bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screening GLP-1 Receptor Ligands from Natural Products in Herbs through High-Content Technique
Authors: Qin Kunhao , Zhang Shengting , Wang Jie , Liu Dongbo , Xiang Yingying , Ji Xiuling , Wei Yunlin 
Published: September 2019

Aim and Objective:Screening of active components from a natural product, especially from a crude extract, is a great challenge. To avoid potential activity interference of the N-terminus modification in the most common constructs based on GCPRs labeled with GFP technology, a Cterminus tGFP-labeled hGLP-1 receptor containing recombinant cell line hGLP-1R-tGFP was constructed and tried to be used in the screening of natural products from Chinese herb.Materials and Methods:The GLP1 receptor gene was amplified and the inserts pCMV6-AC-tGFP and tGFP were fused at the C-terminus of GLP1 receptor to construct a recombinant plasmid. The recombinant was transfected into U2OS cell and selected with antibiotics and flow cytometry. The constructed cell line was named as hGLP-1R-tGFP cell line. The expression levels of GLP-1R-tGFP protein were confirmed by western-blot. The fluorescence imaging of re-distribution from diffusing to aggregate spots inside the cells was quantitated and analyzed by High Content Screening (HCS) assay. Meanwhile, the specificity, stability and C-terminus function of hGLP-1R-tGFP cell line were characterized. In order to allow the recombinant cell line of hGLP-1R-tGFP to be suitable in highcontent system of Arrayscan-infinity-700 in screening mode, several conditions have also been optimized. In the end, a total of 100 crude extract samples provided by the Yunnan Institute of Materia Medica have been screened with this method.Results:Upon the activation of GLP-1 receptors by Exendin 4, fluorescent patches appeared on the cell membrane and subsequently internalized to form fluorescent aggregates inside the cells under fluorescent microscopy examination. The agonistic activity, sensitivity and specificity of the formation of fluorescent aggregate spot in hGLP-1R-tGFP cells have been confirmed by the activation of GLP-1R using the GLP-1analogues. The agonistic effects of GLP-1 analogues are blocked by a GLP-1R antagonist, Exendin9-39. The downstream of GLP-1 pathway, the activation of adenylate cyclase and the raising of cellular cAMP levels, remained intact in these tGFP modified C-terminus GLP-1 receptor cells. Meanwhile, a total of 100 crude extract samples from Chinese herbs have been screened by this method to find new active ingredients.Conclusion:Combined with High Content Screening image and data automatic acquisition processing, a new screening assay based on a recombinant U2OS cell line which GFP labeled at the C terminus of GLP1 receptor has been developed. GLP-1R agonist activity in extracts of Astragalus propinquus and Panax notoginseng from Chinese herbs has been determined by this method.
Prevalence of Different Genotypes of HIV-1 in Injection Drug Users in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Jiang Yu , Zhang Lincai , Hou Zongjie , Tu Aixia , Qiao Ruijuan , Dai Chen , Yao Ning , Du Xiufen , Xu Yaning , Tan Jiying 
Published: September 2019

Background:
Since 1981, an increasing trend in HIV has been observed for transmission
via injection drug users (IDUs), sexual transmission and mother-to-child transmission. The IDUs
are blamed for early increases in HIV-positive cases in China.

Objective:
HIV genotypes of IDUs were comprehensively analysed to trace the source and relationships
of the AIDS epidemic in China.

Methods:
Relevant databases written in English and Chinese were searched. Overall, 7,149 publications
were identified in six databases. After screening 7,104 articles according to the inclusion and
exclusion criteria, 45 studies consisting of 2,765 cases were finally identified. A meta-analysis was
conducted using R MATLAB software, RevMan and SPSS. Subgroup analyses focused on time
frame, region, and location of different genotypes of IDUs in China.

Results:
There were five dominant HIV-1 genotypes among the 2,765 IDU cases. The proportions
of CRF07_BC, CRF01_AE, CRF08_BC, subtype B/B', and subtype C were 45.18% (95% CI:
33.55-57.08%), 16.00% (95% CI: 9.39-23.82%), 13.43% (95% CI: 7.32-20.84%), 3.58% (95% CI:
1.52-6.24%), and 0.90% (95% CI: 0.04-2.43%), respectively. HIV genotypes transmitted among
IDUs in China are primarily CRF07-BC, followed by CRF01-AE and CRF08-BC. Across the different
time frames and regions, CRF07_BC was the most prevalent HIV-1 genotype among IDUs,
while CRF08_BC was the most prevalent genotype in the southwest region.

