bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Do We Know About the Link Between Screens and Sleep Health?
Authors: Hale Lauren , Hartstein Lauren E. , Robbins Rebecca , Grandner Michael A. , LeBourgeois Monique K. , Garrison Michelle M. , Czeisler Charles A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Screen-based digital media devices potentially impact pediatric sleep health, which is fundamental to healthy development. Systematic reviews of the literature consistently show that screen use is associated with delayed bedtimes, shorter sleep duration, and reduced sleep quality. Studies also demonstrate that interactivity, content, and timing of exposure influence sleep health and that the effects of interventions are small and difficult to achieve. The mechanisms underlying these associations include (1) activity displacement, (2) decreased interoceptive awareness, (3) psychological/emotional stimulation from the content or social interaction, (4) physiological effects of light exposure, and (5) noises, beeps, and vibrations from devices during the sleep period. Due to limitations in both data quality and study design, future research should seek to improve measurement of timing and content of digital media. Efforts should be invested in developing, implementing, and evaluating sustainable interventions to reduce the negative effects of screen use on sleep health. These studies should also consider potential moderating factors (e.g., age, sex, race/ethnicity) and other downstream consequences on child health and development. We conclude with recommendations to help mitigate the possible effects of screen use on sleep, including making sleep a priority, facilitating screen-free bedtime routines, and removal of devices from bedrooms.
Introduction to the Section on Digital Media and Mental Health
Authors: Weigle Paul 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Screen media now dominate the free time of children and adolescents, displacing not only healthy activities such as sufficient sleep but also risky behaviors such as substance use and unsafe driving. Screen habits and experiences play an increasingly vital role in the mental health of youths and their treatment, for better or worse. Evidence suggests that screen media played an important role in increasing the rates of depression, anxiety, self-harm, and suicide among youth in recent years. Social media offers easy, accessible interactions for anxious youth, the consequences of which vary. Screen media exposure may increase the risks of depression, anxiety, and self-harm, depending on the nature of online experiences and interactions. Viewing idealized images via social media can damage self-esteem and encourage disordered eating behavior. Research is beginning to reveal which youth are likely to benefit or suffer from specific screen habits. Digital therapeutics and online psychoeducational programs show significant promise but are limited by inherent weaknesses. Continued research is vital to inform how to guide youth to benefit from online technology without falling victim to its mental health pitfalls.
Social Media and Youth Mental Health: A Departure from the Status Quo
Authors: Coyne Sarah M. , Escobar-Viera César , Bekalu Mesfin A. , Charmaraman Linda , Primack Brian , Shafi Reem M. A. , Valkenburg Patti M. , Williams Kofoworola D. A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Social media and youth mental health have a relationship that many have great interest in understanding. Recent legislative bills in the United States have focused on curbing the potentially harmful effects of social media use, and large social media companies are under related litigation. The current chapter summarizes the research on social media use and youth mental health to provide the reader with a solid background of the major studies in the field. In general, the research is mixed, nuanced, and complex with a number of factors contributing to adolescent outcomes, including the content viewed, the context of social media, with whom the adolescent is interacting, and individual differential susceptibility. Future avenues for research are discussed with a focus on understanding both risk and protective factors of using social media on youth mental health, determining temporality, and understanding differential susceptibility, particularly with regard to minoritized youth. Finally, we offer specific recommendations for clinical practitioners and providers, policymakers, educators, and parents.
Youth Anxiety in the Digital Age: Present Status and Future Considerations
Authors: Ariefdjohan Merlin , Nesi Jacqueline , Mullin Benjamin , Pesko Matthew , Fritsch Sandra 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The prevalence of anxiety disorders among youth has increased over the last decade. At the same time, the use of screens including smartphones and social media has become ubiquitous. The ways in which screen media use may either exacerbate or alleviate symptoms of anxiety remain an area of ongoing research. Increasingly, studies are suggesting that the impact of screen media use on anxiety symptoms, and vice versa, is influenced by how these technologies are used, as well as the individual characteristics of the youth using them. This chapter briefly summarizes the current literature on anxiety and screen media use among the youth, offers recommendations for clinical providers and parents/caregivers for supporting their healthy screen habits, and outlines future research directions.
