bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘DER TAG HÄNGT TOT ZWISCHEN HIMMEL UND ERDE’: ON THE THEME OF AMBIVALENCE IN ERNST BARLACH'S DER TOTE TAG
Authors: Crew Thomas 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTIn keeping with a typical theme of Expressionism, Ernst Barlach's Der tote Tag centres on a generational conflict, in this case on that between mother and son. However, this conflict ultimately acts as a metaphor to express and explore existential issues. These issues do not merely apply to the son nor even to the condition of adolescence generally, but are universal in scope. Accordingly, I consider some of the key ideas of Carl Jung and Erich Neumann to articulate the archetypal dimensions of the play, whilst also making reference to Friedrich Nietzsche. I argue that the house in which the son grows up, the setting of the play, represents a form of labyrinth, in which the role of the Minotaur is played by the domineering mother. The fact that the son fails to leave the labyrinth, even when an exit presents itself, provides the stage for the discussion of ambivalence, which reveals itself as a fundamental part of the human constitution. The son finds himself torn between the safety and provision offered by the Mother, at the price of eternal immaturity, and the freedom and autonomy offered by the Father, with the attendant sense of risk, danger, and responsibility.
The effect of blood flow rate on dialysis recovery time in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: A prospective, parallel‐group, randomized controlled trial
Authors: Duggal Vishal , Hussein Wael F. , Reiterman Marc , Sun Sumi J. , Abra Graham E. , Schiller Brigitte 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIntroduction: A majority of patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) on in‐center hemodialysis (HD) require several hours to recover from an HD session. Patients and caregivers identify fatigue as a high priority for improvement. However, evidence for practical interventions to improve recovery time from conventional in‐center HD is lacking. The effect of blood flow rate reduction on dialysis recovery time (DRT) is unknown.Methods: Multicenter, single‐blinded, randomized, parallel‐design controlled trial of blood flow rate reduction vs. usual care. One‐hundred two patients with ESRD undergoing maintenance HD in 18 centers with baseline DRT of greater than 6 hours were included as subjects. The intervention was a blood flow rate reduction of 100 mL/min, to a minimum of 300 mL/min. The primary outcome was the between‐group difference in change in DRT. Secondary outcomes were changes in London Evaluation of Illness (LEVIL) survey responses from baseline.Findings: Baseline median DRT was 720 (IQR 360–1013) minutes in controls and 720 (IQR 360–1106) minutes in the intervention group. DRT decreased in both groups. Mean change from baseline (95% confidence interval) at Week 4 in the study was −324 (−473, −175) minutes in the control group and −120 (−329, 90) minutes in the intervention group. The change from baseline was more profound in the control group (P = 0.05). Secondary outcomes of measures of quality of life reported on the LEVIL survey showed more improvement in patients’ feelings of general well‐being in the control group (P = 0.01). Differences between groups in pain, feeling washed out or drained, sleep quality, shortness of breath, and appetite were not statistically significant.Discussion: Blood flow rate reduction did not improve DRT over usual care. Though more work needs to be done to address patient‐reported fatigue, a significant positive impact may not be achieved without substantial changes in dialysis prescription.
Enhanced bioaccessibility in vitro and bioavailability of Ginkgo biloba extract nanoparticles prepared by liquid anti‐solvent precipitation
Authors: Wang Lingling , Zhao Xiuhua , Yang Fengjian , Wu Weiwei , Liu Yanjie , Wang Li , Wang Lu , Wang Zijian 
Published: March 2019

SummaryThe ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) nanoparticles were successfully prepared by adopting the liquid anti‐solvent precipitation (LASP) method to enhance the antioxidant activity and oral bioavailability of GBE. Under the optimum preparation conditions, the particle size of GBE nanoparticles had reached 76.90 nm. Moreover, the antioxidant activity and intestinal transmittance of GBE nanoparticles were tested before and after the simulated in vitro digestion, which were both significantly higher than that of raw GBE. Significantly, the AUC(0→t) value of flavonoids and terpene lactones in GBE nanoparticles were 2.20 and 2.24 times of that in raw GBE, respectively. What cannot be ignored was that the residual amount of ethanol and n‐hexane meets the safety standards for food.
