bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance imaging as an adjunct to computed tomography in the diagnosis of pulmonary Hydatid cysts
Authors: Tandur Roopa , Irodi Aparna , Chacko Binita Riya , Vimala Leena Robinson , Christopher Devasahayam Jesudas , Gnanamuthu Birla Roy 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Introduction: Although pulmonary hydatid cysts can be diagnosed on computed tomography (CT), sometimes findings can be atypical. Other hypodense infective or neoplastic lesions may mimic hydatid cysts. We proposed that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may act as a problem-solving tool, aiding the definite diagnosis of hydatid cysts and differentiating it from its mimics. The aim of this study is to assess the findings of pulmonary hydatid cysts on CT and MRI and the additional contribution of MRI in doubtful cases. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study of 90 patients with suspected hydatid cysts. CT and MRI findings were noted and role of MRI in diagnosing hydatid cysts and its mimics was studied. Descriptive statistics for CT findings and sensitivity and specificity of MRI were calculated using surgery or histopathology as gold standard. Results: Of the 90 patients with suspected pulmonary hydatid cysts, there were 52 true-positive and 7 false-positive cases on CT. Commonest CT finding was unilocular thick-walled cyst. In the 26 patients who had additional MRI, based on T2-weighted hypointense rim or folded membranes, accurate preoperative differentiation of 14 patients with hydatid cysts from 10 patients with alternate diagnosis was possible. There was one false-positive and one false-negative case on MRI. Conclusion: Although hydatid cyst can be diagnosed on CT on most occasions, sometimes there are challenges with certain mimics and atypical appearances. T2-weighted MRI can act as a problem solving tool to conclusively diagnose hydatid cyst or suggest an alternate diagnosis.
Characteristic changes of the ablation zone on contrast-enhanced computed tomography after radiofrequency ablation of hepatic metastases
Authors: Zimmermann Markus , Kuhl Christiane , Keil Sebastian 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Purpose: Size and density measurements of the ablation zones on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of hepatic metastases of primary breast or colorectal cancer were acquired over time. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five liver metastases [colorectal cancer (CRC): n = 16; mean size: 19.6 ± 8.5 mm; breast cancer (BC): n = 9; 27.9 ± 13.6 mm] in 15 patients (CRC: n = 11; age: 65.4 ± 6.5 years; BC: n = 4; 62.0 ± 13.8 years) treated by RFA were included in this retrospective study. All patients had undergone postinterventional serial follow-up using multidetector CT (MDCT) (1 day/1/4/7/10/14/18/23/>24 months) without evidence of local tumor recurrence during the follow-up. The ablation zones were evaluated using a commercial software tool (Syngo CT Oncology) in order to determine volumetric, RECIST-, WHO- and density changes over the course of time. Results were compared by applying repeated measures analysis of variance and displayed graphically. Results: The RF ablation zones demonstrated significant shrinkage (P ≤ 0.05) over the first 7 months (volume, RECIST, WHO) of the follow-up. Follow-up after 7 months did not show any significant changes in size (P > 0.05) (mean volume (ml): 55.2/34.7/26.3/16.5/12.7/10.0/8.9/8.1/7.5; RECIST (mm): 58.7/49.3/43.7/37.8/34.2/31.3/29.1/27.3/24.8; WHO (mm2): 2458.3/1769.3/1341.8/1027.1/870.1/720.2/649.0/570.4/511.3). Mean density values decreased significantly between 1 day (58.9 HU) and 1 month (47.5 HU) after the procedure. Conclusion: Typical changes in size and density values of RF-induced, recurrence-free ablation zones after RFA of hepatic metastases of colorectal and breast cancer were acquired, showing a significant decrease in density of the ablation zone within the first month and significant shrinkage within the first 7 months after RFA.
