bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevention of Iron Deficiency by Milk Fortification
Authors: OLIVARES M. , WALTER T. , HERTRAMPF E. , PIZARRO F. , STEKEL A. 
Published: February 2018

Olivares, M., Walter, T., Hertrampf, E., Pizarro, F. and Stekel, A. (Hematology Unit, Institue of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile). Prevention of iron deficiency by milk fortification. The Chilean experience.A large proportion of the milk consumed by infants in Chile is distributed by a National Food Supplementary Program. Efforts to prevent iron deficiency by milk fortification started several years ago. Initially a field study involving the simple addition of ferrous sulfate to a low‐fat powdered milk was only partially successful due to the relatively low iron absorption from this product. Following the observation that the enrichment of milk with ascorbic acid markedly improved iron bioavailability, a new fortified formula was developed and has been tested in the field since 1976. This is powdered full‐fat milk, biologically acidified and fortified with 15 mg Fe, as ferrous sulfate, and 100 mg ascorbic acid per 100 g powder. In a pilot study, 276 infants spontaneously weaned before 3 months of age received the fortified milk, and 278 infants receiving unfortified milk served as controls. At the end of the study (15 months of age) anemia (Hb <11 g/dl) was present in 25.7 % of unfortified infants comped with only 2.5 % in those fortified. Saturation of Transferrin <9 % was present in 33.8 % and serum ferritin <10 μg/I in 39.1 % of the nonfortMed infants. The figures for the fortified group were 7 % and 8.5 % respectively. Acceptance of the fortified formula was good. Following these observations, and as a previous step to the use of the fortified milk in the national program, the formula was tested in 7 National Health Service inner city community clinics under regular milk distribution. Survey data in 1 655 infants and laboratory studies in 200 infants at 9 and 15 months of age confirmed the good acceptance of this milk and the fact that iron deficiency anemia in infancy could be essentially eradicated by the use of milk fortified with iron and ascorbic acid.
Mechanisms and Regulation of Intestinal Uptake and Transfer of Iron
Authors: FLANAGAN P. R. 
Published: February 2018

Flanagan, P. R. (Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada). Mechanisms and regulation of intestinal uptake and transfer of iron.Despite much research over the past fifty years, the precise details of intestinal iron absorption remain unclear. The lack of understanding extends both to the specific biochemical mechanisms of transport as well as the means by which these are regulated. Iron in several dietary forms must be digested and processed in the intestinal lumen, taken up across the mucosal brush border membrane, transported through the intestinal absorptive cell, accomplish a second transmembrane passage across the basolateral membrane and, finally, be transported to sites of iron metabolism and storage within the body. Recent findings in several of these areas are reviewed. Evidence is presented to support the involvement, or non‐involvement, of several intestinal iron‐binding components in iron transport. In the future, the application of molecular biology to the investigation of intestinal iron metabolism will undoubtedly increase understanding of absorption mechanisms and their regulation.
Iron‐binding Proteins
Authors: BROCK J. H. 
Published: February 2018

Brock, J. H. (Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, UK). Iron‐binding proteins.The structure and properties of the iron‐binding proteins transferrin, lactoferrin and transferrin are reviewed. Transferrin and lactoferrin are structurally similar, consisting of a single polypetide chain and reversibly binding two iron atoms per molecule. Transferrin is found mainly in serum, whereas lactoferrin is found in neutrophils and in external secretions. Transferrin functions mainly as a donor of iron to cells, but there is no established iron‐transport role for lactoferrin. Both these proteins may have antimicrobial activity as a result of their ability to sequester iron. Lactoferrin may act principally as a scavenger of iron in conditions where transferrin may not bind iron well, e.g. at low pH. Ferritin is a multisubunit protein capable of binding up to 4 000 iron atoms and serves principally as an iron‐storage protein, though it may also serve to detoxify iron. In iron‐rich tissues ferritin is largely degraded and the iron is converted to haemosiderin.
Iron and Immunity
Authors: FARTHING MICHAEL J. G. 
Published: February 2018

