bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kwalifikacje zawodowe urzędników w II Rzeczypospolitej
Authors: Krzymkowski Marek 
Published: October 2018

Zapewnienie wykwalifi kowanej kadry urzędniczej dla kształtującej się administracji publicznej było jednym z ważnych zadań, przed którym stanęło państwo polskie w okresie międzywojennym. Normy regulujące poziom kwalifi kacji zawodowych znalazły się już w Tymczasowych przepisach służbowych dla urzędników państwowych, które wydała w dniu 11 czerwca 1918 r. Rada Regencyjna. Najważniejszym aktem prawnym regulującym status prawny urzędników w II Rzeczypospolitej była ustawa z 17 lutego 1922 r. o państwowej służbie cywilnej (dalej: u.p.s.c.). Weszła ona w życie 1 kwietnia 1922 r i obowiązywała aż do 1974 r.
Spinoza on Free Speech
Authors: Sajama Seppo 
Published: October 2018

Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) was arguably the ﬁ rst modern liberalist. His Theologico-Political Treatise (henceforward, “TPT”, followed by chapter number), which contains among other things a principled defense of free speech, was published anonymously in 1677, twelve years before John Locke’s charter of liberalism, Two Treatises on Government (1689), but it has been unduly, although understandably, neglected. It is also true that Thomas Hobbes and René Descartes had a huge inﬂ uence on Spinoza, but neither of them can be called a liberalist, let alone a defender of free speech. In this article, I will try to show that Spinoza’s argument for free speech is, despite its interpretative diﬃ culties, an important milestone in the development of the doctrine of free speech.
Statistical Analysis of Common Mushroom Yielding from Cultivation Integrated with Preparations Containing Beneficial Microorganisms
Authors: Szwedziak Katarzyna , Polańczyk Ewa 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The development of the common mushroom production sector in Poland and worldwide is accompanied by growing problems of mushroom producers. Production intensification, a constant increase of market expectations, and changing legal regulations, as well as consumers, lead to the situation that producers of common mushrooms have increasing problems associated with the cultivation technology. This situation, therefore, forces producers to look for new solutions. One of such solutions is integrated cultivation of the common mushroom with microbiological preparations. The effect of these preparations on mushroom yielding was investigated in this study.
Predicting Unit Pressure Indispendable for Generation of Specific Compaction of a Soil Sample
Authors: Śnieg Kinga , Błażejczak Dariusz , Słowik Małgorzata 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The objective of the research was to construct an empirical model for prediction of a unit pressure indispensable for generation of a specific compaction of soil samples. Soil material in the form of loose mass was collected from the soil layer deposited in the depth from 35 to 40 cm and then its typical properties were determined (textural group, density of solid particles, humus content, reaction, plastic and liquid limits) and in order to compact it in Proctor apparatus and in the uniaxial compression test. Results of both tests were used for construction of regression models reflecting the course of the unit strength (Pρd) necessary to generate compaction (ρdj) equal to the dry bulk density obtained in Proctor apparatus (ρdp), in relation to the sample moisture (ρdm). Searching for relations was restricted to the scope of moisure between an optimal one acc. to Proctor and the soil plastic limit. It was stated that the pressure value Pρdp
made on the soil sample in the uniaxial compression test depends significantly on w
s and ρdm, and for description of this relation the use of multiple regression is sufficient. It was found out that for model samples with a textural group of silt loam and loam, differences in dry bulk density obtained in Proctor apparatus are approximately up to 0.15 g⋅cm−3.
Rapid Parametric Human Modeling in 3D Garment Simulation
Authors: Peng Jiajia , Jiang Gaoming , Cong Honglian 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
To realize 3D garment simulation online and show the wearing effect of different body types, a method for rapid parametric human modeling is proposed in this article. The parameterization consists of two phases. In the first phase, the characteristic parameters of the sample model are extracted according to the different types of feature information. In the second phase, the deformation is realized by combining the axial deformation method and the radial weight. Thus, according to contrasts between the input measurement and the sample sizes, parametric human modeling is realized by deformation of the sample model. In the deformation stage, the axis curve is simplified to the straight-line segment in the axis deformation method, reducing the calculation. Comparative analysis and the results of experiments demonstrate that the better performance can be achieved at a higher speed, and this method realizes real-time parametric human modeling.
