bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modulation of Glomerular ECTO-ADPase Expression by Oestradiol
Authors: Faas M M , Bakker W W , Klok P A , Baller J F W , Schuiling G A 
Published: July 2018

SummaryThe effect of 17-β-oestradiol (0E2) upon the activity of the glomerular anti-thrombotic ecto-enzyme ADPase was studied in cyclic and ovariectomized (OVX) Wistar rats. On day 0 (i.e. at the time of ovariectomy or 11 days after ovariectomy) ratsreceived OE2-releasing Silastic implants or empty implants and were sacrificed on day 3,10 or 21. Cryostat kidney sections were histochemically stained for ecto-ADPase activity using enzyme-histochemistry and glomerular reaction product was quantitatively evaluated by computerized image analysis. Both the histological distribution of reaction product in each glomerulus, as reflectedby the relative glomerular area covered with reaction product, as well as enzyme activity, as reflected by staining intensity of thereaction product, were scored. The results show significantly decreased histological distribution after OVX; OVX, however, did not change enzyme activity. It further appeared that OE2 (partly) prevented the decrease of histological distribution in OVX rats, while the enzyme activity was significantly increased by exogenous OE2. In cyclic rats, OE2 did not change histological distribution, although OE2 significantly increased enzyme activity in these rats.It is concluded that glomerular ecto-ADPase expression in the rat kidney is influenced by one or more ovarian factor(s), a very likely candidate being oestradiol. These results may thus point to a dual action of OE2 upon haemostasis: In addition to the known enhancement of procoagulatory plasma factors by OE2, also anti-aggregatory effects may be stimulated by OE2 as reflected by upregulation of vessel wall associated ecto-ADPase activity.
Factor VII and Fibrinogen Levels Examined by Age, Sex, and other Atherosclerotic Risk Factors in a Japanese Population
Authors: Ishikawa Shizukiyo , Kario Kazuomi , Nago Naoki , Kayaba Kazunori , Hiraoka Jun , Matsuo Hitoshi , Goto Tadao , Miyamoto Takeshi , Tsutsumi Akizumi , Nakamura Yoshikazu , Shimada Kazuyuki , Inoue Kazuo , Igarashi Masahiro 
Published: July 2018

SummaryFactor VII coagulant activity (FVIIc) and fibrinogen (Fbg) levels have been investigated as cardiovascular risk factors. We studied these two factors with stratification for age, sex and blood pressure, and the relation with other atherosclerotic risk factors in a Japanese general population. The subjects were 3,139 Japanese (1,315 males and 1,824 females) aged 30 to 89 in 1992 and 1993. A linear increase with age was observed in the levels of Fbg in both men and women, but no differences were observed between men and women in each age group. A linear increase with age was also seen in the levels of FVIIc in women, but the levels of FVIIc in men were significantly higher for the age group 40-49 years than for any other age group. The levels of FVIIc in women were significantly higher than in men at age ≥60 years. As concerning the effect of alcohol intake status, Fbg had a tendency to decrease with alcohol intake. Fbg and FVIIc levels were associated with an increase in smoking status in men, but no association was seen in women in either Fbg or FVIIc. FVIIc was positively correlated with age, body mass index, total cholesterol, triglycerides and fasting insulin level. Fbg was positively correlated with age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in women, but Fbg had few positive correlations with risk factors in men.A comparison with previous Western studies showed that the Fbg levels of our Japanese population were lower than those of the Caucasians studied, but the present FVIIc levels were nearly the same level or slightly higher than theirs. The association of Fbg and FVIIc and with other cardiovascular risk factors in Japanese was similar to those observed in Caucasians.
