bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Film‐based dose validation of Monte Carlo algorithm for Cyberknife system with a CIRS thorax phantom
Authors: Pan Yuxi , Yang Ruijie , Li Jun , Zhang Xile , Liu Lu , Wang Junjie 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMonte Carlo (MC) simulation, as the most accurate dose calculation algorithm, is available in the MultiPlan treatment planning system for Cyberknife. The main purpose of this work was to perform experiments to thoroughly investigate the accuracy of the MC dose calculation algorithm. Besides the basic MC beam commissioning, two test scenarios were designed. First, single beam tests were performed with a solid water phantom to verify the MC source model in simple geometry. Then, a lung treatment plan on a CIRS thorax phantom was created to mimic the clinical patient treatment. The plan was optimized and calculated using ray tracing (RT) algorithm and then recalculated using MC algorithm. Measurements were performed in both a homogeneous phantom and a heterogeneous phantom (CIRS). Ion‐chamber and radiochromic film were used to obtain absolute point dose and dose distributions. Ion‐chamber results showed that the differences between measured and MC calculated dose were within 3% for all tests. On the film measurements, MC calculation results showed good agreements with the measured dose for all single beam tests. As for the lung case, the gamma passing rate between measured and MC calculated dose was 98.31% and 97.28% for homogeneous and heterogeneous situation, respectively, using 3%/2 mm criteria. However, RT algorithm failed with the passing rate of 79.25% (3%/2 mm) for heterogeneous situation. These results demonstrated that MC dose calculation algorithm in the Multiplan system is accurate enough for patient dose calculation. It is strongly recommended to use MC algorithm in heterogeneous media.
Rational Design of MXene/1T‐2H MoS2‐C Nanohybrids for High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Zhang Yelong , Mu Zijie , Yang Chao , Xu Zhikun , Zhang Shan , Zhang Xiaoyan , Li Yingjie , Lai Jianping , Sun Zhonghui , Yang Yong , Chao Yuguang , Li Chunji , Ge Xiaoxiao , Yang Wenxiu , Guo Shaojun 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDespite high‐energy density and low cost of the lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, their commercial success is greatly impeded by their severe capacity decay during long‐term cycling caused by polysulfide shuttling. Herein, a new phase engineering strategy is demonstrated for making MXene/1T‐2H MoS2‐C nanohybrids for boosting the performance of Li–S batteries in terms of capacity, rate ability, and stability. It is found that the plentiful positively charged S‐vacancy defects created on MXene/1T‐2H MoS2‐C, proved by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance, can serve as strong adsorption and activation sites for polar polysulfide intermediates, accelerate redox reactions, and prevent the dissolution of polysulfides. As a consequence, the novel MXene/1T‐2H MoS2‐C‐S cathode delivers a high initial capacity of 1194.7 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, a high level of capacity retention of 799.3 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at 0.5 C, and reliable operation in soft‐package batteries. The present MXene/1T‐2H MoS2‐C becomes among the best cathode materials for Li–S batteries.
Alkylsilyl Functionalized Copolymer Donor for Annealing‐Free High Performance Solar Cells with over 11% Efficiency: Crystallinity Induced Small Driving Force
Authors: Huang Bin , Chen Lie , Jin Xiufen , Chen Dong , An Yongkang , Xie Qian , Tan Yun , Lei Hui , Chen Yiwang 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe contradiction between enlarging the offset between energy levels of donor/acceptor and the required driving force for exciton split leads to a trade‐off between open circuit voltage (VOC) and short circuit current density (JSC), which is a big challenge for development of high performance polymer solar cells (PSCs). Some advanced works reported the PSCs with low photon energy loss (Eloss) and small driving force, but the correlation of molecular structures of light‐harvesting system and driving force is still unclear. In this work, a new alkylsilyl functionalized copolymer donor PBDS‐T (PBDST: poly[(2,6trialkylsilyl thiophen2yl)benzo[1,2b:4,5b′]dithiophene))alt(5,5(1′,3′di2thienyl5′,7′bis(2ethylhexyl)benzo[1′,2′c:4′,5′c′]dithiophene4,8dione))]) with low‐lying energy levels was designed for efficient PSCs. By monitoring the Photoluminescence quenching of the bulk and bilayer heterojunctions, small driving forces, ∆EHOMO of 0.15 eV and ∆ELUMO of 0.22 eV were founded to allow for efficient charge transfer, which were observed to correlate with the crystalline PBDS‐T and the optimal morphology in PBDS‐T:ITIC (ITIC: 3,9bis(2methylene(3(1,1dicyanomethylene)indanone))5,5,11,11tetrakis(4hexylphenyl)dithieno[2,3d:2′,3′d′]sindaceno[1,2b:5,6b′]dithiophene). Simultaneously improved VOC, JSC and small Eloss boosted the PCE over 11%, which is one of the highest values for annealing‐free device. These results shield a light on precise design of a light‐harvesting system with small driving force to simultaneously improve the VOC and JSC for highly efficient PSCs.
