bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pressure on Flat and Anhedral Delta Wings with Attached Shock Waves
Authors: Pike J 
Published: May 2019

SummaryAn expression is derived which relates the pressure on a wing in a supersonic free stream to the pressure on a thin wing with the same surface shape. The expression is used to find the pressure distribution for caret wings and flat delta wings with attached flow at their leading edges. The compression surface pressure distributions found are in good agreement with existing experimental and theoretical results, except when large pressure changes occur in the flow behind the attached shock wave. Some expansion surface results are also obtained for wings with an isentropic expansion at the leading edge. The effects of flow and geometry changes on the pressure distribution are investigated. It is found that a small improvement in the lift/drag ratio of a caret wing can be obtained by halving the anhedral required for the plane shock wave condition.
Finite Amplitude Waves on Aircraft Trailing Vortices
Authors: Moore D W 
Published: May 2019

SummaryNumerical methods are used to study the growth of waves of finite amplitude on a pair of parallel infinite vortices. The vortices are treated as lines except in so far as the detailed structure of the core is needed to remove consistently the singularity in the line integrals for the velocities of the vortices. It is shown that the vortices eventually touch and the shape of the wave at this instant is calculated. The wave is quite distorted at this instant, but it is shown that its gross properties are given roughly by linear theory.
Calculation of Natural Frequencies and Modes of Steadily Rotating Systems: A Teaching Note
Authors: Simpson A 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe linear, second-order, ordinary differential equations governing the free-vibration characteristics, in vacuo, of discretised systems executing, at equilibrium, steady rotational motion about a fixed point may be expressed in the well-known matrix-vector form involving real symmetric and skew-symmetric coefficient matrices. Less well known is the fact that the corresponding Hamiltonian first-order system may be cast into a special form involving a skew-symmetric system matrix. In this paper the computational merits of this special form are exploited in the calculation of the natural frequencies and modes of the rotating system.
An Investigation of Supersonic Swirling Jets
Authors: Smith R 
Published: May 2019

SummaryA theoretical and experimental investigation has been made into the effect of swirl on a supersonic jet. In certain circumstances a core of reversed flow can occur along the axis of symmetry and the jet mixes much more quickly with the ambient air than does the corresponding non-rotating jet. A characteristic calculation has been performed for the first cell in the case where the axial flow is not reversed. This indicates a shortening of the cell length and the formation of shocks nearer the nozzle.
The High Subsonic Flow Around a Two-Dimensional Aerofoil with a Trailing Edge Control Surface
Authors: Nixon D 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe effect of the operation of a 15 per cent trailing edge control surface on the flow around a two-dimensional aerofoil in a high subsonic shock-free condition is investigated using the integral equation method developed by Nixon and Hancock. The effect of retaining the non-linearities in the transonic potential equation is to increase considerably the magnitude of the pressures over the front part of the aerofoil in comparison with the pressure found using a modified linearised theory in which significant second-order terms in the boundary conditions are retained. The magnitude of the lift coefficient and the pitching moment coefficient are increased by 10-15 per cent over the values found using the modified linear theory, and by 20 per cent over the values found using standard linear theory. However, the magnitude of the hinge-moment coefficient is decreased by the order of 20 per cent compared with the modified linear values and by 30 per cent when compared to the standard linear values.
Insured Group Pension Plans and Ancillary Benefits
Authors: Fellows D. E. 
Published: May 2019

1.1. Pension schemes and other plans written on an insured group basis present some of the most fascinating, challenging and paradoxical aspects of life offices’ business in the United Kingdom.1.2. The fascination stems from each group scheme being a unique, unpredictable and sensitive unit, covering perhaps just a handful of lives or possibly many thousands of lives. Once established it may thrive and grow indefinitely.
