bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virus-Like Particles and Cytopathic Activity in Urine of Patients with Leukemia
Authors: AMES RICHARD P. , SOBOTA JOSEPH T. , REAGAN REGINALD L. , KARON MYRON 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Urine pellet material of patients with leukemia was examined by electron microscopy in an effort to find more convenient sources of virus material for tissue culture and animal infectivity studies. Thirty urine specimens from 16 patients with acute leukemia, 2 patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia and 1 patient with Burkitt’s lymphoma, and 17 urine samples from 15 control patients were examined. Virus-like particles were observed in 7 of the 16 patients with acute leukemia, 1 of the 2 patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia, and 1 of the 15 controls. Although these particles showed slight morphologic differences, many were similar in ultrastructure and in density gradient characteristics to the virus particles observed in murine leukemia and to the particles seen by other workers in plasma and tissues of patients with leukemia and lymphoma.
Cytopathic effects on WI-38 fibroblasts were observed in urine from 3 patients with leukemia. These effects resembled cytomegalovirus infection, but confirmatory tests were not carried out. Whether the virus-like particles demonstrated by electron microscopy in this study are responsible for the cytopathic effects is at present uncertain. The correlation of a morphologic structure with tissue culture activity cannot be answered until suitable in vitro assay and transformation systems are developed to purify and test these particles. This study suggests that urine may serve as a convenient source for the study and development of such test systems using the electron microscope to correlate structure with biologic activity.
The Effect of Acute Inflammation on the Utilization and Distribution of Transferrin-Bound and Erythrocyte Radioiron
Authors: QUASTEL MICHAEL R. , ROSS JOSEPH F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. In rats with acute turpentine-induced inflammation, there was a reduced reutilization of radioiron from transfused senescent erythrocytes but a normal utilization of transferrin-bound Fe59 after a 40-hour period. There was a pronounced retention of tracer from the nonviable red cells by the livers and spleens of the inflamed animals.
2. During inflammation, the plasma iron turnover fell by about 50 per cent, while the fraction of plasma iron removed per hour was increased. However, there was no marked change in the relative distribution of transferrin-bound Fe59 to the liver, spleen and bone marrow (after perfusion). Transferrin-bound Fe59 initially appeared at an increased rate in the circulating red cell mass.
3. Following administration of ferric ammonium citrate in order to raise the plasma iron level, there was a rise in the plasma iron turnover of the inflamed rats, in contrast to the control animals. Diversion of radioiron to the liver and spleen was not markedly increased under these conditions.
4. It is concluded that the immediate fall in plasma iron turnover and hypoferremia during acute turpentine inflammation results mainly from an inhibition of the release of iron derived from senescent red cells into the plasma. An increased avidity of the liver, and of marrow red cell precursors and/or reticulocytes for plasma iron may accentuate the fall in plasma iron levels. There appeared to be no inhibition of the bone marrow capacity to turn over larger amounts of plasma iron during inflammation. These results may help in the interpretation of disturbances of iron metabolism during the acute inflammatory state.
Classification and Evolution of Patterns of Erythropoiesis in Polycythemia Vera as Studied by Iron Kinetics
Authors: POLLYCOVE M. , WINCHELL H. S. , LAWRENCE J. H. , Kusubov N. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Patients with polycythemia vera may be classified according to their erythropoietic pattern. Erythropoiesis is abnormally increased in all classes. Class I is characterized by normal red cell lifespan. Class II is characterized by shortened red cell lifespan; in Class IIa the shortened red cell survival is related to splenic sequestration of RBC; in Class IIb the markedly shortened red cell survival is predominantly related to intramedullary hemolysis. Class III is characterized by extramedullary erythropoiesis. Patients in Classes I and IIa are in relatively earlier phases of their disease and frequently are found to develop red cell kinetics of Class III as their disease progresses. Conversely, patients in Classes IIb and III are generally late in the course of their disease and have previous hematologic findings that suggest that they originally had the red cell kinetic patterns of Classes I and IIa.
