bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Core Deficit of Classical Schizophrenia: Implications for Predicting the Functional Outcome of Psychotic Illness and Developing Effective Treatments
Authors: Liddle Peter F. 
Published: August 2019

Many people suffering from psychotic illnesses experience persisting impairment of occupational and social function. Evidence assembled since the classical description of schizophrenia over a century ago indicates that both disorganization and impoverishment of mental activity are associated with persisting impairment. Longitudinal studies of young people at risk of schizophrenia reveal that both mental impoverishment and disorganization predict poor long-term outcome. These clinical features are related to cognitive impairments. Evidence from brain imaging indicates overlap in the brain abnormalities implicated in these phenomena, including impaired function of long-range connections between sensory cortex and the salience network, a network engaged in recruiting cerebral systems for processing of information salient to current circumstances. The evidence suggests that the common features underlying these two groups of symptoms might reflect a core pathological process distinguishing nonaffective from affective psychosis. This pathological process might therefore justifiably be designated the “core deficit” of classical schizophrenia. To develop more effective treatments to prevent persisting disability, we require the ability to identify individuals at risk at an early stage. Recent studies provide pointers toward effective strategies for identifying cases at risk of poor outcome. Accumulating evidence confirms that appreciable potential for neuroplastic change in the brain persists into adult life. Furthermore, brain function can be enhanced by targeted neuromodulation treatments. We now have promising tools not only for investigating the psychological and neural mechanisms that underlie persisting functional impairment but also for identifying individuals at risk and for harnessing brain plasticity to improve treatment.
The Role of Family in Youth Opioid Misuse: A Literature Review
Authors: Kaur Lovdeep , Tadros Eman , Patton Rikki 
Published: August 2019

Objective: With the opioid epidemic reaching declared a public health emergency in recent years, a synthesis of recent knowledge outlining the impact of opioid use disorders on youth and families is needed. To this aim, this exploratory literature review examined how the role of family is discussed in research on youth opioid misuse, with the goal of acting as a springboard for further research and treatment development that could mitigate the negative impacts opioids are having on families and youth. Method: Peer-reviewed journal articles between 2008 and 2018 were accessed through PsycINFO in March 2018. A total of 279 unduplicated articles were identified through the search. Upon abstract and full-text review, a total of 21 articles met criteria for inclusion in the systematic review. Findings: Overall, the role of the family in adolescent opioid misuse was not commonly discussed in the literature, with 21 of 279 (7.5%) of articles meeting inclusion criteria for the current study. In the included articles, the following major themes were identified: (1) family factors affecting adolescent opioid misuse behavior and (2) family’s role in treatment of adolescent opioid misuse. Conclusions: The review evidences there is a relative paucity of literature on relational variables and youth opioid misuse. More practice-based scholarship, as well as more rigorous clinical research, is needed to inform future steps for clinical processes, policy, and research.
Inactivation of carboxyl terminus of Hsc70‐interacting protein prevents hypoxia‐induced pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells proliferation by reducing intracellular Ca2+ concentration
Authors: Dong Fang , Zhang Jun 
Published: August 2019

Carboxyl terminus of Hsc70‐interacting protein (CHIP) is a 35‐kDa cytoplasmic protein expressed in human striated muscle, brain, aortic smooth muscle, endothelial cells, and other tissues. Studies have confirmed that CHIP regulates cell growth, apoptosis, cell phenotype, metabolism, neurodegeneration, etc. However, whether CHIP is involved in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation, a vital contributor to chronic hypoxia‐induced pulmonary hypertension (CHPH), remains unknown. In this study, we first evaluated CHIP expression in the pulmonary arteries (PAs) of CHPH model rats. Subsequently, by silencing CHIP, we investigated the effect of CHIP on hypoxia‐induced PASMC proliferation and the underlying mechanism. Our results showed that CHIP expression was upregulated in the PAs of CHPH model rats. Silencing CHIP significantly suppressed the hypoxia‐triggered promotion of proliferation, [Ca2+]i, store‐operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), and some regulators of SOCE such as TRPC1 and TRPC6 in cultured PASMCs. These results indicate that CHIP likely contributes to hypoxia‐induced PASMC proliferation by targeting the SOCE‐[Ca2+]i pathway through the regulation of TRPC1 and TRPC6 in the PASMCs. In conclusion, the findings of the current study clarify the role of CHIP in hypoxia‐induced PASMC proliferation.
Percentage of Foveal vs Total Macular Geographic Atrophy as a Predictor of Visual Acuity in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Bagheri Saghar , Lains Ines , Silverman Rebecca F. , Kim Ivana , Eliott Dean , Silva Rufino , Miller John , Husain Deeba , Miller Joan W. , Saad Leonide , Vavvas Demetrios G. 
Published: August 2019

