bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence and risk factors of non–device-associated urinary tract infections in an acute-care hospital
Authors: Strassle Paula D. , Sickbert-Bennett Emily E. , Klompas Michael , Lund Jennifer L. , Stewart Paul W. , Marx Ashley H. , DiBiase Lauren M. , Weber David J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjective:To update current estimates of non–device-associated urinary tract infection (ND-UTI) rates and their frequency relative to catheter-associated UTIs (CA-UTIs) and to identify risk factors for ND-UTIs.Design:Cohort study.Setting:Academic teaching hospital.Patients:All adult hospitalizations between 2013 and 2017 were included. UTIs (device and non-device associated) were captured through comprehensive, hospital-wide active surveillance using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention case definitions and methodology.Results:From 2013 to 2017 there were 163,386 hospitalizations (97,485 unique patients) and 1,273 UTIs (715 ND-UTIs and 558 CA-UTIs). The rate of ND-UTIs remained stable, decreasing slightly from 6.14 to 5.57 ND-UTIs per 10,000 hospitalization days during the study period (P = .15). However, the proportion of UTIs that were non–device related increased from 52% to 72% (P < .0001). Female sex (hazard ratio [HR], 1.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.50–2.50) and increasing age were associated with increased ND-UTI risk. Additionally, the following conditions were associated with increased risk: peptic ulcer disease (HR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.04–4.86), immunosuppression (HR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.15–1.91), trauma admissions (HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.02–1.81), total parenteral nutrition (HR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.35–2.94) and opioid use (HR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.10–2.32). Urinary retention (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 0.96–2.07), suprapubic catheterization (HR, 2.28; 95% CI, 0.88–5.91), and nephrostomy tubes (HR, 2.02; 95% CI, 0.83–4.93) may also increase risk, but estimates were imprecise.Conclusion:Greater than 70% of UTIs are now non–device associated. Current targeted surveillance practices should be reconsidered in light of this changing landscape. We identified several modifiable risk factors for ND-UTIs, and future research should explore the impact of prevention strategies that target these factors.
Oscillatory flow regimes around four cylinders in a diamond arrangement
Authors: Ren Chengjiao , Cheng Liang , Tong Feifei , Xiong Chengwang , Chen Tingguo 
Published: September 2019

Oscillatory flow around a cluster of four circular cylinders in a diamond arrangement is investigated using two-dimensional direct numerical simulation over Keulegan–Carpenter numbers (KC) ranging from 4 to 12 and Reynolds numbers (Re) from 40 to 230 at four gap-to-diameter ratios (G) of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4. Three types of flows, namely synchronous, quasi-periodic and desynchronized flows (along with 14 flow regimes) are mapped out in the (G,KC,Re)-parameter space. The observed flow characteristics around four cylinders in a diamond arrangement show a few unique features that are absent in the flow around four cylinders in a square arrangement reported by Tonget al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 769, 2015, pp. 298–336). These include (i) the dominance of flow around the cluster-scale structure at$G=0.5$and 1, (ii) a substantial reduction of regime D flows in the regime maps, (iii) new quasi-periodic (phase trapping)$\text{D}^{\prime }$(at$G=0.5$and 1) and period-doubling$\text{A}^{\prime }$flows (at$G=1$) and most noteworthily (iv) abnormal behaviours at ($G\leqslant 2$) (referred to as holes hereafter) such as the appearance of spatio-temporal synchronized flows in an area surrounded by a single type of synchronized flow in the regime map ($G=0.5$). The mode competition between the cluster-scale and cylinder-scale flows is identified as the key flow mechanism responsible for those unique flow features, with the support of evidence derived from quantitative analysis. Phase dynamics is introduced for the first time in bluff-body flows, to the best knowledge of the authors, to quantitatively interpret the flow response (e.g. quasi-periodic flow features) around the cluster. It is instrumental in revealing the nature of regime$\text{D}^{\prime }$flows where the cluster-scale flow features are largely synchronized with the forcing of incoming oscillatory flow (phase trapping) but are modulated by localized flow features.
Third-order structure functions for isotropic turbulence with bidirectional energy transfer
Authors: Xie Jin-Han , Bühler Oliver 
Published: September 2019

