bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of Low‐Density and Free‐Flowing Hollow Microparticles from Butter and Fractionated Palm Oil Mixture
Authors: Gudeman Joshua , Yang Junsi , Ciftci Ozan N. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe use of solid fats is challenging due to difficulty in incorporating into foods, handling during industrial food production, and relatively high‐calorie contributions. The objective of this study was to form free‐flowing and low‐density hollow microparticles from nonhydrogenated fats, namely, butter and fractionated palm oil, using a novel method based on atomization of a carbon dioxide (CO2)‐expanded lipid mixture. The melting point of the fractionated palm oil decreased from 66.2 to 47.3°C above 120 bar in the presence of pressurized CO2. The density of the particles decreased fivefolds compared to that of the original oils. The average particle size D [4,3] decreased from 67.0 to 27.1 μm when the concentration of fractionated palm oil was increased from 50% to 100%. The hollow structure was more pronounced for the particles obtained from higher melting oils/oil blends, as well as with more spherical uniformity. Ten percent (d10%) and 50% (d50%) of the palm oil particles were smaller than 4.5 and 23.0 μm, respectively, whereas they were 14.5 and 58.3 μm when mixed with butter at 50% butter concentration, respectively. Polymorphic form of α was more pronounced in the solid lipid particles, indicating that they had a less‐ordered crystalline structure than the original oil. This new method forms low‐density and free‐flowing lipid powders that make the handling and storage of solid lipids feasible and convenient, and may provide reduced fat usage and calorie intake, and more rapid oil melting in mouth.
Correlation between fibril structures and mechanical properties of polyacrylonitrile fibers during the dry‐jet wet spinning process
Authors: Gao Quan , Jing Min , Wang Chengguo , Chen Meiling , Zhao Shengyao , Wang Wenli , Qin Jianjie 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTThe high quality polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers, which were used to manufacture the high performance carbon fibers, were prepared by the dry‐jet wet spinning process. The fiber samples were treated by using the ultrathin sectioning and solution etching methods. Subsequently, the changes of the fibril structures and mechanical properties were investigated by utilizing scanning electron microscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and mechanical tester. The fiber titer and diameters, the amount of the pores decreased during the spinning process. The microfibrils were oriented along the fiber axis to form the fiber backbone in PAN fibers. Furthermore, the microfibrils with small size were incorporated into the large fibrils and some fold chains formed the interfibril transverse joint bridges to reinforce the connection of the fibril elements. The fibrils served as self‐reinforcing element to efficiently resist the cracks propagation and dissipate much energy to increase the tensile strength and initial modulus. Consequently, the PAN precursor fibers with the homogeneous, compact, well‐oriented, and closely interlinked fibrils, presented high tensile strength and initial modulus. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47336.
Monitoring Disease Activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus With Single‐Molecule Array Digital Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay Quantification of Serum Interferon‐α
Authors: Mathian Alexis , Mouries‐Martin Suzanne , Dorgham Karim , Devilliers Hervé , Barnabei Laura , Ben Salah Elyès , Cohen‐Aubart Fleur , Garrido Castillo Laura , Haroche Julien , Hie Miguel , Pineton de Chambrun Marc , Miyara Makoto , Sterlin Delphine , Pha Micheline , Lê Thi Huong Du , Rieux‐Laucat Frédéric , Rozenberg Flore , Gorochov Guy , Amoura Zahir 
Published: December 2018