Autonomy of Corrective Law: A Projection of the Doctrine of Constructive Negligence
Authors: Ginossar Shalev 
Published: May 2019

Il y a des criminels que le magistrat punit, il y en a d'autres qu'il corrige … Ainsi il ne faut pas confondre les grandes violations des lois avec la violation de la simple police: ce sont choses d'ordre différent.(Montesquieu,Esprit des Lois,liv. xxvi, chap. 24)Here is this important body of law … where … there is going on a judicial task that is one of interest and also one of considerable difficulty … That is what gives scope for students of law. Do not ignore it or brush it on one side or dismiss it as impossible of study.(Sir Patrick Devlin, “Statutory Offences” (1958) 4Soc. Pub. Teachers of Law 215)The present article responds to Sir Devlin's appeal in favour of that body of law which, in the spirit of Montesquieu, deserves the distinctive name of “corrective law”. Its province mainly coincides with what is commonly called “public welfare” or “regulatory” offences, of which violations of traffic rules provide the most typical example.Their common feature is that they are penalized independently of the state of mind of the perpetrator, being based on the principle of absolute or, at least, strict liability. To this principle the most authorized teachers of criminal law have expressed their hostility; and their reasons therefor are undeniably impressive. Nevertheless, far from dying out, the field of strict liability offences increases constantly and, by sheer weight of number and variety, they greatly exceed those of “ordinary” crime.
A new technique of revision septoplasty using semi-penetrating straight and circular incisions of the nasal septum
Authors: Wei L , Wang L , Lu W , Jiang T , Liu Z , Wang M , Wu X , Wang Z 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate endoscopic revision septoplasty with semi-penetrating straight and circular incisions in patients for whom septoplasty was unsuccessful.MethodPatients in this study (n= 14) had a deviation of the nasal septum after septoplasty. Pre-operative and post-operative assessments were performed using a visual analogue scale and nasal endoscope. Semi-penetrating straight and circular incisions in front of the caudal septum and at the margin of the nasal septal cartilage–bone defect, respectively, were made. The mucoperichondrium and mucoperiosteum were bilaterally dissected until interlinkage with the cartilage–bone defect was achieved. Mucous membranes within the circular incision as well as the right mucoperichondrium and mucoperiosteal flaps were protected by pushing them to the right. This exposed the osteocartilaginous framework and allowed correction of the residual deviation. The patients were followed up for 30–71 months.ResultsFor nasal obstruction and headaches, a significant improvement was noted in post-operative compared to pre-operative visual analogue scale scores. No patients had septal deviations, saddle nose, false hump nose or contracture of the nasal columella.ConclusionThe technique allowed exposure of the septal osteocartilaginous framework and a broad operational vision, which enabled successful correction of various deformities of the nasal septum.
Negotiating Uncertainty in Late-Socialist Vietnam: Households and livelihood options in the marketizing countryside
Authors: CHAU LAM MINH 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article makes a case for Vietnam as a distinctive example of late- and post-socialist marketization, a painful experience that has brought widespread immiseration to rural societies within and beyond Asia. Building on extensive ethnographic fieldwork in a northern Vietnamese village, I explore a hitherto under-researched aspect of Vietnam's massive social and economic transformation in the 30 years since the onset of market transition or Renovation (Đổi mới): the surprising ways in which rural households have negotiated both the risks and opportunities of the state's push to de-cooperativize and marketize village livelihoods. The state expects that a minority of rich farmers will rapidly move into large-scale, mechanized farming, while the majority will abandon small-scale subsistence farming to specialize in trade or participate in industrial waged employment. Surprisingly, all village households insist on beingđa gi năng, that is, on retaining multiple livelihood options instead of following the official modernization scripts. Their refusal to follow state plans is not market-averse ‘resistance’, but something rarely documented in the literature on peasant life in marketizing contexts: a local sense of agency and taking personal responsibility for the security and long-term welfare of their families, in the face of highly unpredictable state policies.
New findings of Setaria tundra and Setaria cervi in the red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Poland
Authors: Oloś Grzegorz , Nowakowska Julita , Rojewska Sylwia , Welc-Falęciak Renata 
Published: May 2019

AbstractOur study aimed at examining the phylogenetic position of the newly-found Setaria nematodes obtained from the red deer (Cervus elaphus) based on sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX-1). Alignment and phylogenetic analyses, as well as SEM microscopic analysis, revealed the presence of two Setaria species: S. cervi and S. tundra. Setaria tundra was noted in only one individual, a calf of the red deer, while S. cervi was observed in three stages, two hinds and one calf of the red deer. According to our knowledge, it is the first case of S. cervi in the red deer in Poland confirmed in molecular studies and also the first case of S. tundra infection in the red deer.