Suspended SnS2 Layers by Light Assistance for Ultrasensitive Ammonia Detection at Room Temperature
Authors: Chen Huawei , Chen Yantao , Zhang Heng , Zhang David Wei , Zhou Peng , Huang Jia 
Published: March 2018

Abstract2D materials are extensively studied as candidates for chemical sensors due to their large surface‐to‐volume‐ratio and the low working temperature. However, the performance of 2D material‐based sensors is limited when detecting ammonia, due to the weak binding between ammonia molecules and channel materials. Previous reports show sensitivity in the ppb range upon NO2 exposure, and in ppm levels of ammonia under the same conditions. Compared with the traditional SnS2 sensors, the demonstrated suspended devices with light excitation exhibit a higher sensitivity, a faster response, and recovery rate. At room temperature, the devices show obvious response to NH3 vapor at a concentration as low as 20 ppb. High selectivity to ammonia over many other chemical gases is observed. Such arresting features originate from the suspended structure enhancing reaction area and the light excitation inducing increased charge density that facilitates the ammonia detection. The enhanced sensing performance demonstrates the superiority of the suspended structure with light assistance, and this method can be applied to other 2D material‐based sensors on optimizing their performance.
Efficient Sodium Storage in Rolled‐Up Amorphous Si Nanomembranes
Authors: Huang Shaozhuan , Liu Lixiang , Zheng Yun , Wang Ye , Kong Dezhi , Zhang Yingmeng , Shi Yumeng , Zhang Lin , Schmidt Oliver. G. , Yang Hui Ying 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAlloying‐type materials are promising anodes for high‐performance sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) because of their high capacities and low Na‐ion insertion potentials. However, the typical candidates, such as P, Sn, Sb, and Pb, suffer from severe volume changes (≈293–487%) during the electrochemical reactions, leading to inferior cycling performances. Here, a high‐rate and ultrastable alloying‐type anode based on the rolled‐up amorphous Si nanomembranes is demonstrated. The rolled‐up amorphous Si nanomembranes show a very small volume change during the sodiation/desodiation processes and deliver an excellent rate capability and ultralong cycle life up to 2000 cycles with 85% capacity retention. The structural evolution and pseudocapacitance contribution are investigated by using the ex situ characterization techniques combined with kinetics analysis. Furthermore, the mechanism of efficient sodium‐ion storage in amorphous Si is kinetically analyzed through an illustrative atomic structure with dangling bonds, offering a new perspective on understanding the sodium storage behavior. These results suggest that nanostructured amorphous Si is a promising anode material for high‐performance SIBs.
Characterization of Atomic Structures of Nanosized Intermetallic Compounds Using Electron Diffraction Methods
Authors: Meshi Louisa , Samuha Shmuel 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn metallurgy, many intermetallic compounds crystallize as nanosized particles in metallic matrices. These particles influence dramatically the physical properties of engineering materials such as alloys and steels. Since properties and crystal structure are intimately linked, characterization of the atomic model of these intermetallides is crucial for the development of new alloys. However, this structural information usually cannot be attained using traditional X‐ray diffraction methods, limited by the small volume and size of the precipitates. In these cases, electron diffraction (ED) is the most suitable method. In the last few decades, ED has experienced a tremendous leap forward. Many structures, including intermetallides, are solved using these methods. The class of intermetallides should be discussed independently since these phases do not comprise regular polyhedrals; moreover, the interatomic distances and angles vary drastically even in the same compositional system. These facts point to difficulties that have to be overcome during the solution path. Furthermore, intermetallic compounds can be of high complexity—possessing hundreds of atoms in the unit cell. Here, this topic is expanded with an emphasis on novel developments in the field.
