bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial intelligence and pain medicine education: Benefits and pitfalls for the medical trainee
Authors: Glicksman Michael , Wang Sheri , Yellapragada Samir , Robinson Christopher , Orhurhu Vwaire , Emerick Trent 
Published: November 2024

AbstractObjectivesArtificial intelligence (AI) represents an exciting and evolving technology that is increasingly being utilized across pain medicine. Large language models (LLMs) are one type of AI that has become particularly popular. Currently, there is a paucity of literature analyzing the impact that AI may have on trainee education. As such, we sought to assess the benefits and pitfalls that AI may have on pain medicine trainee education. Given the rapidly increasing popularity of LLMs, we particularly assessed how these LLMs may promote and hinder trainee education through a pilot quality improvement project.Materials and MethodsA comprehensive search of the existing literature regarding AI within medicine was performed to identify its potential benefits and pitfalls within pain medicine. The pilot project was approved by UPMC Quality Improvement Review Committee (#4547). Three of the most commonly utilized LLMs at the initiation of this pilot study – ChatGPT Plus, Google Bard, and Bing AI – were asked a series of multiple choice questions to evaluate their ability to assist in learner education within pain medicine.ResultsPotential benefits of AI within pain medicine trainee education include ease of use, imaging interpretation, procedural/surgical skills training, learner assessment, personalized learning experiences, ability to summarize vast amounts of knowledge, and preparation for the future of pain medicine. Potential pitfalls include discrepancies between AI devices and associated cost‐differences, correlating radiographic findings to clinical significance, interpersonal/communication skills, educational disparities, bias/plagiarism/cheating concerns, lack of incorporation of private domain literature, and absence of training specifically for pain medicine education. Regarding the quality improvement project, ChatGPT Plus answered the highest percentage of all questions correctly (16/17). Lowest correctness scores by LLMs were in answering first‐order questions, with Google Bard and Bing AI answering 4/9 and 3/9 first‐order questions correctly, respectively. Qualitative evaluation of these LLM‐provided explanations in answering second‐ and third‐order questions revealed some reasoning inconsistencies (e.g., providing flawed information in selecting the correct answer).ConclusionsAI represents a continually evolving and promising modality to assist trainees pursuing a career in pain medicine. Still, limitations currently exist that may hinder their independent use in this setting. Future research exploring how AI may overcome these challenges is thus required. Until then, AI should be utilized as supplementary tool within pain medicine trainee education and with caution.
KRN5b regulates maize kernel row number through mediating phosphoinositol signalling
Authors: Shen Xiaomeng , Liu Lei , Tran Thu , Ning Qiang , Li Manfei , Huang Liangliang , Zhao Ran , Li Yunfu , Qing Xiangyu , Jackson David , Bai Yan , Song Weibin , Lai Jinsheng , Zhang Zuxin , Zhao Haiming 
Published: November 2024

