bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
M87 black hole mass and spin estimate through the position of the jet boundary shape break
Authors: Nokhrina E E , Gurvits L I , Beskin V S , Nakamura M , Asada K , Hada K 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We propose a new method of estimating the mass of a supermassive black hole residing in the centre of an active galaxy. The active galaxy M87 offers a convenient test case for the method due to the existence of a large amount of observational data on the jet and ambient environment properties in the central area of the object. We suggest that the observed transition of a jet boundary shape from a parabolic to a conical form is associated with the flow transiting from the magnetically dominated regime to the energy equipartition between plasma bulk motion and magnetic field. By coupling the unique set of observations available for the jet kinematics, environment and boundary profile with our MHD modelling under assumption on the presence of a dynamically important magnetic field in the M87 jet, we estimate the central black hole mass and spin. The method leads us to believe that the M87 supermassive black hole has a mass somewhat larger than typically accepted so far.
Structural characterization of Class 2 OLD family nucleases supports a two-metal catalysis mechanism for cleavage
Authors: Schiltz Carl J , Lee April , Partlow Edward A , Hosford Christopher J , Chappie Joshua S 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Overcoming lysogenization defect (OLD) proteins constitute a family of uncharacterized nucleases present in bacteria, archaea, and some viruses. These enzymes contain an N-terminal ATPase domain and a C-terminal Toprim domain common amongst replication, recombination, and repair proteins. The in vivo activities of OLD proteins remain poorly understood and no definitive structural information exists. Here we identify and define two classes of OLD proteins based on differences in gene neighborhood and amino acid sequence conservation and present the crystal structures of the catalytic C-terminal regions from the Burkholderia pseudomallei and Xanthamonas campestris p.v. campestris Class 2 OLD proteins at 2.24 Å and 1.86 Å resolution respectively. The structures reveal a two-domain architecture containing a Toprim domain with altered architecture and a unique helical domain. Conserved side chains contributed by both domains coordinate two bound magnesium ions in the active site of B. pseudomallei OLD in a geometry that supports a two-metal catalysis mechanism for cleavage. The spatial organization of these domains additionally suggests a novel mode of DNA binding that is distinct from other Toprim containing proteins. Together, these findings define the fundamental structural properties of the OLD family catalytic core and the underlying mechanism controlling nuclease activity.
Archaeology and Material Culture of Phoenicia and the Phoenicians
Authors: Lehmann Gunnar 
Published: July 2019

The Phoenicians are the population of ancient Lebanon during the first millennium bce. However, Phoenician settlement was also located on the coast of modern Syria and Israel. The Phoenicians were not immigrants and developed out of the local Bronze Age populations of the second millennium bce. Some scholars do not distinguish the Late Bronze Age (1550–1150 bce) city-states of Lebanon from those of the Phoenicians in the Iron Age of the 1st millennium bce. Rather than defining “Phoenicia” with ethnic features, the approach chosen here emphasizes aspects of the political economy. With the sociopolitical changes at the end of the Late Bronze Age, new communities emerged with a specific pattern of social and political organization and economic activities that increasingly included “private” entrepreneurial initiatives. With these developments, a new form of Levantine city-state emerged from previous Bronze Age formations. Another specific feature of the Phoenician phenomenon is the development of an alphabetic writing that had significant influence on ancient scripts of the first millennium bce, such as Hebrew, Aramaic, or ancient Greek writing. This bibliography focuses on the archaeology of the Phoenician homeland in the Levant during the Iron Age and the Persian period (c. 1150–330 bce). Scholars have repeatedly investigated the problem of defining the Phoenicians—if this is at all possible. The appellation “Phoenicians” originates in ancient Greek views and does not represent the self-definition of “Phoenicians” themselves, who preferred to identify themselves with their urban communities, such as “man of Tyre” or “woman of Arwad.” The unprecedented rise of the Phoenician economy after the ninth century bce had a significant impact on social and cultural changes in the Levant and the Mediterranean. Phoenician material culture appeared in all the neighboring economies of Phoenicia and led eventually to a colonization in the western Mediterranean. However one wants to define the Phoenicians, they were among the principal agents of an early globalization of the Mediterranean and the ancient Near East.
Richard Maidstone
Authors: Russell Arthur 
Published: July 2019

