bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifiability Analysis of Three Control-Oriented Models for Use in Artificial Pancreas Systems
Authors: Garcia-Tirado Jose , Zuluaga-Bedoya Christian , Breton Marc D. 
Published: August 2018

Objective: Our aim is to analyze the identifiability of three commonly used control-oriented models for glucose control in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods: Structural and practical identifiability analysis were performed on three published control-oriented models for glucose control in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D): the subcutaneous oral glucose minimal model (SOGMM), the intensive control insulin-nutrition-glucose (ICING) model, and the minimal model control-oriented (MMC). Structural identifiability was addressed with a combination of the generating series (GS) approach and identifiability tableaus whereas practical identifiability was studied by means of (1) global ranking of parameters via sensitivity analysis together with the Latin hypercube sampling method (LHS) and (2) collinearity analysis among parameters. For practical identifiability and model identification, continuous glucose monitor (CGM), insulin pump, and meal records were selected from a set of patients (n = 5) on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) that underwent a clinical trial in an outpatient setting. The performance of the identified models was analyzed by means of the root mean square (RMS) criterion. Results: A reliable set of identifiable parameters was found for every studied model after analyzing the possible identifiability issues of the original parameter sets. According to an importance factor ([Formula: see text]), it was shown that insulin sensitivity is not the most influential parameter from the dynamical point of view, that is, is not the parameter impacting the outputs the most of the three models, contrary to what is assumed in the literature. For the test data, the models demonstrated similar performance with most RMS values around 20 mg/dl (min: 15.64 mg/dl, max: 51.32 mg/dl). However, MMC failed to identify the model for patient 4. Also, considering the three models, the MMC model showed the higher parameter variability when reidentified every 6 hours. Conclusion: This study shows that both structural and practical identifiability analysis need to be considered prior to the model identification/individualization in patients with T1D. It was shown that all the studied models are able to represent the CGM data, yet their usefulness in a hypothetical artificial pancreas could be a matter of debate. In spite that the three models do not capture all the dynamics and metabolic effects as a maximal model (ie, our FDA-accepted UVa/Padova simulator), SOGMM and ICING appear to be more appealing than MMC regarding both the performance and parameter variability after reidentification. Although the model predictions of ICING are comparable to the ones of the SOGMM model, the large parameter set makes the model prone to overfitting if all parameters are identified. Moreover, the existence of a high nonlinear function like [Formula: see text] prevents the use of tools from the linear systems theory.
Revisiting classic MRI findings of venous malformations: Changes in protocols may lead to potential misdiagnosis
Authors: Alexander MD , Hughes N , Cooke DL , Hess CP , Frieden IJ , Phelps AS , Dowd CF 
Published: August 2018

Introduction Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is most sensitive and specific for characterizing venous malformations (VMs). VMs typically demonstrate central enhancement on delayed-contrast imaging. Fluid-fluid levels (FFLs) are uncommon in VMs and common in lymphatic malformations (LMs). Technology has advanced since the initial description of these findings. Rates of detection of these MRI findings in VMs may have changed as MRI technology and techniques have evolved. Methods and methods A prospectively maintained database from a multidisciplinary vascular anomalies clinic was reviewed to identify patients with final diagnosis of VM or LM. Patients with reviewable contrast-enhanced MRIs were selected, reviewing the oldest MRI studies in the database against the newest MRI studies to identify equal numbers of patients from the temporal extremes. Imaging was reviewed to assess for presence of FFLs. Enhancement was quantified by measuring signal in the same location of the lesion both on pre- and postcontrast sequences Results Forty patients were identified for analysis. Twenty studies with sufficient archived imaging for review were performed between 1995 and 2006; 20 such studies were performed between 2011 and 2012. The new imaging cohort had higher rates of FFL visualization ( p = 0.001). Correlation was found between time to imaging following contrast and degree of enhancement ( p < 0.001). Inverse correlation was found between scan date and time to contrast ( p = 0.001) and scan date and enhancement ( p = 0.021). Conclusion FFLs should no longer be considered exclusionary for the diagnosis of VMs. Timing following contrast administration should be maximized to increase degree of enhancement to confirm the diagnosis of VMs.
Chlorhexidine-related anaphylaxis in urological practice
Authors: Dyer James E , Taktak Samih Y , Parkes Andrew W , Garcez Tomaz , Gall Zara 
Published: August 2018

