bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Fast Response of the Tropical Circulation to CO2 Forcing
Authors: Plesca Elina , Buehler Stefan A. , Grützun Verena 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAtmosphere-only CMIP5 idealized climate experiments with quadrupling of atmospheric CO2 are analyzed to understand the fast response of the tropical overturning circulation to this forcing and the main mechanism of this response. A new metric for the circulation, based on pressure velocity in the subsidence regions, is defined, taking advantage of the dynamical stability of these regions and their reduced sensitivity to the GCM’s cloud and precipitation parameterization schemes. This definition permits us to decompose the circulation change into a sum of relative changes in subsidence area, static stability, and heating rate. A comparative analysis of aqua- and Earth-like planet experiments reveals the effect of the land–sea contrast on the total change in circulation. On average, under the influence of CO2 increase without surface warming, the atmosphere radiatively cools less, and this drives the 3%–4% slowdown of the tropical circulation. Even in an Earth-like planet setup, the circulation weakening is dominated by the radiatively driven changes in the subsidence regions over the oceans. However, the land–sea differential heating contributes to the vertical pattern of the circulation weakening by driving the vertical expansion of the tropics. It is further found that the surface warming would, independently of the CO2 effect, lead to up to a 12% slowdown in circulation, dominated by the enhancement of the static stability in the upper troposphere. The two mechanisms identified above combine in the coupled experiment with abrupt quadrupling, causing a circulation slowdown (focused in the upper troposphere) of up to 18%. Here, the independent effect of CO2 has a considerable impact only at time scales less than one year, being overtaken quickly by the impact of surface warming.
Reconsidering the Number of Women With HIV Infection Who Give Birth Annually in the United States
Authors: Nesheim Steven R. , FitzHarris Lauren F. , Lampe Margaret A. , Gray Kristen Mahle 
Published: September 2018

Objectives: The annual number of women with HIV infection who delivered infants in the United States was estimated to be 8700 in 2006. An accurate, current estimate is important for guiding perinatal HIV prevention efforts. Our objective was to analyze whether the 2006 estimate was consistent with the number of infants with HIV infection observed in the United States and with other data on perinatal HIV transmission. Methods: We compared the number of infants born with HIV in 2015 (n = 53) with data on interventions to prevent perinatal HIV transmission (eg, maternal HIV diagnosis before and during pregnancy and prenatal antiretroviral use). We also estimated the annual number of deliveries to women living with HIV by using the number of women of childbearing age living with HIV during 2008-2014 and the estimated birth rate among these women. Finally, we determined any changes in the annual number of infants born to women with HIV from 2007-2015, among 19 states that reported these data. Results: The low number of infants born in the United States with HIV infection and the uptake of interventions to prevent perinatal HIV transmission were not consistent with the 2006 estimate (n = 8700), even with the best uptake of interventions to prevent perinatal HIV transmission. Given the birth rate among women with HIV (estimated at 7%) and the number of women aged 13-44 living with HIV during 2008-2014 (n = 111 273 in 2008, n = 96 363 in 2014), no more than about 5000 women with HIV would be giving birth. Among states consistently reporting the annual number of births to women with HIV, the number declined about 14% from 2008 to 2014. Conclusion: The current annual number of women with HIV infection delivering infants in the United States is about 5000, which is substantially lower than the 2006 estimate. More accurate estimates would require comprehensive reporting of perinatal HIV exposure.
A closer look at the health of cats showing urinary house-soiling (periuria): a case-control study
Authors: Ramos Daniela , Reche-Junior Archivaldo , Mills Daniel S , Fragoso Priscila L , Daniel Alexandre GT , Freitas Mariana F , Cortopassi Silvia G , Patricio Geni 
Published: September 2018

