bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning curve of ultrasound measurement of subglottic diameter for endotracheal tube selection in pediatric patients
Authors: Orhan‐Sungur Mukadder , Altun Demet , Özkan‐Seyhan Tülay , Aygün Elif , Koltka Kemalettin , Çamcı Emre 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundEndotracheal tube size can be predicted according to ultrasound measurement of subglottic airway diameter. The learning curve for this method is not yet established. The aim was to evaluate the learning curve of anesthesiology residents in ultrasound measurement of subglottic airway diameter for prediction of endotracheal tube size using cumulative sum analysis.MethodsSixteen anesthesiology residents measured transverse subglottic airway diameter in children undergoing general anesthesia with cuffed endotracheal intubation. Each resident performed 30 ultrasound examinations. Primary outcome was the successful prediction of endotracheal tube size according to ultrasound measurement. Cumulative sum analysis was performed with acceptable and unacceptable failure rates set as 20 and 40%, respectively.ResultsTen out of 16 residents (62.5%) were deemed successful as they were able to pass lower decision boundary, whereas six residents' CUSUM scores were between the decisions lines deeming them indeterminate. The overall success rate for determining the correct endotracheal tube size was 77.5%. Median number of attempts to cross lower decision boundary was 29 with minimum of 18 and maximum of 29 attempts among successful residents.ConclusionLearning curves constructed with cumulative sum analysis in this study showed that only 62.5% of residents were able to correctly predict cuffed endotracheal tube size with 80% success rate. Considerable variability in achieving competency necessitates objective follow‐up of individual improvement.
Genetic dissection of the gene coexpression network underlying photosynthesis in Populus
Authors: Xiao Liang , Liu Xin , Lu Wenjie , Chen Panfei , Quan Mingyang , Si Jingna , Du Qingzhang , Zhang Deqiang 
Published: October 2019

SummaryPhotosynthesis is a key reaction that ultimately generates the carbohydrates needed to form woody tissues in trees. However, the genetic regulatory network of protein‐encoding genes (PEGs) and regulatory noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), underlying the photosynthetic pathway is unknown. Here, we integrated data from coexpression analysis, association studies (additive, dominance and epistasis), and expression quantitative trait nucleotide (eQTN) mapping to dissect the causal variants and genetic interaction network underlying photosynthesis in Populus. We initially used 30 PEGs, 6 miRNAs and 12 lncRNAs to construct a coexpression network based on the tissue‐specific gene expression profiles of 15 Populus samples. Then, we performed association studies using a natural population of 435 unrelated Populus tomentosa individuals, and identified 72 significant associations (P ≤ 0.001, q ≤ 0.05) with diverse additive and dominance patterns underlying photosynthesis‐related traits. Analysis of epistasis and eQTNs revealed that the complex genetic interactions in the coexpression network contribute to phenotypes at various levels. Finally, we demonstrated that heterologously expressing the most highly linked gene (PtoPsbX1) in this network significantly improved photosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana, pointing to the functional role of PtoPsbX1 in the photosynthetic pathway. This study provides an integrated strategy for dissecting a complex genetic interaction network, which should accelerate marker‐assisted breeding efforts to genetically improve woody plants.
