bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Education Policies
Authors: Bischof Christopher 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter one, ‘Education Policies’, explores the policies that framed teachers’ careers, especially from the perspective of teachers. Seen this way, the history of policies looks quite different. It begins in 1846, more than two decades before the 1870 Education Act which so much scholarship on the history of education takes as its starting point. In the very year of laissez-faire’s supposed triumph, the state undertook a massive social intervention by creating two remarkable—and quite expensive—institutions open to girls and boys alike: pupil teaching and training colleges. Hundreds of thousands of British girls and boys took advantage of the clear, state-funded path which these institutions offered to becoming a teacher.
Pupil Teaching
Authors: Bischof Christopher 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter two, ‘Pupil Teaching’, tells the story of those boys and girls who secured pupil teaching apprenticeships starting around age thirteen. These paid apprenticeships enabled boys and girls who would usually otherwise have had to go to work to continue their studies for five years—even to delve into subjects like Latin, French, literature, and physics. They had to balance these studies with their work teaching younger children, however. They both learned from and worked under head teachers, whose poignant accounts and painstaking work with their young charges testifies to the bonds they formed with pupil teachers. Like apprenticeship in its classic form (and emerging ideas about adolescence), pupil teaching involved working and learning, growing freedom but continued supervision, an institutionalized and paternalistic relationship. Teachers and the state together revived, but also modernized apprenticeship—though as much in tension with one another as in cooperation.
Diaspora Engagement goes Global
Authors: Gamlen Alan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8 shows how diaspora engagement shifted from a regional model of migration management to a global best practice. In the late 1990s, engaging diasporas was openly advocated by a range of regional organizations, but by 2006, the Secretary General of the United Nations had become a cheerleader. Drawing on concepts from World Society theory and the literature on Epistemic Communities, this chapter argues that the global spread of diaspora institutions is a response to the growth of a new global institution: a global migration regime. ‘Engaging diasporas’ has become a central theme in efforts to link migration with the international development agenda and build a decentralized but coherent system of global migration governance. It has been enthusiastically promoted by migration policy experts and international organizations, as a way of sharing responsibility for migration management without the need for a world migration organization. Governments around the world have responded to these recommendations by establishing diaspora institutions.
Strategies of Justice
Authors: Hendrix Burke A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Political theorists often imagine themselves as political architects, asking what an ideal set of laws or social structures might look like. Yet persistent injustices can endure for decades or even centuries despite such ideal theorizing. In circumstances of this kind, it is essential for political theorists to think carefully about the political choices normatively available to those who directly face persistent injustices and seek to change them. The book focuses on the claims of Aboriginal peoples to better treatment from the United States and Canada. The book investigates two intertwined issues: the kinds of moral permissions that those facing persistent injustice have when they act politically, and the kinds of transformations that political action may bring about in those who undertake it. The book argues for normative permissions to speak untruth to power; to circumvent or nullify existing law; to give primary attention to protecting one’s own community first; and to engage in political experimentation that reshapes future generations. The book argues that, when carefully used, these permissions may help political actors to avoid co-optation and self-delusion. At the same time, divisions of labor between those who grapple most closely with state institutions and those who keep their distance may be necessary to facilitate escape from persistent injustice over the long term.
Deliberation and Political Strategy
Authors: Hendrix Burke A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Theorists of deliberative democracy often argue that political actors entering the public sphere should speak openly and fully in pursuing their political goals. These requirements do not seem appropriate for those facing conditions of persistent injustice, however, especially when they encounter patterns of institutionally created discursive domination. Focusing on the interplay between legal doctrines of Aboriginal title and broader patterns of discourse within Canada, this chapter argues for the moral permissibility of strategic and deceptive speech when this may facilitate the realization of arrangements that are more just. The chapter argues that acknowledging the permissibility of deceptive strategies will often allow disadvantaged actors to think more clearly about their political goals, rather than becoming intellectually co-opted by engagement with state institutions.
The Conatus Doctrine
Authors: Lin Martin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Spinoza believes that all things “strive to persevere in their being.” This claim, known as Spinoza’s conatus doctrine, raises many questions. Does Spinoza believe that nature is goal directed? Does he think that all natural things, including ones that are typically classified as inanimate, such as particles of matter and stars in the sky have desires and goals? This chapter explicates the meaning of Spinoza’s conatus doctrine and argues that it must be interpreted teleologically despite the apparent tension between teleology and mechanism. It also examines Spinoza’s argument for the conatus doctrine and argues that it is not meant to follow from claims about the impossibility of self-destruction alone, as many commentators would have it. Rather, he must be relying on important assumptions about the nature of God and the expressive relationship that finite individuals bear to it. It concludes by considering the problem of goal-directed human action in Spinoza.
Constraints on Discretion: Part 1—Directors
Authors: Gerner-Beuerle Carsten , Schillig Michael 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses two general types of behavioural constraints on managerial decision-making that can be found in most legal systems: the duties of care and loyalty. The former deals with the care, skill, and diligence that a director is expected to employ in managing a company. The latter deals with situations where a director’s interest conflicts with the interests of the company, notably where the director is a shareholder or otherwise involved in a business partner of the company or takes advantage of a business opportunity that could also be of commercial interest to the company.
Veil-piercing
Authors: Gerner-Beuerle Carsten , Schillig Michael 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on strategies that, in a broad sense, set the principle of limited liability aside in order to reach (the assets of) the natural or legal persons that benefit from corporate activity. These concepts are complementary to the ex ante strategies discussed in previous chapters. They are ex post in the sense that they will be triggered only if and when the former have failed for some reason. Their aim is to internalize as far as possible the social cost of corporate activity in order to set appropriate incentives for corporate decision-making. The legal concepts under consideration are largely standard based with open textured norms whose application heavily depends on the factual settings in every individual case. Consequently, the challenge is to provide workable criteria and coherent guidance for courts in order to ensure predictability for entrepreneurs and their legal advisers.
Employment Protection, Investment, and Firm Growth
Authors: Bai John (Jianqiu) , Fairhurst Douglas , Serfling Matthew 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
We exploit the adoption of U.S. state-level labor protection laws to study the effect of employment protection on corporate investment rates and sales growth. We find that, following the adoption of these laws, capital expenditures as a percentage of book assets decrease, resulting in slower sales growth. Our findings are consistent with theories predicting that greater employment protection discourages investment by making projects more irreversible. Supporting this channel, following negative cash flow shocks, firms are less likely to downsize operations in states that have adopted these laws but more likely to downsize in states that have not adopted these laws.
Authors have furnished code, data, and an Internet Appendix, which are available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Initial disease severity, cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Li Daniel , Yoshida Kazuki , Feldman Candace H , Speyer Cameron , Barbhaiya Medha , Guan Hongshu , Solomon Daniel H , Everett Brendan M , Costenbader Karen H 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Objective
SLE is associated with high risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality, and has a wide spectrum of presentations. We investigated whether SLE severity at diagnosis was associated with CVD or mortality risk.

