bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of FLOWERING LOCUS C and a frameshift mutation of this gene on chromosome 20 differentiate a summer and winter annual biotype of Camelina sativa
Authors: Anderson James V. , Horvath David P. , Doğramaci Münevver , Dorn Kevin M. , Chao Wun S. , Watkin Erin E. , Hernandez Alvaro G. , Marks M. David , Gesch Russ 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe nature of the vegetative to reproductive transition in the shoot apical meristem of Camelina sativa summer annual cultivar CO46 and winter annual cultivar Joelle was confirmed by treating seedlings with or without 8 weeks of vernalization. True to their life cycle classification, Joelle required a vernalization treatment to induce bolting and flowering, whereas CO46 did not. In this study, whole genome sequence, RNAseq, and resequencing of PCR‐amplified transcripts for a key floral repressor were used to better understand factors involved in the flowering habit of summer and winter biotypes at the molecular level. Analysis of transcriptome data indicated that abundance for one of the three genes encoding the floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC; Csa20 g015400) was 16‐fold greater in Joelle compared to CO46 prior to vernalization. Abundance of this transcript decreased only slightly in CO46 postvernalization, compared to a substantial decrease in Joelle. The results observed in the winter annual biotype Joelle are consistent with repression of FLC by vernalization. Further characterization of FLC at both the genome and transcriptome levels identified a one base deletion in the 5th exon coding for a keratin‐binding domain in chromosome 20 of CO46 and Joelle. The one base deletion detected in chromosome 20 FLC is predicted to result in a frameshift that would produce a nonfunctional protein. Analysis of whole genome sequence indicated that the one base deletion in chromosome 20 FLC occurred at a greater ratio in the summer biotype CO46 (2:1) compared to the winter biotype Joelle (1:4); similar trends were also observed for RNAseq and cDNA transcripts mapping to chromosome 20 FLC of CO46 and Joelle.
Clinical utility of surveillance computed tomography scans in infants with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Newbegin Katy , Pilkington Katie , Shanthikumar Shivanthan , Ranganathan Sarath 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundIn cystic fibrosis (CF), irreversible lung disease arises in early life, and is often asymptomatic and unrecognised. Chest computed tomography (CT) scans have been used to detect asymptomatic lung disease in research; however, the clinical utility of chest CT is unknown. This study aimed to determine the effect of surveillance CT in early life on the clinical management of patients with CF.Working HypothesisSurveillance CT in early life changes the management of patients with CF.MethodsA medical record review of patients in the AREST‐CF cohort who had chest CT at 1 and 3 years of age was performed. Information extracted included CT scan findings and the effect of CT results on clinical management.ResultsThe chest CT scans and records of 50 subjects with CF were reviewed. The majority of CT scans (n = 75; 75%) were abnormal. N = 31 (31%) of scans overall led to a direct change in management. The number of CT scans needed to be performed to lead to a treatment change was 3.2. The majority (n = 18, 58%) of changes in management were prompted by the finding of bronchiectasis.ConclusionTo the authors knowledge, this is the first study to highlight that early life surveillance CT frequently results in changes in clinical management, and hence may have a role beyond research and in routine care. If this can be shown to contribute to improved outcomes (such as reduced rates of bronchiectasis), then, as radiation doses diminish, chest CT could have an important clinical role.
Predicting suspended sediment concentration from nephelometric turbidity in organic‐rich waters
Authors: Bright Christina E. , Mager Sarah M. , Horton Sophie L. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractNephelometric turbidity is an optical index for the side scattering of light caused by fine particles suspended in water. When a mixed composition of suspended inorganic and organic materials, including dissolved organic material, is present, turbidity measurements can be affected by the different optical properties of the organic and inorganic materials present, and different turbidimeters are more or less sensitive to these influences. Two different methods of nephelometric turbidity measurement were assessed (using instruments confirming to two different turbidity standard methods: EPA 180.1 and ISO 7027). We investigated the influence of particulate organic matter and coloured dissolved organic matter on relationships between turbidity and suspended sediment concentration for rivers in diverse Otago catchments, in the South Island of New Zealand. The presence of organic matter and dissolved colour affected turbidity measurement owing to light absorption; however, turbidity measurement following the ISO 7027 standard, which specifies near infrared radiation at wavelengths where organic absorption is very weak, was less affected by organics. As a result, rating equations between suspended sediment and turbidity may be significantly different with ISO 7027 compared with EPA 180.1 methods.
