bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical and pathological significance ofHomo sapiensceramide synthase 2 (CerS-2) in diverse human cancers
Authors: Zhang Qian , Wang Jin-yan , Yan Wei , Wang Dan-dan , Yang Su-jin , Zhou Si-ying , Zhong Shan-liang , Tang Jin-hai 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHomo sapiens ceramide synthase 2 (CerS-2) plays an important role in inhibiting invasion and metastasis of tumor cells and has been reported as a tumor metastasis suppressor gene in diverse cancers. Thus, low level of CerS-2 protein might suggest a bad prognosis and up-regulation of CerS-2 protein might act as a promising therapeutic strategy for malignant tumors. In this review, we discussed the expression, as well as the clinical and pathological significance of CerS-2 in diverse human cancers. The pathological processes and molecular pathways regulated by CerS-2 were also summarized.
How Normal Are “Normal” Errors of Language and Cognition?
Authors: Cohen Matthew L. , Weatherford Samantha , Nandakumar Ratna 
Published: April 2019

Purpose
The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency and severity of common errors and inefficiencies of language and cognition in the general population.

Method
Item-response theory parameters were analyzed from the Neuro-QOL Cognitive Function Item Bank v2.0, which references a large normative sample that mirrors the demographics of the U.S. Census. Item parameters were analyzed to reveal the most likely responses to items about errors and inefficiencies of language and cognition. These most likely responses were estimated for each of 25 levels of theta to reveal normal and gradations of abnormal experiences of errors and inefficiencies.

Results

A typical experience with language and cognitive errors and inefficiencies (e.g., producing a
T
score between 40 and 60) is to have “a little” difficulty with each task that was assessed or to experience nearly every error/inefficiency at least once a week. Word-finding effort was particularly ubiquitous, as was the experience of walking into a room and forgetting one's intention.

Conclusions
It is typical to experience errors and inefficiencies of language and cognition. This analysis describes a typical experience for an average person in a highly representative sample. However, more work is needed in order to learn what is typical for more specific subgroups, for example, based on age.
Enterokokken mit speziellen Resistenzen – Epidemiologie, Hygiene und Therapie
Authors: Mischnik Alexander , Werner Guido , Bender Jennifer , Mutters Nico 
Published: April 2019

