bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring preceptorship programmes: Implications for future design
Authors: Taylor Louise M , Eost‐Telling Charlotte L , Ellerton Annie 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAims and objectivesTo review and analyse current preceptorship programmes within NHS trusts in the North West of England. To evaluate the pedagogic rigour of the programme and suggest recommendations to inform the future design of preceptorship programmes.BackgroundEnhancing the retention of newly qualified staff is of particular importance given that the journey from a new registrant to a competent healthcare professional poses a number of challenges, for both the individual staff member and organisations.DesignA mixed methods evaluative approach was employed, using online questionnaires and content analysis of preceptorship documentation.MethodsForty‐one NHS trusts across the North West region employing newly qualified nurses were invited to participate in the completion of an online questionnaire. In addition, preceptorship programme documentation was requested for inclusion in the content analysis. This study used the SQUIRE (Standards for Quality Improvement Reporting Excellence) guidelines.ResultsThe response rate for the questionnaire was 56.1% (n = 23). Eighteen trusts (43.9%) forwarded their programme documentation. Findings highlighted the wide variation in preceptorship programmes across the geographical footprint.ConclusionsThere were instances of outstanding preceptorship and preceptorship programmes where there was a clear link between the strategic vision, that is, trust policy, and its delivery, that is, preceptorship offering. There was no one framework that would universally meet the needs of all trusts; yet, there are key components which should be included in all preceptorship programmes. Therefore, we would encourage innovation and creativity in preceptorship programmes, cognisant of local context.Relevance to clinical practiceThe significant shortage of nursing staff in England is an ongoing issue. Recruitment and retention are key to ameliorating the shortfall, and formal support mechanisms like preceptorship, can improve the retention of newly qualified staff. Understanding current preceptorship programmes is an important first step in establishing the fundamental building blocks of successful preceptorship programmes and enabling the sharing of exemplary good practice across organisations.
Welcoming the Unwelcome: How Contact Shapes Contexts of Reception for New Immigrants in Germany and the United States
Authors: Kotzur Patrick F. , Tropp Linda R. , Wagner Ulrich 
Published: November 2018

AbstractHow receiving society members perceive and respond to immigration are crucial factors that shape the context of reception for immigrants coming to a new country. In this paper, we examine these processes through the lens of intergroup contact research, with a focus on relations between immigrants and members of receiving societies, to discern ways in which receiving societies are or are not welcoming toward immigrants. Reviewing recent theorizing with illustrative empirical studies and ongoing programs of research that focus on new immigrants in Germany and the United States, we describe how direct and indirect forms of positive and negative contact can serve either to facilitate or inhibit positive immigrant‐receiving community relations. We also discuss factors that may contribute to the emergence of positive and negative contact experiences between immigrants and receiving society members. We close with a discussion of policy implications.
Immigration and Multiculturalism in Context: A Framework for Psychological Research
Authors: Ward Colleen , Gale Jessica , Staerklé Christian , Stuart Jaimee 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMulticulturalism is a hotly debated issue in today's global arena. Much of the controversy arises due to different understandings of the term in public and political discourse. We argue that multiculturalism has three core components—diversity, ideology, and policy—and that heterogeneous cultural groups in multicultural societies are ultimately seeking social justice, but in different ways. Moving beyond the broad social science research to the influences and impacts of multiculturalism within psychological studies, we introduce the concept of normative multiculturalism and propose an integrative framework, presenting multiculturalism as a contextual variable and examining its impact in terms of intergroup relations and subjective well‐being. We also consider how multiculturalism at the societal level can be differentially experienced by immigrants and members of the receiving community. Finally, we discuss strategies for maximizing the benefits and minimizing the risks of multiculturalism, reconciling differing justice conceptions, and enhancing positive outcomes for the wider society.
