bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experientially learning how to communicate science effectively: A case study on decoding science
Authors: Luisi Monique L. R. , Rodgers Shelly , Schultz Jack C. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe need for science communication programs is matched with the need for program evaluation. This case study is an evaluation of the “Decoding Science” program (DSP) [Rodgers et al. (2018). Science Communication, 40(1), 3–32], a science communication training program, and examines key experiential‐learning themes [Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice‐Hall]. Specifically, we discuss the program's emphasis on learning that science communication is a process that (a) is continual, (b) involves conflict resolution, (c) requires adaptation to the world, (d) requires environmental interaction, and leads to (e) knowledge creation. Additionally, we discuss our analysis of student feedback. Results suggest that the DSP successfully utilizes experiential learning to facilitate the learning of science communication techniques and that future evaluations can lead to the development and improvement of science communication training programs.
Imaging in gynecological disease (16): clinical and ultrasound characteristics of serous cystadenofibromas in adnexa
Authors: Virgilio B. A. , De Blasis I. , Sladkevicius P. , Moro F. , Zannoni G. F. , Arciuolo D. , Mascilini F. , Ciccarone F. , Timmerman D. , Kaijser J. , Fruscio R. , Van Holsbeke C. , Franchi D. , Epstein E. , Leone F. P. G. , Guerriero S. , Czekierdowski A. , Scambia G. , Testa A. C. , Valentin L. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo describe the clinical and ultrasound characteristics of serous cystadenofibromas in the adnexa.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of patients identified in the International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) database, who had a histological diagnosis of serous cystadenofibroma and had undergone preoperative ultrasound examination by an experienced ultrasound examiner, between 1999 and 2012. In the IOTA database, which contains data collected prospectively, the tumors were described using the terms and definitions of the IOTA group. In addition, three authors reviewed, first independently and then together, ultrasound images of serous cystadenofibromas and described them using pattern recognition.ResultsWe identified 233 women with a histological diagnosis of serous cystadenofibroma. In the IOTA database, most cystadenofibromas (67.4%; 157/233) were described as containing solid components but 19.3% (45/233) were described as multilocular cysts and 13.3% (31/233) as unilocular cysts. Papillary projections were described in 52.4% (122/233) of the cystadenofibromas. In 79.5% (97/122) of the cysts with papillary projections, color Doppler signals were absent in the papillary projections. Most cystadenofibromas (83.7%; 195/233) manifested no or minimal color Doppler signals. On retrospective analysis of 201 ultrasound images of serous cystadenofibromas, using pattern recognition, 10 major types of ultrasound appearance were identified. The most common pattern was a unilocular solid cyst with one or more papillary projections, but no other solid components (25.9%; 52/201). The second most common pattern was a multilocular solid mass with small solid component(s), but no papillary projections (19.4%; 39/201). The third and fourth most common patterns were multi‐ or bilocular cyst (16.9%; 34/201) and unilocular cyst (11.9%; 24/201). Using pattern recognition, shadowing was identified in 39.8% (80/201) of the tumors, and microcystic appearance of the papillary projections was observed in 34 (38.6%) of the 88 tumors containing papillary projections.ConclusionsThe ultrasound features of serous cystadenofibromas vary. The most common pattern is a unilocular solid cyst with one or more papillary projections but no other solid components, with absent color Doppler signals. Most serous cystadenofibromas were poorly vascularized on color Doppler examination and many manifested acoustic shadowing. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Maternal and neonatal complications of fetal macrosomia: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Beta J. , Khan N. , Khalil A. , Fiolna M. , Ramadan G. , Akolekar R. