bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collaborative Framework to Advance Symptom Science: An Intramural Perspective
Authors: Saligan Leorey N. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPurposeTo describe the collaborative framework used by National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) investigators to advance symptom science and to provide a research exemplar.ModelThe National Institutes of Health (NIH) Symptom Science Model (SSM) was developed to guide symptom science researchers to understand the molecular underpinnings of symptoms using innovative “omics” approaches. The process begins with a review of the literature to understand the state of the science of the symptoms of interest and is followed by cross‐sectional, case‐controlled, or longitudinal studies to identify potential biological correlates of these symptoms. The final steps include validation of these potential symptom biomarkers using multidisciplinary, collaborative, preclinical experiments, and proof‐of‐concept clinical trials.Research ExemplarUsing the NIH SSM as a guide, the identification of biologic correlates of symptoms using omics and bioinformatic strategies depends on determining the distinct phenotype of the symptoms of interest. The identified biologic correlates of these symptoms are then validated for their functional relevance using in vitro and ex vivo experiments, or through proof‐of‐concept clinical trials. NINR investigators observed that activation of specific receptors in neural networks can trigger inflammation‐related fatigue development and predispose patients to develop chronicity of symptoms. Specifically targeting these neural receptors can reduce symptom intensity.ConclusionsThrough using the NIH SSM as a guide, NINR investigators quickly generate data and discoveries that significantly advance symptom science by simultaneously collaborating with multiple experts and core laboratories to identify more correlates and validate their functional relevance in order to further understand the biological underpinnings of the symptoms of interest.Clinical RelevanceThe collaborative framework used by NINR investigators as guided by the NIH SSM identifies functionally relevant clinical markers that can explain the biological underpinnings of symptoms and can be targeted to optimize symptom management.
Combinatorial application of dissolving microneedle patch and cream for improvement of skin wrinkles, dermal density, elasticity, and hydration
Authors: Kang Geonwoo , Kim Suyong , Yang Huisuk , Jang Mingyu , Chiang Liching , Baek Ji Hwoon , Ryu Ja Hyun , Choi Go Woon , Jung Hyungil 
Published: October 2018

SummaryBackgroundDissolving microneedles (DMNs), microscale needles with a biodegradable polymer matrix, have been widely investigated for transdermal drug delivery. However, the restricted drug loading space of DMNs limited the delivery of the desired quantity of active compounds. In this study, we developed novel combinatorial therapies involving sequential application of adenosine‐loaded DMN (Ad‐DMN) patches and a topical adenosine‐loaded cream (Ad‐cream). The application of DMNs created skin channels, which delivered encapsulated drugs from both the DMNs and cream. The use of combinatorial therapies can maximize drug delivery.MethodsTo compare the efficacy of combinatorial therapies and Ad‐cream application, a double‐blind clinical test was conducted over 10 weeks on 21 females with wrinkles around their eyes, and the skin parameters such as wrinkles, dermal density, elasticity, and hydration were analyzed. The skin irritation test was assessed by expert interviewers to elucidate undesirable side effects.ResultsThe combinatorial therapies showed statistically significant efficacy for the improvement of average depth of wrinkles, dermal density, elasticity, and hydration after an 8‐week application (P < 0.001). Adverse effects on the skin were not observed in any subject during the test period.ConclusionThe efficacy and safety results showed that the combinatorial therapies were a safe and outstanding innovation for the optimization of transdermal therapy.
Markets under the Microscope: Making Scientific Discoveries Valuable through Choreographed Contestations
Authors: Mason Katy , Friesl Martin , Ford Chris J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper breaks new ground by revealing and conceptualizing the marketization of science as a process that transforms scientific discoveries and markets through a series of choreographed contestations: moments of valuation that occur when different social worlds collide. We follow a scientific discovery, from the moment it entered an incubator, to uncover how valuation practices and market devices enact and contest diverse social values (i.e., what is worth doing) to generate economic value (i.e., what is worth paying for) at the science‐market‐entrepreneurship nexus. In contrast with commercialization of science studies that focus on institutional arrangements, this study explicates the practices and devices used by multiple market actors to transform a scientific discovery into a marketable object. In so doing, we characterise choreographed contestations and the mechanisms through which they operate to explain how specific valuations are performed to work out innovative next steps that unfold the marketization of science.
