bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ex-Incarceree/Convict Status: Beneficial for Self-Employment and Entrepreneurship?
Authors: Irankunda Armel , Price Gregory N. , Uzamere Norense E. , Williams Miesha J. 
Published: May 2019

This article considers whether ex-incarceree/convict status favorably conditions the decision to be self-employed—a proxy for entrepreneurship. With data from the U.S. General Social Survey, we estimate the parameters of simple Probit and Bivariate Probit treatment specifications of individual self-employment outcomes as a function of ex-incarceree/convict status, and several measures of individual risk-taking propensities. Parameter estimates reveal that ex-incarceree/convict status has a positive and significant treatment effect on self-employment, particularly for Black Americans, after controlling for various measures of individual risk propensities. Our results suggest that the expansion of entrepreneurship training programs and the elimination of any barriers that restrict access to start-up capital for ex-incarcerees/convicts would reduce crime and recidivism, ameliorate mass incarceration, and complement pro-growth economic policies that induce more self-employment and entrepreneurship.JEL Classification: J01, J24, L26, Z13
MiR-29b/Sp1/FUT4 axis modulates the malignancy of leukemia stem cells by regulating fucosylation via Wnt/β-catenin pathway in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Liu Bing , Ma Hongye , Liu Qianqian , Xiao Yang , Pan Shimeng , Zhou Huimin , Jia Li 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Background
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is initiated and maintained by a unique, small subset of leukemia stem cells (LSCs). LSCs are characterized by unrestricted self-renewal and contribute to the malignancy of leukemia. Aberrant protein fucosylation is associated with AML progression. However, it is still less understood that the miR-29b/Sp1/FUT4 crosstalk involved in the fucosylation-mediated LSCs malignancy in AML.

Methods
AML cell lines were sorted by magnetic microbeads to obtain the CD34 + CD38- sub-population. The key biomarkers for LSCs were identified by flow cytometry. Fucosyltransferase genes were screened by qRT-PCR, and FUT4 was focused. Effect of FUT4 on LSCs malignancy was determined by CCK8 assay, sphere formation assay, immunofluorescence staining, apoptosis and in vivo xenografts experiments. The linkage of FUT4 promoter and Sp1 was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. ChIP-PCR assay was used to show the directly binding of Sp1 and FUT4 promoter. Activity of Wnt//β-catenin pathway was determined by western blot. Overall survival curves were diagrammed by Kaplan-Meier analysis.

Results
Here, the expressional profiles of 11 fucosyltransferase genes were different comparing LSCs and non-LSCs of KG-1a and MOLM13 cells, whereas CD34 + CD38- cells exhibited higher expression of FUT4. Functionally, alteration of FUT4 in CD34 + CD38- cells modulated LSCs malignant behaviors both in vitro and in vivo. Transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D (Act D) or translational inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) prevented LSCs progression, and Sp1 was identified as the efficient regulator of FUT4 transcription. Moreover, miR-29b directly affected the binding of Sp1 and FUT4 promoter region, which further mediated LSCs proliferation, apoptosis and drug-resistance through fucosylated-CD44 via activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Clinically, Sp1 and FUT4 were up-regulated and positively correlated with poor overall survival of AML patients.

Conclusion
These data indicated that miR-29b/Sp1/FUT4 axis promoted the malignant behaviors of LSCs by regulating fucosylated CD44 via Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Identifying LSCs surface markers and targeting LSCs were important for the development of potential therapies in AML.
Childhood adversity and adolescent psychopathology: evidence for mediation in a national longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Dhondt Niamh , Healy Colm , Clarke Mary , Cannon Mary 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundChildhood adversity is a well-established risk factor for psychopathology; however, many who experience adversity do not go on to develop psychopathology. Poor self-concept and poor parental support are known risk factors for adolescent psychopathology, which may account for some of this mechanism.AimsTo investigate candidate mediators in the relationship between childhood adversity and psychopathology.MethodWe used data from the age 9 and 13 waves of the child-cohort of the Growing Up in Ireland study. We undertook mediation analysis by path decomposition of the relationship between childhood adversity and psychopathology (internalising and externalising problems) at age 13 and persistent psychopathology. Candidate mediators were self-concept, parent–child relationship and hobby participation at age 9.ResultsChildhood adversity was reported by 28.2% of participants, and was significantly associated with internalising and externalising problems. Parent–child conflict mediated the relationship between childhood adversity and both age 13 and persistent psychopathology, accounting for 52.4% of the relationship between childhood adversity and persistent externalising problems (indirect odds ratio, 1.30; 95% CI 1.19–1.43) and 19.2% for persistent internalising problems (indirect odds ratio, 1.24; 95% CI 1.15–1.34). There was a small mediating effect of self-concept. Hobby participation and positive parent–child relationship did not mediate these relationships.ConclusionsParent–child conflict explains almost half the relationship between childhood adversity and persisting externalising problems in adolescence, and a fifth of the relationship with persisting internalising problems. This suggests parent–child conflict is a good target for interventions in childhood to prevent adolescent psychopathology.Declaration of interestNone.
Crizotinib and Surgery for Long-Term Disease Control in Children and Adolescents With ALK-Positive Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumors
Authors: Trahair Toby , Gifford Andrew J. , Fordham Ashleigh , Mayoh Chelsea , Fadia Mitali , Lukeis Robyn , Wood Andrew C. , Valvi Santosh , Walker Roderick D. , Blackburn James , Heyer Erin E. , Mercer Tim R. , Barbaric Draga , Marshall Glenn M. , MacKenzie Karen L. 
Published: May 2019

