bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The global institutional architecture
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Ruckert Arne 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
There is no global government, but a growing myriad of global governance platforms. Some are intergovernmental (United Nations and affiliated agencies, differing ‘clubs’ of nations such as the G-7 or G-20); others are multi-stakeholder, drawing together governments, private sector interests, civil society organizations, philanthropists, and academics or other prominent individuals. The plurality and questionable democratic legitimacy of many of these governance platforms is problematic in terms of who has authority or influence over global norms and rules affecting the social determinants of health. Four intergovernmental organizations are profiled for the distinct roles they play in global health governance: the World Health Organization (WHO) (nominally the lead global health governance body), the World Bank (whose financial resources eclipse those of the WHO), United Nations Children’s Fund (with a particular remit to improve children’s health), and the International Labour Organization (a unique tripartite body advocating for global social protection floors).
International human rights
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Ruckert Arne 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A long-standing and fundamental facet of global governance for health has been the development of an international human rights framework. Arising from the aftermath of World War II, human rights are comprised of several different covenants that constitute international law, albeit lacking in international enforcement measures. When these rights are instantiated within national laws or constitutions, however, they become justiciable within a country’s legal system. There are also global bodies responsible for oversight of their implementation. Their strength, as with that of the Sustainable Development Goals’ Agenda 2030, may rest more on their normative force—how the world’s people imperfectly expressed through their governments believe the world should work and look like. Given a growing illiberal temper in the emerging post-truth world, whether the norms embedded in human rights law can rise to the challenge of ‘taming’ globalization’s neoliberal underpinnings is a pivotal question still awaiting a firm answer.
Global activism and the prospects for a healthier future
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Ruckert Arne 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Economic inequality and ecological depredation are the two greatest health perils facing humanity. Globalization processes have intensified these entwined risks; but there are policy options that could begin to move both in a healthier direction. Some options are reform oriented, leaving basic economic systems intact; others are radical in the depth of global redistribution of wealth and environmental resources required. Mitigating policy choices from earlier chapters are gathered and summarized, along with descriptions of some of the peak civil society organizations working for global change across the activist spectrum from parsimonious reform to systemic overhaul. National governments remain the key policy actors in terms of how they choose to give shape to a contemporary globalization in need of a ‘shake up’ and not simply a ‘patch up’. The main advocates for such a ‘shake up’ at both national and global levels remain civil society organizations and their many activist members.
What Can Sen’s Capability Approach Offer to Labour Law?
Authors: Collins Hugh 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In response to modern questions about traditional justifications for the need for labour law, the chapter explains that such a justification must be a theory of justice. The chapter argues that Sen’s capability approach cannot, contrary to Langille’s claims, provide such a theory of justice for three reasons: the approach endorses relatively unregulated markets, its goal-based approach cannot justify adequate institutional foundations for labour law, and it fails to recognize distributive justice as a key aim of labour law. Nevertheless, Sen’s capability approach can throw light on the justice of particular aspects of labour law such as affirmative action and the importance of flexibility, learning, and autonomy at work.
The Need to Become Fashionable
Authors: Routh Supriya 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the capability approach both in its ability to justify the traditional account of labour law and in its usefulness in furthering a newer conceptual articulation of regulation of work (labour law). The chapter undertakes this evaluation through an exploration of labour law scholars’ engagement with the capability approach. While labour law scholars’ engagement with the capability approach is varied, several of them offer a narrow interpretation of the approach. That interpersonal variations mandate different levels of resources and circumstances for individuals to attain similar functioning ability is one of the fundamental insights of the capability approach. Seen in the context of legal entitlements of heterogeneous workers—from Uber drivers to domestic workers—this insight signifies that substantive entitlements of workers need to be context-specific and diverse so that each different category of workers could expand their overall capability to a roughly equal level. It is the capability approach that is able to offer a coherent idea of legal regulation integrating heterogeneous legal entitlements under one conceptual whole. The chapter contends that while it is possible to justify the traditional account of labour law by employing the capability approach, full potential of the approach will be realized in engaging it in normative (re)conceptualization of regulation of work.
Capabilities, Contract, and Causality: The Case of Sweatshop Goods
Authors: Tjon Soei Len Lyn K.L. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents a legal strategy informed by a capabilities approach to minimum contract justice that challenges the permissibility of consumer contracts for sweatshop goods. It replies to a common objection to this strategy, which posits that consumer contracts are not causally linked to exploitative labor standards and should therefore be considered valid contracts. This chapter argues that the causality objection mistakenly transposes the normative function of causality from questions of liability into the question of contractual recognition. While liability revolves around attribution of responsibility and blame, contractual recognition serves the purpose of protecting the minimum standard of justice as ensconced in the public institutions of society. Deplorable working conditions in global supply chains represent a serious justice concern and within international labor law scholarship it is common to pursue minimum labor standards or mechanisms that seek to restrict corporate conduct on the basis of voluntary commitments (e.g. codes of conduct). Instead, the argument from minimum contract justice offers an alternative legal strategy that questions the permissibility and contractual validity of exchanges the performance of which relies on exploitative production conditions.
