bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetic model to describe the morphological evolution of filamentous fungi during their early stages of growth in the standard submerged and microparticle‐enhanced cultivations
Authors: Kowalska Anna , Boruta Tomasz , Bizukojc Marcin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBiosynthesis of metabolites and enzymes by filamentous fungi depends on their morphological form in submerged cultures. However, their early stages of growth lasting approximately 24 h, from the introduction of spores to the medium until the formation of stable morphological forms, such as clumps or pellets, have rarely been the objects of experimental and modeling studies. Microparticle‐enhanced cultivation (MPEC) has been applied only to a few fungal species, mainly Aspergilli. Therefore, the objective of this work was to formulate the kinetic model to describe the early stages of the fungal evolution in the standard cultivation and MPEC for Aspergillus terreus, Chaetomium globosum, Penicillium rubens, and Mucor racemosus. These fungi exhibit various mechanisms of agglomerates formation in submerged cultures. The experiments were performed in batch shake flasks (parameters identification) and a stirred tank bioreactor (model verification). In the balance equation for fungal cells, the mean projected area of hyphal objects measured by the digital analysis of microscopic images was used as the dependent variable. The analysis of the experimental data and model solution revealed that the effect of the microparticles (aluminum oxide at 6 g L−1) in MPEC toward the studied filamentous fungi was to the high extent species dependent. This effect was most evident in the case of spore coagulative A. terreus and noncoagulative M. racemosus.
KIT mutation in a naïve succinate dehydrogenase‐deficient gastric GIST
Authors: Brcic Iva , Kashofer Karl , Skone Daniela , Liegl‐Atzwanger Bernadette 
Published: May 2019

AbstractUp to 85% of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) harbor mutually exclusive mutations in the KIT or the PDGFRA gene. Among others, known as wild type GIST, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)‐deficient tumors develop due to genetic or epigenetic alterations in any of four SDH genes. Herein, we present a unique case of SDH‐deficient GIST with an unusual heterogeneous SDHA and SDHB staining pattern and mutations detected in the SDHA and KIT gene. A 50‐year‐old patient presented with a 5 cm large gastric tumor with a multinodular/plexiform growth pattern, mixed epithelioid and spindle cell morphology, and focal pronounced nuclear atypia with hyperchromasia and high mitotic activity. Immunohistochemically, CD117 and DOG‐1 were positive. SDHB and SDHA stains showed loss of expression in some of the nodules, whereas others presented with an unusually weak patchy positivity. Molecular analysis revealed a point mutation in exon 5 of the SDHA gene and a mutation in exon 11 of the KIT gene. We hypothesize that based on the allele frequency of SDHA and KIT mutations the tumor is best regarded as SDH‐deficient GIST in which the SDHA mutation represents the most likely driver mutation. The identified KIT mutation raises the distinct possibility that the KIT mutation is a secondary event reflecting clonal evolution. This is the first case of a treatment naïve GIST harboring a somatic SDHA and a KIT mutation, challenging the dogma that oncogenic mutations in treatment naïve GIST are mutually exclusive.
HIV‐1 Tat promotes astrocytic release of CCL2 through MMP/PAR‐1 signaling
Authors: Bozzelli P. Lorenzo , Yin Tao , Avdoshina Valeria , Mocchetti Italo , Conant Katherine E. , Maguire‐Zeiss Kathleen A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe HIV‐1 protein Tat is continually released by HIV‐infected cells despite effective combination antiretroviral therapies (cART). Tat promotes neurotoxicity through enhanced expression of proinflammatory molecules from resident and infiltrating immune cells. These molecules include matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are pathologically elevated in HIV, and are known to drive central nervous system (CNS) injury in varied disease settings. A subset of MMPs can activate G‐protein coupled protease‐activated receptor 1 (PAR‐1), a receptor that is highly expressed on astrocytes. Although PAR‐1 expression is increased in HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), its role in HAND pathogenesis remains understudied. Herein, we explored Tat's ability to induce expression of the PAR‐1 agonists MMP‐3 and MMP‐13. We also investigated MMP/PAR‐1‐mediated release of CCL2, a chemokine that drives CNS entry of HIV infected monocytes and remains a significant correlate of cognitive dysfunction in the era of cART. Tat exposure significantly increased the expression of MMP‐3 and MMP‐13. These PAR‐1 agonists both stimulated the release of astrocytic CCL2, and both genetic knock‐out and pharmacological inhibition of PAR‐1 reduced CCL2 release. Moreover, in HIV‐infected post‐mortem brain tissue, within‐sample analyses revealed a correlation between levels of PAR‐1‐activating MMPs, PAR‐1, and CCL2. Collectively, these findings identify MMP/PAR‐1 signaling to be involved in the release of CCL2, which may underlie Tat‐induced neuroinflammation.
