bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data‐driven optimal event‐triggered consensus control for unknown nonlinear multiagent systems with control constraints
Authors: Zhang Huaipin , Park Ju H. , Yue Dong , Dou Chunxia 
Published: July 2019

SummaryThis paper considers optimal consensus control problem for unknown nonlinear multiagent systems (MASs) subjected to control constraints by utilizing event‐triggered adaptive dynamic programming (ETADP) technique. To deal with the control constraints, we introduce nonquadratic energy consumption functions into performance indices and formulate the Hamilton‐Jacobi‐Bellman (HJB) equations. Then, based on the Bellman's optimality principle, constrained optimal consensus control policies are designed from the HJB equations. In order to implement the ETADP algorithm, the critic networks and action networks are developed to approximate the value functions and consensus control policies respectively based on the measurable system data. Under the event‐triggered control framework, the weights of the critic networks and action networks are only updated at the triggering instants which are decided by the designed adaptive triggered conditions. The Lyapunov method is used to prove that the local neighbor consensus errors and the weight estimation errors of the critic networks and action networks are ultimately bounded. Finally, a numerical example is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed ETADP method.
Economic benefits of improved water quality in the Delaware River (USA)
Authors: Kauffman Gerald J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWater quality in the Delaware River, USA, has improved significantly since the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (1948), Clean Water Act of 1972, and authorization of the Delaware River Basin Commission Compact in 1961. Initial economic analysis by the Federal Water Pollution Administration in 1966 concluded the multimillion dollar pollution abatement programme would generate $350 million in annual benefits by improving dissolved oxygen levels to fishable standards in the Delaware River. Although water quality in the Delaware has improved substantially, scientists have called for raising the 1960s dissolved oxygen criteria from 3.5 mg/L to 5.0 mg/L to ensure year‐round propagation of anadromous American shad and Atlantic sturgeon. This higher level would also mitigate atmospheric warming resulting in increased water temperatures and sea water incursion, both of which would lead to reductions in dissolved oxygen saturation in the river. Additional economic valuation of this water quality improvement shows direct use benefits in the Delaware River to range from $371 million to $1.1 billion per year. Other economic sectors benefiting from improved water quality include recreational boating ($46–$334 million), recreational fishing ($129–$202 million), agriculture ($8–$188 million), nonuse value ($76–$115 million), viewing/boating/fishing ($55–$68 million), bird watching ($15–$33 million), property value ($13–27 million), water supply ($12–$24 million), commercial fishing (up to $17 million), and navigation ($7–$16 million). Future economic research is needed in the Delaware River watershed to more precisely measure nonuse benefits by public willingness to pay for improved water quality.
Synthesis of Sulfonated Poly(arylene ether)s in a One‐Pot Polymerization Process and Their Nafion‐Blend Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: Fang Zhou , Xu Hulin , Gao Shuitao , Wu Zeyu , Yin Zhechang , Wang Jie , Yang Jun , Zhu Changjin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA series of sulfonated poly(arylene ether) (SPAE) was designed and successfully synthesized via one‐step polycondensation reaction, then giving flexible, transparent and uniform membranes through solution casting method. The degree of sulfonation (DS) of the yielded polymers, confirmed by1H NMR analysis, could be controlled by adjusting the ratio of non‐sulfonated to sulfonated monomers, and physicochemical as well as electrochemical properties of the resulting SPAE membranes were systematically characterized. The ion exchange capacity (IEC) value and water uptake were elevated with the increasing of sulfonation of degree without excessive swelling issue. The membranes exhibited good thermal, oxidative and dimensional stability. Among all the SPAE membranes, proton conductivity of SPAE‐80 (0.232 S cm−1) is higher than that of Nafion 212 (0.205 S cm−1) at 80 °C under 100% relative humidity (RH). In the H2/air single cell test, a higher power density of 93 mW cm−2was generated for SPAE‐80 membrane doped with 10 wt% Nafion at 50 °C under 30% RH, whereas 89 mW cm−2for the pristine SPAE‐80 membrane. The fuel cell durability of SPAE membrane was elevated when doped with Nafion.
