bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Characterization of Metamorphic Facies of Metabasalts of Hutti Greenstone Belt
Authors: Riyaz Ulla M. S. , Pathan A. M. , Maaskant P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Hutti greenstone belt, containing several promising gold deposits is predominantly composed of metavolcanics represented by basalt with minor felsic volcanics and metasediments. Basalt has undergone regional metamorphism as indicated by the presence of characteristic metamorphic mineral assemblage of plagioclase, amphibole and chlorite. Electron microprobe studies are carried out on these minerals to study the chemistry and the mineral reactions in the rock. The analytical data indicate that plagioclase is andesine, amphibole is magnesio-hornblende and chlorite is ripidolite.
The mineralogical assemblage, the chemistry and in particular the co-existence of hornblende and chlorite in metabasalt indicates a metamorphic grade 'transition between greenschist and amphibolite facies'.
Composition of Smectites in the Lameta Sediments of Central India: Implications for the Commencement of Deccan Volcanism
Authors: Salil M. S. , Pattanayak S. K. , Shrivastava J. P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The studies on the structural formulae of smectites in the Larneta sediments indicate that they are rich in octahedral Fe, Mg and tetrahedral Al. Identical patterns of Mg, Fe and Al abundances in the octahedral and tetrahedral layers respectively, were also observed in the smectites of intertrappean sediments and weathered Deccan Basalts. The thermodynamic components and charge configurations of smectites in the Lameta, intertrappean and Deccan Basalt indicate that they fall within the compositional plane of smectite solid solution. The compositional commonality of smectite in the Lameta sediments with those in the intertrappeans and weathered Deccan Basalt suggests, Smectites in the Lameta sediments are derivatives of Deccan volcanic products. This implies the commencement of Deccan Volcanism during the Maastrichtian Lameta sedimentation or prior to it.
Depositional Environment and Basin Development During Early Palaeogene Lignite Deposition, Western Kutch, Gujarat
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Sanjay Kr. , Shome S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Exploration for lignite by drilling in the early Tertiary Supratrappean paralic sequence on the onshore of western Kutch,Gujarat, provides detailed information on the basement characteristics and palaeoenvironment of lignite deposits. A comprehensive study of outcrop sequence and its dip directional subcrop counterpart reveal that lignite bearing sediments were deposited in three distinct domains; (a) fringe areas of exposed trap rock on mainland, (b) adjacent dip directional subsurface areas on trap basement and (c) areas located beyond the subcrop limit of trap in a basinward direction. Domain (b) is considered most favourable locale for exploration as it contains palaeotopographic lows. A synthesis of outcrop and suberop data helped in identifying three depositional environments for the lignite bearing sediments, namely a prograding delta, back barrier environment and lagoons of foraminiferal bank environments. Vegetation growth and accumulation took place in all the three environments but sizable peat matter are found to occur in transitional lower delta plain, and in the back barrier deposits. These depositional environments and various stratigraphic criteria are used to reconstruct six conceptual models to depict the evolution of early Tertiary basin and accumulation of lignite therein. The significance of stratigraphic markers i.e. Lower Eocene Assilina marl-moll usca coquina bed and the Middle Eocene large Nummulities bed, in locating lignite deposits is also discussed.
Sulphide Mineralization in the Parsoi Formation of Mahakoshal Group, Southern Mirzapur District, U.P.
Authors: Farooq S. , Hasan N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Surface indications of sulphide mineralization were noticed in the form of gossan bands outcropping as cellular, spongy and boxwork structures of limonite in the marble of Parsoi Formation of Mahakoshal Belt near Ningha village in southern Mirzapur district. Investigations reveal that mineralization is localized along fractures, shears and zones of brecciation in the marble, and is controlled by the structural patterns of the host rocks. Sulphide mineral assemblage consists of pyrite, pyrrhotite, cobaltite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, proustite and pyrargyrite. The sulphides are found to occur in the form of veins, stringers and disseminations. Mineralogical assemblages and textural characteristics of the altered and sulphide zones indicate that mineralization is hypothermal in nature.
