bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isocyanate crosslinking in two‐component waterborne coatings
Authors: Nabuurs Tijs , Soer Willem‐Jan , Peters Ron 
Published: July 2018

AbstractTwo‐component isocyanate curing films (2C NCO) yield a unique combination of properties, such as excellent mechanical and chemical resistances and very good film formation. For waterborne 2C NCO curing applications, dedicated polyols and polyisocyanates have been developed. Film properties such as drying rate, hardness development and conversion of isocyanate groups were found to depend strongly on the hydroxyl group content of the polyol, and with that the amount of polyisocyanate crosslinker which is added to a formulation. Tack‐free time of a film does not, however, correlate to the conversion of isocyanate groups and, hence, to crosslink density. The crosslink density and chemical resistances increase with hydroxyl group content, although not all chemical resistances increase (coffee resistance) along this trend. This is explained with hydrolysis of isocyanates resulting in more hydrophilic urea links. Due to early vitrification of the curing film, diffusion of crosslinker and, hence, mixing of polyol and crosslinker are impaired. As a result, with increasing hydroxyl group concentration, an increasing part of the crosslinker cannot react with hydroxyl groups and can only undergo hydrolysis. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Prolonged respiratory support of any type impacts outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants
Authors: Zhang Huayan , Dysart Kevin , Kendrick Douglas E. , Li Lei , Das Abhik , Hintz Susan R. , Vohr Betty R. , Stoll Barbara J. , Higgins Rosemary D. , Nelin Leif , Carlton David P. , Walsh Michele C. , Kirpalani Haresh ,   On behalf of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectivesThis study tested the hypothesis that longer duration of any type of respiratory support is associated with an increased rate of death or neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) at 18‐22 months.MethodsRetrospective cohort study using the Generic Database of NICHD Neonatal Research Network from 2006 to 2010. Infants were born at <27 weeks gestational age with birth weights of 401‐1000 g. Respiratory support received during initial hospitalization from birth was characterized as follows: no support, only invasive support, only non‐invasive support or mixed invasive, and non‐invasive support. The primary outcome was death after 24 h of life or NDI at 18‐22 months corrected age.ResultsIn a cohort of 3651 infants, 1494 (40.9%) died or had NDI. Cumulative respiratory support of any type beyond 60 days was associated with the likelihood of death or NDI. Infants who only received invasive support had the highest rate (89.1%), followed by those received mixed support (26.1%). Infants who received only non‐invasive support had the lowest rate (7.7%). When compared to the only non‐invasive support group, both invasive [OR 62.7 (95%CI 25.7, 152.6)] and mixed [OR 6.1 (95%CI 2.6, 14.4)] support groups were significantly more likely to die or have NDI.ConclusionProlonged respiratory support, whether invasive or non‐invasive, is associated with increased odds of a poor outcome. The proportion of infants with a poor outcome increased in a dose dependent manner by two factors: the cumulative duration of respiratory support beyond 60 days, and the extent to which invasive support is provided.
Increased severity of respiratory syncytial virus airway infection due to passive smoke exposure
Authors: Maedel Clemens , Kainz Katharina , Frischer Thomas , Reinweber Matthias , Zacharasiewicz Angela 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectiveAim of this study was to analyze whether children with objectively measured second‐hand cigarette smoke (SHS) exposure suffer from a more severe course of disease when hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).MethodsThis prospective study was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelminen‐Hospital, Vienna, Austria in children aged below 1 year without a history of preceding lung disease and with acute symptoms of LRTI and a positive nasopharyngeal swab for RSV. On admission, urinary cotinine was measured as a marker of recent SHS and clinical severity of LRTI was assessed by oxygen saturation SpO2 and the “admission clinical severity score” (CSSA). Parents/caregivers were asked to complete a customized questionnaire assessing risks for SHS and demographic characteristics.ResultsAfter inclusion of 217 patients, data of 185 patients with a mean (SD) age of 106 days (80) were analyzed. Twenty‐five patients (13.5%) were “cotinine‐positive” (COT+) defined as a urinary cotinine level of ≥7 μg/L. SpO2 on admission was significantly lower in children recently exposed to SHS defined objectively by COT+ (94.8%  ±2.0) in urine on admission compared to children not recently exposed (COT−) (96.8% ±3.0; P < 0.01). Disease severity, assessed via mean clinical severity score on admission (CSSA) for COT+ and COT− was 2.56 and 1.71, respectively (P = 0.03).ConclusionsRecent exposure to SHS was associated with lower O2 saturation and higher clinical severity score, measured by urine cotinine levels in children hospitalized for RSV infection under 1 year of age.
