bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavior of Rubber Materials under Exposure to High Electric Fields
Authors: Candela A. , Holboell J. , Henriksen M. 
Published: February 2018

The effect of high electrical stress on rubber materials is investigated by performing breakdown tests and tracking resistance tests on selected samples. The study is focused on the relationship between the dielectric strength and the thickness of the samples, as well as the influence of the interfaces between different layers of material. Tracking resistance tests are also performed on the rubber material. The purpose is to provide a complete study of the applicability of the rubber material in thunderstorm environments.
Positive Breakdown Streamers and Acceleration in a Small Point-Plane Liquid Gap and Their Variation with Liquid Properties.
Authors: Linhjell Dag , Ingebrigtsen Stian , Lundgaard Lars , Unge Mikael 
Published: February 2018

Positive breakdown streamers have been investigated in a short (5 mm) point-plane gap in cyclohexane and n-tridecane with and without the additives N,N-dimethylamine (DMA) with low ionization potential and azobenzene with a not quite as low ionization potential but a very low lowest excitation level. The effects off additives are fairly similar to what is known from longer gaps with DMA or pyrene added: the additives caused reduced breakdown voltage, significantly increased acceleration voltage and increased streamer velocity around breakdown. Molecule for molecule, azobenzene has less effect than DMA. The ratio between the acceleration and the breakdown voltage is significantly higher than in long gaps, though. Nonetheless, tests in short gaps are sufficiently good for screening (a large number of) liquid combinations.The two base liquids without additives, and also neat trichloroethene and DMA have been tested with and without a tube causing spatial restriction of the streamer. Restriction causes increased breakdown voltage and promotes the fastest streamer modes.
Axial Water Ingress MV XLPE Cable Designs with Watertight Barrier
Authors: Liland Knut Brede , Hellesø Svein Magne , Hvidsten Sverre , Bengtsson Karl Magnus , Ryen Arve 
Published: February 2018

Humidity can enter the insulation system when the outer sheath of a cable becomes damaged. The relative humidity can then increase above a critical value (70 % RH), facilitating initiation and growth of water trees. The purpose of this experimental and numerical work is to determine how fast water vapour will diffuse axially in a soaked cable with a damaged outer sheath.Before drying (evacuation) relative humidity and temperature sensors were placed within the outer sheath at different axial positions. After the dryingprocess a hole was cut at the cable end facilitating water ingress. Numerical calculations of axial water diffusion were performed using Comsol.The numerical calculations show that the axial water vapour diffusion in the cable is slow and dependent of the air gap close to the swelling tape. After 430 days the measured humidity at 0.5 m had increased by about 75 % (initial 20%), and the sensor at 1 m had increased by 40%. Numerical calculations show a slower increase in the relative humidity. The actual axial liquid water penetration extensions, is yet not determined. The numerical calculations show that this is an important factor, as the calculations seem to be in more agreement with measurements when adjusting the position of the water front.
Modelling of Partial Discharges in Polymeric Insulation Exposed to Combined DC and AC Voltage
Authors: Olsen Pål Keim , Mauseth Frank , Ildstad Erling 
Published: February 2018

This paper addresses the influence of an AC voltage superimposed on DC voltage on the partial discharge activity in artificial cylindrical cavities in polymer insulation. The main purpose was to investigate the feasibility of calculating the electric field distribution in such a configuration using a simple lumped parameter model. Two models for calculating the electric field have been compared, the lumped parameter classic
ERM-Vroegsignalering opent de deur naar risicomanagementobservaties en dialoog met gedetineerden
Authors: Fluttert Frans , Eidhammer Gunnar 
Published: February 2018

Risk management from observation to dialogue in prison services by means of the Early Recognition Method
Prison staff is exposed to aggression of prisoners which evokes work stress. In forensic psychiatry risk management principles, such as the Risk-Needs-Responsivity-model (RNR), assist staff to manage aggression by means applying risk management strategies. The Early Recognition Method (ERM) is such an evidence based strategy, developed and tested in forensic psychiatry. In ERM, staff gradually try to attune to aggressive behavior by means of the identification of early warning signs of aggression and systematically evaluated these in predetermined intervals. In this article it is explained and discussed how ERM could be applied meaningfully in prison services.
