bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Assessment of the Skeletal Fracture Patterns Resulting from Fatal High (˃3 m) Free Falls
Authors: Rowbotham Samantha K. , Blau Soren , Hislop‐Jambrich Jacqueline , Francis Victoria 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe injury patterns resulting from fatal high (˃3 m) free falls have previously been documented in clinical and medico‐legal contexts; however, details relating specifically to the skeletal blunt force trauma (BFT) have been limited. This study aimed to augment what is known of the skeletal fracture patterns resulting from fatal high free falls. Skeletal trauma was analyzed from full‐body postmortem computed tomography scans of 95 individuals who died following a high free fall. Fracture patterns were documented using the five general anatomical regions, axial and appendicular regions, and postcranial unilateral and bilateral regions. Patterns were analyzed in the context of the extrinsic and intrinsic variables that may influence fractures using multiple logistic regression. Fracture patterns involved all aspects of the skeleton, with 98.9% exhibiting polytrauma, and were influenced primarily by the height fallen, manner of death, and landing surface. This improved understanding of fracture patterns will augment anthropological interpretations of the mechanism of BFT in cases of suspected high falls.
Spatial Relationships of Levees and Wetland Systems within Floodplains of the Wabash Basin, USA
Authors: Morrison Ryan R. , Bray Erin , Nardi Fernando , Annis Antonio , Dong Quan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractGiven the unique biogeochemical, physical, and hydrologic services provided by floodplain wetlands, proper management of river systems should include an understanding of how floodplain modifications influence wetland ecosystems. The construction of levees can reduce river–floodplain connectivity, yet it is unclear how levees affect wetlands within floodplains, let alone the cumulative impacts within an entire watershed. This paper explores spatial relationships between levee and floodplain wetland systems in the Wabash Basin, United States. We used a hydrogeomorphic floodplain delineation technique to map floodplain extents and identify wetlands that may be hydrologically connected to river networks. We then spatially examined the relationship between levee presence, wetland area, and other river network attributes within discrete subbasins. Our results show that cumulative wetland area is relatively constant in subbasins that contain levees, regardless of maximum stream order within the subbasin. In subbasins that do not contain levees, cumulative wetland area increases with maximum stream order. However, we found that wetland distributions around levees can be complex, and further studies on the influence of levees on wetland habitat may need to consider finer resolution spatial scales.
Chlamydia trachomatis‐induced cell‐mediated and humoral immune response in women with unexplained infertility
Authors: Rantsi Tiina , Joki‐Korpela Päivi , Öhman Hanna , Bloigu Aini , Kalliala Ilkka , Puolakkainen Mirja , Paavonen Jorma , Surcel Heljä‐Marja , Tiitinen Aila 
Published: April 2018

ProblemWhat is the role of past Chlamydia trachomatis infection in unexplained infertility?Method of studyThis is a prospective study of the impact of past C. trachomatis infection on pregnancy rates in 96 women with unexplained infertility. Both humoral and cell‐mediated immune responses (CMI) against C. trachomatis were studied. Serum C. trachomatis IgG antibodies were analyzed using major outer membrane protein (MOMP) peptide‐based ELISA. CMI was studied by lymphocyte proliferation (LP) assay in vitro. Data on given fertility treatment, time to pregnancy, and pregnancy outcome were collected.ResultsAltogether, 11.5% of the 96 women had C. trachomatis IgG antibodies. LP response to C. trachomatis was positive in 62.9% women. The overall pregnancy rate or live birth rate did not differ by the presence of antichlamydial antibodies or CMI against C. trachomatis. Time to spontaneous pregnancy was longer among C. trachomatis sero‐positive women than among sero‐negative women (2.9 years vs 2.0 years, P = .03).ConclusionPast chlamydial infection does not play a major role in unexplained infertility. Women with unexplained infertility and positive immune response to C. trachomatis do not have reduced pregnancy rates, but time to spontaneous pregnancy is longer among C. trachomatis IgG sero‐positive women than among sero‐negative women.
