bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Balancing public health and public safety: a situational analysis of a substance use pathway
Authors: Mills T , Jarrett M , Chaplin E , Mallion J , Wills J , Sykes S 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Public health solutions to substance use harms are of interest across Europe, where the level of health need among detainee populations is broadly consistent. A need for multiagency working is widely recognised, as well as role changes with a view to the police engaging in health generating activity, as part of the wider public health workforce. This qualitative study explores the prospect for a multiagency, public health pathway in an English county district. This involved multiagency working across the community and custody settings.

Methods
25 semi-structured interviews with senior and frontline staff of diverse agencies involved in pathway development, including public health, police, treatment providers and the NHS. A ‘frame-critical’ situational analysis sought to understand the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats presented by the pathway. Data were organised into themes.

Results
Three themes highlighted the challenges and opportunities for addressing substance use harms via multiagency collaboration across the community and custody settings. The themes highlighted how 1) agencies’ shared commitment to public health was unsettled by subtle differences on the meaning of prevention; 2) community police were more accepting of new health activity than custody police; 3) a trade-off impeded a proactive approach: the need for substance worker capacity to support police in the custody suite (a reactive approach) meant that limited community outreach was possible, despite opportunities for preventative community work involving substance workers and community police.

Conclusions
Public health solutions are challenging to develop in a context of contrasting understandings of ‘public health’, unclear national policy and resource constraints. The design of multiagency public health pathways must be participatory and inclusive to ensure staff buy-in: in particular, new health activities need to align with police staff’s sense of role congruence.

Key messages
• Multiagency public health collaborations should start by establishing a shared understanding of what ‘public health’ and ‘prevention’ mean.
• A long-term perspective on training and motivational alignment (e.g., via feedback) is necessary to implement health-related activity among custody police staff.
Factors associated with tobacco consumption during pregnancy in Portugal: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Gomes F , Leite A , Machado A 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Tobacco consumption during pregnancy hinders mother and foetus health. Previous studies in Portugal have attempted to assess tobacco consumption and its associated factors; but none have studied representative samples.

Objectives
We aimed to estimate the prevalence of tobacco consumption during pregnancy in Portugal, and to determine sociodemographic, economic and healthcare access associated factors.

Methods
We performed a cross-sectional study using 2019 National Health Survey data. Women reporting a pregnancy between 2010 and 2019 were included. The outcome was daily or occasional tobacco consumption during pregnancy. Exposure variables were age group, nationality, marital status, region of residence, educational level, occupation/professional area, social support, net monthly income, and pregnancy trimester in the first surveillance appointment. Populational prevalence of tobacco consumption, and crude (PR) and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were obtained using Poisson regression.

Results
Prevalence was 8.1% (95%CI: 5.6-11.4) (n = 744). PR was higher in young (PR: 1.4, 95%CI: 0.7-2.8), Portuguese (PR: 4.2, 95%CI: 1.1-16.4), single (PR: 1.6, 95%CI: 0.7-4.0) pregnant women, living in Azores (PR: 2.9, 95%CI: 1.0-7.9), with the 9th grade (PR: 4.9, 95%CI: 1.8-13.9), manual job (PR: 4.2, 95%CI: 1.2-14.2), weak social support (PR: 3.3, 95%CI: 1.3-8.7), 3rd income quintile (PR: 4.5, 95%CI: 1.0-19.9), 2nd or 3rd trimester appointment (PR: 2.1, 95%CI: 0.8-6.0). aPR was higher in pregnant women with the 9th grade (aPR: 4.7, 95%CI: 1.7-13.4) or high school (aPR: 4.0, 95%CI: 1.5-10.8) and weak social support (aPR: 2.9, 95%CI: 1.2-6.6).

Conclusions
The prevalence of tobacco consumption during pregnancy in Portugal was comparable to the European Region. Portuguese pregnant women, with less than tertiary education, and weak social support showed higher prevalences.

