bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sociodemographic patterns of urine sodium excretion and its association with hypertension in Chile: a cross-sectional analysis
Authors: Petermann-Rocha Fanny , Sillars Anne , Brown Rosemary , Sweeney Lauren , Troncoso Claudia , García-Hermoso Antonio , Leiva Ana María , Martínez María Adela , Diaz-Martínez Ximena , Poblete-Valderrama Felipe , Garrido-Mendez Alex , Cataldo Ximena , Gonzalez José Iturra , Salas Carlos , Lara José , Gray Stuart R , Celis-Morales Carlos 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the study was to determine the main factors (sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle and health status) associated with high Na excretion in a representative population of Chile.DesignNa excretion (g/d), a valid marker of Na intake, was determined by urine analysis and Tanaka’s formulas. Blood pressure was measured by trained staff and derived from the mean of three readings recorded after 15 min rest. The associations of Na excretion with blood pressure and the primary correlates of high Na excretion were determined using logistic regression.SettingChileans aged ≥15 years.ParticipantsParticipants (n 2913) from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009–2010.ResultsIndividuals aged 25 years or over, those who were obese and those who had hypertension, diabetes or metabolic syndrome were more likely to have higher Na excretion. The odds for hypertension increased by 10·2 % per 0·4 g/d increment in Na excretion (OR=1·10; 95 % CI 1·06, 1·14; P < 0·0001). These findings were independent of major confounding factors.ConclusionsAge, sex, adiposity, sitting behaviours and existing co-morbidities such as diabetes were associated with higher Na excretion levels in the Chilean population. These findings could help policy makers to implement public health strategies tailored towards individuals who are more likely to consume high levels of dietary salt.
Many roads from pasture to plate: a commodity chain approach to China’s beef trade, 1732–1931
Authors: DuBois Thomas David 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe advent of refrigerated transport made fresh beef a global commodity, linking South American and Australian producers to hungry consumers in Europe and North America. With vast supplies of cattle, and growing markets in Japan, Russia, and beyond, China was the last great frontier of this global transformation. Rather than a single export trade, China’s beef industry was a complex and multidirectional network of producers, processors, and consumers, its many production chains each facing distinct commercial, logistic, and political challenges. This article examines three such chains, the Qing-era caravan trade that drove live sheep and cattle to Beijing, the Harbin meat-packing industry that grew up around the Russian China Eastern Railway, and Japanese-dominated export of beef from Qingdao. A cross-section of these issues shows how the industry as a whole adapted to the new pressures and opportunities of globalization, as well as those presented by technology, foreign investment, imperialism, and war.
Before UNEP: who was in charge of the global environment? The struggle for institutional responsibility 1968–72
Authors: Borowy Iris 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMany of the international technical agencies formed after 1945 addressed environmental topics within their specific fields of work. By the late 1960s, a growing awareness of pollution and an emerging environmental movement in Western countries led to a perceived need for more coordinated and institutionalized international cooperation on the environment. Before the landmark United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, held in Stockholm in 1972, and the subsequent creation of the UN Environment Programme, several organizations competed for recognition as principal reference organizations for environmental matters. This article analyses the combination of cooperation and rivalry, involving in particular the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE). Among other initiatives, the OECD became the first international organization to establish a permanent committee specifically dedicated to environmental issues and the ECE organized a Conference on Environmental Problems, held in Prague in 1971. Both called for a critical review of the dominant growth-centred economic model. Their analysis adds a neglected dimension to the origins of today’s international structure of environmental cooperation as well as to the long-term evolution of economic environmental thinking.
Three‐Dimensional Signature of the Red Sea Eddies and Eddy‐Induced Transport
Authors: Zhan Peng , Krokos George , Guo Daquan , Hoteit Ibrahim 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMesoscale eddies are a dominant feature of the Red Sea circulation, yet their three‐dimensional characteristics remain largely unexplored. This hinders our understanding about eddy‐induced transport in the basin. This study analyzes 14‐year outputs from a high‐resolution eddy‐resolving model to investigate the three‐dimensional signature of the Red Sea eddies, their contribution to the air‐sea flux, and the eddy‐induced transport of heat and salt. Eddies are mostly active and energetic in the central and northern Red Sea. Their variability explains ∼8% of the total variance in the surface heat flux and, particularly, ∼39% in the salt flux. The asymmetric eddy structure and meridional gradient drive significant transport of heat and salt across the basin. A negative feedback mechanism is identified that relates the eddy intensity and the meridional steepness of the mixed layer depth in the basin.
