bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Status and conservation of the snow leopard Panthera uncia in Api Nampa Conservation Area, Nepal
Authors: Khanal Gopal , Poudyal Laxman Prasad , Devkota Bishnu Prasad , Ranabhat Rishi , Wegge Per 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe snow leopard Panthera uncia is globally threatened and reliable information on its abundance, distribution and prey species is a prerequisite for its conservation. In October–November 2014 we assessed the distribution of the snow leopard in the recently established Api Nampa Conservation Area in the Nepal Himalayas. Within selected blocks we conducted sign surveys and counted the number of bharal Pseudois nayaur, its principal wild prey, along transects totalling 106 km. We recorded 203 putative snow leopard signs at an encounter rate of 1.91 signs/km. Generalized linear models of the number of signs detected per transect showed that elevation had a positive influence and human activities a negative influence on sign encounter rate; prey abundance had only a weak positive influence on sign encounter rate. Within the effectively surveyed area of c. 200 km2, we counted 527 bharal at an estimated density of 2.28 animals/km2. Recruitment of bharal was low, estimated at 48 kids/100 adult females, most likely a result of poor or overgrazed rangeland. We estimate the total number of bharal in this conservation area to be > 1,000, a prey base that could sustain 6–9 snow leopards. Based on our field observations, we identified human disturbance and habitat degradation associated with extraction of non-timber forest products, livestock grazing, and poaching as the main threats to the snow leopard. Standardized sign surveys, preferably supplemented by sampling with remote cameras or with genetic analysis of scats would provide robust baseline information on the abundance of snow leopards in this conservation area.
Folk-economic beliefs as “evidential fiction”: Putting the economic public discourse back on track
Authors: Acerbi Alberto , Sacco Pier Luigi 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFolk-economic beliefs may be regarded as “evidential fictions” that exploit the natural tendency of human cognition to organize itself in narrative form. Narrative counter-arguments are likely more effective than logical debunking. The challenge is to convey sound economic reasoning in narratively conspicuous forms – an opportunity for economics to rethink its role and agency in public discourse, in the spirit of its old classics.
The mind of the market: Lay beliefs about the economy as a willful, goal-oriented agent
Authors: Forstmann Matthias , Burgmer Pascal 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe propose an extension to Boyer & Petersen's (B&P's) framework for folk-economic beliefs, suggesting that certain evolutionarily acquired cognitive inference systems can cause modern humans to perceive abstract systems such as the economy as willful, goal-oriented agents. Such an anthropomorphized view, we argue, can have meaningful effects on people's moral evaluations of these agents, as well as on their political and economic behavior.
Mapping theterra incognitaof economic cognition will require an experimental paradigm that incorporates context
Authors: Lightner Aaron D. , Hagen Edward H. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractResearchers, including Boyer & Petersen (B&P), commonly use experimental economic studies to draw their conclusions. These studies conventionally strip away context and present participants only with abstract rules. Because context is a strictly necessary component of the decision-making process, it is not clear that inferences about high-level folk psychological concepts (e.g., rationality) can be drawn from decontextualized economic games.
The implementation of European Union (EU) rules on cross-border care: moving towards convergence?
Authors: Nordeng Zuzana , Veggeland Frode 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis article studies the implementation of the European Union (EU)’s Patients’ Rights Directive in Germany and Norway. The objective of the Directive was to allow EU member states to have a say in the regulatory work, ensure predictability and uniformity in the application of EU rules on cross-border care, and enhance a move towards EU harmonisation in this area. So far, the implementation processes in Norway and Germany have mixed results regarding the likelihood of achieving uniformity and harmonisation. Although the Directive has had convergent effects on certain areas of cross-border care, such as setting up National Contact Points and providing patients with the basic right to treatment abroad, implementation also shows divergent patterns. In both countries, adapting to EU rules has strengthened patients’ rights to choose freely among health-service providers in a wider European health-service market. However, due to legal discretion and country-specific institutions within which the new rules are applied, divergent patterns prevail.
