bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incomplete neutralization in African American English: The case of final consonant voicing
Authors: Farrington Charlie 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn many varieties of African American English (AAE), glottal stop replacement and deletion of word-final /t/ and /d/ results in consonant neutralization, while the underlying voicing distinction may be maintained by other cues, such as vowel duration. Here, I examine the relationship between vowel duration, final glottal stop replacement, and deletion of word-final /t, d/ to determine whether the phonological contrast of consonant voicing is maintained through duration of the preceding vowel. Data come from conversational interviews of AAE speakers in North Carolina, Tennessee, and Washington, DC. Results indicate that glottalization and deletion of word-final /t/ and /d/ are widespread across the speakers in the analysis. Additionally, the duration of vowels is significantly longer before underlying /d/ than /t/ for consonant neutralized contexts, thus showing that duration, normally a secondary cue to final voicing, may be becoming a primary cue in AAE.
Using GRACE to Explain Variations in the Earth's Oblateness
Authors: Sun Yu , Riva Riccardo , Ditmar Pavel , Rietbroek Roelof 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe present a new approach to estimate time variations in J2. Those variations are represented as the sum of contributions from individual sources. This approach uses solely Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) data and the geoid fingerprints of mass redistributions that take place both at the surface and in the interior of the solid Earth. The results agree remarkably well with those based on satellite laser ranging, while estimates of the sources explain the observed variations in J2. Seasonal variations are dominated by terrestrial water storage and by mass redistribution in the atmosphere and ocean. Trends, however, are primarily controlled by the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and by glacial isostatic adjustment. The positive trend from surface mass variations is larger than the negative trend due to glacial isostatic adjustment and leads to an overall rising trend during the GRACE period (2002–2017).
Formation of Tropical Anvil Clouds by Slow Evaporation
Authors: Seeley Jacob T. , Jeevanjee Nadir , Langhans Wolfgang , Romps David M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTropical anvil clouds play a large role in the Earth's radiation balance, but their effect on global warming is uncertain. The conventional paradigm for these clouds attributes their existence to the rapidly declining convective mass flux below the tropopause, which implies a large source of detraining cloudy air there. Here we test this paradigm by manipulating the sources and sinks of cloudy air in cloud‐resolving simulations. We find that anvils form in our simulations because of the long lifetime of upper‐tropospheric cloud condensates, not because of an enhanced source of cloudy air below the tropopause. We further show that cloud lifetimes are long in the cold upper troposphere because the saturation specific humidity is much smaller there than the condensed water loading of cloudy updrafts, which causes evaporative cloud decay to act very slowly. Our results highlight the need for novel cloud‐fraction schemes that align with this decay‐centric framework for anvil clouds.
Warming Effects of Spring Rainfall Increase Methane Emissions From Thawing Permafrost
Authors: Neumann Rebecca B. , Moorberg Colby J. , Lundquist Jessica D. , Turner Jesse C. , Waldrop Mark P. , McFarland Jack W. , Euskirchen Eugenie S. , Edgar Colin W. , Turetsky Merritt R. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMethane emissions regulate the near‐term global warming potential of permafrost thaw, particularly where loss of ice‐rich permafrost converts forest and tundra into wetlands. Northern latitudes are expected to get warmer and wetter, and while there is consensus that warming will increase thaw and methane emissions, effects of increased precipitation are uncertain. At a thawing wetland complex in Interior Alaska, we found that interactions between rain and deep soil temperatures controlled methane emissions. In rainy years, recharge from the watershed rapidly altered wetland soil temperatures, warming the top ~80 cm of soil in spring and summer and cooling it in autumn. When soils were warmed by spring rainfall, methane emissions increased by ~30%. The warm, deep soils early in the growing season likely supported both microbial and plant processes that enhanced emissions. Our study identifies an important and unconsidered role of rain in governing the radiative forcing of thawing permafrost landscapes.
