bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth of Loblolly Pine in the Arkansas Ozarks
Authors: Wheeler G. L. , Meade F. M. , Russell M. W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A thinning and fertilizing study was established in an 11-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation. Half of the plots were row thinned, removing 50 percent of the trees; plots were split and half were fertilized at a per acre rate of 100 pounds nitrogen, 50 pounds phosphorous and 50 pounds potassium. There was no response of height, d.b.h. or volume growth to fertilizer. Thinning increased diameter growth but decreased volume growth. The trees have shown exceptional growth. At age 17 the height was 49 feet, d.b.h. 7.3 inches and stocking 2,490 cubic feet on the thinned plots. The respective values for the unthinned plots were 48 feet, 6.7 inches, and 3,960 cubic feet.
Influence of Fertilization and Ectomycorrhizae on Loblolly Pine Growth and Susceptibility to Fusiform Rust
Authors: Powers H. R. , Rowan S. J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The application of fertilizer and the mycorrhizal fungus, Pisolithus tinctorius, did not increase the height growth of loblolly pine seedlings during their first four years of growth. Fertilization, however, did increase the overall number of fusiform rust galls per infected tree. This increase was highly significant on the susceptible control seedlings, but was not significant on resistant Livingston Parish seedlings. This indicates that cultural practices such as fertilization can be applied to rust-resistant seedlings, such as the Livingston Parish seed source, without significantly increasing rust severity.
Loblolly Pine Provenance Test in Southern Arkansas 25th Year Results
Authors: Wells O. O. , Lambeth C. C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Trees from some eastern seed sources of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) average 8 feet taller than local Arkansas trees after 25 years in southern Arkansas plantings. Trees from most of the range appear well adapted to the climate of southern Arkansas. Only trees from near the Gulf Coast are obviously poorly adapted. Forest managers should weigh this substantial, potential gain carefully against possible risk when choosing seed sources for planting in and near southern Arkansas.
Paulownia Tomentosa: Effects of Fertilization and Coppicing in Plantation Establishment
Authors: Beckjord Peter R. , McIntosh Marla S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Ten fertilizer treatments were applied to 400 field-planted container-grown Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. seedlings arranged in a completely randomized design. Seedlings received either no fertilizer, fritted micronutrients at 768 lb/ac, or granular fertilizer (N:P2O5:K2O) of 20:20:20 or 25:10:10 at 100, 200, 400, or 800 lb/ac. First-season growth was significantly increased with the use of increased rates of granular fertilizers, and specific formulations within rates provided some growth benefit. Second-season growth of new sprouts was less variable than first-season growth. One-half of the seedlings were coppiced in the late fall of the first season and the other half were coppiced in the early spring in the beginning of the second season. Coppicing treatments provided no significant differences in second-season growth. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that seedlings be fertilized with 25:10:10 at 800 lb/ac at the time of planting during the first season of establishment and then coppiced in the early spring of the second season of establishment.
The Potential of Girdled and 2,4-D-Injected Southern Red Oaks as Woodpecker Nesting and Foraging Sites
Authors: Conner Richard N. , Kroll James C. , Kulhavy David L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Comparisons of extent of decay in southern red oaks (Quercus falcata Michx.) revealed that trees injected with 2,4-D decayed sooner than girdled trees. Internal examinations of treated trees revealed that girdling and injection permitted growth of heartwood- and sapwood-decaying fungi, a condition necessary for woodpecker nest cavity excavation. As a result of the delayed decay, girdling produces better woodpecker habitat in southern red oak. Girdled southern red oaks remain standing longer for woodpeckers to use as foraging and nesting sites. Numbers of snags required to support various percentages of woodpecker population maximums are presented.
Regeneration in Small and Large Sawtimber Sweetgum-Red Oak Stands Following Selection and Seed Tree Harvest:
23-Year Results
Authors: Johnson R. L. , Krinard R. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Whether regenerated by a seed tree or a selection cut, two sweetgum-red oak stands increased or maintained their pretreatment sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) component while the pretreatment red oak (Quercus falcata var. pagodifolia, Q. nigra, and Q. phellos) component was maintained or decreased. Species composition of regeneration was similar in both types of cut. Better development and higher percent of area with desirable regeneration occurred in the seed tree method. Seed trees were not needed for regeneration.