Seasonal movements of shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) in the Altamaha River, Georgia
Authors: Ingram E.C. , Peterson D.L. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractShortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) populations were decimated by a variety of anthropogenic activities throughout much of the 20th century. Understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics of spawning migrations within natal rivers is a critical information gap with regard to habitat protection and ultimately, species recovery. The objectives of this study were to document and describe seasonal movements of shortnose sturgeon in the Altamaha River system, Georgia. Passive acoustic telemetry was used to monitor the movements of 40 adult individuals from April 2011 through February 2014. Telemetry data revealed that during much of the year, the adults resided within the tidally influenced portion of the river, with most detections occurring near the freshwater–saltwater interface. Upstream movements to potential spawning habitat occurred during winter and early spring, and most fish returned to the lower estuary by April. Upstream migrations appeared to be triggered by environmental cues and were initiated when mean weekly temperatures in the lower Altamaha River were 11.6–16.9 °C. Unlike spawning migrations documented in northern rivers, the pattern of movement observed in this study was a single‐step migration without an apparent resting or staging period. Upstream migrations during nonspawning months were also observed and appeared to correspond with increasing discharge, which potentially resulted in increased channel navigability and habitat availability in nondrought years. This study further illustrates the clinal variations in life history typical of the species and may have important implications on river‐specific strategies for species recovery.
On the Effect of Environmental Exposure on Dwell Fatigue Performance of a Fine-Grained Nickel-Based Superalloy
Authors: Pedrazzini S. , Child D. J. , Aarholt T. , Ball C. , Dowd M. , Girling A. , Cockings H. , Perkins K. , Hardy M. C. , Stone H. J. , Bagot P. A. J. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The influence of sulfur contamination on the corrosion-fatigue behavior of a polycrystalline superalloy used in aero-engines is considered. Samples tested under a variety of environmental conditions (including exposures to air, SO
x
gas, and salt) are characterized through a suite of high-resolution characterization methods, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (nanoSIMS), and atom probe tomography (APT). The primary effect of sulfur contamination is to accelerate the crack growth rate by altering the failure mechanism. The SIMS and TEM analyses indicate Cr-Ti sulfide particle formation at grain boundaries ahead of and around oxidized cracks. The APT analysis suggests that these particles then oxidize as the crack propagates and are enveloped in chromia. The chromia is surrounded by a continuous layer of alumina within the cracks. All of the sulfur detected was confined within the particles, with no elemental segregation found at grain boundaries.
In Situ Characterization at Elevated Temperatures of a New Ni-Based Superalloy VDM-780 Premium
Authors: Solís C. , Munke J. , Bergner M. , Kriele A. , Mühlbauer M. J. , Cheptiakov D. V. , Gehrmann B. , Rösler J. , Gilles R. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
A new Ni-base superalloy VDM-780 Premium was developed for higher service temperatures (above 650 °C), keeping the good processing characteristics of alloy 718. This article presents, for the first time, the morphology and the microstructure characterization of this newly developed superalloy VDM-780 by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and neutron and X-ray diffraction (XRD), after three different aging treatments performed for setting up different microstructures. Results show the presence of the γ-matrix, γ′-hardening phase, and a high-temperature phase whose structure is compatible with δ and η phases but whose exact crystal structure or the possibility of two different high-temperature phases still remains open. Rietveld refinements have allowed phase identification, determination of the lattice constants, and the weight fractions of constituting phases and shown that the presence of the different phases, amount, and morphology highly depend on the aging treatments. No traces of the γ″ phase are observed regardless of the heat treatment. In situ neutron diffraction (ND) studies at high temperature have allowed the determination of the solvus temperatures of the different phases present in each material after the corresponding aging treatment as well as the study of the evolution of their lattice parameters with temperature. The Vickers hardness (HV) of the three different samples was measured, and the results are correlated with the amount and particle size of the γ′-hardening phase of each sample.
Neurobehavioral effects of long‐term maternal fructose intake in rat offspring
Authors: Erbas Oytun , Erdogan Mümin Alper , Khalilnezhad Asghar , Gürkan Fulya Tuzcu , Yiğittürk Gürkan , Meral Ayfer , Taskiran Dilek 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have indicated an association between maternal metabolic conditions and general developmental disturbances of the offspring.ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the influence of long‐term maternal fructose intake during gestation and lactation on neurobehavioral development of rat offspring.MethodsTwelve female Sprague Dawley rats were received either 30% fructose enriched water (n = 6) or regular tap water (control, n = 6) for 12 weeks. Then, control and fructose‐received females were caged with a fertile male, and received 30% fructose and regular chow throughout pregnancy, delivery and until offspring's weaning. On P21, forty littermates (10 male control, 10 female control, 10 male fructose and 10 female fructose) were separated and housed with ad libitum access to standard food and tap water. Following behavioral evaluations at P50, brain levels of TNF‐α, neuregulin 1 (NRG1), glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67), nerve growth factor (NGF), insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1), and 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA) were measured. Histologically, hippocampal neuronal density and GFAP expression were assessed.ResultsAnalysis of the behavioral tests (three‐chamber social test, open field test, passive avoidance learning test and stereotypy test) revealed significant differences among the groups. Histologically, hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions displayed significant alterations such as gliosis and neuronal cell death in fructose‐exposed groups compare to controls. Biochemical measurements of the brain levels of TNF‐α and neurodevelopmental markers showed significant differences between controls and fructose‐exposed groups.ConclusionThese results suggest a possible link between the chronic maternal metabolic stress, such as long‐term fructose intake, and neurodevelopmental disturbances in the offspring.
