bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Logical Culture as a Common Ground for the Lvov-Warsaw School and the Informal Logic Initiative
Authors: Johnson Ralph H. , Koszowy Marcin 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In this paper, we will explore two initiatives that focus on the importance of employing logical theories in educating people how to think and reason properly, one in Poland: The Lvov-Warsaw School; the other in North America: The Informal Logic Initiative. These two movements differ in the logical means and skills that they focus on. However, we believe that they share a common purpose: to educate students in logic and reasoning (logical education conceived as a process) so that they may be able to apply their skills to analyze the issues in their society (logical culture as a result of logical education). The aim of the paper is to justify this claim by exploring research objectives and products that are common to both movements.
The Dynamics of Public and Private Debt in Ghana
Authors: Aimola Akingbade Urungbodi , Odhiambo Nicholas M. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This paper explores the dynamics of public and private debt in Ghana for the past 32 years. Ghana’s total public debt stock to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ratio has remained above the 60.0% sustainability threshold recommended by the West Africa Monetary Zone (WAMZ) since 2013. Implemented bank reforms in the country show an upward trend for domestic credit to private sector by banks as a percentage of GDP. Using exploratory review approach, the paper identified fiscal dominance, cost of borrowing, deterioration in export earnings, ineffective fiscal, monetary and debt management policies coordination as factors responsible for changes in total public debt stock. On the other hand, increased domestic borrowings by government from the banks, and Deposit Money Banks’ (DMBs)’ adverse selection in private sector credit allocation affect changes in domestic credit to the private sector by banks. Of these causes, fiscal dominance is the major determinant of public and private debt in Ghana. The study, therefore, recommends that government should pursue fiscal operations that are necessary to put public debt on a declining path. In addition, effective coordination of fiscal, monetary and debt management policies need to be strengthened together with the autonomy of the Bank of Ghana in the use of its monetary policy instruments.
Study of Consumer’s Unconscious Reaction towards the Use of Anthropomorphic Appearance of AI: An Eye-Tracking Experiment
Authors: Ene Irina 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
With disruptive technologies constantly emerging, the impact of artificial intelligence is becoming a relevant topic nowadays. An extensive investment in business intelligence support systems has been recognized as one of the top priorities of most successful managers. However, these constant internal changes of systems and management styles rarely happen smooth and natural, and frequently they trigger serious issues for the companies and its interactions with their customers. Implementations like automated call centers and online payment systems are just mainstream examples which can be used to show the numerous implications of the intrusion of artificial intelligence systems in our everyday life. With the increasing use of various forms of technology, an ongoing discussion has emerged about people's willingness to accept these technological trends. There are, of course, both pro and counter arguments to be discussed. In this article there are presented the results of an eye-tracking experiment about the reaction of consumers towards several forms of artificial intelligence. It has been shown that consumers have the tendency to react more at unexpected situations involving robots and forms of artificial intelligence.
Sustainable Smart Cities: A Fog Computing Framework for a Smart Urban Transport Network
Authors: Neagu Ioan-Mădălin 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In the present paper, a fog computing framework for smart urban transport is developed. The proposed framework is adapted to the smart city concept. It uses a collaborative multitude of end-user clients to carry out a substantial amount of communication and computation. It can be adapted for specific situations of smart cities in Romania, such as: Cluj-Napoca, Timișoara, Iași or Bucharest. Economic and social implications as well as available European funding sources are presented.
Quantifying unmet prevention needs among MSM in Europe through a multi-site bio-behavioural survey
Authors: Mirandola Massimo , Gios Lorenzo , Sherriff Nigel , Marcus Ulrich , Toskin Igor , Rosinska Magdalena , Schink Susanne , Kühlmann-Berenzon Sharon , Suligoi Barbara , Folch Cinta , Nöstlinger Christiane , Dias Sonia , Stanekova Danica , Klavs Irena , Caplinskas Saulius , Rafila Alexandru , Marin Carolina , Alexiev Ivailo , Zohrabyan Lev , Noori Teymur , Menel-Lemos Cinthia ,   on behalf of the SIALON II Network
Published: December 2018

Introduction
The HIV epidemic represents an important public health issue in Europe particularly among men who have sex with men (MSM). Global AIDS Monitoring indicators (GAM) have been widely and jointly promoted as a set of crucial standardised items to be adopted for monitoring and responding to the epidemic.

