bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thrombin-Stimulated Myosin Phosphorylation in Intact Platelets and its Possible Involvement Secretion
Authors: Daniel James L. , Holmsen Holm , Adelstein Robert S. 
Published: July 2018

SummaryA 20,000 dalton polypeptide, which is phosphorylated in intact platelets pre-incubated with 32P-P04, has been identified as a platelet myosin light chain. Stimulation of intact platelets with thrombin produced a 5-fold increase in the amount of radioactive phosphate incorporated into the light chain. Myosin phosphorylation preceeded acid hydrolase secretion and occurred concomitantly with adenine nucleotide secretion. These results are suggestive of participation of contractile mechanisms in platelet secretion.
Malondialdehyde Production by Platelets during Secondary Aggregation
Authors: Macfarlane D. E , Gardner Sheila , Lipson Carol , Mills D. C. B 
Published: July 2018

SummaryA method is described for increasing the sensitivity of the thiobarbiturate assay for malondialdehyde by concentrating the coloured reaction product. The basal level of malondialdehyde-like material in plasma was found to be about 0.03 μM. Platelets synthesized malondialdehyde when stimulated by collagen or thrombin and also during the second phase of aggregation induced by ADP or adrenaline.
Depletion of Platelet Amine Storage Granules by the Antithrombotic Agent, Suloctidil
Authors: Mills David C. B. , Macfarlane Donald E. 
Published: July 2018

SummarySuloctidil, a compound with antithrombotic properties in animal models, causes depletion of human platelet serotonin stores during 1–5 hr incubation with platelet-rich plasma in vitro. This effect is not attended by leakage of cytoplasmic nucleotides or by alterations in cyclic AMP metabolism, malondialdehyde production or energy balance. 5HT uptake was also inhibited but uptake of adenine was not. 5HT released by suloctidil appeared in the supernatant as oxidation products, though the amine also accumulated when re-uptake was blocked by imipramine.
Apparent Lack of Synergism between Heparin and Dihydroergotamine in Prevention of Deep Vein Thrombosis after Elective Hip Replacement: a Randomised Double-Blind Trial Reported in Conjunction with an Overview of Previous Results
Authors: Gallus Alexander S , Cade John F , Mills K W , Murphy Wendy 
Published: July 2018

SummaryWe report the results of a double-blind, randomised trial of venous thrombosis (VT) prevention in 117 patients having elective hip replacement where low dose heparin alone (5,000 IU sodium heparin given subcutaneously [sc] 8 hourly until the seventh postoperative day) was compared with low dose heparin plus dihydroergotamine (DHE; 0.5 mg, given 8 hourly by sc injection). The trial end point consisted of VT discovered through bilateral ascending venography done routinely on the seventh postoperative day. VT developed in 34% of patients given heparin/DHE (95% confidence interval = 22% – 47%) compared with 24% in those given low dose heparin alone (95% confidence interval = 14% – 37%; p = 0.34), difference = 10% (95% confidence interval = –7% to +26%). Corresponding figures for the incidence of proximal (above-knee) thrombosis were 17% and 14% (95% confidence intervals = 8% – 29% and 6% – 25% respectively). These results are discussed in the context of a detailed overview of published evidence concerning VT prevention with heparin/DHE after hip replacement and we conclude it is unlikely that heparin/DHE is markedly superior to low dose heparin alone in this clinical setting.
Effect of Stimulation on the Stabilization of Platelet-Fibrinogen Interactions
Authors: Peerschke Ellinor I B 
Published: July 2018

