bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluoxetine triggers selective apoptosis in inflammation‐induced proliferating (Ki‐67high) thymocytes
Authors: Ghosh Sayan , Choudhury Sreetama , Mukherjee Sudeshna , Gupta Payal , Chowdhury Olivia , Baral Rathindranath , Chattopadhyay Sreya 
Published: December 2018

AbstractInappropriate functioning of the immune system is observed during sustained systemic inflammation, which might lead to immune deficiencies, autoimmune disorders and cancer. Primary lymphoid organs may progress to a deregulated proliferative state in response to inflammatory signals in order to intensify host defense mechanisms and exacerbate an inflammatory niche. Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, has recently been projected as an anti‐inflammatory agent. This study had been designed to evaluate the potential novel role of fluoxetine in reversing inflammation‐induced immune dysfunction. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration in Swiss albino mice potentiated a systemic inflammatory response, along with increased proliferation of thymocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as evident from increased Ki‐67 expression. The proliferative changes in the immune system were mainly associated with increased phosphorylation of PI3k, AKT and IκB along with elevated NFκB‐p65 nuclear translocation. The Ki‐67high thymocytes obtained from LPS administered mice demonstrated significantly low p53 nuclear activity, which was established to be mediated by NFκB through reduced nuclear translocation of p53 during LPS‐induced proliferative conditions, thereby blocking p53‐dependent apoptosis. Fluoxetine supplementation not only reversed the proinflammatory condition, but also induced selective apoptosis in the proliferation‐dictated Ki‐67high thymocytes possibly by modulating the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis and inducing glucocorticoid receptor activation and apoptosis in these proliferation‐biased immune cells, authenticating a novel antiproliferative role of an established drug.
Association between socioeconomic status and incident atrial fibrillation
Authors: Ramkumar Satish , Ochi Ayame , Yang Hong , Nerlekar Nitesh , D’Elia Nicholas , Potter Elizabeth L. , Murray Isabella C. , Nattraj Nishee , Wang Ying , Marwick Thomas H. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundLow socioeconomic status is associated with cardiovascular diseases, and an association with atrial fibrillation (AF) could guide screening.AimTo investigate if indices of advantage/disadvantage (IAD), index of education/occupation (IEO) and index of economic resources were associated with incident AF, independent of risk factors and cardiac function.MethodsWe studied community‐based participants aged ≥65 years with AF risk factors (n = 379, age 70 ± 4 years, 45% men). The CHARGE‐AF score (a well validated AF risk score) was used to assess 5‐year risk of developing AF. Participants also had baseline echocardiograms. IAD, IEO and index of economic resources were obtained from the 2011 Socio‐Economic Indexes for Areas score, in which higher decile ranks indicate more advantaged areas. Patients were followed up for incident AF (median 21 (range 5–31) months), with AF diagnosed by clinical review, including 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG), as well as single‐lead portable ECG monitoring used to record 60 s ECG tracings five times/day for 1 week. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association between socioeconomic status and incident AF.ResultsSubjects with AF (n = 50, 13%) were more likely to be male (64 vs 42%, P = 0.003) and had higher CHARGE‐AF score (median 7.1% (5.2–12.8%) vs 5.3% (3.3–8.6%), P < 0.001). Areas with lower socioeconomic status (IAD and IEO) had a higher risk of incident AF independent of LV function and CHARGE‐AF score (hazard ratio for IAD 1.16, 95% confidence interval 1.05–1.29, P = 0.005 and hazard ratio for IEO 1.18, 95% confidence interval 1.07–1.30, P = 0.001).ConclusionRegional socioeconomic status is associated with risk of incident AF, independent of LV function and clinical risk. This association might permit better regional targeting of prevention.
