bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
162 The interactions between dietary fiber and lipid sources alter the predicted production and absorption of caecal and colorectal volatile fatty acids in growing pigs
Authors: Ndou Saymore Petros , Kiarie Elijah , Walsh Maria , de Lange Cornelis , Martin Nyachoti C 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A combination of in vivo and in vitro fermentation methodologies was used to determine the interactive effects of dietary fiber (DF) and lipid types on volatile fatty acids (VFA) production and absorption, and organic matter (OM) fermentability in the cecum and colorectal tract of pigs. Eight ileal- and caecal-cannulated Yorkshire barrows were fed either pectin- or cellulose-containing diets that were supplemented with either corn oil or beef tallow in two independent Youden squares with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments (n = 6). Ileal and caecal digesta were collected, freeze-dried and fermented using inoculum from fresh caecal digesta and feces, respectively, to determine VFA production and absorption, and fermentability of OM. There were interactions (P < 0.001) between DF and lipid types observed in which the addition of corn oil increased the quantity of caecal and colorectal acetic acid production and caecal acetic absorption, caecal butyric production, predicted caecal OM fermentability, and the predicted colorectal propionic acid in pectin diets but did not have effects in cellulose diets. The addition of beef tallow increased (P < 0.001) the production of caecal butyric and propionic acids during in vitro fermentation in cellulose diets and fermentability of OM in pectin diets. The interactions between DF and lipids on gastrointestinal fermentation largely depends on the degree of saturation of fatty acids in dietary lipids. The addition of beef tallow selectively decreased the production and absorption of individual SCFA in pectin and cellulose diets but increased caecal butyric and propionic acid production in cellulose diets and the fermentability of OM in pectin diets.
170 Trends in mycotoxin contamination in the united states corn
Authors: Curry Shelby , Hendel Erika G , Gott Paige , Murugesan G R , Hofstetter-Schähs Ursula 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Mycotoxins are harmful secondary fungal metabolites and are of key concern to food and feed safety globally. In addition to compromised performance, mycotoxins negatively impact animal health. Although classic signs such as decreased feed intake and vomiting are known in the field as indicators for exposure, mycotoxins act as predisposing factors for diseases by immune suppression, causing inflammation, and modulating the gastrointestinal environment, even at low levels. This survey presents mycotoxin levels of corn samples from the 2018 harvest and compares these levels with those in previous years. New crop corn samples from various sources, were submitted starting from mid-August 2018, and consisted of corn (70%), corn silage (18%), and corn byproduct (12%). Samples were analyzed utilizing the liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins (Afla), type A trichothecenes (A-Trich), type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin-A (OTA). Data are presented for major mycotoxin classes in Table 1. The majority of samples contained at least 1 detectable mycotoxin with co-occurrence (≥ 2 mycotoxins) similar to 2017, and less than 2016. Prevalence of B-Trich has decreased compared with previous years, but average ppb is similar to 2017. Prevalence and average ppb of ZEN are similar to 2017, while FUM has increased in both prevalence and average ppb. Alfa prevalence has increased and average ppb is numerically higher than the previous two years. The preliminary results from the 2018 corn harvest suggest a continued risk from mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungal species, and a potential increased risk of Afla compared to previous years. Because of the risk of multi-mycotoxin contamination in corn samples thus far, multiple mitigation strategies are needed beyond just adsorption, including biotransformation support of the immune system and liver function.
