bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Terraforming
Authors: Pak Chris 
Published: January 2019

This book explores the emergence and development of terraforming in science fiction from H.G. Wells’s The War of the Worlds (1898) to James Cameron’s blockbuster Avatar (2009). Terraforming is the process of making other worlds habitable for human life. Its counterpart on Earth—geoengineering—has been positioned as a possible means of addressing the effects of climate change. This book asks how science fiction has imagined the ways we shape both our world and other planets and how stories of terraforming reflect on science, society and environmentalism. It traces the growth of the motif of terraforming in stories by such writers as H.G. Wells and Olaf Stapledon in the UK, American pulp science fiction by Ray Bradbury, Robert Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke, the counter cultural novels of Frank Herbert, Ursula K. Le Guin and Ernest Callenbach, and Pamela Sargent’s Venus trilogy, Frederick Turner’s epic poem of terraforming, Genesis, and Kim Stanley Robinson’s acclaimed Mars trilogy. It explores terraforming as a nexus for environmental philosophy, the pastoral, ecology, the Gaia hypothesis, the politics of colonisation and habitation, tradition and memory. This book shows how contemporary environmental awareness and our understanding of climate change is influenced by science fiction, and how terraforming in particular has offered scientists, philosophers, and many other readers a motif to think in complex ways about the human impact on planetary environments. Amidst contemporary anxieties about climate change, terraforming offers an important vantage from which to consider the ways humankind shapes and is shaped by their world.
Abstracts presented at International Congress CIDESD 2019
Authors: 2019 CIDESD 
Published: January 2019

The International Congress of CIDESD 2019 aims to provide a valuable opportunity for delegates to share, learn from and contribute to the most recent advances in Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences in a refreshing professional and social scenery.
We have put together a programme that includes plenary sessions delivered by leading experts in the field, free communication sessions organised across our key research areas, industry exhibition, research projects showcase, and plenty of networking opportunities! Additionally, we will offer a set of thoughtfully designed pre-congress workshops.
Urban plums and toads: do fleshy fruits affect the post-metamorphic growth of amphibians?
Authors: Kaczmarski Mikołaj , Tryjanowski Piotr , Kubicka Anna Maria 
Published: January 2019

Background
The main aim of the study was to analyse the influence of fleshy fruits (plums) on the post-metamorphic growth and feeding behaviour of the green toad Bufotes viridis. We tested the following two hypotheses: (1) juveniles of the green toad are characterised by faster growth in conditions involving fallen plums Prunus cerasifera due to the associated presence of more varied food such as invertebrates; (2) green toads exhibit more active feeding behaviour in the presence of fleshy fruits.

Methods
A total of 120 fresh metamorphs of the green toad were randomly assigned to one of four groups: two experimental groups with fleshy plums and two other groups as controls (without fruits). Each group was kept in an enclosure to which wild invertebrates had free access. Each individual toad was measured for snout-vent length (mm) and body mass (g) every other day for 30 days. In order to determine whether fallen plums influence the feeding behaviour of toads, the number of active and hidden (under an artificial shelter) individuals was also noted.

Results
The results showed that green toads from both enclosures with plums were characterised by more rapid growth than individuals from the control treatments. Simultaneously, in the enclosure with fleshy fruits, greater species richness of wild invertebrates was observed. No differences in active feeding behaviour were noted between control groups and groups with plums.

