bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular risk model performance in women with and without hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
Authors: Dam Veerle , Onland-Moret N Charlotte , Verschuren W M Monique , Boer Jolanda M A , Benschop Laura , Franx Arie , Moons Karel G M , Boersma Eric , van der Schouw Yvonne T 
Published: September 2018

ObjectivesCompare the predictive performance of Framingham Risk Score (FRS), Pooled Cohort Equations (PCEs) and Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) model between women with and without a history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (hHDP) and determine the effects of recalibration and refitting on predictive performance.MethodsWe included 29 751 women, 6302 with hHDP and 17 369 without. We assessed whether models accurately predicted observed 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk (calibration) and whether they accurately distinguished between women developing CVD during follow-up and not (discrimination), separately for women with and without hHDP. We also recalibrated (updating intercept and slope) and refitted (recalculating coefficients) the models.ResultsOriginal FRS and PCEs overpredicted 10-year CVD risks, with expected:observed (E:O) ratios ranging from 1.51 (for FRS in women with hHDP) to 2.29 (for PCEs in women without hHDP), while E:O ratios were close to 1 for SCORE. Overprediction attenuated slightly after recalibration for FRS and PCEs in both hHDP groups. Discrimination was reasonable for all models, with C-statistics ranging from 0.70-0.81 (women with hHDP) and 0.72–0.74 (women without hHDP). C-statistics improved slightly after refitting 0.71–0.83 (with hHDP) and 0.73–0.80 (without hHDP). The E:O ratio of the original PCE model was statistically significantly better in women with hHDP compared with women without hHDP.ConclusionsSCORE performed best in terms of both calibration and discrimination, while FRS and PCEs overpredicted risk in women with and without hHDP, but improved after recalibrating and refitting the models. No separate model for women with hHDP seems necessary, despite their higher baseline risk.
Learning curves in surgery: variables, analysis and applications
Authors: Valsamis Epaminondas Markos , Chouari Tarak , O’Dowd-Booth Christopher , Rogers Benedict , Ricketts David 
Published: September 2018

AbstractLearning curves graphically represent the relationship between learning effort and learning outcome. Learning curves are increasingly used in research, the design of randomised controlled trials, the assessment of competency, healthcare education and training programme design. In this review we have outlined the principles behind plotting learning curves, described the common methods used to analyse learning curves, how to interpret learning curves, the multitude of learning models, their applications and potential pitfalls, and the importance of a mathematically rigorous approach to learning curve analytics.
Light and mild redux: heated tobacco products’ reduced exposure claims are likely to be misunderstood as reduced risk claims
Authors: Popova Lucy , Lempert Lauren Kass , Glantz Stanton A 
Published: September 2018

