bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of six core strategies based on trauma informed care in reducing seclusions and restraints at a child and adolescent psychiatric hospital
Authors: Azeem MuhammadWaqar , Aujla Akashdeep , Rammerth Michelle , Binsfeld Gary , Jones Robert B. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of six core strategies based on trauma informed care in reducing the use of seclusion and restraints with hospitalized youth.MethodsThe hospital staff received training inMarch 2005 in six core strategies that are based on trauma informed care. Medical records were reviewed for youth admitted between July 2004 andMarch 2007. Data were collected on demographics, including age, gender, ethnicity,number of admissions, type of admissions, length of stay, psychiatric diagnosis, number of seclusions, and restraints.ResultsFour hundred fifty‐eight youth (females 276/males 182) were admitted between July 2004 and March 2007. Seventy‐nine patients or 17.2% (females 44/males 35) required 278 seclusions/restraints (159 seclusions/119 restraints),with average number of episodes 3.5/patient (range 1–28). Thirty‐seven children and adolescents placed in seclusion and/or restraints had three or more episodes. In the first six months of study, the number of seclusions/restraints episodes were 93 (73 seclusions/20 restraints), involving 22 children and adolescents (females 11/males 11). Comparatively, in final six months of study following the training program, there were 31 episodes (6 seclusions/25 restraints) involving 11 children and adolescents (females 7/males 4). The major diagnoses of the youth placed in seclusion and/or restraints were disruptive behavior disorders (61%) and mood disorders (52%).ConclusionsThis study shows downward trend in seclusions/restraints among hospitalized youth after implementation of National Association of State Mental Health ProgramDirectors six core strategies based on trauma informed care.
Optimization of digital volume correlation computation in SR‐microCT images of trabecular bone and bone‐biomaterial systems
Authors: PEÑA FERNÁNDEZ M. , BARBER A.H. , BLUNN G.W. , TOZZI G. 
Published: July 2018

SummaryA micromechanical characterization of biomaterials for bone tissue engineering is essential to understand the quality of the newly regenerated bone, enabling the improvement of tissue regeneration strategies. A combination of microcomputed tomography in conjunction with in situ mechanical testing and digital volume correlation (DVC) has become a powerful technique to investigate the internal deformation of bone structure at a range of dimensional scales. However, in order to obtain accurate three‐dimensional strain measurement at tissue level, high‐resolution images must be acquired, and displacement/strain measurement uncertainties evaluated. The aim of this study was to optimize imaging parameters, image postprocessing and DVC settings to enhance computation based on ‘zero‐strain’ repeated high‐resolution synchrotron microCT scans of trabecular bone and bone‐biomaterial systems. Low exposures to SR X‐ray radiation were required to minimize irradiation‐induced tissue damage, resulting in the need of advanced three‐dimensional filters on the reconstructed images to reduce DVC‐measured strain errors. Furthermore, the computation of strain values only in the hard phase (i.e. bone, biomaterial) allowed the exclusion of large artefacts localized in the bone marrow. This study demonstrated the suitability of a local DVC approach based on synchrotron microCT images to investigate the micromechanics of trabecular bone and bone‐biomaterial composites at tissue level with a standard deviation of the errors in the region of 100 microstrain after a thorough optimization of DVC computation.Lay DescriptionUnderstanding the quality of newly regenerated bone after implantation of novel biomaterials is essential to improve bone tissue engineering strategies and formulation of biomaterials. The relationship between microstructure and mechanics of bone has been previously addressed combining microcomputed tomography with in situ mechanical testing. The addition of an image‐based experimental technique such as digital volume correlation (DVC) allows to characterize the deformation of materials in a three‐dimensional manner. However, in order to obtain accurate information at the micro‐scale, high‐resolution images, obtained for example by using synchrotron radiation microcomputed tomography, as well as optimization of the DVC computation are needed. This study presents the effect of different imaging parameters, image postprocessing and DVC settings for as accurate investigation of trabecular bone structure and bone‐biomaterial interfaces. The results showed that when appropriate image postprocessing and DVC settings are used DVC computation results in very low strain errors. This is of vital importance for a correct understanding of the deformation in bone‐biomaterial systems and the ability of such biomaterials in producing new bone comparable with the native tissue they are meant to replace.
Are open and neurotic behaviors related to cognitive behaviors in daily life of older adults?
Authors: Aschwanden Damaris , Luchetti Martina , Allemand Mathias 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectivePrevious research has shown a positive relationship between Openness and cognitive engagement as well as Neuroticism and cognitive complaints at the between‐person level. However, less is known about these associations at the within‐person level in daily life. Using daily assessments, the present study examined these associations both at the between‐person and within‐person level. Knowing the within‐person associations is important to provide valuable information for simple preventive and interceptive intervention strategies.MethodThis study sampled 136 healthy older participants (M = 70.45 years; 41.2% male). Open and neurotic behaviors as well as cognitive engagement and complaints were measured every evening over 11 days.ResultsThe results of multilevel models showed a positive association between open behaviors and cognitive engagement at the between‐person and within‐person level. For neurotic behaviors and cognitive complaints, no association was found at either level of analysis.ConclusionsThese findings extend previous research by providing the investigation of the associations between specific naturally occurring behaviors related to personality and cognition in the daily life of older adults at the within‐person level. Furthermore, these results may offer some basis for future intervention studies that should test whether a simple intervention aimed at promoting Openness‐related behaviors may increase cognitive engagement.
An orally administered oral pathobiont and commensal have comparable and innocuous systemic effects in germ‐free mice
Authors: Sato Keisuke , Yokoji Mai , Yamada Miki , Nakajima Takako , Yamazaki Kazuhisa 
Published: July 2018