Changes in Terrestrial Water Storage During 2003–2014 and Possible Causes in Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Meng Fanchong , Su Fengge , Li Ying , Tong Kai 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe spatial‐temporal changes in terrestrial water storage (TWS) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and six selected basins during 2003–2014 were analyzed by applying the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment data and the extended Variable Infiltration Capacity‐glacier model, including the upstream of Yangtze (UYA), Yellow (UYE), Brahmaputra (UB), and Indus river basins and the Inner TP and the Qaidam Basin. The possible causes of TWS changes were investigated from the perspective of surface water balance and TWS components through multisource data and the Variable Infiltration Capacity‐glacier model. There was a strong spatial heterogeneity in changes of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment TWS in the TP—with apparent mass accumulation in central and northern TP and a sharp decreasing trend in southern and northwestern TP. The TWS changes in the TP were mostly attributed to variations in precipitation and evapotranspiration from the perspective of land‐surface water balance. Precipitation played a dominant role on the TWS accumulation in the UYA and UYE, while evapotranspiration had a more important role than precipitation in TWS depletion in the UB. From the perspective of TWS components, the TWS increase in the UYA and UYE was mainly caused by an increase in soil moisture, whereas the decrease in TWS in the UB was mostly due to glacier mass loss. TWS was accumulating from March through August in southeastern TP while from November to April/May in northwestern TP. The seasonal variations of TWS are highly modulated by the large‐scale climate system, atmospheric moisture flux, and precipitation regime over the TP.
Changes in the Interannual Summer Drought Variation Along With the Regime Shift Over Northwest China in the Late 1980s
Authors: Zhu Ya Li , Liu Yang , Wang Hui Jun , Sun Jian Qi 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe arid/semiarid region of Northwest China (NWC, north to 35°N, and west to 100°E in China) experienced significant wetting after the late 1980s. We used both the summer precipitation and standardized precipitation indices (precipitation index [PI] and standardized precipitation index) to reexamine the regime shift. Consistent with the rainfall, the drought condition represented by the standardized precipitation index was significantly alleviated over most areas of NWC during P2 (1989–2016) than that during P1 (1961–1988). Along with the increased rainfall over the NWC, significant changes also occur in the interannual variation‐related circulation. The Ural High (UH) was found to be closely related with the interdecadal change during the late 1980s. The NWC PI‐related wave propagation from the UH weakened after the late 1980s. The persistent tropical Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) from the preceding winter to the summer were also found to influence the NWC PI through modulating the South Asian High during P1. However, during P2, the ENSO signals in the preceding winter, which can be memorized by the Indian Ocean SST in the spring and propagate to the Indo‐Pacific SST in the summer, can influence the NWC PI. The wave train pattern in the convection from the Maritime Continent to NWC and northwestern Europe seems to be a key bridge. The UH seems to be independent of the above SST‐forced atmospheric circulations. The SST signals of the preceding winter can provide useful information for the summer drought prediction in NWC.
