bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thinness in a population of rural girls in Poland: 14-year changes and regional differentiation
Authors: Chrzanowska Maria ,   The Late Teresa Łaska-Mierzejewska, Suder Agnieszka 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWorldwide data indicate a growing number of energy homeostasis disorders, which are especially dangerous in childhood. The distribution and growing trends of overweight and obesity in children have been widely investigated, unlike the prevalence of too-low body weight and its determinants. This study aimed to estimate the frequency of body mass deficiency in Polish rural girls and differences among four Polish regions – Choszczno and Leszno in the north-west, and Ostrów Mazowiecka and Suwałki in the north-east. Data were taken from 7764 rural girls aged 9–18 years examined in 1987, when the country was in economic crisis, and 9431 such girls examined in 2001, when the country was undergoing political transformation. The frequency of weight deficiency was estimated based on BMI by applying the international standards of Cole. An Extent of Overweight (EOW) index was used to create an Extent of Thinness (EOT) index. A significant increase in weight deficiency was found in the rural girls – from 7.5% in 1987 to 8.9% in 2001 – and an increase in the EOT index from 0.37 in 1987 to 0.43 in 2001. Analysis by area of residence demonstrated significant differentiation. In the regions in north-west Poland, mainly inhabited by non-farming families, the prevalence of weight deficiency in girls almost doubled from 1987 to 2001, probably because of the mass and long-term unemployment that resulted from the closure of state farms in 1992. In contrast, in the north-east regions, the prevalence of weight deficiency remained almost unchanged over this period, with only a slight decrease, probably because the inhabitants were mainly farm and farm/working families with better living conditions. Despite the overall increase in thinness prevalence in rural girls in Poland, different living conditions have had different biological effects.
China's New Roles and Behaviour in Conflict-Affected Regions: Reconsidering Non-Interference and Non-Intervention
Authors: Hirono Miwa , Jiang Yang , Lanteigne Marc 
Published: March 2019

AbstractChina's view on the sanctity of state sovereignty has slowly but inexorably been transformed, and the country has found it difficult to continue to adhere to the principles of non-interference and non-intervention with the same degree of rigour as during the Cold War era. This special section will explore what the principles mean to China today; why and how Beijing has become active in peacebuilding and conflict mediation; and what implication China's approach to the principles has for its position in the global liberal order. This article sets the scene by firstly demonstrating that defining the principles has always been a political act, and secondly offering new discussions about how China's expanding economic power forced the country to more actively engage in politics of conflict-affected regions. Finally, it offers a conceptual framework to explain why and how China has become increasingly active in peacebuilding and conflict mediation.
A Review of the Literature on the Antitrust Laws of the United States
Authors: Calvani Terry 
Published: March 2019

The attempt by the United States government to preserve competition and its benefits has produced a succession of legislation, popularly known as the antitrust laws, which began with the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. This law prohibits combinations in restraint of trade and monopolization of trade. The Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 established a federal agency to enforce antitrust and outlawed “unfair” competition. The Clayton Act, passed in the same year and amended by the Robinson–Patman Act in 1936, forbids price discrimination, mergers, and other actions when judged destructive of competition.These statutes have generated an enormous quantity of litigation and have stimulated a plethora of literature. The following article, written by an expert who teaches and writes in the. field of antitrust, describes the more important works on the subject which, taken together, could constitute a basic collection of antitrust literature for law libraries inside and outside the United Slates.
Le perfectionnement et la systematisation de la législation en Roumanie
Authors: Jakota Mihai , Piticaru Gheorghe 
Published: March 2019

SummaryConsiderable changes took place in Romanian law after the conclusion of the Second World War and the establishment of the Romanian Socialist Republic. Pre-war legislation was not abolished in toto. It was replaced gradually by new laws more suited to the new government programs.During the early period of legislative change and reform, there was no option for systematic and codified modification of the existing law. Therefore, a greater than usual emphasis was placed on ministerial decrees, orders, instructions, and regulations. These, as well as the regulations and instructions of other government agencies, proliferated extensively. More recently, some of these temporary legislative methods either have been repealed or have become obsolete through passage of time.The ensuing uncertainty of repealed statutes and other legislative provisions eventually led to the adoption of the following legal measures:
1)Establishment of a consultative body, known as the Legislative Council;2)Creation of a register (or index) of legislation in force (for this purpose the entire legislation before 1973 was scanned and, as a result, 2300 laws and other legislative acts were cancelled and another 3000 were found to have lost significance);3)Establishment of a clear program of legislation, with fixed objectives for the areas of law requiring improvement and codification;4)Formulation of a set of rules (methodology) governing all legislative activity and dealing with the initiation and passage of legislation, legislative drafting, delegation of legislative power, public discussion of legislative projects, and other matters pertaining to the making of laws.
Legislative Research: Essential Roles and Standards of Excellence
Authors: Robinson William H. 
Published: March 2019