Richard Maidstone (d. 1396) was a Carmelite friar, theologian, and poet whose career flourished during the reign of Richard II (r. 1377–1399). Maidstone is thought to hail from Kent, perhaps near Aylesford, where he joined the Carmelite order. Maidstone’s name first appears in the registers of bishop William Wykeham (b. 1367–d. 1404), who presided over his ordination on 20 December 1376 at the convent church of Merton priory in London. Sometime before 1390, Maidstone moved to Oxford, where he earned a bachelor degree and, presumably, a doctorate in theology; his records of attendance and degrees granted have yet to be discovered. While at Oxford, he authored a series of Latin theological treatises and sermons on the office of the priesthood, interpretation of scripture, and in defense of apostolic poverty. During this period, Maidstone likely composed his verse translation and meditation on the seven penitential psalms in Middle English. Maidstone obtained license to preach and hear confession in the diocese of Rochester in 1390 and, soon after, is believed to have served as confessor to John of Gaunt. Maidstone’s surviving Anglo-Latin court poetry includes Concordia, celebrating Richard II’s return to London in 1393, and possibly “Nobis natura florem,” commemorating the death of Anna of Bohemia in 1394. Richard Maidstone died on 1 June 1396 and was laid to rest in the cloister at Aylesford.
Course participation and the recognition and reporting of occupational ill-health
Authors: Beach J , Cherry N 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
The Foundation Course in Occupational Medicine for community-based physicians was started in Alberta in 2012 and has since been implemented across Canada. As part of the evaluation of the first 4 years, two studies were initiated to assess the impact of the course on assessment of work-relatedness and case-reporting.

Aims
To determine whether assessment of work-relatedness, intention to report cases and number of cases reported to the Workers’ Compensation Board (WCB) changed during/after the course.

Methods
In study 1, course participants were asked to rate scenarios describing ill-health potentially resulting from work. They rated work-relatedness on a visual analogue scale and recorded whether they would report to the WCB. Assessments were made before the course started, after course completion or both. In study 2, numbers of reports to the WCB were documented for physicians giving consent, both for Foundation Course participants and a comparison group of community-based physicians. Multilevel regression models were fitted to allow for potential confounders and clustering within respondent.

Results
Among 102 physicians completing at least one set of scenario assessments, ratings of work-relatedness (β = 6.5; 95% CI 2.6–10.4) and likelihood of reporting to the WCB (OR = 1.9; 95% CI 1.2–3.1) increased significantly post-course. The mean annual number of cases reported to the WCB increased from 91.8 to 125.7 among the 35 Alberta physicians included in study 2. This change was only significant (P &lt; 0.05) on a one-sided test.

