bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La double peine des non-citoyens au Canada
Authors: Abellan-Almenara Meritxell , Côté-Boucher Karine , Leclerc Chloé 
Published: December 2024

Les sections 36(1) et 36(2) de la Loi sur l’immigration et la protection des réfugiés (LIPR) établissent les critères pour qu’un non-citoyen trouvé coupable d’une infraction criminelle au Canada soit déclaré interdit de territoire pour motif de (grande) criminalité. Cet article conceptualise ces interdictions de territoire comme une double peine pour les non-citoyens et comme un acte d’internalisation de la frontière canadienne, et soutient que les juges du système de justice pénale ont acquis le pouvoir de (dé)construire cette frontière. Sur la base d’une analyse jurisprudentielle de 59 décisions écrites par les cours municipales et la Cour du Québec entre 2002 et 2023, l’étude s’intéresse à la façon dont les juges du système de justice pénale conçoivent leur rôle à la lumière d’un tel pouvoir. Les résultats suggèrent que les juges du système de justice pénale se divisent en trois grands groupes selon la conception qu’ils ont de leur rôle : si certains juges acceptent et intègrent dans leur processus décisionnel le pouvoir de contribuer à la construction, le maintien ou le démantèlement de la frontière, d’autres font des efforts pour justifier pourquoi ils refusent de l’intégrer. L’article conclut que le pouvoir donné aux juges du système pénal par la LIPR a transformé la pénalité canadienne à travers non seulement la modification des mesures qui sont imposées par le système, mais aussi et surtout à travers la modification des pratiques des acteurs qui en font partie.
RNA‐seq‐based selection of reference genes for RT‐qPCR analysis of pitaya
Authors: Nong Quandong , Yang Yongchao , Zhang Mingyong , Zhang Mei , Chen Jiantong , Jian Shuguang , Lu Hongfang , Xia Kuaifei 
Published: May 2019

Reverse‐transcription quantitative real‐time PCR (RT‐qPCR) is a primary tool for measuring gene expression levels, and selection of appropriate reference genes is crucial for accurate and reproducible results of gene expression under various experimental conditions. However, no systematic evaluation of reference genes in pitaya (Hylocereus undatus Britt.) has been performed. Here, we examined the expression of five candidate reference genes, namely elongation factor 1‐alpha (HuEF1‐α), 18S ribosomal RNA (Hu18S rRNA), ubiquitin (HuUBQ), actin (HuACT), and ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme (HuUQT), under different conditions in pitaya. The expression stabilities of these five genes were evaluated using two computation programs: geNorm and NormFinder. The results were further validated by normalizing the expression of the phosphoglycerate kinase (HuPGK) and ethylene‐responsive transcription factor (HuERF) genes. Our results indicate that combined use of HuUBQ and HuUQT is the most stable reference under all of the experimental conditions examined. HuEF1‐α, HuUBQ, and HuUQT are the top three most stable reference genes under salt stress, drought stress, and heat stress, and across different cultivars. HuEF1‐α, HuACT, and HuUQT exhibited the most stable expression patterns across different tissues. Our results will allow researchers to select the most appropriate reference genes for gene expression studies of pitaya under different conditions.
Familial Aggregation of Childhood‐ and Adulthood‐Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Sinicato Nailú Angélica , de Oliveira Luciana , Lapa AlineTamires , Postal Mariana , Peliçari Karinade Oliveira , Costallat Lilian T. L. , Marini Roberto , Gil‐da‐Silva‐Lopes Vera Lúcia , Niewold Timothy B. , Appenzeller Simone 
Published: May 2019

ObjectiveTo assess the familial occurrence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a large Brazilian cohort.MethodsConsecutive patients with SLE were recruited and stratified according to age at disease onset into childhood‐onset SLE or adult‐onset SLE. Each patient was personally interviewed regarding the history of SLE across 3 generations (first‐, second‐, and third‐degree relatives). Recurrence rates were analyzed for each degree of relation.ResultsWe included 392 patients with SLE (112 with childhood‐onset SLE and 280 with adult‐onset SLE). We identified 2,574 first‐degree relatives, 5,490 second‐degree relatives, and 6,805 third‐degree relatives. In the combined overall SLE cohort, we observed a familial SLE recurrence rate of 19.4 in first‐degree relatives, 5.4 in second‐degree relatives, and 3.0 in third‐degree relatives. Recurrence rates were higher for first‐ and second‐degree relatives of patients with childhood‐onset SLE than for first‐ and second‐degree relatives of patients with adult‐onset SLE (25.2 versus 18.4 for first‐degree, and 8.5 versus 4.5 for second‐degree), while in third‐degree relatives, recurrence rates were higher in adult‐onset SLE than in childhood‐onset SLE (P = 2.2 × 10–4 for differences in recurrence proportions between childhood‐onset SLE and adult‐onset SLE). There were no phenotypic differences in patients from multicase versus single‐case families, and there was no sex‐skewing observed in the offspring of patients with SLE.ConclusionThe greater decline in SLE recurrence rate by generation in childhood‐onset SLE versus adult‐onset SLE suggests a more polygenic and epistatic inheritance and suggests that adult‐onset SLE may be characterized by fewer risk factors that are individually stronger. This finding suggests a higher genetic load in childhood‐onset SLE versus adult‐onset SLE and a difference in the genetic architecture of the disease based on age at onset.
