bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le crédit à la consommation des classes populaires à la Belle Époque: Invention, innovation ou reconfiguration ?
Authors: Albert Anaïs 
Published: April 2019

RésuméDurant la Belle Époque se construit en France une économie de la consommation de masse qui passe par l’accès massif au crédit des classes populaires. Ce phénomène ne peut pourtant se comprendre comme un simple changement d’échelle, car il s’agit d’un véritable réagencement de l’ordre social du crédit, de l’identification économique aux processus de sanction. Ces différentes facettes de la relation de crédit sont abordées successivement à travers deux dossiers documentaires : l’organisation du crédit à destination des classes populaires mise en place par les Grands Magasins parisiens Dufayel et les réformes introduites par la loi du 12 janvier 1895 sur la saisie-arrêt des salaires des ouvriers. La réorganisa- tion du système de crédit se traduit par l’apparition conjointe de nouvelles médiations et de nouvelles mises à distance, ainsi que par la multiplication des scènes sur lesquelles se joue la dette – entre espace commercial, tribunal et monde du travail.
Les faux-semblants de la « révolution du thé » (1920-1945) dans la province de Phú Thọ (Tonkin)
Authors: Tessier Olivier 
Published: April 2019

RésuméLe leader lakota Sitting Bull a été enterré deux fois, à soixante ans d’intervalle, sur la réserve américaine de Standing Rock. Ses tombes n’invitent pas à écrire une nouvelle histoire de la mémoire d’un grand personnage mais à mettre au jour la production et la reproduction d’un pouvoir colonial certes fragile et contesté, mais aussi profondément inséré dans les interactions symboliques qui ont lieu sur et autour de la réserve. Elle veut relancer de cette manière l’histoire d’un colonialisme américain interne fait de privatisation des terres, d’individualisation des populations, et d’américanisation des esprits. Ce dernier volet a souvent été considéré comme un échec massif face à la résistance des peuples indiens. Le présent article veut nuancer et complexifier cette évaluation.
How Strong Is Influence of the Tropics and Midlatitudes on the Arctic Atmospheric Circulation and Climate Change?
Authors: Ye Kunhui , Jung Thomas 
Published: April 2019

AbstractRelaxation experiments with the atmosphere model from European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts are analyzed to understand influence of lower latitudes (south of about 52 °N) on climate variability and change over the Arctic region. Interannual variability of the Arctic troposphere is impacted strongly by both the tropics and the midlatitudes. In general, the link in winter is stronger than that in summer. Furthermore, the tropics and midlatitudes have different preferred pathways by which they influence the Arctic. Trend analysis suggests that winter surface warming trends over the Arctic are driven strongly by the local sea ice‐atmospheric interaction. Warming at higher altitudes is strongly tied to remote non‐Arctic drivers, with some local amplification. Summer warming trends in northeastern Canada and Greenland are driven strongly by sea surface temperature/sea ice changes and partly by the tropics. The summer warming in northern Europe and western Russia is more strongly driven by the midlatitudes.
Ion Anisotropy in Earth's Magnetotail Current Sheet: Multicomponent Ion Population
Authors: Artemyev A. V. , Angelopoulos V. , Vasko I. Y. , Zhang X.‐J. , Runov A. , Zelenyi L. M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe configuration and stability of the magnetotail current sheet, which determine the dynamics of the entire magnetosphere, largely depend on the ion kinetics as inferred from the velocity distribution function. This distribution is shaped by various transient acceleration processes and by contributions from the ionosphere and the distant magnetotail. Investigating the ion distribution is thus crucially important for adequate modeling of the current sheet stability. This necessitates spacecraft observations of the ion distribution in a wide energy range, from ionospheric outflow energies (below 1 keV) to high energies (approximately hundreds of kiloelectron volts). Using combined measurements of Electrostatic Analyzer and Solid State Telescope onboard Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms in 2008–2009 tail seasons, we demonstrate that the ion distribution in the quiet magnetotail current sheet (at times devoid of fast plasma flows and large electric fields) consists of three populations: a subthermal field‐aligned anisotropic population (contributing ∼90% to the total density but only ∼20% to the total pressure), an isotropic thermal population (contributing ∼10% of the total density and ∼60% of the total pressure), and a transversely anisotropic suprathermal population (contributing <1% of the total density and ∼20% of the total pressure). The suprathermal population may include high‐energy ions moving along transient (Speiser) orbits. The competing effects of subthermal and suprathermal partial pressure anisotropies result in an almost isotropic total (combined) ion pressure. We characterize the dependence of the ion distribution characteristics, including the anisotropy of different populations on local plasma sheet activity (ion flows and electric fields). We discuss the implications of our results for current sheet modelling.
