bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of “Element”-Method in Sustainability Assessment
Authors: Lützkendorf T 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The application of sustainability assessment in the design of buildings for the analysis, assessment and improvement of design variants is still a long way from becoming an everyday activity. Often, it is only carried out to respond to a special request from investors/building owners or in connection with funding programs. To date, sustainability assessment is often considered as an additional task detached from the rest of the design process and primarily serving sustainability certification. This raises the question of how the task of sustainability assessment can be integrated into the design process even better than before and combined with traditional design tasks. One approach is to use the “Element”-method. Relevant parts of the structure are described in terms of their physical composition and construction work to be performed for their production. It is an approach used in the determination of construction costs. The task of checking compliance with a given cost frame/budget already set in client’s brief or at an early design stage comes with a continuous determination and assessment of construction costs along the different design stages. A similar approach can be followed for environmental impacts. The “Element”-method initially supports a combination of LCC and LCA – an approach that is being followed already more frequently. The consideration of elements additionally supports the assessment of the ease of deconstruction and recycling friendliness as well as effects on and risks to health and the local environment. Experiences from Germany will be presented along with a discussion of current applications.
Life Cycle Costing of Public Construction Projects
Authors: Schneiderova Heralova R 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to highlight the role of life cycle costing in the preparation phase of public construction projects. Life cycle costing is a method of economic analysis directed at all costs related to constructing, operating, and maintaining a construction project over a defined period of time. In the early phase of construction projects, an enormous benefit in life cycle costing can be achieved. The commonly used construction cost minimization approach should be substituted for life cycle cost optimization. In order to gain the maximum value for money, all costs incurred over the whole life span must be estimated. The optimization of the life cycle costs of a construction project is essential for a complex decision making process. All taken into consideration, the solution with the minimum value of life cycle costs can be chosen. Public investors are required to meet the objectives of sustainable building, and as a group they face limited financial resources and frequently a very strict institutional framework including procurement procedures. The quantification of life cycle costs, when deciding on a construction project, is required by the public sector in the Czech Republic. In addition, the estimated amount of life cycle costs has become a criterion in public tenders. The paper summarizes experience in building design valuation in terms of these life cycle costs.
Building Envelope Thermal Upgrade for School Buildings in Jordan
Authors: Ali H H , Al-Hashlamun R 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Following the educational reform in Jordan in 2003, the government decided to cease the construction of old, prototypical, and uninsulated schools in favor of thermally insulated site-specific buildings. However, more than 2917 uninsulated school buildings built before the reform have continued to function. Therefore, this research focuses on evaluating and comparing the thermal efficiency of the envelope of old, uninsulated prototypical schools with that of thermally insulated, site-specific school’s buildings in Jordan. Furthermore, it will develop envelope retrofit strategies for the remaining 2917 uninsulated schools. The proposed envelope retrofit alternatives will be analyzed in terms of potential energy saving and initial cost, based on which a holistic approach is developed by combining energy-efficient and economically feasible retrofitting alternatives. The research here uses mixed design methods to fulfill its purposes, including data collection from the literature and national archives, self-reported data, field monitoring of environmental parameters inside classrooms, and energy simulation using (Design Builder) software, in addition to economic analysis using the simple payback period analyses method. Based on analyses, a holistic approach to envelope retrofitting was developed for old governmental school models in Jordan, based on an analysis of the effects of the enhancement of envelope parameters on annual cooling and heating energy saving (walls, roof insulation, roof reflectance, windows, and shading elements). The proposed alternatives to envelope retrofitting for each envelope parameter was analyzed in terms of potential energy saving and initial cost analysis.
DataRen, a Territorial Energy Demand Modelling Tool
Authors: de Oliveira F , Schneider S , Hollmuller P 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a tool allowing for characterization of heat, electricity and cooling demand for any portion of the territory of the Canton of Geneva (Switzerland). This project is conducted in cooperation with the local energy utility company Services Industriels de Genève and its final goal is to offer to all stakeholders a uniform spatio-temporal database to be used for the purpose of territorial energy planning. The added value is to consolidate the various data and estimations models into a single data container and to share the resulting data (GIS and hourly load curves) on a web-service platform. The model behind the tool operates in two steps. First the yearly demand of the various energy services (space heating, domestic hot water production, electricity, comfort cooling and process cooling) are estimated at building level, whenever possible using energy bills. Data gaps are filled using statistical extrapolations models. In a second step, these annual aggregated demands (at district level) are characterized in terms of hourly dynamic, for a common reference year, by re-scaling monitored load curves collected on various case studies. Finally, for a chosen district the tool evaluates the impact on energy demand of some prospective scenarios, as adding of new buildings and / or retrofitting existing ones.
