bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
F654A and K558Q Mutations in NMDA Receptor 1 Affect Ethanol‐Induced Behaviors in Drosophila
Authors: Troutwine Benjamin , Park Annie , Velez‐Hernandez Maria E. , Lew Linda , Mihic S. John , Atkinson Nigel S. 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundN‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors regulate synaptic plasticity and modulate a wide variety of behaviors. Mammalian NMDA receptors are inhibited by ethanol (EtOH) even at low concentrations. In mice, the F639A mutation in transmembrane domain (TMD) 3 of the NR1 subunit reduces EtOH sensitivity of the receptor and, in some paradigms, reduces behavioral EtOH sensitivity and increases EtOH consumption. We tested the fly equivalent of the F639A and K544Q mutations for effects on EtOH sensitivity. Drosophila shows a high degree of behavioral and mechanistic conservation in its responses to EtOH.MethodsHomologous recombination and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing were used to generate amino acid changes in the Drosophila NMDAR1 gene, yielding F654A and K558Q alleles. Animals were tested for the degree of EtOH sensitivity, the ability to acquire tolerance to EtOH, EtOH drinking preference, circadian rhythmicity, learning, and locomotor defects.ResultsWe observed that mutating the NMDAR1 channel also reduces EtOH sensitivity in adult flies. However, in flies, it was the K558Q mutation (orthologous to K544Q in mice) that reduces EtOH sensitivity in a recovery‐from‐sedation assay. The effects of the F654A mutation (orthologous to F639A in mice) were substantially different in flies than in mammals. In flies, F654A mutation produces phenotypes opposite those in mammals. In flies, the mutant allele is homozygous viable, does not seem to affect health, and increases EtOH sensitivity. Both mutations increased feeding but did not alter the animal's preference for 5% EtOH food. F654A depressed circadian rhythmicity and the capacity of males to court, but it did not depress the capacity for associative learning. K554Q, on the other hand, has little effect on circadian rhythmicity, only slightly suppresses male courtship, and is a strong learning mutant.ConclusionsMutations in TMD 3 and in the extracellular‐vestibule calcium‐binding site of the NR1 NMDA subunit affect EtOH sensitivity in Drosophila.
Movement patterns of forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis Matschie, 1900) in the Odzala‐Kokoua National Park, Republic of Congo
Authors: Molina‐Vacas Guillem , Muñoz‐Mas Rafael , Martínez‐Capel Francisco , Rodriguez‐Teijeiro José Domingo , Le Fohlic Guillaume 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAfrican forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis Matschie, 1900) are ecological engineers that play a fundamental role in vegetation dynamics. The species is of immediate conservation concern, yet it is relatively understudied. To narrow this knowledge gap, we studied the drivers of daily movement patterns (linear displacements) of forest elephants—characterised by a set of geographical, meteorological and anthropogenic variables—in the Odzala‐Kokoua National Park, Republic of Congo. Explicitly, we used conditional random forest to model and disentangle the main environmental factors governing the displacements of six forest elephants, fitted with GPS collars and tracked over 16 months. Results indicated that females moved further distances than males, while the presence of roads or human settlements disrupted elephant behaviour resulting in faster displacements. Forest elephants moved faster along watercourses and through forest with understory dominated by Marantaceae forests and bais, but moved slower in savannahs. Finally, flood‐prone areas—described by elevation and accumulated precipitation—and higher temperatures prevented longer displacements. We expect these results to improve the knowledge on the species movements through different habitats, which would benefit its conservation management.
Editorial: HBV—the naked truth? Authors’ reply
Authors: Jiang Bingfu , Peiffer Kai‐Henrik , Hildt Eberhard 
Published: October 2019

LINKED CONTENTThis article is linked to Jiang et al and Pasetto et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15381 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15428.
Editorial: a non‐dietary treatment for coeliac disease—two steps forward, one step back?
Authors: Mitchell Hannah , Garg Mayur 
Published: October 2019

LINKED CONTENTThis article is linked to Truitt et al and Truit and Anderson papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15435 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15494.
Editorial: pressure to close the therapeutic window of non‐selective beta blockers? Authors’ reply
Authors: Tergast Tammo L. , Maasoumy Benjamin 
Published: October 2019

LINKED CONTENTThis article is linked to Tergast et al and Mandorfer and Reiberger papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15439 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15472.
