bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Prior Growth Suppression and Soil on Red Spruce Site Index
Authors: Seymour Robert S. , Fajvan Mary Ann 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Dominant trees of shade tolerant species are often unsuitable for estimating site index because episodes of growth suppression can mask influences of site. A large-scale study in eastern Maine, based on 698 red spruce (Picea rubens) trees sampled with increment cores, and 92 trees sampled by stem analysis, addressed two objectives: (1) Can spruce trees with histories of suppression be used to estimate site index if suppressed periods are converted to free-growth equivalents? and (2) Do important differences in soil physical properties based on drainage and profile characteristics correspond to meaningful differences in site index? Forty-two percent of the cored trees experienced some form of radial growth suppression. Several methods of adjusting for suppression history, using only periods of stand development when trees grew freely, produced site index estimates that did not differ statistically from those of trees on the same soil class that showed no prior suppression. Statistically significant, but practically small, differences in site index were found between good and poor soils; however, high variability in site index within soils suggests that accurate productivity classification requires stand-specific site index estimates. North. J. Appl. For. 18(2):55–62.
Incidence of White Pine Blister Rust in a High-Hazard Region of Wisconsin
Authors: Dahir S.E. , Carlson J.E.Cummings 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The incidence of white pine blister rust, caused by the fungus Cronartium ribicola, was recorded in 61 pole and small sawtimber stands in northern Wisconsin where the risk of infection has long been considered high. A minimum of three, randomly located, 10 basal area factor prism plots were established in each stand. Topographic position, aspect, slope, tree density, habitat type, and the presence or absence of bole cankers were recorded at each plot. The mean incidence of infection was 7.2% for all study sites and 5.9% excluding data from Bayfield Peninsula. Mean incidence of cankered trees at this site was 15.9%. The following site factors were significantly correlated with increased incidence of blister rust: increased latitude, higher topographic position, northern aspect, lower total tree density, and absence of a hardwood overstory. Incidence was almost three times higher on ridge tops and shoulders (12.3%) than on flat or bottomland (4.7%). Habitat type was correlated with disease incidence only at the Bayfield Peninsula site, and slope was not significantly correlated with rust levels on any of the plots. North. J. Appl. For. 18(3):81–86.
Damage to Appalachian Hardwoods from Diameter-Limit Harvesting and Shelterwood Establishment Cutting
Authors: Fajvan Mary Ann , Knipling Karl E. , Tift Brian D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Residual stand damage was assessed in 10 ac stands harvested with either a 12 in. diameter-limit harvest, a 16 in. diameter-limit harvest or an establishment cut of the shelterwood method. Each stand was logged using manual felling and cable skidding; treatments were replicated four times. The 12 in. diameter-limit harvests had the lowest residual basal areas but residual stems had the highest percentage of damage and largest stem wounds. In all three treatments, as tree size (dbh) increased and distance to skid trail increased, the probability of individual tree damage decreased.
Biomass Estimation Errors Associated with the Use of Published Regression Equations of Paper Birch and Trembling Aspen
Authors: Wang J.R. , Zhong A.L. , Kimmins J.P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Since forest biomass contributes a significant proportion of global carbon cycle, obtaining accurate estimate of forest biomass is important. The root mean squared error (RMSE), the percents of the mean observed values were used to compare the precision of local and published biomass equations for paper birch and trembling aspen. With the exception of stemwood biomass equations, the biomass equations for these two species tended to be stand specific. Measured as percent of mean observed values, the values of biomass/tree predicted from the published equations for paper birch varied from 49.9% to 140.2% for foliage and from 155% to 238.7% for live branches; the estimates for trembling aspen ranged from 71.8% to 81.3% for foliage and from 55.3% to 164.5% for live branches. There were large discrepancies between the measured data and the published equations in graphical form as well as biomass estimates, particularly for foliage, live branches, and stembark. Clearly, published regression equations should be checked for their applicability before they are used to estimate the biomass of particular stands.
Residual Tree Damage Along Forwarder Trails from Cut-to-Length Thinning in Maine Spruce Stands
Authors: Heitzman Eric , Grell Adrian G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In Maine and adjacent eastern Canadian provinces, cut-to-length harvesting has emerged as an ecologically attractive method of thinning conifer plantations and natural stands. Yet regional information on the extent of residual stand damage associated with this system is lacking. Eight naturally regenerated red spruce (Picea rubens) stands in northern Maine were studied; all stands were thinned in 1997–1998 with a processor and forwarder combination. Field methods consisted of examining individual trees near forwarder trails for bole damage and measuring the size and aboveground height of individual wounds. The frequency of trees damaged in each stand ranged from 25–46%. The four sites with the highest pre- and post-cut tree densities generally had the greatest number of damaged trees. Trees located along forwarder trails were more frequently damaged than nontrailside trees. The average individual wound size ranged from 2.6–8.7 in.2; 82–98% of the wounds in each stand were less than or equal to 10 in.2 in size. Usually, wounds on trailside trees were not significantly larger than wounds on nontrailside trees. Regardless of tree location, most wounds were located 3–6 ft above ground level.
