bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weaponry, size, and sex ratio affect spatial distribution within small and large groups of the maritime earwig (Anisolabis maritima)
Authors: Dodgen Rose E. , Iyengar Vikram K. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDispersion patterns within a group can reveal important aspects about social interactions and sexual selection within a species. We examined the distribution patterns of the maritime earwig (Anisolabis maritima), an insect well suited for studies of aggression, sociality, and sexual selection since both sexes live in close proximity and possess weaponry in the form of sexually dimorphic pincers. To examine intra‐ and intersexual interactions within small groups, we conducted trials with three earwigs with limited access to shelters. In single‐sex trios, we found that both males and females exhibited strong size‐based intrasexual aggression, as larger individuals were less likely to be excluded from shelters; however, males were more likely to cohabitate than females. In mixed‐sex trios, we found that both males and females preferred smaller opposite‐sex partners, and cohabitation patterns indicate that both sex‐ and size‐based differences in aggression can influence overall spatial distribution. We also examined larger single‐sex and mixed‐sex groups of 18 earwigs to determine whether they had random, uniform, or clumped distributions. Similar to previous field observations, males tended to form aggregations, whereas females were distributed uniformly, a pattern indicative of territoriality. Mixed‐sex groups, on the other hand, were uniform during nocturnal periods of high activity but then become clumped after settling into more stable daytime positions. Overall, our results suggest that females have high levels of aggression regardless of the social context, whereas males alter their aggressive behavior in the presence of females.
Segmental ischaemic necrosis of the jejunum in a post‐partum mare due to two mesenteric avulsions
Authors: Vilaregut L. , O'Shea C. , Lores M. , Couto G. , Misheff M. 
Published: February 2019

SummaryThis report describes segmental ischaemic necrosis of the small intestine 4 days after foaling in a 9‐year‐old Arabian mare. The jejunal mesentery was avulsed from the intestine in two locations for 20 and 200 cm, resulting in intestinal necrosis, in the absence of entrapment or strangulation. This case highlights the need to consider the possibility of mesenteric injury when a post‐partum mare presents mild signs of abdominal pain.
Solar angle of the distal phalanx is associated with scintigraphic evidence of subchondral bone injury in the palmar/plantar aspect of the third metacarpal/tarsal condyles in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Walmsley E. A. , Jackson M. , Wells‐Smith L. , Whitton R. C. 
Published: February 2019

SummaryBackgroundSubchondral bone injury at the palmar/plantar aspect of the condyles of the third metacarpal/metatarsal bone (MC/MT3) commonly causes lameness and poor performance in racehorses. Injury occurs due to repetitive loading, the magnitude of which may be influenced by the position of the distal phalanx relative to the ground surface, i.e. the solar angle. The association of solar angle and injury at the palmar/plantar condyles of distalMC/MT3 therefore warrants investigation.ObjectivesInvestigate the relationship between solar angle and radiopharmaceutical uptake at the palmar/plantar aspect of distalMC/MT3 on scintigraphic images of racehorses.Study designRetrospective case‐controlled study.MethodsScintigraphic images of Thoroughbred racehorses presented for poor performance or lameness were graded for intensity of radiopharmaceutical uptake in the palmar/plantar aspect of distalMC/MT3. Solar angle was graded (positive, neutral or negative), referring to the angle of the solar plane of the distal phalanx relative to the ground surface. Repeatability of solar angle (n = 1226 limbs) and agreement with objective radiographic evaluation (n = 52 limbs) were evaluated. Prescintigraphy performance data were collected from race records. Associations between solar angle, performance and radiopharmaceutical uptake were investigated using multivariable logistic regression.ResultsRepeatability of scintigraphic solar angle grading (κ = 0.89, 95%CI0.87–0.91) and agreement of scintigraphic and radiographic solar angle (κ = 0.88, 95%CI0.75–0.97) were