bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shape grammars as design tools: an implementation of a multipurpose chair grammar
Authors: Garcia Sara , Menezes Leitão António 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis paper presents a multipurpose chair grammar and its implementation in the design toolChairDNA. This tool is oriented for the exploration of design alternatives in the early concept phase of the chair design process. This work addresses two shortcomings within the research area of shape grammars (SGs), namely, the lack of implementation of SGs applied to design domains, and the lack of practical applications in real-life design scenarios. To address these problems, a methodology is proposed for the implementation of a SG (more specifically, a set grammar) into a tool, comprising the translation of the grammar into user-interface elements oriented for design practitioners. By using the proposed tool, the user can add/delete chair components and edit shape parameters, while visualizing the effects on a three-dimensional digital model presented in a variety of CAD applications. Compared with other SG implementations, ChairDNA uses an approach that keeps under control the combinatorial explosion of rule applications, which simplifies the use of the tool by designers that do not have experience in SGs. The generative potential of the tool is demonstrated by generating chairs of different types, and its usability and utility in aiding the designer are evaluated by design students and design practitioners.
Outcomes associated with Clostridium difficile infection in patients with chronic liver disease
Authors: Dotson Kierra M. , Aitken Samuel L. , Sofjan Amelia K. , Shah Dhara N. , Aparasu Rajender R. , Garey Kevin W. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPatients with chronic liver disease (CLD) have frequent exposure to Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) risk factors but the incidence and aetiology of CDI on this population is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence, disease presentation and outcomes of CDI in patients with underlying CLD. The Health Care and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample (HCUP-NIS) 2009 dataset was used to identify patients with CLD who developed CDI along with matched non-CLD patients with CDI. Using the NIS dataset, the incidence rate of CDI was 189.4/10 000 discharges in CLD patients vs. 83.7/10 000 discharges in the non-CLD matched cohort (P < 0.001). Compared with non-CLD, comorbidity-matched controls with CDI, CLD patients with CDI had higher likelihood of in-hospital mortality (8.8% vs. 18.6%, P < 0.001), increased length of stay by 1.19 days (P < 0.001) and increased total costs by $8632 (P < 0.001). In separate analyses using a tertiary case database of hospitalised patients in Houston, Texas (2006–2016) with CLD and CDI (n = 41) compared with patients with CDI but not CLD (n = 111), CLD patients had significantly higher Charlson comorbidity index (P < 0.0001) but similar risk factors for CDI and CDI-related disease presentation compared with non-CLD patients. In conclusion, CDI-related risk factors were almost universally present in the CLD population. CDI resulted in worse outcomes in this population.
EARLY EXEGETICAL PRACTICE ON AVICENNA'S ŠIFĀʾ: FAḪR AL-DĪN AL-RĀZĪ’S MARGINALIA TO LOGIC
Authors: Di Vincenzo Silvia 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNine manuscripts preserving Avicenna's Kitāb al-Šifāʾ share a set of identical marginal glosses to the section of Logic. One of these manuscripts reports, at the end of each of the glosses, a certificate of transmission ascribing them to the theologian and philosopher Faḫr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 606H/1210), which provides some material evidence of the existence of a flourishing exegetical activity on the Kitāb al-Šifāʾ during the twelfth-thirteenth century, in spite of the apparent lack of commentaries on the text in that period. The present paper provides an edition of the so far unknown ḥāšiyāt to Avicenna's Kitāb al-Šifāʾ by al-Rāzī, with an attempt at reconstructing their tradition and contextualizing them within al-Rāzī’s exegetical and teaching activity.
