bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Lumped Bubble Capacitance Model Controlled by Matrix Structure to Describe Layered Biogenic Gas Bubble Storage in Shallow Subtropical Peat
Authors: Chen Xi , Comas Xavier , Binley Andrew , Slater Lee 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMethane (CH4) accumulates in the gaseous phase in peat soils, being released to the atmosphere at rates higher than those for diffusion and plant‐mediated pathways. An understanding of the mechanisms regulating gas bubble storage in peat remains incomplete. We developed a layered capacitance model to compare the bubble storage ability of peat over different depths. A peat monolith (0.395 m × 0.243 m × 0.247 m) was collected from the U.S. Everglades and kept submerged for 102 days from a condition of minimum bubble storage to bubble saturation. Time‐lapse electromagnetic wave velocity and power spectrum data were used to estimate changes in both gas content and relative average dimensions of stored bubbles with depth. Bubble capacitance, defined as the increase in volumetric gas content (m3 m−3) divided by the corresponding pressure (Pa), ranges from 3.3 × 10−4 to 6.8 × 10−4 m3 m−3 Pa−1, with a maximum at 5.5 cm depth Bubbles in this hotspot were larger relative to those in deeper layers, while the decomposition degree of the upper layers was generally smaller than that of the lower layers. X‐ray computed tomography on peat sections identified a specific depth with a low void ratio, and likely regulating bubble storage. Our results suggest that bubble capacitance is related to (1) the difference in size between bubbles and peat pores, and (2) the void ratio. Our work suggests that changes in bubble size associated with variations in water level driven by climate change will modify bubble storage in peat soils.
Rotating network jets in the quiet Sun as observed by IRIS
Authors: Kayshap P. , Murawski K. , Srivastava A. K. , Dwivedi B. N. 
Published: May 2018

Aims. We perform a detailed observational analysis of network jets to understand their kinematics, rotational motion, and underlying triggering mechanism(s). We analyzed the quiet-Sun (QS) data.
Methods. IRIS high-resolution imaging and spectral observations (slit-jaw images: Si IV 1400.0 Å; raster: Si IV 1393.75 Å) were used to analyze the omnipresent rotating network jets in the transition region (TR). In addition, we also used observations from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board the Solar Dynamic Observation (SDO).
Results. The statistical analysis of 51 network jets is performed to understand their various mean properties, e.g., apparent speed (140.16 ± 39.41 km s−1), length (3.16 ± 1.18 Mm), and lifetimes (105.49 ± 51.75 s). The Si IV 1393.75 Å line has a secondary component along with its main Gaussian, which is formed due to the high-speed plasma flows (i.e., network jets). The variation in Doppler velocity across these jets (i.e., blueshift on one edge and redshift on the other) signify the presence of inherited rotational motion. The statistical analysis predicts that the mean rotational velocity (i.e., ΔV) is 49.56 km s−1. The network jets have high-angular velocity in comparison to the other class of solar jets.
Conclusions. The signature of network jets is inherited in TR spectral lines in terms of the secondary component of the Si IV 1393.75 Å line. The rotational motion of network jets is omnipresent, which is reported first for this class of jet-like features. The magnetic reconnection seems to be the most favorable mechanism for the formation of these network jets.
Das Kostenerstattungsverfahren – eine psychotherapeutische
Parallelwelt?
Authors: Liebner Matthias 
Published: May 2018

Zusammenfassung
Zielsetzung: Die extrabudgetären Ausgaben der Krankenkassen für
Psychotherapie im Kostenerstattungsverfahren steigen stetig an, immer neue
Kostenerstattungspraxen tauchen in der Versorgungslandschaft wegen fehlender
alternativer Betätigungsfelder für frisch approbierte Psychotherapeuten auf. Es
stellt sich daher die Frage, nach welchen Gesetzmäßigkeiten dieser neue Markt
funktioniert, und ob mit dem steigenden Angebot tatsächlich nur eine
Versorgungslücke geschlossen oder auch die Nachfrage nach Psychotherapie
verstärkt wird.
Methodik: Der Beitrag basiert auf einer selektiven Literaturrecherche in
medline/Pubmed unter Einbeziehung von Expertenmeinungen, Erfahrungen aus der
Tätigkeit in einer Vertragspsychotherapiepraxis, kollegialem Austausch mit
Kostenerstattungstherapeuten sowie Erfahrungsberichten von Patienten.
