bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A data-limited approach for estimating fishing mortality rates and exploitation status of diverse target and non-target fish species impacted by mixed multispecies fisheries
Authors: Walker Nicola D , García-Carreras Bernardo , Le Quesne Will J F , Maxwell David L , Jennings Simon 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Most towed-gear bottom-trawl fisheries catch several target and myriad non-target species with the same gears at the same time. Differences in species’ exposure and sensitivity to fishing mortality lead to diverse outcomes in terms of population status. We develop and apply a data-limited approach for estimating fishing mortality rates and exploitation status of all species impacted by a mixed fishery. The approach requires (i) estimates of fishing mortality F by species based on area swept by towed gears, gear efficiency, and modelled species’ distributions and (ii) estimation of spawning potential ratio (SPR), by species, from cross-species relationships between maximum body size and other life history parameters. Application in the North Sea reveals per cent SPR (%SPR) (reproductive output per recruit at estimated F/reproductive output at F=0) by species ranges from 2.4 to 99.3. For 10% of species, including 57% of elasmobranchs, %SPR &lt; 20 (a limit reference point), while for 17% of species 20 &lt; %SPR &lt; 40, and for 72% %SPR &gt; 40 (implying relatively high and sustainable yield and low risk of population collapse). Applications of the approach include community-wide stock status assessment, state of environment reporting, risk assessment, and evaluating effects of changes in fishing distribution and intensity.
Animal Welfare Standards and International Collaborations
Authors: Bayne Kathryn , Turner Patricia V 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Globalization of the biomedical research enterprise is occurring at an accelerating pace. Increasingly, scientific collaborations and contracts cross national borders. Assurance that the caliber of animal research and animal welfare are consistent among countries and that such animal use is done in a humane and conscientious manner is of significant concern to the scientific community, the general public, and other stakeholders. Bridging these international collaborations is a clear scientific imperative for statistical validity of the data and reproducibility of results to ensure the animal use is both meaningful and impactful. One way to mitigate the potential confounding effects that the welfare of the animals may have on the research data is to harmonize animal care and use practices and procedures worldwide. By harmonizing the care and use of animals, using high standards that are internationally accepted, research animal welfare and high-quality science will be achieved.
Spillover Effects of Mass Layoffs
Authors: Gathmann Christina , Helm Ines , Schönberg Uta 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Using administrative data on firms and workers in Germany, we quantify the spillover effects of mass layoffs. Our empirical strategy combines matching with an event study approach to trace employment and wages in regions hit by a mass layoff relative to suitable control regions. We find sizable and persistent negative spillover effects on the regional economy: regions, and especially firms producing in the same broad industry as the layoff plant, lose many more jobs than in the initial layoff. In contrast, negative employment effects on workers employed in the region at the time of the mass layoff are considerably smaller. Strikingly, workers younger than 50 suffer no employment losses, as geographic mobility fully shields them from the decline in local employment opportunities.
The Emmet’s Inch: Small History in a Digital Age
Authors: Laite Julia 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Digitization has usually been considered a facilitator of what has been called “big” history. While digital history projects increasingly make good and sensitive use of individual and granular records and use them to bring human complexity into a larger analysis, the digitization of published material and archives have mostly been discussed by historians in aggregate: they are valued chiefly for their ability to give us “big data” about phenomena in the past. Yet for those interested in questions and methodologies of microhistory, biographical history, history from below, and other kinds of what we might call “small” history, the digitization of archives and individual records is an equally transformative development. This article will examine the way that digitization has changed how historians discover, concatenate, and communicate small stories in their narratives and arguments. I will consider the practice and the ethics of telling and digitizing individual histories, and I will suggest some different ways of dealing with the new boundaries—and boundlessness—that the “mass digitized turn” throws up, particularly for historians working in the period after 1800. Finally, amidst an increased emphasis on digitization and big data in the field of history, I want to assert the continuing power of all kinds of small histories to explain the past and to connect it to our present, and ourselves.
Hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for intracranial meningioma: a systematic review
Authors: Nguyen Eric K , Nguyen Timothy K , Boldt Gabe , Louie Alexander V , Bauman Glenn S 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Background
The availability of image guidance and intensity modulation has led to the increasing use of hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (hSRT) as an alternative to conventionally fractionated radiotherapy or radiosurgery for intracranial meningiomas (ICMs). As the safety and efficacy of this approach is not well characterized, we conducted a systematic review of the literature to assess the clinical outcomes of hSRT in the setting of ICMs.

