bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stressing the importance of choice: Validity of a preclinical free‐choice high‐caloric diet paradigm to model behavioural, physiological and molecular adaptations during human diet‐induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction
Authors: Slomp Margo , Belegri Evita , Blancas‐Velazquez Aurea S. , Diepenbroek Charlene , Eggels Leslie , Gumbs Myrtille C.R. , Joshi Anil , Koekkoek Laura L. , Lamuadni Khalid , Ugur Muzeyyen , Unmehopa Unga A. , la Fleur Susanne E. , Mul Joram D. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHumans have engineered a dietary environment that has driven the global prevalence of obesity and several other chronic metabolic diseases to pandemic levels. To prevent or treat obesity and associated comorbidities, it is crucial that we understand how our dietary environment, especially in combination with a sedentary lifestyle and/or daily‐life stress, can dysregulate energy balance and promote the development of an obese state. Substantial mechanistic insight into the maladaptive adaptations underlying caloric overconsumption and excessive weight gain has been gained by analysing brains from rodents that were eating prefabricated nutritionally‐complete pellets of high‐fat diet (HFD). Although long‐term consumption of HFDs induces chronic metabolic diseases, including obesity, they do not model several important characteristics of the modern‐day human diet. For example, prefabricated HFDs ignore the (effects of) caloric consumption from a fluid source, do not appear to model the complex interplay in humans between stress and preference for palatable foods, and, importantly, lack any aspect of choice. Therefore, our laboratory uses an obesogenic free‐choice high‐fat high‐sucrose (fc‐HFHS) diet paradigm that provides rodents with the opportunity to choose from several diet components, varying in palatability, fluidity, texture, form and nutritive content. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding how the fc‐HFHS diet disrupts peripheral metabolic processes and produces adaptations in brain circuitries that govern homeostatic and hedonic components of energy balance. Current insight suggests that the fc‐HFHS diet has good construct and face validity to model human diet‐induced chronic metabolic diseases, including obesity, because it combines the effects of food palatability and energy density with the stimulating effects of variety and choice. We also highlight how behavioural, physiological and molecular adaptations might differ from those induced by prefabricated HFDs that lack an element of choice. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of using the fc‐HFHS diet for preclinical studies are discussed.
Multicentre retrospective study of 97 cases of intraoral lipoma
Authors: Perez‐Sayáns Mario , Blanco‐Carrión Andrés , Oliveira‐Alves Monica G. , Almeida Janete Dias , Anbinder Ana Lia , Lafuente‐Ibáñez de Mendoza Irene , Aguirre‐Urízar José Manuel 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundLipomas are benign neoplasms derived from adipose tissue that are unfrequently found in the oral cavity. The objective of this study is to identify the main clinicopathological characteristics of this tumour in a case series of oral lipomas (OL) in a population from Spain and Brazil.Material and MethodsA multicentre retrospective observational study was conducted in collaboration with the Oral Pathology Unit of the São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, in Brazil, and the Oral Medicine and Pathology Units of the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC) and the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) in Spain.ResultsThis multicentre series consists of a total of 97 of OL cases, 31 (32%) of which correspond to Spain, and 66 (68%) to Brazil with an overall prevalence of 0.33%. The average age of the patients is 56.44 years old, with a range of 10‐92 (SD = 15.52). Buccal mucosa was the most frequent location (42.3%). Cases from Spain coexisted with other lesions in a significant number of cases, 12.9%, vs Brazil, 1.5% (P = 0.018). According to the progression time, Brazil has an average of 60.35 months (CI: 27.20‐93.51), compared to 5.41 months in Spain (CI: 3.17‐7.65) (P = 0.022). Average size is 12.55 mm (SD = 11.06), ranging from 2 to 75 mm. A positive correlation is also seen between the increase in the lesion size and a greater progression time (CC = 0.367; P = 0.008).ConclusionsCorrect differential diagnosis of the clinical lesion is key, followed by a good histopathological study, to achieve the final diagnosis.
