bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concession Stands: How Mining Investments Incite Protest in Africa
Authors: Christensen Darin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractForeign investment in Africa's mineral resources has increased dramatically. This paper addresses three questions raised by this trend: do commercial mining investments increase the likelihood of social or armed conflict? If so, when are these disputes most prevalent? And, finally, what mechanisms help explain these conflicts? I show, first, that mining has contrasting effects on social and armed conflict: while the probability of protests or riots increases (roughly doubling) after mining starts, there is no increase in rebel activity. Second, I show that the probability of social conflict rises with plausibly exogenous increases in world commodity prices. Finally, I compile additional geo-spatial and survey data to explore potential mechanisms, including reporting bias, environmental harm, in-migration, inequality, and governance. Finding little evidence consistent with these accounts, I develop an explanation related to incomplete information—a common cause of conflict in industrial and international relations. This mechanism rationalizes why mining induces protest, why these conflicts are exacerbated by rising prices, and why transparency dampens the relationship between prices and protest.
Short-Term Effects on Diversity and Biomass on Grasslands from Artificial Dykes under Grazing and Mowing Treatments
Authors: Moinardeau Cannelle , Mesléard François , Ramone Hervé , Dutoit Thierry 
Published: October 2018

SummaryFew studies document the impacts of conservation management practices such as extensive grazing or mowing on the new ecosystems created by industrial conversions. In southern France, the Rhône channelling led to the construction of dykes to protect the Tricastin industrialized area from floods. Aiming to control plant dynamics for safety reasons and to favour plant biodiversity, mowing or extensive grazing by cattle were recently tested. Monitoring from both permanent plots and aerial photographs shows that three years of extensive grazing and annual mechanical mowing have modified plant composition, significantly increasing plant species richness, evenness and heterogeneity. The increase in evenness and beta-diversity from grazing was significantly higher than from mowing. Only grazing was able to reduce the height and cover of the dominant tussock perennial grass species (Brachypodium phoenicoides), while increasing bare soil cover and thus the contribution of annual species. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) obtained through aerial photographic analyses confirmed the correlation between NDVI, aboveground biomass and plant species richness for the grazed site alone, allowing the results obtained from quadrats to be generalized to the scale of the grazed site. On the Rhône’s artificial dykes, extensive grazing appears to be a better management tool than mowing to enhance plant biodiversity and meet safety objectives.
The effects of Trolox on the quality of sperm from captive squirrel monkey during liquefaction in the extender ACP-118™
Authors: Almeida D. V. C. , Lima J. S. , Leão D. L. , Oliveira K. G. , Santos R. R. , Domingues S. F. S. , Miranda M. S. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of incubating semen for different periods (90, 270 or 450 min) with or without Trolox® (100 or 150 µM) on the quality of sperm from Saimiri collinsi. Sperm motility, vigour, and plasma membrane integrity (PMI) were evaluated in both fresh semen and semen incubated for different time periods, i.e. 90, 270 or 450 min of incubation. Supplementation of semen extender with Trolox® 100 µM improved sperm motility, vigour and PMI for up to 270 min of incubation.
Self-Perception of Theoretical Knowledge and Practical Skills by Primary Health Care Physicians in Life-Threatening Emergencies
Authors: Cernuda Martínez José Antonio , Castro Delgado Rafael , Ferrero Fernández Elena , Arcos González Pedro 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe goal of this study was to find out the training received in Urgent and Emergency Medicine (UEM) by the Primary Health Care (PHC) physicians of Asturias (Spain), as well as their perception of their own theoretical knowledge and practical skills in a series of procedures employed in life-threatening emergencies (LTEs), and also to analyze the differences according to the geographical area of their work.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional survey of PHC physicians using an ad hoc survey of a sample of 213 physicians in Asturias regarding their self-perception of theoretical knowledge and practical skills in techniques used in LTEs by areas of work (rural, suburban, and urban). The interview was conducted by mail from April through May 2017. The data processing has used absolute and relative frequencies, as well as central tendency parameters and dispersion parameters. The estimates for the entire population have been made using confidence intervals for the mean of 95%. In the comparison of parameters, the differences between parameters with a probability of error less than five percent (P<.05) have been considered significant. For the comparison of means between the different techniques in the different areas of work, ANOVA was used.ResultsWith respect to the training of physicians, in general, for managing emergencies, both at the regional level and by areas of work (rural, suburban, and urban), none of the sets analyzed attained five points. By areas of work, it was the suburban region where there was a greater average general level of knowledge. There were significant differences in the average theoretical knowledge and the average practical skills in the procedures studied according to the different areas of work. The greater number of significant differences was between the urban and suburban regions and within the urban area.Conclusions:It’s necessary to ensure an adequate homogeneity of the levels of theoretical knowledge and practical skills of PHC physicians in order to guarantee the equity of provision of health care in emergencies in different geographical areas.Cernuda MartínezJA, Castro DelgadoR, Ferrero FernándezE, Arcos GonzálezP. Self-perception of theoretical knowledges and practical skills by primary health care physicians in life-threatening emergencies. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(5):508–518.
