bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES IN THE TRANSPLANTATION OF BONE
Authors: BURWELL R. Geoffrey , Gowland G. 
Published: February 2018

1. An immunological examination of the sera of thirty rabbits which had received primary and secondary homografts of cancellous bone into a subcutaneous site did not reveal the presence of circulating precipitins, haemagglutinins or passive haemagglutinins. These findings are consistent with the observations of Bonfiglio and his colleagues (1955). 2. Electrophoretic examination of the serum of four rabbits receiving primary and secondary homografts of bone into an intramuscular site did not reveal any change in the serum protein fractions. 3. A search for auto-antibodies produced by primary and secondary autografts of cancellous bone was unsuccessful in fifteen rabbits. 4. The multiple injections of saline extracts of bone into four rabbits did not evoke the production of demonstrable circulating antibodies, results which are in accord with the findings of Bonfiglio and colleagues (1955) and Curtiss and colleagues (1959). 5. For the first time the production of classical antibodies in response to injections of extracts of heterologous bone has been recorded. The repeated injections of a saline extract of rabbit bone intraperitoneally into ten mice produced demonstrable precipitins and passive haemagglutinins both to protein and polysaccharide fractions present in the bone extracts. 6. Knowledge concerning the production of humoral antibodies to transplants and extracts of bone has been reviewed.
THREE CASES OF COMPOUND POSTERIOR DISLOCATION OF THE ELBOW WITH RUPTURE OF THE BRACHIAL ARTERY
Authors: Kilburn Peter , Sweeney John G. , Silk F. F. 
Published: February 2018

1. Rupture of the brachial artery or of one of its divisions in association with elbow injuries is probably more common than a survey of the literature would imply. Three cases of rupture of the brachial artery complicating compound dislocation of the elbow are reported. 2. These cases appear to have a consistent pattern of soft-tissue damage, with avulsion of the common flexor origin, and a varying degree of damage to the biceps and brachialis. The median nerve escaped injury. 3. The method of dealing with the divided vessels does not appear to be of importance in determining the outcome, simple ligation being as satisfactory as attempts at grafting or suture. 4. In no case was there any evidence of Volkmann's contracture. Provided rapid reduction of the dislocation is effected, together with ligation of the vessels, a satisfactory return of the circulation may be expected.
A STUDY OF BONE GROWTH IN NORMAL CHILDREN AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SKELETAL MATURATION
Authors: Tupman G. S. 
Published: February 2018

1. A study of the average rate of growth of the legs and trunk of 202 normal average maturing children is presented. 2. The annual growth of the limbs and trunk was related to the skeletal age of each child, and the increments of growth per skeletal year subjected to statistical analysis. 3. Methods of growth prediction of leg length and mature height have been derived and the practical application of the investigation to orthopaedic surgery is discussed.
OPEN REDUCTION OF CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF THE HIP
Authors: Scaglietti O. , Calandriello B. 
Published: February 2018

A few points in this report deserve to be stressed. Indications–It is important that the orthopaedic surgeon should decide at a very early stage which of the two methods, closed or open, he must use. These do not exclude each other but are on the other hand complementary. Nowadays the dislocated hip can be reduced by open operation with a very good chance of lasting success. This should be carried out if a hip cannot easily be reduced otherwise, or if there is any doubt that closed reduction has been successful–and as early as possible, preferably before the age of three years. Technique–Ample exposure of the joint and removal of all obstacles to reduction are important. Reduction must be complete and stable but without stress, and there must be no interference with the articular bone and cartilage. After-care–Reduction, however perfect, is only the first step towards recovery. The hip must be observed carefully and the most suitable moments for mobilisation and for walking must be chosen; this calls for nice judgment. When it is clear that the roof of the acetabulum is not developing or that persistent valgus and anteversion may encourage subluxation, a secondary operation should be undertaken at once. Radiography is necessary about every three months for the first two years. Assessment of results–With a strict system of assessment, like McFarland's, we have observed 68·3 per cent favourable results in 171 hips treated by open reduction. It is obvious that the problem of congenital dislocation of the hip has not yet been completely solved. But if we review the progress of recent years we come to the encouraging conclusion that much has already been achieved, and that the efforts of the many orthopaedic surgeons who have dedicated themselves to the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip have not gone unrewarded.
THE INCIDENCE OF OSTEOGENIC SARCOMA IN SOUTH-WEST ENGLAND AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO PAGET'S DISEASE OF BONE
Authors: Price C. H. G. 
Published: February 2018

