bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Standardless EDXRF Analysis of Cations in Ion-Exchange Resin-Impregnated Membranes
Authors: Bogert James R. , Kibler Jack M. , Schmotzer Jack K. 
Published: March 2019

In steam-generating systems of all types, producing and testing pure water is of utmost importance for the life of the system. A 1000-MWe (megawatt electric) power plant generates 6 million pounds of steam per hour if fossil fueled and 11 million pounds per hour if nuclear. Should an impurity have a concentration of only 10 ppb, in a year's time, 550 to 1000 pounds of solids can accumulate in the power-generating cycle. These solids may initiate numerous problems, including preboiler-cycle corrosion, boiler-tube failure, and turbine damage.At the Babcock & Wilcox (B&W) Alliance (Ohio) Research Center and throughout the industry, three principal methods are used to monitor water chemistry. On-line continuous analyzers measure parameters such as pH, conductivity, chloride, and sodium. Grab sampling (followed by laboratory analysis) is used for parameters that are measured less frequently; for example, sulfate. For some parameters, such as corrosion products, special sampling techniques are required. This is because no on-line instruments are available, and grab-samples are not chemically stable. Corrosion products are collected near the sample tap using a 0.45-micron filter-disc followed by a stack of resin-impregnated membranes.
X-Ray Diffraction Study of Fracture Surface Made by Fracture Toughness Tests of Blunt Notched CT Specimen of Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Suzuki Akira , Tanji Akira , Yajima Zenjiro , Hirose Yukio , Tanaka Keisuke 
Published: March 2019

X-ray fractography is a new method utilizing the X-ray diffraction technique to observe the fracture surface for the analysis of the micro-mechanisms and mechanics of fracture.In the present paper, X-ray fractography is applied to fracture surfaces of high strength aluminum alloy (JIS 7075-T6). The fracture toughness tests were conducted by using compact tension (CT) specimens with blunt notches and fatigue pre-cracks. The distribution of the residual stress near fracture surfaces was measured by the X-ray diffraction method. The effect of the notch radius on the fracture toughness value was discussed.
Small, Area X-Ray Diffraction Techniques: Errors in Strain Measurement
Authors: Nunes Thomas L. , Goldsmith Charles C. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe semiconductor industry is continually striving'for smaller, denser devices. Microdiffractometry is an analytical technique which endeavors to apply x-ray diffraction techniques for measuring strain and phase information to areas approaching 50 micrometers diameter or less.This study extends the work of Goldsmith and Walker in the measurement of strain using the lattice distortion or sin2(ψ) plot method.The systematic errors arising from both sample and beam displacement relative to the center of rotation of the cample ie examined. A relationship is derived which predicts the influence of these displacements upon the slope of a stress plot. The predictions are compared to experiment.The influence of random errors arising from particle size and photon counting statistics will also be discussed. Guidelines will be presented which will minimize both systematic and random errors.
The ϕ-Integral Method for X-Ray Residual Stress Measurements
Authors: Wagner C.N.J. , Eigenmann B. , Boldrick M.S. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractResidual stress measurements were made on a ground rail steel (0.75 %C) using the newly developed ϕ-integral method and the conventional ψ-differential method. The strains <εϕψ> were measured as a function of the azimuth angle ϕ, the angle of rotation about an axis perpendicular to the specimen surface, from 0° to 360° in steps of 15°, at fixed tilt angles ψ, the angle between the normals to the specimen surface and the reflecting planes (hkl), set between 0° and 45° in steps of 9°.It was found that <εϕψ> plotted as a function of ϕ is not periodic with the period of 180° and consequently exhibits the so-called ψ-splitting when plotted as a function of sin2ψ at constant ϕ. The Fourier coefficients of the function <εϕψ> plotted versus ϕ were used to evaluate the strain tensor <εij> in the integral method. Assuming that isotropic elasticity theory is applicable, the stress tensor <σij> was calculated, and excellent agreement was found between the values determined with the ϕ integral and ψ-differential methods.
Comparison of Calculated and Experimental Powder X-Ray Diffraction Patterns of Organic Materials
Authors: Cantrell J. S. , Belter T. A. , Sullenger D. B. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe Powder Data File (PDF) contains far fewer organic entries than inorganic ones despite the existence of many more organic compounds. The ready availability of many of the missing organic substances affords their potential inclusion via quality experimental patterns. Considerable expansion of the organic portion of the PDF is also available via computation from the extensive published single crystal literature. Careful comparison of calculated and experimental patterns can be quite useful in resolving problems encountered in patterns from each source and ir more fully characterizing "real-life" materials. Examples of this interplay are presented, featuring, particularly, explosive compounds, an especially sparsely populated portion of the PDF.
A New Analysis Principle for EDXRF: The Monte Carlo - Library Least-Squares Analysis Principle
Authors: Verghese K. , Mickael M. , He T. , Gardner R.P. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA new analysis principle for energy-dispersive X–ray fluorescence has been identified and investigated as to feasibility. It consists of: (1) generating the complete spectral response for a sample of known (assumed) composition by Monte Carlo simulation,(2) keeping track of the individual elemental responses within the Monte Carlo simulation for use as library spectra, (3) use of the library least–squares (linear) analysis method to obtain the elemental amounts for any unknown sample spectrum, and (4) iterating these steps if the unknown amounts are too fax from the assumed composition originally used.This principle has been investigated for a radioisotope source excited EDXRF system consisting of a 109Cd source and a Si(Li) detector for a Cu-Ni alloy sample (CDA Alloy 715) and a stainless steel sample (304 Stainless Steel) and found to give excellent results. This analysis principle makes unique use of the Monte Carlo “forward” simulation method to provide the elemental library spectra for use in the library least-squares method of analysis.
Actual Tasks of Stress Analysis by Diffraction
Authors: Hauk Viktor 
Published: March 2019

