bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow Instabilities in Gas Turbine Chute Seals
Authors: Horwood Joshua T. M. , Hualca Fabian P. , Wilson Mike , Scobie James A. , Sangan Carl M. , Lock Gary D. , Dahlqvist Johan , Fridh Jens 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The ingress of hot annulus gas into stator–rotor cavities is an important topic to engine designers. Rim-seals reduce the pressurized purge required to protect highly stressed components. This paper describes an experimental and computational study of flow through a turbine chute seal. The computations—which include a 360 deg domain—were undertaken using dlrtrace's time-marching solver. The experiments used a low Reynolds number turbine rig operating with an engine-representative flow structure. The simulations provide an excellent prediction of cavity pressure and swirl, and good overall agreement of sealing effectiveness when compared to experiment. Computation of flow within the chute seal showed strong shear gradients which influence the pressure distribution and secondary-flow field near the blade leading edge. High levels of shear across the rim-seal promote the formation of large-scale structures at the wheel-space periphery; the number and speed of which were measured experimentally and captured, qualitatively and quantitatively, by computations. A comparison of computational domains ranging from 30 deg to 360 deg indicates that steady features of the flow are largely unaffected by sector size. However, differences in large-scale flow structures were pronounced with a 60 deg sector and suggest that modeling an even number of blades in small sector simulations should be avoided.
Prediction of Low-Engine-Order Excitation Due to a Nonsymmetrical Nozzle Ring in a Radial Turbine by Means of the Nonlinear Harmonic Approach
Authors: Kovachev Nikola , Müller Tobias R. , Waldherr Christian U. , Vogt Damian M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Low engine order (LEO) excitation in a turbomachine stage can be induced by nonuniform inflow conditions, manufacturing tolerances, or in-service wear. LEOs are known to excite significant forced response vibration amplitudes that can easily cause high cycle fatigue failure of blades. The accurate prediction of LEO excitation usually requires high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models of the full annulus of the machine due to the loss of symmetry leading to excessive computational cost. Previous investigation showed that the aerodynamic excitation stemming from the blade-passing-frequency in a vaned radial inflow turbine can be accurately predicted by using the nonlinear harmonic (NLH) method at highly reduced computational costs. In the current paper, the feasibility of the NLH method for the prediction of LEO excitation due to geometrical asymmetries is investigated for the same test object. An exact digital replica of the nozzle guide ring is created using measured throat width data. NLH simulations resolving different combinations of frequencies and a time-marching calculation are conducted with the new model involving this digital replica. The results show that a NLH model including small number of certain frequencies is able to predict the occurring LEO excitation sufficiently accurate. By comparing results from subsequent forced response analysis with measured vibration amplitudes, a satisfactory agreement was found confirming this conclusion.
Lubrication Characteristics of Water-Lubricated Rubber Bearings With Partial Wear
Authors: Liu Gang , Li Ming 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Water-lubricated rubber bearings are widely used in the propulsion shafting of military craft and ships. These bearings may wear down after a period of service, and consequently, their lubrication characteristics will change, affecting the operation of the shaft. Hydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of water-lubricated rubber bearings with partial wear at the bottom are studied by finite difference method. The steady-state characteristics of water-lubricated rubber bearings with wear and elastic deformation of rubber liner considered are solved with successive over-relaxation iteration method, and the dynamic characteristics are further calculated with finite perturbation method. The results show that water film thickness and distribution of water film pressure is significantly changed by wear. With the same eccentricity ratio, the maximum water film pressure, load capacity, attitude angle, and friction force are reduced by wear, but the friction coefficient is increased by wear. Under the same load, the minimum water film thickness and the maximum water film pressure are slightly affected by wear, the eccentricity ratio increases with the increase of wear, and the attitude angle and the friction coefficient decrease with the increase of wear. For large eccentricity ratios, the direct stiffness coefficients and direct damping coefficients are decreased by wear. The maximum allowable wear depth is approximately 1/6 of the bearing clearance.
The internal/external debate: The tensions within social work supervision
Authors: Rankine Matt 
Published: October 2019

