bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2018/32 When is travelling time working time? (NO)
Authors: Hotvedt Marianne Jenum , Engan Anne-Beth 
Published: November 2018

2018/32 When is travelling time working time? (NO)
The Norwegian Supreme Court concludes that time spent on a journey ordered by the employer, to and from a place other than the employee’s fixed or habitual place of work, should be considered working time within the meaning of the statutory provisions implementing the Working Time Directive (2003/88/EC). This ruling takes into account the Advisory Opinion of the EFTA Court.
2018/33 Availability periods: working hours or rest periods? (PO)
Authors: Joana Dora 
Published: November 2018

2018/33 Availability periods: working hours or rest periods? (PO)
The Oporto Court of Appeal held that the employee’s availability 24 hours per day, 6 days per week, breaches the employee’s right to rest. However, such breach does not qualify the availability periods as overtime. The Court also found that the continuous use of a GPS system breached the employee’s right to privacy.
Statistical Evaluation of Medical Diagnostic Tests
Authors: de Carvalho Vanda Inácio , Rodríguez‐Álvarez María Xosé 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis article reviews the main concepts associated with the statistical evaluation of medical diagnostic tests. Measures of diagnostic test performance for binary tests, such as sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values, are reviewed, and extensions to the case of continuous‐outcome tests are discussed. In particular, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the most popular tool for evaluating the accuracy of continuous tests, and its summary indices are fully detailed. It has been recently acknowledged that several factors (e.g., different test settings and subject‐specific characteristics, such as age and/or gender) can affect the test's accuracy beyond disease status. This article also motivates and discusses the importance of accounting for such external information when evaluating the performance of a test, through information‐specific accuracy measures.
Bayesian Product Partition Models
Authors: Quintana Fernando A. , Loschi Rosangela H. , Page Garritt L. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractProduct partition models are a class of probability distributions whose support is the set of all possible partitions of a finite collection of experimental units. For Bayesian inference, this class of distributions can be used as a prior distribution on partitions whose prominent feature is its product form. We review how this class of probability distributions can be employed in modeling from a Bayesian perspective. Both exchangeable and nonexchangeable models are considered as well as a number of extensions that facilitate incorporating covariate dependence in the prior.
Compositional Tables
Authors: Fačevicová Kamila , Hron Karel 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The relative structure of observations is frequently of primary interest in practice. This goal is usually reached by methods of (vector) compositional data analysis. On the other hand, in the case when the relative structure is formed with respect to two factors instead of just one, it is advisable to adopt more general concept based on the theory of compositional tables analysis. Compositional tables can be considered as a two‐factor generalization of vector compositional data and also as a continuous counterpart to contingency tables. Accordingly, their cells, containing in general positive real numbers rather than just counts, carry relative information about relationships between two factors. Similarly, as in the case of vector compositional data, also compositional tables need to be expressed in orthonormal coordinates, which allow the further processing using standard statistical tools. The aim of this contribution is to present the main aspects of compositional tables analysis and describe its differences from the vector case.
Bayes Spaces
Authors: Menafoglio Alessandra , Hron Karel 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBayes spaces are mathematical spaces whose elements are σ‐finite positive measures, identified with their densities w.r.t. a reference measure, when these exist. In Bayes spaces, statistical analysis of multivariate and functional compositional data (e.g., discrete or continuous probability density functions) can be performed. The geometrical structure of Bayes spaces formalizes the foundational idea that log ratios among components provide the relevant information in a compositional analysis. This article describes the basic definitions and concepts upon which Bayes spaces are built, and illustrates three classes of methodologies that have been developed in this setting for the analysis of functional compositional data.
Advances in Compositional Data Analysis
Authors: Hron Karel 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCompositional data are multivariate observations carrying relative information. Their specific properties are captured by the so‐called Aitchison geometry with the Euclidean vector space structure. Accordingly, it is possible to construct real orthonormal coordinate systems, where most of the popular multivariate statistical methods can be performed. The main point in the construction of coordinates is their interpretation. It should reflect the fact that the relevant information in compositional data is contained in the log‐ratios between compositional parts. The article summarizes recent advances in compositional data analysis concerning the definition of compositional data, their geometrical properties, and their possible coordinate representations with emphasis to orthonormal coordinates, being most reliable for further statistical processing. Finally, an outline for multivariate statistical analysis of compositional data in orthonormal coordinates is provided.
