bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Palaeotemperature - Palaeodepth Study from Selected Coal Basins of Damodar Valley Coalfields, India
Authors: Bardhan Banani , Ghosh Arabinda 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Selected coal basins from Raniganj to South Karanpura (four adjoining basins of the Darnodar Valley coalfields) of Gondwana age have been investigated from the study of coal samples collected from the deepest boreholes of the region to reveal the tectono - sedimentary and geothermal history of the Peninsular Gondwana. Quantitative estimation and modelling of accumulated sediments and their subsequent partial removal, in relation to sinking and upheaval of basin floor as well as validation study of development of the present day slope have been attempted.
Maturation study of organic matter has revealed that maximum paleodepth/subsidence of the basin floor was reached in Jharia (3920 m) and minimum in South Kmpura (3040 m) during a span of 55 million years. Assuming 135 million years as soaking time/stabilisation period for the organic matter of Barakar Formation, the palaeotemperature attained is maximum in Jharia (155°C) and minimum in South Karanpura (110°C).
The geothermal gradient is maximum in Jharia (5.7°C/100 m) and minimum in South Karanpura (3.1°C 1100 m), but the average geothermal gradient is around 4°C/100 m. The higher geothermal province (Jharia, East Bokaro, Raniganj) of which Jharia is the locus for the entire belt, is different from the lower geothermal region occurring further west (South Karanpura). Calculated rate of accumulation of sediment and subsidence of the basin floor of four basins are in agreement with the palaeodepth, pdaeotemperature and maturation condition of the organics.
Sinking, stabilisation and later uplift of the sedimentary pile were followed by fierce erosional activity which was maximum in Raniganj and minimum in South Karanpura. The degree of erosion is in accordance with the present day slope of the drainage system i.e., towards the Darnodar river and its tributaries. The error percentage between the calculated and accepted pre-erosional stratigraphic thickness of the four basins is found to lie between 0.56 (South Karanpura) and 4.74 (Jharia), which is remarkably low and indicates the strength of the analyses.
Source Rock Palynological Model for Exploration of Fossil Fuels in Krishna-Godavari Basin
Authors: Swamay S. N. , Kapoor P. N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Exploration for hydrocarbon depends largely upon integration of surface and subsurface geological, geophysical and geochemical data. The vast majority of fossil hydrocarbons was formed by the alteration of sedimentary organic matter which originate from a variety of different source materials including aquatic and terrestrial biotas. Better understanding of the petroleum system (which includes source, migration and accumulation) in any basin is necessary for hydrocarbon exploration. Assessment of source rock is based upon parameters like organic matter types, richness of organic matter, maturation and paleoenvironrnent. The various geochemical and source rock palynological parameters are also considered synergistically to decipher source rock potential sequences in Cretaceous and Pre-Cretaceous sediments of Krishna-Godavari Basin.
Source rock palynological model is prepared for various formations viz., Pennar Shale, Krishna Formation, Golapalli Formation, Gajulapadu Shale, Raghavapuram Shale and Tirupati Sandstone to depict spatial and temporal distribution of source rock facies.
Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Flow Regime in a Weathered Hard Rock Aquifer: A Case Study
Authors: Thangarajan M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Numerical simulation of groundwater flow regime in weathered hard rock region is a valuable tool to assess the groundwater resources and to understand its hydrodynamics of a basin. One such study was canied out in Bukdaleru River basin, a hard rock region in Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Recurring droughts and increased exploitation of groundwater to meet the growing needs of drinking water and irrigation had resulted in the decline of regional groundwater levels, causing deterioration of groundwater quality in the basin. In order to evolve future pumping schemes, a preliminary mathematical model of phreatic aquifer was conceptualised, constructed and calibrated in two stages viz., steady and transient conditions. The calibrated model was then used to predict the aquifer behaviour for the next five years. The model study indicates that the phreatic aquifer can sustain the present withdrawal of 28 x 106 m3/year without furlher decline of water level. Any additional increase of withdrawal in the shallow aquifer will result in progressive decline of water level, as the average annual dynamic reserve is only about 28 x 106 m3. If the present model is refined and validated through additional field data, then optimal utilisation schemes can be evolved.
