bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of IMF By on the Bow Shock: Observation Result
Authors: Wang M. , Lu J. Y. , Kabin K. , Yuan H. Z. , Liu Z.‐Q. , Zhao J. S. , Li G. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn this study we use the bow shock crossings contained in the Space Physics Data Facility database, collected by four spacecraft (IMP 8, Geotail, Magion‐4, and Cluster1) to analyze the effect of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By component on the bow shock position and shape. Although the IMF Bz component is usually considered much more geoeffective than By, we find that the dayside bow shock is more responsive to the eastward component of the IMF than the north‐south one. We believe that the explanation lies in the changes that the Bz component induces on the magnetopause location and shape, which largely compensate the corresponding changes in the dayside bow shock location. In the tail, we find that the bow shock cross section is elongated roughly in the direction perpendicular to the IMF direction, which agrees with earlier modeling studies.
Comparison of Relativistic Microburst Activity Seen by SAMPEX With Ground‐Based Wave Measurements at Halley, Antarctica
Authors: Douma Emma , Rodger Craig J. , Clilverd Mark A. , Hendry Aaron T. , Engebretson Mark J. , Lessard Marc R. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractRelativistic electron microbursts are a known radiation belt particle precipitation phenomenon; however, experimental evidence of their drivers in space have just begun to be observed. Recent modeling efforts have shown that two different wave modes (whistler mode chorus waves and electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves) are capable of causing relativistic microbursts. We use the very low frequency/extremely low frequency Logger Experiment and search coil magnetometer at Halley, Antarctica, to investigate the ground‐based wave activity at the time of the relativistic microbursts observed by the Solar Anomalous Magnetospheric Particle Explorer. We present three case studies of relativistic microburst events, which have one or both of the wave modes present in ground‐based observations at Halley. To extend and solidify our case study results, we conduct superposed epoch analyses of the wave activity present at the time of the relativistic microburst events. Increased very low frequency wave amplitude is present at the time of the relativistic microburst events, identified as whistler mode chorus wave activity. However, there is also an increase in Pc1–Pc2 wave power at the time of the relativistic microburst events, but it is identified as broadband noise and not structured EMIC emissions. We conclude that whistler mode chorus waves are, most likely, the primary drivers of relativistic microbursts. However, case studies confirm the potential of EMIC waves as an occasional driver of relativistic microbursts.
Measurement of Individual H+ and O+ Ion Temperatures in the Topside Ionosphere
Authors: Hsu Chih‐Te , Heelis Roderick A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPlasma temperatures in the ionosphere are associated with both the dynamics and spatial distribution of the neutral and charge particles. During the daytime, temperatures are determined by solar energy inputs and energy exchange between charged and neutral particles. Plasma transport parallel to the magnetic field adds another influence on temperatures through adiabatic processes that are most evident during the nighttime. Previous observations suggest that the topside H+ temperature (TH+) should reside between the O+ temperature (TO+) and the electron temperature (Te), and further calculations confirm the preferential heat transfer from the electrons to H+ in the topside. In this work we implement a more sophisticated analysis procedure to extract individual mass‐dependent ion temperatures from the retarding potential analyzer measurements on the DMSP F15 satellite. The results show that the daytime TH+ is a few hundred degrees higher than TO+ at all longitudes. The nighttime temperature difference between TH+ and TO+ is indicative of mass‐dependent adiabatic heating and cooling processes across the equatorial region. The ion temperatures and measured plasma flows present clear longitudinal variations that are associated with magnetic declination.
