bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two distinct profiles of fMRI and neurophysiological activity elicited by acetylcholine in visual cortex
Authors: Zaldivar Daniel , Rauch Alexander , Logothetis Nikos K. , Goense Jozien 
Published: December 2018

Significance
fMRI changes are typically assumed to be due to changes in neural activity, although whether this remains valid under the influence of neuromodulators is relatively unknown. Here, we found evidence that intracortical acetylcholine elicits distinct profiles of fMRI and electrophysiological activity in visual cortex. Two patterns of cholinergic activity were observed, depending on the distance to the injection site, although neurovascular coupling was preserved. Our results illustrate the effects of neuromodulators on fMRI and electrophysiological responses and show that these depend on neuromodulator concentration and kinetics.
FSIP1 regulates autophagy in breast cancer
Authors: Liu Caigang , Sun Lisha , Yang Jie , Liu Tong , Yang Yongliang , Kim Se-Min , Ou Xunyan , Wang Yining , Sun Li , Zaidi Mone , New Maria I. , Yuen Tony , Guo Qiyong 
Published: December 2018

Significance
Fibrous sheath interacting protein 1 (FSIP1) has been identified as a poor prognostic indicator of breast cancer. Here, we report that FSIP1 positively regulates the proliferation and invasion of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells, and its silencing promotes drug resistance by inducing autophagy, by reducing mitochondrial biogenesis, and by enhancing AMP-activated protein kinase activation. Collectively, our findings may aid in the design of therapies for advanced TNBC.
Anthropogenic habitat alteration leads to rapid loss of adaptive variation and restoration potential in wild salmon populations
Authors: Thompson Tasha Q. , Bellinger M. Renee , O’Rourke Sean M. , Prince Daniel J. , Stevenson Alexander E. , Rodrigues Antonia T. , Sloat Matthew R. , Speller Camilla F. , Yang Dongya Y. , Butler Virginia L. , Banks Michael A. , Miller Michael R. 
Published: December 2018

Significance
Human activities alter and reduce phenotypic variation in many species, but the long-term consequences (e.g., ability of previous variation to reemerge), and thus the need for conservation action, are unclear. Here we show that dramatic, human-induced changes in adult migration characteristics of wild Chinook salmon are explained by rapid evolution at a single locus and can lead to loss of a critical adaptive allele. The decline and loss of this allele will likely hinder current and future restoration efforts, as well as compromise resilience and evolutionary potential. Thus, human-induced phenotypic change can result in rapid loss of important adaptive variation, and conservation action to address human impacts on phenotypic variation will sometimes be necessary to preserve evolutionarily significant biodiversity.
Multiresponsive polymeric microstructures with encoded predetermined and self-regulated deformability
Authors: Yao Yuxing , Waters James T. , Shneidman Anna V. , Cui Jiaxi , Wang Xiaoguang , Mandsberg Nikolaj K. , Li Shucong , Balazs Anna C. , Aizenberg Joanna 
Published: December 2018

Significance
The range of allowed deformation modes currently described for the actuation of microstructures is limited. In this work we introduce magnetic-field–guided encoding of highly controlled molecular anisotropy into 3D liquid-crystalline elastomer microstructures capable of displaying unique multiresponsive, shape-changing behaviors. The richness of the predetermined and self-regulated deformations and region-specific motions in these microstructural arrays gives rise to physicochemical insights, as well as potential applications in controlled adhesion, information encryption, soft robotics, and self-regulated light–material interactions.
Structural and effective brain connectivity underlying biological motion detection
Authors: Sokolov Arseny A. , Zeidman Peter , Erb Michael , Ryvlin Philippe , Friston Karl J. , Pavlova Marina A. 
Published: December 2018