Introduction: There have been numerous case reports highlighting the risk of anaphylactic reactions when using chlorhexidine-containing urethral gels. However, there is no evidence that the inclusion of chlorhexidine in urethral gels reduces the risk of catheter associated urinary tract infection. Methods: Pubmed and Medline were searched for the keywords anaphylaxis (and) chlorhexidine. Case reports were reviewed and information regarding year, patient demographics, country, chlorhexidine administration route, signs, symptoms encountered and the presence of subsequent allergy testing were analysed. Results: In terms of clinical features, 89% (32/36) of patients were noted to have skin changes recorded as either urticaria, flushing, rash, erythema or wheals. Respiratory changes were recorded in 67% (24/36), which included those described as bronchospasm, chest tightness, wheeze or cough. Hypotension was documented in 92% of reports (33/36) while hypoxia was recorded in half of the reports (18/36) and a quarter (8/36) had periorbital angioedema or documented oral or tongue swelling. Only four out of 36 patients required formal cardiopulmonary resuscitation and no patients died. Conclusion: Chlorhexidine-related anaphylaxis is a relatively frequently reported entity. Despite this, there appears to be no compelling evidence that chlorhexidine mitigates the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infection. Level of evidence: Level 4 evidence.
Antibiotic Dosing in Sustained Low-Efficiency Dialysis in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Sethi Sidharth Kumar , Krishnappa Vinod , Nangethu Nisha , Nemer Paul , Frazee Lawrence A. , Raina Rupesh 
Published: August 2018

Purpose of review: Sustained low-efficiency dialysis (SLED) is increasingly used as a renal replacement modality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) and hemodynamic instability. There is, therefore, a greater need for the understanding of the antibiotic dosage and pharmacokinetics in these patients, to provide them with optimal therapy. Sources of information: PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar. Methods: PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar databases were searched using a combination of key words: dialysis, end stage renal disease, renal failure, sustained low efficiency dialysis, extended daily dialysis, prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy (PIRRT), and antibiotic dosing. Studies that investigated antibiotic dosing and pharmacokinetics during SLED/extended daily dialysis/PIRRT were selected for this review. Key findings: Eleven studies met inclusion criteria and selected for data extraction. The data with regard to dialysis specifications, type of antibiotic including dosages, drug clearances, and dosage recommendations are summarized in Table 1. It is a challenge to find therapeutic doses for antibiotics during SLED therapy because, in general, only aminoglycosides and vancomycin can be assayed in clinical laboratories. Limitations: Although current studies on antibiotic dosing in SLED are limited due to diverse and undersized patient populations, antibiotic dosage adjustments for patients receiving SLED discussed here will serve as a valuable guide. Future large-scale research should focus on establishing guidelines for antibiotic dosage in SLED. Implications: Pharmacokinetic principles should be taken into consideration for the appropriate dosing of drugs during SLED, yet it is vital to monitor response to drug to make sure therapeutic goals are achieved. Antibiotic dosing and timing relative to the initiation of SLED may be important to maximize either the time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (time-dependent) or the peak to MIC ratio (concentration-dependent), balancing efficacy and toxicity concerns. Critical care physicians should liaise with nephrologists to make decisions regarding appropriate antibiotic dosing in patients undergoing SLED.
Using Stress Ultrasonography to Understand the Risk of UCL Injury Among Professional Baseball Pitchers Based on Ligament Morphology and Dynamic Abnormalities
Authors: Shanley Ellen , Smith Matthew , Mayer Braden K. , Bailey Lane Brooks , Thigpen Charles A. , Tokish John M. , Kissenberth Michael J. , Noonan Thomas J. 
Published: August 2018

Background: Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury of the elbow is a common and debilitating problem seen frequently among elite baseball pitchers. Ultrasound is a useful diagnostic tool in evaluating UCL injuries. Hypothesis: Evaluation with stress ultrasound of the elbow to measure the morphology of the UCL and the ulnohumeral joint space gapping is indicative of higher risk of UCL injury among professional baseball pitchers. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Ultrasound imaging was used to assess the medial joint laxity of the elbow of 70 asymptomatic professional baseball pitchers during spring training. Medial joint laxity and UCL morphology were assessed with OsiriX imaging software under 2 conditions—gravity valgus load and 5.5 lb of valgus load per a handheld dynamometer—with the shoulder in the maximal cocking position and the elbow in 90° of flexion. Two trials of resting position, elbow gapping, and UCL thickness were collected, measured, and averaged for data analysis. Intra- and interrater reliabilities were established and maintained, with intraclass correlation coefficients in the acceptable range for all measures (0.84-0.99). One-way analysis of variance was used to compare dominant variables between those pitchers who sustained a subsequent UCL injury and those who did not. A receiver operating curve was used to identify pitchers who, based on elbow gapping measures (by cut score), were at high risk versus low risk for UCL injury. Results: Players who went on to injure the UCL (n = 7) displayed a significantly wider opening under 5.5 lb of applied stress (6.5 ± 1.2 vs 5.3 ± 1.2 mm, P = .01) when compared with pitchers without UCL injury history (n = 63); they also presented a trend toward wider dominant arm resting joint opening (4.9 ± 1.2 vs 4.0 ± 1.1 mm, P = .07). Professional pitchers with valgus stress ulnohumeral joint gapping ≥5.6 mm (area underneath the curve, 0.77; P = .02) of the dominant arm were at a 6-times greater risk of sustaining a UCL tear requiring reconstruction within a season. Conclusion: Our data suggest that ultrasound evaluation of UCL morphology may be indicative of pitchers who are at risk of sustaining UCL injury and that it may improve player assessment.
Making America 1920 Again? Nativism and US Immigration, past and Present
Authors: Young Julia G. 
Published: August 2018

