bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FIB “Microsurgery” Part 1: A Sample Preparation Tool for the Microscopist
Authors: Laken Dave 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
For sample preparation, e.g. cross-sectioning and thinning, SEM and TEM microscopists routinely use mechanical techniques (e.g., cleaving, slicing, lapping, polishing, and microtoming) and chemical or broad beam ion thinning. Two problems they run into are (1) locating the site of and crosssectioning or thinning at the site of extremely small features at specific locations (site specific samples) and (2) dealing with materials and material systems that are altered or destroyed by mechanical sample preparation (material-specific samples). These material systems may contain multiple components with dramatically different characteristics, such as hardness or chemical reactivity.
Many of these limitations can be overcome by using focused ion beam (FIB) micromachining, often referred to as “FIB microsurgery.” This technique can locate micron and submicron features and use precisely placed cuts to cross section and thin samples.
E.M. Site A.C. Magnetic Field Sources, Surveys and Solutions Part 2: ACMF/EM Antipathy
Authors: Dunnam Curt R 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A.C. magnetic field (ACMF) sources and their EM interaction mechanisms are discussed in this installment, which continues our July/August series on preventing and resolving site magnetic field problems. This article carries forward the theme of a primer on the basic physical causes and effects of A.C. magnetic fields.with special emphasis on the manner in which such fields may affect site EM instrumentation. Experience has demonstrated that a basic understanding of the various aspects of ACMF sources will often prove helpful in identifying the sources which actually pose a threat to EM site operations.
Biology For Nonbiologists And Support People
Authors: Newberry Sterling P 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The fact that about half of our readers are not biologists does not mean that they are disinterested in the fascinating current developments in the field of biology any more than the biologist are disinterested in the equally fascinating progress of materials science or physics. Popular press and even trade journals often over simplify or at best give small pieces of information. It is nice when a refereed journal gives a state of the art review. Science Magazine recently gave such a review under the title "Development Frontiers in Biology". As is customary with Science, this issue also contains editorial summaries of many of the contributions in less technically obscure language.
ISO 9002 in the Microscopy Laboratory
Authors: Terry AJ 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Many laboratories today wish to assure their clients of the implementation of a sound quality system. The International Standards Organization (ISO) has the 9000 series of quality systems which is recognized globally. This article specifically addresses issues to be considered for a good quality system in a modern service oriented microscopy laboratory.
The quality system is devised to attain certain objectives which are consistent throughout the company, whether they be research and development, marketing and sales, supply of a service, procurement, shipping, etc. Each company devises a quality system specific to their business and that serves their own and their client's needs. Some of these objectives may be the following: assurance of cost effective operations; prevention of errors in all aspects of the operation; assurance to the client that the objectives, deliverables and time frame are understood, prevention of delays; increase of productivity, a commitment to meeting the client's quality assurance requirements.
Scanning Acoustical Microscopy
Authors: Gailet Jacqueline 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
One of Olympus' not well known product in the American market is the UH3 Scanning Acoustic Microscope (SAM). This state of the art, highly versatile microscope has many applications from non-destructive imaging to biomedical analysis, to pharmaceutical applications to name a few areas of current industrial interest.
The principle behind SAM is quite simple, and uses the basic physical laws of reflection. High frequency sound waves are mechanically produced by a piezoelectric crystal. A high voltage impulse spike starts the crystal vibrating at its preset resonant frequency emitting acoustical plane waves through a medium with a relatively high sound velocity such as sapphire. The waves are made to converge by a half-spherical lens at the bottom of the sapphire rod. The diameter of the lens is less than one millimeter and depends on the operating frequency. The lower the frequency, the larger is the diameter of the lens.
Biomedical Applications: Pitfalls in the Practice
Authors: Shelbourne JD , Ingram Peter , Roggli Victor L , LeFurgey Ann 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
At present most medical microprobe analysis is conducted on insoluble particulates such as asbestos fibers in lung tissue. Cryotechniques are not necessary for this type of specimen. Insoluble particulates can be processed conventionally Nevertheless, it is important to emphasize that conventional processing is unacceptable for specimens in which electrolyte distributions in tissues are sought. It is necessary to flash-freeze in order to preserve the integrity of electrolyte distributions at the subcellular and cellular level. Ideally, biopsies should be flash-frozen in the operating room rather than being frozen several minutes later in a histology laboratory. Electrolytes will move during such a long delay. While flammable cryogens such as propane obviously cannot be used in an operating room, liquid nitrogen-cooled slam-freezing devices or guns may be permitted, and are the best way to achieve an artifact-free, accurate tissue sample which truly reflects the in vivo state. Unfortunately, the importance of cryofixation is often not understood.
See Atoms in Motion!
