bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protestant London, No Popery and the Irish Poor: II (1850—1860)
Authors: Gilley Sheridan 
Published: May 2019

‘Wanted immediately, a member of the Church of England, of devoted missionary spirit, willing “to spend and to be spent” in labouring amongst a degraded metropolitan population, chiefly Irish. A fair knowledge of the Roman Catholic controversy is desirable Unexceptionable testimonials as to personal piety, energy, and general ability will be required.… An average salary at least will be given.’Rev. S.P.D. (1853).The Protestant societies engaged in evangelizing the Irish in London were mostly staffed by laymen, but had the enthusiastic aid and counsel of the Evangelical clergy, and were only some of the institutional strands in the Evangelical Vicar's encounter with urban poverty from the early 1830s, as the Evangelical urban parish was divided into units of manageable size, and developed lay forms of district-visiting to bring under parochial supervision the huge urban slum populations: or, as the Evangelicals put it themselves, as they brought a remedy to the material and spiritual destitution of the great godless cities, and to London, the greatest and least godly of any. The lay societies needed clerical approval, patronage and protection, and the Evangelical clergy worked as hard as their laymen.
An English Catholic on Tour in Europe, 1701-03
Authors: Roebuck Peter 
Published: May 2019

Writing of the education of the English landed classes in the eighteenth century, Professor Mingay has said: ‘The Grand Tour which followed university became almost de rigueur, at least for the eldest sons of wealthy families’. The Tour was popular as a means of providing prospective heirs with the poise, taste and experience which were judged to be essential to their future station. Though it soon became primarily fashionable, it was designed as a climax to the educational process. As such, it could be very expensive. The cost was particularly onerous for recusant families, whose economies were generally less diversified and more vulnerable than those of their contemporaries. Nevertheless, as the case discussed here illustrates, though impecuniosity might leave its mark on a tour, it was only rarely sufficient to prevent it taking place. In this, as in so many other respects, recusants strove to maintain their social status, despite what was often a precarious financial and economic situation.In March 1701, Sir Philip Constable, a leading Yorkshire recusanL, entered into an agreement with a Mr Janvers. In return for assisting Sir Philip's eldest son, Marmaduke, during a tour of ‘Flanders, France, Italy and co’, Janvers was to receive his travelling expenses plus £40 a year. The document reflects Sir Philip's impoverished position. Janvers was to accompany Marmaduke wherever Sir Philip ordered, spending money ‘carefully and savingly’, and to render an account of his expenditure whenever Sir Philip required him to do so.
IL METODO DELLA COMPARAZIONE
Authors: Lijphart Arend 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneTra i vari settori o discipline particolari in cui la scienza politica è comunemente suddivisa, la politica comparata è l'unica ad avere un'etichetta metodologica anziché sostantiva. Il nome « politica comparata » indica ilcome, ma non specifica ilche cosadell'analisi. L'etichetta però è piuttosto ingannatrice, in quanto sia l'esplicito interesse metodologico sia l'implicita consapevolezza metodologica non sono stati in genere molto alti fra i cultori di politica comparata.
LA SCIENZA POLITICA AMERICANA ALL'INIZIO DEGLI ANNI '70
Authors: Giannotti Gianni 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneIl « bilancio » qui presentato intende fornire una rassegna accurata delle tendenze della scienza politica americana e si basa sull'esame di una bibliografia sufficientemente rappresentativa. Per la sua particolare natura di vera e propria indagine empirica il lavoro di Albert Somit e Joseph Tanenhaus, American Political Science: Profile of a Discipline è stato uno dei punti di partenza ed ha rappresentato un utile strumento di verifica.
