bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Derechos humanos y empresas transnacionales: las debilidades del tercer pilar derivadas de las normas de promoción de inversiones. El caso Chevron como paradigma de la necesidad del Binding Treaty | Human rights and transnational corporations: the weaknesses of the third pillar caused by investment promotion agreements. The Chevron case as a paradigm of the need for a Binding Treaty
Authors: Guamán Adoración 
Published: July 2019

RESUMEN. El texto se centra en la necesidad de desarrollar normas internacionales vinculantes que aseguren el respeto por parte de las empresas transnacionales respecto de los derechos humanos, que pongan fin a la impunidad de estos actores económicos, así como para garantizar el acceso a la justicia para las víctimas y la reparación de las violaciones. Al analizar el caso de Chevron, el texto refleja que, si bien existen diferentes iniciativas a nivel internacional destinadas a alentar a las empresas transnacionales a comportarse de manera respetuosa con los derechos humanos, estas iniciativas siguen siendo insuficientes, ya sea por su falta de obligatoriedad o por su carácter parcial, dado que siguen dependiendo de la voluntad de estos actores económicos transnacionales. El caso Chevron y los laudos recaídos a lo largo del proceso arbitral de la empresa contra la República del Ecuador, muestran una paradoja alarmante: ciertos derechos, como el acceso a la justicia, diseñados para proteger los derechos humanos en su conjunto se están utilizando para salvaguardar los beneficios de determinadas empresas trasnacionales. Este caso, junto con muchos otros crímenes corporativos, apoya la idea de que el proceso de la Resolución 26/9, el llamado Binding Treaty, es actualmente el único que puede garantizar el acceso a la justicia y los recursos para las víctimas.

ABSTRACT. The text is focus on the need to develop internationally binding standards on transnational corporations and human rights in order to bring their impunity to an end, as well as ensuring access to justice for the victims and the reparation of the consequences. By analysing the Chevron case, the text reflects that although there are different initiatives at international level aimed at encouraging transnational companies to behave respectfully, these initiatives continue to be insufficient, either because of their lack of obligation or because of their partial nature, dependent on the voluntariness of these transnational economic actors. The Chevron case and the arbitration awards adopted during the arbitration proceedings against the Republic of Ecuador show an alarming paradox: certain rights, such as access to justice, designed to protect human rights as a whole, are being used to full effect to safeguard the profits of economic entities. This case, together with many other crimes, supports the idea that the process of Resolution 26/9, the so called Binding Treaty, is currently the only one potentially capable of ensuring the access to justice and remedies to victims.
El trabajo decente en la era digital: colectivos más vulnerables | Decent work in the digital era: most vulnerable groups
Authors: Lenzi Olga 
Published: July 2019

Resumen:El debate entorno a los efectos laborales de la digitalización sigue abierto. La incesante evolución de las innovaciones tecnológicas preocupa a la sociedad por los efectos que podría tener en la organización de la producción, las relaciones de trabajo y, sobre todo, en determinados colectivos, especialmente vulnerables. Si bien todavía se desconocen el alcance y las consecuencias que la revolución tecnológica podría tener en el empleo, cabe plantearse hasta qué punto este nuevo escenario puede contribuir en el cumplimiento del 8º Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible de Naciones Unidas: el trabajo decente y el crecimiento económico.

Summary:The debate concerning the impact of digitalization upon employment remains open. The constant evolution of technological innovations concerns society due to the effects that it may have on the organisation of the production, labor relations and, primarily, on especially vulnerable groups. Even though the dimension and consequences of the technological revolution upon employment remain yet unknown, this raises the question about whether this new scenario may contribute in the fulfillment of the 8th Sustainable Development Goal of the United Nations: decent work and economic growth.
La democracia y los derechos universales frente al auge del populismo | Democracy and universal rights against the rise of populism
Authors: Dion Stéphane 
Published: July 2019

La democracia y los derechos universales frente al auge del populismo
Discurso inaugural en el Congreso Internacional por el 70º Aniversario de la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos Instituto de Derechos Humanos de la Universidad de Valencia. Del 10 al 12 de diciembre de 2018, Valencia, España
Democracy and universal rights against the rise of populism
Opening speech at the International Congress for the 70th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Human Rights Institute of the University of Valencia. From December 10 to 12, 2018, Valencia, Spain
Palabras previas. Actas Congreso 70 aniversario DUDH en CEFD | Foreword. Conference Proceedings Congress 70th anniversary DUDH in CEFD
Authors: De Lucas Martín Javier 
Published: July 2019