Studying the literature, drafts of papers, and proposals of test projects, some ideas on new tasks emerge. Not all thougths may be progressive to the experts. There may exist further problems to be solved in the future. Not mentioning them does not mean they are unimportant, but it is hoped the following may stimulate new methods, new tests, new results, new assessment of residual stresses (RS) to the benefit of this scientific branch.There exists a tremendous volume of literature /\/. In referring to previous papers and results, the procedure of a great old physicist should be followed: mention both the first idea and a comprehensive treatment of the topic.
Analysis of Residual Stress States in Coarse Grained and Single Crystal Nickel-Base Superalloys
Authors: Reimers W. 
Published: March 2019

The single crystal measuring and evaluation technique allows the analysis of stress states in large grained and single crystalline materials. The technique is based on the analysis of the orientation of crystallites under study. Using a fouf-circle-diffractometer, the knowledge of the orientation matrix allows the calculation of the diffractometer setting for every given reflection (hkl). After experimental determination of the precise diffraction angles 20 for at least six reflections of an individual crystallite, its strain tensor components can be obtained by applying least-squares methods. The stress tensor referred to the crystal axes system is calculated using the single crystal elastic constants.The practical use of this measuring and evaluation technique is demonstrated on coarse grained and single crystal nickel-base superalloys and monocrystalline materials.
X-Ray Residual Stress Measurement of Ground Tungsten Carbides with Various Cobalt Contents
Authors: Miyano Masaharu , Hirose Yukio 
Published: March 2019

The X-ray diffraction method was applied to the measurement of residual stresses on the ground or polished surfaces of WC-Co alloys with various Co contents. The X-ray diffractions of WC 211 by Cu K α radiation were used for the stress measurement. The residual stresses on the ground or polished surfaces were all compression. For the same Co content, the compressive value increased with increasing surface roughness. The maximum residua) stress, which was -2.13 GPa, was observed in WC-5.5wt%Co ground with a #140 diamond wheel.The bending strengths of each alloys were obtained by three point bending tests. The bending strengths were influenced by grinding conditions and Co contents. The maximum value of 3.6 GPa was obtained in WC-16.0wt%Co ground with a #140 diamond wheel.For the same Co addition, the bending strengths were closely related to the residual stresses, These relations were approximated by straight lines.
X-Ray Fractography on Fatigue Fracture Surfaces of Mg-9mass%Al-1mass%Zn Alloy
Authors: Kishi Yoichi , Takahashi Shigenobu , Hirose Yukio 
Published: March 2019