Triple-phase MDCT of liver: Scan protocol modification to obtain optimal vascular and lesional contrast
Authors: Sween Sheoran , Samar Chatterjee , Binu Sekhar 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Context: With advances in 16-slice multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), the entire liver can be scanned in 4–6 s and a single breath-hold dual-phase scan can be performed in 12–16 s. Consequently, optimizing the scan window has become critical. Aim: The purpose of our study was to optimize scan delays using bolus-tracking techniques for triple-phase CT of the liver. Settings and Design: Fifty patients with liver lesions were randomly divided into two groups with 25 patients each. The patients were subjected to triple-phase MDCT of liver with two different scan protocols. Materials and Methods: They were administered 1.5 mL/kg of 300 mg/mL of iohexol at a rate of 3.0 mL/s with a pressure injector. Using bolus-tracking program, scans were commenced at 4, 19, and 44 s and 8, 23, and 48 s for the first, second, and third phases, respectively. The mean CT values [Hounsfield unit (HU)] were measured in the aorta, hepatic artery, portal vein, hepatic vein, liver parenchyma, and lesion using circular region of interest cursor ranging in size from 5 to 20 mm in diameter on all phases. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was carried out using paired Student's t-test. Results: In hepatic arterial phase, hepatic artery has shown better enhancement in Group B (8 s) (P = 0.0498) compared with Group A (4 s). In portal venous phase, there were no significant differences in contrast enhancement index (CEI) values at any of the six measured regions between the groups. In the hepatic venous phase, liver parenchyma has shown nearly significant (P = 0.0664) higher CEI values in Group B (48 s) when compared with Group A (44 s). Conclusion: A scan delay of 8 s, after trigger threshold (100 HU) is reached in the lower thoracic aorta, is optimal for the early arterial phase imaging, this phase being most helpful for assessment of hepatic arterial tree (CT angiography). The liver parenchyma showed maximum enhancement at 48 s scan delay.
Lessons to Improve Quality in Oncology Practice: Road Map to Fill the Global Gaps
Authors: Mula-Hussain Layth , Duimering Adele , Al-Khyatt Muzahm , AlKaabi Khalifa , Roa Wilson , Pearcey Robert 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Oncology is a medical branch devoted to the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer. Cancer prevalence is increasing. By 2030, the global cancer burden is expected to grow to 21.7 million new cases and 13 million deaths. Developing as well as developed nations have cancer burden, but there is a gap. Ideally, cancer management involves a multidisciplinary team composed of qualified individuals from different specialties collaborating to optimize the care. This team must follow evidence-based medicine principles, considering three questions: What is the problem? How can we manage it? And why are we selecting this pathway? To fill the gaps in care, we present 10 questions that can help those who are managing patients with cancer globally. We concluded that although there is no “one-size-fits-all” approach, adhering to basic principles can help guide provision of evidence-based patient-centered care and fill some of the gaps in oncology.
Coping strategies and social environment of patients with sudden hearing loss
Authors: Hricová Monika 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundHearing impairment has a significant physiological, psychological, and social impact on one’s life. The primary aim of this study was to explore which coping strategies are most frequently used by patients with a sudden hearing impairment within the period of just a few days after the first symptoms appear.Participants and procedureSixty-four patients were asked to complete the coping inventory COPE between the first and the fifth day following the diagnosis of hearing loss.ResultsThe start of hearing impairment acts as a trigger for the use of a problem-solving coping strategy. Social support from the family represents an important source of help for patients with sudden hearing loss. Humour as a coping strategy was found to be used as a means of easing the current unfavourable situation and concealing one´s emotions from others.ConclusionsActive coping and seeking social support were the most frequently used coping strategies.
