bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of copper metabolism in neonatal rats by speciation analysis using liquid chromatography hyphenated to ICP mass spectrometry
Authors: Tanaka Yu-ki , Ogra Yasumitsu 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
It is known that copper (Cu) is highly accumulated in several organs in the perinatal period, suggesting changes in Cu metabolism with development, although the precise mechanisms are still unclear. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying Cu accumulation in the organs of neonatal rats, we performed speciation analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In the neonatal rat liver immediately after birth, the Cu concentration was elevated 10-fold compared to that in the juvenile rat liver. Most of the accumulated Cu was bound to metallothionein, although Cu in Cu, zinc-superoxide dismutase (SOD) was reduced. Contrary to the hepatic Cu accumulation, the serum Cu concentrations in the neonatal rats were low due to the decreased amount of Cu bound to ceruloplasmin. The mRNA expression of antioxidant protein 1 (Atox1), a Cu chaperone that transports Cu to Atp7b, remained low up to two weeks after birth. These results suggest that Cu accumulation in the neonatal rat liver is caused by the low expression of Atox1, and the accumulation is useful to distribute Cu to Cu-containing anti-oxidative enzymes (e.g., SOD and Atox1) after respiration starts.
Management der Rippenfraktur
Authors: Raab Stephan , Grieser Thomas , Sturm Manfred , Beyer Michael , Reindl Sebastian 
Published: July 2019

ZusammenfassungFür die Versorgung von Rippenfrakturen existiert keine deutsche Leitlinie. Die Therapie ist uneinheitlich und die Diskussion darüber oft polemisch geführt. Dieser Artikel soll die Therapiemöglichkeiten und die Erfahrung eines großen Traumazentrums mit einer Thoraxchirurgie vorstellen.
Peliosis Hepatis—The Chameleon: An Unusual Presentation Mimicking Liver Abscess
Authors: Rastogi Ruchi , Batra Parveen , Gupta Subhash , Gupta Anjali K. , Aggarwal Bharat , Agarwal Shaleen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPeliosis hepatis is a rare vascular condition characterized by multiple randomly distributed blood-filled cavities throughout the liver, ranging in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter. The appearance of peliotic lesion on imaging varies depending on morphologic type, concomitant hemorrhagic component, and presence or absence of background hepatic steatosis. Here, we report an unusual presentation of peliosis hepatis as an exophytic mass arising in liver parenchyma, mimicking a liver abscess.
Characteristics of quasi-unipolar electromagnetic pulses formed in the interaction of high-power laser pulses with nanoscale targets*
Authors: Kulagin V.V. , Kornienko V.N. , Cherepenin V.A. , Gupta D.N. , Suk H. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A new method is suggested for generating quasi-unipolar electromagnetic IR and terahertz pulses. The method is based on synchronous acceleration of electrons combined to a dense bunch with a charge of up to several tens nanocoulombs, which are forced out from a nanoscale target under an action of a high-power, sharp-leading edge laser pulse. The electromagnetic bunch moving in a field of laser radiation can generate high-power electromagnetic pulses with various spectral composition including terahertz and IR ranges. A physical mechanism underlying the formation of generated quasi-unipolar pulses of electromagnetic radiation is determined and numerically studied. The pulse characteristics are found by numerical simulation, such as amplitude and duration dependences on the angle between the pulse propagation direction and laser beam axis. It is established that in modern laser installations, the amplitudes of quasi-unipolar pulses may reach relativistic values. Reflection of a unipolar pulse from an ideally reflecting surface is numerically analysed. It is shown that the pulse retains its unipolar profile in this case.
Electronic Screening and Brief Intervention for Unhealthy Alcohol use in Primary Care Waiting Rooms – a Pilot Project
Authors: Bertholet Nicolas , Cunningham John A. , Adam Angéline , McNeely Jennifer , Daeppen Jean-Bernard 
Published: July 2019

