bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nature of aflatoxins: Their extraction, analysis, and control
Authors: Tahir Nasir Ishaque , Hussain Shabbir , Javed Mohsin , Rehman Hajira , Shahzady Tanzeela Gulab , Parveen Bushra , Ali Kalsoom Ghulam 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAflatoxins gain entry into food products when proper drying, storage, and transport conditions are not applied. They comprise of closely related compounds for example, aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, and M2. The order of toxicity among aflatoxis is B1 > G1 > B2 > G2. In developing countries, the serious illness and deaths are common due to acute aflatoxicosis and human children are more prone to their attack. Chronic aflatoxicosis affects on animal nutrition status. Aflatoxins are commonly extracted from foodstuffs by liquid–liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and solid phase extraction. They are analyzed by thin layer chromatography, high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), HPLC‐mass spectrometry and UV‐Visible spectroscopy. They demonstrate high stability within food or feed stuffs and can be removed by physical, chemical, and biological means. Physical approaches use heat, sunlight, UV light, gamma rays, or adsorption phenomenon while chemical methods involve various fungicides, herbal plant extracts, oxidizing/hydrolytic/chlorinating agents, or clay. Biological approaches involve either probiotic and yeast mixtures or atoxigenic fungi. A proper detoxification procedure ensures the nutritional value of food/feed stuffs and does not generate new carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic substances. Consideration of hygienic precautions and technical assistance, implementation of regulatory initiatives, and stricter quality control measures are all important for their control.Practical applicationsAflatoxins are toxic metablotics produced primarily by means of fungal species. Cereals, spices, nuts, grapes, apples, dried fruit, dried vegetables (peas, beans), oil seeds, teas, cocoa, and coffees are commonly infected aflatoxins. Their presence in an animal diet severely affects the kidneys, liver, rate of growth and reproduction, serious illness, and even death. The aflatoxin problem is more common in developing countries. The present work highlights the physical and chemical nature of aflatoxins, various types of aflatoxicosis, and the strategies used for their control; their control methods have been correlated with the environmental conditions. Attempts have also been made to discuss the techniques used for their detection, extraction, identification, analysis, and characterization.
Grey matter differences associated with age and sex hormone levels between premenopausal and perimenopausal women: A voxel‐based morphometry study
Authors: Lu Weizhao , Guo Wei , Hou Kun , Zhao Huihui , Shi Liting , Dong Kejiang , Qiu Jianfeng 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe present study aimed to explore brain morphological alterations associated with age and sex hormone levels between premenopausal and perimenopausal women using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T1‐weighted structural images. Thirty‐two premenopausal women aged (mean ± SD) 47.75 ± 1.55 years and twenty‐five recently perimenopausal women aged 51.60 ± 1.63 years were evaluated for sex hormone levels, including prolactin, follicle‐stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone, oestradiol, free testosterone and progesterone. A 3.0‐Tesla MRI scanner was utilised to acquire T1 images. Voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) was used to evaluate changes in grey matter volume between the two groups. The general linear model was applied with false discovery rate correction for between group voxel‐wise statistics. Spearman partial correlation analyses were conducted between age, sex hormone levels and regions of grey matter volume showing significant differences between the two groups. The VBM analysis revealed that age and menopause per se lead to grey matter volume reduction in certain brain structures. These structural changes might be potential causes of sexual dysfunction, nervous system degeneration and depression, which need to be examined in future studies. Our findings might provide evidence and guide future research in understanding the menopausal transition.
Melatonin‐mediated downregulation of ZNF746 suppresses bladder tumorigenesis mainly through inhibiting the AKT‐MMP‐9 signaling pathway
Authors: Chen Yen‐Ta , Yang Chih‐Chao , Shao Pei‐Lin , Huang Chi‐Ruei , Yip Hon‐Kan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThere still lacking effective treatment for bladder cancer. This study investigated whether melatonin (Mel) can suppress the growth and invasion of bladder cancer cells. Male C57B/L6 mice were categorized into control group (ie, subcutaneous injection of HT1197 bladder cancer cell line at the back] and treatment group [subcutaneous HT1197 cells + intraperitoneal Mel (100 mg/kg/d) from day 8 to day 21 after tumor cell injection]. In vitro Mel suppressed cell growth of four bladder cancer cell lines (ie, T24, RT4, HT1197, HT1376), cell migration in HT1197/HT1376, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in T24 and colony formation in RT4 cells as well as arrested the cell cycle at G0 phase and inhibited the mitotic phase of T24 cells (all P < 0.0001). Protein expression of ZNF746 in RT4/T24 cells and protein expression phosphorylated (p)‐AKT/MMP‐2/MMP‐9 in HT1197/HT1376 cells were reduced following Mel treatment (all P < 0.001). Transfection of T24 cells with plasmid‐based shRNA (ie, ZNF746‐silencing) downregulated the protein expression of MMP‐9, cell growth, and invasion and attachment to endothelial cells but upregulated the colony formation (all P < 0.001). Mel suppressed oxidative stress and MMP but upregulated mitochondria mass in ZNF746‐silenced T24 cells, whereas these parameters exhibited a similar patter to Mel treatment in ZNF746‐silenced T24 cells (all P < 0.0001). In vivo study demonstrated that Mel treatment significantly suppressed cellular expressions of MMP‐9/MMP‐2, protein expressions of ZNF746/p‐AKT, and tumor size (all P < 0.001). Mel treatment suppressed the growth, migration, and invasion of bladder carcinoma cells through downregulating ZNF746‐regulated MMP‐9/MMP‐2 signaling.
New perspectives on the count–mass distinction: Understudied languages and psycholinguistics
Authors: Lima Suzi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMuch work has explored the semantics of count and mass nouns from both theoretical and experimental perspectives. In this paper, we explore some of the recent advances in this field, drawing particularly from descriptions of understudied languages and experimental research. We will focus on two dimensions of the count/mass debate. First, we will explore the debate about what can be counted grammatically, that is, how we define atoms and what role extra‐linguistic factors may play in this process. Second, we give an overview of the current debate about counting and measuring, which experimental research suggests are distinct operations, as some scholars in the formal semantics literature have predicted.
Contribution of the cold shock protein CspA to virulence in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Authors: Wu Liming , Ma Liumin , Li Xi , Huang Ziyang , Gao Xuewen 
Published: October 2018

