bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cover Crop Mixtures Grown for Annual Forage in a Semi‐Arid Environment
Authors: Sanderson Matt , Johnson Holly , Hendrickson John 
Published: March 2018

Core IdeasCover crop species combinations can affect productivity and weed invasion.Mixtures with equal species proportions did not yield more forage or have less weeds.Spring‐planted cover crops suppressed weeds regardless of mixture or monoculture.Hot dry weather can reduce productivity of late‐summer planted cover crop mixtures.Use of cover crop mixtures in the dry short‐season environment of the northern Great Plains requires knowledge of how species combinations affect productivity and weed invasion. We hypothesized that mixtures would be more productive and suppress weeds better than monocultures. Fifteen combinations of proso millet (Panicum milaceumL), triticale (Triticosecale rimpauiWittm.), red clover (Trifolium pratenseL.), and radish (Raphanus sativusL.) were sown in spring (July harvest) and late‐summer (October harvest) for 3 yr at Mandan, ND. Treatments included four monocultures, four mixtures dominated by one species, six mixtures dominated by pairs of species, and one equal mixture. On average, spring‐planted mixtures yielded 30 to 60% more forage (2400 kg dry matter ha−, 3 yr avg) than the average of spring‐planted monocultures (1720 kg ha−, 3‐yr avg.) when planted in spring. Mixtures, however, did not yield more forage than the most productive monoculture (triticale; 3165 kg ha−, 3 yr avg.). The late‐summer planted cover crops produced little forage (94–155 kg ha−) because of dry soil conditions and erratic rainfall. Mixtures with equal proportions of species did not yield more forage or have fewer weeds than other mixtures. Species mixtures affected nutritive value. Grass‐dominated mixtures had lower crude protein and greater fiber concentrations than radish‐dominated mixtures. Cover crop mixtures can yield more than monocultures when planted in spring in this short‐season environment; however, use of cover crop mixtures in late‐summer does not mitigate risk of poor establishment and low productivity because of hot dry weather.
Diverse Grain‐Filling Dynamics Affect Harvest Management of Forage Barley and Triticale Cultivars
Authors: Lyu D. , Doce R.R. , Juskiw P. , Zhou G. , Baron V. S. 
Published: March 2018

Core Ideas
Decision‐making criteria are needed to optimize silage production in barley and triticale.The critical factors, yield, forage quality, and dry matter interact in the grain‐filling period.Optimization of factors is required and the indicator for harvest may differ between species.Comparison on a growing degree day scale during grain filling provided an assessment of dynamics.Triticale needed more degree days than barley to optimize yield and dry matter shown by dough stage.
Harvest time for small‐grain forage is impacted by changes in yield, dry matter concentration (DMC) and forage quality during grain‐filling. Little information exists for hulless and two‐rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) grown in Alberta. Two barley and two triticale cultivars were grown at three planting dates and two locations over 2 yr at Lacombe, AB, Canada. Forage was harvested five times after boot stage at 7‐ and 10‐d intervals for barley and triticale, respectively. Relationships were developed by regressing variables with growing degree days (GDD) after the boot stage for triticale cultivars, combined, and each barley cultivar (‘Falcon’ and ‘Gadsby’). Comparisons were made at GDD positions. Triticale out‐yielded and dried slower than barley and had higher DMC for 560 GDD after the boot stage; Gadsby out‐yielded Falcon. The soft dough stage (DS 85) indicated optimum yield, 93% of relative dry matter yield (RDMY) at less than 400 g kg−1 DMC for barley and triticale, but occurred at 400 and 500 GDD after the boot stage, respectively. Triticale had lower in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and higher fiber levels than barley at boot stage; but triticale IVTD decreased slower than barley and Falcon declined faster than Gadsby. Starch accumulated more rapidly for Gadsby than Falcon, while triticale increased slowly initially, then rapidly later in the grain filling period. Delaying harvest by 100 GDD for triticale compared to barley (both at DS 85) resulted in the higher triticale yield, while allowing more starch to accumulate.
Foliar and Granular Fertilizer Effects on Creeping Bentgrass and Soil Nutrient Levels
Authors: Xiao Miyuan , Frank Kevin W. , Nikolai Thomas A. 
Published: March 2018

