bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Barriers to Women Entering Surgical Careers: A Global Study into Medical Student Perceptions
Authors: Marks I. H. , Diaz A. , Keem M. , Ladi‐Seyedian Seyedeh‐Sanam , Philipo G. S. , Munir H. , Pomerani T. I. , Sughayer H. M. , Peter N. , Lavy C. , Chang D. C. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundBarriers to female surgeons entering the field are well documented in Australia, the USA and the UK, but how generalizable these problems are to other regions remains unknown.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey was developed by the International Federation of Medical Students’ Associations (IFMSA)’s Global Surgery Working Group assessing medical students’ desire to pursue a surgical career at different stages of their medical degree. The questionnaire also included questions on students’ perceptions of their education, resources and professional life. The survey was distributed via IFMSA mailing lists, conferences and social media. Univariate analysis was performed, and statistically significant exposures were added to a multivariate model. This model was then tested in male and female medical students, before a further subset analysis by country World Bank income strata.Results639 medical students from 75 countries completed the survey. Mentorship [OR 3.42 (CI 2.29–5.12) p = 0.00], the acute element of the surgical specialties [OR 2.22 (CI 1.49–3.29) p = 0.00], academic competitiveness [OR 1.61 (CI 1.07–2.42) p = 0.02] and being from a high or upper‐middle‐income country (HIC and UMIC) [OR 1.56 (CI 1.021–2.369) p = 0.04] all increased likelihood to be considering a surgical career, whereas perceived access to postgraduate training [OR 0.63 (CI 0.417–0.943) p = 0.03], increased year of study [OR 0.68 (CI 0.57–0.81) p = 0.00] and perceived heavy workload [OR 0.47 (CI 0.31–0.73) p = 0.00] all decreased likelihood to consider a surgical career. Perceived quality of surgical teaching and quality of surgical services in country overall did not affect students’ decision to pursue surgery. On subset analysis, perceived poor access to postgraduate training made women 60% less likely to consider a surgical career [OR 0.381 (CI 0.217–0.671) p = 0.00], whilst not showing an effect in the men [OR 1.13 (CI 0.61–2.12) p = 0.70. Concerns about high cost of training halve the likelihood of students from low and low‐middle‐income countries (LICs and LMICs) considering a surgical career [OR 0.45 (CI 0.25–0.82) p = 0.00] whilst not demonstrating a significant relationship in HIC or UMIC countries. Women from LICs and LMICs were 40% less likely to consider surgical careers than men, when controlling for other factors [OR 0.59 CI (0.342–1.01 p = 0.053].ConclusionPerceived poor access to postgraduate training and heavy workload dissuade students worldwide from considering surgical careers. Postgraduate training in particular appears to be most significant for women and cost of training an additional factor in both women and men from LMICs and LICs. Mentorship remains an important and modifiable factor in influencing student's decision to pursue surgery. Quality of surgical education showed no effect on student decision‐making.
Sarcopenia as an independent predictor of the surgical outcomes of patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis
Authors: Erős Adrienn , Soós Alexandra , Hegyi Péter , Szakács Zsolt , Benke Márton , Szűcs Ákos , Hartmann Petra , Erőss Bálint , Sarlós Patricia 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at risk of sarcopenia, which is associated with poor clinical outcomes. We conducted this study to assess whether sarcopenia predicts the need for surgery and postoperative complications in patients with IBD. We performed a systematic search of four electronic databases, last updated in March, 2019. Data from studies comparing rates of surgery and postoperative complications in sarcopenic IBD patients versus non-sarcopenic IBD patients were pooled with the random-effects models. We calculated the odds ratios (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Ten studies with a collective total of 885 IBD patients were included in our meta-analysis. Although the analysis of raw data did not reveal significant differences between the two groups with respect to the rate of surgery and postoperative complications (OR = 1.826; 95% CI 0.913–3.654; p = 0.089 and OR = 3.265; 95% CI 0.575–18.557; p = 0.182, respectively), the analysis of adjusted data identified sarcopenia as an independent predictor for both of the undesirable outcomes (OR = 2.655; 95% CI 1.121–6.336; p = 0.027 and OR = 6.097; 95% CI 1.756–21.175; p = 0.004, respectively). Thus, early detection of sarcopenia in patients with IBD is important to prevent undesirable outcomes.