Cardiorespiratory fitness and long‐term risk of sleep apnea: A national cohort study
Authors: Crump Casey , Sundquist Jan , Winkleby Marilyn A. , Sundquist Kristina 
Published: April 2019

SummarySleep apnea is increasing in prevalence, and is an important cause of cardiometabolic diseases and mortality worldwide. Its only established modifiable risk factor is obesity; however, up to half of all sleep apnea cases may occur in non‐obese persons, and hence there is a pressing need to identify other modifiable risk factors to facilitate more effective prevention. We sought to examine, for the first time, cardiorespiratory fitness in relation to the risk of sleep apnea, independent of obesity. A national cohort study was conducted to examine cardiorespiratory fitness in all 1,547,478 Swedish military conscripts during 1969–1997 (97%–98% of all 18‐year‐old men) in relation to risk of sleep apnea through 2012 (maximum age 62 years). Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured as maximal aerobic workload in Watts, and sleep apnea was identified from nationwide outpatient and inpatient diagnoses. A total of 44,612 (2.9%) men were diagnosed with sleep apnea in 43.7 million person‐years of follow‐up. Adjusting for age, height, weight, socioeconomic factors and family history of sleep apnea, low cardiorespiratory fitness at age 18 years was associated with a significantly increased risk of sleep apnea in adulthood (lowest versus highest cardiorespiratory fitness tertile: incidence rate ratio, 1.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.40–1.49; p < 0.001; continuous cardiorespiratory fitness per 100 Watts: incidence rate ratio, 0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.70–0.73; p < 0.001). An increased risk was observed even among men with normal body mass index (lowest versus highest cardiorespiratory fitness tertile: incidence rate ratio, 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.26–1.35; p < 0.001). These findings identify low cardiorespiratory fitness early in life as a new modifiable risk factor for development of sleep apnea in adulthood.
Association between improvement of clinical signs and decrease of ventricular volume after ventriculoperitoneal shunting in dogs with internal hydrocephalus
Authors: Schmidt Martin J. , Hartmann Antje , Farke Daniela , Failling Klaus , Kolecka Malgorzata 
Published: April 2019

BackgroundOne of the remaining questions in treating dogs with internal hydrocephalus is the association between the decrease of ventricular volume and re‐expansion of cerebral parenchyma with clinical improvement.HypothesisA decrease in ventricular volume and re‐expansion of brain tissue occur after ventriculoperitoneal shunting (VPS). Clinical improvement defined by resolution of ≥1 clinical signs is associated with decreased size of cerebral ventricles and that the extent of change in ventricular size is associated with clinical improvement.AnimalsForty‐five client‐owned dogs with newly diagnosed communicating internal hydrocephalus.MethodsVentricular volume, brain volume, and clinical status of dogs that underwent VPS were measured before and 3 months after surgery. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the influence of decrease in ventricular size in addition to the covariates “age of the animal” and “duration of clinical signs before surgery” on improvement of clinical signs.ResultsDecreased volume of cerebral ventricles was associated with resolution of ≥1 preoperative clinical sign (P< .003). The covariates “age of the animal” and “duration of clinical signs” were not associated with improvement of clinical signs. The percentage decrease in ventricular size was associated with resolution of ataxia (P= .008) and obtundation (P= .011).Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceThe decrease in ventricular volume and increase in brain parenchyma after VPS are associated with improvement in clinical signs.