Mapping of Cities Wastewater Heating/Cooling Capacity
Authors: Meeten N 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This paper is not a research paper, but is provided as support information for an oral conference presentation. It is intended to provide background information to the topic of using wastewater as a thermal source for heating & cooling buildings and describe innovative work which has been undertaken in New Zealand in mapping the distribution and capacity of thermal energy within wastewater networks. This mapping work is also applicable in Central European cities and so relevant to Sustainable Building.
Approximately 20%–30% of all the energy used in New Zealand households is used in domestic hot water systems. This heat energy then flows ‘down the drain’ and is collected within a city’s wastewater network. So flowing through cities’ sewers, wastewater is a hidden and seldom used source of thermal energy, contained within infrastructure which is already existing. Its flow is constant irrespective of the seasons, and its availability is independent of wind or sun.
There is a very large thermal capacity available, which is currently largely unused. Wastewater can be used for heating and also for cooling of commercial buildings, apartment buildings or district energy schemes. This can allow buildings to stop using fossil fuels and the good thermal characteristics of wastewater offer significant increases in the electrical efficiency of building heating & air conditioning systems, with associated savings in potable water when wet cooling towers are eliminated.
The large thermal capacity available within the wastewater network can be modelled and mapped, to allow cities to start planning to take advantage of this resource and make significant gains in efficiency.
The oral presentation will show examples of cities who have had wastewater network energy mapping done, and a range of case studies of how wastewater heating & cooling energy is being used. An example of the outcomes from these mapping studies from Christchurch City in New Zealand (population 400,000) showed that there is sufficient heat available from the wastewater network to heat approximately 10,000 houses in the city.
Sustainable Campus Development in the Context of a Private Higher Education Institution in Hong Kong, a Case Study at the Hang Seng University of Hong Kong
Authors: Lee H H Y 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
There was a trend of increasing private higher education institutions in Hong Kong, some higher education institutions implemented sustainable campus development despite of financial difficulties with main aim to continue the concepts and values of sustainability for the achievement of purpose of education for diffusion to the society. This paper reviewed sustainable campus development by looking at the physical environmental aspects, organizational changes and operational barriers. Moreover, different green building rating systems were discussed. It also summarized the impacts after completion of a sustainable campus development at the Hang Seng University of Hong Kong including changes in habits and behaviour, organizational re-structuring, enhancement of sustainable attributes to policy and strategic plans as well as external influences and relationships. The results demonstrated how a sustainable campus development could transform concepts, values and attitudes in relation to sustainability on individual, organizations and the society for practices.
The Integration of Sustainable Cities in the Marshes (Iraq)
Authors: Rashid Kbah A A 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The extensive marshlands of Mesopotamia represent a unique component of our global heritage and resources. The seas of reed beds were home to ancient communities rooted in the dawn of human history. The wetlands are the locale in which human civilization began with the Sumerian culture more than 5,000 years ago. Scholars regard the marshes as the site of the biblical"Garden of Eden," the "Great Flood," and the birthplace of the patriarch Abraham. On the shores of the marshes, the legendary Epic of Gilgamesh was enacted. World-renowned archaeological sites on the fringes of the marshes include Ur, Uruk, Eridu, Larsa, Lagash and Nina.The current marsh dwellers are our only link with this rich cultural past. Following the end of the Gulf War in 1991, the marsh dwellers were important elements in the uprising. To end the rebellion, the regime implemented an intensive system of drainage and water diversion structures that desiccated over 90% of the marshes. The reed beds were also burned and poison introduced to the waters. It is estimated that more than 500,000 were displaced, 95,000 of them to Iran, 300,000 internally displaced, and the remainder to other countries. By January 2003, the majority of the marshes were wastelands. From this point and to re settling the local community the research trying to present a sustainable village in the marshes that can be built from local materials and depend on the local society.
