bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explaining Evil in Late Antiquity
Authors: O’Meara Dominic J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The problem of evil was often debated in the Greco-Roman world of late antiquity. Two very influential contributors to this debate were the Christian theologian Augustine and the pagan Platonist Proclus, whose theory of evil reached the Middle Ages through a paraphrase in the Pseudo-Dionysius. Augustine and Proclus were both influenced by, and distanced themselves from, the original theory of evil developed by the pagan Platonist philosopher Plotinus in the third century ad. Plotinus identified the indeterminate background (“matter”) against which the physical world appears as the reason for the existence of physical and moral evil. Here a summary of Plotinus’s theory of evil is given, together with a discussion of the various difficulties and objections that arise, in particular in Proclus’s criticism of it.
but draw not nigh this tree
Authors: Germann Nadja 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The notion of evil in Islamic thought is as heterogeneous as Islam itself. Consequently, this chapter focuses on the major conceptual shifts this notion underwent during the formative period of Islamic culture, i.e. the time between the Qurʾānic revelation and the first consolidation of what might be called the orthodox Sunnite position in the eleventh/twelfth century. The study is focused on two crucial stages. The first section, dedicated to Islam’s core reference point and founding document (the Qurʾān) seeks to investigate ideas of evil in Islam’s holy book and, thus, explore the framework within which discussions about evil developed among Muslim scholars. The second section examines a passage by al-Ghazālī, an Ashʿarite thinker who played a pivotal role in the formation of orthodoxy. There, al-Ghazālī engages in a debate with his opponents, the Muʿtazilites, on the subject of evil—this offers unique insight into key conceptual controversies in early Islam.
Evil After the Holocaust
Authors: Motzkin Gabriel 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
After the Holocaust, we have a new appreciation of the concept of radical evil. Radical evil is evil that is not defined in comparison to the good; it is evil even when there is no good. Crimes against humanity, or crimes that challenge the concept of humanity, are challenges to the whole code, not infractions of some rule. Because radical evil transcends the law, the commission of radical evil is inexpiable. Since such a crime has a conceptual basis, instigators are as guilty if not guiltier than perpetrators. The Holocaust, by linking radical evil to mass extermination, marks a new phase in our historical experience. The contrast between good and evil is replaced by the contrast between good and neutral. Since radical evil reconfigures the good as the neutral, and then also reconfigures the evil as neutral, neutrality in the face of radical evil is no longer an option.
On Google and Not Being Evil
Authors: Chan Wesley 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this Reflection, an early product manager at Google discusses his view of the way the famous motto in the company Code of Conduct—“Don’t be Evil”—functioned to prevent certain kinds of ruthlessness, but also to improve the relationship with the customer and the corporate bottom line. The author argues that, contrary to popular opinion, Google in fact tried to avoid exploiting the user data that they collected, as well as data from Google Analytics, and that the “Don’t be Evil” motto was important in helping employees make good decisions. The Reflection is thus a kind of apologia on behalf of Google (at least in its early days) against now-familiar charges that it is part of the company’s essential strategy to engage in various nefarious activities.
A Simulation-Based Evaluation of Tip-Dating Under the Fossilized Birth–Death Process
Authors: Luo Arong , Duchêne David A , Zhang Chi , Zhu Chao-Dong , Ho Simon Y W 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Bayesian molecular dating is widely used to study evolutionary timescales. This procedure usually involves phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequence data, with fossil-based calibrations applied as age constraints on internal nodes of the tree. An alternative approach is tip-dating, which explicitly includes fossil data in the analysis. This can be done, for example, through the joint analysis of molecular data from present-day taxa and morphological data from both extant and fossil taxa. In the context of tip-dating, an important development has been the fossilized birth–death process, which allows non-contemporaneous tips and sampled ancestors while providing a model of lineage diversification for the prior on the tree topology and internal node times. However, tip-dating with fossils faces a number of considerable challenges, especially, those associated with fossil sampling and evolutionary models for morphological characters. We conducted a simulation study to evaluate the performance of tip-dating using the fossilized birth–death model. We simulated fossil occurrences and the evolution of nucleotide sequences and morphological characters under a wide range of conditions. Our analyses of these data show that the number and the maximum age of fossil occurrences have a greater influence than the degree of among-lineage rate variation or the number of morphological characters on estimates of node times and the tree topology. Tip-dating with the fossilized birth–death model generally performs well in recovering the relationships among extant taxa but has difficulties in correctly placing fossil taxa in the tree and identifying the number of sampled ancestors. The method yields accurate estimates of the ages of the root and crown group, although the precision of these estimates varies with the probability of fossil occurrence. The exclusion of morphological characters results in a slight overestimation of node times, whereas the exclusion of nucleotide sequences has a negative impact on inference of the tree topology. Our results provide an overview of the performance of tip-dating using the fossilized birth–death model, which will inform further development of the method and its application to key questions in evolutionary biology.
