bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparing Powders For Electron Diffraction Studies
Authors: Walck Scott D 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Questions often come up concerning the best way to prepare powders for electron diffraction analysis in the TEM. This is actually fairly simple:
1) Take an oxide powder, grind it up with mortar and pestie and take a carbon coated grid and swipe it across the fnes. Two glass slides can also use to grind up the powder. 2) A number of materials can be evaporated onto a carbon coated grid or onto a cleaved NaCI sample and then float that off on water onto a grid. 3) A molybdenum wire can be smoked in air to provide crys tals. If the wire is left in the smoke long enough, there will probably be enough crystal to cover a grid. Heat the wire across the terminals of an evaporator or heat with a torch to generate the white smoke. Thus MoO3 sample will pro- vide a good rotation calibration sample. Magnesium can also be burned to produce MgO crystals.
Deblurring Images
Authors: Ramer Everett R 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
If you are an optical microscopist, chances are you have sometimes wished for a way to increase the depth of focus of your images. In this article I describe a method that does this using a simple combination of functions built into most image processing software - so it will not cost you very much to try, The method, however, is not universal and some trial-and-error will be required to get it to work in different applications. Finally, this method is not limited to microscopy and will work with any imaging system.
The basic steps for creating an image with a large depth of focus are straight forward:
1. Take a series of images at different focal planes 2. Remove the blurred content from each image 3. Combine the debiurred images into a single image
Instructions for Safe Use of Microscopes
Authors: Ryan Keith P 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Looking through a microscope for extended periods is not what we were designed for - it requires holding our bodies in an unnaturally rigid position. This can cause cramped muscles and strained tendons and ligaments in the head, neck, back, shoulders, arms and wrists, Also, repetitive movements associated with microscope work can cause strain injuries. There are specific health and safety regulations for computer use. Yet, you are tied much more to a microscope than to a computer, because of the eye-piece requirements.
Main problem - microscopists know how to align their microscope but few align themselves! Many users are “slumpers”, and need training to avoid problems later.
Double Embedding in Cellulose Nitrate and Paraffin Wax, an Old and Useful Method that is Easily Misunderstood
Authors: Kiernan John A 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Cellulose nitrate is also known as celloidin, collodion, low viscosity nitrocellulose (LVN) necoloidine, nitrocellulose, parlodion, pyroxylin, and soluble gun cotton. (Some of these are trade-names; for even more synonyms, see the Merck Index, under pyroxylin.) It is made by treating cellulose with a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids, This converts some of the hydroxyl (-OH) groups of cellulose to nitrate ester (-ONO2) groups. The molecular size and physical form of the original cellulose and the proportion of nitrated hydroxyl groups determine the properties of the product. It is useful in microtechnique because of its physical properties and its unusual responses to solvents and other liquids.
Plugging A Small Hole
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
It has long been appreciated that communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm of a cell occurs through the nuclear pores. Regulation of this communication has remained a mystery. A breakthrough in our understanding of this regulation was recently presented by Carmen Perez- Terzic, Jason Pyle, Marisa Jaconi, Lisa Stehnc-Bittel, and David Clapham of Mayo Clinic. Using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM), they demonstrated the presence of a small plug within the nuclear pore that was present under certain physiologic circumstances. This “plug“ may regulate the movement of molecules through the pore.
A Review Of The Development Of Scanning Electron Microscopy At High Chamber Pressure
Authors: Robinson Vivian 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Ever since electron microscopes were developed, it has been the goal of microscopists to observe specimens in their natural state, free from artefacts which can often be introduced through specimen preparation. For most biological specimens, that includes the presence of water. With a pressure of 10-4 torr or lower required to operate a scanning electron microscope (SEM), liquid water, which required a pressure of above 5 torr, was clearly a problem.
Although several attempts had been made to examine hydrated specimens in a SEM, the first published results of water imaged in a stable and reproducible manner in the SEM, were presented at the Eighth International Congress on Electron Microscopy in Canberra in 1974 (Robinson, 1974).
Professional Scientists, Move Over. Here Come the Amateurs
Authors: Carlson Shawn 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
San Diego: Nestled in a small office in the Physical Sciences building at San Diego State University a new nonprofit group is challenging the Ivory Tower monopoly on scientific research. The Society for Amateur Scientists (SAS) is an unprecedented collaboration between professional and amateur scientists, and if they get their way, they will forever change how science gets done.
SAS is founded on the premise that it doesn't take a Ph.D. to do research. With the right support, they claim, even everyday people can make important scientific discoveries.