X-ray diffraction observation of fracture surfaces provides fracture analysis with useful information on the mechanisms and mechanical conditions of fracturing. This method is called ” X-ray fractography “ and has been developed especially in Japan as a new engineering tool for fracture analysis.In the present paper, X-ray fractography is applied to fatigue fracture surfaces of AZ91 magnesium alloy which are used for machine parts. The X-ray stress constant, H,was first determined. The fatigue tests were conducted by using compact tension ( CT ) specimens of AZ91 magnesium alloy. The residual stress was measured on and beneath the fatigue fracture surface. The depth of the plastic zone left on the fatigue fracture surface was evaluated from the residual stress distribution. The results are discussed on the basis of fracture mechanics.
Oral Health in Relation to Pancreatic Cancer Risk in African American Women
Authors: Gerlovin Hanna , Michaud Dominique S. , Cozier Yvette C. , Palmer Julie R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background:
Incidence of pancreatic cancer is higher in African Americans than in U.S. whites. We hypothesized that poor oral health, disproportionately common in African Americans and associated with increased risk of pancreatic cancer in several studies of predominantly white populations, may play a role in this disparity.

Methods:
We examined the relation of self-reported measures of oral health (periodontal disease and adult tooth loss) in relation to pancreatic cancer incidence in the prospective Black Women's Health Study (BWHS). Cox proportional hazard analyses were used to calculate HRs of pancreatic cancer for women with periodontal disease, tooth loss, or both, relative to women who reported neither. Multivariable models adjusted for age, cigarette smoking, body mass index (BMI), type 2 diabetes, and alcohol consumption.

Results:
Participants aged 33 to 81 were followed for an average of 9.85 years from 2007 through 2016, with occurrence of 78 incidence cases of pancreatic cancer. Multivariable HRs for pancreatic cancer incidence were 1.77 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57–5.49] for periodontal disease with no tooth loss, 2.05 (95% CI, 1.08–3.88) for tooth loss without report of periodontal disease, and 1.58 (95% CI, 0.70–3.57) for both tooth loss and periodontal disease. The HR for loss of at least five teeth, regardless of whether periodontal disease was reported, was 2.20 (95% CI, 1.11–4.33).

Conclusions:
The poor oral health experienced by many African Americans may contribute to their higher incidence of pancreatic cancer.

Impact:
Future research will assess associations between the oral microbiome and pancreatic cancer risk in this population.
In search of the real Pseudomallada prasinus (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae)
Authors: DUELLI PETER , OBRIST MARTIN K. 
Published: March 2019

Three sympatric morphs of Pseudomallada prasinus (Burmeister, 1839) were hybridized in search of reproductively separated species. In addition, 26 morphological and biological traits were recorded for living and preserved specimens of the three morphotypes. Cross-breeding experiments showed that the prasinoid morph “marianus” is a different species from either the “greenhead” or “sulfurhead” morphs. All three are morphologically and biologically distinct. “Greenhead” and “sulfurhead” are small to medium sized and deposit eggs singly, without obligatory diapause in the second instar. In most specimens of these two smaller “prasinus” morphs there is a red or brown suture below the antennae, which can fade with age or preservation. P. “marianus” is a large species, depositing bundled eggs, with an obligatory diapause in about half of the L2. In none of the collected or reared P. “marianus” was a red or brown suture below the eyes observed. The forewing sizes of the type specimens of Chrysopa prasina Burmeister, 1839, C. coerulea Brauer, 1851, and C. marianus Navás, 1915 differ significantly from those of C. aspersa Wesmael, 1841 and other, later synonymized type specimens such as C. sachalinensis Matsumura, 1911, C. burri Navás, 1914, C. caucasica Navás, 1914, or C. vernalis Navás, 1926. This strongly suggests that the “marianus” morph is the real P. prasinus and the “greenhead” and “sulfurhead” morphs correspond to P. aspersus or one of the later synonymized species with smaller wing size.Pseudomallada marianus (Navás, 1905) is confirmed as a synonym of P. prasinus, depositing bundled eggs, whereas smaller prasinoid morphs, depositing single eggs, are not P. prasinus—and are morphologically distinct from P. abdominalis (Brauer, 1856). Pseudomallada aspersus (Wesmael, 1841) is a valid species, but at this point it is not possible to assign it to one of the prasinoid morphs because most of the live color traits are not discernible in old type specimens. A diagnostic description of the “real” P. prasinus can separate almost all P. prasinus specimens, even in museum collections, from P. aspersus (likely to be the “greenhead” morph) and the Mediterranean “sulfurhead”.
Further study of linear PMSM driven ropeless lifts with consideration of imperfections by simulation
Authors: So Albert , Chan WL 
Published: March 2019

