bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining children's ability to delay reward: Is the delay discounting task a suitable measure?
Authors: Burns Patrick , Fay Olivia , McCafferty Mary‐Frances , McKeever Veronica , Atance Cristina , McCormack Teresa 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDiscounting the value of delayed rewards has primarily been measured in children with the delay of gratification task and in adolescents and adults with the delay discounting task. In the present study, we assessed the suitability of the delay discounting task as a measure of temporal discounting in children. A sample of 7‐ to 9‐year‐olds (N = 98) completed a delay discounting task, a delay of gratification task, a sensation seeking measure, and IQ measures. In addition, teacher‐based assessments of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder traits were measured. The results indicated that the majority of children produced meaningful data on the discounting task and discounted rewards hyperbolically. Children with an elevated risk of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder showed a trend towards discounting future rewards on the delay discounting task more steeply than did those at low risk. However, delay discounting was unrelated to either delay of gratification or sensation seeking. We interpret these results as providing some support for the use of delay discounting as a measure of intertemporal choice in children, although the results also suggest that delay discounting and delay of gratification tasks may tap different processes in this population.
Deletion of neural tube defect‐associated geneMthfd1lcauses reduced cranial mesenchyme density
Authors: Shin Minhye , Vaughn Amanda , Momb Jessica , Appling Dean R. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundPericonceptional intake of supplemental folic acid can reduce the incidence of neural tube defects by as much as 70%, but the mechanisms by which folic acid supports cellular processes during neural tube closure are unknown. The mitochondrial 10‐formyl‐tetrahydrofolate synthetase MTHFD1L catalyzes production of formate, thus generating one‐carbon units for cytoplasmic processes. Deletion ofMthfd1lcauses embryonic lethality, developmental delay, and neural tube defects in mice.MethodsTo investigate the role of mitochondrial one‐carbon metabolism during cranial neural tube closure, we have analyzed cellular morphology and function in neural tissues inMthfd1lknockout embryos.ResultsThe head mesenchyme showed significantly lower cellular density inMthfd1lnullizygous embryos compared to wildtype embryos during the process of neural tube closure. Apoptosis and neural crest cell specification were not affected by deletion ofMthfd1l. Sections from the cranial region ofMthfd1lknockout embryos exhibited decreased cellular proliferation, but only after completion of neural tube closure. Supplementation of pregnant dams with formate improved mesenchymal density and corrected cell proliferation in the nullizygous embryos.ConclusionsDeletion ofMthfd1lcauses decreased density in the cranial mesenchyme and this defect is improved with formate supplementation. This study reveals a mechanistic link between folate‐dependent mitochondrially produced formate, head mesenchyme formation and neural tube defects.
Isolation and Antimacrofouling Activity of Indole and Furoquinoline Alkaloids from ‘Guatambú’ Trees (Aspidosperma australe and Balfourodendron riedelianum)
Authors: Pérez Miriam , Pis Diez Cristian M. , Belén Valdez María , García Mónica , Paola Analía , Avigliano Esteban , Palermo Jorge A. , Blustein Guillermo 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this work, the antifouling activity of five alkaloids, isolated from trees of the Atlantic rainforest, was studied. The tested alkaloids were olivacine (1), uleine (2) and N‐methyltetrahydroellipticine (3) from Aspidosperma australe (‘yellow guatambú’) and the furoquinoline alkaloids kokusaginine (4) and flindersiamine (5) from Balfourodendron riedelianum (‘white guatambú’). All these compounds can be isolated from their natural sources in high yields in a sustainable way. The five compounds were subjected to laboratory tests (attachment test of the mussel Mytilus edulis platensis) and field trials, by incorporation into soluble matrix paints, and 45 days of exposure of the painted panels in the sea. The results show that compound 3 is a very potent antifoulant, and that compounds 4 and 5 are also very active, while compounds 1 and 2 did not show any significant antifouling activity. These results open the way for the development of environmentally friendly antifouling agents, based on abundant and easy‐to‐purify compounds that can be obtained in a sustainable way.