Modernism in an Old Country
Authors: Saumarez Smith Otto 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a biographical account of the architect-planner Lionel Brett fourth Viscount Esher. It shows how Brett attempted to combine modernist approaches with a passionate and pioneering commitment to the preservation of the historic urban environment. Brett’s planning work is also shown to have been informed and motivated by his patrician mentality. The chapter shows Brett formulating an approach to cities through his extensive journalism as well as his engagement with the New Towns movement through his planning of Hatfield as well as his involvement in organizations such as the Society for the Promotion of Urban Renewal and the Royal Fine Art Commission. The chapter goes on to give an account of Brett’s plans for Portsmouth and for York. It shows Brett’s profound disillusionment following the commercialization of the urban renewal agenda.
Introduction
Authors: Saumarez Smith Otto 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The introduction to Boom Cities sets out the arguments and methodology of the book. It contends that the reshaping of central areas cannot be understood solely through architectural culture, but needs to be understood through the way that architectural culture became entangled with the political culture and ambitions of the period. Modernism, which has been the defining key in understanding this moment in all previous accounts, is therefore implicitly downgraded as an explanatory tool, and the book looks instead towards other explanatory categories, to better explain the seemingly contradictory features of complex individuals and the variety of their motives.
Poetry and Matter in the English Renaissance
Authors: Hyman Wendy Beth 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1, “Poetry and Matter in the English Renaissance” traces the crucial relationship between poetics and philosophical materialism in the early modern period, explaining why erotic verse so readily lent itself to confronting questions about the nature of being and of knowledge. This chapter shows that for Renaissance poets—informed by Lucretius’ great analogy between atoms and alphabetic letters—there is poetic form in elemental matter. The writing of poetry was therefore often understood as a physical practice, while poetry itself was understood as ontologically complex and efficacious. As terms such as “figuration” reveal, poetic making has both metaphorical and literal elements, which come especially to the fore in the ubiquitous blazons depicting the face of the beloved. Within the syntax of materialist poetics, foretelling the decay of the love object is therefore tantamount to a kind of deconstruction or unmaking—making poetry actually “do” the work of time. Multiple traditions, from Aristotelian hylomorphism to idealizing Petrarchism, had prepared the way for the female body to function as a proxy for embodied matter which poets could “figure,” “make,” or “undo.” This chapter presents the object of erotic poetry becoming just that: a fictional construct subjected to the recombinatory shaping of the godlike poet. As later chapters will develop, the paradoxical loneliness of the carpe diem invitation emerges from this troubling strategy, for it is an invitational form addressed to an entity it has forever exiled as metaphysically other. This chapter thus provides both a theoretical framework and historical background for the project’s larger claims.
Telling Time on the Body
Authors: Hyman Wendy Beth 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
“Telling Time on the Body” examines carpe diem in conversation with Renaissance visual arts of death. Lyrics that once seemed merely imitative of classical tropes take on paradoxical new life when we recognize that their depictions of time, aging, and death incorporate distinctly visual strategies for representing desiccation and emptiness. These artists ekphrastically reveal the effect of Time upon matter, turning the abstraction of temporality into something rendered hauntingly in green and ochre. Early modern poets, likewise, present pictorialized “Time” as the figure that divulges hidden truths about decaying bodies. They thereby claim their own consanguinity to Time, as fellow actants upon bodily material, while also presenting decay as an event that happens predominantly to women. Yet it is not misogyny alone that motivates these sometimes-grisly figurations of the aging or postmortem female body. Rather, in decomposing the idealized beloved—rosy cheeks, pearly teeth, and all—the poet also “unmakes” the Petrarchan poetry that first invented her, demonstrating his temporal triumph over tired poetic conventions. By vividly rendering the postmortem decay of the woman’s body, that is, the poet brings “death” not just to his supposed beloved, but also to Petrarchist clichés about the red and gold and white. Carpe diem’s unforgivingly visual program of poetic representation confronts outmoded mystifications with brute empiricism, and demands that erotic verse leave behind courtly conventions and claim a new place in literary history.
