bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A procedure for the dynamic range characterization of X-ray imaging linear and TDI detectors
Authors: Re Alessandro , Peruzzi Niccolò , Del Greco Filippo , Nervo Marco , Pastrone Nadia , Sacchi Roberto , Lo Giudice Alessandro 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This paper presents a methodology to fully characterize the dynamic range of a linear
X-ray detector, usually employed to perform radiography and tomography. The proposed procedure
analyzes each pixel of the detector and presents the results both in terms of general performance
of the detector and as a spatial distribution of different parameters for each pixel. This method
has been applied to three X-ray detectors: one linear and two TDI (Time Delay Integration)
detectors, used to implement X-ray imaging setups inside the neu_ART project. The results
obtained from this characterization, carried out in experimental conditions typically employed
during real X-ray imaging experiments, allow to completely determine the behavior and the limits
of the detectors and to optimize the procedure used to acquire radiographic and tomographic data,
especially in terms of determining the maximum exposure time that can be used to achieve the best
signal quality with a faster acquisition.
Waveform resampling with LMN method
Authors: Gerlach L. , Gu W. , Nayak N. , Qian X. , Viren B. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Resampling is a common technique applied in digital signal
processing. Based on the Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT), we
apply an optimization called here the LMN method to achieve fast and
robust re-sampling. In addition to performance comparisons with
some other popular methods, we illustrate the effectiveness of this
LMN method in a particle physics experiment: re-sampling of
waveforms from Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers.
Development and performance evaluation of a thin GAGG:Ce scintillator plate for high resolution synchrotron radiation X-ray imaging
Authors: Yoshino Masao , Yamamoto Seiichi , Nakanishi Kohei , Yogo Katsunori , Kamada Kei , Koshikawa Nanase , Kataoka Jun , Yoshikawa Akira 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Scintillator-based X-ray imaging detectors are pivotal in
numerous scientific and practical domains, including medical
imaging, food and device inspection, and security monitoring. Recent
advancements have spurred interest in 4D X-ray imaging using
synchrotron radiation, necessitating higher temporal
resolutions. Consequently, this places stringent demands on X-ray
detector technology, especially when X-ray energy exceeds 20 keV.
The selection of a suitable scintillator material is crucial for
achieving optimal timing resolution, yet it poses a significant
challenge in dynamic X-ray imaging. This study delves into the
optimization of scintillator properties and their impact on spatial
resolution and light output, elucidating the performance of Ce-doped
Gd3Ga3Al2O12 (GAGG:Ce) scintillators for X-ray imaging
applications. We developed a micro X-ray imaging detector using a
100 μm-thick GAGG:Ce scintillator plate and conducted
X-ray imaging tests at the Aichi SR facility. The results
demonstrated that the resolution, quantified as the chart slit width
at a contrast transfer function (CTF) value of 10%, reached
2 ∼ 3 μm with a 4× lens,
0.52 μm± 0.03 μm with a 20×
lens, and 0.42 μm± 0.01 μm with a
40× lens. Although the results of this study did not achieve
a spatial resolution nearing the effective pixel size of the
40× lens, the text also elucidates the underlying reasons for
this limitation. Furthermore, we compared the X-ray sensitivity of
our GAGG:Ce scintillator plate with that of a commercial LuAG:Ce
scintillator, revealing an approximately 1.5-fold increase in light
output. As a demonstration, transmission images of dried small fish
were captured using the GAGG:Ce scintillator plate and the developed
X-ray imaging system. These findings highlight the potential of the
X-ray imaging detector devised in this study for future generations
of X-ray imaging applications.
Improved simulation of compound drought and heat extremes in eastern China through CWRF downscaling
Authors: Zhang Han , Zhang Shulei , Xu Haoran , Zhang Guwei , Dai Yongjiu , Liang Xin-Zhong 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Given their profound socio-economic impact and increasing occurrence, compound drought and heat extremes (CDHEs) have become a focal point of widespread concern. Studies have attempted to reproduce and predict these extremes using general circulation models (GCMs); however, the performance of these models in capturing compound events remains controversial. This study presents an improved simulation of CDHE trends over eastern China by using the regional Climate-Weather Research and Forecasting model (CWRF) to downscale the projections of two GCMs that participated in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6. The results show that CWRF downscaling significantly improved the underestimation of CDHE trends in GCM historical simulations, aligning better with observed trends. Moreover, the improvements of CWRF downscaling in simulating CDHEs are more pronounced than those for univariate events, i.e. extreme drought and extreme heat events. This enhancement largely results from CWRF’s better representation of land-atmosphere interaction processes, as indicated by the more realistic spatial distributions and intensities of the land-atmosphere coupling strength index. Under the SSP245 and SSP585 scenario, CWRF downscaling again predicts a more rapid increase in regional mean CDHE frequency compared to GCMs, with values nearing or exceeding 0.4 by the mid-21st century, suggesting a significant future threat to the study region. This study highlights the important role of land-atmosphere interactions in shaping CDHEs and the efficacy of regional climate models to reduce uncertainty in compound event simulations.
In vitro bioprinted 3D model enhancing osteoblast-to-osteocyte differentiation
Authors: Pragnere Sarah , Essayan Lucie , El-Kholti Naima , Petiot Emma , Pailler-Mattei Cyril 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

