bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screening and Enrollment by Sex in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Clinical Trials in the United States
Authors: Smeaton Laura M , Kacanek Deborah , Mykhalchenko Kateryna , Coughlin Kristine , Klingman Karin L , Koletar Susan L , Barr Elizabeth , Collier Ann C 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundWomen are underrepresented in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) research in the United States. To determine if women screening for HIV clinical trials enrolled at lower rates than men, we performed a retrospective, cross-trial analysis.MethodsWe conducted an analysis of screening and enrollment during 2003–2013 to 31 clinical trials at 99 AIDS Clinical Trials Group network research sites in the United States. Random-effects meta regression estimated whether sex differences in not enrolling (“screen out”) varied by various individual, trial, or site characteristics.ResultsOf 10 744 persons screened, 18.9% were women. The percentages of women and men who screened out were 27.9% and 26.5%, respectively (P = .19); this small difference did not significantly vary by race, ethnicity, or age group. Most common reasons for screening out were not meeting eligibility criteria (30–35%) and opting out (23%), and these did not differ by sex. Trial and research site characteristics associated with variable screen-out by sex included HIV research domain and type of hemoglobin eligibility criterion, but individual associations did not persist after adjustment for multiple testing.ConclusionsIn the absence of evidence of significantly higher trial screen-out for women, approaching more women to screen may increase female representation in HIV trials.
Robots, skill demand and manufacturing in US regional labour markets
Authors: Leigh Nancey Green , Kraft Benjamin , Lee Heonyeong 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAdvances in robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) technology have spurred a re-examination of technology’s impacts on jobs and the economy. This article reviews several key contributions to the current jobs/AI debate, discusses their limitations and offers a modified approach, analysing two quantitative models in tandem. One uses robot stock data from the International Federation of Robotics as the primary indicator of robot use, whereas the other uses online job postings requiring robot-related skills. Together, the models suggest that since the Great Recession ended, robots have contributed positively to manufacturing employment in the USA at the metropolitan level.
Black-Box Accountable Authority Identity-Based Revocation System
Authors: Zhao Zhen , Wu Ge , Guo Fuchun , Susilo Willy , Mu Yi , Wang Baocang , Hu Yupu 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Identity-based revocation system (IBRS) generates the ciphertext with a revoked identity list such that only the non-revoked identities can use their private keys to decrypt this ciphertext. IBRS can be efficiently applied in some practical applications, such as the pay-TV systems when the number of revoked identities are much less than the non-revoked ones. However, since IBRS is based on identity-based cryptography, it also suffers from the inherent key escrow problem where the private key generator (PKG) has full control of each user’s private key. As a consequence, it is hard to judge whether a pirated private key is generated by the PKG or the suspected user. There is no study on IBRS fulfilling accountability in literature to date. In this paper, we introduce the notion of accountable authority IBRS (A-IBRS), which provides accountability in IBRS schemes. In an A-IBRS, the aforementioned problem can be alleviated and resolved. Furthermore, a full black-box A-IBRS can distinguish the creator of a black box between the PKG and the associated user and the dishonest PKG is allowed to access the decryption results of the user private key. We formalize the definition and security models of the full black-box A-IBRS schemes. Then, we present a concrete full black-box A-IBRS scheme with constant-size master public key and private key. Finally, we prove the security of our scheme under the defined security models without random oracle.
Music, patronage and reform in 16th-century Italy: new light on Cardinal Carlo Borromeo
Authors: Morucci Valerio 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Music historians are certainly familiar with the figure of Cardinal Carlo Borromeo. Important research has illuminated his association with the composer Vincenzo Ruffo, his reform of female convents, and, more generally, his influence over the musical life of Milan, including local churches and confraternities; more recently, Borromeo’s relationship with the musician Tomás Luis de Victoria has been closely examined. However, our knowledge of his role as a promoter of the so-called ‘Counter-Reformation’ in music is fragmentary. In particular, a comprehensive investigation of Borromeo’s private correspondence is lacking. In order to fill this lacuna, this article uses newly discovered letters (housed in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan) to illuminate several interrelated aspects of Borromeo’s activity as a patron and reformer in the aftermath of the Council of Trent: firstly, his support for musicians and the much discussed issue of textual intelligibility, and secondly, the prohibition of musical instruments in church and his directives against public musical entertainments.
Human enhancement
Authors: Almeida Mara , Diogo Rui 
Published: September 2019

