bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The light at the end of the tunnel: photosensitivity in larvae of the mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)
Authors: Wertman Debra L. , Bleiker Katherine P. , Perlman Steve J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractInvestigations of light sensitivity and its physiological effects on insects developing within subcortical tree tissues are limited, presumably due to the assumption that cryptic microhabitats are completely devoid of light. In this study, we documented light-mediated behaviour and opsin gene expression in larvae of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), an extremely important forest insect that is well adapted for development beneath the bark of pine (Pinus Linnaeus; Pinaceae) trees and is eyeless in the larval stage. Larvae were negatively phototactic, as they selected dark over light microhabitats in phototaxis assays. We recovered long-wavelength opsin transcripts from all life stages, including eggs and larvae, suggesting that D. ponderosae is photosensitive throughout its entire life cycle. Our results imply that photosensitivity contributes to immature D. ponderosae survival and that extraocular photoreception could be common among bark beetle larvae.
Natural History of the Elbow Bony Architecture in Patients With Obstetric Brachial Plexus Injury and the Association With Flexion Contractures
Authors: Wagner Eric R. , Werthel Jean-David , Ansari Mohammad , Shaughnessy William , Elhassan Bassem L. 
Published: August 2018

Purpose:
The purposes of this study were to evaluate the radiographic anatomy of the elbow and try to determine its possible relation to elbow flexion contracture in patients with obstetric brachial plexus injury (OBPI).

Methods:
All patients with a history of OBPI with elbow flexion contracture who were evaluated clinically and radiographically were included in the study. A review was performed to include serial elbow examinations and previous treatment. Radiographs of the elbow were examined for the presence of bony abnormalities as a potential cause of elbow flexion contracture or the presence of progressive arthritic changes over time.

Results:
Fifty-nine patients with a history of OBPI with elbow flexion contracture were included in the study. Of them, 53 had normal bony architecture, 2 had mild radial head subluxation, and 4 had chronic anterior radial head dislocations. At a mean age at final clinical follow-up of 21 years (range, 7 to 83 years), only 7% of patients had pain localized to their elbow. There were only three patients with elbow arthritis, including two of the four with radial head dislocations.

Conclusions:
In the absence of a radial head dislocation, most elbow joints do not seem to undergo abnormal anatomic bony changes in patients with OBPI and flexion contractures.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV (retrospective case series)
The adventure of the institutionalisation of restorative justice in Belgium
Authors: Lemonne Anne 
Published: August 2018

The adventure of the institutionalisation of restorative justice in Belgium
At first glance, the adventure of restorative justice (RJ) in Belgium can be considered a real success story. At the turn of the 21st century, programmes oriented towards this justice model officially determined the criminal justice agenda. What were the key ideas that led to the conceptualisation of restorative justice in Belgium? Who were the main actors and agencies that carried them out? What were the main issues that led to the institutionalisation of restorative justice? What are the effects of its implementation on the Belgian criminal justice system in general? This article strives to present the main findings of a study on the basis of an extensive data collection effort and analysis targeting discourses and practices created by actors from the Belgian academic, scientific, political, administrative, social work and judicial spheres from the 1980s to 2015.
Geriatric education in osteopathic medical schools
Authors: Carlsen Wayne , Pfeiffer Barbara , Marx Tracy , Bonyo Benson 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
To determine if the curricula at the colleges of osteopathic medicine (COMs) are adequately preparing their graduates to meet the challenge of the geriatric demographic imperative, the authors surveyed the 16 COMs using a modified version of a survey conducted by Karuza and colleagues. Results were compared with those obtained from the Karuza and colleagues' survey of 73 allopathic medical schools. Overall, 88% of the COMs reported that they were committed to teaching geriatrics to undergraduate medical students, compared with 72 % of the allopathic medical schools. Lack of time and appropriate clinical facilities were the two greatest barriers to committing more time to geriatrics in both osteopathic and allopathic undergraduate medical training programs.