Background: In primary care, electronic self-administered screening and brief interventions for unhealthy alcohol may overcome some of the implementation barriers of face-to-face intervention. We developed an anonymous electronic self-administered screening brief intervention device for unhealthy alcohol use and assessed its feasibility and acceptability in primary care practice waiting rooms. Two modes of delivery were compared: with or without the presence of a research assistant (RA) to make patients aware of the device's presence and help users. Using the device was optional. Methods: The devices were placed in 10 participating primary care practices waiting rooms for 6 weeks, and were accessible on a voluntary basis. Number of appointments by each practice during the course of the study was recorded. Access to the electronic brief intervention was voluntary among those who screened positive. Screening and brief intervention rates and characteristics of users were compared across the modes of delivery. Results: During the study, there were 7270 appointments and 1511 individuals used the device (20.8%). Mean age of users was 45.3 (19.5), and 57.9% screened positive for unhealthy alcohol use. Of them, 53.8% accessed the brief intervention content. The presence of the RA had a major impact on the device's usage (59.6% vs 17.4% when absent). When the RA was present, participants were less likely to screen positive (49.4% vs 60.7%, P = 0.0003) but more likely to access the intervention (62.7% vs 51.4%, P = 0.009). Results from the satisfaction survey indicated that users found the device easy to use (93.5%), questions useful (89–95%) and 77.2% reported that their friends would be willing to use it. Conclusions: This pilot project indicates that the implementation of an electronic screening and brief intervention device for unhealthy alcohol is feasible and acceptable in primary care practices but that, without human support, its use is rather limited.
Paeonol protects against hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats by restoring vascular endothelium
Authors: Gai Zhonghui , Wang Zhenxing , Zhang Lei , Ma Jun , Zhu Qiao 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
The present study focused on the effect of paeonol, one of the main components of Guizhi Fuling Pill, on blood pressure, cerebral blood flow, and vascular endothelium injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats to provide theoretical basis for the treatment of hypertension. After treatment with paeonol, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) of LSHRT and HSHRT rats decreased gradually with the prolongation of treatment time. The systolic blood flow velocity (Vs), diastolic blood flow velocity (Vd) and mean blood flow velocity (Vm) were significantly increased after paeonol treatment (p &lt; 0.05). Paeonol effectively improved the blood pressure and increased the cerebral blood flow velocity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. This may be related to the fact that paeonol reduced the blood viscosity and the oxidative stress and improved the antioxidant capacity. Moreover, paeonol protected vascular endothelial cells and reduced vascular endothelial injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
The Maintenance of Institutional Legitimacy in Supreme Court Justices’ Public Rhetoric
Authors: Glennon Colin , Strother Logan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractJudicial politics scholars routinely posit that the behavior of Supreme Court justices is motivated in important part by concerns of institutional maintenance, that is, by a desire to maintain the Court’s unusually large store of institutional legitimacy. Previous work on this topic, however, has focused almost exclusively on the influence of such motivation on judicial decision making. We contend that if institutional maintenance is an important goal, it should be observable in other contexts as well. We examine televised mass-media interviews with Supreme Court justices from 1998 to 2016 and find that legitimacy reinforcement is the predominant goal reflected in justices’ rhetoric in those interviews.
Coexistence of absolute negative mobility and anomalous diffusion
Authors: Spiechowicz J , Hänggi P , Łuczka J 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Using extensive numerical studies we demonstrate that absolute negative mobility of a Brownian particle (i.e. the net motion into the direction opposite to a constant biasing force acting around zero bias) does coexist with anomalous diffusion (AD). The latter is characterised in terms of a nonlinear scaling with time of the mean-square deviation of the particle position. Such AD covers ‘coherent’ motion (i.e. the position dynamics x(t) approaches in evolving time a constant dispersion), ballistic diffusion, subdiffusion, superdiffusion and hyperdiffusion. In providing evidence for this coexistence we consider a paradigmatic model of an inertial Brownian particle moving in a one-dimensional symmetric periodic potential being driven by both an unbiased time-periodic force and a constant bias. This very setup allows for various sorts of different physical realisations.