CONFLITTO E ÉLITES NELLE SOCIETÀ INDUSTRIALI
Authors: Palma Giuseppe Di 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneMolte affermazioni sono state fatte circa cambiamenti che si manifestano nelle origini e negli sviluppi del conflitto politico nelle società occidentali, e nell'Europa occidentale in particolare. Tali cambiamenti sono stati chiamati, con un termine collettivo ora di moda rna inappropriato, la «fine delle ideologie». Le affermazioni possono essere cosí condensate: le tradizionali linee di divisione in classi economiche e forse anche sociali si sono venute sfumando con la rapida crescita di una «nuova classe media» e l'aumento del tenore di vita nelle nazioni dell'Europa occidentale.I fattori locali, regionali, etnici e religiosi sono diminuiti d’importanza in quanto basi fondamentali di affiliazione politica in molti paesi, mentre ha luogo una « mobilitazione sociale » e le masse vengono sempre piú integrate nelle loro rispettive culture politiche nazionali. A ciò contribuiscono lo stesso sviluppo economico e sociale, il diffondersi dei mezzi di comunicazione, la proliferazione delle associazioni volontarie, e l’aumento dei poteri dell’esecutivo e delle sue responsabilità nella salute, nel benessere, nella sicurezza sociale nonché nelle attività economiche in generale.
CARRIERA PARLAMENTARE E PROFESSIONISMO POLITICO
Authors: Herzog Dietrich 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneFin dai tempi dei padri fondatori della moderna teoria delle élites, Gaetano Mosca, Vilfredo Pareto, Roberto Michels, la ricerca sociologica si è interessata alla provenienza sociale dei decision-makers politici. Ogni volta che analizziamo le élites politiche, sociali e culturali, non solo vogliamo sapere che cosa queste persone facciano e pensino, ma anche da dove esse provengano ed in che modo siano ascese a posizioni d'influenza. Ciò è provatoda un numero ormai incalcolabile di studi sui leaders di partito, sui parlamenti, sui quadri della pubblica amministrazione, sui decision-makers di determinate comunit´, ecc. Piuttosto stranamente, peró, il processo dinamico di reclutamento delle èlites, le sue caratteristiche strutturali ed i suoi meccanismi di selezione, fino a non molto tempo fa, non sono stati trattati in maniera adeguata.
IL PROBLEMA DEL BICAMERALISMO - MONOCAMERALISMO NEL QUADRO DI UNA ANALISI STRUTTURAL-FUNZIONALE DEL PARLAMENTO
Authors: Cotta Maurizio 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneIl problema dell'alternativa tra monocameralismo e bicameralismo é stato uno dei temi classici della letteratura politico-costituzionalistica del passato; ha invece ricevuto solo un'attenzione sporadica da parte della recente letteratura politologica. Eppure il tema è di attualità, Dall'ultimo dopoguerra ad oggi, almeno tre paesi europei si sono dati una costituzione che prevede un Parlamento bicamerale: Francia, Germania Federalee Italia. Altri tre paesi sono passati dalla forma parlamentare bicamerale a quella monocamerale: la Nueva Zelanda nel 1950, la Danimarca nel 1953, e la Svezia nel 1968. Inoltre tanto in Gran Bretagna nel 1949, e successivamente in altre occasioni, quanto in Francia nel 1968-69, con il progetto di De Gaulle di riforma del Senato, si è seriamente parlato di riforma del sistema bicamerale. Mi sembra quindi che il tema meriti di essere ripreso, e che convenga esaminarlo comparativamente mediante l'approccio di analisistruttural-funzionale.
STUDI COMPARATI SUL COMUNISMO
Authors: lonescu Ghita 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneQuesta rassegna è un tentative di valutare la situazione attuale di quel settore 0 sottoprodotto della politica comparata che si occupa della politica dei paesi comunisti e li considera parte del mondo politico contemporaneo. Il lettore tuttavia dovrebbe notare fin dall'inizio che la parola d'ordine nella frase di cui sopra èpolitica. Questo approccio, in una certa misura, distingue questo lavoro da altri precedenti, che assumevano il nome piú generale o di « Comunismo comparato » o di « Studi dei sistemi comparati comunisti ». In questepagine si faranno inoltre vari riferimenti al problema se, in generale, I'intera polinica comparata non stia attraversando una crisi di assestamento.
A Letter of Avidius Cassius?
