bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectrophotometric measurement of the pH of soil extracts using a multiple indicator dye mixture
Authors: Bargrizan S. , Smernik R. J. , Mosley L. M. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryThis paper describes the development of a spectrophotometric method with an expanded pH range of 3–9 that uses a mixed indicator solution (equimolar bromophenol blue, bromocresol purple, m‐cresol purple and thymol blue). The method uses measurements of absorbance of the dye mixture at two wavelengths (434 and 585 nm), chosen to represent the average acid and base peak maxima of the individual dyes within the mixture. The ratio of absorbance at these two wavelengths was used to calculate pH based on measured dye properties (pKa, molar absorptivity) and fundamental equations derived from Beer's law. The mixed dye spectrophotometric pH measurement was tested using certified pH buffers (pH (NBS/NIST) 4.00, 6.86, 9.18) and was found to be accurate to within ± 0–0.06 pH units. Measurements made with the mixed dye showed good correlation against conventional soil pH measurement using a glass electrode (r = 0.99), and also an alkalinity titration (r = 0.99) through the pH range 3–9. The average standard deviation was 0.07 for spectrophotometric soil pH measurement (n = 30) using the dye mixture. The mixed dye technique expands the working range of spectrophotometric pH measurement methods in soils and other applications.HighlightsWe developed a novel spectrophotometric method for measuring soil pH using a mixed indicator dye.
The method greatly extends the working soil pH range of previous single indicator dye approaches.
The results were well correlated with glass electrode measurements between pH 3 and 9.
The method provides new opportunities to study soil chemical processes affected by pH.
Radiographic assessment of the ratio of the hoof wall distal phalanx distance to palmar length of the distal phalanx in 415 front feet of 279 horses
Authors: Mullard J. , Ireland J. , Dyson S. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryDetermination of the ratio of the hoof distal phalanx distance (HDPD) to the length of the palmar aspect of the distal phalanx (HDPDratio) may be helpful for the diagnosis of laminitis. Estimates for normal values have varied (≤0.25 to ≤0.30) and been based on small numbers of horses. No study has compared external characteristics of the hoof wall andHDPDratio. The objective was to document theHDPDratio in a large number of horses/ponies of various breeds; and to assess relationships between signalment and hoof level factors and theHDPDratio and height:bodyweight ratio. This retrospective study included 415 feet from 279 horses with foot pain and no known history of laminitis, or clinical signs of acute laminitis. Lateromedial radiographs were assessed; theHDPDand palmar length of the distal phalanx were measured digitally and the ratio was calculated. The presence of divergent growth rings was determined from lateromedial photographs. Factors associated withHDPDratio were assessed using linear mixed effects models, built using a step‐wise backward elimination procedure with horse included as a random effect, and the final model was selected based on Akaike information criterion. The meanHDPDratio was 0.25 ± 0.03 (median = 0.25;IQR0.23–0.26; range 0.19–0.36). 42.2% of feet had aHDPDratio >0.25. There was no significant difference in medianHDPDratio for feet with divergent growth rings compared with those without (P = 0.16). In the final mixed effects model,HDPDratio decreased with increasing age (coefficient −0.0014; P = 0.008) and with increasing height:bodyweight ratio (coefficient −0.13; P = 0.02) and was greater in Cob breeds (coefficient 0.02; P = 0.001) compared with Warmbloods. However, this model only explained approximately 8.4% ofHDPDratio variability.A limitation of the study was the absence of a control nonlame group. The conclusion of the study was that variation in theHDPDratio was not adequately explained by the factors investigated and large values may reflect lamellar pathology.
The greenhouse gas cost of agricultural intensification with groundwater irrigation in a Midwest U.S. row cropping system
Authors: McGill Bonnie M. , Hamilton Stephen K. , Millar Neville , Robertson G. Philip 
Published: October 2018

AbstractGroundwater irrigation of cropland is expanding worldwide with poorly known implications for climate change. This study compares experimental measurements of the net global warming impact of a rainfed versus a groundwater‐irrigated corn (maize)–soybean–wheat, no‐till cropping system in the Midwest US, the region that produces the majority of U.S. corn and soybean. Irrigation significantly increased soil organic carbon (C) storage in the upper 25 cm, but not by enough to make up for the CO2‐equivalent (CO2e) costs of fossil fuel power, soil emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), and degassing of supersaturated CO2 and N2O from the groundwater. A rainfed reference system had a net mitigating effect of −13.9 (±31) g CO2e m−2 year−1, but with irrigation at an average rate for the region, the irrigated system contributed to global warming with net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 27.1 (±32) g CO2e m−2 year−1. Compared to the rainfed system, the irrigated system had 45% more GHG emissions and 7% more C sequestration. The irrigation‐associated increase in soil N2O and fossil fuel emissions contributed 18% and 9%, respectively, to the system's total emissions in an average irrigation year. Groundwater degassing of CO2 and N2O are missing components of previous assessments of the GHG cost of groundwater irrigation; together they were 4% of the irrigated system's total emissions. The irrigated system's net impact normalized by crop yield (GHG intensity) was +0.04 (±0.006) kg CO2e kg−1 yield, close to that of the rainfed system, which was −0.03 (±0.002) kg CO2e kg−1 yield. Thus, the increased crop yield resulting from irrigation can ameliorate overall GHG emissions if intensification by irrigation prevents land conversion emissions elsewhere, although the expansion of irrigation risks depletion of local water resources.