Downregulation of dystrophin expression in pupae of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci inhibits the emergence of adults
Authors: Bar L. , Czosnek H. , Sobol I. , Ghanim M. , Hariton Shalev A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a major pest to agriculture. Adults are able to fly for long distances and to colonize staple crops, herbs and ornamentals, and to vector viruses belonging to several important taxonomic groups. During their early development, whiteflies mature from eggs through several nymphal stages (instars I to IV) until adults emerge from pupae. We aim at reducing whitefly populations by inhibiting the emergence of adults from nymphs. Here we targeted dystrophin, a conserved protein essential for the development of the muscle system in humans, other animals and insects. We have exploited the fact that whitefly nymphs developing on tomato leaves feed from the plant phloem via their stylets. Thus, we delivered dystrophin‐silencing double‐stranded RNA to nymphs developing on leaves of tomato plantlets with their roots bathing in the silencing solution. Downregulation of dystrophin expression occurred mainly in pupae. Dystrophin silencing induced also the downregulation of the dystrophin‐associated protein genes actin and tropomyosin, and disrupted F‐actin. Most significantly, the treatment inhibited the emergence of adults from pupae, suggesting that targeting dystrophin may help to restrain whitefly populations. This study demonstrates for the first time the important role of dystrophin in the development of a major insect pest to agriculture.
Community spread and late season increased incidence of oseltamivir‐resistant influenza A(H1N1) viruses in Norway 2016
Authors: Bragstad Karoline , Hungnes Olav , Litleskare Irene , Nyrerød Hans Christian , Dorenberg Dagny H. , Hauge Siri H. 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundAntiviral resistance in Norwegian influenza viruses is rare. Only one A(H1N1)pdm09 virus from May 2015 had been found resistant to oseltamivir since the introduction of these viruses in 2009.ObjectivesSurveillance of antiviral resistance is part of the Norwegian surveillance system, to rapidly detect the development of antiviral‐resistant viruses and spread in the community. We describe the spread of oseltamivir‐resistant A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses in Norway in the 2016‐17 season, found as part of the routine surveillance.MethodsInfluenza H1N1 viruses were analysed for antiviral resistance by pyrosequencing, neuraminidase susceptibility assay and by Sanger sequencing of the HA and NA genes.ResultsDuring the 2015‐16 influenza season, 3% of all A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses screened for resistance in Norway were resistant to oseltamivir, possessing the H275Y substitution in the neuraminidase protein. In comparison, the overall frequency in Europe was 0.87%. Out of these, 37% (n = 10) were reported from Norway. Most cases in Norway were not related to antiviral treatment, and the cases were from several different locations of southern Norway. Genetic analysis revealed that resistant virus emerged independently on several occasions and that there was some spread of oseltamivir‐resistant influenza A(H1N1)6B.1 viruses in the community, characterised by a N370S substitution in the haemagglutinin and T48I in the neuraminidase.ConclusionsOur findings emphasise the importance of antiviral resistance surveillance in the community, not only in immunocompromised patients or other patients undergoing antiviral treatment.
How do gastropods grow synchronized shell sculpture? Effect of experimental varix manipulations on shell growth byCeratostoma foliatum(Muricidae: Ocenebrinae)
Authors: Webster Nicole , Richard Palmer A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractGastropod shells display striking patterns in both color and sculpture, but rather little is known about the developmental mechanisms that produce those patterns. Here, we tested a physical feedback hypothesis for how snails control spatial patterning of shell sculpture. Varices—a form of synchronized, blade‐like axial sculpture—are produced at regular intervals around the shell and often aligned closely between adjacent whorls. Older varices were believed to provide a spatial cue about where to position a new varix. To test this hypothesis, we manipulated physical cues by cutting off varices or attaching new ones to the body whorl of individuals ofCeratostoma foliatum, and then allowing snails to grow a new varix. We found that previous varices on the shell were neither necessary nor sufficient to induce a new varix at a particular location. However, the position of older varices did appear to affect the fine tuning of subsequent varix placement. The results of our experiments therefore suggest that varix synchrony arises mainly from some internal mechanism that yields a standardized amount of spiral growth per growth spurt. We also found that shell damage can induce varix production in unusual or aberrant locations during subsequent shell growth.
Strength retention in hot‐pressed ZrB2–SiC composite after thermal cycling exposure in air at 1200 and 1400°C
Authors: Guo Shuqi 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe effect of thermal cycling exposure on room temperature flexural strength was examined in hot‐pressed ZrB2–SiC composite undergone cyclic heating‐cooling test at 1200 and 1400°C in air for up to 1000 or 500 cycles. For the post‐tested samples at 1200°C, the flexural strength of the composite initially increased and subsequently degraded with increase of number of thermal cycles (N). The strength retention displayed by the composite after N = 1000 cycles was approximately 80%. For the post‐tested samples at 1400°C, however, the flexural strength decreased with increase of N. After N = 500 cycles, the strength retention was approximately 45%. The strength decrease was associated with the formation and coarsening of defects in the oxidized reactive layer and the delamination of the outermost thinner dense oxide layer.
