bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La construction contemporaine du problème de la traite des êtres humains au Brésil
Authors: Dias Guilherme Mansur 
Published: February 2019

Cet article présente une lecture du processus d’arrivée et de diffusion de l’agenda anti-traite dans le contexte brésilien de 2000 à 2016, soit une période allant de la signature par l’ONU du Protocole de Palerme en 2000, à l’approbation de la loi brésilienne 13.344 de 2016 concernant les crimes de traite des personnes. Les actions de lutte contre la traite des personnes ont pris de l’ampleur à l’échelle mondiale après la ratification du Protocole de Palerme par un grand nombre de pays. Au Brésil, le thème a été présenté comme prioritaire par certaines organisations internationales et il a également été mobilisé par les autorités et les responsables politiques de différents partis, ainsi que par des groupes très hétérogènes de la société civile. L’article interroge ainsi pourquoi et comment un programme de lutte contre la traite des personnes a pu devenir une priorité pour le pouvoir exécutif, législatif et judiciaire, et par quels moyens il s’est diffusé en mobilisant une grande variété d’acteurs de la société brésilienne.
Burkitt lymphoma: Trends in children below 15 years reveal priority areas for early diagnosis activities in north-west Cameroon
Authors: Afungchwi Glenn M. , Hesseling Peter B. , Achu Paul , Bardin Richard , Kouya Francine 
Published: February 2019

Background: Burkitt lymphoma is one of the most common childhood cancers in Cameroon. Incidence rates of 5.9/100 000 and 2.58 per 100 000 have been reported in two studies in 2005 and 2012 amongst children below 15 years in the North-West Region.Aim: This study seeks to examine how Burkitt lymphoma incidence has varied between the various health districts of north-west Cameroon from 2003 to 2015.Setting: North-West region of Cameroon.Method: Ethics approval was obtained from the relevant university and Health Services Institutional Review Board. Population data was obtained from the regional delegation of public health. The Paediatric Oncology Networked Database registry from two hospitals and two pathology-based registries were reviewed for cases per year from the various districts. Age-standardised incidence rates were computed for all districts by year using the World Health Organizaion world standard populations.Results: A total of 317 cases were registered. Overall age-standardised incidence rate was 3.07 per 100 000. Annual incidence ranged from 0.09 in 2003 to 6.12 in 2010. The districts with the highest incidence rates for the entire study period include Nwa with 10.54; Ndop with 5.63; Benakuma with 5.48; Ako with 4.97; and Nkambe with 4.73.Conclusion: Clustering of Burkitt lymphoma is seen in the region, with the highest incidence in Nwa, Ndop, Benakuma, Ako and Nkambe. These districts should be prioritised for awareness creation campaigns. There is need for a population-based childhood cancer registry in the region, which will use both active and passive surveillance methods to record all childhood cancer cases.
Thaw processes in ice-rich permafrost landscapes represented with laterally coupled tiles in a land surface model
Authors: Aas Kjetil S. , Martin Léo , Nitzbon Jan , Langer Moritz , Boike Julia , Lee Hanna , Berntsen Terje K. , Westermann Sebastian 
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Earth
system models (ESMs) are our primary tool for projecting future climate
change, but their ability to represent small-scale land surface processes is
currently limited. This is especially true for permafrost landscapes in which
melting of excess ground ice and subsequent subsidence affect lateral
processes which can substantially alter soil conditions and fluxes of heat,
water, and carbon to the atmosphere. Here we demonstrate that dynamically
changing microtopography and related lateral fluxes of snow, water, and heat
can be represented through a tiling approach suitable for implementation in
large-scale models, and we investigate which of these lateral processes are
important to reproduce observed landscape evolution. Combining existing
methods for representing excess ground ice, snow redistribution, and lateral
water and energy fluxes in two coupled tiles, we show that the model approach
can simulate observed degradation processes in two very different permafrost
landscapes. We are able to simulate the transition from low-centered to
high-centered polygons, when applied to polygonal tundra in the cold,
continuous permafrost zone, which results in (i) a more realistic
representation of soil conditions through drying of elevated features and
wetting of lowered features with related changes in energy fluxes, (ii) up to
2 ∘C reduced average permafrost temperatures in the current
(2000–2009) climate, (iii) delayed permafrost degradation in the future
RCP4.5 scenario by several decades, and (iv) more rapid degradation through
snow and soil water feedback mechanisms once subsidence starts. Applied to
peat plateaus in the sporadic permafrost zone, the same two-tile system can
represent an elevated peat plateau underlain by permafrost in a surrounding
permafrost-free fen and its degradation in the future following a moderate
warming scenario. These results demonstrate the importance of representing
lateral fluxes to realistically simulate both the current permafrost state
and its degradation trajectories as the climate continues to warm.