Characterization of Seaward‐Dipping Reflectors Along the South American Atlantic Margin and Implications for Continental Breakup
Authors: McDermott Carl , Lonergan Lidia , Collier Jenny S. , McDermott Kenneth G. , Bellingham Paul 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThick packages of lavas forming seaward‐dipping reflectors (SDRs) are diagnostic features of volcanic passive margins. Despite their significance to continental breakup studies, their formation mechanism is still debated. We use ~22,000 km of high‐quality, depth‐migrated, seismic data to document the three‐dimensional geometry of SDRs offshore South America. We find two types: Type I are planar and occur as fault‐bounded wedges. Type II are characterized by reflections that become more convex‐upward in the downdip direction and terminate against a subhorizontal base. We interpret the transition from Type I to Type II SDRs to represent a continuum from continental rifting to full plate separation with formation of new, subaerially generated, magmatic crust. Type I SDRs formed in half grabens during the stretching of continental crust, while Type II lavas infill the space produced by flexing of the crust due to the solidification of the underlying feeder dikes as the magmatic crust moved away from the spreading center. Type II SDRs vary in length and thickness along the margin. In the north, close to the Paraná flood basalts, they are long (tens of kilometers), reach thicknesses of up to 15 km, and have an across margin width of up to 600 km. To the south the Type II SDRs are thinner with lava lengths of <10 km. We propose that Type II lavas in the north erupted from a subaerial, plate spreading center above the Tristan mantle plume and that the shorter lava flows to the south indicates eruption into water, consistent with a cooler, off‐plume mantle.
The Need for an Integrated Land‐Lake‐Atmosphere Modeling System, Exemplified by North America's Great Lakes Region
Authors: Sharma A. , Hamlet A. F. , Fernando H. J. S. , Catlett C. E. , Horton D. E. , Kotamarthi V. R. , Kristovich D. A. R. , Packman A. I. , Tank J. L. , Wuebbles D. J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn the face of future climate change, it is prudent to seek sustainable adaptation strategies to address regional and local impacts. These impacts are multidimensional, involving interdependencies between systems (weather, urban land use, agriculture, etc.) that are typically modeled independently. To achieve a holistic understanding and thus identify more effective strategies for addressing and/or mitigating impacts, an integrated interdisciplinary research approach is essential. Here we discuss the broader challenges and threats faced by regions encompassing large bodies of water. We illustrate with North America's Great Lakes region, discussing how an integrated model of atmosphere, land, and lake could provide critical information to inform decisions. We stress the need to include input from diverse stakeholders in the development of tools to ensure the quality and usability of impact assessments. Research investments toward such capabilities should engage multiple disciplines including atmospheric sciences, hydrodynamics, hydrology, and biogeochemistry as well as data analytics and modeling. Also, detailed measurement and documentation of urban and agricultural land use, lake surface temperature and ice‐cover, and observations of energy and mass exchanges at the interfaces of atmosphere, land, and water are needed. We envision the development of an integrated set of modeling tools that will improve both the utility of weather forecasts and long‐term climate projections of the impacts on ecosystem sustainability, hydrometeorological extremes, engineering design, human health, and socioeconomic systems. Such a modeling system can serve as a template for other regions with cities, large lakes, inland seas, and coastlines facing similar kinds of climate change impacts.