SummaryKernel row number (KRN) is a major yield related trait for maize (Zea mays L.) and is also a major goal of breeders, as it can increase the number of kernels per plant. Thus, identifying new genetic factors involving in KRN formation may accelerate improving yield‐related traits genetically. We herein describe a new kernel number‐related gene (KRN5b) identified from KRN QTL qKRN5b and encoding an inositol polyphosphate 5‐phosphatase (5PTase). KRN5b has phosphatase activity towards PI(4,5)P2, PI(3,4,5)P3, and Ins(1,4,5)P3 in vitro. Knocking out KRN5b caused accumulation of PI(4,5)P2 and Ins(1,4,5)P3, resulting in disordered kernel rows and a decrease in the number of kernels and tassel branches. The introgression of the allele with higher expression abundance into different inbred lines could increase the ear weight of the inbred lines and the corresponding hybrids by 10.1%–12.2% via increasing KRN, with no adverse effects on other agronomic traits. Further analyses showed that KRN5b regulates inflorescence development through affecting the synthesis and distribution of hormones. Together, KRN5b contributes to spikelet pair meristem development through inositol phosphate and phosphatidylinositols, making it a selecting target for yield improvement.
Moisturizer Use in Children With Atopic Dermatitis: Real‐Life Practice, Beliefs, and Challenges Among a Cohort of Jordanian Patients
Authors: Muhaidat Jihan , Fawwaz Alsharif Mohammad , Al‐Qarqaz Firas , Alshiyab Diala , Ashaar‐Akhras  , Ababneh Mohammad Mustafa , Ghazou Alina , Tashtoush Shaden , Abdelnabi Touga 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundMoisturizers are a crucial baseline therapy for atopic dermatitis (AD).ObjectiveTo evaluate the real‐life experience of using moisturizers in AD patients and to assess parents' opinions and challenges regarding moisturizer use.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study used a questionnaire completed by the parents of pediatric AD patients. The assessment questionnaire evaluated demographic factors as well as practices, opinions, and challenges regarding the use of moisturizers in AD treatment. Applying moisturizers twice daily, considered sufficient use, was evaluated across demographic levels using bivariate analysis.ResultsA total of 425 patients with AD participated in the study. The median age was 4 years, 51% of patients were female, 61% had moderate to severe AD, 34% had a family history of AD, and 41% of cases reported sufficient moisturizer use. Factors associated with increased frequency of application of moisturizers included younger age at diagnosis, higher parents' educational level, and increased family income. The twice‐daily application versus less frequent application was associated with fewer monthly flare‐ups (33% vs. 17%, p < 0.001). Overall, 54% of patient guardians believed that moisturizers were necessary for treating AD, 69% considered fragrance‐free formulas to be better, and 86% thought there to be a need for counseling from their physician on using moisturizers in AD treatment. Factors undermining the application of moisturizers included the time needed for application, cost, and lack of patient cooperation.ConclusionIn real‐world practice, parents tend to underutilize moisturizers. To address this issue, treating physicians must provide additional education, and health insurance companies should consider covering moisturizers to ensure their accessibility.
Phosphorus addition severely exacerbates the inhibitory effect of the increased diurnal temperature range on the invasive plant Solidago canadensis
Authors: Cui Miaomiao , Yang Bin , Dong Jie , Fan Xue , Yu Haochen , Ren Guangqian , Zhu Zhaoqi , Du Daolin 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis study investigates how variations in diurnal temperature and phosphorus concentration affect the growth of native Artemisia argyi and invasive Solidago canadensis under intraspecific and interspecific competition. We conducted factorial experiments to assess the impacts of warming, including an increased diurnal temperature range (DTRinc), a symmetric increase in diurnal temperature range (DTRsys), a decreased diurnal temperature range (DTRdec) and phosphorus application (5 g and 10 g P m2 yr−1) on both intra‐ and inter‐specific competition among plants. The results indicated that (1) the DTRsys for A. argyi was −48.95% and for S. canadensis, it was −31.49% and overall had a more pronounced inhibitory effect on the biomass of both plant species than other warming treatments after comprehensive analysis. (2) Under intraspecific competition, phosphorus promoted the growth of A. argyi and S. canadensis on plant height, root length, and biomass. The biomass of A. argyi (22.75% and 53.61%) and S. canadensis (11.49% and 27.76%) increased under low and high phosphorus, respectively. Under interspecific competition, the plant height and biomass of the two plant species showed different response trends to phosphorus. Still, the competitiveness of S. canadensis increased compared with the untreated group. (3) Plant adaptability in biomass was more sensitive to warming than phosphorus treatments, and warming reduced the promoting effect of phosphorus, indicating that warming and phosphorus have interactive effects on plants. Phosphorus exacerbated the inhibitory effect of DTRinc on the biomass of S. canadensis, which was more pronounced than other warming methods. The different responses of the two plants mention the species to warming and phosphorus treatments under different competition scenarios reflect the differences in their ecological strategies for adapting to the environment.
Distributional Semantics: Meaning Through Culture and Interaction
Authors: Contreras Kallens Pablo , Christiansen Morten H. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMastering how to convey meanings using language is perhaps the main challenge facing any language learner. However, satisfactory accounts of how this is achieved, and even of what it is for a linguistic item to have meaning, are hard to come by. Nick Chater was one of the pioneers involved in the early development of one of the most successful methodologies within the cognitive science of language for discovering meaning: distributional semantics. In this article, we review this approach and discuss its successes and shortcomings in capturing semantic phenomena. In particular, we discuss what we dub the “distributional paradox:” how can models that do not implement essential dimensions of human semantic processing, such as sensorimotor grounding, capture so many meaning‐related phenomena? We conclude by providing a preliminary answer, arguing that distributional models capture the statistical scaffolding of human language acquisition that allows for communication, which, in line with Nick Chater's more recent ideas, has been shaped by the features of human cognition on the timescale of cultural evolution.
Utilizing the mutant library to investigate the functional characterization of GhGLR3.4 regulating jasmonic acid to defense pest infestation
Authors: Wang Qiongqiong , Yang Guangqin , Jia Ruoyu , Wang Fuqiu , Wang Guanying , Xu Zhongping , Li Jianying , Li Bo , Yu Lu , Zhang Yan , Alariqi Muna , Cao Jinglin , Liang Sijia , Zhang Xianlong , Nie Xinhui , Jin Shuangxia 
Published: November 2024

