bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survival and Development of VAM Containerized Yellow-Poplar Seedlings
Authors: Hay Ronald L. , Rennie John C. , Ford Victor L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Containerized yellow-poplar seedlings grown for 19 weeks, in VAM (Glomus mosseae anti G. fasciculatum)-inoculated media, were outplanted on a strip mine spoil, an abandoned agricultural field, and a previously wooded site. Survival was significantly greater for the VAM treatments than for the control, but there were no differences between the two Glomus species. Survival was greatest on the mine spoil, where there was minimal competing vegetation; seedlings grew well enough to establish a plantation. Height and root collar diameter were significantly greater for the VAM seedlings than for the nonmycorrhizal seedlings. G. fasciculatum-colonized seedlings were consistently largest of all treatments. The previously wooded site produced the tallest seedlings. North. J. Appl. For. 6:20-22, March 1989.
Individual Tree Volume Equations for the Northeastern United States: Evaluation and New Form Quotient Board Foot Equations1
Authors: Burk Thomas E. , Hans Richard P. , Wharton Eric H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Volume equations used in forest survey in the northeastern United States were evaluated using data collected as part of utilization studies. Results are presented for both cubic foot and board foot equations for 16 species groups. Existing cubic foot equations were found to be satisfactory while the board foot equations generally produced significantly large underestimates. New board foot equations that include a measure of tree form were derived. North. J. Appl. For. 6(1):27-31, March 1989.
A Validation of TWIGS for Illinois Forests
Authors: Kowalski David G. , Gertner George Z. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The predictive ability of the Central States growth and yield system TWIGS 3.0 was evaluated for Illinois forests. The data used to validate the system were collected from permanent plots that had been established throughout the state and maintained for up to 30 years. TWIGS growth predictions were analyzed through the differences between observed and predicted stand and species characteristics. TWIGS consistently overpredicted mean stand diameter and underpredicted tree survival over a 30-year growth projection. The combined result of prediction errors in diameter growth and tree survival was a consistent underprediction of basal area per acre. Percent error at the twentieth year of projection was -6% for mean stand diameter, 18% for tree survival, and 6% for basal area. TWIGS, with its simulation features and small relative prediction errors for some major timber species, is an adequate growth and yield system for Illinois' mixed hardwood forests. North. J. Appl. For. 6:154-156, December 1989.
Examination of Forest Inventory and Mapping Systems to Reduce the Number of Political Units
Authors: Hove Gregg P. , Blinn Charles R. , Moody Norman R. , Westfield Lee M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forest inventory systems should provide an efficient and logical approach to classifying cover type data. Inventory and mapping procedures that recognize small legal or political units (e.g., section lines, quarter-section lines, or 40-ac lines) may be inefficient as some cover types cross these boundaries. This may result in data redundancy, sampling and mathematical inconsistencies, increased sampling and data management costs, and more complex management decision making.
An alternative data aggregation and mapping procedure was performed on three representative townships to eliminate redundancy in existing forest inventory data and to reduce the number of similar cover types. The cover type combination process, along with the use of a mapping system, resulted in a more efficient reporting and display of the inventory data. While benefits would probably be maximized if decision makers considered unit size before conducting an initial inventory or reinventory, benefits can still be derived if unit size is maximized after conducting this inventory. A classification system that recognizes the fewest possible political units encourages land managers to recognize existing cover types as management units.
North. J. Appl. For. 6:157-161, December 1989.
Investment Analysis of Upland Oak Stands with Sugar Maple Understories: Management for Oak vs. Conversion to Sugar Maple in Iowa and Missouri
Authors: Countryman David W. , Miller Helene R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A land and timber expectation value (LTEV) was developed by modifying the Faustmann formula (Le) to allow for overlapping rotations, easy sensitivity analysis, alternative management strategies with different rotation lengths, and a unique initial, existing timber stand. This LTEV establishes a value (i.e., price one can pay) for a parcel of land, existing timber thereon, and management scenario analyzed that will result in a rate of return equal to the selected discount rate. LTEV was then used to analyze management scenarios typical of Iowa and Missouri for oak shelterwood, oak clearcutting, oak underplanting, and conversion to sugar maple.