Effects in the Near‐Magnetopause Magnetosheath Elicited by Large‐Amplitude Alfvénic Fluctuations Terminating in a Field and Flow Discontinuity
Authors: Farrugia C. J. , Cohen I. J. , Vasquez B. J. , Lugaz N. , Alm L. , Torbert R. B. , Argall M. R. , Paulson K. , Lavraud B. , Gershman D. J. , Gratton F. T. , Matsui H. , Rogers A. , Forbes T. G. , Payne D. , Ergun R. E. , Mauk B. , Burch J. L. , Russell C. T. , Strangeway R. J. , Shuster J. , Nakamura R. , Fuselier S. A. , Giles B. L. , Khotyaintsev Y. V. , Lindqvist P. A. , Marklund G.T. , Petrinec S. M. , Pollock C. J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn this paper we report on a sequence of large‐amplitude Alfvénic fluctuations terminating in a field and flow discontinuity and their effects on electromagnetic fields and plasmas in the near‐magnetopause magnetosheath. An arc‐polarized structure in the magnetic field was observed by the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms‐C in the solar wind, indicative of nonlinear Alfvén waves. It ends with a combined tangential discontinuity/vortex sheet, which is strongly inclined to the ecliptic plane and at which there is a sharp rise in the density and a drop in temperature. Several effects resulting from this structure were observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft in the magnetosheath close to the subsolar point (11:30 magnetic local time) and somewhat south of the geomagnetic equator (−33° magnetic latitude): (i) kinetic Alfvén waves; (ii) a peaking of the electric and magnetic field strengths where E·J becomes strong and negative (−1 nW/m3) just prior to an abrupt dropout of the fields; (iii) evolution in the pitch angle distribution of energetic (a few tens of kilo‐electron‐volts) ions (H+, Hen+, and On+) and electrons inside a high‐density region, which we attribute to gyrosounding of the tangential discontinuity/vortex sheet structure passing by the spacecraft; (iv) field‐aligned acceleration of ions and electrons that could be associated with localized magnetosheath reconnection inside the high‐density region; and (v) variable and strong flow changes, which we argue to be unrelated to reconnection at partial magnetopause crossings and likely result from deflections of magnetosheath flow by a locally deformed, oscillating magnetopause.
Ultralow Frequency Electrodynamics of Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Interactions Near the Plasmapause During Substorms
Authors: Streltsov Anatoly V. , Mishin Evgeny V. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractUltra low frequency (ULF) electromagnetic waves have been regularly observed by the CRRES, Cluster, and Van Allen Probes satellites near the plasmapause during substorms. Frequently, the small‐scale waves are detected together with a large‐scale quasi‐stationary electric field collocating with mesoscale plasma flows penetrating into the plasmasphere. These observations suggest that the plasmapause plays an important role in the conversion of the kinetic energy of energetic particles moving toward the Earth from the reconnection site in the magnetotail into a large‐scale electric field. The field penetrates along the magnetic field into the ionosphere and generates small‐scale, shear Alfvén waves and field‐aligned currents. These waves can form a standing pattern between the hemispheres, and under certain conditions, they can be amplified by interactions with the ionosphere. This scenario is verified in the paper by reproducing with simulations structure and amplitude of the ULF waves observed by the Van Allen Probe‐A satellite near the plasmapause on 17 March 2015. The simulations are based on the reduced two‐fluid MHD model describing generation of ULF Alfvén waves and field‐aligned currents by the ionospheric feedback instability driven by the large‐scale electric field. Simulations demonstrate good, quantitative agreement between spatial structure, frequency, and amplitude of the simulated waves and the observations.
Source Properties and Triggering Processes of Long‐Period Events Beneath Volcanoes Inferred From an Analytical Formula for Crack Resonance Frequencies
Authors: Taguchi Kimiko , Kumagai Hiroyuki , Maeda Yuta , Torres Roberto 
Published: August 2018

AbstractLong‐period (LP) seismic events are thought to arise from the oscillations of a fluid‐filled resonator. The fluid properties and resonator geometry of LP sources have been estimated by comparing observed frequencies to those calculated from a crack model. However, simultaneous determinations of crack geometry and fluid properties have been based on time‐consuming crack model simulations. We developed an alternative method to estimate these crack model parameters using a recently proposed analytical formula. We applied it to LP events at Kusatsu‐Shirane volcano, Japan and Galeras volcano, Colombia, which have been thought to be generated by resonances of cracks filled with misty and dusty gases, respectively. Our estimates of the crack model parameters displayed temporal changes in both crack geometry and fluid properties, which previous studies have not shown. Our estimated parameters had common features at the two volcanoes: (1) Crack volumes and gas‐weight fractions of water vapor in the cracks were positively correlated, and (2) mist and dust volumes were proportional to the product of crack aperture and crack length or width. From these features, we inferred that the LP events were triggered by volumetric changes associated with condensation of water vapor exsolved from magma at Kusatsu‐Shirane and by fragmentation of vesiculated magma intruded into the crack at Galeras. This study demonstrates a useful new method to investigate the state of fluids and triggering processes of LP events.
