bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multivariate Probit Modeling of Decisions on Timber Harvesting and Request for Assistance by African-American Forestland Owners
Authors: Gan Jianbang , Kebede Ellene 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study identifies factors influencing the decisions to harvest timber and request assistance by African-American forestland owners in Alabama's Black Belt. A multivariate probit model is estimated using landowner survey data to predict the landowners' interrelated behavior in timber harvesting and request for technical and financial assistance. The size of forestland holdings, existence of management plans, and occupation of landowners are significantly related to timber harvesting. Landowners who have a management plan are more likely to seek technical and financial assistance. In addition, importance of timber production and contribution of forestland to household income affect the landowners' request for technical assistance, while age influences their decisions to seek financial assistance. Timber harvesting is positively correlated with seeking technical assistance, which is positively associated with seeking financial assistance. In general, these landowners tend not to seek assistance. Our results show some similarities as well as differences between African-American forestland owners and general nonindustrial private forestland (NIPF) owners. More successes in reaching out to African-American forestland owners would be achieved through incorporating their uniqueness and constraints in future program design and implementation and by initially targeting those who have a management plan or a desire to develop one, rely more on forests for income, and are more inclined to timber production. South. J. Appl. For. 29(3): 135–142.
Timber Inventory of Large Acreages Using Stratified Two-Stage List Sampling
Authors: Borders Bruce E. , Shiver Barry D. , Clutter Michael L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We present two-stage list sampling estimators and methodology that are useful in a forest inventory context. The advantages of this sampling method are discussed and illustrated with an inventory of a 3,419-acre timber tract. In this example, two-stage list sampling resulted in strata level and tract level estimates that were very close to estimates from a more intensive cruise that used twice as much field sampling effort. South. J. Appl. For. 29(3):152–157.
Collection and Care of Sycamore Seeds
Authors: Bonner F. T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Seeds of low quality will yield seedlings of low quality (and high production expense) in the nursery. No treatments exist that can turn poor seeds into good ones. To help insure a supply of good sycamore seed, remember these key points: (1) delay collections until fruits are mature; (2) dry fruits properly for extraction; (3) clean the extracted seeds well, and because of the fine hairs, take safety precautions to avoid inhalation; (4) upgrade the seed lot; (5) store seeds at 0° to 5° C. and 5- to 10-percent moisture content; and (6) have seeds tested properly.
Limiting Canker Disease Losses of Sycamore in the Midsouth
Authors: McCracken F. I. , Burkhardt E. C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Several fungus-caused canker diseases of sycamore in the Midsouth have been identified and the potential economic loss they represent has been assessed. Losses in localized areas may be sufficient to concern managers of sycamore stands and plantations. Descriptions of the most destructive cankers to aid in detection and procedures to reduce losses are presented.
Ten-Year Results of Thinning and Clearcutting in a Muck Swamp Timber Type
Authors: McGarity R. W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Thinnings and a clearcut treatment were imposed on a 60-year-old muck swamp stand. After 10 years, the uncut control produced more merchantable volume per acre than the thinned plots, and had essentially the same percent mortality of residual trees. On an individual-tree basis, crop trees grew faster as thinning intensities increased Clearcutting and cull control produced good regeneration development, averaging 89 percent desirable species Cypress has outgrown the gum component across all treatments.
Stump Management Increases Coppice Yield of Sycamore
Authors: Belanger Roger P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stumps of American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) saplings cut during the dormant season produce larger and heavier sprouts after four years than those cut during the growing season. Stumps should be cut no more than 6 inches high to facilitate sprouting taproot development, and maneuverability of harvesting equipment. Coppice yields increase as stump diameter increases.
Site Preparation and Fertilization of Slash Pine on a Wet Savanna Soil
Authors: Pritchett W. L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Pine production on wet savanna soils is very low without site preparation and phosphorus fertilization. After eight years, flat disking has increased tree heights only 1.0 feet over tree heights on burned-only plots. Bedding improved heights by 4.1 feet over burned-only treatment during this period. Because of improved growth and better survival, per-acre volume on bedded plots was almost double that of burned-only plots. Applications of 20 and 80 pounds of phosphorus increased heights by an average of 83 and 89 percent. The effects of bedding and fertilization are largely additive. Total understory vegetation biomass was not increased by treatments, but the proportion of desirable forage species greatly improved.
Predicting the Incidence of Fusiform Rust in Five- to Ten-Year-Old Slash and Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Schmidt R. A. , Squillace A. E. , Swindel B. F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fusiform rust (caused by Cronartium fusiforme Hedgc. and Hunt ex Cumm.) is a major problem—in some instances the limiting factor—in the intensive management of slash (Pinus elliotti Engelm.) and loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) pine throughout much of their natural and planted range. Optimum management requires knowledge of present and future rust incidence for plantations early in their rotation. Presented here are a set of disease progress curves which enable the manager to predict future rust incidence and to adjust present rust incidence to a common age to facilitate comparisons among plantations.
