bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative expression of mRNA encoding BMP/SMAD signalling genes in the ovaries of Booroola carrier and non‐carrier GMM sheep
Authors: Bahire Sangharatna V. , Rajput Pradeep K. , Kumar Vijay , Kumar Davendra , Kataria Meena , Kumar Satish 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe GMM sheep is a carrier of Booroola fecundity (FecB) gene, which produces the twins and triplets in one lambing. The homozygous carrier GMM (FecBBB), non‐carrier GMM and Malpura (FecB++) ewes were synchronized by progesterone sponges, and the plasma progesterone concentration was measured by RIA. The results showed that the progesterone concentration did not differ significantly (p > .05) in homozygous carrier GMM (5.74 ± 1.2 ng/ml), non‐carrier GMM (5.42 ± 1.4 ng/ml) and non‐carrier Malpura ewes (5.67 ± 1.5 ng/ml). Further, quantitative expression of BMP factors/receptors and SMAD signalling genes were analysed in the ovaries of sheep by qRT‐PCR. The study showed that the expression of BMP2 was slightly higher (p > .05) in carrier GMM than that of non‐carrier GMM, but it was almost similar to Malpura ewes. Expression of BMP4 and BMP7 was significantly higher (p < .001; p < .05) in carrier GMM than that of non‐carrier GMM and Malpura ewes. Although BMP6 expression was higher (p > .05) in carrier GMM than that of non‐carrier GMM, but lower (p > .05) than the Malpura ewes. Expression of BMP15 (p < .05), GDF5 (p < .01) and GDF9 (p < .05) was significantly higher in carrier GMM than non‐carrier GMM ewes. Surprisingly, BMPR1B expression was significantly higher (p < .001) in non‐carrier GMM and Malpura than the carrier GMM ewes, while TGFβRI did not differ significantly (p > .05) among both GMM genotypes. On the other hand, expression of BMPR1A (p > .05) and BMPRII (p < .05) was higher in carrier GMM than the non‐carrier GMM, but significantly lower (p < .001) than the Malpura ewes. It was interesting to note that the expression of SMAD1 (p > .05), SMAD2 (p < .001), SMAD3 (p < .05), SMAD4 (p < .001), SMAD5 (p < .001) and SMAD8 (p < .001) was lower in the carrier GMM than that of non‐carrier GMM ewes. It is concluded that the FecB mutation alters the expression of BMPR1B and SMAD signalling genes in the ovaries of homozygous carrier GMM ewes.
The Elasticity of Taxable Income: The Case of South Africa
Authors: Kemp Johannes Hermanus 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA key tax policy parameter that has received much attention in the international literature, but about which there is substantial uncertainty, is the overall elasticity of taxable income. The size of this parameter is central to the formulation of tax and transfer policy, as well as for the study of the welfare implications of tax decisions. This paper uses a panel of individual tax returns for the period 2009–2013 and the phenomenon of “bracket creep” to construct instrumental variable estimates of the sensitivity of income to changes in tax rates. Estimates suggest that the overall elasticity of taxable income is approximately 0.3, while that of broad income is significantly lower. The overall response is primarily driven by the elastic response of taxable income for high‐income earners, who have an elasticity of closer to 0.4. Using the elasticity estimates within an optimal tax framework, it is determined that the optimal marginal tax rate for the top 10% of income earners is broadly in line with the current income tax schedule. However, results also suggest that there is little scope for raising marginal rates on high‐income earners further without inducing a negative revenue response.
