bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coulomb Collisions as a Candidate for Temperature Anisotropy Constraints in the Solar Wind
Authors: Vafin S. , Riazantseva M. , Pohl M. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Many solar wind observations at 1 au indicate that the proton (as well as electron) temperature anisotropy is limited. The data distribution in the (A

a
, β

a,∥)-plane have a rhombic-shaped form around β

a,∥ ∼ 1. The boundaries of the temperature anisotropy at β

a,∥ > 1 can be well explained by the threshold conditions of the mirror (whistler) and oblique proton (electron) firehose instabilities in a bi-Maxwellian plasma, whereas the physical mechanism of the similar restriction at β

a,∥ < 1 is still under debate. One possible option is Coulomb collisions, which we revisit in the current work. We derive the relaxation rate

of the temperature anisotropy in a bi-Maxwellian plasma that we then study analytically and by observed proton data from WIND. We found that

increases toward small β

p,∥ < 1. We matched the data distribution in the (A

p
, β

p,∥)-plane with the constant contour

s−1, corresponding to the minimum value for collisions to play a role. This contour fits rather well the left boundary of the rhombic-shaped data distribution in the (A

p
, β

p,∥)-plane. Thus, Coulomb collisions are an interesting candidate for explaining the limitations of the temperature anisotropy in the solar wind with small β

a,∥ < 1 at 1 au.
Quelles frontières géographiques pour les systèmes d’innovation technologique ?
Authors: Frigant Vincent , Miollan Stéphane , Presse Maëlise , Virapin David 
Published: January 2019

Cet article contribue aux débats concernant les échelles géographiques des Technological Innovation Systems (TIS). Une première partie explicite comment d’un point de vue méthodologique les co-brevets constituent un outil pertinent pour appréhender un TIS et poser la question de son échelle spatiale. La suite de l’article étudie les co-brevets déposés par les 10 constructeurs automobiles sur le domaine du véhicule hybride sur la période 2000-2013. Sur la base de 3250 co-brevets, nous montrons que 1) l’indice de nationalisation est plutôt élevé pour 5 constructeurs et très faibles pour trois autres démontrant l’hétérogénéité des pratiques et des frontières spatiales du TIS ; 2) cette hétérogénéité se retrouve pour ce qui concerne les types de partenaires mobilisés et leurs localisations. La dernière section en retire des conclusions analytiques pour l’analyse des TIS et leurs frontières géographiques.	Codes JEL : O31, O33, L62
Vers les origines sémantiques du conditionnel épistémique. Étude d’un genre juridique en français classique ( xvi e - xviii e siècles)
Authors: Van de Weerd Jessica 
Published: January 2019

Cette étude porte sur l’emploi du conditionnel français que l’on a dans L’ennemi aurait pris la fuite , appelé CE1. S’il y a une abondance d’études sur ce sujet pour le français moderne, il y a une carence flagrante pour les stades antérieurs du français. Cet article analyse le sémantisme du CE1 en français classique ( xvi e - xviii e siècles) dans le genre textuel des actes notariés. Elle présente la plus ancienne occurrence de ce conditionnel (1507) et avance l’hypothèse que le sémantisme original propre du CE1 comprend un élément évidentiel et/ou un élément de non-confirmation.
La représentation des origines de la civilisation chez Francesco Patrizi de Sienne
Authors: Gambino Longo Susanna 
Published: January 2019

Deux traités de Francesco Patrizi de Sienne (1412-1494), le De regno et regis institutione et le De reipublicae institutione posent la question de l’origine des pouvoirs à travers une réflexion sur la condition primitive de l’humanité, qui s’appuie principalement sur les sources du matérialisme antique. L’analyse des différents régimes politiques conduite par Patrizi s’inscrit dans la quête de légitimité du pouvoir princier dans l’Italie de la fin du xv e siècle et se nourrit de la dimension historiciste de la pensée humaniste.
La juridicisation de la politique chez Bodin, héritier de Machiavel
Authors: Akimoto Shingo 
Published: January 2019

