bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulation of dynamic mechanical and viscoelastic behavior in polymer/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Asadian Hossein , Shelesh‐Nezhad Karim 
Published: October 2019

AbstractViscoelastic behavior of a polymer‐based composite displays the energy storage and damping capabilities of the composite. Simulation and numerical modeling of viscoelastic behavior can aid to estimate the viscoelastic data and optimize the formulations of composites. It is possible to simulate the viscoelastic behavior of a polymeric composite by using the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) data of pure polymeric matrix and elastic properties of reinforcement. In this study, three‐dimensional FE analysis was performed to study the viscoelastic behavior of poly(butylene terephthalate)(PBT)/polyurethane/clay nanocomposite by employing representative volumetric element and explicit dynamic analysis. A modified generalized Maxwell model was employed to express the viscoelastic behavior of polymer matrix. Experimental results of DMA for PBT/polyurethane and also elastic data of nanoclay were used in the finite element modeling, and subsequently, the storage and loss moduli of nanocomposite were predicted. The results of simulations were close to those of experiments particularly at low clay content (2 wt%). The aggregation of clays at higher content (4 wt%), increased the differences between experimental and FEM results.
Photooptical Properties of Polymethacrylates Having Cyanoazobenzene‐Containing Side Groups with Lateral Methyl Substituents and Different Spacer Length
Authors: Bobrovsky Alexey , Shibaev Valery , Cigl Martin , Hamplová Vĕra , Novotná Vladimíra 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTNew photochromic polymethacrylates with different spacer length having azobenzene side groups and lateral methyl substituents were synthesized. The phase behavior of polymethacrylates and their photooptical properties were studied and compared with unsubstituted analogues. It is shown that an introduction of lateral methyl substituents results in almost complete suppression of liquid crystalline (LC) phase formation and strong decrease of photoinduced dichroism values. It is found that rates of the photoinduced E‐Z isomerization and back thermal Z‐E isomerization are almost independent on spacer lengths. Due to the presence of lateral substituents, the photoinduced azobenzene Z‐form shows remarkable long lifetime, and back thermal conversion at room temperature takes more than 10 days. Specific peculiarities of the photoorientation process in polymer films under the polarized UV and visible light action were studied and their mechanism is suggested. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019, 57, 1337–1342
CFD and Experimental Analysis of Swirl Type Single‐Fluid Atomizer for Optimization of Recrystallization Process to Make Ultrafine RDX Explosive
Authors: Goyal Varun , Gupta Shallu , Kumar Pal Dinesh , Jindal Deepika , Singh Gokul , Agarwal Arun , Lata Prem 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this research work, a novel idea of using a pressure swirl single‐fluid atomizer is used for the preparation of ultrafine 1,3,5‐Trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazinane or formally cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) explosive using the solvent/ anti‐solvent method with reaching a milestone development of a numerical model to determine the particle size. A theoretical analysis is performed and referred to compute the optimum dimensions of the atomizer and a detailed numerical and experimental investigation is presented. Computer‐Aided‐Design (CAD) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to model and simulate the flow of solvent through the atomizers in order to determine the most important parameters like the Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) of the droplets, Turbulent Dissipation Rate, Turbulent Kinetic Energy and the exit velocity through the atomizer. Ultrafine RDX explosive is recrystallized with a mean particle size of 4.99 μm and a standard deviation of 1.35 μm. The experimental process performed using the fabricated atomizer is a laboratory scale table‐top pilot plant which is simple, cost‐effective, and safe. It is then observed that this numerical model accurately predicts the particle size from the designed atomizer when compared to the experimentally obtained particle size with the difference lying between 1 % and 5 %.
