bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A reaction-diffusion model of stored bagasse
Authors: Macaskill C. , Sexton M. J. , Gray B. F. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe storage of bagasse, which is principally cellulose, presents many problems for the sugar industry, one of which is bagasse loss due to spontaneous combustion. This is an expensive problem for the industry as bagasse is used as a fuel by sugar mills, and for cogeneration of electricity. Self-heating occurs in the pile through an oxidation mechanism as well as a moisture dependent reaction. The latter reaction is now known to exhibit a local maximum, similar to the heat release curves found in cool-flame problems. Bagasse typically contains 45–55% by weight of water when milling is completed and the question of how to reduce the moisture content is important for two reasons. Firstly, wet bagasse does not burn nearly as efficiently as dry bagasse, and secondly, self-heating is greatly enhanced in the presence of water, for temperatures less than 60–70°C.An existing mathematical model is used, but modified to take into account the newly observed peak in the moisture dependent reaction. Most of the previously reported complex bifurcation behaviour possible in this model is not realized when physically realistic parameter values are used. The bifurcation diagram describing the long-time steady-state solution is the familiar S-shaped hysteresis curve. In the presence of the new form of the moisture dependent reaction, an intermediate state can be found which is not a true steady-state of the system as, in reality, the characteristics of the pile slowly change as water is lost. This state corresponds to observations of an elevated temperature (around 60–70°C) which persists for long periods of time. Approximate equations can then be defined which predict this intermediate state, and hence a different hysteresis curve is found. A simple explanation for the process by which water is lost from the pile is obtained from these equations and an analytical expression is given for the exponential decay of water levels in the pile.
Combustion waves with reactant depletion
Authors: Graham-Eagle J. , Schult D. A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA simple model for the propagation of a combustion wave is proposed and the speed of propagation is predicted. It is assumed that the reactant ignites at a specified temperature and then burns until depleted with reaction rate dependent on temperature and reactant concentration. The exact solution and linear stability are determined in the case of constant heat generation and a numerical scheme is developed to generate traveling wave solutions in the more general case. This numerical method is applied to the case where the temperature dependence of the reaction rate is modeled by the Arrhenius function.
Self-heating behaviour of low moisture content particles—modelling the basket-heating of solid particles and some aspects of the cross over behaviour using milk powder as an example
Authors: Chen Xiao Dong 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSelf-heating in packed paniculate that is exothermically reactive is a major cause of fire and explosion in the powder industry. This study is focused on part of the Auckland development of a mathematical model dealing with this hazardous process in industry using milk powder as an example. Milk powder is a primary powdered food product around the world.An update of the detailed mathematical model is given here, and predictions are made using the model to simulate the basket-heating behaviour of a milk powder in the laboratory (so the model can thus be validated). Basket heating in an oven is a standard laboratory technique for measuring the exothermic reactivity of a solid material.After a favorable comparison with the laboratory results, several aspects of basket-heating were investigated with a view to further improving the technique. Firstly, the model was used to explore the effect of elevated ambient humidity and initial sample water content upon the heating process in the basket. Secondly, the model was used to explore the cross over phenomenon which is related to a novel procedure for measuring activation energy and exothermicity (that is, the Crossing-Point-Temperature (CPT) method, which is a new version of the basket heating technique). The predictions together with the experimental evidence show that the reaction kinetics obtained using the Heat Release (HR) method (another version of the basket heating technique well published in the literature) may not be correct, especially for those measured at elevated oven temperatures and for larger basket sizes. Thirdly, simulations were performed to illustrate that the CPT phenomenon does not just occur at the center of the basket but also occurs everywhere else in the sample. This can become a significant advantage for further development of the CPT method in terms of reducing experimental duration and improving reproducibility.
Practical stability of the solutions of impulsive systems of differential-difference equations via the method of comparison and some applications to population dynamics
Authors: Bainov D. D. , Dishliev A. B. , Stamova I. M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this paper we consider an initial value problem for systems of impulsive differential-difference equations is considered. Making use of the method of comparison and differential inequalities for piecewise continuous functions, sufficient conditions for practical stability of the solutions of such systems are obtained. Applications to population dynamics are also given.
Global stability and persistence in diffusive food chains
Authors: Kuang Yang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this paper, the results of Freedman and So [13] on global stability and persistence of simple food chains are extended to general diffusive food chains. For global stability of the unique homogeneous positive steady state, our approach involves an application of the invariance principle of reaction-diffusion equations and the construction of a Liapunov functional. For persistence, we use the dynamical system results of Dunbaret al.[11] and Hutson and Moran [29].