Projected oropharyngeal carcinoma incidence among middle‐aged US men
Authors: Xu Li , Dahlstrom Kristina R. , Lairson David R. , Sturgis Erich M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence of oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) is rapidly increasing. This study aimed to describe the temporal trends and projection of OPC incidence.MethodsIncidence data were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and trends were calculated using the joinpoint regression model.ResultsThe incidence of OPC in the US population significantly increased by 1.94% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.65%‐2.23%) per year from 2000 to 2015. OPC was projected to increase continuously over the next 30 years, with more than half of projected new OPC cases being found in non‐Hispanic white men aged 55‐69 years. By 2045, OPC will become the third most common cancer in 55‐69‐year‐old non‐Hispanic white men in the United States.ConclusionsThe incidence of OPC is expected to increase substantially in the US population, particularly among middle‐aged non‐Hispanic white men. Our projections may have implications for policy makers.
Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure Compounds Employing Anodic Oxidations of Carboxylic Acids – A Late Review of Research Done in the 1980ies
Authors: Seebach Dieter 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThere are widely unknown enantiopure building blocks and non‐conventional transformations described in this old work that could become useful in today's diversity‐oriented organic synthesis world. Coupling and mixed couplings of functionalized CF3‐substituted chiral radicals by Kolbe electrolysis of carboxylic acids lead to hexafluoro‐hexane‐2,5‐diol and to butyro‐ and valerolactone derivatives with functional‐group relationships that normally require components with reactivity umpolung. Oxidative decarboxylation of amino‐acid and peptide derivatives by Hofer‐Moest electrolyses provide entry into the synthetic use of chiral acyliminium‐ion intermediates. Chiral oxazoline and thioazoline building blocks (from serine, threonine, and cysteine) are accessible for substitutions and cycloadditions. The stereochemical course of oxidative CO2H replacement in serine by nucleophilically introduced groups with retention of configuration is discussed.
The effects of GSK2981710, a medium‐chain triglyceride, on cognitive function in healthy older participants: A randomised, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: O'Neill Barry V. , Dodds Chris M. , Miller Sam R. , Gupta Ashutosh , Lawrence Philip , Bullman Jonathan , Chen Chao , Dewit Odile , Kumar Subramanya , Dustagheer Mushi , Price Jeffrey , Shabbir Shaila , Nathan Pradeep J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveThis double‐blind, randomised, placebo‐controlled, two‐part study assessed the impact of GSK2981710, a medium‐chain triglyceride (MCT) that liberates ketone bodies, on cognitive function, safety, and tolerability in healthy older adults.MethodsPart 1 was a four‐period dose‐selection study (n = 8 complete). Part 2 was a two‐period crossover study (n = 80 complete) assessing the acute (Day 1) and prolonged (Day 15) effects of GSK2981710 on cognition and memory‐related neuronal activity. Safety and tolerability of MCT supplementation were monitored in both parts of the study.ResultsThe most common adverse event was diarrhoea (100% and 75% of participants in Parts 1 and 2, respectively). Most adverse events were mild to moderate, and 11% participants were withdrawn due to one or more adverse events. Although GSK2981710 (30 g/day) resulted in increased peak plasma β‐hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations, no significant improvements in cognitive function or memory‐related neuronal activity were observed.ConclusionOver a duration of 14 days, increasing plasma BHB levels with daily administration of GSK2981710 had no effects on neuronal activity or cognitive function. This result indicates that modulating plasma ketone levels with GSK2981710 may be ineffective in improving cognitive function in healthy older adults, or the lack of observed effect could be related to several factors including study population, plasma BHB concentrations, MCT composition, or treatment duration.