Conclusion:
Our study reveals that CRF07-BC was the dominant prevalent strain among IDUs
from 1991 to 2015 in China, while CRF08-BC was the dominant prevalent strain among IDUs in
southwestern China. This systematic review and meta-analysis shows evidence of the comprehensive
prevalence of different genotypes, data and characteristics of HIV among IDUs in China.
Polymer-Bound Triphenylphosphine and 4,4′-Dinitroazobenzene as a Coupling Reagents for Chromatography-Free Esterification Reaction
Authors: Das Diparjun , Rajkumari Kalyani , Rokhum Lalthazuala 
Published: September 2019

Aim and Objective:
Sustainable production of fine chemicals both in industries and
pharmaceuticals heavily depends on the application of solid-phase synthesis route coupled with microwave
technologies due to their environmentally benign nature. In this report, a microwave-assisted esterification
reaction using polymer-bound triphenylphosphine and 4,4′-dinitroazobenzene reagent system was
investigated.

Materials and Methods:
The solvents were obtained from Merck India. Polymer-bound triphenylphosphine
(~3 mmol triphenylphosphine moiety/g) was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich. The progress of the reaction was
observed by thin-layer chromatography. All the reactions were performed in Milestones StartSYNTH
microwave. The NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker Avance III 300, 400, and 500 MHz FT NMR
Spectrometers. Using azo compound and polymer-bound triphenyl phosphine as a coupling reagent,
esterification of different carboxylic acids with alcohols was performed under microwave irradiation.

Results:
Esterification of benzoic acid with 1-propanol under microwave irradiation gave a high yield of 92%
propyl benzoate in 60 minutes only. Isolation of the ester products was relatively simple as both the
byproducts polymer-bound triphenylphosphine oxide and hydrazine could be removed by simple filtration.
The rates of reactions were found to be directly proportional to the pKa of the benzoic acids.

Conclusion:
4,4′-Dinitroazobenzene was introduced as a novel coupling reagent, in conjugation with
polymer-bound triphenylphosphine, for esterification reactions under microwave irradiation. The low
moisture sensitivity of the reaction system, easy separation of the byproducts, and column chromatographyfree
isolation of esters help our methods with application significance, particularly from the ‘Sustainable
Chemistry’ perspective.
Assessing the Therapeutic Potential of Red Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) to Modulate Renal and Cardiac Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits
Authors: Ashfaq Faiza , Butt Masood S. , Bilal Ahmad , Awan Kanza A. , Suleria Hafiz A.R. 
Published: September 2019

Background:
The epidemiological transition is directly associated with dietary shift towards
empty calories. In contrary, cabbage fights against oxidative stress mediated health disorders owing to
the presence of nutritive constituents and low caloric count. The study aimed to assess the efficacy of
red cabbage and its aqueous extract against renal and cardiac oxidative stress in response to hypercaloric
diet.

Methods:
Red cabbage and its aqueous extract were fed to normal rabbits (Study I) and hypercholesterolemic
diet (1% cholesterol) induced oxidatively stressed rabbits (Study II) for 12-weeks. Serum
specific biomarkers of renal and cardiac oxidative stress including creatinine, urea, creatine kinase
(CK), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and aspartate aminotransferase
(AST) were measured. Tissues of kidney and heart were employed to assess the activities of superoxide
dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) alongside; lipid peroxidation was also studied.

Results:
Red cabbage extract depicted more decrement (p<0.05) in serum creatinine and urea levels up
to 14.45 and 9.01% in oxidatively stressed rabbits (Study II), respectively. In kidney tissues, red cabbage
extract showed an obvious reduction in lipid peroxidation up to 24.07% in Study II that ultimately
restored SOD (11.38%) and CAT (16.72%) activities. On the other hand, red cabbage demonstrated
promising aptitude (p<0.05) in mitigating cardiac compromised condition by down-regulating lipid
peroxidation by 16.44%, which considerably decreased the serum levels of CK, CK-MB, LDH and
AST.

