bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors impacting on the action of glucocorticoids in patients receiving glucocorticoid therapy
Authors: Dineen Rosemary , Stewart Paul M. , Sherlock Mark 
Published: August 2018

SummaryGlucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones, which are essential for life. They are secreted by the adrenal cortex under the control of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis. Glucocorticoids are essential for the normal function of most organ systems and, in both, excess and deficiency can lead to significant adverse consequences. Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is a rare, life‐threatening disorder characterized by insufficient production of corticosteroid hormones. Primary AI is defined by the inability of the adrenal cortex to produce sufficient amounts of glucocorticoids and/or mineralocorticoids despite normal or increased adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH). Secondary AI is adrenal hypofunction due to insufficient amount of ACTH produced by the pituitary gland. Conventional treatment of both primary and secondary adrenal insufficiencies involves lifelong glucocorticoid replacement therapy. The role of cortisol deficiency and the impact of hydrocortisone replacement on morbidity and mortality in this patient group are under increasing scrutiny. Established glucocorticoid replacement regimens do not completely mirror endogenous hormonal production, and their monitoring to ensure optimum therapy is hampered by the lack of reliable biomarkers of hormone sufficiency. A further confounding issue is the tissue‐specific regulation of glucocorticoid through the two isozymes of 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β‐HSD) with research focusing on the role of this prereceptor regulation in the development of adverse metabolic features in patients. This review defines the factors influencing glucocorticoid action in patients with adrenal insufficiency receiving glucocorticoid therapy.
Improving decision‐making in care order proceedings: A multijurisdictional study of court decision‐makers' viewpoints
Authors: Skivenes Marit , Tonheim Milfrid 
Published: August 2018

AbstractChild welfare removals of children are among the most invasive decisions a state can make toward its citizens, and typically it is the courts that make these decisions. These interventions are regularly exposed to criticism. In this paper, we examine if and how care order proceedings could be improved in England, Finland, Norway, and California, USA. We have asked the judiciary decision‐makers about their view on what should be improved. Our findings show that the organization of the proceedings, including time and staff, are identified as issues in all four systems. Furthermore, the preparations by the child welfare agency are also mentioned as an issue, for English, Finnish, and Californian decision‐makers. Very few decision‐makers indicate features related to the individual, situational, and contextual dimensions, which is interesting since this would be expected from organization theory. The strong call for change in the way proceedings are organized indicates a need for modernization as well as better use of available competency from child development experts. The respondents focus on the elements that a decision‐maker has direct experience with and knowledge about, and this is indeed worth noting for policymakers in the four systems.
The Micropolitics of Dispossession and Resistance: Case Study of a Proposed Dam in Central India
Authors: Kabra Asmita , Mahalwal Sonam 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTThis article presents a study of the micropolitics of dispossession for a proposed medium‐sized irrigation project in an Adivasi region of Central India. The article explores the complex micropolitics of dispossession and collective action in the project planning stage, long before the formal processes of land acquisition actually begin. It highlights the importance of training the researchers’ gaze on the functioning of the local state in the pre‐acquisition phase. It shows how the local state uses various powers of exclusion to fracture emerging cross‐class, multi‐caste alliances, while maintaining formal compliance with a range of social safeguard policies aimed at protecting vulnerable groups and fragile landscapes. The ‘everyday’ decisions of local state actors during the project planning stage produce site‐specific, differentiated and shifting matrices of risks and opportunities for the local people, who are already divided along class and caste lines. This, in turn, is likely to inform their political responses at the actual moment of enclosure. Thus the durability and success of anti‐dispossession collective action is likely to vary depending on the dynamic interactions of local state and non‐state actors, mediated by regional electoral politics and the overall safeguard policy regime governing land acquisition.