A GIS Based Approach to Map Wind Exposure for Windthrow Hazard Rating
Authors: Ruel Jean-Claude , Mitchell Stephen J. , Dornier Michel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Wind exposure is one of the most important factors influencing the incidence of windthrow. A proper windthrow hazard management approach should include a method for assessing wind exposure as influenced by topography. This article discusses the design of a routine that enables the user to automatically map wind exposure over a landscape.The routine is written for ArcView and is based on the distance-limited topex developed by the British Forestry Commission. It can calculate wind exposure over management units based on digital terrain models. Validation with a wind tunnel study has shown that it provides realistic estimates of wind exposure that can be used at the forest management level.
Forest-Tree Value Growth Rates
Authors: Herrick Owen W. , Gansner David A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Rates of growth in the value of standing timber can vary greatly from stand to stand and from tree to tree. Faced with this variation, forest managers need guidelines to help determine financial rates of return for their woodlots. In Pennsylvania, the average annual tree value growth rate between 1965 and 1978 was 1.6%. From analyses of the State's forest inventory data, we developed a general guide needing only a tree's commercial soundness (tree class), species, and diameter to assign average rates of value change ranging from -8.8 to 9.0%. The guide can be used to get a general indication of value growth potential for trees and woodlands. North J. Appl. For. 2:11-13, Mar. 1985.
Sequential Sampling for Assessment of Stocking Adequacy
Authors: Fairweather Stephen E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Cutover sites can be accurately classified as adequately or inadequately stocked using the technique of sequential sampling. The manager needs to specify the levels of satisfactory and unsatisfactory stocking, and the acceptable probabilities of misclassifying a site. Previous concerns with knowing the spatial distribution of seedlings on the site seem to be of little consequence, as long as sample plots are tallied as either stocked or not stocked. Sequential sampling is most efficient when the stocking is either very high or very low. Data from cutover spruce-fir sites in northern Maine are used to illustrate the technique. Appropriate formulae are provided for the construction of sampling charts. North J. Appl. For. 2:5-8, Mar. 1985.
Reclamation of Iron Mine Waste in Minnesota with Trees and Shrubs
Authors: Alm Alvin A. , Cudworth Keith R. , Dickinson Sam K. , Olson Orlyn J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Iron mine wastes provide a harsh environment for plant growth. Successful revegetation with trees and shrubs requires the use of different techniques on each type of mine waste. Revegetation of abandoned mine wastes by the Mineland Reclamation Division of the Iron Range Resources and Rehabilitation Board in Minnesota is described. Plantings with bareroot and containerized seedlings indicate that containers are a good alternative on the mine sites which are physically difficult to plant. General recommendations and considerations when reclaiming mining sites with trees are discussed These findings are most applicable to reclamation activities in Minnesota but may be applied in iron mine reclamation elsewhere.
North J. Appl. For. 2:47-50, June 1985
Board Foot and Residual Volume Equations for Black and Chestnut Oaks in New Jersey
Authors: Green Edwin J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Equations, based on existing methodology, are presented for estimating the board foot and residual cubic foot volumes of black and chestnut oak trees. The equations are compatible in the sense that both use the same merchantable height. The equations are fitted to some preliminary data, and an example of their use is provided.
North J. Appl. For. 2:53-55, June 1985.
The United States Hardwood Log Export Market
Authors: McCurdy Dwight R. , Kung Fan H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The volume and value of hardwood logs exported from the United States from 1978 through 1983 are described. In addition, the countries importing the greatest volume and the U.S. custom districts containing the most active ports of exit are discussed for each of the major hardwood log species. Finally, trends in hardwood log exports are analyzed. North J. Appl. For. 2:84-87, Sept 1985.
Logging Damage Using an Individual-Tree Selection Practice in Appalachian Hardwood Stands
Authors: Lamson Neil I. , Smith H. Clay , Miller Gary W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Four West Virginia hardwood stands, managed using individual-tree selection for the past 30 years, were examined after the third and, in one instance, the fourth periodic harvest to determine the severity of logging damage. On existing skid roads, trees were removed with a rubber-tired skidder or a crawler tractor with a rubber-tired arch. Logging damage reduced residual stand basal area by 6%, a total of 6.1 ft² per acre. Damage was concentrated in the saplings—85% of the stems lost to logging damage were less than 5.0 in dbh. An adequate number of undamaged stems in all diameter classes remained after logging to achieve individual-tree selection stand structure goals. North. J. Appl. For. 2:117-120, Dec. 1985.