Polar Cyclones at the Origin of the Reoccurrence of the Maud Rise Polynya in Austral Winter 2017
Authors: Francis Diana , Eayrs Clare , Cuesta Juan , Holland David 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis study examines the role of atmospheric forcings in the occurrence of open‐ocean polynyas by investigating the case of the austral winter 2017's polynya located in the Lazarev Sea sector to the east of the Weddell Sea, known as the Maud Rise polynya or the Weddell Polynya. The ice‐free zone appeared in mid‐September 2017 and grew to as large as 80,000 km2 by the end of October 2017 before merging with the open ocean after the sea ice started to retreat at the beginning of the austral summer. Using a combination of satellite observations and reanalysis data at high spatiotemporal resolution, we found that severe cyclones, occurring over the ice pack, have a deterministic role in creating strong divergence in the sea ice field through strong cyclonic surface winds leading to the opening of the polynya. The occurrence of intense and frequent cyclones over the ice pack during austral winter 2017 was unusual, and it occurred under an enhanced strong positive meridional transport of heat flux and moisture toward Antarctica associated with an amplification of the atmospheric zonal wave 3 and a strong positive Southern Annular Mode index. We found that the opening of the polynya was not primarily due to direct ice melt by thermodynamic effects but rather to strong dynamical forcing by the winds on the sea ice, as in the case of coastal polynyas. Indeed, the meridional transport of heat toward Antarctica occurred over the Weddell Sea sector (i.e., to the east of the Lazarev Sea sector where the polynya is located) whereas the Lazarev Sea sector was under the influence of equatorward transport of cold air masses at that time. Our results show that the supply of warm and moist air coming from the west side of the South Atlantic Ocean into the Weddell Sea significantly increased the potential for cyclone formation as measured by the Eady growth rate leading to intense and frequent cyclogenesis over the ice pack, far south from the ice edge. After cyclogenesis in the Weddell Sea, these cyclones intensified as they moved eastward spinning over the Lazarev Sea with intensity comparable to category 11—violent storms—in the Beaufort scale. The cyclonic winds generated sea ice divergence by pushing the ice away from the cyclone center: To the east, north of it and to the west, south of it, which led to the reoccurrence of the Maud Rise polynya in mid‐September 2017.
A fast, reliable and sample-sparing method to identify fibre types of single muscle fibres
Authors: Christiansen Danny , MacInnis Martin J. , Zacharewicz Evelyn , Xu Hongyang , Frankish Barnaby P. , Murphy Robyn M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMany skeletal muscle proteins are present in a cell-specific or fibre-type dependent manner. Stimuli such as exercise, aging, and disease have been reported to result in fibre-specific responses in protein abundances. Thus, fibre-type-specific determination of the content of specific proteins provides enhanced mechanistic understanding of muscle physiology and biochemistry compared with typically performed whole-muscle homogenate analyses. This analysis, however, is laborious and typically not performed. We present a novel dot blotting method for easy and rapid determination of skeletal muscle fibre type based on myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform presence. Requiring only small amounts of starting muscle tissue (i.e., 2–10 mg wet weight), muscle fibre type is determined in one-tenth of a 1–3-mm fibre segment, with the remainder of each segment pooled with fibre segments of the same type (I or II) for subsequent protein quantification by western blotting. This method, which we validated using standard western blotting, is much simpler and cheaper than previous methods and is adaptable for laboratories routinely performing biochemical analyses. Use of dot blotting for fibre typing will facilitate investigations of fibre-specific responses to diverse stimuli, which will advance our understanding of skeletal muscle physiology and biochemistry.