Relation between cell‐bound exopolysaccharide production via plasmid‐encoded genes and rugose colony morphology in the probiotic Lactobacillus brevis KB290
Authors: Fukao Masanori , Zendo Takeshi , Inoue Takuro , Fuke Nobuo , Moriuchi Tomoo , Yamane Yasuhiro , Nakayama Jiro , Sonomoto Kenji , Fukaya Tetsuya 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe probiotic Lactobacillus brevis KB290 is a natural producer of cell‐bound exopolysaccharide (EPS), and the plasmid‐encoded glycosyltransferase genes are responsible for this EPS production. KB290 forms unique rugose colonies inside an agar medium; this characteristic is useful for detecting and enumerating KB290 in the gut or feces. However, the genetic elements associated with this morphology remain unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate the relation between the plasmid eps genes and rugose colony morphology in KB290. The plasmid‐cured mutants formed smooth colonies, and the rugose colony morphology was restored after complementation with the eps genes. The eps genes were successfully cloned and expressed in other L. brevis and L. plantarum strains. In these transformant strains, the presence of the EPS, consisting of glucose and N‐acetylglucosamine, correlated with rugose colonies, indicating that EPS is responsible for rugose colony formation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report identifying the genetic factors influencing rugose colonies in Lactobacillus strains. This rugose colony formation may serve as a useful selective marker for KB290 in routine laboratory and research settings and can be used to detect the spontaneous loss of plasmids in this strain.
Provision of beta‐glucan prebiotics (cellooligosaccharides and kraft pulp) to calves from pre‐ to post‐weaning period on pasture
Authors: Kido Kyoko , Tejima Shigeki , Haramiishi Miyuu , Uyeno Yutaka , Ide Yasuyuki , Kurosu Kazuhiro , Kushibiki Shiro 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe conducted two feeding experiments to evaluate the effects of supplementation with either cellooligosaccharide or kraft pulp on growth performance in grazing beef calves (Japanese Black) from 4 weeks pre‐weaning to 12 to 16 weeks post‐weaning. In Experiment 1 (20‐week duration), nine calves (2.9‐month‐old females) were assigned to either a control group (CON) or an experimental group (CEL) fed cellooligosaccharide at a rate of 10 g/day mixed with concentrate. Average daily weight gain tended to be greater in CEL than in CON, especially after 1 month of weaning. In Experiment 2 (16‐week duration), 10 calves (2.0‐month‐old females) were assigned to either a control group or an experimental group (KRA) fed kraft pulp at a rate of 10% replacement of total digestible nutrients with concentrate. The proportion of fibrolytic bacteria increased and that of methanogenic Archaea decreased in the rumen microbial community composition of KRA calves in Experiment 2, whereas the decrease in Fibrobacter and Archaea was observed in CEL calves at first 4 weeks in Experiment 1. We conclude that beta‐glucan prebiotic supplementation to grazing calves at pre‐weaning would affect rumen microbial composition and modified rumen fermentation characteristics, leading to a better rumen environment via different means.
Trypanosoma cruzi cleaves galectin-3 N-terminal domain to suppress its innate microbicidal activity
Authors: Pineda M , Corvo L , Callejas-Hernández F , Fresno M , Bonay P 
Published: October 2019

Summary
Galectin-3 is the best-characterized member of galectins, an evolutionary conserved family of galactoside-binding proteins that play central roles in infection and immunity, regulating inflammation, cell migration and cell apoptosis. Differentially expressed by cells and tissues with immune privilege, they bind not only to host ligands, but also to glycans expressed by pathogens. In this regard, we have previously shown that human galectin-3 recognizes several genetic lineages of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas’ disease or American trypanosomiasis. Herein we describe a molecular mechanism developed by T. cruzi to proteolytically process galectin-3 that generates a truncated form of the protein lacking its N-terminal domain – required for protein oligomerization – but still conserves a functional carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). Such processing relies on specific T. cruzi proteases, including Zn-metalloproteases and collagenases, and ultimately conveys profound changes in galectin-3-dependent effects, as chemical inhibition of parasite proteases allows galectin-3 to induce parasite death in vitro. Thus, T. cruzi might have established distinct mechanisms to counteract galectin-3-mediated immunity and microbicide properties. Interestingly, non-pathogenic T. rangeli lacked the ability to cleave galectin-3, suggesting that during evolution two genetically similar organisms have developed different molecular mechanisms that, in the case of T. cruzi, favoured its pathogenicity, highlighting the importance of T. cruzi proteases to avoid immune mechanisms triggered by galectin-3 upon infection. This study provides the first evidence of a novel strategy developed by T. cruzi to abrogate signalling mechanisms associated with galectin-3-dependent innate immunity.