In vitro bone models are pivotal for understanding tissue behavior and cellular responses, particularly in unravelling certain pathologies’ mechanisms and assessing the impact of new therapeutic interventions. A desirable in vitro bone model should incorporate primary human cells within a 3D environment that mimics the mechanical properties characteristics of osteoid and faithfully replicate all stages of osteogenic differentiation from osteoblasts to osteocytes. However, to date, no bio-printed model using primary osteoblasts has demonstrated the expression of osteocytic protein markers. This study aimed to develop bio-printed in vitro model that accurately captures the differentiation process of human primary osteoblasts into osteocytes. Given the considerable impact of hydrogel stiffness and relaxation behavior on osteoblast activity, we employed three distinct cross-linking solutions to fabricate hydrogels. These hydrogels were designed to exhibit either similar elastic behavior with different elastic moduli, or similar elastic moduli with varying relaxation behavior. These hydrogels, composed of gelatin (5% w/v), alginate (1%w/v) and fibrinogen (2%w/v), were designed to be compatible with micro-extrusion bioprinting and proliferative. The modulation of their biomechanical properties, including stiffness and viscoelastic behavior, was achieved by applying various concentrations of cross-linkers targeting both gelatin covalent bonding (transglutaminase) and alginate chains’ ionic cross-linking (calcium). Among the conditions tested, the hydrogel with a low elastic modulus of 8 kPa and a viscoelastic behavior over time exhibited promising outcomes regarding osteoblast-to-osteocyte differentiation. The cessation of cell proliferation coincided with a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity, the development of dendrites, and the expression of the osteocyte marker PHEX. Within this hydrogel, cells actively influenced their environment, as evidenced by hydrogel contraction and the secretion of collagen I. This bio-printed model, demonstrating primary human osteoblasts expressing an osteocyte-specific protein, marks a significant achievement. We envision its substantial utility in advancing research on bone pathologies, including osteoporosis and bone tumors.
Circularly polarized twin port tunable silicon-graphene antenna with beam tilting characteristics for THz based 6G communication system
Authors: Kumar Nilesh , Kumar Arvind 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This communication explains the design and analyse of a twin port silicon-graphene aerial. The intended aerial has three distinct features: (i) stimulation of ceramics through uneven cross slot produces the circularly polarised waves from 3.45 THz to 3.65 THz; (ii) a mirror arrangement of uneven cross-shaped slot increases separation between ports by almost 25 dB; and (iii) suspension of partial reflecting surface over twin port antenna slants the radiation pattern by ±45°. A sheet of graphene over silicon creates the tunablity in terms of working band and circularly polarized band by altering its chemical potential. The optimized result from HFSS is compared to the CST EM tool, and it is determined that the suggested aerial functions well in the 3.25–3.75 THz range with a peak gain of 3.5 dBi. By including pattern diversity characteristics, the suggested antenna’s multi-port parameters are improved, and it becomes suitable for THz-built 6 G wireless applications.
A VIPA spectrograph with ultra-high spectral resolution, ultra-high wavelength calibration accuracy and wide spectral range
