bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulating a key mitotic regulator, polo‐like kinase 1 (PLK1)
Authors: Colicino Erica G. , Hehnly Heidi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractDuring cell division, duplicated genetic material is separated into two distinct daughter cells. This process is essential for initial tissue formation during development and to maintain tissue integrity throughout an organism's lifetime. To ensure the efficacy and efficiency of this process, the cell employs a variety of regulatory and signaling proteins that function as mitotic regulators and checkpoint proteins. One vital mitotic regulator is polo‐like kinase 1 (PLK1), a highly conserved member of the polo‐like kinase family. Unique from its paralogues, it functions specifically during mitosis as a regulator of cell division. PLK1 is spatially and temporally enriched at three distinct subcellular locales; the mitotic centrosomes, kinetochores, and the cytokinetic midbody. These localization patterns allow PLK1 to phosphorylate specific downstream targets to regulate mitosis. In this review, we will explore how polo‐like kinases were originally discovered and diverged into the five paralogues (PLK1‐5) in mammals. We will then focus specifically on the most conserved, PLK1, where we will discuss what is known about how its activity is modulated, its role during the cell cycle, and new, innovative tools that have been developed to examine its function and interactions in cells.
Topologies of Nodal Sets of Random Band‐Limited Functions
Authors: Sarnak Peter , Wigman Igor 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIt is shown that the topologies and nestings of the zero and nodal sets of random (Gaussian) band‐limited functions have universal laws of distribution. Qualitative features of the supports of these distributions are determined. In particular, the results apply to random monochromatic waves and to random real algebraic hypersurfaces in projective space. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Visualizing Secretory Cargo Transport in Budding Yeast
Authors: Casler Jason C. , Glick Benjamin S. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBudding yeast is an excellent model organism for studying the dynamics of the Golgi apparatus. To characterize Golgi function, it is important to visualize secretory cargo as it traverses the secretory pathway. We describe a recently developed approach that generates fluorescent protein aggregates in the lumen of the yeast endoplasmic reticulum and allows the fluorescent cargo to be solubilized for transport through the Golgi by addition of a small‐molecule ligand. We further describe how to generate a yeast strain expressing the regulatable secretory cargo, and we provide protocols for visualizing the cargo by 4D confocal microscopy and immunoblotting. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis of g‐C3N4 Nanosheets by Using a Highly Condensed Lamellar Crystalline Melamine–Cyanuric Acid Supramolecular Complex for Enhanced Solar Hydrogen Generation
Authors: Vu Nhu‐Nang , Nguyen Chinh‐Chien , Kaliaguine Serge , Do Trong‐On 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA highly condensed lamellar melamine–cyanuric acid supramolecular (MCS) complex was synthesized in an autoclave at high pressure as a precursor for preparing g‐C3N4 nanosheets. Given the distinctive properties of the prepared MCS complex, an efficient g‐C3N4 nanosheet photocatalyst can be obtained by heat treatment of this MCS complex under Ar followed by calcination in air at 400 °C. The resulting nanosheets with in‐plane nanoholes showed an extremely high specific surface area (≈270 m2 g−1) and significantly enhanced light absorption in the visible region. This phenomenon is observed for the first time in carbon nitride nanosheets. The enhanced light absorption results from the sizeable conjugated system of tri‐striazine units in the carbon nitride framework, coupled with the structural defects arising from the presence of oxygen‐containing groups induced during the synthesis. Consequently, the obtained carbon nitride nanosheets exhibited excellent performance for hydrogen generation under sunlight and especially under visible light. Its quantum efficiency (QE) of 20.9 % at 420 nm is one of the highest reported values for carbon nitride materials. A QE of 3.5 % could be observed even at 590 nm. The integrated QE of this material in the visible region (420–600 nm) is approximately 1 %. To the best of our knowledge this is the highest value compared to all other the carbon nitride nanosheet materials reported previously.
Preparation, optimization, and pharmacokinetic study of nanoliposomes loaded with triacylglycerol‐bound punicic acid for increased antihepatotoxic activity
Authors: Adu‐Frimpong Michael , Firempong Caleb Kesse , Omari‐Siaw Emmanuel , Wang Qilong , Mukhtar Yusif Mohammed , Deng Wenwen , Yu Qingtong , Xu Ximing , Yu Jiangnan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPunicic acid of pomegranate oil (PAP) has gained heightened interest due to several health benefits, such as anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, and antiatherosclerotic properties. However, these bioactivities have been hampered by chemical instability, poor water solubility, rapid metabolism, and low bioavailability of PAP. Therefore, this study was aimed at optimizing the liposomal formulation of Triacylglycerol‐bound punicic acid with its regioisomers (TPAR) for improved oral bioavailability and increased hepatoprotection through antioxidation and anti‐inflammation. Herein, the optimized TPAR nanoliposome (TPAR‐NL) was developed using thin‐film dispersion method and subsequently characterized with appropriate indices. The optimized TPAR‐NL produced fairly stable spherical nanoparticles (˂ 200 nm) with encapsulation efficiency (%EE) of 85.77%, as well as enhanced in vitro release and improved oral bioavailability. The TPAR‐NL exhibited profound antihepatotoxic effect in mice pretreated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) via reduction of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin levels compared with free TPAR. The TPAR‐loaded liposome also significantly reduced oxidative stress by increasing superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels while lowering malonaldehyde concentration compared with the free TPAR. The TPAR‐LNF further exhibited remarkable anti‐inflammatory activity compared with the free drug via inhibition of interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha generation. Thus, the developed nanoliposomes potentiated the antihepatotoxic activity of TPAR via antioxidation and anti‐inflammation.