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
It is impressive enough that individual atoms can be resolved with the atomic force microscope (AFM), but who would have thought that atomic motion would be detected so soon? Atomic resolution with the AFM was only recently achieved. As reported in this column, Franz Giessibl was able to demonstrate local resolution of adatoms of the Si(111) 7×7 reconstructed surface. Now, Yasuhiro Sugawara. Masahiro Ohta, Hitoshi Ueyama, and Seizo Morita of Hiroshima University have demonstrated atomic resolution of the surface of InP(110). Not only that, but images taken about one minute apart show that some of the atoms had moved! Sugawara et al, used a very compact AFM under ultrahigh vacuum (4 X 10-8 Pa) to accomplish this impressive feat. A stiff (spring constant of 34 N/m) silicon cantilever was used. This stiffness, along with a mechanical resonant frequency of 151 kHz, was used to keep the cantilever from jumping onto the sample and crushing the initially sharp tip.
Through a Cracked Lens: Alternate Views of Light Microscopy Part 3: Illuminating Illumination
Authors: Lund Mark W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Did I ever tell you about my first optical enginsering project? It was a video projector which used many innovative ideas, including one of the first liquid crystal video displays. It was dssigned to be the brightest projector ever made and was used in a helmet mounted display prototype. My first job out of college was to gather the parts, put it together, and measure its characteristics. To make a long story short, I had to turn the room lights out to see the image! What made a 20,000-footlambert design into a 20- footlambert display? Illumination! I learned a lot about illumination in those few short weeks, and everything I learned is directly applicable to microscopes. In fact the whole science of illumination was developed by microscapists. Electron microscopes deal with exactly the same concepts.
Evolution and Comparison of Electron Sources
Authors: Rathkey Doug 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Over the years, we've seen major developments in electron source technologies in response to the demands for better performance. This article presents a brief overview of the cathode technologies in use today.
Two types of electron sources are used in commercially available scanning electron microscopes (SEMs), transmission electron microscopes (TEMs), scanning Auger microprobes, and electron beam lithography systems: thermionic and field emission electron cathodes. Thermionic cathodes reiease electrons from the cathode material when they are heated while field emission cathodes rely on a high electric field to draw electrons from the cathode material.
Enlightenment - Cathodoluminescence: The Bright Technique, Part I
Authors: Wright Paul 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This is the first in a series of articles that serve to identify what scanning Cathodoluminescence can offer the materials technologist. Whilst begining with Electronic Materials. Geological,Ceramic and Diamond applications will be covered over the next installments concluding with a reveiw of instrumentation needed to perform the studies covered in the final chapter.
Cathodoluminescence (CL) is the most important optical phenomenon used by all electron microscopists. It is the process by which electrons are converted into light in the Everhart Thornley secondary electron detector and also in the screens and cameras of TEMs.
Embedding Brains In Egg Yolk For Cryosectioning
Authors: Ayyad Karen 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Fifteen years ago, I learned from a neurologist how to embed perfused, glutaraldehyde-fixed rat brain in egg yolk (from store-bought, separated chicken eggs). The original technical note by Adoff (reference below) for whole dog brain tissue was used, and we adapted the procedure for rat brain.
1) Fix the whole brain, minus the meningas, in 10% formalin or glutaraldehydesucrose (1 % glutaraldehyde + 30% sucrose), then place in a specimen container of 30% sucrose, 10% formalin and 0.9% NaCl, The brain is left in this solution until it sinks (less than a week). This step prevents formation of ice crystals when freezing (The meninges must be removed, or the brain will not adhere to the egg yolk.).
Particle Analysis
Authors: McCrone Walter C 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
If you can recognize a robin or a banana by sight, you should be able to recognize single particles of coal, cement or gypsum when the microscope magnifies them to an equivalent size. This is the thesis of those who identify small particles by microscopy. No other microanalytical method identifies such small samples of such diverse substances so quickly.
Single particles of almost any substance - animal, vegetable, mineral, industrial byproduct, raw material, corrosion product, flyash - can be identified in a few seconds to a few minutes by a microscopist trained in particle identification. The particle must be at least 2 to 3 microns in diameter and 10 picograms or 10-11 gram in weight for identification by light microscopy.
Liquid Nitrogen Safety
Authors: Butterick Charles J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Recent Internet postings on the Microscopy listserver indicate paradoxical views on the personal protective equipment (PPE) necessary to handle liquid nitrogen (LN2) safely. Those views range from full protective gear to, somewhat facetiously, complete nudity. The crux of the paradox is that both extremes have points of validity.
The gist of preventing frostbite or cold injury to the skin is to prevent continuous contact with LN2. The physics of the Leidenfrost effect (LE) protects the skin from momentary contact or splashes of LN2. A layer of gas between the LM2 and the skin prevents significant heat transfer from the skin, stopping damage. The LE does not apply to inadvertent splashes of LN2 to the cornea. Alternatively, using protective equipment insulates the skin and prevents trapping of the cryogen by allowing the LN2 to run off.