AbstractEnterococci with special resistance patterns (mainly vancomycin-resistant enterococci) play an important role in everyday clinical practice. Rising resistance rates to linezolid, daptomycin or tigecycline are also increasingly reported. Therapeutically, linezolid and daptomycin are the most important substances mainly in infections due to vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Several systematic meta-analyses of bloodstream infections showed discrepant results in the comparison of mortality of linezolid and daptomycin-treated bacteraemias. The containment of enterococci with special resistance patterns is currently receiving great attention. The key hygienic issue in all recommendations for dealing with multidrug-resistant enterococci can be summarized very simply: current scientific evidence is often inconsistent and studies that have clearly tested a single intervention for efficacy are lacking. The present work gives an insight into the current epidemiology and therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, the recently published German KRINKO recommendations are presented.
Tumor‐secreted extracellular vesicles promote the activation of cancer‐associated fibroblasts via the transfer of microRNA‐125b
Authors: Vu Luyen Tien , Peng Boya , Zhang Daniel Xin , Ma Victor , Mathey‐Andrews Camille A. , Lam Chun Kuen , Kiomourtzis Theodoros , Jin Jingmin , McReynolds Larry , Huang Linfeng , Grimson Andrew , Cho William C. , Lieberman Judy , Le Minh Tn 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTTumour cells release large quantities of extracellular vesicles (EVs) to mediate their interactions with other cells in the tumour microenvironment. To identify host cells that naturally take up EVs from tumour cells, we created breast cancer cell lines secreting fluorescent EVs. These fluorescent EVs are taken up most robustly by fibroblasts within the tumour microenvironment. RNA sequencing indicated that miR‐125b is one of the most abundant microRNAs secreted by mouse triple‐negative breast cancer 4T1 and 4TO7 cells. Treatment with 4T1 EVs leads to an increase in fibroblast activation in isogenic 4TO7 tumours, which is reversed by blocking miR‐125b in 4T1 EVs; hence, miR‐125b delivery by EVs is responsible for fibroblast activation in mouse tumour models. miR‐125b is also secreted by human breast cancer cells and the uptake of EVs from these cells significantly increases cellular levels of miR‐125b and expression of multiple cancer‐associated fibroblast markers in resident fibroblasts. Overexpression of miR‐125b in both mouse and human fibroblasts leads to an activated phenotype similar to the knockdown of established miR‐125b target mRNAs. These data indicate that miR‐125b is transferred through EVs from breast cancer cells to normal fibroblasts within the tumour microenvironment and contributes to their development into cancer‐associated fibroblasts.
The impact of environmental protection tax on sectoral and spatial distribution of air pollution emissions in China
Authors: Hu Xiurong , Sun Yinong , Liu Junfeng , Meng Jing , Wang Xuejun , Yang Haozhe , Xu Jiayu , Yi Kan , Xiang Songlin , Li Yun , Yun Xiao , Ma Jianmin , Tao Shu 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Environmental problems, associated with climate change and air pollution, have become increasingly serious for China in recent years, which have aroused great domestic and international concerns. To mitigate these problems with great efforts, the Chinese government has implemented the Environmental Protection Tax Law in the whole country since the beginning of 2018. Although the new tax law is perceived as an aggressive policy that tends to establish a taxation system for promoting air pollution control, evaluations of its effectiveness are insufficient and urgently needed for China. Using a multiregion multisector Computable General Equilibrium model, we, for the first time, quantify the impacts of this ‘pollution tax’ policy on modulating air pollutants emissions. Our analysis shows that current tax policy is generally able to reduce many short-lived air pollutants emissions (e.g. SO2, NO
X
, TSP, PM10, PM2.5, CO, VOCs, OC, NH3 and BC), but the significant effects only happen in regions with large economic scale (i.e. Guangdong, Shandong and Zhejiang provinces) and in sectors with high emission intensity (i.e. the electric power and nonmetal manufacturing sectors). However, at the national level, the overall effect of the current policy on air pollution mitigation is relatively small, less than 2% compared to a business-as-usual scenario. Large emission reduction potentials exist if the tax increases. Therefore, a more ambitious tax policy is urgently needed in order to achieve China’s air pollution mitigation target of 2020. We also find that in China for implementing any pollution tax policies, the rate of decline in CO2 emissions is much larger than those of short-lived pollutants, which indicates a huge co-benefit on global climate change mitigation.
Platform economy as a new form of capitalism: a Régulationist research programme
Authors: Montalban Matthieu , Frigant Vincent , Jullien Bernard 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe terms ‘platform economy’ or ‘sharing economy’ have become widespread with the development of digital platforms like Uber. This economy is transforming capitalism and raising important questions about its nature. Is it a new process of embeddedness or is it the next step for deregulation following the crisis of the financialised regime of accumulation (RA)? Is it a possible new Growth Regime? Using the approach of the French Régulation school of thought, we describe the nature and transformations of the form of competition inherent in platforms. Although this may favour some forms of re-embeddedness, we show that it will accelerate some of the trends and characteristics of the institutional forms of the financialised RA and that it is an endogenous product of its crisis. This raises further questions and uncertainties related to the ability of platforms to generate stable long run growth due to the dysfunctionality of the mode of régulation and the conflicts it could generate.
Long-term single-centre large volume experience with transseptal endocardial left ventricular lead implantation
Authors: Gellér László , Salló Zoltán , Molnár Levente , Tahin Tamás , Özcan Emin Evren , Kutyifa Valentina , Osztheimer István , Szilágyi Szabolcs , Szegedi Nándor , Ábrahám Pál , Apor Astrid , Nagy Klaudia Vivien , Kosztin Annamária , Becker Dávid , Herczeg Szilvia , Zima Endre , Merkely Béla 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Aims
The aim of our study was to investigate the long-term efficacy and safety of transseptal endocardial left ventricular lead implantation (TELVLI).