Au Nanoparticles Immobilized in Fe3O4/SBA‐16 Functionalized Melamine–α–Chloroacetic Acid as a Recoverable Nanocatalyst for Reduction of Dye Pollutants in Water
Authors: Sayyadi Khalilollah , Mohammadi Pourya , Abaszadeh Mehdi , Sheibani Hassan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFe3O4/SBA‐16‐functionalized melamine–α–chloroacetic acid group‐supported Au nanoparticles are found to serve as heterogeneous and recyclable materials for the reduction of organic dyes such as Methylene Blue (MB) and Methyl Orange (MO) in aqueous solutions. A mesoporous structure with an average pore size of 3.39 nm and a surface area of 376 m2 /g was characterized with the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), small angle x‐ray scattering (SAXS), and FT‐IR. Moreover, the specific surface area of the structure was determined using the Braunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) method. The dye reduction activity of Fe3O4/SBA‐16‐MH−Au was investigated by reducing the MB and MO. The results demonstrated that the nonporous silica (NPS) was an effective system with high catalytic activities and had a prospective application for catalytic MB and MO.
Efficient Synthesis of Titaniosilicalite‐1 Zeolite Nanoparticles Under Solvent‐free Conditions for the Oxidation of Dibenzothiophene: Impact of Silica Precursor
Authors: Shakeri Mozaffar 
Published: July 2019

AbstractVarious silica precursors of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), mesocellular silica foam (MCF), and a combination of TEOS and MCF are investigated under solvent‐free conditions to achieve efficient TS‐1 catalyst. The obtained TS‐1 catalysts were characterized by powder XRD, FTIR, diffusive reflectance UV‐Vis, FE‐SEM, TEM, N2 sorption, DLS, and EDS. The TS‐1 synthesized by combination of TEOS and MCF possesses smaller crystal size, higher yield of solid materials, and enhanced Ti incorporation than that obtained by either only MCF or TEOS. The average particle size of TS‐1 catalysts synthesized by using MCF, TEOS, and the combination of TEOS and MCF were about 350, 170, and 105 nm, respectively. The yield of solid TS‐1 by using MCF, TEOS, and the combination of TEOS and MCF were 0.28, 0.80, and 1.20 g‐TS‐1/g‐TPAOH, respectively. Oxidation of 1000 ppm of the bulky substrate of dibenzothiophene (DBT; kinetic diameter 0.9 nm) by TS‐1 synthesized by combination of TEOS and MCF was about two times higher than that by the TS‐1 catalyst prepared either by TEOS or MCF. Furthermore, oxidation of 5000 ppm of DBT (equally to 5 separate batches) by this catalyst resulted in full conversion in 24 h. Consequently, the use of combination of TEOS and amorphous silica of MCF as silica precursor under solvent‐free conditions is a practical approach to prepare efficient TS‐1 catalyst.
A Two‐Step Method Synthesis and Gas Sensing Properties of CoSnO3 Nanoparticles
Authors: Li Ting , Lin Zhidong , Fu Ping , Wang Shenggao , Chen Zhe , Zhang Xiaowen , Liu Liming 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA new type of multi‐metal oxide gas‐sensing material, CoSnO3 was synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method, in which CoSn(OH)6 was used as a precursor, and it was calcined into amorphous CoSnO3. The CoSnO3 nanoparticles were characterized by means of XRD, FE‐SEM, TEM and N2 adsorption‐desorption analysis. The average size of the CoSnO3 nanoparticles was of 90 nm. The sensor based on the CoSnO3 nanoparticles showed good gas‐sensing performances to n‐butanol. The highest response was about 23 to 100 ppm n‐butanol at 200 °C. Moreover, CoSnO3 nanoparticles exhibits promising candidate material for fast, sensitive and selective detection of n‐butanol.