Purpose: This article investigates the relationship between visual acuity (VA), total area of geographic atrophy (GA), and percentage of foveal GA. Methods: A multicenter, retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted of patients with GA due to age-related macular degeneration. Demographics, VA, fundus autofluorescence (FAF), and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images were collected. Using FAF images aided by SD-OCT, fovea-sparing status, GA pattern, total GA size, and percentage of GA covering the foveal area—within a 1.5-mm-diameter circle centered on the fovea centralis—were assessed. Univariable and multiple linear regression analyses were performed. Results: Fifty-four eyes (mean age, 78.7 ±7.7 years [SD], 60.0% female) were studied. Mean VA was 0.8 ± 0.6 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (Snellen equivalent 20/126 ± 20/80), mean total GA 8.8 ± 6.7 mm2, and mean percentage of foveal GA was 71.5 ± 30.9%. Of all assessed eyes, 48.2% (n = 26) presented with multifocal GA, and 18.5% (n = 10) had foveal sparing. Multiple regression analysis revealed that, controlling for age and GA pattern, the percentage of foveal GA presented a statistically significant association with VA (ß = 0.41, P = .004). No significant associations were observed with mean total GA size, while controlling for the same variables (ß = 0.010, P = .440). Conclusions: Percentage of foveal GA was significantly associated with VA impairment, although the same was not verified for total GA area. These findings suggest that percentage of foveal GA may represent a more useful tool for assessing the impact of GA on VA. Further validation is needed in larger cohorts.
Decreased Activity of the Ghrhr and Gh Promoters Causes Dominantly Inherited GH Deficiency in Humanized GH1 Mouse Models
Authors: Ariyasu Daisuke , Kubo Emika , Higa Daisuke , Shibata Shinsuke , Takaoka Yutaka , Sugimoto Michihiko , Imaizumi Kazunori , Hasegawa Tomonobu , Araki Kimi 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIsolated growth hormone deficiency type II (IGHD2) is mainly caused by heterozygous splice-site mutations in intron 3 of the GH1 gene. A dominant-negative effect of the mutant GH lacking exon 3 on wild-type GH secretion has been proposed; however, the molecular mechanisms involved are elusive. To uncover the molecular systems underlying GH deficiency in IGHD2, we established IGHD2 model mice, which carry both wild-type and mutant copies of the human GH1 gene, replacing each of the endogenous mouse Gh loci. Our IGHD2 model mice exhibited growth retardation along with intact cellular architecture and mildly activated endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pituitary gland, caused by decreased GH-releasing hormone receptor (Ghrhr) and Gh gene promoter activities. Decreased Ghrhr and Gh promoter activities were likely caused by reduced levels of nuclear CREB3L2, which was demonstrated to stimulate Ghrhr and Gh promoter activity. To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo study to reveal a novel molecular mechanism of GH deficiency in IGHD2, representing a new paradigm that differs from widely accepted models.
ÉTICA DA TOLERÂNCIA E SEUS INIMIGOS: IMPRECISÃO CONCEITUAL DE PLURALISMO, PERMISSIVISMO E RELATIVISMO COMO OBSTÁCULO A SEUS PRÓPRIOS IDEAIS
Authors: Pereira Caleb Salomão , Adeodato João Maurício 
Published: August 2019

