bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐endocannabinoid N‐acylethanolamines and 2‐monoacylglycerols in the intestine
Authors: Hansen Harald S , Vana Vasiliki 
Published: February 2018

This review focuses on recent findings of the physiological and pharmacological role of non‐endocannabinoid N‐acylethanolamines (NAEs) and 2‐monoacylglycerols (2‐MAGs) in the intestine and their involvement in the gut‐brain signalling. Dietary fat suppresses food intake, and much research concerns the known gut peptides, for example, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) and cholecystokinin (CCK). NAEs and 2‐MAGs represent another class of local gut signals most probably involved in the regulation of food intake. We discuss the putative biosynthetic pathways and targets of NAEs in the intestine as well as their anorectic role and changes in intestinal levels depending on the dietary status. NAEs can activate the transcription factor PPARα, but studies to evaluate the role of endogenous NAEs are generally lacking. Finally, we review the role of diet‐derived 2‐MAGs in the secretion of anorectic gut peptides via activation of GPR119. Both PPARα and GPR119 have potential as pharmacological targets for the treatment of obesity and the former for treatment of intestinal inflammation.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on 8th European Workshop on Cannabinoid Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.10/issuetoc
Welfare economics, risk and uncertainty
Authors: Fleurbaey Marc 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSocial decisions in risky contexts raise a number of difficult questions, such as: (1) Should social decisions be more or less risk averse than the average person? (2) Should we try to avoid large catastrophes more than frequent but limited harms with similar expected impact? (3) Should social decisions be ambiguity averse or stick to the expected utility canon? This paper reviews the welfare economics of risk and uncertainty and examines possible answers to these questions, based on the pros and cons of utilitarianism, ex ante egalitarianism and ex post egalitarianism.
How do selling mechanisms affect profits, surplus, capacity and prices with unknown demand?
Authors: Hummel Patrick 
Published: February 2018

AbstractI analyze a model in which a seller wishes to sell multiple homogeneous goods to a large group of buyers with unknown demand. The seller may either sell objects via a posted‐price mechanism, a discriminatory‐price auction, a uniform‐price auction, their open‐bid analogs, or a revelation mechanism in which the seller first asks all potential buyers to report their valuations and then sets a reserve price. I show that the revelation mechanism leads to the greatest profits, the auction mechanisms result in identical expected profits and the posted‐price mechanism results in the smallest profits. However, the more profitable mechanisms impose stronger informational requirements that may make these mechanisms infeasible in practice, and the posted‐price mechanism also results in the greatest total surplus. I also find the seller chooses a lower capacity and reserve price in an auction than in the posted‐price mechanism.
The increased trend of non‐drinking in adolescence: The role of parental monitoring and attitudes toward offspring drinking
Authors: Larm Peter , Livingston Michael , Svensson Johan , Leifman Håkan , Raninen Jonas 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIntroductions and AimsThe proportion of adolescents who do not drink alcohol has increased during the last decade in many European countries, the USA and Australia. Few studies have addressed why this positive trend has occurred. The aim of the present study is to examine associations between parenting factors, peers’ alcohol use and non‐drinking among 15‐ to 16‐year‐old adolescents over time, from 2003 to 2015, and to evaluate potential gender differences.Design and MethodsData from the Swedish subsample of European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs were used. Data were available for 2003, 2007, 2011 and 2015 in nation‐based samples with responses from 11 531 adolescents in total.ResultsThe proportion of non‐drinkers increased from 23.2% in 2003 to 48.7% in 2015. For each year, indicators of especially restrictive attitudes toward offspring drinking were robustly associated with an increased probability of non‐drinking. However, neither indicators of parental monitoring nor parental attitudes toward offspring drinking were associated with the increase in the proportion of non‐drinkers that occurred from 2003 to 2015. Two indicators of parental monitoring were more strongly associated with non‐drinking among girls than among boys, while paternal restrictive attitudes toward offspring drinking were more strongly associated with non‐drinking among boys than girls.Discussion and ConclusionsParenting characteristics are important for adolescents who do not use alcohol, which has implications for prevention strategies. However, the increased trend of non‐drinkers could not be attributed to parental factors.