Implementing laterally coupled tiles in ESMs could improve the representation
of a range of permafrost processes, which is likely to impact the simulated
magnitude and timing of the permafrost–carbon feedback.
Indeks Massa Tubuh dan Waktu Terjadinya Konversi Sputum pada Pasien Tuberkulosis Paru BTA Positif di RSUP Persahabatan Tahun 2012
Authors: Tama Tika Dwi , Adisasmita Asri C , Burhan Erlina 
Published: February 2019

Lebih dari 50% pasien tuberkulosis memiliki indeks massa tubuh (IMT) yang rendah. Rendahnya IMT dapat memperburuk respon pengobatan dan memperbesar risiko gagal pengobatan. Studi kohort retrospektif ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan IMT dengan konversi sputum pada pasien tuberkulosis paru BTA positif. Studi dilakukan pada Desember 2013-Januari 2014 di poli paru RSUP Persahabatan dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 120 pasien (60 pasien dengan IMT < 18,5 kg/m2 dan 60 pasien dengan IMT >18,5 kg/m2). Sampel diambil secara konsekutif. Probabilitas kumulatif gagal konversi pada pasien tuberkulosis paru BTA positif adalah 17% dan 9,2% pasien mengalami gagal konversi. Pasien tuberkulosis paru BTA positif dengan IMT < 18,5 kg/m2 (24,4%) memiliki probabilitas kumulatif gagal konversi yang lebih besar dibanding pasien dengan IMT > 18,5 kg/m2 (9,3%). Pada pasien dengan IMT < 18,5 kg/m2, hazard rate konversi sputum semakin rendah jika peningkatan berat badan yang dialami pasien di akhir tahap intensif < 1 kg dibandingkan dengan pasien yang mengalami peningkatan berat badan > 1 kg. Analisis Regresi Cox menunjukkan bahwa IMT < 18,5 kg/m2 menurunkan peluang terjadinya konversi sebesar 37,8% (HR 0,622; 95% CI 0,389-0,995) setelah dikontrol kategori pengobatan, peningkatan berat badan di akhir tahap intensif, dan hasil sputum di awal pengobatan. Status gizi pasien selama pengobatan perlu ditingkatkan untuk menunjang keberhasilan pengobatan.Kata kunci: Indeks masa tubuh, konversi sputum, RSUP Persahabatan, tuberkulosis paru
PROSPECÇÃO TECNOLÓGICA DE PATENTES RELATIVAS A PROTEASES NA PRODUÇÃO DE QUEIJOS
Authors: Lima Amanda Dias Da Rocha , Farias Vilmara Albuquerque de , David de Oliveira Hermógenes 
Published: February 2019

<span>Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a inovação no uso de proteases na indústria de alimentos, especialmente na fabricação de queijos, por meio da análise de patentes das bases de dados <em>Espacenet</em>e Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (INPI). As pesquisas foram realizadas entre 7 e 18 de outubro de 2017, considerando um intervalo de 20 anos. Foram recuperadas 3.181 (<em>Espacenet</em>) e 221 (INPI) patentes em proteases, sendo 78 (<em>Espacenet</em>) e 15 (INPI) patentes em proteases vegetais. Uma busca mais específica e relacionada à fabricação de queijos, resultou em 19 patentes com proteases (18 em <em>Espacenet</em>; 1 no INPI) e 3 com proteases vegetais (<em>Espacenet</em>). Em ambos cenários, os principais investidores identificados foram empresas e o Brasil mostrou-se praticamente ausente nessa área de inovação. Os resultados mostram, portanto, que a inovação em proteases vegetais para fabricação de queijos é uma rota interessante para novas pesquisas e desenvolvimento tecnológico.</span>
Bayesian Multilevel Modeling
Authors: Hox Joop J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Multilevel models are designed for data that have a nested structure, for example individuals within groups, with variables measured at each level of the nested structure. The model parameters are commonly estimated with maximum likelihood methods. Recently, Bayesian estimation methods have become in use for multilevel estimation. Bayesian estimation has the advantage of working well with complex models and small samples, or with large amounts of missing data. There is also the principled advantage that Bayesian estimates have a more direct interpretation that common frequentist estimates, for example a 95% credibility interval (CI) can be interpreted as an interval that has a 95% probability of containing the real value.
