bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case Study: Extreme Weight Making Causes Relative Energy Deficiency, Dehydration, and Acute Kidney Injury in a Male Mixed Martial Arts Athlete
Authors: Kasper Andreas M. , Crighton Ben , Langan-Evans Carl , Riley Philip , Sharma Asheesh , Close Graeme L. , Morton James P. 
Published: July 2018

The aim of the present case study was to quantify the physiological and metabolic impact of extreme weight cutting by an elite male mixed martial arts athlete. Throughout an 8-week period, we obtained regular assessments of body composition, resting metabolic rate, peak oxygen uptake, and blood clinical chemistry to assess endocrine status, lipid profiles, hydration, and kidney function. The athlete adhered to a “phased” weight loss plan consisting of 7 weeks of reduced energy (ranging from 1,300 to 1,900 kcal/day) intake (Phase 1), 5 days of water loading with 8 L/day for 4 days followed by 250 ml on Day 5 (Phase 2), 20 hr of fasting and dehydration (Phase 3), and 32 hr of rehydration and refueling prior to competition (Phase 4). Body mass declined by 18.1% (80.2 to 65.7 kg) corresponding to changes of 4.4, 2.8, and 7.3 kg in Phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively. We observed clear indices of relative energy deficiency, as evidenced by reduced resting metabolic rate (−331 kcal), inability to complete performance tests, alterations to endocrine hormones (testosterone: <3 nmol/L), and hypercholesterolemia (>6 mmol/L). Moreover, severe dehydration (reducing body mass by 9.3%) in the final 24 hr prior to weigh-in-induced hypernatremia (plasma sodium: 148 mmol/L) and acute kidney injury (serum creatinine: 177 μmol/L). These data, therefore, support publicized reports of the harmful (and potentially fatal) effects of extreme weight cutting in mixed martial arts athletes and represent a call for action to governing bodies to safeguard the welfare of mixed martial arts athletes.
Processing and characterization of Cd/Ti co-substituted BiFeO3 nanoceramics
Authors: Kumar Nitin , Shukla Alok 
Published: July 2018

The aim of the present study is to synthesize the Bi(Cd0.45Ti0.45Fe0.10)O3 (BCTF45/10) nanoceramics by solid state reaction ceramic method at an ambient temperature. Therefore, a raw material in stoichiometric ratios of carbonates and oxide powder was employed to obtain a precursor of the BCTF45/10 nanoceramics. The as-prepared mixture is calcined at 1010 K for 4 h in an air atmosphere. Preliminary structural and surface morphological analyses were carried out using powder X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscopy technique, respectively. X-ray analysis of synthesized compound shows the formation of single-phase orthorhombic structure with an average crystallite size of 25 nm. The sintered bodies have relative density above 95%. A correlation between both dielectric parameter of the as-synthesized compounds were also discussed in a wide temperature (298–673 K) and different operated frequency range (1–750 kHz). Addition of Cd/Ti affected the ferroelectric property of the BiFeO3 due to contribution from the leakage current.
On ground test of AL6016 structure influenced from space proton irradiated by MC-50 cyclotron
Authors: Kim Yong Hong , Kim Dae Weon , Shin Dong Chul , Kim Tae Gyu , Kim Yong Bae 
Published: July 2018

Aluminum alloy 6061 is widely used for space development since the advent of space era irradiated with protons using cyclotron. In the condition of confined 5-mm thick wall, protons of 5 MeV, the case of low energy showed larger damage in the structure of aluminum alloy than those of 25.4 MeV, the case of high energy. Protons of 5 MeV stopped and transferred all kinetic energy into the 5-mm thick wall, on the other hand, protons of 25.4 MeV were penetrating and a few energy transferred. Elastic modulus reduced, but elongation was increased, finally tensile strength obviously showed that longer duration of exposure yielded weaker strength of material.
Production of boron nitride nanostructures using nanosecond laser ablation in acetone
Authors: Yamaguchi Atsushi , Kanazawa Makoto , Koinkar Pankaj , Furube Akihiro , Kondawar S. B. , Murai Kei-Ichiro , Moriga Toshihiro 
Published: July 2018