Significance
Visual perception of body motion is of substantial value for social cognition and everyday life. By using an integrative approach to brain connectivity, the study sheds light on architecture and functional principles of the underlying cerebro-cerebellar network. This circuity is organized in a parallel rather than hierarchical fashion. This may explain why body-language reading is rather resilient to focal brain damage but severely affected in neuropsychiatric conditions with distributed network alterations. Furthermore, visual sensitivity to body motion is best predicted by specific top-down feedback to the early visual cortex, as well as functional communication (effective connectivity) and presence of white-matter pathways between the right fusiform gyrus and superior temporal sulcus. The findings allow better understanding of the social brain.
Altimeter-era emergence of the patterns of forced sea-level rise in climate models and implications for the future
Authors: Fasullo John T. , Nerem R. Steven 
Published: December 2018

Significance
Regional patterns of sea-level rise have been observed from satellites since 1993 and are associated with increased coastal impacts in many regions. It is unknown whether such patterns will be transient, arising from natural climate variations, or persistent, driven by external climate forcing. Here, using climate model ensembles, we demonstrate that forced changes are likely to have contributed significantly to observed altimeter-era patterns of rise and that these patterns may persist for decades to come, with increased intensity as climate change progresses.
Climate-induced phenological shifts in a Batesian mimicry complex
Authors: Hassall Christopher , Billington Jac , Sherratt Thomas N. 
Published: December 2018

Significance
Climate change can degrade ecological interactions by separating interacting species in space and time, but this is not the case in one of the best-studied examples of mimicry in which hoverflies (mimics) imitate stinging wasps and bees (models). While there is no evidence of the emergence of mimics and models tracking climate change in the same way, historical records suggest that the mimicry complex is undergoing complex shifts in evolutionary pressures under climate change through changes in the relative emergence patterns of model-mimic pairs. This finding is based on the community-level description of mimetic relationships (comparing 2,352 pairs of species) and the most comprehensive demonstration of the importance of phenology for the fitness of mimics, models, and predators.
Polysaccharide structure dictates mechanism of adaptive immune response to glycoconjugate vaccines
Authors: Sun Ximei , Stefanetti Giuseppe , Berti Francesco , Kasper Dennis L. 
Published: December 2018

SignificanceHelper T cell responses to glycoconjugate vaccines are regulated through mechanisms dependent upon the structure of the polysaccharide. We show that three of the four important conjugate vaccines tested induced antibody responses regulated primarily by carbohydrate-recognizing helper T cells. However, the adaptive immune response to meningococcal group C (MenC) conjugate was restricted to peptide-recognizing helper T cells. We show that MenC is degraded to a monomeric sialic acid residue that cannot be recognized by T cell receptor as an independent antigen. The structure of the saccharide constitutes a critical factor in determining the processing and presentation of glycoconjugate vaccines. An understanding of the mechanisms underlying the immune responses to glycoconjugates will be crucial in the production of highly protective knowledge-based vaccines.
Cooperative assembly of a four-molecule signaling complex formed upon T cell antigen receptor activation
Authors: Manna Asit , Zhao Huaying , Wada Junya , Balagopalan Lakshmi , Tagad Harichandra D. , Appella Ettore , Schuck Peter , Samelson Lawrence E. 
Published: December 2018

Significance
An early event during cellular activation in many biologic systems is recruitment of the cytosolic enzyme phospholipase-Cγ1 to the plasma membrane where, on activation, it cleaves its lipid substrates into functional second messengers. T cell antigen receptor engagement during the immune response leads to rapid formation of a multiprotein complex that brings phospholipase-Cγ1 to the plasma membrane with three adapter molecules. We reconstituted this quaternary complex in vitro and used biophysical techniques to determine stoichiometry and measure the affinities of the interacting proteins and the energetics of formation. We observe cooperative formation of a circular loop of interactions associated with a significant entropic penalty facilitating reversibility. Such instability might be a target of regulation during T cell activation.
Probing the mechanism of inhibition of amyloid-β(1–42)–induced neurotoxicity by the chaperonin GroEL
Authors: Wälti Marielle A. , Steiner Joseph , Meng Fanjie , Chung Hoi Sung , Louis John M. , Ghirlando Rodolfo , Tugarinov Vitali , Nath Avindra , Clore G. Marius 
Published: December 2018

