bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of frequency on the electrical conductivity of whole shell egg components
Authors: Kasler David R. , Sastry Sudhir K. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn an attempt to investigate ohmic heating of shell eggs, the electrical conductivity of its components was determined. Whole shell eggs were split up into five major components including yolk, thin albumen, thick albumen, membrane, and shell. Each was individually tested to determine the effects of electric field frequency and temperature on electrical conductivity. Electrical conductivity of the liquid egg components show results similar to literature values. In the range of frequencies from 10 to 100,000 Hz, little or no frequency dependence was noted for electrical conductivity, with temperature being a far more significant variable. A modeling study for ohmic heating of whole eggs showed significant disagreement with experiment, due principally to inaccuracy in measurement of shell conductivity—accuracy was improved when using an eggshell conductivity that was far lower than the measured value. Nevertheless, despite the lack of significant ohmic heating effects, some current flow within eggs was noted. While data for liquid components may be considered reliable, methods for measuring electrical conductivity of low‐moisture, solid components such as eggshells need to be improved.Practical ApplicationsWe show the effects of frequency on the electrical conductivities of various shell egg components, in particular including the shell and shell membrane, and verify the accuracy of properties data with a heat transfer model. This work is useful for egg industry applications due to recent concerns about contamination with Salmonella, which has prompted research into alternative methods of in‐shell pasteurization of eggs.
Laparoscopic repair of an umbilical hernia in a Western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) rescued in Sierra Leone
Authors: Pizarro Andrea Isabel , Amarasekaran Bala , Brown Donna , Pizzi Romain 
Published: April 2019

AbstractLaparoscopic umbilical hernia repair was performed in an adult female Western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) in a rescue centre in Sierra Leone. Biological mesh and laparoscopic spiral tacks via three 5 mm laparoscopy ports were used to close a 4 cm hernia. The chimpanzee recovered quickly and the hernia did not recur.
Development of a novel histological and histomorphometric evaluation protocol for a standardized description of the mid‐palatal suture – An ex vivo study
Authors: Willershausen Ines , Erbe Christina , Al‐Maawi Sarah , Orlowska Anna , Wehrbein Heiner , Ghanaati Shahram 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe hard palate and mid‐palatal suture are highly important for orthodontic treatment. In cases of transverse maxillary deficiency, palatal expansion is the treatment of choice. As nowadays a growing number of adult patients receive orthodontic treatment, an understanding of suture development throughout life is important to derive tailored orthodontic treatment techniques for each age group. Histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical stains (haematoxylin & eosin, Azan, Movat pentachrome, Masson–Goldner trichrome, Sirius Red, CD 31, osteopontin and TRAP) and histomorphometric analyses were re‐established to detect the structural conditions of the mid‐palatal suture in human cadavers of three different age groups (20–39, 40–59 and 60–80 years). The mid‐palatal suture of the selected age groups (total of n = 12; n = 4 in every group m = f) exhibited marked differences in sutural morphology and metabolism. A wide, interdigitated and well‐vascularized suture was observed in younger specimens compared with straighter and smaller sutures with fewer vessels and lower bone density in the 60–80 year group. The fibre composition within the sutural gap differed between the three age groups. Delicate fibres were found in the 20–39 year group, and a tightly interwoven 3D fibre‐network was observed in the 40–59 year group. Atrophy primarily characterized the fibres in the 60–80 year group. This evidence demonstrates differences between the evaluated groups. These results suggest that the staining methods used are suitable for the description and evaluation of the morphology and metabolism of mid‐palatal sutures. Further investigation is necessary to provide an in‐depth description of sutural maturation over a lifetime.
Prosperity Beliefs and Value Orientations: Fueling or Suppressing Entrepreneurial Activity
Authors: Dougherty Kevin D. , Neubert Mitchell J. , Park Jerry Z. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractEntrepreneurs tend to think differently than nonentrepreneurs. Among the differences are values prizing achievement and self‐direction, while downplaying tradition and conformity. Religion is an important correlate to human values. Nevertheless, previous research has failed to explore adequately the connections among religious beliefs, human values, and entrepreneurial outcomes. The purpose of this study is to test these relationships with a focus on beliefs that God rewards the faithful with material prosperity. We test eight hypotheses using a national survey of working adults. Results of a multigroup path model reveal that value orientations of self‐enhancement, openness to change, and conservation are associated with entrepreneurial attitudes of opportunity recognition and risk willingness. These attitudes likewise correlate with new business creation. Prosperity beliefs moderate the impact of values and entrepreneurial attitudes on the likelihood of starting a new business, but prosperity beliefs by themselves show little direct impact on entrepreneurial attitudes or action.
Development and validation of the International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire for Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (ICIQ‐MLUTS) and the ICIQ‐MLUTS Long Form in Chinese population
Authors: Huang Weina , Wang Qiang , Chen Jiawei , Wu Peng 
Published: April 2019

