bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring cognition and function in the preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Weintraub Sandra , Carrillo Maria C. , Farias Sarah Tomaszewski , Goldberg Terry E. , Hendrix James A. , Jaeger Judith , Knopman David S. , Langbaum Jessica B. , Park Denise C. , Ropacki Michael T. , Sikkes Sietske A.M. , Welsh‐Bohmer Kathleen A. , Bain Lisa J. , Brashear Robert , Budur Kumar , Graf Ana , Martenyi Ferenc , Storck Marta Segardahl , Randolph Christopher 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe Alzheimer's Association's Research Roundtable met in November 2016 to explore how best to measure changes in cognition and function in the preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease. This review will cover the tools and instruments currently available to identify populations for prevention trials, and measure subtle disease progression in the earliest stages of Alzheimer's disease, and will include discussions of suitable cognitive, behavioral, functional, composite, and biological endpoints for prevention trials. Current prevention trials are reviewed including TOMMOROW, Alzheimer's Prevention Initiative Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer's Disease Trial, the Alzheimer's Prevention Initiative Generation Study, and the Anti‐Amyloid Treatment in Asymptomatic Alzheimer's to compare current approaches and tools that are being developed.
The New Debate on the Interpretation of MFN Clauses in Investment Treaties: Putting the Brakes on Multilateralization
Authors: Batifort Simon , Heath J. Benton 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis article challenges the conventional wisdom that MFN clauses in investment treaties can always be used to “import” substantive standards of treatment (e.g. FET). It argues that most tribunals permitting this use of MFN clauses have relied on presumptions and have ignored meaningful variations among clauses. It also points out that states are increasingly questioning the conventional view, and that a recent arbitral award has firmly rejected an attempt to use an MFN clause to import substantive standards. It concludes by sketching the terms of the new MFN debate.
Cassava whitefly,Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in East African farming landscapes: a review of the factors determining abundance
Authors: Macfadyen S. , Paull C. , Boykin L.M. , De Barro P. , Maruthi M.N. , Otim M. , Kalyebi A. , Vassão D.G. , Sseruwagi P. , Tay W.T. , Delatte H. , Seguni Z. , Colvin J. , Omongo C.A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBemisia tabaci(Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a pest species complex that causes widespread damage to cassava, a staple food crop for millions of households in East Africa. Species in the complex cause direct feeding damage to cassava and are the vectors of multiple plant viruses. Whilst significant work has gone into developing virus-resistant cassava cultivars, there has been little research effort aimed at understanding the ecology of these insect vectors. Here we assess critically the knowledge base relating to factors that may lead to high population densities of sub-Saharan African (SSA)B. tabacispecies in cassava production landscapes of East Africa. We focus first on empirical studies that have examined biotic or abiotic factors that may lead to high populations. We then identify knowledge gaps that need to be filled to deliver sustainable management solutions. We found that whilst many hypotheses have been put forward to explain the increases in abundance witnessed since the early 1990s, there are little published data and these tend to have been collected in a piecemeal manner. The most critical knowledge gaps identified were: (i) understanding how cassava cultivars and alternative host plants impact population dynamics and natural enemies; (ii) the impact of natural enemies in terms of reducing the frequency of outbreaks and (iii) the use and management of insecticides to delay the development of resistance. In addition, there are several fundamental methodologies that need to be developed and deployed in East Africa to address some of the more challenging knowledge gaps.
DRY MATTER PRODUCTION AND NUTRIENT CONTENT OF MAMEY SAPOTE GROWN ON AN ACID ULTISOL
Authors: GOENAGA RICARDO 
Published: February 2018

SUMMARYLittle is known about the adaptability of mamey sapote (Pouteria sapota) to acidic soils high in aluminum (Al). A 2 year field study was conducted to determine the effects of various levels of soil Al on dry matter production, stem diameter and nutrient concentration in tissues of four cultivars of mamey sapote. Soil Al treatments were statistically different for all variables measured in the study. Cultivars and the year × cultivar interaction were not significant; therefore, results were averaged over cultivars and years. Increasing soil Al concentration from 3.5 to 7.8 cmol kg−1 resulted in an increase in total dry weight, but higher soil Al concentrations resulted in dry weight and stem diameter reductions. Increments in soil Al resulted in a significant reduction in the concentration of leaf, stem and root calcium. The Al concentration in leaf and stem tissues was not significantly affected with increments in soil Al, but there was a significant decline in the concentration of Al in root tissue suggesting that mamey sapote may exclude Al from roots.