Saying No and Saying Yes
Authors: Hyman Wendy Beth 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
“Saying No and Saying Yes” turns at last from the speaker of the erotic invitation to its imagined auditor: the figure being invited to “seize the day.” Persuasion poets, of course, never expect acquiescence—the motif would hardly exist if ladies were easily seduced. However, Spenser’s The Faerie Queene and Milton’s A Maske are among those longer works that make room for very demonstrable acts of refusal, and both do so within an explicitly moral, Protestant context: Spenser via his knight Guyon (hearing Acrasia’s song in the Bower of Bliss), and Milton through his virginal and unnamed Lady responding to the libertine Comus. Despite some obvious similarities between these encounters, the two poets imagine remarkably different responses to the voluptuous invitations they feature. Spenser’s Guyon responds not with his putative virtue, Temperance, but vehement rage to Acrasia’s invitation in the Bower—becoming an agent of the very materialist forces he repudiates. Milton, on the other hand, imagines a place for chastity that is not built upon a sequestration of the self, but a willingness to seek, and find, trial. He thereby provides a model for perhaps the most “impossible” thought experiment of all, one in which a woman participates as an intellectual and rhetorical equal, and in whom eloquence, chastity, and desire can coexist. Milton thereby utilizes the trope to turn it on its head, constructing within it a forum for a proto-feminist articulation of agency and voice.
How do Populists Govern?
Authors: Pappas Takis S. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 deals with populists in office and exposes what the author terms the “populist blueprint.” Once again based on comparative empirical analysis, it explains how populist parties consolidate in power by means of grabbing the top state administration and depriving key liberal institutions of autonomy, especially the judiciary, state-independent authorities, and the media. Another common characteristic of all populist parties in office is their systematization of patronage politics under the logic of excluding the opposition from state-related benefits and other resources. Finally, the pieces of the illiberal and populist project are put together in an effort to think about it all in a systematic and rationalizing way.
Numerical Experimentation
Authors: Humphreys Paul 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
I argue here that the computational models of numerical experimentation constitute a distinctively new kind of scientific method, intermediate in kind between empirical experimentation and analytic theory. A parallel is also drawn between extending our senses with scientific instruments and extending our mathematical powers by using computational instruments. A specific application of these methods to Ising Models using the Metropolis algorithm is described in detail. Finally, it is argued that what counts as observable, or what counts as computable, is doubly contingent and is not fixed, being dependent upon the current state of technology and the way the world is.
Synchronic and Diachronic Emergence
Authors: Humphreys Paul 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses a number of different kinds of diachronic emergence, noting that they differ in important ways from synchronic conceptions. It argues that Bedau’s weak emergence has an essentially historical aspect, in that there can be two indistinguishable states, one of which is weakly emergent, the other of which is not. As a consequence, weak emergence is about tokens, rather than types, of states. The chapter concludes by examining the question of whether the concept of weak emergence is too weak and notes that there is at present no unifying account of diachronic and synchronic concepts of emergence.
Analytic versus Synthetic Understanding
Authors: Humphreys Paul 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
It is argued that understanding is an epistemically more important concept than explanation. Two kinds of understanding are discussed, that based on analysis of the explanandum and a kind that is based on a synthetic method. The distinction between primary and secondary understanding shows that who is asking the why question is of central importance. A problem for causation is introduced that revolves around the degree of isolation that is needed to identify a causal factor and to distinguish causes from their carriers. It is shown that the analytic and synthetic approach can deal with partial understanding, that there can be an increase in understanding without an explanation, and that laws are not necessary for understanding.
Martin Jugie and the invention of Palamism
Authors: Russell Norman 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Jugie’s seminal articles on Palamas and the Palamite controversy defined ‘Palamism’ as an innovation that proved the fallibility of the ‘Graeco-Roman’ Church. At the Paris Institute of Saint Sergius, Sergius Bulgakov claimed that his sophiology was a creative reworking of Palamas, while Georges Florovsky saw Palamas as the crowning Father of the neopatristic synthesis. But the pioneering work on Palamas was done by Basil Krivoshein, then a monk on Mount Athos, and the Romanian professor, Dumitru Stǎniloae, who was the first to exploit the rich holding of manuscript sources at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. The first work by the Paris Russians was undertaken by Vladimir Lossky and Kiprian Kern. The contacts both of them had with sympathetic Catholics were important. Lossky was given a platform by Jesuits leading the ressourcement movement; Kern’s work was published in French by the Benedictines of Chevetogne.
Could Palamas become ‘the inheritance of all Christians’?