Methods
Within Medicaid (2000–10), we identified patients 18–65 years of age with incident SLE. Initial SLE severity was classified—mild, moderate, or severe—during the baseline year prior to the start of follow-up (incident index date) using a published algorithm based on SLE-related medications and diagnoses. Patients were followed from the index date to the first CVD event or death, disenrollment, loss to follow-up or end of follow-up period. Cox and Fine–Gray regression models, adjusted for demographics and comorbidities accounting for the competing risk of death (for CVD), estimated CVD and mortality risks by baseline SLE severity.

Results
Of 15 120 incident SLE patients, 48.7% had mild initial SLE severity, 33.9% moderate and 17.4% severe. Mean (s.d.) follow-up was 3.3 (2.4) years. After multivariable adjustment, CVD subdistribution hazard ratios (HRSD) were higher for initially severe [HRSD 1.64 (95% CI 1.32, 2.04)] and moderate [HRSD 1.19 (95% CI 1.00, 1.41)] SLE vs mild SLE. Mortality HRs were also higher for initially severe [HR 3.11 (95% CI 2.49, 3.89)] and moderate [HR 1.61 (95% CI 1.29, 2.01)] SLE vs mild SLE.

Conclusion
SLE patients with high initial severity had elevated mortality and CVD events risks compared with those who presented with milder disease. This has implications for clinical care and risk stratification of newly diagnosed SLE patients.
Reversed accounting: legal professionals, families and the gender wealth gap in France
Authors: Bessière Céline 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article describes how legal professionals and families contribute to the widening, legitimation and concealment of the gender wealth gap. It is based on ethnographic observation, study of legal files and statistical data on gender wealth inequality in France. Despite formally equal law, family wealth arrangements in moments of estate planning and marital breakdown tend to reproduce gender inequality. The main legal professionals involved are lawyers and notaries. In their interactions with family members, they carry out reversed accounting, a logic of practice in which the result comes first and computation comes after. As families and legal professionals strive to preserve real estate and businesses, or to minimize taxes, they produce inventories, estimations and distributions of assets which disadvantage women, even though shares appear to be formally equal. Female legal professionals, as well as female clients, may endorse this concern, and thus, also unwittingly contribute to the gender wealth gap.
Widespread Epigenetic Changes to the Enhancer Landscape of Mouse Liver Induced by a Specific Xenobiotic Agonist Ligand of the Nuclear Receptor CAR
Authors: Rampersaud Andy , Lodato Nicholas J , Shin Aram , Waxman David J 
Published: June 2019

