bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal Ecological Performance Investigation of a Quantum Harmonic Oscillator Brayton Refrigerator
Authors: Liu Xiaowei , Chen Lingen , Wei Shuhuan , Meng Fankai 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A model for the quantum Brayton refrigerator that takes the harmonic oscillator system as the working substance is established. Expressions of cooling load, coefficient of performance (COP), and ecological function are derived. With numerical illustrations, the optimal ecological performance is investigated. At the same time, effects of heat leakage and quantum friction are also studied. For the case with the classical approximation, the optimal ecological performance, and effects of heat leakage and quantum friction are also investigated. For both general cases and the case with classical approximation, the results indicate that the ecological function has a maximum. The irreversible losses decrease the ecological performance, while having different effects on the optimal ecological performance. For the case with classical approximation, numerical calculation with friction coefficient μ = 0.02 and heat leakage coefficient Ce = 0.01 shows that the cooling load (RE) at the maximum ecological function is 6.23% smaller than the maximum cooling load (Rmax). The COP is also increased by 12.1%, and the exergy loss rate is decreased by 27.6%. Compared with the maximum COP state, the COP (ɛE) at the maximum ecological function is 0.55% smaller than the maximum COP (ɛmax) and that makes 7.63% increase in exergy loss rate, but also makes 6.17% increase in cooling load and 6.20% increase in exergy output rate.
Comparison of Clonidine and Epinephrine in Lidocaine for Cervical Plexus Block
Authors: Molnar Rowan R. , Davies Michael J. , Scott David A. , Silbert Brendan S. , Mooney Patricia H. 
Published: March 2019

Background and ObjectivesCarotid endarterectomy under cervical plexus block offers the advantage of awake neurologic assessment. The hypothesis was tested that the addition of clonidine 5 μg/mL to lidocaine 1.5% for the block is as effective clinically as the addition of epinephrine 5 μg/mL but without the associated tachycardia.MethodsIn a double-blind, randomized, prospective trial of 40 patients, local anesthetic solutions of lidocaine 1.5% containing either clonidine 5 μg/mL or epinephrine 5 μg/mL were compared for cervical plexus block in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Each solution was administered to 20 patients with a total lidocaine dose of 7 mg/kg. The electrocardiogram, heart rate, and arterial pressure (radial artery catheter) were continuously monitored. Blood samples were drawn for determination of serum lidocaine levels during the first hour.ResultsThe block onset time (8.4 ± 0.6 minutes for epinephrine, 8.8 ± 0.8 minutes for clonidine) and duration (139 ± 6.7 minutes for epinephrine, 148 ± 5.8 minutes for clonidine) were not different between the two groups. During the period from completion of the block until incision there was a significant heart rate increase in the epinephrine group (23% mean rise) as compared with the clonidine group (4% mean rise) (P < .003). There was no difference in blood pressure between the two groups. The maximum plasma concentrations of lidocaine were 2.5-7.6 μg/mL (mean, 4.5 ± 0.3 μg/mL) for the epinephrine group and 4.7-18.4 μg/mL (mean, 7.5 ± 0.7 μg/mL) for the clonidine group (P < .0002). The maximum concentrations were reached 0-30 minutes (mean, 8 ± 1.4 minutes) after injection for the epinephrine group and 0-10 minutes (mean, 4.5 ± 7.1 minutes) for the clonidine group (P < .03).ConclusionsClonidine 5 μg/mL is a useful additive to lidocaine 1.5% for cervical plexus block to reduce the incidence of tachycardia; however, omission of epinephrine results in higher serum lidocaine levels.
Long-Tapered Double Needle Used to Reduce Needle Stick Nerve Injury
Authors: Maruyama Masaaki 
Published: March 2019