Computer Programs: Georgia's Wood Fuel Data Base: An Integrated Information System for Biomass Energy Users
Authors: Ames Glen C. W. , Dunavent Bryce B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A simple formula was designed to enable firms to determine the least-cost wood residue fuel available from sawmills, veneer plants, chip mills, furniture manufacturers, and other wood products firms in Georgia. Two surveys of more than 250 wood-using firms were conducted during 1980 and 1981 to determine the supply and marketing situation of residues for energy production. Statewide, softwood bark was the least-cost fuel on a delivered basis, followed by softwood shavings, sawdust, and dirty hardwood chips. A market feasibility study for a hypothetical firm in southeast Georgia indicated that softwood bark was the least-cost fuel in that location.
Strobilus Phenology of Five Sources of Virginia Pine Grown in Central Alabama: Influence on Seed Orchard Management
Authors: Goggans James F. , Warlick Charles O. , Duba Stuart E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Variation in development of male and female strobili of 8- to 10-year-old Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) clones, growing in central Alabama, was determined by tagging strobili and observing their development. The clones were from Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. When coded to a base date, the state group and trees within the state group were significant sources of variation for timing of maximum pollen shed and female receptivity. Groups of interbeeding trees separated into the Alabama group, and an early group and a late group of the other clones combined. This hypothetical 26-clone orchard would seem to be impractical in central Alabama. However, sufficient variation should be found within groups to construct a production orchard population from large areas. Only with sufficient interbreeding among clones in a production orchard can predicted gains of progeny tests be realized.
Productivity of Young Piedmont Oak Stands of Sprout Origin
Authors: Zahner Robert , Myers Richard K. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Total above-ground tree volumes and weights were measured in 48 even-aged upland hardwood stands in the South Carolina Piedmont, aged 5 to 39 years since clearcutting, with oak site indices (base age 50)from 46 to 89. Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea Muenchh.), southern red oak (Q. falcata Michx.), white oak (Q. alba L.) and black oak (Q. velutina Lam.) comprised over 80 percent of the dominant and codominant crown classes in most stands, and most stems were of sprout origin. Due to well-established root systems, growth of these sprout-origin stands is rapid, regardless of site quality, up to the transition to high forest at about 20 years. Mean annual increment maximizes before age 25 on all sites. Growth beyond age 30 on poor sites is extremely slow. Yields on oak site 80-90 are 4,370 ft³/ac (or 120 tons/ac green weight) at age 50, nearly twice the yields on poor oak sites.
Forest Nursery Practices in the South
Authors: Boyer James N. , South David B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Southern forest nurseries produce 80 percent of the bare-root seedlings grown in the United States (nearly 1.3 billion out of 1.6 billion in 1980). Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) alone accounts for most of the reforestation in this country. Responses by southern nurserymen to a questionnaire were compiled in order to document the practices currently employed to produce southern pine seedlings. In comparison with forest industry nurseries, public nurseries tend to be older and larger, are less mechanized, employ more handweeding, use less cover crops, and produce a greater number of species. The most notable changes occurring in the past 50 years include increased production, a change in the favored species produced, increased chemical pest control, increased mechanical harvesting, and a shift in nursery site selection to sandier soils.
Using Stem Char to Predict Mortality and Insect Infestation of Fire-Damaged Slash Pines
Authors: Dixon Wayne N. , Corneil Jeffrey A. , Wilkinson Robert C. , Foltz John L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Monthly observations of planted slash pines (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) damaged by a March wildfire showed that the magnitude and rapidity of tree mortality were directly related to severity of stem char. Cumulative tree mortalities by November were 5, 25, and 79 percent for 7- to 8-year-old trees in plots with light, medium, and severe stem char classifications (average stem char <61 percent, 61 to 80 percent, and >80 percent of total tree height, respectively). In 15-year-old plantations the mortality rates were 46, 95, and 100 percent for the three damage classes. Most tree mortality occurred rapidly (before mid-May) in the younger plantations and in the severely damaged portions of the older plantations; mortality rates were slower and continued until August in lightly and moderately damaged areas of the older plantations. Ips engraver beetles and the southern pine sawyer were the principal insects infesting trees in May. Reproduction weevil broods were common in tree roots during November. Implications for pest management are discussed.
Seed Source Testing of Alabama Loblolly Pine:
Implications for Seed Movements and Tree Improvement Programs
Authors: Duba Stuart E. , Goggans James F. , Patterson Richard M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Eight Alabama loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seed sources were compared by establishing one plantation near each source of seed. On the basis of growth after 14 years, the eight sources segregated into three groups that corresponded with southern, central, and northern geographic areas. Southern sources generally had the largest heights and volumes, while central sources were intermediate and northern sources smallest. Although some source-by-location interactions did occur, southern sources could be utilized in the central portion of the state and central sources could be utilized in northern areas to provide above-average growth. Implications for tree improvement programs are made.