Discussion
Fleshy fruits, upon falling, attract many types of invertebrates; thus they may represent good dietary supplements for fresh amphibian metamorphs. Therefore, the presence of fruit trees close to a breeding site might influences the post-metamorphic growth of amphibians, but not their feeding behaviour. The presence of insects associated with fallen fruit seems to favour the occurrence of amphibian populations, which is particularly important, since, due to political and social pressure, numbers of fruit trees are currently being reduced. To our knowledge, no previous study has investigated the potential influence of the presence of fruit trees on the growth and behaviour of anurans.
5‐Fluoruracil – Bestimmung von α‐Fluor‐β‐alanin in Urin mittels GC‐MS/MS [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 2019]
Authors: Schierl R. , Fischer E. , Scherer G. , Hagedorn H.‐W. , Göen Th. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe working group “Analyses in Biological Materials” of the Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area verified the presented biomonitoring method.The method described hereinafter permits the determination of α‐fluoro‐β‐alanine (FBAL), the main metabolite of 5‐fluorouracil, at low concentration levels and can be used for the biomonitoring of exposed individuals (manufacture, pharmacy, medicine).To this end, urine samples are spiked with13C‐FBAL as internal standard (IS) and acidified with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. The samples are then extracted and purified using a strong cation exchanger. After resuspension and derivatisation, FBAL is analysed using GC‐MS/MS in the MRM (Multiple Reaction Monitoring) mode and quantified with reference to the internal standard. Calibration standards are prepared in pooled urine and processed in the same way as the samples to be analysed.
5‐Fluorouracil – Determination of α‐fluoro‐β‐alanine in urine by GC‐MS/MS [Biomonitoring Methods, 2019]
Authors: Schierl R. , Fischer E. , Scherer G. , Hagedorn H.‐W. , Göen Th. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe working group “Analyses in Biological Materials” of the Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area verified the presented biomonitoring method.The method described hereinafter permits the determination of α‐fluoro‐β‐alanine (FBAL), the main metabolite of 5‐fluorouracil, at low concentration levels and can be used for the biomonitoring of exposed individuals (manufacture, pharmacy, medicine).To this end, urine samples are spiked with13C‐FBAL as internal standard (IS) and acidified with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. The samples are then extracted and purified using a strong cation exchanger. After resuspension and derivatisation, FBAL is analysed using GC‐MS/MS in the MRM (Multiple Reaction Monitoring) mode and quantified with reference to the internal standard. Calibration standards are prepared in pooled urine and processed in the same way as the samples to be analysed.
Aniline [MAK Value Documentation, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) for aniline [62‐53‐3]. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail.Healthy male and female volunteers showed increased methaemoglobin values in a 6‐hour‐inhalation‐study with exposure to 2 ml aniline/m3. The median methaemoglobin augmentation was 0.5% from the base level of 0.7% to 1.2% methaemoglobin. Even taking into account the highest observed increase of methaemoglobin, 8 hour‐exposure time and the increased respiratory volume at the workplace, a methaemoglobin value of more than 5% would not be expected. Based on this, the MAK value for aniline of 2 ml/m3(7.7 mg/m3) is confirmed. Aniline is still assigned to Peak Limitation Category II, because systemic effects are critical and the excursion factor of 2 is confirmed. Skin contact is expected to contribute significantly to the systemic toxicity. Therefore, the designation with an “H” is confirmed. Aniline continues to be designated with “Sh” and assigned to Carcinogenicity Category 4.
2,3,3,3‐Tetrafluorpropen [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2019

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of 2,3,3,3‐tetrafluoropropene [
754‐12‐1
]. As the blood:air partition coefficient of 2,3,3,3‐tetrafluoropropene is < 5, the increased respiratory volume at the workplace (see List of MAK and BAT Values, Sections I b and I c) does not have to be taken into account for the derivation of the MAK value. Moreover, the extrapolation of 6‐hour exposure in the animal experiment to 8‐hour exposure at the workplace does not need to be applied because the effect is much more dependent on the concentration than on time. The MAK value for 2,3,3,3‐tetrafluoropropene of 200 ml/m
3
can therefore be retained.
Turpentine Oil [MAK Value Documentation, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated turpentine oil, considering all toxicity endpoints.

Turpentine oil [
8006‐64‐2
] is a mixture of different terpenes, terpenoids and terpene hydrocarbons, mostly mono and bicyclic monoterpenes like pinene, camphene, dihydropinene, carene or dipentene (limonene) with the main component being alpha‐pinene with 60 to 86%. In 14‐week studies with alpha‐pinene in rats and mice, the critical effect was hyperplasia of the epithelium of the urinary bladder in mice at 100 ml/m
3
with a no observed adverse effect concentration (NOAEC) of 50 ml/m
3
. No irritation was observed up to the highest concentration of 400 ml/m
3
in rats and mice. Taking into account that the systemic NOAEC might be lower after chronic exposure and with the increased breathing volume of workers, a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of 5 ml/m
3
was derived for turpentine oil. This concentration is far below 80 ml/m
3
, at which changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were observed in volunteers after short‐term exposure to a mixture of alpha and beta‐pinene and delta‐carene and which is below the NOAEC for alpha‐pinene of 40 ml/m
3
for sensory irritation in humans.