Effect of partial head extension swallowing exercise on the strength of the suprahyoid and tongue muscles in healthy subjects: A feasibility study
Authors: Oh Jong‐Chi 
Published: October 2018

SummaryBackgroundHead extension swallowing exercise (HESE) is one of the exercise methods to strengthen the suprahyoid muscle and tongue. In this study, we modified the exercise protocol of the original HESE for application in patients who have difficulty in performing full HESE owing to decreased muscular strength related to swallowing.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility and the effect of partial HESE on suprahyoid muscle activation and the tongue pressure during 30° extension of the head, rather than full extension, for 8 weeks.MethodsThirteen healthy young volunteers (mean age, 21.5 ± 1.13 years) participated in this study. The participants extended their head backward by 30° and swallowed their saliva every 10 seconds. The exercise was performed three times a week for 8 weeks. The effect of the exercise was confirmed by surface electromyography and tongue pressure measurement. The measurements were performed three times (baseline, at 4 weeks and at 8 weeks).ResultsNo significant improvement in the tongue pressure‐related parameters and suprahyoid muscle activation compared to those at baseline was observed as a result of the exercise.ConclusionAlthough partial HESE in healthy adults did not lead to significant improvement in swallowing‐related muscle strength, this study confirmed the feasibility of partial HESE. On the basis of these results, future studies should assess the applicability and effectiveness of partial HESE in elderly individuals and patients with dysphagia with swallowing‐related muscular weakness.
Association of maternal pre‐pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain with Chinese infant growth
Authors: Zhang Weiwei , Niu Fenghai , Ren Xueyun 
Published: October 2018

AimTo evaluate the association of maternal pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) with offspring growth from birth to 12 months in China.MethodsA retrospective cohort of 3764 mother–child dyads, with children born between June 2014 and June 2016, was identified in an electronic medical record database. Maternal pre‐pregnancy body weight and height measurements throughout pregnancy were extracted, and body weights and lengths of their children had been measured at birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. The association between maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI and GWG and offspring growth was evaluated using repeated‐measure general linear models and post hoc tests.ResultsBoth pre‐pregnancy BMI and GWG were significantly associated with the Z‐scores for weight and for length during the first year of age. Moreover, their interactions were associated with a greater risk of overweight/obesity of offspring in early infancy after controlling for potential confounding factors. Defined by the Institute of Medicine guidelines, excessive GWG, especially during the first trimester, was associated with an increased risk of offspring overweight or obesity at 12 months old in all maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI categories.ConclusionMaintenance of appropriate body weight before and during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester, is crucial to prevent paediatric obesity.
The endangered northern bettong,Bettongia tropica, performs a unique and potentially irreplaceable dispersal function for ectomycorrhizal truffle fungi
Authors: Nuske Susan J. , Anslan Sten , Tedersoo Leho , Bonner Mark T. L. , Congdon Brad C. , Abell Sandra E. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractOrganisms that are highly connected in food webs often perform unique and vital functions within ecosystems. Understanding the unique ecological roles played by highly connected organisms and the consequences of their loss requires a comprehensive understanding of the functional redundancy amongst organisms. One important, yet poorly understood, food web is that between truffle‐forming ectomycorrhizal fungi and their mammalian consumers and dispersers. Mammalian fungal specialists rely on fungi as a food source, and they consume and disperse a higher diversity and abundance of fungi than do mycophagous mammals with generalist diets. Therefore, we hypothesize that mammalian fungal specialists are functionally distinct because they disperse a set of fungal taxa not fully nested within the set consumed by the combined generalist mammalian community (i.e., functional redundancy of fungal dispersal is limited). Using high‐throughput sequencing, we compared the fungal composition of 93 scats from the endangered fungal specialist northern bettong (Bettongia tropica) and 120 scats from nine co‐occurring generalist mammal species across three sites and three seasons. Compared with other generalist mammals,B. tropicaconsumed a more diverse fungal diet with more unique taxa. This aligns with our hypothesis thatB. tropicaperforms a unique dispersal function for ectomycorrhizal truffle fungi. Additionally, modelling of mammalian extinctions predicted rapid loss of food web connections which could result in loss of gene flow for truffle taxa. Our results suggest that this system is sensitive to the extinction of highly connected specialist species likeB. tropicaand their loss could have consequences for ectomycorrhizal truffle fungal diversity. This suggests that the conservation of fungal specialists is imperative to maintaining ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity and healthy plant–mycorrhizal relationships.
