bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstention from smoking extends life and compresses morbidity: a population based study of health expectancy among smokers and never smokers in Denmark
Authors: Brønnum-Hansen Henrik , Juel Knud 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVETo estimate health expectancy— that is, the average lifetime in good health—among never smokers, ex-smokers, and smokers in Denmark.DESIGNA method suggested by Peto and colleagues in 1992 for estimating smoking attributable mortality rates was used to construct a life table for never smokers. This life table and relative risks for death for ex-smokers and smokers versus never smokers were used to estimate life tables for ex-smokers and smokers. Life tables and prevalence rates of health status were combined and health expectancy was calculated by Sullivan's method.SETTINGThe Danish adult population.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURESThe expected lifetime in self rated good health or without longstanding illness for never smokers and smokers.RESULTSThe expected lifetime of a 20 year old man who will never begin to smoke is 56.7 years, 48.7 (95% confidence interval (CI), 46.8 to 50.7) years of which are expected to be in self rated good health. The corresponding figures for a man who smokes heavily are 49.5 years, 36.5 (95% CI 35.0 to 38.1 ) years of which are in self rated good health. A 20 year old woman who will never begin to smoke can expect to live a further 60.9 years, with 46.4 (95% CI 44.9 to 47.8) years in self rated good health; if she is a lifelong heavy smoker, her expected lifetime is reduced to 53.8 years, 33.8 (95% CI 31.7 to 35.9) years of which are in self rated good health. Health expectancy based on long standing illness is reduced for smokers when compared with never smokers.CONCLUSIONSSmoking reduces the expected lifetime in good health and increases the expected lifetime in poor health.
Basis-set methods for the Dirac equation
Authors: Krauthauser C , Hill R N 
Published: July 2002

The pathologies associated with finite basis-set approximations to the Dirac Hamiltonian HDirac are avoided by applying the variational principle to the bounded operator 1 / (H Dirac  W) where W is a real number that is not in the spectrum of HDirac. Methods of calculating upper and lower bounds to eigenvalues, and bounds to the wave-function error as measured by the L2 norm, are described. Convergence is proven. The rate of convergence is analyzed. Boundary conditions are discussed. Benchmark energies and expectation values for the Yukawa potential, and for the Coulomb plus Yukawa potential, are tabulated. The convergence behavior of the energy-weighted dipole sum rules, which have traditionally been used to assess the quality of basis sets, and the convergence behavior of the solutions to the inhomogeneous problem, are analyzed analytically and explored numerically. It is shown that a basis set that exhibits rapid convergence when used to evaluate energy-weighted dipole sum rules can nevertheless exhibit slow convergence when used to solve the inhomogeneous problem and calculate a polarizability. A numerically stable method for constructing projection operators, and projections of the Hamiltonian, onto positive and negative energy states is given. PACS Nos.: 31.15Pf, 31.30Jv, 31.15-p
Nonlinear excitation and ionization of diatomic molecules by short laser pulses. Model of two active electrons in the field of a frozen core
Authors: Pegarkov A I 
Published: July 2002

The dynamics of electron excitation and ionization of diatomic molecules in short laser pulses is studied within a model of two active 1D electrons moving in the field of a frozen core. It is shown for example for the N2 molecule that the model reproduces the spectrum of the pulse-free Σ electronic states very well. The N2 electron dynamics is examined numerically for short τ = 30 fs and ultra-short τ = 5 fs laser pulses with λ = 800 nm and intensity 1013 W/cm2 ÷ 1015 W/cm2 as well as for the resonant pulse with τ = 1 fs and λ = 147 nm, 1014 W/cm2 ÷ 1016 W/cm2. The phenomena of strong above-threshold absorption and resonant revival of electronic ground-state population in the ultra-short resonant pulse are found. Within the model, the quantum-mechanical picture of one-electron, two-electron, sequential, and nonsequential molecular ionizations is analyzed in detail in comparison with recent experimental results of Cornaggia and Hering, and Gibson et al. The model correctly explains the origin and nonlinear dynamics of the well-known "shoulder" in the N2+2 ion yield. PACS Nos.: 33.80Rv, 33.80Wz
Compound multiplicity in the collisions of 4.1 A GeV/c 22Ne nuclei with nuclear emulsion
Authors: Abou-Moussa Z 
Published: July 2002

This work displays a study of the compound multiplicity characteristics of 4.1 A GeV/c 22Neemulsion interactions, where the number of shower and grey particles taken together is termed as compound multiplicity, Nc. The present data are compared with the corresponding ones obtained for other projectiles at nearly the same momentum per nucleon. It is observed that while the average compound multiplicity depends on the mass number of the projectile, Ap, the value of the ratio <Nc>/D(Nc) seems to be independent of Ap. The impact parameter is found to affect the shape of the compound multiplicity distribution. A positive linear dependence of the compound multiplicity on both the black and heavy charged particles is also noted. Finally, the results indicate that the value of <Nc> depends also on the target mass number. PACS No.: 25.70
GENERATING ALL THE MINIMAL SEPARATORS OF A GRAPH
Authors: BERRY ANNE , BORDAT JEAN-PAUL , COGIS OLIVIER 
Published: July 2002