Instrument Demos: A Dreaded Necessity
Authors: Hessler Robert J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
I've been selling high tech products for about 20 years and I've never quite gotten over the fear of the phrase: “I'd like to go to the plant for a demo.”
As many of us have said in the past, there's no such thing as a good demo, only one which didn't disintegrate beyond all recognition. Every salesperson I know has his or her favorite stories of incredible happenings when the “Proximity Effect” takes over. (For the unknowing, the Proximity Effect states that the more closely the customer approaches a demo instrument, the more likely it is to self-destruct.)
My most memorable demo occurred when I was working with a French company selling semiconductor manufacturing equipment, I arrived with customers from the States and the first morning we were standing outside the demo lab passing the time until we were given the all clear from the instrument technician. As we conversed, an acrid odor permeated the lobby and the lights in the demo lab seemed to dim a bit. The odor became overpowering.
Resolution Considerations for Photomacrography and Photomicroscopy
Authors: Clarke Theodore M 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
My Inter/Micro-84 presentation and subsequent article in The Microscope dealt with optimizing diffraction limited depth of field in photomacrography and is referenced by Brian Bracegirdle in his “Scientific Photomacrography. My analysis was based upon the classical solution for the diffraction pattern image of a point light source, using the Rayleigh criterion of resolution. H. Lou Gibson's method of treating combined diffraction and geometric blurring away from the object focal plane was used. The calculations and the experimental results indicated that a final print resolution, for the object focal plane, of 7 lines/mm (.29 mm Airy disk) gives an optimum balance of depth of field and resolution. The 7 lines/mm criterion is equivalent to an Abbe criterion of total magnification equal to 440 times the numerical aperture. The 500 times numerical aperture Abbe criterion recommended for microscopists with very acute vision corresponds to a maximum resolution of 6 lines/mm in the final image.
Homo Videns
Authors: Levy Gabor B 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
After the trauma of birth, a baby is suddenly in a strange new world. The first order of the day is to make sense out of the jumbie of signals in order to form an image of what is out there. This image building proceeds with increased accuracy throughout adolescence. For those who labor in science the process never stops. They continue to try to refine their mental image of nature throughout their professional lives. In this effort, vision is the most valuable natural sense. In a happy blend of poetry and science, Diane Ackerman in her book, A Natural History of Senses, calls eyes “the great monopolist of our senses.” It is, in fact, hard to imagine experimental science without the power of vision. By the same token, any enhancement of visual acuity will promote the precision of our image of nature - the very essence of science.
Detecting Bacteria in Wood using a Fluorescent Lipid Probe
Authors: Xiao Ying , Singh Adya P , Wakeling Robin N 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Wood cells have strong autofluorescence in a wide wavelength band due to lignin in the cell walls. The detection of microorganisms in wood is very difficult when using fluorescent microscopy because of interferences. We have recently developed fluorescent staining techniques to differentiate fungal hyphae from wood cell walls (Singh, et al., 1997; Xiao, et al., 1997). This study was aimed at developing fluorescent techniques to visualize bacteria in wood using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Nitrobenzoxadiazole glycerophosphoethanolamine (NBD-PE, Molecular Probes), a widely used membrane probe which accords strong fluorescence upon lipids, was compared with glutaraldehyde which had proved useful in our initial attempts to visualize fungal hyphae in wood because of the cell auto fluorescence it causes (Singh et al., 1997).
Modern Microscopy on the Light Side Analyzing Chemical States and Phases
Authors: Rhodes Kent 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
As an industrial consulting laboratory specializing in small particle, thin film, and surface analysis, instrumental techniques to solve problems involving contamination, failure analysis, processing control, and materials research are used on a daily basis. In many cases, elemental analysis for samples is sufficient to pinpoint problems and suggest solutions. However, some cases require a more detailed understanding of chemical states and phases in small particles and films than that typically obtained from light and electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis.
The chemical states and phases in crystalline particles and thick films can be analyzed with several techniques found in many laboratories, including polarized light microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and electron diffraction. In combination with elemental analysis, these techniques oftentimes provide a very detailed understanding of the chemistry of particles and films.
Near Contact Mode AFM: Overcoming Surface Fluid Layer In Air And Achieve Ultra-High Resolution
Authors: Ho Huddee J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A major goal of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is to achieve nanometer resolution on surface topography, Vibrating cantilever mode (VCM) is an important configuration of an AFU instrument, It was proposed in the first AFM paper.
