bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of North-South Partnership in Trauma Management: Uganda Sustainable Trauma Orthopaedic Program
Authors: O'Brien Peter , Kajja Isaac , Potter Jeffrey M. , O'Hara Nathan N. , Kironde Edward , Petrisor Brad 
Published: September 2018

Summary:
Uganda, as do many low–middle income countries, has an overwhelming volume of orthopaedic trauma injuries. The Uganda Sustainable Trauma Orthopaedic Program (USTOP) is a partnership between the University of British Columbia, McMaster University and Makerere University that was initiated in 2007. The goal of the project is to reduce the disabilities that occur secondary to musculoskeletal trauma in Uganda. USTOP works with local collaborators to build orthopaedic trauma capacity through teaching, innovation, and research. USTOP has maintained a multidisciplinary approach to training, involving colleagues in anesthesia, nursing, rehabilitation, and sterile reprocessing. The project was initiated at the invitation of the Department of Orthopaedics at Makerere University and Mulago Hospital in Kampala. The project is a collaboration between Canadian and Ugandan orthopaedic surgeons and is driven by the needs identified by the Ugandan surgeons. The program has also worked with collaborators to develop several technologies aimed at reducing the cost of providing orthopaedic care without compromising quality. As orthopaedic trauma capacity in Uganda advances, USTOP strives to continually evolve and provide relevant support to colleagues in Uganda to ensure that changes result in sustainable improvements in patient care.
Current Status of Musculoskeletal Trauma Care Systems Worldwide
Authors: Miclau Theodore , Hoogervorst Paul , Shearer David W. , El Naga Ashraf N. , Working Zachary M. , Martin Claude , Pesántez Rodrigo , Hüttl Tobias , Kojima Kodi E. , Schütz Michael ,   on behalf of the International Orthopaedic Trauma Study Consortium
Published: September 2018

Background and Rationale:
Although general trauma care systems and their effects on mortality reduction have been studied, little is known of the current state of musculoskeletal trauma delivery globally, particularly in low-income (LI) and low middle-income (LMI) countries. The goal of this study is to assess and describe the development and availability of musculoskeletal trauma care delivery worldwide.

Materials & Methods:
A questionnaire was developed to evaluate different characteristics of general and musculoskeletal trauma care systems, including general aspects of systems, education, access to care and pre- and posthospital care. Surgical leaders involved with musculoskeletal trauma care were contacted to participate in the survey.

Results:
Of the 170 surveys sent, 95 were returned for use for the study. Nearly 30 percent of surgeons reported a formalized and coordinated trauma system in their countries. Estimates for the number of surgeons providing musculoskeletal trauma per one million inhabitants varied from 2.6 in LI countries to 58.8 in high-income countries. Worldwide, 15% of those caring for musculoskeletal trauma are fellowship trained. The survey results indicate a lack of implemented musculoskeletal trauma care guidelines across countries, with even high-income countries reporting less than 50% availability in most categories. Seventy-nine percent of the populations from LI countries were estimated to have no form of health care insurance. Formalized emergency medical services were reportedly available in only 33% and 50% of LI and LMI countries, respectively. Surgeons from LI and LMI countries responded that improvements in the availability of equipment (100%), number and locations of trauma-designated hospitals (90%), and physician training programs (88%) were necessary in their countries. The survey also revealed a general lack of resources for postoperative and rehabilitation care, irrespective of the country's income level.

Conclusion:
This study addresses the current state of musculoskeletal trauma care delivery worldwide. These results indicate a greater need for trauma system development and support, from prehospital through posthospital care. Optimization of these systems can lead to better outcomes for patients after trauma. This study represents a critical first step toward better understanding the state of musculoskeletal trauma care in countries with different levels of resources, developing strategies to address deficiencies, and forming regional and international collaborations to develop musculoskeletal trauma care guidelines.
Asociación de Cirujanos Traumatólogos de las Américas: Development of a Latin American Research Consortium
Authors: Miclau Theodore , MacKechnie Madeline C. , Shearer David W. ,   on behalf of the ACTUAR group
Published: September 2018

