bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facile In Situ Synthesis of Micro/Nano Structured MgH2 Whiskers and Investigation of Their Growth Mechanisms
Authors: Zhang Tonghuan , Song Yanwei , Han Zongying , Chen Xin , Zhao Xi , Zhou Shixue , Yu Hao 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTo improve hydrogen storage capacity, MgH2 whiskers are produced directly from common Mg particles through hydrogenation at 420 °C under 2 MPa of H2 for 72 h. The morphology, thermal stability, growth direction, and growth mechanism of the whiskers are investigated. Results show that the as‐prepared sample with whiskers has a hydrogen storage capacity of 7.14 wt.%, but features high thermal stability. Under SEM, the MgH2 whiskers are 400–1000 nm in diameter and their lengths can reach to 150 µm. The long whiskers display, to some extent, flexibility like human hair. XRD test reveals that the preferred orientation for the whisker growth is along the [101] direction of β‐MgH2. Existence of liquid phase MgH2 is demonstrated. Two growth pathways for the MgH2 whiskers have been found according to their different morphologies. One is by vapor–liquid–solid mechanism from hydriding chemical vapor deposition and the other is by stress inducible recrystallization orientated growth from bulk MgH2 particles. Besides, the addition of transition metal (Cu, Co) is found to suppress the growth of MgH2 whiskers.
Evidence of diabetes‐specific autoimmunity in obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance
Authors: Tiberti Claudio , Zampetti Simona , Capoccia Danila , Campagna Giuseppe , Lucantoni Federica , Anastasi Emanuela , Pallotta Lucia , Panimolle Francesca , Leto Gaetano , Lenzi Andrea , Leonetti Frida , Buzzetti Raffaella 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundRecently, significant attention has been paid to the possible activation of an autoimmune response in the presence of obesity. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the frequencies of autoantibodies typical of autoimmune diabetes in obese patients with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and controls. We also evaluated the presence of immunoreactivity to Hashimoto's thyroiditis and autoimmune gastritis.Materials and methodsConsecutive sera from obese patients, 444 with NGT, 322 with T2D, and 212 controls were analysed by radioimmunoassay or enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for glutamic acid decarboxylase, protein tyrosine phosphatase islet antigen‐2 (IA‐2)IC and IA‐2(256‐760), islet beta‐cell zinc cation transporter (ZnT8), thyroid peroxidase, and anti‐parietal cell autoantibodies.ResultsAltogether the presence of organ‐specific autoantibodies was significantly more frequent in obese patients with NGT (128/444, 28.5%) and obese with T2D (79/322, 24.5%) than in controls (36/212, 17%; P = 0.002). Thyroid peroxidase immunoreactivity was prevalent in all groups of subjects investigated. The frequencies of diabetes‐specific autoantibodies were slightly higher in obese patients with NGT (20/444, 4.5%) than in obese with T2D (12/322, 3.7%) and controls (4/212, 1.9%). The anti IA‐2(256‐760) was the most frequent islet autoantibody in obese subjects with NGT (14/20, 70%).ConclusionsWe observed significant evidence of immunoreactivity specific to diabetes, thyroid, and gastric‐parietal cells in obese patients with NGT. The relatively higher frequency of the diabetes‐related IA‐2(256‐760) autoantibodies in obese patients with NGT may suggest that this autoantibody could be associated with obesity the presence of obesity itself.