Crosstalk of PIF4 and DELLA modulates CBF transcript and hormone homeostasis in cold response in tomato
Authors: Wang Feng , Chen Xiaoxiao , Dong Sangjie , Jiang Xiaochun , Wang Lingyu , Yu Jingquan , Zhou Yanhong 
Published: October 2019

SummaryThe ability to interpret daily and seasonal fluctuations, latitudinal and vegetation canopy variations in light and temperature signals is essential for plant survival. However, the precise molecular mechanisms transducing the signals from light and temperature perception to maintain plant growth and adaptation remain elusive. We show that far‐red light induces PHYTOCHROME‐INTERACTING TRANSCRIPTION 4 (SlPIF4) accumulation under low‐temperature conditions via phytochrome A in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). Reverse genetic approaches revealed that knocking out SlPIF4 increases cold susceptibility, while overexpressing SlPIF4 enhances cold tolerance in tomato plants. SlPIF4 not only directly binds to the promoters of the C‐REPEAT BINDING FACTOR (SlCBF) genes and activates their expression but also regulates plant hormone biosynthesis and signals, including abscisic acid, jasmonate and gibberellin (GA), in response to low temperature. Moreover, SlPIF4 directly activates the SlDELLA gene (GA‐INSENSITIVE 4, SlGAI4) under cold stress, and SlGAI4 positively regulates cold tolerance. Additionally, SlGAI4 represses accumulation of the SlPIF4 protein, thus forming multiple coherent feed‐forward loops. Our results reveal that plants integrate light and temperature signals to better adapt to cold stress through shared hormone pathways and transcriptional regulators, which may provide a comprehensive understanding of plant growth and survival in a changing environment.
High depression rates among pediatric renal replacement therapy patients: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Rodriguez Cuellar Carmen Inés , García de la Puente Silvestre , Hernández Moraria Javier , Bojórquez Ochoa Aurora , Filler Guido , Zaltzman Grishevich Samuel 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDepression is common in pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Depression is associated with inferior long‐term outcomes. There is a paucity of studies that evaluate depression and possible associated factors in children and adolescents requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT). Cross‐sectional study using Children`s Depression Inventory in a cohort from a large urban center. Forty‐seven pediatric RRT patients (26 female, 12 peritoneal dialysis (PD), 17 hemodialysis (HD), 18 after successful kidney transplantation (KTX)) with a mean age at the time of assessment of 13.9 ± 2.3 years. Symptoms of depression were found in 30 (64%, 11KTX, 11HD, 8PD) patients. We found no association with age, sex, renal function, dialysis adequacy markers, anemia, electrolytes, socioeconomical status, IQ, educational status of the child including school attendance and distance from the house to the hospital among HD patients. Significant differences only applied for age at diagnosis of CKD, RRT vintage and deceased donor for KTX. The group with depression had a higher age at diagnosis of CKD and less time on RRT than the group without depression. There was also a high rate of depression in KTX patients. In this cohort, depression was a common comorbidity of RRT in children and adolescents with RRT and also for KTX patients, even though biomarkers of kidney function and time for RRT are much improved.
The role of stigma and trauma in hepatitis C virus treatment in veterans: Applying the common‐sense model
Authors: Garvey Casey M. , Jones Rachel 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHepatitis C Virus (HCV), a blood borne pathogen capable of causing severe liver disease, disproportionately affects veterans in the United States. While there are antiviral medications to treat HCV, stigma and trauma in this population may lead to avoidance of care. Those veterans who do undergo treatment have certain illness representations about HCV and its treatment. They undergo treatment even while facing stigma and trauma. The Common‐Sense Model may be useful in elucidating how such representations, when matched to an appropriate illness prototype, may inform an action plan of how to respond to HCV. An exploration of the illness representations among veterans with HCV, and the effects of stigma and trauma on these representations, may help to explain how they exercise the choice to undergo treatment and may inform interventions to encourage treatment in veterans who have yet to do so.
Mixed Signals: The Unintended Effects of Diversity Initiatives
Authors: Dover Tessa L. , Kaiser Cheryl R. , Major Brenda 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOrganizational diversity initiatives—programs and policies intended to increase the fairness of organizations and promote the inclusion, hiring, retention, and promotion of underrepresented groups—are ubiquitous. Despite the widespread implementation of diversity initiatives, several empirical investigations point to challenges associated with these initiatives. We suggest that one of the challenges hindering the effectiveness of diversity management involves the unintended signals that these initiatives send. Specifically, we review social psychological evidence that the mere presence of diversity initiatives can have unintended consequences through the communication of (1) fairness signals, (2) inclusion signals, and (3) competence signals. The presence of organizational diversity initiatives may lead to a presumption of fairness for underrepresented groups, making discrimination harder to identify and litigate. Conversely, these initiatives may lead to a presumption of unfairness for members of overrepresented groups, increasing the likelihood that traditionally advantaged groups will perceive themselves as victims of discrimination. The presence of diversity initiatives may increase the attractiveness of organizations to underrepresented groups who anticipate inclusion, but increase felt exclusion and threat among overrepresented groups. Finally, the presence of diversity initiatives may signal that underrepresented groups need help to succeed and are thus less competent than their advantaged counterparts. Researchers and practitioners should note the potential unintended signaling consequences of diversity initiatives, and build‐in accountability and social psychological knowledge when designing policies aimed at creating inclusive, diverse, and fair workplaces.