1. The average number of cases of osteogenic sarcoma found in the years 1946-58 inclusive in the northern division of the South-west Hospital region of England was 6·7 for each year, varying from three to ten. 2. The annual incidence of this sarcoma in this area was one tumour per 230,000 population. 3. These figures were compared with similar figures from Norway which indicate a rather similar tumour incidence among juveniles, but a very much smaller number of tumours in elderly persons. 4. Among the eighty-seven sarcomata collected in the specified area in thirteen years twenty-Six were associated with Paget's disease. 5. It is estimated that among the population of the specified area there were probably 26,000 persons at any time with Paget's disease, of whom one in 650 (0·15 per cent) would eventually develop sarcoma. 6. This study suggests that Paget's disease increases the risk of sarcoma about thirty-fold in persons over forty years of age. 7. It is tentatively suggested that the incidence of Paget's disease is influenced more by heredity than environment.
FEMORAL ANTEVERSION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Wilkinson John A. 
Published: February 2018

1. Sustained medial rotation of the hind limb in the immature rabbit produces femoral anteversion and acetabular dysplasia. 2. Sustained lateral rotation produces retroversion. 3. Splinting the hind limbs in the Lorenz position corrects both anteversion and retroversion. 4. The mechanism of the Lorenz position is discussed.
AN EXPERIMENTAL COMPARISON OF LIVING AND DEAD BONE IN RATS, I. Physical Properties
Authors: Stevens Jack , Ray Robert D. 
Published: February 2018

1. Some physical properties of living and dead bone have been studied in rats; most of these are interrelated and ultimately depend upon the composition of the tissue. 2. Dead bone, remaining within the body, does not take up measurable amounts of mineral from the tissue fluid but retains its original physical properties of radiographic density, specific gravity, strength and composition. 3. The altered radiographic density of avascular bone seen in clinical practice is almost certainly relative unless there has been concomitant appositional new bone formation. 4. Some other explanation must be sought for the finding that dead bone takes up significant amounts of bone-seeking isotopes in radioactive tracer studies.
FAMILIAL PERTHES' DISEASE RESEMBLING MULTIPLE EPIPHYSIAL DYSPLASIA
Authors: Monty Cyril P. 
Published: February 2018

1. An account is given of a family in which five members in three generations were affected by osteochondritis involving the hips, in three cases bilaterally. 2. One patient showed aseptic osseous necrosis of the epiphyses of the ankles and fingers. 3. The differential diagnosis between Perthes' disease and multiple epiphysial dysplasia is discussed, but it is not certain into which category these patients fall. 4. The assistance of a family history and skeletal survey in diagnosis is illustrated.
DOUBLE PATELLAE IN MULTIPLE EPIPHYSIAL DYSPLASIA
Authors: Hodkinson H. M. 
Published: February 2018

1. The occurrence of bilateral double-layer patellae in association with multiple epiphysial dysplasia is described in three siblings. 2. Twelve cases of bilateral double-layer patellae have been reported previously, and in all there was an accompanying skeletal dystrophy which, although not diagnosed as such, is likely to have been multiple epiphysial dysplasia. 3. It is suggested that although they occur only in a minority of cases, double-layer patellae when present are a feature of considerable diagnostic value in multiple epiphysial dysplasia. Lateral radiography of the knees may therefore be of assistance in the diagnosis of multiple epiphysial dysplasia.
ARTHROGRAPHY IN CONGENITAL DISPLACEMENT OF THE HIP
Authors: Mitchell George P. 
Published: February 2018