IntroductionHeated tobacco products (HTPs) are being marketed in several countries around the world with claims that they are less harmful than combusted cigarettes, based on assertions that they expose users to lower levels of toxicants. In the USA, Philip Morris International (PMI) has submitted an application to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2016 seeking authorisation to market its HTPs, IQOS, with reduced risk and reduced exposure claims.MethodsWe examined the PMI’s Perception and Behavior Assessment Studies evaluating perceptions of reduced risk claims that were submitted to the FDA and made publicly available.ResultsQualitative and quantitative studies conducted by PMI demonstrate that adult consumers in the USA perceive reduced exposure claims as reduced risk claims.ConclusionThe data in the PMI modified risk tobacco product IQOS application do not support reduced risk claims and the reduced exposure claims are perceived as reduced risk claims, which is explicitly prohibited by the FDA. Allowing PMI to promote IQOS as reduced exposure would amount to a legally sanctioned repeat of the ‘light’ and ‘mild’ fraud which, for conventional cigarettes, is prohibited by the US law and the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
Structural and metamorphic evolution of the Karakoram and Pamir following India–Kohistan–Asia collision
Authors: Searle M. P. , Hacker B. R. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Following the
c.
50 Ma India–Kohistan arc–Asia collision, crustal thickening uplifted the Himalaya (Indian Plate), and the Karakoram, Pamir and Tibetan Plateau (Asian Plate). Whereas surface geology of Tibet shows limited Cenozoic metamorphism and deformation, and only localized crustal melting, the Karakoram–Pamir show regional sillimanite- and kyanite-grade metamorphism, and crustal melting resulting in major granitic intrusions (Baltoro granites). U/Th–Pb dating shows that metamorphism along the Hunza Karakoram peaked at
c.
83–62 and 44 Ma with intrusion of the Hunza dykes at 52–50 Ma and 35 ± 1.0 Ma, and along the Baltoro Karakoram peaked at
c.
28–22 Ma, but continued until 5.4–3.5 Ma (Dassu dome). Widespread crustal melting along the Baltoro Batholith spanned 26.4–13 Ma. A series of thrust sheets and gneiss domes (metamorphic core complexes) record crustal thickening and regional metamorphism in the central and south Pamir from 37 to 20 Ma. At 20 Ma, break-off of the Indian slab caused large-scale exhumation of amphibolite-facies crust from depths of 30–55 km, and caused crustal thickening to jump to the fold-and-thrust belt at the northern edge of the Pamir. Crustal thickening, high-grade metamorphism and melting are certainly continuing at depth today in the India–Asia collision zone.
Community, Alterity, and Space in the Qumran Covenant Curses
Authors: Krause Andrew R. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
1QS 2 recounts a ritual in which the community convenes and shares in the annual recitation of blessings and curses for the purpose of reaffirming its communal, ritual boundaries as it is beset on all sides by darkness and transgressive ways. This group needs purifying through the ejection of the morally impure, those whose actions are judged to be ‘out of place.’ Conversely, in 4QBerakhot, the entirety of divinely ordered creation is cited in the blessing of God by the performative community in the heavenly throne room. This latter tradition understands those capable of this heavenly benediction as being sufficiently pure to stand in God’s presence, while Belial and those of his lot are already consigned to their fate in the pit. Thus, given the entirely different ideals and resultant construction of figural space in these two traditions, we are forced to question the equation of their performative contexts.
One Work or Three? A Proposal for Reading 1QS-1QSa-1QSb as a Composite Work
Authors: Brooks Johnson Michael 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAlthough it has long been acknowledged that 1QS, 1QSa, and 1QSb are part of the same manuscript, most scholars follow J.T. Milik’s interpretation of the columns of 1QSa and 1QSb as appendices to 1QS. This article examines the circumstances out of which this “appendix hypothesis” emerged, highlights its weaknesses, and takes up Philip Alexander and Géza Vermes’s call to consider the sections of the scroll together by proposing that 1QS-1QSa-1QSb is a composite work that its editor has unified through superscriptions. This study also examines the formatting between 1QS, 1QSa, and 1QSb and the evidence of a recension concerned with introducing the activity of the sons of Zadok and reframing the material for the Maskil throughout the scroll to propose that the heterogeneous and sometimes inconsistent contents are presented by its redactor as a single work rather than three distinct works in a single scroll.
Another Look at the Cave 1 Hodayot: Was CH I Materially Part of the Scroll 1QHodayota?
Authors: Harkins Angela Kim 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This essay builds on the monumental material reconstruction of the Cave 1 hodayot scroll (1QHa) first proposed by Hartmut Stegemann and brought to completion by Eileen Schuller in the critical edition available in DJD 40, which is, and will remain, an invaluable scholarly resource. At the same time, the proliferation of scholarly editions of the Cave 1 hodayot projects to modern readers an illusory material unity that the Cave 1 hodayot did not enjoy in antiquity. This study highlights some curious aspects of the unprovenanced Cave 1 hodayot, especially as they pertain to our understanding of the literary collection known popularly as the first group of Community Hymns (= CH I), and offers a possible scenario to account for the material state of the hodayot at the time of its abandonment.
An Intraseasonal Genesis Potential Index for Tropical Cyclones during Northern Hemisphere Summer
Authors: Moon Ja-Yeon , Wang Bin , Lee Sun-Seon , Ha Kyung-Ja 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAn intraseasonal genesis potential index (ISGPI) for Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer is proposed to quantify the anomalous tropical cyclone genesis (TCG) frequency induced by boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO). The most important factor controlling NH summer TCG is found as 500-hPa vertical motion (ω500) caused by the prominent northward shift of large-scale circulation anomalies during BSISO evolution. The ω500 with two secondary factors (850-hPa relative vorticity weighted by the Coriolis parameter and vertical shear of zonal winds) played an effective role globally and for each individual basin in the northern oceans. The relative contributions of these factors to TCG have minor differences by basins except for the western North Atlantic (NAT), where low-level vorticity becomes the most significant contributor. In the eastern NAT, the BSISO has little control of TCG because weak convective BSISO and dominant 10–30-day circulation signal did not match the overall BSISO life cycle. The ISGPI is shown to reproduce realistic intraseasonal variability of TCG, but the performance is phase-dependent. The ISGPI shows the highest fidelity when BSISO convective anomalies have the largest amplitude in the western North Pacific and the lowest when they are located over the north Indian Ocean and eastern North Pacific. Along the NH major TCG zone, the TCG probability changes from a dry to a wet phase by a large factor ranging from 3 to 12 depending on the basins. The new ISGPI for NH summer can simulate more realistic impact of BSISO on TC genesis compared to canonical GPI derived by climatology.
Improving individuals’ propensity to act in a medical emergency: A quasi-randomised trial to test the impact of a learning intervention
Authors: Muise Joanna , Oliver Emily , Newell Penny , Forsyth Mark 
Published: September 2018

