bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Test Method for Scale Inhibitor Qualification Verified by Field Testing
Authors: Halvorsen A. M. , Reiersølmoen K. , Andersen K. S. , Brurås A. M. , Sylte A. , Birketveit Ø , Evjenth R. , Du Plessis M. H. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
A new laboratory test method for qualification of scale inhibitors for carbonate, sulphate and sulphide scale has been demonstrated. The new method reflected conditions at the first stage separator at Gullfaks A in a more realistic way than by use of the more common dynamic tube blocking test. Results of this method have been compared with dynamic tube blocking and static scale inhibition tests and a full-scale field test.
The method developed includes iron particles, realistic H2S and CO2 pressures under anaerobic conditions allowing water chemistry similar to field conditions. The method can be utilised for water with carbonate or sulphate scale potential or a mix. A pH closer to system conditions and scaling on surfaces can be achieved without adjustment of the water composition. The residence time can be up to 5 minutes, which typically represent the residence time in for example separators. The results are interpreted through visual observations through glass coils and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) analyses of steel coils.
Using the new method, significant scale was formed when the incumbent scale inhibitor was tested which was also observed in the field. Several alternative scale inhibitor chemistries were recommended for evaluation based on environmental properties, field experience and cost efficiency. When testing the chemistries with the new method only one inhibitor gave acceptable results (no scaling nor co-precipitation of scale and scale inhibitor). This inhibitor was recommended for further testing in a two-week field test. The field test included quantification of suspended solids and a filter rig test. The results from the field test confirmed the laboratory results showing that the selected inhibitor was more efficient than the incumbent.
Optimization of Scale Treatment Program for Offshore Field Operations with Presence of Iron
Authors: Lee Dong Joon , Srivastava Piyush , Stead Paul , Brooks Johnathon 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The presence of various levels of iron can be found in field brines primarily due to the mineralogy of the reservoir or from corrosion byproduct (Zhang 2015). The adverse effect of the presence of iron on the performance of scale inhibitors (SI) is known, and if left untreated, can lead to plugging of well tubing and pipelines. It can also cause fouling of separators; resulting in costly remediation and loss of production and revenues.
For the asset under study, traces of carbonate scale and iron sulfide were detected throughout a topsides production system. It was suspected the carbon steel production tubing was corroding over time and the byproduct was reacting with hydrogen sulfide from the souring reservoir. There are a number of well-developed methods that can be implemented to treat corrosion, bacteria, and dissolve the iron sulfide downhole; however, none of these application methods were available for this production system.
This paper will discuss the findings from laboratory testing for carbonate and sulfate scales in the precence of significant levels of iron. In order to select a proper scale inhibitor and the minimum effective concentration (MEC) for this system, a variety of chemistries were screened. Five scale inhibitors were selected for the testing, as shown in Table 1. The findings of the study show, Inhibitor D performed the best in the presence of iron at operationally viable dose rates in both static and dynamic testing conditions favorable for CaCO3, FeCO3, and BaSO4 precipitation.
Table 1 Scale Inhibitor Chemistry Scale Inhibitor Chemistry A DTPMP − Diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid) B BHMT − Bis(Hexamethylene triamine penta) phosphonate scale inhibitor C AEEA − Ethylyethanolamine phosphonic acid E AMPS/AA − (2-methylpropanesulfonic acid and acrylic acid) copolymer based scale inhibitor F TEA − Triethanolamine phosphate ester
Impact of High Calcium Concentration on Sulfate Scale Prediction at High Temperature from 120°C to 220°C
Authors: Deng Guannan , Kan Amy T. , Dai Zhaoyi , Lu Alex Y. , Harouaka Khadouja , Zhao Yue , Wang Xin , Tomson Mason B. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
High Ca concentration up to 40,000 mg/L in produced water was observed in Marcellus shale gas wells, such extremely high concentration have great impact to solubility of sulfate scales. To evaluate this impact, the virial coefficients for Ca-SO4 ion-interaction needs to be quantified in Pitzer equation for different P-T regimes. More solubility data with high Ca concentration at high temperature (&gt;120°C) needs to be experimentally determined.
The solubility of anhydrite at Ca2+ concentration up to 1 m (mol/kg H2O) from temperature of 120°C to 220°C and at saturated vapor pressure was measured. A stainless-steel pressure proof reactor was designed to contain a Pyrex bottle, in which reagent grade anhydrite powder was mixed with salt solution of 0.25 m, 0.5 m, 0.77 m, and 1 m CaCl2. Sample was taken by using inner pressure to push solution through inline-filter, and then the Ca2+ and SO42- concentrations in the filtrate was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and compared over time to confirm when solubility equilibrium was reached.