Authors: Bowman Alan K. 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARYTo major suggestions have been advanced about the text of SB 10295. First, that the letter is not complete; the text now extant constitutes the end of a letter written in a single column containing not more than two or three lines above the present remains. Second, that the addressee, Apolinarios, is identical with the addressee of P. Oxy. 933, who was a bouleutes of Antinoopolis and a and that the title should be restored in SB 10295. Possibly he is also identical with a known president of the boule of Antinoopolis in the later second century. It has been suggested that Apolinarios went on an embassy to Alexandria in the spring of an unspecified year in connection with the accession of a new emperor. As a corollary to these hypotheses, it has been argued that the emperor concerned is in fact Avidius Cassius. Nothing in the text precludes this, and three references support it very strongly: namely, the distinction between ‘election’ and ‘accession to the close ties with Alexandria and the fact that Avidius Cassius' father was a prefect of Egypt, and finally the date. Objections which have been raised against previous theories do not hold for this one, and there is no reason (palaeographical or other) why SB 10295 should not date to A.D. 175.
Histoire et structure
Authors: Burguière André 
Published: May 2019

La guerre entre l'histoire et le structuralisme n'aura pas lieu. Ce numéro spécialne souhaite pas relancer une querelle rhétorique que la mode a promue, puis rejetée, mais profiter au contraire d'une conjoncture d'apaisement; placé provisoirement en jachère, le débat théorique rend la parole aux enquêtes. Le temps est venu de dresser un premier bilan de l'influence que le structuralisme exerce sur la recherche historique.L'affrontement que l'on a voulu organiser entre l'histoire et les sciences humaines les plus récentes transformait un vrai problème en faux débat. Si les historiens ne oyaient pas la nécessité d'un choix dramatique entre la diachronie et la synchronie, ils se sentaient directement concernés par l'effort d'ajustement méthodologique quis'affirmait autour d'eux. A ce niveau, le structuralisme n'a jamais constitué une école. Il a simplement manifesté la convergence d'un certain nombre de recherches, les unes déjà anciennes (comme la mythologie comparée, la linguistique générale), d'autres récentes (comme l'anthropologie structurale ou la sémiologie) provisoirement réunies par des exigences de méthode semblables.
Thermal requirements of seed germination of ten tree species occurring in the western Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Daibes L. Felipe , Amoêdo Semirian C. , Nascimento Moraes Jeane do , Fenelon Natália , da Silva Débora Rosa , de Melo Lopes Max Jr , Vargas Lidiane A. , Monteiro Ediléia F. , Frigeri Renita B.C. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRegeneration from seed affects species assembly in plant communities, and temperature is the most important environmental factor controlling the germination process. Thermal dependence of seed germination is thus associated with species occurrence in an ecosystem. Hence, we aimed to investigate the role of temperature on seed germination of ten tree species from the western Brazilian Amazon. Seeds were collected in the state of Rondônia, Brazil, and set to germinate under constant temperatures ranging from 10 to 40°C in germination chambers. We calculated germination capacity (G%), germination rate (GR50, reciprocal of germination time), and thermal parameters, such as cardinal temperatures and thermal time requirements. Most species had a large range of temperatures showing G% ≥80%, with optimal temperature varying from 20 to 40°C. Base temperature ranged from 6 to 12°C and ceiling temperatures were mainly >40°C.Astronium lecointeiandParkia nitidashowed high germination capacity under temperatures of 35–40°C, while germination ofTheobroma cacaodropped from 100% to zero under temperatures between 37 and 40°C. The climax speciesCedrela fissilishad the slowest germination time (10 days) and highest thermal time requirement, while seeds ofEnterolobium schomburgkii(a late-successional species) germinated within the first day of the experiment. Rapid recruitment of Amazon species could be favoured with treefall disturbance, which increases temperatures in the understory, but sharp limits might be found in the supra-optimal range of temperatures. Such patterns might indicate different regeneration strategies in the tropical rainforest, providing important information regarding seed germination among Amazon species.