169 Susceptibility of several species of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria to organic acids and their derivatives
Authors: Kovanda Lauren , Li Xunde , Zhang Wen , Wei Xiaohong , Luo Jia , Wu Xixi , Atwill Edward Robert , Sygall Richard , Lum Jacob , Liu Yanhong 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity of several organic acids and their derivatives against gram-positive (G+) and gram-negative (G-) bacteria. Monopropionin, monovalerin, monolaurin, and sodium formate were tested at 10 to 12 concentrations from 0.001 to 2.50 mg/L; monobutyrin was tested at 16 concentrations from 0.001 to 5.00 mg/L; butyric acid and valeric acid were tested at 8 concentrations from 0.001 to 0.35 mg/L; while formic acid was tested at 8 concentrations from 0.001 to 1.00 mg/L. The tested bacteria included G- bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Campylobacter jejuni) and G+ bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridia perfringens, Streptococcus pneumonia, and Streptococcus suis). Antimicrobial activity of tested compounds was expressed as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) that prevented growth of tested bacteria in treated culture broth. Butyric acid, valeric acid, and formic acid at highest tested concentrations inhibited the growth of all bacterial strains. The MICs of the three acids varied among bacterial strains with lowest MIC of 0.05–0.10 mg/L on two strains of Campylobacter. Sodium formate at highest tested concentrations did not inhibit the growth of E. coli, S. typhimurium, and E. faecalis but the compound inhibited the growth of other tested bacteria with MIC values from 0.20 to 1.88 mg/L. The MIC values of monovalerin, monolaurin, and monobutyrin ranged between 0.001 and 1.50 mg/L on all bacterial strains with the exception that monobutyrin did not inhibit C. jejuni (ATCC 33560) growth at the highest concentration tested (5.0 mg/L). Monopropionin at tested concentrations did not inhibit the growth of all tested bacteria with the exception of 1.13 mg/L as MIC on C. perfringens (ATCC 12915). The MIC tests indicate that all organic acids and their derivatives, except monopropionin, tested in this experiment exhibited strong antimicrobial effects in vitro against tested bacterial strains.
185 Impact of hydroxy-selenomethionine supplementation during late gestation and lactation in sows on piglet immunocompetence
Authors: Li Ningya , Sun Zhijian , Karrow Niel A , Briens Mickael , De Marco Michele , Liu Huazhen 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The benefits of selenium (Se) supplementation during pregnancy and lactation in sows on piglet immunocompetence are not yet fully understood. This study aimed to assess piglet immune status when sows were fed Se-deficient or supplemented diets with sodium selenite (SS) or hydroxy-selenomethionine (OH-SeMet). Twelve pregnant sows were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments (4 sows each): no supplemental Se (NC), SS at 0.3 mg Se/kg (SS-0.3), OH-SeMet at 0.3 mg Se/kg (SO-0.3). The trial was carried out from gestation day (gd) 84 to weaning on postpartum day (ppd) 21, at which time all the piglets received the same diet having as Se source SS. On gd 98 and 105, sows were vaccinated with hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL). On ppd 0 and 21, 8 piglets/treatment were euthanized to obtain blood and muscle samples for total Se analyses. Serum samples were collected from 8 female piglets/treatment on ppd 0 and 2 to assess antigen-specific antibody titer for HEWL. On ppd 23, 6 weaned female piglets/treatment were intramuscular challenged with E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and serum IL-10 levels were measured at 24 h pre-challenge and at 2 and 48 h post challenge. At day 21, piglets from sows fed SO-0.3 showed the highest muscle Se deposition (P < 0.001). At ppd 0, no difference for HEWL-specific IgG was found while at ppd 2, SO-0.3 showed the highest HEWL-specific IgG concentration (P < 0.05). At 24 h pre-challenge and 2 h post LPS challenge, SO-0.3 showed a greater IL-10 level as compare to NC and SS-0.3, respectively (P < 0.05); no difference was found for the same parameter at 48 h post challenge. Piglets from SO supplemented sows exhibited stronger early immune response to LPS challenge. This study indicates the importance of sow Se supplementation with a pure organic form of Se such as OH-SeMet to enhance piglets Se and immune status.