We present an efficient algorithm which computes the set of minimal separators of a graph in O(n3) time per separator, thus gaining a factor of n2 on the current best-time algorithms for this problem. Our process is based on a new structural result, derived from the work of Kloks and Kratsch on listing all the minimal separators of a graph.
FRAGMENTATION, COALESCENCE AND DEPOSITION OF SILICON CLUSTERS STUDIED BY MOLECULAR DYNAMICS
Authors: MAZZONE A. M. 
Published: July 2002

Cluster deposition is a technique recently developed for the production of films of a nanometric thickness. The technique consists on driving a beam of clusters onto a substrate with an energy sufficient to obtain their fragmentation and the adhesion of the fragments to the substrate. Therefore the main mechanisms involved by this technique are (i) cluster fragmentation, (ii) cluster–substrate adhesion and (iii) coalescence of the deposited fragments. The focus of this study is on these three mechanisms. To illustrate their peculiar features, three structures have been selected. Two of these structures, that is a cluster and a cluster dimer, are free standing. The third one represents a cluster deposited onto a substrate. The temperature response of the two free standing structures illustrates the effects of the cluster geometry and shape on the response to an external energy input. The comparison of these responses with the behavior occurring during deposition illustrates the main properties of cluster–substrate interactions.
MEASURING SHOCK IN FINANCIAL MARKETS
Authors: ZUMBACH GILLES O. , DACOROGNA MICHEL M. , OLSEN JØRGEN L. , OLSEN RICHARD B. 
Published: July 2002

Analogous to the Richter scale for earthquakes, we introduce the Scale of Market Shocks (SMS), an "event" scale to quantify the size of shocks in financial markets. It is based on price volatilities and computed by integrating volatilities over time horizons ranging from 1 hour to 42 days. The SMS is computed using quality high frequency market data and can be constructed for any market. We compute the SMS for the foreign exchange market. For two major FX rates, we study the relation between SMS peaks and major "world events". We measure also the correlation between the Scale of Market Shocks index and the size of the subsequent price movements and show a high correlation for short time intervals.
PROBABILISTIC DYNAMICS OF TWO-LAYER GEOPHYSICAL FLOWS
Authors: CHUESHOV IGOR , DUAN JINQIAO , SCHMALFUSS BJÖRN 
Published: July 2002

The two-layer quasigeostrophic flow model is an intermediate system between the single-layer two-dimensional barotropic flow model and the continuously stratified three-dimensional baroclinic flow model. This model is widely used to investigate basic mechanisms in geophysical flows, such as baroclinic effects, the Gulf stream and subtropical gyres. We consider the two-layer quasigeostrophic flow model under stochastic wind forcing on the top layer. The fluctuating part of the wind forcing is modeled as the generalized time derivative of a Wiener process. We first transform this stochastic two-layer fluid system into a coupled system of random partial differential equations. Then we prove that the stochastic two-layer fluid system has finite sets of asymptotically determining functionals (such as determining modes and determining nodes) in probability. Furthermore, we show that the asymptotic probabilistic dynamics of this system depends only on the top fluid layer. Namely, in the probability sense and asymptotically, the dynamics of the two-layer quasigeostrophic fluid system is determined by the top layer. In other words, the bottom layer is slaved by the top layer. This conclusion is true provided that the Wiener process and the fluid parameters satisfy a certain condition. In particular, this latter condition is satisfied when the trace of the covariance operator of the Wiener process is small enough and the Ekman constant r is sufficiently large.
A knowledge-based approach for the validation of simulation models
Authors: Birta Louis G. , Özmizrak F. Nur 
Published: July 2002

A new perspective of the validation problemfor simulation models is formulated in this article. The approach is knowledge-based and focuses on behavioral validation. It has the important feature of providing a basis for the development of a software environment that can automate the validation activity. Discrete, continuous and combined simulation models can be treated in a uniform manner.
The key element of the approach is a validation knowledge base (VKB). This is developed as three disjoint sets of relationships among the input and output variables of the simulation model. These relationships serve to capture all aspects of expected behavior of the simulation model. A simple characterization of model behavior is presented which provides the basis for specifying the relationships from which the VKB is constructed
The utilization of all the information in the VKB in an efficient way is an important subgoal of our system architecture. This requirement gives rise to an experiment design problem. This problem is carefully formulated and examined within the framework of the behavior characterizations that exist in the VKB. In particular, a basis for its solution is established in a constraint set framework by carrying out a transformation on the relationships within the VKB. The constraint set context for the problem has the advantage of providing an environment which not only facilitates analysis but also enables the application of a variety of solution techniques.
On the Recognition of Primes by Automata
Authors: Hartmanis J. , Shank H. 
Published: July 2002

