bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Political Budget Cycles
Authors: Veiga Linda Gonçalves , Efthyvoulou Georgios , Morozumi Atsuyoshi 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the literature on political budget cycles (PBCs), focusing on studies that analyze the conditionality of opportunistic effects. First, factors that affect incentives of politicians to embark on pre-electoral policy manipulations are highlighted, and then factors that influence the capability of those manipulations to generate additional votes are discussed. Finally, the effects of personal characteristics of leaders on PBCs are explored. To complement the review, an empirical investigation of electoral effects on central governments’ deficit, expenditure, and revenue series, under various political arrangements, is implemented on a large panel covering seventy-eight countries and forty-two years of data (1975–2016). Empirical results confirm that PBCs are more likely to occur under certain politico-institutional circumstances, including predetermined elections, disputed elections, majoritarian electoral rules, larger private benefits from holding office, weak constraints on executives, a high proportion of uninformed voters, and new democracies.
Race, Scriptures, and the Postcolonial World
Authors: Wimbush Vincent L. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter is a brief discussion on the fraught categories “the postcolonial” (world), “the Bible,” and “race.” It considers how they are complexly interrelated and how each sets conditions for the others. The chapter also examines how these categories invent, define, and delimit one another and thereby shape thinking, discourse, and politics. The categories highlighted in this essay are not inert, flat backdrops or contexts against which one then engages texts; they are themselves complex phenomena and dynamic “texts” to be interpreted. The challenge ahead has to do with how the imbrication of the intertextual dynamics will be perceived. Thus, this article is an attempt to demonstrate a defensible way forward that entails exploding rather sinking into traditional notions about the textual. Put more simply, it entails focus on lives, social relations, and power dynamics.
International Arbitration as a Tool of Global Governance
Authors: Nappert Sophie 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
It has been posited that the international arbitration process carries with it not only fact-finding and lawmaking functions but also a governance function insofar as “arbitrators … can and do engage in autonomous normative action while still adhering to the rule of law.” This contribution explores the role and ambit of the exercise of discretion by international arbitration tribunals and its interplay with the tribunals’ governance function, as arbitrators must consider “the impact of their rulings on states, persons or entities not directly represented in the case before them.” It questions whether the use of discretion is suited to the governance role of arbitral tribunals and serves, rather than compromises, the effective exercise of that role. It asks what measures ought to be considered to make arbitrators better prepared for the exercise of their governance function.
The Governance of International Spaces and Earth Systems
Authors: Young Oran R. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The absence of a government in the ordinary sense coupled with a low level of social solidarity poses serious obstacles for solving a variety of collective action problems in international society. Nowhere is this more apparent than in dealing with needs for governance relating to international spaces and Earth systems. Nevertheless, some efforts to develop regimes to deal with these needs do succeed. Drawing on examples relating to biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction, maritime commerce, climate change, and the depletion of stratospheric ozone, this chapter examines processes of regime formation and implementation, interactions among issue-specific regimes, and the evolution of regimes over time to identify conditions that determine success and failure in the development of governance systems for international spaces and Earth systems.
Event (De)composition
Authors: Chen Sherry Yong , Husband E. Matthew 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGrammatical theories of event structure have broadly proposed that event representations are decomposed and articulated in a variety of different constituents across a sentence. These theories raise questions for sentence comprehension: how are cues to these disparate components recognized and put back together to construct a complete and coherent representation of the event under discussion? Such questions are made all the more complex during real-time processing as these components arrive one after another in quick succession, and yet studies show that speakers are highly sensitive to these cues and use them to guide interpretation in a rapid and highly incremental fashion. The chapter examines studies from the psycholinguistic literature with a focus on three aspects of event structure: manner and result verbal meanings, temporal boundaries of events, and the encoding of event participants.
Focus
Authors: Kim Christina S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of experimental investigations on focus, how focus is cued and interpreted, and how the perception of focus affects other aspects of sentence or discourse comprehension. Early studies about the impact of focusing on attention and memory continue to inform current research; since that time, experimental findings related to focus have gone hand in hand with developments in theoretical semantics and pragmatics. This chapter covers some main strands of this body of experimental work, including the influence of focus on syntactic ambiguity resolution, focus as a cue to discourse structure, focus and pronoun resolution, the role of focus in referential disambiguation, the inference of focus alternatives, and cues to focus projection. The chapter concludes with some points to watch for in future research.
Modified Numerals
Authors: Nouwen Rick , Alexandropoulou Stavroula , McNabb Yaron 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis chapter discusses the use of experimental methods for probing the semantics and pragmatics of numeral modification. Modified numerals, like ‘at least 3’ or ‘more than 2’, are interesting from a theoretical point of view because they give rise to a range of implicature-like inferences depending on the form of the modifier and the immediate linguistic context. The chapter discusses both studies that aim to counter or support existing theoretical proposals in the literature and studies that bring in entirely new theoretical issues. It also reflects on methodological issues in this area.
