bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Late Miocene Extensional Collapse of Northern Tunisia
Authors: Booth‐Rea G. , Gaidi S. , Melki F. , Marzougui W. , Azañón J. M. , Zargouni F. , Galvé J. P. , Pérez‐Peña J. V. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTwo orthogonal extensional systems produced the extensional collapse of the Tell and Atlas thrust belts in northern Tunisia during the Late Miocene to Pliocene in a context of NW‐SE plate convergence between Africa and Eurasia. The older extensional system shows several low‐angle normal faults (LANFs) and associated high‐angle faults with ENE‐directed transport that produced half‐grabens and hanging‐wall syncline basins during the late Tortonian to Messinian. The direction of extension swinged towards the SE during the Messinian, cutting into, and tilting the previous detachments. Extension was accompanied by the extrusion of 8‐Ma rhyodacites and Messinian basalts, together with the development of mineralized fault breccias. Plio‐Quaternary NW‐SE directed shortening formed inversion arrowhead structures, reverse faults, refolded extensional rollover anticlines and folded the LANFs. ENE‐directed extension is concomitant with the opening of the Tyrrhenian basin. We consequently think that both processes are related and that tearing of the Calabrian slab along the northern Tunisia coast drove the ENE‐directed extension. Meanwhile, the SE‐directed extension that followed was probably related to SE‐directed peeling back of the Tunisian continental lithospheric mantle during NW subduction of the Maghrebian margin. This extension propagated eastwards from the late Tortonian until the Pliocene following the SE migrating subduction front and favored by lateral slab tearing along the Tunisian Atlas dextral Subduction Transfer Edge Propagator boundary. This new hypothesis for the tectonic evolution of northern Tunisia shows for the first time the importance of crustal extension in the denudation of the Tunisian Atlas and Tell foreland thrust belts and its relation to deep mantle tectonic mechanisms.
3‐D Seismic Investigation of a Gas Hydrate and Fluid Flow System on an Active Mid‐Ocean Ridge; Svyatogor Ridge, Fram Strait
Authors: Waghorn Kate A. , Bünz Stefan , Plaza‐Faverola Andreia , Johnson Joel E. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTectonic settings play a large role in the development of fluid flow pathways for gas migrating through sedimentary strata. Gas hydrate systems worldwide are located on either the slopes of passive continental margins, often in large contourite deposits, or in accretionary wedges on subduction margins. The Svyatogor Ridge, however, located at the northwestern flank of the Knipovich Ridge and south of the Molloy Transform Fault (Fram Strait), is a gas hydrate system which is located on an actively spreading margin. Svyatogor Ridge has evidence of shallow gas accumulations; a strong BSR indicating a gas hydrate and underlying free gas system, and fluid flow pathways to the seafloor culminating in pockmarks. Using a high‐resolution P‐Cable 3‐D seismic survey, we investigate how tectonic and sedimentary regimes have influenced the formation of this well‐developed gas hydrate system. Large‐scale basement faults identified in the seismic data are interpreted as detachment faults, which have exhumed relatively young ultramafic rocks. These detachment faults act as conduits for fluid flow, and are responsible for the formation of folds in the overlying sediments that are breached by faults. We propose a model for fluid flow within this system whereby as sedimentary faults breach upward through the sedimentary strata, fluid is able to migrate further upward. We find that the tectonic regime on Svyatogor Ridge is the dominant driver of fluid migration and episodic release at the seafloor.
Seismic Imaging of Thickened Lithosphere Resulting From Plume Pulsing Beneath Iceland
Authors: Rychert Catherine A. , Harmon Nicholas , Armitage John J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractOcean plates conductively cool and subside with seafloor age. Plate thickening with age is also predicted, and hot spots may cause thinning. However, both are debated and depend on the way the plate is defined. Determining the thickness of the plates along with the process that governs it has proven challenging. We use S‐to‐P (Sp) receiver functions to image a strong, persistent LAB beneath Iceland where the mid‐Atlantic Ridge interacts with a plume with hypothesized pulsating thermal anomaly. The plate is thickest, up to 84 ± 6 km, beneath lithosphere formed during times of hypothesized hotter plume temperatures and as thin as 61 ± 6 km beneath regions formed during colder intervals. We performed geodynamic modeling to show that these plate thicknesses are inconsistent with a thermal lithosphere. Instead, periods of increased plume temperatures likely increased the melting depth, causing deeper depletion and dehydration, and creating a thicker plate. This suggests plate thickness is dictated by the conditions of plate formation.
SHTools: Tools for Working with Spherical Harmonics
Authors: Wieczorek Mark A. , Meschede Matthias 
Published: May 2018

