bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flight distance in roe deerCapreolus capreolusand fallow deerDama damaas related to hunting and other factors
Authors: de Boer Hanneke Y. , van Breukelen Leo , Hootsmans Michiel J.M. , van Wieren Sipke E. 
Published: May 2018

Flight distances in roe deerCapreolus capreolusand fallow deerDama damawith respect to a human observer on foot were measured in four nature reserves in the Netherlands: two dune reserves in the western part (the Amsterdam Water Supply Dunes (AWD) and Kennemerduinen (KD)) and two forested areas in the eastern part of the country (Hoge Veluwe (HV) and Kootwijk (KO)). In the four areas there is a gradient in hunting pressure from almost none in the AWD, via an increase in KD, to KO and HV. Fallow deer occur in both of the dune reserves and are not hunted. Of all the factors studied, hunting regime and habitat structure were most strongly related to flight distance. Although the number of individuals per group and most weather conditions also showed some relation to flight distances, their influence was relatively unimportant compared to that of hunting regime and habitat structure. When walking down wind, deer (both roe and fallow deer) flee at longer distances (64.7 ± 5.8 m) than when walking upwind (41.7 ± 3.3 m) or in calm wind (44.2 ±1.8 m). In the roe deer population of the AWD, flight distances were the shortest among all the studied areas. In both of the dune areas, the flight distances in dense vegetation structures were shorter than in open field. Fallow deer flight distances did not differ between the dune reserves AWD and KD.
Relationship of ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus to landscape characteristics in southwest Virginia, USA
Authors: Fearer Todd M. , Stauffer Dean F. 
Published: May 2018

We examined ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus selection of landscape characteristics and cover types. Grouse home ranges derived from telemetry data gathered from fall 1996 through fall 1998 were overlaid onto a GIS map of the Clinch Mountain Wildlife Management Area, southwest Virginia, USA, composed of 22 cover types (10,343 ha). We calculated the landscape metrics using FRAG‐STATS/ARC. We compared landscape metrics of 23 home ranges to those calculated for the area encompassed by the home range plus a surrounding 300 m buffer, and to metrics calculated for 50 random plots of 33 ha each. We used compositional analysis to test for preferential use of cover types. Ruffed grouse selected areas with high densities of smaller than average patches of uniform size and shape, containing higher than average amounts of high contrast edge (P < 0.01). Grouse preferred areas containing a greater diversity of cover types (P < 0.01). Regeneration cuts and mesic deciduous stands with a rhododendron Rhododendron spp.‐laurel Kalmia latifolia understory were the most preferred cover types (P < 0.10). Creating and maintaining a landscape with high densities of small patches of uniform size and regular shape would provide the highest quality ruffed grouse habitat in this region. These patches should contain early successional cover. Rhododendron and/or laurel thickets may act as supplemental cover in the absence of regeneration cuts, and may also be beneficial as winter cover.
Early body development of roe deer Capreolus capreolus in a sub‐Mediterranean ecosystem
Authors: Pelliccioni Elisabetta Raganella , Scremin Mara , Toso Silvano 
Published: May 2018

Patterns of roe deer Capreolus capreolus body development are particularly interesting in view of the wide distribution range and different habitat conditions faced by the species throughout Europe. In order to investigate patterns of roe deer fawn body development in a sub‐Mediterranean ecosystem, we caught 78 fawns during the four fawning seasons of 1997–2000. We investigated the effect of gender and date and year of birth on body mass of fawns in their first month of life. In agreement with earlier studies, there was a period of linear growth during which we found no differences in body mass between the sexes. Body mass varied significantly between years. The mean birth weight of 1,500 g did not show overall yearly variations, but fawns were heavier in 2000 than in 1998. Daily weight gain was more variable between years with fawns born in 2000 growing faster than fawns born in 1999 and 1997. Lastly, when fawns were split into two categories according to birth weight, light‐born fawns had a significantly faster body development than heavy‐born fawns. Therefore, we suggest that roe deer fawns may compensate for a low weight at birth. Such a compensatory process allows light‐born fawns to catch up with heavy‐born fawns by the end of their first month of life.
Do parasite burdens in spring influence condition and fecundity of female mountain hares Lepus timidus?
Authors: Newey Scott , Thirgood Simon J. , Hudson Peter J. 
Published: May 2018