Adipose Stem Cells and Cancer: Concise Review
Authors: Sabol Rachel A. , Giacomelli Paulina , Beighley Adam , Bunnell Bruce A. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
It is well established that the tumor microenvironment plays an important role in cancer development and progression. The tumor microenvironment is composed of neoplastic cells, endothelial cells, pericytes, adipocytes, fibroblasts and other connective tissue cells, extracellular matrix components, multiple stem and progenitor cells, and a diverse array of innate and adaptive immune cells [Nat Rev Cancer 2007;7:139–147]. Understanding the mechanisms behind cell–cell communication in the tumor microenvironment is critical to understanding the drivers of tumorigenesis and metastasis. In this review, we discuss the interactions between adipose stem cells, a critical component of the tumor microenvironment, and various forms of cancer. Stem Cells 2019;37:1261–1266
The behavioral effects of exhibit size versus complexity in African elephants: A potential solution for smaller spaces
Authors: Scott Nancy L. , LaDue Chase A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPopulation‐level analyses suggest that habitat complexity, but not necessarily space availability, has important welfare outcomes for elephants in human care. At the Dallas Zoo, the opening of a new exhibit complex allowed us to measure the behavior of two female African elephants across three treatments to evaluate the independent effects of complexity and space. Preoccupancy observations were conducted in the elephants’ older exhibit, which consisted of a smaller, more simple yard (630 m2). Subsequent postoccupancy observations measured behavior in two different spaces in the new exhibit: a larger, complex yard (15,000 m2), and a smaller, but complex yard (1,520 m2). The elephants’ overall activity levels were greater in complex habitats, regardless of their size. Similar effects of habitat complexity oversize were observed with greater rates of foraging and lower rates of being stationary. Furthermore, elephants were out of view of visitors significantly more in the small, simple yard compared to either of the more complex habitats. However, exhibit size affected the incidence of stereotypic behavior (with lower rates of stereotypy in the larger exhibit compared to the smaller yards) and investigatory behavior (elephants investigated their environments more with increasing size and complexity). Behavioral diversity also increased with exhibit size and complexity. These results indicate that space availability alone is not sufficient to enhance the behavioral welfare of zoo elephants. Therefore, facilities with limited space can still encourage species‐appropriate behaviors and improved welfare for the elephants in their care by converting a small, simple area into a more complex habitat.
Introduction
Authors: Reay Dave 
Published: July 2019

AbstractClimate change poses a severe and growing threat to food security around the world. Our food is also a major driver of climate change. Here we provide an overview of these intertwined global challenges and the current state of progress (or lack thereof) in addressing them. We introduce the concept of climate-smart food, whereby climate resilience and productivity are increased while greenhouse gas emissions are simultaneously reduced. Finally, we map out the specific foods to be explored in-depth, from farm, vineyard or ocean to Scottish dinner table.
Climate-Smart Rice
Authors: Reay Dave 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRice is grown in a huge range of locations across over 160 million hectares of the planet, from the cool temperate regions of Northeast Asia, through low-lying river deltas in the tropics, to lofty Himalayan mountain slopes at altitudes of over 2 kilometres. To produce each kilogram bag of Basmati rice, the climate-warming equivalent of over a kilogram of carbon dioxide (mainly in the form of methane) is also emitted. Along with some nitrous oxide from the use of nitrogen fertilisers on the fields, the life-cycle emissions can top 1.5 kilograms per kilogram. In Britain rice wastage amounts to over 40,000 tonnes each year and so the equivalent of around 60,000 tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions. Drought, flood, heat and disease are all major risks that may be exacerbated by climate change. Loss of irrigation water supplies due to melting of glaciers in the Himalayas is a major concern for rice growers in South Asia. Improved water management can give greater resilience to climate change and radically reduce methane emissions at the same time.
Climate-Smart Cod
Authors: Reay Dave 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe eat over 150 million fish & chip meals each year in the UK. For fish and shellfish more generally, average consumption is now around 20 kilograms per person each year in the UK and US, but this is dwarfed by consumption in Asia—in China, it is nudging 35 kilograms per person a year for a population of over 1.3 billion. Cod remains the common source of British fish and chips, but stocks have experienced intense overfishing in the past and many have still not recovered. Warming in the North Sea has pushed Atlantic cod stocks further north, and most cod eaten in the UK now comes from Iceland and Norway. An uncooked cod fillet has a carbon footprint of around 300 grams. For a full portion of deep fried fish and chips, this rises to a kilogram of emissions. Cutting household wastage and improving the efficiency of cooking can reduce this. At sea, a switch from bottom trawling to pelagic fishing would reduce fuel use and also help to protect cod stocks and their food supplies on the ocean bed. For all fisheries, increased protection from overexploitation and pollution can lend them greater resilience in the face of climate change.
