bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supply- and demand-side drivers of the change in the sugar density of food purchased between 2015 and 2018 in Great Britain
Authors: Gressier Mathilde , Frost Gary S. , Hill Zoe , Li Danying , Olney Jack , Pineda Elisa , Targett Victoria , Young Michelle , Sassi Franco 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The UK government launched a two-component sugar-reduction programme in 2016, one component is the taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages, the Soft Drinks Industry Levy, and the second is a voluntary sugar reduction programme for products contributing most to children’s sugar intakes. These policies provided incentives both for industry to change the products they sell and for people to change their food and beverage choices through a ‘signalling’ effect that has raised awareness of excess sugar intakes in the population. In this study, we aimed to identify the relative contributions of the supply- and demand-side drivers of changes in the sugar density of food and beverages purchased in Great Britain. While we found that both supply- and demand-side drivers contributed to decreasing the sugar density of beverage purchases (reformulation led to a 19 % reduction, product renewal 14 %, and consumer switching between products 8 %), for food products it was mostly supply-side drivers (reformulation and product renewal). Reformulation contributed consistently to a decrease in the sugar density of purchases across households, whereas changes in consumer choices were generally in the opposite direction, offsetting benefits of reformulation. We studied the social gradient of sugar density reduction for breakfast cereals, achieved mostly by reformulation, and found increased reductions in sugar purchased by households of lower socio-economic status. Conversely, there was no social gradient for soft drinks. We conclude that taxes and reformulation incentives are complementary and combining them in a programme to improve the nutritional quality of foods increases the probability of improvements in diet quality.
Field-evolved cross-resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) populations and alternative chemical options for effective control
Authors: Papapanagiotou Aristeidis P. , Alvanou Maria V. , Giantsis Ioannis A. , Kati Vaya A. , Eleftherohorinos Ilias G. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Twelve putative-resistant (R) redroot pigweed populations were collected in sunflower and soybean fields located in northeastern Greece, after repeated exposure to the acetolactate synthase (ALS)–inhibiting herbicides imazamox and tribenuron-methyl. Studies were conducted to determine the resistance status to these two ALS-inhibiting herbicides and evaluate alternative postemergence and preemergence herbicides for effective control. Two susceptible (S) populations were also included for comparison. Among the 12 putative-R populations studied in the whole-plant dose–response pot experiments, 11 were characterized as cross-resistant (R) to the imidazolinone imazamox and the sulfonylurea tribenuron-methyl. In contrast, the putative R5 and the two reference populations (S1, S2) populations were found to be susceptible. Sequencing of the ALS gene revealed that a point mutation (TGG to TTG at position 574) was selected in domain B, where in combination with domain A the majority of point mutations conferring resistance have been detected, resulting in an amino acid substitution from tryptophan (Trp) to leucine (Leu) in the 11 R populations. By contrast, all sequenced plants of the three susceptible populations were found with the wild-type allele encoding Trp574. The labeled rate of the postemergence herbicides tembotrione and dicamba provided fair to excellent control of the populations with ALS cross-resistance. In contrast, at this rate the preemergence herbicides S-metolachlor + terbuthylazine, isoxaflutole, aclonifen, metribuzin, and pendimethalin provided excellent control. These findings strongly suggest that 11 redroot pigweed populations have evolved cross-resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides, but viable options for chemical control of this weed still exist.
Auxin herbicides, halosulfuron, sulfentrazone, and topramezone disparately affect morphology and ultraviolet features of weedy flowers and associated pollinator foraging
Authors: Godara Navdeep , Askew Shawn D. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractPollinators risk exposure to insecticide residue when visiting weedy flowers in urban landscapes. Previous research shows that pollinators are routinely exposed to a variety of pesticides, but herbicides have exhibited minimal toxicity and did not contribute to the modeled risk quotients. Herbicides from different modes of action may deter pollinators from visiting turfgrass weeds, but their temporal influence on floral quality and pollinator foraging is unaddressed. Research experiments were conducted at Blacksburg, VA, in 2023 to assess the effect of four herbicides on floral morphology and ultraviolet (UV) reflectance of three different UV floral classes of weeds and associated pollinator foraging visits. Among 1,080 assessments per weed species, honeybees (Apis mellifera), bumble bees (Bombus spp.), solitary bees (Chelostoma florisomne), and flies (Diptera spp.) accounted for 94%, 2%, 3%, and 1%, respectively, of the total pollinator visitations on white clover (Trifolium repens L.) inflorescences; 71%, 2%, 0%, and 27%, respectively, on dandelion (Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg.) flowers; and 0%, 0%, 78%, and 22%, respectively, on bulbous buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus L.) flowers. Pollinator visitation and floral quality were temporarily affected by herbicide application, with some herbicides eliminating food resources, while others transiently impacted floral quality and density. The combination of 2,4-D + dicamba + MCPP and topramezone eliminated pollinator foraging visits, but on differing temporal scales of 3 d for auxins and 14 d for topramezone. Halosulfuron and sulfentrazone transiently suppressed floral quality and density, with varying degrees of deterrence on pollinators depending on the weed species. All evaluated herbicides reduced radiometric UV reflectance of T. officinale petal apices, but only synthetic auxin and topramezone reduced digitally assessed floral UV-reflecting area. Petal UV reflectance appears to contribute but not solely influence pollinator foraging behavior. UV-absorbing and UV-reflecting flowers differed in UV-reflectance response to herbicides, but pollinators were similarly deterred. Results suggest that herbicides may offer a variety of management solutions to pollinator deterrence in areas slated for insecticide treatment, including long-term or transient deterrence with potential food-resource preservation.
