bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frequency of Resistant Western White Pine Seedlings from Parents of Different Phenotypes
Authors: Hunt R.S. , Jensen G.D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Seedlings from different western white pine (Pinus monticola) parent phenotypes were inoculated with blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) to determine how they compared to the British Columbia standard candidate phenotype (canker-free with all branches retained) in their ability to produce resistant seedlings. Comparisons were separated into two seed zones, coastal and interior, as well as pooled. The phenotypic categories were: (1) standard candidate, (2) standard candidate except lacking lower branches, (3) standard candidate except for bark reactions in the stem, (4) standard candidate except for stem bark reactions and closer than 100 m to a similar candidate (Texada phenotype), (5) standard candidate except for a tolerant reaction to a basal canker, (6) standard candidate except for a single canker high in the crown, (7) normally cankered trees, (8) USDA Forest Service selections for Dorena, OR, and (9) bulked forest run seedlots. Open-pollinated offspring from parents were inoculated each fall from 1987-1995, and infection spots were tallied the following spring. All seedling infection spot values were normalized to seedlings from a control tree, which were included in each inoculation. The progeny from bulk seedlots and the Texada phenotype were significantly more spotted than the other phenotypes. The least spotted families (top 1/6) were predominantly from the standard, cankered, and bark-reaction phenotypes. Resistance of individual seedlings was detected by annual inspection and recording slow-canker-growth responses up to 7 yr post-inoculation. None of the progeny from bulk seedlots or the control exhibited slow canker growth. There was no significant difference among the progeny of the other eight parental phenotypes in the incidence of slow-canker-growth resistance. Of these eight, only normally cankered candidates failed to have any families rank in the top one-sixth for the most slow-canker-growth resistance. However, since the sample size was small for normally cankered, high cankered, and tolerant phenotype, the results are considered preliminarily. Since we consider slow-canker-growth resistance to be most useful, we recommended that future selection programs for parents include relaxed rule bark reaction and no lower branch phenotypes. West. J. Appl. For. 16(4):149-152.
Efficacy of Wolfin to Repel Black-Tailed Deer
Authors: Nolte Dale L. , Shipley Lisa A. , Wagner Kimberly K. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Deer and elk provide many desirable recreational opportunities but also can cause severe conflicts with humans. Excluding them from agricultural resources or from roadways is desirable, but fencing is expensive. A chemical barrier would offer a feasible alternative to reduce damage caused by deer. A series of three tests was conducted to assess whether black-tailed deer avoided areas treated with Wolfin, a synthetic predator odor. Wolfin failed to repel deer during any of these trials. We conclude that Wolfin, as applied within this study, is unlikely to reduce problems caused by free-ranging deer. West. J. Appl. For. 16(4):182-186.
Fertilization and Liming Effects on the Growth and Nutrition of Bareroot Jeffrey Pine Outplanted on an Eastern Sierra Nevada Surface Mine
Authors: Walker R.F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two controlled-release fertilizer formulations, High N 22-4-6 + Minors and Forestry Dry Site 21-6-2 + Minors, and dolomitic lime were evaluated for their capacity to enhance establishment and nutrition of bareroot Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) on an eastern Sierra Nevada surface mine. All amendments were applied at outplanting to the backfill of augered planting holes using a low rate of 8 g and a high rate of 16 g for the two fertilizers and a single 26 g rate for lime. Seedlings without fertilizer or lime served as the control treatment. Survival was unaffected by fertilization regardless of formulation and rate, while height, diameter, and volume growth were increased significantly after three growing seasons. The response to High N exceeded that to Dry Site, and the 16 g application was more stimulatory than 8 g. Liming decreased seedling survival and growth throughout the study. Fertilization increased N, P, and K foliar concentrations while depressing the concentrations of several micronutrients and Al. The influence of the lime amendment on seedling nutrition was sporadic and marginal. These results indicate that controlled-release fertilization at outplanting is a viable means of elevating seedling performance on eastern Sierra Nevada surface mines and similar harsh sites, while the liming approach used here was counterproductive to achieving reforestation objectives. West. J. Appl. For. 17(1):23–30.
Stand Responses Following Partial Cutting in Western Montana
Authors: Schwalm Christopher R. , Milner Kelsey S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forty-five permanent research installations were established on Champion International Corporation ownership throughout western Montana in 1984–1985. Plots were located in stands with recent harvest activity with a range of harvest intensity and site characteristics. Using increment core data and allometric relationships, the growth trajectories of individual trees were reconstructed. Some 15 yr after cutting, growth rates were similar to or greater than yield table estimates for naturally regenerated, even-aged stands on similar sites with similar volumes. The Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) (Inland Empire variant, version 6.1) generally underestimated dimensional increment on the study stands. Residuals of dimensional growth were decreased when using FVS's self-calibration feature. West. J. Appl. For. 17(1):37–45.
Water Requirements and Growth of Irrigated Hybrid Poplar in a Semi-Arid Environment in Eastern Oregon
Authors: Shock Clinton C. , Feibert Erik B.G. , Seddigh Majid , Saunders Lamont D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Potential growth of poplar (Populus deltoidesP. nigra.) is highly dependent on the amount of applied irrigation and soil moisture. Hybrid poplar (cultivar OP-367) was planted at 222 trees/ac in April 1997 at the Oregon State University Malheur Experiment Station near Ontario, OR. Six irrigation treatments included a combination of soil water potentials as thresholds for initiating irrigation and varying water application rates. Water was applied via micro-sprinklers installed along the tree rows. Results indicated that for optimum poplar growth, soil water potential at an 8 in. depth should average above -20 kPa (kPa = cbar) during the growing season. This was achieved by irrigating when the soil water potential reached -25 kPa and applying 21 ac-in./ac of irrigation water during the first year, 35 ac-in./ac during the second year, and 44 ac-in./ac during the third year. By the end of the third year, trees receiving optimum irrigation averaged 26 ft tall and produced 256 ft3 of wood/ac. West. J. Appl. For. 17(1):46–53.
