bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective catalytic hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone over Pd@CN: Role of CN precursor separation mode
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Qu Zhenyan , Jiang Hong , Liu Yefei , Chen Rizhi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe one‐step hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone is green and sustainable. In this study, the effect of a CN (N‐doped carbon) precursor separation mode on the catalytic performance of a Pd@CN catalyst for selective hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone in water was investigated. Three modes, i.e., rotary evaporation, centrifugation, and filtration, were designed to separate the CN precursor while preparing the Pd@CN catalyst. The results highlight that the separation mode significantly affects the phenol hydrogenation performance of the Pd@CN catalyst. The best catalytic performance is obtained when separating the CN precursor by the rotary evaporation mode. Based on a series of characterizations, it is confirmed that the separation mode of rotary evaporation can introduce more N into the mesoporous carbon, improve the Pd dispersion, and enhance the basic sites and Pd loading, leading to higher catalytic activity. Furthermore, the Pd@CN catalyst prepared by rotary evaporation exhibits better catalytic stability. Less Pd leaching is responsible for its slight deactivation. These findings can provide a point of reference for the development of Pd@CN catalysts with high catalytic performance.
Checkpoint inhibitors in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Results from the International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium
Authors: Yip Steven M. , Wells Connor , Moreira Raphael , Wong Alex , Srinivas Sandy , Beuselinck Benoit , Porta Camillo , Sim Hao‐Wen , Ernst D. Scott , Rini Brian I. , Yuasa Takeshi , Basappa Naveen S. , Kanesvaran Ravindran , Wood Lori A. , Canil Christina , Kapoor Anil , Fu Simon Y.F. , Choueiri Toni K. , Heng Daniel Y.C. 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUNDTo the authors' knowledge, outcomes and prognostic tools have yet to be clearly defined in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) who are treated with immuno‐oncology (IO) checkpoint inhibitors (programmed death‐ligand 1 [PD‐L1] inhibitors). In the current study, the authors aimed to establish IO efficacy benchmarks in patients with mRCC and update patient outcomes in each International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium (IMDC) prognostic class.METHODSA retrospective analysis was performed using the IMDC database with data from 38 centers. It included patients with mRCC who were treated with ≥1 line of IO. Overall response rates (ORRs), duration of treatment (DOT), and overall survival (OS) were calculated. Patients were stratified using IMDC prognostic factors.RESULTSA total of 687 patients (90% with clear cell and 10% with non‐clear cell) were included. The ORR was 27% in evaluable patients (461 patients). In patients treated with first‐line nivolumab and ipilimumab (49 patients), the combination of PD‐L1 inhibitor and vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor (72 patients), and PD‐L1 inhibitor (51 patients), the ORR was 31%, 39%, and 40%, respectively, and the median DOT was 8.3 months, 14.7 months, and 8.3 months, respectively. The ORR for second‐line, third‐line, and fourth‐line nivolumab was 22%, 24%, and 26%, respectively. The median DOT was 5.7 months, 6.2 months, and 8.3 months, respectively, in the second‐line, third‐line, and fourth‐line settings. When segregated into IMDC favorable‐risk, intermediate‐risk, and poor‐risk groups, the median OS rates for the first‐line, second‐line, third‐line, and fourth‐line treatment settings were not reached (NR), NR, and NR, respectively (P = .163); NR, 26.7 months, and 7.4 months, respectively (P < 0. 0001); 36.1 months, 28.2 months, and 11.1 months, respectively (P = .016); and NR, NR, and 6.7 months, respectively (P = .047).CONCLUSIONSThe ORR was not found to deteriorate from the first‐line to the fourth‐line of IO therapy. In the second line through fourth line, the IMDC criteria appropriately stratified patients into favorable‐risk, intermediate‐risk, and poor‐risk groups for OS.