1. The technique of arthrography in congenital displacement of the hip is described. No complications have been encountered in a series of over 200 examinations. The interpretation of the arthrographs is discussed. 2. It is suggested that the abnormal hips may be classified in three degrees: 1) Primary instability; 2) partial displacement without interposition of soft tissue; 3) complete displacement with interposition of soft tissue between head and socket. 3. Two types of complete displacement or dislocation are recognised: 1) the "tight" dislocation; 2) the "loose" dislocation. In the latter there is marked displacement of the femoral head, and arthrography done before reduction demonstrates interposition of a fold of capsule lying in front of the inverted limbus. 4. Arthrography is of special help in making the diagnosis between partial displacement with eversion of the labrum and "tight" dislocation with an interposed limbus. It is helpful too in establishing the cause of failure of reduction.
THE INHERITANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE NAIL-PATELLA SYNDROME
Authors: Duthie Robert B. , Hecht Frederick 
Published: February 2018

1. A genetic and orthopaedic analysis of a family of seventy members exhibiting the nail-patella syndrome is described. 2. The disorder is found to be determined by a simple dominant autosomal gene with complete penetrance, but displaying variable expressivity and great pleomorphism. 3. In the family reported all ten of the affected individuals whose blood was typed belonged to group O, demonstrating the adjacent chromosomal position of the nail-patella gene and the ABO blood group locus. 4. The pathogenesis is one of hypoplasia of the nail beds, but hyperplasia in mesodermal tissue as shown by the formation of iliac horns. 5. The skeletal changes are ascribed to a functional disturbance in the development of the traction epiphyses rather than to a primary teratogenic effect.
TREATMENT OF PERTHES' DISEASE OF THE HIP BY CANCELLOUS BONE GRAFFING
Authors: Cathro A. J. M. , Kirkaldy-Willis W. H. 
Published: February 2018

1. Cancellous bone grafting of the head of the femur in Perthes' disease accelerates reossification and thus shortens the period of treatment. 2. There is no evidence from this series of cases that the final shape of the head is affected for better or for worse by the operation of cancellous chip grafting, by the rate of regeneration of the head after operation or by the stage in the disease process at which the operation is done. 3. No relationship has been found between the shape of the head at the time of operation and its final shape. 4. A larger series of cases is needed to determine the value of bone grafting in Perthes' disease of the hip.
VASCULAR INJURY TREATED WITH HIGH PRESSURE OXYGEN IN A MOBILE CHAMBER
Authors: Maudsley R. H. , Hopkinson W. I. , Williams K. G. 
Published: February 2018

1. A small mobile oxygen chamber is described which overcomes some of the disadvantages of using high pressure oxygen therapy in cases of general or local anoxia. 2. A case of limb ischaemia following an open fracture of the tibia and fibula is described in which such a method of treatment was used.
ISCHIO-FEMORAL ARTHRODESIS FOR TUBERCULOSIS OF THE HIP
Authors: Hahn Doojin 
Published: February 2018

1. The results of ischio-femoral arthrodesis for tuberculous arthritis of the hip in thirty-five adults and in twenty-nine children are reported. The "blind" technique of Brittain was used in thirteen patients and the open technique in fifty-one. 2. Bony fusion was obtained by the first operation in thirty-three out of the thirty-five adults and in twenty-three out of twenty-nine children. In children strikingly better results were gained from the posterior open technique than from the original "blind"technique of Brittain. 3. There was no evidence that ischio-femoral arthrodesis in children interfered with the growth of the limb.
OSTEOTOMY OF THE PROXIMAL END OF THE RADIUS FOR PARALYTIC SUPINATION DEFORMITY IN CHILDREN
Authors: Zaoussis A. L. 
Published: February 2018

1. Open osteotomy near the tuberosity of the radius to enable correction of fixed supination deformity of the forearm in children is an alternative to Blount's closed osteoclasis of both bones. 2. In five out of six cases with residual obstetrical palsy substantial correction of the deformity was maintained. 3. The cosmetic result was impressive, especially in girls, but an improved function was also observed. If the hand is paralysed, correction of supination facilitates reconstruction. 4. Complications such as angulation, displacement, delayed union and synostosis of the proximal radius and ulna did not affect the final results. 5. With the method described a more or less permanent "blocking" of rotatory movement in the forearm was observed but this did not seem to impair the functional result.
LISFRANC'S FRACTURE-DISLOCATION
Authors: Jeffreys T. E. 
Published: February 2018