188 Effects of an antioxidant support technology and vitamin E on growth performance of naturally health-challenged nursery pigs
Authors: Ebarb Sara , Saddoris-Clemons Kari , Price Kathryn , Jolliff James , Williams Sabrina 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The effects of an antioxidant support technology (AOX, Promote® AOX™; Provimi, Brookville, OH) in diets with different levels of vitamin E (VIT-E) were evaluated. A total of 1,848 naturally health-challenged (determined by ~2% higher than the yearly average barn mortality) pigs (~19 d of age; 5.9 ± 0.4 kg), 14 pens/treatment, and 22 pigs/pen were housed in two barns which were blocked separately by pen location and randomly allocated to treatments. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial with three levels of AOX (0, 0.02, 0.13%) and two levels of VIT-E (35 or 100 IU/kg). Pen weights were obtained on d 0, 7, 21, and 40 post-weaning. Growth performance and mortalities and removals were evaluated. Constructed contrasts were: 0 vs additional AOX (aggregate effect of 0.02 and 0.13 AOX), 0.02 vs 0.13 AOX, 35 vs 100 VIT-E, and all possible interactions. Overall (d 0 to 40), interactions were observed (P < 0.05) between additional AOX and VIT-E level for d 40 BW (35 VIT-E: 22.0, 22.3, 22.8 kg; 100 VIT-E: 23.0, 22.8, 22.3 kg), ADG (35 VIT-E: 0.39, 0.40, 0.42 kg/d; 100 VIT-E: 0.42, 0.41, 0.40 kg/d), ADFI (35 VIT-E: 0.52, 0.52, 0.54 kg/d; 100 VIT-E: 0.55, 0.54, 0.52 kg/d, and return over feed cost (ROFC; 35 VIT-E: $27.16, 27.62, 28.29; 100 VIT-E: $28.83, 28.31, 27.50). Additionally, interactions were observed (P < 0.05) between AOX level, when increased from 0.02 to 0.13%, and VIT-E level for ADG, ADFI, ROFC, and probability for mortality and removals (35 VIT-E: 10.4, 13.6, 6.5%; 100 VIT-E: 8.4, 10.0, 9.7%). Level of AOX or VIT-E did not impact cost/kg of gain or feed efficiency (P > 0.10). Including AOX in 35 IU/kg VIT-E diets improved growth performance parameters and reduced probability for mortality and removals, but not in diets containing 100 IU/kg VIT-E.
201 Development of fertility programs to achieve high 21-day pregnancy rates in high-producing dairy cows
Authors: Fricke Paul , Carvalho Paulo , Wiltbank Milo 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The initial impact of the original Ovsynch protocol on 21-d pregnancy rates in U.S. dairy herds was to increase AI service rates; however, a deeper understanding of the physiology underlying the Ovsynch protocol has allowed for modifications to the original protocol that dramatically increase in pregnancies per artificial insemination (P/AI). A key factor affecting P/AI to timed AI is the response to each hormonal treatment of the Ovsynch protocol. Cows that ovulate to the first GnRH treatment of the Ovsynch protocol (G1) have more P/AI than cows that fail to ovulate. The association between progesterone (P4) concentrations at each treatment during the Ovsynch protocol and P/AI was analyzed based on data from 7,792 cows across 14 experiments. Cows with P4 concentrations from 0.5 to 6.0 ng/mL at G1, >1.0 ng/mL at PGF2α, and <0.4 ng/mL at the last GnRH treatment had the most P/AI. Presynchronization strategies that combine GnRH and PGF2α induce ovulation in anovular cows and optimize P4 concentrations at G1 and the PGF2α treatments of the Ovsynch protocol to increase P/AI. A subgroup of cows, however, fail to undergo complete luteal regression after the PGF2α treatment of the Ovsynch protocol, particularly multiparous cows that initiate G1 in a low P4 environment and cows with a CL that has not yet acquired luteolytic capacity. Addition of a second PGF2α treatment 24 h after the first in the Ovsynch protocol increases the percentage of cows with complete luteal regression thereby increasing P/AI. The key to increasing P/AI to Resynch protocols is to segregate nonpregnant cows based on the presence or absence of a CL and to treat cows without a CL with exogenous P4 during the Resynch protocol. Adoption of fertility programs developed using these concepts have yielded annualized 21-d pregnancy rates that exceed 30% in healthy, high-producing dairy herds.
211 Young Scholar Presentation: Developing and validating a heat stress model in dairy cows
Authors: Al-Qaisi Mohmmad , Horst Erin A , Kvidera Sara , Mayorga Edith J , Abeyta Megan A , Goetz Brady M , Timms Leo , Baumgard Lance H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Heat stress (HS) negatively impacts production parameters, including milk yield and composition, growth and reproduction. Precisely studying HS typically requires expensive climate-controlled facilities, resources often inaccessible to most scientists. Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy of using an electric heat blanket (EHB) as an alternative and cost-effective method to study HS and determine whether EHB-induced hyperthermia affects physiological and production parameters similar to natural HS. This was the first proof of concept study examining this model. Results indicated increased body temperature indices (i.e., rectal temperature and respiration rate) and reduced DMI and milk yield, as well as altered milk composition similar to natural and climate-controlled HS studies. In experiment 2, we examined the EHB model in combination with a pair-feeding (PF) design. By employing the PF design, we clearly illustrated that a lowered nutritional plane explains only approximately 50% of the decreased milk yield in HS cows, with the remaining portion due to changes in post-absorptive changes in nutritional physiology. In addition, the EHB blunted adipose tissue mobilization and increased plasma biomarkers of muscle catabolism. Results from this study validated that the EHB is a valid model to study HS; therefore, experiment 3 was designed to assess nutritional HS mitigation strategies using the EHB model. Dietary electrolyte, osmolyte, and energetic compounds (EOEC) were evaluated as re-hydration therapy on body temperature indices in HS lactating Holstein cows. Skin temperature was increased in EOEC-supplemented cows relative to controls which suggests that EOEC increased heat dissipation. In addition, EOEC-supplemented cows had increased glucose and insulin levels compared with controls which is due to the energetic compounds (i.e., dextrose) present in the EOEC supplement. Collectively, employing EHB model provides an excellent new platform for discovery research and evaluating pragmatic HS mitigation strategies.
