bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The income diversification strategies of smallholders in the hills of Nepal
Authors: Sharma Govinda P. , Pandit Ram , White Ben , Polyakov Maksym 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMotivationThere is an ongoing debate in development economics about whether resources aiming to improve household welfare should be allocated to general development programmes, such as providing education, or to specific income enhancing programmes, such as promoting certain commodities or practices.PurposeThis article contributes to this debate by analysing income levels and income diversification strategies of households that were engaged in growing organic coffee in the hills of Nepal. Engaging in organic coffee production is hypothesized to be an important income enhancing activity for asset‐poor subsistence farmers.Approach and MethodsWe conducted a structured household survey of 441 coffee growers from Gulmi and Lalitpur districts in Nepal with a focus on the sources of income. The household income diversification was measured using the mean of the household share of each type of income and the share of a given source of income over a given group of households. We modelled the determinants of household income using Ordinary Least Squares and Tobit regressions.FindingsWe found that most households derive a higher proportion of income from off‐farm sources. The main finding is that education increases household off‐farm income by improving access to domestic and international labour markets, and this reduces dependence on farming. Low‐income households have a higher proportion of income from farming. Across all households, non‐certified coffee production is financially more attractive to farmers than organic production.Policy ImplicationsOur findings suggest that investing in general development, especially education, is more effective than a scheme to promote cash crops as it allows asset‐poor subsistence farmers to engage in regional and international labour markets.
Evidence of a direct chemical plant defense role for maltol against spruce budworm
Authors: Williams Martin , Eveleigh Eldon , Forbes Glen , Lamb Rosanna , Roscoe Lucas , Silk Peter 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis study examines the direct chemical defensive role of maltol, a previously identified secondary metabolite found in balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. (Pinaceae), that was detected during herbivory of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Although used extensively in many industries, in addition to being found in multiple plant species, its functional role in plants remains unknown. The objectives of this study were to quantify the amount of free maltol and its potential conjugated form, maltol glucoside, in various foliage age classes and to evaluate whether constitutive foliage levels of maltol have an impact on spruce budworm fitness in maltol supplementation assays. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis of balsam fir foliage showed that maltol is produced in all foliage age classes tested; however, concentrations were significantly higher in older foliage. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry–mass spectrometry (LC‐MS‐MS) analysis showed that maltol also exists in balsam fir in its glucosylated form, a unique discovery in conifers. Similar to maltol, maltol glucoside is also present in current and 1‐year‐old balsam fir foliage and in significantly higher concentration in older foliage. We investigated the impact of maltol‐treated diet on spruce budworm fitness. Maltol additions that reflected constitutive foliage concentrations caused a significant reduction in larval development rate and pupal mass, whereas higher concentrations were required to cause significant mortality. These results suggest that maltol may be an important component of a direct defense strategy in balsam fir against spruce budworm herbivory.
Diffuse, mottled hyperpigmentation and mutations in LMNA gene in a 5‐year‐old boy, his mother, and his grandmother: Atypical progeroid syndrome
Authors: Schultz Brittney , Miller Daniel D. , Maguiness Sheilagh 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe present a multigenerational family with a phenotypic spectrum of skin dyspigmentation, lipodystrophy, bony anomalies, and progeroid facies. All were found to be heterozygous for a c.11C>G (p.Pro4Arg) (P4R) mutation in the lamin A/C gene consistent with atypical progeroid syndrome. Various phenotypic associations have been reported with specific mutations in atypical progeroid syndrome, but the strength of each phenotype‐genotype relationship is unknown. This report adds to the literature of patients with atypical progeroid syndrome and highlights an unusual diagnosis that may present to dermatologists.
Recent experimental work on “ought” implies “can”
Authors: Semler Jen , Henne Paul 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWhile philosophers generally accept some version of the principle “ought” implies “can,” recent work in experimental philosophy and cognitive science provides evidence against a presupposition or a conceptual entailment from “ought” to “can.” Here, we review some of this evidence, its effect on particular formulations of the principle, and future directions for cognitive scientists and philosophers.
