bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les relations formation-emploi, une quête sans fin : les formations à la plasturgie
Authors: Agulhon Catherine 
Published: April 2018

The training-to-job relationship, an endless quest : Training in plastics
This study of the relationship between jobs and training in the plastic industry focuses on all the relations involved between students, teachers, industrialists, union-management committees, professional associations, the national system of education, etc. The construction of diplomas ensues from a complex interplay between national standards and local actors. The way teaching is organized comes out of the interaction between slightly motivated students and teachers with often contradictory profiles and interests. Professional experience is acquired inside firms, whose attitudes swing from the desire for immediately operational, trained employees to the demand for a more adaptable labor force. By shedding light on the plural nature of actors and issues, the fit between jobs and training does not reduce to a simple relationship between the supply of training and the demand for qualifications. The necessarily complex, dynamic and problematic nature of this fit can thus be better understood.
La représentation syndicale des intérêts dans une Europe en mutation
Authors: Hyman Richard 
Published: April 2018

Cet article constitue une contribution au débat sur la modernisation des syndicats. Quels nouveaux modes de représentation des intérêts peuvent être envisagés par les syndicats alors que la composition de la main-d'œuvre se diversifie, que les normes égalitaires s'amenuisent et que la globalisation et les lois du marché s'affirment de plus en plus ?
Quels sont les acteurs dont les syndicats représentent les intérêts ? Comment les hiérarchisent-ils ? Quelles sont les solutions organisationnelles envisageables pour agréger les intérêts ? À travers la mise à plat des problèmes ainsi posés, l'auteur montre combien la recherche de solidarité a toujours constitué un projet incomplet et contradictoire pour le mouvement syndical.
Face à une situation de remise en cause des acquis antérieurs, de risque d'enfermement dans les micro-compromis, de différenciation de plus en plus visible entre gagnants et perdants, l'auteur suggère quelques nouvelles pistes qui pourraient être explorées par les syndicats pour construire de nouvelles solidarités.
La modernisation des services publics par l'usager : une revue de la littérature (1986-1996)
Authors: Weller Jean-Marc 
Published: April 2018

Modernizing public services through user-input : a review of the literature (1986-1996 )
Using a corpus both of articles published between 1986 and 1996 in the Revue Française d'Administration Publique, Revue Française de Science Politique and Sociolo- gie du travail and of major, relevant books, research reports and papers, a comprehensive, critical view is presented of the history of research on the modernization of public services, a history centered around the user. Questions are asked that reach beyond the riow classical paradigm in this matter.
Genome analysis of a MDR Streptococcus pneumoniae 23F serotype causing meningoencephalitis in a 10-months refugee infant
Authors: Salloum Tamara , Tannous Elie , Merheb-Ghoussoub Samar , Ghoussoub Elie , Tokajian Sima 
Published: April 2018

Purpose: Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important human pathogen causing invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD). The re-emergence of eradicated S. pneumoniae-associated meningoencephalitis in Lebanon is a major point of concern.
Methods: We aimed at conducting a comparative genome analysis of a multi-drug resistant S. pneumoniae, LAU-23F, linked to meningoencephalitis and fatality in a 10-months Syrian refugee infant in Lebanon, and 24 related publically available genome sequences. Serotype, capsular genes, MLST, SNPs, phylogenetic relatedness and repertoire of resistance genes were investigated. Genes encoding penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) were examined for mosaicity. Virulence factors were screened for SNPs as compared to reference strains.
Results: The isolate belonged to ST-277 and was of serotype 23F. It showed an intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime and penicillin and carried multiple components of different efflux pumps. Gene mosaicity was observed in pbp2x, it was also distinct from other penicillin-resistant strains; pbp1a and pbp2b appeared to be conserved between LAU-23F and the reference strain SP49. The arrangement of capsular gene loci was similar to ATCC 700669 though polymorphism was detected in the cpsABCD region, believed to be conserved among different Streptococcus species. Amplitude of virulence factors was detected showing varying degrees of conservation compared to reference strains. Observed zones of high heterogeneity were associated with phage encoded regions.
Conclusions: The fine levels of diversity throughout the genome could account for the pronounced invasiveness of this isolate. The genomics-based methods used support the importance of implementing WGS in routine clinical diagnostics and surveillance of streptococcal diseases.
Antimicrobial agents active against carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Lebanon
Authors: Araj George Farah , Avedissian Aline Z , Itani Lina Y , Obeid Jowana A 
Published: April 2018

