bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investment Planning for Second Generation Sewerage Systems
Authors: Eadon Andrew R. 
Published: May 2018

The first part of this paper deals with the technical improvements which have been made in the United Kingdom to ensure that sewerage rehabilitation is both effective and efficient. Severn Trent Water Ltd, which was one of the first organisations to employ a strategic approach to sewerage rehabilitation, has responsibility for the management of some 52,000 kms of sewer, 2250 pumping stations and serves a population of 8.3 million people. Planning and the progress made on implementing new methods for structural and hydraulic analyses within Severn Trent Water Ltd are illustrated. These elements together with the provision of high quality sewer records comprise a Drainage Area Study from which the investment needs of existing sewer systems are derived and programmed.
The second part of the paper deals with the topic of macro-planning of sewerage rehabilitation in a large organisation. At this level it is necessary to balance financial and manpower resources to obtain an overall programme for investment which is steady and sustained. The programme also embodies clear aims and objectives which provide adequately for customer needs.
The manner in which this has been achieved by Severn Trent Water Ltd is described and illustrated. The paper includes details of the programme of Drainage Area Studies and how the resulting information is collated to produce an overall investment programme. The main objectives are to clear the backlog of problems of flooding, pollution and sewer dereliction by a prescribed date, and thereafter to provide an improved service to customers by being able to respond to new problems quickly. The resulting increased activity in construction work creates extreme disruption to some communities. The perception of customers has been researched and the measures' introduced recently by Severn Trent to provide appropriate care for these customers who are inconvenienced by the works are described.
Optimising the Efficiency of Storm Water Settling Basins by Means of Bypassing
Authors: Clemens F. H. L. R. , van Mameren H. J. , Kollen J. 
Published: May 2018

The reduction in pollutional load realised by storm water settling basins is potentially reduced due to the occurrence of a partially mixed situation in the basin or due to resuspension of settled material. The decrease in efficiency can theoretically be avoided by means of partially bypassing the basin. In order to quantify the potential increase in efficiency a settling basin in Amersfoort is taken as an example. This basin seems to behave like an almost completely mixed system, bypassing would increase the overall efficiency from ca. 34 % to ca 39 % for three overflows.
The dynamic behaviour of settling basins, scouring conditions and the boundary conditions for which settling basins are to be designed are the research needs for further development in the field of storm water settling basins.
Biological Filters for Post-Denitrification
Authors: Jepsen Svend-Erik , la Cour Jansen Jes 
Published: May 2018

Nitrifying wastewater treatment plants exist in many European countries. These plants can be extended for Total-Nitrogen removal by a post-denitrification stage using an external carbon source. A compact solution for this process is submerged biological filters.
Two pilot plants have been used as post-denitrification reactors, a down-flow filter with expanded slate as carrier material (Biocarbone) and an up-flow filter with polystyrene pellets as carrier material (Biostyr). Nitrified wastewater was treated to a stable effluent quality from both pilot plants to below the Danish effluent standard which is 8 mg Tot-N/l.
The pilot plants have been operated at different loading rates with acetate as external carbon source. Stable removal with effluent nitrate less than 5 mg NO3-N/l was obtained for loading rates up to more than 4 kg NO3-N/m3 d at 10-17°C. The removal capacity of the pilot plants has been shown to be independent of time from last backwash. The removal rate over different sections of the filters does not change within one operation cycle. The backwash removes the excess biomass and particles which cause the head loss, but the removal capacity remains in the filter.
The head loss development in the two systems is quite different. In the Biostyr system, the head loss raises close to linear with time (load), while the Biocarbone shows slow increase in head loss with time until the surface is clogged by incoming particles and biomass growth. When this occurs, the nitrogen bubbles, which are produced in the lower part of the filter, are trapped just below the top layer. The void volume of the filter is occupied by nitrogen gas and the head loss increases very fast to the terminal head loss.
This investigation has shown that both kinds of submerged filters are capable to serve as post-denitrification reactors to remove nitrate to the most stringent effluent standards.
Microfiltration Used as a Means of Disinfection Downstream: A Bacterial Treatment Stage on Fixed-Bed Bacteria
Authors: Langlais B. , Denis Ph. , Triballeau S. , Faivre M. , Bourbigot M. M. 
Published: May 2018

