bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resolving homography: The role of post-homograph context in reading aloud ambiguous sentences in Hebrew
Authors: Bar-On Amalia , Dattner Elitzur , Braun-Peretz Oriya 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis study examined whether the context immediately succeeding a heterophonic-homographic word (ht-homographic) plays a role in ambiguity resolution during voiced reading of Hebrew. A pretest was designed to find the preferred alternatives of 12 ht-homographic words: 20 adult subjects completed truncated sentences, each ending with a homographic word, preceded by a context allowing for both of its alternatives to be read. Following the pretest, each word was embedded in four research conditions determined by post-homographic context (keeping preceding context constant): two adjacent revealing contexts, one supporting the preferred alternative and the other the un-preferred alternative; and two distant revealing contexts, one supporting the preferred alternative and the other the un-preferred alternative. Four lists of 12 sentences, each including the four conditions, were then read aloud by four groups of 20 adults. Results from a generalized linear mixed-model analysis showed that the immediately succeeding context affected the deciphering of un-preferred alternatives in voiced reading. An item analysis further showed that highly preferred alternatives were less prone to the immediately succeeding context effect than slightly preferred alternatives. We conclude that the context immediately succeeding a ht-homographic word plays a role in ambiguity resolution during voiced reading, through interactions with the word’s lexical and syntactic characteristics.
REVIEWING THE REVIEWS
Authors: Ezzo Jeannette , Bausell Barker , Moerman Daniel E. , Berman Brian , Hadhazy Victoria 
Published: September 2019

Objectives: The objectives of this paper were: a) to determine what can be learned from conclusions of systematic reviews about the evidence base of medicine; and b) to determine whether two readers draw similar conclusions from the same review, and whether these match the authors' conclusions.Methods: Three methodologists (two per review) rated 160 Cochrane systematic reviews (issue 1, 1998) using pre-established conclusion categories. Disagreements were resolved by discussion to arrive at a consensual score for each review. Reviews' authors were asked to use the same categories to designate the intended conclusion. Interrater agreements were calculated.Results: Interrater agreement between two readers was 0.68 and 0.72, and between readers and authors, 0.32. The largest categories assigned by methodologists were “positive effect” (22.5%), “insufficient evidence” (21.3%), and “evidence of no effect” (20.0%). The largest categories assigned by authors were “insufficient evidence” (32.4%), “possibly positive” (28.6%), and “positive effect” (26.7%).Conclusions: The number of reviews indicating that the modern biomedical interventions show either no effect or insufficient evidence is surprisingly high. Intterrater disagreements suggest a surprising degree of subjective interpretation involved in systematic reviews. Where patterns of disagreement emerged between authors and readers, authors tended to be more optimistic in their conclusions than the readers. Policy implications are discussed.
AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF PAIN THERAPY AFTER HYSTERECTOMY
Authors: Rittenhouse Brian E. , Choinière Manon 
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To assess the economics of patient-controlled
analgesia (PCA) treatment versus regular intramuscular (IM) injections of
opioid analgesia for pain management after hysterectomy.Methods: Cost-minimization analysis was used based on the
comparable pain control results achieved in the two treatment groups.
Observations were taken of treatment-related events with personnel (mostly
nursing) time implications during the trial. Times were then associated with
these events in an independent study of personnel activity. Costs were linked
by using average wage rates for the various personnel for the Montreal area
during the time of the study. Drug and material costs were hospital
acquisition costs for all items. The cost of the PCA pump itself was not
included in the analysis. Several analyses were performed to test the
sensitivity of the results to various assumptions.Results: The results for total costs of the two therapies
generally showed PCA to be more costly than regular IM injections despite no
costs of the pump being included in the analyses. These results were robust
with respect to changes in assumptions. Even when intentionally biasing the
analysis against IM therapy, it was difficult to obtain results that favored
PCA.Conclusions: Based upon the institutions and assumptions in this
analysis, PCA offers no cost advantages over regular IM therapy in the pain
management after hysterectomy. Regular IM injections provided less costly
analgesia.
