of blood lipids, glucose, and insulin, together with parameters of liver function. Prolonged intake of desloratadine induced development of an obesity-like phenotype and signs of metabolic syndrome. These alterations in the body included excessive weight gain, increased density of abdominal subcutaneous fat and intracapsular brown fat, high blood triglycerides with an indication of their rerouting toward portal blood, high HDL, high fasting blood glucose with normal fasting and nonfasting insulin levels (insulin resistance), high liver/body weight ratio, and liver steatosis (fatty liver). These changes were associated with dysfunction of mesenteric lymphatic vessels, specifically high lymphatic tone and resistance to flow together with diminished tonic and abolished phasic responses to increases in flow, (i.e., greatly diminished adaptive reserves to respond to postprandial increases in lymph flow). The role of nitric oxide in this flow-dependent adaptation was abolished, with remnants of these responses controlled by lymphatic vessel-derived histamine. Our current data, considered together with reports in the literature, support the notion that millions of the United States population are highly likely affected by underevaluated, lymphatic-related side effects of antihistamines and may develop obesity and metabolic syndrome due to the prolonged intake of this medication. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Prolonged intake of desloratadine induced development of obesity and metabolic syndrome associated with dysfunction of mesenteric lymphatic vessels, high lymphatic tone, and resistance to flow together with greatly diminished adaptive reserves to respond to postprandial increases in lymph flow. Data support the notion that millions of the USA population are highly likely affected by underevaluated, lymphatic-related side effects of antihistamines and may develop obesity and metabolic syndrome due to the prolonged intake of this medication.
Stathmin Is Required for Normal Mouse Mammary Gland Development and Δ16HER2-Driven Tumorigenesis
Authors: Segatto Ilenia , Zompit Mara De Marco , Citron Francesca , D'Andrea Sara , Vinciguerra Gian Luca Rampioni , Perin Tiziana , Berton Stefania , Mungo Giorgia , Schiappacassi Monica , Marchini Cristina , Amici Augusto , Vecchione Andrea , Baldassarre Gustavo , Belletti Barbara 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Postnatal development of the mammary gland relies on the maintenance of oriented cell division and apicobasal polarity, both of which are often deregulated in cancer. The microtubule (MT) network contributes to control these processes; however, very little is known about the impact of altered MT dynamics in the development of a complex organ and on the role played by MT-interacting proteins such as stathmin. In this study, we report that female stathmin knock-out (STM KO) mice are unable to nurse their litters due to frank impairment of mammary gland development. In mouse mammary epithelial cells, loss of stathmin compromised the trafficking of polarized proteins and the achievement of proper apicobasal polarity. In particular, prolactin receptor internalization and localization was altered in STM KO mammary epithelial cells, leading to decreased protein stability and downmodulation of the Prl/PrlR/STAT5 signaling pathway. Absence of stathmin induced alterations in mitotic spindle orientation, accumulation of mitotic defects, and apoptosis, overall contributing to tissue disorganization and further decreasing the expansion of the mammary epithelial compartment. Loss of stathmin in MMTV-Δ16HER2 transgenic mice decreased the incidence and increased the latency of these very aggressive mammary carcinomas. Collectively, these data identify the essential mammary protein stathmin as protumorigenic and suggest it may serve as a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer.