Sexuality and community in the theology of Dietrich Bonhoeffer
Authors: Brain Michael 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis article suggests that the narrative of human community Bonhoeffer described in Sanctorum Communio, following the categories of creation, fall and redemption, provides the framework for understanding the various aspects of human sexuality found in Creation and Fall and Ethics. A comparative study of these texts reveals that marriage and sexuality in Bonhoeffer encapsulates the human drive towards community, preserved from the fall for redemption in Christ. Understanding human sexuality within the structure of this narrative allows for a new way of appropriating and evaluating Bonhoeffer's theological anthropology for contemporary ethical reflection in the Christian community.
Energy loss of protons in hydrogen plasma
Authors: Cheng R. , Zhou X. , Wang Y. , Lei Y. , Chen Y. , Ma X. , Xiao G. , Zhao Y. , Ren J. , Huo D. , Peng H. , Savin S. , Gavrilin R. , Roudskoy I. , Golubev A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis paper reports the measurement of the energy loss of protons at the energy of 100 keV penetrating a partially ionized hydrogen plasma. The plasma of ne≈ 1015–16cm−3; Te≈ 1–2 eV and lifetime of about 8 µs is created by the hydrogen gas discharge. The experimental results show an increase of a factor of 2.8 in the energy loss, which are in good agreement with the Bethe, Standard Stopping Model, Li–Petrasso and Vlasov models’ predictions within the error limit. The Bethe–Bloch Coulomb logarithm term is found to increase by a factor of 4.0 for free electrons as compared with the situation where bound electrons prevail. The potential application of protons energy loss for diagnosing the electron density in plasma is proposed too.
The living and their dead in Classical Athens: new evidence from Acharnai, Halai Aixonidai & Phaleron
Authors: Papadopoulou Chryssanthi 
Published: February 2018

The deme of Acharnai belonged to the Oineis tribe and was the largest deme in Attica, represented in the boule by 22 bouleutai (Trail 1975: 65; Osborne 1985: 44; Platonos 2013: 137). Acharnai not only had a larger population than the other Attic demes, but it also appears to have extended over a particularly large area: over Neapoli, Agios Athanasios, the centre of modern Menidi, Lathea, Auliza, Pyrgouthi, Agia Anna, Charaugi, Kokkinos Mylos, Agia Soteira, Loutro, part of Gerovouno and possibly northern Lykotrypa (Fig. 125).Both Maria Platonos (2013: 139; 2004: 31–32) and Danielle Kellogg (2013: 10–26), who have studied this deme in depth, agree that there would have been more than one settlement within its limits. Kellogg (2013: 32–33) also notes that the settlement pattern in most areas would have been scattered: that is, there would have been numerous farmsteads dotted across the landscape. This is a very attractive suggestion, since Acharnai was known for its fertile fields, and it is supported by the archaeological evidence, since numerous Classical walls delimiting properties have been excavated in the broader area of the SKA Rail Centre (ID4852; Platonos 2004: 430).
Successful resection of giant right atrial appendage aneurysm to cure chaotic atrial tachycardia in a child: case report
Authors: Zhang Yi , Li Xiaomei , Jin Yongqiang 
Published: February 2018

AbstractRight atrial appendage aneurysm is an extremely rare congenital malformation with unknown aetiology. The most common potential complication is atrial arrhythmias including atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and atrial tachycardia. These arrhythmias are usually refractory to medication therapy. Radiofrequency catheter ablation has poor efficacy with low success rate and high recurrence rate. Aneurysm resection is the recommended treatment with satisfactory efficacy. We report a child with chaotic atrial tachycardia due to giant right atrial appendage aneurysm who was successfully treated by aneurysm resection.