Thermal Decomposition of Natural Actinolite: A High Temperature Electrical Resistivity Study
Authors: Sarma L. P. , Parthasarathy G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We report here the first observation of a thermally induced irreversible decomposition in natural actinolite, collected from Santaveri, Karnataka, by using DC electrical resistivily measurements upto 1100K. The electrical resistivity of the actinolite sample is found to be 4 X 1011 Ohm-cm at room temperature and pressure. The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity of the samples exhibits an Arrhenius behaviour ? = ?n exp(?E/kT) in the region 300-700 K with an activation energy of 0.76 eV. At 770 ± 5 K a first-order increase in resistivity from 7.93 X 103 to 3.55 X 1014 ohm-cm has been observed, which is due to decomposition of the sample. In the temeprature region 775-1100 K, the value of the activation energy is found to be 0.20 eV. X-ray diffraction studies on the thermally quenched samples indicate that the decomposed phase is a mixuture of cummingtonite, clinopyroxene, plus quartz and water vapour as associated products. These breakdown products are found to be identical to those proposed by Cameron (1975), and contrary to the mineral assemblage of fayalite-hedenbergite-pyroxene-quartz-vapour as proposed by Ernst (1966).
Tectonic Control on Distribution and Evolution of Ravines in the Lower Mahi Valley, Gujarat
Authors: Raj Rachna , Maurya D. M. , Chamyal L. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
All along the Lower Mahi Valley, ravines form an important geomorphic unit. These have developed extensively in the Late Pleistocene continental sediments delimited by flat alluvial plains on one side and river channel on the other. The ravines are confined to all the three pediment, alluvial and estuarine zones. The intensity of these is more on the left bank compared to the right and suggest a differential uplift of the horst block dong basement faults. Morphologically, the ravines are divisible into two types: sharp crested, steep, deeply entrenched and gently sloping, with shallower depth and comparatively smaller in length. The directional analysis of ravine orientations show that the higher order ravines trending NE-SW and NNE-SSW are related to neotectonic activity along older structural trends during Early Holocene. The smaller and gently sloping ravines showing varying trends are attributed to semi-arid and humid climate.
Characterisation of Groundwater in the Unconfined Aquifers of Chennai City, India. Part 1 - Hydrogeochemistry
Authors: Ballukraya P. N. , Ravi R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Hydrogeochemical characterisation is a very important aspect of groundwater management. The unconfined aquifer of Chennai city is heavily exploited for meeting the water requirements of the city. Hydrogeochemical investigations carried out showed the existence of diverse hydrogeochemical facies of groundwater. Analysis of the data indicates that the quality of groundwater is related to hydrogeological environment, both in the present and the geological past. Relationship between water level fluctuations and groundwater quality in the area has been established and this is controlled by the lithology of the host rock and overlying material. The enrichment of various ionic constituents in groundwater is controlled by recharge-discharge processes as well as the local environment. Increase of TDS in groundwater after the recharge is observed in predominantly clayey areas while in sandy aquifers, it is seen to decline with recharge. The hydrogeochemistry of the groundwater shows that most of Chennai area can be classified as recharge area pointing to the dominance of vertical recharge processes.
Evaluation of Hydrogeological Parameters Through Mathematical Modeling : A Case Study
Authors: Thangarajan M. , Singh V. S. , Sriman Narayan M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Hydrodynamics of groundwater flow regime in a hard rock region and its quantification are not yet fully understood. This is mainly due to several uncertainties involved in quantifying the hydrogeological parameters, Numerical techniques are found to be potential tools in interpreting hydrogeological parameters in hard rock regions as well as studying the aquifer response for given input/output stresses.
