bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Normative data on penile and anogenital measurements of term male infants in Sagamu, Nigeria
Authors: Adekoya Adesola Olubunmi , Fetuga Musili Bolanle , Jarrett Olumide Olatokunbo , Ogunlesi Tinuade Adetutu , Chanoine Jean‐Pierre , Oba‐Daini Olubunmi Obafemi 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAimTo document normative data on penile size and anogenital distances of apparently normal term male infants in Sagamu, Nigeria.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study was carried out on 303 term male infants within the first 72 hours of life. Stretched penile length, penile width and three measures of anogenital distances were recorded: anogenital distance‐1, anogenital distance‐2 and anoscrotal distance.ResultsThe mean (±SD) stretched penile length and penile width were 39.4 ± 4.2 mm and 11.0 ± 1.0 mm, respectively. The mean values for anogenital distance‐1, anogenital distance‐2 and the anoscrotal distance were 48.7 ± 3.9 mm, 42.8 ± 4.6 mm and 25.5 ± 3.9 mm, respectively. Only penile width and anogenital distance‐1 significantly correlated with all the anthropometric parameters but anogenital distance‐1 had the strongest correlation (p < 0.01 for all).ConclusionThe observed mean stretched penile length was greater than previously reported. Local references are preferable in interpreting anogenital measurements in newborns to avoid diagnostic errors. There is need for a consensus on the definition of micropenis.
Fairness, prosociality, hypocrisy, and happiness: Children's and adolescents’ motives for showing unselfish behaviour and positive emotions
Authors: Krettenauer Tobias , Bauer Kathleen , Sengsavang Sonia 
Published: June 2019

The present study examined what motives account for age‐related decreases in selfish behaviour and whether these motives equally predict positive emotions when making a moral decision. The study was based on a sample of 190 children and adolescents (101 females) from three different age groups (childhood, early adolescence, and middle adolescence, M = 12.9 years, SD = 2.58). A decision‐making task was used where participants chose between (1) maximizing their own self‐interest versus (2) being prosocial, (3) being fair, or (4) appearing fair while avoiding the costs of actually being fair. Overall, prosociality and fairness were equally important motives for unselfish behaviour. At the same time, the importance of fairness motivation increased with age. Hypocrisy motivation was less frequent than expected by chance. Prosociality was most strongly and positively associated with self‐rated happiness about the decision, whereas the opposite was found for individuals who were motivated by fairness. Overall, the study indicates that children's or adolescents’ unselfish behaviour in decision‐making tasks are driven by a variety of motives with diverse emotional implications. The relative importance of these motives changes over the course of development.Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Older children behave less selfishly in resource allocation tasks.

Prosocial behaviour is associated with positive emotions.

What the present study adds?

Unselfish behaviour is equally motivated by fairness and prosociality.

Fairness motivation increases from childhood throughout adolescence.

Decisions motivated by prosociality are experienced as more positive than decisions motivated by fairness.
Content validation of the Quality of Life Inventory—Disability
Authors: Epstein Amy , Williams Katrina , Reddihough Dinah , Murphy Nada , Leonard Helen , Whitehouse Andrew , Jacoby Peter , Downs Jenny 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundFocus is shifting to better understand the lived experiences of children with intellectual disability in relation to their quality of life (QOL). Yet no available QOL measures are grounded in the domains important for this population. We previously conducted qualitative parent caregiver interviews identifying QOL domains in children with intellectual disability to constitute a new measure of QOL. This study describes the content validity of the Quality of Life Inventory—Disability (QI‐Disability), a parent‐report measure developed for children with intellectual disability.Methods and ResultsQuestionnaire items were extracted from a qualitative dataset of 77 parent caregiver interviews. To establish content validation, a draft of QI‐Disability was administered to 16 parent caregivers of children with intellectual disability (Down syndrome, Rett syndrome, cerebral palsy, or autism spectrum disorder). Parents participated in a cognitive interviewing procedure known as the “think‐aloud” method. The process of item generation, cognitive debriefing, and refinement of QI‐Disability prior to its pilot testing are described. A conceptual framework is presented.ConclusionsSatisfactory content validity is reported, where ongoing consumer feedback shaped the dataset from which the final items were selected. Use of QI‐Disability for children with intellectual disability will allow for greater insight into service utility and targeted intervention.
