bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DECLINO E INNOVAZIONE POLITICA NEL PARTITO LABURISTA INGLESE
Authors: Massari Oreste 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneLa vicenda del Labour Party degli anni ottanta costituisce un caso altamente paradigmatico, al di là della peculiarità della sua forma organizzativa (partito confederato e indiretto) e del contesto politico-istituzionale in cui opera (Allum 1988), di molteplici problemi che la scienza politica ha sollevato negli ultimi decenni circa la prospettiva del partito di massa e di quello specificamente ad origine di classe. Le tesi del declino del partito di classe e dell'esaurirsi dell'opposizione politico-parlamentare (Massari 1990a) sembravano calzare perfettamente alla parabola sempre più declinante del Labour Party a partire dalla metà degli anni settanta fino a culminare nel quasi collasso dei primi anni ottanta. Nel 1981 il partito subisce una pesante scissione alla sua destra, con la formazione dell'SDP, che con i liberali formerà l'Alliance elettorale. Nelle elezioni del 1983 il partito rischiò seriamente di essere scavalcato dall'Alliance finendo al terzo posto e di perdere il ruolo di opposizione ufficiale. Il suo voto si restrinse, infatti, a solo 8 milioni e mezzo (27,6%, il più basso risultato della sua storia elettorale dal 1918) a fronte di 7 milioni e ottocentomila voti dati all'Alliance (25,4%) e a fronte di una sostanziale stabilità del voto conservatore (42,4%). Il 1983 sembrò, difatti, un punto di svolta sia riguardo al futuro del Labour sia riguardo alla natura del sistema partitico. Occorre guardare alla geografia elettorale per comprendere appieno la portata della trasformazione. Se a livello parlamentare il sistema bipartitico ancora reggeva - avendo ottenuto conservatori e laburisti assieme 606 dei 650 seggi, grazie agli effetti disproporzionali del sistema elettorale - ciò non era più vero al livello dei collegi. A questo livello, il sistema bipartitico sembrava definitivamente rotto. Occorre avere presente che nella competizione maggioritaria ad un turno l'interesse va rivolto non solo, ovviamente, al partito che è arrivato primo alla conquista del seggio, ma anche a chi è arrivato secondo, perché è questo che presumibilmente avrà le chances dell'alternanza al secondo round elettorale. L'Alliance, pur avendo ottenuto solo 23 seggi - e da questo punto di vista il Parlamento formatosi nel 1983 è risultato il meno «proporzionale» del mondo democratico (McLean 1988) - è arrivata seconda in 312 collegi, ossia in più della metà del totale. Il Labour arrivò primo in 209, secondo in 132, ma terzo (o anche peggio) in 292 collegi, corrispondenti a quasi metà dei seggi della Gran Bretagna.
LE TIPOLOGIE DELLE POLITICHE PUBBLICHE: UNA STRADA SENZA USCITA?
Authors: Capano Giliberto 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneCome è stato recentemente sottolineato, l'analisi delle politiche pubbliche costituisce, insieme al filone dellapolitical economy, «il campo d'indagine che ha registrato l'espansione forse più impetuosa nelle scienze sociali dell'ultimo ventennio» (Ferrera 1989, 241). Questo grande sviluppo dell'analisi delle politiche pubbliche pone una serie di problemi concernenti, oltre che il rapporto con la scienza della politica nel suo complesso, gli stessi assetti interni di questo campo di studi. Questioni che nascono soprattutto dal carattere intrinsecamente interdisciplinare dell'analisi delle politiche pubbliche, oltre che dalla problematicità dell'unità di analisi. Nel coacervo di questioni teorico-metodologiche che sorgono, nel momento in cui si intende porre al centro della ricerca empirica lapolicy, una di quelle più intriganti è costituita dal problema della classificazione delle politiche pubbliche. D'altra parte, il trattamento classificatorio dei concetti occupa un posto fondamentale nel processo di ricerca, costituendo altresì una condizione necessaria, pur se non sufficiente, per procedere in modo adeguato nell'analisi empirica e teorica del fenomeno politico (McKinney 1966, 1970; Tiryakian 1968; Sartori 1979; Oppenheim 1975; Marradi 1990). La questione assume, peraltro, una rilevanza assolutamente imprescindibile all'interno di un magmatico e frammentato campo di studi, quale è quello deipolicy studies, laddove, pur esistendo una notevole tradizione classificatoria - anzi, nella sua espressione più rilevante, tipologica - la diversità delle proposte elaborate (numerose, spesso assolutamente non confrontabili) ha condotto a non soddisfare le attese riposte in tale strumento metodologico per ordinare e guidare la prodigiosa produzione di ricerca (soprattutto a carattere idiografico) sviluppata negli ultimi trent'anni.