Conventional methods of disinfecting sewage are all highly sensitive to variations in the effluent quality upstream of the disinfection stage. Microfiltration was tested as a tertiary treatment downstream of biofiltration, simulating very poor biofilter efficiency, to test the limits of the microfiltration process. Despite the poor quality of the secondary effluent (COD between 100 and 400 mgO2/l, BOD5 between 30 and 150 mgO2/l and suspended solid concentrations between 15 and 90 mg/l), the microfiltration process (filtration level : 0.2 µm) eliminated all faecal germs and tenia and ascaris eggs. The total elimination of free amoeba cysts still needs to be confirmed. With the COD and BOD5 reduced by an average of 60 and 70% respectively, the effluent quality is equivalent to level e after microfiltration (COD: 90 mgO2/l and BOD5 = 30 mgO2/l on samples averaged over 24 hours). Turbidity, measured instead of suspended solids at outlet from the microfilter, was 99 % eliminated. The colour remained between 50 and 150 mg Pt.Co/l. Under the operating conditions applied, the minimum filtration cycle was 72 hours for a minimum permeate flow of 80 1/h/m2 of membrane.
When microfiltration process was used to treat a secondary effluent of good quality (COD between 14 and 40 mg/l; turbidity between 1.4 and 5.1 NTU) the germ elimination remained the same; the COD removal (31 % average elimination) allowed us to get an effluent with an average COD concentration of 24 mgO2/l. The filtration cycle was much longer (300 hours).
Revision of Industrial Effluent Regulations in Israel
Authors: Weber B. , Schneider G. 
Published: May 2018

Industrial effluent regulations in Israel can be promulgated pursuant to four statutory sources. No clear boundaries delineating the scope of these laws exist, and some of them are neither environmental nor water laws per se. The resulting legal situation is one of confusion, duality and even contradiction both institutionally and substantively.
A revision in the Israeli approach towards the regulation of industrial effluent is proposed, taking into consideration some elements of the U.S. Clean Water Act. Ideas are presented for setting up jurisdictional boundaries between the local and central government authorities to differentiate between organic loads and hazardous materials. In addition, the paper calls for criteria and discretionary limits on the setting up of permit conditions and enactment of regulations as well as the need for improvement of existing effluent criteria.
The Correlation between Soiling Index and Atmospheric Ozone Concentrations in Tel Aviv
Authors: Gabbay J. , Trachtman A. 
Published: May 2018

The Research Institute for Environmental Health* operated monitoring stations for the measurement of air pollutants emitted by combustion in Tel-Aviv. Most of the soiling index (SI) data obtained for the years 1976-1985, showed a direct correlation with the other primary pollutants.
Days in the same month, which had approximately the same diurnal SI levels were grouped together. Half hour averages of SI and O3 were calculated for each group. These average values, obtained for the different groups of SI, were compared. The results showed that groups with high SI levels had low O3 values and vice versa. Also weekends, which had low SI levels, due to lower traffic, had higher O3 concentrations as compared to other days of the week.
SI values showed a clear negative correlation with O3 pattern. This phenomenon was most outstanding during winter, especially in January, due to lower dispersion. There may be a direct influence of soot on the O3 concentrations, or it may be that the SI is only an indicator of the total reducing pollutants levels.
It was also found that for high SI values, the slopes around the O3 peak were steeper than those obtained at low SI levels. O3 levels, except those at the peak were close to zero on days with high SI values.
Long-Term Programme for Pollution Monitoring and Research in the Mediterranean (MED POL)
Authors: Jeftic L. 
Published: May 2018

