bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secondary trauma and compassion fatigue in foster carers
Authors: Hannah Beatrice , Woolgar Matt 
Published: May 2018

Background: With the number of children being placed in the care of local authorities increasing, the need to recruit and retain foster carers is essential. Compassion fatigue is recognised as a negative effect for professionals working with adults and children who have experienced trauma. This study aims to confirm the proof of concept within foster carers and to explore the potential risks associated with intent to continue fostering, overall job satisfaction and psychological factors (avoidant coping) that could be targets for interventions. Methods: In total, 131 foster carers completed an online survey including self-report measures of compassion fatigue and associated risk factors. Results: Results confirm the existence of compassion fatigue among foster carers with rates in line with previous studies on other professionals working with children. High compassion fatigue was associated with lower intent to continue fostering and lower job satisfaction. Avoidant cognitive styles of psychological inflexibility and thought suppression were associated with compassion fatigue. Conclusion: The confirmation of compassion fatigue among foster carers and the potential risks to job retention are important findings for social care. The associations with avoidant cognitive styles have clinical implications for potential interventions. Recommendations for further research and the limitations of this study are also discussed.
Reliability and differences in quadriceps femoris muscle morphology using ultrasonography: The effects of body position and rest time
Authors: Tomko Patrick M , Muddle Tyler WD , Magrini Mitchel A , Colquhoun Ryan J , Luera Micheal J , Jenkins Nathaniel DM 
Published: May 2018

Introduction The purpose of this investigation was to: (1) to determine the reliability of rectus femoris muscle cross-sectional area and echo intensity obtained using panoramic ultrasound imaging during seated and supine lying positions before and after a 5-minute rest period and (2) to determine the influence of body position and rest period on the magnitude of rectus femoris muscle cross-sectional area and echo intensity measurements. Methods A total of 23 males and females (age = 21.5 ± 1.9 years) visited the laboratory on two separate occasions. During each visit, panoramic ultrasound images of the rectus femoris were obtained in both a seated and a supine position before (T1) and after a 5-minute (T2) rest period to quantify any potential changes in either muscle cross-sectional area and/or echo intensity. Results None of the muscle cross-sectional area or echo intensity measurements exhibited systematic variability, and the ICCs were 0.98–0.99 and 0.88–0.91, and the coefficients of variation were ≤ 3.9% and ≤ 8.2% for muscle cross-sectional area and echo intensity, respectively. Our results indicated that muscle cross-sectional area was greater in the seated than supine position, whereas echo intensity was greater in the supine position. Further, echo intensity increased in the seated position from T1 to T2. Conclusion Both rectus femoris muscle cross-sectional area and echo intensity may be reliably measured in either a seated or supine lying position before or after a 5-minute rest period. Aside from echo intensity in the seated position, rest period had no influence on the magnitude of muscle cross-sectional area or echo intensity. Comparison of muscle cross-sectional area values that are obtained in different body positions is ill-advised.
In search of care strategies for distressed people with communication difficulties and a learning disability in palliative care settings: the lived experiences of registered learning disability nurses and palliative care professionals
Authors: Arrey Sally K , Kirshbaum Marilynne N , Finn Vincent 
Published: May 2018

Aims The aim of this study was to gain an in-depth phenomenological understanding of the care strategies used by registered learning disability nurses (RNLDs) and palliative care professionals (PCPs) to identify and respond to the distress of people with communication difficulties and a learning disability (PCDLD) in palliative care settings. The objective was to critically explore the lived experiences of RNLDs and PCPs who care for distressed PCDLD in palliative care settings. Methods A single-phase hermeneutic phenomenological study following Van Manen provided the framework for the synthesis and structuring of the hermeneutic phenomenological text. Participants were drawn from learning disability nursing homes, community learning disabilities teams and hospices. Purposive sampling was used, and 13 participants comprising eight RNLDs and five PCPs were interviewed. Data were collected by semi-structured, audio-recorded interviews, field notes and a demographic questionnaire. Hermeneutic data analysis was used. Ethical approval was gained from the University Research Ethics Panel and from individual research locations. Results The primary strategies used by the participants to identify and respond to the distress of PCDLD were encapsulated by seven main themes: knowing by building relationships; positivity in successful caring outcomes; humane care; moral duty of care; time to care; comfortable care environment; and future perspectives. Conclusions Effective care strategies based on the above-mentioned findings can reduce the dilemma professionals encounter in addressing the distress of PCDLD and enhance their confidence to care.
Helping hospital professionals to implement Advance Care Planning in daily practice: a European Delphi study from field experts
Authors: Vanderhaeghen Birgit , Bossuyt Inge , Menten Johan , Rober Peter 
Published: May 2018