Field Substitution in Surveys
Authors: Baldissera Sandro , Ferrante Gianluigi , Campostrini Stefano 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA possible approach to deal with nonresponse in surveys is replacing nonrespondents with other similar units during fieldwork.Field substitution is a general term encompassing many different practices. Both conceptual and operative aspects of substitution can influence the reliability of results, such as methods of selection of substitutes (random/nonrandom), mode of data collection (telephone/face‐to‐face interviews), fieldwork protocols, and controls (loose/tight).If substitution on a convenience basis is allowed or the decision to substitute is left to the interviewer's discretion, the sample representativeness could be undermined and a substitution bias may compound the effects of nonresponse. The risk is lower in telephone surveys, which make contact attempts less demanding and allow easier monitoring of operators' activities.The substitution bias can be evaluated testing the hypothesis that the subsamples of originally selected units and of substitutes belong to the same population.Field substitution can be advantageous, since it maintains the intended sample size and structure, ensuring the planned number of observations for each targeted subpopulation of the sample. It is considered especially suitable for surveys with an extensively stratified design. The choice to resort to field substitution depends on its anticipated usefulness, given the objectives, characteristics, and context of each survey.
Progress and Prospects of Graphdiyne‐Based Materials in Biomedical Applications
Authors: Liu Jiaming , Chen Chunying , Zhao Yuliang 
Published: February 2019

AbstractGraphdiyne is a new member of the family of carbon‐based nanomaterials that possess two types of carbon atoms, sp‐ and sp2‐hybridized carbon atoms. As a novel 2D carbon‐based nanomaterial with unique planar structure, such as uniformly distributed nanopores and large conjugated structure, graphdiyne has shown many fascinating properties in mechanics, electronics, and optics since it was first experimentally synthesized in 2010. Up to now, graphdiyne and its derivatives have been reported to be successfully applied in many areas, such as catalysis, energy, environment, and biomedicine, due to these excellent properties. Herein, the current research progress of graphdiyne‐based materials in biomedical fields is summarized, including biosensing, biological protection, cancer therapy, tissue engineering, etc. The advantages of graphdiyne and its derivatives are presented and compared with other carbon‐based materials. Considering the potential biomedical and clinical applications of graphdiyne‐based materials, the toxicity and biocompatibility are also discussed based on current studies. Finally, future perspectives and possible biomedical applications of graphdiyne‐based materials are also discussed.
57Fe Mössbauer Spectroscopy Characterization of Electrocatalysts
Authors: Kramm Ulrike I. , Ni Lingmei , Wagner Stephan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis work addresses the importance of Mössbauer spectroscopy for the characterization of iron‐containing electrocatalysts. The most important aspects of electrocatalysis and Mössbauer spectroscopy are summarized. Next, Fe–N–C catalysts and important conclusions made by this technique on preparation, active site identification and degradation are summarized. Furthermore, recent highlights derived for other iron‐containing electrocatalysts are summarized.