PURPOSE Before anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors, treatment options for ALK-positive inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (AP-IMTs) were unsatisfactory. We retrospectively analyzed the outcome of patients with AP-IMT treated with crizotinib to document response, toxicity, survival, and features associated with relapse. METHODS The cohort comprised eight patients with AP-IMT treated with crizotinib and surgery. Outcome measures were progression-free and overall survival after commencing crizotinib, treatment-related toxicities, features associated with relapse, outcome after relapse, and outcome after ceasing crizotinib. RESULTS The median follow-up after commencing crizotinib was 3 years (range, 0.9 to 5.5 years). The major toxicity was neutropenia. All patients responded to crizotinib. Five were able to discontinue therapy without recurrence (median treatment duration, 1 year; range, 0.2 to 3.0 years); one continues on crizotinib. Two critically ill patients with initial complete response experienced relapse while on therapy. Both harbored RANBP2-ALK fusions and responded to alternative ALK inhibitors; one ultimately died as a result of progressive disease, whereas the other remains alive on treatment. Progression-free and overall survival since commencement of crizotinib is 0.75 ± 0.15% and 0.83 ± 0.15%, respectively. CONCLUSION We confirm acceptable toxicity and excellent disease control in patients with AP-IMT treated with crizotinib, which may be ceased without recurrence in most. Relapses occurred in two of three patients with RANBP2-ALK translocated IMT, which suggests that such patients require additional therapy.
Thyroid Hormone Protects Primary Cortical Neurons Exposed to Hypoxia by Reducing DNA Methylation and Apoptosis
Authors: Li Jianrong , Abe Kiyomi , Milanesi Anna , Liu Yan-Yun , Brent Gregory A 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with disruption of cerebral blood flow leading to localized brain hypoxia. Thyroid hormone (TH) treatment, administered shortly after injury, has been shown to promote neural protection in rodent TBI models. The mechanism of TH protection, however, is not established. We used mouse primary cortical neurons to investigate the effectiveness and possible pathways of T3-promoted cell survival after exposure to hypoxic injury. Cultured primary cortical neurons were exposed to hypoxia (0.2% oxygen) for 7 hours with or without T3 (5 nM). T3 treatment enhanced DNA 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels and attenuated the hypoxia-induced increase in DNA 5-methylcytosine (5-mc). In the presence of T3, mRNA expression of Tet family genes was increased and DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt) 3a and Dnmt3b were downregulated, compared with conditions in the absence of T3. These T3-induced changes decreased hypoxia-induced DNA de novo methylation, which reduced hypoxia-induced neuronal damage and apoptosis. We used RNA sequencing to characterize T3-regulated genes in cortical neurons under hypoxic conditions and identified 22 genes that were upregulated and 15 genes that were downregulated. Krüppel-like factor 9 (KLF9), a multifunctional transcription factor that plays a key role in central nervous system development, was highly upregulated by T3 treatment in hypoxic conditions. Knockdown of the KLF9 gene resulted in early apoptosis and abolished the beneficial role of T3 in neuronal survival. KLF9 mediates, in part, the neuronal protective role of T3. T3 treatment reduces hypoxic damage, although pathways that reduce DNA methylation and apoptosis remain to be elucidated.
The MED30 subunit of mediator complex is essential for early plant development and promotes flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Jaskolowski Aime , Iñigo Sabrina , Arellano Sofía M. , Arias Leonardo A. , Fiol Diego F. , Sede Ana R. , Oldra María B. , Lorenzi Hernán , Muschietti Jorge P. , Pagnussat Gabriela C. , Cerdán Pablo D. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
Mediator is a large multiprotein complex that is required for the transcription of most, if not all, genes transcribed by RNA Polymerase II. A core set of subunits is essential to assemble a functional Mediator in vitro and, therefore, the corresponding loss-of-function mutants are expected to be lethal. The MED30 subunit is essential in animal systems, but is absent in yeast. Here, we report that MED30 is also essential for both male gametophyte and embryo development in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Mutant med30 pollen grains were viable and some were able to germinate and target the ovules, although the embryos aborted shortly after fertilization, suggesting that MED30 is important for the paternal control of early embryo development. When gametophyte defects were bypassed by specific pollen complementation, loss of MED30 led to early embryo development arrest. Later in plant development, MED30 promotes flowering through multiple signaling pathways; its downregulation led to a phase change delay, downregulation of SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 3 (SPL3), FLOWERING LOCUS T (FTI) and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1 (SOC1), and upregulation of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC).
Physical Activity, Cognition, and Brain Outcomes: A Review of the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines
Authors: ERICKSON KIRK I. , HILLMAN CHARLES , STILLMAN CHELSEA M. , BALLARD RACHEL M. , BLOODGOOD BONNY , CONROY DAVID E. , MACKO RICHARD , MARQUEZ DAVID X. , PETRUZZELLO STEVEN J. , POWELL KENNETH E. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT

