bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Child Malnutrition: An Overview of Trends, Issues, and Policy Prescriptions
Authors: Khan Akram A , Bano Nazli , Salam Abdus 
Published: June 2019

Child malnutrition is the most neglected form of human deprivation and is one important cause of more than half of all child deaths worldwide. For nearly half of the 2.2 billion children in the world, childhood is starkly and brutally different from what we all aspire. With the childhood of so many under threat, our collective future is compromised damaging the children and the nations. The cost of hunger is extremely high, costing the poor countries up to 3 per cent of their yearly GDP. Improving nutrition could add 2 to 3 per cent a year to a poor nation's GDP. Only if we move closer to realizing the rights of all children will we move closer to our goals of development and peace. The optimistic scenario projects Latin America as completely eliminating child malnutrition, West Asia and North Africa experiencing a decline to 1 million malnourished children, and China reducing the number of malnourished children to 3 million in 2020. The progress in the optimistic scenario is significant, yet, 94 million children would be malnourished by 2020. The pessimistic scenario reveals devastating results. Under all the scenarios, South Asia will continue to be the region with the highest prevalence and number. South Asia is also the only region in which girls are more likely to be underweight than boys.There will be very little progress in reducing the prevalence of child malnutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa. Unless action is taken within the first two years of a child's life to improve nutrition, the children will suffer irreparable damage. Given the magnitude of the problem and its consequences for economic development, there is a need for immediate and large-scale action. Significant reduction in child malnutrition is possible but will require renewed efforts from various quarters. The world must alter its priorities so that the problem of child malnutrition is placed at the centre stage. A concerted effort to eliminate childhood malnutrition would require policy reform and more public investment producing dramatic long-term gains in income growth, agricultural productivity, and social indicators. Understanding the plight of excluded and invisible children and the factors behind their marginalization, efforts to focus initiatives on these children must form an integral part of national strategies on child rights and development such as: child-focused budgets capacity building encouraging children to participate. If national capacities are not built up and processes are not driven by national governments and local communities, even those interventions that are initially successful risk failure when international assistance diminishes or political priorities change.
Please Work from Home: The Immobility of Labour in the Age of Globalization
Authors: Srinivasan Shiva Kumar 
Published: June 2019

The Questions: How are we to come to terms with the immobility of labour in the age of globalization? How is this ‘immobility’ related to the ‘fantasy of mobility’ that is underpinned in the process of immigration to affluent countries like the United States? What are the differences between the internal and external forms of mobility in emerging economies like India? How does the dominant role of the United States as the primary driver of the international economy help us to differentiate between the tenor and vehicle of globalization? What, finally, is the link between the contemporary ‘discourse of management’ and the political economy of ‘globalization’? The Answers: Labour suffers from a relative immobility due to cultural factors, but this problem is endemic to not only external mobility (i.e., immigration) as a demographic process, but also to the persistent differences and value systems of internal mobility between managers and workers within a given economy. The traditional fantasy of external mobility is underpinned in a socio-economic structure. Being able to traverse this structure is seen as a function of the worker's ‘motivation’ to get on in life. Immigrating to affluent nations (especially the United States) in pursuit of the ‘American Dream’ is the historically privileged example of external mobility. Off-shoring works with the fantasy of internal mobility. Hence the idea of ‘working from home’ by accessing the Internet to take advantage of ‘cost arbitrage’ initially, but of local ‘knowledge and talent’ eventually in order to successfully straddle the BPO-KPO value chain in the emerging economies. The ambivalence at the heart of the projects of globalization stems from the American mediation of this project. Governments in emerging economies find this mediation difficult to come to terms with because of their colonial past and the domination of the international economy by the United States. The ‘trade-off’ between control and growth will have to be negotiated by emerging economies within the ‘discourse of management.’ To do this, emerging economies will have to develop a high level of comfort with the international division of labour (without dismissing the off-shoring process as the exploitation of the knowledge worker at the bottom of the value chain). Emerging economies will also have to work-through the idea that the modalities and processes of modernization that have kept them busy in the post-independence era has now morphed itself into the ‘discourse of management’ as the vehicle of globalization. Globalization therefore marks continuity with the process of modernization that stems originally from the project of the Enlightenment in Europe, but which found its most successful expression in the American project of ‘liberal democracy’; hence, perhaps the persistence of the American flavour of globalization.
Impact of Monetary Policy on Banks' Growth Path
Authors: Tarapore S S 
Published: June 2019