Parent, school, and peer factors related to U.S. adolescents’ diet and exercise
Authors: Chung Sophia Jihey , Ersig Anne L. , McCarthy Ann Marie 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPurposeAdolescent obesity is a significant public health problem in the United States. Developing interventions to prevent or improve adolescent obesity may positively affect physical and mental health across the lifespan. However, to ensure that interventions are effective, influential factors must first be identified. The purpose of this study was to examine associations among parent‐, school‐, and peer‐related factors and diet and physical activity of the adolescents in the United States.Design and MethodsUsing logistic regression analyses, cross‐sectional data of 5,248 adolescents in grades 5–10 from 184 schools from the World Health Organization's 2009/2010 survey of Health Behavior in School‐Aged Children (HBSC) for the United States were analyzed, including variables for parent, peer, and school factors.ResultsParent‐ and peer‐related factors were associated with adolescents’ diet and physical activity (PA). Peer factors were associated with time spent on PA, but not a parent or school factors. The type of school lunch program was the only school factor associated with diet; no school factors were associated with exercise.Practice ImplicationsResults of this secondary analysis extend prior work, which identified associations between parent‐ and peer factors and adolescents’ diet and exercise. Findings will help identify targets for improving adolescents’ diet and exercise behaviors.
The Social Bases of Rural‐Urban Political Divides: Social Status, Work, and Sociocultural Beliefs
Authors: Kelly Paige , Lobao Linda 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe rural‐urban political divide has sparked media and social science concern. Yet national studies of rural and urban voters have largely failed to draw from the distinct conceptual literatures produced by rural sociologists. We take a new look at individuals’ voting choices, building from two rural sociological literatures, research on spatial inequality and on the rural‐urban continuum, to identify the social bases anteceding Republican voting in presidential elections. We analyze three social bases along which rural‐urban populations vary: social structural statuses, work and employment, and sociocultural values and beliefs. We question the degree to which rural‐urban differences can be accounted for by these factors. Data are from approximately 9,000 respondents to the General Social Surveys for election years 2000–2012. Our findings demonstrate that the literatures produced by rural sociologists provide a strong conceptual foundation for explaining rural‐urban voting differences. Rural and urban residents’ differential social statuses account for the greatest variation in their voting choices. Sociocultural values and beliefs, particularly attitudes toward domestic social issues, are also important. Findings add significant insight into the variety of factors that differentiate rural‐urban individuals’ voting choices as well as illuminate the need for greater emphasis on exurban voters.
Transcriptional profiling identifies critical steps of cell cycle reprogramming necessary for Plasmodiophora brassicae‐driven gall formation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Olszak Marcin , Truman William , Stefanowicz Karolina , Sliwinska Elwira , Ito Masaki , Walerowski Piotr , Rolfe Stephen , Malinowski Robert 
Published: November 2018

SummaryPlasmodiophora brassicae is a soil‐borne biotroph whose life cycle involves reprogramming host developmental processes leading to the formation of galls on its underground parts. Formation of such structures involves modification of the host cell cycle leading initially to hyperplasia, increasing the number of cells to be invaded, followed by overgrowth of cells colonised by the pathogen. Here we show that P. brassicae infection stimulates formation of the E2Fa/RBR1 complex and upregulation of MYB3R1, MYB3R4 and A‐ and B‐type cyclin expression. These factors were previously described as important regulators of the G2−M cell cycle checkpoint. As a consequence of this manipulation, a large population of host hypocotyl cells are delayed in cell cycle exit and maintained in the proliferative state. We also report that, during further maturation of galls, enlargement of host cells invaded by the pathogen involves endoreduplication leading to increased ploidy levels. This study characterises two aspects of the cell cycle reprogramming efforts of P. brassicae: systemic, related to the disturbance of host hypocotyl developmental programs by preventing cell cycle exit; and local, related to the stimulation of cell enlargement via increased endocycle activity.