Summary:
Trauma continues to be a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in lower to middle-income countries. To meet the ever-growing need of musculoskeletal care in trauma patients, orthopaedic surgeons play an instrumental role in providing care, guided by relevant clinical research studies. Promoting research and publishing results are both crucial to influencing trauma-related skeletal injury treatment in lower to middle-income countries. Currently, few opportunities exist for trauma surgeons in Latin America to participate in clinical research or to contribute to academic publications, thereby limiting their ability to address potentially critical treatment questions faced by their specific patient populations. In response to these obstacles, in 2017, a group of 60 surgeon leaders representing 18 countries throughout Latin America developed the Asociación de Cirujanos Traumatólogos de las Américas (ACTUAR; www.actuarla.org). The ACTUAR supports investigative opportunities for Latin American orthopaedic trauma surgeons who want to contribute through collaborative research work. This pioneering initiative aims to improve trauma-related research, clinical care, and health care policies through the development of an international network across the Americas.
Management of Irreducible Hip Dislocations in Infants With Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip Diagnosed Below 6 Months of Age
Authors: Aarvold Alex , Schaeffer Emily K. , Kelley Simon , Clarke Nicholas M.P. , Herrera-Soto Jose A. , Price Charles T. , Mulpuri Kishore 
Published: September 2018

Background:
Infants with dislocated irreducible (D/I) hips can be substantially harder to treat than infants with dislocated but reducible hips. The purpose of this study was to compare treatment methods and outcomes for infants with D/I hips in order to optimize management of this difficult patient cohort.

Methods:
A multicenter prospective hip dysplasia study database was analyzed from 2010 to 2016. Infants aged below 6 months with clinically and radiologically confirmed D/I hips were included in the study. Teratological hips (syndromic/neuromuscular) were excluded.

Results:
In total, 59 hips in 52 patients were included. All hips were clinically Ortolani negative and radiologically dislocated but irreducible on presentation and had at least 20 months of follow-up. Mean age at diagnosis was 1.9 months (range, 0.1 to 5.9 mo). There were 33 left hips, 12 right hips, and 14 bilateral hips (7 patients). In total, 48 of 59 hips were treated in Pavlik harness. The remainder were treated by alternative braces or primary closed or open reductions. Pavlik treatment was successful in 27 of 48 hips. Pavlik treatment was abandoned in 21 D/I hips, 3 due to femoral nerve palsy and the remainder due to failure to achieve reduction. There was no statistical correlation between Pavlik success and age at diagnosis (P=0.22), patient sex (P=0.61), or bilateral compared with unilateral D/I hips (P=0.07). Left hips were more likely to be successfully reduced in Pavlik harness than right hips (P=0.01). Five complications occurred: 3 patients developed femoral nerve palsy in Pavlik harness, while 2 patients developed avascular necrosis, both after failed Pavlik treatment and subsequent surgery.

Conclusions:
Pavlik harness treatment has been demonstrated to be a safe and sensible first-line treatment for infants with D/I hips. Left hips were more likely to be successfully reduced in Pavlik harness than right hips, but age, sex, and bilaterality were not correlated. The outcomes demonstrated from this multicentre prospective database inform management of this complex patient cohort.

Level of Evidence:
Level II—prognostic study: less-quality prospective study.
Changes in Proximal Femoral Shape During Fetal Development
Authors: Li Don T. , Cui Jonathan J. , Henry Havalee T. , Cooperman Daniel R. 
Published: September 2018

Background:
Walker and Goldsmith's classic article on fetal hip joint development reported that neck/shaft angle did not change from 12 weeks of gestational age through term while version increased from 0 to 40 degrees. This suggests no change in coronal alignment during development, a conclusion we dispute. By re-examining their data, we found that the true neck/shaft angle (tNSA) decreased by 7.5 degrees as version increased by 40 degrees from 12 weeks of gestational age to term.

