bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Board Ethnic Diversity Impact Board Monitoring Outcomes?
Authors: Guest Paul M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis study investigates whether board ethnic diversity is associated with stronger board monitoring outcomes. We explore a range of outcomes – CEO compensation, accounting misstatements, CEO turnover–performance sensitivity and acquisition performance – but find no evidence to support this. We also find no evidence that board ethnic diversity improves overall firm performance, even for those firms with higher agency problems. Our results are robust across different methodologies and have important practical implications, by informing the current public policy debate on board ethnic diversity.
Do Compensation Consultants Drive Up CEO Pay? Evidence from UK Public Firms
Authors: Conyon Martin J. , Hass Lars Helge , Peck Simon I. , Sadler Graham V. , Zhang Zhifang 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDo compensation consultants drive up CEO pay for the benefit of managers, or do they design pay packages to benefit firm owners? Using a large sample of UK firms from the FTSE All‐Share Index over the 2003–2011 period, we show a positive correlation between the presence of compensation consultants and CEO pay. Importantly, isolating this effect is somewhat dependent on the endogenous selection of consultants and the statistical modelling strategy deployed. We find evidence that compensation consultants improve CEO compensation design when their expertise is of greater importance (e.g. during the post‐financial crisis period, or for firms that have particularly weak compensation policies). In addition, our findings show that compensation consultants increase CEO pay–performance sensitivity. The balance of evidence supports optimal contracting theory more than managerial power theory, but the authors caution the limits to this verification. We are careful to note that the more compelling evidence for the positive effect of pay consultants on CEOs is based on advanced methods (such as propensity score matching and difference‐in‐differences), and that more standard approaches (such as OLS and fixed effects) are unlikely to reveal the same level of causality of consultants on CEO pay.
Introduction to Special Issue on Sustainable Corporate Governance
Authors: Goergen Marc , Tonks Ian 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPapers in this special issue focus on sustainable corporate governance measures in the aftermath of the financial crisis, and a background environment of increased scepticism over executive pay and corporate behaviour more generally. The authors provide an overview of recent corporate governance reforms, including ‘say‐on‐pay’ and gender‐pay‐gap transparency, and explain how the research papers in the special issue contribute to understanding of corporate governance research and practice in the areas of boards of directors, corporate governance reform and corporate culture and risk‐taking.
The Internalization Theory of the Multinational Enterprise: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Buckley Peter J. , Casson Mark 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis paper presents an agenda for extending the theory of international business in order to explain a wider range of phenomena. This, however, has to be done with due attention to the requirements of good social science theory. Relevant criteria are set out, together with a list of issues that new theory must address. Theory needs to focus on industries as well as firms, and make greater use of formal multi‐actor models. ‘Generalizing from the particular’ should be avoided; theory needs to be derived from general social science principles that have proved successful in cognate disciplines.
Urban Informality and the State: Geographical Translations and Conceptual Alliances
Authors: Haid Christian G. , Hilbrandt Hanna 
Published: January 2019

AbstractUnderstandings of informality commonly derive from research undertaken in states perceived as lacking the capacity to regulate the practices of their populations. This Interventions forum aims to expand the geographical parameters of empirical research on urban informality. A more global approach, we argue, also necessitates questioning assumptions that undergird this concept—in particular the underlying conception of the state. In this vein, this collection of papers aims to rethink theories of the state through the lens of informality, and vice versa, to inform and refine the concept of informality through a more thorough understanding of states. In so doing, the contributions engage with concepts that have been central both to theories of the state and to the study of informality, namely governance, agency, legitimacy, sovereignty and legality. Following this introduction setting out our theoretical approach, the Interventions forum unites five empirical studies that discuss the nexus of informality and states in contexts that have been researched less extensively from this perspective, each tackling one of the above‐mentioned concepts. Based on these different entry points, the papers provide novel angles on a state‐theoretical understanding of informality. A concluding essay brings these approaches together, reflecting on the possibilities of translating concepts to different sites.
Dismantled Spatial Fixes in the Aftermath of Recession: Capital Switching and Labour Underutilization in the Greek Capital Metropolitan Region
Authors: Gourzis Konstantinos , Gialis Stelios 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe article offers a fresh, empirically grounded look at the spatialities of crisis‐triggered employment forms—a largely overlooked issue in contemporary critical geography literature. Specifically, it discusses the interconnection between investment flows from manufacturing to the built environment (capital switching) and underemployment in urban metropolitan regions to substantiate its impact on emerging spatial fixities. The article, which is based on an empirical analysis informed by a radical political economy, investigates changing fixed capital formations in Greece over an extended period prior to and during the recession, from 1995 to 2012. It traces the evolution of part‐time waged work in the capital metropolitan region of Attica (Athens) vis‐à‐vis the rest of the country's regional labour markets, focusing on the polarized 2005–2012 period and the demise of the construction industry. The article highlights that ‘disrupted’ capital switching that occurred in Greece, closely associated with recalibrated sectoral priorities and institutional interventions, resulted in the uneven sprawling of underemployment. Our findings offer insight into how the dismantling of spatial fixes within core metropolitan regions of the southern European Union (and beyond) are connected to labour surplus and successive slumps in manufacturing and construction. The article closes by calling for new theorizations of contemporary urban regional unevenness and its spatiotemporal fixities, which account for the role of changes in labour turnover time.