To provide a satisfactory lift service to super high-rise buildings (while maintaining a small footprint for the lift hoistways), ropeless multi-car per hoistway system may be the trend. In our previous paper, a simplified machine model and two primitive controllers were adopted and various features of such a ropeless lift car driven by a linear permanent magnet synchronous motor were illustrated by simulation. In this paper, imperfections including pole saliency, various types of friction such as Coulomb, viscous and Stribeck friction, cogging force and end-effect, etc. were considered. The controllers, control interval and simulation interval were improved in both quantity and quality to arrive at a controllably stable operation. For safety during a genuine power failure, the free-falling terminal speed was estimated both by analytical calculation and computer simulation with consideration of such imperfections. It was confirmed that a desirable operation could be achieved by having smaller and practical winding resistance and inductances, larger and practical permanent magnet magnetic flux, and an optimal pole pitch. This paper could be considered an enhanced version of the pervious paper in that the illustration is more realistic when imperfections are considered. It is hoped that experimenters would further verify the findings in this paper so that such technology could become popularly employed in the future lift industry. Practical application: Multi-dimensional multi-car in a hoistway configuration involving linear permanent magnet synchronous machines would become popular in the near future. This paper introduces a more comprehensive mathematical framework by taking into account of the imperfections in the design and evaluation of controllers as well as the drive performance for a multi-car lift system. The results may give lift designers and researchers a hint on how to design the machines and the controllers with the consideration of imperfections in terms of winding design with variation in resistance, inductance, magnetic field strength, pole pitch, saliency and different types of friction. The paper is aimed at providing lift designers and researchers with a more realistic picture to welcome the new age of multi-car multi-dimensional lift technology.
Thyroid cancer in Friuli Venezia Giulia, northeastern Italy: incidence, overdiagnosis, and impact of type of surgery on survival
Authors: Panato Chiara , Serraino Diego , De Santis Emilia , Forgiarini Ornella , Angelin Tiziana , Bidoli Ettore , Zanier Loris , Del Zotto Stefania , Vaccarella Salvatore , Franceschi Silvia , Dal Maso Luigino 
Published: March 2019

Background: Incidence rates of thyroid cancer (TC) increased in the last decades worldwide. This study aimed to describe TC incidence in the Friuli Venezia Giulia (FVG) region, to estimate the quota of overdiagnosis, and to investigate the impact of surgery on long-term survival after TC diagnosis. Methods: TC cases reported to the FVG population-based cancer registry during 2002–2013, aged <85 years, were included. Age standardized rates (ASR) on the European population were computed, while proportion of TC overdiagnosis was estimated in comparison with expected age-specific incidence rates from published time series. Adjusted hazard ratios of death, with 95% confidence intervals, were also estimated. Results: During 2002–2013, 1701 TC cases were reported to the FVG cancer registry, with papillary TC (78.2%) as the most frequent histologic type. ASR increased from 12.4 to 16.5 in women and from 4.3 to 6.2 in men (+33.1% and +44.2%, respectively). Overdiagnosis was estimated as 79% of TC cases in women and 64% in men. Almost all TC cases (97.1%) underwent surgery, including 84.6% of women and 78.9% of men who underwent total thyroidectomy. Up to 10 years after TC diagnosis, the type of surgery did not appear to influence survival. Conclusions: This study documented an increase in TC incidence in FVG in the last decade, with overdiagnosis accounting for a large proportion of TC diagnoses and total thyroidectomy in more than 80% of cases. These findings suggest reconsidering thyroid screening practice and aggressive therapeutic strategies, as recommended by new TC guidelines.
Cancer incidence and mortality trends from 2003 to 2014 in Italy
Authors: Buzzoni Carlotta , Crocetti Emanuele , Guzzinati Stefano , Dal Maso Luigino , Francisci Silvia , Mazzoleni G , Ferrara MA , Caputo E , Coviello E , Galasso R , Citarella A , Sampietro G , Magoni M , Ardizzone A , D’Argenzio A , Sutera Sardo A , Giorno A , La Greca G , Ricci P , Ferretti S , Palma F , Serraino D , Iacovacci S , Melcarne A , Puppo A , Sciacca S , Russo AG , Caruso Bianca , Cavalieri d’Oro L , D’Orsi G , Fusco M , Usala M , Vitale F , Cusimano R , Michiara M , Boschetti L , Chiaranda G , Rosso S , Tumino R , Mangone L , Valenti Clemente S , Falcini F , Caiazzo AL , Cesaraccio R , Tisano F , Fanetti AC , Minerba S , Caldarella A , Candela G , Piffer S , Cania A , Castelli M , Pisani M , Tagliabue G , Bovo E , Brustolin A 
Published: March 2019

