bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a contact-less cryogenic rotation mechanism employed for a polarization modulator unit in cosmic microwave background polarization experiments
Authors: Sakurai Yuki , Matsumura Tomotake , Katayama Nobuhiko , Iida Teruhito , Komatsu Kunimoto , Sugai Hajime , Ohsaki Hiroyuki , Terao Yutaka , Hirota Yukimasa , Enokida Hisashi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We present the design and the performance of a contact-less cryogenic rotation mechanism used in cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments. A precise measurement of the CMB polarization is possible to verify the cosmic inflation theory that describes the very beginning (10−38 seconds) of the early universe. The polarization modulator, that rotates a half wave plate continuously at the aperture of the telescope, is one of the key instruments in the experiments. In order to reduce noise and systematic uncertainties, the polarization modulator is required a stable rotation with minimal heat dissipation in a cryogenic environment less than 20 K. Thus, we adopted the rotation mechanism that combines completely contact-less bearing and motor, a superconducting magnetic bearing, and a hollow bore synchronous motor. The heat dissipation and the load torque due to the friction can be minimized by avoiding physical contacts. We constructed the prototype of the rotation mechanism and carried out mechanical and thermal performance tests. A continuous rotation test in cryogenic temperature is performed, and it is confirmed that the rotation stability is less than 1% with the rotation frequency between 0.5 Hz and 3.0 Hz. We also conducted a thermal performance test, and obtained the heat dissipation at the rotor of 9.0 mW. We discussed the reduction of heat dissipation using a developed magnetic circuit with improved magnetic field uniformity.
Observed changes in Brewer–Dobson circulation for 1980–2018
Authors: Fu Qiang , Solomon Susan , Pahlavan Hamid A , Lin Pu 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Previous work has examined the Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC) changes for 1980–2009 based on satellite Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU/AMSU) lower-stratospheric temperature (T

LS
) observations and ERA-Interim reanalysis data. Here we examine the BDC changes for the longer period now available (1980–2018), which also allows analysis of both the ozone depletion (1980–1999) and ozone healing (2000–2018) periods. We provide observational evidence that the annual mean BDC accelerated for 1980–1999 but decelerated for 2000–2018, with the changes largely driven by the Southern Hemisphere (SH), which might be partly contributed by the effects of ozone depletion and healing. We also show that the annual mean BDC has accelerated in the last 40 years (at the 90% confidence level) with a relative strengthening of ∼1.7% per decade. This overall acceleration was driven by both Northern Hemisphere (40%) and SH (60%) cells. Significant SH radiative warming is also identified in September for 2000–2018 after excluding the year 2002 when a very rare SH stratospheric sudden warming occurred, supporting the view that healing of the Antarctic ozone layer has now begun to occur during the month of September.
On the potential impact of a half-degree warming on cold and warm temperature extremes in mid-latitude North America
Authors: Barcikowska Monika J , Muñoz Ángel G , Weaver Scott J , Russo Simone , Wehner Michael 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This study focuses on potential impacts of climate change on the early spring (March–April) temperature and its extremes in the mid-latitudes of North America, discriminated between the 1.5 °C and 2 °C levels of global warming, as projected by a suit of numerical experiments. The results suggest relatively mild seasonal average warming (0.25 °C–1.5 °C), but also an intensification of both warm and cold temperature extremes. The derived changes feature much stronger warming over the West of the United States and weak to no warming to the East, which is congruent with the ventilating effect of the intensified northerly wind over central Canada and the East of the United States. The intensified northerly component of the mid-latitude jet is likely a contributing factor to the derived increased seasonal variability of March–April temperatures over parts of Manitoba and Ontario in Canada, and the Midwest of the United States. The projected changes in temperature extremes agree to some extent with the previous studies: warm extremes intensify especially over southern mid-latitudes, while cold extremes are weakening over the north mid- to high-latitudes. However, high-resolution simulations with the Community Atmospheric Model 5 (CAM5) indicate much sharper spatial gradients, which translate into higher magnitudes and also more complex patterns of changes. Particularly, cold extremes feature not only reductions north of ∼45°N latitudes, but also a very strong intensification of cold extremes (by −4 °C for 20 year return values) in the band 25°–45°N, centered in the Midwest of the United States. While general warming and intensification of the warm extremes may accelerate the arrival of early spring, the intensifying cold extremes may increase the risk of early spring frost damage, and hence may yield a profound impact on the regional agriculture of North America. Combined with reliable information on expected temperature variability at interannual-to-decadal timescales, the background longer-term projections can help inform decision makers in the food security sector.