Long-term programme for pollution monitoring and research in the Mediterranean (MED POL) was adopted by the Mediterranean countries in 1981. Monitoring of the Mediterranean pollution in the framework of MED POL started in 1983 and at present 16 Mediterranean countries have on-going programmes and are submitting data. Through these programmes pollution is regularly monitored at hundreds of sampling stations. All national research centres involved in monitoring participate in the continuing programme of data quality control which includes intercalibration of sampling and analytical techniques.
By the end of 1991, over 400 research projects have been implemented in the framework of MED POL by 150 institutes from 15 Mediterranean countries. Results gathered through the research component of MED POL were presented at numerous scientific meetings and were published in a large number of scientific papers. Data generated through MED POL are used as the basis for the analysis of the present “state of the health” of the Mediterranean and of the trends in pollution levels. They also provide scientific information needed for the formulation of common measures to control pollution.
In-depth assessment studies, including concrete recommendations for measures to be taken by the Contracting Parties were completed for microbial pollution, mercury, cadmium, petroleum hydrocarbons, used lubricating oils, organotin compounds, organohalogen compounds, organophosphorus compounds, persistent synthetic materials, radioactive substances and pathogenic microorganisms. Similar assessment studies are being prepared on other subjects.
Transformation of para-Substituted Benzonitriles in Sediment and in Sediment Extract
Authors: Masunaga S. , Wolfe N. L. , Carriera L. 
Published: May 2018

Degradation mechanisms of chemicals in sediment must be known in order to permit more accurate assessment of aquatic pollutants. One possible degradation mechanism -- abiotic transformation -- has received little attention, however. In this study, the abiotic transformation of para- substituted benzonitriles in an extract prepared by protein extraction from sediment was compared with that in raw sediment and in water.
In water, the benzonitriles were hydrolyzed to benzoic acid through benzamides at elevated temperature. In anaerobic river sediment, the benzonitriles were transformed to the corresponding benzoic acids, except for iodo- and methoxy-derivatives. In the sediment extract, the benzonitriles, including iodo- and methoxy-derivatives, were transformed to benzoic acids. Benzonitrile transformation did not produce benzamides as intermediates in the latter two media. Transformation in sediment and in sediment extract must have been mediated by an enzyme whose activity is similar to that of nitrilase.
Analyses using quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR) were carried out with the three sets of rate constants measured in the three media. The rate constants in sediment and sediment extract were correlated mainly with the hydrophobicity substituent parameter π. Rate constants for purely chemical hydrolysis in water were correlated with the electronic substituent parameter Hammett σp. These results showed that the reaction mechanisms in sediment and sediment extract resembled each other and indicate that the abiotic reaction mediated by the extracted sediment protein fraction was responsible for at least part of the reaction occurring in raw sediment.
Management of Dredged Material Capping Projects: An Example from New England
Authors: Kullberg P. G. , Fredette T. J. 
Published: May 2018

Capping of contaminated sediments with cleaner sediments is a technique that has been used by the US Army Corps of Engineers, New England Division (NED) since 1979, to avoid or minimize the impacts of contaminated sediments disposed at open water sites. A case study of contaminated sediments from a project on the Thames River, capped at a disposal site offshore of New London, Connecticut, illustrates the application of this technique. Several steps, both regulatory and operational, must be accomplished to ensure proper employment of this technique.
First, once it is determined through the permit evaluation process that material to be dredged from a project is not suitable for unconfined open water disposal, the quantity of uncontaminated dredged material needed to achieve a desired cap thickness of 50 to 100 cm must be identified. This quantity may be determined by the use of a computer model - the DAMOS (Disposal Area Monitoring System) Capping Model - which simulates the disposal events and mound formation.
Next, the applicant/project proponent must submit a capping plan to NED, which includes provisions for obtaining the necessary quantity of cap material and a schedule for dredging and disposal of both contaminated and cap materials. Upon approval of this plan by NED, the contaminated material may be dredged and disposed at a taut-wire moored buoy located at a specified set of coordinates. The use of such a buoy is critical to the success of capping, since it aids in limiting the distribution of the contaminated material on the seafloor. Post-disposal bathymetric and sediment-profile camera surveys of the contaminated material are conducted to delineate the areal extent of the mound formed during disposal. Several sets of coordinates are then chosen by NED for disposal of the cap material, with the aim of covering all contaminated sediments.
The operational success of the capping technique is measured by adequate areal coverage and thickness of the cap over the contaminated material. Thus, following disposal (and sometimes during disposal) of cap material, additional surveys are conducted for this purpose.
Critical Variables in System Success: Top Managements' Commitment is Key
Authors: Winter Mary H. , Manning Alan W. 
Published: May 2018