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo determine accurate estimates of risks of maternal and neonatal complications in pregnancies with fetal macrosomia by performing a systematic review of the literature and meta‐analysis.MethodsA search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and The Cochrane Library was performed to identify relevant studies reporting on maternal and/or neonatal complications in pregnancies with macrosomia having a birth weight (BW) > 4000 g and/or those with birth weight > 4500 g. Prospective and retrospective cohort and population‐based studies that provided data regarding both cases and controls were included. Maternal outcomes assessed were emergency Cesarean section (CS), postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASIS). Neonatal outcomes assessed were shoulder dystocia, obstetric brachial plexus injury (OBPI) and birth fractures. Meta‐analysis using a random‐effects model was used to estimate weighted pooled estimates of summary statistics (odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI) for each complication, according to birth weight. Heterogeneity between studies was estimated using Cochran's Q, I2 statistic and funnel plots.ResultsSeventeen studies reporting data on maternal and/or neonatal complications in pregnancy with macrosomia were included. In pregnancies with macrosomia having a BW > 4000 g, there was an increased risk of the maternal complications: emergency CS, PPH and OASIS, which had OR (95% CI) of 1.98 (1.80–2.18), 2.05 (1.90–2.22) and 1.91 (1.56–2.33), respectively. The corresponding values for pregnancies with BW > 4500 g were: 2.55 (2.33–2.78), 3.15 (2.14–4.63) and 2.56 (1.97–3.32). Similarly, in pregnancies with a BW > 4000 g, there was an increased risk of the neonatal complications: shoulder dystocia, OBPI and birth fractures, which had OR (95% CI) of 9.54 (6.76–13.46), 11.03 (7.06–17.23) and 6.43 (3.67–11.28), respectively. The corresponding values for pregnancies with a BW > 4500 g were: 15.64 (11.31–21.64), 19.87 (12.19–32.40) and 8.16 (2.75–24.23).ConclusionMacrosomia is associated with serious maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes. This study provides accurate estimates of these risks, which can be used for decisions on pregnancy management. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Serum prolactin and testosterone levels in captive and wild brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) during the prebreeding, breeding, and incubation periods
Authors: Jensen Thomas , Jamieson Sarah E. , Castro Isabel , Gartrell Brett , Cockrem John F. , Durrant Barbara 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli), the male is the primary incubator, a trait that is relatively rare among birds. The maintenance of avian incubation behavior is controlled by the protein hormone prolactin (PRL). Although steroid hormone concentrations in both wild and captive kiwi have previously been reported, this study is the first to report levels of PRL in captive and wild male and female kiwi through the prebreeding and breeding seasons, and to directly compare testosterone (T) concentrations between captive and wild males during the breeding and incubation periods. Female PRL concentrations increased at the time of oviposition, whereas male PRL concentrations rose gradually between the prebreeding and incubation periods. Although males are considered the main incubator, an increase in PRL levels could help females maintain behaviors such as nest guarding, or to take over incubation the event of mate loss. A gradual increase in PRL allows the male to be ready for incubation during the long breeding season. Interestingly, T concentrations in captive males did not decrease during incubation and was significantly higher than in wild males. Continual elevated T could have an impact on sperm production through negative feedback, thereby contributing to the low egg fertility seen in captive kiwi. Therefore, determining the underlying reason for the differences in hormone levels could be significant, if not vital, for improving the success of captive kiwi breeding programs.
Effects of Liquid Impurity on Laser-Induced Gas Breakdown in Quiescent Gas: Experimental and Numerical Investigations
Authors: Ukai T. , Zare-Behtash H. , White C. , Kontis K. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis paper reports that the presence of liquid impurity significantly affects the shock wave structure induced by laser-induced gas breakdown in a quiescent gas. A spherical blast wave is formed when there are no suspended liquid particles, whereas an elliptic shaped blast wave appears in gas breakdown with the presence of suspended liquid particles. The elliptic shaped blast wave has a higher overpressure magnitude on the perpendicular axis of the laser path.
Scalar asymptotic charges and dual large gauge transformations
Authors: Campiglia Miguel , Freidel Laurent , Hopfmueller Florian , Soni Ronak M. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

In recent years soft factorization theorems in scattering amplitudes have been reinterpreted as conservation laws of asymptotic charges. In gauge, gravity, and higher spin theories the asymptotic charges can be understood as canonical generators of large gauge symmetries. Such a symmetry interpretation has been so far missing for scalar soft theorems. We remedy this situation by treating the massless scalar field in terms of a dual two-form gauge field. We show that the asymptotic charges associated to the scalar soft theorem can be understood as generators of large gauge transformations of the dual two-form field.