Introduction: It is not yet clear which antimicrobial agents should be used to treat the ominously increasing infections with carbapenem-resistant (CR) bacteria. We therefore investigated the activity of different antimicrobial agents against CR Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Lebanon.
Methodology: This retrospective study assessed the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of three carbapenems (by Etest), as well as the in vitro activity of eight other antimicrobials (by disk diffusion) against CR E. coli (n = 300) and K. pneumoniae (n = 232) isolates recovered at a major University Medical Center in Lebanon.
Results: Higher percentages of isolates showing carbapenem MICs of ≤ 8 µg/mL were noted among the CR E. coli compared to the CR K. pneumoniae for ertapenem (48% vs 27%), imipenem (74 % vs 58%) and meropenem (82% vs 63%). Among the eight other antimicrobials, activity was generally higher when the MICs for the three carbapenems were ≤ 8 µg/mL. Regardless of the MIC level of the three carbapenems, very low susceptibility rates (≤ 33%) were noted for ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and aztreonam against both E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates. With Amikacin, higher susceptibility rates were seen against E. coli isolates (81%-97%) than against K. pneumoniae isolates (55%-86%), also reflecting higher activity than gentamicin (44%-54%). The best activity (66%-100%) was observed for tigecycline, colistin and fosfomycin against both CR species.
Conclusions: Based on the in vitro findings in this study, the combination of a carbapenem showing an MIC of ≤ 8 µg/mL together with an active colistin, tigecycline, or fosfomycin, would offer a promising treatment option for patients infected with CR E. coli or K. pneumoniae.
Trop de fonctionnaires territoriaux ? Dits et non-dits d’une fausse évidence
Authors: Biland Émilie 
Published: April 2018

Résumé Le nombre croissant de fonctionnaires tend à être considéré comme la principale raison de l’augmentation de la masse salariale dans les collectivités territoriales. Limiter celle-ci passerait nécessairement par sa réduction. Cet article analyse les conditions cognitives (comment sont produits ces chiffres ?) et les ressorts sociaux (qui sont les entrepreneurs de cette cause ?) de ce diagnostic bien installé dans les discours publics. En associant sociologie de la quantification et sociologie des problèmes publics, il met au jour les bases réductionnistes sur lesquelles repose ce diagnostic. Ce dernier est autant le produit de la raison comptable qui oriente aujourd’hui l’action publique que des tensions entre collectivités et État pour le gouvernement du « local ».
L’évolution des dépenses de personnel au sein du bloc communal
Authors: Navarre Françoise 
Published: April 2018

Résumé L’effectivité du modèle intercommunal est régulièrement mise en cause, notamment dès lors qu’il est question de gestion des personnels. Ce jugement demande à être tempéré : à côté des politiques des collectivités, les décisions nationales concourent à l’évolution des charges salariales locales. Y compris lorsqu’il est affirmé, le rôle des groupements de communes ne peut inverser à court terme la (très) forte mainmise des municipalités en matière des charges de personnel. Les évaluations sont en outre à nuancer : sur la base de données financières détaillées (et encore inédites), les analyses montrent que les transformations en termes de mutualisation et d’affirmation des groupements sont nettement diversifiées, dans leurs modalités comme dans leur intensité, selon les contextes territoriaux. L’intercommunalisation des dépenses de personnel du bloc communal est cependant bien en cours.
L’accès de tous à la pratique sportive : l’État local en action
Authors: Honta Marina , Illivi Frédéric 
Published: April 2018

Résumé La mise en œuvre du plan « Sport, Santé, Bien-Être » implique que les agents territoriaux du ministère des Sports et de la Santé conçoivent, collectivement, les dispositifs à partir desquels inciter les acteurs locaux à participer au gouvernement de l’accès de tous au déterminant de santé qu’est l’activité physique. Alors que cette entreprise atteste de la façon dont l’État tente d’aligner leurs comportements sur un agenda dominé par les enjeux de lutte contre les inégalités de santé, elle est exposée à des résistances et des appropriations différenciées. De telles résistances éprouvent les capacités de l’État à asseoir une dynamique de réseau en ce domaine.
Repenser les politiques d’innovation en France ?
Authors: Encaoua David 
Published: April 2018