Objectives The aim of this study was to perform a case-control medical evaluation of cats from multi-cat households presenting with inappropriate latrining and spraying behavior. Methods Owners of 18 ‘spraying’ and 23 ‘latrining’ cats with normal control subjects available from the same households were recruited for a case-control study. Otherwise overtly healthy dyads (each dyad consisting of a case cat and a control cat) were brought together to the veterinary hospital of the University of São Paulo for a medical work-up (ie, physical examination, complete blood count, biochemical profile, urinalysis and urine culture, abdominal ultrasound of the urinary system and in females, where possible, cystoscopy). Results Medical problems were identified with similar frequency in the ‘sprayers’ (38.9%), ‘latriners’ (39.1%) and controls of the latrining group (26.1%), but not the controls of the spraying group (5.5%). The difference between ‘cases’ and ‘controls’ from spraying households was significant. Common potential health-related changes include renal insufficiency, cystitis and bladder lithiasis. Renal calculi, higher creatinine levels (within normal reference interval) and ‘glomerulations’ (detected during cystoscopy) were also found in the remaining sprayers and latriners that were considered clinically healthy. Post-cystoscopy, a new form of periuria occurred in two cats (one sprayer and one latriner). Conclusions and relevance These results indicate that spraying or latrining behavior in the home, as well as living with a cat that is not using the litter box as a latrine, are all associated with a higher level of urinary tract abnormalities; living with a cat that is spraying, however, does not have this association. The findings also suggest that both forms of periuria might be associated with interstitial cystitis. We therefore conclude that all cats with periuria need to be carefully evaluated medically and that treatment of latrine-related problems should consider all cats in the house, whereas spraying may be more focused on the individual displaying the problem.
Hyperglycemia activates the renin-angiotensin system and induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in streptozotocin-induced diabetic kidneys
Authors: Chen Chung-Ming , Juan Shu-Hui , Chou Hsiu-Chu 
Published: September 2018

Introduction: The renin–angiotensin system and epithelial–mesenchymal transition play crucial roles in the development of kidney fibrosis. The connection between the renin–angiotensin system and transforming growth factor-β in epithelial–mesenchymal transition remains largely unknown. Materials and methods: We assessed oxidative stress, cytokine levels, renal morphology, profibrotic growth factor and renin–angiotensin system component expression, and cell-specific E- and N-cadherin expression in the kidneys of gerbils with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Results: Animals in the experimental group received an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin to induce diabetes. The diabetic gerbil kidneys presented kidney injury, which was manifested as distorted glomeruli, necrosis of tubular cells, dilated tubular lumen, and brush border loss. Additionally, the diabetic gerbil kidneys exhibited significantly higher expressions of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, nuclear factor-kB, toll-like receptor 4, tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, connective tissue growth factor, α-smooth muscle actin, and N-cadherin and higher collagen deposition than did the control gerbil kidneys. Compared with the control kidneys, the diabetic gerbil kidneys exhibited significantly lower E-cadherin expression. These epithelial–mesenchymal transition characteristics were associated with an increase in renin–angiotensin system expression in the diabetic gerbils. Conclusions: We demonstrate that hyperglycemia activated the renin–angiotensin system, induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and contributed to kidney fibrosis in an experimental diabetes mellitus model.
A 5-Year Follow-Up of The Benefits of an Exercise Training Program in Liver Recipients Transplanted Due to Familial Amyloidotic Polyneuropathy
Authors: Tomás Maria Teresa , Melo Xavier , Mateus Élia , Gonçalves Mafalda , Barroso Eduardo , Santa-Clara Helena 
Published: September 2018

Background: Supervised (SE) and home-based exercise (HBE) training regimes are effective on reconditioning patients with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) after liver transplantation, but research of the long-term retention of the benefits attained in patients with FAP has not yet been conducted. Purpose: In this 5-year follow-up study, we aimed to determine whether the exercise training gains in body composition, physical activity, and function promoted by a 24-week SE or HBE training regimes are retained in patients with FAP who resume normal activity. Methodology: Sixteen liver-transplanted patients with FAP were reassessed for body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry), physical activity (questionnaire), and function (handgrip strength and 6-minute walk test). Results: Total body fat increased with both exercise regimes during follow-up ( P < .05; η2 = 0.432-0.625) as well as femoral neck bone density ( P = .048; η2 = 0.119). However, gains in upper limbs muscle quality during follow-up ( P < .001; η2 = 0.597) were only found in the SE group ( P = .042; η2 = 0.245). Both exercise regimes showed retaining aptitudes in walking capacity ( P < .05; η2 = 0.329-0.460) and muscle mass ( P = .05; η2 = 0.245). Still, none could retain the physical activity levels. Conclusion: Long-term resumption of normal activity following a 24-week SE or HBE regime in patients with FAP resulted in loss of exercise induced increases in physical activity but counterweighted postoperative losses in bone mineral density and substantially retained the benefits in walking capacity, muscle mass, and quality, in particular, in the SE group.
Effects of Warning Characteristics on Driver Performance in Connected Vehicle Systems with Missing Warnings
Authors: Zhang Yiqi , Wu Changxu , Qiao Chunming , Hou Yunfei 
Published: September 2018