Background Advance Care Planning (ACP) communication is difficult to implement in hospital. Possibly this has to do with the fact that the concept is not well tuned to the needs of hospital professionals or that they experience implementation barriers in practice. Aims The aim of this study was to investigate what is valued in having ACP conversations by hospital professionals (physicians, nurses, psychologists and social workers) and what they experience as barriers and facilitating factors for having ACP conversations with patients. Methods A Delphi study consisting of two rounds with respectively 21 and 19 multidisciplinary experts from seven European countries was organised. Data were analysed using content analysis and descriptive statistics. Results Participants agreed that ACP is valued mostly because it is seen to improve transmural continuation of care, emotional processing of the loss of a patient, and serenity at the end of life. Reported barriers are patient characteristics blocking patient-centred communication and a lack of knowledge to have these conversations. An important facilitator is multidisciplinary cooperation. Conclusions There is consensus by experts from different settings and countries suggesting that these results can theoretically be applied to hospital settings in Europe. This study reveals that hospital professionals value ACP in hospital practice, but that they encounter several barriers to its implementation.
Effect of Asian BMI on risk of chronic disease progression: A Singapore perspective
Authors: Kaur Palvinder , Saxena Nakul , Zhu Zhecheng 
Published: May 2018

Objectives: High body mass index (BMI) has been associated with increased mortality, healthcare utilization and costs. This study investigates the one-year chronic disease progression and risk of developing diabetes with varying cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks based on the Asian BMI categories. Methods: Patients with BMI information from 2008 to 2014 were included in the analysis ( N=23,508). Patients were stratified into low, moderate, high and very high CVD risk categories. To study disease progression for patients with varying CVD risks, patients were further segmented into seven mutually exclusive disease states based on prevalence of chronic diseases and their complications. The categories were no known chronic disease, at-risk of developing chronic disease, one chronic condition, more than two chronic conditions, chronic conditions with complications, patients with cancer and death. Logistic regression was used to determine the association of CVD risk categories and risk of having diabetes. Results: High CVD risk patients had more chronic diseases in the following year as compared with low CVD risk patients. With reference to low CVD risk patients, patients in the moderate, high and very high risk categories had an odds ratio of 1.78 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.60 to 1.98), 2.84 (95% CI: 2.51 to 3.21) and 3.99 (95% CI: 3.30 to 4.82) for having diabetes after adjusting for age, gender and ethnicity. Conclusions: Higher BMI is associated with greater chronic disease progression in the following year. Diet control and lifestyle modifications should be encouraged to prevent people from shifting to higher BMI strata as this can be detrimental in the long run.
Prognostic values of fasting hyperglycaemia in non-diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Gencer Baris , Rigamonti Fabio , Nanchen David , Klingenberg Roland , Räber Lorenz , Moutzouri Elisavet , Auer Reto , Carballo David , Heg Dik , Windecker Stephan , Lüscher Thomas Felix , Matter Christian M , Rodondi Nicolas , Mach François , Roffi Marco 
Published: June 2018

Background:
Controversy remains regarding the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in non-diabetic patients hospitalised with acute coronary syndrome and its prognostic value for long-term outcomes.

