bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corrosion behaviour of 316L stainless steel manufactured by selective laser melting
Authors: Andreatta Francesco , Lanzutti Alex , Vaglio Emanuele , Totis Giovanni , Sortino Marco , Fedrizzi Lorenzo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis work investigates the electrochemical behaviour of an AISI 316L stainless steel produced by selective laser melting (SLM) and compares its behaviour with that of wrought stainless steel with similar chemical composition. The SLM stainless steel specimens are tested in the as‐produced condition without stress relief or recrystallization heat treatments. The electrochemical tests are carried out in two electrolytes: 3.5 wt% NaCl solution with neutral pH and with pH of 1.8.At the macroscale, the microstructure of the SLM specimens is determined by the laser scanning pattern and displays an overlapping network of melt pools. At the microscale, the SLM specimens exhibit a cellular/columnar dendritic structure with submicrometric cell size. Electrochemical measurements highlight a more extended passive range for SLM stainless steel in both neutral and acid electrolytes indicating higher protective properties of the oxide film on SLM specimens. In contrast to the wrought material, the refined microstructure of the SLM specimens promotes a very shallow morphology of attack without deep penetration in the bulk.
Targeting microbial pathogens by expression of new recombinant dermaseptin peptides in tobacco
Authors: Khademi Mitra , Nazarian‐Firouzabadi Farhad , Ismaili Ahmad , Shirzadian Khorramabad Reza 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDermaseptin B1 (DrsB1), an antimicrobial cationic 31 amino acid peptide, is produced by Phyllomedusa bicolor. In an attempt to enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of DrsB1, the DrsB1 encoding 93 bp sequence was either fused to the N or C terminus of sequence encoding chitin‐binding domain (CBD) of Avr4 gene from Cladosporium fulvum. Tobacco leaf disk explants were inoculated with Agrobacterium rhizogenes harboring pGSA/CBD‐DrsB1 and pGSA/DrsB1‐CBD expression vectors to produce hairy roots (HRs). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to screen putative transgenic tobacco lines. Semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR and western blotting analysis indicated that the expression of recombinant genes were significantly higher, and recombinant proteins were produced in transgenic HRs. The recombinant proteins were extracted from the tobacco HRs and used against Pectobacterium carotovorum, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Ralstonia solanacearum, and Xanthomonas campestris pathogenic bacteria and Alternaria alternata and Pythium sp. fungi. Two recombinant proteins had a statistically significant (p < 0.01) inhibitory effect on the growth and development of plant pathogens. The CBD‐DrsB1 recombinant protein demonstrated a higher antibacterial effect, whereas the DrsB1‐CBD recombinant protein demonstrated greater antifungal activity. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the structure of the fungal mycelia appeared segmented, adhered to each other, and crushed following the antimicrobial activity of the recombinant proteins. Due to the high antimicrobial activity of the recombinant proteins against plant pathogens, this strategy can be used to generate stable transgenic crop plants resistant to devastating plant pathogens.
Oral Ketone Supplementation Acutely Increases Markers of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Human Monocytes
Authors: Neudorf Helena , Durrer Cody , Myette‐Cote Etienne , Makins Caitlyn , O'Malley Trevor , Little Jonathan P. 
Published: March 2019

ScopeCell culture studies indicate that the ketone β‐hydroxybutyrate (β‐OHB) directly inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome, a key regulator of inflammation. However, direct evidence demonstrating this effect in humans is lacking.Methods and resultsTo determine the effects of acutely raising blood β‐OHB in healthy humans, two separate randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled experiments are conducted using similar methods but each employed different exogenous ketone supplements. Participants' blood β‐OHB is directly elevated by ketone salts (0.3 g β‐OHB per kg; Study 1, N = 10 males) or ketone monoester (0.482 g β‐OHB per kg; Study 2, N = 18, equal males/females). Markers of NLRP3 inflammasome activation include caspase‐1, IL‐1β secretion, and IL1B and NLRP3 mRNA in LPS‐stimulated whole blood collected at the baseline and 30 minutes following supplementation. Caspase‐1 activation increases after ketone salt (Study 1: condition × time interaction, p = 0.012) and monoester supplementation (Study 2: condition × time interaction, p = 0.016) compared to placebo. IL‐1β secretion increases (main effect of condition, p = 0.024; Study 2) while IL1B and NLRP3 mRNA remain unchanged.ConclusionMeasures of NLRP3 activation increases when blood β‐OHB is elevated using ketone supplements, suggesting that increasing β‐OHB exogenously may have unintended effects that augment inflammatory activation.