A Supercooled Water Cloud Detection Algorithm Using Himawari‐8 Satellite Measurements
Authors: Wang Ziming , Letu Husi , Shang Huazhe , Zhao Chuanfeng , Li Jiming , Ma Run 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe detection of supercooled water clouds (SWCs) is essential for artificial rain enhancement, the prevention of aircraft ice accretion, and better understanding of radiative energy balance. However, it is challenging to identify SWCs using only passive satellite measurements. We adopt measurements from the Advanced Himawari Imager, which is onboard the new‐generation, high temporal, spatial, and spectral resolution geostationary Himawari‐8 satellite, to develop a time‐continuous Himawari‐8 SWC (HSWC) algorithm. The HSWC algorithm includes a group of tests using comprehensive cloud properties (e.g., cloud phase [CPH], cloud top temperature, cloud optical thickness, and cloud effective radius [CER]). Unlike previous SWC detection algorithms, which are based on cloud top temperature and cloud optical thickness properties, we introduce CER and CPH information into the HSWC algorithm because the distribution of SWCs is sensitive to CER values, and SWCs may appear in mixed‐phase clouds identified by satellites. Our analyses indicate that the additions of the CER and CPH tests could improve the performance of SWC detection by 15.07% and 4.75%, respectively. The full disk SWC detection results identified by the HSWC algorithm in January, May, August, and October of 2017 are validated using lidar measurements. The hit rate and false alarm rate are 93.52% and 25.27%, respectively. Our study provides potential SWC regions for the implementation of artificial rain enhancement.
Modes of Berm and Beachface Recovery Following Storm Reset: Observations Using a Continuously Scanning Lidar
Authors: Phillips M. S. , Blenkinsopp C. E. , Splinter K. D. , Harley M. D. , Turner I. L. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractFollowing the rapid and destructive impacts of storm erosion, beach recovery is a key natural process of restoration, returning eroded sediment to the subaerial beach and rebuilding coastal morphology. While the effects of storm erosion have commonly been investigated, detailed studies into poststorm recovery are currently lacking. This study investigates wave‐driven recovery processes of the berm and beachface on a microtidal, swash‐aligned sandy beach. Following complete removal of the berm by a significant storm event, the entire 76‐day rebuilding of a swash berm is analyzed at the timescale of every semidiurnal tidal cycle, utilizing high‐resolution (5 Hz) swash and subaerial beach profile measurements from a continuously scanning fixed lidar. Tide‐by‐tide rates of subaerial volume change during berm recovery were most frequently observed between 1 and 2 m3/m/day, including losses and gains an order of magnitude larger than the more gradual rate of net gain (0.7 m3/m/day) observed for the entire recovery period. Patterns of berm crest formation and vertical growth were found to be primarily governed by the neap‐spring tide variations in total water levels. Tide‐by‐tide beachface and berm volume changes were used to classify four principal behavioral modes of subaerial profile variability during recovery. Using decision tree classification, modes were differentiated according to nearshore dimensionless fall velocity, swash exceedance of the berm crest, and ocean water levels. The findings provide novel behavioral and parametric insight into the tide‐by‐tide rebuilding of the beachface and berm by swash throughout a complete poststorm recovery period.
Geophysical Monitoring of Hydrocarbon Biodegradation in Highly Conductive Environments
Authors: Kimak C. , Ntarlagiannis D. , Slater L. D. , Atekwana E. A. , Beaver C. L. , Rossbach S. , Porter A. , Ustra A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractNatural attenuation is very often the remediation method of necessity, rather than choice, for beach environments impacted by offshore exploration/drilling accidents. Robust methods that can be efficiently utilized in difficult to access and ecologically sensitive areas are needed for the long‐term monitoring of such degradation processes. A prime candidate for such a monitoring tool is the spectral induced polarization (SIP) method, a geophysical technique successfully used for characterization and monitoring of hydrocarbon degradation in freshwater environments. In this laboratory experiment the SIP method successfully monitored the natural degradation of beach sediments impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Using the SIP, we were able to differentiate between biotic (e.g., microbial driven) and abiotic (e.g., dilution) degradation processes and infer degradation rates. To our knowledge this is the first effort to use the SIP method as a monitoring aid in high salinity environments.