Recent advances in the management of Takayasu arteritis
Authors: Misra Durga Prasanna , Wakhlu Anupam , Agarwal Vikas , Danda Debashish 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTakayasu arteritis (TA) is a challenging large vessel vasculitis to treat. Distinguishing disease activity from vascular damage is difficult, often relying on clinician judgement aided by composite clinical disease activity indices with angiographic evidence of vessel wall thickening or vessel wall hypermetabolism demonstrable on positron emission tomography computerized tomography (PET CT). Glucocorticoids form the mainstay of remission induction. While other conventional disease modifying anti‐rheumatic drugs (cDMARDs) or biologic DMARDs (bDMARDs) are commonly used, evidence supporting their usefulness is sparse and generally of low quality. The only two randomized controlled trials (RCT) of a DMARD in TA failed to show efficacy of abatacept in reducing relapses of TA, however, tocilizumab showed a trend towards reduction in time to relapses. Of the cDMARDs, methotrexate, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), leflunomide and cyclophosphamide have shown clinical efficacy in case series, with some evidence that methotrexate, azathioprine and MMF might retard angiographic progression. Among bDMARDs, anti‐tumor necrosis factor alpha agents and tocilizumab may be useful in patients refractory to cDMARDs with retardation of angiographic progression, based on evidence derived from mostly retrospective case series, whereas the role of rituximab and ustekinumab needs further elucidation. Revascularization, either surgical or endovascular, is the treatment of choice to relieve critical, symptomatic stenoses and are best undertaken during inactive disease. Emerging evidence suggests that patients with TA also have increased cardiovascular risk and this requires appropriate management. Large studies involving multiple centers are the need of the hour to appropriately evaluate utility of currently available immunosuppressive therapy in TA.
Takayasu arteritis: A distinct syndrome of large vessel vasculitis: A view point by late Professor Paul Bacon
Authors: Misra Ramnath 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTakayasu arteritis (TA), despite being classified as a large vessel vasculitis, has distinct genetic, pathological and clinical features as compared to giant cell arteritis. It is a rare disease seen more commonly in Asian countries. The challenge lies in assessing the degree of inflammation in a narrowed vessel and immunosuppressive therapy improves inflammatory features but is unable to open up an occluded vessel. It may have a positive effect on retarding further occlusion. Like antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody‐associated vasculitis, TA needs a collaborative effort to do randomized controlled therapy to provide benefit to patients.
Imaging in small and medium vessel vasculitis
Authors: Singhal Manphool , Gupta Pankaj , Sharma Aman 
Published: January 2019

AbstractVasculitis includes a group of disorders characterized by inflammation of the vessel wall and classified based on the diameter of the predominantly involved vessels. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, microscopic polyangiitis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis and Henoch‐Schonlein purpura are the important entities in the small vessel vasculitis group, while polyarteritis nodosa and Kawasaki disease represent the medium vessel vasculitis group. The clinical manifestations may be non‐specific and there may be considerable overlap with the other disorders. Imaging plays an important role in diagnosis as well as the management of patients with small and medium vessel vasculitis. Imaging allows direct evaluation of the arteries in medium vessel vasculitis. However, the involved vessels in small vessel vasculitis are smaller than the resolution of the current imaging techniques. Hence, only the end organ changes secondary to involvement of small vessels are examined. In this review we discuss the role of current imaging modalities (predominantly computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) as well as individual disease entities in the groups of small and medium vessel vasculitis.
