bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local Directional Cues Control Growth Polarity of Dopaminergic Axons Along the Rostrocaudal Axis
Authors: Nakamura Shin-ichiro , Ito Yasuko , Shirasaki Ryuichi , Murakami Fujio 
Published: April 2018

The vertebrate CNS is composed of a variety of longitudinal axonal tracts extending rostrally and caudally. Although recent studies have demonstrated that chemoattraction and chemorepulsion play key roles in axon guidance along the circumferential axis in the neural tube of the vertebrate, mechanisms of axonal elongation along the longitudinal axis, and most importantly, what determines rostrocaudal polarity of axonal growth, remains unknown. Here, we examined the mechanism that guides midbrain dopaminergic axons rostrally, using flat whole-mount preparations of embryonic rat brain bothin vivoandin vitro.At embryonic day 11 (E11) and early stage E12, dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain extended short axons dorsally. By middle stage E12, these axons had increased in number, some deflecting rostrally and others caudally. At E13, almost all axons showed rostrally oriented growth heading toward the forebrain targets. Inin vitrowhole-mount preparations prepared from an E12 embryo and cultured for 24 hr, these axons showed rostrally oriented growth, but when they were forced to grow on substratum of reversed rostrocaudal polarity, they turned abruptly and grew following the polarity of the reversed midbrain substratum. These results suggest that local directional cues in the midbrain guide these axons rostrally and support the idea that substratum-associated polarized cues play an important role in axon guidance along the longitudinal axis.
c-Fos Expression in GABAergic, Serotonergic, and Other Neurons of the Pontomedullary Reticular Formation and Raphe after Paradoxical Sleep Deprivation and Recovery
Authors: Maloney Karen J. , Mainville Lynda , Jones Barbara E. 
Published: April 2018

The brainstem contains the neural systems that are necessary for the generation of the state of paradoxical sleep (PS) and accompanying muscle atonia. Important for its initiation are the pontomesencephalic cholinergic neurons that project into the pontomedullary reticular formation and that we have recently shown increase c-Fos expression as a reflection of neural activity in association with PS rebound after deprivation in rats (Maloney et al., 1999). As a continuation, we examined in the present study c-Fos expression in the pontomedullary reticular and raphe neurons, including importantly GABAergic neurons [immunostained for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)] and serotonergic neurons [immunostained for serotonin (Ser)].Numbers of single-labeled c-Fos+ neurons were significantly increased with PS rebound only in the pars oralis of the pontine reticular nuclei (PnO), where numbers of GAD+/c-Fos+ neurons were conversely significantly decreased. c-Fos+ neurons were positively correlated with PS, whereas GAD+/c-Fos+ neurons were negatively correlated with PS, suggesting that disinhibition of reticular neurons in the PnO from locally projecting GABAergic neurons may be important in the generation of PS. In contrast, through the caudal pons and medulla, GAD+/c-Fos+ cells were increased with PS rebound, covaried positively with PS and negatively with the electromyogram (EMG). In the raphe pallidus-obscurus, Ser+/c-Fos+ neurons were positively correlated, in a reciprocal manner to GAD+/c-Fos+ cells, with EMG, suggesting that disfacilitation by removal of a serotonergic influence and inhibition by imposition of a GABAergic influence within the lower brainstem and spinal cord may be important in the development of muscle atonia accompanying PS.
Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Developing Mammalian Motoneurons: Regulation of Programmed Cell Death Among Motoneuron Subtypes
Authors: Oppenheim Ronald W. , Houenou Lucien J. , Parsadanian Alexender S. , Prevette David , Snider William D. , Shen Liya 
Published: April 2018

