bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gautreaux
Authors: Polikoff Alexander 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The civil rights movement left segregated living patterns untouched. In terms of public housing these patterns were challenged by the 1966 Gautreaux litigation, which asserted that it was unconstitutional to locate virtually all public housing in black neighborhoods in order to prevent African Americans from entering white neighborhoods via subsidized housing. Three remedial streams have emerged from favorable judicial rulings: (a) a small scattered site building program, which ended in 2000; (b) a mixed income development program, replacing failed high rise buildings, with communities that include but are not dominated by public housing, which was slowed down during the recession that began at the end of 2007 but is ongoing; (c) a housing mobility program that enabled some 7,000 Gautreaux families with housing vouchers to move from inner city Chicago to predominantly white, mostly suburban, communities.
Although academic studies have shown great benefits from housing mobility, national policy has resisted embracing it. It is likely that housing mobility will be the most significant aspect of the still ongoing Gautreaux litigation, several factors having recently led to a renewal of interest.
Gentrification
Authors: López‐Morales Ernesto 
Published: April 2019

AbstractGentrification is the transformation of a working‐class or vacant area in the inner or peripheral area of a city for upper income, residential, and/or commercial use. Ruth Glass coined the term in 1964 in Britain. Gentrification is a process involving the replacement of land users such that the new users hold higher socioeconomic status than the previous users, which also involves changes in the built environment through reinvestment in fixed capital. The term has become a major issue of academic debate: between scholars who argue that gentrification responds to a middle‐class agency on housing and urban redevelopment that promotes social mixing, and those who claim gentrification is in fact a “back to the city” movement of capital with important effects on the displacement of the lower socioeconomic strata. Gentrification currently occurs in many parts of the world, and the use of term has expanded its coverage.
Global City‐Region
Authors: Frey Klaus 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn discussing the global city‐region, three basic dimensions have to be distinguished: its specific physical urban structure and morphology; its characteristic as a functional economic space and its progressive role in an interconnected globalized economy; and finally, the challenge of integrative and democratic governance of public policies and development on the regional scale. The predominance of the urban‐economic perspective in the analysis of the global city‐region demands that future research be related to the social, environmental, and cultural aspects of urban regionalization as well as possibilities and implications for regional politics and democracy.
Gottmann,Jean
Authors: Ross Eric S. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractJean Gottmann (1915–1994) was a Russian‐born French geographer whose most important work was conducted in the United States. Twice in early life he found himself a refugee. He held academic positions simultaneously in France, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Gottmann published on a wide range of issues in political and economic geography. He is mostly remembered as an urban geographer, and especially as the father of the concept of the “megalopolis.”
G
uangzhou
Authors: Li Zhigang , Li Bin 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Guangzhou is the third largest city and one of the five national central metropolises of post‐reform China. With over 2,000 years of history, Guangzhou has always been the political, economic, and cultural capital of south China. As the frontier of market reform, Guangzhou has seen remarkable growth in the last three decades, marked by both top‐down and bottom‐up urbanization. These urban developments of Guangzhou are accompanied by significant social changes, such as attracting millions of migrants from rural China. Due to such changes, the sustainable development of Guangzhou faces remarkable environmental, economic, and social challenges.
H
ong
K
ong
Authors: Yau Yung 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Since its changeover from a British colony to a special administrative region of China in 1997, Hong Kong has experienced great changes in political, economic, and social terms. Heavy blows from the global economic downturns and a widespread local epidemic weakened the economic pillars. At the same time, the role of financial hub has been threatened by competitors like Singapore and Shanghai. The democratization of Hong Kong has resulted in a polarized society. Hong Kong also faces other challenges arising from an aging population, unaffordable house prices, urban sprawl, and wealth inequality.
HukouSystem
Authors: Buckingham Will 
Published: April 2019

AbstractChina'shukousystem regulates its population according to a number of spatial categories, most notably rural and urban status. It has produced and sustained a dual structure and society for more than five decades. Beyond its centrality to China's development, thehukousystem serves as an example of state interventions in space, the production of inequality, and the institutionalization of socioeconomic discrimination. Thehukousystem can be theorized along with other historical and modern forms of spatial segregation and rural–urban divisions.