Accounting for the shared environment in cognitive abilities and academic achievement with measured socioecological contexts
Authors: Engelhardt Laura E. , Church Jessica A. , Paige Harden K. , Tucker‐Drob Elliot M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBehavioral and molecular genetic research has established that child cognitive ability and academic performance are substantially heritable, but genetic variation does not account for all of the stratification of cognitive and academic outcomes across families. Which specific contexts and experiences contribute to these shared environmental influences on cognitive ability and academic achievement? Using an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of N = 1728 twins ages 7–20 from the Texas Twin Project, we identified specific measured family, school, and neighborhood socioecological contexts that statistically accounted for latent shared environmental variance in cognitive abilities and academic skills. Composite measures of parent socioeconomic status (SES), school demographic composition, and neighborhood SES accounted for moderate proportions of variation in IQ and achievement. Total variance explained by the multilevel contexts ranged from 15% to 22%. The influence of family SES on IQ and achievement overlapped substantially with the influence of school and neighborhood predictors. Together with race, the measured socioecological contexts explained 100% of shared environmental influences on IQ and approximately 79% of shared environmental influences on both verbal comprehension and reading ability. In contrast, nontrivial proportions of shared environmental variation in math performance were left unexplained. We highlight the potential utility of constructing “polyenvironmental risk scores” in an effort to better predict developmental outcomes and to quantify children's and adolescents’ interrelated networks of experiences. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at: https://youtu.be/77E_DctFsr0
Efficacy and safety of MYL‐1501D versus insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes after 24 weeks: Results of the phase III INSTRIDE 2 study
Authors: Blevins Thomas C. , Barve Abhijit , Sun Bin , Raiter Yaron , Aubonnet Patrick , Muniz Rafael , Athalye Sandeep , Ankersen Michael 
Published: August 2018

AimsTo assess the non‐inferiority of MYL‐1501D, a proposed biosimilar or follow‐on biological agent to marketed insulin glargine, to reference insulin glargine (Lantus®; Sanofi‐Aventis US LLC, Bridgewater, New Jersey) based on change in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c).Materials and methodsINSTRIDE 2 was a multicentre, open‐label, randomized, parallel‐group, phase III non‐inferiority study comparing the efficacy and safety of MYL‐1501D with those of reference insulin glargine in insulin‐naive and insulin‐non‐naive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs). The primary efficacy endpoint was change in HbA1c from baseline to week 24. Secondary endpoints included metabolic readouts (eg, changes in fasting plasma glucose, insulin dosage, self‐monitored blood glucose), immunogenicity and adverse events, including hypoglycaemia and nocturnal hypoglycaemic events.ResultsIn all, 560 patients were randomized to MYL‐1501D or insulin glargine in combination with OADs for 24 weeks. The mean change in HbA1c from baseline to week 24 was −0.60% (95% CI −0.78, −0.41) and − 0.66% (95% CI −0.84, −0.48) for MYL‐1501D and reference insulin glargine, respectively. MYL‐1501D was well tolerated and had a safety profile similar to that of reference insulin glargine.ConclusionsDemonstration of non‐inferiority between MYL‐1501D and reference insulin glargine for reduction of HbA1c during 24 weeks of treatment was achieved. The two treatment groups were similar in terms of secondary endpoints, including hypoglycaemia and nocturnal hypoglycaemia, local and systemic reactions, other safety variables, and immunogenicity.
Evaluation of Paenibacillus polymyxa carboxymethylcellulose/poly (vinyl alcohol) formulation for control of Carya cathayensis canker caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea
Authors: Xu Sanger , Yao Junlei , Wu Fan , Mei Li , Wang Yongjun 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBotryosphaeria trunk canker is arguably the most damaging disease of Carya cathayensis (Chinese hickory) in China. Fungicides are commonly applied to control the disease but have serious environmental issues. Here, the Gram‐positive bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa strain CF05 was evaluated as an alternative for the preventive control of Botryosphaeria trunk canker on C. cathayensis. In vitro, this strain was inhibitory to the growth of B. dothidea, a causal agent of Chinese hickory trunk canker. Formulation of strain CF05 endospores in a carboxymethylcellulose/poly (vinyl alcohol) (CMC/PVA) blend showed high stability over a 12‐month period. A two‐year field experiment suggested that the CMC/PVA formulated strain CF05 reduced the occurrences of both new cankers and established cankers, displaying an efficacy comparable to treatment with thiophanate‐methyl. Furthermore, strain CF05 greatly induced production of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POX) by C. cathayensis seedlings, which showed maximum activity of these enzymes 2 days postinoculation (dpi) and increased phenol contents inside the trunk throughout the experimental assessment period. In summary, the P. polymyxa strain CF05 CMC/PVA formulation has promise as a potent environmentally friendly agent for the preventive biocontrol of C. cathayensis trunk canker.
