bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discriminating Among Pacific Salmon, Rainbow Trout, and Atlantic Salmon Species Using Common Genetic Screening Methods
Authors: Habicht Christopher , Smith Christian T. , Barclay Andrew , Hoyt Heather A. , Turnquist Keith , Larson Wesley A 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The five most common species of Pacific salmon, Rainbow Trout (steelhead) Oncorhynchus spp., and Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar intermingle in the North Pacific Ocean and its freshwater tributaries. Efficient morphological methods for distinguishing among these species are sometimes limited by condition of the specimen (degraded or missing morphology), life history stage, or training of the observer. Researchers have successfully applied various genetic methods to distinguish among these species when morphological analyses are not possible, but they cannot easily incorporate these methods into standard fish and wildlife population monitoring analysis workflows. Here we test five 5′–3′ exonuclease (TaqMan) assays developed from mitochondrial genes and provide novel methods that take advantage of TaqMan output to distinguish among these species. We found that combinations of as few as two of the five assays were adequate to distinguish all species. TaqMan chemistry is designed to interrogate a single nucleotide locus. We also explore the basis for the variation in the observed scatter plot distributions (variation in florescent signals) and show that this variation is due to nucleotide diversity in and near the probe site. Because the SNPs underlying the assays developed here are all physically close to one another along the mitochondrial genome, the potential exists to develop a single DNA sequence-based assay to discriminate among salmon species. This single assay can be added to a genotyping-by-sequencing panel to identify and exclude nontarget species from analyses.
Étudier les chaînes globales de valeur comme une forme d’organisation industrielle
Authors: Durand Cédric , Flacher David , Frigant Vincent 
Published: March 2019

Cet article revient sur l’origine et les usages des concepts de chaînes globales de valeur (global value chains) et de réseaux de production globaux (global production networks). Il trace l’intensification de la circulation de ces notions dans les années 1990 et 2000 parmi les chercheurs en sociologie, en gestion, en géographie puis en économie et discute les raisons pour lesquelles, depuis une dizaine d’années, ils ont été appropriés par les institutions internationales et les gouvernements afin de définir des politiques de développement et de croissance centrées sur la compétitivité. Il s’interroge également sur les fragilités théoriques de ces cadres d’analyse et pointe la nécessité de prendre davantage en compte la fonction d’intégration des chaînes en tant que modalité particulière d’organisation de la division du travail. La dernière section de l’article introduit brièvement les articles qui constituent ce numéro spécial de la Revue d’économie industrielle.Classification JEL : F15, F23, F6, L16.
Le rôle des stratégies des entreprises multinationales dans la structuration des chaînes d’approvisionnement globales : une entrée par l’industrie automobile
Authors: Pardi Tommaso 
Published: March 2019

L’article se penche sur le rôle des stratégies d’internationalisation des constructeurs automobiles mondiaux dans la gouvernance des chaînes d’approvisionnement globales et sur leur impact sur l’upgrading économique et social des pays émergents. Basé sur l’analyse des 16 principaux constructeurs automobiles mondiaux entre 2000 et 2014, il identifie et caractérise deux modèles d’internationalisation opposés : le modèle global-centralisé où le processus d’internationalisation est poussé par des plates-formes et des standards mondiaux conçus et contrôlés par des ingénieries centralisées ; et le modèle multi-domestique-décentralisé où les processus d’internationalisation sont tirés par une autonomie accrue donnée aux filiales internationales dans la conception et la production de véhicules low-cost pour des marchés émergents. L’article montre que si la stratégie mondiale centralisée reste aujourd’hui dominante, le déploiement réussi de la stratégie multi-domestique-décentralisée crée de meilleures opportunités d’upgrading fonctionnel et social dans les pays émergents.Classification JEL :F23, J81, L2, L62, O3.
Structure productive et effet d’entraînements productifs à l’ère des chaînes globales de valeur : une analyse input-output
Authors: Glauber Vital da Costa Kaio , Reis Castilho Marta , Puchet Anyul Martín 
Published: March 2019

