bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corporate Tax Aggressiveness and Insider Trading
Authors: Chung Sung Gon , Goh Beng Wee , Lee Jimmy , Shevlin Terry 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTWe examine the association between corporate tax aggressiveness and the profitability of insider trading under the assumption that insider trading profits reflect managerial opportunism. We document that insider purchase profitability, but not sales profitability, is significantly higher on average in more tax aggressive firms. We also find that the positive association between tax aggressiveness and insider purchase profitability is attenuated for firms with more effective monitoring and is accentuated for firms with a more opaque information environment. In addition, we provide empirical evidence that tax aggressiveness is significantly associated with greater insider sales volume in the fiscal year prior to a stock price crash. Finally, we find that the association between tax aggressiveness and insider purchase profitability weakens after the introduction of FIN 48, consistent with the increased transparency of tax positions under the new disclosure requirement reducing insiders' information advantage and hence their ability to profit from insider trading. To the extent that insider trading profits reflect managerial opportunism, our results are consistent with managers exploiting the opacity arising from tax aggressive activities to extract rent from shareholders, particularly those shareholders who sold their shares to the managers. Our findings are particularly important in light of the number of studies relying on the agency view of tax avoidance to develop arguments or to draw inferences.
Patient Preferences Regarding Shared Decision Making in the Emergency Department: Findings From a Multisite Survey
Authors: Schoenfeld Elizabeth M. , Kanzaria Hemal K. , Quigley Denise D. , Marie Peter St. , Nayyar Nikita , Sabbagh Sarah H. , Gress Kyle L. , Probst Marc A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjectivesAs shared decision making (SDM) has received increased attention as a method to improve the patient‐centeredness of emergency department (ED) care, we sought to determine patients’ desired level of involvement in medical decisions and their perceptions of potential barriers and facilitators to SDM in the ED.MethodsWe surveyed a cross‐sectional sample of adult ED patients at three academic medical centers across the United States. The survey included 32 items regarding patient involvement in medical decisions including a modified Control Preference Scale and questions about barriers and facilitators to SDM in the ED. Items were developed and refined based on prior literature and qualitative interviews with ED patients. Research assistants administered the survey in person.ResultsOf 797 patients approached, 661 (83%) agreed to participate. Participants were 52% female, 45% white, and 30% Hispanic. The majority of respondents (85%–92%, depending on decision type) expressed a desire for some degree of involvement in decision making in the ED, while 8% to 15% preferred to leave decision making to their physician alone. Ninety‐eight percent wanted to be involved with decisions when “something serious is going on.” The majority of patients (94%) indicated that self‐efficacy was not a barrier to SDM in the ED. However, most patients (55%) reported a tendency to defer to the physician's decision making during an ED visit, with about half reporting they would wait for a physician to ask them to be involved.ConclusionWe found that the majority of ED patients in our large, diverse sample wanted to be involved in medical decisions, especially in the case of a “serious” medical problem, and felt that they had the ability to do so. Nevertheless, many patients were unlikely to actively seek involvement and defaulted to allowing the physician to make decisions during the ED visit. After fully explaining the consequences of a decision, clinicians should make an effort to explicitly ascertain patients’ desired level of involvement in decision making.
Swedish consensus reached on recording, interpretation and reporting of neonatal continuous simplified electroencephalography that is supported by amplitude‐integrated trend analysis
Authors: Backman Sofia , Rosén Ingmar , Blennow Mats , Andersson Thomas , Englund Marita , Flink Roland , Hallberg Boubou , Liedholm Lars‐Johan , Norman Elisabeth , Sailer Alexandra , Thordstein Magnus 
Published: June 2018

AbstractContinuous monitoring of electroencephalography (EEG), with a focus on amplitude‐integrated EEG (aEEG), has been used in neonatal intensive care for decades. A number of systems have been suggested for describing and quantifying aEEG patterns. Extensive full‐montage EEG monitoring is used in specialised intensive care units. The American Clinical Neurophysiology Society published recommendations for defining and reporting EEG findings in critically ill adults and infants. Swedish neonatologists and clinical neurophysiologists collaborated to optimise simplified neonatal continuous aEEG and EEG recordings based on these American documents.ConclusionThis paper describes the Swedish consensus document produced by those meetings.