Guidance on emissions metrics for nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement
Authors: Denison Steve , Forster Piers M , Smith Christopher J 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Many nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement follow the established practice of specifying emissions levels in tonnes of CO2 equivalent emissions. The Global Warming Potential (GWP) is the emissions metric used most often to aggregate contributions from different greenhouse gases (GHGs). However, the climate impact of pathways expressed in this way is known to be ambiguous. For this reason, alternatives have been proposed but the ambiguity has not been quantified in the context of the Paris Agreement. Here we assess the variation in temperature using pathways consistent with the ambition of limiting temperature increases to well below 2 °C. These are taken from the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C (SR15). The CO2 emission levels are adjusted so that the pathways all have the same total CO2 equivalent emissions for a given emissions metric but have different proportions of short-lived and long-lived pollutants. We show that this difference affects projections by up to 0.17 °C when GWP100 is used. Options of reducing this ambiguity include using a different emissions metric or adding supplementary information in NDCs about the emissions levels of individual GHGs. We suggest the latter on the grounds of simplicity and because it does not require agreement on the use of a different emissions metric.
Identifying user needs for weather and climate services to enhance resilience to climate shocks in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Nkiaka Elias , Taylor Andrea , Dougill Andrew J , Antwi-Agyei Philip , Fournier Nicolas , Bosire Emily Nyaboke , Konte Oumar , Lawal Kamoru Abiodun , Mutai Bethwel , Mwangi Emma , Ticehurst Helen , Toure Awa , Warnaars Tanya 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The vulnerability of social-ecological systems in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to climate variability and change means that there is an urgent need to better integrate weather and climate information into societal decision-making processes. Long-term climate adaptation in these regions has received increasing attention, with recent initiatives aiming to increase resilience to climate change at timescales of years to decades. Less focus has been given to weather and short-term climate information. However, users are principally interested in shorter timescales (hours to seasons) where actions can immediately reduce the impacts of severe weather events. Focusing on the priority sectors of agriculture and food security, water and disaster management, this paper uses a systematic literature review approach to analyse 61 empirical case studies drawn from academic literature and projects across SSA. We identify the main users of climate services and outline current practices and reported benefits. Barriers that impede the delivery and uptake of climate services are identified and potential strategies for overcoming them outlined based on the reporting of successful practices. Our findings show that greater capacity building of personnel working for National Meteorological and Hydrological Services and Agricultural Extension staff and reinforcing and sustaining collaboration between different stakeholders (climate scientists, hydrologists, extension workers, farmers and other user groups), are essential factors for improving the uptake and utility of weather and climate services to enhance resilience to climate shocks in SSA.
Impacts of oil palm plantation on the livelihood of the local communities and the conservation area
Authors: Soedomo Sudarsono 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Oil palm plantations have created so many controversies, particularly their impacts on the environment and the livelihood of the local communities. The controversies are usually raised by non-governmental organizations working on environmental and social-related issues. This paper focuses on the socio-economic impacts of plantation development. To observe what is going on, case studies were conducted in two villages strongly influenced by the development of oil palm plantation. The research finds out that those controversies are generally exaggerated. In general, economically the local communities benefit from the development of oil palm plantations. It does not mean that the negative socio-economic impacts are absent, but those impacts are manageable and have been addressed seriously, particularly when the plantation involves a member of Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). The real issue is not yes or no towards oil palm plantation, but rather how to develop oil palm plantation justly.
Linkages of smallholders’ attitudes with the implementation of principles and criteria RSPO certification independent smallholder forum MRM Jambi Province, Sumatera Indonesia
Authors: Rosyani  , Saad Asmadi , Edison  
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Oil palm plantation industry in Indonesia is growing rapidly. Extensive development took place during 1999-2016. The total plantation area reached 11,118,795 hectares by 2016. Some 5,754,718 hectares was managed by private companies, 4,656,648 hectares by smallholders and 707,429 hectares by state-owned enterprises. Issues of oil palm plantation that are not environmentally friendly are continuously exposed. Therefore, Forum Petani Swadaya-MRM independent smallholder RSPO has obtained certification, meaning that this research is important to be carried out. Respondents in the study were 82 people. Data were analyzed using non-Parametric Chi-Square statistical tests. Smallholders’ attitudes and knowledge are cognitively 47.6%, affective 57.3% and conatively 63.4%. Achievement of RSPO principles and criteria; 1). Commitment to transparency is 69%, 2). Compliance with applicable laws and regulations 84%, 3). Commitment to long-term economic and financial viability 64%, 4). Use of appropriate best practices by plantations and factories 47%, 5). Environmental responsibility and conservation of natural resources and biodiversity 41%, 6). Responsible consideration of employees, and of individuals and communities affected by growers and mills 64%, 7). Responsible development of new plantings 71%, and 8). Commitment to continuous improvement in key areas of activities 82%. The relationship between attitude and implementation of principles and criteria for RSPO certification. From the results of parametric statistical tests using Chi-Square, 3.42 thit> ttable 1.68, the meaning of refusal H0 thank H1 means that there is a significant relationship between attitudes and implementation of RSPO certification principles and criteria, there is a tendency for a positive attitude, the implementation of the RSPO principles and certification is high. The assessment between the attitude and application of the principle and criteria shows the sustainability status for the forum certifications.