Outpatient pharmacologic weaning for neonatal abstinence syndrome: a systematic review
Authors: Murphy-Oikonen Jodie , McQueen Karen 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAimThe purpose of this systematic review was to assess the literature regarding the effectiveness and safety of outpatient pharmacologic weaning for infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS).BackgroundNAS is a multi-system disorder observed in infants experiencing withdrawal from opioid exposure in utero. Infants requiring pharmacologic treatment to manage withdrawal, traditionally receive treatment as a hospital inpatient resulting in lengthy hospitalization periods. However, there is evidence to suggest that some healthcare institutions are continuing outpatient pharmacologic weaning for select infants in a home environment. As there is no standard of care to guide outpatient weaning, assessment of the safety and effectiveness of this approach is warranted.MethodA systematic review of outpatient weaning for infants with NAS was conducted using the electronic databases PubMed, Nursing and Allied Health, CINAHL, Evidence-Based Medicine, Web of Science, Medline, and PsychINFO. Studies were eligible for inclusion in the review if they fulfilled the following criteria: (1) reported original data on outcomes related to the effectiveness or safety of outpatient weaning for infants with NAS, (2) infants were discharged from hospital primarily receiving opioid pharmacologic treatment for NAS, (3) the method included quantitative designs that included an inpatient comparison group, and (4) articles were published in English in a peer-reviewed journal.FindingsThe search identified 154 studies, of which 18 provided information related to NAS and outpatient weaning. After reviewing the remaining full-text studies, six studies met all inclusion and exclusion criteria. All studies identified that outpatient weaning for select infants was associated with shorter hospitalization compared with infants weaned in-hospital only and may be potentially effective in reducing associated healthcare costs. However, duration of pharmacologic treatment was longer in the outpatient weaning groups in the majority of the studies. Furthermore, adverse events were rare and compliance to follow-up treatment was high among those who received outpatient weaning.
The Reciprocal Translation Proviso: An Alternative Approach to Public Reason
Authors: Tyler George 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe role of religion in politics is problematic for liberal legitimacy. Religion is often restrained by a public reason requirement, but this creates cognitive burdens that asymmetrically impact religious citizens creating unequal barriers to accessing the political system, which is itself problematic for liberal legitimacy. Habermas’ institutional translation proviso balances the competing concerns of liberal legitimacy, which aims to offset the asymmetry disadvantaging religious citizens. This paper analyzes the problem and Habermas’ solution. It concludes that Habermas does not alleviate the asymmetry created by the public reason requirement to the greatest extent possible and so does not equalize the barriers to accessing the political system as much as he might. The reciprocal translation proviso provides an alternative that balances the competing components of liberal legitimacy more fully and alleviates the asymmetry and inequality of barriers to political access to the greatest extent possible while preserving the public reason requirement.
Modeling the Impact of Harvest Weed Seed Control on Herbicide-Resistance Evolution
Authors: Somerville Gayle J. , Powles Stephen B. , Walsh Michael J. , Renton Michael 
Published: May 2018

AbstractHarvest weed seed control (HWSC) techniques have been implemented in Australian cropping systems to target and reduce the number of weed seeds entering the seedbank and thereby reduce the number of problematic weeds emerging in subsequent years to infest subsequent crops. However, the influence of HWSC on ameliorating herbicide-resistance (HR) evolution has not been investigated. This research used integrated spatial modeling to examine how the frequency and efficacy of HWSC affected the evolution of resistance to initially effective herbicides. Herbicides were, in all cases, better protected from future resistance evolution when their use was combined with annual HWSC. Outbreaks of multiple HR were very unlikely to occur and were nearly always eliminated by adding annual, efficient HWSC. The efficacy of the HWSC was important, with greater reductions in the number of resistance genes achieved with higher-efficacy HWSC. Annual HWSC was necessary to protect sequences of lower-efficacy herbicides, but HWSC could still protect herbicides if it was used less often than once per year, when the HWSC and the herbicides were highly effective. Our results highlight the potential benefits of combining HWSC with effective herbicides for controlling weed populations and reducing the future evolution of HR.
PyBacktrack 1.0: A Tool for Reconstructing Paleobathymetry on Oceanic and Continental Crust
Authors: Müller R. D. , Cannon J. , Williams S. , Dutkiewicz A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe pyBacktrack software package allows the backtracking of the paleo‐water depth of ocean drill sites, providing a framework for reconstructing the accumulation history of sediment components through time. The software incorporates the effects of decompaction of common marine lithologies and allows backtracking of sites on both oceanic and continental crust. Backtracking on ocean crust is based on a user‐selected lithospheric age‐depth model and the present‐day unloaded basement depth. Backtracking on continental crust is based on syn‐rift and post‐rift subsidence that is modeled using the total sediment thickness at the site and the timing of the transition from rifting to thermal subsidence. On sites that did not penetrate basement, the age‐coded stratigraphy is supplemented with a synthetic stratigraphic section that represents the undrilled section, whose thickness is estimated using a global sediment thickness map. This is essential for estimating the decompacted thickness of the total sedimentary section, and thus bathymetry, through time. PyBacktrack further allows the consideration of the effects of mantle‐convection driven dynamic topography on paleo‐water depth. The user can select one of the dynamic topography models bundled with pyBacktrack or add other models. PyBacktrack runs on all platforms with a Python 2.7 and a pyGPlates installation and is available via Github.