The connected vehicle systems (CVS) aim to provide drivers with information in a timely and reliable way to improve transportation safety. With the emerging wireless communication technologies, the vehicles will be equipped with the ability to communicate with each other about the surrounding traffic situations by exchanging vehicle status and motion data via Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) network (Kenney, 2011). With the assistance of the cooperative collision warnings, the impact of designed warning parameters on driver performance is increasingly important. Existing empirical studies have studied the warning timing and warning reliability in determining the effectiveness of the collision warning systems in advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). In terms of warning timing, the studies in reached consistent conclusions that early warnings induced more timely braking and longer braking process, resulted in higher trust of the warning systems, and reduced collision rates (for example, Abe & Richardson, 2006a; Lee, McGehee, Brown, & Reyes, 2002; Yan, Xue, Ma, & Xu, 2014; Yan, Zhang, & Ma, 2015; Wan, Wu, and Zhang, 2016). In terms of the warning reliability, research has shown that warnings with a higher reliability increased driver’s trust of the warning systems, led to higher frequency in warning responses, and reduced crash rates (for example, Abe, Itoh, & Yamamura, 2009; Bliss & Acton, 2003; Maltz & Shinar, 2007; Sullivan, Tsimhoni, & Bogard, 2008). However, the interaction effects of warning lead time and warning reliability on driver performance was not examined especially under the connected vehicle settings. The current research investigated the interaction effects of warning lead time (2.5s vs. 4.5s), warning reliability (73% vs. 89%), and speech warning style (command vs. notification) on driver performance and subjective evaluation of warnings in CVS. A driving simulator study with thirty-two participants was conducted to simulate a connected vehicle environment with missing warnings due to the failures in the data transmission within the communication network of the CVS. The results showed command warnings led to a smaller collision rate compared to notification warnings with the warning lead time of 2.5s, whereas notification warnings resulted in a smaller collision rate compared to command warning with the warning lead time of 4.5s. These results suggested notification warnings should be selected when warning lead time is longer and warning reliability is higher, which resulted in higher safety benefits and higher subjective ratings. Command warnings could be selected when warning lead time is shorter since they led to more safety benefits. However, such selection has to be made with caution since command warnings may limit drivers’ response type and were perceived as less helpful than notification warnings.
Neurorehabilitation therapy of patients with severe stroke based on functional electrical stimulation commanded by a brain computer interface
Authors: Tabernig Carolina B , Lopez Camila A , Carrere Lucía C , Spaich Erika G , Ballario Carlos H 
Published: September 2018