Objective: To build the evidence base for first aid education by testing the hypothesis that learners will be more confident and willing to act in an emergency if their first aid education has attempted to break down perceived barriers to helping. Design: Additional activities were appended to and delivered alongside a control curriculum consisting of the Canadian Red Cross’ Emergency First Aid training for adult learners. Both control and test learners completed questionnaires before, immediately after and at 6 months following their training. Setting: Four Canadian provinces: British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba and Nova Scotia. Participants: A total of 199 adult participants elected to take part in the first aid training and were randomised into test and control groups. Methods: Following first aid training lasting 6.5–8 hours, we assessed learners’ self-rated confidence/self-efficacy, willingness to act and changes in pre-identified fears and attitudes. Results: Learners from both control and test courses showed a positive change in self-efficacy and willingness to act although there was no statistically significant difference between control and test groups. The test course had a statistically significantly higher percentage of learners who were more aware of the bystander effect post learning. There was significant heterogeneity in learner outcomes which varied by Canadian province. Conclusion: First aid education can increase the propensity of learners to act. Although the additional activities provided in this study did not make a statistically significant difference to confidence and willingness to act, they may increase awareness of helping behaviours. Heterogeneity between Canadian provinces may link to differing provincial laws which protect lay people who try to help in an emergency.
“Mirror of Patients”
Authors: Scrafford Jonathan D. 
Published: September 2018

Physicians’ work challenges them to learn and grow from their experiences with patients. Male obstetrician-gynecologists are uniquely blessed and challenged by their experiences in women’s health care. The following is a reflection by one male obstetrician-gynecologist who considers the role of Saint Joseph in the holy family in contemplating his own role in providing women’s health care. Summary: One hundred twenty-five men who underwent therapy trying to change sexual orientation from homosexual to heterosexual were asked about negative and positive experiences. About two-thirds recorded changes of varying extent. There was also much decrease in suicidality, depression, and substance abuse, and increases in social functioning and self-esteem. Almost all harmful effects were none to slight and comparable to therapies for other unwelcome conditions.
Climatic Influences on the Ageing of Car Tyres
Authors: Zipperle M. , Malassa R. , Rief B. 
Published: September 2018

Road safety is a top priority for all road users. The tyres are the only part of a car that comes into contact with the road surface, making them one of its most vital components. Abrasion is not the only indicator of tyre wear; in many cases tyres age more rapidly than they are worn down by driving. Tyre manufacturers now specify the maximum number of years for which a tyre can be used before it is replaced. This study investigated various influencing factors on the ageing process. Tyres were aged by means of alternating climate tests, UV radiation and ozone tests. Humidity and temperature variations have the greatest influence on the ageing process.
The Use of Ammonium Salts of Oligosulphonic Acids as Flame Retardants for Polymer Compositions
Authors: Karaivanova M. S. 
Published: September 2018