Summary
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes a damaging bacterial leaf blight disease in rice. Cold shock proteins (Csps) are highly conserved nucleic acid‐binding proteins present in various bacterial genera, but relatively little is known about their functions in Xanthomonas. Herein, we identified four Csps (CspA–CspD) in the Xoo PXO99A strain. Deletion of cspA decreased cold adaptation and a few known pathogenic factors, including bacterial pathogenicity, biofilm formation and polysaccharide production. Furthermore, we performed transcriptomic and chromosome immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments to identify direct targets of CspA and to determine its DNA‐binding sequence. Integrative data analysis revealed that CspA directly regulates two genes, PXO_RS11830 and PXO_RS01060, by binding to a conserved CCAAT sequence in the promoter region. We generated single‐deletion mutants of each gene and the results indicate that both are responsible for Xanthomonas pathogenicity. In addition, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting showed that CspA suppressed the expression of its direct targets. In summary, our study clarifies the characteristics of Csps in Xanthomonas and greatly advances our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the contribution of CspA to bacterial virulence.
Responses of respiration in the light to warming in field‐grown trees: a comparison of the thermal sensitivity of the Kok and Laisk methods
Authors: Way Danielle A. , Aspinwall Michael J. , Drake John E. , Crous Kristine Y. , Campany Courtney E. , Ghannoum Oula , Tissue David T. , Tjoelker Mark G. 
Published: October 2018

Summary

The Kok and Laisk techniques can both be used to estimate light respiration Rlight. We investigated whether responses of Rlight to short‐ and long‐term changes in leaf temperature depend on the technique used to estimate Rlight.