Formation Mechanism of Epitaxial Palladium–Platinum Core–Shell Nanocatalysts in a One‐Step Supercritical Synthesis
Authors: Broge Nils L. N. , Søndergaard‐Pedersen Frederik , Sommer Sanna , Iversen Bo B. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe scarcity of platinum group metals provides a strong incentive to optimize the catalytic activity and stability, e.g., through nanoalloys or core–shell nanoparticles. Here, time‐resolved X‐ray total scattering and transmission electron microscopy characterization are used to study the formation of palladium–platinum core–shell nanoparticles under solvothermal conditions. It is shown that Pd rapidly forms small (5–10 nm), disordered primary particles, which agglomerate and crystallize when reaching 20–25 nm. The primary Pd particles provide nucleation sites for Pt, and, with extended reaction time, the Pd cores become fully covered with Pt shells. The observed core–shell material is surprising when considering the Pt–Pd phase diagram and relative surface energies, but it can be rationalized through the kinetics of precursor conversion. To bridge the gap between scientific studies and industrial demand for large‐scale production, the synthesis process is successfully transferred to a continuous flow supercritical reactor providing a simple scalable and green process for production of bimetallic nanocatalysts.
Stimulated Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Activity of MOF‐Derived MoS2 Basal Domains via Charge Injection through Surface Functionalization and Heteroatom Doping
Authors: Yilmaz Gamze , Yang Tong , Du Yonghua , Yu Xiaojiang , Feng Yuan Ping , Shen Lei , Ho Ghim Wei 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe design of MoS2‐based electrocatalysts with exceptional reactivity and robustness remains a challenge due to thermodynamic instability of active phases and catalytic passiveness of basal planes. This study details a viable in situ reconstruction of zinc–nitrogen coordinated cobalt–molybdenum disulfide from structure directing metal–organic framework (MOF) to constitute specific heteroatomic coordination and surface ligand functionalization. Comprehensive experimental spectroscopic studies and first‐principle calculations reveal that the rationally designed electron‐rich centers warrant efficient charge injection to the inert MoS2 basal planes and augment the electronic structure of the inactive sites. The zinc–nitrogen coordinated cobalt–molybdenum disulfide shows exceptional catalytic activity and stability toward the hydrogen evolution reaction with a low overpotential of 72.6 mV at −10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 37.6 mV dec−1. The present study opens up a new opportunity to stimulate catalytic activity of the in‐plane MoS2 basal domains for enhanced electrochemistry and redox reactivity through a “molecular reassembly‐to‐heteroatomic coordination and surface ligand functionalization” based on highly adaptable MOF template.