Gender differences in aggression: The role of displaying facial emotional cues in a competitive situation
Authors: Arriaga Patrícia , Aguiar Cecília 
Published: August 2019

Prior studies have shown that facial emotion displays communicate emotional states and interpersonal intentions. This study addressed gender differences in aggression based on the facial emotional cues expressed from a fictional opponent. A modified version of the competitive reaction time task (CRTT) was used to measure aggression. Participants (N = 251), between 18 and 35 years of age, were randomly assigned to one of the four conditions of the fictional opponents’ facial emotional cue displayed during the CRTT: anger, sadness, neutral, or the absence of facial expression. After each trial, participants were asked to report their own feelings and to choose a level of noise to administer to their opponent. Finally, motives for aggression were assessed. Results showed that women were less aggressive than men when receiving emotional cues of sadness and anger from the sender. In contrast, no gender differences occurred when a neutral expression was displayed or in the absence of any expression. In addition, men displayed similar levels of aggression across the four conditions, whereas women were more aggressive in both neutral and no feedback conditions than in the sad and anger conditions. Instrumental motives contributed to explaining the overall gender differences in aggression. These results suggest important moderator and mediator factors of gender differences in aggressive behavior.
Recovering Tradition in Globalising Rural China: Handicraft Birdcages in Da’ou village
Authors: Fois Francesca , Woods Michael , Yang Yuanyuan , Zheng Xiaoyu 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis article explores a historic rural craft tradition as the focus of economic development through the valorisation of the local cultural heritage, or culture economy. The case‐study traces the revival of bamboo birdcage making in Da’ou village in Shandong Province, where the craft knowledge of making birdcages once prized by the Chinese imperial court has been passed on through generations and protected from outsiders. Since economic reforms in the 1980s, the birdcage craft has again become the major activity in Da’ou village, responding to new urban market demands, and bringing prosperity. Yet, through a conceptualisation of cultural heritage as a ‘prosaic third space’, the article reveals the dynamics and tensions involved in the incorporation of the birdcage tradition in local economic development strategies and the promotion of e‐commerce and tourism, and the processes of abstraction initiated. As such, it raises questions about the relationship between craft, knowledge and place that resonate beyond China. The research is based on semi‐structured interviews conducted in 2016 with respondents including local leaders, craftspeople, suppliers, and sellers.
Development of an emergency medical system model for resource‐constrained settings
Authors: Nakahara Shinji , Hoang Bui Hai , Mayxay Mayfong , Pattanarattanamolee Ratrawee , Jayatilleke Achala Upendra , Ichikawa Masao , Sakamoto Tetsuya 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectivesAn emergency care system is an important aspect for healthcare organisations in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) with a growing burden from emergency disease conditions. Evaluations of emergency care systems in LMICs in broader contexts are lacking. Thus, this study aimed to develop a comprehensive emergency medical system model appropriate for resource‐constrained settings, based on expert opinions.MethodsWe used the Delphi method, in which questionnaire surveys were administered three times to an expert panel (both emergency medical care providers and healthcare service researchers), from which opinions on the model's components were compiled. The panel members were mostly from Asian countries. In the first round, the questionnaire drew a list of model components developed through a literature review; the panel members then proposed new components to create a more comprehensive list. In the second and third rounds, the panel members rated the listed components to achieve consensus, as well as to remove components with low ratings. Finally, we rearranged the list to improve its usability.ResultsIn total, 32 experts from 12 countries participated. The final model totalled 177 components, categorised into 8 domains (leadership, community‐based actions, emergency medical services, upward referral, definitive care, rehabilitation, downward referral, and evaluation and research). No components needed removal.ConclusionsWe developed a comprehensive emergency care system model, which could provide a basis to evaluate emergency care systems in resource‐constrained LMICs; however, field‐testing and validation of this system model remain to be done.