QUALITY-ASSESSED REVIEWS OF HEALTH CARE INTERVENTIONS AND THE DATABASE OF
ABSTRACTS OF REVIEWS OF EFFECTIVENESS (DARE)
Authors: Petticrew Mark , Song Fujian , Wilson Paul , Wright Kath 
Published: September 2019

Objectives: Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness
(DARE) (http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/crd/) at the NHS Centre
for Reviews and Dissemination provides a unique international resource of
structured summaries of quality-assessed reviews of health care interventions.
These reviews have been identified from searches of electronic databases and
by hand-searching journals. This paper describes and summarizes the DARE
database, including the topic areas covered and the review methods used.Methods: The first 480 structured abstracts on the DARE database
were summarized. Data were extracted from each database field and coded for
analysis.Results: Most of the systematic reviews investigated the
effectiveness of treatments: 54% investigated the effectiveness of medical
therapies, and 10% assessed surgical interventions. Around two-thirds used
meta-analytic methods to combine primary studies. The quality of the reviews
was variable, with just over half of the reviews (52%, n = 251) having
systematically assessed the validity of the included primary studies.
Narrative reviews were more likely than meta-analyses to reach negative
conclusions (42% vs. 25%, p = .0001). The 21 reviews that reported
drug company funding were more likely to reach positive conclusions (81% vs.
66%, p = .15).Conclusion: The DARE database is a valuable source of
quality-assessed systematic reviews, and is free and easily accessible. It
provides a valuable online resource to help in filtering out poorer quality
reviews when assessing the effectiveness of health technologies.
HOW URGENT ARE EMERGENCY ADMISSIONS?
Authors: Hotvedt Ragnar , Thoner Just , Wilskow Arne W. , Førde Olav H. 
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To assess necessary treatment and degree of urgency
for patients admitted to emergency rooms, and potential health consequences of
transfer to nearest alternative hospital.Methods: During 1 month, we included all 1,300 emergently admitted
patients in all seven general hospitals in a Norwegian county with a
population of 236,921 inhabitants. The number of patients in need of surgical
and/or intensive medical treatment, the urgency of the necessary
treatment, and the risk to each patient of adverse permanent health
consequences of further transport to nearest alternative hospital were
assessed by a multidisciplinary expert panel.Results: Ninety-four patients (7.2% of 1300 patients) were
considered in need of either surgical (n = 22) or intensive medical treatment
(n = 70) or both (n = 2) within 8 hours of arrival in hospital. Medical
treatment had the greatest urgency, while surgery most often could be
postponed. In cases where the patients were initially to be given only
stabilizing treatment and then transported (assisted by qualified personnel)
to another hospital, the panel estimated the risk of losing health benefit to
be high for 14 patients. In six of these cases the risk was linked to delay of
thrombolytic treatment.Conclusions: Fewer than 10% of the patients who are admitted as
emergency cases to general hospitals in Norway need surgical or intensive
medical treatment within 8 hours of their arrival. The medical consequences of
transport of patients to the nearest alternative hospital are generally small
and can often be further reduced by simple means.
CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION IN GERMANY
Authors: Perleth Matthias , Mannebach Hermann , Busse Reinhard , Gleichmann Ulrich , Schwartz Friedrich Wilhelm 
Published: September 2019

Objective: To describe the diffusion of cardiac catheterization
technologies and time trends of their use according to setting and geographic
region in Germany during a 13-year period. It is hypothesized that the cardiac
catheterization technology has matured from an experimental state to a broadly
accepted technology.Methods: Data come from the annual survey of the German Society
for Cardiovascular Research. All German cardiac catheterization units are
requested to provide data on volume and type of catheterization procedures.
