bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A quantitative LC-MS/MS method for insulin-like growth factor 1 in human plasma
Authors: Bronsema Kees J. , Klont Frank , Schalk Frank B. , Bischoff Rainer , Kema Ido P. , van de Merbel Nico C. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Background:
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is a biomarker with various applications in medicine and also in doping control.

Methods:
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed that employs 15N-IGF1 as an internal standard. The method features urea-based IGF1/IGFBP-complex dissociation which is directly followed by tryptic digestion. Following solid-phase extraction (SPE) sample clean-up of the digest, IGF1 is detected by means of two signature peptides that enable quantification of total IGF1 as well as discrimination between IGF1 proteoforms with ‘native’ and modified or extended N-terminal sequences.

Results:
Our method is capable of measuring plasma IGF1 concentrations over the clinically relevant range of 10–1000 ng/mL and was validated according to regulatory guidelines. Comparison with the IDS-iSYS IGF1 immunoassay revealed good correlation (R2>0.97) and no proportional bias between both assays was observed after normalizing the results against the WHO reference standard for IGF1 (02/254). Evaluation of several commercially available IGF1 preparations showed varying responses which were due to inconsistencies in purity and absolute amount of IGF1 present in these products.

Conclusions:
Our LC-MS/MS method introduces urea-based dissociation of IGF1/IGFBP-complexes to enable reliable quantification of IGF1 in plasma. Furthermore, the method is able to detect clinically relevant IGF1 levels without an enrichment procedure at the protein-level and thereby minimizes the risk of losing IGF1 proteoforms during sample preparation.
Updated review of postmortem biochemical exploration of hypothermia with a presentation of standard strategy of sampling and analyses
Authors: Rousseau Guillaume , Reynier Pascal , Jousset Nathalie , Rougé-Maillart Clotilde , Palmiere Cristian 
Published: May 2018

AbstractHypothermia is defined as a core body temperature below 35°C and can be caused by environmental exposure, drug intoxication, metabolic or nervous system dysfunction. This lethal pathology with medico-legal implications is complex to diagnose because macroscopic and microscopic lesions observed at the autopsy and the histological analysis are suggestive but not pathognomonic. Postmortem biochemical explorations have been progressively developed through the study of several biomarkers to improve the diagnosis decision cluster. Here, we present an updated review with novel biomarkers (such as catecholaminesO-methylated metabolites, thrombomodulin and the cardiac oxyhemoglobin ratio) as well as some propositional interpretative postmortem thresholds and, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time, we present the most adapted strategy of sampling and analyses to identify biomarkers of hypothermia. For our consideration, the most relevant identified biomarkers are urinary catecholamines and theirO-methylated metabolites, urinary free cortisol, blood cortisol, as well as blood, vitreous humor and pericardial fluid for ketone bodies and blood free fatty acids. These biomarkers are increased in response either to cold-mediated stress or to bioenergetics ketogenesis crisis and significantly contribute to the diagnosis by exclusion of death by hypothermia.
Dynamic Change of Secondary Metabolites and spectrum-effect relationship of Malus halliana Koehne flowers during blooming
Authors: Cui Lili , He Nan , Zhang Xiaofeng , Li Shiming , Zhang Yan , Kang Wenyi 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Malus halliana Koehne flowers have been used as a Chinese traditional medicine to treat metrorrhagia. In this study, the dynamic changes in its secondary metabolites and spectrum-effect relationship of inhibition on α-glucosidase during blooming were investigated. The changes in the contents of three flavonoids (phloretin-4’-O-glycosidase, afzeloside, and 3-hydroxyphloridzin) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and changes in inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase were evaluated in vitro. Then, spectrum-effect relationship was evaluated by partial least square method. The results indicated that the contents of three flavonoids and inhibition of α-glucosidase activity in vitro showed a fluctuating downward trend, thereinto, the maximum contents of phloretin-4’-O-glycosidase, afzeloside, and 3-hydroxyphloridzin reached 157.43±0.36, 17.27±0.06 and 22.67±0.35 (mg/g), respectively. In spectrum-effect relationship assay, matched 40 mutual peaks, thereinto, P2, P5, P6-P12, P14 (3-hydroxyphloridzin), P16-P19, P20 (phloretin-4’-O-glycosidase), P24, P26, P29, P31, P33, P34, P36, P39 and P40 were positively correlated to inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase in vitro. P1, P3, P4, P13, P15, P21-P23, P27, P28, P30 (afzeloside), P32, P35, P37 and P38 were negatively related to inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase in vitro.
Jamaican Chemists in Early Global Communication
Authors: Lancashire Robert 
Published: May 2018