Implications of the Molybdenum Coordination Environment in MFI Zeolites on Methane Dehydroaromatisation Performance
Authors: Agote‐Arán Miren , Fletcher Rachel E. , Briceno Martha , Kroner Anna B. , Sazanovich Igor V. , Slater Ben , Rivas María E. , Smith Andrew W. J. , Collier Paul , Lezcano‐González Inés , Beale Andrew M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe structure and activity of Mo/Silicalite‐1 (MFI, Si/Al=∞) were compared to Mo/H‐ZSM‐5 (MFI, Si/Al=15), a widely studied catalyst for methane dehydroaromatisation (MDA). The anchoring mode of Mo was evaluated by in situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and density functional theory (DFT). The results showed that in Mo/Silicalite‐1, calcination leads to dispersion of MoO3 precursor into tetrahedral Mo‐oxo species in close proximity to the microporous framework. A weaker interaction of the Mo‐oxo species with the Silicalite‐1 was determined by XAS and DFT. While both catalysts are active for MDA, Mo/Silicalite‐1 undergoes rapid deactivation which was attributed to a faster sintering of Mo species leading to the accumulation of carbon deposits on the zeolite outer surface. The results shed light onto the nature of the Mo structure(s) while evidencing the importance of framework Al in stabilising active Mo species under MDA conditions.
Modeling and Simulation of the 1,3‐Butadiene Extraction Process at Turndown Capacity
Authors: Tripathi Namit , Xu Qiang , Palanki Srinivas 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAs cracker feed around the globe is trending towards lighter feedstocks, butadiene production facilities worldwide are now run at turndown capacities. Models are developed to study how operation at turndown ratios of feed rates affects the purity of 1,3‐butadiene. The optimal solvent‐to‐feed ratio was found to be in the range of 6–7 when the plant is run at normal throughput; however, it is necessary to change the solvent‐to‐feed ratio in the range of 10–11 when the plant is operating at turndown capacity. Dynamic simulations indicate that the effect of fluctuations in the feed flow rate on product purity can be minimized by a ratio controller to change the solvent flow rate and a composition controller to alter the side‐draw flow rate.
A Scaffold‐Diversity Synthesis of Biologically Intriguing Cyclic Sulfonamides
Authors: Zimmermann Stefan , Akbarzadeh Mohammad , Otte Felix , Strohmann Carsten , Sankar Muthukumar Gomathi , Ziegler Slava , Pahl Axel , Sievers Sonja , Kumar Kamal 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA “branching–folding” synthetic strategy that affords a range of diverse cyclic benzo‐sulfonamide scaffolds is presented. Whereas different annulation reactions on common ketimine substrates build the branching phase of the scaffold synthesis, a common hydrogenative ring‐expansion method, facilitated by an increase of the ring‐strain during the branching phase, led to sulfonamides bearing medium‐sized rings in a folding pathway. Cell painting assay was successfully employed to identify tubulin targeting sulfonamides as novel mitotic inhibitors.
Reactive Separations for In Situ Product Removal of Enzymatic Reactions: A Review
Authors: Fellechner Oliver , Blatkiewicz Michał , Smirnova Irina 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe topic of integrating enzymatic reactions with in situ product removal is addressed. Different integrated reactive separations structured accordingly to the corresponding unit operations, i.e., reactive distillation, reactive chromatography, reactive crystallization, and extractive biocatalysis, are discussed. Special attention is given to their realization with homogenous and heterogeneous biocatalysis. Various enzyme immobilization techniques are presented and distinct strategies for installation of heterogeneous catalysts into process equipment are discussed.