Hardwood Eradication Improves Productivity of Thinned Loblolly Pine Stands
Authors: Clason T. R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A single hardwood eradication treatment in a 7-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stand along with pine stocking control increased growth and yield over a 10-year period. Herbaceous vegetation control had no detectable effect at ages 12 and 17. Treated plots had smaller stems, which could be controlled more readily by fire, although the number of understory stems was similar for all treatments. Mean annual radial and merchantable volume growth on treated plots surpassed controls by 30%. Future stand values were enhanced by removing hardwood competition. Residual stand sawtimber volumes on the treated plots were twice that of the control.
Five-Year Performance of Selected Woody Species on an Upper Coastal Plain Spoil Bank
Authors: McMinn James W. , Crane Walter H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fifth-year survival and height are compared for autumn-olive (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.), European alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.), Japanese flowering crab apple (Malus floribunda Sieb.), sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima Carruthers), and Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) on a sandy clay loam spoil bank in South Carolina. When both survival and height growth are considered, autumn-olive performed best and was a good fruit producer for wildlife. Virginia pine ranked second and may have potential as a fiber producer on disturbed Coastal Plain sites.
Growth Through 13 Years of Two Pruned Cottonwood Plantations Spaced for Sawtimber Production
Authors: Krinard R. M. , Burkhardt E. C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Cottonwood trees (Populus deltoides Bart R. ex Marsh.) pruned in either spring or summer in the third or fourth year to a 1-log height did not differ in growth from unpruned trees during the fifth through thirteenth year interval. At age 13, 84% of the pruned trees had no limbs to a 17-ft. height compared to only 29% of the unpruned trees. Largest trees, pruned and unpruned, averaged 103 ft. tall with a 54% live crown ratio.
Decay Following Thinning of Sweetgum Sprout Clumps: 26-Year Results
Authors: McCracken F. I. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Butt rot in living sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) stems was observed 15 and 26 years after the companion living stems were cut in a 55-year-old stand of sprout origin near Tallulah, Louisiana. Living stems had insignificant or no decay 15 years after thinning. Twenty-six years after thinning, an extensive amount of decay had developed in all living stems originating from cut stubs that had split longitudinally down the side during thinning. However, the amount of decay was insignificant or absent when clean cuts had been made which resulted in grown-over stubs that contained water, decay, and anaerobic bacteria. Split stubs did not retain water, and decay had spread into the living stems. Decay risk associated with thinning sprout clumps can apparently be eliminated by undercutting and taking care to prevent splitting during felling.
Schnur's Site-Index Curves Formulated for Computer Applications
Authors: Farrar Robert M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two systems of interpolation equations are offered for the graphic site-index curves of Schnur for even-aged upland oak stands. One is Wiant's equation system, adjusted to pass through site index at index age. The second is similar but some-what more precise. For both, the average absolute difference between equation system and table values is about 0.73 foot and the maximum absolute difference is about 1.9 feet.
Response of Slash Pine Progenies to Fertilization
Authors: Rockwood D. L. , Windsor C. L. , Hodges J. F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
P, NP, and NPK fertilizers were generally effective in increasing growth of some 168 slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) progenies established in four fertilizer tests in northeast Florida and southeast Georgia. Rust incidence response to fertilization was variable. P and NP additions resulted in higher wood densities. Progeny-fertilizer interaction was observed for only one trait in one test. Variation among progenies was observed for all traits. Fast-growing progenies can be expected to respond well to fertilization.
Honduras Pine Spacing Trial Results in Puerto Rico
Authors: Liegel L. H. , Balmer W. E. , Ryan G. W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Puerto Rico has one of the oldest, continuously measured spacing trials of Honduras pine (Pinus caribaea mor. hondurensis) in existence. At 18 to 20 years, mean survival for all the trial sites except one that suffered hurricane damage in 1979 was 82%. Survival was not related to the triangular spacing treatments of 5, 7, 10, and 14 feet. But spacing did influence diameter growth at all four sites and affected height growth at all but one site Each site had trees ≥100 feet tall at 18 to 20 years; on the two best sites, individual trees reached 90 feet by 12 years. At close spacings, mean annual height increments peaked at 4.0 to 4.5 years on two sites and at 7.2 years on the other two sites. Mean annual diameter increments peaked even earlier, at 3.0 to 3.5 years on the two good sites and at 6.0 years on the two poorer sites. Early effects of competition in reducing both mean annual height and diameter growth, particularly at close spacings, have several managerial implications. The most striking are: (1) underestimating site quality or site index if growth assessments are made only in dense stands, and (2) significant loss of wood volume over long rotations when managers fail to time thinnings before mean annual height and diameter increments decrease.
