bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
МЕТОДИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ВИКЛАДАННЯ ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧНОГО АНАЛІЗУ В КОНТЕКСТІ ВИВЧЕННЯ ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧНОЇ ХІМІЇ ІНОЗЕМНИМ СТУДЕНТАМ
Authors: Logoyda L. S. , Zarivna N. O. 
Published: August 2019

У статті висвітлено шляхи вирішення основних проблем, з якими стикаються викладачі, що працюють зі студентами-іноземцями при викладанні фармацевтичного аналізу в контексті вивчення дисципліни «Фармацевтична хімія». Проаналізовано основні проблеми, які можуть впливати на результативність навчання студентів-іноземців.
Дослідження базується на вивченні матеріалів, отриманих із відкритих джерел інформації та власного досвіду авторів. У статті наведені сучасні технології викладання та тестування іноземних студентів з фармацевтичної хімії, впроваджені на кафедрі фармацевтичної хімії.
Оскільки якість препарату закладається ще на етапі фармацевтичної розробки, студент чітко повинен знати елементи фармацевтичної розробки та фармацевтичного аналізу. Ціллю фармацевтичного аналізу є: засвоїти загальні методи аналізу субстанцій лікарських речовин та підтвердження їх доброякісності за зовнішнім виглядом, розчинністю та реакцією середовища згідно з вимогами ДФУ; вивчити і пояснювати фізичні та фізико-хімічні методи аналізу органічних лікарських засобів; вміти проводити реакції ідентифікації субстанцій лікарських речовин за катіонним і аніонним складом згідно з вимогами ДФУ; використовувати хімічні методи для ідентифікації лікарських засобів органічної структури за аналітико-функціональними групами; визначати фізичні константи органічних речовин для ідентифікації та встановлення чистоти лікарських засобів; використовувати визначення показника заломлення і питомого обертання розчинів лікарських засобів для їх ідентифікації і встановлення чистоти; практикувати загальні вимоги ДФУ щодо випробувань на граничний вміст домішок; вміти проводити кількісне визначення вмісту лікарських речовин у субстанції різними методами; вміти проводити якісний та кількісний експрес-аналіз діючих речовин в екстемпоральних лікарських засобах. Детальне і ґрунтовне ознайомлення з основами фармацевтичного аналізу в контексті вивчення дисципліни «Фармацевтична хімія» дає можливість більш повно засвоїти матеріал, що вивчається, реалізувати науково-творчий потенціал студентів, збагачує їх знаннями, які безпосередньо будуть використані в їхній практичній діяльності.
Запропонований метод дозволяє викладачеві успішніше будувати освітній процес, що, в кінцевому підсумку, позитивно позначається на загальному засвоєнні курсу.
The Impact of Immigration on Competing Natives' Wages: Evidence from German Reunification
Authors: Prantl Susanne , Spitz-Oener Alexandra 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAfter the fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989, and the collapse of the German Democratic Republic, a sudden, unexpected, and massive influx of East German migrants hit the entire West German labor market. The context is well suited for investigating whether immigration influences natives' wages and how the effects depend on product and labor market conditions. We propose direct measures of potential migration with exogenous variation, compare migrants to natives with similar capabilities, and segment the labor market along predetermined margins. We find that immigration can have negative effects on the wages of natives. These effects surface when product and labor markets are competitive but not under regulations that restrict the entry of firms and provide workers with a strong influence on firms' decision making.
Body growth and its implications in population dynamics of Acanthodactylus erythrurus (Schinz, 1834) in the Eastern Iberian peninsula
Authors: Drechsler Robby Marcel , Monrós Juan Salvador 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We calculated growth rate for the spiny-footed lizard (Acanthodactylus erythrurus) inhabiting coastal eastern Spain from long-term mark-recapture data. Growth curves differ between sexes, with males growing faster than females and achieving larger size maximums. In this population each sex reaches maturity at about 300 days of age, approximately 34% faster than males, and 28% faster than females studied in a population further south and west in Iberia. Our logarithmic growth model has an accuracy of 96.8% and high statistical significance ( for males and for females). Although both the exponential curve of “best fit” for growth estimated for males (), and the linear curve of “best fit” estimated for females () in a population from Cádiz (Busack and Jaksic, 1982) are also significant. The overlap between growth curves and the general data cloud of the population showed that at the end of the year the proportion of individuals younger than one year was 80% and the proportion of individuals older than one year was 20%. Our data, in agreement with calculated maximum life spans for males (1.9 years) and females (2.1 years) in Cádiz, suggest a life span of approximately two years for both sexes. Females seem to reproduce only in a unique season in their lives, at this locality, as in Cádiz (Busack and Klosterman, 1987) they likely lay only one clutch, whereas females in Morocco (Bons, 1962) may produce two.