Billions of dollars and vast amounts of human energy go into implementing advanced technology every year. Yet the success rate of automated systems is estimated as low as 25%. Even today's sophisticated technology cannot prevent expensive failure or non-use of automated systems. This suggests that a change in approach is needed to successfully plan and implement automated systems, which raises the following questions.
Are human factors or technical issues more significant to control systems success?
What are the most important non-technical contributors?
Is it possible to assure the success of a control systems project?
To answer these questions a survey was carried out of people who have experience working with computer systems at utilities.
Model Based On-Line Control of Sewer Systems
Authors: Bo Nielsen Jörgen , Lindberg Sten , Harremöes Poul 
Published: May 2018

A new software package has been developed for use in real-time control of the flow in combined sewer systems (CSS). A central feature of the new package is forecast modelling of the flows and volumes in the sewer system. Based upon the forecast model predictions, an expert system or an optimisation module determines the set-points for all regulators in the system.
The new software package includes a comprehensive tool-set for use in the design of on-line control systems, including a model-based real-time simulator, which can be applied in the testing of control strategies.
The first practical application of the software package for a sewer system in the city of Aalborg is described.
NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND PRACTICES FOR WASTE MINIMIZATION IN THE CHEMICAL AND PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES : FINDINGS OF THE SALVADOR, BRAZIL, 1993 CONFERENCE
Authors: Lima Francisco Fontes , Alves Pereira Francisco 
Published: May 2018

This paper describes the findings of the “Third International Conference on Waste Management in the Chemical and Petrochemical Industries,” held in Salvador, Brazil, October 20-23, 1993. A summary of the 74 technical papers, divided into six major categories, is presented together with comments on the more stringent legislation concerning source control programmes.
Case studies of two large chemical complexes that have been developing successful waste minimization programmes are described in detail: CETREL-Environmental Protection Company in Camaçari, Brazil, and BASF AG in Ludwigshafen, Germany.
OIL MIGRATION THROUGH UNSATURATED SOILS AND ITS EFFECT ON THE VADOSE ZONE INTERACTIVE PROCESSES (VIP) MODEL OUTPUT
Authors: Joseph Ajit T. , Grenney William J. , Stevens David K. 
Published: May 2018