Sequential random access codes and self-testing of quantum measurement instruments
Authors: Mohan Karthik , Tavakoli Armin , Brunner Nicolas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Quantum random access codes (QRACs) are key tools for a variety of protocols in quantum information theory. These are commonly studied in prepare-and-measure scenarios in which a sender prepares states and a receiver measures them. Here, we consider a three-party prepare-transform-measure scenario in which the simplest QRAC is implemented twice in sequence based on the same physical system. We derive optimal trade-off relations between the two QRACs. We apply our results to construct semi-device independent self-tests of quantum instruments, i.e. measurement channels with both a classical and quantum output. Finally, we show how sequential QRACs enable inference of upper and lower bounds on the sharpness parameter of a quantum instrument.
Potential influence of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on phytoplankton primary productivity in the northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Li Yao , Hu Chuanmin , Quigg Antonietta , Gao Huilin 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Nine years after the Deepwater Horizon (DwH) oil spill (20 April–15 July 2010), the recovery of primary productivity at the ocean surface remains to be investigated. Here, we used the normalized fluorescence line height (nFLH) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer as an indicator of chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a). First, from the spatiotemporal variations of nFLH between 2001 and 2017, a reduction of nFLH after the DwH oil spill was observed (for a relatively long period, from 2011 to 2014). Second, a stepwise multiple regression model was used to examine which of the following environmental factors could explain the annual variations in nFLH: river discharge, total nitrogen load, total phosphorus load, photosynthetically available radiation, sea surface temperature and wind speed. Results show that river discharge, sea surface temperature and wind speed are the primary factors that regulated the annual nFLH variations in the DwH area during the pre-spill years. In contrast, this same model could not explain the reduction of nFLH for the four years after the DwH oil spill. After 2015, nFLH appears to have resumed to the pre-spill concentrations. Here we suggest that the nFLH reduction between 2011 and 2014 could have originated from the DwH oil spill, although the exact mechanism is yet to be determined.
High Rates of Drug-induced Liver Injury in People Living With HIV Coinfected With Tuberculosis (TB) Irrespective of Antiretroviral Therapy Timing During Antituberculosis Treatment: Results From the Starting Antiretroviral Therapy at Three Points in TB Trial
Authors: Naidoo Kogieleum , Hassan-Moosa Razia , Mlotshwa Philile , Yende-Zuma Nonhlanhla , Govender Dhineshree , Padayatchi Nesri , Abdool-Karim Salim S S 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundNew onset or worsening drug-induced liver injury challenges coinfected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation during antituberculosis (TB) treatment.MethodsPost hoc analysis within a randomized trial, the Starting Antiretroviral Therapy at Three Points in Tuberculosis trial, was conducted. Patients were randomized to initiate ART either early or late during TB treatment or after TB treatment completion. Liver enzymes were measured at baseline, 6-month intervals, and when clinically indicated.ResultsAmong 642 patients enrolled, the median age was 34 years (standard deviation, 28–40), and 17.6% had baseline CD4+ cell counts &lt;50 cells/mm3. Overall, 146/472 patients (52, 47, and 47: early, late, and sequential arms) developed new-onset liver injury following TB treatment initiation. The incidence of liver injury post-ART initiation in patients with CD4+ cell counts &lt;200 cells/mm3 and ≥200 cells/ mm3 was 27.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 18.0–39.8), 19.0 (95% CI, 10.9–30.9), and 18.4 (95% CI, 8.8–33.8) per 100 person-years, and 32.1 (95% CI, 20.1–48.5), 11.8 (95% CI, 4.3–25.7), and 28.2 (95% CI, 13.5–51.9) per 100 person-years in the early, late integrated, and sequential treatment arms, respectively. Severe and life-threatening liver injury occurred in 2, 7, and 3 early, late, and sequential treatment arm patients, respectively. Older age and hepatitis B positivity predicted liver injury.ConclusionsHigh incidence rates of liver injury among cotreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–TB coinfected patients were observed. Clinical guidelines and policies must provide guidance on frequency of liver function monitoring for HIV–TB coinfected patients.