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to develop and validate Chinese versions of the International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire for Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (ICIQ‐MLUTS) and ICIQ‐MLUTS Long Form (LF), and to discuss their potential functions.MethodsThe original ICIQ‐MLUTS and ICIQ‐MLUTS LF were translated into Chinese after obtaining permission from the International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire Advisory Board. Between November 2017 and August 2018, the Chinese versions of the ICIQ‐MLUTS and ICIQ‐MLUTS LF were validated by administering them to male patients with lower urinary tract symptoms attending the urology department in 6 and 12 hospitals, respectively, in China.ResultsIn all, 135 and 230 patients completed the first administration of the Chinese version of the ICIQ‐MLUTS and ICIQ‐MLUTS LF, respectively. Both questionnaires had good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.797 and 0.853 for the ICIQ‐MLUTS and ICIQ‐MLUTS LF, respectively) and good criterion validity (Pearson's correlation of 0.846 and 0.833 with the International Prostate Symptom Score for the ICIQ‐MLUTS and ICIQ‐MLUTS LF, respectively). Satisfactory test–retest reliability was demonstrated, with an intraclass correlation coefficient for both questionnaires >0.9. Good responsiveness of both questionnaires was also noticeable (marked improvements between scores before and after treatment; P < 0.001 for both).ConclusionsThe Chinese versions of the ICIQ‐MLUTS and ICIQ‐MLUTS LF were valid and reliable in Chinese population, which will be useful for clinical practice and research in China.
Grey mould of strawberry, a devastating disease caused by the ubiquitous necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Petrasch Stefan , Knapp Steven J. , van Kan Jan A. L. , Blanco‐Ulate Barbara 
Published: April 2019

SummaryThe fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea causes grey mould, a commercially damaging disease of strawberry. This pathogen affects fruit in the field, storage, transport and market. The presence of grey mould is the most common reason for fruit rejection by growers, shippers and consumers, leading to significant economic losses. Here, we review the biology and epidemiology of the pathogen, mechanisms of infection and the genetics of host plant resistance. The development of grey mould is affected by environmental and genetic factors; however, little is known about how B. cinerea and strawberry interact at the molecular level. Despite intensive efforts, breeding strawberry for resistance to grey mould has not been successful, and the mechanisms underlying tolerance to B. cinerea are poorly understood and under‐investigated. Current control strategies against grey mould include pre‐ and postharvest fungicides, yet they are generally ineffective and expensive. In this review, we examine available research on horticultural management, chemical and biological control of the pathogen in the field and postharvest storage, and discuss their relevance for integrative disease management. Additionally, we identify and propose approaches for increasing resistance to B. cinerea in strawberry by tapping into natural genetic variation and manipulating host factors via genetic engineering and genome editing.
Highlights from the International Symposium on Understanding the Double Burden of Malnutrition for Effective Interventions: A focus on stable isotope techniques in nutrition
Authors: Nguo K. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe International Symposium on Understanding the Double Burden of Malnutrition for Effective Interventions was held at the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) headquarters in Vienna, Austria, from 10 to 13 December 2018. The Symposium was hosted by the IAEA in cooperation with the World Health Organization and United Nations Children's Fund. The double burden of malnutrition (DBM) is a complex situation characterised by the co‐existence of overweight/obesity, underweight and/or undernutrition, and can occur at the individual, household and population levels across the lifespan. Currently, one in three individuals worldwide suffer from at least one form of malnutrition. The objective of the meeting was to strengthen understanding of how to tackle the DBM by sharing research findings, ideas and issues with the implementation of relevant interventions, programmes and policies. In particular, the Symposium highlighted the crucial roles stable isotopes play in the assessment and monitoring of the DBM and in measuring the impact of programmes designed to address this issue. The range of stable isotope applications considered at the meeting is discussed in this paper and includes the assessment of body composition, total energy expenditure, breastfeeding practices and micronutrient bioavailability.
Genome‐wide selection footprints and deleterious variations in young Asian allotetraploid rapeseed
Authors: Zou Jun , Mao Lingfeng , Qiu Jie , Wang Meng , Jia Lei , Wu Dongya , He Zhesi , Chen Meihong , Shen Yifei , Shen Enhui , Huang Yongji , Li Ruiyuan , Hu Dandan , Shi Lei , Wang Kai , Zhu Qianhao , Ye Chuyu , Bancroft Ian , King Graham J. , Meng Jinling , Fan Longjiang 
Published: April 2019