AbstractGenetic engineering opens new possibilities for biomedical enhancement requiring ethical, societal and practical considerations to evaluate its implications for human biology, human evolution and our natural environment. In this Commentary, we consider human enhancement, and in particular, we explore genetic enhancement in an evolutionary context. In summarizing key open questions, we highlight the importance of acknowledging multiple effects (pleiotropy) and complex epigenetic interactions among genotype, phenotype and ecology, and the need to consider the unit of impact not only to the human body but also to human populations and their natural environment (systems biology). We also propose that a practicable distinction between ‘therapy’ and ‘enhancement’ may need to be drawn and effectively implemented in future regulations. Overall, we suggest that it is essential for ethical, philosophical and policy discussions on human enhancement to consider the empirical evidence provided by evolutionary biology, developmental biology and other disciplines.Lay Summary: This Commentary explores genetic enhancement in an evolutionary context. We highlight the multiple effects associated with germline heritable genetic intervention, the need to consider the unit of impact to human populations and their natural environment, and propose that a practicable distinction between ‘therapy’ and ‘enhancement’ is needed.
Nativity, Neighborhoods, and Body Composition in the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging
Authors: Durazo Eva M , Haan Mary N , Dang Kristina , Aiello Allison E , Torres Jacqueline M 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Globally, obesity influences the risk of many major chronic diseases. Our study examines the association between individual nativity and neighborhood level concentration of immigrants with 10-year changes in weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC) among older Latinos.

Research Design and Methods
The Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging (SALSA) is a population-based prospective study of community-dwelling older adults of Mexican origin (baseline ages 58–101 years). The primary outcome was repeated measures of weight over a 10-year period for 1,628 respondents. Nativity was defined by participants’ reported place of birth (US-born or Latin American foreign born). Neighborhood immigrant concentration was measured as the percentage of foreign born at census tract level (2000 US Census). We used linear mixed models with repeated measures of weight, height, BMI, and WC as dependent variables (level 1), clustered within individuals (level 2) and neighborhood migrant concentration (level 3).

Results
Foreign born (FB) respondents had lower baseline weight than the US-born (mean, 160 vs. 171 lbs, p &lt; .0001). Over time, weight differences between the FB and the US-born decreased by 1.7 lbs/5 years as US-born weight decreased more rapidly. We observed a significant interaction between individual nativity and neighborhood immigrant concentration (p = .012). We found similar patterns for BMI, but did not find statistically significant differences in WC trajectories.

Discussion and Implications
Our study observed significant differences by foreign born vs. US nativity in baseline weight/BMI and in their trajectories over time. Additionally, we found weight/BMI differences in neighborhood immigrant concentration for the FB, but not for the US-born.
Nomenclature Used by Family Caregivers to Describe and Characterize Neuropsychiatric Symptoms
Authors: Gilmore-Bykovskyi Andrea , Mullen Shannon , Block Laura , Jacobs Abigail , Werner Nicole E 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are a core feature of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias that are characterized by a fluctuating course. NPS are challenging to manage and contribute to high rates of burden among family caregivers. Successful information exchange between clinicians and family caregivers is critical for facilitating effective management of NPS. However, this communication is often challenging due to inconsistent terminology and classification of symptoms and limited understanding of how family caregivers recognize and describe symptoms. The objective of this study was to examine the language family caregivers’ use to describe and contextualize NPS.

Research Design and Methods
Descriptive qualitative study of 20 family caregivers in a mostly urban county in the Midwestern United States using semistructured interviews. Caregiver descriptions of NPS were analyzed using directed content and text analysis to examine terminology, followed by a thematic analysis approach to examine contextualization of NPS.

Results
Caregivers employed shared terminologies to describe NPS that differed substantially from clinical terminology used to classify symptoms. Caregivers frequently engaged sense-making as a strategy to explain NPS. This sense-making served to contextualize patterns in behavior and was characterized by explanatory, situational, and strategy-oriented frameworks for understanding behavior in terms of its purpose and meaning. Caregivers’ descriptions of NPS reflected broad overlap between individual NPS (i.e., agitation and care resistance) that would generally be considered clinically distinct symptoms.

