bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Helping Troubled Children and Cultivating the Race: The Mental Hygienic Guidance Centres of the Public Health Association of Swedish Finland, 1930s–1950s
Authors: Bergenheim Sophy 
Published: May 2019

Summary
This article looks at the mental hygienic guidance centres of the Public Health Association of Swedish Finland (Samfundet Folkhälsan, or Folkhälsan for short). For Folkhälsan, mental hygiene was a part of a broader context, in which public health and racial hygiene were fundamentally motivated by Finland-Swedish minority nationalism. Folkhälsan’s mental hygienic ideas are illuminated through the interrelated frames of degeneration and social engineering. The former portrayed mental and social deviance as a social, biological and moral threat to the collective, whereas the latter saw social behaviour, including maladjustment, as a phenomenon that could be influenced. For Folkhälsan’s mental hygienists, it was central to determine type and degree of abnormality; whether the clients were socially maladjusted ‘problem children’ or ‘feeble-minded children’. In both cases, the problem was seen to be caused by (lower-class) parents: through incompetent parenting and/or by passing on poor mental qualities to their offspring.
Patient-controlled Analgesia For Vaso-Occlusive Crisis
Authors: Averbukh Yelena , Porrovecchio Andrea , Southern William N. 
Published: May 2019

Background:
Sickle cell disease (SCD) accounts for over 68,000 hospital admissions each year in the United States, with long inpatient length of stays (LOS) and frequent readmission common. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) has been used to treat patients admitted with vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC), but it is unknown if PCA is associated with shorter LOS and reduced risk of readmission.

Methods:
We examined all admissions for acute VOC treated with parenteral opioids to an urban, academic health system over 3 years. We compared LOS, 30-day readmission, and discharges against medical advice between admissions treated with PCA versus standard therapy in unadjusted and adjusted analyses using generalized estimating equations to adjust for demographic and clinical characteristics.

Results:
Of 823 admissions included, 536 (65.1%) were treated with PCA and 287 (34.9%) were treated with standard nurse-administered opioid therapy. Treatment with PCA was associated with significantly shorter LOS in the unadjusted analyses (7.46 vs. 9.42 d, P=0.001), but the difference was not significant after adjustment (adjusted difference: 1.47 d, P=0.06). Treatment with PCA was also associated with significantly decreased risk of 30-day readmission in unadjusted analysis (odds ratio [OR]unadj: 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.54-0.89, P=0.004), but after adjustment the association was no longer significant (ORadj: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.54-1.06, P=0.11). Finally, treatment with PCA was not associated with increased risk of discharge against medical advice in Generalized Estimating Equation modeled unadjusted (ORunadj: 1.10; 95% CI: 0.69-1.76, P=0.68), or adjusted analysis (ORadj: 1.19; 95% CI: 0.73-1.94, P=0.49).

Conclusions:
Treatment with PCA may be associated with shorter LOS and may be considered as the primary modality for opioid-based pain control for patients with SCD who are admitted with painful VOC.
Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Voriconazole Against Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. in Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients
Authors: Perez-Pitarch Alejandro , Guglieri-Lopez Beatriz , Ferriols-Lisart Rafael , Pérez Ariadna , Ezquer-Garín Carlos , Hernández-Boluda Juan C. , Piñana Jose L. , Navarro David , Solano Carlos , Alós-Almiñana Manuel 
Published: May 2019

Background:
To evaluate the adequacy of different dosing regimens of voriconazole for the prophylaxis of invasive candidiasis and aspergillosis in adult allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients by means of population pharmacokinetic (PK) modelling and simulation.

Methods:
Allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients receiving voriconazole were included in this observational study. A population PK model was developed. Three oral voriconazole-dosing regimens were simulated: 200, 300, and 400 mg twice daily. The pharmacodynamic target was defined as fAUC0–24/0.7. A probability of target attainment ≥90% was considered optimal. The cumulative fraction of response was defined as the fraction of patients achieving the pharmacodynamic target when a population of simulated patients is matched with a simulated population of different Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. The percentage of patients with trough plasma concentrations at steady state (Ctrough) within the reference range (1–5.5 mg/L) was also calculated.

