bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Voices from the field: Constraints encountered by early career elementary science teachers
Authors: Johnson Teri N. , Dabney Katherine P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis multiple‐case study examined constraints encountered by early career elementary school teachers as they try to deliver high‐quality science instruction. Four first‐year teachers, who expressed confidence in their preparation and enthusiasm for teaching science, were asked to reflect on the most effective strategies for teaching elementary science and on the constraints to implementing those strategies. Effective strategies for teaching elementary science included inquiry‐based instruction and group work with peers, discrepant events, and integration across other subjects and work with student vocabulary. Three categories of constraints emerged related to planning and delivering high‐quality science lessons: access to materials and resources, scheduling and prioritizing science instruction, and challenges associated with early career teaching. The findings provide evidence that factors beyond teacher preparation and teacher self‐efficacy continue to negatively impact science instruction in elementary classrooms. Promising avenues for future research in science education include more extensive examinations of educational policy, elementary school leaders’ perspectives and valuation of teaching science, and strategies for helping teachers advocate for best science teaching practices within their schools.
Effects of chemical and physical grassland renovation on the temporal dynamics of organic carbon stocks and water‐stable aggregate distribution in a sandy temperate grassland soil
Authors: Linsler D. , Nüsse A. , Buchen C. , Helfrich M. , Piepho H.‐P. , Ludwig B. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractGrassland renovation can be done physically by ploughing or chemically using herbicides, but information on influences of grassland renovation on soil structure is scarce. Our objective was to compare physically and chemically renovated grasslands and to quantify temporal variations of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, water‐stable aggregates and SOC stored in different aggregate fractions. Soil samples were taken on a sandy soil before (T0), 6 days (T6_days), 2 (T2_mo), 7 (T7_mo) and 12 months (T12_mo) after grassland renovation and in permanent grassland. Neither grassland renovation practice led to SOC losses in 0–10 cm after 12 months. The physical renovation led to an increase in microaggregates (53–250 μm) in the surface soil between T0 and T6_days and to highest microaggregate concentrations in T2_mo and T7_mo. Therefore, ploughing seems to have direct negative effects on macroaggregates (10 mm–250 μm) followed by indirect longer‐lasting negative effects which were nullified after 1 year. Chemical renovation resulted in no different aggregate distribution than permanent grassland. Strong temporal variations in aggregate distribution were found especially for large macroaggregates with lowest concentrations in T6_days and 6.7‐ to 10.2‐fold higher concentrations in T2_mo. A linear regression suggested that the soil gravimetric moisture content might have caused this observation.
Risk factors for infection after pediatric lung transplantation
Authors: Onyearugbulem Chinyere , Williams Lauren , Zhu Huirong , Gazzaneo Maria C. , Melicoff Ernestina , Das Shailendra , Coss‐Bu Jorge , Lam Fong , Mallory George , Munoz Flor M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAlthough infection is the leading cause of death in the first year following pediatric lung transplantation, there are limited data on risk factors for early infection. Sepsis remains under‐recognized and under‐reported in the early post‐operative period for lung transplant recipients (LTR). We evaluated the incidence of infection and sepsis, and identified risk factors for infection in the early post‐operative period in pediatric LTRs. A retrospective review of medical records of LTRs at a large quaternary‐care hospital from January 2009 to March 2016 was conducted. Microbiology results on days 0‐7 after transplant were obtained. Sepsis was defined using the 2005 International Pediatric Consensus Conferencecriteria. Risk factors included history of recipient and donor infection, history of multi‐drug resistant (MDR) infection, nutritional status, and surgical times. Among the 98 LTRs, there were 22 (22%) with post‐operative infection. Prolonged donor ischemic time ≥7 hours, cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB) time ≥340 minutes, history of MDR infection and diagnosis of cystic fibrosis were significantly associated with infection. With multivariable regression analysis, only prolonged donor ischemic time remained significant (OR 4.4, 95% CI: 1.34‐14.48). Further research is needed to determine whether processes to reduce donor ischemic time could result in decreased post‐transplant morbidity.