Conclusion:
Relatively, red cabbage extract showed a relatively better response in controlling renal
oxidative stress as compared to red cabbage; however, vice-versa was observed in case of cardiac oxidative
stress.
HMGA and Cancer: A Review on Patent Literatures
Authors: De Martino Marco , Fusco Alfredo , Esposito Francesco 
Published: September 2019

Background:The high mobility group A proteins modulate the transcription of numerous genes by interacting with transcription factors and/or altering the structure of chromatin. These proteins are involved in both benign and malignant neoplasias as a result of several pathways. A large amount of benign human mesenchymal tumors has rearrangements of HMGA genes. On the contrary, malignant tumors show unarranged HMGA overexpression that is frequently and causally related to neoplastic cell transformation. Here, we review the function of the HMGA proteins in human neoplastic disorders, the pathways by which they contribute to carcinogenesis and the new patents focused on targeting HMGA proteins.Objective:Current review was conducted to check the involvement of HMGA as a druggable target in cancer treatment.Methods:We reviewed the most recent patents focused on targeting HMGA in cancer treatment analyzing patent literature published during the last years, including the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO®), United States Patent Trademark Office (USPTO®), Espacenet®, and Google Patents.Results:HMGA proteins are intriguing targets for cancer therapy and are objects of different patents based on the use of DNA aptamers, inhibitors, oncolytic viruses, antisense molecules able to block their oncogenic functions.Conclusion:Powerful strategies able to selectively interfere with HMGA expression and function could represent a helpful approach in the development of new anti-cancer therapies.
Essential Oil Composition and Anti-scabies Potential of Amomum subulatum Roxb. Leaves
Authors: Sharma Bharat , Vasudeva Neeru , Sharma Sunil 
Published: September 2019

Background::
Scabies is an enervating parasitic infestation of skin caused by Sarcoptes scabiei,
affecting besides 130 million people at any time. Globally, this neglected tropical disease is amenable
for 0.07% of the total burden of disease. Amomum subulatum Rox. (Large Cardamom) plant
parts are used in traditional medicine for curing dyspepsia, skin disease, anorexia, dysentery, hyperacidity,
ulcers, wounds, cardiac debility, fever, cough, liver congestion and gonorrhoea.

Objective::
The objective of this study was the phytochemical characterization of essential oil of A. subulatum
leaves and evaluate its anti-scabies potential against S. scabiei.

Methods:
Essential oil was collected by hydrodistillation of fresh leaves of A. subulatum using
Clevenger apparatus and subjected to Gas Chromatography (GC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
(GC-MS) for identification and quantification of components of oil. Anti-scabies potential of
essential oil of leaves of A. subulatum against S. scabiei was investigated by contact bioassay method.

Results::
GC and GC-MS analysis results revealed the presence of 39 constituents, of which terpinen-4-
ol (29.87%), eucalyptol (18.69%), β-phallendrene (7.97%), γ-terpinene (6.67%), p-cymene (6.20%),
were detected as major constituents. Oxygenated monoterpenes predominated in the A. subulatum essential
oil, and constituted 59.03% of the total oil composition. The anti-scabies study demonstrated
their scabicidal potential as its 10% concentration caused 100% mortality within 60 min.

Conclusion::
The result indicated anti-scabies potential of essential oil of A. subulatum so can be used
as an alternative for the treatment and effective control of S. scabiei.
MicroRNAs Determining Carcinogenesis by Regulating Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes During Cell Cycle
Authors: Fasoulakis Zacharias , Daskalakis George , Diakosavvas Michail , Papapanagiotou Ioannis , Theodora Marianna , Bourazan Arzou , Alatzidou Dimitra , Pagkalos Athanasios , Kontomanolis Emmanuel N. 
Published: September 2019

Aim::
To provide a review considering microRNAs regulating oncogenes and tumor suppressor
genes during the different stages of cell cycle, controlling carcinogenesis.

Methods::
The role of microRNAs involved as oncogenes’ and tumor suppressor genes’ regulators in
cancer was searched in the relevant available literature in MEDLINE, including terms such as “microRNA”,
“oncogenes”, “tumor suppressor genes”, “metastasis”, “cancer” and others.