In stands with medium and high initial stand values, which tend to occur on sites that produce higher yields of quality oaks, sugar maple has the largest LTEV if the oak stand is past economic maturity, because of higher carrying and silvicultural costs associated with the oak alternatives. In general, the preferred oak alternatives on these sites were clearcutting, then underplanting, and then shelterwood. In stands with low initial stand values, which tend to occur on poorer sites, where there are lower market prices or where there was poor past management, oak has larger LTEVs than sugar maple. In general, shelterwood was the most economical for oak, followed by clearcutting and then underplanting.
If the existing oak stand can be entered before the stand reaches economic maturity, oak shelterwood and underplanting LTEVs can be larger than those for sugar maple, even on the better sites, because carrying costs are offset by stand value growth. When this occurs, the higher final stand value of oak causes it to rank higher than sugar maple. In making the final decision to favor oak or maple, other factors such as landowner values and objectives must also be considered.
North. J. Appl. For. 6:165-169, December 1989.
Cleaning Paper Birch in a Birch-Aspen Stand in Maine: A 34-Year Case History
Authors: LaBonte George A. , Leso Robert J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Periodic measurements were made for 34 years following cleanings in a 7-year-old paper birch-quaking aspen stand. The results demonstrate the value of removing aspen to assure a high proportion of birch. At age 41, in the fall of 1985, the untreated control plot is an essentially pure aspen stand. The cleaned portion contains various proportions of birch, depending on the season of initial cleaning and degree of release. A mixture of the herbicides, 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D, was used to do part of the cleaning. The best results were obtained from a combination of a partial cleaning in July and August of 1951, followed by a total cleaning 7 years later, where the stand is now dominated by paper birch. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):22-23, March 1990.
Tree Shelters Increase Heights of Planted Oaks in a Michigan Clearcut
Authors: Lantagne Douglas O. , Ramm Carl W. , Dickmann Donald I. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A shelterwood cut, applied in 1954, failed to adequately regenerate oaks on an upland site in southern Michigan. At age 22, the stand, dominated by dogwood, red maple, black cherry, and other low-quality species, was clearcut and planted to 2-0 northern red oak seedlings. Four treatments included: control (clearcut harvest only), woody brush control, plastic tree seedling shelters, and woody brush control plus tree seedling shelters. The northern red oak seedlings planted in tree shelters were 42% taller than unsheltered seedlings after 2 growing seasons. Over 64% of sheltered seedlings were 3 ft high or taller, compared to only 22% of the unsheltered seedlings, after 2 growing seasons. Woody brush control appeared to have no effect on the 2-year height of planted red oak. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):24-26, March 1990.
Bird Community Response to Timber Stand Improvement and Snag Retention
Authors: Stribling H. Lee , Smith Harvey R. , Yahner Richard H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Avian surveys were conducted from May-July, 1985 on four study areas in the Moshannon State Forest, Clearfield Co., PA. We compared bird populations and communities in Timber Stand Improvement areas to Timber Stand Improvement areas with snags retained (TSI vs. TSI + SNAG, respectively). Bird numbers averaged 1.7 times higher on the TSI + SNAG area than on the TSI area. Average species richness also was significantly higher on TSI + SNAG. Retention of snags was important to bark-gleaning and cavity-nesting birds. During TSI operations, forest managers can improve habitat for cavity-nesting and bark-gleaning birds by leaving snags. The costs of leaving snags is low, and the long-term benefits provided by insectivorous birds outweigh the costs. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):35-38, March 1990.