Mountain hare Lepus timidus populations show unstable dynamics with regular 7–10 year fluctuations in abundance. We tested the hypothesis that parasites destabilise hare dynamics by experimentally reducing parasite burdens and recording female body condition and fecundity. We trapped and radio tagged 42 female hares in April 2000 and 2001 in the Central Highlands of Scotland. Of these, 23 were treated with Ivermectin to remove intestinal parasites and 19 were left untreated as controls. The treated and untreated hares were killed in October together with a second control group of 19 unhandled hares. Treatment with Ivermectin reduced the abundance of the parasite Trichostrongylus retortaeformis and increased the body condition of hares. There was a trend for increased fecundity in treated hares, but this was not statistically significant. Our study demonstrates that parasites can reduce mountain hare condition and may affect their fecundity. We conclude that a host‐parasite interaction is a possible mechanism for destabilising mountain hare dynamics.
Road mortality in Swedish mammals: results of a drivers' questionnaire
Authors: Seiler Andreas , Helldin J‐O. , Seiler Christiane 
Published: May 2018

We present new estimates on the national road kill for nine large and medium‐sized mammals in Sweden. Our estimates are based on 705 drivers' reports on the number of animals accidentally hit during individually chosen reference periods. During 1960–2000, a total of 881 animal‐vehicle collisions were reported based on 243.6 million driven kilometres, representing 0.37% of the overall mileage driven in Sweden during 1992, the mean reference year of all replies. The collision frequencies ranged from 0.07 incidents per million kilometres for medium‐sized mustelids, over 0.42 for badgers Meles meles to 1.11 for hares Lepus spp. Our data suggest that during 1992, 7,000–13,500 moose Alces alces, 43,500–59,000 roe deer Capreolus capreolus, 63,500–81,500 hares, 22,000–33,000 badgers and 6,500–12,500 red foxes Vulpes vulpes may have been killed on Swedish roads. Among these game species, the extrapolated nation‐wide road kill ranged between 7 and 97% of the average annual harvest, and between 1 and 12% of the assessed total populations in 1992. Our results are in agreement with other independent road kill estimates for Sweden. The data suggested an overall increase in the frequency of road kills over the past 40 years, which partly can be attributed to changes in traffic volume and wildlife population sizes (game bags). In most species, the estimated levels of nation‐wide road mortality are not alarmingly high, although local impacts may be significant. In badgers and hares, the ratio of the estimated road kill to the annual harvest increased two fold, suggesting a steady increase in the relative importance of road mortality. We conclude that interviews with drivers can provide a cheap and useful index of wildlife traffic mortality.
Tools in waterfowl reserve management: effects of intermittent hunting adjacent to a shooting‐free core area
Authors: Bregnballe Thomas , Madsen Jesper 
Published: May 2018

We explored how waterfowl in a large Danish coastal wetland responded to one day of marsh shooting at intervals of three weeks (1998), two weeks (1999), and one week (2000 and 2001). Shooting took place around sunset on a section of salt marsh that usually is part of a large shooting‐free refuge. The behavioural response of waterfowl was recorded, and all waterfowl were counted on the day of the hunt and on the first and second day after each hunt. The wildfowl responded to the first 1–7 shots by moving into the open water parts of the refuge (dabbling ducks) or to sites > 8 km away (geese and waders). When the salt marsh was flooded early in autumn 2001, wigeon Anas penelope, teal A. crecca and lapwing Vanellus vanellus restricted their response to movements to other non‐hunted parts of the salt marsh. On the first day after the hunts, mallard A. platyrhynchos occurred in significantly lower numbers both on the adjacent shallow and on the salt marsh. Wigeon numbers on the shallows were not affected by shooting, though they returned in lower numbers to the salt marsh on the first day after the hunts in 1998–2000, but not after the hunts in 2001. A similar pattern was observed in teal numbers on the salt marsh. We conclude: 1) that shooting lead to short‐term displacements of dabbling ducks, 2) that the response of wigeon and teal varied depending on prevailing conditions on the salt marsh, 3) that intermittent regulation of marsh shooting was a management tool that ensured that waterfowl continued to exploit the area shot over on days when no shooting took place, and 4) that the relatively weak responses were linked to the existence of an extensive refuge adjacent to the area with marsh shooting.
Canada Lynx Lynx canadensis Habitat and Forest Succession in Northern Maine, USA
Authors: Hoving Christopher L. , Harrison Daniel J. , Krohn William B. , Jakubas Walter J. , McCollough Mark A. 
Published: May 2018