Validation of three‐dimensional echocardiographic principal strain analysis for assessing left ventricular contractility: An animal study
Authors: Lee Sahmin , Choi Seunghyun , Kim Sehwan , Jeong Yeongjin , Lee Kyusup , Hur Seung‐Ho , Lee Sun Ro , Lee Eun‐Jeong , Sin Min‐Jung , Kim Namkug , Song Jong‐Min 
Published: March 2019

PurposeThe three‐dimensional (3D) principal strain represents the major direction and magnitude of the deformation by its definition and can be measured using 3D echocardiography. We aimed to validate 3D echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) global principal strains as an assessment of LV contractility by comparison with gold standard invasive measurements.MethodsIn 14 beagles, the LV pressure–volume loop was recorded to invasively measure the end‐systolic pressure–volume relationship (ESPVR) and dP/dt as reference indicators representing LV contractility. The echocardiographic image was obtained simultaneously, and endocardial motions and volume changes were extracted in the form of speckle‐tracking point grids to calculate strains. High or low inotropic states were induced pharmacologically by using an intravenous infusion of dobutamine and esmolol, respectively.ResultsThe direction of 3D endocardial global principal strain (GP1S) appeared to be circumferential. The dP/dt showed the highest Pearson's correlation coefficients with GP1S (r = −0.845, P < 0.001), whereas ESPVR showed the best correlation with global secondary strain (GP2S; r = −0.819, P < 0.001). In comparison with GP1S and GP2S, global circumferential (GCS) and longitudinal strains (GLS) tended to correlate less with invasive measurements, respectively. LV ejection fraction showed excellent correlations with GP1S or GCS, but the correlation with GLS was relatively weak. The correlations between invasive measurements and GP2S or GLS were strengthened when strains were corrected by the LV residual volume ratio, whereas those of GP1S or GCS were weakened after correction.ConclusionsThe principal direction of the LV endocardial contraction presents circumferential behavior reflecting LV volume change. The 3D principal strains derived from 3D echocardiography are reliable indicators for LV contractility and seem better than conventional strains.
Isolated pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis associated with alveolar growth abnormalities: A long‐term follow‐up study
Authors: Sardón Olaia , Torrent‐Vernetta Alba , Rovira‐Amigo Sandra , Dishop Megan K. , Ferreres Joan Carles , Navarro Alexandra , Corcuera Paula , Korta‐Murua Javier , Peña Pilar García , Pérez‐Belmonte Elena , Villares Ana , Camats Núria , Fernández‐Cancio Mónica , Carrascosa Antonio , Pérez‐Yarza Eduardo G. , Moreno‐Galdó Antonio 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIntroductionPulmonary interstitial glycogenosis (PIG) is a rare infant interstitial lung disease characterized by an increase in the number of interstitial mesenchymal cells, presenting as enhanced cytoplasmic glycogen, and is considered to represent the expression of an underlying lung development disorder.MethodsThis study describes the clinical, radiological, and functional characteristics and long‐term outcomes (median 12 years) of nine infants diagnosed with isolated PIG associated with alveolar simplification in the absence of other diseases.ResultsAll patients presented with tachypnea. Additionally, seven patients had breathing difficulties and hypoxemia. Abnormalities in chest‐computerized tomography (CT) with a pattern of ground‐glass opacity, septal thickening, and air trapping were observed in all individuals, with images suggesting abnormal alveolar growth (parenchymal bands and architectural distortion). All lung biopsies showed alveolar simplification associated with an increased number of interstitial cells, which appeared as accumulated cytoplasmic glycogen. In the follow‐up, all patients were asymptomatic. The respiratory function test was normal in only two patients. Five children showed an obstructive pattern, and two children showed a restrictive pattern. Chest‐CT, performed after an average of 6.5 years since the initial investigation, revealed a partial improvement of the ground‐glass opacity pattern; however, relevant alterations persisted.ConclusionAlthough the patients with PIG in the absence of other associated pathologies had a good clinical outcome, significant radiographic alterations and sequelae in lung function were still observed after a median follow‐up of 12 years, suggesting that PIG is a marker of some other persistent abnormalities in lung growth, which have effects beyond the symptomatic period.