Core Ideas
Foliar fertilizer treatments did not deplete soil nutrient levels after three years of applications.
Combining foliar and granular fertilizers resulted in the best turfgrass quality.
Biweekly application of foliar fertilizers resulted in higher turf quality than monthly granular fertilizer applications.
Research was conducted to determine the effects of foliar and granular fertilizers on creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stolonifera var. L. palustris (Huds.) Farw. ‘Penn A4’] quality and soil nutrient levels of two putting green rootzones. The hypothesis was foliar fertilizers would decrease soil nutrient levels and result in lower turfgrass quality over 3 yr compared to granular fertilizers. The fertilizer treatments were granular urea, methylene urea, and natural organic, foliar fertilizer at two rates, foliar‐granular combination, and an untreated control. The two rootzones were a United States Golf Association (USGA) guideline rootzone and a sandy clay loam (58% sand, 20.5% silt, and 21.5%) native soil. The urea, methylene urea, natural organic, and foliar‐granular treatments were applied at 0.5 lb N/1000 ft2/month from May through October. The foliar treatment was applied at two rates, 0.25 and 0.5 lb N/1000 ft2/month from May through October. Soil samples were collected from 2009 to 2011 and turfgrass quality was rated every 2 weeks. Turfgrass growing on native soil had consistently higher quality than turfgrass on the USGA rootzone and native soil had higher soil NO3–N, P, and K levels than the USGA rootzone. Neither the foliar, granular, or combination treatments decreased soil NO3–N, P, or K levels compared to initial soil test levels over 3 year of research. Every two weeks, applications of both the combination and foliar 2X treatments produced higher turfgrass quality than monthly methylene urea, urea, and organic treatments. Although the 0.25 lb N/1000 ft2/month foliar treatment had a lower N rate than all fertilizer treatments, it had acceptable quality throughout the research.
Nitrate Leaching in a Loamy Sand Soil Receiving Two Rates of Liquid Hog Manure and Fertilizer
Authors: Karimi Rezvan , Akinremi Wole 
Published: March 2018

The effect of liquid hog manure (LHM) and commercial fertilizer on NO3−–N leaching was measured for 2 yr in a long‐term manure experiment on a loamy sand soil at Carberry, MB. The field experiment, sown to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), comprised six treatments including two rates of LHM (28, 084 and 56,168 L ha−1 [2500 and 5000 gal acre−1, abbreviated LHM‐2500 and LHM‐5000, respectively]), two rates of fertilizer (abbreviated F‐2500 and F‐5000) corresponding approximately to available N in LHM‐2500 and LHM‐5000, compost (abbreviated Com‐2500) supplemented with urea to approximate available N in LHM‐2500, and an unamended control. In 2010, apparent losses amounted to 79 (112 kg ha−1), 55 (40 kg ha−1), 27 (19 kg ha−1), 24 (16 kg ha−1), and 6% (8 kg ha−1) of applied available N in F‐5000, Com‐2500, F‐2500, LHM‐2500, and LHM‐5000, respectively. In 2011, losses were higher in the F‐5000 (80%, 63.6 kg ha−1) and F‐2500 (79%, 31.5 kg ha−1) treatments than in LHM‐5000 (40%, 32 kg ha−1) and LHM‐2500 (9%, 3.5 kg ha−1). Treatments that received fertilizer lost more than half of the added N by leaching. The lack of yield difference between LHM‐2500 and LHM‐5000 suggested that application of LHM‐2500 was environmentally sound for the coarse sandy soil of the Carberry site. These findings demonstrate the potential for minimizing N leaching through judicious rates of LHM and fertilizer application.Core Ideas
Fertilizer treatments had greater N loss than liquid hog manure (32 vs. 3.5 kg ha−1).
Treatments that received fertilizer lost more than half of the added N by leaching.
The lower rate of LHM led to the same crop yield with lower environmental impact.
Significantly photoinduced synergy between sodium sulfite and ammonium nitrate and the mechanism study
Authors: Hu Wen-Na , Liu Jian , Liu Wei , Zhang Xian-Feng 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In this paper, a significantly photoinduced synergy between ammonium nitrate and sodium sulfite via dye decolorization was first found. This study mainly aims to explore the influences of several fundamental aspects on the photoinduced synergy as well as discuss the detailed mechanisms. The dye removal efficiencies of methyl orange and methylene blue of the synergistic system are much higher than that of a single one, and they reach 96.4% and 90.7% when the illumination is 6 and 14 min, respectively. The optimum mass ratio of sodium sulfite and ammonium nitrate in the reaction system is 1:1. The reaction process of photoinduced synergy follows the first-order reaction equation. Effects of different structures of dyes, amount of sodium sulfite and initial dye concentration on the synergistic effect were investigated. The changes of UV-vis spectra in the course of photoinduced synergy were also examined. The excellent synergistic effect can owe to the simultaneous photoreduction and photooxidation reaction with respect to photoinduced hydrated electrons (eaq−) and SO4•− active species, respectively. This work may provide some insight into detoxifying water contaminants in practical applications as well as developing other novel photoinduced synergistic systems with high performance.
Use of the terrestrial weed Alternanthera ficoidea in treating greywater in soil-less SHEFROL® bioreactors
Authors: Abbasi S. A. , Tauseef S. M. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The ornamental plant Alternanthera ficoidea (also named A. tenella), which is common and widespread throughout the tropics and is being increasingly regarded as an invasive, problematic weed, has been explored as a bioagent in greywater treatment. In the recently developed SHEFROL® bioreactor, it was seen to treat greywater of varying strengths (250–1,300 mg/L chemical oxygen demand, COD) quickly and substantially to the extent of 75–77%. Biological oxygen demand (BOD), nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended solids, and heavy metals copper, nickel, manganese, and zinc were also removed to the extents of 83.5, 94.9, 33.1, 27.0, 44.8, 27.5, 38.2, and 43.2%, respectively. As all this was achieved in a single pot, single step, and in a simple reactor operation, at hydraulic retention times of a mere 6 h, it shows the process to be several times more efficient as well as potentially less expensive than the conventional treatment systems which utilize macrophytes in tanks or constructed wetlands.
Synthesis and Kinetics of Highly Substituted Piperidines in the Presence of Tartaric Acid as a Catalyst
Authors: Ghalandarzehi Younes , Shahraki Mehdi , Habibi-Khorassani Sayyed M. 
Published: March 2018

