bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plausible folk theories: throwing veils of plausibility over zones of ignorance in global governance
Authors: Halliday Terence C. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTIn an age of expertise, where knowledge ostensibly reigns, global governance not infrequently settles for ignorance. To understand this puzzle, this article draws upon extensive empirical research on two sites within the global governance of finance. One is directed to the suppression of money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism by the Financial Action Task Force and International Monetary Fund. Another intends to stimulate the supply of otherwise scarce money to financial markets through global lawmaking by the UN Commission on International Trade Law. In both cases vast enterprises of global regulation and lawmaking proceed on weakly founded justificatory rhetorics designated here as ‘plausible folk theories.’ Six properties make a folk theory plausible: parsimony, face validity, rhetorical compactness, ambiguity, affinity with extant beliefs, and unexamined premises and logics. Plausible folk theories offer organizational benefits to IOs. They also allow a politics of temporality that may shorten temporal horizons, or weaken and eliminate IO accountability. Finally, three variants of ignorance contribute to choices by international organizations not to get beyond plausible folk theories to justify their regulatory and lawmaking initiatives: inadvertent ignorance, willful ignorance, and strategic or rational ignorance.
Postpartum depression and child growth in Tanzania: a cohort study
Authors: Holm‐Larsen CE , Madsen FK , Rogathi JJ , Manongi R , Mushi D , Meyrowitsch DW , Gammeltoft T , Sigalla GN , Rasch V 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveTo examine the association between postpartum depression and child growth in a Tanzanian birth cohort.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingMoshi, Tanzania.PopulationPregnant women over the age of 18 who sought antenatal care at two health clinics in Moshi, and the children they were pregnant with, were assessed for inclusion in this study.MethodsThe women were interviewed twice during pregnancy and three times after birth, the final follow up taking place 2–3 years postpartum. Signs of postpartum depression were assessed approximately 40 days postpartum with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.Main outcome measuresChild growth was assessed with anthropometric measurements at 2–3 years of age and expressed as mean z‐scores.ResultsIn all, 1128 mother–child pairs were followed throughout the duration of the study. In total, 12.2% of the mothers showed signs of postpartum depression. Adjusted mean height‐for‐age z‐score (HAZ) was significantly lower at 2–3 years follow up for children of mothers with postpartum depression than for children of mothers without (difference in HAZ: −0.32, 95% CI−0.49 to −0.15). Adjusted mean weight‐for‐height z‐score (WHZ) was significantly increased for the children exposed to postpartum depression (difference in WHZ: 0.21, 95% CI 0.02–0.40), whereas there was no significant difference in adjusted weight‐for‐age z‐score (WAZ; difference in WAZ: −0.04, 95% CI −0.20 to 0.12).ConclusionsWe found that postpartum depressive symptoms predicted decreased linear height in children at 2–3 years of age and slightly increased weight‐for‐height.Tweetable abstractPostpartum depression in Tanzanian mothers is associated with impaired child growth at 2–3 years of age.
Sudden Unexplained Nocturnal Death Syndrome: Epidemiological and Morphological Characteristics in Thai Autopsy Cases
Authors: Srettabunjong Supawon 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWith limited knowledge on epidemiological and morphological characteristics of sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome (SUNDS), this study was aimed to identify such data in Thai SUNDS autopsy cases. All the cases were men and nondrug abusers aged 20–49 years old. Most cases were originated in the Northeastern region of Thailand. Half of them were found dead from midnight to 6 a.m., with a peak time at 2 a.m. The death rate was relatively higher in May and June. Most SUNDS cases were blue‐collar workers (93.2%) and nonsmokers (60%), with a normal BMI (72.1%). Approximately one‐fifth of the cases had detectable blood alcohol concentrations. Symptoms before death were respiratory difficulty, seizures, and urinary incontinence. Their mean heart weight was 329.8 ± 35.1 g. Their lungs (88.6%) had some degree of congestion. Acute pancreatitis was not found in these SUNDS cases, and approximately half (40.9%) of the cases had their gastric content <100 mL.
Identifying animal species in camera trap images using deep learning and citizen science
Authors: Willi Marco , Pitman Ross T. , Cardoso Anabelle W. , Locke Christina , Swanson Alexandra , Boyer Amy , Veldthuis Marten , Fortson Lucy 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Ecologists often study wildlife populations by deploying camera traps. Large datasets are generated using this approach which can be difficult for research teams to manually evaluate. Researchers increasingly enlist volunteers from the general public as citizen scientists to help classify images. The growing number of camera trap studies, however, makes it ever more challenging to find enough volunteers to process all projects in a timely manner. Advances in machine learning, especially deep learning, allow for accurate automatic image classification. By training models using existing datasets of images classified by citizen scientists and subsequent application of such models on new studies, human effort may be reduced substantially. The goals of this study were to (a) assess the accuracy of deep learning in classifying camera trap data, (b) investigate how to process datasets with only a few classified images that are generally difficult to model, and (c) apply a trained model on a live online citizen science project.