The results obtained from a study of both the preparation and application of some oligomeric nitrogen-sulphonic and bromine-nitrogen-containing sulphonic acids as flame retardants in polymer compositions are reported. Flame-retardant poly(chloroprene) compositions with possible applications in cable insulation and conveyor belts, containing an ammonium salt of N-sulphonic acid, antimony trioxide and a chloroparaffin have been obtained. The organic ammonium salt was found to partially replace antimony trioxide, to the extent of 50 to 70 %, in the compositions for conveyor belts. This salt also had a pronounced plasticizing effect, improving the adhesion to the metal cord of the polymer compositions used for making conveyor belts. In addition, heat and smoke release were reduced and the thermal characteristics were improved. Flame-retardant ethylene-propylene copolymer compositions intended for cable insulation were also studied by introducing ammonium salts of bromo – sulphonic and bromo-nitrosulphonic acids and two ammonium salts of N-sulphonic acids. The salts were found to improve the smoke, heat release properties and thermal characteristics, and to exhibit a plasticizing effect. Dynamic thermal analysis showed that the decomposition of the ammonium salts used with antimony trioxide took place in the gaseous phase. The polymer compositions containing ammonium salts of N-sulphonic acids as flame-retardant additives were characterized by improved processability and are environmentally safe.
Theoretical Analysis of the Surface Texture of Textile-Reinforced Thermoplastics
Authors: Mitschang P. , Blinzler M. , Wöginger A. 
Published: September 2018

Endless fiber reinforced thermoplastic sheets (organic sheets) offer a range of mechanical properties (stiffness, strength, energy absorption) that make them interesting for many high-duty applications. However they often fail to come into operation due to cost and surface problems. Cost problems can occur in consequence of either expensive raw materials or of the investment outlay required for the impregnation and consolidation steps when only small quantities are produced. The surface problem on the other hand is caused mainly by the print-through of the reinforcing fibers and it affects especially those applications in the field of automotive exterior panels. The following article describes the work needed to analyze the material and the process parameters that influence the surface appearance. A finite element model has been created, that represents a semi-finished sheet with four layers of a 2/2 twill textile reinforcement. Based on that geometry various matrix characteristics as well as the vertical orientation of the reinforcing layers have been analyzed. Finally the influence of pressure and cooling rate during the consolidation process was investigated. The simulations helped to identify primary influence parameters and clarified the possibilities and also certain limitations concerning the surface quality of this material class.
Dynamically Cured PP/Epoxy Blends Compatibilised with MAH-g-PP
Authors: Jiang Xueliang , Huang Hua , Zhang Yong , Zhang Yinxi 
Published: September 2018

The dynamic vulcanization process usually used to prepare thermoplastic elastomers was used to prepare polypropylene (PP)/epoxy blends compatibilised with maleic anhydride-grafted PP. The influence of dynamic cure, MAH-g-PP content, curing agents and epoxy equivalent weight on the mechanical properties of the PP/MAH-g-PP/epoxy blends was investigated. The torque at equilibrium of the blends increased with increasing epoxy resin content. The blends had better mechanical properties than either uncured PP/epoxy or dynamically cured PP/epoxy blends. The flexural modulus and impact strength increased rapidly with increasing MAH-g-PP content and reached a maximum of 2030 MPa and 36 J/m, respectively, at an MAH-g-PP content of 10 wt%. Those blends made using 2-ethylene-4-methane-imidazole as the curing agent had higher impact strength and flexural modulus than the ones made using dicyandiamide. The dynamically cured PP/MAH-g-PP/epoxy blends exhibited better mechanical properties at an epoxy equivalent of 2000 g/mol. The flexural modulus increased significantly with increasing epoxy resin content, while the elongation at break dramatically decreased, and the impact strength was only slightly affected by the presence of the epoxy resin. The PP/epoxy blends compatibilised with MAH-g-PP had finer domains than those of PP/epoxy blends. The FTIR spectra show that the functional groups of MAH-g-PP reacted with the epoxy resin. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) results indicate that the compatibility between the PP and epoxy resin was improved by the addition of MAH-g-PP, and the storage modulus ( E') increased with increasing epoxy resin content. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results show that the incorporation of epoxy resin into PP could improve the thermal stability of PP, and the dynamically cured PP/MAH-g-PP/epoxy blends had better thermal stability than the PP/epoxy and PP/MAH-g-PP/epoxy blends.
Responding to the Consumers' Desire for Improved Hygiene with Antibacterial Plastics
Authors: Payne John 
Published: September 2018