Phonological P2 or PMN During Spoken Word Recognition in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Huang Xian-Jun , lv Kun , Yang Jin-Chen 
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Word-initial phonological mismatches during spoken word recognition often elicit an event-related potential (ERP) component, namely, the phonological mapping negativity (PMN) in cross-modal priming studies or studies using sentence as context. However, recent studies also reported that a phonological P2 but not PMN has been observed for Mandarin Chinese spoken word recognition in unimodal word-matching and meaning-matching experiments, that is, both the prime and target words were presented auditorily. In the present study, the same pairs of disyllabic Mandarin Chinese words as in the prior unimodal studies were used as stimuli to investigate whether or not the phonological P2 effect is modulated by prime modality and can be replicated in a cross-modal design (i.e., written primes followed by spoken targets). Both the phonological and semantic relations between primes and targets were manipulated. Participants were instructed to judge whether the meaning of the two words were same or not. An enhanced PMN between 250 and 320 ms was elicited by word-initial phonological mismatches. In the later time window, centro-parietally distributed early N400 and late N400 were elicited in semantically unrelated conditions. The presence of PMN instead of P2 in the current study implies that ERP markers of word-initial phonological mismatches during spoken word recognition are modulated by the modality of primes at the level of phonological analysis.
Long‐Term Monitoring of the Brazil Current Transport at 22°S From XBT and Altimetry Data: Seasonal, Interannual, and Extreme Variability
Authors: Goes M. , Cirano M. , Mata M. M. , Majumder S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe seasonal and interannual variability of the Brazil Current (BC) at 22°S is examined using expendable bathythermograph (XBT) transect and satellite altimetry data from 1993 to 2017. The XBT‐based mean absolute geostrophic transport of the BC is estimated as 4.7 ± 1.9 Sv, with additional 0.9 ± 0.9 Sv along the shelf. The strong agreement between the absolute dynamic height and altimetric sea surface height is used in two methods to reconstruct a daily time series of the BC transport since 1993. The altimetry‐based methods can represent well the BC transport seasonal cycle, whereas the XBT‐based estimates are slightly aliased by the strong regional mesoscale variability. At interannual timescales, the BC transport is significantly correlated (r= 0.43) with the wind stress curl in the western half of the basin with a lag of 19 months, which is consistent with baroclinic adjustment timescales. Other sources of variability can be observed in a case study of the summer 2009/2010 event, which was characterized by strong sea surface temperature anomalies of approximately 3 °C. During the event, the BC reached 11 Sv for nearly 3 months, partly driven by an increased coastal upwelling from a cyclonic wind stress anomaly, a standing eddy along the section, and thermosteric anomalies that reached the offshore side of section in February. Heat anomalies were transported southward along the subtropical gyre following the BC path in a period of 2 months, which is consistent with advective timescales. Potential implications for extreme sea level and summer precipitation events in South America are discussed.
Inorganic Carbon and pCO2 Variability During Ice Formation in the Beaufort Gyre of the Canada Basin
Authors: DeGrandpre Michael D. , Lai Chun‐Ze , Timmermans Mary‐Louise , Krishfield Richard A. , Proshutinsky Andrey , Torres Daniel 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSolute exclusion during sea ice formation is a potentially important contributor to the Arctic Ocean inorganic carbon cycle that could increase as ice cover diminishes. When ice forms, solutes are excluded from the ice matrix, creating a brine that includes dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (AT). The brine sinks, potentially exporting DIC and AT to deeper water. This phenomenon has rarely been observed, however. In this manuscript, we examine a ~1 year pCO2 mooring time series where a ~35‐μatm increase in pCO2 was observed in the mixed layer during the ice formation period, corresponding to a simultaneous increase in salinity from 27.2 to 28.5. Using salinity and ice based mass balances, we show that most of the observed increases can be attributed to solute exclusion during ice formation. The resulting pCO2 is sensitive to the ratio of AT and DIC retained in the ice and the mixed layer depth, which controls dilution of the ice‐derived AT and DIC. In the Canada Basin, of the ~92 μmol/kg increase in DIC, 17 μmol/kg was taken up by biological production and the remainder was trapped between the halocline and the summer stratified surface layer. Although not observed before the mooring was recovered, this inorganic carbon was likely later entrained with surface water, increasing the pCO2 at the surface. It is probable that inorganic carbon exclusion during ice formation will have an increasingly important influence on DIC and pCO2 in the surface of the Arctic Ocean as seasonal ice production and wind‐driven mixing increase with diminishing ice cover.