Methods and results:
We evaluated the prevalence of hyperglycaemia (defined as fasting glycaemia ⩾10 mmol/l) among patients with no known diabetes at the time of enrolment in the prospective Special Program University Medicine-Acute Coronary Syndromes cohort, as well as its impact on all-cause death, myocardial infarction, stroke and incidence of diabetes at one year. Among 3858 acute coronary syndrome patients enrolled between December 2009–December 2014, 709 (18.4%) had known diabetes, while 112 (3.6%) of non-diabetic patients had hyperglycaemia at admission. Compared with non-hyperglycaemic patients, hyperglycaemic individuals were more likely to present with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and acute heart failure. At discharge, hyperglycaemic patients were more frequently treated with glucose-lowering agents (8.9% vs 0.66%, p&lt;0.001). At one-year, adjudicated all-cause death was significantly higher in non-diabetic patients presenting with hyperglycaemia compared with patients with no hyperglycaemia (5.4% vs 2.2%, p=0.041) and hyperglycaemia was a significant predictor of one-year mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 2.39, 95% confidence interval 1.03–5.56). Among patients with hyperglycaemia, 9.8% had developed diabetes at one-year, while the corresponding proportion among patients without hyperglycaemia was 1.8% (p&lt;0.001). In multivariate analysis, hyperglycaemia at presentation predicted the onset of treated diabetes at one-year (odds ratio 4.15, 95% confidence interval 1.59–10.86; p=0.004).

Conclusion:
Among non-diabetic patients hospitalised with acute coronary syndrome, a fasting hyperglycaemia of ⩾10 mmol/l predicted one-year mortality and was associated with a four-fold increased risk of developing diabetes at one year.
Development of a domestic animal model for endometriosis: Surgical induction in the dog, pigs, and sheep
Authors: Varughese Emy E , Adams Gregg P , Leonardi Carlos EP , Malhi Pritpal S , Babyn Paul , Kinloch Mary , Singh Jaswant 
Published: May 2018

Background: Endometriosis affects one in ten women of reproductive age but it is diagnosed at advanced stages. Our objective was to develop a domestic animal model that would permit sequential assessment of endometriotic changes. Materials and methods: Surgical transplantation of endometrial tissue and fat (n = 4 grafts/tissue/animal) was done in dogs (n = 5), pigs (n = 4), and sheep (n = 5). Autologous grafts were sutured to the visceral (urinary bladder in dogs and pigs and uterus in sheep) and parietal peritoneum. Sham surgeries were performed (dogs and sheep n = 5 and pigs n = 3) by placing fat grafts alone. Plasma estrogen and progesterone concentration was performed prior to surgery and weekly following surgery until euthanasia. Animals were euthanized between 80 and 110 days after surgery. Gross and histopathologic features of endometriotic lesions were recorded. Results: A variety of lesions from transplanted endometrial grafts included endometriotic cysts, vesicles, solid lesions, or absence of lesions. The proportion of cysts was greater (p < 0.01) in dogs (18/20 grafts) than in pigs (5/16) and sheep (5/20). The area of endometriotic lesions at the time of euthanasia was greater than at the time of surgery in dogs (0.89 ± 0.11 cm2 vs 0.50 ± 0.09 cm2; p < 0.05), whereas, the size of lesions decreased (p < 0.05) by half or more in pigs and sheep. In dogs, endometrial cysts were characterized by simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium, endometrial glands, stromal tissue with hemorrhage and/or hemosiderin-laden macrophages, and smooth muscle cells. Conclusion: The development of endometriotic cysts was apparent in dogs than in sheep and pigs. Therefore, dog is a better domestic animal model for endometriosis.
Post-traumatic stress disorder among former Islamic State child soldiers in northern Iraq
Authors: Kizilhan Jan Ilhan , Noll-Hussong Michael 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundFormer child soldiers are at high risk of developing mental disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, their comprehensive mental health has yet to be examined.AimsThis study looks at the prevalence of PTSD, depression and associated risk factors such as disturbed self-esteem among former child soldiers of the so-called ‘Islamic State’.MethodThe psychological effect of traumatic events was assessed in 81 Yazidi children who had been child soldiers for the Islamic State in northern Iraq between 2014 and 2017 for at least 6 months. The children were between 8 and 14 years of age. Thirty-two Yazidi boys and 31 Muslim boys who were not child soldiers in Iraq served as control groups. A structured psychological interview and established psychometric questionnaires were used to assess traumatisation and mental disorders.ResultsThe child soldiers showed a significantly higher prevalence of PTSD (48.3%), depressive disorders (45.6%), anxiety disorders (45.8%) and somatic disturbances (50.6%) than the boys who had not been child soldiers. Developmentally crucial self-esteem was significantly reduced in former child soldiers. No significant differences between the two control groups could be found.ConclusionsPTSD and other mental disorders are highly present among former child soldiers in northern Iraq. The study highlights the huge and as yet unmet need for psychological services among former child soldiers.Declaration of interestNone.
Ghrelin and Peptide YY Change During Puberty: Relationships With Adolescent Growth, Development, and Obesity
Authors: Cheng Hoi Lun , Sainsbury Amanda , Garden Frances , Sritharan Myuran , Paxton Karen , Luscombe Georgina , Hawke Catherine , Steinbeck Katharine 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Context
Pubertal adolescents show strong appetites. How this is mediated is unclear, but ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) play potentially important roles.