Increasing Inaccuracy of Self-Reported Subjective Cognitive Complaints Over 24 Months in Empirically Derived Subtypes of Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Edmonds Emily C. , Weigand Alexandra J. , Thomas Kelsey R. , Eppig Joel , Delano-Wood Lisa , Galasko Douglas R. , Salmon David P. , Bondi Mark W. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectives: Although subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) are an integral component of the diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment (MCI), previous findings indicate they may not accurately reflect cognitive ability. Within the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, we investigated longitudinal change in the discrepancy between self- and informant-reported SCC across empirically derived subtypes of MCI and normal control (NC) participants. Methods: Data were obtained for 353 MCI participants and 122 “robust” NC participants. Participants were classified into three subtypes at baseline via cluster analysis: amnestic MCI, mixed MCI, and cluster-derived normal (CDN), a presumptive false-positive group who performed within normal limits on neuropsychological testing. SCC at baseline and two annual follow-up visits were assessed via the Everyday Cognition Questionnaire (ECog), and discrepancy scores between self- and informant-report were calculated. Analysis of change was conducted using analysis of covariance. Results: The amnestic and mixed MCI subtypes demonstrated increasing ECog discrepancy scores over time. This was driven by an increase in informant-reported SCC, which corresponded to participants’ objective cognitive decline, despite stable self-reported SCC. Increasing unawareness was associated with cerebrospinal fluid Alzheimer’s disease biomarker positivity and progression to Alzheimer’s disease. In contrast, CDN and NC groups over-reported cognitive difficulty and demonstrated normal cognition at all time points. Conclusions: MCI participants’ discrepancy scores indicate progressive underappreciation of their evolving cognitive deficits. Consistent over-reporting in the CDN and NC groups despite normal objective cognition suggests that self-reported SCC do not predict impending cognitive decline. Results demonstrate that self-reported SCC become increasingly misleading as objective cognitive impairment becomes more pronounced. (JINS, 2018, 24, 842–853)
Extent of implementation of food environment policies by the Malaysian Government: gaps and priority recommendations
Authors: Ng SeeHoe , Swinburn Boyd , Kelly Bridget , Vandevijvere Stefanie , Yeatman Heather , Ismail Mohd Noor , Karupaiah Tilakavati 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the degree of food environment policies that have been implemented and supported by the Malaysian Government, in comparison to international best practice, and to establish prioritised recommendations for the government based on the identified implementation gaps.DesignThe Healthy Food-Environment Policy Index (Food-EPI) comprises forty-seven indicators of government policy practice. Local evidence of each indicator was compiled from government institutions and verified by related government stakeholders. The extent of implementation of the policies was rated by experts against international best practices. Rating results were used to identify and propose policy actions which were subsequently prioritised by the experts based on ‘importance’ and ‘achievability’ criteria. The policy actions with relatively higher ‘achievability’ and ‘importance’ were set as priority recommendations for government action.SettingMalaysia.SubjectsTwenty-six local experts.ResultsMajority (62 %) of indicators was rated ‘low’ implementation with no indicator rated as either ‘high’ or ‘very little, if any’ in terms of implementation. The top five recommendations were (i) restrict unhealthy food marketing in children’s settings and (ii) on broadcast media; (iii) mandatory nutrition labelling for added sugars; (iv) designation of priority research areas related to obesity prevention and diet-related non-communicable diseases; and (v) introduce energy labelling on menu boards for fast-food outlets.ConclusionsThis first policy study conducted in Malaysia identified a number of gaps in implementation of key policies to promote healthy food environments, compared with international best practices. Study findings could strengthen civil society advocacies for government accountability to create a healthier food environment.
Secondary Electron Energy Contrast of Localized Buried Charge in Metal–Insulator–Silicon Structures
Authors: Srinivasan Avinash , Han Weiding , Khursheed Anjam 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper presents a new method for creating and monitoring controlled localized negatively charged regions inside insulators with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A localized buried charged region is created and observed close to the point where a high voltage primary beam (10 kV) strikes a metal–insulator–silicon specimen. The amount of buried charge within the insulator at any given moment can be dynamically monitored by detecting the appearance of a second peak in the secondary electron (SE) energy spectrum. SE energy spectral signals were obtained through the use of a compact high signal-to-noise energy analyzer attachment that was fitted on to the SEM specimen stage. An electrostatic model, together with Monte Carlo simulations, is presented to explain how the SE charge contrast effect functions. This model is then experimentally confirmed by using the SE energy spectral signal induced by a gallium ion beam inside a dual focused ion beam-SEM instrument.
