bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bt resistance alleles in field populations of pink bollworm from China: Similarities with the United States and decreased frequency from 2012 to 2015
Authors: Wang Jintao , Xu Dong , Wang Ling , Cong Shengbo , Wan Peng , Lei Chaoliang , Fabrick Jeffrey A , Li Xianchun , Tabashnik Bruce E , Wu Kongming 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDAlthough most monitoring of pest resistance to widely cultivated transgenic crops producing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) relies on bioassays, DNA screening for alleles associated with resistance has some advantages, particularly for rare, recessively inherited resistance. In China's Yangtze River Valley, where farmers first planted transgenic cotton producing Bt toxin Cry1Ac in 2000, bioassays have been used to monitor the recessive resistance of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella). Previous bioassay results show a small but significant increase in resistance to Cry1Ac during 2008–2010, followed by a significant decrease in resistance during 2011–2015 associated with extensive planting of second‐generation hybrid cotton seeds that boosted the percentage of non‐Bt cotton. Here we screened DNA from 19 748 pink bollworm collected during 2012–2015 from the Yangtze River Valley for seven alleles associated with resistance to Cry1Ac. These alleles were previously identified from lab‐selected strains; three from the U.S. and four from China.RESULTSThe most common resistance allele was first identified from the U.S. and accounted for over 71% of all resistance alleles detected. Resistance was rare, with the total frequency of the seven resistance alleles showing a significant, 2.3‐fold decrease from 0.0105 (95% CI: 0.0084–0.0132) in 2012 to 0.0046 (0.0031–0.0067) in 2015.CONCLUSIONSThe DNA screening data confirm results from bioassays showing pink bollworm resistance to Cry1Ac remained rare in the Yangtze River Valley from 2012–2015. The prevalence in China of the resistance allele identified from the U.S. implies a shared genetic basis of resistance that could facilitate molecular monitoring of resistance. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Robust event‐triggered model predictive control for cyber‐physical systems under denial‐of‐service attacks
Authors: Sun Yuan‐Cheng , Yang Guang‐Hong 
Published: July 2019

SummaryThis paper investigates the resilient control problem for constrained continuous‐time cyber‐physical systems subject to bounded disturbances and denial‐of‐service (DoS) attacks. A sampled‐data robust model predictive control law with a packet‐based transmission scheduling is taken advantage to compensate for the loss of the control data during the intermittent DoS intervals, and an event‐triggered control strategy is designed to save communication and computation resources. The robust constraint satisfaction and the stability of the closed‐loop system under DoS attacks are proved. In contrast to the existing studies that guarantee the system under DoS attacks is input‐to‐state stable, the predicted input error caused by the system constraints can be dealt with by the input‐to‐state practical stability framework. Finally, a simulation example is performed to verify the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed strategy.
Synthesis of Quinoline Motif and Their Virtual HIV Protease Inhibition Analysis, Anti‐Proliferative Probing on HCT116 Cell Line
Authors: Gopi P. , Lokesh R. , Sarveswari S. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTwo diverged series of water‐soluble non‐peptidic quinoline analogues were designed and synthesized by sequential attachment of piperazine and various amino acids to quinoline scaffold at first and second position using peptide coupling procedures. All synthesized compounds were subjected to the in‐silico screening against HIV protease‐1 and the cytotoxicity property of all synthesized compounds was examined on HCT116 cells. The compound, which has threonine and piperazine in sequence at quinoline second position found to have significant HIV protease inhibition property and demonstrated cytotoxicity IC50 value at 22.7±0.59 nM.
K2S2O8‐Mediated Efficient Oxidative Deoximation of Flavonoid Oximes under Mild Reaction Conditions
Authors: Waheed Mohd , Ahmed Naseem , Alsharif Meshari A , Alahmdi Mohammed Issa , Mukhtar Sayeed 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDeveloped a novel K2S2O8‐mediated methodology for the oxidative deoximation of flavanone and chalcone oximes to synthesize the corresponding flavanones and chalconesin good to excellent yields (92‐70%). Our methodology is successfully applied for the deoximation of flavanone oximes, chalcone oximes, ketoximes and aldoximes. This methodology is equally useful for the hindered and functionalized aldoximes and ketoximes. Mild reaction condition, shorter reaction time, high yields, easy work‐up and purification of the products are the key advantages of the methodology.
