bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electronics and Fabrics: The Development of Garment‐Based Wearables
Authors: Pailes‐Friedman Rebeccah 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAs the lines between computing and textiles blur, so do the lines between computing and human bodies. Wearable technology is evolving to a point where it pervades many aspects of human lives. One has become accustomed to being surrounded with technological conveniences. Soon, the garments will become mobile devices that will seamlessly connect one to his/her networks. They will give and receive vital information through interfaces that become so integrated into the actions and activities that they become less invasive and more pervasive. This Essay presents a vision for the future of sensor‐enabled garment‐based wearable technology and identifies barriers faced by designers in the creation of wearable technology. Case studies illustrate problems encountered in both a micro‐ and macroscale from three different perspectives uncovered during the discovery and application of various methods of embedding circuits into textiles projects. The identification of five key areas that need changes in order to bridge the gap between textiles and electronics are discussed alongside the benefits of bringing technology “out of the box” which will revolutionize how one approaches many aspects of his/her current lives.
Visible and Near‐Infrared Imaging with Nonfullerene‐Based Photodetectors
Authors: Gasparini Nicola , Gregori Alberto , Salvador Michael , Biele Markus , Wadsworth Andrew , Tedde Sandro , Baran Derya , McCulloch Iain , Brabec Christoph J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe solution‐processed organic photodetectors underpin an emerging technology with inherent implications in the biological sensors and imaging displays. Conventional organic photodiodes, the core element of an organic photodetector, rely mainly on fullerene‐based acceptors, which in combination with high and middle bandgap donors, limit the spectral photosensitivity to the visible range. Even in the case of low bandgap polymers the oscillator strength and thus the extinction coefficient are usually limited in the NIR due to the nature of molecular orbital hybridization. Instead, it is showed that pairing prototypical poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with rhodanine‐benzothiadiazole‐coupled indacenodithiophene (IDTBR), a nonfullerene electron acceptor absorbing beyond 750 nm, as the photoactive material of a simple photodiode results in a highly efficient organic photodetector with a record responsivity of 0.42 A W−1 and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 69% in the NIR (755 nm). Nonfullerene‐based photodiodes are processed on amorphous silicon active matrix backplanes to realize large area flat panel photodetector imagers able to detect objects under visible and NIR light conditions with an exceptional combination of responsivity, dynamic response and image crosstalk.
Structural Tuning of Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity via the Copolymerization with Macrocyclic 4‐tert‐butylcalix[4]arene for Enhanced Gas Separation Performance
Authors: Wu Ji , Liu Jiangtao , Chung Tai‐Shung 
Published: June 2018

