bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic increases in the thermodynamic response of hourly precipitation extremes in an idealized warming experiment with a convection-permitting climate model
Authors: Lenderink Geert , Belušić Danijel , Fowler Hayley J , Kjellström Erik , Lind Petter , van Meijgaard Erik , van Ulft Bert , de Vries Hylke 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Changes in sub-daily precipitation extremes potentially lead to large impacts of climate change due to their influence on soil erosion, landslides, and flooding. However, these changes are still rather uncertain, with only limited high-resolution results available and a lack of fundamental knowledge on the processes leading to sub-daily extremes. Here, we study the response of hourly extremes in a convection-permitting regional climate model (CPRCM) for an idealized warming experiment—repeating present-day observed weather under warmer and moister conditions. Ten months of simulation covering summer and early autumn for two domains over western Central Europe and western Mediterranean are performed. In general, we obtain higher sensitivities to warming for local-scale extreme precipitation at the original grid-scale of 2.5–3 km than for aggregated analyses at a scale of 12–15 km, representative for currently conventional regional climate models. The grid-scale sensitivity over sea, and in particular over the Mediterranean Sea, approaches 12%–16% increase per degree, close to two times the Clausius–Clapeyron (CC) relation. In contrast, over the dry parts of Spain the sensitivity is close to the CC rate of 6%–7% per degree. For other land areas, sensitivities are in between these two values, with a tendency for the cooler and more humid areas to show lower scaling rates for the most intense hourly precipitation, whereas the land area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea shows the opposite behaviour with the largest increases projected for the most extreme hourly precipitation intensities. While our experimental setup only estimates the thermodynamic response of extremes due to moisture increases, and neglects a number of large-scale feedbacks that may temper future increases in precipitation extremes, some of the sensitivities reported here reflect findings from observational trends. Therefore, our results can provide guidance within which to understand recent observed trends and for future climate projections with CPRCMs.
Quantum critical properties of Bose–Hubbard models
Authors: Sanders Sören , Holthaus Martin 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The Mott insulator-to-superfluid transition exhibited by the Bose–Hubbard model on a two-dimensional square lattice occurs for any value of the chemical potential, but becomes critical at the tips of the so-called Mott lobes only. Employing a numerical approach based on a combination of high-order perturbation theory and hypergeometric analytic continuation we investigate how quantum critical properties manifest themselves in computational practice. We consider two-dimensional triangular lattices and three-dimensional cubic lattices for comparison, providing accurate parametrizations of the phase boundaries at the tips of the respective first lobes. In particular, we lend strong support to a recently suggested inequality which bounds the divergence exponent of the one-particle correlation function in terms of that of the two-particle correlation function, and which sharpens to an equality if and only if a system becomes critical.
Utilization of natural crust as a raw material of plastic biodegradable in sustainable development equipment goals
Authors: Wijaya R S , Amri V , Nur F A , Rosariawari F 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
East Java Province is the largest sugarcane producer in Indonesia, in year 2015 total sugar cane production in East Java Province reached 1,076,240 tons, in that year Malang Regency is area with the biggest production level that is 273,540 tons. Sugar cane production from Malang is sent to several sugar companies (PG) spread in East Java, such as: PG. Temple and PG. Krembung. Mill sugar mill capacity at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara X PG. Krembung, Sidoarjo which reached 2750 TCD (Ton Canes per Day) produces sludge waste that ranges from 250 kg/day and the waste is not yet utilized, but it is immediately discarded. Sap crust waste is one of the remaining sugar cane processing products derived from the process of thickening sap for sugar crystals. Based on the analysis test, the crust has 30.3% cellulose, 4.52% hemicellulose, and 11.25% lignin. Cellulose is contained in the waste of sap crust, has the potential to be utilized as raw material for making biodegradable plastic. Biodegradable plastic is made by inverse phase method. Making biodegradable plastic using a variation of waste of 2, 4 gr, 6 gr, 8 gr, and 10 gr. The addition of glycerol and sorbitol plasticizers with a ratio of 100: 0, 50:50, and 0: 100 will be formed on a 4 ml basis. The characterization of biodegradable plastic was carried out by using tensile strength and elongation tests. The results showed that on the composition of the 10 gram sap crust with the addition of plasticizer glycerol and sorbitol of 100: 0 has the highest tensile strength value of 8.08 Mpa and the highest elongation on the composition of the crust 2 gram with the addition of plasticizer glycerol and sorbitol of 0: 100 ie by 20.16%.