Atomic Force Microscopy for Biologists
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has proven to be very useful to material scientists and physicists. Biologists are only beginning to utilize the potential of this methodology. In a recent article, Tatsuo Ushiki, Jiro Hitomi, Shigeaki Ogura, Takeshi Umemoto, and Masatsugu Shigeno reviewed the applications of AFM to biologic studies.
They began by reviewing the basic principles of AFM, emphasizing the value of the non-contact mode for visualizing the relatively “soft” surface of biologic specimens. They presented some examples of biologic images: DNA, chromosomes, and collagen fibrils. The specimens examined with the AFM did not need to be coated, theoretically offering a view with a smaller potential for artifacts. AFM images have the advantage of containing quantitative information about the sample height.
True Colour SEM Imaging for Phase Recognition AMD X-Ray Microanalysis
Authors: Statham Peter J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Secondary (SE) and backscattered electron (BSE) signals in the SEM provide high resolution monochrome images. BSE signal strength is modulated by mean atomic number and ‘false” colour can be introduced to enhance material contrast. Colour can also be introduced using multiple SE detectors, each with a different sensitivity to topographic and compositional information: by controlling signal mixtures and colours, the operator effectively has access to a powerful “studio” to generate aesthetically pleasing colour images. In both these examples, the correspondence between local elemental content and colour is entirely arbitrary and under subjective control of the operator, Elemental x-ray maps can be acquired and combinations colour coded to reveal phase distributions. For large numbers of maps and images, chemometric techniques such as PCA may be used to discover common relationships and assist the process of colour coding. Images derived from x-ray maps are usually low resolution and the analyst has to decide which elements to include and do a fair amount of data manipulation before any conclusions can be drawn.
Big is Beautiful: Science (and Art) in Wood Microscopy
Authors: Chaffey Nigel 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Notwithstanding the importance of trees, considerable technical problems have severely restricted study of the fine structure of the vascular cambium and the wood and bark that it produces. And despite the advent of immunocytochemical techniques, it is only in the last few years that the roie of the cytoskeleton in the process of secondary vascular differentiation has been studied. Yet, for those who persist with this intractable material, the experience can be rewarding. This article discusses the difficulties involved in microscopy of this material, and offers some solutions.
Calibrating the TEM
Authors: McCaffrey John P 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
An accurate calibration of magnification, diffraction patterns and the relative rotation between the two is critical in quantitative transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The manufacturers of TEM's supply magnification values for each image magnification step and each value of camera length for their instruments, but these values have been observed to be in error by up to 10%, These errors can occur due to variations in lenses in individual microscopes as well as through power supply variations and aging electronic components. Before attempting quantitative TEM analysis, a series of calibrations of the individual TEU should be undertaken.
A Closer Look at Leaves
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
All of us have looked at leaves. They're interesting. Some of us have looked at leaves under a light microscope. Still interesting. Some have looked at leaves under more powerful microscopes, and apparently they found it interesting still. Now some folks have looked more closely than ever before, and guess what? This may be the most interesting! Wendy Mechaber, Durwood Marshall, and Frances Chew of Tufts University, Richard Mechaber of GEI Consultants, Inc., and Renee Jobe of TopoMetrix turned to the atomic force microscope (AFM) to analyze the landscape of the surfaces of leaves, apparently for the first time.
A New Look at Old Beer and Bread
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
We know from the pictographic history that the people in ancient Egypt were fond of beer and bread. Fortunately, they sent samples of these food items along with some of their more esteemed citizens to sustain them in the afterlife. Also, samples were available from rubbish heaps of ancient villages, allowing for the comparison of funerary goods with everyday foods. Additional luck was that the dry conditions have kept some samples from deteriorating even after thousands of years. Whereas they did leave us samples, they didn't leave recipes. There have been many theories about how they brewed and baked in ancient Egypt, but proof was lacking. Recently, Delwen Samuel of Cambridge University used optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine how the ancient Egyptians brewed beer and baked bread.
Choosing Between Confocal Microscopes : A Fly-Eye's View
Authors: Lam Mark HC , Jans David A 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
We have recently been shopping for a confocal microscope and have found a simple way to test the capabilities of the various units that have been demonstrated to us. Some of the important aspects that we were looking for in our “ideal” multi-user system were:
1) Ease of use. 2) The ability to obtain good X-Y, X-Z and hence X-Y-Z resolution, and the accurate display of these images. 3) The depth within the sample at which the system can resolve structures (this of course depends mostly on the lenses used), but is still an important criteria as it reflects on the system as a whole. 4) “extras” such as a transmission detector and reconstruction/ analysis/image manipulation software.
