bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integration of sulfate assimilation with carbon and nitrogen metabolism in transition from C3 to C4 photosynthesis
Authors: Jobe Timothy O , Zenzen Ivan , Rahimzadeh Karvansara Parisa , Kopriva Stanislav 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The first product of sulfate assimilation in plants, cysteine, is a proteinogenic amino acid and a source of reduced sulfur for plant metabolism. Cysteine synthesis is the convergence point of the three major pathways of primary metabolism: carbon, nitrate, and sulfate assimilation. Despite the importance of metabolic and genetic coordination of these three pathways for nutrient balance in plants, the molecular mechanisms underlying this coordination, and the sensors and signals, are far from being understood. This is even more apparent in C4 plants, where coordination of these pathways for cysteine synthesis includes the additional challenge of differential spatial localization. Here we review the coordination of sulfate, nitrate, and carbon assimilation, and show how they are altered in C4 plants. We then summarize current knowledge of the mechanisms of coordination of these pathways. Finally, we identify urgent questions to be addressed in order to understand the integration of sulfate assimilation with carbon and nitrogen metabolism particularly in C4 plants. We consider answering these questions to be a prerequisite for successful engineering of C4 photosynthesis into C3 crops to increase their efficiency.
Variability in the redox status of plant 2-Cys peroxiredoxins in relation to species and light cycle
Authors: Cerveau Delphine , Henri Patricia , Blanchard Laurence , Rey Pascal 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPlant 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (2-CysPRXs) are abundant plastidial thiol-peroxidases involved in key signaling processes such as photosynthesis deactivation at night. Their functions rely on the redox status of their two cysteines and on the enzyme quaternary structure, knowledge of which remains poor in plant cells. Using ex vivo and biochemical approaches, we thoroughly characterized the 2-CysPRX dimer/monomer distribution, hyperoxidation level, and thiol content in Arabidopsis, barley, and potato in relation to the light cycle. Our data reveal that the enzyme hyperoxidization level and its distribution as a dimer and monomer vary through the light cycle in a species-dependent manner. A differential susceptibility to hyperoxidation was observed for the two Arabidopsis 2-CysPRX isoforms and among the proteins of the three species, and was associated to sequence variation in hyperoxidation resistance motifs. Alkylation experiments indicate that only a minor fraction of the 2-CysPRX pool carries one free thiol in the three species, and that this content does not change during the light period. We conclude that most plastidial 2-CysPRX forms are oxidized and propose that there is a species-dependent variability in their functions since dimer and hyperoxidized forms fulfill distinct roles regarding direct oxidation of partners and signal transmission.
Exoplanetary Monte Carlo radiative transfer with correlated-k – I. Benchmarking transit and emission observables
Authors: Lee Elspeth , Taylor Jake , Grimm Simon L , Baudino Jean-Loup , Garland Ryan , Irwin Patrick G J , Wood Kenneth 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Current observational data of exoplanets are providing increasing detail of their 3D atmospheric structures. As characterization efforts expand in scope, the need to develop consistent 3D radiative-transfer methods becomes more pertinent as the complex atmospheric properties of exoplanets are required to be modelled together consistently. We aim to compare the transmission and emission spectra results of a 3D Monte Carlo radiative transfer (MCRT) model to contemporary radiative-transfer suites. We perform several benchmarking tests of an MCRT code, Cloudy Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer (cmcrt), to transmission and emission spectra model output. We add flexibility to the model through the use of k-distribution tables as input opacities. We present a hybrid MCRT and ray tracing methodology for the calculation of transmission spectra with a multiple scattering component. cmcrt compares well to the transmission spectra benchmarks at the 10s of ppm level. Emission spectra benchmarks are consistent to within 10 per cent of the 1D models. We suggest that differences in the benchmark results are likely caused by geometric effects between plane-parallel and spherical models. In a practical application, we post-process a cloudy 3D HD 189733b GCM model and compare to available observational data. Our results suggest the core methodology and algorithms of cmcrt produce consistent results to contemporary radiative transfer suites. 3D MCRT methods are highly suitable for detailed post-processing of cloudy and non-cloudy 1D and 3D exoplanet atmosphere simulations in instances where atmospheric inhomogeneities, significant limb effects/geometry or multiple scattering components are important considerations.
Using Nicotine Gum to Assist Nondaily Smokers in Quitting: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Shiffman Saul , Scholl Sarah M , Mao Jason , Ferguson Stuart G , Hedeker Donald , Primack Brian , Tindle Hilary A 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Non-daily intermittent smokers (ITS) comprise 30% of US adult smokers. ITS smoke for nicotine and have trouble quitting, but tend to smoke in particular situations. This study tested the effect of nicotine gum, used to prevent or react to situational temptations, for helping ITS quit.