Measles antibody trough levels after treatment with immunoglobulin products and predicted levels assuming lower measles antibody specifications
Authors: Vandeberg Peter , Cruz Maria Cristina , Griffin Rhonda 
Published: November 2018

BACKGROUNDWidespread vaccination against measles has resulted in decreasing measles antibody levels in human immune globulin (IG) products. As levels continue to decline, it needs to be determined whether the release specifications for measles antibody levels in IG products can be lowered and still provide protection against infection for patients who receive IG treatment for primary immunodeficiency disease.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSTrough level measles neutralizing antibodies were measured in 10 pediatric patients with primary immunodeficiency disease (ages 2–16) treated with IG administered both by intravenous and subcutaneous infusion. The results were used to model worst‐case (lowest) serum measles antibody levels in two cases: 1) the current case with intravenous dosage at 300 mg/kg at a measles antibody level of 0.48× Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Reference 176 and 2) a future case with intravenous dosage at 400 mg/kg and 0.30× Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Reference 176.RESULTSSerum trough measles neutralizing antibody levels were an average of 11‐fold or greater above minimum protective levels for immunocompetent individuals of 0.12 IU/mL in both the intravenous and subcutaneous phases of the study. Modeling using both the current worst‐case dose and future case shows average levels for IG intravenous/subcutaneous infusion of 3.9/4.8‐ and 3.2/4.0‐fold above 0.12 IU/mL for the two cases, respectively.CONCLUSIONLowering the measles antibody level specification to 0.30× Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Reference 176 in IG products will still provide trough serum antibody levels against measles infection of greater than 0.12 IU/mL when dosed at 400 mg/kg or higher.
Cardiorespiratory effects of variable pressure thoracic insufflation in cats undergoing video‐assisted thoracic surgery
Authors: Mayhew Philipp D. , Pascoe Peter J. , Giuffrida Michelle A. , Mitchell Jeffrey , Steffey Michele A. , Culp William T. N. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of intrathoracic insufflation on cardiorespiratory variables and working space in cats undergoing video‐assisted thoracic surgery.Study designProspective randomized study.AnimalsSix healthy cats.MethodsCats were anesthetized using a standardized protocol. A Swan‐Ganz catheter was positioned in the pulmonary artery under fluoroscopic guidance for measurement of cardiac output. Intrathoracic pressures (ITP) of 0 (baseline), 3, and 5 mm Hg were induced with CO2 and maintained for 30 minutes. Statistical comparison of cardiorespiratory variables was performed. After the procedures, all cats were recovered from anesthesia. Videos of thoracic working space at each ITP level were scored in a blinded fashion by 3 board‐certified surgeons using a numerical scale from 0‐10.ResultsAll cats tolerated insufflation with 3 and 5 mm Hg for 30 minutes without oxygen desaturation, although ventilatory levels had to be increased substantially to maintain eucapnia and oxygenation. Cardiac index was not significantly different from baseline after 30 minutes at 3 mm Hg but was significantly lower after 30 minutes at 5 mm Hg compared with 3 mm Hg. Oxygen delivery was unaffected by 3 or 5 mm Hg compared with baseline. Scores for working space increased between baseline and 3 and 5 mm Hg but were not different between 3 and 5 mm Hg.ConclusionCO2 insufflation to 5 mm Hg seems well tolerated in healthy cats, provided ventilatory settings are substantially increased as ITP increases.Clinical significanceThoracic CO2 insufflation of 3 mm Hg in cats during video‐assisted thoracic surgery is associated with less hemodynamic perturbation than 5 mm Hg insufflation and may provide the benefit of improved working space compared with baseline.