Mutations in voltage‐gated sodium channels from pyrethroid resistant salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)
Authors: Carmona‐Antoñanzas Greta , Helgesen Kari O , Humble Joseph L , Tschesche Claudia , Bakke Marit J , Gamble Louise , Bekaert Michaël , Bassett David I , Horsberg Tor E , Bron James E , Sturm Armin 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDParasitic salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) cause high economic losses in Atlantic salmon farming. Pyrethroids, which block arthropod voltage‐gated sodium channels (Nav1), are used for salmon delousing. However, pyrethroid resistance is common in L. salmonis. The present study characterized Nav1 homologues in L. salmonis in order to identify channel mutations associated to resistance, called kdr (knockdown) mutations.RESULTSGenome scans identified three L. salmonis Nav1 homologues, LsNav1.1, LsNav1.2 and LsNav1.3. Arthropod kdr mutations map to specific Nav1 regions within domains DI‐III, namely segments S5 and S6 and the linker helix connecting S4 and S5. The above channel regions were amplified by RT‐PCR and sequenced in deltamethrin‐susceptible and deltamethrin‐resistant L. salmonis. While LsNav1.1 and LsNav1.2 lacked nucleotide polymorphisms showing association to resistance, LsNav1.3 showed a non‐synonymous mutation in S5 of DII occurring in deltamethrin‐resistant parasites. The mutation is homologous to a previously described kdr mutation (I936V, numbering according to Musca domestica Vssc1) and was present in two pyrethroid‐resistant L. salmonis strains (allele frequencies of 0.800 and 0.357), but absent in two pyrethroid‐susceptible strains.CONCLUSIONSThe present study indicates that a kdr‐mutation in LsNaV 1.3 may contribute to deltamethrin resistance in L. salmonis. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
The effects of quercetin supplementation on metabolic and hormonal parameters as well as plasma concentration and gene expression of resistin in overweight or obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Khorshidi Masoud , Moini Ashraf , Alipoor Elham , Rezvan Neda , Gorgani‐Firuzjaee Sattar , Yaseri Mehdi , Hosseinzadeh‐Attar Mohammad Javad 
Published: July 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of quercetin on metabolic and hormonal parameters as well as plasma concentration and gene expression of resistin in overweight or obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In this randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial, 78 overweight or obese women (25 ≤ BMI ≤ 40 kg/m2, 20–40 years) with PCOS were recruited. Patients were randomized to receive 1,000 mg/day quercetin or placebo for 12 weeks. Resistin plasma concentration and gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, parameters of glucose homeostasis, circulatory testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and sex hormone‐binding globulin, and anthropometries were assessed at baseline and at the end of the study. Following supplementation, quercetin significantly decreased resistin concentration (2.07 ± 0.23 vs. 2.88 ± 0.40 ng/ml, p < 0.001) and mRNA level (0.64 ± 0.58 vs. 1 ± 0.56 fold change, p = 0.008), compared with placebo group. Moreover, testosterone (0.72 ± 0.15 vs. 0.76 ± 0.12 ng/ml, p = 0.001) and LH (8.05 ± 2.88 vs. 8.77 ± 1.99 mIU/ml, p = 0.035) concentrations were significantly lower in quercetin compared with placebo group. Fasting blood glucose (p < 0.001), insulin (p = 0.02), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (p = 0.009) decreased within the quercetin group; however, no significant differences were observed compared with the placebo group (p = 0.074, p = 0.226, p = 0.22, respectively). Quercetin supplementation decreased resistin plasma levels and gene expression, and testosterone and LH concentration in overweight or obese women with PCOS.