Because of discrepancies in previous reports regarding the role of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in motoneuron (MN) development and survival, we have reexamined MNs in GDNF-deficient mice and in mice exposed to increased GDNF afterin uterotreatment or in transgenic animals overexpressing GDNF under the control of the muscle-specific promoter myogenin (myo-GDNF). With the exception of oculomotor and abducens MNs, the survival of all other populations of spinal and cranial MNs were reduced in GDNF-deficient embryos and increased in myo-GDNF andin uterotreated animals. By contrast, the survival of spinal sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion and spinal interneurons were not affected by any of the perturbations of GDNF availability.In wild-type control embryos, all brachial and lumbar MNs appear to express the GDNF receptors c-ret and GFRα1 and the MN markers ChAT, islet-1, and islet-2, whereas only a small subset express GFRα2. GDNF-dependent MNs that are lost in GDNF-deficient animals express ret/GFRα1/islet-1, whereas many surviving GDNF-independent MNs express ret/GFRα1/GFRα2 and islet-1/islet-2. This indicates that many GDNF-independent MNs are characterized by the presence of GFRα2/islet-2. It seems likely that the GDNF-independent population represent MNs that require other GDNF family members (neurturin, persephin, artemin) for their survival. GDNF-dependent and -independent MNs may reflect subtypes with distinct synaptic targets and afferent inputs.
Activation of Locomotion in Adult Chronic Spinal Rats Is Achieved by Transplantation of Embryonic Raphe Cells Reinnervating a Precise Lumbar Level
Authors: y Ribotta Minerva Giménez , Provencher Jeanine , Feraboli-Lohnherr Delphine , Rossignol Serge , Privat Alain , Orsal Didier 
Published: April 2018

Traumatic lesions of the spinal cord yield a loss of supraspinal control of voluntary locomotor activity, although the spinal cord contains the necessary circuitry to generate the basic locomotor pattern. In spinal rats, this network, known as central pattern generator (CPG), was shown to be sensitive to serotonergic pharmacological stimulation. In previous works we have shown that embryonic raphe cells transplanted into the sublesional cord of adult rats can reinnervate specific targets, restore the lesion-induced increase in receptor densities of neurotransmitters, promote hindlimb weight support, and trigger a locomotor activity on a treadmill without any other pharmacological treatment or training.With the aim of discriminating whether the action of serotonin on CPG is associated to a specific level of the cord, we have transplanted embryonic raphe cells at two different levels of the sublesional cord (T9 and T11) and then performed analysis of the kinematic and EMG activity synchronously recorded during locomotion. Locomotor performances were correlated to the reinnervated level of the cord and compared to that of intact and transected nontransplanted animals. The movements expressed by T11 transplanted animals correspond to a well defined locomotor pattern comparable to that of the intact animals. On the contrary, T9 transplanted animals developed limited and disorganized movements as those of nontransplanted animals. The correlation of the locomotor performances with the level of reinnervation of the spinal cord suggests that serotonergic reinnervation of the L1-L2 level constitutes a key element in the genesis of this locomotor rhythmic activity. This is the firstin vivodemonstration that transplanted embryonic raphe cells reinnervating a specific level of the cord activate a locomotor behavior.
Extracellular Peptidase Activity Tunes Motor Pattern Modulation
Authors: Wood Debra E. , Nusbaum Michael P. 
Published: April 2018

