bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Non‐Proxied Empirical Investigation of Cultures Effect on Corruption
Authors: Mornah Dekuwmini , Macdermott Raymond J. 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTWe empirically examine the effect of two measures of culture, the World Values Survey and Hofstede's six dimensions, on three measures of corruption, Transparency International's CPI, the International Country Risk Guide, and the World Bank's Corruption Index. By adopting three measures of corruption and using a large data set covering many countries over many years, we offer more robust results as to the effects of aspects of culture on corruption. Using the World Values Survey, we find that Trust in society, Control over one's destiny and Respect for others decrease corruption while Obedience increases corruption. We find strong evidence that societies characterized by high Power Distance and Masculinity are more corrupt. Some evidence is found to indicate Long Term Orientation, Indulgence, and Individualism have a negative effect on corruption. The effect of Uncertainty Avoidance on corruption is unclear. The results have implications for international business leaders as well as policy makers.
University Mission Statements and Sustainability Performance
Authors: Lopez Yvette P. , Martin William F. 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the relationship between university mission statements and sustainability practices by institutions of higher education. We examine mission statement constructs and the degree to which higher educational institutions meet specific sustainability criteria in line with the College Sustainability Report Card. Our sample consists of 347 universities from the Sustainable Endowment Institute's (2011) Green Report Card. Previous research suggests that mission statements are essential for superior organizational performance outcomes. We examine the relationship between university mission statement content and sustainability practices. Findings indicate that the greater the number of specific terms used in the university mission statements, the higher the statistical likelihood that those universities had higher sustainability ratings. Findings also indicate that private institutions and nonreligious‐affiliated institutions are more likely to include sustainability constructs in their mission statements than colleges and universities with religious affiliation and public institutions. Several propositions to guide future research are discussed.
A step ahead: Exploring the gut microbiota in inpatients with bipolar disorder during a depressive episode
Authors: Painold Annamaria , Mörkl Sabrina , Kashofer Karl , Halwachs Bettina , Dalkner Nina , Bengesser Susanne , Birner Armin , Fellendorf Frederike , Platzer Martina , Queissner Robert , Schütze Gregor , Schwarz Markus J. , Moll Natalie , Holzer Peter , Holl Anna K. , Kapfhammer Hans‐Peter , Gorkiewicz Gregor , Reininghaus Eva Z. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectivesThere is evidence that the gut microbiota plays a major role in the pathogenesis of diseases of the central nervous system through the gut–brain axis. The aim of the present study was to analyze gut microbiota composition in bipolar disorder (BD) and its relation to inflammation, serum lipids, oxidative stress, tryptophan (TRP)/kynurenine (KYN) levels, anthropometric measurements and parameters of metabolic syndrome. Further, microbial community differences of individuals with BD compared with healthy controls (HC) were explored.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing of stool samples from 32 BD individuals and 10 HC. Laboratory parameters included inflammatory markers, serum lipids, KYN, oxidative stress and anthropometric measures. Microbial community analysis and correlation to clinical parameters was performed with QIIME, differential abundance analysis of taxa encompassed linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe).ResultsWe found a negative correlation between microbial alpha‐diversity and illness duration in BD (R = −0.408, P = 0.021). Furthermore, we identified bacterial clades associated with inflammatory status, serum lipids, TRP, depressive symptoms, oxidative stress, anthropometrics and metabolic syndrome in individuals with BD. LEfSe identified the phylum Actinobacteria (LDA= 4.82, P = 0.007) and the class Coriobacteria (LDA= 4.75, P = 0.010) as significantly more abundant in BD when compared with HC, and Ruminococcaceae (LDA= 4.59, P = 0.018) and Faecalibacterium (LDA= 4.09, P = 0.039) as more abundant in HC when compared with BD.ConclusionsThe present findings suggest that causes and/or consequences of BD may also lie outside the brain. Exploratory research of the gut microbiota in affective disorders like BD may identify previously unknown underlying causes, and offer new research and therapeutic approaches to mood disorders.