Cet article a pour objectif d’approfondir la manière dont Jean Bodin élabore la théorie de l’état ( status ) des Républiques comme instrument de la lecture méthodique de l’histoire dans sa Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem (1566 ; 1572), en reprenant ce que Machiavel a développé au sujet de l’état ( stato ) à travers l’analyse comparée de l’histoire romaine avec la réalité florentine dans les Discorsi (c. 1517). Pour éclairer l’élaboration théorique de l’État ( status / stato ) chez ces deux auteurs, nous nous penchons sur leur interprétation du pouvoir des tribuns de la plèbe à Rome en fonction de leur regard sur la structure sociale romaine. Si les tribuns ont fait découvrir à Machiavel l’essence de la politique, ils donnent à Bodin la possibilité de la rendre juridique et de cristalliser la théorie du summum imperium (souveraineté). C’est sur cette théorie que Bodin fonde l’état des Républiques. Nous nous proposons ainsi de montrer que l’interprétation de l’histoire romaine a une conséquence majeure sur la théorie politique moderne de la souveraineté.
Conflits, alliances et négociations autour de la prise en compte des écoles de voile par la fédération nationale de voile (1945-1976)
Authors: Lafabrègue Claude 
Published: January 2019

Depuis 1945, deux grandes mouvances associatives font vivre de manière séparée la pratique de la voile en France : les clubs de la fédération préparant aux compétitions sportives et les centres de plein air proposant aux néophytes une initiation déconnectée de toute recherche de performance sportive. L’arrivée de Maurice Herzog à la tête de l’administration de la Jeunesse et des Sports en 1958 inaugure une politique publique qui cherche à rompre avec cet émiettement associatif, en plaçant les centres de plein air sous l’autorité de la fédération, de façon à unifier l’enseignement de la voile dans le pays. Or, cette intervention a pour effet d’exacerber les tensions subsistant entre ces deux tendances. Les responsables de la fédération n’ont de cesse de réclamer que l’activité des écoles de voile soit subordonnée à l’initiation aux régates alors que les dirigeants des centres de plein air s’allient pour préserver l’autonomie de la pédagogie des écoles à l’égard de la compétition sportive. L’administration est alors forcée de multiplier les médiations entre les deux parties de façon à préserver une unité fédérale fragile, qui semble sérieusement menacée en 1969. Une solution de compromis est trouvée dans les années 1970 quand le choix d’une politique fédérale plus éclectique prenant en compte les écoles de voile laisse entrevoir aux dirigeants fédéraux la possibilité de relancer la croissance démographique de leur organisation et d’augmenter ses recettes.
An International Scoping Exercise Examining Practice Experience Hours Completed by Nursing Students
Authors: Hungerford Catharine , Blanchard Denise , Bragg Susan , Coates Alison , Kim Tiffany 
Published: January 2019

Background:
There is global acceptance of the need for prelicensure nursing students to complete practice experience hours during their program of education. Yet questions remain about these practice experiences, including those related to duration.

Method:
This article reports findings of a scoping exercise that compared the number of practice experience hours mandated for students undertaking courses that lead to RN licensure in Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Results:
Substantial differences were evident between the four countries regarding the number of mandated practice experience hours. There is no clearly linked research evidence to justify the decision made in relation to the mandated number of hours.

Conclusion:

Internationally, there is a need to reexamine the rationale for mandating a minimum number of practice experience hours for students in programs of education that lead to licensing as an RN.

