bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flexible Conductive Anodes Based on 3D Hierarchical Sn/NS-CNFs@rGO Network for Sodium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Luo Linqu , Song Jianjun , Song Longfei , Zhang Hongchao , Bi Yicheng , Liu Lei , Yin Longwei , Wang Fengyun , Wang Guoxiu 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Metallic Sn has provoked tremendous progress as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, Sn anodes suffer from a dramatic capacity fading, owing to pulverization induced by drastic volume expansion during cycling. Herein, a flexible three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical conductive network electrode is designed by constructing Sn quantum dots (QDs) encapsulated in one-dimensional N,S co-doped carbon nanofibers (NS-CNFs) sheathed within two-dimensional (2D) reduced graphene oxide (rGO) scrolls. In this ingenious strategy, 1D NS-CNFs are regarded as building blocks to prevent the aggregation and pulverization of Sn QDs during sodiation/desodiation, 2D rGO acts as electrical roads and “bridges” among NS-CNFs to improve the conductivity of the electrode and enlarge the contact area with electrolyte. Because of the unique structural merits, the flexible 3D hierarchical conductive network was directly used as binder- and current collector-free anode for SIBs, exhibiting ultra-long cycling life (373 mAh g−1 after 5000 cycles at 1 A g−1), and excellent high-rate capability (189 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1). This work provides a facile and efficient engineering method to construct 3D hierarchical conductive electrodes for other flexible energy storage devices.
What do community paramedics assess? An environmental scan and content analysis of patient assessment in community paramedicine
Authors: Leyenaar Matthew S. , McLeod Brent , Penhearow Sarah , Strum Ryan , Brydges Madison , Mercier Eric , Brousseau Audrey-Anne , Besserer Floyd , Agarwal Gina , Tavares Walter , Costa Andrew P. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTObjectivesPatient assessment is a fundamental feature of community paramedicine, but the absence of a recognized standard for assessment practices contributes to uncertainty about what drives care planning and treatment decisions. Our objective was to summarize the content of assessment instruments and describe the state of current practice in community paramedicine home visit programs.MethodsWe performed an environmental scan of all community paramedicine programs in Ontario, Canada, and used content analysis to describe current assessment practices in home visit programs. The International Classification on Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) was used to categorize and compare assessments. Each item within each assessment form was classified according to the ICF taxonomy.ResultsA total of 43 of 52 paramedic services in Ontario, Canada, participated in the environmental scan with 24 being eligible for further investigation through content analysis of intake assessment forms. Among the 24 services, 16 met inclusion criteria for content analysis. Assessment forms contained between 13 and 252 assessment items (median 116.5, IQR 134.5). Most assessments included some content from each of the domains outlined in the ICF. At the subdomain level, only assessment of impairments of the functions of the cardiovascular, hematological, immunological, and respiratory systems appeared in all assessments.ConclusionAlthough community paramedicine home visit programs may differ in design and aim, all complete multi-domain assessments as part of patient intake. If community paramedicine home visit programs share similar characteristics but assess patients differently, it is difficult to expect that the resulting referrals, care planning, treatments, or interventions will be similar.
Macroregional sociolinguistics: Uses and preferences on null direct objects in Spanish
Authors: Moreno-Fernández Francisco 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis article explores two fundamental dimensions in sociolinguistics: the dynamics of linguistic variation and change in international languages and the exploitation of data proceeding from significant countries. These issues will be addressed through examination of a particular syntactic feature and a possible change in progress: the occurrence of null direct objects in Spanish. It is shown that for Spanish, a widely used international language, social factors have not been decisive in explaining the distribution of the phenomenon under investigation. This study shows that while direct object omission is not conditioned by typical social variables such as sex, age, and gender, it is unevenly spread throughout the Spanish-speaking world: Mexico and the continental Caribbean use it more than other countries, such as Spain or Chile. Besides the relevance of geography, some semantic, discourse, and contextual factors are shown as determinant for the direct object omission. Finally, this paper reflects on methodology, specifically the use of a macroregional sociolinguistic method for data analysis as well as the advantages and shortcomings of a specific data collection technique that capitalizes on technological tools with global reach: the internet survey in an international scenario.
