bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimizing Clock Drawing Scoring Criteria: Development of the West Haven–Yale Clock Drawing Test
Authors: Gromisch Elizabeth S. , Beauvais John , Iannone Lynne P. , Marottoli Richard A. 
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESThe Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a widely used measure, which has been included as a recommended cognitive screen for driving evaluations. This study aimed to develop an optimized scoring method—the West Haven–Yale CDT (WHY‐CDT)—based on the scoring methods of Freund and Royall's CLOX, the latter of which is significantly associated with executive control functions.DESIGNRetrospective cohort study.SETTINGGreater New Haven, Connecticut, area.PARTICIPANTSA total of 237 adults, aged 70 years and older, who had a current driver's license and drove at least once a month.MEASUREMENTSClock drawings were independently scored using both scoring systems, as well as a qualitative‐based 5‐point gestalt score. Interrater reliability was calculated using Light's κ for dichotomous variables and intraclass correlations for continuous variables. A categorical principal component analysis was conducted to determine which items from the Freund and Royall scoring systems should be retained in the modified system, with the Kuder‐Richardson test used to assess internal consistency (reliability).RESULTSThe majority of the quantitative scoring items had moderate to almost perfect interrater reliability, with excellent interrater reliability for the qualitative gestalt score. The final scoring method retained seven items from the Freund and Royall versions, of which over 85% were from the latter. Internal consistency was fair to acceptable for the WHY‐CDT's two dichotomously scored subscales, but poor for both the Freund and Royall scoring methods.CONCLUSIONSThe WHY‐CDT is a simple scoring method that combines elements of the Freund and Royall methods, as well as an overall gestalt score, and has strong interrater reliability. Future directions for use of this modified system are discussed. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2129–2133, 2019
Nursing students’ career identity, satisfaction with major, and career stress by career decision type
Authors: Jung Young‐Mi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimThis study aimed to understand the career decision types of nursing college students and accordingly identify their career identity, satisfaction with major, and career stress.MethodsConvenience sampling was used to recruit nursing students (N = 220) attending the same college in Korea. Data were collected from May 1 to May 30, 2017. General characteristics included sex, grade, religion, extracurricular activities, and motive for their nursing major choice. The instruments included career decision type, career identity, satisfaction with major, and career stress.ResultsTotal cases of clusters showed 79 (39.5%) individuals in the undecided‐uncomfortable type, 75 (37.5%) in decided‐comfortable, 32 (16.0%) in undecided‐comfortable, and 14 (7.0%) in decided‐uncomfortable. The results indicated statistically significant differences in grade (P = .001), religion (P = .040), nursing major selection motive (P = .030), career identity (P < .001), satisfaction with major (P < .001), and career stress (P < .001) by career decision type.ConclusionsCustomized career education programs should be provided to nursing students to improve their career identity and satisfaction with major, while lowering career stress, considering career decision‐comfort and decidedness, along with the reasons why some students find career decisions emotionally uncomfortable.
Early postpartum resting‐state functional connectivity for mothers receiving buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder: A pilot study
Authors: Swain James E. , Ho S. Shaun 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBetween 1999 and 2014, the prevalence of opioid use disorder (OUD) among pregnant women quadrupled in the USA. The standard treatment for peripartum women withOUDis buprenorphine. However, the maternal behavior neurocircuit that regulates maternal behavior and mother‐infant bonding has not been previously studied for human mothers receiving buprenorphine treatment forOUD(BT). Rodent research shows opioid effects on reciprocal inhibition between maternal care and defence maternal brain subsystems: the hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray, respectively. We conducted a longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) pilot study in humans to specifically examine resting‐state functional connectivity (rs‐FC) between the periaqueductal gray and hypothalamus, as well as to explore associations with maternal bonding forBT. We studied 