Managing student mental health: The challenges faced by academics on professional healthcare courses
Authors: Hughes Gareth J. , Byrom Nicola C. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimsTo explore how academics on nursing and healthcare programmes are managing their roles and responsibility in relation to student mental health.BackgroundThere is growing concern about the mental health of university students in general and healthcare students in particular. Shifts in Higher Education policy, encouraging a “whole university approach,” may place greater responsibility for student mental health on academics. However, little is known about the challenges that poor student mental health creates for academics on healthcare programmes.DesignA qualitative approach, using semi‐structured interviews and focus groups, provided the opportunity for in‐depth analysis.MethodsFourteen academics on healthcare programmes, including seven lecturers from nursing programmes, were interviewed between May–June 2017. Constant comparison analysis was followed to support grounded theory.ResultsFour key themes emerged. Academics had difficulty identifying and maintaining boundaries due to competing academic and professional identities. Student disclosures are accompanied by challenges arising due to professional responsibilities. Supporting student mental health on placement is difficult. Academics are aware and concerned about the potential negative impact of course content and practice on student mental health.ConclusionThis is the first study to explore in‐depth the challenges faced by academics on healthcare programmes by the rising prevalence of and concern for, student mental health. The findings indicate that leaders of nursing education programmes and their managers, need to be aware that academics face complex challenges in managing and responding student mental health and may struggle to maintain boundaries due, in part, to competing professional identities.
Integrative review: Patient safety among older people with diabetes in home care services
Authors: Haltbakk Johannes , Graue Marit , Harris Janet , Kirkevold Marit , Dunning Trisha , Sigurdardottir Arun K. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimsTo identify diabetes specific patient safety domains that need to be addressed to improve home care of older people; to assess research from primary studies to review evidence on patient safety in home care services for older people with diabetes.DesignAn integrative review.Data SourcesDomains for patient safety in diabetes home care settings were identified by conducting two searches. We performed searches in: CINAHL, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library for the years 2000–2017.Review MethodsThe first search identified frameworks or models on patient safety in home care services published up to October 2017. The second search identified primary studies about older people with diabetes in the home care setting published between 2000–2017.ResultsData from the 21 articles populated and refined 13 predetermined domains of patient safety in diabetes home care. These were used to explore how the domains interact to either increase or reduce risk. The domains constitute a model of associations between aspects of diabetes home care and adverse events. The results highlight a knowledge gap in safety for older persons with diabetes, influenced by e.g. hypoglycaemia, falls, pain, foot ulcers, cognitive impairment, depression, and polypharmacy. Moreover, providers’ inadequate diabetes‐specific knowledge and assessment skills contribute to the risk of adverse events.ConclusionOlder persons with diabetes in home care are at risk of adverse events due to their reduced ability to self‐manage their condition, adverse medication effects, the family's ability to take responsibility or home care service's suboptimal approaches to diabetes care.
Effect of sonic hedgehog on motor neuron positioning in the spinal cord during chicken embryonic development
Authors: Yang Ciqing , Li Shuanqing , Li Xiaoying , Li Han , Li Yunxiao , Zhang Chen , Lin Juntang 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSonic hedgehog (SHH) is a vertebrate homologue of the secreted Drosophila protein hedgehog and is expressed by the notochord and floor plate in the developing spinal cord. Sonic hedgehog provides signals relevant for positional information, cell proliferation and possibly cell survival, depending on the time and location of expression. Although the role of SHH in providing positional information in the neural tube has been experimentally proven, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, in ovo electroporation was employed in the chicken spinal cord during chicken embryo development. Electroporation was conducted at stage 17 (E2.5), after electroporation the embryos were continued incubating to stage 28 (E6) for sampling, tissue fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde and frozen sectioning. Sonic hedgehog and related protein expressions were detected by in situ hybridization and fluorescence immunohistochemistry and the results were analysed after microphotography. Our results indicate that the ectopic expression of SHH leads to ventralization in the spinal cord during chicken embryonic development by inducing abnormalities in the structure of the motor column and motor neuron integration. In addition, ectopic SHH expression inhibits the expression of dorsal transcription factors and commissural axon projections. The correct location of SHH expression is vital to the formation of the motor column. Ectopic expression of SHH in the spinal cord not only affects the positioning of motor neurons, but also induces abnormalities in the structure of the motor column. It leads to ventralization in the spinal cord, resulting in the formation of more ventral neurons forming during neuronal formation.