Remote Sensing of Radiation Belt Energetic Electrons Using Lightning Triggered Upper Band Chorus
Authors: Hosseini Poorya , Gołkowski Mark , Harid Vijay 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObservations of magnetospheric chorus being triggered by lightning‐induced whistlers are rare but provide a unique opportunity to remotely diagnose wave‐particle interactions in the Earth's radiation belts. The observations presented herein are unique in that whistlers, originating from lightning, are seen to trigger upper band chorus repeatedly over the course of 2 hr. Each whistler exhibits a distinct upper frequency cutoff that is used to estimate the anisotropy of the hot plasma distribution. Resulting anisotropy estimates are in good agreement with previous in situ measurements. While the anisotropy determines wave growth in the linear regime, access to the nonlinear regime requires the in situ wave amplitude to exceed the threshold for phase trapping of energetic electrons. The results suggest that while upper band chorus is less favorable to be spontaneously generated, the conditions in this band are more conducive for triggering of the chorus instability by an external input wave.
Modeling Global Riverine DOC Flux Dynamics From 1951 to 2015
Authors: Li Mingxu , Peng Changhui , Zhou Xiaolu , Yang Yanzheng , Guo Yanrong , Shi Guohua , Zhu Qiuan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractClimate change has a profound impact on the global carbon cycle, including effects on riverine carbon pools, which connect terrestrial, oceanic, and atmospheric carbon pools. Until now, terrestrial ecosystem models have rarely incorporated riverine carbon components into global carbon budgets. Here we developed a new process‐based model, TRIPLEX‐HYDRA (TRIPLEX‐hydrological routing algorithm), that considers the production, consumption, and transport processes of nonanthropogenic dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from soil to river ecosystems. After the parameter calibration, model results explained more than 50% of temporal variations in all but three rivers. Validation results suggested that DOC yield simulated by TRIPLEX‐HYDRA has a good fit (R2 = 0.61, n = 71, p < 0.001) with global river observations. And then, we applied this model for global rivers. We found that mean DOC yield of global river approximately 1.08 g C/m2 year, where most high DOC yield appeared in the rivers from high northern or tropic regions. Furthermore, our results suggested that global riverine DOC flux appeared a significant decrease trend (average rate: 0.38 Pg C/year) from 1951 to 2015, although the variation patterns of DOC fluxes in global rivers are diverse. A decreasing trend in riverine DOC flux appeared in the middle and high northern latitude regions (30–90°N), which could be attributable to an increased flow path and DOC degradation during the transport process. Furthermore, increasing trend of DOC fluxes is found in rivers from tropical regions (30°S–30°N), which might be related to an increase in terrestrial organic carbon input. Many other rivers (e.g., Mississippi, Yangtze, and Lena rivers) experienced no significant changes under a changing environment.
Radiocarbon Age Offsets Between Two Surface Dwelling Planktonic Foraminifera Species During Abrupt Climate Events in the SW Iberian Margin
Authors: Ausín Blanca , Haghipour Negar , Wacker Lukas , Voelker Antje H. L. , Hodell David , Magill Clayton , Looser Nathan , Bernasconi Stefano M. , Eglinton Timothy I. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis study identifies temporal biases in the radiocarbon ages of the planktonic foraminifera species Globigerina bulloides and Globigerinoides ruber (white) in a sediment core from the SW Iberian margin (so‐called Shackleton site). Leaching of the outer shell and measurement of the radiocarbon content of both the leachate and leached sample enabled us to identify surface contamination of the tests and its impact on their 14C ages. Incorporation of younger radiocarbon on the outer shell affected both species and had a larger impact downcore. Interspecies comparison of the 14C ages of the leached samples reveal systematic offsets with 14C ages for G. ruber being younger than G. bulloides ages during the last deglaciation and part of the Early and mid‐Holocene. The greatest offsets (up to 1,030 years) were found during Heinrich Stadial 1, the Younger Dryas, and part of the Holocene. The potential factors differentially affecting these two planktonic species were assessed by complementary 14C, oxygen and carbon isotopes, and species abundance determinations. The coupled effect of bioturbation with changes in the abundance of G. ruber is invoked to account for the large age offsets. Our results highlight that 14C ages of planktonic foraminifera might be largely compromised even in settings characterized by high sediment accumulation rates. Thus, a careful assessment of potential temporal biases must be performed prior to using 14C ages for paleoclimate investigations or radiocarbon calibrations (e.g., marine calibration curve Marine13, Reimer et al., 2013, https://doi.org/10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16947).