First Direct Estimates of Volume and Water Mass Transports Across the Reykjanes Ridge
Authors: Petit Tillys , Mercier Herlé , Thierry Virginie 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe Reykjanes Ridge is a major topographic feature located south of Iceland in the North Atlantic Ocean that strongly influences the subpolar gyre circulation. Based on velocity and hydrographic measurements carried out along the crest of the Reykjanes Ridge from the Icelandic continental shelf to 50°N during the RREX cruise in June–July 2015, we derived the first direct estimates of volume and water mass transports over the Reykjanes Ridge. North of 53.15°N, circulation was mainly westward; south of this latitude it was mainly eastward. The westward transport was estimated at 21.9 ± 2.5 Sv (Sv = 106 m3 s−1) and represents the subpolar gyre intensity. The westward flows followed two main pathways at 57°N near the Bight Fracture Zone and at 59–62°N. We argue that those pathways were connected to the northern branch of the North Atlantic Current and to the Sub‐Arctic Front, respectively, which were both intersected by the southern part of the section. In addition to this horizontal circulation, mixing and bathymetry shaped the water mass distribution. Water mass transformations in the Iceland Basin lead to the formation of weakly stratified Subpolar Mode Water. We explain why Subpolar Mode Water, the main water mass contributing to the westward flow, was denser at 57°N than at 59–62°N. At higher densities, both Intermediate Water and Icelandic Slope Water contributed more to the westward transport across the Reykjanes Ridge than the sum of Labrador Sea Water and Iceland‐Scotland Overflow Water.
Mississippi River Plume Variability in the Gulf of Mexico From SMAP and MODIS‐Aqua Observations
Authors: da Silva Carolina E. , Castelao Renato M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe Mississippi‐Atchafalaya River System (MARS) is an important source of freshwater and terrigenous material to the Gulf of Mexico. We used sea surface salinity (SSS) measurements from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite and terrigenous dissolved organic carbon (tDOC) from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to describe the MARS plume seasonality and interaction with the Gulf circulation. Our analyses revealed good agreement between SMAP and in situ salinity for S > 31, and that satellite‐derived tDOC can serve as a useful tracer for the river plume. A boundary detection algorithm was used to quantify the frequency of plume occurrence in the Gulf for the last 15 years. The MARS plume has its maximum offshore extension during summer, retracting to closer to shore during fall/winter. Variability at monthly time scales is controlled by river discharge and alongshore winds, which explain up to 60% of the local variance in the frequency of plume occurrence near the shelfbreak. Maximum variability in plume extension is found to the east of the Mississippi River Delta due to wind reversals that generally occur during summer. The combined use of SMAP salinity and MODIS‐tDOC allowed for a detailed view of anomalous events in 2015 and 2016, when the MARS plume was transported for 350 km from the coast due to interactions with the Loop Current and with dipole eddies. While SMAP observations allow for tracking the river plume even in cloudy conditions, high‐resolution MODIS data allow for a more accurate characterization of sharp fronts and of the width of river‐influenced filaments.