Friend or Foe? Evidence Indicates Endogenous Exosomes Can Deliver Functional gRNA and Cas9 Protein
Authors: Chen Ran , Huang Hongxin , Liu Hui , Xi Jingyuan , Ning Jing , Zeng Wanjia , Shen Congle , Zhang Ting , Yu Guangxin , Xu Qiang , Chen Xiangmei , Wang Jie , Lu Fengmin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/associated nuclease (Cas) system is an efficient gene editing tool. In this study, it is found that both single guide RNA (gRNA) and Cas9 protein could be exported from the CRISPR/Cas9‐expressing cells by endogenous exosomes independently. Further experiments demonstrate that these naturally produced endogenous exosomes could be used as a vehicle to deliver the functional Cas9 and hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐specific gRNA to cut HBV DNA transfected in HuH7 cells or human papilloma virus (HPV)‐specific gRNA to cut the integrated HPV DNA in HeLa cells, respectively. In conclusion, this study indicates the potential of endogenous exosomes as a safe and effective delivery vehicle of the functional gRNA and Cas9 protein. Meanwhile, the endogenous exosomes‐mediated delivery of gene editing activity to adjacent and distant cells or tissues may further complicate the off‐target and safety concerns about the CRISPR/Cas9 system.
Climate-Smart Champagne
Authors: Reay Dave 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThere are three billion bottles of fizz drunk each year, and 80 per cent of these come from Europe. Champagne has a carbon footprint of around 2 kilograms of emissions per bottle. The UK alone wastes 40,000 tonnes of wine each year, equivalent to almost 100,000 tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions from drink that ends up down the drain. The Champagne region has already seen a more than 1-degree-Celsius rise in average temperatures and may see over 5 degrees Celsius of warming by the end of the century. Wine growers can adapt to a changing climate through irrigation, pruning techniques and the use of alternative grape varieties, but many, including Champagne, rely on specific vines and conditions. In the longer term, some growers will have to either move their vineyards to cooler locations or give up on the wines they have produced for generations. Either way, the places our sparkling wine is produced and what it is called are set to change radically in the coming decades.
Corporate Tax Avoidance and Neutralization Techniques: A Case Study on the Panama Papers
Authors: Evertsson Nubia 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study examines the accounts provided by the CEOs of the corporations involved in the so-called Panama Papers scandal in order to advance the criminological understandings of how corporations challenge the law and how they routinize crime. To address these questions, I rely on media reports produced by investigative journalists and published in Latin American newspapers, where nearly half of the world’s stories surrounding this scandal were published. The results show that most corporations involved in tax avoidance situations deny any criminal involvement and/or injury to society. The results also suggest that CEOs challenge the law by adopting legal pragmatism, using innovative corporate tax practices, and creating (secret) business structures in selected locations (tax paradises). Corporate tax avoiders routinize their crime by responding to international legislation that promotes economic incentives to international investors. As a whole, they ignore any social responsibility in the countries from which their capital originates, as wealth accumulation, at a minimum cost, is their main interest.
Assessing mathematical thinking as part of curriculum reform in the Netherlands
Authors: Drijvers Paul , Kodde-Buitenhuis Hanneke , Doorman Michiel 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAssessment is a crucial factor in the implementation of curriculum reform. Little is known, however, on how curriculum changes can be reflected adequately in assessment, particularly if the reform concerns process skills. This issue was investigated for the case of assessing mathematical thinking in a mathematics curriculum reform for 15–18-year-old students in the Netherlands. From 2011 until 2017, these reform curricula were field tested in pilot schools, while other schools used the regular curricula. The research question is how this reform was reflected in national examination papers and in student performance on corresponding assignments. To address this question, we developed a theory-based model for mathematical thinking, analyzed pilot and regular examination papers, and carried out a quantitative and qualitative analysis of students’ work on assignments that invite mathematical thinking. The results were that the pilot examination papers did address mathematical thinking to a greater degree than the regular papers, but that there was a decrease over time. Pilot school students outperformed their peers in regular schools on assignments that invite mathematical thinking by 4–5% on average and showed more diversity in problem-solving strategies. To explain the decreasing presence of mathematical thinking in examination papers, we conjecture that conservative forces within the assessment construction process may push back change.
Actors in transition: shifting roles in Swedish sustainable housing development
Authors: Hagbert Pernilla , Malmqvist Tove 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In planning for a future that fulfils sustainability goals, there is a need to explore how roles taken in socio-ecological transitions are perceived among different types of actors. Empirical insights from interviews with diverse actors involved in Swedish housing development are presented, addressing the roles, conflicting logics and power relations between different sectoral categories of actors and at different organizational levels. Key aspects that emerge relate to the shift from state to market in contemporary Swedish housing development, where private companies emphasize their role in shaping societal development as inherent to working with sustainability. Conflicting logics can be found between short-term economic interests and long-term planning and policy, as well as intra-organizational differences in competency and leadership. Conclusions point to that the role of third sector or community actors in pushing agendas and norms to bring about transitions could be acknowledged further. Yet there is a need to examine the power relations currently reproduced, and how these could be challenged in future housing development. This includes critically assessing the potential for new types of actors and cross-sectoral collaborations, but also instigating more fundamental discussions of the kind of society strived for, and the radical transitions needed.