Identification of differentially expressed genes in primary Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Zhang Lei , Xu Poshi , Wang Xiaoyu , Zhang Zongshan , Zhao Wenxin , Li Zhengmin , Yang Guangxia , Liu Panpan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPrimary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that affects exocrine glands. To study the molecular mechanism and identify crucial genes/pathways in pSS pathogenesis, the microarray‐based whole‐genome gene expression profiles from salivary glands of patients with pSS and non‐sicca controls were retrieved. After normalization and subsequent batch effect adjustment, significance analysis of microarrays method was applied to five available datasets, and 379 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. The 300 upregulated DEGs were enriched in Gene Ontology terms of immune and inflammatory responses, including antigen processing and presentation, interferon‐mediated signaling pathway, and chemotaxis. Previously reported pSS‐associated genes, including HLA‐DRA, TAP2, PRDM1, and IFI16, were found to be significantly upregulated. The downregulated DEGs were enriched in pathways of salivary secretion, carbohydrate digestion and absorption, and starch and sucrose metabolism, implying dysfunction of salivary glands during pathogenesis. Next, a protein‐protein interaction network was constructed, and B2M, an upregulated DEG, was shown to be a hub, suggesting its potential involvement in pSS development. In summary, we found the activation of pSS‐associated genes in pathogenesis, and provide clues for salivary glands dysfunction. Experimental investigation on the identified DEGs in this study will deepen our understanding on pSS.
p53/miR‐30a‐5p/SOX4 feedback loop mediates cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Quan Xiaowei , Li Xuelian , Yin Zhihua , Ren Yangwu , Zhou Baosen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMany microRNAs (miRNAs) play vital roles in the tumorigenesis and development of cancers. In this study, we aimed to identify the differentially expressed miRNAs and their specific mechanisms in non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Based on data from the GSE56036 database, miR‐30a‐5p expression was identified to be downregulated in NSCLC. Further investigations showed that overexpression of miR‐30a‐5p inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and promoted apoptosis in NSCLC. Increase of miR‐30a‐5p level could induce the increase of Bax protein level and decrease of Bcl‐2 protein level. In addition, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that miR‐30a‐5p expression was induced by binding of p53 to the promoter of MIR30A. Bioinformatics prediction indicated that miR‐30a‐5p targets SOX4, and western blot analysis indicated that overexpression of the miRNA decreases the SOX4 protein expression level, which in turn regulated the level of p53. Thus, this study provides evidence for the existence of a p53/miR‐30a‐5p/SOX4 feedback loop, which likely plays a key role in the regulation of proliferation, apoptosis, and migration in NSCLC, highlighting a new therapeutic target.
Multi‐model analysis of climate impacts on plant photosynthesis in China during 2000–2015
Authors: Yan Hao , Wang Shao‐Qiang , Wang Jun‐Bang , Cao Yun , Xu Ling‐Ling , Wu Men‐Xin , Cheng Lu , Mao Liu‐Xi , Zhao Feng‐Hua , Zhang Xian‐Zhou , Liu Yun‐Fen , Wang Yan‐Fen , Chen Shi‐Ping , Li Ying‐Nian , Han Shi‐Jie , Zhou Guo‐Yi , Zhang Yi‐Ping , Shugart Herman H. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDifferences, arising from differences in gross primary production (GPP) model structures and driving forces, have fuelled arguments concerning interannual changes of GPP in China since 2000. To better investigate the interannual variability of GPP and its covariance with climate factors in China, this study adopted a multi‐model analysis based on three GPP models (i.e., Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon flux model [TEC], Breathing Earth System Simulator model [BESS], and MOD17 GPP model). The results show that annual GPP in China increased by 0.021–0.057 Pg C year−1from 2000 to 2015 attributable to atmospheric‐CO2fertilization effects and favourable climate change, that is, increasing precipitation (Pr) and temperature (Ta). However, northern China and southern China had a large difference in the amplitude of these GPP changes; annual GPP increased by 0.017–0.039 Pg C year−1in northern China but only 0.001–0.018 Pg C year−1in southern China. Northern China and southern China occupy contrasting climate zones and this contrast produced different interannual variability of GPP through different mechanisms. Northern China has a dry climate with GPP changes sensitive toPr. As a result, morePralong with higherTain northern China produced the strong uptrend of GPP from 2000 to 2015. In contrast, southern China has a wet climate with its GPP sensitive to solar radiation andTa. For the interval of 2000–2015, decreasing radiation plus drought exerted a negative influence on GPP in southern China. This study highlights the diverse mechanisms in which climate change affects GPP in dry and wet climate zones. A robust multi‐model analysis is preferred to reduce uncertainties arising from a single GPP model and its driving data.
