bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Asymptomatic Meningioma With Gamma Knife Radiosurgery: Long-Term Follow-up With Volumetric Assessment and Clinical Outcome
Authors: Gupta Amitabh , Xu Zhiyuan , Cohen-Inbar Or , Snyder M Harrison , Hobbs Landon K , Li Chelsea , Nguyen Quoc-Tuan , Sheehan Jason P 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Some patients are diagnosed with asymptomatic meningioma(s) after undergoing a screening CT and MRI for minor ailments or postresection.

OBJECTIVE
To help clinicians in decision making for treatment of asymptomatic meningiomas.

METHODS
A single center retrospective cohort study of 117 patients with 122 tumors treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS; Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden). Patients were followed with longitudinal imaging and clinical evaluations. Tumor volumetry and developments of new signs or symptoms after GKRS were the end points in the study.

RESULTS
Median patient age at GKRS was 60 yr (range 21-86 yr) with a median clinical follow-up of 53 mo (range 20-252 mo). The median pre-GKRS tumor volume was 3.6 ± 3.8 cc (±standard deviation). Tumors were treated with a median margin dose of 14 ± 2 Gy. At last follow-up, median tumor volume was 2.5 ± 3.6 cc. Radiological progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 97% and 94.4% at 5 yr and 10 yr, respectively. Clinical PFS rates were 86% and 70% at 5 yr and 10 yr, respectively. Development of neurological complications was seen in 21 (18%) patients, and 11 (52%) of them had undergone surgical resection prior to GKRS.