Objective
To measure ghrelin and PYY change in relation to pubertal growth.

Design
Three-year prospective cohort study.

Setting
Australian regional community.

Participants
Eighty healthy adolescents (26 girls; 54 boys) recruited at 10 to 13 years.

Main Outcome Measures
Fasting circulating total ghrelin, total PYY, IGF-1, insulin, leptin (via radioimmunoassay), estradiol and testosterone (via mass spectrometry), anthropometry, and body composition (via bioelectrical impedance).

Results
Adolescents exhibited normal developmental change. Mixed models revealed positive associations for ghrelin to age2 (both sexes: P &lt; 0.05), indicating a U-shaped trend over time. Ghrelin was also inversely associated with IGF-1 (both sexes: P &lt; 0.05), leptin in girls (P &lt; 0.01), and insulin in boys (P &lt; 0.05) and negatively correlated with annual height and weight velocity (both sexes: P ≤ 0.01). PYY showed no age-related change in either sex. Neither ghrelin nor PYY were associated with Tanner stage. Weight subgroup analyses showed significant ghrelin associations with age2 in healthy-weight but not overweight and obese adolescents (7 girls; 18 boys).

Conclusions
Adolescents showed a U-shaped change in ghrelin corresponding to physical and biochemical markers of growth, and no change in PYY. The overweight and obesity subgroup exhibited an apparent loss of the U-shaped ghrelin trend, but this finding may be attributed to greater maturity and its clinical significance is unclear. Further research on weight-related ghrelin and PYY trends at puberty is needed to understand how these peptides influence growth and long-term metabolic risk.
Beyond Latinity, Can the Vernacular Speak?
Authors: Tageldin Shaden M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDoes the Latinate vernacular capture non-Europhone relationships of speech to writing? Surveying non-equivalences between the vernacular and its East/South translations, I focus on the Arabic ʿāmmiyya. Vernacular hails from verna, the slave born on his master’s estate; ʿāmmiyya, from al-ʿāmma, the common people. Long-ninth-century Arab-Islamic thought defined al-ʿāmma as a “middle” class, or its language and that of al-khāṣṣa (the elite) as shades of one Arabic, converging at an ideal midpoint. I trace echoes in late-nineteenth-century Algerian, Syro-Lebanese, and Egyptian theory, which derived ʿāmmiyya (dialect) from fuṣḥā (standard) or redefined fuṣḥā as a generalist language that ideally addresses a middle audience. I suggest that a long (if suppressed) continuity in Arabic between common and elite language, if not between dialect and standard, opens horizons of relation between speech and writing different from those the vernacular ushered into Europhone contexts. Reframing language as medium, such horizons limn a polycentric literary comparatism.
Vernacular Missing: Miraji on Sappho, Gender, and Governance
Authors: Patel Geeta 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Vernacularization as a concept has gained circulation in our time within the ambit of South Asia: scholars use it to name what they designate as local—whether sexuality, language, architecture, religion, capital, or aesthetic practices. When claims are made for “vernacularization” as a process of opening spaces for “the local,” vernacular languages, ontologies, and epistemologies are paradoxically oriented towards English/the West. What happens if the word, term, concept, process “vernacular” loses this purchase? What might we notice if we refused to rehabilitate vernacularization in this fashion and mobilized instead an accounting of the brutalist colonial histories where it was deployed for colonial transformation? The Urdu modernist poet Miraji (1912–1949), eschewing the term “vernacular,” mined English and European languages, and other Asian and Indian literary lineages, to fill Urdu’s possible legacies through translation. Miraji established possible futures for Urdu through bygone chronicles, stories, and lyrical possibilities that were not subservient to the fluctuations of value that vernacularization carried with it.
Preliminary study on the inhibitory effect of seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa extract on biofilm formation of Candida albicans cultured from the saliva of a smoker
Authors: Mubarak Zaki , Humaira Adintya , Gani Basri A. , Muchlisin Zainal A. 
Published: May 2018