H
yderabad
Authors: Ramachandraiah C. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
From a historic city founded over 400 years ago, which was ruled by the Quli Qutb Shahi and Asaf Jahi dynasties, the city of Hyderabad in India has emerged over the years as an important megacity of about 8 million people. After it became the capital city of Andhra Pradesh in November 1956, public sector companies and scientific institutions were set up in the 1960s and 1970s. The city has witnessed phenomenal growth in the information technology and software sectors, leading to the creation of the Cyberabad area and attracting wide national and international attention. As the city has grown hugely in population and areal extent, a larger municipal government and a larger metropolitan planning area have been constituted. To cater for the growing demand for infrastructure to meet global standards, the existing infrastructure has been developed and built upon since the 1990s, including an international airport, an outer ring road, special economic zones, and private real estate gated communities. Despite attempts at spatial restructuring and globalizing ambitions, there are significant intracity inequalities between different parts of the city. Following the formation of Telangana state, Hyderabad became its capital city from 2 June 2014.
Imagined Cities (Cinema)
Authors: Lukinbeal Chris , Sharp Laura 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWhat constitutes a cinematic city has been the subject of much debate. Cinema's origins lie with cities and specifically with the processes of rapid urbanization and industrialization in Western civilization during the early modern period. At this time, new devices, modes of transportation, and architectural innovations allowed individuals to walk through or past different orderings of space and time that created a new form of spatiovisuality. From the 1960s to the 1980s, research trends related to cinematic cities often contrasted cities with the countryside and emphasized the anti‐urban sentiment that pervaded films. More recently, research has focused on multicultural exchange, global cities, specific genres, utopian and dystopian cities, urban planning, postcolonialism, reflection on the right‐wing perception of cities, and suburbs.
J
awaharlal
N
ehru
N
ational
U
rban
R
enewal
M
ission (
JNNURM
)
Authors: Choudhary Bikramaditya K. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
An urban renewal mission in India, the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) was launched across 63 cities with two objectives: to strengthen infrastructure and address urban poverty. The financial allocation remained in favor of strengthening infrastructure in the race to becoming a global city. Spatial and infrastructural renovation also meant that the poor and their housing were either relocated or lost their place in the process.
Johannesburg
Authors: Clarno Andy 
Published: April 2019

AbstractJohannesburg is the largest city in South Africa and the economic hub of the Southern African region. Established as a mining camp in 1886 near the gold deposits of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg grew rapidly into a major urban center. After 1948, Johannesburg was central to efforts by the apartheid regime to engineer segregated urban spaces. The city was also key for struggles against apartheid, including the spread of labor‐ and community‐based struggles during the 1980s that led to the negotiated transition. The end of formal apartheid has transformed the landscape of apartheid, yet the city remains highly unequal and segregated due to rapid migration, deindustrialization, and privatized securitization.
Kolkata
Authors: Bose Pablo Shiladitya 
Published: April 2019

AbstractKolkata is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Once the center of the British Raj during the colonial era, it endured significant decline during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of political conflicts and economic changes in the subcontinent. In recent years it has enjoyed a resurgence and increased urban growth as a result of its involvement in global networks of labor, capital, and culture. Significant investments in new industries and construction have led to a transformed urban landscape, yet the city continues to grapple with issues of social and ecological justice as the growth of Kolkata has meant very different outcomes for the different populations who live within its boundaries.
Lefebvre, Henri
Authors: Novick Alicia , Favelukes Graciela 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHenri Lefebvre (1901–1991) was a French intellectual and a prolific and polemical author. From 1966 to 1978, he developed urban research exploring the social production of space in the capitalist city. Some of his key writings, such asLe droit à la ville(1968),Du rural à l'urbain(1970),La révolution urbaine(1970),La pensée marxiste et la ville(1972),Espace et politique (Le droit à la ville, II)(1973), andLa production de l'espace(1974), reached a large audience of architects and city planners. With the translation of some of these works into English, he became a key reference in critical geography and the “spatial turn.” Furthermore, the polysemic notion of “the right to the city” became a reference point for the actions of social movements crossing the frontiers between the academic world and social organizations. His thinking and writing style provokes questions without defining categories, fostering a wide range of later appropriations of his production on urban space.
Liveable Cities/Urban Liveability
Authors: Chiu Rebecca L. H. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Urban liveability can simply be rephrased as quality of life in cities, but its concept is complex because of the heterogeneous nature of cities and the encompassing meaning of quality of life. Urban geographers focus on human behavior–environment relationships, and define urban liveability as the extent to which a city can satisfy the physical and psychological needs and demands of its residents. Geographers assess residents' satisfaction by using both objective and subjective indicators and information, and explain liveability by delving into contextual factors. The common objectives of urban planners and designers are to make cities vital, to enable them to impart a sense of place and time, to ensure that they fit well with human activities, to make them accessible, controllable, and able to attract continuing investment. With the advent of neoliberalism and globalization, global liveable ranking systems emerged in the 1990s. These relay the views and ratings of city‐dwellers, visitors, and other stakeholders, supplemented by secondary information. The liveability of high density cities or districts characterized by high rises has become a major contemporary concern following the pursuit of sustainable urban development. It is expected that two development strands, the global aging trend and the advancement in smart technology, will impact on the future directions of liveability research.