The effectiveness of self-regulation in limiting the advertising of unhealthy foods and beverages on children’s preferred websites in Canada
Authors: Potvin Kent Monique , Pauzé Elise 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness of the self-regulatory Canadian Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (CAI) in limiting advertising of unhealthy foods and beverages on children’s preferred websites in Canada.Design/Setting/SubjectsSyndicated Internet advertising exposure data were used to identify the ten most popular websites for children (aged 2–11 years) and determine the frequency of food/beverage banner and pop-up ads on these websites from June 2015 to May 2016. Nutrition information for advertised products was collected and their nutrient content per 100 g was calculated. Nutritional quality of all food/beverage ads was assessed using the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and UK Nutrient Profile Models (NPM). Nutritional quality of CAI and non-CAI company ads was compared usingχ2analyses and independentttests.ResultsAbout 54 million food/beverage ads were viewed on children’s preferred websites from June 2015 to May 2016. Most (93·4 %) product ads were categorized as excessive in fat, Na or free sugars as per the PAHO NPM and 73·8 % were deemed less healthy according to the UK NPM. CAI-company ads were 2·2 times more likely (OR; 99 % CI) to be excessive in at least one nutrient (2·2; 2·1, 2·2,P<0·001) and 2·5 times more likely to be deemed less healthy (2·5; 2·5, 2·5,P<0·001) than non-CAI ads. On average, CAI-company product ads also contained (mean difference; 99 % CI) more energy (141; 141·1, 141·4 kcal,P<0·001,r=0·55), sugar (18·2; 18·2, 18·2 g,P<0·001,r=0·68) and Na (70·0; 69·7, 70·0 mg,P<0·001,r=0·23) per 100 g serving than non-CAI ads.ConclusionsThe CAI is not limiting unhealthy food and beverage advertising on children’s preferred websites in Canada. Mandatory regulations are needed.
Education, practical training and professional development for public health practitioners: a scoping review of the literature and insights for sustainable food system capacity-building
Authors: Wegener Jessica , Fong Debbie , Rocha Cecilia 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectiveNoting the upstream positioning of sustainable food systems (SFS) to multiple global crises, the present review described examples of emerging and promising practices to support SFS-oriented education, practical training (PT) and continuing professional development (CPD) among trainees and public health practitioners (PHP). A secondary objective was to compile the evidence into practical considerations for educators, supervising practitioners and professional associations.DesignA scoping review of the literature published between 2007 and 2017 was conducted in May 2017 using four databases: CINAHL, MEDLINE, Scopus and HSSA, along with bibliography hand-searching and expert consultation. Articles were screened for relevance and specificity by independent raters.ResultsNineteen articles were included for analysis. Two-thirds of the articles related to dietitians and public health nutritionists. Emerging practices included curriculum-based considerations, incorporation of ‘sustainability’ within professional competencies and self-reflection related to SFS. Descriptions of SFS-related education, PT and CPD practices appeared largely in the literature from developed countries. Articles converged on the need for ecosystems, food systems and sustainability considerations within and across practice to support current and future practitioners.ConclusionsThere is growing interest in SFS but guidance to support educators and preceptors is lacking. Updates to dietary guidelines to reflect issues of sustainability are a timely prompt to examine the education, training and development needs of trainees and PHP. Practical examples of emerging practices can empower PHP to promote SFS in all areas of practice. More research is needed to address identified gaps in the literature and to improve SFS-specific education, PT and CPD.
EQUIVALENT NORMS WITH AN EXTREMELY NONLINEABLE SET OF NORM ATTAINING FUNCTIONALS
Authors: Kadets Vladimir , López Ginés , Martín Miguel , Werner Dirk 
Published: February 2018

We present a construction that enables one to find Banach spaces$X$whose sets$\operatorname{NA}(X)$of norm attaining functionals do not contain two-dimensional subspaces and such that, consequently,$X$does not contain proximinal subspaces of finite codimension greater than one, extending the results recently provided by Read [Banach spaces with no proximinal subspaces of codimension 2,Israel J. Math.(to appear)] and Rmoutil [Norm-attaining functionals need not contain 2-dimensional subspaces,J. Funct. Anal. 272(2017), 918–928]. Roughly speaking, we construct an equivalent renorming with the requested properties for every Banach space$X$where the set$\operatorname{NA}(X)$for the original norm is not “too large”. The construction can be applied to every Banach space containing$c_{0}$and having a countable system of norming functionals, in particular, to separable Banach spaces containing$c_{0}$. We also provide some geometric properties of the norms we have constructed.
