bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EU Public Health: Countermeasures to Swine Flu
Authors: de Ruijter Anniek 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter is a case study on the EU’s response to a public health emergency in the form of countermeasures. More specifically, the scope of the case study is the involvement of the EU in the response to the outbreak of swine flu (influenza A H1N1) in 2009–10. The case study explores and maps legally the manner by which health policymaking can become strengthened through intertwining with more formal rules and the impact this may have for EU fundamental rights and values. It illustrates the growth and impact of EU health policy beyond legislative powers, where Member State engagement in EU health policymaking may have an impact beyond what is envisioned in law. The chapter first addresses how measures to counter a public health emergency can be taken at EU level, particularly focusing on the institutional actors. Second, the chapter identifies the countermeasures taken at EU level to combat the swine flu pandemic. Third, the chapter looks at the ways informal health policy (deliberately) intertwines with more formal regulation. Lastly, the impact of EU health law and policy in this particular case is analysed in terms of fundamental rights and values. The case study shows that the precarious balancing between public health and individual rights is not done by Member States alone.
EU Health Care: Access to Medical Care
Authors: de Ruijter Anniek 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines developments regarding EU legislation in the area of health care, rather than public health. The chapter is a case study looking into the processes and the involvement of different EU institutional actors and policy mechanisms in the adoption of the Directive on patients’ rights in cross-border health care (‘the Directive’). First, the chapter introduces the Directive itself, and considers whether it expands access to health care across the EU. Second, it turns to the way the Directive was adopted, focusing particularly on the different roles of EU institutional actors and the discourse and controversies that developed in health care in the EU as a result of the legislative process. Last, the chapter addresses the expansion of EU health-care policy beyond the adoption of the new Directive that resulted from the increased discourse on health care and its impact for individual rights and access to health care.
A King’s Illegitimate Son
Authors: Patterson Robert B. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Robert, the eldest and bastard son of the future Henry I of England, became the great earl of Gloucester of medieval history because of his father’s own successes in becoming king of England and the conqueror of Normandy. Robert’s birth status was a disability for him because of canonical notions of legitimate marriage which increasingly influenced Norman and English custom defining heirs. Henry, to provide a suitable life for his firstborn, created a magnificent lay baronial career for him. The key steps were admitting Robert to membership in the Norman ducal-royal family by recognizing him as his son, providing for his schooling and training in the use of arms capped off by knighting, and then by arranging a marriage to Mabel fitz Hamon, which made Robert a Norman lord, English tenant-in-chief, and Welsh Marcher lord.
A Second Career: Royal Counselor and Official
Authors: Patterson Robert B. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A second career for Robert resulted from the death of his half-brother William Aetheling and was advanced by Robert’s association with the cause of his widowed half-sister, the Empress Matilda, as their father’s heir. Components of this phase of Robert’s life involved his becoming most favored in court protocol and, by his father’s fiscal patronage, the award of a specially designed earldom of Gloucester, and service as one of the three most trusted royal counselors (familiares), and legate. The new earl’s baronial stature was increased and likely future role as protector of Matilda’s succession enhanced by receiving command of Dover and Canterbury castles in Kent and a major share of the barony of Countess Mabel’s uncle, Haimo II dapifer.
The Earl and the Chronicler
Authors: Patterson Robert B. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Earl Robert fought for the Empress Matilda’s succession to England’s with quill as well as sword. He commissioned William of Malmesbury to write a history of their succession-fraught era. The result was the Historia Novella. The earl’s education and literary habits and previous patronage experience were among the likely influences behind this role. The work is an apologia for Matilda’s claim and for Robert’s sponsorship and, as such, biased; it also features other of the author’s faults but also his virtues as a historian. The first edition contains evidence that Robert, directly or indirectly, was one of Malmesbury’s sources; the second, in the form of the copy given to Margam Abbey, Earl Robert’s foundation, may well have been produced under the auspices of his son, Earl William (1147–83).