Methods
A systematic review of Medline and EMBASE databases was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Included studies were retrospective or prospective series that examined an ICM population of ≥10 patients, delivered >1 fraction of photon hSRT (≥2.5 Gy per fraction), and had a median follow-up of ≥2 years. Descriptive statistics were generated for included studies.

Results
Of 1480 initial studies, 14 met eligibility criteria for inclusion, reporting on 630 patients (age range, 18-90) treated for 638 tumors. Primary radiotherapy was delivered in 37% of patients, 36% had radiation following surgery, and surgical details were unavailable for 27%. In 474 tumors assessed for radiologic response, 78% remained stable, 18% decreased in size, and 4% increased in size. Crude local control was 90%-100% as reported in 10 studies. The median late toxicity rate was 10%. The most common significant late toxicities were decreased visual acuity and new cranial neuropathy.

Conclusions
With limited follow-up, the available literature suggests hSRT for ICMs has local control and toxicity profiles comparable to other radiotherapy approaches. Confirmation in larger patient cohorts with a longer duration of follow-up is required.
Supracerebellar Transtentorial Approach for Occipital Meningioma to Maximize Visual Preservation: Technical Note
Authors: Golub Danielle , Mehan Neal D , Kwan Kevin , Salas Sussan J , Schulder Michael 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE
Surgery for resection of tentorial meningiomas compressing primary visual cortex carries a significant risk of worsening vision. This concern is especially acute in patients with a preexisting visual deficit. Approaches that involve mechanical retraction of the occipital lobe further threaten visual function. The supracerebellar transtentorial (SCTT) approach, which does not carry a risk of occipital retraction injury, should be considered for patients with occipital tentorial meningiomas to maximize functional visual outcomes.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
A 54-yr-old woman underwent 2 resections and radiation therapy for a right occipital oligodendroglioma as a teenager. She was left with a complete left homonymous hemianopsia. The patient now presented with progressive vision loss in her remaining right visual field. Imaging revealed a left occipital superiorly projecting tentorial meningioma. To preserve her remaining visual function the SCTT approach was chosen for resection. A Simpson grade 1 removal was achieved without disrupting the occipital lobe pia or requiring mechanical cerebellar retraction. A diagnosis of a WHO grade II meningioma (presumably radiation induced) was made. The patient's vision returned to premorbid baseline 1 wk after surgery.

CONCLUSION
The SCTT approach should be considered for the surgical management of patients with occipital tentorial meningiomas when visual preservation is at risk. This approach avoids transgression of visual cortex and minimizes the risk of venous infarction or contusions from retraction injury.
Unique Considerations for Homeless Female Veterans
Authors: Montgomery Ann Elizabeth , Byrne Thomas H. , Dichter Melissa E. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
As the number of women Veterans continues to increase, so does the number of women Veterans experiencing housing instability. Homelessness or risk for homelessness among women Veterans may be directly linked to their experiences before, during, and after their military service, particularly the experience of trauma. To address homelessness among women Veterans, providers and researchers must acknowledge the gendered nature of both the military and Veteran-specific resources. Responses should include providing housing-related interventions specifically for women, assessing and addressing trauma among women Veterans, responding to the needs of younger women Veterans who may be homeless with children, and supporting women Veterans during their reintegration after discharge from the military.
The Impact of Social Transfers on Income Poverty and Material Deprivation
Authors: Notten Geranda , Guio Anne-Catherine 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In 2010, the European Union (EU) committed to lifting at least 20 million people out of poverty and social exclusion, using income poverty, severe material deprivation, and (quasi-)joblessness as metrics to measure progress on this goal. As part of a broader set of commonly agreed indicators, the EU also (crudely) measures the impact of transfers by comparing income poverty rates before and after social transfers. This chapter develops a regression approach to study the effects of transfers on material deprivation by predicting the material deprivation rate before social transfers. We apply the method to pre-recession and post-austerity EU-SILC data for Germany, Greece, Poland, and the United Kingdom. We find that, in addition to reducing income poverty, transfers substantially reduce the extent and depth of material deprivation. Changes in social transfers, therefore, have a twofold effect on Europe’s poverty-reduction target.
Market-Savvy Housing and Community Development Policy
Authors: Swanstrom Todd 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter addresses how housing policies to combat segregation often fail to consider housing market strength, which varies significantly within and between metropolitan areas. In weak housing markets, policymakers should not focus on increasing the housing supply but on building market demand. This is very difficult in the weakest markets, and it often makes more sense to encourage residents to move to better neighborhoods. Housing development funds should be concentrated on “middle neighborhoods”—areas where the market is still healthy but there is a threat of decline. Middle market strategies to improve market confidence can be highly effective. By contrast, it makes no sense to invest scarce development funds in strong market neighborhoods. Instead, cities should help low-income households to stay or move into these high-opportunity areas. The chapter concludes by arguing that policymakers who embrace the build-on-strength approach advocated here need to take into account how racist practices have unfairly trapped minorities in weak market areas.
