bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous Integration of High Endurance Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Epitaxial BaTiO3 Devices on Si
Authors: Haque Asraful , D'Souza Harshal Jason , Parate Shubham Kumar , Sandilya Rama Satya , Raghavan Srinivasan , Nukala Pavan 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIntegrating epitaxial BaTiO3 (BTO) with Si is essential for leveraging its ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and nonlinear optical properties in microelectronics. Recently, heterogeneous integration approaches that involve growth of BTO on ideal substrates followed by transfer to a desired substrate show promise of achieving excellent device‐quality films. However, beyond simple demonstrations of the existence of ferroelectricity, robust devices with high endurance are not yet demonstrated on Si using the latter approach. Here, using a novel two‐step approach to synthesize epitaxial BTO using pulsed laser deposition on water‐soluble Sr3Al2O6 (on SrTiO3 substrates), successful integration of high‐quality BTO capacitors on Si is demonstrated, with remanent polarisation Pr = 7 µC cm−2, coercive field Ec = 150 kV cm−1, ferroelectric and electromechanical endurance of > 106 cycles. The study further addresses the challenge of cracking and disintegration of thicker films by first transferring a large area (5 mm x 5 mm) of the templated layer of BTO (≈30 nm thick) on the desired substrate, followed by the growth of high‐quality BTO on this substrate, as revealed by high‐resolution X‐ray diffraction (HRXRD) and high‐resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (HRSTEM) measurements. These templated Si substrates offer a versatile platform for integrating any epitaxial complex oxides with diverse functionalities onto any inorganic substrate.
Optimizing Photosensitizers with Type I and Type II ROS Generation Through Modulating Triplet Lifetime and Intersystem Crossing Efficiency
Authors: Yue Yifan , Li Bowen , Wang Dandan , Wu Chongzhi , Li Zhiyao , Liu Bin 
Published: November 2024

AbstractOrganic photosensitizers (PSs) can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) via electron transfer (type I) and energy transfer (type II) pathways during photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, although numerous organic PSs have been constructed, the methods to optimize both type I and type II ROS generation are still not well explored. In this work, molecular engineering is applied to design three new organic PSs with varying triplet lifetimes and intersystem crossing (ISC) efficiency to achieve highly efficient type I&II ROS generation. The results reveal that after coated into nanoparticles (NPs) with DSPE‐PEG2000‐Biotin, the PS of mBDP‐PyH with the longest triplet lifetime and moderate ISC efficiency possesses good type II ROS and moderate type I ROS generation. With other properties being similar, the PS of mBDP‐2Py exhibits a shorter triplet lifetime, accompanied by concurrently reduced ROS generation for both types inside NPs. In contrast, the most potent PS of mBDP‐PyBr exhibits the shortest triplet lifetime but highly efficient ISC, with its NPs showing superior type I&II ROS generation. Moreover, both in vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that mBDP‐PyBr NPs display outstanding light toxicity under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Overall, this study provides valuable guidance in designing effective organic PSs for PDT.
Photochemical Patterning and Characterization of Mechanical Properties on Soft Materials
Authors: Park Jun H. , Grimes Patrick J. , Symons Henry E. , Braidotti Nicoletta , Rochat Sebastien , Workentin Mark S. , Gobbo Pierangelo 
Published: November 2024

AbstractAlthough different chemistries for the spatio‐temporal localization of molecules and gradients of chemical signals within soft materials are now available, the achievement of spatio‐temporal patterns of mechanical properties in such materials and their characterization remain considerable challenges. This study presents the syntheses of two novel photo‐sensitive and thermoresponsive hydrogel systems, a photo‐stiffening and a photo‐softening hydrogel. Their potential for fabricating soft materials with patterned mechanical properties is then demonstrated by fabricating an actuator whose higher‐order bending properties can be switched on with light, and by encoding mechanical properties for digital information encryption and storage. Microindentation and a custom‐made data analysis software are essential for the characterization of all the materials. From a general perspective, this work opens a route to the fabrication of soft materials with patterned mechanical properties, addressing an important emerging challenge in soft materials science with applications in soft robotics and information encryption and storage.
Fluorocarbon‐Functionalized Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly Nanoparticles Alleviate Hypoxia to Enhance Sonodynamic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Xu Zhikang , Zhang Xuanxuan , Shan Qianyun , Zhu Wei , Jiang Shangxu , Li Rumei , Wu Xiaojin , Huo Meng , Ying Bin , Chen Chen , Chen Xiaoting , Zhang Kai , Chen Weiyu , Chen Jian 
Published: November 2024