Alors que la France consacre, depuis une vingtaine d’années, beaucoup de moyens pour favoriser l’innovation, ses performances en la matière ne sont pas aussi brillantes que celles d’autres pays membres de l’Union européenne. Ce constat est étayé par un état des lieux qui recense les très nombreux dispositifs publics mis en place pour aider les entreprises. Leur justification est de corriger les défaillances de marché mais, au-delà, il existe des défaillances institutionnelles flagrantes. Elles se traduisent par divers obstacles à l’innovation, dont on trouve des traces dans la crise des valeurs à l’origine d’une défiance des citoyens, dans la désillusion collective à l’égard des performances éducatives, dans le décalage entre le monde des universités et celui des entreprises et dans le poids excessif accordé aux insiders, que ce soient les entreprises en place au détriment des nouvelles entreprises, ou les détenteurs d’un CDI sur le marché du travail, au détriment des travailleurs précaires ou jeunes chômeurs. Ces différents obstacles conduisent à envisager un rôle de l’État complémentaire de correcteur des défaillances de marché : celui de favoriser de nouvelles opportunités sociales, afin de créer un climat plus favorable à l’innovation. De telles opportunités sont particulièrement bienvenues dans le contexte de la révolution numérique contemporaine. Outre la refondation des principes gouvernant l’éducation nationale, une autre opportunité serait la mise en place d’une charte communautaire réglementant le fonctionnement des plateformes numériques destinées à la satisfaction des besoins de base. Deux objectifs : i) développer la participation des utilisateurs ainsi que la collaboration entre eux de manière à ce qu’ils soient de véritables partenaires du processus d’innovation ; ii) développer le lien social entre les citoyens pour que l’adaptation aux transformations technologiques soit une étape vers le mieux vivre ensemble et non une menace supplémentaire sur l’emploi.
Pourquoi le commerce intra -CEEAC est-il si faible ?
Authors: Avom Désiré , Mignamissi Dieudonné 
Published: April 2018

Le commerce intra -CEEAC est le plus faible de toutes les communautés économiques régionales et estimé à moins de 1,5 % de son commerce total. L’objectif de cet article est d’apporter quelques explications. Ainsi, prenant appui sur les développements théoriques et empiriques récents, nous appliquons l’estimateur Poisson du pseudo- maximum de vraisemblance (PPMV) à un modèle de gravité augmenté. Ce modèle est estimé sur un panel constitué des pays de la CEEAC et de leurs partenaires sur la période 1995-2014. Il permet la prise en compte des résistances multilatérales et bilatérales, des distances intra- nationales, des infrastructures et des institutions. Nos résultats montrent que : i) l’appartenance des pays à la CEEAC a eu un effet marginal sur leur commerce bilatéral ; ii) les résistances multilatérales et bilatérales ont des effets mitigés sur leur commerce bilatéral ; iii) la mauvaise qualité des infrastructures, amplifiée par celle des institutions, affecte négativement les échanges commerciaux. L’augmentation du commerce aurait toutefois été plus importante si le processus de rationalisation était effectif et si les pays avaient appliqué les réformes nécessaires à la promotion d’une intégration par le marché, à travers le renforcement des infrastructures et une meilleure qualité des institutions.
Les entreprises face au risque de contestation radicale
Authors: Dimitrova Anna , Fougier Eddy 
Published: April 2018

Anna Dimitrova, docteur en sociologie, est enseignant-chercheur en affaires internationales à l’ESSCA Ecole de management. Eddy Fougier est politologue et consultant indépendant. Spécialiste des mouvements protestataires, il est notamment l’auteur de deux études sur les zadistes pour la Fondation pour l’innovation politique (2016) et d’« Animalistes, zadistes, néo-luddites : nouvelles menaces pour la sécurité des entreprises en France » (Sécurité & Stratégie 2016/4 24). Anna Dimitrova et Eddy Fougier sont les auteurs d’une étude pour la Fondation pour l’innovation politique consacrée au Corporate Bashing (2018). Ils reviennent aujourd’hui sur les risques que courent les entreprises qui proposent de grands projets d’aménagement.
Open-source sensors system for doing simple physics experiments
Authors: Llamas Bello César , Vegas Jesús , González Rebollo Miguel Ángel , González Delgado Manuel Ángel 
Published: April 2018