Antipredator behaviour of old-world tropical lizard, common agama Agama agama, in an urban environment
Authors: Mikula Peter , Nelson Emma , Tryjanowski Piotr , Albrecht Tomáš 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Escape behaviour is a common antipredator strategy of lizards. Here, we studied the effect of several variables predicted to have a potential effect on escape behaviour of lizards. Specifically, we measured the effects of starting distance (SD), distance to cover, sex–age and the observer’s head orientation on flight initiation distance (FID) in the common agama Agama agama. Agamas were approached in urban localities in Limbe city, Cameroon, where they were habituated to the presence of humans. We found no association between FID and SD, but individuals closer to potential cover had shorter FID than individuals farther from a refuge. Juveniles escaped later than adults, but no significant differences were found in the FID between adult males and females. Head direction of the approaching observer had no effect on FID. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study investigating factors affecting FID in common agamas, extending our knowledge of risk-related behaviour in lizards of the Old World tropics.
Negotiating with Two Hands Tied: Fragmented Decision Processes and Concessions in Civil Wars
Authors: Urlacher Brian R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Theories of conflict resolution often posit unified actors as a simplifying assumption. In practice conflict actors often struggle to balance competing factions and centers of power. Schelling and Putnam have argued that factors that constrain what a negotiator can accept are a potential source of leverage in a bargaining process, yet a counter argument suggests that leaders seeking to negotiate, while facing divided government, may be less able to credibly signal their intentions. Drawing on event data from nearly 3,000 conflict-months, this paper analyzes the frequency of concessions offered by both rebels and governments. This study finds evidence that a fractured decision-process results in both rebels and governments making more concessions. Further corroboration is provided through a case study of the Philippine government’s efforts to negotiate an end to the conflict in the Mindanao region.
Weaponising Religious Freedom: Same-Sex Marriage and Gender Equality in the Philippines
Authors: Cornelio Jayeel , Dagle Robbin Charles M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This article spells out the ways in which religious freedom has been deployed against proponents of same-sex marriage and gender equality in the Philippines. While the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) community and allies have appealed to religious freedom to gain equal rights under the law, conservative Christian entities have fought back by invoking the same notion. They have appropriated religious freedom, which has historically been interpreted by the courts in favour of individual liberties, to defend majoritarian values surrounding sexuality. This article describes this move as the weaponisation of religious freedom in defence of the dominant religion and an assumed majority of Filipinos whose moral sensibilities are purportedly under attack. Towards the end, the article relates this weaponisation to the experience of the Catholic Church in the contemporary public sphere and the militant character of Christianity that continues to view the Philippines as a Christian nation.
Contesting “Family” at the United Nations Human Rights Council
Authors: Voss M. Joel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
There is general agreement that families are considered an important building block of society. However, in international fora, there is significant disagreement about what constitutes family. This article discusses the development of the Protection of the Family initiative at the UN’s primary human rights body, the UN Human Rights Council. This article uses Protection of the Family resolutions at the Council to build upon theories of norm contestation in international relations and international law. Elite-level interviews and participant observation of Council meetings on the four Protection of the Family resolutions adopted at the Council show that both advocates and opponents of Protection of the Family argue that their positions adhere to universal rights and prior law while their opponents are revisionist. In addition, the article illustrates a series of new strategies adopted by advocates of Protection of the Family that may be used in other resolutions to advance human rights agendas.
Achieving beneficial outcomes for children with life-limiting and life-threatening conditions receiving palliative care and their families: A realist review
Authors: Mitchell Sarah , Bennett Karina , Morris Andrew , Slowther Anne-Marie , Coad Jane , Dale Jeremy 
Published: August 2019