INTRODUCTION: Supervision is crucial to social workers’ practice. Within the current managerial social services environment, the supervisor juggles organisational and professional accountabilities—organisational agendas often dominate practitioners’ reflection. In response, alternative types of supervision have emerged, one of which is external supervision.METHODS: This paper analyses qualitative discussions with key informants and supervisory dyads in community-based child welfare services regarding reflective practices in supervision. Internal and external supervision arrangements were discussed in depth relative to their impact on social work practice.FINDINGS: Analysis of discussions identified four themes: the significance of external supervision for building capacity, resilience and confidential reflective space; the role of internal supervision for managerial and organisational agendas; tensions associated with external supervision regarding funding and accountability; and important attributes of the supervisor in successful working relationships.CONCLUSIONS: External supervision is essential for professional competence but considerable inter-organisational variation exists in how this is utilised. Three key considerations emerged: accountabilities of external supervisor, supervisee and internal supervisor towards collaborative practice, evaluation and feedback; purchasing of external supervision; and the professional development of external supervisors. Further education connecting the importance of the supervisory relationship to realise critical thinking and practice development is essential for the future of social work.
Professional supervision and professional autonomy
Authors: Karvinen-Niinikoski Synnöve , Beddoe Liz , Ruch Gillian , Tsui Ming-sum 
Published: October 2019

INTRODUCTION: Supervision is a well-established component of practice in the health and social care professions. In recent years, however, relentless changes in the nature of professional roles within these contexts have led to corresponding variations in how professional practice supervision is configured and delivered.METHOD: This article examines how professional supervision and its future are seen by an international group of experts in social work supervision. The evolving perceptions of social work supervision’s role, and the relationship to professional autonomy in the social sphere are explored with reference to the authors’ earlier research.FINDINGS: The tension between supervision as a surveillant tool of management and a practice of critical reflection is acknowledged in literature as posing a threat to one aspect of professional autonomy and agency.IMPLICATIONS: The authors pose an alternative, theoretically grounded, approach based on the traditions of critically reflective supervision to assist the recognition and management of the balance between support and surveillance or managerial organisational dimensions. Meta- theoretical understanding of professional supervision in the frame of human agency will help both practitioners and supervisors to construct sustainable and proactive social work. Instead of despairing about the loss of autonomy, the professionals may go through significant societal and professional transformations as subjects of their own expertise and professional agency.
Reporting of offspring data in diabetes, HIV infection and hypertension trials during pregnancy: a systematic review
Authors: Aurich Beate , Martin-Montoya Tania , Zhang Daolun , Jacqz-Aigrain Evelyne 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundClinical trials are conducted during pregnancy to evaluate benefits and risks of medicines for mother and child. The safety of maternal treatments is a key issue for healthcare professionals and parents.ObjectiveTo analyse offspring data reported in clinical trials in pregnant women with diabetes, HIV infection or hypertension (three of the most common diseases in women of childbearing potential) and either treated prior to pregnancy for these chronic diseases or diagnosed and treated during pregnancy.MethodsPubMed and Embase (1 January 1997 to 31 December 2017) were searched for drug trials in pregnant women with diabetes, HIV infection or hypertension. Titles and abstracts were screened, followed by a full-text review of eligible articles. Inclusion criteria were interventional clinical trials in pregnant women treated with medication and full text in English. Trial characteristics, maternal and offspring data were extracted. Data were summarised by disease and study. Twelve key items were considered for the offspring.ResultsOverall, 196 articles reporting 132 clinical trials (diabetes n=55; HIV n=59; hypertension n=18) were included. Key offspring data were frequently not reported, for example, number of births (diabetes: 22/55, 40%; HIV: 14/59, 24%; hypertension: 10/18, 56%). Congenital malformations were often not reported with sufficient detail (diabetes: 40/55, 73%; HIV: 39/59, 66%; hypertension: 17/18, 94%). Similar observations were made for other key items (eg, fetal losses, neonatal deaths).ConclusionUnder-reporting of key data for the offspring was frequent in publications of clinical trials in pregnant women with diabetes, HIV infection or hypertension making the assessment of the benefit-risk ratio of treatment options during pregnancy difficult.Trial registration numberCRD42017057024.
Diagnostic values of the femoral pulse palpation test
Authors: Khammari Nystrom Fatine , Petersson Gunnar , Stephansson Olof , Johansson Stefan , Altman Maria 
Published: October 2019

