bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical Biology: Here to Stay?
Authors: Walsh Christopher T 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe term chemical biology emerged about 25 years ago and encompasses a set of research inquiries at the intersections of chemistry and biology. Before chemical biology there was biological chemistry for 100 years or more, but the traverse from one to the other has not just been a switching of noun and adjective. Over the past quarter century chemists, many from organic synthetic lineages, have become convinced that the open systems of biology have become appropriate venues to bring chemical thinking for library design, screening, and molecular scaffold optimization. Whereas biological chemistry may be described as the universe of chemistry that happens in nature, chemical biologists often bring new, unnatural molecular scaffolds to decipher the logics of biology. That seems a limiting definition and I prefer the mantra: think chemically, act biologically.
The role of mononuclear phagocytes in Ebola virus infection
Authors: Rogers Kai J , Maury Wendy 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The filovirus, Zaire Ebolavirus (EBOV), infects tissue macrophages (Mϕs) and dendritic cells (DCs) early during infection. Viral infection of both cells types is highly productive, leading to increased viral load. However, virus infection of these two cell types results in different consequences for cellular function. Infection of Mϕs stimulates the production of proinflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines and chemokines, leading to the production of a cytokine storm, while simultaneously increasing tissue factor production and thus facilitating disseminated intravascular coagulation. In contrast, EBOV infection of DCs blocks DC maturation and antigen presentation rendering these cells unable to communicate with adaptive immune response elements. Details of the known interactions of these cells with EBOV are reviewed here. We also identify a number of unanswered questions that remain about interactions of filoviruses with these cells.
An overview of mononuclear phagocyte interactions with Ebola virus is provided here and we identify important unaddressed questions in the field.
Phytochemical profile, nutraceutical potential and functional properties of Cucumis melo L. seeds
Authors: Mallek‐Ayadi Sana , Bahloul Neila , Kechaou Nabil 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis study investigated the amino acids, phenolic compounds and volatile compounds in Maazoun melon seeds. The functional properties of melon seed flour, such as bulk density, swelling capacity, emulsifying capacity, and foaming capacity were also determined.RESULTSThe findings proved that the functional properties of melon seeds make them useful for incorporation into different food formulations to improve their functionality. The determination of the amino acid composition of melon seeds showed that glutamic acid (205.23 g kg−1), arginine (130.44 g kg−1), and tryptophan (129.91 g kg−1) were the major amino acids of the protein fraction. Chromatographic analysis indicated that phenolic acids (47.78%) constituted the main phenolic class, followed by flavonoids (27.15%). Naringenin‐7‐O‐glycoside and gallic acid were the most abundant phenolic compounds. Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analyses of the volatile compounds demonstrated that esters and terpenoids were the main volatile groups. The study of histological structures showed that melon seeds consist of three distinguishable parts: tegument, endosperm cells, and almond.CONCLUSIONThe results obtained revealed that melon (Cucumis melo L.) seeds may be a potential source of bioactive compounds and natural substances with nutritive value and functional properties of interest to industrial applications. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Gluten‐free sorghum pasta: starch digestibility and antioxidant capacity compared with commercial products
Authors: Palavecino Pablo M , Ribotta Pablo D , León Alberto E , Bustos Mariela C 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe development of new products with a focus on nutrition, rather than other technical aspects, is essential to improve the quality of celiac diets. Nutritional attributes of white and brown sorghum gluten‐free pasta developed in a previous work were analyzed. The extent and kinetics of starch in vitro digestion, estimated glycemic index (eGI), potentially bioaccessible and dialyzable polyphenols, and antioxidant activity were evaluated and compared with commercial products.ResultsSorghum flour samples were used to obtain pasta with high protein (≈170 g kg−1), dietary fiber (≈80 g kg−1), polyphenols (2.6 g GA kg−1 pasta), and antioxidant activity. This sorghum pasta showed slower starch in vitro digestion than the other gluten‐free pasta, with a high level of protein hydrolysis (76%). The highest eGI was observed in a rice sample (69.8) followed by a corn‐based pasta (66.4). White and brown sorghum gluten‐free pasta showed 2.9 and 2.4 times, respectively, higher potentially bioaccessible polyphenol content compared to that in cooked pasta. No significant variation in antioxidant activity was found in sorghum pasta after digestion and around 48% and 36% of activity was detected in dialysate.ConclusionBoth types of sorghum gluten‐free pasta have demonstrated their nutritional value and represent a good potential alternative to current commercial pasta. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
The smart growth of Chinese cities: Opportunities offered by vacant land
Authors: Li Weifeng , Zhou Weiqi , Bai Yang , Pickett Steward T.A. , Han Lijian 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDespite the publicly accepted concept of ‘smart growth’ of urban areas and its wide implications in developed countries, there is less concern about this in a newly emerging economy like China. Yet, due to the unprecedented urbanization rates in many developing countries, how to control unordered urban sprawl is becoming a severe challenge to multiple levels of governments. This study is the first to comprehensively evaluate the spatial and temporal change of vacant land within the built‐up area of a large city in China. We used the core city of Shanghai as a case‐study to systematically investigate the spatial–temporal distribution of vacant land at the fine scale. The boundaries of vacant land patches and of other urban land use types were delineated using visual interpretation, based on 0.3‐m resolution aerial photos collected in 2000, 2005, and 2010. We find that (a) vacant land plays a very important role in the composition of the urban landscape of central Shanghai, accounting for 9.3%, 11.3%, and 10.4% of the core city area in 2000, 2005, and 2010, respectively; (b) there exists obvious spatial–temporal change of transformation between vacant land and other land use types during the 10 years studied; and (c) the considerable amounts of vacant land and its change dynamic have important policy implications for smart growth of cities in China. Making the best planning and management decisions about these vacant lands might be one promising smart growth principle for China's cities.