Metonymy
Authors: Schumacher Petra B. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis chapter addresses metonymy, an operation that is used to refer to an entity by means of an expression that has a particular semantic or conceptual relation to that entity (e.g. ‘the ham sandwich’ referring to a customer at a restaurant or ‘the wooden turtle’ referring to an object on a shelf). It discusses different types and communicative functions of metonymy and delineates it from other referential ambiguities such as homonymy and polysemy. The chapter reviews experimental evidence from real-time processing, acquisition, and language disorder and illustrates that discrete cognitive processes are involved in the constitution of extended meanings. It presents a classification of referential ambiguities based on neurocognitive profiles and suggests that the different types of ambiguities may be linked to the diachronic development of meaning alternations.
Introduction
Authors: Cummins Chris , Katsos Napoleon 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis Introduction briefly tracks the emergence of research in semantics and pragmatics that employs paradigms from experimental psychology, from foundational work in the 1970s to the flourishing community conducting ‘experimental semantics and pragmatics’ today. The Handbook, the first in this field, aspires to be comprehensive in terms of the topics and methodologies covered, to be forward-looking in its identification of avenues for further investigation, and to be accessible to a broad audience, inviting researchers from linguistics, psychology, and other backgrounds to engage with these issues.
Expertise in Weather Forecasting
Authors: LaDue Daphne S. , Daipha Phaedra , Pliske Rebecca M. , Hoffman Robert R. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Weather forecasting is a highly technical domain, relying on many kinds of technologies and many kinds of data. This chapter summarizes four research programs ranging from organizational to individual analyses to provide unique, complementary insights about expertise. Forecaster learning was highly dependent on the forecasters’ context, and whether they gained expertise depended on having a strong personal identity as a forecaster. How forecasters coped with risk and uncertainty suggests expertise is not just a deeper causative understanding, but an ability to provide an accurate forecast that serves users well. Novice forecasters employ rule-based knowledge, while experts employ a fluid and flexible application of knowledge. Expert forecasters have extensive, complex knowledge about each type of weather process they forecast, a knowledge that may be lost if not captured and passed on to the next generation. This empirical work on professional activity in context has the potential to invigorate studies of expertise.
Modeling Experts with Fast-and-Frugal Heuristics
Authors: Hoffrage Ulrich 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
According to the program reviewed in this chapter, people—including experts—use fast-and-frugal heuristics. These heuristics are models of bounded rationality that function well under limited knowledge, memory, and computational capacities. These heuristics are ecologically rational: they are fitted to the structure of information in the environment. While studying experts in the context of this program amounts to modeling them with fast-and-frugal heuristics, studying the acquisition of expertise focuses on how laypeople learn such heuristics. Experts can be viewed as intuitive statisticians. They have larger samples than novices and they are—through experience, education, and feedback—able to construct both accurate models of their environment and smart heuristics. Because fast-and-frugal heuristics do not require complex calculation and are typically easy to set up, this program offers a straightforward way to aid experts: After the heuristics’ performance has been determined under various environmental conditions, experts can be educated about these results.
Paul and Theological Interpretation
Authors: Fowl Stephen E. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This article examines theological interpretations of Scripture, with a focus on Paul. It discusses the presumption that Christians interpret Scripture theologically to improve their prospects of living and worshipping faithfully before the Triune God, and links this presumption to arguments about the doctrine of Scripture and the place of Scripture in God’s drama of salvation. It also looks at the role of Scripture in God’s economy of salvation and considers letters attributed to Paul. After providing an overview of Pauline theology and theological interpretation of Paul, the article talks about Paul as interpreter of Scripture as well as his trinitarianism. It also comments on Paul’s particular theological and ecclesiological concerns over relationships between Jews and Gentiles in Christ, and how such concerns shape and are shaped by his convictions about God, Christ, and the Spirit.
Paul and Ethnicity
Authors: Johnson Hodge Caroline 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis chapter argues that a theorized and historically contextual approach to ethnicity and race allows us to look critically at these concepts in Paul’s letters and challenges the traditional reading of Paul. After reviewing race and ethnicity in Pauline scholarship, this essay applies these approaches to the Pauline texts. Arguing for an understanding of racial and ethnic identity as both ‘natural’ and malleable, of identity as multiple, and of religion as central to ethnic identity construction, this chapter shows that these discourses, rather than being peripheral or rejected by Paul, are central to his thinking. We see that Paul conceives of central theological issues—such as Paul’s identity as a Jew, Israel’s standing before God, and the invitation to faithful Gentiles-in-Christ—in terms of ethnic reasoning. This approach contributes not only to a more historically situated reading of Paul, but also to modern understandings of racial and religious identity.