Introduction Brain computer interface is an emerging technology to treat the sequelae of stroke. The purpose of this study was to explore the motor imagery related desynchronization of sensorimotor rhythms of stroke patients and to assess the efficacy of an upper limb neurorehabilitation therapy based on functional electrical stimulation controlled by a brain computer interface. Methods Eight severe chronic stroke patients were recruited. The study consisted of two stages: screening and therapy. During screening, the ability of patients to desynchronize the contralateral oscillatory sensorimotor rhythms by motor imagery of the most affected hand was assessed. In the second stage, a therapeutic intervention was performed. It involved 20 sessions where an electrical stimulator was activated when the patient's cerebral activity related to motor imagery was detected. The upper limb was assessed, before and after the intervention, by the Fugl–Meyer score (primary outcome). Spasticity, motor activity, range of movement and quality of life were also evaluated (secondary outcomes). Results Desynchronization was identified in all screened patients. Significant post-treatment improvement ( p < 0.05) was detected in the primary outcome measure and in the majority of secondary outcome scores. Conclusions The results suggest that the proposed therapy could be beneficial in the neurorehabilitation of stroke individuals.
An inhibitor of proteasome β2 sites sensitizes myeloma cells to immunoproteasome inhibitors
Authors: Downey-Kopyscinski Sondra , Daily Ellen W. , Gautier Marc , Bhatt Ananta , Florea Bogdan I. , Mitsiades Constantine S. , Richardson Paul G. , Driessen Christoph , Overkleeft Herman S. , Kisselev Alexei F. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors bortezomib, carfilzomib and ixazomib (approved by the US Food and Drug Administration [FDA]) induce remissions in patients with multiple myeloma (MM), but most patients eventually become resistant. MM and other hematologic malignancies express ubiquitous constitutive proteasomes and lymphoid tissue–specific immunoproteasomes; immunoproteasome expression is increased in resistant patients. Immunoproteasomes contain 3 distinct pairs of active sites, β5i, β1i, and β2i, which are different from their constitutive β5c, β1c, and β2c counterparts. Bortezomib and carfilzomib block β5c and β5i sites. We report here that pharmacologically relevant concentrations of β5i-specific inhibitor ONX-0914 show cytotoxicity in MM cell lines similar to that of carfilzomib and bortezomib. In addition, increasing immunoproteasome expression by interferon-γ increases sensitivity to ONX-0914 but not to carfilzomib. LU-102, an inhibitor of β2 sites, dramatically sensitizes MM cell lines and primary cells to ONX-0914. ONX-0914 synergizes with all FDA-approved proteasome inhibitors in MM in vitro and in vivo. Thus, immunoproteasome inhibitors, currently in clinical trials for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, should also be considered for the treatment of MM.
NK cell development in a human stem cell niche: KIR expression occurs independently of the presence of HLA class I ligands
Authors: Zhao Xiaoyi , Weinhold Sandra , Brands Jens , Hejazi Maryam , Degistirici Özer , Kögler Gesine , Meisel Roland , Uhrberg Markus 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The development of mature natural killer (NK) cells expressing killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) depends on cell contact–dependent signals from nonhematopoietic cells. So far, detailed studies of this process have been hampered by the lack of an appropriate in vitro model. Here, human bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), generated under good manufacturing practice (GMP) conditions, are established as a supportive niche for in vitro NK cell differentiation. In the presence of MSCs, cord blood and bone marrow–derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) effectively and reproducibly differentiated into mature KIR-expressing NK cells. Notably, the novel in vitro differentiation assay enabled us to analyze the impact of HLA class I ligands on KIR repertoire development. To this end, a panel of MSC lines divergent for expression of the major KIR ligands C1, C2, and Bw4 was used for NK cell differentiation. The resulting NK cell repertoires were independent of the presence of specific KIR ligands on MSCs and were, in fact, invariably dominated by expression of the C1-specific inhibitory KIR2DL3. Similarly, short hairpin RNA–mediated knockdown of HLA class I ligands on MSCs did not delay or change the course of KIR expression. Our data suggest that the initial acquisition of KIRs during NK cell development is biased toward recognition of C1 ligands, irrespective of the presence of self-ligands. Altogether, the MSC/HSPC model constitutes a novel platform to study NK cell development in a human stem cell niche. Moreover, the system constitutes a promising GMP-compliant platform to develop clinical-grade NK cell products from cord blood HSPCs.
Juntos Si Liga (We Get It Together)
Authors: Saavedra D. Milla 
Published: September 2018

Amount collected: The campaign achieved that more than 10,000 young people joined “Juntos Sí Liga”, generating that the collection of cans in the street increased by 40% (from S/1.4 million to S/2.0 million soles). Background and context: The League Against Cancer - Peru plans and executes annually its “Public Collection”, which allows to obtain funds to fulfill its mission to educate and prevent cancer in the most vulnerable areas of the country. To collect these funds, it has different collection channels, which the one that generates the highest revenue is the street CANS: statistically one can in the street can collect 3 times more than a piggy bank at a fixed point. Until 2017 , The League Against Cancer - Peru, only had a limited group of volunteers who went out on the days of collection (80% adults and 20% young), and who collaborated sporadically. Thus, to achieve greater collection, it was necessary to increase the number of street volunteers. This way, “Juntos Sí Liga” was created, with the aim of encouraging young people to decide to become volunteers to prevent cancer in the country. Aim: Increase the number of young volunteers during the days of the public collection. Strategy/Tactics: We identified the influencers of the social networks with greater connections to the young people so that they influence their followers to register as volunteers. We also created an advertising spot to call even more participation. Considering that the whole approach would be digital, we relied on 2 registration platform www.proa.pe and www.meunoperu.com . We invited the main universities and higher education centers to be part of the campaign. The social networks of the League Against Cancer served to inform in real time of the activities that were held for the community. Costs and returns: More than 50 influencers and more than 100 celebrities were part of the campaign. More than 2000 publications in the social networks of the influencers, which generated an advertising investment savings of more than US $500,360.60. More than 200 publications in media with a saving of advertising investment of more than US $532,323.30. More than 1.5 million young people reached through the official Web site. More than 100,000 views of the advertising spot. More than 50 study centers joined the fight against cancer. The campaign achieved that more than 10,000 young people joined “Juntos Sí Liga”, generating that the collection of cans in the street increased by 40% (from S/1.4 million to S/2.0 million soles). What was learned: The influencers were powerful allies for the success of the campaign. Thanks to them, the number of young volunteers of the institution represented 80% of the total participants in the days of collection (before they were 20%). In addition, we invited them to understand about the disease and to realize that they can be a key piece in the change of cancer in Peru. [Figure: see text]