We derive and test a new heuristic theory for third-order structure functions that resolves the forcing scale in the scenario of simultaneous spectral energy transfer to both small and large scales, which can occur naturally, for example, in rotating stratified turbulence or magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) turbulence. The theory has three parameters – namely the upscale/downscale energy transfer rates and the forcing scale – and it includes the classic inertial-range theories as local limits. When applied to measured data, our global-in-scale theory can deduce the energy transfer rates using the full range of data, therefore it has broader applications compared with the local theories, especially in situations where the data is imperfect. In addition, because of the resolution of forcing scales, the new theory can detect the scales of energy input, which was impossible before. We test our new theory with a two-dimensional simulation of MHD turbulence.
Streamwise inclination angle of large wall-attached structures in turbulent boundary layers
Authors: Deshpande Rahul , Monty Jason P. , Marusic Ivan 
Published: September 2019

The streamwise inclination angle of large wall-attached structures, in the log region of a canonical turbulent boundary layer, is estimated via spectral coherence analysis, and is found to be approximately $45^{\circ }$. This is consistent with assumptions used in prior attached eddy model-based simulations. Given that the inclination angle obtained via standard two-point correlations is influenced by the range of scales in the turbulent flow (Marusic, Phys. Fluids, vol. 13 (3), 2001, pp. 735–743), the present result is obtained by isolating the large wall-attached structures from the rest of the turbulence. This is achieved by introducing a spanwise offset between two hot-wire probes, synchronously measuring the streamwise velocity at a near-wall and log-region reference location, to assess the wall coherence. The methodology is shown to be effective by applying it to data sets across Reynolds numbers, $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}\sim O(10^{3})$–$O(10^{6})$.
Effect of medium-chain TAG and exercise on satiety, energy intake and energy balance
Authors: Maher Tyler , El-Chab Alaeddine , Shafat Amir , Clegg Miriam E. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe present study examined whether the combination of medium-chain TAG (MCT) along with exercise suppresses energy intake to a greater extent compared with either intervention alone. Twelve participants consumed a porridge breakfast containing 692·9 kJ of either vegetable or MCT oil on two separate occasions: one followed by rest for 240 min and another followed by rest broken up with 1 h of cycling at 65 % $\dot V$O2peak starting at 120 min. At 240 min, participants consumed a buffet lunch to satiation and recorded their food intake for the rest of the day. Expired air samples (for calculation of energy expenditure (EE)) and subjective ratings of appetite on visual analogue scales were taken every 30 min, and gastric emptying (GE) breath samples were taken every 15 min. No effect of either breakfast or exercise condition was observed on energy intake at any time point (P > 0·05) or no effect was observed on subjective appetite ratings (P > 0·05). Exercise trials resulted in significantly higher EE compared with resting trials (2960·6 kJ, 95 % CI 2528·9, 3392·2; P < 0·001), and MCT increased resting EE over 4 h compared with long-chain TAG (LCT) (124·8 kJ, 95 % CI 13·5, 236·0; P = 0·031). GE was accelerated by exercise, regardless of the breakfast consumed, but delayed by MCT in both resting and exercise trials. The results show that exercise causes energy deficits via increased EE without promoting dietary compensation. MCT has no effect on energy intake or satiety but increases EE under resting conditions. There is no additive effect of MCT and exercise on EE, intake or appetite ratings.
Maternal dietary intake of vitamin A during pregnancy was inversely associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study
Authors: Michikawa Takehiro , Yamazaki Shin , Sekiyama Makiko , Kuroda Tatsuo , Nakayama Shoji F. , Isobe Tomohiko , Kobayashi Yayoi , Iwai-Shimada Miyuki , Suda Eiko , Kawamoto Toshihiro , Nitta Hiroshi ,   the Japan Environment and Children’s Study Group
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe pathogenesis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is largely unknown; however, vitamin A seems to play a role in diaphragmatic development. Previous case–control studies reported that maternal dietary vitamin A intake was inversely associated with the risk of CDH. To our knowledge, however, there is no prospective evidence regarding this association. Our aim was to examine whether maternal intake of vitamin A was associated with CDH occurrence. Baseline data, from the Japan nationwide birth cohort study (2011–2014) of 89 658 mothers (mean age at delivery = 31·2 years) who delivered singleton live births, were analysed. We assessed dietary habits using an FFQ focused on the first trimester and estimated the daily intake of total vitamin A (retinol activity equivalents), retinol, provitamin A carotenoids and vegetables. The occurrence of CDH was ascertained from medical records. A total of forty cases of CDH were documented. The adjusted OR of CDH occurrence for the high total vitamin A intake category (median = 468 μg/d) was 0·6 (95 % CI 0·3, 1·2) with reference to the low intake category (230 μg/d). When we restricted to mothers with a prepregnancy BMI of 18·5–24·9 kg/m2, vitamin A intake was inversely associated with the risk of their children being born with CDH (OR 0·5, 95 % CI 0·2, 1·0). Even given the limited number of cases in the study, our findings provide additional evidence to link vitamin A with CDH.
INDICATIONS OF INCONSISTENCY
Authors: Petrie Nicholas 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe author makes two claims in this paper. First, there appears to be an increase in indications of inconsistency (“IoIs”) across the common law world. Second, this increase is a normatively concerning turn in judicial practice. IoIs are judicial statements which, either explicitly or by implication, indicate that primary legislation is incompatible with certain protected human rights or civil liberties. They are related to, but stop short of, the formal remedies known as declarations of inconsistency (“DoIs”).
International Law in a Changing International System
Authors: Rosalyn Higgins D.B.E. 
Published: September 2019