The Alpine Fault Hangingwall Viewed From Within: Structural Analysis of Ultrasonic Image Logs in the DFDP‐2B Borehole, New Zealand
Authors: Massiot Cécile , Célérier Bernard , Doan Mai‐Linh , Little Tim A. , Townend John , McNamara David D. , Williams Jack , Schmitt Douglas R. , Toy Virginia G. , Sutherland Rupert , Janku‐Capova Lucie , Upton Phaedra , Pezard Philippe A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractUltrasonic image logs acquired in the DFDP‐2B borehole yield the first continuous, subsurface description of the transition from schist to mylonite in the hangingwall of the Alpine Fault, New Zealand, to a depth of 818 m below surface. Three feature sets are delineated. One set, comprising foliation and foliation‐parallel veins and fractures, has a constant orientation. The average dip direction of 145° is subparallel to the dip direction of the Alpine Fault, and the average dip magnitude of 60° is similar to nearby outcrop observations of foliation in the Alpine mylonites that occur immediately above the Alpine Fault. We suggest that this foliation orientation is similar to the Alpine Fault plane at ∼1 km depth in the Whataroa valley. The other two auxiliary feature sets are interpreted as joints based on their morphology and orientation. Subvertical joints with NW‐SE (137°) strike occurring dominantly above ∼500 m are interpreted as being formed during the exhumation and unloading of the Alpine Fault's hangingwall. Gently dipping joints, predominantly observed below ∼500 m, are interpreted as inherited hydrofractures exhumed from their depth of formation. These three fracture sets, combined with subsidiary brecciated fault zones, define the fluid pathways and anisotropic permeability directions. In addition, high topographic relief, which perturbs the stress tensor, likely enhances the slip potential and thus permeability of subvertical fractures below the ridges, and of gently dipping fractures below the valleys. Thus, DFDP‐2B borehole observations support the inference of a large zone of enhanced permeability in the hangingwall of the Alpine Fault.
Downcore Variations of Sedimentary Detrital (238U/232Th) Ratio: Implications on the Use of 230Thxs and 231Paxs to Reconstruct Sediment Flux and Ocean Circulation
Authors: Missiaen L. , Pichat S. , Waelbroeck C. , Douville E. , Bordier L. , Dapoigny A. , Thil F. , Foliot L. , Wacker L. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractExcess 231Pa and 230Th (231Paxs and 230Thxs) can be used to reconstruct past oceanic sedimentation (230Th‐normalized flux) and circulation changes ((231Pa/230Th)xs,0, hereafter Pa/Th). These quantities are determined by computing the detrital and authigenic contributions from bulk sediment measurement. The method relies on the use of a chosen constant value of the detrital (238U/232Th) activity ratio (hereafter (U/Th)det). In this study, we have extracted the detrital fraction of the sediments from North Atlantic deep‐sea core SU90‐08 (43°03′1N, 30°02′5W, 3,080m) and determined its (U/Th)det value over the last 40 ky. We find that (U/Th)det varied significantly through time with a minimum value of 0.4 during the Holocene and a maximum value of 0.7 during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The sensitivity of sedimentary 230Th‐normalized flux and Pa/Th is tested for our study site and for other North Atlantic sites. We show that the sensitivity is highly dependent on the core location and its terrigenous material supply. The 230Th‐normalized flux and Pa/Th signals are very robust in cores with low detrital contributions, whereas they are very sensitive to (U/Th)det changes in cores with higher detrital contribution. In the latter case, changes in 230Th‐normalized flux and Pa/Th due to the choice of a constant (U/Th)det can largely exceed the uncertainty on the 230Th‐normalized flux and Pa/Th, inducing potential biases in the amplitude and temporal variability of reconstructed sedimentation and ocean circulation changes.