ObjectiveNo simple or standardized assay is available to quantify interferon‐α (IFNα) in routine clinical practice. Single‐molecule array (Simoa) digital enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technology enables direct IFNα quantification at attomolar (femtogram per milliliter [fg/ml]) concentrations. This study was undertaken to assess IFNα digital ELISA diagnostic performances to monitor systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) activity.MethodsIFNα concentrations in serum samples from 150 consecutive SLE patients in a cross‐sectional study were determined with digital ELISA and a functional biologic activity assay (bioassay). According to their Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment version of the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) flare composite scores, patients were divided into groups with inactive SLE (SLEDAI score of <4 or clinical SLEDAI score of 0) or active SLE (SLEDAI score of ≥4 or clinical SLEDAI score of >0), and into groups with no flare or mild/moderate flare or severe flare.ResultsBased on serum samples from healthy blood donors, the abnormal serum IFNα level threshold value was 136 fg/ml. Next, using receiver operating characteristic curves for an SLE patient series that was widely heterogeneous in terms of disease activity and organ involvement, the threshold IFNα value associated with active disease was determined to be 266 fg/ml. The digital ELISA–assessed serum IFNα level was a better biomarker of disease activity than the Farr assay because its specificity, likelihood ratio for positive results, and positive predictive value better discerned active SLE or flare from inactive disease. The digital ELISA was more sensitive than the bioassay for detecting low‐abnormal serum IFNα concentrations and identifying patients with low disease activity.ConclusionDirect serum IFNα determination with a highly sensitive assay might improve monitoring of clinical SLE activity and selection of the best candidates for anti‐IFNα treatment.
Defect Engineering of MoS2 and Its Impacts on Electrocatalytic and Photocatalytic Behavior in Hydrogen Evolution Reactions
Authors: Zhang Yuxiao , Kuwahara Yasutaka , Mori Kohsuke , Yamashita Hiromi 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMolybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been regarded as a favorable photocatalytic co‐catalyst and efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyst alternative to expensive noble‐metals catalysts, owing to earth‐abundance, proper band gap, high surface area, and fast electron transfer ability. In order to achieve a higher catalytic efficiency, defects strategies such as phase engineering and vacancy introduction are considered as promising methods for natural 2H‐MoS2 to increase its active sites and promote electron transfer rate. In this study, we report a new two‐step defect engineering process to generate vacancies‐rich hybrid‐phase MoS2 and to introduce Ru particles at the same time, which includes hydrothermal reaction and a subsequent hydrogen reduction. Compositional and structural properties of the synthesized defects‐rich MoS2 are investigated by XRD, XPS, XAFS and Raman measurements, and the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction performance, as well as photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance in the ammonia borane dehydrogenation are evaluated. Both catalytic activities are boosted with the increase of defects concentrations in MoS2, which ascertains that the defects engineering is a promising route to promote catalytic performance of MoS2.
Separation of Spectroscopically Uniform Nanographenes
Authors: Yamato Kairi , Sekiya Ryo , Abe Manabu , Haino Takeharu 
Published: December 2018

AbstractExcitation‐dependent photoluminescence (PL) is a well‐known property of graphene quantum dots (GQDs). For the development of carbon‐based photofunctional materials, GQDs possessing uniform PL properties are in high demand. A protocol has been established to separate spectroscopically uniform lipophilic GQD‐1 a from a mixture of GQD‐1 mainly composed of GQD‐1 a and GQD‐1 b. The mixture of GQD‐1 was synthesized through the reaction of p‐methoxybenzylamine with GQD‐2 prepared from graphite by common oxidative exfoliation. Size‐exclusion chromatography gave rise to GQD‐1 a and GQD‐1 b, with diameters of 19.8 and 4.9 nm, respectively. Large GQD‐1 a showed that the PL was fairly independent of the excitation wavelengths, whereas the PL of small GQD‐1 b was dependent on excitation. The excitation‐dependent nature is most likely to be associated with the structures of sp2 domains on the graphene surfaces. The large sp2‐conjugated surface of GQD‐1 a is likely to possess well‐developed and large sp2 domains, the band gaps of which do not significantly vary. The small sp2‐conjugated surface of GQD‐1 b produces small sp2‐conjugated domains that generate band gaps differing with domain sizes.
Heteroatom‐doped MoSe2 Nanosheets with Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Kinetics for Alkaline Water Splitting
Authors: Zhao Guoqiang , Wang Xingyong , Wang Shaolan , Rui Kun , Chen Yaping , Yu Haibo , Ma Jing , Dou Shi Xue , Sun Wenping 
Published: December 2018