Baicalin induces cellular senescence in human colon cancer cells via upregulation of DEPP and the activation of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling
Authors: Wang Zhou , Ma Lingman , Su Mengqi , Zhou Yiran , Mao Ke , Li Chengqin , Peng Guangyong , Zhou Changlin , Shen Baiyong , Dou Jie 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBaicalin is a natural flavonoid glycoside which has potent anti-tumor and antioxidant activity in cancer cells. In the present study, we found that baicalin treatment significantly induced senescence in colon cancer cells. Furthermore, baicalin upregulated the expression of decidual protein induced by progesterone (DEPP) in HCT116 colon cancer cells, which accompanied with the activation of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and p16INK4A/Rb signaling pathways. Meanwhile, these phenomena also appeared under the anti-oxidation effect exerted by baicalin. In addition, ectopic expression of DEPP in HCT116 cells significantly induced the activity of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) in tumor cells regulated by Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Knockdown of DEPP by RNA interference efficiently counteracted the baicalin-mediated growth inhibition, senescence and cell cycle arrest in cancer cells. Importantly, in a xenograft mouse model of human colon cancer, we further confirmed that baicalin treatment dramatically inhibited tumor growth, which was due to the induction of tumor cellular senescence via the upregulation of DEPP and the activation of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling in vivo. In addition to baicalin treatment, we found that the hypoxia-response protein DEPP functions as a positive regulator involving the regulations of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway and inhibition of human colon cancer by other anti-oxidative drugs, such as curcumin and sulforaphane, resulting in tumor cellular senescence. These results collectively suggest that baicalin upregulates the expression of DEPP and activates its downstream Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and p16INK4A/Rb pathways by acting as an antioxidant, leading to senescence in colon cancer cells.
FOXO3-dependent apoptosis limits alcohol-induced liver inflammation by promoting infiltrating macrophage differentiation
Authors: Li Zhuan , Zhao Jie , Zhang Shujun , Weinman Steven A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAlcohol consumption is generally well tolerated by the liver but in some individuals it results in persistent inflammation and liver disease. The mechanisms that regulate alcohol-induced liver inflammation are poorly understood. The transcription factor FOXO3 has previously been shown to be involved in suppressing alcohol-induced liver injury. In this study we demonstrate that in response to alcohol, approximately 10% of mouse hepatic macrophages undergo FOXO3-dependent apoptosis. By 3 days of alcohol exposure total hepatic macrophage numbers declined by 30% but these were restored to normal after 10 days of continued exposure. Whole body or myeloid specific Foxo3-/- mice failed to show this apoptotic response. After 10 days of alcohol exposure, Foxo3−/− mice had an increased basal inflammatory phenotype and an increase in the proportion of pro-inflammatory CD11b+, Ly6C+ infiltrating macrophages (IMs) infiltrating. This led to marked sensitivity to LPS with a 5-fold ALT elevation and liver injury after LPS challenge in Foxo3−/− but not WT mice. Restoring the early macrophage apoptosis burst with a pulse of intravenous GdCl3 at day 2 had no effect on the day 10 phenotype of WT mice but it corrected the hyper-inflammatory phenotype in Foxo3
−/−
mice. In conclusion, FOXO3-dependent hepatic macrophage apoptosis in response to ethanol serves to promote differentiation of infiltrating macrophages thus limiting the magnitude of the inflammatory response to ethanol.