Os direitos humanos constituem um marco para uma ética da tolerância. Partindo dessa premissa, o artigo reconhece na democracia e no constitucionalismo contemporâneo, simultaneamente, um depositário e uma fonte dessa ética, e afi rma que esta pode ser enfraquecida pelo efeito prático da interpretação de determinadas propostas epistemológicas jurídico-políticas. Notando o risco de subversão dessas propostas por meio de sua implementação irrefl etida, o texto articula refl exões sobre como o ideal da tolerância, essencial aos direitos humanos, pode perder suas potencialidades emancipatórias a partir de uma estratégia retórica que se serve de imprecisões conceituais ao tratar de temas como multiculturalismo e pluralismo, que hoje atraem simpatias ao discurso humanístico, para promover determinados tipos de relativismos e permissivismos capazes de inviabilizar o cumprimento das promessas do constitucionalismo e de seu conteúdo ético, gerando os paradoxos da tolerância. Estes, quando admitidos acriticamente em nome de excessiva maleabilidade moral, relativizam excessivamente os valores que ordenam a sociedade e ameaçam o próprio ideal que lhes deu origem, colocando sob risco a sobrevivência da própria ética da tolerância e subvertendo o substrato moral da ideologia da tolerância.
Exploring the career maze: An investigation of career intentions of medical graduates in Pakistan: A qualitative study
Authors: Siddiqui Zarrin SEEMA 
Published: August 2019

Background & Objectives: Pakistan faces a number of challenges in medical education. While there is an increase in the number of medical schools across the country, there is a dearth of practicing doctors in rural areas as well as a shortage of specialists in various fields specially in surgical specialties. Similarly, the number of doctors migrating overseas is also increasing due to security concerns. This requires investigation of the factors that influence career intentions of medical graduates in Pakistan. As there is no validated instrument available within Pakistani context, this qualitative study was designed to examine medical graduates’ reasons for their career intentions in light of Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB).
Methods: Five focus group discussions were conducted in two cities of Pakistan i.e. Karachi and Hyderabad during November – December 2012. These were then transcribed and were coded into the three primary attributes of TPB i.e. behavioral, normative and control beliefs by comparing similarities and differences.
Results: The results suggest that there is a variation in the factors that influence the career intentions of the medical students. In addition a number of new themes were identified which have not been reported earlier in studies elsewhere and are specific to this region. This needs further examination by stakeholders for intervention.
Conclusion: The analysis of data from the focus groups confirms the theoretical framework and identifies a range of influencing factors, at different stages of education and practice. As the study was limited to a smaller number of graduates and all except one graduate wanted to continue practice, a larger sample may be required for the purpose of generalization of the findings reported in this study.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.5.465
How to cite this:Siddiqui ZS. Exploring the career maze: An investigation of career intentions of medical graduates in Pakistan: A qualitative study. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(5):1456-1460. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.5.465
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Is the bereavement grief intensity of survivors linked with their perception of death quality?
Authors: Wilson Donna M , Cohen Joachim , Eliason Cecilia , Deliens Luc , Macleod Rod , Hewitt Jessica A , Houttekier Dirk 
Published: August 2019

Background: Some people experience exceptionally severe bereavement grief, and this level of post-death grief could potentially be the result of a low quality dying process. Aims: A pilot study was conducted to determine if a relationship exists between perceived death quality and bereavement grief intensity. Methods: A questionnaire was developed and posted online for data on bereavement grief intensity, perceived death quality, and decedent and bereaved person characteristics. Data from 151 Canadian volunteers were analysed using bi-variate and multiple linear regression tests. Findings: Half had high levels of grief, and over half rated the death as more bad than good. Perceived death quality and post-death grief intensity were close to being negatively correlated. Conclusion: These findings indicate research is needed to explore possible connections between bereavement grief and the survivor's perceptions of whether a good or bad death took place. In the meantime, it is important for palliative care nurses to think of the quality of the dying process as being potentially very impactful on the people who will be left to grieve that death.
O cinema de resistência de Jean-Pierre Melville
Authors: Dalenogare Neto Waldemar 
Published: August 2019

