bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Droit positif et sacré : l’exemple du droit de propriété inspiré de la Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen
Authors: Chicot Pierre-Yves 
Published: April 2018

Il est possible d’établir un lien entre la norme temporelle et la norme intemporelle, entre l’ordre séculier et l’ordre hiérocratique. Quand bien même le faiseur de la norme ferait montre d’un grand pragmatisme pour mener à bien l’essentielle régulation sociale, sa référence superstructurelle peut être de nature sacrée. Ainsi en va-t-il du droit de propriété consigné depuis la Révolution française à l’article 17 de la Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen du 26 août 1789 : « la propriété est un droit inviolable et sacré, nul ne peut en être privé ». Le sacré équivaut d’après une définition classique à « ce qui appartient au domaine séparé, intangible et inviolable du religieux et qui doit inspirer crainte et respect ». L’inspiration « théo-juridique » de l’article 17 n’est pas anodine. Celle-ci témoigne d’une volonté exprimée fermement par la philosophie révolutionnaire qui consiste à bâtir un système économique résolument libéral. Dans ce cas de figure, les moyens de la production du système va et doit reposer sur la propriété privée. Le droit de propriété ne relèverait pas d’un simple énoncé normatif classique et puiserait ses racines dans une logique de pensée
supra-terrestre. C’est là que se situe le point de rencontre entre l’impérieuse utilité de la règle et son efficacité dans l’application en désignant la matière et le droit qui y est assorti comme étant empreint de sacré.
Problems and challenges associated with value addition: with special reference to coconut based productions in Jaffna District
Authors: Sathana V. 
Published: April 2018

Coconut is one of the major source of Jaffna District. It has the greatest prospects for growth and development. The coconut based producers have been facing huge problems. Value addition in each aspect of coconut based productions create more quality and adequate demand for the products. The purpose of this research is to diagnose the tremendous problems and challenges for value addition of coconut based productions in Jaffna District. Initially this paper reviewed the existing literature, empirical studies as well as the prevailing data bases in order to identify the problems and challenges for value addition. Then researcher conducted qualitative exploratory narrative research on coconut based productions in Jaffna District. Subjects were the owners or managers of enterprises and purposive sampling technique was utilized to select the subjects for this research. Unstructured interview was conducted to collect data. The problems and challenges of entrepreneurs regarding value addition were categorized with coding method by using NVIVO software. Present study identified two types of problems; internal and external problems associated with value addition. This research had two coin side implication, for owners of enterprises and other stakeholder to improve the productivity of organizations.
Multiple Homozygous Variants in the STING-Encoding TMEM173 Gene in HIV Long-Term Nonprogressors
Authors: Nissen Sara K. , Pedersen Jesper G. , Helleberg Marie , Kjær Kathrine , Thavachelvam Karthiga , Obel Niels , Tolstrup Martin , Jakobsen Martin R. , Mogensen Trine H. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Among HIV-infected individuals, long-term nonprogressor (LTNP) patients experience slow CD4 T cell decline and almost undetectable viral load for several years after primary acquisition of HIV. Type I IFN has been suggested to play a pathogenic role in HIV pathogenesis, and therefore diminished IFN responses may underlie the LTNP phenotype. In this study, we examined the presence and possible immunological role of multiple homozygous single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the stimulator of IFN genes (STING) encoding gene TMEM173 involved in IFN induction and T cell proliferation in HIV LTNP patients. We identified LTNPs through the Danish HIV Cohort and performed genetic analysis by Sanger sequencing, covering the R71H-G230A-R293Q (HAQ) single-nucleotide polymorphisms in TMEM173. This was followed by investigation of STING mRNA and protein accumulation as well as innate immune responses and proliferation following STING stimulation and infection with replication-competent HIV in human blood–derived cells. We identified G230A-R293Q/G230A-R293Q and HAQ/HAQ homozygous TMEM173 variants in 2 out of 11 LTNP patients. None of the 11 noncontrollers on antiretroviral treatment were homozygous for these variants. We found decreased innate immune responses to DNA and HIV as well as reduced STING-dependent inhibition of CD4 T cell proliferation, particularly in the HAQ/HAQ HIV LTNP patients, compared with the age- and gender-matched noncontrollers on antiretroviral treatment. These findings suggest that homozygous HAQ STING variants contribute to reduced inhibition of CD4 T cell proliferation and a reduced immune response toward DNA and HIV, which might result in reduced levels of constitutive IFN production. Consequently, the HAQ/HAQ TMEM173 genotype may contribute to the slower disease progression characteristic of LTNPs.