Abstract4‐tert‐butylcalix[4]arene (CA) is chemically incorporated into polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM‐1) via a one‐step nucleophilic copolymerization reaction to study the unprecedented synergistic effects of polymer structural tuning and the unique 3D cavity of CA on gas separation performance. From the wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and positron annihilation spectroscopy (PALS), two opposing structural effects of CA incorporation on polymer chains are found, with one being expansive for fractional free volume (FFV) and the other contractive. The bulky cup‐shape CA cavity reduces the chain packing efficiency, which increases FFV and the gas permeability, but the smaller dihedral angle of CA shrinks FFV, leading to the enhanced gas selectivity. More interestingly, CA's unique 3D open cavities also favor selective passage of gas molecules. These combinative effects impart PIM‐CA copolymer membranes with attractive and tunable gas transport properties. The gas permeability improves dominantly at small CA loadings while the selectivity is enhanced significantly at higher loadings, allowing PIM‐CA membranes with ≥1% CA loadings to perform beyond 2008 Robeson upper bounds for H2/N2, H2/CH4, CO2/N2, and CO2/CH4 separations. As a cheap commercial product with high chemical versatility, CA can expand the spectrum of PIM‐based membrane designs for more efficient hydrogen and natural gas purification processes.
hcp‐Co Nanowires Grown on Metallic Foams as Catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis
Authors: Harmel Justine , Peres Laurent , Estrader Marta , Berliet Adrien , Maury Sylvie , Fécant Antoine , Chaudret Bruno , Serp Philippe , Soulantica Katerina 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is a structure‐sensitive exothermic reaction that enables catalytic transformation of syngas to high quality liquid fuels. Now, monolithic cobalt‐based heterogeneous catalysts were elaborated through a wet chemistry approach that allows control over nanocrystal shape and crystallographic phase, while at the same time enables heat management. Copper and nickel foams have been employed as supports for the epitaxial growth of hcp‐Co nanowires directly from a solution containing a coordination compound of cobalt and stabilizing ligands. The Co/Cufoam catalyst was tested for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis in a fixed‐bed reactor, showing stability and significantly superior activity and selectivity towards C5+ compared to a Co/SiO2‐Al2O3 reference catalyst under the same conditions.
5‐Formyluracil as a Multifunctional Building Block in Biosensor Designs
Authors: Liu Chaoxing , Zou Guangrong , Peng Shuang , Wang Yafen , Yang Wei , Wu Fan , Jiang Zhuoran , Zhang Xiong , Zhou Xiang 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn organisms 5‐formyluracil (5fU), which is known as a vital natural nucleobase, is widely present. Despite the recent development of sensor designs for organic fluorescent molecules for selective targeting applications, biocompatible and easily operated probe designs that are based on natural nucleobase modifications have rarely been reported. Here, we introduce the idea of 5fU as a multifunctional building block to facilitate the design and synthetic development of biosensors. The azide group was derived from the sugar of a nucleoside, which can be further used in the selective binding of cells or organelles through click chemistry with alkynyl‐modified targeting groups. The aldehyde group of 5fU can react with different chemicals to generate environmentally sensitive nucleobases that have obvious characteristics, which precious reactants cannot achieve for selective fluorogenic switch‐on detection of a specific target. We first synthesized 5fU analogues that had aggregation‐induced emission properties, and then we used triphenylphosphonium as a mitochondria‐targeting group to selectively image mitochondria in cancer cells and mouse embryonic stem cells. Additionally, the reagents exhibit a high selectivity for reaction with 5fU, which means that the method can also be used for the detection of 5fU. Combining the two characteristics, the idea of 5fU as a multifunctional building block in biosensor designs may potentially be applicable in 5fU site‐specific microenvironment detection in future research.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy response influences outcomes in non-colorectal, non-neuroendocrine liver metastases
Authors: Lucchese A M , Kalil A N , Ruiz A , Karam V , Ciacio O , Pittau G , Castaing D , Cherqui D , Sa Cunha A , Vibert E , Adam R 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Background
Indications for surgical resection of non-colorectal, non-neuroendocrine (NCNNE) liver metastases are unclear. This study analysed the influence of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and the presence of extrahepatic disease (EHD) on outcomes.

Methods
Patients who underwent hepatic resection for NCNNE liver metastases and who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy at a single centre between 1982 and 2016 were analysed retrospectively. Patients were classified as having no EHD, controlled EHD or non-controlled EHD.

Results
Hepatic resection was performed in 199 patients (81·2 per cent) after partial or complete response to chemotherapy or disease stabilization, and 46 patients (18·8 per cent) after tumour progression. Patients with progressive disease after chemotherapy had worse overall survival than those without (23 versus 50·4 per cent at 5 years; P = 0·004). Median survival was 63·6 (range 31·1–94·8) months for patients without EHD, 34·8 (19·2–49·2) months for those with controlled EHD and 7·2 (1·2–13·2) months for patients with non-controlled EHD (P = 0·004). In multivariable analysis, EHD (P = 0·004), response to chemotherapy (P = 0·004) and resection margins (P = 0·002) were all independent predictors of overall survival, regardless of primary tumour site.

Conclusion
The prognosis of patients with NCNNE liver metastases is influenced by preoperative chemotherapy and resectability.
Magnetic resonance tumour regression grade and pathological correlates in patients with rectal cancer
Authors: Jang J K , Lee J L , Park S H , Park H J , Park I J , Kim J H , Choi S H , Kim J , Yu C S , Kim J C 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Background
Evidence to support the specific use of magnetic resonance tumour regression grade (mrTRG) is inadequate. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathological characteristics of mrTRG after chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for rectal cancer and the implications for surgery.