Ankle involvement in rheumatoid arthritis – a comparison of inflammatory signs on musculoskeletal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Enache Luminita , Popescu Claudiu Costinel , Micu Mihaela , Cojocaru Adriana , Suta Victoria-Cristina , Suta Maria , Codreanu Catalin 
Published: August 2019

Aim: To evaluate the frequency of tibiotalar and subtalar joints together with extensor, flexor and peroneal tendons inflammatory lesions in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients by using ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Material and methods. Fifty RA patients and 25 healthy subjects were prospectively included. All patients and controlsunderwent clinical examination (to screen for swollen and/or tender ankles) and ankle US and MRI (to screen for synovialhypertrophy – SH, tenosynovitis and power Doppler – PD signals). The imaging tests were compared using overall agreement, positive agreement, Cohen’s κ, sensitivity, specificity and positive likelihood ratio.Results. The subtalar joint had the highest frequency of US-detected SH (30%), as well as positive PD signals (10%). Regarding US joint effusion, the tibiotalar joint recorded the highest frequency (44%). The most frequent US tenosynovitis was detected in the tibialis posterior tendon (40%). Compared to MRI, US evaluation of tibiotalar joints had very good agreement and large effect on detection probability for both SH and effusion (kappa 0.84, positive likelihood ratio 21.1). Compared to MRI, the sensitivity and specificity for US joint involvement ranged between 72.0-88.5% and 82.4-95.8%, and for tenosynovitis were 33.3-78.6% and 85.2-100%, respectively. Compared to asymptomatic RA patients (n=25), those with at least one symptomatic ankle (n=25) had significantly higher frequencies of both SH and effusion in all the evaluated structures.Conclusion: US has high sensitivity and specificity in detecting RA inflammatory lesions in the ankle and rearfoot, in very good agreement with MRI. The high frequency of ankle inflammatory lesions in RA should result in increased interest in the imaging evaluation of these structures.
6-Phosphofructo-2-Kinase/Fructose-2,6-Biphosphatase-2 Regulates TP53-Dependent Paclitaxel Sensitivity in Ovarian and Breast Cancers
Authors: Yang Hailing , Shu Zhang , Jiang Yongying , Mao Weiqun , Pang Lan , Redwood Abena , Jeter-Jones Sabrina L. , Jennings Nicholas B. , Ornelas Argentina , Zhou Jinhua , Rodriguez-Aguayo Cristian , Bartholomeusz Geoffrey , Iles LaKesla R. , Zacharias Niki M. , Millward Steven W. , Lopez-Berestein Gabriel , Le Xiao-Feng , Ahmed Ahmed A. , Piwnica-Worms Helen , Sood Anil K. , Bast Robert C. , Lu Zhen 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Purpose:
Paclitaxel is an integral component of primary therapy for breast and epithelial ovarian cancers, but less than half of these cancers respond to the drug. Enhancing the response to primary therapy with paclitaxel could improve outcomes for women with both diseases.
Experimental Design: Twelve kinases that regulate metabolism were depleted in multiple ovarian and breast cancer cell lines to determine whether they regulate sensitivity to paclitaxel in Sulforhodamine B assays. The effects of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 2 (PFKFB2) depletion on cell metabolomics, extracellular acidification rate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptosis were studied in multiple ovarian and breast cancer cell lines. Four breast and ovarian human xenografts and a breast cancer patient-derived xenograft (PDX) were used to examine the knockdown effect of PFKFB2 on tumor cell growth in vivo.

Results:
Knockdown of PFKFB2 inhibited clonogenic growth and enhanced paclitaxel sensitivity in ovarian and breast cancer cell lines with wild-type TP53 (wtTP53). Silencing PFKFB2 significantly inhibited tumor growth and enhanced paclitaxel sensitivity in four xenografts derived from two ovarian and two breast cancer cell lines, and prolonged survival in a triple-negative breast cancer PDX. Transfection of siPFKFB2 increased the glycolysis rate, but decreased the flow of intermediates through the pentose–phosphate pathway in cancer cells with wtTP53, decreasing NADPH. ROS accumulated after PFKFB2 knockdown, which stimulated Jun N-terminal kinase and p53 phosphorylation, and induced apoptosis that depended upon upregulation of p21 and Puma.