The Quality of Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) Stored on ZECC (Zero Energy Cool Chamber)
Authors: Dirpan A 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Post-harvest handling fruits and vegetables in Indonesia has not received enough attention. This can be seen from the post-harvest damage of 25-28%. ZECC (Zero Energy Cool Chamber) is one of the eco-friendly and low-cost post-harvest technologies that can be used to store fruit and vegetables. The aim of the study was, to know the quality of tomatoes stored in ZECC, cold temperature, and ambient temperature. Secondly, to determine time length storage of tomatoes using ZECC. Data processing used a quantitative descriptive method with three replicates. The chemical analysis result of tomato stored in ZECC was vitamin C content 39.95 mg / 100g, pH level 4.15, total acid 0.40, total soluble solids 5.40Brix, weight loss 4.66 grams. The quality of tomatoes stored on ZECC is better than tomatoes stored in cold storage and ambient temperature. Tomatoes can be stored in ZECC for 20 days, cool temperature storage of 15 days, and storage of ambient temperature 10 days.
Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure among Outdoor Workers in Three Canadian Provinces
Authors: Peters Cheryl E , Pasko Elena , Strahlendorf Peter , Holness Dorothy Linn , Tenkate Thomas 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIntroductionSolar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure places outdoor workers at risk of skin cancer and exposure is difficult to control. In response, the Sun Safety at Work Canada (SSAWC) project was undertaken (2014–2016). The purpose of this substudy was to characterize the UVR exposure levels of outdoor workers in the SSAWC project.MethodsThirteen workplaces in the provinces of British Columbia, Ontario, and Nova Scotia participated in an exposure monitoring campaign (late summer/early fall 2016). Study participants were workers from power utilities and municipalities. Participants wore a UVR measurement badge (light-sensitive polysulfone plastic) on their wrist, shoulder, or hardhat. Badge calibration and absorbance measurements were performed in the AusSun Research Lab. Personal UVR doses are presented as standard erythemal doses (SED) and compared with the internationally recommended exposure limit (1.3 SED), as well as to the total available UVR by date. Generalized linear models were used to examine determinants of solar UVR for personal UVR dose (for both SED and percent of ambient UVR). Models considered badge placement, date, province, industry, main job task, and the hours spent outdoors.ResultsMean personal UVR dose of participating workers was 6.1 SED (nearly 5× the recommended limit). Just 14% of workers experienced ‘acceptable’ levels of solar radiation; 10% were exposed at >10 times the limit. In univariate analyses, workers in Ontario had the highest levels (mean 7.3 SED), but even in the lowest exposed province (British Columbia), the mean personal UVR dose was 4.5 SED. Utility workers had double the exposure of municipal workers (10.4 and 5.5 SED, respectively). In the determinants of exposure models, the differences by province were muted, but utility line workers and those in general maintenance had higher predicted exposures. Those who wore their badge on their hardhat also had higher values of SED in the fully adjusted determinants models.ConclusionsSolar ultraviolet overexposure among outdoor workers is a concern, even in a country like Canada with relatively low ambient UVR. Implementation of sun safety programs should be supported in an effort to reduce exposure in this vulnerable group of workers.
Shallow plant-dominated lakes – extreme environmental variability, carbon cycling and ecological species challenges
Authors: Sand-Jensen Kaj , Andersen Mikkel René , Martinsen Kenneth Thorø , Borum Jens , Kristensen Emil , Kragh Theis 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundSubmerged plants composed of charophytes (green algae) and angiosperms develop dense vegetation in small, shallow lakes and in littoral zones of large lakes. Many small, oligotrophic plant species have declined due to drainage and fertilization of lakes, while some tall, eutrophic species have increased. Although plant distribution has been thoroughly studied, the physiochemical dynamics and biological challenges in plant-dominated lakes have been grossly understudied, even though they may offer the key to species persistence.ScopeSmall plant-dominated lakes function as natural field laboratories with eco-physiological processes in dense vegetation dictating extreme environmental variability, intensive photosynthesis and carbon cycling. Those processes can be quantified on a whole lake basis at high temporal resolution by continuously operating sensors for light, temperature, oxygen, etc. We explore this hitherto hidden world.ConclusionsDense plant canopies attenuate light and wind-driven turbulence and generate separation between warm surface water and colder bottom waters. Daytime vertical stratification becomes particularly strong in dense charophyte vegetation, but stratification is a common feature in small, shallow lakes also without plants. Surface cooling at night induces mixing of the water column. Daytime stratification in plant stands may induce hypoxia or anoxia in dark bottom waters by respiration, while surface waters develop oxygen supersaturation by photosynthesis. Intensive photosynthesis and calcification in shallow charophyte lakes depletes dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in surface waters, whereas DIC is replenished by respiration and carbonate dissolution in bottom waters and returned to surface waters before sunrise. Extreme diel changes in temperature, DIC and oxygen in dense vegetation can induce extensive rhythmicity of photosynthesis and respiration and become a severe challenge to the survival of organisms. Large phosphorus pools are bound in plant tissue and carbonate precipitates. Future studies should test the importance of this phosphorus sink for ecosystem processes and competition between phytoplankton and plants.