Data are available from 1984 to 1996. Number and type of procedure, type of
unit, diagnoses, and complications are all recorded. The overall response rate
is 90%, on average.Results: The total number of catheterization units was 324 in
1996, or an average of 3.69 units per 1 million population. In 1996, all of
the East German Länder and districts were below average. Utilization of
cardiac catheterization procedures increased exponentially during the study
period. The number of angiographies rose from about 45,000 in 1984 to more
than 450,000 in 1996; the number of angioplasties increased almost by a factor
of 50 to 125,000 procedures in 1996. Inverse correlations between the rates
per million population of either coronary angiographies or PTCAs and mortality
rates from ischemic heart disease were observed at the level of the German
Länder.Conclusion: Further studies taking patient characteristics,
long-term outcomes, and other factors in account are necessary to clarify the
large geographic variations and the negative relationship between utilization
rates and coronary heart disease mortality found in this study.
COMBINING FEEDBACK FROM SIMULATED CASES AND PRESCRIBING
Authors: Lundborg Cecilia Stålsby , Wahlström Rolf , Diwan Vinod Kumar , Oke Thimothy , Mårtenson Dick , Tomson Göran 
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To develop and evaluate a new model of continuing
medical education (CME) for general practitioners (GPs). The study is part of
the joint European Drug Education Project (DEP). This paper presents the
Swedish part regarding the design of the evaluation study, the educational
methodology, and the participants' evaluation.Methods: An educational model was developed. Two peer group
discussions (facilitated by a GP/pharmacist team), including individual
feedback on the GPs' judgments of written simulated cases and
prescribing, were main components. The model was tested in a parallel
randomized controlled study including 36 GP groups, allocated to education on
asthma or urinary tract infections. Background and outcome data were knowledge
and attitudes (K/A) assessed by a questionnaire and prescribing practices
for actual and written simulated cases. The GPs' evaluation of the model
was captured through a questionnaire.Results: All 36 groups completed the program. The mean
participation rate in the group discussions was 75%. The response rates were
82–98% regarding background, 60–83% regarding outcome data
(K/A questionnaire and written cases), and 80% regarding the evaluation
questionnaire. Prescribing data were captured for 99% of the GPs. Both group
discussions were considered important by 84–89%. Eighty-seven percent
wished to take part in similar CME activities for other conditions. About 80%
reported that their purpose in participating had been fulfilled.Conclusions: It was feasible to evaluate the developed educational
model by using a two-armed parallel study design. The model was well received
by the participants.
UTILIZATION OF PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY FOR QUALITY
ASSURANCE IN HEALTH CARE FROM 1983 TO 1996
Authors: Mariotto Aldo , Zeni Lucia , Selle Vittorio , Favaretti Carlo 
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To examine the distribution of interventional cardiac
catheterization laboratories, their case load, the time trends, and the
regional variation of percutaneous transluminal cutaneous angioplasty (PTCA)
utilization in Italy.Methods: Analysis of data was provided by the annual reports of
the Italian Group of Studies and Interventional Cardiology over the period
from 1983 to 1996.Results: The number of PTCA facilities and their use steadily
increased, mainly in the North. In 1996 the utilization rate was 34 per
100,000 population, but only 60% of labs performed 200 or more procedures.Conclusions: Dramatic time trends and regional variations often
took place without an epidemiology and technology assessment-based planning
process.
Through a Glass, Darkly: Long-Term Antiquities Auction Data in Context
Authors: Brodie Neil 
Published: September 2019

Abstract:The antiquities catalogues of major auction houses comprise an accessible long-term source of information about the auction market in antiquities and the market in antiquities more generally. The information contained in these catalogues has been used to investigate the nature and scale of the market and to assess the impact of legal and normative measures of market control. But, by way of two case studies, referencing Iraqi and Cambodian material sold at the New York branch of Sotheby’s, this article argues that, while auction catalogues do provide an invaluable source of information for investigating the antiquities market, it can be misleading. Changing material or monetary statistics might reflect commercial factors unrelated to market control. For more reliable research, long-term auction data should be contextualized with information available from other sources.