Comparison of Height-Measurement Techniques in a Dense Loblolly Pine Plantation
Authors: Rennie John C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Ninety-four trees were measured by two crews with six height-measurement methods in a loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) pine plantation. The Suunto clinometer with tape was most precise; however, it was also biased. Two methods using the Christen hypsometer were faster than the three methods based on measured horizontal distance and a method using a vertical pole and a hypsometer. In addition to technique selection, crew selection, training, and supervision were important.
Selection Thinning Increases Slash Pine Size and Quality
Authors: Parker J. Andrew 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A single selection thinning of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) from 117 to 75 ft.2/A of basal area at age 12 increased mean d. b. h. one inch and sawtimber and pole volume 21 percent over the unthinned check at age 27. Total merchantable cubic-foot volume was not significantly affected by thinning over a wide range of treatments; however, repeated cutting to 50 ft2/A of basal area appeared to reduce merchantable volume. Volume advantage of the unthinned plots disappeared, due to high mortality (1,058 ft3/A) between age 17 and 27. Thinning to a stocking of 50 ft2/A reduced mortality to 22 percent of the check.
Sex Differences in Green Ash
Authors: Talbert John T. , Heeren Robert D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A disproportionately large number of first-generation selections from natural stands of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) have been male. A study was undertaken to determine if male and female green ash differed in several important economic characteristics. Only straightness differences could be shown to be statistically significant, and, even for this trait, several opinions were needed to detect male superiority. Sufficient variation should exist in natural stands to allow inclusion of superior individuals of both sexes in a tree-improvement program.
Chloropicrin as a Soil Fumigation Treatment in Southern Pine Nurseries
Authors: South David B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Because of concerns over the ozone layer, the annual amount of methyl bromide used for soil fumigation for crop production is decreasing. A promising alternative soil fumigation treatment involves applying 300 lb/ac of chloropicrin (CCl3NO2) under a plastic tarp. Although this soil fumigant does not control weeds as well as an equivalent amount of methyl bromide, chloropicrin is an effective strategy for controlling many soilborne pests. The total amount of chloropicrin used for fumigation in southern pine nurseries will likely increase as use of methyl bromide fumigation declines.
Stratified Light Detection and Ranging Double-Sample Forest Inventory
Authors: Parker Robert C. , Evans David L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An industrial application of a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) individual-tree, stratified double-sample forest inventory of approximately 18,000 ha of southeastern pine plantations was accomplished with an 9:1 ratio of 0.02-ha phase 1 LiDAR and phase 2 ground plots in ages 6 to 28 years. Phase 2 ground inventory data of tree dbh and sample tree heights for 2 trees per plot were used to obtain dbh-height relationships and volumes of standing trees. Phase 1 LiDAR data with 1.9 points per m2 were used to obtain ground–LiDAR height relationships for phase 2 matching LiDAR trees and phase 1 estimates of basal area and volume. A conventional ground inventory of 971 ground plots by private contractors applying standard company field specifications resulted in an overall sampling error of ±2.7% (α = 0.05) for a single-phase volume estimate and ±2.2% for the double-sample volume estimate. Sampling error was defined as one-half the 1-α confidence interval expressed as a percentage of the mean. Reducing the phase 2 ground sample to 15 plots per age class stratum achieved sampling errors of approximately ±15% for half the strata, with a combined error of ±3.9%. Adjusting the LiDAR-ground height bias of approximately 1.8 m resulted in more realistic volume estimates compared with the industry's continuing forest inventory volumes. The double-sample volume estimates were obtained at a cost of approximately $3.88/ha of timberland inventoried as compared with $1.67/ha for the conventional inventory.
Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners and the Southern Pine Beetle: Factors Affecting Monitoring, Preventing, and Controlling Infestations
Authors: Molnar Joseph J. , Schelhas John , Carrie Holeski 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The southern pine beetle (SPB;Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann) has been a major source of timber and income loss to nonindustrial private forest landowners in the southern region of United States. Efforts to promote forest health through prevention and control must identify new ways to reach the sociologically diverse and spatially dispersed nonindustrial private landowners in this region. This study examined the knowledge levels, perceptions, and forest management practices among a sample of 205 southern forest landowners contacted in a mail survey. Results show that respondents with personal value commitments to conservation and wise use of forestland took more monitoring, prevention, and control actions. Membership in forest landowner associations, familiarity with public assistance programs, and use of more sources of forest management advice defined a context for increased awareness, interest, and desire to manage the SPB. Furthermore, two aspects of the landowner situation seemed to enhance the propensity to take SPB prevention and control actions. Recent SPB-caused timber losses in the county and the presence of a written management plan were associated with greater prevention efforts. An established consideration of what treatments and purposes a piece of property was to receive seemed to lead to better responsiveness to forest health risks such as the SPB. Although plans to harvest timber seemed to enhance vigilance about the SPB, involving forest holders in a broader community of landowners seems to be a central means for stimulating the vigilance and commitment necessary to intervene early in the development of forest health problems before larger losses ensue.