Palabras previas. Actas Congreso 70 aniversario DUDH en CEFD
Foreword. Conference Proceedings Congress 70th anniversary DUDH in CEFD
Bacillus spp.: potent microfactories of bacterial IAA
Authors: Wagi Shabana , Ahmed Ambreen 
Published: July 2019

Background
Auxin production by bacteria is one of the most important direct mechanisms utilized by plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) for the betterment of plants naturally because auxin is a plant friendly secondary metabolite synthesized naturally by bacteria, and hence improves the growth of associated plants. So, the current study focuses on bacterial synthesis of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) for plant growth improvement.

Methods
In the current study, the PGPB were selected on the basis of their auxin production potential and their growth promoting attributes were evaluated. Indole-3-acetic acid producing potential of two selected bacterial isolates was observed by varying different growth conditions i.e., media composition, carbon sources (glucose, sucrose and lactose) and different concentrations of precursor. Influence of various physiological factors (temperature and incubation time period) on IAA production potential was also evaluated.

Results
Both the bacterial strains Bacillus cereus (So3II) and B. subtilis (Mt3b) showed variable potential for the production of bacterial IAA under different set of growth and environmental conditions. Hence, the IAA production potential of the bacterial isolates can be enhanced by affecting optimum growth conditions for bacterial isolates and can be used for the optimal production of bacterial IAA and its utilization for plant growth improvement can lead to better yield in an eco-friendly manner.
Growth and development of soybean under changing light environments in relay intercropping system
Authors: Raza Muhammad Ali , Feng Ling Yang , Iqbal Nasir , Ahmed Mukhtar , Chen Yuan Kai , Khalid Muhammad Hayder Bin , Mohi Ud Din Atta , Khan Ahsin , Ijaz Waqas , Hussain Anwaar , Jamil Muhammad Atif , Naeem Muhammd , Bhutto Sadam Hussain , Ansar Muhammad , Yang Feng , Yang Wenyu 
Published: July 2019

Background
Maize-soybean relay-intercropping (MSR) is a famous system of crop production in developing countries. However, maize shading under this system directly affects the light quality and intensity of soybean canopy. This is a challenging scenario in which to implement the MSR system, in terms of varieties selection, planting pattern, and crop management since the duration of crop resource utilization clearly differs.

Methods
Therefore, this experiment aimed to elucidate the effect of leaf excising treatments from maize top to fully clarify the needs and balance of light quality and intensity of intercrop-soybean under MSR in field conditions. The effects of different leaf excising treatments (T0, no removal of leaves; T2, removal of two topmost leaves; T4, removal of four topmost leaves; T6, removal of six topmost leaves from maize plants were applied at first-trifoliate stage (V1) of soybean) on photosynthetically active radiation transmittance (PART), red to far-red ratio (R:FR), morphological and photosynthetic characteristics and total biomass production at second-trifoliate stage (V2), fifth-trifoliate stage (V5), and flowering-stage (R1) of soybean were investigated through field experiments for 2-years under MSR.

Results
As compared to T0, treatment T6 increased the PART and R:FR ratio at soybean canopy by 77% and 37% (V2), 70% and 34% (V5), and 41% and 36% (R1), respectively. This improved light environment in T6 considerably enhanced the leaf area index, SPAD values and photosynthetic rate of soybean plants by 66%, 25% and 49% at R1, respectively than T0. Similarly, relative to control, T6 also increased the stem diameter (by 29%) but decreased the plant height (by 23%) which in turn significantly increased stem breaking strength (by 87%) by reducing the lodging rate (by 59%) of soybean plants. Overall, under T6, relay-cropped soybean produced 78% of sole soybean seed-yield, and relay-cropped maize produced 81% of sole maize seed-yield. Our findings implied that by maintaining the optimum level of PART (from 60% to 80%) and R:FR ratio (0.9 to 1.1), we can improve morphological and photosynthetic characteristics of soybean plants in MSR. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the light environment when considering the sustainability of MSR via appropriate planting pattern selection.
Epidemiological analysis of respiratory and intestinal infectious diseases in three counties of Sichuan: the baseline survey of Disaster Mitigation Demonstration Area in western China
Authors: Xue Zhiqiang , Yang Zhenbo , Sun Hui , Ren Jinghuan , Sun Mengzi , Li Jiagen , Zhang Anning , Zheng Pingping , Pan Pan , Dou Jing , Shen Li , Chen Yang , Li Kexin , Feng Tianyu , Lv Yaogai , Bi Chunli , Jin Lina , Wang Zhe , Yao Yan 
Published: July 2019