Bacterial infections in pediatric patients during early post liver transplant period: A prospective study in Iran
Authors: Pouladfar Gholamreza , Jafarpour Zahra , Malek Hosseini Seyed Ali , Firoozifar Mohammad , Rasekh Razieh , Khosravifard Leila 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundBacterial infection in early period after liver transplant (LT) is the main cause of morbidity and mortality; however, data on children is limited.MethodsTo investigate the frequency, characteristics, and the associated factors of bacterial infection during hospitalization after LT, we prospectively enrolled all consecutive children with LT for a one‐year, case‐control study at the unique referral center of pediatric LT in Iran.ResultsEighty‐five events of bacterial infection were detected among 51 out of 94 LT recipients (54.3%) (infection group). Forty‐three patients without bacterial infection constituted the control group. The frequency of bacterial infection based on the 51 microbiologically documented events was 31.9% (30 out of 94 patients). Major site of bacterial isolation were abdomen (43.6%). The following variables were associated with bacterial infection in univariate analysis: younger age (5.6 vs 8.9 years old), longer duration of JP Drain (13.4 vs 6.3 days), central venous catheter (14.6 vs 7.6 days), and Foley catheter insertion (7.3 vs 4.5 days), reoperation (57% vs 12% of patients), mean frequency of reoperation (1.1 vs 0.1 times), and intensive care unit stay (12.1 vs 6.5 days). In multivariate analysis, only longer hospital stay after transplant (23.6 vs 10.9 days) was independently associated with bacterial infection. All ten deaths occurred within the infection group and half of which directly caused by infection.ConclusionsThese infections were associated with longer hospital stay and higher mortality rate. Conducting further studies with larger sample size and investigating more effective prophylactic measures should be considered in future studies.
Severe hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn due to allo‐anti‐D in a patient with a partial DEL phenotype arising from the variant allele described as RHD*148+1T (RHD*01EL.31)
Authors: Turley Elona , McGowan Eunike C. , Hyland Catherine A. , Schoeman Elizna M. , Flower Robert L. , Skoll Amanda , Delisle Marie‐France , Nelson Tanya , Clarke Gwen , Au Nicholas 
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUNDRhD DEL variants may show complete or partial expression of RhD epitopes. There have been only rare reports of anti‐D causing hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) in this context. We report a case of severe HDFN associated with a recently described DEL variant.CASE REPORTA multiparous woman presented with an allo‐anti‐D and showed incongruent phenotyping and genotyping results on initial study. Further investigations identified the RHD mutation, defined as RHD*148+1T and named RHD*01EL.31, which had been previously associated with a DEL phenotype. Extended RhD phenotyping by adsorption‐elution showed that there was reactivity with four of nine monoclonal anti‐D antibodies, suggesting a partial DEL phenotype. The first child showed no clinical evidence of HDFN, although the cord direct antiglobulin test was positive. The second child developed fetal anemia treated with intrauterine transfusion, and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia requiring exchange transfusion.CONCLUSIONThe RHD allele, RHD*148+1T, results in a partial Del phenotype, and the anti‐D formed in pregnant women with this phenotype is capable of causing severe HDFN.
Theoretical Analysis and Numerical Optimization of a Wearable Spring-Clutch Mechanism for Reducing Metabolic Energy Cost During Human Walking
Authors: Keren Roee , Or Yizhar 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
There is a growing interest in assistive wearable devices for laden walking, with applications to civil hiking or military soldiers carrying heavy loads in outdoor rough terrains. While the solution of powered exoskeleton is known to be heavy and energy consuming, recent works presented wearable light-weight (semi-)passive elements based on elastic springs engaged by timed clutches. In this work, we theoretically study the dynamics of a five-link model of a human walker with point feet, using numerical simulations. We propose a novel mechanism of a spring and two triggered clutches, which enables locking the spring with stored energy while the device's length can change freely. For a given gait of joint angles trajectories, we numerically optimize the spring parameters and clutch timing for minimizing the metabolic energy cost. We show that a cleverly designed device can, in theory, lead to a drastic reduction in metabolic energy expenditure.
Ankle Strength Deficits in a Cohort of College Athletes With Chronic Ankle Instability
Authors: Wisthoff Bethany , Matheny Shannon , Struminger Aaron , Gustavsen Geoffrey , Glutting Joseph , Swanik Charles , Kaminski Thomas W. 