Results::
MicroRNAs determine the expression levels of multiple cell cycle regulators, such as cyclins,
cyclin dependent kinases and other major cell cycle activators including retinoblastoma 1 (RB-
1) and p53, resulting in alteration and promotion/inhibition of the cell cycle.

Conclusion::
MicroRNAs are proven to have a key role in cancer pathophysiology by altering the expression
profile of different regulator proteins during cell division cycle and DNA replication. Thus,
by acting as oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, they can either promote or inhibit cancer development
and formation, revealing their innovative role as biomarkers and therapeutic tools.
Pengaruh Strategi Predict Observe Explain (POE) Terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa
Authors: Amirullah Gufron , Suciati Rizkia , Susilo Susilo , Handayani Dewi 
Published: September 2019

Learning strategy is a very decisive factor in student learning outcomes. This study wanted to know the influence of Predict Observe Explain (POE) strategy to the critical thinking ability of grade X students in environmental pollution material at SMA Negeri 3 Bekasi. The study used Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design with a sampling technique of Cluster Random Sampling (N: 90). Research instruments in the form of 10 test descriptions that have been integrated with the ability of critical thinking are used for data collection. The research Data is analyzed using the normality test, homogeneity test, and T test. Our research results show the average value of the experiment class (x = 75.03) greater than the control class (x = 65.57). The hypothesis Test (T-Test) with a signification level of 1% obtained a Thit value of 5.25 & this 2.39. Our research suggests that POE learning strategies can affect students ' critical thinking skills. This POE strategy can be used as a referral for biological teachers to improve the students ' critical thinking skills.
Keywords: POE strategy, essential thinking ability, environmental pollution.
Abstrak. Strategi pembelajaran merupakan faktor yang sangat menentukan hasil belajar siswa. Studi ini ingin mengetahui pengaruh strategi Predict Observe Explain (POE) terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa kelas X pada materi pencemaran lingkungan di SMA Negeri 3 Bekasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design dengan teknik sampling Cluster Random Sampling (n: 90). Instrumen penelitian berupa 10 soal tes uraian yang telah terintegrasi dengan kemampuan berpikir kritis digunakan untuk pengumpulan data. Data penelitian dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji normalitas, uji homogenitas, dan uji t. Hasil penelitian kami menunjukkan nilai rata-rata kelas eksperimen (x = 75,03) lebih besar dari kelas kontrol (x = 65,57). Uji hipotesis (uji t) dengan taraf signifikasi 1 % diperoleh nilai thit sebesar 5,25 & ttabel 2,39. Penelitian kami menunjukkan bahwa strategi pembelajaran POE dapat mempengaruhi kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa. Strategi POE ini dapat dijadikan rujukan guru biologi untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritia pada siswa.
Kata Kunci : Strategi POE, Pencemaran Lingkungan, Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis.
Aquinas, Geach, and existence
Authors: Costa Damiano 
Published: September 2019

Aquinas’ theory of being has received a growing amount of attention from contemporary scholars, both from a historic and a philosophical point of view. An important source of this attention is Geach’s seminal Form and Existence. In it, Geach argues that Aquinas subscribes to (i) a tensed notion of existence and (ii) a theory of time according to which past and future entities do not exist in act. Subsequent commentators, such as Kenny in his Aquinas on Being, have agreed with Geach on both points. In this paper, I argue that in several passages of his corpus, most notably those in which he is concerned with God’s knowledge of future contingents, Aquinas implicitly subscribes to a theory of being and time according to which: (i) past and future entities are attributed existence in act, (ii) there is theoretical need for introducing a tenseless notion of existence.
No Hope in the Dark: Problems for four-dimensionalism
Authors: Loose Jonathan J 
Published: September 2019

Whether or not it is coherent to place hope in a future life beyond the grave has become a central question in the larger debate about whether a materialist view of human persons can accommodate Christian belief. Hud Hudson defends a four-dimensional account of resurrection in order to avoid persistent difficulties experienced by three-dimensionalist animalism. I present two difficulties unique to Hudson’s view. The first problem of counterpart hope is a manifestation of a general weakness of four-dimensional views to accommodate adequately prudential concern about one’s future self. More significantly, the second problem of quasi hope demonstrates that even if a temporal parts view can accommodate the possibility of future resurrection it necessarily leaves human beings in the dark about their individual futures and thus incapable of hope. I conclude that whatever its merits in demonstrating the possibility of resurrection, four-dimensionalist materialism cannot accommodate veridical Christian hope.
The impact of fatigue on agility and responsiveness in boxing
Authors: Sienkiewicz-Dianzenza Edyta , Maszczyk Łukasz 
Published: September 2019

Summary

Study aim: To assess the effects of fatigue on agility and responsiveness in boxing.