Racial Diversity of Black Locust in Growth Rate and in Susceptibility to the Locust Twig Borer
Authors: Genys John B. , Harman Dan M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Twenty-five different geographic sources of black locust trees from Ohio, Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia were studied for 3 years in a replicated experiment in Maryland. Significant differences were found in heights, diameters, kiln-dry weights, and susceptibility levels to locust twig borer. None of these variables were related to either longitude or latitiude of the seed source. However, high-elevation sources included more rapidly growing populations than those from low elevations. The third-year sprouts of the most productive source had the kiln-dry weights equivalent to 70,000 kg/ha. This suggests that selected black locust sources may qualify for short-rotation mass yield of energy. The most outstanding in kiln-dry weight per square growth space were some sources from Tucker, Randolph, and Mineral counties of West Virginia. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):38-43, March 1990.
Natural Regeneration Patterns in Even-Aged Mixed Stands in Southern New England
Authors: Kittredge David B. , Ashton P. Mark S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A regeneration survey in southern New England in three different cover types indicated that most of the seedlings present were less than 19.7 in. in height. Although red oak was a principal component of the overstory, it represented a small proportion of regeneration. Black birch and red maple were common regeneration components. There was a general relationship between overstory density and the amount of regeneration. To obtain natural regeneration, a general broad optimum range of overstory densities between 20-80 ft²/ac of basal area is suggested. Successful red oak and sugar maple regeneration was obtained with overstory densities of these species between 20-40 ft²/ac. A higher proportion of these species did not result in more regeneration. White pine regeneration was closely related to the amount of white pine in the overstory, however. The density of mountain laurel seemed to have little effect on the establishment of regeneration. The greater the length of time since last harvest, the more oak seedlings would be present in hard-wood stands. The opposite was true for red maple, black birch, and hemlock. North. J. Appl For. 7:163-168, December 1990.
North American Aspen: Timber Supply, Utilization, and Research
Authors: Einspahr Dean W. , Wyckoff Gary W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Bigtooth and quaking aspen are the two most important white poplar species in North America, comprising 11.9 million ac in the Lake States, 4.4 million ac in western United States, and an estimated 100 million ac in Canada. Lake States aspen utilization increased greatly in the last 10 years and during the period 1982-87 accounted for 47-55% of the total pulpwood harvest. In 1987, removals were estimated at 286 million ft ft³ and growth at 282 million ft³ Canadian aspen utilization has also increased dramatically since 1980 and is expected to expand as demand for structural flakeboard and hardwood pulp increases. Even with increased use, less than 10% of the Canadian allowable cut is being utilized. Despite evidence on the importance of aspen on the economy of the U.S. Lake States and Canada, only a minor amount of research has been undertaken in the last 10 years to genetically improve and/or maintain the existing aspen resource. North. J. Appl. For. 7:168-171, December 1990.
Black Spruce and Jack Pine Plantation Performance in Boreal Ontario: 10-year Results
Authors: Wood James E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Field trials with black spruce and jack pine were established in boreal Ontario to evaluate the effect of stock type and planting date on plantation performance. Black spruce stock types included FH408 Japanese paperpots, 3 + 0 seedlings and 1.5 + 1.5 transplants. Jack pine stock types included FH408 Japanese paperpots, Ontario Tubes, and 2 + 0 seedlings. Both species were planted during the traditional spring planting season (May-June) as well as in July. Field performance i.e., survival and growth) of black spruce planted in May as FH408 paperpots and 1 5 + 1.5 transplants and in July as paperpots was satisfactory. Jack pine planted in June as paperpots and 2 + 0 seedlings also performed satisfactorily. Although the relative differences in growth among treatments tended to diminish for both species over the study period, some stock-type and planting-date differences were still evident 10 years after planting. North. J. Appl. For. 7:175-179, December 1990.
Relationships Between Live Tree Diameter and Cavity Abundance in a Missouri Oak-Hickory Forest
Authors: Allen Arthur W. , Corn Janelle G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We quantified relationships between mean dbh of live, dominant and codominant trees, and cavity abundance in an oak-hickory forest in southeast Missouri. Inspection of 3,981 trees >12.7 cm dbh in 107 0.1-ha plots indicated that cavities occurred in 19.9% of all trees. White oak, black oak, scarlet oak, and hickories composed 97% of the sample. Black oak contained the greatest number and frequency of cavities; white oak had the fewest cavities. In general, the proportion of trees with cavities increased as dbh increased, but mean tree dbh per plot explained little of the observed variance in cavity abundance. Correlations between tree diameter and cavity abundance were poor because of the wide variety of factors that affect cavity development in living trees. Differences in cavity occurrence among tree species suggest that black and scarlet oaks should be selected over hickories and white oak when managing for cavity trees. North. J. Appl. For. 7:179-183, December 1990.