Asymptomatic vs symptomatic septal perforations: a computational fluid dynamics examination
Authors: Li Chengyu , Maza Guillermo , Farag Alexander A. , Krebs Jillian P. , Deshpande Bhakthi , Otto Bradley A. , Zhao Kai 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundA nasal septal perforation (NSP) can lead to frustrating symptoms for some patients while remaining completely asymptomatic for others, without a clear mechanism differentiating them.MethodsWe applied individual computed tomography (CT)‐based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to examine the nasal aerodynamics differences between 5 asymptomatic and 15 symptomatic NSP patients. Patients’ symptoms were confirmed through interviews, 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test score (asymptomatic, 25 ± 18.8; symptomatic, 53.7 ± 18.2), nasal obstruction symptom evaluation score (asymptomatic, 28.0 ± 32.1; symptomatic, 62.2 ± 32.2), and review of medical history.ResultsNo statistical differences were found in perforation location, size (asymptomatic, 1.94 ± 1.88 cm2; symptomatic, 1.36 ± 1.44 cm2), nasal resistance (asymptomatic, 0.059 ± 0.012 Pa·s/mL; symptomatic, 0.063 ± 0.022 Pa·s/mL), and computed flow rate shunting across the perforation (asymptomatic, 52.9 ± 30.9 mL/s; symptomatic, 27.4 ± 23.6 mL/s; p > 0.05). However, symptomatic patients had significantly higher wall shear stress (WSS) and heat flux, especially along the posterior perforation margin (WSS, 0.54 ± 0.12 vs 1.15 ± 0.49 Pa, p < 0.001; heat flux, 0.21 ± 0.05 vs 0.37 ± 0.14 W/cm2, p < 0.01). A WSS cutoff at 0.72 Pa can separate asymptomatic vs symptomatic NSP with 87% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Flow visualization showed flow peaks toward the posterior margin that may be responsible for the high WSS and heat flux among symptomatic NSPs.ConclusionThis study is the first CFD examination of asymptomatic and symptomatic NSP with regional aerodynamics and stress abnormalities, beyond size or location, being implicated as the mechanism behind the symptomology of NSP. This finding could serve as an objective basis for future personalized treatment decisions and optimization.
Facile preparation and synergy study of DMC/ZnGA composite catalyst for the synthesis of oligo (propylene‐carbonate) diols
Authors: An Na , Li Qifeng , Yin Ning , Kang Maoqing , Wang Junwei 
Published: May 2019

To overcome the weak carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion ability of Zn‐Co double metal cyanide (DMC) catalyst, zinc glutarate (ZnGA) catalyst was introduced into the DMC catalytic system and applied for the synthesis of oligo (propylene‐carbonate) diols. The DMC/ZnGA composite catalyst (mass ratio = 10:1) exhibited an excellent synergistic effect which had enhanced CO2 activation ability, high yield and good selectivity. In copolymerization process, ZnGA catalyst not only provided activated CO2 for DMC catalyst, but also transferred the propagating chain with more alternating structures to DMC catalyst. Both of the two effects increased the carbonate content in the final products. Overall, DMC catalyst dedicated to the polymer chain growth, while the increased CO2 conversion mainly attributed to ZnGA catalyst. Oligo (propylene‐carbonate) diols with carbonate unit content of 45.1 mol%, Mn of 1228 g/mol, WPC of 4.3 wt% and high yield of 1689 g/g cat was obtained.
Advances and Challenges for Aprotic Lithium‐Oxygen Batteries using Redox Mediators
Authors: Zhao Wenjia , Mu Xiaowei , He Ping , Zhou Haoshen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRechargeable aprotic Li−O2 batteries that can deliver extremely high energy density have attracted worldwide attention. However, the practical use of this promising technology is hindered by an unsatisfactory cycling life and inferior energy efficiency (high discharge/charge voltage gap), although significant progress has been made in this area in the last decade. Recent reports indicate that soluble catalysts or redox mediators dissolved in aprotic electrolytes can catalyze Li2O2 decomposition and reduce the voltage gap between O2 reduction reaction and O2 evolution reaction. Here, a specific review on a series of suitable soluble catalysts for Li−O2 batteries is provided. This review will highlight the underpinning chemistry and electrochemistry mechanisms of Li−O2 batteries, as well as the recent progress and challenges of soluble catalysts, with the aim of motivating researchers to further explore applications in Li−O2 cells and other energy storage and conversion systems.