“Knowledge willforever govern ignorance; and if a people would govern themselves, theymustfirst arm themselves with the power that knowledge brings.”James Madison (4th President of the United States, and credited with being the primary author of the U.S. Constitution)The founding fathers of the U.S. Constitution had an abiding faith in the power that knowledge bestows. The notion that “knowledge is power” dates back to the teachings of philosophers (from Bacon to Nietzsche), and was understood and practiced long before that by statesmen, scoundrels, and spies of all ages. The ancient Chinese ruled for millennia by maintaining a monopoly on knowledge and education.
Ecological requirements and relative impact of threats affecting the Austral RailRallus antarcticus: monitoring methodology considerations for an imperative conservation status re-evaluation
Authors: DE MIGUEL ANDRÉS , FASOLA LAURA , ROESLER IGNACIO , MARTIN LUCÍA , COSSA NATALIA , GIUSTI EMILIA 
Published: March 2019

SummarySince its rediscovery in 1998, two major threats have been mentioned for the enigmatic Austral RailRallus antarcticus: cattle management by burning grass and rushes and predation by American minkNeovison vison. Added to the lack of a protocol to monitor this secretive bird, ever-growing threats make it necessary to study its global situation in depth to take accurate and urgent management decisions. We firstly studied how threats to the Austral Rail currently impact their occupancy and relative density (RD) at a wetland scale and habitat features associated with its presence at survey site scale inside wetlands in Santa Cruz province, Argentina. We additionally developed a monitoring protocol to detect the rail effectively and promptly by studying responses to playback with two different vocalisations at different times of the day and season. Both threats evaluated were negatively related to occupancy and RD of the Austral Rail, especially mink presence appearing to have an additive effect. We propose American mink control as crucial for Austral Rail conservation, while it would also be necessary to conserve a portion of wetlands exempt from burning and cattle presence. At survey sites, its presence was positively related with c.1–1.5 m tall rushes, whilst rails avoided low- density rush areas that resulted after management of rushes with fire to create pasture. To detect rails, both vocalisations can be confidently used at any time of the day and season. The poor knowledge about species ecology, mismanagement of vegetation in wetlands, expansion of American mink in Patagonia, construction on two dams in the Santa Cruz river basin, added to the already modified humidity conditions due to global climate change, force us to suggest that the Austral Rail should be considered as globally ‘Endangered’ (EN), to ensure the consideration of the species in management decisions.
Semi-liberal constitutionalism
Authors: STOPLER GILA 
Published: March 2019

Abstract:The article examines the conceptual category of semi-liberal constitutionalism and offers some thoughts on the unique normative challenges that arise in the resolution of human rights conflicts in semi-liberal constitutional systems. Under the definition offered a semi-liberal constitutional system is a system that meets two conditions: first, it exhibits a simultaneous dual normative commitment to liberal rights and principles and to other values or interests that result in enduring and significant restrictions on some of these rights; second, this dual normative commitment is constitutive and is expressed in the basic elements of the system. Describing the problem of shaping and interpreting normative commitments in a semi-liberal constitutional regime, the article argues that an insufficient understanding of semi-liberal normativity may result in skewed reasoning by both courts and policymakers trying to resolve human rights conflicts in semi-liberal constitutional regimes, because the application of liberal rights reasoning in semi-liberal settings neglects the power differentials inherent in such systems and tends to overprotect the rights of some at the expense of the rights of others. Offering Israel as an example of a semi-liberal constitutional system and using one aspect of its semi-liberal nature – the structure of its religion–state relations and specifically of its religious personal laws – the article analyses three decisions of the Israeli Supreme Court, pointing to the special difficulties arising in such settings and offering critiques and corrections to the Court’s rulings where applicable.
Homelessness at discharge and its impact on psychiatric readmission and physician follow-up: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Laliberté V. , Stergiopoulos V. , Jacob B. , Kurdyak P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Aims
A significant proportion of adults who are admitted to psychiatric hospitals are homeless, yet little is known about their outcomes after a psychiatric hospitalisation discharge. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of being homeless at the time of psychiatric hospitalisation discharge on psychiatric hospital readmission, mental health-related emergency department (ED) visits and physician-based outpatient care.

Methods
This was a population-based cohort study using health administrative databases. All patients discharged from a psychiatric hospitalisation in Ontario, Canada, between 1 April 2011 and 31 March 2014 (N = 91 028) were included and categorised as homeless or non-homeless at the time of discharge. Psychiatric hospitalisation readmission rates, mental health-related ED visits and physician-based outpatient care were measured within 30 days following hospital discharge.