Addition of eltrombopag to immunosuppressive therapy in patients with newly diagnosed aplastic anemia
Authors: Assi Rita , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Ravandi Farhad , Borthakur Gautam , Daver Naval G. , Jabbour Elias , Burger Jan , Estrov Zeev , Dinardo Courtney D. , Alvarado Yesid , Hendrickson Stephany , Ferrajoli Alessandra , Wierda William , Cortes Jorge , Kantarjian Hagop , Kadia Tapan M. 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundThe immune‐mediated destruction of hematopoietic stem cells is implicated in the pathophysiology of aplastic anemia (AA). Immunosuppressive therapy (IST) using antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine is successful in this setting. Eltrombopag is active in patients with refractory AA, presumably by increasing the bone marrow progenitors.MethodsThis phase 2 trial initially was designed to evaluate standard IST in newly diagnosed patients with severe AA and later was amended to add eltrombopag to simultaneously address immune destruction and stem cell depletion. The primary outcome was the overall response rate (ORR) at 3 months and 6 months.ResultsA total of 38 patients were enrolled: 17 (45%) received IST alone and 21 (55%) received additional eltrombopag. The ORR was 74%. Patients receiving IST plus eltrombopag had a similar ORR (76% vs 71%; P = .72), complete remission rate (38% vs 29%; P = .73), and median time to response (84 days vs 57 days; P = .30) compared with those receiving IST alone. The 2‐year overall survival rate in the IST group was 91% compared with 82% for those patients treated with IST plus eltrombopag (P = .82). No cumulative toxicities were noted after the addition of eltrombopag.ConclusionsThe addition of eltrombopag to standard IST was well tolerated and resulted in similar responses.
Analysis and monitoring of roadway deformation mechanisms in nickel mine, China
Authors: Lu Rong , Ma Fengshan , Guo Jie , Zhao Haijun 
Published: October 2018

SummaryDeformation of surrounding rock of roadway in deep is an important issue for mining engineering. We did some investigations and monitoring works in Jinchuan Mine 2. In this paper, based on field investigation, roadway deformation was summarized three features: horizontal displacement of roadway is larger than vertical displacement; roadway deformation has time effect, and also has large convergence. The monitoring data showed that roadway deformation was influenced by mining operation, but the scope of mining influence is not large. Roof conditions have effect to deformed process of roadway. Three mechanisms of surrounding rock deformation were analyzed that are rock dilatancy mechanism; shearing wedges block slide mechanism; springback of surrounding rock mechanism. We compared these mechanisms to field rock failure.
Origin of Nb2O5 Lewis Acid Catalysis for Activation of Carboxylic Acids in the Presence of a Hard Base
Authors: Hirunsit Pussana , Toyao Takashi , Siddiki S. M. A. Hakim , Shimizu Ken‐ichi , Ehara Masahiro 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe front cover artwork is provided by the groups of Dr. Pussana Hirunsit (NANOTEC), Prof. Ken‐ichi Shimizu (Hokkaido University), and Prof. Masahiro Ehara (Institute for Molecular Science). The image shows an efficient amidation reaction on Nb2O5 surface whose catalytic activity is correlated to the position of conduction band of active metal sites and the hybridization to substrates. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/cphc.201800723.
Ultrasonic‐Assisted Hydrolysis Precipitation Rapid Synthesis of Rod‐Like α‐Fe2O3 Nanostructures and Its Interfacial Electron Transfer Properties
Authors: Qin Runhua , Hao Lingyun , Li Juan , Zhu Yuting , Qi Zhaoyin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractUniform 3D rod‐like α‐Fe2O3 nanostructures are prepared by a simple ultrasonic‐assisted hydrolysis precipitation method. The obtained α‐Fe2O3 samples are characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electrochemical workstation. These rod‐like α‐Fe2O3 nanostructures, with a mean diameter of about 38 nm, their ratios of length to diameter are about 5–8. The interfacial electron transfer properties of rod‐like α‐Fe2O3 nanostructures are verified. The current synthetic strategy provides a convenient, low‐cost, and nontoxic route to prepare 3D architectures of other semiconductors, and it is important for exploring oxide‐based nanostructures.