Methods:
Four investigators measured both femoral version and neck-shaft angle from photographs published by the authors of femurs at multiple stages of maturation from 12 weeks of gestational age to term. The tNSAs and inclination angles were calculated for each femur illustrated using previously validated formula. Changes in the morphology of the femur over time were analyzed using a Student t test. Interobserver and intraobserver reliability were also determined by the Pearson R coefficient.

Results:
As reported by Walker and Goldsmith, apparent neck/shaft angle (aNSA) did not significantly change during maturation, whereas version increased by 40 degrees. However, tNSA decreased by 7.5 degrees during maturation, while the inclination increased by 32 degrees over the same period. This paper demonstrates angular changes in both the coronal and transverse planes with a 4:1 ratio of angular change in the transverse and coronal planes respectively. Interobserver Pearson coefficient R=0.98 and an intraobserver Pearson coefficient R=0.99.

Conclusions:
Although Walker and Goldsmith reported angular changes only in the transverse plane, we conclude that they identified angular changes in both the coronal and transverse planes. Here we show it is mathematically necessary for tNSA to decrease, if aNSA remains constant as version increases.

Clinical Relevance:
A reader who is not well versed in the difference between aNSA and tNSA or version and inclination cannot appreciate what Walker and Goldsmith presented. Surgeons operating on the proximal femur also benefit from understanding these distinctions.
Understanding Respiratory Restrictions as a Function of the Scoliotic Spinal Curve in Thoracic Insufficiency Syndrome: A 4D Dynamic MR Imaging Study
Authors: Udupa Jayaram K. , Tong Yubing , Capraro Anthony , McDonough Joseph M. , Mayer Oscar H. , Ho Suzanne , Wileyto Paul , Torigian Drew A. , Campbell Robert M. 
Published: September 2018

Background:
Over the past 100 years, many procedures have been developed for correcting restrictive thoracic deformities which cause thoracic insufficiency syndrome. However, none of them have been assessed by a robust metric incorporating thoracic dynamics. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between radiographic spinal curve and lung volumes derived from thoracic dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI). Our central hypothesis is that different anteroposterior major spinal curve types induce different restrictions on the left and right lungs and their dynamics.

Methods:
Retrospectively, we included 25 consecutive patients with thoracic insufficiency syndrome (14 neuromuscular, 7 congenital, 4 other) who underwent vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib surgery and received preimplantation and postimplantation thoracic dMRI for clinical care. We measured thoracic and lumbar major curves by the Cobb measurement method from anteroposterior radiographs and classified the curves as per Scoliosis Research Society (SRS)-defined curve types. From 4D dMRI images, we derived static volumes and tidal volumes of left and right lung, along with left and right chest wall and left and right diaphragm tidal volumes (excursions), and analyzed their association with curve type and major curve angles.

Results:
Thoracic and lumbar major curve angles ranged from 0 to 136 and 0 to 116 degrees, respectively. A dramatic postoperative increase in chest wall and diaphragmatic excursion was seen qualitatively. All components of volume increased postoperatively by up to 533%, with a mean of 70%. As the major curve, main thoracic curve (MTC) was associated with higher tidal volumes (effect size range: 0.7 to 1.0) than thoracolumbar curve (TLC) in preoperative and postoperative situation. Neither MTC nor TLC showed any meaningful correlation between volumes and major curve angles preoperatively or postoperatively. Moderate correlations (0.65) were observed for specific conditions like volumes at end-inspiration or end-expiration.

Conclusions:
The relationships between component tidal volumes and the spinal curve type are complex and are beyond intuitive reasoning and guessing. TLC has a much greater influence on restricting chest wall and diaphragm tidal volumes than MTC. Major curve angles are not indicative of passive resting volumes or tidal volumes.

Level of Evidence:
Level II—diagnostic.
Abstract Submission and Acceptance Rates for Men and Women in Academic Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery: An Analysis of POSNA Annual Meeting Abstract Submissions 2012-2015
Authors: Sharkey Melinda S. , Feinn Richard S. , Cahill Sean V. , Batter Alexandra , Nduaguba Afamefuna M. , Cassese Todd , Carter Cordelia W. 
Published: September 2018

Background:
It has recently been demonstrated that women members of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA) participate at the Annual Meeting at disproportionately lower rates than men members, as defined by accepted abstract(s). We hypothesize that this discrepancy is associated with lower abstract submission rates by women members.