Socio-ecological conditions and female infidelity in the Seychelles warbler
Authors: Raj Pant Sara , Komdeur Jan , Burke Terry A , Dugdale Hannah L , Richardson David S 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWithin socially monogamous breeding systems, levels of extra-pair paternity can vary not only between species, populations, and individuals, but also across time. Uncovering how different extrinsic conditions (ecological, demographic, and social) influence this behavior will help shed light on the factors driving its evolution. Here, we simultaneously address multiple socio-ecological conditions potentially influencing female infidelity in a natural population of the cooperatively breeding Seychelles warbler, Acrocephalus sechellensis. Our contained study population has been monitored for more than 25 years, enabling us to capture variation in socio-ecological conditions between individuals and across time and to accurately assign parentage. We test hypotheses predicting the influence of territory quality, breeding density and synchrony, group size and composition (number and sex of subordinates), and inbreeding avoidance on female infidelity. We find that a larger group size promotes the likelihood of extra-pair paternity in offspring from both dominant and subordinate females, but this paternity is almost always gained by dominant males from outside the group (not by subordinate males within the group). Higher relatedness between a mother and the dominant male in her group also results in more extra-pair paternity—but only for subordinate females—and this does not prevent inbreeding occurring in this population. Our findings highlight the role of social conditions favoring infidelity and contribute toward understanding the evolution of this enigmatic behavior.
‘Hospital Shields’ and the Limits of International Law
Authors: Gordon Neve , Perugini Nicola 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Assaults on hospitals have become part of a widespread warfare strategy, propelling numerous actors to claim that belligerents are not being held accountable for attacking medical units. Acknowledging that international humanitarian law (IHL) offers medical units protections, belligerents often claim that the hospitals were being used to shield military targets and therefore the bombing was legitimate. Tracing the history of hospital bombings alongside the development of legal articles dealing with the protection of medical units, we show how, from the early 20th century, international law has introduced a series of exceptions that legitimize attacks on hospitals that were framed as shields. Next, we demonstrate that the shielding argument justifies bombing hospitals because they have ostensibly assumed a threshold position in-between the two axiomatic poles informing the laws of war – combatants and civilians. We argue, however, that medical units tend to occupy a legal and spatial threshold during war and, since IHL does not have the vocabulary to acknowledge the liminal nature of medical units and identifies between liminality and criminality, it introduces several exceptions that help belligerents legitimize their attacks. By way of conclusion, we maintain that the only way to address the deliberate and widespread destruction of medical units is by reforming the law through the introduction of an absolute ban.
Natural disasters, land and labour
Authors: Choumert-Nkolo Johanna , Phélinas Pascale 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe study the behaviour of farmers living under the threat of the Tungurahua Volcano in Ecuador. Recent eruptions have caused significant damage, including crop loss, death of livestock and destruction of dwellings. We collected a unique data set after a major eruption in 2016. We interviewed 222 farmers in the area affected by the eruption and 260 in a nearby control zone to understand why they choose to remain in the risky zone despite the existence of public programmes aimed at relocating them to safe zones. We examine land and labour, which are farmers’ primary productive assets. First, we investigate the capitalisation of volcanic hazards in farmland values and find a negative price premium of 21 per cent compared to the control zone. Second, we explore non-farm labour in response to volcanic risk. Finally, we argue that repeated ash fall events increase the illiquidity of farm household assets, such as farmland, and that agricultural human capital is difficult to convert into non-agricultural capital. Our results convey important information for public policies aimed at supporting adaptation and resilience of people living under the threat of volcanoes and other natural disasters.
Healthcare use before and after changing disability pension policy: a regional Danish cohort study
Authors: Borup Line J , Weye Nanna Ø , Jensen Vibeke , Fonager Kirsten 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
The social security policy for disability pension (DP) was changed in Denmark in 2013 and eligibility requirements were tightened. We describe and compare the use of healthcare among individuals with incident DP before and after the policy change.

Methods
This was a follow-up study based on data from nationwide databases. The study included individuals with incident DP aged 18–64 years and living in The North Denmark Region. We included individuals with incident DP before (2010–12, n = 6286) and after (2014–15, n = 1042) the 2013 policy change. Poisson regression was used to examine group differences in (i) contact to healthcare and (ii) hospitalization. For this purpose, we used incidence rate ratios stratified on type of contact before being awarded DP.

