bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The geochemical evolution of Nb–Ta–Sn oxides from pegmatites of the Cape Cross–Uis pegmatite belt, Namibia
Authors: Fuchsloch Warrick C. , Nex Paul A. M. , Kinnaird Judith A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe Cape Cross–Uis pegmatite belt, Damara Orogen, north-central Namibia hosts multiple Ta–Nb- and Sn-oxide-bearing pegmatites. Columbite-group minerals, tapiolite, cassiterite and minor ixiolite and wodginite occur in abundance within pegmatites and display various compositional and internal structural mineralogical variations. Ta–Nb oxides display various zonation patterns indicative of multiple crystallisation phases, whereas cassiterite is dominantly homogeneous with minor euhedral columbite-group mineral inclusions. Ta–Nb oxides are mostly rich in Fe, with fractionation patterns in the columbite quadrilateral being sub parallel to the Ta/(Ta + Nb) axis; increasing Ta/(Ta + Nb) with little change in Mn/(Mn + Fe), which is consistent with classical trends in beryl-to-spodumene rare-element pegmatites. In addition, these trends suggest that co-crystallising minerals compete with Ta–Nb oxides for elements such as Mn, preventing Ta–Nb oxides from attaining Mn-rich compositions during the fractionation process. Cassiterite shows similar fractionation patterns with Fe &gt; Mn and notable increases in the Ta content. Minor-element substitution in Ta–Nb oxides shows sharp decreases with increasing fractionation supporting the hypothesis that newly stabilised co-occurring minerals compete with columbite-group minerals for certain elements. Tapiolite shows the same minor-element trend, however, only for Sn and Ti suggesting cassiterite was a dominant competing mineral. Although crystallisation of Ta–Nb oxides from an aqueous fluid at the late-stages of pegmatite genesis is highly debated, significantly elevated Ta contents in metasomatised country rock, compared to unaltered country rock, may give new insight, suggesting that Ta may indeed partition into, and be transported by, an exsolved aqueous fluid. However, further studies of the country rock metasomatic contacts are required as currently the dataset is limited. The degree of fractionation as depicted by Ta–Nb and Sn oxides within pegmatites, indicate that a zonation from primitive to evolved pegmatites surrounding granites is not present and that pegmatites are probably not related to granites in the typical parent–daughter relationship.
Small-molecule BCL6 inhibitor effectively treats mice with nonsclerodermatous chronic graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Paz Katelyn , Flynn Ryan , Du Jing , Qi Jun , Luznik Leo , Maillard Ivan , MacDonald Kelli P. , Hill Geoffrey R. , Serody Jonathan S. , Murphy William J. , Sage Peter T. , Sharpe Arlene H. , Miklos David , Cutler Corey S. , Koreth John , Antin Joseph H. , Soiffer Robert J. , Ritz Jerome , Bradner James E. , Melnick Ari M. , Blazar Bruce R. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Patient outcomes for steroid-dependent or -refractory chronic graft-versus-host diesease (cGVHD) are poor, and only ibrutinib has been US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for this indication. cGVHD is often driven by the germinal center (GC) reaction, in which T follicular helper cells interact with GC B cells to produce antibodies that are associated with disease pathogenesis. The transcriptional corepressor B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is a member of the Broad-complex, Tramtrack, and Bric-abrac/poxvirus and zinc finger (BTB/POZ) transcription factor family and master regulator of the immune cells in the GC reaction. We demonstrate that BCL6 expression in both donor T cells and B cells is necessary for cGVHD development, pointing to BCL6 as a therapeutic cGVHD target. A small-molecule BCL6 inhibitor reversed active cGVHD in a mouse model of multiorgan system injury with bronchiolitis obliterans associated with a robust GC reaction, but not in cGVHD mice with scleroderma as the prominent manifestation. For cGVHD patients with antibody-driven cGVHD, targeting of BCL6 represents a new approach with specificity for a master GC regulator that would extend the currently available second-line agents.
Neuroborreliosis and Neurosyphilis
Authors: Halperin John J. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTPURPOSE OF REVIEWThis article presents an overview of the current diagnosis and management of two spirochetal infections of the nervous system, neuroborreliosis (Lyme disease) and neurosyphilis, focusing on similarities and differences. Although neuroborreliosis was first identified almost a century ago, much confusion remains about how to accurately diagnose this quite treatable nervous system infection. Well-established diagnostic tools and therapeutic regimens exist for neurosyphilis, which has been well-known for centuries.RECENT FINDINGSSerologic testing targeting the C6 antigen may simplify diagnostic testing in neuroborreliosis while improving accuracy. Historically, screening for syphilis has used a reaginic test followed by a treponeme-specific assay; alternative approaches, including use of well-defined recombinant antigens, may improve sensitivity without sacrificing specificity. In neuroborreliosis, measurement of the chemokine CXCL13 in CSF may provide a useful marker of disease activity in the central nervous system.SUMMARYLyme disease causes meningitis, cranial neuritis, radiculitis, and mononeuropathy multiplex. Cognitive symptoms, occurring either during (encephalopathy) or after infection (posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome) are rarely, if ever, due to central nervous system infection. Posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome is not antibiotic responsive. Syphilis causes meningitis, cranial neuritis, chronic meningovascular syphilis, tabes dorsalis, and parenchymal neurosyphilis. The organism remains highly sensitive to penicillin, but residua of chronic infection may be irreversible.
Helminthic Infections of the Central Nervous System
Authors: Cho Tracey A. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article discusses select helminthic parasitic infections that may affect the central nervous system and reviews the epidemiology, neurologic presentation, recommended diagnostic testing, and treatment approach to these infections.