Inflammatory Macrophage Expansion in Pulmonary Hypertension Depends upon Mobilization of Blood-Borne Monocytes
Authors: Florentin Jonathan , Coppin Emilie , Vasamsetti Sathish Babu , Zhao Jingsi , Tai Yi-Yin , Tang Ying , Zhang Yingze , Watson Annie , Sembrat John , Rojas Mauricio , Vargas Sara O. , Chan Stephen Y. , Dutta Partha 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Pulmonary inflammation, which is characterized by the presence of perivascular macrophages, has been proposed as a key pathogenic driver of pulmonary hypertension (PH), a vascular disease with increasing global significance. However, the mechanisms of expansion of lung macrophages and the role of blood-borne monocytes in PH are poorly understood. Using multicolor flow cytometric analysis of blood in mouse and rat models of PH and patients with PH, an increase in blood monocytes was observed. In parallel, lung tissue displayed increased chemokine transcript expression, including those responsible for monocyte recruitment, such as Ccl2 and Cx3cl1, accompanied by an expansion of interstitial lung macrophages. These data indicate that blood monocytes are recruited to lung perivascular spaces and differentiate into inflammatory macrophages. Correspondingly, parabiosis between congenically different hypoxic mice demonstrated that most interstitial macrophages originated from blood monocytes. To define the actions of these cells in PH in vivo, we reduced blood monocyte numbers via genetic deficiency of cx3cr1 or ccr2 in chronically hypoxic male mice and by pharmacologic inhibition of Cx3cl1 in monocrotaline-exposed rats. Both models exhibited decreased inflammatory blood monocytes, as well as interstitial macrophages, leading to a substantial decrease in arteriolar remodeling but with a less robust hemodynamic effect. This study defines a direct mechanism by which interstitial macrophages expand in PH. It also demonstrates a pathway for pulmonary vascular remodeling in PH that depends upon interstitial macrophage-dependent inflammation yet is dissociated, at least in part, from hemodynamic consequences, thus offering guidance on future anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies in this disease.
Fixed point theorems for nonlinear contractions with applications to iterated function systems
Authors: Pant Rajendra 
Published: April 2018

We introduce a new type of nonlinear contraction and present some fixed point results without using continuity or semi-continuity. Our result complement, extend and generalize a number of fixed point theorems including the the well-known Boyd and Wong theorem [On nonlinear contractions, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 20(1969)]. Also we discuss an application to iterated function systems.
Estimates of CO2 fluxes over the city of Cape Town, South Africa, through Bayesian inverse modelling
Authors: Nickless Alecia , Rayner Peter J. , Engelbrecht Francois , Brunke Ernst-Günther , Erni Birgit , Scholes Robert J. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. We present a city-scale inversion over Cape Town, South Africa. Measurement sites for atmospheric CO2 concentrations were installed at Robben Island and Hangklip lighthouses, located downwind and upwind of the metropolis. Prior estimates of the fossil fuel fluxes were obtained from a bespoke inventory analysis where emissions were spatially and temporally disaggregated and uncertainty estimates determined by means of error propagation techniques. Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) fluxes from biogenic processes were obtained from the land atmosphere exchange model CABLE (Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange). Uncertainty estimates were based on the estimates of net primary productivity. CABLE was dynamically coupled to the regional climate model CCAM (Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model), which provided the climate inputs required to drive the Lagrangian particle dispersion model. The Bayesian inversion framework included a control vector where fossil fuel and NEE fluxes were solved for separately.Due to the large prior uncertainty prescribed to the NEE fluxes, the current inversion framework was unable to adequately distinguish between the fossil fuel and NEE fluxes, but the inversion was able to obtain improved estimates of the total fluxes within pixels and across the domain. The median of the uncertainty reductions of the total weekly flux estimates for the inversion domain of Cape Town was 28 %, but reach as high as 50 %. At the pixel level, uncertainty reductions of the total weekly flux reached up to 98 %, but these large uncertainty reductions were for NEE-dominated pixels. Improved corrections to the fossil fuel fluxes would be possible if the uncertainty around the prior NEE fluxes could be reduced. In order for this inversion framework to be operationalised for monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) of emissions from Cape Town, the NEE component of the CO2 budget needs to be better understood. Additional measurements of Δ14C and δ13C isotope measurements would be a beneficial component of an atmospheric monitoring programme aimed at MRV of CO2 for any city which has significant biogenic influence, allowing improved separation of contributions from NEE and fossil fuel fluxes to the observed CO2 concentration.