Prognostic and predictive implications of sarcopenia in Western patients undergoing gastric resections for carcinoma of the stomach
Authors: Sierzega Marek , Chrzan Robert , Wiktorowicz Milosz , Kolodziejczyk Piotr , Richter Piotr 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIntroductionSarcopenia is highly prevalent in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies, including gastric cancer, but there is a lack of adequate data from Western populations.MethodsComputed tomography scans of 138 Caucasian patients subject to stomach resections due to gastric adenocarcinoma between 2012 and 2015 were reviewed to evaluate the impact of sarcopenia. The definition of sarcopenia was based on the lumbar skeletal muscle index (SMI) using cut‐off values formulated by the international consensus definitions of sarcopenia (SMI <52.4 cm2/m2 for men and <38.5 cm2/m2 for women).ResultsSixty (43%) of 138 patients were sarcopenic. Sarcopenia was associated with postoperative morbidity (43% vs 23%; P = .011), major postoperative complications (Clavien‐Dindo ≥3a; 36% vs 21%; P = .035), and reoperations (23% vs 9%; P = .020). Patients with sarcopenia also had prolonged postoperative hospital stay (8.0 vs 6.5 days; P = .010). The overall median survival of patients with sarcopenia was significantly lower than those with normal skeletal muscles (11.0 vs 36.7 months; P = .005) and sarcopenia remained an independent prognostic factor with an odds ratio of 1.94 (95% confidence interval, 1.08 to 3.48; P = .026).ConclusionSarcopenia, defined by SMI, is associated with an increased risk of postoperative morbidity and impaired long‐term survival.
Cis‐9, Trans‐11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Reduces Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Expression and Hepatic Glucose Production in HepG2 Cells
Authors: Chai Boon Kheng , Al‐Shagga Mustafa , Pan Yan , Then Sue‐Mian , Ting Kang Nee , Loh Hwei‐San , Mohankumar Suresh K. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDysregulated hepatic gluconeogenesis is a hallmark of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although existing drugs have been proven to improve gluconeogenesis, achieving this objective with functional food is of interest, especially using conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) found in dairy products. Both cis‐9, trans‐11 (c9,t11) and trans‐10, cis‐12 (t10,c12) isomers of CLA were tested in human (HepG2) and rat (H4IIE) hepatocytes for their potential effects on gluconeogenesis. The hepatocytes exposed for 24 h with 20 μM of c9,t11‐CLA had attenuated the gluconeogenesis in both HepG2 and H4IIE by 62.5% and 80.1%, respectively. In contrast, t10,c12‐CLA had no effect. Of note, in HepG2 cells, the exposure of c9,t11‐CLA decreased the transcription of gluconeogenic enzymes, cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1) by 87.7%, and glucose‐6‐phosphatase catalytic subunit (G6PC) by 38.0%, while t10,c12‐CLA increased the expression of G6PC, suggesting the isomer‐specific effects of CLA on hepatic glucose production. In HepG2, the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) agonist, rosiglitazone, reduced the glucose production by 72.9%. However, co‐administration of c9,t11‐CLA and rosiglitazone neither exacerbated nor attenuated the efficacy of rosiglitazone to inhibit glucose production; meanwhile, t10,c12‐CLA abrogated the efficacy of rosiglitazone. Paradoxically, PPARγ antagonist GW 9662 also led to 70.2% reduction of glucose production and near undetectable PCK1 expression by abrogating CLA actions. Together, while the precise mechanisms by which CLA isomers modulate hepatic gluconeogenesis directly or via PPAR warrant further investigation, our findings establish that c9,t11‐CLA suppresses gluconeogenesis by decreasing PEPCK on hepatocytes.
