bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bainite Formation in Carbon and Nitrogen enriched Low Alloyed Steels: Kinetics and Microstructures*
Authors: Teixeira J. , Catteau S. D. , Van Landeghem H. P. , Dulcy J. , Dehmas M. , Redjaïmia A. , Denis S. , Courteaux M. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The effect on the bainite formation of carburizing (0.6 wt.% C), nitriding (0.12 wt.% C-0.25 wt.% N) and carbonitriding (0.7 wt.% C-0.25 wt.% N) of a 23MnCrMo5 low-alloyed steel in the austenitic field was examined by in situ high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) and transmission electron microscopy. The enrichment in nitrogen induces strong acceleration of the bainite transformation kinetics in carbonitrided steel compared to carburized steel, despite the γ-stabilizing character of nitrogen. This is attributed to the nucleation of ferrite on CrN nitrides, which precipitated during the enrichment, either at γ grain boundaries or intragranularly. AlN, VN and MnSiN2 nitrides were observed as well, with much smaller number density. They formed frequently aggregates with the CrN nitrides. The bainite microstructure is much finer than in initial or carburized steel. It shares some common features with intragranularly nucleated bainite, i. e. acicular ferrite. From HEXRD, the chronology of the phase formation (ferrite and precipitates) during bainite formation as well as cell parameter evolutions are analyzed.
The Parker Instability with Cosmic-Ray Streaming
Authors: Heintz Evan , Zweibel Ellen G. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Recent studies have found that cosmic-ray transport plays an important role in feedback processes such as star formation and the launching of galactic winds. Although cosmic-ray buoyancy is widely held to be a destabilizing force in galactic disks, the effect of cosmic-ray transport on the stability of stratified systems has yet to be analyzed. We perform a stability analysis of a stratified layer for three different cosmic-ray transport models: decoupled (Classic Parker), coupled with γ

c
= 4/3 but not streaming (Modified Parker), and finally coupled with streaming at the Alfvén speed. When the compressibility of the cosmic rays is decreased the system becomes much more stable, but the addition of cosmic-ray streaming to the Parker instability severely destabilizes it. Through comparison of these three cases and analysis of the work contributions for the perturbed quantities of each system, we demonstrate that cosmic-ray heating of the gas is responsible for the destabilization of the system. We find that a 3D system is unstable over a larger range of wavelengths than the 2D system. Therefore, the Parker instability with cosmic-ray streaming may play an important role in cosmic-ray feedback.
The Discovery of a New Massive Molecular Gas Component Associated with the Submillimeter Galaxy SMM J02399-0136
Authors: Frayer David T. , Maddalena Ronald J. , Ivison R. J. , Smail Ian , Blain Andrew W. , Bout Paul Vanden 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
We present CO(1–0), CO(3–2), and CO(7–6) observations using the Green Bank Telescope (GBT) and the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) of the z = 2.8 submillimeter galaxy SMM J02399−0136. This was the first submillimeter-selected galaxy discovered and remains an archetype of the class, comprising a merger of several massive and active components, including a quasar-luminosity AGN and a highly obscured, gas-rich starburst spread over a ∼25 kpc extent. The GBT CO(1–0) line profile is comprised of two distinct velocity components separated by about 600 km s−1 and suggests the presence of a new component of molecular gas that had not been previously identified. The CO(3–2) observations with ALMA show that this new component, designated W1, is associated with a large extended structure stretching 13 kpc westward from the AGN. W1 is not detected in the ALMA CO(7–6) data, implying that this gas has much lower CO excitation than the central starburst regions, which are bright in CO(7–6). The molecular gas mass of W1 is about 30% of the total molecular gas mass in the system, depending on the CO-to-H2 conversion factor. W1 is arguably a merger remnant; alternatively, it could be a massive molecular outflow associated with the AGN, or perhaps inflowing metal-enriched molecular gas fueling the ongoing activity.
"Ms. Marvel," Tumblr, and the industrial logics of identity in digital spaces
Authors: Cox Christopher M. 
Published: June 2018