Measuring delay discounting in a crowdsourced sample: An exploratory study
Authors: Rotella Amanda , Fogg Cody , Mishra Sandeep , Barclay Pat 
Published: October 2019

Delay discounting is a measure of preferences for smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards. Discounting has been assessed in many ways; these methods have variably and inconsistently involved measures of different lengths (single vs. multiple items), forced‐choice methods, self‐report methods, online and laboratory assessments, monetary and non‐monetary compensation. The majority of these studies have been conducted in laboratory settings. However, over the past 20 years, behavioral data collection has increasingly shifted online. Usually, these experiments involve completing short tasks for small amounts of money, and are thus qualitatively different than experiments in the lab, which are typically more involved and in a strongly controlled environment. The present study aimed to determine how to best measure future discounting in a crowdsourced sample using three discounting measures (a single shot measure, the 27‐item Kirby Monetary Choice Questionnaire, and a one‐time Matching Task). We examined associations of these measures with theoretically related variables, and assessed influence of payment on responding. Results indicated that correlations between the discounting tasks and conceptually related measures were smaller than in prior laboratory experiments. Moreover, our results suggest providing monetary compensation may attenuate correlations between discounting measures and related variables. These findings suggest that incentivizing discounting measures changes the nature of measurement in these tasks.
Exploring the differentiated relationship between appearance and fitness‐related social anxiety and the risk of eating disorders and depression in young adults
Authors: Alcaraz‐Ibáñez Manuel , Sicilia Álvaro , Paterna Adrian 
Published: October 2019

Appearance‐related social anxiety has been identified as a relevant risk factor in the development of eating disorders (ED) and depression in young adults. However, less is known about the role that fitness‐related social anxiety may play on the emergence of these two psychopathological conditions. The present study aimed to examine whether appearance/fitness social anxiety may independently contribute to explaining the increased risk of ED and depressive symptoms in young adults. A total of 545 undergraduate students (46% women, Mage = 21.36, SDage = 2.93) recruited in two Spanish public universities completed a self‐reported questionnaire. After controlling for self‐reported BMI and appearance‐related social anxiety, the results from the regression analyses revealed that fitness‐related social anxiety positively and significantly (p < 0.05) contributed to explaining both the risk of ED (in women and men) and depressive symptoms (in women). The inclusion of the interaction term within the appearance/fitness‐related term positively contributed to explaining additional variance for both the risk of ED and depressive symptoms in men, but not in women. The regression models explained 48% (women) and 35% (men) of the ED risk and 25% (women) and 19% (men) of depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that not only appearance, but also fitness‐related social anxiety experiences may contribute to explaining the emergence of ED and depression in young adults.