Influence of Air Humidity on Transonic Flows with Weak Shock Waves
Authors: Dykas Sławomir , Majkut Mirosław , Smołka Krystian 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The paper presents CFD results for the transonic flow of dry and moist air through a diffuser and a compressor rotor. In both test geometries, i.e. the Sajben transonic diffuser and the NASA Rotor 37, the air humidity impact on the structure of flows with weak shock waves was examined. The CFD simulations were performed by means of an in-house CFD code, which was the RANS-based modelling approach to compressible flow solutions. It is shown that at high values of relative humidity, above 70%, the modelling of the transonic flow field with weak shock waves by means of the dry air model may produce wrong results.
Utilization of a novel activated carbon adsorbent from press mud of sugarcane industry for the optimized removal of methyl orange dye in aqueous solution
Authors: Rondina Dominic Justine G. , Ymbong Deanne V. , Cadutdut Macvon Jovy M. , Nalasa Jhon Ray S. , Paradero Jonas B. , Mabayo Val Irvin F. , Arazo Renato O. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this study, a novel activated carbon adsorbent from the press mud of a sugarcane industry was used to remove methyl orange dye (MOD) from aqueous solution and was optimized via response surface methodology using the central composite design. The adsorbent was characterized by FTIR and SEM analysis and showed the presence of functional groups such as alcohols, nitriles, amides, alkane, alkyl halides, and alkenes, and it also showed fibrous surface morphological appearance. The factors affecting MOD adsorption, such as initial concentration, adsorbent dose, and contact time were examined, and optimal pH 2.0 to remove MOD in an aqueous solution that is found in various studies is also utilized. The results showed maximum MOD removal rate of 98.68% when the initial concentration, adsorbent dose, and contact time were optimally set as 24.17 mg/L, 0.5 g, and 20 min, respectively. The analysis of the equilibrium data revealed that MOD adsorption using press mud activated carbon best fitted the Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.96103) which implies monolayer adsorption process. Also, the kinetics of MOD adsorption using press mud activated carbon followed a pseudo-first-order model (R2 = 0.96096) which means that the active sites are proportional to the non-active sites during the adsorption process.
Comparative study of a vitrinite-rich and an inertinite-rich Witbank coal (South Africa) using pyrolysis-gas chromatography
Authors: Moroeng Ofentse M. , Mhuka Vimbai , Nindi Mathew M. , Roberts R. James , Wagner Nicola J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This study aims to compare iso-rank vitrinite-rich and inertinite-rich coal samples to understand the impact of coal-forming processes on pyrolysis chemistry. A medium rank C bituminous coal was density-fractionated to create a vitrinite-rich and an inertinite-rich sub-sample. The vitrinite-rich sample has 83 vol% total vitrinite (mineral-matter-free basis), whereas the inertinite-rich counterpart has 66 vol% total inertinite. The vitrinite-rich sample is dominated by collotelinite and collodetrinite. Fusinite, semifusinite, and inertodetrinite are the main macerals of the inertinite-rich sample. Molecular chemistry was assessed using a pyrolysis gas chromatograph (py-GC) equipped with a thermal desorption unit coupled to a time of flight mass spectrometer (MS) (py-GC/MS) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CP-MAS SS NMR). The pyrolysis products of the coal samples are generally similar, comprised of low and high molecular weight alkanes, alkylbenzenes, alkylphenols, and alkyl-subtituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, although the vitrinite-rich sample is chemically more diverse. The lack of diversity exhibited by the inertinite-rich sample upon pyrolysis may be interpreted to suggest that major components were heated in their geologic history. Based on the 13C CP-MAS SS NMR analysis, the inertinite-rich sample has a greater fraction of phenolics, reflected in the py-GC/MS results as substituted and unsubstituted derivatives. The greater abundance of phenolics for the inertinite-rich sample may suggest a fire-related origin for the dominant macerals of this sample. The C2-alkylbenzene isomers (p-xylene and o-xylene) were detected in the pyrolysis products for the vitrinite-rich and inertinite-rich samples, though more abundant in the former. The presence of these in both samples likely reflects common source vegetation for the dominant vitrinite and inertinite macerals.