32 mothers who completedfMRIscans at 1 month (T1) and 4 months postpartum (T2), including seven mothers receiving buprenorphine forOUDand 25 non‐OUDmothers as a comparison group (CG). The participants underwent a 6‐minute resting‐statefMRIscan at each time point. We measured potential bonding impairments using the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire to explore how rs‐FCwith periaqueductal gray is associated with bonding impairments. Compared toCG,BTmothers differed in periaqueductal gray‐dependent rs‐FCwith the hypothalamus, amygdala, insular cortex and other brain regions at T1, with many of these differences disappearing at T2, suggesting potential therapeutic effects of continuing buprenorphine treatment. In contrast, the “rejection and pathological anger” subscale of the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire at T1 and T2 was associated with the T1‐to‐T2 increases in periaqueductal gray‐dependent rs‐FCwith the hypothalamus and amygdala. Preliminary evidence links maternal bonding problems for mothers withOUDearly in the postpartum to connectivity between specific care and defence maternal brain circuits, which may be mitigated by buprenorphine treatment. This exploratory study supports a potential mechanism for investigating both the therapeutic benefits and risks of opioids for maternal care and bonding with infants.
Pregnancy rate after emergency contraception with single‐dose oral levonorgestrel in Japanese women
Authors: Sakurai Shigeru 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimTo evaluate the pregnancy rate in Japanese women treated with levonorgestrel for emergency contraception.MethodsThis retrospective record‐based medical study included 1000 women who visited our clinic for emergency contraceptive treatment with 1.5 mg single‐dose oral levonorgestrel, followed by 50 μg hormonal oral contraceptive from May 2011 to December 2017. The outcomes of the emergency contraceptive treatment were recorded at a follow‐up visit, and descriptive statistics were obtained.ResultsThe number of women treated with levonorgestrel at the clinic increased from 2011 to 2015, but there was no subsequent increase thereafter. Most women were in their 20s (57.4%), followed by their 30s (19.3%) and teens (18.3%). Of the 1000 women treated with levonorgestrel, 659 were followed up. Among the 659 women with follow‐up data, 16 were pregnant (2.4%), of whom 11 underwent abortions, three had miscarriages, and two delivered at term. The timing of unprotected sexual intercourse relative to the estimated ovulation date among the pregnant women ranged from −3 to 23 days. The most commonly used contraceptive method before the emergency contraceptive visit was condoms (89.3%, 887/993). No new safety concerns were identified throughout the study period.ConclusionThe pregnancy rate after levonorgestrel treatment in Japanese women was low, and similar to that reported in previous studies. Information on contraceptive methods and emergency contraception with levonorgestrel needs to be better disseminated among women of childbearing age.
Phenotyping obstructive sleep apnoea—Bringing precision to oral appliance therapy
Authors: Cistulli Peter A. , Sutherland Kate 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA) is a highly prevalent disorder across the world and is characterised by repeated obstruction of the pharyngeal airway during sleep, resulting in oxygen desaturation (intermittent hypoxia) and sleep fragmentation. As awareness of the disorder has risen over the last few decades, there is growing recognition that OSA is a highly heterogeneous disorder, and that application of a precision medicine framework to its treatment could significantly enhance patient outcomes by allowing prediction of who has OSA, who needs it treated, who is susceptible to symptoms and comorbidities, which treatment should be used and who will respond to therapy. To achieve this, there is a need to develop an understanding of intermediate OSA phenotypes in terms of their contribution to disease pathogenesis, clinical and physiological expression and treatment responses. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies using unsupervised (cluster) analytical approaches that have generated new insights, demonstrating the viability of a precision medicine approach in sleep medicine. These advances will undoubtedly influence the emerging field of dental sleep medicine, and dentists need to be aware of these developments.
Glucose, cholesterol and blood pressure in type II diabetes: A longitudinal observational study comparing patients with and without severe mental illness
Authors: Smith Robert , Han Lu , Ali Shehzad , Prady Stephanie L. , Taylor Joanne , Hughes Tom , Ajjan Ramzi A. , Siddiqi Najma , Doran Tim 
Published: July 2019