Sustained fasting glucose oxidation and postprandial lipid oxidation associated with reduced insulin dose in type 2 diabetes with sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor: A randomized, open‐label, prospective study
Authors: Kanazawa Ken , Uchino Hiroshi , Shigiyama Fumika , Igarashi Hiroyuki , Ikehara Kayoko , Yoshikawa Fukumi , Usui Shuki , Miyagi Masahiko , Yoshino Hiroshi , Ando Yasuyo , Kumashiro Naoki , Hirose Takahisa 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAims/IntroductionHyperglycemia impairs energy substrate oxidation as a result of glucotoxicity. We examined whether the reduction of plasma glucose using a sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, in inpatient diabetes management, has any effect on: (i) treatment period and basal–bolus dosage of insulin that achieve euglycemia; (ii) fasting/postprandial energy expenditure (EE); and (iii) energy substrate oxidation.Materials and MethodsThis was a randomized, open‐label, 7‐day prospective study. Participants were type 2 diabetes patients with hyperglycemia, aged >20 years, with glycated hemoglobin >10%, daily mean preprandial blood glucose >11 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) and no previous antidiabetic medication. A total of 18 type 2 diabetes patients were randomized (1:1) to basal–bolus insulin titration algorithm (INS) alone or INS + dapagliflozin 5 mg/day (INS/DAPA). The main outcome measures were total daily insulin dose to achieve euglycemia, as well as EE and respiratory quotient during fasting and postprandial states, measured by indirect calorimetry.ResultsThe rate of euglycemia was higher in the INS/DAPA compared with INS group (100 vs 55.6%, P = 0.04), whereas the total daily dose of insulin was 19% lower and was accompanied by a decreased basal–bolus ratio (P = 0.02). Fasting and postprandial EE elevation were similar in both groups. The post‐treatment fasting respiratory quotient significantly increased in the INS/DAPA group (0.72 ± 0.05 vs 0.79 ± 0.08, P = 0.04), and the postprandial respiratory quotient elevation was abolished; the opposite trend was observed in the INS group (P < 0.02).ConclusionsINS/DAPA sustained fasting carbohydrate oxidation, postprandial lipid‐derived EE (failed to increase carbohydrate‐derived EE) and reduced basal insulin requirement might be related to further bodyweight loss.Clinical Trial RegistryNational University Hospital Medical Information Network UMIN000018997
Tumour necrosis factor α induces neuroinflammation and insulin resistance in immortalised hypothalamic neurones through independent pathways
Authors: Clemenzi Matthew N. , Wellhauser Leigh , Aljghami Makram E. , Belsham Denise D. 
Published: December 2018

The links between obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance, which are all key characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus, are yet to be delineated in the brain. One of the key neuroinflammatory proteins detected in the hypothalamus with over‐nutrition is tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α. Using immortalised embryonic rat and mouse hypothalamic cell lines (rHypoE‐7 and mHypoE‐46) that express orexigenic neuropeptide Y and agouti‐related peptide, we investigated changes in insulin signalling and inflammatory gene marker mRNA expression after TNFα exposure. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction array of 84 inflammatory markers (cytokines, chemokines and receptors) demonstrated an increase in the expression of multiple genes encoding inflammatory markers upon exposure to 100 ng mL‐1 TNFα for 4 hours. Furthermore, neurones pre‐exposed to TNFα (50 ng mL‐1) for 6 or 16 hours exhibited a significant reduction in phosphorylated Akt compared to control after insulin treatment, indicating the attenuation of insulin signalling. mRNA expression of insulin signalling‐related genes was also decreased with exposure to TNFα. TNFα significantly increased mRNA expression of IκBα, Tnfrsf1a and IL6 at 4 and 24 hours, activating a pro‐inflammatory state. An inhibitor study using an inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit β (IKK‐β) inhibitor, PS1145, demonstrated that TNFα‐induced neuroinflammatory marker expression occurs through the IKK‐β/nuclear factor‐kappa B pathway, whereas oleate, a monounsaturated fatty acid, had no effect on inflammatory markers. To test the efficacy of anti‐inflammatory treatment to reverse insulin resistance, neurones were treated with TNFα and PS1145, which did not significantly restore the TNFα‐induced changes in cellular insulin sensitivity, indicating that an alternative pathway may be involved. In conclusion, exposure to the inflammatory cytokine TNFα causes cellular insulin resistance and inflammation marker expression in the rHypoE‐7 and mHypoE‐46 neurones, consistent with effects seen with TNFα in peripheral tissues. It also mimics insulin‐ and palmitate‐induced insulin resistance in hypothalamic neurones. The present study provides further evidence that altered central energy metabolism may be caused by obesity‐induced cytokine expression.