Results shows that current Pitzer's equation model (ScaleSoftPitzer 2017) predicts saturation index (SI) values with an error of less than 0.1SI at up to 0.77 m Ca2+, but shows an error as much as −0.21 SI at 1 m Ca2+ condition. For typical produced water with less than 30,000 mg/L Ca (about 0.75 m), the current model gives a reliable prediction of anhydrite solubility. If the produced water contains greater than 30,000 mg/L Ca, the model may yield error that are as much as −0.2 SI. Further experiments are needed to correct the Pitzer equation coefficients for better scale predication at higher than 30,000 mg/L Ca.
Development of Novel Iron Sulfide Scale Control Chemicals
Authors: Li Wei , Ruan Gedeng , Bhandari Narayan , Wang Xin , Liu Ya , Dushane H. , Sriyarathne M. , Harouaka Khadouja , Lu Yi-Tsung , Deng Guannan , Zhao Yue , Kan Amy T. , Tomson Mason 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Increasing production activities in sour environments with equipment and piping made of low corrosion- resistant carbon steel result in significant iron sulfides (FeS) corrosion and scaling problems. FeS scale control is challenging as FeS formation is favored in production water chemistry (extremely low solubility and fast precipitation kinetics) with complex phase transformations. Efficient chemical control of FeS scales has not been found. A polymeric compound containing amide or its derivative functionalities showed a promising effect by controlling the FeS particle size on a nano-meter scale at threshold quantities. The FeS scales were successfully managed by forming a stable FeS particle suspension in the aqueous phase without partitioning into the oil-water interface. Current development focuses on understanding the interactions between the polymeric-compound based dispersants and environmental factors such as the presence of an oil phase, as well as silica. In addition, performance improvement of the identified dispersants by new chemical additives has been explored. Our results show that biocides such as Tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride (THPS) may not be as effective as needed for FeS scale inhibition benefit. At the tested conditions, EDTA shows satisfactory FeS scale inhibition and dissolution performance. In addition, silica significantly affects wettability of FeS particles with part of the previously oil-wet FeS partitioning into the aqueous phase. The FeS inhibition and dissolution effects of EDTA are kinetically "poisoned" by silica; while FeS-dispersing effect of polymeric compounds remains unaffected. However, the previously-shown ability that polymer dispersants keep already-formed large size FeS particles in the aqueous phase is also impaired.
A Novel Approach to Identifying and Evaluating External Corrosion Using Advanced Technology
Authors: Cedeño Ramiro , Ghannam Abdullah , Nouioua Hakim , Fayyaz Muhammad 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This paper discusses a novel approach to capturing the impact of corrosion in oil producers and water injection wells. This approach takes advantage of a tailor-made new technology developed for evaluating corrosion challenges based on the induced electromagnetic field principle. As a result, exceptional outcomes have been obtained from this data integration that helped accurately identify hot spots of high metal loss caused by downhole corrosion mechanisms.
Recent technology developments have enabled a successful investigative and diagnostic technique to not only appraise root causes of casing integrity failures but also to suggest optimized solutions to tackle proactively potential catastrophic scenarios. There is an increased need to correctly identify and troubleshoot these issues using the most suitable technology, promoting a clear understanding and identification of the hot spots and rank the risks where there is more likely to be potential integrity problems.
In the past, it has been impossible to identify such issues before they become potential hazards due to technology limitations. With the passage of time, proactive investment in research and development in this highly dynamic industry made possible a new generation of corrosion logging tools capable of identifying and diagnosing the extent of these types of issues, enabling the production engineering team to identifying the problem, evaluating potential risk, establishing the best possible solutions for remedial works, and improving well integrity surveillance methods.
Water Survey for Effective Souring and Corrosion Management in a German Onshore Production/Injection Plant
Authors: Dopffel Nicole , Reimann Sabrina , Jelinek Wolfgang , Sander Torben , Steigerwald Alexander , Alkan Hakan 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) can be commonly found in oil reservoirs causing H2S formation and subsequently corrosion and souring issues in associated production/injection water systems. To control and mitigate the microbial H2S formation, the production-injection loop should be monitored and the results should be implemented for effective control of H2S formation. One mitigation measure can be the injection of a biocide into produced and/or injected water killing or inactivating SRBs and other microorganisms responsible for the souring and fouling. However, the challenge often occurs to define the suitable injection spot and the required biocide concentration; not well defined biocide concentration and/or injection location can even favor SRB proliferation causing for example fouling of tanks or filters, which themselves can continously "inoculate" the system.