Local Welfare
Authors: Andreotti Alberta , Mingione Enzo 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Local welfare systems have emerged particularly in European countries, as a consequence of demographic, economic, and institutional changes that started in the mid‐1970s. Local welfare is considered more effective in meeting the heterogeneity of the populations' needs, more participatory and sustainable, and more able to activate citizens and local agencies compared to standardized national welfare states' provisions. At the same time, local welfare is assumed to be less expensive while being more effective. These two aspects of local welfare can entail opposite political strategies, leading to controversial situations: cuts in expenses and privatization of welfare services opposing the diffusion of social investments, activation, and innovative welfare practices. One of the main risks in the rise of local welfare systems is an increase in social and territorial inequalities, particularly when an effective national regulatory framework is lacking.
M
artinotti,
G
uido
Authors: Haddock Serena Vicari 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Guido Martinotti (1938–2012) was an Italian urban sociologist whose main areas of interest were the origin and evolution of the metropolitan form and the different new urban forms emerging under conditions of increased mobility and the rapid spread of new information and communication technologies. In addition, he was a public intellectual active in different domains such as the promotion of progressive policies aimed at improving the quality of life in urban areas and at upgrading the system of higher education.
Masculinities
Authors: Fidolini Vulca 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe notion of masculinities is a relatively new concept in the field of gender studies. From the 1970s, and especially at the end of the 1980s, this concept appears in academic and nonacademic milieus, allowing interpretations of masculinity inspired only by the paradigm of the patriarchal domination to be overcome. Attention shifts to the variable forms of construction and expression of masculinity, in order to focus on relations not only between men and women but also among different masculinities. In this context, the introduction of the concept of hegemonic masculinity plays a central role. The notion of hegemony allows the problematization in a more dynamic way of social processes that define the dominant models of masculinity, providing at the same time the tools with which to observe how individuals confirm, renegotiate, accept, or resist the hierarchical impact of these models on our global contemporary scene.
Metropolitan Governance
Authors: Rebelo Emília Malcata 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The concept of metropolitan governance embraces the whole set of institutions and actions that rule or determine conditions for metropolitan territorial policy. It extends beyond the city or municipal jurisdictional boundaries, bypassing preexisting agreements and institutions, and demanding bigger geographical units and access to financial and human resources to deal with broader metropolitan issues. It enhances metropolitan economic productivity and competitiveness, social cohesion, and fiscal feasibility; solves interterritorial coordination issues; and approaches regional problems. Although in the literature the concept of metropolitan governance is subject to many different interpretations, there is consensus that it conveys conditions, restrictions, or specificities concerning the management of common public functions. These generally include all kinds of networks and forms of institutional or voluntary cooperation, regulation strategies, governance plans, local governmental bodies, capacities, interactions between public and private stakeholders, and agreements among different governmental and organizational layers.
M
exico
C
ity
Authors: Garza Gustavo 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The Metropolitan Zone of Mexico City, with 20.3 million inhabitants in 2015, generates 23.1 percent of the national gross domestic product. This entry describes its demographic and urban expansion from 1950 to 2015, when it was transformed into a megacity. It then analyzes its macroeconomic dynamics from 1960 to 2013 and the intrametropolitan pattern of manufacturing, trade, and services. Following this, it presents the characteristics of each area of infrastructure and calculates the amount of accumulated investment; this figure is related to the fixed capital of all its private companies, whose high coefficient validates the concept of the city as a production factor. Lastly, a summary is provided of the main problems Mexico City faces as a city in a medium development country.
Middletown
Authors: Holt William Grady 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The Middletown Studies refer to a set of community studies conducted in Muncie, Indiana, by Robert and Helen Lynd in 1929, with a follow‐up in 1939. The studies focus on social changes in American society. Since the 1970s sociologists as well as filmmakers have returned to Muncie for further studies on American society in small cities.
Mobilities
Authors: Jirón Paola 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Mobility can be seen as an object of study or as an approach to understand broader processes. One of the key features of mobility studies today is the way the new mobilities paradigm has affected the way social sciences and transport studies can be observed. This entry explains the new mobility paradigm and briefly discusses how it affects transport, daily mobility, migration, tourism, residential mobility, urban infrastructure, and policy mobility and mobile methods. It then presents the challenges faced by this specific area in urban studies.