Authors: Russell Norman 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the treatment of Palamas in recent debates. A major obstacle to his reception is the polemical use made of him by Palamites and anti-Palamites. The methodologies adopted by modern scholars include the expository, the problematic, the antithetical, and the comparative. The problematic method has been the most fruitful, as used by Torstein Tollefsen (who presents the energeiai as the pluralization of the divine unity), Manuel Sumares (who discusses the capacity of creatures to receive divinity), Stelios Ramfos (who highlights the importance of notion of enhypostasia), and Christos Yannaras (who argues that essence and energy are both modes of existence). Recent colloquia have shown the difficulty of demonstrating compatibility between Palamas and the Western intellectual tradition, but Nikolaos Loudovikos argues ably for ‘contiguity’ between Aquinas and Palamas.
Concluding reflections
Authors: Russell Norman 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Akindynos’ negative assessment of Palamas’ character has been influential, particularly through its strong endorsement by Juan Nadal. Palamas knew how to use social networks and construct arguments to demolish his opponents. In assessing his character, however, the rhetorical conventions of dialectics need to be taken into account. Philosophically Palamas is important for his understanding of participation, his modification of certain Aristotelian categories, and his use of enhypostasia to posit activities or energies of the divine essence that are real, not notional, but have no independent existence apart from the essence. Theologically he maintains that deification is not the perfection of rational nature but the transformation of the believer, who becomes ‘uncreated by grace’ by partaking of the divine mode of existence. The greatest obstacle to the reception of Palamas is perhaps that by his essence–energies distinction he attempts to solve a problem that Western theologians do not have.
Nietzsche’s Metaethics
Authors: Leiter Brian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues against various attempts to portray Nietzsche as a value realist, someone who thinks either that there are objective facts about value, or that his own evaluative perspective enjoys some other kind of epistemic privilege over its targets. A particular focus is arguments appealing to the idea of will to power. These arguments are shown to fail, both philosophically and textually. An alternative, psychological interpretation of Nietzsche’s interest in will to power is argued to be more plausible.
Moralities are a Sign-Language of the Affects
Authors: Leiter Brian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Nietzsche is a sentimentalist about moral judgment, in the manner of Hume and, in the German tradition, Herder: the best explanation of our moral judgments is in terms of our emotional or affective responses to states of affairs in the world, responses that are, themselves, explicable in terms of psychological facts about the judger. Nietzsche understands our basic emotional or affective responses as brute artifacts of our psychological constitution, though there is nothing in Nietzsche’s view to rule out the possibility that more complicated feelings (e.g. “guilt”) might not involve a cognitive component added to the non-cognitive one, even if that is explanatorily otiose. The chapter concludes with a consideration of empirical evidence in support of sentimentalism.
Nietzsche’s Theory of Agency
Authors: Leiter Brian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Nietzsche’s repudiation of free will and moral responsibility is documented throughout his corpus, and his arguments for this conclusion—arguments from his distinctive kind of fatalism, his skepticism about the causal efficacy of the will, and his particular brand of epiphenomenalism about the conscious mental states crucial to deliberation—are shown to undermine both compatibilist and incompatibilist views about free will and moral responsibility by engaging the views of many contemporary philosophers working on these topics, including Harry Frankfurt, Galen Strawson, Robert Kane, Derk Pereboom, Gary Watson, and others. In particular, the chapter argues that both “alternate possibilities” and “control” views of free will are vulnerable to Nietzsche’s critique. Some empirical evidence is adduced in support of Nietzsche’s view.
The Case for Nietzschean Moral Psychology
Authors: Leiter Brian , Knobe Joshua 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter (co-authored with Joshua Knobe) reviews a vast body of evidence from empirical psychology—for example, concerning the role of conscious decision in behavior, and the relative influence of heritability versus upbringing on character traits—demonstrating the superiority of Nietzsche’s moral psychology, as defended throughout the book, to the moral psychologies associated with Aristotle and Kant, which are based on false and often fantastic assumptions about human psychology.
Kakology
Authors: Ruppel Antonia 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of words for “evil”—in the sense of “morally bad”—in several languages, first among them English. Of each word, I will consider the etymology (i.e. its origins and the changes in its meaning(s) over time), the semantic nuances, and, where it is interesting or relevant, any overlap with other words. Out of the five languages considered, four are European (English, German, Ancient Greek, and Latin); the fifth, Sanskrit, is the oldest written language of India and related to the first four through their common ancestor, Proto-Indo-European. German and English are the most closely related among all these (both being part of the Germanic branch of Indo-European, whereas the others each belong to a separate branch of the Indo-European family of languages), and comparison between two neighboring languages will perhaps offer an interesting contrast to comparison between languages much further removed from each other.