Background
Natural disasters can indirectly induce epidemics of infectious diseases through air and water pollution, accelerated pathogen reproduction, and population migration. This study aimed to explore the epidemiological characteristics of the main infectious diseases in Sichuan, a province with a high frequency of natural disasters.

Methods
Data were collected from the local Centers for Disease Control infectious disease reports from Lu, Shifang and Yuexi counties from 2011 to 2015 and from the baseline survey of the Disaster Mitigation Demonstration Area in Western China in 2016. Principal component regression was used to explore the main influencing factors of respiratory infectious diseases (RIDs).

Results
The incidence rates of RIDs and intestinal infectious diseases (IIDs) in 2015 were 78.99/100,000, 125.53/100,000, 190.32/100,000 and 51.70/100,000, 206.00/100,000, 69.16/100,000 in Lu, Shifang and Yuexi respectively. The incidence rates of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) was the highest among RIDs in the three counties. The main IIDs in Lu and Shifang were hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) and other infectious diarrhea; however, the main IIDs in Yuexi was bacillary dysentery. The proportions of illiterate and ethnic minorities and per capita disposable income were the top three influencing factors of RIDs.

Conclusions
TB was the key point of RIDs prevention among the three counties. The key preventable IIDs in Lu and Shifang were HFMD and other infectious diarrhea, and bacillary dysentery was the major IIDs in Yuexi. The incidence rates of RIDs was associated with the population composition, the economy and personal hygiene habits.
Prevalence of Erectile Dysfunction and Awareness of Its Treatment in Abuja, Nigeria
Authors: Abu S. , Atim T. , Ripiye N. R. 
Published: July 2019

Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the most common male sexual dysfunction all over the World. It is underestimated in developing countries including Nigeria because it is assumed not to be a life threatening condition which is associated with stigmatization and poor health seeking behavior. The Prevalence rate of ED among specific age groups has not been reported in most available local studies. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence rates of ED and the severity of ED among different age groups and patients’ awareness of its treatment.
Methods: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional hospital based survey among men aged 18 years and above seen in the outpatient clinics of University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria. Self reported erectile dysfunction was obtained using proforma. The prevalence and severity of ED was obtained using International Index of Erectile Function-5 Questionnaire (IIEF-5).
Results: A total of 378 subjects were recruited for this study with age range of 18-76 years. The prevalence of ED in this study using IIEF-5 was 66.4%. The prevalence of ED was noted to increase with increasing age as ED was more prevalent (59%) among men aged 60-79 year. ED was least common among the young subjects (15.7%) and the most severe ED found among the elderly There was a positive correlation between age and ED (rho =0.306). There was statistically significance association between ED and co-morbidities with hypertension accounting for 22.5% and diabetes 16.7%. The percentage of subjects aware of treatment for ED was 39.4% and 20.4% of the subjects had sought help from doctors. Only about a quarter (26.5%) of the subjects had their sexual challenges discussed with the doctor.
Conclusion: ED is a common medical and social problem in our environment though still shrouded in secrecy. ED is more prevalent and severe among age 60-79 years. Awareness of treatment seeking behavior and the ability of the attending physicians to discuss with men about their sexual health remains quite poor in our environment.
A single‐center SCN8A‐related epilepsy cohort: clinical, genetic, and physiologic characterization
Authors: Zaman Tariq , Abou Tayoun Ahmad , Goldberg Ethan M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectivePathogenic variants in SCN8A, encoding the voltage‐gated sodium (Na+) channel α subunit Nav1.6, is a known cause of epilepsy. Here, we describe clinical and genetic features of all patients with SCN8A epilepsy evaluated at a single‐tertiary care center, with biophysical data on identified Nav1.6 variants and pharmacological response to selected Na+ channel blockers.MethodsSCN8A variants were identified via an exome‐based panel of epilepsy‐associated genes for next generation sequencing (NGS), or via exome sequencing. Biophysical characterization was performed using voltage‐clamp recordings of ionic currents in heterologous cells.ResultsWe observed a range in age of onset and severity of epilepsy and associated developmental delay/intellectual disability. Na+ channel blockers were highly or partially effective in most patients. Nav1.6 variants exhibited one or more biophysical defects largely consistent with gain of channel function. We found that clinical severity was correlated with the presence of multiple observed biophysical defects and the extent to which pathological Na+ channel activity could be normalized pharmacologically. For variants not previously reported, functional studies enhanced the evidence of pathogenicity.InterpretationWe present a comprehensive single‐center dataset for SCN8A epilepsy that includes clinical, genetic, electrophysiologic, and pharmacologic data. We confirm a spectrum of severity and a variety of biophysical defects of Nav1.6 variants consistent with gain of channel function. Na+ channel blockers in the treatment of SCN8A epilepsy may correlate with the effect of such agents on pathological Na+ current observed in heterologous systems.
Rh(III)‐Catalyzed Ring‐Opening Addition of Azabenzonorbornadienes with Cyclic N‐Sulfonyl Ketimines via C−H Bond Activation
Authors: Zhang Xuexin , Gao Yang , Chen Jingchao , Fan Ruifeng , Shi Guangrui , He Zhenxiu , Fan Baomin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe rhodium(III)‐catalyzed ring‐opening addition of the cyclic N‐sulfonyl ketimines with azabenzonorbornadienes via C−H activation was developed. The reactions afforded the corresponding 2‐aryldihydronaphthalenes derivatives in good yield (up to 98%) under redox‐neutral conditions.magnified image
Innovation in GMOs, technological gap, demand lag, and trade
Authors: Oliveira Paulo Ricardo S. , Silveira Jose Maria F. J. da , Bullock David S. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe nexus of innovation and trade is commonly analyzed in terms of technological gaps and market‐share gains for innovating countries. However, this relationship may not hold under certain circumstances – as in the case of genetically modified organisms. Based on a firm heterogeneity model, this study investigates the role of technological gaps and demand lags in the case of international trade in goods after the emergence of a ‘highly‐scrutinized’ or ‘distrusted’ technology. The demand lag may be understood as the difference between techniques employed by producers in exporting countries and levels of acceptance or compatibility in destination markets. Likewise, a technological gap is the difference between techniques employed by late‐movers and those used by leading countries. By means of a gravity equation, we empirically estimate these effects based on the bilateral trade of soybeans between 1995 and 2012. Results indicate that both technological gaps and demand lags reduce trade by similar magnitudes. Thus, producing countries should carefully weigh the negative effects of falling behind and of approving varieties not approved for importation in destination markets. [EconLit citations: F12, F51, O33]
Association of occupational stress with waking, diurnal, and bedtime cortisol response in police officers
