Wireless Downhole Gauges Help Maximize Value of Appraisal Test in Abandoned Well
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: January 2019

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 192053, “Maximizing Value of an Appraisal DST: Recording a 10,000-Hour Buildup in an Abandoned Well Using Wireless Downhole Gauges,” by Stuart Walters, SPE, Gavin Ward, and Mike Cullingford, SPE, Chevron, prepared for the 2018 SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, Brisbane, Australia, 23–25 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
This paper describes the acquisition and interpretation of long-term pressure-buildup data in a plugged and abandoned deepwater appraisal well. To accomplish the test objectives at an acceptable cost, a novel combination of well testing, wireless-gauge technology, and material-balance techniques was used to allow the collection and interpretation of reservoir-pressure data over a planned period of 6 to 15 months following the well test. The final buildup duration was 428 days (14 months).
Introduction
Three interpretation methods of increasing complexity were used to provide insights into the reservoir. First, material balance was used to produce an estimate of the minimum connected reservoir volume. The advantage of material balance is that it requires very few input assumptions and produces a high-confidence result. Second, analytical models in commercial pressure-transient-analysis software were used to investigate near-wellbore properties and distances to boundaries. Finally, finite-difference-simulation models were used to investigate reservoir properties and heterogeneity throughout the entire tested volume. With increasing model complexity came additional insights into the reservoir properties and architecture but reduced solution uniqueness.
A key complication for the interpretation of the recorded pressure data was the potential for gauge drift. This was incorporated into the uncertainty range used in all three interpretation methods.
Well-Test Design
Analysis of conventional well-test designs (with varying flow rates and buildup periods) showed that the cost of resolving the key uncertainties exceeded the value of information significantly. To justify the appraisal, a way was needed to extend either the flow period or the buildup period without a rig on station and with the well left in a permanently abandoned state. To meet this objective, the potential of wireless-gauge technology to extend the buildup length was evaluated. Two competing wireless technologies were available, acoustic and electromagnetic transmission, both occurring up the tubing/casing. The key differentiator was that acoustic transmission required that cables be run through any cement plugs, which violated the barrier standards for abandoned wells. Accordingly, electromagnetic transmission was selected for the final system. The post-abandonment well concept is shown in Fig. 1. Of note is that the wellhead was not recovered and the top of the 20- and 36-in. casings have not been severed.
One critical design feature was the use of redundant gauges (four), repeaters (four), and subsea modems (four) to ensure no single point of failure existed within the wireless system. This also resulted in a narrowing of the gauge-drift and accuracy-uncertainty range as the response of individual gauges was thought to be independently and identically distributed.