Cette étude analyse la relation entre la participation dans les chaînes globales de valeur (CGV) et la complexité des structures productives pour un ensemble de pays développés et de pays en développement dans la période 1995-2011. Pour cela, nous analysons la participation de ces pays dans les CGV au moyen du contenu importé des exportations. Compte tenu de la complexité des structures productives, nous suggérons d’utiliser l’indicateur de circularité globale comme indicateur de complexité structurelle et l’indicateur de « average propagation length » qui mesure la taille des chaînes. Nous montrons que le degré et le type d’articulation intersectorielle des économies aident à comprendre la forme et l’intensité de la participation des pays dans les CGV. Les résultats montrent une relation non linéaire entre l’insertion des pays dans les CGV et le degré de complexité de leurs structures productives.Classification JEL : L16; C67; F1.
Community as Temple: Revisiting Cultic Metaphors in Qumran and the New Testament
Authors: Regev Eyal 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In this article, I will compare the different usages of symbolism for the community as temple in the Community Rule (1QS) and 4QFlorilegium to those in the NT—Paul’s Epistles, Ephesians, and 1 Peter. I will reassess the link that these expressions create between the cult/community and the Jerusalem Temple to determine whether the widespread assumption that the community truly replaced the temple is correct. The Community Rule’s metaphors are sophisticated, including not only temple terminology (although the temple itself is never explicitly mentioned) but also the priestly or sacrificial function of atonement. I propose taking “the Temple of Man” (miqdash adam) wherein the torah practices are offered up as similar to the cultic metaphor in the Community Rule. For Paul, such cultic metaphors are part of a wider system, which is secondary to his rhetorical and functional needs. There are clear differences between Paul’s identifying his community as the temple as compared to the Yahad’s, but there are also strong similarities between the Community Rule, Ephesians, and especially 1 Peter.
EFFECT OF INDIVIDUAL TREE VOLUME ON OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF HARVESTER PROCESSOR
Authors: Rodrigues Carla Krulikowski , Lopes Eduardo Da Silva , Pereira André Leonardo Nasser , Sampietro Jean Alberto 
Published: March 2019

The need to obtain multi-products from the forest makes the wood processing an important step in the timber harvest, being necessary, then, to understand the influence of the stand characteristics on the operational performance of the machines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the individual tree volume on the operational performance of the harvester forest processor in Pinus taeda L. stands, in order to assist in planning operations and reducing production costs. The analyzes were carried out by means of a time and motion study, determining the time consumed in the phases of the operational cycle, mechanical availability, operational efficiency, productivity, and production costs in three stands with different individual mean volumes (IMV): I (1.21 m3 tree-1); II (1.34 m3 tree-1) and III (1.61 m3 tree-1). In a completely randomized design, the averages of the variables were compared, as well as models for estimating productivity and production costs were fitted according to individual tree volume. The results showed that the processing element consumed a significant part of the total operational cycle time, with 46, 53 and 64% in treatments I, II and III, respectively, with an average operational efficiency of 56% in all treatments. Productivity increase and reduction of production costs were observed in the order of 43 and 30%, respectively, with the increase in IMV from 1.21 to 1.61 m3 tree-1. Such behavior can be represented by the third degree polynomial, which demonstrated the operational limit of 1.5 m3 tree-1 for the harvester forest processor.
Law as Refuge of Anarchy
Authors: Amborn Hermann 
Published: March 2019

A study of communities in the Horn of Africa where reciprocity is a dominant social principle, offering a concrete countermodel to the hierarchical state.
Over the course of history, people have developed many varieties of communal life; the state, with its hierarchical structure, is only one of the possibilities for society. In this book, leading anthropologist Hermann Amborn identifies a countermodel to the state, describing communities where reciprocity is a dominant social principle and where egalitarianism is a matter of course. He pays particular attention to such communities in the Horn of Africa, where nonhierarchical, nonstate societies exist within the borders of a hierarchical structured state. This form of community, Amborn shows, is not a historical forerunner to monarchy or the primitive state, nor is it obsolete as a social model. These communities offer a concrete counterexample to societies with strict hierarchical structures.
Amborn investigates social forms of expression, ideas, practices, and institutions that oppose the hegemony of one group over another, exploring how conceptions of values and laws counteract tendencies toward the accumulation of power. He examines not only how the nonhegemonic ethos is reflected in law but also how anarchic social formations can exist. In the Horn of Africa, the autonomous jurisdiction of these societies protects against destructive outside influences, offers a counterweight to hegemonic violence, and contributes to the stabilization of communal life. In an era of widespread dissatisfaction with Western political systems, Amborn's study offers an opportunity to shift from traditional theories of anarchism and nonhegemony that project a stateless society to consider instead stateless societies already in operation.
Einstein's Wife
Authors: Esterson Allen , Cassidy David C. 
Published: March 2019