Semianalytical Derivation of Phytoplankton, CDOM, and Detritus Absorption Coefficients From the Landsat 8/OLI Reflectance in Coastal Waters
Authors: Wei Jianwei , Lee ZhongPing , Shang Shaoling , Yu Xiaolong 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Operational Land Imager (OLI) onboard Landsat 8 has potential for mapping the water bio‐optical properties with high spatial resolution. Landsat 8/OLI generates the remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) at four visible bands (λ1‐4 = 443, 482, 561, and 655 nm) and is lack of a 412‐nm band commonly included for ocean color sensors. This spectral configuration has limited the use of Landsat 8/OLI reflectance product for analytical derivation of light absorption coefficients of phytoplankton, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and detritus. In this study, we proposed a hybrid approach to fill this gap. First, we developed an algorithm to estimate the reflectance in a virtual band centered at λ0 = 412 nm from the OLI reflectance spectra Rrs(λ1‐4). Both the estimated Rrs(λ0) and measured Rrs(λ1‐4) were then used together to retrieve the water component absorption coefficients with existing algorithms including the quasi‐analytical algorithm. We assessed the model performance using in situ measurements from the global waters. It was found that the proposed approach could estimate Rrs(412) with a median absolute percentage difference of ~9%. The subsequent retrievals of the component absorption coefficients were satisfactorily accurate, with median absolute percentage difference roughly equal to 35%, 40%, and 60% for phytoplankton, CDOM, and detritus, respectively. The results suggest the feasibility to generate analytically the component absorption coefficients from the Landsat 8/OLI reflectance.
Single-molecule kinetics of pore assembly by the membrane attack complex
Authors: Parsons Edward S. , Stanley George J. , Pyne Alice L. B. , Hodel Adrian W. , Nievergelt Adrian P. , Menny Anaïs , Yon Alexander R. , Rowley Ashlea , Richter Ralf P. , Fantner Georg E. , Bubeck Doryen , Hoogenboom Bart W. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe membrane attack complex (MAC) is a hetero-oligomeric protein assembly that kills pathogens by perforating their cell envelopes. The MAC is formed by sequential assembly of soluble complement proteins C5b, C6, C7, C8 and C9, but little is known about the rate-limiting steps in this process. Here, we use rapid atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging to show that MAC proteins oligomerize within the membrane, unlike structurally homologous bacterial pore-forming toxins. C5b-7 interacts with the lipid bilayer prior to recruiting C8. We discover that incorporation of the first C9 is the kinetic bottleneck of MAC formation, after which rapid C9 oligomerization completes the pore. This defines the kinetic basis for MAC assembly and provides insight into how human cells are protected from bystander damage by the cell surface receptor CD59, which is offered a maximum temporal window to halt the assembly at the point of C9 insertion.
Computation and Simulation of Evolutionary Game Dynamics in Finite Populations
Authors: Hindersin Laura , Wu Bin , Traulsen Arne , García Julian 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe study of evolutionary dynamics increasingly relies on computational methods, as more and more cases outside the range of analytical tractability are explored. The computational methods for simulation and numerical approximation of the relevant quantities are diverging without being compared for accuracy and performance. We thoroughly investigate these algorithms in order to propose a reliable standard. For expositional clarity we focus on symmetric 2 × 2 games leading to one-dimensional processes, noting that extensions can be straightforward and lessons will often carry over to more complex cases. We provide time-complexity analysis and systematically compare three families of methods to compute fixation probabilities, fixation times and long-term stationary distributions for the popular Moran process. We provide efficient implementations that substantially improve wall times over naive or immediate implementations. Implications are also discussed for the Wright-Fisher process, as well as structured populations and multiple types.
Innate positive chemotaxis to paeonal from highly attractive Chinese medicinal herbs in the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne
Authors: Cao Yu , Benelli Giovanni , Germinara Giacinto Salvatore , Maggi Filippo , Zhang Yuanjie , Luo Shuangli , Yang Hong , Li Can 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLasioderma serricorne, also known as cigarette beetle, can exploit a wide variety of stored materials as foods, but it is particularly common on tobacco and herbs. This beetle is a dominant pest species of stored Chinese medicinal materials (CMMs) causing high economic damages, making effective control strategies urgently needed. Behavioural manipulation is an important component of Integrated Pest Management. To the best of our knowledge, plant-borne volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have never been explored to develop lures for managing L. serricorne. In this study, the behavioural responses of L. serricorne to VOCs from four selected CMMs (Euphorbia kansui, Aconitum carmichaelii, Eucommia ulmoides and Pinellia ternata) were studied and their components analysed. Then, the olfactory responses of L. serricorne to the most abundant VOC identified in the preferred CMM, i.e., paeonal, was tested. L. serricorne showed significant differences in its preferences for the VOCs from the four CMMs, i.e, E. kansui > A. carmichaelii > E. ulmoides > P. ternata. From the VOCs of E. kansui, A. carmichaelii, E. ulmoides, and P. ternata, 77, 74, 56, and 81 molecules, were identified, respectively. Paeonal (23.5%), junipene (17.2%), hexanal (17.1%), and benzeneacetonitrile (14.0%) were the most abundant, respectively. Since paeonal dominated the VOC spectrum of the most preferred CMM, this compound was selected for further studies. L. serricorne showed significant positive responses to paeonal tested at various doses, with the most attractive ones being 100 μg and 500 μg. Our findings shed light on the olfactory cues routing the food searching behaviour in the cigarette beetle, providing important information on how L. serricorne targets particular CMMs. The high attractiveness of paeonal at low doses tested here may be exploited further to develop novel monitoring and control tools (e.g., lure-and-kill strategies) against this important stored product pest.