SUMMARYThe glutamate receptor (GLR) serves as a ligand‐gated ion channel that plays a vital role in plant growth, development, and stress response. Nevertheless, research on GLRs in cotton is still very limited. The present study conducted a comprehensive analysis of GLRs gene family in cotton. In total, 41 members of the GLR family were identified in cotton unveiling distinct subgroups in comparison to Arabidopsis. Among these members, the third subgroup highlights its pivotal role in cotton's defense against insect infestation. Furthermore, the CRISPR/Cas9 system was utilized to create a mutant library of GLR members, which consisted of a total of 135 independent mutant lines, resulting in the production of novel cotton materials with valuable breeding potential for pest control. Further, this study elucidates the influence of GhGLR3.4 on jasmonic acid (JA) pathway signal transduction and demonstrated its participation in the influx of intracellular Ca2+, which regulates “calcium transients” following stimulation, thereby influencing multiple intracellular reactions. The study also found that GhGLR3.4 influences the synthesis of the JA pathway and actively partakes in long‐distance signal transmission among plants, facilitating the transfer of defense signals to neighbor leaves and thereby triggering systemic defense. Consequently, this research advances our knowledge of plants' comprehensive defense mechanism against insect pest infestation.
Putative paraneoplastic alopecia in a cat with apocrine adenocarcinoma
Authors: Lupion Camila Gottlieb , Bazotti Maiara Scapini , dos Santos Igor Ribeiro , Pavarini Saulo Petinatti , Trindade‐Gerardi Anelise Bonilla , Gerardi Daniel Guimarães 
Published: November 2024

AbstractFeline paraneoplastic alopecia is associated with intraabdominal neoplasms. A 13‐year‐old female cat was presented with a history of a cutaneous mass on the head, followed by ventrally distributed alopecia with shiny skin. Necropsy revealed an apocrine adenocarcinoma and telogenisation/miniaturisation of the hair follicles, respectively. These findings are consistent with paraneoplastic alopecia.
Sodium Hyperhydration Improves Performance With No Change in Thermal and Cardiovascular Strain in Female Cyclists Exercising in the Heat Across the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Convit Lilia , Orellana Liliana , Périard Julien D. , Carr Amelia J. , Warmington Stuart , Beaugeois Mégane , Abraham Anju , Snipe Rhiannon M.J. 
Published: November 2024