Methods
ITS (smoking 4–27 days/month) seeking help quitting were randomized to 2 mg nicotine gum (n = 181) or placebo (n = 188), to be used to anticipate or react to temptations to smoke, for 8 weeks. Participants received up to six sessions of behavioral counseling. The primary outcome was 6-month biochemically verified continuous abstinence; analyses also examined 14-day point-prevalence abstinence at multiple time points, and used event-history analyses to assess progression to abstinence, lapsing, and relapsing. Analyses adjusted for group differences in age and baseline smoking, and considered several potential moderators of treatment effects.

Results
Nicotine gum did not significantly improve outcomes on any measure. Biochemically verified 6-month continuous abstinence rates were 7.2% for active gum and 5.3% for placebo (AOR = 1.39, 0.58–3.29, p &gt; .25). ITS with any degree of dependence (Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence scores &gt;0) showed poorer outcomes on multiple endpoints, and did more poorly on active gum on some outcomes. Gum use was low, starting at 1 gum per day on average and declining over time.

Conclusions
Nicotine gum (2 mg), used intermittently, did not improve cessation rates among ITS, including those demonstrating some degree of dependence.

Implications
Nicotine replacement has been extensively tested with daily smokers, especially those who smoke relatively heavily. Nondaily smoking is now common, creating a need for treatment for ITS. Despite evidence that ITS’ smoking is motivated by nicotine-seeking, a theoretically and empirically derived situational approach to using acute nicotine replacement was not successful at helping ITS quit. Gum use was low; whether higher or more frequent dosing is needed, or whether an entirely different approach is needed, is not clear. Effective treatment options are needed for ITS, especially those with some degree of dependence.
What are neurodevelopmental disorders?
Authors: Ismail Fatima Y. , Shapiro Bruce K. 
Published: May 2019

Purpose of review
The purpose of this review is to highlight the origin and evolution of the field of neurodevelopmental disabilities and describe the main construct(s) upon which the current classification of neurodevelopmental disorders is based.

Recent findings
We address the following questions: Are neurodevelopmental disorders independent entities? Why is it desirable to understand the neurobiological substrate for these disorders? What new knowledge have we generated by leveraging advances in neuroscience, genetics, and neuroimaging? And finally, is the current construct, that is based on functional classification, still useful?

Summary
As our biological understanding of brain-behavior disorders evolves, we ought to re-evaluate the current classification system and expand it into a multidimensional classification that takes into account behavioral profiles and underlying mechanisms.
A comprehensive large‐scale assessment of fisheries bycatch risk to threatened seabird populations
Authors: Clay Thomas A. , Small Cleo , Tuck Geoffrey N. , Pardo Deborah , Carneiro Ana P. B. , Wood Andrew G. , Croxall John P. , Crossin Glenn T. , Phillips Richard A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Incidental mortality (bycatch) in fisheries remains the greatest threat to many large marine vertebrates and is a major barrier to fisheries sustainability. Robust assessments of bycatch risk are crucial for informing effective mitigation strategies, but are hampered by missing information on the distributions of key life‐history stages (adult breeders and non‐breeders, immatures and juveniles).

Using a comprehensive biologging dataset (1,692 tracks, 788 individuals) spanning all major life‐history stages, we assessed spatial overlap of four threatened seabird populations from South Georgia, with longline and trawl fisheries in the Southern Ocean. We generated monthly population‐level distributions, weighting each life‐history stage according to population age structure based on demographic models. Specifically, we determined where and when birds were at greatest potential bycatch risk, and from which fleets.