Suïcide bij gedetineerden in België: een dossierstudie
Authors: Favril Louis , Wittouck Ciska , Audenaert Kurt , Vander Laenen Freya 
Published: February 2018

Suicide among prisoners in Belgium: a retrospective case-file study
Reducing the number of suicides in prison has been highlighted as an international priority. To date, however, studies examining prison suicides in Belgium are lacking. Therefore, adopting a retrospective record-based approach, we sought to investigate all suicides occurring in the whole Belgian prison estate during a 17-year period. The results underline the need for suicide prevention among prisoners in Belgium, and echo prior findings that restrictive preventive measures should be combined with psychosocial interventions in order to address the causes of prisoners being suicidal. Such strategies are ideally embedded within a comprehensive suicide prevention policy on a national level.
Comparing the awareness of and beliefs in sexually transmitted infections among university students in Madagascar and the United States of America
Authors: Reuter Peter R. , McGinnis Shannon , Reuter Kim E. 
Published: February 2018

Young adults have a higher risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs) than other age groups. This risk may be mediated by their social and cultural setting which can impact young adults’ awareness of, beliefs in, and risk of contracting STIs (including HIV/AIDS). In order to understand how these factors vary among young adults of different cultures, it is important to study these issues on a cross-cultural scale. This study aimed to increase understanding of the relationship between the culture of a place of study and: (1) STI awareness; (2) belief in STIs; and (3) self-reported STI prevalence in the study population. Survey data were collected from university students in Madagascar (n = 242 surveys in 2013) and the United States of America (n = 199 surveys in 2015). Compared to students at the American university, students at the Malagasy university: (1) did not appear to have a conclusively lower awareness of STIs; (2) did not differ in rates of belief in the existence of gonorrhea and syphilis, but had higher rates of disbelief in HIV/AIDS; and (3) were more likely to report having been infected with syphilis and gonorrhea, but not with HIV/AIDS. Students at the Malagasy university also listed different reasons than the students at the American university for why they believed in the existence of STIs. These findings highlight the need for further cross-cultural research to better adapt intervention strategies to different cultural settings.
Atmospheric DMS in the Arctic Ocean and Its Relation to Phytoplankton Biomass
Authors: Park Ki‐Tae , Lee Kitack , Kim Tae‐Wook , Yoon Young Jun , Jang Eun‐Ho , Jang Sehyun , Lee Bang‐Yong , Hermansen Ove 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe recorded and analyzed the atmospheric dimethyl sulfide (DMS) mixing ratios at a remote Arctic location (Svalbard; 78.5°N, 11.8°E) during phytoplankton bloom periods in the years 2010, 2014, and 2015 and found varying regional relationships between the atmospheric DMS and the extent of exposure of the air mass to the phytoplankton biomass in the ocean surrounding the observation site. The DMS production capacity of the Greenland Sea was estimated to be a factor of 3 greater than that of the Barents Sea, whereas the phytoplankton biomass in the Barents Sea was more than twofold than that in the Greenland Sea. These apparently contradictory results may be induced by the occurrence of a greater abundance of DMS‐producing phytoplankton in the Greenland Sea than in the Barents Sea during the phytoplankton bloom periods.
The Slip Behavior and Source Parameters for Spontaneous Slip Events on Rough Faults Subjected to Slow Tectonic Loading
Authors: Tal Yuval , Hager Bradford H. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe study the response to slow tectonic loading of rough faults governed by velocity weakening rate and state friction, using a 2‐D plane strain model. Our numerical approach accounts for all stages in the seismic cycle, and in each simulation we model a sequence of two earthquakes or more. We focus on the global behavior of the faults and find that as the roughness amplitude, br, increases and the minimum wavelength of roughness decreases, there is a transition from seismic slip to aseismic slip, in which the load on the fault is released by more slip events but with lower slip rate, lower seismic moment per unit length, M0,1d, and lower average static stress drop on the fault, Δτt. Even larger decreases with roughness are observed when these source parameters are estimated only for the dynamic stage of the rupture. For br ≤ 0.002, the source parameters M0,1d and Δτt decrease mutually and the relationship between Δτt and the average fault strain is similar to that of a smooth fault. For faults with larger values of br that are completely ruptured during the slip events, the average fault strain generally decreases more rapidly with roughness than Δτt.
