bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal variations in the abundance and body size distribution of the ocean sunfish Mola mola in coastal waters off southern Portugal
Authors: Baptista Miguel , Couto Ana , Paula José Ricardo , Raimundo Joana , Queiroz Nuno , Rosa Rui 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe present work expands the existing knowledge on M. mola ecology by assessing, for the first time, its abundance (and body size distribution) in the southern waters of Portugal and relating the associated temporal variations with environmental variables. There were significant seasonal differences in abundance, with peaks in spring and autumn and lower values throughout the summer. Ocean sunfish abundance was positively correlated with sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a, indicating that a combination of both temperature and productivity dictates spatial use. Complementarily, the absence of a relationship between abundance and water transparency may reveal a strategy in spatial use favouring a medium-term steady food supply over short-term improved feeding opportunities. Specimens ranged between 31.8 and 230.0 cm (total length), with 98% of all individuals measuring between 31.8 and 59.9 cm. As the vast majority of specimens analysed were immature, seasonal differences in abundance should not be related to spawning.
First insights towards the population genetic structure and the phylogeographic status of the horse mussel (Modiolus barbatus) from the eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Giantsis Ioannis A. , Exadactylos Athanasios , Feidantsis Konstantinos , Michaelidis Basile 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe horse musselModiolus barbatusis a marine benthic bivalve, distributed mainly in the Mediterranean basin, that constitutes a fishery product of high economic importance and a promising candidate for aquaculture. The current study provides the first insights regarding the genetic profile ofM. barbatuspopulations from the eastern Mediterranean, by analysis of a partial segment of the mitochondrialCOIgene in individuals collected from five sampling localities within the Aegean Sea. To the best of our knowledge, the derived haplotypes represent the first DNA barcodes ofM. barbatusfrom the entire Mediterranean region. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis revealed thatM. barbatusfrom the North Sea andM. barbatusfrom the eastern Mediterranean may not belong to the same species and as a consequence, there might be three species of the genusModiolusin Europe. On the other hand, eastern MediterraneanM. barbatushaplotypes were found to be more closely related to the Asian-PacificModiolusspecies. All geographic populations analysed displayed high levels of genetic diversity, in terms of haplotype and nucleotide diversity and a considerable number of unique alleles. Divergence among populations was found at generally low levels, corresponding with the majority of pairwiseFstvalues not being significant. These findings suggest no population structure and high levels of gene flow, a common feature observed in marine bivalves with long pelagic larval phases.
Friendship and social functioning following early institutional rearing: The role of ADHD symptoms
Authors: Humphreys Kathryn L. , Gabard-Durnam Laurel , Goff Bonnie , Telzer Eva H. , Flannery Jessica , Gee Dylan G. , Park Valentina , Lee Steve S. , Tottenham Nim 
Published: December 2018

AbstractEarly institutional rearing is associated with increased risk for subsequent peer relationship difficulties, but the underlying mechanisms have not been identified. Friendship characteristics, social behaviors with peers, normed assessments of social problems, and social cue use were assessed in 142 children (mean age = 10.06, SD = 2.02; range 7–13 years), of whom 67 were previously institutionalized (PI), and 75 were raised by their biological families. Anxiety and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, often elevated among PI children, were examined as potential mediators of PI status and baseline social functioning and longitudinal follow-ups (2 and 4 years later). Twenty-seven percent of PI children fell above the Child Behavior Checklist Social Problems cutoff. An examination of specific social behaviors with peers indicated that PI and comparison children did not differ in empathic concern or peer social approach, though parents were more likely to endorse aggression/overarousal as a reason that PI children might struggle with friendships. Comparison children outperformed PI children in computerized testing of social cue use learning. Finally, across these measures, social difficulties exhibited in the PI group were mediated by ADHD symptoms with predicted social problems assessed 4 years later. These findings show that, when PI children struggle with friendships, mechanisms involving attention and behavior regulation are likely contributors.