A Danish register‐based study on involuntary treatment in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Clausen L. , Larsen J. T. , Bulik C. M. , Petersen L. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectiveInvoluntary treatment is controversial and widely debated, but remains a significant component of treatment for severe anorexia nervosa. Given how little is known about this topic, we describe the frequency of various involuntary measures in a national cohort of all patients diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. In a subsample of patients, we explored predictors of the first involuntary measure recorded.MethodDescriptive statistics and Cox proportional hazard analyses were conducted using the national registers of Denmark covering the total population. Data from the National Patient Register and the Psychiatric Central Research Register including all psychiatric visits from 1969 onwards were merged with data from the National Register on Coercion covering 1999 onward. Involuntary measures registered between 2000 and 2013 were analyzed.ResultsA total of 4,727 patients with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa representing 16,592 admissions were included. Eighteen percent experienced at least one involuntary measure. A variety of measures were used with tube feeding being the most frequent followed by mechanical restraint, involuntary medication, physical restraint, constant observation, and sedative medication. A subsample of 2% of AN patients had more than 100 involuntary measures recorded. The first recorded involuntary measure was predicted by most but not all psychiatric comorbidities, especially schizophrenia, autism spectrum, and personality disorders, older age at first diagnosis, and previous admissions.DiscussionIt is important to develop a more granular understanding of patients at risk of requiring involuntary treatment and to determine how best to treat them effectively with minimal use of involuntary measures.
A case review of a patient experience of photopheresis using a peripherally inserted central catheter
Authors: Rushton Cherie , Jackson Andrew , Goddard Kathryn , Alfred Arun 
Published: November 2018

AbstractExtracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is a cell based immunomodulatory therapy in which the patient is attached intravenously to a cell separating machine. During ECP a patient's blood is collected via either a central venous access device (CVAD) or a peripherally inserted 16G arterial venous fistula needle in either one or both antecubital fossa. However, patients presenting for ECP with GVHD repeatedly present a challenge to the ECP team due to poor venous access resulting from previous therapies and skin changes. The use of peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICCs) offers an alternative route of vascular access for this cohort of patients. Here we present a case report of a patient successfully treated with ECP following the insertion of a PICC line.
Interleukin‐37 inhibits osteoclastogenesis and alleviates inflammatory bone destruction
Authors: Tang Ruohui , Yi Jin , Yang Jing , Chen Yueqi , Luo Wei , Dong Shiwu , Fei Jun 
Published: November 2018

AbstractExcessive osteoclast formation is one of the important pathological features of inflammatory bone destruction. Interleukin‐37 (IL‐37) is an anti‐inflammatory agent that is present throughout the body, but it displays low physiological retention. In our study, high levels of the IL‐37 protein were detected in clinical specimens from patients with bone infections. However, the impact of IL‐37 on osteoclast formation remains unclear. Next, IL‐37 alleviated the inflammatory bone destruction in the mouse in vivo. We used receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand and lipopolysaccharide to trigger osteoclastogenesis under physiological and pathological conditions to observe the role of IL‐37 in this process and explore the potential mechanism of this phenomenon. In both induction models, IL‐37 exerted inhibitory effects on osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Furthermore, IL‐37 decreased the phosphorylation of inhibitor of κBα and p65 and the expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1, while the dimerization inhibitor of myeloid differentiation factor 88 reversed the effects. These data provide evidence that IL‐37 modulates osteoclastogenesis and a theoretical basis for the clinical application of IL‐37 as a treatment for bone loss–related diseases.
