bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Particulate matter emissions of four types of one cigarette brand with and without additives: a laser spectrometric particulate matter analysis of secondhand smoke
Authors: Braun Markus , Fromm Elsa-Luise , Gerber Alexander , Klingelhöfer Doris , Müller Ruth , Groneberg David A 
Published: January 2019

ObjectiveInhaled particulate matter (PM) in secondhand smoke (SHS) is deleterious for smokers and non-smokers. Different additives in cigarettes might effect the amount of PM. This study aimed to assess the influence of additives on the PM emissions from different cigarette types in SHS.DesignAn experimental study of PM measuring in SHS of cigarettes without exposition of any person.MethodThe concentrations of PM (PM10, PM2.5and PM1) in SHS of four different types of cigarettes of the brand Lucky Strike, two types with additives (Original Red, Original Blue) and two types without additives (Straight Red, Straight Blue), in comparison to the reference cigarette 3R4F were analysed. An automatic environmental tobacco smoke emitter generated SHS in an enclosed space with a volume of 2.88 m3. PM was measured with a laser aerosol spectrometer (Grimm model 1.109). Afterwards, the measuring values of the four Lucky Strike brands and the reference cigarette were statistically evaluated and visualised.ResultsLucky Strike Straight Blue, a cigarette type without additives and lower tar amount, showed 10% to 25% lower PM mean values compared with the other tested Lucky Strike products, but 21% (PM1) respectively 27% (PM2.5,PM10) higher mean values than the reference cigarette. The PM mean of all measured smoke-free baseline values (clean air) was 1.6 µg/m³. It increased up to about 1800 µg/m³ for the reference cigarette and up to about 3070 µg/m³ for the Lucky Strike Original Blue.ConclusionsThe findings of this study show the massive increase of PM amount by smoking cigarettes in enclosed spaces and suggest that additives in tobacco products increase the PM amount in SHS. For validation, further comparative studies are necessary focusing on the comparison of the PM concentration of cigarettes with and without additives.ImplicationsDue to the exposure to SHS, 890 000 people die each year worldwide. PM in SHS endangers the health of both non-smokers and smokers. This study considers the effect of additives like aromatics and humectant agents in cigarettes on PM in SHS. Do additives in tobacco products increase the amount of PM?
Screening strategies for hypertension: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Schmidt Bey-Marrié , Durão Solange , Toews Ingrid , Bavuma Charlotte M , Meerpohl Joerg J , Kredo Tamara 
Published: January 2019

IntroductionIt is unclear whether early detection of hypertension, through screening, leads to healthier behaviours and better control of blood pressure levels. There is a need to learn from studies that have assessed the impact of different screening approaches on patient important outcomes. This systematic review protocol outlines the methods that will be used to assess the comparative effectiveness of different screening strategies (mass, targeted or opportunistic) for hypertension to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with hypertension.Methods and analysisWe will primarily search Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, Embase and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS). Relevant randomised controlled trials, controlled before and after, interrupted time series and prospective analytic cohort studies regardless of publication date, language and geographic location, will be included. We are interested in clinical, adverse event and health system outcomes. Two reviewers will independently screen titles, abstracts and full-text articles against inclusion criteria; perform data extraction and assess risk of bias in included studies. We will assess the certainty of the overall evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach and report findings accordingly.Ethics and disseminationNo ethics approval will be sought, as only secondary studies will be used. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication and conference presentations.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018093046.
Evaluation of instructions in patient information leaflets for the use of intranasal corticosteroid sprays: an observational study
Authors: Rollema Corine , van Roon Eric M , Schilder Anne GM , de Vries Tjalling W 
Published: January 2019

ObjectivesIn this study, we analysed patient information leaflets (PILs) of intranasal corticosteroid sprays (INCS) of different manufacturers in the UK to determine if instructions for the use of INCS are complete and uniform.SettingPILs of all INCS of all manufacturers, available for patients in the UK, were collected from the British National Formulary website and the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency website. All instructions in these PILs were analysed.ParticipantsWe identified PILs of INCS from 21 different manufacturers, available for patients in the UK.ResultsWe analysed the instructions for the use of INCS in 21 different PILs and there is large variation in the PIL instructions for the technique of using INCS across PILs.ConclusionComplete and uniform instructions for the use of INCS are lacking in PILs for registered preparations in the UK. Structured and standardised instructions to be used by both professionals and patients are essential in order to optimise daily use of INCS.
Generation patterns, modified γ − Z mixing, and hidden sector with dark matter candidates as framed standard model results
Authors: Bordes José , Chan Hong-Mo , Tsou Sheung Tsun 
Published: January 2019

