bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SoftX‐Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Muramatsu Yasuji 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSoft X‐ray fluorescence (SXF) spectroscopy is X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy for low‐ and middle‐atomic‐number elements whose X‐ray absorption edges are in the soft X‐ray (SX) region. Electron beams have been used as excitation probes for (nonresonantornormal) SXF spectroscopy in laboratories. In addition, synchrotron radiation (SR) beams have been utilized as excitation probes, enabling selective excitation near the X‐ray absorption threshold. Selectively excited SXF involves soft X‐ray scattering, which can be regarded as aresonantsoft X‐ray emission (SXE) spectroscopy. SXF and SXE spectroscopies provide element‐, orbital‐, and symmetry‐specific information. Thus, they are powerful tools for chemical analysis and materials characterization.In this article, the principles of SXF/SXE spectroscopies and instrumentation focused on gratings are described. Examples ofnonresonant(normal) SXF andresonantSXE spectroscopies are shown, and details of the spectral profiles are explained.ResonantSXE spectroscopy of liquid water andoperandoobservations of the electrode reactions are also demonstrated as advanced chemical analyses.
Washable Multilayer Triboelectric Air Filter for Efficient Particulate Matter PM2.5 Removal
Authors: Bai Yu , Han Chang Bao , He Chuan , Gu Guang Qin , Nie Jin Hui , Shao Jia Jia , Xiao Tian Xiao , Deng Chao Ran , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: February 2018

AbstractEfficient removal of particulate matter (PM) is the major goal for various air cleaning technologies due to its huge impact on human health. Here, a washable high‐efficiency triboelectric air filter (TAF) that can be used multiple times is presented. The TAF consists of five layers of the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and nylon fabrics. Compared with traditional electrostatic precipitator, which requires a high‐voltage power supply, the TAF can be charged by simply rubbing the PTFE and nylon fabrics against each other. The electrical properties of the TAF are evaluated through the periodic contacting–separating of the PTFE and nylon fabrics using a linear motor, and an open‐circuit voltage of 190 V is achieved. After charging, the TAF has a removal efficiency of 84.7% for PM0.5, 96.0% for PM2.5, which are 3.22 and 1.39 times as large as the uncharged one. Most importantly, after washing several times, the removal efficiency of the TAF maintains almost the same, while the commercial face mask drops to 70% of its original efficiency. Furthermore, the removal efficiency of the PM2.5 is very stable under high relative humidity. Therefore, the TAF is promising for fabricating a reusable and high‐efficiency face mask.
2D Ultrathin MXene‐Based Drug‐Delivery Nanoplatform for Synergistic Photothermal Ablation and Chemotherapy of Cancer
Authors: Han Xiaoxia , Huang Ju , Lin Han , Wang Zhigang , Li Pan , Chen Yu 
Published: February 2018

AbstractTwo‐dimensional (2D) MXenes, as a new 2D functional material nanosystem, have been extensively explored for broad applications. However, their specific performance and applications in theranostic nanomedicine have still rarely been explored. This work reports on the drug‐delivery performance and synergistic therapeutic efficiency of Ti3C2 MXenes for highly efficient tumor eradication. These Ti3C2 MXenes not only possess high drug‐loading capability of as high as 211.8%, but also exhibit both pH‐responsive and near infrared laser‐triggered on‐demand drug release. Especially, based on the high photothermal‐conversion capability of Ti3C2 MXenes, they have been further explored for efficient tumor eradication by synergistic photothermal ablation and chemotherapy, which has been systematically demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. These Ti3C2 MXenes have also been demonstrated as the desirable contrast agents for photoacoustic imaging, showing the potential for diagnostic‐imaging guidance and monitoring during therapy. The high in vivo histocompatibility of Ti3C2 and their easy excretion out of the body have been evaluated and demonstrated, showing the potential high biosafety for further clinical translation. This work paves a new way for broadening biomedical applications of MXenes in nanomedicine where they can exert the high performance and functionality for synergistic therapy, especially on combating cancer.