Persistence and Movement of Fomesafen in Florida Strawberry Production
Authors: Reed Thomas V. , Boyd Nathan S. , Wilson P. Christopher , Dittmar Peter J. , Sharpe Shaun M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFomesafen is a protoporphyrinogen oxidase–inhibitor herbicide with an alternative mode of action that provides PRE weed control in strawberry [Fragaria×ananassa(Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier (pro sp.) [chiloensis×virginiana]] produced in a plasticulture setting in Florida. Plasticulture mulch could decrease fomesafen dissipation and increase crop injury in rotational crops. Field experiments were conducted in Balm, FL, to investigate fomesafen persistence and movement in soil in Florida strawberry systems for the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 production cycles. Treatments included fomesafen preplant at 0, 0.42, and 0.84 kg ai ha−1. Soil samples were taken under the plastic from plots treated with fomesafen at 0.42 kg ha−1throughout the production cycle. Fomesafen did not injure strawberry or decrease yield. Fomesafen concentration data for the 0.0- to 0.1-m soil depth were described using a three-parameter logistic function. The fomesafen 50% dissipation times were 37 and 47 d for the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 production cycles, respectively. At the end of the study, fomesafen was last detected in the 0.0- to 0.1-m depth soil at 167 and 194 d after treatment in the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 production cycles, respectively. Fomesafen concentration was less than 25 ppb on any sampling date for 0.1- to 0.2-m and 0.2- to 0.3-m depths. Fomesafen concentration decreased significantly after strawberry was transplanted and likely leached during overhead and drip irrigation used during the crop establishment.
Insights on Upper Mantle Melting, Rheology, and Anelastic Behavior From Seismic Shear Wave Tomography
Authors: Cobden Laura , Trampert Jeannot , Fichtner Andreas 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn seismic tomography we map the wave speed structure inside the Earth, but we ultimately seek to interpret those images in terms of physical parameters. This is challenging because many parameters can trade‐off with each other to produce a given wave speed. The problem is compounded by the convention of mapping seismic structures as perturbations relative to a 1‐D reference model, rather than absolute wave speeds. Using a full waveform tomography model of Europe as a case study, we quantify the extent to which thermochemical and dynamic properties can be constrained using only S wave speed, expressed in absolute values. The wave speed distributions of this tomography model are compared with 4 million thermochemical models, whose seismic properties are computed via thermodynamic modeling. These models sample the full range of realistic mantle compositions, including variable water and melt contents, and mineral intrinsic anelasticity is taken into account. Intrinsic anelasticity causes waves to travel more slowly at higher temperatures, leading to seismic attenuation, but the sensitivity of the wave speed reduction to temperature is, in turn, controlled by the wave frequency. Global studies of surface waves indicate an anticorrelation between S wave speed and attenuation. We therefore only retain thermochemical models satisfying this anticorrelation. Our study indicates that the frequency dependence of anelasticity, α, depends on temperature or rheology, with α ≈ 0.1 being most appropriate in cold or lithospheric mantle and α ≈ 0.3 in warmer regions (i.e., the asthenosphere). Additionally, the slowest regions require specific compositions and/or a velocity‐weakening mechanism, such as partial melting, elastically accommodated grain boundary sliding, or water.
Shear Flow Instabilities and Unstable Events Over the North Bay of Bengal
Authors: Jampana Venkata , Ravichandran M. , Sengupta Debasis , D'Asaro E. A. , Rahaman Hasibur , Joseph Sudheer , Sreelekha J. , Chaudhuri Dipanjan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA year‐long mooring data are used to study the upper ocean unstable events and instabilities at 18°N 89°E, which is a climatologically important region in the North Bay of Bengal. Near‐surface stability is studied from the context of the buoyancy frequency normalized shear (Vz/N) and reduced shear (S2−4N2) which are convenient measures to quantify flow stability, compared to the more widely used Richardson number (Ri). The analysis is carried out across three contrasting time periods, the monsoon, postmonsoon, and the winter of year 2012. Although it is well known that the flow stability changes from stable to unstable at Ri = Ricr=0.25, the relative importance of the perturbations of shear and buoyancy frequency in driving the unstable events is not well studied over the open oceans and more particularly over the Bay of Bengal. At 18°N, 89°E both higher than average shear and lower than average buoyancy frequency perturbations are crucial in driving the unstable events during the summer and premonsoon period. However, at increasing depths, the influence of shear perturbations becomes more dominant. Invoking the Miles‐Howard criteria for flow instability, it is seen that during the postmonsoon period, the buoyancy frequency perturbations are more critical than shear perturbations in driving the unstable events. In winter, the unstable events are influenced by both the buoyancy frequency and shear perturbations.