Severe cytomegalovirus enterocolitis developing following daratumumab exposure in three patients with multiple myeloma
Authors: Lavi Noa , Okasha Doaa , Sabo Edmond , Oren Ilana , Benyamini Noam , Bar‐Yoseph Haggai 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe risk of cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation in multiple myeloma (MM) patients treated with bortezomib‐based induction regimens is increased following autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). There is paucity of data regarding the risk of CMV infections in MM patients who did not receive bortezomib and ASCT.MethodsWe herein report three cases of heavily pretreated MM patients, receiving daratumumab‐containing combination regimens, in whom ASCT had been performed long ago and who recently developed severe CMV‐related gastrointestinal disease.ResultsAll the three patients had a prolonged CMV disease course requiring a long‐term antiviral treatment. All the patients suffered from CMV colitis. One patient had concurrent CMV duodenitis and another patient had a concurrent CMV retinitis.ConclusionNovel myeloma treatments prolong patient survival and more patients with profound immunosuppression following multiple lines of therapies are seen in clinical practice. These patients may present with opportunistic infections that were rare in the past. Our findings suggest a possible association between daratumumab therapy (in combination with other immunosuppressive therapies) and severe CMV gastrointestinal disease. A longer follow‐up is needed to explore long‐term side effects of novel agents like daratumumab in newly diagnosed as well as heavily pretreated MM patients.
A general framework for combining ecosystem models
Authors: Spence Michael A. , Blanchard Julia L. , Rossberg Axel G. , Heath Michael R. , Heymans Johanna J. , Mackinson Steven , Serpetti Natalia , Speirs Douglas C. , Thorpe Robert B. , Blackwell Paul G. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWhen making predictions about ecosystems, we often have available a number of different ecosystem models that attempt to represent their dynamics in a detailed mechanistic way. Each of these can be used as a simulator of large‐scale experiments and make projections about the fate of ecosystems under different scenarios to support the development of appropriate management strategies. However, structural differences, systematic discrepancies and uncertainties lead to different models giving different predictions. This is further complicated by the fact that the models may not be run with the same functional groups, spatial structure or time scale. Rather than simply trying to select a “best” model, or taking some weighted average, it is important to exploit the strengths of each of the models, while learning from the differences between them. To achieve this, we construct a flexible statistical model of the relationships between a collection of mechanistic models and their biases, allowing for structural and parameter uncertainty and for different ways of representing reality. Using this statistical meta‐model, we can combine prior beliefs, model estimates and direct observations using Bayesian methods and make coherent predictions of future outcomes under different scenarios with robust measures of uncertainty. In this study, we take a diverse ensemble of existing North Sea ecosystem models and demonstrate the utility of our framework by applying it to answer the question what would have happened to demersal fish if fishing was to stop.