Automated detection of austere entry landing zones: A “GRAIL Tools” validation assessment
Authors: Sinclair Samantha N. , Shoop Sally A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe Geospatial Remote Assessment for Ingress Locations (GRAIL) Tools software is a geospatial product developed to locate austere entry landing zones (LZs) for military aircraft. Using spatial datasets like land classification and slope, along with predefined LZ geometry specifications, GRAIL Tools generates binary suitability filters that distinguish between suitable and unsuitable terrain. GRAIL Tools combines input suitability filters, searches for LZs at user‐defined orientations, and plots results. To refine GRAIL Tools, we: (a) verified software output; (b) conducted validation assessments using five unpaved LZ sites; and (c) assessed input dataset resolution on outcomes using 30 and 1‐m datasets. The software was verified and validated in California and the Baltics, and all five LZs were correctly identified in either the 30 or the 1‐m data. The 30‐m data provided numerous LZs for consideration, while the 1‐m data highlighted hazardous conditions undetected in the 30‐m data. Digital elevation model grid size affected results, as 1‐m data produced overestimated slope values. Resampling the data to 5 m resulted in more realistic slopes. Results indicate GRAIL Tools is an asset the military can use to rapidly assess terrain conditions.
Becoming Cognitive Science
Authors: Goldstone Robert L. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCognitive science continues to make a compelling case for having a coherent, unique, and fundamental subject of inquiry: What is the nature of minds, where do they come from, and how do they work? Central to this inquiry is the notion of agents that have goals, one of which is their own persistence, who use dynamically constructed knowledge to act in the world to achieve those goals. An agentive perspective explains why a special class of systems have a cluster of co‐occurring capacities that enable them to exhibit adaptive behavior in a complex environment: perception, attention, memory, representation, planning, and communication. As an intellectual endeavor, cognitive science may not have achieved a hard core of uncontested assumptions that Lakatos (1978) identifies as emblematic of a successful research program, but there are alternative conceptions according to which cognitive science has been successful. First, challenges of the early, core tenet of “Mind as Computation” have helped put cognitive science on a stronger foundation—one that incorporates relations between minds and their environments. Second, even if a full cross‐disciplinary theoretic consensus is elusive, cognitive science can inspire distant, deep, and transformative connections between pairs of fields. To be intellectually vital, cognitive science need not resemble a traditional discipline with its associated insularity and unchallenged assumptions. Instead, there is strength and resilience in the diverse perspectives and methods that cognitive science assembles together. This interdisciplinary enterprise is fragile and perhaps inherently unstable, as the looming absorption of cognitive science into psychology shows. Still, for many researchers, the excitement and benefits of triangulating on the nature of minds by integrating diverse cases cannot be secured by a stable discipline with an uncontested core of assumptions.
Electronic identification systems reduce the number of wrong components transfused
Authors: Murphy Michael F. , Jayne Addison J , Poles Debbi , Dhiman Paula , Bolton‐Maggs Paula 
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUNDErrors in hospital transfusion may cause wrong (blood) components to be transfused. This study assessed the value of electronic identification systems (EISs) in reducing wrong component transfusions (WCTs).METHODSUK hospitals reporting to Serious Hazards of Transfusion were invited to complete an electronic survey about transfusion including the use of EISs. Further information was requested for WCTs and near‐miss WCTs.RESULTSA response rate of 93 of 222 (42%) hospitals accounted for 38% of UK blood component issues in 2015 and 2016. Thirty‐three of 93 (35%) hospitals employ manual procedures and 16 (17%) use EISs throughout the transfusion process; most of the remainder use EISs for blood collection only. Fifty‐seven WCTs were identified in approximately two million blood components. The primary error was at blood draw and sample labeling (3), blood collection (15), and administration (2); the remainder were mostly blood bank errors. No WCTs occurred with blood draw and sample labeling or administration with use of EISs. Three WCTs occurred with EISs for blood collection due to incorrect processes for emergency transfusions of group O blood without any adverse effects. Seventeen WCTs occurred with manual processes; one was an ABO‐incompatible red blood cell transfusion resulting in renal impairment. Near‐miss WCTs were also more frequent with manual procedures than EISs at blood draw and sample labeling and blood collection.CONCLUSIONSThis is the first multicenter study to demonstrate a lower incidence of WCTs and near‐miss WCTs with EISs compared to manual processes, and highlights some limitations of both manual and EIS procedures.
