bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short Research Report: high level of soil carbon addition causes possible manganese and aluminium phytotoxicity
Authors: Morris Edward Charles , Gibson‐Roy Paul 
Published: February 2019

SummaryA restoration trial of grassy woodland on former agricultural land applied carbon at a standard rate (840 g C/m2/year) and at a high rate (4,200 g C/m2/year), to test whether further benefits to native plants and suppression of exotics would emerge. Carbon addition at the high rate reduced plant cover further than the standard rate but led to severe loss of plant species; it also reduced soil pH. Soil Al, Fe and Mn levels increased across the gradient of C addition, which would be consistent with the reduction in soil pH for Al and Mn, and a decrease in soil redox potential for Mn and Fe. Nutrient analysis of leaf tissue confirmed that uptake of Fe and Mn increased over the range of C addition, with the concentration of Mn in the high carbon treatment exceeding the threshold for toxicity for a range of species. The soil and plant tissue data are consistent with the induction of increased soil acidity and of stronger reducing conditions in the soil by high level of carbon addition and localised soil flooding. Plant uptake of Mn to toxic levels occurred subsequently, leading to negative effects on plants; aluminium phytotoxicity may also have occurred.
Competence, competition and collaboration: Perceived challenges among Swedish community pharmacists engaging in pharmaceutical services provision and research
Authors: Frisk Pia , Holtendal Clary , Bastholm-Rahmner Pia , Sporrong Sofia Kälvemark 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
Creating evidence of effectiveness is an important part of service development. In an ongoing research project Swedish community pharmacists participate in services research by recruiting patients initiated on statins to an adherence-promoting cognitive pharmaceutical service, jointly run by nurses and pharmacists.

Aims
To explore the pharmacists’ experiences of providing part of the service and their views regarding future participation in practice research aiming at developing cognitive pharmaceutical services.

Methods
Focus group interviews were conducted with community pharmacists from pharmacies participating in the project. A semi-structured interview guide was developed, based on the aim and earlier research.

Results
The domains identified were the service itself, operative conditions, the pharmacists’ role/profession and stakeholders. The research project was thought to promote the local pharmacy to customers, increase job satisfaction and contribute to service development. However, a perceived lack of competence among pharmacists affected both patient communication and project involvement. Additional resources and strengthened collaboration with other local healthcare were requested. Competition among pharmacy chains was identified as a barrier to patient-centred service provision and research.