[
J Nurs Educ
. 2019;58(1):33–41.]
Inflicted Childhood Neurotrauma (Shaken Baby Syndrome): Ophthalmic Findings
Authors: Forbes Brian J , Christian Cindy W , Judkins Alexander R , Kryston Kasia 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT
Inflicted childhood neurotrauma (shaken baby syndrome) is the term used for violent, nonaccidental, repetitive, unrestrained acceleration-deceleration head and neck movements, with or without blunt head trauma, combined with a unique, age-related biomechanical sensitivity in children typically younger than 3 years. This syndrome is typically characterized by a combination of fractures, intracranial hemorrhages, and intraocular hemorrhages. Retinal hemorrhage is the most common ophthalmic finding, and usually occurs at all levels of the retina. In recent years, increasing pressure has been placed on ophthalmologists to render diagnostic interpretations of the retinal findings in children suspected to be victims, which may have great forensic implications in criminal proceedings. New research has increased our understanding of the pathophysiology of retinal hemorrhages, the importance of specifically characterizing the types, patterns, and extent of these retinal hemorrhages, and the differential diagnosis. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2004;41:80-88.
Successful Occlusion Therapy for Amblyopia in 11- to 15-Year-Old Children
Authors: Mohan Kanwar , Saroha Vandana , Sharma Ashok 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT
Purpose: To investigate the effectiveness of full-time occlusion therapy in treating amblyopia in 11- to 15-year-old children and to determine its lasting results.
Patients and Methods: Fifty-five compliant children 11 to 15 years old who had amblyopia were treated with full-time (during all waking hours) occlusion of their good eye until no further improvement in the visual acuity of their amblyopic eye was observed on 3 consecutive monthly follow-up examinations. After this, part-time (4 hours per day) occlusion therapy was used randomly in 24 of 55 patients for 3 to 6 months for maintenance of the final visual acuity. Snellen visual acuity and its logMAR equivalent were recorded before treatment, at the cessation of full-time occlusion therapy, and on the most recent examination.
Results: All 55 of the patients had improved visual acuity after treatment. The mean improvement was 0.46 logMAR unit (4.6 Snellen lines). Thirty-two of the patients had a mean follow-up of 17.6 months after the cessation of full-time and maintenance occlusion therapy. Twenty-nine (91%) of the 32 patients maintained improved visual acuity, whereas 3 (9%) exhibited a regression in visual acuity. Maintenance occlusion therapy did not have a significant stabilizing effect on the improved visual acuity.
Conclusion: Compliant, full-time occlusion effectively improves acuity in children 11 to 15 years old who have amblyopia due to strabismus, anisometropia, or both. Most older patients have lasting improvement with or without maintenance patching.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2004;41:89-95.
Small, medium and micro-enterprises’ distress and factual evaluation of rescue feasibility
Authors: Du Toit Andria C. , Pretorius Marius , Rosslyn-Smith Wesley 
Published: January 2019

Background: Entrepreneurs often face distress in their businesses; as one way to address it, they can file for business rescue. The Companies Act 71 of 2008 requires the appointed business rescue practitioner (BRP) to place before the court facts proving ‘reasonable prospect’. This often seems determined mainly by the subjective opinion of practitioners, who rely on their experience and knowledge in rescue and business management. This appears to be in direct contrast to the requirements for factual evidence set out by several court judgements. There are many questions surrounding the determination of reasonable prospect, as there seems to be no benchmark for entrepreneurs and BRPs to work towards or a prescribed process to be followed.Aim: This article investigates different methods of factually determining reasonable prospect and guiding the decision-making process during the pre-filing and initial stages of the rescue of small, medium and micro-enterprises (SMMEs).Setting: The study was conducted using South African case law and financial models relevant to SMMEs in South Africa.Methods: Qualitative analysis of existing financial models and case law to better understand how BRPs determine initial reasonable prospect when working with SMMEs.Results: The research report methods of determining financial distress and decline within the relevant case law.Conclusion: Reasonable prospect relies heavily on experience and opinion. Factually proving reasonable prospect remains problematic because of information asymmetry and the lack of data integrity. Affected parties (including entrepreneurs) could benefit from the insights obtained in this study. Identifying methods that could assist with the factual determination of reasonable prospect could contribute to entrepreneurial education, as well as address the current conflict that surrounds the subject.
Impact of wildfires on particulate matter in the Euro-Mediterranean in 2007: sensitivity to some parameterizations of emissions in air quality models
Authors: Majdi Marwa , Turquety Solene , Sartelet Karine , Legorgeu Carole , Menut Laurent , Kim Youngseob 
Published: January 2019