Increasing mortality gap for patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder—A nationwide study with 20 years of follow‐up
Authors: Staudt Hansen Pernille , Frahm Laursen Mathilde , Grøntved Simon , Puggard Vogt Straszek Sune , Licht Rasmus W. , Nielsen René Ernst 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe primary aim of this study was to examine whether the mortality of patients with bipolar disorder has increased over the past two decades as compared with the background population.MethodsAll patients registered with a bipolar disorder diagnosis in the Danish Psychiatric Research Registry from 1965 until the end of 2014, living in Denmark, alive and below the age of 65 years in the study period from 1995 to 2014 were included. Included patients reaching the age of 65 years during the study period were censored at that time point. Overall standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated for each calendar year over the study period, and trends in SMR over the study period were examined using linear regression. In addition, the SMRs were stratified according to age groups.ResultsPatients with bipolar disorder had an overall elevated mortality rate relative to the general population with an SMR of 2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.8–2.9. The highest SMR was found among the youngest (15–29 years: 8.2, 95% CI: 6.7–10.1; 30–34 years: 7.7, 95% CI: 6.4–9.3; 35–39 years: 6.2, 95% CI: 5.4–7.2; 40–44 years: 4.6, 95% CI: 4.1–5.1; 45–49 years: 3.5, 95% CI: 3.3–3.8; 50–54 years: 3.2, 95% CI: 3.0–3.4; 55–59 years: 2.7, 95% CI: 2.6–2.8; and 60–64 years: 2.2, 95% CI: 2.1–2.3). An increase in SMR of 0.03 per year in patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder (P < 0.01) was found.ConclusionsThe mortality gap between patients with bipolar disorder and the general Danish population has widened over the past two decades, which is a cause for concern, although reasons for the increasing mortality gap are unknown.
Social value, clinical equipoise, and research in a public health emergency
Authors: London Alex John 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe 2016 CIOMS International ethical guidelines for health‐related research involving humans states that ‘health‐related research should form an integral part of disaster response’ and that, ‘widespread emergency use [of unproven interventions] with inadequate data collection about patient outcomes must therefore be avoided’ (Guideline 20). This position is defended against two lines of criticism that emerged during the 2014 Ebola outbreak. One holds that desperately ill patients have a moral right to try unvalidated medical interventions (UMIs) and that it is therefore unethical to restrict access to UMIs to the clinical trial context. The second holds that clinical trials in contexts of high‐mortality diseases are morally suspect because equipoise does not exist between a standard of care that offers little prospect of clinical benefit and a UMI that might offer some clinical advantage.
Sufficient Dimension Reduction via Random-Partitions for the Large-p-Small-n Problem
Authors: Hung Hung , Huang Su-Yun 
Published: July 2018

Summary
Sufficient dimension reduction (SDR) continues to be an active field of research. When estimating the central subspace (CS), inverse regression based SDR methods involve solving a generalized eigenvalue problem, which can be problematic under the large-p-small-n situation. In recent years, new techniques have emerged in numerical linear algebra, called randomized algorithms or random sketching, for high-dimensional and large scale problems. To overcome the large-p-small-n SDR problem, we combine the idea of statistical inference with random sketching to propose a new SDR method, called integrated random-partition SDR (iRP-SDR). Our method consists of the following three steps: (i) Randomly partition the covariates into subsets to construct an envelope subspace with low dimension. (ii) Obtain a sketch of the CS by applying a conventional SDR method within the constructed envelope subspace. (iii) Repeat the above two steps many times and integrate these multiple sketches to form the final estimate of the CS. After describing the details of these steps, the asymptotic properties of iRP-SDR are established. Unlike existing methods, iRP-SDR does not involve the determination of the structural dimension until the last stage, which makes it more adaptive to a high-dimensional setting. The advantageous performance of iRP-SDR is demonstrated via simulation studies and a practical example analyzing EEG data.