Climate-Smart Bananas
Authors: Reay Dave 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSome 130 countries grow bananas, with the 120 million tonnes they produce each year mainly being grown by smallholders for home consumption or sale at local markets. Around 800,000 tonnes are imported to the UK each year with each banana having a carbon footprint of 100–200 grams. We waste over a million bananas a day in Britain, at a cost to the climate of over 30,000 tonnes of emissions annually. Disease is the number one threat as almost all our bananas come from a single variety called Cavendish. A fungal disease called Topical Race 4 is already destroying large numbers of banana plants around the world. Storm damage, floods and drought likewise pose an increasing risk. Boosting plant health through good water and nutrient management can help to give resilience to climate change and disease threats alike. Organic production and the use of biological pest control are also proving successful.
Climate-Smart Coffee
Authors: Reay Dave 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCoffee is grown widely along a tropical bean belt stretching across Central and South America, Africa and Asia. Brazil alone produces over two million tonnes a year and global production now tops ten million tonnes annually—over two billion cups of the stuff every day. Coffee’s life-cycle carbon footprint ranges from around 70 grams per cup for instant to as much as 150 grams per cup for filter coffee. Major pests and diseases like leaf rust and the coffee berry borer are predicted to become even more prevalent under a future climate. In the highlands of Ethiopia—coffee’s birthplace—warmer and wetter conditions in the future may allow fungal diseases to spread to higher altitudes and so threaten areas that are so far fungus free. Moving farms uphill, using shade and irrigation, and potentially switching to new hybrid varieties can all boost resilience and help reduce emissions. Access to training, advice and technology remains a major barrier to this for many coffee farmers.
Disaster Training Needs and Expectations Among Turkish Emergency Medicine Physicians – A National Survey
Authors: Gunay Erkan , Ersel Murat , Yax Justin A. , Sheele Johnathan M. , Karakurt Gunnur , Acar Kerim , Frank Scott H. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTObjectives:Earthquakes, landslides, and floods are the most frequent natural disasters in Turkey. The country has also recently experienced an increased number of terrorist attacks. The purpose of this study is to understand the expectations and training of Turkish emergency medicine attending physicians in disaster medicine.Methods:An online questionnaire was administered to the 937 members of the Emergency Medicine Association of Turkey, of which 191 completed the survey (20%).Results:Most participants (68%) worked at a Training and Research Hospital (TRH) or a University Hospital (UH), and 69% had practiced as an attending for 5 years or less. Mass immigration, refugee problems, and war/terror attacks were considered to be the highest perceived risk topics. Most (95%) agreed that disaster medicine trainings should occur during residency training. Regular disaster drills and exercises and weekly or monthly trainings were the most preferred educational modalities. Most respondents (85%) were interested in advanced training in disaster medicine, and this was highest for those working less than 5 years as an attending. UH and TRH residency training programs were not considered in themselves to be sufficient for learning disaster medicine.Conclusions:Turkish emergency medicine residency training should include more disaster medicine education and training.
Pre-formulated Declarations of Data Subject Consent—Citizen-Consumer Empowerment and the Alignment of Data, Consumer and Competition Law Protections
Authors: Clifford Damian , Graef Inge , Valcke Peggy 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOne of the novelties brought about by the new General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a strengthening of the concept of consent. For instance, although the freely given stipulation existed in the old framework—the Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC—the changes introduced by the GDPR arguably imply that access to services may no longer depend on data subject consent. In reality however, data subjects often find themselves confronted with standard privacy policies and take-it-or-leave-it offers. Against this background, this Article aims to examine the alignment of the respective data protection and privacy, consumer protection, and competition law policy agendas through the lens of pre-formulated declarations of consent. The Article aims to delineate the role of each area with specific reference to the GDPR and ePrivacy Directive, the Unfair Terms Directive, the Consumer Rights Directive, and the Digital Content Directive (Compromise), in addition to market dominance. Competition law analysis is explored vis-à-vis whether it could offer indicators of when a clear imbalance in controller-data subject relations may occur in the context of the requirement for consent to be freely given, as per its definition in the GDPR. This complements the data protection and consumer protection analysis which focuses on the specific reference to the Unfair Terms Directive in Recital 42 GDPR, stating that pre-formulated declarations of consent should not contain unfair terms.