This study investigated the effect of sodium hyperhydration on thermal and cardiovascular strain and exercise performance in unacclimatized endurance-trained females exercising in the heat and whether effects differ between menstrual cycle (MC) Phase 1 (low estrogen and progesterone) and MC Phase 4 (moderate estrogen and high progesterone). Twelve female cyclists/triathletes completed four trials in a randomized, double-blinded, crossover design. Participants consumed 30 ml·kg−1 fat-free mass fluid with either sodium chloride (7.5 g·L−1) or placebo (sucrose) 2 hr prior to 75 min of steady-state cycling (60% ) followed by a 200-kJ time trial (TT) in 34 °C and 60% relative humidity, with both interventions completed during MC Phase 1 and Phase 4. Rectal temperature and heart rate were measured at baseline, every 5 min during steady state, every 50 kJ of TT, and TT completion. Body mass was measured every 30 min preexercise and pre and post steady state and TT to assess hydration status. Linear mixed models were fitted to estimate intervention and MC phase effect. There were no significant sodium hyperhydration or MC phase effects on rectal temperature or heart rate (p > .05). Body mass increased with sodium versus placebo (0.38 [0.02, 0.74] kg; p = .04), with a greater increase in MC Phase 4 (0.69 [0.17, 1.2] kg; p < .001). TT performance improved with sodium versus placebo (−1.55 [−2.46, −0.64] min; p = .001), with a greater improvement in MC Phase 4 (−1.85 [−3.16, −0.55] min; p = .005). Sodium hyperhydration is a promising heat mitigation strategy for females undertaking prolonged exercise in the heat, especially during MC Phase 4 and when fluid access is limited.
Eccentric Force and Regional Biceps Femoris Muscle Excitation During Conventional and 80° Hip-Flexed Nordic Curl
Authors: Esquírio Arthur Ferreira , da Rocha Maressa , Macedo Maria de Cássia , Ferreira Kariny Realino , dos Santos Mayra Evelise , Barbosa Michelle Almeida , Barbosa Alexandre Carvalho 
Published: November 2024

Context: Hamstring injuries are prevalent in high-intensity sports. The lesion often occurs with concomitant knee extension and hip flexion. The Nordic curl has been suggested to prevent such injury, mainly due to its eccentric hamstring activation. Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the eccentric force output and the regional biceps femoris excitation (proximal, mid, and distal) during conventional and 80° of hip flexion of Nordic curl. Methods: Thirty-nine participants (17 men: 22.6 [2.03] y, 1.71 [0.09] m, 73.6 [13.3] kg; and 22 women: 24.4 [6.02] y; 1.64 [0.08] m; 62.2 [10.5] kg) were included in the study. Hamstring strength was analyzed through a load cell and muscle activation assessed with an electromyographer in 3 muscle portions (proximal, mid, and distal). Mixed factorial analysis of variance was used to rate the differences. Results: The conventional Nordic curl showed higher muscle activation compared with the hip-flexed Nordic curl (P = .001). No differences were observed in other factorial analysis. Conclusions: The findings suggest that conventional Nordic curl induces higher biceps femoris muscle excitation across compared with 80° hip-flexed Nordic curl. No differences were noted in muscle strength. The same force output with distinct levels of muscle activation may provide a progression system to implement hamstring training for injury prevention or even for exercise routine.
Papain expression in the
Escherichia coli
cytoplasm by T7-promoter engineering and co-expression with human protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and thiol peroxidase (GPx7) genes
Authors: Hoque Md Anarul , Gross Richard A. , Koffas Mattheos A. G. 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Difficulties exist in obtaining full-length, correctly folded, and soluble papain or papain-like proteases that necessitate the exploration of alternative strategies. This study describes the development of an
Escherichia coli
strain capable of producing soluble papain without the need for complex and time-consuming
in vitro
refolding steps. To enhance the production of soluble papain, engineered T7 promoters and a recombinant papain translationally fused with varying tags were constructed. The tags investigated include the maltose-binding protein, small ubiquitin modifier protein, and glutathione transferase. An
E. coli
SHuffle strain was engineered to accumulate hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
) by disruption of the redox pathway. This was accomplished by co-expression of the fusion constructs with two human endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteins, thiol peroxidase glutathione peroxidase-7 (GPx7), and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). The oxidizing capacity of H
2
O
2
was used to improve disulfide bond formation in papain. The GPx7-PDI fusion dyad played a significant role in consuming harmful H
2
O
2
generated by the SHuffle cells. This consumption of H
2
O
2
helped provide the necessary oxidizing conditions for the efficient production of soluble papain. In shake-flask experiments, the recombinant strain produced ~110 mg/L of papain. Moreover, in batch fermentation, the volumetric yield reached ~349 mg/L. This work provides insights into recombinant papain microbial production that can lead to an industrial viable production strain.