Conclusion
The current operative conditions in Swedish community pharmacies were perceived by pharmacists as hampering cognitive pharmaceutical services provision and research. Additional resources, improved communication skills and research competence, and increased collaboration with other healthcare and across pharmacy chains are necessary changes. A stronger patient-centred perspective among all stakeholders is required.
The effects of a multidisciplinary high‐throughput skin clinic on healthcare costs of organ transplant recipients
Authors: Gordon L.G. , Rodriguez‐Acevedo A.J. , Papier K. , Khosrotehrani K. , Isbel N. , Campbell S. , Griffin A. , Green A.C. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundA long‐term complication among organ transplant recipients (OTRs) is skin malignancies which are associated with level and duration of immunosuppressive treatment, sun exposure and age. Dermatological surveillance is recommended for OTRs at high risk of skin malignancies, but evidence is lacking on the benefits of such services.ObjectiveTo examine the economic impact on patients and on the hospital service of a multidisciplinary high‐throughput skin cancer clinic in Brisbane, Australia, dedicated to dermatological and surgical care of high‐risk OTRs.MethodsIn a pre/postdesign, hospital admission and cost data were obtained for 101 consecutively enrolled study participants from 12 months prior to the introduction of the clinic (to February 2016), the 3‐month ‘run‐in’ period (March to May 2016) and 12 months subsequent (to June 2017). Differences between pre‐ and post‐clinic hospital costs were tested using non‐parametric bootstrapping and interrupted time series analysis. A survey of patient out‐of‐pocket costs and perceived financial burden was also undertaken during the clinic.ResultsOverall hospital costs were higher after the clinic but 3‐monthly hospital costs for skin procedures trended downwards. Despite 3‐monthly mean, hospital visits increasing from 85 to 314, mean 3‐monthly costs reduced by AU$1491 (P < 0.001) indicating greater cost efficiency. Total patient out‐of‐pocket costs were AU$18 377 over 3 months.ConclusionClinical costing data revealed higher, more rapid throughput and significantly lower per patient costs pre‐ and postestablishment of a multidisciplinary skin cancer clinic for OTRs.
Optimization of preconditioning process of pressure parboiled brown rice (unpolished) for microwave puffing and its comparison with hot sand bed puffing
Authors: Swarnakar Ajay Kumar , Srivastav Prem Prakash , Das Susanta Kumar 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPuffing of pre‐conditioned brown rice using microwave energy replacing the traditional puffing of preconditioned polished rice on hot‐sand‐bed has higher nutritive value and produce required amount of puffed rice as per consumer's wish. Preconditioning temperatures (60, 70, 80, 90 °C) and salt contents (0, 2, 4, 6% [w/w]) have been chosen to puff brown rice using microwave energy, and quality aspects have been evaluated and compared with those obtained with hot‐sand‐bed puffing. Optimization of processing variables was carried out for maximizing puffing percentage, expansion ratio, whiteness index, overall sensory score, and minimizing the bulk density and hardness of puffed brown rice. The sensory analysis for the product was carried out using fuzzy logic technique to obtain overall sensory score. Optimum preconditioning temperature and salt content were found to be 76.74 C and 3.74% (w/w) in microwave and 76.16 C and 2.76% (w/w) in hot‐sand‐bed puffing, respectively.Practice applicationsPuffing of brown rice (unpolished rice) using microwave oven provides an option in obtaining nutritious, fresh and hygienic puffed product on instant demand. Puffing of brown rice eliminates the energy‐intensive polishing step of the rice milling process. Optimization of the process variables can be implemented for making preconditioned brown rice in obtaining desired quality of the puffed rice using microwave energy. The prepacked preconditioned rice can be directly put inside the domestic microwave oven to get required amount of puffed product.
Change in treatment paradigm in people who previously injected drugs with chronic hepatitis C in the era of direct‐acting antiviral therapy
Authors: Wong Grace Lai‐Hung , Chan Henry Lik‐Yuen , Loo Ching‐Kong , Hui Yee‐Tak , Fung James Yue‐Yan , Cheung David , Chung Cedric , Chim Angel Mei‐Ling , Wong Vincent Wai‐Sun ,   On behalf of the Hong Kong Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (HKASLD)
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundChronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is highly prevalent among people who inject drugs but is often undiagnosed. The treatment paradigm for HCV patients has been changing since the availability of direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) treatment. We aimed to evaluate the change in treatment paradigm of people who previously injected drugs (ex‐PWID) in Hong Kong before and after the availability of DAA.MethodConsecutive ex‐PWID referred from various nongovernmental organizations attended education talks at rehabilitation centers and received point‐of‐care rapid test for HCV antibody (anti‐HCV) at the same session. Subjects tested positive for anti‐HCV were invited to undergo further assessment. Afterwards, the patients were referred to the regional hospitals for follow‐up and/or treatment.ResultsThree hundred sixty‐five ex‐PWID received HCV rapid test; 268 (73.4%) were found to be anti‐HCV positive. Among these 268 HCV‐positive ex‐PWID, 234 (87.3%) attended the assessment session (mean age 52 years, 90.2% male, 45.5% genotype 1b, 41.1% genotype 6a, and median liver stiffness 5.9 kPa); 187 (69.8%) attended follow‐up visits at regional hospitals. Seventy‐one patients received antiviral treatment for HCV; 69 first received peginterferon and ribavirin (PegIFN/RBV), whereas 10 patients (eight PegIFN/RBV‐treated patients) received DAA treatment. Fifty‐two patients achieved sustained virologic response at 12 or 24 weeks. Treatment uptake rates of PegIFN/RBV and DAA treatment in the pre‐DAA versus post‐DAA era were 22.3% versus 48.5% and 0% versus 15.6%, respectively.ConclusionsTargeted screening in ex‐PWID is effective in identifying patients with HCV infection in the community. To improve treatment uptake, further improvements in the referral system and treatment regimens are needed.
Can leaf net photosynthesis acclimate to rising and more variable temperatures?
Authors: Vico Giulia , Way Danielle A. , Hurry Vaughan , Manzoni Stefano 
Published: February 2019