AbstractSonodynamic therapy (SDT) is an ultrasound‐based, noninvasive cancer treatment that targets tumor cells by triggering reactive oxygen species production. However, the limited accumulation of sonosensitizers and the insufficient supply of O2 to the hypoxic environment at the tumor site greatly limit the effectiveness of SDT. To address these issues, positively charged porphyrin‐containing nanoparticles (NPs) from self‐assembling of fluorocarbon/polyethylene glycol amphiphilic block copolymer, which is synthesized through reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, are constructed. The NPs with fluorocarbon core and positively charged hydrophilic shells not only stabilize the sonosensitizer and improve its cellular uptake, but also act as an O2 carrier alleviating the hypoxic tumor environment. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that the NPs effectively deliver O2 to the tumor and supply sufficient O2 to Renca cells after ultrasound treatment. Consequently, the NPs inhibit hypoxia‐induced resistance to SDT and significantly produce reactive oxygen species by activated porphyrin moieties, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. These oxygen‐enhanced sonosensitizer NPs hold promise for cancer therapies such as photodynamic therapy, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy by overcoming hypoxia‐induced resistance.
Vacancies Engineering in Molybdenum Boride MBene Nanosheets to Activate Room‐Temperature Ferromagnetism
Authors: Zhang Liangzhu , Xing Shucheng , He Tian , Wu Wei‐Bin , Zhang An‐lei , Guo Zhoubin , Das Pratteek , Zheng Shuanghao , Ge Jun‐Yi , Feng Xinliang , Sun Zhimei , Wu Zhong‐Shuai 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe rapid development of low energy dissipation spintronic devices has stimulated the search for air‐stable 2D nanomaterials possessing room‐temperature ferromagnetism. Here the experimental realization of 2D Mo4/3B2 nanosheets is reported with intrinsic room‐temperature ferromagnetic characteristics by vacancy engineering. These nanosheets are synthesized by etching the bulk MAB phase (Mo2/3Y1/3)2AlB2 into Mo4/3B2 nanosheets in ZnCl2 molten salt. The Mo4/3B2 nanosheets show robust intrinsic ferromagnetic properties, with a saturation magnetic moment of 0.044 emu g−1 at 300 K, while vacancy‐free MoB MBene exhibits paramagnetism. It is elucidated that the Mo‐vacancy defect generates large density of states near the Fermi surface and spontaneously spin‐split bands through first‐principles calculations, which contributes to the non‐zero magnetic moment in Mo4/3B2 nanosheets. This work lays the groundwork for activating the magnetic properties of MBene nanosheets by vacancy engineering, offering the possibilities for development of practical spintronic devices.
Anomalously High Apparent Young's Modulus of Ultrathin Freestanding PZT Films Revealed by Machine Learning Empowered Nanoindentation
Authors: Lyu Longji , Song Chunlin , Wang Yanghe , Wu Dirui , Zhang Yingli , Su Shengyao , Huang Boyuan , Li Changjian , Xu Mengkang , Li Jiangyu 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe mechanical properties at small length scales are not only significant for understanding the intriguing size‐dependent behaviors but also critical for device applications. Nanoindentation via atomic force microscopy is widely used for small‐scale mechanical testing, yet determining the Young's modulus of quasi‐2D films from freestanding force–displacement curve of nanoindentation remains challenging, complicated by both bending and stretching that are highly nonlinear. To overcome these difficulties, a machine learning model is developed based on the back propagation (BP) neural network and finite element training to accurately determine the Young's modulus, pretension, and thickness of freestanding films from nanoindentation force–displacement curves simultaneously, improving the computational efficiency by two orders of magnitude over conventional brute force curve fitting. Using this technique, anomalously high apparent Young's modulus is discovered of 2.8 nm thick PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 (PZT) film as large as 229.4 ± 12.1 GPa, much higher than the bulk value. The enhancement can be attributed to the strain gradient‐induced flexoelectric effect, and the corresponding flexoelectric coefficient is estimated to be ≈200 nC m−1. The method is developed to enable an artificial intelligence (AI) system to study the mechanical properties of a wide range of low‐dimensional materials.
Polarization‐Dependent Nonlinear Optical Responses of CrPS4 for Ultrafast All‐Optical Switches
Authors: Yan Lei , Gong Ziyao , He Qinyong , Shen Dechao , Ge Anping , Liu Yang , Ma Guohong , Dai Ye , Sun Liaoxin , Zhang Saifeng 
Published: November 2024