Methods
The Sialon II study, implemented in 13 European cities (2013-14), was a complex multi-centre integrated bio-behavioural cross-sectional survey targeted at MSM, with a concomitant collection of behavioural and biological (oral fluid or blood specimens) data. Rigorous sampling approaches for hard-to-reach populations were used (time-location sampling and respondent-driven sampling) and GAM indicators were calculated; sampling frames were adapted to allow weighted estimates of GAM indicators.

Results
4,901 MSM were enrolled. HIV prevalence estimates ranged from 2.4% in Stockholm to 18.0% in Bucharest. When exploring city-level correlations between GAM indicators, prevention campaigns significantly correlated with levels of condom use and level of HIV testing among MSM.

Conclusion
The Sialon II project has made an important contribution to the monitoring and evaluation of the HIV epidemic across Europe, integrating the use of GAM indicators within a second generation HIV surveillance systems approach and in participatory collaboration with MSM communities. It influenced the harmonisation of European data collection procedures and indicators via GAM country reporting and contributed essential knowledge informing the development and implementation of strategic, evidence-based HIV prevention campaigns for MSM.
Furnace Atmospheres for Heat Treating
Authors: Poor Ralph , Ruoff Steve , Philips Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article provides a detailed discussion on the types of furnace atmospheres required for heat treating. These include generated exothermic-based atmospheres, generated endothermic-based atmospheres, generated exothermic-endothermic-based atmospheres, generated dissociated-ammonia-based atmospheres, industrial gas nitrogen-base atmospheres, argon atmospheres, and hydrogen atmospheres. Atmospheres for backfilling, partial pressure operation, and quenching in vacuum are also discussed. Furnace atmospheres constitute four major groups of safety hazards in heat treating: fire, explosion, toxicity, and asphyxiation. The article reviews the fundamentals of principal gases and vapors. It describes how the evaluation of the atmospheric requirements of heat treating furnaces is influenced by factors such as cost of operation and capital investment.
Quenchants Used for Heat Treatment of Ferrous Alloys
Authors: MacKenzie Scott 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article describes various quenchants, namely, water and inorganic salt solutions, polymers (polyvinyl alcohol, polyalkylene glycol, polyethyl oxazoline, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and sodium polyacrylates), quench oils, and molten salts, which are used for heat treatment of ferrous alloys. It also provides information on the steps for controlling quenching performance for polymer quenchants and oils with an emphasis on measuring quenchant performance, safety measures, and oxidation.
Basics of Distortion and Stress Generation during Heat Treatment
Authors: Lübben Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Dimensional and shape changes caused by heat treatment have been the subject of scientific and industrial research for a very long time. This article provides an overview of the complexity of distortion and stress generation during heat treatment of steels. It discusses the measurement and evaluation of dimensional and shape changes with examples. The article describes the mechanisms at work during the generation of stresses and distortion during heat treatment. A hypothetical experiment with increasing application to real life is used to develop a systematization of unavoidable size and shape changes. The article also provides information on the carriers of distortion potential that cause measureable size and shape changes.
Types of Heat Treating Furnaces
Authors: Sverdlin Alexey 
Published: December 2018