Background and ObjectivesWe recently proposed a novel mechanism linking periodontitis and systemic diseases, in which orally administered Porphyromonas gingivalis affects gut microbiota composition and subsequently leads to systemic inflammation. However, the mechanism by which P. gingivalis generates systemic effects from the gut is unknown.Material and MethodsSix‐week‐old germ‐free mice were orally administered with either an oral pathobiont P. gingivalis or an oral commensal Lactobacillus salivarius twice a week for 5 weeks. Control mice were administered with vehicle only. Alveolar bone resorption was evaluated histologically. The expression profile of various genes was analyzed in gingival tissue, liver, small intestine and large intestine using real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Sera were analyzed for antibody, endotoxin and interleukin (IL)‐6 levels. Antibody levels were also analyzed for culture supernatant of cells from mesenteric lymph nodes and spleens. A proportion of T‐helper 17 and Treg in the cells from mesenteric lymph nodes and spleens was analyzed by flow cytometry. The level of IL‐6 and IL‐17 in the cell culture supernatants was analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsP. gingivalis administration did not induce alveolar bone resorption. Although P. gingivalis elicited systemic antibody response in germ‐free mice, unlike in specific pathogen‐free mice, P. gingivalis did not induce an inflammatory response in gingiva, liver and intestinal tissue, or alter the proportion of T‐helper 17 and Treg. However, IL‐6 and IL‐17 productions were significantly elevated and tended to be elevated, respectively, in the cells from mesenteric lymph nodes of P. gingivalis‐administered mice. Interestingly, the expression of IL‐10 and tight junction protein in the gingiva and intestine, respectively, was significantly upregulated in P. gingivalis‐treated mice. Administration of L. salivarius elicited almost similar effects as P. gingivalis.ConclusionThe oral pathobiont P. gingivalis did not induce any detectable pathogenic changes or any major host responses when administered to germ‐free mice. There may be indirect mechanisms for gut‐mediated systemic effects by P. gingivalis.
Effects of lipid‐based nutrient supplements or multiple micronutrient supplements compared with iron and folic acid supplements during pregnancy on maternal haemoglobin and iron status
Authors: Jorgensen Josh M. , Ashorn Per , Ashorn Ulla , Baldiviez Lacey M. , Gondwe Austrida , Maleta Ken , Nkhoma Minyanga , Dewey Kathryn G. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe examined the effect of three types of prenatal supplements containing different amounts of iron on haemoglobin (Hb) and iron status (zinc protoporphyrin [ZPP] and soluble transferrin receptor [sTfR]) in late pregnancy among 1,379 women in rural Malawi. Participants were recruited at ≤20 gestational weeks (gw) and randomly assigned to consume daily (1) 60‐mg iron and folic acid (IFA); (2) 20‐mg iron plus 17 micronutrients in a capsule (MMN); or (3) lipid‐based nutrient supplement (LNS; 118 kcal) with 20‐mg iron plus 21 micronutrients, protein, and fat. We analysed differences between intervention groups in mean Hb, ZPP, and sTfR at 36 gw, and the proportion with anaemia (Hb < 100 g L−1) and iron deficiency (ZPP > 60 μmol mol−1 haem or sTfR > 6 mg L−1) at 36 gw. Women in the IFA group had higher Hb at 36 gw than women in the LNS group (P = 0.030) and higher iron status (lower ZPP and sTfR) than women in both the LNS (P < 0.001 for both ZPP and sTfR) and MMN (P = 0.025 and P = 0.046) groups. Results for anaemia and iron deficiency showed similar trends. Further research is needed to elucidate the appropriate amount of iron to improve Hb and iron status, while improving birth outcomes.
Agro‐ecological zone and farm diversity are factors associated with haemoglobin and anaemia among rural school‐aged children and adolescents in Ghana
Authors: Azupogo Fusta , Aurino Elisabetta , Gelli Aulo , Bosompem Kwabena M. , Ayi Irene , Osendarp Saskia J. M. , Brouwer Inge D. , Folson Gloria 
Published: July 2018