Results:
A 2-compartment PK model was developed using data from 40 patients, which contributed 237 voriconazole plasma samples, including trough and maximum concentrations. Voriconazole 200, 300, and 400 mg twice daily achieved probability of target attainment ≥90% for minimal inhibitory concentration values ≤0.25, ≤0.38, and ≤0.50 mg/L, respectively. The cumulative fraction of response for A. niger, A. versicolor, and A. flavus increased >10% when increasing voriconazole dose from 200 to 400 mg twice daily (from 72.5% to 89.5% for A. niger; from 77.7% to 88.7% for A. versicolor; and from 82.4% to 94.9% for A flavus). The percentage of patients with Ctrough within the reference range increased 15% when voriconazole dose was increased from 200 to 300 mg twice daily.

Conclusions:
The PK simulations in this study suggest that transplant recipients on voriconazole prophylaxis against invasive candidiasis or aspergillosis are likely to achieve the target concentrations associated with the desired treatment outcomes if the maintenance dose is 200 mg twice daily. However, Aspergillus spp. with high minimal inhibitory concentrations could require higher maintenance doses.
Increased Sensorimotor Cortex Activation With Decreased Motor Performance During Functional Upper Extremity Tasks Poststroke
Authors: Lim Shannon B. , Eng Janice J. 
Published: May 2019

Background and Purpose:
Current literature has focused on identifying neuroplastic changes associated with stroke through tasks and in positions that are not representative of functional rehabilitation. Emerging technologies such as functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) provide new methods of expanding the area of neuroplasticity within rehabilitation. This study determined the differences in sensorimotor cortex activation during unrestrained reaching and gripping after stroke.

Methods:
Eleven individuals with chronic stroke and 11 neurologically healthy individuals completed reaching and gripping tasks under 3 conditions using their (1) stronger, (2) weaker, and (3) both arms together. Performance and sensorimotor cortex activation using fNIRS were collected. Group and arm differences were calculated using mixed analysis of covariance (covariate: age). Pairwise comparisons were used for post hoc analyses. Partial Pearson correlations between performance and activation were assessed for each task, group, and hemisphere.

Results:
Larger sensorimotor activations in the ipsilesional hemisphere were found for the stroke compared with healthy group for reaching and gripping conditions despite poorer performance. Significant correlations were observed between gripping performance (with the weaker arm and both arms simultaneously) and sensorimotor activation for the stroke group only.

Discussion and Conclusions:
Stroke leads to significantly larger sensorimotor activation during functional reaching and gripping despite poorer performance. This may indicate an increased sense of effort, decreased efficiency, or increased difficulty after stroke. fNIRS can be used for assessing differences in brain activation during movements in functional positions after stroke. This can be a promising tool for investigating possible neuroplastic changes associated with functional rehabilitation interventions in the stroke population.

Video Abstract available for more insights from the authors (see Video Abstract, Supplemental Digital Content 1, available at: http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A269).
Chronic pain: breaking free from stickiness
Authors: Firouzian Shahrzad , Osborne Natalie R. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
By introducing the concept of “pain stickiness” underlying treatment-resistant pain, Borsook et al. take a neurobiological perspective to capture the factors that may contribute to the transition of pain from acute to chronic form. However, there is more to consider, including the interconnected influences of resilience, brain gray matter and connectivity, sex differences, and the role of the environment. There still remains the question of how to eliminate this stickiness.
Skilled reaching deterioration contralateral to cervical hemicontusion in rats is reversed by pregabalin treatment conditional upon its early administration
Authors: Erskine Erin L.K.S. , Smaila Brittney D. , Plunet Ward , Liu Jie , Raffaele Elizabeth E. , Tetzlaff Wolfram , Kramer John L.K. , Ramer Matt S. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Introduction:
Gabapentinoids are first-line treatments for painful traumatic and nontraumatic central nervous system disorders. Evidence from a large human study suggests that early use of gabapentinoids after spinal cord injury improves motor scores. The underlying mechanism is unknown.