At the water treatment plant of of one of Wintershall's onshore oil field in Northern Germany, formaldehyde injection was started in the end of 2015. The scope of the project was to investigate the effectivness of the formaldehyde regarding the bacterial- and SRB count and to analyse the MIC (Microbially influenced corrosion) and souring potential in and around the treatment plant including the waterflood injection line. Water samples were taken under sterile and anoxic conditions at various points including production lines from the three fields, selected spots of the water treatment system and injection lines to the fields. The samples were analysed for key chemical- (pH, salt content, sulfate, formaldehyde, organic acids, H2S) and microbial parameters (bacterial, archaeal via qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) and SRB cell numbers via MPN (Most Probable Number). The obtained data can not only help the operator to optimize the biocide injection to reduce souring and fouling, but also to better understand the complex microbial growth occuring in the production facilities.
Using the Right Integrity Management Tool for the Job
Authors: Chalmers Frances , Stewart Tyler 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
There isn't a one size fits all solution to management of integrity. Intelligent management of integrity seeks to optimize the collection and interpretation of appropriate inspection and monitoring information. Savings can be made by making effective use of the available information to manage an asset's integrity.
Practical examples in the form of case studies are supplied to show how intelligent use of available asset integrity information can help to achieve safe, predicable production in different situations; Fix it now, training the inspection team to rectify simple pipe support issues prevents escalation of damage, reduces the overall time spent in terms of reporting, information management and execution of rectification.API fitness for service assessment (FFS), awareness of available information and ability to validate previous work against the status of an asset prevents the unnecessary expense of repeat work whilst providing assurance of continued fitness for service.Monte Carlo analysis provided a practical way to manage risks when inspection data was scarce resulting in a picture of the condition of their equipment over time. This assisted with key decisions associated with the inspection, repair and continued operation of the plant and equipment.
A Permanent Way to Prevent Corrosion on Carbon Steel
Authors: Patel Sameer , Alpert Merrick 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This paper discusses a method of preventing carbon steel from corroding by alloying the surface of the steel with amorphous phosphate protective layer. Specifically discussed is a novel spray applied coating that has been developed using inorganic acid-base chemistry to create and grow a passive layer on the substrate. Detail is provided to show two main reactions occurring at the same time when EonCoat is applied on carbon steel. First, formation of a microscopic alloying layer, and second the formation of a cementitious macroscopic layer. The cementitious layer consists of a white cementitious material enriched in phosphate. The passive layer is amorphous metal phosphate of several micron in thickness. SEM and electrochemical analysis prove the chemical bond between alloying layer and the carbon steel, meaning the steel cannot further corrode. This paper describes the invention, chemistry, lab testing/findings (results and discussion), field testing and validation of the newly developed anti-corrosion technology.
Machine Learning for Evaluation of External and Internal Surface Conditions
Authors: Haas Ole-Erich , Hustad Per Sandved 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Evaluation of surface condition by use of visual inspection is an important source of information to verify the integrity of assets such as process plants, chemical plants, or during fabrication. Visual inspection is a non-destructive examination (NDE) method favoured for it is low cost and efficiency, since experienced personnel quickly identifies when objects have defects or damages. Challenges to this NDE method is its lack of objective quantification and description of defects. Inspectors will interpret their observations based on their experience. Information will thus be person dependent. To mitigate this challenge, handbooks with illustrative examples can be used, showing how to quantify and describe observations. Another possibility is to use software solutions to assist the inspectors. To increase the efficiency and data quality, automatic quantification and description of observations would be valuable. Using the recent developments in machine learning (ML), image recognition, and object detection this work has investigated the feasibility of using ML on algorithms in recognizing objects and describing their condition. Googles ML framework Tensorflow was used as this is open-source software. The algorithms used for image recognition and object detection is known as convolutional neural networks (CNN). Data was produced from images taken during inspection projects, by defining typical objects in two states of condition according to a naming system. Images were tagged using an open-source tagging software, where objects are marked on the images and given a description according to the naming system. These images were used in training of the ML algorithm. The results were positive, and the algorithm can detect different objects and describe their condition. Implementing ML and CNN algorithms in software solutions for inspection can give the inspectors assistance in describing the condition of the objects. Other applications for this technology is autonomous inspection by robots or preparing augmented reality where personnel can get information about their surroundings.