Conclusions:
PFKFB2 is a novel target whose inhibition can enhance the effect of paclitaxel-based primary chemotherapy upon ovarian and breast cancers retaining wtTP53.
Hebrew Poetry and the Appositive Style: Parallelism, Requiescat in pace
Authors: Holmstedt Robert D. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMichael O’Connor (whose 1980 opus, Hebrew Verse Structure, provides a compelling linguistically grounded description of the poetic line) has called the endurance of Lowthian parallelism a “horror” that wreaks havoc on lexical semantics and “is beyond the comprehension of any sensitive student of language.” Why does a model known to be a descriptive failure for a century persist in teaching resources and commentaries? It is because nothing compelling has risen to replace it. O’Connor’s linguistic analysis of the line offered the first piece to replacing the traditional model, but O’Connor’s model was more compelling for the structure of the poetic line than for the relationship of lines. In this study I take up interlineal syntax and offer an analysis that compliments and completes O’Connor’s approach, allowing us to provide a proper burial for the admirable but ultimately unworkable Lowthian parallelism.
The impact of paramedic shift work on the family system: a literature review
Authors: Anderson Lucy 
Published: August 2019

Aim: The current review investigates the impacts of paramedic work on the family system. Paramedics are taking time off or leaving through stress, and career decisions could be influenced by this perceived impact. Method: A systematic literature review was conducted and the literature critiqued. Two themes were identified: emotional labour and work-family fit. Results: Paramedics rely on families for emotional support, putting them at risk of vicarious trauma. The historical male coping culture of paramedic practice deters processing at work, detrimentally carrying this processing into the home environment. Additionally, several shift characteristics contribute to work-family conflict, child-rearing conflict and difficulties maintaining a social life. Conclusions: Key organisational culture change is needed from denigrating staff for showing emotions and struggling to find work-life balance, to one that improves experiences at work and therefore at home as well. Recent movement towards almost equal gender balance may present a particular opportunity to deliver culture change. Further research is required to better understand the impact that shift work has on the family.
Reliability and repeatability of tibial plateau fracture assessment with an injury mechanism-based concept
Authors: Zhang B-B. , Sun H. , Zhan Y. , He Q-F. , Zhu Y. , Wang Y-K. , Luo C-F. 
Published: August 2019

Objectives CT-based three-column classification (TCC) has been widely used in the treatment of tibial plateau fractures (TPFs). In its updated version (updated three-column concept, uTCC), a fracture morphology-based injury mechanism was proposed for effective treatment guidance. In this study, the injury mechanism of TPFs is further explained, and its inter- and intraobserver reliability is evaluated to perfect the uTCC. Methods The radiological images of 90 consecutive TPF patients were collected. A total of 47 men (52.2%) and 43 women (47.8%) with a mean age of 49.8 years (sd 12.4; 17 to 77) were enrolled in our study. Among them, 57 fractures were on the left side (63.3%) and 33 were on the right side (36.7%); no bilateral fracture existed. Four observers were chosen to classify or estimate independently these randomized cases according to the Schatzker classification, TCC, and injury mechanism. With two rounds of evaluation, the kappa values were calculated to estimate the inter- and intrareliability. Results The overall inter- and intraobserver agreements of the injury mechanism were substantial (κinter = 0.699, κintra = 0.749, respectively). The initial position and the force direction, which are two components of the injury mechanism, had substantial agreement for both inter-reliability or intrareliability. The inter- and intraobserver agreements were lower in high-energy fractures (Schatzker types IV to VI; κinter = 0.605, κintra = 0.721) compared with low-energy fractures (Schatzker types I to III; κinter = 0.81, κintra = 0.832). The inter- and intraobserver agreements were relatively higher in one-column fractures (κinter = 0.759, κintra = 0.801) compared with two-column and three-column fractures. Conclusion The complete theory of injury mechanism of TPFs was first put forward to make the TCC consummate. It demonstrates substantial inter- and intraobserver agreement generally. Furthermore, the injury mechanism can be promoted clinically. Cite this article: B-B. Zhang, H. Sun, Y. Zhan, Q-F. He, Y. Zhu, Y-K. Wang, C-F. Luo. Reliability and repeatability of tibial plateau fracture assessment with an injury mechanism-based concept. Bone Joint Res 2019;8:357–366. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.88.BJR-2018-0331.R1.
