bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of thermal tolerance in multifarious environments
Authors: Cuenca Cambronero Maria , Beasley Jordan , Kissane Stephen , Orsini Luisa 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSpecies extinction rates are many times greater than the direst predictions made two decades ago by environmentalists, largely because of human impact. Major concerns are associated with the predicted higher recurrence and severity of extreme events, such as heat waves. Although tolerance to these extreme events is instrumental to species survival, little is known whether and how it evolves in natural populations, and to what extent it is affected by other environmental stressors. Here, we study physiological and molecular mechanisms of thermal tolerance over evolutionary times in multifarious environments. Using the practice of “resurrection ecology” on the keystone grazer Daphnia magna, we quantified genetic and plastic differences in physiological and molecular traits linked to thermal tolerance in historical and modern genotypes of the same population. This population experienced an increase in average temperature and occurrence of heat waves, in addition to dramatic changes in water chemistry, over five decades. On genotypes resurrected across the five decades, we measured plastic and genetic differences in CTmax, body size, Hb content and differential expression of four heat shock proteins after exposure to temperature as single stress and in combination with food levels and insecticide loads. We observed evolution of the critical thermal maximum and plastic response in body size, HSP expression and Hb content over time in a warming only scenario. Molecular and physiological responses to extreme temperature in multifarious environments were not predictable from the response to warming alone. Underestimating the effect of multiple stressors on thermal tolerance can lead to wrong estimates of species evolvability and persistence.
Multiple roles and diverse regulation of the Ras/cAMP/protein kinase A pathway in Candida albicans
Authors: Huang Guanghua , Huang Qian , Wei Yujia , Wang Yue , Du Han 
Published: October 2018

SummaryCandida albicans is a major fungal pathogen of humans, causing both superficial and life‐threatening systemic infections in immunocompromised people. The conserved Ras/cAMP/PKA pathway plays a key role in regulating multiple traits important for the virulence of C. albicans such as cell growth, yeast‐hyphal transition, white‐opaque switching, sexual reproduction and biofilm development. Diverse external signals influence cell physiology by activating this signaling pathway. The key components of the Ras/cAMP/PKA pathway include two Ras GTPases (Ras1 and Ras2), an adenylyl cyclase (Cyr1, also known as Cdc35), two cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (Pde1 and Pde2) and the catalytic (Tpk1 and Tpk2) and regulatory (Bcy1) subunits of PKA kinase. Activation of this pathway dramatically alters the gene expression profile via several transcription factors, leading to the activation of specific biological processes. Here, we review the progress made in the past two decades to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which the Ras/cAMP/PKA pathway senses diverse environmental cues and controls specific cellular responses and its connection with other signaling pathways in C. albicans.
Brexit as Linguistic Symptom of Britain Retreating into its Shell? Brexit‐Induced Politicization of Language Learning
Authors: LANVERS URSULA , DOUGHTY HANNAH , THOMPSON AMY S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDebates about the future of UK language learning in the context of Brexit intensified as soon as the referendum outcome was announced. This politicization of language learning, evidenced recently also in the United States and France, falls upon an already difficult context of the United Kingdom in a ‘language learning crisis,’ and an increasing social segregation between those who learn languages, and those who do not. In the Brexit‐induced politicization of language learning, some suggest that the United Kingdom's unwillingness to learn languages is indexical of Europhobia, while others contend that the ‘global English’ phenomenon is the root cause. We examine the evidence for these rationales. Our data analysis uses van Dijk's methods of macrostructure Critical Discourse Analysis, to examine 33 publicly available texts on the topic of Brexit and language learning in the UK that appeared in the immediate aftermath of the referendum (June–November 2016). The analysis reveals how different stakeholders frame language learning as a habitus associated with social markers, and thus either reinforce patterns of the social divide in language learning, or challenge these. The conclusion proposes avenues of politicizing language learning that might foster rather than hinder uptake in those currently disengaged from language learning.