Authors: Zhang Zhongnan , Wang Yutao , Zhu Xiaoming , Lin Dong , He Jinping 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Spectrographs with ultra-high spectral resolution, ultra-high wavelength calibration accuracy, and wide spectral range hold immense potential in broad scientific frontiers, such as precise spectral measurement, femtosecond pulse shaping, and spectral beam combining, etc. In this paper, we have constructed a virtually imaged phased array (VIPA) based spectrograph, leveraging a laser frequency comb for precise wavelength calibration. The calibration methods specifically for the broadband VIPA spectrograph are presented. The spectrograph achieves a resolution exceeding 650 000, a wavelength calibration accuracy better than 0.05 pm, and a remarkable bandwidth of over 110 nm. Spectral measurements are conducted with the spectrograph, and the results validate the performance.
Simultaneous measurement of temperature and refractive index based on fiber optic Fabry–Pérot cavity in batteries
Authors: Liu Qinpeng , Yang Di , Wang Danyang , Xing Meihua , Liu Bo , Yan Cheng 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
A Fabry–Pérot (FP) sensor for simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature of an all-fiber synchronous liquid based on the Vernier effect is proposed, special application for internal monitoring of lithium-ion battery electrolytes. The theoretical model of high sensitivity cascade Fabry–Pérot interferometer (PFPI) is established, the sensitivity amplification mechanism of PFPI is analyzed in detail, the perfect matching scheme for measuring the refractive index of the electrolyte inside the battery is designed according to the matching conditions of the optical path, and the corresponding sensors for simultaneous measurement of the temperature and the refractive index are fabricated. The experimental results show that the sensor has a maximum refractive index sensitivity of 15 391.5033 nm RIU−1, a good linear fit, and can effectively monitor the refractive index change of the electrolyte by 10−4 orders of magnitude during normal charging and discharging of lithium-ion batteries. Compared to traditional epoxy adhesive bonded or laser processed FP sensors, this all-fibre optic structure not only improves temperature and corrosion resistance, but also significantly reduces temperature cross-sensitivity. Its small size and excellent resistance to high temperature and corrosion ensure the sensor’s excellent response and broad application prospects in monitoring the refractive index of the electrolyte in 18 650 lithium-ion batteries, which provides effective technical support for monitoring the health status of batteries and detecting early safety issues.
Multicomponent Phase Space
Authors: Cantor Brian 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of multicomponent phase space and describes and discusses its size, shape and geography. This is important for developing strategies to explore multicomponent phase space and find particular materials with interesting and/or valuable structures and properties. Multicomponent phase space contains large regions of single-phase multicomponent solid solutions, multicomponent amorphous alloys and multicomponent compounds, as well as other large regions with more complex, multiphase structures, formed for instance, by eutectic solidification and/or solid-state precipitation. This chapter sets out definitions of these different kinds of materials to create a clear taxonomy with which to describe the size, shape and occurrence of the different regions of multicomponent phase space.
Lipid metabolism improves salt tolerance of Salicornia europaea
Authors: Yang Lei , Wang Yanzhi , Bai Yang , Yang Jiahui , Gao Yunyan , Hou Chenxue , Gao Mengya , Gu Xinlu , Liu Weizhong 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background and Aims
Salicornia europaea L., a succulent euhalophyte plant, has been found to exhibit optimal reproductive capabilities under appropriate salinity concentrations. However, the underlying metabolic changes are not yet fully understood.