Results
We found a change of diagnoses for healthcare use towards higher proportions of cardiovascular, pulmonary, neurological and cancer diseases and lower proportion with musculoskeletal disorder in the populations being granted DP after policy changes. For individuals with psychiatric contact before being granted DP, we found no significant differences between periods in psychiatric healthcare after DP was awarded. For individuals with somatic contact before being granted DP, we found an increased risk of contact to somatic healthcare and hospitalization after DP requirements were tightened.

Conclusion
The study demonstrated that individuals who were granted DP after the eligibility requirements had been tightened suffered from more medical conditions and had an ongoing need for healthcare. In contrast, no significant difference in risk of psychiatric contact or hospitalization after DP was demonstrated.
Joint contribution of rotation of the back and repetitive movements to disability pension using job exposure matrix data
Authors: Ervasti Jenni , Pietiläinen Olli , Rahkonen Ossi , Lahelma Eero , Kouvonen Anne , Lallukka Tea , Mänty Minna 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundHeavy physical effort at work has been linked with disability pension, but the contribution of other ergonomic job exposures is less studied. We studied the independent and joint contributions of long-term exposure to (i) rotation of the back and (ii) repetitive movements to disability pension, particularly due to musculoskeletal disorders.MethodsExposures were measured with the Helsinki Health Study Job Exposure Matrix during 1996–2005 and linked to register data on employees of the City of Helsinki, Finland (n = 18 585). Outcomes were followed up during 2006–2015. Competing risk survival analyses were performed and synergy indices computed, adjusting for sociodemographic factors.ResultsLong-term exposure to rotation of the back was associated with disability pension due to any cause [age and sex-adjusted subhazard ratio (SHR) 2.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.73–3.30], and specifically disability pension due to musculoskeletal disorders (SHR = 3.39, 95% CI 1.52–7.56) when compared to employees exposed to neither of the two exposures. Repetitive movements alone did not increase the risk of disability pension (all-cause SHR = 1.08, 95% CI 0.84–1.38, musculoskeletal SHR = 1.65, 95% CI 0.91–2.97). Employees with exposure to both rotation of the back and repetitive movements had the highest risk of disability pension due to musculoskeletal disorders (SHR = 5.98, 95% CI 3.85–9.28), but the interaction between exposures was additive rather than synergistic. Adjustment for education diluted the associations by 42–108%.ConclusionLong-term exposure to awkward work postures increased the risk of disability pension. Educational inequalities largely account for differences in occupational exposures.
Evolutionary Integration and Modularity in the Archosaur Cranium
Authors: Felice Ryan N , Watanabe Akinobu , Cuff Andrew R , Noirault Eve , Pol Diego , Witmer Lawrence M , Norell Mark A , O'Connor Patrick M , Goswami Anjali 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Complex structures, like the vertebrate skull, are composed of numerous elements or traits that must develop and evolve in a coordinated manner to achieve multiple functions. The strength of association among phenotypic traits (i.e., integration), and their organization into highly-correlated, semi-independent subunits termed modules, is a result of the pleiotropic and genetic correlations that generate traits. As such, patterns of integration and modularity are thought to be key factors constraining or facilitating the evolution of phenotypic disparity by influencing the patterns of variation upon which selection can act. It is often hypothesized that selection can reshape patterns of integration, parceling single structures into multiple modules or merging ancestrally semi-independent traits into a strongly correlated unit. However, evolutionary shifts in patterns of trait integration are seldom assessed in a unified quantitative framework. Here, we quantify patterns of evolutionary integration among regions of the archosaur skull to investigate whether patterns of cranial integration are conserved or variable across this diverse group. Using high-dimensional geometric morphometric data from 3D surface scans and computed tomography scans of modern birds (n = 352), fossil non-avian dinosaurs (n = 27), and modern and fossil mesoeucrocodylians (n = 38), we demonstrate that some aspects of cranial integration are conserved across these taxonomic groups, despite their major differences in cranial form, function, and development. All three groups are highly modular and consistently exhibit high integration within the occipital region. However, there are also substantial divergences in correlation patterns. Birds uniquely exhibit high correlation between the pterygoid and quadrate, components of the cranial kinesis apparatus, whereas the non-avian dinosaur quadrate is more closely associated with the jugal and quadratojugal. Mesoeucrocodylians exhibit a slightly more integrated facial skeleton overall than the other grades. Overall, patterns of trait integration are shown to be stable among archosaurs, which is surprising given the cranial diversity exhibited by the clade. At the same time, evolutionary innovations such as cranial kinesis that reorganize the structure and function of complex traits can result in modifications of trait correlations and modularity.