Ergebnisse: Die Zunahme von in der Kostenerstattung ar beitenden
Psychotherapeuten führt bei gleichbleibender Realprävalenz an
behandlungsbedürftigen psychischen Störungen zu einer angebotsinduzierten
Nachfrageerweiterung. Folglich werden auch leichte Störungsbilder zunehmend als
behandlungsbedürftig eingestuft, da der Therapeut in einen Interessenkonflikt
zwischen therapeutischen und ökonomischen Erwägungen gerät.
Gesundheitsökonomisch resultiert daraus eine Steigerung der Ausgaben für
ambulante Psychotherapie. Damit einhergehend nehmen eigentlich vermeidbare
unerwünschte Effekte von Psychotherapie zu, problematisch ist ebenfalls die
fehlende Qualitätssicherung der durchgeführten Psychotherapien.
Schlussfolgerung: Die Möglichkeiten der Vermittlung von
Psychotherapieplätzen durch die Terminservicestellen der Kassenärztlichen
Vereinigung (KV) sollten konsequent genutzt werden, um einer Fehlversorgung in
der ambulanten Psychotherapie entgegenzuwirken. Der Nachweis eines
Systemversagens über eine Absageliste muss als obsolet betrachtet werden. Die
Indikation für die dringliche Notwendigkeit einer Psychotherapie sollte in der
von der KV angebotenen psychotherapeutischen Sprechstunde gestellt werden.
Arzneimittelversorgung im Krankenhaus – Aktuelle und
zukünftige Gestaltungsoptionen des internen Arzneimittel Supply Chain
Managements im Krankenhaus
Authors: Kriegel Johannes , Weigl Alexander , Straßl Nicole , Rissbacher Clemens 
Published: May 2018

Zusammenfassung
Zielsetzung Die stationäre Gesundheitsversorgung wird geprägt durch eine
komplexe, arbeitsteilige und fragmentierte Leistungserbringung, die durch eine
Vielzahl an unterschiedlichen Abteilungen, Fachdisziplinen sowie Professionen
erbracht wird. Ein Kernelement dieser stationären Gesundheitsversorgung ist die
Arzneimittelversorgung und -therapie. Es stellt sich die Frage: Wie müssen die
bestehende und zukünftige Ausgestaltung (d. h. Ziele, Strukturen, Prozesse und
Ergebnisse) der inhouse Arzneimittelversorgung zur Verbesserung
derVersorgungssicherheit und Versorgungsqualität am Point of Care in
Krankenhäusern ausgeprägt sein?
Methodik Mittels einer semi-strukturierten Literaturrecherche sowie einer
Online-Umfrage unter Krankenhausapothekenleitungen in Deutschland, Österreich
und Schweiz (N = 412; n = 61, rr = 14,8 %) wurden die unterschiedlichen
Zielsetzungen, Herausforderungen und Lösungsansätze der inhouse
Arzneimittelversorgung im Krankenhauswesen aus der Perspektive der
Krankenhausapothekenleitungen erhoben und analysiert.
Ergebnisse Es wurde deutlich, dass neben branchenübergreifenden Trends der
Logistik und Beschaffung, wie beispielsweise Einkaufsgemeinschaften,
automatisierter Transport, Umschlag und Lagerung, verstärkt die Kommunikation
und Interaktion zwischen Health Professionals und Apotheke und das damit
verbundene Vertrauensverhältnis entscheidend für die Versorgungssicherheit und
-qualität in der Patientenversorgung sind. Ferner kommen zusehends die
wissensbasierten Unterstützungsdienstleistungen der Krankenhausapotheke in der
internen Arzneimittelversorgung im Krankenhaus zum Tragen.
Schlussfolgerungen Ausgehend von den identifizieren Zielsetzungen,
Herausforderungen und Lösungsansätzen sowie den damit verbundenen
Handlungsbedarfen, ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit einer transparenten und
zielgerichteten inhouse Arzneimittelversorgung im Krankenhaus sowie einer
übergreifenden Kommunikation zwischen den beteiligten Akteuren entlang der
geglätteten Versorgungsprozesse.