Chemoenzymatic Approaches to the Synthesis of the Calcimimetic Agent Cinacalcet Employing Transaminases and Ketoreductases
Authors: Marx Lisa , Ríos‐Lombardía Nicolás , Farnberger Judith F. , Kroutil Wolfgang , Benítez‐Mateos Ana I. , López‐Gallego Fernando , Morís Francisco , González‐Sabín Javier , Berglund Per 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSeveral chemoenzymatic routes have been explored for the preparation of cinacalcet, a calcimimetic agent. Transaminases (TAs) and ketoreductases (KREDs) turned out to be useful biocatalysts for the preparation of key optically active precursors. Thus, the asymmetric amination of 1‐acetonaphthone yielded an enantiopure (R)‐amine, which can be alkylated in one step to yield cinacalcet. Alternatively, the bioreduction of the same ketone resulted in an enantiopure (S)‐alcohol, which was easily converted into the previous (R)‐amine. In addition, the reduction was efficiently performed with the KRED and its cofactor co‐immobilized on the same porous surface. This self‐sufficient heterogeneous biocatalyst presented an accumulated total turnover number (TTN) for the cofactor of 675 after 5 consecutive operational cycles. Finally, in a preparative scale synthesis the TA‐based approach was performed in aqueous medium and led to enantiopure cinacalcet in two steps and 50% overall yield.magnified image
Aniline ortho C−H Sulfuration/Cyclization with Elemental Sulfur for Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Benzothiazoles under Metal‐Free Conditions
Authors: Jiang Jingjing , Li Guozheng , Zhang Feng , Xie Hao , Deng Guo‐Jun 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA three‐component synthesis of 2‐substituted benzothiazoles from aryl amines, elemental sulfur and styrenes or aryl acetylenes in 1‐methylpyrrolidin‐2‐one (NMP) is described. Two C−S and one C−N bonds were selectively formed in one‐pot under metal‐free conditions.magnified image
N‐Heterocyclic‐Carbene‐Treated Gold Surfaces in Pentacene Organic Field‐Effect Transistors: Improved Stability and Contact at the Interface
Authors: Lv Aifeng , Freitag Matthias , Chepiga Kathryn M. , Schäfer Andreas H. , Glorius Frank , Chi Lifeng 
Published: February 2018

AbstractN‐Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), which react with the surface of Au electrodes, have been successfully applied in pentacene transistors. With the application of NHCs, the charge‐carrier mobility of pentacene transistors increased by five times, while the contact resistance at the pentacene–Au interface was reduced by 85 %. Even after annealing the NHC–Au electrodes at 200 °C for 2 h before pentacene deposition, the charge‐carrier mobility of the pentacene transistors did not decrease. The distinguished performance makes NHCs as excellent alternatives to thiols as metal modifiers for the application in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs).
Self‐Assembly of Azobenzene Derivatives into Organogels and Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals
Authors: Wang Hongyan , Han Yi , Yuan Wei , Wu Mengjiao , Chen Yulan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA new class of coil–rod–coil molecules with an azobenzene core was synthesized. They were found to form robust organogels in several organic solvents. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), FTIR spectroscopy, UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that in these organogels, the molecules self‐assembled into a nanofiber network with an H‐type aggregation mode under the joint effect of π–π stacking, intermolecular hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals forces. Interestingly, the incorporation of the azobenzene mesogene into the rigid core led to photoisomerizable liquid crystal materials, which exhibited quick responsiveness to light and temperature, along with the trans–cis transition stimulated by UV light and heating.