Outbreaks of diarrhoea (‘winter scours’) in weaned Merino sheep in south‐eastern Australia
Authors: Stanger KJ , McGregor H , Larsen JWA 
Published: April 2018

ObjectiveIdentify the cause of outbreaks of diarrhoea during winter that are not attributable to gastrointestinal nematodes in weaned Merino sheep in the high rainfall regions of south‐eastern Australia and determine the efficacy of antimicrobials used to treat this syndrome.MethodsWe investigated 45 outbreaks on 24 farms. Faecal samples from affected animals were cultured for Yersinia, Campylobacter and Salmonella spp. Risk factors, including rainfall, temperature and worm egg count (WEC), were assessed. Yersinia spp. were identified with molecular tests and susceptibility to four antimicrobials was determined.Results
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype III and virulent Y. enterocolitica were most frequently isolated. The frequency and severity of disease varied between region, farm and year. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was detected only during winter, but Y. enterocolitica was present in all seasons. Pathogenic Yersinia species were more often isolated when WECs exceeded 500 eggs/g. A high proportion of Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis were resistant to sulfafurazole (64% and 86.9%, respectively).ConclusionsA bacterial enteritis caused by pathogenic Yersinia was the cause of the winter scours syndrome in the 24 flocks investigated. The use of molecular testing increased the sensitivity of detection and identification of Yersinia spp. No clear association between weather, WEC and disease was established, suggesting complex interactions between risk factors are more important than any single factor. Sulfonamides should not be routinely used to treat this syndrome. Rather, during an outbreak the targeted use of an effective antimicrobial, such as oxytetracycline, should be integrated with grazing management strategies, including moving affected mobs onto lower risk pastures and decreasing the stocking rate.
Synthesis, activity, and docking studies of eugenol‐based glucosides as new agents against Candida sp.
Authors: Hipólito Taciane Maíra Magalhães , Bastos Guilherme Tadeu Lemos , Barbosa Thúlio Wliandon Lemos , de Souza Thiago Belarmino , Coelho Luiz Felipe Leomil , Dias Amanda Latércia Tranches , Rodríguez Ihosvany Camps , dos Santos Marcelo Henrique , Dias Danielle Ferreira , Franco Lucas Lopardi , Carvalho Diogo Teixeira 
Published: April 2018

Seventeen new synthetic derivatives of eugenol (6, 8–15 and 8′‐15′) were planned following literature reports on antifungal activities of nitroeugenol and eugenol glucoside. The anti‐Candida activity of these compounds was investigated by in vitro assay, and the cytotoxicity evaluation was performed with the most active compounds. The peracetylated glucosides presented better biological results than their hydroxylated analogues. The glucoside 11, a 4‐nitrobenzamide, showed the best potency (MIC50 range 11.0–151.84 μm), the wider spectrum of action, and overall the best selectivity indexes, especially against C. tropicalis (~30) and C. krusei (~15). To investigate its possible mechanism of action, glucoside 11 was subjected to molecular docking studies with Candida sp. enzymes involved in ergosterol biosynthesis. Results have shown that the peracetyl glucosyl moiety and the 4‐nitrobenzamide group in 11 are effectively involved in its high affinity with the active site of squalene epoxidase.
Clinical associations of maternal thyroid function with foetal brain development: Epidemiological interpretation and overview of available evidence
Authors: Korevaar Tim I. M. , Tiemeier Henning , Peeters Robin P. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryThyroid hormone is an important regulator of early brain development, particularly during early stages of gestation during which foetal thyroid hormone availability depends on the maternal transfer of thyroid hormones. There is a wide range of experimental studies showing that low maternal thyroid hormone availability is associated with suboptimal brain development parameters. While few clinical studies have shown that overt maternal hypothyroidism is associated with lower child IQ, the question whether more subclinical changes in maternal thyroid function could also lead to suboptimal foetal brain development. In this review, we put the latter studies in perspective and discuss their interpretation from an epidemiological and clinical perspective. Furthermore, we extend this discussion to also include future perspective and identify important knowledge gaps in the field.