Needs of parents and professionals to improve shared decision‐making in interprofessional maternity care practice: A qualitative study
Authors: Molenaar Joyce , Korstjens Irene , Hendrix Marijke , de Vries Raymond , Nieuwenhuijze Marianne 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundShared decision‐making (SDM) is a critical but challenging component of high quality maternity care. In co‐creation with parents and professionals, we are developing an intervention to improve SDM. As a first step we aimed to explore the experiences and needs of parents and professionals regarding shared decision‐making in interprofessional antenatal, natal, and postnatal care.MethodsWe organized 11 focus groups in the Netherlands in November and December 2016. Parents, primary care midwives, hospital‐based midwives, obstetricians, obstetric nurses, and maternity care assistants participated.ResultsParents and professionals recognized the SDM steps of introducing a decision (choice talk) and discussing options (option talk), but most parents did not seem to discuss preferences and weigh options with professionals before making their final decision (decision talk). Barriers to SDM were often related to interprofessional collaboration, while good communication skills of parents and professionals facilitated SDM. An intervention to improve SDM would need to: (a) increase awareness and offer insight into the SDM process and roles and responsibilities of parents and professionals, (b) develop good communication skills, and (c) encourage interprofessional collaboration. The preferred design of the intervention was online, interactive, and practical.ConclusionsParents and professionals will benefit from an intervention designed to improve SDM. A practical e‐learning for all maternity care providers and e‐health information for parents seems most appropriate. Key elements for the e‐learning are raising awareness of the roles and responsibilities of parents and professionals, developing good communication skills and encouraging interprofessional collaboration. This requires a variety of educational strategies.
Association between early‐term birth and breastfeeding initiation, duration, and exclusivity: A systematic review
Authors: Fan Heidi Sze Lok , Wong Janet Y. H. , Fong Daniel Yee Tak , Lok Kris Yuet Wan , Tarrant Marie 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundInfants born early‐term, between 37 weeks, 0 days and 38 weeks, 6 days of gestation, are more likely to have adverse health outcomes and to undergo interventions that could pose barriers to breastfeeding. The objectives of this review are to examine the effect of early‐term birth on breastfeeding initiation and the duration of any and exclusive breastfeeding.MethodsWe systematically searched PubMed, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), EMBASE, and Scopus, from January 2007 to June 2017, for studies examining the associations between early‐term birth and rates of breastfeeding initiation and the duration of any and exclusive breastfeeding.ResultsNine studies were included in the review, of which four assessed breastfeeding initiation rates, eight assessed any breastfeeding duration and two assessed exclusive breastfeeding duration. Two studies found that early‐term birth was associated with a lower rate of breastfeeding initiation and five studies reported an association between early‐term birth and breastfeeding cessation. One study found that early‐term birth was associated with a shorter duration of exclusive breastfeeding.ConclusionAlthough the majority of the reviewed studies reported that early‐term infants were less likely to be breastfed and were more likely to be breastfed for a shorter duration, study quality varied and the duration of follow‐up was short. Further research with longer follow‐up would be beneficial to better understand the effect of early‐term birth on breastfeeding.
Factors associated with breastfeeding support from health care professionals by implementing a Clinical Practice Guideline
Authors: Harillo‐Acevedo David , Ramos‐Morcillo Antonio Jesús , Ruzafa‐Martinez Maria 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence and duration of breastfeeding are at low levels and may be improved by the support of health care professionals. Our objective was to determine the effect of implementing a breastfeeding clinical practice guideline on factors associated with breastfeeding support by health care professionals, adopting a Theory of Planned Behavior approach.MethodsWe conducted an observational, cross‐sectional study during 2016 in a health area with implemented clinical practice guideline on breastfeeding, comparing the results with data from a previous cross‐sectional study (2011) in the same area, in a standard‐care area, and in a Baby‐Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI)‐accredited area. A validated questionnaire (four scales: attitudes, beliefs, subjective norms, and behavioral intention) was completed by professionals in each area. Descriptive analysis was followed by comparisons among the different settings using the chi‐square test.ResultsIn the area with the implemented clinical practice guideline, the professionals scored significantly higher in subjective norms and beliefs than had been recorded in 2011 (preimplementation), and their scores for all four scales were significantly higher than in the standard‐care area. Professionals obtained significantly higher scores for subjective norms in the BFHI‐accredited area than in the other settings.ConclusionsClinical practice guideline implementation improved the responses of professionals on breastfeeding support in subjective norms and beliefs scales. There is a need for activities to assist breastfeeding in a practical manner and for more effective measures to ensure compliance with the International Code of Marketing of Breast‐milk Substitutes.