RECENT FINDINGS
Emigration from and travel to areas endemic for helminthic infections that affect the nervous system has led to increased incidence of parasitic neurologic disease in developed countries, necessitating that neurologists be familiar with the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to these diseases. Evidence is emerging on the optimal treatment for neurocysticercosis, which varies based on the form of the disease in the nervous system.

SUMMARY
Parenchymal neurocysticercosis is a leading cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide, and extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis is responsible for many cases of hydrocephalus. Recognition of the different stages and locations of neurocysticercosis is essential for proper management. Similarly, schistosomiasis constitutes a major cause of myelopathy in endemic areas and requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to avoid permanent deficits.
Tuberculosis of the Central Nervous System
Authors: Zunt Joseph R. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article details the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis (TB), provides guidance for diagnostic imaging and CSF testing, and recommends treatment strategies for tuberculous meningitis and other forms of CNS TB, illustrating key aspects of diagnosis and management with case presentations.

RECENT FINDINGS
Although improvements in our understanding of the pathogenesis and management of CNS TB have occurred over the past 50 years, the emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant TB, the advent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and the subsequent availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy that can produce the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome have complicated the diagnosis and treatment of CNS TB. Advances in diagnostic assays promise to increase the speed of diagnosis as well as the percentage of people with a confirmed rather than a presumptive diagnosis. Advances in precision medicine have identified polymorphisms in the LTA4H gene that influence the risk for inflammation in patients with tuberculous meningitis.

SUMMARY
CNS TB continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality, with the majority of people affected living in low-income and middle-income countries. Newer diagnostic assays promise to increase the speed of diagnosis and improve appropriate selection of antituberculous therapy and anti-inflammatory medications. Despite these advances, CNS TB remains difficult to diagnose, and clinicians should have a low threshold for initiating empiric therapy in patients with presumptive infection.
Acute Bacterial Meningitis
Authors: Davis Larry E. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
While acute bacterial meningitis is becoming less common in developed countries because of the widespread use of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitides, and Haemophilus influenzae, bacterial meningitis still occurs worldwide, with peak incidence in young children and the elderly. Bacterial meningitis is usually lethal unless appropriate antibiotics that cross the blood-brain barrier are given. Clinical suspicion of bacterial meningitis begins when patients present with the abrupt onset of fever, headache, and meningismus.

RECENT FINDINGS
New technologies are being developed for more rapid identification of the bacterial species causing meningitis. When appropriate, administration of adjunctive dexamethasone with the antibiotics often lessens neurologic sequelae in survivors, which may include aphasia, ataxia, paresis, hearing loss, and cognitive impairment.