Significance:
Stathmin expression is critical to maintain oriented cell division and apicobasal polarity in normal mammary glands and to establish a protumorigenic program that eventually sustains HER2-positive breast cancer formation in mice.
Targeting of BRM Sensitizes BRG1-Mutant Lung Cancer Cell Lines to Radiotherapy
Authors: Zernickel Erika , Sak Ali , Riaz Assad , Klein Diana , Groneberg Michael , Stuschke Martin 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Targeting of epigenetic regulators as the chromatin remodeler SWI/SNF is proving to be a promising therapeutic strategy for individualized treatment of cancer patients. Here, we tested whether targeting one of the two mutually exclusive subdomains of the SWI/SNF complex BRM/SMARCA2 can sensitize specifically non–small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells with mutations in the other subunit BRG1/SMARCA4 toward ionizing radiation (IR). Knockdown of BRM with siRNA or shRNA and its consequences for radiation sensitivity as measured by clonogenic survival and plaque-monolayer control was studied in different NSCLC lines with or without BRG1 mutations and in primary fibroblasts. Furthermore, the effect on double-strand break (DSB) repair markers measured by immunofluorescence staining of 53BP1-, γ-H2AX-, and Rad51-foci was investigated. BRG1-mutated cell lines showed an increased surviving fraction compared with BRG1 proficient cells. Depletion of BRM (i) leads to a decreased proliferation rate and plating efficiency specifically in BRG1-mutated cells, (ii) specifically sensitized BRG1-mutant NSCLC cells toward IR as characterized by a survival reducing factor of 0.63 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.57–0.69] in the dose range between 2 and 6 Gy, and (iii) decreased the tumor control doses after daily fractionation at 4 Gy in BRG1-mutant NSCLC cell lines A549 and H1299 in minimonolayers by 9.9% ± 1.3% and 13.6% ± 1.8%, respectively. In addition, an increase of residual Rad51-foci at 24 hours after irradiation in BRG1-mutant cells was demonstrated. Therefore, targeting of BRM in combination with radiotherapy is supposed to improve the therapeutic outcome of lung cancer patients harboring BRG1 mutations.
The present study shows that the moderate radioresponsiveness of NSCLC cells with BRG1 mutations can be increased upon BRM depletion that is associated with a prolonged Rad51-foci prevalence at DNA DSBs.
A Meta-Objective Approach for Many-Objective Evolutionary
Optimization
Authors: Gong Dunwei , Liu Yiping , Yen Gary G. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Pareto-based multi-objective evolutionary algorithms experience grand challenges in solving many-objective optimization problems due to their inability to maintain both convergence and diversity in a high-dimensional objective space. Exiting approaches usually modify the selection criteria to overcome this issue. Different from them, we propose a novel meta-objective (MeO) approach that transforms the many-objective optimization problems in which the new optimization problems become easier to solve by the Pareto-based algorithms. MeO converts a given many-objective optimization problem into a new one, which has the same Pareto optimal solutions and the number of objectives with the original one. Each meta-objective in the new problem consists of two components which measure the convergence and diversity performances of a solution, respectively. Since MeO only converts the problem formulation, it can be readily incorporated within any multi-objective evolutionary algorithms, including those non-Pareto-based ones. Particularly, it can boost the Pareto-based algorithms' ability to solve many-objective optimization problems. Due to separately evaluating the convergence and diversity performances of a solution, the traditional density-based selection criteria, for example, crowding distance, will no longer mistake a solution with poor convergence performance for a solution with low density value. By penalizing a solution in term of its convergence performance in the meta-objective space, the Pareto dominance becomes much more effective for a many-objective optimization problem. Comparative study validates the competitive performance of the proposed meta-objective approach in solving many-objective optimization problems.
A Dynamometer on Which the Dynamic Behaviour of a Passenger Car can be Simulated
Authors: Odier Jean 
Published: November 2018

The development of a new stationary dynamometer is described, in which a passenger car is subjected to a system of forces and couples similar to that which it would experience on the roads. Speeds up to 200 km/h can be simulated. Tests on the dynamometer can be carried out in complete safety, and measurements made with an accuracy that would not be possible in tests on the road; indeed, measurements can be made on the rig which would be very difficult to make on a moving vehicle. Some of the possible applications of the dynamometer are discussed; it could, for example, be used for the study of braking, traction, steering, road holding, tyre behaviour, and deflection of headlight beams. Some of the work that has already been done is described. It is considered that dynamometers of this nature can make a great contribution to road safety.
Steam Side Pressure Gradients in Surface Condensers
Authors: Drummond G. 
Published: November 2018

The use of the Reynolds flux model for predicting static pressure gradients in the flow of a condensing fluid is explained. Experimental results for steam condensing in a horizontal straight tube are presented and compared with the theoretical analysis. Studies have been made of the flow patterns around porous cylinders with mass extraction at the surfaces. These studies help to explain the behaviour of saturated steam flowing over banks of cooled tubes in surface condensers. An aerodynamic analogue using porous cylinders has been used to examine the necessity of having access lanes in steam condensers.
Materials Technology and the Engineer
Authors: Quarrell A. G. 
Published: November 2018