Using the theoretical domains framework to identify barriers and enabling factors to implementation of guidance for the diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a qualitative study
Authors: Hallsworth Kate , Dombrowski Stephan U , McPherson Stuart , Anstee Quentin M , Avery Leah 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver condition worldwide and is steadily on the increase. In response, national and international guidance have been developed to standardize diagnosis and guide management of the condition. However, research has highlighted a discordance between published guidance and clinical practice. The purpose of this study is to identify barriers and enabling factors to implementation of guidance to inform the development of an intervention. We interviewed 21 health care professionals and 12 patients with NAFLD. Topic guides were developed with reference to national and international guidance. Data were content analyzed using the Theoretical Domains Framework. Beliefs about consequences and professional role and identity were the most prominent domains identified from health care professionals in the context of diagnosis and management of NAFLD. Environmental context and resources, memory, attention and decision processes, goals, behavioral regulation, knowledge, and skills emerged as important barriers/facilitators to implementation of guidance targeting management of NAFLD. Knowledge and beliefs about consequences were the most prominent domains from the perspective of patients. Social influences, environmental context and resources and behavioral regulation were most prominent in the context of NAFLD management. Guideline implementation can be improved by use of interventions that target standardized use of diagnostic criteria by health care professionals. Training of health care professionals was identified as important to improve care delivered to patients in order to effectively manage NAFLD. Interventions that target knowledge of patients, in particular, raising awareness that NAFLD can be progressive when not actively managed would facilitate implementation of guidance.
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement
Authors: Karycki Melody K. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract:
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is indicated in some patients with severe aortic stenosis for whom surgical intervention is not deemed appropriate. This article explores when TAVR may be the preferred treatment option over surgical aortic valve replacement and discusses various prosthetic valve devices. The TAVR procedure, diagnostic screenings, complications, postoperative management, and nursing considerations are also outlined.
Estimated Thyroid Inhalation Doses Based on Body Surface Contamination Levels of Evacuees After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident
Authors: Ohba Takashi , Hasegawa Arifumi , Suzuki Gen 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Doses of inhaled radionuclides received during evacuation might be correlated with amounts of those radionuclides on an evacuee’s body surface. The purpose of the present study was to estimate thyroid equivalent doses based on body surface contamination measured with a Geiger-Mueller survey meter on 2,087 evacuees from Tomioka, Okuma, Futaba, Naraha, Namie, Minamisoma, and other municipalities in Japan. The measurement value in cpm was translated into Bq cm−2 according to the radionuclide composition obtained by germanium gamma-spectrometry analyses of two persons’ clothing. Thyroid equivalent dose by inhalation was estimated by two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation based on the distribution of body surface radionuclide concentration and a uniform distribution of deposition velocity. For evacuees exposed twice on 12 and 15 March, the mean, median, and 90th percentile of inhalation thyroid equivalent dose for 1-y-old children were 21.4 mSv, 4.7 mSv, and 40.1 mSv for the Namie group; 7.3 mSv, 5.1 mSv, and 14.8 mSv for the Minamisoma group; and 2.3 mSv, 0.5 mSv, and 4.0 mSv for the group comprising Tomioka, Okuma, Futaba, and Naraha. These estimates are smaller than estimates in the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 2013 report but closer to estimates based on direct thyroid 131I measurement or indirect estimates based on 134Cs measurements made with a whole-body counter under the assumption that the ratio of 131I to 134Cs is 3.8.
Cytogenetic Analysis After Temporary Residence in the Area of the Uncontrolled Ruthenium-106 Release in Russia in September 2017
Authors: Beinke C. , Wanke C. , Eder S. , Port M. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In September and October 2017, elevated atmospheric ruthenium contamination was measured in several European countries. The most probable origin of this release of radionuclides was reconstructed to be the Southern Ural region. During that time, five workers from a German company stayed up to 2 wk about 120 km from the Chelyabinsk region in Ekaterinburg, Russia. No clinical symptoms were reported during or after the suspected radiation exposure, and no internal contamination was found in whole-body measurements. However, to investigate radiation protection issues and to clarify the workers’ situation in order to reassure them, as they planned to continue working in Ekaterinburg, our laboratory was urgently requested by the company’s occupational physician to perform biodosimetry using dicentric analysis to determine if the workers have been exposed to radiation by incorporation of radionuclides. The workers’ dicentric yields have been compared to reference data of background frequencies in unexposed individuals, but, as it is not reasonable to quantify individual absorbed radiation doses from internalized beta emitters due to various confounding factors, individual dose estimation has not been performed. Dicentric frequencies for two workers differed significantly from the mean laboratory background level, which could have been induced by an exposure to incorporated radionuclides due to beta emissions by 106Ru or to gamma irradiation by the decay nuclide of 106Ru. However, the maximum absorbed radiation doses calculated for a resident in the 106Ru-contaminated area during that time does not correspond to the observed dicentric frequencies. It cannot be excluded that their dicentric frequencies were already elevated before September 2017, potentially induced by an earlier radiation exposure to diagnostic x rays or even by chance.