Accessible SummaryWhat is known on the subject?

People with severe mental illness (SMI) have a life expectancy of 15–20 years less than the general population, partly due to increased risk of physical disease, including type II diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease.

Little is known about changes in cardiovascular risk factors over time in people with both T2DM and SMI compared to those with T2DM and no SMI.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

We investigated whether levels of cardiovascular risk factors, cholesterol, HbA1c, systolic and diastolic blood pressure associated with adverse clinical outcomes are different in T2DM patients with and without SMI. We found significant differences in systolic blood pressure and HbA1c between the two groups.

Fifty‐five percent and twenty‐nine percent of T2DM patients with comorbid SMI are at increased risk of adverse clinical outcomes due to sub‐optimal HbA1c and systolic blood pressure levels, respectively.

What are the implications for practice?

Many patients with T2DM and SMI have higher levels of cardiovascular risk compared to patients with T2DM only, and good management of risk factors is therefore particularly important in patients with both conditions.

Achieving better control of HbA1c levels is likely to be central to addressing inequalities in outcomes for patients with both SMI and T2DM.

AbstractIntroductionPatients with both severe mental illness (SMI) and type II diabetes (T2DM) have lower life expectancy than patients with T2DM alone, partly due to poor control of cardiovascular risk factors in comorbid patients.AimTo compare levels of cholesterol, HbA1c and blood pressure in T2DM patients with and without SMI.MethodWe analysed longitudinal clinical records of 30,353 people with T2DM (657 with SMI; 29,696 controls without SMI) between 2001 and 2013 using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). We used mixed‐effects regression models to compare cardiovascular risk factors between SMI and controls.ResultsPatients with SMI had lower mean systolic blood pressure (SBP; β: −2.49; SE = .45 p = <.01) and were more likely to have extreme (high and low) values of HbA1c and SBP (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.64 and 1.76:1.40, 2.21, respectively).DiscussionPeople with T2DM and SMI have similar average values of cardiovascular risk factors to people with T2DM alone but are more likely to have values of HbA1c and SBP indicating increased risk of adverse clinical outcomes.Implications for PracticeImproved management of cardiovascular risk factors in general, glycaemic control in particular, is central to addressing the increased risk of adverse outcomes in people with both SMI and T2DM.
Dynamic thiol/disulphide homeostasis and pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease
Authors: Kaman Ayşe , Aydın Teke Türkan , Gayretli Aydın Zeynep Gökçe , Karacan Küçükali Gülin , Neşelioğlu Salim , Erel Özcan , Tanır Gönül 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundKawasaki disease (KD) is an acute, self‐limited, systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology. In the present study, we investigated whether there is a relationship between KD and dynamic thiol/disulphide homeostasis.MethodsThis case–control study involved KD patients and healthy controls. Plasma total, native and disulphide thiol and the disulphide/native, disulphide/total and native thiol/total thiol ratios of all patients and the control group were analyzed simultaneously.ResultsA total of 20 patients with KD (male/female, 12/8) and 25 age‐ and gender‐matched healthy controls (male/female, 12/13) were evaluated. Native, total thiol and native thiol/total thiol ratio were significantly lower in KD patients than in the control group (P < 0.001). In contrast, disulphide thiol, disulphide/native thiol and disulphide/total thiol ratios were significantly higher in KD patients than control subjects (P < 0.001). In KD patients with coronary artery lesion (CAL), the native thiol and total thiol were significantly lower than in KD patients without CAL. In KD patients with CAL, the ratios of disulphide/total thiol and disulphide/native thiol were significantly higher than in those without CAL (P = 0.02 and P = 0.02, respectively), whereas the ratio of native/total thiol was significantly lower (P = 0.02).ConclusionThe KD patients had lower plasma thiol (native and total) and higher disulphide thiol than controls, indicating that dynamic thiol/disulphide homeostasis might be an important indicator of inflammation in KD. Alteration and shifting of thiol/disulphide homeostasis to the oxidized side are correlated with the pathogenesis of KD and CAL.
Trauma informed public health nursing visits to parents and children
Authors: Ballard Julianne , George Liz , Zazueta‐Lara Eva , Turner Laura , Aguado Jesús , Law Jennifer , Alger Renée 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAdverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) research has demonstrated a strong correlation between a traumatic childhood and poor health and social status in adulthood. Maternal/child Public Health Nursing (PHN) home visiting teams frequently encounter families experiencing trauma, thus offering a unique opportunity to assist parents in recognizing the potential harm such stress may have for their child. The Sonoma County Field Nursing team developed a trauma‐informed model utilizing ACEs education in a self‐reflective approach with parents to increase family resilience and reduce the risk for future childhood trauma. This paper presents the supporting research used to develop the trauma‐informed approach and describes the execution of the model by the Sonoma County Field Nursing team.
Effects of needle gauge and syringe size on small intestinal leakage at injection sites