Methods and results
Transseptal endocardial left ventricular lead implantation was performed in 54 patients (44 men, median age 69, New York Heart Association III–IV stage) between 2007 and 2017 in a single centre. In 36 cases, the transseptal puncture (TP) was performed via the femoral vein, and in 18 cases, the TP and also the left ventricular (LV) lead placement were performed via the subclavian vein. An electrophysiological deflectable catheter was used to reach the LV wall through the dilated TP hole. The LV lead implantation was successful in all patients. A total of 54 patients were followed up for a median of 29 months [interquartile range (IQR) 8–40 months], the maximum follow-up time was 94 months. Significant improvement in the LV ejection fraction was observed at the 3-month visit, from the median of 27% (IQR 25–34%) to 33% (IQR 32–44%), P < 0.05. Early lead dislocation was observed in three cases (5%), reposition was performed using the original puncture site in all. The patients were maintained on anticoagulation therapy with a target international normalized ratio between 2.5 and 3.5. Four thromboembolic events were noticed during follow-up. A total of 27 patients died, with a median survival of 15 months (IQR 6–40).

Conclusion
The TELVLI is an effective approach for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) however it is associated with a substantial thromboembolic risk (7%).
Evolutionary Proteomics Reveals Distinct Patterns of Complexity and Divergence between Lepidopteran Sperm Morphs
Authors: Whittington Emma , Karr Timothy L , Mongue Andrew J , Dorus Steve , Walters James R 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Spermatozoa are one of the most strikingly diverse animal cell types. One poorly understood example of this diversity is sperm heteromorphism, where males produce multiple distinct morphs of sperm in a single ejaculate. Typically, only one morph is capable of fertilization and the function of the nonfertilizing morph, called parasperm, remains to be elucidated. Sperm heteromorphism has multiple independent origins, including Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), where males produce a fertilizing eupyrene sperm and an apyrene parasperm, which lacks a nucleus and nuclear DNA. Here we report a comparative proteomic analysis of eupyrene and apyrene sperm between two distantly related lepidopteran species, the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) and Carolina sphinx moth (Manduca sexta). In both species, we identified ∼700 sperm proteins, with half present in both morphs and the majority of the remainder observed only in eupyrene sperm. Apyrene sperm thus have a distinctly less complex proteome. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed proteins shared between morphs tend to be associated with canonical sperm cell structures (e.g., flagellum) and metabolism (e.g., ATP production). GO terms for morph-specific proteins broadly reflect known structural differences, but also suggest a role for apyrene sperm in modulating female neurobiology. Comparative analysis indicates that proteins shared between morphs are most conserved between species as components of sperm, whereas morph-specific proteins turn over more quickly, especially in apyrene sperm. The rapid divergence of apyrene sperm content is consistent with a relaxation of selective constraints associated with fertilization and karyogamy. On the other hand, parasperm generally exhibit greater evolutionary lability, and our observations may therefore reflect adaptive responses to shifting regimes of sexual selection.
On New ‘Judicial Animals’: The Curious Case of an African Court with Material Jurisdiction of a Global Scope
Authors: Rachovitsa Adamantia 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The article aims to think anew about the jurisdiction ratione materiae of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights. The Court, based in Arusha, enjoys a distinctive contentious jurisdiction which extends to the interpretation and application of any other relevant human rights instrument ratified by the States concerned. The Court’s striking features set it apart from human rights bodies and most international courts. Its jurisdiction has been received with scepticism and fear arguing that, if the Court extends its jurisdiction over treaties other than the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, this will lead to jurisprudential chaos and will undermine the formation of the African corpus juris. This article discusses the case law of the Court since 2013, when the Court started functioning, and argues that these concerns are over-emphasized. The analysis underlines the shifting authority of specialized and/or regional courts; the need not to overstress but to appreciate positively instances of divergence; and the consideration of new conceptual and geographical topoi, in which international law is to be found and produced.
The ‘turn’ to Criminal Justice in Human Rights Law: An Analysis in the Context of the 2016 Colombian Peace Agreement
Authors: Sedacca Natalie 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This article discusses the turn to a focus on criminal prosecution and custodial sentencing in international human rights law. Although it shares the concerns of many critics of the ‘turn’, it does not reject the orientation outright, arguing instead for the role of criminal justice to be seen holistically, encompassing proper consideration of the varied aims it can pursue and be geared towards countering inherent discrimination in criminal justice systems. The analysis is situated in the context of the 2016 peace agreement in Colombia and the attitude taken by human rights groups towards its transitional justice provisions, noting that criticisms raised by one prominent human rights group converged with a campaign against the agreement centred on a right-wing politician hostile to human rights, equality and redistribution. In light of the nuanced views of local civil society actors, it questions whether anti-impunity specifically requires custodial punishment for all international crimes, before assessing the benefits and drawbacks of individual accountability through trials. Finally, it discusses obstacles to the prosecution of powerful state agents and the relationship of the anti-impunity drive with state power.
Risk factors of mortality and recoarctation after coarctation repair in infancy
Authors: Lehnert Amélia , Villemain Olivier , Gaudin Régis , Méot Mathilde , Raisky Olivier , Bonnet Damien 
Published: April 2019