On the origin of the mesospheric quasi-stationary planetary waves in the unusual Arctic winter 2015/2016
Authors: Matthias Vivien , Ern Manfred 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The midwinter 2015/2016 was characterized by an unusually strong polar night
jet (PNJ) and extraordinarily large stationary planetary wave (SPW)
amplitudes in the subtropical mesosphere. The aim of this study is, therefore, to find
the origin of these mesospheric SPWs in the midwinter 2015/2016 study period. The study duration
is split into two periods: the first period runs from late
December 2015 until early January 2016 (Period I), and the second period from early
January until mid-January 2016 (Period II). While the SPW 1 dominates in the subtropical
mesosphere in Period I, it is the SPW 2 that dominates in Period II. There
are three possibilities explaining how SPWs can occur in the mesosphere: (1) they
propagate upward from the stratosphere, (2) they are generated in situ by
longitudinally variable gravity wave (GW) drag, or (3) they are generated in situ by barotropic and/or baroclinic instabilities. Using global
satellite observations from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and the
Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) the
origin of the mesospheric SPWs is investigated for both time periods. We
find that due to the strong PNJ the SPWs were not able to propagate upward
into the mesosphere northward of 50∘ N but were deflected upward and
equatorward into the subtropical mesosphere. We show that the SPWs observed
in the subtropical mesosphere are the same SPWs as in the mid-latitudinal
stratosphere. Simultaneously, we find evidence that the mesospheric SPWs in
polar latitudes were generated in situ by longitudinally variable GW drag and
that there is a mixture of in situ generation by longitudinally variable GW
drag and by instabilities at mid-latitudes. Our results, based on observations,
show that the abovementioned three mechanisms can act at the same
time which confirms earlier model studies. Additionally, the possible
contribution from, or impact of, unusually strong SPWs in the subtropical
mesosphere to the disruption of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO)
in the same winter is discussed.
Water mass distributions and transports for the 2014 GEOVIDE cruise in the North Atlantic
Authors: García-Ibáñez Maribel I. , Pérez Fiz F. , Lherminier Pascale , Zunino Patricia , Mercier Herlé , Tréguer Paul 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. We present the distribution of water masses along the GEOTRACES-GA01 section during the GEOVIDE cruise, which crossed the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean and the Labrador Sea in the summer of 2014. The water mass structure resulting from an extended optimum multiparameter (eOMP) analysis provides the framework for interpreting the observed distributions of trace elements and their isotopes. Central Waters and Subpolar Mode Waters (SPMW) dominated the upper part of the GEOTRACES-GA01 section. At intermediate depths, the dominant water mass was Labrador Sea Water, while the deep parts of the section were filled by Iceland–Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW) and North-East Atlantic Deep Water. We also evaluate the water mass volume transports across the 2014 OVIDE line (Portugal to Greenland section) by combining the water mass fractions resulting from the eOMP analysis with the absolute geostrophic velocity field estimated through a box inverse model. This allowed us to assess the relative contribution of each water mass to the transport across the section. Finally, we discuss the changes in the distribution and transport of water masses between the 2014 OVIDE line and the 2002–2010 mean state. At the upper and intermediate water levels, colder end-members of the water masses replaced the warmer ones in 2014 with respect to 2002–2010, in agreement with the long-term cooling of the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre that started in the mid-2000s. Below 2000 dbar, ISOW increased its contribution in 2014 with respect to 2002–2010, with the increase being consistent with other estimates of ISOW transports along 58–59° N. We also observed an increase in SPMW in the East Greenland Irminger Current in 2014 with respect to 2002–2010, which supports the recent deep convection events in the Irminger Sea. From the assessment of the relative water mass contribution to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) across the OVIDE line, we conclude that the larger AMOC intensity in 2014 compared to the 2002–2010 mean was related to both the increase in the northward transport of Central Waters in the AMOC upper limb and to the increase in the southward flow of Irminger Basin SPMW and ISOW in the AMOC lower limb.
Assessment of actual evapotranspiration over a semiarid heterogeneous land surface by means of coupled low-resolution remote sensing data with an energy balance model: comparison to extra-large aperture scintillometer measurements
Authors: Saadi Sameh , Boulet Gilles , Bahir Malik , Brut Aurore , Delogu Émilie , Fanise Pascal , Mougenot Bernard , Simonneaux Vincent , Lili Chabaane Zohra 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. In semiarid areas, agricultural production is restricted by water
availability; hence, efficient agricultural water management is a major issue.
The design of tools providing regional estimates of evapotranspiration (ET),
one of the most relevant water balance fluxes, may help the sustainable
management of water resources. Remote sensing provides periodic data about actual vegetation temporal
dynamics (through the normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI) and water
availability under water stress (through the surface
temperature Tsurf),
which are crucial factors controlling ET. In this study, spatially distributed estimates of ET (or its energy
equivalent, the latent heat flux LE) in the Kairouan plain (central Tunisia)
were computed by applying the Soil Plant Atmosphere and Remote Sensing
Evapotranspiration (SPARSE) model fed by low-resolution remote sensing data
(Terra and Aqua MODIS). The work's goal was to assess the operational use of
the SPARSE model and the accuracy of the modeled (i) sensible heat flux (H)
and (ii) daily ET over a heterogeneous semiarid landscape with complex
land cover (i.e., trees, winter cereals, summer vegetables). SPARSE was run to compute instantaneous estimates of H and LE fluxes at the
satellite overpass times. The good correspondence (R2 = 0.60 and 0.63
and RMSE = 57.89 and 53.85 W m−2 for Terra and Aqua,
respectively) between instantaneous H estimates and large aperture
scintillometer (XLAS) H measurements along a path length of 4 km over the
study area showed that the SPARSE model presents satisfactory accuracy.