Material and methods: Agroup of 20 amateur boxers aged 14–45 years participated in the study. Ditrich’s test and acomputer test, both measuring the speed of reaction to avisual stimulus, as well as agility run and 4 × 10 m shuttle run with carrying blocks, both measuring agility, were performed. Running agility and reaction speed were measured at 3levels of fatigue expressed by the heart rates. The capacity to maintain the highest possible level of measured variables was assessed by applying the performance index (PI) (mean value of three or four (in the case of Ditrich’s test) repetitions to the maximum one). Student’s t-test for dependent data and Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used in data analysis, the level p ≤ 0.05 being considered significant.

Results: Both running agility and responsiveness markedly decreased with mounting fatigue, e.g. running speed from 1.73 ± 0.12 m/s to 1.55 ± 0.11 m/s.

Conclusion: Developing anaerobic endurance would markedly improve agility skills and speed of reaction to external stimuli. Measuring the performance index (PI) from short, maximal, repeated exertions spaced with constant intermissions may be a valuable tool in directing training activities towards development of selected elements of boxers’ physical fitness.
To Remove Walls or Not: Analysis Into the Dilemma of Chinese “Block System Policy”
Authors: Jing Chaoliang , Arcuri Graig 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Property right protection has gradually become a major concern for the emerging and expanding group of homeowners in China, which entails an institutional change regarding community governance. The aim of the paper is to identify the reasons why the Block System Policy initiative in China has caused a social resentment and had to be suspended under considerable social pressure. Employing qualitative grounded theory research method, including an analysis framework of the torque equation from a social physics perspective, as a method of analysis, this study analyses the contrasting arguments around whether or not the community walls should be torn down in China, to expound the tension between the different agents’ preferences on BSP initiative, and to shed light on the inherent logic of the debated policy. The key variables used to predict the trend of BSP have been supposed to be the preference intensity and the effective multitude of the organized stakeholders, whose multiplied products will count for the general balance of the policy direction. Additionally, by reviewing Chinese historical idiosyncrasy for walls, this paper particularly stresses the importance of the homeowners’ intensity of preference to protect their property rights and resources, which substantially shaped the destiny of the policy.
Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficient for the Air Forced Cooling Over a Flat Side of Coil
Authors: Ghahfarokhi Payam Shams , Kallaste Ants , Belahcen Anouar , Vaimann Toomas 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The paper deals with the analytical and experimental determination of the forced convection heat transfer coefficients over the flat coil module. In the analytical part, the forced convection coefficients at different wind speeds are calculated based on various known equations of the forced convection heat transfer coefficient with unheated starting length. The experimental part presents the description of the test: loading the coil with DC current and measurements of the coil temperatures with thermal sensors while it was inside a wind tunnel. Based on the measurement, the convection coefficients were determined. In the final part, the experimental and analytical results are compared. It is found that the accuracy of the analytical results is more precise in highly turbulent flows.
A study on the physico-chemical characteristics of Tannery Waste Water at Tiruchirappalli district
Authors: Ramees Raja Hussain A  , Aneez Mohamed M  
Published: September 2019

The waste water generated by the tanning industry are the potential sources of pollution in Tiruchirappalli district. The tannery effluent can cause serious impact to water and soil. This study evaluates the physico-chemical characteristics of tannery effluent and soil. The chemical and physical parameters and water quality index of tannery wastewater were observed to be toxic as it contains large values of organic and inorganic chemical elements. The tannery effluent contains large values of TDS, EC, anions and cations. The major pollutants in tannery effluents are high chlorides, sulphide and total dissolved solids (TDS). The organic impurities in tannery wastewater are the cause for its bad odour. Tannery wastewater polluted soil was analysed and found to have high values of PH, ESP(Exchangeable sodium percentage), EC, sodium, chloride, sodium adsorption ratio, micronutrients and macronutrients and low values of organic matter, moisture content, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, than the garden soil Unpolluted soil.