Associations of dietary patterns with hypertension among adults in Jilin Province, China: a structural equation modelling approach
Authors: Ye Junsen , Lv Yaogai , Li Zhongmin , Yao Yan , Jin Lina 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the direct and indirect associations of dietary patterns with hypertension using structural equation modelling (SEM).DesignFactor analysis with varimax rotation was used to classify different dietary patterns and SEM was employed to investigate the associations of dietary patterns with hypertension. Total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol (TC:HDL-C) ratio and LDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol (LDL-C:HDL-C) ratio were used as observed indicator variables of the lipid latent variable. Waist circumference, body fat percentage and BMI, which were associated with hypertension, were used as observed indicator variables of the obesity latent variable.SettingInternational Chronic Disease Cohort (ICDC) that began in 2005 with the purpose of describing the frequency and determinants of chronic diseases in Jilin Province, China.ParticipantsA total of 1492 adults (40–79 years) were enrolled in the baseline study from August 2010 to August 2011.ResultsHypertension prevalence in our study population was 34·9 %. It was found that the wine pattern, condiment pattern, obesity latent variable, lipid latent variable, glucose, age and family history of hypertension were factors that had an association with hypertension via SEM, and the corresponding coefficients were 0·056, 0·011, 0·230, 0·281, 0·098, 0·232 and 0·116, respectively.ConclusionsThe wine pattern and lipid latent variable had positive direct associations with hypertension. The condiment pattern had a positive indirect association with hypertension via the obesity latent variable. The vegetables pattern, modern pattern and snack pattern were not associated with hypertension.
Suitability of the eight-item version of the Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale to identify risk groups: evidence from a nationwide representative sample
Authors: Interlenghi Gabriela S , Reichenheim Michael E , Segall-Corrêa Ana M , Pérez-Escamilla Rafael , Moraes Claudia L , Salles-Costa Rosana 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale (EBIA) has eight general/adult items applied in all households and six additional items exclusively asked in households with children and/or adolescents (HHCA). Continuing an investigation programme on the adequacy of model-based cut-off points for EBIA, the present study aims to: (i) explore the capacity of properly stratifying HHCA according to food insecurity (FI) severity level by applying only the eight ‘generic’ items; and (ii) compare it against the fourteen-item scale.DesignLatent class factor analysis (LCFA) models were applied to the answers to the eight general/adult items to identify latent groups corresponding to FI levels and optimal group-separating cut-off points. Analyses involved a thorough classification agreement evaluation and were performed at the national level and by macro-regions.SettingData derived from the cross-sectional Brazilian National Household Sample Survey of 2013.ParticipantsA nationally representative sample of 116 543 households.ResultsIn all households and investigated domains, LCFA detected four distinct household food (in)security groups (food security and three levels of severity of FI) and the same set of cut-off points (1/2, 4/5 and 6/7). Misclassification in the aggregate data was 0·66 % in adult-only households and 1·06 % in HHCA. Comparison of the scale reduced to eight items with the ‘original’ fourteen-item scale demonstrated consistency in the classification. In HHCA, the agreement between both classifications was 96·2 %.ConclusionsResults indicate the eight ‘generic’ items in HHCA can be reliably used when it is not possible to apply the fourteen-item scale.
Weka Trainable Segmentation Plugin in ImageJ: A Semi-Automatic Tool Applied to Crystal Size Distributions of Microlites in Volcanic Rocks
Authors: Lormand Charline , Zellmer Georg F. , Németh Károly , Kilgour Geoff , Mead Stuart , Palmer Alan S. , Sakamoto Naoya , Yurimoto Hisayoshi , Moebis Anja 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCrystals within volcanic rocks record geochemical and textural signatures during magmatic evolution before eruption. Clues to this magmatic history can be examined using crystal size distribution (CSD) studies. The analysis of CSDs is a standard petrological tool, but laborious due to manual hand-drawing of crystal margins. The trainable Weka segmentation (TWS) plugin in ImageJ is a promising alternative. It uses machine learning and image segmentation to classify an image. We recorded back-scattered electron (BSE) images of three volcanic samples with different crystallinity (35, 50 and ≥85 vol. %), using scanning electron microscopes (SEM) of variable image resolutions, which we then tested using TWS. Crystal measurements obtained from the automatically segmented images are compared with those of the manual segmentation. Samples up to 50 vol. % crystallinity are successfully segmented using TWS. Segmentation at significantly higher crystallinities fails, as crystal boundaries cannot be distinguished. Accuracy performance tests for the TWS classifiers yield high F-scores (>0.930), hence, TWS is a successful and fast computing tool for outlining crystals from BSE images of glassy rocks. Finally, reliable CSD’s can be derived using a low-cost desktop SEM, paving the way for a wide range of research to take advantage of this new petrological method.
