bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiscale concurrent topology optimization of structures and microscopic multi-phase materials for thermal conductivity
Authors: Da Daicong , Cui Xiangyang , Long Kai , Cai Yong , Li Guangyao 
Published: December 2018

PurposeThe optimal material microstructures in pure material design are no longer efficient or optimal when accounting macroscopic structure performance with specific boundary conditions. Therefore, it is important to provide a novel multiscale topology optimization framework to tailor the topology of structure and the material to achieve specific applications. In comparison with porous materials, composites consisting of two or more phase materials are more attractive and advantageous from the perspective of engineering application. This paper aims to provide a novel concurrent topological design of structures and microscopic materials for thermal conductivity involving multi-material topology optimization (material distribution) at the lower scale.Design/methodology/approachIn this work, the effective thermal conductivity properties of microscopic three or more phase materials are obtained via homogenization theory, which serves as a bridge of the macrostructure and the periodic material microstructures. The optimization problem, including the topological design of macrostructures and inverse homogenization of microscopic materials, are solved by bi-directional evolutionary structure optimization method.FindingsAs a result, the presented framework shows high stability during the optimization process and requires little iterations for convergence. A number of interesting and valid macrostructures and material microstructures are obtained in terms of optimal thermal conductive path, which verify the effectiveness of the proposed mutliscale topology optimization method. Numerical examples adequately consider effects of initial guesses of the representative unit cell and of the volume constraints of adopted base materials at the microscopic scale on the final design. The resultant structures at both the scales with clear and distinctive boundary between different phases, making the manufacturing straightforward.Originality/valueThis paper presents a novel multiscale concurrent topology optimization method for structures and the underlying multi-phase materials for thermal conductivity. The authors have carried out the concurrent multi-phase topology optimization for both 2D and 3D cases, which makes this work distinguished from existing references. In addition, some interesting and efficient multi-phase material microstructures and macrostructures have been obtained in terms of optimal thermal conductive path.
Effects of feature selection on lane-change maneuver recognition: an analysis of naturalistic driving data
Authors: Li Xiaohan , Wang Wenshuo , Zhang Zhang , Rötting Matthias 
Published: December 2018

Purpose
Feature selection is crucial for machine learning to recognize lane-change (LC) maneuver as there exist a large number of feature candidates. Blindly using feature could take up large storage and excessive computation time, while insufficient feature selection would cause poor performance. Selecting high contributive features to classify LC and lane-keep behavior is effective for maneuver recognition. This paper aims to propose a feature selection method from a statistical view based on an analysis from naturalistic driving data.

Design/methodology/approach
In total, 1,375 LC cases are analyzed. To comprehensively select features, the authors extract the feature candidates from both time and frequency domains with various LC scenarios segmented by an occupancy schedule grid. Then the effect size (Cohen’s d) and p-value of every feature are computed to assess their contribution for each scenario.

Findings
It has been found that the common lateral features, e.g. yaw rate, lateral acceleration and time-to-lane crossing, are not strong features for recognition of LC maneuver as empirical knowledge. Finally, cross-validation tests are conducted to evaluate model performance using metrics of receiver operating characteristic. Experimental results show that the selected features can achieve better recognition performance than using all the features without purification.

Originality/value
In this paper, the authors investigate the contributions of each feature from the perspective of statistics based on big naturalistic driving data. The aim is to comprehensively figure out different types of features in LC maneuvers and select the most contributive features over various LC scenarios.
Suction and injection effect on flow between two plates with reference to Casson fluid model
Authors: V.S. Sampath Kumar , Pai N.P. 
Published: December 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of injection and suction on velocity profile, skin friction and pressure distribution of a Casson fluid flow between two parallel infinite rectangular plates approaching or receding from each other with suction or injection at the porous plates.

Design/methodology/approach
The governing Navier–Stokes equations are reduced to the fourth-order non-linear ordinary differential equation through the similarity transformations. The approximated analytic solution based on the Homotopy perturbation method is given and also compared with the classical finite difference method.

Findings
From this study, the authors observed that the skin friction is less in non-Newtonian fluids compared to Newtonian fluids. The use of non-Newtonian fluids reduces the pressure in all the cases compared to Newtonian and hence load-carrying capacity will be more. As γ value increases velocity, skin friction and pressure decreases. When γ is fixed, it is observed that skin friction and pressure is minimum for A=0.5 and maximum when A=−0.5. The result of this study also shows that the effect of suction on the velocity profiles, pressure and skin friction is opposite to the effect of injection.