CONCLUSION
GKRS is a reasonable treatment strategy for asymptomatic meningiomas and compares favorably to natural history studies in terms of tumor control and neurological preservation. It results in relatively low morbidity in previously untreated meningiomas and serves as an appealing alternative treatment modality for recurrent meningiomas in asymptomatic patients.
Schoenberg as Sound Student: Pierrot’s Klang
Authors: Auner Joseph 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Schoenberg expended enormous energies on rethinking what sound could be and what it could mean in ways that anticipate and can be illuminated by sound studies. Focusing on Schoenberg’s understanding of the word Klang, this chapter explores the creative process and reception of Pierrot lunaire in the context of his writings on “sound,” one of the many possible translations of the term. Approaching Schoenberg’s music and his writings in Style and Idea and elsewhere from the vantage point of sound studies can attune us to his interests in destabilizing the boundaries not only between timbre, melody, and harmony, but also between music, sound, and noise, and between sound and our lived experience. The wide-ranging ramifications of his conception of Klang are evident in the ways that he engages with many aspects of music and its technologies and media while also going beyond specifically musical contexts to understand sound as a fundamental dimension of our thought and creativity, our experience, and our ways of relating with each other and our world.
A Minimal Demographic History of Israel
Authors: DellaPergola Sergio 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter surveys the demographic development of Israel/Palestine from antiquity through the present and looking toward the future. Territory and habitability is described regarding changing boundary definitions and internal divisions that have reflected shifting political rule. Population change is examined in the long term, noting the significant historical ups and downs in population size and socioeconomic development. The development of contemporary population in Israel and Palestine reflects large-scale international migration, including mass movement of Jewish and Arab refugees. Variable fertility levels and birth rates have also significantly affected the pace of population growth. Attention is paid to the more recent balance of Jews and Palestinians over the whole territory between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River, and an overview is presented of the distribution of world Jewish and Palestinian diasporas. Finally, population projections for the Jewish people, the state of Israel, and the whole territory of Israel/Palestine are presented.
Dysregulated Protein Synthesis in Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Heaney Chelcie F. , Raab-Graham Kimberly F. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a debilitating disorder with a lifetime prevalence of 17% in the adult population. By reverse engineering how antidepressants work at the cellular level, significant progress has been made within the last decade regarding the underlying etiology of depression. Unexpectedly, dysregulation of protein synthesis pathways is at the core of depression. Activation of one or more mRNA translation, initiation, or elongation pathways (including mammalian target of rapamycin [mTOR] kinase, extracellular regulated kinase, and eukaryotic elongation factor 2) is central to symptomatic relief. In preclinical models of stress and/or depression, co-administration of antidepressants and pharmacological inhibitors of these pathways block hallmark characteristics of antidepressant efficacy, including upregulation of key synaptic proteins, increased dendritic and spine complexity, and antidepressant-like behaviors. In this chapter, we review studies demonstrating altered translational pathways in animal models, treated and untreated patients, with a focus on mTOR-regulated protein synthesis.
Students with Disabilities and School Choice
Authors: Garda Robert , Hensel Wendy , O’Neill Paul 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
School choice is one of the primary education reforms currently sweeping the United States. School choice systems create unique challenges for students with disabilities and schools of choice in serving such students. While there are a variety of school choice systems, this chapter focuses on three types of school choice models—charter schools, portfolio school districts, and voucher programs—and the unique policy and legal challenges they present for students with disabilities. Specifically, this chapter examines the interplay of these school choice reforms with the United States laws regarding students with disabilities: the Individuals with Education in Disabilities Act (IDEA), Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (Section 504), and Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The challenges, barriers and problems are examined and solutions are proposed that consider both the laws regarding students with disabilities and the structures of the choice programs.
Eighty Years of Students’ Free Speech in Public Schools
Authors: Bowman Kristine L. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Free speech is the cornerstone of our democracy, and it is also a right that students exercise in public schools. Students’ rights have not always been as robust they are today, though. In fact, over the past century, the way in which we conceptualize students’ rights has changed dramatically. This chapter traces the development of the law in this area, analyzing the handful of U.S. Supreme Court decisions that have established the special rules for deciding school speech cases and engaging the principles that have animated these decisions. The chapter also presents one way of understanding how these cases fit together, underscores questions about the current coherence of the doctrine, and engages the related—and increasingly important—issue of qualified immunity. Student speech cases are among the most commonly litigated issues under the First Amendment, and for many reasons, controversies about free speech present difficult questions.
Managing Risky Bodies
Authors: Reich Jennifer A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHealth risk is increasingly calculable, often with new ways to surveil the body, in hopes of enacting change that might treat, manage, or lower that identifiable risk. Nowhere is this more evident than in pregnancy management and childhood vaccination. This chapter examines how women encounter discourses of risk during pregnancy as well as when they consider childhood vaccination and make decisions for themselves and their children. Using two case examples from a larger qualitative study of perceptions of risk and vaccine refusal, this chapter shows how women’s decisions reflect the ways their pregnancy and parenting decisions are driven by perceptions of risk that are embodied, subjective, and contextual, and that reflect different social locations and processes of management.
Time in International Relations Theory
Authors: Hom Andrew R. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Temporal phenomena like power shifts, wars, and confounding events characterize international politics. Yet for decades academic international relations (IR) did not consider time worthy of research or reflection. Recently things have changed, especially in critical IR, where scholars developed numerous arguments about time’s political importance. However, none of that work pursued a synoptic account of time in IR theory. This chapter does so, using an ideal typology of closed and open time to understand realism, liberalism, constructivism, English School, feminism, Marxism, and critical theory. In each, tensions between open and closed time distinguish the theory from its competitors but also animate explanatory and normative debates among its proponents. The historically overlooked issue of time—our assumptions about it, visions of it, and claims about how it impacts politics—drives theoretical development across and within IR theories, which we can understand as attempts to time international political life.
Algorithmic Governance by Online Intermediaries
Authors: Elkin-Koren Niva , Perel Maayan 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In recent years, there is a growing use of algorithmic law enforcement by online intermediaries. Algorithmic enforcement by private intermediaries is located at the interface between public law and private ordering. It often reflects risk management and commercial interests of online intermediaries, effectively converging law enforcement and adjudication powers, at the hands of a small number of mega platforms. At the same time, algorithmic governance also plays a critical role in shaping access to online content and facilitating public discourse. Yet, online intermediaries are hardly held accountable for algorithmic enforcement, even though they may reach erroneous decisions. Developing proper accountability mechanisms is hence vital to create a check on algorithmic enforcement. Accordingly, relying on lessons drawn from algorithmic copyright enforcement by online intermediaries, this chapter demonstrates the accountability deficiencies in algorithmic copyright enforcement; maps the barriers for algorithmic accountability and discusses various strategies for enhancing accountability in algorithmic governance.
