bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synchrotron Radiation Applied to Computer Indexing
Authors: Smith Gordon S. , Johnson Quintin C. , Cox David E. , Snyder Robert L. , Smith Deane K. , Zalkin Allan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSynchrotron radiation was used to obtain a high-resolution powder diffraction pattern of the high-density form of BeH2, a material whose unit-cell dimensions have not previously been determined. The observed d-spacing values were presented to three different computer indexing programs. All three programs returned as best solution a body-centered orthorhombic unit cell with a = 9.082, b = 4.160, c = 7.707 Å and V = 292 Å3. Interpretation of the three-dimensional Patterson led to 12 BeH2 molecules per unit cell; thus, the theoretical density is 0.755 g/cm3. The molecular structure is based on a network of corner-sharing BeH4 tetrahedra rather than flat, infinite chains with hydrogen bridges previously assumed.
Controlling Laboratoey Conditions: Preventing the Problem, The Health Physicist's Viewpoint
Authors: de Castro Ted 
Published: March 2019

After having heard about the magnitude of the problem of safety in the use of analytical x-ray equipment and then learned of the consequences of exposure to these x-rays, it is hard not to be convinced that a problem exists. Also being aware of the degree of responsibility in the event of an accident, it is clear that steps must be taken to prevent such occurrences. Controlling laboratory conditions is the key to prevention and, therefore, the solution to the problem.Controls may be imposed administratively or with hardware. Administrative controls are easy and inexpensive to impose. Enforcement, however, is time consuming and difficult, since such controls need only be ignored to be compromised. Hardware controls are more positive and difficult to ignore. The bypassing of hardware controls is usually invasive on the equipment and leaves evidence.When imposing controls it is necessary not to lose sight of the operational needs which brought the x-ray unit into your organization to begin with. Analytical x-ray machines are safest during massive power failures—but not very useful. Administrative and hardware controls which hobble the use of the equipment will be violated. Cooperation between the health physicist and the x-ray users can bring together the requirements of safety and Utility to create controls which will work.
Pre-Cracking Technique and its Application to X-Ray Fractography of Alumina Ceramics
Authors: Mishima Tadao , Yoshida Hiroyuki , Hirose Yukio , Tanaka Keisuke 
Published: March 2019

X–ray fractography is a new method utilizing the X–ray diffraction technique to observe the fracture surface for the analysis of the micromechanisms and mechanics of fracture.In the present study, X–ray fractography was applied to brittle fracture of alumina ceramics. The first part deals with our new method of pre–cracking of ceramics. Pre–cracking was introduced to a singleedge notched specimen by longitudinal compression. Then the fracture toughness tests were conducted with pre–cracked specimens as well as notched ones. The effect of the notch radius on the fracture–toughness value was determined. The second part describes the result of X–ray fractography.
X-Ray Fractography of Stress Corrosion Cracking in Aisi 4340 Steel Under Controlled Electrode potential
Authors: Tsuda Masaaki , Hirose Yukio , Yajima Zenjiro , Tanaka Keisuke 
Published: March 2019

The residual stress left on the fracture surface is one of the important parameters in X-ray fractography and has been used to analyze fracture mechanisms in fracture toughness and fatigue tests especially of high strength steels.In the present paper, the distribution of residual stress beneath the fracture surface made by stress corrosion cracking was measured by the X-ray diffraction method. Stress corrosion cracking tests were conducted by using compact tension specimens of 200°C tempered AISI steel in 3.5% NaCl solution environment under various electrode potentials. The effect of electrode potential on the growth kinetics of stress corrosion cracking is discussed on the basis of residual stress distribution.
Defining and Deriving Theoretical Influence Coefficients in XHF Spectrometry
Authors: Lachance Gerald R. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe concepts underlying the definition and calculation of fundamental influence coefficients and their role in the computation of derived coefficients in alpha-type algorithms are examined. The fundamental-parameter method initiated and continues to provide the basis for the steady progress in giving influence coefficients a sound theoretical status. New definitions of fundamental influence coefficients as the prorating of monochromatic coefficients on the basis of the intensities of each elementary contributions as a function of the total fluorescence intensity and of the intensity of the pure analyte are compared to the presently used approach of defining coefficients as a function of total absorption only.
Multi-Capillary and Conic Optical Elements for Parallel Beam Production
Authors: Dozier C. M. , Newman D. A. , Bell M. I. , Xiao Qi-Fan , Espy S. L. 
Published: March 2019