This essay examines fan interactions on "The All-New Ms. Marvel Backstage Pass," a Tumblr site initiated by Marvel Comics to promote the Ms. Marvel (2014–) comic book. I conceive of this site as a space in which racial, ethnic, and gendered identity dimensions can be uniquely articulated in accordance with identity markers of the Ms. Marvel character, a female teenage Pakistani American Muslim. These articulations are possible due to Tumblr's unique affordances as a mediator of fandom formation—affordances that are both technological and social. For Ms. Marvel fans, Tumblr affords opportunities for intertexual and paratextual productivity, orienting emerging fans into broader rites and practices of fandom participation and specific forms of identity expression undertaken in accordance with identity vectors of Ms. Marvel, its creators, and its fans. For Marvel Comics, fan activities on "The All-New Ms. Marvel Backstage Pass" are a source of promotional labor inflected with the veneer of authenticity, providing the company with a centralized means of instigating fannish promotion and emboldening an emergent audience that corresponds to institutional desires for audience diversification. This Tumblr therefore brokers the economic and institutional drives of Marvel Comics and the cultural drives of an emergent diversified fandom.
Micronutrient status of a group of soils in Canterbury,

New Zealand, as measured by extraction with EDTA,

DTPA and HCl, and its relationship with plant

response to applied Cu and Zn
Authors: HAYNES R. J. 
Published: July 2002

The Cu, Zn and Mn status of 44 fields from the Canterbury

region of New Zealand under winter

wheat was investigated in Spring 1993. Micronutrient status was assessed

using EDTA, DTPA and

HCl as extractants. The Mn status of soils was generally high and unaffected

by soil development.

However, when samples were separated according to soil series, it was found

that extractable Cu and

Zn levels in both the 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil layers

generally decreased with increasing soil

development (increasing soil age and annual rainfall). Twenty-three percent

of fields had EDTA-extractable Cu levels

<1 μg g−1

whilst 34% had EDTA-extractable Zn levels <1 μg g−1.Twenty-two of the soils were used in a glasshouse experiment in which

wheat was grown in the soils

with or without the addition of added Cu and/or Zn. Plant dry

matter responses to added Cu were

recorded in soils with extractable Cu levels

<1·1 μg g−1 EDTA,

0·4 μg g−1 DTPA and 0·9 μg g−1

HCl. Responses to added Zn occurred in soils with extractable Zn levels

<0·8 μg g−1 EDTA,

0·25 μg g−1 DTPA and 1·4 μg g−1

HCl. Significant linear correlations were found between EDTA-, DTPA- and

HCl-extractable Cu and Zn and Cu and Zn uptake respectively by wheat. Correlation

coefficients

were closer for Cu than for Zn uptake. It was concluded that many sites

on the more strongly

developed soils of the Canterbury Plains are potentially deficient in

Cu and/or Zn and that these can

be identified using conventional micronutrient soil tests.
Effects of sowing method on survival, ion uptake and
yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in sodic soils
Authors: RAJPAR I. , WRIGHT D. 
Published: July 2002

Two separate experiments, in clay loam and loamy sand (prepared by mixing the clay loam with
washed sand), were performed to determine the effects of sowing method and sodicity on the survival,
ion uptake, grain yield and yield components of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Kharchia-
65. Three sodicity levels (control, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) 5–7; low (ESP 18–20); high
(ESP 39–40)) and four sowing methods (sowing dry and pre-germinated seed and transplanting of 16
and 21-day-old seedlings) were tested. In the control and at low sodicity, sowing method had no effect
on plant survival, grain and straw dry weight per plant. However at high sodicity, these variables were
lower in plants established from pre-germinated seed than in plants established from dry seed, the
farmers' normal practice. In contrast, transplanted seedlings showed increased survival and had
significantly higher grain and straw dry weight than plants established by sowing dry seed. Differences
in grain yield between sowing method and sodicity treatments were mainly due to differences in the
number of grains per plant. Although increasing sodicity was associated with higher concentration
of Na+, and lower concentrations of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and
lower K+/Na+ ratio in flag leaf sap, ion concentrations were unaffected by sowing method.It is suggested that the increased survival and yield of transplanted seedlings is due to the fact that
they are not exposed to sodicity during the sensitive stages of germination and emergence. In
addition, their already established roots and shoots may be better able to capture the resources
required to support their subsequent growth. The decreases in grain and straw dry weight per plant,
and the increases in these parameters achieved by transplanting seedlings instead of sowing dry seed,
were greater in clay loam than in loamy sand. Further studies are required to determine whether the
responses to transplanting observed here also occur in sodic soils under field conditions, and to
investigate the technical and economic feasibility of adopting this technique in commercial
agriculture.
Effect of potassium fertilizer on the yield, quality and
potassium offtake of sugar beet crops grown on soils of
different potassium status
Authors: MILFORD G. F. J. , ARMSTRONG M. J. , JARVIS P. J. , HOUGHTON B. J. , BELLETT-TRAVERS D. M. , JONES J. , LEIGH R. A. 
Published: July 2002