Defect Engineering for Modulating the Trap States in 2D Photoconductors
Authors: Jiang Jie , Ling Chongyi , Xu Tao , Wang Wenhui , Niu Xianghong , Zafar Amina , Yan Zhenzhong , Wang Xiaomu , You Yumeng , Sun Litao , Lu Junpeng , Wang Jinlan , Ni Zhenhua 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDefect‐induced trap states are essential in determining the performance of semiconductor photodetectors. The de‐trap time of carriers from a deep trap can be prolonged by several orders of magnitude as compared to shallow traps, resulting in additional decay/response time of the device. Here, it is demonstrated that the trap states in 2D ReS2 can be efficiently modulated by defect engineering through molecule decoration. The deep traps that greatly prolong the response time can be mostly filled by protoporphyrin molecules. At the same time, carrier recombination and shallow traps in‐turn play dominant roles in determining the decay time of the device, which can be several orders of magnitude faster than the as‐prepared device. Moreover, the specific detectivity of the device is enhanced (as high as ≈1.89 × 1013 Jones) due to the significant reduction of  the dark current through charge transfer between ReS2 and molecules. Defect engineering of trap states therefore provides a solution to achieve photodetectors with both high responsivity and fast response.
Optimized Method for Low‐Energy and Highly Reliable Multibit Operation in a HfO2‐Based Resistive Switching Device
Authors: Ryu Jin Joo , Park Bo Keun , Chung Taek‐Mo , Lee Young Kuk , Kim Gun Hwan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractHere, an optimized method for energy‐efficient and highly reliable multibit operation in a Au/Al2O3/HfO2/TiN resistive switching (RS) device is investigated. A thin Al2O3 layer inserted between the top electrode and the HfO2 RS layer in a capacitor‐like RS device plays the role of an electrical resistor and modulates the external bias‐dependent resistance variation behavior of the RS device. Compared to the case where a single HfO2 layer is used, the device with a Al2O3/HfO2 stacked layer shows slow and nonvolatile resistance state variation with a stepwise increase of the applied voltage, which can significantly reduce the occurrence frequency of the abnormal cases during the incremental‐step‐pulse‐programming (ISPP) and error‐check‐and‐correction (ECC) processes. This phenomenon reduces the number of ISPP/ECC sequences, which is advantageous for achieving energy‐efficient programming in the multibit operation of an RS device. To clarify the role of the Al2O3 thin film layer, a comparative study is performed with an Au/HfO2/TiN stacked device and a serially connected external load resistor. The observed behavior is consistent with that of the device with an Al2O3 layer. This study demonstrates that the simple insertion of an insulating layer in an RS device can facilitate reliable and energy‐efficient multibit operation for future nonvolatile memory applications.
An All‐Inorganic, Transparent, Flexible, and Nonvolatile Resistive Memory
Authors: Yang Yuxi , Gao Wenxiu , Xie Zhongshuai , Wang Yaojin , Yuan Guoliang , Liu Jun‐Ming 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA rapid surge in the research of lightweight, invisible, and flexible electronics is occurring with the arrival of Internet of Things (IoT). However, multifunctional perovskite oxide electronics are commonly hard and should be synthesized at high temperature and oxygen ambience, where most transparent conductive films will become brittle or highly resistive. Thus, the realization of transparent and flexible nonvolatile perovskite oxide resistive memory remains a big challenge. Here, a transparent, flexible, nonvolatile, and all‐inorganic memory with the mica substrate is prepared: the 2.7 wt% Ag‐doped indium–tin oxide (Ag–ITO) film as bottom electrodes, the BaTi0.95Co0.05O3−δ (BTCO) film as resistive‐switching functional layer, and the Ag/ITO films as top electrodes. The Ag–ITO/BTCO/Ag/ITO heterosturcture shows a unipolar resistive‐switching behavior, and its high/low resistance ratio is up to 5 × 103 under a low operating voltage (<2.8 V) with fast response speed (≈50 ns). Either high‐ or low‐resistance states remain stable even after the 14 400 cycles' dynamic bending test with the minimum radius of 3 mm. Additionally, the bipolar resistive‐switching characteristic is observed in the ≈85 nm diameter region. As a result, such resistive memory shows potential to be used in many transparent and flexible devices, such as electronic skins and flexible displays.