With the liberalization of balance of payments, the monetary policy scenario in India underwent a sea change. While the merits and demerits of capital account liberalization have been debated, it is still not clear as to what extent the Indian economy has integrated with the global economy. There are basically two choices: either integrating with the international economy at a measured and orderly pace, or letting the world integrate with us in a disorderly manner on terms dictated by the international economy. The objective of macroeconomic management is to tailor the policies so as to maximize the gains of global integration while minimizing the adverse features of globalization. This article captures the dilemmas and challenges of formulating a favourable monetary policy and studies and projects the implications of the changing dimensions of monetary policy on the different parameters determining the banks� growth path. In the absence of RBI�s intervention, persistent capital inflows into the country could result in an unrestrained monetary expansion and a real effective exchange rate (REER) appreciation which in turn is likely to end up in a crisis. RBI has used a combination of the market stabilization scheme (MSS), the reverse repo, and the cash reserve ratio (CRR) to tackle the problem of excess liquidity. As CRR is considered a blunt instrument, RBI is suggested to use incremental cash reserve ratio to immobilize the excess liquidity from where it is lodged. In an extreme situation of excessive capital inflows, the author suggests the use of unremunerated reserve requirements on fresh inflows by foreign institutional investors. For the banks, large capital outflows could lead to a more difficult situation as pumping in of created money to restore liquidity could trigger further capital outflows. Remedial measures such as raising of interest rates, tightening of liquidity, and depreciation of exchange rate will have to be implemented in a non-disruptive manner so as to ensure that the economy does not go into a state of panic. For formulating a viable monetary policy, what is most important is to set objectives in such a way that there is a clear agreement between the government and the RBI. The present structure of the banking system is not conducive to the development of a strong and vibrant financial structure. There have been repeated recommendations to reduce government holding in public sector banks because of the government�s inability or reluctance to provide more capital to these banks. In the overall rapidly changing globalized scenario, the banks cannot remain isolated; they too need to keep pace and should therefore join the bandwagon.
Advantage India
Authors: Seshasayee R 
Published: June 2019

India has been on a world trip�all-pervading, ubiquitous, appropriately qualified to be in the global race. There has in fact emerged a tremendous opportunity for the country to be a potential winner in the big race. The question that arises now is how to turn this opportunity into a winning proposition. This is precisely the focus of this paper. The author identifies some of the current core competencies that can be leveraged to build India's future and help the country win the global race. It draws from some of the achiever nations' and company's examples and tries to formulate a success strategy for India. The key lies in strategizing for the future, designing the rules of the game�away from the confines of the current market, industry, and customer requirements towards defining the market space for dominating the future market. The author cites the example of Singapore�a small island that has grown enormously on the foundation of competitive infrastructure. Core competencies are considered the tools for positioning the country strategically so that it succeeds. Three core competencies are identified: Power of youth Power to gain knowledge Power of enterprise. Power of youth gives the energy and the conviction to change and challenge the existing. Power of knowledge enables tapping of huge potential market through creative abilities. What is required is a hunger for knowledge in the relevant area and using the acquired knowledge creatively to produce market solutions. Finally, the highest value comes from an entrepreneurial perspective�what an individual does by way of entrepreneurial value addition makes a difference to him and to the organization competing in the industry. The entrepreneurial spirit in India is believed as being at a much higher level than many other countries including China. India is all ready to take risks and is thus going head on with its foreign direct investments without worrying about failures. And, it is this spirit that is unleashed to help the country in the game of winning.
Pay Satisfaction of Software Professionals in India
Authors: Bhal Kanika T , Gulati Namrata 
Published: June 2019