Time delay in seeking treatment for first‐episode schizophrenia: a retrospective study
Authors: Chen Hongguang , Wang Tingwei , Wang Dandan , Gao Xiangqi 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimA longer duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is associated with higher risk of relapse and a poorer overall prognosis. The study is designed to explore the duration of untreated schizophrenia and associated factors in Northwest China.MethodsA total of 7252 patients with first‐episode schizophrenia registered from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2018 in Yulin of China were included. The median delay time was estimated by Kaplan‐Meier survival curve. Two‐level mixed‐effects survival model was used to calculate the hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval for factors associated with treatment delay. The outcome variable of interest was defined as ‘receiving antipsychotic treatment’.ResultsUp to 40.4% of patients with schizophrenia were illiterate and 78% were farmers and 75.6% were living under the national poverty line. The median treatment delay was 30 months (Interquartile range: 2‐217). Older age at onset (age group 21‐28, HR 1.3; 29‐39, HR 1.3; 40 above, HR 1.4), female gender (HR 1.1), unmarried status(HR 1.1) and high educational level (primary, HR 1.4; Junior HR 1.8 and high school and above, HR 1.8) were found to be associated with lower risk of treatment delay. Widowed status (HR 0.6) was associated with an increased risk of treatment delay.ConclusionsThe median duration of untreated schizophrenia in this study was longer than findings reported in many prior studies. Early age of onset, male patients, widowed status and low education level were at high risk of treatment delay. Early detection, diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia in northwest China should be strengthened.
Cardiac biomarkers associated with epilepsy in a captive baboon pedigree
Authors: Szabó Charles Ákos , Akopian Margarita , González David A. , de la Garza Melissa A. , Carless Melanie A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe epileptic baboon provides a natural model of idiopathic generalized epilepsy and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). This retrospective, case‐controlled study aims to evaluate cardiac biomarkers of epilepsy, specifically QT‐interval prolongation and heart rate variability (HRV), in pedigreed, captive baboons undergoing scalp electroencephalography (EEG). We retrospectively identified 21 epileptic (nine females, mean age = 11.4 ± 5.4 years) and 19 asymptomatic control (12 females, mean age = 10.5 ± 6.3 years) baboons, who had undergone scalp EEG studies with an artifact‐free, 10‐beat electrocardiogram sample. All baboons were sedated with subanesthetic doses of ketamine prior to electrode placement. PR, QT, and RR intervals were measured, and Fridericia‐corrected QT duration (QTcF) and root mean square of successive differences between RR intervals (RMSSD; representative of HRV) values were compared between the groups. The epilepsy group had significantly prolonged QT and QTcF intervals (P = .005) compared to controls. RMSSD values were nonsignificantly decreased in epileptic baboons compared to the control group. This study demonstrates cardiac repolarization anomalies and reduction of HRV in epileptic baboons, providing new cardiac biomarkers in pedigreed baboons and potential risk factors for SUDEP.
Corporate watchdogs
Authors: Navone Marco , To Thomas 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe investigate the role of financial analysts as corporate watchdogs. We show that firms that are subject to intense analyst monitoring are more likely to be investigated by the Securities and Exchange Commission or to be the subject of a securities class action. Using cross‐sectional variations in managerial entrenchment, we find that this effect is not a reflection of the “dark side of analyst coverage,” analysts pushing executives to misbehave to exceed short‐term expectations. Our findings are robust to different identification strategies addressing the endogeneity of analyst coverage decisions.