We are examining how extracellular peptidase activity sculpts the peptidergic actions of modulatory projection neurons on rhythmically active neuronal circuits, using the pyloric circuit in the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) of the crabCancer borealis. Neurally released peptides can diffuse long distances to bind to their receptors. Hence, different neurons releasing the same neuropeptide into the same neuropil may reach the same receptor complement. However, extracellular peptidases can limit neuropeptide diffusion and terminate its actions.Distinct versions of the pyloric rhythm are elicited by selective activation of different projection neurons, including those with overlapping sets of cotransmitters. Two of these projection neurons, modulatory commissural neuron 1 (MCN1) and the modulatory proctolin neuron (MPN), contain the neuropeptide proctolin plus GABA. MCN1 also containsCancer borealistachykinin-related peptide Ia (CabTRP Ia). CabTRP Ia is not fully responsible for the distinct actions of MCN1 and MPN. Because there is aminopeptidase activity in the STG that terminates proctolin actions, we tested the hypothesis that the differences in the actions of MCN1 and MPN that are not mediated by CabTRP Ia result from the differential actions of aminopeptidase activity on proctolin released from these two projection neurons. We found that the pyloric circuit response to these two projection neurons becomes more similar when this aminopeptidase activity is blocked. This result supports the hypothesis that extracellular peptidase activity enables different projection neurons to use the same neuropeptide transmitter for eliciting distinct outputs from the same neuronal circuit.
Wingless Signaling: A Genetic Journey from Morphogenesis to Metastasis
Authors: Bejsovec Amy 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
This FlyBook chapter summarizes the history and the current state of our understanding of the Wingless signaling pathway. Wingless, the fly homolog of the mammalian Wnt oncoproteins, plays a central role in pattern generation during development. Much of what we know about the pathway was learned from genetic and molecular experiments in Drosophila melanogaster, and the core pathway works the same way in vertebrates. Like most growth factor pathways, extracellular Wingless/Wnt binds to a cell surface complex to transduce signal across the plasma membrane, triggering a series of intracellular events that lead to transcriptional changes in the nucleus. Unlike most growth factor pathways, the intracellular events regulate the protein stability of a key effector molecule, in this case Armadillo/β-catenin. A number of mysteries remain about how the “destruction complex” destabilizes β-catenin and how this process is inactivated by the ligand-bound receptor complex, so this review of the field can only serve as a snapshot of the work in progress.
Biology in Bloom: A Primer on the Arabidopsis thaliana Model System
Authors: Woodward Andrew W , Bartel Bonnie 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana could have easily escaped human scrutiny. Instead, Arabidopsis has become the most widely studied plant in modern biology despite its absence from the dinner table. Pairing diminutive stature and genome with prodigious resources and tools, Arabidopsis offers a window into the molecular, cellular, and developmental mechanisms underlying life as a multicellular photoautotroph. Many basic discoveries made using this plant have spawned new research areas, even beyond the verdant fields of plant biology. With a suite of resources and tools unmatched among plants and rivaling other model systems, Arabidopsis research continues to offer novel insights and deepen our understanding of fundamental biological processes.
Reducing Electrolyte Testing in Hospitalized Children by Using Quality Improvement Methods
Authors: Tchou Michael J. , Tang Girdwood Sonya , Wormser Benjamin , Poole Meifawn , Davis-Rodriguez Stephanie , Caldwell J. Timothy , Shannon Lauren , Hagedorn Philip A. , Biondi Eric , Simmons Jeffrey , Anderson Jeffrey , Brady Patrick W. 
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Despite studies indicating a high rate of overuse, electrolyte testing remains common in pediatric inpatient care. Frequently repeated electrolyte tests often return normal results and can lead to patient harm and increased cost. We aimed to reduce electrolyte testing within a hospital medicine service by &gt;25% within 6 months.

METHODS:
We conducted an improvement project in which we targeted 6 hospital medicine teams at a large academic children’s hospital system by using the Model for Improvement. Interventions included standardizing communication about the electrolyte testing plan and education about the costs and risks associated with overuse of electrolyte testing. Our primary outcome measure was the number of electrolyte tests per patient day. Secondary measures included testing charges and usage rates of specific high-charge panels. We tracked medical emergency team calls and readmission rates as balancing measures.

RESULTS:
The mean baseline rate of electrolyte testing was 2.0 laboratory draws per 10 patient days, and this rate decreased by 35% after 1 month of initial educational interventions to 1.3 electrolyte laboratory draws per 10 patient days. This change has been sustained for 9 months and could save an estimated $292 000 in patient-level charges over the course of a year. Use of our highest-charge electrolyte panel decreased from 67% to 22% of testing. No change in rates of medical emergency team calls or readmission were found.

CONCLUSIONS:
Our improvement intervention was associated with significant and rapid reduction in electrolyte testing and has not been associated with unintended adverse events.
DINAMIKA POPULASI DAN LAJU PEMANFAATAN IKAN BANDENG (Chanos chanos) DI WADUK SEMPOR, JAWA TENGAH
Authors: Aisyah Aisyah Aisyah , Umar Chairulwan , Triharyuni Setiya , Husnah Husnah 
Published: April 2018