Russian thistle (Salsola tragus) ecology in wheat-cropping systems of the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Oreja Fernando , Genna Nicholas , Gourlie Jennifer , Barroso Judit 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Russian thistle (Salsola tragus L.) is a significant summer annual weed in the semiarid Pacific Northwest, causing yield losses of up to 50%. Understanding the biology and ecology of S. tragus is vital for developing effective integrated weed management strategies. This study focused on (1) S. tragus emergence and seedbank persistence in two cropping systems: fallow–winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and spring wheat–fallow–winter wheat rotations, and (2) S. tragus plant biomass and viable seed production in fallow and spring wheat fields. A 4-yr experiment (2020 to 2023) was conducted at the Columbia Basin Agriculture Research Center in Adams, OR, using a randomized block design with four replications. Salsola tragus seeds were sprinkled only at the beginning of the experiment, and seedling numbers were recorded throughout. Most seedlings emerged in the first year, with the highest rates in spring wheat (72%) and fallow (32%), followed by significantly lower rates (0.25% to 5%) in subsequent years. Seedling emergence began in late March and early April in the first and second years but was delayed to May in the third year. Plant biomass and viable seed production were greater in fallow than in spring wheat, with early-season plants having more biomass than later-emerging plants. Plants emerged between early and mid-May produced the most viable seeds. Viable seed production was very low until it peaked in mid-September. Findings indicated that most S. tragus seedlings emerged in the first year after dispersal coinciding with spring precipitation and lasting approximately 2 mo. Additionally, most S. tragus plants produce viable seeds in September, and seeds persist in the soil for more than 2 yr. These results demonstrate the need for growers to control S. tragus emergence to prevent reinfestations and ultimately the need to control S. tragus plants before September to prevent the species from producing viable seed.
Why Doesn't the Observed Field‐Aligned Current Saturate With Increasing Interplanetary Electric Field?
Authors: Yang Ziyi , Zhang Binzheng , Lei Jiuhou , Lotko William 
Published: October 2024

AbstractTheoretical studies indicate that electric potential saturation in a polar cap ionosphere is regulated by the limited reconnection rate at the magnetopause associated with field‐aligned currents (FACs), predicting the possible saturation of FACs under large interplanetary electric field (IEF). However, recent statistical studies have shown that observed FACs increase linearly with IEF. To reconcile this disparity, numerical experiments are conducted to explore the response of FACs under large IEF. Results show that FACs may exhibit either linear or saturated responses, depending on the Alfvén Mach number. The magnetospheric closure paths of region 1 currents differ significantly between the linear and saturated conditions. In the linear case, essential parts of the region 1 current extend toward dayside and connect to the magnetopause currents, whereas these parts of currents almost disappear in the saturation state. Saturation usually occurs under sub‐Alfvénic solar wind conditions, so the observed FACs generally grow linearly with IEF.
Large Mixed Layer Salinity Variation in the Southern Tropical Indian Ocean Due To the Blending of Water Masses
Authors: Zhao Zhangzhe , Sprintall Janet , Du Yan 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe southern tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) displays large mixed layer salinity (MLS) variation. Circulation in this region is governed by the Indian Ocean tropical gyre (IOTG), where the source water proportion and associated mixing remain unclear. Particles integrating into the IOTG and entering the central southern TIO originate from the Bay of Bengal, Malacca Strait, western Indian Ocean, and Indonesian Throughflow. Surprisingly, cross‐equatorial advection is particularly important, implying a significant connection between both the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea via Malacca Strait into the southern TIO. The anomalous anticlockwise circulation weakens the IOTG during positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). An opposite pattern is observed in the negative IOD. A particle experiment reveals that water masses are modulated by the anomalous circulation that drives the redistribution of MLS by changing the proportion of the different source waters. This represents a potential predictability for the southern TIO MLS variability.