The contiguous United States population of Canada lynx Lynx canadensis was listed as threatened in 2000. The long‐term viability of lynx populations at the southern edge of their geographic range has been hypothesized to be dependent on old growth forests; however, lynx are a specialist predator on snowshoe hare Lepus americanus, a species associated with early‐successional forests. To quantify the effects of succession and forest management on landscape‐scale (100 km2) patterns of habitat occupancy by lynx, we compared landscape attributes in northern Maine, USA, where lynx had been detected on snow track surveys to landscape attributes where surveys had been conducted, but lynx tracks had not been detected. Models were constructed a priori and compared using logistic regression and Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), which quantitatively balances data fit and parsimony. In the models with the lowest (i.e. best) AIC, lynx were more likely to occur in landscapes with much regenerating forest, and less likely to occur in landscapes with much recent clearcut, partial harvest and forested wetland. Lynx were not associated positively or negatively with mature coniferous forest. A probabilistic map of the model indicated a patchy distribution of lynx habitat in northern Maine. According to an additional survey of the study area for lynx tracks during the winter of 2003, the model correctly classified 63.5% of the lynx occurrences and absences. Lynx were more closely associated with young forests than mature forests; however, old‐growth forests were functionally absent from the landscape. Lynx habitat could be reduced in northern Maine, given recent trends in forest management practices. Harvest strategies have shifted from clearcutting to partial harvesting. If this trend continues, future landscapes will shift away from extensive regenerating forests and toward landscapes dominated by polesized and larger stands. Because Maine presently supports the only verified populations of this federally threatened species in the eastern United States, changes in forest management practices could affect recovery efforts throughout that region.
Twinning rate and foetal sex ratio of moose Alces alces in Estonia during low‐density and increasing population phases in relation to maternal age
Authors: Säde Sander 
Published: May 2018

My study was carried out to evaluate hypotheses about the effects of maternal age and population growth rate on twinning rate and offspring sex ratio in moose Alces alces. Reproductive tracts from 128 female moose of known age and with embryos present were collected across Estonia during the hunting seasons (1 October‐15 November) of 1993–1999. Maternal age was treated as an indicator of condition, with younger mothers assumed to be in poorer condition than older mothers. The sex of embryos was determined using cytological methods. As indexed by sex ratio, there was a clear increase in maternal investment as maternal age increased. The sex ratio in younger mothers was nearly one male to three females, whereas in older mothers it was nearly equal. If the age of the mother is a good index of condition, this can be explained by the Trivers‐Willard theory of condition‐dependant sex ratios. Yet, because the Trivers‐Willard theory predicts the sex ratio only of an individual, older females might compensate for the excess of female offspring among subadults according to Fischer's equal allocation theory. Population phases were distinguished using data on fecundity. In the increase phase there was strong agreement with the Trivers‐Willard theory, but there was no clear agreement in the low‐density phase. This was probably a result of the greater participation of young females in reproduction during the increase phase. Foetal sex ratio did not differ between different population growth phases.
Supporting Physician Lifelong Learning Through Effective Continuing Medical Education and Professional Development
Authors: Aparicio Alejandro , Chaudhry Humayun J. , Staz Mark , Cain Frances , Mayo William S. , Karty Ann , McAuliffe Sherry , Rodgers Delores 
Published: May 2018

