bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inteligência computacional aplicada à detecção de câncer de mama
Authors: Marques Leomar Santos , Magalhães Ricardo Rodrigues , Ferreira Danton Diego 
Published: May 2019

O câncer de mama apresenta elevado índice de mortalidade em todo o mundo, sendo o mais incidente em mulheres. Seu diagnóstico tendo sido realizado por meio de rastreamento, ecografias mamárias e mamografias. Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um classificador para identificar o câncer de mama utilizando dados antropométricos e parâmetros de exame sanguíneo de rotina que são os biomarcadores. Redes-Neurais do tipo Perceptron Multi-Camadas(MLP) e as redes Neuro-Fuzzy (ANFIS) empregados a um comitê de decisão, trazendo como resultado uma classificação do câncer de mama, com acurácia de 97\% , um valor superior apresentado comparado aos trabalhos dos últimos anos que utilizaram biomarcadores semelhantes no período de 2013 ao início do ano de 2018.
Investigation of peloid from some lake in Zavkhan province
Authors: B Bayaraa , B Nomintsetseg , G Ganzaya , A` Ankhzaya , G Dolmaa 
Published: May 2019

The purpose of study was to determine chemical composition and organic matter of peloids from lakes located named as Tsagaan Lake and toirom of Tsagaan Lake in Zavkhan province by chemical and modern physicochemical methods, including (X-ray, IR and ICP-AES). From the result, peloid from Tsagaan Lake was identified that peloid belongs to silt sulphide muddy type whereas characterization of peloid from toirom of Tsagaan Lake was almost similar with peloid knoll, but it is not possible to use the treatment and peloid solution was 5 to 6 times higher than the category of much pollutant. 45 elements determined in two Lakes peloid´s samples. The content of some macro elements (Al, Fe, Mg, P, Ba and K) were lower than Clark elements of sea bottom sediment whereas the content of Na, Ba were higher than it. Lipid and carbohydrate contains were between 0.03 - 0.29%, and 0.005-0.04%. Humic substances content varied between 0.19 % - 0.71% in these peloids. Organic matters, which are free, associated with minerals and absorbed extracted in peloids using non-polar and polar solvents; yield of total extract in peloids were 0.2781%, 0.4161% respectively.
Завхан аймгийн зарим нуурын шаврын судалгааны дүнгээс
Хураангуй: Завхан аймгийн Цагаан нуурын тойром, Цагаан нуурын шавар, шаврын уусмалын ерөнхий үзүүлэлтүүд, органик бодисын агуулга, эрдэс, элементийн найрлагыгхимийн болон физик-химийн орчин үеийн судалгааны аргуудыг (ИК, РД, ICP-AES) ашиглан судлахад Цагаан нуурын шавар нь хүхэртустөрөгчит лаг шаврын ангилалын үзүүлэлттэй, Цагаан нуурын тойрмын шавар нь бялхамал шаврын үзүүлэлтүүдтэй ойролцоо байгаа ч эмчилгээнд хэрэглэх боломжгүй бөгөөд шаврын уусмал нь маш их бохирдолттой гэсэн ангилалаас 5-6 дахин их байгааг илрүүлэн тогтоов. Судалгаанд хамрагдсан 2 нуурын эмчилгээний шаварт нийт 45 элемент бүртгэгдсэнээс зарим макроэлементүүд (Al, Fe, Mg, P, Ba, K) далайн ёроолын тунамал хурдасын кларк хэмжээнээс бага, харин Na, Ba агуулга их байна. Цагаан нуурын шаварт гумины бодис 0.71 %, липид 0.03 %, нүүрс-ус 0.04 %, Цагаан нуурын тойрмын шаварт гумины бодис 0.19 %, липид 0.29 %, нүүрс-ус 0.005 % тус тус агуулгатай байна. Шаврын чөлөөт органик нэгдэл, эрдэстэй холбогдсон болон тэдгээрт шингээгдсэн органик бодисын нийлбэр агуулга Цагаан нуурын шаварт 0.2781 %, Цагаан нуурын тойрмын шаварт 0.4161 % байгааг судлан тогтоов.