Sex differences in functional and molecular neuroimaging biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in cognitively normal older adults with subjective memory complaints
Authors: Cavedo Enrica , Chiesa Patrizia A. , Houot Marion , Ferretti Maria Teresa , Grothe Michel J. , Teipel Stefan J. , Lista Simone , Habert Marie‐Odile , Potier Marie‐Claude , Dubois Bruno , Hampel Harald ,   for the INSIGHT‐preAD Study Group,   the Alzheimer Precision Medicine Initiative (APMI)
Published: July 2018

AbstractIntroductionObservational multimodal neuroimaging studies indicate sex differences in Alzheimer's disease pathophysiological markers.MethodsPositron emission tomography brain amyloid load, neurodegeneration (hippocampus and basal forebrain volumes adjusted to total intracranial volume, cortical thickness, and 2‐deoxy‐2‐[fluorine‐18]fluoro‐D‐glucose–positron emission tomography metabolism), and brain resting‐state functional connectivity were analyzed in 318 cognitively intact older adults from the INSIGHT‐preAD cohort (female n = 201, male n = 117). A linear mixed‐effects model was performed to investigate sex effects and sex∗apolipoprotein E genotype interaction on each marker as well as sex∗amyloid group interaction for non‐amyloid markers.ResultsMen compared with women showed higher anterior cingulate cortex amyloid load (P = .009), glucose hypometabolism in the precuneus (P = .027), posterior cingulate (P < .001) and inferior parietal (P = .043) cortices, and lower resting‐state functional connectivity in the default mode network (P = .024). No brain volumetric markers showed differences between men and women. Sex∗apolipoprotein E genotype and sex∗amyloid status interactions were not significant.DiscussionOur findings suggest that cognitively intact older men compared with women have higher resilience to pathophysiological processes of Alzheimer's disease.
Provenance and geochemical variations across the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition in the Soltanieh Formation, Alborz Mountains, Iran
Authors: ETEMAD-SAEED NAJMEH , NAJAFI MAHDI 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe Soltanieh Formation in the Alborz Mountains of northern Iran is not only a key lithostratigraphic unit for reconstruction of the Iranian geological history, but also a globally outstanding succession to reveal variations in seawater composition across the Precambrian–Cambrian (PC–C) transition. Mineralogical and geochemical data from a continuous stratigraphic record of Lower and Upper Shale members of the Soltanieh Formation are used to define their provenance, tectonic setting as well as geochemical variations during the PC–C transition. The Soltanieh mudrocks are composed of quartz and plagioclase, with minor constituents of illite, chlorite and montmorillonite. The chemical index of alteration, A-CN-K (Al2O3– CaO + Na2O – K2O) relations, index of compositional variability, and Th/Sc versus Zr/Sc ratios indicate low chemical weathering in source areas, compositionally immature and first-cycle sediments. Immobile trace-element ratios and discrimination diagrams, chondrite-normalized rare Earth element (REE) patterns and negative Eu anomaly, along with low total REE abundances and negligible Ce anomalies, demonstrate that the Soltanieh Formation was mainly derived from proximal felsic-intermediate Cadomian magmatic arc sources and deposited in a continental-arc-related basin on the proto-Tethyan active margin of Gondwana. The palaeoredox indicators exhibit a remarkable change in environmental condition from a suboxic to an oxic state across the PC–C transition from the Kahar Formation to the Upper Shale Member of the Soltanieh Formation. Moreover, a significant upwards increase of P, Ba, and Ca is likely associated with enhanced fluxes of nutrient elements during the PC–C transition, coeval with the building of collisional mountain belts during the amalgamation of Gondwana.
Process-Tracing Research Designs: A Practical Guide
Authors: Ricks Jacob I. , Liu Amy H. 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTProcess-tracing has grown in popularity among qualitative researchers. However, unlike statistical models and estimators—or even other topics in qualitative methods—process-tracing is largely bereft of guidelines, especially when it comes to teaching. We address this shortcoming by providing a step-by-step checklist for developing a research design to use process-tracing as a valid and substantial tool for hypothesis testing. This practical guide should be of interest for both research application and instructional purposes. An online appendix containing multiple examples facilitates teaching of the method.