Magnetic Polarity Stratigraphy of the Siwalik Sequence of Haripur area (H.P), NW Himalaya
Authors: Sangode S. J. , Kumar Rohtash , Ghosh Sumit K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A 2375 m thick sequence consisting of sandstone-mudstone alterations was sampled for magnetic polarity stratigraphy in Somb Nadi and its tributary, Jamni-Khol in the Haripur area of Himachal Pradesh. 200 palaeomagnetic sampling sites were selected from 45 overbank intervals of fluvial cycles. Only fine-grained sediments were sampled to get the ideal results from stable single domain grains. Progressive thermal demagnetization was carried out at intervals of 25, 50 and/or 100°C. A considerably stable secondary remanant magnetization was removed above 450°C with the isolation of characteristic remnant magnetization component at 600°C. Corrected mean directions for the normal and the reversed sites are D = 349°, I= 28° and D = 168°, I= -28°, respectively. The Tatrot/Pinjor faunal event is recognised on the local magnetic polarity time scale at 2.6 Ma (1685 m level) and the Middle to Upper Siwalik transition (Dhok Pathan/Tatrot boundry) at 5.26 Ma (500 m level), approximately. Predominance of piedmont depositional system at around 3.2 Ma (1450 m level) suggests uplift and denudation of the Outer Leesser Himalaya during this period. First record of the Pre-Tertiary clast-dominated conglomerate is observed at 2.6 Ma and that of Tertiary clast-dominated conglomerate at 1.76 Ma. An average rate of sedimentation of 45 cm/1000 years was observed till 2.6 Ma. Further, it shows increasing and decreasing trend after 2.6 Ma with a maximum value of 54 cm/1000 years and a minimum of 8 cm/1000 years sediment accumulation.
Heavy Mineral Concentration on the Visakhapatnam - Konada Coast as Evidenced by Magnetic Susceptibi1ity and Radioactivity
Authors: Lakshmipatiraju A. , Srinivasa Rao L. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Magnetic susceptibility, radioactivity, bulk density (?) and texture of black sands from the Visakhapatnam-Konada belt on the east coast of India were studied. The sands are fine-grained and well sorted with a nearly symmetrical distribution. Mass susceptibility (?) and radioactivity (R.A.) are related to weight percentage of magnetic minerals and grain percentage of radioactive minerals respectively. The magnetic fraction is made up of magnetite and ilmenite. The radioactive minerals present in the sands are monazite and rarely zircon. Susceptibility and R.A. of finer sieve fractions are high, reflecting higher proportions of magnetic and radioactive minerals.
Mass susceptibility, Radioactivity and bulk density of black sands are high south of outcropping rock formations across the coast, reflecting heavy mineral concentration. A structural aspect of the coast, namely the Eastern Ghat formations cutting across the coast, seems to be one of the controls on heavy mineral concentration.
Morphodynamic State of Beaches Between Vaipar and Tiruchendur, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Ramanujam N. , Radhakrishnan V. , Sabeen H. M. , Mukesh M. V. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The relationship between the surf zone processes and the morphodynamic state of beaches between Vaipar and Tiruchendur along the southeastern coast of Tamil Nadu was studied through 46 beach profile measurements and other morphological features across and along the shoreline. The energy variations in the beach along with the morphological and sedimentological properties are distinguished by the surf-scale parameter. The dissipative beaches with higher wave heights and low beach gradients yield the higher amount of surf-scale parameter (22.0 to 154.3) whereas at the other extreme, the reflective beaches with steep beach gradients and lower wave height conditions resulted with low surf-scale value (0.5711 to 2.500). Intermediate beach states possessing dissipative and reflective elements with four transitional stages are recognised.
A Note on the Occurrence of Molybdenite at Ashapura, Raichur District, Karnataka
Authors: Prakash H. S. M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A new occurrence of molybdenite is reported from the granites of Ashapura area, 6 km SSW of Raichur town. An E-W trending leucogranite dyke within pink granite shows anomalous concentrations of molybdenum ranging from 15 ppm to 3.26%. Significant concentrations of tungsten (100-900 ppm), silver (upto 11 ppm), copper (upto 665 ppm), platinum (19 to 253 ppb), palladium (60 to 380 ppb) and iridium (7 to 73 ppb) are also observed. The mineralisation occurs along thc western periphery of the granitoid, stretching over 1.5 km from Jalibenchi to Ashapura. Petrologic characters, alteration products and geochemical parameters compare well with granite hosted porphyry type molybdenite mineralisation reported elsewhere.