Topographic attributes and ecological indicator values in assessing the ground-floor vegetation patterns
Authors: Czarnecka Bożenna , Rysiak Anna , Chabudziński Łukasz 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The paper discusses the question whether geographical information systems (GIS) and digital elevation models (DEM) are useful tools for studying correlations between topographic attributes of a given area, and vascular flora requirements reflected by ecological indicator values (EIVs). The model object was a 4-km-long gorge section of the Sopot river valley (80.5 ha), the Central Roztocze Highlands, South-East Poland. Species lists for 40 ca. 200-m-long and 100-350-m-wide sections, according to the river course, separately for the left and right riverbanks, were made. The analysis of the area was based on a 3-meter resolution DEM. We applied primary topographic attributes: slope, and planar, vertical, and total curvatures and also secondary topographic attributes: solar radiation (SRAD) and topographic wetness index (TWI), as well as other terrain characters: denivelation, total, flat and upslope area of each section. Using the multivariate analyses, we analysed relationships between weighted averages of EIVs for each species and topographic attributes.
The GIS and DEM became useful tools for the detection of patterns of species with different habitat requirements. The species number correlated positively with the total and flat area of a section and the TWI, while the denivelation, mean slope and upslope area had a reverse vector. Among the most frequent and abundant herb species, we found several spatial patterns of distribution, namely those of: Maianthemum bifolium, Carex remota, C. acutiformis, Filipendula ulmaria, Dryopteris filixmas, and Urtica dioica. The rarest species represented Ajuga genevensis, Scorzonera humilis, and Stachys palustris patterns.
Genetic diversity of three European Veratrum species revealed by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism
Authors: Szeliga Magdalena , Ciura Joanna , Tyrka Mirosław 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Chemical and genetic characterization of Veratrum species deposited in European collections is important for genepool preservation and identification of populations with desired metabolic properties. Veratrum album, V. lobelianum and V. nigrum are native to Europe, and in Poland are ranked as rare or threatened. Genetic variation of European Veratrum species was characterized by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers. The accumulation of jervine as a representative of steroidal alkaloids was measured in seeds. Distribution of 380 markers generated from eight primer combinations was useful for studying genetic relationships among and within species in the Veratrum genus and the most divergent populations were identified. Genetic variation between 12 populations of Veratrum species supports the classification of V. lobelianum as a subspecies of V. album. However, the results need further validation on extended material. A higher genetic diversity (22.3%) was observed between populations of V. nigrum as compared to V. album (14.5%). Contents of jervine allowed for discrimination of the studied Veratrum species and can be used as a potential chemotaxonomic marker. The highest jervine levels were found in V. album. V. nigrum seeds had only trace amounts and no jervine was detected in seeds of V. lobelianum.
Metal contents in fish and crustaceans from brackish, freshwater and marine systems in South-Western Nigeria
Authors: Olujimi Olanrewaju , Steiner Oliver , Goessler Walter 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Present study investigated trace element concentrations in either muscles or whole samples of 37 finfish and crustaceans harvested with gillnet from fresh (Olomore), marine (Eti osa) and brackish (Lekki Lagoon) waters of Ogun and Lagos states, Nigeria between June and August 2013. Trace elements were determined using ICP-MS after digestion with a microwave autoclave system. The results revealed that the general trend of trace elements in the sampled finfish and crustaceans was marine > brackish > freshwater. If all the samples are considered, 16.2% and 13.5% exceeded the 20 μg g−1 and 30 μg g−1 limits for Cu and Zn, respectively, as set by the European Union, while 71%, 50%, 79% of marine, fresh and brackish samples, respectively, exceeded the limit of 48 mg Fe per 60 kg person as set by FAO/WHO. In addition, samples exceeded the acceptable limit set by WHO/FAO, thus adequate efforts should be placed on the monitoring of effluents that are being discharged into open water bodies in Nigeria.