Aim & Scope: The synthesis of highly substituted piperidine from the one-pot reaction
between aromatic aldehydes, anilines and β-ketoesters in the presence of tartaric acid as a catalyst
has been investigated in both methanol and ethanol media at ambient temperature. Different
conditions of temperature and solvent were employed for calculating the thermodynamic parameters
and obtaining an experimental approach to the kinetics and mechanism. Experiments were carried
out under different temperature and solvent conditions.

Material and Methods:
Products were characterized by comparison of physical data with authentic
samples and spectroscopic data (IR and NMR). Rate constants are presented as an average of several
kinetic runs (at least 6-10) and are reproducible within ± 3%. The overall rate of reaction is followed
by monitoring the absorbance changes of the products versus time on a Varian (Model Cary Bio-
300) UV-vis spectrophotometer with a 10 mm light-path cell.

Results:
The best result was achieved in the presence of 0.075 g (0.1 M) of catalyst and 5 mL
methanol at ambient temperature. When the reaction was carried out under solvent-free conditions,
the product was obtained in a moderate yield (25%). Methanol was optimized as a desirable solvent
in the synthesis of piperidine, nevertheless, ethanol in a kinetic investigation had none effect on the
enhancement of the reaction rate than methanol. Based on the spectral data, the overall order of the
reaction followed the second order kinetics. The results showed that the first step of the reaction
mechanism is a rate determining step.

Conclusion:
The use of tartaric acid has many advantages such as mild reaction conditions, simple
and readily available precursors and inexpensive catalyst. The proposed mechanism was confirmed
by experimental results and a steady state approximation.
A Systematic Review on Popularity, Application and Characteristics of Protein Secondary Structure Prediction Tools
Authors: Kashani-Amin Elaheh , Tabatabaei-Malazy Ozra , Sakhteman Amirhossein , Larijani Bagher , Ebrahim-Habibi Azadeh 
Published: March 2018

Background:
Prediction of proteins’ secondary structure is one of the major steps in the generation
of homology models. These models provide structural information which is used to design suitable
ligands for potential medicinal targets. However, selecting a proper tool between multiple Secondary
Structure Prediction (SSP) options is challenging. The current study is an insight into currently favored
methods and tools, within various contexts.

Objective:
A systematic review was performed for a comprehensive access to recent (2013-2016) studies
which used or recommended protein SSP tools.

Methods:
Three databases, Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus were systematically searched and 99
out of the 209 studies were finally found eligible to extract data.

Results:
Four categories of applications for 59 retrieved SSP tools were: (I) prediction of structural features
of a given sequence, (II) evaluation of a method, (III) providing input for a new SSP method and
(IV) integrating an SSP tool as a component for a program. PSIPRED was found to be the most popular
tool in all four categories. JPred and tools utilizing PHD (Profile network from HeiDelberg) method occupied
second and third places of popularity in categories I and II. JPred was only found in the two first
categories, while PHD was present in three fields.

