bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advances in Electrocatalytic N2 Reduction—Strategies to Tackle the Selectivity Challenge
Authors: Chen Gao‐Feng , Ren Shiyu , Zhang Lili , Cheng Hui , Luo Yaru , Zhu Kehan , Ding Liang‐Xin , Wang Haihui 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe industrial process used to reduce N2 to NH3, typically the Haber–Bosch process, is energy‐intensive and highly dependent on fossil fuels, a major source of greenhouse gas emissions causing undesirable climate change. Electrochemical reduction of N2 to NH3 using renewable energy is one attractive approach to address this problem. A major challenge for electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is low catalytic activity, accompanied by ultralow selectivity. Current studies have made some breakthroughs in Faradaic efficiency, with reasonable current density, while remaining far from satisfying the needs of commercial applications. This review discusses current strategies, focusing on the perspectives of catalyst design, cell configuration, electrolyte choice, etc., to tackle the selectivity challenge. In addition, rigorous control experiments to eliminate possible ammonia contamination and standard ammonia detection methods to ensure data accuracy are proposed, providing guidance for the field of NRR studies.
High‐frequency aerial surveys inform the seasonal distribution of Cook Inlet beluga whales
Authors: Wolf Nathan , Harris Bradley P. , Richárd Natalie , Sethi Suresh A. , Lomac‐Macnair Kate , Parker Lisa 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTManagement options to mitigate potential effects from the overlap of anthropogenic and marine mammal activities require understanding of species’ habitat use and movement patterns. We analyzed high temporal frequency industrial marine mammal monitoring program aerial surveys conducted over a protracted period from April to October of 2013 and 2014 to examine beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) ecology in the Cook Inlet, Alaska, USA. Our objectives were to characterize the spatiotemporal whale distributions, determine the utility of these patterns to inform management practices, and assess industrial survey data as a supplement to agency population monitoring programs. Cook Inlet beluga whale densities peaked in late June to early July, with some activity observed in all survey months. Consistent trends in spatial persistence were identified and found to be associated with the seasonal sequence of prey field distributions including eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus), Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), and gadids (Gadidae spp.). Seasonal beluga whale distributions were stable across both study years, indicating hotspots of habitat use with predictable seasonal timing. The regular temporal and spatial distribution of beluga whale activity suggests potential to inform management efforts to mitigate disturbance of whales from anthropogenic activities in the Inlet. We found high‐frequency surveys conducted as part of industrial marine mammal monitoring programs provided a useful additional data source for population monitoring; however, improvements in survey design and efforts to control for observer detection biases may further increase the utility of these surveys to complement ongoing standardized scientific surveys. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
The St. Petersburg paradox despite risk-seeking preferences: an experimental study
Authors: Cox James C. , Kroll Eike B. , Lichters Marcel , Sadiraj Vjollca , Vogt Bodo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe St. Petersburg paradox is one of the oldest challenges of expected value theory. Thus far, explanations of the paradox aim at small probabilities being perceived as zero and the boundedness of utility of the outcome. This paper provides experimental results showing that neither diminishing marginal utility of the outcome nor perception of small probabilities can explain the paradox. We find that even in situations where subjects are risk-seeking, and zeroing-out small probabilities supports risk-taking, the St. Petersburg paradox exists. This indicates that the paradox cannot be resolved by the arguments advanced to date.
Vegetative Community Response to Landscape-Scale Post-fire Herbicide (Imazapic) Application
Authors: Applestein Cara , Germino Matthew J. , Fisk Matthew R. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDisturbances such as wildfire create time-sensitive windows of opportunity for invasive plant treatment, and the timing of herbicide application relative to the time course of plant community development following fire can strongly influence herbicide effectiveness. We evaluated the effect of herbicide (imazapic) applied in the first winter or second fall after the 113,000 ha Soda wildfire on the target exotic annual grasses and also key non-target components of the plant community. We measured responses of exotic and native species cover, species diversity, and occurrence frequency of shrubs and forbs seeded before (1 to 2 or 9 to 10 mo) herbicide application. Additionally, we asked whether landscape factors, including topography, species richness, and/or soil characteristics, influenced the effectiveness of imazapic. Cover of exotic annual grass cover, but not of deep-rooted perennial bunchgrass, was less where imazapic had been applied, whereas more variability was evident in the response of Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secundaJ. Presl) and seeded shrubs and forbs. Regression-tree analysis of the subset of plots measured both before and after the second fall application revealed greater reductions of exotic annual grass cover in places where their cover was <42% before spraying. Otherwise, imazapic effects did not vary with the landscape factors we analyzed.