An open-source platform to be used in high school or university laboratories has been developed. The platform permits the performance of dynamics experiments in a simple and affordable way, combining measurements of different sensors in the platform. The sensors are controlled by an Arduino microcontroller, which can be wirelessly accessed with smartphones or tablets. The platform constitutes an economical sensing alternative to commercial configurations and can easily be extended by including new sensors that broaden the range of covered experiments.

Received: 7 September 2017, Accepted: 1 March 2018; Edited by: A. Martí, M. Monteiro; Reviewed by: E. Arribas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.4279/PIP.100004
Cite as: C LLamas, Jesús Vega, M Á González, M Á González, Papers in Physics 10, 100004 (2018)
This paper, by C Llamas, Jesús Vegas, M Á González, M Á González, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0.
The Pattern of Unique Use of Language: A Case Study in the Greeting Messages ‘Konnichiwa’ and ‘Konbanwa’ on Japanese Mobile Phone E-mail
Authors: Sakai Noboru 
Published: April 2018

This study considers the mechanism underlying how people use unique patterns of language use as a greeting message, using Konnichiwa( : good afternoon), and Konbanwa ( : good evening), a simple and common message appearing in Japanese mobile phone e-mail (Keitai-mail), as an example. The data corpus analyzed for this study consists of 43,295 mails for communication purposes from 60 Japanese young people. The result shows that people apply uniqueness in a limited way, and moreover their unique use of language is largely affected by the standard rules of Japanese, including sound information such that as (ha) is pronounced /wa/ (wa).
Monthly ENSO Forecast Skill and Lagged Ensemble Size
Authors: Trenary L. , DelSole T. , Tippett M.K. , Pegion K. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe mean square error (MSE) of a lagged ensemble of monthly forecasts of the Niño 3.4 index from the Climate Forecast System (CFSv2) is examined with respect to ensemble size and configuration. Although the real‐time forecast is initialized 4 times per day, it is possible to infer the MSE for arbitrary initialization frequency and for burst ensembles by fitting error covariances to a parametric model and then extrapolating to arbitrary ensemble size and initialization frequency. Applying this method to real‐time forecasts, we find that the MSE consistently reaches a minimum for a lagged ensemble size between one and eight days, when four initializations per day are included. This ensemble size is consistent with the 8–10 day lagged ensemble configuration used operationally. Interestingly, the skill of both ensemble configurations is close to the estimated skill of the infinite ensemble. The skill of the weighted, lagged, and burst ensembles are found to be comparable. Certain unphysical features of the estimated error growth were tracked down to problems with the climatology and data discontinuities.
Initiation Processes of the Tropical Intraseasonal Variability Simulated in an Aqua‐Planet Experiment: What is the Intrinsic Mechanism for MJO Onset?
Authors: Takasuka Daisuke , Satoh Masaki , Miyakawa Tomoki , Miura Hiroaki 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTo understand the intrinsic onset mechanism of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO), we simulated a set of initiation processes of MJO‐like disturbances in 10 year aqua‐planet experiments using a global atmospheric model with a 56 km horizontal mesh and an explicit cloud scheme. Under a condition with a zonally nonuniform sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropics, we reproduced MJO‐like disturbances over the western warm pool region. The lagged‐composite analysis of detected MJO‐like disturbances clarifies the time sequence of three‐dimensional dynamic and moisture fields prior to the onset. We found that midtropospheric moistening, a condition that is favorable for deep convection, is particularly obvious in the initiation region 5–9 days before onset. The moistening is caused by two‐dimensional horizontal advection due to cross‐equatorial shallow circulations associated with mixed Rossby‐gravity waves, as well as anomalous poleward flows of a negative Rossby response to suppressed convection. When the midtroposphere is sufficiently moistened, lower tropospheric signals of circumnavigating Kelvin waves trigger active convection. The surface latent heat flux (LHF) feedback contributes to the initial stages of convective organization, while the cloud‐radiation feedback contributes to later stages. Sensitivity experiments suggest that circumnavigating Kelvin waves regulate the period of MJO‐like disturbances because of efficient convective triggering and that the LHF feedback contributes to rapid convective organization. However, the experiments also reveal that both conditions are not necessary for the existence of MJO‐like disturbances. Implications for the relevance of these mechanisms for MJO onset are also discussed.