Gray vs. White Matter Segmentation of the Conus Medullaris: Reliability and Variability in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Yiannakas Marios C. , Liechti Martina D. , Budtarad Nuttakarn , Cullinane Patrick , Yang Xixi , Toosy Ahmed T. , Panicker Jalesh N. , Gandini Wheeler‐Kingshott Claudia A. M. 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐derived spinal cord (SC) gray and white matter (GM/WM) volume are useful indirect measures of atrophy and neurodegeneration over time, typically obtained in the upper SC. Neuropathological evidence suggests that in certain neurological conditions, early degeneration may occur as low as the sacral SC. In this study, the feasibility of GM/WM segmentation of the conus medullaris (CM) was assessed in vivo.METHODSTwenty‐three healthy volunteers (11 female, mean age 47 years) underwent high‐resolution 3T MRI of the CM using a 3‐dimensional fast field echo sequence. Reproducibility of the volume measurements was assessed in 5 subjects (2 female, 25‐37 years) by one rater who repeated the analysis 3 times and also with 2 additional raters working independently in order to calculate the intra‐ and interrater coefficient of variation (COV), respectively. Furthermore, the influence of age, gender, spine and SC metrics on tissue‐specific measures of the CM was investigated.RESULTSVolumetric CM analyses (N = 23) for the SC, GM, and WM revealed a mean (SD) total volume of CM‐TV = 1746.9 (296.7) mm3, CM‐GM‐TV = 731.2 (106.0) mm3, and CM‐WM‐TV = 1014.6 (211.3) mm3, respectively. The intra‐rater COV for measuring the CM‐TV and CM‐GM‐TV was 3.38% and 7.42%, respectively; the interrater COV was 3.43% and 10.80%, respectively. Using age, gender, spine and SC metrics in regression models substantially reduced group variability for CM‐TV, CM‐WM‐TV, and CM‐GM‐TV by up to 39.2%, 42.7%, and 21.2%, respectively.CONCLUSIONSThe results from this study demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining tissue‐specific volume measurements in the CM by means of MRI with good reproducibility and provide normative data for future applications in neurological diseases affecting the lower SC.
Reporting of Sample Size Parameters in Randomized Controlled Trials Published in Prosthodontic Journals
Authors: Dumbrigue Herman B. , Dumbrigue Ethan C. , Dumbrigue Derek C. , Chingbingyong Marianne I. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPurposeAn important consideration in the proper planning of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is the determination of sample size. A study may fail to answer its research question if the sample size is inadequate, while a large enough sample size may be impractical to implement. The purpose of this study is to describe the reporting of sample size methodology and parameters used in RCTs published in prosthodontic journals.Materials and MethodsA MEDLINE search for publications categorized as RCTs was conducted for articles in The Journal of Prosthodontics and The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry published from 2008 to 2017. The Abstract and Methodology sections of RCTs identified were reviewed, and the following data recorded: reporting of method used to calculate sample size and reporting of parameters used for sample size calculation ‐ type I error (α), type II error (β) or power, minimal clinically relevant difference (MCRD), and variability.ResultsThe search strategy retrieved 96 articles; 42 met inclusion criteria for RCTs and were reviewed. Fifty percent (21) of RCTs reported how sample size was determined, but only 17% (7) of RCTs reported all 4 parameters. Type I error (α) was reported in 90% (38) of RCTs, 38% (16) reported power, while only 26% (11) and 12% (5) reported MCRD and variability, respectively.ConclusionMethodology and parameters used for sample size determination are inadequately reported in RCTs published in prosthodontic journals.
Influence of Primers and Additional Resin Layer on Zirconia Repair Bond Strength
Authors: Shafiei Fereshteh , Fattah Zahra , Kiomarsi Nazanin , Dashti Mohammad Hossein 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the influence of alloy/zirconia primer and 10‐methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP)‐containing resin layer treatments on the shear bond strength (SBS) of composite resin to zirconia after aging.Materials and MethodsSixty zirconia (Y‐TZP) blocks were air‐abraded (35‐µm Al2O3) and divided into 6 experimental groups (n = 10) in terms of primer/resin layer as follows: (1) control, without any primer or resin; (2) AP, Alloy Primer; (3) ZPP, Z‐Prime Plus; (4) PL/ZPP, Z‐Prime Plus with light polymerization; (5) AP+SEB, Alloy Primer along with light‐cured bonding resin of a self‐etch adhesive system (SE Bond); and (6) ZPP+SEB, Z‐Prime Plus with SE Bond. After composite resin placement and light polymerization, the specimens were stored in distilled water (37°C for 4 months) and thermal‐cycled for 6000 cycles. The SBS was tested with a universal testing machine. Statistical analysis of the SBS data was performed with one‐way ANOVA, followed by HSD Tukey test (α = 0.05).ResultsThere were significant differences between the groups (p < 0.001, F = 116.5). All the groups revealed significantly higher SBS than the control (p < 0.001). ZPP+SEB group exhibited the highest SBS (16.14 ± 2.52 MPa) and AP group the lowest SBS (7.00 ± 1.97 MPa) among experimental groups; both had significant differences with the other groups (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between ZPP, PL/ZPP, and AP+SEB groups (p > 0.05).ConclusionsThe bond strength between zirconia ceramic and composite resin was affected by different primers/resin layer. Applying an MDP‐containing resin layer along with both primers resulted in significant enhancement of SBS. This improvement for Z‐Prime Plus was significantly higher than that of Alloy Primer.