Published: September 2018

Context: Lateral ankle sprains commonly occur in an athletic population and can lead to chronic ankle instability. Objective: To compare ankle strength measurements in athletes who have mechanical laxity and report functional instability after a history of unilateral ankle sprains. Design: Retrospective cohort. Setting: Athletic Training Research Lab. Participants: A total of 165 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes, 97 males and 68 females, with history of unilateral ankle sprains participated. Main Outcome Measures: Functional ankle instability was determined by Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool scores and mechanical ankle instability by the participant having both anterior and inversion/eversion laxity. Peak torque strength measures, concentric and eccentric, in 2 velocities were measured. Results: Of the 165 participants, 24 subjects had both anterior and inversion/eversion laxity and 74 self-reported functional ankle instability on their injured ankle. The mechanical ankle instability group presented with significantly lower plantar flexion concentric strength at 30°/s (139.7 [43.7] N·m) (P = .01) and eversion concentric strength at 120°/s (14.8 [5.3] N·m) (P = .03) than the contralateral, uninjured ankle (166.3 [56.8] N·m, 17.4 [6.2] N·m, respectively). Conclusion: College athletes who present with mechanical laxity on a previously injured ankle exhibit plantar flexion and eversion strength deficits between ankles.
Validity of neurodevelopmental outcomes of children born very preterm assessed during routine clinical follow-up in England
Authors: Wong Hilary S , Cowan Frances M , Modi Neena 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveTo determine the validity of assessing and recording the neurodevelopmental outcome of very preterm infants during routine clinical follow-up in England.DesignChildren born <30 weeks gestation, attending routine clinical follow-up at post-term ages 20–28 months, were recruited. Data on neurodevelopmental outcomes were recorded by the reviewing clinician in a standardised format in the child’s electronic patient record, based on a set of key questions designed to be used without formal training or developmental testing. Using a predefined algorithm, each participant was classified as having ‘no’, ‘mild/moderate’ or ‘severe’ impairment in cognitive, communication and motor domains. All participants also received a research assessment by a single assessor using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, third edition (Bayley-III). The sensitivity and specificity of routine data in capturing impairment (any Bayley-III score <85) or severe impairment (any Bayley-III score <70) was calculated.Results190 children participated. The validity of routine assessments in identifying children with no impairment and no severe impairment was high across all domains (specificities 83.9%–100.0% and 96.6%–100.0%, respectively). However, identification of impairments, particularly in the cognitive (sensitivity 69.7% (55.1%–84.3%)) and communication (sensitivity (53.2% (42.0%–64.5%)) domains, was poor.ConclusionsNeurodevelopmental status determined during routine clinical assessment lacks adequate sensitivity in cognitive and communication domains. It is uncertain whether this reflects the assessment or/and the recording of findings. As early intervention may improve education and social outcomes, this is an important area for healthcare quality improvement research.
Haemoglobin A1c and hearing impairment: longitudinal analysis using a large occupational health check-up data of Japan
Authors: Nagahama Satsue , Kashino Ikuko , Hu Huanhuan , Nanri Akiko , Kurotani Kayo , Kuwahara Keisuke , Dan Masashi , Michikawa Takehiro , Akter Shamima , Mizoue Tetsuya , Murakami Yoshitaka , Nishiwaki Yuji 
Published: September 2018

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine whether haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level is associated with the incidence of hearing impairment accounting for smoking status and diabetic condition at baseline.MethodsParticipants were 131 689 men and 71 286 women aged 30–65 years and free of hearing impairment at baseline (2008) who attended Japanese occupational annual health check-ups from 2008 to 2015. We defined low-frequency hearing impairment at a hearing threshold >30 dB at 1 kHz and high frequency at >40 dB at 4 kHz in the better ear in pure-tone audiometric tests. HbA1c was categorised into seven categories. The association between HbA1c and hearing impairment was assessed using the Cox proportional hazards model.ResultsOn 5 years mean follow-up, high HbA1c was associated with high-frequency hearing impairment. In non-smokers, HbA1c≥8.0% was associated with high-frequency hearing impairment, with a multivariable HR (95% CI) compared with HbA1c 5.0%–5.4% of 1.46 (1.10 to 1.94) in men and 2.15 (1.13 to 4.10) in women. There was no significant association between HbA1c and hearing impairment in smokers. A J-shaped association between HbA1c and high-frequency hearing impairment was observed for participants with diabetes at baseline. HbA1c was not associated with low-frequency hearing impairment among any participants.ConclusionsHbA1c ≥8.0% of non-smokers and ≥7.3% of participants with diabetes was associated with high-frequency hearing impairment. These findings indicate that appropriate glycaemic control may prevent diabetic-related hearing impairment.