The Distribution of Essential, Trace, and Nonessential Minerals in Weanling Male Rats Fed Sheep or Cow Milk
Authors: Burrow Keegan , Young Wayne , McConnell Michelle , Carne Alan , Barr David , Reid Malcom , Bekhit Alaa El‐Din 
Published: August 2018

ScopeThe aim of the study is to determine the effects of sheep milk consumption in comparison to cow milk on the mineral distribution in the soft organs and serum in a growing animal model system. As the mineral composition of cow and sheep milk differs, different effects on the bio‐accumulations in the body may be observed.Differences in the mineral composition of cow and sheep milk may lead to different bioavailability or accumulation of minerals in the body. Newly weaned rats were fed either cow milk, sheep milk, or sheep milk diluted so that it had the same solid content as cow milk. At the end of the feeding trial, the concentration of minerals in the organs and plasma of the rats was assessed. The results indicate that the consumption of the high level of minerals in sheep milk does not have any negative effects in the rat model.Methods and resultsNewly weaned male rats were fed ad libitum for 28 days on either cow milk, sheep milk, or sheep milk diluted to have the same concentration of milk solids as cow milk. Animals were euthanized and the soft organs and serum were harvested and then analyzed for mineral composition by inductively coupled plasma MS. Rats fed sheep milk had lower iron concentrations in the liver and higher concentrations of rubidium and cesium in all of the soft organs. The growth rate of the rats was not affected by the type of milk consumed.ConclusionThe concentration of essential and trace minerals in the liver is found to be significantly different between rats fed sheep milk compared to those fed cow milk (p < 0.05). The consumption of sheep milk does not affect the growth of animals.
Assessment of physical function in children with cancer: A systematic review
Authors: Grimshaw Sarah L. , Taylor Nicholas F. , Mechinaud Francoise , Shields Nora 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundAppropriate selection of robust assessment tools is essential to monitor physical function in children with cancer during and after treatment. This systematic review aims to identify and critically appraise the measurement properties of physical function measures currently used for children with cancer.ProcedureTwo systematic searches of seven electronic databases [Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINHAL), Medline, PubMed, PsychINFO, Sportsdiscus, EMBASE, and Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED)] were completed to identify physical function measures used in children with cancer and to evaluate their measurement properties. Methodological quality and the adequacy of measurement properties specific to populations of children with cancer were critically appraised using the COSMIN framework to ascertain which measures have evidence to support their use in children with cancer.ResultsOne hundred and one physical function measures were identified across 154 studies. Measurement property data were available for 12 measures. The measurement properties of only two outcome measures were assessed in more than one study. Despite some positive measurement property data, there was no assessment tool that had consistent and adequate evidence overall to recommend its use in childhood cancer populations. Poor methodological quality of the included studies was the main limiting factor.ConclusionsThere is very limited population specific evidence to guide the selection of physical function measures in children with cancer. Further research into the reliability, validity and responsiveness of physical function measures in children with cancer is needed to provide a basis for more effective clinical assessment and management.
Multiple bloodstream infections in pediatric stem cell transplant recipients: A case series
Authors: Grossmann Liron , Alonso Priscila Badia , Nelson Adam , El‐Bietar Javier , Myers Kasiani C , Lane Adam , Andersen Heidi , Haslam David , Jodele Sonata , Davies Stella M. , Dandoy Christopher E. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBacterial bloodstream infections (BSIs) are associated with poor outcomes following stem cell transplantation (SCT). We describe the demographics, treatment, complications, and outcome of 23 pediatric SCT recipients who developed three or more BSIs in the first year after SCT at our center from 2011 through 2016. The majority underwent allogeneic SCT (n = 22/23;96%), mainly from an unrelated donor (n = 19/22,86%); developed grade 2‐4 graft versus host disease (GVHD; n = 14/23, 61%), all steroid refractory; and were diagnosed with thrombotic microangiopathy (n = 21/23, 91%). One‐year overall survival was 56% (n = 13/23). We observed a high rate of transplant‐associated thrombotic microangiopathy and steroid‐refractory acute GVHD in patients with three or more BSIs.