Beaver Damage to Nonimpounded Timber in Mississippi
Authors: Bullock James F. , Arner Dale H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Beaver (Castor canadensis) damage to nonimpounded timber was investigated in selected stands of merchantable timber located in six major physiographic regions of Mississippi. Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) was the woody species most used by beaver throughout Mississippi. Values of beaver-damaged merchantable timber ranged from $63.43 to $291.50 per acre; median loss was $164.71 per acre. Of all stems damaged, 72% were girdled, while 28% were felled. Nearly 79% of all stems felled were less than 3 inches dbh and 95% of all stems felled were less than 10 inches dbh.
A Guide to Using Snares for Beaver Capture
Authors: Weaver Keith M. , Arner Dale H. , Mason Carl , Hartley Jeanne J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Extensive field testing indicated that beaver could be captured as effectively with snares as with Conibear or leg-hold traps. Snares were less expensive and did less physical damage to beaver than Conibear or leg-hold traps. A trapping procedure is outlined to help inexperienced trappers capture beaver consistently with snares.
A Simulation-Based Approach to Evaluating Commercial Thinning Decisions in Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Reisinger Thomas W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Computer simulation techniques are described which evaluate the impact of various stand conditions, management regimes, harvesting systems, and future market scenarios on current thinning decisions in pine plantations. Four simulation programs (PTAEDAR, PTAEDA, GENMAC, and HSS) were linked to predict tree growth/stand development and to model mechanized thinnings and final harvests. Simulation results were then combined with an investment analysis program to calculate the net present value of each strategy. An example analysis for a "typical" loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantation is presented. As described here, simulation is a practical method of evaluating the profitability of a wide range of alternatives, including planting spacings, thinning regimes, and rotation ages for managing future plantations of loblolly pine.
Planted Longleaf Pine Seedlings Respond to Herbaceous Weed Control Using Herbicides
Authors: Nelson Larry R. , Zutter Bruce R. , Gjerstad Dean H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Height initiation, and height and diameter growth of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) seedlings were compared on plots receiving herbaceous weed control treatments and on unweeded check plots during the first 4 years after planting. Treatments initiated during the spring following planting included: broadcast weed control for 1 and 2 years, banded weed control in 5-foot bands for 1 and 2 years, and no weed control (check). Weed control had a positive effect on fourth-year height, groundline diameter, and the percentage of seedlings out of the grass stage, while survival was unaffected. The duration of weed control (2 years vs 1 year) had a similar effect on the same response variables, while the method of weed control (broadcast vs. band) had no effect. Trees on plots receiving 2 years of weed control were approximately 3 feet taller and 0.5 inch greater in groundline diameter than trees receiving no weed control. One year of weed control resulted in trees approximately 2 feet taller and 0.3 inch greater in groundline diameter than with no weed control. Weed control treatments shortened the time seedlings were in the grass stage by approximately 1 year, decreasing the time period during which a serious brown-spot needle blight infection could develop.¹
Determining the Initial Annual Payment for a Long-Term Timberland Lease
Authors: Shaffer Robert M. , Klemperer W. David , Meyer Richard D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A method to determine the initial lease payment for a long-term timberland lease is presented from the viewpoint of both the landowner and the firm. The firm's analysis determines the maximum annual lease payment with an after-tax present value equal to the after-tax present value of the anticipated harvest income less all contract costs. The landowner's analysis equates the present value of a series of (less risky) indexed lease payments to the present value of a (more risky) timber production investment alternative.
Pensacola Bahiagrass Can Be Used to Improve the Forage Resource when Regenerating Southern Pines
Authors: Lewis Clifford E. , Manson Warren G. , Bonyata Richard J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Many native forage plants in the South are low quality, poor producers, and unpalatable to cattle. Replacement of these plants with more desirable species would improve the forage resource. One approach is to seed grasses during site preparation when regenerating southern pines. Following site preparation by shearing and strip-disking, Pensacola bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) was seeded at 15 pounds per acre in the spring and longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) was row-seeded on 12-foot centers in December of the next year. The bahiagrass became established among the residual native plants and was heavily utilized by cattle grazing yearlong. A light application of fertilizer after 3 years tripled bahiagrass yields the first year and doubled it the next year compared to unfertilized plots. Fertilizer improved some nutritional qualities of bahiagrass but digestibility was lowered. Longleaf pine seedlings came out of the grass stage more rapidly and were 50% taller at age 9 with grazing than without it; and in spite of heavier mortality with grazing (36% vs. 21%), stocking was 967 trees per acre at age 11.