This paper surveys the history of nativism in the United States from the late nineteenth century to the present. It compares a recent surge in nativism with earlier periods, particularly the decades leading up to the 1920s, when nativism directed against southern and eastern European, Asian, and Mexican migrants led to comprehensive legislative restrictions on immigration. It is based primarily on a review of historical literature, as well as contemporary immigration scholarship. Major findings include the following: • There are many similarities between the nativism of the 1870–1930 period and today, particularly the focus on the purported inability of specific immigrant groups to assimilate, the misconception that they may therefore be dangerous to the native-born population, and fear that immigration threatens American workers. • Mexican migrants in particular have been consistent targets of nativism, immigration restrictions, and deportations. • There are also key differences between these two eras, most apparently in the targets of nativism, which today are undocumented and Muslim immigrants, and in President Trump's consistent, highly public, and widely disseminated appeals to nativist sentiment. • Historical studies of nativism suggest that nativism does not disappear completely, but rather subsides. Furthermore, immigrants themselves can and do adopt nativist attitudes, as well as their descendants. • Politicians, government officials, civic leaders, scholars and journalists must do more to reach sectors of society that feel most threatened by immigration. • While eradicating nativism may be impossible, a focus on avoiding or overturning nativist immigration legislation may prove more successful.
Weeping in the Playtime of Others: The Obama Administration's Failed Reform of ICE Family Detention Practices
Authors: Schriro Dora 
Published: August 2018

The United States has long struggled with the practice of detaining immigrant families and over time, most reform efforts have flagged, if not failed. This paper examines the impact of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) through an exploration of the evolution of the family residential center (FRC) for families in immigration custody, established prior to the 9/11 terrorist attack by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), and expanded by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) in its aftermath. The paper provides an inside look at how policymakers, at various points in the Obama administration, sought to roll back its most infirm practices and the fate of those efforts. It begins with a brief history of family detention in the United States, continues with a summary of the reforms undertaken both early and late in the Obama administration, and examines the significant challenges it faced and the less progressive positions it adopted during its first and second terms in office. The paper concludes with a discussion of reasons for the rapid reversal of its previous reforms and provides recommendations to achieve a civil, civil system of immigration enforcement for families and all others, which means nothing less than the transformation of the immigrant detention system from a criminal to a civil paradigm, consistent with the population and legal authorities.2 The need for such an effort is all the more urgent in light of executive actions taken in the early days of the Trump administration and their initial outcomes. Among those thwarting admissions are orders to Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) to seal the US borders, shun refugees fleeing from war-torn regions until “extreme vetting” measures are put into place, and reassess others who have already been issued visas. Additional orders issued to ICE expanded and expedited the removal of persons whose conduct could result in charges or convictions as well as those with criminal charges or convictions, resulting in a 38 percent increase in arrests by ICE agents within the first 100 days of the Trump administration (Dickerson 2017b; Duara 2017).
Thrive or Survive? Explaining Variation in Economic Outcomes for Refugees
Authors: Betts Alexander , Omata Naohiko , Bloom Louise 
Published: August 2018