Optimized immunocytochemistry using leukocyte and tissue markers on Romanowsky‐stained slides from dogs and cats
Authors: Raskin Rose E. , Vickers Julie , Ward Jennifer G. , Toland Angus , Torrance Andrew G. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundRomanowsky staining is often the initial method used to stain hematologic and cytologic materials. While immunocytochemistry (ICC) is a well‐established method on air‐dried smears, there are rare veterinary reports of ICC involving Romanowsky‐stained slides.ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare immunoreactivity of unstained vs Romanowsky‐stained specimens, evaluate reactions over time, and assess ICC associations with confirmatory tests of 50 lymphoma cases. Another goal aimed to optimize manual ICC protocols with cellular and tissue immunomarkers to detect CD3ε, CD20, Pax5, MHCII, lysozyme, MUM1, vimentin, cytokeratin, and Melan‐A antigens on Romanowsky‐stained specimens.Materials and methodsCytologic specimens from cases of lymphoid and nonlymphoid neoplasms were stained with a methanolic Romanowsky method. Additional unstained slides from these cases were used for comparison with the stained materials. Antigen retrieval involved a citrate buffer pH6 or Tris/EDTA pH9 at 95°C for 25 minutes in a decloaking chamber. Immunocytochemistry used known positive and secondary antibody‐only negative cytologic controls. Immunoreactivity of unstained and prestained lymphoma slides was graded by the intensity and percent of stained cells. Signal grading was monitored over time for diagnostic differences.ResultsUnstained and Romanowsky‐stained slides had similar membrane/cytoplasm graded reactions, but unstained slides produced stronger signals. Romanowsky‐stained blood films from B‐cell and T‐cell leukemias showed minimal loss of signal when monitored over 20 weeks. Signal differences did not change the diagnosis. There was a significant association between ICC and confirmatory tests. Optimization involved antibody dilution and antigen retrieval methodology for each antibody tested.ConclusionsImmunocytochemistry of Romanowsky‐stained material can be successfully performed using antibodies against CD3ε, CD20, cytokeratin, lysozyme, Melan‐A, MHCII, MUM1, Pax5, and vimentin.
Lq‐valued Burkholder–Rosenthal inequalities and sharp estimates for stochastic integrals
Authors: Dirksen Sjoerd , Yaroslavtsev Ivan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe prove sharp maximal inequalities for ‐valued stochastic integrals with respect to any Hilbert space‐valued local martingale. Our proof relies on new Burkholder–Rosenthal type inequalities for martingales taking values in an ‐space.
Optimal Selection of Basis Functions for Minimum-Effort Tracking Control of Nonminimum Phase Systems Using Filtered Basis Functions
Authors: Ramani Keval S. , Duan Molong , Okwudire Chinedum E. , Ulsoy A. Galip 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Accurate tracking of nonminimum phase (NMP) systems is well known to require large amounts of control effort. It is, therefore, of practical value to minimize the effort needed to achieve a desired level of tracking accuracy for NMP systems. There is growing interest in the use of the filtered basis functions (FBF) approach for tracking the control of linear NMP systems because of distinct performance advantages it has over other methods. The FBF approach expresses the control input as a linear combination of user-defined basis functions. The basis functions are forward filtered through the dynamics of the plant, and the coefficients are selected such that the tracking error is minimized. There is a wide variety of basis functions that can be used with the FBF approach, but there has been no work to date on how to select the best set of basis functions. Toward selecting the best basis functions, the Frobenius norm of the lifted system representation (LSR) of dynamics is proposed as an excellent metric for evaluating the performance of linear time varying (LTV) discrete-time tracking controllers, like FBF, independent of the desired trajectory to be tracked. Using the metric, an optimal set of basis functions that minimize the control effort without sacrificing tracking accuracy is proposed. The optimal set of basis functions is shown in simulations and experiments to significantly reduce control effort while maintaining or improving tracking accuracy compared to popular basis functions, like B-splines.