Effect of exenatide QW or placebo, both added to titrated insulin glargine, in uncontrolled type 2 diabetes: The DURATION‐7 randomized study
Authors: Guja Cristian , Frías Juan P. , Somogyi Aniko , Jabbour Serge , Wang Hui , Hardy Elise , Rosenstock Julio 
Published: February 2018

AimsTo compare the efficacy and safety of adding the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist exenatide once weekly (QW) 2 mg or placebo among patients with type 2 diabetes who were inadequately controlled despite titrated insulin glargine (IG) ± metformin.MethodsThis multicentre, double‐blind study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02229383) randomized (1:1) patients with persistent hyperglycaemia after an 8‐week titration phase (glycated haemoglobin [HbA1c] 7.0%‐10.5% [53‐91 mmol/mol]) to exenatide QW or placebo. The primary endpoint was HbA1c change from baseline to week 28. Secondary endpoints included body weight, 2‐hour postprandial glucose, and mean daily IG dose.ResultsOf 464 randomized patients (mean: age, 58 years; HbA1c, 8.5% [69 mmol/mol]; diabetes duration, 11.3 years), 91% completed 28 weeks. Exenatide QW + IG vs placebo + IG significantly reduced HbA1c (least‐squares mean difference, −0.73% [−8.0 mmol/mol]; 95% confidence interval, −0.93%, −0.53% [−10.2, −5.8 mmol/mol]; P < .001; final HbA1c, 7.55% [59 mmol/mol] and 8.24% [67 mmol/mol], respectively); body weight (−1.50 kg; −2.17, −0.84; P < .001); and 2‐hour postprandial glucose (−1.52 mmol/L [−27.5 mg/dL]; −2.15, −0.90 [−38.7, −16.2]; P < .001). Significantly more exenatide QW + IG‐treated patients vs placebo + IG‐treated patients reached HbA1c <7.0% (<53 mmol/mol) (32.5% vs 7.4%; P < .001); daily IG dose increased by 2 and 4 units, respectively. Gastrointestinal and injection‐site adverse events were more frequent with exenatide QW + IG (15.1% and 7.8%, respectively) than with placebo + IG (10.8% and 3.0%, respectively); hypoglycaemia incidence was similar between the exenatide QW + IG (29.7%) and placebo + IG (29.0%) groups, with no major hypoglycaemic events.ConclusionsAmong patients with inadequate glycaemic control, exenatide QW significantly improved glucose control and decreased body weight, without increased hypoglycaemia or unexpected safety findings.
A systematic justification for the EU's pouvoir constituant mixte: Principles of constitutional politics in supranational polities
Authors: Patberg Markus 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis article presents a rational reconstruction of the practice of constitutional politics in supranational polities. In doing so, it seeks to refocus the ongoing debate about constituent power in the EU on the question of who, under what conditions, is entitled to decide on the EU constitutional order. The analysis leads to a number of principles of democratic legitimacy, which include the political autonomy of the members of the state demoi as well as the political autonomy of the members of a cross‐border demos. In explicating these parallel entitlements to political autonomy, I provide a systematic justification for the notion of a pouvoir constituant mixte, according to which the citizens should take control of EU constitutional politics in two roles: as European citizens and as Member State citizens.
A two‐tier conception of European Union peoplehood: A realist study of European citizens’ bonds of collectivity
Authors: Beetz Jan Pieter 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe European Union (EU) struggles to legitimate its rule. This realist study develops a conception of peoplehood in the EU polity, because, in contemporary Europe, ‘the people’ remains the sole source of political legitimacy. From a realist perspective, a conception of peoplehood should yield a coherent story why EU citizens should accept, or at least acquiesce, to EU rule. This study explores the possibility of a pluralistic conception being either multi‐layered, multi‐faceted or both. Taking a practice‐dependent approach, I first analyse the institutional systems that structure relationships between EU citizens. I secondly propose conceptions of EU citizens’ bonds of collectivity. Thirdly, I develop a novel two‐tier conception of EU peoplehood in which individuals remain bound together as national peoples, while these peoples are in turn united by commercial and liberal bonds. I submit that this conception can lay the foundation for a convincing story to legitimate EU rule.