The effect of different rates of potassium (K) fertilizer on the yield and quality of sugar beet was
studied in a series of 26 trials on soils of different type and K index between 1992 and 1997. There
were few yield responses even though the majority of trials were on soils of low K index, and large
quantities of fertilizer were applied (0–600 kg K/ha). Potassium offtakes (kg/ha) in the harvested beet
increased asymptotically, not linearly, with yield and were much larger for a given yield on high K
index soils than on low index soils. Commercially acceptable concentrations of beet K for processing
are in the range 700 to 1000 mg K/100 g sugar. Concentrations in excess of this decrease the amount
of sugar crystallized from the extracted juice. They were not greatly affected by large applications of
fertilizer K but were strongly influenced by long-established differences in soil exchangeable K (Kex)
due to soil type, previous cropping or manuring history.The asymptotic nature of the K offtake[ratio ]yield relationship was confirmed by factory tarehouse
measurements relating to the national sugar beet crop delivered during the 1993–97 UK processing
campaigns. Potassium offtakes generally increased linearly with yield up to 60–70 adjusted t of clean
beet/ha, but increased little beyond that. The amount of K removed by a 60–70 t/ha crop of beet
varied from 70 kg K/ha on low K index sandy loams to 120 kg K/ha on clay soils of K index 3 and
above. Further increases in yield decreased the amount of K in fresh beet from 1·7 to 1·4 kg K/t on
low K index soils, and from 3·6 to 2·5 kg K/t on high K index soils.An analysis of data from individual fields of commercially grown sugar beet showed that much of
the site and season variation in the K content of beet was due to differences in K uptake driven by
Kex, and to differential effects of nitrogen (N) supply on K uptake and sugar yield. Regressions on
Kex and total crop N (kg/ha) accounted for c. 30 and 50% of the variance in beet K content,
respectively, and the two together for over 60%. Total N uptake by the crops ranged from 100 to
550 kg N/ha. The total K content of the crop and the amounts of K in the beet (kg/ha) both
increased linearly with crop N over the whole of this range, whereas sugar yield increased
asymptotically with total uptakes of N up to 250–300 kg N/ha. Consequently, low yielding crops
grown on soils in which N and K were freely available produced beet of poor K quality. However,
the asymptotic relationship between beet K (kg/ha) and yield implies that, in many situations, the
processing quality of the beet could be improved by increasing yield through better agronomy.
Long-term yield patterns in barley-based cropping systems in Northern Syria. 2. The role of feed legumes
Authors: JONES M. J. , SINGH M. 
Published: July 2002