Accuracy of CT colonography in the preoperative staging of colon cancer: a prospective study of 217 patients
Authors: Maupoey Ibáñez J. , Pàmies Guilabert J. , Frasson M. , Boscà Robledo A. , Giner Segura F. , García‐Granero Ximénez E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAimThe purpose of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of computed tomography colonography (CTC) in the preoperative localization and TN staging of colon cancer. CTC can be an effective technique for preoperative evaluation of colon cancer and could facilitate the selection of high‐risk patients who may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy.MethodThis was a prospective observational study conducted at a single tertiary‐care centre. It involved 217 patients (225 tumours) who had colon cancer and underwent preoperative CTC and elective colectomy. The radiologist determined the TNM stage using postprocessing software with multiplanar images and virtual colonoscopy. The following criteria were analysed for every colon tumour: location, size and signs of direct colon wall invasion. The histopathological findings of the surgical colectomy specimens served as the reference standard for local staging.ResultsCTC detected all tumours and achieved an exact location in 208 cases (92.4%). CTC findings changed the surgical plan in 31 patients (14.3%) following colonoscopy. The accuracy in differentiating T3/T4 vs T1/T2 tumours was 87.1%, with a sensitivity and specificity of 88.5% and 84.1%, respectively (kappa = 0.71). For high‐risk tumours (T3 ≥ 5 mm and T4), CTC showed an accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of 82.7%, 86% and 80%, respectively (kappa = 0.65). The accuracy of N‐stage evaluation was 69.3%, the sensitivity 74% and the specificity 67.1% (kappa = 0.37).ConclusionCTC provides accurate information for the assessment of tumour localization and T staging, allowing better surgical planning and also allows the selection of locally advanced tumours that may benefit from new treatments such as neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Discharge medication procurement and education after kidney transplantation
Authors: Potter Lisa , Lushin Erin N. , Hofmeyer Brooke , Ensor Christopher , Wilson Nikita , Tremblay Simon , Campara Maya ,   the American Society of Transplantation Transplant Pharmacy Community of Practice
Published: June 2019

AbstractAdherence to immunosuppressant medications is a key determinant of success following organ transplantation. Medication procurement and education are precursory. In March 2018, Medicare announced a rule change interpreted to prohibit delivery of Part B‐covered immunosuppressive drugs to hospitals. A subsequent Medicare announcement clarified that immunosuppressive drug delivery to hospitals is acceptable, effective April 2019. To promulgate the perceived importance of medication delivery to hospitals among key providers of transplant discharge education, a 25‐question descriptive survey was distributed between May and July 2018 to pharmacists affiliated with each active US kidney transplant program (n = 238). Survey goals were to describe discharge medication procurement practices, discharge medication teaching practices, and attitudes toward the value of medication education. A total of 155 responses were received from 115 different transplant centers. A majority (93%) of respondents require discharge medications to be onsite prior to hospital discharge. A majority (81%) of respondents use discharge medications during medication education. Acquisition of immunosuppressant medications and their delivery to the inpatient environment prior to discharge for the purpose of medication education is a common practice, is viewed as important, and serves to enhance discharge education, ensure safe transitions of care, and encourage medication adherence.