An Ion Microprobe Study of Single Zircons from the Amet Granite, Rajasthan
Authors: Wiedenbeck M. , Goswami J. N. , Roy A. B. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We have lIsed an ion microprobe to measure 207Pb/206Pb ages on carefully selected ~20 μm domains of single zircons from two samples of the Amet Granite. A sample of the Amet Granite, consisting of a strongly foliated augen gneiss, yields a minimum crystallization age of 1641±14 Ma (1s). From a second sample, collected from an aplite dyke which cross-cuts the foliation of the augen gneiss, we calculate a minimum emplacement age of 1766±16 Ma; both these ages are based on a dynamic background correction of 0.01 c/s.
As part of this study we conducted 30 analyses of an internal standard which has a published, concordant age of 2631±4 Ma. Our data suggest that a low intensity dynamic background (=0.01 c/s), comparable to the 204Pb count rate, is present within our system. This background could, in principle, lead to considerable uncertainties when calculating 206Pb/204Pb ages for young samples which have low radiogenic 206Pb concentrations. We believe an inaccurate background correction is the most likely explanation why the cross-cutting dyke yields an apparent age which is older than that obtained from its host rock. Assuming that the dynamic background was negligible at the time of its analysis. we recalculate an age of 1646±19 Ma for the dyke sample which is statistically indistinguishable from the age of the augen gneiss. The use of small geometry ion microprobes for obtaining 207Pb/206Pb age is best suited for older and radiogenic Pb-rich zircon, when such a low intensity background becomes less significant.
Our results indicate that the crystallization of the Amet porphyritic granite, the tectonic emplacement of the nearby mid-Proterozoic Sand Mata granulites and the subsequent deformation are the products of a single tectonic cycle which was completed by ~ 1.64 Ga.
Regional Stratigraphy of Quaternary Deposits in Parts of Thar Desert, Rajasthan
Authors: Sundaram R. M. , Rakshit P. , Pareek S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Quaternary stratigraphy of a part of Thar desert, Rajasthan is proposed based on the correlation of depositional sequences in Kantli-Ghaggar basin, Luni basin, Sambhar lake and Jaipur area. The Quaternary sediments comprising the fluvial, lacustrine and aeolian deposits are associated with distinct pedologic events which show uniformity in succession even over these widely separated areas. The lithosequences and geomorphological characteristics along with pedogenic evidences are considered in classifying the Quaternary sediments, giving an informal nomenclature, into five formations namely Bikaner Formation, Churu Formation, Sambhar Formation, Jaipur Formation and Luni Formation, Each of these formations consists of fluvial, lacustrine and aeolian units excepting the Jaipur Formation which consists of only fluvial unit. The onset of Quaternary period marked a major transformation from humid, tropical to arid, desertic conditions which continued with periods of comparative wetter and drier phases.
Temporal Patterns of Palaeoflows of Middle and Upper Siwalik Subgroups, Jammu
Authors: Pandita S. K. , Bhat G. M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This paper embodies the results of palaeocurrent analysis of two stratigraphic sections exposed at Parmandal-Uttarbani and Papar-Nad, Jammu. The general palaeoflow patterns are due south-southwesteriy with the temporal palaeoflow variations of 40°-183° and 41°-144°for the Middle and Upper Siwalik Subgroups respectively. In the Middle Siwalik Subgroup of Papar-Nad section and Upper Siwalik Subgroup of Parmandal-Uttarbani section, four palaeoflow reversals have been recorded. The temporal palaeoflow patterns and the reversals are related to the tectonic episodicity of the intrabasinal tectonic structures and the basin margin activity.
Geomorphic Controls of the Chittamgondi Bauxite Deposit, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Prakash P. , Ramana Rao K. L. V. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Bauxite cappings occur discontinuously, along a linear stretch amidst the Eastern Ghuts comprising khondalite and charnockite groups of rocks, in the States of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. These cappings/deposits, by virtue of their proximity to the eastern coastline of India, are christened as the East Coast Bauxite deposits.
The East Coast Bauxites of Andhra Pradesh include the Anantagiri, Chintapalli, Gurtedu and Paderu groups of deposits. The Anantagiri group comprises Galikonda, Chittamgondi, Raktakonda and Kutuki deposits. The Chittamgondi bauxite deposit, charucterised by multi-directional slopes, is preserved in a sickle shaped synformal structure. Furthermore, the maximum thickness of bauxite, viz., 54 m, amongst the East Coast Bauxite deposits, investigated so far, has been recorded in it. As has already been established for other East Coast Bauxite deposits, the geomorphological setup and morphometry have played a pivotal role in the formation of the Chittamgondi bauxite deposit.