The Past Polluted: A Pigovian Approach to the Black Market in Antiquities
Authors: Rothfield Lawrence 
Published: September 2019

Abstract:In the global struggle to protect not-yet-excavated archaeological sites from looting, despite legal strictures, the playing field remains badly tilted against the site guards, customs officials, antiquities police, and prosecutors who lack the financial resources to enforce existing laws. To supplement and give teeth to the strict, but ineffectual, legal regime now in place, economic theory points to a policy solution: a “pollution tax” on antiquities purchased by residents of “market” countries, designed to internalize the social costs of looting so that the industry either takes measures to clean itself up or pays the government to prevent or mitigate the harm the industry causes. Tailored to fall more heavily on antiquities with weaker provenance or extremely high prices, and channeled into an antiquities-protection “superfund” (as was done to clean up toxic chemical sites) or via existing governmental agencies, a Pigovian tax on antiquities could provide a sustainable funding stream for more robust monitoring and enforcement efforts against the illicit market as well as for better site security. Archaeologists and dealers may find the idea of this kind of tax repugnant, but such feelings may be overcome through sustained discussion and negotiation explaining the benefits to both sides of a more licit regulated market.
Family, lineage and dynasty in the late medieval city: re-thinking the English evidence
Authors: Liddy Christian D. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractEver since the publication in 1948 of Sylvia Thrupp's seminal book,The Merchant Class of Medieval London, successive generations of historians of English cities have advanced two central claims about the distinctiveness of the English urban landscape. First, ‘urban dynasties’ in late medieval England very rarely survived beyond two or three generations. Secondly, their weakness was a ‘peculiarly English’ phenomenon and a fundamental difference between English and continental towns. The article explores the historiographical significance of this thesis, the strength of which rests upon its explanatory role within a much wider narrative of English exceptionalism. It argues that the thesis has implications for the study of cities in continental Europe and, finally, it suggests that the English evidence might reveal a much more interesting picture of elite reproduction, when we think more critically and comparatively about how urban elites conceptualized ‘lineage’.
Fractal correlations and linear analyses of heart rate variability in healthy young people with different levels of physical activity
Authors: Moraes Íbis A. P. , Silva Talita D. , Massetti Thais , Menezes Lilian D. C. , Ribeiro Vivian F. , Tropiano Ligia M. C. C. , Barnabé Viviani , Hoshi Rosangela A. , Monteiro Carlos B. M. , Fernandes Marcelo 
Published: September 2019

AbstractChanges in cardiac autonomic regulation, expressed by increased sympathetic activity and decreased heart rate variability, have an important relationship with the onset of lethal cardiac phenomena. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the cardiac autonomic behaviour in young people according to their level of physical activity. Through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, 55 healthy young non-smokers with no history of previous diseases and whose parents did not suffer from metabolic syndrome were assessed and divided into groups: sedentary (n=12), insufficiently active (n=16), active (n=14), and very active (n=13). We collected respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest, and body mass index. Subjects remained supine at rest, and without mental stress for 15 minutes in a controlled environment. Using a cardiofrequency meter (Polar® RS800CX), data were analysed in the time domain, frequency domain, and detrended fluctuation analysis. For the sedentary group, the mean RR and rMSSD were significantly lower, and the insufficiently active group showed higher means, but significantly only for rMSSD. The insufficiently active group showed in the detrended fluctuation analysis that α2 was significantly lower compared with the sedentary, active, and very active groups. We conclude that young, healthy, sedentary individuals present an increased heart rate and that insufficiently active individuals present a decreased fractal correlation and increased parasympathetic activity.