AbstractOBJECTIVESThe main challenge of aortic coarctation (CoA) repair in infants is to obtain durable results without morbidity. We aimed to describe predictors of aortic arch reintervention after aortic CoA repair.METHODSBetween January 2000 and March 2014, we retrospectively included consecutive infants with isolated CoA or CoA with ventricular septal defect (CoA + VSD) who had surgical repair of the aortic arch before 3 months of age.RESULTSFive hundred and thirty patients were included: 308 (58%) patients had isolated CoA and 222 (42%) patients had CoA + VSD. Three hundred and eighty-five patients (72.6%) had CoA repair, 51 patients (9.6%) had CoA repair with closure of VSD and 94 patients (17.8%) had CoA repair with pulmonary artery banding. Mean age at operation was 13 ± 1.6 days, with 294 patients (55.5%) operated on before 2 weeks. Median follow-up was 7.57 years. Sixty-one patients (11.5%) needed reintervention on the aortic arch. Freedom from aortic arch reintervention was 90% at 1 year and 88.5% at 5 years. Proportions of aortic arch reintervention were similar in the different surgical strategy groups (P = 0.80). However, in patients receiving prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), the end-to-end repair was at higher risk of recoarctation compared to the extended end-to-side repair (P = 0.033). The risk factors of aortic arch reintervention were age at repair <15 days (P = 0.034) and the need for PGE1 infusion at surgery (P = 0.0043).CONCLUSIONSCoA repair in young infants has an overall good outcome. The use of PGE1 may modify the aortic arch anatomy and mask the boundaries of the resection to be performed. PGE1 treatment should be studied more specifically in another study to improve preoperative management.
Strategic Liquidity Mismatch and Financial Sector Stability
Authors: Silva André F 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This paper examines whether banks strategically incorporate their competitors’ liquidity mismatch policies when determining their own and the impact of these collective decisions on financial stability. Using a novel identification strategy exploiting the presence of partially overlapping peer groups, I show that banks’ liquidity transformation activity is driven by that of their peers. These correlated decisions are concentrated on the asset side of riskier banks and are asymmetric, with mimicking occurring only when competitors take more risk. Accordingly, this strategic behavior increases banks’ default risk and overall systemic risk, highlighting the importance of regulating liquidity risk from a macroprudential perspective.
ReceivedMay 4, 2016; editorial decision January 1, 2019 by Editor Philip Strahan. Author has furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Opioid Pharmacology
Authors: Kopecky Ernest A. 
Published: April 2019