Managing rivers under changing environmental and societal boundary conditions, Part 2: Expected compared with experienced conditions at U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reservoirs
Authors: Patterson Lauren A. , Tchamkina Mary , Doyle Martin W. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractReservoirs are critical infrastructure typically built to function as designed for 50 to 100 years. The majority of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reservoirs are more than 50 years old. The environmental, societal, and regulatory conditions surrounding the reservoir, that is, the reservoir's expected conditions, shaped its design. Many of these expectations assumed a future similar to the past. However, recent decades have experienced warming climates, cyclical changes in precipitation, the introduction of new regulations, and populations concentrating in urban environments. The design documents for nine U.S. Army Corps of Engineers were obtained to compare the expected conditions when reservoirs were authorized with the conditions experienced since the reservoir began operating. In some instances, we found large differences between expectations and reality. Average precipitation at Philpott, North Carolina was 15% less than expected whereas the sedimentation rate at Redmond, Kansas was twice the expected rate. Reservoirs can adapt to changing conditions by updating water control plans, which has occurred at five of these reservoirs in the last decade. Reallocations are sometimes needed to address more significant changes. For example, Redmond has reallocated storage space due to higher than expected sedimentation, and Falls, North Carolina is seeking reallocation due to higher than expected population growth and water demand. As conditions change, controversies and litigation around Corps reservoir management will likely continue. This highlights the importance of clearly documenting changing conditions through consistent and ongoing data collection and analysis to facilitate adapting reservoir operations in a timely manner, thereby minimizing controversy.
Changes in river connectivity indexes in the lower Yellow River between 1960 and 2015
Authors: Chen Yin , Wang Yan‐gui 
Published: March 2019

AbstractChannel connectivity in the lower Yellow River has changed in recent decades as a result of climate change and human activities. Developing indexes that can be used to assess channel connectivity is a key issue in the lower Yellow River and beyond. We propose a suite of connectivity indexes based on several components of a river channel, including boundary, flow, and sediment indicators. Through an analysis of river connectivity over time in the lower Yellow River, we found that a decrease in precipitation was the main cause of poor river connectivity conditions in the 1990s. Since 1999, the year of impoundment of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir, river connectivity has improved, as shown by boundary, sediment, and ecology indexes, as a result of reservoir operation and regulation. However, water diversion may increase channel sedimentation, leading to a decline in sediment connectivity. The suite of river connectivity indexes developed in this paper and applied to the Yellow River can be used in similar sediment‐laden streams in other semiarid regions worldwide.
An analysis of characteristic discharges for the Adaim River (Iraq) in multiyear period
Authors: Hussein Mohammad H. , Hameed Iman A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA major River Tigris tributary in Iraq, the Adaim River, has a Mediterranean river flow regime with a total basin area of 12,482 km2. The river catchment responds almost immediately to rainfall with apparently minimum storage (i.e. flashy stream). The river daily hydrograph showed a daily peak flow of 1,476 m3/s with substantial seasonal and random variability; the flow duration curve followed the two‐parameter lognormal probability distribution. Gamma and the two‐parameter Weibull probability distributions fitted the monthly mean river discharge for the period 1937–2012 well. Normal and gamma probability distributions were found to appropriately describe the distribution of the annual mean river discharge for the same period. Gumbel extreme value, Log Pearson type III, and the two‐parameter lognormal distributions gave a reasonable fit to the annual maximum discharge record for the river. A regression formula was used to fit the annual minimum discharge record, which has a significant number of zero values. There was a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.77) between the annual mean discharge at the measuring site and seasonal rainfall measured at Karkuk meteorological station located in the north central part of the basin. The rainfall record at Karkuk showed a significant decline in seasonal rainfall after 1993.