ObjectivesTo calculate diagnostic values of the femoral pulse palpation to detect coarctation of the aorta or other left-sided obstructive heart anomalies in newborn infants.DesignPopulation-based cohort study.SettingStockholm-Gotland County 2008–2012.PatientsAll singleton live-born infants without chromosomal trisomies, at ≥35 gestational weeks, followed-up until 1–2 years of age.Main outcome measuresDiagnostic values and ORs for the femoral pulse test and subsequent diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta or left-sided obstructive heart malformation.ResultsAmong the 118 592 included infants, 432 had weak or absent femoral pulses at the newborn examination. Seventy-eight infants were diagnosed with coarcation of the aorta and 48 with other left-sided obstructive heart malformations. The diagnostic values for the femoral pulse palpation test to detect coarctation of the aorta were: sensitivity: 19.2%, specificity: 99.6, positive predictive value: 3.5% and negative predictive value: 99.9%. For left-sided heart malformations: sensitivity: 8.3%, specificity: 99.6%, positive predictive value: 0.9% and negative predictive value: 100%. Sensitivity for coarctation of the aorta increased from 16.7% when examined at <12 hours of age to 30.0% at ≥96 hours of age.ConclusionsThe femoral pulse test to detect coarctation of the aorta and left-sided heart malformations has limited sensitivity, whereas specificity is high. As many infants with life-threatening cardiac malformations leave the maternity ward undiagnosed, further efforts are necessary to improve the diagnostic yield of the routine newborn examination.
Satisfaction of 30 402 callers to a medical helpline of the Emergency Medical Services Copenhagen: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Zinger Nienke Doreen , Blomberg Stig Nikolaj , Lippert Freddy , Collatz Christensen Helle 
Published: October 2019

ObjectivesTo keep healthcare systems sustainable for future demands, many countries are developing a centralised telephone line for out-of-hours primary care services. To increase the quality of such services, more information is needed on factors that influence caller satisfaction. The aim of this study was to identify demographic and call-related characteristics that are associated with the patient satisfaction of callers to a medical helpline in Denmark.DesignRetrospective cohort study on patient registry data and questionnaire results.SettingNon-emergency medical helpline in the Capital Region of Denmark.ParticipantsA random sample of 30 402 callers to the medical helpline between May 2016 and May 2018.Primary and secondary outcome measuresResponses of a satisfaction questionnaire were linked to demographic and call-related dispatch data. Associations between the characteristics were analysed with multivariable logistic regression analysis with satisfaction as the dependent variable. A subgroup analysis was performed on callers for children aged between 0 and 4 years.ResultsOf the 30 402 analysed callers, 73.0% were satisfied with the medical helpline. Satisfaction was associated with calling for a somatic injury (OR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.72 to 2.23), receiving a face-to-face consultation (OR: 2.27, 95% CI: 2.04 to 2.50) and a waiting time less than 10 min (OR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.56 to 2.08). Callers for a 0-year to 4-year-old patient were more likely to be satisfied when they called for a somatic illness or received a telephone consultation, compared with the rest of the population (p<0.0001).ConclusionCallers were in general satisfied with the medical helpline. Satisfaction was associated with reason for encounter, triage response and waiting time. People calling for 0-year to 4-year-old patients were, compared with the rest of the population, more frequently satisfied when they called for a somatic illness or received a telephone consultation.
Kinematics of forward and backward locomotion performed in different environmental conditions
Authors: Vemula Manideep G. , Deliagina Tatiana G. , Zelenin Pavel V. 
Published: October 2019