Ultra High Speed Imaging System Helps Unlock Understanding of Dynamics of Operation in Microdevices …
Authors: Hofer Eberhard P , Rembe Christian , Honour Joseph 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
DRS Hadland, formerly Hadland Photonics, has supplied the Department of Measurement, Control and Microtechnology at the University of Ulm with an ultra-high speed digital imaging system to help them gain a greater understanding of the dynamics of moving parts in microdevices.
The measurement of position, velocity and acceleration of moving parts in microdevices is of great interest in the rapidly growing field of microsystem technology in order to solve the problems needed to allow evolution from laboratory use into industrial mass production. Such research is targeted towards gaining a better understanding of the dynamics of the moving parts in microdevices.
For the visual investigation of dynamics in microdevices high optical magnification is necessary because the dimensions of microsystem components are very small. Therefore, velocities of parts of such microdevices appear to be extremely fast and time constraints are very small.
Digital Imaging: When Should One Take The Plunge?
Authors: Mansfield John F 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The current imaging trend in optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is to record all data digitally. Most manufacturers currently market digital acquisition systems with their microscope packages. The advantages of digital acquisition include: almost instant viewing of the data as a high-quality positive image (a major benefit when compared to TEM images recorded onto film, where one must wait until after the microscope session to develop the images); the ability to readily quantify features in the images and measure intensities; and extremely compact storage (removable 5.25” storage devices which now can hold up to several gigabytes of data).
The Advantages of Using a Videomicroscope for Classroom Teaching
Authors: Hedgepeth David J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
To see what is general in whet is particular, and what is permanent in what is transitory is the aim of scientific though …. Alfred North Whitehead
Science educators in K-12 schools are often confronted with skepticism when the budgetary needs for equipment and materials come up for discussion. They are expected to make science “interesting”, “exciting”, “motivating”, and “up-to-date”, but without investing money in modern technology. It is important to not let this common fascination with novelty, excitement and parsimony, prevent us from realizing the full potential for videomicroscopy in classroom science teaching. In addition to their “gee, whizl” aspects, videomicroscopes offer a number of instructional advantages that make them worth the money, and I will present some ideas about how to use and configure a videomicroscope for classroom use.
Preparation of Protein a Gold
Authors: Webster Paul 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Colloidal gold has been used for centuries in the preparation of stained glass for windows and fine glassware. In recent years, colloidal gold particles have become a useful tool in microscopy for staining tissues and sections. Colloidal gold particles are especially useful for biological electron microscopy, Some of the reasons why are listed below.
* Homogeneous preparations of particles varying in size from 3μm to 20μm can be easily prepared. * Colloidal gold suspensions are inexpensive to prepare. Most proteins can be easily coupled to colloidal gold particles. * Most proteins can be easily coupled to colloidal gold particles. * Proteins coupled to gold particles do not appear to lose their biological activity. * The colloidal gold particles can be easily seen in the electron microscope. * Colloidal gold does not naturally occur in biological material. Therefore, if you see it, it is because you put it there. * Colloidal gold probes can be used for light microscopy, The larger gold particles can be directly observed by the light microscope. Small particles are detected by silver enhancement or epipolarized illumination. * The same probes can be used for both LM and TEM imrnunocytochemistry.
Nanoscale Thermal Property Characterization of Automotive Polymer Coatings
Authors: Germinario Louis T 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This article discusses AFM-based localized thermal analysis of crosslinked polymer coatings based on a recent breakthrough in nanoscale thermal probe technology. Examples include the monitoring of the softening point of automotive clearcoat systems, as a function of cure time and cure temperature and characterization of degradation and embrittlement of weathered acrylic-polyurethane coatings. Comparison of nano thermal analysis with bulk DSC and MDSC is made and its inherent advantages over DSC in analyzing surfaces is demonstrated.
Computer Network Laboratory for Microscopy Education at the Materials Science and Engineering Department, The University of Arizona
Authors: Seraphin Supapan , Chandler Gary W , Switala Michelle S 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
We report here on the first year of development of a novel teaching facility which incorporates new techniques designed to reach new audiences without diluting subject content. Interactive computer software coupled with rich scientific content of microscopic images provides a unique opportunity to help students learn science and technology, the laboratory is comprised of twenty student workstations networked to various microscopes, thus expanding the number of students capable of "hands-on" data acquisition and analysis by twenty times. Two scanning electron microscopes (SEM), a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and several light microscopes (LM) are interfaced through a server to the workstations.