Methods
Patients undergoing long-course CRT (45–50 Gy plus a booster dose of 4–6 Gy) for mid or low rectal cancer (cT3−4 or cN+ without metastasis) between 2011 and 2015 who had post-CRT rectal MRI before surgery were included retrospectively. Three board-certified experienced radiologists assessed mrTRG. mrTRG was correlated with pathological tumour regression grade (pTRG), ypT and ypN. In a subgroup of patients with mrTRG1−2 and no tumour spread (such as nodal metastasis) on MRI, the projected rate of completion total mesorectal excision (TME) if they underwent transanal excision (TAE) and had a ypT status of ypT2 or higher was estimated, and recurrence-free survival was calculated according to the operation (TME or TAE) that patients had actually received.

Results
Some 439 patients (290 men and 149 women of mean(s.d.) age 62·2(11·4) years) were analysed. The accuracy of mrTRG1 for predicting pTRG1 was 61 per cent (40 of 66), and that for ypT1 or less was 74 per cent (49 of 66). For mrTRG2, these values were 22·3 per cent (25 of 112) and 36·6 per cent (41 of 112) respectively. Patients with mrTRG1 and mrTRG2 without tumour spread were ypN+ in 3 per cent (1 of 29) and 16 per cent (8 of 50) respectively. Assuming mrTRG1 or mrTRG1−2 with no tumour spread on post-CRT MRI as the criteria for TAE, the projected completion TME rate was 26 per cent (11 of 43) and 41·0 per cent (41 of 100) respectively. For the 100 patients with mrTRG1–2 and no tumour spread, recurrence-free survival did not differ significantly between TME (79 patients) and TAE (21) (adjusted hazard ratio 1·86, 95 per cent c.i. 0·42 to 8·18).

Conclusion
Patients with mrTRG1 without tumour spread may be suitable for TAE.
Emerging Applications of Fluorogenic and Non‐fluorogenic Bifunctional Linkers
Authors: Liu Guhuan , Hu Jinming , Liu Shiyong 
Published: June 2018

AbstractHomo‐ and hetero‐bifunctional linkers play vital roles in constructing a variety of functional systems, ranging from protein bioconjugates with drugs and functional agents, to surface modification of nanoparticles and living cells, and to the cyclization/dimerization of synthetic polymers and biomolecules. Conventional approaches for assaying conjugation extents typically rely on ex situ techniques, such as mass spectrometry, gel electrophoresis, and size‐exclusion chromatography. If the conjugation process involving bifunctional linkers was rendered fluorogenic, then in situ monitoring, quantification, and optical tracking/visualization of relevant processes would be achieved. In this review, conventional non‐fluorogenic linkers are first discussed. Then the focus is on the evolution and emerging applications of fluorogenic bifunctional linkers, which are categorized into hetero‐bifunctional single‐caging fluorogenic linkers, homo‐bifunctional double‐caging fluorogenic linkers, and hetero‐bifunctional double‐caging fluorogenic linkers. In addition, stimuli‐cleavable bifunctional linkers designed for both conjugation and subsequent site‐specific triggered release are also summarized.
Positional Isomers of Chromophore–Peptide Conjugates Self‐Assemble into Different Morphologies
Authors: Lewandowska Urszula , Corra Stefano , Zajaczkowski Wojciech , Ochs Nellie A. K. , Shoshan Michal S. , Tanabe Junki , Stappert Sebastian , Li Chen , Yashima Eiji , Pisula Wojciech , Müllen Klaus , Wennemers Helma 
Published: June 2018