Safety, pharmacodynamics, and potential benefit of omaveloxolone in Friedreich ataxia
Authors: Lynch David R. , Farmer Jennifer , Hauser Lauren , Blair Ian A. , Wang Qing Qing , Mesaros Clementina , Snyder Nathaniel , Boesch Sylvia , Chin Melanie , Delatycki Martin B. , Giunti Paola , Goldsberry Angela , Hoyle Chad , McBride Michael G. , Nachbauer Wolfgang , O'Grady Megan , Perlman Susan , Subramony S. H. , Wilmot George R. , Zesiewicz Theresa , Meyer Colin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectivePrevious studies have demonstrated that suppression of Nrf2 in Friedreich ataxia tissues contributes to excess oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and reduced ATP production. Omaveloxolone, an Nrf2 activator and NF‐kB suppressor, targets dysfunctional inflammatory, metabolic, and bioenergetic pathways. The dose‐ranging portion of this Phase 2 study assessed the safety, pharmacodynamics, and potential benefit of omaveloxolone in Friedreich ataxia patients (NCT02255435).MethodsSixty‐nine Friedreich ataxia patients were randomized 3:1 to either omaveloxolone or placebo administered once daily for 12 weeks. Patients were randomized in cohorts of eight patients, at dose levels of 2.5–300 mg/day.ResultsOmaveloxolone was well tolerated, and adverse events were generally mild. Optimal pharmacodynamic changes (noted by changes in ferritin and GGT) were observed at doses of 80 and 160 mg/day. No significant changes were observed in the primary outcome, peak work load in maximal exercise testing (0.9 ± 2.9 W, placebo corrected). At the 160 mg/day dose, omaveloxolone improved the secondary outcome of the mFARS by 3.8 points versus baseline (P = 0.0001) and by 2.3 points versus placebo (P = 0.06). Omaveloxolone produced greater improvements in mFARS in patients that did not have musculoskeletal foot deformity (pes cavus). In patients without this foot deformity, omaveloxolone improved mFARS by 6.0 points from baseline (P < 0.0001) and by 4.4 points versus placebo (P = 0.01) at the 160 mg/day.InterpretationTreatment of Friedreich ataxia patients with omaveloxolone at the optimal dose level of 160 mg/day appears to improve neurological function. Therefore, omaveloxolone treatment is being examined in greater detail at 150 mg/day for Friedreich ataxia.
Management of Crystallization Kinetics for Efficient and Stable Low‐Dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper (LDRP) Lead‐Free Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Qiu Jian , Xia Yingdong , Chen Yonghua , Huang Wei 
Published: November 2018

AbstractLow‐dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper (LDRP) lead‐free perovskite has great potential due to its improved stability and oriented crystal growth, which is mainly attributed to the effective control of crystallization kinetics. However, the crystallization kinetics of LDRP lead‐free perovskite films are highly limited by Lewis theory. Here, the management of the crystallization kinetics of LDRP tin (Sn) perovskite films jointly controlled by Lewis adducts and the ion exchange process using a mixture of polar aprotic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ion liquid solvent methylammonium acetate (MAAc) (the process named as “L‐I”) is demonstrated. Homogeneous nucleated LDRP Sn perovskite films with average grain size close to 9 µm are achieved. Both low electron and hole defect density with a magnitude of 1016, high carrier mobility, and excellent electrical performance are obtained. As a result, the LDRP Sn perovskite solar cell (PSC) with power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.03% is achieved using a simple one‐step method without antisolvents, which is one of the best LDRP Sn PSCs. Most importantly, the PSC exhibits excellent stability with no degradation in PCE after 94 d in a nitrogen atmosphere owing to the high‐quality film and the inhibition of the oxidation of Sn2+.
In Situ Investigation of Interrelationships Between Morphology and Biomechanics of Endothelial and Glial Cells and their Nuclei
Authors: Rosso Gonzalo , Liashkovich Ivan , Shahin Victor 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMorphology and biomechanics of cells and nuclei are interlinked with one another and play key roles in fundamental physiological processes. While powerful approaches are available for performing separate morphological and biomechanical investigations on cells and nuclei, simultaneous investigations in situ are challenging. Here, an appropriate approach is presented based on the simultaneous combination of atomic force microscopy and confocal microscopy in situ. Two cell types with entirely different morphologies, physiological roles, and biomechanical environments are investigated: vascular endothelial cells (ECs) with dense cytoskeletal actin, and nervous system glial cells (Schwann cells (SCs)) with dense vimentin network. Results reveal that ECs and their nuclei show high pliability and tend to undergo deformation only at compression sites. SCs, in contrast, show greater ability to resist mechanical deformation. Likewise, SC nuclei are harder to deform than EC nuclei, despite that SC nuclei have significantly lower amounts of lamins A/C, which reportedly scale with nuclear stiffness. The morphology–biomechanics interrelationships in SCs, ECs, and their nuclei may be a key factor in ensuring their physiological functions. In adult SCs, mechanosensitivity is presumably traded for mechanical strength to protect the neurons they encase, whereas ECs maintain mechanosensitivity to ensure specific local physiological response to mechanical stimuli.