Troubled waters: Threats and extinction risk of the sharks, rays and chimaeras of the Arabian Sea and adjacent waters
Authors: Jabado Rima W. , Kyne Peter M. , Pollom Riley A. , Ebert David A. , Simpfendorfer Colin A. , Ralph Gina M. , Al Dhaheri Shaikha S. , Akhilesh K. V. , Ali Khadeeja , Ali Mohamud Hassan , Al Mamari Tariq M. S. , Bineesh K. K. , El Hassan Igbal S. , Fernando Daniel , Grandcourt Edwin M. , Khan Muhammad Moazzam , Moore Alec B. M. , Owfi Fereidoon , Robinson David P. , Romanov Evgeny , Soares Ana‐Lucia , Spaet Julia L. Y. , Tesfamichael Dawit , Valinassab Tooraj , Dulvy Nicholas K. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe extinction risk of sharks, rays and chimaeras is higher than that for most other vertebrates due to low intrinsic population growth rates of many species and the fishing intensity they face. The Arabian Sea and adjacent waters border some of the most important chondrichthyan fishing and trading nations globally, yet there has been no previous attempt to assess the conservation status of species occurring here. Using IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Categories and Criteria and their guidelines for application at the regional level, we present the first assessment of extinction risk for 153 species of sharks, rays and chimaeras. Results indicate that this region, home to 15% of described chondrichthyans including 30 endemic species, has some of the most threatened chondrichthyan populations in the world. Seventy‐eight species (50.9%) were assessed as threatened (Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable), and 27 species (17.6%) as Near Threatened. Twenty‐nine species (19%) were Data Deficient with insufficient information to assess their status. Chondrichthyan populations have significantly declined due to largely uncontrolled and unregulated fisheries combined with habitat degradation. Further, there is limited political will and national and regional capacities to assess, manage, conserve or rebuild stocks. Outside the few deepsea locations that are lightly exploited, the prognosis for the recovery of most species is poor in the near‐absence of management. Concerted national and regional management measures are urgently needed to ensure extinctions are avoided, the sustainability of more productive species is secured, and to avoid the continued thinning of the regional food security portfolio.
Evaluating relationships between native fishes and habitat in streams affected by oil and natural gas development
Authors: Girard Carlin E. , Walters Annika W. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOil and natural gas (ONG) development can affect aquatic ecosystems through water contamination, water withdrawals and disturbance of soil and vegetation (surface disturbance) from infrastructure development. Research on how these potential sources of watershed and aquatic ecosystem impairment can affect fish assemblages is limited. Fish–habitat relationships were evaluated across stream sites experiencing differing levels of ONG development. Colorado River cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus (Cope), and mottled sculpin, Cottus bairdii Girard, presence and abundance were associated with habitat conditions predominantly found in the less disturbed streams, such as higher proportion of shrub cover, greater stream depths and gravel substrate. Mountain sucker, Catostomus platyrhynchus (Cope), appeared to be a habitat generalist and was able to persist in a wide range of conditions, including degraded sites. Natural resource managers can use habitat preferences of these fish species to establish the development plans that mitigate negative effects of ONG development by protecting the aquatic habitats they rely upon.
Species‐specific phenological trends in shallow Pampean lakes’ (Argentina) zooplankton driven by contemporary climate change in the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Diovisalvi Nadia , Odriozola Mariana , Garcia de Souza Javier , Rojas Molina Florencia , Fontanarrosa María S. , Escaray Roberto , Bustingorry José , Sanzano Pablo , Grosman Fabián , Zagarese Horacio 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe relationship between the timing of recurrent biological events and seasonal climatic patterns (i.e., phenology) is a crucial ecological process. Changes in phenology are increasingly linked to global climate change. However, current evidence of phenological responses to recent climate change is subjected to substantial regional and seasonal biases. Most available evidence on climate‐driven phenological changes comes from Northern Hemisphere (NH) ecosystems and typically involves increases in spring and summer temperatures, which translate into earlier onsets of spring population developments. In the Argentine Pampa region, warming has occurred at a much slower pace than in the NH, and trends are mostly restricted to increases in the minimum temperatures. We used zooplankton abundance data from Lake Chascomús (recorded every two weeks from 2005 to 2015) to evaluate potential changes in phenology. We adopted a sequential screening approach to identify taxa displaying phenological trends and evaluated whether such trends could be associated to observe long‐term changes in water temperature. Two zooplankton species displayed significant later shifts in phenology metrics (end date of Brachionus havanaensis seasonal distribution: 31 day/decade, onset and end dates of Keratella americana seasonal distribution: 59 day/decade and 82 day/decade, respectively). The timing of the observed shift in B. havanaensis phenology was coincident with a warming trend in the May lake water temperature (4.7°C per decade). Analysis of abundance versus temperature patterns from six additional shallow Pampean lakes, and evaluation of previous experimental results, provided further evidence that the lake water warming trend in May was responsible for the delayed decline of B. havanaensis populations in autumn. This study is the first report of freshwater zooplankton phenology changes in the Southern Hemisphere (SH).