Predicting Acute Renal Injury in Cancer Patients Receiving Cisplatin Using Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase‐Associated Lipocalin and Cystatin C
Authors: Jelinek Michael J. , Lee Sang Mee , Wyche Okpareke Alicia , Wing Claudia , Koyner Jay L. , Murray Patrick T. , Stadler Walter M. , O’ Donnell Peter H. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAcute kidney injury (AKI) limits cisplatin use. We tested whether urine cystatin C (uCyC) and neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (uNGAL) can preidentify patients at risk for AKI. Patients initiating cisplatin‐based chemotherapy were prospectively enrolled. uNGAL/uCyC were measured pre/post‐cisplatin administration and compared with serum creatinine (sCr). AKI was defined as sCr increase ≥50% or ≥0.3 mg/dL above baseline. In all, 102 patients were enrolled; 95 provided evaluable data. Twenty‐five patients developed AKI. Median baseline and pre‐cisplatin uNGAL levels were significantly higher in AKI patients. Although immediate changes in uNGAL/uCyC 2 h after cisplatin were not detectable, post‐cisplatin peak values over the course of therapy were markedly and significantly elevated in AKI patients. In multivariate modeling with age, baseline glomerular filtration rate, and histology, maximum uCyC was a significant independent AKI predictor. These findings suggest pre‐cisplatin uNGAL and peak uCyC levels can identify patients with increased AKI risk, potentially allowing for tailored modification of cisplatin‐based treatment regimens.
Incorporating Order‐Fulfillment Flexibility in Automotive Supply Chain through Vehicle Trades
Authors: Ishfaq Rafay , Narayanan Arunachalam 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTIn an automotive supply chain, long production time and demand uncertainty lead to major challenges in meeting customer demand. To respond to these challenges, automotive supply chain incorporates flexibility in the order‐fulfillment process through vehicle trades. This study focuses on a new category of vehicle trades where dealers trade vehicles that are still under production (order‐trades) and in the delivery phase of the order‐fulfillment process (distribution‐trades). Using empirical data in an experimental design setting, order‐ and distribution‐trades are shown to improve flexibility in order fulfillment, with no additional costs for the manufacturer. Different managerial levers such as trade fees and trade caps are evaluated to develop insights for managing vehicle trades. The results show that the involvement of the manufacturer in planning order‐ and distribution‐trades helps in lowering inventory, reducing lost sales, and improving logistics costs for the entire supply chain.
Absorbing Knowledge from and with External Partners: The Role of Social Integration Mechanisms
Authors: von Briel Frederik , Schneider Christoph , Lowry Paul Benjamin 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTDynamic capabilities that enable innovation are crucial to survival and success in today's highly competitive business environment, because they enable organizational adaptation, transformation, and seizing of opportunities. Absorptive capacity is an important dynamic capability that enables organizations to leverage external knowledge for innovation purposes. In this theory‐building article, we address the fundamental research question of how organizations can leverage external partners as external sources of knowledge. We offer three primary contributions to the literature on managerial decision‐making. First, by conceptualizing knowledge absorption as a collaborative, interorganizational endeavor, we extend the literature on absorptive capacity, thereby enabling its application to innovation‐related contexts aside from R&D, to which it has traditionally been applied. Second, by focusing on social integration mechanisms as links between the capabilities, expertise, and knowledge of individuals, groups, and the organization as a whole, we heed calls to clarify the microfoundations of organizational capabilities. Third, although social integration is a multidimensional construct, few studies have addressed the influence of its individual dimensions. We outline how individual social integration dimensions exert differing influences on the individual knowledge absorption stages, thereby taking a first step toward unraveling the multidimensional nature of social integration and laying the foundation for future social integration research both in and beyond the absorptive capacity context.