IMPORTANCE

Papain, a cysteine-like protease, has extensive applications across various industries including food, chemical, pharmaceutical, drug, and polymer. However, the traditional isolation of papain from
Carica papaya
plants results in a complex mixture of proteases. Such protease mixtures result in an inability to understand which component enzyme contributed to substrate conversions. Concentrations of constituent enzymes likely differ based on the ripeness of the papaya fruit. Also, constituent enzymes from papaya differ in optimal activity as a function of temperature and pH. Thus, by using papain-like enzymes from papaya fruit, valuable information on component enzyme activity and specificity is lost. Numerous methods have been reported to purify papain and papain-like enzymes from the crude mixture. Often, methods involve at least three steps including column chromatography to separate five cysteine proteases. Such procedures represent tedious processes to manufacture the pure enzymes in
Carica papaya
extracts. The numerous uses of papain for industrial processes, as well as the probability that certain components of papain crude mixtures will be preferred for specific applications, necessitate alternative methods such as recombinant expression from microbial production systems to meet the high world demand for papain.
Diversity and transmissibility of RNA viruses in the small brown planthopper,
Laodelphax striatellus
Authors: Mao Qianzhuo , Ye Zhuang-Xin , Yuan Jing-Na , Ning Chao , Chen Meng-Nan , Xu Zhong-Tian , Qi Yu-Hua , Zhang Yan , Li Ting , He Yu-Juan , Lu Gang , Huang Hai-Jian , Lu Jia-Bao , Zhuo Ji-Chong , Hu Qing-Ling , Zhang Chuan-Xi , Chen Jian-Ping , Li Jun-Min 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

While a considerable number of viruses have been recently discovered in hematophagous insects, there remains insufficient research on virus diversity and their association with phytophagous insect hosts. In this study, we conducted a systematic investigation of the RNA virome in the small brown planthopper (SBPH),
Laodelphax striatellus
, an important vector of plant viruses. We successfully identified a total of 22 RNA viruses, including 17 novel viruses, from various families. These viruses were prevalent and abundant in SBPH populations, originating from the lab or field, with +ssRNA viruses composing the core SBPH viruses. Subsequent analysis revealed that the overall abundance of RNA viruses in SBPH remained relatively consistent across different developmental stages of the insects, although the titers of individual viruses varied among different insect tissues. This indicates a delicate balance between the viruses and their insect hosts. Interestingly, cross-species experiments confidently indicated that certain SBPH viruses could successfully infect and replicate in two other rice planthopper species (the brown planthopper and the white-backed planthopper) through microinjection. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the RNA virome and its adaptability in a phytophagous insect, contributing to a better understanding of the intimate relationship between viruses and host insects.

IMPORTANCE

In the last decade, advances in the next-generation sequencing technology have unveiled a vast diversity of viruses in insects, particularly RNA viruses in hematophagous insects. However, research on virus diversity and their association with phytophagous insect hosts remains insufficient. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the RNA virome in the small brown planthopper (SBPH),
Laodelphax striatellus
, a critical vector of plant viruses. The results indicated that the +ssRNA viruses, especially picorna-like viruses, comprised the core RNA viruses of SBPH that were prevalent in both laboratory and field populations. Moreover, a delicate balance was observed between the viruses and insect hosts. Significantly, some RNA viruses of SBPH could successfully infect and replicate in two other rice planthopper species belonging to different genera. This study provides valuable insights into the RNA virome and its adaptability in a phytophagous insect.