Spatial Patterns of Residential Fragmentation and Quality of Life in Nairobi City, Kenya
Authors: Jimmy Eunice Nthambi , Martinez Javier , Verplanke Jeroen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractResidential fragmentation undermines integration by physically excluding some urban dwellers through walling, fencing and use of barriers limiting interactions. Research has shown that many cities in the Global South are experiencing spatial fragmentation issues associated with increasing inequalities, social exclusion and proliferation of gated communities. This results in distinct residential fragments with limited interactions and unequal quality of life (QoL) conditions of the residents of the fragments. The aim of this paper is to describe the association between residential fragmentation and QoL based on three residential fragments in the city of Nairobi (Kenia). A mixed method approach was applied to understand fragmentation in the city and analyse integration and QoL satisfaction in the fragments. Household surveys and key informant interviews were main data collection methods. Data analysis methods used included descriptive statistics, spatial and content analysis. The results show, as expected, slum residents felt the least integrated symbolically compared to the planned non-gated and gated community residents. Similarly, gated community residents have higher QoL satisfaction compared to other types of fragments. There is a strong positive correlation between symbolic integration and QoL domains related to housing and safety in the slum, indicating that people who are satisfied with housing also have a sense of belonging to their neighbourhood. In contrast, community integration has a negative correlation with safety in the gated community implying that when the residents are satisfied with safety, they tend to have low social networks. Based on the empirical evidence, fragmentation is related to specific domains of QoL as it is associated with spatial exclusion through barriers and gating and marginalization of the poor making it harder for them to feel integrated. The residential fragments reflect the intense divides in Global South cities in terms of QoL conditions and access to services.
Where Are We Now? Michael Ignatieff’s, The Ordinary Virtues: Moral Order in a Divided World
Authors: MacLaren Malcolm 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe book that has most stimulated my life in the law over the past year is Michael Ignatieff’s The Ordinary Virtues: Moral Order in a Divided World.1 I write “stimulated” rather than “inspired” because some of its claims are disorientating, others are disputable, and the most important are disconcerting. Despite, or rather due to, that provocation I find the book more engaging. The Ordinary Virtues is a self-described moral progress report amid globalization and as such is a work of sociology, anthropology, and philosophy. However, Ignatieff’s report implicates many important topical issues of international and constitutional law. It should, I believe, inform the thinking of legal scholars on global ethics and public policy today.
Inertial gravity current produced by the drainage of a cylindrical reservoir from an outer or inner edge
Authors: Ungarish Marius , Zhu Lailai , Stone Howard A. 
Published: July 2019

We consider the time-dependent flow of a fluid of density $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{1}$ in a vertical cylindrical container embedded in a fluid of density $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{2}~({<}\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{1})$ whose side boundary is suddenly removed and the fluid drains freely from the edge. We show that in the inertial–buoyancy regime (large initial Reynolds number) the flow is modelled by the shallow-water equations and bears similarities to a gravity current released from a lock (the dam-break problem) driven by the reduced gravity $g^{\prime }=(1-\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{2}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{1})g$. This formulation is amenable to an efficient finite-difference solution. Moreover, we demonstrate that similarity solutions exist, and show that the flow created by the dam break approaches the predicted self-similar behaviour when the volume ratio ${\mathcal{V}}(t)/{\mathcal{V}}(0)\approx 1/2$ where $t$ is time elapsed from the dam break. We considered two cases of drainage: (i) outward from the outer boundary in a full-radius reservoir; and (ii) inward from the inner radius in an annular-shaped reservoir. For the first case the similarity solution is expressed analytically, while the second case is more complicated and requires a numerical solution. In both cases ${\mathcal{V}}(t)/{\mathcal{V}}(0)$ decays like $t^{-2}$, but the details are different. The similarity solutions admit an adjustable virtual-origin constant, which we determine by matching with the finite-difference solution. The analysis is valid for both Boussinesq and non-Boussinesq systems, and a wide range of geometric parameters (inner and outer radii, and height). The importance of the neglected viscous terms increases with time, and eventually the inertial–buoyancy model becomes invalid. An estimate for this occurrence is also provided. The predictions of the model are compared to results of direct numerical simulations; there is good agreement for the position of the interface and for the averaged radial velocity, and excellent agreement for ${\mathcal{V}}(t)/{\mathcal{V}}(0)$. A box model is used for estimating the effect of a partial (over a sector) dam break. This study is an extension of the work for a rectangular reservoir of Momen et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 827, 2017, pp. 640–663). We demonstrate that there are some similarities, but also significant differences, between the rectangular and the cylindrical reservoirs concerning the velocity, shape of the interface and rate of drainage, which are of interest in applications. The overall conclusion is that this simple model captures very well the flow field under consideration.