Key messages
• The prevalence of tobacco consumption during pregnancy in Portugal was 8.1%. Pregnant women with less than tertiary education, and weak social support showed higher prevalences of tobacco consumption.
• Overall, smoking is more prevalent in socioeconomically disadvantaged pregnant women thus contributing to increased health inequities.
Assessing the health risks from flooding and chemical contamination: a scoping review
Authors: Kovats S , Karakas F , Rother H A , Duarte-Davidson R 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Flooding can increase the mobilization of hazardous chemicals in the environment. This scoping review provides an overview of the evidence on how flood events effect our health through chemical contamination and describes the exposure pathways to guide prevention and response measures. Flooding includes surface water flooding, coastal flooding, river flooding, storm surge, monsoon rainfall and high tide. We found 110 papers that looked at the association between flooding and chemicals in the environment, with most studies looking at heavy metals, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PAHs), and arsenic. There was a lack of information on rural populations and studies on mobilisation of pesticides. Very few studies mapped or modelled human exposures, including for high-risk populations (e.g., children), and this remains an important evidence gap. Studies considering climate change highlighted the likelihood of chemical contamination and health risks to be exacerbated. Our results highlighted new pathways by which flood events mobilise chemicals and pose risks to human health (i.e., urban runoff, industrial sources). Although found extensively in the environment, gaps were identified in the evidence for pesticides, microplastics and heavy metals. Limited studies reported response measures to address the chemical contamination linked to flooding despite the health risks likely to increase due to poor infrastructure and management measures despite the extent of contaminated land and landfill sites. A dual risk management strategy (i.e., the coordinated management of both flood-related and chemical release risks is required to address flooding events, chemical releases, and health impacts.
A source and a destination country for migrant healthcare workers: the case of Ireland
Authors: Hanlon H , Humphries N 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Ireland has a long tradition of emigration, particularly to countries such as the United Kingdom and the USA. Since 2000, Ireland has become increasingly reliant upon migrant healthcare workers. At present, 43% of nurses and 45% of physicians registered in Ireland, trained internationally.

Methods
This study draws on literature and available data (migration and registration data) to illustrate recent patterns of healthcare worker migration into and out of Ireland.

Results
The data show that Ireland depends heavily on migrant healthcare workers to staff its health system. In 2021-22, internationally trained healthcare workers comprised 71% of new entrants to the medical register and 69% of new entrants to the nursing register. In terms of outward migration, the data also indicate a consistent pattern of outward migration of physicians to countries such as Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, and New Zealand.

Conclusions
A heavy (and growing) reliance on migrant healthcare workers to staff the Irish health system implies a failure to train or retain sufficient healthcare workers locally and indicates weak healthcare workforce planning capacity. It also highlights a disconnect between Irish healthcare workforce planning and the WHO global code on the international recruitment of health personnel. This study will consider some of the risks associated with high rates of inward and outward healthcare worker migration in the Irish context.
Diabetes among people with intellectual disabilities vs the general population: a register study
Authors: Stroh E , Sandberg M , Kristensson J , Axmon A 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

People with intellectual disabilities have an increased risk of diabetes mellitus (DM). They tend to develop it at earlier ages than the general population, resulting in even higher risks in younger people. However, few studies have separated Type 1 and Type 2 DM. The aim of this study was to assess prevalence of different types of DM in different age groups in relation to the general population. We categorized all people in Skåne, Sweden, as ID (service and support for people with ID and/or autism, or a diagnosis of ID or Down syndrome; n = 14 716) or general population (gPop; excluding family members of people in ID; n = 1 226 955). Data regarding diagnoses of Type 1 (E10 in ICD-10) and Type 2 (E11) DM were collected for 2014-2021. Age at inclusion (i.e., 2014) was considered as children (0-12 years), adolescents (13-18), young adults (19-24), adults (25-44), lower middle-age (45-54), upper middle-age (55-64), older people (65+). The overall prevalence of Type 1 DM was 2.3% in ID and 1.6% in gPop (relative risk [RR] 2.14, 95% confidence interval 1.93-2.38). In ID, the prevalence was below 2% in the youngest age groups, and then increased with age until upper middle-age, where it reached 6.0%. The risk of Type 1 DM among people with ID compared to gPop was relatively stable, with the RR ranging between 1.16 (older people) to 2.83 (adults). For Type 2 DM, the overall prevalence was 7.2% in ID and 7.8% in gPop (RR 2.00, 1.89-2.13). There was a consistent age-related increase in prevalence in ID, from 0.3% among children to 27.4% among older people. The opposite pattern was found for the risk compared to gPop, with the higher risks (RR 3.63-6.98) in the younger age groups and lower risks (RR 1.27-4.41) in the older age groups. Both types of DM were more prevalent among people with intellectual disabilities than in the general population. However, the patterns of prevalence and risk compared to the general population differed for the two types.

Key messages
• People with intellectual disabilities have increased risk of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
• Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus displays different age patterns among people with intellectual disabilities.
Joint effect of tobacco and meat on cardiovascular disease and treatment adherence in Indian Women
Authors: Ferdous J , Jin-Kyoung O H 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death for both men and women in India. But it is often overlooked in women. Tobacco and meat consumption are common risk factors for CVD. While individual studies have explored the link between tobacco or meat consumption and CVD, their joint effect remained understudied.