The impacts of regional shipping emissions on the chemical characteristics of coastal submicron aerosols near Houston, TX
Authors: Schulze Benjamin C. , Wallace Henry W. , Bui Alexander T. , Flynn James H. , Erickson Matt H. , Alvarez Sergio , Dai Qili , Usenko Sascha , Sheesley Rebecca J. , Griffin Robert J. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract. The air quality of the Texas Gulf Coast region historically has been
influenced heavily by regional shipping emissions. However, the effects of
the recently established North American Emissions Control Area on aerosol
concentrations and properties in this region are presently unknown. In order
to better understand the current sources and processing mechanisms
influencing coastal aerosol near Houston, a high-resolution time-of-flight
aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) was deployed for 3 weeks at a
coastal location during May–June 2016. Total mass loadings of organic and
inorganic non-refractory aerosol components during onshore flow periods were
similar to those published before establishment of the regulations. Based on
estimated methanesulfonic acid (MSA) mass loadings and published biogenic
MSA / non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO4) ratios, an average of over 75 %
of the observed nss-SO4 was from anthropogenic sources, predominantly
shipping emissions. Mass spectral analysis indicated that for periods with
similar backward-trajectory-averaged meteorological conditions, air masses
influenced by shipping emissions had an increased mass fraction of ions
related to carboxylic acids and larger oxygen-to-carbon ratios than those
that avoided shipping lanes, suggesting that shipping emissions increase
marine organic aerosol (OA) oxidation state. Amine fragment mass loadings
were correlated positively with anthropogenic nss-SO4 during onshore
flow, implying anthropogenic–biogenic interaction in marine OA production.
Model calculations also suggest that advection of shipping-derived aerosol
may enhance inland aqueous-phase secondary OA production. These results imply
a continuing role of shipping emissions on aerosol properties over the Gulf
of Mexico and suggest that further regulation of shipping fuel sulfur content
will reduce coastal submicron aerosol mass loadings near Houston.
Effect of changing vegetation and precipitation on denudation – Part 1: Predicted vegetation composition and cover over the last 21 thousand years along the Coastal Cordillera of Chile
Authors: Werner Christian , Schmid Manuel , Ehlers Todd A. , Fuentes-Espoz Juan Pablo , Steinkamp Jörg , Forrest Matthew , Liakka Johan , Maldonado Antonio , Hickler Thomas 
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Vegetation is crucial for modulating rates of denudation and landscape
evolution, as it stabilizes and protects hillslopes and intercepts rainfall.
Climate conditions and the atmospheric CO2 concentration, hereafter
[CO2], influence the establishment and performance of plants; thus, these factors have a direct
influence on vegetation cover. In addition, vegetation dynamics (competition
for space, light, nutrients, and water) and stochastic events (mortality and
fires) determine the state of vegetation, response times to environmental
perturbations and successional development. In spite of this,
state-of-the-art reconstructions of past transient vegetation changes have not
been accounted for in landscape evolution models. Here, a widely used dynamic
vegetation model (LPJ-GUESS) was used to simulate vegetation composition/cover
and surface runoff in Chile for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the mid-Holocene (MH) and the present day (PD).
In addition, transient vegetation simulations were carried out from the LGM to PD for four sites in the Coastal
Cordillera of Chile at a spatial and temporal resolution adequate for
coupling with landscape evolution models. A new landform mode was introduced to LPJ-GUESS to enable a better
simulation of vegetation dynamics and state at a sub-pixel resolution and to
allow for future coupling with landscape evolution models operating at
different spatial scales. Using a regionally adapted parameterization,
LPJ-GUESS was capable of reproducing PD potential natural
vegetation along the strong climatic gradients of Chile, and simulated
vegetation cover was also in line with satellite-based observations.
Simulated vegetation during the LGM differed markedly from PD conditions.
Coastal cold temperate rainforests were displaced northward by about
5∘ and the tree line and vegetation zones were at lower elevations
than PD. Transient vegetation simulations indicate a marked shift in
vegetation composition starting with the past glacial warming that coincides
with a rise in [CO2]. Vegetation cover between the sites ranged from
13 % (LGM: 8 %) to 81 % (LGM: 73 %) for the northern Pan de
Azúcar and southern Nahuelbuta sites, respectively, but did not vary by
more than 10 % over the 21 000 year simulation. A sensitivity study suggests
that [CO2] is an important driver of vegetation changes and, thereby,
potentially landscape evolution. Comparisons with other paleoclimate model
drivers highlight the importance of model input on simulated vegetation. In the near future, we will directly couple LPJ-GUESS to a landscape
evolution model (see companion paper) to build a fully coupled
dynamic-vegetation/landscape evolution model that is forced with
paleoclimate data from atmospheric general circulation models.