Minoxidil for patchy alopecia areata: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Freire P.C.B. , Riera R. , Martimbianco A.L.C. , Petri V. , Atallah A.N. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundAlopecia areata (AA) is a complex immune and polygenic inflammatory disease that causes hair loss on some or all areas of the body; extent, severity and progression vary widely among individuals. Alopecia areata, considered one of the most frequently occurring immune diseases, affects 0.2% of the world population at any given time. Uncertainty prevails about the most appropriate intervention for AA. The aim is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of over 80 interventions for AA, including minoxidil – one of the most promising interventions for patchy AA in children and adults of both sexes.Material and MethodsAn extensive search was conducted of international medical literature involving randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of AA interventions. RCTs were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively according to the previously published protocol and for seven specific outcomes.ResultsThe meta‐analysis involving 5% minoxidil vs. placebo presented a significant difference in favor of 5% minoxidil with the moderate quality of evidence in children and adults with patchy AA (RR 8.37 [3.16–22.14], 95% CI). No severe adverse event was reported.ConclusionsTreatment of patchy AA with 5% minoxidil proved effective, and clinically and statistically safe in studies with limited sample size; quality of evidence was moderate. Further studies with sound methodological quality, more participants and outcome observations lasting longer than 6 months are needed to address remaining uncertainties.
Wage delegation in the field
Authors: Jeworrek Sabrina , Mertins Vanessa 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBy conducting a natural field experiment, we analyze the managerial policy of delegating the wage choice to employees. We find that this policy enhances performance significantly, which is remarkable since allocated wage premiums of the same size have no effect at all. Observed self‐imposed wage restraints and absence of negative peer effects speak in favor of wage delegation, although the chosen wage premium levels severely dampen its net value. Additional experimental and survey data provide important insights into employees' underlying motivations.
Quantification of mandibular sexual dimorphism during adolescence
Authors: Fan Yi , Penington Anthony , Kilpatrick Nicky , Hardiman Rita , Schneider Paul , Clement John , Claes Peter , Matthews Harold 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe present study investigates how sexual dimorphism in the human mandible develops in three‐dimensionally during adolescence. A cross‐sectional sample of mandibular meshes of 268 males and 386 females, aged between 8.5 and 19.5 years of age, were derived from cone beam computed tomography and were analysed using geometric morphometric methods. Growth trajectories of the mandible in males and females were modelled separately using a recently developed non‐linear kernel regression framework. Growth rate and direction at a dense array of points all over the mandibular surface were visualized within each group and compared between groups. We found that mandibular sexual dimorphism already exists at 9 years of age, but this is mostly in size not in shape. The differential growth rate and duration between the sexes during pubertal growth largely explained by adult sexual dimorphism: the growth direction in both males and females is similar but the male mandible changed more quickly and over a longer period than the female mandible, where the growth rate peaked and declined earlier. This results in increasing dimorphism in form, which is evident in both size and shape. The development of dimorphic features, concentrated in the chin and ramus, were further visualized. The dense morphometric approach provides detailed three‐dimensional quantitative assessment of the development of sexual dimorphism of the mandible.
Event‐Related Potential Evidence for Persistence of an Intuitive Misconception About Electricity
Authors: Zhu Yanmei , Zhang Li , Leng Yue , Pang Ridong , Wang Xiaole 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTEvent‐related potentials are used to test the hypothesis that an intuitive misconception persists in the mind even after the acquisition of scientific knowledge. We investigated the temporal dynamics of neural mechanisms in solving a scientific problem involving a common misconception. It showed that the increased P2 component was elicited by the stimulus congruent with the misconception. The increased N2 component was elicited by the stimulus incongruent with the misconception. Additionally, the enhanced late positive potential component was evoked by the stimulus involving the conflict between the misconception and scientific knowledge. These results suggest that an intuitive misconception might still survive after the acquisition of scientific knowledge. It could be invoked automatically to evaluate the plausibility of incoming information. Subsequently, scientific knowledge is explicitly retrieved to monitor the conflict and inhibit the misconception. This study might have values in revealing the neural correlates of knowledge representation and scientific reasoning in education.
Connecting the pieces: uncovering the molecular basis for long‐distance communication through plant grafting
Authors: Thomas Hannah R. , Frank Margaret H. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryVascular plants are wired with a remarkable long‐distance communication system. This network can span from as little as a few centimeters (or less) in species like Arabidopsis, up to 100 m in the tallest giant sequoia, linking distant organ systems into a unified, multicellular organism. Grafting is a fundamental technique that allows researchers to physically break apart and reassemble the long‐distance transport system, enabling the discovery of molecular signals that underlie intraorganismal communication. In this review, we highlight how plant grafting has facilitated the discovery of new long‐distance signaling molecules that function in coordinating developmental transitions, abiotic and biotic responses, and cross‐species interactions. This rapidly expanding area of research offers sustainable approaches for improving plant performance in the laboratory, the field, the orchard, and beyond.