Objectives:
We sought to examine the effects of early pregabalin (PGB, a gabapentinoid) treatment on performance in a fine motor task (skilled reaching) after cervical hemicontusion. We also asked whether early PGB administration affected PGB responsiveness later on.

Methods:
Rats received C4/5 cervical hemicontusions. Injury severities ranged from 80 to 150 kdyn. We monitored evidence of skin irritation (peri-incisional and elsewhere) and quantified food pellet retrieval using the Montoya staircase test. Behaviours were assessed in rats receiving early (for 3 weeks from injury induction) and/or late (resuming or beginning at week 8) PGB treatment in animals with 150-kdyn injuries.

Results:
Contralateral skilled reaching waned in control animals with 150-kdyn injuries. This was prevented in animals, which received early PGB as long as treatment continued. Deterioration of skilled reaching was reversed by later (week 8) PGB only in animals that had received early treatment. Ipsilateral reaching impairment was not improved by PGB. Relief of skin irritation verified early PGB efficacy.

Conclusion:
Hemicontusive spinal cord injury produces a contralateral motor phenotype evocative of on-going neuropathic pain. Early PGB preserves sensitivity to subsequent PGB treatment, indicating that motor function is impaired by neuropathic pain and can be improved indirectly by early PGB administration. Direct effects of PGB on motor circuitry cannot be excluded but are not supported by our data.
Predictive Capacity of Risk Models in Liver Transplantation
Authors: de Boer Jacob D. , Putter Hein , Blok Joris J. , Alwayn Ian P.J. , van Hoek Bart , Braat Andries E. 
Published: May 2019

Background.
Several risk models to predict outcome after liver transplantation (LT) have been developed in the last decade. This study compares the predictive performance of 7 risk models.

Methods.
Data on 62 294 deceased donor LTs performed in recipients ≥18 years old between January 2005 and December 2015 in the United Network for Organ Sharing region were used for this study. The balance of risk, donor risk index (DRI), Eurotransplant-DRI, donor-to-recipient model (DRM), simplified recipient risk index, Survival Outcomes Following Liver Transplantation (SOFT), and donor Model for End-stage Liver Disease scores were calculated, and calibration and discrimination were evaluated for patient, overall graft, and death-censored graft survival. Calibration was evaluated by outcome of high-risk transplantations (>80th percentile of the respective risk score) and discrimination by concordance index (c-index).

Results.
Patient survival at 3 months was best predicted by the SOFT (c-index: 0.68) and Balance of Risk score (c-index: 0.64), while the DRM and SOFT score had the highest predictive capacity at 60 months (c-index: 0.59). Overall, graft survival was best predicted by the SOFT score at 3-month follow-up (c-index: 0.65) and by the SOFT and DRM at 60-month follow-up (c-index: 0.58). Death-censored graft survival at 60-month follow-up is best predicted by the DRI (c-index: 0.59) and Eurotransplant-DRI (c-index: 0.58). For patient and overall graft survival, high-risk transplantations were best defined by the DRM. For death-censored graft survival, this was best defined by the DRI.

Conclusions.
This study shows that models dominated by recipient factors have the best performance for short-term patient survival. Models that also include sufficient donor factors have better performance for long-term graft survival. Death-censored graft survival is best predicted by models that predominantly included donor factors.
Association of Intrapatient Variability of Tacrolimus Concentration With Early Deterioration of Chronic Histologic Lesions in Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Mo Hyejin , Kim Song-Yi , Min Sangil , Han Ahram , Ahn Sanghyun , Min Seung-Kee , Lee Hajeong , Ahn Curie , Kim Yonsu , Ha Jongwon 
Published: May 2019

Background.
High intrapatient variability (IPV) of tacrolimus (Tac) is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for poor graft outcomes in kidney transplantation. The timing of onset of its impact on kidney histologic lesions has not been investigated.

Methods.
We analyzed the adverse effect of Tac IPV using the coefficient of variability from 6 to 12 months posttransplantation on long-term outcomes in a cohort of 671 kidney recipients and on the evolution of chronic histologic lesions in a cohort of 212 recipients for whom paired protocol biopsies at 10 days and 1 year were available.