Growth in the age of automation: Foundations of a theoretical framework
Authors: Gomes Orlando 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe replacement of humans by machines in the development of a wide array of productive tasks is changing the economic landscape. Mutations on the structure of employment, widening income gaps, and uncertain effects over growth are some of the worries currently in the mind of economists. This article develops the foundations of a neoclassical growth model that puts into perspective the impact of automation over the aggregate economy. In particular, efficiency gains propelled by the current wave of innovation are confronted with the associated loss of jobs and with the potential social unrest and anxiety that the substitution of labor by robots brings. The strength of each effect determines transition paths and steady‐state results.
Salmon lice treatments and salmon mortality in Norwegian aquaculture: a review
Authors: Overton Kathy , Dempster Tim , Oppedal Frode , Kristiansen Tore S. , Gismervik Kristine , Stien Lars H. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWith the expansion of Atlantic salmon aquaculture, the economic and ecological impacts of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) has increased. Norway battles this problematic parasite with various control and preventative methods within farms. We analysed two national‐level databases to examine the number of operations reported each year from 2012 to 2017 and salmon mortality rates attributable to each operation type. From 2012 to 2017, 1.4 times more operations were registered, despite only limited increases in biomass produced across this period. We detected a rapid and recent paradigm shift in the industry's approach to lice control from chemotherapeutant to non‐medicinal operations. Chemotherapeutants (azamethiphos, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and hydrogen peroxide) dominated operations from 2012 to 2015 (>81%), while mechanical and thermal treatments dominated in 2016 and 2017 (>40% and >74%, respectively). Thermal operations caused greatest mortality increases (elevated mortality for 31% of treatments), followed by mechanical (25%), hydrogen peroxide (21%), and azamethiphos, cypermethrin and deltamethrin (<14%). Temperature, fish size and pre‐existing mortality rates all influenced post‐treatment mortality outcomes. For chemotherapeutants, mortality increased as sea temperature increased. For mechanical and thermal treatments, mortalities increased at low (4–7°C) and high (13–16°C) temperatures. Fish with high pre‐existing mortality (0.25–1.0% mortality the month before treatment) experienced increased mortality after treatment, and large fish (≥2 kg) were more susceptible to increased mortality than small (<2 kg). Generally, thermal, mechanical and hydrogen peroxide operations performed better in 2017 compared to 2015 and 2016, as the percentage of mortality observations were lower. With mechanical and thermal treatments now predominant, future research and industry development should prioritise reducing mortality and improving post‐treatment outcomes.
Redox imbalance andIL‐17 responses in memoryCD4+T cells from patients with psoriasis
Authors: Esmaeili Behnaz , Mansouri Parvin , Doustimotlagh Amir Hossein , Izad Maryam 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAll stages of the inflammatory process involved in T cell‐mediated chronic skin disorders like psoriasis are affected by redox imbalance. On the other hand, Th17 cells have a critical role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. In this study, we evaluated redox status in memoryCD4 + T cells and plasma of patients with psoriasis and its correlation withIL‐17 response. To this end, memory T cells were isolated from 10 patients with psoriasis and 10 controls. Intracellular Glutathione (GSH), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide as well asIL‐17 were measured using flow cytometry. Plasma total anti‐oxidant capacity (TAC) was quantified by ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay. The expression of catalase (CAT),superoxide dismutase 1(SOD1), superoxide dismutase 2(SOD2), nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (NFE2L2) and cytochrome b‐245 beta chain (CYBB)genes were analysed using real‐timePCR. Our results showed an increased intracellularROSproduction in memoryCD4 + T cells of patients compared to controls,(P= 0.04). Furthermore, a significant decrease in expression of catalase gene was found in patients, (P= 0.02). However, no significant differences were observed for intracellularGSH,IL‐17 andTAClevels between patients and controls. Also, no correlation was seen between the intracellularIL‐17 level and intracellularROS,GSHand catalase gene expression levels. Collectively, we found an increasedROSproduction in stimulated memory T cells of patients that could be due to reduced expression of catalase gene. However, it seems that these redox abnormalities have no relationship withIL‐17 response in memory T cells.