Delayed herbivory by migratory geese increases summer‐long CO2 uptake in coastal western Alaska
Authors: Leffler A. Joshua , Beard Karen H. , Kelsey Katharine C. , Choi Ryan T. , Schmutz Joel A. , Welker Jeffrey M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe advancement of spring and the differential ability of organisms to respond to changes in plant phenology may lead to “phenological mismatches” as a result of climate change. One potential for considerable mismatch is between migratory birds and food availability in northern breeding ranges, and these mismatches may have consequences for ecosystem function. We conducted a three‐year experiment to examine the consequences for CO2 exchange of advanced spring green‐up and altered timing of grazing by migratory Pacific black brant in a coastal wetland in western Alaska. Experimental treatments represent the variation in green‐up and timing of peak grazing intensity that currently exists in the system. Delayed grazing resulted in greater net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and gross primary productivity (GPP), while early grazing reduced CO2 uptake with the potential of causing net ecosystem carbon (C) loss in late spring and early summer. Conversely, advancing the growing season only influenced ecosystem respiration (ER), resulting in a small increase in ER with no concomitant impact on GPP or NEE. The experimental treatment that represents the most likely future, with green‐up advancing more rapidly than arrival of migratory geese, results in NEE changing by 1.2 µmol m−2 s−1 toward a greater CO2 sink in spring and summer. Increased sink strength, however, may be mitigated by early arrival of migratory geese, which would reduce CO2 uptake. Importantly, while the direct effect of climate warming on phenology of green‐up has a minimal influence on NEE, the indirect effect of climate warming manifest through changes in the timing of peak grazing can have a significant impact on C balance in northern coastal wetlands. Furthermore, processes influencing the timing of goose migration in the winter range can significantly influence ecosystem function in summer habitats.
Can urban rail transit systems alleviate air pollution? Empirical evidence from Beijing
Authors: Guo Shihong , Chen Liqiang 
Published: October 2018

AbstractImproving air quality across mainland China is an urgent policy challenge, while rapidly increasing use of vehicles poses a great menace to the urban population and air quality. Public transportation has received increasing attention as emissions‐ friendly transport options, but whether the urban rail transit system has a significant effect on curbing air pollution has been unclear, and there is a lack of explicit case studies in mainland China. Therefore, the effects of the opening of the Beijing Metro on air pollutants emissions in Beijing were quantified through a regression discontinuity design. Beijing has seen a brisk growth in its rail transit infrastructure and a downward trend of air pollution index since 2005. The regression results show that the operation of the rail transit system was observed to have a significant effect on reducing most of the air pollutants concentrations (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, and CO) but had little effect on ozone pollution. The results obtained were highly robust across a variety of tests. This study contributes to empirical evidence on the air pollutants associated with the opening of rail transit and traffic‐related pollution control policy making in Beijing.
Image interplay between events and destinations
Authors: Dragin‐Jensen Christian , Kwiatkowski Grzegorz 
Published: October 2018

AbstractEvents have become increasingly important in acting as image builders for their host destinations (i.e., cities, regions). Equivalently, the image of a destination can have an impact on event perceptions, resulting in careful considerations for event managers and destination stakeholders to make when pairing an event with a host destination. As a contribution to event and destination image impact research, this paper systematically conducts a review process and identifies peer‐reviewed articles that fall within its established research criteria, thereby synthesizing and gaining new perspectives, as well as presenting new implications by conjoining aspects of destination and event image research. To conduct the review process Cooper's (1988,Knowledge in Society) taxonomy of literature reviews was used. Events play a positive role in impacting a destination's image, whether by increasing awareness and familiarity, reducing negative images, providing believable associations and authenticity as well as community support, or ensuring the host gains positive associations from the event. Destination impacts on events’ images were a far less researched area and therefore revealed a very sparse amount of results. The review for the first time focuses on image implications for both events and host destinations, as opposed to just image impacts from an event to a destination.