Standardized Nutrition Protocol for Very Low‐Birth‐Weight Infants Resulted in Less Use of Parenteral Nutrition and Associated Complications, Better Growth, and Lower Rates of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Authors: Barr Priscilla A. , Mally Pradeep V. , Caprio Martha C. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundWe assessed the impact of a standardized nutrition initiative for very low‐birth‐weight (VLBW) infants on their nutrition and clinical outcomes.MethodsThis was a prospective analysis of VLBW infants born before and after the initiation of a nutrition protocol. This protocol included trophic feeds, feeding advancement, fortification guidelines, parameters on the concentration of parenteral nutrition (PN), and the discontinuation of PN and central lines. Gastric residual monitoring was discontinued. Statistical analyses were performed with Fisher's exact and Student's t‐tests. Primary outcome measures were days receiving PN, days made nil per os (NPO) after feeding initiation, necrotizing enterocolitis, and growth parameters. Secondary outcome measures were central‐line days, sepsis, blood transfusions, cholestasis, osteopenia, chronic lung disease, and retinopathy of prematurity.Results136 VLBW infants were analyzed, including 77 in the preprotocol group and 59 in the postprotocol group. Infants postprotocol were found to have reduced PN days (26.1 versus [vs] 18.4, P < .01), fewer days made NPO after feeding initiation (7.2 vs 4.0, P = .02), NEC (7.8% vs 0%, P = 0.038), central‐line days (26.5 vs 18.6, P < .01), cholestasis (16% vs 3%, P = .02), and blood transfusions (5.3 vs 3.1, P = .028). Growth, defined by change in z‐score from birth to discharge, improved for weight (−1.3 vs −0.8, P < .01), length (−1.5 vs −1.0, P = .033), and head (−1.1 vs −0.6, P = .024).ConclusionInitiation of a standardized nutrition initiative for VLBW infants significantly improved growth, reduced PN use, and improved patient outcomes.
Discovery of cancer cell proliferation inhibitors from Salviae miltiorrhizae radix et rhizoma by a trace peak enrichment approach
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐wei , Yang Lin , An Lin , Li Ping , Chen Jun 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSalviae miltiorrhizae radix et rhizoma is a traditional herbal medicine with anti‐cancer activities. In this work, a trace peak enrichment approach combined with a cell proliferation assay was applied for screening cancer cell proliferation inhibitors from the extract of S. miltiorrhiza. A set of 123 peak fractions were prepared, and by comprehensive screening, 21 tanshinones were screened out as cancer cell proliferation inhibitors and their structures were tentatively identified by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The inhibitory activities of nine available screened tanshinones were validated, with their IC50 values ranging from 0.63 to 28.40 μM, indicating their activities strongly inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. This study presents tanshinones that are potential cancer cell proliferation inhibitors and may explain the anti‐cancer activity of S. miltiorrhiza.
A novel calibration method incorporating nonlinear optimization and ball‐bearing markers for cone‐beam CT with a parameterized trajectory
Authors: Li Guang , Luo Shouhua , You Chenyu , Getzin Matthew , Zheng Liang , Wang Ge , Gu Ning 
Published: November 2018

PurposeCone‐beam (CB) CT is a powerful noninvasive imaging modality, and is widely used in many applications. Accurate geometric parameters are essential for high‐quality image reconstruction. Usually, a CBCT system with higher spatial resolution, particularly on the order of microns or nanometers, will be more sensitive to the parametric accuracy. Here, we propose a novel calibration method combining a simple phantom containing ball bearing markers and an advanced optimization procedure. This method can be applied to CBCT with reproducible geometry and frame‐to‐frame invariant geometric parameters.MethodsOur proposed simplex‐simulated annealing procedure minimizes the cost function that associates the geometrical parameters with the degree to which the back projections of the ball bearings in projections from various viewing angles converge, and the global minimum of the cost function corresponds to the actual geometric parameters. Specifically, six geometric parameters can be directly obtained by minimizing the cost function, and the last parameter, the distance from source to rotation axis (SRD), can be obtained using prior knowledge of the phantom — the spacing between the two ball bearings.ResultsNumerical simulation was performed to validate that the proposed method with various noise levels. With the proposed method, the mean errors and standard deviations can be reduced to ∼10% and less than 1/3 of a competing benchmark method in the case of strong Gaussian noise (sigma = 200% of the pixel size) and large tilt angle (tilt angle = ). The calibration experiments with micro‐CT and high‐resolution CT scanners demonstrate that the proposed method recovers imaging parameters accurately, leading to superior image quality.ConclusionThe proposed method can obtain accurate geometric parameters of a CBCT system with a circular trajectory. While in the case of micro‐CT the proposed method has a performance comparable to the competing method, for high‐resolution CT, which is more sensitive to geometric calibration, the proposed method demonstrates higher calibration accuracy and more robustness than the benchmark algorithm.