Social Media and Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Twenge Jean M. , Peeples Dale , Shafi Reem M. A. , Boers Elroy , Hale Lauren , Weigle Paul 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Depression among children and adolescents is linked to a variety of negative outcomes, but many causes of depression are either difficult or impossible to alter. It is vital to identify the controllable causes of depressive symptoms, including time spent on screen media. Many studies demonstrate associations between time spent on social media and depressive symptoms. Time-lag evidence also demonstrates an association, with rates of adolescent depression doubling during the period when smartphone and social media use became common. Experimental evidence indicates that cutting back on social media use diminishes depressive symptoms. Social media time may cause depressive symptoms via several mechanisms including displacing time spent on healthy activities, increased body image concerns, cyberbullying, reinforcing spirals of negative content, and interference with sleep. Future research should include experimental trials among adolescents, determine which types of screen activities and social media platforms are most strongly linked to depressive symptoms, explore which populations are most impacted, and determine effective interventions. Recommendations include educating parents and adolescents to keep devices out of their bedrooms overnight, not allowing children and younger teens to use social media, and encouraging parents to model appropriate limits around screen devices.
Media Influences on Self-Harm, Suicidality, and Suicide
Authors: Kruzan Kaylee P. , Nesi Jacqueline , Hamilton Jessica L. , Vidal Carol , Twenge Jean M. , Peeples Dale , Niederkrotenthaler Thomas 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The influence of media on self-injurious thoughts and behaviors, including self-harm and suicide, has received attention for decades. Research reveals mixed evidence on the relationship between media and self-harm and suicide. This is likely because media narratives differ, as do contemporary media formats, and the ways audience members consume and interact with media content and one another. This chapter summarizes what we currently know and do not yet know about the relationships between self-harm and suicide and (1) mass media coverage, (2) social media, and (3) video games. For mass media, evidence is strongest for the influence of media reports of celebrity suicides on subsequent suicide attempts. The effects of fictional suicide narratives have produced mixed results. Evidence regarding the influence of social media and video games often depends on the types of interactions people have and the content consumed. Most research is cross-sectional or correlational, limiting causal inference. Media platforms may also offer unprecedented opportunities to extend prevention efforts and support and educate young people. Effective strategies to reduce media harms, while enhancing their benefits, are critical. Based on existing evidence, we describe future research needs and make recommendations for youths, parents, schools, clinicians, media, and policymakers.
Introduction to the Section on Problematic Use of the Internet in Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Grant Don , Rumpf Hans-Jürgen 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In the four chapters included within this section, global experts from research, academic, media psychology, and clinical disciplines first discuss three specific Internet-centric areas posited to pose the most significant risks for children and adolescents: Problematic Internet Use (PIU), Gaming Disorder (GD), and Dysregulated use of Mobile/Smartphone, and then explore Treatment Considerations in Problematic Screen Use. Each chapter examines the importance of the specific digitally driven behavior/issue, its current state, potential implications, knowledge base to date of writing, improved behavior modification support suggestions, and recommendations for scientists, researchers, investigators, policymakers, educators, media technology creators/producers, treatment providers, clinicians, mental health practitioners, and the general public moving forward.
Gaming Disorder Among Children and Adolescents
Authors: Griffiths Mark D. , Stavropoulos Vasileios , Pontes Halley M. , Carbonell Xavier , King Daniel L. , Lin Chung-Ying , Demetrovics Zsolt , Király Orsolya 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Research interest in problematic gaming has increased considerably in the past decade leading the World Health Organization to classify ‘gaming disorder’ (GD) as a formal diagnosis in 2019. This chapter describes the current state of knowledge in relation to minors, as well as future research on GD along with recommendations for important stakeholders such as researchers, the gaming industry, and policymakers. Meta-analyses on the prevalence of GD range from 3.05% to 4.6%, with males, children, and adolescents, being the most affected. There are three overarching interacting factors that are involved in the acquisition, development, and maintenance of GD, namely the individual factors, gaming-related factors, and environmental factors. Future research on GD requires more studies with clinical samples, large-scale representative samples using longitudinal designs, more cross-cultural comparisons, as well as more studies from a neurobiological perspective. The topic of esports and the ever-changing structural characteristics of video games also require further research. The chapter concludes with several recommendations such as developing specific screening instruments for child and adolescent populations and the need for independent regulators in each country that oversee the video game industry to ensure social responsibility initiatives for player protection and harm minimization.