AbstractDue to the extraordinary chemical and physical properties, ternary chalcogenides with wide‐range bandgap, unique structures, and exceptional photoelectric properties have attracted great interest recently. Among them, Chromium thiophosphate (CrPS4) is a promising semiconductor with excellent optical, mechanical, and electronic properties and has a lower lattice symmetry resulting in significant in‐plane anisotropy. Here, the polarization‐dependent nonlinear optical (NLO) responses of CrPS4 flake are investigated. Based on polarization‐resolved Raman spectroscopy, which identifies the crystal axis of sample, the anisotropic linear absorption spectra, I‐scan technique, and pump‐probe measurements are utilized to investigate the optical absorption information of CrPS4. The polarization‐dependent NLO responses are found originating from the anisotropic optical transition probability. And the polar optical phonons play an important role in carrier relaxation processes. Furthermore, CrPS4‐based all‐optical switches are proposed, which can modulate the transmittance of signal light (CW laser) by changing the polarization of switch light (fs laser). This work provides insights into polarization‐dependent CrPS4‐based devices, which is important to promote the potential applications in optical modulator, versatile optoelectronic detection, and so on.
Synergistic Impact of Passivation and Efficient Hole Extraction on Phase Segregation in Mixed Halide Perovskites
Authors: Zhang Zhaojie , Gilchrist Rebecca J. , Tsuji Miu , Grimm Ronald L. , Mani Tomoyasu , Venkataraman D. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe interface between the hole transport layer (HTL) and perovskite in p‐i‐n perovskite solar cells (PSCs) plays a vital role in the device performance and stability. However, the impact of this interface on the vertical phase segregation of mixed halide perovskite remains insufficiently understood. This work systematically investigates the impact of chemical and electronic properties of HTL on vertical halide segregation of mixed‐halide perovskites. This work shows that incorporating a poly[bis(4‐phenyl) (2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl) amine] (PTAA)/CuIxBr1‐x bilayer as the HTL significantly suppresses light‐induced vertical phase segregation in MAPb(I0.7Br0.3)3. This work uses grazing‐incidence X‐ray diffraction (GIXRD) to capture the depth‐resolved composition change of MAPb(I0.7Br0.3)3 at the interface and within the bulk under illumination. By changing the illumination direction and the electronic properties of HTL, this work elucidates the roles of charge carrier extraction and interfacial defects on vertical phase segregation. The PTAA/CuIxBr1‐x bilayer, with its synergistic passivation and efficient hole extraction ability, stabilizes the interface and bulk of the mixed halide perovskite layer and prevents phase segregation. This work underscores that synergetic passivation and efficient hole extraction pack a more powerful punch for arresting the vertical phase segregation in mixed‐halide perovskite.
Selective Up‐ and Down‐Conversion Luminescence for Nonlinear Expansion of Unclonable Parameter Space
Authors: Kim Dong Wook , Jang Jaehyuck , Leem Jung Woo , Yun Heechang , Ko Byoungsu , Kim Ik‐Soo , Park Hyeji , Kim Young L. , Rho Junsuk , Jeong Unyong 
Published: November 2024

AbstractOptical physical unclonable functions (PUFs) have attracted considerable attention as an immediately exploitable cryptographic primitive for high‐level hardware security attributed to their potential for implementing a large parameter space through the incorporation of robust optical phenomena. However, previous optical PUFs primarily relied on linear and single‐channel optical processes, requiring an increase in the number of optical inputs (materials or wavelengths) in a monotonous manner to scale up challenge‐response pairs. Herein, an optical PUF capable of nonlinearly expanding the parameter space to enhance the cryptographic strength through the selective adjustment of up‐ and down‐conversion luminescence is introduced. The nonlinearity in the expansion of the parameter space originates from a random distribution of three types of microspheres, with their shells designed to exhibit various positional arrangements of upconversion nanoparticles and perovskite crystals. Because energy and photon interactions depend on their positional proximity and excitation power, adjusting the two excitation inputs into five power steps enables the single PUF to generate 30 unique cryptographic keys, which is 15 times greater than what a linear system can offer. The PUF also demonstrates high stability, maintaining its cryptographic performance when exposed to heat, moisture, and long‐term laser excitation, underscoring its practical applicability in security protocols.
A 2DEG‐Based GaN‐on‐Si Terahertz Modulator with Multi‐Mode Switchable Control
Authors: Chen Shanri , Duan Siyu , Zou Yongtu , Zhou Shaolin , Wu Jingbo , Jin Biaobing , Zhu Haoshen , Che Wenquan , Xue Quan 
Published: November 2024