Soft Ultrathin Electronics Innervated Adaptive Fully Soft Robots
Authors: Wang Chengjun , Sim Kyoseung , Chen Jin , Kim Hojin , Rao Zhoulyu , Li Yuhang , Chen Weiqiu , Song Jizhou , Verduzco Rafael , Yu Cunjiang 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSoft robots outperform the conventional hard robots on significantly enhanced safety, adaptability, and complex motions. The development of fully soft robots, especially fully from smart soft materials to mimic soft animals, is still nascent. In addition, to date, existing soft robots cannot adapt themselves to the surrounding environment, i.e., sensing and adaptive motion or response, like animals. Here, compliant ultrathin sensing and actuating electronics innervated fully soft robots that can sense the environment and perform soft bodied crawling adaptively, mimicking an inchworm, are reported. The soft robots are constructed with actuators of open‐mesh shaped ultrathin deformable heaters, sensors of single‐crystal Si optoelectronic photodetectors, and thermally responsive artificial muscle of carbon‐black‐doped liquid‐crystal elastomer (LCE‐CB) nanocomposite. The results demonstrate that adaptive crawling locomotion can be realized through the conjugation of sensing and actuation, where the sensors sense the environment and actuators respond correspondingly to control the locomotion autonomously through regulating the deformation of LCE‐CB bimorphs and the locomotion of the robots. The strategy of innervating soft sensing and actuating electronics with artificial muscles paves the way for the development of smart autonomous soft robots.
Robust and Highly Active FeNi@NCNT Nanowire Arrays as Integrated Air Electrode for Flexible Solid‐State Rechargeable Zn‐Air Batteries
Authors: Zhao Xiaotao , Abbas Syed Comail , Huang Yiyin , Lv Jiangquan , Wu Maoxiang , Wang Yaobing 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe most challenging issue in flexible/portable energy storage devices, such as metal‐air batteries, is the insufficient electrocatalytic performance of the air‐electrode for oxygen reduction/evolution reactions due to low activity and decomposition of the electrocatalyst from the electrode's surface. In an effort to overcome these barriers, robust and highly active FeNi@NCNTs nanowire arrays are rationally synthesized on carbon cloth which directly serves as an integrated air‐electrode for zinc‐air batteries. FeNi@NCNTs/CC shows excellent bifunctional electrochemical performances toward oxygen reduction reaction (onset potential = 0.95 V, half‐wave potential = 0.77 V vs RHE) and oxygen evolution reaction (η = 252 mV@10 mA cm−2), and exhibits excellent stability after being tested for more than 720 hours. More importantly, flexible solid‐state rechargeable Zn‐air batteries directly equipped with the FeNi@NCNTs/CC air‐cathode are demonstrated to exhibit a high discharge voltage (≈1.0 V@2 mA cm−2) and a low charge voltage (≈1.65 V@2 mA cm−2), along with an excellent mechanical and cycling stability (voltage gap increased ≈0.03 V after 200 cycles). The novel designed air‐cathode and simple methodology for flexible solid‐state rechargeable Zn‐air batteries contribute valuable enlightenment toward the development of emerging portable electronics in practice.
Coordination Geometry‐Dependent Multi‐Band Emission and Atypically Deep‐Trap‐Dominated NIR Persistent Luminescence from Chromium‐Doped Aluminates
Authors: Lin Xiaohui , Zhang Ruili , Tian Xiumei , Li Yang , Du Bingsheng , Nie Jianmin , Li Zhenzhang , Chen Li , Ren Jinjun , Qiu Jianrong , Hu Yihua 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAn abnormal trap distribution and coordination geometry‐dependent multi‐band emission are discovered in chromium‐doped aluminates. The multi‐band and broadband persistent luminescence from 650–1100 nm peaking at 688 and 793 nm from Cr3+‐doped SrAl12O19 is systematically studied via structural and spectroscopic analysis. Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance allows the visualization of various coordination configurations in SrAl12O19, thus offering the possibility of tailoring the local geometry of the emission center to trigger the control of the spectral parameter. Deep tissue ex vivo and in vivo imaging in mice both demonstrate that multi‐band‐emissive SrAl12O19:Cr3+ shows superior, high‐quality near‐infrared (NIR) bio‐imaging in the biological transparency window compared to single band‐emissive (with emission only at 688 nm) SrAl2O4:Cr3+, although SrAl2O4:Cr3+ has a higher luminescent intensity and longer duration at 688 nm. Moreover, by measuring the thermoluminescence spectra the driving force of carrier release is discovered to be only from the deep trap (the depth is > 1 eV), which is different from the generally accepted shallow‐dependent afterglow‐emitting process. These findings pave the way for opening a vista of possible avenues for the enhancement of signal‐to‐noise ratio, the improvement of imaging quality, as well as the understanding of the trapping and de‐trapping process in long‐persistent phosphors.