Bat flies aggregation onArtibeus planirostrishosts in the Pantanal floodplain and surrounding plateaus
Authors: Vieira Esther Gonçalves Morimatsu , Fischer Erich , Graciolli Gustavo , Ferreira Santos Carolina , Camargo George , Silveira Maurício , Eriksson Alan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFor parasites in natural systems, the most common pattern of spatial distribution is aggregation among hosts. The main causes of such aggregation are variable exposure of hosts to parasites and heterogeneity in host susceptibility. The objective of this study was to determine if there are differences in the aggregation pattern of two species of ectoparasitic flies between the Pantanal and Cerrado regions of Brazil on the batArtibeus planirostris.We collected the ectoparasites from bats captured between 2002 and 2017 with mist nets in 21 sites in the Pantanal and 15 sites in the surrounding plateaus. The results showed that the aggregation of ectoparasitic flies in Pantanal was more pronounced than in Cerrado. The discrepancy aggregation index (D) of the bat flyMegistopoda araneawas 0.877 in Pantanal and 0.724 in Cerrado. The D values ofAspidoptera phyllostomatiswas even higher, with 0.916 and 0.848 in the Pantanal and Cerrado, respectively. Differences in the shelters used may be the main factor shaping variation in aggregation, since the Pantanal does not have rock formations, with only foliage, crowns and hollow tree trunks. These differences likely affect host exposure to the parasites, leading to an increase in parasite aggregation.
LE PREFERENZE POLITICHE DEGLI ITALIANI E DEI FRANCESI
Authors: Barnes Samuel H. , Pierce Roy 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneNel 1967 e nel 1968 sono state svolte, in Francia ed in Italia, delle indagini post-elettorali, a livello nazionale, su campioni di opinione pubblica, nell−ambito del medesimo progetto per uno studio comparato fra nazioni sul tema del governo rappresentativo. In questa sede, riferiamo su alcune conclusioni tratte da una serie piú ristretta di dati relativi al rapporto, riscontrabile nei due paesi, fra l−opinione espressa dal pubblico su problemi scelti e le sue preferenze politiche.
DAL PROPORZIONALISMO INTRAPARTITICO AL FAZIONISMO ETERODIRETTO
Authors: Lombardo Antonio 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneNel saggio « Proporzionalismo, frazionismo e crisi dei partiti » Giovanni Sartori enuncia tre tesi di fondo. Egli afferma in primo luogo che, « mentre il proporzionalismo non è, da solo, causa efficiente di multi-partitismo, diventa, da solo, causa sufficiente di multi-frazionismo ».
STABILITÀ, LEGITTIMITÀ E EFFICACIA DECISIONALE NEI SISTEMI DEMOCRATICI
Authors: Morlino Leonardo 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneLa stabilità dei sistemi politici, interesse di lunga data, è un tema che ha ricevuto grande attenzione soprattutto nell'ultimo ventennio. Secondo alcuni autori, ciò è dovuto a certe preoccupazioni tipiche della politica estera americana: si vede nella cronica instabilità dei paesi del terzo mondo un terreno assai fertile per la diffusione del comunismo e dell'area di influenza sovietica. Motivazioni dello stesso genere sono state addotte anche per spiegare lo sviluppo di altri settori della scienza politica. Ad esempio, l'impulso avuto in questi anni dallo studio dello sviluppo politico viene fatto risalire proprio al bipolarismo della situazione internazionale e a taluni indirizzi della politica estera americana. È ben possibile che nuovi settori disciplinari ricevano una spinta determinante da situazioni storiche contingenti, oppure che motivi specifici riaccendano l'interesse degli studiosi su vecchi temi. Tuttavia resta il fatto che lo studio della stabilità dei sistemi politici, e delle sue condizioni, è stato sempre uno degli interessi centrali del pensiero classico e della scienza politica moderna. E i motivi di questo interesse sono agevolmente comprensibili se si pone attenzione ai problemi sollevati.