A descriptive summary is given of the results to-date from the framed standard model (FSM) which: Assigns geometric meaning to the Higgs field and to fermion generations, hence offering an explanation for the observed mass and mixing patterns of quarks and leptons, reproducing near-quantitatively 17 of SM parameters with only 7. Predicts a new vector boson [Formula: see text] which mixes with [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], leading to deviations from the SM mixing scheme. For [Formula: see text] TeV, these deviations are within present experimental errors but should soon be detectable at LHC when experimental accuracy is further improved. Suggests the existence of a hidden sector of particles as yet unknown to experiment which interact but little with the known particles. The lowest members of the hidden sector of mass around 17 MeV, being electrically neutral and stable, may figure as dark matter constituents. The idea is to retrace the steps leading to the above results unencumbered by details already worked out and reported elsewhere. This has helped to clarify the logic, tighten some arguments and dispense with one major assumption previously thought necessary, thus strengthening earlier results in opening up possibly a new and exciting vista for further exploration.
The First-week Proliferative Response of Peripheral Blood PD-1+CD8+ T Cells Predicts the Response to Anti-PD-1 Therapy in Solid Tumors
Authors: Kim Kyung Hwan , Cho Jinhyun , Ku Bo Mi , Koh Jiae , Sun Jong-Mu , Lee Se-Hoon , Ahn Jin Seok , Cheon Jaekyung , Min Young Joo , Park Su-Hyung , Park Keunchil , Ahn Myung-Ju , Shin Eui-Cheol 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Purpose:
To investigate blood-based dynamic biomarkers that predict responses to anti–programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy in solid tumors.

Experimental Design:
Preplanned biomarker analysis was performed as part of a phase II clinical trial (NCT02607631) in patients with metastatic or refractory thymic epithelial tumors (TETs; n = 31) who received pembrolizumab. The biomarker was further tested in an independent cohort of prospectively recruited patients with metastatic non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who received pembrolizumab or nivolumab (NSCLC cohort 1; n = 33) and validated in an independent cohort of patients with NSCLC (NSCLC cohort 2; n = 46). Peripheral blood samples were obtained immediately before treatment (D0) and 7 days after the first dose (D7) and analyzed using multi-color flow cytometry.

Results:
A higher fold-change in the percentage of Ki-67+ cells among PD-1+CD8+ T cells 7 days after the first dose (Ki-67D7/D0) significantly predicted durable clinical benefit (DCB; P &lt; 0.001) and prolonged progression-free survival (PFS; P = 0.027) in patients with TETs. Ki-67D7/D0 ≥ 2.8 was also associated with better DCB, PFS, and overall survival (OS) in NSCLC cohort 1 (all P &lt; 0.05). Ki-67D7/D0 was subsequently validated in NSCLC cohort 2, and Ki-67D7/D0 ≥ 2.8 significantly predicted better DCB (P = 0.001), PFS (P = 0.002), and OS (P = 0.037). Ki-67D7/D0 had a low correlation with tumor PD-L1 expression and combining both factors did not improve the predictive power of Ki-67D7/D0.