The empty place of European power: Contested democracy and the technocratic threat
Authors: Corrias Luigi 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn this article, I analyse the European Union (EU) in the light of the Lefortian question: What place does power have in a democracy? Claude Lefort has argued that modern democracy is a regime where the place of power is empty. In this article, I investigate what this entails for the EU. I take the current situation of democracy in the EU as being marked by two developments: the contestation of democracy by citizens on the one hand and the hollowing out of democracy at the EU level on the other. Exemplary for the first development are the popular protest movements known as the indignados. The second feature is exemplified by governance and technocracy. My argument suggests that the critical response of the former to the latter can in fact be read as the claim that what should have been the empty place of power in European democracy has come to be occupied by the establishment of an authoritarian regime of expert rule.
Wage Performance of Immigrants in Germany
Authors: Beyer Robert C. M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis paper updates and deepens our understanding of the wage performance of immigrants in Germany. Using the German Socio-Economic Panel, it documents that immigrant workers initially earn on average 20% less than native workers with otherwise identical characteristics. The gap is smaller for immigrants from advanced countries, with good German language skills, and with a German degree, and larger for others. The gap declines gradually over time but at a decreasing rate and much faster for more recent cohorts. Less success in obtaining jobs with higher occupational autonomy explains half of the wage gap.
NK cell enteropathy: a case report with 10 years of indolent clinical behaviour
Authors: Isom James A , Arroyo May R , Reddy Deepa , Joshi‐Guske Priti , Al‐Quran Samer Z , Li Ying , Allan Robert W 
Published: February 2018

AimsNatural killer (NK) cell enteropathy is a recently described clinically indolent condition characterised by atypical NK cell infiltrates in the gastrointestinal mucosa that mimics malignant lymphoma. We report a case that highlights the indolent clinical behaviour by documenting absence of clinical progression over 10 years.Methods and resultsWe report the case of a 69‐year old female who had clinically long‐standing abdominal pain and recurrent mucosal ulcerations associated with atypical NK cell infiltrates. The clinical, morphologic and immunophenotypical findings in this case were diagnostic of NK cell enteropathy. Review of the patient's prior biopsies demonstrated that this persisted without clinical progression for 10 years, confirming the clinical indolent course.ConclusionRecognition of NK cell enteropathy is important to avoid over‐diagnosing this benign condition as an aggressive lymphoma.
Immunohistochemical assessment of Survivin and Bcl3 expression as potential biomarkers for NF‐κB activation in the Barrett metaplasia–dysplasia–adenocarcinoma sequence
Authors: Puccio Ignazio , Khan Saif , Butt Adil , Graham David , Sehgal Vinay , Patel Dominic , Novelli Marco , Lovat Laurence B. , Rodriguez‐Justo Manuel , Hamoudi Rifat A. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryNon‐dysplastic Barrett's oesophagus (NDBE) occurs as a consequence of an inflammatory response triggered through prolonged gastro‐oesophageal reflux and it may precede the development of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. NF‐κB activation as a result of the inflammatory response has been shown in NDBE, but the possible mechanism involved in the process is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess, using immunohistochemistry, Survivin and Bcl3 expression as potential biomarkers for NF‐κB activation along the oesophageal metaplasia–dysplasia–adenocarcinoma sequence. Survivin is an NF‐κB‐inducible anti‐apoptotic protein, and Bcl3 is a negative regulator of NF‐κB. There was progressive upregulation of Survivin expression along the oesophageal metaplasia–dysplasia–adenocarcinoma sequence. Bcl3 expression was upregulated in non‐dysplastic Barrett's oesophagus, low‐grade, high‐grade dysplasia and oesophageal adenocarcinoma when compared to squamous group. The study shows the differential expression of Bcl3 between the squamous and Barrett's stage, suggesting that Bcl3 could be a surrogate marker for early event involving constitutive NF‐κB activation. In addition, the study suggests that NF‐κB activation may infer resistance to apoptosis through the expression of anti‐apoptotic genes such as Survivin, which showed progressive increase in expression throughout the oesophageal metaplasia–dysplasia–adenocarcinoma sequence. This ability to avoid apoptosis may underlie the persistence and malignant predisposition of Barrett's metaplasia.