Background and ObjectivesNeedle trauma may cause peripheral nerve injuries during performance of peripheral nerve block.MethodsFour types of 21-gauge needles for regional anesthesia were compared: a beveled nerve block needle (Quincke type); a short-tapered needle with a side orifice (Whitacre type); a long-tapered needle with a side orifice (Sprotte type); and a long-tapered double needle combining an inner pencil-point fine needle with an outer truncated conical needle (a new type). This new needle was developed to reduce the potential for nerve injury while retaining a suitable flow rate of anesthetic solution and the ability to inject the solution precisely at the point of paresthesia elicited by the tip. Each type of needle was used to produce puncture injuries to rabbit sciatic nerves. Eighteen specimens were studied within each needle group. The beveled needle was used to produce two different types of nerve injuries by inserting it either transverse or longitudinal to the nerve fibers. Each histologic specimen of the nerve with the needle puncture was surfacestained with hematoxylin-eosin and Bodian's method. Subsequently, the number of damaged axons was histomorphologically counted and statistically evaluated.ResultsBoth long-tapered needles produced significantly fewer transected axons than the beveled needle inserted with the bevel longitudinal to the nerve fibers.ConclusionThe long-tapered needles produced the least number of transected nerve fibers after sciatic nerve puncture.
Cervical Epidural Analgesia for Management of Pain Associated With Digital Vasculitis Secondary to Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Green Carmen Reneé , de Rosayro Michael A. 
Published: March 2019

Background and ObjectivesCutaneous vasculitis is a devastating extra-articular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis. The potential consequences of digital vasculitis are necrosis, ischemia, infarction, and eventually gangrene.MethodsA 54-year-old woman with a long history of rheumatoid arthritis developed an acute onset of severe diffuse occlusive cutaneous vasculitis beyond the head of the metacarpals (documented by angiogram). Despite treatment with high-dose prednisone and Cytoxan, her symptoms were poorly controlled. Cervical sympatholysis via continuous epidural infusion of bupivacaine was then initiated to manage her pain as well as to treat the vasoconstrictive sequelae of the cutaneous vasculitis.ResultsThe cervical epidural infusion relieved the pain and produced significant resolution of the symptoms.ConclusionsThis case highlights the rational use of continuous cervical epidural block for the management of pain and improvement in blood flow to vasoconstricted upper extremities and digits resulting from vasculitis due to rheumatoid vasculitis.
Combined Spinal and Epidural Analgesia in a Parturient With Severe Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: D'Angelo Robert , Gerancher J. C. 
Published: March 2019

Background and ObjectivesA 27-year-old woman with a history of myasthenia gravis presented for vaginal delivery.MethodsA combined spinal epidural was initiated with 7.5 μg intrathecal sufentanil at the time of first request for analgesia followed by 140 mg epidural lidocaine prior to spontaneous vaginal delivery.ResultsThe patient had a pain-free spontaneous vaginal delivery uncomplicated by muscle weakness.ConclusionCombined spinal and epidural anesthesia using intrathecal opioids initially provides labor analgesia with minimal muscle weakness in the parturient with myasthenia gravis.
Intratumoral Sterol-27-Hydroxylase (CYP27A1) Expression in Relation to Cholesterol Synthesis and Vitamin D Signaling and Its Association with Lethal Prostate Cancer
Authors: Khan Nabeela A. , Stopsack Konrad H. , Allott Emma H. , Gerke Travis , Giovannucci Edward L. , Mucci Lorelei A. , Kantoff Philip W. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background:
Higher intratumoral cholesterol synthesis is associated with a worse prognosis in prostate cancer. The vitamin D–regulated enzyme sterol-27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) converts cholesterol to 27-hydroxycholesterol, potentially lowering intracellular cholesterol levels. We hypothesized that low CYP27A1 expression is associated with high cholesterol synthesis, low vitamin D signaling, and higher risk of lethal prostate cancer.

Methods:
In 404 patients from the prospective prostate cancer cohorts within the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) and the Physicians’ Health Study (PHS), we assessed intratumoral CYP27A1 expression and proxies of cholesterol synthesis using transcriptome profiling, prediagnostic plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D; n = 132], and intratumoral vitamin D receptor protein expression (VDR; n = 300). Patients were followed for metastases and prostate cancer mortality (lethal cancer; median follow-up, 15.3 years).