Demography is destiny … or not
Authors: Harper Sarah 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that population change plays a key role in our political systems, economies, and societies at the local, national, regional, and global level. ‘Demography is destiny … or not’ explains that demography has at its core the notion of drivers of population change—mortality, fertility, and migration—and how these then interact to change populations. Contemporary demography is divided into three separate areas of study: the characteristics of past or current populations, with regard to their size and make-up; the different demographic drivers that directly influence this composition, primarily fertility, mortality, and migration; and the relationship between these static characteristics and dynamic processes and the social, economic, and cultural environments within which they interact.
The drivers
Authors: Harper Sarah 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The size, growth, density, distribution, and age structure or composition of a population is broadly dependent on three drivers: fertility (numbers of births), mortality (number of deaths), and migration (number of moves in and out of that population). ‘The drivers’ explores the ideas behind our understanding of these drivers on which most demographic analysis is focused. It explains that the main measures of fertility in a population are the Crude Birth Rate and the Total Fertility Rate. The main measures of mortality are the Crude Death Rate and life expectancy. Migration is different in that while mortality and fertility are typically studied within a closed population, migration introduces the notion of an open population.
A demographer’s toolbox
Authors: Harper Sarah 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
‘A demographer’s toolbox’ looks at the tools, models, methods, assumptions, and uncertainties within the practice of demography. Demographers need to know that they are really finding out the things they want to know and that their methods and sources of data are robust and are accurately answering their questions. There are four main sources of demographic data: census, registration records, surveys, and ethnographic material. The 1980s and 1990s saw an increasingly sophisticated adoption of mathematical models, needed to cope with the growing availability of demographic data. The arrival of modern computing methods also transformed the power of demographic analysis. Recently, probability, competing risks, hazard functions, and bio-markers have been added to the demographer’s toolbox.
Population pyramids and projections
Authors: Harper Sarah 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
‘Population pyramids and projections’ describes a key concept within demography—the population pyramid. The age pyramid represents the distribution of a population by age and sex. It comprises a pair of bar graphs joined in the centre and traditionally resembling an Egyptian pyramid. The vertical axis records age, with young at the base and old at the top, and the bars coming off the axis to the right represent females and to the left males. The demographic behaviour of individuals is affected by their age, the time period in which they are living, and their shared cohort experience. Different methods of population projections to foresee population futures are also outlined.
Crusaders and conspirators
Authors: Townshend Charles 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Who becomes a terrorist? It depends on the circumstances. Terrorist organizations differ markedly in how they recruit their members. The revolutionary kind requires fanatics, ideologues, and dreamers; while the nationalist kind may be so embedded in their communities that enlistment resembles a rite of passage. ‘Crusaders and conspirators’ considers whether the idea that one person’s terrorist is another’s freedom fighter is true. Can it help us understand the nature of terrorism? Can terrorism ever succeed? Since the 1970s, terrorism has taken on an international dimension and, more recently, there is the threat of weapons of mass destruction falling into the hands of terrorists; as well as the potential of cyberterror.
Plastid Genome Degradation in the Endangered, Mycoheterotrophic, North American Orchid Hexalectris warnockii
Authors: Barrett Craig F , Kennedy Aaron H 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Heterotrophic plants provide evolutionarily independent, natural experiments in the genomic consequences of radically altered nutritional regimes. Here, we have sequenced and annotated the plastid genome of the endangered mycoheterotrophic orchid Hexalectris warnockii. This orchid bears a plastid genome that is ∼80% the total length of the leafy, photosynthetic Phalaenopsis, and contains just over half the number of putatively functional genes of the latter. The plastid genome of H. warnockii bears pseudogenes and has experienced losses of genes encoding proteins directly (e.g., psa/psb, rbcL) and indirectly involved in photosynthesis (atp genes), suggesting it has progressed beyond the initial stages of plastome degradation, based on previous models of plastid genome evolution. Several dispersed and tandem repeats were detected, that are potentially useful as conservation genetic markers. In addition, a 29-kb inversion and a significant contraction of the inverted repeat boundaries are observed in this plastome. The Hexalectris warnockii plastid genome adds to a growing body of data useful in refining evolutionary models in parasites, and provides a resource for conservation studies in these endangered orchids.