Structure‐Sensitivity and Electrolyte Effects in CO2 Electroreduction: From Model Studies to Applications
Authors: Sebastián‐Pascual Paula , Mezzavilla Stefano , Stephens Ifan E. L. , Escudero‐Escribano María 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAiming to reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions, there is an urgent demand to develop more efficient and affordable technologies which convert CO2 into valuable feedstock molecules. The use of renewable electricity is a promising and sustainable approach to overcome this environmental issue, while producing valuable chemicals and clean fuels. However, the CO2 electroreduction reaction (CO2RR) still shows two main gaps: poor selectivity and required large overpotentials make the process not profitable enough. To overcome these challenges, model studies on single‐crystalline surfaces aiming to find the relations between surface structure/electrolyte interactions and activity/selectivity are necessary. In these model studies, tuning the electrolyte composition is also key for the fundamental understanding of the CO2RR. In this review, we first discuss the structure‐activity‐selectivity relations from studies on well‐ordered surfaces, i. e., single crystalline electrodes, for the CO2RR. We then summarise the role of the electrolyte, presenting work on classical aqueous solvents as well as non‐aqueous electrolytes such as ionic liquids. We illustrate the importance of carrying out studies on well‐defined electrified interfaces in order to get deep fundamental insights on the mechanism of the CO2RR, as well as scaling the process for real applications. Ultimately, this knowledge will be essential to rationally design the catalyst with tailored activity and selectivity for CO2 reduction.
Alcohol Dehydrogenase‐Triggered Oxa‐Michael Reaction for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Disubstituted Tetrahydropyrans and Tetrahydrofurans
Authors: Eastman Harry , Ryan James , Maciá Beatriz , Caprio Vittorio , O'Reilly Elaine 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAn alcohol dehydrogenase‐mediated asymmetric reduction and subsequent intramolecular oxa‐Michael reaction has been developed for the preparation of tetrahydropyrans (or oxanes) and tetrahydrofurans, in excellent conversion, yield and high enantiomeric and diastereomeric excess. To highlight the utility of the methodology, we report the synthesis of an analogue of the fungal antioxidant brocaketone A. Also described is the preparation of the (–)‐(R,R)‐enantiomer of the natural product, (+)‐(S,S)‐(cis‐6‐methyltetrahydropyran‐2‐yl)acetic acid.
Dihydrogen Splitting by Intramolecular Borane‐Phosphane Frustrated Lewis Pairs: A Comprehensive Characterization Strategy Using Solid State NMR and DFT Calculations
Authors: Knitsch Robert , Özgün Thomas , Chen Guo‐Qiang , Kehr Gerald , Erker Gerhard , Hansen Michael Ryan , Eckert Hellmut 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFour hydrogenated intramolecular phosphane‐borane frustrated Lewis pair (B/P FLP) compounds bearing unsaturated cyclic or aromatic carbon backbones have been synthesized and structurally characterized using 11B, 31P, 1H and 2H solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. A comparison of the spectra with those of the corresponding free B/P FLPs shows that both 11B isotropic chemical shifts as well as nuclear electric quadrupolar coupling constants decrease significantly upon FLP hydrogenation, revealing the breakage of the partial B−P bond present in the starting materials. Likewise, the 31P isotropic chemical shift, the chemical shift anisotropy, and the asymmetry parameter decrease significantly upon FLP hydrogenation, reflecting the formation of a more symmetric, C3v‐like local environment. 11B{31P} rotational echo double resonance (REDOR) experiments can be used to measure the B−P internuclear distance (about 3.2 Å) of these compounds. Observation of the hydrogen atoms bound to the Lewis centers is best accomplished via 31P{1H} and 11B{1H} cross‐polarization‐heteronuclear correlation experiments or by direct observation of the 2H MAS NMR signals on especially prepared FLP‐D2 adducts. For accurately measuring the phosphorus‐deuterium distance via 31P{2H} rotational echo adiabatic passage double resonance (REAPDOR), it is essential to take the secondary dipolar coupling of 31P with the boron‐bonded 2H nuclei explicitly into consideration, by simulating a 2HP‐31P‐2HB three‐spin system based on structural input. All of the experimental NMR interaction parameters are found in excellent agreement with values calculated by DFT methods, using the geometries obtained either by energy optimization or from single‐crystal structures.
A Reversible Rhodamine B Based pH Probe with Large Pseudo‐Stokes Shift
Authors: Bao Guochen , Wong Ka‐Leung , Tanner Peter A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA reversible and sensitive pH probe DPE−Rh operates by Förster resonance energy transfer from 1,2‐diphenylethyne (DPE) to Rhodamine B (Rh). In the presence of H+, the spirolactam ring of the Rhodamine B unit was opened and this resulted in ca. 1000‐fold enhancement of fluorescence intensity with linear change over the pH range of 2.0 to 5.5. The Förster resonance energy transfer offered this probe an effective excitation–emission wavelength shift of around 240 nm with about 100 % quenching of the donor emission. The response of the sensor is tolerant towards a wide range of metal ions and the sensing mechanism was deduced by 1H NMR spectrometry. This FRET‐based molecule not only provides a sensitive pH probe, but also suggests an effective strategy to eliminate the interference of excitation light.