A new approach to eating‐disorder classification: Using empirical methods to delineate diagnostic dimensions and inform care
Authors: Forbush Kelsie T. , Chen Po‐Yi , Hagan Kelsey E. , Chapa Danielle A. N. , Gould Sara R. , Eaton Nicholas R. , Krueger Robert F. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectiveDespite changes to the diagnostic criteria for eating disorders (EDs) in the DSM‐5, the current diagnostic system for EDs has limited ability to inform treatment planning and predict outcomes. Our objective was to test the clinical utility of a novel dimensional approach to understanding the structure of ED psychopathology.MethodParticipants (N = 243; 82.2% women) were community‐recruited adults with a DSM‐5 ED assessed at baseline, 6‐month, and 1‐year follow‐up. Hierarchical factor analysis was used to identify a joint hierarchical‐dimensional structure of eating, mood, and anxiety symptoms. Exploratory structural equation modeling was used to test the ability of the dimensional model to predict outcomes.ResultsAt the top of the hierarchy, we identified a broad Internalizing factor that reflected diffuse symptoms of eating, mood, and anxiety disorders. Internalizing branched into three subfactors: distress, fear–avoidance (fears of certain stimuli and behaviors to neutralize fears, including ED behaviors designed to reduce fear of weight gain), and body dissatisfaction, which was nested within distress. The lowest level of the hierarchy was characterized by 15 factors. The hierarchical model predicted 60.1% of the variance in outcomes at 6‐month follow‐up, whereas all DSM eating, mood, and anxiety disorders combined predicted 35.8% of the variance in outcomes.DiscussionA dimensional approach to understanding and diagnosing EDs improved the ability to prospectively predict clinical course above‐and‐beyond the traditional categorical (DSM‐based) approach. Our findings have implications for endeavors to improve the prediction of ED prognosis and course, and to develop more effective trans‐diagnostic treatments.
From sample to pixel: multi‐scale remote sensing data for upscaling aboveground carbon data in heterogeneous landscapes
Authors: Leitão Pedro J. , Schwieder Marcel , Pötzschner Florian , Pinto José R. R. , Teixeira Ana M. C. , Pedroni Fernando , Sanchez Maryland , Rogass Christian , van der Linden Sebastian , Bustamante Mercedes M. C. , Hostert Patrick 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn times of rapid global change, ecosystem monitoring is of utmost importance. Combined field and remote sensing data enable large‐scale ecosystem assessments, while maintaining local relevance and accuracy. In heterogeneous landscapes, however, the integration of field‐collected data with remote sensing image pixels is not a trivial matter. Indeed, much of the uncertainty in models that use remote sensing to map larger areas lies on the field data integration. In this study, we propose to use fine spatial resolution (5 × 5 m2) remote sensing data as auxiliary data for upscaling field‐sampled aboveground carbon data to target (meso‐scale, i.e., 30 × 30 m2) image pixels. In this process, we assess the effects of field data disaggregation and extrapolation, with and without the auxiliary data. We test this on three study sites in heterogeneous landscapes of the Brazilian savanna. We thus compare two methods that use auxiliary data—surface method, which uses a weighting layer, and regression method, which applies a regression model—with one method without auxiliary data—cartographic method. To evaluate our results, we compared observed vs. estimated aboveground carbon values (for known samples) at the pixel level. Additionally, we fitted a random forest regression model with the assigned carbon estimates and the target satellite imagery and assessed the influence of the fraction of extrapolated vs. sampled carbon values on model performance. We observed that, in heterogeneous landscapes, the use of fine spatial resolution remote sensing data improves the upscaling of field‐based aboveground carbon data to coarser image pixels. We also show that a surface method is more suitable for spatial disaggregation, while a regression approach is preferable for extrapolating non‐sampled pixel fractions. In our study, larger datasets, which included a higher proportion of estimated values, generally delivered better models of aboveground carbon than smaller datasets that are assumed to more reliably reflect reality. Our approach enables to link field and remote sensing data, which in turn enables the detailed mapping of aboveground carbon in heterogeneous landscapes over large areas through the optimized integration of field data and multi‐scale remote sensing data.
