bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Auditory hallucinations, top-down processing and language perception: a general population study
Authors: de Boer J. N. , Linszen M. M. J. , de Vries J. , Schutte M. J. L. , Begemann M. J. H. , Heringa S. M. , Bohlken M. M. , Hugdahl K. , Aleman A. , Wijnen F. N. K. , Sommer I. E. C. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundStudies investigating the underlying mechanisms of hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia suggest that an imbalance in top-down expectations v. bottom-up processing underlies these errors in perception. This study evaluates this hypothesis by testing if individuals drawn from the general population who have had auditory hallucinations (AH) have more misperceptions in auditory language perception than those who have never hallucinated.MethodsWe used an online survey to determine the presence of hallucinations. Participants filled out the Questionnaire for Psychotic Experiences and participated in an auditory verbal recognition task to assess both correct perceptions (hits) and misperceptions (false alarms). A hearing test was performed to screen for hearing problems.ResultsA total of 5115 individuals from the general Dutch population participated in this study. Participants who reported AH in the week preceding the test had a higher false alarm rate in their auditory perception compared with those without such (recent) experiences. The more recent the AH were experienced, the more mistakes participants made. While the presence of verbal AH (AVH) was predictive for false alarm rate in auditory language perception, the presence of non-verbal or visual hallucinations were not.ConclusionsThe presence of AVH predicted false alarm rate in auditory language perception, whereas the presence of non-verbal auditory or visual hallucinations was not, suggesting that enhanced top-down processing does not transfer across modalities. More false alarms were observed in participants who reported more recent AVHs. This is in line with models of enhanced influence of top-down expectations in persons who hallucinate.
Childhood maltreatment and adult suicidality: a comprehensive systematic review with meta-analysis
Authors: Angelakis Ioannis , Gillespie Emma Louise , Panagioti Maria 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis aims to quantify the association between different types of childhood maltreatment and suicidality. We searched five bibliographic databases, including Medline, PsychINFO, Embase, Web of Science and CINAHL, until January 2018. Random-effects meta-analysis was employed followed by univariable and multivariable meta-regressions. Heterogeneity was quantified using theI2statistic and formal publication bias tests were undertaken. The methodological quality of the studies was critically appraised and accounted in the meta-regression analyses. Data from 68 studies based onn= 261.660 adults were pooled. All different types of childhood maltreatment including sexual abuse [odds ratio (OR) 3.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.76–3.64], physical abuse (OR 2.52, 95% CI 2.09–3.04) and emotional abuse (OR 2.49, 95% CI 1.64–3.77) were associated with two- to three-fold increased risk for suicide attempts. Similar results were found for the association between childhood maltreatment and suicidal ideation. Complex childhood abuse was associated with a particularly high risk for suicide attempts in adults (OR 5.18, 95% CI 2.52–10.63). Variations across the studies in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants and other core methodological factors did not affect the findings of the main analyses. We conclude that there is solid evidence that childhood maltreatment is associated with increased odds for suicidality in adults. The main outstanding challenge is to better understand the mechanisms which underpin the development of suicidality in people exposed to childhood maltreatment because current evidence is scarce.
Effects of chronic physical disease and systemic inflammation on suicide risk in patients with depression: a hospital-based case–control study
Authors: Oh Kyu Young , Van Dam Nicholas T. , Doucette John T. , Murrough James W. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundFew studies have examined the concurrent effects of physical disease and systemic inflammation on suicide risk in patients with depression. The authors investigated the independent contributions of chronic physical disease and systemic inflammation as indexed by C-reactive protein (CRP), on risk of suicide attempt.MethodsIn this case–control study, 1468 cases of suicide attempters and 14 373 controls, both aged 18–65 years with a diagnosis of depression during 2011–2015, were identified from the hospital-wide database. Regression models were implemented to identify separate effects of physical diseases and systemic inflammation indexed by CRP, on risk of suicide attempt.ResultsCompared with having no physical disease, having one, two, and three or more physical diseases was associated with a 3.6-, 6.4-, and 14.9-fold increase in odds of making a suicide attempt, respectively, after adjusting for age, sex, and race/ethnicity. In a sub-sample of cases and controls with available CRP values, patients with high CRP (>3 mg/L) had 1.9 times the odds of suicide attempt compared with patients with low CRP (<1 mg/L). This association was no longer significant when controlling for the effect of physical disease.ConclusionsThe presence of physical disease is an important risk factor for suicide attempt among patients with depression. Systemic inflammation is likewise associated with increased risk for suicide attempt, however, this association appears to be accounted for by the presence of physical disease among patients receiving care in a medical center setting. Healthcare providers should consider the risk of suicide attempt in depressed patients burdened with multiple comorbidities.