Youth Participatory Politics: Understanding and Supporting Civic Engagement in the Social Media Era
Authors: Middaugh Ellen , Kornbluh Mariah , Lee Ashley , Kligler-Vilenchik Neta , Ramasubramanian Srividya , Clark Lynn Schofield , Vea Tanner 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
As the internet and social media have become ubiquitous in the practices of learning about and engaging with civic and political life, we see a growing tendency towards civic and political expression described as participatory politics: decentralized practices through which individuals and groups seek to exert voice and influence on issues of public concern, often by using digital tools and networks to access, circulate, and produce media and to engage with others and mobilize action (Cohen CJ, Kahne, J. Participatory Politics. New Media and youth political action. Published online 2011. Accessed April 30, 2023. https://ictlogy.net/bibliography/reports/projects.php?idp=2180&lang=en). The past decade of research has uncovered potential benefits for adolescent empowerment and well-being alongside potential risks and challenges. Here, we provide an overview of recent research on hybrid (online and offline) civic and political engagement in adolescence and emerging adulthood (ages 15–24). We adopt an intersectional lens acknowledging that the stressors and benefits related to civic participation and supports needed to interact and vary in relation to intersecting youth identities (e.g., racial, ethnic, religious, socioeconomic, immigration status, disability, gender, and sexuality) and their relationship to the power structures that influence their well-being (Crenshaw K, Univ Chic Leg Forum 1:139–167, 1989)
Introduction to the Section on Race, Racism, and Digital Media
Authors: Eschmann Rob , Patton Desmond Upton 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the reader to the section, Race, Racism, and Digital Media. Chapters in this section ask the following questions: How does racism manifest online, and what effects does this have on young people, especially young people of color? Does technology contribute to, or challenge, racist structures or racial power dynamics? What types of technologies shape the ways youth experience and respond to race and racism? Technology is central to our understanding of the realities of race and racism in the twenty-first century. Concurrently, as the chapters in this section demonstrate, race and racism are central to the development of new digital technologies, online cultures, and online interactions. As young people spend increasingly more time online, it is imperative that we understand the risks and rewards that are associated with different online behaviors and contexts.
Online Racism and Its Impact on Children, Adolescents, and Emerging Adults of Color
Authors: Tynes Brendesha M. , Willis Henry A. , Maxie-Moreman Ashley , Ortiz Stephanie M. , English Devin 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Despite early optimism that the Internet would reduce race-related issues, scholars have observed that online racism is a significant threat to public health, much like its offline counterpart. This chapter provides a review of the current state of research on online racism and its impact on youth of color (children, adolescents, and young adults). The chapter argues that we are currently experiencing a second nadir of race relations, characterized by the algorithmic amplification of racism and white supremacy. The chapter first outlines models of online racism that have advanced our understanding of its nature. Next, the chapter highlights the adverse effects of online racism on the health and well-being of youth of color and presents how online racism has been measured and investigated across a range of studies. The chapter concludes by highlighting current limitations and providing directions for future research activities related to online racism. Finally, this chapter provides practical recommendations for researchers, the tech industry, policymakers, and practitioners that focus on the impact of online racism on youth of color’s development. Overall, the chapter underscores the importance of addressing online racism as a critical issue and calls for continued research and action to mitigate its harmful effects.
Representations of Gender and Sexuality in Youth Media
Authors: Aubrey Jennifer Stevens , Maas Megan K. , Choukas-Bradley Sophia , Coyne Sarah M. , Durham Meenakshi Gigi , Scull Tracy M. , van Oosten Johanna M. F. , Ward L. Monique 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
One consistent source of socialization of gender and sexuality for youth is entertainment screen media. This chapter summarizes recent conclusions from content analyses on the representation of gender and sexuality in entertainment screen media popular among and created for youth. In terms of gender, (1) male characters outnumber female characters, (2) female characters are supposed to care about their appearance and be sexy, whereas male characters are supposed to be large and muscular, (3) male characters are more likely to be physically aggressive, whereas female characters are more likely to be relationally aggressive, (4) male characters are more likely to portray science, technology, engineering, and mathematics careers and hobbies, whereas female characters are more likely to portray careers and interests in humanities and the arts, and (5) male characters are more likely to be leaders than female characters. In terms of sexuality, (1) sexual talk and behaviors are frequent, (2) heterosexual relationships are assumed and naturalized, (3) many sexual interactions conform to a “heterosexual script” wherein female characters are supposed to assume responsibility for sexual interactions, whereas male characters are sex-obsessed, and (4) sex is portrayed in mainly recreational ways. Recommendations for future research are discussed.
Moving Beyond Fear and Restriction to Promoting Adolescent Resilience and Intentional Technology Use
Authors: Wisniewski Pamela , Park Jinkyung , Badillo-Urquiola Karla , Gabrielli Joy , Doty Jennifer L. , Hartikainen Heidi 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In recent years, societal narratives around teens and screens have shifted significantly. First, high-profile media coverage has raised concerns over the negative impact of technology use on the mental health, well-being, and physical safety of adolescents. Consequently, this has led to restrictive approaches to implementing parental control software, age verification systems, artificial intelligence-based risk detection, and other safety mechanisms to protect teens from such harm. At the same time, recommendations regarding digital technology use have moved beyond imposing time limits to more advanced frameworks that consider active and intentional technology use. Additionally, research recommends shifting from restrictive parenting practices to include more developmentally appropriate and resilience-based approaches that empower teens as they prepare for adulthood. Yet, researchers have acknowledged that solutions towards digital inclusion cannot be “one-size-fits-all,” as individual development, family differences, and cultural norms may influence youth outcomes. Finally, we have seen more tangible efforts through human-centered design and legislative policies targeted toward making digital platforms that engage teen users more accountable for their online safety. In this chapter, we discuss these trends and raise important questions and recommendations for setting a forward-thinking agenda for future socio-technical research and practice on promoting the digital well-being and safety of teens.
