bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decision‐making for older patients by Australian and New Zealand doctors with Advance Care Directives: a vignette‐based study
Authors: Mitropoulos Joanna , Austin Nicole , Hunter Peter , Cairney Helena , Parikh Seema 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about doctors’ decision‐making patterns when using Advance Care Directives (ACDs), particularly for older patients in Australia and New Zealand.AimsTo determine the level of agreement among Australian and New Zealand doctors’ decisions when using ACDs to guide treatment decisions for older patients. To evaluate factors that may affect decision‐making including doctors’ demographics, vignette complexity and Advance Care Directive (ACD) content.MethodsIn December 2016–January 2017, a survey was distributed to doctors working within one tertiary hospital network in Melbourne and to doctors registered with the Australian and New Zealand Society of Geriatric Medicine. The survey comprised of three vignettes (1, 2, 3) presented with deidentified versions of genuine ACDs (A and B) volunteered by community members via a tertiary hospital ACD service.ResultsFive hundred and sixty doctors submitted completed surveys. The level of agreement between doctors when using ACDs varied by vignette complexity, ACD content, doctor speciality (P = 0.006 vignette 1 ACD A, P = 0.04 vignette 1 ACD B, P = 0.04 vignette 2 ACD A, P = 0.04 vignette 3 ACD B) and doctor seniority (P = 0.04 vignette 1 ACD A, P < 0.0001 vignette 2 ACD A). Australian and New Zealand doctors are infrequently exposed to ACDs in their work, 30% did not know the legal status of ACDs and majority of the cohort requested more education on ACDs.ConclusionDespite the presence of an ACD, the level of agreement on treatment decisions for older patients when using ACDs varies by vignette complexity, ACD content, speciality and seniority of doctors.
Intestinal overexpression of IL‐18 promotes eosinophils‐mediated allergic disorders
Authors: Verma Alok K. , Kandikattu Hemanth Kumar , Manohar Murli , Shukla Anshi , Upparahalli Venkateshaiah Sathisha , Zhu Xiang , Mishra Anil 
Published: February 2019

SummaryBaseline eosinophils reside in the gastrointestinal tract; however, in several allergic disorders, excessive eosinophils accumulate in the blood as well in the tissues. Recently, we showed in vitro that interleukin (IL)‐18 matures and transforms IL‐5‐generated eosinophils into the pathogenic eosinophils that are detected in human allergic diseases. To examine the role of local induction of IL‐18 in promoting eosinophil‐associated intestinal disorders, we generated enterocyte IL‐18‐overexpressing mice using the rat intestinal fatty acid‐binding promoter (Fabpi) and analysed tissue IL‐18 overexpression and eosinophilia by performing real‐time polymerase chain reaction, Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay and anti‐major basic protein immunostaining. Herein we show that Fabpi‐IL‐18 mice display highly induced IL‐18 mRNA and protein in the jejunum. IL‐18 overexpression in enterocytes promotes marked increases of eosinophils in the blood and jejunum. Our analysis shows IL‐18 overexpression in the jejunum induces a specific population of CD101+ CD274+ tissue eosinophils. Additionally, we observed comparable tissue eosinophilia in IL‐13‐deficient‐Fabpi‐IL‐18 mice, and reduced numbers of tissue eosinophils in eotaxin‐deficient‐Fabpi‐IL‐18 and IL‐5‐deficient‐Fabpi‐IL‐18 mice compared with Fabpi‐IL‐18 transgenic mice. Notably, jejunum eosinophilia in IL‐5‐deficient‐Fabpi‐IL‐18 mice is significantly induced compared with wild‐type mice, which indicates the direct role of induced IL‐18 in the tissue accumulation of eosinophils and mast cells. Furthermore, we also found that overexpression of IL‐18 in the intestine promotes eosinophil‐associated peanut‐induced allergic responses in mice. Taken together, we provide direct in vivo evidence that induced expression of IL‐18 in the enterocytes promotes eotaxin‐1, IL‐5 and IL‐13 independent intestinal eosinophilia, which signifies the clinical relevance of induced IL‐18 in eosinophil‐associated gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs) to food allergens.