miR‐31 regulates energy metabolism and is suppressed in T cells from patients with Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Johansson Alina , Nyberg William A , Sjöstrand Maria , Moruzzi Noah , Bergman Petra , Khademi Mohsen , Andersson Magnus , Piehl Fredrik , Berggren Per‐Olof , Covacu Ruxandra , Jagodic Maja , Espinosa Alexander 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSystemic autoimmune diseases are characterized by the overexpression of type I IFN stimulated genes, and accumulating evidence indicate a role for type I IFNs in these diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms for this are still poorly understood. To explore the role of type I IFN regulated miRNAs in systemic autoimmune disease, we characterized cellular expression of miRNAs during both acute and chronic type I IFN responses. We identified a T cell‐specific reduction of miR‐31‐5p levels, both after intramuscular injection of IFNβ and in patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SjS). To interrogate the role of miR‐31‐51p in T cells we transfected human CD4+ T cells with a miR‐31‐5p inhibitor and performed metabolic measurements. This identified an increase in basal levels of glucose metabolism after inhibition of miR‐31‐5p. Furthermore, treatment with IFN‐α also increased the basal levels of human CD4+ T‐cell metabolism. In all, our results suggest that reduced levels of miR‐31‐5p in T cells of SjS patients support autoimmune T‐cell responses during chronic type I IFN exposure.
The Impact of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Ethanolic Extracts in the Icing Medium on Quality Loss of Atlantic Chub Mackerel (Scomber colias) Under Chilling Storage
Authors: Miranda José M. , Carrera Mónica , Pastén Alexis , Vega‐Gálvez Antonio , Barros‐Velázquez Jorge , Aubourg Santiago P. 
Published: October 2018

The employment of an ethanolic extract of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) as a novel preservation medium and as a source of bioactive compounds is tested for chilled fish storage. For this purpose, specimens from an under‐valued pelagic species (Atlantic chub mackerel, Scomber colias) are stored in ice including quinoa at two concentrations: 80% aq. (v/v) ethanol extracts (0.05 and 0.20 g lyophilized quinoa extract L−1 icing solution; Q‐1 and Q‐2 batches, respectively) and compared to a control icing condition (Q‐0 batch). The evolution of fish quality is assessed during a 13‐day chilled storage period. The presence of the most concentrated quinoa extract (i.e., Q‐2 batch) in the icing medium implied lower (p < 0.05) lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid and fluorescence values) and hydrolysis (free fatty acids formation and lipolytic bacteria counts), as well as to a decrease in pH and trimethylamine values. Such effects are more pronounced at advanced storage times. Furthermore, fish specimens from Q‐0 and Q‐1 batches do not exhibit acceptable quality at the end of storage time, while those from the Q‐2 batch still exhibit acceptable quality at that moment; interestingly, quality limit aspects are skin, eyes, and external odor.Practical Applications: Under the conditions tested, a novel quinoa‐based system is proposed as a suitable tool for the improvement of a chilled fatty fish species and consequent extension of its shelf‐life. This preservative strategy matches with current interest in the search for effective antioxidants and antimicrobials from natural sources to replace synthetic preservatives in the food sector. Additionally, this preservative strategy has proven to increase the technological aptitude and, accordingly, the commercialization possibilities, of a currently under‐valued fish species. The innovative treatment reported in this study opens the way to the employment of this strategy to current commercial seafoods (namely, lean and fatty fish). Further research should be undertaken to gain a deeper knowledge on the benefits derived from the presence of quinoa extracts in the icing system on fish quality as well as to apply it as a potential way to incorporate healthy biomolecules into seafood.The employment of an ethanolic extract of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) as a novel preservation medium and as a source of bioactive compounds is tested for chilled storage of fish. For this purpose, specimens from an under‐valued pelagic species (Atlantic chub mackerel, Scomber colias) are stored in ice including quinoa at two concentrations. The presence of the most concentrated quinoa extract in the icing medium implied lower (p < 0.05) lipid oxidation and hydrolysis, as well as to a decrease in pH and trimethylamine values.
Real‐time PM2.5 mapping and anomaly detection from AirBoxes in Taiwan
Authors: Huang G. , Chen L.‐J. , Hwang W.‐H. , Tzeng S. , Huang H.‐C. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFine particulate matter (PM2.5) has gained increasing attention due to its adverse health effects to human. In Taiwan, it was conventionally monitored by large environmental monitoring stations of the Environmental Protection Administration. However, only a small number of 77 monitoring stations are currently established. Recently, a project using a large number of small devices, called AirBoxes, was launched in March 2016 to monitor PM2.5 concentrations. Although thousands of AirBoxes have been deployed across Taiwan to give a broader coverage, they are mostly located in big cities and their measurements are less accurate. In this paper, we apply a robust kriging method that provides a smoothly varied real‐time PM2.5 concentration map and its associated standard error map. In addition, we develop a novel spatio‐temporal control chart that monitors anomalous measurements by utilizing neighboring AirBox information. Our method automatically adapts to different neighboring structures at different AirBox locations without the need to specify a neighborhood range. The proposed method has abilities to detect potential emission sources, malfunctioned AirBoxes, and AirBoxes that are wrongly put indoors.