Tumescent contravenom: murine model for prehospital treatment of Naja naja neurotoxic snake envenomation
Authors: Makdisi Joy R. , Kim Dennis P. , Klein Paytra A. , Klein Jeffrey A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundSnake envenomation is a neglected global health problem. There is a need for a prehospital treatment of neurotoxic snakebite that prolongs survival and allows time for a victim to reach a hospital for antivenom therapy. Tumescent epinephrine consists of a large volume of dilute epinephrine (2 mg/l) injected subcutaneously. It functions as “contravenom” by causing capillary vasoconstriction and delaying venom absorption.MethodsA murine model of neurotoxic envenomation using lidocaine as a surrogate for neurotoxic snake venom was first developed in a pilot study. A lethal dose of lidocaine was injected subcutaneously into control and treatment groups. Mice in the treatment group were then treated with a tumescent infiltration of dilute epinephrine in saline, while control mice either received no treatment or tumescent infiltration with saline alone. The experiment was repeated using lethal doses of neurotoxic Naja naja cobra venom. The main end‐points were survival rate and survival time.ResultsNone of the control mice survived a lethal (LD100) dosage of subcutaneous lidocaine. Mice given an LD100 of subcutaneous lidocaine and treated immediately with tumescent epinephrine had 80% survival. Following LD50 doses of Naja naja venom, 50% of control mice survived, while 94% survived when treated immediately with tumescent epinephrine (P < 0.01). All animals died following LD100 doses of Naja naja venom, but survival was significantly prolonged (P < 0.0001) by immediate tumescent epinephrine.ConclusionsTumescent epinephrine, when given immediately after toxin injection, improves survival rates in mice following neurotoxic doses of lidocaine or Naja naja cobra venom.
Dissidents and Innocents: Hard Cases for a Political Philosophy of Boycotts
Authors: Weinstock Daniel 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn this article, I distinguish boycotts from other kinds of superficially similar types of actions, and argue that boycotts involve at least coordinated activity on the part of the members of a group to abstain on moral grounds from otherwise normal interaction with the members of another group. Boycotts in their minimal forms do not face high justificatory hurdles, since they involve the exercise of freedom of speech, along with the exercise by members of the boycotting group of basic rights and freedoms, such as the right to associate, freedom of movement, and the like. The justificatory hurdles are greater, though not insurmountable, when boycotts involve the coercion of members of the boycotting group who either disagree with the grounds for boycott, or with the appropriateness of boycotting as a strategy to bring about a morally desirable change, or when they involve defeating the reasonable expectations of members of the boycotted group. I describe the justificatory challenges in both these cases, as well as the ways in which they can be met.
Modelling the influence of parental effects on gene‐network evolution
Authors: Odorico Andreas , Rünneburger Estelle , Le Rouzic Arnaud 
Published: February 2018

AbstractUnderstanding the importance of nongenetic heredity in the evolutionary process is a major topic in modern evolutionary biology. We modified a classical gene‐network model by allowing parental transmission of gene expression and studied its evolutionary properties through individual‐based simulations. We identified ontogenetic time (i.e. the time gene networks have to stabilize before being submitted to natural selection) as a crucial factor in determining the evolutionary impact of this phenotypic inheritance. Indeed, fast‐developing organisms display enhanced adaptation and greater robustness to mutations when evolving in presence of nongenetic inheritance (NGI). In contrast, in our model, long development reduces the influence of the inherited state of the gene network. NGI thus had a negligible effect on the evolution of gene networks when the speed at which transcription levels reach equilibrium is not constrained. Nevertheless, simulations show that intergenerational transmission of the gene‐network state negatively affects the evolution of robustness to environmental disturbances for either fast‐ or slow‐developing organisms. Therefore, these results suggest that the evolutionary consequences of NGI might not be sought only in the way species respond to selection, but also on the evolution of emergent properties (such as environmental and genetic canalization) in complex genetic architectures.