Overlap with both pelagic and demersal longline fisheries was highest for black‐browed albatrosses, then white‐chinned petrels, wandering and grey‐headed albatrosses, whereas overlap with trawl fisheries was highest for white‐chinned petrels.

Hotspots of fisheries overlap occurred in all major ocean basins, but particularly the south‐east and south‐west Atlantic Ocean (longline and trawl) and south‐west Indian Ocean (pelagic longline). Overlap was greatest with pelagic longline fleets in May–September, when fishing effort south of 25°S is highest, and with demersal and trawl fisheries in January–June. Overlap scores were dominated by particular fleets: pelagic longline—Japan, Taiwan; demersal longline and trawl—Argentina, Namibia, Falklands, South Africa; demersal longline—Convention for Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) waters, Chile, New Zealand.

Synthesis and applications. We provide a framework for calculating appropriately weighted population‐level distributions from biologging data, which we recommend for future fisheries bycatch risk assessments. Many regions of high spatial overlap corresponded with high seabird bycatch rates recorded by on‐board observers, indicating that our approach reliably mapped relative bycatch risk at large spatial scales. Implementation of effective bycatch mitigation in these high‐risk regions varies considerably. Although potential bycatch risk appears to have decreased since the early 2000s, albatross and petrel populations from South Georgia and elsewhere are still declining, emphasizing the need for much improved observer coverage and monitoring of compliance with bycatch regulations.
Efficacy of a home‐based platform for child‐to‐child interaction on hand motor function in unilateral cerebral palsy
Authors: Nuara Arturo , Avanzini Pietro , Rizzolatti Giacomo , Fabbri‐Destro Maddalena 
Published: May 2019

AimTo evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of an action observation treatment (AOT) home‐based platform promoting child‐to‐child interaction to improve hand motor function in unilateral cerebral palsy (CP).MethodTwenty children (14 males, six females; mean age 6y 7mo, standard deviation 1y 7mo; range 5y 1mo–10y 6mo) with unilateral CP underwent 20 sessions where they had to observe and then imitate a wizard performing dexterity‐demanding magic tricks; a child‐to‐child live video‐session to practise the same exercise then took place. We assessed hand‐motor skills with the Besta Scale, neurological motor impairment with Fugl‐Meyer Assessment for upper extremity, as well as spasticity, muscle strength, visual analogue scale, and global impression of change 1‐month before (T‐1), at baseline (T0), and at the end of treatment (T1).ResultsWe observed a T0 to T1 improvement in global hand‐motor and bimanual skills, and a significant correlation between motor improvement and difference in hand motor skills relative to the peer (r=–0.519).InterpretationAOT associated with child‐to‐child interaction effectively improves hand motor function in unilateral CP. This improvement is linked to differences in hand motor ability among peers, suggesting that children should observe others with superior motor skills to their own. This study extends traditional AOT toward novel socially‐enriched scenarios, where children might simultaneously be recipients and leaders within a motor learning process.What this paper adds

Home‐based action observation treatment (AOT) based on child‐to‐child interaction improves hand motor function in children with unilateral cerebral palsy.