Association between albumin and C‐reactive protein and ankle‐brachial index in haemodialysis
Authors: Tsai Hui‐Ju , Huang Jiun‐Chi , Tsai Yi‐Chun , Chen Ling‐I , Chen Szu‐Chia , Chang Jer‐Ming , Chen Hung‐Chun 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTAimPeripheral artery occlusive disease (PAOD) is associated with increased rates of cardiovascular mortality, morbidity and hospitalization in patients undergoing dialysis. An ankle‐brachial index (ABI) less than 0.9 has been used to diagnose PAOD. The aim of this study was to evaluate associations among inflammation, malnutrition and their interactions on the risk of PAOD.MethodsTwo hundred and twenty‐two haemodialysis patients (mean age 61.0 ± 11.7 years, 56.8% men) were enrolled and stratified into four groups according to median values of albumin (3.87 g/dL) and logarithm of C‐reactive protein (CRP) (0.48 mg/L). Associations between the study groups and an ABI less than 0.9 were assessed using multiple logistic regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to predict an ABI less than 0.9.ResultsA lower level of albumin and higher level of CRP were significantly associated with an ABI less than 0.9 in multivariate analysis (odds ratio, 5.688; 95% confidence interval, 1.369–23.626; P = 0.017) after adjusting for demographic, clinical, biochemical and medication data. The interaction between albumin and CRP in relation to an ABI less than 0.9 was significant in multivariate analysis (odds ratio, 1.797; 95% confidence interval, 1.258–2.568; P = 0.001). The areas under the curve for albumin, CRP and albumin + CRP for the prediction of ABI less than 0.9 were 0.311, 0.654 and 0.733, respectively.ConclusionPatients undergoing haemodialysis with a lower albumin level and higher CRP level have an increased risk of PAOD. A combination of malnutrition and inflammation may be associated with PAOD in haemodialysis patients.
Perspectives on acute kidney injury strategy in China
Authors: Zhao Youlu , Yang Li 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTAcute kidney injury (AKI) has imposed a heavy disease burden in China, with substantial underdiagnosis and undertreatment. The incidence, cause and outcome of patients with AKI vary according to different geographic regions and economic development status; therefore, regional improvement strategies are needed. Defining the etiology of AKI is critical in making the proper therapeutic regimen, and a multidisciplinary cooperative AKI team is essential in order to establish the early diagnosis and proper management of patients with AKI.
Genetic study of immunoglobulin A nephropathy: From research to clinical application
Authors: Li Ming , Yu Xueqing 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTImmunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is one of the most common primary glomerulonephritis throughout the world and a major cause of end‐stage renal disease among East Asian population. It is widely considered that genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of IgAN. The genetic studies of IgAN, is from the association studies of candidate genes and family‐based designs, to the genome‐wide association studies. Altogether there are five large genome‐wide association studies performed, which have identified multiple susceptibility loci for IgAN, including several novel loci found in Chinese population. The discovery of these susceptibility loci has provided important insight into the potential biological mechanisms and pathways that influence genetic risk to IgAN. In addition, genetic interaction and structural variation (such as copy number variation) studies were also conducted to identify more variants associated with IgAN and disease progression. The genetic studies of IgAN have made great achievements in recent years. Most of susceptibility loci discovered up to date contain genes involved in the response to mucosal pathogens, suggesting that intestinal immune network for IgA production may be involved in the pathogenesis of IgAN. While the genetic studies of the complex diseases remain to be challenging, new genetic and analytical techniques and methods, especially next‐generation sequencing‐based studies, need to be applied to advance the genetic studies of IgAN. More importantly, we need to identify the genetic factors which influence the clinical phenotypes and renal progression to end‐stage renal disease. This will require the integration of genomic data with other omics profiles (e.g. transcriptomics, metabolomics and immunomics) in patients with long‐term clinical follow‐up data to better understand the factors underlying inter‐individual variability, not only in disease susceptibility, but also in the long‐term prognosis and healthcare requirements.