Lactic Acid Production from Renewable Feedstock: Fractionation, Hydrolysis, and Fermentation
Authors: Gavilà Llorenç , Constantí Magda , Medina Francisco , Pezoa‐Conte Ricardo , Anugwom Ikenna , Mikkola Jyri‐Pekka 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn this paper, an integrated fractionation with a switchable ionic liquid (SIL), pulp hydrolysis, and lactic acid fermentation is carried out. For this, SO2‐swithced SIL is used for fractionation of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) bagasse and giant cane (Arundo donax, AD). SIL is able to extract ≈2/3 of lignin when relatively large wood chips (≈4 mm) are used without any mechanical agitation and just 1 h of treatment time for AD. Furthermore, SIL reuse is successfully demonstrated for four runs. Subsequently, the produced pulps are hydrolyzed within 15 min in a microwave reactor, producing a glucose rich hydrolysates. Finally, these hydrolysates are used as a carbohydrate source for Lactobacillus delbrueckii fermentation, which selectively transform all glucose present into optically pure d‐lactic acid. Hence, the whole chain for lactic acid production from biomass is successfully demonstrated.
How Economic Disadvantage Affects the Availability and Nature of Mentoring Relationships During the Transition to Adulthood
Authors: Raposa Elizabeth B. , Erickson Lance D. , Hagler Matthew , Rhodes Jean E. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSupportive nonparental adults, particularly nonfamilial adults, provide critical support during the transition to adulthood, opening doors to educational and career paths. This study examined whether economic disadvantage shapes access to these relationships. Results showed that low‐income adolescents had reduced access to naturally occurring mentors, and the relationships they did form tended to be close bonds with family and friends, rather than nonfamilial adults. Their mentors were more likely to focus on practical support, and less likely to serve as role models or provide career advice. These effects of socioeconomic status on natural mentoring relationships remained evident, even when accounting for youth race/ethnicity. Findings suggest that networks of support differ depending on a youth's socioeconomic context in ways that could perpetuate social and economic inequalities.
Early labor force exit subsequent to permanently impairing occupational injury or illness among workers 50‐64 years of age
Authors: Scott Kenneth A. , Liao Qing , Fisher Gwenith G. , Stallones Lorann , DiGuiseppi Carolyn , Tompa Emile 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundSeverity of workplace injury tends to increase with age. Whether older workers who experience a workplace injury or illness exit the labor force sooner than comparable peers is not established.MethodsA case‐cohort study design and complementary log‐log model were used to identify factors associated with average time to early substantial labor force exit among workers’ compensation claimants 50‐64 years of age with permanent impairment from an occupational injury or illness. Analysis was based on Ontario's workers’ compensation claimant data from 1998 to 2006 linked with Canadian tax files.ResultsWorkers with permanent impairment left the labor force earlier, on average, than peers without claims. Early retirement was associated with older age in the injury/illness year, greater impairment, lower pre‐claim income, physically demanding jobs, and soft‐tissue injuries.ConclusionsPolicies aiming to extend older adults’ working lives should account for the potentially disparate impacts on older workers of occupational injury and illness.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Trifluoromethylated Carbinols: A Case Study of Tertiary Propargylic Alcohols
Authors: Noda Hidetoshi , Kumagai Naoya , Shibasaki Masakatsu 
Published: February 2018

AbstractEnantioenriched CF3‐substituted tertiary alcohols have been applied in a broad range of chemical disciplines, including medicinal chemistry and agrochemistry. The widely prescribed anti‐HIV pharmaceutical efavirenz is one particular example of the application of these chiral building blocks. Because the typical synthetic route to this small drug molecule involves the stoichiometric use of a chiral promoter, significant effort has been devoted to the development of catalytic alternatives for accessing this building block. In this Focus Review, we summarize the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of CF3‐substituted tertiary propargylic alcohols based on three retrosynthetic approaches, namely one trifluoromethylation approach and two building‐block strategies. The general challenges that are involved in the construction of a CF3‐substituted tetrasubstituted stereogenic carbon species are highlighted and possible future directions in the field are discussed.