Pharmacodynamic and Safety Results of PEG-Hirudin in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Esslinger Hans-Ulrich , Haas Sylvia , Maurer Robert , Lassmann Axel , Dübbers Katrin , Müller-Peltzer Herbert 
Published: July 2018

SummaryPEG-Hirudin, a chemically defined conjugate of recombinant hirudin and two molecules of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-5000 is a highly selective direct thrombin inhibitor with a significantly longer duration of action than non-conjugated recombinant hirudin permitting once daily subcutaneous administration. A series of placebo-controlled, randomized, Phase I clinical trials were conducted in 75 healthy volunteers to investigate the anticoagulant effects, safety and pharmacodynamics of PEG-Hirudin when administered intravenously as a bolus injection, infusion, and subcutaneously. After single i.v. injections of various doses of PEG-Hirudin (0.03-0.3 mg/kg) dose-dependent increases in anti-IIa activity and APTT were observed. Four hours after injection of 0.3 mg/kg, mean plasma concentration expressed in terms of anti-IIa activity was still 0.89 µg/ml, corresponding to a 1.8-fold prolongation of APTT. Continuous intravenous infusions of 0.01 and 0.02 mg/kg/h PEG-Hirudin resulted in maximum anti-IIa activities of 0.42 µg/ml and 0.77 µg/ml, respectively, at the end of a six-hour infusion period without having reached steady state at this time. After termination of the infusion, anticoagulant activity displayed an immediate exponential decrease. The anticoagulant activities of single subcutaneous doses of 0.05 to 0.6 mg/kg were studied in a further series of investigations and slow increases and prolonged durations of anti-IIa activity and APTT prolongation were found. Repeated, once daily subcutaneous administrations of 0.2 to 0.4 mg/kg for five days resulted in dose-dependent prolongations of APTT and increases in anti-IIa activity without completely reaching steady state conditions. In a further study, 0.3 mg/kg of PEG-Hirudin was given as an i.v. bolus injection followed by three repeated single daily s.c. injections. In this trial, the APTT was shorter than expected from previous studies; therefore, a direct comparison of various APTT reagents was made in the intravenous infusion trial. Of the APTT reagents tested, BioMérieux Silimat and IL-ellagic acid proved to be the most sensitive to PEG- Hirudin. The hirudin derivative PEG-Hirudin was. tolerated very well without immuno-allergic side effects. In view of the significantly prolonged anticoagulant efficacy in comparison to non-conjugated r-hirudin, PEG-Hirudin is a promising compound especially for repeated once daily subcutaneous administration.
Developing a Three-Layered Synthetic Microsurgical Simulation Vessel
Authors: Sindali Katia , Srinivasan Karthik , Jones Martin , Nugent Nora , Cooper Lilli 
Published: July 2018

Background Microsurgery is increasingly relevant, and is difficult to learn. Simulation is relied upon ever more in microvascular training. While living models provide the ultimate physiological feedback, we are ethically obliged to optimize non-living models to replace, refine, and reduce the use of animals in training. There is currently no three-layered synthetic vessel available for microsurgical training.
Methods A three-layered synthetic vessel was designed with a simulation company. One anastomosis was performed by 14 microsurgical experts at one center. The realism of the vessel was assessed via user questionnaires and the construct validity using objective, validated task scores to assess the anastomosis performance and the final product. Videos were obtained, which were anonymized and marked remotely by a consultant plastic surgeon.
Results The synthetic vessel intima and media displayed reasonable realism, while the adventitia was less realistic. Areas for improvement were identified. Both the task specific assessment score and the final product assessment appropriately identified experts.
Conclusion A three-layered synthetic model for microvascular training is a hygienic and useful intermediate-level alternative to commonly used synthetic and ex vivo alternatives.