The medical profession has seen significant advancement in the availability of a variety of educational activities, across a range of formats and processes, to help physicians remain current and improve professional performance. The objectivity and quality of continuing medical education (CME) activities has been enhanced by the credit recognition systems of the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), the American Medical Association (AMA), and the American Osteopathic Association (AOA). These credit systems also provide a metric for tracking compliance with a variety of regulatory requirements such as state medical licensure, hospital staff privileges, and health insurance plan participation, and are increasingly used as criteria for voluntarily obtaining and maintaining specialty certification and fulfilling requirements for membership in medical specialty societies.
This article reviews the history of CME, the research that supports its value, and the opportunities that exist to address its challenges. It also explains how the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) Maintenance of Licensure (MOL) framework incorporates and builds upon the research involving the effectiveness of CME for physician learning and improvement. Special focus is given to the CME credit systems and their features, the synergies among them, and the way in which various learning formats that can be certified for CME credit are aligned with the three recommended components of MOL.
The Dangers of Buying Prescription Drugs from Rogue Wholesale Distributors
Authors: Anagnostiadis Eleni , Chatterjee Sangeeta V. 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT
Counterfeit and unapproved drugs pose serious health risks to patients in the United States. High-profile cases, such as the incident concerning the counterfeit version of the oncology drug Avastin, demonstrate that there are major incentives such as demand, convenience, high profit, and low legal risks for rogue wholesale distributors to sell unapproved and counterfeit drugs. Wholesale drug distributors play a significant role in ensuring prescription medications are delivered safely and efficiently to health care practitioners and pharmacies. While the U.S. drug supply chain is one of the most secure and sophisticated in the world, there are networks of rogue wholesale drug distributors that target physicians and medical practices by advertising prescription drugs for sale at deeply discounted rates. Buying drugs from unlicensed sources puts patients at risk of consuming medications that may be unapproved, counterfeit, contaminated, or ineffective. It is critical that physicians be aware of the patient health risks and potential legal consequences of purchasing drugs from illegal sources. State medical boards can help address this issue given their important role of public protection in the licensing and oversight of the practice of medicine. The regulatory community serves as a key information hub and can provide targeted communication channels to educate physicians.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN PUPUK ANORGANIK DAN PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN TOMAT (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill)
Authors: Rumbarak Vega Dorthea , Bagyono Bagyono , Yuwono Margo , Listyorini Florentina H. 
Published: May 2018

<em>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh penggunaan pupuk anorganik dan pupuk organik terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman tomat. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode eksperimen dengan percobaan di pot yang dirancang dengan Rancangan Petak Terbagi (split plot design) menggunakan rancangan dasar Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK). Percobaan ini terdiri dari 2 faktor, yaitu pupuk anorganik sebagai petak utama dan pupuk organik sebagai anak petak dengan 10 kombinasi perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan pupuk organik cair hanya memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap berat buah per tanaman dan berat rata-rata per buah. Pupuk organik Biolef memberikan hasil terbaik pada penelitian ini.</em>
Actual methods of carotid body tumor diagnosis
Authors: I. I. Kobza  , А. A. Savchenko  , M. R. Verkhola  , I. R. Terletsky  
Published: May 2018