AbstractFurnaces are one of the most versatile types of industrial appliances that span many different areas of use. This article discusses the classification of various furnaces used in heat treating based on the mode of operation (batch-type furnaces and continuous-type furnaces), application, heating method, mode of heat transfer, type of materials handling system, and mode of waste heat recovery (recuperation and regeneration). It provides information on uniform temperature distribution, the general requirements and selection criteria for insulation materials, as well as the basic safety requirements of these furnaces.
Microstructures and Properties of Carburized Steels
Authors: Krauss George 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article describes the microstructure, properties, and performance of carburized steels, and elucidates the microstructural gradients associated with carbon and hardness gradients. It provides information on case depth measurement, the factors affecting case depth, and the formation and causes of microcracks. The article discusses the effects of alloying elements on hardenability, the effects of excessive retained austenite and massive carbides on fatigue resistance, the effects of residual stresses and internal oxidation on fatigue performance of carburized steels. In addition, the causes of intergranular fracture at austenite grain boundaries and their prevention methods are explored. The article also describes the major mechanisms of bending fatigue crack initiation in carburized steels.
Fundamentals of Friction Welding
Authors: Elmer J.W. , Kautz D.D. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Friction welding (FRW) is a solid-state welding process in which the heat for welding is produced by the relative motion of the two interfaces being joined. This article describes two principal FRW methods: direct-drive welding and inertia-drive welding. The direct-drive FRW uses a motor running at constant speed to input energy to the weld. The inertia-drive FRW uses the energy stored in a flywheel to input energy to the weld. The article summarizes some of the metals that have been joined by FRW and discusses the metallurgical considerations that govern the properties of the resulting weld. It also presents a schematic illustration of the effect of welding parameters on the finished weld nugget obtained when similar metals are welded using inertia-drive FRW equipment.
Fundamentals of Explosion Welding
Authors: Patterson R. Alan 
Published: December 2018

AbstractExplosion welding (EXW), also known as explosive bonding, is accomplished by a high-velocity oblique impact between two metals. This article describes the practice of producing an explosive bond/weld and draws on many previous research results in order to explain the mechanisms involved. It provides a schematic illustration of the arrangement used in the parallel gap explosive bonding process. The article discusses several important concepts pertaining to explosive parameters, hydrodynamic flow, jetting, and metal properties. It summarizes the criteria used to model the explosive bonding process. The article describes bond morphology in terms of wave formation, bond microstructure, and bond strength determination.
Capacitor Discharge Stud Welding
Authors: Alley Richard L. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Capacitor discharge (CD) stud welding is a stud arc welding process in which the tip of the stud melts almost instantly when energy stored in capacitors is discharged through it. This article describes the three basic modes of the CD stud welding: initial-gap welding, initial-contact welding, and drawn-arc welding. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages and applications of the CD stud welding. The article describes the equipment used and the personnel responsibilities during CD stud welding.
Laser-Beam Welding
Authors: Mazumder Jyoti 
Published: December 2018