Longitudinal Thin Structure of Equatorial Plasma Depletions Coincidently Observed by Swarm Constellation and all‐Sky Imager
Authors: Xiong Chao , Xu Jiyao , Wu Kun , Yuan Wei 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe lower pair satellites of Swarm mission, flying side‐by‐side and separated by 1.4° in longitude (about 150 km), usually observed equatorial plasma depletions (EPDs) showing quite different structures, and sometime even only one satellite observed EPD. In this study, we provided 6‐h continuous observations of EPDs on the night of 23–24 September 2014, from an all‐sky imager located at Fuke (geographic:19.5°N,109.1°E), south of China. From the airglow images the EPDs were found with longitudinal extensions of about 50 km and all tilted from northwest to southeast direction. We further checked the in situ electron density simultaneously measured by the Swarm lower pair satellites and found the differences of Swarm in situ electron densities explained well by the longitudinally thin structure of EPDs observed from the all‐sky imager. During later periods the bifurcation and merging were observed by the airglow images, and it was the first time to report both processes in the evolution of one EPD. The bifurcation was first observed at the higher‐latitude part, and then observed at lower latitudes of EPD. The subbranches generated through bifurcation showed even thinner longitudinal extension of about 20–30 km, and later the subbranches started to merge with each other, forming a really complicated mesh of depleted regions.
Evaluation of NASA GEOS‐ADAS Modeled Diurnal Warming Through Comparisons to SEVIRI and AMSR2 SST Observations
Authors: Gentemann C. L. , Akella S. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAn analysis of the ocean skin Sea Surface Temperature (SST) has been included in the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) ‐ Atmospheric Data Assimilation System (ADAS), Version 5 (GEOS‐ADAS). This analysis is based on the GEOS atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) that simulates near‐surface diurnal warming and cool skin effects. Analysis for the skin SST is performed along with the atmospheric state, including Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite radiance observations as part of the data assimilation system. One month (September, 2015) of GEOS‐ADAS SSTs were compared to collocated satellite Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) SSTs to examine how the GEOS‐ADAS diurnal warming compares to the satellite measured warming. The spatial distribution of warming compares well to the satellite observed distributions. Specific diurnal events are analyzed to examine variability within a single day. The dependence of diurnal warming on wind speed, time of day, and daily average insolation is also examined. Overall the magnitude of GEOS‐ADAS warming is similar to the warming inferred from satellite retrievals, but several weaknesses in the GEOS‐AGCM simulated diurnal warming are identified and directly related back to specific features in the formulation of the diurnal warming model.
An Examination of the Sea Ice Rheology for Seasonal Ice Zones Based on Ice Drift and Thickness Observations
Authors: Toyota Takenobu , Kimura Noriaki 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe validity of the sea ice rheological model formulated by Hibler (1979), which is widely used in present numerical sea ice models, is examined for the Sea of Okhotsk as an example of the seasonal ice zone (SIZ), based on satellite‐derived sea ice velocity, concentration and thickness. Our focus was the formulation of the yield curve, the shape of which can be estimated from ice drift pattern based on the energy equation of deformation, while the strength of the ice cover that determines its magnitude was evaluated using ice concentration and thickness data. Ice drift was obtained with a grid spacing of 37.5 km from the AMSR‐E 89 GHz brightness temperature using a maximum cross‐correlation method. The ice thickness was obtained with a spatial resolution of 100 m from a regression of the PALSAR backscatter coefficients with ice thickness. To assess scale dependence, the ice drift data derived from a coastal radar covering a 70 km range in the southernmost Sea of Okhotsk were similarly analyzed. The results obtained were mostly consistent with Hibler's formulation that was based on the Arctic Ocean on both scales with no dependence on a time scale, and justify the treatment of sea ice as a plastic material, with an elliptical shaped yield curve to some extent. However, it also highlights the difficulty in parameterizing sub‐grid scale ridging in the model because grid scale ice velocities reduce the deformation magnitude by half due to the large variation of the deformation field in the SIZ.
Introduction to Special Section on Oceanic Responses and Feedbacks to Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Zhou Lei , Chen Dake , Karnauskas Kristopher B. , Wang Chunzai , Lei Xiaotu , Wang Wei , Wang Guihua , Han Guijun 
Published: February 2018

AbstractTropical cyclones (TCs) are among the most destructive natural hazards on Earth. The ocean can have dramatic responses to TCs and further imposes significant feedbacks to the atmosphere. A comprehensive understanding of the ocean‐TC interaction is a challenging hindrance for improving the simulation and prediction of TCs and therefore avoidance of human and economic losses. A special section of JGR‐Oceans was thus organized, in order to have a broad summary of latest progress in ocean‐TC interactions. This introduction presents a brief overview of the contributions found in this collection. We hope it can also shed light on recent advance and future challenges in the studies on the oceanic responses and feedbacks to TCs.