Medieval Theology I
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The argument of this chapter is that the descriptive regime of tensional motion rises to historical dominance during the period from around the fifth century ce to around the end of the seventeenth century—roughly the long medieval and early modern periods. The rise of this new regime occurs alongside the rising predominance of a new theological description of being as force. The theological description of force took two historical forms during this period: the physics of force and the doctrine of the Trinity. Together, these form the tradition of natural theology, the theory of relation between divine and natural being.
The World’s Wallet?
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
China’s economic success has led to the accumulation of the world’s largest foreign exchange reserves. The chapter discusses the role played by Chinese sovereign wealth funds in reinvesting reserves abroad, as well as the growth of foreign lending by the Chinese banks and the expansion of export credit, with particular attention to the activities of the China Development Bank and the China Exim Bank. Chinese aid has been particularly controversial, with widely differing claims regarding the volume of aid that China gives. The chapter discusses the scale of aid and the key features of the way in which Chinese aid is organized. It identifies the main drivers of Chinese financial flows, distinguishing between the different types. It concludes with a discussion of the wider implications of the growth of Chinese finance for development finance and the access of countries which have been marginalized by traditional lenders.
China’s Economic Impacts on Latin America
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The chapter considers three aspects of China’s economic impact on Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). It looks first at the direct and indirect effects of increased Chinese demand for commodities, which benefitted a number of LAC economies in the short and medium term. China’s role in financing and building infrastructure in the region has been less significant than in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The impact on manufacturing has been of much greater concern, with all the main countries in the region facing increased competition in the domestic market, and those that had developed significant exports of manufactures also losing out in third markets. Three case studies of Brazil, Mexico, and Chile illustrate different patterns of economic relations between China and Latin America.
A Comparative Perspective on China’s involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The chapter brings together the findings of the previous two parts of the book to provide a systematic comparison of China’s economic involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). It compares the history of relations between China and the two regions, and discusses the key actors involved. It shows that Chinese interests in economic engagement in SSA and LAC are broadly similar. However, there are important economic, political, and institutional differences between the two regions which lead to important differences in terms of economic, social, political, and environmental impacts. However, it is also important not to lose sight of the heterogeneity that exists within each region.
The Quest for Universalism
Authors: Leisering Lutz 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The ubiquitous global call for ‘social security for all’ reflects the world cultural principle of universalism, which is the ultimate background of the global spread of social cash transfers to the poor. This chapter examines the institutional varieties and the pitfalls of universalism. It is argued that universalism can be institutionalized in various ways (including the Basic Income), and that all involve substantial inequalities. The pitfalls of the global universalistic culture are highlighted, questioning widespread egalitarian and monistic notions of universalism. The limitations of the current state of cash transfers can be traced to these pitfalls. Universalism has a price: universalistic world culture is often phrased in vague terms, encouraging decoupling, doubletalk, and particularistic interpretations, as found in policy proposals by international organizations and in actual cash transfer regimes. Universal social citizenship creates new inequalities and spaces of social control, reflecting the double-edged nature of modern social interventionism.
Revisiting the anasynthetic spiral
Authors: Haspelmath Martin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractGrammaticalization is nowadays often seen primarily as a kind of semantic-pragmatic change, but in the 19th century it was more typically seen in a holistic typological perspective: the idea was that synthetic languages develop from analytic languages, and that they may become analytic again. This kind of development is indeed occasionally observed in entire languages, as in the Romance languages and in Later Egyptian, but it is quite unclear whether such holistic changes are at all common. Similarly, there seems to be no good evidence that changes from agglutinative patterns to isolating patterns go through an intermediate flective or fusional stage. By contrast, there is abundant evidence for the old observation that older tightly bound constructions often face competition from new constructions based on content items, which may eventually replace the older patterns (I call this kind of process ‘anasynthesis’). Such anasynthetic changes are driven by inflationary processes that can be observed elsewhere in language and culture, not by therapeutic motivations.