Results:
CYP27A1 expression was lower in tumors with higher Gleason grade and higher expression of cholesterol synthesis enzymes, including the second rate-limiting enzyme, SQLE. We did not detect consistent associations between CYP27A1 and 25(OH)D, VDR, or CYP24A1 mRNA expression. Lower CYP27A1 was associated with higher risk of lethal cancer in both cohorts, independent of SQLE [adjusted OR for lowest vs. highest quartile of CYP27A1, 2.64; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.24–5.62]. This association was attenuated when additionally adjusting for Gleason grade (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 0.75–4.17).

Conclusions:
Low CYP27A1 expression was associated with higher cholesterol synthesis and a higher risk of lethal disease.

Impact:
These observations further support the hypothesis that intratumoral cholesterol accumulation through higher synthesis and decreased catabolism is a feature of lethal prostate cancer.
Lack of Association between Human Papillomavirus Types 6 and 11 Genetic Variants and Cervical Abnormalities: The Ludwig–McGill Cohort Study
Authors: Sichero Laura , El-Zein Mariam , Ferreira Silvaneide , Franco Eduardo L. , Villa Luisa L. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background:
Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 and 11 are mainly associated with the development of genital warts and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. We examined intratypic genetic variability of both viral types with the development of cervical cytologic abnormalities in Brazilian women.

Methods:
We used PCR sequencing to characterize variants of HPVs 6 and/or 11 in cervical swabs from women in the Ludwig–McGill Cohort Study. We used a binomial generalized estimating equations (GEE) model with logit link to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between HPV 6 and 11 variants and cytologic abnormalities.

Results:
B1 and B3 HPV6 and A2 HPV11 variants were the most common isolates identified. Compared with HPV6-negative women, the ORs among women harboring HPV6 B1 or B3 variants were 6.3 (95% CI, 2.3–17.0) and 2.3 (95% CI, 0.6–9.7) for atypical cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS)/low squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), respectively, and 1.7 (95% CI, 0.6–5.1) and 1.2 (95% CI, 0.3–4.7) for ASCUS/LSIL/high squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). Respective ORs were 5.0 (95% CI, 1.7–14.6) and 2.8 (95% CI, 1.0–8.1) upon comparing women with HPV11 A2 variants to HPV11-negative women. All associations disappeared when adjusting for coinfections with high-risk HPV types.

Conclusions:
Our data do not support an association between low-risk HPVs 6 and 11 genetic variability and cervical abnormalities.

Impact:
Risk of cervical cytologic abnormalities is not affected by intratypic polymorphism in HPVs 6 and 11.
Description of Ektaphelenchus cupressi n. sp. (Nematoda: Ektaphelenchinae) from Iran
Authors: Golhasan Behrouz , Abdollahpour Mehdi , Fang Yiwu , Abolafia Joaquín , Heydari Ramin 
Published: March 2019