Appendix V: Report on the Thin-Sections of Pottery and Clay from Sarn-Y-Bryn-Caled and Coed-Y-Dinas
Authors: Vince A. 
Published: May 2019

Samples of fired clay (L595), Peterborough Ware (L596. LS97, L598) and Beaker pottery (L599-602) were submitted for examination. They were studied using a x20 binocular microscope and in thin-section. The thin-sections were prepared using Dickson’s Method of saining, which distinguishes various types of carbonaie, although in this case none of the samples contained calcareous inclusions.The dun sections were examined using a standardised procedure and die abundance, maximum size and any relevant comments were recorded for the following inclusion types:
Romano-British features and material
Introduction
Authors: Butcher S A , Cameron F , Curnow P E , Pengelly H 
Published: May 2019

A quantity of Romano-British material was found in the course of excavation
and although most of this was from disturbed contexts an attempt was made to
define the nature and period of occupation which it represents.The principal features dated to this period by material from primary
positions are a number of long straight ditches, F138, F225, F225a and F255,
running roughly north-east to south-west, and an irregular D-shaped
enclosure, F170 (Fig 12). It is suggested that the ditches form the
boundaries of a fairly large-scale layout of fields. From the discrepancies
of alignment in ditches lying close together it appears that the boundaries
silted and were re-cut without much exactitude. Very little stratified
pottery could be associated with these ditches: a Flavian sherd from F138
and late Roman wares from F255.
Balneaves: Post-Medieval Pottery
Authors: Hall Derek W 
Published: May 2019

Bodysherd of pottery from Pit 15This sherd of pottery is of a thin red brown fabric with small quartz inclusions. Its internal surface has a thin white slip which gives it the impression of being very well made. It does not fît into any medieval fabric type known by the writer. On balance it seems likely that this sherd is from a vessel of eighteenth or nineteenth century date suggesting a fairly modern date for the feature concerned.
Design and Manufacturing of Tendon-Driven Soft Foam Robots
Authors: Kastor Nikolas , Mukherjee Ritwika , Cohen Eliad , Vikas Vishesh , Trimmer Barry A. , White Robert D. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryA design and manufacturing method is described for creating a motor tendon–actuated soft foam robot. The method uses a castable, light, and easily compressible open-cell polyurethane foam, producing a structure capable of large (~70% strain) deformations while requiring low torques to operate (<0.2 N·m). The soft robot can change shape, by compressing and folding, allowing for complex locomotion with only two actuators. Achievable motions include forward locomotion at 13 mm/s (4.3% of body length per second), turning at 9◦/s, and end-over-end flipping. Hard components, such as motors, are loosely sutured into cavities after molding. This reduces unwanted stiffening of the soft body. This work is the first demonstration of a soft open-cell foam robot locomoting with motor tendon actuators. The manufacturing method is rapid (~30 min per mold), inexpensive (under $3 per robot for the structural foam), and flexible, and will allow a variety of soft foam robotic devices to be produced.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Parkinson’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease: Phylogenetic Disorders of the Human Neocortex Sharing Many Characteristics
Authors: Eisen Andrew , Calne Donald 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:Features common to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are reviewed. Shared epidemiological aspects include an increasing frequency which is proportional for each disease. We draw attention to geographic non-uniform distribution which, for ALS and PD, correlates positively with latitude. Clinical and pathological overlap occurs in the same patients, and in members of the same family. A high early morning plasma cysteine/sulphate ratio possibly related to the development of proteinacious inclusions, as well as ubiquinated neuronal inclusions, characterize ALS, PD and AD. HLA-DR (the human group II major histocompatibility class) staining is marked in ALS, PD and AD and may represent autoimmunity-incited by-products of neuronal degeneration. Based upon demonstrated glutaminergic connections between the neocortex and anterior horn cells, the entorhinal cortex and the basal ganglia we hypothesize that ALS, AD and PD are phylogenetic disturbances of the neocortical cell. The postsynaptic neuron may degenerate secondarily to anterograde effects of deranged glutamate metabolism. Future therapeutic strategies should be directed to agents that decrease transmission induced by excitatory amino-acids.