Children's neural processing of moral scenarios provides insight into the formation and reduction of in‐group biases
Authors: Meidenbauer Kimberly L. , Cowell Jason M. , Decety Jean 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSurvival is dependent on sociality within groups which ensure sustenance and protection. From an early age, children show a natural tendency to sort people into groups and discriminate among them. The computations guiding evaluation of third‐party behaviors are complex, requiring integration of intent, consequences, and knowledge of group affiliation. This study examined how perceiving third‐party morally laden behavior influences children's likelihood to exhibit or reduce group bias. Following a minimal group paradigm assignment, young children (4–7 years) performed a moral evaluation task where group affiliations and moral actions were systematically juxtaposed, so that they were exposed to disproportionately antisocial in‐group and prosocial out‐group scenarios. Electroencephalography was recorded, and group preference was assessed with a resource allocation game before and after the EEG session. Across all children, evaluations of others' moral actions arose from early and automatic processing (~150 ms), followed by later interactive processing of affiliation and moral valence (~500 ms). Importantly, individual differences in bias manifestation and attitude change were predicted by children's neural responses. Children with high baseline bias selectively exhibited a rapid detection (~200 ms) of scenarios inconsistent with their bias (in‐group harm and out‐group help). Changes in bias corresponded to distinct patterns in longer latency neural processing. These new developmental neuroscience findings elucidate the multifaceted processing involved in moral evaluation of others' actions, their group affiliations, the nature of the integration of both into full judgments, and the relation of individual differences in neural responses to social decision‐making in childhood.
Saudi Arabia's Wahhabism and Nationalism: The Evolution of Wataniyya into Qawmiyya
Authors: Hitman Gadi 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFor many scholars, the Arab Spring was actually an Islamic Winter, especially when ISIS rose up in Iraq and Syria, and the Muslim Brotherhood won democratic elections in Egypt and took control over the state. But in other unshaken regions in the Middle East, like Saudi Arabia and the GCC states, the Arab Spring or the Islamic Winter led to something different, which I will call “rethinking nationalism.”This article asserts that since Saudi Arabia's independence in 1932, the royal family has succeeded in forming Wahhabi nationalism, meaning that despite the fact that all Saudi civilians enjoy Saudi citizenship, only those who ascribe to the Wahhabism creed can be part of the nation in terms of political participation and policy decision‐making. Although some steps in affirmative action have been taken in recent years — also as a Saudi response to the Arab Spring — toward women and the Shi'a minority, these groups or sectors still are not perceived by the royal family as part of the nation, and probably not as equal citizens, for religious reasons that over the years have distinguished between real Saudi nationalist groups and Saudi civilians.
Truth and epistemic value
Authors: Treanor Nick 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe notion of more truth, or of more truth and less falsehood, is central to epistemology. Yet, I argue, we have no idea what this consists in, as the most natural or obvious thing to say—that more truth is a matter of a greater number of truths, and less falsehood is a matter of a lesser number of falsehoods—is ultimately implausible. The issue is important not merely because the notion of more truth and less falsehood is central to epistemology, but because an implicit, false picture of what this consists in underpins and gives shape to much contemporary epistemology.