AbstractUnder future climates, leaf temperature (Tl) will be higher and more variable. This will affect plant carbon (C) balance because photosynthesis and respiration both respond to short‐term (subdaily) fluctuations in Tl and acclimate in the longer term (days to months). This study asks the question: To what extent can the potential and speed of photosynthetic acclimation buffer leaf C gain from rising and increasing variable Tl? We quantified how increases in the mean and variability of growth temperature affect leaf performance (mean net CO2 assimilation rates, Anet; its variability; and time under near‐optimal photosynthetic conditions), as mediated by thermal acclimation. To this aim, the probability distribution of Anet was obtained by combining a probabilistic description of short‐ and long‐term changes in Tl with data on Anet responses to these changes, encompassing 75 genera and 111 species, including both C3 and C4 species. Our results show that (a) expected increases in Tl variability will decrease mean Anet and increase its variability, whereas the effects of higher mean Tl depend on species and initial Tl, and (b) acclimation reduces the effects of leaf warming, maintaining Anet at >80% of its maximum under most thermal regimes.
What can debunking do for us (sceptics and nihilists)?
Authors: Olson Jonas 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDebunking arguments in metaethics are often presented as particularly challenging for non‐naturalistic versions of moral realism. The first aim of this paper is to explore and defend a response on behalf of non‐naturalism. The second aim of the paper is to argue that although non‐naturalism’s response is satisfactory, this does not mean that debunking arguments are metaethically uninteresting. They have a limited and indirect role to play in the exchange between non‐naturalists and moral error theorists. In the end, debunking arguments can do less for sceptics and nihilists than what is commonly thought, but not nothing.
Cardiomyocyte substructure reverts to an immature phenotype during heart failure
Authors: Lipsett D. B. , Frisk M. , Aronsen J. M. , Nordén E. S. , Buonarati O. R. , Cataliotti A. , Hell J. W. , Sjaastad I. , Christensen G. , Louch W. E. 
Published: February 2019

Key points
As reactivation of the fetal gene program has been implicated in pathological remodelling during heart failure (HF), we examined whether cardiomyocyte subcellular structure and function revert to an immature phenotype during this disease.
Surface and internal membrane structures appeared gradually during development, and returned to a juvenile state during HF. Similarly, dyadic junctions between the cell membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum were progressively ‘packed’ with L‐type Ca2+ channels and ryanodine receptors during development, and ‘unpacked’ during HF.
Despite similarities in subcellular structure, dyads were observed to be functional from early developmental stages, but exhibited an impaired ability to release Ca2+ in failing cardiomyocytes.
Thus, while immature and failing cardiomyocytes share similarities in subcellular structure, these do not fully account for the marked impairment of Ca2+ homeostasis observed in HF.
AbstractReactivation of the fetal gene programme has been implicated as a driver of pathological cardiac remodelling. Here we examined whether pathological remodelling of cardiomyocyte substructure and function during heart failure (HF) reflects a reversion to an immature phenotype. Using scanning electron microscopy, we observed that Z‐grooves and t‐tubule openings at the cell surface appeared gradually during cardiac development, and disappeared during HF. Confocal and super‐resolution imaging within the cell interior revealed similar structural parallels; disorganization of t‐tubules in failing cells was strikingly reminiscent of the late stages of postnatal development, with fewer transverse elements and a high proportion of longitudinal tubules. Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) were observed to be laid down in advance of developing t‐tubules and similarly ‘orphaned’ in HF, although RyR distribution along Z‐lines was relatively sparse. Indeed, nanoscale imaging revealed coordinated packing of L‐type Ca2+ channels and RyRs into dyadic junctions during development, and orderly unpacking during HF. These findings support a ‘last in, first out’ paradigm, as the latest stages of dyadic structural development are reversed during disease. Paired imaging of t‐tubules and Ca2+ showed that the disorganized arrangement of dyads in immature and failing cells promoted desynchronized and slowed Ca2+ release in these two states. However, while developing cells exhibited efficient triggering of Ca2+ release at newly formed dyads, dyadic function was impaired in failing cells despite similar organization of Ca2+ handling proteins. Thus, pathologically deficient Ca2+ homeostasis during HF is only partly linked to the re‐emergence of immature subcellular structure, and additionally reflects lost dyadic functionality.
Quantum reference beacon–guided superresolution optical focusing in complex media
Authors: Kim Donggyu , Englund Dirk R. 
Published: February 2019