A mathematical model called the Vadose Zone Interactive Processes (VIP) model was developed and implemented at Utab State University (USU) for evaluating the fate of hazardous substances in the unsaturated zone of the soil during land treatment of oily wastes. The VIP model, which simulates the concentration profiles of the hazardous compounds in the soil, water, and the air phases, assumes a fixed oily phase. The purpose of this study was to measure oil migration in soil systems m1d to determine its effect on the VIP model output.
Experiments were conducted at USU to demonstrate the mobility of an oil through the unsaturated zone of the soil. The oil migration studies were conducted in laboratory scale glass columns. A light petroleum oil :md two types of soil were used for the experiments. The water flow rate through the columns was adjusted to maintain saturated and unsaturated soil conditions. A predetermined quantity of soil and oil mixture was applied to the top of the soil column. The concentration of oil in this mixture varied from 5% to 30% (on a mass basis). The oil present in the mixture migrated down through the column with the aid of the infiltrating water. After water had been flowing through the columns for the desired test times, the column was sectioned and the soil from the various depths was collected and analyzed for moisture and oil contents. The leachate produced was also collected ru1d analyzed for oil content.
The experiments demonstrated that oil migrates down significantly through the soil columns. The extent of migration depended on the volume of oil applied and the type of soil. However, the applied oil was completely immobilized in the columns. The VIP model was modified to incorporate oil migration. The modified VIP model can be expected to produce more realistic contaminant concentration profiles during land treatment of oily wastes when compared to that produced by the present version of the VIP model.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE AGRO-BASED PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY IN INDIA – A HOLISTIC APPROACH
Authors: Gupta P. K. 
Published: May 2018

The agro-residue based pulp and paper industry generates high strength and high volume wastewaters, which in the absence of techno-economically viable chemical recovery systems and cost-effective pollution control systems pollute the recipient environment.
The use of the “end of pipe” treatment approach results in a complex wastewater system and imposes a very high economic burden on these units. A more pertinent approach is to incorporate “at source” pollution prevention measures prior to the design of the end-of-pipe wastewater treatment facility. This cleaner production/waste minimisation approach not only results in direct financial returns in the form of material conservation and recovery/reuse of fibres but also reduces the overall investment and annual operational costs of the subsequent wastewater treatment system.
Studies at four paper mills where appropriate technologies for waste reduction and handling, and energy conservation have been demonstrated and implemented, are presented. The paper highlights the various in plant measures viz. process modification and recovery/recycle/reuse of resources, which can be used to reduce the total pollution load. These measures lead to increases in profit margin of up to 20% and reduced wastewater treatment costs of up to 30%.
To illustrate this approach, a case study in a 25 TPD mill has been discussed.
Monitoring and Estimating Concentrations and Effects of Microcontaminants in the Rhine-Delta: Chemical Analysis, Biological Laboratory Assays and Field Observations
Authors: Jan Hendriks A. 
Published: May 2018

The aim of the Rhine Action Program is to create conditions for the return of (higher) indigenous species. To obtain an impression of current levels of contamination, several separate studies were carried out. The methods applied are discussed briefly and several representative results are given. The focus will be on the integration of the conclusions with respect to the goals of the Program.
First, concentrations of traditional microcontaminants in sediment, water and organisms, collected in monitoring programs, are presented. Concentrations of some compounds, such as cadmium, have decreased substantially while concentrations of other compounds, like PCB153, remain on the same level as they were in the late seventies. The current levels will be compared to Dutch quality standards that are thought to protect most of the aquatic community.
Secondly, responses in biological assays with Rhine water are presented. In the seventies, laboratory species died immediately after exposure to Rhine water. Nowadays, water has to be concentrated to induce acute mortality. Remarkably, only a few percent of the mortality observed after XAD-concentration can be explained by the organic microcontaminants identified by GC/MS. To cover calamities that are missed by these static assays and by daily chemical analysis, biological early warning systems are positioned along the river. In the past, monitors with the fish species ide (Leuciscusidus) have registered several calamities that were not detected by chemical early warning. Currently monitors with waterfleas (Daphniamagna) are being tested, in order to broaden the spectrum of concentrations and compounds covered.
Thirdly, measured data are combined with literature information to obtain an impression of hazards for combinations of chemical compounds and biological taxa. Differences in exposure can be derived from knowledge on habitat and food composition, while information on sensitivity for a chemical can be estimated from data on related taxa. The assessment indicates that most taxa, included target taxa such as Salmonidae, are threatened by current concentrations of different groups of microcontaminants.
Finally, some illustrative (semi-)field observations from the Rhine-delta area will be mentioned as a qualitative validation of the extrapolation from experimental and theoretical analysis.