Conclusion
The two evaluative studies showed good evidence of changes in perceptions and intentions but only weak evidence of behavioural change.
Returning to the parental home after the Great Recession: a matter of partnership dissolution or unemployment?
Authors: Mazzotta Fernanda , Parisi Lavinia 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article provides an analysis of the return of young people to the parental home in 23 European countries. It analyses the effect of the Great Recession, considering the period between 2006 and 2014 and controlling for two key determinants of living arrangements: employment and partnership. The main finding is that the Great Recession has increased the probability of returning home: two peaks are observed in 2009 and 2011, with a percentage of returnees almost double that at the beginning of the period under consideration. Returning home seems more closely linked to partnership than to employment.
The United States As A Developing Nation: Revisiting The Peculiarities Of American History*
Authors: Link Stefan , Maggor Noam 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
It has recently been suggested that the economic departure of the United States after the Civil War marked a ‘Second Great Divergence’. Compared to the ‘First’, the rise of Britain during the Industrial Revolution, this Second Great Divergence is curiously little understood: because the United States remains the template for modernization narratives, its trajectory is more easily accepted as preordained than interrogated as an unlikely historical outcome. But why should development have been problematic everywhere but the United States? This Viewpoint argues that a robust explanation for the United States's rise is lacking: it can neither be found in an economic history literature focused on factor endowments nor in internalist Americanist historiography, which often reproduces overdetermined accounts of modernization inspired by Max Weber. The most promising avenue of inquiry, we argue, lies in asking how American political institutions configured what should properly be called an American developmental state. Such a perspective opens up a broad comparative research agenda that provincializes the United States from the perspective of development experiences elsewhere.
Can Nonclinician Raters Be Trained to Assess Clinical Reasoning in Postencounter Patient Notes?
Authors: Yudkowsky Rachel , Hyderi Abbas , Holden Jaime , Kiser Robert , Stringham Richard , Gangopadhyaya Ananya , Khan Asra , Park Yoon Soo 
Published: July 2019

Purpose
Clinical reasoning is often assessed through patient notes (PNs) following standardized patient (SP) encounters. While nonclinicians can score PNs using analytic tools such as checklists, these do not sufficiently encompass the holistic judgments of clinician faculty. To better model faculty judgments, the authors developed checklists with faculty-specified scoring formulas embedded in spreadsheets and studied the resulting interrater reliability (IRR) of nonclinician raters (SPs and medics) and student pass/fail status.

Method
In Study 1, nonclinician and faculty raters rescored PNs of 55 third-year medical students across 5 cases of the 2017 Graduation Competency Examination (GCE) to determine IRR. In Study 2, nonclinician raters scored all notes of the 5-case 2018 GCE (178 students). Faculty rescored all notes of failing students and could modify formula-derived scores if faculty felt appropriate. Faculty also rescored and corrected scores of additional notes for a total of 90 notes (3 cases, including failing notes).

Results
Mean overall percent exact agreement between nonclinician and faculty ratings was 87% (weighted kappa, 0.86) and 83% (weighted kappa, 0.88) for Study 1 and Study 2, respectively. SP and medic IRRs did not differ significantly. Four students failed the note section in 2018; 3 passed after faculty corrections. Few corrections were made to nonfailing students’ notes.

Conclusions
Nonclinician PN raters using checklists and scoring rules may provide a feasible alternative to faculty raters for low-stakes assessments and for the bulk of well-performing students. Faculty effort can be targeted strategically at rescoring notes of low-performing students and providing more detailed feedback.
Defining Rural: The Predictive Value of Medical School Applicants’ Rural Characteristics on Intent to Practice in a Rural Community
Authors: Wendling Andrea L. , Shipman Scott A. , Jones Karen , Kovar-Gough Iris , Phillips Julie 
Published: July 2019

Purpose
To understand the predictive value of medical student application characteristics on rural practice intent.

Method
The authors constructed a linked database of 2012–2017 medical school matriculants from American Medical College Application Service applications and Association of American Medical Colleges Matriculating Student Questionnaire (MSQ, 2012–2017) and Graduation Questionnaire (GQ, 2016–2018). Using logistic regression, they compared application variables (birth, high school, childhood county, and self-declared geographical origin) to students’ MSQ and GQ intent to practice rurally. Rural practice intent from matriculation to graduation was compared using the McNemar test for paired nominal data.

Results
The number of students meeting inclusion criteria was 115,027. More students self-declared rural origin (18,662; 16.4%) than were identified using geographically coded variables (6,097–8,784; 6.1%–8.1%). Geographically coded rural variables were all strongly and similarly associated with rural practice intent, with rural high school being the most predictive on both MSQ (odds ratio [OR], 6.51; CI, 6.1–7.0) and GQ (OR, 5.4; CI, 4.9–6.0). Self-declared geographical origin was associated with a similar rural practice intent on both MSQ (OR, 6.93; CI, 6.5–7.3) and GQ (OR, 5.69; CI, 5.2–6.2). Rural practice intent declined for all groups from matriculation to graduation.