Variation in sampling effort affects the observed richness of plant–plant interactions via heterospecific pollen transfer: implications for interpretation of pollen transfer networks
Authors: Arceo‐Gómez Gerardo , Alonso Conchita , Ashman Tia‐Lynn , Parra‐Tabla Victor 
Published: August 2018

Premise of the StudyThere is growing interest in understanding plant–plant interactions via pollen transfer at the community level. Studies on the structure and spatial variability of pollen transfer networks have been valuable to this understanding. However, there is high variability in the intensity of sampling used to characterize pollen transfer interactions, which could influence network structure. To date, there is no knowledge of how sampling effort influences the richness of pollen on stigmas and thereby transfer interactions observed, nor how this may vary across species and study sites.MethodsWe use rarefaction curves on 16 species to characterize the relationship between sampling effort (number of stigmas analyzed) and the richness of pollen transfer interactions recorded. We further assess variability in this relationship among species, plant community types, and sites within a single plant community.Key ResultsWe show high among‐species variation in the amount of sampling required to sufficiently characterize interspecific pollen transfer. We further reveal variability in the sampling effort‐interaction richness relationship among different plant communities and even for the same species growing in different sites.ConclusionsThe wide heterogeneity in the sampling effort required to accurately characterize pollen transfer interactions observed has the potential to influence the characterization of pollen transfer dynamics. Thus, sampling completeness should be considered in future studies to avoid overestimation of modularity and specialization in pollen transfer networks that may bias the predicted causes and expected consequences of such processes for plant–plant interactions.
Order‐level fern plastome phylogenomics: new insights from Hymenophyllales
Authors: Kuo Li‐Yaung , Qi Xinping , Ma Hong , Li Fay‐Wei 
Published: August 2018

Premise of the StudyFilmy ferns (Hymenophyllales) are a highly specialized lineage, having mesophyll one‐cell layer thick and inhabiting particularly shaded and humid environments. The phylogenetic placement of Hymenophyllales has been inconclusive, and while over 87 whole fern plastomes have been published, none was from Hymenophyllales. To better understand the evolutionary history of filmy ferns, we sequenced the first complete plastome for this order.MethodsWe compiled a phylogenomic plastome data set encompassing all 11 fern orders, and reconstructed phylogenies using different data types (nucleotides, codons, and amino acids) and partition schemes (codon positions and loci). To infer the evolution of fern plastome organization, we coded plastome features, including inversions, inverted repeat boundary shifts, gene losses, and tRNA anticodon sequences as characters, and reconstructed the ancestral states for these characters.Key ResultsWe discovered a suite of novel, Hymenophyllales‐specific plastome structures that likely resulted from repeated expansions and contractions of the inverted repeat regions. Our phylogenetic analyses reveal that Hymenophyllales is highly supported as either sister to Gleicheniales or to Gleicheniales + the remaining non‐Osmundales leptosporangiates, depending on the data type and partition scheme.ConclusionsAlthough our analyses could not confidently resolve the phylogenetic position of Hymenophyalles, the results here highlight the danger of drawing conclusions from “all‐in” phylogenomic data set without exploring potential inconsistencies in the data. Finally, our first order‐level reconstruction of fern plastome structural evolution provides a useful framework for future plastome research.
Synthesis, Optoelectric Property, and Electroluminescent Behavior of Annulated Dioxin Derivative Containing Thirteen Six‐membered Rings
Authors: Song Tingting , Li Yuliang , Liu Xinqun , Zhang Chunfang , Zhao Xiaohui , Xiao Jinchong 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTo realize the high reactivity of large acenes, doping heteroatoms into the skeleton of acene is an appealing strategy. Thus herein a novel annulated dioxin derivative containing thirteen six‐membered rings (DPyP) in one row has been synthesized and characterized. The resulting molecule presented maximum absorption and emission peaks at 611 nm and 655 nm in dichloromethane, respectively, and its decomposition temperature was stable up to 343 °C (5% weight loss). Furthermore, the organic light‐emitting diode fabricated with DPyP as an emitter exhibited a promising electroluminescent performance with the maximum red brightness of 301 cd m−2 with CIE of (0.71, 0.28).
