bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Child Labour in Indonesia: Supply-Side Determinants
Authors: Haszelinna binti Abang Ali Dayang , Arabsheibani G. Reza 
Published: March 2018

This study analyses the determinants of working among 10–17 years’ children and to investigate the presence of Luxury Axiom. Child tends to work as they gets older, has biological ties to the household head and lives in a rural area. The higher levels of household head’s education lead to the children’s been less likely to work. With regard to the Luxury Axiom, household income is negatively impact the work decision. Birth order is positively related to working and the probability of working decreases by the presence of employed adult. Finally, the impact of the child’s activities varies by provinces. AbstrakKajian ini menganalisis faktor-faktor penentu bekerja di kalangan anak-anak yang berusia 10–17 tahun dan untuk menyelidiki keberadaan Luxury Axiom. Anak-anak cenderung untuk bekerja seiring dengan bertambahnya usia mereka, adanya hubungan biologis dengan kepala rumah tangga, dan tempat tinggal mereka di pedesaan. Selain itu, semakin tingginya tingkat pendidikan kepala rumah tangga mendorong ke arah pengurangan kecenderungan anak-anak untuk bekerja. Terkait dengan Luxury Axiom, pendapatan rumah tangga memiliki dampak negatif terhadap keputusan untuk bekerja dan kemungkinan untuk bekerja menurun seiring dengan adanya orang dewasa yang bekerja. Terakhir, besarnya dampak aktivitas anak bervariasi adalah berdasarkan daerah.Kata kunci: Pekerja Anak; Modal Manusia; Lapangan KerjaJEL classifications: J13; J21; O15
Public Spending and Learning Outcomes of Basic Education at the District Level in Indonesia
Authors: Jasmina Thia 
Published: March 2018

Since 2009, the Indonesian government has fully allocated 20 percent of its budget on education. Though the increase of financial resources has led to an improvement of the access to education, challenges on the quality of education persist. By employing a cross-districts analysis in Indonesia during 2010–2015, this study aims to analyze the impact of government spending on the adjusted-national examination scores at the junior secondary education. This study shows that the central and local government spending have no significant impact on the scores. Whereas, the central government spending on teachers, and the socioeconomic factors such as poverty and health are significant determinants.AbstrakSejak 2009, Pemerintah Indonesia telah dapat mengalokasikan 20 persen anggaran untuk pendidikan. Peningkatan anggaran di sektor pendidikan yang signifikan di satu sisi telah meningkatkan akses pendidikan, tetapi di sisi lain masih terdapat tantangan terhadap kualitas pendidikan. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa dampak belanja pemerintah terhadap nilai ujian nasional SMP dengan menggunakan analisa cross-section di kabupaten/kota Indonesia pada tahun 2010–2015. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa belanja pemerintah pusat dan daerah tidak mempunyai dampak yang signifikan terhadap nilai ujian nasional SMP. Akan tetapi, transfer pemerintah pusat untuk guru serta kondisi sosial ekonomi seperti kemiskinan dan kesehatan merupakan faktor yang signifikan.Kata kunci: Pendidikan; Belanja Pemerintah; Hasil Pembelajaran; Kabupaten/Kota; IndonesiaJEL classifications: H75; I22
Capturing patient-reported area of knee pain: a concurrent validity study using digital technology in patients with patellofemoral pain
Authors: Matthews Mark , Rathleff Michael S. , Vicenzino Bill , Boudreau Shellie A. 
Published: March 2018

Background
Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is often reported as a diffuse pain at the front of the knee during knee-loading activities. A patient’s description of pain location and distribution is commonly drawn on paper by clinicians, which is difficult to quantify, report and compare within and between patients. One way of overcoming these potential limitations is to have the patient draw their pain regions using digital platforms, such as personal computer tablets.

Objective
To assess the validity of using computer tablets to acquire a patient’s knee pain drawings as compared to paper-based records in patients with PFP.

Methods
Patients (N = 35) completed knee pain drawings on identical images (size and colour) of the knee as displayed on paper and a computer tablet. Pain area expressed as pixel density, was calculated as a percentage of the total drawable area for paper and digital records. Bland–Altman plots, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Pearson’s correlation coefficients and one-sample tests were used in data analysis.