Experimental investigation of turbulent suspensions of spherical particles in a square duct
Authors: Zade Sagar , Costa Pedro , Fornari Walter , Lundell Fredrik , Brandt Luca 
Published: October 2018

We report experimental observations of turbulent flow with spherical particles in a square duct. Three particle sizes, namely$2H/d_{p}=40$, 16 and 9 ($2H$being the duct full height and$d_{p}$being the particle diameter), are investigated. The particles are nearly neutrally buoyant with a density ratio of 1.0035 and 1.01 with respect to the suspending fluid. Refractive index matched–particle image velocimetry (RIM–PIV) is used for fluid velocity measurement even at the highest particle volume fraction (20 %) and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) for the particle velocity statistics for the flows seeded with particles of the two largest sizes, whereas only pressure measurements are reported for the smallest particles. Settling effects are seen at the lowest bulk Reynolds number$Re_{2H}\approx$10 000, whereas, at the highest$Re_{2H}\approx 27\,000$, particles are in almost full suspension. The friction factor of the suspensions is found to be significantly larger than that of single-phase duct flow at the lower$Re_{2H}$investigated; however, the difference decreases when increasing the flow rate and the total drag approaches the values of the single-phase flow at the higher Reynolds number considered,$Re_{2H}=27\,000$. The pressure drop is found to decrease with the particle diameter for volume fractions lower than$\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}=10\,\%$for nearly all$Re_{2H}$investigated. However, at the highest volume fraction$\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}=20\,\%$, we report a peculiar non-monotonic behaviour: the pressure drop first decreases and then increases with increasing particle size. The decrease of the turbulent drag with particle size at the lowest volume fractions is related to an attenuation of the turbulence. The drag increase for the two largest particle sizes at$\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}=20\,\%$, however, occurs despite this large reduction of the turbulent stresses, and it is therefore due to significant particle-induced stresses. At the lowest Reynolds number, the particles reside mostly in the bottom half of the duct, where the mean velocity significantly decreases; the flow is similar to that in a moving porous bed near the bottom wall and to turbulent duct flow with low particle concentration near the top wall.
Local Politics and the Resource Curse: Natural Resources, Interest Heterogeneity and Protest in Bolivia
Authors: Flesken Anaïd , Kuhn Annegret 
Published: October 2018

AbstractStudies of public contentious action in response to mineral resource extraction have rarely employed quantitative methods. In a highly disaggregated statistical analysis we examine local protest dynamics in Bolivia and argue for a political conditioning of the so-called resource curse. We find that mineral gas resources spark disputes over both extraction and rent redistribution at the local level, and that this relationship is especially pronounced where the population has highly heterogenous political values and interests. In contrast, where the population is relatively united in their political views, significantly fewer protests occur.