Objective: To evaluate short-term (2003–2014) cancer incidence and mortality trends in Italy. Methods: Italian Cancer Registries data, available in the AIRTUM database, from 17 out of 20 regions were used. The number of incident cases and deaths were estimated for those registries and those years with incomplete information. Age-standardized rates, overall and stratified by geographic area, region, sex, cancer site, and major age group, were computed. Time trends were expressed as annual percent change of rates. Results: In Italy, among males, incidence rates for all cancers showed during 2003–2014, a significant decrease (−0.9%/year), with stronger reductions in the northwest (−1.3%/year) and northeast (−2.0%/year since 2006) than in central (−0.7%/year) and southern (−0.4%/year) areas. Among females, a weak but significant overall reduction was detected (−0.1%/year), with a stronger decrease in the northwest (−0.5%/year). Incidence increased among women in the south (0.3%/year) of Italy. Mortality decreased in both sexes (−1.0%/year among males and −0.5%/year among females), but not in the south, where rates had a stable tendency. Conclusions: Incidence among males decreased, supported by trends for prostate, lung, colorectal, and urinary bladder cancers; among females the. The overall cancer incidence trend was stable, or even decreasing, in the northern and central areas and increasing in the southern areas, due to lung, thyroid, and melanoma rising trends. Study results provided information on the outcomes, in terms of cancer incidence and mortality, of primary and secondary prevention measures employed by regional health systems.
Additional hemoperfusion is associated with improved overall survival and self-reported sleep disturbance in patients on hemodialysis
Authors: Gu Yan Hong , Yang Xiu Hong , Pan Li Hua , Zhan Xiao Li , Guo Li Li , Jin Hui Min 
Published: March 2019

Introduction: Patients with maintenance hemodialysis have experienced long-standing sleep disturbance. In this study, we attempted to explore whether long-term hemoperfusion could improve sleep and increase the overall survival in hemodialysis patients. Methods: A total of 158 patients, who underwent routine hemodialysis, were assessed in this study. These patients were computer-matched into two groups, with one group including 80 patients with absolute hemodialysis and the other consisting of 78 cases with hemodialysis in combination with hemoperfusion. Hemoperfusion was performed 1–2 times biweekly, with each session lasting 2 h. Self-reported sleep disturbance was evaluated before and after the observational time (2-year period); sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Findings: Using multivariate regression analyses, we found sleep duration was associated with age, diabetes, low income, pruritus, hyperphosphatemia, hypercalcemia, high parathyroid hormone, and hemoglobin ( P < 0.001). The overall survival rate of the hemodialysis in combination with hemoperfusion group was significantly higher than that of the absolute hemodialysis group ( P < 0.05) after adjusting for sex, age, and diabetes. A 2-year hemoperfusion therapy was associated with improved sleep disturbance and sleep efficiency; this was accompanied by an increase in nocturnal melatonin levels. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the first hospitalization between the hemodialysis and hemodialysis in combination with hemoperfusion groups ( P < 0.01). Discussion: Our results indicated that hemoperfusion in combination with hemodialysis is associated with an increase in the overall survival and improved sleep disorders in hemodialysis patients.