Originality/value
The present work analyzes the characteristic of non-Newtonian fluid having practical and industrial applications.
Dating past colonization events to project future species distributions
Authors: Singer Alexander , Bradter Ute , Fabritius Henna , Snäll Tord 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Knowledge on the colonization process is important to understand and project future species distributions. The classic method to quantify colonization rates is time‐consuming, as it requires recording infrequent colonization events during extensive, repeated surveys.

We present the novel “dating‐based approach” that requires one complete survey of species occurrence and estimates of subpopulation ages to back‐date colonization events. These data allow statistical reconstruction of a virtual, repeated survey to estimate colonization rates in response to environmental covariates or connectivity.

With only 30% of survey effort, the dating‐based approach provided similar estimates of rate and distance of dispersal of a metapopulation of the epiphytic moss Neckera pennata as the classic approach relying on long‐term surveys. Projections of the number of colonization events during the next 100 years differed by only 2.3% (95%‐credible interval: [−1.9%; 7.1%]) between methods.

The dating‐based approach is applicable across spatial scales and promises enhanced species distribution models with urgently needed quantitative dispersal information.
Safe and easy technique for the laparoscopic application of Seprafilm® in gynecologic surgery
Authors: Ota Kuniaki , Sato Kenji , Ogasawara Jun , Takahashi Toshifumi , Mizunuma Hideki , Tanaka Mamoru 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIntroductionLaparoscopic surgery is a minimally invasive surgery, and the rate of postoperative adhesions is low. Although Seprafilm® helps to reduce adhesions, its application in the abdominal cavity during laparoscopic surgery is difficult because of its material. Therefore, we propose an easy method for applying this adhesion barrier.Materials and Surgical TechniqueThe Seprafilm is cut into four equal pieces. The four pieces are stacked, firmly folded twice, and grasped with the forceps. The reducer sleeve is slid over the bundle of Seprafilm. The forceps with the reducer sleeve is inserted through a 12‐mm trocar near the target area. The reducer sleeve is then slid down the forceps to uncover the Seprafilm. Finally, each piece of Seprafilm is applied over the suture area. In all cases, the Seprafilm was successfully applied to the intended target. There were no cases in which Seprafilm was incompletely applied or in which it could not be used because of moistening. The average application times of surgeon 1 and surgeon 2 were 4.8 min and 5.0 min, respectively; this difference was not significant. There were no postoperative complications in any case.DiscussionIt is safe and easy to use our simple technique to apply Seprafilm adhesion barrier laparoscopically. Further studies are warranted to prove Seprafilm's efficacy after such application.
Impulsivity trait and proactive cognitive control: An fMRI study
Authors: Gavazzi Gioele , Rossi Arianna , Orsolini Stefano , Diciotti Stefano , Giovannelli Fabio , Salvadori Emilia , Pantoni Leonardo , Mascalchi Mario , Viggiano Maria Pia 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe ability to flexibly regulate our behavior is a fundamental feature of human cognition and requires efficient functioning of cognitive control. During movement preparation, proactive inhibitory control plays a crucial role in regulating the excitatory activity carried out by alertness. The balance between alertness and proactive inhibition could be altered in people with motor impulsivity trait, determining the typical failure in the inhibition of prepotent motor responses. To test this hypothesis, 36 young adults were administered the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale to assess motor impulsivity trait and underwent fMRI acquisition during the execution of an event‐related Go/Nogo task. To investigate motor preparation processes, we analyzed the “readiness” period, in which subjects were waiting and preparing for the upcoming stimulus (Go or Nogo). We found a positive significant correlation between motor impulsivity scores and the activation of left sensorimotor cortices. This result indicates that motor impulsivity trait might be associated with a disinhibition of the motor system, characterized by a diminished reactivity threshold and a reduced control over covert urges. Furthermore, we observed a positive significant correlation between motor impulsivity scores and the activation in left inferior and superior parietal lobule, which might be related to a more pronounced proactive control, probably reflecting a compensatory mechanism implemented by participants with a higher degree of motor impulsivity trait to reach a correct inhibition. Current findings provide a rationale for further studies aiming to better understand proactive control functioning in healthy impulsive subjects and under clinical conditions.
History, development and current advances concerning the evolutionary roots of human right‐handedness and language: Brain lateralisation and manual laterality in non‐human primates