Mice are frequently used in analyses of the locomotor system. Although forward locomotion (FWL) in intact mice has been studied previously, backward locomotion (BWL) in mice has never been analyzed. The aim of the present study was to compare kinematics of FWL and BWL performed in different environmental conditions (i.e., in a tunnel, on a treadmill, and on an air-ball). In all setups, the average speed and step amplitude during BWL were significantly reduced compared with FWL. The cycle duration varied greatly during both FWL and BWL. The average swing duration during BWL was twice shorter than during FWL on each setup. Mice exhibited different interlimb coordinations (trot and walk with lateral or diagonal sequence) during BWL but only one gait (walk with lateral sequence) during FWL. Location of the rostro-caudal paw trajectory in relation to the hip projection to the surface (HP) depended on hip height. With low hip height, the trajectory was displaced either rostrally (anterior steps) or caudally (posterior steps) to HP. With high hip height, HP was near the middle of the trajectory (middle steps). During FWL, all three forms of steps were observed in the tunnel and predominantly anterior and posterior steps on the treadmill and air-ball, respectively. During BWL, only anterior steps were observed. Intralimb coordination depended on the form of stepping. Limb joints were coordinated to keep the hip at approximately constant height during stance and to have the smallest functional limb length during swing when the limb passed under the hip.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mice are extensively used for the analysis of the locomotor system. This study is the first examination of the kinematics of forward and backward locomotor movements in different environmental conditions in mice. Obtained results represent a benchmark for studies based on manipulations of activity of specific populations of neurons to reveal their roles in control of specific aspects of locomotion.
Risk of Anal Cancer Following Benign Anal Disease and Anal Cancer Precursor Lesions: A Danish Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Faber Mette T. , Frederiksen Kirsten , Palefsky Joel M. , Kjaer Susanne K. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background:
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with the majority of anal high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) and anal cancers. Little is known about the risk of anal cancer following a diagnosis of benign anal disease and AIN.

Methods:
Using data from nationwide, population-based Danish registries, a cohort of 126,174 individuals with either non-neoplastic anal disease or AIN 1 to 3 during 1970 to 2016 was followed until first occasion of anal cancer. Information on HIV status was obtained from the Danish HIV Cohort Study. The absolute risk of anal cancer was estimated using the Aalen-Johansen estimator taking into account censoring at emigration and end of follow-up and competing risk at time of death. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) for anal cancer among individuals with non-neoplastic anal disease, including inflammatory lesions, hemorrhoids, and polyps, were estimated in Poisson models. Sex-, age-, and calendar period-specific national population rates were estimated using the Danish National Pathology Registry.

Results:
Anal cancer risk increased with increasing severity of lesions, reaching 4% 5 years after diagnosis of AIN3. Even among those with non-neoplastic anal lesions, particularly inflammatory lesions, anal cancer risk was significantly higher than expected from Danish national anal cancer rates (SIR = 2.8; 95% confidence intervals, 2.3–3.2). The absolute 5-year risk of anal cancer following AIN3 was considerably higher among HIV-positive (14.1%) than HIV-negative (3.2%) individuals.

Conclusions:
Anal cancer risk increases with increasing severity of lesions and is especially high among HIV-positive individuals.