Seasonal streamflow extremes are key drivers of Brook Trout young‐of‐the‐year abundance
Authors: Blum Annalise G. , Kanno Yoichiro , Letcher Benjamin H. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTo manage ecosystems in the context of climate change, we need to understand the relationship between extreme events and population dynamics. Floods and droughts are projected to occur more frequently, but how aquatic species will respond to these extreme events remains uncertain. Based on counts of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) collected over 28 yr at 115 sites in Shenandoah National Park, we developed mixed‐effects models to (1) assess how well extreme streamflow, as compared to mean flows and total precipitation, can explain young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) abundance, (2) identify potential nonlinear relationships between seasonal environmental covariates and abundance using nonlinear generalized additive mixed models, and (3) explore likely impacts of expected future weather and streamflow conditions. We found that (1) using covariates of streamflow extremes improved prediction of YOY abundance compared to use of mean seasonal flow values or precipitation as a proxy, (2) warmer maximum daily spring temperatures were associated with increased YOY abundance up to about 1.5 standard deviations, above which abundance declined, and (3) a strong negative effect of extreme winter streamflow, unlikely to be offset by possibly positive effects from other seasons, is expected to have a detrimental impact on Brook Trout populations given predicted increases in winter precipitation. Because YOY abundance is a strong determinant of population dynamics for these short‐lived species, extreme events will have the potential to exert a strong influence on population persistence of Brook Trout in a changing climate. Management actions that maximize resiliency of populations in response to extreme events, such as restoration of habitat connectivity, should be prioritized to buffer negative impacts.
Why is it so hard to change? The role of self‐integrity threat and affirmation in weight loss
Authors: Logel Christine , Hall William , Page‐Gould Elizabeth , Cohen Geoffrey L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPeople are frequently dissatisfied with their body weight. Messages alleging that lower weight is esthetically preferable, healthier, and achievable likely trigger chronic self‐integrity threat, the sense that one's personal adequacy is in doubt. We examined whether self‐integrity threat, which creates stress and pressure to restore self‐integrity, contributes to the challenges of weight and behavior change. Weight‐dissatisfied women completed in‐lab tasks including a values affirmation manipulation and two‐month follow‐up. Affirmed women lost weight relative to controls, replicating previous research. Effects were primarily among those with higher initial body masses. Affirmed higher‐weighted women also ate more healthful foods compared to unhealthful foods in self‐reports and observation. Affirmed participants reported increased exercise, and an exploratory measure showed that their cortisol awakening responses synchronized with their coping needs, suggesting more adaptive physiological function. Results suggest that self‐integrity threat is an under‐recognized barrier to change, and reducing it can support healthy changes.
Comparison of NAD with NADP‐dependent Glutamate Dehydrogenase, and CNT with rGO‐modified Electrodes, for the Construction of Glutamate Sensors
Authors: Sato Katsuhiko , Kamijo Toshio , Takahashi Shigehiro , Sato Takaya 
Published: August 2018

AbstractGlutamate sensors were prepared using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)‐dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Glutamate was determined from the anodic oxidation current of NADH and NADPH generated by the enzymatic reaction of GDH. These two types of GDH enzymes were deposited separately on carbon nanotube (CNT) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO)‐modified glassy carbon electrodes, in which CNT and rGO were used to improve the oxidation capacity of the electrodes. An anodic peak current in response to 1 mM glutamate of glutamate sensors comprising each of these four combinations were compared under the same conditions. The glutamate response was the highest when NAD‐dependent GDH was deposited on the rGO‐modified electrode.
Paternity testing using massively parallel sequencing and the PowerSeq™ AUTO/Y system for short tandem repeat sequencing
Authors: S. B. S. Silva Deborah , Sawitzki Fernanda R. , Scheible Melissa K. R. , Bailey Sarah F. , S. Alho Clarice , Faith Seth A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMassively parallel sequencing (MPS) is gaining attention as a new technology for routine forensic casework, including paternity testing. Recently released MPS multiplex panels provide many more loci compared to CE methods, plus provide sequence‐based alleles that together improve the statistical power of the genetic testing. Here, an MPS system (PowerSeq™ AUTO/Y) was applied for STR sequencing in the study of first‐degree STR sequence allele inheritance from families in Southern Brazil. In 29 trios (mother‐child‐father) analyzed, the paternity index values generally increased when data from sequence‐based analysis were used in comparison to length‐based data. Further, allele inconsistencies (e.g., single repeat mutation events) between child and parents could be resolved with MPS by assessing the core repeat and flanking region sequences. Lastly, the sequence information allowed for identification of isoalleles (alleles of the same size, but different sequence) to determine specific paternal and maternal inheritances. The results from this study showed advantages of implementing sequence‐based analysis, MPS, in paternity testing with improved statistical calculations and a greater resolution for the trios/families tested.
