bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toileting‐related falls at night in hospitalised patients: The role of nocturia
Authors: Rose Georgie , Decalf Veerle , Everaert Karel , Bower Wendy F. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence and characteristics of toileting‐related falls in hospitalised older people.MethodsRetrospective analysis of falls related to night‐time toileting in patients 60 years or over in a tertiary hospital during a one‐year period.ResultsOverall 34% of falls were related to toileting with at least 44% of these falls occurring during the night. Toilet‐related falls peaked between 11 pmand 1am, a period that coincides with maximum supine‐induced diuresis. Almost half of night falls occurred at the bedside. In 80% of night toileting‐related falls, patients were mobilising without the recommended level of assistance. Half of all patients had no strategies for toileting documented in their care plan.ConclusionFindings support screening for nocturia in older inpatients and implementation of strategies to reduce both the need for toileting at night and risk factors for falling.
PAG1 limits allergen‐induced type 2 inflammation in the murine lung
Authors: Ullah Md Ashik , Vicente Cristina T. , Collinson Natasha , Curren Bodie , Sikder Md Al Amin , Sebina Ismail , Simpson Jennifer , Varelias Antiopi , Lindquist Jonathan A. , Ferreira Manuel A. R. , Phipps Simon 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundPhosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid‐enriched microdomains 1 (PAG1) is a transmembrane adaptor protein that affects immune receptor signaling in T and B cells. Evidence from genome‐wide association studies of asthma suggests that genetic variants that regulate the expression of PAG1 are associated with asthma risk. However, it is not known whether PAG1 expression is causally related to asthma pathophysiology. Here, we investigated the role of PAG1 in a preclinical mouse model of house dust mite (HDM)‐induced allergic sensitization and allergic airway inflammation.MethodsPag1‐deficient (Pag1−/−) and wild‐type (WT) mice were sensitized or sensitized/challenged to HDM, and hallmark features of allergic inflammation were assessed. The contribution of T cells was assessed through depletion (anti‐CD4 antibody) and adoptive transfer studies.ResultsType 2 inflammation (eosinophilia, eotaxin‐2 expression, IL‐4/IL‐5/IL‐13 production, mucus production) in the airways and lungs was significantly increased in HDM sensitized/challenged Pag1−/− mice compared to WT mice. The predisposition to allergic sensitization was associated with increased airway epithelial high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) translocation and release, increased type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and monocyte‐derived dendritic cell numbers in the mediastinal lymph nodes, and increased T‐helper type 2 (TH2)‐cell differentiation. CD4+ T‐cell depletion studies or the adoptive transfer of WT OVA‐specific CD4+ T cells to WT or Pag1−/− recipients demonstrated that the heightened propensity for TH2‐cell differentiation was both T cell intrinsic and extrinsic.ConclusionPAG1 deficiency increased airway epithelial activation, ILC2 expansion, and TH2 differentiation. As a consequence, PAG1 deficiency predisposed toward allergic sensitization and increased the severity of experimental asthma.
Supplementation of salvianic acid A to boar semen extender to improve seminal quality and antioxidant capacity
Authors: Tian Xuekai , Li Dong , He Yulin , Zhang Wenyu , He Hongmei , Du Renrang , Pang Weijun , Yang Gongshe , Yu Taiyong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this test was to investigate the effect of salvianic acid A (SAA, CAS No. 76822‐21‐4) on the quality of boar semen during liquid storage at 17°C. The effects of different concentrations of SAA on semen quality and antioxidant capacity were analyzed. Boar semen was diluted with Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) containing different concentrations (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 μM of SAA). During the storage period, sperm activity was measured every 24 hr, and plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and catalase (CAT) activity were measured at 0, 1, 3, and 5 days. The results from our study suggest that different concentrations of SAA have different effects on semen preservation. Semen samples supplemented with SAA showed reduced effects of oxidative stress on sperm compared to the control samples. Supplementation of 30 μM of SAA significantly improved sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, and antioxidant capacity. However, the addition of SAA to the extender was scarcely beneficial to the improvement of results of artificial insemination with boar semen after liquid preservation. Further studies are necessary in order to demonstrate that SAA has good effects on the liquid preservation of semen.
Assessing the role of off‐take and source–sink dynamics in the extinction of the amphidromous New Zealand grayling (Prototroctes oxyrhynchus)
Authors: Lee Finnbar , Perry George L. W. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Some extinctions have obvious drivers (e.g. over‐harvesting), while others can be less obvious and arise from multiple interacting factors. The extinction of the New Zealand grayling (Prototroctes oxyrhynchus) has been blamed on over‐fishing and predation by introduced trout, but these explanations fail to account for the species disappearance from isolated, uninvaded rivers. We investigated if source–sink dynamics, facilitated by P. oxyrhynchus's amphidromous dispersal habit, could account for the species’ rapid extinction.