Music and Mathematics— Creating the Sublime
Authors: McLeish Tom 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The third mode of imagination is the abstract—the world shared by mathematics and music. Once held together in the ‘quadrivum’ of medieval liberal arts, they have now lost their obvious connection. This chapter explores their deeper commonalities, starting with Andrew Wiles’ proof of Fermat’s last theorem, and Shostakovich’s eighth string quartet, the shared role of number in rhythm, volume, and pitch leads to a deeper world of multi-layered structure and the unconscious imagination. The writing of, and writing about music of Robert Schumann, including a detailed examination of his Konzertstück for four horns and orchestra, is contrasted with writing about mathematical creativity by Hadamard. The collision of beauty, structure, and universality is illustrated by a close encounter with the Fluctuation–Dissipation Theorem. In both cases of mathematics and music, notation is explicitly displayed in an exploration of how it serves as an extension to imaginative thought.
Clerical Marriages
Authors: van Houts Elisabeth 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter sets out the importance of clerical marriage for a study of married life. Two vignettes introduce the lives of married clergy in Parma (northern Italy) and Paris. Lay and clergy chose marriage as a union within which sexual relations were sanctioned, albeit only for the creation of offspring. Given the vocal opposition of a substantial number of clergy against chaste marriages we must conclude that for these clergy and their wives the sexual aspect of marriage was a compelling one and to be preferred to chaste marriage or celibacy. The married clergy were not afraid to physically defend their right to continue their marriages as sexual unions. A strong incentive may have had its roots in the emotional attachment and love a married priest’s couple may have felt for each other.
Conclusion
Authors: van Houts Elisabeth 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The conclusion centres on the four main thematic threads that run through the book. There was a marked move away from parental arrangements and frequent parental coercion to unions resulting from a couple’s consent and their own choice. Women especially at elite level probably were persuasive enough to make their fathers, brothers, and sons see the advantages in allowing the young to express their opinion and if necessary block their parents’ plans. The couple’s consent as a validating principle for marriage gives the clergy a supporting and enabling role rather than a creative one which should be attributed to the laity. Married clergy (and their wives) stressed the good of marriage for those who provided pastoral care. The lived experience of married life suggests that compatibility, a measure of sexual attraction, affection, and love better ensured a lasting relationship than an arbitrary property transaction arranged by parents between two families.
Introduction
Authors: van Houts Elisabeth 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The introduction to the book contains a brief survey on the modern scholarship of the institution of medieval marriage and an overview of the modern historiographical debate on medieval marriage since George Duby (1919–96). There is a section on the medieval sources used for this book, especially narrative sources such as chronicles, saints’ lives, and miracle stories, as well as documentary sources such as decretal texts, episcopal letters, and charters. The introduction also contains a brief survey of four themes that run throughout the book as well as a note on the chronological and geographical scope of the book.
Forging a British World of Trade
Authors: Thackeray David 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Brexit is likely to lead to the largest shift in Britain’s economic orientation in living memory. Some have argued that leaving the EU will enable Britain to revive markets in Commonwealth countries with which it has long-standing historical ties. Their opponents argue that such claims are based on forms of imperial nostalgia which ignore the often uncomfortable historical trade relations between Britain and these countries, as well as the UK’s historical role as a global, rather than chiefly imperial, economy. This book explores how efforts to promote a ‘British World’ system, centred on promoting trade between Britain and the Dominions, grew and declined in influence between the 1880s and 1970s. At the beginning of the twentieth century many people from London, to Sydney, Auckland, and Toronto considered themselves to belong to culturally British nations. British politicians and business leaders invested significant resources in promoting trade with Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa out of a perception that these were great markets of the future. However, ideas about promoting trade between ‘British’ peoples were racially exclusive. From the 1920s onwards colonized and decolonizing populations questioned and challenged the bases of British World networks, making use of alternative forms of international collaboration promoted firstly by the League of Nations and then by the United Nations. Schemes for imperial collaboration amongst ethnically ‘British’ peoples were hollowed out by the actions of a variety of political and business leaders across Asia and Africa who reshaped the functions and identity of the Commonwealth.
The Importance of Being British
Authors: Thackeray David 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
From the 1880s onwards the Colonial Conferences and empire chamber of commerce movements promoted ‘British World’ trade connections and schemes for imperial preference in particular. Much of the appeal of schemes for promoting preferential trade within the empire rested on widespread beliefs about the vast future population capacity of the Dominions. However, Joseph Chamberlain’s subsequent tariff reform campaign proved highly divisive, and efforts to promote British World collaboration more broadly sharpened divisions between ‘British’ and Indian and colonial business elites. The development of British World trade networks led to the establishment of competing trade organizations, particularly amongst ethnic Indian and Chinese communities, which began to challenge the economic subordination of their communities within the imperial trade system.