SummaryThe interaction between fibrinogen and stimulated platelets is a multiphasic process that culminates in the stabilization of ligand binding and reduced accessibility of bound fibrinogen to exogenous antibody. The present study was designed to further explore platelet-fibrinogen interactions by examining the effect of agonist on bound fibrinogen expression and interaction with stimulated platelets as a function of time after ligand binding. Two agents were identified, Zn2+ and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), which support progressive decreases in bound fibrinogen expression on platelets, but fail to support the stabilization of fibrinogen binding. Sixty min after binding to platelets, approximately 80% of bound fibrinogen remained reversibly associated with Zn2+- or PMA-treated platelets and failed to associate with the Triton X-100 insoluble cytoskeleton. In contrast, polyclonal anti-fibrinogen antibody binding decreased by more than 66%. Over the same time course, fibrinogen binding to control platelets, stimulated with thrombin or ADP, was not only accompanied by a 70% decrease in antifibrinogen antibody binding, but also an inability of EDTA or excess exogenous fibrinogen to dissociate more than half of platelet-associated fibrinogen, as well as the progressive association of bound fibrinogen with the platelet cytoskeleton. Costimulation of platelets with ZnCl2 and thrombin or ZnCl2 and ADP enhanced overall fibrinogen binding but not the EDTA-resistant component, and prevented the recovery of irreversibly bound fibrinogen with the Triton X-100 insoluble cytoskeleton. Costimulation of PMA- or Zn2+-treated platelets with low doses of A23187, however, restored the stabilization of platelet-fibrinogen interactions. These data suggest that modulation of bound fibrinogen expression on stimulated platelets can occur independently of the development of EDTA-resistant fibrinogen binding, and that stabilization of platelet-fibrinogen interactions is sensitive to stimulation-specific intracellular signal transduction.
Trade Liberalization and Constraints on Moves to Protectionism: Multilateralism vs. Regionalism
Authors: Sheldon Ian M. , Chow Daniel C.K. , McGuire William 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn this article, two key questions are asked: why has the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its predecessor the World Trade Organization (WTO) worked in terms of multilateral tariff reduction and promotion of global trade, and to what extent will it act as a constraint on economic nationalism? To answer these two questions, three themes are laid out in the article: first, the seminal economic model rationalizing the economic logic of the GATT/WTO is assessed; second, the perceived relevance of the GATT/WTO in a world of increasing regionalism is discussed; and third, the robustness of the GATT/WTO legal framework and dispute resolution mechanism is evaluated. The key conclusion is that the underlying economic logic of the GATT/WTO is still relevant, but that enforcement of the cooperative agreement will likely be placed under significant strain with the threat of increased protection, and even a potential trade war.
The joint lasso: high-dimensional regression for group structured data
Authors: Dondelinger Frank , Mukherjee Sach ,   The Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: July 2018