Causal Concepts Guiding Model Specification in Systems Biology
Authors: Matthiessen Dana 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn this paper I analyze the process by which modelers in systems biology arrive at an adequate representation of the biological structures thought to underlie data gathered from high-throughput experiments. Contrary to views that causal claims and explanations are rare in systems biology, I argue that in many studies of gene regulatory networks modelers aim at a representation of causal structure. In addressing modeling challenges, they draw on assumptions informed by theory and pragmatic considerations in a manner that is guided by an interventionist conception of causal structure. While doubts have been raised about the applicability of this notion of causality to complex biological systems, it is here seen to be an adequate guide to inquiry.
Defining Metabolic Syndrome: Which Kind of Causality, if any, is Required?
Authors: Benzi Margherita 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The definition of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been, and still is, extremely controversial. My purpose is not to give a solution to the associated debate but to argue that the controversy is at least partially due to the different ‘causal content’ of the various definitions: their theoretical validity and practical utility can be evaluated by reconstructing or making explicit the underlying causal structure. I will therefore propose to distinguish the alternative definitions according to the kinds of causal content they carry: (1) definitions grounded on associations, (2) definitions presupposing a causal model built upon statistical associations, and (3) definitions grounded on underlying mechanisms. I suggest that analysing definitions according to their causal content can be helpful in evaluating alternative definitions of some diseases. I want to show how the controversy over MetS suggests a distinction among three kinds of definitions based on how explicitly they characterise the syndrome in causal terms, and on the type of causality involved. I will call ‘type 1 definitions’ those definitions that are purely associative; ‘type 2 definitions’ the definitions based on statistical associations, plus generic medical and causal knowledge; and ‘type 3 definitions’ the definitions based on (hypotheses about) mechanisms. These kinds of definitions, although different, can be related to each other. A definition with more specific causal content may be useful in the evaluation of definitions characterised by a lower degree of causal specificity. Moreover, the identification of the type of causality involved is of help to constitute a good criterion for choosing among different definitions of a pathological entity.
In section (1) I introduce the controversy about MetS, in section (2) I propose some remarks about medical definitions and their ‘causal import’, and in section (3) I suggest that the different attitudes towards the definition of MetS are relevant to evaluate their explicative power.
Causality and the Modeling of the Measurement Process in Quantum Theory
Authors: de Ronde Christian 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn this paper we provide a general account of the causal models which attempt to provide a solution to the famous measurement problem of Quantum Mechanics (QM). We will argue that—leaving aside instrumentalism which restricts the physical meaning of QM to the algorithmic prediction of measurement outcomes—the many interpretations which can be found in the literature can be distinguished through the way they model the measurement process, either in terms of theefficient causeor in terms of thefinal cause. We will discuss and analyze why both, ‘final cause’ and ‘efficient cause’ models, face severe difficulties to solve the measurement problem. In contradistinction to these schemes we will present a new model based on theimmanent causewhich, we will argue, provides an intuitive understanding of the measurement process in QM.
Patient groups, clinicians and healthcare professionals agree – all test results need to be seen, understood and followed up
Authors: Dahm Maria R. , Georgiou Andrew , Herkes Robert , Brown Anthony , Li Julie , Lindeman Robert , Horvath Andrea R. , Jones Graham , Legg Michael , Li Ling , Greenfield David , Westbrook Johanna I. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Background
Diagnostic testing provides integral information for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and management of disease. Inadequate test result reporting and follow-up is a major risk to patient safety. Factors contributing to failure to follow-up test results include unclear delineation of responsibility about who is meant to act on a test result; poor coordination across different levels of care; and the absence of integrated health information systems for the efficient information communication.

Methods
A 2016 Australian Stakeholder Forum brought together over 30 representatives from 14 different consumer, clinical and management stakeholder organisations to discuss safe and effective test result communication, management and follow-up. Thematic analysis was conducted drawing on multimodal data collected in the form of observational fieldnotes and document artefacts produced by participants.