Biodiversity loss and gain based on indigenous people’s perception. (Case study: Tajok Kayong and Nanga Tayap Villages, West Kalimantan Province)
Authors: Imantoko Farras , Sunkar Arzyana , Santosa Yanto 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Loss and gain on biodiversity of plant species that have been resulted from the establishment of oil palm plantations have often been accused as the reasons for the changing pattern in community means of living. Such a shift has also been highlighted as related to the destruction of the indigenous people livelihoods. Indigenous people were often dependent on the local plants for survival, yet land use change to oil palm plantation has caused changes in plants composition. This research was conducted to identify the indigenous people’s perceptions related to gain and loss of plant species diversity due to the establishment of oil palm plantation. The study was carried out in the indigenous Dayak Villages of Tajok Kayong and Nanga Tayap, West Kalimantan Province of Indonesia in March 2018. Data were collected using field observation and interviews. The overall perceptions of Dayak and Malay communities (the two indigenous groups of West Kalimantan) on the plants conditions related to oil palm development, showed similar results, except related to plant diversity, in which 75.00% of the Malays perceived a decreased in plant diversity, while on the contrary, 75.68% of Dayaks perceived it as an increase, in terms of flowering plants and other functional plants. The results indicated that the establishment of oil palm plantation has resulted in the gain of 27% plant species and loss of 73% plant species with functional values (medicine and food). However, the lost species could be substituted with other plants and could also be replaced by chemical medicine from public health service and purchased from the local market. Both indigenous people of Dayak and Malay were not affected by the species loss since before the plantation’s establishment, their living patterns had already transformed into semi-modern and modern living styles where the people have lower dependences on their surrounding plants.
The impact of ISPO certification on economic, social and environmental aspect in the palm oil plantation
Authors: Rodhiah  , Ifdal  , Syarfi Ira Wahyuni , Hasnah  
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Indonesian Government requires all Palm Oil Plantation Companies to have an Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) certificate. Indonesia issued a policy known as ISPO so that Indonesia management of palm oil plantations pay attention to aspects of economy, social, and environment. ISPO certification obligations are financially burdensome for businessmen because large certification costs certainly affect the company’s production costs, sales and revenues of palm oil companies. The research objective was to describe the process to get ISPO certification for Palm Oil Plantation Companies, to determine the impact of the application of ISPO certification on the economic, social, and environmental aspects of palm oil companies. Data analysis was carried out by comparing the impact ISPO implementation to PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VI Ophir at the time before (2013, 2014, 2015) and after (2016, 2017) ISPO certification. The results showed that stages of procedures for recognizing PT. Nusantara Plantation Ophir VI’s ISPO certification is in accordance with the mechanism as stipulated in Minister of Agriculture Regulation No. 11/Minister of Agriculture Regulation/OT.140/3/2015. The impact of the application of ISPO certification on PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VI Ophir has an effect on increasing production costs, production levels, selling prices, sales, and income. The results of the calculation of the revenue to cost ratio, obtained by the R/C value is greater than one, which means that the application of ISPO is financially efficient over the costs incurred. The impact of ISPO implementation aside from the financial aspects received by the company after obtaining ISPO certification affects the aspects of operational, social community relations, the company’s concern for the environment, as well as trading CPO and Kernel. ISPO certification received by PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VI Ophir affect operational aspects, relationships with the social community, the company’s concern for the environment, as well as trading CPO and Kernel.
Soil physicochemical properties in oil palm plantations impacted to peatland fire
Authors: Handayani Etik Puji , Maswar  
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Currently, Indonesia has 1.7 million hectares of oil palm plantations on peatland (12% of the total area of 13.5 million ha Indonesia’s peatland). As a consequence, fires on peatland become trending topics. Field observation research that aims to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of peat in oil palm plantations has been carried out on several peat locations in West Aceh District: Suakraya village, Johan Pahlawan district (15 years old), Cot Gajah Mati Village, Arongan Lambalek district (1 year old), and Suakpuntong village, Nagan Raya district (10 years old). Substantial changes in the physicochemical properties of soils from oil palm plantations were observed, then evaluated the impact these characteristics to fires on peatland. The analysis soil showed that peatlands around in West Aceh District have physical characteristic: bulk density (BD) from 0, 12 - 0.16 g cm-3; groundwater level of 6 cm (rainy seasons) and 86 cm (dry seasons); moisture or water content in the surface layer (0-20 cm) during the dry season was 505 - 985% The thickness of peat was 457 cm on deep peat in Suakraya, 157 cm on shallow peat in Suakraya, 243 cm in Cot Gajah Mati, 136 cm in Suakpuntong. The chemical characteristic of peat soil has pH H2O 2.9 – 3.9, pH KCl 2.23 - 3.07. The level of maturity of peat in the surface layer in all observation locations is the same, namely hemic. Water content per unit dry weight depends on peatland maturity level (fibric: 540 - 1187%, hemic: 268 - 480% and sapric: 106 - 242%). Ash content per unit dry weight varied from 1.8 – 5.9%, and C-organic content 53.4 – 57.6%. Peat total acidity is 4.2 – 6.4 me g-1, COOH content 0.02 - 0.16 me g-1 and phenolic-OH content 4.2 – 6.2 me g-1. The important result of this study showed that the causes of peatland fires are not caused by the characteristics of peat (occur naturally), but there are triggers of human activities.