Stiff-Person Syndrome
Authors: Jog Mandar S. , Lambert Colin D. , Lang Anthony E. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:The stiff-person syndrome is a disorder of persistent, painful muscle contractions predominately affecting the axial musculature. We describe a patient with this disorder and review its pathophysiology. Molecular biologic and immunologic techniques have recently added to the understanding of the mechanism of this disorder. Association with diseases such as diabetes, vitiligo and hypothyroidism have strengthened the auto-immune nature of this syndrome. Auto-antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an intraneuronal enzyme, have been implicated in the etiology of this unique disease. Therapeutic intervention with agents such as benzodiazepines that modify central GABAergic activity have demonstrated significant benefit in patients with stiff-person syndrome.
Forearm P-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies in Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Zochodne Douglas W. , Koopman Wilma J. , Witt Norbert J. , Thompson Terry , Driedger Albert A. , Gravelle Dennis , Bolton Charles F. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:Five siblings with autosomal dominant oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) underwent P-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy studies of forearm flexor muscles. Mean values of PCr/(PCr + Pi) in the patients were reduced (p = 0.01) and pH elevated (p = 0.02) in resting muscle when compared to controls. During exercise PCr/(PCr + Pi) fell quickly to values less than controls (p < 0.0001) despite submaximal exercise output and developed exercise-induced acidosis which exceeded that of controls (p = 0.05). Acidosis recovered slowly despite relatively normal recovery of PCr/(PCr + Pi) following exercise. Within the patient group, however, one member had normal resting, exercise and recovery values. The studies suggest that OPMD is a more widespread disorder of striated muscle than clinically appreciated. The pattern of findings observed in OPMD differs from those identified in denervation, disuse and mitochondrial myopathy.
The Insular Cortex and the Pathophysiology of Stroke-Induced Cardiac Changes
Authors: Oppenheimer Stephen 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:Over the past fifty years considerable clinical evidence has accrued to demonstrate involvement of the cerebral cortex in cardiac function. Hemispheric stroke is often associated with electrocardiographic (ECG) evidence of cardiac repolarisation abnormalities. In addition strokes of all types are associated with specific pathological changes in the ventricular myocardium (myocytolysis). These effects are not attributable to concomitant cardiac ischemic disease in the majority of cases. The insular cortex has recently been shown to contain a site of cardiac representation. Prolonged stimulation of this region in the rat produces ECG and cardiac pathological changes similar to those observed after human stroke. It is suggested that middle cerebral artery stroke in certain cases either directly or indirectly leads to insular disinhibition, and increased autonomic activity represented by cardiac changes which significantly influence prognosis.
Code-switching in young bilingual toddlers: A longitudinal, cross-language investigation
Authors: Smolak Erin , de Anda Stephanie , Enriquez Bianka , Poulin-Dubois Diane , Friend Margaret 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAlthough there is a body of work investigating code-switching (alternation between two languages in production) in the preschool period, it largely relies on case studies or very small samples. The current work seeks to extend extant research by exploring the development of code-switching longitudinally from 31 to 39 months of age in two distinct groups of bilingual children: Spanish–English children in San Diego and French–English children in Montréal. In two studies, consistent with previous research, children code-switched more often between than within utterances and code-switched more content than function words. Additionally, children code-switched more from Spanish or French to English than the reverse. Importantly, the factors driving the rate of code-switching differed across samples such that exposure was the most important predictor of code-switching in Spanish–English children whereas proficiency was the more important predictor in French–English children.