The Importance of Intimate Partner Violence in Within‐Relationship and Between‐Person Risk for Alcohol‐Exposed Pregnancy
Authors: Deutsch Arielle R. 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundPreconceptual prevention programs geared toward reducing alcohol‐exposed pregnancy (AEP) typically emphasize behavioral change of alcohol use and birth control exclusively, but rarely consider other important AEP predictors that may affect behavioral change. Intimate partner violence (IPV) substantially relates to AEP and to AEP predictors; however, few studies have tested if IPV is a unique indicator of prospective AEP risk, as both a main effect and a contextual influence on alcohol use or birth control.MethodsUsing Waves II and III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, multilevel logistic regression models were estimated, in which IPV and birth control (both within‐person and between‐person) and adolescent alcohol use (between‐person only) were examined as unique predictors of AEP compared to both nonpregnancy and non‐AEP (nAEP) outcomes over up to 5 sexual relationships. Interactions between within‐person and between‐person IPV, and birth control or alcohol use were also tested.ResultsWithin‐person and between‐person IPV significantly related to higher odds of AEP compared to nonpregnancy and nAEP. Adolescent alcohol use had similarly increased odds for AEP when compared to nonpregnancy or nAEP outcomes. Only between‐person birth control use related to higher odds for AEP compared to nonpregnancy and nAEP. Between‐person IPV also moderated adolescent alcohol use on odds of AEP, such that infrequent adolescent drinkers had higher odds of AEP compared to nonpregnancy or nAEP if they experienced IPV over their relationships.ConclusionsIPV is a substantial predictor for AEP as both a direct influence within relationships (within‐person) and between individuals (between‐person). Intervention and prevention programs focused on reducing AEP may benefit from including IPV‐specific curricula.
Depression and neuroticism decrease among women but not among men between 1976 and 2016 in Swedish septuagenarians
Authors: Rydberg Sterner T. , Gudmundsson P. , Sigström R. , Ahlner F. , Seidu N. , Zettergren A. , Kern S. , Östling S. , Waern M. , Skoog I. 
Published: January 2019

ObjectivesWe evaluated birth‐cohort differences in depressive symptom burden, prevalence of depression diagnoses, and neuroticism, among Swedish 70‐year‐olds examined between 1976 and 2016.MethodsWe used a repeated cross‐sectional design examining four representative population samples of Swedish 70‐year‐olds (total n = 2279) with identical methods in 1976–77 (n = 392), 1992–93 (n = 226), 2000–02 (n = 487), and 2014–16 (n = 1166). Depressive symptom burden was rated with the Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale. Major depression was diagnosed according to DSM‐5, and minor depression according to DSM‐IV‐TR research criteria. Neuroticism was rated with the Eysenck Personality Inventory.ResultsFor women in 2014–16, MADRS score (4.4 vs. 6.1 vs. 5.8; P < 0.05) and neuroticism (6.6 vs. 7.7 vs. 9.2; P < 0.05) were lower compared with 1992–93 and 1976–77, and the prevalence of any depression was lower compared with 2000–02 and 1992–93 (10.9% vs. 16.9% vs. 18.1%; P < 0.05). For men, we observed no birth‐cohort differences in depression, while neuroticism was found to be lower in 2014–16 compared with 1976–77 among men without depression (5.1 vs. 5.9; P < 0.01). The sex difference for MADRS and neuroticism declined between 1976–77 and 2014–16 (cohort*sex P < 0.05).ConclusionsDepressive burden and neuroticism decreased in 70‐year‐old women between 1976 and 2016.
Malignant otitis externa in Australian Aboriginal patients: A 9‐year retrospective analysis from the Northern Territory
Authors: Loh Tze Ling , Renger Laura , Latis Sergios , Patel Hemi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveIn the Australian Aboriginal population, type 2 diabetes occurs at a much higher prevalence, with a much younger age of onset of the disease and its complications. Despite the clear association with malignant otitis externa, no previous studies have examined malignant otitis externa in this population. This study explores the pattern of malignant otitis externa amongst Australian Aboriginal patients in the Northern Territory.DesignRetrospective case series.SettingOtolaryngology unit in a tertiary referral hospital in Northern Territory, Australia.ParticipantsPatients admitted with malignant otitis externa between January 2007 and October 2016 were identified by reviewing case notes. Patients diagnosed with malignant otitis externa based on results from clinical, microbiological and radiological criteria were included.Main outcome measuresComplications rates, duration of hospital stay and parenteral antibiotics, age of onset and causative organisms.ResultsNine patients were included. Six were Australian Aboriginal – all from regional centres. The most common causative organism was Pseudomonas aeruginosa. There was a higher‐than‐expected occurrence of fungal malignant otitis externa (33% of Australian Aboriginal patients), who tended to be younger at diagnosis, had longer hospital stays and had a higher disease‐specific mortality. Over half of the patients did not receive follow‐up gallium bone scans to monitor disease resolution, reflecting the limitations of rural health care.ConclusionMalignant otitis externa in the Australian Aboriginal population is a challenging disease with high complication and mortality rates. Their rural and remote distribution is a significant barrier to specialist investigation and care. Providing effective care for this disease requires improved access to high‐quality primary health care and tertiary specialist services.