Role of exercise training in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Benham J. L. , Yamamoto J. M. , Friedenreich C. M. , Rabi D. M. , Sigal R. J. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryPreliminary evidence suggests exercise in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may improve reproductive and cardiometabolic parameters. Our primary aim was to determine the impact of exercise training on reproductive health in women with PCOS. Our secondary aim was to determine the effect of exercise training on cardiometabolic indices. A systematic review of published literature was conducted using MEDLINE and EMBASE based on a pre‐published protocol (PROSPERO CRD42017065324). The search was not limited by year. Randomized controlled trials, non‐randomized controlled trials and uncontrolled trials that evaluated an exercise intervention in women with PCOS and reported reproductive outcomes were included. Reproductive outcomes were analysed semi‐quantitatively and a meta‐analysis was conducted for reported cardiometabolic outcomes. Of 517 screened abstracts, 14 studies involving 617 women with PCOS were included: seven randomized controlled trials, one non‐randomized controlled trial and six uncontrolled trials. There were insufficient published data to describe the effect of exercise interventions on ovulation quantitatively, but semi‐quantitative analysis suggested that exercise interventions may improve menstrual regularity, pregnancy and ovulation rates. Our meta‐analysis found that exercise improved lipid profiles and decreased waist circumference, systolic blood pressure and fasting insulin. The impact of exercise interventions on reproductive function remains unclear. However, our meta‐analysis suggests that exercise interventions may improve cardiometabolic profiles in women with PCOS.
Body mass index and complications following major gastrointestinal surgery: a prospective, international cohort study and meta‐analysis
Authors:   EuroSurg Collaborative
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimPrevious studies reported conflicting evidence on the effects of obesity on outcomes after gastrointestinal surgery. The aims of this study were to explore the relationship of obesity with major postoperative complications in an international cohort and to present a meta‐analysis of all available prospective data.MethodsThis prospective, multicentre study included adults undergoing both elective and emergency gastrointestinal resection, reversal of stoma or formation of stoma. The primary end‐point was 30‐day major complications (Clavien–Dindo Grades III–V). A systematic search was undertaken for studies assessing the relationship between obesity and major complications after gastrointestinal surgery. Individual patient meta‐analysis was used to analyse pooled results.ResultsThis study included 2519 patients across 127 centres, of whom 560 (22.2%) were obese. Unadjusted major complication rates were lower in obese vs normal weight patients (13.0% vs 16.2%, respectively), but this did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.863) on multivariate analysis for patients having surgery for either malignant or benign conditions. Individual patient meta‐analysis demonstrated that obese patients undergoing surgery for malignancy were at increased risk of major complications (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.49–2.96, P < 0.001), whereas obese patients undergoing surgery for benign indications were at decreased risk (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.46–0.75, P < 0.001) compared to normal weight patients.ConclusionsIn our international data, obesity was not found to be associated with major complications following gastrointestinal surgery. Meta‐analysis of available prospective data made a novel finding of obesity being associated with different outcomes depending on whether patients were undergoing surgery for benign or malignant disease.
Expression and correlation of MALAT1 and SOX9 in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Chen Wei , Zhao Wei , Chen Sheng , Zhang Li , Guo Zhongying , Wang Lixin , Wang Jipeng , Wan Zongren , Hong Yongqing , Yu Liang 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIntroductionNon‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common cause of cancer‐related deaths in the world. MALAT1 and SOX9 have important roles in tumour formation and development in several types of cancers. However, little is known about the function and co‐relationship of these 2 factors in NSCLC in vivo.ObjectivesTo explore the role of MALAT1 and SOX9 expression relationship, their clinical pathological characteristics and OS on NSCLC patients.MethodsPaired of primary lung cancer tissues and the matched tumour adjacent tissues were collected in 121 NSCLC patients. MALAT1 and SOX9 mRNA expression was measured by SYBR green q RT‐PCR assay. SOX‐9 protein expression was measured by streptavidin‐peroxidase (SP) staining method.ResultsMALAT1and SOX9 expression was higher in NSCLC tissues than the adjacent tissues, and they have positive correlation. Moreover, SOX9 protein expression was higher in NSCLC tissues, especially in MALAT1 mRNA higher expressed NSCLC tissues. MALAT1 and SOX9 mRNA expression were associated with age (x2=11.474, P = .009), tumour size (x2=26.839, P = .000), TNM stage (x2=8.010, P = .046) and LEL. (x2=53.908, P = .000). NSCLC patients with higher MALAT1 and SOX9 mRNA expression had poorer OS rates.ConclusionsMALAT1 and SOX9 could be used as prognostic co‐biomarker in NSCLC.