Colonial Moments in Greenland: Mutable Tensions in the Contact Zone
Authors: Hastrup Kirsten 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn 2009, Greenland obtained self-government, terminating Danish supremacy, which had taken many forms over the centuries. This article analyses significant moments in Greenlandic-Danish relations by unpacking distinct contact zones that have emerged through the many encounters between locals and newcomers. Contact zones are always emplaced and create their own logic, which is not always easily readable as “colonialism” in the sense of appropriating lands and extracting surplus. While wrongs may have been perpetrated and ill-informed actions towards the inhabitants taken, relations between Greenland and Denmark illustrate how “colonialism” is neither uniform nor scalable. The analytical focus on colonial moments stresses the nonlinearity of colonial relations and allows for a subtler understanding of the postcolonial remains.
Contraband Trade under Swedish Colours: St. Barthélemy's Moment in the Sun, 1793–1815
Authors: Wilson Victor 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe article explores the emergence and workings of the free port of Gustavia, founded in 1785 shortly after the Swedish acquisition of its first Caribbean colony, St. Barthélemy. Its free trade policy was modelled closely after Dutch and Danish predecessors in the region, which had been successful for centuries as neutral marketplaces, especially during times of international conflict. An increasing field of scholars have begun reconsidering the significance of contraband trade in Caribbean and Atlantic history. Arguments have been made for a more nuanced understanding of Caribbean geopolitics, one that acknowledges the necessity of informal transnational trade networks. The history of Gustavia is poorly explored in this context. With the aid of new sources, it has become possible to assess the economic role of Gustavia in the Caribbean transit trade during the European conflict of 1793–1815; these sources show that the free port was of greater importance than previous research has found it to be. Through its creation, the Swedish government hoped to commercially exploit a colonial territory of marginal value. War was the primary catalyst that drew people as well as capital to the island, contributing to both its commercial strength and cultural diversity. Former inhabitants of Dutch and French colonies sought refuge there in the wake of the French Revolution and the subsequent wars. Albeit for a brief time, Gustavia gained the character of an international, polyglot merchant community and functioned as an imperial crossroads where business could be conducted as usual between allies, neutrals, and enemies.
The Effect of Wind and Atmospheric Stability on the Morphology of Volcanic Plumes From Vulcanian Eruptions
Authors: Poulidis A. P. , Takemi T. , Iguchi M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractVolcanic plumes from small and moderate eruptions represent a challenge in the study of plume morphology due to eruption source parameter uncertainties and atmospheric influence. Sakurajima volcano, Japan, features such activity and due to its continuous eruptions in the recent years provides an ideal natural laboratory. A data set of 896 eruptions between 2009 and 2016 with well‐constrained plume heights, estimated erupted mass, and associated atmospheric conditions has been compiled. Plume heights ranged between 1,500 and 5,000 m and mainly developed under stable atmospheric stratification and low background wind speeds. The eruptions presented in the database were used to drive FPLUME, a 1‐D integral volcanic plume model, to study the simulated plume morphology. FPLUME was seen to provide consistent results under stable atmospheric stratification. A method for the real‐time monitoring of erupted mass used in the Sakurajima observatory was seen to provide appropriate first guess estimates for the eruptions, showing agreement with analytical and simulated mass flow rate calculations. Volcanic plumes from Sakurajima show significant influence by the atmospheric environment. The plume scaling parameter (Π) was used to characterize the expected degree of plume bending with results correlating well against modeled plume angles. The vertical wind profile was seen to have a significant impact on the resolved plume. Wind shear characteristics were seen to have a mechanical effect on the plume, aiding or inhibiting bending. Finally, potential issues were identified in simulations under unstable atmospheric conditions as the model either failed to provide a solution or overestimated the plume height.