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were used to differentiate among images of different animal species, images of humans or vehicles, and empty images (no animals, vehicles, or humans). We used four different camera trap datasets featuring a wide variety of species, different habitats, and a varying number of images. All datasets were labelled by citizen scientists on Zooniverse.

Accuracies for identifying empty images across projects ranged between 91.2% and 98.0%, whereas accuracies for identifying specific species were between 88.7% and 92.7%. Transferring information from CNNs trained on large datasets (“transfer‐learning”) was increasingly beneficial as the size of the training dataset decreased and raised accuracy by up to 10.3%. Removing low‐confidence predictions increased model accuracies to the level of citizen scientists. By combining a trained model with classifications from citizen scientists, human effort was reduced by 43% while maintaining overall accuracy for a live experiment running on Zooniverse.

Ecology researchers can significantly reduce image classification time and manual effort by combining citizen scientists and CNNs, enabling faster processing of data from large camera trap studies.
Clinical factors predicting treatment resistant depression: affirmative results from the European multicenter study
Authors: Kautzky A. , Dold M. , Bartova L. , Spies M. , Kranz G. S. , Souery D. , Montgomery S. , Mendlewicz J. , Zohar J. , Fabbri C. , Serretti A. , Lanzenberger R. , Dikeos D. , Rujescu D. , Kasper S. 
Published: October 2018

ObjectivesClinical variables were investigated in the ‘treatment resistant depression (TRD)‐ III’ sample to replicate earlier findings by the European research consortium ‘Group for the Study of Resistant Depression’ (GSRD) and enable cross‐sample prediction of treatment outcome in TRD.Experimental proceduresTRD was defined by a Montgomery and Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score ≥22 after at least two antidepressive trials. Response was defined by a decline in MADRS score by ≥50% and below a threshold of 22. Logistic regression was applied to replicate predictors for TRD among 16 clinical variables in 916 patients. Elastic net regression was applied for prediction of treatment outcome.ResultsSymptom severity (odds ratio (OR) = 3.31), psychotic symptoms (OR = 2.52), suicidal risk (OR = 1.74), generalized anxiety disorder (OR = 1.68), inpatient status (OR = 1.65), higher number of antidepressants administered previously (OR = 1.23), and lifetime depressive episodes (OR = 1.15) as well as longer duration of the current episode (OR = 1.022) increased the risk of TRD. Prediction of TRD reached an accuracy of 0.86 in the independent validation set, TRD‐I.ConclusionSymptom severity, suicidal risk, higher number of lifetime depressive episodes, and comorbid anxiety disorder were replicated as the most prominent risk factors for TRD. Significant predictors in TRD‐III enabled robust prediction of treatment outcome in TRD‐I.
Electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) use in relation to mental health conditions, past‐month serious psychological distress and cigarette smoking status, 2017
Authors: Spears Claire Adams , Jones Dina M. , Weaver Scott R. , Yang Bo , Pechacek Terry F. , Eriksen Michael P. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackground and AimsAdults with mental health conditions (MHC) exhibit disproportionately high smoking prevalence and experience profound tobacco‐related disparities. US nationally representative surveys from 2012 to 2015 found relatively high usage of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS; e.g. e‐cigarettes) among adults with MHC. However, research has not examined these associations specifically among never smokers. Aims were to examine associations among MHC diagnosis, serious psychological distress (SPD) and ENDS use and to test whether associations varied by cigarette smoking status.DesignCross‐sectional US nationally representative survey.SettingUnited States, 2017.ParticipantsA total of 5762 adults (52.0% female; 64.8% non‐Hispanic white, 11.4% non‐Hispanic black, 15.9% Hispanic, 7.9% non‐Hispanic other).MeasurementsOutcomes were lifetime, current and current daily ENDS use. Predictors were lifetime MHC, past‐month SPD and cigarette smoking status, and covariates were gender, age, race/ethnicity, education and annual household income.Findingslifetime MHC and past‐month SPD were each associated with higher likelihood of having ever used ENDS (P ≤ 0.001), currently using ENDS (P ≤ 0.001) and currently using ENDS daily (P < 0.05). There were interactions between MHC and smoking status in predicting ENDS use, such that MHC status predicted higher lifetime and current ENDS use specifically among never and current smokers. Never smokers with MHC had 2.62 higher odds [95% confidence interval, (CI) = 1.54, 4.45] of current ENDS use than those without MHC. Among never smokers, those with MHC indicated higher expectations that ENDS would improve relaxation and concentration (P < 0.05).ConclusionsIn 2017, US adults with versus without mental health conditions (MHC) were more likely to use electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). In particular, both never and current smokers with MHC reported disproportionately high rates of current ENDS use.