RAPPRESENTANTI E CIRCOSCRIZIONI IN ITALIA E IN GERMANIA
Authors: Barnes Samuel H. , Farah Barbara 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneLa politica ≪ locale ≫ non esiste nelle società industriali avanzate. Infatti, in questi sistemi politici altamente mobili e integrati — sotto il profilo economico se non normativo — gli interessi locali, nazionali e perfino internazionali sono collegati cosí strettamente, che ogni tentativo di restringere l'attenzione al solo livello locale finisce col dimostrarsi inadeguato e spesso anche artificioso. Per esempio, agli studi sul potere nelle comunità è stata mossa la critica che essi generalmente ignorano quale ruolo cruciale abbiano gli ambienti sociali, politici e economici nella definizione dell'ambito in cui si muovono coloro che prendono le decisioni a livello locale e che, inoltre, tali studi non tengono conto del fatto che le piú importanti decisioni locali vengono prese da centri di potere privati e di governo esterni alle comunità locali e che forze potenti, sia locali che non locali, operano la scelta dei problemi da dibattere a livello locale.
MUTAMENTI SOCIO-ECONOMICI, ELITES E DECADENZA POLITICA: IL CASO ARGENTINO
Authors: Pasquino Gianfranco 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneLa vasta e diseguale letteratura sulla modernizzazione e sullo sviluppo politico è ricca di ipotesi che, seppur formulate talora in maniera inadeguata, meritano di essere prese in considerazione e verificate. Rare, infatti, sono state a tutt'oggi le verifiche intenzionali e deliberate di alcune delle ipotesi piú influenti, e spesso questi tentativi non sono stati effettuati, come dovrebbero, in chiave diacronica. E non è difficile comprendere il motivo fondamentale di questa riluttanza: l'enorme difficoltà nel potere attribuire con sicurezza certi mutamenti a cause ben individuate e l'impossibilità di ricorrere alla clausolacoeteris paribus, cioè di tenere ferma tutta una serie di fattori per analizzare l'incidenza di pochi fattori scelti. Tuttavia, nonostante la loro difficoltà intrinseca, le verifiche in chiave diacronica restano, unitamente alle analisi comparate, uno dei pochi modi a disposizione del politologo per falsificare o raffinare le sue ipotesi.
PER UNA MORFOLOGIA DEL POTERE POLITICO
Authors: Frosini Vittorio 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneSeguendo la tendenza piú accreditata nelle indagini condotte sull'esperienza politica contemporanea, Antonio Lombardo ha circoscritto e discusso il tema della ≪ struttura del potere ≫ non in termini di speculazione filosofica (e cioè come se si trattasse di una categoria coscienziale) e nemmeno in termini di rilevazione sociologica (meramente fattuali e pseudo-oggettivi), ma tracciandone il profilo di ≪ teoria generale ≫, ossia come schema interpretativo della realtà. L'uso del termine lessicale ≪ struttura ≫ è ormai da tempo considerato come moneta corrente di scambio linguistico nelle scienze sociali; e sebbene la metodologia dello strutturalismo abbia percorso negli ultimi vent'anni un itinerario, che l'ha portata ad un grado di coscienza scaltrita dei propri limiti e delle proprie ambiguità, sino a cacciarsi nel vicolo cieco dell'analisi pessimistica e denigratoria del Boudon, ci si può servire ancora di quel termine, solo che si faccia salva l'avvertenza, che con esso non ci si riferisce ad una ontologia compositiva dell'esperienza, ma ad una metodologia conoscitiva: ossia ad una ≪ manipolazione ≫ intellettuale dell'esperienza stessa, che si designa con quella formula emblematica. Per ≪ struttura ≫ s'intende dunque la cifra definitoria di un processo produttivo di ≪ modelli ≫, ognuno dei quali può consentire di specificare e condensare certi caratteri della interazione politica, in modo da renderla conoscibile e comunicabile nel discorso politologico. Giacché non esiste una struttura astratta del potere, che venga disoccultata e identificata una volta per tutte; ma esiste bensí un insieme di forme, anzi di situazioni concrete, che servono a definire la pratica dell'azione sociale (comunemente ormai designata come ≪ prassi ≫) e che si presentano continuamente variabili nella vita di relazione. Ogni modello proposto corrisponde ad una cognizione operativa del processo di strutturazione, che avviene nell'esperienza politica; esso opera per mezzo di una organizzazione finalizzata dei dati, che vengono trascelti e trasposti in un quadrante di analisi. L'indagine che ne risulta fornisce gli indici di configurazione di una morfologia del potere (che nel presente contesto s'intende sempre come ≪ politico ≫ per l'economia della ricerca).