Impact:
Vaccination against HPV is important in the prevention of both high-grade AIN and anal cancer.
Precision Chemoradiotherapy for HER2 Tumors Using Antibody Conjugates of an Auristatin Derivative with Reduced Cell Permeability
Authors: Hingorani Dina V. , Doan Matthew K. , Camargo Maria F. , Aguilera Joseph , Song Seung M. , Pizzo Donald , Scanderbeg Daniel J. , Cohen Ezra E.W. , Lowy Andrew M. , Adams Stephen R. , Advani Sunil J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe most successful therapeutic strategies for locally advanced cancers continue to combine decades-old classical radiosensitizing chemotherapies with radiotherapy. Molecular targeted radiosensitizers offer the potential to improve the therapeutic ratio by increasing tumor-specific kill while minimizing drug delivery and toxicity to surrounding normal tissue. Auristatins are a potent class of anti-tubulins that sensitize cells to ionizing radiation damage and are chemically amenable to antibody conjugation. To achieve tumor-selective radiosensitization, we synthesized and tested anti-HER2 antibody–drug conjugates of two auristatin derivatives with ionizing radiation. Monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) and monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF) were attached to the anti-HER2 antibodies trastuzumab and pertuzumab through a cleavable linker. While MMAE is cell permeable, MMAF has limited cell permeability as free drug resulting in diminished cytotoxicity and radiosensitization. However, when attached to trastuzumab or pertuzumab, MMAF was as efficacious as MMAE in blocking HER2-expressing tumor cells in G2–M. Moreover, MMAF anti-HER2 conjugates selectively killed and radiosensitized HER2-rich tumor cells. Importantly, when conjugated to targeting antibody, MMAF had the advantage of decreased bystander and off-target effects compared with MMAE. In murine xenograft models, MMAF anti-HER2 antibody conjugates had less drug accumulated in the normal tissue surrounding tumors compared with MMAE. Therapeutically, systemically injected MMAF anti-HER2 conjugates combined with focal ionizing radiation increased tumor control and improved survival of mice with HER2-rich tumor xenografts. In summary, our results demonstrate the potential of cell-impermeable radiosensitizing warheads to improve the therapeutic ratio of radiotherapy by leveraging antibody–drug conjugate technology.
Migratory and Dancing Macrophage Subsets in Atherosclerotic Lesions
Authors: McArdle Sara , Buscher Konrad , Ghosheh Yanal , Pramod Akula Bala , Miller Jacqueline , Winkels Holger , Wolf Dennis , Ley Klaus 
Published: October 2019

Rationale:
Macrophages are essential regulators of atherosclerosis. They secrete cytokines, process lipoproteins and cholesterol, and take up apoptotic cells. Multiple subsets of plaque macrophages exist and their differential roles are emerging.

Objective:
Here, we explore macrophage heterogeneity in atherosclerosis plaques using transgenic fluorescent mice in which subsets of macrophages are labeled by GFP (green fluorescent protein), YFP (yellow fluorescent protein), neither, or both. The objective was to define migration patterns of the visible subsets and relate them to their phenotypes and transcriptomes.

Methods and Results:

Apoe
−/−
Cx3cr1

GFP

Cd11c

YFP

mice have 4 groups of macrophages in their aortas. The 3 visible subsets show varying movement characteristics. GFP and GFP+YFP+ macrophages extend and retract dendritic processes, dancing on the spot with little net movement while YFP macrophages have a more rounded shape and migrate along the arteries. RNA sequencing of sorted cells revealed significant differences in the gene expression patterns of the 4 subsets defined by GFP and YFP expression, especially concerning chemokine and cytokine expression, matrix remodeling, and cell shape dynamics. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that GFP+ cells have similar transcriptomes to cells found in arteries with tertiary lymphoid organs and regressing plaques while YFP+ cells were associated with progressing and stable plaques.

Conclusions:
The combination of quantitative intravital imaging with deep transcriptomes identified 4 subsets of vascular macrophages in atherosclerosis that have unique transcriptomic profiles. Our data link vascular macrophage transcriptomes to their in vivo migratory function. Future work on the functional significance of the change in gene expression and motility characteristics will be needed to fully understand how these subsets contribute to disease progression.