Neonatal palliative care: a practical checklist approach
Authors: Taylor Naomi , Liang Yi Fan , Tinnion Robert 
Published: September 2018

ObjectivesFollowing publication of detailed national neonatal palliative care guidance, practical regional guidance, in the form of multidisciplinary ‘checklists’, was implemented aiming to improve the quality of neonatal palliative care.MethodsCase note audit was used to examine the quality of locally delivered neonatal palliative care before and after regional guidance implementation.Results27 patients were allocated to the ‘before’ cohort and 10 to the ‘after’ cohort. Introduction of the checklists was apparently associated with improvements in domains of pain relief and comfort care, monitoring, fluids and nutrition, completion of diagnostics, treatment ceiling decisions, resuscitation status and discussion with parents. Other support for parents was poorly adhered to.ConclusionRegional guidance improved some aspects of palliative care delivery though other areas remained suboptimal. Other strategies, for example, consultation with paediatric palliative care services, need to be considered to further improve the quality of palliative care delivered to babies with life-limiting illnesses.
An automatic approach for characterization of the thermal maturity of dispersed organic matter Raman spectra at low diagenetic stages
Authors: Schito Andrea , Corrado Sveva 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

An automatic approach for analyses of Raman spectra of dispersed organic matter in diagenesis is proposed in this work. The need for a reproducible method of thermal maturity assessment by means of Raman spectroscopic analyses on the organic matter is essential for the development of this technique as a robust support in organic petrographical analyses. The new method was tested on concentrated kerogen derived from a set of 33 samples that originated from cuttings from a 5000 m-thick section drilled in offshore Angola. The proposed method can be applied separately in the D and G bands regions of the Raman spectra, and uses a fitting approach based on asymmetrical Gaussian deconvolution and on the measurement of the integrated area. Results from this work demonstrate that Raman parameters carried out by the new methods reflect the increase in aromaticity in kerogen in diagenesis. Finally, two parametric equations have been proposed to correlate Raman parameters and thermal maturity: the first is for the thermal maturity interval between 0.3 and 1.5% R
o
; and the second has a higher precision of between 1.0 and 1.5% R
o
. The two equations are the result of a multi-linear regression based on robust correlations between Raman parameters and vitrinite reflectance (R
o
%).
Glycoprotein nmb Is Exposed on the Surface of Dormant Breast Cancer Cells and Induces Stem Cell–like Properties
Authors: Chen Chen , Okita Yukari , Watanabe Yukihide , Abe Fumie , Fikry Muhammad Ali , Ichikawa Yumu , Suzuki Hiroyuki , Shibuya Akira , Kato Mitsuyasu 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Glycoprotein nmb (GPNMB) is a type I transmembrane protein that contributes to the initiation and malignant progression of breast cancer through induction of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Although it is known that EMT is associated with not only cancer invasion but also acquisition of cancer stem cell (CSC) properties, the function of GPNMB in this acquisition of CSC properties has yet to be elucidated. To address this issue, we utilized a three-dimensional (3D) sphere culture method to examine the correlation between GPNMB and CSC properties in breast cancer cells. Three-dimensional sphere cultures induced higher expression of CSC genes and EMT-inducing transcription factor (EMT-TF) genes than the 2D monolayer cultures. Three-dimensional culture also induced cell surface expression of GPNMB on limited numbers of cells in the spheres, whereas the 2D cultures did not. Therefore, we isolated cell surface-GPNMBhigh and -GPNMBlow cells from the spheres. Cell surface-GPNMBhigh cells expressed high levels of CSC genes and EMT-TF genes, had significantly higher sphere-forming frequencies than the cell surface-GPNMBlow cells, and showed no detectable levels of proliferation marker genes. Similar results were obtained from transplanted breast tumors. Furthermore, wild-type GPNMB, but not mutant GPNMB (YF), which lacks tumorigenic activity, induced CSC-like properties in breast epithelial cells. These findings suggest that GPNMB is exposed on the surface of dormant breast cancer cells and its activity contributes to the acquisition of stem cell–like properties.