Machine learning techniques for protein function prediction
Authors: Bonetta Rosalin , Valentino Gianluca 
Published: October 2019

AbstractProteins play important roles in living organisms, and their function is directly linked with their structure. Due to the growing gap between the number of proteins being discovered and their functional characterization (in particular as a result of experimental limitations), reliable prediction of protein function through computational means has become crucial. This paper reviews the machine learning techniques used in the literature, following their evolution from simple algorithms such as logistic regression to more advanced methods like support vector machines and modern deep neural networks. Hyperparameter optimization methods adopted to boost prediction performance are presented. In parallel, the metamorphosis in the features used by these algorithms from classical physicochemical properties and amino acid composition, up to text‐derived features from biomedical literature and learned feature representations using autoencoders, together with feature selection and dimensionality reduction techniques, are also reviewed. The success stories in the application of these techniques to both general and specific protein function prediction are discussed.
Effects of kampo medicine keishikashakuyakuto on large intestine disease in mice
Authors: Kimura Yoshiyuki 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTAimThe aim of this study was to examine the effects of keishikashakuyakuto (KST) on large intestine diarrhea and inflammation in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mouse models.MethodsThis study examined the effects of KST on diarrhea and inflammatory bowel syndrome using 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT)‐induced diarrhea and 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐treated colitis models.ResultsKeishikashakuyakuto (200 and/or 500 mg/kg) and ramosetron (5 μg/kg) prolonged the onset‐time of 5‐HT‐induced diarrhea in mice. KST and ramosetron prevented diarrhea and the stool score was decreased 60 min after 5‐HT treatment. The disease activity index in the 3% DSS‐treated mice was lower after oral KST than in mice given 3% DSS only. Furthermore, KST inhibited the decreases in red cells and platelets, and in hemoglobin and hematocrit that were observed in DSS‐treated mice. On colon histology using hematoxylin–eosin and direct fast scarlet staining, KST prevented the mucosa membrane ulceration and eosinophil infiltration of the mucosa membrane caused by DSS treatment. The increase in colonic monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, interleukin‐1β and tumor necrosis factor‐α in DSS‐treated mice was reduced by oral KST.ConclusionKeishikashakuyakuto may be effective for IBS and IBD.
Groundwater governance: Addressing core concepts and challenges
Authors: Closas Alvar , Villholth Karen G. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWith decreasing aquifer levels, increasing groundwater pollution, inequitable access, and generally poor management outcomes, better groundwater governance has been put forward as a recipe to address these challenges worldwide. Existing recommendations focus on improved legal frameworks, monitoring and control of access and abstraction through permits or formal rights. In addition, decentralized water management, enforcement of regulations, and supply‐side technological solutions are seen as cornerstone components of good groundwater governance systems. However, until now, these approaches have generally failed to reconcile the fundamental dynamics and properties of groundwater as a natural resource and of governance as a social and political phenomenon. This has caused a disregard for local to planetary boundaries, power dynamics, and intra‐ and intergenerational inequalities in access to benefits from groundwater. As the current general notion of good groundwater governance is limited, solutions put forward are also partial and do not encompass the wider challenges affecting groundwater governance, in effect replacing sustainable management goals and policy for governance as a process. This paper takes a particular look at the Middle East and North Africa and agricultural groundwater use for irrigation to constructively redefine groundwater governance and fully address the multilayered and multifaceted core challenges of groundwater governance. Equally, the paper puts forward a new conceptual thinking that will help support the effective development of governance‐based solutions to achieve sustainable, socially acceptable, resilient and equitable resource use.This article is categorized under:
Engineering Water > Planning Water
Human Water > Water Governance
O2 No Longer the Go2: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis Comparing the Effects of Giving Perioperative Oxygen Therapy of 30% FiO2 to 80% FiO2 on Surgical Site Infection and Mortality
Authors: Smith Brianna K. , Roberts Ross H. , Frizelle Frank A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the effects of perioperative high (80%) versus low (30%) fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) on surgical site infection (SSI) and mortality in adult surgical patients.BackgroundThe routine use of high fraction perioperative oxygen in patients is “standard of care” and recommended by the World Health Organisation; however, whether there is truly any benefit to this therapy has been challenged by some authors. Questions have also been raised about the possibility of harm from oxygen therapy.MethodRandomised control trials comparing high‐to‐low FiO2 were located by searching MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL and Web of Science. The primary outcomes were SSI up to 15 days and up to any time point postoperatively and mortality up to 30 days. The data were analysed using random effects meta‐analysis.ResultsTwelve studies involving 10,212 participants were included. At 15 days postoperatively, and at the longest point of post‐operative follow‐up, there was no statistically significant reduction in the risk of SSI when comparing patients who received a perioperative FiO2 of 30% to those with an FiO2 of 80% (RR 1.41, 95% CI 1.00–2.01, p 0.05 and RR 1.23, 95% CI 1.00–1.51, p 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in mortality between the 30% FiO2 and the 80% FiO2 groups (RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.56–2.22, p 0.76).ConclusionThis meta‐analysis showed no statistically significant difference in post‐operative SSI or mortality when comparing patients receiving an FiO2 of 80% to those receiving an FiO2 of 30%.