Authors: Brand Kenneth J. , Hess Emily , Risselada Marije 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the influence of needle gauge, syringe volume, and syringe size on needle tract leakage after injection in porcine jejunum.Study designEx vivo experiment.Sample populationThree hundred sixty jejunal segments from 20 feedlot pigs.MethodsFresh porcine intestines were divided into 5‐cm or 10‐cm segments and randomly assigned to the one of nine treatment groups: 25‐gauge, 22‐gauge, and 20‐gauge needles attached to full 12‐mL, half‐full 20‐mL, and full 20‐mL syringes (n = 20/group). The jejunal segments were occluded with Rochester‐Carmalt forceps prior to injection of diluted India ink. Injection time and leakage were noted by a blinded observer. Multivariate analysis was used with segment size, needle gauge, volume infused, time to inject per milliliter, and syringe size as variables.ResultsLeakage occurred in 36% of 5‐cm and 15% of 10‐cm segments and was immediate without palpation in 33.8% and 11% of segments, respectively. Protective effects were seen for 22‐gauge needles in both 5‐cm (P = .002) and 10‐cm (P = .001) segments, whereas injection of 20 mL had a higher odds ratio of leakage compared with injection of 10 mL and 12 mL in 5‐cm segments (P = .003).ConclusionInjections with 22‐gauge needles reduced the frequency of leakage, while 20 mL instilled in 5‐cm segments increased the frequency of leakage in intact segments of porcine jejunum.Clinical significanceInjection with a smaller syringe size attached to a 22‐gauge needle through a 10‐cm segment of small intestine may lower the frequency of leakage from the injection site, but influence on the detection of surgical site leakage remains unknown.
Towards a Kachru Institute
Authors: Crystal David 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn September 1984, Braj Kachru suggested that an institutional archive for research on the English language across cultures should be set up. In Kachru's view, this project would include six strands of activity, including empirical sociolinguistic studies, pedagogical studies, resource materials, special registers, functional domains and formal studies. Over the succeeding decades, however, no such institute came into existence. This current paper therefore seeks to revive the plan to create such an institute, which, of course, should be appropriately named as ‘The Kachru Institute’.
Professor Braj B. Kachru and intelligibility
Authors: Nelson Cecil L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractProfessor Braj Kachru instituted the school of world Englishes in his forthright examinations of the bases of the criteria that could reasonably be argued to constitute ‘good English’ and to define ‘an English speaker’. One specific stream of those investigations is that of intelligibility in terms of the features which English users need to take into account when they are making sense of others’ productions and composing their own.
Elaborating on the Expanding Circle
Authors: Proshina Zoya G. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWhile the Inner and Outer Circle varieties are recognized by all linguists and educationists, the status of any Expanding Circle English as a variety per se is still a subject of incessant discussions. This article, based on Russian English as a typical variety of the Expanding Circle, focuses on the reasons for misconceptions and inaccuracies. The author discusses the parameters for singling out varieties and their application to the Expanding Circle, highlights Kachru's definition of a performance variety, and concludes that the specifics of exonormative Englishes result in a greater variability of norms as compared with endonormative varieties. Distinctive features of an Expanding Circle variety are not unique but their set makes the variety distinctive. The difference of varieties is majorly due to diversity of cultures that underpin a variety. Therefore, legitimacy of Expanding Circle Englishes is in their ability to serve the cultures and to express linguacultural identity of their users.
The Kachruvian connection and English language teaching in the Philippines
Authors: Velasco Yvonne Pedria 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe non‐native speakers as teachers of English hold a key role in teaching a language which is the world's most taught, learned and used second or foreign language. With this current global context of English, Philippine ELT has to reflect on the ‘curricula of teacher training programs, in the methodology of teaching, in understanding the sociolinguistic profile of the language, and in cross‐cultural awareness’ the implications of the internationalization of English (Kachru, 1992, p. 355). This paper argues that while Professor Kachru sounded the call for the modification of ELT practices decades ago, ELT practitioners in the Philippines have yet to fully come to terms to a shift in the teaching paradigm of English that necessitates a change in the way non‐standard features of the language are perceived and how teaching methods should be modified to match the current reality of English as an international language.
Gestational diabetes mellitus, pre-gestational BMI and offspring BMI z-score during infancy and childhood: 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort
Authors: Buffarini Romina , Barros Aluisio J D , Matijasevich Alicia , Loret de Mola Christian , Santos Ina S 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects a significant number of women. Evidence regarding the association between GDM and offspring body mass index (BMI) is unclear due to small samples and lack of adequate confounding control. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between GDM and offspring BMI z-scores from birth to early adolescence and to examine the role of maternal pre-gestational BMI in this relationship.DesignProspective study.SettingPelotas 2004 Birth Cohort, Brazil.ParticipantsCohort participants that were followed-up from birth up to early adolescence (~3500) and their mothers.Primary outcome measuresBMI z-scores at birth, 3, 12, 24, 48 months and 6 and 11 years of age, calculated according to the WHO growth charts.ResultsUnadjusted and adjusted linear regressions were performed and interaction terms between maternal pre-gestational BMI and GDM were included. Prevalence of self-reported GDM was 2.6% (95% CI 2.1% to 3.1%). The offspring BMI z-scores (SD) at birth, 3, 12, 24, 48 months and at 6 and 11 years were 0.10 (1.12), –0.47 (1.10), 0.59 (1.10), 0.59 (1.08), 0.78 (1.32), 0.70 (1.43) and 0.75 (1.41), respectively. Unadjusted regression models showed positive associations between GDM and offspring BMI z-scores at birth, 6 and 11 years. After adjustment, the associations attenuated towards the null. Statistical evidence of effect modification between maternal pre-gestational BMI and GDM was observed at birth (p=0.007), with the association between GDM and offspring BMI z-score being apparent only in those children born to overweight or obese mothers (β=0.72, 95% CI 0.30 to 1.14 and β=0.61, 95% CI 0.20 to 1.01, respectively).ConclusionsWe observed that in the association between GDM and offspring BMI z-scores, there is a predominant role for maternal nutritional status before pregnancy and that the association between GDM and newborn’s BMI is apparent only among those born to overweight or obese mothers.