bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“So long and so dangerous a voyage”
Authors: Calvert Jane E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter Five details Dickinson’s rise to a leading role in Pennsylvania politics during a tumultuous period. Although the French and Indian War was over, violence continued on the western frontier. During the Paxton Riots, frontiersmen attacked a group of peaceful Moravian Indians, brutally murdering them and then marching on Philadelphia. Dickinson offered ideas to prevent further bloodshed. When a faction of the Assembly, led by Benjamin Franklin and Joseph Galloway, began a campaign to abolish the Pennsylvania 1701 constitution and place the colony directly under control of the Crown, Dickinson led the opposition, writing forcefully about the need to preserve the unique constitution that protected Quakers’ religious liberty. He was especially concerned because of new, oppressive legislation coming from the British government. He succeeded in ousting Franklin and Galloway from the Assembly, saving the constitution, and achieving recognition for his abilities in England.
“As the rock among the waves”
Authors: Calvert Jane E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter Ten describes how, as public sentiment turned towards revolution, Dickinson hoped to delay independence until America was prepared. When independence appeared certain, to preserve the appearance of unanimity, he revised the instructions to the Pennsylvania delegates, allowing them to vote in favor. He also wrote a first draft of the Articles of Confederation with protection for women’s religious liberty and drafted a model treaty. After a debate on independence with John Adams in Congress on July 1, 1776, Dickinson abstained from the vote and then led his battalion to fight the British. In November, he was reelected to the Pennsylvania Assembly but soon resigned in protest over the Pennsylvania 1776 constitution. The Pennsylvania government then pursued him as an enemy of the state. In 1777, Dickinson responded by enlisting as a private in the Delaware militia and conditionally liberating his slaves, honoring the principles in the Declaration of Independence. Meanwhile, as American leaders imprisoned his Quaker relatives, the British burned down Dickinson’s Philadelphia house.
“Through a Wilderness of Difficulties”
Authors: Calvert Jane E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In Chapter Twelve, Dickinson manages a full slate of crises affecting the state and the nation. As head of the executive and judicial branches of one of the largest states, which was also the seat of the United States government, Dickinson was one of the most powerful men in the country. He dealt with the Pennamite-Yankee War on the norther border, and attempted secession by “Westsylvania” on the south-western border, Indian attacks on the frontier, a munity of Continental soldiers that put Dickinson at odds with Alexander Hamilton, and several court cases that challenged the stability of the state and nation. He tried and failed to secure just treatment of Indians in dealings with Pennsylvania. At each juncture, he brought his long experience and Quakerly approach to solve the problems. He then planned permanent retirement from public life.
“A labour of public love”
Authors: Calvert Jane E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter Thirteen details how, although Dickinson sought to retire from public service and focus on philanthropy, he was continually drawn back into service. Since he had signed the Articles of Confederation for Delaware in 1779, he had wanted that constitution revised. In 1786, he was chairman of the Annapolis Convention to begin the process. The result was the 1787 Federal Convention that produced the U.S. Constitution. Dickinson made key contributions, including proposing the solution for representation that became known as the “Connecticut Compromise” and attempting to limit slavery. He then wrote a well-received series of letters as “Fabius” to achieve ratification of the Constitution.
“A constant Watchman for the public Interest”
Authors: Calvert Jane E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter Fifteen recounts how Dickinson kept his hand in politics by advising Democratic Republican politicians in high office. Now it was not only George Logan who benefitted, but also Pennsylvania governor Thomas McKean, U.S. Attorney General Caesar A. Rodney, and Thomas Jefferson, whose presidency pleased Dickinson greatly. Although he did not agree with Jefferson on all matters, including slavery, they shared a love of France, about which Dickinson published another pamphlet. Dickinson also forged a strong friendship with former Federalist political economist Tench Coxe. In 1803, Dickinson suffered the biggest blow of his life, the loss of Polly. His devoted daughters, Sally and Maria, stayed by his side. The chapter reflects on Dickinson’s work on behalf of women’s rights and welfare.