Unique antioxidant effects of herbal leaf tea and stem tea fromMoringa oleiferaL. especially on superoxide anion radical generation systems
Authors: Sugahara Shintaro , Chiyo Akihiro , Fukuoka Koki , Ueda Yuto , Tokunaga Yuki , Nishida Youichirou , Kinoshita Hideki , Matsuda Yasushi , Igoshi Keiji , Ono Masateru , Yasuda Shin 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to investigate the unique antioxidative effects of Japanese moringa products, herbal leaf tea and stem tea, using established free radical assays, focusing on superoxide anion (O2−) radical generation systems. Hot-water extracts from moringa teas resulted in different but lower scavenging activities than Trolox in four synthetic free radical models. Interestingly, these extracts further showed higher O2− radical scavenging effects than Trolox in the phenazine methosulfate-NADH-nitroblue tetrazolium and xanthine oxidase assay systems. Incubating human neutrophils in the presence of these tea extracts rather than Trolox effectively suppressed cellular O2− radical generation. Among the eight known phenolic constituents of moringa leaves, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid may be responsible for the O2–specific radical scavenging capacity stronger than that of Trolox. These results suggest that moringa herbal teas are a good source of natural antioxidants for preventing O2− radical-mediated disorders.Abbreviations: O2−: superoxide anion; ROS: reactive oxygen species; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; XOD: xanthine oxidase; DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; ABTS+: 2,2′-azinobis(2-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation; CPZ+: chlorpromazine cation; PMS: phenazine methosulfate; NBT: nitroblue tetrazolium; PMA: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
Disability and Work During the Industrial Revolution in Britain
Authors: Blackie Daniel 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
A common claim in disability studies is that industrialization has marginalized disabled people by limiting their access to paid employment. This claim is empirically weak and rests on simplified accounts of industrialization. Use of the British coal industry during the period 1780–1880 as a case study shows that reassessment of the effect of the Industrial Revolution is in order. The Industrial Revolution was not as detrimental to the lives of disabled people as has often been assumed. While utopian workplaces for disabled people hardly existed, industrial sites of work did accommodate quite a large number of workers with impairments. More attention therefore needs to be paid to neglected or marginalized features of industrial development in the theorization of disability. Drawing on historical research on disability in the industrial workplace will help scholars better understand the significance of industrialization to the lives of disabled people, both in the past and the present.
Organized Labor and Disability in Post–World War II United States
Authors: Jennings Audra 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Concern for health and safety, along with the desire for higher wages and shorter workdays, inspired and shaped the organized labor movement in the United States in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The risks of work-related illness and disability were of grave importance to working people and the unions they formed to represent their interests. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the organized labor movement sought to minimize disability by making workplaces safer and working-class people’s living conditions better. Still, the movement understood disability as a common experience in working people’s lives and thus advocated for disability rights and policies to support disabled citizens’ access to health care, financial security, educational and economic opportunities, and public spaces. The organized labor movement was also an important site of disability activism, as unionized disabled workers pushed for disability rights.
Disability History and Greco-Roman Antiquity
Authors: Goodey C. F. , Rose M. Lynn 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
To obtain a historical perspective on disability, we need to know what questions people of the past asked about each other and thus how they grouped human types. This effort involves removing the carapace of modern forms of classification and avoiding their imposition on the primary sources of an era so distant from our own (“retrospective diagnosis”). At least three major forms are identifiable: (1) the post-Cartesian divide between mind and body; (2) the tightening of forms of human categorization in general since the late Middle Ages; and (3) the thoroughly modern divide between the scientific/medical and the social. Human disparities and putative disabilities, ranging widely from the ancient era to the start of the Middle Ages and including the body, the senses, cognition, speech, social behavior, and sexual make-up, are discussed. These may or may not correspond with modern categorizations.
Disability and the History of Eugenics
Authors: Rembis Michael 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Eugenics is central to the history of disability in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Recently, scholars in a number of disciplines have debated whether the biopolitical regime that emerged in the waning decades of the twentieth century can be called “eugenic.” Some scholars claim that although distinctions can be made between an “old” eugenics (1860s–1950s) and a “new” eugenics (1960s–present), the basic tenets of eugenics have endured. Other scholars, Nikolas Rose being the most prominent among them, assert that the biopolitics at the turn of the twenty-first century is significantly different from the “old” eugenics and must be analyzed on its own terms. The question of whether one can write a “long” history of eugenics has animated a lively debate among historians. When viewed through the lens of disability, important continuities emerge between the history of eugenics and the current biopolitical regime.