The dual picture introduces two new puzzles: the charges have very unexpected Poisson brackets with the fields, and the monopole term does not always have a dual gauge transformation interpretation. We find analogues of these two properties in the Kramers-Wannier duality on a finite lattice, indicating that the free scalar theory has new edge modes at infinity that canonically commute with all the bulk degrees of freedom.
Practice Patterns in Parathyroid Surgery: A Survey of Asia‐Pacific Parathyroid Surgeons
Authors: Chen Rufi , Oh Han Boon , Parameswaran Rajeev , Gorelik Alexandra , Miller Julie A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundPractice variations exist amongst parathyroid surgeons depending on their expertise and resources. Our study aims to elucidate the choice of surgical techniques and adjuncts used in parathyroid surgery by surgeons in the Asia‐Pacific region.MethodsA 25‐question online survey was sent to members of five endocrine surgery associations. Questions covered training background, practice environment and preferred techniques in parathyroid surgery. Respondents were divided into three regions: Australia/New Zealand, South/South East Asia and East Asia, and responses were analysed according to region, specialty, case volume and years in practice.ResultsOne hundred ninety‐six surgeons returned the questionnaire. Most surgeons (98%) routinely perform preoperative imaging, with 75% preferring dual imaging with 99mTcsestamibi and ultrasound. Ten per cent of surgeons use parathyroid 4DCT as first‐line imaging, more commonly in East Asia (p = 0.038). Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy is the favoured technique of choice (97%). Most surgeons reporting robotic or endoscopic approaches are from East Asia. Rapid intraoperative parathyroid hormone is accessible to just under half of the surgeons but less available in Australian/New Zealand (p < 0.001). The use of intraoperative neuromonitoring is not commonly used, even less so amongst Asian surgeons (p = 0.048) and surgeons with low case load (p = 0.013).ConclusionDual localisation techniques are the preferred choice of investigations in preparation for parathyroid surgery, with minimally invasive surgery without neuromonitoring the preferred approach. Use of adjuncts is sporadic and limited to certain centres.
Diffusion-Controlled Lengthening Rates of Bainitic Ferrite a Part of the Steel Genome
Authors: Leach Lindsay , Ågren John , Höglund Lars , Borgenstam Annika 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
As a step in the further development of models and databases to support design of new steels, i.e., the “steel genome”, the growth of bainitic ferrite plates is accounted for by a thermodynamic and kinetic approach. The thermodynamic aspects are represented by CALPHAD databases and a Gibbs energy barrier for growth B
m. Experimental information on ferrite-plate growth rates for a number of Fe-C alloys, some of high-purity, are analyzed in terms of a modified Zener–Hillert model and the barrier as well as some kinetic parameters are evaluated. It is found that the barrier varies in a smooth way with carbon content and lengthening rate. In order to improve the agreement with the experimental information it was necessary to adjust the diffusion coefficient of carbon in austenite at low temperatures. It is concluded that the representation of the experimental data is satisfactory.
Rethinking the Origins of Civic Culture and Why it Matters for the Study of the Arab World (TheGovernment and Opposition/Leonard Schapiro Lecture 2018)
Authors: Wickham Carrie Rosefsky 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe protests of the Arab Spring sparked hope for a democratic breakthrough in a region long known for its durable systems of authoritarian rule, but optimism soon turned to disappointment. This article argues that the main problem with the post-Arab Spring narrative of failure and regression is that it equates democratization with regime change and places too great a causal burden on protests as the route to its achievement. It proposes that democratization can be understood as a multivalent process encompassing changes occurring at different registers, spurred by different causal mechanisms, and according to different time lines, rather than as a fixed package of changes that proceed in unilinear fashion from different variants of authoritarianism towards a common democratic finish line. Thinking about democratization differently alerts us to vectors of change we might otherwise fail to notice and enables us to move beyond the over-generalizations and over-simplifications that arise when we focus solely on (changes in) macro structures and relations of power.