Conclusions
Considering students who self-declare as rural identifies a larger group of rural medical school applicants than more “objective” geographic variables, without negatively impacting students’ predicted interest in eventual rural practice. Further research should track actual practice location and explore strategies to mitigate declining rural career interest.
Effect of Professional Background and Gender on Residents’ Perceptions of Leadership
Authors: Ju Mindy , van Schaik Sandrijn M. 
Published: July 2019

Purpose
To examine the impact of professional background and gender of a resuscitation team leader on residents’ perceptions of leadership skills.

Method
The authors video-recorded a scripted, simulated resuscitation scenario twice, with either a male or a female team leader. They copied each video and labeled the leader as physician (MD) or nurse practitioner (NP), creating 4 conditions: female NP, female MD, male NP, or male MD. The authors recruited resident participants from 5 specialties at 4 institutions; they randomly assigned residents to view one version of the video and rate the team leader’s performance using the Ottawa Crisis Resource Management Global Rating Scale (Ottawa CRM) in an online survey. The authors conducted 2-way ANOVA to examine interactions between team leader gender and profession on Ottawa CRM ratings.

Results
One hundred sixty residents responded (89 females, 71 males). A statistically significant main effect of team leader gender on residents’ ratings was found in 2 of the 6 Ottawa CRM domains, leadership (F
1,156 = 6.97, P = .009) and communication skills (F
1,156 = 8.53, P = .004), due to lower ratings for female than male leaders (5.29 ± 0.95 vs 5.74 ± 1.17; 5.05 ± 1.20 vs 5.57 ± 1.06). There was no effect of profession on ratings and no significant interaction between profession and gender of the team leader on ratings for any of the domains.

Conclusions
These findings indicate bias among residents against females as team leaders. Mitigating such bias is essential to successfully establish shared leadership models in health care.
Monoclonal Antibody Monitoring: Clinically Relevant Aspects, A Systematic Critical Review
Authors: Regazzi Mario , Golay Joseè , Molinaro Mariadelfina 
Published: July 2019

Abstract:
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy does not usually lead to a clinical response in all patients and resistance may increase over time after repeated mAb administration. This lack or loss of response to the treatment may originate from different and little-known epigenetic, biomolecular, or pathophysiological mechanisms, although an inadequate serum concentration is perhaps the most likely cause, even if not widely recognized and investigated yet. Patient factors that influence the pharmacokinetics (PK) of a mAb should be taken into account. Multiple analyses of patient-derived PK data have identified various factors influencing the clearance of mAbs. These factors include the presence of antidrug antibodies, low serum albumin, high serum levels of C-reactive protein, high body weight, and gender differences among others. The same clearance processes involved in systemic clearance after intravenous administration are also involved in local first-pass catabolism after subcutaneous administration of mAbs. Therapeutic drug monitoring has been proposed as a way to understand and respond to the variability in clinical response and remission. For both classes of mAbs with anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects, dose-guided optimization based on the measurement of serum concentrations in individual patients could be the next step for a personalized and targeted mAb therapy.
Emotional Suppression and Hypervigilance in Military Caregivers: Relationship to Negative and Positive Affect
Authors: Sander Angelle M. , Boileau Nicholas R. , Hanks Robin A. , Tulsky David S. , Carlozzi Noelle E. 
Published: July 2019

Objective:
To investigate the relationship of 2 health-related quality-of-life (QOL) item banks (Emotional Suppression and Caregiver Vigilance), developed for caregivers of service members/veterans with traumatic brain injury (TBI), to caregivers' positive and negative affect.

Setting:
Community.

Participants:
One hundred sixty-five caregivers of service members/veterans with TBI.