Natural and Anthropogenic Controls on Wood Loads in River Corridors of the Rocky, Cascade, and Olympic Mountains, USA
Authors: Scott Daniel N. , Wohl Ellen E. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWood in rivers creates habitat, shapes the morphology of valley bottoms, and acts as a pool of organic carbon (OC). Effective riverine wood management depends on a robust understanding of the spatial distribution of wood throughout river networks. This motivates the analysis of wood load in relation to both reach‐ and basin‐scale processes. We present wood load data coupled with precipitation, forest stand characteristic, land use, and geomorphic data across four basins in the Rocky, Cascade, and Olympic Mountains of the western U.S. We compare basins with differing land use within the same climatic region and basins in differing climates and statistically model intrabasin wood load variability. Wood load is a function of metrics that generally describe river corridor spatial heterogeneity, metrics that describe wood storage patterns, and, at a broader scale, metrics that relate to wood supply. From this, we generate a conceptual model to describe controls on wood load across spatial scales. We use this model to propose that spatial heterogeneity and wood storage pattern together determine reach‐scale wood trapping efficiency. Trapping efficiency in turn regulates how wood supply to valley bottoms determines wood load. We also find that wood in an undisturbed basin stores significant amounts of OC and that wood load restoration has the potential to restore significant amounts of OC to valley bottoms. This conceptual model of wood load controls may serve as a framework to guide wood load modeling and restoration at multiple scales.
Self‐Potential as a Predictor of Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Groundwater Boreholes
Authors: Graham M. T. , MacAllister DJ. , Vinogradov J. , Jackson M. D. , Butler A. P. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMonitoring of self‐potentials (SPs) in the Chalk of England has shown that a consistent electrical potential gradient exists within a coastal groundwater borehole previously affected by seawater intrusion (SI) and that this gradient is absent in boreholes further inland. Furthermore, a small but characteristic reduction in this gradient was observed several days prior to SI occurring. We present results from a combined hydrodynamic and electrodynamic model, which matches the observed phenomena for the first time and sheds light on the source mechanisms for the spatial and temporal distribution of SP. The model predictions are highly sensitive to the relative contribution of electrochemical exclusion and diffusion potentials, the exclusion efficiency, in different rock strata. Geoelectric heterogeneity, largely due to marls and hardgrounds with a relatively high exclusion efficiency, was the key factor in controlling the magnitude of the modeled SP gradient ahead of the saline front and its evolution prior to breakthrough. The model results suggest that, where sufficient geoelectric heterogeneity exists, borehole SP may be used as an early warning mechanism for SI.
Radiations effects in ISG glass: from structural changes to long-term aqueous behavior
Authors: Peuget Sylvain , Tribet Magaly , Mougnaud Sarah , Miro Sandrine , Jégou Christophe 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe aim of the studies about the stability of nuclear glasses is to predict as accurately as possible their behavior over geological timescale. It requires the development of experimental methods to accelerate their irradiation and leaching ageing. This study focuses on the International Simple Glass behavior under irradiation by evaluating its structural and macroscopic property evolutions, and also its long-term chemical durability. Two irradiation ageing scenarios are considered: an alpha self-irradiation of a 244Cm-doped-ISG glass and an external irradiation with few MeV gold ions of non-radioactive ISG glass coupons. The results obtained from the Raman spectroscopy, density, and hardness measurements led to the conclusion that ballistic effects from the recoil nuclei are responsible of the changes with dose observed under alpha self-irradiation and that the ISG glass is a good surrogate of the French nuclear SON68 complex glass under such irradiation conditions. The assessment of the structural evolution with dose of this glass reinforces the mechanistic concepts about the glass response under alpha self-irradiation damage, where the glass response to a recoil nucleus event is the result of a very fast quenching of the damaged zone in the displacement cascade. Furthermore, the irradiation damage induced by gold ions does not fully mimic the 244Cm-doped glass evolution with nuclear dose, since the results of this simulation method overestimates the amplitude of the irradiation damage in the glass because the effects of the alpha particle are not included. Finally, this study demonstrates that the ISG glass water alteration at high-reaction progress is impacted by the glass damage, which indicates that the long-term glass chemical durability will depend on the glass structure when water arrives in contact.
Extracting the Energy Sensitivity of Charge Carrier Transport and Scattering
Authors: Tang Shuang 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIt is a challenge to extract the energy sensitivity of charge carriers’ transport and scattering from experimental data, although a theoretical estimation in which the existing scattering mechanism(s) are preliminarily assumed can be easily done. To tackle this problem, we have developed a method to experimentally determine the energy sensitivities, which can then serve as an important statistical measurement to further understand the collective behaviors of multi-carrier transport systems. This method is validated using a graphene system at different temperatures. Further, we demonstrate the application of this method to other two-dimensional (2D) materials as a guide for future experimental work on the optimization of materials performance for electronic components, Peltier coolers, thermoelectricity generators, thermocouples, thermopiles, electrical converters and other conductivity and/or Seebeck-effect-related sensors.