SummaryBrassica napus (AACC, 2n = 38) is an important oilseed crop grown worldwide. However, little is known about the population evolution of this species, the genomic difference between its major genetic groups, such as European and Asian rapeseed, and the impacts of historical large‐scale introgression events on this young tetraploid. In this study, we reported the de novo assembly of the genome sequences of an Asian rapeseed (B. napus), Ningyou 7, and its four progenitors and compared these genomes with other available genomic data from diverse European and Asian cultivars. Our results showed that Asian rapeseed originally derived from European rapeseed but subsequently significantly diverged, with rapid genome differentiation after hybridization and intensive local selective breeding. The first historical introgression of B. rapa dramatically broadened the allelic pool but decreased the deleterious variations of Asian rapeseed. The second historical introgression of the double‐low traits of European rapeseed (canola) has reshaped Asian rapeseed into two groups (double‐low and double‐high), accompanied by an increase in genetic load in the double‐low group. This study demonstrates distinctive genomic footprints and deleterious SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) variants for local adaptation by recent intra‐ and interspecies introgression events and provides novel insights for understanding the rapid genome evolution of a young allopolyploid crop.
Malignant melanoma with areas of rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation arising in a giant congenital nevus with RAF1 gene fusion
Authors: Baltres Aline , Salhi Aicha , Houlier Aurelie , Pissaloux Daniel , Tirode Franck , Haddad Véronique , Karanian Marie , Ysmail‐Dahlouk Salim , Boukendakdji Fatma , Dahlouk Djazia , Allaoua Fateh , Metref Marzak , Djeridane Assya , Fraitag Sylvie , de la Fouchardière Arnaud 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA girl, born with a posterior  lumbosacral giant congenital nevus, developed a central nodule that expanded over a period of 14 months into a 10‐cm pedunculated mass. Histological analysis of the mass revealed melanoma of myxoid, small round‐cell type with areas of  rhabdomyosarcomatous  transformation confirmed by immunohistochemistry. RNA sequencing identified an in‐frame SASS6(e14)‐RAF1(e8) fusion in both components and the nevus. A RAF1 FISH break‐apart test found a balanced rearrangement pattern in the nevus and an unbalanced pattern in the malignant areas. Wild‐type status of NRAS and BRAF was confirmed by NGS techniques. The array‐CGH profile displayed copy number alterations commonly found in rhabdomyosarcomas. Despite intensive treatment, widespread metastatic evolution of the melanomatous component was observed.
Assessment of Pierce's disease susceptibility in Vitis vinifera cultivars with different pedigrees
Authors: Deyett E. , Pouzoulet J. , Yang J.‐I. , Ashworth V. E. , Castro C. , Roper M. C. , Rolshausen P. E. 
Published: April 2019

Pierce's disease (PD) of grapevine is caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. In this study, an integrated approach was applied to assess PD susceptibility among different Vitis vinifera cultivars that incorporated disease severity, bacterial pathogen abundance and loss of stem xylem hydraulic conductivity. It was hypothesized that levels of PD susceptibility in V. vinifera can be attributed in part to the host anatomical features that are shaped by its pedigree background. Two popular wine grape cultivars were initially selected from the occidentalis group, Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon, and one from the orientalis group, Thompson Seedless. The more recently bred table grape cultivar Scarlet Royal, that has mixed pedigree parentage, was also included. PD susceptibility was compared to the known PD resistant b43‐17 V. arizonica/candicans wild grape species from North America. The data indicated that Thompson Seedless was ranked as the most susceptible to PD because it significantly exhibited the most severe disease symptoms at 12 weeks post‐inoculation and hosted the highest X. fastidiosa titre of the cultivars, and lost over 90% of its stem hydraulic conductivity. In contrast, the other three cultivars displayed less susceptibility to PD. The way in which the xylem anatomy could impact PD susceptibility in V. vinifera cultivars is discussed, together with how grape pedigrees and their cognate centre of domestication may have influenced xylem anatomical features. This work provides a reference framework to further test the hypothesis that V. vinifera cultivars with wide xylem vessels may be more prone to PD decline.
Performance‐based design, expertise asymmetry, and professionalism: Fire safety regulation in the neoliberal era
Authors: Spinardi Graham 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFire safety has traditionally been regulated by prescriptive rules that stipulate requirements according to the type and size of a building, with the regulator's job being to check that these rules have been followed. However, many jurisdictions now allow performance‐based design regulation in which approval depends on the regulator assessing the prospective performance of a bespoke fire safety design for a particular project. Regulators thus need to be able to adjudicate on the knowledge claims put forward by fire safety engineers, but most regulators lack the knowledge to interrogate claims that are often the product of complex mathematical modeling across a range of disciplines. This expertise asymmetry poses a challenge for the effective regulation of fire safety designs, and the relative immaturity of fire safety engineering as a profession needs to be addressed before it would be wise to rely on professional competence and ethics alone to ensure safety.
The road to lysosome‐related organelles: Insights from Hermansky‐Pudlak syndrome and other rare diseases
Authors: Bowman Shanna L. , Bi‐Karchin Jing , Le Linh , Marks Michael S. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractLysosome‐related organelles (LROs) comprise a diverse group of cell type‐specific, membrane‐bound subcellular organelles that derive at least in part from the endolysosomal system but that have unique contents, morphologies and functions to support specific physiological roles. They include: melanosomes that provide pigment to our eyes and skin; alpha and dense granules in platelets, and lytic granules in cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, which release effectors to regulate hemostasis and immunity; and distinct classes of lamellar bodies in lung epithelial cells and keratinocytes that support lung plasticity and skin lubrication. The formation, maturation and/or secretion of subsets of LROs are dysfunctional or entirely absent in a number of hereditary syndromic disorders, including in particular the Hermansky‐Pudlak syndromes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of LROs in humans and model organisms and presents our current understanding of how the products of genes that are defective in heritable diseases impact their formation, motility and ultimate secretion.
SPRINTING. . . Dietary Approaches to Optimize Training Adaptation and Performance
Authors: Slater Gary J. , Sygo Jennifer , Jorgensen Majke 
Published: April 2019