Gli amministratori locali di Forza Italia
Authors: Tonarelli Alessandro 
Published: January 2019

IntroduzioneA pochi mesi dal primo congresso nazionale di Forza Italia riteniamo utile esporre, sia pure in forma sintetica, i risultati di una ricerca empirica sugli eletti di questo partito nei consigli comunali, provinciali e regionali. La decisione di focalizzare l'analisi sui rappresentanti di Forza Italia nelle amministrazioni locali è suggerita da una serie di fattori, alcuni di rilievo sistemico e altri di portata più circoscritta. I primi inducono a collocare lo studio dei gruppi dirigenti locali di Forza Italia nel più ampio contesto della crisi e del cambiamento del sistema partitico italiano. A tale proposito, posto che fra gli indicatori più importanti di questo fenomeno troviamo il mutamento organiz-zativo ed il ricambio delle élites (Morlino 1996), uno studio del caso come quello condotto consente di misurare, con riferimento ad un importante attore politico, l'intensità e le modalità con le quali si sono manifestati questi processi. La scelta di Forza Italia è dovuta al fatto che, per la sua stessa apparizione, ha significativamente rappresentato la crisi del sistema partitico e quella più generale della democrazia italiana.
FORZA ITALIA A LIVELLO LOCALE: UN MARCHIO IN FRANCHISING?
Authors: Paolucci Caterina 
Published: January 2019

IntroduzioneIn questo saggio presenterò alcuni risultati di una ricerca empirica sugli amministratori locali di Forza Italia, che si inserisce in un più ampio progetto di analisi del processo di istituzionalizzazione di questo partito. La scelta di concentrare l'attenzione sugli eletti locali nasce dalla convinzione che il futuro di Forza Italia sia legato non solo agli eventi organizzativi e politici che la riguardano a livello nazionale e di leadership, ma anche allo sviluppo di strutture e procedure preposte alla formazione e al consolidamento di una classe dirigente locale. In altri termini, la persistenza organizzativa di questo nuovo partito dipenderà dalla realizzazione, quantomeno a livello locale, di quella «infusione di valori» che rappresenta la premessa indispensabile di ogni compiuta istituzionalizzazione (Huntington 1968, 15; Selznick 1957, 21-22). Il fatto che a cinque anni dalla sua fondazione Forza Italia sia ancora un'organizzazione patrimoniale fortemente caratterizzata in senso personalistico ed aziendalista (Maraffi 1996; Panebianco 1995), suggerisce che tale infusione di valori, e dunque l'inizio del processo di consolidamento organizzativo, non possa aver luogo per impulso delle élites nazionali. A livello centrale questo processo è reso infatti assai difficile dalle modalità di reclutamento e selezione del personale partitico e parlamentare, miranti a creare o confermare un rapporto di fiducia personale con il leader Silvio Berlusconi, tale per cui la legittimazione dei prescelti diventa una funzione diretta delle oscillazioni del rapporto fiduciario che li lega al capo. E a quest'ultimo, non già all'organizzazione, che si dirige la lealtà delle élites centrali, e non potrebbe essere altrimenti, data la natura del partito. A livello locale, al contrario, la distanza dal centro potrebbe aver favorito un reclutamento più aperto e una selezione meno personalistica, e dunque l'emergere di un personale politico più libero di dirigere la propria lealtà verso l'organizzazione in sé, piuttosto che esclusivamente verso il suo capo. Pertanto, se esiste una possibilità di consolidamento per Forza Italia, essa è sicuramente maggiore a livello locale. In questa prospettiva è necessario dunque valutarne le dinamiche organizzative sul territorio, tenendo presente tuttavia che l'istituzionalizzazione presuppone l'esistenza di un legame tra centro e periferia che favorisca coesione e coordinamento tra i diversi livelli, senza le quali difficilmente l'organizzazione potrà stabilizzarsi nel tempo (Huntington 1968, 23).