To see what international law can offer in an apparently chaotic and fast changing world is far from easy. But it is only by examining and trying to understand the evolving international system that some answers may be found, because international law and international relations are in a symbiotic relationship.The characterising features of the contemporary international system are globalisation on the one hand and a unipolar power structure on the other. The former is having a significant impact on international law as by its very nature actors are engaged in transactions across State boundaries in alliances that are not bounded by nationality. Modern technology facilitates these alliances of interest and gives an unprecedented voice to non-State actors, whether in human rights, in environmental matters or in international markets.The concentration of military power in the United States had led to various incremental changes in authorisations of force by the United Nations, whether for peacekeeping or for enforcement actions. The evolving relationship between the United Nations and NATO has negative as well as positive factors and needs careful monitoring.
THE KING'S AFRIKANERS? ENLISTMENT
AND ETHNIC IDENTITY IN THE UNION OF SOUTH
AFRICA'S DEFENCE FORCE DURING THE SECOND
WORLD WAR, 1939–45
Authors: GRUNDLINGH ALBERT 
Published: September 2019

In contrast to the situation in Commonwealth countries such as Canada and
Australia, South Africa's participation in the Second World War has not
been accorded a particularly significant place in the country's historiography.
In part at least, this is the result of historiographical traditions which,
although divergent in many ways, have a common denominator in that their
various compelling imperatives have despatched the Second World War to
the periphery of their respective scholarly discourses.Afrikaner historians have concentrated on wars on their ‘own’ soil – the
South African War of 1899–1902 in particular – and beyond that through
detailed analyses of white politics have been at pains to demonstrate the
inexorable march of Afrikanerdom to power. The Second World War only
featured insofar as it related to internal Afrikaner political developments.
Neither was the war per se of much concern to English-speaking academic
historians, either of the so-called liberal or radical persuasion. For more than
two decades, the interests of English-speaking professional historians have
been dominated by issues of race and class, social structure, consciousness
and the social effects of capitalism. While the South African War did receive
some attention in terms of capitalist imperialist expansion, the Second World
War was left mostly to historians of the ‘drum-and-trumpet’ variety. In
general, the First and Second World Wars did not appear a likely context in
which to investigate wider societal issues in South Africa.
Generation of solitary waves by forward- and backward-step bottom forcing
Authors: ZHANG DAO-HUA , CHWANG ALLEN T. 
Published: September 2019