iBTune
Authors: Tan Jian , Zhang Tieying , Li Feifei , Chen Jie , Zheng Qixing , Zhang Ping , Qiao Honglin , Shi Yue , Cao Wei , Zhang Rui 
Published: August 2019

Tuning the buffer size appropriately is critical to the performance of a cloud database, since memory is usually the resource bottleneck. For large-scale databases supporting heterogeneous applications, configuring the individual buffer sizes for a significant number of database instances presents a scalability challenge. Manual optimization is neither efficient nor effective, and even not feasible for large cloud clusters, especially when the workload may dynamically change on each instance. The difficulty lies in the fact that each database instance requires a different buffer size that is highly individualized, subject to the constraint of the total buffer memory space. It is imperative to resort to algorithms that automatically orchestrate the buffer pool tuning for the entire database instances.
To this end, we design iBTune that has been deployed for more than 10, 000 OLTP cloud database instances in our production system. Specifically, it leverages the information from similar workloads to find out the tolerable miss ratio of each instance. Then, it utilizes the relationship between miss ratios and allocated memory sizes to individually optimize the target buffer pool sizes.
To provide a guaranteed level of service level agreement (SLA), we design a pairwise deep neural network that uses features from measurements on pairs of instances to predict the upper bounds of the request response times. A target buffer pool size can be adjusted only when the predicted response time upper bound is in a safe limit. The successful deployment on a production environment, which safely reduces the memory footprint by more than 17% compared to the original system that relies on manual configurations, demonstrates the effectiveness of our solution.
Technology and the two margins of labor adjustment: a New Keynesian perspective
Authors: Furlanetto Francesco , Sveen Tommy , Weinke Lutz 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Canova et al. [Canova, F., J. D. López-Salido, and C. Michelacci. 2010. “The Effects of Technology Shocks on Hours and Output: A Robustness Analysis.” Journal of Applied Econometrics 25: 755–773; Canova, F., J. D. López-Salido, and C. Michelacci. 2012. “The Ins and Outs of Unemployment: An Analysis Conditional on Technology Shocks.” The Economic Journal 123: 515–539] estimate the dynamic response of labor market variables to technological shocks. They show that investment-specific shocks imply predominantly an adjustment along the intensive margin (i.e., hours per worker), whereas for neutral shocks the largest share of the adjustment takes place along the extensive margin (i.e., employment). In this paper we develop a New Keynesian model featuring capital accumulation, two margins of labor adjustment and a hiring cost. The model is used to analyze a novel economic mechanism to explain that evidence.
A novel approach to the diagnostic assessment of carpal tunnel syndrome based on the frequency domain of the compound muscle action potential
Authors: Alcan Veysel , Kaya Hilal , Zinnuroğlu Murat , Karataş Gülçin Kaymak , Canal Mehmet Rahmi 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Conventional electrophysiological (EP) tests may yield ambiguous or false-negative results in some patients with signs and symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Therefore, researchers tend to investigate new parameters to improve the sensitivity and specificity of EP tests. We aimed to investigate the mean and maximum power of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) as a novel diagnostic parameter, by evaluating diagnosis and classification performance using the supervised Kohonen self-organizing map (SOM) network models. The CMAPs were analyzed using the fast Fourier transform (FFT). The mean and maximum power parameters were calculated from the power spectrum. A counter-propagation artificial neural network (CPANN), supervised Kohonen network (SKN) and XY-fused network (XYF) were compared to evaluate the classification and diagnostic performance of the parameters using the confusion matrix. The mean and maximum power of the CMAP were significantly lower in patients with CTS than in the normal group (p < 0.05), and the XYF network had the best total performance of classification with 91.4%. This study suggests that the mean and maximum power of the CMAP can be considered as less time-consuming parameters for the diagnosis of CTS without using additional EP tests which can be uncomfortable for the patient due to poor tolerance to electrical stimulation.