One such study was carried out in Palar river basin, Tamil Nadu, where pumping tests carried out on large diameter wells were interpreted using a numerical technique. The aquifer parameters (transmissivity - T and storage coefficient - S) evolved through pumping tests were then used to characterize the groundwater flow regime.
Finite Element Gravity Regional and Residual Anomalies and Structural Fabrics of Northwest Ganga Basin
Authors: Sharma K. K. , Rao V. K. , Mallick K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The separation of the regional gravity anomaly by any of the existing techniques has one common drawback, i.e. the Bouguer gravity values over the anomalous zone enter into the computations. In order to overcome this, a new scheme, based on the finite element approximation, is suggested to compute the regional anomaly. The uniqueness of this approach is that except a few discrete gravity values coinciding with the nodes of the element superimposing the map space, often very large, no other gravity data are invoked to compute the regional anomaly. As a case study, regional - residual anomaly separation has been carried out for the north west Ganga Basin. This area is chosen as it is tectonically very active, and based on the regional and residual gravity anomalies, we can unfold the imprints of various tectonic episodes along the lndo - Eurosian plate boundary. While the regional gravity anomaly shows possible association with deep-seated faults along the rivers Yarnuna and Chambal, the seismicity appears to be correlated with the residual gravity anomaly around Delhi.
Images of the Gravity Field of India and their Salient Features
Authors: Sreedhar Murthy Y. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
During the last one decade or so, computers have revolutionised the practices in earth sciences the world over Space technology provided the impetus and the necessary tools for presenting geoscietific data as images besides the usual coloured geological maps and geophysical contour presentations. The greatest advantage of an image is its enhanced visual perspective and its ability to bring out subtle features / trends that may be less discernible in ordinary contour maps. In India, geoscientists are yet to realise the full potential of image technology and to take advantage of it. The present article is a demonstration of the usefulness of geophysical images as a complement to their contoured versions.
A rapid and cost effective method earlier devised by the author and his colleagues was adopted for digitising the Free-air, Bouguer and Isostatic gravity anomaly maps of India. The digital data thus produced were used for generating images in shaded relief and colour. These images reveal a number of interesting geological and tectonic features which have been highlighted in this paper for further detailed study by the geoscientists. While some of these correspond to those already known, the others are distinguishable primarily in the images and therefore not reported earlier.
Rare Earth Elements in Limestones of Kallankurichchi Formation of Ariyalur Group, Tiruchirapalli Cretaceous, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Madhavaraju J. , Ramasamy S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Studies on calcium carbonate (CaCO3), trace elements and rare earth elements were carried out on the Kallankurichchi Formation in order to understand the elemental behaviour in marine limestones of the Tiruchirapalli Cretaceous. Variation in EREE content between Sandy Fossiliferous Limestone (SFL) and Fossiliferous Limestone (FL) can be explained as due to the varying amounts of terrigenous material present in the limestones. PAAS (Post Archaean Australian Shale) normalised REE patterns and LaN/YbN ((LaSample/LaShale)/(YbSample/YbShale)) ratios suggest that the terrestrial rocks are the major source for REE in these limestones. The SFL and FL show negative Ce anomalies, with slight variation between these limestones. The negative correlation between CaCO3 and Ce/Ce* values indicates that the observed Ce anomalies are not related to the CaCO3 content in SFL and FL, whereas Ce/Ce* values show positive correlation with detrital elements implying that the observed variations in the Ce anomalies resulted from the variation in the terrigenous material supplied by the continental area. SFL and FL show low U/Th ratio and U content. Low U contents suggest that the oxic condition prevailed in the bottom water and sediment column during the deposition of Kallankurichchi Formation.