3D Branched Ca‐Fe2O3/Fe2O3 Decorated with Pt and Co‐Pi: Improved Charge‐Separation Dynamics and Photoelectrochemical Performance
Authors: Chen Dong , Liu Zhifeng , Guo Zhengang , Ruan Mengnan , Yan Weiguo 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe construction of junctions on hematite is an effective way to overcome the problems of slow charge separation and transfer kinetics, but constructing the junction is a significant challenge in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Herein, a considerable improvement in PEC performance for α‐Fe2O3 was achieved following the introduction of a p–n homojunction between n‐type α‐Fe2O3 and p‐type Ca‐doped α‐Fe2O3 through a facile hydrothermal method. The resultant 3D branched Ca‐Fe2O3/Fe2O3 enhanced the absorption intensity and reached a photocurrent density of 2.14 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). The merit of the desired lattice matching of the buried p–n homojunction structure built an internal electric field, which led to appropriate band alignment. These results were supported by a series of photoelectrochemical measurements, in particular, surface photovoltage (SPV) measurements. For further improvement of the charge‐separation efficiency, a combination of separated cocatalysts was established on the homojunction structure, in which Pt acted as the electron collector and was deposited on the bottom, and Co‐Pi as the hole‐extraction cocatalyst was inserted to accelerate hole transfer on the surface of the photoanode. The resulting Co‐Pi/Ca‐Fe2O3/Fe2O3/Pt branched nanorods showed a significant improvement in charge‐separation efficiency and photocurrent density (2.94 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE). The present strategy, both the construction of the p–n homojunction and the coupling electron‐ and hole‐transfer cocatalyst, could be expanded to many unstable or low‐efficiency semiconductors for the design and fabrication of cost‐effective photoanodes in PEC water splitting.
An improved teaching‐learning–based optimization for design of frequency reconfigurable antennas
Authors: Zadehparizi Fatemeh , Jam Shahrokh 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThis paper proposes an improved teaching‐learning–based optimization (ITLBO) for the electromagnetics and antenna community. The basic TLBO was applied to many different problems with consistent success. For improving the algorithm performance, in the learner phase, each group of two learners is replaced by three‐member groups. Furthermore, two new phases are added to the algorithm. The first phase involves selection of several better learners for teaching subjects to randomly selected weaker learners. The second phase is a mutation operation. The presented algorithm with these changes simulates a classroom more realistically and avoids being trapped in local optima. First, the ITLBO is evaluated to optimize seven benchmark functions and is shown to be faster and better. In addition, a frequency reconfigurable antenna design is considered as a practical problem and Taguchi's method is applied for adjusting the control parameters of the algorithm. Comparisons of the performance of this algorithm with those of the TLBO, two other improved versions of TLBO (I‐TLBO and improved TLBO with learning experience of other learners [LETLBO]) and genetic algorithms demonstrate the higher efficiency for this algorithm in electromagnetic problems. A prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated, and the simulation and measurement results agree well.
A review of developments and applications of thin‐film microextraction coupled to surface‐enhanced Raman scattering
Authors: Cai Lemei , Dong Jing , Wang Yiru , Chen Xi 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSurface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) greatly expands the applications of Raman spectroscopy and is a promising technique for food safety, environmental analysis, and public safety. Thin‐film microextraction (TFME) provides an efficient sample preparation method for SERS to improve its selectivity and detection efficiency. This review comprehensively describes the development and applications of SERS and TFME, including the history, mechanisim, and active substrate of SERS and the theory, device, forms, and practical applications of TFME. The applications of TFME‐SERS in food safety and environment monitoring are discussed, which could improve their advantages. TFME extracts and enriches the target analytes to eliminate the interfering substance, providing a facial way for SERS to analyze the target analytes in complex matrices. The development of TFME‐SERS technology not only expands the application range of TFME, but greatly improves the anti‐interference ability and detection sensitivity of SERS. Thus, the established methods are fast, convenient, and highly sensitive. This technology is potential to be applied in the on‐site and real‐time detection.