Surface Evaporation in Arid Regions: Insights From Lysimeter Decadal Record and Global Application of a Surface Evaporation Capacitor (SEC) Model
Authors: Lehmann Peter , Berli Markus , Koonce Jeremy E. , Or Dani 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSurface evaporation in arid regions determines the fraction of rainfall that remains to support vegetation and recharge. The surface evaporation capacitor approach was used to estimate rainfall partitioning to surface evaporation and leakage into deeper layers. The surface evaporation capacitor estimates a soil‐specific surface evaporation depth and critical storage capacitance that defines rainfall events that exceed local capacitance and result in leakage into deeper layers protected from surface evaporation. A decade‐long record of hydrologic observations in deep and barren lysimeters near Las Vegas revealed the dominance of a few large rainfall events in generating leakage and increasing interannual soil water storage. The surface evaporation capacitor was used to estimate mean annual surface evaporation and leakage protected from surface evaporation in all arid regions globally. About 13% of arid region rainfall contributes to soil water storage (in the absence of vegetation), similar to 11% found in the lysimeter study.
Jovian High‐Latitude Ionospheric Ions: Juno In Situ Observations
Authors: Valek P. W. , Allegrini F. , Bagenal F. , Bolton S. J. , Connerney J. E. P. , Ebert R. W. , Kim T. K. , Levin S. M. , Louarn P. , Mccomas D. J. , Szalay J. R. , Thomsen M. F. , Wilson R. J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe low‐altitude, high‐velocity trajectory of the Juno spacecraft enables the Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment to make the first in situ observations of the high‐latitude ionospheric plasma. Ions are observed to energies below 1 eV. The high‐latitude ionospheric ions are observed simultaneously with a loss cone in the magnetospheric ions, suggesting precipitating magnetospheric ions contribute to the heating of the upper ionosphere, raising the scale height, and pushing ionospheric ions to altitudes of 0.5 RJ above the planet where they are observed by Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment. The source of the magnetospheric ions is tied to the Io torus and plasma sheet, indicated by the cutoff seen in both the magnetospheric and ionospheric plasma at the Io M‐shells. Equatorward of the Io M‐shell boundary, the ionospheric ions are not observed, indicating a drop in the scale height of the ionospheric ions at those latitudes.
Analysis of Individual Terrestrial Gamma‐Ray Flashes With Lightning Leader Models and Fermi Gamma‐Ray Burst Monitor Data
Authors: Mailyan B. G. , Xu W. , Celestin S. , Briggs M. S. , Dwyer J. R. , Cramer E. S. , Roberts O. J. , Stanbro M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe Gamma‐ray Burst Monitor (GBM) onboard the Fermi spacecraft has observed many tens of sufficiently bright events, which are suitable for individual analysis. In our previous study, we fit individual, bright terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes (TGFs) with Relativistic Runaway Electron Avalanche (RREA) models for the first time. For relativistic‐feedback‐based models, the TGF‐producing electrons, which are seeded internally by a positive feedback effect, are usually accelerated in a large‐scale field with fully developed RREAs. Alternatively, lightning leader models may apply to either a large‐scale thunderstorm fields with fully developed RREAs or to inhomogeneous fields in front of lightning leaders where RREAs only develop partially. The predictions of the latter, inhomogeneous models for the TGF‐beaming geometry show some differences from estimations of the relativistic feedback models in homogeneous fields. In this work, we analyze a large sample of 66 bright Fermi GBM TGFs in the framework of lightning leader models, making comparisons with previous results from the homogeneous‐field RREA models. In most cases, the spectral analysis does not strongly favor one mechanism over the other, with 59% of the TGF events being best fit with the fully developed RREA mechanism, which corresponds to high‐potential leader models. The majority of the GBM‐measured TGFs can be best fit if the source altitude is below 15 km and 70% of events best fit by leader models cannot be satisfactorily modeled unless a tilted photon beam is used. For several spectrally soft TGFs, the tilted beam low‐potential leader model can best fit the data.