Түлхүүр үг: пелоид, гумины бодис, липид, бальнеологи
Investigation of coal pyrolysis tar of Aduunchuluun deposit
Authors: A Ankhtuya , J Namkhainorov , M Battsetseg , S Batbileg , D Batkhishig , B Purevsuren 
Published: May 2019

The generated products of heating of coal in airless condition are hard residue, condensed liquid and gas. The condensed liquid product or tar is one of the most important product of pyrolysis. Therefore detailed investigation on pyrolysis of brown coal and it is tar studies provide basic theoretical knowledge for further thermal processing and application of coal. Have been determined main technical characteristics and elemental composition of the analytical sample of Aduunchuluun coal. The pyrolysis experiments have been performed at different heating temperatures (550-600oC) and determined the yields of pyrolysis products. The optimal heating temperature of pyrolysis of Aduunchuluun coal was chosen 500oC in which the yield of tar was higher (32%). The purified tar was subjected for FTIR analysis. Also the tar organic bases and organic acids are separated from the tar and the residual neutral fractions of pyrolysis tar were divided in to several fractions including aliphatic, aromatic and polar. And these fractions analyzed by GC/MS analysis and the determined most important organic substances are derivatives of benzene, naphtha-lene, phenols and alcohols.
Адуунчулууны ордын нүүрсний пиролизын давирхайн судалгаа
Хураангуй: Нүүрсийг агааргүй орчинд халуун задралд оруулахад хатуу, шингэн болон хийн бүтээгдэхүүн үүсэх ба чухал бүтээгдэхүүн нь шингэн бүтээгдэхүүн болох давирхай юм. Пиролизын давирхайн нарийвчилсан судалгаа нь тухайн нүүрсний цаашдын боловсруулалт болон хэрэглээнд онолын суурь мэдлэг болж өгдөг. Адуунчулууны ордын нүүрсний техникийн шинжилгээ (үнс, чийг, дэгдэмхий, илчлэг), элементийн бүрэлдэхүүнийг тодорхойлж уг ордын нүүрсийг халуун задралд (пиролизд 550-600 оС температурт) оруулж хий, шингэн (давирхайн задралын усны гарц 32%), хатуу бүтээгдэхүүний гарцыг тодорхойлж гарган авсан шингэн бүтээгдэхүүн давирхайн бүлгийн бүрэлдэхүүн, нил улаан туяаны спектрийн арга (НУТС), мөн янз бүрийн температурын хязгаарт нэрж гарцыг тогтоов. Мөн түүнчлэн Адуунчулууны ордын нүүрсний пиролизын давирхайн органик хүчил, суурийг нь салгаад үлдсэн саармаг нэгдэлд колонкон хроматограф ашиглан алифатик, ароматик, туйлт нэгдэл гэж ялган хийн хроматограф/масс спектрометр GC/MS-ийн багажит анализын аргаар нүүрсустөрөгчдийн найрлагыг нь тодорхойлоход бензол, нафталин, түүний уламжлал болон спиртүүд ихээр агуулагдаж байгааг тодорхойлов.
Түлхүүр үг: пиролиз, давирхай, ароматик, туйлт, саармаг тос
Study of quality evaluation and hepatoprotective effect of Licozinat matrix tablet
Authors: D Otgonsuren , Ts Davaasuren , B Enkhtuul , Huang Wang , Liming Bao , Bayasgalan Bayisiguleng , D Davaadagva , D Jambaninj 
Published: May 2019

Monoammonium glycyrrhizinate of Glcyrrhiza root has been used as an expectorant, detoxificator, anti-allergic, and antioxidant. Japanese researchers have been determined its anti-hepatitis A, B, C, D viruses activity. Therefore, we isolated mono-ammonium glycyrrhizinate from Glycyrrhiza root, grown in Mongolia and developed controlled release matrix tablet. Appropriate excipients were chosen for matrix tablet: lactose as a diluent, 5% of PVP-K30 as a binder, HPMC as a matrix former, 3% of talc and 1% of magnesium stearate as a glidiant or lubricant. We prepared matrix tablet by wet granulation method and pressed by 2.5 kPa pressure. Formulation 5 (F5) was determined the most qualified tablet design and it released drug constantly in vitro. For the determining of hepatoprotective effect, we studied influence on hepatocytolis of preparation in vivo by the histological method. Results of the study showed that the Licozinat matrix tablet was appropriate at a 52 mg/kg dose once daily.