The urban inn: gathering space, hierarchy and material culture in the eighteenth-century British town
Authors: MAUDLIN DANIEL 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT:This article locates the ‘principal inn’ within the physical and cultural space of the eighteenth-century British town. The principal inn was the all-purpose venue for the sociable activities of polite society: from dining, drinking and conversing with friends to business deals, meetings of club and societies, legal proceedings, military musters, civic and religious proceedings. Through their central location, carefully designed interior spaces and refined material culture of furniture, fixtures and fittings, principal inns were key sites in the elite control of urban space, the enforcement of social hierarchies and the reinforcement of social values.
Douglass North’s Theory of Politics
Authors: Levi Margaret , Weingast Barry R. 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTDouglass C. North, co-winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 1993, became a major leader in historical and comparative political science and in the study of institutions more generally. His work proved particularly relevant for those interested in questions of state building, state variation, development, and long-term secular change.
Teaching Trump: Why Comparative Politics Makes Students More Optimistic about US Democracy
Authors: Baron Hannah , Blair Robert A. , Grossman Shelby 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTHow does learning about democratic erosion in other countries shape opinions about the state of democracy in the United States today? We describe lessons learned from a collaborative course on democratic erosion taught at nearly two dozen universities during the 2017–18 academic year. We use survey data, student-written blog posts, exit questionnaires, and interviews with students who did and did not take the course to explore the effects of studying democratic erosion from a comparative perspective. Do comparisons foster optimism about the relative resilience of American democracy or pessimism about its vulnerability to the same risk factors that have damaged other democracies around the world? Somewhat to our surprise, we find that the course increased optimism about US democracy, instilling greater confidence in the relative strength and longevity of American democratic norms and institutions. We also find, however, that the course did not increase civic engagement and, if anything, appears to have exacerbated skepticism toward activities such as protest. Students who took the course became increasingly sensitive to the possibility that some forms of civic engagement reflect and intensify the same threats to democracy that the course emphasized—especially polarization.
MODALITY AND EXPRESSIBILITY
Authors: MANDELKERN MATTHEW 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWhen embedding data are used to argue against semantic theoryAand in favor of semantic theoryB, it is important to ask whetherAcould make sense of those data. It is possible to ask that question on a case-by-case basis. But suppose we could show thatAcan make sense ofallthe embedding data whichBcan possibly make sense of. This would, on the one hand, undermine arguments in favor ofBoverAon the basis of embedding data. And, provided that the converse does not hold—that is, thatAcan make sense of strictly more embedding data thanBcan—it would also show that there is a precise sense in whichBis more constrained thanA, yielding apro tantosimplicity-based consideration in favor ofB. In this paper I develop tools which allow us to make comparisons of this kind, which I call comparisons ofpotential expressive power. I motivate the development of these tools by way of exploration of the recent debate about epistemic modals. Prominent theories which have been developed in response to embedding data turn out to be strictly less expressive than the standard relational theory, a fact which necessitates a reorientation in how to think about the choice between these theories.