MRI‐guided transurethral insonation of silica‐shell phase‐shift emulsions in the prostate with an advanced navigation platform
Authors: Anthony Gregory J. , Bader Kenneth B. , Wang James , Zamora Marta , Ostdiek Allison , Antic Tatjana , Krueger Sascha , Weiss Steffen , Trogler William C. , Blair Sarah L. , Kummel Andrew C. , Sammet Steffen 
Published: November 2018

PurposeIn this study, the efficacy of transurethral prostate ablation in the presence of silica‐shell ultrasound‐triggered phase‐shift emulsions (sUPEs) doped with MR contrast was evaluated. The influence of sUPEs on MR imaging assessment of the ablation zone was also investigated.MethodssUPEs were doped with a magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent, Gd2O3, to assess ultrasound transition. Injections of saline (sham), saline and sUPEs alone, and saline and sUPEs with Optison microbubbles were performed under guidance of a prototype interventional MRI navigation platform in a healthy canine prostate. Treatment arms were evaluated for differences in lesion size, T1 contrast, and temperature. In addition, non‐perfused areas (NPAs) on dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) MRI, 55°C isotherms, and areas of 240 cumulative equivalent minutes at 43°C (CEM43) dose or greater computed from MR thermometry were measured and correlated with ablated areas indicated by histology.ResultsFor treatment arms including sUPEs, the computed correlation coefficients between the histological ablation zone and the NPA, 55°C isotherm, and 240 CEM43 area ranged from 0.96–0.99, 0.98–0.99, and 0.91–0.99, respectively. In the absence of sUPEs, the computed correlation coefficients between the histological ablation zone and the NPA, 55°C isotherm, and 240 CEM43 area were 0.69, 0.54, and 0.50, respectively. Across all treatment arms, the areas of thermal tissue damage and NPAs were not significantly different (P = 0.47). Areas denoted by 55°C isotherms and 240 CEM43 dose boundaries were significantly larger than the areas of thermal damage, again for all treatment arms (P = 0.009 and 0.003, respectively). No significant differences in lesion size, T1 contrast, or temperature were observed between any of the treatment arms (P > 0.0167). Lesions exhibiting thermal fixation on histological analysis were present in six of nine insonations involving sUPE injections and one of five insonations involving saline sham injections. Significantly larger areas (P = 0.002), higher temperatures (P = 0.004), and more frequent ring patterns of restricted diffusion on ex vivo diffusion‐weighted imaging (P = 0.005) were apparent in lesions with thermal fixation.ConclusionsT1 contrast suggesting sUPE transition was not evident in sUPE treatment arms. The use of MR imaging metrics to predict prostate ablation was not diminished by the presence of sUPEs. Lesions generated in the presence of sUPEs exhibited more frequent thermal fixation, though there were no significant changes in the ablation areas when comparing arms with and without sUPEs. Thermal fixation corresponded to some qualitative imaging features.
The influence of nuclear interactions on ionization chamber perturbation factors in proton beams: FLUKA simulations supported by a Fano test
Authors: Lourenço Ana , Bouchard Hugo , Galer Sebastian , Royle Gary , Palmans Hugo 
Published: November 2018

PurposeIn all recent protocols for the reference dosimetry of clinical proton beams, ionization chamber perturbation factors are assumed to be unity. In this work, such factors were computed using the FLUKA Monte Carlo code for three ionization chamber types, with particular attention to the influence of nuclear interactions.MethodsThe accuracy of the transport algorithms implemented in FLUKA was first evaluated by performing a Fano cavity test. Ionization chamber perturbation factors were computed for the PTW‐34001 Roos® and the PTW‐34070 and PTW‐34073 Bragg peak® chambers for proton beams of 60–250 MeV using the same transport parameters that were needed to pass the Fano test.ResultsFLUKA was found to pass the Fano test within 0.15%. Ionization chamber simulation results show that the presence of the air cavity and the wall results in dose perturbations of the order of 0.6% and 0.8%, respectively. The perturbation factors are shown to be energy dependent and nuclear interactions must be taken into account for accurate calculation of the ionization chamber's response.ConclusionIonization chamber perturbations can amount to 1% in high‐energy proton beams and therefore need to be considered in dosimetry procedures.
Microbial platforms to produce commercially vital carotenoids at industrial scale: an updated review of critical issues
Authors: Saini Ramesh Kumar , Keum Young-Soo 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Carotenoids are a diverse group of isoprenoid pigments that play crucial roles in plants, animals, and microorganisms, including body pigmentation, bio-communication, precursors for vitamin A, and potent antioxidant activities. With their potent antioxidant activities, carotenoids are emerging as molecules of vital importance in protecting against chronic degenerative disease, such as aging, cancer, cataract, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. Due to countless functions in the cellular system, carotenoids are extensively used in dietary supplements, food colorants, aquaculture and poultry feed, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics. Moreover, the emerging demand for carotenoids in these vast areas has triggered their industrial-scale production. Currently, 80%–90% of carotenoids are produced synthetically by chemical synthesis. However, the demand for naturally produced carotenoids is increasing due to the health concern of synthetic counterparts. This article presents a review of the industrial production of carotenoids utilizing a number of diverse microbes, including microalgae, bacteria, and fungi, some of which have been genetically engineered to improve production titers.