A 30‐Year Follow‐Up of a Patient with Mandibular Complete‐Arch Fixed Implant‐Supported Prosthesis on 4 Implants: A Clinical Report
Authors: Balshi Thomas J. , Wolfinger Glenn J. , Balshi Stephen F. , Bidra Avinash S. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMandibular complete‐arch fixed implant‐supported prostheses are recognized as one of the earliest and most popular prostheses in implant dentistry. This prosthesis was the main focus in the early era of osseointegration. Despite its widespread popularity, few clinical reports have described long‐term follow‐up greater than 10 years for this type of prosthesis. This report describes a 30‐year follow‐up of a patient who underwent treatment for a mandibular complete‐arch fixed implant‐supported prosthesis with 4 machined surfaced implants, opposing a maxillary complete denture. This report documents a variety of photographs and radiographs taken over a period of 30 years to compare bone levels at various stages of care and maintenance, including de novo bone formation underneath the distal cantilevers due to functional loading. The biologic and biomechanical response to this treatment protocol and long‐term clinical observations and prosthodontic outcome and maintenance needs are also addressed.
Distinct responses of terrestrial and epiphytic ferns and lycophytes along an elevational gradient in Southern Brazil
Authors: Nervo Michelle H. , Andrade Bianca O. , Tornquist Carlos G. , Mazurana Michael , Windisch Paulo G. , Overbeck Gerhard E. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractQuestionsWhat are the drivers that govern fern and lycophyte community composition across different elevation zones in the South Brazilian Atlantic Forest? Does explanatory power of the models increase when we consider substrate‐based life forms separately? Do terrestrial and epiphytic species respond similarly to environmental drivers?Study siteFour distinct elevation zones of the Atlantic Rain Forest sensu stricto in northeastern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.MethodVariation partitioning was used to investigate the role of climatic, edaphic and spatial variation on species composition at different spatial scales. We considered both the entire community and subsets with either only epiphytic or terrestrial species.ResultsOn the broad scale, environmental variables were the most important in shaping the fern and lycophyte community composition. Edaphic filters had a more important role for the terrestrial community, and climatic filters for epiphytic species. Considering epiphytic and terrestrial species separately increased the explanatory power of the models.ConclusionsChanges in community composition of ferns and lycophytes along an elevational gradient in the South Brazilian Atlantic Forest are primarily driven by niche processes. Ferns and lycophytes found on different substrates (epiphytic vs terrestrial species) show distinct responses to environmental factors and thus should be considered separately in ecological studies.