Ликозинат матрикс шахмалын чанарын болон элэг хамгаалах үйлдлийн судалгаа
Хураангуй: Чихэр өвсний үндсэнд агуулагдах моноаммонийн глициризинат нь цэр ховхлох, хордлого тайлах, харшлын эсрэг, антиоксидант үйлдэлтэй. Японы эрдэмтдийн судалгаагаар моноаммонийн глициризинат нь элэг хамгаалах болон А, В, С, D вирүсээр үүсгэгдсэн элэгний үрэвсэлд вирүсийн идэвхжлийг саатуулдаг нь тогтоогдсон байна. Бид өөрийн оронд ургадаг Уралын чихэр өвсний үндэснээс моноаммонийн глицирризинатыг цэврээр ялган авч эмчилгээний өндөр ач холбогдол бүхий матрикс хэлбэрийн шахмал гарган авч практикт нэвтрүүлэх нь зүйтэй гэж үзлээ.Бид эмийн бодисоо зохицуулалттай чөлөөлдөг матрикс шахмалын тохирох дүүргэгч бодисоор лактоз, холбогч бодисоор PVP-K30 5% концентрациар, матрикс үүсгэгчээр НРМС, гулсуулагч тослох бодисоор тальк 3%, магнийн стеарат 1%-ийн холимгийг сонгох нь тохиромжтой болохыг тогтоов.In vitro нөхцөлд эмийн бодисын чөлөөлөгдөлтийг тодорхойлоход F5 загварын шахмал нь эмийн бодисоо жигд хурдтайгаар чөлөөлж байв. Туршилтын амьтанд in vivo нөхцөлд бэлдмэлийн элэг хамгаалах үйлдлийг элэгний эсийн задралд хэрхэн нөлөөлж буй болон гистологийн аргаар судлахад Ликозинат матрикс шахмал эмийг 52 мг/кг тунгаар өдөрт нэг удаа уулгах нь тохиромжтой болохыг тогтоолоо.
Түлхүүр үгс: Чихэр өвс, моноаммонийн глицирризинат, матрикс шахмал, элэг хамгаалах идэвх
Chemical transformation of diterpenoid alkaloids
Authors: J Ganbaatar , D Batsuren 
Published: May 2019

The diterpenoid alkaloids, with an intriguing chemistry and numerous varied bioactivities, constitute the largest and most complicated group of terpenoid alkaloids. The diterpenoid alkaloids, isolated mainly from Aconitum and Delphinium species (Ranunculaceae), have been of great interest since the early 1800 because of their pharmacological properties. Extracts of Aconitum species were used in ancient times for treatment of gout, hypertension, neuralgia, rheumatism, and even toothache. Extracts have also been used as arrow poisons. Some Delphinium species are extremely toxic and constitute a serious threat to livestock. Delphinium extracts also manifest insecticidal properties. In the past 30 to 40 years, interest in the diterpenoid alkaloids has increased because of the complex structures and interesting chemistry involved. In this review, we summarize recent progress on the chemical transformations of diterpenoid alkaloids.
Дитерпений алкалоидын химийн хувиралт
Хураангуй: Дитерпений алкалоидууд нь олон төрлийн биологийн идэвхийг үзүүлдэг тул химичдийн анхаарлыг ихэд татдаг. Тэдгээр нь терпеноид алкалоидын үлэмж нарийн бүтэцтэй томоохон бүлэг нэгдлүүд юм. Өвөрмөц фармакологийн шинж чанартай Холтсон цэцэгтний (Ranunculaceae) овгийн Гэзэг цэцэг (Aconitum) ба Хорсны (Delphinium) зүйлүүдийг судлах сонирхол бүр 1800 оноос эхлэлтэй гэж үздэг. Хорсны зүйлүүдийн хандыг эрт дээр үеэс хэрлэг тулуй, цусны даралт ихсэх, мэдрэлийн гаралтай өвчин, ревматизм, шүдний өвчнийг анагаахад хэрэглэж байв. Мөн нум сумны зэвний хор болгон ашиглаж байсан байна. Гэзэг цэцэгний зарим зүйл маш хортой тул гэрийн тэжээвэр амьтныг хордуулдаг байна. Гэзэг цэцэгний хандыг хортон шавжийг усгах зорилгоор ашигладаг. Сүүлийн 30-40 жилд химийн нарийн бүтэцтэй, фармакологийн өндөр идэвхтэй дитерпений алкалоидыг судлах сонирхол улам бүр ихсэж байна. Энэхүү тойм өгүүлэлд бид дитерпений алкалоидуудын химийн хувиралтын талаарх материалыг нэгтгэн дүгнэх оролдлого хийсэн болно.