Carbon Dots Assisted Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles and Their Catalytic Activity in 4‐Nitrophenol Reduction
Authors: Ghosh Souvik , Satapathy Smith S. , Ghosh Kowsik , Jauhari Smita , Panda Subhendu K. , Si Satyabrata 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA novel biocompatible carbon nanoparticles, i. e., carbon dots (CDs) are prepared from cheap organic precursors and are used to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The formation of CDs are confirmed from their absorption and emission properties. The CDs not only acts as reducing agent but also stabilizes the resulting AuNPs. The high stabilizing effect of CDs can be attributed to their hydrophilic surfaces due to the presence of ‐C=O, ‐OH, etc. functional group as confirmed from FTIR spectral analysis. Basically, two types of AuNPs are observed, one is decahedron type particles and the other one is triangular plates. The size of decahedron type AuNPs are measured to be ∼ 30 nm, whereas those of triangular plates are ∼ 100 nm. These mixture of AuNPs are used to study a model catalytic reaction, i. e., reduction of 4‐nitrophenol by NaBH4 in which the reaction is completed in 5 Mins and the reaction follows the first order kinetics with a first order rate constant of 1.28 min−1. Moreover, the resulting AuNPs can be reused for further reactions and up to 4 cycles it has been observed that the efficiency of conversion remains ∼100% with this AuNPs catalyst. Thus, functional CDs not only catalyse the formation of AuNPs, but also give them enough stability for catalytic applications in many organic transformation reactions.
Structural Trends in a 3 d‐4 f System: Ln(NO3)3−Cu(2,2‐bipyridine)2(NO3)2 (Ln=La−Nd, Sm−Yb)
Authors: Thatipamula Krishna Chary , Bhargavi Govindugari , Rajasekharan Melath V. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA series of thirteen complexes which may be formally considered as assembled from Cu(bpy)2(NO3)2 and Ln(NO3)3 (Ln=La−Yb excluding Pm, bpy=2,2’‐bipyridine) have been characterized. The crystals may be grouped into four classes: A, [Cu2(bpy)4(μ‐NO3)][Ln(NO3)6] (Ln=La−Nd); B, [Cu(bpy)2(NO3)]2[Ln(NO3)4(OH2)2](NO3) (Ln=Sm−Dy); C, [Cu(bpy)2(NO3)]2[Ln(NO3)5] (Ln=Ho−Tm); D, [Cu(bpy)2(NO3)]2 [Ln(NO3)3(OH2)3](NO3)2⋅2H2O (Ln=Yb). The coordination numbers of the nitrato or aquonitrato lanthanide anions range from 9 to 12. The dinuclear cation in Class A having a linear monoatomic nitrate bridge is new and is seen to produce weak antiferromagnetic coupling in these compounds. The other classes contain distortion isomers of [Cu(bpy)2NO3]+. The structural trends are analysed in terms of lanthanide contraction and non‐covalent interactions in the crystals. EPR and electronic spectral characteristics are discussed for the four classes of compounds.
Host‐Sensitized Continuum‐Broad‐Band White‐Light Emitting Yb2O3:Er3+ Phosphor under CW‐NIR Light Absorption
Authors: Soni Abhishek Kumar , Mathur Surbhi , Singh Bheeshma Pratap 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSingle cubic phase Yb2O3:Er3+ phosphors have been synthesized via solid state reaction technique and characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) analysis. An unusual continuum broad band white colour upconversion (UC) emission has been observed under 980 nm continuous wave (CW) near infrared (NIR) laser diode excitation. Interestingly, the phosphor shows characteristic erbium ion transitions at low pump power, but at high pump power heat associated continuum broad band emission was realized. The continuum broad band emission was explained on the basis of energy level diagram, laser induced pump power dependence and blackbody radiation theory. The heat associated/incandescence‐like light is originated due to heating induced by the nonradiative relaxation followed by sensitization (Yb → Er) and Yb−Yb dimer formation. The synthesized phosphor emits effective broad band white colour emission under high pump power and colour co‐ordinates (white colour: 0.34, 0.32) were located in the chromaticity diagram. Intrinsic optical bistability (IOB) behavior shows the hysteresis‐like loop originated upon variation in the laser pump power. The observed high temperature at point of irradiation of the prepared nanocrystalline phosphor is about ∼ 2442 K at 1430 mW, which is high as compare to tungsten bulb (2400 K for 100 W). The developed phosphors can be useful in white light production, solar cell efficiency enhancement, switchable bistable and as light to heat converter.