Enhanced thermal stability by introducing TiN diffusion barrier layer between W and SiC
Authors: Cheng Ping , DelaCruz Steven , Tsai Dung‐Sheng , Wang Zhongtao , Carraro Carlo , Maboudian Roya 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe combination of W and SiC has many applications such as a hot cell of a thermionic energy converter, nuclear material, and high temperature microelectronics. In this study, a 2 µm thick TiN film is introduced as a diffusion barrier between SiC and W to avoid the inter‐diffusion reaction at high temperature. The effect of annealing temperature on the surface morphology and microstructure of the TiN film is studied to explore its high temperature stability. Then 500 nm W film is sputtered on the TiN film to characterize the inter‐diffusion and stability of the W/TiN/SiC multilayer at 1100°C by XRD, Raman spectroscopy and cross‐sectional EDS mapping techniques. The results indicate that the W/TiN/SiC multilayer is very stable even when heated at 1100°C for 25 hours.
Understanding the origin of the most isolated endemic reef fish fauna of the Indo‐Pacific: Coral reef fishes of Rapa Nui
Authors: Delrieu‐Trottin Erwan , Brosseau‐Acquaviva Laura , Mona Stefano , Neglia Valentina , Giles Emily C. , Rapu‐Edmunds Cristian , Saenz‐Agudelo Pablo 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAimTo understand the origin of the most isolated endemic fish fauna of the Indo‐Pacific, Easter Island (Rapa Nui), and to infer divergence times and colonization routes of the endemic coral reef fish fauna from their closest relatives.LocationEaster Island, Pacific Ocean.MethodsSamples of ten species were used: six small‐range species endemic to Rapa Nui and Motu Motiro Hiva (Salas y Gómez) (i.e. small‐range endemic species) and four large‐range species endemic to the southern subtropical Pacific (i.e. large‐range endemic species). We present phylogenetic reconstruction results based on mitochondrial (1 to 5) and nuclear (1 to 6) loci to place these endemic species in their respective family phylogenies (8). Using these newly calibrated phylogenetic trees, information of species distributions and geological data, we inferred the divergence times from the closest relatives of these ten endemic fishes, compared biogeographical history estimation models to reconstruct their ancestral geographic ranges, colonization routes and underlying mechanisms of speciation.ResultsThe divergence times (i.e. divergence times from the closest relatives) of all of the small‐range endemics studied were more recent than the age of Rapa Nui and Motu Motiro Hiva; thus, these species can be considered as neoendemics. Biogeographical history estimation models indicated that speciation following a founder‐event is the most likely scenario. In contrast, the divergence estimates of the large‐range endemic species were highly variable. This being said, the divergence times of all species were more recent than the age of the oldest islands within their distributions.Main conclusionsTaken together, these results demonstrate that Rapa Nui acts as a cradle of coral reef biodiversity, being responsible for the emergence of small‐range endemic fish species, but also a route of dispersion for several large‐range endemics and as a stepping stone in the diversification of the Myripristis and Pseudolabrus genera. While no common divergence time was recovered for all of the ten endemic species studied here, the common mechanism of speciation following a founder event was recovered for most of the small‐range endemic species.
Eukaryotic Sequences in the 16SrRNA Metagenomic Dataset of Algal–bacterial Consortia of the White Sea Coastal Zone
Authors: Chekanov Konstantin , Kublanovskaya Anna , Lobakova Elena 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe libraries of bacterial 16SrRNA gene fragment from algal–bacterial consortia of the White Sea coastal zone are analyzed. Up to 3% of the reads have revealed to correspond to eukaryotic rRNA. They related to following main eukaryotic clades: Discoba, Stramenopiles, Ciliata, Amoebozoa, and Nucletmycea. Amoebae, especially Vermamoeba, were present in all samples. In one sample, heterolobose amoeba Paravahlkampfia was detected. These microorganisms are parasites of microalgae, which can induce significant damage to industrial cultures. However, the data on their physiology and distribution are scarce. This study provides new evidence about the diversity of herbivorous eukaryotic microorganisms in natural algal‐containing consortia.