AbstractGeophysical analyses are often performed in spherical geometry and require the use of spherical harmonic functions to express observables or physical quantities. When expanded to high degree, the accuracy and speed of the spherical harmonic transforms and reconstructions are of paramount importance. SHTools is a time and user‐tested open‐source archive of both Fortran 95 and Python routines for performing spherical harmonic analyses. The routines support all spherical‐harmonic normalization conventions used in the geosciences, including 4π‐normalized, Schmidt seminormalized, orthonormalized, and unnormalized harmonics, along with the option of employing the Condon‐Shortley phase factor of
. Data on the sphere can be sampled on a variety of grid formats, including equally spaced cylindrical grids and grids appropriate for integration by Gauss‐Legendre quadrature. The spherical‐harmonic transforms are proven to be fast and accurate for spherical harmonic degrees up to 2800. Several tools are provided for the geoscientist, including routines for performing localized spectral analyses and basic operations related to global gravity and magnetic fields. In the Python environment, operations are very simple to perform as a result of three class structures that encompass all operations on grids, spherical harmonic coefficients, and spatiospectral localization windows. SHTools is released under the unrestrictive BSD 3‐clause license.
Presence and Consequences of Coexisting Methane Gas With Hydrate Under Two Phase Water‐Hydrate Stability Conditions
Authors: Sahoo Sourav K. , Marín‐Moreno Héctor , North Laurence J. , Falcon‐Suarez Ismael , Madhusudhan Bangalore N. , Best Angus I. , Minshull Tim A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMethane hydrate saturation estimates from remote geophysical data and borehole logs are needed to assess the role of hydrates in climate change, continental slope stability, and energy resource potential. Here we present laboratory hydrate formation/dissociation experiments in which we determined the methane hydrate content independently from pore pressure and temperature and from electrical resistivity. Using these laboratory experiments, we demonstrate that hydrate formation does not take up all the methane gas or water even if the system is under two phase water‐hydrate stability conditions and gas is well distributed in the sample. The experiment started with methane gas and water saturations of 16.5% and 83.5%, respectively; during the experiment, hydrate saturation proceeded up to 26% along with 12% gas and 62% water remaining in the system. The coexistence of hydrate and gas is one possible explanation for discrepancies between estimates of hydrate saturation from electrical and acoustic methods. We suggest that an important mechanism for this coexistence is the formation of a hydrate film enveloping methane gas bubbles, trapping the remaining gas inside.
Crustal Structure of Southwest China and Northern Vietnam From Ambient Noise Tomography: Implication for the Large‐Scale Material Transport Model in SE Tibet
Authors: Qiao Lei , Yao Huajian , Lai Ya‐Chuan , Huang Bor‐Shouh , Zhang Ping 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSeveral models have been proposed to describe the tectonic evolution of SE Tibet and its marginal areas. Hence, high‐resolution crustal velocity models are essential to address this controversy. With waveform data from 73 broadband stations in southwest China and northern Vietnam, we invert for a 3‐D shear wave velocity model of the crust and uppermost mantle from ambient noise tomography. Our model reveals that the midlower crustal low‐velocity zone in the Xiaojiang Fault Zone extends farther southward across the Red River Fault to Vietnam and is approximately bounded by the Xiaojiang and Dien Bien Phu faults to the east. We suggest that the observed low‐velocity zone represents a mechanically weak zone in the mid‐lower crust, which may serve as a channel for efficient southward material transport in SE Tibet. With our results and previous evidence, we propose a combined model that integrates rigid block extrusion and crustal channel flow to describe the large‐scale material transport in SE Tibet. We further propose a two‐phase material transport model in SE Tibet after the India‐Eurasia plate collision: (1) rigid block extrusion between the right‐lateral Sagaing Fault and left‐lateral Red River Fault during the early Oligocene‐early Miocene and (2) a combined model of rigid block extrusion and material channel flow in the mid‐lower crust from the late Miocene to the present. The southward crustal material transport is likely to be diverted along two major channels around the more rigid crust beneath the inner zone of the Emeishan large igneous province.
FBG laser sensor with PS
Authors: Kim D. , Kim H. , Song M. 
Published: May 2018