Growing interest in fundamental research on two-dimensional transition metal chalcogenides (TMDs) is rising rapidly due to their excellent physical and chemical properties. One such materials is Boron nitride (BN), an electrical insulator with a band gap of 5.5 eV, which possesses a high chemical stability, excellent mechanical properties and high thermal conductivity. Cubic BN (c-BN) and hexagonal BN (h-BN) are kinds of layered materials similar to that of graphite-like structure in which planar networks of BN hexagons are regularly stacked. In the present study, we report a general approach for the production of BN nanostructures using nanosecond laser ablation (Nd:YAG, 532 nm) in acetone at room-temperature. The laser ablation time was varied for 30, 120 and 240 min. The prepared BN nanostructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to identify the formation of nanostructure. The presence of BN nanoparticle has been confirmed by SEM images and supported by XRD spectrum. It is expected that the BN nanoparticles have practical importance for optoelectronic devices and their applications in the near future.
Spectroscopic study of La2O3 thin films deposited by indigenously developed plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition system
Authors: Barhate Viral , Agrawal Khushabu , Patil Vilas , Patil Sumit , Mahajan Ashok 
Published: July 2018

The spectroscopic study of La2O3 thin films deposited over Si and SiC at low RF power of 25 W by using indigenously developed plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (IDPEALD) system has been investigated. The tris (cyclopentadienyl) lanthanum (III) and O2 plasma were used as a source precursor of lanthanum and oxygen, respectively. The [Formula: see text]1.2 nm thick La2O3 over SiC and Si has been formed based on our recipe confirmed by means of cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. The structural characterization of deposited films was performed by means of X-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The XPS result confirms the formation of 3[Formula: see text] oxidation state of the lanthania. The XRD results reveals that, deposited La2O3 films deposited on SiC are amorphous in nature compare to that of films on Si. The AFM micrograph shows the lowest roughness of 0.26 nm for 30 cycles of La2O3 thin films.
Eco-friendly removal of phosphate from aqueous solution using natural dietary fibers and minerals
Authors: Quyen Ho Hong , Yoshioka Maki , Kurashina Masashi , Yasuzawa Mikito , Thuy Le Thi Xuan 
Published: July 2018

In this study, we focused on the investigation of phosphate removal using calcium oxide (CaO) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) which are mainly from the calcined shells as adsorbents. Hydroxylapatite Ca[Formula: see text](PO4)6(OH)2, the component of industrial fertilizer was formed after the adsorption process following the XRD results. The phosphate removal increased from 20% to 97% with the aid of the mixture of flocculants alginic acid (AA), NaHCO3 and CaCl[Formula: see text] 2H2O in the case of 50 ppm phosphate concentration when the samples were filtered through 2.7 [Formula: see text]m particle retention filter paper which is roughly equivalent to the case of phosphate removal rate of 0.2 [Formula: see text]m membrane filter paper without flocculants (99%). The results suggest that AA, NaHCO3 and CaCl[Formula: see text]2H2O as the flocculants are effective for phosphate removal from 20 to 100 ppm.
Effect of curing cycles using wet prepreg processing on mechanical properties
Authors: Zixuan Chen , Tianyu Yu , Jung Kyung-Seok , Park Chang-Wook , Park Soo-Jeong , Koinkar Pankaj , Kim Yun-Hae 
Published: July 2018

For the fabrication of polymer-based composite materials, the interpretation of an appropriate fabrication process is essential to improve the productivity and manufacturing process. In this study, the wet prepreg forming process was used to fabricate carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) and different curing cycles were demonstrated for an optimal process. To determine the range of curing temperature, a pretreatment on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis was performed. After that, tensile and ILSS tests were adopted to investigate the mechanical properties and thermal analysis on a matrix carried out by the DSC equipment. Different volumes of the matrix residue on fractured fiber, which represent the matrix-reinforcement adhesion strength, were observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Also, a void aggregation was found in high curing temperature situation due to excessive exotherm. Both the tensile strength and ILSS held a certain trend with the changing curing cycles. The highest tensile strength (469 MPa) and glass transition temperature (Tg) at 91.58[Formula: see text]C occurred at 80[Formula: see text]C and 12 h curing temperature and time, respectively. The result of ILSS had an almost opposite tendency of the tensile strength. A correlation between Tg and mechanical properties was observed and it can be extensively applied to optimize the manufacturing process.
Formation of WS2 nanosheets and its field emission studies
Authors: Koinkar Pankaj , Kanazawa Makoto , Ohsumi Yu , Furube Akihiro , More Mahendra A. 
Published: July 2018