A rare case of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex with colitis in a renal transplant recipient
Authors: Ingilizova Marinela , Epstein Shara , Heun Lee Dong , Patel Neal , Patel Babariya Shraddha , Morgenstern Ricardo , Popnikolov Nikolay , Coppock Dagan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMycobacterium avium complex (MAC) colitis is a rare complication of immunosuppression in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. Here, we describe a case of disseminated MAC infection with colitis following renal transplantation. Despite common pathways of immunosuppression, SOT recipients and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected patients differ in their typical presentations of MAC infection. Intestinal infections have been more commonly reported in HIV‐infected patients than in SOT recipients. The explanation for this difference may be related to HIV's targeted effects on the CD4+ T‐cell reservoir in gut‐associated lymphoid tissue.
Introduction: Special issue celebrating the life and work of Larry E. Smith
Authors: Bolton Kingsley , Davis Daniel R. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis brief introduction provides a short biography of Professor Larry Eugene Smith, who passed away in December 2014. The introduction also discusses the contents of this special issue, which pays tribute to the life and work of Professor Smith. All of the sixteen substantive articles have been contributed by Larry's friends and colleagues from the US as well as from many other societies worldwide. Larry's personal and professional reach was truly international in scope, as this collection of articles bears direct witness.
Intelligibility and pedagogy
Authors: Berns Margie 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSince the journal World Englishes came into existence in 1981, it has published nearly 300 articles, book reviews, and author responses that are keyed to the term ‘intelligibility’. This I discovered in a search for ‘intelligibility’ on the complete Wiley Online Library Backfile (onlinelibrary.wiley.com) via my university website with its access to all volumes of the journal beginning with volume 1 through the most recent issue. Among the 290 article titles that came up in the search, 22 (13%) of them indicated that the article addressed some aspect of English teaching. This search of titular connections and the findings prompted me to title this article ‘intelligibility and pedagogy’ since no publication in World Englishes has carried this title. My look at this relationship will be as open and broad as the title. No claims are made for comprehensiveness. It is neither a descriptive nor empirical study. Instead, it is an account of one individual's attempt to bring Larry Smith's conception of understanding to bear in an English language course. The account will address the topics reflected in the 22 titles as they are indeed germane to a look at intelligibility and pedagogy. These topics are language education policy, teacher preparation, curriculum design, teaching principles and practices of teaching, assessment, and learners.
Beyond center and periphery: Plurality with inclusivity
Authors: Hilgendorf Suzanne K. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis article considers the extraordinary contributions of Larry E. Smith to English Linguistics and Language Pedagogy over a career spanning more than 40 years. The discussion initially shares personal reflections on Larry as an exceptional colleague, mentor, and friend in the community of world Englishes (WE) scholars. In helping establish this field of study and co‐founding the journal World Englishes, Larry had a profound impact on innumerable researchers around the world. He further provided the International Association for World Englishes (IAWE) with invaluable leadership, marked by great integrity and a remarkable commitment to plurality and inclusion. The discussion next examines Larry's influential scholarship, focusing in particular on his paradigm of English as an International Auxiliary Language (EIAL), which recognized the broader social reality of English use around the world. The final section considers the legacy of Larry's work for future research, especially in light of critiques of the WE paradigm as marginalizing, arguing that it is necessary to critically address center‐periphery dynamics and tensions between extant English‐using speech communities. The article explores these center – periphery relationships, and revisits Kachru's (1990) Three Circles paradigm, which in fact recognizes plurality while simultaneously calling attention to those dynamics and tensions.
An EIL pioneer far ahead of his time
Authors: Hino Nobuyuki 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis article discusses the late Larry E. Smith's contributions to the study of English for intercultural communication, by illustrating the pioneer nature of his concept of EIL (English as an International Language) as well as its impact on English language education including that of Japan. Smith's EIL paradigm, originally formed from the early 1970s to the early 1980s, was a forerunner to many theories of world Englishes today. It is hoped that this article will help to recognize the enormous significance of the works of this great thinker, scholar, and educator.