In the context of protracted refugee situations, there has been a revival in concern among policymakers to transcend the so-called humanitarian-development divide and create greater opportunities for self-reliance. Yet, these discussions too often neglect an analytical focus on refugees' own economic lives, and their own interactions with markets. Despite a growing literature on the economic lives of refugees, much of that work has lacked theory or data. The work that has been quantitative has generally focused on the economic impact of refugees on host countries rather than explaining variation in economic outcomes for refugees. In order to explain variation in economic outcomes for refugees, this paper asks three questions about the economic lives of refugees: 1) what makes the economic lives of refugees distinctive from other populations; 2) what explains variation in refugees' income levels; and 3) what role does entrepreneurship play in shaping refugees' economic outcomes? In order to answer these questions, the paper draws upon extensive qualitative and quantitative research conducted in Uganda by the Humanitarian Innovation Project at Oxford University. The quantitative data set is based on a survey of 2,213 refugees in three types of contexts: urban (Kampala), protracted camps (Nakivale and Kyangwali settlements), and emergency camps (Rwamwanja). It supplements this with qualitative research from other parts of Africa and the Middle East. The economic lives of refugees are argued to be distinctive not because refugees are any different qua human beings but because they often occupy a distinctive institutional space. Following new institutional economics, the paper argues that “refugee economies” represent a distinctive analytical space insofar as refugees face different formal and informal institutional barriers and distortions in their economic lives compared to nationals or other migrants. Even within the same country, refugees exhibit significant variation in their economic outcomes, most notably in their income levels. A number of variables are significant in explaining this variation. These include: regulatory context, education, occupation, social networks, gender, and the number of years spent in exile. Entrepreneurship is an important explanation for “outliers” within the refugee community, explaining why some refugees have significantly higher incomes. However, refugees also often play a wider role within the community, creating opportunities for others. Furthermore, a significant part of refugee entrepreneurship is social rather than simply for-profit. In order to enhance opportunities for greater refugee self-reliance, policymakers need to develop a better understanding of the transnational, national, and local markets within which refugees participate. Instead of engaging in top-down interventions, enabling environments should be created that enable autonomous, community-led initiatives to flourish.
Strengthening the Global Refugee Protection System: Recommendations for the Global Compact on Refugees
Authors: Appleby Kevin 
Published: August 2018

On September 19, 2016, the United Nations (UN) General Assembly adopted the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants. This document launched a two-year process to develop a Global Compact on Responsibility Sharing on Refugees (“Global Compact on Refugees”) and a Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration. With a record 65 million displaced persons in the world, the global community must come together to fashion a stronger protection regime for persons on the move. This paper outlines broad themes and specific recommendations that the Global Compact on Refugees should adopt on how to strengthen the global refugee protection system. The recommendations fall into several categories: (1) responsibility sharing for the protection of refugees; (2) filling in protection gaps; (3) balancing and replacing deterrence strategies with protection solutions; (4) refugee resettlement; and (5) building refugee self-sufficiency. Some of the key recommendations include: • the development of a responsibility-sharing formula to respond to large movements of refugees; • the development of an early warning system to identify and respond to nations in crisis; • the adoption of principles included in the Nansen and Migrants in Countries of Crisis initiatives; • the use of temporary protection measures to protect populations that flee natural disaster; • the adoption of model processes that ensure safe and voluntary return; • cooperation between destination and transit countries to expand refugee protections; • the provision of asylum and due process protections at borders; • the use of development assistance to ensure the self-sufficiency of refugees; • the adoption of a goal to resettle 10 percent of the global refugee population each year; • the establishment of a refugee matching system between refugees and resettlement countries; and • the adoption of coherent strategies, involving all sectors, to address large movements of refugees. This paper draws heavily, albeit not exclusively, from a series of papers published as a special collection in the Journal on Migration and Human Security1 on strengthening the global system of refugee protection.
Maternal dietary antioxidant intake in pregnancy and childhood respiratory and atopic outcomes: birth cohort study
Authors: Bédard Annabelle , Northstone Kate , Holloway John W. , Henderson A. John , Shaheen Seif O. 
Published: August 2018

Evidence for a possible protective effect of maternal dietary antioxidant intake during pregnancy on childhood asthma and other atopic outcomes is conflicting, and associations with childhood lung function have been little studied.In the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, we analysed associations between maternal intake of fruits, vegetables, vitamins C and E, carotene, zinc, and selenium in pregnancy and current doctor-diagnosed asthma, atopy and lung function in 8915 children at age 7–9 years. Potential modification of associations by maternal smoking and common maternal antioxidant gene polymorphisms was explored to strengthen causal inference.After controlling for confounders, positive associations were observed between maternal intake of zinc and childhood forced expiratory volume in 1 s and forced vital capacity (difference in age-, height- and sex-adjustedsdunits per quartile increase in maternal dietary zinc intake β 0.05 (95% CI 0.01–0.08); ptrend=0.01 and 0.05 (95% CI 0.02–0.09); ptrend=0.005, respectively). Weak evidence was found for an interaction between maternal zinc intake and maternal glutathioneS-transferaseGSTM1genotype on childhood forced vital capacity (pinteraction=0.05); association among theGSTM1null group β 0.11 (95% CI 0.05–0.17); ptrend=0.001.Our results suggest that a higher maternal intake of zinc during pregnancy may be associated with better lung function in the offspring.