Owing to unstable multi‐wavelength lasing, robust measurement is difficult with a fibre Bragg grating (FBG) laser sensor system that uses FBGs as laser cavity mirrors as well as sensors. A stabilising technique is essential for proper data acquisition. Here, it is demonstrated that polarisation scrambling (PS) stabilises the output of laser sensor system in combination with a spectrometer demodulation. The state of polarisation (SOP) of a fibre‐optic laser cavity is changed by a 1 MHz PS. A 5 kHz spectrometer traces the distribution of output laser wavelengths. The rapid changes in SOP make all the FBG wavelengths lase as long as necessary to determine the Bragg wavelength shifts in the sampling windows of a photo‐diode array. A laser sensor system with eight FBG sensors is used to demonstrate robust measurement and data collection under environmental perturbations.
Rotor position estimation scheme with harmonic ripple attenuation for sensorless controlled permanent magnet synchronous motors
Authors: Lu Qing , Zhu Xiaoyong , Quan Li , Zuo Yuefei , Du Sichen 
Published: May 2018

To achieve high‐performance sensorless control of permanent magnet motors with non‐sinusoidal back electromotive force (EMF), an improved sliding mode observer (SMO) adopting synchronous rotating low‐pass filter (SRLPF) is proposed. The SRLPF is utilised to reduce the back‐EMF harmonics and extract the fundamental component. Different from the traditional rotor position observer, the proposed observer can calculate the rotor position with the back‐EMF fundamental component. Owing to the decrease in the influence of non‐sinusoidal back‐EMF, the estimated rotor position harmonic ripple error can be greatly reduced. Then, the high estimated accuracy and excellent sensorless control performance can be obtained. In addition, the proposed strategy is easy for implementation. With the comparison between the traditional SMO and the proposed observer, the experiments of the system steady‐state error, the speed tracking performance, and the disturbance rejection ability in the speed range from 60 r/min to the rated speed 750 r/min are presented. The validity of the proposed method is conformed.
Influence of sleeve thickness and various structures on eddy current losses of rotor parts and temperature field in surface mounted permanent‐magnet synchronous motor
Authors: Li Lin , Li Weili , Li Dong , Zhang Xiaochen , Fan Yu 
Published: May 2018

For surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), due to the large rotor rotational centrifugal forces, a sleeve is often used to prevent damage to rotor permanent magnets. However, eddy current losses appearing in the sleeve can increase the temperature of surface mounted PMSM. If the rotor heat dissipation condition is poor, high temperature can influence the surface mounted PMSM performance and even result in thermal demagnetisation of the permanent magnets. Thus, a sleeve scheme designed with low eddy current loss is very necessary. In this study, taking a 12.5 kW, 2000 rpm PMSM with 0.2 mm thickness stainless steel sleeve as an example, first, the influences of sleeve thickness on the eddy current loss and temperature field are analysed. Then, sleeve various composition structures of carbon fibre and stainless steel are presented, and the influences of different composition percentages on the eddy current losses and temperature field are analysed in detail, which shows the effectiveness in reducing the eddy current losses and temperature in the rotor. The obtained conclusions can provide useful reference for the design and research of surface mounted PMSM.
Estimating urban traffic states using iterative refinement and Wardrop equilibria
Authors: Li Weizi , Jiang Meilei , Chen Yaoyu , Lin Ming C. 
Published: May 2018