Highly Efficient Spectrally Stable Red Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Tian Yu , Zhou Chenkun , Worku Michael , Wang Xi , Ling Yichuan , Gao Hanwei , Zhou Yan , Miao Yu , Guan Jingjiao , Ma Biwu 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPerovskite light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) have recently attracted great research interest for their narrow emissions and solution processability. Remarkable progress has been achieved in green perovskite LEDs in recent years, but not blue or red ones. Here, highly efficient and spectrally stable red perovskite LEDs with quasi‐2D perovskite/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) composite thin films as the light‐emitting layer are reported. By controlling the molar ratios of organic salt (benzylammonium iodide) to inorganic salts (cesium iodide and lead iodide), luminescent quasi‐2D perovskite thin films are obtained with tunable emission colors from red to deep red. The perovskite/polymer composite approach enables quasi‐2D perovskite/PEO composite thin films to possess much higher photoluminescence quantum efficiencies and smoothness than their neat quasi‐2D perovskite counterparts. Electrically driven LEDs with emissions peaked at 638, 664, 680, and 690 nm have been fabricated to exhibit high brightness and external quantum efficiencies (EQEs). For instance, the perovskite LED with an emission peaked at 680 nm exhibits a brightness of 1392 cd m−2 and an EQE of 6.23%. Moreover, exceptional electroluminescence spectral stability under continuous device operation has been achieved for these red perovskite LEDs.
3D Printing of Bioinspired Liquid Superrepellent Structures
Authors: Liu Xiaojiang , Gu Hongcheng , Wang Min , Du Xin , Gao Bingbing , Elbaz Abdelrahman , Sun Liangdong , Liao Julong , Xiao Pengfeng , Gu Zhongze 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBioinspired re‐entrant structures have been proved to be effective in achieving liquid superrepellence (including anti‐penetration, anti‐adhesion, and anti‐spreading). However, except for a few reports relying on isotropic etching of silicon wafers, most fluorination‐dependent surfaces are still unable to repel liquids with extreme low surface energy (i.e., γ < 15 mN m−1), especially those fluorinated solvents. Herein, triply re‐entrant structures, possessing superrepellence to water (with surface tension γ of 72.8 mN m−1) and various organic liquids (γ = 12.0–27.1 mN m−1), are fabricated via two‐photon polymerization based 3D printing technology. Such structures can be constructed both on rigid and flexible substrates, and the liquid superrepellent properties can be kept even after oxygen plasma treatment. Based on the prepared triply re‐entrant structures, micro open capillaries are constructed on them to realize directional liquid spreading, which may be applied in microfluidic platforms and lab‐on‐a‐chip applications. The fabricated arrays can also find potential applications in electronic devices, gas sensors, microchemical/physical reactors, high‐throughput biological sensors, and optical displays.
Tetraphenylethylene‐Interweaving Conjugated Macrocycle Polymer Materials as Two‐Photon Fluorescence Sensors for Metal Ions and Organic Molecules
Authors: Li Xi , Li Zheng , Yang Ying‐Wei 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA luminescent conjugated macrocycle polymer (CMP) with strong two‐photon fluorescence property, namely, P[5]‐TPE‐CMP, is constructed from ditriflate‐functionalized pillar[5]arene and a 1,1,2,2‐tetrakis(4‐ethynylphenyl)ethylene (TPE) linker through a Sonogashira–Hagihara cross‐coupling reaction. Significantly, in sharp contrast with the corresponding conjugated microporous polymer without synthetic macrocycles, P[5]‐TPE‐CMP shows an outstanding stability against photobleaching and exhibits highly selective cation sensing capability toward Fe3+ at different excitation wavelengths (both UV and red–near‐infrared regions). Meanwhile, its fluorescence could also be sufficiently quenched by 4‐amino azobenzene, a frequently used organic dye that is certified to be carcinogenic, as compared with a group of common organic compounds. This work paves a new way for enhancing the properties of porous organic polymers through the introduction of supramolecular macrocycles like macrocyclic arenes.