Results.
High IPV of Tac (cutoff value of coefficient of variability = median of 20.5%) was associated with an increased risk of graft loss (hazard ratio, 3.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.090–9.849; P = 0.035) in the entire cohort. At 1 year, the high Tac IPV group showed a significantly deteriorated chronicity score (F = 5.912, P = 0.016) compared with the low Tac IPV group in the Histology cohort after controlling for the 10-day scores. In a multivariate analysis, a high IPV of Tac was predictive of the chronicity score (odds ratio, 1.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.215–1.075; P = 0.003) at 1 year posttransplant.

Conclusions.
These data indicate that high IPV of Tac is associated with early deterioration of chronic histologic lesions as well as poorer long-term outcomes. Large prospective studies of Tac IPV usage as a clinical monitoring tool are needed in the future.
Modelling of framework materials at multiple scales: current practices and open questions
Authors: Fraux Guillaume , Chibani Siwar , Coudert François-Xavier 
Published: May 2019

The last decade has seen an explosion of the family of framework materials and their study, from both the experimental and computational points of view. We propose here a short highlight of the current state of methodologies for modelling framework materials at multiple scales, putting together a brief review of new methods and recent endeavours in this area, as well as outlining some of the open challenges in this field. We will detail advances in atomistic simulation methods, the development of material databases and the growing use of machine learning for the prediction of properties.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Mineralomimesis: natural and synthetic frameworks in science and technology’.
Emergent magnetic order and correlated disorder in formate metal-organic frameworks
Authors: Dixey R. J. C. , Orlandi F. , Manuel P. , Mukherjee P. , Dutton S. E. , Saines P. J. 
Published: May 2019