AbstractLaser-beam welding (LBW) uses a moving high-density coherent optical energy source, called laser, as the source of heat. This article discusses the advantages and limitations of LBW and tabulates energy consumption and efficiency of LBW relative to other selected welding processes. It provides information on the applications of microwelding with pulsed solid-state lasers. The article describes the modes of laser welding such as conduction-mode welding and deep-penetration-mode welding, as well as major independent process variables for laser welding, such as laser-beam power, laser-beam diameter, absorptivity, and traverse speed. It concludes with information on various hazards associated with LBW, including electrical hazards, eye hazards, and chemical hazards.
Explosion Welding
Authors: Banker John G. , Reineke Edward G. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Explosion welding (EXW) is a solid-state metal-joining process that uses explosive force to create an electron-sharing metallurgical bond between two metal components. This article discusses the process attributes of EXW, including metallurgical attributes, metal combinations, size limitations, configuration limitations, and bond zone morphology. It provides an overview of the common industrial applications and shop welding applications of EXW products. The article reviews different safety standards and regulations, such as noise and vibration abatement and process geometry. It concludes with a section on the EXW process sequence for welding a two-component flat plate product.
Diffusion Brazing
Authors: Kay W. Daniel 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Diffusion brazing (DFB) is a process that coalesces, or joins, metals by heating them to a suitable brazing temperature at which either a preplaced filler metal will melt and flow by capillary attraction or a liquid phase will form in situ between one faying surface and another. This article discusses the two critical aspects of DFB, namely, a liquid filler metal must be formed and become active in the joint area and extensive diffusion of filler metal elements into the base metal must occur. It schematically illustrates a diffusion process that results in the loss of identity of original brazed joint. The article also discusses the advantages of DFB.
Introduction to the Selection of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels
Authors: Somers Bruce R. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article presents in-depth metallurgical information about the response of carbon and low-alloy steels to welding conditions and micro-structural evolution in the weld heat-affected zone. It discusses the fabrication weldability and service weldability of carbon and low-alloy steels. The article describes six general classes of the metal: low-carbon steels, high-strength low-alloy steels, quenched-and-tempered steels, heat-treatable low-alloy steels, thermal-mechanical-controlled processing steels, and chromium-molybdenum steels. It concludes with an illustration of steels' susceptibility to hydrogen-assisted cold cracking relative to carbon content and carbon equivalent.
Special Metallurgical Welding Considerations for Refractory Metals
Authors: Chin Bryan A. , Banerjee Probal , Liu Jiayan , Chen Shaofeng 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article discusses special metallurgical considerations during the fusion welding of refractory metal alloys. These considerations are: microstructure, interstitial impurities, and welding conditions that are considered during the fusion welding of refractory metal alloys, including tantalum, niobium, rhenium, molybdenum, and tungsten. Refractory metal alloys are discussed in the order of decreasing weldability: tantalum, niobium, rhenium, molybdenum, and tungsten.
Welding of Stainless Steels
Authors: Kotecki D.J. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article addresses consumable selection and procedure development for the welding of stainless steels. The WRC-1992 diagram and the Schaeffier diagram, are used to illustrate the rationale behind many filler-metal choices. The article discusses the basic metallurgy and base metals of five major families of stainless steels: martensitic stainless steels, ferritic stainless steels, austenitic stainless steels, precipitation-hardening (PH) stainless steels, and duplex ferritic-austenitic stainless steels. Stainless steels of all types are weldable by virtually all welding processes. The article describes the common arc welding processes with regard to procedure and technique errors that can lead to loss of ferrite control with the common austenitic stainless steel weld metals that are designed to contain a small amount of ferrite for protection from hot cracking. The arc welding processes include shielded-metal arc welding, gas-tungsten arc welding, and gas-metal arc welding.
Brazing of Ceramic and Ceramic-to-Metal Joints
Authors: Moorhead A.J. , Elliott W.H. , Kim H.-E. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article is intended to assist the development of procedures for the brazing of ceramic-to-ceramic or ceramic-to-metal joints for service under elevated temperatures, mechanical or thermal stresses, or corrosive atmospheres. It describes the factors considered in preparing a procedure for the brazing of graphitic materials.
Thermal Spray Coatings
Authors: Herman Herbert , Sulit Robert A. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Thermal spray coatings (TSCs) are surface coatings engineered to provide wear-, erosion-, abrasion-, and corrosion-resistant coatings for original equipment manufacture and for the repair and upgrading of in-service equipment. This article presents an overview of five thermal spray processes and the specific flame and arc spray processes used to preserve large steel components and structures. It describes the TSC selection guide and an industrial process procedure guide for applying aluminum and zinc TSCs onto steel.
Underwater Welding
Authors: Liu S. , Olson D.L. , Ibarra S. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article discusses the metallurgical aspects of underwater welds. It describes the microstructural development, which mainly includes three types of ferrite associated with low carbon steel weld metal: grain-boundary ferrite, sideplate ferrite, and acicular ferrite. The article explains the factors that affect heat-affected zone (HAZ) cracking. These include hydrogen from the weld pool, microstructures that develop in the HAZ, and stress levels that develop in the weld joint. The article describes the welding practices that can reduce residual stresses. It explains the effect of water pressure on the formation of porosity in underwater gravity welding. The article concludes with a discussion on the practical applications of underwater welding.
Welding for Cryogenic Service
Authors: Siewert T.A. , McCowan C.N. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Cryogenic temperatures cause many structural alloys to become brittle, which is an unacceptable condition in most structural applications and is rectified by optimizing the weld composition. Although nonmatching weld compositions are most appropriate, differences between the welds and parent material in terms of thermal contraction, corrosion, and other factors must be considered. This article discusses these differences and describes the effect of these factors on the choice of the weld filler metal. It also provides a detailed discussion on the effects of cryogenic services on mechanical properties of the parent metal.
Image Analysis
Authors: Vander Voort George F. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article describes the various steps involved in image analysis, including sample selection and preparation, image preprocessing, measurement, and data analysis and output. It reviews various types of image analyzers and explains how operator bias and poor sample selection and preparation practices can lead to measurement error. It also examines several applications, illustrating how microstructural measurements can be used to assess quality control and better understand how processing changes affect microstructure and, in turn, material properties and behavior.
Досвід застосування холекальциферолу у дітей з алергічними захворюваннями та оцінка рівня 25(ОН)D, IgE та IgG в їх крові
Authors: Selska Z. V. 
Published: December 2018