14C‐Free Carbon Is a Major Contributor to Cellular Biomass in Geochemically Distinct Groundwater of Shallow Sedimentary Bedrock Aquifers
Authors: Schwab Valérie F. , Nowak Martin E. , Elder Clayton D. , Trumbore Susan E. , Xu Xiaomei , Gleixner Gerd , Lehmann Robert , Pohnert Georg , Muhr Jan , Küsel Kirsten , Totsche Kai U. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDespite the global significance of the subsurface biosphere, the degree to which it depends on surface organic carbon (OC) is still poorly understood. Here, we compare stable and radiogenic carbon isotope compositions of microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) with those of in situ potential microbial C sources to assess the major C sources for subsurface microorganisms in biogeochemical distinct shallow aquifers (Critical Zone Exploratory, Thuringia Germany). Despite the presence of younger OC, the microbes assimilated 14C‐free OC to varying degrees; ~31% in groundwater within the oxic zone, ~47% in an iron reduction zone, and ~70% in a sulfate reduction/anammox zone. The persistence of trace amounts of mature and partially biodegraded hydrocarbons suggested that autochthonous petroleum‐derived hydrocarbons were a potential 14C‐free C source for heterotrophs in the oxic zone. In this zone, Δ14C values of dissolved inorganic carbon (−366 ± 18‰) and 11MeC16:0 (−283 ± 32‰), an important component in autotrophic nitrite oxidizers, were similar enough to indicate that autotrophy is an important additional C fixation pathway. In anoxic zones, methane as an important C source was unlikely since the 13C‐fractionations between the PLFAs and CH4 were inconsistent with kinetic isotope effects associated with methanotrophy. In the sulfate reduction/anammox zone, the strong 14C‐depletion of 10MeC16:0 (−942 ± 22‰), a PLFA common in sulfate reducers, indicated that those bacteria were likely to play a critical part in 14C‐free sedimentary OC cycling. Results indicated that the 14C‐content of microbial biomass in shallow sedimentary aquifers results from complex interactions between abundance and bioavailability of naturally occurring OC, hydrogeology, and specific microbial metabolisms.
A Machine Learning (kNN) Approach to Predicting Global Seafloor Total Organic Carbon
Authors: Lee Taylor R. , Wood Warren T. , Phrampus Benjamin J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSeafloor properties, including total organic carbon (TOC), are sparsely measured on a global scale, and interpolation (prediction) techniques are often used as a proxy for observation. Previous geospatial interpolations of seafloor TOC exhibit gaps where little to no observed data exists. In contrast, recent machine learning techniques, relying on geophysical and geochemical properties (e.g., seafloor biomass, porosity, and distance from coast), show promise in making comprehensive, statistically optimal predictions. Here we apply a nonparametric (i.e., data‐driven) machine learning algorithm, specifically k‐nearest neighbors (kNN), to estimate the global distribution of seafloor TOC. Our results include predictor (feature) selection specifically designed to mitigate bias and produce a statistically optimal estimation of seafloor TOC, with uncertainty, at 5 × 5‐arc minute resolution. Analysis of parameter space sample density provides a guide for future sampling. One use for this prediction is to constrain a global inventory, indicating that just the upper 5 cm of the seafloor contains about 87 ± 43 gigatons of carbon (Gt C) in organic form.
Anomalously Deep BSR Related to a Transient State of the Gas Hydrate System in the Western Black Sea
Authors: Ker S. , Thomas Y. , Riboulot V. , Sultan N. , Bernard C. , Scalabrin C. , Ion G. , Marsset B. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA comprehensive characterization of gas hydrate system offshore the western Black Sea was performed through an integrated analysis of geophysical data. We detected the bottom‐simulating reflector (BSR), which marks, in this area, the base of gas hydrate stability. The observed BSR depth does not fit the theoretical steady state base of gas hydrate stability zone (BGHSZ). We show that the disparity between the BSR and predicted BGHSZ is the result of a transient state of the hydrate system due to the ongoing reequilibrium since the Last Glacial Maximum. When gas hydrates are brought outside the stability zone due to changes in temperature and sea level, their dissociation generates an increase in interstitial pore pressure. This process is favorable to the recrystallization of gas hydrates and delays the upward migration of the hydrate stability zone explaining the anomalously deep BSR. The BSR depth, which is commonly used to derive geothermal gradient values by assuming steady state conditions, is used here to derive the maximum excess pore pressure at the BGHSZ. Derived excess pore pressure values of 1–2 MPa are probably the result of the low permeability of hydrate‐bearing sediments. Higher pore pressure values derived at the location of a fault system could cause hydrofracturing enabling the free gas to cross the gas hydrate stability zone and emerge at the seafloor, forming the flares observed in close vicinity to where the shallow gas hydrates were sampled.