This study explores pay satisfaction-related issues of software professionals in India, specifically assessing the impact of different dimensions of pay satisfaction on intent to leave. Since satisfaction with pay is an emotional/affective reaction and is likely to be influenced by personal and environmental factors, the study explores some social psychological processes like leader-member exchange, justice, and voice that are likely to impact pay satisfaction of these professionals. Using a sample of 306 software professionals drawn from various organizations, the study tests the various hypotheses. Three broad trends emerge from the data: First, process dimensions of pay satisfaction are better predictors of the professionals' intention to leave the organization. Second, distributive justice predicts both the amount and process dimensions of pay satisfaction whereas procedural justice predicts only the process dimensions. Finally, the hypothesis that LMX leads to voice which leads to procedural justice which in turn leads to satisfaction with the process dimensions of pay satisfaction found support from the data and the strength of relationships was stronger for structure and administration dimension as compared to raises dimension of pay satisfaction. The findings suggest that though pay levels are important, the HR Department needs to make additional efforts towards the processes through which pay and raises are determined as these processes might provide the crucial advantage for retaining software professionals in an environment where salary levels are competitive. Additionally, since both the pay-related processes and procedural justice are important, these processes need to be both effective and fair. Though fairness in appraisal and pay- related processes can be built through various HR systems like participation (voice), the results show that these processes will be effective only if they are implemented well by the immediate leader. The results have implications for leadership development and training on appraisal and pay-related processes. Unless the leaders are trained appropriately and made aware of the social psychological processes that go on in a team, the design of systems by the HR Department may not be effective. Since distributive justice is an important predictor of pay satisfaction, comparison with relevant others plays an important role in pay satisfaction. The HR Departments in these organizations needs to identify pay levels that compete in the market. Indians are shown to have a familial identity and value the opinions of their kith and kin; hence, acknowledging and incorporating the inputs of social comparison person (family and friend) might provide more useful insights into how these professionals perceive distributive justice.
After Market Pricing Performance of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs): Indian IPO Market 2002–2006
Authors: Sahoo Seshadev , Rajib Prabina 
Published: June 2019

This paper is motivated by the apparent belief that IPOs are underpriced on the initial listing day and thereafter underperforms compared to the market benchmark. While evaluation of the listing day performance seems straightforward on surface, it actually invokes several complications for the subsequent performance measurement. This paper focuses on the evaluation of price performance of IPOs up to a period of 36 months including the listing day. It also examines the usefulness of IPO characteristics at the time of issue to seek an explanation for the post-issue price performance. The paper presents fresh evidence on IPO performance, i.e., short-run underpricing and long-run underperformance for 92 Indian IPOs issued during the period 2002–2006. It is reported that on an average the Indian IPOs are underpriced to the tune of 46.55 per cent on the listing day (listing day return vis-à-vis issue price) compared to the market index. Another contribution of this paper is the evaluation of the long-run post-issue price performance of Indian IPOs. The long-run performance of IPOs up to a period of 36 months are measured by using the two most promising evaluation techniques, i.e., wealth relative (WR) and buy-and-hold abnormal rate of return (BHAR), both being adjusted with market index, CNX-Nifty. Further, the results evidence that the underperformance is most pronounced during the initial year of trading, i.e., up to 12 months from the listing date followed by over�performance. To get possible explanations for long-run underperformance for Indian IPOs, factors like underpricing rate (listing day return), offer size, leverage at IPO date, ex-ante uncertainty, timing of issue, age of IPO firm, rate of subscription, promoter groups retention, and price-to-book value (as proxy for growth) are considered. Evidence is found, that initial day return, offer size, leverage at IPO date, ex-ante uncertainty, and timing of issue are statistically significant in influencing underperformance. However, there is no evidence favourable to the age of the IPO firm, rate of subscription, promoter group's retention, and price-to-book value impact on the long-run underperformance. The empirical results suggest that the investors who are investing in IPOs through direct subscription are earning a positive market-adjusted return throughout the period of study. But investors who have bought shares on the IPO listing day are earning negative returns up to 12 months from the listing date and expect to earn positive market-adjusted return thereafter. For future research, we suggest the extension of this analysis for additional explanatory variables including issue fundamental characteristics of IPO firms. The scope of the research study could even be improved by extending the time period of study prior to 2002.
How Celebrities are Used in Indian Television Commercials
Authors: Jain Varsha , Roy Subhadip , Daswani Aarzoo , Sudha Mari 
Published: June 2019