Brief communication: Dental microwear and diet of Homo naledi
Authors: Ungar Peter S. , Berger Lee R. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectivesA recent study of dental chipping suggested that Homo naledi teeth were exposed to “acute trauma” on a regular basis during life, presumably from the consumption of grit‐laden foods. This follows debate concerning the etiology of dental chips in South African hominin teeth that dates back more than half a century. Some have argued that antemortem chips result from consumption of hard foods, such as nuts and seeds or bone, whereas others have claimed that exogenous grit on roots and tubers are responsible. Here we examine the dental microwear textures of H. naledi, both to reconstruct aspects of diet of these hominins and to assess the possibility that hard foods (gritty or otherwise) are the culprits for the unusually high antemortem chip incidence reported.MethodsWe made high‐resolution replicas of original molars and found that ten individuals preserve antemortem wear. These were scanned by white‐light scanning confocal profilometry and analyzed using scale‐sensitive fractal analysis. Resulting data were compared with those published for other fossil hominins and extant non‐human primates.ResultsOur results indicate that H. naledi had complex microwear textures dominated by large, deep pits. The only known fossil hominin with higher average texture complexity is Paranthropus robustus, and the closest extant primates in a comparative baseline series appear to be the hard‐object feeder, Cercocebus atys, and the eurytopic generalist, Papio ursinus.ConclusionsThis study suggests that H. naledi likely consumed hard and abrasive foods, such as nuts or tubers, at least on occasion, and that these might well be responsible for the pattern of chipping observed on their teeth.
A repeatable geometric morphometric approach to the analysis of hand entheseal three‐dimensional form
Authors: Karakostis Fotios Alexandros , Hotz Gerhard , Scherf Heike , Wahl Joachim , Harvati Katerina 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to put forth a precise landmark‐based technique for reconstructing the three‐dimensional shape of human entheseal surfaces, to investigate whether the shape of human entheses is related to their size. The effects of age‐at‐death and bone length on entheseal shapes were also assessed.Materials and methodsThe sample comprised high‐definition three‐dimensional models of three right hand entheseal surfaces, which correspond to 45 male adult individuals of known age. For each enthesis, a particular landmark configuration was introduced, whose precision was tested both within and between observers. The effect of three‐dimensional size, age‐at‐death, and bone length on shape was investigated through shape regression.ResultsThe method presented high intra‐observer and inter‐observer repeatability. All entheses showed significant allometry, with the area ofopponens pollicisdemonstrating the most substantial relationship. This was particularly due to variation related to its proximal elongated ridge. The effect of age‐at‐death and bone length on entheses was limited.DiscussionThe introduced methodology can set a reliable basis for further research on the factors affecting entheseal shape. Using both size and shape, variables can provide further information on entheseal variation and its biomechanical implications. The low entheseal variation by age verifies that specimens under 50 years of age are not substantially affected by age‐related changes. The lack of correlation between entheseal shape and bone length or age implies that other factors may regulate entheseal surfaces. Future research should focus on multivariate shape patterns among entheses and their association with occupation.