Quantum beacons for enhanced imaging
Imaging an object is simply a case of collecting the light that is scattered from that object. However, if the object is embedded in or separated by a complex medium (tissue or atmosphere, for example), then the light is scattered, the wavefront of the light is muddled, and the image quality is reduced. Adaptive optics techniques use “guidestars” or “reference beacons” to undo the wavefront mixing and sharpen up the image. Kim and Englund show that nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond can be used as quantum reference beacons to enable superresolution focusing inside a scattering medium. The technique should be useful for quantum enhanced imaging and sensing applications.

Science
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528
Where are the paediatricians? An international survey to understand the global paediatric workforce
Authors: Harper Beth D , Nganga Waceke , Armstrong Robert , Forsyth Kevin D , Ham Hazen P , Keenan William J , Russ Christiana M 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveOur primary objective was to examine the global paediatric workforce and to better understand geographic differences in the number of paediatricians globally. Secondary objectives were to describe paediatric workforce expectations, who provides children with preventative care and when children transition out of paediatric care.DesignSurvey of identified paediatric leaders in each country.SettingPaediatric association leaders worldwide.Main outcome measuresPaediatrician numbers, provision of primary care for children, age of transition to adult care.ResultsResponses were obtained from 121 countries (73% of countries approached). The number of paediatricians per 100 000 children ranged from a median of 0.5 (IQR 0.3–1.4) in low-income countries to 72 (IQR 4–118) in high-income countries. Africa and South-East Asia reported the lowest paediatrician density (median of 0.8 paediatricians per 100 000 children, IQR 0.4–2.6 and median of 4, IQR 3–9, respectively) and fewest paediatricians entering the workforce. 82% of countries reported transition to adult care by age 18% and 39% by age 15. Most countries (91%) but only 64% of low-income countries reported provision of paediatric preventative care (p<0.001, Cochran-Armitage trend test). Systems of primary care provision varied widely. A majority of countries (63%) anticipated increases in their paediatric workforce in the next decade.ConclusionsPaediatrician density mirrors known inequities in health provider distribution. Fewer paediatricians are entering the workforce in areas with already low paediatrician density, which may exacerbate disparities in child health outcomes. In some regions, children transition to adult care during adolescence, with implications for healthcare training and delivery. Paediatrician roles are heterogeneous worldwide, and country-specific strategies should be used to address inequity in child health provision.
Effect of bariatric surgery before pregnancy on the vascular function in the offspring: protocol of a cross-sectional follow-up study
Authors: Van De Maele Karolien , Gies Inge , Devlieger Roland 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundThe offspring of obese pregnant women are at risk for adverse metabolic, inflammatory and cardiovascular programming. Comprehensive long-term data are lacking on the contribution of changes in maternal weight after bariatric surgery before pregnancy compared with lifestyle interventions during pregnancy on the cardiovascular programming of the offspring.MethodsEFFECTOR is designed as a cross-sectional cohort follow-up study targeting the children of different groups of women who were previously studied during their pregnancy. Four subgroups of children are identified, based on maternal weight characteristics during pregnancy: normal weight women, obese women without any intervention and obese women who underwent a lifestyle intervention during or bariatric surgery before pregnancy. Data collection is performed as a single study visit at home. Data on the sociodemographic situation, food habits and psychomotor development are obtained through questionnaires. During the home visit, extensive anthropometric and vascular assessment is performed. Information on body composition is provided by assessment of body weight and height, bioelectrical impedance analysis, skinfold measurements and ultrasound. Endothelial function is measured by non-invasive peripheral arterial tonometry (EndoPAT 2000). Biomarkers performed in blood and urinalysis conclude the data collection process.Trial registration numberNCT02992106(Pre-results).
Solving a century-old conundrum underlying cardiac force-length relations
Authors: Han June-Chiew , Pham Toan , Taberner Andrew J. , Loiselle Denis S. , Tran Kenneth 
Published: February 2019