Farthing, M. J. G. (Department of Gastroenterology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, ECIA 7BE, UK). Iron and immunity.Review of animal and human studies concerning the impact of iron deficiency on immune function in vivo indicates that in many instances there is no firm consensus of opinion as to the relationship between iron status and immunity. One major problem with almost all human studies is that other micro‐ and macronutrient deficiencies are inadequately controlled for and thus it is often unclear as to whether reported abnormalities of immune function can be attributed specifically to iron deficiency. Even when abnormalities of immune function have been detected it is often uncertain as to the biological and clinical relevance that these may have for the host. Within these restraints the available studies suggest that iron deficiency may at least contribute to impaired T lymphocyte function as judged by DTH responses in skin and impaired mitogen‐induced proliferation. As in protein energy malnutrition, humoral immunity is largely spared in humans, the balance of evidence suggesting that immunoglobulin production and function is normal, as are serum concentrations of complement. The only other abnormality of non‐specific immunity which has been reported consistently to be abnormal is that of reduced bactericidal activity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The clinical relevance of these abnormalities remains to be established. There is, however, no evidence to suggest that individuals with iron deficiency suffer the devastating infective complications of the well defined immunodeficiency syndromes either congenital or acquired. It seems likely therefore that despite the fundamental importance of iron in maintaining the integrity of immune function, humans can tolerate the extremes of deficiency and excess and survive in a relatively healthy state.
Iron and Oxygen: A Biologically Damaging Mixture
Authors: GUTTERIDGE JOHN M. C. 
Published: February 2018

Gutteridge, J. M. C. (Division of Chemistry, NIBSC, Potters Bar, Hertfordshsire , EN6 3QG, UK. Iron and oxygen: A biologically damaging mixture.Iron is a remarkably useful metal in Nature, but iron ions not safely sequstered in storage or transport proteins are hazardous because they can stimulate damaging free radical reactions. Biological examples of these are Fenton Chemistry leading to the formation of highly reactive species, such as the hydroxyl radical (∙ OH) and the ferry) ion (FeO2+), and lipid peroxidation. The need to conserve body iron stores has closely evolved with an essential requirement for antioxidant protection and, several ‘acute‐phase’ proteins involved in iron metabolism such as caeruloplasmin, haptoglobins and haemopexin in collaboration with the iron binding proteins transferrin and lactoferrin contribute to our defence against oxidative damage.
Inherited Iron Overload
Authors: HALLIDAY J. W. 
Published: February 2018

Halliday, J. W. (The Liver Group, Department of Medicine, University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Australia). Inherited iron overload.Several inherited forms of iron overload have been described. It is now accepted that HC, usually regarded as a disease of adult life, is an inherited disorder, hence all first degree relatives must be presumed to be at increased risk of developing iron overload and the diagnosis is now frequently made in young relatives. The combination of serum iron, transferrin saturation and serum ferritin determination will detect iron overload in an early, precirrhotic stage. Liver biopsy and the determination of hepatic iron concentration provide the definitive proof. Where HC is recognized sufficiently early to permit adequate removal of iron before cirrhosis has developed, the prognosis is excellent. Thus haemochromatosis as a clinical disease should be preventable in a large proportion of patients. Severe iron overload has been described in juveniles and also in neonates. These conditions are familial but whether they are HLA‐related has not been determined. Cardiac and endocrine disorders are frequently the presenting manifestations of parenchymal iron overload in the young and, at least in neonates, the condition is usually fatal in early infancy. It is not possible at present, to say whether these rare juvenile and neonatal forms of haemochromatosis are related to the much more common adult form. Identification of the gene for HC may assist in answering this question.
MERITOCRACY, EFFICIENCY, INCENTIVES AND VOTING IN COOPERATIVE PRODUCTION: A SURVEY*