AbstractAs terahertz (THz) technology has been widely considered as a key candidate for future sixth‐generation wireless communication networks, THz modulators show profound significance in wireless communication, data storage, and imaging. In special, dynamic tuning of THz waves through 2D electron gas (2DEG) incorporated with a hybrid design of metasurface has attracted keen interest due to the combined merits of deliberate structural design, rapid switching speed and the process compatibility. Current meta‐modulator enables very high modulation depth but encounter limited bandwidth. In this paper, by taking into account the co‐functional effects of temperature and voltage‐dependent dynamic control on transmission amplitude, a 2DEG‐based GaN‐on‐Si modulator with two switchable operational states (or four modes) of active wave control is proposed. Under cryogenic temperature conditions, the proposed device exhibits prominent 2D plasmons characteristics with switchable transitions between the gated mode and ungated mode for active control. Under room temperature conditions, the proposed device exhibits non‐resonance broadband spectra characteristics with tunable transitions between the linearity mode and depletion mode for transmission control. The scheme provides an option for the development of the actively tunable THz meta‐modulator and paves a way for the robust multifunctionality of electrically controllable THz switching, and biosensors.
Magnetic Field Enhanced Frequency‐Selective Terahertz Detection via 3D Printing Micro‐Helical Stepped and MoTe2 Coated Arrays
Authors: Peng Zhong‐Ze , Song Qi , Yang Jiachen , Zhang Min , Hou Shao‐Dong , Zhang Bing‐Yuan , Chen Wei , Lu Yan‐Qing 
Published: November 2024

AbstractRecent advancements in wireless communication have markedly increased data throughput and decreased latency in progressing toward sixth‐generation (6G) networks, wherein the terahertz (THz) waveband offers significant potential. However, conventional THz sensors often suffer from high noise, low responsivity, and low spectrum efficiency, limiting their effectiveness for THz applications. Here, to address these challenges, a magnetic‐enhanced frequency‐selective is developed THz sensor by depositing an Au‐enhanced active layer of MoTe2 on a designed 3D printing high‐depth micro‐helical stepped structure. This sensor, featuring four characteristic frequency points and an effective area of 107.12 mm2, demonstrated noticeable improvements under a 0.145 mT magnetic field at 0.1 THz: optical responsivity improved by 413.23% (from 3.32 to 17.03 MV W−1), noise equivalent power decreased by 80.51% (from 49.16 to 9.58 pW Hz−1/2), and the detectivity reached 3.30 × 1010 cm·Hz1/2·W−1. This work highlights the potential of integrating 3D microstructures with novel topological materials for practical 6G communication.
Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent OLEDs With EQE up to 25% via 3MMLCT‐Induced and Short‐Lived Phosphorescent Dinuclear Pt(II) Sensitizers
Authors: Lee Gyeong Seok , Hwang Kyo Min , Kang Iljoon , Hong Seong Hwan , Kim Sungbum , Jeong Yeonju , Elumalai Ramachandran , Ko Soo‐Byung , Kim Taekyung , Kim Yun‐Hi 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe novel dinuclear Pt(II) complexes, Di‐Pt‐CH3 and Di‐Pt‐CD3 with non‐fluorinated n‐hetero cyclic (NHC) ligands are developed. They exhibit phosphorescent emission in the range of 440–460 nm in film state with ≈60% photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and a shorter lifetime due to a moderate Pt‐Pt distance of 3.21 Å. By suitably combining with blue multiresornance thermally activated delay fluorescence ( MR‐TADF) emitters, t‐DABNA and ν‐DABNA, efficient energy transfer is achieved from the triplet intraligand state (3IL) and triplet metal ligand change transfer (3MLCT) mixed states of Pt(II) complexes to the singlet state of the emitters. Importantly, the delayed triplet lifetime of the TADF emitter is shortened through the fast relaxation of triplet metal‐metal to ligand charge transfer (3MMLCT) states, possessing 0.07 eV lower energy compared to the triplet states of the TADF emitters. Di‐Pt‐CH3 and Di‐Pt‐CD3 are employed in phosphorescent and phosphorescent sensitized TADF (PS‐TADF) blue OLEDs, resulting in high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 18.8% and 25.4%, respectively. An extremely low roll‐off characteristic of 9.8% is observed in the PS‐TADF OLED. Additionally, deuterium substitution of the methyl group improved phosphorescent device lifetime by 2.6 times. Notably, Di‐Pt‐CD3 resulted in significant lifetime enhancements: 4.7 times in phosphorescent devices and 6.6 times in PS‐TADF devices, compared with Ir(cb)3‐based devices. The mechanism for the increased lifetime is extensively studied through the magneto‐electroluminescence (MEL) and transient electroluminescence (TrEL) measurements.
Bright Transparent Glass‐Ceramic Scintillators With High Fraction (Ca, Sr, Ba)1‐xYxF2+x: Tb Nanocrystals Precipitation for X‐ray Low‐Dose Detection and High‐Resolution Imaging
Authors: Liu Qunhuo , Ran Peng , Chen Weilin , Zhang Wei , Jiang Tingming , Qiao Xvsheng , Yang Yang (M.) , Fan Xianping 
Published: November 2024