Packaging for Laser-Based White Lighting: Status and Perspectives
Authors: Ma Yupu , Luo Xiaobing 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLight-emitting diodes (LEDs) have gained wide adoption in general illumination applications in the last decade. However, the efficiency drop of LEDs with increasing current density limits the luminous flux per wafer area. In contrast, laser diodes (LDs) can achieve higher efficiency at high current density. Likewise, the etendue of LDs is very low due to the small emitting area and divergent angle, facilitating the high-luminance. Hence, LDs may outperform LEDs in future high-luminance solid-state lighting (SSL). However, the rapid development of high-luminance white laser diode (WLD) is still facing some challenges. First, the heat flux of LD chip is extremely high, leading to a higher junction temperature. Second, the laser beam exhibits an elliptical and astigmatic pattern with Gaussian intensity distribution, which may deteriorate the lighting performances. Third, to achieve high-luminance lighting, the laser beam is usually focused onto the phosphor layer, which may easily increase the phosphor temperature to the thermal quenching region. A comprehensive understanding of these problems enables the advancements of packaging designs for WLDs. In this review, we summarized the recent progress in the packaging of WLDs. First, the advantages and applications of LDs were presented. Then, the state-of-the-art methods of generating white light using LDs were reviewed, in terms of packaging structures and performances. Finally, the challenges and corresponding progresses for the packaging of WLDs were overviewed. This review intends to contribute to the development of next-generation high-luminance laser-based white lighting.
Current Status and Future Challenges for Small Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
Authors: Van Treuren Kenneth W. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This paper examines the category of small wind turbines. Numerous definitions are found in the literature. However, this paper's focus is on fixed pitch, small horizontal axis wind turbines, with a direct drive DC generator in the 1–10 kW class. Small wind turbine growth world-wide is analyzed for trends and predicted development. It is necessary to discuss design tools available for design, including computational fluid dynamic models and experimentally testing both open rotors and wind tunnel models. Wind turbines must be optimized for peak performance to include startup/cut-in speeds and other modifications. These wind turbines will rely on new and purposely designed airfoils; however, for low-Reynolds number conditions, computational tools do not accurately predict separation. An analysis of noise generation as well as design techniques for reducing noise is necessary for future designs. Discussions on the technologies particular to small wind turbines should include the topics of aerodynamics and structures/materials. Small wind turbines are contributing to the concept of distributed generation. Urban applications are leading to studies of flow fields in and around buildings. Interest in hybrid systems, which combine wind with other energy generation systems such as solar, internal combustion engines, and diesel engines, is growing. These systems are advantageous for the homeowner, small business, cell phone towers, remote locations, and backup emergency power systems (to include lighting). Finally, the concept of energy storage must be addressed in the context of small wind turbines, especially those turbines used in an isolated application.
Effect of Baduanjin exercise on patients with chronic heart failure: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Li Jieying , Yu Feng , Huang Na , Lu Jianhui , Xu Weixian , Liu Nan 
Published: July 2019

IntroductionChronic heart failure (CHF) is defined when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body’s needs, and it is caused by various cardiopulmonary diseases. CHF is a common, lifelong and costly condition. Baduanjin exercise (BDJE), a form of traditional Chinese regimen, has been integrated into China’s clinical practice in recent years and has shown promise in cardiac rehabilitation of CHF patients. However, the efficacy of BDJE on CHF patients has not been fully statistically evaluated. In this study, we aim to systematically examine the efficacy and safety of BDJE for CHF patients.Methods and analysisA systematic literature search for articles up to October 2018 will be conducted in the following databases: Web of Science, Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Chinese Science and Technology Periodicals Database, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang Database. We will also search other resources. Randomised controlled trials that examined treatment of CHF patients with BDJE will be selected. Results will be analysed by assessing the quality of life of patients using the Minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire, and measurement of distance walked over a span of 6 min in the 6 min walk test. RevMan 5.3 will be used for data synthesis, sensitivity analysis, meta-regression analysis, subgroup analysis and risk of bias assessment. A funnel plot will be developed to evaluate reporting bias, and Begg and Egger tests will be used to assess funnel plot symmetries. Grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation system will be utilised to assess the quality of evidence.Ethics and disseminationThis systematic review will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal.PROSPEROregistration numberCRD42018114672.