AbstractUnderstanding contextual risk factors for haemoglobin (Hb) status and anaemia of rural school‐aged children (SAC) and adolescents is critical in developing appropriate interventions to prevent anaemia. We analysed secondary data from the baseline of an impact evaluation of the Ghana School Feeding Programme to determine the severity of anaemia and contextual factors associated with anaemia and Hb status among rural SAC (6–9 years;n= 323) and adolescents (10–17 years;n= 319) in Ghana. We used regression models with variable selection based on backward elimination in our analyses. The mean Hb was 113.8 ± 13.1 g/L, and the overall prevalence of anaemia was 52.3%, being 55.1% and 49.5% among SAC and adolescents, respectively. We identified child's age (β = 2.21,P < 0.001); farm diversity score (β = 0.59,P = 0.036); and agro‐ecological zone (Ptrend <0.001) as the main predictors of Hb of SAC. Household asset index (Ptrend = 0.042) and agro‐ecological zone (Ptrend <0.001) were predictors of Hb in adolescents. Agro‐ecological zone and age were predictors of anaemia, but the effect of age was only significant for girls and not boys (prevalence odds ratio [POR] = 1.35, 95% CI [1.04, 1.76] vs. POR = 1.14, 95% CI [0.88, 1.46]). SAC in households with maize stock were less likely to be anaemic (POR = 0.55, 95% CI [0.32, 0.97]). Household dietary diversity score (β = 0.59,P = 0.033) was associated with Hb status for the full sample only. Anaemia is a severe public health problem among SAC and adolescents in rural Ghana irrespective of sex. Farm diversity score, availability of maize stock in the household, household asset index, and agro‐ecological zone were the main predictors of Hb and anaemia among the rural SAC and adolescents.
Mining the effector repertoire of the biotrophic fungal pathogen Ustilago hordei during host and non‐host infection
Authors: Ökmen Bilal , Mathow Daniel , Hof Alexander , Lahrmann Urs , Aßmann Daniela , Doehlemann Gunther 
Published: July 2018