NATURAL AXIOMS FOR CLASSICAL MEREOLOGY
Authors: COTNOIR A. J. , VARZI ACHILLE C. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe present a new axiomatization of classical mereology in which the three components of the theory—ordering, composition, and decomposition principles—are neatly separated. The equivalence of our axiom system with other, more familiar systems is established by purely deductive methods, along with additional results on the relative strengths of the composition and decomposition axioms of each system.
Ionization of the Polar Atmosphere by Energetic Electron Precipitation Retrieved From Balloon Measurements
Authors: Mironova I. A. , Artamonov A. A. , Bazilevskaya G. A. , Rozanov E. V. , Kovaltsov G. A. , Makhmutov V. S. , Mishev A. L. , Karagodin A. V. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe retrieve ionization rates in the atmosphere caused by energetic electron precipitation from balloon observations in the polar atmosphere and compare them against ionization rates recommended for the Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. In our retrieval procedure, we consider the precipitating electrons with energies from about tens of keV to 5 MeV. Our simulations with 1‐D radiative‐convective model with interactive neutral and ion chemistry show that the difference of the Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project and balloon‐based ionization rate can lead to underestimation of the NOx enhancement by more than 100% and ozone loss up to 25% in the mesosphere. The atmospheric response is different below 50 km due to considering highly energetic electrons, but it is not important because the absolute values of atmospheric impact is tiny. Ionization rates obtained from the balloon observations reveal a high variability.
Hamiltonian Nullspace Shuttles
Authors: Fichtner Andreas , Zunino Andrea 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe present a method to explore the effective nullspace of nonlinear inverse problems without Monte Carlo sampling. This is based on the construction of an artificial Hamiltonian system where a model is treated as a high‐dimensional particle. Depending on its initial momentum and mass matrix, the particle evolves along a trajectory that traverses the effective nullspace, thereby producing a series of alternative models that are consistent with observations and their uncertainties. Variants of the nullspace shuttle enable hypothesis testing, for example, by adding features or by producing smoother or rougher models. Furthermore, the Hamiltonian nullspace shuttle can serve as a tunable hybrid between deterministic and probabilistic inversion methods: Choosing random initial momenta, it resembles Hamiltonian Monte Carlo; requiring misfits to decrease along a trajectory, it transforms into gradient descent. We illustrate the concept with a low‐dimensional toy example and with high‐dimensional nonlinear inversions of seismic traveltimes and magnetic data, respectively.
Modulation of Atmospheric River Occurrence and Associated Precipitation Extremes in the North Atlantic Region by European Weather Regimes
Authors: Pasquier J. T. , Pfahl S. , Grams C. M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe variability of large‐scale moisture transport by atmospheric rivers (AR) and its linkage to precipitation extremes in the North Atlantic‐European region is studied. A weather regime approach is adopted to describe the variability of the large‐scale circulation. Weather regimes modulate the climatologically mean westerly flow into Europe, in which ARs are commonly embedded. In cyclonic regimes, AR landfall is enhanced in wide parts of Iberia, Western Europe, the British Isles, and southern Scandinavia. In blocked regimes, ARs are deviated around the blocking anticyclone enhancing AR landfall at high latitudes or in the western Mediterranean and North Africa. The likelihood of precipitation extremes increases locally more than twofold in regions of enhanced AR occurrence during the different weather regimes. These results suggest that specific weather regimes establish favorable conditions for AR landfall in Europe. Therefore, accurate forecasts of weather regimes can give guidance for predicting also large‐scale precipitation extremes.