Factors associated with long-term prescription of benzodiazepine: a retrospective cohort study using a health insurance database in Japan
Authors: Takano Ayumi , Ono Sachiko , Yamana Hayato , Matsui Hiroki , Matsumoto Toshihiko , Yasunaga Hideo , Kawakami Norito 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivesCurrent clinical guidelines discourage long-term prescription of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs (BZD); however, the practice continues to exist. The aim of this study was to investigate the proportion of long-term BZD prescriptions and its risk factors.DesignRetrospective cohort study using a health insurance database.SettingJapan.ParticipantsA total of 86 909 patients were identified as outpatients aged 18 to 65 years who started BZD between 1 October 2012 and 1 April 2015. After excluding patients who underwent surgery on the day of first BZD prescription (n=762) and patients without 8 months follow-up (n=12 103), 74 044 outpatients were analysed.Main outcome measuresWe investigated the proportion of long-term prescriptions for ≥8 months among new BZD users. We assessed patient demographics, diagnoses, characteristics of the initial BZD prescription and prescribers as potential predictors of the long-term BZD prescription. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess the association between long-term prescription and potential predictors.ResultsOf the new BZD users, 6687 (9.0%) were consecutively prescribed BZD for ≥8 months. The long-term prescription was significantly associated with mood and neurotic disorder, cancer, prescription by psychiatrists, multiple prescriptions, hypnotics and medium half-life BZD in the initial prescription.ConclusionDespite the recent clinical guidelines, 9% of new BZD users were given prescriptions for more than 8 months. Physicians should be aware of risk factors when prescribing BZDs for the first time.
016 One disease or three: is frontotemporal dementia – motor neuron disease a distinct entity?
Authors: Long Zhe (Jill) , Irish Muireann , Foxe David , Hodges John , Piguet Olivier , Burrell James 
Published: July 2019

IntroductionFrontotemporal dementia-motor neuron disease (FTD-MND) is diagnosed when patients meet criteria for the diagnosis of both FTD and MND, but the mode presentation of this disorder is currently unknown. This study aimed to compare the mode of presentation, and profiles of behavioural and language disturbances, of FTD-MND with that of other FTD phenotypes using a data-driven approach.Methods31 FTD-MND, 119 bvFTD, 47 PNFA, 42 SD patients and 127 controls underwent comprehensive clinical, neuropsychological and neuroimaging assessments. Z-transformed scores were used to compare the severity of behavioural and language domains in each disease group. Two-step cluster analysis profiled patient subgroups. Voxel-based morphometry investigated differential patterns of cortical atrophy between groups.ResultsOverall, FTD-MND patients presented with behavioural or language disturbances less frequently than FTD phenotypes, but mixed behavioural-language presentations were more common. FTD-MND patients demonstrated less severe disinhibition, apathy and semantic deficits relative to bvFTD and SD respectively.Behavioural and language deficits were of comparable severity in FTD-MND, unlike other FTD phenotypes where behaviour was worse than language (bvFTD) or language worse than behaviour (PNFA, SD).In cluster analysis, FTD-MND patients were evenly distributed across three subgroups designated as ‘mild mixed’, ‘language dominant’ and ‘behavioural dominant’. Relative to the ‘mild mixed’ group, ‘language dominant’ patients demonstarted more atrophy of the anterior temporal lobe and peri-insular regions, while ‘behavioural dominant’ patients displayed more prefrontal atrophy.ConclusionFTD-MND does not present as a uniform syndrome. Rather, there may be at least three subgroups that demonstrate distinctive cognitive, behavioural, and neuroanatomical characteristics.