Histone demethylase KDM6B has an anti-tumorigenic function in neuroblastoma by promoting differentiation
Authors: Yang Liqun , Zha Yunhong , Ding Jane , Ye Bingwei , Liu Mengling , Yan Chunhong , Dong Zheng , Cui Hongjuan , Ding Han-Fei 
Published: January 2019

AbstractInduction of differentiation is a therapeutic strategy in high-risk neuroblastoma, a childhood cancer of the sympathetic nervous system. Neuroblastoma differentiation requires transcriptional upregulation of neuronal genes. How this process is regulated at epigenetic levels is not well understood. Here we report that the histone H3 lysine 27 demethylase KDM6B is an epigenetic activator of neuroblastoma cell differentiation. KDM6B mRNA expression is downregulated in poorly differentiated high-risk neuroblastomas and upregulated in differentiated tumors, and high KDM6B expression is prognostic for better survival in neuroblastoma patients. In neuroblastoma cell lines, KDM6B depletion promotes cell proliferation, whereas KDM6B overexpression induces neuronal differentiation and inhibits cell proliferation and tumorgenicity. Mechanistically, KDM6B epigenetically activates the transcription of neuronal genes by removing the repressive chromatin marker histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation. In addition, we show that KDM6B functions downstream of the retinoic acid-HOXC9 axis in inducing neuroblastoma cell differentiation: KDM6B expression is upregulated by retinoic acid via HOXC9, and KDM6B is required for HOXC9-induced neuroblastoma cell differentiation. Finally, we present evidence that KDM6B interacts with HOXC9 to target neuronal genes for epigenetic activation. These findings identify a KDM6B-dependent epigenetic mechanism in the control of neuroblastoma cell differentiation, providing a rationale for reducing histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation as a strategy for enhancing differentiation-based therapy in high-risk neuroblastoma.
BRCA2 deficiency instigates cGAS-mediated inflammatory signaling and confers sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated cytotoxicity
Authors: Heijink Anne Margriet , Talens Francien , Jae Lucas T. , van Gijn Stephanie E. , Fehrmann Rudolf S. N. , Brummelkamp Thijn R. , van Vugt Marcel A. T. M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractLoss of BRCA2 affects genome stability and is deleterious for cellular survival. Using a genome-wide genetic screen in near-haploid KBM-7 cells, we show that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) signaling is a determinant of cell survival upon BRCA2 inactivation. Specifically, inactivation of the TNF receptor (TNFR1) or its downstream effector SAM68 rescues cell death induced by BRCA2 inactivation. BRCA2 inactivation leads to pro-inflammatory cytokine production, including TNFα, and increases sensitivity to TNFα. Enhanced TNFα sensitivity is not restricted to BRCA2 inactivation, as BRCA1 or FANCD2 inactivation, or hydroxyurea treatment also sensitizes cells to TNFα. Mechanistically, BRCA2 inactivation leads to cGAS-positive micronuclei and results in a cell-intrinsic interferon response, as assessed by quantitative mass-spectrometry and gene expression profiling, and requires ASK1 and JNK signaling. Combined, our data reveals that micronuclei induced by loss of BRCA2 instigate a cGAS/STING-mediated interferon response, which encompasses re-wired TNFα signaling and enhances TNFα sensitivity.
Costless metabolic secretions as drivers of interspecies interactions in microbial ecosystems
Authors: Pacheco Alan R. , Moel Mauricio , Segrè Daniel 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMetabolic exchange mediates interactions among microbes, helping explain diversity in microbial communities. As these interactions often involve a fitness cost, it is unclear how stable cooperation can emerge. Here we use genome-scale metabolic models to investigate whether the release of “costless” metabolites (i.e. those that cause no fitness cost to the producer), can be a prominent driver of intermicrobial interactions. By performing over 2 million pairwise growth simulations of 24 species in a combinatorial assortment of environments, we identify a large space of metabolites that can be secreted without cost, thus generating ample cross-feeding opportunities. In addition to providing an atlas of putative interactions, we show that anoxic conditions can promote mutualisms by providing more opportunities for exchange of costless metabolites, resulting in an overrepresentation of stable ecological network motifs. These results may help identify interaction patterns in natural communities and inform the design of synthetic microbial consortia.