Top-down fabrication of high-uniformity nanodiamonds by self-assembled block copolymer masks
Authors: Zheng Jiabao , Lienhard Benjamin , Doerk Gregory , Cotlet Mircea , Bersin Eric , Kim Harrison Sejoon , Byun Young-Chul , Nam Chang-Yong , Kim Jiyoung , Black Charles T. , Englund Dirk 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNanodiamonds hosting colour centres are a promising material platform for various quantum technologies. The fabrication of non-aggregated and uniformly-sized nanodiamonds with systematic integration of single quantum emitters has so far been lacking. Here, we present a top-down fabrication method to produce 30.0 ± 5.4 nm uniformly-sized single-crystal nanodiamonds by block copolymer self-assembled nanomask patterning together with directional and isotropic reactive ion etching. We show detected emission from bright single nitrogen vacancy centres hosted in the fabricated nanodiamonds. The lithographically precise patterning of large areas of diamond by self-assembled masks and their release into uniformly sized nanodiamonds open up new possibilities for quantum information processing and sensing.
Analysis by RNA-seq of transcriptomic changes elicited by heat shock in Leishmania major
Authors: Rastrojo Alberto , Corvo Laura , Lombraña Rodrigo , Solana Jose C. , Aguado Begoña , Requena Jose M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBesides their medical relevance, Leishmania is an adequate model for studying post-transcriptional mechanisms of gene expression. In this microorganism, mRNA degradation/stabilization mechanisms together with translational control and post-translational modifications of proteins are the major drivers of gene expression. Leishmania parasites develop as promastigotes in sandflies and as amastigotes in mammalians, and during host transmission, the parasite experiences a sudden temperature increase. Here, changes in the transcriptome of Leishmania major promastigotes after a moderate heat shock were analysed by RNA-seq. Several of the up-regulated transcripts code for heat shock proteins, other for proteins previously reported to be amastigote-specific and many for hypothetical proteins. Many of the transcripts experiencing a decrease in their steady-state levels code for transporters, proteins involved in RNA metabolism or translational factors. In addition, putative long noncoding RNAs were identified among the differentially expressed transcripts. Finally, temperature-dependent changes in the selection of the spliced leader addition sites were inferred from the RNA-seq data, and particular cases were further validated by RT-PCR and Northern blotting. This study provides new insights into the post-transcriptional mechanisms by which Leishmania modulate gene expression.
Direct and Indirect Effects of Herbicides on Insect Herbivores in Rice, Oryza sativa
Authors: Kraus Emily C. , Stout Michael J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDensities of insect pests in agricultural communities may be affected by herbicides commonly used for weed management via several routes. First, herbicides may cause direct mortality to insects present both during and immediately following application. Second, herbicides may induce plant defenses that increase resistance to insect herbivores. Third, herbicides may alter the quantity and composition of weed populations, which in turn may change the structure of insect communities found subsequently in the crop. This study was designed to investigate the effects of an array of herbicides on the densities of several major pests found in rice in the southern United States. These pests included the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the rice stinkbug, Oebalus pugnax (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), and a stemborer complex comprised of three lepidopteran species (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Insects directly exposed to herbicides experienced high mortality; while those fed leaf material that had been exposed to herbicides did not. Herbicide application did not significantly increase resistance in rice to subsequent herbivore infestation. Results provided modest support for the third hypothesis represented by positive correlations between weed densities and insect pest densities.
The mixing-demixing phase diagram of ultracold heteronuclear mixtures in a ring trimer
Authors: Richaud Andrea , Zenesini Alessandro , Penna Vittorio 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe derive the complete mixing-demixing phase-diagram relevant to a bosonic binary mixture confined in a ring trimer and modeled within the Bose-Hubbard picture. The mixing properties of the two quantum fluids, which are shown to be strongly affected by the fragmented character of the confining potential, are evaluated by means of a specific indicator imported from Statistical Thermodynamics and are shown to depend only on two effective parameters incorporating the asymmetry between the heteronuclear species. To closely match realistic experimental conditions, our study is extended also beyond the pointlike approximation of potential wells by describing the systems in terms of two coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equations. The resulting mean-field analysis confirms the rich scenario of mixing-demixing transitions of the mixture and also constitutes an effective springboard towards a viable experimental realization. We additionally propose an experimental realization based on a realistic optical-tweezers system and on the bosonic mixture 23Na + 39K, thanks to the large tunability of their intra- and inter-species scattering lengths.