048 Harding’s disease: an important MS mimic
Authors: Joshi Stuti , Kermode Allan 
Published: July 2019

IntroductionLeber’s hereditary optic neuropathy is a mitochondrially-inherited disorder characterized by bilateral, painless visual loss, which leads to severe optic atrophy.1 LHON can be associated with an MS-like illness referred to as Harding’s disease.2We report two siblings, who both harbour the 11778 mtDNA mutation, but manifest markedly different clinical phenotypes; a male with classical LHON and a female with Harding’s disease.Methods and ResultsA 61-year-old female, who was diagnosed with MS 22 years ago was referred to our service for a second opinion. She developed unilateral painless visual loss in her 20’s, was diagnosed with optic neuritis and treated with corticosteroids with some recovery. A second episode of more severe visual loss at age 39 left her with visual impairment to less than finger counting. 4 years later, she had an episode of dysarthria and gait ataxia. MRI showed multifocal white matter lesions involving the juxta-cortical and periventricular regions, cerebellar peduncle and cervical cord. Targeted views of the optic pathways showed hyperintensity of the left optic nerve, with involvement extending into the optic canal.The patient has one brother who was diagnosed with LHON at age 37 after presenting with severe painless bilateral sequential visual loss. Genetic testing of the index patient confirmed the presence of the same mutation identified in her brother. ConclusionLHON and Harding’s disease demonstrate a great degree of variability in clinical phenotype and penetrance between males and females as well as individuals within the same family.3 While there is no evidence for screening MS cohorts for the LHON, consider genetic testing in patients with severe and persistent bilateral visual loss or with a suggestive family history.4ReferencesHarding AE, Sweeney MG, Miller DH, Mumford CJ, Kellar-Wood H, Menard D,McDonald WI, Compston DA. Occurrence of a multiple sclerosis-like illness in women who have a Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy mitochondrial DNA mutation. Brain. 1992 August;115 ( Pt 4):979–89.Palace J. Multiple sclerosis associated with Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy. J Neurol Sci. 2009 November 15;286(1–2):24–7. Review.Pfeffer G, Burke A, Yu-Wai-Man P, Compston DAS, Chinnery PF. Clinical features of MS associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy mtDNA mutations. Neurology. 2013;81(24):2073–2081.Yu-Wai-Man P, Chinnery PF. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. In: Pagon RA MP, Adam Ardinger HH eds. GeneReviews. Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Seattle; 2013. Accessed May 7, 2018.
049 Real world evidence (RWE) on impact of age on long-term persistence to disease modifying therapies (DMTS) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) in australia
Authors: Kornberg Andrew , Spelman Tim , Schulz Mark , Arora Birendra , Chung Eric , Juneja Prabjot , Walker Robert , Walt Anneke van der , Butzkueven Helmut 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundAge has been independently associated with higher rates of treatment discontinuation in multiple sclerosis.ObjectiveThe current study examines the impact of age on persistence for all reimbursed DMTs for RRMS in Australia.MethodsThe Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) 10% sample supplied by the Department of Human Services was used in this study. Eligible patients must have received a script for a reimbursed DMT for RRMS between September 2011 and February 2016. Patients were classified into five age-groups (ages 18–30; 31–40; 41–50; 51–60; 61+) and defined as persistent if their DMT script was filled within 4 months. Persistence was derived using the Kaplan-Meier method and hazard ratios (HR) to represent the relative rate of drop-off of different age groups.ResultsPatients aged 18–30 (n=250) had a 44% increased risk of discontinuation (HR 1.44 (95%CI: 1.22–1.72) compared to the ‘all ages’ cohort (n=1,866); no significant difference was observed for any other age group (HRs between 1.08 and 0.92). Patients in this 18–30 age-group had a significantly higher risk of discontinuation on injectable therapy (glatiramer acetate, interferon beta-1a, interferon beta-1b) compared to those on non-injectable therapy (dimethyl fumarate, fingolimod, natalizumab, teriflunomide) (HR 2.42 (95% CI: 1.63–3.61).ConclusionsPatients aged 18–30 were the least persistent age group in this study. Patients aged 18–30 were less persistent on injectable than non-injectable DMTs.