Abstract
We consider high-dimensional regression over subgroups of observations. Our work is motivated by biomedical problems, where subsets of samples, representing for example disease subtypes, may differ with respect to underlying regression models. In the high-dimensional setting, estimating a different model for each subgroup is challenging due to limited sample sizes. Focusing on the case in which subgroup-specific models may be expected to be similar but not necessarily identical, we treat subgroups as related problem instances and jointly estimate subgroup-specific regression coefficients. This is done in a penalized framework, combining an $\ell_1$ term with an additional term that penalizes differences between subgroup-specific coefficients. This gives solutions that are globally sparse but that allow information-sharing between the subgroups. We present algorithms for estimation and empirical results on simulated data and using Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and cancer datasets. These examples demonstrate the gains joint estimation can offer in prediction as well as in providing subgroup-specific sparsity patterns.
Methylphenidate Attenuates the Cognitive and Mood Alterations Observed inMbnl2Knockout Mice and Reduces Microglia Overexpression
Authors: Ramon-Duaso Carla , Gener Thomas , Consegal Marta , Fernández-Avilés Cristina , Gallego Juan José , Castarlenas Laura , Swanson Maurice S , de la Torre Rafael , Maldonado Rafael , Puig M Victoria , Robledo Patricia 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMyotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a multisystem disorder affecting muscle and central nervous system (CNS) function. The cellular mechanisms underlying CNS alterations are poorly understood and no useful treatments exist for the neuropsychological deficits observed in DM1 patients. We investigated the progression of behavioral deficits present in male and female muscleblind-like 2 (Mbnl2) knockout (KO) mice, a rodent model of CNS alterations in DM1, and determined the biochemical and electrophysiological correlates in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), striatum and hippocampus (HPC). Male KO exhibited more cognitive impairment and depressive-like behavior than female KO mice. In the mPFC, KO mice showed an overexpression of proinflammatory microglia, increased transcriptional levels of Dat, Drd1, and Drd2, exacerbated dopamine levels, and abnormal neural spiking and oscillatory activities in the mPFC and HPC. Chronic treatment with methylphenidate (MPH) (1 and 3 mg/kg) reversed the behavioral deficits, reduced proinflammatory microglia in the mPFC, normalized prefrontal Dat and Drd2 gene expression, and increased Bdnf and Nrf2 mRNA levels. These findings unravel the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of MPH on cognitive deficits and depressive-like behaviors observed in Mbnl2 KO mice, and suggest that MPH could be a potential candidate to treat the CNS deficiencies in DM1 patients.
Interrogating the Relationship Between Schizotypy, the Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met Polymorphism, and Neuronal Oscillatory Activity
Authors: Steiner Genevieve Z , Fernandez Francesca M , Coles Madilyn , Karamacoska Diana , Barkus Emma , Broyd Samantha J , Solowij Nadia , Watson Owen T , Chiu Christine L , Lind Joanne M , Barry Robert J 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe COMT Val158Met polymorphism affects the availability of synaptic dopamine in the prefrontal cortex and has been widely studied as a genetic risk factor for psychosis. Schizotypy is associated with an increased risk of psychosis, with some studies implicating similar neurobiological mechanisms to schizophrenia. The present study sought to interrogate the link between the COMT Val158Met polymorphism and schizotypy using electroencephalogram (EEG) to identify neurophysiological mechanisms underpinning psychosis risk. Neurotypical (N = 91) adults were genotyped for the COMT Val158Met polymorphism, completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), and had eyes open resting-state EEG recorded for 4 min. SPQ suspiciousness subscale scores were higher for individuals homozygous for Val/Val and Met/Met versus Val/Met genotypes. Delta, theta, alpha-2, beta-1, and beta-2 amplitudes were lower for Val/Val than Met/Met individuals. Lower theta amplitudes were correlated with higher total SPQ scores (P = 0.050), and multiple regression revealed that higher delta, and lower theta and beta-2 amplitudes (but not COMT genotype) best predicted total SPQ scores (P = 0.014). This study demonstrates the importance of COMT genotype in determining trait suspiciousness and EEG oscillatory activity. It also highlights relationships between dopaminergic alterations, EEG and schizotypy that are dissimilar to those observed in schizophrenia.
Artificial light in baited pots substantially increases the catch of cod (Gadus morhua) by attracting active bait, krill (Thysanoessa inermis)
Authors: Humborstad Odd-Børre , Utne-Palm Anne Christine , Breen Michael , Løkkeborg Svein 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The use of pots in the north Atlantic finfish fisheries is negligible because this fishing method typically has a low capture efficiency. Large numbers of individuals encounter baited pots, but the proportions of fish that enter the pot and become caught are low. Krill, which constitutes an important prey for cod (Gadus morhua), is attracted by light. The catching efficiency of baited cod pots with three light sources with different colours and intensities (white: 9744 mW m−2, white: 23 mW m−2, green: 8 mW m−2) were tested in coastal waters in northern Norway. Pots with the light source of highest intensity gave a 17 times higher catch rate of cod than that of control pots (with bait only). The light source of medium intensity gave about a five times higher catch rate, whereas the weakest light did not influence the catch. Cod caught in pots with light had more krill and arrowworms in their stomach and were observed feeding on these preys inside the pot. We concluded that light sources of increasing intensity attract more krill, and that cod were attracted into the pot by the dense swarms of prey and not the light per se.
Analysis of medication therapy discontinuation orders in new electronic prescriptions and opportunities for implementing CancelRx
Authors: Yang Yuze , Ward-Charlerie Stacy , Kashyap Nitu , DeMayo Richelle , Agresta Thomas , Green James 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

Objective
To illustrate the need for wider implementation of the CancelRx message by quantifying and characterizing the inappropriate usage of new electronic prescription (NewRx) messages for communicating discontinuation instructions to pharmacies.