Opioids and Pain
Authors: Stein Christoph , Gaveriaux-Ruff Claire 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This article reviews basic and clinical concepts on pain and mechanisms underlying opioid analgesia. It describes the structure, function, and cellular signaling of opioid receptors; endogenous and exogenous opioid receptor ligands; as well as the central and peripheral sites of opioid actions. The article also presents novel opioid-based therapeutic strategies, developed from recently gained knowledge on opioid receptor structures and signaling, pathological pain situations, and mutant mouse lines, aimed at the reduction of side effects such as respiratory depression, constipation, sedation, tolerance, or opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Lastly, the article addresses clinical problems associated with opioid use, particularly the long-term use of opioid analgesics in chronic pain.
Asian Ecclesiologies
Authors: Chan Simon 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter focuses mainly on the grass-roots contribution to ecclesiology in Asia. A grass-roots approach assumes that theology arises as much from how being the church is practised as from how it is understood. In contrast, much ecumenical discussion tends to be confined to what theologians are saying about the church, and over the years what they are saying has become quite predictable. The study draws mostly from South and East Asia as materials from these regions are more readily available. But they exemplify broad patterns found in other regions such as South-East Asia.
Early Ecclesiology in the West
Authors: Edwards Mark 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The principal theme of the chapter is the rise of the monarchical episcopate in Rome and its emergence as the pre-eminent see in the West, and then in Christendom as a whole. It is argued that some form of monarchical government is likely to have existed before Callistus (who in recent times has been credited with its creation), and that Rome was often the arbiter of choice even before she began to assume the right to legislate for the rest of the Christian world after the Council of Nicaea (ad 325). The factors that made it possible for Rome to claim absolute hegemony, from the mid-fourth century on, are examined up to the time of Pope Gregory the Great. At the same time, it will be observed that limits were set to Rome’s jurisdiction both in Africa and in the East.
The Church in the Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles
Authors: Alexander Loveday 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter adopts a narrative approach to the ecclesiology of the Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles, seeking to understand the shape of the gospel narrative and its impact on its audience(s). The deep structure of synoptic ecclesiology is built around two intertwined ecclesiological models: a ‘people of God’ ecclesiology and a ‘discipleship’ ecclesiology. John’s call to repentance and baptism, and the promise of the Spirit, marks the inauguration of the eschatological gathering-in of the people of God. The process continues in Jesus’ proclamation of the kingdom in words of authority and deeds of power. The call of the disciples marks the inauguration of a messianic community, called to follow Jesus, to confess him as Messiah, and to follow him on the way of the cross. This is a radical call to a lifestyle based on an attitude of eschatological expectancy; to table-fellowship built around the remembered presence of Jesus; and to a commissioning and empowering for a future mission to the world.
The Johannine Vision of the Church
Authors: Lincoln Andrew 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis chapter focuses on how the Johannine writings envisage the identity and life of the believing community. In the Gospel’s narrative the primary function of Jesus’ followers is the continuation of God’s mission of salvific judgement for the world that has been decisively inaugurated through Jesus. Accompanied by the divine Spirit, they are to be witnesses to the truth of God’s verdict of life for the world established in the mission, death, and resurrection of Jesus. This witnessing community is to be identified by its distinctive belief in Jesus as the Messiah who is the Son of God, its following him in discipleship, and its experience of the Spirit who mediates the presence of God and Christ. The Spirit also shapes the community’s worship and mediates eternal life in the present. Such life has the quality of love, which is to be manifested in the community members’ unity and their willingness to lay down their lives for one another.