Background: Palliative care for children and young people is a growing global health concern with significant resource implications. Improved understanding of how palliative care provides benefits is necessary as the number of children with life-limiting and life-threatening conditions rises. Aim: The aim is to investigate beneficial outcomes in palliative care from the perspective of children and families and the contexts and hidden mechanisms through which these outcomes can be achieved. Design: This is a systematic realist review following the RAMESES standards. A protocol has been published in PROSPERO (registration no: CRD42018090646). Data sources: An iterative literature search was conducted over 2 years (2015–2017). Empirical research and systematic reviews about the experiences of children and families in relation to palliative care were included. Results: Sixty papers were included. Narrative synthesis and realist analysis led to the proposal of context–mechanism–outcome configurations in four conceptual areas: (1) family adaptation, (2) the child’s situation, (3) relationships with healthcare professionals and (4) access to palliative care services. The presence of two interdependent contexts, the ‘expert’ child and family and established relationships with healthcare professionals, triggers mechanisms, including advocacy and affirmation in decision-making, which lead to important outcomes including an ability to place the emphasis of care on lessening suffering. Important child and family outcomes underpin the delivery of palliative care. Conclusion: Palliative care is a complex, multifactorial intervention. This review provides in-depth understanding into important contexts in which child and family outcomes can be achieved so that they benefit from palliative care and should inform future service development and practice.
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 mediates cocaine reinstatement via the D1 dopamine receptor in the nucleus accumbens
Authors: You In-Jee , Hong Sa-Ik , Ma Shi-Xun , Nguyen Thi-Lien , Kwon Seung-Hwan , Lee Seok-Yong , Jang Choon-Gon 
Published: August 2019

Purpose: The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a nonselective cation channel that mediates synaptic modification in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). However, no study has yet examined the mechanism of TRPV1 in the NAc on cocaine reinstatement. We investigated the mechanism of TRPV1 in NAc on cocaine reinstatement using the conditioned place preference (CPP) test in mice. Methods: We examined the effect of capsazepine (5 mg/kg, a TRPV1 antagonist, administered intraperitoneally (i.p.)), capsaicin (0.3 mg/kg, a TRPV1 agonist, administered i.p.), and genetic deletion of TRPV1 on the reinstatement of cocaine-induced CPP (15 mg/kg, administered i.p.). The expression of TRPV1 and Ca2+/calmodulin-mediated kinase II (CaMKII) in the NAc were determined after cocaine reinstatement. Microinjection of SB366791 (0.2 ng, a selective TRPV1 antagonist) in the NAc was assessed on SKF-81297 (1 µg, D1-like dopamine (DA) receptor agonist) primed cocaine reinstatement. Results: Capsazepine suppressed and capsaicin potentiated cocaine CPP in the reinstatement phase. In addition, genetic deletion of TRPV1 inhibited cocaine-priming reinstatement. Cocaine reinstatement was mediated by increased TRPV1 expression in the NAc, which involves CaMKII. Microinjection of SB366791 in the NAc prevented the cocaine reinstatement evoked by microinjection of SKF-81297 in the NAc. Conclusions: These findings suggest that activation of TRPV1 mediates the stimulation of D1-like DA receptors and CaMKII in the NAc, resulting in the facilitation of cocaine reinstatement behaviors. Thus, our findings reveal a previously unknown TRPV1 mechanism in the reinstatement to drugs of abuse.
Automatic Classification of Open-Ended Questions: Check-All-That-Apply Questions
Authors: Schonlau Matthias , Gweon Hyukjun , Wenemark Marika 
Published: August 2019