Orthostatic heart rate changes in patients with autonomic failure caused by neurodegenerative synucleinopathies
Authors: Norcliffe‐Kaufmann Lucy , Kaufmann Horacio , Palma Jose‐Alberto , Shibao Cyndya A. , Biaggioni Italo , Peltier Amanda C. , Singer Wolfgang , Low Phillip A. , Goldstein David S. , Gibbons Christopher H. , Freeman Roy , Robertson David ,   Autonomic Disorders Consortium
Published: February 2018

ObjectiveBlunted tachycardia during hypotension is a characteristic feature of patients with autonomic failure, but the range has not been defined. This study reports the range of orthostatic heart rate (HR) changes in patients with autonomic failure caused by neurodegenerative synucleinopathies.MethodsPatients evaluated at sites of the U.S. Autonomic Consortium (NCT01799915) underwent standardized autonomic function tests and full neurological evaluation.ResultsWe identified 402 patients with orthostatic hypotension (OH) who had normal sinus rhythm. Of these, 378 had impaired sympathetic activation (ie, neurogenic OH) and based on their neurological examination were diagnosed with Parkinson disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, pure autonomic failure, or multiple system atrophy. The remaining 24 patients had preserved sympathetic activation and their OH was classified as nonneurogenic, due to volume depletion, anemia, or polypharmacy. Patients with neurogenic OH had twice the fall in systolic blood pressure (SBP; −44 ± 25 vs −21 ± 14 mmHg [mean ± standard deviation], p < 0.0001) but only one‐third of the increase in HR of those with nonneurogenic OH (8 ± 8 vs 25 ± 11 beats per minute [bpm], p < 0.0001). A ΔHR/ΔSBP ratio of 0.492 bpm/mmHg had excellent sensitivity (91.3%) and specificity (88.4%) to distinguish between patients with neurogenic from nonneurogenic OH (area under the curve = 0.96, p < 0.0001). Within patients with neurogenic OH, HR increased more in those with multiple system atrophy (p = 0.0003), but there was considerable overlap with patients with Lewy body disorders.InterpretationA blunted HR increase during hypotension suggests a neurogenic cause. A ΔHR/ΔSBP ratio < 0.5 bpm/mmHg is diagnostic of neurogenic OH. Ann Neurol 2018;83:522–531
From Symmetry Breaking to Unraveling the Origin of the Chirality of Ligated Au13Cu2 Nanoclusters
Authors: Deng Guocheng , Malola Sami , Yan Juanzhu , Han Yingzi , Yuan Peng , Zhao Chaowei , Yuan Xiting , Lin Shuichao , Tang Zichao , Teo Boon K. , Häkkinen Hannu , Zheng Nanfeng 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA general method, using mixed ligands (here diphosphines and thiolates) is devised to turn an achiral metal cluster, Au13Cu2, into an enantiomeric pair by breaking (lowering) the overall molecular symmetry with the ligands. Using an achiral diphosphine, a racemic [Au13Cu2(DPPP)3(SPy)6]+ was prepared which crystallizes in centrosymmetric space groups. Using chiral diphosphines, enantioselective synthesis of an optically pure, enantiomeric pair of [Au13Cu2((2r,4r)/(2s,4s)‐BDPP)3(SPy)6]+ was achieved in one pot. Their circular dichroism (CD) spectra give perfect mirror images in the range of 250–500 nm with maximum anisotropy factors of 1.2×10−3. DFT calculations provided good correlations with the observed CD spectra of the enantiomers and, more importantly, revealed the origin of the chirality. Racemization studies show high stability (no racemization at 70 °C) of these chiral nanoclusters, which hold great promise in applications such as asymmetry catalysis.
Highly Enantioselective [3+2] Annulation of Indoles with Quinones to Access Structurally Diverse Benzofuroindolines
Authors: Liu Qiong‐Jie , Zhu Jun , Song Xiang‐Yang , Wang Lijia , Wang Sunewang R. , Tang Yong 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA facile and efficient method to produce optically pure benzofuroindolines, especially those without 3‐substituents that are susceptible to rearomatization, through [3+2] annulation of indoles with quinones is described. The suitable combination of a BOX ligand CuII hydrate complex and freshly activated molecular sieves functions to give controllably dynamic release of water, which enables the success of this reaction. This reaction can be performed on a gram scale with only 0.5 mol % catalyst loading.
High‐Flux Membranes Based on the Covalent Organic Framework COF‐LZU1 for Selective Dye Separation by Nanofiltration
Authors: Fan Hongwei , Gu Jiahui , Meng Hong , Knebel Alexander , Caro Jürgen 
Published: February 2018

AbstractCovalent organic frameworks (COFs) are attractive candidates for advanced water‐treatment membranes owing to their high porosity and well‐organized channel structures. Herein, the continuous two‐dimensional imine‐linked COF‐LZU1 membrane with a thickness of only 400 nm was prepared on alumina tubes by in situ solvothermal synthesis. The membrane shows excellent water permeance (ca. 760 L m−2 h−1 MPa−1) and favorable rejection rates exceeding 90 % for water‐soluble dyes larger than 1.2 nm. The water permeance through the COF‐LZU1 membrane is much higher than that of most membranes with similar rejection rates. Long‐time operation demonstrates the outstanding stability of the COF‐LZU1 membrane. As the membrane has no selectivity for hydrated salt ions (selectivity <12 %), it is also suitable for the purification of dye products from saline solutions. The excellent performance and the outstanding water stability render the COF‐LZU1 membrane an interesting system for water purification.