bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An examination of the use of rotational viscometers for the quality control of non-Newtonian liquid products in factories
Authors: Barnes Howard A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA frequent task undertaken by quality-control personnel in typical consumer-goods factories is the measurement of the viscosity of liquid products. The problem often faced in this task is how to strike the correct balance between the complete rheological characterisation of the non-Newtonian properties of the liquid of interest – which requires expensive, sophisticated equipment and can be quite time-consuming – and the dictates of production pressures that demand, as near as possible, an instant decision, and one usually based on a single number. Here we consider the rheological issues that arise in such a debate, which is aimed at finding what adequate characterisation would require.We will investigate the implications of liquids products being non-Newtonian for two of the most commonly encountered viscometers in factory quality laboratories, i.e. the simple ‘dip-in’ rotating spindle viscometer of the Brookfield type (with its different forms and many imitations) and the more sophisticated concentric-cylinder-type device typified by the Haake Rotovisco VT 550 range. Each is capable of giving a single-number answer for viscosity, but the implications of understanding this single number are different in each case, with the dip-in viscometer being in an infinite sea of liquid and the concentric-cylinder situation being narrow gap. We also investigate when the infinite sea of the ‘dip-in’ viscometer is effectively ‘infinite’ and when is a concentric-cylinder geometry really ‘narrow gap’? We will use the power-law model throughout our discussions.
Combined Method for Quantitative Characterisation of Fluid Flow
Authors: Ivanov Yatchko , Kavardjikov Vasil , Pashkuleva Dessislava 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A method has been proposed for quantitative characterization of the flow behaviour of fluids, which is an important problem of applied rheology. Particle Image Velocimetry technique has been used for visualization and measurement of the velocity field. The rheometric study of the fluid is aimed at determining the character of the flow and its dynamic viscosity. It is shown that the experimental data obtained for the velocity field and the viscosity are necessary and sufficient for determining the shear stress field at each point of the flow bulk. The major part of the investigations are performed using a Newtonian fluid (epoxy resin), but some data for the non-Newtonian fluid (solution of xantan) are shown too. The flow is produced by gravity in a system of tubes (a barrel and a capillary) with different round crossections. The possibility of further improvement of the combined rheo-optical method is shown.
Stability of Cement Grout: Study of Sedimentation Phenomena
Authors: Gelade Pierre , Le Roy Robert , Boucenna Imane , Flaud Patrice 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The grouts are suspensions containing cement used in the technique of prestressing by post-tension. Cement, from its chemical nature, protects the wire ropes (strands) from corrosion. To be able to play correctly this protective role, the grout must remain homogeneous and must entirely cover the strands. The lack of stability of the grouts, which results in packing or sedimentation, is a major problem. In this article, we try to correlate the rheological properties of the grout with its capacity to remain homogeneous. We show that an increase in the concentration of superplasticizer, a polymer solution, decreases the thixotropic behavior of the grout, but on the other hand, increases the effects of sedimentation. We explain this phenomenon by the modification of the structure of a three-dimensional network in relation to the interparticle interactions.
Rheological Interpretation of the Slump Test
Authors: Baudez Jean-Christophe , Chabot Frédéric , Coussot Philippe 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
We examine the validity of the slump test for predicting the yield stress of polymeric suspensions and mineral suspensions. First we propose a modification of this test: in order to make measurements on fluids with high yield stress (of the order of several hundreds of Pascal) we add a mass at the sample top. From detailed observations of the slump in time we show that, for polymeric suspensions (hair gel and sewage sludges), two critical stresses can be distinguished which almost exactly correspond to the two critical stresses (respectively corresponding to a regime change and to the asymptotic slump) observed in rheometry during creep tests. Thus the slump test appears as a practiceful and relevant means to determine the intrinsic properties of these fluids. For mineral suspensions it is shown that the flow abruptly stops after a short time, a behaviour in agreement with the results of rheometrical tests carried out by progressively decreasing the applied stress. In that case the slump also appears to significantly depend on the procedure and cannot be related to a single property of the material.
Data Variability in Rheological Measurement of Semi-Solid Foods: Effects of Loading Normal Force
Authors: Daniels Pearce Melissa J. , Bellmer Danielle D. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPrevious studies involving rheological measurement of semi-solid foods have reported a large amount of data variability, but have focused little on understanding the cause of such variability. This project examined whether differences in normal force have an effect on the variability of rheological measurements. Experimental methods focused on error introduced during sample loading; specifically whether normal force application during loading influenced the storage (G’) and loss (G”) moduli of semi-solid and liquid foods. Samples were loaded to 5 or 20 N between the parallel plates of a TA-1000N rheometer and tested immediately. For all semi-solid products tested, normal force application during sample loading did significantly affect oscillatory parameters, with G’ and G” measurements increasing up to 50 % with greater normal force. However, loading normal force did not significantly influence the parameters measured for the liquid sample. This suggests that differences in normal force during loading could be a significant source of data variability during rheological measurement of semi-solid products.