The aim — to improve the carotid body tumors (CBT) diagnosis.Materials and methods. The article presents with the analysis of the structure and the results of the diagnosis and surgical treatment of 65 patients who were hospitalized in the department of vascular surgery Lviv Regional Clinical Hospital for the period 1995 to 2016. There were 36 cases of carotid body tumor and 29 cases other tumors of the neck, which were directed from other medical institutions with a diagnosis of «carotid body tumor». The examination of patients included physical examination, ultrasonography, computer tomography, MRI. Final diagnosis verification was confirmed with pathological and histological clinical report.Results and discussion. At the initial examination of patients the symptom «plus» tissue was identified palpatory on the neck: left or right side in the projection of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery in 36 patients. In 5 (14 % of the CBT) patients synchronous lesions were found on both sides of the neck in the projection of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. On palpation the carotid body tumor was of stiffly — elastic consistency, painless, not soldered to surrounding tissues and slightly shifted transverse axis of the neck, pulsing in sync with carotid artery. All patients underwent carotid ultrasonographic examination with the calculated diagnostic sensitivity of ultrasound to detect tumors, that was 93 %, specificity — 92 %, accuracy — 92 %/In the study patients’ ultrasonography was complemented with contrast computer tomography in 14 (22 %) cases and MRI in 2 (3 %). Biopsy of the tumor and sentinel node was performed in 2 (3 %) patients with CBT and 5 (8 %) patients with tumors of different origin. However, biopsy was not informative because received histological material was without specific changes and prevented from identification of tumor genesis pre surgery stage.Conclusions. Ultrasound is a highly informative and specific method for diagnosis of carotid body tumor. USG can be used for differential diagnosis of the neck carotid body tumor from other tumors on pre surgey stage.
Complex assessment of severity and clinical functional status in adults with congenital heart disease
Authors: I. H. Lebid  
Published: May 2018

The aim — to estimate the severity and clinical functional status in adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD).Materials and methods. The study included 456 consecutive adults with CHD who were admitted to Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery of Health Ministry of Ukraine (Kyiv, Ukraine) from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2015. The average age was 27.4 ± 0.5 years (from 18 to 67 years), men were 225 (49.3 %), women — 231 (50.7 %). The severity of CHD was assessed using 2 scales: the severity of primary diagnosis (scale 1), and Disease severity index (scale 2); the functional status — by Ability index, (scale 3), Congenital heart disease functional index (scale 4) and NYHA functional class (FC) of heart failure (scale 5).Results and discussion. There were statistically significant differences in FC I, III and IV between complex and simple CHD, in FC II, III and IV between complex and moderate CHD and in FC I, II between moderate and simple CHD by Scale 3. There were statistically significant differences in FC II, IV and V between complex and simple CHD, in FC II­V between complex and moderate CHD and in FC I — III between moderate and simple CHD by Scale 4. The comparative analysis of scale 5 and scale 1 presented the same statistically significant differences compared to scale 3.Conclusions. The preserved functional clinical status of adults with congenital heart disease, absence of limitation of physical activity in everyday life, the opportunity to be engaged in work or study full day should be the main criteria for assessing the health in this cohort of patients, despite the complexity of congenital heart disease, previous surgical and/or percutaneous interventions.
Fluorescence cholangiography for the evaluation of extrahepatic bile ducts patency. The first experience
Authors: A. V. Malynovskyi  , M. M. Mayorenko  , M. M. Chernov  
Published: May 2018

The aim — to study the possibility of fluorescent cholangiography application to assess extrahepatic bile ducts patency.Materials and methods. The results of the fluorescent cholangiography for evaluation of extrahepatic bile ducts patency were analyzed. A video system for fluorescent cholangiography by Karl Storz (Germany) and indocyanine green were used.Results and discussion. The fluorescence cholangiography in laparoscopic cholecystectomy for the technically complicated acute destructive cholecystitis made it possible to detect cystic duct, common hepatic and common bile duct in laparoscopic cholecystectomy for transient choledocholithiasis suspicion to visualize a free passage of bile into the duodenum and did not allow to visualize the passage of bile in extrahepatic bile ducts during open operation for tumor obstruction.Conclusions. The first experience of fluorescence cholangiography in laparoscopic cholecystectomy showed the technical simplicity of the technique, the possibility of a clear visualization of extrahepatic bile ducts. Assume that fluorescence cholangiography can be used to evaluate the bile ducts patency instead of intraoperative cholangiography or other intraoperative audit methods in certain cases. Evaluation of extrahepatic bile ducts patency in a complete tumor block using fluorescence cholangiography is ineffective.