A geographer looks at the landscape, once more: Toward a posthumanist political ecology approach
Authors: Pries Sean Jeffrey 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThough it has been both celebrated and disparaged throughout its rather tortured existence in geography, the landscape concept remains a valuable means of critical inquiry. Landscape studies have been dismissed as mere description, criticized as voyeuristic, chastised for failing to address the political and ethical and encouraged to better attend issues of justice. Adapting in response, the landscape concept remains vibrant. Across time, landscape scholarship has focused on a historically grounded, multi‐scalar approach to understanding places through the analysis of the individual observer. Contemporary works focus on the individual's experience of landscape and include recognition of the agency of non‐human actors and a posthumanist decentering of human concerns. A future path for landscape study lies in combining the historical and narrative‐based phenomenological accounts of scholars based upon a posthumanist approach with the critical lens of political ecology. This approach recognizes landscapes as constituted by the intra‐actions among a diverse array of entities while simultaneously interrogating the political implications of those interactions and the landscapes they create.
Geohumanities and climate change skepticism
Authors: Schlosser Kolson 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe voices of the climate “skeptics” or “deniers” are an unavoidable component of the current politics of climate change. Geographers have engaged with the politics of climate science, the dissemination of scientific knowledge, and how the dominant discourse of climate science frames the debate as apolitical, but they have not directed much attention to climate skeptic literature itself. I suggest that despite this lacunae, geographers have developed the necessary tools to understand climate skeptic literature as neither simply ignorance nor intentionally deceitful—at least not always. I further suggest that the burgeoning literature on “geohumanities,” along with its intellectual predecessors in geography, is particularly adept at reading how the skeptic literature narrates the relationship between knowledge, power, and space. I focus my attention on several prominent texts in the climate skeptic literature—not to vindicate them but to understand their ideological premises.
Cadmium Isotope Ratios of Standard Solutions and Geological Reference Materials Measured by MC‐ICP‐MS
Authors: Li Dandan , Li Meng‐Lun , Liu Wen‐Ran , Qin Zhen‐Zhen , Liu Sheng‐Ao 
Published: August 2018

We report high‐precision cadmium isotope ratios for a series of standard solutions and geological reference materials for interlaboratory comparison. Complete separation of Cd from a matrix in geological samples was achieved using AG MP‐1M anion exchange resin with > 97.8% recovery. Cadmium isotope ratios were measured by both Neptune plus multi‐collector‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (MC‐ICP‐MS) and Nu Plasma II MC‐ICP‐MS at low‐resolution mode. Both sample calibrator bracketing (SSB) and double‐spike techniques (DS) were utilised for mass bias correction. Cadmium isotope ratio data of standard solutions (BAM I012 Cd, SPEX Cd, Alfa Aesar Cd, GSB Cd) and geological reference materials (GSS‐1, GXR‐1, GXR‐2, GSD‐12, NIST SRM 2711a) are reported relative to Cd solution (NIST SRM 3108). The intermediate precision over a three‐year period was better than ± 0.09‰ (2s) for δ114Cd/110Cd and ± 0.06‰ (2s) for δ112Cd/110Cd ratios. SPEX Cd was used as a secondary reference material for Cd isotopic measurement with a δ114/110CdNIST SRM 3108 value of −2.13 ± 0.09‰ (2s). The soil reference material NIST SRM 2711a has a significantly heavier isotopic composition than other soil materials, GXR‐1, GXR‐2 and GSS‐1. New recommended values are presented for future interlaboratory calibration.