Aims/Objectives/Background:
Children represent a patient demographic composed of multiple, unique subpopulations differentiated by rapidly changing age-related physiology, which includes the means of metabolizing opioids. Opioids are an important part of the pharmacological treatment of both acute and chronic pain. In both clinical medicine and clinical research, it is necessary to understand the differences in drug handling by age cohort in order to appropriately dose children to effect, and to avoid exacerbating deleterious adverse events with potentially grave sequelae.

Methods:
Topical review using data from a targeted PubMed literature search.

Results:
Protein binding, tissue solubility, weight, size (body mass, surface area), blood flow, drug metabolism, and renal function are key determinants of dosing across the different pediatric age cohorts. Each variable functions to elicit a change in drug exposure and therefore varying clinical effect.

Conclusions:
Understanding how these variables change the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of each opioid is critical to the successful and safe management of pain in children.
Laser-assisted Hair Regrowth: Fractional Laser Modalities for the Treatment of Androgenic Alopecia
Authors: Dabek Robert J. , Austen William G. , Bojovic Branko 
Published: April 2019

Background:A large proportion of the population is at sometime affected by androgenic alopecia. Current therapies consisting of minoxidil or finasteride are often the first choices for treatment. These regimens are limited by their efficacy, side-effect profiles, and often lengthy treatment courses. Low level laser/light has shown to be relatively effective and safe for the treatment of hair loss, and a number of products are currently available to consumers. Recently, fractional lasers have been examined as treatment options for androgenic alopecia. The mechanism of action of these minimally invasive resurfacing procedures is thought to be 2-fold. First, the microscopic injuries created by these treatments may induce a favorable wound healing environment that triggers hair growth. Alternatively, disruption of the stratum corneum allows for improved transdermal passage of well-established therapeutic drugs to the hair roots.Methods:A literature review was performed to evaluate the efficacy of these emerging treatments on hair regrowth.Results:Nine original studies examining the effect of fractional lasers on hair growth in androgenic alopecia have been reviewed.Conclusions:Preliminary evidence suggests that fractional laser therapies have a positive effect on hair regrowth; however, most of the literature is limited to case reports, and small prospective and retrospective series. Further studies, in the form of well-designed randomized controlled trials, are necessary to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and optimal treatment courses.
Epidemiological Link Between Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated From 2 Different Cities in Iran
Authors: Rahimi Fateh , Qasemi Ali 
Published: April 2019

Background
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains are known as one of the most important multidrug-resistant organisms causing infections in humans and animals. The objectives of this experimental study were to characterize the clonality and antibiotic resistance of MRSA strains isolated from patients in 2 different cities in Iran.

Methods
During 2 years, a total of 536 S. aureus isolates were collected from 2 reference hospitals in Tehran and Isfahan and were identified as MRSA using specific primers. The antibiotic susceptibility and their clonality were determined using the PhenePlate typing system. Furthermore, the presence of different classes of prophages and the structure of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec elements and cassette chromosome recombinases types were characterized.

Results
Of the 536 strains, 129 MRSA were identified using species-specific primers and discriminated into 26 PhenePlate types consisted of 12 common types (CTs) and 14 single types, in which CT2 was the predominant type and 6 CTs were common among MRSA isolated in both cities. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec types III and IV were also detected in 89% and 11% of the strains, and SGF prophage type was the dominant one. Thirty-four antibiotic patterns were detected among the MRSA strains, and none of the isolates showed resistance to linezolid, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and vancomycin.

Conclusions
High prevalence of antibiotic-resistant common clonal groups of MRSA strains in 2 different cities in this study indicated the spread of these clonal types in north and center of Iran and highlighted the common origin of such strains, which are believed to be endemic in various sources.