A Survey of Land Managers on Wildland Hazardous Fuels Issues in Florida: A Technical Note
Authors: Wolcott Leslie , O'Brien Joseph J. , Mordecai Kathryn 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Due to a rapidly expanding human population in Florida, fire management has become hampered by urban encroachment, smoke management issues, and forest fragmentation. For these and other reasons, fire has been excluded from many stands, resulting in the buildup of dangerous fuel loads. These fuel loads have begun to result in recurrent destructive wildfires. Already, different communities are responding to these dangerous fuel loads in various ways. As part of a larger project to synthesize best management practices for hazardous fuel management in pine flatwoods and pine rocklands in Florida, a survey was distributed to a variety of land managers in Florida to investigate fuel management practices already in place. This note summarizes responses to this survey.
Compatible Stem Taper, Volume, and Weight Equations for Young Longleaf Pine Plantations in Southwest Georgia
Authors: Brooks John R. , Jiang Lichun , Clark Alexander 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Outside and inside bark diameter measurements were recorded from tree disks obtained at 0-, 0.5-, 2.0-, 4.5-, 6.0-, 16.6-, and at 4-ft-height intervals above 6 ft to a 2-in. diameter outside bark top diameter on 42 longleaf pine trees selected from intensively managed longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) plantations in Dougherty and Worth Counties in southwest Georgia. Trees were sampled from unthinned, cutover stands in their 11th and 14th growing season, which are currently part of an existing growth and yield study. Sample trees ranged from 2 to 7 in. in diameter and from 18 to 40 ft in total height. Parameters for a segmented polynomial taper and compatible cubic foot volume and weight equation were simultaneously estimated using a seemingly unrelated nonlinear fitting procedure to volumes based on a generalized Newton formula and an overlapping bolt methodology. Average error was approximately 0.25 in., 0.04 ft3, and 2.5 lb for taper, volume, and weight estimation, respectively.
Multitemporal Analysis Using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) Bands for Forest Cover Classification in East Texas
Authors: Raines Jason C. , Grogan Jason , Hung I-Kuai , Kroll James 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Land cover maps have been produced using satellite imagery to monitor forest resources since the launch of Landsat 1. Research has shown that stacking leaf-on and leaf-off imagery (combining two separate images into one image for processing) may improve classification accuracy. It is assumed that the combination of data will aid in differentiation between forest types. In this study we explored potential benefits of using multidate imagery versus single-date imagery for operational forest cover classification as part of an annual remote sensing forest inventory system. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery was used to classify land cover into four classes. Six band combinations were tested to determine differences in classification accuracy and if any were significant enough to justify the extra cost and increased difficulty of image acquisition. The effects of inclusion/exclusion of the moisture band (TM band 5) also were examined. Results show overall accuracy ranged from 72 to 79% with no significant difference between single and multidate classifications. We feel the minimal increase (3.06%) in overall accuracy, coupled with the operational difficulties of obtaining multiple (two), useable images per year, does not support the use of multidate stacked imagery. Additional research should focus on fully utilizing data from a single scene by improving classification methodologies.
Biological, Economic, and Management Implications of Weighted Least Squares
Authors: VanderSchaaf Curtis L. , South David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An assumption of ordinary least squares (OLS) is constant variance across the domain of a regressor. Often, however, the random error term variance is not constant when modeling biological data and therefore weighted least squares (WLS) is commonly used to estimate parameters. Less emphasis is placed on observations of the dependent variable with larger variances when using WLS, which is thought to produce more “efficient” parameter estimates. Statisticians often use WLS instead of OLS when the random error variance is not constant. However, as natural resource managers, we are often most interested in values of the dependent variable where the variance is greatest. What then are the biological, economic, and management implications of using WLS versus OLS in natural resource modeling? In this article, parameters of the combined-variable volume equation were estimated for individual trees in loblolly pine plantations using both OLS and WLS. A growth-and-yield model was used to predict stand development over time of two planting densities (303 and 1,090 seedlings/ac) and individual tree volumes were predicted using OLS and WLS parameter estimates. Economic analyses were then conducted. Our results show that the choice of OLS or WLS can have a substantial impact on predicted economic returns. Thus, when using WLS, landowners may decide to invest in additional management treatments that may, in fact, not be economically feasible. This study provides further evidence that landowners need to be aware of model structures when basing harvest-age decisions on growth and yield projections.