The fully‐extended conformation in peptides and proteins
Authors: Crisma Marco , Formaggio Fernando , Alemán Carlos , Torras Joan , Ramakrishnan Chandrasekharan , Kalmankar Neha , Balaram Padmanabhan , Toniolo Claudio 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe intramolecularly H‐bonded, fully‐extended conformation (C5) of an α‐amino acid residue (and the resulting 2.05‐helix obtained via its propagation) is one of the least extensively investigated types of peptide and protein backbone secondary structure. This situation does still currently occur despite its unique ability to enjoy by far the largest separation per residue among peptide conformations. In this article, we offer a detailed update of our present knowledge on this intriguing 3D‐structure of peptides in the crystal state as obtained from recently published investigations, complemented by a statistical analysis for its occurrence in the crystal structures of α‐amino acid derivatives and peptides available in the Cambridge Structural Database. We have expanded this useful information to the results of a bioinformatics analysis performed on this (so far largely unappreciated) conformation authenticated in all proteins solved by X‐ray diffraction to a resolution of ≤ 1.5 Å. In the last section, we describe the results of our DFT calculations on the conformational preferences of a set of homopeptides (from monomer to octamer) based on as many as six proteins and two noncoded, carefully selected, α‐amino acids. From this literature survey integrated by new energy calculations, we have definitely provided strong support to the thesis that this polypeptide 3D‐structure does indeed exist, it should be not neglected in future studies by structural biochemists, and it represents a very attractive, novel backbone for applications for organic, medicinal, and biomaterials chemists.
The association between HSD3B7 gene variant and Parkinson's disease in ethnic Chinese
Authors: Lu Zhong‐Jiao , Wang Ling , Sun Xiao‐Yi , Li Jun‐Ying , Cheng Lan , Li Nan‐Nan , Peng Rong 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectivesStudies at the genomewide level of Parkinson's disease (PD) suggested a significant association between the Hydroxy‐delta‐5‐steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta‐ and steroid delta isomerase 7 (HSD3B7) gene rs9938550 variant and a decreased risk for PD. But its effect has only been discussed in Caucasian populations, and no phenotypic characteristics were included. To investigate the novel variant for PD in Chinese Han populations, we performed an association analysis of rs9938550 variant in a large cohort.MethodsUsing a case–control methodology, a total of 2,239 subjects (1,072 sporadic patients with PD and 1,167 control) were genotyped and the genetic association was analyzed.ResultsNo significant association was found between allele A of rs9938550 and PD in the entire cohort (p = .079). However, the frequency of allele A was lower in late‐onset PD (LOPD) as compared with controls older than 50 years (OR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.45–0.85, padjust = .002). Relatively lower Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale scores were demonstrated in mid‐ to late‐stage PD with GA + AA genotypes than GG genotype (padjust = .018), while other clinical features were similar between carriers and noncarriers.ConclusionsOur results support that the HSD3B7 rs9938550 variant, which is likely linked to bile acid biosynthesis, reduces the risk of LOPD in Chinese patients and might induce a benign clinical performance.
Competition for nutrients and light: testing advances in resource competition with a natural phytoplankton community
Authors: Burson Amanda , Stomp Maayke , Greenwell Emma , Grosse Julia , Huisman Jef 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA key challenge in ecology is to understand how nutrients and light affect the biodiversity and community structure of phytoplankton and plant communities. According to resource competition models, ratios of limiting nutrients are major determinants of species composition. At high nutrient levels, however, species interactions may shift to competition for light, which might make nutrient ratios less relevant. The “nutrient‐load hypothesis” merges these two perspectives, by extending the classic model of competition for two nutrients to include competition for light. Here, we test five key predictions of the nutrient‐load hypothesis using multispecies competition experiments. A marine phytoplankton community sampled from the North Sea was inoculated in laboratory chemostats provided with different nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loads to induce either single resource limitation or co‐limitation of N, P, and light. Four of the five predictions were validated by the experiments. In particular, different resource limitations favored the dominance of different species. Increasing nutrient loads caused changes in phytoplankton species composition, even if the N:P ratio of the nutrient loads remained constant, by shifting the species interactions from competition for nutrients to competition for light. In all treatments, small species became dominant whereas larger species were competitively excluded, supporting the common view that small cell size provides a competitive advantage under resource‐limited conditions. Contrary to expectation, all treatments led to coexistence of diatoms, cyanobacteria and green algae, resulting in a higher diversity of species than predicted by theory. Because the coexisting species comprised three phyla with different photosynthetic pigments, we speculate that niche differentiation in the light spectrum might play a role. Our results show that mechanistic resource competition models that integrate nutrient‐based and light‐based approaches provide an important step forward to understand and predict how changing nutrient loads affect community composition.
