bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Potential of Data Banks in Land Management for Industrial Purposes
Authors: Kingman P. D. 
Published: July 2019

The system of recording land data has not kept pace with modern development; in fact, it lags far behind. A data bank based on land designations, not people, is imperative. This bank should include not only basic registration data pertaining to land rights but also additional information necessary for land development. It is likely that such a bank would be part of a governmental system. If so, this might pose problems for industry in that secrecy is often required when studies of potential industrial sites are made.
Three Automated Land Data Systems in the United States
Authors: Moyer D. David 
Published: July 2019

Data banks are rapidly becoming more popular but so far their development and implementation have been confined mainly to urban areas. The Economic Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is studying the feasibility of a unified land data system for rural lands. Such a bank would likely aid the department in administering government policy, reduce conveyancing costs on transfers of farm land and lead to wider and quicker dissemination of land information to interested persons and agencies. As part of its investigation, the Service has studied some urban-type data banks. Three of these, namely, in Nassau County, New York; Washington, D.C., and Alexandria, Virginia, are discussed with reference to the history of their development, the data they contain and the use being made of these data. Studies show that banks of land title record data would be a worthwhile proposition for counties with populations as low as 30,000. If these banks were enlarged to include other data, such as those now contained in the Washington and Alexandria banks, counties with even smaller populations would benefit.
Computer Program GALS
Authors: McLellan C. D. 
Published: July 2019

GALS, an acronym for Geographic Adjustment by Least Squares, is a comprehensive electronic computer program for adjusting horizontal control survey networks of triangulation, trilateration, traverse or any combination thereof. Adjustment is by variation of geographic coordinates using observation equations. Input includes coordinates, fixed or preliminary, for all points, and observed lengths, azimuths, and directions appropriately weighted; it may also include correlated position equations thus enabling the user to carry out adjustment by sections. Output includes adjusted coordinates for all points, residuals for all observations, and covariance factors for points selected by the user. Standard error ellipse data for a point or points relative to datum (fixed points) or to any other point may be printed out on request. The program can be used for network design as well as for adjustment; with the program in simulation mode a proposed survey network can be entered and standard error ellipses to analyze the configuration can be called for. As the program is in basic Fortran IV it is relatively machine independent. Space requirements in computer core storage is reduced by banding the matrix of normal coefficients into a diagonal band, a vertical band and a unit matrix band.
Correlating Airborne Control and Township Surveys in Alberta
Authors: Deyholos J. 
Published: July 2019

In Alberta, mineral and oil and gas rights must be described according to the rectangular township system. Since the survey control system generally follows an informal pattern, it must be correlated to governing points in the township system in remote areas for use in exploratory and development surveys. A description is given of an experimental application in northern Alberta of a method of extending control and correlating it with the local skeletal township frame-work. A novel feature of the experiment was the transportation and setting in place of large preassembled steel towers by helicopter. Control stations were fixed by trilateration using ground tellurometer measurements between intervisible stations and an auto-tape helicopter line-crossing technique for lines between nonintervisible stations. Subsequently, trilateration connections were made from control stations to governing monuments of the local township system by auto-tape measurements to a hovering helicopter. The experiment proved practical and economical. With the advances in measuring and hovering systems that can be expected soon, this type of operation holds even greater promise for the near future.
Systematic Errors in Tellurometer and Geodimeter Measurements
Authors: Jones Harold E. 
Published: July 2019

From an analysis of field measurements made by the Geodetic Survey of Canada in 1969-1970, on about 200 lines in different localities and generally between 7 and 27 km long, it is clear that 1) there is a systematic diurnal variation in geodimeter measurements between ground stations, with daytime measurements about 4 ppm longer than nighttime measurements; 2) systematic diurnal variations of a few ppm sometimes occur in a network of tellurometer measurements from either ground or tower stations, and 3) tellurometer measurements are generally 2-5 ppm shorter than geodimeter measurements. There is a general agreement between the observed discrepancies and those that can be predicted from Best’s model of temperature and vapor pressure variations in the lower 100 meters of the atmosphere. From this it can be concluded that 4) the mean of day and night geodimeter measurements between ground stations, or a measurement made near sunrise or sunset, is reliable; 5) systematic meteorological errors in geodimeter measurements between tower stations are generally less than one ppm, and 6) tellurometer measurements are generally a few ppm short.
Snow Cover and Melting Snow from ERTS Imagery
Authors: Golding Douglas L. 
Published: July 2019