A finite difference method based on the Euler equations is developed for computing
waves and wave resistance due to different bottom topographies moving steadily
at the critical velocity in shallow water. A two-dimensional symmetric and slowly
varying bottom topography, as a forcing for wave generation, can be viewed as a
combination of fore and aft parts. For a positive topography (a bump), the fore part
is a forward-step forcing, which contributes to the generation of upstream-advancing
solitary waves, whereas the aft part is a backward-step forcing to which a depressed
water surface region and a trailing wavetrain are attributed. These two wave systems
respectively radiate upstream and downstream without mutual interaction.For a negative topography (a hollow), the fore part is a backward step and the aft
part is a forward step. The downstream-radiating waves generated by the backward-step
forcing at the fore part will interact with the upstream-running waves generated
by the forward-step forcing at the aft. Therefore, the wave system generated by
a negative topography is quite different from that by a positive topography. The
generation period of solitary waves is slightly longer and the instantaneous drag
fluctuation is skewed for a negative topography. When the length of the negative
topography increases, the oscillation of the wave-resistance coefficient with time does
not coincide with the period of solitary wave emission.
Flow past a sphere undergoing unsteady rectilinear motion and unsteady drag at small Reynolds number
Authors: ASMOLOV EVGENY S. 
Published: September 2019

The flow induced by a sphere which undergoes unsteady motion in a Newtonian
fluid at small Reynolds number is considered at distances large compared with
sphere radius a. Previous solutions of the unsteady Oseen equations (Ockendon
1968; Lovalenti & Brady 1993b) for rectilinear motion are refined. Three-dimensional
Fourier transforms of the disturbance field are integrated over Fourier space to derive
new concise equations for the velocity field and history force in terms of single history
integrals.Various slip-velocity profiles are classified by the ratio A of the particle relative displacement,
z′p(t′) −
z′p(τ′), to the diffusion length,
l′D = 2[v(t′ − τ′)]1/2,
where v is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. Most previous studies are concerned with large-displacement
motions for which the ratio is large in the long-time limit. It is shown
using asymptotic calculations that the flow at any point at large distance z past a
sphere for arbitrary large-displacement and non-reversing motion is the same as the
steady-state laminar wake if z is expressed in terms of the time elapsed since the
particle was at that point in the laboratory frame. The point source solution for the
remainder of the far flow is also valid for the unsteady case.A start-up motion with slip velocity V′p
= γ′(t′)−1/2, t′ > 0, is investigated for which A
is finite. A self-similar solution for the flow field is obtained in terms of space coordinates scaled by the diffusion
length, u′ = auss(η)/t′ where
η = r′/2(vt′)1/2. The
unsteady Oseen correction to the drag is inversely proportional to time.When A is small in the long-time limit (a small-displacement motion) the flow
field also depends on the space coordinates in terms of η. The distribution of the
streamwise velocity uz is symmetrical in z.
Nonlinear evolution of a weakly unstable
wave in a free shear flow with a weak parallel magnetic field
Authors: SHUKHMAN I. G. 
Published: September 2019

A study is made of the nonlinear spatial evolution of an externally
excited instability
wave in a mixing layer of nearly perfectly conducting fluid with a large
Reynolds
number in a weak parallel magnetic field.It is shown that the evolution pattern bears a resemblance to that of
disturbances
in a weakly stratified shear flow with the Prandtl number less than unity
which was
studied in our earlier publication (Shukhman & Churilov 1997): a weak
magnetic
field, like a weak stratification when Pr<1,
has a stabilizing effect on the nonlinear
development of disturbances and in the case when the linear growth rate
of the wave
is not too large leads either to the instability saturation in the viscous
critical layer
regime or to the establishment of a unsteady nonlinear critical layer regime
where the
wave amplitude oscillates without exceeding a certain maximum value. In
this case
the regime of the quasi-steady nonlinear critical layer is not attained
evolutionarily.
When the linear growth rate is large enough the magnetic field has no dynamical
effect
on evolution and the quasi-steady nonlinear critical layer regime with
the well-known
power-law growth of amplitude (A∝x2/3)