SUMMARY
Confirmation of the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis comes mainly from examination and culture of CSF obtained from a lumbar puncture. Typically, the CSF shows an elevated neutrophil count, elevated protein, depressed glucose, positive Gram stain, and growth of the bacteria on appropriate culture media. Antibiotic sensitivities of the bacteria determine the appropriate antibiotics, although an educated guess of the best antibiotics to be given promptly must be made until the antibiotic sensitivities return, usually in a few days.
Preexercise Carbohydrate Ingestion and Transient Hypoglycemia: Fasting versus Feeding
Authors: KONDO SAKI , TANISAWA KUMPEI , SUZUKI KATSUHIKO , TERADA SHIN , HIGUCHI MITSURU 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

Purpose
Carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion 30 to 45 min before exercise results in transient hypoglycemia after starting the exercise in some, but not all, subjects. However, whether transient hypoglycemia is more likely to occur under fed or fasted condition remains unknown. This study aimed to directly compare the effects of fasting versus feeding on plasma glucose responses after preexercise CHO intake and to examine the relationship between insulin responses and onset of transient hypoglycemia.

Methods
Sixteen subjects performed 60-min cycle ergometer exercises at 75% maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) under overnight fasted and fed (4 h after breakfast) conditions. In both conditions, they consumed 500 mL of beverage (150 g of glucose) 30 min before beginning exercise.

Results
The mean plasma glucose concentrations 15 min after starting the exercise did not fall below 4.0 mmol·L−1 (criteria for hypoglycemia) in both states; however, individual differences in the occurrence of transient hypoglycemia were noted. In the fasted state, plasma glucose levels transiently dropped below 4.0 mmol·L−1 in five subjects, who had substantially higher serum insulin levels at the start of exercise, compared with those who did not develop hypoglycemia. Although seven subjects developed transient hypoglycemia in the fed state, no relationship was observed between insulin responses and hypoglycemia. Three subjects developed hypoglycemia in both fasted and fed states.

Conclusions
These results suggest that transient hypoglycemia after preexercise CHO ingestion occurs in some, but not all, subjects, under both conditions. Furthermore, subjects with enhanced insulin responses seem to be more prone to transient hypoglycemia in the fasted condition.
Physical Activity Associates with Muscle Insulin Sensitivity Postbariatric Surgery
Authors: SAVOLAINEN ANNA M. , KARMI ANNA , IMMONEN HEIDI , SOINIO MINNA , SAUNAVAARA VIRVA , PHAM TAM , SALMINEN PAULINA , HELMIÖ MIKA , OVASKA JARI , LÖYTTYNIEMI ELIISA , HEISKANEN MARJA A. , LEHTIMÄKI TERHO , MARI ANDREA , NUUTILA PIRJO , HANNUKAINEN JARNA C. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTPurposeBariatric surgery is considered as an effective therapeutic strategy for weight loss in severe obesity. Remission of type 2 diabetes is often achieved after the surgery. We investigated whether increase in self-reported habitual physical activity associates with improved skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and reduction of fat depots after bariatric surgery.MethodsWe assessed self-reported habitual physical activity using Baecke questionnaire in 18 diabetic and 28 nondiabetic patients with morbid obesity (median age, 46 yr; body mass index, 42.0 kg·m−2) before and 6 months after bariatric surgery operation. Insulin-stimulated femoral muscle glucose uptake was measured using fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography method during hyperinsulinemia. In addition, abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat masses were quantified using magnetic resonance imaging and liver fat content using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Also, serum proinflammatory cytokines were measured.ResultsPatients lost on average 22.9% of weight during the follow-up period of 6 months (P< 0.001). Self-reported habitual physical activity level increased (P= 0.017). Improvement in skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity was observed only in those patients who reported increase in their physical activity postoperatively (P= 0.018). The increase in self-reported physical activity associated with the loss of visceral fat mass (P= 0.029). Postoperative self-reported physical activity correlated also positively with postoperative hepatic insulin clearance (P= 0.02) and tended to correlate negatively with liver fat content (P= 0.076). Postoperative self-reported physical activity also correlated negatively with serum TNFα, methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein and interleukin 6 levels.ConclusionsSelf-reported physical activity is associated with reversal of skeletal muscle insulin resistance after bariatric surgery as well as with the loss of visceral fat content and improved postoperative metabolism in bariatric surgery patients.Trial registration:Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT00793143 (SLEEVEPASS), NCT01373892 (SLEEVEPET2).
Metabolic Costs of Standing and Walking in Healthy Military-Age Adults: A Meta-regression
Authors: LOONEY DAVID P. , POTTER ADAM W. , PRYOR J. LUKE , BREMNER PATRICIA E. , CHALMERS CHRISTOPHER R. , MCCLUNG HOLLY L. , WELLES ALEXANDER P. , SANTEE WILLIAM R. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The Load Carriage Decision Aid (LCDA) is a U.S. Army planning tool that predicts physiological responses of soldiers during different dismounted troop scenarios. We aimed to develop an equation that calculates standing and walking metabolic rates in healthy military-age adults for the LCDA using a meta-regression.