To evaluate the usefulness of ERTS imagery for obtaining information on snow cover for small mountain watersheds, two specific objectives were set: (1) to determine if snowpack ablation due to chinooks can be detected on ERTS imagery, and (2) to determine if melting snow can be distinguished from snow that has not yet begun to melt. The length of ERTS return period and the frequency of cloud cover over the mountains in winter combined to make the ERTS system almost useless in studying transient phenomena of short-return period such as the chinook. Melting snow could be distinguished from snow that had not reached melting temperature. The latter appeared light toned on both visible and near-infrared imagery because of its high reflectivity in these portions of the spectrum. Melting snow, however, appeared dark on near-infrared imagery because much of the incident infrared radiation is absorbed by the thin film of water on the surface of the melting snow.
Detection of SO2 Fume Damage to Forests on ERTS-1 Imagery
Authors: Murtha Peter A. 
Published: July 2019

Sulphur dioxide fumes have been affecting the forests around Wawa, Ontario, which have been under surveillance for a. number of years and which were recently covered by ultra-small-scale (1:160,000) air photography for damage-assessment purposes. Selected as a Canadian Forestry Service ERTS-1 test site, the area was imaged on four successive ERTS-1 passes during the summer of 1973. Interpretation supported by electronic color enhancement was used to delineate, on ERTS imagery, three damage zones: total-kill, heavy-kill and medium-damage zones. The zones delineated are similar to the results of aerial sketch mapping and airphoto interpretation. Band 5 provided the greatest detail for assessing the damage to the forests, followed by bands 4, 6 and 7. Comparison with winter ERTS images showed that even though the total kill could be separated from heavy-kill damage zoned, total kill could not be consistently separated from clear-cut logging, burned areas, frozen lakes and bogs.
Doppler Data Versus Results from High Precision Traverse
Authors: Meade Burford K. 
Published: July 2019

The transcontinental traverses (TT) in the conterminous United States will contribute to the framework of high precision control for a new adjustment of the triangulation networks consisting of about 125,000 stations. This high precision traverse net, forming eight loops and extending over a distance of approximately 22,000 kilometres, is being established with relative accuracies of about one part per million along the traverse. Plans have been made to observe positions, using Doppler equipment, at more than 100 stations spaced at intervals of about 300 kilometres throughout the United States network. The Doppler positions will be used to supplement the scale control in the overall adjustment of the net. Previous evaluations have indicated that positions obtained by Doppler have accuracies in the order of one or two metres. About 35 positions of stations along the transcontinental traverses have been determined by Doppler. These results are compared with results obtained from the high precision traverse surveys.
Mean Sea Level as a Reference for Geodetic Leveling
Authors: Lennon G. W. 
Published: July 2019

The use of mean sea level as a surface of reference that might provide an independent control for geodetic leveling has been a long term goal arising from the classical analogy between the geoid as an equipotential surface and the surface assumed by a hypothetical undisturbed world ocean. The problems associated with this aim are now known to be vast, and are associated with the dynamics of the marine system, notably its response to meteorological forces, to variations in density and to the effects of basic circulation patterns. In consequence the mean sea level surface varies rapidly in both time and space. This identifies in fact a distinctive scientific discipline, coastal geodesy, in which contributions are required by both geodesists and oceanographers. It has come to be recognized that the coastal zone is a hazardous environment for all observational techniques concerned. On the one hand, the difficulties of measurement of coastal sea levels have only recently been understood; on the other hand, precise leveling procedures are now known to be influenced by the attraction of marine tides and by crustal deformation of tidal loading. Much of the data available for study are therefore inadequate and, moreover, it should be noted that long-time series are required. It is now possible to lay plans for both geodetic and oceanographic procedures to remedy these deficiencies in the long-term interests of the study.
Aspects of Large Leveling Nets
Authors: Alberda J. E. 
Published: July 2019

A survey is given of some recent literature on the probabilistic model for leveling observations. The author thinks that the different approaches can be reconciled and that the time has come for a revision of the international formulas for the evaluation of the accuracy. A theoretical study is made concerning the connection between the density (or loop size) of a schematic net and the precision of height differences in the net. The study, which is summarized in an appendix, is based on an investigation of schematic nets consisting of “square loops”. Some attention is devoted to the adjustment, which is very simple. The execution of the adjustment is closely connected with the statistical analysis and evaluation; the author advocates adjustment by steps. The last section is devoted to some remarks on the use of statistical test. In this respect there is hardly anything that is peculiar to leveling nets, and available general testing procedures can be applied directly.
The North American Redefinition in Perspective
Authors: Hamilton Angus C. 
Published: July 2019