Viscoelastic Behavior of Disperse Systems with Silicone Oil and Different Fillers
Authors: Hadjistamov Dimiter 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The rheological behavior of model suspensions with the silicone oil M20000 and different concentrations of Cab-o-sil TS 720 resp. Durcal 5 are compared. The increase of the Cab-o-sil concentration changes the flow behavior of the suspension from shear-thinning, to pseudoplastic, and to plastic flow behavior. The first normal stress difference rises at the same time at certain shear rate. The disperse systems with Durcal 5 keep the structural viscous behavior of the silicone oil even with a filler concentration of 40.5 wt%. The dependence of the first normal stress difference on shear rate represents for suspensions with Durcal 5 only one straight line with a slope of n = 2. The normal stress has double the amount of the silicone oil M20000 at given shear rate and is independent of the used Durcal 5 concentration. It was established that suspensions with the silicone oil M20000 have a first normal stress difference that can, depending on the filler type, either increase (with Cab-o-sil TS 720) or decrease (with Durcal 5) at certain shear stress with increasing filler concentration. It is to be supposed that the decrease of the normal stress at a given shear stress, with increasing Durcal concentration, is a softening effect, caused by the filler.
Flow of Some Carboxymethylcellulose Solutions Through Abrupt Axisymmetric Contractions. Experimental Study and Modelling of Shear Thinning and Elongational Effects
Authors: Devienne René , Corvisier Philippe , Lyazid Abdel 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The focus of this paper will be on the modelling and simulation of contraction flow, with marked aspect ratio β = 6, 9, 12. Two fluid families are considered: a glycerol Newtonian solution and carboxy-methyl-cellulose (CMC) solutions which present particular rheological properties. Their shear thinning character are modelled by a Cross formula over a large scale of shear rates. The elongational properties are taken via a simplified Ericksen model into account. Experimental velocity profiles are determined using the Laser Doppler Anemometry (L.D.A) technique. They are found to be in good agreement with numerical velocity profiles obtained using a finite volume method with extra source terms traducing the particular rheological behaviour proposed here. The simulations allow to determine the different values of an elongational parameter μ3. Then, some numerical results concerning the total energy losses are presented using the usual concept of the equivalent length.
Dynamic Master Curves of Polymer Modified Asphalt from Three Different Geometries
Authors: Polacco Giovanni , Vacin Otakar Josef , Biondi Dario , Stastna Jiri , Zanzotto Ludovit 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Polymer modified asphalt is an highly temperature sensitive material. To obtain the master curves of dynamic material functions, for this material, it is necessary to perform the testing over the temperature interval from -30˚C to at least 90˚C. Since in this temperature range the polymer modified asphalt undergoes the transition from a glass-like to a Newtonian-like material, the benefit of using three testing geometries is studied here. The geometries used were: torsion bar (for the low temperatures), plate-plate (for the mid range temperatures) and bob and cup (for the high temperatures). The advantage of the combination of these three geometries is discussed. Stress and strain controlled rheometers were used to conduct all dynamic experiments. Master curves obtained by these geometries cover up to 20 decades of the reduced frequency.
Stagnation Flow Studies of Polymer Solutions in 2D System
Authors: Joshi Ketan , Wedgewood Lewis 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Stagnation flow studies form a key research area in numerous applications dealt with industry. When a fluid approaches a solid boundary, it undergoes severe deceleration along the axis of impingement. We present the experimental findings of the effects of stagnation point on polymeric flow systems. While coating metal sheets or wires with a polymer melt, the metal sheet forms a moving plane on which a steady flow of the melt is maintained. Further in the process the polymer melt cools down and forms a coating. Stagnation region exists around the point where the polymer melt first touches the metal sheet. We try to simulate this situation except in our experiments the solid plane is not moving. The polymer solution flows down the inverted T-channel and strikes the base where we obtain the stagnation region. Laser Doppler technique is used to analyze the flow profile in this region. Initial analysis includes the analysis of a Newtonian fluid which is compared to theoretical predictions. Polyisobutadiene solution with three different concentrations, 0.1%, 1% and 3%, was tested for observing the effect of the change in concentration on the flow patterns around the stagnation point. In the stagnation region the fluid is not completely stagnant but follows a non-streamwise motion.