Inert and Adsorptive Tracer Tests for Field Measurement of Flow‐Wetted Surface Area
Authors: Hawkins Adam J. , Becker Matthew W. , Tester Jefferson W. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractField tests in a discrete rock fracture validated a combined inert/adsorbing tracer test method to estimate the contact area between fluids circulating through a fracture and the bulk rock matrix (i.e., flow‐wetted surface area, A). Tracer tests and heat injections occurred at a mesoscale well field in Altona, NY. A subhorizontal bedding plane fracture ∼7.6 m below ground surface connects two wells separated by 14.1 m. Recovery of the adsorbing tracer cesium was roughly 72% less than the inert tracer iodide. Using an advection‐dispersion‐reaction model in one‐dimension, the adsorbing/inert tracer method identified substantial flow channelization. These results are consistent with Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and thermal sensors. All characterization methods suggest circulating fluids were concentrated in a narrow, 1–2 m wide channel directly connecting the injection and production well. The inert/adsorbing tracer method identified two flow channels with areas of 28 and 80 m2. A one‐dimensional heat transport model predicted production well temperature rises 20.5°C in 6 days, whereas measured temperature rise was 17.6°C. For comparison, two‐dimensional heat transport through a fracture of uniform aperture (i.e., homogeneous permeability) predicted roughly 670 days until production well temperature would rise 17.6°C. This suggests that the use of a fracture of uniform aperture to predict heat transport may drastically overpredict the thermal performance of a geothermal system. In the context of commercial geothermal reservoirs, the results of this study suggest that combined inert/adsorbing tracer tests could predict production well thermal drawdown, leading to improved reservoir monitoring and management.
Marine Volcaniclastic Record of Early Arc Evolution in the Eastern Ritter Range Pendant, Central Sierra Nevada, California
Authors: Barth A. P. , Wooden J. L. , Riggs N. R. , Walker J. D. , Tani K. , Penniston‐Dorland S. C. , Jacobson C. E. , Laughlin J. A. , Hiramatsu R. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMarine volcaniclastic rocks in the Sierra Nevada preserve a critical record of silicic magmatism in the early Sierra Nevada volcanic arc, and this magmatic record provides precise minimum age constraints on subduction inception and tectonic evolution of the early Mesozoic Cordilleran convergent margin at this latitude. New zircon Pb/U ages from the Ritter Range pendant and regional correlations indicate arc inception no later than mid‐Triassic time between 37°N and 38°N. The regional first‐order felsic magma eruption rate as recorded by marine volcanic arc rocks was episodic, with distinct pulses of ignimbrite emplacement at ca. 221–216 and 174–167 Ma. Ignimbrites range from dacite to rhyolite in bulk composition, and are petrographically similar to modern arc‐type, monotonous intermediate dacite or phenocryst‐poor, low‐silica rhyolite. Zircon trace element geochemistry indicates that Jurassic silicic melts were consistently Ti‐enriched and light rare earth‐enriched and U‐depleted in comparison to Triassic melts of the juvenile arc, suggesting Jurassic silicic melts were hotter, drier, and derived from distinct lithospheric sources not tapped in the juvenile stage of arc construction. Pulses of ignimbrite deposition were coeval with granodioritic to granitic components of the underlying early Mesozoic Sierra Nevada batholith, suggesting explosive silicic volcanism and batholith construction were closely coupled at 1–2 million‐year time scales.
Seismic Structure of the Upper Mantle Beneath Eastern Asia From Full Waveform Seismic Tomography
Authors: Tao Kai , Grand Stephen P. , Niu Fenglin 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTo better understand the subsurface behavior of subducting slabs and their relation to the tectonic evolution of the overriding plate, we conduct a full waveform inversion on a large data set to determine a high‐resolution seismic model, FWEA18 (Full Waveform inversion of East Asia in 2018), of the upper mantle beneath eastern Asia. FWEA18 reveals sharper, more intense high‐velocity slabs in the upper mantle under the southern Kuril, Japan, and Ryukyu arcs, than previous studies have found. The subducting Pacific plate is imaged as a roughly 100 km thick high‐velocity slab to near 550 km depth indicating relatively little deformation. Stagnation near 600 km depth is observed over horizontal distances of 600 km or less. The Pacific plate we image accounts for roughly 25 Myr of subduction with older slab likely located in the lower mantle. The Philippine plate, subducting beneath the Ryukyu Islands, has a clear termination at about 450 km depth. This may indicate a tearing event in the past or that less Philippine Sea plate has subducted than previously thought. We found a double‐layer high‐velocity anomaly above and below 660 km under the Yellow Sea and eastern coast of North China. This may correspond to parts of the Philippine Sea plate that detached in the past and Pacific plate that have intersected at depth or a complicated behavior of the Pacific plate at that depth. Slow cylindrical anomalies cross the entire upper mantle are imaged beneath major Holocene volcanoes, which are likely upwellings associated with the edges of deep slabs that are entering the lower mantle.
