bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mycorrhiza
Authors: Egan Cameron P , Hynson Nicole A 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMycorrhizas are symbiotic associations between fungi in the soil and the roots of plants. Several types exist, each of which is defined by their morphological characteristics at the interface between the plant and fungus, as well as the identity of both fungal and plant partners. Mycorrhizas are the most ubiquitous terrestrial symbiosis in nature and are believed to have played an integral role in helping plants transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments c. 400 million years before present. The most recognised function of the symbiosis is the bidirectional exchange of plant growth limiting soil nutrients from the fungal partner(s) for photosynthetically derived sugars from the plant host(s). However, the function of mycorrhizal fungi extends beyond nutrient exchange, as they play other important roles for their hosts including increased resistance to pathogens and herbivory and improved plant–water relations.Key ConceptsMycorrhiza refers to the symbiotic relationship between a fungus in the soil and the root of a plant.The mycorrhizal symbiosis is the most widely distributed symbiosis on earth.Mycorrhizas are classified into different types, each of which is defined by the identity of plant and fungal partners, as well as the morphological structures, where the partners interface.The mycorrhizal symbiosis while generally considered a mutualism where both partners benefit, can fall on a continuum from parasitism to mutualism, where the direction and strength of the interaction depend upon the identity of the partners and their environmental conditions.Mycorrhizas are ubiquitous in nature, having strong influences on plant community ecology including diversity and productivity.
Vernalisation
Authors: Dixon Laura E , Hepworth Jo , Irwin Judith A 
Published: August 2019

AbstractVernalisation is the response to a period of prolonged cold required by many plants to switch from vegetative to reproductive growth. Variation in the requirement for, and the response to, a period of weeks or months of cold underpins life history variation in both wild and crop species and ensures flowering occurs in the more optimal conditions in spring. In monocots and dicots three key players – a gene activated by cold, a repressor, and an integrator – have been identified within the vernalisation regulatory network. However, the relative importance of allelic variation at these genes to variation in vernalisation response differs between the two subdivisions of flowering plants. Genetic and molecular analysis of this variation has revealed a mechanism with core epigenetic components in the exemplar Angiosperm lineages Brassicaceae and Poaceae.Key ConceptsPlants utilise the memory of winter to align flowering with the favourable conditions of spring.Vernalisation promotes competence to flower in response to a prolonged period of cold.Epigenetic regulation is a stable change in gene expression (through multiple mitotic and sometimes meiotic divisions) without a change in the underlying DNA sequence.In both monocots and dicots three key players – a gene activated by cold, a repressor and an integrator – have been identified as components of the vernalisation network.FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC)is the key regulator of vernalisation in the Brassicaceae.VERNALIZATION 1 (VRN1)is the main regulator of vernalisation in the Poaceae.Polycomb proteins are conserved across kingdoms.
TheBrønsted Acid/Base Character of theNNandNNBonds
Authors: Bartmess John E. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe Brønsted acidity and basicity of compounds containing the NN and NN structures is surveyed and analyzed. This includes gas‐phase proton affinities and acidities and solution‐phase values in both DMSO and aqueous solution. Computational support for the gas‐phase experimental values is included.
Highly Sensitive Soft Foam Sensors to Empower Robotic Systems
Authors: Sencadas Vitor , Tawk Charbel , Alici Gursel 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSoft robots require seamless integration with sensors and actuators that are simple to manufacture at scale with low cost and minimum footprint. The sensor materials must be highly reliable, sensitive, and stable, and their mechanical features should match the sensing requirements of soft robots such as minimal response time and nonlinearity of hysteresis and relaxation. A resistive‐type sensor based on the synthesis of poly(glycerol secabate) (PGS) with a foam‐like structure and outstanding mechanical, electrical, and electromechanical properties is developed. These foam sensors present high sensitivity (gauge factor ≈ −9), very fast response (≤3 ms), negligible hysteresis, reliability, long lifetime (>1 200 000 cycles), and a pressure differential sensitivity of 34 Pa. They can accurately detect low and high frequency vibrations (up to 300 Hz) and small forces (200 mN) that cover the very low detection range of metallic strain gauges and the very large detection range of elastomeric strain sensors. These characteristics closely match those of the human fingertip, and hence pave the way toward tactile and compliant sensing elements embedded in prosthetic hands. Prospective applications for unexplored resistive‐type sensors to meet the sensory requirements of soft robotic systems are demonstrated.