Surprise and dispersion: informational impact of USDA announcements
Authors: Fernandez‐Perez Adrian , Frijns Bart , Indriawan Ivan , Tourani‐Rad Alireza 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe examine the role of information asymmetry on changes in bid‐ask spreads during major United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) announcements. Our analyses, using corn, wheat, and soybean futures, indicate that information asymmetry is significantly higher on USDA announcement days compared to nonannouncement days. We further observe that the increased information asymmetry prior to news announcements is mainly driven by the divergence in private information possessed by market participants. However, once the USDA news is released, not only the dispersion in investors’ private information but also the surprises in news announcements contribute to increased information asymmetry and widening of bid‐ask spreads.
Emerging data and future directions for CDK4/6 inhibitor treatment of patients with hormone receptor positive HER2‐non‐amplified metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Lim Elgene , Beith Jane , Boyle Frances , de Boer Richard , Hui Rina , McCarthy Nicole , Redfern Andrew , Wade Theresa , Woodward Natasha 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK4/6) inhibitors in combination with endocrine therapy are currently the optimal first line treatment for hormone receptor (HR) positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) non‐amplified metastatic breast cancer (MBC). However, not all patients benefit from this treatment and all patients will inevitably progress. Identifying therapeutic strategies in this setting is therefore of immediate clinical importance. We present an overview of the mechanisms of resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors and review potential biomarkers that may guide therapy selection. We also discuss the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors in the context of non‐HR‐positive/HER2‐non‐amplified breast cancer and in combination with therapies other than endocrine therapy.
Vitamin D level affects IVF outcome partially mediated via Th/Tc cell ratio
Authors: Wu Li , Kwak‐Kim Joanne , Zhang Ran , Li Qing , Lu Fang ting , Zhang Yu , Wang Hao Y. , Zhong Liang wen , Liu Yu Sheng 
Published: October 2018

ProblemThe role of vitamin D (VD) in IVF outcome and immune parameters has not been elucidated well.Method of studyWomen undergoing IVF treatment with GnRH agonist (Agonist) and progestin‐primed ovarian stimulation (PPOS) protocols were divided into VD lower (VDL, 25(OH)VD ≤20 ng/mL) and VD higher (VDH, 25(OH)VD >20 ng/mL) groups. Follicular fluid (FF) VD level, IVF outcomes, and peripheral blood immunophenotypes by flow cytometry were analyzed.ResultsFF VD levels of the whole subjects were positively correlated with peripheral blood VD level (r = 0.86, P < 0.001). The number of mature oocytes and the blastocyst formation rate were significantly higher in women with VDH group as compared with those of VDL group in both Agonist and PPOS groups (P < 0.05, respectively). In women with PPOS protocol, peripheral blood NK and B‐cell proportions and T helper/T cytotoxic (Th/Tc) cell ratios of VDL group were significantly higher than those of VDH group (P < 0.05, respectively). In women with Agonist protocol, peripheral blood B‐cell proportion and Th/Tc ratios of VDL group were significantly higher than those of VDH group (P < 0.05, respectively).ConclusionVD level is associated with IVF outcomes possibly derived by T‐cell immunity, particularly Th/Tc ratios.
Building Cooperation among Groups in Conflict: An Experiment on Intersectarian Cooperation in Lebanon
Authors: Chang Han Il , Peisakhin Leonid 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSocieties divided along ethnic or religious lines suffer from persistent conflict and underprovision of public goods. Scholarly understanding of how to strengthen intergroup cooperation remains limited. In this study, we set out to test the effectiveness of two interventions on intergroup cooperation: cross‐group expert appeal and participation in a cross‐group discussion. The laboratory‐in‐the‐field experiment is set in Lebanon's capital, Beirut, and involves interactions between 180 Shia and 180 Sunni Muslim participants. We find that the expert appeal increases intersectarian cooperation in settings that do not entail reciprocal exchange. On average, cross‐sectarian discussions do not improve cooperation, but those discussions in which participants delve deeply into the conflict's causes and possible remedies are associated with greater cooperation. Neither intervention diminishes the effectiveness of sectarian clientelistic appeals. The policy implication of our study is that intergroup cooperation can be strengthened even in regions as bitterly divided as the Middle East.