AbstractConstitutive androstane receptor (CAR) (Nr1i3), a liver nuclear receptor and xenobiotic sensor, induces drug, steroid, and lipid metabolism and dysregulates genes linked to hepatocellular carcinogenesis, but its impact on the liver epigenome is poorly understood. TCPOBOP (1, 4-bis-[2-(3, 5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene), a halogenated xenochemical and highly specific CAR agonist ligand, induces localized chromatin opening or closing at several thousand mouse liver genomic regions, discovered as differential DNase-hypersensitive sites (ΔDHS). Active enhancer and promoter histone marks induced by TCPOBOP were enriched at opening DHS and TCPOBOP-inducible genes. Enrichment of CAR binding and CAR motifs was seen at opening DHS and their inducible drug/lipid metabolism gene targets, and at many constitutively open DHS located nearby. TCPOBOP-responsive cell cycle and DNA replication genes codependent on MET/EGFR signaling for induction were also enriched for CAR binding. A subset of opening DHS and many closing DHS mapping to TCPOBOP-responsive target genes did not bind CAR, indicating an indirect mechanism for their changes in chromatin accessibility. TCPOBOP-responsive DHS were also enriched for induced binding of RXRA, CEBPA, and CEBPB, and for motifs for liver-enriched factors that may contribute to liver-specific transcriptional responses to TCPOBOP exposure. These studies elucidate the enhancer landscape of TCPOBOP-exposed liver and the widespread epigenetic changes that are induced by both direct and indirect mechanisms linked to CAR activation. The global maps of thousands of environmental chemical-induced epigenetic changes described here constitute a rich resource for further research on xenochemical effects on liver chromatin states and the epigenome.
Exploring Recipient Preferences and Allocation Mechanisms in the Distribution of Development Aid
Authors: Shapiro Jeremy 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This study uses incentive-compatible techniques to obtain valuations of 14 common poverty reduction interventions from (probable) aid recipients. Recipients’ valuations for these interventions are highly heterogeneous both across interventions and across recipients of the same intervention. Valuation for interventions does not correlate with overall poverty or with perceived need for specific interventions, suggesting that targeting individuals with high valuations based on recipient characteristics is difficult. Through simulations, this study assesses how various allocation mechanisms—cash transfers and voting—compare in generating recipient surplus in the allocation of aid. When markets function and constraints on joint private contributions to public goods do not bind, cash transfers generate considerably more recipient surplus than voting. Even when cash transfers cannot enable public goods and some services, they may still outperform voting at very low resource levels. However, as resource levels increase, voting dominates cash transfers from a surplus-maximization perspective.
Evaluation of Medical School Grading Variability in the United States: Are All Honors the Same?
Authors: Westerman Mary E. , Boe Chelsea , Bole Raevti , Turner Norman S. , Rose Steven H. , Gettman Matthew T. , Thompson R. Houston 
Published: June 2019

Purpose
The medical student performance evaluation (MSPE) summarizes a residency applicant’s academic performance. Despite attempts to improve standardized clerkship grading, concerns regarding grade inflation and variability at United States medical schools persist. This study’s aim was to describe current patterns of clerkship grading and applicant performance data provided in the MSPE.

Method
The authors evaluated Electronic Residency Application Service data submitted to a single institution for the 2016–2017 Match cycle. Clerkship grading characteristics regarding grading tiers, school rank, location, and size were obtained. Data regarding methods for summative comparisons such as key word utilization were also extracted. Descriptive statistics were generated, and generalized linear modeling was performed.

Results
Data were available for 137/140 (98%) MD-granting U.S. medical schools. Pass/fail grading was most commonly used during the preclinical years (47.4%). A 4-tier system was most common for clerkship grading (31%); however, 19 different grading schemes were identified. A median of 34% of students received the highest clerkship grade (range, 5%–97%). Students attending a top 20 medical school were more likely to receive the highest grade compared with those attending lower-rated schools (40% vs 32%, P < .001). Seventy-three percent of schools ranked students, most commonly using descriptive adjectives. Thirty-two different adjectives were used.

Conclusions
There is significant institutional variation in clinical grading practices and MSPE data. For core clerkships where most students received the highest grade, the ability to distinguish between applicants diminishes. A standardized approach to reporting clinical performance may allow for better comparison of residency applicants.
Mortality Rates of Humerus Fractures in the Elderly: Does Surgical Treatment Matter?
Authors: Lander Sarah T. , Mahmood Bilal , Maceroli Michael A. , Byrd Jonathan , Elfar John C. , Ketz John P. , Nikkel Lucas E. 
Published: June 2019

Introduction:
Multiple studies have shown the impact of hip fractures on geriatric mortality. Few evaluate mortality after proximal humerus (PH) or distal humerus (DH) fractures, and fewer determine differences in mortality based on management. We aim to evaluate a statewide cohort of elderly patients with PH or DH fractures to evaluate mortality, length of stay, discharge data, readmission, and differences based on management.