Selling Washing Machines in Düsseldorf
Authors: Thackeray David 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
There was a rapid decline in British World trade networks in the decade between 1961, when Macmillan’s government announced the UK’s first attempt to join the EEC, and the confirmation of its entry in 1972. Wilson’s subsequent renegotiation of Britain’s membership only won minor concessions for Commonwealth imports. British enthusiasm for EEC membership largely derived from a belief that it provided the best basis for future economic prosperity. By the late 1960s there was certainly little sense that the Commonwealth could provide valuable future markets, which would compensate for Britain abandoning its ongoing efforts to join the EEC.
Explaining the Future
Authors: Bains Sunny 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Explaining the Future addresses the questions “will this new technology solve the problem that its inventors claim it will,” “will it succeed for any application at all,” “can we narrow down the options before we spend a lot of money on development,” and “how do we persuade colleagues, investors, clients, or readers of our technical reasoning?” Whether the person answering these questions is a researcher, a consultant, a venture capitalist, or a CTO, they will need to be able to answer them clearly and systematically. Most learn these skills only through years of experience. However, by making them explicit, this book makes the learning process more efficient and speeds its readers toward higher-level careers. First, it will provide the tools to think through matching new (and old) technologies, materials, and processes with applications: it covers the questions to ask, the resources needed to answer them, and who deserves trust. Then, it discusses analyzing the information that has been gathered in a systematic way and dealing with uncertainty. Next, there are chapters on communication, including tailoring documents to a specific audience, making a persuasive and structured technical argument, and writing an explanation that is credible and easy to follow. Finally, the book includes a case study: a real worked example that goes from an idea through the twists and turns of the research and analysis process to a final report.
Finding Answers
Authors: Bains Sunny 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
“Finding Answers” addresses the information you need to answer questions. The chapter starts by suggesting a basic work flow for gathering material. It then moves on to consider where to look for that material; specifically, the information sources that can be accessed both virtually and by reaching out into the real world. These include everything from keywords, technical literature, patents, intellectual property, the trade press, annual reports, conferences, lab visits, industry roadmaps, industry blogger, books, and more. For each one, the chapter discusses not only what each source can offer and which questions they are most likely to answer but also their strengths, their weaknesses, and common pitfalls in using them.
Analyze
Authors: Bains Sunny 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 discusses the difficult, multilayered art of technical analysis. For those who haven’t yet developed their own methodology, it begins by considering different routes through the work, taking either the point of view of a problem looking for a solution, or that of a solution looking for a problem (looking for a solution). Using canvases (or spreadsheets) makes it possible to systematically evaluate technology features, application criteria, competitors, and timing—all of which were discussed in Chapter 1. Finally, the chapter discusses levels of confidence in the analysis presented, and the importance of coming to a conclusion of some kind, even if the conclusion is that more research is needed.
Communication Using Interperspectival Contents
Authors: Ludlow Peter 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The problem we encounter with any semantic theory that expresses perspectival content is that when we engage in communication we of necessity communicate with people in other perspectival positions. So, for example, we often speak with people in different physical locations. Sometimes, we communicate across time, e.g. by leaving messages, and we often report on thoughts and comments made at an earlier time. Unless we are talking to ourselves, we also communicate with other persons, who are, obviously, in different perspectival positions. This chapter explores how people routinely communicate across such perspectival positions. The same interperspectival content is expressed in different ways in different perspectival contents. A theory of cognitive dynamics is developed which explains how these modes of expression are coordinated.
Computation, Information, and Interperspectival Content
Authors: Ludlow Peter 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
It is argued that perspectival contents run deeply through our accounts of computation and information, and that perspectival content is critical to our interpretation of natural and artifactual computational systems, and the very notion of information itself. The chapter concludes that we get to call the shots on what information is being transmitted between systems in nature. This is analogous to our interpretation and reports on the beliefs and desires of other persons. The relevant information is information that is accessible to us as observers and is a function of our explanation and understanding of the behaviors of informational systems in nature. In short, all information flow, whether natural or the product of human intentions, ultimately bottoms out in perspectival contents.