The Foundational Myth of Mercosur and the European Union Analogy
Authors: Vauthier Borges de Macedo Paulo Emílio 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis Article criticizes two trends on the Brazilian literature of communitarian law: A mental exercise that can only be termed as an “EU analogy” and a need to evoke the Congress of Panama of 1826 as the origin of Mercosur. As odd as it may seem, those trends are somewhat connected. Comparisons between the European Union and Mercosur abound in scholarly works, and they became so popular that a more simplified version of this comparison came into being. When explaining the current dilemma that Mercosur faces—or any other predicament as well—Brazilian scholars often tend to provide only one solution consisting in a vague reference to the supranational character of the European Union. This reference appears out of context and solves any problem. A trend so common as the EU analogy exemplifies that some Brazilian experts on communitarian law have also assumed an idealized version of our neighbors’ take on the Latin America integration. Apparently, Mercosur dates back to the Congress of Panama of 1826 and Simón Bolívar’s ideals on Latin American integration. The story faces several historical obstacles and yet has spread so rapidly that it has acquired the stature of a true myth. This work presents these two inclinations and contends that one relies on the other. Rather than providing an accurate explanation, as one would expect on a scientific text, they justify a certain concealed intent. This Article employs an inductive method of approach and relies on primary sources to explain the foundational myth so to prevent historical misconceptions.
Vertical shear alters chemical front speed in thin-layer flows
Authors: Nevins Thomas D. , Kelley Douglas H. 
Published: July 2019

The mixing of a reactive scalar by a fluid flow can have a significant impact on reaction dynamics and the growth of reacted regions. However, experimental studies of the fluid mechanics of reactive mixing present significant challenges and puzzling results. The observed speed at which reacted regions expand can be separated into a contribution from the underlying flow and a contribution from reaction–diffusion dynamics, which we call the chemical front speed. In prior work (Nevins & Kelley,Chaos, vol. 28 (4), 2018, 043122), we were surprised to observe that the chemical front speed increased where the underlying flow in a thin layer was faster. In this paper, we show that the increase is physical and is caused by smearing of reaction fronts by vertical shear. We show that the increase occurs not only in thin-layer flows with a free surface, but also in Hele-Shaw systems. We draw these conclusions from a series of simulations in which reaction fronts are located according to depth-averaged concentration, as is common in laboratory experiments. Where the front profile is deformed by shear, the apparent front speed changes as well. We compare the simulations to new experimental results and find close quantitative agreement. We also show that changes to the apparent front speed are reduced approximately 80 % by adding a lubrication layer.
Federating the Raj: Hyderabad, sovereign kingship, and partition
Authors: PURUSHOTHAM SUNIL 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article explores the idea of federation in late-colonial India. Projects of federation sought to codify the uncodified and fragmented sovereign landscape of the British Raj. They were ambitious projects that raised crucial questions about sovereignty, kingship, territoriality, the potential of constitutional law in transforming the colonial state into a democratic one, and India's political future more broadly. In the years after 1919, federation became a capacious model for imagining a wide array of political futures. An all-India Indian federation was seen as the most plausible means of maintaining India's unity, introducing representative government, and overcoming the Hindu–Muslim majority–minority problem. By bringing together ‘princely’ India and British India, federation made the Indian states central players in late-colonial contestations over sovereignty. This article explores the role of the states in constitutional debates, their place in Indian political imaginaries, and articulations of kingship in late-colonial India. It does so through the example of Hyderabad, the premier princely state, whose ruler made an unsuccessful bid for independence between 1947 and 1948. Hyderabad occupied a curious position in competing visions of India's future. Ultimately, the princely states were a decisive factor in the failure of federation and the turn to partition as a means of overcoming India's constitutional impasse.