Unsteady conjugate mass transfer of a 2D deformable droplet in a modest extensional flow in across‐slot
Authors: Liu Anjun , Chen Jie , Wang Zhenzhen , Wang Jingtao , Mao Zai‐Sha , Yang Chao 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis work aims to investigate the unsteady conjugate interphase mass transfer between a stationary deformed drop and the modest extensional flow in a cross‐intersected 2D channel. It is very difficult to accurately quantify the transient mass transfer rate of solute in such a geometry. Therefore, we established a mathematical model on the basic of the Stokes equation and solved it by the boundary element method, which could deal precisely with a two‐phase flow system with a deformable interface; meanwhile, the convection‐diffusion equation was solved by the finite difference method to calculate the unsteady conjugate interphase mass transfer. The simulation results showed that the mass transfer rate, analyzed and characterized in terms of mean concentration variation and Sherwood number Sh, was affected by capillary number Ca, Peclet number Pe, viscosity ratio
λ, interior‐to‐exterior diffusivity ratio K, distribution coefficient m, and wall effect factor W.
Doubly sparse regression incorporating graphical structure among predictors
Authors: Stephenson Matthew , Ali R. Ayesha , Darlington Gerarda A. ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: September 2019

AbstractRecent research has demonstrated that information learned from building a graphical model on the predictor set of a regularized linear regression model can be leveraged to improve prediction of a continuous outcome. In this article, we present a new model that encourages sparsity at both the level of the regression coefficients and the level of individual contributions in a decomposed representation. This model provides parameter estimates with a finite sample error bound and exhibits robustness to errors in the input graph structure. Through a simulation study and the analysis of two real data sets, we demonstrate that our model provides a predictive benefit when compared to previously proposed models. Furthermore, it is a highly flexible model that provides a unified framework for the fitting of many commonly used regularized regression models. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 47: 729–747; 2019 © 2019 Statistical Society of Canada
A Hands‐On Guide to Brewing and Analyzing Beer in the Laboratory
Authors: Thesseling Florian A. , Bircham Peter W. , Mertens Stijn , Voordeckers Karin , Verstrepen Kevin J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBeer would not exist without microbes. During fermentation, yeast cells convert cereal‐derived sugars into ethanol and CO2. Yeast also produces a wide array of aroma compounds that influence beer taste and aroma. The complex interaction between all these aroma compounds results in each beer having its own distinctive palette. This article contains all protocols needed to brew beer in a standard lab environment and focuses on the use of yeast in beer brewing. More specifically, it provides protocols for yeast propagation, brewing calculations and, of course, beer brewing. At the end, we have also included protocols for analyses that can be performed on the resulting brew, with a focus on yeast‐derived aroma compounds. © 2019 The Authors.
Synthesis and Photodynamics of Stilbenyl‐Azopyrroles: Two‐Photon Controllable Photoswitching Systems
Authors: Muñoz‐Rugeles Leonardo , Gallardo‐Rosas David , Durán‐Hernández Jesús , López‐Arteaga Rafael , Toscano R. Alfredo , Esturau‐Escofet Nuria , López‐Cortés José G. , Peón Jorge , Ortega‐Alfaro M. Carmen 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThree new stilbenyl‐azopyrroles 3 a–c were synthesized through a Mizoroki‐Heck C−C‐type coupling reaction between the 2‐(4′‐iodophenyl‐azo)‐N‐methyl pyrrole (1), and three different para‐substituted styrene derivatives. Inclusion of additional NO2 and NMe2 groups at the para‐position of the stilbenyl section resulted in significant changes of their linear and non‐linear optical properties. The photoisomerization behavior was studied through ultrafast laser techniques for single‐ and two‐photon excitation. The time‐resolved studies indicate that, despite the drastic changes in conjugation, the typical path for photoisomerization is maintained in these systems for both single and biphotonic excitation. In particular, the NO2 substituted molecule showed improved two‐photon absorption capacities, together with a significant trans−cis isomerization channel, implying that the photoswitching process can be controlled with high spatial precision through non‐linear optical excitation.