We created a database of P. oxyrhynchus sightings by surveying newspapers dating back to 1839, along with a review of traditional scientific literature. We used this database to update P. oxyrhynchus's known distribution map and inform sighting models to predict P. oxyrhynchus's extinction date. Finally, we implemented a meta‐population model to explore how source–sink dynamics could interact with off‐take (over‐fishing or predation) to drive extinction.

Prototroctes oxyrhynchus was found across New Zealand, except the north of the North Island. Based on sightings methods, the earliest predicted extinction date was 1924, although the species may have persisted until 1972, later than previous estimates have suggested. In the absence of source–sink dynamics, relatively high levels of off‐take were sustainable (up to 30% per generation). When the species was modelled as a panmictic meta‐population including 5% sink habitats, the sustainable off‐take rate was reduced to as low as 5% per generation.

Prototroctes oxyrhynchus was a widespread, abundant species that underwent rapid declines and ultimately went extinct. Previous attempts to explain this extinction have failed to account for the species extinction from isolated, pristine rivers. Our modelling shows that treating the species as a panmictic metapopulation and including source–sink dynamics rapidly increases the probability of extinction. We suggest that source–sink dynamics may be an important aspect of the population dynamics of amphidromous species and should be considered when managing taxa with similar dispersal habits.
Expanded Practice in Midwifery: Designing, Implementing, and Maintaining Programs
Authors: DeJoy Susan A. , Holley Sharon , Friedman Laurie , Mills Michelle , Jackson‐Köhlin Donna , Detterman Carly , Green Katharine 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAdvances in health care science and delivery, coupled with patient need for access to care, have driven expanded practice in midwifery for decades. The process for development and implementation of expanded practices for midwives and midwifery practices is described. Important components include assessment of need, identifying stakeholders and supporters, development of a program proposal, obtaining privileges, developing training programs, and conducting ongoing quality management and program evaluation. Examples of expanded practice in midwifery are presented.
Surveillance factors change outcomes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma due to chronic hepatitis C virus infection in New Zealand
Authors: Schauer Cameron , van Rijnsoever Marius , Gane Edward 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAlthough surveillance for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) with 6 monthly imaging is recommended for patients with cirrhosis secondary to chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, international studies report poor adherence and there is paucity of data on its effect on patient outcomes. The primary aim of this study was to review cases of HCC secondary to HCV to determine the impact of adherence with HCC surveillance on survival. A total of 520 patients with confirmed HCC secondary to chronic HCV from 31 January 2001 to 31 May 2018 were identified from a prospective national HCC database. Computerized clinical records, general practitioner referral letters and secondary care clinic letters were subsequently retrospectively analysed for methods of HCC detection. HCC was detected through routine surveillance in only 224 patients (44%). HCC was detected either incidentally or following the onset of symptoms in nonadherent (12%), suboptimal surveyed (3%), undiagnosed cirrhotic (12%) or recently diagnosed HCV patients (21%) or were never offered surveillance (2%). Routine surveillance improved overall survival, OR 0.41 (95% CI [0.32, 0.53], P < .0001), with an overall mean survival of 91.5 months (95% CI 76.4, 106.6) compared to 43.0 (95% CI 34.2, 51.9) for those patients not receiving regular surveillance Outcome following diagnosis of HCC secondary to chronic HCV is determined by early detection when curative intervention is possible. Lack of diagnosis of HCV and nonadherence to HCC surveillance results in late diagnosis and poor outcomes. Under‐diagnosis of HCV infection and lack of diagnosis of cirrhosis in patients known to have HCV infection reduce the benefit of current HCC surveillance strategies.
Oil and Africa’s macroeconomy: are structural breaks important?
Authors: Olanrele Iyabo , Adenikinju Adeola 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study examines the changing impact of oil price shocks on Nigeria and South Africa. Using a structural break approach, recent studies have established the altered impact of oil price shocks consequent to the Great Moderation that commenced in the mid‐1980s. While several studies have focused on the oil–macroeconomic relationship in Africa, little attention has been paid to the variation across different periods. This study investigated the possible changing impact of oil on inflation and the real gross domestic product growth rate in the two largest African economies that are, respectively, net oil‐exporting and net importing countries. A data set from 1970 quarter 1 to 2016 quarter 4 was employed. An impulse response function was used as a referenced model while rolling impulse approach was adopted to ascertain variation across periods. Our findings show the magnitude of the impacts of oil price shocks has declined significantly since the 1990s. Several factors were adduced for the muted effects of oil in the two economies. These factors were largely driven by domestic policies and institutional reforms. Hence, not taking account of the time‐varying nature of the relationship may not provide a complete picture of the relationships between oil and macroeconomic outcomes among African countries.
Multicentre evaluation of Erytra Eflexis®, a benchtop fully automated analyser with a compact design for routine use in blood transfusion laboratory
Authors: Elliott C. , Carrascosa T. , Souchet J.‐L. , Smith D. , Malaxetxebarria I. , You J. , Bendahan M. , Barnes S. , Lisle F. , Whitehouse N. 
Published: July 2019