Carbon emissions, diverse energy usage and economic growth in south africa: Investigating existence of the environmental kuznets curve (EKC)
Authors: Ganda Fortune 
Published: October 2018

This article examined the relationships involving carbon emissions, economic growth and energy consumption by employing the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in South Africa from 1980 to 2014. The auto regressive distributed lag approach and Johansen cointegration tests proved that the variables are cointegrated. The article findings show that combined (total energy consumption) and hydrocarbon gas and petroleum consumption demonstrates evidence of EKC in the long‐run. Other separated data (primary coal, secondary coal, and electricity consumption) show no evidence of the EKC in the long‐run. Primary coal, secondary coal, electricity and hydrocarbon gas consumption develop positive and statistically significant relationships with carbon emissions in the long‐run but the case of total energy and petroleum consumption was negative and statistically significant. The short‐run results illustrate that combined (total energy consumption) and hydrocarbon gas consumption indicate evidence of EKC. Other separated data (primary coal, secondary coal, electricity, and petroleum consumption) show no evidence of the EKC in the short‐run. Short‐run results also indicated that total energy, primary coal, secondary coal, and electricity consumption report positive and statistically significant relationship with carbon emissions but hydrocarbon gas and petroleum consumption indicate positive but insignificant associations. Granger causality test based on vector error correction method (VECM) are also presented to ascertain causality. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38: 30–46, 2019
Highlights
The EKC hypothesis was examined in South Africa by employing energy combined and separated data.
The EKC is supported in energy combined data in both short and long‐run but varies in separated data.
Primary coal, secondary coal, electricity and hydrocarbon gas consumption develop positive and statistically significant relationships with carbon emissions in the long‐run.
Total energy and petroleum consumption generate negative and statistically significant associations with carbon emissions in the long‐run.
Total energy, primary coal, secondary coal and electricity show positive and statistically significant relationship with carbon emissions in the short‐run.
Hydrocarbon gas and petroleum consumption indicate positive but insignificant association with carbon emissions in the short‐run.
Granger causality tests based on VECM are also discussed.
Landslides and increased debris‐flow activity: A systematic comparison of six catchments in Switzerland
Authors: Frank Florian , Huggel Christian , McArdell Brian W. , Vieli Andreas 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAn increase in debris‐flow frequency is expected in steep Alpine catchments after the occurrence of a large landslide, such as a rock avalanche. Herein we describe changes in debris‐flow activity following increases in sediment availability due to landslides, or accelerated rock‐glacier movement, for five catchments in the Swiss Alps, the Spreitgraben, Schipfenbach, Bondasca, Riascio, and Dorfbach catchments. Documentation on debris‐flow activity is available from both before and after the landslide that generated the new sediment deposits. Data from nearby meteorological stations were used to explore possible changes in rainfall activity, and how the intensity and duration of rainfall events may have changed. In all cases there was a considerable increase in debris‐flows frequency for one to eight years following the landslide. The annual number of days with debris‐flow activity following the landslide was similar to that observed for the Illgraben catchment, where many such landslides occur annually. No clear change in precipitation totals preceding debris flows was apparent for the Riascio catchment, suggesting that the increase in frequency of debris flows is related to the increase in the amount of sediment that can be readily mobilized. In the two cases where rainfall data were available on an hourly basis, no systematic changes in the intensity or duration of rainfall related to debris‐flow triggering were apparent, as shown by the close‐clustering of storms on the intensity‐duration plots. Following the sediment‐generating event, an initial and sudden increase of the sediment yield was observed, followed by a decrease over time towards pre‐disturbance values. The response of the catchments appears to be related to the amount of debris‐flow activity prior to the landslide: sediment yield from catchments with frequent debris flows prior to the landslide activity did not increase as dramatically as in catchments where debris‐flow activity was less common prior to the landslide. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NG2 expression in NG2 glia is regulated by binding of SoxE and bHLH transcription factors to a Cspg4 intronic enhancer