AbstractTransparent glass‐ceramic (GC) scintillator offers cost‐effective and large‐scale preparation for high‐resolution X‐ray imaging and detectors. However, it remains difficult to precipitate a high fraction of lanthanide activated fluoride nanocrystals that determine scintillation properties in glass. Herein, an ionic‐covalent fluoroaluminate‐phosphate glass network structure is constructed by combining simulation and experimental study, which enables the precipitation of (Ca, Sr, Ba)1‐xYxF2+x: Tb nanocrystals with high crystallinity (30.11%). By adjusting Tb doping concentration, heat treatment temperature and duration, a high internal quantum efficiency of 76.07%, the steady‐state light yield of 12710 photons MeV−1 and the lowest X‐ray detection of 180 nGyair s−1 are obtained. Finally, a high‐resolution (23.4 lp mm−1) X‐ray imaging application is realized by using the (Ca, Sr, Ba)1‐xYxF2+x: Tb GC scintillator. This provides a new option for the development of low‐cost, high‐performance scintillators for X‐ray high‐resolution imaging and low‐dose detection applications.
DNA‐Based Nanocarriers to Sequester Altered microRNAs in Cardiac Dysfunction
Authors: Postigo Alejandro , Hernández‐Bellido Natalia , Sánchez‐Barat Marcos , García‐Mendívil Laura , Pueyo Esther , del Barrio Jesús , Hernández‐Ainsa Silvia , Ordovás Laura 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRs) play a critical role in modulating gene expression across biological processes, including cardiac aging and disease. As such, miRs have demonstrated therapeutic potential in several cardiac conditions. Efficient delivery of miR therapies to cardiac tissue is crucial for effective gene therapy and DNA‐based nanocarriers (DNCs), based on Watson‐Crick‐Franklin highly specific base‐pair recognition, have emerged as a promising, biocompatible alternative to viral‐based methods. Here, DNCs designed to modulate miR levels as a potential treatment for cardiac dysfunction are presented. Specifically, the DNCs target miR‐24‐2, which inhibits SERCA2 gene. In humans, the reduction of SERCA2 activity is a hallmark of heart failure and is altered in cardiac aging. The assembled DNCs bearing anti‐miR‐24‐2‐5p sequences effectively restore intracellular levels of SERCA2 in a HEK293 cell model. The DNCs proper assembly is thoroughly verified, while their stability and miR‐capture ability are demonstrated in vitro. The DNCs exhibit successful internalization into HEK293 and modest uptake into human cardiomyocytes. SERCA2 restoration by DNCs is significantly influenced by the miR‐capture sequence layout, underscoring the importance of precise design for optimal biological outcomes. This study highlights the potential of DNCs in cardiac therapies, a previously unexplored avenue for addressing cardiac dysfunction.
Applications and Developments of Gene Therapy Drug Delivery Systems for Neurological Disorders
Authors: Nguyen Ngoc Hong , Nguyen‐Thi Phuong‐Trang , Nguyen Thuy Trang , Bui Vu Khac Hoang , Nguyen Nhat Thang Thi , Vo Giau Van 
Published: November 2024

AbstractNeurological diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, ischemic strokes, spinal cord injuries, and other similar conditions that continue to pose a substantial health and economic burden on a global scale. It is crucial to tackle the difficulties provided by current medications due to the adverse effects and its immunological reactions to develop improved treatments for neurodegenerative illnesses. Gene therapy is currently being extensively used in preclinical and clinical studies for various diseases because of its ability to enhance the delivery and effectiveness of treatments. Various gene delivery techniques, including messenger RNA, small interfering RNA, antisense oligonucleotides, microRNA, CRISPR/Cas9 system, and plasmid DNA, have been created to address these difficulties. The goal of this study is to provide a clear overview of the pathophysiological underpinnings of NDs illnesses while also illuminating recent developments in gene delivery vector technologies. It goes over the main classifications of these vectors, their individual benefits and drawbacks, and their specific applications in the delivery of gene therapy.