Using Self-Sensing Techniques to Produce a Small, Robust, Inexpensive Rheometer
Authors: Hanson Ben , Levesley Martin , Fisher John 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Self-sensing is the technique of using a transducer to both actuate and sense concurrently, therefore eliminating the need for separate sensors. A sensorless rheometer could be much smaller, simpler and more robust than traditional designs. One application where such a rheometer would be desired is the in-situ measurement of curing bone cement in orthopaedic surgery. A set of equations was developed that models the relationship between force, motion and back-e.m.f. generation for a class of electromagnetic actuators. This enables velocity, displacement and force to be self-sensed from voltage measurements only. This self-sensing was validated on a conventional linear electromagnetic actuator, and a small rotary moving magnet device, which was designed to be a small self-sensing rheometer. The accuracy of the estimation was assessed and shown to compare favourably with measured data. The actuators were then used to construct simple rheometers to measure bone cement. Rheological models were used to calculate storage and loss moduli and dynamic viscosity from the self-sensed values of displacement, velocity and torque. The accuracy of these self-sensing rheometers was verified against a traditional rheometer using a silicone fluid and a polyethylene oxide solution. The self-sensing rheometers were used to characterise acrylic bone cements during curing, reinforcing and extending upon previous results. The elimination of sensors meant that it was possible to produce a small, inexpensive rheometer with a very simple structure. This indicates there is potential to develop small rheo-transducers for certain applications.
Sol – Gel Modelling Associated with the Rheology of Polymeric Precursors of Ceramic Materials
Authors: Balan Corneliu , Riedel Ralf 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A general constitutive relation describing the change of viscoelastic behavior during the liquid - solid (sol - gel) transition which takes place in preceramic polymers is derived on the basis of Jeffrey’s 3-constants model with time dependent viscosities and elasticity. It is postulated that the sol - gel - transition can be analyzed analogous to the solutions of the Avrami equation used for modeling crystallization processes. Two different polymer systems used as precursor for the production of ceramic materials are investigated here: i) a mixture based on polysiloxane, alumatrane and isopropanol; ii) a non-oxidic carbodiimide gel based on the reaction of chlorosi-lanes with bis(trimethylsilyl)carbodiimide. Continuous measurements of the dynamic moduli versus reaction time, as well as creep tests at constant shear stress, evidenced both qualitative similarities and quantitative differences associated with the sol - gel transition of the two polymer systems. The shear rate and viscosity dependence of reaction time in creep tests, respectively the evolution of Lissajous figures associated with oscillatory experiments, are found to be consistent with the numerical simulations of the proposed constitutive relation.
Influence of Cluster Formation: Viscosity of Concentrated Emulsions
Authors: Kyazze G. , Starov V. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Recently a new theory of viscosity of concentrated emulsions dependency on volume fraction of droplets (Starov V, Zhdanov G: J. Colloid Interface Sci, 258, 404 (2003)) has been suggested that relates the viscosity of concentrated emulsions to formation of clusters. Through experiments with milk at different concentrations of fat, cluster formation has been validated using optical microscopy and their properties determined using the mentioned theory. Viscometric studies have shown that within the shear rate range studied, both the packing density of fat droplets inside clusters and the relative viscosity of milk (viscosity over skim milk viscosity) are independent of shear-rate, but vary with volume fraction. Comparison of the experimental data with previous theories that assumed that the particles remained discrete shows wide variation. We attribute the discrepancy to cluster formation.
Use of Quadratic Model for Modelling of Fly Ash-Water Mixture
Authors: Marn Jure , Ternik Primož 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Novel approach to rheological modelling of a fly ash-water mixture is proposed. The model is first tested against the available experimental data for a corn starch-water, a glass beads-water and a fly ash-water mixture and then used taking the advantage of available CFD code for a calculation of major and minor losses. Numerical results for Quadratic model are compared with results for Power law.
Rheology and Storage Tests of Dead Sea Shampoo
Authors: Abu-Jdayil Basim , Mohameed Hazim , Snobar Tamara , Sa’id Maha 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Changes in the rheological properties of hair shampoo samples differing in the content of Dead Sea (DS) salt were studied. The rheological properties were tested during a 28-day storage period at three different storage temperatures (cold, room temperature and accelerated conditions). Steady rheological tests were performed and the conductivities of the shampoo samples were determined. The parameters of the power law model; the consistency coefficient and the flow behavior index were used to quantify the effect of storage time and temperature on the rheological behavior of hair shampoo in the presence of DS salt. The consistency coefficient of the salt free shampoo samples stored at 8°C and at room temperature decreased with storage time, and the rheological behavior changed from shear thinning to Newtonian. On the other hand, the samples stored at 45°C exhibited a shear thinning behavior, which did not change with storage time. Shampoo samples with 1.5 wt% DS salt content, showed the maximum viscosity and the rheological behavior of the samples did not change with the storage time. An exception were the samples stored at 45°C, which behaved like the salt free samples stored at room temperature. The conductivity of hair shampoo increased linearly with storage time and salt concentration. A discontinuity at a salt concentration of 1.5% was observed. However, the conductivity of hair shampoo increased with increasing the storage temperature.