Biogeochemical and physical controls on methane fluxes from two ferruginous meromictic lakes
Authors: Lambrecht Nicholas , Katsev Sergei , Wittkop Chad , Hall Steven J. , Sheik Cody S. , Picard Aude , Fakhraee Mojtaba , Swanner Elizabeth D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMeromictic lakes with anoxic bottom waters often have active methane cycles whereby methane is generally produced biogenically under anoxic conditions and oxidized in oxic surface waters prior to reaching the atmosphere. Lakes that contain dissolved ferrous iron in their deep waters (i.e., ferruginous) are rare, but valuable, as geochemical analogues of the conditions that dominated the Earth's oceans during the Precambrian when interactions between the iron and methane cycles could have shaped the greenhouse regulation of the planet's climate. Here, we explored controls on the methane fluxes from Brownie Lake and Canyon Lake, two ferruginous meromictic lakes that contain similar concentrations (max. >1 mM) of dissolved methane in their bottom waters. The orderMethanobacterialeswas the dominant methanogen detected in both lakes. At Brownie Lake, methanogen abundance, an increase in methane concentration with respect to depths closer to the sediment, and isotopic data suggest methanogenesis is an active process in the anoxic water column. At Canyon Lake, methanogenesis occurred primarily in the sediment. The most abundant aerobic methane‐oxidizing bacteria present in both water columns were associated with the Gammaproteobacteria, with little evidence of anaerobic methane oxidizing organisms being present or active. Direct measurements at the surface revealed a methane flux from Brownie Lake that was two orders of magnitude greater than the flux from Canyon Lake. Comparison of measured versus calculated turbulent diffusive fluxes indicates that most of the methane flux at Brownie Lake was non‐diffusive. Although the turbulent diffusive methane flux at Canyon Lake was attenuated by methane oxidizing bacteria, dissolved methane was detected in the epilimnion, suggestive of lateral transport of methane from littoral sediments. These results highlight the importance of direct measurements in estimating the total methane flux from water columns, and that non‐diffusive transport of methane may be important to consider from other ferruginous systems.
Binary mixtures of alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil with tall fescue: Herbage traits associated with the improved growth performance of beef steers
Authors: Waldron Blair L. , Bingham Troy J. , Creech J. Earl , Peel Michael D. , Miller Rhonda , Jensen Kevin B. , ZoBell Dale R. , Eun Jong‐Su , Heaton Kevin , Snyder Donald L. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHigh nitrogen (N) fertilizer costs and increased environmental stewardship have renewed interest in grass–legume pastures. This research compared herbage mass, nutritive value, steer growth performance and economics of binary mixtures of tall fescue (Schendonorus arundinaceus [Schreb.] Dumort, nom. Cons.) (TF) with alfalfa (ALF) (TF + ALF, Medicago sativa L.) and birdsfoot trefoil (BFT) (TF + BFT, Lotus corniculatus L.), to tall fescue with (TF + N) and without N fertilizer (TF–N). Pastures were established in Lewiston, Utah, USA, and rotationally stocked by Angus beef steers for 112 days in 2012 and 2013. Herbage samples were collected prior to each 7‐day stocking period and analyzed for mass and nutritive value. Steers were weighed each 28‐day rotation cycle and cumulative average daily gain (ADG) calculated. Steer performance differed (p = .05) among most treatments with ADG greatest for TF + BFT (0.73 kg/day) and TF + ALF (0.67 kg/day), followed by TF + N (0.61 kg/day) and the least for TF–N (0.40 kg/day). Multivariate analysis indicated that small inherent differences in herbage energy, fiber and digestibility were highly correlated with steer growth. Other variables associated with ADG included legume proportion and herbage mass. Fescue–legume mixtures had 29 to 33% legume proportion, and more (p = .05) favorable energy and fiber concentrations than grass monocultures. Whereas herbage mass was greatest (p = .05) for TF + N (2,956 kg/ha), followed closely by TF + BFT (2,741 kg/ha) and TF + ALF (2,623 kg/ha). Overall, TF + BFT and TF + ALF pastures had less herbage, but better nutritive value and increased steer growth performance compared to TF + N, without the added cost of fertilizer.