Lingering Carbon Cycle Effects of Hurricane Matthew in North Carolina's Coastal Waters
Authors: Osburn Christopher L. , Rudolph Jacob C. , Paerl Hans W. , Hounshell Alexandria G. , Van Dam Bryce R. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn 2016, Hurricane Matthew accounted for 25% of the annual riverine C loading to the Neuse River Estuary‐Pamlico Sound, in eastern North Carolina. Unlike inland watersheds, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was the dominant component of C flux from this coastal watershed and stable carbon isotope and chromophoric dissolved organic matter evidence indicated the estuary and sound were dominated by wetland‐derived terrigenous organic matter sources for several months following the storm. Persistence of wetland‐derived DOC enabled its degradation to carbon dioxide (CO2), which was supported by sea‐to‐air CO2 fluxes measured in the sound weeks after the storm. Under future increasingly extreme weather events such as Hurricane Matthew, and most recently Hurricane Florence (September 2018), degradation of terrestrial DOC in floodwaters could increase flux of CO2 from estuaries and coastal waters to the atmosphere.
High-resolution respirometry in human endomyocardial biopsies shows reduced ventricular oxidative capacity related to heart failure
Authors: Scheiber Daniel , Jelenik Tomas , Zweck Elric , Horn Patrick , Schultheiss Heinz-Peter , Lassner Dirk , Boeken Udo , Saeed Diyar , Kelm Malte , Roden Michael , Westenfeld Ralf , Szendroedi Julia 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe lifetime risk of developing heart failure is approximately 20%, and survival rates remain poor. Myocardial mitochondrial function has been suggested to play a pivotal role in heart failure pathophysiology. Human studies on ex vivo mitochondrial function have mostly been limited to atrial tissue obtained during open heart surgery and have provided contradictory results. This study aimed at measuring myocardial mitochondrial function in transcatheter ventricular endomyocardial biopsies and assessing the relationship between oxidative capacity and heart function. We enrolled 40 heart failure patients undergoing ventricular assist device surgery or heart transplantation (34 males, age 57 ± 11 years, body mass index 26.6 ± 4.8 kg/m2) and 29 heart transplant recipients of comparable age and body mass index with normal left ventricular function undergoing surveillance biopsies (23 males, 57 ± 12 years, body mass index 26.2 ± 4.1 kg/m2). High-resolution respirometry was established in the myocardium to measure oxidative capacity ex vivo. The mitochondrial oxidative capacity was 90% higher in ventricular compared to atrial tissues (n = 11, p < 0.01) of explanted hearts. Respiration rates were comparable in ventricular samples of heart failure patients obtained during open heart surgery by standard tissue preparation or ex vivo endomyocardial biopsy (r = 0.9988, p < 0.0001, n = 8), and the mitochondrial oxidative capacity in samples from these patients remained stable for 8 h when stored in either of two common preservation buffers. The oxidative capacity was 44% lower in heart failure than in transplant recipients (67 ± 3 vs. 97 ± 5 pmol/[s mg], p < 0.0001) and correlated positively with heart function (r = 0.49, p < 0.01). High-resolution respirometry of ventricular tissue is feasible in transcatheter biopsies, facilitating clinical studies on myocardial mitochondrial function in patients not undergoing heart surgery.
Molecular basis for the production of cyclic peptides by plant asparaginyl endopeptidases
Authors: Jackson M. A. , Gilding E. K. , Shafee T. , Harris K. S. , Kaas Q. , Poon S. , Yap K. , Jia H. , Guarino R. , Chan L. Y. , Durek T. , Anderson M. A. , Craik D. J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAsparaginyl endopeptidases (AEPs) are proteases that have crucial roles in plant defense and seed storage protein maturation. Select plant AEPs, however, do not function as proteases but as transpeptidases (ligases) catalyzing the intra-molecular ligation of peptide termini, which leads to peptide cyclization. These ligase-type AEPs have potential biotechnological applications ranging from in vitro peptide engineering to plant molecular farming, but the structural features enabling these enzymes to catalyze peptide ligation/cyclization rather than proteolysis are currently unknown. Here, we compare the sequences, structures, and functions of diverse plant AEPs by combining molecular modeling, sequence space analysis, and functional testing in planta. We find that changes within the substrate-binding pocket and an adjacent loop, here named the “marker of ligase activity”, together play a key role for AEP ligase efficiency. Identification of these structural determinants may facilitate the discovery of more ligase-type AEPs and the engineering of AEPs with tailored catalytic properties.