Using niche breadth theory to explain generalization in mutualisms
Authors: Batstone Rebecca T. , Carscadden Kelly A. , Afkhami Michelle E. , Frederickson Megan E. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractFor a mutualism to remain evolutionarily stable, theory predicts that mutualists should limit their associations to high‐quality partners. However, most mutualists either simultaneously or sequentially associate with multiple partners that confer the same type of reward. By viewing mutualisms through the lens of niche breadth evolution, we outline how the environment shapes partner availability and relative quality, and ultimately a focal mutualist's partner breadth. We argue that mutualists that associate with multiple partners may have a selective advantage compared to specialists for many reasons, including sampling, complementarity, and portfolio effects, as well as the possibility that broad partner breadth increases breadth along other niche axes. Furthermore, selection for narrow partner breadth is unlikely to be strong when the environment erodes variation in partner quality, reduces the costs of interacting with low‐quality partners, spatially structures partner communities, or decreases the strength of mutualism. Thus, we should not be surprised that most mutualists have broad partner breadth, even if it allows for ineffective partners to persist.
Identity centrality moderates the relationship between acceptance of group‐based stressors and well‐being
Authors: Crane Monique Frances , Louis Winnifred R. , Phillips Jacqueline K. , Amiot Catherine E. , Steffens Niklas K. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractTwo two‐wave studies were used to examine the proposition that identity centrality enhances the effectiveness of stressor acceptance in the face of group‐based stressors. Study 1 was conducted in newly commencing psychology students (N = 154). Stressor intensity, psychology student identity centrality, and attempted stressor acceptance were measured at two‐time points over 6‐weeks. Study 2 was conducted in a group of early to late career veterinarians (N = 92) and extended Study 1 by assessing stressor frequency as an indicator of the level of demand. Veterinarian identity centrality and stressor acceptance were measured twice over 12‐months. Both studies provided support for the predicted three‐way interaction. Only when Time 1 stressors and identity centrality were both high was stressor acceptance related to a reduction in perceived stressor intensity (Study 1) or burnout symptoms (Study 2) at Time 2. These findings suggest that identity centrality enhances the effectiveness of stressor acceptance for supporting wellbeing and resilience.
Why do we self‐punish? Perceptions of the motives and impact of self‐punishment outside the laboratory
Authors: de Vel‐Palumbo Melissa , Woodyatt Lydia , Wenzel Michael 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis study explores perceptions of why people punish themselves in response to feelings of moral failure. Experimental research has posited some of self‐punishment's functions, but it remains unclear whether the perceived motives and outcomes for those engaging in spontaneous self‐punishment are fundamentally distinct from those in experimental settings. This study explores and interprets laypersons’ experiences of their own self‐punishment, using qualitative and quantitative data collected in an online survey. Self‐punishers responded to a series of questions examining what kinds of self‐punishment behaviours they engage in and why, and their effects on emotions, cognitions, and relationships. Key themes identified via thematic analysis included self‐punishment as an emotion regulation strategy, as an opportunity to reflect and learn from the transgression, and the notion that self‐punishment becomes normalised. Analysis of these themes suggests that self‐punishment can reflect both psychological avoidance and resolution of problems, and that these two functions have different implications for reconciliation.Key messageOur analysis of naturalistic self‐punishment experiences revealed dimensions of self‐punishment neglected in the empirical literature, in particular the notion of self‐punishment as an exploration (rather than an evasion) of one's guilt.