Chromite Alteration at Boula-Nausahi Igneous Complex, Orissa
Authors: Mohanty J. K. , Sahoo R. K. , Paul A. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
During Serpentinization of the ultramafic rocks, the accessory chrome spinels are altered at grain margins and/or along fractures to highly reflecting phases of ferritchromit and magnetite which occur as rims around parent chromite. Of these two altered phases, ferritchromit exhibits greater compositional variation. Electron probe microanalysis data indicate that these phases are rich in Fe and poor in Cr, Al and Mg with respect to parent chromite. Magnetite rim is characterised by extreme iron enrichment and marked depletion of Cr, Al and Mg whereas ferritchromit represents intermediate chemical composition between parent chromite and the magnetite outer rim. This compositional variation is due to solid state diffusion of elements from chromite outwards during serpentinization. Textural features, chemical composition and presence of chromiferous serpentine attest genetic relationship between serpentinization and chromite alteration.
Nature of Aquifer in Parts of Granitic Terrain in Mahabubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Raj Pradeep , Nandulal L. , Soni G. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Hydrogeological studies in the granitic terrain in parts of Mahabubnagar district, Andhra Pradesh, indicate a fairly thick and well distributed weathered zone, linear zones of fractures and deep water levels. The higher yields of some of the bore wells are due to the presence of N-S or E-W fractures. Pumping tests on 23 dug wells and three bore wells drilled within the weathered zone indicate a lower transmissivity values when compared with the pumping tests conducted on four bore wells which encountered fractured zones.
The gross ground water extraction per unit area hardly varies in sampled areas that form sman second order basins, irrespective of well density or type of wells. The number of dug wells drying-up in parts of the area is proportional to the success of the bore wells in the area. It suggests that new and deeper wells are only replacing the older, shallower dug wells and that the deeper fractured zone aquifer and shallower weathered zone aquifer are well connected.
This study also shows that the limiting factor for ground water development is not the nature of the aquifer but the quantum of recharge to it. Hence, artificial recharge structures must be planned to improve availability of ground water in the area.
Heavy Mineral and Geochemical Studies of Lower Bharathapuzha Sediments, Kerala
Authors: Rajendran S. , Karthikeyan P. , Seralathan P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Size specific abundance of heavy minerals (HM) in sediments of lower Bharathapuzha indicates an increase towards finer sizes, with the average maxima at ASTM +170. HM content in the bulk sample is similar to that of ASTM +60. Opaques, hornblende and pyroxenes are responsible for more than 90% variability. Garnet, monazite, zircon and sillimanite are least abundant. Hornblende, pyroxene and garnet are enriched in ASTM +60 but depleted in ASTM +230, whereas opaques show a reverse trend. HM content of bulk is similar to that of ASTM +60 and +120.
Heavy metal distribution has also been examined and the order of abundance is Fe&gt;Mn&gt;Ni&gt;Cr&gt;Zn&gt;Pb&gt;Cu&gt;Cd. Bulk samples show the lowest content. Mud fraction is emiched in metals, i.e., more than five fold for Zn, Cu and around three fold for Ni, Cr, Mn and Fe. The difference of metal abundance between HM and mud fraction is only marginal for Ni and Pb. In HM, Cd, Cu and Zn content are very low whereas Cr, Mn and Fe are enriched. EF (Enrichment Factor) values of Cu, Zn, Cr and Mn are close to crustal abundance whereas Cd and to a small extent Pb show relatively high values possibly resulting from anthropogenic contributions.
Economic Viability of Manganese Nodule Mining in India: A Discussion
Authors: Manickam S. , Victor Rajamanickam G. , Benjamin R. E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A comprehensive analysis of the economic viability of manganese nodule mining in India through the adoption of the standard capital budgeting techniques is attempted. The study includes both 3-metal plant (Copper, Nickel and Cobalt) and 4-metal plant (Copper, Nickel Cobalt and Manganese). Most of the studies carried out in the developed countries in the past conclude that this new ocean mining venture is not eccnomicaily viable. Hence, in this study, an attempt is made to find out any change that leads to significant improvement in the viability of the project by comparing the economic status of the industry between two periods, June 1987 and July 1990. The results of the research show that the Internal Rate of Return (lRR) of the 3-metal plant is 8.1% in June 1987 prices and the IRR for the 4-metal plant is 15.2%. But the IRR of 3-metal plant is 45.3% in July 1990 prices and 40.4% for the 4-metal plant. The results clearly point out that the project becomes viable in 1990 prices. This vast improvement in the economic status of this industry can largely be attributed to the enormous hike in the annual revenue of the project. Thus, the deep ocean holds out a beacon of hope to the world in general and India in particular for future supply of nodule metals.