ORIGINATING STAND YOUR GROUND
Authors: Lee Marcus 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSince the killing of Trayvon Martin, the Stand Your Ground law has come to emblematize contemporary racial injustice. Yet, the legitimacy of the statute endures, as more than thirty-three states maintain and enforce some version of Stand Your Ground. This article probes the legitimacy basis for Stand Your Ground by excavating and reconstructing its formative logic. Drawing on archival records of the Florida state legislature’s 2005 pioneering of the statute, I examine how lawmakers justified its introduction, design, and enactment. I find that proponents of Stand Your Ground framed it as a response to the cost impositions of criminal prosecution and civil action. In introducing Stand Your Ground, they sought to protect self-defensive actors against the burdens of administrative and judicial proceedings by granting them civil immunity. During the mark-up process, legislators held an extensive debate over the intended beneficiaries and victims of Stand Your Ground. Racial codes animated this debate: “drug dealers,” “gangs,” and “cop killers” represented the types of criminal subjects whom the legal protections of Stand Your Ground should exclude, while “violent criminals” in the “bad part of town” represented the intended objects of the statute’s authorization of deadly force. Ultimately, legislators translated the concerns raised during this debate into statutory design choices that baked race into Stand Your Ground.
From local landscapes to international policy: contributions of the biocultural paradigm to global sustainability
Authors: Merçon Juliana , Vetter Susanne , Tengö Maria , Cocks Michelle , Balvanera Patricia , Rosell Julieta A. , Ayala-Orozco Bárbara 
Published: May 2019

Non-technical summaryNature and culture are intricately linked and the rapid loss of both biological and cultural diversity around the globe has led to increasing concerns about its effects on sustainability. Important efforts to understand biocultural relations and bolster sustainable practices have been made by scientists, local communities, civil society organizations and policy makers. In spite of their efforts, a stronger articulation between sectors and biocultural discourses is needed for a broader transformative impact. Here, we analyse the connections between prominent biocultural discourses and discuss how the biocultural paradigm can contribute to both local and global sustainability.
Smad7:β-catenin complex regulates myogenic gene transcription
Authors: Tripathi Soma , Miyake Tetsuaki , McDermott John C. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRecent reports indicate that Smad7 promotes skeletal muscle differentiation and growth. We previously documented a non-canonical role of nuclear Smad7 during myogenesis, independent of its role in TGF-β signaling. Here further characterization of the myogenic function of Smad7 revealed β-catenin as a Smad7 interacting protein. Biochemical analysis identified a Smad7 interaction domain (SID) between aa575 and aa683 of β-catenin. Reporter gene analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated that Smad7 and β-catenin are cooperatively recruited to the extensively characterizedckmpromoter proximal region to facilitate its muscle restricted transcriptional activation in myogenic cells. Depletion of endogenous Smad7 and β-catenin in muscle cells reducedckmpromoter activity indicating their role during myogenesis. Deletion of the β-catenin SID substantially reduced the effect of Smad7 on theckmpromoter and exogenous expression of SID abolished β-catenin function, indicating that SID functions as atransdominant-negative regulator of β-catenin activity. β-catenin interaction with the Mediator kinase complex through its Med12 subunit led us to identify MED13 as an additional Smad7-binding partner. Collectively, these studies document a novel function of a Smad7-MED12/13-β-catenin complex at theckmlocus, indicating a key role of this complex in the program of myogenic gene expression underlying skeletal muscle development and regeneration.
M2 macrophages promote NSCLC metastasis by upregulating CRYAB
Authors: Guo Zhe , Song Jing , Hao Junxia , Zhao Hui , Du Xiaohui , Li Encheng , Kuang Yanbin , Yang Fuquan , Wang Wei , Deng Jiong , Wang Qi 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe mechanism by which tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) affect cancer progression is not fully understood. This study developed a microfluidic-based co-culture device to mimic the tumor microenvironment to assess TAM effects on invasion and metastasis in NSCLC. The results showed lung carcinoma cells could cause macrophages to show the M2 (a TAM-like) phenotype, and these M2 macrophages promoted lung cancer cell EMT and invasion. Proteomic analysis by the iTRAQ quantitation strategy and GO ontology of the cancer cells indicated that αB-Crystallin (CRYAB) might be involved in this process. Further, we confirmed the role of CRYAB in cancer invasion and metastasis through cell and animal experiments, as well as human cancer tissue assessment. Overall, we demonstrated that M2 macrophages promote malignancy in lung cancer through the EMT by upregulating CRYAB expression and activating the ERK1/2/Fra-1/slug signaling pathway.