Materials and Methods
A retrospective analysis on a nationally representative random sample of 1 400 000 NewRx messages transmitted over 7 days to identify e-prescriptions containing medication discontinuation instructions in NewRx text fields. A vocabulary of search terms signifying cancellation instructions was formulated and then iteratively refined. True-positives were subsequently identified programmatically and through manual reviews. Two independent reviewers identified incidences in which these instructions were associated with high-alert or look-alike-sound-like (LASA) medications.

Results
We identified 9735 (0.7% of the total) NewRx messages containing prescription cancellation instructions with 78.5% observed in the Notes field; 35.3% of identified NewRxs were associated with high-alert or LASA medications. The most prevalent cancellation instruction types were medication strength or dosage changes (39.3%) and alternative therapy replacement orders (39.0%).

Discussion
While the incidence of prescribers using the NewRx to transmit cancellation instructions was low, their transmission in NewRx fields not intended to accommodate such information can produce significant potential patient safety concerns, such as duplicate or inaccurate therapies. These findings reveal the need for wider industry adoption of the CancelRx message by electronic health record (EHR) and pharmacy systems, along with clearer guidance and improved end-user training, particularly as states increasingly mandate electronic prescribing of controlled substances.

Conclusion
Encouraging the use of CancelRx and reducing the misuse of NewRx fields would reduce workflow disruptions and unnecessary risks to patient safety.
Islām – Midrashic Perspectives on a Quranic Term
Authors: Kister Menahem 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The article examines several Quranic passages which contain the verb aslama and the noun islām in light of Jewish parallels. It is argued that these passages (Q 2:124–33; Q 37:84, 101-3; Q 27:29-44; Q 6:125) reflect midrashic traditions, and that the Arabic aslama and islām in these passages parallel the Hebrew be-lev shalem or hishlim. The latter term accrued two meanings: (1) to worship the Lord wholeheartedly (i.e., exclusively), and (2) to deliver one’s soul (to God) while accepting his authority and surrendering to him.
The article also examines the Hebrew terms mentioned above and their antonyms ḥaluq, maḥăloqet (denoting monotheistic versus polytheistic worship), and the implications of these terms for the textual history of the Palestinian Targums.
Definitions
Authors: Krähenmann Sandra 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The United Nations Set of Principles for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights Through Action to Combat Impunity define at the outset a variety of key terms that are repeatedly used in the document, namely: ‘impunity’, ‘serious crimes under international law’, ‘restoration of or transition to democracy and/or peace’, ‘truth commissions’, and ‘archives’. The definitions delimit the scope of the updated Principles and emphasise two things: that the Principles are addressed to states and do not provide guidance for investigative mechanisms and archives by international organisations and non-governmental organisations. Compared to the Joinet Principles, the updated Principles adopt a broader notion of ‘serious crimes under international law’ so as to take into account any future developments. The updated Principles also acknowledge the broader role to be played by truth commissions, complementary and distinct from criminal proceedings.
Guarantees to Give Effect to the Right to Know
Authors: Unger Thomas 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Principle 5 outlines guarantees that States must take to give effect to the right to know, including judicial and non-judicial mechanisms. This principle focuses on courts, truth commissions and archives, and gives a privileged position to criminal justice. It follows a clear human rights understanding on how guarantees should look like in the fight against impunity. This chapter first provides a contextual and historical background on Principle 5 before discussing its theoretical framework and some practical trends regarding the guarantees designed to give effect to the right to know. It highlights a number of limitations of Principle 5 and proposes a revised version, calling for a more dynamic functional approach that creatively looks at what kind of existing and new interventions could take on the function of guarantees to give effect to the right to know.
The Establishment and Role of Truth Commissions