Ikan bandeng (Chanos chanos) di Waduk Sempor diintroduksi pada tahun 2014 melalui penerapan teknologi perikanan tangkap berbasis budidaya (Culture Based Fisheries, CBF). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pertumbuhan bandeng melalui pengamatan parameter pertumbuhan dan biologi populasinya di Waduk Sempor, Jawa Tengah. Data yang dianalisis diperoleh dari hasil pencatatan enumerator periode September 2014 sampai– Desember 2015. Kajian dinamika populasi ikan bandeng yang meliputi laju pertumbuhan, laju kematian dan tingkat pemanfaatan mengacu pada persamaan Von Bertalanffy dan turunannya. Aspek biologi meliputi hubungan panjang berat mengacu pada model logistik, serta faktor kondisi, keseluruhan analisis dilakukan secara manual dengan program excel 2007. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa parameter pertumbuhan panjang-asimtotik L∞ = 55,97 cm TL dan K= 0,38 per tahun. Laju kematian total (Z) = 1,17 per tahun, kematian alami (M) = 0,56 per tahun, kematian akibat penangkapan (F) = 0,61 per tahun serta laju eksploitasi (E) = 0,5. Pertumbuhan populasi dan laju pemanfaatan menunjukkan bahwa bandeng sudah dimanfaatkan secara optimal oleh masyarakat di sekitar Waduk Sempor. Milkfish (Chanos chanos) was introduced at 2014 in Sempor Reservoir through culture based fisheries (CBF) technology. This study aims to evaluate population growth of the milkfish in Sempor Reservoir. Data were collected from September 2015 to December 2016, and were analyzed using excel 2007 programe manually. Analysis of length-weight relationship is refers to logistic model, population dynamic like growth rate, mortality and mortality rate are refers to Von Bertalanffy and differentiate of it. Biology of population like length-weight relationship are refers to logistic model, and condition factor. The results showed that growth parameters were L∞ = 55.97 cm TL and K = 0.38 year-1. Total mortality (Z) = 1.17 year-1; M = 0.56 year-1; F = 0.61 year-1; and E=0.5. The growth rate and exploitation rate of Milkfish (Chanos chanos) in Sempor Reservoir has been utilized optimally.
BEBERAPA ASPEK BIOLOGI UDANG WINDU (Penaeus monodon (Fabricus, 1789) DI PERAIRAN TARAKAN, KALIMANTAN UTARA
Authors: Chodrijah Umi , Faizah Ria 
Published: April 2018

Udang windu merupakan salah satu komoditas ekonomis di Indonesia dan sudah dimanfaatkan serta dikembangkan cukup lama di perairan Tarakan sehingga perlu upaya pengelolaan dengan salah satu dasar kajian biologinya. Penelitian ini membahas beberapa aspek biologi udang windu, meliputi hubungan panjang-berat, nisbah kelamin, kematangan kelamin, serta ukuran rata-rata tertangkap dan matang kelamin. Penelitian dilakukan pada selama bulan Januari-November 2016. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, dari 2208 ekor contoh udang windu yang dianalisa, ukuran yang tertangkap berkisar antara 21,9-63 mmCL serta hubungan panjang-bobot menyatakan pola pertumbuhan isometrik. Musim pemijahan diduga terjadi sepanjang tahun dengan puncak pemijahan pada bulan Maret-April dan September. Nisbah kelamin udang berada dalam kondisi tidak seimbang dan didominasi oleh betina. Rata-rata ukuran pertama kali tertangkap (Lc) adalah pada panjang karapas 40,69 mmCL serta rata-rata ukuran matang gonad (Lm) udang betina adalah 33,58 mmCL. Tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon, Fabricus, 1789) was one of economic commodity of shrimp in Indonesia and had been exploited and developed for long time so that necessary management measure based on biology study. The aim of the research was to study of biology aspects of tiger shrimp such as length-weigth relationship, sex ratio, maturity stage and length of first capture (Lc) and length of first maturity (Lm). The research were carried out from January to November 2016 using survey method and the enumeration programme. The result of 2.208 sample of tiger shrimp analyzed showed that size of tiger shrimp between 21.9-63 mmCL with the growth follows a isometric trend. Spawning season occurs throughout the year with peak season in March-April and September. Sex ratio was in an unbalanced condition dominated by females. The length of first capture (Lc) was 40.69 mmCL and length of first maturity (Lm) was 33.58 mmCL.
GC-MS Assisted Phytoactive Chemical Compounds Identiﬁcation and Profiling with Mineral Constituents from Biologically Active Extracts of Aerva javanica (Burm. f) Juss. ex Schult.
Authors: KARTHISHWARAN Kandhan , KAMALRAJ Subban , JAYABASKARAN Chelliah , KURUP Shyam S. , SAKKIR Sabitha , CHERUTH Abdul J. 
Published: April 2018