Results
There were 2052 (2.3%) adults identified as homeless at discharge. Homeless individuals at discharge were significantly more likely to have a readmission within 30 days following discharge (17.1 v. 9.8%; aHR = 1.43 (95% CI 1.26–1.63)) and to have an ED visit (27.2 v. 11.6%; aHR = 1.87 (95% CI 1.68–2.0)). Homeless individuals were also over 50% less likely to have a psychiatrist visit (aHR = 0.46 (95% CI 0.40–0.53)).

Conclusion
Homeless adults are at higher risk of readmission and ED visits following discharge. They are also much less likely to receive post-discharge physician care. Efforts to improve access to services for this vulnerable population are required to reduce acute care service use and improve care continuity.
Powders with small microparticle size from Hedera	helix and Scrophularia nodosa exhibited high	preventive antioxidant activity against H2O2-induced	oxidative stress in mouse primary spleen cells
Authors: Soualeh Nidhal , Stiévenard Aliçia , Baudelaire Elie , Bouayed Jaouad , Soulimani Rachid 
Published: March 2019

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of powder particle size on the cytoprotective and antioxidant activity of Hedera helix (HH) and Scrophularia nodosa (SN), two medicinal plants more commonly known as ivy and figwort, against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in mouse primary spleen cells. Thus, the preventive effects of powders of 3 different granulometric classes (50–100 μm, 100–180 μm and 180–315 μm) and those of the hydroethanolic (HE) extract from HH and SN on oxidative stress were compared by monitoring reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, malondialdehyde (MDA) production, and the activity of enzymatic antioxidants including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Results showed that pretreatment with the 3 fine powders from both plants generally offered to H2O2-exposed spleen cells, a protection against oxidative stress, highlighted by a significant decrease of both ROS formation and the level of MDA ( p < 0.001), and a significant increase of GPx activity ( p < 0.05). The two superfine powders (i.e. 50–100 μm and 100–180 μm), at 250 μg/mL, were more effective in modulating all oxidative stress markers studied than both HE extracts ( p < 0.01), and the powder with the highest particular size (i.e., 180–315 μm) ( p < 0.01). Compared to untreated cells, our results suggest that pretreatment with powders, in particular the superfine fractions, has relatively restored the levels of antioxidant-related enzymes including GPx, CAT and SOD. In summary, our results suggest differential effects between the 3 different fine powders studied, with the best cytoprotective and antioxidant activities being in favor of the superfine powders.
Flaxseed supplementation improves anthropometric measurements, metabolic, and inflammatory biomarkers in overweight and obese adults
Authors: Yari Zahra , Rahimlou Mehran , Poustchi Hossein , Hekmatdoost Azita 
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Background: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of supplementation with flaxseed on anthropometric measurements, lipid profile, insulin resistance, and inflammatory biomarkers in overweight and obese adults.Methods: Fifty overweight and obese adults with body mass index (BMI) of 30.72 ± 3.31 kg/m2participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to take lifestyle advice or lifestyle advice plus 30 g/day milled flaxseed for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was body weight; secondary outcomes included other anthropometric parameters, lipid profile and inflammatory biomarkers.Results: At the end of the study, the following significant mean differences were seen in flaxseed and control groups, respectively: weight [−9.36 vs. −3.09 kg; P < 0.001], BMI [−3.34 vs. −1.2 kg/m2; P < 0.001], triglycerides [−62.88 vs. −9.85 mg/dL; P < 0.001], total cholesterol [−32.2 vs. −14.95 mg/dL; P = 0.04], homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) [1.25 vs. −0.32; P = 0.024], high sensitive- C reactive protein [−2.2 vs. −1.01 mmol/L; P < 0.001] and tumor necrosis factor-α [−1.34 vs. −0.14 pg/mL; P = 0.005].Conclusion: These results suggest that flaxseed supplementation in addition to lifestyle modification is significantly superior to lifestyle modification alone for weight loss. More studies with different dosages of flaxseed are needed to find the optimal dosage. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02410668.
Pyrolytic Gaseous Hydrocarbon Generation and the Kinetics of Carbon Isotope Fractionation in Representative Model Compounds With Different Chemical Structures
Authors: Lu Shuangfang , Li Jijun , Xue Haitao , Chen Fangwen , Xu Qingxia , Wang Min , Li Wenbiao , Pang Xiaoting 
Published: March 2019