Determinants of in‐hospital feeding practices in Shiraz, Iran: Results of a prospective cohort study
Authors: Zarshenas Mahnaz , Zhao Yun , Binns Colin W. , Scott Jane A. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundIn‐hospital feeding practices have been shown negatively to affect breastfeeding exclusivity and duration. The purpose of this study was to report the prevalence and determinants of delayed breastfeeding, provision of traditional prelacteal foods, and use of infant formula in hospital.MethodsBetween June 2014 and March 2015, 700 women were recruited from three public and two private maternity hospitals in Shiraz, Iran. Data were collected at recruitment via face‐to‐face interviews and extracted from medical records. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore the association of feeding practices with a variety of maternal characteristics and hospital practices.ResultsOnly 32.2% of infants were breastfed within 1 hour of birth, with 40.8% receiving a traditional prelacteal food, and 34.9% given formula during their hospital stay. Compared with infants delivered vaginally, those delivered by cesarean were more likely to have experienced delayed breastfeeding and received formula, but less likely to have received traditional prelacteal foods. Infants who did not experience skin‐to‐skin contact were more likely to have experienced delayed breastfeeding and received traditional prelacteal foods and formula in hospital.ConclusionsAlthough four out of the five hospitals were designated as Baby‐Friendly, several of the 10 Steps to Successful Breastfeeding were not adhered to. The high rate of cesarean delivery was a barrier to the early initiation of breastfeeding and the majority of infants did not experience early skin‐to‐skin contact. Maternity care practices should be reviewed and include a clear breastfeeding care plan for women who undergo a cesarean delivery.
Women's preference for vaginal birth after a first delivery by cesarean
Authors: Attanasio Laura B. , Kozhimannil Katy B. , Kjerulff Kristen H. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundNearly 90% ofUnited Statespregnant women with a prior cesarean give birth by repeat cesarean. Public health goals encourage greater use of vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC), but there is little prospective data on predictors of women's preference forVBAC. We characterized predictors of women's preferred mode of delivery after a first cesarean and thematically categorized reasons for their preference.MethodsData were from a cohort of 3006 women whose first childbirth was in Pennsylvania in 2009‐2011. The analytic sample included women who had their first birth by cesarean and reported mode of delivery preference for their next delivery at 12 months postpartum (n = 616). Associations with future birth mode preference were assessed using multivariate logistic regression, and reasons for preference were categorized using content analysis.ResultsAt 12 months postpartum, 45% of women who delivered by cesarean in their first birth wanted to have their next delivery vaginally. Independent predictors ofVBACpreference were Black race/ethnicity, nonrecurrent indication for the first cesarean, planning three or more additional children, and difficulty recovering from the first cesarean. The most common reason for preferring a vaginal birth was wanting the experience of vaginal birth; the most common reason for preferring cesarean birth was that the first birth was by cesarean.ConclusionNearly half of respondents preferredVBACin future births, but national estimates indicate that only about 12% of women with prior cesareans have aVBAC. This suggests a need to ensure greater access toVBACfor women who want it.