AbstractOrdering π‐systems into defined supramolecular structures is important for the development of organic functional materials. In recent years, peptides with defined secondary structures and/or self‐assembly properties were introduced as powerful tools to order peptide–chromophore conjugates into different morphologies. This work explores whether or not the directionality of peptides can be used to control the self‐assembly. The position of the π‐system in conjugates between oligoprolines and perylene monoimide (PMI) chromophores was varied by attaching the PMI moiety to the second‐to‐last residue from the C‐ and N‐termini, respectively. Microscopic and diffraction analysis revealed that the positional isomers form distinctly different supramolecular architectures that extend into the micrometer regime. NMR spectroscopic studies in solution phase allowed correlation of the self‐assembly properties with markedly different conformational preferences of the isomeric building blocks. These insights enabled the design of building blocks with predictable self‐assembly properties. Thus, the directionality of peptides offers exciting opportunities for controlling the self‐assembly and electronic properties of π‐systems.
Polarization Gratings Spontaneously Formed from a Helical Twist‐Bend Nematic Phase
Authors: Vaupotič Nataša , Ali Muhammad , Majewski Paweł W. , Gorecka Ewa , Pociecha Damian 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSpontaneous formation of polarization gratings by liquid crystalline phase made of bent dimeric molecules is reported. The grating is formed within the temperature range of the twist bend modulated nematic phase, NTB, without the necessity to pattern the cell surfaces, therefore the modulated nematic phase is a promising candidate for low‐cost modulators and beam steering devices, the polarization properties of which depend on temperature. In addition, the study of the diffracted light properties turns out to be a sensitive measuring technique for determination of the 3D spatial variation of the optic axis in the cell.
Unravelling the effect of flow regime on macroinvertebrates and benthic algae in regulated versus unregulated streams
Authors: Schneider Susanne C. , Sample James E. , Moe Jannicke S. , Petrin Zlatko , Meissner Thomas , Hering Daniel 
Published: June 2018

AbstractVariability in riverine flow regimes is important for aquatic biodiversity. However, across the globe, management of water resources has altered natural flow dynamics. We explored relationships between flow regime (calculated from 3 years' daily averaged discharge), and water chemistry, benthic algae, as well as macroinvertebrate datasets from 64 sites across Germany and Norway. To deal with multicollinearity while maintaining interpretability, we performed principal component (PC) analyses for each dataset in each country and selected the metric with the highest absolute loading on each PC to represent that PC. We then used L1‐regularized (lasso) regression to link differences in water chemistry and hydrology to differences in ecology and compared this approach with the more popular best‐subsets ordinary least squares (OLS) regression.The results obtained using lasso regression were broadly comparable to those produced by best‐subsets OLS, but the lasso approach “rejected” more models than the best‐subsets approach. When lasso identified a plausible model, it was the same or similar to the best model found by best‐subsets OLS. The lasso method was more “discerning”, that is, it identified a smaller number of potentially interesting models, whereas best‐subsets regression seemed to find “too many” relationships. We identified two response variables that were potentially affected by regulation: (a) River regulation may lead to higher cyanobacterial abundance, possibly via a less variable flow regime; (b) reduced flow variability may lead to a reduced proportion of grazers and scrapers, possibly indicating a shift towards an increased importance of heterotrophic energy sources in ecosystems with less variable flows.
Dung beetle‐mediated soil modification: a data set for analyzing the effects of a recent introduction on soil quality
Authors: Jones Matthew S. , Tylianakis Jason M. , Reganold John P. , Snyder William E. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractGlobally, dung beetles (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) are linked to many critical ecosystem processes involving the consumption and breakdown of mammal dung. Due to New Zealand's unique evolutionary history, resulting from its geographic isolation from Gondwana, endemic dung‐dwelling fauna evolved in the absence of large mammals. Europeans introduced livestock to the islands in the late 18th and 19th centuries, resulting in a buildup of undecomposed feces and unrecycled nutrients due to the absence of dung beetles. To mitigate this situation, in 2011, the New Zealand Environmental Protection Agency approved the release of 11 species of exotic beetles with the expectation that these insects would fulfill a critically missing link in converting aboveground manure biomass into higher quality soils belowground. Widespread releases began in 2014. To enable others in the future to test the environmental impacts of the beetle introductions, we present a detailed characterization of soil physical, chemical, and biological properties, shortly after the initial and intentional introduction of dung beetles to 16 release sites across both the North and South Islands of New Zealand. As beetle populations become established, these baseline data will enable quantification of the degree to which different exotic dung beetle communities can modify soils, specifically if they facilitate soil nutrient cycling. There are no copyright or proprietary restrictions for research or teaching purposes. Usage of the data set must be cited by referencing this publication.
Stoichiometry controls asymbiotic nitrogen fixation and its response to nitrogen inputs in a nitrogen‐saturated forest
Authors: Zheng Mianhai , Zhang Wei , Luo Yiqi , Li Dejun , Wang Senhao , Huang Juan , Lu Xiankai , Mo Jiangming 
Published: June 2018