Design:
Retrospective database analysis.

Main Measures:
TBI-CareQOL Emotional Suppression; TBI-CareQOL Caregiver Vigilance; measures of negative (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System [PROMIS] Depression, PROMIS Anger, TBI-CareQOL Caregiver-Specific Anxiety, National Institutes of Health Toolbox [NIHTB] Perceived Stress, GAD-7) and positive affect (Neuro-QOL Positive Affect and Well-being, NIHTB Self-efficacy, NIHTB General Life Satisfaction, Family Resilience Scale for Veterans, TBI-QOL Resilience).

Results:
When considered separately, linear regression showed that higher levels of Emotional Suppression and greater Caregiver Vigilance were individually associated with more negative affect and less positive affect. When considered together, the pattern of findings was generally consistent for both Emotional Suppression and Caregiver Vigilance with regard to negative affect and for Emotional Suppression with regard to positive affect. However, when considered together, Caregiver Vigilance was no longer related to positive affect.

Conclusions:
Caregivers with high emotional suppression and/or vigilance are more likely to show emotional distress and less likely to have positive affect than caregivers with lower levels of emotional suppression and vigilance. A combination of education and individual counseling targeting coping with negative emotions and TBI-related problems may be beneficial.
Adherence to Treatment of Female Patients With Coronary Heart Disease After a Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Kähkönen Outi , Saaranen Terhi , Kankkunen Päivi , Miettinen Heikki , Kyngäs Helvi 
Published: July 2019

Background:
Adherence to treatment is essential to prevent the progression of coronary heart disease (CHD), which is the most common cause of death among women. Coronary heart disease in women has special characteristics: the conventional risk factors are more harmful to women than men, accumulation of risk factors is common, and women have nontraditional risk factors such as gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. In addition, worse outcomes, higher incidence of death, and complications after percutaneous coronary intervention have been reported more often among females than among male patients.

Objective:
The aim of this study was to test a model of adherence to treatment among female patients with CHD after a percutaneous coronary intervention.

Methods:
A cross-sectional, descriptive, and explanatory survey was conducted in 2013 with 416 patients with CHD, of which the 102 female patients were included in this substudy. Self-reported instruments were used to assess female patient adherence to treatment. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a structural equation model.

Results:
Motivation was the strongest predictor for female patients' perceived adherence to treatment. Informational support, physician support, perceived health, and physical activity were indirectly, but significantly, associated with perceived adherence to treatment via motivation. Furthermore, physical activity was positively associated with perceived health, whereas anxiety and depression were negatively associated with it.

Conclusions:
Secondary prevention programs and patient education have to take into account individual or unique differences. It is important to pay attention to issues that are known to contribute to motivation rather than to reply on education alone to improve adherence.
Assessment of School-Aged Children of Mothers With Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy
Authors: Kishk Nirmeen , Hassan Amr , Madbouly Nagwan , Nawito Amani , Maher Eman , Heneidy Sara 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The aim is to examine the cognitive domains, behavioral domains, and electroencephalogram (EEG) findings in children of mothers with idiopathic generalized epilepsy who had been exposed to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in utero. Forty school-aged children born to 23 mothers with idiopathic generalized epilepsy were compared with 40 healthy children born to 34 healthy mothers. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale was applied to all children to assess their cognitive functions. Child Behavior Checklist was used to assess their behavioral characteristics. EEG was done for the epileptic mothers and their children. Children exposed to AEDs showed significantly lower scores in the verbal reasoning, visual reasoning, and global intelligence quotient (IQ). There was a significantly positive correlation between children's global IQ and maternal global IQ. Multiple regression analysis showed that in utero exposure to valproate and maternal IQ were the most independent factors affecting children's IQ. EEG findings of participating children were normal. Exposure to valproic acid during fetal life and maternal IQ represent confounding factors affecting the IQ of children with in utero exposure to AEDs.