Methods:
POSNA membership directories for the years 2012-2015 were used to record the name, sex, membership category, and years of membership for each member. Final programs for Annual Meetings and abstract submission records for the same time period were used to record the number of accepted and rejected abstracts for each member. General estimating equations with a binomial model and logit link were used to compare the proportion of abstract acceptances between sexes across years.

Results:
During the period 2012-2015, active members included 534 men (83.8%) and 103 women (16.2%), whereas candidate members included 207 men (64.7%) and 113 women (35.3%). When active and candidate members were considered collectively, men were significantly more likely to have an accepted abstract (P=0.009) and this significant difference did not change over the 4-year period (P=0.627). However, men submitted significantly more abstracts per member per year than women (means: 1.5 abstracts/man/y; 0.8 abstracts/woman/y; P<0.001). This held true for both candidate members (early career) (P=0.001) as well as active members (mid-career) (P<0.001). When the total number of abstract submissions per year per member was taken into account, the percentage of abstract acceptances was similar for men and women (men=42%, women=40%; P=0.847).

Conclusions:
Abstract acceptance rates were similar for women and men members of POSNA for the 2012-2015 Annual Meetings. However, men had a significantly greater number of abstract submissions per member than women, and consequently, men presented a higher proportion of abstracts relative to their membership numbers. This supports our hypothesis that the disproportionately lower rate of active participation amongst women members at POSNA Annual Meetings, defined as abstract acceptance, is due to lower rates of abstract submissions, rather than to lower rates of acceptances.

Level of Evidence:
It is not applicable as it is not a clinical or basic science study.
Impact of Epidural Versus General Anesthesia on Major Lumbar Surgery in Elderly Patients
Authors: Li Zemin , Long Houqing , Huang Fengyu , Zhang Yaodong , Xu Jinghui , Wang Xiaobo 
Published: September 2018

Study Design:
This was a retrospective comparative study.

Objective:
The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of epidural anesthesia (EA) versus general anesthesia (GA) in elderly patients undergoing lower lumbar spine fusion surgeries.

Summary of Background Data:
Lumbar spine surgery can be performed under GA or regional anesthesia. GA is more commonly used in lumbar spine surgery, which renders the patient motionless throughout the procedure and provides a secure airway. Although EA is associated with superior hemodynamic status, reduced duration of operation, less health care cost, and lower rate of surgical complications when compared with GA. Controversy still exists with regard to the optimum choice of anesthesia for major lumbar spine surgery, especially in elderly patients.

Materials and Methods:
From September 2016 to August 2017, consecutive patients aged 70 years or older who underwent lower lumbar fusion surgery with EA or GA were enrolled in the study. Recorded data for all patients included: age, sex, medical conditions; surgical time, operation procedure, blood loss; intraoperative hypertension and tachycardia; occurrence of nausea, vomiting, delirium, or cardiopulmonary complications. Postoperative pain and satisfaction were also assessed.

Results:
A total of 89 patients were included. Of these, 42 patients underwent GA and 47 patients underwent EA. The number of patients experiencing hypertension and tachycardia during anesthesia was significantly increased in the GA group when compared with EA. Patients with EA had significantly less delirium, nausea, and vomiting. The average Visual Analog Scale scores were significantly higher in the GA group at 0–8 hours after surgery. Patients underwent EA were more satisfied than patients with GA.

Conclusions:
There was an association between those who received EA and superior perioperative outcomes. However, some concerns including airway security, operation duration, and obesity, must be carefully evaluated. In addition, it should be noted that this study was retrospective and selection bias may probably exist which may interfere with the results.
Spinopelvic Parameters and Sagittal Alignment of Symptomatic Degenerative Adult Spinal Disorder Patients With 6 Lumbar Vertebrae
Authors: Kyrölä Kati , Kautiainen Hannu , Ylinen Jari , Lehtola Ristomatti , Kiviranta Ilkka , Häkkinen Arja 
Published: September 2018

Study Design:
This was a cross-sectional, observational study.

