bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Common cellular origin and diverging developmental programs for different sesamoid bones
Authors: Eyal Shai , Rubin Sarah , Krief Sharon , Levin Lihi , Zelzer Elazar 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT
Sesamoid bones are small auxiliary bones that form near joints and contribute to their stability and function. Thus far, providing a comprehensive developmental model or classification system for this highly diverse group of bones has been challenging. Here, we compare our previously reported mechanisms of patella development in the mouse with those of two anatomically different sesamoids, namely lateral fabella and digit sesamoids. We show that all three types of sesamoid bones originate from Sox9+/Scx+ progenitors under the regulation of TGFβ and independently of mechanical stimuli from muscles. Whereas BMP2 regulates the growth of all examined sesamoids, the differentiation of lateral fabella or digit sesamoids is regulated redundantly by BMP4 and BMP2. Next, we show that whereas patella and digit sesamoids initially form in juxtaposition to long bones, lateral fabella forms independently and at a distance. Finally, our evidence suggests that, unlike the synovial joint that separates patella from femur, digit sesamoids detach from the phalanx by formation of a fibrocartilaginous joint. These findings highlight both common and divergent molecular and mechanical features of sesamoid bone development, which underscores their evolutionary plasticity.
Ecrg4 deficiency extends the replicative capacity of neural stem cells in a Foxg1-dependent manner
Authors: Nakatani Yuka , Kiyonari Hiroshi , Kondo Toru 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT
The self-renewal activity of neural stem cells (NSCs) has been suggested to decrease with aging, resulting in age-dependent declines in brain function, such as presbyopia and memory loss. The molecular mechanisms underlying decreases in NSC proliferation with age need to be elucidated in more detail to develop treatments that promote brain function. We have previously reported that the expression of esophageal cancer-related gene 4 (Ecrg4) was upregulated in aged NSCs, whereas its overexpression decreased NSC proliferation, suggesting a functional relationship between Ecrg4 and NSC aging. Using Ecrg4-deficient mice in which the Ecrg4 locus was replaced with the lacZ gene, we here show that Ecrg4 deficiency recovered the age-dependent decline in NSC proliferation and enhanced spatial learning and memory in the Morris water-maze paradigm. We demonstrate that the proliferation of Ecrg4-deficient NSCs was partly maintained by the increased expression of Foxg1. Collectively, these results determine Ecrg4 as a NSC aging factor.
Nell2 regulates the contralateral-versus-ipsilateral visual projection as a domain-specific positional cue
Authors: Nakamoto Chizu , Durward Elaine , Horie Masato , Nakamoto Masaru 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT
In mammals with binocular vision, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons from each eye project to eye-specific domains in the contralateral and ipsilateral dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), underpinning disparity-based stereopsis. Although domain-specific axon guidance cues that discriminate contralateral and ipsilateral RGC axons have long been postulated as a key mechanism for development of the eye-specific retinogeniculate projection, the molecular nature of such cues has remained elusive. Here, we show that the extracellular glycoprotein Nell2 (neural epidermal growth factor-like-like 2) is expressed in the dorsomedial region of the dLGN, which ipsilateral RGC axons terminate in and contralateral axons avoid. In Nell2 mutant mice, contralateral RGC axons abnormally invaded the ipsilateral domain of the dLGN, and ipsilateral axons terminated in partially fragmented patches, forming a mosaic pattern of contralateral and ipsilateral axon-termination zones. In vitro, Nell2 exerted inhibitory effects on contralateral, but not ipsilateral, RGC axons. These results provide evidence that Nell2 acts as a domain-specific positional label in the dLGN that discriminates contralateral and ipsilateral RGC axons, and that it plays essential roles in the establishment of the eye-specific retinogeniculate projection.
Deficiency of Fhl2 leads to delayed neuronal cell migration and premature astrocyte differentiation
Authors: Kim Soung Yung , Völkl Simon , Ludwig Stephan , Schneider Holm , Wixler Viktor , Park Jung 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT
The four and a half LIM domains protein 2 (Fhl2) is an adaptor protein capable of mediating protein–protein interactions. Here, we report for the first time phenotypic changes in the brain of Fhl2-deficient mice. We showed that Fhl2 is expressed in neural stem cells, precursors and mature cells of neuronal lineage. Moreover, Fhl2 deficiency leads to delayed neuroblast migration in vivo, premature astroglial differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro, and a gliosis-like accumulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes in vivo that substantially increases with age. Collectively, Fhl2-deficiency in the brain interrupts the maintenance and the balanced differentiation of adult NSCs, resulting in preferentially glial differentiation and early exhaustion of the NSC pool required for adult neurogenesis.
Health and saliva microbiomes of a semi-urbanized indigenous tribe in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Yeo Li-Fang , Aghakhanian Farhang F. , Tan James S. Y. , Gan Han Ming , Phipps Maude E. 
Published: February 2019