Variability and Trends of the Alaska Gyre From Argo and Satellite Altimetry
Authors: Hristova Hristina G. , Ladd Carol , Stabeno Phyllis J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe interannual variability and trends of the Alaska Gyre and Gulf of Alaska (GOA) circulation are examined using meridional geostrophic transport from Argo temperature and salinity (2004–2017) and altimetric sea surface height (1993–2017). More than half of the top 1,500 m meridional transport variability in the Alaska Gyre is accounted for by a statistical mode strongly correlated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index, consistent with the PDO exerting a major influence on North Pacific sea surface temperature variability. During a positive phase of the PDO, the zero‐transport streamline separating the subtropical from the Alaska Gyre is shifted to the south from its mean position, while more transport is diverted northward, associated with a stronger and larger Alaska Gyre. Additionally, over the 25‐year altimetric record there is a linear, increasing trend in strength of the Alaska Gyre (but not in areal extent), accompanied by an increasing trend for the incoming North Pacific Current. The effect of the PDO transport mode on GOA circulation is weak. Temperature and salinity volume averaged for the GOA covary with the PDO index, with warmer and fresher waters during a positive phase. Despite correlated anomalies for temperature, salinity, and northward transport into the GOA, however, geostrophic advection from the south contributes only minimally to the interannual variations of water properties in the GOA. An exception was the marine heat wave of 2013/2014 and its aftermath when temperature advection from the south played a more appreciable role for warming and subsequent cooling of the GOA.
Global Spectral Properties and Lithology of Mercury: The Example of the Shakespeare (H‐03) Quadrangle
Authors: Bott N. , Doressoundiram A. , Zambon F. , Carli C. , Guzzetta L. , Perna D. , Capaccioni F. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry and Ranging mission showed the surface of Mercury with an accuracy never reached before. The morphological and spectral analyses performed thanks to the data collected between 2008 and 2015 revealed that the Mercurian surface differs from the surface of the Moon, although they look visually very similar. The surface of Mercury is characterized by a high morphological and spectral variability, suggesting that its stratigraphy is also heterogeneous. Here, we focused on the Shakespeare (H‐03) quadrangle, which is located in the northern hemisphere of Mercury. We produced an 8‐color cube of this quadrangle at 450‐m per pixel spatial resolution and with a complete coverage. Various selected color maps based on this eight‐color cube were used to analyze the spectral properties of this region to define its compositional variability and identify some clear units constrained by relevant spectral parameters: for example, we identified a higher concentration of low reflectance material around three main craters of Shakespeare (Degas, Akutagawa, and Sholem Aleichem) and in the area to the south of Sobkou Planitia delimited by 24.4°N to 28.4°N and −140°W to −125°W. Moreover, we selected some regions of interest, which can be proposed as particularly interesting targets for the Visual and Infrared Hyper‐spectral Imager and Mercury Radiometer and Thermal Imaging Spectrometer instruments onboard the BepiColombo spacecraft. This work can help for the geological analysis of this quadrangle, by integrating information that are usually not derived with a single morphostratigraphic analysis.