Purpose
Physical activity (PA) is known to improve cognitive and brain function, but debate continues regarding the consistency and magnitude of its effects, populations and cognitive domains most affected, and parameters necessary to achieve the greatest improvements (e.g., dose).

Methods
In this umbrella review conducted in part for the 2018 Health and Human Services Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans Advisory Committee, we examined whether PA interventions enhance cognitive and brain outcomes across the life span, as well as in populations experiencing cognitive dysfunction (e.g., schizophrenia). Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and pooled analyses were used. We further examined whether engaging in greater amounts of PA is associated with a reduced risk of developing cognitive impairment and dementia in late adulthood.

Results
Moderate evidence from randomized controlled trials indicates an association between moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA and improvements in cognition, including performance on academic achievement and neuropsychological tests, such as those measuring processing speed, memory, and executive function. Strong evidence demonstrates that acute bouts of moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA have transient benefits for cognition during the postrecovery period after exercise. Strong evidence demonstrates that greater amounts of PA are associated with a reduced risk of developing cognitive impairment, including Alzheimer’s disease. The strength of the findings varies across the life span and in individuals with medical conditions influencing cognition.

Conclusions
There is moderate-to-strong support that PA benefits cognitive functioning during early and late periods of the life span and in certain populations characterized by cognitive deficits.
Physical Activity and Health in Children Younger than 6 Years: A Systematic Review
Authors: PATE RUSSELL R. , HILLMAN CHARLES H. , JANZ KATHLEEN F. , KATZMARZYK PETER T. , POWELL KENNETH E. , TORRES ANDREA , WHITT-GLOVER MELICIA C. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTPurposePhysical activity is known to provide important health benefits in school-age youth. However, until recently, few studies have examined associations between physical activity and health in young children. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the relationship between physical activity and selected health outcomes in children younger than 6 yr.MethodsA systematic search identified randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies examining the associations between physical activity and adiposity/weight status, bone health, cardiometabolic health, and cognition in children younger than 6 yr.ResultsTwenty-seven studies met inclusion criteria and served as the basis for this systematic review. For weight status/adiposity, 12 of 15 studies found negative associations between physical activity and one or more measures of the outcome. For bone health, 10 articles based on four studies were identified, and nine studies showed stronger bone in more active children. For cardiometabolic health, three studies were identified and findings were limited and inconsistent. For cognition, two systematic reviews were identified and findings were limited. For all four health outcomes, evidence of dose–response relationships and effect modification by demographic factors was very limited.ConclusionsThere is strong evidence indicating that higher amounts of physical activity are associated with better indicators of bone health and with reduced risk for excessive increases in weight and adiposity in children 3 to 6 yr. Evidence was too limited to support conclusions regarding the effects of physical activity on cardiometabolic health and cognition.
The detection of vertical root fractures in post-core restored teeth with cone-beam CT: in vivo and ex vivo
Authors: Byakova Svetlana F. , Novozhilova Nina E. , Makeeva Irina M. , Grachev Vasiliy I. , Kasatkina Inna V. 
Published: May 2019