Interaction with a more capable peer increases the chances of positive outcome in child‐to‐child AOT.
Intermediate patellar ligament desmopathy often occurs in conjunction with other stifle abnormalities
Authors: Hoaglund Elizabeth L. , Barrett Myra F. , Daglish Jodie , Contino Erin K. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIntermediate patellar ligament (IPL) desmopathy is a relatively uncommon injury previously reported to have a poor prognosis for return to athletic activity. There is little documentation of the clinical and ultrasonographic features, clinical significance, and outcome for return to work following IPL injury in horses. The aim of this retrospective descriptive study was to describe the clinical and ultrasonographic features of IPL desmopathy, its association with other injuries of the stifle, and outcome for return to work following injury. Forty‐two stifles with an ultrasound diagnosis of IPL desmopathy over a 5‐year time period were included. Data regarding signalment, clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging findings, treatment, and outcome are described. Intermediate patellar ligament desmopathy occurred most commonly in the midbody (35/42; 83%) of the ligament and lesions were predominantly hypoechoic discrete tears (31/42; 74%) that were obliquely oriented in a craniolateral to caudomedial direction (28/42; 67%). Rarely (1/42; 2%) was IPL desmopathy the only ultrasonographic abnormality detected. Of 13 horses that underwent recheck ultrasound examination, the majority (11/42; 85%) either did not improve or worsened ultrasonographically. Despite this, of 25 horses with long‐term follow‐up, 23 (92%) returned to work, 16 at the same level or higher. A variety of treatments were utilized. The clinical significance of IPL desmopathy is difficult to determine because it is usually found in conjunction with other stifle abnormalities. Although IPL desmopathy rarely shows ultrasonographic improvement over time, prognosis can be good for return to work.
How Knowledge Emerges From Artificial Intelligence Algorithm and Data Visualization for Diabetes Management
Authors: Derozier Vincent , Arnavielhe Sylvie , Renard Eric , Dray Gérard , Martin Sophie 
Published: May 2019

Background: Self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) is facilitated by application available to analyze these data. They are mainly based on descriptive statistical analyses. In this study, we are proposing a method inspired by artificial intelligence algorithm for displaying glycemic data in an intelligible way with high-level information that is compatible with the short duration allocated to medical visits. Method: We propose a display method based on a numerical glycemic data conversion using a qualitative color scale that exhibits the patient’s overall glycemic state. Moreover, a machine learning algorithm inputs these displays to exhibit recurrent glycemic pattern over configurable extended time period. Results: A demonstrator of our method, output as a glycemic map, could be used by the physician during quarterly patient consultations. We have tested this methodology retrospectively on a database in order to observe the behavior of our algorithm. In some data files we were able to highlight some of the glycemic patterns characteristics that remain invisible on the tabular representations or through the use of descriptive statistic. In a next step the interpretation will have to be done by physicians to confirm they underlie knowledge. Conclusions: Our approach with artificial intelligence algorithm paired up with graphical color display allow a large database fast analysis to provide insights on diabetes knowledge. The next steps are first to set up a clinical trial to validate this methodology with dedicated patients and physicians then we will adapt our methodology for the huge data sets generated by continuous glycemic measurement (CGM) devices.
Continuous suturing as a wound closure technique for circumcisions
Authors: Ravindraanandan Manoj , Fernando Herman , Aslam Shahjahan 
Published: May 2019

Male circumcision is an extremely common urological procedure worldwide, with many variations in technique. Despite the large volume there is a low incidence of complications associated with circumcisions, with the majority being Clavien-Dindo I or II. In this study, we analyse the outcomes and complication rates associated with a continuous wound closure following a male circumcision. Methods: In a urology department from a single institution, 201 male circumcisions with a continuous wound closure were performed in a 4-year period. Outcomes were analysed retrospectively looking at postoperative complications and readmissions to hospital via our clinical portal. Results: No patients had complications that required admission or re-operation at our institution. Conclusion: No major post-operative complications were observed from our cohort. There were also no documented admissions back to our institution with wound healing complications. However, a limitation is that Clavien-Dindo I and II complications and treatment at general practitioner surgeries were not captured and may not accurately represent our complication rates quoted. Nevertheless, we can conclude from these data that closure for a circumcision using a continuous suture technique gives favourable outcomes with acceptable complication rates. Level of evidence: Not applicable for this multicentre audit.
Ensinar-aprender com os memes: quando as estratégias de subversão e resistência viralizam na internet
Authors: Couto Junior Dilton Ribeiro , Pocahy Fernando , Carvalho Felipe Da Silva Ponte de 
Published: May 2019