Traffic has become a major problem in metropolitan areas across the world. It is critical to understand the complex interplay of a road network and its traffic states so that researchers and planners can improve the city planning and traffic logistics. The authors propose a novel framework to estimate urban traffic states using GPS traces. Their approach begins with an initial estimation of network travel times by solving a convex optimisation programme based on Wardrop equilibria. Then, they iteratively refine the estimated network travel times and vehicle traversed paths. Lastly, using the refined results as input, they perform a nested optimisation process to derive traffic states in areas without data coverage to obtain full traffic estimations. The evaluation and comparison of their approach over two state‐of‐the‐art methods show up to 96% relative improvements. In order to study urban traffic, the authors have further conducted field tests in Beijing and San Francisco using real‐world GIS data, which involve 128,701 nodes, 148,899 road segments, and over 26 million GPS traces.
Star clusters in the Magellanic Clouds
Authors: Nayak P. K. , Subramaniam A. , Choudhury S. , Sagar Ram 
Published: May 2018

Aims. We aim to estimate the age and reddening parameters of already identified star clusters within the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) in a consistent way using available photometric data, classify them based on their mass and strength, and study their spatiotemporal distribution.
Methods. We have used a semi-automated quantitative method, developed in the first paper of this series (Paper I), to estimate the cluster parameters using the V and I band photometric data from the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) III survey.
Results. We estimated parameters of 179 star clusters (17 are newly parameterised) and classified them into four groups. We present an online catalogue of parameters as well as cleaned and isochrone-fitted colour magnitude diagrams of 179 clusters.
We compiled age information of 468 clusters by combining previous studies with our catalogue, to study their spatio-temporal distribution. Most of the clusters located in the southern part of the SMC are in the age range 600 Myr–1.25 Gyr, whereas, the clusters younger than 100 Myr are mostly found in the northern SMC, with the central SMC showing continuous cluster formation. The peak of the cluster age distribution is identified at 130 ± 35 Myr, very similar to the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) in Paper I.
Conclusions. We suggest that the burst of cluster formation at 130 Myr is due to the most recent LMC-SMC interaction. 90% of the studied sample is found to have mass < 1700 M⊙, suggesting that the SMC is dominated by low mass clusters. There is tentative evidence for compact clusters in the LMC when compared to those in the Galaxy and the SMC. A progressive shifting of cluster location from the south to north of the SMC is identified in last ~600 Myr. The details of spatio-temporal distribution of clusters presented in two videos as part of this study can be used as a tool to constrain details of the recent LMC-SMC interactions.
Forward seismic modeling of the pulsating magnetic B-type star HD 43317
Authors: Buysschaert B. , Aerts C. , Bowman D. M. , Johnston C. , Van Reeth T. , Pedersen M. G. , Mathis S. , Neiner C. 
Published: May 2018