Lysosomotropic challenge of mast cells causes intra-granular reactive oxygen species production
Authors: Paivandy Aida , Eriksson Jens , Melo Fabio Rabelo , Sellin Mikael E. , Pejler Gunnar 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMast cells contribute to the pathology of allergic and other disorders. Strategies to interfere with harmful mast cell-related activities are therefore warranted. Previously we established a principle for inducing selective apoptosis of mast cells, by the use of lysosomotropic agents that cause secretory granule permeabilization, leading to production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the mechanism of ROS production has not been known. Here we addressed this issue. Live microscopy analysis showed that the secretory granules comprise major subcellular compartments for ROS production in response to mefloquine. As further signs for the primary involvement of secretory granules, both ROS production and cell death was blunted in mast cells lacking serglycin, a secretory granule-restricted proteoglycan. Inhibition of granule acidification caused an essentially complete blockade of granule permeabilization, ROS production and cell death in response to mefloquine. ROS production was also attenuated in the presence of an iron chelator, and after inhibition of either granzyme B or the ERK1/2 MAP kinase signaling pathway. Together, our findings reveal that the mast cell secretory granules constitute major sites for ROS production in mast cells subjected to lysosomotropic challenge. Moreover, this study reveals a central role for granule acidification in ROS generation and the pro-apoptotic response triggered downstream of secretory granule permeabilization.
SALL3 expression balance underlies lineage biases in human induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation
Authors: Kuroda Takuya , Yasuda Satoshi , Tachi Shiori , Matsuyama Satoko , Kusakawa Shinji , Tano Keiko , Miura Takumi , Matsuyama Akifumi , Sato Yoji 
Published: May 2019

AbstractClinical applications of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are expected, but hiPSC lines vary in their differentiation propensity. For efficient selection of hiPSC lines suitable for differentiation into desired cell lineages, here we identify SALL3 as a marker to predict differentiation propensity. SALL3 expression in hiPSCs correlates positively with ectoderm differentiation capacity and negatively with mesoderm/endoderm differentiation capacity. Without affecting self-renewal of hiPSCs, SALL3 knockdown inhibits ectoderm differentiation and conversely enhances mesodermal/endodermal differentiation. Similarly, loss- and gain-of-function studies reveal that SALL3 inversely regulates the differentiation of hiPSCs into cardiomyocytes and neural cells. Mechanistically, SALL3 modulates DNMT3B function and DNA methyltransferase activity, and influences gene body methylation of Wnt signaling-related genes in hiPSCs. These findings suggest that SALL3 switches the differentiation propensity of hiPSCs toward distinct cell lineages by changing the epigenetic profile and serves as a marker for evaluating the hiPSC differentiation propensity.
Yin Yang 1 sustains biosynthetic demands during brain development in a stage-specific manner
Authors: Zurkirchen Luis , Varum Sandra , Giger Sonja , Klug Annika , Häusel Jessica , Bossart Raphaël , Zemke Martina , Cantù Claudio , Atak Zeynep Kalender , Zamboni Nicola , Basler Konrad , Sommer Lukas 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) plays an important role in human disease. It is often overexpressed in cancers and mutations can lead to a congenital haploinsufficiency syndrome characterized by craniofacial dysmorphisms and neurological dysfunctions, consistent with a role in brain development. Here, we show that Yy1 controls murine cerebral cortex development in a stage-dependent manner. By regulating a wide range of metabolic pathways and protein translation, Yy1 maintains proliferation and survival of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) at early stages of brain development. Despite its constitutive expression, however, the dependence on Yy1 declines over the course of corticogenesis. This is associated with decreasing importance of processes controlled by Yy1 during development, as reflected by diminished protein synthesis rates at later developmental stages. Thus, our study unravels a novel role for Yy1 as a stage-dependent regulator of brain development and shows that biosynthetic demands of NPCs dynamically change throughout development.