The redefinition is an engineering application of the pure or basic science accomplishments in geodesy since 1927. Assuming that a geocentric coordinate system is adopted, it will mark the end of the era of best-fitting regional or continental surfaces and the advent of an era of one-world spheroids. To ensure that the resources necessary to see it through become available, it is essential that popular support for redefinition be forthcoming from users of the redefined coordinates, such as provincial/state and urban governments. The confusion that comes with any change in coordinates will be minimized if the redefinition is completed so that redefined plane coordinates will be available when the conversion to metric units takes place.
Doppler Leveling
Authors: Kouba Jan 
Published: July 2019

It is a common feeling among geodetic users of the Doppler satellite that the limitation of the system has been nearly approached; it is usually quoted in the range of 0.6 - 1.6 metres in each coordinate depending on the extent of the survey area and time span of the observations [Anderle 1974; Anderle and Tannenbaun 1974; Beauglass 1974; DOD 1972]. Traditionally, all three coordinates are given the same attention, and usually the height component is considered to be of the lowest accuracy owing to orbit, atmospheric effect and antenna phase center uncertainty. Individual sources of error contributing to the height determination in particular are examined. It is estimated that, with improved instrumentation (i.e., new antenna designs, which are just becoming available on the market) and some improvement in error modeling, the accuracy attainable between two stations about 50 km apart will be about 0.2 m (1σ). This would result from observations of at least 30 satellite passes with either U.S. Naval Weapons Laboratory (NWL) or broadcast satellite ephemeris. When orthometric (spirit-leveled) height differences between such points are known, a relative profile of geoid-ellipsoid separations could be obtained with a speed and accuracy that compares favourably to the classical methods, such as astrogeodetic leveling or gravimetric methods. Such profiles could provide a useful control frame for classical geoid determination over large areas.
Prediction of Deviations of the Vertical Using Heterogeneous Data
Authors: Lachapelle Gérard 
Published: July 2019

A method for estimating deviations of the vertical from a combination of topographic-isostatic deviations of the vertical and dynamic information in the form of geopotential coefficients is presented. The method is especially well suited for large areas, either continental or oceanic, where no geodetic measurements, such as gravity anomalies or deviations of the vertical, are available. It is ideally applicable in mountainous areas and along coastlines where the deviations depend greatly on the topography. Numerical results using topographic-isostatic data calculated in Canada, Switzerland and West Germany are presented. Furthermore, if geodetic data such as observed deviations of the vertical and gravity anomalies are available in the area considered, they can be combined with existing estimated deviations by using least squares collocation to achieve a greater accuracy.
Hydrographic Research in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Douglas G.R. 
Published: July 2019

Prior to the mid 1960s, few ships dared to venture into the high Arctic regions of Canada. The advent of hydrocarbon exploration and the virtual certainty of production, coupled with the possibility of year-round shipping, has given the bathymetric charts of the Arctic a totally new importance. The Canadian Hydrographic Service is responding to this new importance by developing systems and techniques to cope with the charting requirements in the hostile environment. The ever present ice, the remoteness of the area and the specialized requirements preclude the use of conventional survey techniques and platforms. This paper reviews the research and development of new systems, the adaptation of existing platforms and the development of techniques of the past decade that have enabled the Canadian Hydrographic Service to carry out reconnaissance and detailed surveys in this unique environment. The future systems, which are intended to provide continuous bathymetric profiles from the surface of the ice, and alternate solutions to enhance present bottom coverage are discussed. Developments to improve the capability and reliability of tidal and current measurements in ice-covered waters are also described.
Keeping Land-Related Information Up-to-Date
Authors: Roberts Willis F. 
Published: July 2019

The Maritime Provinces, through an agency called the Land Registration and Information Service (LRIS), are implementing a phased program to build a land information system. The program incorporates a control survey system, mapping system, parcel indexing system, land titles system and an integrated land information system. The Maritime Provinces encompass an area of approximately 52 000 square miles containing an estimated 800 000 parcels of land and a total population of 1.6 million people. To date, LRIS has produced 40 000 coordinated survey markers at linear distances of 300 m to 4 000 m; 8 000 maps at scales from 1:1 000 to 1:20 000; 370 000 parcels of land have been identified on maps and specified parcel information placed on computer files. Legislation has been presented to three provincial legislatures for a new Land Titles System and a prototype Land Titles System has been demonstrated using a centralized computer facility with on-line access by terminals for data entry and retrieval. Future projects will be carried out to change from current analogue methods of map production to digital mapping production and to operate a computerized land titles system as one of a series of computerized data information subsystems that will provide information to a comprehensive land information system for the management of the Maritime resources.
An Extension of Chronometric Gyroscope Observation Methods
Authors: Caspary W. F. , Schwintzer P. A. W. 
Published: July 2019