Chitooligosaccharides enhance cold tolerance by repairing photodamaged PS II in rice
Authors: Zhou Jiachun , Chen Qiao , Zhang Yang , Fan Liqiang , Qin Zhen , Chen Qiming , Qiu Yongjun , Jiang Lihua , Zhao Liming 
Published: October 2018

AbstractChitooligosaccharides (COS) are multi-functional foods and nutrients and environmentally friendly biological abiotic-resistance inducing agents for plants. In the current study, the effects and possible mechanisms of COS on improving the cold resistance of rice (II YOU 1259) seedlings were investigated. Compared with the control, a COS pre-soaking treatment enhanced photosynthesis, reduced oxidation damage and led to accumulation of more osmotic regulation substances under chilling treatment. In addition, a novel Deg/HtrA family serine endopeptidase (DegQ) gene, related to COS enhanced rice cold resistance, was identified. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that transcription ofDegQandpsbA(D1 protein encoding gene) were up-regulated in a time-dependent manner by COS treatment under cold stress. With increasing expression of the D1 protein, chlorophyllbcontent was enhanced correspondingly. The current results suggest that COS could enhance cold stress tolerance of rice by repairing the photodamaged photosystem II, altering osmotic regulation and reducing oxidation damage.
Mitochondrial D-loop DNA analyses of Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) reveals genetic isolation between Atlantic and East Mediterranean populations
Authors: Gallagher Jeanne , Finarelli John A. , Jonasson Jónas P. , Carlsson Jens 
Published: October 2018

AbstractNephrops norvegicusis a commercially valuable demersal fisheries species. Relatively little is understood about this species’ population dynamics across its distribution with previous mitochondrial and microsatellite studies failing to identify significant population-level differentiation. In this study, sequence variation in the mitochondrial (mtDNA) D-loop was analysed from samples across the distribution range, and compared with COI sequences for this species retrieved from GenBank. Analysis of a 375 bp fragment of the D-loop revealed significant genetic differentiation between samples from the North-east Atlantic and the east Mediterranean (FST= 0.107,P< 0.001). Tau (τ), theta (θ0and θ1) and Fu'sFSvalues suggest the species spread between 10,500 to 19,000 ybp and subsequently expanded rapidly across the Atlantic.
How much do visual cues help listeners in perceiving accented speech?
Authors: ZHENG YI , SAMUEL ARTHUR G. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIt has been documented that lipreading facilitates the understanding of difficult speech, such as noisy speech and time-compressed speech. However, relatively little work has addressed the role of visual information in perceiving accented speech, another type of difficult speech. In this study, we specifically focus on accented word recognition. One hundred forty-two native English speakers made lexical decision judgments on English words or nonwords produced by speakers with Mandarin Chinese accents. The stimuli were presented as either as videos that were of a relatively far speaker or as videos in which we zoomed in on the speaker’s head. Consistent with studies of degraded speech, listeners were more accurate at recognizing accented words when they saw lip movements from the closer apparent distance. The effect of apparent distance tended to be larger under nonoptimal conditions: when stimuli were nonwords than words, and when stimuli were produced by a speaker who had a relatively strong accent. However, we did not find any influence of listeners’ prior experience with Chinese accented speech, suggesting that cross-talker generalization is limited. The current study provides practical suggestions for effective communication between native and nonnative speakers: visual information is useful, and it is more useful in some circumstances than others.
Belt types, identity and social status in late antiquity: the belt set in Emona's grave 18
Authors: Tomažinčič Špela 
Published: October 2018

Over the past decade, a number of rescue excavations along Slovenska street in Ljubljana have contributed to knowledge of the funerary landscape of Colonia Iulia Emona's N cemetery (fig. 1), one of its three burial grounds. Slovenska street roughly follows the line of the Roman cardo maximus, heading north towards Celeia. In front of the city gates, the ancient road was lined by grave monuments on both sides, a practice which continued throughout the life of the colony for almost 400 years. Since the first discovery of a burial in 1635, over 3,000 burials have been unearthed in Emona's N cemetery.The grave under discussion here lies in the central part of the N cemetery, c.60 m west of the Roman road. Excavations (50 m2) were prompted in 2011 by the construction of underground waste-containers. They revealed a further 20 inhumation graves, including some with associated grave goods and coins dating to after A.D. 285, with most dating to the second half of the 4th c. Among them, grave 18 stands out for the quantity and significance of its grave goods (fig. 2). The grave pit (1.90 x 0.50 m, 0.25 m deep) was sub-rectangular, with vertical sides and a flat base. Pebbles were arranged to form an irregularly-shaped ‘wreath’ around the lower part of the skeleton. The poorly-preserved skeletal remains, oriented SSW–NNE, had been cut by a modern water pipe, leaving only the skull and fractured leg bones at either end.