The MAK value was derived from a systemic effect; therefore, turpentine oil is classified in Peak Limitation Category II with an excursion factor of 2.
Turpentine oil and its major constituents do not have genotoxic potential. There are no carcinogenicity studies available with turpentine oil or its major components. Results of a dermal initiation‐promotion study with turpentine oil alone were negative; promoting activity was seen only after application of an initiator. Turpentine oil is no longer classified as carcinogenic to humans, based on the Commission's evaluation of this type of study.
A significant contribution to systemic toxicity was demonstrated in a model calculation of dermal absorption and turpentine oil is designated with an “H”. Due to the data described in the evaluation of 1996, turpentine oil continues to be designated with an “Sh”.
Valid developmental toxicity studies are lacking; therefore, turpentine oil is assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group D.
Mineral oils (petroleum), severely refined [MAK Value Documentation, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated 4 severely refined mineral oils [92062‐35‐6,72623‐83‐7,92045‐45‐9,92045‐44‐8] considering all toxicological endpoints.These mineral oils are severely refined to eliminate olefins and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The critical effect is lung toxicity which is observed as microgranulomas in two long‐term studies with rats and dogs at a respirable aerosol concentration of 100 mg/m3with a NOAEC of 5 mg/m3. A MAK value of 5 mg/m3has been set as the respirable fraction (R). Severely refined mineral oils have been assigned to Peak Limitation Category II, because the lung effects are due to a cumulative overload and an excursion factor of 4 has been set. Severely refined mineral oils are not genotoxic and not carcinogenic after oral, dermal or subcutaneous application to rats and mice.Developmental toxicity studies with a white mineral oil show a NOAEC of 1000 mg/m3and a NOAEL of 5000 mg/kg body weight in rats. After toxicokinetic scaling, the differences of the resulting respective concentrations at the workplace to the MAK value are sufficient. Therefore, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed and severely refined mineral oils are assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C.Skin absorption is very limited and does not contribute to systemic toxicity. Severely refined mineral oils are not regarded as skin or respiratory sensitizers.
Gradient Energy Band Driven High‐Performance Self‐Powered Perovskite/CdS Photodetector
Authors: Cao Fengren , Meng Linxing , Wang Meng , Tian Wei , Li Liang 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSelf‐powered photodetectors are highly desired to meet the great demand in applications of sensing, communication, and imaging. Manipulating the carrier separation and recombination is critical to achieve high performance. In this paper, a self‐powered photodetector based on the integrated gradient O‐doped CdS nanorod array and perovskite is presented. Through optimizing the degree of continuous built‐in band bending in the gradient‐O CdS, the photodetector demonstrates a remarkable detectivity of 2.1 × 1013 Jones. Under the self‐powered voltage mode, the responsivity can be as high as 0.48 A W−1, and the rise and decay time are 0.54/2.21 ms. The comprehensive performance is comparable and even better than reported perovskite and other types of self‐powered photodetectors. The improved mechanism reveals that the gradient band bending promotes the photogenerated carrier transfer and hinders the recombination at the interface.
Energetics and Escape of Interchain‐Delocalized Ion Pairs in Nonpolar Media
Authors: Burke John H. , Bird Matthew J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe electron acceptor F4TCNQ p‐dopes aggregates “nanowires” of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) in nonpolar solvents but does not dope unaggregated chains. The standard free energy change for the charge transfer to form an ion pair is ΔG°et = ‐0.21 eV. The dissociation constant to produce free ions in toluene by DC conductivity is K°d = 1 × 10‐8 ± 50% (ΔG°d = 0.48 ± 0.05 eV). This remarkably large K°d, for ions in such a low polarity medium, may reflect interchain delocalization of the hole. The particular characteristics of this material system enables determination of both ΔG°et and ΔG°d, to find the overall free energy change from the two neutral species to completely separated ions in nonpolar media. It is endergonic by +0.27 ± 0.05 eV in contrast to ‐0.6 eV estimated from reported HOMO LUMO differences, illustrating the challenges that persist in determining such energetics. Steady state microwave conductivity experiments on doped aggregates confirm that holes in the aggregates cannot easily escape their dopant counterion, but at higher dopant concentrations, holes become mobile. These results provide insight into the mechanisms of charge separation involving intermolecularly delocalized charges in nonpolar media, an integral process in organic photovoltaic devices and doped molecular films.
Thermal Conductivity Enhancement of Soft Polymer Composites through Magnetically Induced Percolation and Particle–Particle Contact Engineering
Authors: Ralphs Matthew , Kong Wilson , Wang Robert Y. , Rykaczewski Konrad 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDespite major advancements in the performance of thermal interface materials (TIMs), contact resistance between components persists as a major thermal bottleneck in electronics packaging. In this work, the thermal performance of composite TIMs is enhanced through a synergistic coupling of magnetic alignment and engineered particle coatings that reduce the thermal resistance between particles. By itself, magnetically induced percolation of nickel particles within a cross‐linked silicone matrix doubles the thermal conductivity of the composite. This process significantly increases contact between particles, making the interfacial particle–particle resistance a major contributor to the composites thermal performance. The resistance at these interfaces can be reduced by introducing soft metal (silver) or liquid metal coatings onto the nickel particles. Compressing powder beds of these hybrid particles reveals that, dependent on coating thickness, the contact engineering approach provides multifold increases in thermal conductivity at mild pressures. When dispersed in a polymer matrix and magnetically aligned, the coated particles provide a threefold increase in composite thermal conductivity, as compared to unaligned samples (up to nearly 6 W m−1 K−1 with volumetric fill fraction of 0.5). For equivalent coating thicknesses, silver coatings achieve better performance than liquid metal coatings.