The management of childhood cancer survivors at risk for stroke: A Delphi survey of regional experts
Authors: Kenney Lisa B. , Ames Bethany , Michaud Alexis L. , Williams David N. , Manley Peter E. , Ullrich Nicole J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundEvidence is not available to guide management of childhood cancer survivors (CCS) at risk for radiation‐associated cerebral vascular disease (CVD) and stroke. We propose to use a consensus‐based methodology to describe the collective opinion of regional experts for the care of these patients and identify areas of controversy.ProcedureThirty physicians from the New England region who care for CCS participated in a Delphi panel querying their management approach (imaging, laboratory tests, medications, counseling, referrals) to a CCS treated with cranial radiation formatted as five clinical scenarios (asymptomatic, small‐ and large‐vessel CVD, transient ischemia, stroke) in three rounds of anonymous questionnaires. Consensus defined as ≥90% agreement.ResultsResponse rate was 100% for all three rounds. Panelists reached consensus on laboratory tests to assess stroke risk factors, stroke risk and prevention counseling, brain imaging to monitor survivors with known CVD, and acute care for stroke symptoms. Only 67% panelists agreed with MRI screening asymptomatic survivors with no history of CVD, 87% endorsed aspirin as stroke prevention for large‐vessel CVD and 57% for small‐vessel CVD. There was no consensus on specialty referrals. Overall, panelists practicing at large institutions and neurology subspecialists were more likely to advocate for screening, interventions, and referrals.ConclusionsDespite lack of evidence to guide stroke prevention in CCS treated with cranial radiation, a panel of regional physicians reached consensus on managing most clinical scenarios. Controversial areas requiring further study are surveillance imaging for asymptomatic survivors, aspirin for stroke prevention, and indications for specialty referral.
Microproteomic Profiling of High‐Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion of the Cervix: Insight into Biological Mechanisms of Dysplasia and New Potential Diagnostic Markers
Authors: Pottier Charles , Kriegsmann Mark , Alberts Deborah , Smargiasso Nicolas , Baiwir Dominique , Mazzucchelli Gabriel , Herfs Michael , Fresnais Margaux , Casadonte Rita , Delvenne Philippe , De Pauw Edwin , Longuespée Rémi 
Published: August 2018

PurposeHigh‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) is a known precursor for squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix. Although it is known that SILs are associated to infection by human papillomavirus, downstream biological mechanisms are still poorly described. In this study, we compared the microproteomic profile of HSIL to normal tissues: ectocervix (ectoC) and endocervix (endoC).Experimental designTissue regions of endoC, ectoC, and HSlL were collected by laser microdissection (3500 cells each) from five patients. Samples were processed and analyzed using our recently developed laser microdissection‐based microproteomic method. Tissues were compared in order to retrieve HSIL's proteomic profile. Potentially interesting proteins for pathology were stained by immunohistochemistry.ResultsWe identified 3072 proteins among the fifteen samples and 2386 were quantified in at least four out of the five biological replicates of at least one tissue type. We found 236 proteins more abundant in HSIL. Gene ontology enrichments revealed mechanisms of DNA replication and RNA splicing. Despite the squamous nature of HSIL, a common signature between HSIL and endoC could be found. Finally, potential new markers could support diagnosis of dysplasia in SILs.Conclusion and clinical relevanceThis microproteomic investigation of HSIL gives insights into the biology of cervical precancerous lesions.
Glycopeptides as a Tool for Early Detection of Cancer
Authors: Drabik Anna 
Published: August 2018

AbstractProtein glycosylation, as one of the most common and complex posttranslational modifications, plays an important role in many biological processes. Along with the intensive progress in MS techniques and development of glycan search tools and databases, glycoproteomics has become a popular subject of studies. The possibility of simultaneous identification of amino acid sequence, glycosylation sites, and glycan composition enabled the monitoring of changes in glycosylation patterns in various pathological states. In this issue, Saraswat et al. describe MS‐based investigations of glycopeptide changes in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Their findings indicate glycopeptides with changed expression levels and the presence of altered glycan forms observed in four proteins derived from OSCC patients’ sera. Proteins carrying this distinctive pattern are in the group of the most abundant components of serum, IgG1, IgG4, HPT, and TRFE, which makes their identification more accessible. Described changes, characteristic for cancer serum samples, may be considered as potential diagnostic indicators of OSCC; however, there is still a need to establish a universal glycopeptide‐based biomarkers database, where all glycoproteomic data can be collected from all types of cancer studies and evaluated using meta‐analyses. Only then, early diagnosis of patients using MS‐based approach will make sense, as those investigations are very convoluted, and all efforts made during sample preparation and analysis will pay off when comprehensive anticancer prevention will be achieved during single measurement.