Fixed‐time output stabilization and fixed‐time estimation of a chain of integrators
Authors: Lopez‐Ramirez Francisco , Efimov Denis , Polyakov Andrey , Perruquetti Wilfrid 
Published: July 2018

SummaryA solution to the problem of global fixed‐time output stabilization and estimation of a chain of integrators is proposed. A nonlinear scheme comprising a state feedback controller and a dynamic observer are designed to guarantee both fixed‐time estimation and fixed‐time control. Robustness with respect to exogenous disturbances and measurement noises is established, and a parameter optimization algorithm is provided. The performance of the obtained control and estimation algorithms are illustrated by numeric experiments.
Biotic and abiotic determinants of the ascent behaviour of adult Atlantic salmon transiting passable waterfalls
Authors: Lennox Robert J. , Thorstad Eva B. , Diserud Ola H. , Økland Finn , Cooke Steven J. , Aasestad Ingar , Forseth Torbjørn 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe spawning migration of Atlantic salmon has been characterized by tracking salmon carrying electronic tags as they ascend rivers, but still little is known about how natural obstacles such as waterfalls influence migratory behaviour and how such behaviours are mediated by various biotic (e.g., fish size) and abiotic (e.g., discharge, water temperature, and barometric pressure) factors. The Norwegian river Numedalslågen is interrupted by natural waterfalls ranging in height from 2 to 6 m. We tagged 113 Atlantic salmon with radio transmitters in the estuary and used stationary radio telemetry stations to track fish. Ninety‐one salmon were recorded in Numedalslågen, 39 of which remained in the river for spawning. Large salmon moved farther and faster upriver but also delayed longer and had lower daily probability to pass the second waterfall. Delay below and passage probability at the final, largest waterfall was affected by water discharge, wherein passage occurred when discharge was declining. Barometric pressure also influenced daily probability of ascent, albeit in opposite directions for each waterfall. Importantly, we also found that salmon with surgically implanted radio transmitters moved farther upriver on average and delayed less time below one of the waterfalls than those with externally attached transmitters. Although there is variance in timing arising from individual decision‐making, we showed that natural waterfalls delay progress of Atlantic salmon on their spawning migration and that both biotic (i.e., size) and abiotic (i.e., barometric pressure and discharge) factors influenced the salmon's decisions to pass waterfalls that they encounter.
Small‐Scale Biological and Artificial Multidimensional Sensors for 3D Sensing
Authors: Agarwal Kriti , Hwang Sehyun , Bartnik Aaron , Buchele Nicholas , Mishra Avishek , Cho Jeong‐Hyun 
Published: July 2018

AbstractA vast majority of existing sub‐millimeter‐scale sensors have a planar, 2D geometry as a result of conventional top‐down lithographic procedures. However, 2D sensors often suffer from restricted sensing capability, allowing only partial measurements of 3D quantities. Here, nano/microscale sensors with different geometric (1D, 2D, and 3D) configurations are reviewed to introduce their advantages and limitations when sensing changes in quantities in 3D space. This Review categorizes sensors based on their geometric configuration and sensing capabilities. Among the sensors reviewed here, the 3D configuration sensors defined on polyhedral structures are especially advantageous when sensing spatially distributed 3D quantities. The nano‐ and microscale vertex configuration forming polyhedral structures enable full 3D spatial sensing due to orthogonally aligned sensing elements. Particularly, the cubic configuration leveraged in 3D sensors offers an array of diverse applications in the field of biosensing for micro‐organisms and proteins, optical metamaterials for invisibility cloaking, 3D imaging, and low‐power remote sensing of position and angular momentum for use in microbots. Here, various 3D sensors are compared to assess the advantages of their geometry and its impact on sensing mechanisms. 3D biosensors in nature are also explored to provide vital clues for the development of novel 3D sensors.
To What Extent Does Long‐Term Foreign Language Education Help Improve Spoken Second Language Lexical Proficiency?