SummaryObjectivesEvaluation of the compact benchtop Erytra Eflexis® automated analyser was performed at three health centres representing a range of routine transfusion workload.BackgroundAutomation instruments with the simplicity and flexibility adequate for small‐ to mid‐sized blood transfusion services are an unmet need.MethodsPerformance in pre‐transfusion testing (2109 ABO/D, 382 Rh/K phenotype, 2001 antibody screening, 113 antibody identification, 151 DAT, 88 extended phenotype; 655 cross matching) in comparison to Erytra® as reference device was assessed. Throughput [time to first result (TTFR), final turn‐around time (TAT), processing rate] was calculated; usability and adaptability in laboratory practice under routine and with emergency samples were surveyed.ResultsAgreement between systems was 99·8% (11/5499 test discrepancies, all due to weak/doubtful positive reactions). Erytra Eflexis produced six true positives (two Rh/D, two B positives, two screening), four false positives (three screening and one cross matching) and one false negative (screening). Processing of eight routine samples with the Erytra Eflexis for ABO/Rh(D) and screening took 34–38 min and 32–37 min, respectively, independent of the simultaneous processing of a STAT sample, whether or not the incubator for STAT was reserved. In this scenario, a STAT sample requested within 2 min after the routine load was processed in 14–26 min. Processing rate tended to stabilise and optimise in the larger workloads, particularly in ABO/Rh(D)/K cards (16·7, 18 and 19·5 results/h for 10, 15 and 24 specimens, respectively).ConclusionErytra Eflexis analyser was found to be reliable and suitable for pre‐transfusion routine tests performed in a small‐/medium‐sized blood transfusion laboratory.
The third international standard for anti‐D immunoglobulin: international collaborative study to evaluate candidate preparations
Authors: Fox Bernard , Sharp Giles , Atkinson Eleanor , Roberts Graham , Rigsby Peter , Studholme Lucy 
Published: July 2019

Background and ObjectivesThe purpose of the study was to evaluate a lyophilized anti‐D immunoglobulin preparation to serve as a replacement WHO International Standard for the calibration of potency assays of anti‐D immunoglobulin products. Such products are used to prevent haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn due to maternal alloanti‐D.Materials and MethodsThe candidate 3rd International Standard for anti‐D immunoglobulin (16/332) was evaluated and calibrated against the 2nd International Standard for anti‐D immunoglobulin (01/572), along with a coded duplicate, a second candidate preparation (16/278) and a comparability sample (16/272) in an international collaborative study. Twenty of 21 laboratories in 15 countries performed one or more of the three European Pharmacopoeia reference methods.ResultsThe overall geometric mean potency (from all methods) of the candidate 3rd International Standard, 16/332, was 296·6 IU/ampoule, with inter‐laboratory variability, expressed as % GCV, of 4·7%. SE‐HPLC of the immunoglobulin preparations demonstrated combined monomeric and dimeric IgG peak areas of >95% for all samples. Accelerated stability studies have shown both 16/332 and 16/278 to be very stable for long‐term storage at −20°C.ConclusionsPreparation 16/332 was established by the World Health Organisation Expert Committee on Biological Standardization as the 3rd International Standard for anti‐D immunoglobulin with an assigned potency of 297 IU/ampoule.
Modular Redundancy for Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts: Reducing Incidence of Failure due to Catheter Obstruction
Authors: Viker Tom , Stice Jim 
Published: July 2019