Accuracy of Subsampling for Height Measurements in Loblolly Pine Plots
Authors: Carlson Colleen A. , Fox Thomas R. , Burkhart Harold E. , Allen H. Lee , Albaugh Timothy J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Estimating heights in research and inventory plots is costly. We examined the feasibility of subsampling tree heights as opposed to measuring all trees. Four sampling intensities (75, 50, 25, and 10%) and four sampling strategies (systematic sampling, simple random sampling without replacement, stratified sampling across the diameter distribution, and sampling the first trees in each plot) were investigated. Data from 600 loblolly pine plots in fertilizer trials in the southeastern United States were used. The application of a height–dbh regression to predict the heights of unmeasured trees was also investigated. Sampling the first trees generally resulted in poorer estimates than the other sampling schemes. Systematic and simple random sampling performed similarly. A 50% sampling intensity with either systematic or simple random sampling and a height–dbh regression predicting the heights of unmeasured trees estimated more than 90% of plots to within 2.2% of the observed plot height and more than 94% of plots to within 2.5% of the observed volume, and they were more accurate than the stratified sampling at the same intensity. Systematic sampling is easy to implement, requiring no prior plot knowledge. We conclude that a 50% systematic sampling combined with a height–dbh regression will reduce costs without compromising accuracy.
Recovery of Planted Loblolly Pine 5 Years after Severe Ice Storms in Arkansas
Authors: Bragg Don C. , Shelton Michael G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Following a severe ice storm, one of a landowner's first considerations regarding the future of their damaged stands should be on the recovery potential of injured crop trees. The ice storms that struck Arkansas in December 2000 provided an opportunity to monitor 410 injured loblolly pines (Pinus taedaL.), representing a wide range of damage in 18–20-year-old plantations. Five-year mortality rates were <3% for trees with low to moderate injury, 16% for major damage, and 55% for critical damage. Of the most seriously affected pines, root-sprung trees had the highest periodic mortality rate (85%). Annualized diameter growth was significantly affected by the tree's dbh class (positively) and intensity of damage (negatively). This research suggests that pines with low to moderate levels of damage can prove to be acceptable growing stock, whereas critically injured individual trees are not. Trees with major damage could be either retained or salvaged, depending on residual stand stocking, the operability of the salvage, and existing market conditions. Finally, recommendations from this study should enable landowners to better respond to their loblolly pine plantations damaged by ice storms.
Forest Landowner Participation in State-Administered Southern Pine Beetle Prevention Cost-Share Programs
Authors: Rossi Frederick J. , Carter Douglas R. , Alavalapati Janaki R.R. , Nowak John T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Healthy pine trees in low-density stands offer the best defense against the southern pine beetle (SPB), helping to ensure that timber resources and other benefits of forests are protected against infestations. Through the SPB prevention cost-share program, landowners of nonindustrial private forestland are able to receive a financial incentive for improving forest health by proactively undertaking forest management practices. In this study, two surveys were used to analyze this program: (1) a survey of enrollees in the SPB prevention cost-share program, and (2) a survey of forest landowners who have not participated in a cost-share program. Data are used to examine similarities and differences in the two samples (e.g., background awareness of the SPB, sources of their information about the SPB). Information obtained from cost-share program enrollees is also presented to characterize their participation and to provide an overall evaluation of the program. Data indicate that the SPB prevention cost-share program is very successful in terms of the satisfaction of its customers (i.e., the actual program participants).
Perceptions of Foresters of Wind Damage in Mississippi Forests
Authors: Merry Krista L. , Bettinger Pete , Grebner Donald L. , Hepinstall-Cymerman Jeffrey 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A survey of registered foresters in Mississippi was conducted to gauge their perception of various factors that influence stand damage resulting from hurricanes. A review of the literature suggests that tree diameter, height, age, and species are influential factors on a stand's susceptibility to wind damage. In addition, stand density, recent management activities, soil conditions, recent weather conditions, and the proximity to open areas are also noted in the literature as influential factors on these site-specific studies. Although scientific opinion on the importance of these factors varies, the perceptions of foresters familiar with strong wind events provide critical feedback that is often consistent with research results. The perceptions of foresters are valuable because they are derived from direct or indirect field experience, and they can be helpful in designing more effective research studies, in developing organizational policies, and in broadening our understanding of what makes a forest more resistant to hurricane-related damage. The results of our survey were generally consistent with the available literature, but some differences were found between the registered foresters' perceptions of hurricane damage and factors suggested by site-specific studies previously reported in the literature.