The present study describes the results on the formation of WS2 nanosheets using the nanosecond laser ablation in a liquid environment. The laser ablation in liquid is a well-known method and is widely used for the generation of nanostructure. The nanosecond laser ablation is used to irradiate WS2 in a isopropyl alcohol to generate WS2 nanosheets. The laser ablation time was 120 min. The field emission measurement of irradiated WS2 nanostructures was performed. The Bulk and WS2 were used to characterize the Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy to reveal their surface and structural morphology. It is found that the laser ablation time is an important parameter to transform the bulk WS2 into WS2 nanosheets. The generation of WS2 nanosheets is revealed by the Raman spectra. Moreover, the TEM images indicate that the size of WS2 microsheet has been reduced to 400 nm after the laser ablation treatment. It is also found that the field emission current density of WS2 is increased after the laser ablation. The improvement in the field emission characteristics of WS2 is due to the formation of WS2 as well as the separation of layered WS2 structure into few layers of WS2. The formation of WS2 nanosheets can be used for future optoelectronic devices.
Purification of groundwater contaminated with iron and manganese by effective cost filter materials for households in rural areas
Authors: Thuy Le Thi Xuan , Suong Le Thi , Mai Nguyen Thi Sao , Quyen Ho Hong , Yasuzawa Mikito 
Published: July 2018

This research investigated the feasibility of effective cost filter materials for groundwater purification in the small and medium scale households in Vietnamese rural areas. The trial models could treat 30 L of groundwater with aeration flow 5 L/min for 15 min. After 24 h of sedimentation, the water was filtered through layers of gravel (h = 11 cm), sea sand (h = 11 cm), activated carbon (h = 15 cm), manganese sand (h = 12 cm), sea sand (h = 11 cm) and gravel (h = 11 cm). After treatment process, the concentration of Fe and Mn ions of the output trial models was lower than the Vietnamese standard for drinking water. The model has a simple structure and easy assembly for washing the filter materials which continued to be used for the next filtration process. These models provide in rural areas, where it promising solutions for supplying drinking water to households is difficult to get clean ground water.
Expanding Phenotype of Nephronophthisis-Related Ciliopathy: an Elderly Patient with Homozygous <b><i>RPGRIP1L</i></b> Mutation
Authors: Kawaguchi Takahisa , Yoshida Tadashi , Hirahashi Junichi , Uehara Tomoko , Takenouchi Toshiki , Kosaki Kenjiro , Itoh Hiroshi , Hayashi Matsuhiko 
Published: July 2018

Nephronophthisis-related ciliopathies (NPHP-RC) are autosomal recessive disorders characterized by renal corticomedullary cysts with the extrarenal symptoms. Typically, patients with NPHP-RC reach end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) before the age of 30 years. We herein report a Japanese woman with NPHP-RC who had unusually delayed progression to ESKD after 6 decades. She exhibited liver dysfunction at the age of 23 years. She also showed mild renal dysfunction at the age of 43 years. Ultrasonography revealed bilateral multiple renal cysts with loss of corticomedullary differentiation. Her liver and renal functions gradually deteriorated. She was diagnosed with liver fibrosis as a result of biopsy, and initiated the maintenance hemodiafiltration therapy for ESKD at the age of 61 years. Because of a unique combination of multiple renal cysts and liver fibrosis, ciliopathy was suspected and medical exome analysis was performed. A novel homozygous missense mutation was identified in <i>RPGRIP1L</i> (c.1810G&#x3e;A p.Glu604Lys), a causative gene for NPHP-RC. To the best of our knowledge, this patient is the oldest one who progressed to ESKD in NPHP-RC. Our case illustrates that NPHP-RC should be included in the differential diagnosis of the patient with corticomedullary polycystic kidneys accompanied by the extrarenal organ involvements, even if the patient is elderly.
Protein Kinase Cθ Via Activating Transcription Factor 2-Mediated CD36 Expression and Foam Cell Formation of Ly6C
hi
Cells Contributes to Atherosclerosis
Authors: Raghavan Somasundaram , Singh Nikhlesh K. , Gali Sivaiah , Mani Arul M. , Rao Gadiparthi N. 
Published: July 2018

Background:
Although the role of thrombin in atherothrombosis is well studied, its role in the pathogenesis of diet-induced atherosclerosis is not known.