Superhydrophobic 3D Porous PTFE/TiO2 Hybrid Structures
Authors: Aktas Oral Cenk , Schröder Stefan , Veziroglu Salih , Ghori Muhammed Zubair , Haidar Ayman , Polonskyi Oleksandr , Strunskus Thomas , Gleason Karen , Faupel Franz 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCombining hard‐templating and infiltration processes, micro‐ and nanoscale topography induced by 2D assembling of TiO2 nanoparticles is extended to 3D TiO2. By applying an ultrathin and highly conformal polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) layer on prepared 3D TiO2 via initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD), a robust superhydrophobic bulk material (3D PTFE/TiO2) is achieved. A comparative study is conducted to reveal the stability of Cassie state for 3D PTFE/TiO2 against the external pressure by squeezing a water droplet between 2D and 3D PTFE/TiO2 structures. The use of such a stable 3D superhydrophobic PTFE/TiO2 structure for the controlled release medium is shown by a case study.
Investigation of the changes in physical properties of PES/PVC fabrics after aging
Authors: Sacevičienė Virginija , Jucienė Milda , Dobilaitė Vaida , Krylova Valentina , Žalenkienė Skirma , Dukštienė Nijolė , Bliūdžius Raimondas 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTThe aim of this work was to investigate the physical and mechanical performance of architectural polyester (PES)–poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membranes exposed to different artificial aging conditions. Two commercially available architectural membranes were chosen as research objects. The durability of the PES/PVC fabrics was evaluated by the loss in mechanical performance, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction analysis in order to understand the effect of the degradation agents on the surface of the membranes. The mechanical performance of the PES/PVC membranes was unchanged. Scanning electron microscopy images of the tested materials showed initial cracks after aging. The X‐ray fluorescence analysis showed that at the time of aging, the amount of Cl and Si decreased slightly, while Ti decreased by half, and Ca by volume increased twice. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47523.
Recycled polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene reinforced and toughened through chemical compatibilization
Authors: Wang Yafei , Li Yingchun , Wang Wensheng , Lv Lida , Li Chenhong , Zhang Jianbin 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTTo improve the utilization efficiency of recycled polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (R‐PC/ABS), we studied the mechanical, morphological, and rheological properties of R‐PC/ABS with styrene–butadiene–glycidyl methacrylate (SBG), which was used to reinforce and toughen the R‐PC/ABS through chemical compatibilization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in R‐PC/ABS reacted with epoxy groups in SBG to produce ester and ether groups. The results of scanning electron microscopy show that the domain sizes of the ABS particles decreased when the SBG content was 6 wt %; this demonstrated that the compatibility of the polycarbonate (PC) and ABS was improved after the addition of SBG. The results of the loss modulus of dynamic mechanical analysis were consistent with the morphological results, which reflected a better compatibility of PC and ABS in the modified samples. The introduction of SBG increased the molecular weight and entanglements; this improved the viscosity and storage modulus in the modified samples, as demonstrated by the rheological results. Furthermore, the mechanical properties were obviously enhanced, especially the impact strength, when the SBG content was 6 wt %; this was ascribed to the chemical reactions and improved compatibility after melt extrusion with SBG. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47537.
Synthesis and characterization of compatibilizers for blends of polypropylene carbonate and polybutylene succinate via free‐radical grafting of maleic anhydride
Authors: Calderón Bárbara A. , Soule James , Sobkowicz Margaret J. 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTThis study focuses on creating an optimal grafting compatibilizer for blends of polypropylene carbonate (PPC) and polybutylene succinate (PBS). PPC and PBS were blended separately with different amounts of maleic anhydride (MAH) and with and without dicumyl peroxide (DCP) to aid the free‐radical grafting. Titration analysis evidenced that MAH reacted with the polymers terminal groups and backbones using free‐radical functionalization. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and gas permeation chromatography (GPC) results demonstrated how the thermal stability of PPC improves with the addition of MAH. Proton NMR proved that, in both PPC and PBS formulations, ring‐opening reactions and grafting of the intact MAH ring occur, as well as interchain grafting producing network structures. The rheological analysis showed that small quantities of MAH and DCP increase the viscosity of the resins. The compatibilizer that was determined to be most reactive and stable of all the formulations analyzed was PPC with 2% MAH and DCP and its effect in the morphology of PPC‐PBS blends was proven successful by a reduction of the PPC droplet size. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47553.