bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Kachruvian paradigm and its range and depth of influence
Authors: Pakir Anne 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWorld Englishes (WE) is at an inflexion point: first, we witnessed the recent passing of its founding father, Braj B. Kachru in 2016, his co‐founding editor of the journal World Englishes, Larry E. Smith in 2014, and his wife and collaborator, Yamuna Kachru in 2013. They formed a triumvirate influencing generations of scholars on English as a global language in a multilingual world. Second, globalization coupled with ultra‐connectivity has given rise to new modalities of English world‐wide, bringing into question the relevance of WE. My research, observing and theorizing the range and depth of scholarship arising from the WE paradigm and my thinking on bilingualism and language management issues have been influenced by Kachru's notions of plurality and inclusivity and the sociolinguistic reality of English use, especially in the Outer Circle of English‐using communities. Kachru similarly made an impact on scholars working on related theoretical paradigms regarding English as a dynamic global language. His legacy will be assessed, leading us to ponder on WE beyond the Kachruvian era.
Reconsidering Kachru's work on Englishes in their multilingual ecologies
Authors: Van Rooy Bertus 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis paper revisits Kachru's views on variability in English and the multilingual contexts in which English came to be used in the Outer Circle. Criticism of his views are considered, and shown to be invalid, often because of partial readings of Kachru's overall set of ideas. Variability arises due to nativisation and indigenisation in new contexts, and not only the failure of learners to acquire the target language. Variants are often selected in a functionally motivated fashion, making English useful to users in the Outer Circle. Multilingualism fosters the emergence of hybrid communicative practices and motivated choices between codes to perform various communicative functions. Overlooking the multilingual context leads to a reductionist view of total repertoire of codes of multilingual users. Kachru maintains the usefulness of the construct of a code that informs language use. Such a code needs to be construed as dynamic and emergent, rather than aprioristic, though.
Randomized Controlled Trials and Quasi‐Experimental Studies Published in Nursing Journals: Findings From a Scoping Review With Implications for Further Research
Authors: Gonella Silvia , Di Giulio Paola , Palese Alvisa , Dimonte Valerio , Campagna Sara 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundExperimental studies are considered capable of generating substantial evidence; therefore, their production and diffusion are continuously encouraged. However, their trends as publication outputs in nursing journals have rarely been evaluated to date.AimsTo describe experimental study design features among the highest indexed nursing journals.MethodsA scoping review was performed by retrieving and analyzing experimental studies published between 2009 and 2016 in nursing journals with a 5‐year impact factor >1.5 according to Thomson's Journal Citation Reports.ResultsA total of 602 studies were reviewed and 340 (56%) were included; in all, 298/340 (87.6%) were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 37/340 (10.9%) pilot studies. The publication trend exhibited a fluctuating pattern with a slight decrease over time (from 54 studies in 2009 to 32 in 2016). Researchers working in Asia and Europe have published more frequently in the selected journals. Published studies most often involved oncological (n = 69, 20%), surgical (n = 41, 12%), and elderly patients (n = 38, 11%). Educational and supportive (n = 119, 35%) interventions were mainly tested for effectiveness. Approximately half of studies enrolled <100 patients, and only two‐thirds had included an a priori sample size calculation. Less than one quarter (n = 76) of the research teams were multiprofessional, and 70% of studies were funded, generally, by public institutions.Linking Evidence to ActionA broad range of research questions has been investigated to date by using experimental study designs. However, study methods and multidisciplinary collaborations must be enhanced with the intent of producing large‐scale and methodologically sound studies. Furthermore, reasons for limited funding and, particularly, the lack of support from private funding should be further investigated.
Prevalence of Meeting Physical Activity, Screen-Time, and Sleep Guidelines Among Children and Adolescents With and Without Visual Impairments in the United States
Authors: Haegele Justin A. , Aigner Carrie J. , Healy Sean 
Published: June 2019