Methods
The study analyzed data from the National Family Health Survey 2019-21, of 711431 women aged 15 to 49 in India. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to assess the risk of individual and joint effects of tobacco and meat consumptions on self-reported CVD prevalence. Age, BMI, education, wealth index, residency, region, religion, and alcohol were used as covariates. Additionally, interactions model was assessed. Lastly, treatment adherence for CVD was studied, considering treatment behavior, insurance, and healthcare access barriers.

Results
Cardiovascular disease prevalence was 0.72%. The risk of CVD was higher among the smokers [aOR: 2.26(1.83-2.73)] than smokeless tobacco [aOR: 1.34(1.21-1.49)] consumers. In contrast daily meat consumers showed higher risk [aOR: 1.23(1.03-1.47)] than meat non-consumers. Women who were consumers of both tobacco and meat had risk of [aOR: 1.15 (1.02 - 1.30)] CVD compared to who did not consume both tobacco and meat. Interaction was not detected between tobacco and meat consumption. CVD treatment adherence was higher among the women who possess an insurance [OR: 1.11(1.04-1.19)]. The risk of treatment non-adherence was higher among women who were aged below 40 with no education and from the poorest section of the society. Barriers for accessing health care facilities were solo attendance, provider availability, and drug access.

Conclusions
Tobacco and meat both need to be addressed to control CVD among women. Empowering women and bringing them under government insurance with an improve health care system are crucial.

Key messages
• The joint effect of tobacco and meat consumption increased the risk of cardiovascular diseases among women. However, there was no interaction effects observed between tobacco and meat consumption.
• Healthcare facilities needs to be improved and awareness among young adults are extremely crucial for better CVD treatment management among women in India.
Review of recent developments in AI-based data processing and prediction for braced excavation design
Authors: Zhang Runhong , Chang Haoran , Goh Anthony T C 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This paper presents a review of the recent advances in the application of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques for data processing and prediction in the design and construction of braced excavation systems. It introduces various AI algorithms employed in addressing complex data processing and deformation prediction challenges in braced excavation. A pivotal development has been in the area of soil parameter and in situ monitoring data processing, which facilitates more reliable site characterization for efficient design. This paper delves into wall system and deformation predictions, showcasing AI’s ability to integrate multi-source data for real-time prediction. It also addresses spatiotemporal prediction, enhancing prediction accuracy by accounting for uncertainties. The significance of groundwater is highlighted by introducing predictive models that consider groundwater drawdown. Additionally, it discusses stability prediction based on the factor of safety of braced excavation, enabling proactive safety management for the retaining wall system and the surrounding environment. Furthermore, the paper discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with the use of generative AI and large language models, providing an overview of their significance, applications, and future directions in braced excavation.
Inverting the lady’s slipper orchid: development and active–passive mechanisms in a ‘living machine’
Authors: Rowe Nick 
Published: October 2024