Mixing, multilingualism, and intelligibility
Authors: Sridhar S. N. , Sridhar Kamal K. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis article expands the discussion of Larry Smith's theory of intelligibility to explore multilingual language use with reference to code‐mixing in the Indian context. Our findings suggest that the understanding of intelligibility in the context of bilingual/multilingual language mixing calls for a rich sociolinguistic model that is socially realistic and culturally rooted.
Larry E. Smith's scholarly publications: A bibliography
Authors: Bolton Kingsley , Davis Daniel R. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis article presents a bibliography of Larry Smith's publications over a period of thirty‐four years from 1971 until 2015 (shortly after Larry's passing). The bibliography attests to Larry's creativity and originality, which helped shape the scope and range of so much of the world Englishes (WE) activities, including its openness and sensitivity to cross‐cultural communication, and deeply‐felt respect for multicultural and multilingual diversity.
What Is in Your Beet Juice? Nitrate and Nitrite Content of Beet Juice Products Marketed to Athletes
Authors: Gallardo Edgar J. , Coggan Andrew R. 
Published: October 2018

Consumption of beetroot juice (BRJ) supplements has become popular among athletes because beets tend to be rich in nitrate (NO3−), which can enhance exercise performance by increasing nitric oxide production. The NO3− content of beets can vary significantly, however, making it difficult to know how much NO3− any product actually contains. Samples from 45 different lots of 24 different BRJ products from 21 different companies were therefore analyzed for NO3− (and nitrite [NO2−]) concentration using high-performance liquid chromatography. The NO3− and NO2− content (i.e., amount per serving) was then calculated based on either (a) the manufacturer’s recommended serving size (for prepackaged/single dose products) or (b) as used in previous studies, a volume of 500 ml (for BRJ sold in bulk containers). There was moderate-to-large variability in NO3− content between samples of the same product, with a mean coefficient of variation of 30% ± 26% (range 2–83%). There was even greater variability between products, with a ∼50-fold range in NO3− content between the lowest and highest. Only five products consistently provided ≥5 mmol of NO3−/serving, which seems to be the minimal dose required to enhance exercise performance in most individuals. NO2− contents were generally low (i.e., ≤0.5% compared with NO3−), although two products contained 10% and 14%. The results of this study may be useful to athletes and their support staff contemplating which (if any) BRJ product to utilize. These data may also offer insight into variability in the literature with respect to the effects of BRJ on exercise performance.
Critical Speed as a Measure of Aerobic Fitness for Male Rugby Union Players
Authors: Kramer Mark , Watson Mark , Du Randt Rosa , Pettitt Robert W. 
Published: October 2018

Purpose: To compare critical speed (CS) derived from all-out testing (AOT) for linear and shuttle running with metrics from a graded exercise test, the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIR1), and estimation of an 800-m-shuttle time trial. Methods: Twelve male rugby players completed a graded exercise test, the YYIR1, a linear AOT, shuttle AOTs of 25 and 50 m, and an 800-m-shuttle time trial consisting of 32 × 25-m shuttles. Results: Strong linear correlations were observed between maximum oxygen uptake () and CS (m·s−1) derived from the linear AOT (3.68 [0.62], r = .90, P < .01) and 50-m-shuttle AOT (3.19 [0.26], r = .83, P < .01). Conversely, showed lower correlations with speeds evoking CS from 25-m AOT (2.86 [0.18], r = .42, P = .18) and YYIR1 (4.36 [0.11], r = .55, P = .07). The 800-m time trial (213.58 [15.84] s) was best predicted using parameters from the 25-m AOT (r = .93, SEE = 6.60 s, P < .001). Conclusions: The AOT is a valuable method of assessing performance-specific fitness, with CS from linear and 50-m-shuttle AOTs being strong predictors of , rivaling metrics from the graded exercise test. The YYIR1 offered limited utility compared with the AOT method.