We grew Eucalyptus tereticornis in whole‐tree chambers under ambient temperature (AT) or AT + 3°C (elevated temperature, ET). We assessed dark respiration Rdark and light respiration with the Kok (RKok) and Laisk (RLaisk) methods at four temperatures to determine the degree of light suppression of respiration using both methods in AT and ET trees.

The ET treatment had little impact on Rdark, RKok or RLaisk. Although the thermal sensitivities of RKok or RLaisk were similar, RKok was higher than RLaisk. We found negative values of RLaisk at the lowest measurement temperatures, indicating positive net CO2 uptake, which we propose may be related to phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity. Light suppression of Rdark decreased with increasing leaf temperature, but the degree of suppression depended on the method used.

The Kok and Laisk methods do not generate the same estimates of Rlight or light suppression of Rdark between 20 and 35°C. Negative rates of RLaisk imply that this method may become less reliable at low temperatures.
First evidence for the joint dispersal of mycorrhizal fungi and plant diaspores by birds
Authors: Correia Marta , Heleno Ruben , da Silva Luís Pascoal , Costa José Miguel , Rodríguez‐Echeverría Susana 
Published: October 2018

Summary

Seed dispersal allows plants to colonise new sites and escape from pathogens and intraspecific competition, maintaining plant genetic diversity and regulating plant distribution. Conversely, most plant species form mutualistic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in a symbiosis established immediately after seed germination. Because AM fungi are obligate symbionts, using the same dispersal vector as their host should be highly advantageous for their survival, but the co‐dispersal of seeds and AM fungal spores has never been confirmed.

We aim to clarify the potential role of European birds, essential dispersers for many plant species, as co‐dispersers of seeds and AM fungal spores.

In total, 63 bird droppings with intact seeds were placed in sterilised soil and maintained for 4 months in a protected environment to avoid contamination. Additionally, 173 bird droppings and 729 gauze swabs used to clean birds’ feet were inspected for AM fungal spores.

Although no spores were detected by direct observation of these samples, seven Rubus ulmifolius seedlings obtained from four independent droppings of Erithacus rubecula and Sylvia melanocephala were colonised by AM fungi. Our results show that birds can effectively co‐disperse viable seeds and AM fungal spores, potentially over long distances, providing a pivotal mechanism to understand the cosmopolitan distribution of AM fungi.
Clients’ experiences of one‐to‐one low‐intensity interventions for common mental health problems: An interpretative phenomenological analysis
Authors: Amos Rebekah , Morris Lydia , Mansell Warren , Edge Dawn 
Published: October 2018

ObjectivesCommon mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety are highly prevalent and carry significant health care and economic burdens. The UK's improving access to psychological therapies (IAPT) initiative was developed as a cost‐effective way of reducing the pernicious effects of these disorders. IAPT interventions, such as guided self‐help, have been subjected to considerable quantitative evaluation. However, there has been minimal investigation into clients’ experiences of the one‐to‐one low‐intensity interventions (LIIs), which form a key component of IAPT service provision. Qualitative exploration could provide rich data regarding experiences of psychological change and factors affecting therapeutic experiences. This will enable informative, client led insights into how low‐intensity therapy can be improved.MethodsInterpretative phenomenological analysis of eight semi‐structured interviews was used to develop an idiosyncratic understanding of clients’ experiences of one‐to‐one LIIs following entry into a randomized control trial (RCT).ResultsFour superordinate themes were identified from clients’ accounts: goals and expectations of therapy, beneficial aspects of therapy, non‐beneficial aspects of therapy, and the experience of psychological change. A heuristic model of interrelationships between factors is proposed.ConclusionsBoth therapeutic techniques and relationships contribute to beneficial therapeutic experiences. The results reported here can be used to inform practice by harnessing the most beneficial aspects of therapy, such as developing adaptive therapeutic approaches to clients’ clinical needs and facilitating idiosyncratic processes of psychological change. Due to limited qualitative research in this area, further research should be conducted in different service settings to assess differences and similarities in clients’ experiences.Practitioner points

Therapists who adapted to clients’ individual needs were perceived as more effective than those who did not.