Current fossil fuel infrastructure does not yet commit us to 1.5 °C warming
Authors: Smith Christopher J. , Forster Piers M. , Allen Myles , Fuglestvedt Jan , Millar Richard J. , Rogelj Joeri , Zickfeld Kirsten 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCommitted warming describes how much future warming can be expected from historical emissions due to inertia in the climate system. It is usually defined in terms of the level of warming above the present for an abrupt halt of emissions. Owing to socioeconomic constraints, this situation is unlikely, so we focus on the committed warming from present-day fossil fuel assets. Here we show that if carbon-intensive infrastructure is phased out at the end of its design lifetime from the end of 2018, there is a 64% chance that peak global mean temperature rise remains below 1.5 °C. Delaying mitigation until 2030 considerably reduces the likelihood that 1.5 °C would be attainable even if the rate of fossil fuel retirement was accelerated. Although the challenges laid out by the Paris Agreement are daunting, we indicate 1.5 °C remains possible and is attainable with ambitious and immediate emission reduction across all sectors.
Whole rumen metagenome sequencing allows classifying and predicting feed efficiency and intake levels in cattle
Authors: Delgado Beatriz , Bach Alex , Guasch Isabel , González Carmen , Elcoso Guillermo , Pryce Jennie E. , Gonzalez-Recio Oscar 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe current research was carried out to determine the associations between the rumen microbiota and traits related with feed efficiency in a Holstein cattle population (n = 30) using whole metagenome sequencing. Improving feed efficiency (FE) is important for a more sustainable livestock production. The variability for the efficiency of feed utilization in ruminants is partially controlled by the gastrointestinal microbiota. Modulating the microbiota composition can promote a more sustainable and efficient livestock. This study revealed that most efficient cows had larger relative abundance ofBacteroidetes(P = 0.041) andPrevotella(P = 0.003), while lower, but non-significant (P = 0.119), relative abundance ofFirmicutes.Methanobacteria(P = 0.004) andMethanobrevibacter(P = 0.003) were also less abundant in the high-efficiency cows. A de novo metagenome assembly was carried out using de Bruijn graphs in MEGAHIT resulting in 496,375 contigs. An agnostic pre-selection of microbial contigs allowed high classification accuracy for FE and intake levels using hierarchical classification. These microbial contigs were also able to predict FE and intake levels with accuracy of 0.19 and 0.39, respectively, in an independent population (n = 31). Nonetheless, a larger potential accuracy up to 0.69 was foreseen in this study for datasets that allowed a larger statistical power. Enrichment analyses showed that genes within these contigs were mainly involved in fatty acids and cellulose degradation pathways. The findings indicated that there are differences between the microbiota compositions of high and low-efficiency animals both at the taxonomical and gene levels. These differences are even more evident in terms of intake levels. Some of these differences remain even between populations under different diets and environments, and can provide information on the feed utilization performance without information on the individual intake level.
Fabrication of Miniaturized Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices (MicroPADs)
Authors: Strong E. Brandon , Schultz Spencer A. , Martinez Andres W. , Martinez Nathaniel W. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMicrofluidic paper-based analytical devices (microPADs) are emerging as cost-effective and portable platforms for point-of-care assays. A fundamental limitation of microPAD fabrication is the imprecise nature of most methods for patterning paper. The present work demonstrates that paper patterned via wax printing can be miniaturized by treating it with periodate to produce higher-resolution, high-fidelity microPADs. The optimal miniaturization parameters were determined by immersing microPADs in various concentrations of aqueous sodium periodate (NaIO4) for varying lengths of time. This treatment miniaturized microPADs by up to 80% in surface area, depending on the concentration of periodate and length of the reaction time. By immersing microPADs in 0.5-M NaIO4 for 48 hours, devices were miniaturized by 78% in surface area, and this treatment allowed for the fabrication of functional channels with widths as small as 301 µm and hydrophobic barriers with widths as small as 387 µm. The miniaturized devices were shown to be compatible with redox-based colorimetric assays and enzymatic reactions. This miniaturization technique provides a new option for fabricating sub-millimeter-sized features in paper-based fluidic devices without requiring specialized equipment and could enable new capabilities and applications for microPADs.