1. The mechanism of injury in tarso-metatarsal dislocation and fracture-dislocation has been investigated by experimental studies in the cadaver. Two distinct types of injury were observed. 2. Five cases of simple tarso-metatarsal dislocation and seventeen cases of fracture-dislocation are reviewed. 3. The treatment of the injury is discussed.
THE VASCULAR CONTRIBUTION TO OSTEOGENESIS V. The Vasculature Supplying the Epiphysial Cartilage in Rachitic Rats
Authors: Trueta J. , Buhr A. J. 
Published: February 2018

1. It has been shown that in experimental rickets the well known changes in the epiphysial cartilage which so seriously affect growth are accompanied by severe interference with the progress of the metaphysial vessels into the growth cartilage. 2. Further evidence has been found that, by the repeated increase in their number, the cartilage cells occupying the more distal part of the proliferative segment become more and more affected by their remoteness from the epiphysial vessels, which supply the transudates to these cells. At a given distance these cells are affected and change, becoming hypertrophic, with increasingly large vacuolae, and are rich in glycogen and alkaline phosphatase. 3. The hypertrophic cells alter the nature of the intercellular substance they deposit and this becomes calcifiable. Provided that the metaphysial vessels are situated at an appropriate distance–about three cell capsules away–and that the blood has its necessary components, calcification occurs. 4. Calcification produces the advancing, rigid multitubular structure within which the progressing metaphysial vessels are protected. 5. The interruption of calcification by the withdrawal of fat-soluble vitamins breaks down the whole mechanism of growth and stops the vessels growing into their proper position. The administration of the required vitamins re-establishes the normal sequence of events and allows the vessels to play their decisive role in osteogenesis. 6. Any mechanism which causes the interruption of the vascular progression, whether from metaphysial ischaemia (Trueta and Amato 1960), from severe pressure (Trueta and Trias 1961) or from lack of calcification by withdrawing the fat-soluble vitamins, equally interrupts growth.
THE GENETIC FACTOR IN DUPUYTREN'S DISEASE
Authors: Ling R. S. M. 
Published: February 2018

1. The families of fifty patients with Dupuytren's disease have been investigated for its presence. 2. Familial occurrence has been found to be considerably higher than has been reported hitherto. 3. The findings suggest that genetic factors are of extreme importance in the pathogenesis of the common form of Dupuytren's disease. 4. A single gene, behaving as a Mendelian dominant, is likely to be involved. 5. Dupuytren's disease may not be a homogeneous condition from the pathogenic standpoint.
GREENSTICK FRACTURE OF THE UPPER END OF THE ULNA WITH DISLOCATION OF THE RADIO-HUMERAL JOINT OR DISPLACEMENT OF THE SUPERIOR RADIAL EPIPHYSIS
Authors: Wright P. R. 
Published: February 2018

1. Five cases of greenstick fracture of the upper end of the ulna with dislocation of the radio-humeral joint are described. 2. Although the direction of angulation of the fracture and the corresponding displacement of the upper end of the radius may be lateral, medial or anterior, it is suggested that all five cases form a group in which the mechanism of injury is essentially the same. This mechanism is considered to be a fall on the outstretched hand with the forearm held in supination. 3. The complications of the injury are described.
CHEMICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS IN FRACTURE REPAIR IN RATS
Authors: Udupa K. N. , Prasad Guru Charan 
Published: February 2018

1. The process of repair after fracture of the humerus of the growing rat has been studied by histological, histochemical and biochemical methods. 2. Both periosteal and surrounding mesenchymal cells take part in the process of repair. 3. The primary framework of collagen bridging the gap is mainly formed by the mesenchymal cells, while calcification and ossification of the framework is largely a function of the periosteum. 4. The mucopolysaccharide content rises rapidly in the first week after injury, and is followed by a rise in the collagen content during the second week. The deposition of calcium phosphate during the third and fourth weeks causes an apparent fall in the collagen content during that period. The collagen content tends to return to normal during the phase of remodelling in the fifth and sixth weeks. 5. The tensile strength of the healing bone bears a close relation to its collagen content.
STUDIES IN THE TRANSPLANTATION OF BONE VII. The Fresh Composite Homograft-Autograft of Cancellous Bone
Authors: Burwell R. Geoffrey 
Published: February 2018