A cluster‐based fault‐tolerant routing protocol for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Moussa Noureddine , El Belrhiti El Alaoui Abdelbaki 
Published: September 2019

SummaryEnergy conservation and fault tolerance are two critical issues in the deployment of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Many cluster‐based fault‐tolerant routing protocols have been proposed for energy conservation and network lifetime maximization in WSNs. However, these protocols suffer from high frequency of re‐clustering as well as extra energy consumption to tolerate failures and consider only some very normal parameters to form clusters without any verification of the energy sufficiency for data routing. Therefore, this paper proposes a cluster‐based fault‐tolerant routing protocol referred as CFTR. This protocol allows higher energy nodes to become Cluster Heads (CHs) and operate multiple rounds to diminish the frequency of re‐clustering. Additionally, for the sake to get better energy efficiency and balancing, we introduce a cost function that considers during cluster formation energy cost from sensor node to CH, energy cost from CH to sink, and another significant parameter, namely, number of cluster members in previous round. Further, the proposed CFTR takes care of nodes, which have no CH in their communication range. Also, it introduces a routing algorithm in which the decision of next hop CH selection is based on a cost function conceived to select routes with sufficient energy for data transfer and distribute uniformly the overall data‐relaying load among the CHs. As well, a low‐overhead algorithm to tolerate the sudden failure of CHs is proposed. We perform extensive simulations on CFTR and compare their results with those of two recent existing protocols to demonstrate its superiority in terms of different metrics.
Intelligent threshold selection in fading environment of cognitive radio network: Advances in throughput and total error probability
Authors: Kumar Alok , Thakur Prabhat , Pandit Shweta , Singh Ghanshyam 
Published: September 2019

SummaryOne of the main challenges of spectrum sensing (SS) in the cognitive radio network (CRN) is selection of threshold for captivating the sensing decision, and such an issue becomes more challenging especially at low signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) because it affects the sensing performance and throughput of cognitive user (CU). However, the sensing decision of individual CU may not be accurate due to fading effects in the sensing environment, and significant improvement is accomplished with the cooperation of users. Therefore, in this paper, we have investigated the performance of energy detector SS (EDSS) technique in the CRN under fading environment with cooperative and noncooperative SS scenario. Further, we have introduced the concept of critical SNR (γc) to select the appropriate threshold and based on which the algorithms are proposed to enhance the throughput and reduce the total error (sensing error) probability of CU at different SNR (γ). From the results, we have accomplished that at the low SNR region (γ ≤ γc), throughput is maximum with constant false‐alarm rate (CFAR) threshold selection approach in the cooperative scenario while in the high SNR region (γ > γc), its value is maximum with minimizing the error probability (MEP) threshold selection approach in the noncooperative scenario. Moreover, the sensing error is reduced with cooperation, and threshold selection with MEP approach outperforms CFAR approach for γ ≤ γc. Further, the proposed approach outperforms the other approaches in terms of throughput and sensing error (total error) probability in the Rayleigh and Nakagami‐m fading environments.
Spatiotemporal effects of logging and fire on tall, wet temperate eucalypt forest birds
Authors: Lindenmayer David B. , Blanchard Wade , Blair David , Westgate Martin J. , Scheele Ben C. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractForests globally are subject to disturbances such as logging and fire that create complex temporal variation in spatial patterns of forest cover and stand age. However, investigations that quantify temporal changes in biodiversity in response to multiple forms of disturbance in space and time are relatively uncommon. Over a 10‐yr period, we investigated the response of bird species to spatiotemporal changes in forest cover associated with logging and wildfire in the mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans) forests of southeastern Australia. Specifically, we examined how bird occurrence changed with shifts in the proportion of area burned or logged in a 4.5 km radius surrounding our 88 long‐term field survey sites, each measuring 1 ha in size. Overall species richness was greatest in older forest patches, but declined as the amount of fire around each site increased. At the individual species level, 31 of the 37 bird species we modeled exhibited a negative response to the amount of fire in the surrounding landscape, while one species responded positively to fire. Only nine species exhibited signs of recovery in the 6 yr of surveys following the fire. Five species were more likely to be detected as the proportion of logged forest surrounding a site increased, suggesting a possible “concentration effect” with displaced birds moving into unlogged areas following harvesting of adjacent areas. We also identified relationships between the coefficients of life history attributes and spatiotemporal changes in forest cover and stand age. Large‐bodied birds and migratory species were associated with landscapes subject to large amounts of fire in 2009. There were associations between old growth stands and small‐bodied bird species and species that were not insectivores. Our study shows that birds in mountain ash forests are strongly associated with old growth stands and exhibit complex, time‐dependent, and species‐specific responses to landscape disturbance. Despite logging and fire both being high‐severity perturbations, no bird species exhibited similar responses to fire and logging in the landscape surrounding our sites. Thus, species responses to one kind of landscape‐scale disturbance are not readily predictable based on an understanding of the responses to another kind of (albeit superficially similar) disturbance.