Maternal plasma vitamin B12 concentrations during pregnancy and infant cognitive outcomes at 2 years of age
Authors: Lai Jun S. , Mohamad Ayob M. Na’im , Cai Shirong , Quah Phaik Ling , Gluckman Peter D. , Shek Lynette P. , Yap Fabian , Tan Kok Hian , Chong Yap Seng , Godfrey Keith M. , Meaney Michael J. , Broekman Birit F. P. , Rifkin-Graboi Anne , Chong Mary F. F. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractEvidence on long-term influences of maternal vitamin B12 deficiency or concentrations on infant cognition is limited. We examined associations between maternal plasma vitamin B12 and cognitive development in 24-month-old infants. Maternal plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were measured at 26–28 weeks’ gestation; infant cognitive development was assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III at 24 months, for 443 mother–infant pairs from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes cohort. Linear regressions adjusted for key confounders examined associations of maternal vitamin B12 with cognitive, receptive and expressive language, fine and gross motor subscales. Co-occurrence of maternal vitamin B12 with folate or vitamin B6 insufficiencies on child’s cognition was explored. Average maternal plasma vitamin B12 concentrations was 220·5 ± 80·5 pmol/l; 15 % and 41 % of mothers were vitamin B12 deficient (&lt;148 pmol/l) and insufficient (148–220·9 pmol/l), respectively. Infants of mothers with vitamin B12 deficiency had 0·42 (95 % CI −0·70, −0·14) sd lower cognitive scores, compared with infants of mothers with sufficient vitamin B12. Co-occurrence of maternal vitamins B12 and B6 insufficiencies was associated with 0·37 (95 % CI −0·69, −0·06) sd lower cognitive scores in infants compared with infants of mothers sufficient in both vitamins. No significant associations were observed with other subscales. Study findings suggest the possible need to ensure adequate vitamin B12 during pregnancy. The impact of co-occurrence of maternal B-vitamins insufficiencies on early cognitive development warrants further investigation.
Prediction model for the efficacy of folic acid therapy on hyperhomocysteinaemia based on genetic risk score methods
Authors: Du Binghui , Zhang Chengda , Yue Limin , Ren Bingnan , Zhao Qinglin , Li Dankang , He Yuanhong , Zhang Weidong 
Published: April 2019

AbstractNo risk assessment tools for the efficacy of folic acid treatment for hyperhomocysteinaemia (HHcy) have been developed. We aimed to use two common genetic risk score (GRS) methods to construct prediction models for the efficacy of folic acid therapy on HHcy, and the best gene–environment prediction model was screened out. A prospective cohort study enrolling 638 HHcy patients was performed. We used a logistic regression model to estimate the associations of two GRS methods with the efficacy. Performances were compared using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The simple count genetic risk score (SC-GRS) and weighted genetic risk score (wGRS) were found to be independently associated with the efficacy of folic acid treatment for HHcy. Using the SC-GRS, per risk allele increased with a 1·46-fold increased failure risk (P < 0·001) after adjustment for traditional risk factors, including age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, history of diabetes, history of hypertension, history of hyperlipidaemia, history of stroke and history of CHD. When used the wGRS, the association was strengthened (OR = 2·08, P < 0·001). Addition of the SC-GRS and wGRS to the traditional risk model significantly improved the predictive ability by AUC (0·859). A precise gene–environment predictive model with good performance was developed for predicting the treatment failure rate of folic acid therapy for HHcy.