Artificial Intelligence–Based Breast Cancer Nodal Metastasis Detection: Insights Into the Black Box for Pathologists
Authors: Liu Yun , Kohlberger Timo , Norouzi Mohammad , Dahl George E. , Smith Jenny L. , Mohtashamian Arash , Olson Niels , Peng Lily H. , Hipp Jason D. , Stumpe Martin C. 
Published: October 2018

Context.—Nodal metastasis of a primary tumor influences therapy decisions for a variety of cancers. Histologic identification of tumor cells in lymph nodes can be laborious and error-prone, especially for small tumor foci.Objective.—To evaluate the application and clinical implementation of a state-of-the-art deep learning–based artificial intelligence algorithm (LYmph Node Assistant or LYNA) for detection of metastatic breast cancer in sentinel lymph node biopsies.Design.—Whole slide images were obtained from hematoxylin-eosin–stained lymph nodes from 399 patients (publicly available Camelyon16 challenge dataset). LYNA was developed by using 270 slides and evaluated on the remaining 129 slides. We compared the findings to those obtained from an independent laboratory (108 slides from 20 patients/86 blocks) using a different scanner to measure reproducibility.Results.—LYNA achieved a slide-level area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) of 99% and a tumor-level sensitivity of 91% at 1 false positive per patient on the Camelyon16 evaluation dataset. We also identified 2 “normal” slides that contained micrometastases. When applied to our second dataset, LYNA achieved an AUC of 99.6%. LYNA was not affected by common histology artifacts such as overfixation, poor staining, and air bubbles.Conclusions.—Artificial intelligence algorithms can exhaustively evaluate every tissue patch on a slide, achieving higher tumor-level sensitivity than, and comparable slide-level performance to, pathologists. These techniques may improve the pathologist's productivity and reduce the number of false negatives associated with morphologic detection of tumor cells. We provide a framework to aid practicing pathologists in assessing such algorithms for adoption into their workflow (akin to how a pathologist assesses immunohistochemistry results).
Improving Shear Strength Parameters of Sandy Soil using Enzyme-Mediated Calcite Precipitation Technique
Authors: Putra Heriansyah , Yasuhara Hideaki , Kinoshita Naoki , . Erizal , Sudibyo Tri 
Published: October 2018

Several methods have been established for their various potential applications as soil improvement technique, and recently the application of grouting technique using biological process have been proposed. This study discussed the applicability of enzyme-mediated calcite precipitation (EMCP) in improving the shear strength parameters of sandy soil. In this study, soil specimens were prepared and treated with the grouting solutions composed of urea, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate and enzyme of urease. Evolutions in the cohesion and internal friction angle of the improved soil were examined through the direct shear tests. The presence of the precipitated materials, comprising 4.1 percent of the soil mass of the treated sand, generated a cohesion of 53 kPa. However, contrary to the improvement of cohesion, the friction angle is relatively constant. It indicated that the application of the EMCP technique has no significant impact on the friction angle
Isolation and Characterization of Flavobacteriaceae from Farmed and Wild Nile Tilapia in Tanzania
Authors: Mwega Elisa , Colquhoun Duncan J. , Tuntufye Huruma , Mdegela Robinson , Mutoloki Stephen , Evensen Øystein , Wasteson Yngvild 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The present study was conducted to explore the occurrence of Flavobacteriaceae in wild Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (n = 108) collected from Lake Victoria and farmed Nile Tilapia (n = 187) collected from 12 ponds in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. The size of the ponds surveyed ranged from 130 to 150 m2. Pond parameters and fish morphometric data were recorded during sampling. In total, 67 Flavobacterium-like isolates (n = 44 from farmed fish; n = 23 from wild fish) were identified on the basis of colony morphology and biochemical tests. Sequences from the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene revealed that all 67 isolates belonged to the genera Flavobacterium and Chryseobacterium. Based on 16S rRNA nucleotide identity, 26 isolates showed high similarity with C. indologenes (99–100% identity), 16 showed similarity to C. joostei (98–99.9%), and 17 were similar to diverse species of Chryseobacterium (97–99%). Three isolates were similar to F. aquatile and three were similar to F. indicum, with 99–100% nucleotide identity in both cases, and two isolates were similar to F. oryzae (99–100% identity). The findings obtained in this study provide a baseline for future studies and contribute to an understanding of the threats presented by the aquatic Flavobacteriaceae reservoir toward the development of healthy fish farming in Tanzania. Such knowledge is vital for the development of a sustainable aquaculture industry in Tanzania that will contribute to increased food security.