The genetic landscape of anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
Authors: Phillips Joanna J. , Gong Henry , Chen Katharine , Joseph Nancy M. , van Ziffle Jessica , Bastian Boris C. , Grenert James P. , Kline Cassie N. , Mueller Sabine , Banerjee Anuradha , Nicolaides Theodore , Gupta Nalin , Berger Mitchel S. , Lee Han S. , Pekmezci Melike , Tihan Tarik , Bollen Andrew W. , Perry Arie , Shieh Joseph T.C. , Solomon David A. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) is an astrocytic neoplasm that is typically well circumscribed and can have a relatively favorable prognosis. Tumor progression to anaplastic PXA (WHO grade III), however, is associated with a more aggressive biologic behavior and worse prognosis. The factors that drive anaplastic progression are largely unknown. We performed comprehensive genomic profiling on a set of 23 PXAs from 19 patients, including 15 with anaplastic PXA. Four patients had tumor tissue from multiple recurrences, including two with anaplastic progression. We find that PXAs are genetically defined by the combination of CDKN2A biallelic inactivation and RAF alterations that were present in all 19 cases, most commonly as CDKN2A homozygous deletion and BRAF p.V600E mutation but also occasionally BRAF or RAF1 fusions or other rearrangements. The third most commonly altered gene in anaplastic PXA was TERT, with 47% (7/15) harboring TERT alterations, either gene amplification (n = 2) or promoter hotspot mutation (n = 5). In tumor pairs analyzed before and after anaplastic progression, two had increased copy number alterations and one had TERT promoter mutation at recurrence. Less commonly altered genes included TP53, BCOR, BCORL1, ARID1A, ATRX, PTEN, and BCL6. All PXA in this cohort were IDH and histone H3 wildtype, and did not contain alterations in EGFR. Genetic profiling performed on six regions from the same tumor identified intratumoral genomic heterogeneity, likely reflecting clonal evolution during tumor progression. Overall, anaplastic PXA is characterized by the combination of CDKN2A biallelic inactivation and oncogenic RAF kinase signaling as well as a relatively small number of additional genetic alterations, with the most common being TERT amplification or promoter mutation. These data define a distinct molecular profile for PXA and suggest additional genetic alterations, including TERT, may be associated with anaplastic progression.
Fingerprints of CNS drug effects: a plasma neuroendocrine reflection of D2 receptor activation using multi‐biomarker pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling
Authors: van den Brink Willem J , van den Berg Dirk‐Jan , Bonsel Floor E M , Hartman Robin , Wong Yin‐Cheong , van der Graaf Piet H , de Lange Elizabeth C M 
Published: July 2018

Background and PurposeBecause biological systems behave as networks, multi‐biomarker approaches increasingly replace single biomarker approaches in drug development. To improve the mechanistic insights into CNS drug effects, a plasma neuroendocrine fingerprint was identified using multi‐biomarker pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling. Short‐ and long‐term D2 receptor activation was evaluated using quinpirole as a paradigm compound.Experimental ApproachRats received 0, 0.17 or 0.86 mg·kg−1 of the D2 agonist quinpirole i.v. Quinpirole concentrations in plasma and brain extracellular fluid (brainECF), as well as plasma concentrations of 13 hormones and neuropeptides, were measured. Experiments were performed at day 1 and repeated after 7‐day s.c. drug administration. PK/PD modelling was applied to identify the in vivo concentration–effect relations and neuroendocrine dynamics.Key ResultsThe quinpirole pharmacokinetics were adequately described by a two‐compartment model with an unbound brainECF‐to‐plasma concentration ratio of 5. The release of adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), growth hormone, prolactin and thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary was influenced. Except for ACTH, D2 receptor expression levels on the pituitary hormone‐releasing cells predicted the concentration–effect relationship differences. Baseline levels (ACTH, prolactin, TSH), hormone release (ACTH) and potency (TSH) changed with treatment duration.Conclusions and ImplicationsThe integrated multi‐biomarker PK/PD approach revealed a fingerprint reflecting D2 receptor activation. This forms the conceptual basis for in vivo evaluation of on‐ and off‐target CNS drug effects. The effect of treatment duration is highly relevant given the long‐term use of D2 agonists in clinical practice. Further development towards quantitative systems pharmacology models will eventually facilitate mechanistic drug development.