From Byzantium to Constantinople
Authors: Matthews John 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
From Byzantium to Constantinople is an exploration of the generally accepted truth that the great city founded by Constantine on the shores of the Bosporus as a second Rome and new capital of the Roman empire was built upon the Graeco-Roman city that preceded it, but there is still room for discussion as to exactly how this transition was accomplished. This book argues that Classical Byzantium was a more significant and powerful city than is often appreciated, and that the monumental developments of the Roman empire, and especially of the Severan period, provided the context from which the Constantinian and later city developed. The main source of the enquiry (among others) is the early fifth-century text known as Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae, which both provides a conspectus of the city as it stood at the time of writing, and an insight into the urban developments of the earlier period, both Greek (the city was an early colonial foundation of Megara) and Roman. A translation and thematic commentary of this text provides the central theme of the enquiry, which at the same time endeavours to understand the process of urban development in the context of the historical events of the period. Attention is given to the topographical character of the city and to its regional development, to its social and cultural institutions and population, and to the role of the church, which is seen to be a more measured and slower development than one would gather from the intensity of Constantine’s and his successors’ personal commitment to Christianity.
Other Monuments, Palaces, and Churches
Authors: Matthews John 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 9 addresses omissions and contradictions in the Notitia concerning important monuments unmentioned in earlier chapters, and moves on to register the great houses and palaces of the imperial family. Special attention is paid to the number and distribution of churches, which are shown to be unevenly spread through the city, with some concentration, firstly, in the monumental churches connected with the political and ceremonial life of Constantinople and, secondly, in the business and commercial areas of the city, reflecting the Christianization of its general population. Particular attention is paid to the establishment of the ‘public’ churches of S. Sophia and the Holy Apostles, and to the so-called martyr’s church of Mocius outside the walls, probably built under Constantine but soon neglected and for a time conceded for the use of heretic Arians.
Housing and Population
Authors: Matthews John 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 10 exploits the numbers of facilities and institutions given by the Notitia under the separate regions to analyse the social composition of the urban area in its various sectors, the publicly available resources, such as baths and bakeries, and the teams of collegiati employed to protect the physical security of the city. Using as guide the parallel information available for the city of Rome and earlier study of the housing stock and population of Pompeii, it offers speculative conclusions about the size of the population of the city, its living conditions and distribution over the course of the fourth and early fifth centuries.
Seeing Voices
Authors: Maler Anabel 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We often think of music in terms of sounds intentionally organized into patterns, but music performed in signed languages poses considerable challenges to this fundamental definition. How can we analyze and understand sign language music? And what can sign language music tell us about how humans engage with music more broadly? Seeing Voices argues that music is best understood as culturally defined, intentionally organized movement, rather than organized sound. This redefinition of music means that sign language music, rather than being peripheral or marginal to histories and theories about music, is in fact central and crucial to our understanding of all musical expression and perception. Sign language music teaches us a great deal about how, when, and why movement becomes musical in a cultural context, and urges us to think about music as a multisensory experience that goes beyond the sense of hearing. Using a blend of tools from music theory, cognitive science, musicology, and ethnography, this book examines the history, cultural context, and analysis of a wide variety of genres of sign language music. It aims to center the musical experience and knowledge of Deaf persons, to bring the long and rich history of sign language music to the attention of music scholars and lovers, and to challenge the notion that music is transmitted exclusively from the hearing to the Deaf. Finally, Seeing Voices proposes that voice, rhythm, melody, and emotion are properties of music that are resilient across visual, kinesthetic, and aural modalities.
Conclusions and Future Directions
Authors: Burton-Murray Helen , Juarascio Adrienne S. , Thomas Jennifer J. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) for rumination syndrome (RS) as a promising approach with evidence for producing positive effects. For patients who continue to struggle with learning diaphragmatic breathing with clinician instruction and practice alone, other tools such as biofeedback guidance can be useful. The chapter discusses how patients with comorbid belching may benefit from strategies that have been implemented in aerophagia protocols, such as in vivo exposure with an experimental design. The chapter encourages the uptake and delivery of CBT-RS. It anticipates that clinicians will be able to take away strategies from this book that improve the lives of individuals with RS, who often go years without appropriate treatment.
Appropriation Mechanisms
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the basic features of the intellectual property (IP) rights used by innovators to exclude others and secure financial returns to their innovations. The IP rights reviewed are patents, including design patents, plant patents, and utility models; copyright; trademarks; geographical indications; sui generis rights such as semiconductor mask protection and vessel hull rights; and trade secrecy. The main IP rights (patents, copyright, and trademarks) are covered in more detail in subsequent chapters. In this chapter, the use of various forms of IP protection as complements or substitutes is discussed. Some evidence on the relative importance of the various modes of securing returns to innovation is presented.