Avoiding bites and scratches? Understanding the public health implication of human–bat interactions in Ghana
Authors: Lawson Elaine T. , Ayivor Jesse S. , Ohemeng Fidelia , Ntiamoa‐Baidu Yaa 
Published: November 2018

AbstractZoonotic pathogens cause an estimated 70% of emerging and re‐emerging infectious diseases in humans, affecting various aspects of human development on a global scale. The significance of bats as a source of emerging infectious diseases is being progressively appreciated. This study was undertaken post‐Ebola virus disease in West Africa and assessed the public health implications of human–bat interactions by exploring the reasons for contact between humans and bats, as well as reported actions taken upon experiencing bat bites or scratches. The paper highlights the nuances of human–bat interactions, stressing zoonotic disease risk awareness as well as the sources of information. The study used questionnaires to solicit information from 788 respondents in five communities with significant bat populations. We show that bat consumption was one of the main reasons for human–bat interactions. More men across the various communities ate bat meat. Only a small number of respondents (4.4%) reported being bitten by a bat, and 6.1% had been scratched by a bat. More than 21% had come into direct contact with bat blood. An even lower number went to the hospital after been bitten or scratched by bats. There was little knowledge on post‐exposure management. The most common places human–bat interactions occurred were at home and on farms. Seventy‐three per cent of the respondents believed that bats carried diseases, with Ebola virus disease being the most mentioned. Respondents indicated that the way they interacted with bats had not changed, even though they believed bats carried diseases and 46% stated that they had not changed the way they interacted with bats over the last two years. Apart from providing information on avoiding bites and scratches, a more holistic framework is needed to reduce human–bat interactions. The paper recommends a comprehensive and coordinated approach to optimizing an effective response to a potential bat‐borne zoonotic disease spillover.
Thermogravimetric Analysis and Stability Test of Fluoroalkylsilanes Grafted on Alumina Hollow Fibre Membranes
Authors: Koonaphapdeelert Sirichai , Wu Z. , Li K. 
Published: November 2018

Alumina hollow fibre membrane surface were modified from hydrophilic to hydrophobic using fluoroalkylsilane (FAS) grafting technique which was found to be effective as shown by the increased contact angle (CA) from less than 90° to more than 100°. The CA increased with respect to the grafting time and leveled off after 24 hours of grafting. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the FAS attached to the membranes were approximately 0.05–0.6% of the original membrane weight depending on the grafting time and the amount of hydroxyl groups present on the membrane substrates. According to the TGA result, the grafted membranes were thermally stable up to 250°C where FAS began to decompose. Then the grafted membranes were used as a contacting media for stripping CO2 off 2.5 M monoethanolamine (MEA) solution at 80–100°C. The membranes were in contact with hot and corrosive MEA solution for approximately 100 hours without any operational problem. The scanning electron microscopy of the membrane surface showed no difference between the membrane before and after the operation. Also, the CAs of the grafted membranes remained unchanged. These findings suggest that FAS grafted membranes are chemically and thermally stable and can be used in membrane contactors at high temperatures and in chemically harsh conditions.
Recovery of Methyl Green from Aqueous Solution using NF Membrane
Authors: Sharma P. , Bora M. M. , Hazarika S. , Borthakur S. , Tamuli C. , Dutta N. N. 
Published: November 2018

Recovery of a cationic synthetic dye, methyl green by nanofiltration (NF 270–400) membrane from commercial source (Filmtec, USA) was used for this study. The effect of membrane characteristics, applied pressure gradient ( ΔP ) and aqueous phase concentration of dye on the rejection, membrane fouling and water flux was studied over a range of pressure and concentration of 2 to 5 bar and 0.01 mmole L–1 to 0.05 mmole L–1 respectively. The solution flux increases with pressure in the pressure range studied indicate the effect of concentration polarization is not significant in this range. The cation shield effects of the dye on the negatively charged polyamide membrane perhaps result in decrease of permeate flux with concentration. The permeation phenomenon has been analyzed on the basis of pore flow transport model and the data analysis revealed that adsorption of dye on the membrane surface and intrinsic membrane resistance control the permeate flux.