AbstractJustus von Liebig (1803-1873) has been described as “one of the founding fathers of organic chemistry and a great teacher who transformed scientific education, medical practice, and agriculture in Great Britain” [1]. His research was generally initially published in German, although in some cases an English translation was released at the same time. William Brock identified a number of people associated with providing English translations. Most of these were former students, such as John Buddle Blyth (1814-1871), John Gardner (1804-1880), William Gregory (1803-1858), Samuel William Johnson (1830-1909), Benjamin Horatio Paul (1827-1917), Lyon Playfair (1818-1898), Thomas Richardson (1816-1867), Warren De La Rue (1815-1889), as well as Edward Turner (1796-1837) and his brother Wilton George Turner (1810-1855). In this article, the emphasis is on Edward Turner, Wilton George Turner, and John Buddle Blyth, who were all born on sugar plantations in Jamaica [2].
Everything Flows: Continuous Micro-Flow for Pharmaceutical Production
Authors: Hessel Volker 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

The pre-Socratic philosophers made the first honest attempt, at least in the western world, to describe natural phenomena in a rudimentary scientific manner and to exploit those for technological application [1]. Pythagoras of Samos (570–495 BC) was an Ionian Greek philosopher and the first to actually call himself a “philosopher”. He was credited with many mathematical and scientific discoveries, including the Pythagorean theorem, Pythagorean tuning, the five regular solids, the theory of proportions, and the sphericity of the Earth. The Pythagorean triple is also well-known. Heraclitus of Ephesus (535–475 BC) was famous for his insistence on ever-present change as the fundamental essence of the universe, as stated in the famous saying

“panta rhei”