Exponential loss of memory for the 2-dimensional Allen–Cahn equation with small noise
Authors: Tsatsoulis Pavlos , Weber Hendrik 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe prove an asymptotic coupling theorem for the 2-dimensional Allen–Cahn equation perturbed by a small space-time white noise. We show that with overwhelming probability two profiles that start close to the minimisers of the potential of the deterministic system contract exponentially fast in a suitable topology. In the 1-dimensional case a similar result was shown in Martinelli et al. (Commun Math Phys 120(1):25–69, 1988; J Stat Phys 55(3–4):477–504, 1989). It is well-known that in two or more dimensions solutions of this equation are distribution-valued, and the equation has to be interpreted in a renormalised sense. Formally, this renormalisation corresponds to moving the minima of the potential infinitely far apart and making them infinitely deep. We show that despite this renormalisation, solutions behave like perturbations of the deterministic system without renormalisation: they spend large stretches of time close to the minimisers of the (un-renormalised) potential and the exponential contraction rate of different profiles is given by the second derivative of the potential in these points. As an application we prove an Eyring–Kramers law for the transition times between the stable solutions of the deterministic system for fixed initial conditions.
The Missing Step of Pottery chaîne opératoire: Considering Post-firing Treatments on Ceramic Vessels Using Macro- and Microscopic Observation and Molecular Analysis
Authors: Drieu Léa , Lepère Cédric , Regert Martine 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Post-firing treatments, produced by the interaction of an organic material with the hot surface of a ceramic, are frequently described in ethnographic literature, but have rarely been identified in archaeological ceramic assemblages. In order to address this question, this paper describes a methodology that combines macro- and microscopic observation and molecular analysis. The study of experimental ceramic vessels provided diagnostic tools to identify the type of substances, their liquid or solid state, and their mode of application and attested that the post-firing treatments do not completely waterproof the ceramics. The difficulty to observe macro- and microscopic evidence of post-firing treatments when pots are fired in reducing atmosphere suggests that these processes are probably underestimated in archaeological assemblages. Furthermore, the identification of molecular thermal transformation markers, such as ketones, calls into question their classical interpretation as markers for the cooking of fatty content. This pioneering work highlights the complexity of studying post-firing treatments, which leave small traces that are easily missed or misinterpreted. In order to address this issue, we propose a multi-analytical approach, which can serve as a basis for future studies to explore the full diversity of post-firing treatments mentioned in ethnoarchaeological literature.
“Location, Location, Location”: Effects of Neighborhood and House Attributes on Burglars’ Target Selection
Authors: Vandeviver Christophe , Bernasco Wim 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Objectives
To empirically test whether offenders consider environmental features at multiple spatial scales when selecting a target and examine the simultaneous effect of neighborhood-level and residence-level attributes on residential burglars’ choice of residence to burglarize.