Predicting the Recovery of Red Pine Stump-Root Biomass
Authors: Johnson James E. , Haag Carl L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A study was conducted to develop a prediction equation for harvestable stump and root biomass of red pine. Red pine stumps with attached root systems were harvested with an L. B. Foster VIBRO 50 stump puller attached to a Drott 50 loader. The stump-root systems were field dried, sectioned into system components, and weighed. Oven-dry weights for all stump and root fractions were determined. A curvilinear model was used to relate harvestable root biomass to dbh. In the plantation sampled, the harvestable stump-root system consisted of 20.0 metric tons/ha (8.9 tons/ac), which was 67% of the total stump-root system, and 11% of the total stand biomass. North. J. Appl. For. 2:132-134, Dec 1985.
Satisfaction with Recreational Leasing of Industrial Forestlands in the State of New York
Authors: Capozzi Sergio , Dawson Chad P. , Germain René 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Recreational leasing of industrial forestlands has become a common practice in many areas of the country, although little is known about the satisfaction levels of the leaseholders involved in recreational lease programs. During the summer of 1999, surveys were mailed to New York industrial forest companies and their leaseholders to determine leaseholder satisfaction levels with recreational leasing and the ability of industrial forest managers to predict these levels. Thirteen companies were sent mail surveys, and 9 responded (response rate of 69%); 540 recreational leaseholders were sent surveys, and 362 responded (deliverable response rate of 68%). Leaseholder importance and satisfaction ratings for 14 lease attributes were analyzed. Most leaseholders rated their overall satisfaction with their recreation lease experience as satisfied (49%) or very satisfied (36%), and a smaller percentage of leaseholders indicated that they were neutral (8%), dissatisfied (4%), or very dissatisfied (3%) with their recreational lease experience. North. J. Appl. For.20(1):27–33.
Windthrow After Shelterwood Cutting in Balsam Fir Stands
Authors: Ruel Jean-Claude , Raymond Patricia , Pineau Marius 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The use of partial cutting in balsam fir stands has been greatly restricted by the fear of windthrow. This applies to shelterwood cutting, for which very little quantitative information on windthrow is available. This study was conducted in 50-yr-old balsam fir stands. The aim of the study was to quantify windthrow losses associated with three patterns of seed cuts. The study consists of five replicates of four treatments: uncut control, uniform shelterwood, group shelterwood, and strip shelterwood. Complete windthrow monitoring was performed at 2, 4, and 6 yr after cutting. The effect of treatment, wind exposure, and stand characteristics was assessed after 6 yr. A simulation with the ForestGales model was conducted to better understand the seed cut pattern effect in identical stands. Results showed that a shelterwood method involving a low intensity seed cut can be applied in relatively sheltered balsam fir stands. Topographic exposure and stand characteristics did not contribute to the amount of windthrow observed. The major factor explaining the amount of windthrow seems to be the presence of adjacent cuts that funneled wind into the plots. North J. Appl For.20(1):5–13.
Aspen Regeneration in Riparian Management Zones in Northern Minnesota: Effects of Residual Overstory and Harvest Method
Authors: Palik Brian , Cease Kory , Egeland Leanne , Blinn Charles 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We examined aspen regeneration under different riparian management zone (RMZ) treatments in aspen forests in northern Minnesota. We also compared aspen regeneration in partially harvested RMZs to adjacent upland clearcuts. The four RMZ treatments included: (1) full control (no cutting in RMZ or upland; (2) riparian control (RMZ uncut; upland clearcut); and partially harvested RMZs cut to 54 ft2/ac, with upland clearcut using (3) cut-to-length (CTL), or (4) tree-length harvesting. Three years after harvest, aspen sucker densities in the tree-length and CTL treatments were significantly higher than the full control, but did not differ from each other or the riparian control. Mean individual sucker heights (63–73 in) and aboveground biomass (2.4–3.4 oz) varied among the riparian treatments, but not significantly. Sucker densities were 62% higher in the adjacent clearcuts than in the partially harvested RMZs. Mean suckers heights did not differ between the two locations (71 in.), but aboveground biomass of suckers did differ significantly, averaging 3.4 oz in the partially harvested RMZs and 4.5 oz in the clearcuts. Our results indicate that 60% removal of basal area within RMZs increases density and size of aspen regeneration significantly, compared to uncut forest, but stocking is still below what is considered adequate for 3-yr-old stands. Suckering responses were similar with cut-to-length and tree-length harvesting, suggesting that harvest system has little effect on sucker development. While aspen likely will be a component of partially harvested RMZs, density and biomass increment will be much lower than in single-cohort stands and lower than what is considered desirable for commercial production. North. J. Appl. For. 20(2):79–84.