is eventually attained.Also, the critical layer structure and the evolution behaviour in the
case of a strong
difference of dissipation coefficients (i.e. ordinary viscosity and magnetic
viscosity) are
considered.
Depression, APOE genotype and subjective memory impairment: a cross-sectional study in an African-Caribbean population
Authors: STEWART R. , RUSS C. , RICHARDS M. , BRAYNE C. , LOVESTONE S. , MANN A. 
Published: September 2019

Background. Subjective memory impairment (SMI) is common in older populations but its
aetiology and clinical significance is uncertain. Depression has been reported to be strongly
associated with SMI. Associations with objective cognitive impairment are less clear cut. Other
factors suggested to be associated with SMI include poor physical health and the apolipoprotein E
(APOE) ε4 allele. Studies of SMI have been predominantly confined to white Caucasian
populations.Method. A community study was carried out in a UK African-Caribbean population aged 55–75,
sampled from primary care lists. Twenty-three per cent were classified with SMI. Depression was
defined using the 10-item Geriatric Depression Scale. Other aetiological factors investigated were
education, objective cognitive function, APOE genotype, disablement and vascular disease/risk.
The principal analysis was restricted to 243 participants scoring > 20 on the Mini-Mental State
Examination (85%). A second analysis included all 290 participants.Results. Depression, self-reported physical impairment and APOE ε4 were associated with SMI.
The association between SMI and physical impairment was not explained by depression, vascular
disease/risk, or disability/handicap. The association between ε4 and SMI increased as MMSE
scores decreased and was particularly strong in those with depression. The ε4 allele was present in
69% (95% CI 41–89%) of those with depression and SMI compared with 28% (20–36%) of those
with neither.Conclusions. Depression may not be a sufficient explanation for subjective memory complaints.
Memory complaints in the presence of depression are associated with high prevalence of ε4 and
therefore, presumably, a raised risk of subsequent dementia.
Understanding the relationship between postpartum depression one month and six months after delivery and mother-infant bonding failure one-year after birth: results from the Japan Environment and Children's study (JECS)
Authors: Kasamatsu Haruka , Tsuchida Akiko , Matsumura Kenta , Shimao Moeko , Hamazaki Kei , Inadera Hidekuni ,   the Japan Environment and Children's Study Group
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundPostpartum depression is a major mental health issue. It not only adversely affects the mother's quality of life, but also mother-infant bonding. However, the relationship between postpartum depression (at multiple points after childbirth) and mother-infant bonding failure one year after birth is not well understood. This study investigates the relationship between postpartum depression at 1-month and 6-month after birth and mother-infant bonding failure at 1 year after birth with a large cohort.MethodsData from 83 109 mothers from the Japan Environment and Children's Study were analyzed. Mother-infant bonding 1-year after delivery was assessed using the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale Japanese version (MIBS-J). Postpartum depression was measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at 1-month and 6-month after delivery. Twenty covariates during pregnancy and one month after delivery were controlled for deriving the odds ratios (ORs) describing postpartum depression to mother-infant bonding.ResultsEPDS Total Score crude ORs and adjusted ORs against the MIBS-J Total Score at 1-month and 6-month after delivery were calculated. Crude ORs were 1.111 (95% CI 1.110–1.112) and 1.122 (95% CI 1.121–1.124) respectively. In the fully adjusted model, ORs were 1.088 (95% CI 1.086–1.089) and 1.085 (95% CI 1.083–1.087), respectively.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated prospectively, in a large-scale cohort, that depression at multiple postpartum points, including associations with each EPDS and MIBS-J factors, may be a robust predictor of mother-infant bonding failure 1-year after birth.