Ever-increasing numbers of plastics articles are made with built-in antibacterial performance - from kitchen utensils to air filters, flooring and calculators. They carry claims ranging from protecting health and improving hygiene to odour control and freshness. Market research was therefore commissioned in order to understand consumers' views on these products. There was a strong positive response to the incorporation of antibacterial performance in domestic articles used around children, and in those with food and medical uses. There was even greater interest in antibacterial products in public areas, such as restaurants, hospitals, and transportation. Avecia have launched a range of antibacterial additives aimed at polyolefins and PVC. Experimental data have been generated on antibacterial PVC, using a quantitative method, the JIS Test Method Z2801, with two relevant organisms. Interpretation of the raw data to support performance claims is detailed. The company has also developed a growing business in antibacterial consumer products, supported by the co-brand Purista™. Initially aimed at textiles, the co-brand is now available to manufacturers of plastic articles, provided performance and marketing standards are met. An example of use of the Purista™ co-brand is the labelling of PVC cooler bags.
Synthesis and Characterization of Reactive Graft Copolymers of Poly(butyl Acrylate) and Cellulose
Authors: Chauhan Ghanshyam S. , Singh Baljit , Kumar Suresh , Chinkara Anupama 
Published: September 2018

Butyl acrylate was graft copolymerized onto cellulose extracted from pine needles by a simultaneous gamma radiation initiation method. Optimum conditions for the maximum graft yield were established. Polymerization and grafting parameters such as %grafting (Pg), % grafting efficiency (%GE), rates of polymerization (Rp), homopolymerization (Rh) and graft copolymerization (Rg) were also determined. Grafted cellulose was further functionalized to produce poly(acryloyl hydroxylamine) [Cell-g-poly(CONHOH)] so as to generate active (-CONHOH) groups on the cellulose backbone. Graft copolymers were characterized by elemental analysis, by FT-IR and by a swelling study. An attempt was also made to study the sorption of Fe+2 and Cu+2 as model metal ions onto the candidate copolymers, in order to investigate their selectivity in metal ion sorption and to determine the effect on metal ion sorption of the structural aspects of the hydrogels and other functionalized graft copolymers, so as to identify their end-uses.
Effect of Flexible Polymer Coating on Interfacial Adhesion of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polypropylene
Authors: Zhou Xiaodong , Lin Qunfang , Xiong Ruohua , Cui Xinyu , Dai Gance 
Published: September 2018

Polymer coatings were obtained by using two rubbers, cis-polybutadiene rubber and ethylene-propylene diene monomer and two block copolymer: polystyrene-block-polybutadiene-block-polyvinyltriethoxysilane and polystyrene -block-polyvinyltrietho xysilane. They were used to coat glass fibre surfaces. The effects of the coatings on the interfacial adhesion and thermal cycling resistance of composites were studied by a single-filament fragmentation technique designed to measure the interfacial shear strength of glass fibre reinforced polypropylene. The interfacial shear strength was improved by the rubber coatings, which could graft to silane coupling agents coated onto the fibre surfaces, and could undergo crosslinking under peroxide initiation. The interfacial bond strength was determined by the nature and thickness of the rubber coatings. The interfacial adhesion was also improved when using block copolymers to treat glass fibres. The rubbers and those copolymers having flexible blocks in their chain structures both produced coatings that could relieve the thermal stresses at the composite interface during temperature cycling. The interface between the composites and the flexible polymer coatings had good thermal cycling fatigue resistance.