Diagnosing synovial sarcoma by fine‐needle aspiration cytology and molecular techniques
Authors: Zhang Yifan , Wessman Sandra , Wejde Johan , Tani Edneia , Haglund Felix 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectiveSynovial sarcomas (SS) are rare soft tissue tumours defined by the SYT‐SSX fusion gene. The tumours are composed of mesenchymal cells with varying degrees of epithelial differentiation. Cytomorphological descriptive studies are limited to small series and single cases. In this study we systematically examined the cytological features of SS diagnosed at our institution.MethodsSS diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology at our institution between 2006 and 2018 were reviewed by a panel of senior cytopathologists. Clinical and cytopathological characteristics were categorised and described.ResultsA total of 38 SS FNAs were identified from 35 patients. The cytomorphology was uniform, presenting as highly cellular smears of clusters and individual cells with mixed round, oval and spindle cells. We frequently observed pericapillary arrangement and occasionally pink background stroma was seen. Glandular formation or epithelial components were identified in the majority of cases which on histology were subtyped as biphasic SS. Pleomorphism and mitoses were rare. Immunocytochemical analysis was frequently positive for vimentin, epithelial membrane antigen, Bcl2 and, in recent cases, TLE1. Pan‐cytokeratins and CK7 could occasionally be positive in biphasic cases. The diagnostic SYT‐SSX fusion gene was detected in all FNA specimens using polymerase chain reaction or fluorescence in situ hybridisation.ConclusionsSS have distinct and uniform cytopathological features. Molecular genetic analysis for SYT‐SSX are invaluable for diagnosing SS with FNA and should be implemented in cytopathological laboratories that routinely perform soft tissue diagnostics.
Validity of self‐reports of drinking before injury by cause of injury and societal context among emergency department patients
Authors: Cherpitel Cheryl J. , Ye Yu 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIntroduction and AimsValidity of self‐reported alcohol consumption is a topic of continued interest with mixed findings. Validity of self‐reports prior to injury is analysed among emergency department (ED) patients by cause of injury, blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and societal context.Design and MethodsData are on 16 196 injured patients from 23 countries in the International Collaborative Alcohol and Injury Project. The proportion of those reporting drinking within 6 h prior to injury among the 2658 BAC positive patients was analysed by injury cause (traffic, violence, falls, other), BAC level (0.01–0.079 mg%, ≥ 0.08 mg%), detrimental drinking pattern (DDP) and the International Alcohol Policy and Injury Index (IAPII).ResultsValidity averaged 92%, ranging from 85% for drivers to 95% for violence‐related injuries. Validity was significantly lower at lower BAC levels for all injuries (P < 0.01) and for violence and falls. Countries with a high DDP and those with lower IAPII scores (less restrictive alcohol policy) also appeared more likely to deny drinking which was significant for DDP for falls (P < 0.01) and for IAPII for passengers/pedestrians (P < 0.05) and violence (P < 0.05). Validity was highest for high IAPII countries, ranging from 92% to 99%.Discussion and ConclusionsValidity of self‐report compared to breathalyzer readings at the time of admission to the ED was high, but varied by cause of injury, BAC level, country‐level detrimental drinking patterns and the restrictiveness of alcohol control policy. Findings may support the utility or self‐reports as an alternative to a quantifiable measure of BAC in the ED setting.
Dynamic ensemble models to predict distributions and anthropogenic risk exposure for highly mobile species
Authors: Abrahms Briana , Welch Heather , Brodie Stephanie , Jacox Michael G. , Becker Elizabeth A. , Bograd Steven J. , Irvine Ladd M. , Palacios Daniel M. , Mate Bruce R. , Hazen Elliott L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAimAdvances in ecological and environmental modelling offer new opportunities for estimating dynamic habitat suitability for highly mobile species and supporting management strategies at relevant spatiotemporal scales. We used an ensemble modelling approach to predict daily, year‐round habitat suitability for a migratory species, the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus), and demonstrate an application for evaluating the spatiotemporal dynamics of their exposure to ship strike risk.LocationThe California Current Ecosystem (CCE) and the Southern California Bight (SCB), USA.MethodsWe integrated a long‐term (1994–2008) satellite tracking dataset on 104 blue whales with data‐assimilative ocean model output to assess year‐round habitat suitability. We evaluated the relative utility of ensembling multiple model types compared to using single models, and selected and validated candidate models using multiple cross‐validation metrics and independent observer data. We quantified the spatial and temporal distribution of exposure to ship strike risk within shipping lanes in the SCB.ResultsMulti‐model ensembles outperformed single‐model approaches. The final ensemble model had high predictive skill (AUC = 0.95), resulting in daily, year‐round predictions of blue whale habitat suitability in the CCE that accurately captured migratory behaviour. Risk exposure in shipping lanes was highly variable within and among years as a function of environmental conditions (e.g., marine heatwave).Main conclusionsDaily information on three‐dimensional oceanic habitats was used to model the daily distribution of a highly migratory species with high predictive power and indicated that management strategies could benefit by incorporating dynamic environmental information. This approach is readily transferable to other species. Dynamic, high‐resolution species distribution models are valuable tools for assessing risk exposure and targeting management needs.