Rapid and efficient western blot assay by rotational cyclic draining and replenishing procedure
Authors: Sajjad Saba , Do Mui Thi , Shin Heung‐Seon , Yoon Tae‐Sung , Kang Sunghyun 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWestern blot is a principal technique for the detection of specific proteins in various biology disciplines. The antibody incubation is an imperative step in western blot. Antibody incubation by mild shaking on a rocker is generally used to facilitate mixing of antibodies. However, mild shaking is an inefficient process to remove antibody depletion layer on blotting membrane and requires hours of incubation time to achieve antibody binding to target proteins. We propose an alternative method of cyclic draining and replenishing (CDR) incubation of antibody solution using a rotational incubation chamber. The study demonstrated that rotational CDR incubation could shorten antibody incubation time with enhanced sensitivity. Moreover, rotational CDR incubation could achieve a stronger antibody binding with lower antibody concentration when compared with batch incubation. In addition, rotational CDR incubation significantly improved the detection of low abundance proteins. This simple modification in western blot procedure makes it rapid, sensitive, and cost‐efficient.
A highly sensitive aptasensor for on‐site detection of lipopolysaccharides in food
Authors: Cheng Cheng , Wu Jayne , Chen Jiangang 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA rapid, low‐cost, highly sensitive, and specific capacitive aptasensor is presented for detection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Exposure to LPS could cause fever, gram‐negative sepsis, septic shock, and eventual death. Hence, rapid, low cost, and sensitive detection of LPS is pivotal for the safety of food, pharmaceutical, and medical devices and products. In this work, a capacitive sensing method based on alternating current electrokinetics is developed to achieve rapid and specific detection of LPS. This method uses an alternating current signal for two purposes. One is to induce positive dielectrophoresis, which attracts LPS toward the sensor electrodes’ surface and accelerates its binding with the immobilized aptamer probe. The other purpose is to simultaneously sense the binding reaction by measuring the interfacial capacitance change on the electrodes’ surface. The testing procedures and instrumentation setup of this sensing platform are significantly simplified while finding quantitative concentrations of both analytical and complex samples within 30 s. When testing analytical samples of LPS from Escherichia coli O55:B5, a LOD of 4.93 fg/mL is achieved. The recovery analysis is also performed with LPS spiked in a complex matrix and good recovery rates are demonstrated. This work provides an affordable and field‐deployable platform for highly sensitive and real‐time LPS detection.
The influence of interface geometry, stiffness, and crushing on the dynamic response of masonry collapse mechanisms
Authors: Mehrotra Anjali , DeJong Matthew J. 
Published: August 2018

SummaryFailure of masonry structures generally occurs via specific collapse mechanisms which have been well documented. Using rocking dynamics, equations of motion have been derived for a number of different failure mechanisms ranging from the simple overturning of a single block to more complicated mechanisms. However, most of the equations of motion derived thus far assume that the structures can be modelled as rigid bodies rocking on rigid interfaces with an infinite compressive strength—which is not always the case. In fact, crushing of masonry—commonly observed in larger scale constructions and vertically restrained walls—can lead to a reduction in the dynamic capacity of these structures. This paper rederives the rocking equation of motion to account for the influence of flexible interfaces, characterized by a specific interface stiffness as well as finite compressive strength. The interface now includes a continually shifting rotation point, the location of which depends not only on the material properties of the interface but also on its geometry. Expressions have thus also been derived for interfaces of different geometries, and parametric studies conducted to gauge their influence on dynamic response. The new interface formulations are also implemented within a new analytical modelling tool that provides a novel approach to the dynamic analysis of masonry collapse mechanisms. Finally, this tool is exemplified, along with the importance of the interface formulation, by evaluating the collapse of the Dharahara Tower in Kathmandu, which was almost completely destroyed during the 2015 Gorkha earthquake.