Reflections on the Professional Practice of Knowledge Capture
Authors: Moon Brian 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe practice of capturing cognitive performance and expertise has grown into a profession over the past several decades. This chapter offers reflections from a professional knowledge capturer. The chapter describes the scope of, uses for, and origins of knowledge capture. It then moves to a description of the praxis of knowledge capture, including a discussion of protocols and methods for knowledge elicitation, focusing on the components common to all capture methods—structure and probing questions. The issues of cognitive burden sharing across the capturer and holder, how purpose guides execution, and how constraints can shape practical developments in approaches to knowledge capture are also discussed. Throughout, the chapter offers illustrative stories of knowledge capture from the field. The chapter concludes by looking at future directions for the profession.
Expertise in Aviation
Authors: Wickens Christopher D. , Dehais Frederic 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis chapter makes the distinction between the experience of aviation professionals, often quantified in terms of hours of flight time, or flight qualifications, and expertise, as revealed by high proficiency at aviation tasks. Very high proficiency defines the expert. Challenge results because of the difficulty in measuring such proficiency, particularly beyond the student pilot level, and in air traffic control. The chapter also reviews the literature that examines the relation between experience, differences in cognitive ability, and the expertise of aviation professionals as pertains to controlling the aircraft, navigating, and communicating, as well as pertains to non-technical skills manifest by both pilots and air traffic controllers: situation awareness, decision making, task management and crew resource management. It is concluded that experience is only loosely coupled with proficiency in these areas.
Hinduism and Meditation
Authors: Flood Gavin 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Meditation has been integral to Hindu and Buddhist tantric traditions, in particular involving visualization or visual contemplation, practiced as part of ritual and also in its own right in order to achieve the goals of liberation from the cycle of reincarnation and also to achieve pleasure or power in this and other worlds. Visual contemplation is particularly focused on the body envisioned as being pervaded by a vertical axis at a subtle level, along which are located different levels of experience associated with different levels of the hierarchical cosmos. Power is awakened through meditation that rises up through these levels up to the very highest realization. This visual contemplation is thought to be of the subtle body as the support of the soul that leaves the physical body at death. There is also meditation without visualization that emphasizes the flow of pure awareness. This essay examines these practices in the major Hindu tantric traditions focused on the deity Śiva with some reference to the traditions of the Goddess, Viṣṇu, and Buddhism. These traditions influence the later Yoga tradition and have been transformed in the modern West.
Cosmological theories before and without einstein
Authors: Kragh Helge 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAlthough modern cosmology is essentially a twentieth-century science, its birth can reasonably be traced back to discussions about the universe in the previous century. With the emergence of astrophysics in the 1860s astronomy was substantially changed and the material content of the universe became an issue of science. At about the same time thermodynamics was applied to the universe at large, with the result that the beginning and end of the universe entered astronomical thought. Moreover, it became slowly realized that space can be described as curved rather than flat. In that case it would be possible to speak about a finite and yet unbounded universe and in this way to solve some of the problems associated with the traditional view of an infinite number of stars. These and other problems were only fully understood in the twentieth century, but they were discussed before Einstein revolutionized cosmology.
Observational and astrophysical cosmology: 1980–2018
Authors: Longair Malcolm S. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSince 1980, our empirical knowledge of the universe has advanced tremendously and precision cosmology has become a reality. These developments have been largely technology-driven, the result of increased computer power, new generations of telescopes for all wavebands, new types of semiconductor detectors, such as CCDs, and major investments by many nations in superb observing facilities. The discipline also benefitted from the influx of experimental and theoretical physicists into the cosmological arena. The accuracy and reliability of the values of the cosmological parameters has improved dramatically, many of them now being known to about 1%. The ΛCDM model provides a remarkable fit to all the observational data, demonstrating that the cosmological constant is non-zero and that the global geometry of the universe is flat. The underlying physics of galaxy and large-scale structure formation has advanced dramatically and demonstrated the key roles played by dark matter and dark energy.
Inflation, dark matter, and dark energy
Authors: Longair Malcolm S. , Smeenk Chris 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe success of the ΛCDM model has raised a number of challenging problems for the origin of structure in the universe and the initial state from which it evolved. The origins of these basic cosmological problems are described. The dark matter must be non-baryonic, but its nature has not been established. Likewise, the nature of the dark energy is not understood. The inflationary model for the very early universe has had some undoubted successes in accounting for the initial power-spectrum of fluctuations from which large-scale structures formed but there is no physical realization of the inflaton field. Defects formed during phase transitions in the early universe cannot account for the initial power spectrum of fluctuations, but may have some part to play in structure formation. The origin of the baryon-antibaryon asymmetry in the early universe is not understood in terms of theories of particle physics.
Alternative cosmological theories
Authors: Kragh Helge 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSince about 1970 the broadly accepted theory of the universe has been the standard hot big-bang model. However, there is and has always been alternative theories which challenge one or more features of the standard model or, more radically, question the scientific nature of cosmology. Is the universe governed by Einstein’s field equations? Is it really in a state of expansion? Did it begin with a big bang? The chapter discusses various alternative or heterodox theories in the period from about 1930 to 1980, among them the idea of a static universe and the conception that our universe evolves cyclically in infinite cosmic time. While some of these theories have been abandoned long ago, others still live on and are cultivated by a minority of cosmologists and other scientists.
Relativistic astrophysics and cosmology
Authors: Longair Malcolm S. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAlthough relativistic astrophysics began in the 1930s with study of supernovae and neutron stars, it was only three decades later that the discovery of extragalactic radio sources, quasars and pulsars marked the emergence of special and general relativity as essential tools of the high energy astrophysicist. X-ray and γ-ray astronomy provided many new insights, culminating in the discovery of γ-ray bursts at cosmological distances in 1997. Supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei provided major new challenges for theorists and observers alike, revealing many remarkable relativistic phenomena, such as superluminal motions observed in some of the most active galaxies. Einstein’s prediction of gravitational waves of 1916 was substantiated exactly 100 years later with their discovery in coalescing binary black hole systems by the LIGO project. These remarkable discoveries, mostly in the non-optical wavebands, brought a wide range of physicists into the astronomical and cosmological communities.
A Qualitative Descriptive Study of Patient Experiences of Pain Before and After Spine Surgery
Authors: Accardi-Ravid Michelle , Eaton Linda , Meins Alexa , Godfrey Daniel , Gordon Debra , Lesnik Ivan , Doorenbos Ardith 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study was to describe the preoperative and postoperative experiences of spine surgery from the patient’s perspective to help inform behavioral health services provided before, during, and after hospitalization.