Expanding the Range of Available Isoelectric Points of Highly Methacryloylated Gelatin
Authors: Claaßen Christiane , Rebers Lisa , Claaßen Marc H. , Borchers Kirsten , Tovar Günter E. M. , Southan Alexander 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCross‐linkable gelatin methacryloyl (GM) is widely used for the generation of artificial extracellular matrix in tissue engineering. However, so far, isoelectric points (IEPs) of highly methacryloylated GM derivatives are limited to IEPs below 7 due to the consumption of amino groups in the modification reaction. In this contribution, the synthesis of a new GM derivative, gelatin methacryloyl‐aminoethyl (GME), with an IEP above 7 similar to the gelatin type A (GA) starting material is reported, together with a high degree of methacryloylation. GME is obtained by reacting GM with ethylenediamine (EDA). The impact of the EDA functionalization on the properties of GM and GME derivatives is characterized thoroughly via 1H‐NMR, 1H‐13C‐HSQC‐NMR, IEP, solution viscosity, gel point, and physico‐chemical properties of resulting hydrogels. The second functionalization step results in amino group concentrations similar to GA and with that in an IEP of 9.9. The data suggest that amino functionalization with EDA prevents physical cross‐linking in the same way as described before for acetyl functionalization. Therefore, GME hydrogels are less stiff than GM hydrogels from GMs with a comparable amount of methacrylic functions. With GME, a gelatin derivative is available that is positively charged at neutral pH without being limited to low methacryl modifications.
Microstructure, Thermal and Mechanical Behavior of 3D Printed Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate
Authors: Guessasma Sofiane , Belhabib Sofiane , Nouri Hedi 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the most popular additive manufacturing techniques for polymers. Despite the numerous works on the printability of various types of polymers, there is a lack in understanding the role of the microstructure on the mechanical performance of printed parts. This work aims at addressing this particular point for the case of a polymer that did not receive much attention, namely acrylonitrile styrene acrylate or ASA. This study emphasizes on the effect of the printing temperature on thermal and mechanical performance of printed ASA using differential scanning calorimetry, infra‐red measurements, mechanical testing, X‐ray micro‐tomography, and finite element computation. The experimental results demonstrate a narrow window of printability of ASA based on the thermal response of this polymer during the laying down process. In addition, both experimental and numerical results show an evident loss in the performance that represents one third of the performance of the raw material. Despite this loss, the limited amount of generated porosity and the level of tensile strength of ASA make it a good choice as a feedstock material for FDM compared to other polymers such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene.
Experimental and numerical investigation of the strain response of the filament wound pressure vessels subjected to pressurization test
Authors: Bai Hui , Yang Bin , Hui Hu , Yang Yuqing , Yu Qingwei , Zhou Zhongqiang , Xian Pingping 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article presents the strain response of glass fiber reinforced epoxy matrix pressure vessels subjected to pressurization test. Three filament wound composite pressure vessels with different dimensions are manufactured by fiber winding processing, and the pressurization tests of these pressure vessels are performed. The stain of the inner/outer surface of the vessels during the pressurization tests is recorded. A progressive damage model is built based on the 3D Hashin failure criteria by finite element method (FEM) to predict the strain response of the composite pressure vessels. Fundamental mechanical tests that including the tensile, double cantilever beam, and three‐point end notched flexure tests of the composite laminates are carried out to determine the strength and stiffness parameters used in the FEM. The results show that the circumferential strain of the three composite pressure vessels is greater than the longitudinal strain. The maximum stress and strain occurs at the head of the pressure vessels. The predictions of FEM match the experimental results well, and the strain differences between FEM and experiments of the pressure vessels are less than 12%.
The Control of Quantum States with Lasers
Authors: Ritter Stephan , Stuhler Jürgen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWhen quantum theories were first formulated a century ago, who would have guessed how much technological developments originating from quantum physics shape the way we live and interact today. Whether we work on a computer, use our mobile phones, or get a diagnosis based on magnetic resonance imaging: The understanding of quantum mechanics is the basis for all these technologies. In photonics, the laser and light‐emitting diodes are prime examples, with a current market of more than 12 billion US dollars for lasers alone. Now there are new quantum technologies on the horizon, promising a second quantum revolution.