Evaluation of histological dynamics, kidney function and diabetes in liver transplant patients after antiviral treatment with direct‐acting antivirals: Therapy of HCV‐recurrence
Authors: Teegen Eva M. , Dürr Michael , Maurer Max M. , Eurich Franziska , Vollbort Antonia , Globke Brigitta , Bahra Marcus , Blaeker Hendrik , Pratschke Johann , Eurich Dennis 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundDirect‐acting antivirals allow efficient and safe treatment of hepatitis C (HCV) before and after liver transplantation (LT). However, the impact of sofosbuvir on the graft, diabetes, and on kidney function is not answered yet. Primary endpoint of this analysis was the evaluation of kidney function after antiviral treatment (AVT). Secondary endpoints were the assessment of extrahepatic manifestation of HCV‐infection by diabetes mellitus and the histopathological changes in terms of inflammation, content of fat, and fibrosis stage.MethodsFrom 2014 to 4/2015, 100 patients with HCV‐recurrence after LT were successfully treated with AVT. Ninety‐eight received a sofosbuvir‐based regimen. Indication was based on genotype, transplant fibrosis stage, and urgency. Biopsies were evaluated before and after treatment. Renal function and diabetes were assessed before, during, and after AVT.ResultsAll patients achieved sustained virological response. A significant improvement of inflammation (P = 0.001) and fibrosis stage (P = 0.031) were observed. Significantly less insulin was required in 32 patients with diabetes (P < 0.001) to keep Hb1Ac unchanged after AVT. Kidney function was stable during, 12 weeks after and 48 weeks after antiviral therapy. Stages of renal insufficiency were comparable before and after AVT.ConclusionSuccessful sofosbuvir‐based AVT leads to a variety of positive development in transplant patients including a significant improvement of inflammation, fat content and fibrosis, a significant decrease in daily insulin dose and no significant impairment of kidney function.
The Role of Surprise in Learning: Different Surprising Outcomes Affect Memorability Differentially
Authors: Foster Meadhbh I. , Keane Mark T. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSurprise has been explored as a cognitive‐emotional phenomenon that impacts many aspects of mental life from creativity to learning to decision‐making. In this paper, we specifically address the role of surprise in learning and memory. Although surprise has been cast as a basic emotion since Darwin's () The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, recently more emphasis has been placed on its cognitive aspects. One such view casts surprise as a process of “sense making” or “explanation finding”: metacognitive explanation‐based theory proposes that people's perception of surprise is a metacognitive assessment of the cognitive work done to explain a surprising outcome. Or, to put it more simply, surprise increases with the explanatory work required to resolve it. This theory predicts that some surprises should be more surprising than others because they are harder to explain. In the current paper, this theory is extended to consider the role of surprise in learning as evidenced by memorability. This theory is tested to determine how scenarios with differentially surprising outcomes impact the memorability of those outcomes. The results show that surprising outcomes (less‐known outcomes) that are more difficult to explain are recalled more accurately than less‐surprising outcomes that require little (known outcomes) or no explanation (normal).
Undergraduate Enrollments and Faculty Resources in Kinesiology at Selected U.S. Public Universities: 2008–2017
Authors: Bassett David R. , Fairbrother Jeffrey T. , Panton Lynn B. , Martin Philip E. , Swartz Ann M. 