Methods:
The New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System database was used to identify patients 60 years and older admitted with a PH or DH fracture. Patient demographics, including age, gender, sex, race, weight, and insurance status, along with comorbid conditions using the Charlson Comorbidity Index, were determined. Seven-day, 30-day, and 1-year mortality was determined for operative and nonoperative cohorts. Logistic regression determined the competing risk of mortality when controlling for patient demographics, comorbid conditions, and treatment.

Results:
Forty-two thousand five hundred eleven PH and 7654 DH fractures were evaluated. PH fractures had higher mortality than DH. Nonoperative treatment occurred in 76.2% of PH fractures and 53% of DH fractures. There were more comorbid conditions, longer length of stay, and higher mortality at 7 days, 30 days, and 1 year in patients treated nonoperatively. After controlling for patient demographics and comorbid conditions, there was no difference in mortality between PH and DH fractures, but operative treatment for either PH or DH was associated with lower mortality at all time points.

Discussion:
Fewer PH than DH fractures were treated operatively. Operative treatment was associated with improved survival in patients hospitalized with PH or DH fracture even after controlling for patient demographic and comorbid factors.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Functional Outcomes After Muscle-Sparing Fixation of Flail Chest Injuries
Authors: Taylor Benjamin C. , Fowler Terry Ty , Reddy Hemant , Galos David K. , Wetzel Robert 
Published: June 2019

Objectives:To present outcomes in a multicenter review of a large number of flail chest patients.Design:Retrospective case series.Setting:One urban Level I and 1 urban Level II trauma center.Patients/Participants:Fifty-two adult patients who underwent treatment of their flail chest injury with locking plate and screw constructs through muscle-sparing approaches, followed for a minimum of 1 year postoperatively.Results:All patients went on to successful union, with complication rates in line with recent published norms. Periscapular strength returned to greater than 90% of the noninjured side by 3 months postoperatively and to within a mean of 95% of the noninjured side by 6 months postoperatively. Glenohumeral range of motion similarly improved over this same interval.Conclusions:Use of anatomically designed modern locking plate and screw fixation constructs with muscle-sparing approaches results in efficient return to function and restoration of shoulder function and strength as compared with the noninjured shoulder.Level of Evidence:Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Long-term Outcome of Selective Thoracic Fusion Using Rod Derotation and Direct Vertebral Rotation in the Treatment of Thoracic Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Chang Dong-Gune , Suk Se-Il , Kim Jin-Hyok , Song Kwang-Sup , Suh Seung-Woo , Kim Soo-Yeon , Kim Gang-Un , Yang Jae Hyuk , Lee Jung-Hee 
Published: June 2019

Study Design:
This was a retrospective comparative study.

Objective:
To evaluate long-term outcomes of selective thoracic fusion (STF) using both rod derotation (RD) and direct vertebral rotation (DVR) with pedicle screw instrumentation (PSI) in the treatment of thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) with a minimum 10-year follow-up.

Summary of Background Data:
Postoperative compensation and maintenance of the unfused lumbar curve after STF is very important factor for the satisfactory results in the treatment of thoracic AIS.

Patients and Methods:
Sixty-five patients with thoracic AIS treated with STF from the neutral vertebra (NV) to NV or NV-1 with RD and DVR were retrospectively analyzed with a minimum 10-year follow-up. Patients were divided into 2 groups: satisfactory (n=52) and unsatisfactory groups (n=13). Unsatisfactory results were defined as an adding-on, a lowest instrumented vertebra (LIV) tilt of >10 degrees, or coronal balance >15 mm.

Results:
No significant differences were observed in the main thoracic curve between the satisfactory and unsatisfactory groups postoperatively (P=0.218) and at the last follow-up (P=0.636). Significant improvements of LIV tilt and disk angle were observed in both groups, but these improvements deteriorated during the follow-up period in the unsatisfactory group. Significant differences of apical vertebra (AV) and end vertebra (EV) were observed postoperatively (AV: P=0.001, EV: P=0.001) and at the last follow-up (AV: P<0.000, EV: P<0.000) between the 2 groups.

Conclusions:
STF using RD and DVR can achieve satisfactory deformity correction for thoracic AIS with satisfactory compensatory lumbar curve that was maintained over long-term follow-up. Progression of unfused lumbar curve closely related with LIV tilt and disk angle showing insufficient DVR. Therefore, STF with sufficient DVR required to achieve satisfactory deformity correction and prevent a distal adding-on phenomenon in the treatment of thoracic AIS.