Glacial Ice Sheet Extent Effects on Modeled Tidal Mixing and the Global Overturning Circulation
Authors: Wilmes S.‐B. , Schmittner A. , Green J. A. M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAt present, tides supply approximately half (1 TW) of the energy necessary to sustain the global deep meridional overturning circulation (MOC) through diapycnal mixing. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 19,000–26,500 years BP), tidal dissipation in the open ocean may have strongly increased due to the 120‐ to 130‐m global mean sea level drop and changes in ocean basin shape. However, few investigations into LGM climate and ocean circulation consider LGM tidal mixing changes. Here, using an intermediate complexity climate model, we present a detailed investigation on how changes in tidal dissipation would affect the global MOC. Present‐day and LGM tidal constituents M2, S2, K1, and O1 are simulated using a tide model and accounting for LGM bathymetric changes. The tide model results suggest that the LGM energy supply to the internal wave field was 1.8–3 times larger than at present and highly sensitive to Antarctic and Laurentide ice sheet extent. Including realistic LGM tide forcing in the LGM climate simulations leads to large increases in Atlantic diapycnal diffusivities and strengthens (by 14–64% at 32°S) and deepens the Atlantic MOC. Increased input of tidal energy leads to a greater drawdown of North Atlantic Deep Water and mixing with Antarctic Bottom Water altering Atlantic temperature and salinity distributions. Our results imply that changes in tidal dissipation need be accounted for in paleoclimate simulation setup as they can lead to large differences in ocean mixing, the global MOC, and presumably also ocean carbon and other biogeochemical cycles.
The Esmeraldas Canyon: A Helpful Marker of the Pliocene‐Pleistocene Tectonic Deformation of the North Ecuador‐Southwest Colombia Convergent Margin
Authors: Collot J.‐Y. , Ratzov G. , Silva P. , Proust J.‐N. , Migeon S. , Hernandez M.‐J. , Michaud F. , Pazmino A. , Barba Castillo D. , Alvarado A. , Khurama S. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDeciphering the migration pattern of the Esmeraldas submarine Canyon (EC) and its history of cut‐and‐fill allows constraining the Pliocene‐Pleistocene tectonic evolution of the Ecuador‐Colombia convergent margin. Swath bathymetry, multichannel seismic reflection, and chronological data show that the EC is a 143‐km‐long, shelf‐incising, river‐connected canyon that started incising slope apron deposits in the Manglares fore‐arc basin ~5.3 Ma ago. The EC inception appears contemporaneous with the subduction of the Carnegie Ridge that is believed to have initiated 5–6 Myr ago and is considered an indirect cause of the EC formation. During its two‐stage left‐lateral migration, the EC upper‐half scoured deep incisions providing evidences for uplift episodes in the Manglares Basin that are correlated with mid‐Pliocene and Pleistocene regional tectonic events. Glacioeustatic variations contributed significantly to shape the EC and its upslope tributaries by increasing the rate of canyon incision during rapid sea level falls. Faults, folds, and diapirs have structurally controlled the location of the EC and of its tributary canyons, including the Ancon Canyon, which served as the main spillway of the Manglares Basin prior to be cut from its source ~170 kyr ago by the growth of a fault‐related anticline. The margin wedge that hosts the EC is highly unstable as it is cut by active faults and shaken by large subduction earthquakes. Several mass transport deposits have dammed the EC, one of them between >~65 and ~37 kyr causing an impoverishment of detrital material in the trench sedimentation and a possible interruption of the paleoseismological record.
Spontaneous cationic ordering in chemical-solution-grown La2CoMnO6 double perovskite thin films
Authors: Wang Hailin , Gazquez Jaume , Frontera Carlos , Chisholm Matthew F. , Pomar Alberto , Martinez Benjamin , Mestres Narcis 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDouble perovskite oxides are of interest because of their electric, magnetic, and elastic properties; however, these properties are strongly dependent on the ordered arrangement of cations in the double perovskite structure. Therefore, many efforts have been made to improve the level of cationic ordering to obtain optimal properties while suppressing antisite defect formation. Here, epitaxial double perovskite La2CoMnO6 thin films were grown on top of (001)-STO oriented substrates by a polymer-assisted deposition chemical solution approach. Confirmation of the achievement of full Co/Mn cationic ordering was found by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) measurements; EELS maps indicated the ordered occupancy of B–B′ sites by Co/Mn cations. As a result, optimal magnetic properties (Msat ≈ 6 µB/f.u. and Tc ≈ 230 K) are obtained. We show that the slow growth rates that occur close to thermodynamic equilibrium conditions in chemical solution methods represent an advantageous alternative to physical deposition methods for the preparation of oxide thin films in which complex cationic ordering is involved.