Diatomite‐Templated Synthesis of Freestanding 3D Graphdiyne for Energy Storage and Catalysis Application
Authors: Li Jiaqiang , Xu Jing , Xie Ziqian , Gao Xin , Zhou Jingyuan , Xiong Yan , Chen Changguo , Zhang Jin , Liu Zhongfan 
Published: March 2018

AbstractGraphdiyne (GDY), a new kind of two‐dimensional (2D) carbon allotropes, has extraordinary electrical, mechanical, and optical properties, leading to advanced applications in the fields of energy storage, photocatalysis, electrochemical catalysis, and sensors. However, almost all reported methods require metallic copper as a substrate, which severely limits their large‐scale application because of the high cost and low specific surface area (SSA) of copper substrate. Here, freestanding three‐dimensional GDY (3DGDY) is successfully prepared using naturally abundant and inexpensive diatomite as template. In addition to the intrinsic properties of GDY, the fabricated 3DGDY exhibits a porous structure and high SSA that enable it to be directly used as a lithium‐ion battery anode material and a 3D scaffold to create Rh@3DGDY composites, which would hold great potential applications in energy storage and catalysts, respectively.
Macroscopic‐Oriented Gold Nanorods in Polyvinyl Alcohol Films for Polarization‐Dependent Multicolor Displays
Authors: Dai Liwei , Lu Xuefei , Song Liping , Huang Youju , Liu Baoqing , Zhang Lei , Zhang Jiawei , Wu Si , Chen Tao 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDue to their abundant optical colors, durable color generation, and high refreshing rate, smart chromic nanomaterials (SCNMs) have been employed in various applications. However, most SCNMs often require multicomponent materials, precise morphology control, and complicated modulation to realize multicolor changes, which limits their widely practical applications. In the present study, a simple and effective strategy is demonstrated to achieve the flexible and cost‐effective multicolor gold nanorods (Au NRs)/polymer hybrid film, by tuning macroscopic‐oriented Au NRs in films and a synergy of polarization‐dependent surface plasmon resonance. Au NRs are first functionalized with methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)thiol to improve the compatibility, ensuring Au NRs can be homogenously dispersed in the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix with high particle density. The macroscopic‐oriented alignment of Au NRs can be achieved by the elongation of the PVA polymer molecular chains. Under different polarized excitation directions, the same strip of the hybrid film exhibits various colors including red, orange, yellow, and green. Therefore, the strategy provides a simple and powerful approach to achieve macroscopic‐oriented anisotropic nanoparticles in the polymer matrix, and the resultant hybrid films are promising in various practical applications, such as color displays, optical devices, and plasmonic biosensors.
Biomimetic Surface Engineering of Biomaterials by Using Recombinant Mussel Adhesive Proteins
Authors: Jo Yun Kee , Kim Hyo Jeong , Jeong Yeonsu , Joo Kye Il , Cha Hyung Joon 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSurface engineering is a key approach for tailoring new functionalities into biomaterials to achieve better clinical performance. The rise of genetic engineering and molecular biotechnology made it possible to design artificial sticky proteins derived from marine mussels that are capable of firmly anchoring on a variety of substrates with high binding strength, opening a new route for surface engineering of biomaterials. Coatings of recombinant mussel adhesive proteins (MAPs) have aroused great interest for the surface functionalization of biomaterials due to their simplicity, versatility, and high stability under physiological conditions, as well as their favorable interactions with cells. In addition, recombinant MAPs can be engineered to provide desired specific functionalities on target surfaces by genetic fusion with functional peptides and/or by the immobilization of biomolecules. This review provides an overview of recombinant MAPs‐based surface coatings, highlighting their mechanisms, characteristic surface properties, and diverse applications in providing bioengineered surfaces in the fields of biomedical and tissue engineering.
Integrated Optical Amplifier–Photodetector on a Wearable Nanocellulose Substrate
Authors: Suárez Isaac , Hassanabadi Ehsan , Maulu Alberto , Carlino Niccolò , Maestri Cecilia Ada , Latifi Masoud , Bettotti Paolo , Mora‐Seró Iván , Martínez‐Pastor Juan P. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractFlexible optoelectronics has emerged as an outstanding platform to pave the road toward vanguard technology advancements. As compared to conventional rigid substrates, a flexible technology enables mechanical deformation while maintaining stable performance. The advantages include not only the development to novel applications, but also the implementation of a wearable technology directly in contact with a curved surface. Here the monolithic integration of a perovskite‐based optical waveguide amplifier together with a photodetector on a nanocellulose substrate is shown to demonstrate the feasibility of a stretchable signal manipulation and receptor system fabricated on a biodegradable material. An integrated optical amplifier–photodetector is developed in which the photocurrent is exploited that is generated in the organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite under an applied bias. Such photocurrent does not minimally perturb the amplifier operation and is used to monitor the light signal propagating along the waveguide, opening a broad range of applications for example to regulate the operation temperature.