SummaryThe success of plant‐pathogenic fungi mostly relies on their arsenal of virulence factors which are expressed and delivered into the host tissue during colonization. The biotrophic fungal pathogen Ustilago hordei causes covered smut disease on both barley and oat. In this study, we combined cytological, genomics and molecular biological methods to achieve a better understanding of the molecular interactions in the U. hordei–barley pathosystem. Microscopic analysis revealed that U. hordei densely colonizes barley leaves on penetration, in particular the vascular system. Transcriptome analysis of U. hordei at different stages of host infection revealed differential expression of the transcript levels of 273 effector gene candidates. Furthermore, U. hordei transcriptionally activates core effector genes which may suppress even non‐host early defence responses. Based on expression profiles and novelty of sequences, knockout studies of 14 effector candidates were performed in U. hordei, which resulted in the identification of four virulence factors required for host colonization. Yeast two‐hybrid screening identified potential barley targets for two of the effectors. Overall, this study provides a first systematic analysis of the effector repertoire of U. hordei and identifies four effectors (Uvi1–Uvi4) as virulence factors for the infection of barley.
Phytoplasma effector SWP1 induces witches’ broom symptom by destabilizing the TCP transcription factor BRANCHED1
Authors: Wang Nan , Yang Haizhen , Yin Zhiyuan , Liu Wenting , Sun Liying , Wu Yunfeng 
Published: July 2018

SummaryPhytoplasmas are insect‐transmitted phytopathogenic bacteria, which secrete effector proteins that are often responsible for altering the plant morphology and behaviours of their vectors. Phytoplasma multifunctional effector proteins TENGU and SAP11 induce typical witches’ broom symptoms, but their mode of action remains unknown. Previously, we have identified a SAP11‐like effector from wheat blue dwarf phytoplasma, SWP1, which induces witches’ broom symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana. In this study, we observed that SWP1‐expressing transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants showed typical witches’ broom symptoms. On overexpression of SWP1 truncation mutants in N. benthamiana, we identified that the coiled‐coil domain and nuclear localization were responsible for the induction of witches’ broom symptoms. In addition, using yeast two‐hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, we demonstrated that SWP1 interacts with A. thaliana transcription factor TCP18 (BRC1), the key negative regulator of branching signals in various plant species. Moreover, in planta co‐expression analysis showed that SWP1 promotes the degradation of BRC1 via a proteasome system. These findings suggest that the phytoplasma effector SWP1 induces witches’ broom symptoms through targeting of BRC1 and promoting its degradation.
Suorum Operum Potestas: Works, Virtues, and the Theology of Economy
Authors: Williams Gregory 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn the prologue to I-II of the Summa Theologica, Thomas Aquinas says that part of the image of God in human beings is that the human person liberum arbitrium habens et suorum operum potestatem - “has free will” (liberum arbitrium habens) and what is often translated as “control of their actions” (suorum operum potestatem). This article makes the case for translating “suorum operum potestatem” as “power over their works,” giving this passage a distinctly political and economic significance. It contends that Thomas is assigning human beings precisely what critics of capitalism claim that industrial society denies them. The “works” that people do in homes, offices, factories, farms, and hospitals - the things that they get paid (or don't get paid) a wage for - ought to be their very own, because they are a means by which people can grow in virtue. Translating “suorum operum potestas” in this way puts Thomas in conversation not only with modern anti-capitalist leftists like Karl Mark, but also with Russian Orthodox theologian Sergei Bulgakov, who envisioned work as a form of priestly activity that “humanized” creation by rendering it to God.
Cyanobacterial biocrust diversity in Mediterranean ecosystems along a latitudinal and climatic gradient
Authors: Muñoz‐Martín M. Ángeles , Becerra‐Absalón Itzel , Perona Elvira , Fernández‐Valbuena Lara , Garcia‐Pichel Ferran , Mateo Pilar 
Published: July 2018

Summary

Cyanobacteria are a key biotic component as primary producers in biocrusts, topsoil communities that have important roles in the functioning of drylands. Yet, major knowledge gaps exist regarding the composition of biocrust cyanobacterial diversity and distribution in Mediterranean ecosystems.

We describe cyanobacterial diversity in Mediterranean semiarid soil crusts along an aridity gradient by using next‐generation sequencing and bioinformatics analyses, and detect clear shifts along it in cyanobacterial dominance.