Cure kinetics of bismaleimides as basis for polyimide‐like inks for PolyJet™‐3D‐printing
Authors: Wagner Annika , Gouzman Irina , Atar Nurit , Grossman Eitan , Pokrass Mariana , Fuchsbauer Anita , Schranzhofer Leo , Paulik Christian 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTSince polyimides are well known for their excellent chemical and thermal stability and outstanding mechanical properties there is increasing interest in developing polyimide‐based inks to produce additively manufactured parts with properties superior to those of currently available materials. Usage of bismaleimides (BMI) as precursors allows polyimides to be fabricated via PolyJet™ printing (Stratasys Ltd., Rehovot, Israel). Characterization of the curing kinetics is a central part of process development, as fast curing initiated by UV light is desired. Here, a comprehensive study of thermal and UV curing of BMI oligomers with various molecular weights and chemical structures is presented. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy serves as a tool for determining the curing degree. Furthermore, an estimation of the activation energy for thermal curing is performed. UV curing of the selected BMIs leads to highly crosslinked, thermoset polymers with excellent chemical resistance and thermal stability which are of great interest for PolyJet™ 3D printing. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Applied Polymer Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47244.
Enhancement of basic properties of polysaccharide‐based composites with organic and inorganic fillers: A review
Authors: Abdul Khalil H. P. S. , Chong E. W. N. , Owolabi F. A. T. , Asniza M. , Tye Y. Y. , Rizal S. , Nurul Fazita M. R. , Mohamad Haafiz M. K. , Nurmiati Z. , Paridah M. T. 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTThe global shift towards biodegradable composite has made polysaccharides a green alternative to synthetic polymers owing to their biocompatibility, sustainability, and ecofriendly biomaterials. Despite the limitations in their applications, many studies have validated the effectiveness of using organic or inorganic fillers to ameliorate their mechanical and barrier properties. However, the understanding of how polysaccharides matrix is enhanced by fillers is still inexplicit. Hence, it is imperative to review the effects of using inorganic and organic fillers in some prominent polysaccharides in terms of mechanical and water barrier properties while taking into account the function of filler morphology, size and loading. Although it is intricate to indicate the best filler used for each of the polysaccharides matrices, this review served as a “food for thought” on the established works of enhanced‐matrix filler combinations aimed at improving the mechanical and barrier properties of biodegradable films based on neutral or negatively charged polysaccharides‐based composite films for potential application in food packaging, agriculture, biomedicine and constructions sector. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47251.
Nozzle flow behavior of aluminum/polycarbonate composites in the material extrusion printing process
Authors: Zhang Xinzhou , Chen Lan , Kowalski Caleb , Mulholland Tom , Osswald Tim A. 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTThis article investigates the effects of nozzle diameter, resin viscosity, and filler size and volume content on the melt flow properties and clogging of composites in the material extrusion additive manufacturing process. The flow behavior was systematically characterized by a custom nozzle flow test (NOFT) device, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results indicated that the viscosity of the material, the particle size, and the diameter of the nozzle were important factors for clogging. TGA results showed deviations from the designed filler volume fraction, which could be due to the buildup of filler material in the nozzle and subsequent partial clogging. SEM observations showed that particle agglomeration tended to be more prevalent in strands with high filler volume content. The agglomeration could be seen near the edge of the strand. A model for the clogging formation in NOFT was summarized into four stages: particle deposition on the wall of the nozzle, creation of dendrites, particle agglomeration, and particle clogging, which explained the clogging mechanism in the NOFT. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47252.
Effects of the degree of crosslinking and test rate on the tensile properties of a crosslinked polyacrylic pressure‐sensitive adhesive and vulcanized rubber
Authors: Kashihara Yusuke , Okada Shun , Urahama Yoshiaki , Hikasa Shigeki , Makuta Satoshi , Fujiwara Kazuko , Fujii Syuji , Nakamura Yoshinobu 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTThe effects of the tensile test rate on the properties of a pressure‐sensitive adhesive (PSA) and of vulcanized rubber were ascertained and compared, using a poly(n‐butyl acrylate‐acrylic acid) random copolymer with varying degrees of crosslinking as the PSA. The 100% modulus of the PSA was found to increase along with the crosslinking degree and with faster tensile test rates. In contrast, the 100% modulus of the vulcanized rubber did not exhibit any test rate dependence. To assess this effect, the molecular weights between chemical and physical crosslinking points were determined via equilibrium swelling, dynamic mechanical analysis, and tensile tests. The proportion of physical crosslinking points was found to be far larger in the crosslinked PSA. Because these entanglement points can readily disentangle in response to slow deformation, variations in the test rate only affected the PSA. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47272.