AbstractElectrochemical water splitting for hydrogen generation is a vital part for the prospect of future energy systems, however, the practical utilization relies on the development of highly active and earth‐abundant catalysts to boost the energy conversion efficiency as well as reduce the cost. Molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) is a promising nonprecious metal‐based electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acidic media, but it exhibits inferior alkaline HER kinetics in great part due to the sluggish water adsorption/dissociation process. Herein, the alkaline HER kinetics of MoSe2 is substantially accelerated by heteroatom doping with transition metal ions. Specifically, the Ni‐doped MoSe2 nanosheets exhibit the most impressive catalytic activity in terms of lower overpotential and larger exchange current density. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation results reveal that Ni/Co doping plays a key role in facilitating water adsorption as well as optimizing hydrogen adsorption. The present work paves a new way to the development of low‐cost and efficient electrocatalysts towards alkaline HER.
Bayesian hierarchical classification and information sharing for clinical trials with subgroups and binary outcomes
Authors: Chen Nan , Lee J. Jack 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBayesian hierarchical models have been applied in clinical trials to allow for information sharing across subgroups. Traditional Bayesian hierarchical models do not have subgroup classifications; thus, information is shared across all subgroups. When the difference between subgroups is large, it suggests that the subgroups belong to different clusters. In that case, placing all subgroups in one pool and borrowing information across all subgroups can result in substantial bias for the subgroups with strong borrowing, or a lack of efficiency gain with weak borrowing. To resolve this difficulty, we propose a hierarchical Bayesian classification and information sharing (BaCIS) model for the design of multigroup phase II clinical trials with binary outcomes. We introduce subgroup classification into the hierarchical model. Subgroups are classified into two clusters on the basis of their outcomes mimicking the hypothesis testing framework. Subsequently, information sharing takes place within subgroups in the same cluster, rather than across all subgroups. This method can be applied to the design and analysis of multigroup clinical trials with binary outcomes. Compared to the traditional hierarchical models, better operating characteristics are obtained with the BaCIS model under various scenarios.
„The forgotten kingdom“ im Naturschutz
Authors: Bässler Claus , Karasch Peter , Leibl Franz 
Published: December 2018

ZusammenfassungPilze sind sehr artenreich und spielen eine zentrale Rolle im Stoffhaushalt unserer Waldökosysteme. Durch intensive forstliche Nutzung sind heute viele Arten aus unseren Wäldern verschwunden oder hochgradig bedroht. Im Vergleich zu andere Artengruppen spielen Pilze heute immer noch eine untergeordnete Rolle im Naturschutz. Die Forschungsergebnisse des Nationalparks Bayerischer Wald zeigen, dass sich seltene holzbewohnende Pilzarten und Artengemeinschaften nach Einstellung forstlicher Nutzung wieder erholen können. Es gibt eine Reihe von Arten, die heute deutschlandweit ihren Schwerpunkt in den Zonen ohne Nutzung haben. Zum Erhalt der gesamten holzbewohnenden Pilzdiversität in Deutschland müssten aber auch die Eigentümer von Wirtschaftswäldern ihrer Verantwortung gerecht werden. Hierzu gehören der Erhalt und die Förderung von alten Bäumen (Habitatbäume) sowie die künstliche Schaffung spezifischer Totholzstrukturen. Weiterhin sollten Konzepte zur Wiederansiedelung lokal ausgestorbener Arten entwickelt werden.
Ein Felsbiotop inmitten der Großstadt
Authors: Kremer Bruno P. 
Published: December 2018

ZusammenfassungDas UNESCO‐Weltkulturerbe Kölner Dom ist in vieler Hinsicht ein Bauwerk der Superlative. Bei seiner (vorläufigen) Fertigstellung im Jahre 1880 war er das höchste Gebäude der Welt. Der Südturm beherbergt die weltweit schwerste freischwingende Glocke (24 t). Die Westfassade ist fast so groß wie ein Fußballfeld.Der Dom ist aber nicht nur eines der wichtigsten historischen Baudenkmäler in Deutschland, sondern fasziniert außer mit seiner Architektur und seinen zahlreichen Kunstschätze auch als artenreiches Biotopgefüge. Alle fünf Organismenreiche sind hier vertreten. Dieser Beitrag bietet einen Überblick zu den zahlreichen Verwandtschaftsgruppen, die sich unterdessen auf dem Dom erfolgreich etabliert haben.
Die Grundel und ihr Krebs
Authors: Stiefel Klaus 
Published: December 2018

ZusammenfassungÜber hundert Arten kleiner Meeresfische, der Grundeln, leben in einer Symbiose mit Krebsen. Bei dieser Symbiose gräbt der Krebs einen unterirdischen Bau, während die Grundel am Eingang des Baus nach Fressfeinden Ausschau hält. So können die beiden gemeinsam sandige Ebenen ohne andere Versteckmöglichkeiten besiedeln.
Lactobacillus – Evolution und Kulturgeschichte
Authors: Engelhardt Harald 
Published: December 2018