2. As the duration of their disease increases, patients with polycythemia vera generally have a progressive shortening of red cell lifespan which is incompletely compensated by a progressive decrease in circulating red cell volume. However, total blood volume remains elevated since the plasma volume increases. These changes occur whether or not the patient receives radiation therapy. Similar changes may occur in white cell and platelet production and functional survival. It is suggested that the natural history of the disease may be characterized by progressive emergence of hematopoietic cell clones which have a selective advantage for reproduction associated with altered functional survival.
3. The results suggest the potential usefulness of iron, and occasionally of splenectomy, in selected polycythemic patients with myeloid metaplasia (Class III) and anemia, dependent upon the presence of the frequent finding of iron deficiency or the occasional finding of splenic sequestration of red cells in excess of splenic erythropoiesis.
Further Cases of Hb Q-H Disease (Hb Q-α Thalassemia)
Authors: ENG LIE-INJO LUAN , PILLAY R. P. , THURAISINGHAM V. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Case reports of four patients, all Chinese, with Hb Q-H disease—also called Hb Q-α thalassemia—are presented. Three were siblings. Symptoms of chronic hemolytic anemia with jaundice and hepatosplenomegaly were present in all four subjects. The red blood cells were microcytic. Slight hypochromia was present in three of the cases. Poikilo- and anisocytosis with target cells and small intraerythrocytic crystals were found in the blood. Starch-gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of a large amount of Hb Q, a small amount of Hb H, and a minor slow-moving hemoglobin component with a mobility as much behind Hb A2 as Hb Q was behind Hb A. A small amount of Hb "Bart’s" was probably also present. The minor slow-moving component was thought to represent Hb α2Qδ2A2 or Hb Q2. Hb A and Hb A2 were not seen except after recent blood transfusion. Study of hemoglobin polypeptide chains showed the presence of normal βA-chains and abnormal αQ-chains, without demonstrable αA-chains in the first three patients. In Patient #4 normal αA-chains were demonstrable only after recent blood transfusion. The mother of the three siblings was heterozygous for Hb A; the father had α-thalassemia trait.
Treatment of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia in Children with Azathioprine (Imuran)
Authors: HITZIG W. H. , MASSIMO L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Three cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in infants are described. This disease is very rare in the first few months of life. One case (No. 3) was complicated with a rare hemoglobinopathy, which may have been coincidental. Corticosteroid treatment in larges doses was partially and temporarily effective in controlling the disease. Immunosuppressive therapy (azathioprine = Imuran, 2-5 mg./Kg./day) produced a complete cure in Case 1 and allowed a marked decrease in steroid doses in the other two cases. Most probably, a vicious circle of autoimmunity was broken by this drug. Failure to gain weight on steroids was more than compensated for by the clear-cut "catch-up growth" in Case 1, even though Imuran was being given. Indications regarding precautions and dosage of azathioprine are stated. The exact mode of action of these drugs is discussed in an attempt to explain the nature of immunosuppression.
Studies of Lymphocyte Kinetics in Man
Authors: PERRY SEYMOUR , IRVIN GEORGE L. , WHANG JACQUELINE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Studies of certain aspects of lymphocyte kinetics were performed in nine patients with malignancies but who were hematologically normal.
Following the administration of tritiated thymidine, well-labeled large lymphocytes appeared very promptly in thoracic duct lymph along with some lightly labeled small lymphocytes. Specific activity was higher in the thoracic duct lymph lymphocytes as compared to the peripheral blood leukocytes for at least the first 50 hours.
When male patients were transfused with thoracic duct lymphocyte obtained from female donors, lymphocytes with a female karyotype were observed as early as 10 hours in the thoracic duct lymph and as early as one hour in the peripheral blood.
The evidence presented in these studies confirms data previously obtained only in animal experiments and indicates that homologous lymphocytes may circulate as long as 9 days in appropriate recipients.
Evidence for the Origin of Plasma Cells from Adventitial Cells
Authors: HIRATA-HIBI MOTOE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Arthus reactions were induced in the dorsal skin, and the subcutaneous connective tissues from the sensitized areas were examined at various stages. The subcutaneous connective tissue was used due to its simplicity of construction and because it could be studied conveniently by both supravital and fixed methods. This combination of tissue and technic allowed both an accurate classification of various types of inflammatory cells and a close examination of their relationships to the blood vessels.