Summary
Ektaphelenchus cupressi n. sp. was isolated during a survey of nematodes associated with bark samples of a dead cypress tree (Cupressus sempervirens) in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. The new species is characterised by a female body length of 612 (520-693) μm, stylet 17-19 μm long with wide lumen and lacking basal swellings, head region hemispherical in lateral view and slightly offset from the body contour by a shallow constriction, three incisures in the lateral field, excretory pore situated anterior to level of metacorpus valve, hemizonid not seen, post-uterine sac 29-35 μm long, shape of the tail terminus, and arrangement of the male caudal papillae. By a combination of morphological characters, e.g., stylet without knobs or swellings at the base, short conical tail, PUS length, and only a vestigial anus and rectum in most individuals, the new species shares similarities with species belonging to three genera, i.e., Anomyctus, Ektaphelenchus, and Seinura. Phylogenetic analysis based on small subunit (SSU) and partial large subunit (LSU) sequences of rDNA confirmed its status as a new species.
On the Ground of Images: Sacred Dogs and Monstrous Truth
Authors: Warnek Peter 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The article takes up the question of the “truth” of images by means of a somewhat playful reflection upon our human kinship with canine life and by considering the (perhaps surprisingly) recurrent images of dogs of all shapes and sizes within the philosophical tradition. Here there is occasion to consider both Socrates and Confucius, who had a special fondness for dogs and who were at times compared to dogs themselves. The paper begins with a reading of Kant’s schematism in the First Critique, as an operation that would establish a mediating relation between the concepts of the understanding and sensible intuitions, and ends with a meditation upon the dog-themed painting, “Dark Room,” by the contemporary artist, Alan Loehle. Kant accounts for our ability to grasp that we see a dog (his example!) by introducing a mysterious distortional skewing or Verzeichnung, which as a power of the imagination is able to freely sketch what appears for it within the sensible. The sense of this Kantian skewing or sketching thereby anticipates what Heidegger names the essential Verunstaltung belonging originally to the event of truth. The last half of the paper turns to Jean-Luc Nancy’s difficult but provocative work on the abysmal ground of images and attempts to show in this way how our human kinship with canine life exposes us to what Nancy would think, following Heidegger, as the elemental strife between earth and sky.
Age structure and body size of a critically endangered species, Acanthodactylus harranensis (Squamata: Lacertidae) and its demography
Authors: Beşer Nurettin , Ilgaz Çetin , Kumlutaş Yusuf , Avcı Aziz , Candan Kamil , Üzüm Nazan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Within reptiles, lizards cover less area across the globe than snakes do. One out of every seven known species of lizards in the world is found only in its type locality. Acanthodactylus harranensis Baran, Kumlutaş, Lanza, Sindaco, Ilgaz, Avcı & Crucitti, 2005, is one of these species. It is an endemic lizard species in Turkey with a very small area of occupancy and is listed in the critically endangered category (CR) by the IUCN. Here we document the age structure and body size of A. harranensis using skeletochronological methods for the first time and aim to point out current problems and contribute to an understanding of its demography. The mean age of males was found to be significantly higher than that of females. The maximum life span was 10 years in males while it was 9 years in females. The 8-year-old age group contained a higher number of individuals than any other age group. The mean snout-vent length of specimens was not significantly different between the sexes. As in many other lizards, A. harranensis exhibits a low-level male-biased sexual dimorphism. Acanthodactylus harranensis also displayed a considerably bigger body size than other studied lacertids from Şanlıurfa province. The data presented in this study may contribute to future conservation efforts for this endangered species.
Irregular Migration by Sea: Interception and Rescue Interventions in Light of International Law and the EU Sea Borders Regulation
Authors: Koka Enkelejda , Veshi Denard 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Since 2011, due to the Syrian civil war, Libya’s institutional breakdown and Eritrea’s political unrest, record high numbers of irregular migrants have been arriving at the EU’s south-eastern external borders, publicly known as the ‘Europe’s refugee crisis’. The most pressurised borders have been those of Greece and Italy. The human smuggler’s ‘organised refugee’ strategy has identified various legal issues resulting from the application of parallel legal frameworks both at regional and at international level. The EU Member States’ policy-making response to human smuggling has created loopholes through conflicting interpretations of the international legal framework on search and rescue and the inconsistent application of human rights law. Hence, this article will argue that although the International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR) and the EU Sea Borders Regulation purportedly adopted to set out clear rules on when to initiate search and rescue, have not addressed the issue of responsibility for and the consequences of failed rescue scenarios by inactive SAR States; thereby creating a gap in the legal framework on State responsibility for negligent or intentional failed rescues.
Between Erasmus and More, Abraxa(s), an Anamorphic Name
Authors: Perona Blandine 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Before Utopus conquered the island, it was called Abraxa. To create its initial name, Thomas More shortened the name of a deity, invented by the Syrian Christian gnostic teacher Basilides, Abraxas. This note seeks to explain this change by studying the occurrences of the word Abraxas in Erasmus’ work (edition of St Jerome’s works, Praise of Folly). Abraxa then appears as an anamorphic name, an effort of wisdom and a sign of pride. The utopian wisdom is condemned to death. The dialogue between Erasmus and More through this word shows how much the anamorphic woodcuts of Ambrosius Holbein are an excellent illustration of what Abraxa/Utopia is: an ironic invention of a self-conscious pride.
The Democratic Constitution: Butler and Posner on Pragmatism, Democracy, and Adjudication
Authors: Vannatta Seth 
Published: March 2019