Delirium—A Framework to Improve Acute Care for Older Persons
Authors: Inouye Sharon K. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis article is based on the M. Powell Lawton Award Lecture that I delivered at the 2016 Gerontological Society of America Annual Meeting. I provide an overview of my journey in geriatric medicine and delirium research. I created new measures, including the Confusion Assessment Method, for identification of delirium; conceptualized a multifactorial risk model; and developed and tested intervention strategies for delirium prevention. The Hospital Elder Life Program arose from this work. In addition, like Dr. Lawton, I am working to apply my work to the policy arena. As the population ages, we face an unprecedented opportunity to realize the full benefit of aging in our society, an untapped resource. The field of aging is facing innumerable challenges in terms of continued stigma and funding shortfalls for clinical care and research. I issue a call to action to clinicians, researchers, and leaders in aging to seize this opportunity to use our know‐how and expertise to transform the experience of aging for all.
National Partnership for Maternal Safety: Consensus Bundle on Safe Reduction of Primary Cesarean Births— Supporting Intended Vaginal Births
Authors: Lagrew David C. , Low Lisa Kane , Brennan Rita , Corry Maureen P. , Edmonds Joyce K. , Gilpin Brian G. , Frost Jennifer , Pinger Whitney , Reisner Dale P. , Jaffer Sara 
Published: February 2018

AbstractCesarean births and associated morbidity and mortality have reached near epidemic proportions. The National Partnership for Maternal Safety under the guidance of the Council on Patient Safety in Women's Health Care responded by developing a patient safety bundle to reduce the number of primary cesarean births. Safety bundles outline critical practices to implement in every maternity unit. This National Partnership for Maternity Safety bundle, as with other bundles, is organized into four domains: Readiness, Recognition and Prevention, Response, and Reporting and Systems Learning. Bundle components may be adapted to individual facilities, but standardization within an institution is advised. Evidence‐based resources and recommendations are provided to assist implementation.
Antioxidant action and protective and reparative effects of lentinan on oxidative damage in HaCaT cells
Authors: Zi Yusha , Zhang Bo , Jiang Biao , Yang Xingyao , Liang Zilu , Liu Weiyi , He Congfen , Liu Lei 
Published: February 2018

SummaryBackgroundLentinus edodes is one of the largest edible fungi. Lentinan, extracted from its fruiting body has clinically significant anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticoagulant effects; however, its preventive effects on skin oxidative damage are unclear.AimsWe aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidation capability of lentinan and its protective and reparative effects on a model of cell oxidative damage.MethodsWe evaluated the in vitro antioxidant potential of lentinan by assessing its free‐radical quenching ability using DPPH and ABTS and superoxide anions. Using the HaCaT cell line as the experimental system, we tested the protective and reparative effects of lentinan on a model of H2O2‐induced cellular oxidative damage through assessment of cell survival rate, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.ResultsLentinan displayed high antioxidant potential: DDPH and ABTS quenching rates were above 60%; superoxide anions, approximately 18%. Furthermore, lentinan could dose‐dependently prevent the reduction of activity in HaCaT cells by H2O2, reduce MDA formation, and increase SOD activity. Moreover, lentinan showed not only a protective effect against oxidative damage but also reparative effects to a certain extent, in HaCaT cells.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrated the ability of lentinan to enhance cellular tolerance to oxidative damage, stress resistance, and to have protective and reparative effects on damaged cells. Therefore, with L. edodes as a source for antiaging substances, cosmetics with homology to foods have great potential clinical applications.