У статті наведено дані про рівень забезпеченості вітаміном D дітей з алергічними захворюваннями та здорових. Встановлено, що середній рівень 25(ОН)D в крові дітей з алергічними хворобами був достовірно нижчий, ніж у дітей контрольної групи. Схильність до виникнення гіповітамінозу D та можливу його участь в розвитку алергічної патології в організмі дітей з алергічними хворобами підтверджує, що чим тяжчий перебіг захворювання, тим нижчий рівень 25(ОН)D в сироватці крові хворих. Не виявлено кореляційного зв’язку між вихідними рівнями 25(ОН)D та IgE в крові дітей. При проведенні лікування препаратом вітаміну D3 за різними режимами дозування у дітей з алергічними захворюваннями достовірно підвищувався рівень 25(ОН)D в сироватці крові та достовірно знижувався рівень IgG, що супроводжувалось покращанням перебігу хвороби.
Structure cristalline de la haidingérite
Authors: Cassien Michel , Herpin Paulette , Permingeat François 
Published: December 2018

La haidingérite CaHAsO₄, H₂O est orthorhombique (a = 6,935 ± 0,003 Å, b = 16,150 ± 0,002 Å, c = 7,940 ± 0,003 Å, Z = 8). Le groupe spatial P c n b a été confirmé par l'analyse structurale, laquelle a été conduite de façon classique sur des cristaux artificiels. L'identité des composés de synthèse et des minéraux naturels est établie par l'examen préalable des propriétés cristallographiques, optiques et chimiques.
La structure en feuillets perpendiculaires à [010] explique le clivage facile (010). Chaque feuillet est constitué de chaînes de tétraèdres AsO₄ liés entre eux dans la direction [001] par des liaisons hydrogènes O — H — O de 2,54 Å. Les atomes de calcium hexacoordonnés relient les chaînes entre elles à l'intérieur du feuillet. Les molécules d'eau assurent la liaison entre les feuillets, la distance H₂O — O₁ est de 2,6 Å. On peut comparer cette structure à celles déjà connues de quelques phosphates hydratés.
Étude des trois systèmes Hgl2-Tll ; HgBr2-TlBr ; HgCl2-TlCl
Authors: Huart J. 
Published: December 2018

L'analyse thermique différentielle, avec contrôle par diffraction des rayons X, des trois systèmes HgI₂˗TlI ; HgBr₂˗TlBr ; HgCl₂˗TlCl montre l'existence des composés suivants : HgI₂, 4TlI ; HgBr₂, 4TlBr ; HgBr₂, TlBr ; HgCl₂, TlCl ; 3HgCl₂, 10TlCl dont les données cristallographiques ont été publiées, puis 5HgBr₂, TlBr et 5HgCl₂, TlCl corps isomorphes dont les diffractogrammes n'ont pu être indexés.
Sont péritectiques les composés :
HgI₂, 4TlI se décomposant à 340° ± 3° C ;
HgBr₂, 4TlBr se décomposant à 302° ± 3° C ;
5HgBr₂, TlBr se décomposant à 201° ± 3° C ;
5HgCl₂, TlCl se décomposant à 210° ± 3° C ;
3HgCl₂, 10TlCl se décomposant à 258° ± 3° C.
Sont stables :
HgBr₂, TlBr fondant à 188° ± 3° C,
HgCl₂, TlCl fondant à 224° ± 3° C.