Elite football teams that do not have a winter break lose on average 303 player-days more per season to injuries than those teams that do: a comparison among 35 professional European teams
Authors: Ekstrand Jan , Spreco Armin , Davison Michael 
Published: November 2018

ObjectiveTo compare injury rates among professional men’s football teams that have a winter break in their league season schedule with corresponding rates in teams that do not.Methods56 football teams from 15 European countries were prospectively followed for seven seasons (2010/2011–2016/2017)—a total of 155 team-seasons. Individual training, match exposure and time-loss injuries were registered. Four different injury rates were analysed over four periods within the season, and linear regression was performed on team-level data to analyse the effect of winter break on each of the injury rates. Crude analyses and analyses adjusted for climatic region were performed.Results9660 injuries were reported during 1 447 011 exposure hours. English teams had no winter break scheduled in the season calendar: the other European teams had a mean winter break scheduled for 10.0 days. Teams without a winter break lost on average 303 days more per season due to injuries than teams with a winter break during the whole season (p<0.001). The results were similar across the three periods August–December (p=0.013), January–March (p<0.001) and April–May (p=0.050). Teams without a winter break also had a higher incidence of severe injuries than teams with a winter break during the whole season (2.1 severe injuries more per season for teams without a winter break, p=0.002), as well as during the period January–March (p=0.003). A winter break was not associated with higher team training attendance or team match availability. Climatic region was also associated with injury rates.ConclusionsThe absence of a scheduled winter break was associated with a higher injury burden, both before and during the two periods following the time that many European teams take a winter break. Teams without a winter break (English clubs) had a higher incidence of severe injuries following the time of the year that other teams (other European clubs) had their scheduled break.
Effects of a low carbohydrate diet on energy expenditure during weight loss maintenance: randomized trial
Authors: Ebbeling Cara B , Feldman Henry A , Klein Gloria L , Wong Julia M W , Bielak Lisa , Steltz Sarah K , Luoto Patricia K , Wolfe Robert R , Wong William W , Ludwig David S 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the effects of diets varying in carbohydrate to fat ratio on total energy expenditure.DesignRandomized trial.SettingMulticenter collaboration at US two sites, August 2014 to May 2017.Participants164 adults aged 18-65 years with a body mass index of 25 or more.InterventionsAfter 12% (within 2%) weight loss on a run-in diet, participants were randomly assigned to one of three test diets according to carbohydrate content (high, 60%, n=54; moderate, 40%, n=53; or low, 20%, n=57) for 20 weeks. Test diets were controlled for protein and were energy adjusted to maintain weight loss within 2 kg. To test for effect modification predicted by the carbohydrate-insulin model, the sample was divided into thirds of pre-weight loss insulin secretion (insulin concentration 30 minutes after oral glucose).Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was total energy expenditure, measured with doubly labeled water, by intention-to-treat analysis. Per protocol analysis included participants who maintained target weight loss, potentially providing a more precise effect estimate. Secondary outcomes were resting energy expenditure, measures of physical activity, and levels of the metabolic hormones leptin and ghrelin.ResultsTotal energy expenditure differed by diet in the intention-to-treat analysis (n=162, P=0.002), with a linear trend of 52 kcal/d (95% confidence interval 23 to 82) for every 10% decrease in the contribution of carbohydrate to total energy intake (1 kcal=4.18 kJ=0.00418 MJ). Change in total energy expenditure was 91 kcal/d (95% confidence interval −29 to 210) greater in participants assigned to the moderate carbohydrate diet and 209 kcal/d (91 to 326) greater in those assigned to the low carbohydrate diet compared with the high carbohydrate diet. In the per protocol analysis (n=120, P<0.001), the respective differences were 131 kcal/d (−6 to 267) and 278 kcal/d (144 to 411). Among participants in the highest third of pre-weight loss insulin secretion, the difference between the low and high carbohydrate diet was 308 kcal/d in the intention-to-treat analysis and 478 kcal/d in the per protocol analysis (P<0.004). Ghrelin was significantly lower in participants assigned to the low carbohydrate diet compared with those assigned to the high carbohydrate diet (both analyses). Leptin was also significantly lower in participants assigned to the low carbohydrate diet (per protocol).ConclusionsConsistent with the carbohydrate-insulin model, lowering dietary carbohydrate increased energy expenditure during weight loss maintenance. This metabolic effect may improve the success of obesity treatment, especially among those with high insulin secretion.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.govNCT02068885.