Conjugated Polymers for Flexible Energy Harvesting and Storage
Authors: Zhang Zhitao , Liao Meng , Lou Huiqing , Hu Yajie , Sun Xuemei , Peng Huisheng 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSince the discovery of conjugated polymers in the 1970s, they have attracted considerable interest in light of their advantages of having a tunable bandgap, high electroactivity, high flexibility, and good processability compared to inorganic conducting materials. The above combined advantages make them promising for effective energy harvesting and storage, which have been widely studied in recent decades. Herein, the key advancements in the use of conjugated polymers for flexible energy harvesting and storage are reviewed. The synthesis, structure, and properties of conjugated polymers are first summarized. Then, their applications in flexible polymer solar cells, thermoelectric generators, supercapacitors, and lithium‐ion batteries are described. The remaining challenges are then discussed to highlight the future direction in the development of conjugated polymers.
Sulfur Immobilizer by Nanoscale TiO2 Trapper Deposited on Hierarchical Porous Carbon and Graphene for Cathodes of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Shang Xiaonan , Guo Pengqian , Qin Tianfeng , Liu Mengting , Lv Mingzhi , Liu Dequan , He Deyan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractLithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are the promising candidate for future energy storage systems due to their high specific capacities and energy densities. However, shuttle effect of the soluble polysulfides severely affects the cycle stability and thus restricts the application of the batteries. Here, a preparation of the titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles uniformly deposited on hierarchical porous carbon (HPC@TiO2) as an efficient sulfur host is reported. The large specific surface area (1016.5 m2 g−1) and high pore volume of the HPC@TiO2 host can buffer the volume expansion of the loaded sulfur. The HPC@TiO2@S cathode is further wrapped with the TiO2 nanoparticles interspersed graphene sheets (G/TiO2), which can improve the electrical conductivity of the electrode and suppress the dissolution of polysulfides. As a result, polysulfides are well confined in the G/TiO2‐coated HPC@TiO2@S cathode through a synergistic combination of the G/TiO2 coating and the HPC@TiO2 host. The resultant G/TiO2‐coated HPC@TiO2@S cathode with a sulfur loading about 2.4 mg cm−2 delivers a high reversible capacity of ≈919 mAh g−1 after 80 cycles at 0.2 C, and a satisfactory capacity of ≈717 mAh g−1 is retained after 200 cycles at 0.5 C.
Visualizing Photothermal Anisotropy in Black Phosphorus by Total Internal Reflection Pump‐Probe Technique
Authors: Gao Xiao‐Guang , Jiang Wen‐Shuai , Chen Guo‐Xing , Li Xiao‐Kuan , Li De‐Kang , Huang Kai‐Xuan , Xin Wei , Liu Zhi‐Bo , Tian Jian‐Guo 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBlack phosphorus (BP) attracts increasing attention due to its moderate bandgap, high carrier mobility, and striking in‐plane anisotropy. In particular, its high‐extinction coefficient combined with elevated photothermal conversion efficiency and nontoxicity in biological tissues would make BP promising in photothermal therapy. In this study, a new pump‐probe technique for photothermal measurement is developed based on polarization‐dependent absorption of BP under total internal reflection. The photothermal anisotropy of BP is experimentally observed for the first time. The values of photothermal anisotropy reach 2.9, which is stronger than thermal and electrical conductivity anisotropic ratios. The difference in crystal orientations of BP can accurately be distinguished by analyzing the relationship between the polarization of pump light and photothermal signal. Also, it is found that the BP not only exists as heat source yielding changes in refractive index of the photothermal media but also can detect minor photothermal signals as sensing layer. Overall, these findings that BP surface and the media significantly impact the photothermal signal provide not only an accurate way for measuring crystal orientation but also can expand the practical applications of biosensors.