Gossypol‐induced fitness gain and increased resistance to deltamethrin in beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)
Authors: Hafeez Muhammad , Liu Sisi , Jan Saad , Ali Bahar , Shahid Muhammad , Fernández‐Grandon G Mandela , Nawaz Muhammad , Ahmad Aqeel , Wang Mo 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn plant–insect interactions, phytotoxins such as gossypol, exert a defensive role on behalf of the plant by interfering with the essential metabolic, biochemical and physiological pathways of herbivorous insects. The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), is a key pest for many important crops including a range of vegetables, ornamentals, and cotton. In this study, we investigated how resistance to deltamethrin relates to enzyme activity in gossypol‐pretreated larvae of S. exigua.RESULTSFollowing selection with deltamethrin insecticides on gossypol‐pretreated larvae for 10 generations, the Gos‐SEL population developed a 113.29‐fold resistance. Under the same conditions, the Delta‐SEL selected population showed a 69.76‐fold increase in resistance along with corresponding levels of xenobiotic defense enzyme activity. Similarly, the fecundity of the Delta‐SEL population together with male and female longevity were found to be significantly lower when compared with the Gos‐SEL population and the laboratory susceptible‐strain group (SS‐Strain). In addition, the activities of cytochrome P450s in S. exigua were significantly enhanced when the insects were fed on a deltamethrin and gossypol‐pretreated diet compared with being fed on deltamethrin alone.CONCLUSIONThe reproductive capacity of S. exigua is significantly reduced in Delta‐SEL and Gos‐SEL populations compared with the control group (SS‐Strain). Elevation of the major detoxification enzyme cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and esterase might have an important role in inducing tolerance to deltamethrin in gossypol‐fed S. exigua populations. This study enhances our understanding of detoxification enzyme pathways for S. exigua gene expression and their role in responses to insecticides and plant secondary metabolites. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
The effects of temperature on the development, fecundity and mortality of Eretmocerus warrae: is Eretmocerus warrae better adapted to high temperatures than Encarsia formosa?
Authors: Wang Tao , Keller Michael Anthony , Hogendoorn Katja 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDEretmocerus warrae (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is a parasitoid of the glasshouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Here, we compare its potential as a biological control agent at high temperatures to that of Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a wasp which is widely sold for control of T. vaporariorum.RESULTSEretmocerus warrae attained the highest estimated developmental rate at 31.4 °C and the maximum oviposition rate at 30.5 °C. Developmental times of E. warrae at fluctuating temperatures that simulate night‐day patterns were similar to those predicted based on constant temperatures. Above the optimum temperature, E. warrae tolerated higher constant temperatures than En. formosa during development and as adults. Using a ramping temperature approach, the critical thermal maximum for adult E. warrae was significantly higher than that of adult En. formosa.CONCLUSIONEretmocerus warrae is better adapted to high temperatures than En. formosa, and could therefore be a complementary or superior biological control agent during summer months in hot regions. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Ensemble sensitivity analysis of Greenland blocking in medium‐range forecasts
Authors: Parker Tess , Woollings Tim , Weisheimer Antje 
Published: August 2018

The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the leading mode of variability in the large‐scale circulation over the North Atlantic in winter, and strongly influences the weather and climate of Europe. On synoptic time‐scales, the negative phase of the NAO often corresponds to the occurrence of a blocking episode over Greenland. Hence, the dynamics and predictability of these blocking events is of interest for the prediction of the NAO and its related impacts over a wide region.Ensemble sensitivity analysis utilises the information contained in probabilistic forecast ensembles to calculate a statistical relationship between a forecast metric and some precursor condition. Here the method is applied to 15‐day forecasts of a set of 26 Greenland blocking events using the state‐of‐the‐art European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) forecasting system. The ensemble sensitivity analysis shows that Greenland blocking does not develop in isolation in these forecasts, but instead the blocking is sensitive to remote precursors, such as 500 and 50 hPa geopotential height, particularly in the low‐frequency flow. In general, there are more significant sensitivities to anomalies in the Tropics than in the polar regions. Stratospheric sensitivities tend to emerge at later lead times than tropospheric sensitivities. The strongest and most robust sensitivities correspond to a Rossby wave precursor reaching from the Pacific basin across North America.