ZusammenfassungLactobacillus ist eine artenreiche Gattung der Milchsäurebakterien, die sich vor etwa 2,5 Milliarden Jahren von anaeroben Bakterien abzweigten, sauerstofftolerant sind und komplexe Nährstoffansprüche haben. Sie bauen Kohlenhydrate ab und vergären Zucker zu Milchsäure sowie teilweise zu Ethanol oder Acetat und CO2. Sie besiedeln O2‐arme und nährstoffreiche Habitate, kommen freilebend, temporär im Gastrointestinaltrakt von Insekten, Tieren und Menschen und auch als spezialisierte Symbionten vor. Lactobacilli spielen seit der Neolithischen Revolution für die Ernährung durch die Fermentation von Milch und pflanzlichen Lebensmitteln eine bedeutende Rolle. Heute werden weltweit rund 5000 Lebensmittel durch Lactobacilli fermentiert.
Nachrichten des Verbandes Biologie, Biowissenschaften & Biomedizin in Deutschland
Authors: Haszprunar Gerhard 
Published: December 2018

Wissenschaft & GesellschaftAccess and Benefit Sharing (ABS)Ausbildung & KarriereArs legendi‐PreisKarrierewege für BiowissenschaftlerLandesverbändeBayern
Randomized trial of two types of gastrojejunostomy after pancreatoduodenectomy and risk of delayed gastric emptying (PAUDA trial)
Authors: Busquets J , Martín S , Fabregat J , Secanella L , Pelaez N , Ramos E 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Background
Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) is the most important cause of an extended hospital stay after pancreatoduodenectomy. Reports suggest that a Roux-en-Y gastroenteric anastomosis may have lower incidence of DGE than a Billroth II reconstruction. The primary aim of this RCT was to compare Billroth II (single loop) and Roux-en-Y (double loop) after pancreatoduodenectomy to determine whether Roux-en-Y reconstruction is associated with a lower incidence of DGE. Secondary endpoints were postoperative complications.

Methods
This was a randomized unblinded single-centre trial without masked evaluation of the main outcome. Patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy between 2013 and 2015 were randomized to undergo one of two types of gastroenteric anastomosis for reconstruction.

Results
A total of 80 patients were randomized, 40 in each group. The incidence of DGE was the same in patients undergoing Billroth II or Roux-en-Y gastroenteric anastomosis (both 18 of 40 patients; P = 1·000). The grade of DGE was also similar in the Billroth II and Roux-en-Y groups (grade A, both 10 of 40; grade B, 5 of 40 versus 6 of 40; grade C, 3 of 40 versus 2 of 40; P = 0·962). The mortality rate was 3 per cent, with no significant difference between the two groups. There were no differences in the overall rate of postoperative morbidity, relaparotomy rate or duration of hospital stay.

Conclusion
The incidence and severity of DGE does not differ between single- or double-loop gastroenteric anastomosis performed after pancreatoduodenectomy. Registration number: NCT00915863 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Relationship between R1 resection, tumour rupture and recurrence in resected gastrointestinal stromal tumour
Authors: Hølmebakk T , Bjerkehagen B , Hompland I , Stoldt S , Boye K 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Background
According to guidelines, adjuvant treatment or re-excision should be considered after R1 resection of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs). However, the prognostic significance of R1 resection is uncertain and tumour rupture confounds its assessment. Here, the impact of positive margins was examined and related to rupture in a population-based cohort.

Methods
Patients undergoing surgery for non-metastatic GIST since 2000 were identified in the sarcoma database of Oslo University Hospital. Margins were coded according to the residual tumour (R) classification and tumour rupture defined according to the Oslo criteria.

Results
Among 410 patients, there were 47 who underwent R1 resection and 52 had tumour rupture. The relative risk of R1 resection with rupture was 3·55 (95 per cent c.i. 2·09 to 6·03; P &lt; 0·001). In patients without rupture, there was no difference in estimated 5-year recurrence-free survival after R0 versus R1 resection (87·6 versus 93 per cent; hazard ratio (HR) 0·71, 95 per cent c.i. 0·17 to 2·98; P = 0·638); nor was there any difference among patients with rupture (37 versus 31 per cent; HR 1·31, 0·68 to 2·54; P = 0·420). In multivariable analysis, tumour rupture but not R1 resection was independently associated with recurrence. Twenty-four patients at very low, low or intermediate risk did not receive adjuvant imatinib after R1 resection and remained recurrence-free.