Projecting consequences of global warming for the functional diversity of fleshy‐fruited plants and frugivorous birds along a tropical elevational gradient
Authors: Nowak Larissa , Kissling W. Daniel , Bender Irene M. A. , Dehling D. Matthias , Töpfer Till , Böhning‐Gaese Katrin , Schleuning Matthias 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAimSpecies in ecological communities are linked by biotic interactions. It is therefore important to simultaneously study the impacts of global warming on interdependent taxa from different trophic levels. Here, we quantify current and potential future associations of functional diversity (based on multiple traits) and functional identity (based on individual traits) between interacting taxa using projection models under climate change.LocationA tropical elevational gradient (500–3,500 m a.s.l.) in the Manú biosphere reserve, south‐east Peru.MethodsWe investigated different scenarios of how species' elevational ranges might change under climate change based on projected future increases in mean annual temperature and current associations of species' elevational ranges with temperature. We computed the functional diversity and identity of current and potential future plant and bird communities based on morphological traits that have been shown to be important for plant–frugivore interactions. Finally, we tested for changes in the associations between projected functional diversity and identity of future plant and bird communities.ResultsProjected functional diversity of plants and birds decreased under range contraction and range shift scenarios at low elevations. At mid‐ and high elevations, functional diversity of both species groups increased most strongly under range expansion. Correspondence between plant and bird functional diversity was weakest under range contraction, while it remained strong under range expansion and shift. Similarly, the correspondence of projected plant and bird functional identity was weakest under a range contraction scenario.Main conclusionsOur findings suggest that a scenario in which species are dispersal‐limited and sensitive to increasing temperatures is likely to cause a functional mismatch between plant and bird communities along this tropical elevational gradient. This implies that certain functional types of plants could miss avian seed dispersers in the future. Our approach of studying functional diversity of interacting taxa could be more widely applied to identify potential future mismatches between trophic levels.
β‐adrenergic modulation of discrimination learning and memory in the auditory cortex
Authors: Schicknick Horst , Henschke Julia U. , Budinger Eike , Ohl Frank W. , Gundelfinger Eckart D. , Tischmeyer Wolfgang 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDespite vast literature on catecholaminergic neuromodulation of auditory cortex functioning in general, knowledge about its role for long‐term memory formation is scarce. Our previous pharmacological studies on cortex‐dependent frequency‐modulated tone‐sweep discrimination learning of Mongolian gerbils showed that auditory‐cortical D1/5‐dopamine receptor activity facilitates memory consolidation and anterograde memory formation. Considering overlapping functions of D1/5‐dopamine receptors and β‐adrenoceptors, we hypothesised a role of β‐adrenergic signalling in the auditory cortex for sweep discrimination learning and memory. Supporting this hypothesis, the β1/2‐adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol bilaterally applied to the gerbil auditory cortex after task acquisition prevented the discrimination increment that was normally monitored 1 day later. The increment in the total number of hurdle crossings performed in response to the sweeps per se was normal. Propranolol infusion after the seventh training session suppressed the previously established sweep discrimination. The suppressive effect required antagonist injection in a narrow post‐session time window. When applied to the auditory cortex 1 day before initial conditioning, β1‐adrenoceptor‐antagonising and β1‐adrenoceptor‐stimulating agents retarded and facilitated, respectively, sweep discrimination learning, whereas β2‐selective drugs were ineffective. In contrast, single‐sweep detection learning was normal after propranolol infusion. By immunohistochemistry, β1‐ and β2‐adrenoceptors were identified on the neuropil and somata of pyramidal and non‐pyramidal neurons of the gerbil auditory cortex. The present findings suggest that β‐adrenergic signalling in the auditory cortex has task‐related importance for discrimination learning of complex sounds: as previously shown for D1/5‐dopamine receptor signalling, β‐adrenoceptor activity supports long‐term memory consolidation and reconsolidation; additionally, tonic input through β1‐adrenoceptors may control mechanisms permissive for memory acquisition.