227 Evaluation of reimplant timing with Revalor-200 on steer performance and carcass characteristics
Authors: Coulson Caitlin A , Boyd Bradley M , Hilscher Henry , Nuttelman Brandon L , Crawford Grant I , MacDonald James C , Erickson Galen E 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the optimal time to reimplant following an initial implant on performance and carcass characteristics when steers were fed for 180 d. Crossbred steers (n = 800; initial BW = 330 ± 25 kg) were utilized in a generalized randomized block design and assigned randomly to pen, and pen assigned randomly to one of five treatments. Treatments included 5 different days on terminal (DOT) implant (160, 120, 100, 80 or 40 DOT). All steers were given an initial implant (80 mg trenbolone acetate (TBA) + 16 mg estradiol; Revalor-IS) on d 1. Terminal implant consisted of 200 mg TBA + 20 mg estradiol (Revalor-200). Dry matter intake was the least for 40 DOT (P ≤ 0.04), with no differences between the other treatments (P ≥ 0.11). Carcass-adjusted final BW responded quadratically (P = 0.03) with 100 DOT having the greatest final BW but was not different from 120 DOT (P = 0.82). Carcass-adjusted ADG and G:F responded quadratically (P = 0.02 and P < 0.01, respectively). When solved for the first derivative, carcass-adjusted ADG and G:F were maximized at 99 and 87 DOT, respectively. However, there was less than a 2% difference in carcass-adjusted ADG and G:F between 80 and 120 DOT. Hot carcass weight responded quadratically (P = 0.03), with the greatest HCW at 100 DOT. Solving for the first derivative, HCW was optimized at 104 DOT. There were no differences in back fat, marbling, or yield grade (P ≥ 0.27). Overall, administering an initial implant followed by a terminal implant 85 to 105 d prior to harvest increased gain, efficiency, and HCW in steers when fed for 180 d. Minimal changes in performance and carcass characteristics when steers are reimplanted 80 to 120 d prior to harvest suggests flexibility in reimplanting windows.
334 Evaluation of sources of RUP fed to Holstein steers in a simulated organic beef production system
Authors: Schumacher Elizabeth , Erickson Galen E , MacDonald James C , Klopfenstein Terry , Carlson Zachary E , Hilscher Henry , McPhillips Levi , Wilson Hannah C 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This study evaluated rumen undegradable protein (RUP) sources on performance of lightweight Holstein steers fed diets that simulated the requirements for organic beef production. Holstein steers (n = 59; initial BW = 213kg) were fed individually for 214 d. Diets contained 30% alfalfa haylage, 5% supplement to meet mineral requirements, and differing proportions of dry rolled corn and a protein source to supply RUP. Steers were assigned randomly to dietary treatments: a protein-deficient control (CON), field peas (FP), field peas and fish meal (FPFM), soybean meal (SBM), and a soybean meal treated to increase RUP (Soypass; SP). Diets were reformulated by phase as MP requirements decreased. Experimental design was completely randomized with experimental unit being steer. A tendency (P = 0.09) for a difference in ADG in the first phase was observed, with steers fed any RUP source having greater ADG than CON. No difference (P ≥ 0.22) was detected for ADG in subsequent phases as RUP sources were displaced with corn. Intakes were not different (P ≥ 0.26) among treatments during the first and last phase, but during phase two and three calves fed SP had greater DMI (P ≤ 0.03) compared with FP or FPFM, with the CON and SBM groups being intermediate. In the first phase, calves in the CON group had significantly (P < 0.01) lower G:F compared to treatments with RUP, which were not different from one another. No differences (P ≥ 0.31) were observed between treatments for G:F during the final three phases. These data suggest that supplementing RUP improved ADG and G:F, but source of RUP did not impact performance of lightweight Holstein steers when inclusions were varied to account for differences in RUP content of each protein source. These animals compensated for a deficiency in MP early in the feeding period.