A novel method to predict dark diversity using unconstrained ordination analysis
Authors: Brown Joel J. , Mennicken Sophie , Massante Jhonny C. , Dijoux Samuel , Telea Alexandra , Benedek Ana M. , Götzenberger Lars , Májeková Maria , Lepš Jan , Šmilauer Petr , Hrček Jan , de Bello Francesco 
Published: April 2019

AbstractQuestionsSpecies pools are the product of complex ecological and evolutionary mechanisms, operating over a range of spatial scales. Here, we focus on species absent from local sites but with the potential to establish within communities — known as dark diversity. Methods for estimating dark diversity are still being developed and need to be compared, as well as tested for the type, and amount, of reference data needed to calibrate these methods.LocationSouth Bohemia (48°58′ N, 14°28′ E) and Železné Hory (49°52′ N, 15°34′ E), Czech Republic.MethodWe compared a widely accepted algorithm to estimate species pools (Beals smoothing index, based on species co‐occurrence) against a novel method based on an unconstrained ordination (UNO). Following previous work, we used spatially nested sampling for target plots, with the dark diversity estimates computed from smaller plots validated against additional species present in larger plots, and a reference dataset (Czech National Phytosociological Database of >30,000 plots as global reference data). We determined which method provides the best estimate of dark diversity with an index termed the “Success Rate Index”.ResultsWhen using the whole reference dataset (national scale), both UNO and Beals provided comparable predictions of dark diversity that were better than null expectations based on species frequency. However, when predicting from regionally restricted spatial scales, UNO performed significantly better than Beals. UNO also tended to detect less common species better than Beals. The success rate of combining UNO and Beals slightly outperformed the results obtained from the single methods, but only with the largest reference dataset.ConclusionsThe UNO method provides a consistently reliable estimate of dark diversity, particularly when the reference dataset is size‐limited. For future calculations, we urge caution regarding the choice of dark diversity methods with respect to the reference data available, and how different methods handle species of high, and low, occurrence frequency.
Avian host composition, local speciation and dispersal drive the regional assembly of avian malaria parasites in South American birds
Authors: Fecchio Alan , Bell Jeffrey A. , Pinheiro Rafael B.P. , Cueto Victor R. , Gorosito Cristian A. , Lutz Holly L. , Gaiotti Milene G. , Paiva Luciana V. , França Leonardo F. , Toledo‐Lima Guilherme , Tolentino Mariana , Pinho João B. , Tkach Vasyl V. , Fontana Carla S. , Grande Juan Manuel , Santillán Miguel A. , Caparroz Renato , Roos Andrei L. , Bessa Rafael , Nogueira Wagner , Moura Thiago , Nolasco Erica C. , Comiche Kiba J.M. , Kirchgatter Karin , Guimarães Lilian O. , Dispoto Janice H. , Marini Miguel Â. , Weckstein Jason D. , Batalha‐Filho Henrique , Collins Michael D. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIdentifying the ecological factors that shape parasite distributions remains a central goal in disease ecology. These factors include dispersal capability, environmental filters and geographic distance. Using 520 haemosporidian parasite genetic lineages recovered from 7,534 birds sampled across tropical and temperate South America, we tested (a) the latitudinal diversity gradient hypothesis and (b) the distance–decay relationship (decreasing proportion of shared species between communities with increasing geographic distance) for this host–parasite system. We then inferred the biogeographic processes influencing the diversity and distributions of this cosmopolitan group of parasites across South America. We found support for a latitudinal gradient in diversity for avian haemosporidian parasites, potentially mediated through higher avian host diversity towards the equator. Parasite similarity was correlated with climate similarity, geographic distance and host composition. Local diversification in Amazonian lineages followed by dispersal was the most frequent biogeographic events reconstructed for haemosporidian parasites. Combining macroecological patterns and biogeographic processes, our study reveals that haemosporidian parasites are capable of circumventing geographic barriers and dispersing across biomes, although constrained by environmental filtering. The contemporary diversity and distributions of haemosporidian parasites are mainly driven by historical (speciation) and ecological (dispersal) processes, whereas the parasite community assembly is largely governed by host composition and to a lesser extent by environmental conditions.
A cortical microvascular structure in vascular dementia, Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration and nondemented controls: a sign of angiogenesis due to brain ischaemia?
Authors: Ek Olofsson H. , Englund E. 