Immersive VR Experience of Redeveloped Post-industrial Sites: The Example of “Zeche Holland” in Bochum-Wattenscheid
Authors: Edler Dennis , Keil Julian , Wiedenlübbert Timo , Sossna Melvin , Kühne Olaf , Dickmann Frank 
Published: October 2019

AbstractModern hardware and software innovations in the field of virtual reality (VR), such as VR headsets and accessible game engines, allow cartographers to create 3D environments which can be experienced from the ego perspective in real time and with a simulated illusion of physical presence (immersion) in the virtual representation. The new immersive experience of these virtual environments requires new ideas on how to present and orchestrate geographical information for the benefit of planning applications. This paper intends to present examples how VR-based 3D environments use can be enriched (based on the game engine Unreal Engine 4) to support the district development of a restructured post-industrial area. A VR model of a representative former industrial area in the German Ruhr district which was revitalized and part of a large urban transformation programme (IBA Emscher Park), serves an example. Today, the area of “Zeche Holland” in Bochum-Wattenscheid is characterized by a mix of residential and commercial uses. The area is used as a leisure route for locals and tourists, with an old winding tower as an important urban landmark in its centre. VR techniques allow to transport additional spatial information which cannot be experienced when visiting the real physical area. This paper addresses the potential of immersive VR environments representing a multifaceted and redeveloped area for planning and related usage scenarios. It shows how peculiarities of game engine-based VR can help to extend the immersive (3D) experience of geographic information.
Brain Aβ load association and sexual dimorphism of plasma BACE1 concentrations in cognitively normal individuals at risk for AD
Authors: Vergallo Andrea , Houot Marion , Cavedo Enrica , Lemercier Pablo , Vanmechelen Eugeen , De Vos Ann , Habert Marie‐Odile , Potier Marie‐Claude , Dubois Bruno , Lista Simone , Hampel Harald ,   INSIGHT‐preAD study group,   Alzheimer Precision Medicine Initiative (APMI)
Published: October 2019

AbstractIntroductionSuccessful development of effective β‐site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1)–targeted therapies for early stages of Alzheimer's disease requires biomarker‐guided intervention strategies.MethodsWe investigated whether key biological factors such as sex, apolipoprotein E (APOE ε4) allele, and age affect longitudinal plasma BACE1 concentrations in a large monocenter cohort of individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease. We explored the relationship between plasma BACE1 concentrations and levels of brain amyloid‐β (Aβ) deposition, using positron emission tomography global standard uptake value ratios.ResultsBaseline and longitudinal mean concentrations of plasma BACE1 were significantly higher in women than men. We also found a positive significant impact of plasma BACE1 on baseline Aβ–positron emission tomography global standard uptake value ratios.DiscussionOur results suggest a sexual dimorphism in BACE1‐related upstream mechanisms of brain Aβ production and deposition. We argue that plasma BACE1 should be considered in further biomarker validation and qualification studies as well as in BACE1 clinical trials.
Hospital Preparedness Plans for Chemical Incidents and Threats: A Systematic Review
Authors: Moradi Majd Parisa , Seyedin Hesam , Bagheri Hasan , Tavakoli Nader 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTIn a wide range of events, people may be acutely exposured to chemical substances. Particular hospital preparedness plans and vital resources are essential for appropriate health-care measures. The present study aimed to conduct a systematic review to summarize and evaluate the existing evidence on hospital preparedness plans or protocols against chemical incidents and threats. In this aim, through May 15, 2018, 5 electronic databases were searched in MEDLINE (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar) for the following key words: hospital preparedness, plan, protocol, chemical incident, and chemical threat. The final review included 11 peer-reviewed papers that met inclusion criteria. The systematic review was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for the Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis protocol (PRISMA) (www.prisma-statement.org). Finally, of 16,540 selected papers, 11 papers were included in the final analysis. The thematic analyses revealed 11 major categories of chemical incidents and threats planning, such as planning requirements, planning prerequisites, preparation team member (multidisciplinary team), decontamination, personal protective equipment, education and training, job descriptions and roles, communication, database, staff /volunteer organization, as well as planning barriers and challenges for chemical incidents. Most countries have launched hospital preparedness planning against chemical incidents and threat activities, but the preparedness of hospitals is often less than desirable. Many items, such as databases, hospital preparation team members, communications, etc., are still challenging.
Challenges to Transforming Unconventional Social Media Data into Actionable Knowledge for Public Health Systems During Disasters
Authors: Chan Jennifer L. , Purohit Hemant 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTEvery year, there are larger and more severe disasters and health organizations are struggling to respond with services to keep public health systems running. Making decisions with limited health information can negatively affect response activities and impact morbidity and mortality. An overarching challenge is getting the right health information to the right health service personnel at the right time. As responding agencies engage in social media (eg, Twitter, Facebook) to communicate with the public, new opportunities emerge to leverage this non-traditional information for improved situational awareness. Transforming these big data is dependent on computers to process and filter content for health information categories relevant to health responders. To enable a more health-focused approach to social media analysis during disasters, 2 major research challenges should be addressed: (1) advancing methodologies to extract relevant information for health services and creating dynamic knowledge bases that address both the global and US disaster contexts, and (2) expanding social media research for disaster informatics to focus on health response activities. There is a lack of attention on health-focused social media research beyond epidemiologic surveillance. Future research will require approaches that address challenges of domain-aware, including multilingual language understanding in artificial intelligence for disaster health information extraction. New research will need to focus on the primary goal of health providers, whose priority is to get the right health information to the right medical and public health service personnel at the right time.