Objectives: To compare the accuracy of cone-beam CT ex vivo and in vivo for the detection of artificially created large and small vertical root fractures in extracted teeth restored with post-core. Methods: Individual metal cast post-cores were fixed in the root canals of 50 extracted single-rooted human teeth. In 30 teeth fractures were created by tapping posts with a hammer. The teeth were sterilised in autoclave and embedded into bite-plates made of silicon impression material. Cone-beam CT scanning was performed ex vivo and in vivo . For the in vivo scanning, teeth in sterile plastic bags were inserted into the mouths of volunteers. Then the teeth were sectioned with low-speed saw and the widths of the VRFs were measured microscopically. The teeth were distributed into 2 groups in accordance with the measured fractures’ widths: large (wider than 180–250 µm) and small (80–150 µm). Five observers assessed the presence of vertical root fractures on axial CBCT slices. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and inter examiner agreement were calculated. Results: The accuracy of cone-beam CT in vitro for large and small vertical root fractures detection was 0.56 and 0.40 respectively (p = 0.043). The sensitivity values were 0.53 and 0.27 for large and small vertical root fractures, respectively (p = 0.043). The visualisation of fracture lines in vivo was impossible in 90 % of cases, because of low image quality. Inter examiner reliability analysis showed κ values ranging from 0.02 to 0.54. Conclusions: Fracture width affected the in vitro detectability of vertical root fractures by cone-beam CT in teeth with metal cast post-cores. The detectability of root fractures in vivo was decreased because of low image quality, making the assessment of sound tooth tissue impossible.
Motor recovery after bilateral brachial plexus injury using motor irradiation: a case report
Authors: de Oliveira Laura Alice Santos , Pedron Carla Andressa , de Andrade Fernanda Guimarães , Horsczaruk Carlos Henrique Ramos , Martins José Vicente Pereira 
Published: May 2019

Background/Aims Brachial plexus injuries impair functionality, interfere with the performance of activities and affect participation in social events, thus decreasing an individual's quality of life. In cases where there is a total loss of muscular strength, complete rehabilitation is challenging. Motor irradiation is a basic proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation procedure that is used to activate weak muscles. It is a promising procedure for rehabilitation following brachial plexus injuries, mainly in those with total loss of muscle strength. Methods The patient in this case study had suffered bilateral brachial plexus injuries as a result of mechanical restraint during a psychiatric episode. He presented with decreased muscle strength in the proximal segments of the upper limbs, no movement of the wrists and fingers, tactile hypoesthesia and no pain sensation. Motor irradiation was the main intervention used to improve motor function. Findings At the end of treatment, complete and partial recovery of muscle strength was observed in the proximal and distal segments, respectively. Conclusions The efficacy of motor irradiation in improving muscle strength following brachial plexus injuries should be investigated in future clinical trials.
Synovial Cell Sarcoma in an Adolescent Liver Transplant Recipient
Authors: Jaramillo Catalina , Gilani Ahmed , Haag Mary , Donaldson Nathan , Mack Cara 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
Solid organ transplant recipients are at increased risk of malignancy. Pediatric transplant recipients particularly have a potentially higher risk given the young age of immunosuppression initiation. Posttransplant malignancies are the main cause of death in 5%–16% of liver transplantation patients. The frequency of de novo malignancies in pediatric liver transplant recipients has been reported to be 13%. Synovial sarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that has not been previously reported after liver transplantation. We report the case of an adolescent liver transplant recipient who was diagnosed with synovial sarcoma 14 years after liver transplantation.
POLITIK HUKUM KELUARGA ISLAM DI ARAS LOKAL: Analisis Terhadap Kebijakan Pendewasaan Usia Pernikahan di Nusa Tenggara Barat
Authors: Winengan Winengan 
Published: May 2019

In Islam, there is no clear explanation of the age limit as a condition of marriage, other than about aqil-balig. However, in West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), there is a Governor's policy that requires a man or woman who wants to get married for the first time at least 21 years old. This article examines the basis and purpose of implementing the marriage age restriction policy in NTB. The author conducted qualitative research and interviewed relevant interviewees and carried out documentation. The analysis technique used is an interactive model, whose data validity is tested based on data credibility criteria. This study concludes that the enactment of the policy on the maturation of marriage age is based on the various risks faced by the people who have married at an early age. The policy is expected to reduce the practice of early marriage in order to create a generation of plans and increase the Community Development Index. The policy is very rational to prepare NTB's golden generation in 2025. [Dalam Islam, belum ada penjelasan secara tegas tentang batas usia sebagai syarat pernikahan selain tentang aqil-balig. Namun, di Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB), terdapat kebijakan Gubernur yang mensyaratkan bagi seorang laki-laki atau perempuan yang hendak menikah untuk pertama kalinya minimal berusia 21 tahun. Artikel ini mengkaji dasar dan tujuan pemberlakuan kebijakan pembatasan usia pernikahan di NTB. Penulis melakukan penelitian kualitatif dan mewawancarai pihak-pihak terkait serta melakukan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah model interaktif, yang keabsahan datanya diuji berdasarkan kriteria kredibilitas data. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pemberlakuan kebijakan terhadap pendewasaan usia pernikahan dilandasi adanya berbagai resiko yang dihadapi masyarakat yang melangsungkan pernikahan pada usia dini. kebijakan tersebut diharapkan dapat menekan praktik pernikahan usia dini dalam rangka menciptakan generasi berencana dan peningkatan Indeks Pembangunan Masyarakat. Kebijakan tersebut sangat rasional untuk mempersiapkan generasi emas NTB tahun 2025.]