Stand Damage Following Whole-Tree Partial Cutting in Northern Forests
Authors: Cline Michael L. , Hoffman Benjamin F. , Cyr Michael , Bragg William 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Eighteen mechanically harvested, partially cut hard- and mixed-wood stands in New England were examined to determine the extent of logging damage. Frequency of crop tree damage averaged 9.6%. Tree injury, both incidence and severity, was not related to location relative to skid trails or landings. Variations in damage level between sites was not explained by numbers of trees per acre, size of trees, or basal area prior to or after harvest, but cover type, rockiness, and season of harvest in combination accounted for a small part of the site-to-site differences. Residual stand damage appeared to be most influenced by the care in harvest planning and the experience of the equipment operators. North. J. Appl. For. 8(2):72-76.
Diameter Prediction for Correcting Continuous Forest Inventory Data
Authors: Eberhardt Douglas , Green Edwin J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Permanent plot data are used in many studies. Trees are measured for diameter, height, and other characteristics at regular time intervals. Occasionally, errors in the diameter measurements result in a larger diameter reported at the time of the first measurement rather than the second, thus making some of the data apparently unusable. Currently there are at least two basic methods in use to compensate and estimate the growth on trees exhibiting illogical consecutive diameters. This study examines these two techniques in addition to a few others, and evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of each method. A 5% random sample was drawn from a data set void of obviously incorrect diameter measurements. For each tree in the sample, one of the two diameter measurements was assumed to be incorrect and was replaced by a predicted estimate from one of the candidate methods. The sample was then put back into the original data set and the estimated basal area plot growth was calculated for that time period. This was then compared to the true plot growth, and the resulting differences were examined. Based upon these differences, it was concluded that ordinary least squares or the introduced standard deviation technique will provide the best results if applied on a plot by plot basis. North. J. Appl. For. 8(2):76-82.
Cleaning and Early Crop-Tree Release in Northern Hardwood Stands: A Review
Authors: Heitzman Eric , Nyland Ralph D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Published information indicates that cleaning among sapling-stage northern hardwoods has value for maintaining species that might otherwise become overtopped and lost from a stand. Cleaning will also stimulate the diameter growth of trees in upper crown positions, but may delay the dying and self-pruning of lower branches and thereby affect tree quality. Removing adjacent trees that touch the crowns of a selected number of crop trees has proven efficient and effective. However, field tests have not yet provided growth and yield data for assessment of the long-term effect on tree quality, or the economic benefits from such treatments. North. J. Appl. For. 8(3):111-115.
The Sensitivity of Young White Spruce to Spruce Budworm Defoliation
Authors: Piene Harald 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Relationships between defoliation and volume growth were determined for 68 young white spruce trees in a 20-year-old plantation defoliated over a 2-year period by the spruce budworm. In the first year of defoliation, intensities ranging from 7 to 89% of the current foliage did not influence volume growth significantly. Two consecutive years of defoliation, averaging over the 2-year period from 0-33, 34-66, and 67-100% of the current foliage, reduced average volume growth by about 6, 11, and 27%, respectively. White spruce is much less sensitive to defoliation than balsam fir. This is partly due to white spruce's ability to compensate for even moderate defoliation intensities by a prolific shoot production. North. J. Appl. For. 8(4):168-171.
Aspen Supply, Use, and Demand in Michigan
Authors: Potter-Witter Karen , Ramm Carl W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Michigan's aspen resource has come under increased pressure in the last decade. USDA Forest Service survey and output data and Michigan Department of Natural Resources stumpage price and industry data were compiled and analyzed to determine the current and possible future state of the resource. Significant declines in acreage of 20- to 40-year-old aspen type were found. Analysis of real prices for aspen pulpwood showed significant increases for the decade 1978-1988. North. J. Appl. For. 9(1):10-14.