1. Previous immunological studies have shown that homografts of fresh marrow-free iliac bone are only weakly, if at all, antigenic. 2. In view of this finding an attempt was made to produce a foreign bone graft capable of forming new bone as readily as an iliac autograft by the following method. Living cells of high osteogenic potential and of autologous type were introduced into the graft by combining homologous fresh marrow-free iliac bone with the animal's own red marrow to form a fresh composite homograft-autograft of cancellous bone. 3. Such fresh composite homograft-autografts were inserted into a muscular site in Wistar rats and removed for microscopical examination at intervals of one to seven days and at two, six and twelve weeks after transplantation. 4. It is found that bone and marrow together as a fresh composite homograft-autograft form considerably more new bone than do either of the components of the graft transplanted separately. Homografts of fresh marrow-free iliac bone form, in general, a small amount of early phase and late phase new bone. Autografts of red marrow transplanted alone to a muscular site formed new bone in thirteen to thirty experiments (43 per cent). 5. The stimulus to osteogenesis, and the cellular source of osteoblasts, in marrow autografts is discussed in the light of present knowledge. The concept is suggested that after its transplantation there develops in marrow an inductive system leading to osteoblastic differentiation and bone formation. It is proposed that the necrosis of a portion of a marrow graft liberates osteogenic substances which are taken up by primitive wandering cells derived from littoral cells lining the vascular sinusoids of the surviving portions of the marrow which are induced, thereby, to differentiate as osteoblasts. 6. The cellular source of osteoblasts in a fresh composite homograft-autograft of cancellous bone is discussed. It is deduced that the new bone is derived mainly from the contained marrow of the graft, by mechanisms similar to those leading to osteoblastic differentiation in transplanted autografts of marrow. 7. The stimulus to the greater formation of new bone by fresh composite autograft-homografts than by autografts of marrow transplanted alone is discussed. Two explanations are suggested: 1) a more extensive necrosis of marrow in a composite homograft-autograft than in marrow transplanted alone; and 2) an inductive effect of bone upon marrow. 8. The new bone formed by autografts of fresh marrow-containing iliac bone, it is concluded, is derived not only from osteoblasts on the surfaces of the grafted bone but also from primitive wandering cells derived from littoral cells lining the vascular sinusoids of the surviving portions of its marrow. 9. Mechanisms which may play a role in the histogenesis of woven bone are discussed. 10. The significance of the relation of bone and marrow is considered briefly in the light of knowledge concerning the venous patterns of bone and marrow.
RE-FRACTURE OF THE SHAFT OF THE FEMUR
Authors: Seimon L. P. 
Published: February 2018

1. A series of twenty-one cases of re-fracture of the femoral shaft has been examined and analysed. 2. Liability to re-fracture may be increased if the original injury is caused by great violence, but it does not seem to be affected by the method of primary treatment. 3. Over 60 per cent of the re-fractures were avoidable. In some, re-fracture was caused by premature institution of vigorous mobilisation; in others, warning cracks were visible on radiographs before re-fracture. 4. In the remaining patients re-fracture appears to be unpredictable and unavoidable. 5. Re-fracture is best treated by the simplest methods.
THE JUXTA-EPIPHYSIAL VESSELS IN THE LONG BONES OF FOETAL RATS
Authors: Brookes M. , Landon D. N. 
Published: February 2018

1. The results of the present investigation indicate that in the foetal rat the juxta-epiphysial vascular bed consists of a dense irregular network of sinusoids in direct contact with the growth cartilage, supplied by end-arteries, and drained by a profusion of metaphysial sinusoids. 2. The circulation is a closed one–that is, the endothelium is unbroken in its continuity and microhaemorrhages do not occur against the cartilage. 3. It is possible that juxta-epiphysial endothelial cells or their derivatives are chondrolytic, and that they participate directly, together with other mesenchymal derivatives, in the removal of cartilage as a preparatory stage in enchondral bone formation.