Supervised versus autonomous exercise training in breast cancer patients: A multicenter randomized clinical trial
Authors: Westphal Theresa , Rinnerthaler Gabriel , Gampenrieder Simon Peter , Niebauer Josef , Thaler Josef , Pfob Michael , Fuchs David , Riedmann Marina , Mayr Barbara , Reich Bernhard , Melchardt Thomas , Mlineritsch Brigitte , Pleyer Lisa , Greil Richard 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundThere is a well‐known correlation between obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and breast cancer incidence and outcome. The Arbeitsgemeinschaft Medikamentöse Tumortherapie (AGMT) exercise study was a multicenter, randomized clinical trial and assessed the feasibility and efficacy of physical training in 50 breast cancer patients undergoing aromatase inhibitor treatment.MethodsPostmenopausal, estrogen receptor‐positive breast cancer patients under aromatase inhibitor treatment were randomized 1:1 to counseling and unsupervised training for 48 weeks (unsupervised arm) or counseling and a sequential training (supervised arm) with a supervised phase (24 weeks) followed by unsupervised physical training (further 24 weeks). Primary endpoint was the individual maximum power output on a cycle ergometer after 24 weeks of exercise. A key secondary endpoint was the feasibility of achieving 12 METh/week (metabolic equivalent of task hours per week).ResultsTwenty‐three patients (92%) in the unsupervised arm and 19 patients (76%) in the supervised arm with early‐stage breast cancer completed the study. After 24 weeks, the supervised arm achieved a significantly higher maximum output in watt (mean 132 ± standard deviation [SD] 34; 95% confidence interval [CI] 117‐147) compared to baseline (107 ± 25; 95%CI 97‐117; P = 0.012) with a numerically higher output than the unsupervised arm (week 24 115 ± 25; 95%CI 105‐125; P = 0.059). Significantly higher METh/week was reported in the supervised arm compared to the unsupervised arm during the whole study period (week 1‐24 unsupervised: 18.3 (7.6‐58.3); supervised: 28.5 (6.7‐40.1); P = 0.043; week 25‐48; P = 0.041)).ConclusionThis trial indicates that patients in an exercise program achieve higher fitness levels during supervised than unsupervised training.
Clinically silent indolent T‐cell leukemia
Authors: Janot Clément , Feriel Joffrey , Borie Claire , Lefevre Edouard , Bennaceur‐Griscelli Annelise , Turhan Ali G. , Aumont Cédric 
Published: November 2018

Key Clinical MessageThe clinically silent, symptom‐free T‐cell prolymphocytic leukemia case that we report here confirms the major interest of the analysis of the blood smear as usual care of any emergent lymphocytosis. It also brings out the issue of the monitoring and follow‐up of this uncommon presentation.
Massive thymic hyperplasia in a 15‐month‐old boy: Case report and literature review
Authors: Tadiotto Elisa , Clemente Maria , Pecoraro Luca , Piacentini Giorgio , Degani Daniela , Pietrobelli Angelo 
Published: November 2018

Key Clinical MessageA surgical approach is the choice in young infants with MTH, who are furthest from the time of physiological involution of the thymus, and when the thymus achieves the largest relative size, a surgical approach is the choice. Steroid therapy has been shown to be ineffective (4, 9, 16, 18‐20). No surgical complications have been reported, and the outcome is excellent. Recurrence has been seen in only one case.
Low structural complexity of nonnative grassland habitat exposes prey to higher predation
Authors: Norbury Grant , van Overmeire Wouter 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe structural complexity of vegetation can have profound effects on the hunting efficiency of predators, thereby affecting their intake rate of prey. While studies have shown that vegetation complexity can play an important role in managing unwanted impacts of predators, it is less clear how structural complexity of invasive vegetation affects the vulnerability of terrestrial prey. Short nonnative pasture species bred for agricultural production, for example, are highly invasive and pervade grassland ecosystems worldwide. They generally have low structural complexity compared with taller native vegetation they often displace. We conducted controlled experiments to test whether nonnative pastures expose fauna to greater predation risk. Survival of invertebrates (tethered locusts) subject to predation by invasive mammalian insectivores (European hedgehogs) in nonnative pasture (0.10 per 24 h; 95% CI, 0.08–0.13) was less than one‐half that in structurally complex native perennial tussock (bunch) grass (0.24; 95% binomial CI, 0.18–0.31). A significant positive relationship was apparent between structural complexity (grass dry stem density) surrounding each locust and their survival. In a second experiment, survival of locusts placed solely in tussock increased with decreasing locust density in tussock, presumably reflecting fewer resource‐rich patches on which predators could focus. These results demonstrate that invasion by structurally simple nonnative vegetation exposes prey to greater risk of predation. This is concerning from a global nature conservation perspective given that conversion of nearly one‐half of the world's temperate grasslands to agriculture includes a range of invasive, structurally simple, nonnative, plant species. Minimizing invasion and maintaining and restoring complex habitat structure may be a useful conservation option for reducing unwanted predation.