An observation method for gyroscopic azimuth determination which is based on transit readings at all graduation lines of the auxiliary scale of the collimator, is proposed. For the adjustment of approximately 60 pairs of observations (time reading ti and scale reading αi) per swing the following three models are discussed in detail: 1) the time readings are considered as the observed values while the scale readings are considered errorless; 2) the scale readings are considered as the observed values while the time readings are considered errorless; 3) both time and scale readings are observed values and therefore to be adjusted. The authors concluded that the most accurate azimuths can be obtained by using model 3. Laboratory and field tests with a MOM Gi-B1 and a Wild GAK-1 showed that the proposed observation method gives standard deviations for the position of the mean axis of the gyrooscillation of one second of arc for MOM and five seconds for Wild gyro, as measures of the internal accuracy, — in the same time that would have been taken using any standard method of observation.
The Legal Liability of the Chartmaker
Authors: Troop Peter M. 
Published: July 2019

Recent developments in the law have imposed increased liability and responsibility on government departments and agencies providing services to the public. The Canadian Hydrographic Service as the Crown Agency providing reliable information to the marine navigator must be aware of the legal responsibilities and duties and the extent to which the Crown may be liable for shipping casualties and other marine accidents. The degree of reliance placed on charts and other nautical publications of the CHS potentially expose the Government of Canada, under the Crown Liability Act to claims by ship owners and cargo owners, for damages ranging up to many millions of dollars based upon misleading or inaccurate charts. Members of the CHS need to be aware of this responsibility and take all necessary measures to protect and to limit this potential exposure of the Government of Canada. The importance of the CHS establishing standards of excellence and providing for mechanisms to ensure that these standards of excellence are met is emphasized. Special reference is made to the legal problems and other scientific investigations and the manner by which the Crown can discharge its responsibility and limit its liability therefor. The heavy reliance by government and the marine public on the hydrographer’s creditability and expertise is also described as well as the use to which the information and results are put. The legal problems associated with changing technology, new procedures and the updating of older charts and publications to meet modern charting standards are reviewed and discussed.
Surveying Computations: Backsight — Turning Point — Foresight
Authors: Frankich Kresho 
Published: July 2019

Surveying computations are an integral part of the surveying profession. Until only a few decades ago they were performed by logarithms, mechanical calculators and slide rules. Mathematical models had to be given in forms suitable for the computational means available to the profession. The invention of digital or high-speed electronic computers led to a revolution in data handling and problem solving practices. The application of modern computers and calculators in surveying necessitates a radical reorganization of scientific research and everyday engineering work. Analytical methods of computations have not lost their importance, although the domains of their applications have changed. Computers brought a variety of numerical methods which, together with approximation theory, have become the most important part of surveying computations.
Who is Qualified to Survey Canada’s Offshore?
Authors: Kerr A. J. , Mukherjee P. K. 
Published: July 2019

An examination is made of what constitutes offshore survey, who is qualified to carry out such a survey and what is Canada’s offshore in terms of the new international law of the sea. It is submitted that the term “offshore” as used in a generic sense consists of two components, i.e., (1) the seabed and subsoil; and (2) the superjacent water column. It appears that under the Canada Lands Surveys Act the term “survey” is inadequately defined, giving rise to the impression that only persons holding a commission as a Canada Lands Surveyor may survey the offshore in any sense, including hydrographic surveying. It is submitted that the term “hydrographic surveying” when used in a given context, could denote either a methodology, or a purpose or both. It is proposed that more precise definitions are required for the term “survey” in relevant federal legislation and that consideration be given to defining legal surveys in terms of title or ownership as is the case for example, with Nova Scotia legislation. This would make it clear that boundary or delimitation surveys for the purpose of separating jurisdictional units are not regulated under the Canada Lands Surveys Act. This would be consistent with international practice where it has been geographers and hydrographers who have been considered the experts in the field of delimitation of boundaries between maritime jurisdictional units. It is further proposed that all offshore surveys using hydrographic methodology, in particular those carried out for the purpose of defining boundaries of jurisdictional units, be brought under the regulatory authority of the Dominion Hydrographer through appropriate legislation.