Abstract. This study examines the uncertainties on air quality modeling associated with
the integration of wildfire emissions in chemistry-transport models (CTMs).
To do so, aerosol concentrations during the summer of 2007, which was marked
by severe fire episodes in the Euro-Mediterranean region especially in the
Balkans (20–31 July, 24–30 August 2007) and Greece (24–30 August 2007),
are analyzed. Through comparisons to observations from surface networks and
satellite remote sensing, we evaluate the abilities of two CTMs,
Polyphemus/Polair3D and CHIMERE, to simulate the impact of fires on the
regional particulate matter (PM) concentrations and optical properties.
During the two main fire events, fire emissions may contribute up to 90 %
of surface PM2.5 concentrations in the fire regions (Balkans and
Greece), with a significant regional impact associated with long-range
transport. Good general performances of the models and a clear improvement of
PM2.5 and aerosol optical depth (AOD) are shown when fires are taken
into account in the models with high correlation coefficients. Two sources of uncertainties are specifically analyzed in terms of surface PM2.5 concentrations and AOD using
sensitivity simulations: secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from
intermediate and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/S-VOCs) and emissions'
injection heights. The analysis highlights that surface PM2.5
concentrations are highly sensitive to injection heights (with a sensitivity
that can be as high as 50 % compared to the sensitivity to I/S-VOC
emissions which is lower than 30 %). However, AOD which is vertically
integrated is less sensitive to the injection heights (mostly below 20 %)
but highly sensitive to I/S-VOC emissions (with sensitivity that can be as
high as 40 %). The maximum statistical dispersion, which quantifies
uncertainties related to fire emission modeling, is up to 75 % for
PM2.5 in the Balkans and Greece, and varies between 36 % and
45 % for AOD above fire regions. The simulated number of daily exceedance of World Health Organization (WHO)
recommendations for PM2.5 over the considered region reaches 30 days in
regions affected by fires and ∼10 days in fire plumes, which is
slightly underestimated compared to available observations. The maximum
statistical dispersion (σ) on this indicator is also large (with
σ reaching 15 days), showing the need for better understanding of the
transport and evolution of fire plumes in addition to fire emissions.
Seasonal streamflow forecasts for Europe – Part 2: Sources of skill
Authors: Greuell Wouter , Franssen Wietse H. P. , Hutjes Ronald W. A. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract. This paper uses hindcasts (1981–2010) to investigate the sources of skill in
seasonal hydrological forecasts for Europe. The hindcasts were produced with
WUSHP (Wageningen University Seamless Hydrological Prediction system). Skill
was identified in a companion paper. In WUSHP, hydrological processes are
simulated by running the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrological
model forced with an ensemble of bias-corrected output from the seasonal
forecast system 4 (S4) of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). We first analysed the meteorological forcing. The
precipitation forecasts contain considerable skill for the first lead month
but hardly any significant skill at longer lead times. Seasonal forecasts of
temperature have more skill. Skill in summer temperature is related to
climate change and is more or less independent of lead time. Skill in February
and March is unrelated to climate change. Different sources of skill in
hydro-meteorological variables were isolated with a suite of specific
hydrological hindcasts akin to ensemble streamflow prediction (ESP). These
hindcasts show that in Europe, initial conditions of soil moisture (SM) form the
dominant source of skill in run-off. From April to July, initial conditions of
snow contribute significantly to the skill. Some remarkable skill features
are due to indirect effects, i.e. skill due to forcing or initial conditions
of snow and soil moisture at an earlier stage is stored in the hydrological
state (snow and/or soil moisture) of a later stage, which then contributes to
persistence of skill. Skill in evapotranspiration (ET) originates mostly in the
meteorological forcing. For run-off we also compared the full hindcasts (with
S4 forcing) with two types of ESP (or ESP-like) hindcasts (with identical forcing
for all years). Beyond the second lead month, the full hindcasts are less
skilful than the ESP (or ESP-like) hindcasts, because inter-annual variations in the
S4 forcing consist mainly of noise which enhances degradation of the skill.
Using cellular automata to simulate wildfire propagation and to assist in fire management
Authors: Freire Joana Gouveia , DaCamara Carlos Castro 
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Cellular automata have been successfully applied to simulate the propagation
of wildfires with the aim of assisting fire managers in defining fire
suppression tactics and in planning fire risk management policies. We present
a cellular automaton designed to simulate a severe wildfire episode that took
place in Algarve (southern Portugal) in July 2012. During the episode almost
25 000 ha burned and there was an explosive stage between 25 and 33 h
after the onset. Results obtained show that the explosive stage is adequately
modeled when introducing a wind propagation rule in which fire is allowed to
spread to nonadjacent cells depending on wind speed. When this rule is
introduced, deviations in modeled time of burning (from estimated time based
on hot spots detected from satellite) have a root-mean-square difference
of 7.1 for a simulation period of 46 h (i.e., less than 20 %). The
simulated pattern of probabilities of burning as estimated from an ensemble
of 100 simulations shows a marked decrease out of the limits of the observed
scar, indicating that the model represents an added value to help decide locations of
where to allocate resources for fire fighting.
The optical characteristics and sources of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in seasonal snow of northwestern China
Authors: Zhou Yue , Wen Hui , Liu Jun , Pu Wei , Chen Qingcai , Wang Xin 
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) plays an important
role in the global carbon cycle and energy budget but is rarely studied in
seasonal snow. A field campaign was conducted across northwestern China from
January to February 2012, and surface snow samples were collected at 39 sites
in Xinjiang and Qinghai provinces. Absorption and fluorescence
spectroscopies,
along with chemical analysis, were used to investigate the optical
characteristics and potential sources of CDOM in seasonal snow. The abundance of CDOM, shown as the absorption coefficient at 280 nm,
aCDOM(280), and the spectral slope from 275 to 295 nm
(S275−295) ranged from 0.15 to 10.57 m−1 and
0.0129 to 0.0389 nm−1. The highest average
aCDOM(280) (2.30±0.52 m−1) was found in
Qinghai, and the lowest average S275−295 (0.0188±0.0015 nm−1) indicated that the snow CDOM in this region had a strongly
terrestrial characteristic. The lower values of aCDOM(280) were found at sites located to the north of the Tianshan Mountains and
northwestern Xinjiang along the border of China (0.93±0.68 m−1 and
0.80±0.62 m−1). Parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis
identified three types of fluorophores that were attributed to two humic-like
substances (HULIS, C1 and C2) and one protein-like material (C3). C1 was
mainly from soil HULIS, C3 was a type of autochthonously labile organic
matter, while the potential sources of C2 were complex, including soil,
microbial activity, anthropogenic pollution, and biomass burning.
Furthermore, the regional variations of sources for snow CDOM were assessed
by analyses of chemical species (e.g., soluble ions), fluorescent components,
and air mass backward trajectories combined with satellite-derived active-fire
locations.
Toegang tot enquête voor kapitaalverschaffers – de evaluatie geëvalueerd
Authors: Bongaerts Q.L.C.M. 
Published: January 2019