Introduction
Authors: Haselgrove Colin , Rebay-Salisbury Katharina , Wells Peter S. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the origins and development of Iron Age studies in Europe and outlines the main research themes explored in this book. The period is understood to begin when iron first came into general use, between 1000 and 600 BC in different regions. It is the final recognized period of prehistory, continuing in lands outside the Roman Empire until the arrival of Christianity in the later first millennium AD. The archaeology of the Iron Age shows intensification of subsistence production, manufacturing, and trading, as iron came to be applied to many economically important tasks, populations increased, and interactions between communities grew. Larger settlements of the period are thought to indicate the beginnings of urbanism. Settlement sites, cemeteries, and deposits of different kinds are abundantly represented, their material remains generating a rich picture of lifeways, social organization, economic activities, and ritual practices across the continent.
The rs75862629 minor allele in the endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases intergenic region affects human leucocyte antigen B27 expression and protects from ankylosing spondylitis in Sardinia
Authors: Paladini Fabiana , Fiorillo Maria Teresa , Tedeschi Valentina , D’Otolo Viviana , Piga Matteo , Cauli Alberto , Mathieu Alessandro , Sorrentino Rosa 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectivesHLA-B27 and the endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) and ERAP2 genes are predisposing factors for AS. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the ERAP2 promoter (rs75862629) coordinates the transcription of both ERAP genes. We investigated whether this SNP associates with AS and whether it affects the expression of the two major HLA-B27 alleles present in Sardinia, the AS-associated B*2705 and the non-AS-associated B*2709.MethodsFour SNPs in the ERAP region were genotyped in HLA-B*2705-positive patients with AS (n = 145), B27-positive healthy subjects (n = 126) and B27-negative controls (n = 250) and the allele and haplotype frequencies were derived. The expression of ERAP1 and ERAP2 mRNAs in 36 HLA-B27-positive B lymphoblastoid cell lines was measured by quantitative PCR. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay was performed to search for a nuclear factor binding the DNA sequence encompassing rs75862629. The expression of HLA-B27 molecules related to the SNP at rs75862629 was determined by flow cytometry.ResultsThe minor allele G at rs75862629 was found significantly increased in B27 healthy individuals, both B*2705 and B*2709, compared with B*2705-positive patients with AS and B27-negative controls. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay indicated the lack of binding of a transcription factor as the cause of the observed reduction in the ERAP2 concomitant with a higher ERAP1 expression. Of note, this occurs with a different cell surface expression of the HLA-B*2705 and HLA-B*2709 molecules.ConclusionSNP rs75862629, by modulating simultaneously the expression of ERAP1 and ERAP2, provides protection from AS in HLA-B27-positive subjects in Sardinia. This has a functional impact on HLA-B27 expression and likely on disease onset.
CAPTURE-JIA: a consensus-derived core dataset to improve clinical care for children and young people with juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: McErlane Flora , Armitt Gillian , Cobb Joanna , Bailey Kathryn , Cleary Gavin , Douglas Sharon , Lunt Laura , Rashid Amir , Sampath Sunil , Shoop-Worrall Stephanie , Smith Nicola , Foster Helen , Thomson Wendy 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Data collected during routine clinic visits are key to driving successful quality improvement in clinical services and enabling integration of research into routine care. The purpose of this study was to develop a standardized core dataset for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) (termed CAPTURE-JIA), enabling routine clinical collection of research-quality patient data useful to all relevant stakeholder groups (clinicians, service-providers, researchers, health service planners and patients/families) and including outcomes of relevance to patients/families.

Methods
Collaborative consensus-based approaches (including Delphi and World Café methodologies) were employed. The study was divided into discrete phases, including collaborative working with other groups developing relevant core datasets and a two-stage Delphi process, with the aim of rationalizing the initially long data item list to a clinically feasible size.

Results
The initial stage of the process identified collection of 297 discrete data items by one or more of fifteen NHS paediatric rheumatology centres. Following the two-stage Delphi process, culminating in a consensus workshop (May 2015), the final approved CAPTURE-JIA dataset consists of 62 discrete and defined clinical data items including novel JIA-specific patient-reported outcome and experience measures.

Conclusions
CAPTURE-JIA is the first ‘JIA core dataset’ to include data items considered essential by key stakeholder groups engaged with leading and improving the clinical care of children and young people with JIA. Collecting essential patient information in a standard way is a major step towards improving the quality and consistency of clinical services, facilitating collaborative and effective working, benchmarking clinical services against quality indicators and aligning treatment strategies and clinical research opportunities.