Cells transitional between adventitial cells and plasma cells were observed after antigenic stimulation. Their location on the walls of the venules and capillaries indicated that they were adventitial cells but their morphology was that of plasma cells. By supravital technic they exhibited a glassy and homogeneous cytoplasm, a circular formation of neutral red granules, and a diffuse distribution of Janus green granules; and by fixed method they exhibited a chromatin pattern similar to that of plasma cells, an increased cytoplasmic basophilia, and a nucleolus was often present. Small plasma cells appeared simultaneously around the venules and capillaries. The local origin of plasma cells would appear to explain the absence of plasmacytosis during strong tissue plasma cell reactions.
Immunofluorescence was only found in plasma cells and in transitional adventitial cells, indicating a functional similarity between the 2 cells.
Detection of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficient Heterozygotes
Authors: STAMATOYANNOPOULOS G. , PAPAYANNOPOULOU TH. , BAKOPOULOS CHR. , MOTULSKY A. G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Heterozygotes for the Mediterranean type of severe G-6-PD deficiency were investigated by a variety of tests.
The methemoglobin reduction test was most successful in detecting heterozygotes (about 80 per cent). Enumeration of methemoglobin containing cells on blood films (Kleihauer-Betke technic) did not improve these results. Quantitation of enzyme level was less successful (65 per cent), and determination of decolorization time by the BCB technic was least sensitive in heterozygote detection.
Methemoglobin reduction technics reflect a more indirect effect of the mutant gene than enzyme assay. The superiority of these technics in heterozygote detection is probably caused by the genetically determined presence of both normal and enzyme-deficient cells in G-6-PD deficient heterozygotes. Since methemoglobin reduction is carried out by individual cells, the population of enzyme deficient cells does not reduce methemoglobin, and therefore even a minority of deficient cells leads to abnormal test results. In contrast, enzyme assay is less successful for heterozygote detection, since measurement of enzyme level is carried out on hemolyzed red cells, where cellular mosaicism no longer exists.
An additional source of variation of enzyme levels in heterozygotes is caused by the existence of genetically determined control of normal enzyme level. Possession of a high capacity allele for G-6-PD activity may place a heterozygote in the normal range of enzyme activity.
The various tests were also applied to subjects with the mild Greek type of G-6-PD deficiency. Males with this mutation had enzyme levels varying between 12-45 per cent of the mean of normal males. Methemoglobin reduction test results were considerably less abnormal in hemizygotes with the mild type of Mediterranean deficiency than in heterozygotes with the severe deficiency. Fewer heterozygotes with the mild deficiency were detected.
An Electron Microscopic Study of Thrombin-Induced Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Authors: MARGARETTEN WILLIAM , CSAVOSSY ILONA , McKAY DONALD G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Fibrin thrombi due to slow intravascular coagulation appear simultaneously in rat kidney, liver, lung, and spleen, although the kidney is the only organ to show fibrin by light microscopy. The strands of fibrin are frequently associated with aggregation and viscous metamorphosis of platelets, particularly in the lungs. Some fibrin is eliminated by the reticuloendothelial system and through damaged glomeruli, but the major mechanism of removal is intravascular dissolution. Ischemic changes secondary to thrombosis are more prominent in glomerular capillaries than in other tissues. The morphologic observations are discussed in relation to "preparation" for the generalized Shwartzman reaction.
Effects of in Vivo Hyperoxia on Erythrocytes
Authors: O’MALLEY BERT W. , MENGEL CHARLES E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
During prehemolytic exposure of mice to 100 per cent oxygen, changes in glycolytic intermediates were observed. Red cell ATP and hexosemonophosphate compounds were increased and fructose 1-6 diphosphate, triose-phosphates, ADP and TPN were decreased. These changes were not affected by splenectomy or tocopherol status of the animals.
Chromosomal Aberrations Common to Three Types of Monoclonal Gammopathies
Authors: HOUSTON ELSIE W. , RITZMANN STEPHAN E. , LEVIN WILLIAM C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Chromosomal patterns in 24 patients with γG-, γA- and γM-type monoclonal gammopathies (MG) are described.