Published: October 2018

Undergraduate enrollments in kinesiology have grown over the past 20 years as the popularity of this major increased among students interested in the health professions. A panel discussion at the 2018 American Kinesiology Association workshop provided an overview of challenges facing kinesiology departments. Department leaders at four public universities discussed enrollment trends, faculty resources for teaching undergraduates, and budget models used at their universities. Comparisons were made with kinesiology departments at Big Ten universities to reflect more broadly on what is happening at U.S. public research institutions. At several universities, undergraduate kinesiology enrollments grew between 2008 and 2017, but at others, they leveled off or declined. In many cases, faculty resources have not kept pace with enrollments, leading to unhealthy student-to-faculty ratios. The panel discussed methods of coping with scarce resources for teaching undergraduates and how department leaders can use comparison data to stress the importance of adequate resources.
Rose geranium in sesame oil nasal spray: a treatment for nasal vestibulitis?
Authors: Cathcart-Rake Elizabeth J , Smith Deanne , Zahrieh David , Loprinzi Charles L 
Published: October 2018

ObjectivesAs a rose geranium in sesame oil spray product has been anecdotally noted to improve nasal vestibulitis symptoms, this study was designed to assess whether patients with nasal vestibulitis associated with cancer-directed therapy experienced symptomatic improvements from it.MethodsPatients with breast cancer, prescribed rose geranium nasal spray, were identified by looking at pharmacy records and patient diagnosis at Mayo Clinic Rochester. Patient medical information, as well as documentation of symptoms, were gleaned from medical charts. Questionnaires were sent to patients regarding their experiences.ResultsOf the 40 patients with breast cancer who were prescribed rose geranium nasal spray, 100% were receiving cancer-directed therapy: 58 % were receiving taxane chemotherapy; others received a variety of cytotoxic and targeted therapy treatments. Twenty patients who had used the spray product returned surveys. Patient-reported nasal symptoms included bleeding (90%), dryness (86%), pain (81%), scabbing (67%) and sores (52%); patients consistently reported symptoms at a higher proportion than did healthcare providers. All patients who used the rose geranium nasal spray reported symptomatic benefit; one reported a little benefit, 11 (55%) reported moderate benefit and eight (40%) reported dramatic or complete resolution of symptoms. The therapy was well tolerated in most patients.ConclusionsRose geranium in sesame oil nasal spray appears to improve patient-reported nasal symptoms associated with cancer-directed therapy.
Analgesia in the emergency department: why is it not administered?
Authors: Kant Joyce , Dombagolla Mahesha , Lai Fiona , Hendarto Andreas , Taylor David McDonald 
Published: October 2018

ObjectivePain management in the ED is often suboptimal, with many patients not receiving analgesia. We aimed to determine why some patients refuse it, why others do not receive it, and whether these variables impact on patient satisfaction with their pain management.MethodsWe undertook a prospective, observational study in a large, Australian, tertiary referral ED (February–May 2017). A convenience sample of consecutive adult patients with a triage pain score of ≥4 were examined. Data were collected from the medical record and the treating nurses. At follow-up at least 48 hours postdischarge, patients were asked if they received analgesia in the ED (if not, then why not) and how satisfied they were with their pain management (very dissatisfied/dissatisfied/slightly dissatisfied/slightly satisfied/satisfied/very satisfied). The primary outcome was why patients refuse analgesia.ResultsOf the 651 enrolled patients, 171 (26.3%) did not receive analgesia; for 30 (17.5%), patients and their nurses agreed that analgesia was refused. Patients mainly refused analgesia because their pain was not bad enough, they had recent analgesia intake, and concerns about side effects and interactions. Patients who received analgesia were more likely to be ‘very satisfied’ with their pain management (difference in proportions 10.8%, 95% CI 2.1 to 19.4). The satisfaction of patients who refused analgesia and those who did not receive analgesia for other reasons did not differ.ConclusionPatient refusal is the most common reason for patients not receiving analgesia. Analgesia receipt is associated with greater patient satisfaction. However, a patient’s knowledge of their analgesia receipt status may be incorrect. Disregard of the reasons for patients not receiving analgesia may underestimate the number offered analgesia.