Large area, parallel beams of x-rays are potentially useful in many diffraction, imaging and other x-ray analysis applications. Diffraction, in typical experiments, uses only a small portion of the incident beam that is within a limited “rocking curve” of the crystal capable of diffracting, although the whole crystal may be illuminated by the incident beam. Signal intensity can be increased if the ”whole” crystal can be made to diffract simultaneously. Similarly for imaging, improved results also are possible if divergent beams are replaced with nearly parallel ones. Production of parallel beams of large areal extent has not been simple. Often this meant that the source had to be placed at great distances from the sample, reducing the incident intensity. Sometimes, asymmetric cuts of crystals can be used to increase beam cross-sectional areas.Production of parallel beams of large area! extent has not been simple. Often this meant that the source had to be placed at great distances from the sample, reducing the incident intensity. Sometimes, asymmetric cuts of crystals can be used to increase beam cross-sectional areas.
CKLF1 Enhances Inflammation-Mediated Carcinogenesis and Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Apoptosis via IL6/STAT3 Signaling in HCC
Authors: Liu Youyi , Liu Lijuan , Zhou Yan , Zhou Ping , Yan Qiujin , Chen Xiaobei , Ding Shuang , Zhu Fan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Purpose:
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most common and deadliest malignancies worldwide, has a poor prognosis, owing to its high potential for vascular invasion and metastasis and the lack of biomarkers for early diagnosis. Thus, it must be a crucial factor for investigating therapeutic strategies for HCC to identify the functional molecular targets. Here, we reported a novel chemokine, CKLF1, that might act as a pivotal modulator in the invasion and metastasis of HCC and could serve as an attractive target for cancer therapy.

Experimental Design:
Bioinformatics analysis, PCR, Western blotting, and IHC were performed to detect the expression of CKLF1 in HCC. The function of CKLF1 was demonstrated by a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. Pharmacologic treatment, flow cytometry, and Western blotting were carried out to demonstrate the potential mechanisms of CKLF1.

Results:
We proved that CKLF1 was overexpressed in HCC tissues and was related to tumor stage, vascular invasion, and patient survival. Then, functional assays showed that CKLF1 promoted hepatocellular carcinogenesis and metastatic potential. Finally, the IL6/STAT3 signaling pathway was involved in the mechanistic investigation. The results demonstrated that CKLF1 enhanced the progression of HCC and prevented doxorubicin-induced apoptosis through activating the IL6/STAT3 pathway.

Conclusions:
These data showed that CKLF1 inhibited apoptosis and promoted malignant transformation through the IL6/STAT3 pathway, and ultimately enhanced the development and metastasis of HCC. Thus, our work revealed that CKLF1 was a significant prognostic factor of HCC and might be a potential molecular therapeutic target for HCC.
Factors Associated With High-Voltage Impedance and Subcutaneous Implantable Defibrillator Ventricular Fibrillation Conversion Success
Authors: Amin Anish K. , Gold Michael R. , Burke Martin C. , Knight Bradley P. , Rajjoub Moutie R. , Duffy Elizabeth , Husby Michael , Stahl Wyatt K. , Weiss Raul 
Published: March 2019

Background:
The ability to predict defibrillation efficacy at the time of subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation without the need to induce ventricular fibrillation might eliminate the need for defibrillation testing. The purpose of this study was to determine the association of high-voltage impedance and system implant position on ventricular fibrillation conversion success with a submaximal 65-J shock.

Methods:
In the subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator IDE study (Investigational Device Exemption), a successful conversion test required 2 consecutive ventricular fibrillation conversions at 65 J in either shock vector. Chest radiographs were obtained after implantation. Patients with imaging and impedance data were included. Suboptimal device position was defined as an inferior electrode or pulse generator or electrode coil depth >3 mm anterior to the sternum. Absence of suboptimal positional parameters was defined as appropriate position. Conversion success rate was calculated among all 65-J tests.

Results:
Of 314 patients who underwent subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation, 282 patients were included in this analysis. There were 637 inductions to test defibrillation at 65 J. Sixty-two conversion failures (9.7%) occurred in 42 (14.9%) patients. Lower body mass index and lower shock impedance were associated with higher conversion success rate, whereas white race was associated with lower conversion success rate. Suboptimal position was more common in obese patients. Inferior electrode and greater distance between the lead and sternum were associated with a higher impedance. When appropriate system position was achieved, conversion failure was not associated with high body mass index.