Seasonal Variations in the Siliciclastic Fluxes to the Western Philippine Sea and Their Impacts on Seawater εNd Values Inferred From 1 Year of In Situ Observations Above Benham Rise
Authors: Xu Zhaokai , Li Tiegang , Colin Christophe , Clift Peter D. , Sun Rongtao , Yu Zhaojie , Wan Shiming , Lim Dhongil 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of siliciclastic sediments and the Nd isotopic compositions of planktonic foraminifera are investigated in sediment trap samples collected in 2015 at water depths of 500 and 2,800 m to (1) track the seasonal changes in the sources and transport patterns of siliciclastic sediments to Benham Rise, (2) constrain the Nd isotopic compositions of the planktonic foraminifera throughout the water column, and (3) assess the influences of lithogenic inputs on the Nd isotopic compositions of the water masses. We demonstrate that volcanic matter and eolian dust are derived primarily from Luzon Island and the Ordos Desert, respectively. In addition, we show that reduced precipitation over Luzon Island and the weakened East Asian winter monsoon intensity result in mass fluxes from Luzon Island and the eastern Asian deserts to the sea, respectively, that are weaker in the winter than in the spring. Furthermore, the εNd values of the foraminifera collected at a water depth of 500 m change slightly in 2015, suggesting negligible impacts of lithogenic Nd inputs characterized by significant seasonal flux variations. In contrast, the εNd values of the planktonic foraminifera collected at a water depth of 2,800 m are systematically more radiogenic and appear to display seasonal variability. Such results suggest the rapid modification of εNd values during the settling of planktonic foraminifera by the precipitation of Mn coatings derived from water masses at deposition depths, with greater contributions of colder water masses originating from the volcanic Luzon Island margin during the winter.
Seasonal Phasing of Agulhas Current Transport Tied to a Baroclinic Adjustment of Near‐Field Winds
Authors: Hutchinson Katherine , Beal Lisa M. , Penven Pierrick , Ansorge Isabelle , Hermes Juliet 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe Agulhas Current plays a significant role in both local and global ocean circulation and climate regulation, yet the mechanisms that determine the seasonal cycle of the current remain unclear, with discrepancies between ocean models and observations. Observations from moorings across the current and a 22‐year proxy of Agulhas Current volume transport reveal that the current is over 25% stronger in austral summer than in winter. We hypothesize that winds over the Southern Indian Ocean play a critical role in determining this seasonal phasing through barotropic and first baroclinic mode adjustments and communication to the western boundary via Rossby waves. Our hypothesis is explored using single‐layer and one‐and‐a‐half layer models. We find that the barotropic contribution to seasonal phasing is small, with the majority of the seasonal signal deflected offshore and along the Mozambique Ridge. The summertime maximum and wintertime minimum can, however, be reproduced by a one‐and‐a‐half layer reduced gravity model in which adjustment time to wind forcing via Rossby waves is in line with observations from satellite altimetry. Additionally, near‐field winds (to the west of 35°E) are shown to have a controlling influence on the seasonal phasing, as signals from farther afield dissipate through destructive interference with overlying winds before reaching the western boundary. These results suggest a critical role for a baroclinic adjustment to near‐field winds in setting the summertime maximum in Agulhas Current transport.
Application of an LAI Inversion Algorithm Based on the Unified Model of Canopy Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function to the Heihe River Basin
Authors: Ma Bo , Li Jucai , Fan Wenjie , Ren Huazhong , Xu Xiru , Cui Yaokui , Peng Jingjing 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe leaf area index (LAI) is one of the most important parameters of vegetation canopy structure, which can represent the growth conditions of vegetation effectively. The accuracy, availability, and timeliness of LAI data can be improved greatly, which is of great importance to vegetation‐related research. There are various types of vegetation and terrain conditions in the Heihe River Basin, the second largest inland river basin in northwest China. It is not only helpful to evaluate the accuracy of LAI retrieval algorithms for the complex land surface but also useful to understand the fragile ecological status of the Heihe River Basin. In contrast to previous LAI inversion models, the bidirectional reflectance distribution function unified model can be applied for both continuous and discrete vegetation, and it is appropriate for analyzing heterogeneous vegetation distributions. In this work, we produced 30‐m LAI products once a month in the growing season of 2012. Results show that the algorithm can effectively retrieve LAIs. We verified the LAI product using field measurement data. The mean absolute errors in forest, farmland, and sparse grassland are 0.44, 0.56, and 0.38 respectively, and the R2 is 0.8736. Further analysis shows that main errors come from three parts: errors in the parameters, mistakes in the vegetation classification, and interval of the look‐up table. Mixed pixel is also a problem for this model. Despite this, high resolution and applicability means this algorithm can be a good approach for LAI retrieval.