Authors: Allison Penelope , Mnatsakanova Anna , Fekedulegn Desta B. , Violanti John M. , Charles Luenda E. , Hartley Tara A. , Andrew Michael E. , Miller Diane B. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectivePolice officers have higher rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality than the U.S. general population. Officers are exposed to conventional and unexpected workplace stressors. The hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis plays a major role responding to stressor exposure by releasing cortisol. Prolonged release or excessive levels may result in disease. Our study investigated cross‐sectional associations between self‐reported work stress and various salivary cortisol parameters.MethodsA total of 285 police officers (76.5% male) from the Buffalo Cardio‐Metabolic Occupational Police Stress (BCOPS) Study (2004‐2009) completed the Spielberger Police Stress Survey, reporting frequency and severity of work events during the past month and year to calculate stress indices. Officers provided saliva samples to measure levels of cortisol secretion. Linear regression assessed associations between stress indices and various cortisol parameters, adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, abdominal height, and smoking status.ResultsSignificant positive associations were observed between stress indices (overall stress, physical danger stress, and past‐month lack of support) and diurnal cortisol (AUCg: total area under the curve). Administrative, overall, and physical danger stress in the past year were significantly associated with the diurnal slope. Overall, administrative, and physical danger stress were significantly associated with bedtime levels. There were no significant associations between the stress indices and the awakening cortisol parameters.ConclusionsHigher stress ratings were related to blunted diurnal decline in cortisol, suggesting conventional and unexpected police stressors may result in HPA axis dysfunction. Future studies investigating possible associations between elevated cortisol and subclinical CVD are needed.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Tandem Cyclization of Alkynoates and Phenylacetylenes to Naphtho[2,1‐c]coumarins
Authors: Wang Zhihui , Wang Lei , Wang Zhiming , Li Pinhua 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAn efficient visible‐light‐induced tandem cyclization of alkynoates and phenylacetylenes to naphtho[2,1‐c]coumarins was developed. The reaction could be carried out at room temperature under an air atmosphere in one pot. Preliminary mechanistic investigations indicated that the present reaction is involved in a free‐radical process.
para‐Toluenesulfonic Acid‐Catalyzed, Ultrasound‐Promoted, One‐Pot, Three‐Component Coupling of Aldehydes, β‐Dicarbonyls/Amides, and Electron‐Rich Arenes
Authors: Paul Dipankar , Borah Apurba , Khatua Snehadrinarayan , Nath Chatterjee Paresh 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAn ultrasound‐promoted, metal‐free method for the three‐component coupling of aldehydes, β‐dicarbonyls/amides, and electron‐rich arenes is reported here. The versatility of the method is established by employing varieties of functionally diverse components for coupling. In lieu of expensive, toxic, or specifically designed catalysts, the method presented here employs commercially available, inexpensive and non‐toxic para‐tolouensulfonic acid monohydrate (pTSA) as an efficient catalyst. An insight into the mechanistic pathway of the three‐component coupling reaction is also provided by isolating the intermediate and subsequently converting it to the final product. The flexibility of choosing the components in the method described here allows one‐pot access to a variety of relevant organic motifs.
Phenothiazine Scope: Steric Strain Induced Planarization and Excimer Formation
Authors: Chen Deng‐Gao , Chen Yi , Wu Cheng‐Ham , Chen Yi‐An , Chen Meng‐Chi , Lin Jia‐An , Huang Chun‐Ying , Su Jianhua , Tian He , Chou Pi‐Tai 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPhenothiazine derivatives based on the 10‐phenyl‐10H‐phenothiazine (NAS) chromophore, namely 7‐phenyl‐7H‐benzo[c]phenothiazine (NAS‐1) and 12‐phenyl‐12H‐benzo[a]phenothiazine (NAS‐2), were designed and synthesized. NAS‐1 and NAS‐2 are constitutional isomers with different steric strains imposed on the phenothiazine core moiety. In solution, the more‐strained NAS‐2 possesses a bent structure and undergoes photoinduced structural planarization (PISP). In the crystal, despite the absence of PISP, bent NAS‐2 exhibits prominent excimer emission as well as emission mechanochromism, which is not observed in the planar‐like NAS and NAS‐1. This unconventional observation results from the bent core structure facilitating π–π stacking of the peripheral naphthalene moieties. Two‐photon‐coupled depth‐dependent emission shows spectral differences between the surface and kernel of the NAS‐2 crystal, and is believed to be a general phenomenon, at least in part, for materials exhibiting emission mechanochromism.
Dynamics of Synthetic Membraneless Organelles in Microfluidic Droplets
Authors: Linsenmeier Miriam , Kopp Marie R. G. , Grigolato Fulvio , Emmanoulidis Leonidas , Liu Dany , Zürcher Dominik , Hondele Maria , Weis Karsten , Capasso Palmiero Umberto , Arosio Paolo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCells can form membraneless organelles by liquid–liquid phase separation. As these organelles are highly dynamic, it is crucial to understand the kinetics of these phase transitions. Here, we use droplet‐based microfluidics to mix reagents by chaotic advection and observe nucleation, growth, and coarsening in volumes comparable to cells (pL) and on timescales of seconds. We apply this platform to analyze the dynamics of synthetic organelles formed by the DEAD‐box ATPase Dhh1 and RNA, which are associated with the formation of processing bodies in yeast. We show that the timescale of phase separation decreases linearly as the volume of the compartment increases. Moreover, the synthetic organelles coarsen into one single droplet via gravity‐induced coalescence, which can be arrested by introducing a hydrogel matrix that mimics the cytoskeleton. This approach is an attractive platform to investigate the dynamics of compartmentalization in artificial cells.