The purpose of this study was to compare the degree to which children and adolescents with and without visual impairments (VIs) met national physical activity, screen-time, and sleep guidelines. This observational, cross-sectional analysis of the 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health focused on children (age 6–12 yr) and adolescents (age 13–17 yr) with and without VIs. The sample included 241 (weighted n = 472,127) and 17,610 (weighted n = 28,249,833) children, and 255 (weighted n = 505,401) and 17,417 (weighted n = 20,071,557) adolescents with and without VIs, respectively. Chi-square statistics were computed to examine the degree to which participants with and without VIs met health-behavior guidelines. Children (p = .02) with VIs were less likely to meet screen-time guidelines, but adolescents with VIs were not (p = .87). VI status was not associated with the likelihood of meeting physical activity or sleep guidelines (p < .05). Low numbers of children and adolescents with and without VIs meeting health-behavior guidelines warrant targeted interventions aimed at enhancing engagement.
Patient-reported outcome measures in community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review of application and content validity
Authors: Lloyd Melanie , Callander Emily , Karahalios Amalia , Desmond Lucy , Karunajeewa Harin 
Published: June 2019

IntroductionPatient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are a vital component of patient-centred care. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a significant contributor to morbidity, mortality and health service costs globally, but there is a lack of consensus regarding PROMs for this condition.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Collaboration for studies, both interventional and observational, of adult recovery from CAP that applied at least one validated PROM instrument and were published before 31 December 2017. The full text of included studies was examined and data collected on study design, PROM instruments applied, constructs examined and the demographic characteristics of the populations measured. For all CAP-specific PROM instruments identified, content validity was assessed using the COnsensus based Standards for selection of health Measurement INstruments guidelines (COSMIN).ResultsForty-two articles met the inclusion criteria and applied a total of 17 different PROM instruments including five (30%) classified as CAP specific, six (35%) as generic and six (35%) that measured functional performance or were specific to another disease. The 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) was the most commonly used instrument (15 articles). Only one of 11 (9%) patient cohorts assessed using a CAP-specific instrument had a mean age ≥70 years. The CAP-Sym and CAP-BIQ questionnaires had sufficient content validity, though the quality of evidence for all CAP-specific instruments was rated as very low to low.DiscussionPROM instruments used to measure recovery from CAP are inconsistent in constructs measured and have frequently been developed and validated in highly selective patient samples that are not fully representative of the hospitalised CAP population. The overall content validity of all available CAP-specific instruments is unclear, particularly in the context of elderly hospitalised populations. Based on current evidence, generic health instruments are likely to be of greater value for measuring recovery from CAP in this group.
Distance to trauma centres among gunshot wound victims: identifying trauma ‘deserts’ and ‘oases’ in Detroit
Authors: Circo Giovanni M 
Published: June 2019

IntroductionAmong the factors related to survival among individuals with gun shot wounds (GSW) is distance to trauma care. Relatively little is known about neighbourhood-level patterns of GSW mortality and distance to hospitals with trauma centres. This study focuses on distance to the nearest trauma centre as a correlate of survival among GSW victims.MethodsFatal and non-fatal shooting incident data for 9,205 victimisation in Detroit, Michigan between 2011 and 2017 were collected. A Bayesian conditional autoregressive model was utilised to estimate block-group levels of GSW mortality. Clustering techniques were used to identify spatially proximate neighbourhoods with higher or lower than expected rates of GSW mortality.ResultsDistance to the nearest trauma centre was associated with a 22% increase in fatal outcomes, per-mile (OR 1.22, 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.40) after adjusting for block-group level covariates. A Getis-Ord Gi* analysis identified 91 block groups with lower than expected rates of GSW mortality and 12 block-groups with higher than expected rates.ConclusionDistance to the nearest trauma centre is associated with GSW victim survival. Clusters of block-groups with below-average GSW mortality were observed within close proximity of major trauma centres in Detroit. Improving speed and access to trauma care may play a role in reducing GSW mortality.
Looking beyond PGC-1α: emerging regulators of exercise-induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and their activation by dietary compounds
Authors: Islam Hashim , Hood David A. , Gurd Brendon J. 
Published: June 2019