2. Significant chromosomal abnormalities were observed in all three types of monoclonal gammopathies. Abnormal chromosomes in the AB size range, or larger (MG-chromosomes), were present in five of seven patients with γM-MG, in three of three patients with γA-MG and in seven of 14 patients with γG-MG. Abnormalities in the smallest group C chromosomes (pair 12), consisting of missing chromosomes, extra chromosomes, or structural anomalies, were noted in all γM-MG patients, in two with γA-MG and in eight with γG-MG.
3. The literature dealing with chromosomal aberrations in primary macroglobulinemia (Waldenström) and myeloma has been reviewed, and the various abnormalities have been discussed.
4. These chromosomal abnormalities suggest a common denominator for the three types of monoclonal gammopathies, without implying either etiologic or pathognomonic specificity.
Conversion of Cyanocobalamin to a Physiologically Occurring Form
Authors: REIZENSTEIN PETER , Kulsdom Nicolas 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Results are presented which indicate that in guinea pigs cyanocobalamin undergoes conversion to hydroxocobalamin, in vivo and in vitro, at the approximate rate of 0.1-0.4 mµg./day/Gm. of liver. In boiled liver, no conversion was found.
The radioactivity excreted in human urine the first 12 hours after a therapeutic cyanocobalamin dose, on the other, is still cyanocobalamin. It is suggested that demonstrated metabolic differences between therapeutically used cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin are explained, in part, by the time needed to convert cyanocobalamin to hydroxocobalamin.
Separation of Vitamin B12-Binding Proteins of Serum, Gastric Juice and Saliva by Rapid DEAE Cellulose Chromatography
Authors: RETIEF FRANCOIS P. , GOTTLIEB CHESTER W. , KOCHWA SHAUL , PRATT PETER W. , HERBERT VICTOR 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A method of DEAE cellulose chromatography is described whereby the main vitamin B12 binders in serum, gastric juice and saliva may be separated into two distinct fractions, one containing alpha-globulin binder and the other containing beta-globulin binder, in less than 2 hours. Typical elution patterns of alpha-globulin and beta-globulin B12 binders from normal (⅘ beta; ⅕ alpha), pernicious anemia (⅔ beta; ⅓ alpha), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) (¾ alpha) sera are presented. Chromatography of normal gastric juice produced two peaks of B12-binding material, one containing all the intrinsic factor (IF) B12 binder (as well as some non-IF binder), and the other consisting almost exclusively of non-IF B12 binders. Pernicious anemia gastric juice also produced two peaks, but IF was absent. Saliva had one main peak of B12-binding material which seemed to correspond to the non-IF binder of normal gastric juices; both of these eluted with the alpha-globulin fraction.
The Uptake of Fibrin and Fibrin-Degradation Products by the Isolated Perfused Rat Liver
Authors: GANS HENRY , LOWMAN JAMES T. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The uptake of Se75-labeled rat fibrin and a specific preparation of fibrin degradation products by an isolated, perfused liver was studied. The rapid phase T ½ for fibrin in the perfusate was approximately 9 minutes. This is comparable to that found for aggregated I131 B.S.A. and colloidal gold in the same system. The loss of activity from the blood closely paralleled the increased activity recorded in the liver. No radioactivity was found in the bile samples or the T.C.A.-soluble fraction of plasma. Microradioautographs of washed liver tissue following the labeled, fibrin perfusion suggest the presence of the label on or in the Kupffer cells.
Labeled rat fibrin preparations, digested by the action of "cold" rat plasmin to a distinct endpoint, were found to contain 3 distinct fractions on paper electrophoresis. Addition of these fractions to the perfusate resulted in approximately 25 per cent clearance of radioactivity over a 3-hour period. Hence, clearance of this specific F.D.P. preparation occurs at a much slower rate than that of fibrin. The T ½ as found to be in excess of 12 hours. These findings appear to confirm Lee’s observation that cells of the reticuloendothelial system are involved in the elimination of free circulating fibrin and its metabolic products.
Brief Report: The Di Guglielmo Syndrome: Studies in Hemoglobin Synthesis
Authors: NECHELES THOMAS F. , DAMESHEK WILLIAM 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The in vitro synthesis of heme and globin has been studied in bone marrow cell suspensions obtained from five patients with Di Guglielmo syndrome. In all, a defect of heme synthesis was demonstrated, but globin synthesis was greatly reduced in only two of the five; in these two, the clinical course was a rapid one.