Augmenting Your Field of Vision
Authors: Gonzalez Carlos M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Where virtual reality isolates users from the world around them, augmented reality offers the best of both natural vision and digital information. It can provide real-time assistance to workers in remote locations, help workers learn new skills, or walk technicians through a repair. It provides a mobile and intuitive way for engineers to interact with sensor data, digital twins, and their physical counterparts. This article delves deeper into how automation, manufacturing, and design companies are exploring the value of this disruptive technology.
Brain Drain
Authors: Kota Sridhar 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Federal R&D at U.S. universities and national labs continues to unlock scientific mysteries. Yet more and more research involving manufacturing and scaleup is done overseas. As a result, the United States is losing its ability to translate taxpayer-funded research into mass prodution. The U.S. manufacturing economy is as large as that of Japan and Germany combined, but a closer look shows that many industries have stopped innovating and are no longer globally competitive. This article highlights that we need a commitment to engineering that parallels the infrastructure we have created in science.
Validity and Reliability of a Single Question for Leisure-Time Physical Activity Assessment in Middle-Aged Women
Authors: Hyvärinen Matti , Sipilä Sarianna , Kulmala Janne , Hakonen Harto , Tammelin Tuija H. , Kujala Urho M. , Kovanen Vuokko , Laakkonen Eija K. 
Published: October 2019

Purpose: To investigate the validity and test–retest reliability of a single seven-level scale physical activity assessment question (SR-PA L7) and its three-level categorization (SR-PA C3). Methods: The associations of SR-PA L7 and C3 with accelerometer-measured leisure-time physical activity (ACC-LTPA) and with the results of four different physical performance tests (6-min walk [n = 733], knee extension [n = 695], vertical jump [n = 731], and grip force [n = 780]) were investigated among women aged 47–55 years participating in the Estrogenic Regulation of Muscle Apoptosis study (n = 795). The reliability was studied using Spearman correlations with 4-month test–retest period (n = 152). Results: SR-PA L7 and C3 had low correlations with ACC-LTPA (rs = .105–.337). SR-PA L7, SR-PA C3, and ACC-LTPA explained comparable but small amount of variance of the physical performance test results. The reliability analysis provided moderate agreement (rs = .707 and .622 for SR-PA L7 and C3, respectively). Conclusions: SR-PA L7 and C3 demonstrated limited validity and reasonable repeatability.
Cardiovascular risk factors from diagnosis in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Jones Stephanie , Khanolkar Amal R , Gevers Evelien , Stephenson Terence , Amin Rakesh 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundFor childhood onset type 1 diabetes (T1D), the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is greatly accelerated and results in early cardiovascular disease (CVD) and increased mortality. However, cardioprotective interventions in this age group are not routinely undertaken.AimsTo document prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors from diagnosis of childhood T1D and their relationship with disease duration and ethnicity.MethodsRoutinely collected clinical records for 565 children with T1D were retrospectively analyzed. Data were collected from diagnosis and at routine check-ups at pediatric diabetes clinics across Barts Health National Health Service Trust. Age at diagnosis was 8.5 years (0.9–19.4). Mean follow-up 4.3 years (0–10.8). 48% were boys and 60% were non-white. Linear longitudinal mixed effects models were used to evaluate relationships between risk factors and diabetes duration.ResultsCVD risk factors were present at first screening; 33.8% of children were overweight or obese, 20.5% were hypertensive (elevated diastolic blood pressure (BP)) and total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were abnormal in 63.5%, 34.2% and 22.0%, respectively. Significant associations between diabetes duration and annual increases of body mass index (0.6 kg/m2), BP (0.1 SD score) and lipids (0.02–0.06 mmol/L) were noted. Annual increases were significantly higher in black children for BP and Bangladeshi children for lipids. Bangladeshi children also had greatest baseline levels.ConclusionsCVD risk factors are present in up to 60% of children at diagnosis of T1D and increase in prevalence during the early years of the disease. Commencing screening in younger children and prioritizing appropriate advice and attention to ethnic variation when calculating risk should be considered.