excellent. Horses that performed best prior to presentation were more likely to have both greater radiopharmaceutical uptake and a neutral/negative solar angle. When controlling for prior performance, horses with neutral/negative forelimb solar angle were twice as likely to have moderate/marked radiopharmaceutical uptake than horses with positive solar angle (P<0.02). Horses with negative hindlimb solar angle were six times more likely to have moderate/marked radiopharmaceutical uptake than horses with positive/neutral solar angle (P<0.001).Main limitationsPopulation bias due to preselected hospital population.ConclusionsBoth solar angle and race performance are independently associated with increased bone activity in the palmar/plantar aspect of the third metacarpal/tarsal condyles.The Summary is available in Portuguese ‐ see Supporting Information
Refining predictions of population decline at species' rear edges
Authors: Vilà‐Cabrera Albert , Premoli Andrea C. , Jump Alistair S. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAccording to broad‐scale application of biogeographical theory, widespread retractions of species' rear edges should be seen in response to ongoing climate change. This prediction rests on the assumption that rear edge populations are “marginal” since they occur at the limit of the species' ecological tolerance and are expected to decline in performance as climate warming pushes them to extirpation. However, conflicts between observations and predictions are increasingly accumulating and little progress has been made in explaining this disparity. We argue that a revision of the concept of marginality is necessary, together with explicit testing of population decline, which is increasingly possible as data availability improves. Such action should be based on taking the population perspective across a species' rear edge, encompassing the ecological, geographical and genetic dimensions of marginality. Refining our understanding of rear edge populations is essential to advance our ability to monitor, predict and plan for the impacts of environmental change on species range dynamics.
Anticipating global terrestrial ecosystem state change using FLUXNET
Authors: Yu Rong , Ruddell Benjamin L. , Kang Minseok , Kim Joon , Childers Dan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractEcosystems can be characterized as complex systems that traverse a variety of functional and structural states in response to changing bioclimatic forcings. A central challenge of global change biology is the robust empirical description of these states and state transitions. An ecosystem's functional state can be empirically described using Process Networks (PN) that use timeseries observations to determine the strength of process‐level functional couplings between ecosystem components. A globally extensive source of in‐situ observations of terrestrial ecosystem dynamics is the FLUXNET eddy‐covariance network that provides standardized observations of micrometeorology and carbon, water, and energy flux dynamics. We employ the LaThuile FLUXNET synthesis dataset to delineate each month's functional state for 204 sites, yielding the LaThuile PN version 1.0 database that describes the strength of an ecosystem's functional couplings from air temperature and precipitation to carbon fluxes during each site‐month. Then we calculate the elasticity of these couplings to seasonal scale forcings: air temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and phenophase. Finally, we train artificial neural networks to extrapolate these elasticities from 204 sites to the globe, yielding maps of the estimated functional elasticity of every terrestrial ecosystem's functional states to changing seasonal bioclimatic forcings. These maps provide theoretically novel resource that can be used to anticipate ecological state transitions in response to climate change and to validate process‐based models of ecological change. These elasticity maps show that each ecosystem can be expected to respond uniquely to changing forcings. Tropical forests, hot deserts, savannas, and high elevations are most elastic to climate change, and elasticity of ecosystems to seasonal air temperature is on average an order of magnitude higher than elasticity to other bioclimatic forcings. We also observed a reasonable amount of moderate relationships between functional elasticity and structural state change across different ecosystems.