Radon Off-Gassing From Military Artifacts
Authors: Kelly David G. , Mumby Timothy 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Military historical artifacts found in museum displays and storage locations were analyzed for their 226Ra and 222Rn progeny activities to determine the fraction of 222Rn lost to the environment. Gamma-ray spectroscopy using high-purity germanium detectors was used to determine 226Ra activity and infer 222Rn activity based on 214Pb and 214Bi. Analyses were conducted without affecting the structural integrity of the artifacts. 226Ra was measured directly after correction for solid angle and finite sample-detector distance. Although 222Rn can be similarly analyzed, the collection in charcoal of 222Rn off-gassed from the artifact after the establishment of secular equilibrium was preferable. 222Rn off-gassing rates vary greatly between the six devices studied, with a maximum off-gassing rate of 1,850 ± 50 Bq h−1. Large variations in off-gassing rate were also observed between an additional 30 nominally identical dials, with a mean and standard deviation of 7.7 ± 7.1 Bq h−1. The work is not predictive of airborne 222Rn activity within museums, where building size and ventilation are significant and unique to each location. However, the significant off-gassing rates and their large variation suggest that 222Rn activities may be elevated in enclosed locations, such as aircraft cockpits and storage facilities.
Effect of closed vacuum aspiration technique on lung collapse time in thoracoscopic anatomical segmentectomy
Authors: Zhang Zhenyang , Yang Chuangcai , Lin Jiangbo , Hong Junjie , Zhuang Yunyang , Kang Mingqiang 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
To investigate the effect of lung expansion and collapse method combined with closed vacuum aspiration technique on lung collapse time, reduce the waiting time of surgery.
Forty patients with pulmonary peripheral nodules under thoracoscopic anatomical segmentectomy were divided into 20 cases of natural collapse group and 20 cases of modified collapse group. The natural collapse group used the traditional natural collapse method, and the modified collapse group used a lung expansion and collapse method combined with closed vacuum aspiration technique to record the lung collapse time and compare them.
Thoracoscopic anatomical segmentectomy was successfully performed in both groups. The lung collapse time in the natural collapse group and the modified collapse group was 17.08 ± 1.35, 8.90 ± 0.39, respectively, P < .05.
The lung expansion and collapse method combined with closed vacuum aspiration technique can reduced the waiting time of lung collapse during thoracoscopic anatomical segmentectomy, and can processed the inter-segment boundary better, thereby reduced the waiting time of surgery.
Efficacy of ultrasound-guided percutaneous lavage for rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy
Authors: Zhang Tao , Duan Yanji , Chen Jing , Chen Xiao 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background:
Rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy (RCCT) is frequently diagnosed in patients with shoulder pain, but there is no consensus on its treatment such as rest, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), physical therapy, subacromial corticosteroid injection (SAI), extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT), and ultrasound-guided percutaneous lavage (UGPL). The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of UGPL with other techniques in the treatment of RCCT.

Methods:
Literature searches of PubMed, EMBASE, OVID, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Chinese Biomedical Literature, Wanfang, Weipu Journal, and CNKI databases were performed up to August 2018. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing UGPL vs other methods for RCCT were included. Data collection and extraction, quality assessment, and data analyses were performed according to the Cochrane standards.

Results:
Eight RCTs were included with 617 cases in all. The result of meta-analysis showed that: there were significant differences between the UGPL and ESWT group in 12-month follow-up VAS, constant shoulder score (CSS), the average particle size of the calcium deposition, and the calcification disappearance rate. However, there was no significant difference in complication between 2 groups.

Conclusion:
The present meta-analysis indicates that UGPL has certain clinical effect for calcifying tendinitis of rotator cuff. Compared with ESWT, UGPL may be superior in clinical pain relief and calcification clearance. However, owing to the limited quality and quantity of the included studies, additional high-quality RCTs are needed to confirm these findings.