Switching of Giant Lateral Force on Sub‐10 nm Particle Using Phase‐Change Nanoantenna
Authors: Cao Tun , Bao Jiaxin , Mao Libang 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe numerically show that a giant lateral optical force (LOF) acting on sub‐10 nm non‐chiral particles can be obtained using a dipole‐quadrupole (DQ) Fano resonance (FR). This DQ‐FR is excited by an asymmetric plasmonic bowtie nanoantenna array (BNA), which is based on a Au/Ge2Sb2Te5/Au trilayer. The LOF behaves in a direction in which the incident light has neither a spin‐orbit coupling nor any wave propagation. Analytical theory reveals that the LOF originates from the “hotspot” established by the DQ‐FR in the asymmetric BNA. The direction of DQ‐FR induced LOF is reversibly switched with the phase transition of Ge2Sb2Te5, which in turn pushes the achiral nanoparticle sideways in the opposite direction. A photo thermal model is used to study the temporal variation of the temperature of the Ge2Sb2Te5 film to show the potential for transiting the Ge2Sb2Te5 phase. Particularly, the design of hybrid nanostructure integrating a ground metal mirror can excite a strong magnetic resonance, which enhances the DQ‐FR induced LOF and reduces the Brownian motion effect on the nanoparticles. Hence, our scheme leads to a rapid and stable transportation of nanoparticles with radii as small as 10 nm.
Vanadium‐Catalyzed N‐Benzoylation of 2‐Aminopyridines via Oxidative C(CO)−C(CO) Bond Cleavage of 1,2‐Diketones, N→N′ Aroyl Migration and Hydrolysis of 2‐(Diaroylamino)pyridines
Authors: Digwal Chander Singh , Yadav Upasana , Ramya P. V. Sri , Swain Baijayantimala , Kamal Ahmed 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA one‐pot route to synthesize pyridylbenzamides has been developed via vanadium‐catalyzed C(CO)−C(CO) bond cleavage of 1,2‐diketones with 2‐aminopyridines, N→N′ aroyl migration, and hydrolysis of in situ generated 2‐(diaroylamino) pyridines. This method offers a simple, neutral, and practical approach to access various medicinally important pyridylbenzamides under base‐, additive‐ and external oxidant‐free conditions.
Generalized Procrustes analysis of an ontogenetic series of modified crania: Evaluating the technique of modification in the Migration Period of Europe (4th–7th century AD)
Authors: Mayall Peter , Pilbrow Varsha 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe arrival of the Huns into Europe in the fourth century AD increased the occurrence of intentional cranial modification among European nomads. It has been postulated that the Huns used a two‐bandage cranial binding technique to differentiate themselves from surrounding nomadic groups, including those from Georgia. This study examines this hypothesis by comparing Migration Period (4th to 7th century AD) juvenile crania, which retain strong impressions of bindings, with adult modified crania from Hungary and Georgia.Materials and MethodsTwelve surface landmarks and 251 semi‐landmarks were used to study ontogenetic trajectories in 9 juvenile and 16 adult modified skulls from 8 Hungarian sites and 21 adult skulls from two Georgian sites. Generalized Procrustes analysis, linear regression of Procrutes distance on dental age and log centroid size, and warping the principal components (PCs) in shape space helped to identify cranial shape changes.ResultsThe PCs provide significant separation of the juvenile and adult groups from Georgia and Hungary. Variation in modified cranial shape was limited in Hungary compared to Georgia. There was stronger correlation between juvenile and adult modified cranial shape in Hungary than in Georgia. Warping along the first axis reveals the trajectory from marked flattening of the frontal and occipital regions in juveniles to diminished flattening in the same regions in adult crania, corresponding with one binding. Another depression extending from the post‐bregmatic region to the temporal region, similarly strong in juveniles but diminishing in adults, marks the second binding.DiscussionHungarian crania were modified with two bindings with limited shape variation, whereas the Georgian crania had greater variation in shape being also modified with antero‐posterior bindings. The findings from this study alongside contemporary historical sources help to understand the role of intentional cranial modification as a mark of social identity among nomads in the Migration Period of Europe.