Results
No significant difference in pain area was found between the paper and digital records of mapping pain area (p = 0.98), with the mean difference = 0.002% (95% CI [−0.159–0.157%]). A very high agreement in pain area between paper and digital pain drawings (ICC = 0.966 (95% CI [0.93–0.98], F = 28.834, df = 31, p < 0.001). A strong linear correlation (R2 = 0.870) was found for pain area and the limits of agreement show less than ±1% difference between paper and digital drawings.

Conclusion
Pain drawings as acquired using paper and computer tablet are equivalent in terms of total area of reported knee pain. The advantages of digital recording platforms, such as quantification and reporting of pain area, could be realized in both research and clinical settings.
Reliability and concurrent validity of the iPhone® Compass application to measure thoracic rotation range of motion (ROM) in healthy participants
Authors: Furness James , Schram Ben , Cox Alistair J. , Anderson Sarah L. , Keogh Justin 
Published: March 2018

Background
Several water-based sports (swimming, surfing and stand up paddle boarding) require adequate thoracic mobility (specifically rotation) in order to perform the appropriate activity requirements. The measurement of thoracic spine rotation is problematic for clinicians due to a lack of convenient and reliable measurement techniques. More recently, smartphones have been used to quantify movement in various joints in the body; however, there appears to be a paucity of research using smartphones to assess thoracic spine movement. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the reliability (intra and inter rater) and validity of the iPhone® app (Compass) when assessing thoracic spine rotation ROM in healthy individuals.

Methods
A total of thirty participants were recruited for this study. Thoracic spine rotation ROM was measured using both the current clinical gold standard, a universal goniometer (UG) and the Smart Phone Compass app. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability was determined with a Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI). Validation of the Compass app in comparison to the UG was measured using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and levels of agreement were identified with Bland–Altman plots and 95% limits of agreement.

Results
Both the UG and Compass app measurements both had excellent reproducibility for intra-rater (ICC 0.94–0.98) and inter-rater reliability (ICC 0.72–0.89). However, the Compass app measurements had higher intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.96 − 0.98; 95% CI [0.93–0.99]; vs. ICC = 0.94 − 0.98; 95% CI [0.88–0.99]) and inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.87 − 0.89; 95% CI [0.74–0.95] vs. ICC = 0.72 − 0.82; 95% CI [0.21–0.94]). A strong and significant correlation was found between the UG and the Compass app, demonstrating good concurrent validity (r = 0.835, p < 0.001). Levels of agreement between the two devices were 24.8° (LoA –9.5°, +15.3°). The UG was found to consistently measure higher values than the compass app (mean difference 2.8°, P < 0.001).