Relationship between the Kihon Checklist and the clinical parameters in patients who participated in cardiac rehabilitation
Authors: Kunimoto Mitsuhiro , Shimada Kazunori , Yokoyama Miho , Matsubara Tomomi , Aikawa Tatsuro , Ouchi Shohei , Shimizu Megumi , Fukao Kosuke , Miyazaki Tetsuro , Kadoguchi Tomoyasu , Fujiwara Kei , Honzawa Akio , Yamada Miki , Shimada Akie , Yamamoto Taira , Amano Atsushi , Daida Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2019

AimThe Kihon Checklist is a useful screening tool for assessing frailty in older individuals. However, the clinical significance of the Kihon Checklist in cardiac rehabilitation patients remains unclear. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the Kihon Checklist and the clinical parameters in patients who participated in cardiac rehabilitation.MethodsWe enrolled 845 consecutive patients (584 men, mean age 71 years) who participated in cardiac rehabilitation at Juntendo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, between November 2015 and October 2017. The patients were divided into non‐frailty (n = 287), pre‐frailty (n = 270) and frailty (n = 288) groups according to their Kihon Checklist scores. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing was carried out in 302 patients.ResultsThe frailty group was older and had a higher prevalence of history of heart failure than the non‐frailty group, although left ventricular ejection fraction did not differ significantly between groups. Nutritional index, trunk and limb muscle mass, lean body weight, and grip strength were significantly lower in the frailty and pre‐frailty groups than those in the non‐frailty group. In the cardiopulmonary exercise test, a stepwise significant decrease in peak oxygen uptake was observed across the three groups (non‐frailty 17.2 ± 3.6, pre‐frailty 16.0 ± 3.4, frailty 14.4 ± 3.5 mL/kg/min, P < 0.01). Multivariate regression analyses showed that the Kihon Checklist score was significantly and independently associated with peak oxygen uptake (r = −0.34, P < 0.0001).ConclusionsThe Kihon Checklist, which was associated with frailty and exercise tolerance, could be used as a clinical assessment method for patients who participated in cardiac rehabilitation. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 287–292.
The impact of external knowledge sourcing on innovation outcomes in rural and urban businesses in the U.S.
Authors: Dotzel Kathryn R. , Faggian Alessandra 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between external knowledge sourcing and a diverse set of innovation outcomes in rural and urban establishments in the U.S. Existing studies in the broader knowledge management literature principally examine firms in a single industry, overwhelmingly rely on patent data to proxy for innovation, and cannot account for the innovations of businesses in rural American markets. By addressing these limitations using data from the 2014 Rural Establishment Innovation Survey of the USDA's Economic Research Service, this research provides novel insights into how externally acquired knowledge by American establishments may support innovation. Results of the analysis suggest that external knowledge sourcing may specifically promote product, process, and green innovation in U.S. firms. While collective results when external sources of information are divided by industry orientation fail to show that sources outside of a firm's industry play a dominant role in the innovation processes of American establishments in general, findings provide evidence for an outsized impact of these relationships within rural establishments specifically and suggest that external knowledge sourcing from extra‐industry organizations is most critical for promoting successful innovation in rural firms. Results additionally indicate that knowledge sourcing from non‐local organizations may be more important for supporting innovation in rural compared to urban markets.
Mechanical properties of silicon carbide—in situ zirconium carbonitride composites
Authors: Malik Rohit , Jang Seung Hoon , Kim Young‐Wook , Nishimura Toshiyuki 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSiC–Zr2CN composites were fabricated by conventional hot pressing from β‐SiC and ZrN powders with 2 vol% equimolar Y2O3–Sc2O3 as a sintering additive. The effects of the ZrN addition on the room‐temperature (RT) mechanical properties and high‐temperature flexural strength of the SiC–Zr2CN composites were investigated. The fracture toughness gradually increased from 4.2 ± 0.3 MPa·m1/2 for monolithic SiC to 6.3 ± 0.2 MPa·m1/2 for a SiC–20 vol% ZrN composite, whereas the RT flexural strength (546 ± 32 MPa for the monolithic SiC) reached its maximum of 644 ± 87 MPa for the SiC–10 vol% ZrN composite. The monolithic SiC had improved strength at 1200°C, whereas the SiC–Zr2CN composites could not retain their RT strengths at 1200°C. The typical flexural strength values of the SiC–0, 10, and 20 vol% ZrN composites at 1200°C were 650 ± 53, 448 ± 31, and 386 ± 19 MPa, whereas their RT strength values were 546 ± 32, 644 ± 87, and 528 ± 117 MPa, respectively.
Characterization of 20Na2O·30((1−x)CaO·xSrO)·50P2O5 glasses for a resorbable optical fiber application
Authors: Freudenberger Parker T. , Saitoh Akira , Ikeda Hikaru , Adnan Md Shihab , Takebe Hiromichi , Nakane Shingo , Kim Chang‐Soo , Brow Richard K. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractResorbable glasses with nominal molar compositions of 20Na2O·30[(1−x)CaO·xSrO]∙50P2O5, where x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1, were prepared and characterized. With the replacement of CaO by SrO, the molar volume, refractive index, and coefficient of thermal expansion increased, and the glass transition temperature, crystallization temperature, and viscosity decreased. The replacement of CaO by SrO decreased the dissolution rate in 37°C water by nearly an order of magnitude. Resorbable glass fibers drawn from melts of the 20Na2O·30CaO·50P2O5 glass exhibited decreasing transmission of laser light (632 nm) in a predictable way as the fiber dissolved in a phosphate buffer solution. This demonstrated that these glasses could be used to produce resorbable fibers for temporary biosensing or therapeutic applications.