Conclusions:
Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shock efficacy is associated with system position and high-voltage system impedance. A high impedance is associated with inferiorly placed pulse generator and electrode system, inadequate coil depth, and a lower rate of defibrillator success.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01064076.
A Global Climatology of Extratropical Transition. Part II: Statistical Performance of the Cyclone Phase Space
Authors: Bieli Melanie , Camargo Suzana J. , Sobel Adam H. , Evans Jenni L. , Hall Timothy 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This study analyzes the differences between an objective, automated identification of tropical cyclones (TCs) that undergo extratropical transition (ET), and the designation of ET determined subjectively by human forecasters in best track data in all basins globally. The objective identification of ET is based on the cyclone phase space (CPS), calculated from the Japanese 55-yr Reanalysis (JRA-55) or the ECMWF interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim). The resulting classification into ET storms and non-ET storms underlies the global climatology of ET presented in Part I of this study. Here, the authors investigate how well the CPS classifications agree with those in the best track records calculated from JRA-55 or from ERA-Interim data. According to F1 scores and Matthews correlation coefficients (MCCs), the classification of ET storms in the CPS agrees best with the best track classification in the western North Pacific (MCC &gt; 0.7) and the North Atlantic (MCC &gt; 0.5). In other basins, the correlation between the CPS classification and the best track classification is only slightly higher than that of a random classification. The JRA-55 classification achieves higher performance scores than does the ERA-Interim classification, and the differences are statistically significant in all basins. The lower performance of ERA-Interim is mainly due to a higher false alarm rate, particularly in the eastern North Pacific. Overall, the results show that while the CPS-based classifications are good enough to be useful for many purposes, there is almost certainly room for improvement—in the representation of the storms in reanalyses, in our objective metrics of ET, and in our scientific understanding of the ET process.
The Loop Current: Observations of Deep Eddies and Topographic Waves
Authors: Hamilton Peter , Bower Amy , Furey Heather , Leben Robert , Pérez-Brunius Paula 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA set of float trajectories, deployed at 1500- and 2500-m depths throughout the deep Gulf of Mexico from 2011 to 2015, are analyzed for mesoscale processes under the Loop Current (LC). In the eastern basin, December 2012–June 2014 had >40 floats per month, which was of sufficient density to allow capturing detailed flow patterns of deep eddies and topographic Rossby waves (TRWs), while two LC eddies formed and separated. A northward advance of the LC front compresses the lower water column and generates an anticyclone. For an extended LC, baroclinic instability eddies (of both signs) develop under the southward-propagating large-scale meanders of the upper-layer jet, resulting in a transfer of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) to the lower layer. The increase in lower-layer EKE occurs only over a few months during meander activity and LC eddy detachment events, a relatively short interval compared with the LC intrusion cycle. Deep EKE of these eddies is dispersed to the west and northwest through radiating TRWs, of which examples were found to the west of the LC. Because of this radiation of EKE, the lower layer of the eastern basin becomes relatively quiescent, particularly in the northeastern basin, when the LC is retracted and a LC eddy has departed. A mean west-to-east, anticyclone–cyclone dipole flow under a mean LC was directly comparable to similar results from a previous moored LC array and also showed connections to an anticlockwise boundary current in the southeastern basin.
Ensemble Kalman Filter Assimilation of Polarimetric Radar Observations for the 20 May 2013 Oklahoma Tornadic Supercell Case
Authors: Putnam Bryan , Xue Ming , Jung Youngsun , Snook Nathan , Zhang Guifu 
Published: March 2019

AbstractReal polarimetric radar observations are directly assimilated for the first time using the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) for a supercell case from 20 May 2013 in Oklahoma. A double-moment microphysics scheme and advanced polarimetric radar observation operators are used together to estimate the model states. Lookup tables for the observation operators are developed based on T-matrix scattering amplitudes for all hydrometeor categories, which improve upon previous curved-fitted approximations of T-matrix scattering amplitudes or the Rayleigh approximation. Two experiments are conducted: one assimilates reflectivity (Z) and radial velocity (Vr) (EXPZ), and one assimilates in addition differential reflectivity (ZDR) below the observed melting level at ~2-km height (EXPZZDR). In the EnKF analyses, EXPZZDR exhibits a ZDR arc that better matches observations than EXPZ. EXPZZDR also has higher ZDR above 2 km, consistent with the observed ZDR column. Additionally, EXPZZDR has an improved estimate of the model microphysical states. Specifically, the rain mean mass diameter (Dnr) in EXPZZDR is higher in the ZDR arc region and the total rain number concentration (Ntr) is lower downshear in the forward flank than EXPZ when compared to values retrieved from the polarimetric observations. Finally, a negative gradient of hail mean mass diameter (Dnh) is found in the right-forward flank of the EXPZZDR analysis, which supports previous findings indicating that size sorting of hail, as opposed to rain, has a more significant impact on low-level polarimetric signatures. This paper represents a proof-of-concept study demonstrating the value of assimilating polarimetric radar data in improving the analysis of features and states related to microphysics in supercell storms.
Safe cross-clamp time using Custodiol®–histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate cardioplegia in the adult
Authors: Gatti Giuseppe , Rauber Elisabetta , Forti Gabriella , Benussi Bernardo , Gabrielli Marco , Gripari Carla , Gustin Gianfranco , Pappalardo Aniello 
Published: March 2019