Methods
We searched for studies that measured the energetic cost of standing and treadmill walking in healthy men and women via indirect calorimetry. We used mixed effects meta-regression to determine an optimal equation to calculate standing and walking metabolic rates as a function of walking speed (S, m·s−1). The optimal equation was used to determine the economical speed at which the metabolic cost per distance walked is minimized. The estimation precision of the new LCDA walking equation was compared with that of seven reference predictive equations.

Results
The meta-regression included 48 studies. The optimal equation for calculating normal standing and walking metabolic rates (W·kg−1) was 1.44 + 1.94S
0.43 + 0.24S
4. The economical speed for level walking was 1.39 m·s−1 (~ 3.1 mph). The LCDA walking equation was more precise across all walking speeds (bias ± SD, 0.01 ± 0.33 W·kg−1) than the reference predictive equations.

Conclusion
Practitioners can use the new LCDA walking equation to calculate energy expenditure during standing and walking at speeds <2 m·s−1 in healthy, military-age adults. The LCDA walking equation avoids the errors estimated by other equations at lower and higher walking speeds.
Individual Variability in Waist Circumference and Body Weight in Response to Exercise
Authors: HAMMOND BRITTANY P. , STOTZ PAULA J. , BRENNAN ANDREA M. , LAMARCHE BENOÎT , DAY ANDREW G. , ROSS ROBERT 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

Purpose
This study aimed to determine the magnitude of exercise-induced individual variability for waist circumference (WC) and body weight change after accounting for biological variability and measurement error. Determinants of response variability were also considered.

Methods
Participants (53 ± 7.5 yr) were 181 adults (61% women) with abdominal obesity randomized to the following: control; low-amount, low-intensity exercise (LALI); high-amount, low-intensity exercise (HALI); or high-amount, high-intensity exercise (HAHI) for 24 wk. Unstructured physical activity was measured by accelerometer. The variability in response to exercise for WC and body weight (SDR) was isolated by subtracting the SD values for the change scores in the exercise group from that of the control group.

Results
The variability of response due to exercise (SDR) for change in WC was 3.1, −0.3, and 3.1 cm for LALI, HALI, and HAHI groups, respectively. Corresponding values for body weight were 3.8, 2.0, and 3.5 kg for LALI, HALI, and HAHI, respectively. The high-amount exercise groups yielded the highest proportion of individuals with a clinically meaningful response. No variables predicted the response to exercise (P > 0.05).

Conclusions
Substantial variability in response to standardized exercise was observed for change in both WC and body weight after accounting for the variability not attributed to exercise. Potential determinants of the interindividual variability in response to exercise remain unclear.
Patient’s failures and psychotherapist’s successes, or failure in psychotherapy in the eyes of a psychotherapist
Authors: Małus Aleksandra , Konarzewska Beata , Galińska-Skok Beata 
Published: October 2018

Aim of the studyTo answer the question of what significance psychotherapists attach to failure.Subject or material and methodsThe study group included 100 psychotherapists. A qualitative method (open questions) and a quantitative method (Self Confrontation Method by Hubert Hermans) were used. An analysis of psychotherapists' comprehension and experience of failure, and an analysis of emotions felt when succeeding or failing in psychotherapy were performed.Results94% of psychotherapists declared that they experienced failures in the course of their professional work. The failures were accompanied by particularly negative emotions and were quantitatively and qualitatively different from the emotions felt when a patient's therapy was completed successfully. A failure was most frequently (76 out of 100 psychotherapists) perceived as premature termination of treatment by the patient where therapy cessation was attributed in 70% of cases to factors within the patient's control. Psychotherapists evaluated their competences highly - they claimed to possess qualities predisposing them to an average success rate of 73%. They rated their job satisfaction at the level of 80%. 61% of psychotherapists discussed their failures at counselling supervision meetings.DiscussionA tendency to preserve one's self-esteem and to strengthen one's self displayed by psychotherapists is evident in the process of analysing previously committed mistakes.ConclusionsPsychotherapists experience failures and they are most frequently inclined to attribute them to factors within patients' control.
Los crímenes de violencia sexual cometidos al interior de un grupo armado: El caso de los niños soldados en The Prosecutor vs. Bosco Ntaganda
Authors: Fernández Carter Catalina 
Published: October 2018