Conclusion:
This study provides a comprehensive insight into the recent usage of SSP tools which
could be helpful for selecting a proper tool.
Critical Insight into the Design of PPAR-&#947; Agonists by Virtual Screening Techniques
Authors: Thangavel Neelaveni , Al Bratty Mohammed , Javed Sadique Akhtar , Ahsan Waquar , Alhazmi Hassan A. 
Published: March 2018

Background:
Design of novel PPAR-&amp;#947; modulators with better binding efficiency and
fewer side effects to treat type 2 diabetes is still a challenge for medicinal chemists. Cost and time
efficient computational methods have presently become an integral part of research in nuclear
receptors and their ligands, enabling hit to lead identification and lead optimization. This review will
focus on cutting-edge technologies used in most recent studies on the design of PPAR- &amp;#947; agonists and
will discuss the chemistry of few molecules which emerged successful.

Methods:
Literature review was carried out in google scholar using customized search from 2011-
2017. Computer-aided design methods presented in this article were used as search terms to retrieve
corresponding literature.

Results:
Virtual screening of natural product libraries is an effective strategy to harness nature as the
source of ligands for PPARs. Rigid and induced fit docking and core hopping approach in docking
are rapid screening methods to predict the PPAR- γ and PPAR-α/ ཫ dual agonistic activity. Onedimensional
drug profile matching is one of the recent virtual screening methods by which an
antiprotozoal drug, Nitazoxanide was identified as a PPAR- γ agonist.

Conclusion:
It is concluded that to achieve a convincing and reliable design of PPAR-γ agonist by
virtual screening techniques, customized workflow comprising of appropriate models is essential in
which methods may be applied either sequentially or simultaneously.
Combined Office-based Vergence Therapy and Home Therapy System for Convergence Insufficiency in Egyptian Children
Authors: Nehad Tarek , Salem Tamer , Elmohamady Mohamed Nagy 
Published: March 2018

Background:
Convergence Insufficiency (CI) is a common binocular vision disorder characterized by exophoria more at near than at far, a receded Near Point of Convergence (NPC), and decreased Positive Fusional Vergence (PFV) at near. This disorder is often associated with several symptoms that may disturb the person’s quality of life. Therefore, diagnosis and treatment of CI is a vital issue.

Objectives:
To compare therapeutic yield of Office Based Vision Therapy (OBVT) and combined OBVT with Home Therapy System (HTS) in patients with CI.

Methods:
The study included 102 patients with age range of 7-13 years. All patients underwent Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) scoring, estimation of Near Point of Convergence (NPC) and determination of Positive Fusional Vergence at near (PFV) using Sheard’s criterion. Patients were randomly allocated in two groups: Group I: received Office-based Vision Therapy (OBVT) and Group II: received OBVT with home reinforcement using the Home Therapy System (HTS). At the end of 12th week of therapy; outcome was determined as Successful (all the following: CISS score of <16, NPC <6 cm and PFV >15Δ), Improved (CISS score of <16 or a 10 points-decrease and one of the following: NPC <6cm or improved by >4 cm, PFV >15Δ or increased by > 10Δ), Insufficient response (NPC <6cm or improved by >4 cm, PFV >15Δ or increased by > 10Δ) and non-responders.

Results:
At the end of the 12th week of therapy, the applied therapeutic polices were successful in 48 patients (47.1%), the symptoms were improved in 30 patients (29.4%), improvement was insufficient in 13 patients (12.7%) and 11 patients (10.8%) were considered as non-responders. There was significantly higher frequency of patients with improved outcome in group II (86%) compared to group I (69.2%).

Conclusion:
OBVT with home supplement using HTS provided a high success rate, and it seems to be superior to OBVT alone in treatment of children with convergence insufficiency after 12-week course of therapy.
Central Hemangioma Involving the Mandible: A Rare Condition: Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Kamath Jasmine Shanthi , Kini Raghavendra , R Sangeetha , Murukan Sivakumar , Naik Vathsala , Madiyal Ananya 
Published: March 2018

Intraosseous
hemangiomas are quite a rare condition and those occurring in the mandible
often pose a diagnostic dilemma to the Dental surgeon as they present with variable and atypical radiographic manifestations. Biopsy or surgical excision of the
lesion can result in severe haemorrhage, leading even to death; therefore
accurate clinical and radiographic diagnosis is essential before any surgical
intervention is started. In this paper, we discuss a
case of central hemangioma of the mandible occurring in a 17-year-old male
patient, angiography was used for diagnosis and was treated with surgical
excision.