Future vulnerability mapping based on response to extreme climate events: Dieback thresholds in an endemic California oak
Authors: Brown Brittni J. , McLaughlin Blair C. , Blakey Rachel V. , Morueta‐Holme Naia 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimThis study presents a bioclimate modelling approach, using responses to extreme climate events, rather than historical distributional associations, to project future species vulnerability and refugia. We aim to illustrate the compounding effects of groundwater loss and climate on species vulnerability.LocationCalifornia, USA.MethodsAs a case study, we used the 2012–2015 California drought and resulting extensive dieback of blue oak (Quercus douglasii). We used aerial dieback surveys, downscaled climate data and subsurface water change data to develop boosted regression tree models identifying key thresholds associated with dieback throughout the blue oak distribution. We (1) combined observed dieback–climatic threshold relationships with climate futures to anticipate future areas of vulnerability and (2) used satellite‐derived measurements of subsurface water loss in drought/dieback modelling to capture the mediating effect of groundwater on species response to climatic drought.ResultsA model including climate, climate anomalies and subsurface water change explained 46% of the variability in dieback. Precipitation in 2015 and subsurface water change accounted for 62.6% of the modelled probability of dieback. We found an interaction between precipitation and subsurface water in which dieback probability increased with low precipitation and subsurface water loss. The relationship between precipitation and dieback was nonlinear, with 99% of dieback occurring in areas that received <363 mm precipitation. Based on a MIROC_rcp85 future climate scenario, relative to historical conditions, 13% of the blue oak distribution is predicted to experience more frequent years below this precipitation threshold by mid‐century and 81% by end of century.Main conclusionsAs ongoing climate change and extreme events impact ecological processes, the identification of thresholds associated with observed dieback may be combined with climate futures to help identify vulnerable populations and refugia and prioritize climate change‐related conservation efforts.
Finding the right fit: Comparative cetacean distribution models using multiple data sources and statistical approaches
Authors: Derville Solene , Torres Leigh G. , Iovan Corina , Garrigue Claire 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimAccurate predictions of cetacean distributions are essential to their conservation but are limited by statistical challenges and a paucity of data. This study aimed at comparing the capacity of various statistical algorithms to deal with biases commonly found in nonsystematic cetacean surveys and to evaluate the potential for citizen science data to improve habitat modelling and predictions. An endangered population of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in their breeding ground was used as a case study.LocationNew Caledonia, Oceania.MethodsFive statistical algorithms were used to model the habitat preferences of humpback whales from 1,360 sightings collected over 14 years of nonsystematic research surveys. Three different background sampling approaches were tested when developing models from 625 crowdsourced sightings to assess methods accounting for citizen science spatial sampling bias. Model evaluation was conducted through cross‐validation and prediction to an independent satellite tracking dataset.ResultsAlgorithms differed in complexity of the environmental relationships modelled, ecological interpretability and transferability. While parameter tuning had a great effect on model performances, GLMs generally had low predictive performance, SVMs were particularly hard to interpret, and BRTs had high descriptive power but showed signs of overfitting. MAXENT and especially GAMs provided a valuable complexity trade‐off, accurate predictions and were ecologically intelligible. Models showed that humpback whales favoured cool (22–23°C) and shallow waters (0–100 m deep) in coastal as well as offshore areas. Citizen science models converged with research survey models, specifically when accounting for spatial sampling bias.Main conclusionsMarine megafauna distribution models present specific challenges that may be addressed through integrative evaluation, independent testing and appropriately tuned statistical algorithms. Specifically, controlling overfitting is a priority when predicting cetacean distributions for large‐scale conservation perspectives. Citizen science data appear to be a powerful tool to describe cetacean habitat.