Cordierite-Bearing Gneisses from Kodaikanal, South India: Textural Relationship and P-T Conditions
Authors: Prakash Divya 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Kodaikanal is part of a Precambrian terrane characterized by granulite facies rocks. Cordierite-bearing gneisses here document spectacular reaction textures involving (Opx/Sp)-Cd symplectite and cordierite rim around resorbed garnet, consistent with the reactions:
(A) Garnet + Quartz = Orthopyroxene + Cordierite; (B) Garnet + Sillimanite + Quartz = Cordierite;
(C) Garnet + Sillimanite = Spinel + Cordierite
Application of Gt-Bio, Gt-Opx, Gt-Cd and Sp-Cd thermometric, and Gt-Opx-Plag-Qtz, Gt-Sill-Plag-Qtz and Gt-Cd-Sill-Qtz barometric models to the granulite grade metapelites provides a P-T path which suggests that the rocks experienced substantial decompression (up to 3 kbar) and moderate cooling (150-200°C) subsequent to peak conditions of metamorphism (c.7.5 kbar, 750±50°C). The polymetamorphic history of the study area, interpreted from garnet consuming reaction textures and themnobarometric estimates, defines a decompressional P-T path followed by cooling of the rocks.
Trace Element Geochemistry of Groundwater from Behedi Basin, Nasik District, Maharashtra
Authors: Pawar N. J. , Nikumbh J. D. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Studies carried out on trace element geochemistry of groundwater from Behedi basin have shown spatial as well as temporal variations. While the spatial variations have been attributed to land use practices in the basin, the temporal changes indicated input of trace elements from soil zone due to rain-fed recharge. On the basis of spatio-temporal variations, weathering of rocks and human activity have been identified as the potential sources of trace elements in the groundwater. The budgeting of trace elements in the groundwater suggests that the rate of flushing of Cu is highest from the vadose zone to phreatic zone followed by Fe, Zn, Mn, Pb and toxic trace elements like Hg and As.
Environmental Vibration Studies at Charminar
Authors: Kousalya M. , Seshunarayana T. , Prabhakara Prasad P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Measurement of vibrations caused by vehicular traffic around Charminar, a monument at Hyderabad, was carried out using three component velocity sensors and high-resolution digital seismograph. These measurements were done at different levels viz., ground, middle, top level and at other accessible levels of the structure. Acceleration and displacement were computed from the velocity-time series. Peak particle velocity was found maximum at the top level in the north-south direction.
Yoga as an Adjunct Treatment to Manage Pain, Anxiety, Depression, and Stress During Hospital Stays: A Systematic Review
Authors: Rees Taylor , Li Haiyin , Sharma Neena K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
People frequently report pain, anxiety, depression, and stress during hospital stays. Yoga has been shown to decrease these experiences in various settings. However, it is unclear whether yoga can be implemented during a hospital stay and has positive effects on pain and psychological well-being. The present systematic review aimed to examine the feasibility and impact of yoga interventions on pain, anxiety, depression, and stress when performed by patients during a hospital stay. Using PRISMA guidelines, three databases, and a registry, we conducted a search between August 2021 and December 2022. Both randomized and nonrandomized studies were included. Two authors independently assessed articles and risk of bias. Thirteen studies were included in this review, comprising individuals with a wide age range and various conditions. Three randomized controlled trials, one nonrandomized comparative trial, and nine noncomparative trials were included. Of the five studies reporting on pain (primary outcome), four found a statistically significant reduction. Of the eight studies reporting on anxiety, six found a statistically significant decrease and two reported a nonsignificant decrease in anxiety level. All four studies investigating depression reported a statistically significant decrease. All three studies reporting on stress found a decrease in stress, although only one at a statistically significant level. Five studies reported on the feasibility of performing yoga in a hospital setting, without any negative effects or increase in symptoms. Limited studies have integrated yoga during a hospital stay to address pain and psychological symptoms. Nevertheless, the current evidence suggests that yoga interventions during hospitalization are feasible, and yoga has promising benefits with potential clinically significant reduction in symptoms. Results should be viewed with caution given the lack of randomized trials, low methodological quality, and small sample sizes in the included studies. Further studies are needed to build on this evidence.