The persistence of beaver‐induced geomorphic heterogeneity and organic carbon stock in river corridors
Authors: Laurel DeAnna , Wohl Ellen 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBeavers are widely recognized as ecosystem engineers for their ability to shape river corridors by building dams, digging small canals, and altering riparian vegetation. Through these activities, beavers create beaver meadows, which are segments of river corridor characterized by high geomorphic heterogeneity, attenuation of downstream fluxes, and biodiversity. We examine seven beaver meadows on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA with differing levels of beaver activity. We divide these sites into the four categories of active, partially active, recently abandoned (< 20 years), and long abandoned (> 30 years). We characterize geomorphic units within the river corridor and calculate metrics of surface geomorphic heterogeneity relative to category of beaver activity. We also use measures of subsurface geomorphic heterogeneity (soil moisture, soil depth, percent clay content, organic carbon concentration) to compare heterogeneity across beaver meadow categories. Finally, we calculate organic carbon stock within the upper 1.5 m of each meadow and compare these values to category of beaver activity. We find that surface geomorphic heterogeneity and mean soil moisture differ significantly only between active and long abandoned meadows, suggesting a non‐linear decrease with time following beaver abandonment of a meadow. Soil depth and organic carbon stock do not differ consistently in relation to category of beaver meadow, suggesting that larger‐scale geologic controls that foster deep floodplain soils can continue to maintain substantial organic carbon stocks after beavers abandon a meadow. These results also indicate that the effects of beaver ecosystem engineering can persist for nearly three decades after the animals largely abandon a river corridor. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Debris‐flow release processes investigated through the analysis of multi‐temporal LiDAR datasets in north‐western Iceland
Authors: Morino Costanza , Conway Susan J. , Balme Matthew R. , Hillier John , Jordan Colm , Sæmundsson Þorsteinn , Argles Tom 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDebris flows are fast‐moving gravity flows of poorly sorted rock and soil, mixed and saturated with water. Debris‐flow initiation has been studied using empirical and experimental modelling, but the geomorphic changes, indicative of different triggering processes, are difficult to constrain with field observations only. We identify signatures to distinguish two different debris‐flow release styles by integrating high‐resolution multi‐temporal remote sensing datasets and morphometric analysis. We analyse debris flows sourced above the town of Ísafjörður (Iceland). Two debris‐flow triggering processes were previously hypothesised for this site: (i) slope failure, characterised by landslides evolving into debris flows; and (ii) the fire‐hose effect, in which debris accumulated in pre‐existing, steep‐sided bedrock passages is transported by a surge of water. It is unknown which process dominates and determines the local risk. To investigate this question, we compare airborne LiDAR elevation models and aerial photographs collected in 2007 with similar data from 2013. We find that two new debris‐flow tracks were created by slope failures. These are characterised by steep sliding surfaces and lateral leveed channels. Slope failure also occurred in two large, recently active tracks, creating the preparatory conditions for the fire‐hose effect to mobilise existing debris. These tracks show alternating zones of fill and scour along their length, and debris stored below the source‐area at rest angles >35°. Our approach allows us to identify and quantify the morphological changes produced by slope failure release process, which generated the preparatory conditions for the fire‐hose effect. As debris flows are rarely observed in action and morphological changes induced by them are difficult to detect and monitor, the same approach could be applied to other landscapes to understand debris‐flow initiation in the absence of other monitoring information, and can improve the identification of zones at risk in inhabited areas near hillslopes with potential for debris flows. © 2018 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.