This article comments on:
Cardoso JCF, Johnson SD, Oliveira PE. 2025. Flowers meet Newton: testing the role of gravitational pull in resupination of orchid flowers. Journal of Experimental Botany 76, 433–444. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erae413
Components of star formation in NGC 253: Non-negative matrix factorization analysis with the ALCHEMI integrated intensity images
Authors: Kishikawa Ryo , Harada Nanase , Saito Toshiki , Aalto Susanne , Colzi Laura , Gorski Mark , Henkel Christian , Mangum Jeffrey G , Martín Sergio , Muller Sebastian , Nishimura Yuri , Rivilla Víctor M , Sakamoto Kazushi , van der Werf Paul , Viti Serena 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
It is essential to examine the physical or chemical properties of molecular gas in starburst galaxies to reveal the underlying mechanisms characterizing starbursts. We used non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) to extract individual molecular or physical components involved in the star formation process in NGC 253. We used images of 148 transitions from 44 different species of the ALMA large program ALCHEMI. Additionally, we included the continuum images at ALMA Bands 3 and 7 from the same dataset. For the five NMF components (NF1–NF5), we obtained that their distributions correspond to various basic phenomena related to star formation: (i) low-density gas extended through the galactic central molecular zone (NF2), (ii) shocks (NF3), (iii) starburst regions (NF4), and (iv) young star-forming regions (NF5). The other component (NF1) is related to excitation; three components obtained by NMF (NF3, NF1, and NF5) show a strong dependence upon the upper state energies of transitions, and represent low, intermediate, and high excitation, respectively. We also compared our results using principal component analysis (PCA) previously applied to the same dataset. Molecular components extracted from NMF are similar to the ones obtained from PCA. However, NMF is better at extracting components associated with a single physical component, while a single component in PCA usually contains information on multiple physical components. This is especially true for features with weak intensities like emission from outflows. Our results suggest that NMF can be one of the promising methods for interpreting molecular line survey data, especially in the upcoming era of wide-band receivers.
Routes of importation and spatial dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 variants during localized interventions in Chile
Authors: Gutierrez Bernardo , Tsui Joseph L -H , Pullano Giulia , Mazzoli Mattia , Gangavarapu Karthik , Inward Rhys P D , Bajaj Sumali , Evans Pena Rosario , Busch-Moreno Simon , Suchard Marc A , Pybus Oliver G , Dunner Alejandra , Puentes Rodrigo , Ayala Salvador , Fernandez Jorge , Araos Rafael , Ferres Leo , Colizza Vittoria , Kraemer Moritz U G 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Human mobility is strongly associated with the spread of SARS-CoV-2 via air travel on an international scale and with population mixing and the number of people moving between locations on a local scale. However, these conclusions are drawn mostly from observations in the context of the global north where international and domestic connectivity is heavily influenced by the air travel network; scenarios where land-based mobility can also dominate viral spread remain understudied. Furthermore, research on the effects of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) has mostly focused on national- or regional-scale implementations, leaving gaps in our understanding of the potential benefits of implementing NPIs at higher granularity. Here, we use Chile as a model to explore the role of human mobility on disease spread within the global south; the country implemented a systematic genomic surveillance program and NPIs at a very high spatial granularity. We combine viral genomic data, anonymized human mobility data from mobile phones and official records of international travelers entering the country to characterize the routes of importation of different variants, the relative contributions of airport and land border importations, and the real-time impact of the country's mobility network on the diffusion of SARS-CoV-2. The introduction of variants which are dominant in neighboring countries (and not detected through airport genomic surveillance) is predicted by land border crossings and not by air travelers, and the strength of connectivity between comunas (Chile's lowest administrative divisions) predicts the time of arrival of imported lineages to new locations. A higher stringency of local NPIs was also associated with fewer domestic viral importations. Our analysis sheds light on the drivers of emerging respiratory infectious disease spread outside of air travel and on the consequences of disrupting regular movement patterns at lower spatial scales.
Tibialis Anterior Tendon Transfer for Clubfoot Deformity: Cuboid Versus Lateral Cuneiform
Authors: Craft Madison , Calhoon Gage , Lewis Thomas R. 
Published: October 2024

Background:
Tibialis anterior tendon transfer in relapsing clubfoot deformity is a well-known treatment option for dynamic forefoot supination and adduction deformities. The tibialis anterior tendon can be anchored to the lateral cuneiform or the cuboid. A complication of this surgery is overcorrection to a flatfoot deformity or undercorrection that maintains the clubfoot deformity. We compared reoperation rates and clinical outcomes between these 2 groups.

Methods:
This is a retrospective study performed from 2005 to 2020. The primary outcome was repeat operation. The secondary outcome included clinical appearance scores described by Garceau and Palmer.

Results:
There were 114 clubfeet (111 patients) treated in our study. Of them, 67 (58.8%) had a transfer to the lateral cuneiform, whereas 47 (41.2%) had a transfer to the cuboid. Nine patients had reoperations which included 4 (44.4%) in the lateral cuneiform group and 5 (55.6%) in the cuboid group which was not statistically significant (P=0.485). Clinical appearance scores revealed significantly better clinical appearance in the lateral cuneiform group after surgery compared with the cuboid group (P=0.0172).

Conclusions:
There were no clinically significant differences in reoperation rates between transfers to the lateral cuneiform versus the cuboid. We did find better clinical appearance in the lateral cuneiform group after surgery compared with the cuboid group.

Level of Evidence:
Level III retrospective comparative study.
Cultural Factors, Social Structures, and Social Determinants of Health: The Need for Clarity in Assessing Psychopathology
Authors: Aggarwal Neil Krishan 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Over the past decade, researchers translating anthropological theories for clinical use have debated how practitioners should assess cultural factors, social structures, and social determinants of health with patients. Advocates of structural competency have suggested that clinical cultural competency programs demonstrate limited effects on health outcomes because of the static understanding of culture employed. They recommend that cultural factors be reformulated with an emphasis on social structures. In response, researchers in cultural psychiatry specializing in cultural assessments have developed three models—sociocultural formulation (SCF), the cultural-ecosocial view, and the contextual developmental assessment—to integrate cultural and structural factors. Their methods for integration, however, differ, resulting in various understandings of psychopathology mechanisms. This paper analyzes arguments from all four positions in this debate. It reveals a lack of consensus about interrelationships among these constructs, their definitions, and methods for assessment. The article concludes with recommendations, such as developing consensus definitions with broad stakeholder involvement; adopting a data-driven approach to clarify how specific cultural, social, or structural factors interact; and identifying how extant assessments capture clinically relevant factors across constructs to develop additional assessment tools.