Shock deformation confirms the impact origin for the Cerro do Jarau, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, structure
Authors: Reimold Wolf Uwe , Crósta Alvaro Penteado , Hasch Maximilian , Kowitz Astrid , Hauser Natalia , Sanchez Joana Paula , Simões Luiz Sergio Amarante , de Oliveira Grace Juliana , Zaag Patrice T. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCerro do Jarau is a conspicuous, circular morpho‐structural feature in Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil), with a central elevated core in the otherwise flat “Pampas” terrain typical for the border regions between Brazil and Uruguay. The structure has a diameter of approximately 13.5 km. It is centered at 30o12′S and 56o32′W and was formed on basaltic flows of the Cretaceous Serra Geral Formation, which is part of the Paraná‐Etendeka Large Igneous Province (LIP), and in sandstones of the Botucatu and Guará formations. The structure was first spotted on aerial photographs in the 1960s. Ever since, its origin has been debated, sometimes in terms of an endogenous (igneous) origin, sometimes as the result of an exogenous (meteorite impact) event. In recent years, a number of studies have been conducted in order to investigate its nature and origin. Although the results have indicated a possible impact origin, no conclusive evidence could be produced. The interpretation of an impact origin was mostly based on the morphological characteristics of the structure; geophysical data; as well as the occurrence of different breccia types; extensive deformation/silicification of the rocks within the structure, in particular the sandstones; and also on the widespread occurrence of low‐pressure deformation features, including some planar fractures (PFs). A detailed optical microscopic analysis of samples collected during a number of field campaigns since 2007 resulted in the disclosure of a large number of quartz grains from sandstone and monomict arenite breccia from the central part of the structure with PFs and feather features (FFs), as well as a number of quartz grains exhibiting planar deformation features (PDFs). While most of these latter grains only carry a single set of PDFs, we have observed several with two sets, and one grain with three sets of PDFs. Consequently, we here propose Cerro do Jarau as the seventh confirmed impact structure in Brazil. Cerro do Jarau, together with Vargeão Dome (Santa Catalina state) and Vista Alegre (Paraná State), is one of very few impact structures on Earth formed in basaltic rocks.
Multiple forms of selection shape reproductive isolation in a primate hybrid zone
Authors: Baiz Marcella D. , Tucker Priscilla K. , Cortés‐Ortiz Liliana 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSpeciation occurs when populations diverge and become reproductively isolated from each other. Natural selection is commonly accepted to play a large role in this process, and it has been widely assumed that reproductive isolation often results as a by‐product of divergence driven by adaptation in allopatry. When such populations come into secondary contact, reinforcement can act to strengthen reproductive isolation, but the frequency and importance of this process are still unknown. Here, we explored genomic signatures of selection in allopatry and sympatry for loci associated with reproductive isolation using a natural primate hybrid zone. By analysing reduced‐representation sequencing data, we quantified admixture and population structure across a howler monkey hybrid zone and examined the relationship between locus‐specific differentiation and introgression. We detected extensive admixture that was mostly limited to the narrow contact zone. Loci with reduced introgression into the heterospecific genomic background (the pattern expected for loci associated with reproductive isolation due to selection against hybrids) were significantly more differentiated between allopatric parental populations than loci with neutral and increased introgression, supporting the hypothesis that reproductive isolation is a by‐product of divergence in allopatry. Further, loci with reduced introgression showed greater differentiation in sympatry than in allopatry, suggesting a role for reinforcement. Thus, our results reflect multiple forms of selection that have shaped reproductive isolation in this system. We conclude that reproductive isolation may have initially been driven by divergence in allopatry, but later reinforced by divergent selection in sympatry.
The effect of rhizosphere microbes outweighs host plant genetics in reducing insect herbivory
Authors: Hubbard Charley J. , Li Baohua , McMinn Robby , Brock Marcus T. , Maignien Lois , Ewers Brent E. , Kliebenstein Daniel , Weinig Cynthia 
Published: December 2018

AbstractRhizosphere microbes affect plant performance, including plant resistance against insect herbivores; yet, a direct comparison of the relative influence of rhizosphere microbes versus plant genetics on herbivory levels and on metabolites related to defence is lacking. In the crucifer Boechera stricta, we tested the effects of rhizosphere microbes and plant population on herbivore resistance, the primary metabolome, and select secondary metabolites. Plant populations differed significantly in the concentrations of six glucosinolates (GLS), secondary metabolites known to provide herbivore resistance in the Brassicaceae. The population with lower GLS levels experienced ~60% higher levels of aphid (Myzus persicae) attack; no association was observed between GLS and damage by a second herbivore, flea beetles (Phyllotreta cruciferae). Rhizosphere microbiome (disrupted vs. intact native microbiome) had no effect on plant GLS concentrations. However, aphid number and flea beetle damage were respectively about three‐ and seven‐fold higher among plants grown in the disrupted versus intact native microbiome treatment. These differences may be attributable to shifts in primary metabolic pathways previously implicated in host defence against herbivores, including increases in pentose and glucoronate interconversion among plants grown with an intact microbiome. Furthermore, native microbiomes with distinct community composition (as estimated from 16s rRNA amplicon sequencing) differed two‐fold in their effect on host plant susceptibility to aphids. The findings suggest that rhizosphere microbes, including distinct native microbiomes, can play a greater role than population in defence against insect herbivores, and act through metabolic mechanisms independent of population.