Published: April 2019

AimsWe observed a microvascular structure in the cerebral cortex that has not, to our knowledge, been previously described. We have termed the structure a ‘raspberry’, referring to its appearance under a bright‐field microscope. We hypothesized that raspberries form through angiogenesis due to some form of brain ischaemia or hypoperfusion. The aims of this study were to quantify raspberry frequency within the cerebral cortex according to diagnosis (vascular dementia, Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration and nondemented controls) and brain regions (frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital cortices, regardless of diagnosis).Materials and methodsIn each of 10 age‐matched subjects per group, a 20‐mm section of the cerebral cortex was examined in haematoxylin‐and‐eosin‐stained sections of the frontal, temporal and parietal, and/or occipital lobes. Tests were performed to validate the haematoxylin‐and‐eosin‐based identification of relative differences between the groups, and to investigate inter‐rater variability.ResultsRaspberry frequency was highest in subjects with vascular dementia, followed by those with frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Alzheimer's disease and last, nondemented controls. The frequency of raspberries in subjects with vascular dementia differed from that of all other groups at a statistically significant level. In the cerebral lobes, there was a statistically significant difference between the frontal and occipital cortices.ConclusionsWe believe the results support the hypothesis that raspberries are a sign of angiogenesis in the adult brain. It is pertinent to discuss possible proangiogenic stimuli, including brain ischaemia (such as mild hypoperfusion due to a combination of small vessel disease and transient hypotension), neuroinflammation and protein pathology.
Let's Work This Out: Is Work A Basic Human Good?
Authors: Playford Richard 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn this paper, I explore the axiological status of work. I engage with a number of prominent natural law theorists who consider it a basic human good and explain why their arguments fail. In the process, I put forward a novel argument against the very possibility of work being considered a basic good. I conclude that whilst work may be very important to us psychologically and instrumentally it should not be considered a basic human good.
Achalasia diagnosed despite normal integrated relaxation pressure responds favorably to therapy
Authors: Sanagapalli Santosh , Roman Sabine , Hastier Audrey , Leong Rupert W. , Patel Kalp , Raeburn Amanda , Banks Matthew , Haidry Rehan , Lovat Laurence , Graham David , Sami Sarmed S. , Sweis Rami 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundAchalasia diagnosis requires elevated integrated relaxation pressure (IRP; manometric marker of lower esophageal sphincter [LES] relaxation). Yet, some patients exhibit clinical features of achalasia despite normal IRP and have LES dysfunction demonstrable by other means. We hypothesized these patients to exhibit equivalent therapeutic response compared to standard achalasia patients.MethodsSymptomatic achalasia‐like cases, despite normal IRP, displayed evidence of impaired LES relaxation using rapid drink challenge (RDC), solid swallows during high‐resolution manometry, and/or barium esophagogram; were treated with achalasia therapies and compared to standard achalasia patients with raised IRP. Outcomes included equivalence for short‐ and long‐term symptom response and stasis on barium esophagogram.Key ResultsTwenty‐nine normal IRP achalasia cases (14 males, median age 50 year, median Eckardt 6, barium stasis 12 ± 7 cm) and 29 consecutive standard achalasia controls underwent therapy. Among cases, LES dysfunction was most often identified by RDC and/or barium esophagogram. Short‐term symptomatic success was equivalent in cases vs controls (90% vs 93%; 95% CI for difference: −19% to 13%). Median short‐term (1 vs 1; 95% CI for difference: 0‐1) and long‐term Eckardt scores (2 vs 1; 95% CI for difference: 0‐2) were similar in cases and controls, respectively. Adequate clearance was observed in 67% of cases vs 81% of controls on post‐therapy esophagogram.Conclusions and InferencesWe described a subset of achalasia patients with normal IRP, but impaired LES relaxation identifiable only on additional provocative tests. These patients benefited from treatment, suggesting that such tests should be performed to increase the number of clinically relevant diagnoses.