AbstractFive model compounds with representative chemical structures were selected for use in simulation experiments of pyrolytic gas production. The gas production and isotopic fractionation characteristics were observed and analyzed. Then, the factors affecting carbon isotope fractionation during natural gas generation were discussed, and a fractionation model was established and calibrated. We concluded that the final hydrocarbon gas (C1–5) yield of octadecane, octadecylamine, octadecanoic acid, decahydronaphthalene, and 9‐phenylanthracene decreased in turn with the effective hydrogen content. Compared with linear alkanes or alkyl compounds, cycloalkanes have higher thermal stability and generate gas later. The variation in the carbon isotopic composition of natural gas is primarily controlled by the following three factors: (a) the thermal evolution of organic matter results in a gradually heavier isotopic composition for the main gas production stage. (b) Gas inherits the isotopic composition of its parent material, and this effect is evident when the chemical structure and gas generation mechanism between parent materials are similar. (c) The structure of organic matter determines the reaction mechanism of gas generation, which has a significant influence on the range and trend of carbon isotope fractionation in the process of methane generation. An improved chemical kinetic model can accurately characterize carbon isotope fractionation during gas generation.
Indigenous Organic‐Oxidized Fluid Interactions in the Tissint Mars Meteorite
Authors: Jaramillo Elizabeth A. , Royle Samuel H. , Claire Mark W. , Kounaves Samuel P. , Sephton Mark A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe observed fall and rapid recovery of the Tissint Mars meteorite has provided minimally contaminated samples of the Martian surface. We report analyses of Tissint for organic compounds by pyrolysis‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry and for soluble salts by ion chromatography. Pyrolysis‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis shows the presence of organic compounds similar to those in the Mars EETA79001 and Nakhla meteorites. The organic profile is dominated by aromatic hydrocarbons, including oxygen and nitrogen‐containing aromatics, and sulfur‐containing species including thiophenes. The soluble salts in Tissint are dominated by sulfate and various oxidation states of chlorine, including perchlorate. The organic compounds and salts in the soils from the Tissint recovery strewn field differ significantly from those found in Tissint suggesting minimal terrestrial contamination. Our results support the hypothesis that the soluble inorganic components of Tissint are most likely a result of indigenous fluid inclusion, thus providing a glimpse into the composition of early Martian fluids.
Global Energy Dynamics During Substorms on 9 March 2008 and 26 February 2008 Using Satellite Observations and the WINDMI Model
Authors: Spencer E. , Srinivas P. , Vadepu S. K. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe analyze three substorms that occur on (1) 9 March 2008 05:14 UT, (2) 26 February 2008 04:05 UT, and (3) 26 February 2008 04:55 UT. Using ACE solar wind velocity and interplanetary magnetic field Bz values, we calculate the rectified (southward Bz) solar wind voltage propagated to the magnetosphere. The solar wind conditions for the two events were vastly different, 300 kV for 9 March 2008 substorm, compared to 50 kV for 26 February 2008. The voltage is input to a nonlinear physics‐based model of the magnetosphere called WINDMI. The output is the westward auroral electrojet current which is proportional to the auroral electrojet (AL) index from World Data Center for Geomagnetism Kyoto and the SuperMAG auroral electrojet index (SML). Substorm onset times are obtained from the superMAG substorm database, Pu et al. (2010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014217), Lui (2011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA016078) and synchronized to Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms satellite data. The timing of onset, model parameters, and intermediate state space variables are analyzed. The model onsets occurred about 5 to 10 min earlier than the reported onsets. Onsets occurred when the geotail current in the WINDMI model reached a critical threshold of 6.2 MA for the 9 March 2008 event, while, in contrast, a critical threshold of 2.1 MA was obtained for the two 26 February 2008 events. The model estimates 1.99 PJ of total energy transfer during the 9 March 2008 event, with 0.95 PJ deposited in the ionosphere. The smaller events on 26 February 2008 resulted in a total energy transfer of 0.37 PJ according to the model, with 0.095 PJ deposited in the ionosphere.
Observation of Electron Density Depletion Due to Maneuver Operation of H‐II Transfer Vehicle
Authors: Okumura T. , Tsujita D. , Tani H. , Daimon Y. , Kobayashi Y. , Nagata T. , Kasai T. , Ohkawa Y. , Okamoto H. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe plasma sensor on the sixth H‐II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) measured the depletion of electron density during some maneuver operations for attitude or altitude control. In this paper, we first discuss the on‐orbit observation of electron density depletion during the entire lifetime of the HTV. On‐orbit data showed that both altitude and attitude control maneuvers caused the depletion effect. The geocentric coordinates and universal time were also shown to confirm the depletion effect around the HTV by using other techniques, such as total electron content based on the Global Navigation Satellite System network. In the latter part of the paper, we discuss the cause of the depletion effect based on past literature. To analyze the interaction between thruster plume gas and ionospheric plasma, computational fluid dynamics simulations were conducted to analyze the number density distribution of molecules around the HTV. It was found that the combination of charge exchange and dissociative recombination possibly caused the depletion of electron density during altitude control maneuvers, due to neutral particles being ejected from the thrusters and a time delay in the reaction response. During attitude control maneuvers, the electrons of ionospheric plasma were pushed away from the plasma sensor by dense neutral clouds.