Long-term effects of psychotherapy in a context of continuous community and gang violence: changes in aggressive attitude in high-risk South African adolescents
Authors: Hinsberger Martina , Holtzhausen Leon , Sommer Jessica , Kaminer Debra , Elbert Thomas , Seedat Soraya , Augsburger Mareike , Schauer Maggie , Weierstall Roland 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackground:Post-traumatic stress but also aggressive attitudes and behaviour can be found in adolescents living in a context of ongoing community and gang violence in the low-income urban areas of Cape Town, South Africa.Aims:We investigated the long-term effects (15–20 months after therapy) of (a) Narrative Exposure Therapy for Forensic Offender Rehabilitation (FORNET) and (b) the cognitive behavioural intervention ‘Thinking for a Change’ (CBT) on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and aggression compared with a waiting list.Method:Fifty-four young males participated in the treatment trial, of which 17 completed the FORNET intervention, 11 the CBT intervention, and 26 were on a waiting list. The primary outcome was the change score for the Appetitive Aggression Scale; secondary outcomes were the PTSD Symptom Scale-Interview change scores, and the number of perpetrated violent event types.Results:The reduction in scores for PTSD that had been observed in FORNET completers at the first follow-up were still significant at the second long-term follow-up (Cohen’s d = 0.86). In this treatment arm (FORNET), the scores for appetitive aggression were also significantly reduced (Cohen’s d = 1.00). There were no significant changes observed for CBT or for the waiting list.Conclusions:The study indicates that FORNET can successfully reduce post-traumatic stress as well as the attraction to violence even for individuals living under conditions of continuous traumatic stress.
Associations between frequency of food shopping at different food sources and fruit and vegetable intake among rural residents in upstate New York, USA
Authors: Lo Brian K , Megiel Sarah , Liu Evelyn , Folta Sara C , Graham Meredith L , Seguin Rebecca A 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:To examine the frequency of shopping at different food sources and the associations between shopping at different food sources and fruit and vegetable (FV) intake among upstate New York rural residents.Design:Cross-sectional study. Descriptive statistics and linear mixed models were used.Setting:Eighty-two rural communities in upstate New York, USA.Participants:Adults (n 465; 82·3 % female, mean age 51·5 years, mean BMI 31·7 kg/m2).Results:Within one’s community, the majority of participants reported often going to supermarkets (73·1 %). Many participants sometimes or occasionally shopped at superstores (48·0 %), convenience stores (57·9 %), small grocery stores or local markets (57·2 %), farmers’ markets or FV stores (66·6 %), dollar stores (51·5 %), pharmacies (46·0 %), or farm stands or community-supported agriculture (56·8 %). Most participants had never utilized food banks or food pantries (94·0 %), community gardens (92·7 %) or home food delivery (91·9 %). While frequent visits to farmers’ markets or farm stands were associated with higher fruit intake (P &lt; 0·001), frequent visits to food co-ops or food hubs were associated with lower fruit intake (P = 0·004). Frequent visits to convenience stores (P = 0·002) and dollar stores (P = 0·004) were associated with lower vegetable intake. When FV intakes were combined, frequent visits to farmers’ markets or farm stands (P &lt; 0·001) were associated with higher FV intake, and frequent visits to convenience stores (P = 0·005) were associated with lower FV intake.Conclusions:Findings from the present study provide important insight for informing future food environment interventions related to helping rural residents consume adequate FV.
A novel defect ground structure for decoupling closely spaced E-plane microstrip antenna array
Authors: Niu Zicheng , Zhang Hou , Chen Qiang , Zhong Tao 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this paper, a novel decoupling technique for closely spaced E-plane patch antennas using defect ground structure (DGS) is proposed. The electric field coupling between the antennas is suppressed by etching DGS which consists of a pair of rectangular slots and four stubs on the ground plane. Moreover, unlike the other methods, the DGS is not etched in the middle of the antennas but loaded along the outer edge of the radiated patch. Thus, through the adopted technology the distance between the antenna elements is reduced and the isolation is increased. To validate the improvements by adopting the proposed technology, the array with DGS loading has been fabricated and then measured. The measurement results show that designed antennas have 95 MHz 10-dB impedance bandwidth, which is 25 MHz higher than that of the antenna without DGS. More importantly, isolation improvements have been increased from 8.5 to 31.3 dB by using the decoupling technique when the antennas are placed with a 0.032 λ0 edge-to-edge distance, where λ0 is the free-space wavelength. Therefore, this technique can be widely applied to improve isolation in a compact and low profile antenna system.