—everything flows.
Chemistry and Cultural Heritage*
Authors: Melo Maria J. , Nevin Austin , Baglioni Piero 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The conservation of works of art makes them accessible, and will ensure the transfer of cultural heritage to future generations,. For long term preservation, the development of effective and sustainable conservation materials is of fundamental importance. Although in the past traditional approaches in restoration have used highly effective natural materials for cleaning, modern research has focused on the systematic design of materials and methodologies. For instance, during the nineteenth century conservators reported the use of materials such as vinegar, wine, lemon juice, and today saliva is still used in cleaning applications. Although it is now recognized that these materials contain components that are effective cleaning agents, until recently there has been a lack of systematic studies regarding the control of their structure and reactivity.
IUPAC Offers an Open Door to Chemists of the World*—A Program Revisited
Authors: Humphris Colin J. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
At the meeting in São Paulo, Brazil in July 2017, the IUPAC Council approved important recommendations for the revision of the programmes through which individual chemists can be affiliated to IUPAC, either as a paid member (the Affiliate Membership Programme, or AMP) or as a sponsored affiliate (an option for limited numbers of early career chemists from emerging regions).
The proposals were developed through a process during 2016 and early 2017 led by the Treasurer and Executive Director, through discussion at the 99th Executive Meeting, Beijing 8-9 November 2016, and the 99th Bureau meeting 8 April 2017, before consideration at Council in July 2017.
Cultural Heritage Chemistry
Authors: Rabinovich Daniel 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The tools of analytical chemistry, and the expertise and enthusiasm of many of its practitioners, have had a profound influence in the field of cultural heritage [1, 2]. Analytical techniques, especially those involving non-destructive methods of examination, have played a key role in the characterization, restoration, and preservation of an incredible range of works of art and cultural heritage, including ceramics, textiles, paintings, books, drawings, sculptures, jewelry, and a myriad of artifacts made of glass, wood, or metal. In addition, modern analytical instrumentation has been successfully applied to study the techniques used to produce heritage materials, to verify the authorship or estimate the date of pieces of art, and to detect reproductions and forgeries.
Study on epoxy resin with high elongation-at-break using polyamide and polyether amine as a two-component curing agent
Authors: Su Shunsheng , Wang Haiqing , Zhou Chuanjian , Wang Yanxiang , Liu Jianjun 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This study aimed to improve the flexibility of E-51 epoxy resin by using polyamide/polyether amine as a two-component curing agent. Through solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR), it was found that the cross-linking density of epoxy resin could be effectively reduced by adding the polyamide and polyether amine curing agent. The tensile tests showed that the elongation-at-break was remarkably improved. It was found by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) that the curing behavior of the polyamide epoxy curing system varied with the addition of different polyether amine. Phase contrast microscope showed that phase separation occurred during the reaction of epoxy resin with the polyamide/polyether amine composite curing agent. In this paper, the modified epoxy resin was endowed with high elongation-at-break (>100%) and appropriate tensile strength (10~20 MPa).
Poly(vinyl amine) as a matrix for a new class of polymers
Authors: Zelinskiy Stanislav N. , Danilovtseva Elena N. , Kandasamy Gayathri , Pal’shin Viktor A. , Shishlyannikova Tatyana A. , Krishnan Uma Maheswari , Annenkov Vadim V. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Poly(vinyl amine) was utilized as a matrix for the synthesis of polymers bearing short polyamine chains (1–3 amine groups) grafted to the main macromolecular chain with long (eight atoms) spacers. The new polymers were characterized with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, size exclusion chromatography and potentiometry. Poly(vinyl amine) was applied in the form of narrow molecular mass fractions and the modification proceeded without destruction of the main chain. Condensation of silicic acid in the presence of the polymeric amines gives rise to composite nanoparticles which are stable in aqueous medium. New polymers and composite nanoparticles effectively complex with DNA and RNA oligonucleotides and were found to display good internalization in cancer cells which indicates their promise towards gene delivery applications.
Boron fixation effect of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) on sodium fluoroborate (NaBF4)-treated wood
Authors: Huang Yiheng , Wang Wang , Cao Jinzhen 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAiming at a better leaching resistance of borate-treated wood, the quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC) and benzalkonium chloride (BAC) were reacted with sodium tetrafluoroborate (NaBF4). The anti-fungal properties of the resulting didecyl dimethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate (DBF) and benzalkonium tetrafluoroborate (BBF) were tested by the Petri dish method. Poplar (Populus tomentosaCarr.) and Southern pine (Pinusspp.) blocks were treated through a two-step method at three molar ratios of NaBF4to the QACs. The retentions of the reactive components were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission (ICP-AE) spectroscopy and the distribution of boron in wood was observed by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray analyses (SEM-EDXA). Fourteen-day leaching and water absorption tests were also performed. DBF and BBF both exhibited moderate fungicidal activity againstTrametes versicolorandGloeophyllum trabeumin Petri dishes. The boron remaining in samples after leaching increased with increasing QACs concentration in the second step impregnation. SEM-EDXA showed no obvious morphological changes in the wood surface and DBF and BBF were only found in the cell walls. The water absorption of the treated samples were lower than the controls.
Simulating Ion Transport with the NP+LEMC Method. Applications to Ion Channels and Nanopores.
Authors: Fertig Dávid , Mádai Eszter , Valiskó Mónika , Boda Dezső 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
We describe a hybrid simulation technique that uses the Nernst-Planck (NP) transport equation to compute steady-state ionic flux in a non-equilibrium system and uses the Local Equilibrium Monte Carlo (LEMC) simulation technique to establish the statistical mechanical relation between the two crucial functions present in the NP equation: the concentration and the electrochemical potential profiles (Boda, D., Gillespie, D., J. Chem. Theor. Comput., 2012 8(3), 824–829). The LEMC method is an adaptation of the Grand Canonical Monte Carlo method to a non-equilibrium situation. We apply the resulting NP+LEMC method to ionic systems, where two reservoirs of electrolytes are separated by a membrane that allows the diffusion of ions through a nanopore. The nanopore can be natural (as the calcium selective Ryanodine Receptor ion channel) or synthetic (as a rectifying bipolar nanopore). We show results for these two systems and demonstrate the effectiveness of the NP+LEMC technique.