I-CoPE: A pilot study of structured supportive care delivery to people with newly diagnosed high-grade glioma and their carers
Authors: Philip Jennifer , Collins Anna , Staker Jane , Murphy Michael 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Background
There is limited evidence to guide best approaches to supportive care delivery to patients with high-grade glioma. I-CoPE (Information, Coordination, Preparation and Emotional) is a structured supportive care approach for people with newly diagnosed high-grade glioma and their family carers. Delivered by a cancer care coordinator, I-CoPE consists of (1) staged information, (2) regular screening for needs, (3) communication and coordination, and (4) family carer engagement. This pilot study tested acceptability and preliminary effectiveness of I-CoPE, delivered over 3 transitions in the illness course, for people newly diagnosed with high-grade glioma and their carers.

Methods
I-CoPE was delivered at the identified transition times (at diagnosis, following the diagnostic hospitalization, following radiotherapy), with associated data collection (enrollment, 2 weeks, 12 weeks). Outcomes of interest included: acceptability/feasibility (primary); quality of life; needs for support; disease-related information needs; and carer preparedness to care (secondary). Descriptive statistics were used to assess acceptability outcomes, while patient and carer outcomes were assessed using repeated measures ANOVA.

Results
Thirty-two patients (53% male, mean age 60) and 31 carers (42% male) participated. I-CoPE was highly acceptable: 86% of eligible patients enrolled, and of these 88% completed the study. Following I-CoPE patients and carers reported fewer information needs (P < .001), while carers reported fewer unmet supportive care needs (P < .01) and increased preparedness to care (P = .04). Quality of life did not significantly change.

Conclusion
A model of supportive care delivered based upon illness transitions is feasible, acceptable, and suggests preliminary efficacy in some areas. Formal randomized studies are now required.
Management Practices for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia by Adult Infectious Diseases Physicians
Authors: Banniettis Natalie , Beekmann Susan E , Polgreen Philip M , Kaushik Shubhi , Kohlhoff Stephan , Gilbert David , Bennett John E , Hammerschlag Margaret R 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
To assess current use of vancomycin for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, we surveyed adult infectious disease physicians. Most respondents reported personal experience with infections failing to respond to vancomycin despite minimum inhibitory concentration data indicating susceptibility. In a hypothetical case of such an infection, most would change to daptomycin with or without other agents.
Public Monuments and the Monogrammatic Display of Authority in the Post-Roman World
Authors: Garipzanov Ildar 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the monogrammatic display of authority in public buildings, and churches in particular—a practice that was established in the sixth century—and sets the three most influential architectural examples of that tradition in Constantinople within their contemporary Byzantine political and cultural contexts, namely St Polyeuktos, Sts Sergius and Bacchus, and Hagia Sophia. The final section of this chapter examines the continued use of personal monograms on capitals, chancel screens, and mosaics by early Byzantine emperors, as well as the appropriation of that imperial practice by early medieval ecclesiastical hierarchs in various parts of the post-Roman world—such as Constantinople and several cities in Asia Minor, Tomis in Romania, Zvart’nots in Armenia, Rome and Ravenna in Italy, as well as Grado, Porec, and Solin in the North Adriatic.
Monogrammatic Culture in Pre-Carolingian Europe
Authors: Garipzanov Ildar 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This chapter first examines various material media manifesting the use of monograms as signs of authority for early medieval kings and bishops and as visual tokens of social status for sixth- and seventh-century elites. It also surveys the functional usage of invocational cruciform devices, christograms, and the sign of the cross on material artefacts and manuscripts, both in the Christian East and the Latin West. The final section analyses the impact of late antique monogrammatic culture on the evolving early medieval discourse on the extralinguistic qualities of letters and the symbolic significance of their visual characteristics and on the appearance of monogrammatic lettering in Latin manuscripts. It also examines the importance of this cultural tradition for the origins of ‘monogrammatic initials’—initials that were composed of several letters combined in the manner of a monogram—a new visual phenomenon characteristic of early medieval graphicacy.
Subtle Syntactic Cues Affect Intuitions about Knowledge
Authors: Horne Zachary , Cimpian Andrei 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
To investigate the nature and limits of knowledge, epistemologists often consult intuitions about whether people can be said to have knowledge or, alternatively, to know particular propositions. This chapter identifies a problem with this method. Although the intuitions elicited via statements about “knowledge” and “knowing” are treated as interchangeable sources of evidence, these intuitions actually differ. Building on prior psychological evidence, the chapter hypothesizes that the epistemic state denoted by the noun “knowledge” is viewed as stronger (e.g. more certain, more reliable) than the epistemic state denoted by the verb “know.” This hypothesis was supported by the results of six studies that used a variety of methodologies and data sources (e.g. philosophical texts, naive participants’ intuitions). This research has significant implications for epistemology: The syntactic structure of the linguistic examples offered as evidence for epistemological claims may influence the extent to which these examples provide intuitive support for the relevant claim.