Este artigo discute como o diretor francês Jean-Pierre Melville trabalhou com o conceito de resistência em sua carreira no cinema a partir de três diferentes perspectivas, rompendo com o modelo de celebração heroica adotado pela indústria. Através da análise dos filmes Le silence de la mer (1949), Léon Morin, prêtre (1961) e L’armée des ombres (1969), o objetivo é tratar sobre os conceitos de resistência passiva, nãoresistência e a resistência ativa durante a Segunda guerra Mundial na frança a partir da revisão narrativa e estética destes longas-metragens.
Palavras-chave: cinema francês; resistência; Segunda guerra Mundial.
Development in the use of Chinese mitigation in interaction
Authors: Xiao Feng 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis study investigated changes in the use of mitigation and face negotiation in interaction in two advanced-level Chinese learners over eight weeks in China. Data included video-recordings of semi-structured interviews between the learners and a Chinese native speaker as well as their stimulated recalls with the recorded interviews. Sequential analysis of their use of mitigation showed that, at the beginning of their study abroad (SA), the learners used thedànshì /kěshì(‘but’) clause but did not use the four mitigation forms identified as common sentential mitigation devices in Chinese corpora (reduplication of verbs, verb+yīxià, the sentence final particleba, anda/ya). Eight weeks later, they started using the sentence final particleba, but not the other three common sentential mitigation forms. At the discourse level, they used single pre- and post-expansions at the beginning of SA; eight weeks later, they started using multiple pre- and post-expansions. The stimulated recall data revealed that the learners’ use of mitigation in both the pre- and post-interviews was based on their face (i.e., pubic self-image) consideration in interaction.
Epistemic stance in Chinese heritage language writing – A developmental view
Authors: Xiao-Desai Yang , Wong Ka F. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDrawing on data from a learner corpus of blogs, this study explores epistemic expressions used in Chinese heritage language (CHL) writing from a developmental perspective, and aims to provide a better understanding of pragmatic development in heritage language learning context. A total of 6,511 blog entries written by 266 heritage learners from four different proficiency levels were analyzed cross-sectionally. The findings revealed three notable developmental patterns in CHL learners’ use of epistemic markers (EMs): 1) a rapid increase in the frequency and diversity of EMs at the beginning of CHL curriculum, 2) a period of stability from the second quarter onward, and 3) a divergence of frequency and diversity at the advanced level, whereby the diversity of EMs increased again, but the overall frequency of EMs remained unchanged. Significant developmental variability was also found between grammatical sub-groups of epistemic markers. Overall, the study shed light on the development of CHL learners’ pragmatic competence, and demonstrated the effectiveness of learner corpora as a research tool for studies of pragmatics learning.
An exploratory study on the role of foreign language aptitudes in instructed pragmatics learning in L2 Chinese
Authors: Li Shuai 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis study investigated whether and how foreign language (FL) aptitudes interacted with different instructional conditions to affect pragmatic gains in L2 Chinese. Fifty American learners of Chinese were randomly assigned to an (explicit) input-based treatment group, an (explicit) output-based treatment group, and a control group. Following a metapragmatic session, the two treatment groups practiced target request-making forms through their respective computer programs, while the control group did not practice. Gains in pragmatic performance were measured by a listening judgment test and an oral production test at immediate and delayed posttests. The participants also completed three foreign language (FL) aptitude tests assessing rote memory, grammatical sensitivity, and working memory. The results revealed different patterns of correlation between FL aptitudes and pragmatic gains. The input group showed positive correlations between working memory and reductions in judgment response times at both immediate and delayed posttests. The output group showed a positive correlation between grammatical sensitivity and gains in production speech rates at immediate posttest; a negative correlation was also found between rote memory and reductions in production planning times made at immediate posttest.
英语母语学生的汉语情态动词习得
Authors: 彭 家法 , 朱 冬雪 
Published: August 2019

提要本文采用语料调查和问卷调查相结合的方法研究英语母语留学生对汉语情态动词习得顺序和情态动词四种句法特征（即对主语的选择、否定词运用的差异、被动化以及情态动词的连用）的习得情况。三种语义类型情态动词的习得顺序是：认识情态动词>道义情态动词>动力情态动词；本文所研究的十个情态动词的习得顺序是：会 > 能 > 要 > 可以 > 应该 > 可能 > 愿意 > 必须 > 肯 /敢；多个义项的情态动词的习得顺序是：应该1 > 应该2，会2 > 会1，可以2 > 可以4 > 可以3 > 可以1，能3 > 能1，要2 > 要3。“能2、能4、要1” 在我们所收集的语料中没有出现。留学生对汉语情态动词主语选择习得较好，对 “不+情态动词” 的习得好于 “没+情态动词”，不接受 “控制情态动词+被” 而接受 “提升情态动词+被” 结构，对情态动词连用的使用偏误较多。本研究的相关发现对留学生汉语情态动词教学有重要参考价值。
留学生汉语写作策略训练模式实验研究
Authors: 丹 莫 
Published: August 2019