Despite its widespread acceptance as the “master regulator” of mitochondrial biogenesis (i.e., the expansion of the mitochondrial reticulum), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) appears to be dispensable for the training-induced augmentation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and respiratory function. In fact, a number of regulatory proteins have emerged as important players in skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and many of these proteins share key attributes with PGC-1α. In an effort to move past the simplistic notion of a “master regulator” of mitochondrial biogenesis, we highlight the regulatory mechanisms by which nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERRγ), PPARβ, and leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein (LRP130) may contribute to the control of skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis. We also present evidence supporting/refuting the ability of sulforaphane, quercetin, and epicatechin to promote skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and their potential to augment mitochondrial training adaptations. Targeted activation of specific pathways by these compounds may allow for greater mechanistic insight into the molecular pathways controlling mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle. Dietary activation of mitochondrial biogenesis may also be useful in clinical populations with basal reductions in mitochondrial protein content, enzyme activities, and/or respiratory function as well as individuals who exhibit a blunted skeletal muscle responsiveness to contractile activity. Novelty The existence of redundant pathways leading to mitochondrial biogenesis refutes the simplistic notion of a “master regulator” of mitochondrial biogenesis. Dietary activation of specific pathways may provide greater mechanistic insight into the exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle.
Classifying superconductivity in compressed H3S
Authors: Talantsev E. F. 
Published: June 2019

The discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in compressed [Formula: see text] by Drozdov and co-workers [A. Drozdov et al., Nature 525 (2015) 73] heralded a new era in superconductivity. To date, the record transition temperature of [Formula: see text] stands with another hydrogen-rich compound, [Formula: see text] [M. Somayazulu et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 (2019) 027001] which becomes superconducting at pressure of [Formula: see text]. Despite very intensive first-principle theoretical studies of hydrogen-rich compounds compressed to megabar level pressure, there is a very limited experimental dataset available for such materials. In this paper, we analyze the upper critical field, [Formula: see text], data of highly compressed [Formula: see text] reported by Mozaffari and co-workers [S. Mozaffari et al., LA-UR-18-30460. https://doi.org/10.2172/1481108 ] by utilizing four different models of [Formula: see text]. As the result, we find that the ratio of superconducting energy gap, [Formula: see text], to the Fermi energy, [Formula: see text], in all considered scenarios is [Formula: see text], with respective ratio of [Formula: see text] to the Fermi temperature, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]. These characterize [Formula: see text] as unconventional superconductor and places it on the same trend line in [Formula: see text] versus [Formula: see text] plot, where all unconventional superconductors are located.
Near-infrared TM-polarization ultra-narrowband absorber with dielectric metamaterials
Authors: Liao Yan-Lin , Zhao Yan 
Published: June 2019

Ultra-narrowband light absorption is desired for many applications. A near-infrared TM-polarization (magnetic field is parallel to grating grooves) ultra-narrowband absorber with dielectric metamaterials has been reported theoretically in this paper. The simulation results show that we can achieve an ultra-narrowband absorption at the incident wavelength of [Formula: see text] with the absorption bandwidth less than 0.9 nm and the absorption rate more than 0.99 for TM polarization. At the same time, we find that the high absorption rate can only remain up to [Formula: see text], which means our absorber has high directivity. In addition, the field distribution at the resonance wavelength shows that the ultra-narrowband absorption in our absorber has originated from magnetic resonance effect. Our near-infrared TM-polarization ultra-narrowband absorber is a good candidate for laser stealth.
Discovery of a Pathogenic Variant rs139379666 (p. P2974L) in ATM for Breast Cancer Risk in Chinese Populations
Authors: Guo Xingyi , Lin Weiqiang , Bai Mengqiu , Li Hongzhi , Wen Wanqing , Zeng Chenjie , Chen Zhishan , He Jing , Chen Jianghua , Cai Qiuyin , Long Jirong , Jia Wei-Hua , Shu Xiao-Ou , Zheng Wei 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background:
Pathogenic variants in susceptibility genes lead to increased breast cancer risk.