Never has the engineer had so many materials from which to choose when designing new machines or new structures. Improved metallurgical knowledge has enabled greatly improved alloys to be developed, the demands of aero-space have stimulated developments in ceramics and in composite materials; whilst advances in organic chemistry have led to a wide range of plastics suitable for applications which range from throw-away containers to constructions for which metals or natural materials were previously used. In addition, improved methods are continuously leading to better materials and more reliable components and the selection of the most suitable process for a given application becomes increasingly difficult. Materials technologists and engineers depend very much on each other. Engineers rely upon materials technologists for materials with properties appropriate for particular applications; materials technologists depend upon engineers to design the machines that enable laboratory experiments to be translated into large-scale production. A review of the present situation will be followed by a discussion of future trends and of future co-operation between engineers and materials technologists.
Interaction Effects between Blade Rows in Turbomachines
Authors: Parker R. , Watson J. F. 
Published: November 2018

The paper discusses the mechanisms of interaction between blade rows in turbomachines due to the relative motion between the rows. Interaction occurs due to potential flow effects and because each blade produces a viscous wake. In spite of extensive investigations of various aspects of interaction there is very little information available in a form which can be applied by a designer to minimize the noise and vibration excitation due to blade row interaction. Experimental research is hampered by the extreme difficulty of separating the types of excitation and many theoretical analyses are of limited value because reliable experimental verification has not been obtained.
A Theory of Mixed Lubrication
Authors: Christensen H. 
Published: November 2018

The phenomena observed when a lubricated contact or bearing is operating under mixed lubrication conditions are assumed to arise from an interaction of the surface asperities or roughness as well as from hydro-dynamic action of the sliding surfaces. It is shown how one of the previously published stochastic models of hydrodynamic lubrication can be extended or generalized to deal with mixed lubricating conditions. As an illustration of the application of the theory to a concrete example the influence on the operating characteristics of a plane pad, no side-leakage bearing is analysed. It is found that in the mixed lubrication regime friction is mainly controlled by the boundary lubrication properties of the liquid–solid interface. Load, on the other hand, is almost entirely controlled by the hydro-dynamic properties of the bearing. It is demonstrated how transition to mixed lubrication conditions will cause a rapid rise in friction thereby producing a minimum point in the Stribeck type diagram.
Rake Face Action of Cutting Lubricants: An Analysis of, and Experiments on, the Machining of Iron Lubricated by Carbon Tetrachloride
Authors: Childs T. H. C. 
Published: November 2018

A number of suggestions are current concerning the rake face action of cutting lubricants; that they reduce the shear stress between chip and tool uniformly over the whole chip–tool contact area; that they reduce the contact length between chip and tool; and that they induce conditions on the rake face of the tool in which the interfacial shear stress between chip and tool decreases rapidly with distance from the cutting edge of the tool. The present work describes experiments on the dry and lubricated orthogonal machining of high permeability iron which have enabled it to be decided which of these theories is correct. The workpiece flow pattern in lubricated machining has been recorded with sufficient accuracy to enable the slip-line field for the flow to be calculated. The shear-stress distribution along the plastic part of the chip-tool contact length has been deduced from the angles at which the slip lines meet the rake face. It has been found that even when the workpiece was flooded with carbon tetrachloride, sticking friction occurred between the chip and tool near the cutting edge of the tool, although good lubrication occurred in the region where the chip left the tool. It has therefore been concluded that the lubricant acted to induce a steep interfacial shear-stress gradient along the chip–tool contact length. The cause of the shear-stress gradient along the rake face in lubricated cutting is discussed in terms of the varying conformity between the chip and tool along the chip–tool contact length. Near the cutting edge of the tool, gross plastic deformation of the workpiece caused the chip to flow into intimate contact with the rake face of the tool, denying lubricant a path along the rake face to the cutting edge. A theory of the mechanics of orthogonal cutting is presented which explains how the shear-stress gradient along the chip–tool contact length causes the characteristic features of lubricated machining, namely the formation of thin and, in particular, tightly curled chips with a small area of contact with the tool rake face