Authors: Prieur Jacques , Lemasson Alban , Barbu Stéphanie , Blois‐Heulin Catherine 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis review highlights the scientific advances concerning the origins of human right‐handedness and language (speech and gestures). The comparative approach we adopted provides evidence that research on human and non‐human animals’ behavioural asymmetries helps understand the processes that lead to the strong human left‐hemisphere specialisation. We review four major non‐mutually exclusive environmental factors that are likely to have shaped the evolution of human and non‐human primates’ manual asymmetry: socioecological lifestyle, postural characteristics, task‐level complexity and tool use. We hypothesise the following scenario for the evolutionary origins of human right‐handedness: the right‐direction of modern humans’ manual laterality would have emerged from our ecological (terrestrial) and social (multilevel system) lifestyle; then, it would have been strengthened by the gradual adoption of the bipedal stance associated with bipedal locomotion, and the increasing level of complexity of our daily tasks including bimanual coordinated actions and tool use. Although hemispheric functional lateralisation has been shaped through evolution, reports indicate that many factors and their mutual intertwinement can modulate human and non‐human primates’ manual laterality throughout their life cycle: genetic and environmental factors, mainly individual sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., age, sex and rank), behavioural characteristics (e.g., gesture per se and gestural sensory modality) and context‐related characteristics (e.g., emotional context and position of target). These environmental (evolutionary and life cycle) factors could also have influenced primates’ manual asymmetry indirectly through epigenetic modifications. All these findings led us to propose the hypothesis of a multicausal origin of human right‐handedness.
Soil microbial community structure and enzymatic activity responses to nitrogen management and landscape positions in switchgrass (Panicum virgatumL.)
Authors: Sekaran Udayakumar , McCoy Cameron , Kumar Sandeep , Subramanian Senthil 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSwitchgrass (Panicum virgatumL.) is usually grown on marginal land for biofuel system, in which nitrogen (N) is an essential management practice, and landscape position is a key topographical factor in impacting the production. However, limited information is available regarding how the N application and landscape positions affect soil microbial communities and enzyme activities under switchgrass. Thus, the specific objective of this study was to evaluate the responses of N rate (high, 112 kg N/ha; medium, 56 kg N/ha; and low, 0 kg N/ha) and landscape positions (shoulder and footslope) on soil biological health under switchgrass field. Data showed that N addition significantly influenced carbon and N fractions. The hot water‐soluble organic carbon (HWC) and nitrogen (HWN) fractions were significantly higher at footslope position than the shoulder position. The amount of total phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA), total bacterial, actinomycetes, gram‐negative and gram‐positive bacteria, total fungi, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and saprophytes PLFAs were highest with medium and high N rates and footslope position. The N addition increased total PLFAs in N fertilizer treatments, viz. medium (5,946 ng PLFA‐C/g soil) and high N rates (5,871 ng PLFA‐C/g soil). Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen and enzyme activities (urease, β‐glucosidase, acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase) were significantly enhanced by N fertilization (medium and high N rates) compared to control (low N rates) under footslope position. The urease activity under medium (36.3 µmol N‐NH4+ g−1 soil hr−1) and high N rates (31.4 µmol N‐NH4+ g−1 soil hr−1) was 42.9% and 23.6% higher than low N rates, respectively. This study suggests that the application of medium N rate in footslope position to switchgrass can enhance the soil biological properties and hence can protect the environment from the excessive use of N fertilizer.
Don't go there – It's not a nice place: Older adults’ experiences of delirium
Authors: Weir Elizabeth , O'Brien Anthony J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDelirium is a common neuropsychiatric disorder that causes fluctuations in consciousness and attention, impairments in cognitive functioning and information processing, and changes in how individuals perceive what is going on around them. Delirium is associated with increased mortality, ongoing impairment in cognitive functioning, and a high possibility of discharge to residential care. The experience of delirium may be distressing for the patient and their family. Despite the frequency of delirium in hospitalized elderly patients, there is a dearth of literature that examines their experience of this phenomenon, and how it affects individuals as they continue their lives. This study uses descriptive qualitative methodology to explore the question: ‘What is the experience of delirium for older adults during hospitalisation?’ Data were collected from older adults who had received hospital care in a tertiary general hospital setting. Seven participants were recruited between January and June 2017. Semi‐structured individual interviews were used to gather data which was analysed using content analysis. Four themes were identified. These were sense of confusion, disrupted sense of autonomy, perceptual disturbances, and emotional response. Participants exercised agency in the way they responded to these experiences. The study highlighted the need for delirium prevention, and education to improve nurses’ recognition, understanding, and management of delirium. In particular, there is a need for nurses to attend to the psychological and emotional experience of delirium.
Understanding assessment on a hospital ward for older people: A qualitative study