The rise of judicial diplomacy in the UK: aims and challenges
Authors: Davies Gregory 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis paper examines the aims and challenges of ‘judicial diplomacy’ in the form of bilateral meetings between UK and supranational judges. Drawing from in-depth interviews, extra-judicial writings and other documentary sources, it argues that judicial diplomacy has become an important feature of the work of senior judges in the UK, allowing them to pursue jurisprudential and strategic aims. In jurisprudential terms, the judges have sought to improve the quality of judicial decision-making at the domestic and supranational levels. Strategically, they have striven to maintain robust inter-institutional relations and maximise their influence at the supranational level. The pursuit of these aims has taken on renewed significance in the context of Brexit but may raise questions for the protection of judicial independence and impartiality. The judiciaries should therefore consider steps to improve the visibility of these interactions and their value.
The provision of grower and breeder information on the frost susceptibility of wheat in Australia
Authors: Cocks N. A. , March T. J. , Biddulph T. B. , Smith A. B. , Cullis B. R. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe frost susceptibility of Australian commercial cereal crops, in particular wheat and barley, has become an economically devastating issue for growers. The relative risk to frost damage of the currently available varieties is obtained through testing varieties in a series of field experiments at locations susceptible to frost events (FEs). The experimental design, measurement protocols and resultant data from these frost expression experiments (FEEs) are complex due to the unpredictability of the timing and severity of FEs, and the maturity of the plants at the time of the events. Design and protocol complexities include the use of multiple sowing dates and the recording of plant maturity. Data difficulties include a high degree of unbalance, and in the instance of multiple frosts in a FEE, there is a longitudinal aspect. A linear mixed model analysis was adopted to accommodate these characteristics of individual FEEs and the multi-environment trial analysis of 17 FEEs. Finally, an approach is demonstrated for dissemination of results that are of use to both growers and breeders.
Parallel plications may enhance surface function: physical properties of transparent tunics in colonial ascidiansClavelina cyclusandC. obesa
Authors: Sakai Daisuke , Kakiuchida Hiroshi , Harada Kenji , Nishikawa Jun , Hirose Euichi 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAn array of nano-scale protrusions, called the nipple array, is found on the body surface of various invertebrates, and this structure is believed to decrease light reflectance and water wettability on the surface in the terrestrial environment. However, its potential functions have not been well studied in aquatic environments.Clavelinaspp. are colonial ascidians that have the nipple array on their integumentary matrix (i.e. tunic). We examined the physical properties on the surface of the tunic ofC. cyclusandC. obesa, such as hardness, wettability and refractive indices, to evaluate the functional importance of this structure. The tunic cuticle of both species was covered with the nipple array, and the cuticle ofC. cycluswas bent into folds forming parallel plications. TheClavelinatunic was very soft and had high bubble- and oil-repellency. The refractive-index deviation between the tunic and seawater was 0.07–0.095 for 589-nm light (D-line). Rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) showed that the nipple array slightly reduced reflectance on the surface and the parallel plications reduced the reflectance still more. The nanoimprinted plates imitating the parallel plications have higher bubble repellency and lower reflectance than the flat plates. These findings support the functional importance of the plications as well as the nipple array.
Bilateral breast cancer: a case study
Authors: Tudu Rajanigandha , Kumar Anup , Singh Rashmi , Raina Payal 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackground:Breast cancer is the most common cancer among females worldwide. Increasing breast cancer incidence rates, improved diagnosis and management modalities and growing life expectancy have resulted in increasing numbers of women at risk of developing contralateral primary breast cancer. Bilateral breast cancer can occur synchronously or metachronously.Material and methods:This study reports three cases of bilateral breast cancer patients treated at our oncology department between March 2018 and March 2019. The features of presentation, investigation, diagnosis and follow-up care are the highlights of this study.Results:Bilateral breast cancer was noted in three patients among the study population in the age group of 35 –55 years. Two of these patients had metachronous bilateral breast cancer, and one patient developed cancer in the second breast during the course of management. The second breast cancers differed histologically from primary breast cancer.Conclusion:Poor awareness on breast cancer care and the lack of national screening guidelines and programmes, and poor infrastructure, all contribute to late presentation and difficult breast cancer management. Proper history, clinical examination and imaging of opposite breast should be done to ensure adequate and timely management of bilateral breast cancer.