The real-life story behind The Other Einstein—a fascinating profile of mathematician Mileva Einstein-Marić and her alleged contributions to her husband's scientific discoveries.
Albert Einstein's first wife, Mileva Einstein-Marić, was forgotten for decades. When a trove of correspondence between them beginning in their student days was discovered in 1986, her story began to be told. Some of the tellers of the “Mileva Story” made startling claims: that she was a brilliant mathematician who surpassed her husband, and that she made uncredited contributions to his most celebrated papers in 1905, including his paper on special relativity. This book, based on extensive historical research, uncovers the real “Mileva Story.”
Mileva was one of the few women of her era to pursue higher education in science; she and Einstein were students together at the Zurich Polytechnic. Mileva's ambitions for a science career, however, suffered a series of setbacks—failed diploma examinations, a disagreement with her doctoral dissertation adviser, an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Einstein. She and Einstein married in 1903 and had two sons, but the marriage failed.
So was Mileva her husband's uncredited coauthor, unpaid assistant, or his essential helpmeet? It's tempting to believe that she was her husband's secret collaborator, but the authors of Einstein's Wife look at the actual evidence, and a chapter by Ruth Lewin Sime offers important historical context. The story they tell is that of a brave and determined young woman who struggled against a variety of obstacles at a time when science was not very welcoming to women.
Quantum Computing for Everyone
Authors: Bernhardt Chris 
Published: March 2019

An accessible introduction to an exciting new area in computation, explaining such topics as qubits, entanglement, and quantum teleportation for the general reader.
Quantum computing is a beautiful fusion of quantum physics and computer science, incorporating some of the most stunning ideas from twentieth-century physics into an entirely new way of thinking about computation. In this book, Chris Bernhardt offers an introduction to quantum computing that is accessible to anyone who is comfortable with high school mathematics. He explains qubits, entanglement, quantum teleportation, quantum algorithms, and other quantum-related topics as clearly as possible for the general reader. Bernhardt, a mathematician himself, simplifies the mathematics as much as he can and provides elementary examples that illustrate both how the math works and what it means.
Bernhardt introduces the basic unit of quantum computing, the qubit, and explains how the qubit can be measured; discusses entanglement—which, he says, is easier to describe mathematically than verbally—and what it means when two qubits are entangled (citing Einstein's characterization of what happens when the measurement of one entangled qubit affects the second as “spooky action at a distance”); and introduces quantum cryptography. He recaps standard topics in classical computing—bits, gates, and logic—and describes Edward Fredkin's ingenious billiard ball computer. He defines quantum gates, considers the speed of quantum algorithms, and describes the building of quantum computers. By the end of the book, readers understand that quantum computing and classical computing are not two distinct disciplines, and that quantum computing is the fundamental form of computing. The basic unit of computation is the qubit, not the bit.
Ways of Hearing
Authors: Krukowski Damon 
Published: March 2019

A writer-musician examines how the switch from analog to digital audio is changing our perceptions of time, space, love, money, and power.
Our voices carry farther than ever before, thanks to digital media. But how are they being heard? In this book, Damon Krukowski examines how the switch from analog to digital audio is changing our perceptions of time, space, love, money, and power. In Ways of Hearing—modeled on Ways ofSeeing, John Berger's influential 1972 book on visual culture—Krukowski offers readers a set of tools for critical listening in the digital age. Just as Waysof Seeing began as a BBC television series, Ways of Hearing is based on a six-part podcast produced for the groundbreaking public radio podcast network Radiotopia. Inventive uses of text and design help bring the message beyond the range of earbuds.
Each chapter of Ways of Hearing explores a different aspect of listening in the digital age: time, space, love, money, and power. Digital time, for example, is designed for machines. When we trade broadcast for podcast, or analog for digital in the recording studio, we give up the opportunity to perceive time together through our media. On the street, we experience public space privately, as our headphones allow us to avoid “ear contact” with the city. Heard on a cell phone, our loved ones' voices are compressed, stripped of context by digital technology. Music has been dematerialized, no longer an object to be bought and sold. With recommendation algorithms and playlists, digital corporations have created a media universe that adapts to us, eliminating the pleasures of brick-and-mortar browsing. Krukowski lays out a choice: do we want a world enriched by the messiness of noise, or one that strives toward the purity of signal only?
How to Be Human in the Digital Economy
Authors: Agar Nicholas 
Published: March 2019

An argument in favor of finding a place for humans (and humanness) in the future digital economy.
In the digital economy, accountants, baristas, and cashiers can be automated out of employment; so can surgeons, airline pilots, and cab drivers. Machines will be able to do these jobs more efficiently, accurately, and inexpensively. But, Nicholas Agar warns in this provocative book, these developments could result in a radically disempowered humanity.
The digital revolution has brought us new gadgets and new things to do with them. The digital revolution also brings the digital economy, with machines capable of doing humans' jobs. Agar explains that developments in artificial intelligence enable computers to take over not just routine tasks but also the kind of “mind work” that previously relied on human intellect, and that this threatens human agency. The solution, Agar argues, is a hybrid social-digital economy. The key value of the digital economy is efficiency. The key value of the social economy is humanness.
A social economy would be centered on connections between human minds. We should reject some digital automation because machines will always be poor substitutes for humans in roles that involve direct contact with other humans. A machine can count out pills and pour out coffee, but we want our nurses and baristas to have minds like ours. In a hybrid social-digital economy, people do the jobs for which feelings matter and machines take on data-intensive work. But humans will have to insist on their relevance in a digital age.
Plastic Capitalism
Authors: Boetzkes Amanda 
Published: March 2019