Authors: Wiltjer Hanneke , Seers Kate , Tutton Elizabeth 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAimTo explore assessment on a hospital ward for older people from the perspectives of patients and healthcare professionals.DesignA qualitative study drawing on grounded theory was undertaken between February 2015 ‐ January 2016.MethodsInterviews with 15 patients and 22 healthcare professionals, a focus group with six healthcare professionals, 45 hr of observation and review of 18 sets of patient notes. Analysis was conducted using initial and focused coding, continuously comparing data, emerging codes and themes.FindingsThe core category was navigating, constructed through three themes: containing complexity, networking, and situating the process. Navigating assessment was a complex, flexible, context dependent, and social process where healthcare professionals used a combination of formal, informal, visible, and invisible ways of working. Registered nurses were at the centre of networking and focused on gathering and sharing information in the multi‐disciplinary team, whilst patients had a passive role despite a variety of preferences about their involvement.ConclusionsNavigating the assessment of older people is contextually situated, includes networking and a professional focus on containing complexity. This process may be enhanced by: (a) making informal assessment visible to others; (b) developing the nurses’ role beyond chasing information towards coordinating care; and (c) asking patients and acting on how they would like to be involved in decision‐making.ImpactAcknowledging that navigating assessment is a social, flexible and complex process, including different ways of working to meet patient needs, may enhance the usability of current assessment guidelines and their development.
Assessing consumer food safety education needs across the state of Washington: Implications for nationwide extension programming
Authors: Smith Stephanie A. , Rachmat Mirza , Beck Rachael , Sielaff Aleksandra Checinska 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWashington State University Extension conducted a statewide consumer food safety assessment, to evaluate consumer food safety practices within Washington state, with the intent of creating and delivering new and effective food safety programming. The results of this study showed a lack of consumer knowledge across a broad spectrum. Moreover, the results showed that Extension needs to play a greater role in educating consumers about food safety. Social media and websites are more likely to drive consumer education. Statewide data was sometimes inconsistent with nationwide data, and geographical and demographic differences may play a role in local food safety knowledge.Practical applicationsExtension plays a major role in food safety education across the United States. Classical extension programming and access has a far lesser reach in todays internet‐based society. The information presented below can help direct new methods of education and outreach, by focusing efforts on behavior change and consumer access through web‐based resources.
Wishing to be perceived as a capable and resourceful person—A qualitative study of melanoma patients’ experiences of the contact and interaction with healthcare professionals
Authors: Hultstrand Ahlin Cecilia , Hörnsten Åsa , Coe Anna‐Britt , Lilja Mikael , Hajdarevic Senada 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAims and objectivesTo explore patients’ experiences of contact and interaction with healthcare professionals (HCPs) during the diagnostic process of melanoma.BackgroundIn Sweden, most patients with suspected skin lesions seek care at the primary level of services in the first instance. Previous research describes the diagnostic process as a complex journey with uncertainty. Nonetheless, the importance of contact and interaction between patient and HCPs during the diagnostic process is rarely explored.DesignThis study adopted a qualitative design in which semi‐structured interviews were conducted and the COREQ‐checklist for qualitative studies employed (EQUATOR guidelines).MethodsA sample of 30 patients (15 women, 15 men) diagnosed with melanoma was included. Secondary analysis of interviews was carried out using qualitative content analysis.ResultsOne theme emerged: Wishing to be perceived as a capable and resourceful person that consisted of three categories: (a) The need of being valued, (b) The need of being informed and (c) The need of taking actions.ConclusionsOur results suggest that patients wish to be valued as capable and resourceful persons as well as to be provided with honest and sufficient information about the diagnosis and subsequent procedures. By fulfilling these wishes, HCPs can involve patients in the diagnostic process and reduce patients’ uncertainty. A need of supportive and accessible health care to manage the diagnostic process and to reduce patients’ struggle for care was also identified.Relevance to the clinical practicePatients are satisfied when health care is organised in a patient‐/person‐centred manner, that is, in accordance with patients’ needs, avoiding gatekeeping, and when HCPs interact respectfully in encounters. Accessible HCPs during the diagnostic process of melanoma are required to inform, support and navigate patients within the healthcare system and through their diagnostic journey.
Political Connections and Allocative Distortions
Authors: SCHOENHERR DAVID 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTExploiting a unique institutional setting in Korea, this paper documents that politicians can increase the amount of government resources allocated through their social networks to the benefit of private firms connected to these networks. After winning the election, the new president appoints members of his networks as CEOs of state‐owned firms that act as intermediaries in allocating government contracts to private firms. In turn, these state firms allocate significantly more procurement contracts to private firms with a CEO from the same network. Contracts allocated to connected private firms are executed systematically worse and exhibit more frequent cost increases through renegotiations.