Este texto explora a forma como os memes podem constituir-se enquanto potentes estratégias contemporâneas de subversão e resistência às normas que regulam/governam corpos, gêneros e sexualidades. A infraestrutura técnica do ciberespaço possibilita que uma quantidade significativa de usuárias/os hoje possa (co)criar, “curtir” e compartilhar amplamente informações dos mais variados tipos (imagens, vídeos, sons etc) para outras pessoas geograficamente dispersas. Muitas dessas informações desenvolvidas colaborativamente evidenciam a força política dos usos feitos das redes sociais online na criação de estratégias de resistência direcionadas no combate ao regime (cis)heterocentrado, responsável pela desqualificação de corpos, gêneros e sexualidades dissidentes, comumente designados de anormais e estranhos. Se por um lado as redes sociais online caracterizam-se enquanto um terreno fértil para a viralização de discursos preconceituosos/discriminatórios, por outro lado é através dessas mesmas redes que muitos usuários vêm encontrando brechas e formulando caminhos no combate às mais perversas formas de desqualificação de determinados grupos sociais de sujeitos que integram as chamadas “minorias” sexuais, de gênero e étnico-raciais. O trabalho apresenta algumas dessas experimentações nos/com os cotidianos, acompanhando analiticamente seus modos de produção e algo daquilo que pode se constituir como enunciações coletivas.
Antipyretic drugs in patients with fever and infection: literature review
Authors: Ludwig Jennifer , McWhinnie Hazel 
Published: May 2019

Background: antipyretic drugs are routinely administered to febrile patients with infection in secondary care. However, the use of antipyretics to suppress fever during infection remains a controversial topic within the literature. It is argued that fever suppression may interfere with the body's natural defence mechanisms, and may worsen patient outcomes. Method: a literature review was undertaken to determine whether the administration of antipyretic drugs to adult patients with infection and fever, in secondary care, improves or worsens patient outcomes. Results: contrasting results were reported; two studies demonstrated improved patient outcomes following antipyretic administration, while several studies demonstrated increased mortality risk associated with antipyretics and/or demonstrated fever's benefits during infection. Results also demonstrated that health professionals continue to view fever as deleterious. Conclusion: the evidence does not currently support routine antipyretic administration. Considering patients' comorbidities and symptoms of their underlying illness will promote safe, evidence-based and appropriate administration of antipyretics.
The Quintuplet Cluster: Extended Structure and Tidal Radius
Authors: Rui Nicholas Z. , Hosek Matthew W. , Lu Jessica R. , Clarkson William I. , Anderson Jay , Morris Mark R. , Ghez Andrea M. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The Quintuplet star cluster is one of only three known young (<10 Myr) massive (M > 104
M
⊙) clusters within ∼100 pc of the Galactic center (GC). In order to explore star cluster formation and evolution in this extreme environment, we analyze the Quintuplet’s dynamical structure. Using the HST WFC3-IR instrument, we take astrometric and photometric observations of the Quintuplet covering a 120″ × 120″ field of view, which is 19 times larger than those of previous proper-motion studies of the Quintuplet. We generate a catalog of the Quintuplet region with multiband, near-infrared photometry, proper motions, and cluster membership probabilities for 10,543 stars. We present the radial density profile of 715 candidate Quintuplet cluster members with M ≳ 4.7 M
⊙ out to 3.2 pc from the cluster center. A 3σ lower limit of 3 pc is placed on the tidal radius, indicating the lack of a tidal truncation within this radius range. Only weak evidence for mass segregation is found, in contrast to the strong mass segregation found in the Arches cluster, a second and slightly younger massive cluster near the GC. It is possible that tidal stripping hampers a mass segregation signature, though we find no evidence of spatial asymmetry. Assuming that the Arches and Quintuplet clusters formed with comparable extent, our measurement of the Quintuplet’s comparatively large core radius of

pc provides strong empirical evidence that young massive clusters in the GC dissolve on a several-megayear timescale.
À la découverte d’une maternité
Authors: Muszynski Delphine , Charkaluk Marie-Laure 
Published: May 2019

Dans le cadre des activités de formation humaine et éthique proposées aux étudiants du Centre Laennec Paris, le parcours « Médecin par vocation » commence au deuxième semestre de la troisième année et se poursuit jusqu’au premier trimestre de la cinquième année. Différents stages sont alors proposés sur la période estivale. Cette interview est celle d’une étudiante de troisième année qui a fait un stage à la maternité Sainte-Félicité à Paris.