Significant Space Weather Impact on the Escape of Hydrogen From Mars
Authors: Mayyasi Majd , Bhattacharyya Dolon , Clarke John , Catalano Amy , Benna Mehdi , Mahaffy Paul , Thiemann Edward , Lee Christina O. , Deighan Justin , Jain Sonal , Chaffin Michael , Crismani Matteo , McClintock William , Stewart Ian , Holsclaw Greg , Stiepen Arnaud , Montmessin Franck , Schneider Nick , Jakosky Bruce 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn September 2017, an active region of the Sun produced a series of strong flares and a coronal mass ejection that swept past Mars producing enhanced ionization and heating in the upper atmosphere. Emissions from atmospheric hydrogen Lyman‐α were also enhanced at Mars. Temperatures derived from neutral species scale heights were used in conjunction with the H Lyman‐α observations to simulate the effects of this space weather event on Martian hydrogen properties in the exosphere. It was found that hydrogen abundance in the upper atmosphere decreased by ~25% and that the H escape rate increased by a factor of 5, mainly through an increase in upper atmospheric temperature. This significant escape rate variation is comparable to seasonally observed trends but occurred at much shorter timescales. Such solar events would statistically impact extrapolation of Martian water loss over time.
Leukaemic alterations of IKZF1 prime stemness and malignancy programs in human lymphocytes
Authors: Li Zhen , Li Shui-Ping , Li Ruo-Yan , Zhu Hua , Liu Xia , Guo Xiao-Lin , Mu Li-Li , Cai Jie-Jing , Bai Fan , Chen Guo-Qiang , Hong Deng-Li 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSomatic cells acquire stem cell-like properties during cancerous transformation; however, mechanisms through which committed cells develop stemness and malignancy remain largely unknown. Here we uncovered upregulated stem cell program in leukaemic lymphoblasts of patients withIKZF1alterations by analysing the archived gene-expression profiling datasets. We then used a frequentIKZF1deletion, IK6, as a model via transduction into human primitive haematopoietic cells, followed by xenotransplantation in mice. Immunophenotypically defined stem, pro-B, and immature/mature (IM/M)-B cells were collected from primary recipients for functional assay and transcriptome profiling. Successful reconstitution in secondary recipient mice revealed the stemness of IK6+pro-B and IM/M-B cells. Upregulated stemness and malignancy programs in IK6+cells confirmed IK6 effects. Interestingly, these programs corresponded to distinct canonical pathways. Remarkably, the pathway profile mapped in the modelled cells well mirrored that in patients’ leukaemic cells; therefore, our study provides a seminal insight into the cancerous reprogramming of somatic cells.
Diffusion markers of dendritic density and arborization in gray matter predict differences in intelligence
Authors: Genç Erhan , Fraenz Christoph , Schlüter Caroline , Friedrich Patrick , Hossiep Rüdiger , Voelkle Manuel C. , Ling Josef M. , Güntürkün Onur , Jung Rex E. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPrevious research has demonstrated that individuals with higher intelligence are more likely to have larger gray matter volume in brain areas predominantly located in parieto-frontal regions. These findings were usually interpreted to mean that individuals with more cortical brain volume possess more neurons and thus exhibit more computational capacity during reasoning. In addition, neuroimaging studies have shown that intelligent individuals, despite their larger brains, tend to exhibit lower rates of brain activity during reasoning. However, the microstructural architecture underlying both observations remains unclear. By combining advanced multi-shell diffusion tensor imaging with a culture-fair matrix-reasoning test, we found that higher intelligence in healthy individuals is related to lower values of dendritic density and arborization. These results suggest that the neuronal circuitry associated with higher intelligence is organized in a sparse and efficient manner, fostering more directed information processing and less cortical activity during reasoning.