Background: The indigenous people of Peninsular Malaysia, also known as Orang Asli, have gradually been urbanized. A shift towards non-communicable diseases commonly associated with sedentary lifestyles have been reported in many tribes. This study engaged with a semi-urbanized Temiar tribe from Kampong Pos Piah, Perak, who are experiencing an epidemiological transition. Methods: Weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure, HbA1C and lipid levels were measured as indicators of cardio-metabolic health. DNA was extracted from saliva using salting-out method followed by PCR amplification of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and sequencing on Illumina MiSeq. Microbiome analysis was conducted on Qiime v1.9. Statistical analysis was conducted using Qiime v1.9 and R. Results: The study revealed that 60.4% of the Temiar community were overweight/obese, with a higher prevalence among women. HbA1C levels showed that 45% of Temiar had pre-diabetes. Insulin resistance was identified in 21% of Temiar by using a surrogate marker, TG/HDL. In total, 56.5% of Temiar were pre-hypertensive, and the condition was prevalent across all age-groups. The saliva microbiome profiles of Temiar revealed significant differences by gender, BMI, abdominal obesity as well as smoking status. The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, bacteria commonly found in dairy products, was increased in men. Prevotella, associated with consumption of plant-rich diets, was increased in women. Mogibacteriacea and Mycoplasma levels were significantly elevated in overweight individuals. Proteobacteria was significantly depleted in smokers. Conclusions: Temiar from Pos Piah had a high prevalence of cardio-metabolic risks, including general and abdominal obesity, pre-diabetes, prehypertension and hypertension. This phenomenon has not been previously reported in this tribe. The saliva microbiome profiles were significantly different for individuals of different gender, BMI scores and abdominal obesity and smoking status.
Low HDL Cholesterol and High Risk of Autoimmune Disease: Two Population-Based Cohort Studies Including 117341 Individuals
Authors: Madsen Christian M , Varbo Anette , Nordestgaard Børge G 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
HDL is quantitatively the most important lipoprotein in most species and mechanistic evidence points toward a role for HDL in normal immune function. We tested the hypothesis that concentrations of HDL cholesterol are associated with risk of autoimmune disease.

METHODS
From 2 studies of the general population—the Copenhagen General Population Study and the Copenhagen City Heart study—we included 107954 and 9387 individuals with baseline measurements of HDL cholesterol. These were followed with the national Danish Patient Registry from baseline in 2003–2015 or 1991–1994 through 2017, during which time 4078 and 1101 individuals developed autoimmune disease in the 2 studies.

RESULTS
In the Copenhagen General Population Study, compared to individuals with HDL cholesterol ≥2.0 mmol/L (77 mg/dL), the multifactorially adjusted hazard ratios for any autoimmune disease were 1.06 (95% CI, 0.94–1.19) for individuals with HDL cholesterol of 1.5–1.99 mmol/L (58–77 mg/dL), 1.18 (95% CI, 1.04–1.35) for individuals with HDL cholesterol of 1.0–1.49 mmol/L (39–58 mg/dL), and 1.84 (95% CI, 1.52–2.22) for individuals with HDL cholesterol &lt;1.0 mmol/L (39 mg/dL) (P for trend &lt;0.001). These results were similar when excluding events within 5 years of baseline, in women and men separately, for events at baseline, irrespective of low-grade inflammation or triglyceride concentrations, for the apolipoprotein A1 part of HDL, and for more restrictive end point definitions. Finally, the Copenhagen City Heart Study provided independent confirmation.