Authors: BEVIÁ Carmen , CORCHÓN Luis C. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTThis paper surveys selectively several contributions to the understanding of how cooperatives may cope with the interplay between meritocracy and efficiency when public decisions are taking by voting and the supply of labor is freely decided by each member. This outlines the main trade‐off faced by cooperatives. In particular, the degree of meritocracy is limited by three factors: (1) efficiency, because too much meritocracy encourages too much work from the socially optimal point of view; (2) meritocracy encourages sabotage; and (3) voting, because workers may prefer inefficient reward schemes as long as they are individually profitable.
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: the worldwide prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: Zamani M. , Ebrahimtabar F. , Zamani V. , Miller W. H. , Alizadeh‐Navaei R. , Shokri‐Shirvani J. , Derakhshan M. H. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryBackgroundThe epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection is poorly understood.AimTo establish the reported regional and national prevalence of H. pylori infection, stratified by age and gender.MethodsAll relevant English publications from 2000 to 2017 cited by PubMed and Scopus were retrieved using comprehensive combinations of keywords. The overall prevalence of H. pylori was estimated using both random effect and fixed effect meta‐analyses, and presented as prevalence rate (% and 95% CI). The analyses were extended by separation into gender and age groups.ResultsA total of 14 056 records were obtained initially. After applying exclusion criteria in several steps, 183 studies were selected. Analysis of 410 879 participants from 73 countries in six continents revealed an overall prevalence of 44.3% (95% CI: 40.9‐47.7) worldwide. This rate ranged from 50.8% (95% CI: 46.8‐54.7) in developing countries compared with 34.7% (95% CI: 30.2‐39.3) in developed countries. The global H. pylori infection rate was 42.7% (95% CI: 39‐46.5) in females compared to 46.3% (95% CI: 42.1‐50.5) in males. The prevalence in adults (≥18 years) was significantly higher than in children (48.6% [95% CI: 43.8‐53.5] vs 32.6% [95% CI: 28.4‐36.8], respectively). There was a statistically nonsignificant decrease in the prevalence in 2009‐2016 compared with the 2000‐2009 period.ConclusionsThe observed differences between countries appear to be due to economic and social conditions. H. pylori infection can be a benchmark for the socioeconomic and health status of a country. Further studies are suggested to investigate the natural history of the acquisition of H. pylori infection from childhood into adult life.
Litterfall and nutrient dynamics shift in tropical forest restoration sites after a decade of recovery
Authors: Lanuza Oscar , Casanoves Fernando , Zahawi Rakan A. , Celentano Danielle , Delgado Diego , Holl Karen D. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMulti‐year studies comparing changes in litterfall biomass and nutrient inputs in sites under different restoration practices are lacking. We evaluated litterfall dynamics and nutrient inputs at 5 yr and after a decade of recovery in four treatments (natural regeneration—no planting, plantation—entire area planted, tree islands—planting in patches, and reference forest) at multiple sites in an agricultural landscape in southern Costa Rica. We inter‐planted two native species (Terminalia amazonia and Vochysia guatemalensis) and two naturalized N‐fixing species (Inga edulis and Erythrina poeppigiana) in plantation and island treatments. Although litterfall N was higher in plantations in the first sampling period, litter production and overall inputs of C, N, Ca, Mg, P, Cu, Mn, and Fe did not differ between island, plantation, or reference forest after a decade; however, all were greater than in natural regeneration. Potassium inputs were lower in the natural regeneration, intermediate in island and plantation, and greater in reference forest. The percentage of litterfall comprised by the N‐fixing planted species declined by nearly two‐thirds in both plantations and islands between sampling periods, while the percentage of V. guatemalensis more than doubled, and the percentage from naturally regenerated species increased from 27 to 47 percent in islands. Island and plantation treatments were equally effective at restoring litterfall and nutrient inputs to levels similar to the reference system. The nutrient input changed substantially over the 7‐yr interval between measurements, reflecting shifts in vegetation composition and demonstrating how rapidly nutrient cycling dynamics can change in recovering forests.
Dermatologic surgery in children: an update on indication, anesthesia, analgesia and potential perioperative complications
Authors: Crisan Diana , Scharffetter‐Kochanek Karin , Kastler Sabine , Crisan Maria , Manea Avram , Wagner Katja , Schneider Lars Alexander 
Published: February 2018