A study of the problem of recognizing the set of primes by automata is presented. A simple algebraic condition is derived which shows that neither the set of primes nor any infinite subset of the set of primes can be accepted by a pushdown or finite automaton.
In view of this result an interesting open problem is to determine the “weakest” automaton which can accept the set of primes. It is shown that the linearly bounded automaton can accept the set of primes, and it is conjectured that no automaton whose memory grows less rapidly can recognize the set of primes. One of the results shows that if this conjecture is true, it cannot be proved by the use of arguments about the distribution of primes, as described by the Prime Number Theorem. Some relations are established between two classical conjectures in number theory and the minimal rate of memory growth of automata which can recognize the set of primes.
Shadow volume reconstruction from depth maps
Authors: McCool Michael D. 
Published: July 2002

Current graphics hardware can be used to generate shadows using either the shadow volume or shadow map techniques. However, the shadow volume technique requires access to a representation of the scence as a polygonal model, and handling the near plane clip correctly and efficiently is difficult; conversely, accurate shadow maps require high-precision texture map data representations, but these are not widely supported.
We present a hybird of the shadow map and shadow volume approaches which does not have these difficulties and leverages high-performance polygon rendering. The scene is rendered from the point of view of the light source and a sampled depth map is recovered. Edge detection and a template-based reconstruction technique are used to generate a global shadow volume boundary surface, after which the pixels in shadow can be marked using only a one-bit stencil buffer and a single-pass rendering of the shadow volume boundary polygons. The simple form of our template-based reconstruction scheme simplifies capping the shadow volume after the near plane clip.
An approach to the optimum design of computer graphics systems
Authors: Foley James D. 
Published: July 2002

Display system designers are faced with the difficult task of selecting major subsystems in an intelligent way. Each subsystem is chosen from large numbers of alternatives; the selection is based on considerations such as system response time, system cost, and the distribution of data storage and processing between the graphics processor and its supporting data processing system. The work reported here develops an objective, quantitative design procedure and helps give a better understanding of how to configure display systems. This is accomplished by means of a mathematical model of a computer driven graphics system.
The parameters of the model are functions of the capabilities of the graphics hardware and of the computational requirements of the graphics application. The model can be analyzed using numerical queueing analysis or simulation to obtain an average response time prediction. By combining the model with an optimization, the best graphics system configuration, subject to a cost constraint, is found for several applications. The optimum configurations are in turn used to find general display system design guidelines.
HUMAN ABILITIES
Authors: Sternberg Robert J. , Kaufman James C. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  This chapter reviews recent literature, primarily from the 1990s, on human abilities. The review opens with a consideration of the question of what intelligence is, and then considers some of the major definitions of intelligence, as well as implicit theories of intelligence around the world. Next, the chapter considers cognitive approaches to intelligence, and then biological approaches. It proceeds to psychometric or traditional approaches to intelligence, and then to broad, recent approaches.The different approaches raise somewhat different questions, and hence produce somewhat different answers. They have in common, however, the attempt to understand what kinds of mechanisms lead some people to adapt to, select, and shape environments in ways that match particularly well the demands of those environments.
The Effects of Poverty on Child Health and Development
Authors: Aber J. Lawrence , Bennett Neil G. , Conley Dalton C. , Li Jiali 
Published: July 2002

Poverty has been shown to negatively influence child health and development along a number of dimensions. For example, poverty–net of a variety of potentially confounding factors—is associated with increased neonatal and post-neonatal mortality rates, greater risk of injuries resulting from accidents or physical abuse/neglect, higher risk for asthma, and lower developmental scores in a range of tests at multiple ages.Despite the extensive literature available that addresses the relationship between poverty and child health and development, as yet there is no consensus on how poverty should be operationalized to reflect its dynamic nature. Perhaps more important is the lack of agreement on the set of controls that should be included in the modeling of this relationship in order to determine the “true” or net effect of poverty, independent of its cofactors. In this paper, we suggest a general model that should be adhered to when investigating the effects of poverty on children. We propose a standard set of controls and various measures of poverty that should be incorporated in any study, when possible.
Impact of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion on Ventricular Defibrillation Patterns, Energy Requirements, and Detection of Recovery
Authors: Qin Hao , Walcott Gregory P. , Killingsworth Cheryl R. , Rollins Dennis L. , Smith William M. , Ideker Raymond E. 
Published: July 2002