提要学习策略在二语学习的过程中起着重要作用，写作策略对二语学习者的写作过程与成效有着不可忽视的影响。本研究试图通过对留学生的写作策略训练实验探索培养 CSL 学习者写作策略，提高写作能力的教学模式。作者以 20 名准中级水平留学生为对象，进行了为期八周的培训。策略培训内容包括元认知策略、认知策略、补偿策略与情感策略四类。实验结果表明：写作策略训练可以有效提高学生的写作策略使用频率，增强策略意识，对写作能力的提高有一定促进作用。
Documenting metrological traceability as intended by ISO 15189:2012: A consensus statement about the practice of the implementation and auditing of this norm element
Authors: Thelen Marc , Vanstapel Florent , Brguljan Pika Meško , Gouget Bernard , Boursier Guilaine , Barrett Edward , Kroupis Christos , Lohmander Maria , Šprongl Luděk , Vodnik Tatjana , Bernabeu-Andreu Francisco , Vukasović Ines , Sönmez Çiğdem , Linko Solveig , Brugnoni Duilio , Vaubourdolle Michel , Huisman Willem , Panteghini Mauro 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
ISO15189:2012 requires medical laboratories to document metrological traceability of their results. While the ISO17511:2003 standard on metrological traceability in laboratory medicine requires the use of the highest available level in the traceability chain, it recognizes that for many measurands there is no reference above the manufacturer’s selected measurement procedure and the manufacturer’s working calibrator. Some immunoassays, although they intend to measure the same quantity and may even refer to the same reference material, unfortunately produce different results because of differences in analytical selectivity as manufacturers select different epitopes and antibodies for the same analyte. In other cases, the cause is the use of reference materials, which are not commutable. The uncertainty associated with the result is another important aspect in metrological traceability implementation. As the measurement uncertainty on the clinical samples is influenced by the uncertainty of all steps higher in the traceability chain, laboratories should be provided with adequate and appropriate information on the uncertainty of the value assignment to the commercial calibrators that they use. Although the between-lot variation in value assignment will manifest itself as part of the long-term imprecision as estimated by the end-user, information on worst-case to be expected lot-lot variation has to be communicated to the end-user by the IVD provider. When laboratories use ancillary equipment that potentially could have a critical contribution to the reported results, such equipment needs verification of its proper calibration and criticality to the result uncertainty could be assessed by an approach based on risk analysis, which is a key element of ISO15189:2012 anyway. This paper discusses how the requirement for metrological traceability as stated in ISO15189 should be met by the medical laboratory and how this should be assessed by accreditation bodies.
Rhetorical Theory of Narrative and Contemporary Narrative Poetics: A Conversation with James Phelan
Authors: Biwu Shang , Phelan James 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the summer of 2018, James Phelan co-organized the Summer Seminar on Narratology on behalf of Project Narrative at Ohio State University, in collaboration with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and the journal Frontiers of Narrative Studies. During this period, Shang Biwu, the editor of Frontiers of Narrative Studies, had a conversation with Phelan, who talked about important issues such as rhetorical poetics, fictionality, and narrative communication.
Sameness, difference, or continuity?
Authors: Hyvärinen Matti 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThree claims are advocated in this article. Firstly, the article suggests that there is no relevant “sameness approach,” which would advise reading fiction and non-fiction similarly. Secondly, it argues that both fiction and non-fiction exhibit multiple functions and cannot be reduced to the binary setting of informing or entertaining. Thirdly, it suggests that the continuity thesis does not imply sameness. By applying the fundamental logical distinction between necessary and sufficient conditions, one can accept major similarities between the resources of reading fiction and non-fiction without ever presuming their sameness. These claims are considered by first revisiting the histories of narratology and the narrative social research and then discussing M. A. K. Halliday’s systemic-functional language theory.