MXene‐Reduced Graphene Oxide Aerogel for Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Hybrid Supercapacitor with Ultralong Cycle Life
Authors: Wang Qiang , Wang Siliang , Guo Xiaohui , Ruan Limin , Wei Ning , Ma Yue , Li Jiayi , Wang Min , Li Wanqing , Zeng Wei 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAlthough current energy storage devices are limited by their own shortcomings, their merits such as superior power density and cycling stability for supercapacitors (SCs), and high energy density for batteries cannot be ignored either. Constructing hybrid SCs (HSCs) with capacitor‐type electrodes and battery‐type electrodes can combine the advantages of SCs and batteries. Herein, a zinc‐ion HSC (ZHSC) is fabricated with a porous 3D MXene (Ti3C2Tx
)‐reduced graphene oxide aerogel cathode and zinc foil anode for the first time. As a result, the ZHSC exhibits excellent electrochemical performance with a high specific capacitance of 128.6 F g−1 at a current density of 0.4 A g−1 and a high energy density of 34.9 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 279.9 W kg−1. More importantly, after 75 000 charge and discharge cycles at a current density of 5 A g−1, the capacitance retention is still above 95% of the initial capacitance. This work provides a new way of thinking for developing high‐performance energy storage devices with superior energy, power density, and ultralong cycle life.
Conformational Spin Switching and Spin‐Selective Hydrogenation of a Magnetically Bistable Carbene
Authors: Trosien Iris , Mendez‐Vega Enrique , Thomanek Tobias , Sander Wolfram 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe control of the spin states of molecules opens the path to tuning selectivity in chemical reactions and to developing novel magnetically switchable materials. 3‐Methoxy‐9‐fluorenylidene is a carbene that is generated in cryogenic matrices both in its lowest energy singlet and triplet states, and the ratio of these states can be shifted by selective irradiation. The interconversion of the nearly degenerate spin states is induced by a conformational change of the methoxy group: switching the methoxy group into the “up” position results in the singlet state and switching into the “down” position in the triplet state. The spin control via a remote functional group makes this carbene unique for the study of spin‐specific reactions, which is demonstrated for the hydrogenation reaction. Spin switching by switching the conformation of a remote functional group is a novel phenomenon with potential applications in the design of functional materials.
Highly stable polyoxometalate‐resorcin[4]arene‐based inorganic‐organic complexes for catalytic oxidation desulfurization
Authors: Yu Ming‐Yue , Yang Jin , Xu Xianxiu , Ma Jian‐Fang , Wang Zhenxing 
Published: August 2019

Self‐assembly of a resorcin[4]arene‐based ligand (TMR4A) with metal salts and H3PMo12O40·xH2O offers two isostructural complexes, namely, [Ni2Cl(TMR4A)2(CH3CN)2]·[PMo12O40]·4CH3CN (1) and [Co2Cl(TMR4A)2(CH3CN)2]·[PMo12O40]·4CH3CN (2). In both 1 and 2, one Cl− anion bridges two metal cations, and each metal cation is further chelated by four 2‐mercaptopyridine N‐oxide groups of one TMR4A, producing a [M2Cl(TMR4A)2]3+ dimer (M = Ni or Co). The negative [PMo12O40]3− as a counter‐anion balances the positive charge. Markedly, 1 and 2 exhibit high stability in aqueous solutions with different pH values and in organic solvents. Remarkably, the efficient heterogeneous catalytic capability for oxidative desulfurization was studied by suing 1 and 2 as recycled catalysts. Moreover, the electrochemical behaviors of the two compounds were discussed as well.