Rotations of barley with feed legumes produce more biomass and crude protein than barley-fallow
and continuous barley sequences, but scope remains to improve the potential value to farmers of feed
legume-based systems. This paper summarizes 6-year results from two sites from 2-year rotations of
barley with: narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis) and lathyrus (Lathyrus sativus), each harvested mature;
and common vetch (Vicia sativa), harvested by simulated green-grazing and mature, all in factorial
combination with four NP fertilizer regimes applied biennially to the barley.Mean yield differences between rotations were quite small, but at the drier site the narbon vetch
rotation was significantly superior in both total biomass and crop total nitrogen. Other results
implied yield compensation between barley and legume phases: barley performance was relatively
depressed at the wetter site after high-yielding narbon vetch but was relatively enhanced at both sites
after green-grazed common vetch. Evidence from year-round soil-water monitoring suggests that the
benefit following green grazing may have arisen, in part, from a small carry-over of profile moisture
between crops not much inferior to that residual from a fallow year. Both crop phases responded
strongly to biennial P fertilizer; and barley responded strongly to three rates of N-fertilizer, but a
sometimes significant curvilinear component to this response reflected a tendency for grain yields to
be depressed by added nitrogen in the driest years. But interactions between N-rates and rotations
were not significant.It was concluded that narbon vetch may have greater potential than common vetch and lathyrus
for mature harvest in drier areas, but its unsuitability for grazing green is a limitation. Flexibility of
utilization is important, to accommodate the needs of different farmers and the exigencies of different
seasons. The green-graze option has major potential where there is a demand for high-quality spring
grazing; and indications that barley may be as productive after green-grazed vetch as after a year of
fallow suggest an alternative approach for farmers who have previously avoided legumes in order to
maximize barley production.
Method for the selection of Lactococcus lactis mutants producing excess carbon dioxide
Authors: EL ATTAR AISHA , MONNET CHRISTOPHE , AYMES FRÉDÉRIC , CORRIEU GEORGES 
Published: July 2002

One of the characteristics of Roquefort cheese is the presence of irregularly
shaped openings. Although many factors affect the development of opening in blue-veined
cheeses (Martley & Crow, 1996), the limiting step in the case of Roquefort
cheese is the production of CO2 by lactic acid bacteria (J.-P. Reverbel, pers. comm.).
Most of the opening occurs after moulding; the process is difficult to control and
many manufacturing runs result in cheeses with an insufficient opening. Concentrated
suspensions of Leuconostoc strains are used to increase the production of CO2
(Devoyod & Muller, 1969), but it would clearly be useful to have microorganisms that
produce larger quantities of the gas. McKay & Baldwin (1974) isolated a spontaneous
mutant of Lactococcus lactis that produced more acetoin and CO2 than the parent
strain. This mutant was lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-deficient, which favoured the
conversion of pyruvate into end products other than lactate. Following nitrosoguanidine
mutagenesis, we isolated three Lc. lactis mutants whose LDH activities
were reduced to varying extents and which produced varying amounts of CO2
(Boumerdassi et al. 1997). Subsequent work showed that these mutants were
unstable on successive subculture in milk or synthetic broth (El Attar et al. 2000).The aim of our current work was to select a large number of Lc. lactis mutants
producing excess CO2. This would increase the probability of selecting stable
mutants and also provide a collection of strains with differing gas production
activities. Currently available screening methods are, however, unsuitable for
processing large numbers of mutants, which is why we have developed an improved
screening method.
Non-covalent binding of benzaldehyde to β-lactoglobulin: characterisation by spectrofluorimetry and electrospray ionisation mass-spectrometry
Authors: RELKIN PERLA , MOLLE DANIEL , MARIN ISABELLE 
Published: July 2002

β-Lactoglobulin (β-lg), which is found in the milk of several mammal species, is
the most abundant protein in bovine whey (McKenzie, 1971). The interaction
properties of β-lg with a large variety of small hydrophobic ligands have been
extensively studied (Sawyer et al. 1998). β-Lg belongs to the super-family of
hydrophobic molecule transporters called the lipocalins, which characteristically
bind hydrophobic ligands inside a central calyx (Godovac-Zimmermann, 1988; Perez
et al. 1989; Brownlow et al. 1997; Wu et al. 1997; Qin et al. 1998).At present, whey protein concentrates containing a high percentage of β-lg are
commercially available in a very large quantity, but most of the processes used in
milk technology involve heat-treatments that are known to affect the initial
conformational state of β-lg. Such conformational changes have consequences for
both the physicochemical and functional properties in food systems, including a
decrease in the availability of lysine, due to Maillard reactions (Léonil et al. 1997) and
a decrease in the affinity constant for binding to retinol (Laligant et al. 1991) and to
flavour compounds (O'Neil & Kinsella, 1988). In the field of protein-volatile
compound interactions, we have recently reported a significant enhancement of
foaming properties of β-lg solutions (50 mM-NaCl, pH 6) in the presence of aroma
compounds such as isoamyl acetate (Marin & Relkin, 1999), benzaldehyde (BZA;
Marin & Relkin, 2000) and vanillin (Relkin & Vermersh, 2000). The observed increase
in foaming properties of β-lg was postulated to be due to formation of surface active
complexes between β-lg and aroma compounds.In the present work we have investigated the interaction between a β-lg
concentrate (prepared by ultra-diafiltration on an industrial scale) and BZA;
particularly, evidence was sought for the presence of covalently bound monomers,
dimers and lactolated monomers.
Convectively driven exchange flow in a stratified sill-enclosed basin
Authors: FINNIGAN T. D. , IVEY G. N. 
Published: July 2002