The Decision‐Making Process for Disclosing Suicidal Ideation and Behavior to Family and Friends
Authors: Frey Laura M. , Fulginiti Anthony , Lezine DeQuincy , Cerel Julie 
Published: April 2018

ObjectiveThis study was designed to explore the decision‐making processes for disclosing suicidal ideation and behavior.BackgroundSuicide attempt survivors are an invaluable resource that can provide essential information about suicidal behavior and related communication to family and friends. Because of the stigma associated with suicide and seeking help, many individuals choose to conceal their suicidal ideation or behavior or to disclose only to a few family and friends.MethodSemistructured, audio‐only interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 40 suicide‐attempt survivors to develop a grounded theory of factors that influence the decision to disclose current and past suicidal behavior to family members and other individuals within one's social network.ResultsSeveral motivations for disclosing (e.g., seeking help, sharing personal information, informing others) were identified, and a majority of the sample conducted an informal cost–benefit analysis before disclosing. The findings also elucidate the process of choosing a person with whom disclosure occurs, and the importance of having that family or friend with whom attempt survivors feel safe disclosing ideation as it occurs as well as subsequently processing the experience and seeking treatment.ConclusionDecision‐making processes for suicide‐related disclosure include identifying motivations to disclose, an informal cost–benefit analysis, and the selection of a recipient to whom one will disclose.ImplicationsThis emergent model identifies five tangible intervention strategies for increasing the likelihood of suicide disclosure. Future research should examine the internal resources that motivate individuals to engage in subsequent disclosure to individuals from whom they have previously experienced stigma.
Crystal structures of APRT from Francisella tularensis – an N–H···N hydrogen bond imparts adenine specificity in adenine phosporibosyltransferases
Authors: Pavithra Gowribidanur C. , Ramagopal Udupi A. 
Published: April 2018

Francisella tularensisis, the causative agent of tularemia has been classified as a category A bioterrorism agent. Here, we present the crystal structure of apo and adenine bound form of the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) from Francisella tularensis. APRT is an enzyme involved in the salvage of adenine (a 6‐aminopurine), converting it to AMP. The purine salvage pathway relies on two essential and distinct enzymes to convert 6‐aminopurine and 6‐oxopurines into corresponding nucleotides. The mechanism by which these enzymes differentiate different purines is not clearly understood. Analysis of the structures of apo and adenine‐bound APRT from F. tularensis, together with all other available structures of APRTs, suggests that (a) the base‐binding loop is stabilized by a cluster of aromatic and conformation‐restricting proline residues, and (b) an N–H···N hydrogen bond between the base‐binding loop and the N1 atom of adenine is the key interaction that differentiates adenine from 6‐oxopurines. These observations were corroborated by bioinformatics analysis of ~ 4000 sequences of APRTs (with 80% identity cutoff), which confirmed that the residues conferring rigidity to the base‐binding loop are highly conserved. Furthermore, an F23A mutation on the base‐binding loop severely affects the efficiency of the enzyme. We extended our analysis to the structure and sequences of APRTs from the Trypanosomatidae family with a destabilizing insertion on the base‐binding loop and propose the mechanism by which these evolutionarily divergent enzymes achieve base specificity. Our results suggest that the base‐binding loop not only confers appropriate affinity but also provides defined specificity for adenine.EnzymeEC 2.4.2.7DatabaseStructural data are available in Protein Data Bank (PDB) under the accession numbers 5YW2 and 5YW5.
Two‐Dimensional Probabilistic Infiltration Analysis in a Hillslope Using First‐Order Moment Approach
Authors: Tang Rui‐Xuan , Cai Jing‐Sen , Yeh Tian‐Chyi Jim 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA first‐order moment analysis method is introduced to evaluate the pore‐water pressure variability within a hillslope due to spatial variability in saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) during rainfall. The influences of the variance of the natural logarithm of Ks(ln Ks), spatial structure anisotropy of ln Ks, and normalized vertical infiltration flux (q) on the evaluations of the pore‐water pressure uncertainty are investigated. Results indicate different responses of pressure head variability in the unsaturated region and the saturated region. In the unsaturated region, a larger variance of ln Ks, a higher spatial structure anisotropy, and a smaller q lead to a larger variability in pressure head, while in the saturated region, the variability in pressure head increases with the increase of variance of ln Ks, the decrease of spatial structure anisotropy, or the increase of q. These variables have great impacts on the range of fluctuation of the phreatic surface within the hillslope. The influences of these three variables on the variance of pressure head within the saturated region are greater than those within the unsaturated region, and the variance of ln Ks has the greatest impact. These results yield useful insight into the effects of heterogeneity on pressure head and uncertainty associated with predicted flow field.