Introduction: Safe cross-clamp time using single-dose Custodiol®–histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate cardioplegia has not been established conclusively. Methods: Immediate post-operative outcomes of 1,420 non-consecutive, cardiac surgery patients were reviewed retrospectively. Predictors of a combined endpoint made of in-hospital mortality and any major complication post-surgery were found with the multivariable method. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate the impact of cross-clamp time on most relevant complications. Discriminatory power and cut-off value of cross-clamp time were established for in-hospital mortality and each of the major complications (receiver operating characteristic curve analysis). A comparative analysis (with propensity matching) with multidose cold blood cardioplegia on in-hospital mortality post-surgery was performed in non-coronary surgery patients. Results: Coronary, aortic valve and mitral valve surgery and surgery on thoracic aorta were performed in 45.4%, 41.9%, 49.5%, 20.6% of cases, respectively. In-hospital mortality and the rate of any major complication post-surgery were 6.5% and 41.9%, respectively. Cross-clamp time had significant impact on in-hospital mortality and almost all major post-operative complications, except neurological dysfunctions (p = 0.084), myocardial infarction (p = 0.12) and mesenteric ischaemia (p = 0.85). Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve and the optimal cut-off values for in-hospital mortality and any major complication were of 0.657, 0.594, >140 and >127 minutes, respectively. Comorbidities-adjusted odds ratio for any major complication of cross-clamp time <127 minutes was 1.86 (p < 0.0001). Despite similar in-hospital mortality (p = 0.57), there was an earlier significant increase of mortality in Custodiol–HTK than in multidose cold blood propensity-matched, non-coronary surgery patients. Conclusions: The use of Custodiol–HTK cardioplegia is associated with a low risk of serious post-operative complications provided that cross-clamp time is of 2 hours or less.
Genetics of cluster headache
Authors: Gibson Kate F , Santos Anita Dos , Lund Nunu , Jensen Rigmor , Stylianou Ioannis M 
Published: March 2019

Background Cluster headache is the most severe primary headache disorder. A genetic basis has long been suggested by family and twin studies; however, little is understood about the genetic variants that contribute to cluster headache susceptibility. Methods We conducted a literature search of the MEDLINE database using the PubMed search engine to identify all human genetic studies for cluster headache. In this article we provide a review of those genetic studies, along with an overview of the pathophysiology of cluster headache and a brief review of migraine genetics, which have both been significant drivers of cluster headache candidate gene selection. Results The investigation of cluster headache genetic etiology has been dominated by candidate gene studies. Candidate selection has largely been driven by the pathophysiology, such as the striking rhythmic nature of the attacks, which spurred close examination of the circadian rhythm genes CLOCK and HCRTR2. More recently, unbiased genetic approaches such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have yielded new genetic avenues of interest including ADCYAP1R1 and MME. Conclusions The majority of candidate genes studied for cluster headache suffer from poor reproducibility. Broader genetic interrogation through larger unbiased GWAS, exome, and whole genome studies may provide more robust candidates, and in turn provide a clearer understanding of the causes of cluster headache.
Using a Serious Game to Train Violence Risk Assessment and Management Skills
Authors: Mason Jonathan , Loader Krystelle 
Published: March 2019

Background. Staff in healthcare and human services settings are frequently exposed to interpersonal violence and challenging behaviour that requires competence in assessing and managing the associated risks. The pressure to adequately manage these risks can result in high levels of workplace stress. Intervention. Students and workers face many barriers to receiving practical training in risk assessment and management, and serious gaming has shown promise as a method of learning in a realistic, experiential, and safe environment. This study examined whether a serious game was an effective and engaging method for training people to assess and manage challenging behaviours, compared to a traditional mode of learning. Method. The 78 participants in this quasi-experimental study were divided into a serious game condition and a traditional learning condition. Participants were scored on their acquired knowledge across five categories and surveyed on their level of engagement in the learning method. Results. Results demonstrated no significant differences between learning conditions on acquired knowledge, and significantly higher levels of engagement in the serious game condition. Conclusion. Serious games may offer an effective way of teaching risk assessment and management skills to novice healthcare professionals. As an engaging, cost-effective, authentic, flexible, and self-directed learning method, the advantages of utilising serious gaming as a training tool in healthcare and human services are substantial.