Түлхүүр үгс: дитерпений алкалоид, химийн хувиралт, Холтсон цэцэг, Гэзэг цэцэг, Хорс, Өндөр гэзэг цэцэг
Study of essential oil composition of Pyrethrum pulchrum Ledeb.
Authors: E Uugangerel , G Choijamts , D Enkhmaa 
Published: May 2019

Pyrethrum pulchrum an impressive flower growing on large-stoned screes at the snow line, usually on glacier moraines in the mountains of Central Asia and South Siberia. The purpose of this study was to determine the essential oil composition from the aerial part of Pyrethrum pulchrum growing in Mongolia. The essential oil was obtained by hydro distillation and it had yield determined 0.1%. The oil was analyzed by GC-MS techniques. Fifty-seven components were identified representing 99.98% of the total oil composition. The main compounds of essential oil were camphor (33.9%), linalool (21.1%), α-pinene (9.0%), (Z)-γ-Curcumyl 2-methylbutyrate (4.82%), pentylcurcumene (3.21%), camphene (2.85%), tricosane (2.78%), nerolidol (2.63%), α-selinene (1.8%) and β-penine (1.4%). To our best knowledge, no previous studies have been reported on the chemical composition of the essential oil of Pyrethrum pulchrum.
Дэгжин шиваантиг (Pyrethrum pulchrum Ledeb.) ургамлын эфирийн тосны химийн найрлагын судалгаа
Хураангуй: Дэгжин шиваантиг (Pyrethrum pulchrum Ledeb.) нь Төв Ази болон Өмнөд Сибирийн уулархаг бүс нутгийн хад асгатай өндөр уулын бүслүүрт тархан ургадаг цэцэгт ургамал юм. Бид Монгол оронд ургадаг Дэгжин шиваантиг ургамлын газрын дээд хэсгийн эфирийн тосны химийн найрлагыг тодорхойллоо. Эфирийн тосыг усны уураар нэрж гарган авахад гарц 0.1% байв. Хийн хроматограф-масс спектрометрийн аргаар эфирийн тосны найрлаганд нийт 57 нэгдэл тодорхойлогдсон ба камфор (33.9%), линалоол (21.1%), α-пенин (9.0%), (Z)-γ-куркумил-2-метилбутират (4.82%), пентилкуркумен (3.21%), камфен (2.85%), трикосан (2.78%), неролидол (2.63%), α-селин (1.8%) ба β-пенин (1.4%) зэрэг нэгдлүүд зонхилон агуулагдаж байв. Энэхүү судалгааны ажил нь Дэгжин шиваантиг ургамлын эфирийн тосны судалгааг анх удаа хийж, танилцуулж буйгаар онцлог юм.
Түлхүүр үгс: Нийлмэл цэцэгтэн , Дэгжин шиваантиг, Марал цэцэг, эфирийн тос
Review analysis on phytochemical and biological activity studies on plants of Aquilegia L.
Authors: M Nomin , G Odontuya , B Mungunshagai 
Published: May 2019

About 60-70 species of the Aquilegia L. genus used in Western and Eastern traditional medicine grown in the England, Scotland, Wales, Siberia and Canada. The Aquilegia L. genus is used to treat a variety of diseases, in particular, digestive organs dysfunctions as stomach ulcer, liver disease, as well as cancer, lung disease and rheumatic diseases.The phytochemical studies of Aquilegia L. genus have been started since the 1960s and currently 57 natural compounds isolated from 16 plant species. These include labdane diterpene - 2 (3.5%), cycloartane - 13 (22.8%), flavonoids - 22 (38.5%), alkaloids and nitrogen-containing compounds - 10 (17.5%) and phenolic acids, fatty acids. From these 19 new natural compounds belonging to cycloartane glycosides, labdane diterpene, flavoalkaloids and nitrile nitrogen compound have been identified. The presence of fla-voalkaloid can consider a specific characterization of Aqiulegia species.Antioxidative, hepatoprotective, antibacterial and anti-cancer activities of various extracts and some isolated pure compounds of few species have been studied.In Mongolia, there are five species of plants including A.sibirica Lam, A.viridiflora Pall, A.glandulosa Fisch, A.ganboldii Kamelin & Gubanov, A.turczaninovii Kamelin & Gubanov and their phytochemical and biological activity have not been studied yet.