Grazing intensity determines pasture spatial heterogeneity and productivity in an integrated crop‐livestock system
Authors: Nunes Pedro Arthur de Albuquerque , Bredemeier Christian , Bremm Carolina , Caetano Luis Augusto Martins , de Almeida Gleice Menezes , de Souza Filho William , Anghinoni Ibanor , Carvalho Paulo César de Faccio 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSpatial heterogeneity is a property of natural ecosystems. Integrated crop‐livestock systems (ICLS) aim to mimic natural ecosystem functions as pillars of sustainable intensification, and grazing is a process that potentially affects spatial heterogeneity. Then, we investigated the effect of different grazing intensities, defined according to a range of sward heights (intensive grazing, 10 cm; moderate grazing, 20 cm; moderate‐light grazing, 30 cm; light grazing, 40 cm; and ungrazed), on the spatial heterogeneity and biomass productivity of mixed Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) pastures. The mixture was grazed by steers under continuous variable stocking, using put‐and‐take animals to maintain targeted sward heights. The pasture was in rotation with soybean in an integrated crop‐livestock system for 15 years. Data concerns pasture phase on the 15th rotation cycle. Cattle grazing at moderate to light intensities increased pasture spatial heterogeneity and total aboveground primary productivity, while intensive grazing led to homogeneous overgrazed canopies with frequent bare soil patches. Pre‐grazing sward structure suggests that the summer crop rotation buffers the contrasts created by grazing at different intensities. This study suggests that moderate to light grazing intensities increase pasture productive efficiency and create more heterogeneous canopies in ICLS, while intensive grazing should be avoided.
Investigating the relationship between the HJHS and HAL in routine clinical practice: A retrospective review
Authors: McLaughlin Paul , Morris Richard , Chowdary Pratima 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIntroductionComprehensive musculoskeletal assessment for monitoring joint health in haemophilia includes both physical assessment with Haemophilia Joint Health Score (HJHS) and assessment of self‐reported function by Haemophilia Activities List (HAL).MethodsCorrelation between physical assessment and joint function was undertaken between HJHS and HAL in patients with SHA and SHB who had both assessments at the same visit over a one‐year period.ResultsData from 120 patients (96‐SHA/24 = SHB) with a median age 33 years (range 19‐73) were included. Median total HJHS was 19, increasing with age: 18‐30 years—7, 31‐50 years—25 and 51‐73 years—44. Similarly, median total HAL score was 80 with decreased function associated with increasing age: 18‐30 years—90.4, 31‐59 years—71.7, 51‐73 years—49.5. Median Total HJHS and HAL demonstrated strong correlation (rs = 0.66, P < 0.01). Moderate‐to‐strong correlations were seen across the entire age group between the HJHS LL and UL subtotals and corresponding limb HAL domains. Within age groups, correlations were less significant particularly for the upper UL domains in HAL and the UL HJHS score. The wide range of ROM in joints categorized as markedly affected (ie, ROM loss score = 3) highlights the potential ceiling effect of this domain score and its use in chronically damaged joints.ConclusionHJHS and HAL showed moderate‐to‐strong correlation with discrepancy in some individual patients. Prospective studies are required to better understand the clinical utility of both especially in severe joint disease where HAL may have a potential advantage.
Choosing a dialyzer: What clinicians need to know
Authors: Haroon Sabrina , Davenport Andrew 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe objectives of hemodialysis have moved from the diffusive clearance of small molecular weight uremic toxins and achieving dialyzer urea adequacy targets to emphasis on improving clinical outcomes in end stage renal failure patients by increasing larger sized uremic toxin clearance. Clinical emphasis in the last few decades has focused on increasing middle molecule weight toxin clearance by hemodiafiltration. Although long‐term data is still lacking, short‐term outcomes appear promising. Advancements in nanotechnology have now introduction a new generation of medium cut‐off membrane dialyzers which allow diffusive clearance of similar middle molecular weight uremia toxin clearance as hemodiafiltration, without increased albumin losses. As these dialyzers have only recently been introduced into clinical practice, no long‐term outcomes are available to determine the relative benefits or advantages of this approach. As dialyzers are now designed to maximize diffusive or convective clearance, or provide a combination, then clinicians can now choose dialyzers tailored to the individual patient needs depending on clinical circumstances. We review the key important features in choosing a dialyzer for patients with end stage renal failure and acute kidney injury.
Do performance‐based research funding systems affect research production and impact?
Authors: Checchi Daniele , Malgarini Marco , Sarlo Scipione 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe study the potential impact of introducing performance‐based funding systems (PBFS) on national research systems, using information on the number of publications and their scientific impact (citations or publications in top‐ranked journals) for 31 countries over the period 1996–2016. The analysis is performed both at the aggregate level and looking separately at each of the six main scientific areas identified according to the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) classification. On average, PBFS are found to increase the number of publications, though the effect is only temporary and fades after a few years. Looking at the scientific impact, PBFS are found to have a negligible effect on excellence as measured by the share of articles published in the top journals, irrespective of the type of assessment adopted. On the contrary, PBFS have some influence on average research quality, as measured by the number of citations per paper normalised with respect to the field.