Re-engineering justice? Robot judges, computerised courts and (semi) automated legal decision-making
Authors: Morison John , Harkens Adam 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper takes a sceptical look at the possibility of advanced computer technology replacing judges. Looking first at the example of alternative dispute resolution, where considerable progress has been made in developing tools to assist parties to come to agreement, attention then shifts to evaluating a number of other algorithmic instruments in a criminal justice context. The possibility of human judges being fully replaced within the courtroom strictu sensu is examined, and the various elements of the judicial role that need to be reproduced are considered. Drawing upon understandings of the legal process as an essentially socially determined activity, the paper sounds a note of caution about the capacity of algorithmic approaches to ever fully penetrate this socio-legal milieu and reproduce the activity of judging, properly understood. Finally, the possibilities and dangers of semi-automated justice are reviewed. The risks of seeing this approach as avoiding the recognised problems of fully automated decision-making are highlighted, and attention is directed towards the problems that remain when an algorithmic frame of reference is admitted into the human process of judging.
The Device of Weighted Votes in Blocking the Removal of Directors from Office under the South African Companies Act 71 of 2008
Authors: Cassim Rehana 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA director may serve a company in more than one capacity. In his capacity as a shareholder, a director may hold voting rights in the company. One consideration regarding the removal of a director from office is their removal by shareholders in circumstances where the directors are themselves shareholders in the company and hold weighted votes. This article appraises whether, under the South African Companies Act 71 of 2008, a shareholding-director who holds shares with weighted votes would validly and lawfully be able to block his removal from office by the company's shareholders. This article makes suggestions regarding the use of weighted votes to block the removal of directors from office, and calls for an important amendment to the South African Companies Act 71 of 2008 to prevent weighted votes being used as a device to block the removal of directors from office.
Private Prosecution in Nigeria under the Administration of Criminal Justice Act, 2015
Authors: Mujuzi Jamil Ddamulira 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPrivate prosecutions have been part of the Nigerian legal system for a long time. In 2015, the Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA) came into force. The ACJA provides for, inter alia, circumstances in which a person may institute a private prosecution. In this article, relying on jurisprudence emanating from Nigerian courts before the ACJA came into force, the author suggests ways in which Nigerian courts could approach the right to institute a private prosecution under the act. To achieve this objective, the author discusses: the right to institute a private prosecution; locus standi to institute a private prosecution; and measures to prevent abuse of the right to institute a private prosecution.
Endoscopic transnasal image-guided approach to diagnosis in orbital apex and optic canal lesions
Authors: Unadkat S N , Rennie C E , Grant W E 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectivePrompted by a recurring skull base multidisciplinary team debate on the necessity of securing a definitive tissue diagnosis before initiating treatment for lesions of the orbital apex, a review of anterior skull base procedures over an 11-year period was undertaken.MethodsData collected prospectively on cases from 2006 to 2017 were analysed. Presenting symptoms, imaging and histology findings, outcomes, complications, and impact on treatment were evaluated. All surgery was carried out endoscopically with the aid of image guidance.ResultsTwenty-one patients undergoing endoscopic orbital apex and/or optic canal biopsy were included. The mean patient age was 49 years. Five malignant tumours were identified, five benign tumours, seven infective cases (two tuberculosis and five fungal) and two cases of immunoglobulin G4 related disease. Two patients had non-diagnostic biopsies (one lesional) and were treated successfully as Tolosa–Hunt syndrome cases.ConclusionA successful diagnosis was achieved in nearly all cases without adverse impact, other than one cerebrospinal fluid leakage case. Management was directly influenced by the outcome in all cases.
‘WHERE YOU PLANT THE SEED, THE TREE WILL GROW’: GWYN PRITCHARD AT 70
Authors: Rutherford-Johnson Tim 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe British composer Gwyn Pritchard turned 70 in 2018. The present article offers the first substantial overview of Pritchard's life and work from his earliest public compositions of the late 1960s to some of his most recent music. His early life, training and periods of self-study are covered, as well as his time as founder-director of the Uroboros Ensemble. The second half of the article offers some insights into Pritchard's methods – particularly his use of permutating six-number series to generate pitch material – revealed in conversation with the composer and supported by unpublished pre-compositional materials.