Authors: Saito Kazuya 
Published: July 2018

The current study examined lexical aspects of second language (L2) speech attainment in the foreign language (FL) classroom setting (i.e., several hours of target language input per week). A total of 72 second‐year university students with 7 years of FL study and no experience abroad participated in the study. Their spontaneous speech was analyzed via a set of lexical measures and then compared to that of experienced, naturalistic Japanese L2 learners of English. According to the results, their lexical proficiency was factored into three dimensions—appropriateness (global, semantic, morphosyntactic accuracy), specificity (frequency, range), and abstractness (concreteness, meaningfulness, imageability, hypernymy). Overall, extensive FL education led many participants’ specificity performance to reach proficiency levels comparable to the baseline group. Approximately half of participants achieved such satisfactory proficiency in abstractness. The participants’ lexical appropriateness demonstrated a great deal of individual variability and was linked to the extent to which they had recently practiced the target language.
The Use of Three‐Dimensional Printing Model in the Training of Choledochoscopy Techniques
Authors: Li Ang , Tang Rui , Rong Zhixia , Zeng Jianping , Xiang Canhong , Yu Lihan , Zhao Wenping , Dong Jiahong 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAimTo evaluate the application value of a three‐dimensional (3D) printing model in the training of choledochoscopy techniques.Materials and methodsImaging data from two patients with biliary dilatation were used to produce two 3D reconstruction models which were subsequently constructed into 3D printing models (No. 1 and No. 2). Four hepatobiliary surgeons evaluated the anatomical accuracy and academic teaching value of the printed models. Twenty resident trainees with no prior experience in any kind of endoscopic techniques were randomly and symmetrically divided into two groups. The training group (A) used the 3D model No. 1 in the learning of biliary tract anatomy and practice techniques of choledochoscopy. The control group (B) got the virtual 3D image of the same model on computer for learning. After 4 weeks, the model No. 2 was used to reassess the trainees’ subjective and objective progress in anatomy familiarity and choledochoscopy manipulations.ResultsAll consulted surgeons agreed that the 3D models realistically reproduced the anatomy of the biliary system. All trainees in group A agreed or strongly agreed that the 3D models provided good anatomical realism, enhanced their experience in the training of choledochoscopy techniques, and aided in their learning of biliary anatomy. With the practice went on, they increased the accuracy and showed a reduction in operation time on the model No. 1. During final examination with model No. 2, the rate of correct anatomical structure identification in training group was significantly higher than group B (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe 3D printed biliary tract model is an excellent teaching tool in the training of choledochoscopy techniques. The 3D model is anatomically realistic and can improve the trainee’s anatomical knowledge and endoscopic skills.
SINGLE- AND MULTI-PIECE MANUSCRIPTS IN EARLY IMPERIAL CHINA: ON THE BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE OF A TERMINOLOGICAL DISTINCTION
Authors: Staack Thies 
Published: July 2018

AbstractReceived and excavated sources from early imperial China employ various terms for pieces of bamboo or wood that served as writing support. In many cases, neither the exact meanings nor diachronic differences in usage of these terms are sufficiently clear. What kinds of concrete objects the terms actually referred to in a certain period accordingly turns out to be quite an intricate question. This article focuses on the termsdu牘 anddie牒, which not only occur most frequently in the sources, but can also be considered as a complementary pair. Investigating differences in form and function that can be gathered from the way the terms are employed in both administrative documents and legal prescriptions of the Qin and Han period (including a newly published Qin ordinance) it argues thatduanddiewere connected to two conceptually different types of manuscripts, namely single- and multi-piece manuscripts. It shows that these two types also entailed differences in how the manuscripts were kept for storage and transport, which were likewise reflected by special terminology. Finally, it proposes that the increasing use of multi-piece manuscripts instead of single-piece ones, especially since the time of Emperor Wu of Han 漢武帝 (r. 141–87b.c.e.), probably had both pragmatic and economic reasons, which fit well into the setting of a gradually consolidating empire with an ever-growing volume of bureaucratic record keeping.
Regression Discontinuity with Multiple Running Variables Allowing Partial Effects
Authors: Choi Jin-young , Lee Myoung-jae 
Published: July 2018

In regression discontinuity (RD), a running variable (or “score”) crossing a cutoff determines a treatment that affects the mean-regression function. This paper generalizes this usual “one-score mean RD” in three ways: (i) considering multiple scores, (ii) allowing partial effects due to each score crossing its own cutoff, not just the full effect with all scores crossing all cutoffs, and (iii) accommodating quantile/mode regressions. This generalization is motivated by (i) many multiple-score RD cases, (ii) the full-effect identification needing the partial effects to be separated, and (iii) informative quantile/mode regression functions. We establish identification for multiple-score RD (MRD), and propose simple estimators that become “local difference in differences” in case of double scores. We also provide an empirical illustration where partial effects exist.