Background: Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus that infects the oral cavity. Increases in colony numbers of C. albicans can be caused by multiple factors, such as smoking, a weakened immune system, taking antibiotics and with immune-compromised individuals. Smoking can increase the virulence factor of C. albicans and make it stronger. One of the virulence factors of C. albicans is the biofilm it forms. The C. albicans biofilm makes it more tolerant to extracts of the seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa, which has antifungal activity. The objective of the study was to examine the ability of the G. verrucosa extracts to inhibit the formation of biofilm by C. albicans obtained from the saliva of smoker. Methods: A total of six concentrations of G. verrucosa (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) were tested in this study. The positive control was fluconazole 0.31 µg/ml C. albicans was taken from the saliva of one smoker in Faculty of Dentistry, Syiah Kuala University. The total amount of biofilm was assessed using an ELISA reader. The data were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis test at a significance limit of p<0.05. Results: The seaweed extract has three bio-active compounds: steroids, terpenoid, and tannins. The results showed that the inhibitory activity of seaweed on C. albicans biofilm formation increases as its concentration increases. The highest effectiveness was recorded at a seaweed concentration of 100% at 48 h of exposure. Conclusions: The optimal inhibition of the C. albicans biofilm formation was recorded at the concentration of 100% G. verrucosa after 48 hours of exposure.
Challenges in the use of atomistic simulations to predict solubilities of drug-like molecules
Authors: Duarte Ramos Matos Guilherme , Mobley David L. 
Published: May 2018

Background: Solubility is a physical property of high importance to the pharmaceutical industry, the prediction of which for potential drugs has so far been a hard task. We attempted to predict the solubility of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) by estimating the absolute chemical potentials of its most stable polymorph and of solutions with different concentrations of the drug molecule.Methods: Chemical potentials were estimated from all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. We used the Einstein molecule method (EMM) to predict the absolute chemical potential of the solid and solvation free energy calculations to predict the excess chemical potentials of the liquid-phase systems.Results: Reliable estimations of the chemical potentials for the solid and for a single ASA molecule using the EMM required an extremely large number of intermediate states for the free energy calculations, meaning that the calculations were extremely demanding computationally. Despite the computational cost, however, the computed value did not agree well with the experimental value, potentially due to limitations with the underlying energy model. Perhaps better values could be obtained with a better energy model; however, it seems likely computational cost may remain a limiting factor for use of this particular approach to solubility estimation. Conclusions: Solubility prediction of drug-like solids remains computationally challenging, and it appears that both the underlying energy model and the computational approach applied may need improvement before the approach is suitable for routine use.
The Value of Personal Information in Online Markets with Endogenous Privacy
Authors: Montes Rodrigo , Sand-Zantman Wilfried , Valletti Tommaso 
Published: May 2018

We investigate the effects of price discrimination on prices, profits, and consumer surplus when (a) at least one competing firm can use consumers’ private information to price discriminate yet (b) consumers can prevent such use by paying a “privacy cost.” Unlike a monopolist, competing duopolists do not always benefit from a higher privacy cost because each firm’s profit decreases—and consumer surplus increases—with that cost. Under such competition, the optimal strategy for an owner of consumer data that sells information in a single block is selling to only one firm, thereby maximizing the stakes for rival buyers. The resulting inefficiencies imply that policy makers should devote more attention to discouraging exclusivity deals and less to ensuring that consumers can easily protect their privacy. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2989 . This paper was accepted by J. Miguel Villas-Boas, marketing.