Recientemente, la Corte Penal Internacional confirmó su jurisdicción en el casoseguido contra Bosco Ntaganda, sobre presuntos crímenes de guerra de violacióny esclavitud sexual cometidos contra niños soldados que pertenecían al mismogrupo armado que su agresor. En el presente artículo se examinarán críticamentelas razones y justificaciones otorgadas por la Corte para establecer su jurisdicción y en particular, la interpretación realizada por la Corte respecto a la necesidad de incorporar requisitos adicionales a la descripción típica de los crímenes de guerra de violación y esclavitud sexual bajo el marco establecido del Derecho Internacional. Para estos efectos, se comenzará analizando el concepto tradicional de persona protegida en el Derecho Humanitario, para luego destacar los aspectos esenciales de la decisión de la Corte. A continuación, se examinarán las diferencias fundamentales que existen entre los apartados (a) y (c), por una parte, y (b) y (e), por otra, ambos del artículo 8.2 del Estatuto de Roma, de manera de determinar si el Derecho Internacional Humanitario amparaba la conclusión de la Corte en relación con los crímenes cometidos al interior de grupos armados. Finalmente, se exponen algunas conclusiones y alternativas que podrían permitir a la Corte ejercer jurisdicción sobre ese tipo de crímenes, incluso si las víctimas fueran miembros adultos del mismo grupo armado.
Validação psicométrica da Escala da Relação Coparental em mães portuguesas
Authors: Lamela Diogo , Morais Ana , Jongenelen Inês 
Published: October 2018

O presente estudo teve como objetivo a adaptação e a validação da Escala de Relação Coparental —erc— em mães portuguesas. A versão original da medida avalia as quatro dimensões da coparentalidade do modelo ecológico da coparentalidade, através de 7 subescalas. O estudo foi composto por uma amostra de 548 mães numa relação íntima heterossexual, e pelo menos um filho com o atual parceiro conjugal com uma idade inferior a 18 anos. Testada através de análise fatorial confirmatória, a solução fatorial final investigada apresentou um ajustamento satisfatório, o que sugere a validade de construto da erc, χ2 (372) = 828.5, ns, cfi = 0.95, nfi = 0.91 e rmsea = 0.04 (90 ic = 0.04-0.05). A escala também apresentou coeficientes de consistência interna entre o satisfatório e o elevado em todas as subescalas (α de Cronbach entre 0.70 e 0.94) e valores muito satisfatórios de validade convergente e divergente, obtidos através de análises correlacionais da erc com outros construtos teoricamente selecionados. Os resultados dão suporte inicial à qualidade psicométrica da versão portuguesa da erc.Palavras-chave: coparentalidade, mães, validação, avaliação.
MODEL REGRESI POISON BIVARIAT DENGAN KOVARIAN KONSTAN
Authors: Kurniawan Untung 
Published: October 2018

Bivariate Poisson models are appropriate for modeling paired count data exhibiting correlation. This study aims to estimates the parameters and test hypothesis of bivariate Poisson regression on modeling the number of infant mortality and maternal mortality in Central Java 2015. The parameters of the bivariate regression model are estimated by using the maximum likelihood method. Results show that the percentage of births by health personnel, the percentage of pregnant women administered the K4 program, the percentage of pregnant women receiving Fe3 tablets, percentage of exclusively breastfed infants, and percentage of households behaved in a clean and healthy life are significant for the number of infant mortality in Central Java. The variables that have significant effect on maternal mortality are percentage of births by health personnel, percentage of maternal women receiving postpartum health services, and percentage of pregnant women receiving Fe3 tablets. Keywords: Bivariate Poisson Regression, Infant Mortality, Maternal Mortality, Maximum Likelihood Estimation