Significance
Chaperones, including the chaperonin Hsp60, facilitate protein folding and prevent protein aggregation, thereby protecting cells from protein misfolding diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, a fatal neurodegenerative condition associated with the accumulation of amyloid-β plaques in the brain. We show that the bacterial homolog of human Hsp60, GroEL, protects neuronal cell cultures against morphological and electrophysiological damage induced by amyloid-β(1–42). Using a range of biophysical techniques, we demonstrate that transient interactions of GroEL with amyloid-β(1–42) monomers slow down the rate of appearance of protofibrils and fibrils, providing a mechanistic basis for the neuroprotective properties of Hsp60.
Educational Lectures Enhance Knowledge about the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Reduce Risky Behavior and Fear among Methadone Maintenance Treatment Patients
Authors: Barak Idan , Adelson Miriam , Sason Anat , Livnat Yuval , Schreiber Shaul , Peles Einat 
Published: December 2018

Background The aim of this study was to characterize human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS)-related knowledge and stigma among methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients and evaluate the contribution of an educational lecture in reducing risky behavior and unjustified overprotective behavior due to fear and stigma among MMT patients. Methods Patients from an MMT clinic within a tertiary medical center were invited to an educational lecture on HIV/AIDS. Seventy participants (of current 330) were chosen by a random sample (December 2015), plus at-risk patients and HIV patients. Attendee compliance and change in scores of questionnaires on knowledge (modified HIV-K-Q-22) and on sexual and injection behaviors were studied. Results Forty-six patients (65.7% compliance) attended the lecture, and their knowledge and behavior scores improved 2 weeks post-lecture (knowledge: from 14.2 ± 3 to 19.0 ± 2.2 [ P < .0005], sexual behavior: from 12.1 ± 2.9 to 8.8 ± 3.0 [ P < .0005], and injection behavior: from 7.3 ± 6.2 to 0.2 ± 1.3 [ P < .0005]). The unjustified fear of proximity to HIV carriers reported by 50% attendees fell to 35% post-lecture. Eight months post-lecture, the scores on knowledge and risky behavior of 21 randomly chosen attendees were still better than pre-lecture scores (knowledge: 15.4 ± 2.3 vs. 17.2 ± 1.8 [paired t test, P = .001], sexual behavior: 13.2 ± 2.3 vs. 9.7 ± 2.9 [ P < .0005], and injection behavior: 9.3 ± 5.6 vs. 2.8 ± 3.1 [ P < .0005]). Drug abuse and treatment adherence were not related to intervention and to risky behavior. Conclusions More knowledge, less fear, and less risky behavior immediately and at 8 months post-lecture reflect the success and importance of the educational intervention. Future efforts are needed in order to reduce ignorance and fear associated with HIV/AIDS.
Piezocision-assisted orthodontic treatment using CAD/CAM customized orthodontic appliances: a randomized controlled trial in adults
Authors: Charavet Carole , Lecloux Geoffrey , Jackers Nastasia , Albert Adelin , Lambert France 
Published: December 2018

Summary

Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of piezocision (surgical protocol with sutures) in orthodontic treatment using CAD/CAM (computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing) customized orthodontic appliances.

Design
The study is designed as a parallel group, randomized controlled trial (RCT).

Setting
University Hospital.

Ethical approval
The study was approved by the ethic committee of the University Hospital Liege, Belgium.

Subjects and methods
This RCT was conducted on 24 adult patients requiring orthodontic treatment to release mild overcrowding. Patients were all treated with a customized appliance and randomly assigned by means of sealed envelopes containing group codes to either a test group treated with piezocision or a control group without any further treatment. A blinded orthodontist validated appliance removal or further adjustments based on the model study.

Outcome measures
The overall treatment time and the time between archwire changes were recorded. Moreover, clinical and radiological features such as tooth resorption, gingival recessions, and the presence of scars were evaluated.