Cyclodextrin‐Based Multistimuli‐Responsive Supramolecular Assemblies and Their Biological Functions
Authors: Zhang Ying‐Ming , Liu Yao‐Hua , Liu Yu 
Published: February 2019

AbstractCyclodextrins (CDs), which are a class of cyclic oligosaccharides extracted from the enzymatic degradation of starch, are often utilized in molecular recognition and assembly constructs, primarily via host–guest interactions in water. In this review, recent progress in CD‐based supramolecular nanoassemblies that are sensitive to chemical, biological, and physical stimuli is updated and reviewed, and intriguing examples of the biological functions of these nanoassemblies are presented, including pH‐ and redox‐responsive drug and gene delivery, enzyme‐activated specific cargo release, photoswitchable morphological interconversion, microtubular aggregation, and cell–cell communication, as well as a geomagnetism‐controlled nanosystem for the suppression of tumor invasion and metastasis. Moreover, future perspectives and challenges in the fabrication of intelligent CD‐based biofunctional materials are also discussed at the end of this review, which is expected to promote the translational development of these nanomaterials in the biomedical field.
Thinnest Nonvolatile Memory Based on Monolayer h‐BN
Authors: Wu Xiaohan , Ge Ruijing , Chen Po‐An , Chou Harry , Zhang Zhepeng , Zhang Yanfeng , Banerjee Sanjay , Chiang Meng‐Hsueh , Lee Jack C. , Akinwande Deji 
Published: February 2019

Abstract2D materials have attracted much interest over the past decade in nanoelectronics. However, it was believed that the atomically thin layered materials are not able to show memristive effect in vertically stacked structure, until the recent discovery of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) atomristors, overcoming the scaling limit to sub‐nanometer. Herein, the nonvolatile resistance switching (NVRS) phenomenon in monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN), a typical 2D insulator, is reported. The h‐BN atomristors are studied using different electrodes and structures, featuring forming‐free switching in both unipolar and bipolar operations, with large on/off ratio (up to 107). Moreover, fast switching speed (<15 ns) is demonstrated via pulse operation. Compared with monolayer TMDs, the one‐atom‐thin h‐BN sheet reduces the vertical scaling to ≈0.33 nm, representing a record thickness for memory materials. Simulation results based on ab‐initio method reveal that substitution of metal ions into h‐BN vacancies during electrical switching is a likely mechanism. The existence of NVRS in monolayer h‐BN indicates fruitful interactions between defects, metal ions and interfaces, and can advance emerging applications on ultrathin flexible memory, printed electronics, neuromorphic computing, and radio frequency switches.
High Efficiency and Low Roll‐Off Hybrid WOLEDs by Using a Deep Blue Aggregation‐Induced Emission Material Simultaneously as Blue Emitter and Phosphor Host
Authors: Xu Zeng , Gong Yanbin , Dai Yanfeng , Sun Qian , Qiao Xianfeng , Yang Dezhi , Zhan Xuejun , Li Zhen , Tang Ben Zhong , Ma Dongge 
Published: February 2019

AbstractOLEDs with high efficiency and low roll‐off are urgently needed to meet the constantly increasing commercial demands for white organic light‐emitting diodes (WOLEDs) in lighting industry applications. To enhance efficiency and decrease WOLED roll‐off, complicated doping technologies are employed, which result in an additional increase in costs. Herein, a deep‐blue‐light molecule (3TPA‐CN) with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) is introduced as blue emitter and phosphor host to fabricate WOLEDs. By optimizing the emission zones, high efficiency and low roll‐off hybrid WOLEDs are achieved. The maximum forward‐viewing power and external quantum efficiencies reach 86.7 lm W−1 and 22.3%, and remain 59.2 lm W−1 and 19.6% at a luminance of 1000 cd m−2, fully exhibiting the prospect of AIE molecules as a promising electroluminescence material for the fabrication of high‐performance WOLEDs.