Cheating among children: Temptation, loss framing, and previous cheating
Authors: Markiewicz Łukasz , Gawryluk Katarzyna 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAlthough early economic approaches to misbehavior merely compare the monetary utility of accessible options, self‐concept maintenance models introduce moral considerations to the equation. These assume that people trade off possible gains to be made from moral transgressions with associated decreases in self‐esteem. On the basis of the assumption that the development of moral values among children is weaker than in adults, we expected children's behavior to be close to that of the hypothetical homo economicus, with their decisions as to whether to cheat therefore being influenced by decision theory elements: normative elements such as temptation magnitude, and behavioral elements such as framing. As children should pay no heed to moral considerations in dynamic multiple task settings, behavior opposite to “moral cleansing” was expected, with a first lie predicting later lies. In addition to testing the above ideas, the present study adopted a novel methodology. Our hypotheses were tested in a lab‐in‐the‐field study using a modified “roll a die” method in a naturalistic setting for children of ages 7 to 10. We modified the method to identify both true and declared values of die rolls (a novel DICE+ electronic die was used). As expected, children were sensitive to temptation and cheated more willingly for more attractive prizes. Girls (but not boys) lied more (in terms of both frequency and magnitude) to avoid losses (with loss framing) than to make gains (with gain framing). Previous lying correlated positively with lying on subsequent tasks.
Evaluation of pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and urinary excretion of scopolin and its metabolite scopoletin in Sprague Dawley rats by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Bo , Lu Min , Chu Zixuan , Lei Shanshan , Sun Peilu , Xiong Shan , Chen Suhong 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and urinary excretion of scopolin and its metabolite scopoletin in rats. An LC–tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of scopolin and scopoletin in rat biomatrices was developed and validated over a plasma and urine concentration range of 5.0–2000 ng/mL. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Hypersil GOLD C18 column with acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water as mobile phase with gradient elution. Detection was performed in the positive ionization and selected reaction monitoring mode. The intra‐ and inter‐batch precision and accuracy, extraction recovery and matrix effect and stability of scopolin and scopoletin were well within the acceptable limits of variation. There was no gender‐related difference in the pharmacokinetic profiles of scopolin. There were significant differences in total area under the concentration–time curve (AUC), time required to achieve a maximal concentration (Tmax) and apparent clearance from plasma (Cl/F) of scopoletin between the male and female rats (p < .05). The bioavailability (F) of scopolin was exceptionally low. The maximal excretion rates were 7.61 μg/h and 7.15 μg/h for scopolin and 31.68 μg/h and 25.58 μg/h for scopoletin in male and female rats, respectively. The LC–MS/MS method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic, bioavailability and urinary excretion studies of scopolin and its metabolite scopoletin following a single administration of scopolin to rats.
Residual atherothrombotic burden after primary percutaneous coronary intervention and myocardial reperfusion—An optical frequency domain imaging study
Authors: Roule Vincent , Schwob Lin , Lemaitre Adrien , Bignon Mathieu , Ardouin Pierre , Sabatier Rémi , Blanchart Katrien , Beygui Farzin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectivesWe aimed to assess the relationship between residual in‐stent atherothrombotic burden (ATB) after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) measured by optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI) using different measurement methods and myocardial blush grade (MBG).BackgroundThe impact of residual ATB after primary PCI on myocardial reperfusion remains unclear.MethodsWe prospectively included 60 ST‐elevation myocardial infarction patients pretreated with aspirin and ticagrelor. OFDI volumetric quantification using planimetry (with intervals every frame or every millimeter) and semiquantitative score were used to determine ATB. Patients were divided into two groups according to final MBG 3 or <3.ResultsThe mean ATB was 10.08 ± 5.21%. ATB was lower in patients with final MBG 3 compared to those with impaired MBG, regardless of the measurement method (8.15 ± 5.58 vs. 11.77 ± 4.28%; p = .007 for quantification per frame; 7.8 ± 5.19 vs. 11.07 ± 4.07%; p = .009 for quantification per mm and 11.21 ± 11.75 vs. 22.91 ± 17.35; p = .003 for the semiquantitative thrombus score, respectively).ConclusionResidual post‐stenting ATB remains substantial after primary PCI in STEMI patients, even when pretreated with ticagrelor and aspirin. ATB appears as a significant correlate of suboptimal myocardial reperfusion, a known surrogate of clinical outcome.