Depressive symptoms, sleep patterns, and physical activity in adolescents with narcolepsy
Authors: Parmar Arpita , Yeh E Ann , Korczak Daphne J , Weiss Shelly K , Lu Zihang , Zweerink Allison , Toulany Alene , Murray Brian J , Narang Indra 
Published: May 2019

AbstractStudy ObjectivesTo evaluate the association between depressive symptoms, sleep patterns (duration and quality), excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), and physical activity (PA) in adolescents with narcolepsy.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included adolescents (ages 10–18 years) with narcolepsy attending a tertiary care facility (The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada). Adolescents with narcolepsy completed questionnaires evaluating depressive symptoms (Children’s Depression Inventory-2nd edition [CDI-2]), sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), EDS (Epworth Sleepiness Scale), and PA (Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire). Wrist-based actigraphy was worn by adolescents for 1 week to measure total sleep time (over 24 hr) and sleep efficiency percentage.ResultsThirty adolescents with narcolepsy (mean age = 13.8 ± 2.2 years, 76.7% male) participated. In this cohort of adolescents with narcolepsy, 23.3% had CDI-2 total scores in the elevated range. Greater CDI-2 total scores were associated with poor sleep quality (ρ = 0.571; p = 0.02), EDS (ρ = 0.360; p = 0.05), and lower self-reported PA levels (ρ = −0.512; p < 0.01).ConclusionsAdolescents with narcolepsy report experiencing depressive symptoms, which are associated with poor sleep quality, EDS, and low PA levels. Strategies to improve nocturnal sleep quality and symptoms of EDS as well as promoting increased PA levels in adolescents with narcolepsy may provide an opportunity to improve depressive symptoms in this population. Multidisciplinary care with mental health and sleep specialists for adolescents with narcolepsy is needed.
The energy distribution of a train impact process based on the active–passive energy-absorption method
Authors: Guangjun Gao 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This paper examines the energy-absorption characteristics of trains for active–passive safety protection. A one-dimensional collision-simulation model of traditional subway vehicles and active–passive safety vehicles was developed based on the multibody dynamics theory using MATLAB simulation software. The effectiveness of the simulation model was verified by scaled-collision tests. Then, the energy-absorption characteristics of traditional trains and the active–passive safety trains under different marshalling conditions were studied. The results showed that as the number of marshalling vehicles increased from 5 to 8, the energy absorption of interface 1 for the active–passive safety trains during the collision was 681 kJ, 775 kJ, 840 kJ and 901 kJ, and the physical compression of the interface of the head car of the active–passive safety trains was 619 mm, 704 mm, 764 mm and 816 mm, which was far below the maximum value of 1773 mm. The head car of the active–passive safety subway vehicles therefore had sufficient energy-absorption capacity. Finally, to find the maximum safe impact velocity of the active–passive safety trains, the energy distribution of the active–passive safety subway vehicles with 8-car marshalling at different impact velocities was studied. It was found that the safe impact velocity of an active–passive safety subway vehicle conforming to the requirements of the EN15227 collision standard reached 32 km/h, far exceeding the safe impact velocity of 25 km/h allowed by traditional trains, and representing an increase in the safe impact velocity of 28%. The total collision-energy absorption of the interface of the head car of the active–passive trains was 89.1% higher than that of the traditional trains at the safe impact velocity. The active–passive energy absorption method was therefore effective at improving the crashworthiness of the subway trains.
Joint contributions of cortical morphometry and white matter microstructure in healthy brain aging: A partial least squares correlation analysis
Authors: Hoagey David A. , Rieck Jenny R. , Rodrigue Karen M. , Kennedy Kristen M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCortical atrophy and degraded axonal health have been shown to coincide during normal aging; however, few studies have examined these measures together. To lend insight into both the regional specificity and the relative timecourse of structural degradation of these tissue compartments across the lifespan, we analyzed grey matter (GM) morphometry (cortical thickness, surface area, volume) and estimates of white matter (WM) microstructure (fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity) using traditional univariate and more robust multivariate techniques to examine age associations in 186 healthy adults aged 20-94 years old. Univariate analysis of each tissue type revealed that negative age associations were largest in frontal grey and white matter tissue and weaker in temporal, cingulate, and occipital regions, representative of not only an anterior-to-posterior gradient, but also a medial-to-lateral gradient. Multivariate partial least squares correlation (PLSC) found the greatest covariance between GM and WM was driven by the relationship between WM metrics in the anterior corpus callosum and projections of the genu, anterior cingulum, and fornix; and with GM thickness in parietal and frontal regions. Surface area was far less susceptible to age effects and displayed less covariance with WM metrics, while regional volume covariance patterns largely mirrored those of cortical thickness. Results support a retrogenesis-like model of aging, revealing a coupled relationship between frontal and parietal GM and the underlying WM, which evidence the most protracted development and the most vulnerability during healthy aging.