Gamechanging Structural Repair Solution for FPSO Hulls with No Hot Work
Authors: Paillusseau Christophe , Errotabehere Xabier , Sayed-Ahmad Firas , Mouton Luc 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
An increasing number of Floating Production, Storage and Offloading Platforms (FPSO) are currently entering a mature age, requiring costly maintenance operations. Maintenance cost of the shipping industry is partly linked to corrosion management of the structural parts (incl. hull) while "Crop & Renew" of super tankers is usually taken care of during dry dock operations: FPSO hulls shall be maintained "on the field" creating challenges in terms of safety and economics. Indeed, for safety concerns, hot works on FPSO may yield to high risk simultaneous operations (SIMOPS) and/or production disruption. FPSO operators have therefore been looking for "cold work" solutions that guarantee safe and economical hull repair. This paper presents an innovative cold repair solution called ColdShield for the permanent reinforcement of steel structures in such marine environment. The purpose of ColdShield is to strengthen - in a safe and controlled manner - corroded offshore structures by eradicating the use of hot works during the whole repair process, thus avoiding downtime. The technology is based on proven techniques of bonded composite reinforcement already used in other industries such as aerospace and civil engineering. This innovation was led by COLD PAD with the support of Total, the French Petroleum Institute, and involved four different private and public laboratories.
The paper describes how this innovative technology has marinized composite reinforcement techniques throughout the three critical stages: design, installation and service life. Classical bonded composite reinforcements are usually limited by their high sensitivity to environmental marine conditions. As water is a severe degradation factor of bonded interfaces, it is well-known that bonding process in high humidity conditions, such as marine environmentswhere FPSO hulls typically are, leads to poor adhesion properties and a premature ageing of bonded reinforcements.
This led to a series of tests and simulations to finally obtain the class approval for ColdShield for hull girder strength by Bureau Veritas as a certified alternative to crop & renew.
The paper covers two field cases in West Africa comparing ColdShield with standard techniques in terms of safety, planning and savings. With an ageing fleet, the FPSO industry will face more and more corrosion challenges and COLDSHIELD proves to be a suitable tool to lower risks and costs while maximizing safety.
Exploring the Relevance of Corrosion Inhibitor Micelles to Improve Corrosion Management
Authors: Osnowski A. , Rankin S. , Carson F. , Perfect E. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Typically, the concentration of corrosion inhibitor levels in field fluids is routinely monitored. Understanding the level of corrosion inhibitor can provide information on the correct functioning of chemical injection pumps as well as determine the effects of changing system conditions, such as water cut or solids production, on chemical availability. Yet, despite the value of monitoring, the residual methods available to operators are often not sufficiently reliable or are too complex to apply in the field. A corrosion inhibitor micelle-detecting technique offers an alternative approach. A significant body of work can be found in the literature regarding the formation of micelles in model fluids and for single chemical species. The relevance of the approach for the significantly more complex field fluids and commercial corrosion inhibitor formulations is shown and discussed.
Lessons Learned from Residual Corrosion Inhibitor Measurements by LC-MS in a Mature North Sea Gas/Condensate/MEG Production System
Authors: Anthony J. , Harrington R. , Durnell C. , Sanders J. , Gerritsen D. , de Vries G. , Sonke H. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Measurement and interpretation of corrosion inhibitor residuals in a mature offshore gas/condensate field could not be reconciled with field data leading to the identification of a potential infrastructure integrity threat that mandated understanding. The field had recently transitioned from buffered pH operation to "natural" pH operation of the monoethylene glycol (MEG) loop (alongside addition of corrosion inhibitor) due to carbonate scaling caused by formation water influx. An investigation was initiated to determine the corrosion inhibitors behavior throughout the production system with focus on demonstrating the effectiveness of the inhibitor. The investigation included extensive laboratory corrosion testing using field and synthetic fluids, residual determination in field samples using liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry (LC-MS), field implementation and confirmation of appropriate actions.
Upon completion of the investigation it was found that the intended corrosion inhibitor active components were not concentrating up in the MEG loop but were strongly partitioning to the natural gas condensate phase. This was leaving the topside facilities "under-inhibited". Obscuring this conclusion was the concentration of other benign (not corrosion inhibitor) active components present in the inhibitor formulation at very low concentrations which were giving falsely high inhibitor residuals.
After changing the inhibitor injection philosophy from batch-wise to continuous, LC-MS residuals have continued to confirm the partitioning behavior in field operation without the introduction of an unmanageable secondary property concern due to the inhibitor. Further online and laboratory corrosion studies have confirmed the integrity of the production system as proof of the effectiveness of the inhibitor. These key lessons learned challenge operators and chemical vendors to consider the MEG circuit chemistry more carefully during chemical qualification to ensure that chemical behavior is understood both before field application and that it is confirmed once applied.