Statistical analyses show that temperature and precipitation were major parameters determining cyanobacterial composition, suggesting the presence of differentiated climatic niches for distinct cyanobacteria. The responses to temperature of a set of cultivated, pedigreed strains representative of the field populations lend direct support to that contention, with psychrotolerant vs thermotolerant physiology being strain dependent, and consistent with their dominance along the natural gradient.

Our results suggest a possible replacement, as global warming proceeds, of cool‐adapted by warm‐adapted nitrogen‐fixing cyanobacteria (such as Scytonema) and a switch in the dominance of Microcoleus vaginatus by thermotolerant, novel phylotypes of bundle‐forming cyanobacteria. These differential sensitivities of cyanobacteria to rising temperatures and decreasing precipitation, their ubiquity, and their low generation time point to their potential as bioindicators of global change.
Regulation of plant peptide hormones and growth factors by post‐translational modification
Authors: Stührwohldt N. , Schaller A. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe number, diversity and significance of peptides as regulators of cellular differentiation, growth, development and defence of plants has long been underestimated. Peptides have now emerged as an important class of signals for cell‐to‐cell communication over short distances, and also for long‐range signalling. We refer to these signalling molecules as peptide growth factors and peptide hormones, respectively. As compared to remarkable progress with respect to the mechanisms of peptide perception and signal transduction, the biogenesis of signalling peptides is still in its infancy. This review focuses on the biogenesis and activity of small post‐translationally modified peptides. These peptides are derived from inactive pre‐pro‐peptides of approximately 70–120 amino acids. Multiple post‐translational modifications (PTMs) may be required for peptide maturation and activation, including proteolytic processing, tyrosine sulfation, proline hydroxylation and hydroxyproline glycosylation. While many of the enzymes responsible for these modifications have been identified, their impact on peptide activity and signalling is not fully understood. These PTMs may or may not be required for bioactivity, they may inactivate the peptide or modify its signalling specificity, they may affect peptide stability or targeting, or its binding affinity with the receptor. In the present review, we will first introduce the peptides that undergo PTMs and for which these PTMs were shown to be functionally relevant. We will then discuss the different types of PTMs and the impact they have on peptide activity and plant growth and development. We conclude with an outlook on the open questions that need to be addressed in future research.
When the source of inflammation is hiding in plain sight: Failed kidney transplants, clotted arteriovenous grafts, and central venous catheters
Authors: Achinger Steven G. , Ayus Juan Carlos 
Published: July 2018

AbstractCardiovascular mortality accounts for most deaths among hemodialysis patients and far exceeds the cardiovascular mortality rate of the general population. One important aspect of cardiovascular risk among dialysis patients is chronic inflammation. Iatrogenic sources of chronic inflammation in the form of failed renal allografts, old clotted arteriovenous grafts, and hemodialysis catheters play important, sometimes, unrecognized roles in this inflammatory state. There is ample observational evidence that these sources of inflammation are associated with hypoalbuminemia, erythropoetin‐resistant anemia, and increased markers of chronic inflammation. In dialysis patients with chronic inflammation from potentially modifiable sources, causes should be sought and correction undertaken if possible. Allograft nephrectomy should be offered to patients with a chronic inflammatory state and a failed renal transplant. Unused, clotted AV grafts should be considered a likely source of chronic inflammation as well as infection and should be removed when evidence of infection is present on indium scanning. Catheter rates ought to be kept to a minimum for the many well‐recognized reasons for their undesirability as well as for their potential to produce chronic inflammation with all of its ill effects.
When the color of peritoneal dialysis effluent can be used as a diagnostic tool
Authors: Dossin Thomas , Goffin Eric 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPeritoneal dialysis (PD) effluent is normally transparent. A change in its appearance may be the first indication of an intra‐ or extraperitoneal abnormality which may or may not be related to the peritoneal dialysis technique itself. What diagnosis should be considered when PD effluent turns on red, orange, cloudy, milky white, green, yellow, purple or black in color? After review of the literature, we propose a differential diagnosis, as well as some management recommendations, for specific abnormal color presentations of the PD effluent.