Toegang tot enquête voor kapitaalverschaffers – de evaluatie geëvalueerd
De auteur bekritiseerde in 2016 de koppeling van geplaatst kapitaal en (beurs)waarde (art. 2:346 lid 1 aanhef en sub c BW). Deze bijdrage bevat enkele ontwikkelingen die aanpassing van de wettekst rechtvaardigen. De auteur behandelt het effectenonderzoek van Tilburg University, de literatuur en de discussie tijdens een expertbijeenkomst op het ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid.
De (on)mogelijkheid van het beperken van de enquêtebevoegdheid in de tijd
Authors: Bouman A.H.B. 
Published: January 2019

De (on)mogelijkheid van het beperken van de enquêtebevoegdheid in de tijd
In deze bijdrage wordt ingegaan op de (on)mogelijkheid om een enquêtebevoegdheid in de tijd en qua reikwijdte in de tijd te kunnen beperken. Onderzoek wijst uit dat verjaring niet, maar verval van enquêtebevoegdheid mogelijk moet worden geacht. De conclusie is dat slechts een toegekende enquêtebevoegdheid aan beperkingen in de tijd kan worden onderworpen.
TEORIAS DA JUSTIÇA PÓS-RAWLS: UMA ANÁLISE COMPARADA ENTRE O MODELO IGUALITÁRIO DE RONALD DWORKIN E AMARTYA SEN
Authors: Costa Thais Cristina Alves 
Published: January 2019

Trata-se da comparação entre dois modelos de justiça influenciados pelas ideias políticas de Jonh Rawls, a saber: a igualdade de recursos de Ronald Dworkin e a igualdade de capacidades de Amartya Sen. Com o intuito de apresentar as principais semelhanças e diferenças desses dois sistemas em relação à proposta rawlsiana, utilizaremos como fio condutor as obras Sovereign Virtue: the Theory and Practice of Equality de Dworkin e Development as freedom de Sen. Através desse comparado será possível apreender como esses dois filósofos conseguiram aperfeiçoar a proposta igualitária engendrada por John Rawls.