An explorative study of the consequences of university autonomy in Finland and Brazil
Authors: Kohtamäki Vuokko , Balbachevsky Elizabeth 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper contributes to the analysis of impacts a university might experience with an increased degree of autonomy. Most autonomy studies have empirically considered the legal, political and financial relationships between state authorities and universities in different national contexts. Nevertheless, most of these studies focus on the changes experienced by European universities with increased autonomy. This paper argues that the focus on the Western European perspective limits the conclusions drawn from the relatively homogeneous policy context that frames the perspectives of university autonomy under investigation. This paper will advance research on autonomy and the understanding of changes produced by expanded autonomy in two concrete cases that occurred in contrasting policy frameworks: the University of Tampere, Finland, and the University of São Paulo, Brazil.
FINANCIAL RISK AND UNEMPLOYMENT
Authors: Eckstein Zvi , Setty Ofer , Weiss David 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThere is a strong correlation between corporate interest rates, their spreads relative to Treasuries, and the unemployment rate. We model how corporate interest rates affect equilibrium unemployment and vacancies, in a Diamond–Mortesen–Pissarides search and matching model. Our simple model permits the exploration of U.S. business cycle statistics through the lens of financial shocks. We calibrate the model using U.S. data without targeting business cycle statistics. Volatility in the corporate interest rate can explain a quantitatively meaningful portion of the labor market. Data on corporate firms support the hypothesis that firms facing more volatile financial conditions have more volatile employment.
A STRUCTURAL MODEL OF ELECTORAL ACCOUNTABILITY
Authors: Aruoba S. Borağan , Drazen Allan , Vlaicu Razvan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis article proposes a structural approach to measuring the effects of electoral accountability. We estimate a political agency model with imperfect information in order to identify and quantify discipline and selection effects, using data on U.S. governors. We find that the possibility of reelection provides a significant incentive for incumbents to exert effort, that is, a disciplining effect. We also find a positive but weaker selection effect. According to our model, the widely used two‐term regime improves voter welfare by 4.2% compared to a one‐term regime, and better voter information about the effort of the governors would further increase voter welfare by up to 0.5%.
Hot air drying of tea flowers: effect of experimental temperatures on drying kinetics, bioactive compounds and quality attributes
Authors: Shi Linzuo , Gu Yingjie , Wu Dan , Wu Xiaoqing , Grierson Donald , Tu Youying , Wu Yuanyuan 
Published: October 2018

SummaryThe drying process is important for the quality and value of tea flower products. In the present work, the effects of different hot air drying (HAD) temperatures from 60 to 120 °C on drying kinetics, bioactive compounds (catechins, flavonol glycosides and triterpenoid saponins) and quality attributes (volatile compounds, colours and antioxidant properties) of tea flowers were systematically evaluated. The results showed that higher drying temperature resulted in a shorter drying time but with greater loss of bioactive compounds and quality attributes. Flowers subjected to HAD at 60 °C showed the highest bioactive contents and quality attributes of all HAD samples and the quality of HAD 60 °C samples were close to that of freeze‐dried samples. Taking account of the production efficiency and energy consumption, the tea flowers dried at 60 °C for 180 min was preferred. These findings provide a guide for the processing of tea flowers with the aim of improving the overall quality of the product.
Spatial and temporal coordination of antiviral responses by group 1 ILCs
Authors: Adams Nicholas M. , Sun Joseph C. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryGroup 1 innate lymphocytes consist of a phenotypically, spatially, and functionally heterogeneous population of NK cells and ILC1s that are engaged during pathogen invasion. We are only beginning to understand the context‐dependent roles that different subsets of group 1 innate lymphocytes play during homeostatic perturbations. With a focus on viral infection, this review highlights the organization and regulation of spatially and temporally distinct waves of NK cell and ILC1 responses that collectively serve to achieve optimal viral control.
Promise postponed: republican values, social exclusion, and the Frenchbanlieue
Authors: Epstein Beth S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe ongoing crisis of the disadvantaged French outer‐city is portrayed in France as both the consequence and cause of the breakdown of an engaged and participatory collective life, and is increasingly viewed as the result of rising ethnic tensions and of the failure of French republican values to take hold. As these explanations gain ground, they move consideration away from the socio‐economic transformations that have so durably impacted conditions in these outer‐city areas. De‐industrialisation and the shrinking of the welfare state have greatly diminished the potential for social mobility in these districts, hollowing out in the process the potential of the French republican project to manage social inequalities. Through a consideration of these discourses and the way they have shifted since the 1990s, it is argued that the rising enactment of ethnic tension in thebanlieueneeds to be seen as an expression of this contradiction, of the modernist hopes and subsequent disappointments that these districts have incarnated, and of the failure of the state to sustain these areas during a period of prolonged economic restructuring.