Atretic anomalous left subclavian artery as part of an unusual vascular ring
Authors: Powell Shannon K. , Patel Jyoti K. , Ebenroth Eric S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn this report, a unique case of a symptomatic vascular ring formed by right aortic arch, aberrant left subclavian artery, and left ligamentum arteriosus in which there is atresia of the proximal left subclavian artery is described. Imaging modalities were non-diagnostic and the patient was sent to surgery based on strong clinical suspicion. Her anatomy was delineated in the operating room and the ring was successfully repaired.
Does the WTO Government Procurement Agreement Deliver What It Promises?
Authors: ONUR TAŞ BEDRI KAMIL , DAWAR KAMALA , HOLMES PETER , TOGAN SÜBIDEY 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe examine the impact of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Government Procurement Agreement (GPA) on government procurement practices in the European Union (EU). We analyse empirically whether the WTO GPA is effective in promoting non-discriminatory, open, transparent, competitive, and cost-effective government procurement. To study this question, we use a unique data set recently released by the EU, covering more than three million tenders conducted in the European Economic Area, Switzerland, and Macedonia during the years 2006–2016. We find that the WTO GPA promotes competition by increasing the probability of awarding a contract to a foreign firm. In addition, the WTO GPA significantly lowers corruption risk by decreasing the number of contracts with single bidders, and by decreasing total number of wins by a single firm. Finally, the WTO GPA fosters cost-effective public procurement by lowering the probability that the procurement price is higher than estimated cost.
TF-CBT and EMDR for young people with trauma and first episode psychosis (using a phasic treatment approach): two early intervention service case studies
Authors: Ward-Brown Joanna , Keane David , Bhutani Gita , Malkin Debbie , Sellwood Bill , Varese Filippo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe relationship between trauma and psychosis is well established with a large amount of overlap between the ICD/DSM (International Classification of Diseases/Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychosis and/or schizophrenia. In spite of co-morbidity and evidence of the links and underlying mechanisms, trauma is rarely a focus of intervention in psychosis. Psychosis has often been on the list of exclusion criteria for PTSD research studies. There is a lack of literature on the impact of trauma work with people experiencing psychosis. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2014) suggests that Early Intervention in Psychosis (EIP) service users should be assessed for PTSD, and PTSD guidelines (NICE, 2005) followed for those who show signs of post-traumatic stress. There is a need to evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic approaches for people with PTSD and co-morbid psychosis. These case studies aim to provide initial evidence of how two EIP clients experienced and responded to NICE-recommended psychological therapy for trauma. This study aims to test the feasibility of trauma work delivered via a phasic approach in a novel population. Two EIP clients received psychological therapy [including trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)] for identified traumatic experiences. Assessment outcome measures were utilized to establish the effectiveness of the interventions. Both clients reported significant improvements following therapy, including reduced trauma-related distress, reduced distress from symptoms of psychosis and improved quality of life. Clients with co-morbid PTSD and symptoms of psychosis are likely to benefit from recommended psychological treatments for PTSD. Further research is required to address generalizability to a larger population.