Examining children in English High Courts with and without implementation of reforms authorized in Section 28 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act
Authors: Henderson Hayden M. , Andrews Samantha J. , Lamb Michael E. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryThis study examined whether the implementation of Section 28 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act (1999) improved lawyers' questioning strategies when examining child witnesses in England. The government's Section 28 pilot study involved judges holding Ground Rules Hearings, during which restrictions and limitations were placed on the duration, content, and manner of questions to be asked. Afterwards, children's cross‐examinations were pre‐recorded and later played as part of their evidence at trial. The current study compared cases involving 6‐ to 15‐year‐old alleged victims of sexual abuse in which Section 28 was (n = 43) and was not (n = 44) implemented. Defence lawyers in Section 28 cases asked significantly fewer suggestive questions and more option‐posing questions than defence lawyers in Nonsection 28 cases. Younger children complied more with defence lawyers' suggestive questions. Ground Rules Hearings improved lawyers' questioning strategies, regardless of the case's involvement in the Section 28 pilot study.
Brain Organoids: A New, Transformative Investigational Tool for Neuroscience Research
Authors: Vaez Ghaemi Roza , Co Ileana L. , McFee Matthew C. , Yadav Vikramaditya G. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBrain organoids are self‐assembled, three‐dimensionally structured tissues that are typically derived from pluripotent stem cells. They are multicellular aggregates that more accurately recapitulate the tissue microenvironment compared to the other cell culture systems and can also reproduce organ function. They are promising models for evaluating drug leads, particularly those that target neurodegeneration, since they are genetically and phenotypically stable over prolonged durations of culturing and they reasonably reproduce critical physiological phenomena such as biochemical gradients and responses by the native tissue to stimuli. Beyond drug discovery, the use of brain organoids could also be extended to investigating early brain development and identifying the mechanisms that elicit neurodegeneration. Herein, the current state of the fabrication and use of brain organoids in drug development and medical research is summarized. Although the use of brain organoids represents a quantum leap over existing investigational tools used by the pharmaceutical industry, they are nonetheless imperfect systems that could be greatly improved through bioengineering. To this end, some key scientific challenges that would need to be addressed in order to enhance the relevance of brain organoids as model tissue are listed. Potential solutions to these challenges, including the use of bioprinting, are highlighted thereafter.
Interfacial Electron Transfer of Ni2P–NiP2 Polymorphs Inducing Enhanced Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Liu Tong , Li Anran , Wang Chengbo , Zhou Wei , Liu Shijie , Guo Lin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHeterointerface engineering can be used to develop excellent catalysts through electronic coupling effects between different components or phases. As one kind of promising Pt‐free electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), pure‐phased metal phosphide exhibits the unfavorable factor of strong or weak H*‐adsorption performance. Here, 6 nm wall‐thick Ni2P–NiP2 hollow nanoparticle polymorphs combining metallic Ni2P and metalloid NiP2 with observable heterointerfaces are synthesized. It shows excellent catalytic performance toward the HER, requiring an overpotential of 59.7 mV to achieve 10 mA cm−2 with a Tafel slope of 58.8 mV dec−1. Density functional theory calculations verify electrons' transfer from P to Ni at the heterointerfaces, which decreases the absolute value of H* adsorption energy and simultaneously enhance electronic conductivity. That is, the heterojunctions balance the metallic Ni2P and the metalloid NiP2 to form an optimized phosphide polymorph catalyst for the HER. Furthermore, this polymorph combination is used with NiFe‐LDH nanosheets to form an alkaline electrolyzer. It shows highly desirable electrochemical properties, which can reach 10 mA cm−2 in 1 m KOH at 1.48 V and be driven by an AAA battery with a nominal voltage of 1.5 V. The work about interfacial charge transfer might provide an insight into designing excellent polymorph catalysts.