Authors: Gotoh Hitoshi , Wood William M. , Patel Kiran D. , Factor Daniel C. , Boshans Linda L. , Nomura Tadashi , Tesar Paul J. , Ono Katsuhiko , Nishiyama Akiko 
Published: October 2018

AbstractNG2 is a type 1 integral membrane glycoprotein encoded by the Cspg4 gene. It is expressed on glial progenitor cells known as NG2 glial cells or oligodendrocyte precursor cells that exist widely throughout the developing and mature central nervous system and vascular mural cells but not on mature oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, neurons, or neural stem cells. Hence NG2 is widely used as a marker for NG2 glia in the rodent and human. The regulatory elements of the mouse Cspg4 gene and its flanking sequences have been used successfully to target reporter and Cre recombinase to NG2 glia in transgenic mice when used in a large 200 kb bacterial artificial chromosome cassette containing the 38 kb Cspg4 gene in the center. Despite the tightly regulated cell type‐ and stage‐specific expression of NG2 in the brain and spinal cord, the mechanisms that regulate its transcription have remained unknown. Here, we describe a 1.45 kb intronic enhancer of the mouse Cspg4 gene that directed transcription of EGFP reporter to NG2 glia but not to pericytes in vitro and in transgenic mice. The 1.45 kb enhancer contained binding sites for SoxE and basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors, and its enhancer activity was augmented cooperatively by these factors, whose respective binding elements were found in close proximity to each other. Mutations in these binding elements abrogated the enhancer activity when tested in the postnatal mouse brain.
Loss of perivascular aquaporin‐4 in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus
Authors: Hasan‐Olive Md Mahdi , Enger Rune , Hansson Hans‐Arne , Nagelhus Erlend A. , Eide Per Kristian 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIdiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a subtype of dementia that may be successfully treated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion. Recently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a MRI contrast agent as a CSF tracer revealed impaired clearance of the CSF tracer from various brain regions such as the entorhinal cortex of iNPH patients. Hampered clearance of waste solutes, for example, soluble amyloid‐β, may underlie neurodegeneration and dementia in iNPH. The goal of the present study was to explore whether iNPH is associated with altered subcellular distribution of aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) water channels, which is reported to facilitate CSF circulation and paravascular glymphatic drainage of metabolites from the brain parenchyma. Cortical brain biopsies of 30 iNPH patients and 12 reference individuals were subjected to AQP4 immunogold cytochemistry. Electron microscopy revealed significantly reduced density of AQP4 water channels in astrocytic endfoot membranes along cortical microvessels in patients with iNPH versus reference subjects. There was a significant positive correlation between density of AQP4 toward endothelial cells (perivascular) and toward parenchyma, but the reduced density of AQP4 toward parenchyma was not significant in iNPH. We conclude that perivascular AQP4 expression is attenuated in iNPH, potentially contributing to impaired glymphatic circulation, and waste clearance, and subsequent neurodegeneration. Hence, restoring normal perivascular AQP4 distribution may emerge as a novel treatment strategy for iNPH.
Pharmaceutical expenditure and gross domestic product: Evidence of simultaneous effects using a two‐step instrumental variables strategy
Authors: Shaikh Mujaheed , Gandjour Afschin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper estimates the income elasticity of government pharmaceutical spending and assesses the simultaneous effect of such spending on gross domestic product (GDP). Using a panel dataset for 136 countries from 1995 to 2006, we employ a two‐step instrumental variable procedure where we first estimate the effect of GDP on public pharmaceutical expenditure using tourist receipts as an instrument for GDP. In the second step, we construct an adjusted pharmaceutical expenditure series where the response of public pharmaceutical expenditure to GDP is partialled out and use this endogeneity adjusted series as an instrument for pharmaceutical expenditure. Our estimations show that GDP has a strong positive impact on pharmaceutical spending with elasticity in excess of unity in countries with low spending on pharmaceuticals and countries with large economic freedom. In the second step, we find that when the quantitatively large reverse effect of GDP is accounted for, public pharmaceutical spending has a negative effect on GDP per capita particularly in countries with limited economic freedom.