Conclusions:
The proliferative response of peripheral blood PD-1+CD8+ T cells, measured as the fold-change in the percentage of Ki-67+ cells 7 days after treatment (Ki-67D7/D0), may be a useful surrogate biomarker for predicting the response and prognosis to anti-PD-1 therapy in solid tumors.
Continued Endocrine Therapy Is Associated with Improved Survival in Patients with Breast Cancer Brain Metastases
Authors: Bergen Elisabeth S. , Berghoff Anna S. , Medjedovic Mela , Rudas Margaretha , Fitzal Florian , Bago-Horvath Zsuzsanna , Dieckmann Karin , Mader Robert M. , Exner Ruth , Gnant Michael , Zielinski Christoph C. , Steger Guenther G. , Preusser Matthias , Bartsch Rupert 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPurpose:Brain metastases (BMs) are a rare but devastating condition in estrogen receptor (ER)–positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Although endocrine therapy (ET) is the mainstay of treatment in this disease subtype, only case reports have been published concerning the activity of ET in BMs henceforth. Therefore, we aimed to systematically investigate the impact of ET after diagnosis of BM on outcome and clinical course of disease in patients with ER-positive MBC.Experimental Design:Patient characteristics, detailed information about BMs including diagnosis-specific graded prognostic assessment class (DS-GPA), and clinical outcome were obtained by retrospective chart review for all patients treated for ER-positive breast cancer BMs between 1990 and 2017 at an academic care center. Overall survival (OS) was measured as the interval from diagnosis of BM until death or last date of follow-up.Results:Overall, 198 patients [female: 195/198 (98.5%); male: 3/198 (1.5%)] with ER-positive breast cancer BMs were available for this analysis. Eighty-eight of 198 patients (44.4%) received ET after diagnosis of BM including aromatase inhibitors (AIs; letrozole, anastrozole, exemestane), tamoxifen, and fulvestrant. Median OS was significantly longer in patients receiving ET after diagnosis of BM compared with patients who did not (15 vs. 4 months, P &lt; 0.001; log-rank test). No significant difference in terms of OS was observed between patients receiving AIs, tamoxifen, or fulvestrant. In patients with concomitant leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LC), ET prolonged median OS significantly as well (7 vs. 3 months, P = 0.012; log-rank test). In a multivariate analysis including DS-GPA and ET, only treatment with ET after diagnosis of BM (HR, 0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.48–0.99; P = 0.046) was associated with prognosis (Cox regression model).Conclusions:Continuing ET after BM diagnosis was associated with a significantly prolonged OS in this large single-center cohort. No substantial differences between substances were observed. These findings should be validated in a prospective cohort.
Iluminismo aristocrático no período de Humano, demasiado Humano
Authors: Silva Júnior Ivo 
Published: January 2019

Esse trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as razões pelas quais Nietzsche passa a advogar posições de caráter nitidamente iluminista no período intermediário de sua obra. Para tanto, examina o papel da guerra franco-prussiana e seus desdobramentos no deslocamento conceitual operado na obra do filósofo.
Palavras-chaveIluminismo; Aristocracia; Modernidade; Nacionalismo; Guerra franco-prussiana.
A tarefa da transvaloração: esclarecimentos a partir da correspondência de Nietzsche em 1888
Authors: Rubira Luís 
Published: January 2019

Partindo para Sils-Maria em 6 de junho de 1888, Nietzsche somente encontra forças para retomar plenamente sua atividade intelectual no final do verão no qual sua saúde “‘foi por água abaixo’ [‘ins Wasser gefallen’]” (Carta a Meta von Salis, 22 de agosto de 1888, KSB 8.397). Após concluir o Crepúsculo dos Ídolos entre o final de agosto e o início de setembro, ele então toma coragem para empreender a “tremenda tarefa da transvaloração [Aufgabe der Umwerthung]”, esboça o projeto dessa tarefa em quatro livros e redige no dia 3 de setembro o prefácio de O Anticristo. Movimentos vertiginosos que implicam numa mudança de rumo em sua filosofia, embora possam ser percebidos em sequência lógica e cronológica tanto em suas anotações de setembro quanto mais tarde em Ecce Homo, eles apenas ganham clareza no epistolário nietzschiano. Com base nele, buscaremos mostrar que embora restem dúvidas sobre o motivo que conduz o filósofo a partir de 20 de novembro a considerar O Anticristo como a obra da transvaloração (abandonando a redação dos demais livros do projeto inicial), a tarefa da transvaloração ‒ iniciada nas proximidades do lago de Silvaplana — é indissociável do pensamento do eterno retorno do mesmo.
Palavras-chaveNietzsche; Transvaloração; Tarefa; Projeto; Correspondência.
Association of Statewide Certificate of Need Regulations With Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Appropriateness and Outcomes
Authors: Chui Philip W. , Parzynski Craig S. , Ross Joseph S. , Desai Nihar R. , Gurm Hitinder S. , Spertus John A. , Seto Arnold H. , Ho Vivian , Curtis Jeptha P. 
Published: January 2019

Background

Certificate of need (
CON
) regulations are intended to coordinate new healthcare services, limit expansion of unnecessary new infrastructure, and limit healthcare costs. However, there is limited information about the association of
CON
regulations with the appropriateness and outcomes of percutaneous coronary interventions (
PCI
). The study sought to characterize the association between state
CON
regulations and
PCI
appropriateness.