Psoriasis as a comorbidity of hidradenitis suppurativa
Authors: Kjærsgaard Andersen Rune , Saunte Sara K. , Jemec Gregor B. E. , Saunte Ditte M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundHidradenitis suppurativa (HS) and psoriasis (PSO) appear to share important pathogenic elements; in spite of this, the co‐occurrence of the two has been widely unexplored.MethodsTo explore the co‐occurrence of HS and PSO, we recorded the number of patients attending the outpatient clinic at the Department of Dermatology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark, for the ICD10 diagnosis HS (DL73.2) or PSO (DL40.0, DL40.3, DL40.4, DL40.8, and DL40.9). Data were further compared with previously reported Danish national prevalence rates for HS and PSO.ResultsA total of 1,036 patients were included from the outpatient clinic: 440 HS, 624 PSO, and 28 with both diagnoses. In total 6.4% of HS patients had PSO, and 4.5% of PSO patients had HS. HS patients had OR = 2.99 (95% CI 2.04–4.38) of having PSO as compared to the background population. For PSO patients, they had OR = 2.56 (95% CI 1.74–3.77).DiscussionWe found a strong association between HS and PSO, which implies a possible comorbidity between PSO and HS that has not previously been properly elucidated. Such a connection could be a common inflammatory pathway driven by the increased secretion of IL‐12/23 and TNFα that is a hallmark of both diseases.
Historical contingency, niche conservatism and the tendency for some taxa to be more diverse towards the poles
Authors: Morales‐Castilla Ignacio , Davies T. Jonathan , Rodríguez Miguel Á. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimWe test the ability of the biotic exchange across the Bering land bridge coupled to niche conservatism to explain current day mammalian diversity gradients.LocationThe Holarctic.TaxonMammals.MethodsWe compared the diversity within clades that participated in the exchange (colonizers), whose ancestors withstood the Beringian cold temperatures, with that within clades that did not participate (sedentaries). We contrasted biogeographical patterns, tested the ability of environmental models to predict species richness of colonizers and sedentaries across continents and, compared richness‐climate relationships between colonizers and sedentaries controlling for phylogenetic effects.ResultsWe find that assemblages of colonizers are more diverse towards higher latitudes, opposing the traditional latitudinal diversity gradient which is followed by sedentaries. Despite the long passage of time since this major dispersal event, we find that the geographic distribution of colonizers is more strongly correlated with the distributions of other colonizers inhabiting a different continent than to the distribution of sedentary species.Main conclusionsOur results highlight the importance of historical migrations and dispersal in configuring present‐day diversity gradients. We also suggest that colonizers may be particularly vulnerable to future climate change because of the predicted disproportionate decrease in climate space in the extra‐tropical realm where they are currently most diverse.
Social Support and Patterns of Institutionalization Among Older Adults: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Oh Anna , Patel Kanan , Boscardin W. John , Max Wendy , Stephens Caroline , Ritchie Christine S. , Smith Alexander K. 
Published: October 2019

OBJECTIVESTo identify participants living at home and to estimate the risk of their transition into an institutional setting.DESIGNProspective cohort study from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), a nationally representative survey of US adults aged 65 and older.SETTINGUS national sample.PARTICIPANTSA total of 4712 NHATS participants were living at home in 2011. Residential transitions were described every year through 2017.MEASUREMENTSThe primary outcome was transition time into an institutional setting. Primary predictors were social support factors (living spouse, lives with others, presence of social network, and participation in social activities). Covariates included age, sex, race, cognitive status, functional disability, multimorbidity, and Medicaid enrollment. A Fine and Gray hazards model estimated the risk of transition into an institutional setting, with death before institutionalization considered a competing risk.RESULTSIn 2011, 4712 NHATS participants were living at home (78 ± 8 y; 57% female; 80% white; 10% probable dementia; 7% with three or more activities of daily living disabilities). By 2017, 58% remained at home, 17% had either transitioned to an institution or died in an institution, and 25% died before institutionalization. In multivariable analyses that adjusted for age, sex, race, cognitive status, functional disability, multimorbidity, and Medicaid enrollment, participants were more likely to move out of the home into an institution if they had no social network (0 vs three or more people; subhazard ratio [sHR] = 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2–2.5; P = .003) or lived alone (sHR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.6–2.2; P < .0001). Older adults who enjoyed going to the movies, dinner, or the casino and visiting family or friends had a lower probability of institutionalization compared with participants who did not enjoy these activities or did not visit family or friends (adjusted sHR = .7; 95% CI = .6–.9; adjusted sHR = .7; 95% CI = .6–.9, respectively).CONCLUSIONPolicy initiatives should target older adults with limited social support to reduce the risk of moving from home into an institution. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2622–2627, 2019