Biology and Control of Oak Wilt in Michigan Red Oak Stands
Authors: Bruhn Johann N. , Heyd Robert L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper explains the components of an integrated approach to oak wilt control which has strong potential for adaptation to red oak forests throughout the Lake States. Oak wilt epicenter containment involves (1) separating grafted root systems with a vibratory plow line or Vapam barrier, followed by (2) removal of all living red oaks inside the barrier, and sanitary treatment of wood capable of producing fungal mats. Use of a reference table developed for proper barrier location is described. Epicenters are established by insect vectors, often as a consequence of human activity. Establishment of epicenters can be prevented by: (1) sanitary treatment of diseased trees which may yet produce mats, (2) discouraging unsupervised movement of diseased wood, (3) minimizing the wounding of oaks during the spring and early summer, and (4) immediately painting all spring and summer wounds on oak trees with a tree wound dressing. Detection of new epicenters is important. Treatment of small epicenters minimizes site disturbance and the number of fungal mats produced, as well as the number of trees lost. Systematic aerial surveillance is useful for effective detection in large acre-ages of oak type. Prevention is the best control measure. Unfortunately, public relations are often inadequate. North. J. Appl. For. 9(2):47-51
State and Federal Timber Stumpage Prices in Vermont
Authors: Sendak Paul E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Timber sales data and stumpage prices were analyzed for the Green Mountain National Forest (federal) and the Vermont Department of Forests, Parks and Recreation (state). In all cases, state stumpage prices were higher on average, but significantly so only for the overall price (volume weighted average sale price per cunit), spruce sawtimber, and hardwood and softwood pulpwood. Differences between mean state and federal prices for sugar maple and yellow birch sawtimber were not significant. Regression analysis was used to examine the differences in overall stumpage price. The results suggest that the difference in sale prices can largely be explained by differences in sales characteristics, most notably timber quality. North. J. Appl. For. 9(3):97-101.
Young Spruce-Fir Forests Released by Herbicides II. Conifer Response to Residual Hardwoods and Overstocking
Authors: Newton Michael , Cole Elizabeth C. , McCormack Maxwell L. , White Diane E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Responses of conifers and other vegetation to 9 aerial herbicide treatments were evaluated in a replicated conifer-release experiment in a 7-year-old spruce-fir clearcut in central Maine. Development of the naturally regenerated conifers was inversely related to residual hardwood cover and conifer stocking during the 9 years after treatment. All herbicides and rates of application initially reduced hardwood cover by 50% or more. Cover more than 1.5 m tall was nearly eliminated by several treatments, and release from overtopping provided long-term increase in conifer growth. Untreated hardwoods severely reduced dominance and stocking of conifers by age 16. Spruce heights and diameters were less affected by hardwood competition than were those of fir; current growth in released fir was greater than that in released spruce; but unreleased spruce, where present, grew faster than unreleased fir. Conifer growth was affected both by residual hardwood overtopping and by number of conifers within 0.91 m. North. J. Appl. For. 9(4):130-135.
Variation in Frequency of Sugar Maple Bole Damage From Tree-Marking Materials
Authors: Stanosz Glen R. , Laudermilch Gary 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Six blue tree-marking materials, commonly used to mark residual trees and those along boundaries, were evaluated for their potential to damage sugar maple boles. Materials were applied as 3-in. diameter spots in both spring and fall to trees of two bark textures in stands at four different locations. Damage was evaluated three growing seasons later. Cracks were the most frequent form of defect, but swelling, callus, and open cankers also occurred. Damage was observed in 192 of 1056 spots, and there was wide variation in the frequency of damage caused by different materials. There also were relationships between frequency of damage and both stand location and bark texture. Defects may be avoided by minimizing application to valuable trees and by using those marking materials which less frequently cause damage. North. J. Appl. For. 9(4):136-137.