A protracted Ediacaran–Cambrian transition: an ichnologic ecospace analysis of the Fortunian in Newfoundland, Canada
Authors: Laing Brittany A. , Mángano M. Gabriela , Buatois Luis A. , Narbonne Guy M. , Gougeon Romain C. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe transition between the seemingly disparate Ediacaran and Cambrian faunas is both enigmatic and body-fossil poor. The Chapel Island Formation on the Burin Peninsula, Newfoundland, Canada, contains a rich diversity of ichnofossils, providing new insight into the nature of the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition and early Fortunian ecosystems. Five ichnoguilds are recognized within the Treptichnus pedum zone. Ichnologic data are analysed from an ecospace perspective, revealing a more protracted transition between Ediacaran and Cambrian ecosystems. Our analysis documents the appearance of limbs, vertical burrows and uncontroversial equilibrium structures, as well as the retention of ‘other’ feeding styles, such as microbial grazing and chemosynthesis.
Compressional metamorphic core complexes, low-angle normal faults and extensional fabrics in compressional tectonic settings
Authors: Searle Michael P. , Lamont Thomas N. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMetamorphic core complexes (MCCs) are interpreted as domal structures exposing ductile deformed high-grade metamorphic rocks in the core underlying a ductile-to-brittle high-strain detachment that experienced tens of kilometres of normal sense displacement in response to lithospheric extension. Extension is supposedly the driving force that has governed exhumation. However, numerous core complexes, notably Himalayan, Karakoram and Pamir domes, occur in wholly compressional environments and are not related to lithospheric extension. We suggest that many MCCs previously thought to form during extension are instead related to compressional tectonics. Pressures of kyanite-and sillimanite-grade rocks in the cores of many of these domes are c. 10–14 kbar, approximating to exhumation from depths of c. 35–45 km, too great to be accounted for solely by isostatic uplift. The evolution of high-grade metamorphic rocks is driven by crustal thickening, shortening, regional Barrovian metamorphism, isoclinal folding and ductile shear in a compressional tectonic setting prior to regional extension. Extensional fabrics commonly associated with all these core complexes result from reverse flow along an orogenic channel (channel flow) following peak metamorphism beneath a passive roof stretching fault. In Naxos, low-angle normal faults associated with regional Aegean extension cut earlier formed compressional folds and metamorphic fabrics related to crustal shortening and thickening. The fact that low-angle normal faults exist in both extensional and compressional tectonic settings, and can actively slip at low angles (< 30°), suggests that a re-evaluation of the Andersonian mechanical theory that requires normal faults to form and slip only at high angles (c. 60°) is needed.
Pathway-based polygene risk for severe depression implicates drug metabolism in CONVERGE
Authors: Docherty Anna R. , Moscati Arden , Bigdeli Tim B. , Edwards Alexis C. , Peterson Roseann E. , Adkins Daniel E. , Anderson John S. , Flint Jonathan , Kendler Kenneth S. , Bacanu Silviu-Alin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) has made major advances in the molecular etiology of MDD, confirming that MDD is highly polygenic. Pathway enrichment results from PGC meta-analyses can also be used to help inform molecular drug targets. Prior to any knowledge of molecular biomarkers for MDD, drugs targeting molecular pathways (MPs) proved successful in treating MDD. It is possible that examining polygenicity within specific MPs implicated in MDD can further refine molecular drug targets.MethodsUsing a large case–control GWAS based on low-coverage whole genome sequencing (N= 10 640) in Han Chinese women, we derived polygenic risk scores (PRS) for MDD and for MDD specific to each of over 300 MPs previously shown to be relevant to psychiatric diagnoses. We then identified sets of PRSs, accounting for critical covariates, significantly predictive of case status.ResultsOver and above global MDD polygenic risk, polygenic risk within the GO: 0017144 drug metabolism pathway significantly predicted recurrent depression after multiple testing correction. Secondary transcriptomic analysis suggests that among genes in this pathway, CYP2C19 (family of Cytochrome P450) and CBR1 (Carbonyl Reductase 1) might be most relevant to MDD. Within the cases, pathway-based risk was additionally associated with age at onset of MDD.ConclusionsResults indicate that pathway-based risk might inform etiology of recurrent major depression. Future research should examine whether polygenicity of the drug metabolism gene pathway has any association with clinical presentation or treatment response. We discuss limitations to the generalizability of these preliminary findings, and urge replication in future research.