Comparison among cryoablation, radiofrequency ablation, and partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinomas sized smaller than 2 cm or sized 2–4 cm
Authors: Yan Shuai , Yang Wei , Zhu Cheng-mei , Yan Pei-meng , Wang Zhi-chao 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This study aimed to compare radiofrequency ablation (RFA), cryoablation (CRA), and partial nephrectomy (PN) for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) sized ≤2 cm or 2 to 4 cm.
The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was used to identify 17,234 patients diagnosed with T1aN0M0 RCC from 2004 to 2015. Overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were compared among patients who were treated using PN, CRA, or RFA. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine prognostic factors for survival.
In patients with RCCs sized 2 to 4 cm, better OS and CSS were observed with PN than with CRA or RFA. On multivariable analysis, compared to PN, CRA and RFA were independently associated with poor OS and CSS in patients with RCCs sized 2 to 4 cm. In patients with RCCs sized ≤2 cm, better OS was observed with PN than with CRA or RFA; however, CSS was similar. On multivariable analysis, compared to PN, RFA was independently associated with poor OS in patients with RCCs sized ≤2 cm.
CRA or RFA should not be recommended for patients with RCCs sized 2 to 4 cm; PN is an effective treatment modality in these patients. For patients with RCCs sized ≤2 cm, CRA can be an equally effective alternative to PN.
Drug-coated balloon versus drug-eluting stent in de novo small coronary vessel disease
Authors: Li Min , Guo Chen , Lv Yong-Hui , Zhang Ming-Bo , Wang Zhi-Lu 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background:
Drug-coated balloon as a novel therapeutic strategy has been used to treat restenosis in cases of bare metal and drug-eluting stents. However, evidence of its safety and efficacy is scarce in de novo small coronary artery vessel disease. This meta-analysis aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of the drug-coated balloon and the drug-eluting stent.

Methods:
The PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane library databases were searched for studies published up to October 17, 2018. Studies comparing the drug-coated balloon with the drug-eluting stent strategy in patients with de novo small coronary artery vessel disease (reference diameter, <3 mm) were identified. The clinical outcomes were nonfatal myocardial infarction, cardiac death, all-cause death, target lesion revascularization, and target-vessel revascularization. Data were analyzed using the statistical software RevMan (version 5.3). Fixed effects models were performed to calculate the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Sensitivity analyses were used to detect potential sources of heterogeneity, while subgroup analyses were implemented to assess the differential effects.

Results:
Three randomized controlled trials and 3 nonrandomized controlled studies were identified. Six studies including a total of 1800 patients compared the differences between the drug-coated balloon and the drug-eluting stent strategies in patients with de novo small coronary artery vessel disease. The results indicated that the drug-coated balloon strategy was associated with a significant reduction in nonfatal myocardial infarction (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.31–0.90, P = .02) compared with the drug-eluting stent strategy, while insignificant inter-strategy differences were observed in cardiac death (OR 1.56, 95% CI 0.73–3.33, P = .25), all-cause death (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.25–1.23, P = .15), target lesion revascularization (OR 1.24, 95% CI 0.73–2.1, P = .43), and target-vessel revascularization (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.59–1.52, P = .84).

Conclusions:
This meta-analysis suggests that the drug-coated balloon strategy is noninferior to the drug-eluting stent strategy, delivering a good outcome in nonfatal myocardial infarction, and can be recommended as an optimal treatment strategy in patients with de novo small coronary artery vessel disease. Larger randomized controlled studies with longer follow-up periods are needed to further confirm the benefits of the drug-coated balloon strategy.
High/positive expression of ERCC1 predicts poor treatment response and survival prognosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Yang Lin , Wei Wenjie , Zhou Lei , Wang Jing , Hu Guangyuan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackground:Excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1) protein is a member of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) system, which plays an important role in DNA damage repair. Recently, its predictive and prognostic value in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has been investigated by several studies. However, their results remain controversial.Objectives:In an attempt to address this issue, we conducted the present comprehensive meta-analysis.Data sources:Studies published until November 2017 were searched. Finally, total 21 literatures involving 22 cohorts and 2921 NPC patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria.Results:The pooled results showed that high/positive expression of ERCC1 predicted poor objective response rate (ORR) [odds ratio (OR) = 2.83; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.11–3.80;P <.001], overall survival (OS) [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.77; 95% CI = 1.48–2.12;P <.001], and disease-free survival (DFS) (HR = 1.60; 95% CI = 1.43–1.79;P <.001) in NPC. Low heterogeneity was detected among these studies (ORR:I2 = 0.0%,P = .776; DFS:I2 = 38.7%,P = .148; OS:I2 = 0.0%;P = .530). The results of sensitivity analyses and publication bias verified the reliability of our findings.Conclusions:This study suggested ERCC1 as a potential predictive and prognostic biomarker for the treatment response and survival prognosis of NPC patients.