Recent developments and highlights in biomarkers in allergic diseases and asthma
Authors: Eguiluz‐Gracia Ibon , Tay Tunn Ren , Hew Mark , Escribese Maria M. , Barber Domingo , O'Hehir Robyn E. , Torres Maria J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe potential of precision medicine in allergy and asthma has only started to be explored. A significant clarification in the pathophysiology of rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, asthma, food allergy and drug hypersensitivity was made in the last decade. This improved understanding led to a better classification of the distinct phenotypes and to the discovery of new drugs such as biologicals, targeting phenotype‐specific mechanisms. Nevertheless, many conditions remain poorly understood such as non‐eosinophilic airway diseases or non‐IgE–mediated food allergy. Moreover, there is a need to predict the response to specific therapies and the outcome of drug and food provocations. The identification of patients at risk of progression towards severity is also an unmet need in order to establish adequate preventive or therapeutic measures. The implementation of precision medicine in the clinical practice requires the identification of phenotype‐specific markers measurable in biological matrices. To become useful, these biomarkers need to be quantifiable by reliable systems, and in samples obtained in an easy, rapid and cost‐efficient way. In the last years, significant research resources have been put in the identification of valid biomarkers for asthma and allergic diseases. This review summarizes these recent advances with focus on the biomarkers with higher clinical applicability.
Changes in health‐related quality of life after discharge from an intensive care unit: a systematic review
Authors: Gerth A. M. J. , Hatch R. A. , Young J. D. , Watkinson P. J. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryQuality of life after critical illness is becoming increasingly important as survival improves. Various measures have been used to study the quality of life of patients discharged from intensive care. We systematically reviewed validated measures of quality of life and their results. We searched PubMed,CENTRAL,CINAHL, Web of Science and Open Grey for studies of quality of life, measured after discharge from intensive care. We categorised studied populations as: general; restricted to level‐3 care or critical care beyond 5 days; and septic patients. We included quality of life measured at any time after hospital discharge. We identified 48 studies. Thirty‐one studies used the Medical Outcomes Study 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36) and 19 used the EuroQol‐5D (EQ‐5D); eight used both and nine used alternative validated measures. Follow‐up rates ranged from 26–100%. Quality of life after critical care was worse than for age‐ and sex‐matched populations. Quality of life improved for one year after hospital discharge. The aspects of life that improved most were physical function, physical role, vitality and social function. However, these domains were also the least likely to recover to population norms as they were more profoundly affected by critical illness.
Use of intrapartum ultrasound in term pregnant women with contractions before hospital admission
Authors: Cuerva Marcos J. , García‐Casarrubios Patricia , García‐Calvo Laura , Gutiérrez‐Simon Mónica , Ordás Polan , Magdaleno Fernando , Bartha José L. ,   ITU‐R12 Group
Published: October 2018

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that transperineal ultrasound can be used to decide whether to admit a pregnant woman due to labor.Material and methodsIn this analytical cross‐sectional observational study, transperineal ultrasound was performed on pregnant women with intact membranes who came to the hospital due to contractions. A decision was made to admit women due to labor based on the ultrasound measurements. The ultrasound measurements were used to determine cervical dilation, the angle of progression, and fetal head position. The managing midwives were blinded to the results and made the final decision to admit the women based on digital vaginal examination.ResultsIt was possible to decide whether a woman had to be admitted for delivery or discharged due to the latent phase of labor according to the ultrasound examination in 55 of the 57 cases (96.5%). In four of the 55 cases, the decision based on ultrasound differed from the midwife's decision (7.3%). There was strong agreement between the decision to admit the pregnant women based on ultrasound measurements and the digital vaginal examination (Cohen's kappa: 0.844). It was possible to measure cervical dilation with ultrasound in 52 of the 57 cases (91.2%). The intraclass correlation coefficient for the cervical dilation measurements was 0.736 (95% confidence interval 0.539‐0.848).ConclusionsThere was strong agreement between the ultrasound and digital vaginal examination results in the decision to admit singleton pregnant women at term due to labor. A large number of vaginal examinations could be avoided by using intrapartum ultrasound.
Interpregnancy interval and abnormally invasive placentation
Authors: Martimucci Kristina , Bilinski Robyn , Perez Anisha M. , Kuhn Theresa , Al‐Khan Abdulla , Alvarez‐Perez Jesus R. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIntroductionThe presence of a previous uterine scar is a strong risk factor for developing abnormally invasive placentation (AIP). We sought to determine whether a short interpregnancy interval predisposes to AIP. We hypothesized that a short interpregnancy interval after a previous cesarean delivery increases the risk of AIP in comparison with a longer interpregnancy interval.Material and methodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study of women with a histological diagnosis of AIP and a history of a previous cesarean section. Women were included in the control group if they had a previous cesarean section with a placenta underlying the previous uterine scar or an anterior previa. The time interval between pregnancy and AIP data was analyzed using the chi‐square test and two‐tailed Fisher's exact test.ResultsThere was no statistical difference in the interpregnancy interval between women who had AIP vs the control group. Gravidity and parity were found to be significantly higher in the women with AIP vs the controls.ConclusionsThese results suggest that a short interpregnancy interval may not increase the risk of developing AIP.