Magnetic materials with strong local interactions but lacking long-range order have long been a curiosity of physicists. Probing their magnetic interactions is crucial for understanding the unique properties they can exhibit. Metal-organic frameworks have recently gathered more attention as they can produce more exotic structures, allowing for controlled design of magnetic properties not found in conventional metal-oxide materials. Historically, magnetic diffuse scattering in such materials has been overlooked but has attracted greater attention recently, with advances in techniques. In this study, we investigate the magnetic structure of metal-organic formate frameworks, using heat capacity, magnetic susceptibility and neutron diffraction. In Tb(DCO2)3, we observe emergent magnetic order at temperatures below 1.2 K, consisting of twok-vectors. Ho(DCO2)3shows diffuse scattering above 1.6 K, consistent with ferromagnetic chains packed in a frustrated antiferromagnetic triangular lattice, also observed in Tb(DCO2)3above 1.2 K. The other lanthanides show no short- or long-range order down to 1.6 K. The results suggest an Ising-like one-dimensional magnetic order associated with frustration is responsible for the magnetocaloric properties, of some members in this family, improving at higher temperatures.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Mineralomimesis: natural and synthetic frameworks in science and technology’.
A high-throughput fluidic chip for rapid phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing
Authors: Wistrand-Yuen Pikkei , Malmberg Christer , Fatsis-Kavalopoulos Nikos , Lübke Moritz , Tängdén Thomas , Kreuger Johan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMany patients with severe infections receive inappropriate empirical treatment and rapid detection of bacterial antibiotic susceptibility can in this context improve clinical outcome and reduce mortality. We have to this end developed a high-throughput fluidic chip for rapid phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing of bacteria. A total of 21 clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus were acquired from the EUCAST Development Laboratory and tested against amikacin, ceftazidime and meropenem (Gramnegative bacteria) or gentamicin, ofloxacin and tetracycline (Gram-positive bacteria). The bacterial samples were mixed with agarose and loaded in 8 separate growth chambers in the fluidic chip. The chip was thereafter connected to a reservoir lid containing different antibiotics and a pump used to draw growth media with or without antibiotics into the chip for generation of diffusion-limited antibiotic gradients in the growth chambers. Bacterial microcolony growth was monitored using darkfield time-lapse microscopy and quantified using a cluster image analysis algorithm. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were automatically obtained by tracking the growth rates of individual microcolonies in different regions of antibiotic gradients. Stable MIC values were obtained within 2-4 hours and the results showed categorical agreement to reference MIC values as determined with broth microdilution in 86% of the cases.ImportancePrompt and effective antimicrobial therapy is crucial for the management of patients with severe bacterial infections but is becoming increasingly difficult to provide due to emerging antibiotic resistance. The traditional methods for antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) used in most clinical laboratories are reliable but slow with turnaround times of 2-3 days, which necessitates the use of empirical therapy with broad-spectrum antibiotics. There is a great need for fast and reliable AST methods that enable start of targeted treatment within a few hours to improve patient outcome and reduce overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics. The high-throughput fluidic chip for phenotypic AST described in the present study enables data on antimicrobial resistance within 2-4 hours allowing for an early initiation of appropriate antibiotic therapy.
Immunoinformatics Prediction of Epitope Based Peptide Vaccine Against Listeria Monocytogenes Fructose Bisphosphate Aldolase Protein
Authors: Elhag Mustafa , Abubaker Mustafa , Ahmad Nagla Mohammad , Haroon Esraa Musa , Alaagib Ruaa Mohamed , Abd albagi Sahar Obi , Hassan Mohammed A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractListeria Monocytogenesrepresents an important food-borne pathogen worldwide that can cause life-threatening listeriosis disease especially in pregnant women, fetuses, elderly people, and immuno-compromised individuals with high mortality rates. Moreover, no vaccine against it exists. This study predicts an effective epitope-based vaccine against Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate Aldolase (FBA) enzyme of Listeria Monocytogenes using immunoinformatics approaches. The sequences were retrieved from NCBI and several prediction tests were conducted to analyze possible epitopes for B-cell, T-cell MHC class I and II. 3D structure of the promising epitopes was obtained. Two epitopes showed high binding affinity for B-cells, while four epitopes showed high binding affinity for MHCI and MHCII. The results were promising to formulate a vaccine with more than 98% population coverage. We hope that these promising epitopes serves as a preventive measure for the disease in the future and recommend invivo and invitro studies.
Obesogenic diet and targeted deletion of potassium channel Kv1.3 have differing effects on voluntary exercise in mice
Authors: Chelette Brandon M. , Thomas Abigail , Fadool Debra Ann 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTVoluntary exercise is frequently employed as an intervention for obesity. The voltage-gated potassium Kv1.3 is also receiving attention as a therapeutic target for obesity, in addition to potential therapeutic capabilities for neuroinflammatory diseases. To investigate combinatorial effects of these two therapies, we have compared the metabolic status and voluntary exercise behavior of both wildtype mice and a transgenic line of mice that are genetic knockouts for Kv1.3 when provided with a running wheel and maintained on diets of differing fat content and caloric density. We tracked metabolic parameters and wheel running behavior while maintaining the mice on their assigned treatment for 6 months. Wildtype mice maintained on the fatty diet gain a significant amount of bodyweight and adipose tissue and display significantly impaired glucose tolerance, though all these effects were partially reduced with provision of a running wheel. Similarly to previous studies, the Kv1.3-null mice were resistant to obesity, increased adiposity, and impaired glucose tolerance. Both wildtype and Kv1.3-null mice maintained on the fatty diet displayed increased wheel running activity compared to CF-fed mice which was caused primarily by a significant increase in amount of time spent running as opposed to an increase in running velocity. Interestingly, the patterns of running behavior differ between wildtype and Kv1.3-null mice, especially in how their resting periods are distributed through the dark phase. These studies indicate that voluntary exercise combats metabolic maladies and running behavior is modified by both consumption of an obesogenic diet and deletion of the Kv1.3 channel.NEW and NOTEWORTHYKv1.3-null mice exhibit different running and resting patterns compared to wildtype miceMice maintained on an obesogenic diet (32% kcal from fat) exhibit increased running distance and increased time spent running compared to mice fed normal rodent chow.