Quiet Daytime Arctic Ionospheric D Region
Authors: Thomson Neil R. , Clilverd Mark A. , Rodger Craig J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPhase and amplitude measurements of VLF radio waves propagating subionospherically on long paths across the Arctic are used to determine the high latitude, daytime D region height, and sharpness of the bottom edge of the Earth's ionosphere. The principal path used is from the 23.4‐kHz transmitter, DHO, in north Germany, northward across the Arctic passing ~2° from the North Pole, and then southward to Nome, Alaska, thus avoiding most land and all thick ice. Significant observational support is obtained from the also nearly all‐sea path from JXN in Norway (~67°N, 16.4 kHz) across the North Pole to Nome. By suitably comparing measurements with modeling using the U.S. Navy code LWPC, the daytime D region (Wait) height and sharpness parameters in the Arctic are found to be H′ = 73.7 ± 0.7 km and β = 0.32 ± 0.02 km−1 in the summer of 2013, that is, at (weak) solar maximum. It is also found that, unlike at lower latitudes, very low frequency phase and amplitude recordings on (~1,000 km) paths at high subarctic latitudes show very little change with solar zenith angle in both phase and amplitude during daytime for solar zenith angles <~80°. It is concluded that, at high latitudes, the daytime lower D region is dominated by nonsolar ionizing sources in particular by energetic particle precipitation (>~300 keV for electrons) with a contribution from galactic cosmic rays, rather than by solar Lyman α which dominates at low and middle latitudes.
Wind Limits on Rain Layers and Diurnal Warm Layers
Authors: Thompson Elizabeth J. , Moum James N. , Fairall Christopher W. , Rutledge Steven A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractStratification of the upper few meters of the ocean limits the penetration depth of wind mixing and the vertical distribution of atmospheric fluxes. Significant density stratification at depths ≤ 5 m was observed in 38% of a 2‐month data set from the central Indian Ocean collected during the DYNAMO experiment (Dynamics of the MJO, Madden‐Julian Oscillation). Diurnal warm layers (DWLs) formed by solar heating populated 30% of the data set and rain layers (RLs) populated 16%. Combined contributions from rain and insolation formed RL‐DWLs in 9% of the data set. RLs were detected at values of U10 up to 9.8 m s−1, while DWLs were only detected at U10 < 7.6 m s−1 (99th percentile values), symptomatic of the greater buoyancy flux provided by moderate to high rain rate compared to insolation. From the ocean friction velocity, u*w, and surface buoyancy flux, B, we derived estimates of
, stable layer depth, and
, the maximum U10 for which stratification should persist at
for fixed B. These estimates predicted (1) 36 out of 44 observed stratification events (88% success rate) and (2) the wind limits of these events, which are considered to be the 99th percentile values of U10). This suggests a means to determine the presence of ocean stable layers at depths ≤ 5 m from U10 and B. Near‐surface stratification varied throughout two Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) cycles. In suppressed MJO periods, (U10 ≤ 8 m s−1 with strong insolation), RLs and RL‐DWLs were rare while DWLs occurred daily. During disturbed and active MJO periods, (U10 ≤ 8 m s−1 with increased rain and cloudiness), multiple RLs and RL‐DWLs formed per day and DWLs became less common. When westerly wind bursts occurred, (U10 = 7–17 m s−1 with steady rain), RLs formed infrequently and DWLs were not detected.
Multibeam Microstrip Patch Antennas Excited by Parallel‐Plate Beam‐Forming Network With Shaped Reflecting Boundary and Optimized Slot Feeding Transition Structures
Authors: Chou Hsi‐Tseng , Chang Chia‐Hung , Chen Ying‐Shan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper presents the design of a multibeam phased array of microstrip patch antennas at 38 GHz with a parallel‐plate beam‐forming network (BFN). This antenna set, including the antenna elements and BFN, is equivalently triple‐folded into two stacked printed circuit board substrates for a compact design of nearly 60% size reduction in comparison to conventional implementation on a single planar dielectric substrate. In particular, the BFN employs a shaped metal reflecting boundary in the bottom substrate to transform the cylindrical waves of feed excitations into planar ones for a relatively linear phase variation to feed the column subarrays on the top substrate. A slot feeding transition structure is designed to couple the energy from the BFN to feed the microstrip patch antenna ports. These two mechanisms are then used to compensate the phase distortions due to BFN cavity disturbance and mutual coupling from subarrays of antennas at millimeter wave frequencies. Numerical techniques to optimize both the metal reflecting boundary and slot feeding transition structure are introduced to minimize phase distortions. Numerical and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the radiation characteristics of the integrated antenna set.