An argument for the centrality of the visual culture of waste—as seen in works by international contemporary artists—to the study of our ecological condition.
Ecological crisis has driven contemporary artists to engage with waste in its most non-biodegradable forms: plastics, e-waste, toxic waste, garbage hermetically sealed in landfills. In this provocative and original book, Amanda Boetzkes links the increasing visualization of waste in contemporary art to the rise of the global oil economy and the emergence of ecological thinking. Often, when art is analyzed in relation to the political, scientific, or ecological climate, it is considered merely illustrative. Boetzkes argues that art is constitutive of an ecological consciousness, not simply an extension of it. The visual culture of waste is central to the study of the ecological condition.
Boetzkes examines a series of works by an international roster of celebrated artists, including Thomas Hirschhorn, Francis Alÿs, Song Dong, Tara Donovan, Agnès Varda, Gabriel Orozco, and Mel Chin, among others, mapping waste art from its modernist origins to the development of a new waste imaginary generated by contemporary artists. Boetzkes argues that these artists do not offer a predictable or facile critique of consumer culture. Bearing this in mind, she explores the ambivalent relationship between waste (both aestheticized and reviled) and a global economic regime that curbs energy expenditure while promoting profitable forms of resource consumption.
Computability and Complexity
Authors: Jones Neil Deaton 
Published: March 2019

Computability and complexity theory should be of central concern to practitioners as well as theorists. Unfortunately, however, the field is known for its impenetrability. Neil Jones's goal as an educator and author is to build a bridge between computability and complexity theory and other areas of computer science, especially programming. In a shift away from the Turing machine- and Gödel number-oriented classical approaches, Jones uses concepts familiar from programming languages to make computability and complexity more accessible to computer scientists and more applicable to practical programming problems.
According to Jones, the fields of computability and complexity theory, as well as programming languages and semantics, have a great deal to offer each other. Computability and complexity theory have a breadth, depth, and generality not often seen in programming languages. The programming language community, meanwhile, has a firm grasp of algorithm design, presentation, and implementation. In addition, programming languages sometimes provide computational models that are more realistic in certain crucial aspects than traditional models.
New results in the book include a proof that constant time factors do matter for its programming-oriented model of computation. (In contrast, Turing machines have a counterintuitive "constant speedup" property: that almost any program can be made to run faster, by any amount. Its proof involves techniques irrelevant to practice.) Further results include simple characterizations in programming terms of the central complexity classes PTIME and LOGSPACE, and a new approach to complete problems for NLOGSPACE, PTIME, NPTIME, and PSPACE, uniformly based on Boolean programs.
Foundations of Computing series
The LOCUS Distributed System Architecture
Authors: Popek Gerald J. 
Published: March 2019

LOCUS, a distributed version of the popular operating system Unix, provides an excellent solution. It makes a collection of computers, whether they are workstations or mainframes, as easy to use as a single computer by providing a set of supports for the underlying network that is virtually invisible to users and - applications programs.
Computer systems consisting of many machines will be the norm within a few years. However, making a collection of machines appear as a single, coherent system - in which the location of files, servers, programs, or users is invisible to users who do not wish to know - is a very difficult problem. LOCUS, a distributed version of the popular operating system Unix, provides an excellent solution. It makes a collection of computers, whether they are workstations or mainframes, as easy to use as a single computer by providing a set of supports for the underlying network that is virtually invisible to users and - applications programs. This "network transparency" dramatically reduces the cost of developing and maintaining software, and considerably improves the user model of the system. It also permits a variety of system configurations, including diskless workstations, full duplex I/O to large mainframes, transparently shared peripherals, and incremental growth from one workstation to a large network including mainframes with no effect on applications software required to take advantage of the altered configurations. In addition to transparent, distributed operation, LOCUS features also include high performance and reliability; full Unix compatibility, support for heterogeneous machines and systems, automatic management of replicated file storage; and architectural extensions to support extensive interprocess communication and internetworking.
Contents The LOCUS Architecture • Distributed Operation and Transparency • The LOCUS Distributed Filesystem • Remote Tasking • Filesystem Recovery • Dynamic Reconfiguration of LOCUS • Heterogeneity • System Management • Appendixes: LOCUS Version Vector Mechnism • LOCUS Internal Network Messages
The LOCUS Distributed System Architecture is included in the Computer Systems series, edited by Herb Schwetman.