Results
A total of 24 patients (12 control and 12 test) completed the study. The overall treatment time was significantly shorter in the test group than the control group. Likewise, the time difference between all arch changes was significantly lower when piezocision was performed, except for the first arch at the mandible and the last arches at both maxillae. During the fine-tuning phase, no significant difference was found between the two groups. All periodontal and radiographic parameters remained stable from the start to the end of treatment in both the groups. However, minor scars were found in 66 per cent cases.

Limitations
This trial was a single-centre trial.

Conclusions
Piezocision seems to be an effective method to accelerate orthodontic treatment in cases of mild overcrowding. However, the effect was only observed during the alignment phase and a greater efficiency was found in the maxilla. The technique may be contraindicated in patients with a high smile line since the risk of slight scarring exists.

Registration
ClinicalTrails.gov (Identifier: NCT03406130)
Rational Design and In Vivo Characterization of Vaccine Adjuvants
Authors: Schmidt Signe Tandrup , Pedersen Gabriel Kristian , Christensen Dennis 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Many different adjuvants are currently being developed for subunit vaccines against a number of pathogens and diseases. Rational design is increasingly used to develop novel vaccine adjuvants, which requires extensive knowledge of, for example, the desired immune responses, target antigen-presenting cell subsets, their localization, and expression of relevant pattern-recognition receptors. The adjuvant mechanism of action and efficacy are usually evaluated in animal models, where mice are by far the most used. In this review, we present methods for assessing adjuvant efficacy and function in animal models: (1) whole-body biodistribution evaluated by using fluorescently and radioactively labeled vaccine components; (2) association and activation of immune cell subsets at the injection site, in the draining lymph node, and the spleen; (4) adaptive immune responses, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, various T-helper cell subsets, and antibody responses, which may be quantitatively evaluated using ELISA, ELISPOT, and immunoplex assays and qualitatively evaluated using flow cytometric and single cell sequencing assays; and (5) effector responses, for example, antigen-specific cytotoxic potential of CD8+ T cells and antibody neutralization assays. While the vaccine-induced immune responses in mice often correlate with the responses induced in humans, there are instances where immune responses detected in mice are not translated to the human situation. We discuss some examples of correlation and discrepancy between mouse and human immune responses and how to understand them.
Is the Affine Space Determined by Its Automorphism Group?
Authors: Kraft Hanspeter , Regeta Andriy , van Santen (born Stampfli) Immanuel 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In this note we study the problem of characterizing the complex affine space ${\mathbb{A}}^n$ via its automorphism group. We prove the following. Let $X$ be an irreducible quasi-projective $n$-dimensional variety such that $\operatorname{Aut}(X)$ and $\operatorname{Aut}({\mathbb{A}}^n)$ are isomorphic as abstract groups. If $X$ is either quasi-affine and toric or $X$ is smooth with Euler characteristic $\chi (X) \neq 0$ and finite Picard group $\operatorname{Pic}(X)$, then $X$ is isomorphic to ${\mathbb{A}}^n$.
The main ingredient is the following result. Let $X$ be a smooth irreducible quasi-projective variety of dimension $n$ with finite $\operatorname{Pic}(X)$. If $X$ admits a faithful $({\mathbb{Z}} / p {\mathbb{Z}})^n$-action for a prime $p$ and $\chi (X)$ is not divisible by $p$, then the identity component of the centralizer $\operatorname{Cent}_{\operatorname{Aut}(X)}( ({\mathbb{Z}} / p {\mathbb{Z}})^n)$ is a torus.
A revision of the Monodelphis glirina group (Didelphidae: Marmosini), with a description of a new species from Roraima, Brazil
Authors: Pavan Silvia E 
Published: December 2018