Удвалын (Aquilegia L.) төрлийн ургамлуудын химийн бүрдэл ба биологийн идэвхийн судалгааны тойм
Хураангуй: Өрнө, дорнын анагаах ухаанд хэрэглэгддэг Удвалын төрлийн 60-70 орчим зүйл ургамал манай дэлхийн ихэвчлэн Англи, Шотланд, Уэльс, Сибирь, Канадын сэрүүн бүс нутгаар тархан ургадаг. Удвалын төрлийн ургамлууд нь олон төрлийн өвчнийг анагаахад ач тустай хэмээн уламжлалт анагаах ухаанд ходоодны шархлаа, хорт хавдар, элэгний өвчин, уушигны өвчин, хэрэх өвчний үед хэрэглэдэг.Удвалын төрлийн ургамлуудын фитохимийн судалгаа 1960-аад оны үеэс хийгдэж эхэлсэн бөгөөд одоогоор 16 зүйл ургамлаас 57 бага молекулт нэгдлийг ялгасан ба тэдгээрээс лабданы дитерпен - 2 (3.5%), циклоартанен - 13 (22.8%), флавоноид - 22 (38.5%), алкалоид ба нитрилийн уламжлалын нэгдэл - 10 (17.5%) болон фенолын хүчил, тосны хүчлийн ангиллын нэгдлүүд байна. Эдгээр нэгдлээс тритерпений ангиллын циклоартанений гликозидууд, лабданы дитерпен, нитрилийн уламжлалын азот агуулсан нэгдэл, флавоалкалоид зэрэг 19 байгалийн шинэ нэгдлийг ялгаж бүтэц байгууламжийг тогтоосон бөгөөд Удвалын зүйл ургамалд флавоалкалоид агуулагддаг онцлогтой.Мөн Удвалын зарим зүйл ургамлын төрөл бүрийн ханд, цэвэр нэгдлүүдийн антиоксидант, элэг хамгаалах, бактерийн эсрэг, хорт хавдрын эсрэг зэрэг биологийн идэвх судлагдсан байна.Манай оронд Удвалын төрлийн ургамлуудаас Сибирь удвал, Ногоон удвал, Шүүсэвчит удвал, Ганболдын удвал, Турчаниновын удвал зэрэг 5 зүйл ургамал ургадаг бөгөөд тэдгээрийн фитохими, биологийн идэвхийн судалгаа хараахан хийгдээгүй.
Түлхүүр үгс: Удвал, флавоалкалоид, тритерпеноид, флавонол, биологийн идэвх
Animal welfare as preventative medicine
Authors: Dawkins MS 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance is a major threat to both human and animal health, but reduction of use raises issues of how standards of animal health and welfare can be maintained without them. This turns the spotlight onto the role of good management and higher standards of animal welfare as drug-free ways of improving immune function and increasing resistance to infection. Research is urgently needed into the relationship between animal welfare, immunity, gut microbiota and disease and we are not yet in a position to claim that improving welfare will improve resistance to disease. ‘Boosting’ the immune system is not straightforward and an interdisciplinary approach is needed.
Do social factors related to allostatic load affect stereotypy susceptibility? Management implications for captive social animals
Authors: Nagy-Reis MB , Mendonça-Furtado O , Resende B 
Published: May 2019

AbstractStereotypies are frequently associated with sub-optimal captive environments and are used as welfare indicators. However, susceptibility to stereotypy can vary across individuals of the same group. As such, identifying which individuals are more susceptible to this behaviour may be helpful in managing this issue. We have investigated which sex-age class of semi-captive capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp) is more susceptible to stereotypic behaviours and evaluated whether or not they are also more affected by the social factors that typically influence and increase allostatic load. To accomplish this, we used instantaneous sampling to collect data on a group of capuchins kept on an island in an urban park in São Paulo, Brazil. We found that sub-adult males were the only sex-age class to display stereotypic behaviours and they all displayed pacing. Furthermore, 33% of sub-adult males also exhibited a second stereotypic behaviour associated with their pacing. Compared to the other sex-age classes, sub-adult males had a higher participation in social conflicts and experienced higher social isolation. Sub-adult males also demonstrated a lower level of positive social interactions. All of these factors typically increase allostatic load. We suggest that distal causation of the observed pacing behaviour would be the ecological/evolutionary need of sub-adult males to disperse from their natal group and that the proximal causation would relate to the high allostatic load from social sources. We recommend that managers of zoos and other facilities monitor changes in the social composition of captive groups and evaluate individuals’ age so that necessary alterations may be made, where appropriate, to reduce allostatic load and generate better welfare at individual and group levels.