Effects of various thermal processing methods on the shelf‐life and product quality of vacuum‐packaged braised beef
Authors: Wang Qingbo , Zhang Min , Adhikari Benu , Cao Ping , Yang Chao‐Hui 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe aim of this article was to compare the effects of three different heating methods; water bath (WB), radio frequency (RF), microwave (MW), and their combinations (WB–RF, WB–MW, RF–MW) on reducing bacterial load, extending shelf‐life, and preserving quality (color, texture, peroxide value, and smell) of vacuum packed braised beef. The thermally processed samples were stored at 37°C, and the total number of bacterial colonies, pH, color, texture, and smell profiles was measured and analyzed. WB–RF heating was found to be the most suitable among these three methods and their combinations. WB–RF prolonged the shelf‐life of samples to the longest and also caused the least damage to color, texture, flavor, and caused least lipid oxidation. The WB–RF processed samples had similar sensory acceptability to that of untreated samples.Practical applicationsCompared with high temperature and high pressure sterilization, flexible heating methods can be a feasible approach to not only guarantee a certain shelf‐life of the braised beef but also improve the sensory and nutritional quality of products thus increasing the acceptability to consumers.
Intergenerational Exchange of Support in Low‐Income Families: Understanding Resource Dilution and Increased Contribution
Authors: Roksa Josipa 
Published: February 2019

Objective: This study examines the resource dilution hypothesis during the transition to adulthood, when parental support is both more optional and more contested, and when children may not only receive but also provide support to their families.Background: Prior sociological literature on the investment of family resources and the role of siblings has typically focused on younger children in compulsory schooling. It is not clear whether the patterns observed among young children hold across other stages of the life course.Method: The study is based on a sample of 740 low‐income students attending seven public 4‐year institutions in Wisconsin. Regression analyses examine the extent to which students receive financial, emotional, and in‐kind support from their families as well as the extent to which they provide those types of supports to their families.Results: The results indicate that siblings dilute financial support low‐income students receive from their families, but not emotional or in‐kind support. Notably, siblings do not only dilute financial resources; they also invite increased contributions. Low‐income young adults receive less financial support and provide more financial and in‐kind support in larger families.Conclusion: The findings imply the importance of revising the resource dilution hypothesis to reflect variation across different stages of the life course and to account for the bidirectional exchange of support.
Being an Intelligent Slave of God
Authors: Sheikh Faraz 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHow did premodern Muslim thinkers talk about living authentically as a Muslim in the world? How, in their view, could selves transform themselves into ideal religious subjects or slaves of God? Which virtues, technologies of the self and intersubjective relations did they see implicated in inhabiting or attaining what I shall callʿabdīsubjectivity? In this paper, I make explicit how various discursive, ethical strategies formed, informed, and transformed Muslim subjectivity in early Muslim thought by focusing on the writings of an important ninth century Muslim moral pedagogue, al‐Muḥāsibī (d. 857). This study illustrates the advantages of approaching early Muslim texts and discourses through the tools and methods made available by comparative religious ethics in order to reexamine our understanding of Muslim subject formation and the role of ethical and theological discourses in the same.
Medical Neoliberalism in Rape Crisis Center Counseling: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Clinicians’ Understandings of Survivor Distress
Authors: Peters Shannon M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA neoliberal medicalized framework shapes society's understanding of distress as a disease or disorder and places the responsibility on individuals to “fix” themselves, situating the problem within a person, rather than in a sociopolitical context. This framework has become increasingly prevalent in Western society and has permeated rape crisis centers (RCCs), which play a vital role supporting sexual violence survivors. The goal of the present study was to explore the impact of a neoliberal medicalized discourse on RCC clinicians’ understandings of survivor distress. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was employed. Six RCC clinicians were interviewed. Analysis revealed four master themes:Wielding the Double‐Edged Sword of the Medical Model,Navigating the Healing Process with Survivors,Stay in Your Lane: The Role of the RCC, andUnderstanding and Honoring Survivor Shame. Recommendations for researchers and clinicians working with survivors are provided pertaining to how to (1) critically adopt medical neoliberalism, (2) empower survivors with medication information, and (3) employ alternatives to individual counseling to foster healing. Suggestions for future research are also provided.