Petrographic Criteria for Freshwater Diagenesis of Saurashtra Miliolites
Authors: Bhatt Nilesh , Patel M. P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The miliolites of Saurashtra Peninsula represent reworked bioclastic sand accumulations under the varying palaeoclimatic conditions during the Late Quaternary period. Their origin, whether marine or aeolian, forms a matter of controversy. These rocks comprise medium to fine grained allochems along with minor amount of detrital grains cemented together by non-ferroan, low magnesian sparry calcite cement exhibiting various ultrastructures. The intragranular porosity, geopetal infilling, dripstone-drapstone, meniscus and dogtoothspar cements suggest vadose condition while the presence of isopacholls rim and blocky void filling cements indicate their formation in phreatic freshwater environment.
On the Problem of Age and Genesis of Bedhaghat Water Falls (Jabalpur), Madhya Pradesh
Authors: Ganjoo R. K. , Rajaguru S. N. , Gupta Avijit 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Reasonably convincing evidences of neotectonic activities in the Central Narmada Valley have come to light. The geomorphic investigation of litho-sections at Bedhaghat, near Jabalpur and Siddhaghat highlights the occurrence of such event in geologically younger times. The integration of observations has further helped in understanding the genesis and dating the waterfall at Bedhaghat.
Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Lingtse Gneiss, Darjeeling - Sikkim Himalaya: Revisited
Authors: Paul D. K. , Mcnaughton N. J. , Chattopadhyay S. , Ray K. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Foliated augen gneisses with streaky character, such as the Lingtse Gneiss of Sikkim-Darjeeling area, occur throughout the Himalaya. The Lingtse Gneiss is highly deformed and Occurs as thin tabular bodies. Considerable textural variation is noticed depending on the intensity of deformation and grain growth. The rocks are peraluminous and show fractionated REE pattern (Lan/Lun = 1.2-6.8). These gneisses were previously dated at 1075 and 2034 Ma by Rb-Sr method. The results of the present isotopic age determination by Rb-Sr and Pb/Pb methods indicate ages of 1678 ± 44 Ma and 1792 ± 45 Ma respectively. The variability and scatter of isotopic composition are believed to reflect imprints of tectono-thermal events.
Statistical Structure of the Aeromagnetic Anomaly Field Over the Cuddapah Basin and Adjoining Terrain: Implications in Interpreting Structure and Tectonics
Authors: Bhaskara Rao D. S. , Rao Ch. Rama , Atchuta Rao D. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The statistical structure of the aeromagnetic anomaly field over an area of approximately 30,000 sq. km of parts of eastern Dharwar craton and the western parts of Cuddapah basin has been studied. The distribution of statistical moments of aeromagnetic field showed two magnetically different zones, viz., one towards north of 14°45'N Lat., and the other to the south of it. Directional filtering operations over the exposed granite-greenstone terrain and the adjoining intracratonic Cuddapah basin has clearly brought out an ENE to E-W trending long linear possibly related to a deep seated tectonic feature. This mega lineament separates this part of the crust into two zones of different magnetic character. Filtering operation over the aeromagnetic data applying sequential trend suppression in E-W, NW-SE and ENE-WSW directions has clearly brought out magnetic trends striking nearly N-S. These nearly N-S trends may reflect the structures that controlled the development of greenstone belts or the structures resulted during the E-W compressional event.
Agnostid Fauna from the Cambrian of Spiti
Authors: Sahni A. K. , Sudan C. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
An agnostid fauna from the Middle Cambrian (Peronopsis-Oryctocephalus zone) of Parahio valley, Spiti is described. It includes Peronopsis amplaxis. Peronopsis sp., Pagetia griesbachi and Pagetia sp. This assemblage is correlated with S olenopleura-Tonkinella zone of Kashmir and also with Ptychagnostus gibbus zone of Australia and North America.