AbstractShort-tailed opossums of the nominotypical subgenus Monodelphis occur throughout most of the cis-Andean lowlands of tropical South America. Among its member species, a monophyletic group that includes M. glirina (Amazonian red-sided opossum), M. sanctaerosae (Santa Rosa short-tailed opossum), and an unnamed taxon, herein referred to as the Monodelphis glirina group, is the focus of this paper. I provide an emended diagnosis for species of the group, information about geographic variation in M. glirina (including M. maraxina [Marajó short-tailed opossum]), and a formal description for the unnamed taxon mentioned above. The new species, known from two savanna localities in northeastern Roraima, is geographically disjunct from its closer relatives, M. glirina and M. sanctaerosae, only known to occur south of the Amazon. The new species differs from other congeneric taxa by a set of morphological characters and by DNA sequences.Cuícas-de-cauda-curta do subgênero nominotípico Monodelphis ocorrem na maior parte das planícies cis-Andinas da América do Sul tropical. Dentre as espécies membro, o grupo monofilético que inclui M. glirina, M. sanctarosae, e um táxon ainda não descrito, referido como grupo Monodelphis glirina, é o foco do presente estudo. Aqui são fornecidas diagnoses emendadas para as espécies do grupo, informações sobre variação geográfica em M. glirina (incluindo M. maraxina), e descrição formal para o novo táxon mencionado acima. A nova espécie, conhecida de duas localidades de savana no nordeste de Roraima, encontra-se geograficamente disjunta das espécies mais proximamente relacionadas, M. glirina e M. sanctaerosae, somente conhecidas para a porção sul da Amazônia. A nova espécie difere das demais espécies congenéricas por um conjunto de características morfológicas e por sequências de DNA.
An RK/ST C-Terminal Motif is Required for Targeting of OEP7.2 and a Subset of Other Arabidopsis Tail-Anchored Proteins to the Plastid Outer Envelope Membrane
Authors: Teresinski Howard J , Gidda Satinder K , Nguyen Thuy N D , Howard Naomi J Marty , Porter Brittany K , Grimberg Nicholas , Smith Matthew D , Andrews David W , Dyer John M , Mullen Robert T 
Published: December 2018

AbstractTail-anchored (TA) proteins are a unique class of integral membrane proteins that possess a single C-terminal transmembrane domain and target post-translationally to the specific organelles at which they function. While significant advances have been made in recent years in elucidating the mechanisms and molecular targeting signals involved in the proper sorting of TA proteins, particularly to the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, relatively little is known about the targeting of TA proteins to the plastid outer envelope. Here we show that several known or predicted plastid TA outer envelope proteins (OEPs) in Arabidopsis possess a C-terminal RK/ST sequence motif that serves as a conserved element of their plastid targeting signal. Evidence for this conclusion comes primarily from experiments with OEP7.2, which is a member of the Arabidopsis 7 kDa OEP family. We confirmed that OEP7.2 is localized to the plastid outer envelope and possesses a TA topology, and its C-terminal sequence (CTS), which includes the RK/ST motif, is essential for proper targeting to plastids. The CTS of OEP7.2 is functionally interchangeable with the CTSs of other TA OEPs that possess similar RK/ST motifs, but not with those that lack the motif. Further, a bioinformatics search based on a consensus sequence led to the identification of several new OEP TA proteins. Collectively, this study provides new insight into the mechanisms of TA protein sorting in plant cells, defines a new targeting signal element for a subset of TA OEPs and expands the number and repertoire of TA proteins at the plastid outer envelope.
Enabling an Evidence-Based Approach to Policing Football in the UK
Authors: Stott Clifford , Pearson Geoff , West Owen 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Across the last 10 years, the policing of demonstrations in the UK has witnessed substantive change in terms of both statutory guidance and operational practices. With this study, we highlight how the policing of football crowds in the UK has, to date, yet to undergo similar change, despite being covered by the same statutory guidance. On the basis of largely qualitative data and analysis generated through a quasi-ethnographic approach, we explore the dynamics of police football crowd interactions. We identify how current approaches can fail to adequately understand the nature of risk and lead to a disproportionate deployment of resources both of which have the potential to increase rather than reduce the risk of disorder. We propose that forces develop and test innovative approaches to football policing that are engrained in existing public order guidance, but which move away from a reliance upon fixed categories of risk, focus more on the positive human rights of supporters, and prioritize the tactical deployment of bespoke resources to improve dialogue with fans.