Text data from open-ended questions in surveys are challenging to analyze and are often ignored. Open-ended questions are important though because they do not constrain respondents’ answers. Where open-ended questions are necessary, often human coders manually code answers. When data sets are large, it is impractical or too costly to manually code all answer texts. Instead, text answers can be converted into numerical variables, and a statistical/machine learning algorithm can be trained on a subset of manually coded data. This statistical model is then used to predict the codes of the remainder. We consider open-ended questions where the answers are coded into multiple labels (all-that-apply questions). For example, in the open-ended question in our Happy example respondents are explicitly told they may list multiple things that make them happy. Algorithms for multilabel data take into account the correlation among the answer codes and may therefore give better prediction results. For example, when giving examples of civil disobedience, respondents talking about “minor nonviolent offenses” were also likely to talk about “crimes.” We compare the performance of two different multilabel algorithms (random k-labelsets [RAKEL], classifier chains [CC]) to the default method of binary relevance (BR) which applies single-label algorithms to each code separately. Performance is evaluated on data from three open-ended questions (Happy, Civil Disobedience, and Immigrant). We found weak bivariate label correlations in the Happy data (90th percentile: 7.6%), and stronger bivariate label correlations in the Civil Disobedience (90th percentile: 17.2%) and Immigrant (90th percentile: 19.2%) data. For the data with stronger correlations, we found both multilabel methods performed substantially better than BR using 0/1 loss (“at least one label is incorrect”) and had little effect when using Hamming loss (average error). For data with weak label correlations, we found no difference in performance between multilabel methods and BR. We conclude that automatic classification of open-ended questions that allow multiple answers may benefit from using multilabel algorithms for 0/1 loss. The degree of correlations among the labels may be a useful prognostic tool.
Changes in renal, bone, lipid, and inflammation markers in HIV-1 patients after combination antiretroviral therapy simplification to dolutegravir monotherapy
Authors: Wijting Ingeborg EA , Rokx Casper , Zillikens Maria C , Smits Sandra AA , de Vries-Sluijs Theodora EMS , Schurink Carolina AM , Bax Hannelore I , van der Ende Marchina E , van Gorp Eric CM , Nouwen Jan L , Verbon Annelies , Bierman Wouter FW , Rijnders Bart JA 
Published: August 2019

Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) can cause metabolic toxicities. How cART simplification to dual or monotherapies affects metabolic markers is unknown. We analyzed the metabolic effects of cART simplification to dolutegravir (DTG) monotherapy in the randomized clinical DOMONO (DOlutegravir MONOtherapy for HIV) trial including HIV-positive participants. Renal function, Framingham risk score (FRS), inflammation, and bone mineral density (BMD) with trabecular bone score (TBS) were measured during 48 weeks after simplification. The changes at 48 weeks by on-treatment analyses overall and for prior tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) exposure were analyzed separately, using Bonferroni corrected alpha (p = 0.00096). Ninety-five patients initiated DTG monotherapy, including 80 discontinuing TDF. At week 48, the switch to DTG monotherapy resulted in an expected −7.8 ml/min estimated glomerular filtration decline. In patients on prior TDF, proteinuria improved (p < 0.00096), but proximal tubular dysfunction proportions did not change. Fasting lipids, FRS, and the inflammation markers C-reactive protein and CD4:CD8 T-cell ratio remained stable. Lumbar spine BMD improved (+1.7%, p < 0.00096), while hip BMD and TBS remained comparable. Simplification of TDF-containing cART to DTG monotherapy ameliorated lumbar spine BMD and proteinuria with neutral effect on lipids and inflammation markers. Although DTG monotherapy should not be used in routine care and its role in strictly selected patients with primary HIV infection needs to be further elucidated, these observations remain relevant regarding DTG-based dual therapy without TDF. www.clinicaltrials.gov registration number: NCT02401828.
Surviving the Heart of Darkness: reflections on the experience of psychiatrists working in public mental health services in Australia
Authors: Looi Jeffrey CL , Maguire Paul 
Published: August 2019

Objective: We reflect upon the bleak experiential landscape of psychiatrists working in underfunded, under-resourced and demoralised public mental health services through the metaphorical narrative of Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. Conclusion: It remains difficult to navigate through the Heart of Darkness. We suggest some navigable markers that may stave off metaphorical running aground.
Single‐centre experience with anti‐tumour necrosis factor treatment in budesonide‐refractory microscopic colitis patients
Authors: Daferera Niki , Hjortswang Henrik , Ignatova Simone , Münch Andreas 
Published: August 2019