Results showed that, despite the fairly large scatter, the instantaneous LE
can be suitably estimated at large scales (RMSE = 47.20 and 43.20 W m−2
for Terra and Aqua, respectively, and R2 = 0.55 for both
satellites). Additionally, water stress was investigated by comparing
modeled (SPARSE) and observed (XLAS) water stress values; we found that most
points were located within a 0.2 confidence interval, thus the general
tendencies are well reproduced. Even though extrapolation of instantaneous
latent heat flux values to daily totals was less obvious, daily ET estimates
are deemed acceptable.
A new approach for land degradation and desertification assessment using geospatial techniques
Authors: Masoudi Masoud , Jokar Parviz , Pradhan Biswajeet 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Land degradation reduces the production of biomass and vegetation cover for all forms of land use. The lack of specific data related to degradation is a severe limitation for its monitoring. Assessment of the current state of land degradation or desertification is very difficult because this phenomenon includes several complex processes. For that reason, no common agreement has been achieved among the scientific community for its assessment. This study was carried out as an attempt to develop a new approach for land degradation assessment, based on its current state by modifying of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)–United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) index and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) index in Khuzestan province, southwestern Iran. Using the proposed evaluation method it is easy to understand the degree of destruction caused by the pursuit of low costs and in order to save time. Results showed that based on the percent of hazard classes in the current condition of land degradation, the most and least widespread areas of hazard classes are moderate (38.6 %) and no hazard (0.65 %) classes, respectively. Results in the desert component of the study area showed that the severe class is much more widespread than the other hazard classes, which could indicate an environmentally dangerous situation. Statistical results indicated that degradation is highest in deserts and rangeland areas compared to dry cultivated areas and forests. Statistical tests also showed that the average degradation amount in the arid region is higher than in other climates. It is hoped that this study's use of geospatial techniques will be found to be applicable in other regions of the world and can also contribute to better planning and management of land.
Efectos de la lectura compartida y la conciencia fonológica para una mejora en el aprendizaje lector
Authors: Gutiérrez Fresneda Raúl 
Published: April 2018

El estudio del aprendizaje de la lectura en las primeras edades ha sido objeto de numerosas investigaciones en los últimos años. Actualmente existe acuerdo en que el aprendizaje de la lectura requiere el desarrollo del lenguaje hablado, por lo que resulta determinante el dominio en las primeras edades de la lengua oral para la facilitación del aprendizaje del lenguaje escrito. En sistemas alfabéticos como el español, en los que la escritura representa la estructura fonológica del habla cuando los niños se inician en el proceso de adquisición de la lectura han de saber que nuestro sistema de representación del código escrito se basa en la segmentación de la cadena hablada y que las letras son signos gráficos que se corresponden con los elementos sonoros. Este es un requisito necesario pero no suficiente, ya que además se ha de establecer una adecuada relación entre los fonemas y los grafemas que los representan puesto que el éxito en el aprendizaje de la lectura implica esta destreza. El propósito de este trabajo fue analizar si con la utilización de programas que integren dinámicas de lectura compartida junto con el desarrollo de las habilidades de conciencia fonológica se favorece el aprendizaje lector en las primeras edades. Se empleó un diseño cuasi-experimental de comparación entre grupos con medidas pretest y postest. Participaron 424 alumnos con edades comprendidas entre los 5 y los 6 años. Los resultados ponderan el valor potencial de la instrucción y apoyan el desarrollo de modelos de enseñanza que integren la conciencia fonológica junto con prácticas de lectura dialógica en la dinámica del aula.
Litigation as a Tool for Community Empowerment: The Case of Kenya’s Ogiek
Authors: Claridge Lucy 
Published: April 2018

Litigation as a Tool for Community Empowerment: The Case of Kenya’s Ogiek
In May 2017, the Ogiek indigenous community of Kenya successfully challenged the denial of their land and associated rights before the African Court of Human and Peoples Rights (‘the Court’). In the first indigenous peoples’ rights case considered the Court, and by far the largest ever case it has had to consider, the Court found violations of Articles 1, 2, 8, 14, 17 (2) and (3), 21 and 22 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (‘the African Charter’). It therefore created a major legal precedent. In addition, the litigation itself and Ogiek’s participation in the various stages of the legal process provided a model for community engagement, through which the Ogiek were empowered to better understand and advocate for their rights. This article will first explain the history of the case and the Court’s findings, and then move on to examine in further detail methods employed to build the Ogiek’s capacity throughout, and even beyond, the litigation.