Low Doses of Caffeine: Enhancement of Physical Performance in Elite Adolescent Male Soccer Players
Authors: Ellis Matthew , Noon Mark , Myers Tony , Clarke Neil 
Published: October 2018

Context: High doses of ∼6 mg·kg−1 body mass have improved performance during intermittent running, jumping, and agility protocols. However, there are sparse data on low doses of caffeine, especially in elite adolescent soccer players. Methods: A total of 15 elite youth soccer players (177.3 [4.8] cm, 66.9 [7.9] kg, and 16 [1] y) participated in the study, consuming 1, 2, or 3 mg·kg−1 caffeine in a gelatin capsule or a 2-mg·kg−1 placebo in a single-blind, randomized, crossover study design. Testing consisted of a 20-m sprint, arrowhead agility (change of direction [CoD] right or left), countermovement jump (CMJ), and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1). Postexercise CMJ performance was assessed as participants exited the Yo-Yo IR1. Data were analyzed using a Bayesian multilevel regression model to provide explained variance and probabilities of improvement (P = %). Results: Compared with placebo, 3 mg·kg−1 caffeine presented the highest probabilities of change across a range of tests (mean [SD], P = %). Times for 20-m sprint were 3.15 (0.10) s vs 3.18 (0.09) s (P = 73%), CoD-right times were 8.43 (0.24) s vs 8.55 (0.25) s (P = 99%), CoD-left times were 8.44 (0.22) s vs 8.52 (0.18) s (P = 85%), Yo-Yo IR1 distance was 2440 (531) m vs 2308 (540) m (P = 15%), and preexercise CMJ height was 41.6 (7.2) cm vs 38 (8.5) cm (P = 96%). Postexercise CMJ was higher with 3 mg·kg−1 than with placebo (42.3 [8] cm vs 36.6 [8] cm; P = 100%). Doses of 1 or 2 mg·kg−1 caffeine also demonstrated the ability to enhance performance but were task dependent. Conclusion: Low doses of caffeine improve performance but are dose and task dependent. A dose of 3 mg·kg−1 caffeine improved performance across the majority of tests with potential to further improve postexercise CMJ height.
Sequential Pulse Compression’s Effect on Blood Flow in the Lower-Extremity
Authors: Brock Kelly A. , Eberman Lindsey E. , Laird Richard H. , Elmer David J. , Games Kenneth E. 
Published: October 2018

Context: Several interventions are available to reduce the intensity and duration of the unwanted effects (eg, muscle soreness) associated with physical activity, such as massage, compression garments, and sequential pulse compression (SPC). Such interventions aim to increase blood flow to alleviate symptoms. However, there is a lack of evidence to support the use of SPC to alter total hemoglobin concentration (THb) in active individuals. Objective: To examine the acute effects of a single session of SPC on hemoglobin concentration compared with a control condition. Design: Single cohort, crossover design. Participants: Thirty-four physically active and healthy participants (females = 12 and males = 22) completed the study. Interventions: The authors randomly assigned participants to first receive the experimental (SPC) or control condition. Measures were recorded precondition and postcondition. Participants returned to the laboratory to complete the second condition ≥24 hours after the first condition. Main Outcome Measures: Relative changes in THb, deoxygenated hemoglobin, and oxygenated hemoglobin measures were recorded using near-infrared spectroscopy placed on the muscle belly of the medial gastrocnemius of the dominant limb. Results: SPC significantly increased THb (P < .001, d = 0.505) and oxygenated hemoglobin (P < .001, d = 0.745) change scores compared with the control condition. No statistical difference in deoxygenated hemoglobin change scores was found between the SPC and control conditions, but a medium effect size suggests potential biological significance (P = .06, d = 0.339). Conclusions: Overall, SPC increases THb to the lower-extremity and may be a viable option in the management of muscle soreness related to physical activity.