Methods
In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis combining transcriptomic and lipidomic techniques to investigate the molecular mechanisms of lipid metabolism in response to different NaCl concentrations (0 and 200 mM).

Results
Transcriptomic data demonstrated that salt treatment mainly affected processes including lipid biosynthesis, phosphatidylinositol signalling and glycerophospholipid metabolism. The expression levels of several key genes involved in salt tolerance, namely SeSOS1, SeNHX1, SeVHA-A, SeVP1 and SePSS, were found to be upregulated upon NaCl treatment. A total of 485 lipid compounds were identified, of which 27 changed in abundance during salt treatment, including the enrichment of phospholipids and sphingolipids. Moreover, the increase in the double-bond index was mainly attributable to phospholipids and sphingolipids. Comparing the acyl chain length showed that the acyl chain length coefficient of sphingosine-1-phosphate decreased significantly in the presence of 200 mM NaCl.

Conclusions
This study suggests that S. europaea adapts to saline environments by altering phospholipids and sphingolipids to improve salt tolerance. The salinity response of S. europaea can provide important insights into the action of lipids and their salt adaptation mechanisms.
Latin America: a hub for agrobiotechnological innovations
Authors: Segretin Maria Eugenia , Soto Gabriela Cynthia , Lorenzo Christian Damian 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Modern biotechnology is one of the last century’s major advances in human science. Particularly in the agronomical field, the landscape of crop improvement technologies has witnessed a great expansion, driven by the integration of molecular and genetic engineering methodologies into the breeding toolbox. Latin America (LATAM) serves as a pioneering region in incorporating such techniques with several countries swiftly embracing these technologies.

Scope
This review aims to give a comprehensive overview of the elements that influenced agrobiotech acceptance in LATAM countries and how such cases could provide support for upcoming technologies to be considered worldwide.

Conclusions
Nearly 50 years of biotech breakthroughs have provided humankind with an impressive portfolio of tools already integrated into several life-science areas. The agronomical field has greatly progressed thanks to technologies derived from genetically modified organisms and great promises are being made to also incorporate genome-editing products. LATAM provides a prime example of how early introduction of novelties in the crop production chain can result in improved yields, paving the way for future developments to be easily integrated into the technological ecosystem of a region. The example set by LATAM can also be useful for the present gene-editing regulatory scenario. With several countries presently on the path to approving these methods in their current crop systems, basing their next steps on the example of LATAM could represent a safe and practical pathway towards a new agronomical revolution.
Revealing Cultural Dynamics in WAIS-IV Performance: a Comparative Analysis of Age Cohorts in Taiwanese and U.S. Populations
Authors: Chang Yu-Ling , Cheng Wen-Yu 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Objective
This study examined the relationship between culture and cognitive abilities by comparing WAIS-IV subtests, index scores, and Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) scores across various age groups in the Taiwanese and U.S. populations.

Method
The Taiwanese and U.S. versions of WAIS-IV are comprehensively compared, examining subtest items, psychometrics, and sample characteristics. Scaled scores are compared by extracting raw scores with a scaled score of 10 from each subtest scale in the Taiwanese version and applying U.S. age norms to acquire U.S. scaled scores.

Results
Despite the mean FSIQ score closely aligning with the U.S. sample, notable discrepancies are evident in the Taiwanese Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) score, potentially influenced by cultural fairness of the tests. Significant variations are observed among age cohorts in the Taiwanese sample, with younger individuals excelling in Processing Speed Index, Working Memory Index, Perceptual Reasoning Index, and FSIQ, while maintaining comparable VCI scores to their U.S. counterparts. Conversely, older cohorts demonstrate lower performance across various domains, except for visuospatial reasoning and organizational skills, compared to their U.S. counterparts. These subtest variations robustly correlate with educational disparities between the Taiwanese and U.S. samples.

Conclusions
Despite the similarity in factor structures between the Taiwanese and U.S. versions of WAIS-IV, this study reveals cultural bias in both verbal and non-verbal subtests. The study highlights the intricate interplay among cognitive processing styles, cultural influences, and educational factors contributing to performance disparities.
Cultural Considerations in Intelligence Test Adaptations: a Critical Review of the WAIS-IV India and Its U.K. and U.S. Counterparts
Authors: A P Porrselvi , Irani Farzin , Shah Urvashi , Sunderaraman Preeti 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Objective
This study critically examined the adaptation and normative processes of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV)India.