Variations in U.S. consumers' acceptability of commercially‐available rice‐based milk alternatives with respect to sensory attributes and food neophobia traits
Authors: Pramudya Ragita C. , Lee Jihyun , Chapko Matthew J. , Lee KwangRag , Lee Sunghee , Lee JunYoung , Tokar Tonya , Seo Han‐Seok 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis study aimed to determine whether acceptability of rice‐based milk alternatives (RMAs) is influenced by sensory attributes and nonsensory factors, in particular with respect to US consumers' demographic profiles, frequency of RMA consumption, and food neophobia traits. Ten trained panelists evaluated 7 commercially‐available RMA samples with respect to 23 attributes, and 101 consumer panelists rated both hedonic impressions and just‐about‐right (JAR) intensities of attributes among the 7 RMA samples. Descriptive sensory analysis revealed that the 7 RMA samples differed significantly in terms of the 13 attributes. A partial least squares regression found that overall liking of RMAs was positively associated with higher intensities of sweetness, astringency, and nutty, vanillin, and grainy flavor attributes, while it was negatively associated with higher intensities of yeasty/fermented, vanillin, and starchy aromas, yeasty/fermented and cardboard flavors, bitter and sour tastes, and dark color. Consumers with higher food neophobia traits were found to like flavors of RMAs less. Overall likings of RMAs did not differ as a function of gender, age group, annual household income, and frequency of RMA consumption. In conclusion, this study provides a better understanding of sensory attributes, consumer acceptability, and drivers of liking for commercially‐available RMAs in the U.S. market.Practical applicationsRice‐based milk alternatives are one category of nondairy milk alternatives commercially available in the U.S. market. Food manufacturers, marketers, and sensory professionals should consider RMAs' sensory attributes and consumers' food neophobia traits not only when designing new products, but also when promoting their products to potential customers.
Analysing tree–neighbourhood interactions in ecotones of montane evergreen and deciduous forests in China
Authors: Wang Qinggang , Chi Xiulian , Tang Zhiyao , Jiang Mingxi 
Published: February 2019

AbstractQuestionsDo neighbourhood interactions in trees result in discernible spatial and phylogenetic signals among their nearest neighbours in a montane evergreen and deciduous forest? Are neighbourhood patterns of different species associated with their abundances and traits?LocationBadagongshan National Nature Reserve, Hunan, China.MethodsWe used four nearest‐neighbour indices: average spatial distance to the nearest conspecific cohort‐mate (SNCC), average spatial distance to the nearest conspecific adult (SNCA), average phylogenetic distance to the nearest heterospecific cohort‐mate (PNHC), and average phylogenetic distance to the nearest heterospecific adult (PNHA). We focused on 77 abundant species in a 25‐ha plot. We evaluated whether the changes in SNCC, PNHC, SNCA and PNHA deviated significantly from expected values of spatially random mortality during two life stage transitions.ResultsFor more than one‐fourth of the tested species, the changes in SNCC and PNHC deviated significantly from the expectations of random mortality. Nearly one‐third of the tested species showed greater SNCC at the juvenile stage than expected of random mortality, which may be mainly explained by conspecific tree competition for space and resources. Approximately 60% and 40% of the tested species showed significantly smaller SNCA and PNHA than expected by random mortality, respectively, which suggests the effects of facilitation and habitat filtering. In addition, abundant and taller species were suppressed by conspecific cohorts to a greater degree than locally rarer and shorter species. Deciduous species were more negatively influenced by conspecifics and closely related heterospecifics than evergreen species.ConclusionsOur study focused on long‐term responses of individual species to their conspecific and phylogenetic neighbourhoods and revealed the associations between species traits and neighbourhood patterns. Such trait–neighbourhood interactions provide support for stabilizing mechanisms driving species coexistence in this species‐rich subtropical forest.