Nationwide survey of experiential learning in MPharm programmes in UK Universities
Authors: Jacob Sabrina Anne , Boyter Anne C 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Objectives
To determine the current structure of experiential learning (EL) in Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) programmes in UK universities, and assess how they meet the standards specified by the General Pharmaceutical Council.

Methods
A cross-sectional survey of staff in charge of EL in MPharm programmes was conducted, utilising a 31-item online survey, consisting of both open-ended and close-ended questions. Variables of interest were administrative aspects and structure of the EL component, tutor issues and placement sites. To pinpoint the challenges faced with EL, the Relative Importance Index (RII) was calculated.

Key findings
Twenty (66.7%) universities responded. EL coordinators were mostly academic/teaching fellows (19) and spent 0.29 ± 0.31 full-time equivalents on coordination. Tutors completed training annually in 53.8% of universities, with topics focusing on placement structure (85.7%) and requirements (78.6%). Total placement hours in all practice sites over the 4 years of study ranged from 54 to 496 h, and included hospitals, community pharmacies, hospices, prisons and nursing homes. The three biggest challenges faced with regard to EL were in obtaining/retaining hospital placements (1st), financial support (2nd) and quality assurance (QA) of tutors (3rd).

Conclusions
While there has been an increase in the variety of placement sites and hours since the last survey in 2003, universities face challenges in terms of staffing and obtaining placement sites. There are also gaps in tutor training. More standardisation and regulation of the QA of the EL programme, placement sites and tutors is needed to ensure students obtain the most out of their placements.
Magnetic resonance imaging/transrectal ultrasound fusion‐targeted prostate biopsy using three‐dimensional ultrasound‐based organ‐tracking technology: Initial experience in Japan
Authors: Yamada Yasuhiro , Fujihara Atsuko , Shiraishi Takumi , Ueda Takashi , Yamada Takeshi , Ueno Akihisa , Inoue Yuta , Kaneko Masatomo , Kamoi Kazumi , Hongo Fumiya , Okihara Koji , Ukimura Osamu 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of magnetic resonance imaging/transrectal ultrasound fusion‐targeted prostate biopsy on the diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer using real‐time three‐dimensional ultrasound‐based organ‐tracking technology.MethodsThe present study was a retrospective review of 262 consecutive patients with prostate‐specific antigen of 7.1 ng/mL (interquartile range 4.0–19.8). All patients received pre‐biopsy magnetic resonance imaging and had a suspicious lesion for clinically significant prostate cancer. All patients underwent a combination of systematic biopsy (6 cores) and three‐dimensional ultrasound‐based magnetic resonance imaging/transrectal ultrasound fusion‐targeted biopsy (2 cores). The positive rate of any cancer, positive rate of clinically significant prostate cancer, Gleason score and maximum cancer core length were compared between systematic biopsy versus magnetic resonance imaging/transrectal ultrasound fusion‐targeted prostate biopsy.ResultsOverall, the positive rate of any cancer per patient was 61% (160/262) in systematic biopsy versus 79% (207/262) in magnetic resonance imaging/transrectal ultrasound fusion‐targeted biopsy (P < 0.0001); and that of clinically significant prostate cancer per patient was 46% (120/262) in systematic biopsy versus 70% (181/262) in magnetic resonance imaging/transrectal ultrasound fusion‐targeted biopsy (P < 0.0001). The positive rate of any cancer per core was 21.7% (330/1523) in systematic biopsy versus 68.6% (406/592) in magnetic resonance imaging/transrectal ultrasound fusion‐targeted biopsy (P < 0.0001), and that of clinically significant prostate cancer per core was 12.7% (193/1423) in systematic biopsy versus 60.3% (357/592) in magnetic resonance imaging/transrectal ultrasound fusion‐targeted biopsy (P < 0.0001). Adding systematic biopsy leads to 13 more cancer cases (5%). The distribution of Gleason score (6/7/8/9/10) was 59/71/23/6/1 in systematic biopsy versus 48/105/36/15/2 in magnetic resonance imaging/transrectal ultrasound fusion‐targeted biopsy (P = 0.005). The maximum cancer core length was 5 mm (0.5–16) in systematic biopsy versus 8 mm (1–19 mm) in magnetic resonance imaging/transrectal ultrasound fusion‐targeted biopsy (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsThree‐dimensional ultrasound‐based magnetic resonance imaging/transrectal ultrasound fusion‐targeted biopsy seems to be associated with a higher detection rate of clinically significant prostate cancer, with fewer cores than systematic random biopsy. However, significant cancer can still be detected by the systematic technique only. A combination of systematic biopsy with the targeted biopsy technique would avoid the underdiagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer.