CONCLUSIONS
Low HDL cholesterol level is associated with high risk of autoimmune disease in individuals from the general population. Our observational findings cannot determine causality.
Negative Self-Conscious Emotions: Appraisals, Action Tendencies, and Labels
Authors: Mu Wenting , Berenbaum Howard 
Published: February 2019

Introduction: The present research focused on negative self-conscious emotions, examining the predictive utility of a set of appraisals and action tendencies as compared to emotion labels. Method: In two studies, participants were asked to recall multiple negative self-conscious emotional experiences, and rate each experience using the appraisals and action tendencies, as well as a set of emotion labels. Results: The data revealed that in each emotional experience, participants are likely to experience multiple appraisals, action tendencies, and negative self-conscious emotions simultaneously. Further, the use of appraisals and action tendencies (as opposed to emotion labels) demonstrated excellent utility in predicting a variety of outcomes indicative of psychopathology and psychological well-being (i.e., depression, social anxiety, meanness, relationship quality). Discussion: Implications for the conceptualization and assessment of negative self-conscious emotions are discussed.
Psychometric Properties of the Interpersonal Outcome Expectancies for Thinness (IOET) Scale: Evidence for Validity, Reliability, and Utility in the Study of Eating Disturbances in Females
Authors: Li Mingqi , Chang Edward C. , Chang Olivia D. 
Published: February 2019

Introduction: Interpersonal context is believed to represent a powerful factor that often fosters and sustains eating disturbances in females. The present study focused on the development of a measure tapping into positive interpersonal expectancies predicated on being thin believed to be positively involved in eating disorders in females, namely, the Interpersonal Outcome Expectancies for Thinness (IOET).Method: In Study 1, a total of 361 U.S. female college students completed the IOET for factor analysis. In Study 2, to assess for construct validity, an independent sample of 184 U.S. female college students completed a test battery including the IOET and measures of eating attitudes and disturbances, positive and negative affectivity, and general optimism.Results: In Study 1, results from an exploratory factor analysis indicated a one-factor solution for the IOET accounting for 76.70% of the total variance. In Study 2, the IOET was found to possess good test-retest reliability (6-week) in a subset sample of U.S. female participants. Moreover, in support for construct validity, we found IOET scores were positively associated with scores on measures of eating disturbances (e.g., bulimic symptoms) and negative affectivity. Additionally, IOET scores were negatively associated with scores on a measure of general optimism. Finally, in support of utility, the IOET was found to add incremental validity to the prediction of eating disturbances, even after accounting for general optimism and affectivity.Discussion: The present findings provide promising evidence for the validity, reliability, and utility of the IOET as a measure of a maladaptive cognitive schema associated with eating disorders in females. Implications for the theory and clinical assessments were discussed.
Bidirectional Relationships Between Stress, Depressive Symptoms, and Cognitive Vulnerabilities in Adolescents
Authors: Alba Julen , Calvete Esther 
Published: February 2019

Introduction: Depression is a highly prevalent problem in adolescence, with great clinical and social relevance. Recent models of psychopathology in childhood and adolescence underscore that the relationships between stress, cognitive vulnerabilities, and depressive symptoms are bidirectional. In addition, according to cognitive therapy models, cognitive vulnerabilities are organized hierarchically, with deep schemas guiding more superficial cognitive processes such as rumination. The present study examines the longitudinal predictive relationships between two levels of cognitions (early maladaptive schemas and rumination), stressors, and depression. Method: A sample of 584 Spanish adolescents (262 girls; mean age = 15.99, SD = 1.10) completed measures of depression, stressors, rumination, and three early maladaptive schema domains (disconnection and rejection, impaired autonomy and other-directedness) over 4 intervals of 4 months. Path analysis was used to test the hypotheses of the study. Results: Disconnection and rejection domain systematically predicted an increase in depression, new stressors, and rumination over time. In addition, depressive symptoms predicted an increase of disconnection/rejection scores at all time points. Finally, from Time 2 on, stressors predicted an increase in all schema domains. Discussion: The outcomes suggest the importance of the disconnection and rejection schema domain. These results are important to understand the mechanisms underlying stress and depression in adolescents.
Description of military apparatus in the Śrī-kālacakra-nāma-tantra-rāja
Authors: Strelkov Andrei 
Published: February 2019

Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oriental Studies, St. PetersburgIn the Śrī-kālacakra-nāma-tantra-rāja, a Buddhist treatise from the first half of the 11th century, there is a thematic fragment containing a description of military apparatus and their use in battles. In this article, the point of view that we are really dealing with a description of military apparatus and not with a symbolic description of the psychophysical practices of Buddhist yoga is developed. In our point of view, the reason for the subject of war being represented in this Buddhist work should be searched for in the reality of the tragic times in which the text was made―the times of destructive raids made on India by the ruler Mahmud of Ghazni. The article classifies the military apparatus mentioned in the Śrī-kālacakra-nāma-tantra-rāja, describes the basic technical characteristics of these mechanisms, and considers their function. The given subjects are considered with the drawing in the commentary Vimalaprabhā (11th century) and commentaries by Tibetan scholar Buton Rinchen Drub (1290–1364).
Marija Rudzinskaitė-Arcimavičienė’s contribution to Egyptology (in commemoration of the 125th anniversary of the scholar’s birth)
Authors: Snitkuvienė Aldona 
Published: February 2019

M.K. Čiurlionis National Museum of Art The article is devoted to the contribution of Lithuania’s first professional Egyptologist, Marija Rudzinskaitė-Arcimavičienė (16 July 1885–4 May 1941), to the science of Egyptology. The discussion is centred around the formation of Rudzinskaitė-Arcimavičienė’s interest in Oriental studies, her academic activities at the University of Lithuania, her scholarly and popular publications, her scientific and organisational activities, her participation in international congresses of Orientalists, her collection of Egyptian antiquities, the most relevant trends in her scholarly research, and a general overview of her activities within the sphere of Egyptology.
Waldemar Jochelson—a prominent ethnographer of north-eastern Siberia
Authors: Brandišauskas Donatas 
Published: February 2019

Vilnius University This article overviews the biography and ethnographic research of prominent Litvak anthropologist Waldemar Jochelson. It discusses his extensive and influential ethnographic fieldwork among indigenous people in eastern Siberia. The author of the article argues that Jochelson’s methodology, comparative research, theoretical approaches, and scientific results can have a distinctive value in history and, in particular, anthropology and ethnology studies in Lithuania.
Georg Forster in Vilnius: Reverberations of the great age of ocean navigation
Authors: Švambarytė Dalia 
Published: February 2019

Vilnius University This article discusses the contribution to the studies of the ‘Eastern’ and ‘Southern’ lands in the 18th century by naturalist, travel writer, and ethnologist George Forster, who had accompanied his father, Johann Reinhold Forster, on Captain James Cook’s expedition of 1772–5 to circumnavigate the globe and who was a professor of natural history at Vilnius University from 1784 to 1787. The paper presents the background of European long-distance navigation, examines Forster’s contribution to Cook’s second voyage, and reconsiders his work completed at the Vilnian Academy against the broader perspective of the European notions of travel literature and ethnography of the Pacific region, as well as the prospect of Oriental studies, gradually emerging as an academic field in Western Europe and, later on, in Vilnius.
Candrakīrti’s theory of perception: A case for non-foundationalist epistemology in Madhyamaka
Authors: Thakchoe Sonam 
Published: February 2019

University of TasmaniaSome argue that Candrakīrti is committed to rejecting all theories of perception in virtue of the rejection of the foundationalisms of the Nyāya and the Pramāṇika. Others argue that Candrakīrti endorses the Nyāya theory of perception. In this paper, I will propose an alternative non-foundationalist theory of perception for Candrakīriti. I will show that Candrakrti’s works provide us sufficient evidence to defend a typical Prāsagika’s account of perception that, I argue, complements his core non-foundationalist ontology.
LGBTQ Youth in Unstable Housing and Foster Care
Authors: Baams Laura , Wilson Bianca D.M. , Russell Stephen T. 
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) youth are suggested to be overrepresented in unstable housing and foster care. In the current study, we assess whether LGBTQ youth are overrepresented in unstable housing and foster care and examine disparities in school functioning, substance use, and mental health for LGBTQ youth versus heterosexual youth in unstable housing and foster care.

METHODS:
A total of 895 218 students (10–18 years old) completed the cross-sectional California Healthy Kids Survey from 2013 to 2015. Surveys were administered in 2641 middle and high schools throughout California. Primary outcome measures included school functioning (eg, school climate, absenteeism), substance use, and mental health.