343 Feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of steers fed diets containing steam-flaked grain and corn silage from Enogen® Feed Corn
Authors: Baker Adrian , Veloso Vanessa de Aguiar , Baker Adrian , Barros Lucas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Enogen Feed Corn (EFC; Syngenta Seeds, LLC) is genetically modified to express high concentrations of amylase. Our objective was to evaluate EFC as corn silage and as steam-flaked corn in diets fed to finishing cattle. A 2 x 2 factorial experiment was conducted with steers (n = 960; 388 ± 7.4 kg initial body weight), with factors consisting of silage source (Control or EFC) and grain source (Control or Enogen). Steers were blocked by initial body weight, assigned randomly within block to treatments, housed in 48 pens with 15 or 25 cattle per pen, and harvested after 138, 152, or 166 days on feed. Grains were steam flaked to densities of 360 or 386 g/L for Control and EFC, respectively. Diets (dry basis) consisted of 8% corn silage, 2% alfalfa hay, 74.5% flaked corn, 12% Sweet Bran, and supplement. Incidences of liver abscesses and carcass weights were recorded at harvest, and longissimus muscle area, 12th-rib subcutaneous fat thickness, marbling score, and USDA yield and quality grades were determined after 36 h of refrigeration. There were no interactions between grain source and silage source (P > 0.05) for feedlot performance. Cattle fed diets containing EFC silage consumed less dry matter (P < 0.01) and efficiency of gain was improved by approximately 5.3% (P < 0.01) compared to cattle fed Control silage. Average daily gain and dry matter intake were unaffected by grain source, but cattle fed EFC grain were less efficient (P = 0.02) compared to cattle fed control grain. Carcass weight was greater for cattle fed the combination of EFC silage and Control grain compared to other treatments (P < 0.05), but liver abscess incidence and other carcass measurements were unaffected by grain or silage source. Feeding Enogen Feed Corn as corn silage, but not as grain, improved feedlot performance of steers.

Keywords: Enogen, corn silage, amylase
340 Impact of essential oils blend on beef cattle performance and carcass characteristics in diets with increasing corn silage inclusions
Authors: Wilson Hannah C , Hilscher Henry , Carlson Zachary E , Boyd Bradley M , Watson Andrea K , MacDonald James C , Erickson Galen E 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A feedlot study was conducted comparing a natural feed additive (essential oils blend) at varying silage inclusions on receiving and finishing performance. The study utilized 480 crossbred steers (initial shrunk BW 296 kg ± 7.72 kg) in 48 pens with 10 steers/pen and 8 pens per treatment. Treatments were designed as a 2 × 3 factorial with 3 inclusions of corn silage [14, 47, 80 %; dry matter (DM) basis] with or without (+, -) the inclusion of an essential oils (EO) blend. All treatment diets contained 16% modified distillers grains plus solubles and 4% supplement with dry-rolled corn replacing corn silage (CS) on a DM basis. Steers were fed at 80% CS inclusion and adapted to 47% and 14% CS over a 10 and 24-d period, respectively. Cattle fed 80% CS were fed for 238 days, 47% CS for 195 days, and 14% CS were fed for 168 days to a common backfat of 1.28 cm (P > 0.59). There were no interactions for corn silage inclusion and the inclusion of essential oils on final body weight (FBW), dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), gain to feed ratio (G:F), hot carcass weight (HCW), longissimus muscle (LM) area, marbling, or calculated yield grade (CYG; P > 0.15). There was no significant difference for FBW, DMI, ADG, G:F, HCW, LM area, marbling, or CYG for cattle fed EO or no EO. However, there was a quadratic response for FBW, ADG, G:F, HCW, marbling and CYG with increased inclusion of corn silage (P < 0.04). Feeding corn silage at greater inclusions decreased animal performance but increased final body weight when fed to an equal fatness. Essential oils did not affect animal performance or carcass characteristics. However, feeding greater amounts of corn silage can be an economical way to finish cattle.