Planning and Implementing Low Carbon-Communities in Canada
Authors: Skopek J , Pope S , Bucking S 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Given the urgency to mitigate climate change, an efficient and effective approach is to reduce carbon reduction at the community level. This is more cost-effective than addressing buildings individually because it opens opportunities for both cost-effective economies of scale to deploy renewable energy and other technologies.
While there are currently several low/near net zero-community pilots in existence or in the making, they usually occur in specialized circumstances such as residential subdivisions or model communities, and they tend to focus on technology fixes. To achieve climate change mitigation goals, a more holistic approach is needed that consists of a planning process for existing communities, which integrates energy and resiliency, and involves the utilities. This paper explores common barriers to an integrated process and examines the advantages of a utility-led approach.
Retrofitting Hospitals: a Parametric Design Approach to Optimize Energy Efficiency
Authors: Gaspari J , Fabbri K , Gabrielli L 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Despite many progress have been done in the renovation of the existing stock, retrofitting hospitals and other strategic buildings still represent a very challenging issue both for their complex articulation and for the need to maintain acceptable operational level. The paper reports a research activity, run at the Department of Architecture in cooperation with S. Orsola Hospital in Bologna, aimed at investigating innovative strategies for retrofitting to meet the highest energy efficiency standards at national level. The main goal of the administration was to set a renovation plan – taking into account some limitations concerning the existing building features and the budget availabilities – able to remarkably reduce energy demand while creating the minimum disruption for end users. The starting position of the research was to preserve the historical image of the building while defining a strategy to insulate it from inside. The novelty of design approach lied in defining a basic working unit which was associated to the typical room of the stay division that was used to analyse the starting conditions (indoor comfort and environmental parameters) and simulate via software modelling the potential improvements. This led to define a step by step strategy that was translated into global intervention scenarios while the basic working unit was properly re-designed and validated. This approach allowed to define a parametric strategy able to predict the impacts of renovation on each floor, on each wing and on the system as a whole while assigning a specific unit cost and a reliable renovation timing.
New European Document on Assessment of Existing Structures and Building Stock
Authors: Holický M 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The upcoming CEN Technical Specification (TS) on assessment of existing structures and building stock is related to the fundamental concepts and requirements of the current generation of EN Eurocodes. The final draft of the Technical Specification was already submitted to the technical committee CEN TC250 in April 2018. The document concerns all types of building stock, buildings, bridges and construction works, including geotechnical structures, exposed to all kinds of actions. It contains requirements, general framework of assessment, data updating, structural analysis, different verification methods (partial factors, probabilistic methods, risk assessment), past performance, interventions, annexes (flowchart, target reliability and partial factor methods, assessment of heritage building stock). The submitted contribution provides background information on the principles accepted in the final draft of TS and practical examples of applications to assessment of existing building stock. Particular attention is given to operational assessment methods of existing buildings taking into account actual material properties and actions.
The District Energy-Efficient Retrofitting of Torrelago (Laguna de Duero – Spain)
Authors: Vasallo A , Vallejo E , Massa G , Macía A , Pablos L , Criado C , Arrizabalaga E , Iturralde J , Gordaliza A , De Castro I , Larrinaga F 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The urban growth is estimated to reach up the 66 % by 2050 and consequently the need of resources within the cities will increase significantly. This, combined with the 40 % of energy consumption and 36 % of CO2 emissions of the building sector, makes necessary to accelerate the transition towards more sustainable cities. The CITyFiED project contributes to this transition, aiming to develop an innovative and holistic methodological approach for energy-efficient district renovation and deliver three large scale demonstration cases in the cities of Lund (Sweden), Laguna de Duero (Spain) and Soma (Turkey). CITyFiED methodology consists of several phases that ease the decision-making tasks towards the district renovation, considering the energy efficiency as the main pillar and local authorities as clients. For the case of Torrelago district (Spain) the intervention consists of a set of energy conservative measures including the façade retrofitting of 143.025 m2 of living space in 31 twelve-storey buildings; the renovation of the district heating network with a new biomass thermal plant; the integration of renewable energy sources, including a micro-cogeneration system, and the installation of individual smart meters. After the renovation action, one-year monitoring campaign is ongoing. The CITyFiED monitoring platform will collect information from the energy systems and deliver environmental, technical, economic and social key performance indicators by March 2019. At the end of the project the achievement of the predefined goals will be verified: up to 36 % of energy saving and 3,429 tons-CO2/yr emissions saving covering the 59,4 % of the energy consumption with renewable sources
Sirius: Retrofitting Brutalism in Sydney