Decadal biomass increment in early secondary succession woody ecosystems is increased by CO2 enrichment
Authors: Walker Anthony P. , De Kauwe Martin G. , Medlyn Belinda E. , Zaehle Sönke , Iversen Colleen M. , Asao Shinichi , Guenet Bertrand , Harper Anna , Hickler Thomas , Hungate Bruce A. , Jain Atul K. , Luo Yiqi , Lu Xingjie , Lu Meng , Luus Kristina , Megonigal J. Patrick , Oren Ram , Ryan Edmund , Shu Shijie , Talhelm Alan , Wang Ying-Ping , Warren Jeffrey M. , Werner Christian , Xia Jianyang , Yang Bai , Zak Donald R. , Norby Richard J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIncreasing atmospheric CO2 stimulates photosynthesis which can increase net primary production (NPP), but at longer timescales may not necessarily increase plant biomass. Here we analyse the four decade-long CO2-enrichment experiments in woody ecosystems that measured total NPP and biomass. CO2 enrichment increased biomass increment by 1.05 ± 0.26 kg C m−2 over a full decade, a 29.1 ± 11.7% stimulation of biomass gain in these early-secondary-succession temperate ecosystems. This response is predictable by combining the CO2 response of NPP (0.16 ± 0.03 kg C m−2 y−1) and the CO2-independent, linear slope between biomass increment and cumulative NPP (0.55 ± 0.17). An ensemble of terrestrial ecosystem models fail to predict both terms correctly. Allocation to wood was a driver of across-site, and across-model, response variability and together with CO2-independence of biomass retention highlights the value of understanding drivers of wood allocation under ambient conditions to correctly interpret and predict CO2 responses.
PLCβ2 negatively regulates the inflammatory response to virus infection by inhibiting phosphoinositide-mediated activation of TAK1
Authors: Wang Lin , Zhou Yilong , Chen Zijuan , Sun Lei , Wu Juehui , Li Haohao , Liu Feng , Wang Fei , Yang Chunfu , Yang Juhao , Leng Qibin , Zhang Qingli , Xu Ajing , Shen Lisong , Sun Jinqiao , Wu Dianqing , Fang Caiyun , Lu Haojie , Yan Dapeng , Ge Baoxue 
Published: February 2019

AbstractExcessive or uncontrolled release of proinflammatory cytokines caused by severe viral infections often results in host tissue injury or even death. Phospholipase C (PLC)s degrade phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) lipids and regulate multiple cellular events. Here, we report that PLCβ2 inhibits the virus-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by interacting with and inhibiting transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) activation. Mechanistically, PI(4,5)P2 lipids directly interact with TAK1 at W241 and N245, and promote its activation. Impairing of PI(4,5)P2’s binding affinity or mutation of PIP2-binding sites on TAK1 abolish its activation and the subsequent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, PLCβ2-deficient mice exhibit increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and a higher frequency of death in response to virus infection, while the PLCβ2 activator, m-3M3FBS, protects mice from severe Coxsackie virus A 16 (CVA16) infection. Thus, our findings suggest that PLCβ2 negatively regulates virus-induced pro-inflammatory responses by inhibiting phosphoinositide-mediated activation of TAK1.
Retrospective model-based inference guides model-free credit assignment
Authors: Moran Rani , Keramati Mehdi , Dayan Peter , Dolan Raymond J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAn extensive reinforcement learning literature shows that organisms assign credit efficiently, even under conditions of state uncertainty. However, little is known about credit-assignment when state uncertainty is subsequently resolved. Here, we address this problem within the framework of an interaction between model-free (MF) and model-based (MB) control systems. We present and support experimentally a theory of MB retrospective-inference. Within this framework, a MB system resolves uncertainty that prevailed when actions were taken thus guiding an MF credit-assignment. Using a task in which there was initial uncertainty about the lotteries that were chosen, we found that when participants’ momentary uncertainty about which lottery had generated an outcome was resolved by provision of subsequent information, participants preferentially assigned credit within a MF system to the lottery they retrospectively inferred was responsible for this outcome. These findings extend our knowledge about the range of MB functions and the scope of system interactions.