SummaryBackgroundChildren undergoing dermatosurgical procedures require, unlike adults, particular attention; the administration of various analgesics, anesthetics or sedatives requires a thorough knowledge of drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Furthermore, there are concerns that drugs used for sedation/general anesthesia may result in anesthetic/analgesic complications in children undergoing surgery, with a risk of impaired mental development.ObjectivesBased on our clinical experience and a literature review, we illustrate the most commonly used analgesic, anesthetic and sedative drugs in pediatric dermatosurgery, and identify risk factors and complications following dermatosurgical procedures.ResultsTopical anesthetics can be used in children for superficial dermatologic procedures or prior to infiltration anesthesia. Maximum recommended doses based on body weight should be calculated in order to avoid overdosage of local anesthetics. General anesthesia in dermatosurgery is considered safe and has a low rate of side effects. However, caution is advised in children under the age of one due to potential long‐term neurological side‐effects. NSAIDs and opioids play a significant role in analgesia for children.ConclusionsThis article reviews currently available data on analgesia, anesthesia and complications that may arise in pediatric dermatosurgery. These data may be useful in optimizing the safety and quality of care and in improving parent counseling.
Women and Peace Building: Local Perspectives on Opportunities and Barriers
Authors: Justino Patricia , Mitchell Rebecca , Müller Catherine 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTThe UN Security Council Resolution 1325 has made strong provisions to include women in peace‐building interventions and actions. This is, however, rarely observed in practice beyond local‐level activities. This article discusses new qualitative evidence on the opportunities and barriers to women's participation in peace‐building processes, based on a comparative analysis of case studies conducted in Afghanistan, Liberia, Nepal and Sierra Leone. The findings show that women's engagement in peace‐building activities, beyond their immediate social relations, is restricted by institutional, economic, cultural and social obstacles. These barriers prevent the realization of gender equality objectives in peace‐building initiatives. Moreover, local understandings of peace typically place family relations at the centre of how women engage with peace‐building processes, and how other community members perceive women's roles in peace building.
Infection without wounding and symptomless shoot colonization of Pinus radiata by Fusarium circinatum, the cause of pitch canker
Authors: Swett C. L , Reynolds G. J. , Gordon T. R. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryFusarium circinatum is widely regarded as a necrotrophic pathogen of pines that infects shoot tissue through mechanical or insect‐mediated wounds, causing girdling lesions that result in death of infected branches. However, in the study reported here, F. circinatum colonized 100% of seedling stems and 70% of mature tree branches that were not wounded. Hyphae were observed beneath the epidermis of non‐wounded shoot tissue within 14 days following inoculation. In both seedlings and branches, most infections of non‐wounded tissue did not induce symptoms for the duration of the trial (seven to eight weeks). In surveys of native Pinus radiata stands in California, F. circinatum was recovered from 7.5% to 100% of healthy‐looking seedlings (2–3 years old) across three of the four stands surveyed. These results suggest that wounding is not a requirement for shoot infection under all circumstances and that F. circinatum can grow within shoot tissue without causing symptoms.
Courses for horses: Rethinking the use of proton pump inhibitors in the treatment of equine gastric ulcer syndrome
Authors: Sykes B. W. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryOral omeprazole has been the cornerstone of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) treatment for nearly 20 years. However, approximately 15–30% of equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) cases and 75% of equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) cases fail to heal within current treatment guidelines. Recently, a number of factors that may affect the efficacy of oral omeprazole have been highlighted and the pharmacodynamics of a number of novel proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been described in the horse. The purpose of this article is to review the factors that affect oral omeprazole efficacy, with the goal of maximising therapeutic response, and the novel PPIs recently described.
A simple energy‐based model for nonproportional low‐cycle multiaxial fatigue life prediction under constant‐amplitude loading
Authors: Lu Y. , Wu H. , Zhong Z. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractFrom the literature concerning the traditional nonproportional (NP) multiaxial cyclic fatigue prediction, special attentions are usually paid to multiaxial constitutive relations to quantify fatigue damage accumulation. As a result, estimation of NP hardening effect decided by the entire history path is always proposed, which is a challenging and complex task. To simplify the procedure of multiaxial fatigue life prediction of engineering components, in this paper, a novel effective energy parameter based on simple material properties is proposed. The parameter combines uniaxial cyclic plastic work and NP hardening effects. The fatigue life has been assessed based on traditional multiaxial fatigue criterion and the proposed parameter, which has been validated by experimental results of 316 L stainless steel under different low‐cycle loading paths.
Determination of damage evolution in CFRP subjected to cyclic loading using DIC
Authors: Venkatachalam S. , Khaja Mohiddin S. M. , Murthy H. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDamage evolution in carbon fibre reinforced plastic subjected to fatigue loading (R = 0.5, −1, 2) has been studied using digital image correlation to obtain full‐field surface strains. Damage initiation being a local phenomenon, its effect on global parameters is not significant. The local transverse strain is a better indicator of delamination which affects transverse strain more than the longitudinal strain. Variation of normalized local transverse strain (ratio of local transverse strain to applied stress) near the initiated delamination indicates that the damage evolution occurs over 2 to 3 stages. Each stage has a stable damage growth with a drastic increase between the stages. The stages correspond to different damage mechanisms (matrix cracking, fibre‐matrix debonding, delamination, and fibre breakage) dominating at different periods during the fatigue life. Scatter in normalized local transverse strain plots due to large relative displacements was eliminated using different reference images for DIC. Waviness due to shift in the time at which the images are captured during the loading cycles was avoided using a sine curve fit to obtain maximum transverse strain in a cycle. Normalized local transverse strain plots were found to qualitatively reflect the physical extent of damage, thereby providing confidence in the methodology. Fatigue life curves were generated and run‐out lives were determined.
Experimental and numerical investigation on crack initiation of fretting fatigue of dovetail
Authors: Chen J.‐J. , Liu L. , Li S.‐X. , Yu S.‐R. , He Y.‐N. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe present study investigated the fretting fatigue crack initiation of dovetail structure based on experimental observation and multiple axial criteria. Two typical critical plane approaches of the Smith‐Watson‐Topper (SWT) and the Fatemi and Socie (FS) model were used to predict the crack initiation location, orientation angle, and fatigue life. The results indicate that both SWT and FS models predict consistent results with the experiment in crack initiation location. Regarding the crack initiation angle, FS model shows good agreement with the experimental observation, but SWT model exhibits a large difference. The two models give conservative results in fretting fatigue life. In view of this, the theory of critical distance (TCD) was incorporated into the SWT and the FS models. It shows that both the TCD‐SWT and the TCD‐FS predict fatigue lives within a scatter band of 2. It suggests that introducing the TCD into the critical plane model can greatly reduce the conservatism of the prediction. Furthermore, the prediction has less dependence on specific models.