Water Flux Tracking With a Distributed Hydrological Model to Quantify Controls on the Spatio‐temporal Variability of Transit Time Distributions
Authors: Remondi Federica , Kirchner James W. , Burlando Paolo , Fatichi Simone 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWater transit times and flow pathways are crucial elements in characterizing catchment hydrologic response. Understanding their variability in space and time sheds light on the link between discharge formation and water quality at the catchment scale. Here, we introduce a novel modeling framework to explore water transport mechanisms using the Hafren catchment in Wales (UK) as a case study. We show that a fully distributed hydrological model coupled with a transport component for conservative tracers is useful in analyzing how hydrometeorological conditions and spatial heterogeneity may affect water transit times and age distributions in a real catchment. We use the model to track the paths of water parcels that entered the catchment as rainfall over 2 years, labeling each day of rain individually. There is a reasonable agreement between tracer simulations and observations, suggesting that dynamic transit time distributions (TTDs) both forward and backward in time can be approximated using a high spatial and temporal resolution hydrochemical model, without assuming a priori any transit and storage selection functions at the catchment scale. TTDs are quantified for the modeled internal dynamics of the study catchment. TTDs conditional on a given rainfall time are mostly correlated to the season in which the rain event occurs, whereas TTDs conditional on a given exit time are mostly affected by catchment wetness. When TTDs for individual rainfall events are re‐scaled as functions of cumulative discharge, they collapse around a single common distribution, suggesting a potential characteristic catchment function.
Shale Gas Well, Hydraulic Fracturing, and Formation Data to Support Modeling of Gas and Water Flow in Shale Formations
Authors: Edwards Ryan W. J. , Celia Michael A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe potential for shale gas development and hydraulic fracturing to cause subsurface water contamination has prompted a number of modeling studies to assess the risk. A significant impediment for conducting robust modeling is the lack of comprehensive publicly available information and data about the properties of shale formations, shale wells, the process of hydraulic fracturing, and properties of the hydraulic fractures. We have collated a substantial amount of these data that are relevant for modeling multiphase flow of water and gas in shale gas formations. We summarize these data and their sources in tabulated form.
Using In‐Situ Optical Sensors to Understand the Biogeochemistry of Dissolved Organic Matter Across a Stream Network
Authors: Wymore Adam S. , Potter Jody , Rodríguez‐Cardona Bianca , McDowell William H. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe advent of high‐frequency in situ optical sensors provides new opportunities to study the biogeochemistry of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in aquatic ecosystems. We used fDOM (fluorescent dissolved organic matter) to examine the spatial and temporal variability in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) across a heterogeneous stream network that varies in
concentration. Across the ten study streams fDOM explained twice the variability in the concentration of DOC (r2 = 0.82) compared to DON (r2 = 0.39), which suggests that the N‐rich fraction of DOM is either more variable in its sources or more bioreactive than the more stable C‐rich fraction. Among sites, DON molar fluorescence was approximately 3x more variable than DOC molar fluorescence and was correlated with changes in inorganic N, indicating that DON is both more variable in composition as well as highly responsive to changes in inorganic N. Laboratory results also indicate that the fDOM sensors we used perform as well as the excitation‐emission wavelength pair generally referred to as the “tryptophan‐like” peak when measured under laboratory conditions. However, since neither the field sensor not the laboratory measurements explained a large percentage of variation in DON concentrations, challenges still remain for monitoring the ambient pool of dissolved organic nitrogen. Sensor networks provide new insights into the potential reactivity of DOM and the variability in DOC and DON biogeochemistry across sites. These insights are needed to build spatially explicit models describing organic matter dynamics and water quality.