Detecting the Dane: Recreating Shakespearian Genre in a Level Literature
Authors: Elliott Victoria 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
There is a well-established practice in schools in England of ‘retro-fitting’ genre to Shakespeare’s plays, namely, considering them within a genre which did not exist at the time of writing. This article explores a contemporary example: Hamlet studied as crime writing. The justification for studying the play through this lens is explored, and the ways in which this relates to concepts of genre. While rejecting the justifications offered by the syllabus in which this play is set, a presentist approach suffices to allow the consideration of Hamlet as crime. The article considers the possible insights offered into the play, and reciprocally into the genre, by using the lens of crime writing to consider Hamlet. The enjoyability of such an approach is acknowledged, but the potential downsides for students who encounter the play in this way are also considered.
‘We know what we should eat but we don’t …’: a qualitative study in Irish secondary schools
Authors: Browne Sarah , Barron Carol , Staines Anthony , Sweeney Mary Rose 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Healthy eating opportunities for young people need to be provided in the school setting. Links between formal education and local policies and practices, and active involvement of students are emphasized in whole school approaches to health promotion. In many jurisdictions, schools struggle to provide nutritious food that is acceptable to students. The aim of this study was to conduct an in-depth exploration of school food and students’ food choice with students, teachers and principals in six Irish secondary schools. Students conducted their own focus groups with peers, and a researcher conducted focus groups with teachers and one-to-one interviews with principals. Students, teachers and principals expressed dissatisfaction with food provision within their respective schools and reported unhealthy dietary behaviours among the student body as the norm. Divergent views, however, emerged regarding education, knowledge and the primary drivers of food choice. Teachers and principals saw a role for more education modules and students believed environmental infrastructures, practices and policies needed to be addressed to improve behaviours. This consultation with students, teachers and principals highlight that, in addition to education, the social and environmental aspects of food choice and eating at school deserve attention in future research and policy.
How to regulate bitcoin? Decentralized regulation for a decentralized cryptocurrency
Authors: Nabilou Hossein 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Bitcoin is a distributed system. The dilemma it poses to the legal systems is that it is hardly possible to regulate a distributed network in a centralized fashion, as decentralized cryptocurrencies are antithetical to the existing centralized structure of monetary and financial regulation. This article proposes a more nuanced policy recommendation for regulatory intervention in the cryptocurrency ecosystem, which relies on a decentralized regulatory architecture built upon the existing regulatory infrastructure and makes use of the existing and emerging middlemen. It argues that instead of regulating the technology or the cryptocurrencies at the code or protocol layer, the regulation should target their use-cases. Such a regulatory strategy can be implemented through directing the edicts of regulation towards the middlemen and can be enforced by the existing financial market participants and traditional gatekeepers such as banks, payment service providers and exchanges, as well as large and centralized node operators and miners.
Immunogenicity and Safety of 3 Formulations of a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Candidate Vaccine in Nonpregnant Women: A Phase 2, Randomized Trial
Authors: Schwarz Tino F , McPhee Roderick A , Launay Odile , Leroux-Roels Geert , Talli Jaak , Picciolato Marta , Gao Feng , Cai Rongman , Nguyen Thi Lien-Anh , Dieussaert Ilse , Miller Jacqueline M , Schmidt Alexander C 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of respiratory tract illness and hospitalization in neonates and infants. RSV vaccination during pregnancy may protect offspring in their first months of life.