Communication and decision-making regarding children with critical cardiac disease: a systematic review of family preferences
Authors: Neubauer Kathryn , Williams Erin P. , Donohue Pamela K. , Boss Renee D. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractCritical heart disease in the pediatric population is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Research around the most effective communication and decision-making strategies is lacking. This systematic review aims to summarise what is known about parent preference for communication and decision-making in children with critical heart disease. Database searches included key words such as family, pediatric heart disease, communication, and decision-making. A total of 10 studies fit our inclusion criteria: nine were qualitative studies with parent interviews and one study was quantitative with a parent survey. We found three main themes regarding physician–parent communication and decision-making in the context of paediatric heart disease: (1) amount, timing, and content of information provided to parents; (2) helpful physician characteristics and communication styles; and (3) reinforcing the support circle for families.
Code-switching and Loanwords for the Audio Engineer: The flow of terminology from science, to music, to metaphor
Authors: Nelson Nicholas R. 
Published: July 2018

The social and sociological implications of what David Beer calls the ‘precarious double life’ of the recording engineer – a technical professional on one hand, an artistic one on the other – are only recently coming to the fore in scholarship. Bruno Latour’s Actor-Network theory and the Social Construction of Technology theory pioneered by Trevor Pinch, as well as the contributions of Susan Schmidt-Horning and Beer himself, have begun to give us an intellectual framework to examine how social forces shape sound technology and the variegated implications of that shaping.This article examines the case of the ‘bilingualism’ required of the recording engineer. Drawing on primary sources from across the twentieth century, it traces the case of scientific terminology becoming musical terminology, that musical terminology becoming ingrained in consumer culture, and that ingrained, well-understood musical terminology becoming, finally, metaphorical.We trace the case of spectral terminology from Joseph P. Maxfield’s articles explaining electromechanical recording to a general audience in the publicationScientific Americanin the 1930 s, through the application of spectral terminology in advertising during the hi-fi boom of the midcentury, and finally to the metaphorical use of the same terminology in popular music in the last two decades of the century. We show, then, that it is not only the audio engineer, but also their terminology itself that participates in a ‘double life’.
The Multiscale Impacts of Organized Convection in Global 2‐D Cloud‐Resolving Models
Authors: Brenowitz N. D. , Majda A. J. , Yang Q. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis paper studies the mechanisms behind the multiscale organization of tropical moist convection using a trio of cloud‐resolving atmospheric simulations performed in a periodic two‐dimensional 32,000‐km domain. A simulation with interactive surface fluxes and long‐wave radiation over a constant sea surface temperature of 300.15 K produces a planetary‐scale self‐aggregated patch of convection after 80 days of simulation. Fixing the surface fluxes and radiative cooling at a constant value suppresses this planetary‐scale organization. However, increasing the stability at the tropopause by adding stratospheric heating produces a simulation, which generates a planetary‐scale wave after just 30 days. This planetary‐scale wave modulates eastward propagating synoptic‐scale waves, which in turn modulate westward propagating mesoscale convective system. Low‐pass filters are used to diagnose the feedbacks, which produce large‐scale variance of zonal velocity, buoyancy, and humidity. The planetary‐scale buoyancy variance and zonal velocity variance are related to the available potential energy (APE) and kinetic energy (KE) budgets, respectively. In the simulation with stratospheric heating, planetary‐scale KE is created by vertical fluxes of zonal momentum, converted to APE, and then dissipated by latent heating, mixing, and other buoyancy sources. Without stratospheric heating, the KE produced by these feedbacks is strongly damped in the stratosphere. The mesoscale eddy flux convergence of zonal momentum dominates the total vertical flux feedback on the planetary‐scale KE, and its vertical structure is consistent with the westward propagating mesoscale convective systems. Overall, these results demonstrate that these eddy fluxes can organize two‐dimensional deep convection on planetary scales in the absence of other diabatic feedbacks.