Accessing the Biocatalytic Potential for C−H‐Activation by Targeted Genome Mining and Screening
Authors: Schmitz Lisa Marie , Schäper Jonas , Rosenthal Katrin , Lütz Stephan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are ubiquitous hemeproteins that insert oxygen specifically into substrates leading to diverse chemical transformations. Utilizing their capabilities, microbial whole‐cell biocatalysts are applied in pharmaceutical and fine chemical industry to produce biomolecules and drug metabolites. In order to synthesize novel bioactive compounds there is a great demand to identify P450s with new reaction and substrate scope. In this study, genome mining and an activity screening were successfully combined to discover so far underutilized biocatalysts. The screening revealed the expected broad range of reactions, such as hydroxylations, dealkylations, reductions and desaturations. For Actinosynnema mirum and ritonavir the biotransformation was transferred to a preparative scale resulting in a ritonavir conversion of 90 % after 48 h and 13 different metabolites analyzed by LC‐MS2 and NMR. These results clearly demonstrate the potential of the underlying approach to identify promising whole cell biocatalysts with good conversion and product scopes.
Fe‐Doped Ni3S2 Nanowires with Surface‐Restricted Oxidation Toward High‐Current‐Density Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Wang Xiangyu , Zhang Wuzhengzhi , Zhang Junliang , Wu Zhengcui 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIt is critical to develop a highly effective and economical electrocatalyst to lower the energy losses for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this work, Fe‐doped Ni3S2 nanowires with diameters of ca. 17 nm and lengths of 1.4∼2 μm are synthesized on Ni foam through a one‐step solvothermal route for alkaline water splitting, which display notable active and excellent durability for both OER and HER under high current densities. The optimal Fe13.7%‐Ni3S2 nanowires electrode can attain 200 mA cm−2 at a fairly low overpotential of 223 mV, and 500 mA cm−2 at 245 mV toward OER. Furthermore, it yields a considerable low overpotential of 109 mV to garner 10 mA cm−2, and 246 mV for 500 mA cm−2 toward HER. The incorporation of iron simultaneously modifies the electronic structure and morphology of Ni3S2, which not only enhances the conductivity but also generates abundant active edge sites. The slight surface‐restricted oxidation of nanowires in a strongly basic electrolyte in situ generates a large number of interfaces, which enables the reactivity and durability for both OER and HER. Accordingly, an alkaline water electrolyzer with two Fe13.7%‐Ni3S2 electrodes only requires a low cell voltage of 1.53 V to achieve 10 mA cm−2, and 1.95 V to 500 mA cm−2 with striking stability. The as‐prepared Fe‐doped Ni3S2 nanowires can be potentially utilized for actual water electrolysis under high current densities.
Influence of lignin accessibility on chemical and biological decomposition of lignin/polyethylene composite thermoplastics
Authors: Tang Yong , Ye Zhibin , Jean Michel 
Published: August 2019

AbstractKraft lignin has been widely investigated for blending with a large variety of polymers to produce thermoplastic composites. The ratio of lignin and polymer affects the accessibility of lignin to small molecules and microorganisms, thus influencing the degradation of lignin/polymer composites. In this present work, the stability and degradation of lignin‐polyethylene composites of different compositions in different environments, including water, acidic solution, alkaline solution, and soils have been investigated. The effects of composite composition (with PE content in the range of 30‐80 wt%) and in turn lignin accessibility on the degradation have been elucidated, with some valuable findings disclosed. The degradation/dissolution of lignin creates new void spaces and water fully or partially fills into these void spaces, depending on the specimen size. Because water does not have any interaction with lignin and PE, most of the lignin degradation behaviour does not affect the dimensional size of lignin/PE composites. However, the dissolution of lignin in alkaline solution leads to significant shrinkage of the lignin/PE composite bar, especially in terms of thickness. The lignin degradation behaviour has different effects on the mechanical strength of lignin/PE composites. The composites with low lignin accessibility degrade minimally in all environments, thus retaining most of the mechanical strength. This study provides insight regarding extending/shortening the life cycle of lignin/polymer composites.