Neighborhood Change
Authors: Janoschka Michael 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Neighborhood change addresses the dynamics of the physical, social, and demographic composition of specific places and spaces with symbolic cohesion in the city. Understanding this transformation requires a theoretical framework that includes both the agency of individual and institutional actors and the structural power arising from urban capital accumulation. Hence, neighborhood change exemplifies the social and spatial injustices of contemporary capitalism and class struggle. Its analysis relates us to the reasons why people live, move, and concentrate in certain areas, while being systematically excluded from others.
Neighborhood Effects
Authors: Manley David 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Neighborhood effects relate to the impact that the residential context may have on individual outcomes above and beyond an individual's own characteristics. There is a vast literature spanning health, social sciences, economics, and other domains where often negative neighbourhood contexts are related to specific outcomes. One of the biggest challenges in the literature relates to the demonstration of causal relationships between people and places. This chapter provides an overview of key aspects of the literature that need to be addressed to move the debate forward.
Nonplaces
Authors: Merriman Peter 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe concept of nonplaces is most often associated with the work of the French anthropologist of supermodernity Marc Augé, although there are parallels with earlier writings on placelessness by Edward Relph and the nonplace urban realm by Melvin Webber. Nonplaces are characterized as modern spaces of mobility, consumption, and exchange with which people rarely identify, develop few attachments, or undertake face‐to‐face interactions, with archetypal examples including airports, shopping centers, and motorways. Augé's part‐autobiographical, quasi‐ethnographic, part‐fictional approach (termed “ethnofiction”) is outlined in this entry, as are critiques which have emerged over the past decade or so.
Occupancy Urbanism
Authors: Benjamin Solomon 
Published: April 2019

Abstract“Occupancy urbanism” is a way to understand the dynamic of cities' territorial and spatial conflicts as these shape economic and social relations. Land tenure is of central importance, as well as its institutional embedding. The conceptual premise draws on scholarship from legal pluralism that embeds law in society, contested ideas of property, and locates the urban within an idea of a heterogeneous state. This forms a critique of the excessive reliance on terms such as “slums,” master planning, informal sector, mafia, and speculation. The entry includes an account of changing contexts since the concept was first introduced and a critique of its interpretation in recent scholarship.
Peri‐Urbanization
Authors: Colleoni Matteo 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Peri‐urbanization refers to a phase of the urbanization process characterized by the growth of built‐up areas between urban settlement areas and their rural hinterland. The peri‐urban area is considered a space without identity that combines some of the characteristics of the city with others of the countryside. Nevertheless, some recurring features characterize peri‐urban areas and some approaches to the conceptualization of the topic can be identified. This entry provides an overview of these approaches by examining the peri‐urban as the periphery of the city, as a socioeconomic system, and as the interaction of rural–urban flows at the metropolitan level.
Pirenne, Henri
Authors: Haddock Serena Vicari 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Henri Pirenne (1862–1935) was a Belgian historian whose considerable reputation rests on a series of major works on European history, on his comparative method and his attention to the contribution of sociology and psychology to the understanding of historical events. Of particular relevance are his studies on the origin and early formation of medieval cities within a substantial feudal order. He argued that the degree to which towns enjoyed autonomy from external authority is the key factor in their evolution and that this freedom was acquired thanks to “new men,” that is, merchants, responsible for the rebirth of trade and manufacturing.
Redlining
Authors: Squires Gregory D. , Woodruff Frank 
Published: April 2019

AbstractRedlining is a policy or practice of denying credit or providing credit on more onerous terms to people in particular neighborhoods for reasons unrelated to creditworthiness such as their race or ethnicity. Lenders – and even the federal government – have long engaged in redlining. With passage of the Fair Housing Act and other civil rights laws the more explicit forms of redlining ameliorated. But predatory lending practices constituted a form of reverse redlining, punishing the same communities that had previously been denied credit. Those predatory practices have faded but traditional redlining appears to be making a comeback and remains a highly contested issue.
Rouse, James
Authors: Bloom Nicholas Dagen 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
James Rouse (1914–1996) was a leading American real estate developer and urban visionary of the mid‐twentieth century who believed deeply that the private sector, with targeted public subsidies, could both solve America's deepening urban crisis and tame suburban sprawl. His vision for a new era of private–public partnerships influenced urban policy in areas such as urban renewal, the regional shopping center, new towns, festival marketplaces, and contemporary affordable housing.