L'ALTERNATIVA RISCHIOSA. CONSIDERAZIONI SUL « DIFFICILE GOVERNO »
Authors: Fisichella Domenico 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneSempre piú frequentemente la scienza politica moderna fa uso — soprattutto in chiave di analisi dello sviluppo — di concetti come ingegneria politica,policy building, e simili. Ritengo si tratti di concetti utili e dotati di una loro validità euristica. Dove, viceversa, non posso seguire certi politologi è nel loro presentare l'ingegneria politica come una novità dei nostri giorni. A costoro è doveroso ricordare che inDie Kultur der Renaissance in Italien, pubblicata nel 1860, Jacob Burckhardt ha riconosciuto all'intelligenza rinascimentale italiana, e a quella fiorentina in particolare, la paternità della categoria concettuale che oggi siamo soliti comprendere sotto l'etichetta di ingegneria politica.
Joint Working Group of Commissions 9 and 46 For Exchange of Equipment
Authors: Mihelson N. N. 
Published: May 2019

A Circular Letter was sent to the directors of all astronomical institutes and observatories asking if there is any possibility for loaning some types of astronomical equipment.Many answers were received up to November 1972, all of them negative. Some observatories have already loaned their excess equipment. Another, recently organized, does not have such equipment.
To inform or govern? 150 years of the International Review of the Red Cross, 1869–2019
Authors: Palmieri Daniel 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe International Review of the Red Cross (formerly the Bulletin Internationale des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés) is celebrating its 150th anniversary in 2019, making it the oldest of the general publications produced by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Originally created as a communication tool for the entire International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the Review rapidly changed its course to become first the primary mouthpiece of the ICRC for many years, and finally an academic journal. This article will retrace the history of this evolution, during which, under cover of humanitarianism, political factors played a significant role.
Prokaryote Communities at Active Chimney andIn SituColonization Devices After a Magmatic Degassing Event (37°N MAR, EMSO‐Azores Deep‐Sea Observatory)
Authors: Rommevaux Céline , Henri Pauline , Degboe Jefferson , Chavagnac Valérie , Lesongeur Françoise , Godfroy Anne , Boulart Cédric , Destrigneville Christine , Castillo Alain 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe mixing zone between high‐temperature hydrothermal fluids and seawater produces redox gradients, promoting the development of unique ecosystems based on chemotrophy. The structure of microbial communities depends on their environment, which can vary according to space and time. Hydrothermal circulation within the oceanic crust determines the chemical composition and flow of fluids, depending on underground events (earthquakes, volcanic episodes, etc.) and impacts the development of microbial communities. This link between hydrothermal vent communities and deep geological events is the focus of the present study, the first of its kind for slow‐spreading ridge. In this study, we present a unique set of multidisciplinary data collected from 2008 to 2011 on the Eiffel Tower hydrothermal site (Lucky Strike vent field, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, MAR). We benefit from continuous geophysical monitoring (temperature and seismicity) of the site, annual sampling of hydrothermal fluids (hot and diffuse) for geochemistry analyses, sampling of hydrothermal chimneys, and an in situ microbial colonization experiment over a year for microbial study. The high CO2content and concentrations of major elements (Cl, Ca, and Si) and SO4in the end‐member fluids collected in 2010 indicate that a magmatic degassing occurred between 2009 and 2010 under the Lucky Strike hydrothermal field. This is supported by the large temperature variations observed in March–April 2010. These magmatic CO2inputs seem to have affected microbial communities colonizing the high‐temperature chimney, as well as the basalts in the more diffuse and mixed zone, promoting the development of thermophilic/anaerobicArchaeaandBacteria(Archaeoglobales, Nautiliales, and Nitratiruptoraceae).