Laboratory experiments are used to investigate the processes governing steady convectively
driven circulation in a basin that communicates with a large external reservoir
over a shallow sill. The motion is maintained by a steady loss of buoyancy distributed
over the surface of the basin. Turbulent convection associated with the forcing produces
a horizontal buoyancy gradient across the sill and the resulting mean flow
consists of a layer directed into the basin near the surface with a dense counter flow
below.To first order, the magnitude of the exchange flow over the sill is determined by
the horizontal momentum balance within the basin. Measurements of the mean and
turbulent flow fields are used to show that inertia, buoyancy and friction may each
contribute significantly to the balance. The interior flow produces a horizontal pressure
gradient near the surface which must also contribute to the momentum balance. The
density of the lower layer at the sill reflects the cumulative effect of interior processes,
such as mixing, and these in turn influence the hydraulically controlled exchange
flow over the sill. The basin dynamics are therefore coupled in a nonlinear fashion
with the submaximal sill exchange. This coupling is investigated first by showing how
interior processes are affected by changes in the magnitude of the forcing, and then
by observing the associated variation of the flow state at the sill. The flow state is
defined in terms of its relative proximity to the theoretical maximal exchange limit.
Results show that the exchange flows are submaximal with flow rate approximately
85% of the maximal limit. This state appears to change very little in response to
increasing forcing.For a stratified basin, which exhibits a deep stagnant layer under the convectively
driven near-surface exchange flow, the possibility of basin ventilation or erosion
of deep fluid exists in the long term. This process and its dependence on external
parameters is also explored.
The formation and evolution of a diffusive interface
Authors: MOLEMAKER M. JEROEN , DIJKSTRA HENK A. 
Published: July 2002

The formation and evolution of a diffusive interface in a
stable salt-stratified layer cooled from above is studied in a
two-dimensional geometry by direct numerical simulation. For a typical
example with realistic parameters, the evolution of the flow is computed
up to the moment where three layers can be distinguished. Focus is on
the development of the first mixed layer. The convective velocity
scaling as proposed by Hunt (1984) and previously proposed expressions
for the interfacial heat flux (Huppert 1971; Fernando 1989a)
are shown to correspond well with the results of the simulation. The
evolution of the first layer can be well described by an entrainment
relation based on a local balance between kinetic and potential energy
with mixing efficiency γ. The new entrainment relation is shown
to fit the numerical results well and an interpretation of γ in
terms of the overall energy balances of the flow is given.Previously, two rival mechanisms have been proposed that determine
the final thickness of the first layer (Turner 1968; Fernando 1987).
One of the distinguishing features of both mechanisms is whether a
transition in entrainment regime – as the first layer develops
– is a necessary condition for the mixed layer to stop growing.
Another is the presence of a buoyancy jump over the interface before
substantial convection in the second layer occurs. From the numerical
results, we find a significant buoyancy jump even before the thermal
boundary layer ahead of the first layer becomes unstable. Moreover, the
convective activity in the second layer is too small to be able to stop
the growth of the first layer. We therefore favour the view proposed by
Fernando (1987) that a transition in entrainment regime determines the
thickness of the first layer. Following this, a new one-dimensional
model of layer formation is proposed. Important expressions within this
model are verified using the results of the numerical simulation. The
model contains two constants which are determined from the numerical
results. The results of the new model fit experimental results quite
well and the parameter dependence of the thickness of the first layer
is not sensitive to the values of the two constants.