A Rapid Method for Simultaneous Analysis of Lignan and γ‐Tocopherol in Sesame Oil by Using Normal‐Phase Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Shi Long‐Kai , Zheng Li , Xiang Yin‐Feng , Liu Rui‐Jie , Chang Ming , Jin Qing‐Zhe , Wang Xing‐Guo 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA novel method for rapid and simultaneous analysis of three lignans and γ‐tocopherol in sesame oil has been established based on a one‐step solvent extraction followed by normal‐phase liquid chromatography. The briefness of the experimental procedure, use of 5 mL of n‐hexane/isopropanol (98:2, v/v) for extraction without any further cleanup process, short analysis time (10 min), and excellent sensitivity and selectivity demonstrated the advantages of this practical and efficient method. All the analytes exhibited satisfactory recoveries ranging from 95.4 to 103.4% at three spiked levels, with the relative SD ranging from 1.1 to 4.4%. The limits of quantitation of this method for four analytes were in the range of 0.3–1.0 μg g−1. The validated method was successfully applied to the coinstantaneous determination of lignan and γ‐tocopherol in five real sesame oil samples. Furthermore, the results of this study were compared with previously reported method and standard method.
2015 American College of Rheumatology Workforce Study
Authors: Bolster Marcy B. , Bass Anne R. , Hausmann Jonathan S. , Deal Chad , Ditmyer Marcia , Greene Kamilah L. , Monrad Seetha U. , Battafarano Daniel F. 
Published: February 2018

ObjectiveGraduate medical education (GME), through fellowship training, plays a critical role in preparing new rheumatologists for our workforce and is an essential component when addressing the gap of excess demand for adult rheumatology care. This study was undertaken to assess the demographic characteristics and employment trends of new entrants entering the rheumatology workforce and the impact this will have on the supply of rheumatologits over the next 15 years.MethodsPrimary and secondary data sources were used to develop an integrated workforce model. Factors specific to new graduates entering the workforce included available and filled fellowship positions, gender shifts, planned work schedules (part‐time or full‐time), practice settings (academic or non‐academic, private practice), and number of international medical graduates (IMGs) anticipating US practice.ResultsIn 2015, there were 113 adult rheumatology programs, with 431 of 468 available positions filled. Using the 215 actual positions available annually in fellowship programs as a starting point, after all factors were applied, the projected clinical full‐time equivalent number entering the workforce each year was 107; this number was affected significantly by gender and generational trends. In addition, 17% of IMGs self‐identified their plan to practice outside the US. Confounding predictions included a large proportion of current rheumatologists planning retirement with substantially reduced patient loads by 2030.ConclusionThe current US adult rheumatology workforce is in jeopardy of accelerated decline at a time when demands on the workforce face tremendous growth. The current GME training structure cannot support the increased demand. Potential strategies to address this gap include innovative mechanisms for GME funding to increase fellowship training positions, incentives for pursuing rheumatology training (e.g., loan repayment programs), and novel means for recruitment of care to underserved areas of the US.
Effect of parathyroidectomy on quality of life and non-specific symptoms in normocalcaemic primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Bannani S , Christou N , Guérin C , Hamy A , Sebag F , Mathonnet M , Guillot P , Caillard C , Blanchard C , Mirallié E 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

Background
Normocalcaemic primary hyperparathyroidism (NcPHPT) is a new clinical entity being diagnosed increasingly among patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). The aim of this study was to evaluate quality of life and non-specific symptoms before and after parathyroidectomy in patients with NcPHPT compared with those with hypercalcaemic mild PHPT (Hc-m-PHPT).

Methods
This was a prospective multicentre study of patients with mild PHPT from four university hospitals. Patients were evaluated before operation, and 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery for quality of life using the SF-36-v2® questionnaire, as well as for 25 non-specific symptoms.

Results
Before operation, the only statistically significant difference between the NcPHPT and Hc-m-PHPT groups was in the mean(s.d.) blood calcium level (2·54 versus 2·73 mmol; P &lt; 0·001). At 1 year after surgery, the blood calcium level had improved significantly in both groups, with no significant difference between them. Quality of life improved significantly in each group compared with its preoperative score, with regard to the physical component summary (P = 0·040 and P = 0·016 respectively), whereas the mental component summary improved significantly in the Hc-m-PHPT group only (P = 0·043). Only two non-specific symptoms improved significantly in the NcPHPT group compared with nine in the Hc-m-PHPT group.

Conclusion
Parathyroidectomy mildly improves quality of life and some non-specific symptoms in patients with NcPHPT.