Methods and Results

We used data from the American College of Cardiology's Cath
PCI
Registry to analyze 1 268 554
PCI
s performed at 1297 hospitals between January 2010 and December 2011. We used the Appropriate Use Criteria to classify
PCI
procedures as appropriate, maybe appropriate, or rarely appropriate and used Chi‐square analyses to assess whether the proportions of
PCI
s in each Appropriate Use Criteria category varied depending on whether the procedure had been performed in a state with or without
CON
regulations. Analyses were repeated stratified by whether or not the procedure had been performed in the setting of an acute coronary syndrome (
ACS
). Among 1 268 554
PCI
procedures, 674 384 (53.2%) were performed within 26
CON
states. The proportion of
PCI
s classified as rarely appropriate in
CON
states was slightly lower compared with non‐
CON
states (3.7% versus 4.0%,
P
<0.01). Absolute differences were larger among non‐
ACS PCI
(23.1% versus 25.0% [
P
<0.01]) and were not statistically significantly different in
ACS
(0.62% versus 0.63% [
P
>0.05]).

Conclusions

States with
CON
had lower proportions of rarely appropriate
PCI
s, but the absolute differences were small. These findings suggest that
CON
regulations alone may not limit rarely appropriate
PCI
among patients with and without
ACS
.
A Comment on “Public Policy Issues in Health Claims for Foods
Authors: Silverglade Bruce A. 
Published: January 2019

The regulation of nutrition information on food labels and in food advertising is one of the most important public health issues now pending before the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Widely disparate recommendations have been made concerning how these two agencies should regulate the provision of such information. This comment responds to the views presented by Calfee and Pappalardo [1991], which rely on free market principles to provide such information. The views expressed by the authors represent a refinement of similar views expressed by the Federal Trade Commission's (FTC) Bureau of Economics and the Commission's Bureau of Consumer Protection since 1984. Thus, this comment is not only a response to the preceding paper, but also represents a critique of FTC policy in this area. Public health concerns underlying the need for better nutrition information in food labeling and advertising will be reviewed. Differing regulatory approaches to providing nutrition information through the inclusion of health claims on food labels will be analyzed by contrasting the requirements of the new Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) [1990] with the regulatory approach recommended by the authors. Several marketing campaigns for foods instituted prior to the enactment of the NLEA, and regulated in accordance with the recommendations of the authors will be reviewed. Reasons why the FTC should modify its current regulatory and enforcement policies regarding health claims and make them uniform with those followed by the FDA in accordance with the requirements of the NLEA will be given.
Pattern of Brain Injury Predicts Long-Term Epilepsy Following Neonatal Encephalopathy
Authors: Xu Qi , Chau Vann , Sanguansermsri Chinnuwat , Muir Katherine E. , Tam Emily W. Y. , Miller Steven P. , Wong Darren S. T. , Chen Hao , Wong Peter K. H. , Zwicker Jill G. , Poskitt Kenneth J. , Hill Alan , Roland Elke H. 
Published: January 2019

Objective: To determine if patterns of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in term newborns predict subsequent childhood epilepsy. Methods: This retrospective cohort study includes term newborns with encephalopathy (n = 181) born between 2004-2012 and admitted to British Columbia Children’s Hospital. MRI was performed between 3 and 5 days of age. The predominant patterns of hypoxic-ischemic injury were classified as Normal, Watershed, Basal Nuclei, Total, and Focal-Multifocal. Lesions in hippocampus, motor and occipital cortex were noted. Results: Of 181 newborns, 166 (92%) survived the neonatal period, and 132 (80%) had follow-up with a median duration of 61 months (IQR: 28–95). Twenty-three children (17%) developed epilepsy. A higher proportion with Watershed, Basal Nuclei, or Total patterns developed epilepsy ( P < .001). Injury to motor cortex, hippocampus, and occipital lobe ( P < .01) were independent risk factors for epilepsy. In the adjusting logistic model, Watershed (odds ratio = 16.0, 95% CI [1.3, 197.2], P = .03) and Basal Nuclei injury (odds ratio = 19.4, 95% CI [1.9, 196.3], P = .01) remained independent risk factors. Therapeutic hypothermia did not alter these associations. Severity of brain injury and recurrent neonatal seizures are other clinical risk factors. Significance: In term newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, the predominant pattern of Watershed and Basal Nuclei injury are valuable predictors for development of epilepsy in later childhood.
Factors Influencing Work–Life Balance in Physicians and Advance Practice Clinicians and the Effect of Heartfulness Meditation Conference on Burnout
Authors: Thimmapuram Jayaram R , Grim Rodney , Bell Theodore , Benenson Ronald , Lavallee Mark , Modi Mihir , Noll David , Salter Ridgley 
Published: January 2019