Does the Scenario of Connection Between the Positive Leader Tip and the Lateral Surface of the Negative Leader Exist?
Authors: Qi Qi , Wu Bin , Lyu Weitao , Lyu Fanchao , Ma Ying , Chen Lyuwen , Jiang Xiaoling 
Published: October 2024

AbstractBased on the high‐speed video observations obtained at the Tall‐Object Lightning Observatory in Guangzhou (TOLOG), the attachment processes of three lightning flashes seem to belong to the connections between “the lateral surface of negative leader and positive leader tip” which had never been reported before were investigated. The leader connection processes of these flashes were examined in detail, and a mechanism behind connecting behavior between the lateral surface of negative leader and positive leader tip was discussed. Observation shows that negative leaders usually have abundant branches. Although some may extinguish, they still maintain a certain conductivity. When the positive leader tip comes close to the lateral surface of the negative leader (usually a few tens of meters), the previously disappeared short branch can be reactivated. It is easier for the positive leader tip to connect the tips of these branches (whether they have been extinguished or not).
Projected Changes of the Warm Arctic‐Cold North American Pattern
Authors: Yu Bin , Lin Hai 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe Warm Arctic‐Cold North American (WACNA) pattern features opposing surface temperature anomalies, with centers over the Chukchi‐Bering Seas (CBS) and the North American Great Plains. The pattern is mainly driven by meridional heat transport and damped by the generation of available potential energy through diabatic heating. The Canadian Earth System Model CanESM5, part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), reasonably reproduces this pattern and its formation mechanisms. Future projections under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 8.5 (SSP5‐8.5) suggest a significant weakening of WACNA with global warming. Notable changes in pattern intensity and spatial structure are anticipated, particularly a decrease in intensity over the CBS. WACNA changes are also found in 31 CMIP6 multi‐model ensemble simulations. These changes are attributed to Arctic amplification associated with global warming, which diminishes the equator‐to‐pole temperature gradient and consequently reduces meridional heat transport, particularly over the CBS region.
Effects of Chemical Alteration on Frictional Properties in a Deep, Granitic, Geothermal System in Cornwall: Direct Shear Experiments at Near In Situ Conditions
Authors: Harpers N. , Forbes Inskip N. , Allen M. J. , Buckman J. , Faulkner D. R. , Claes H. , Shail R. , den Hartog S. , Busch A. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe geochemical alteration of host rocks might affect the productivity and the potential for induced seismicity of geothermal systems. In addition to natural alteration, following production and heat extraction, re‐injected fluids at lower temperatures and different pressures may be in chemical disequilibrium with the rock, impacting mineral solubility and dissolution/precipitation processes. In this study, we investigate the effect of geochemical alteration on the frictional behavior of granites, and their seismogenic potential, by conducting direct shear experiments using samples with varying degrees of alteration. The samples originate from the Carnmenellis granite in Cornwall, SW England, and represent the formation used in the United Downs Deep Geothermal Power Project for heat extraction. Experiments were conducted on granite powders (referred to as gouges) at room temperature and 180°C, at simulated in situ confining and pore pressures of 130 and 50 MPa, respectively (∼5 km depth). With increasing degree of alteration, the frictional strength of the gouges decreases while frictional stability increases. At high temperature, frictional stability is reduced for all samples while maintaining the trend with alteration stage. Microstructural investigation of the sheared gouges shows alteration delocalizes shear by reducing grain size and increasing clay fraction, which promotes the formation of pervasive shear fabrics. Our work suggests that, within the range of tested pressures, more alteration of granite initially causes more stable shearing in a fault. This behavior with alteration is sustained at high temperatures, but the overall frictional stability is reduced which increases the potential for induced seismicity at higher temperatures.
Parameterization of the Vertical Mixing for the Luzon Undercurrent in the Northern Western Pacific Ocean
Authors: Chen Xianliang , Gan Jianping , Hui Chiwing , McWilliams James C. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe Luzon Undercurrent (LUC) is one of the most significant western boundary undercurrents in the northern western Pacific Ocean (WPO), essential for subsurface water transport and connecting subtropical–equatorial circulations. Over the last three decades, abundant observational progress has been made in revealing the basic features of the LUC. However, the dynamics and thus successful modeling of the LUC remain unresolved. In this work, we conducted a high‐resolution (3 km, 60 levels) numerical investigation of the WPO circulation using the China sea multi‐scale ocean modeling system. We paid particular attention to the vertical mixing, aiming to reasonably resolve the LUC by modifying the vertical mixing parameterization. Based on physics reasoning and experiments of physically based modeling, we designed an adaptive mixing scheme (AMS), which used a Munk‐like function in the thermocline for enhanced vertical mixing in the areas of small Richardson numbers. Using the AMS, we reproduced the two‐layer WPO circulations well and captured the inshore component of the LUC consistent with observations. Furthermore, we studied the dynamics of the LUC by analyzing the momentum balance and found that the LUC is primarily maintained by baroclinic pressure gradient force due to strong thermocline tilting near the western boundary. Enhanced vertical mixing in this highly sheared region crucially provides sufficient geostrophic support to sustain the LUC. Also, nonlinearity and submesoscale motions contribute positively to the LUC. This work advances physical understanding of the current‐undercurrent system and improves numerical capability in capturing the LUC and WPO circulations.
Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition Controls Interannual Variability of Net Primary Production in the Bohai Sea
Authors: Yao Yuan , Yu Guirui , Han Lang , Chen Zhi , Wang Tiejun , Yan Zhifeng , Wang Jilong , Sun Mingyu 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIncreasing human activities and climate change have resulted in significant changes in net primary production (NPP) of the marginal sea in the past several decades. The Bohai Sea (BHS) is a shallow semi‐enclosed marginal sea of North China, the knowledge of the relative impacts of human activities and climate change on the NPP in the BHS remains limited. This study primarily aimed to elucidate the interannual variability of NPP and its influencing factors in the BHS during the 2002–2021 period by synthesizing four widely‐used global NPP models, namely the vertically generalized production model (VGPM), the Eppley‐VGPM, the size‐fractioned phytoplankton pigment absorption‐based model (SABPM), and the carbon, absorption, and fluorescence euphotic‐resolving model (CAFE). The multi‐model average NPP showed significant interannual variation, with an increasing trend from 2002 to 2012 and a decreasing trend from 2012 to 2021. The concentration of DIN in the BHS was primarily affected by atmospheric nitrogen deposition. The structural equation model demonstrated that chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) concentration, influenced by DIN concentration, had an important effect on NPP. In brief, atmospheric nitrogen deposition impacted the DIN concentration and thus controlled the Chl‐a concentration and NPP change in the BHS. Furthermore, atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the BHS have potential ecological impacts on the red tide features. These findings hold valuable implications for future marine resource planning and marine ecological management in the BHS.
Evaluation of 10‐m Wind Speed From ISD Meteorological Stations and the MERRA‐2 Reanalysis: Impacts on Dust Emission in the Arabian Peninsula
Authors: Faber E. , Rocha‐Lima A. , Colarco P. , Baker B. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractMineral dust is one of the most important aerosols when studying the radiative balance and climate of the planet. There are different dust emission schemes utilized by the atmospheric modeling communities, many of which disagree on basic output quantities such as mass of dust emitted and distribution of mass among size bins. In this work, we examined mineral dust emission from a leading model scheme, the Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART), as utilized in the Modern‐Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA‐2) Reanalysis and compared it to dust emissions calculated using wind measurements from ground based weather stations located in the Arabian Peninsula that are included in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) integrated surface database (ISD). An intercomparison of 10‐m wind speed is shown for the Arabian Peninsula region, differences of the observed and modeled wind field are quantified, and impacts of differences on dust emissions are calculated. This analysis shows 10‐m winds in the ISD were generally lower than MERRA‐2 winds, which propagated to dust emissions errors. Our estimate of one of the most significant mass impacts in dust emission is 0.178 Tg/year/grid box with a percent change of over 200% to the recalculated dust emissions from MERRA‐2. These differences in wind speed propagated to a difference in dust mass emitted by the use of a static source function which aids in scaling the mass emitted by the availability of dust in each grid. Additionally, the magnitude of these differences varies seasonally.
Quality control for single-cell analysis of high-plex tissue profiles using CyLinter
Authors: Baker Gregory J. , Novikov Edward , Zhao Ziyuan , Vallius Tuulia , Davis Janae A. , Lin Jia-Ren , Muhlich Jeremy L. , Mittendorf Elizabeth A. , Santagata Sandro , Guerriero Jennifer L. , Sorger Peter K. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractTumors are complex assemblies of cellular and acellular structures patterned on spatial scales from microns to centimeters. Study of these assemblies has advanced dramatically with the introduction of high-plex spatial profiling. Image-based profiling methods reveal the intensities and spatial distributions of 20–100 proteins at subcellular resolution in 103–107 cells per specimen. Despite extensive work on methods for extracting single-cell data from these images, all tissue images contain artifacts such as folds, debris, antibody aggregates, optical aberrations and image processing errors that arise from imperfections in specimen preparation, data acquisition, image assembly and feature extraction. Here we show that these artifacts dramatically impact single-cell data analysis, obscuring meaningful biological interpretation. We describe an interactive quality control software tool, CyLinter, that identifies and removes data associated with imaging artifacts. CyLinter greatly improves single-cell analysis, especially for archival specimens sectioned many years before data collection, such as those from clinical trials.