Methods:
To identify coding variants associated with breast cancer risk, we conducted whole-exome sequencing in genomic DNA samples from 831 breast cancer cases and 839 controls of Chinese women. We also genotyped samples, including 4,580 breast cancer cases and 6,695 controls, using whole exome-chip arrays. We further performed a replication study using a Multi-Ethnic Global Array in samples from 1,793 breast cases and 2,059 controls. A single marker analysis was performed using the Fisher exact test.

Results:
We identified a missense variant (rs139379666, P2974L; AF = 0.09% for breast cancer cases, but none for controls) in the ATM gene for breast cancer risk using combing data from 7,204 breast cancer cases and 9,593 controls (P = 1.7 × 10−5). To investigate the functionality of the variant, we first silenced ATM and then transfected the overexpression vectors of ATM containing the risk alleles (TT) or reference alleles (CC) of the variant in U2OS and breast cancer SK-BR3 cells, respectively. Our results showed that compared with the reference allele, the risk allele significantly disrupts the activity of homologous recombination-mediated double-strand breaks repair efficiency. Our results further showed that the risk allele may play a defected regulation role in the activity of the ATM structure.

Conclusions:
Our findings identified a novel mutation that disrupts ATM function, conferring to breast cancer risk.

Impact:
Functional investigation of genetic association findings is necessary to discover a pathogenic variant for breast cancer risk.
Attitudes toward Precision Treatment of Smoking in the Southern Community Cohort Study
Authors: Senft Nicole , Sanderson Maureen , Selove Rebecca , Blot William J. , King Stephen , Gilliam Karen , Kundu Suman , Steinwandel Mark , Sternlieb Sarah J. , Warren Andersen Shaneda , Friedman Debra L. , Connors Erin , Fadden Mary Kay , Freiberg Matthew , Wells Quinn S. , Canedo Juan , Tyndale Rachel F. , Young Robert P. , Hopkins Raewyn J. , Tindle Hilary A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background:
Precision interventions using biological data may enhance smoking treatment, yet are understudied among smokers who are disproportionately burdened by smoking-related disease.

Methods:
We surveyed smokers in the NCI-sponsored Southern Community Cohort Study, consisting primarily of African-American, low-income adults. Seven items assessed attitudes toward aspects of precision smoking treatment, from undergoing tests to acting on results. Items were dichotomized as favorable (5 = strongly agree/4 = agree) versus less favorable (1 = strongly disagree/2 = disagree/3 = neutral); a summary score reflecting generalized attitudes was also computed. Multivariable logistic regression tested independent associations of motivation (precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation) and confidence in quitting (low, medium, and high) with generalized attitudes, controlling for sociodemographic factors and nicotine dependence.

Results:
More than 70% of respondents endorsed favorable generalized attitudes toward precision medicine, with individual item favorability ranging from 64% to 83%. Smokers holding favorable generalized attitudes reported higher income and education (P &lt; 0.05). Predicted probabilities of favorable generalized attitudes ranged from 63% to 75% across motivation levels [contemplation vs. precontemplation: adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.10, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.36–3.25, P = 0.001; preparation vs. precontemplation: AOR = 1.83, 95% CI, 1.20–2.78, P = 0.005; contemplation vs. preparation: AOR = 1.15, 95% CI, 0.75–1.77, P = 0.52] and from 59% to 78% across confidence (medium vs. low: AOR = 1.91, 95% CI, 1.19–3.07, P = 0.007; high vs. low: AOR = 2.62, 95% CI, 1.68–4.10, P &lt; 0.001; medium vs. high: AOR = 0.73, 95% CI, 0.48–1.11, P = 0.14).

Conclusions:
Among disproportionately burdened community smokers, most hold favorable attitudes toward precision smoking treatment. Individuals with lower motivation and confidence to quit may benefit from additional intervention to engage with precision smoking treatment.

Impact:
Predominantly favorable attitudes toward precision smoking treatment suggest promise for future research testing their effectiveness and implementation.
Burden of Cancer Mortality in the Canadian Armed Forces, 1976–2012: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Rolland-Harris Elizabeth , Simkus Kristen , Weeks Murray 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background:
Military personnel may have potential exposures to carcinogens during their military careers. However, the generalizability of causal evidence between occupational exposures and cancer outcomes in military personnel is limited. This study aims to describe the epidemiology cause–specific cancer mortality in still serving and released Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) personnel recruited between 1976 and 2012.