The Church in the Magisterial Reformers
Authors: Wendebourg Dorothea 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter shows that the ecclesiological concepts of the Magisterial Reformers were not monolithic. Yet although they differed from each other and each had characteristic traits, they shared their basic theological presuppositions. The theology of Martin Luther deeply influenced all other Reformers, Magisterial and Radical. The ecclesiology of Luther is the major subject of this chapter, but the ecclesiologies of Philipp Melanchthon and Jean Calvin, the other most important and influential Magisterial Reformers, are also expounded. A relatively broad picture of Luther’s ecclesiology will enable us to see which convictions Melanchthon and Calvin shared with him, as well as where they took their own road, especially in moving beyond Luther’s dynamic understanding of the church to a more institutional concept.
Karl Rahner
Authors: Lennan Richard 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Karl Rahner (1904–84) played a significant role in broadening the emphases of Roman Catholic ecclesiology in the decades before the Second Vatican Council (1962–5). He contributed notably to the work of Vatican II itself, and was likewise prominent in promoting a positive reception of the council’s ecclesiology. Rahner viewed the church in relation to God’s self-communication in grace. For Rahner, the church was a sacramental reality, formed by grace to witness to Christ in the world. The church’s sacramental role encompassed all aspects of its life, including its structures and organs of authority, which could not be ends in themselves. Rahner combined a deep commitment to the mission of the church in the world with a clear-eyed view of the church’s need to be self-critical and to remain open to the movement of the Holy Spirit, especially in the promotion of unity.
The Northern Adriatic
Authors: de Marinis Raffaele , Teržan Biba 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter considers Iron Age cultural developments around the head of the Adriatic, from north-west Italy to the western Balkans and Carpathian basin. The chronological focus is from the end of the Bronze Age to the mid-first millennium BC; after 400 BC, much of this zone first became part of the La Tène sphere and was then drawn progressively into the Roman orbit, although the Alps and Trandanubia were not incorporated until the change of era. A regional approach is taken. The different cultural groupings are reviewed in turn, drawing especially on the abundant burial data and settlement evidence. Other topics include language and the early spread of writing, the social significance of the Camonica valley rock art, Greek and Etruscan influence on indigenous peoples, situla art, and new work on the rich tumulus cemeteries belonging to the eastern Hallstatt sphere.
Temporal Differences in Utilization of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Among U.S. Regions
Authors: Zagadailov Pavel , Hsu Albert , Stern Judy E. , Seifer David B. 
Published: July 2018

OBJECTIVE:
To analyze changes in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) utilization, indications, and outcomes across U.S. regions.

METHODS:
We conducted a retrospective cohort study. Data sets for 2000–2014 were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinics with 100 or greater fresh, nondonor cycles were grouped by 10 nationally recognized Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) regions and were compared for use of ICSI, frequency of male factor infertility, preimplantation genetic therapies, pregnancy, and live birth rates per cycle among fresh in vitro fertilization cycles in women younger than 35 years of age.

RESULTS:
Nationwide ICSI utilization increased 52% (46.3±6.1% to 70.0±7.1%) from 2000 to 2014, whereas pregnancy and live birth rates per cycle modestly increased by 8.5% (39.2±3.8% to 42.5±2.5%) and 7.6% (34.4±3.6% to 37±2.6%), respectively, showing a positive correlation (r=0.78, P<.001; r=0.76, P=.001) with ICSI rates per clinic. All DHHS Services regions demonstrated increases in ICSI utilization over time, although the magnitude of increase varied in different regions. Regions also had similarities in trends for pregnancy and live birth rates per cycle in women younger than 35 years. There was no correlation between male factor and ICSI rates per clinic from 2000 to 2010 (r=0.32, P=.33) or 2011 to 2014 (r=0.85, P=.068). From 2007 to 2014, ICSI and preimplantation genetic testing did not demonstrate a strong correlation (r=0.68, P=.062).

CONCLUSION:
From 2000 to 2014, ICSI rates per clinic significantly varied among geographic regions. Increased use of ICSI did not correlate with an increase in male factor diagnoses. These findings suggest that ICSI may be overused, because its use is not accompanied by proportionate increases in medical indications or effectiveness.