Occurrence of the potent mutagens 2- nitrobenzanthrone and 3-nitrobenzanthrone in fine airborne particles
Authors: Santos Aldenor G. , da Rocha Gisele O. , de Andrade Jailson B. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPolycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are known due to their mutagenic activity. Among them, 2-nitrobenzanthrone (2-NBA) and 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA) are considered as two of the most potent mutagens found in atmospheric particles. In the present study 2-NBA, 3-NBA and selected PAHs and Nitro-PAHs were determined in fine particle samples (PM 2.5) collected in a bus station and an outdoor site. The fuel used by buses was a diesel-biodiesel (96:4) blend and light-duty vehicles run with any ethanol-to-gasoline proportion. The concentrations of 2-NBA and 3-NBA were, on average, under 14.8 µg g−1 and 4.39 µg g−1, respectively. In order to access the main sources and formation routes of these compounds, we performed ternary correlations and multivariate statistical analyses. The main sources for the studied compounds in the bus station were diesel/biodiesel exhaust followed by floor resuspension. In the coastal site, vehicular emission, photochemical formation and wood combustion were the main sources for 2-NBA and 3-NBA as well as the other PACs. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) were calculated for both places, which presented low values, showing low cancer risk incidence although the ILCR values for the bus station were around 2.5 times higher than the ILCR from the coastal site.
Two new species of dictyostelid cellular slime molds in high-elevation habitats on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China
Authors: Liu Pu , Zou Yue , Li Shu , Stephenson Steven L. , Wang Qi , Li Yu 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDictyostelid cellular slime molds (dictyostelids) are key components of soil microbes. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is characterized by unique and important forest types because of the considerable range in elevation which exists. During the period of 2012, 2013 and 2016, 12 species of dictyostelids were yielded from samples collected in this region, including two new species and three new records for China. Six other species were new records for this region. Ontogeny, morphology, ultrastructure and systematic molecular analyses (SSU & ITS) of D. minimum and D. multiforme confirm that they are Goup 4 new species. The ornamentation of the surface of dictyostelids’ spores is the first time to be observed until now. In the SSU phylogenetic tree generated in the present study, Synstelium, not assigned to order and family before, was assigned to the clade Acytosteliaceae in the Acytosteliales firstly. To our knowledge, the study reported herein is the first investigation of dictyostelid biodiversity carried out at elevations above 2000 m. Sorocarp size, sorus size, spore length, ratio of sorus and sorophore, and ratio of sorus and spore size were positively correlated with increasing elevation and no linear correlated with forest type, according to the results of linear regression analysis.
Quantum dot activated indium gallium nitride on silicon as photoanode for solar hydrogen generation
Authors: Kumar Praveen , Devi Pooja , Jain Rishabh , Shivaprasad S. M. , Sinha R. K. , Zhou Guofu , Nötzel Richard 
Published: January 2019

AbstractNitride alloys are considered potential candidates as photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Here we show an In0.25Ga0.75N layer activated by indium nitride quantum dots as efficient photoanode for photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation by water splitting when directly grown on cheap silicon (111) substrates. Photocurrent measurements show more than five times enhancement by the indium nitride quantum dots compared to a bare In0.25Ga0.75N-on-silicon photoanode. The maximum incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency is 44% at 550 nm at 0.4 V, the applied-bias photon-to-current efficiency is 4.1% and the hydrogen and oxygen generation rates are 75 µmol h−1 cm−2 and 33 µmol h−1 cm−2 at 0.2 V under 100 mW cm−2 white light illumination.
Histamine and diabetic nephropathy: an up-to-date overview
Authors: Pini Alessandro , Verta Roberta , Grange Cristina , Gurrieri Maura , Rosa Arianna Carolina 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The classification of diabetic nephropathy (DN) as a vascular complication of diabetes makes the possible involvement of histamine, an endogenous amine that is well known for its vasoactive properties, an interesting topic for study. The aim of the present review is to provide an extensive overview of the possible involvement of histamine in the onset and progression of DN. The evidence collected on the role of histamine in kidney function together with its well-known pleiotropic action suggest that this amine may act simultaneously on glomerular hyperfiltration, tubular inflammation, fibrosis development and tubular hypertrophy.