High‐fat‐diet‐induced remission of diabetes in a subset of KATP‐GOF insulin‐secretory‐deficient mice
Authors: Yan Zihan , Shyr Zeenat A. , Fortunato Manuela , Welscher Alecia , Alisio Mariana , Martino Michael , Finck Brian N. , Conway Hannah , Remedi Maria S. 
Published: June 2018

AimsTo examine the effects of a high‐fat‐diet (HFD) on monogenic neonatal diabetes, without the confounding effects of compensatory hyperinsulinaemia.MethodsMice expressing KATPchannel gain‐of‐function (KATP‐GOF) mutations, which models human neonatal diabetes, were fed an HFD.ResultsSurprisingly, KATP‐GOF mice exhibited resistance to HFD‐induced obesity, accompanied by markedly divergent blood glucose control, with some KATP‐GOF mice showing persistent diabetes (KATP‐GOF‐non‐remitter [NR] mice) and others showing remission of diabetes (KATP‐GOF‐remitter [R] mice). Compared with the severely diabetic and insulin‐resistant KATP‐GOF‐NR mice, HFD‐fed KATP‐GOF‐R mice had lower blood glucose, improved insulin sensitivity, and increased circulating plasma insulin and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 concentrations. Strikingly, while HFD‐fed KATP‐GOF‐NR mice showed increased food intake and decreased physical activity, reduced whole body fat mass and increased plasma lipids, KATP‐GOF‐R mice showed similar features to those of control littermates. Importantly, KATP‐GOF‐R mice had restored insulin content and β‐cell mass compared with the marked loss observed in both HFD‐fed KATP‐GOF‐NR and chow‐fed KATP‐GOF mice.ConclusionTogether, our results suggest that restriction of dietary carbohydrates and caloric replacement by fat can induce metabolic changes that are beneficial in reducing glucotoxicity and secondary consequences of diabetes in a mouse model of insulin‐secretory deficiency.
Understanding patients’ and dentists’ perspectives in dental trauma management: A mixed‐methods study
Authors: Ode Wataru , Lopez Violeta , Wong Mun Loke , Schou Lone , Yu Victoria Soo Hoon 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackground/AimPatients suffering dental trauma are unprepared for the disability challenge and necessary rehabilitation, while a traumatic event places an expanded demand on the dentist who is focused on treating disease. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) on patients and to compare patients’ and dentists’ perceptions of the event.Material and methodsTDI patients (aged ≥ 21 years) attending a tertiary dental hospital from 2011 to 2013, and their dentists were recruited with informed consent. An exploratory sequential mixed‐methods design was adopted. The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14) quantitatively identified patients with “very often,” “fairly often” or “occasionally” in at least one of the OHIP‐14 questions (Phase 1) to participate in the qualitative phase of the study through focus group discussions (FGD) (Phase 2). FGD for dentists was conducted separately.ResultsQuantitative analysis showed 28%‐55% of TDI patients had “occasional” to “very often” discomfort during eating, increased self‐consciousness and embarrassment. Qualitative analysis showed patients were concerned with aesthetic disability, treatment cost and potential tooth loss but overcame their negative outlook and accepted prescribed protective measures. Dentists appreciated patients’ concerns about aesthetics and functional disruptions but were less attuned to patients’ sense of guilt and fear of judgement.ConclusionsTDI exert functional, psychological and social impacts on patients. Patients’ and dentists’ perspectives were useful for understanding the need for continuity of care, and the findings could contribute to effective TDI management.