In this review essay, I offer a summary of Brian E. Butler’s The Democratic Constitution: Experimentalism and Interpretation. Butler’s democratic experimentalism offers the thesis that democracy needs to be protected democratically rather than by relying on the judicial supremacy over constitutional interpretation by the Supreme Court. Butler illustrates what democratic experimentalism looks like through a close reading of key cases showing the virtues of an on-going, open-ended, empirical, fallibilist, and collaborative approach to constitutional interpretation against rival formalist and exclusionary theories. Butler relies on Richard Posner’s iconoclastic empirical approach to adjudication in advancing his thesis. However, Posner is skeptical of the Deweyan democracy Butler deploys to illustrate the democratic constitution.
Further, Posner dismisses the philosophical pragmatism of Peirce and Dewey that Butler uses to ground his theory. Because of Butler’s reliance on Posner’s judicial practice and his side-stepping of Posner’s views on democracy and philosophical pragmatism, I ask how Butler’s proposal stands in relation to the ways it departs from Posner’s theory, if not his practice.
Sufi Vocabulary, but Avicennan Philosophy
Authors: Rapoport Michael A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In the more than 125 years since A.F. Mehren included Chapters VIII–X of al-Išārāt wa-l-tanbīhāt in his anthology of Ibn Sīnā’s allegedly mystical treatises, scholars have used the presence of Sufi vocabulary in these chapters as evidence of Ibn Sīnā’s mysticism. Yet, his use of Sufi terminology has received little dedicated, critical study. Through careful philological analysis, this study demonstrates that even though Ibn Sīnā appropriated technical vocabulary from Sufism, the meanings that he applied to those terms agree with his philosophical system. His use of these terms is not evidence of experimentation with a mystical, suprarational method of cognition.
Umkämpftes Monopol. Die Russlandroute im Netzwerk des armenischen Seidenhandels
Authors: Ganjalyan Tamara 
Published: March 2019

Zusammenfassung
Der Artikel beschreibt Geschichte und Bedeutung der Tätigkeiten armenischer Orienthändler vor allem im Handel mit persischer Rohseide über den Kaspi-Wolgahandelsweg als Teil des globalen Handels- und Kommunikationsnetzwerkes der armenischen Kaufleute von Neu Julfa. Den Rahmen bilden sowohl internationale wie später auch innerarmenische Konkurrenz um das Recht auf Transithandel durch Russland sowie der Kampf russischer Kaufleute gegen die Bevorzugung der Armenier auf wirtschaftlich-rechtlichem Gebiet.
Pierre le Grand et les duchés du Nord au début du XVIIIe siècle : entre considérations dynastiques et intérêts économiques
Authors: Félicité Indravati 
Published: March 2019

Résumé
Au début du XVIIIe siècle, Pierre le Grand conclut des alliances matrimo-niales avec différentes maisons princières allemandes. L’article présente dans un premier temps les négociations préliminaires à ces unions. Puis, la publicité faite à ces mariages dans des ouvrages consacrés aux implications diplomatiques de ces alliances, ainsi que leur interprétation politique sont étudiées. Pour conclure, la perception de ces événements par les observa-teurs contemporains et leur représentation dans des revues scientifiques du XVIIIe siècle sont analysées.
Loan Verb Integration in Michif
Authors: Antonov Anton 
Published: March 2019

This paper looks at the different ways French (and English) loan verbs are being integrated in Michif, a mixed language (the noun system is French, the verbal one is Cree) based upon two dictionaries of the language. The detailed study of the available data has shown that loan verbs are almost exclusively assigned to the vai class, i.e. a class of verbs whose single core argument is animate. This seems natural enough given that the overwhelming majority of them do have an animate core participant in the donor language as well. Still, quite a few of them can be transitive. This is accounted for by claiming that vai is the most ‘neutral’ inflectional class of Cree as far as morphology and argument structure are concerned as verbs in this class can be syntactically both intransitive and transitive.
Finally, all of the loan verbs examined have Cree equivalents and so the claim that they were borrowed because of the lack of a corresponding Cree verb in the language is difficult to accept at face value.