Discussion and Implications
Nomenclature surrounding NPS may vary considerably between family caregivers and clinicians, and should be evaluated in partnership with people with dementia and their caregivers to ensure supportive interventions and resources are responsive to caregivers’ interpretation of symptoms and sense-making.
Market Power, Market Definition, and Barriers to Entry
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda , Dunne Niamh 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Market power is a central concept in EU competition law. This chapter considers what is meant by market power and how it is assessed in EU law using market definition and barriers to entry analysis. It discusses how markets are defined in EU law by looking at demand substitution, supply substitution, and potential competition. It explains that markets may have both a product and a geographic dimension. The chapter examines the Commission Notice on the definition of the relevant market, the decisional practice of the Commission, and the case law of the EU Courts on market definition, and it discusses what tests may be employed in the definition of markets, particularly the SSNIP test. The chapter then considers how the power of a firm on a market is affected by barriers to entry. It discusses the definition of a barrier to entry and considers barriers to entry such as sunk costs, structural barriers, and strategic barriers,
Horizontal Agreements—Cartels and Collusion
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda , Dunne Niamh 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how EU competition law applies both to undertakings operating cartels and to undertakings that tacitly coordinate their behaviour on a market. It starts by looking at the difference between ‘explicit’ and ‘tacit’ collusion in the light of the theory of games and the ‘prisoners’ dilemma’. The chapter then deals with cartels and other agreements akin to cartels, or which may facilitate explicit or tacit collusion on a market. Next, it considers the problem of tacit collusion and whether, in particular, Articles 101 and 102 operate as effective mechanisms for dealing with the oligopoly problem. The chapter also considers other options that EU competition law might offer to deal with tacit collusion, either ex ante or ex post, such as the use of the concept of collective dominance and sector enquiries under Regulation 1/2003, art 17.
Vertical Agreements
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda , Dunne Niamh 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter, which discusses EU competition policy towards vertical agreements, begins by outlining the choices available to a supplier when deciding how best to market and sell its products or services to customers, and the impact that the competition rules may have on a supplier's choice, including the treatment of agency agreements. It then discusses the EU approach to vertical agreements, in the light of the Commission’s Verticals Guidelines of 2010, including exclusive dealing, single branding, franchising andselective distribution agreements, and the review of the 2010 regime. It considers the importance in EU law of parallel trade between Member States and how this has influenced policy towards vertical restraints. It analyses the application of Article 101(1) and Article 101(3) to vertical agreements, including the Verticals block exemption of 2010; sub-contracting agreements; and the possible application of Article 102 to distribution agreements.
International Aspects
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda , Dunne Niamh 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the issue of jurisdictional problems in competition law, at the ‘internationalisation’ of competition law and the efforts to deal with competition issues at a global level to match the global operations of undertakings on world markets.. It looks first at the question of extraterritoriality in public international law, particularly the concept of objective territoriality. It considers the distinction between prescriptive jurisdiction and enforcement jurisdiction and how these might apply to competition law. It then looks at the development of the effects doctrine in US law and the concept of comity, and at the position of foreign plaintiffs in US courts. It considers how the EU takes jurisdiction by the application of the single economic entity doctrine and by the development of the implementation doctrine and the qualified effects doctrine. The chapter concludes by examining how international cooperation seeks to help solve jurisdictional problems. It looks at the bilateral agreements into which the EU has entered, and the multilateral cooperation to which the EU is party, including cooperation within UNCTAD, the OECD, the WTO and the International Competition Network (ICN).
Patterns in abundance and size of sharks in northwestern Australia: cause for optimism
Authors: Braccini Matias , Molony Brett , Blay Nick 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Reliable information for population assessments is rare for sharks. We quantified patterns in catch rates and mean size for numerous tropical and subtropical species from 15 years of fishery-independent surveys (2002–2017) in northwestern Australia. This study region represents an area of ~0.8 million km2 which was closed to commercial shark fishing from 1993 or 2005 onward due to the very high State-wide catches of sandbar (Carcharhinus plumbeus) and dusky (Carcharhinus obscurus) sharks. A total of 43 shark and ray species were sampled, with sandbar shark being the most commonly caught species, followed by milk (Rhizoprionodon acutus), spot-tail (Carcharhinus sorrah), tiger (Galeocerdo cuvier), blacktip (Carcharhinus limbatus and Carcharhinus tilstoni), dusky and sliteye (Loxodon macrorhinus) sharks, and scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini). For sandbar shark, catch rates increased between 2008 and 2017 whereas for other taxa catch rates were mostly stable (albeit fluctuating). Mean size at capture fluctuated across years with no particular trends. Unlike for other parts of the world, catch rates and mean size of northwestern Australian sharks have been stable or increased in recent years. Though most shark species have conservative life histories, when science, management and enforcement work synergistically, sustainable resource use, recovery and conservation outcomes can all be achieved.
Transapical septal myectomy in the beating heart via a minimally invasive approach: a feasibility study in swine
Authors: Fang Jing , Wang Rui , Liu Hongyun , Su Yunshu , Chen Jun , Han Xiujuan , Wei Yupeng , Chen Yue , Cheng Lin , Wei Xiang 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to establish an original transapical septal myectomy procedure that can be performed in the beating heart via a minimally invasive approach for the treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

METHODS
We designed an original intracardiac septum resection device to conduct off-pump septal myectomy in swine. A subxiphoid minithoracotomy was performed to access the apex of the heart. This resection device was inserted into the left ventricular outflow tract of the heart via the apex. The basal anteroseptal myocardium beneath the right aortic cusp was identified using a combination of transoesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography and then resected and collected by the device.