A guide to polarized airway epithelial models for studies of host–pathogen interactions
Authors: Hasan Shakir , Sebo Peter , Osicka Radim 
Published: June 2018

Mammalian lungs are organs exhibiting the cellular and spatial complexity required for gas exchange to support life. The respiratory epithelium internally lining the airways is susceptible to infections due to constant exposure to inhaled microbes. Biomedical research into respiratory bacterial infections in humans has been mostly carried out using small mammalian animal models or two‐dimensional, submerged cultures of undifferentiated epithelial cells. These experimental model systems have considerable limitations due to host specificity of bacterial pathogens and lack of cellular and morphological complexity. This review describes the in vitro differentiated and polarized airway epithelial cells of human origin that are used as a model to study respiratory bacterial infections. Overall, these models recapitulate key aspects of the complexity observed in vivo and can help in elucidating the molecular details of disease processes observed during respiratory bacterial infections.
Pathological staging of renal cell carcinoma: a review of 300 consecutive cases with emphasis on retrograde venous invasion
Authors: Taneja Kanika , Arora Sohrab , Rogers Craig G , Gupta Nilesh S , Williamson Sean R 
Published: June 2018

AimsPathological staging of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) can be challenging compared to other cancer types, as invasion often manifests as finger‐like protrusions into vascular spaces or renal sinus tissue. Although prior studies have shown larger tumour size to be correlated highly with renal sinus invasion, prospective data on evaluating pathological stage are limited. We evaluated a large series reported by one urological pathologist.Methods and resultsThree hundred consecutive specimens were reviewed. Tumours larger than 5 cm were routinely sampled extensively or grossly re‐reviewed when no extrarenal extension was identified on initial examination. Apparent multifocal disease was assessed critically for intravascular spread. Retrograde venous invasion was reported in 15 of 300 (5%) cases, 13 of 15 of which were clear cell RCC. Of a total of 163 specimens with clear cell histology, only five of 34 (15%) tumours 7 cm or larger were reported as pT2, all of which had an explanatory comment indicating the absence of definitive extrarenal spread. In contrast, 15 of 20 (75%) pT2 tumours were non‐clear cell histology (papillary, chromophobe and translocation‐associated). Comparing pT3a or higher tumours, the median tumour size in cases with retrograde venous invasion was 8.0 cm, compared to 6.2 cm in cases without retrograde venous invasion (P = 0.005).ConclusionsOur findings support that retrograde venous invasion should be considered carefully before diagnosing multifocal clear cell RCC, which is rare in the sporadic setting. In the absence of vascular invasion, multifocal clear cell papillary RCC can be a mimic. pT2 occurs more frequently with non‐clear cell histology (particularly papillary or chromophobe RCC).
A cross‐sectional study of sweat‐induced dermatitis during a South Indian summer: a glimpse of sweat gland‐mediated cutaneous inflammation
Authors: Gopinath Hima , Karthiga Ramalingam , Karthikeyan Kaliaperumal 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe role of sweat gland in inflammation has not received sufficient attention. The thermal stress during the summer months in tropical areas provides an opportunity to study the morphological patterns of inflammation produced primarily by the sweat gland.AimTo collect clinical data on sweat‐induced dermatitis during the summer months.MethodsA hospital‐based descriptive cross‐sectional study was done during the hot and humid summer months of April to June in a tertiary care institute in Puducherry. Patients clinically diagnosed with sweat‐induced dermatitis (dermatitis primarily due to retention or extravasation of sweat) were included in the study. A detailed history was taken, and clinical examination was done.ResultsOne hundred and fifty patients were included in the study. Various typical and atypical manifestations of sweat‐induced dermatitis were seen. “Sweat dermatitis” presenting with dry, hyperpigmented, fissured “parchment”‐like skin, shiny “crinkled cellophane paper”‐like skin, or asymptomatic hyperpigmented macules was seen. Other atypical presentations included miliaria pustulosa with “hypopyon sign” and “linear and parallel ridge pattern” of dermatitis in patients with miliaria rubra affecting the lower neck and upper chest.ConclusionA wide spectrum of sweat‐induced dermatitis was seen during the summer months in a tropical region. It reflects the role of the sweat gland in cutaneous inflammation. An increased awareness of atypical manifestations is needed.