Possible records of space weathering on Vesta: Case study in a brecciated eucrite Northwest Africa 1109
Authors: Wang Shu‐Zhou , Zhang Ai‐Cheng , Pang Run‐Lian , Li Yang , Chen Jia‐Ni 
Published: February 2019

AbstractRecords of space weathering are important for understanding the formation and evolution of surface regolith on airless celestial bodies. Current understanding of space weathering processes on asteroids including asteroid‐4 Vesta, the source of the howardite–eucrite–diogenite (HED) meteorites, lags behind what is known for the Moon. In this study, we studied agglutinates, a vesicular glass‐coating lithic clast, and a fine‐grained sulfide replacement texture in the polymict breccia Northwest Africa (NWA) 1109 with electron microscopy. In agglutinates, nanophase grains of FeNi and FeS were observed, whereas npFe0 was absent. We suggested that the agglutinates in NWA 1109 formed from fine‐grained surface materials of Vesta during meteorite/micrometeorite bombardment. The fine‐grained sulfide replacement texture (troilite + hedenbergite + silica) should be a result of reaction between S‐rich vapors and pyroxferroite. The unique Fe/Mn values of relict pyroxferroite indicate a different source from normal HED pyroxenes, arguing that the reaction took place on or near the surface of Vesta. The fine‐grained sulfide replacement texture could be a product of nontypical space weathering on airless celestial bodies. We should pay attention to this texture in future returned samples by asteroid exploration missions.
Experts’ responses in script concordance tests: a response process validity investigation
Authors: Lineberry Matthew , Hornos Eduardo , Pleguezuelos Eduardo , Mella Jose , Brailovsky Carlos , Bordage Georges 
Published: February 2019

ContextThe script concordance test (SCT), designed to measure clinical reasoning in complex cases, has recently been the subject of several critical research studies. Amongst other issues, response process validity evidence remains lacking. We explored the response processes of experts on an SCT scoring panel to better understand their seemingly divergent beliefs about how new clinical data alter the suitability of proposed actions within simulated patient cases.MethodsA total of 10 Argentine gastroenterologists who served as the expert panel on an existing SCT re‐answered 15 cases 9 months after their original panel participation. They then answered questions probing their reasoning and reactions to other experts’ perspectives.ResultsThe experts sometimes noted they would not ordinarily consider the actions proposed for the cases at all (30/150 instances [20%]) or would collect additional data first (54/150 instances [36%]). Even when groups of experts agreed about how new clinical data in a case affected the suitability of a proposed action, there was often disagreement (118/133 instances [89%]) about the suitability of the proposed action before the new clinical data had been introduced. Experts reported confidence in their responses, but showed limited consistency with the responses they had given 9 months earlier (linear weighted kappa = 0.33). Qualitative analyses showed nuanced and complex reasons behind experts’ responses, revealing, for example, that experts often considered the unique affordances and constraints of their varying local practice environments when responding. Experts generally found other experts’ alternative responses moderately compelling (mean ± standard deviation 2.93 ± 0.80 on a 5‐point scale, where 3 = moderately compelling). Experts switched their own preferred responses after seeing others’ reasoning in 30 of 150 (20%) instances.ConclusionsExpert response processes were not consistent with the classical interpretation and use of SCT scores. However, several fruitful and justifiable alternatives for the use of SCT‐like methods are proposed, such as to guide assessments for learning.
To be a Bosniak or to be a citizen? Bosnia and Herzegovina's 2013 census as an election
Authors: Cooley Laurence 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBosnia and Herzegovina's first post‐war population census, held in 2013, was accompanied by campaigns associated with each of the country's three main ethnic groups, which sought to maximise their share of the recorded population. These campaigns were challenged by a rival ‘civic’ campaign that instead stressed the right to freedom of self‐identification, however. This article compares the aims, methods and framings used by this civic campaign with those of the most prominent of the ‘ethnic’ campaigns – that of Bosniak ethnic entrepreneurs. It demonstrates that the two campaigns were each motivated by a combination of symbolic motives, centred on recognition and highlighting discrimination, and instrumental motives relating to the country's power‐sharing institutions. The limited success of the civic campaign in countering the messages of its rival ethnic campaigns demonstrates the difficulties that civic movements face in mobilising citizens in consociational democracies such as BiH.