Results
The forum identified major challenges which pose immediate risks to patient safety. Participants recommended priorities for addressing issues relating to: (i) the governance of test result management processes; (ii) integration of health care processes through the utilisation of effective digital health solutions; and (iii) involving patients as key partners in the decision-making and care process.

Conclusions
Stakeholder groups diverged slightly in their priorities. Consumers highlighted the lack of patient involvement in the test result management process but were less concerned about standardisation of reports and critical result thresholds than pathologists. The forum foregrounded the need for a systems approach, capable of identifying and addressing interconnections and multiple factors that contribute to poor test result follow-up, with a strong emphasis on enhancing the contribution of patients.
A commercial laccase-mediator system to delignify and improve saccharification of the fast-growingPaulownia fortunei(Seem.) Hemsl.
Authors: Rencoret Jorge , Pereira Antonio , Marques Gisela , del Río José Carlos , Martínez Ángel T. , Gutiérrez Ana 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIt was demonstrated for the first time that a laccase-based enzymatic pretreatment is able to delignify fast-growing paulownia species. The treatment was performed with a commercial low-redox potential laccase isolated fromMyceliophthora thermophila(Apinis) Oorschot and methyl syringate (MeS) as a natural phenolic mediator. Up to 24% lignin removal was attained by the laccase-MeS treatment (L/MeS), followed by alkaline peroxide extraction in a multistage sequence. The reduction in lignin content was accompanied by a significant improvement in the subsequent enzymatic saccharification, with increases of up to 38% glucose and 34% xylose yields. The structural modifications of the lignin were analyzedin situby two dimensional-nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR) spectroscopy. A considerable removal of guaiacyl and syringyl lignin units with respect to the carbohydrate signals was visible as well as the cleavage of β-O-4′, β-5′ and β-β′ linkages leading to elevated amounts of Cα-oxidized guaiacyl and syringyl units. The presence of oxidized lignin compounds in the filtrates of the enzymatic treatments – such as vanillin, vanillic acid, syringaldehyde and syringic acid – conclusively demonstrates the ability of L/MeS treatment to oxidize and depolymerize the lignin in paulownia wood.
The Problematic Non-Western cosmopolitanism in Africa today: Grappling with A modernity outside history
Authors: Chan Stephen 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The question, ‘can Africa deal with a postcoloniality without reference to the colonising metropole?’ neglects that Africa must deal with many powers that were not colonisers. Dealing with China requires a relationship outside the period of formal colonial rule, and requires a new cosmopolitanism that can be difficult, yet vibrant.
Statistical analysis for the impact of smoking on the behavior and health of Qatari adolescents
Authors: Abdel-Salam Abdel-Salam G. , Ramzan Mahjabeen , Siddiqui Zainab 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The links between the use of tobacco and health risks are well known. Most of the younger smokers reside in Asia which includes Qatar, the focus country of this study. Cigarette smoking among children is rising at an alarming rate worldwide including Qatar. As youth make up a significant percentage of the population and to achieve the health objectives of the Qatar Vision 2030, it is essential to ensure the health and well-being of adolescents, as they are the future of Qatar. This study focuses on exploring the patterns of tobacco use and its impacts on the adolescents by conducting a survey in different schools across Qatar. The questionnaire was administered in five schools, selected by proportional random sampling. The responses were recorded from the sample for general questions regarding interest in physical activities, relationship with family and friends, mental satisfaction, health, academics and access to cigarettes.
Gas Phase Back-Mixing in a Mimicked Fischer-Tropsch Slurry Bubble Column Using an Advanced Gaseous Tracer Technique
Authors: Han Lu , Said Ibrahim A. , Al-Dahhan Muthanna H. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
An advanced gaseous tracer technique and procedures were developed and executed to study for the first time the axial dispersion of the gas phase in a slurry bubble column reactor (SBCR) using air-C9C11-FT catalyst. Residence time distribution (RTD) curves were obtained by measuring the pulse-input’s response of the gaseous tracer. The gas phase axial dispersion coefficient (Dg) was obtained from minimum square error fit of the one-dimensional axial dispersion model to the measured tracer response data. The effects of solids loading on the axial dispersion of gas phase and the overall gas holdup have been studied. It was demonstrated that increasing solids loading improves the gas axial dispersion while decreasing the overall gas holdup. This work suggests that gas phase axial dispersion is significant in reactor performance evaluation of bubble columns or slurry bubble columns.