RESULTS
Six consecutive operations were successfully and accurately performed using the custom-made device under echocardiographic guidance. All pigs survived and appeared to be normal until planned euthanasia 1 week after operation. A 300–700 mg portion of the septal myocardium was resected from the normal swine heart. Echocardiography and electrocardiogram revealed no abnormalities after resection. One exception was the fifth pig, in which mild annular regurgitation of the aortic valve occurred after repetitive resection. Postmortem necropsy demonstrated that all resections were correctly located at the basal anteroseptal septum beneath the right aortic cusp.

CONCLUSIONS
Our study provides the first proof-of-concept evidence for a novel beating heart transapical septal myectomy procedure, which showed promising translational potential for the treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. This procedure would probably reduce operative risks and improve outcomes and reduce the demanding expertise required to perform conventional surgical myectomy.
Cell-Free Hemoglobin Is Associated With Increased Vascular Resistance and Reduced Peripheral Perfusion in Severe Malaria
Authors: Kingston Hugh W F , Ghose Aniruddha , Rungpradubvong Voravut , Satitthummanid Sudarat , Herdman M Trent , Plewes Katherine , Ishioka Haruhiko , Leopold Stije J , Sinha Ipsita , Intharabut Benjamas , Piera Kim , McNeil Yvette , Mohanty Sanjib , Maude Richard J , White Nicholas J , Day Nicholas P J , Yeo Tsin W , Hossain Md Amir , Anstey Nicholas M , Dondorp Arjen M 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
In severe falciparum malaria, unlike sepsis, hypotension on admission is uncommon. We hypothesized that low nitric oxide bioavailability due to the presence of cell-free hemoglobin (CFH) increases vascular tone in severe malaria.

Methods
Patients with severe malaria (n = 119), uncomplicated malaria (n = 91), or suspected bacterial sepsis (n = 56), as well as healthy participants (n = 50), were recruited. The systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) was estimated from the echocardiographic cardiac index and the mean arterial pressure.

Results
SVRI and hematocrit levels were lower and plasma CFH and asymmetric dimethylarginine levels were higher in patients with malaria, compared with healthy participants. In multivariate linear regression models for mean arterial pressure or SVRI in patients with severe malaria, hematocrit and CFH but not asymmetric dimethylarginine were significant predictors. The SVRI was lower in patients with suspected bacterial sepsis than in those with severe malaria, after adjustment for hematocrit and age. Plasma CFH levels correlated positively with the core-peripheral temperature gradient and plasma lactate levels and inversely with the perfusion index. Impaired peripheral perfusion, as reflected by a low perfusion index or a high core-peripheral temperature gradient, predicted mortality in patients with severe malaria.

Conclusions
CFH is associated with mean arterial pressure, SVRI, and peripheral perfusion in patients with severe malaria. This may be mediated through the nitric oxide scavenging potency of CFH, increasing basal vascular tone and impairing tissue perfusion.
Adenoviral Infections in Singapore: Should New Antiviral Therapies and Vaccines Be Adopted?
Authors: Coleman Kristen K , Wong Chui Ching , Jayakumar Jayanthi , Nguyen Tham T , Wong Abigail W L , Yadana Su , Thoon Koh C , Chan Kwai Peng , Low Jenny G , Kalimuddin Shirin , Dehghan Shoaleh , Kang June , Shamsaddini Amirhossein , Seto Donald , Su Yvonne C F , Gray Gregory C 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundA number of serious human adenovirus (HAdV) outbreaks have been recently reported: HAdV-B7 (Israel, Singapore, and USA), HAdV-B7d (USA and China), HAdV-D8, -D54, and -C2 (Japan), HAdV-B14p1 (USA, Europe, and China), and HAdV-B55 (China, Singapore, and France).MethodsTo understand the epidemiology of HAdV infections in Singapore, we studied 533 HAdV-positive clinical samples collected from 396 pediatric and 137 adult patients in Singapore from 2012 to 2018. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed to identify HAdV genotypes, clonal clusters, and recombinant or novel HAdVs.ResultsThe most prevalent genotypes identified were HAdV-B3 (35.6%), HAdV-B7 (15.4%), and HAdV-E4 (15.2%). We detected 4 new HAdV-C strains and detected incursions with HAdV-B7 (odds ratio [OR], 14.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.1–52.0) and HAdV-E4 (OR, 13.6; 95% CI, 3.9–46.7) among pediatric patients over time. In addition, immunocompromised patients (adjusted OR [aOR], 11.4; 95% CI, 3.8–34.8) and patients infected with HAdV-C2 (aOR, 8.5; 95% CI, 1.5–48.0), HAdV-B7 (aOR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.2–10.9), or HAdV-E4 (aOR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.1–8.9) were at increased risk for severe disease.ConclusionsSingapore would benefit from more frequent studies of clinical HAdV genotypes to identify patients at risk for severe disease and help guide the use of new antiviral therapies, such as brincidofovir, and potential administration of HAdV 4 and 7 vaccine.