Virtual clinics for follow-up of pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators in children
Authors: Spentzou Georgia , Mayne Kaitlin , Fulton Helen , McLeod Karen 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThere is growing interest in the use of digital medicine to reduce the need for traditional outpatient follow-up. Remote interrogation of pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators is now possible with most devices. The aim of our study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of virtual pacing clinics in following up children with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators, including epicardial systems.Methods:The study was retrospective over 8 years (2010–2017), with review of patient records and analysis of downloads from the implantable cardiac devices to the virtual clinics.Results:A total of 75 patients were set up for virtual clinic follow-up during the study period, 94.5% with a pacemaker and 5.5% an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. The majority (76.8%) had an epicardial system. Data on lead impedance, battery longevity, programmed parameters, detected arrhythmias, percentage pacing and delivered defibrillator therapies were obtainable by download. Lead threshold measurements were obtainable via download in 83.7% of the devices, including epicardial systems. No concerning device issue was missed. In 15% of patients a major issue was detected remotely, including three patients with lead fractures. The virtual clinics resulted in fewer hospital attendances while enhancing monitoring and enabling more frequent device checks. The vast majority (91.4%) of families who responded to a questionnaire were satisfied with the virtual clinic follow-up.Conclusions:Virtual clinics allow safe and effective follow-up of children with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators, including those with epicardial systems and are associated with high levels of parent satisfaction.
Cheatham-platinum-covered stent, aortic coarctation, and left subclavian artery: sometimes is there one too many?
Authors: Tufaro Vincenzo , Butera Gianfranco 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA new approach was used in the percutaneous treatment of two patients with severe recoarctation involving the origin of the left subclavian artery. A tiny handmade fenestration was created in a NuMED-covered Cheatham-platinum stent before its implantation to avoid left subclavian artery occlusion. The stent placement was performed using a two-guidewire technique in which the different stiffness helped a proper positioning of the stent. After the stent deployment, the fenestration was enlarged performing a balloon angioplasty to improve flow in left subclavian artery.
An unusual case of pericardial effusion
Authors: Surak Aimann , Bravo Grace , McMurray Amanda , Altamirano-Diaz Luis , Taheri Sepideh 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe report a case of a 13-year-old male with trisomy 21 in Southwestern Ontario, Canada, who presented with bilateral pneumonia, pericardial effusion, and peripheral oedema. The pericardial effusion did not respond to standard treatment options. Evaluation revealed severe dietary restriction, consistent with kwashiorkor. Hospital course was complicated by severe hypoalbuminaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, and hypophosphataemia. The pericardial effusion and other findings resolved gradually upon slow introduction of a well-balanced diet and adequate caloric and protein intake. Kwashiorkor is an unusual cause of pericardial effusion and can be overlooked especially in developed countries. It is a type of protein–calorie malnutrition often seen in children of impoverished countries and famine. It is a result of insufficient protein intake in the context of adequate caloric intake. Pericardial effusion not responding to usual treatment is a challenge, and other aetiologies must be considered. Malnutrition is often underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed in developed countries with devastating outcomes if unrecognised. This makes it imperative to consider this diagnosis, recognise potential risk factors, and be prepared to accurately assess overall nutritional status.
Eysenck and Wolpe: Not the End of an Era
Authors: Salkovskis Paul 
Published: September 2019

This issue contains the obituaries of two of the greats in our field, and it
is tempting to regard it as the end of an era. Hans Eysenck and Joseph Wolpe
were truly giants in the field, truly founding fathers of scientific
cognitive-behavioural therapy. Their passing is a landmark, but clearly
not the end of an era. The era that they ushered in was one in
which the basis of psychopathology and treatment lay in well defined theory
and rigorous, well conducted research. That philosophy has grown, developed,
and has given us a scientific basis for cognitive-behavioural therapy.I believe that it is no coincidence that both men intended, at an early
age, to follow a career in the physical sciences. They had many other
characteristics in common, including a firmness of purpose that served both
them and the field well. Isaac Newton, writing to Robert Hooke, said of his
achievements that “If I have seen further it is by standing on
the shoulders of Giants”. Eysenck and Wolpe were such giants, and we should be grateful for their shoulders, and for the vision
that their achievements allow us.