Adsorption of Hexavalent Chromium by Eucalyptus camaldulensis bark/maghemite Nano Composite
Authors: Erkurt Fatma Elcin , Balci Behzat , Turan Emine Su 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
In the present study, Eucalyptus camaldulensis bark/maghemite composite (ECMC) was used for potential application as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. The structural characterization, morphology and elemental analysis of ECMC were performed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The effects of various independent parameters, contact time, initial Cr(VI) concentration, temperature, pH, and adsorption were investigated. It was found that the adsorption capacity of ECMC increases with increasing Cr(VI) concentration and temperature. The optimum pH was found to be 2 for the removal of Cr(VI) by ECMC. The adsorption capacity was found to be 70.1 mg/g with 0.1 g ECMC at pH 2 and 30 °C. Additionally, 10 and 50 mg/L Cr(VI) were removed from 100 mL aqueous solution by 0.1 g ECMC with 99 % and 93.46 % removal efficiencies, respectively. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Jovanovic, Smith, Koble Korringen, Vieth-Sladek and Sips Isotherm Models were applied to the experimental data to understand the adsorption mechanism better. The Freundlich Isotherm Model described the adsorption process better (R2 = 0.991) among the other isotherms studied.
Nonlinear Wave Modulation in Nanorods Using Nonlocal Elasticity Theory
Authors: Gaygusuzoglu Guler , Aydogdu Metin , Gul Ufuk 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
In this study, nonlinear wave modulation in nanorods is examined on the basis of nonlocal elasticity theory. Eringen's nonlocal elasticity theory is employed to derive nonlinear equations for the motion of nanorods. The analysis of the modulation of axial waves in nonlocal elastic media is performed, and the reductive perturbation method is used for the solution of the nonlinear equations. The propagation of weakly nonlinear and strongly dispersive waves is investigated, and the nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation is acquired as an evolution equation. For the purpose of a numerical investigation of the nonlocal impacts on the NLS equation, it has been investigated whether envelope solitary wave solutions exist by utilizing the physical and geometric features of the carbon nanotubes. Amplitude dependent wave frequencies, phase and group velocities have been obtained and they have compared for the linear local, the linear nonlocal, the nonlinear local and the nonlinear nonlocal cases.
Dhoch3: Online-Studienmodule für die Deutschlehrerausbildung an Hochschulen weltweit: kulturspezifische Modifizierbarkeit und Anwendung im Blended-Learning-Format
Authors: Schmäling Benjamin 
Published: October 2018

ZusammenfassungDas Interesse an Deutsch hat in den vergangenen Jahren in vielen Regionen der Welt wieder zugenommen. Der gestiegenen Nachfrage steht dabei nicht selten ein Mangel an entsprechend qualifiziertem Lehrpersonal gegenüber. Vor diesem Hintergrund entwickelt der Deutsche Akademische Austauschdienst (DAAD) im Rahmen des Projekts Dhoch3 gemeinsam mit deutschen Universitäten Online-Studienmodule, die für den weltweiten Einsatz in der akademischen Ausbildung künftiger Deutschlehrender konzipiert sind. Der kulturspezifischen Modifizierbarkeit kommt in diesem Zusammenhang eine herausgehobene Bedeutung zu. Sie manifestiert sich bei Dhoch3 in den drei zentralen Charakteristika Komplementarität, Adaptierbarkeit und Offenheit, auf die nach einer Verortung des Projekts im Kontext des beschriebenen Trends näher eingegangen wird. Um die vor diesem Hintergrund vielfältigen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten greifbarer zu machen, wird sodann ein theoretisch fundierter Vorschlag zur Gestaltung eines Blended-Learning-Arrangements gemacht, der als eine Möglichkeit der Umsetzung unter vielen gelesen werden kann.