Conclusion
This study reveals that the iPhone® app (Compass) is a reliable tool for measuring thoracic spine rotation which produces greater reproducibility of measurements both within and between raters than a UG. As a significant positive correlation exists between the Compass app and UG, this supports the use of either device in clinical practice as a reliable and valid tool to measure thoracic rotation. Considering the levels of agreement are clinically unacceptable, the devices should not be used interchangeably for initial and follow up measurements.
A Two‐Phase Model for Trade Matching and Price Setting in Double Auction Water Markets
Authors: Xu Tingting , Zheng Hang , Zhao Jianshi , Liu Yicheng , Tang Pingzhong , Yang Y. C. Ethan , Wang Zhongjing 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDelivery in water markets is generally operated by agencies through channel systems, which imposes physical and institutional market constraints. Many water markets allow water users to post selling and buying requests on a board. However, water users may not be able to choose efficiently when the information (including the constraints) becomes complex. This study proposes an innovative two‐phase model to address this problem based on practical experience in China. The first phase seeks and determines the optimal assignment that maximizes the incremental improvement of the system's social welfare according to the bids and asks in the water market. The second phase sets appropriate prices under constraints. Applying this model to China's Xiying Irrigation District shows that it can improve social welfare more than the current “pool exchange” method can. Within the second phase, we evaluate three objective functions (minimum variance, threshold‐based balance, and two‐sided balance), which represent different managerial goals. The threshold‐based balance function should be preferred by most users, while the two‐sided balance should be preferred by players who post extreme prices.
Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations and Bioactivity in the Hyporheic Zone
Authors: Reeder W. Jeffery , Quick Annika M. , Farrell Tiffany B. , Benner Shawn G. , Feris Kevin P. , Tonina Daniele 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations and consumption rates are primary indicators of heterotrophic respiration and redox conditions in the hyporheic zone (HZ). Due to the complexity of hyporheic flow and interactions between hyporheic hydraulics and the biogeochemical processes, a detailed, mechanistic, and predictive understanding of the biogeochemical activity in the HZ has not yet been developed. Previous studies of microbial activity in the HZ have treated the metabolic DO consumption rate constant (KDO) as a temporally fixed and spatially homogeneous property that is determined primarily by the concentration of bioavailable carbon. These studies have generally treated bioactivity as temporally steady state, failing to capture the temporal dynamics of a changeable system. We demonstrate that hyporheic hydraulics controls rate constants in a hyporheic system that is relatively abundant in bioavailable carbon, such that KDO is a linear function of the local downwelling flux. We further demonstrate that, for triangular dunes, the downwelling velocities are lognormally distributed, as are the KDO values. By comparing measured and modeled DO profiles, we demonstrate that treating KDO as a function of the downwelling flux yields a significant improvement in the accuracy of predicted DO profiles. Additionally, our results demonstrate the temporal effect of carbon consumption on microbial respiration rates.
Extending the Applicability of the Generalized Likelihood Function for Zero‐Inflated Data Series
Authors: Oliveira Debora Y. , Chaffe Pedro L. B. , Sá João H. M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractProper uncertainty estimation for data series with a high proportion of zero and near zero observations has been a challenge in hydrologic studies. This technical note proposes a modification to the Generalized Likelihood function that accounts for zero inflation of the error distribution (ZI‐GL). We compare the performance of the proposed ZI‐GL with the original Generalized Likelihood function using the entire data series (GL) and by simply suppressing zero observations (GLy>0). These approaches were applied to two interception modeling examples characterized by data series with a significant number of zeros. The ZI‐GL produced better uncertainty ranges than the GL as measured by the precision, reliability and volumetric bias metrics. The comparison between ZI‐GL and GLy>0 highlights the need for further improvement in the treatment of residuals from near zero simulations when a linear heteroscedastic error model is considered. Aside from the interception modeling examples illustrated herein, the proposed ZI‐GL may be useful for other hydrologic studies, such as for the modeling of the runoff generation in hillslopes and ephemeral catchments.
Application of a Line Laser Scanner for Bed Form Tracking in a Laboratory Flume