The usage of celebrities by the Indian advertising agencies has experienced a phenomenal increase in the last five years. Effective communication between the marketer and the consumers is the need of the hour and celebrity endorsement is a strategy that is perceived as making full use of this opportunity. Most of the countries have adopted this strategy as an effective marketing tool and even India is carving out space for itself in this arena. The present study attempts to meet three objectives: to identify the mode⁄s in which a celebrity is depicted in Indian television commercials to ascertain relationship (if any) between the category of product endorsed and the type of celebrity used to identify the correspondence between product categories and mode of celebrity presence. For the first objective of identifying the nature of celebrity portrayal, four modes given by McCracken (1989) were used: Explicit mode (the celebrity overtly declares the product endorsement) Implicit mode (physical or verbal communication is used by the celebrity) Imperative mode (the celebrity suggests the viewers to use the product) Co-present mode (the celebrity only appears with the product). For the second and third objectives, cross-tabulated frequency distribution method was used. Content analysis of Indian television commercials was done for the period 1995–2007. The criterion used for selection of advertisements was the presence of celebrity in any form in the ad. On this basis, 558 television commercials (TVCs) were selected featuring a total of 56 celebrities. The findings of the study indicated that: Around 64 per cent of the commercials used the implicit mode of celebrity portrayal for different product categories. Usage of film celebrities was more extensive than sports celebrities in major product categories. This was probably because the shelf life of fame for a film celebrity is more than that of the sports celebrity. Male celebrities dominated the product categories like food and beverage, automobiles, and consumer durables. The female celebrities were featured majorly in beauty products. No distinct association was found between the product categories considered and the mode used for celebrity portrayal. The study findings contributed to the academia as well as practitioners. For the academia, the study identified the most dominant mode of celebrity advertising in India and found that there was no correspondence between the mode in which a celebrity was portrayed and the product category endorsed. For the practitioners, the study identified the lesser used modes of celebrity endorsements which could be used as opportunities.
Corporate Debt and Outsourcing in India
Authors: Majumdar Sumit K 
Published: June 2019

The structure of firms' activities, as to whether they should be undertaken internally or performed wholly or partially with the help of external firms, has been important. The issue of outsourcing has generated interest among academics and practitioners. Simultaneously, how firms' capital structures influence behaviour is important, because the divergent goals and preferences of different providers of capital can manifest themselves in the form of differences in strategies pursued by firms. This article uniquely evaluates whether variations in Indian firms' capital structures, and more specifically, the quantity and type of debt chosen by firms, have influenced firms' outsourcing decisions. Governance mechanisms in Indian organizations have been unique when compared to that elsewhere, with government playing a big role in the financing of firms since banks and financial institutions are, in the main, government-owned. Also, the legal environment is unique and different from those in advanced economies. The link between capital structure and strategy, thus, can become quite unusual in India. The evaluation is based on a large sample of firms for which debt data were available. The main finding noted is that as the proportion of funds borrowed by Indian firms from commercial banks and financial institutions rise, these firms engage in greater levels of outsourcing and are less inclined to vertically integrate. In the presence of financing by government-owned banks and financial institutions, industry has been able to engage in strategies that may not be compatible with asset and property rights protection and performance enhancement. This is due to the collective action problem banks and financial institutions may face in monitoring lenders. As far as corporate debentures are concerned, where debentures rise as a proportion of borrowings, firms continue to engage in outsourcing. Possibly they can ignore the pressures from bondholders, who in India have not yet had a significant presence as the corporate debt market in India is still relatively under-developed and inadequate as a source of funds. By that same logic, firms can ignore pressures from fixed deposit holders to adopt performance-enhancing or property rights protecting strategies. Yet, fixed deposit holders show an ability to influence firms to lower outsourcing as their presence in the debt structure of firms enhances. This may be not due to fixed deposit holders' influencing abilities but because the relative costs of fixed deposits are high, with interest rates on fixed deposits five to ten percentage points more than that for other debt. The enhancement of fixed deposits in firm' debt profiles will cause margin pressures. To obviate these, firms may resort to potentially cost-saving integration strategies.