Methods
We combine data on 679 burglaries by 577 burglars committed between 2005 and 2014 with data on approximately 138,000 residences in 193 residential neighborhoods in Ghent, Belgium. Using a discrete spatial choice approach, we estimate the combined effect of neighborhood-level and residence-level attributes on burglars’ target choice in a conditional logit model.

Results
Burglars prefer burglarizing residences in neighborhoods with lower residential density. Burglars also favor burglarizing detached residences, residences in single-unit buildings, and renter-occupied residences. Furthermore, burglars are more likely to target residences in neighborhoods that they previously and recently targeted for burglary, and residences nearby their home. We find significant cross-level interactions between neighborhood and residence attributes in burglary target selection.

Conclusions
Both area-level and target-level attributes are found to affect burglars’ target choices. Our results offer support for theoretical accounts of burglary target selection that characterize it as being informed both by attributes of individual properties and attributes of the environment as well as combinations thereof. This spatial decision-making model implies that environmental information at multiple and increasingly finer scales of spatial resolution informs crime site selection.
Visualizing narrative patterns in online news media
Authors: Koivunen-Niemi Laura , Masoodian Masood 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
News media play an important role in shaping social reality, and their multimedia narrative content, in particular, can have widespread repercussions in the public’s perception of past and present phenomena. Being able to visually track changes in media coverage over time could offer the potential for aiding social change, as well as furthering accountability in journalism. In this paper, we explore how visualizations could be used to examine differences in online media narrative patterns over time and across publications. While there are existing means of visualizing such narrative patterns over time, few address the aspect of co-occurrence of variables in media content. Comparing co-occurrences of variables chronologically can be more useful in identifying patterns and possible biases in media coverage than simply counting the individual occurrences of those variables independently. Here, we present a visualization, called time-sets, which has been designed to support temporal comparisons of such co-occurrences. We also describe an interactive prototype tool we have developed based on time-sets for analysis of multimedia news datasets, using an illustrative case study of news articles published on three online sources over several years. We then report on a user study we have conducted to evaluate the time-sets visualization, and discuss its findings.
Liver graft rejection following immune checkpoint inhibitors treatment: a review
Authors: Hu Bo , Yang Xiao-Bo , Sang Xin-Ting 
Published: October 2019

AbstractImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in a variety of solid tumors; nonetheless, they have not been well investigated and are still recognized as a relative contraindication for patients with a liver transplantation (LT) history, since ICIs treatment might potentially lead to graft rejection. The program death-1 (PD-1) and the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) pathways are implicated in the tolerance of transplanted organ, as well as blockade of the pathways, which contribute to eliminating tumors and may inadvertently lead to peripheral transplant rejection. Currently, no guidelines are available regarding the treatment for ICIs patients with a prior LT history. Therefore, this study was carried out to review the recent studies, attempting to introduce the ICIs-related graft rejection after LT from various aspects. We believed that ICIs could be given for the well-informed patients receiving LT and developed recurrence in a controlled setting. Typically, these patients should be treated according to a clinical care path or a prospective clinical trial, so as obtain a persistent anti-tumor immune response in the meantime of avoiding graft rejection, adjust the immunosuppression, reduce the possibility of graft loss following rejection, and have the opportunity to develop biomarkers for tumor response and transplant rejection.
Construction of a novel brittleness index equation and analysis of anisotropic brittleness characteristics for unconventional shale formations
Authors: Qian Ke-Ran , Liu Tao , Liu Jun-Zhou , Liu Xi-Wu , He Zhi-Liang , Jiang Da-Jian 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The brittleness prediction of shale formations is of interest to researchers nowadays. Conventional methods of brittleness prediction are usually based on isotropic models while shale is anisotropic. In order to obtain a better prediction of shale brittleness, our study firstly proposed a novel brittleness index equation based on the Voigt–Reuss–Hill average, which combines two classical isotropic methods. The proposed method introduces upper and lower brittleness bounds, which take the uncertainty of brittleness prediction into consideration. In addition, this method can give us acceptable predictions by using limited input values. Secondly, an anisotropic rock physics model was constructed. Two parameters were introduced into our model, which can be used to simulate the lamination of clay minerals and the dip angle of formation. In addition, rock physics templates have been built to analyze the sensitivity of brittleness parameters. Finally, the effects of kerogen, pore structure, clay lamination and shale formation dip have been investigated in terms of anisotropy. The prediction shows that the vertical/horizontal Young’s modulus is always below one while the vertical/horizontal Poisson’s ratio (PR) can be either greater or less than 1. Our study finds different degrees of shale lamination may be the explanation for the random distribution of Vani (the ratio of vertical PR to horizontal PR).