Grammaticalization in Japanese and Korean
Authors: Narrog Heiko , Rhee Seongha , Whitman John 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn this chapter, we try to present typical processes of grammaticalization in Japanese and Korean, and investigate which processes may particularly contribute to the discussion of theoretical aspects of grammaticalization. The processes introduced in some detail are the grammaticalization of converbs, of deverbal postpositions, and of nouns marking categories in the verb phrase as typical processes. We then discuss the morphological properties of grammaticalization in the two languages, and the high frequency of grammaticalization into interpersonal domains. Both features support extant ideas about grammaticalization rather than contradicting them. In contrast, a third point—that grammaticalizations may enter the language through writing rather than conversation—may be a challenge for ideas about grammaticalization that seek the source of grammaticalizations solely in speaker–hearer interaction.
Grammaticalization processes in the languages of South Asia
Authors: Coupe Alexander R. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter describes grammaticalization patterns in a broad selection of languages of South Asia, a multilingual region of the world known to constitute a linguistic area in which unrelated languages demonstrate evidence of linguistic convergence. In addition to presenting representative examples of grammaticalization, the chapter specifically considers whether widely recurring patterns in unrelated languages could be induced by language contact. The investigation finds robust evidence for the transfer of seemingly identical cognitive schemas across the genetic boundaries of languages in contact. These target morphemes or constructions with identical meanings in unrelated languages, and they produce grammaticalization outcomes that are not attested in related languages located outside South Asia. Such replicated patterns must cater to a multilingual community’s communicative needs, while at the same time reducing the cognitive burden imposed by multilingualism in a linguistic area.
Grammaticalization in isolating languages and the notion of complexity
Authors: Ansaldo Umberto , Bisang Walter , Szeto Pui Yiu 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter consists of four related arguments. We first review the claims about the nature of grammaticalization in isolating languages, specifically those of East and Mainland Southeast Asia (EMSEA); based on this, we present a view that suggests that grammaticalization is indeed a type-specific, or areal, phenomenon. Following on that, we propose that morphological elaboration is likewise type- or area-specific; and to conclude we discuss the significance of this in terms of language evolution. Our arguments lead us to posit that elaboration of morphological structure only happens in a certain type of languages, and cannot be taken as an overall diagnostic of age across the world?s languages. In other words, ‘mature’ linguistic phenomena are not necessarily morphologically complex, nor are all morphologically free languages ‘young’.
Grammaticalization and typology in Australian Aboriginal languages
Authors: Mushin Ilana 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWhile grammatical change has been a key area of interest for Australian historical linguistics, only a few studies have sought to explain the development of grammar in terms of processes of grammaticalization. This chapter explores the key reasons for the relative absence of grammaticalization studies in the Australianist tradition. It then shows how the development of a particular areal feature—second-position clitic constructions—may be explained in term of both grammaticalization and constructionalization. The chapter also discusses the development of dual-pronoun systems in Australian languages, and shows that it can be reasonably assumed that erstwhile bound pronouns have developed into free pronouns, in contrast to previous research claiming the emergence of bound pronouns from free pronouns.
Shaping typology through grammaticalization: North America
Authors: Mithun Marianne 
Published: December 2018

AbstractNorth America shows great genealogical diversity, yet many of the languages share a fundamental typological characteristic: elaborate morphology. Certain kinds of elaboration show areal distributions, suggesting contact effects. Many bound morphemes show the kinds of meanings expected of grammatical affixes, such as the Wintu perfective suffix -suk. But others show surprisingly concrete meanings, like the Kutenai suffix ‑quwaʔt ‘fur’. A well-known effect of grammaticalization is the loss of concrete lexical content, with abstraction and generalization over time. But other factors can come into play as well. One is the sequencing of grammaticalization processes, whether semantic/pragmatic changes precede univerbation or follow. Another is the moment at which contact enters in. Here pathways of development exemplifying these variables are traced, with first grammaticalization via auxiliation in Northern California, and second grammaticalization via compounding in the Northwest and elsewhere. Both can be seen to have spread in contact-induced grammaticalization.
Areal diffusion and the limits of grammaticalization
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIntensive contact brings about diffusion of grammatical categories. Grammaticalization of lexical items is one of the mechanisms at play as languages converge and new categories develop. In a situation of intensive contact-induced change, the forms to be grammaticalized, and semantic changes involved, may turn out to be somewhat unexpected, forcing us to reconsider potential constraints on grammaticalization. We focus on a number of instances of hitherto undescribed grammaticalization paths in the languages of the Vaupés River Basin linguistic area in northwest Amazonia (especially Tariana, the only extant Arawak language), and then discuss further examples of typologically unusual instances of grammaticalization in Amazonian languages.