Reutilization of DNA Breakdown Products from Lymphocytes in Lumen of Intestine
Authors: KOTANI MASAHIKO , YAMASHITA AKIRA , RAI FUMIO , SEIKI KANJI , HORII ISOO 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Migration of a very large number of lymphocytes (211.8 x 106 per day) into the intestinal canal of rats, which weighed about 100 Gm., was found. Lymphocytes in the lumen of the intestine were 80.2 per cent small, 15.9 per cent medium and 3.9 per cent large. Any recycling of instilling cells into the intestine could not be observed. Lymphocytes labeled with H3-thymidine, obtained from both thymus and mesenteric lymph nodes of donor rats, were washed and injected into the intestine of recipient rats. H3 activity of the blood and thoracic duct lymph plasma after administration of labeled lymphocytes showed that DNA breakdown products from the lymphocytes in the gut were absorbed and transferred by way of both the portal vein and the thoracic duct. Evidence that the activity was actually incorporated into the DNA of proliferating cells of the recipient was demonstrated by autoradiographic means.
Purification without Loss of Viability of Neoplastic Plasma-Cells from the Ascites Passaged Mouse Myeloma, X5563
Authors: GORDON BENJAMIN L. , FONG JACOB , PAPERMASTER BEN W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A simple scheme for purification of murine myeloma cells from ascites fluid without loss of viability is presented. This is accomplished by repeated differential centrifugations followed by passage through a glass bead column. The cells so obtained are 99.9 per cent pure and 99 per cent viable in a large number of repetitions of this technic.
Folate Deficiency Associated with Drug Therapy for Tuberculosis
Authors: KLIPSTEIN FREDERICK A. , BERLINGER FREDERICK G. , REED L. JUDEN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Two patients have been described who were found to have a megaloblastic anemia due to folate deficiency while receiving treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis with isoniazid and cycloserine. In an additional 120 patients studied with tuberculosis, serum folate concentrations were subnormal in 7 of 12 inadequately nourished and in 5 of 24 well-nourished patients with untreated tuberculosis, in 15 of 29 patients taking isoniazid and cycloserine, but in only 2 of 55 patients receiving other combinations of drugs for tuberculosis. In vitro studies showed that isoniazid had a depressant effect on the growth of L. casei but only when added in a concentration that greatly exceeded the pharmacologic dose; cycloserine had a similar effect at a concentration that was only threefold greater than that usually found in patients receiving therapeutic doses of this drug.
Serum concentrations of vitamin B12 were normal in both patients described with megaloblastic anemia as well as in all 36 patients with untreated tuberculosis and were in the indeterminate range in 14 and subnormal in 3 patients who were receiving drug therapy. The addition to medium in vitro of cycloserine, but not of isoniazid or pyrazinamide depressed the growth of L. leichmannii.
These results confirm previously reported observations by others which indicate that folate deficiency is a frequent occurrence in patients with untreated tuberculosis. They suggest that abnormal folate determinations in these patients are due principally to inadequate dietary intake. In addition, the significantly greater incidence of abnormal folate determinations that was observed in adequately nourished patients taking cycloserine and the results of the in vitro studies suggest that this drug can be responsible for folate deficiency in some instances. The mechanism for this is unknown.
Studies on the Mechanism of in Vitro Acid Hemolysis in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
Authors: SCOTT J. G. , WEED R. I. , SWISHER S. N. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The mechanism of acid hemolysis of PNH erythrocytes appears to be a direct mechanism, with the production of an initial "hole" in the membrane sufficiently large to permit the direct egress of hemoglobin.
2. PNH erythrocytes react like normal red cells with rabbit antihuman red cell antibody and human or guinea pig C' at pH 7.2 to produce a membrane defect which is less than 32.5 Å in effective diffusion radius.
3. Inhibition of acid hemolysis of PNH erythrocytes by high molecular weight dextrans (Dextran 150) is also associated with inhibition of K+ loss, indicating inhibition of complement.