C-terminal calcium binding of α-synuclein modulates synaptic vesicle interaction
Authors: Lautenschläger Janin , Stephens Amberley D. , Fusco Giuliana , Ströhl Florian , Curry Nathan , Zacharopoulou Maria , Michel Claire H. , Laine Romain , Nespovitaya Nadezhda , Fantham Marcus , Pinotsi Dorothea , Zago Wagner , Fraser Paul , Tandon Anurag , St George-Hyslop Peter , Rees Eric , Phillips Jonathan J. , De Simone Alfonso , Kaminski Clemens F. , Schierle Gabriele S. Kaminski 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAlpha-synuclein is known to bind to small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) via its N terminus, which forms an amphipathic alpha-helix upon membrane interaction. Here we show that calcium binds to the C terminus of alpha-synuclein, therewith increasing its lipid-binding capacity. Using CEST-NMR, we reveal that alpha-synuclein interacts with isolated synaptic vesicles with two regions, the N terminus, already known from studies on SUVs, and additionally via its C terminus, which is regulated by the binding of calcium. Indeed, dSTORM on synaptosomes shows that calcium mediates the localization of alpha-synuclein at the pre-synaptic terminal, and an imbalance in calcium or alpha-synuclein can cause synaptic vesicle clustering, as seen ex vivo and in vitro. This study provides a new view on the binding of alpha-synuclein to synaptic vesicles, which might also affect our understanding of synucleinopathies.
Submarine slope failures due to pipe structure formation
Authors: Elger Judith , Berndt Christian , Rüpke Lars , Krastel Sebastian , Gross Felix , Geissler Wolfram H. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThere is a strong spatial correlation between submarine slope failures and the occurrence of gas hydrates. This has been attributed to the dynamic nature of gas hydrate systems and the potential reduction of slope stability due to bottom water warming or sea level drop. However, 30 years of research into this process found no solid supporting evidence. Here we present new reflection seismic data from the Arctic Ocean and numerical modelling results supporting a different link between hydrates and slope stability. Hydrates reduce sediment permeability and cause build-up of overpressure at the base of the gas hydrate stability zone. Resulting hydro-fracturing forms pipe structures as pathways for overpressured fluids to migrate upward. Where these pipe structures reach shallow permeable beds, this overpressure transfers laterally and destabilises the slope. This process reconciles the spatial correlation of submarine landslides and gas hydrate, and it is independent of environmental change and water depth.
A single NaK channel conformation is not enough for non-selective ion conduction
Authors: Shi Chaowei , He Yao , Hendriks Kitty , de Groot Bert L. , Cai Xiaoying , Tian Changlin , Lange Adam , Sun Han 
Published: February 2018

AbstractNaK and other non-selective channels are able to conduct both sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) with equally high efficiency. In contrast to previous crystallographic results, we show that the selectivity filter (SF) of NaK in native-like lipid membranes adopts two distinct conformations that are stabilized by either Na+ or K+ ions. The atomic differences of these conformations are resolved by solid-state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Besides the canonical K+ permeation pathway, we identify a side entry ion-conduction pathway for Na+ permeation unique to NaK. Moreover, under otherwise identical conditions ssNMR spectra of the K+ selective NaK mutant (NaK2K) reveal only a single conformational state. Therefore, we propose that structural plasticity within the SF and the selection of these conformations by different ions are key molecular determinants for highly efficient conduction of different ions in non-selective cation channels.
Photonic-crystal exciton-polaritons in monolayer semiconductors
Authors: Zhang Long , Gogna Rahul , Burg Will , Tutuc Emanuel , Deng Hui 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSemiconductor microcavity polaritons, formed via strong exciton-photon coupling, provide a quantum many-body system on a chip, featuring rich physics phenomena for better photonic technology. However, conventional polariton cavities are bulky, difficult to integrate, and inflexible for mode control, especially for room-temperature materials. Here we demonstrate sub-wavelength-thick, one-dimensional photonic crystals as a designable, compact, and practical platform for strong coupling with atomically thin van der Waals crystals. Polariton dispersions and mode anti-crossings are measured up to room temperature. Non-radiative decay to dark excitons is suppressed due to polariton enhancement of the radiative decay. Unusual features, including highly anisotropic dispersions and adjustable Fano resonances in reflectance, may facilitate high temperature polariton condensation in variable dimensions. Combining slab photonic crystals and van der Waals crystals in the strong coupling regime allows unprecedented engineering flexibility for exploring novel polariton phenomena and device concepts.