Background—Shocks that have defibrillated spontaneous ventricular fibrillation (VF) during acute ischemia or reperfusion may seem to have failed if VF recurs before the ECG amplifier recovers after shock. This could explain why the defibrillation threshold (DFT) for spontaneous VF appears markedly higher than for electrically induced VF.Methods and Results—The DFT for electrically induced VF (E-DFT) was determined in 15 pigs before ischemia, followed by left anterior ascending or left circumflex artery occlusion. VF was electrically induced 20 minutes after occlusion, followed 5 minutes later by reperfusion. Whether spontaneous or electrically induced, VF during occlusion or reperfusion was treated with up to 3 shocks at 1.5×E-DFT. If all 3 shocks failed, shock strength was increased. Thirty minutes after reperfusion, the other artery was occluded and the protocol was repeated. Defibrillation was considered successful if postshock sinus/idioventricular rhythm was present for ≥30 seconds. VF recurring within 30 seconds after the shock was considered immediate or delayed if the first postshock activation complex in a rapidly restored ECG recording was VF or sinus/idioventricular rhythm, respectively. Defibrillation efficacy at 1.5×E-DFT was significantly higher for electrically induced ischemic VF (76%) than for spontaneous VF (31%). The incidence of delayed recurrence after electrically induced nonischemic (3%) or ischemic (20%) VF was significantly lower than after spontaneous VF (75%). Mean VF recurrence time after spontaneous VF was 4.6±5.3 seconds.Conclusions—Spontaneous VF can be halted by a shock but then quickly restart before a standard ECG amplifier has recovered from postshock saturation, making it appear that the shock failed.
Neuronal Clusters in the Primate Motor Cortex during Interceptin of Moving Targets.
Authors: Lee Daeyeol , Port Nicholas L. , Kruse Wolfgang , Georgopoulos Apostolos P. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Two rhesus monkeys were trained to intercept a moving target at a fixed location with a feedback cursor controlled bya 2-D manipulandum. The direction from which the target appeared, the time from the target onset to its arrival at the interception point, and the target acceleration were randomized for each trial, thus requiring the animal to adjust its movement according to the visual input on a trail-by-trail basis. The two animals adopted different strategies, similar to those identified previously in human subjects. Single-cell activity was recorded from the arm area of the primary motor cortex in these two animals, and the neurons were classified based on the temporal patterns in their activity, using a nonhierarchical cluster analysis. Results of this analysis revealed differences in the complexity and diversity of motor cortical activity between the two animals that paralleled those of behavioral strategies. Most clusters displayed activity closedly related to the kinematics of hand movements. In addition, some clusters displayed patterns of activation that conveyed additional information necessary for successful performance of the task, such as the initial target velocity and the interval between successive submovements, suggesting that such information is represented in selective subpopulations of neurons in the primary motor cortex. These results also suggest that conversion of information about target motion into movement-related signals takes place in a broad network of cortical areas including the primary motor cortex.
RHETORIC AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN EZEKIEL 16
Authors: Day Linda 
Published: July 2002

AbstractEzekiel 16 presents the narration of a man's relationship with his woman as an extended metaphor of Yhwh's relationship with Jerusalem. In consideration of its rhetoric, we discover that the speaking voice is exclusively male. The man Yhwh focuses upon sexual possession of the woman Jerusalem, uses shaming tactics, mandates voyeurism, and exhibits faulty logic in his condemnation of her. On a second level, when we compare the incident presented in the text with situations of domestic violence, we find that the textual interaction exhibits charac47 teristics similar to those of men who physically abuse women. Ezekiel 16 reflects a situation of woman battering in its content and progression. Its male speaker, Yhwh, exhibits those traits of a woman abuser: jealousy, possessiveness, and censuring. As batterers tend to wrongly suspect their women of affairs, this comparison serves to question the veracity of the male speaker in this text. On a third level, one finds that many who have interpreted this passage have overwhelmingly tended to believe the statements of the man Yhwh that the woman Jerusalem deserves the abuse. These male readers have taken a perspective similar to that of a battered woman before she leaves the relationship; they speak with a female voice.
IF DAVID HAD NOT CLIMBED THE MOUNT OF OLIVES
Authors: Thompson Thomas 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe history of Israel has always been a virtual history. Until recently, historical debate in the field has confined itself almost entirely to a discussion about alternative fictional scenarios for the past: the patriarchs and the conquest stories as an alternative to the exodus and settlement narratives; Moses or Ezra; Josiah or John Hyrcanus. Evidence, when it has been of interest to the field at all, has ever been in regard to any given scenario's persuasiveness. The story of David on the Mount of Olives is used as an example of the theological world at stake in the Bible's virtual history; particularly in regard to the motif of Yahweh as 'the lord of history'. Recognition of such virtuality in the biblical tradition aids the contemporary historian of intellectual history. The story of Jesus on the Mount of Olives is used to illustrate this.