High-Efficiency Visible Light Manipulation Using Dielectric Metasurfaces
Authors: Aoni Rifat Ahmmed , Rahmani Mohsen , Xu Lei , Zangeneh Kamali Khosro , Komar Andrei , Yan Jingshi , Neshev Dragomir , Miroshnichenko Andrey E. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe development of a miniaturised device that provides efficient beam manipulation with high transmittance is extremely desirable for the broad range of applications including holography, metalens, and imaging. Recently, the potential of dielectric metasurfaces has been unleashed to efficiently manipulate the beam with full 2π-phase control by overlapping the electric and magnetic dipole resonances. However, in the visible range for available materials, it comes with the price of higher absorption that reduces efficiency. Here, we have considered dielectric amorphous silicon (a-Si) nanodisk and engineered them in such a way which provides minimal absorption loss in the visible range. We have experimentally demonstrated meta-deflector with high transmittance which operates in the visible wavelengths. The supercell of proposed meta-deflector consists of 15 amorphous silicon nanodisks numerically shows the transmission efficiency of 95% and deflection efficiency of 95% at operating wavelength of 715 nm. However, experimentally measured transmission and deflection efficiencies are 83% and 71%, respectively, having the experimental deflection angle of 8.40°. Nevertheless, by reducing the supercell length, the deflection angle can be controlled, and the value 15.50° was experimentally achieved using eight disks supercell. Our results suggest a new way to realise the highly transmittance metadevice with full 2π-phase control operating with the visible light which could be applicable in the imaging, metalens, holography, and display applications.
Lensing in the Ultrasonic Domain using Negative Refraction Induced by Material Contrast
Authors: Manjunath C. T. , Rajagopal Prabhu 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe focusing of ultrasound using topographic lenses, typically made of plates with step changes that cause an interaction between forward- and backward-propagating guided waves, has been widely studied in recent years. However, such ‘step-change’ lenses require precise machining and moreover, the thick-thin structure can be unstable during deployment in practical inspection applications. The work reported here follows from the insight that perhaps any approach to induce a mismatch in acoustical impedance as achieved by the step-change can also lead to focusing of ultrasonic guided waves. By carefully choosing the impedance pairing, a novel material contrast lens stacking Aluminium and Molybdenum plates in series is shown to achieve focusing of ultrasound through negative refraction. The interface between the two metals causes the interaction of the forward-propagating second symmetric Lamb mode S2 into the backward- propagating first symmetric S2b. The focusing of Lamb waves is demonstrated using numerical simulations validated by experiments. Comparison with a simple Aluminium-Aluminium plate combination brings out the underlying physics of focusing using the proposed material contrast lens. Simulation results showing super-resolution imaging using the proposed material contrast lens are also presented, demonstrating the power of the proposed approach. This report opens up the possibilities of developing new lensing devices for use in medical imaging and nondestructive evaluation, among other possible applications.
The effect of anaerobic digestate derived composts on the metabolite composition and thermal behaviour of rosemary
Authors: Bustamante M. A. , Nogués I. , Jones S. , Allison G. G. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe study reports on the effect of anaerobic digestate derived composts on the metabolite composition and thermal behaviour of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Plants were cultivated in semiarid soil under four different fertiliser treatments (composts of anaerobic digested cattle (C) or pig slurry (P) at 30t/ha and 60 t/ha, and two control treatments (inorganic fertiliser and no fertiliser application). Samples of leaves and stems were analysed to investigate the effect of treatment on chemical composition and thermochemical properties. Three orthogonal analytical approaches were used, namely: Fourier transform mid infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and thermochemical gravimetric analysis (TGA). FTIR and GC/MS showed fertiliser treatment resulted in tissue specific changes in sample metabolite composition. Fertiliser treatment was detected to change the thermogravimetric properties of the leaf samples and from inorganic and composted pig slurry digestate treatments had greater ash content and lower proportions of fixed carbon compared with samples from the unfertilised control treatment. This study provides information on how the composition of rosemary might be altered by fertiliser application in regions of poor soil, and has implications for biomass quality when rosemary is grown on semi-wild sites for the purpose of soil improvement.