Extensive genetic differentiation between recently evolved sympatric Arctic charr morphs
Authors: Guðbrandsson Jóhannes , Kapralova Kalina H. , Franzdóttir Sigríður R. , Bergsveinsdóttir Þóra Margrét , Hafstað Völundur , Jónsson Zophonías O. , Snorrason Sigurður S. , Pálsson Arnar 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe availability of diverse ecological niches can promote adaptation of trophic specializations and related traits, as has been repeatedly observed in evolutionary radiations of freshwater fish. The role of genetics, environment, and history in ecologically driven divergence and adaptation, can be studied on adaptive radiations or populations showing ecological polymorphism. Salmonids, especially the Salvelinus genus, are renowned for both phenotypic diversity and polymorphism. Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) invaded Icelandic streams during the glacial retreat (about 10,000 years ago) and exhibits many instances of sympatric polymorphism. Particularly, well studied are the four morphs in Lake Þingvallavatn in Iceland. The small benthic (SB), large benthic (LB), planktivorous (PL), and piscivorous (PI) charr differ in many regards, including size, form, and life history traits. To investigate relatedness and genomic differentiation between morphs, we identified variable sites from RNA‐sequencing data from three of those morphs and verified 22 variants in population samples. The data reveal genetic differences between the morphs, with the two benthic morphs being more similar and the PL‐charr more genetically different. The markers with high differentiation map to all linkage groups, suggesting ancient and pervasive genetic separation of these three morphs. Furthermore, GO analyses suggest differences in collagen metabolism, odontogenesis, and sensory systems between PL‐charr and the benthic morphs. Genotyping in population samples from all four morphs confirms the genetic separation and indicates that the PI‐charr are less genetically distinct than the other three morphs. The genetic separation of the other three morphs indicates certain degree of reproductive isolation. The extent of gene flow between the morphs and the nature of reproductive barriers between them remain to be elucidated.
Controlling factors affecting the presence and distribution of Didymosphenia geminata in lakes and rivers of the Neuquén province, Argentina
Authors: Beamud Sara Guadalupe , Laffitte Lorena , Muñiz Saavedra Julieta , Baffico Gustavo , Laurenzano Betina , Diaz Mónica , Pedrozo Fernando 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe diatom Didymosphenia geminata (D. geminata) is an invasive periphytic species from the Northern Hemisphere. D. geminata occurrence and mat formation in Patagonia Argentina dates from 2010, spreading throughout Patagonia (provinces of Chubut, Neuquén, Río Negro, and Santa Cruz) by 2017. In 2012, the Surveillance and Monitoring Program was implemented by Neuquén government entities. Within this programme, nine sampling campaigns have been conducted at 91 sites including streams, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and a canal. Presence or absence of D. geminata cells, abundance of D. geminata and other algal species cells as well as environmental variables were determined in samples. Multivariate analysis and generalized linear models were used to determine environmental constraints on habitat suitability and requirements for D. geminata. During 2012–2017, D. geminata cells were detected at 33 out of 91 sites sampled. D. geminata was present in lower streams order, with low values of total and dissolved nutrients, conductivity, alkalinity, ions and solutes, and high values of dissolved oxygen and habitat quality, for the ranges of environmental variables measured at sampling sites. D. geminata abundance was negatively related to stream order. Our results prove that D. geminata is expanding its ecological spectrum, showing a wider tolerance to environmental conditions particularly for phosphorus and nitrogen, some ions such as magnesium, and even temperature, and they confirm some authors' hypothesis about the ecological behaviour of this invasive species. Range expansion and environmental preferences of D. geminata could modify the state of susceptibility to invasion in numerous waterbodies.