The large-scale magnetic fields detected at the surface of about 10% of hot stars extend into the stellar interior, where they may alter the structure. Deep inner regions of stars are only observable using asteroseismology. Here, we investigate the pulsating magnetic B3.5V starHD 43317, infer its interior properties and assess whether the dipolar magnetic field with a surface strength ofBp= 1312 ± 332 G causes different properties compared to those of non-magnetic stars. We analyze the latest version of the star’s 150 d CoRoT light curve and extract 35 significant frequencies, 28 of which are found to be independent and not related to the known surface rotation period ofProt= 0.897673 d. We perform forward seismic modeling based on non-magnetic, non-rotating 1D MESA models and the adiabatic module of the pulsation code GYRE, using a grid-based approach. Our aim was to estimate the stellar mass, age, and convective core overshooting. The GYRE calculations were done for uniform rotation withProt. This modeling is able to explain 16 of the 28 frequencies as gravity modes belonging to retrograde modes with (ℓ, m) = (1, −1) and (2, −1) period spacing patterns and one distinct prograde (2, +2) mode. The modeling resulted in a stellar massM⋆ = 5.8−0.2+0.1M⊙, a central hydrogen mass fractionXc = 0.54−0.02+0.01, and exponential convective core overshooting parameterfov = 0.004−0.002+0.014. The low value forfovis compatible with the suppression of near-core mixing due to a magnetic field but the uncertainties are too large to pinpoint such suppression as the sole physical interpretation. We assess the frequency shifts of pulsation modes caused by the Lorentz and the Coriolis forces and find magnetism to have a lower impact than rotation for this star. Including magnetism in future pulsation computations would be highly relevant to exploit current and future photometric time series spanning at least one year, such as those assembled by theKeplerspace telescope and expected from the TESS (Continuous Viewing Zone) and PLATO space missions.
Homeopathic Prevention and Management of Epidemic Diseases
Authors: Jacobs Jennifer 
Published: May 2018

Background Homeopathy has been used to treat epidemic diseases since the time of Hahnemann, who used Belladonna to treat scarlet fever. Since then, several approaches using homeopathy for epidemic diseases have been proposed, including individualization, combination remedies, genus epidemicus, and isopathy.
Methods The homeopathic research literature was searched to find examples of each of these approaches and to evaluate which were effective.
Results There is good experimental evidence for each of these approaches. While individualization is the gold standard, it is impractical to use on a widespread basis. Combination remedies can be effective but must be based on the symptoms of a given epidemic in a specific location. Treatment with genus epidemicus can also be successful if based on data from many practitioners. Finally, isopathy shows promise and might be more readily accepted by mainstream medicine due to its similarity to vaccination.
Conclusion Several different homeopathic methods can be used to treat epidemic diseases. The challenge for the future is to refine these approaches and to build on the knowledge base with additional rigorous trials. If and when conventional medicine runs out of options for treating epidemic diseases, homeopathy could be seen as an attractive alternative, but only if there is viable experimental evidence of its success.
The Recipient Venule in Supermicrosurgical Lymphaticovenular Anastomosis: Flow Dynamic Classification and Correlation with Surgical Outcomes
Authors: Salgarello Marzia , Hayashi Akitatsu , Visconti Giuseppe 
Published: May 2018

Background Venules have been usually neglected in the literature on lymphaticovenular anastomosis (LVA). The aim of this study was to analyze the flow dynamic of recipient venules in LVA and their impact on the surgical outcomes.
Patients and Methods Data from 128 patients affected by extremity lymphedema, who underwent LVA, were collected in two institutions from August 2014 to May 2016. Recipient venules were classified according to their flow dynamic into backflow, slack, and outlet (BSO classification). Quantitative (lower extremity lymphedema/upper extremity lymphedema index) and qualitative outcomes (needing of compression garment and compression garment class) were evaluated. Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used for categorical variables and independent-samples t-test for continuous variables. The association between lymphatic collector degeneration status (normal, ectasis, contractile, sclerotic type [NECST]) and BSO classification with the outcomes was analyzed by the Mantel–Haenszel test.
Results On a total of 128 patients, 37 suffered from upper and 91 from lower limb lymphedema. An average number of four LVA were performed for each patient (range: 2–8). A significant association was observed between NECST and BSO categories and the outcomes were evaluated. Patients with contractile and sclerotic collectors had 2.24 times the odd of having poor composite outcome compared with those with normal-to-ectasis collectors (p < 0.05). Patients with backflow venules had 3.32 times the odd of having poor composite outcome compared with those without outlet or slack pattern (p < 0.05).
Conclusion The subtype of recipient venule flow dynamic has a significant impact on the surgical outcome of patients undergoing LVA for the treatment of lymphedema, regardless of the lymphatic collector degeneration status. Locating favorable venules in the preoperative mapping might enhance the surgical outcomes.