Laminated Hybrid Junction of Sulfur‐Doped TiO2 and a Carbon Substrate Derived from Ti3C2 MXenes: Toward Highly Visible Light‐Driven Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Yuan Wenyu , Cheng Laifei , An Yurong , Lv Shilin , Wu Heng , Fan Xiaoli , Zhang Yani , Guo Xiaohui , Tang Junwang 
Published: March 2018

AbstractTiO2 is an ideal photocatalyst candidate except for its large bandgap and fast charge recombination. A novel laminated junction composed of defect‐controlled and sulfur‐doped TiO2 with carbon substrate (LDC‐S‐TiO2/C) is synthesized using the 2D transition metal carbides (MXenes) as a template to enhance light absorption and improve charge separation. The prepared LDC‐S‐TiO2/C catalyst delivers a high photocatalytic H2 evolution rate of 333 µmol g−1 h−1 with a high apparent quantum yield of 7.36% at 400 nm and it is also active even at 600 nm, resulting into a 48 time activity compared with L‐TiO2/C under visible light irradiation. Further theoretical modeling calculation indicates that such novel approach also reduces activation energy of hydrogen production apart from broadening the absorption wavelength, facilitating charge separation, and creating a large surface area substrate. This synergic effect can also be applied to other photocatalysts' modification. The study provides a novel approach for synthesis defective metal oxides based hybrids and broaden the applications of MXene family.
High Voltage Operation of Ni‐Rich NMC Cathodes Enabled by Stable Electrode/Electrolyte Interphases
Authors: Zhao Wengao , Zheng Jianming , Zou Lianfeng , Jia Haiping , Liu Bin , Wang Hui , Engelhard Mark H. , Wang Chongmin , Xu Wu , Yang Yong , Zhang Ji‐Guang 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe lithium (Li) metal battery (LMB) is one of the most promising candidates for next‐generation energy storage systems. However, it is still a significant challenge to operate LMBs with high voltage cathodes under high rate conditions. In this work, an LMB using a nickel‐rich layered cathode of LiNi0.76Mn0.14Co0.10O2 (NMC76) and an optimized electrolyte [0.6 m lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide + 0.4 m lithium bis(oxalato)borate + 0.05 m LiPF6 dissolved in ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate (4:6 by weight)] demonstrates excellent stability at a high charge cutoff voltage of 4.5 V. Remarkably, these Li||NMC76 cells can deliver a high discharge capacity of >220 mA h g−1 (846 W h kg−1) and retain more than 80% capacity after 1000 cycles at high charge/discharge current rates of 2C/2C (1C = 200 mA g−1). This excellent electrochemical performance can be attributed to the greatly enhanced structural/interfacial stability of both the Ni‐rich NMC76 cathode material and the Li metal anode using the optimized electrolyte.
Characteristics of hyperuricemia in older adults in China and possible associations with sarcopenia
Authors: Xu Zhe‐rong , Zhang Qin , Chen Lu‐fang , Xu Ke‐ying , Xia Jia‐ying , Li Shu‐min , Yang Yun‐mei 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectiveThis cross‐sectional study aimed to investigate the characteristics and epidemiology of hyperuricemia in older adults in China and evaluate possible associations between hyperuricemia and sarcopenia.MethodsThree hundred and eighty‐eight study subjects (>60 years old) meeting the inclusion criteria received blood tests and standardized examinations for bone mineral density, muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance. Data including demographic and clinical characteristic and comorbidity were also collected. All data were analyzed retrospectively.ResultsIn the study population, higher uric acid levels were significantly correlated with higher muscle mass, grip strength, and bone density, but were unrelated to physical performance. When uric acid levels were separated into quartiles and the population was divided by sex, the correlation of uric acid to muscle mass was retained in some quartiles for both men and women, and the correlation to handgrip was only retained for one quartile for men. The correlation to bone density was retained in women in all analyses.ConclusionIn the population as a whole, higher uric acid levels were significantly correlated with higher muscle mass, grip strength, and bone density, but had no relationship to physical performance. Differences between men and women in these relationships need to be studied further.