Authors: Nuzov Ilya , Freeman Mark 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Principle 6 is concerned with the establishment and role of truth commissions, outlined in two paragraphs. The Principle recommends criteria that can be applied ‘to the greatest extent possible’. The first paragraph encompasses three different aspects of the issue: the preliminary ‘decision to establish a truth commission’, the subsequent creation of its ‘terms of reference’, and the related determination of its ‘composition’. In the second paragraph, the term ‘role’ refers to the functional end-goal that a commission is expected to serve: ‘securing recognition of such parts of the truth as were formerly denied’. After providing a historical and contextual background on Principle 6, this chapter discusses its theoretical framework and the ways in which the Principle is exercised in practice.
Specific Measures Relating to Archives Containing Names
Authors: Cadelo Valentina , Peterson Trudy Huskamp 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Principle 17 requires that States provide specific safeguards to individuals who exercise their right of access to archives, in particular to know whether their personal information is included therein. This principle reflects contemporary standards related to access to archives, freedom of information, data protection and any other situation related to privacy rights. Every person is entitled to know whether his/her name appears in State archives and, if so, by virtue of their right to access, shall be given the opportunity to challenge the validity of the information concerning them. After providing a contextual and historical background on Principle 17, this chapter discusses its theoretical framework as well as the ways in which European institutions have addressed the issue of holding of names and personal information by state agents. It also highlights some of the problems and potential implications raised by Principle 17.
Restrictions on Justifications Related to Due Obedience, Superior Responsibility, and Official Status
Authors: du Plessis Max 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Principle 27 deals with restrictions on justifications related to the doctrines of due obedience, superior responsibility, and official status. The defence of due obedience (or superior orders) is premised on the notion that orders must be obeyed and that subordinates often have little or no discretion to refuse to abide by orders of their superiors. The doctrine of command responsibility (or superior criminal responsibility), a creation of international criminal law, states that superiors are criminally liable if they fail to prevent or punish the crimes committed by their subordinates. Under international law in respect to international crimes, immunities are divided into functional immunity (immunity ratione materiae) and personal immunity (immunity ratione personae). This chapter first provides a contextual and historical background on Principle 27 before discussing its theoretical framework and how the doctrines of due obedience, superior responsibility, and official status have been applied in practice.
Disbandment of Parastatal Armed Forces/Demobilization and Social Reintegration of Children
Authors: Duthie Roger , Mayer-Rieckh Alexander 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Principle 37 focuses on the disbandment of parastatal armed forces and the demobilization and social reintegration of children involved in armed conflicts. It articulates measures designed to prevent the transformation of conflict violence to criminal violence through the dismantling and reintegration of all armed groups engaged in abuses, and outlines comprehensive responses to the injustices experienced by children during armed conflict. This chapter first provides a contextual and historical background on Principle 37 before discussing its theoretical framework and practice. It then examines the importance of reintegration processes and how they can be affected by transitional justice measures, along with their implications for former child combatants. It also highlights the relevance of measures for dealing with unofficial armed groups from an impunity standpoint, as well as the efforts of disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) programs to address them.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Marcus , Leslie Nico 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book, describing the law of assignment and intangible property. The law of assignment is concerned with intangible property. Traditionally, English law has tended to use the label choses (or things) in action to describe this species of property, and this term is still widely used. As a result, in order to understand the historical development of the law of assignment, it is at times necessary to make use of the term ‘chose in action’. Intangible property is classified into six different types: rights or causes of action; debts; rights under a contract; securities; intellectual property; and leases. It comprises both legal and equitable property. The distinction between law and equity looms large in assignment, and is one of the reasons for the subject's complexity.