AbstractLowland tropical forests with chronic nitrogen (N) deposition and/or abundant N‐fixing organisms are commonly rich in N relative to other nutrients. The tropical N richness introduces a paradoxical relationship in which many tropical forests sustain high rates of asymbiotic N fixation despite the soil N richness and the higher energy cost of N fixation than of soil N uptake. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unclear. Our study aims to test this phenomenon and examine potential mechanisms of nutrient concentrations vs. substrate stoichiometry in regulating N fixation using multiple linear regression models. We hypothesized that the rates of asymbiotic N fixation would be low in an N‐rich forest under N deposition and substrate stoichiometry would explain the variation in N fixation better than nutrient concentrations. We conducted a chronic N‐addition experiment in an N‐saturated tropical forest in southern China and measured the N fixation rates, carbon (C), N, and phosphorus (P) concentrations, and stoichiometry in different substrates (soil, forest floor, mosses, and canopy leaves). Total N fixation rates were high (10.35–12.43 kg N·ha−1·yr−1) in this N‐saturated forest because of the high substrate C:N and N:P stoichiometry (which explained 13–52% of the variation in N fixation,P < 0.037) rather than substrate nutrient concentrations (P > 0.05). Atmospheric N deposition (34–50 kg N·ha−1·yr−1) failed to down‐regulate asymbiotic N fixation in this forest possibly because the N deposition rate was insufficient to inhibit N fixation or N deposition maintained high N fixation rates by increasing C sequestration in the substrates. Our N‐addition experiment showed the insensitivity of N fixation in all the tested substrates to low N addition (50 kg N·ha−1·yr−1); however, medium and high N addition (100–150 kg N·ha−1·yr−1) stimulated the moss and foliar N fixation because of the increases in substrate C:N stoichiometry (which explained 30–34% of the variation in N fixation,P < 0.001). Overall, our results emphasize the importance of substrate (particularly mosses and foliage) stoichiometry as a driver of asymbiotic N fixation and sustained N richness in lowland tropical forests.
Perturbations in serum chloride homeostasis in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: insights from TOPCAT
Authors: Grodin Justin L. , Testani Jeffrey M. , Pandey Ambarish , Sambandam Kamalanathan , Drazner Mark H. , Fang James C. , Tang W.H. Wilson 
Published: June 2018

AimsPrior cohorts demonstrating the importance of serum chloride levels in heart failure either excluded or had partial representation of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). We aimed to examine the relationship between serum chloride concentration and outcomes in HFpEF.Methods and resultsWe included participants from the Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist Trial (TOPCAT) who met the following criteria: met inclusion by the natriuretic peptide stratum, had recorded serum chloride levels, and were from the Americas (n = 942). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models tested the association of serum chloride with clinical outcomes, and mixed effects modelling tested the association of spironolactone or loop diuretic on serial serum chloride levels. The median serum chloride level was 102 [25th–75th percentile 100–105 mmol/L (range 84–114 mmol/L)]. After multivariable adjustment, every standard deviation decrease in serum chloride (4.05 mmol/L) was associated with ∼50% increased risk for cardiovascular death [hazard ratio (HR) 1.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11–2.06, P = 0.008] and ∼30% increased risk for all‐cause death (HR 1.29, 95% CI 1.02–1.62, P = 0.04), but not with the primary composite endpoint or heart failure hospitalization (P > 0.3 for both). There were no significant interactions between spironolactone use and the serum chloride–risk relationship (P > 0.1) for each endpoint. Spironolactone was not (P = 0.33) but loop diuretic use was associated with lower serial serum chloride levels (P < 0.001).ConclusionLower serum chloride was independently associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and all‐cause death in HFpEF. Loop diuretic use, but not spironolactone, lead to a decrease in serum chloride levels over time.