Conclusion
Positive resection margins are strongly associated with tumour rupture. R1 resection does not independently influence prognosis. Adjuvant imatinib may not be justified after R1 resection in the absence of tumour rupture or other high-risk features.
High School Is Not the Finish Line
Authors: Popp Patricia A. , Roberts Allyson F. , Robinson Paula F. , Strawn Rachel Mayes 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter describes the challenges and opportunities associated with creating sophisticated support networks designed to support youth experiencing homelessness. The authors offer an overview of programs and policies that is interwoven with the story of Susan, a composite of youth with whom they have worked, to illustrate the ways Virginia is addressing students’ needs.
Enantioselective Intramolecular Desymmetric α‐Addition of Cyclohexanone to Propiolamide Catalyzed by Sodium L‐Prolinate
Authors: Li Bao‐Le , Gao Wei‐Yang , Li Han , Zhang Shuo‐Qing , Han Xiao‐Qing , Lu Jun , Liang Ren‐Xiao , Hong Xin , Jia Yi‐Xia 
Published: December 2018

Summary of main observation and conclusionAn enantioselective desymmetric nucleophilic α‐addition of cyclohexanone to propiolamide has been developed through a 6‐exo‐dig cyclization reaction. By employing simple and readily available L‐proline sodium salt as a bifunctional catalyst, a series of chiral 6,6‐bicyclic bridged products bearing morphan scaffold have been isolated in good yields and excellent enantioselectivities. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations elucidated the origins of the enantioselectivity and regioselectivity of this transformation. A salt bridge that links the amide carbonyl group with proline carboxylate in the transition state was proven to be the driving force for the induction of excellent enantioselectivity.
Impact of Splitting or Crushing on the Relative Bioavailability of the Darunavir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide Single‐Tablet Regimen
Authors: Brown Kimberley , Thomas David , McKenney Kevin , Reeder Michael , Simonson Richard Bruce , Bicer Ceyhun , Nettles Richard E. , Crauwels Herta 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDarunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (D/C/F/TAF) is an oral once‐daily single‐tablet regimen for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus‐1 infection. Different administration modalities for the D/C/F/TAF fixed‐dose combination tablet were explored in this phase 1 randomized, open‐label, 3‐period, 3‐treatment crossover study enrolling 30 healthy adults. The primary objective was to assess the relative bioavailability of each component after a single dose of D/C/F/TAF (800/150/200/10 mg) administered as a split or crushed tablet (tests) versus swallowed whole (reference). Pharmacokinetic parameters (noncompartmental analysis; logarithm‐transformed) for each component were compared using linear mixed‐effects modeling. For the split versus whole tablet, the bioavailabilities (maximum plasma concentration [Cmax] and area under the plasma concentration‐time curve [AUClast]) of each D/C/F/TAF component were comparable. For the crushed versus whole tablet, the bioavailabilities of darunavir, cobicistat, and emtricitabine were comparable, except for a 17% decrease in emtricitabine Cmax; the relative bioavailability of tenofovir alafenamide decreased by 29% and 19% for Cmax and AUClast, respectively. All intakes were safe and generally well tolerated. In summary, there was no clinically relevant impact on the bioavailability of D/C/F/TAF components when administered as a split tablet compared with a tablet swallowed whole. Administration of a crushed tablet resulted in a modest decrease in tenofovir alafenamide bioavailability; the clinical relevance of this change has not been assessed but is expected to be minimal based on the wide therapeutic window for this agent.
Differential Radial Capillary Action of Ligand Assay (DRaCALA)
Authors: Seminara Anna B. , Turdiev Asan , Turdiev Husan , Lee Vincent T. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractProtein interactions with nucleic acids are important for the synthesis, regulation, and stability of macromolecules. While a number of assays are available for interrogating these interactions, the differential radial capillary action of ligand assay (DRaCALA) has been developed as an easy and flexible platform that allows for the study of individual interactions when carrying out high‐throughput screening for novel binding proteins and small molecule inhibitors. In this article, we describe the principle of DRaCALA and methods that utilize DRaCALA to determine the affinity and specificity of individual protein‐nucleic acid interactions as well as uses for screening for binding proteins and chemical inhibitors. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.