Isolation, Purification, and Characterization of Heparinase from Streptomyces variabilis MTCC 12266
Authors: Singh Vineeta , Haque Shafiul , Kumari Vibha , El-Enshasy Hesham A. , Mishra B. N. , Somvanshi Pallavi , Tripathi C. K. M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractArterial/venous thrombosis is the major cardiovascular disorder accountable for substantial mortality; and the current demand for antithrombotic agents is extensive. Heparinases depolymerize unfractionated heparin (UFH) for the production of low molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs; used as anticoagulants against thrombosis). A microbial strain of Streptomyces sp. showing antithrombotic activity was isolated from the soil sample collected from north India. The strain was characterized by using 16S rRNA homology technique and identified as Streptomyces variabilis MTCC 12266 capable of producing heparinase enzyme. This is the very first communication reporting Streptomyces genus as the producer of heparinase. It was observed that the production of intracellular heparinase was [63.8 U/mg protein (specific activity)] 1.58 folds higher compared to extracellular heparinase [40.28 U/mg protein]. DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column followed by Sepharose-6B column purification of the crude protein resulted 19.18 folds purified heparinase. SDS-PAGE analysis of heparinase resulted an estimated molecular-weight of 42 kDa. It was also found that intracellular heparinase has the ability to depolymerize heparin to generate LMWHs. Further studies related to the mechanistic action, structural details, and genomics involved in heparinase production from Streptomyces variabilis are warranted for large scale production/purification optimization of heparinase for antithrombotic applications.
Fragment-based screening identifies inhibitors of ATPase activity and of hexamer formation of Cagα from the Helicobacter pylori type IV secretion system
Authors: Arya Tarun , Oudouhou Flore , Casu Bastien , Bessette Benoit , Sygusch Jurgen , Baron Christian 
Published: April 2019

AbstractType IV secretion systems are multiprotein complexes that mediate the translocation of macromolecules across the bacterial cell envelope. In Helicobacter pylori a type IV secretion system encoded by the cag pathogenicity island encodes 27 proteins and most are essential for virulence. We here present the identification and characterization of inhibitors of Cagα, a hexameric ATPase and member of the family of VirB11-like proteins that is essential for translocation of the CagA cytotoxin into mammalian cells. We conducted fragment-based screening using a differential scanning fluorimetry assay and identified 16 molecules that stabilize the protein suggesting that they bind Cagα. Several molecules affect binding of ADP and four of them inhibit the ATPase activity. Analysis of enzyme kinetics suggests that their mode of action is non-competitive, suggesting that they do not bind to the active site. Cross-linking suggests that the active molecules change protein conformation and gel filtration and transmission electron microscopy show that molecule 1G2 dissociates the Cagα hexamer. Addition of the molecule 1G2 inhibits the induction of interleukin-8 production in gastric cancer cells after co-incubation with H. pylori suggesting that it inhibits Cagα in vivo. Our results reveal a novel mechanism for the inhibition of the ATPase activity of VirB11-like proteins.
Amyloid β-dependent mitochondrial toxicity in mouse microglia requires P2X7 receptor expression and is prevented by nimodipine
Authors: Chiozzi Paola , Sarti Alba Clara , Sanz Juana M. , Giuliani Anna Lisa , Adinolfi Elena , Vultaggio-Poma Valentina , Falzoni Simonetta , Di Virgilio Francesco 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPrevious data from our laboratory show that expression of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is needed for amyloid β (Aβ)-stimulated microglia activation and IL-1β releasein vitroandin vivo. We also showed that Aβ-dependent stimulation is inhibited by the dihydropyridine nimodipine at an intracellular site distal to the P2X7R. In the present study, we used the N13 microglia cell line and mouse primary microglia from wt andP2rx7-deleted mice to test the effect of nimodipine on amyloid β (Aβ)-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome expression and function, and on mitochondrial energy metabolism. Our data show that in microglia Aβ causes P2X7R-dependent a) NFκB activation; b) NLRP3 inflammasome expression and function; c) mitochondria toxicity; and these changes are fully inhibited by nimodipine. Our study shows that nimodipine is a powerful blocker of cell damage caused by monomeric and oligomeric Aβ, points to the mitochondria as a crucial target, and underlines the permissive role of the P2X7R.