Ontogenetic changes to muscle architectural properties within the jaw‐adductor musculature of Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Dickinson Edwin , Fitton Laura C. , Kupczik Kornelius 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectivesChanges to soft‐ and hard‐tissue components of the masticatory complex during development can impact functional performance by altering muscle excursion potential, maximum muscle forces, and the efficiency of force transfer to specific bitepoints. Within Macaca fascicularis, older individuals exploit larger, more mechanically resistant food items and more frequently utilize wide‐gape jaw postures. We therefore predict that key architectural and biomechanical variables will scale during ontogeny to maximize bite force and gape potential within older, larger‐bodied individuals.Materials and methodsWe analyzed 26 specimens of M. fascicularis, representing a full developmental spectrum. The temporalis, superficial masseter, and deep masseter were dissected to determine muscle mass, fiber length, and physiologic cross‐sectional area (PCSA). Lever‐arm lengths were also measured for each muscle, alongside the height of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and basicranial length. These variables were scaled against two biomechanical variables (jaw length and condyle‐molar length) to determine relative developmental changes within these parameters.ResultsDuring ontogeny, muscle mass, fiber length, and PCSA scaled with positive allometry relative to jaw length and condyle‐molar length within all muscles. TMJ height also scaled with positive allometry, while muscle lever arms scaled with isometry relative to jaw length and with positive allometry (temporalis) or isometry (superficial and deep masseter) relative to condyle‐molar length.ConclusionLarger individuals demonstrate adaptations during development towards maximizing gape potential and bite force potential at both an anterior and posterior bitepoint. These data provide anatomical evidence to support field observations of dietary and behavioral differences between juvenile and adult M. fascicularis.
Paper‐Based Antibody Detection Devices Using Bioluminescent BRET‐Switching Sensor Proteins
Authors: Tenda Keisuke , van Gerven Benice , Arts Remco , Hiruta Yuki , Merkx Maarten , Citterio Daniel 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis work reports on fully integrated “sample‐in‐signal‐out” microfluidic paper‐based analytical devices (μPADs) relying on bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) switches for analyte recognition and colorimetric signal generation. The devices use BRET‐based antibody sensing proteins integrated into vertically assembled layers of functionalized paper, and their design enables sample volume‐independent and fully reagent‐free operation, including on‐device blood plasma separation. User operation is limited to the application of a single drop (20–30 μL) of sample (serum, whole blood) and the acquisition of a photograph 20 min after sample introduction, with no requirement for precise pipetting, liquid handling, or analytical equipment except for a camera. Simultaneous detection of three different antibodies (anti‐HIV1, anti‐HA, and anti‐DEN1) in whole blood was achieved. Given its simplicity, this type of device is ideally suited for user‐friendly point‐of‐care testing in low‐resource environments.
Geochemische Kontinuität und Katalysator/Cofaktor‐Austausch für Ursprung und Evolution des Lebens
Authors: Fontecilla‐Camps Juan C. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractZwei Hypothesen konkurrieren vorrangig um eine Erklärung des Ursprungs allen Lebens: “Genetics First” und “Metabolism First”. Die Erste basiert auf dem Miller‐Uray‐Experiment und auf organischen Molekülen, die auf Meteoriten und Kometen gefunden wurden. Sie geht von einem heterotrophen Ursprung des Lebens aus und steht im Einklang mit dem Konzept einer “RNA‐Welt”. Die “Metabolism‐First”‐Hypothese postuliert einen autotrophen Ursprung des Lebens, basierend auf Mineralien und/oder hydrothermalen Quellen. Unmittelbare Beweise zur Untersützung einer der beiden Hypothesen fehlen. Der “Metabolism‐First”‐Hypothese kann jedoch nachgegangen werden, wenn man einen kontinuierlichen, geochemischen, katalytisch‐dynamischen Prozess zugrunde legt. Unter Anwendung dieses Ansatzes stelle ich die Vermutung an, dass sich die Purin‐ und Pyrimidinsynthese auf sich auf mineralischen Oberflächen entwickelt hat, die später durch ATP ersetzt wurden. Dieses Konzept lässt sich auf Redoxprozesse erweitern, bei denen metallgebundene Hydride später durch NAD ersetzt werden konnten.