Background Burnout levels have risen in recent years and satisfaction with work–life balance has decreased. Individual and organizational factors may affect burnout in physicians and advance practice clinicians (APCs). Meditation is a tool to mitigate stress and enhance well-being. In this study, we assessed the factors affecting work–life balance in physicians and APCs. We also measured the impact of Heartfulness meditation conference on burnout. Methods Physicians and APCs were surveyed through an abbreviated Maslach burnout inventory (aMBI) to assess the burnout levels and a question to assess the factors influencing work–life balance. Wellness initiatives included either attending a Heartfulness meditation conference or reading a book about burnout and wellness (approximated at a 3-h read). A repeat aMBI survey was sent 8 weeks after the conference. Pre- and postburnout scores were assessed. Results Of the 1393 physicians and APCs, 537 responded to the aMBI, and there were 414 comments (663 factors) for the question on work–life balance. Among the respondents, 60.5% and 32% had symptoms of moderate to severe emotional exhaustion (EE) and depersonalization, respectively. Twenty-eight percent of the respondents had symptoms of moderate to low personal accomplishment. The major factors impacting work–life balance included work load, work flow, and scheduling. A follow-up aMBI survey was completed by 79 from the conference group and 264 from the nonconference group. In the age-group between 30 and 50 for the conference group (n = 40), mean EE decreased from 9.8 to 8.6 with statistical significance ( P = .014). There was no statistically significant change in the nonconference group in any age-group. Conclusion Workload, workflow, and scheduling issues were the major factors affecting work–life balance. There is a significant level of burnout in physicians and APCs. Heartfulness meditation conference was associated with a significant decrease in EE in those aged 30 to 50 years. There was no significant change seen in the nonconference/book reading group.
Silent brain infarcts on diffusion-weighted imaging after carotid revascularisation: A surrogate outcome measure for procedural stroke? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Traenka Christopher , Engelter Stefan T , Brown Martin M , Dobson Joanna , Frost Chris , Bonati Leo H 
Published: January 2019

Aim To investigate whether lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI+) after carotid artery stenting (CAS) or endarterectomy (CEA) might provide a surrogate outcome measure for procedural stroke. Materials and Methods Systematic MedLine® database search with selection of all studies published up to the end of 2016 in which DWI scans were obtained before and within seven days after CAS or CEA. The correlation between the underlying log odds of stroke and of DWI+ across all treatment groups (i.e. CAS or CEA groups) from included studies was estimated using a bivariate random effects logistic regression model. Relative risks of DWI+ and stroke in studies comparing CAS vs. CEA were estimated using fixed-effect Mantel-Haenszel models. Results We included data of 4871 CAS and 2099 CEA procedures (85 studies). Across all treatment groups (CAS and CEA), the log odds for DWI+ was significantly associated with the log odds for clinically manifest stroke (correlation coefficient 0.61 (95% CI 0.27 to 0.87), p = 0.0012). Across all carotid artery stenting groups, the correlation coefficient was 0.19 (p = 0.074). There were too few CEA groups to reliably estimate a correlation coefficient in this subset alone. In 19 studies comparing CAS vs. CEA, the relative risks (95% confidence intervals) of DWI+ and stroke were 3.83 (3.17–4.63, p < 0.00001) and 2.38 (1.44–3.94, p = 0.0007), respectively. Discussion This systematic meta-analysis demonstrates a correlation between the occurrence of silent brain infarcts on diffusion-weighted imaging and the risk of clinically manifest stroke in carotid revascularisation procedures. Conclusion Our findings strengthen the evidence base for the use of DWI as a surrogate outcome measure for procedural stroke in carotid revascularisation procedures. Further randomised studies comparing treatment effects on DWI lesions and clinical stroke are needed to fully establish surrogacy.