Neprilysin Inhibitor–Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Combination Therapy (Sacubitril/valsartan) Suppresses Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation and Inhibits Inflammation in Apolipoprotein E- Deficient Mice
Authors: Zhang Hui , Liu Gangqiong , Zhou Wenping , Zhang Wenjing , Wang Kai , Zhang Jinying 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe assessed the effects of the sacubitril/valsartan combination drug (LCZ696), in comparison to valsartan alone, on the progression of atherosclerotic plaque formation and inflammatory gene expression in apolipoprotein E- deficient mice (apoE−/− mice). Seventy-two apoE−/− mice were fed a western diet and a constrictive silastic tube was used to elicit carotid lesion formation. The animals were separated into a control group, a valsartan group or an LCZ696 group (n = 24 in each group). Plaques in the carotid artery were harvested 12 weeks later for histological examination. The levels of pro-inflammatory genes in the plasma and lesions were detected using real-time PCR and ELISA. Valsartan or LCZ696 treatment remarkably inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, including interleukin-6, matrix metalloproteinase-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1, in comparison with the control group. Meanwhile, both valsartan and LCZ696 suppressed the formation of atherosclerotic plaques by decreasing plaque lipid content and cross-sectional plaque area and increasing the content of plaque collagen and fibrous cap thickness. In particular, LCZ696 performed the best in suppressing atherosclerosis and inhibiting the level of pro-inflammatory genes. LCZ696 significantly ameliorated atherosclerosis and inflammation in apoE−/− mice compared with valsartan.
OVOL2 induces mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition in fibroblasts and enhances cell-state reprogramming towards epithelial lineages
Authors: Watanabe Kazuhide , Liu Ye , Noguchi Shuhei , Murray Madeleine , Chang Jen-Chien , Kishima Mami , Nishimura Hajime , Hashimoto Kosuke , Minoda Aki , Suzuki Harukazu 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) is an important step in cell reprogramming from fibroblasts (a cell type frequently used for this purpose) to various epithelial cell types. However, the mechanism underlying MET induction in fibroblasts remains to be understood. The present study aimed to identify the transcription factors (TFs) that efficiently induce MET in dermal fibroblasts. OVOL2 was identified as a potent inducer of key epithelial genes, and OVOL2 cooperatively enhanced MET induced by HNF1A, TP63, and KLF4, which are known reprogramming TFs to epithelial lineages. In TP63/KLF4-induced keratinocyte-like cell-state reprogramming, OVOL2 greatly facilitated the activation of epithelial and keratinocyte-specific genes. This was accompanied by enhanced changes in chromatin accessibility across the genome. Mechanistically, motif enrichment analysis revealed that the target loci of KLF4 and TP63 become accessible upon induction of TFs, whereas the OVOL2 target loci become inaccessible. This indicates that KLF4 and TP63 positively regulate keratinocyte-associated genes whereas OVOL2 suppresses fibroblast-associated genes. The exogenous expression of OVOL2 therefore disrupts fibroblast lineage identity and facilitates fibroblast cell reprogramming into epithelial lineages cooperatively with tissue-specific reprogramming factors. Identification of OVOL2 as an MET inducer and an epithelial reprogramming enhancer in fibroblasts provides new insights into cellular reprogramming improvement for future applications.
Climate change: essential knowledge for developing holistic solutions to our climate crisis
Authors: Maslin M. A. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Understanding anthropogenic climate change is essential for anyone working in the life sciences. Firstly because climate change has already started to impact the Earth biosphere and human health and these changes need to be documented and acknowledged. Secondly, many of the solutions to climate change, both mitigation and adaptation, will be through the life sciences, everything from massive reforestation and sustainable agriculture to preventing the spread of disease and protecting individual human health. Anthropogenic climate change is, therefore, one of the defining challenges of the 21st century, along with poverty alleviation, environmental degradation and global security. Climate change is no longer just a scientific concern but encompasses economics, sociology, geopolitics, national and local politics, law and health to name a few. Hence, to understand climate change fully then not only does one have to review the science but also the politics and geopolitics, which have created the issue and can provide the solutions. Climate change ultimately makes us examine the whole basis of modern society and ultimately asks questions about humanity's relationship with the rest of the planet.