Temporary Labour–Migration System and Long–term Residence Strategies in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Valenta Marko , Knowlton Kaley Elizabeth , Jakobsen Jo , Al Awad Mouawiya , Strabac Zan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe United Arab Emirates’ migration system, the sponsorship–based kafala system, is defined as a temporary labour–migration regime. Although there are policies making permanent residence unattainable for virtually all migrants, it is still relevant to explore the temporality of migrations in the UAE. The purpose of this study is to investigate developments in migration, migration policies and population trends in the country, including trends that concern the duration of migrants’ stay. We also identify some of the major strategies used by migrants to prolong their sojourn in the UAE. It is maintained that the migrant stock has increased continuously in the last decades and that a large number of migrants devise strategies to continue their residence and remain in the country for years. The authors also identify and discuss migrants’ transition within and in‐between regularity and irregularity, and analyse the reasons for utilizing different strategies over time.
A membership categorization analysis of roles, activities and relationships in inclusive research conducted by co‐researchers with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Frankena Tessa K. , Naaldenberg Jenneken , Tobi Hilde , van der Cruijsen Anneke , Jansen Henk , van Schrojenstein Lantman ‐ de Valk Henny , Leusink Geraline , Cardol Mieke 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundInclusive research is studied mainly in short‐term collaborations between researchers with and without intellectual disabilities focusing on practicalities. Structural study of long‐term collaborations can provide insight into different roles of inclusive researchers, thereby contributing to a collective approach.MethodInterviews with inclusive research team members (n = 3), colleagues (n = 8), and managers (n = 2) and three group discussions within the inclusive research team were held. Data were analysed following membership categorization analysis (MCA) adapted to the needs of the inclusive research team.ResultsThis MCA provides insight into the complexity of inclusive research, reflected in the multitude of identified roles and activities. Analysis indicates that researchers with and without intellectual disabilities complement each other.ConclusionsThe activities identified in this study provide valuable information for discussing roles and responsibilities from the outset, so that dialogue starts at the core of inclusive research: the process between researchers with and without intellectual disabilities.
Effectiveness of medication reviews in identifying and reducing medication‐related problems among people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review
Authors: Nabhanizadeh Amal , Oppewal Alyt , Boot Fleur Heleen , Maes‐Festen Dederieke 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundPolypharmacy is common in people with intellectual disabilities. Using multiple medication may lead to unintended medication‐related problems (MRPs). Medication review may serve as a tool to reduce MRPs. This systematic review assessed the scientific evidence for the effectiveness of medication reviews in identifying and reducing MRPs in people with intellectual disabilities.MethodLiterature databases were searched up to August 2017. Studies were selected that included the effect of medication reviews on identifying and/or reducing MRPs in people with intellectual disabilities with no restriction of type of medication, age and level of intellectual disabilities.ResultsThe eight studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria report that systematic medication reviews appear to assist in the identification and reduction of MRPs.ConclusionThere is a lack of studies about the effect of medication reviews on identification and reduction of MRPs, especially health outcomes for people with intellectual disabilities. Further studies with long‐term follow‐up are needed.