Chemoselective Probe Containing a Unique Bioorthogonal Cleavage Site for Investigation of Gut Microbiota Metabolism
Authors: Garg Neeraj , Conway Louis P. , Ballet Caroline , Correia Mario S. P. , Olsson Frida K. S. , Vujasinovic Miroslav , Löhr J.‐Matthias , Globisch Daniel 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWhile metabolites derived from gut microbiota metabolism have been linked to disease development in the human host, the chemical tools required for their detailed analysis and the discovery of biomarkers are limited. A unique and multifunctional chemical probe for mass spectrometric analysis, which contains p‐nitrocinnamyloxycarbonyl as a new bioorthogonal cleavage site has been designed and synthesized. Coupled to magnetic beads, this chemical probe allows for straightforward extraction of metabolites from human samples and release under mild conditions. This isolation from the sample matrix results in significantly reduced ion suppression, an increased mass spectrometric sensitivity, and facilitates the detection of metabolites in femtomole quantities. The chemoselective probe was applied to the analysis of human fecal samples, resulting in the discovery of four metabolites previously unreported in this sample type and confirmation of the presence of medically relevant gut microbiota‐derived metabolites.
Enantioselective Access to 1H‐Isoindoles with Quaternary Stereogenic Centers by Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed C−H Functionalization
Authors: Grosheva Daria , Cramer Nicolai 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA catalytic enantioselective method for the synthesis of chiral 1H‐isoindoles bearing quaternary stereogenic centers is reported. Powered by readily accessible phosphordiamidite ligands, the presented palladium(0)‐catalyzed C−H functionalization uses trifluoroacetimidoyl chlorides as electrophilic components. It delivers previously inaccessible perfluoroalkylated 1H‐isoindoles in high yields and enantioselectivities. The subsequent diastereoselective addition of nucleophiles provides access to densely substituted and sterically hindered isoindolines.
Controlling Dissolution and Transformation of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks by using Electron‐Beam‐Induced Amorphization
Authors: Conrad Sabrina , Kumar Prashant , Xue Feng , Ren Limin , Henning Sheryl , Xiao Chunhong , Mkhoyan K. Andre , Tsapatsis Michael 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAmorphous zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) offer promising applications as novel functional materials. Herein, amorphization of ZIF‐L through scanning‐electron‐beam exposure is demonstrated, based on amorphization of individual ZIF‐L crystals. The amorphized ZIF product has drastically increased stability against dissolution in water. An electron dose that allows for complete preservation of amorphous particles after immersion in water is established, resulting in new shapes of amorphous ZIF‐L with spatial control at the sub‐micrometer length scale. Changed water stability as a consequence of scanning‐electron‐beam exposure is demonstrated for three additional metal–organic frameworks (ZIF‐8, Zn(BeIm)OAc, MIL‐101), highlighting the potential use of an electron beam for top‐down MOF patterning. Lastly, recrystallization of ZIF‐L in the presence of linker is studied and shows distinct differences for crystalline and amorphized material.
Feedback Linearization Based Distributed Model Predictive Control for Secondary Control of Islanded Microgrid
Authors: Guo Zhuoyu , Li Shaoyuan , Zheng Yi 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn this paper, a distributed Model Predictive Control (DMPC) is proposed for the secondary voltage and frequency control of islanded microgrid, where each distributed generator (DG) is controlled by a Model Predictive Control (MPC) in the secondary control layer, individually. With considering the nonlinear dynamics of DG with primary control, input‐output feedback schemes are developed for voltage and frequency control separately. Then, all MPCs use the local and neighboring nodes information to solve the optimization problem instead of communicating with a central controller. In this way, the control of the whole system is fully distributed, which allows for a plug‐and‐play. The convergence and stability analysis of the overall closed‐loop system are provided. The simulation result shows the effectiveness of the proposed method.