Source-Scaling Comparison and Validation for Ridgecrest, California: Radiated Energy, Apparent Stress, and Mw Using the Coda Calibration Tool (2.6&lt;Mw&lt;7.1)
Authors: Mayeda Kevin , Bindi Dino , Roman-Nieves Jorge , Morasca Paola , Dreger Douglas , Ji Chen , Taira Taka’aki , Archuleta Ralph , Walter William R. , Barno Justin 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT
The determination of accurate apparent stress, radiated energy, corner frequency, and their scaling with magnitude remains one of the most difficult seismological endeavors because of complicated 3D Earth structure, complex rupture, and limited broadband recordings. This study focuses on a comparison of four separate state-of-the-art methods that aim to compare and contrast common events using the well-recorded 2019 Ridgecrest, California, sequence, which was motivated in large part by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)/Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) Community Stress-Drop Validation Study group (Baltay et al., 2024). For this study, we calibrated the Ridgecrest and surrounding region using the Coda Calibration Tool (CCT) and compared them against recent generalized inversion technique (GIT) results of Bindi et al. (2021) (2.6&lt;Mw&lt;7.1) and two other state-of-the-art methods for moderate-sized events in the sequence (3.5&lt;Mw&lt;5.5). We find excellent agreement between the GIT and coda-derived results over a broad range of magnitudes, and for moderate-size events, we find equally good agreement with source estimates from finite-fault inversion method based on Dreger (1997) and a direct S-wave spectral method by Ji et al. (2024). As found in a recent comparative study in central Italy by Morasca et al. (2022) (3.5&lt;Mw&lt;6.3), we find that CCT and GIT results are in excellent agreement for events ranging between 2.6&lt;Mw&lt;7.1, and relative, weak-motion site terms are also in agreement. Although both approaches observe a modest increase in apparent stress with depth, the overall trend in apparent stress increasing with magnitude is supported by our findings. Finally, upon comparison with other regions, we find that the absolute apparent stress values from Ridgecrest are comparable to central Italy but significantly lower than both eastern Canada and the United Kingdom.
Residue and Irrigation Management for Optimizing Productivity and Profitability of Wheat in Ambala (Haryana)
Authors: Prem Guru , Kumar Navsal , Poddar Arunava , Mehta Anita Rani , Kumar Rakesh 
Published: November 2024

Background: The rice-wheat cropping system in Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and Punjab faces sustainability risks due to soil fertility depletion, rising cultivation costs and environmental pollution hazards because of the large-scale burning of rice crop residues. Two-year field experiments investigated wheat sowing techniques by keeping rice crop residues under various irrigation schedules to optimize production and economic outcomes in Ambala, Haryana. Three sowing methods, i.e., conventional sowing (CS), Happy Seeder (HS) and Super Seeder (SS) and four irrigations scheduling, i.e., scheduling at critical growth stages (IS1), IW/CPE ratio 0.9 with first irrigation at CRI (IS2), IW/CPE ratio for whole crop season (IS3) and depletion of 50% available soil moisture (IS4). Methods: Happy Seeder sown wheat exhibited a significantly higher average yield of 58.38 q ha-1 than conventional (57.69 q ha-1) and Super seeder (56.85 q ha-1) sown wheat. Overall, Happy Seeder and irrigation schedule (IS3) produces the highest grain yield of 65.23, 63.56 and 64.40 q ha-1 in the first, second year and pooled year results. In conventional sowing of wheat, the average total cultivation cost was 107134.02 and 110907.71 Rs ha-1, which was less in Happy Seeder sown wheat, i.e., 99077.07 and 102932.27 Rs. ha-1 respectively, in the year 2021-22 and 2022-23. Result: The average benefit-cost ratio (BCR) for the happy seeder technique, 1.42 and 1.44, outperforms the conventional sowing wheat approach during both years of experiments. The recent wheat sowing using happy seeder under residue mulching conditions, must adopt modified irrigation scheduling practices to enhance yield and profitability, contributing to sustainable agricultural practices. The study highlights the potential of recent agricultural practices to boost farmer income, promote sustainable agricultural growth and environment conservation.