The Conversion of Even-Aged Stands to Uneven-Aged Structure in Southern New England
Authors: Kelty Matthew J. , Kittredge David B. , Kyker–Snowman Thom , Leighton Adrian D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Partial cutting is common in mature even-aged stands in southern New England because the level of disturbance associated with even-aged regeneration methods is unacceptable to many private owners of small forest properties. This cutting often consists of high-grading, but foresters seeking an alternative generally turn to the selection method to begin the conversion of these stands to uneven-aged structure. However, the single-tree or small-group selection methods used may produce long-term results that are similar to high-grading in shifting stand composition toward shade tolerant species (many of which have low timber value). A review was made of the extensive research on the use of the selection method in northern New England and central Appalachian forest types, as well as of the limited research in the southern New England transition hardwood-white pine (Pinus strobus)-hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) type. Recent management experience in a Massachusetts public watershed forest was also reviewed. These provide general guidelines for using selection cutting in the region to regenerate species of a wide range in shade tolerance: (a) use patch selection (rather than single-tree or group selection) with a minimum patch size of 0.3 ac, and with understory as well as overstory trees removed in the patches; (b) use area control (proportion of stand to be harvested) rather than a target diameter distribution (q-value or other method) to regulate the stand cutting level. This approach is likely to be effective in meeting regeneration goals and in being logistically feasible, given the intensity of management possible on most of these properties. North. J. Appl. For. 20(3):109–116.
Ten Years of Vegetation Succession Following Ground-Applied Release Treatments in Young Black Spruce Plantations
Authors: Pitt Douglas G. , Wagner Robert G. , Towill William D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Responses of planted black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP] and associated vegetation were studied for 10 years after conifer release options on two northeastern Ontario sites. Six treatments were compared to untreated check plots, including directed foliar application of glyphosate herbicide, basal bark treatment with triclopyr herbicide, glyphosate capsule injection with the EZ-Ject system, spot-treatment with hexazinone herbicide, manual cutting with brushsaw, and five growing seasons of annual vegetation removal with repeat applications of glyphosate. Ten years after treatment, black spruce survival averaged 86% and varied little among treatments (P > 0.5). Annual vegetation removal treatments resulted in nearly complete domination by spruce, with treated trees exhibiting 16–55% gains in height and 112–476% gains in stem volume growth over untreated trees. Despite rigorous vegetation control on these plots, each of the vegetation groups studied were well represented at the end of the observation period, including deciduous trees, tall shrubs, low shrubs, forbs, ferns, and grasses/sedges. Directed foliar treatment provided good control of herbaceous and woody vegetation around individual crop trees, providing an 8–46% gain in height and a 43–246% gain in stem volume growth. Both spruce and hardwoods shared dominance on these plots. Spot treatments with hexazinone provided similar short-term reductions in herbaceous vegetation, but tended to release shrub species that had a negative net effect on spruce growth. The other release treatments provided only short-term reductions in woody vegetation, which ultimately led to young stands dominated by deciduous tree species. North. J. Appl. For. 21(3):123–134.
Analysis of the Interaction Between Timber Markets and the Forest Resources of Maine
Authors: Luppold William G. , Sendak Paul E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The abundant timber resources of Maine are critical to the State's timber economy; thus, when the 1995 forest inventory indicated a 20% decline in softwood growing stock, there was great concern by industry and government. Furthermore, declining near-term softwood growing stock levels were forecast. To better understand what was occurring in Maine's forest, we examined changes in composition and evaluated the relative impacts of harvesting versus growth and mortality. Much of the decline in spruce-fir inventory can be attributed to the budworm infestation of the 1970s and 1980s, although continued high utilization contributed to the decline. The high rate of softwood utilization was facilitated by low softwood timber prices due to increased supply from salvage cutting and high prices for softwood dimension lumber. The high price of dimension lumber also allowed the adoption of sawmill technology in Canada and Maine that used small-diameter logs, formerly consumed by the pulp industry, for lumber production. The increased demand for spruce-fir roundwood occurred during a period when changes in paper demand and pulping technology increased the demand for hardwood pulpwood. Unlike spruce-fir and hemlock, hardwood growing-stock volumes have increased steadily due to low utilization, high growth, and low mortality. Ample inventories of hardwoods have allowed increased volumes of these species to be used in the manufacture of pulp and engineered wood products. A recent partial forest survey of Maine indicated that spruce-fir growing stock inventory has stabilized as a result of regeneration of these species that began after the last spruce budworm infestation. North. J. Appl. For. 21(3):135–143.