Methods
This randomized, observer-blind, multicenter, phase 2 study evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of an RSV candidate vaccine in healthy nonpregnant women aged 18–45 years. Four hundred participants were randomized (1:1:1:1) to receive a single intramuscular dose of vaccine containing 30 µg, 60 µg, or 120 µg of RSV fusion protein engineered to preferentially maintain a prefusion conformation (RSV-PreF vaccine) or placebo.

Results
Thirty days postvaccination, RSV-A neutralizing antibody geometric mean titers (GMTs) increased 3.75-, 4.42- and 4.36-fold; RSV-B neutralizing antibody GMTs 2.36-, 2.54- and 2.76-fold; and palivizumab competing antibody (PCA) concentrations 11.69-, 14.38- and 14.24-fold compared with baseline levels in the 30 µg, 60 µg, and 120 µg RSV-PreF groups, respectively. Antibody titers and PCA concentrations at day 30 were significantly higher with the 120 µg compared to the 30 µg RSV-PreF vaccine. All RSV-PreF vaccine formulations and the placebo had similar reactogenicity profiles. No serious adverse events were considered to be related to the RSV-PreF vaccine.

Conclusions
The 3 formulations of the investigational RSV-PreF vaccine were well-tolerated and induced RSV-A and RSV-B neutralizing antibodies and PCAs in healthy, nonpregnant women.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT02956837.
Evaluating shallow and deep learning strategies for the 2018 n2c2 shared task on clinical text classification
Authors: Oleynik Michel , Kugic Amila , Kasáč Zdenko , Kreuzthaler Markus 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Objective
Automated clinical phenotyping is challenging because word-based features quickly turn it into a high-dimensional problem, in which the small, privacy-restricted, training datasets might lead to overfitting. Pretrained embeddings might solve this issue by reusing input representation schemes trained on a larger dataset. We sought to evaluate shallow and deep learning text classifiers and the impact of pretrained embeddings in a small clinical dataset.

Materials and Methods
We participated in the 2018 National NLP Clinical Challenges (n2c2) Shared Task on cohort selection and received an annotated dataset with medical narratives of 202 patients for multilabel binary text classification. We set our baseline to a majority classifier, to which we compared a rule-based classifier and orthogonal machine learning strategies: support vector machines, logistic regression, and long short-term memory neural networks. We evaluated logistic regression and long short-term memory using both self-trained and pretrained BioWordVec word embeddings as input representation schemes.

Results
Rule-based classifier showed the highest overall micro F1 score (0.9100), with which we finished first in the challenge. Shallow machine learning strategies showed lower overall micro F1 scores, but still higher than deep learning strategies and the baseline. We could not show a difference in classification efficiency between self-trained and pretrained embeddings.

Discussion
Clinical context, negation, and value-based criteria hindered shallow machine learning approaches, while deep learning strategies could not capture the term diversity due to the small training dataset.

Conclusion
Shallow methods for clinical phenotyping can still outperform deep learning methods in small imbalanced data, even when supported by pretrained embeddings.
The chaotic nature of TRAPPIST-1 planetary spin states
Authors: Vinson Alec M , Tamayo Daniel , Hansen Brad M S 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
The TRAPPIST-1 system has seven known terrestrial planets arranged compactly in a mean motion resonant chain around an ultracool central star, some within the estimated habitable zone. Given their short orbital periods of just a few days, it is often presumed that the planets are tidally locked such that the spin rate is equal to that of the orbital mean motion. However, the compact, and resonant, nature of the system implies that there can be significant variations in the mean motion of these planets due to their mutual interactions. We show that such fluctuations can then have significant effects on the spin states of these planets. In this paper, we analyse, using detailed numerical simulations, the mean motion histories of the three planets that are thought to lie within or close to the habitable zone of the system: planets d, e, and f. We demonstrate that, depending on the strength of the mutual interactions within the system, these planets can be pushed into spin states which are effectively non-synchronous. We find that it can produce significant libration of the spin state, if not complete circulation in the frame co-rotating with the orbit. We also show that these spin states are likely to be unable to sustain long-term stability, with many of our simulations suggesting that the spin evolves, under the influence of tidal synchronization forces, into quasi-stable attractor states, which last on time-scales of thousands of years.