Effective therapeutic experiences were exemplified by a personal therapeutic approach, enough time to discuss issues and normalizing client's experiences.

Clients develop idiosyncratic models of change which should be encouraged by therapists over and above clinical models.
Art and painful emotion
Authors: Strohl Matthew 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis essay updates Aaron Smuts', 2009 Philosophy Compass piece, “Art and Negative Affect” in light of recent work on the topic. The “paradox of painful art” is the general problem of how it is possible to enjoy or value experiences of art that involve painful emotions. It encompasses both the paradox of tragedy and the paradox of horror. Section lays out a taxonomy of solutions to the paradox of painful art and argues that we should opt for a pluralistic approach rather than seeking a unified solution. Section surveys recent work on the topic, with an emphasis on views holding that it is possible for an experience of art to be pleasant partly in virtue of involving painful emotion. Section suggests a range of phenomena that are not usually considered under the umbrella of the paradox of painful art but that offer promising directions for further research.
The independency of the Bereitschaftspotential from previous stimulus‐locked P3 in visuomotor response tasks
Authors: Quinzi Federico , Berchicci Marika , Bianco Valentina , Perri Rinaldo Livio , Di Russo Francesco 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe Bereitschaftspotential (BP) and the P3 are well‐known ERPs usually observed during self‐paced and externally triggered tasks. Recently, the BP was also detected in externally triggered tasks before stimulus onset. However, doubts have been raised about the authenticity of the BP in these tasks due to possible overlaps with the previous trial P3 (hereinafter s‐1 P3). Here, we aim to test the authenticity of the BP in externally triggered tasks by comparing ERPs obtained during two visuomotor response tasks with different interstimulus intervals (ISIs) allowing (short‐ISI; 1,000–2,000 ms) or not (long‐ISI; 2,000–4,000 ms) P3‐BP overlaps. In line with previous research, we hypothesize that BP and the s‐1 P3 contribute independently to the scalp‐detected activities during these tasks. ERPs were recorded from 14 healthy participants during the short‐ISI and long‐ISI visuomotor response tasks. Amplitudes and latencies of pre‐ (BP and pN) and poststimulus ERP components (P1, pN1, pP1, N1, pP2, dpP2, N2, P3) were compared between conditions. No effect of ISI was found on the amplitude of any pre‐ and poststimulus components. In contrast, longer ISI is associated with earlier onsets of the BP and pN components. In visuomotor response tasks, the BP is independent from the P3 elicited by the previous trial (s‐1 P3), even using relatively short ISI. Since the different ISIs did not affect the amplitude of the BP and the P3 components, we conclude that also a short ISI can be adopted safely and conveniently to keep a reasonable duration of the overall experiment.
Shellfish culture: a complex driver of planktonic communities
Authors: Hulot Vivien , Saulnier Denis , Lafabrie Céline , Gaertner‐Mazouni Nabila 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis review features recent updates on planktonic community alteration attributed to shellfish farming across three major drivers: predation, nutrient availability and the hydrodynamic environment. The grazing pressure generated by filter‐feeder communities (shellfish and epibionts) constitutes a ‘top‐down’ control of planktonic communities in aquaculture areas, inducing a significant depletion of planktonic organism concentration. By selecting larger cells during the filtration process, shellfish also favour smaller organisms in the water column, leading to the dominance of the latter. Direct excretion and the benthic alteration process tend to fertilise the water column and significantly stimulate primary production. The associated epibiont community particularly contributes to this regeneration process. The expected consequence of increasing nutrient availability is generally a planktonic shift in favour of small planktonic species. However, investigation on the relationship between planktonic structure and nutrient conditions has revealed a wide complexity and variability. Finally, all structures used in shellfish farming activities interact with water currents and tend to significantly increase the residence time of planktonic organisms inside shellfish farming areas. In grazing‐dominated systems, an increase in residence time tends to increase the exposure time of planktonic populations to detrimental conditions, reducing biomass and production. The general consequences of shellfish farming are a decrease in primary production in farming ecosystems, and a possible alteration of structure and functioning of planktonic communities. The implications of shellfish farming also appear to be quite different from other aquaculture activities such as fish farming, which tend to promote primary production leading to eutrophication process.