Graphene on Self‐Assembled InGaN Quantum Dots Enabling Ultrahighly Sensitive Photodetectors
Authors: Hu Anqi , Tian Huijun , Liu Qiaoli , Wang Lei , Wang Lai , He Xiaoying , Luo Yi , Guo Xia 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHighly sensitive photodetection is indispensable in applications, such as remote sensing, imaging, and smoke alarming. III–V nitrides are promising candidates for photodetectors due to their continuously tunable bandgap, radiation hardness, and temperature stability. However, the sensitivity of traditional III–V nitride‐based photodetectors is limited by poor crystal quality which stems from lattice mismatch‐induced point defects and dislocations. Recently, a new type of graphene–colloidal quantum dot (QD) hybrid phototransistor has been preferentially used to obtain high detection sensitivity, but III–V nitride‐based colloidal QDs are hard to synthesize. Here, a highly sensitive QD/graphene hybrid photodetector is demonstrated by using self‐assembled InGaN QDs. The photoconductance in the 2D graphene sheet is tuned by photogenerated carriers in the quantum dots when illuminated, and this effect leads to a current gain mechanism. The photodetector achieves an ultrahigh responsivity over 109 A W−1, a current gain of 109 and fW light detectivity even at room temperature. This study paves the way for new types of highly sensitive III–V nitride‐based photodetectors despite the insufficient crystal quality.
Ergodic Light Propagation in a Half‐Cylinder Photonic Plate for Optimal Absorption in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Martínez‐Denegri Guillermo , Colodrero Silvia , Liu Quan , Toudert Johann , Kozyreff Gregory , Martorell Jordi 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn an optical medium slab, a randomization of the interfaces will lead to an ergodic light propagation, implying a kind of light trapping that sets an upper limit for a broadband absorption enhancement factor. However, in thin film solar cells where such light trapping is most needed, it is not straightforward how the implementation of a surface randomization should be done. In addition, such randomization may also severely limit the electronic device performance. Here, a cylindrical periodic corrugation, which is named half‐cylinder photonic plate, is introduced at the light entering interface which leads to an ergodic light propagation. Advantage of such ergodicity is taken to enhance light absorption in a perovskite cell, physically separated by a planar glass substrate from such half‐cylinder photonic plate. Theoretically and experimentally it is demonstrated that the enhancement light absorption factor measured is close to the maximum possible for light trapping schemes using one interface periodic corrugations. This upper limit results from the ergodic light propagation that is achieved with a half‐cylinder photonic plate made from an optical transparent material with a low refractive index that minimizes light rejection by reflectivity.
Liquid Crystalline Order and Electric Switching of Upconversion Luminescence in Colloidal Nanorod Suspensions
Authors: Park Sungoh , Mundoor Haridas , Fleury Blaise , Davidson Patrick , van de Lagemaat Jao , Smalyukh Ivan I. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe polarization‐dependent photon upconversion luminescence properties of large‐scale orientationally ordered soft matter systems formed by colloidal nanorods dispersed in an isotropic solvent are studied. The electrostatically charged photon‐upconverting nanorods form an isotropic dispersion at low concentrations, whereas orientational order and a nematic phase emerge at high concentrations. When an alternating electric field is applied, particles align in the direction of the electric field in both nematic and isotropic phases, though the nature of this electric switching is different in these two phases. Owing to the long‐range orientational order in the nematic phase, the upconversion luminescence from the particles is polarized without an external field. Polarization dependence of these properties can also be electrically induced in an isotropic phase of the colloidal nanorods. Further, the dynamics of switching of photon upconversion luminescence in both nematic and isotropic dispersions are explored and their potential technological uses are dicussed.
Multistimuli‐Responsive Self‐Organized Liquid Crystal Bragg Gratings
Authors: Chen Ran , Lee Yun‐Han , Zhan Tao , Yin Kun , An Zhongwei , Wu Shin‐Tson 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA simple approach is described to fabricate an electrically, thermally, and optically responsive polarization Bragg grating, using a dual‐frequency liquid crystal (LC) doped with a photosensitive azobenzene chiral compound. Due to the employed dual‐frequency LC, the Bragg reflection is switchable by an electric field. Based on the trans‐cis isomerization of the azobenzene chiral dopant, the reflection wavelength of the LC Bragg gratings can be tuned across the visible wavelength by UV exposure. Meanwhile, the temperature responsivity of LC Bragg gratings is also characterized. Good agreement between experiment and theory is obtained. The circular polarization selectivity and external field tunability of LC Bragg gratings enrich these multifunctional devices and pave the way toward novel smart electro‐optical devices.