Preference for heights of feeding troughs in mares: a pilot study
Authors: Luz MPF , Maia CM , Arruda LAS , Delagracia MF , Filho JNPP 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPreferences for the height of feeding troughs of seven mares were evaluated and, as awareness of surroundings when feeding is adaptive for horses, the relationship between preference responses and attention behaviours was also assessed. First, feeding troughs at four heights (0, 25, 50, and 75 cm) were provided for 16 days, and the amount of time animals ate from each height option was measured daily. These data were used to determine the preferred/non-preferred options for each individual. An overall preference for heights of 50 and 75 cm was detected, but responses showed significant individual variation The same animals were subsequently observed, when feeding from preferred (four days) or non-preferred (four days) trough heights, while their behaviours were recorded. Moving ears/head (attention behaviours) occurred more frequently when feeding from preferred heights of feeding troughs. We concluded that to ensure better welfare conditions for the mares in this study, it was important to consider the individual variation of such preferences if possible, however, by using troughs positioned at 50 or 75 cm, the general preference could be assured. Moreover, when feeding from their preferred heights, the study mares paid more attention to their surroundings than when feeding from their non-preferred height and thus it is likely that they defended their preferred options more. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the generalisability of these findings. We have demonstrated a methodology to assess mares’ preferences and provided some preliminary data on the relationship between preferences/non-preferences and the possible emotional states of mares.
Molecular epidemiology of coagulase-negativeStaphylococcusspecies isolated at different lactation stages from dairy cattle in the United States
Authors: Jenkins Stephen N. , Okello Emmanuel , Rossitto Paul V. , Lehenbauer Terry W. , Champagne John , Penedo Maria C.T. , Arruda Andréia G. , Godden Sandra , Rapnicki Paul , Gorden Patrick J. , Timms Leo L. , Aly Sharif S. 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundCoagulase negativeStaphylococcus(CNS) species are currently the most prevalent intra-mammary pathogens causing subclinical mastitis and occasional clinical mastitis or persistent infection in lactating dairy cattle. More than 10 CNS species have been identified, but they are generally managed as one group on most dairies in the United States. However, improved management decisions and treatment outcomes may be achieved with better understanding of the prevalent species, pathogenicity and strain diversity within and across dairies.MethodologyA total of 604 CNS isolates were cultured from milk samples collected during a dry-cow treatment clinical trial conducted on 6 dairy herds in 4 states in the US. All the study cows were randomized to receive 1 of the 3 different intra-mammary antimicrobial infusions (Quatermaster, Spectramast DC or ToMorrow Dry Cow) at dry-off. Milk samples were collected at dry-off, calving (0–6 days in milk, DIM), post-calving (7–13 DIM) and at mastitis events within the first 100 DIM. The CNS isolates were identified to species level by partial sequencing of therpoβgene, and genetic relatedness within species was investigated by phylogenetic analysis of the pulse-field gel electrophoresis profiles of the isolates.ResultsThe major CNS species identified wereS. chromogenes(48.3%),S. haemolyticus(17.9%),S. simulansandS. epidermidis(each at 6.5%). Other CNS species identified at lower frequencies includedS. hominis,S. auricularis,S. sciuri,S. sppKS-SP,S. capitis,S. cohnii,S. warneri,S. pasteuri, S. xylosus, S. hyicus, S. equorum, S. microti, S. rostri, S. gallinarum, S. saprophyticusandS. succinus. Phylogenetic analyses of the major species types demonstrated an association between genetic relatedness and epidemiological distributions ofS. chromogenes, S. simulans, S. haemolyticusandS. auricularis.Additionally, identical strains ofS. chromogenesandS. simulanswere isolated from the same udder quarter of several cows at consecutive sample stages. The rest of the minor species had no deducible genetic-epidemiological link.DiscussionThe observed association between genetic and epidemiological distributions indicated animal-adapted nature of four CNS species, suggesting possible host-adapted and environmental transmission of these species. Multi-stage isolation of the same udder quarter strain was evidence for chronic intra-mammary infection.ConclusionThe different CNS species and strains circulating on US dairy herds were genetically diverse. Four species identified were likely udder-adapted pathogens, 2 of which caused persistent infection. Our findings are important in guiding the design of effective mastitis control strategies.