Rectenna panel design optimization for maximum RF power utilization
Authors: Daiya Vinita , Ebenezer Jemimah , Jehadeesan R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNow-a-days, far-field wireless power transfer/energy harvesting is underutilized due to the unavailability of proper methodology to design efficient system for maximum radio frequency (RF) power utilization. For efficient utilization of far-field RF energy an array/grid of rectenna, i.e. rectenna panel is required to generate the power from wireless signal. To minimize the engineering design phase period (design trials), this paper mathematically derives and summarizes the approach required for optimum rectenna panel design based on power available in the environment, RF transmit source capability, receiver power requirement and the design cost. For maximum power interception through a rectenna panel, its design parameters such as -panel size, number of rectenna, rectenna arrangement pattern, and rectenna spacing has been optimized in our work. Based on the optimization required, we have proposed the compact grid pattern with heterogeneous rectenna spacing. It has been proved theoretically in this paper that if a hexagonal shape panel is designed by placement of rectenna at vertices of equilateral triangle (with side length governed by antenna aperture) then, it is capable of intercepting maximum RF energy available at its location with the least number of rectenna.
A bottom-feed omni-directional circularly polarized antenna array
Authors: Li Xi , Yang Lin , Zhao Jia-Wei , Liu Yi , Sun Fang-Zhou 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA bottom-feed omni-directional CP (circularly polarized) antenna array is proposed in this letter. The antenna array is composed of four elements (two printed ZPS (zero-phase-shift) line loops and two half-wavelength dipoles). The four elements are fed with the same phase and amplitude. The ZPS line loops provide the horizontal polarization while the dipoles provide the vertical polarization. Therefore, omni-directional circular polarization is formed in the far field. The feeding network consists of a 1–4 T-shaped power divider formed by parallel strip lines. In order to balance the amplitude of the feeding coaxial cable, the structure is used in the bottom to transfer parallel strip line to micro-strip line. Besides, the loops and the dipoles are placed on the different side of the network to guarantee the omni-directional radiation property. The measured impedance bandwidth of the fabricated antenna is 0.13 GHz (2.40–2.53 GHz) and the measured maximum CP gain at 2.45 GHz is 4.8 dBic.
Effects of Improved 17O Correction on Interlaboratory Agreement in Clumped Isotope Calibrations, Estimates of Mineral‐Specific Offsets, and Temperature Dependence of Acid Digestion Fractionation
Authors: Petersen S. V. , Defliese W. F. , Saenger C. , Daëron M. , Huntington K. W. , John C. M. , Kelson J. R. , Bernasconi S. M. , Colman A. S. , Kluge T. , Olack G. A. , Schauer A. J. , Bajnai D. , Bonifacie M. , Breitenbach S. F. M. , Fiebig J. , Fernandez A. B. , Henkes G. A. , Hodell D. , Katz A. , Kele S. , Lohmann K. C. , Passey B. H. , Peral M. Y. , Petrizzo D. A. , Rosenheim B. E. , Tripati A. , Venturelli R. , Young E. D. , Winkelstern I. Z. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe clumped isotopic composition of carbonate‐derived CO2 (denoted Δ47) is a function of carbonate formation temperature and in natural samples can act as a recorder of paleoclimate, burial, or diagenetic conditions. The absolute abundance of heavy isotopes in the universal standards VPDB and VSMOW (defined by four parameters: R13VPDB, R17VSMOW, R18VSMOW, and λ) impact calculated Δ47 values. Here, we investigate whether use of updated and more accurate values for these parameters can remove observed interlaboratory differences in the measured T‐Δ47 relationship. Using the updated parameters, we reprocess 14 published calibration data sets measured in 11 different laboratories, representing many mineralogies, bulk compositions, sample types, reaction temperatures, and sample preparation and analysis methods. Exploiting this large composite data set (n = 1,253 sample replicates), we investigate the possibility for a “universal” clumped isotope calibration. We find that applying updated parameters improves the T‐Δ47 relationship (reduces residuals) within most labs and improves overall agreement but does not eliminate all interlaboratory differences. We reaffirm earlier findings that different mineralogies do not require different calibration equations and that cleaning procedures, method of pressure baseline correction, and mass spectrometer type do not affect interlaboratory agreement. We also present new estimates of the temperature dependence of the acid digestion fractionation for Δ47 (Δ*25‐X), based on combining reprocessed data from four studies, and new theoretical equilibrium values to be used in calculation of the empirical transfer function. Overall, we have ruled out a number of possible causes of interlaboratory disagreement in the T‐Δ47 relationship, but many more remain to be investigated.