The MSA Placement Office
Authors: Watson John HL 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The editor of Microscopy Today has asked me to write an article which describes the Placement Office of the Microscopy Society of America and I have accepted this opportunity to bring the history and operation of the Office to the attention of ms readers in what follows the word “Candidate” refers to a member of MSA who is in good standing and who has registered appropriately with the Placement Office as actively seeking a position or a change, and “Employer” refers to institutions or companies who have registered with the Office as having a position open.
More Than One Ever Wanted To Know About X-Ray Detectors Part VIII: If I Know It's There, Why Can't I See it?
Authors: Turner D Clark 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This month we are going to deviate from Mark Lund's normal discussion and talk about one of the practical problems that must be considered when using an x-ray detector on a scanning electron microscope to solve real-world problems.
Several years ago I worked in the analytical laboratory of a major semiconductor manufacturer. One day a process engineer came into the lab and asked us to develop an analytical method to determine the amount of copper in an aluminum film on a silicon wafer. The levels of copper would be somewhere between 0.5% and 1.0%. He gave me a sample, saying that he didn't know the exact concentration of copper but was certain that it was at least 0.5%.
Multi-User Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Chumbley LS , Meyer M , Fredrickson K , Laabs F 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Teaching a large number of students simultaneously to use a scanning electron microscope (SEM) has traditionally been difficult. A typical classroom scenario would be of one student seated in front of the SEM next to the instructor while the remaining students stand idly behind the operating student. The truth of the oft repeated sentiment expressed by microscopists, "There is nothing more boring than watching someone else do microscopy", would be proven time and time again in such training sessions as the uninvolved students would quickly lose interest and either fall asleep or talk among themselves.
A Scanning Probe Microscope in My Scanning Electron Microscope?
Authors: Collins George J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Scanning probe microscopes (SPMs) designed to fit into scanning elec- tron microscopes (SEMs) are now becoming commercially available and you might ask, "Why would I want to put an SPM in my SEM"? The primary reason is that the too forms of microscope are very complimentary. Each microscope extends the power of the other. The SEM can do things that are hard to do with an SPM, and vice versa.
Not long after the introduction of the STM and the AFM, a few re- searchers built custom SPMs and installed them in their SEMs. The reports of these projects to build hybrid microscopes and examples of the data they produced can be found in the scientific literature.
Using a Microscope to Measure the Glue that Holds us Together
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
We think that adhesion molecules hold cells together. This is the "glue" that holds us, and every other multicellular life form on this planet, together. Intriguingly, the atomic force microscope has recently been used to directly measure the binding force of one of these adhesion molecules. We now have direct evidence that adhesion molecules have the physical properties required to hold cells together. This essential new information shows that these molecules can perform the function that have been assigned to them. You'll be delighted to know that this molecule is more than strong enough to do its job!
On LaserJet Printers:
Authors: Peters Klaus-Ruediger 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
LaserJets, like many other printers, print in lines per inch (Ipi). The lines represent in digital image printing lines of pixels. If the pixels are printed squarely than each square area (of a width equal to that of the actual line width) must be printed with a desired amount of ink variations in order to generate the gray levels (see John Russ’ book for a nice illustration on how this is done in a LaserJet). LaserJets and Inkjets use dots as the smallest printed entity.
Tripod Polisher™ Tip #1 Fast Grinding to Optical Transparency on the Second Side
Authors: Walck Scott 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
With the new "L" brackets that are available for the Tripod Polisher™ (South Bay Technology, Inc.) which allow the sample to be easily backlit with room lights, it is relatively easy to grind away most of the material to be removed when polishing the second side of a sample. The following steps outline the procedure that I have been using for rapidly removing material and getting the samples very thin prior to starting the final wedge polishing. The samples that I have been preparing with this technique are approximately 1µm thick, pulsed laser deposited ZnO-WS2 films on SiC substrates.
Long-Lasting Aqueous Mountants for Light Microscopy
Authors: Kiernan John A 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The requirements for such a medium are that it won't deposit crystals when it evaporates and that it won't be incapable of evaporating. The second condition probably excludes anything containing glycerol. The first is more difficult. A polymer such as gum, polyvinylpyrollidone or gelatin might fiil the bill, especially in the presence of a sugar that can form a syrup that1 s almost solid. Fructose (levulose) has this reputation, and is a good aqueous mountant. Very cheap, but for some reason somewhat too acidic for basic dyes, but can be buffered. Its not 100% predictable. l've had fructose crystallize under coverslips, but you can quickly remove ail the mess with water and then try again.
An old and certain way to make a solid and perhaps permanent aqueous mount is to use a smaller-than-usual coverslip and as little aqueous mountant as possible.