Innovation Strategy
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the many ways in which firms create and capture value from innovation. It discusses the various research strategies pursued by incumbents and entrants, and the importance of differentiation and complementary assets in securing returns to innovation. Strategies such as the make or buy or collaborate decision for technological development and the use of open innovation are also considered. Competition between systems or platforms with network effects is described. This leads into a discussion of the strategies used in network competition to increase or to break lock-in by customers.
Copyright
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers copyrights: the basic structure and purpose of the copyright system and the legal requirements for copyright protection as well as the process of obtaining a copyright. The economic arguments for copyright and the evidence, pro and con, for its effectiveness in encouraging creation of original works are reviewed. The chapter discusses the close association between copyright, innovation and technological change. In addition, the link between copyright, software, and artificial intelligence, which has resulted in new policy concerns, is discussed. The last section of the chapter explores the impact of digitization on the market for copyrighted works and the response of copyright law to these new technologies.
Alternatives to Intellectual Property
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the methods of appropriating the returns to innovation that are not considered formal IP, as well as methods of organizing innovation that generate returns in alternative ways. These methods include informal appropriation mechanisms such as secrecy, lead time, and first-mover advantages as well as collective invention or the use of prizes to incentivize innovators. The use of formal and informal mechanisms in practice, in particular the choice between patents and secrecy and the factors that affect this choice is reviewed. In the early phases of a new industry, often collective invention and an “open sharing” knowledge production system prevail. Finally, in many times and places, the need for a particular invention has been obvious enough that governments and others may offer a prize or award for a desired invention.
The Sharing and Exchange of Patents
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the different mechanisms used by innovators to share and exchange patents in the market for technology including (cross-)licensing agreements, patent pools, patent pledges and patent commons, outright acquisition of patents, as well as shared ownership of patents. The chapter discusses the different motives that firms have to share patents. It reviews the trade-off involved in licensing between revenue and rent dissipation effects using a simple model. The next sections of the chapter summarize the characteristics and economic effects of sharing patents via patent pools, including those devoted to standard essential patents, patent pledges and patent commons. The chapter also covers the outright sale of patents and their co-ownership.
The Maniacal Imagination and Moral Ineptitude of the Church
Authors: Watson Kris , Twomey Clare 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
“The Maniacal Imagination and Moral Ineptitude of the Church: The Construction and Sustainment of White-Skin Supremacy” examines the premise that no one thing is more responsible for the creation and sustainment of White-skin supremacy than the implementation of White Jesus as the symbolic head of a religion that would ensure the genocide of Indigenous peoples and the enslavement of Black and Brown bodies in perpetuity. Because dismantling White-skinned supremacy will require an understanding of its deep roots in the Christian tradition, this chapter offers a brief though in-depth historical backdrop to the complicated complicity of the Christian church in the formation of White-skin supremacy and the horrors—the oppression, subjugation, enslavement, and genocide of millions—demanded and thus perpetrated in its name. It further offers real-time, personal experiences of this seemingly unending and spiritually codified violence against Black and Brown bodies.
Systems Failure
Authors: Nelson Randy B. , Yusef Kideste , Dix-Richardson Felecia 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A defining feature of American democracy is equal access to a free, compulsory education. Regardless of socioeconomic status, residence, race, religion, sexual orientation, or gender, all children are entitled to a quality education. As most institutions are interdependent, where one lives is directly linked to other quality-of-life measures such as education, health outcomes, and financial stability. The historical and lingering effects of discrimination, segregation, and institutional racism on the life choices and chances of Black youth have never been sufficiently addressed. Critical race theory provides a framework for solution-focused strategies to address the phenomenon referred to as the “school-to-prison pipeline.” Black and other students of color are disproportionately impacted by these policies, which can disrupt their education and future. In “Systems Failure: Black Children Left Behind,” the nexus between the experiences of Black children as they relate to school performance, school discipline, and involvement in the juvenile justice system are analyzed.