Cycloplegia and spectacle prescribing in children: attitudes of UK optometrists
Authors: Doyle Lesley A , McCullough Sara J , Saunders Kathryn J 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPurposeTo survey a large number of UK‐based optometrists, in a variety of settings, to determine current attitudes relating to the use of cycloplegia and spectacle prescribing in children aged ≤11 years.MethodsOne thousand randomly selected members of the College of Optometrists (UK) were invited to complete an electronic questionnaire. The questionnaire was comprised of 42 questions relating to respondent demographics, practitioner use of cycloplegia and attitudes to using cycloplegia to assess childhood refractive error and prescribing spectacles for children aged ≤11 years.ResultsThree hundred and eleven practitioners (31%) completed the questionnaire. Practitioners agreed that they are confident carrying out cycloplegic refraction (60%) and instilling cyclopentolate (77%); are not concerned about the time the procedure takes (69%); feel parents are receptive to its use (65%) and are not discouraged by side effects (72%). Most practitioners agreed that they would carry out a cycloplegic refraction in pre‐school children (aged 2–4 years) at their first eye exam (34% vs 27%), but would not carry out a cycloplegic refraction in a child of school age (5–7 years: 25% vs 47%, 8–11 years: 12% vs 45%). More recently qualified practitioners are more likely to be proactive in using cycloplegia (Mann‐Whitney, p = 0.003). Community practitioners prescribed at slightly lower levels of ametropia in non‐strabismic children than those working in a hospital setting both in the present study and in comparison to previously published hospital optometry values, particularly for hyperopia at 1 year of age.ConclusionsThis is the first study to report practitioner use of cycloplegia and attitudes to using cycloplegia to assess childhood refractive error and prescribing spectacles for children in a large number of UK‐based optometrists practising in a variety of settings. The majority of practitioners responded in a positive manner to the use of cycloplegia and reported patterns of use which adhere closely to available professional guidance. However, outcomes indicate practitioners may appreciate more comprehensive evidence‐based resources to inform their decision‐making relating to use of cycloplegia in paediatric examination.
Antifeedant and cytotoxic activity of gibberellic acid against Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Shayegan Davood , Jalali Sendi Jalal , Sahragard Ahad , Zibaee Arash 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe present study investigates the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3), a terpenoid and phytohormone, on the digestive physiology and intermediary metabolism of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). Incorporation of GA3 (800 μg g−1 diet) in an artificial diet results in significant reductions in the rates of diet consumption and the efficiency of conversion of food consumption by by H. armigera larvae. The relative growth rate decreases as the concentration increases. The relative α‐amylase activity in sixth‐instar larvae of H. armigera decreases significantly after ingestion of four concentrations of GA3. Histological studies of the midgut in GA3‐treated larvae (800 μg g−1 diet) show degeneration of the epithelial cells. The alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activity decreases at the highest concentration. However, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, γ‐glutamyl transferase and lactate dehydrogenase activity increase significantly compared with the control. The results clearly demonstrate the adverse effects of GA3 on H. armigera via interruption of nutritional physiology and metabolism.
Effect of Environmental Temperature on High-Intensity Intervals in Well-Trained Cyclists
Authors: Boynton Jason R. , Danner Fabian , Menaspà Paolo , Peiffer Jeremiah J. , Abbiss Chris R. 
Published: April 2019

Purpose: To examine the effect of environmental temperature (TA) on performance and physiological responses (eg, body temperature, cardiopulmonary measures) during a high-intensity aerobic interval session. It was hypothesized that power output would be highest in the 13°C condition and lower in the 5°C, 22°C, and 35°C conditions. Methods: Eleven well-trained cyclists randomly completed 4 interval sessions at 5°C, 13°C, 22°C, and 35°C (55% [13%] relative humidity), each involving five 4-min intervals interspersed with 5 min of recovery. During the intervals, power output, core temperature (TC), skin temperature, VO2, and heart rate were recorded. Results: Mean session power output for 13°C (366 [32] W) was not higher than 5°C (363 [32] W; P = 1.00, effect size = 0.085), 22°C (364 [36] W; P = 1.00, effect size = 0.061), or 35°C (352 [31] W; P = .129, effect size = 0.441). The 5th interval of the 35°C condition had a lower power output compared with all other TA. TC was higher in 22°C compared with both 5°C and 13°C (P = .001). VO2 was not significantly different across TA (P = .187). Heart rate was higher in the 4th and 5th intervals of 35°C compared with 5°C and 13°C. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that while mean power outputs for intervals are similar across TA, hot TA (≥35°C) reduces interval power output later in a training session. Well-trained cyclists performing maximal high-intensity aerobic intervals can achieve near-optimal power output over a broader range of TA than previous literature would indicate.