Aerva javanica (Burm. f) Juss. ex Schult. (Family: Amaranthaceae) family is one of the traditional medicinal plant growing in the United Arab Emirates. Apart from studies related to some medicinal properties, phytochemical, GC MS compound characterization and biological activities still to be investigated. An experiment was conducted to determine the possible bioactive components with their chemical structures and elucidation of phytochemicals from the aerial parts of the plant. The macro and micro-mineral constituents and antioxidant activities were also evaluated. Aerial parts of A. javanica were extracted sequentially with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol by cold percolation method. Free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties of methanolic extract were evaluated by using in vitro antioxidant assays such as hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, superoxide radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity. Primary phytochemical and micro-macro element was tested using standard protocol. The chemical characterization was done with the help of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS), and the mass spectra of the total compounds in the extract were matched with the National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) library. Mineral constituents were identified and estimated by ICP-OES. Ninety-nine metabolites were obtained by GC-MS anslysis; indole was found to be major components followed by 2-Chlorallyl diethyldithiocarbamate (CDEC), Carbaril, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, Quinoline, 4H-Cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene,2-[Bis(2-chloroethylamino)]-tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine-2-oxide, Phenobarbital, 1H-Indole, 2-methyl-, 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Disulfide, diphenyl. The presence of various bioactive compounds in the extract validates the traditional medicinal uses of this plant.
FV Panellerin Modellenmesi için Geliştirilen Yeni Bir FV Simülatör Yapısı
Authors: BEŞER Ersoy 
Published: April 2018

Güneş
hücresi veya dizisi kullanan Fotovoltaik (FV) sistemlerin akım (I) – gerilim
(V) ve güç (P) – gerilim (V) karakteristikleri hava koşullarına bağlıdır.
Araştırmacıların, tekrarlanabilen laboratuvar koşullarında maksimum güç
izleyici veya izleyici algoritmalarının performanslarını tespit edebilmeleri
amacıyla güneş hücresi veya dizisinin (FV panel) çıkış karakteristiğine
benzeyen ve gerçekçi verileri verebilen yardımcı bir ekipmana ihtiyaçları
vardır. Bu ekipmana literatürde FV simülatör
adı verilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, FV panellerin laboratuvar ortamında
modellenmesi için geliştirilen yeni bir FV simülatör yapısı önerilmiştir.
Önerilen FV simülatör seri bağlı kaskat modüllerden meydana gelmektedir. FV
simülatörün en belirgin özelliği modül sayısının kolaylıkla
arttırılabilmesidir. Böylece FV simülatörün çıkış geriliminin seviye sayısı artmaktadır.
Bu özellik sayesinde FV simülatörün I-V eğrisi, modellenmek istenen gerçek FV panelin
I-V eğrisine daha çok benzemektedir. Önerilen yapının performansını göstermek
amacıyla bir simülasyon çalışması yapılmıştır. Simülasyon çalışmasında, ilk
önce gerçek bir FV panelin I-V verileri simülasyon programına yüklenmiştir.
Gerçek I-V verileri kullanılarak FV simülatör için gerekli anahtarlama
sinyalleri simülasyon programında oluşturulmuştur. 5 ve 6 modüllü durum için FV
simülatörün I-V ve P-V eğrileri elde edilmiş ve gerçek FV panelin eğrileri ile
karşılaştırılmıştır. Ayrıca farklı güneş ışınımları ve parçalı gölgelenme
durumları için de I-V ve P-V eğrileri elde edilmiş ve sonuçları verilmiştir.
Modül sayısı arttıkça gerçek FV panel ile önerilen FV simülatörün I-V ve P-V
eğrileri birbirine çok yakın çıkmaktadır. Önerilen yapının FV simülatör olarak
kullanılması oldukça uygundur. Gerek modüler yapıya sahip olması gerekse elde
edilen sonuçlar dikkate alındığında, önerilen simülatörün yüksek gerilim ve güç
uygulamalarında kullanılmaya elverişli olduğu görülmektedir