Impact of oil palm plantation on herpetofauna species diversity at PT Waimusi Agroindah South Sumatera
Authors: Rejeki Sani Sari Sri , Santosa Yanto 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Oil palm plantation playing an important role in Indonesia’s economic development, whereas generates the largest foreign exchange and boosts communities’ economic sector, also absorbs the workforce. However, there are some accusation to oil palm plantation that it caused biodiversity decreased in the minimum of 60%. The study was done to identify the impact of oil palm plantations on herpetofauna diversity, community similarity and percentage loss or gain of community. The observation was done using Visual Encounter Survey (VES) method in the 6 land cover types which classified into 2 land areas. Rubber plantation and shrubs were considered as the land cover before the oil palm plantation establishment. While, young, intermediate, old oil palm plantation and high conservation value forest were considered as the land covers after the plantation establishment. The study was conducted in May 2017 in the South Sumatera Province. The data analysis showed that old palm plantation had a higher species number (19 species) compared to rubber plantation (11 species) and shrubs land cover (3 species). However, rubber plantation and old oil palm plantation had the highest species composition similarity (IS = 0.62). While the lowest happened in both shrubs-old oil palm plantation and shrubs-conservation area (IS = 0.19). The transformation land cover into oil palm plantations led to the gain of herpetofauna species as many as 8 species for rubber plantation and 17 species for shrub, while on the other hand only cause loss of 1 species from shrub and no one species loss for rubber plantation.
Impact of oil palm plantation on the butterfly diversity: a Case study in KGP & CNG, Ketapang, West Kalimantan
Authors: Mutmainnah A R , Santosa Y 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Oil palm plantation in Indonesia is rapidly growing, encouraging the expansion of oil palm plantation area. The expansion estimated may decrease the biodiversity including the butterfly diversity. The research aimed to see the impact of oil palm plantation on the butterfly diversity that occurs in KGP and CNG oil palm plantation. The research was conducted in July 2018 by strip transect method. Impact of the establishment oil palm plantation on butterfly diversity was determined by comparing the current butterflies found on oil palm plantations area with the butterflies found on the baseline (shrub area). The result showed an increase in butterfly diversity and species richness index in KGP and CNG oil palm plantation. Total number of species and richness index in both oil palm plantations area were higher than the baseline area. The establishment of oil palm plantation in KGP oil palm plantation result gaining 22 species and losing 2 species, while in CNG oil palm plantation result is gaining 31 species and losing 5 species.
Discovering Clusters of nearby Routes in Spatial Networks
Authors: Vikas Vellampalli , Das Debasish , Bharathi B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Now-a-days finding which is the best path to travel from one place to another place is difficult and also confusing. So TSR(Trajectory search by regions of interest) query is proposed.TSR query takes set of inputs called places and returns best possible path to travel between this two places. To find this best path, decision tree(best first search) and naïve bayes classification along with sentiment analysis are being used.
Design and Analysis of K-SVD Algorithm for the Noise Removal Using MATLAB
Authors: Akhil K. , Prasanth Kumar Reddy K. , Joany R.M. , Ilayarajaa K.T. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper was proposed to developed a dictionary learning algorithm to minimize or remove the noise from the noisy pixels present in the given data sets without distorting the edges and preserving the fine particulars and details of the image for removing the noise there are three stages named INTERPOLATION, OMP(orthogonal matching pursuit)and finally K-SVD dictionary learning matrix algorithm in this algorithm there are different methods for removing different level of noises present in the image by using the masking by using this algorithm noise can be from the pixel range by checking the each and every pixel whether the pixel is a noisy pixel or noise free pixel only noisy pixels are passed the noise removal process so noise free pixels would not get degraded or blurred or changed in their property this K-SVD algorithm can remove the noise Color Images, Black and White Images and Grey Scale Images The algorithm can handle noise level