Methods:
Using a mouse model of diet-induced atherosclerosis and molecular biological approaches, here we have explored the role of thrombin and its G protein-coupled receptor signaling in diet-induced atherosclerosis.

Results:

In exploring the role of G protein-coupled receptor signaling in atherogenesis, we found that thrombin triggers foam cell formation via inducing CD36 expression, and these events require Par1-mediated Gα12-Pyk2-Gab1-protein kinase C (PKC)θ-dependent ATF2 activation. Genetic deletion of PKCθ in apolipoprotein E (ApoE)
−/−
mice reduced Western diet-induced plaque formation. Furthermore, thrombin induced Pyk2, Gab1, PKCθ, and ATF2 phosphorylation, CD36 expression, and foam cell formation in peritoneal macrophages of ApoE
−/−
mice. In contrast, thrombin only stimulated Pyk2 and Gab1 but not ATF2 phosphorylation or its target gene CD36 expression in the peritoneal macrophages of ApoE
−/−
:PKCθ
−/−
mice, and it had no effect on foam cell formation. In addition, the aortic root cross-sections of Western diet-fed ApoE
−/−
mice showed increased Pyk2, Gab1, PKCθ, and ATF2 phosphorylation and CD36 expression as compared with ApoE
−/−
:PKCθ
−/−
mice. Furthermore, although the monocytes from peripheral blood and the aorta of Western diet-fed ApoE
−/−
mice were found to contain more of Ly6C
hi
cells than Ly6C
lo
cells, the monocytes from Western diet-fed ApoE
−/−
:PKCθ
−/−
mice were found to contain more Ly6C
lo
cells than Ly6C
hi
cells. It is interesting to note that the Ly6C
hi
cells showed higher CD36 expression with enhanced capacity to form foam cells as compared with Ly6C
lo
cells.

Conclusions:
These findings reveal for the first time that thrombin-mediated Par1-Gα12 signaling via targeting Pyk2-Gab1-PKCθ-ATF2-dependent CD36 expression might be playing a crucial role in diet-induced atherogenesis.
The relationship between generation gland morphology and armour in Dragon Lizards (Smaug): a reassessment of ancestral states for the Cordylidae
Authors: Mouton le Fras , Flemming Alexander , Bates Michael , Broeckhoven Chris 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
To substantiate the claim of a relationship between generation gland morphology and degree of body armour in cordylid lizards, we studied the nine species in the genus Smaug. We predicted that well armoured species in this clade will have multi-layer generation glands, and lightly armoured species two-layer glands. Gland type was determined using standard histological techniques after sectioning a glandular patch of one adult male per species. A total of 133 specimens were examined for data on tail and occipital spine lengths (which were used as indicators of armour). We found that species with multi-layer generation glands (S. giganteus, S. breyeri, and S. vandami) have relatively long tail and occipital spines, while species with two-layer glands (S. mossambicus, S. regius, S. barbertonensis, S. warreni, and an undescribed species) have relatively short spines. Smaug depressus possesses both multi-layer and two-layer glands, and this variation was linked to regional variation in spine length. An ancestral state reconstruction for the Cordylidae showed that the two-layer state always results from the reduction of layers from a multi-layer precursor, and that reduction always culminates in two-layer glands and not in one-layer glands. This finding suggests that the one-layer state in the Ninurta-Chamaesaura-Pseudocordylus clade is most probably plesiomorphic, and therefore the ancestral state at the Cordylidae and Cordylinae nodes. Given the observed relationship between type of generation gland and body armour, this finding would suggest that the most recent common ancestor of the Cordylidae was lightly armoured.
Fibrillatory conduction in a simulated two-dimensional model of human atrial tissue: effect of the interaction of two ectopic foci
Authors: Tobón Catalina , Saiz Javier 
Published: July 2018