Methyl-Tert-Butyl-Ether Synthesis Reactor Modelling and Optimization Using an Aspen Custom Modeler
Authors: Nawaz Zeeshan 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A pseudo-homogeneous model of methyl-tert-butyl-ether (MTBE) synthesis in a multi-tubular packed-bed reactor has been developed using an Aspen Custom Modeler (ACM) for selecting optimum operating strategies, for the maximization and enhancement of MTBE production, and isobutylene consumption, respectively. The model accounts for mass, energy and momentum balances; and the effectiveness factor is evaluated in a onedimensional pseudo-homogeneous model. The kinetic investigation contains kinetic rate expressions as given by the effectiveness factor for accounting the resistance of pellets in terms of mass and heat transfer. An activity coefficient can be used in order to systematically obtain a new steady-state solution. The model used literature-based correlations for the estimation of heat transfer coefficients. The value of the coefficient for gascoolant heat transfer can be adjusted by using a tuning coefficient in order to enrich the process data. Reasonable agreement was found between model predictions and data under similar conditions. The studies concerning model sensitivity compute the optimum temperature, pressure, feed flow rate, methanol/isobutylene ratio, heat removal rate, etc. of the reactor and suggest optimum operating conditions of the reactor.
The Effect of Advanced Oxidation Pre-Treatment on the Membrane Filtration Parameters of Dairy Wastewater
Authors: Zakar Mihály , Kovács Ildikó , Muhi Péter , Lakatos Erika Hanczné , Keszthelyi-Szabó Gábor , László Zsuzsanna 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The dairy industry generates wastewater characterised by high levels of biological and chemical oxygen demands representative of their high degree of organic content; mainly carbohydrates, proteins and fats that originate from milk. Several investigations have been conducted into the reuse of dairy wastewater, e.g. membrane processes are a promising method to treat such wastewater. Earlier works have proven that with membrane filtration an appropriate degree of retention can be achieved and the permeate can be reused. However, membrane fouling is a limiting factor in these processes. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are widely used in the fields of water and wastewater treatments and are known for their capability to mineralise a wide range of organic compounds. AOPs also exhibit some other effects on the filtration process, e.g. the microflocculation effect of ozone may play a significant role in increasing the elimination efficiency and causing a decreased level of irreversible fouling. By comparing ozone and Fenton pre-treatment (FPT) processes it can be shown that the fouling propensity of pre-treated pollutants does not depend on the pre-treatment method, while FPT was proven to be more efficient in improving the level of flux.
Effect of Chain Length and Order of the Alcohol on Enzyme Activity During Enzymatic Esterification in Organic Media
Authors: Márkus Zsófia , Bélafi-Bakó Katalin , Tóth Gábor , Nemestóthy Nándor , Gubicza László 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Esters of short chain acids and alcohols are found in nature as compounds of flavors. Lately the method for their manufacture has been the enzymatic esterification in non-conventional media. Although several reactions have been studied in various media (organic solvents, ionic liquids, supercritical fluids, solvent-free systems), there has been no systematic investigation to clarify the effects of chain length and order of alcohols on the activity of the enzyme. In this work acetic acid was used as an acyl donor and the roles of the linear and branched chains of C2-C8 primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols on the activity of Novozym 435, the widely used lipase preparation were studied. Both the length of the carbon chain and the order of the alcohol were found to strongly influence the activity of the enzyme using the same operational parameters for the reactions. As a result of this project general conclusions were made with regard to the characters of alcohols affecting the reaction rates, which can be applied to other similar reactions.
Effect of Trailing Intensive Cooling on Residual Stress and Welding Distortion of Friction Stir Welded 2060 Al-Li Alloy
Authors: Ji Shude , Yang Zhanpeng , Wen Quan , Yue Yumei , Zhang Liguo 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTrailing intensive cooling with liquid nitrogen has successfully applied to friction stir welding of 2 mm thick 2060 Al-Li alloy. Welding temperature, plastic strain, residual stress and distortion of 2060 Al-Li alloy butt-joint are compared and discussed between conventional cooling and trailing intensive cooling using experimental and numerical simulation methods. The results reveal that trailing intensive cooling is beneficial to shrink high temperature area, reduce peak temperature and decrease plastic strain during friction stir welding process. In addition, the reduction degree of plastic strain outside weld is smaller than that inside weld. Welding distortion presents an anti-saddle shape. Compared with conventional cooling, the reductions of welding distortion and longitudinal residual stresses of welding joint under intense cooling reach 47.7 % and 23.8 %, respectively.
Artificial Neural Network-Based Three-dimensional Continuous Response Relationship Construction of 3Cr20Ni10W2 Heat-Resisting Alloy and Its Application in Finite Element Simulation
Authors: Li Le , Wang Li-yong 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe application of accurate constitutive relationship in finite element simulation would significantly contribute to accurate simulation results, which plays a critical role in process design and optimization. In this investigation, the true stress–strain data of 3Cr20Ni10W2 heat-resisting alloy were obtained from a series of isothermal compression tests conducted in a wide temperature range of 1203–1403 K and strain rate range of 0.01–10 s−1 on a Gleeble 1500 testing machine. Then the constitutive relationship was modeled by an optimally constructed and well-trained back-propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN). The evaluation of the BP-ANN model revealed that it has admirable performance in characterizing and predicting the flow behaviors of 3Cr20Ni10W2 heat-resisting alloy. Meanwhile, a comparison between improved Arrhenius-type constitutive equation and BP-ANN model shows that the latter has higher accuracy. Consequently, the developed BP-ANN model was used to predict abundant stress–strain data beyond the limited experimental conditions and construct the three-dimensional continuous response relationship for temperature, strain rate, strain, and stress. Finally, the three-dimensional continuous response relationship was applied to the numerical simulation of isothermal compression tests. The results show that such constitutive relationship can significantly promote the accuracy improvement of numerical simulation for hot forming processes.
Orientalismos, canon y archivo en la ciudad letrada latinoamericana
Authors: Ortiz Wallner Alexandra 
Published: May 2018