‘Take measure of your wide and flaunting garments’: The farthingale, gender and the consumption of space in Elizabethan and Jacobean England
Authors: Bendall Sarah A 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFarthingales were large stiffened structures placed beneath a woman’s skirts in order to push them out and enlarge the lower half of the body. During the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods in England criticisms of these garments increasingly focused on their spatial ramifications, decrying their monstrous size and inconvenience. Nonetheless farthingales served important social and cultural functions for women in early modern England, shaping and defining status and wealth in both court and urban spaces. Using surviving textual and visual sources, as well as engaging with the process of historical dress reconstruction, this article argues that spatial anxieties relating to farthingales were less about the actual size of this garment and more related to older fears concerning the ability of farthingales to create intimate personal spaces around the female body, mask the appropriation of social status, and physically displace men. In turn, these anxieties led to the establishment of a common and enduring trope regarding the monstrous size of these garments as women in farthingales were perceived to be challenging their social and gendered place in the world.
Sequential Hazards Resilience of Interdependent Infrastructure System: A Case Study of Greater Toronto Area Energy Infrastructure System
Authors: Kong Jingjing , Simonovic Slobodan P. , Zhang Chao 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCoupled infrastructure systems and complicated multihazards result in a high level of complexity and make it difficult to assess and improve the infrastructure system resilience. With a case study of the Greater Toronto Area energy system (including electric, gas, and oil transmission networks), an approach to analysis of multihazard resilience of an interdependent infrastructure system is presented in the article. Integrating network theory, spatial and numerical analysis methods, the new approach deals with the complicated multihazard relations and complex infrastructure interdependencies as spatiotemporal impacts on infrastructure systems in order to assess the dynamic system resilience. The results confirm that the effects of sequential hazards on resilience of infrastructure (network) are more complicated than the sum of single hazards. The resilience depends on the magnitude of the hazards, their spatiotemporal relationship and dynamic combined impacts, and infrastructure interdependencies. The article presents a comparison between physical and functional resilience of an electric transmission network, and finds functional resilience is always higher than physical resilience. The multiple hazards resilience evaluation approach is applicable to any type of infrastructure and hazard and it can contribute to the improvement of infrastructure planning, design, and maintenance decision making.
Evolution of the depositional environments of the Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures, Surat Basin, Queensland, Australia
Authors: Wainman Carmine C. , McCabe Peter J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures of the Surat Basin in eastern Australia host the continent's most significant coal bed methane resources. Previous studies have interpreted the Walloon Coal Measures within a single depositional facies model encompassing a wholly terrestrial setting. Using a multidisciplinary approach (facies analysis, palynology and wireline logs), the evolution of the Walloon Coal Measures is described within a new chronostratigraphic framework defined by accurate and precise U–Pb tuff dates. Analysis of sedimentary facies indicates that the majority of the Walloon Coal Measures was deposited by relatively small (<300 m wide), low gradient rivers on a poorly‐drained floodplain with numerous small lakes and mires. However, this study also identified some marine‐influenced facies with brackish palynomorphs (notably dinoflagellate cysts) and tidal sedimentary structures. These facies appear to have been deposited in estuaries during times of transgression. The evidence for base level shifts suggests that the coals may not have coevally accumulated with at least some of the thicker sandstones. Palaeogeographic maps for eleven time intervals suggest that rivers drained towards to the south/south‐west and south‐east, as indicated by sandstone percentage and gross unit isopach maps, presumably into proximal estuarine complexes. Marine incursions into the continent probably came from the north and east during times of high eustatic sea level and as precursors to those of the more persistent and extensive transgressions of the Early Cretaceous. A similar multidisciplinary approach should help to elucidate the evolution of other fluviolacustrine systems in other basins and aid in resource prediction.