Although sprint athletes are assumed to primarily be interested in promoting muscle hypertrophy, it is the ability to generate explosive muscle power, optimization of power-to-weight ratio, and enhancement of anaerobic energy generation that are key outcomes of sprint training. This reflects the physique of track sprinters, being characterized as ecto-mesomorphs. Although there is little contemporary data on sprinters dietary habits, given their moderate energy requirements relative to body mass, a carbohydrate intake within the range of 3–6 g·kg−1·day−1 appears reasonable, while ensuring carbohydrate availability is optimized around training. Similarly, although protein needs may be twice general population recommendations, sprint athletes should consume meals containing ∼0.4 g/kg high biological value protein (i.e., easily digested, rich in essential amino acids) every 3–5 hr. Despite the short duration of competitions and relative long-recovery periods between races, nutrition still plays an important role in sprint performance. As energy expenditure moderates during competition, so too should intake of energy and macronutrients to prevent unwanted weight gain. Further adjustments in macronutrient intake may be warranted among athletes contemplating optimization of power-to-weight ratio through reductions in body fat prior to the competitive season. Other novel acute methods of weight loss have also been proposed to enhance power-to-weight ratio, but their implementation should only be considered under professional guidance. Given the metabolic demands of sprinting, a few supplements may be of benefit to athletes in training and/or competition. Their use in competition should be preceded with trialing in training to confirm tolerance and perceived ergogenic potential.
Cervical screening and risk of adenosquamous and rare histological types of invasive cervical carcinoma: population based nested case-control study
Authors: Lei Jiayao , Andrae Bengt , Ploner Alexander , Lagheden Camilla , Eklund Carina , Nordqvist Kleppe Sara , Wang Jiangrong , Fang Fang , Dillner Joakim , Elfström K Miriam , Sparén Pär 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Objectives
To examine the association of cervical cytology screening with the risk of adenosquamous cell carcinoma (ASC) and rare histological types of invasive cervical carcinoma (RICC), using comprehensive registry data, and to assess tumour human papillomavirus status of ASC and RICC.

Design
Nationwide, population based, nested case-control study.

Setting
Sweden.

Participants
All cases of invasive cervical carcinoma in Sweden during 2002-11 (4254 confirmed cases after clinical and histopathological review). 338 cases were neither squamous cell carcinoma nor adenocarcinoma, including 164 cases of ASC and 174 cases of RICC (glassy cell carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, neuroendocrine cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and undifferentiated carcinoma). 30 birth year matched controls from the general Swedish population were matched to each case by applying incidence density sampling.

Main outcome measures
Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios, interpreted as incidence rate ratios, for risk of ASC and RICC in relation to screening status and screening history, adjusted for education. Human papillomavirus distribution of ASC and RICC was based on available archival tumour tissues from most Swedish pathology biobanks.

Results
Women with two screening tests in the previous two recommended screening intervals had a lower risk of ASC (incidence rate ratio 0.22, 95% confidence interval 0.14 to 0.34) and RICC (0.34, 0.21 to 0.55), compared with women without any test. High risk human papillomavirus was detected in 148/211 (70%) cases with valid human papillomavirus results from tumour tissues. The risk reduction among women with tumours that were positive (incidence rate ratio 0.28, 0.18 to 0.46) and negative (0.27, 0.13 to 0.59) for high risk human papillomavirus was similar, compared with women who did not attend any test.

Conclusions
Cervical screening is associated with reduced risk of ASC and RICC, and most ASC and RICC are positive for high risk human papillomavirus. This evidence provides a benchmark for evaluating future cervical screening strategies.