The Ordinary Concept of Knowledge-How
Authors: Gonnerman Chad , Mortensen Kaija , Robbins Jacob 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Some epistemologists appear to maintain that the folk can serve as a source of dialectical advantage in debates between intellectualists and anti-intellectualists about knowledge-how. The common assumption seems to be that the philosophical account that best accords with the folk concept has a dialectical advantage over its competitors such that it ought to enjoy a strong (though defeasible) presumption in its favor. Work in experimental philosophy on the folk concept has thus far been rather conflicted, with some reporting results suggesting that the concept is intellectualist and others that it is anti-intellectualist. This chapter presents results in line with the claim that the folk concept is an epistemological hybrid, embodying both intellectualist and anti-intellectualist factors.
Radial velocity measurements of an orbiting star around Sgr A*
Authors: Nishiyama Shogo , Saida Hiromi , Takamori Yohsuke , Takahashi Masaaki , Schödel Rainer , Najarro Francisco , Hamano Satoshi , Omiya Masashi , Tamura Motohide , Takahashi Mizuki , Gorin Haruka , Nagatomo Schun , Nagata Tetsuya 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
During the next closest approach of the orbiting star S2/S0-2 to the Galactic supermassive black hole (SMBH), it is estimated that radial velocity (RV) measurements with an uncertainty of a few 10 km s−1 will allow us to detect post-Newtonian effects throughout 2018. To evaluate the best achievable uncertainty in RV and its stability, we carried out near-infrared, high-resolution (R ∼ 20000) spectroscopic monitoring observations of S2 using the Subaru telescope and its near-infrared spectrograph IRCS from 2014 to 2016. Br-γ absorption lines have been detected in the 2015 and 2016 spectra, but have not been clearly detected in the 2014 spectrum. The detected Br-γ absorption lines are used to determine the RVs of S2. The statistical uncertainties are derived using the jackknife analysis, and spectra combined from divided subdata sets. The wavelength calibrations in our three-year monitoring are stable: short-term (hours to days) uncertainties in RVs are ≲ 0.5 km s−1, and the long-term (three years) uncertainty is 1.2 km s−1. We thoroughly analyzed possible sources of systematic uncertainties, such as the incomplete subtraction of OH skylines. The relevant uncertainties are estimated to be less than several km s−1. The final results using the Br-γ line are 877 ± 25 km s−1 in 2015, and 1109 ± 14 km s−1 in 2016. When we use two He i lines at 2.113 μm in addition to Br-γ, the mean RV and its standard error are 1114 km s−1 and 5 km s−1, respectively, in 2016. However, we have found a larger scatter around the expected RV curve with the best-fitting orbiting parameters of S2, implying additional uncertainties not yet considered. The difference between the RVs estimated by Newtonian mechanics and general relativity will reach about 200 km s−1 near the next pericenter passage in 2018. Therefore, in addition to astrometric and spectroscopic data obtained with other telescopes, RV measurements with Subaru in 2018 will form important data sets with which to detect general relativistic effects from the SMBH.
Opioid Knowledge and Prescribing Practices Among Obstetrician-Gynecologists
Authors: Madsen Annetta M. , Stark Lauren M. , Has Phinnara , Emerson Jenna B. , Schulkin Jay , Matteson Kristen A. 
Published: May 2018

(Abstracted from Obstet Gynecol 2018;131:150–157)
It has been estimated that 2 million Americans had a prescription opioid use disorder in 2015. More than half of those reporting prescription opioid misuse obtained the drugs through diversion of prescribed medications.
Association of Hysteroscopic vs Laparoscopic Sterilization With Procedural, Gynecological, and Medical Outcomes
Authors: Bouillon Kim , Bertrand Marion , Bader Georges , Lucot Jean-Philippe , Dray-Spira Rosemary , Zureik Mahmoud 
Published: May 2018

(Abstracted from JAMA 2018;319:375–387)
The main types of female sterilization in developed countries are laparoscopic and hysteroscopic sterilization. Approximately 1 million women worldwide have undergone the hysteroscopic procedure.