ResumenEl artículo plantea una serie de precisiones metodológicas necesarias para comprender el fenómeno intelectual, cultural y literario de los orientalismos en las primeras décadas del siglo XX en el marco de las lógicas y dinámicas de funcionamiento de la ciudad letrada latinoamericana. La revisión crítica de la noción de Ángel Rama y su aplicación desde el concepto Sur/South (según Klengel/Ortiz Wallner) para la concepción de una historia intelectual y cultural transareal permite a la autora desarrollar y proponer el uso del concepto ampliado de “ciudad letrada heterodoxa”.
Pragmatics and philosophy: In search of a paradigm
Authors: Jaszczolt Kasia M. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
There is no doubt that pragmatic theory and philosophy of language are mutually relevant and intrinsically connected. The main question I address in this paper is how exactly they are interconnected in terms of (i) their respective objectives, (ii) explanans – explanandum relation, (iii) methods of enquiry, and (iv) drawing on associated disciplines. In the introductory part I attempt to bring some order into the diversity of use of such labels as philosophical logic, philosophical semantics, philosophical pragmatics, linguistic philosophy, or philosophy of linguistics, among others. In the following sections I focus on philosophical pragmatics as a branch of philosophy of language (pragmaticsPPL) and the trends and theories it gave rise to, discussing them against the background of methodology of science and in particular paradigms and paradigm shifts as identified in natural science. In the main part of the paper I address the following questions:

How is pragmaticsPPL to be delimited?

How do pragmatic solutions to questions about meaning fare vis-à-vis syntactic solutions? Is there a pattern emerging?
and, relatedly,

What are the future prospects for pragmaticsPPL in theories of natural language meaning?

I conclude with a discussion of the relation between pragmaticsPPL and functionalism, observing that contextualism has to play a central role in functionalist pragmatics at the expense of minimalism and sententialism.