Method
WAIS-IV U.K. Edition Administration and Scoring Manual, WAIS-IVIndia Administration and Scoring Manual, and WAIS-IV Administration and Scoring Manual and Technical and Interpretive Manuals were used to extract test development and adaptation process data. The analyses were descriptive and qualitative.

Results
A review of the manuals showed that the normative sample were fluent English speakers with high education levels, which is not representative of India's multilingual and educational diversity. The study identified minimal cultural and linguistic adaptations in subtests, which raised concern about potential biases in the test adaptation process across cultures. The lack of clarity in item selection, demographic data, sample selection, and psychometric properties raised questions about the test's reliability and validity. Issues related to education, age, gender, and regional distribution are discussed, emphasizing the test's limitations in capturing the diverse characteristics of the heterogeneous Indian population.

Conclusions
WAIS-IV India may not adequately represent India's population. More careful consideration of socioecological and psychometric factors when adapting intelligence (IQ) tests and use of advanced data harmonization methods can provide robust cross-national statistical harmonization in the future along with more ecologically valid local test development efforts. This can allow consideration of social determinants of health and other factors that can inform a more nuanced approach to IQ test development in non-western contexts.
Artificial intelligence reading digital mammogram: enhancing detection and differentiation of suspicious microcalcifications
Authors: Mansour Sahar , Mokhtar Omnia , Abd El Galil Mennat-Allah Samir Mohammed , Taha Sherif Nasser , Shetat Ola Magdy Mohamed 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on enhancing the sensitivity of digital mammograms in the detection and specification of grouped microcalcifications.

Methods
The study is a retrospective analysis of grouped microcalcifications for 447 patients. Grouped microcalcifications detected were correlated with AI, which was applied to the initial mammograms. AI provided a heat map, demarcation, and quantitative evaluation for abnormalities according to the degree of suspicion of malignancy. Histopathology was the standard for confirmation of malignancy.

Results
AI showed a high correlation percentage of 67.5% between the red colour of the colour hue bar and malignant microcalcifications (P-value &lt;.001). The scoring of probable cancer was suggested (ie, more than 50% abnormality scoring) in 39.5% of true cancer lesions. The diagnostic performance of mammography for grouped microcalcifications revealed a sensitivity of 94.7% and a negative predictive value of 82.1%. False negatives were only 12 out of 228 that proved malignant calcifications. The agreement of cancer probability between standard mammograms and examinations read by AI presented a Kappa value of −0.094 and a P-value of &lt;.001.

Conclusions
The used AI system enhanced the sensitivity of mammograms in detecting suspicious microcalcifications, yet an expert human reader is required for proper specification.

Advances in knowledge
Grouped calcifications could be early breast cancer on a mammogram. The morphology and distribution are correlated with the nature of breast diseases. AI is a potential decision support for the detection and classification of grouped microcalcifications and thus positively affects the control of breast cancer.
Cortical development in the structural model and free energy minimization
Authors: Wright James , Bourke Paul 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
A model of neocortical development invoking Friston’s Free Energy Principle is applied within the Structural Model of Barbas et al. and the associated functional interpretation advanced by Tucker and Luu. Evolution of a neural field with Hebbian and anti-Hebbian plasticity, maximizing synchrony and minimizing axonal length by apoptotic selection, leads to paired connection systems with mirror symmetry, interacting via Markov blankets along their line of reflection. Applied to development along the radial lines of development in the Structural Model, a primary Markov blanket emerges between the centrifugal synaptic flux in layers 2,3 and 5,6, versus the centripetal flow in layer 4, and axonal orientations in layer 4 give rise to the differing shape and movement sensitivities characteristic of neurons of dorsal and ventral neocortex. Prediction error minimization along the primary blanket integrates limbic and subcortical networks with the neocortex. Synaptic flux bypassing the blanket triggers the arousal response to surprising stimuli, enabling subsequent adaptation. As development progresses ubiquitous mirror systems separated by Markov blankets and enclosed blankets-within-blankets arise throughout neocortex, creating the typical order and response characteristics of columnar and noncolumnar cortex.