Authors: Gandh V , North ML 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The Sirius building in Sydney, Australia has and continues to be at the centre of contestations pertaining to its proposed sale, possible demolition, and redevelopment of the site. The ostensibly Brutalist building erected between 1975 and 1980 was built to accommodate public housing tenants, as were a number of other such buildings in different parts of the world built during post-World War II, as Brutalism was seen to represent an ethical architecture through its expression and aesthetic. With 79 apartments of 1-4 bedrooms, and of in-situ and precast concrete construction, Sirius is being upheld as an excellent example of Brutalism, and opposition to the proposed sale and redevelopment of the site has been mounted on the basis that the building should be heritage listed for its historic, social, technical and aesthetic significance. The argument of saving the building on the basis that it houses public housing tenants has also been rigorously employed. At the same time the sale of the building has been justified on the basis that its retention would cause undue economic hardship to the owners by limiting funds for reinvestment in social housing elsewhere. This paper while acknowledging both sides of this debate, will seek to explore whether the retention of Sirius can be undertaken through refurbishment and retrofitting. Other such examples of Brutalist public housing in countries like the United Kingdom which have been retrofitted will form the basis of comparison to examine whether retrofitting of the Sirius will uphold its ethical dimension, or whether its retention will serve a market of consumers with an interest in mid-century architecture and design.
Green Construction Capability Model (GCCM) for Contracting Companies
Authors: Setiawan H , Ervianto W I , Han A L 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Construction project has been considered as one of the contributors to the environmental destruction, therefore green construction becomes the important issue in many countries including Indonesia. However, the success of green construction implementation depends on the capability of contractors, therefore model to assess the capability of contractors to build the projects based on green construction approach becomes important need to be developed. This study is aimed to develop a model to assess capability level of contractor to implement green construction. The model has adopted the concept of Capability Maturity Model (CMM). The model assesses the capability level of contractors based on 16 factors that are categorized into seven aspects of green construction. Those aspects are energy conservation, water conservation, safety and health, environment management, appropriate land use, air quality, sources and cycle of materials. While the capability of contractors to implement green construction is classified into five levels: initial, repeatable, defined, managed and optimizing. Finally, the assessment model named Green Construction Capability Model (GCCM) is proposed as a tool to assess the capability level of contractors to implement green construction.
Young Leaders of the City of the Future
Authors: Śmiechowski D 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Sustainable built environment aimed at community’s well-being is possible to be striven for – with substantial involvement of citizens. Cultural vitality and freedom, social equity, environmental renewability, economic prosperity and solidarity are high global goals, although everyday reality depends to the largest extent on the way our closest surroundings are treated – according to common will and visions, individual attitudes, skills. Wider interrelationships concerning the inhabited space and its values, are evident to those who are emphatic, open to constant learning, imagining, experimenting, cooperation. This should concern, in larger and larger extent, the younger generation. An important point of departure for a new paradigm is the conjunction of environmental care and active participation, to foster self-agency within citizenship. Engaging young leaders in planning processes and governance, gives a chance to facilitate the implementation of invaluable potential, as well as puts education into practice – within the important lessons of everyday democracy. Examples of educational projects as well activities of school groups and youth councils may prove the value of this potential. The set of Sustainable Development Goals as well as the postulated Polish Architectural Policy contain the message ready to be translated both in educational and design practice.
Using Public Opinion to Estimate Improvements in Economic and Social Dimensions of Sustainability
Authors: Sůra M 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The responsible body preparing a building project often gets into the situation when they have to carry out a project influencing the public. Sustainable building objectives form an important issue for public awareness when a project is to be implemented, while other objectives and concerns presented by community, individuals or economic operators also may change the original project in some way. The projects in question were not viewed and accepted equally by each party as different effects on the stakeholders were expected and the project did not naturally resonate with everyone’s views.
In the article we inform about a course of action of municipality when involving the public and other stakeholders to a building project that was required to be a sustainable one. The purpose was to lessen threats to sustainability paradigms from them, threats such as disagreements with the building project, consequential delays and future costs, caused by lack of information, by other parties’ interference, or omission of unrecognized public and stakeholders’ interests. Some figures are provided that document time change of public attitude, and an indicator that might provide a rough estimate on projects’ sustainability aspects improvements or changes, prior to construction.