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common tachyarrhythmia. It has been demonstrated that extra-stimuli could act as triggers for AF. In many patients it is possible that multiple ectopic foci co-exist, and their interactions may generate complex conduction patterns. Our goal is to investigate the influence of the focus frequency, conduction velocity, and anisotropy on fibrillatory pattern generation during the interaction of multiple ectopic activities under electrical remodeling conditions. Our results support the broadly accepted theory that ectopic activity acting in remodeled tissue is an initiator of reentrant mechanisms. These reentrant circuits can generate fibrillatory activity when interacting with other rapid ectopic foci and under the following conditions: high ectopic focus frequency, slow conduction velocity, and anisotropic tissue. Analyses of electrogram polymorphism allow determination of which zones of tissue permit one to know in which zone of tissue unstable activity exists. Our results give useful insights into the electrophysiological parameters that determine the initiation and maintenance of fibrillatory conduction by two ectopic foci interaction in a simulated two-dimensional sheet of human atrial cells, under chronic AF conditions.
Endoscopic vs Microscopic Overlay Tympanoplasty for Correcting Large Tympanic Membrane Perforations: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Plodpai Yuvatiya 
Published: July 2018

ObjectiveAlthough overlay grafting for complicated tympanic perforations offers a high success rate, potential complications may outweigh its advantages. This study aimed to assess endoscopic overlay tympanoplasty (EOT), compared with microscopic overlay tympanoplasty (MOT), to optimize outcomes while minimizing complications associated with large tympanic perforations.Study DesignNonmasked, randomized.SettingTertiary care university hospital.Subjects and MethodsAltogether, 70 patients with large tympanic perforations were randomized to undergo overlay tympanoplasty between June 2014 and July 2016. Primary outcome was the visual analog scale (VAS) of pain. Secondary outcomes were anatomic closure, hearing results, middle ear findings, and postoperative complications.ResultsOverall, 34 EOT patients and 30 MOT patients completed the follow‐up. VAS scores at 4, 24, and 48 hours in EOT and MOT groups were, respectively, 3 and 8, 1.7 and 6.0, and 0.6 and 4.1. Postoperative pain was less in the EOT group (P <. 001), and canalplasty was not required (P =. 003). Graft “take” rates for EOT and MOT were 97.1% and 93.3%, respectively (P =. 60). Postoperative air‐bone gap was lower with EOT (5.0 vs 10.3 dB) (P =. 01). Various middle ear structures were more visible after EOT than after MOT (P <. 001). Ear protrusion (P =. 008) and postauricular numbness (P <. 001) occurred after 50 MOTs.ConclusionEOT for repairing large tympanic perforations provides more favorable anatomical and audiometric outcomes. It also offers superior visibility of middle ear structures without lifting the annulus, with fewer complications and less invasiveness than MOT.
Novel Surgical and Radiologic Classification of the Subtympanic Sinus: Implications for Endoscopic Ear Surgery
Authors: Anschuetz Lukas , Alicandri‐Ciufelli Matteo , Bonali Marco , Fermi Matteo , Caversaccio Marco , Presutti Livio , Marchioni Daniele 
Published: July 2018

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to describe the endoscopic anatomy of the subtympanic sinus (STS), establish a classification according to its extension regarding the level of the facial nerve (FN), and assess the feasibility of the transcanal endoscopic approach to the STS.Study DesignExperimental anatomic research.SettingTemporal bone laboratory.MethodsWe performed endoscopic dissection of 34 human whole head and ear block specimens. Of those, 29 underwent high‐resolution computed tomography. The STS was classified according to its extension regarding the level of the FN: type A, no extension medial to the FN; type B, extension to the medial limit of the FN; type C, extension of the sinus medially and posteriorly from the FN into the mastoid cavity.ResultsThe majority of cases (n = 21, 72%) showed a shallow type A STS. We observed a deep type B configuration in 6 cases (21%) and a type C in 2 cases (7%). The STS was completely exposable with a 0° endoscope in 44% of the specimens. Using a 45° endoscope, we gained complete insight in 79%. However, in 21% of the cases, the posteromedial extension of the STS was too deep to be completely explored by an endoscopic transcanal approach.ConclusionThe majority of the STS is shallow and does not extend medially from the FN. This morphologic variant allows complete transcanal endoscopic visualization. In more excavated STS, a complete endoscopic exploration is not achievable, and a retrofacial approach may be adopted to completely access the STS.