Renal trauma: a 3‐year audit from a Gold Coast trauma centre
Authors: Mansbridge Margaret M. , Ryan James , Hill David C. , Wullschleger Martin 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundLimited data Exists ? on the Australian epidemiology of renal trauma, with very few studies published in the literature. The authors aim to detail the trends of renal trauma in the coastal city of the Gold Coast.MethodsRetrospective data collection yielded 81 patients who sustained renal trauma from our 3‐year period. Data included information on demographics, mechanism, American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) grade, presence of haematuria, associated injuries, management, and complications.ResultsMale patients accounted for 83% (n = 67) of cases, and the average age of all injuries was 36 years. Low‐grade AAST Grade I–III injuries comprised of 76% (n = 62) of injuries, AAST Grade IV contributed to 20% (n = 16) and 4% (n = 3) of injuries were AAST Grade V. The most common mechanism of injury was road accidents accounting for 35% (n = 28) followed by fall‐related injuries (26%, n = 21). Other mechanisms included sport‐related (13.5%, n = 11), non‐motorized bicycle injuries (8.5%, n = 7), alleged assault (8.5%, n = 7), pedestrian injuries (5%, n = 4) and horse‐related injuries (2%, n = 2). Ninety‐six percent (n = 78) of kidney injuries were managed conservatively. Of the patients requiring intervention, all were AAST Grade V kidney injuries.ConclusionMales accounted for the majority of renal trauma cases, similar to the 3:1 ratio of male‐to‐female injuries found in other studies. In line with other studies, renal trauma reviewed on the Gold Coast also revealed road trauma as the leading cause, closely followed by falls. The majority of high‐grade renal trauma was managed conservatively.
Increasing rate of para‐oesophageal hiatus hernia surgical repair within Australia
Authors: Wood Brielle E. , Mayne Darren J. , Punch Gratian , Craig Steven J. 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundSymptomatic para‐oesophageal hiatus (PEH) hernias are treated by surgical intervention, and are associated with older age (>50 years) and higher body mass index (>25 kg/m2). Both risk factors are increasing within the Australian population. Given these trends, this study aimed to determine if the rate of PEH repair is increasing within Australia.MethodsThe study used publically available Medicare Benefits Scheme service data for operations claimed under the item number 31468 (PEH hernia, repair of, with complete reduction of hernia, resection of sac and repair of hiatus, with or without fundoplication) between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2016. Directly age‐standardized rates per 100 000 population were calculated using the 2001 Australian standard population and compared using Poisson regression models.ResultsRepair of PEH significantly increased (P < 0.0001) in Australia during this period, with the average number of services increasing by 14.6% per annum. Average rates of repair increased significantly (P < 0.001) with increasing age up to 75 years after which they significantly reduced (P < 0.001) in each successive age group. Western Australia had the greatest increase in annual claims and Northern Territory had the least, but the state‐specific average claim rate over the whole period was highest in Queensland and lowest in Northern Territory.ConclusionOperations claimed under Medicare Benefits Scheme item number 31468 have significantly increased in Australia since January 2001. Reasons for this rise are likely multifactorial, and may indicate increasing PEH incidence, increased diagnosis and investigation or increased surgical capability to manage the issue laparoscopically with reduced peri‐operative morbidity.
Development of xenogeneic decellularized biotubes for off‐the‐shelf applications
Authors: Yamanami Masashi , Kanda Keiichi , Kawasaki Takanori , Kami Daisuke , Watanabe Taiji , Gojo Satoshi , Yaku Hitoshi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn earlier studies, we developed in vivo tissue‐engineered, autologous, small‐caliber vascular grafts, called “biotubes,” which withstand systemic blood pressure and exhibit excellent performance as small‐caliber vascular prostheses in animal models. However, biotube preparation takes 4 weeks; therefore, biotubes cannot be applied in emergency situations. Moreover, for responses to various types of surgery, grafts should ideally be readily available in advance. The aim of this study was to develop novel, off‐the‐shelf, small‐caliber vascular grafts by decellularizing in vivo tissue‐engineered xenogeneic tubular materials. Silicone rod molds (diameter: 2 mm, length: 70 mm) placed in subcutaneous pouches of a beagle dog for 4 weeks were harvested with their surrounding connective tissues. Tubular connective tissues were obtained after pulling out the impregnated molds. Subsequently, they were decellularized by perfusion with sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton X‐100. They were stored as off‐the‐shelf grafts at −20°C for 1 week. The decellularized grafts derived from the beagle dog were xenogeneically transplanted to the abdominal aortas of rats (n = 3). No signs of abnormal inflammation or immunological problems due to the xenogeneic material were observed. Echocardiography confirmed the patency of the grafts at 1 month after implantation. Histological evaluation revealed that the grafts formed neointima on the luminal surface, and that the graft walls had cell infiltration. Little accumulation of CD68‐positive macrophages in the graft wall was observed. Xenogeneic decellularized tubular tissues functioned as small‐caliber vascular grafts, as well as autologous biotubes. This technology enables the easy fabrication of grafts from xenogeneic animals in advance and their storage for at least a week, satisfying the conditions for off‐the‐shelf grafts.