İntraosseöz hemanjiomlar ender görülen bir durumdur ve
mandibulada görülen hemanjiyomlar sıklıkla dişhekimleri için değişken ve atipik
radyografik bulgularla ortaya çıktığı için tanı ikilemi oluştururlar. Biyopsi
ya da lezyonun cerrahi olarak eksizyonu ciddi kanamalara neden olabilir, ölümle
bile sonuçlanabilir; bu nedenle herhangi bir cerrahi işleme başlamadan önce
doğru klinik ve radyolojik tanı gereklidir. Bu yazıda, 17 yaşındaki erkek
hastada mandibulanın santral hemanjiyom olgusu tartışılmıştır. Anjiyografi tanı
için kullanılmış ve cerrahi eksizyon ile tedavi edilmiştir.
Aspiration in Basque
Authors: Hualde José Ignacio 
Published: March 2018

The distribution of aspiration in Basque — with ‘aspiration’ referring to both the occurrence of [h] and of aspirated stops — shows some puzzling aspects. In some words, aspiration is ancient, in the sense that it must be assumed for the earliest reconstructable stage. In some other instances, however, it has arisen seemingly ex nihilo, as can be observed in borrowings from Latin and Romance, e.g. Latin/Romance īra > Basque hira ‘ire’, Romance taula > Basque thaula ‘board’. Most surprisingly, in some words aspiration has developed after a sonorant consonant, e.g. Romance solatz > Basque solhas ‘conversation’. Aspiration may also continue intervocalic /n/, e.g. Latin anāte > Basque ahate ‘duck’. Another unusual development is the phonologization of the contrast between aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops triggered by a shift of the stress in some words without affecting the properties of consonants. Finally, an interdialectal alternation /k-/ ~ /g-/ ~ /h-/ ~ Ø in demonstratives and related adverbs appears to have involved fortition, contrary to initial expectations. Here we describe the environments in which aspiration is found in Basque and discuss the most likely historical developments that could have given rise to the state of affairs that we find, paying particular attention to what would appear to be unusual or unnatural sound changes. We build on prior scholarship, but this paper also contains some new hypotheses, especially regarding the aspiration in words like ahate ‘duck’. We have also tried to contribute to the dating of the different processes and to the understanding of in their causes.
Al-TAJDID FI ‘ILM AL-KALAM: NAZARIYYAT NAQDIYYAH
Authors: Idris Musab Alkhair 
Published: March 2018

This article aims to describe the nature and function of Islamic theology, the call for modernization in this field, as well as some theories and standards in its modernization. The study found that a contemporary Islamic theologian, as long as he was aware of the nature and function of theology, mastered the field of theology that his predecessors had presented, following developments in the field of thought and philosophy, including the methods of da'wah in “the new religion” as a theological phenomenon, he will produce a new theology with all its beliefs and credo, that can be compared with other beliefs. Considering that the general approach in the study of theology is deductive-argumentative, the researcher of this field can be used the other approaches, such as historical approaches, comparative, critical philosophy, as well as structural analyzes toward the theological references, that are rooted either from new or old references.
MAKNA ZIARAH MAKAM HABIB ANIS AL-HABSYI BAGI MASYARAKAT NU SURAKARTA
Authors: Mashar Aly 
Published: March 2018

Habib Anis al-Habsyi is one of the most respected scholars not only in the environment where he lives,Â Pasar Kliwon, Surakarta, but also by Muslims outside the city of Surakarta and even Foreign Affairs. Therefore, even though he has died in 2006, still busy coming to him, exactly is to his grave located in a booth at the Riyadh mosque complex, Pasar Kliwon, Surakarta. On this basis, the research would like to examine what the motivation of the pilgrims to the Habib Anis Tomb. This research model is qualitative and using descriptive-interpretative approach. The theoretical framework that used is the theory of motivation, charisma, and barakah. The result of this research is that the pilgrim's motivation is the same as the pilgrims in other sacred tombs i.e looking for Blessings. But what distinguishes is the perception of Habib Anis's authority is not based on the karomahs that he has, but more on his personality and noble character. In short, the motivation of pilgrims to the tomb of Habib Anis is a unique series between charisma, kewalian, and barakah.