BackgroundMicroscopic colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease that causes chronic, watery diarrhoea. Microscopic colitis is usually effectively treated with budesonide, but some patients are refractory. Data on alternative treatments are sparse.AimsThe purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate outcome of microscopic colitis patients receiving anti‐tumour necrosis factor therapy at our centre.MethodsTreatment results, including side effects, for all microscopic colitis patients receiving anti‐tumour necrosis factor therapy were registered at week 12 and at end of follow‐up. Clinical remission was defined as a mean of <3 stools and <1 watery stools/day/week and clinical response as a 50% reduction of mean stool frequency/day/week. Induction and maintenance treatment was either adalimumab or infliximab.ResultsThe study cohort comprised 18 patients; mean age at diagnosis was 47 years (range 19–77). Ten and eight patients, respectively, received adalimumab and infliximab as first‐line anti‐tumour necrosis factor; seven patients received second‐line anti‐tumour necrosis factor due to non‐response, loss of response or side effects. At week 12, 9/18 patients had achieved remission, 6/18 were responders and 3/18 were non‐responders. Of the nine remission patients, 3/18 (16%) had long‐lasting clinical remission post‐induction therapy alone. Five patients (28%) (one first‐line, four second‐line anti‐tumour necrosis factor) were in remission and one patient (6%) responded to maintenance treatment; follow‐up was mean 22 (range 4–60) months. Six patients (33%) had minor, reversible side effects.ConclusionsOver half of budesonide‐refractory microscopic colitis patients can achieve clinical remission or response on anti‐tumour necrosis factor agents. Prospective studies are mandatory to evaluate the efficacy and safety of anti‐tumour necrosis factor treatments in budesonide‐refractory microscopic colitis.
Full-Thickness Macular Hole and Symptomatic Vitreomacular Adhesion: Comparison of Visual Results in Patients Receiving Pars Plana Vitrectomy in One Eye and Ocriplasmin in the Fellow Eye
Authors: Khanani Arshad M. , Gahn Greggory M. , Markoff Joseph , Khalaf Hamzah , Gonzalez Victor H. , Coney Joseph , Fineman Mitchell S. , Haller Julia A. 
Published: August 2019

Purpose: This article compares bilateral visual outcomes in patients receiving a vitrectomy in one eye for a full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) who also received ocriplasmin treatment in the fellow eye for symptomatic vitreomacular adhesion (VMA). Methods: This was a multicenter, retrospective study to assess the difference in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in patients receiving a vitrectomy in the eye with an FTMH and ocriplasmin treatment for the fellow eye with symptomatic VMA but no FTMH. Patients initially received either a single injection of ocriplasmin 0.125 mg for symptomatic VMA or a vitrectomy for FTMH. After the first eye was stable following the initial treatment option, the second eye was treated with the opposite modality. BCVA was measured at baseline, month 3, and month 6, with up to 2 years of additional follow-up. Results: Thirty-six eyes (18 patients) were included in the analysis. Eyes that underwent a vitrectomy for FTMH had a mean baseline BCVA of 20/123 and a final BCVA of 20/53. Eyes receiving ocriplasmin treatment for VMA had a mean baseline BCVA of 20/49 and a final BCVA of 20/33. The median time between the 2 treatments was 5.5 months. Eyes receiving ocriplasmin had a median time to VMA resolution of 4 weeks. Conclusions: Treatment with ocriplasmin showed successful resolution of VMA and improvement in BCVA, obviating the need for vitrectomy. The current study provides a framework for the treatment of patients with a current FTMH in one eye and VMA without an FTMH in the contralateral eye.
Correction to: Visualizing and measuring gold leaf in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Italian gold ground paintings using scanning macro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy: a new tool for advancing art historical research
Authors: MacLennan Douglas , Llewellyn Laura , Delaney John K. , Dooley Kathryn A. , Patterson Catherine Schmidt , Szafran Yvonne , Trentelman Karen 
Published: August 2019

After the publication of the original article [1], the authors identified two errors in Table 1.