RESULTS:
More youth living in foster care (30.4%) and unstable housing (25.3%) self-identified as LGBTQ than youth in a nationally representative sample (11.2%). Compared with heterosexual youth and youth in stable housing, LGBTQ youth in unstable housing reported poorer school functioning (Bs = −0.10 to 0.40), higher substance use (Bs = 0.26–0.28), and poorer mental health (odds ratios = 0.73–0.80). LGBTQ youth in foster care reported more fights in school (B = 0.16), victimization (B = 0.10), and mental health problems (odds ratios = 0.82–0.73) compared with LGBTQ youth in stable housing and heterosexual youth in foster care.

CONCLUSIONS:
Disparities for LGBTQ youth are exacerbated when they live in foster care or unstable housing. This points to a need for protections for LGBTQ youth in care and care that is affirming of their sexual orientation and gender identity.
Sleep Problems in 2- to 5-Year-Olds With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Other Developmental Delays
Authors: Reynolds Ann M. , Soke Gnakub N. , Sabourin Katherine R. , Hepburn Susan , Katz Terry , Wiggins Lisa D. , Schieve Laura A. , Levy Susan E. 
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND:
Sleep problems can impact daytime behavior, quality of life, and overall health. We compared sleep habits in young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other developmental delays and disorders and in children from the general population (POP).

METHODS:
We included 2- to 5-year-old children whose parent completed all items on the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) in a multisite case-control study: 522 children with ASD; 228 children with other developmental delays and disorders with autism spectrum disorder characteristics (DD w/ASD); 534 children with other developmental delays and disorders without autism spectrum disorder characteristics (DD w/o ASD); and 703 POP. Multivariable analysis of variance compared CSHQ mean total score (TS) and subscale scores between groups. Logistic regression analysis examined group differences by using TS cutoffs of 41 and 48. Analyses were adjusted for covariates.

RESULTS:
Mean CSHQ TS for children in each group: ASD (48.5); DD w/ASD (50.4); DD w/o ASD (44.4); and POP (43.3). Differences between children with ASD and both children with DD w/o ASD and POP were statistically significant. Using a TS cutoff of 48, the proportion of children with sleep problems was significantly higher in children in the ASD group versus DD w/o ASD and POP groups (adjusted odds ratios [95% confidence intervals]: 2.12 [1.57 to 2.87] and 2.37 [1.75 to 3.22], respectively).

CONCLUSIONS:
Sleep problems are more than twice as common in young children with ASD and DD w/ASD. Screening for sleep problems is important in young children to facilitate provision of appropriate interventions.
The Butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) of Fastiv district (Kyiv Region, Ukraine)
Authors: Yepishin V. V. 
Published: February 2019

The results of faunistic research on butterflies carried out at 2011–2018 on the territory of Fastiv District are presented. Thus, 71 species from 50 genera and 6 families are recorded over the years of research. The number of identified species constitutes 56,1% of the fauna of Kyiv Region and 37,2% of the fauna of Ukraine. Three species, Iphiclides podalirius (Linnaeus, 1758), Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758 (family Papilionidae) and Hamearis lucina (Linnaeus, 1758) (family Riodinidae), are included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine. Iphiclides podalirius (Linnaeus, 1758) was abundant and frequently recorded during at the last 2 years; about 10 localities are known for this species. Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758 was found in six localities of Fastiv District and was frequently recorded every year. Hamearis lucina (Linnaeus, 1758) was found at one locality in 2018 only. Twenty eight species from 21 genera (families Hesperiidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae, Lycaenidae and Nymphalidae) are ubiquitous and were found in more than four localities; 22 species from 20 genera (families Hesperiidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae and Nymphalidae) were common and found in 2–4 localities; 21 species from 16 genera (families Hesperiidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae and Nymphalidae) occured very locally and are known from one locality in the studied region. Moreover, three species: Limenitis populi (Linnaeus, 1758), Aglais urticae (Linnaeus, 1758), Nymphalis polychloros (Linnaeus, 1758) (family Nymphalidae) have not been recorded in Fastiv District for last 40 years; these species are known by the matrial from collections of the second half of last century only.