Objective:
The main objectives of this study were to observe the prevalence of a true L6 among patients with symptomatic adult spinal degeneration, and to evaluate similarities of their radiographic spinopelvic parameters to L5 patients.

Summary of Background Data:
Spinopelvic parameter values used for diagnosis and surgical planning are different between individuals with 5 or 6 lumbar vertebrae. The difference has not been studied in patients with symptomatic spinal degenerative conditions.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 775 consecutive symptomatic patients with degenerative spinal disorders were classified as having 5 or 6 lumbar vertebrae in full spine radiographs. Pelvic incidence minus lumbar lordosis (PI-LL), sagittal vertical axis (SVA), pelvic tilt, and T1 pelvic angle were measured in 3 groups: sacral (L5 and L6s) and L6 upper endplate (L6e). Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) was obtained.

Results:
In total, 715 (92.3%) patients had L5 and 60 (7.7%) had L6. LL values were comparable between the L5 and L6s (P=0.355) and SVA between all groups (P=0.869). Only SVA had excellent concordance correlation (ρ
c
=0.91) between the L6s and L6e groups. PI-LL had significantly different values (P<0.001 all groups) and distributions between L5 and L6s (P=0.038), and L6s and L6e (P<0.001) groups. In patients with severe disability (ODI>40%) the parameters that deteriorate with increasing degeneration (pelvic tilt, T1 pelvic angle, SVA, LL, PI-LL) were not significantly different between L5 and L6s groups unlike patients with ODI<40% while PI remained similarly different (P<0.001). PI and LL had a multivariate relationship in L6 patients computable as regression model equation: PI (sacrum)=−0.92×LL (L6e)+0.91×LL (sacrum) +1.11×PI (L6e)+10.81 (R
2=0.88).

Conculsions:
L6 variant is fairly common. The radiographic L6 parameters were different from L5 except for SVA and values of patients with severe disability measured from sacrum. PI and LL have a mathematic relationship in L6 patients. The cutoff values for radiographic modifiers need further studies combining radiology and clinical outcome.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Radiographic and CT Evaluation of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2–assisted Cervical Spinal Interbody Fusion
Authors: Weisbrod Luke J. , Arnold Paul M. , Leever John D. 
Published: September 2018

Study Design:
This was a retrospective study.

Objective:
To radiographically demonstrate the distinct fusion pattern of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in the setting of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion.

Summary of Background Data:
Studies investigating spinal fusion assisted with rhBMP-2 have yielded promising results, suggesting rhBMP-2 is an efficacious alternative to iliac crest autografts. rhBMP-2-assisted spinal fusion both hastens healing and eliminates patient morbidity from iliac crest autograft. Unique to rhBMP-assisted spinal fusion is its distinct radiographic fusion pattern as fusion is achieved. Despite promising results and increased clinical use of rhBMP-2, there remains a paucity of literature documenting this radiographic process.

Materials and Methods:
This study included 26 patients who underwent single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion using rhBMP-2. All data used for this study was collected from a prior FDA Investigational Device Exemption study.

Results:
A polyetheretherketone cage was used as an interbody disk spacer in all 26 patients. Patients were evaluated between 2 and 6 weeks after surgery and subsequently at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postoperative. All patients underwent plain radiography at every follow-up visit, and computed tomograhy evaluation was performed at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months as part of the study protocol. Earliest fusion was observed at 3 months in 38% of patients. Likely fusion was observed in all patients by 12 months postoperative.

Conclusions:
rhBMP-2 leads to both successful interbody fusion and an enhanced fusion rate with unique imaging characteristics. Additional characteristics of BMP observed in 100% of patients included prevertebral soft-tissue swelling and early endplate resorption. Other common features included polyetheretherketone cage migration, heterotopic bone formation and cage subsidence.