Cerebrospinal fluid shunts for the treatment of hydrocephalus fail at a rate of 40% within the first year. The importance of this problem is supported by one institution’s analysis of neurosurgical 30-day readmissions with CSF shunt failure only second to brain tumor readmissions. Hospital shunt related costs have been estimated at $1.4 to $2 billion annually. The majority of these costs are attributable to shunt failures based on the number of revisions out of the total numbers of annual shunt procedures.
The technical innovation of this project is a low cost, low risk and easy to implement CSF shunt design change compatible with current protocols. The proposed product is an innovative distal catheter to minimize the need for revision surgery due to obstruction (also referred to as occlusion). This is accomplished with a dual lumen catheter (current distal catheters are single lumen) consisting of a primary lumen and a secondary lumen providing redundant functionality in the event ofprimary lumen occlusion thereby eliminating the need for surgical shunt revision.
40% of shunts fail within the year after implant and distal catheter obstruction accounts for up to 24% of failures. Though less prevalent than proximal catheter occlusion, incidence of distal catheter occlusion is significant and improved reliability would reduce costs and improve patient outcomes by lowering the number of revisions.
Treatment failure in neovascular age-related macular degeneration is associated with a complex chemokine receptor profile
Authors: Bjerregaard Thomas , Krogh Nielsen Marie , Molbech Christopher Rue , Subhi Yousif , Sørensen Torben Lykke 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveTo investigate if chemokine expression patterns on leucocyte subsets influence the short-term anatomical treatment response of intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy against neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD).Methods and analysisThis study was conducted as a prospective observational cohort study of 79 patients with neovascular AMD. We used optical coherence tomography to quantify central retinal thickness (CRT) and to evaluate the presence of intraretinal and subretinal fluids in treatment-naive patients at baseline and after loading dose. Anatomical response was categorised into either good responders (complete regression of fluid or a reduction of >75% in CRT), partial responders (reduction of 0%–75% in CRT) or non-responders (increase of CRT). Expression levels of chemokine receptors (CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR5, CXCR3 and CX3CR1) were measured on leucocyte subsets (monocytes, CD4 +T cells, and CD8 +T cells) using flow cytometry. Finally, we explored potential correlation patterns of chemokine expression between the leucocyte subsets using group-specific correlation networks.ResultsNon-responders had higher CCR1 expression on monocytes (p=0.016) and lower CCR3 expression on CD8+ T cells (p=0.037). Correlation network analyses of chemokine receptor expression patterns on leucocyte subsets revealed intergroup differences.ConclusionShort-term anatomical treatment response in neovascular AMD varies according to the leucocyte subset chemokine expression pattern, which confirms that immune dysfunction is a complex issue in AMD. Our results suggest that focusing on chemokines may be a relevant approach towards personalised treatment in neovascular AMD.
The module of derivations of certain hypersurfaces
Authors: Dey Arindam , Wagh Vinay 
Published: July 2019

Let [Formula: see text] be an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0. Further, [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is a polynomial in [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text]. We show that the module of derivations of [Formula: see text], namely [Formula: see text] is generated by [Formula: see text] elements. We also compute the generators explicitly. It is well known that, in such cases, [Formula: see text] is stably free of rank [Formula: see text]. As a special case, when [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is quasi-homogeneous, we give an explicit minimal generating set for [Formula: see text], consisting of two derivations.
Foreign Aid and Corruption: Clarifying Murky Empirical Conclusions
Authors: Efobi Uchenna , Beecroft Ibukun , Asongu Simplice 
Published: July 2019

This study considers foreign aid flow by sector in which the aid is directed and then estimates its impact on corruption in order to clarify the specific direction of aid flow that triggers (or does not trigger) corrupt practices. Data are from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development database, Freedom House dataset, and the World Bank Governance Indicators. The dynamic system GMM and quantile regressions (QR) were estimated for robust estimation and correction of endogeneity issues. We found that aid flows for the development of economic infrastructure, multi-sector and programme assistance were consistently reducing corruption. This result stands for both the entire sample and for the African countries (especially for countries at the 25th, 50th and 75th quintiles). Aid flows to social infrastructure and debt relief significantly induce corrupt practices in the sampled countries. These forms of aid only spur rent-seeking behaviour for countries at the lower quintiles of corruption. Two robust checks were estimated, including: (a) using an alternate explained variable—the corruption measure by Transparency International; and (b) correcting for endogeneity in the QR estimation by instrumenting the independent variables of interest with their first-lags. For both checks, the signs and significant values of the variables were consistent with the earlier estimation. JEL Codes: B20, F35, F50, O10, O55
Theories of Suggestion
Authors: Brown William 
Published: July 2019

The word “suggestion” has been used in educational, scientific and medical literature in slightly different senses. In psychological medicine the use of suggestion has developed out of the earlier use of hypnotic influence. Charcot defined hypnosis as an artificial hysteria, Bernheim as an artificially increased suggestibility. The two definitions need to be combined to give an adequate account of hypnosis. Moreover, due allowance should be made for the factors of dissociation and of rapport in hypnotic phenomena. The relationships between dissociation, suggestibility, and hypnotizability. Theories of suggestion propounded by Pierre Janet, Freud, McDougall, Pawlow and others. Ernest Jones's theory of the nature of auto-suggestion. Janet explains suggestion in terms of ideo-motor action in which the suggested idea, because of the inactivity of competing ideas, produces its maximum effect. Freud explains rapport in terms of the sex instinct “inhibited in its aim” (transference) and brings in his distinction of “ego” and “ego-ideal” (or “super-ego”) to supplement the theory. Jones explains auto-suggestion in terms of narcissism. McDougall explains hypnotic suggestion in terms of the instinct of self-abasement. But different instincts may supply the driving power to produce suggestion-effects in different circumstances. Such instincts as those of self-preservation (fear) and gregariousness may play their part. Auto-suggestion as a therapeutic factor is badly named. It supplements, but does not supplant the will, and makes complete volition possible.