Temperature Behavior of Magnetorheological Fluids
Authors: Zschunke F. , Rivas R. , Brunn P.O. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMagnetorheological fluids (MRFs) show a high but reversible rise of the viscosity upon application of an external magnetic field. This effect can be utilized in controllable friction dampers where the MR fluid flows through a gap with a adjustable magnetic field. The change in the magnitude of the magnetic field leads to a change of the viscosity of the fluid which in turn effects the pressure drop in the system. So the damping force can be controlled by the magnitude of the external magnetic field. This energy dissipation leads to a rise of the damper temperature. For designing those dampers it is vital to know the influence of the geometry, which influences the magnetic field strength, as well as the flow properties and the temperature dependence of the magnetorheological effect. An approach to the solution of this problem is shown by using an Arrhenius relationship, where the fluid viscosity is a function of the shear rate, the magnetic field and the temperature. The aim of the here presented research is to show how the fluid behavior can be simply modeled for use in CFD codes to design dampers or other applications.
Bostwick Degree and Rheological Properties: an Up-to-date Viewpoint
Authors: Perona Paolo 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The correlation between the Bostwick degree and the static rheological properties of yield stress food fuids is first revisited and then reformulated in this work. The role of the yield stress in the free surface flow of the Bost-wick test is studied using dimensional analysis. Results from experiments on 48 different samples of yield stress fluids are considered and included to check the adequacy of the proposed correlation. Asymptotic dynamic behaviour is also presented and discussed as a mechanism of complete self similarity with respect of the dimensionless time. This approach would seem to support the opinions in favor of the yield stress as a key parameter, and thus offers an interesting new viewpoint useful to both future experiments on the Bostwick test and studies of 'dam-break' like dynamics.
Evaporation Blocker for Cone-Plate Rheometry of Volatile Samples
Authors: Sato Jun , Breedveld Victor 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
We report on the design and implementation of an evaporation blocker for cone-plate and plate-plate geometries. In addition to minimizing sample evaporation by trapping the saturated vapor inside a sample chamber, an important feature of the evaporation blocker is the suppression of solvent transport through condensation. Validation tests with DI-water, hydrogels, and colloidal suspensions demonstrate that the new accessory reduces solvent evaporation significantly more than commercially available environmental control chambers. Experiments were also performed to show that the evaporation blocker enables a variety of experiments on thermoresponsive complex fluids that were previously impossible, and provide new insight into the molecular organization of these materials. The evaporation blocker was specifically designed for an Anton Paar MCR rheometer, but the fundamental principles are widely applicable.
Getting the Central RDM Message Across: A Case Study of Central versus Discipline-Specific Research Data Services (RDS) at the University of Cambridge
Authors: Castle Clair 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRDS are usually cross-disciplinary, centralised services, which are increasingly provided at a university by the academic library and in collaboration with other RDM stakeholders, such as the Research Office. At research-intensive universities, research data is generated in a wide range of disciplines and sub-disciplines. This paper will discuss how providing discipline-specific RDM support is approached by such universities and academic libraries, and the advantages and disadvantages of these central and discipline-specific approaches.A descriptive case study on the author’s experiences of collaborating with a central RDS at the University of Cambridge, as a subject librarian embedded in an academic department, is a major component of this paper. The case study describes how centralised RDM services offered by the Office of Scholarly Communication (OSC) have been adapted to meet discipline-specific needs in the Department of Chemistry. It will introduce the department and the OSC, and describe the author’s role in delivering RDM training, as well as the Data Champions programme, and their membership of the RDM Project Group. It will describe the outcomes of this collaboration for the Department of Chemistry, and for the centralised service.Centralised and discipline-specific approaches to RDS provision have their own advantages and disadvantages. Supporting the discipline-specific RDM needs of researchers is proving particularly challenging for universities to address sustainably: it requires adequate financial resources and staff skilled (or re-skilled) in RDM. A mixed approach is the most desirable, cost-effective way of providing RDS, but this still has constraints.
High-temperature Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Osipov Armenak A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has a long-standing reputation as a powerful tool for structural investigation of the various materials. However, application of this technique to study the melt structure directly under high-temperature requires its certain modification. The methods of the registration of high-temperature Raman spectra were considered. Particular attention was paid to considering the systems on time-resolved filtering of the thermal radiation.