Law and the Political Economy of Hunger
Authors: Chadwick Anna 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This book offers the first in-depth analysis of the significance of law in the context of world hunger. The book takes as its starting point the global food crisis in 2007–08—a crisis said to have been exacerbated by financial speculators ‘gambling’ on the price of food via commodity derivatives. Challenging the tendency to attribute the highly differentiated impact of the crisis to an underlying condition of ‘food insecurity’, the author relates the role that international law has played in making some populations ‘food insecure’ in the first instance. The book then examines recent developments in the financialization of agriculture and links these developments to structural changes in the global economy since the 1980s. Food commodity speculation—the practice linked to the causation of the global food crisis—is used as a case study to explore the interaction of regimes of law that attempt to regulate market conduct and legal regimes that create markets and enable them to operate. The tension between efforts to regulate speculative market behaviour and bodies of private law that anticipate and operationalize that same behaviour is exposed. The book concludes with a critical analysis of the potential of a human right to adequate food to address the problem of world hunger. Far from being the result of a lack of regulation, or even unrealized human rights, the book argues that prevalence of hunger in the contemporary period is a product of capitalist political economy and the legal structures that underpin it.
Introduction
Authors: Chadwick Anna 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Introduction provides an overview of the events of the 2007–08 global food crisis and surveys commonplace accounts of its causation. After signalling the role that commodity derivatives speculation is alleged to have played in causing the crisis, the author challenges the tendency to portray law as the solution to world hunger. The main argument of the book—that law actively contributes to the persistence of hunger in the world—is set out, and the arguments of each chapter are presented. The introduction concludes with an overview of existing scholarship that has contributed to the author’s thinking on the relationship between hunger and the legal system, including the work of Amartya Sen, Karl Marx, Institutionalist scholarship, and the work of Karl Polanyi.
Human Rights, Law, and Political Economy
Authors: Chadwick Anna 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The final chapter of the book explores the potential of international human rights law as a means of addressing the persistence of world hunger. The chapter begins by relating the institutional development of the human right to adequate food. The analysis highlights some of the main advances that have been made in protecting the right, and it considers the emegence of two particular approaches taken to realizing socio-economic rights on the domestic level. The chapter then considers some of the limitations of human rights law as a tool to remedy complex socio-economic problems. The challenges of financialization and world hunger serve as referents for this analysis. Next, the author discusses the rise of the ‘food sovereignty’ movement and considers whether this approach overcomes some of the limitations of rights-based solutions to hunger. The chapter concludes with a two-fold argument concerning the limitations of existing international responses to hunger, which is that they simultaneously underweight the embeddedness of regulatory law in political economy, and, relatedly, that they pay insufficient attention to the operations of constitutive legal regimes that function to obstruct efforts to realize a right to adequate food.
From Slackers in Khaki to Knights of the Red Cross
Authors: Meyer Jessica 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter uses a range of cultural representations of the men of the RAMC produced during the war to explore how these men perceived their own work and status, and how these were perceived by those they encountered in their caring roles. Drawing on theories of cultural representation, it uses close readings of cartoons, poetry, hospital magazines, and memoirs to demonstrate the multiple and shifting ways in which the work of RAMC rankers was perceived and understood throughout the war. In contrast to the work of Jeffrey Reznick and Ana Carden-Coyne, it foregrounds the representation of the stretcher bearer and medical orderly to complicate understandings of the construction of power relationships within systems of military medical care. The range of representations explores, and the gendered nature of their construction further demonstrates, the complexity of cultural constructions of gender and gender relations in British society during the First World War.
Introduction
Authors: Meyer Jessica 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the subject of the book, outlining the reasons why it is a significant subject for historical analysis. It summarizes the historiographic context of the study in relation to medical histories, gender histories, and social histories of the conflict. It identifies relevant gaps in the existing literature and appropriate approaches, in particular those that use patient voices and studies of specific categories of caregiver. It then outlines the methodological approach of gender history using close readings and reception analysis that is used in this volume. Finally, it outlines the structure of the book, summarizing the approach taken and argument to be made in each substantive chapter, before concluding with the statement of the overarching thesis that a study of the men of the RAMC in the First World War enables historians to further understand the complexity of gender and gender relations in British society in this period.