Setting
Single urban academic tertiary care hospital.

Methods
Semistructured interviews with 14 adults who underwent spine surgery. Interview transcriptions were analyzed using content analysis by three investigators to identify emergent themes.

Results
Three broad domains with associated themes emerged from the analysis: 1) preoperative experience—preparation, worries, and expectations; 2) recovery process—activity and pain management strategies; and 3) postoperative support in recovery—family and social support.

Conclusions
The results of this qualitative descriptive study can be used to guide future perioperative behavioral health services for patients undergoing spinal surgery. Establishing realistic expectations of spine surgery and a comprehensive pain management plan are essential for adequate preoperative preparation. Furthermore, family involvement in the preoperative preparation for surgery is important for support of the patient during the recovery process.
The regular completion of a C*-algebra with large projections
Authors: Saitô Kazuyuki 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
When a unital C*-algebra A is prime and has very large projections, it is shown that the regular completion A^ of the algebra A is a simple, wild type III AW*-factor that has no non-zero σ-finite projections. For example, the Weaver algebra, the Crabb algebra and the Katsura algebra are prime C*-algebras that have very large projections. As a corollary, such algebras have no non-zero abelian elements, that is, they are not of type I.
BABOON RADIATION QUALITY (MIXED-FIELD NEUTRON AND GAMMA, GAMMA ALONE) DOSE-RESPONSE MODEL SYSTEMS: ASSESSMENT OF H-ARS SEVERITY USING HAEMATOLOGIC BIOMARKERS
Authors: Bolduc David L , Blakely William F , H. Olsen Cara , Agay Diane , Mestries Jean-Claude , Drouet Michel , Hérodin Francis 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Results from archived (1986 and 1996) experiments were used to establish a baboon radiation-quality dose–response database with haematology biomarker time-course data following exposure to mixed-fields (i.e. neutron to gamma ratio: 5.5; dose: 0–8 Gy) and 60Co gamma-ray exposures (0–15 Gy). Time-course (i.e. 0–40 d) haematology changes for relevant blood-cell types for both mixed-field (neutron to gamma ratio = 5.5) and gamma ray alone were compared and models developed that showed significant differences using the maximum likehood ratio test. A consensus METREPOL-like haematology ARS (H-ARS) severity scoring system for baboons was established using these results. The data for mixed-field and the gamma only cohorts appeared similar, and so the cohorts were pooled into a single consensus H-ARS severity scoring system. These findings provide proof-of-concept for the use of a METREPOL H-ARS severity scoring system following mixed-field and gamma exposures.
DOSIMETRIC AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO RADON LUNG CANCER RISK ASSESSMENT
Authors: Mc Laughlin J P 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The two principal approaches used to assess the risk of lung cancer due to radon exposure are those based on dosimetric modelling and on epidemiology. Outline accounts are given of the main features of dosimetric models that have evolved over past decades. The main results of some occupational and residential epidemiological studies are also discussed. The doubling of the ICRP radon dose conversion factors estimated using the epidemiological based dose conversion convention in the period 1993–2010 are discussed. Also discussed is the more recent ICRP approach in which it is recommended that in future the doses should be estimated on the basis of dosimetric and biokinetic models thereby treating radon and its progeny as other radionuclides within its system of protection.