Authors: de Ruijsscher T. V. , Hoitink A. J. F. , Dinnissen S. , Vermeulen B. , Hazenberg P. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA new measurement method for continuous detection of bed forms in movable bed laboratory experiments is presented and tested. The device consists of a line laser coupled to a 3‐D camera, which makes use of triangulation. This allows to measure bed forms during morphodynamic experiments, without removing the water from the flume. A correction is applied for the effect of laser refraction at the air‐water interface. We conclude that the absolute measurement error increases with increasing flow velocity, its standard deviation increases with water depth and flow velocity, and the percentage of missing values increases with water depth. Although 71% of the data is lost in a pilot moving bed experiment with sand, still high agreement between flowing water and dry bed measurements is found when a robust LOcally weighted regrESSion (LOESS) procedure is applied. This is promising for bed form tracking applications in laboratory experiments, especially when lightweight sediments like polystyrene are used, which require smaller flow velocities to achieve dynamic similarity to the prototype. This is confirmed in a moving bed experiment with polystyrene.
Soil Texture Often Exerts a Stronger Influence Than Precipitation on Mesoscale Soil Moisture Patterns
Authors: Dong Jingnuo , Ochsner Tyson E. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSoil moisture patterns are commonly thought to be dominated by land surface characteristics, such as soil texture, at small scales and by atmospheric processes, such as precipitation, at larger scales. However, a growing body of evidence challenges this conceptual model. We investigated the structural similarity and spatial correlations between mesoscale (∼1–100 km) soil moisture patterns and land surface and atmospheric factors along a 150 km transect using 4 km multisensor precipitation data and a cosmic‐ray neutron rover, with a 400 m diameter footprint. The rover was used to measure soil moisture along the transect 18 times over 13 months. Spatial structures of soil moisture, soil texture (sand content), and antecedent precipitation index (API) were characterized using autocorrelation functions and fitted with exponential models. Relative importance of land surface characteristics and atmospheric processes were compared using correlation coefficients (r) between soil moisture and sand content or API. The correlation lengths of soil moisture, sand content, and API ranged from 12–32 km, 13–20 km, and 14–45 km, respectively. Soil moisture was more strongly correlated with sand content (r = −0.536 to −0.704) than with API for all but one date. Thus, land surface characteristics exhibit coherent spatial patterns at scales up to 20 km, and those patterns often exert a stronger influence than do precipitation patterns on mesoscale spatial patterns of soil moisture.
A Functional Approach to Zooplankton Communities in Mountain Lakes Stocked With Non‐Native Sportfish Under a Changing Climate
Authors: Redmond Laura E. , Loewen Charlie J. G. , Vinebrooke Rolf D. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractCumulative impacts of multiple stressors on freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem function likely increase with elevation, thereby possibly placing alpine communities at greatest risk. Here, consideration of species traits enables stressor effects on taxonomic composition to be translated into potential functional impacts. We analyzed data for 47 taxa across 137 mountain lakes and ponds spanning large latitudinal (491 km) and elevational (1,399 m) gradients in western Canada, to assess regional and local factors of the taxonomic composition and functional structure of zooplankton communities. Multivariate community analyses revealed that small body size, clonal reproduction via parthenogenesis, and lack of pigmentation were species traits associated with both introduced non‐native sportfish and also environmental conditions reflecting a warmer and drier climate—namely higher water temperatures, shallower water depths, and more chemically concentrated water. Thus, historical introductions of sportfish appear to have potentially induced greater tolerance in zooplankton communities of future climatic warming, especially in previously fishless alpine lakes. Although alpine lake communities occupied a relatively small functional space (i.e., low functional diversity), they were contained within the broader regional functional structure. Therefore, our findings point to the importance of dispersal by lower montane species to the future functional stability of alpine communities.
Estimating Surface/Subsurface Sediment Mixing in Karst Settings Using 7Be Isotopes
Authors: Wicks C. M. , Paylor R. L. , Bentley S. J. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis study shows that the cosmogenic radionuclide beryllium‐7 can be used to track sediment movement through caves. The activities of beryllium‐7 and cesium‐137 were measured in two different karst settings at both surface and subsurface sites before and after storm runoff events. At one site, 7Be‐enriched sediment was detected up to 1.5 km along a stream conduit after a moderate storm event; however, the activity of 137Cs was too variable to show a meaningful pattern. The percentages of surface sediment that was found ranged from 0 to 52% along the entire 3 km cave stream and from 33 to 52% along the upper 1.5 km. At the other site, as much as 96% of the sediment initially discharged at the spring during a storm event was fresh surface material that had traveled into and through the cave stream. Moreover, during the 4 day runoff event, approximately 23% of the total suspended sediment flux was estimated to originate from surface erosion with 78% being reworked sediment from within the cave. The data in this study show that cosmogenic radionuclides with multiyear half‐lives are too long‐lived to track sediment origins in the caves; whereas, 7Be with a 53.2 day half‐life, can be used to track movement of sediment along cave streams.