Green Engineered Polymers: Solvent Free, Room‐Temperature Polymerization of Monomer From a Renewable Resource, Without Utilizing Initiator.
Authors: Niedner Lucas , Kali Gergely 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTo abolish the bad reputation of synthetic polymer chemistry, we aimed to produce green polymers in an environmentally friendly way. It is also essential to bypass the application of components from fossil resources; those are not only polluting but also expensive ones. As an addition, we want to form engineered polymers with predetermined chain lengths and copolymerization possibilities. In this paper, we polymerized a terpene using UV triggered reversible‐deactivation radical polymerization, in bulk. No use of components from fossil resources, no high energy nor any solvent consumption; all these together show the right way towards green polymers.
Rapid, High‐Resolution Magnetic Microscopy of Single Magnetic Microbeads
Authors: McCoey Julia M. , de Gille Robert W. , Nasr Babak , Tetienne Jean‐Philippe , Hall Liam T. , Simpson David A. , Hollenberg Lloyd C. L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMagnetic microparticles or “beads” are used in a variety of research applications from cell sorting through to optical force traction microscopy. The magnetic properties of such particles can be tailored for specific applications with the uniformity of individual beads critical to their function. However, the majority of magnetic characterization techniques quantify the magnetic properties from large bead ensembles. Developing new magnetic imaging techniques to evaluate and visualize the magnetic fields from single beads will allow detailed insight into the magnetic uniformity, anisotropy, and alignment of magnetic domains. Here, diamond‐based magnetic microscopy is applied to image and characterize individual magnetic beads with varying magnetic and structural properties: ferromagnetic and superparamagnetic/paramagnetic, shell (coated with magnetic material), and solid (magnetic material dispersed in matrix). The single‐bead magnetic images identify irregularities in the magnetic profiles from individual bead populations. Magnetic simulations account for the varying magnetic profiles and allow to infer the magnetization of individual beads. Additionally, this work shows that the imaging technique can be adapted to achieve illumination‐free tracking of magnetic beads, opening the possibility of tracking cell movements and mechanics in photosensitive contexts.
Non‐Magnetic Injectable Implant for Magnetic Field‐Driven Thermochemotherapy and Dual Stimuli‐Responsive Drug Delivery: Transformable Liquid Metal Hybrid Platform for Cancer Theranostics
Authors: Wang Dan , Xie Wensheng , Gao Qin , Yan Hao , Zhang Junxin , Lu Jingsong , Liaw BorShuang , Guo Zhenhu , Gao Fei , Yin Lan , Zhang Guifeng , Zhao Lingyun 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTransformable liquid metal (LM)‐based materials have attracted considerable research interest in biomedicine. However, the potential biomedical applications of LMs have not yet been fully explored. Herein, for the first trial, the inductive heating property of gallium–indium eutectic alloy (EGaIn) under alterative magnetic field is systematically investigated. By virtue of its inherent metallic nature, LM possesses excellent magnetic heating property as compared to the conventional magnetite nanoparticles, therefore enabling its unique application as non‐magnetic agents in magnetic hyperthermia. Moreover, the extremely high surface tension of LM could be dramatically lowered by a rather facile PEGylation approach, making LM an ideal carrier for other theranostic cargos. By incorporating doxorubicin (DOX)‐loaded mesoporous silica (DOX‐MS) within PEGylated LM, a magnetic field‐driven transformable LM hybrid platform capable of pH/AFM dual stimuli‐responsive drug release and magnetic thermochemotherapy are successfully fabricated. The potential application for breast cancer treatment is demonstrated. Furthermore, the large X‐ray attenuation ability of LM endows the hybrid with the promising ability for CT imaging. This work explores a new biomedical use of LM and a promising cancer treatment protocol based on LM hybrid for magnetic hyperthermia combined with dual stimuli‐responsive chemotherapy and CT imaging.