Sensitivity of Global Hydrological Simulations to Groundwater Capillary Flux Parameterizations
Authors: Koirala Sujan , Kim Hyungjun , Hirabayashi Yukiko , Kanae Shinjiro , Oki Taikan 
Published: December 2018

AbstractGlobal land surface and hydrologic models, used to quantify the influence of groundwater (GW) dynamics on land surface hydrology, vary in parameterizations of the GW capillary flux and depth of moisture flux exchange between GW and unsaturated soil column (interaction depth). In this study, we demonstrate that the parameterization of capillary flux significantly affects the magnitude of GW‐supported ET (±15%) and GW recharge (±25%). The largest sensitivities are associated with a strong dependence of the capillary flux parameterization on water table depth (WTD) with further controls by soil hydraulic properties. Under shallow WTD condition, the finer soils show a larger GW‐supported ET for parameterization that depends only on WTD. Further, GW‐supported ET reduces by 7–13% per meter increase in interaction depth used in simulation compared to simulation in which the interaction depth varies in space and time with WTD. The simulations of runoff, soil moisture, and WTD are even more sensitive to the difference in parameterization and interaction depth. Moreover, these sensitivities vary largely in both space and time. Evaluations against observation‐based data and previous modeling simulations reveal that simulations with capillary flux perform better than that the one without it in regions with large GW‐supported ET. We concur that capillary flux has a large and nonnegligible influence in global hydrologic simulation. But, the spatiotemporal variabilities of sensitivities of hydrological fluxes and storages demonstrate that different parameterization of GW capillary flux may also lead to a substantial uncertainty in global hydrologic simulations and subsequent water resources assessments.
The Dependence of Hydroclimate Projections in Snow‐Dominated Regions of the Western United States on the Choice of Statistically Downscaled Climate Data
Authors: Alder Jay R. , Hostetler Steven W. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe assess monthly temperature and precipitation data derived by six statistically downscaled data sets for 14 general circulation models (GCMs) from the Climate Model Intercomparison Program Phase 5. We use a simple monthly water balance model to quantify and decompose uncertainties associated with the GCMs and statistical techniques in projections for four snow‐dominated regions in the western United States. The end‐of‐century projections from GCMs exhibit substantial variation in change over the regions (temperature range of 2.8–8.0 °C and precipitation range of −22–31%). The six downscaled data sets exhibit disparate high‐resolution representations of the magnitude and spatial patterns of future temperature (up to 2.2 °C) and precipitation (up to 30%) for a common GCM. Two data sets derived by the same downscaling method (Multivariate Adaptive Constructed Analogs) produce median losses of snow water equivalent over the Upper Colorado of 51% and 81%. The principal causes of the differences among the downscaled projections are related to the gridded observations used to bias correct the historical GCM output. Specifically, (1) whether a fixed atmospheric lapse rate (−6.5 °C/km) or a spatially and temporally varying lapse rate is used to extrapolate lower elevation observations to high‐elevations and (2) whether high‐elevation station data (e.g., SNOTEL) are included in the observations. The GCM projections are the largest source of uncertainty in the monthly water balance model simulations; however, the differences among seasonal projections produced by downscaled data sets in some regions highlight the need for careful evaluation of the statistically downscaled data in climate impact studies.
Influence of fake news in Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election
Authors: Bovet Alexandre , Makse Hernán A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe dynamics and influence of fake news on Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election remains to be clarified. Here, we use a dataset of 171 million tweets in the five months preceding the election day to identify 30 million tweets, from 2.2 million users, which contain a link to news outlets. Based on a classification of news outlets curated bywww.opensources.co, we find that 25% of these tweets spread either fake or extremely biased news. We characterize the networks of information flow to find the most influential spreaders of fake and traditional news and use causal modeling to uncover how fake news influenced the presidential election. We find that, while top influencers spreading traditional center and left leaning news largely influence the activity of Clinton supporters, this causality is reversed for the fake news: the activity of Trump supporters influences the dynamics of the top fake news spreaders.