Improving Robustness of Hydrologic Ensemble Predictions Through Probabilistic Pre‐ and Post‐Processing in Sequential Data Assimilation
Authors: Wang S. , Ancell B. C. , Huang G. H. , Baetz B. W. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractData assimilation using the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) has been increasingly recognized as a promising tool for probabilistic hydrologic predictions. However, little effort has been made to conduct the pre‐ and post‐processing of assimilation experiments, posing a significant challenge in achieving the best performance of hydrologic predictions. This paper presents a unified data assimilation framework for improving the robustness of hydrologic ensemble predictions. Statistical pre‐processing of assimilation experiments is conducted through the factorial design and analysis to identify the best EnKF settings with maximized performance. After the data assimilation operation, statistical post‐processing analysis is also performed through the factorial polynomial chaos expansion to efficiently address uncertainties in hydrologic predictions, as well as to explicitly reveal potential interactions among model parameters and their contributions to the predictive accuracy. In addition, the Gaussian anamorphosis is used to establish a seamless bridge between data assimilation and uncertainty quantification of hydrologic predictions. Both synthetic and real data assimilation experiments are carried out to demonstrate feasibility and applicability of the proposed methodology in the Guadalupe River basin, Texas. Results suggest that statistical pre‐ and post‐processing of data assimilation experiments provide meaningful insights into the dynamic behavior of hydrologic systems and enhance robustness of hydrologic ensemble predictions.
Integrated Translational and Rotational Control for the Final Approach Phase of Rendezvous and Docking
Authors: Yan Han , Tan Shuping , Xie Yongchun 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis paper presents an approach of integrated translational and rotational control (ITRC) design for the final approach phase of rendezvous and docking on an ellipse orbit. First, considering the uncertainties, the integrated translation and rotation dynamics model is formulated, and backstepping scheme is used to design an ITRC law such that the states of the closed‐loop system can converge near zero. Then, by taking into consideration the input dynamics, the integrated translational and rotational model is transformed into the form of interconnected system, and thus, the small‐gain theorem can be utilized to guarantee the stability of the over all system. Stability analysis as well as simulation results shows the effectiveness of the presented approach.
Uncertain Method for Optimal Control Problems With Uncertainties Using Chebyshev Inclusion Functions
Authors: Razmjooy Navid , Ramezani Mehdi 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn this paper, a new uncertain analysis method is developed for optimal control problems, including interval variables (uncertainties) based on truncated Chebyshev polynomials. The interval arithmetic in this research is employed for analyzing the uncertainties in optimal control problems comprising uncertain‐but‐bounded parameters with only lower and upper bounds of uncertain parameters. In this research, the Chebyshev method is utilized because it generates sharper bounds for meaningful solutions of interval functions, rather than the Taylor inclusion function, which is efficient in handling the overestimation derived from the wrapping effect due to interval computations. For utilizing the proposed interval method on the optimal control problems with uncertainties, the Lagrange multiplier method is first applied to achieve the necessary conditions and then, by using some algebraic manipulations, they are converted into the ordinary differential equation. Afterwards, the Chebyshev inclusion method is employed to achieve the solution of the system. The final results of the Chebyshev inclusion method are compared with the interval Taylor method. The results show that the proposed Chebyshev inclusion function based method better handle the wrapping effect than the interval Taylor method.
Zyklische Verbundversuche mit Carbonbeton
Authors: Wagner Juliane , Holz Karoline , Curbach Manfred 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWährend das Materialverhalten von Carbonbeton bei statischer Belastung bereits seit geraumer Zeit untersucht wird, ist jenes unter nicht vorwiegend ruhender Belastung noch nicht ausreichend erforscht. Zur weiteren Untersuchung des Ermüdungsverhaltens müssen zunächst geeignete Versuchsaufbauten zur Verfügung stehen. Zur Ermittlung des Verbundverhaltens unter zyklischer Beanspruchung werden hierfür zwei Versuchsaufbauten – ein Endverankerungs‐ und ein zweiseitiger Auszugversuch, welche bereits statisch erforscht wurden – vergleichend betrachtet und auf ihre Eignung für zyklische Untersuchungen geprüft. Hierfür wurden statische Referenzversuche und zyklische Versuche bei verschiedenen Lastniveaus durchgeführt. Diese Versuche wurden hinsichtlich verschiedener Vergleichskategorien wie z. B. Versagensmechanismen, Entwicklung von Verformungen und Steifigkeit sowie die Bruchlastspielzahl ausgewertet und die Streuung der erzielten Ergebnisse betrachtet. Nach Abschluss der Diskussion der Versuchsergebnisse kristallisiert sich der zweiseitige Auszugversuch als geeigneter heraus.