Methods:
Data came from the Canadian Forces Cancer and Mortality Study II (CF CAMS II), a record-linkage study of approximately 228,685 CAF Regular Force personnel and Reservists. Sex-stratified standardized mortality ratios (SMR) were calculated for each neoplasm subcategory, with the Canadian general population (CGP) as the reference.

Results:
Approximately 1,450 deaths were attributable to neoplasms. Cancer mortality was lower in both men and women with military service (SMR = 0.77 and 0.78, respectively) versus CGP. Females had a significantly lower risk of breast cancer. Males in the cohort had a significantly lower risk of lip, oral cavity and pharynx, digestive organs, respiratory and intrathoracic organs, bone and articular cartilage, and mesothelial and soft-tissue cancers. However, males also had a significantly increased risk for neoplasms of the central nervous system and lymphoid cells, as well as for certain specific cancer diagnoses.

Conclusions:
Current and former CAF personnel were at comparable, or lower risk than, the CGP for cancer-related deaths. However, there was an increased risk for certain neoplasm subcategories and specific cancers.

Impact:
These findings contribute to the limited body of evidence investigating the link between military service and cancer mortality.
Wake Up and Smell the Fusions: Single-Modality Molecular Testing Misses Drivers
Authors: Davies Kurtis D. , Aisner Dara L. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Multitarget assays have become common in clinical molecular diagnostic laboratories. However, all assays, no matter how well designed, have inherent gaps due to technical and biological limitations. In some clinical cases, testing by multiple methodologies is needed to address these gaps and ensure the most accurate molecular diagnoses.
See related article by Benayed et al., p. 4712
Novel Oral mTORC1/2 Inhibitor TAK-228 Has Synergistic Antitumor Effects When Combined with Paclitaxel or PI3Kα Inhibitor TAK-117 in Preclinical Bladder Cancer Models
Authors: Hernández-Prat Anna , Rodriguez-Vida Alejo , Juanpere-Rodero Nuria , Arpi Oriol , Menéndez Silvia , Soria-Jiménez Luis , Martínez Alejandro , Iarchouk Natalia , Rojo Federico , Albanell Joan , Brake Rachael , Rovira Ana , Bellmunt Joaquim 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Advanced bladder cancer is associated with a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is frequently activated in this disease and can be a potential therapeutic target for treatment intervention. We studied the antitumor efficacy of a new targeted therapy, TAK-228 (oral mTORC1/2 inhibitor), in preclinical models of bladder cancer. We evaluated the effects of TAK-228 in combination with a PI3Kα inhibitor (TAK-117) or with chemotherapy (paclitaxel). We used six bladder cancer cell lines and in vivo xenografts models. TAK-228 strongly inhibited cell proliferation in vitro, and reduced tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo. Three possible biomarkers of response to TAK-228 (basal levels of 4E-BP1, p-4E-BP1/4E-BP1 ratio, or eIF4E/4E-BP1 ratio) were identified. The combination of TAK-228 and TAK-117 had synergistic effects in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, TAK-228 demonstrated greater efficiency when combined with paclitaxel. TAK-228 also showed ex vivo activity in tumor tissue from patients with treatment-naïve bladder cancer. TAK-228 is a promising investigational agent that induces a strong effect on cell proliferation, tumor growth, and angiogenesis in bladder cancer models. High synergistic effects were observed with TAK-228 combined with a PI3K inhibitor or with chemotherapy. These results are currently being investigated in a clinic trial of TAK-228 plus paclitaxel in patients with metastatic bladder cancer (NCT03745911).

Implications:
Strong synergistic effects were observed when combining TAK-228 with TAK-117 (a PI3Kα inhibitor) or with paclitaxel chemotherapy. A phase II study at our institution is currently evaluating the efficacy of TAK-228 combined with paclitaxel in patients with metastatic bladder cancer.