VCM in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) results in true AFM atomic resolution, which reveals atomic scale surface defects such as a single missing atom in a lattice. However, the VCM operation in air has many difficulties due to the surface contamination on the sample and the AFM tip. The most popular operation modes of the VCM are the non-contact mode and the Tapping mode. Both of these have limited lateral resolution in air.
A Simple Stage Heater / Cooler For Light Microscopy
Authors: Moss Anthony G 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Microscopists frequently find that they need to regulate temperature during the course of their experiments. This is especially true for cell biologists working with living cells, Excellent commercial equipment does exist to control the stage temperature of light microscopes, and regulation by such devices is tightly controlled; ± 0.1°C is routinely reported. However, such equipment is often quite expensive and may not provide the investigator with the certainty that the experiment is being performed at exactly the temperature reported by the readout of the thermoelectric control, since the temperature sensor is often at a distance from the actual site of observation. The temperature also varies considerably from the stage heater/cooler to the critical, observed portion of the slide.
Six-Axis SEM Stage
Authors: Murosako Ross 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The primary function of an SEM specimen stage is to optimize the orientation of the specimen to the signal detectors. The ease and precision with which the stage executes this function determine its utility to the microscopist. While the majority of scanning electron microscopes are equipped with general purpose five-axis specimen stages, a six-axis stage can significantly enhance specimen orientation. Specimen manipulation can be further simplified by incorporation of a six-axis hand controller that enables the microscopist to move the specimen intuitively as if the specimen were held directly in the hand.
SEM manufacturers typically install general purpose five-axis specimen stages in their scanning electron microscopes. In addition to translation along the X and Y axes, these stages are capable of tilt (T), elevation (Z motion), and rotation (R). Tilt directs the specimen surface toward the secondary electron detector to optimize signal collection. Elevation adjusts the working distance while rotation orients specific image features within the picture frame.
The Function of a Water Logd in A Laboratory Microwave
Authors: Slap Steven E 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
There are three ways that objects can react to microwave energy within a microwave cavity:
1. They can absorb microwave enengy. This is the case with all polar molecules (substances with positive and negative ionic poles). Examples include water, alcohols and biological specimens. Objects which absorb microwave energy will get hot as a result. The total amount of microwave absorbing material within the miaowave cavity is called the “load.” 2. They can reflect microwaves. This is the case with metals. The function of the medal walls which make up a microwave cavity is to keep the microwave energy within the cavity. The metal walls themselves will not get hot. 3. They can be “microwave-transparent.” This is the case with many non-polar molecules, such as paraffin and many plastics. Objects which ane microwave transpanent will heet very poorly in a microwave.
Good Posture Is Essential To Good Microscopy
Authors: Shaffer Stephen A 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Let's face it. Looking through a microscope is not what our bodies were built for, and looking through a microscope for an extended period of time requires an unnatural rigidity of the body. You're not moving around, even a bit, as you normally would. The result can be cramped muscles, especially in the neck and shoulders, and a whole body fatigue Hi at can make 10:00 AM feel like 5:03 PM. The solution is correct posture and a proper arrangement of microscope, chair, and body.
Stability Testing, Shelf Life and Product Expiration Dating
Authors: Takes Peter A 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Reagents available for laboratory, research, and clinical use are often acquired with a specified expiration date. Yet, many are not, depending on the manufacturer and reagent type. What a manufacturer does is frequency determined by how they label the product.
The U.S. Ricd and Drug Administration [FDA] has defined categories by which reagents can he labeled based on their “intended use”. individual reagents (e.g., antibodies) intended for clinical diagnostic laboratory use will be labeled as an in Vitro Diagnostic [IVD] or Analyte Specific Reagent [ASR]. Under these categories, specified expiration dates must be supported by stability testing which establishes the product shelf life.
The Use of SEM and Other Complimentary Techniques for the Determination of Properties of Cementitious Materials
Authors: Draper Eric A , Skalny Jan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The need for continued rehabilitation of our concrete infrastructure has lead to the adaptation of modern “state-of-the-art” analytical methods for the characterization of concrete and other cementitious materials. Some of these techniques have not, until relatively recently, been commonly associated with the evaluation of concrete but are very useful both as tools for quality assurance and in the determination of the extent of existing damage. The technique of interest here is the coordinated electron-optical microscopic evaluation of concrete.
Concrete is the most widely used building material in the world. Contrary to popular belief, concrete is not inert but chemically very complex and dynamic. While it is true that, pound far pound, concrete and its raw materials (cement, aggregate and water) are the most inexpensive building materials available for construction, it is also true that it responds to its environment in numerous and sometimes very subtle ways. These responses may sometimes result in a loss of durability and tremendous amounts of time and money being expended while searching far the cause(s) of the problem and providing a cost-effect solution. A quick survey of any large metropolitan area and the on-going construction repairs to highways and bridge decks there will quickly confirm this.