Neoproterozoic Low‐δ18O Zircons Revisited: Implications for Rodinia Configuration
Authors: Huang Ding‐Ling , Wang Xiao‐Lei , Xia Xiao‐Ping , Wan Yu‐Sheng , Zhang Feng‐Feng , Li Jun‐Yong , Du De‐Hong 
Published: January 2019

AbstractNeoproterozoic magmatic rocks and detrital zircons with low‐δ18O values were frequently identified in the Yangtze Block, Madagascar, and India. Here we first report Neoproterozoic low‐δ18O zircons from the central part of the Cathaysia Block in South China. These zircons include detrital grains from the Early Paleozoic metamorphic rocks, inherited domains from the Early Paleozoic granitic rocks, and igneous ones from the Neoproterozoic volcanic rocks. In combination with the available data for Neoproterozoic18O‐depleted magma and zircons worldwide, we conclude that, globally,18O‐depleted magmatic activities generally began after 800 Ma and reached the peak at 780–760 Ma, corresponding to the rifting of Rodinia supercontinent. The occurrence of low‐δ18O magmatism after approximately 730 Ma in the northern Yangtze Block possibly indicates extended rifting that was associated with Neoproterozoic glaciations. The similarity in low‐δ18O magmatism between northwest India, Madagascar, and South China suggests close connections in the Rodinia supercontinent during the middle Neoproterozoic.
Regional 3‐D Modeling and Verification of Geomagnetically Induced Currents in Sweden
Authors: Rosenqvist L. , Hall J. O. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractGeomagnetically induced currents (GICs) flowing in long conductors can pose a threat to critical infrastructure such as the power grid in cases of extreme geomagnetic activity. Geomagnetic activity is more pronounced at high latitudes; thus, Nordic countries, such as Sweden, can potentially be vulnerable to GIC. Previous studies have identified the southern region of Sweden as the most vulnerable to extreme space weather, but these studies have relied on 1‐D models of the ground conductivity. Sweden, however, has large lateral variations in the underlying ground conductivity structure across the country. Thus, the understanding of the ground response to space weather events cannot be captured by 1‐D models. In this paper, we utilize a 3‐D crustal conductivity map with surrounding oceans to model the geoelectric ground response due to a uniform magnetic field. We show that southern Sweden is exposed to stronger electric fields due to a combined effect of a low crustal conductivity and the influence of the coast‐land interface from both the east and the west coast. The model can further be used to calculate GICs in the Swedish power grid and has been validated by GIC measurements from a site in northern Sweden. The measured and predicted GIC amplitudes are in excellent agreement. The model can be used to quantitatively asses the hazard from space weather in Sweden. Upon further validation at additional sites it can be used as a powerful predictive tool of the response to extreme space weather events in the Swedish power network.
Theoretical Analysis of Groundwater Flow Patterns Near Stagnation Points
Authors: Bresciani Etienne , Kang Peter K. , Lee Seunghak 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe importance of stagnation points for characterizing groundwater flow patterns has long been recognized. However, the possible streamline configurations near stagnation points under the constraints of Darcy's law have not been thoroughly investigated. We fill this gap by conducting a systematic analysis of groundwater flow patterns near stagnation points in two and three dimensions. The approach borrows ideas from dynamical systems theory, as often done in fluid mechanics. The most general form of Darcy's law, which applies to variable‐density, compressible fluids flowing through heterogeneous, anisotropic, compressible porous media, is first considered. Under these conditions, there are no major restrictions on the possible flow patterns near stagnation points. The common types of stagnation points are thus minimums (spiral or nonspiral), maximums (spiral or nonspiral), and saddles (in three dimensions, these can be converging or diverging and spiral or nonspiral). The implications of dealing with more restrictive fluid and porous medium properties are then systematically investigated. In particular, important restrictions on the possible types of stagnation points exist when the flow is constant density or divergence free. The theoretical analysis is complemented by a series of examples of groundwater flow fields in which different types of stagnation point arise. The findings highlight key differences between two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional flows and provide new insights on the patterns of variable‐density groundwater flow. The fundamental knowledge on groundwater flow patterns gained from this study will benefit both theoretical and applied studies of groundwater flow and solute transport.