In the late 19th century, Otto Frank presented a diagram (Frank O. Z Biol 37: 483–526, 1899) showing that cardiac end-systolic pressure-volume relations are dependent on the mode of contraction: one for isovolumic contractions that locate above that for afterloaded ejecting contractions. Conflicting results to Frank’s have been subsequently demonstrated in various species, both within and among preparations, ranging from the whole hearts to single myocytes, showing a single pressure-volume or force-length relation that is independent of the mode of contraction. Numerous explanations for these conflicting results have been proposed but are mutually contradictory and hence unsatisfying. The present study aimed to explore how these conflicting findings can be reconciled. We thus explored the cardiac force-length relation across a wide spectrum of both preloads and afterloads, encompassing the physiological working range. Experiments were performed using isolated ventricular trabeculae at physiological temperature and stimulus frequency. The force-length relation obtained from isometric contractions was indeed located above a family of those obtained from shortening contractions. Low preload conditions rendered the relation contraction mode independent. High afterload conditions also showed a comparable effect. Our exploration allowed us to reveal the loading conditions that can explain the apparent single, contraction mode-independent, force-length relation that is in contrast with that presented by Frank. Resolving this century-old cardiac conundrum highlights the caution that must be taken when using the end-systolic force-length relation to illustrate as well as to understand the concepts of the Frank-Starling law of the heart, “potential energy,” and cardiac contractility. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our exploration of the cardiac force-length relation under wide ranges of preload and afterload has allowed us to reconcile conflicting results in the literature regarding its length dependency. We show that the relation is dependent on the mode of contraction but can appear to be otherwise under certain conditions. This finding highlights the need for caution when using the force-length relation to understand key concepts in cardiac physiology.
CCL27/CCL28–CCR10 Chemokine Signaling Mediates Migration of Lymphatic Endothelial Cells
Authors: Karnezis Tara , Farnsworth Rae H. , Harris Nicole C. , Williams Steven P. , Caesar Carol , Byrne David J. , Herle Prad , Macheda Maria L. , Shayan Ramin , Zhang You-Fang , Yazar Sezer , Takouridis Simon J. , Gerard Craig , Fox Stephen B. , Achen Marc G. , Stacker Steven A. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Metastasis via the lymphatic vasculature is an important step in cancer progression. The formation of new lymphatic vessels (lymphangiogenesis), or remodeling of existing lymphatics, is thought to facilitate the entry and transport of tumor cells into lymphatic vessels and on to distant organs. The migration of lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) toward guidance cues is critical for lymphangiogenesis. While chemokines are known to provide directional navigation for migrating immune cells, their role in mediating LEC migration during tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis is not well defined. Here, we undertook gene profiling studies to identify chemokine–chemokine receptor pairs that are involved in tumor lymphangiogenesis associated with lymph node metastasis. CCL27 and CCL28 were expressed in tumor cells with metastatic potential, while their cognate receptor, CCR10, was expressed by LECs and upregulated by the lymphangiogenic growth factor VEGFD and the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα. Migration assays demonstrated that LECs are attracted to both CCL27 and CCL28 in a CCR10-dependent manner, while abnormal lymphatic vessel patterning in CCR10-deficient mice confirmed the significant role of CCR10 in lymphatic patterning. In vivo analyses showed that LECs are recruited to a CCL27 or CCL28 source, while VEGFD was required in combination with these chemokines to enable formation of coherent lymphatic vessels. Moreover, tumor xenograft experiments demonstrated that even though CCL27 expression by tumors enhanced LEC recruitment, the ability to metastasize was dependent on the expression of VEGFD. These studies demonstrate that CCL27 and CCL28 signaling through CCR10 may cooperate with inflammatory mediators and VEGFD during tumor lymphangiogenesis.

Significance:
The study shows that the remodeling of lymphatic vessels in cancer is influenced by CCL27 and CCL28 chemokines, which may provide a future target to modulate metastatic spread.