Silica‐Free Synthesis of Mesoporous Co3O4/CoOxPy as a Highly Active Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalyst
Authors: Sun Tian , Liu Piao , Yang Daihui , Wang Qiyou , Duan Junfei , Ma Chao , Gao Yang , Zhang Shiguo 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHighly active and stable catalysts towards electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction are crucial for the efficient water splitting and sustainable hydrogen generation. Here we report a novel mesoporous Co3O4 with the surface decoration of mixed CoOxPy species towards efficient OER catalysis. The material is synthesized from a simple carbon template derived from p‐phenylenediamine bisulfate followed by low temperature phosphorization. Unlike traditional methods, silica intermediates are not involved during synthesis, improving the overall safety and efficiency. The as‐prepared mesoporous Co3O4/CoOxPy catalyst shows excellent catalytic activity and stability towards oxygen evolution reaction in 1 M KOH. The overpotential is 295 mV at 10 mA cm−2, superior to that of commercial IrO2/C catalyst. A small Tafel slope of 70 mV dec−1 and high stability are also observed. The excellent electrochemical performance is attributed to the mesoporous structure, strong electronic interaction, and synergistic effect of the mesoporous Co3O4 and CoOxPy phases. Other heterogeneous catalysts with similar structures and compositions may also be fabricated following the same design principle.
Relative Bioavailability of Enalapril Administered as Orodispersible Minitablets in Healthy Adults
Authors: Van Hecken Anne , Burckhardt Björn B. , Khalil Feras , de Hoon Jan , Klingmann Ingrid , Herbots Marissa , Laeer Stephanie , Lagler Florian B. , Breitkreutz Jörg 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril is commonly used to treat chronic heart failure in children. Because some children are unable to swallow capsules or tablets, a new, age‐appropriate, orodispersible minitablet (ODMT) containing 1 mg of enalapril was developed within the EU‐funded LENA (Labeling of Enalapril from Neonates up to Adolescents) consortium. In order to support the clinical evaluation of this new formulation in children, a relative bioavailability study was performed in healthy adults, comparing the bioavailability of enalapril in the ODMT with that of a reference product (RP) Renitec, a registered standard enalapril tablet formulation. In this open‐label, randomized 3‐way crossover study, 24 healthy subjects received a 10‐mg enalapril dose administered as (1) 2 × 5‐mg tablets of the RP swallowed with water, (2) 10 × 1‐mg ODMT swallowed with water, and (3) 10 × 1 mg ODMT dispersed on the tongue. When the relative bioavailability of the ODMT formulation swallowed with water was compared with that of the RP, the estimated 90%CIs for the ratio of area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC0‐∞) and or peak concentration (Cmax) of enalapril were 92.34% to 106.49% and 91.28% to 115.72%, respectively, which are within the accepted bioequivalence limits of 80% to 125%. Following dispersion of the ODMT in the mouth, a slightly higher Cmax for enalapril was observed as compared with the RP with an upper 90%CI of 127.57%, slightly exceeding the bioequivalence limit. Taken together, it was demonstrated that the method of administration of the ODMT, swallowed or dispersed, did not significantly affect the bioavailability of enalapril.
Electrodeposition of Silver Vanadate Films: A Tale of Two Polymorphs
Authors: Vali Abbas , Sarker Hori P. , Jee Hyung‐Woo , Kormányos Attila , Firouzan Farinaz , Myung Noseung , Paeng Ki‐Jung , Huda Muhammad N. , Janáky Csaba , Rajeshwar Krishnan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTwo polymorphs of AgVO3, namely the α‐ and β‐ forms, were prepared and their physical, structural, optical, electrochemical, and photoelectrochemical characteristics were compared using a battery of experimental and theoretical tools. A two‐step method, previously developed in the our laboratory for the electrodeposition of inorganic semiconductor films, was applied to the electrosynthesis of silver vanadate (AgVO3) films on transparent, conducting oxide surfaces. In the first step, silver was cathodically deposited from a non‐aqueous bath containing silver nitrate. In the second step, the silver film was anodically stripped in an aqueous medium containing ammonium metavanadate. The anodically generated silver ions at the interface underwent a precipitation reaction with the vanadate species to generate the desired product in situ. Each of these steps were mechanistically corroborated via the use of electrochemical quartz crystal microgravimetry, used in conjunction with voltammetry and coulometry. As‐deposited films were crystalline and showed p‐type semiconductor behavior. Theoretical insights are provided for the electronic origin of the α→β phase transformation in AgVO3 and the disparate optical band gaps of the two polymorphs. Finally, implications for the application of this material in solar cells are provided.