Family Systems Theory in the Digital Age: Reifying the Digital Level of Analysis
Authors: Browne Dillon T. , Király Orsolya , Lukavska Katerina , Madigan Sheri , Demetrovics Zsolt 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Researchers are increasingly asking questions about the complex ways in which digital media transects family life for the purpose of understanding health and development. Most research in this domain is informed by theoretical models that champion the primacy of individuals (i.e., the child). However, family systems theory (FST) has long emphasized that the family unit itself, versus the child, should be the focus of study, assessment, and intervention. This paradigm remains underutilized in research related to digital media and health. The present chapter provides a primer in FST for researchers and clinicians who are interested in media. Core concepts such as holism, organization, feedback, and resilience are reviewed. These principles are contrasted with individual-focused theoretical models. The digital level of analysis is outlined as a conceptual frame of reference and ecological layer of organization that can be applied in future digital media studies. Lastly, recommendations for research, practice, and policy are provided, with an emphasis on responsible digital innovation and application of new technologies.
Introduction to the Section on Cyberbullying and Digital Cruelty
Authors: Englander Elizabeth 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This section presents four chapters reviewing the current state of research on cyberbullying, digital cruelty, and online hate speech, the impact of the coronavirus pandemic, and their association with mental health. Researchers in this field face challenges, including the different forms that cyberbullying and hate speech can take, the definition of cyberbullying, and how future technologies like Artificial Intelligence may change the research landscape. Two chapters in this section discuss digital forms of social cruelty, including cyberbullying, and how these currently manifest on social media and (likely) impact mental health. Other chapters examine the impact of the global pandemic on cyberbullying and how online bias has infiltrated and influenced cyberbullying and its serious impact on users. Among other points, these chapters discuss online hate speech and how youth may be differentially vulnerable (e.g., LGBTQ youth). This Introduction briefly discusses how the definition of cyberbullying may change and how new technologies may alter how digital cruelty is experienced by youth.
Cyberbullying and Social Media
Authors: Kowalski Robin M. , Giumetti Gary W. , Patchin Justin , Cotten Shelia R. , Craig Wendy 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Recent years have seen an increase in research devoted not only to cyberbullying broadly speaking but to cyberbullying and social media specifically. With the majority of 13–17-year-olds using social media apps such as YouTube or TikTok on a regular basis, there are concomitant increases in involvement in cyberbullying as victim and/or perpetrator, both within the United States and around the world. Outcomes of cyberbullying for victims and perpetrators include heightened levels of depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation, often accompanied by lower levels of self-esteem. Much of the cyberbullying that occurs among adolescents on social media platforms involves current or former classmates, placing schools in the difficult position of having to decide whether to intervene or not. Considering these issues, in this chapter, we examine the current state of the research focusing on cyberbullying involvement and social media, including policy and legal issues, uncover limitations of the existing research, and identify ways forward for future researchers and practitioners.
Digital Cruelty’s Impact on Self-Esteem and Body Image
Authors: Burnell Kaitlyn , Trekels Jolien , George Madeleine J. , Nesi Jacqueline 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Adolescents are immersed in digital technologies, raising concerns among parents, teachers, scholars, and policymakers on how use may be affecting adolescent development. The affordances of digital technologies bear special relevance to declines in self-esteem and body image perceptions that occur during adolescence. One element of digital technologies that may be especially relevant for self-esteem and body image is the occurrence of digital cruelty, in which digital technologies can be used to transmit and reflect negative or hurtful commentary and feedback. This review considers how digital cruelty may unfold in digital spaces and how it may relate to self-esteem and body image concerns, with special attention given to how digital cruelty may occur in the appearance domain. Past research has demonstrated that appearance-oriented digital cruelty may be rare, heterogeneous in how it occurs, and not always linked to poorer self-esteem and greater body image concerns. However, much work is to be done that considers the nuances of how digital cruelty can occur and the individual differences and contexts in which negative effects may manifest. We discuss areas of future research and conclude with recommendations on how to combat digital cruelty as it occurs among adolescents.