Significance: These findings suggest that cell surface expression of GPNMB could serve as a marker and promising therapeutic target of breast cancer cells with stem cell-like properties. Cancer Res; 78(22); 6424–35. ©2018 AACR.
Evaluation of Explant Responses to STING Ligands: Personalized Immunosurgical Therapy for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Baird Jason R. , Bell R. Bryan , Troesch Victoria , Friedman David , Bambina Shelly , Kramer Gwen , Blair Tiffany C. , Medler Terry , Wu Yaping , Sun Zhaoyu , de Gruijl Tanja D. , van de Ven Rieneke , Leidner Rom S. , Crittenden Marka R. , Gough Michael J. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Surgeons have unique in situ access to tumors enabling them to apply immunotherapies to resection margins as a means to prevent local recurrence. Here, we developed a surgical approach to deliver stimulator of interferon genes (STING) ligands to the site of a purposeful partial tumor resection using a gel-based biomaterial. In a range of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) murine tumor models, we demonstrate that although control-treated tumors recur locally, tumors treated with STING-loaded biomaterials are cured. The mechanism of tumor control required activation of STING and induction of type I IFN in host cells, not cancer cells, and resulted in CD8 T-cell–mediated cure of residual cancer cells. In addition, we used a novel tumor explant assay to screen individual murine and human HNSCC tumor responses to therapies ex vivo. We then utilized this information to personalize the biomaterial and immunotherapy applied to previously unresponsive tumors in mice. These data demonstrate that explant assays identify the diversity of tumor-specific responses to STING ligands and establish the utility of the explant assay to personalize immunotherapies according to the local response.
Significance: Delivery of immunotherapy directly to resection sites via a gel-based biomaterial prevents locoregional recurrence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res; 78(21); 6308–19. ©2018 AACR.
Epigenetic Therapy with Panobinostat Combined with Bicalutamide Rechallenge in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Ferrari Anna C. , Alumkal Joshi J. , Stein Mark N. , Taplin Mary-Ellen , Babb James , Barnett Ethan S. , Gomez-Pinillos Alejandro , Liu Xiaomei , Moore Dirk , DiPaola Robert , Beer Tomasz M. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Purpose:
This study assesses the action of panobinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACI), in restoring sensitivity to bicalutamide in a castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) model and the efficacy and safety of the panobinostat/bicalutamide combination in CRPC patients resistant to second-line antiandrogen therapy (2ndLAARx).

Patients and Methods:
The CWR22PC xenograft and isogenic cell line were tested for drug interactions on tumor cell growth and on the androgen receptor (AR), AR-splice variant7, and AR targets. A phase I trial had a 3 × 3 panobinostat dose-escalation design. The phase II study randomized 55 patients to panobinostat 40 mg (A arm) or 20 mg (B arm) triweekly ×2 weeks with bicalutamide 50 mg/day in 3-week cycles. The primary endpoint was to determine the percentage of radiographic progression-free (rPF) patients at 36 weeks versus historic high-dose bicalutamide.

Results:
In the model, panobinostat/bicalutamide demonstrated synergistic antitumor effect while reducing AR activity. The dose-limiting toxicity was not reached. The probabilities of remaining rPF were 47.5% in the A arm and 38.5% in the B arm, exceeding the protocol-specified threshold of 35%. The A arm but not the B arm exceeded expectations for times (medians) to rP (33.9 and 10 weeks), and from PSA progression to rP (24 and 5.9 weeks). A arm/B arm events included: adverse events (AE), 62%/19%; treatment stopped for AEs, 27.5%/11.5%; dose reduction required, 41%/4%. The principal A-arm grade ≥ 3 AEs were thrombocytopenia (31%) and fatigue (14%).

Conclusions:
The 40 mg panobinostat/bicalutamide regimen increased rPF survival in CRPC patients resistant to 2ndLAARx. Panobinostat toxicity was tolerable with dose reductions. Epigenetic HDACI therapy reduces AR-mediated resistance to bicalutamide in CRPC models with clinical benefit in patients. The combination merits validation using a second-generation antiandrogen.