The Density‐Driven Winter Intensification of the Ross Sea Circulation
Authors: Jendersie Stefan , Williams Michael J. M. , Langhorne Pat J. , Robertson Robin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe circulation over the Ross Sea continental shelf facilitates the exchange between the Southern Ocean and the Ross Ice Shelf cavity. Here transport and mixing processes control the access of oceanic heat from the Southern Ocean to the ice shelf base, the formation of sea ice, and the production of High Salinity Shelf Water (HSSW) in polynyas and hence the subsequent formation of Antarctic Bottom Water. A climatological ocean‐ice shelf coupled model of the Ross Sea Sector including the cavity, with prescribed sea ice fluxes, was used to examine the details of currents and their seasonal variability over the continental shelf. A system of two cyclonic and three anticyclonic persistent circulation features has been identified. Transports steadily increase throughout winter, with individual currents carrying up to 2 Sv, nearly doubling their minimum. The seasonal modulation is driven by lateral differences in density and subsequent baroclinic pressure gradients, induced through dense shelf water formation in the Ross Sea and the Terra Nova Bay Polynas. Wind plays a minor role in ocean momentum variability. Sensitivity experiments suggest a weakening of transports with increasing wind stress. Horizontal density variations at the ocean surface are smoothed by the wind. The source of momentum in the cavity is the gravity‐driven bottom flow of HSSW, produced in the Ross Sea Polynya as part of the thermohaline overturning circulation. Tracer experiments suggest that HSSW forming in the Terra Nova Bay Polynya has no cavity access, but instead is the main contributor to Antarctic Bottom Water formed in the northwest slope.
New Definition of Potential Spicity by the Least Square Method
Authors: Huang Rui Xin , Yu Lu‐Sha , Zhou Sheng‐Qi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA differentiable function whose contours are orthogonal to potential density (σ) contours does not exist. However, such a function, called potential spicity (π), can be defined in the least square sense; these two functions form a practically orthogonal coordinate system in potential temperature‐salinity (θ‐S) space. Thus, in addition to the classical potential temperature‐salinity (θ‐S) diagram, seawater properties can be studied in the potential density‐potential spicity (σ − π) diagram.
Modeling the Midlatitude Ionosphere Storm‐Enhanced Density Distribution With a Data Assimilation Model
Authors: Gardner L. C. , Schunk R. W. , Scherliess L. , Eccles V. , Basu S. , Valladeres C. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe Utah State University Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements‐Gauss Markov model has been used to investigate the distribution of ionospheric plasma during storm times over the continental United States. Storm periods dramatically increase the effects of space weather on the ionosphere and upper atmosphere, leading to impacts on over‐the‐horizon radars, Global Positioning System location determination, spacecraft charging, power grid overloads, and disruption of the Federal Aviation Administration Wide Area Augmentation System to name a few. Four storm periods were investigated where strong storm‐enhanced densities (SEDs) were present: two strong, October 2003 and November 2003, and two moderate, August 2010 and August 2011. It was found that a fundamental difference in the SED formation exists between the strong and moderate storms. For the strong storms, the SED was formed from the plasma in the northern equatorial anomaly crest, with the plasma in the SED channel lifting the closer it came to the high latitudes. For the moderate storms, the SED appeared to be unconnected to the northern anomaly crest but was rather produced locally in the SED channel, along with no corresponding increase in layer height associated with the SED evident in the model.
Ultrasmall targeted nanoparticles with engineered antibody fragments for imaging detection of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer
Authors: Chen Feng , Ma Kai , Madajewski Brian , Zhuang Li , Zhang Li , Rickert Keith , Marelli Marcello , Yoo Barney , Turker Melik Z. , Overholtzer Michael , Quinn Thomas P. , Gonen Mithat , Zanzonico Pat , Tuesca Anthony , Bowen Michael A. , Norton Larry , Subramony J. Anand , Wiesner Ulrich , Bradbury Michelle S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractControlling the biodistribution of nanoparticles upon intravenous injection is the key to achieving target specificity. One of the impediments in nanoparticle-based tumor targeting is the inability to limit the trafficking of nanoparticles to liver and other organs leading to smaller accumulated amounts in tumor tissues, particularly via passive targeting. Here we overcome both these challenges by designing nanoparticles that combine the specificity of antibodies with favorable particle biodistribution profiles, while not exceeding the threshold for renal filtration as a combined vehicle. To that end, ultrasmall silica nanoparticles are functionalized with anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) single-chain variable fragments to exhibit high tumor-targeting efficiency and efficient renal clearance. This ultrasmall targeted nanotheranostics/nanotherapeutic platform has broad utility, both for imaging a variety of tumor tissues by suitably adopting the targeting fragment and as a potentially useful drug delivery vehicle.