Identification and electrophysiological properties of a sphingosine‐dependent plasma membrane Ca2+ channel in Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Rodriguez‐Duran Jessica , Pinto‐Martinez Andrea , Castillo Cecilia , Benaim Gustavo 
Published: June 2019

Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease. The only two drugs accepted for the treatment of this infection are benznidazole and nifurtimox, which are of limited use in the predominant chronic phase. On the search for new drugs, the intracellular Ca2+ regulation has been postulated as a possible target, due to differences found between host cells and the parasite. The mechanisms involved in the intracellular Ca2+ regulation of T. cruzi have been partially elucidated. However, nothing is known about a putative channel responsible for the Ca2+ entry into this parasite. In contrast, in Leishmania spp., a closely related hemoflagelate, a sphingosine‐activated plasma membrane Ca2+ channel has been recently described. The latter resembles the L‐type voltage‐gated Ca2+ channel present in humans, but with distinct characteristics. This channel is one of the main targets concerning the mechanism of action of miltefosine, the unique oral drug approved against leishmaniasis. In the present work, we describe for the first time, the electrophysiological characterization of a sphingosine‐activated Ca2+ channel of T. cruzi by reconstituting plasma membrane vesicles into giant liposomes and patch clamp. This channel shares some characteristic as activation by Bay K8644 and inhibition by channel blockers such as nifedipine. However, the T. cruzi channel differs from the L‐type VGCC in its activation by sphingosine and/or miltefosine. Albeit the conductance for each, Ba2+, Ca2+ and Sr2+ was similar, the parasite channel appears not to be voltage dependent. A gene that presents homology in critical amino acids with its human ortholog Ca2+ channel was identified.
Proportional/nonproportional constant/variable amplitude multiaxial notch fatigue: cyclic plasticity, non‐zero mean stresses, and critical distance/plane
Authors: Faruq N. Zuhair , Susmel Luca 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis paper deals with the formulation and experimental validation of a novel fatigue lifetime estimation technique suitable for assessing the extent of damage in notched metallic materials subjected to in‐service proportional/nonproportional constant/variable amplitude multiaxial load histories. The methodology being formulated makes use of the Modified Manson‐Coffin Curve Method, the Shear Strain–Maximum Variance Method, and the elasto‐plastic Theory of Critical Distances, with the latter theory being applied in the form of the Point Method. The accuracy and reliability of our novel fatigue lifetime estimation technique were checked against a large number of experimental results we generated by testing, under proportional/nonproportional constant/variable amplitude axial‐torsional loading, V‐notched cylindrical specimens made of unalloyed medium‐carbon steel En8 (080M40). Specific experimental trials were run to investigate also the effect of non‐zero mean stresses as well as of different frequencies between the axial and torsional stress/strain components. This systematic validation exercise allowed us to demonstrate that our novel multiaxial fatigue assessment methodology is remarkably accurate, with the estimates falling within an error factor of 2. By modelling the cyclic elasto‐plastic behaviour of metals explicitly, the design methodology being formulated and validated in the present paper offers a complete solution to the problem of estimating multiaxial fatigue lifetime of notched metallic materials, with this holding true independently of sharpness of the stress/strain raiser and complexity of the load history.