Making Space When Black Voices Speak Their Truth
Authors: Nonterah Camilla W. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
“Making Space When Black Voices Speak Their Truth” addresses anti-Black racism and the ways in which this affects the health outcomes of people of African descent, resulting in health inequities and necessitating the significance of elevating Black voices. Using one’s Black voice is a complicated process with advantages and disadvantages. This can be a form of empowerment or result in the silencing or dismissal of the individual’s message as well as being stereotyped. Black courage can also be weaponized in a variety of ways, for example, in interpersonal relationships and occupational settings, especially when it challenges the status quo. This chapter concludes with recommendations about how to create safe spaces that highlight Black voices and facilitate authentic allyship.
Owning Our Unconscious on a Path of Antiracism Work
Authors: Ireland Mardy S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
“Owning Our Unconscious on a Path of Antiracism Work: One White Woman’s Travelogue” explores an underlying tenet of systemic racism illustrated through stories and analyses of one White woman’s lifelong path of antiracism. Unconscious processes are defined and situated as being ever present in all human functioning. Experiences drawn from the author’s life show how the conscious mind presumes, wrongly, to be the singular founding source of individual and collective action. This mental presumption belies how the human mind actually works and is inadequate to understand or combat systemic racism. Individual stories and analyses are mapped onto society as a reflection of how unconscious elements also operate within groups. White privilege and microaggression are described as ongoing unconscious racism manifesting across time (generations) and place (within both constructed race categories). “Ownership” of both unconscious and conscious processes is needed in the acknowledgment and repair of America’s systemic racism.
Unprecedented
Authors: Woolner David B. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the Fourth Inaugural Address of Franklin D. Roosevelt, which served as a reminder to the American people at the time of the many trials they had to face as they struggled to bring World War II to an end. The United States and its Allies were passing through a period of supreme test of courage, resolve, and wisdom for essential democracy. It emphasizes that the trend of civilization is forever upward, as the line drawn through the middle of the peaks and valleys of the centuries always has an upward trend. The chapter details Roosevelt’s reflection on the character of the American Constitution as an imperfect instrument. Roosevelt’s Fourth Inaugural Address represents a brief reiteration of the much longer remarks he delivered in his State of the Union Address on January 6, 1945.
A Moment of Triumph before Disaster
Authors: Schwartz Thomas Alan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at Richard Nixon’s Second Inaugural Address, which brought thousands of antiwar demonstrators to Washington, disrupting the inaugural parade. With the help of Henry Kissinger, Nixon was able to develop a trifecta of foreign policy successes in 1972 that helped lead to his overwhelming electoral victory. It highlights Nixon’s claim in his inaugural that 1972 will be long remembered as the year of the greatest progress since the end of World War II toward a lasting peace in the world. The chapter considers Nixon’s speech to have a more traditional Republican theme when he made the case for a more decentralized approach to decision-making and a more limited governmental role in American life. Nixon’s rhetoric foreshadows a theme of President Donald Trump, who established a President’s Advisory 1776 Commission to further patriotic education.
Bill Clinton’s Second Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents Bill Clinton’s Second Inaugural Address, which purports to give the American people a new choice that offers opportunity, demands responsibility, and gives citizens more say. Three familiar keywords stand out in Clinton’s speech: opportunity, responsibility, and community. The three keywords are considered cornerstones to a persistent philosophy of government. The remainder of Clinton’s speech is devoted to elaborating on each element of opportunity, responsibility, and community. The three concepts were at the heart of Clinton’s presidency, buttressing his efforts to reform the national welfare system, his sense of fiscal responsibility, his embrace of free trade, and his focus on national service.
Barack Obama’s Second Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents Barack Obama’s Second Inaugural Address, wherein he proclaimed that preserving individual freedoms ultimately requires collective action. Obama calls for the American nation to shoulder its responsibilities to care for the vulnerable, to guard everyone from life’s worst hazards and misfortune, and to secure for all citizens a basic measure of security and dignity. It explains that for Obama, equality requires more than equal protection before the law. The address includes Obama’s argument for a system of taxation in which the amount owed to the community increases along with the wealth derived from the conditions secured, and the laws enacted by that community. In his address, Obama locates recent campaigns for equality, regardless of gender, race, or sexual preference, in the tradition of earlier struggles against white male supremacy waged by abolitionists and advocates of woman suffrage.