Industrial scale high-throughput screening delivers multiple fast acting macrofilaricides
Authors: Clare Rachel H. , Bardelle Catherine , Harper Paul , Hong W. David , Börjesson Ulf , Johnston Kelly L. , Collier Matthew , Myhill Laura , Cassidy Andrew , Plant Darren , Plant Helen , Clark Roger , Cook Darren A. N. , Steven Andrew , Archer John , McGillan Paul , Charoensutthivarakul Sitthivut , Bibby Jaclyn , Sharma Raman , Nixon Gemma L. , Slatko Barton E. , Cantin Lindsey , Wu Bo , Turner Joseph , Ford Louise , Rich Kirsty , Wigglesworth Mark , Berry Neil G. , O’Neill Paul M. , Taylor Mark J. , Ward Stephen A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractNematodes causing lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis rely on their bacterial endosymbiont, Wolbachia, for survival and fecundity, making Wolbachia a promising therapeutic target. Here we perform a high-throughput screen of AstraZeneca’s 1.3 million in-house compound library and identify 5 novel chemotypes with faster in vitro kill rates (<2 days) than existing anti-Wolbachia drugs that cure onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis. This industrial scale anthelmintic neglected tropical disease (NTD) screening campaign is the result of a partnership between the Anti-Wolbachia consortium (A∙WOL) and AstraZeneca. The campaign was informed throughout by rational prioritisation and triage of compounds using cheminformatics to balance chemical diversity and drug like properties reducing the chance of attrition from the outset. Ongoing development of these multiple chemotypes, all with superior time-kill kinetics than registered antibiotics with anti-Wolbachia activity, has the potential to improve upon the current therapeutic options and deliver improved, safer and more selective macrofilaricidal drugs.
Drawings of real-world scenes during free recall reveal detailed object and spatial information in memory
Authors: Bainbridge Wilma A. , Hall Elizabeth H. , Baker Chris I. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractUnderstanding the content of memory is essential to teasing apart its underlying mechanisms. While recognition tests have commonly been used to probe memory, it is difficult to establish what specific content is driving performance. Here, we instead focus on free recall of real-world scenes, and quantify the content of memory using a drawing task. Participants studied 30 scenes and, after a distractor task, drew as many images in as much detail as possible from memory. The resulting memory-based drawings were scored by thousands of online observers, revealing numerous objects, few memory intrusions, and precise spatial information. Further, we find that visual saliency and meaning maps can explain aspects of memory performance and observe no relationship between recall and recognition for individual images. Our findings show that not only is it possible to quantify the content of memory during free recall, but those memories contain detailed representations of our visual experiences.
Sustained ocean changes contributed to sudden Antarctic sea ice retreat in late 2016
Authors: Meehl Gerald A. , Arblaster Julie M. , Chung Christine T. Y. , Holland Marika M. , DuVivier Alice , Thompson LuAnne , Yang Dongxia , Bitz Cecilia M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAfter nearly three decades of observed increasing trends of Antarctic sea ice extent, in September-October-November 2016, there was a dramatic decrease. Here we document factors that contributed to that decrease. An atmosphere-only model with a specified positive convective heating anomaly in the eastern Indian/western Pacific Ocean, representing the record positive precipitation anomalies there in September-October-November 2016, produces an anomalous atmospheric Rossby wave response with mid- and high latitude surface wind anomalies that contribute to the decrease of Antarctic sea ice extent. The sustained decreases of Antarctic sea ice extent after late 2016 are associated with a warmer upper Southern Ocean. This is the culmination of a negative decadal trend of wind stress curl with positive Southern Annular Mode and negative Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, Ekman suction that results in warmer water being moved upward in the column closer to the surface, a transition to positive Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation around 2014–2016, and negative Southern Annular Mode in late 2016.