Numerical modeling on drilling fluid and cutter design effect on drilling bit cutter thermal wear and breakdown
Authors: Ayop Ahmad Zhafran , Bahruddin Ahmad Zafri , Maulianda Belladonna , Prakasan Aruvin , Dovletov Shamammet , Atdayev Eziz , Rani Ahmad Majdi Abdul , Elraies Khaled Abdalla , Ganat Tarek Al-arbi , Barati Reza , Wee Sia Chee 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe unconventional reservoir geological complexity will reduce the drilling bit performance. The drill bit poor performance was the reduction in rate of penetration (ROP) due to bit balling and worn cutter and downhole vibrations that led to polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutter to break prematurely. These poor performances were caused by drilling the transitional formations (interbedded formations) that could create huge imbalance of forces, causing downhole vibration which led to PDC cutter breakage and thermal wear. These consequently caused worn cutter which lowered the ROP. This low performance required necessary improvements in drill bit cutter design. This research investigates thermal–mechanical wear of three specific PDC cutters: standard chamfered, ax, and stinger on the application of heat flux and cooling effect by different drilling fluids by using FEM. Based on simulation results, the best combination to be used was chamfered cutter geometry with OBM or stinger cutter geometry with SBM. Modeling studies require experimental validation of the results.
Toward the Baltic Sea Socioeconomic Action Plan
Authors: Ollikainen Markku , Hasler Berit , Elofsson Katarina , Iho Antti , Andersen Hans E. , Czajkowski Mikołaj , Peterson Kaja 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper analyzes the main weaknesses and key avenues for improvement of nutrient policies in the Baltic Sea region. HELCOM’s Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP), accepted by the Baltic Sea countries in 2007, was based on an innovative ecological modeling of the Baltic Sea environment and addressed the impact of the combination of riverine loading and transfer of nutrients on the ecological status of the sea and its sub-basins. We argue, however, that the assigned country-specific targets of nutrient loading do not reach the same level of sophistication, because they are not based on careful economic and policy analysis. We show an increasing gap between the state-of-the-art policy alternatives and the existing command-and-control-based approaches to the protection of the Baltic Sea environment and outline the most important steps for a Baltic Sea Socioeconomic Action Plan. It is time to raise the socioeconomic design of nutrient policies to the same level of sophistication as the ecological foundations of the BSAP.
A modular approach for testable conservative reversible multiplexer circuit for nano-electronic confine application
Authors: Pathak Nirupma , Kumar Santosh , Misra Neeraj Kumar , Bhoi Bandan Kumar 
Published: October 2019

AbstractQuantum technology has an attractive application nowadays for its minimizing the energy dissipation, which is a prominent part of any system-level design. In this article, the significant module of a multiplexer, an extended ton:1 is framed with prominent application in the control unit of the processor. The proposed multiplexer modules are framed by the algorithm, which is extended perspective based. Further, quantum cost and gate count are less to ensure the efficient quantum computing framed. In addition, the QCA computing framework is an attempt to synthesize the optimal primitives in conservative reversible multiplexer in nano-electronic confine application. The developed lemmas is framed to prove the optimal parameters in the reversible circuit. Compared with existing state-of-art-works, the proposed modular multiplexer, the gate count, quantum cost and unit delay are optimal.