Effect of Leader Clipping on Height Growth of Young Coastal Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii)
Authors: Sorensen Frank C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Leaders of 3- through 7-yr-old Douglas-fir seedlings were left unclipped or were clipped for 1 to 4 consecutive years. Terminal removal reduced height increment in a significantly linear fashion and was about 19 cm for each year clipped. All treatments had comparable height increment in the 4 yr after clipping, and the initial depressing effect on height was still present at age 23. Diameter increment was reduced but not significantly. West. J. Appl. For. 17(2):75–77
Adaptive Management in Outdoor Recreation: Serving Hispanics in Southern California
Authors: Chavez Deborah J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Traditional management approaches may not be applicable to ethnically diverse visitor populations; consequently, approaches to resource management may need to be changed. One approach, called adaptive management, is a technique that uses scientific information to help formulate management strategies and a process for continually improving management practices by learning from the outcomes of operational programs. This article describes the adaptive management process as it was used to serve Hispanic recreation visitors at the Applewhite Picnic Area (AWPA) on the San Bernardino National Forest in southern California. Three studies have been conducted at this site to gather information. AWPA managers used the data to renovate the picnic area and to provide management direction, and managers are currently implementing ideas based on the results of this study; these ideas include adding an art log, adding a sports area, and preventing trespass at the site. West. J. Appl. For. 17(3):129–133.
Effect of Root-Plug Incorporated Controlled-Release Fertilizer on Two-Year Growth and Survival of Planted Ponderosa Pine Seedlings
Authors: Moore James A. , Fan Zhaofei , Shafii Bahman 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Three controlled-release fertilizers (fast release [FR], moderate release [MR], and slow release [SR]) were incorporated in the root plug at rates of 0.8, 1.6, or 3.2 g/seedling at the time of sowing as supplements to nursery supplied soluble fertilizer. Effects on seedling growth, survival, and foliar nutrient status of the “160/90” container ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) were evaluated after outplanting. At the end of the second growing season, fertilized seedlings had significantly greater diameter and height than unfertilized seedlings. The 3.2 g of MR or SR fertilizer treatments produced significantly higher mortality (55 and 36%, respectively) than the controls. The fast release fertilizer included at a rate of 0.8 g in each seedling's container was the preferred treatment since it produced good survival and seedling growth response. A 2-yr growth response of about 25% was similar to that observed in a nearby study using adjacent placement of controlled-release fertilizer after planting ponderosa pine seedlings. West. J. Appl. For. 17(4):216–219.
Intra-Seasonal Changes in Height to Diameter Ratios for Lodgepole Pine in the Central Interior of British Columbia
Authors: Opio Christopher , van Diest Kona , Jacob Norman 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Height to diameter ratio (HDR) has been proposed as an alternative to conventional procedures for assessing competition between crop trees and other vegetation. Yet HDRs vary throughout the growing season due to variations in the rate of change in height and diameter. There is an interest, therefore, in determining variations in HDR within a growing season (intra-seasonal changes) and the time of the year when measurements of HDR should be taken for operational purposes. HDR measurements were taken on five occasions at two lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) sites in the central interior of British Columbia, from early May to late October through the 1999 growing season. Although the focus of the article is the investigation of intra-seasonal changes in HDR, we also compared August 1999 measurements with August 1998 measurements to determine the variation in HDR between growing seasons (inter-seasonal change). The study involved a completely randomized, one-factor experimental design, with replication over time. The removal of competing vegetation (known as brushing) was the factor. The design consisted of four levels of brushing, replicated three times on each study site. The results indicated that HDRs increased from early May to July and then decreased until October to levels equal to or lower than those obtained in August 1998. The highest HDR values were observed in control plots. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures indicated that treatment (brushing radius) and date of HDR measurement had significant (P < 0.05) effects on the intra-seasonal changes in HDR. The results suggest that HDR measurements should be taken either after mid-August, or before mid-May when changes in HDR are negligible. West. J. Appl. For.18(1):52–59.
Understory Vegetation and Ectomycorrhizal Sporocarp Diversity Response to Pine Regeneration Methods in Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Valdés María , Córdova Juan , Gómez Martín , Fierros Aurelio M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study was carried out over a period of 3 yr in three stands of Pinus oaxacana in Oaxaca, Mexico. Our objective was to determine if pine regeneration, understory vegetation, and ectomycorrhizal (EM) sporocarps respond to increasing levels of site disturbance 5 yr after application of silvicultural treatments. Numbers of pine seedlings, trees, shrubs, and herbs, and numbers and richness of EM sporocarps were assessed in a control stand, a thinned stand, and a thinned and controlled burn stand.
The thinned stand without slash burning (Seed Tree) had twice as many pine seedlings compared to the thinned and burned stand (Seed Tree with Burning). The number of shrubs was about twice as great in the treated stands compared to the control. The number of herbs in the control stand was twice that of the Seed Tree stand and four times that of the Seed Tree with Burning stand. Succulent plants were present in low numbers in the control stand and were not found in the treated stands.
The structure of the EM community was evaluated by identifying the sporocarps and sclerotia. Abundance and richness of fungi did not differ among stands, but species composition was significantly different. Cenococcum geophilum, Laccaria laccata, Russula emetica and Lactarius crysorheus species were common in all three stands. Although L. laccata was present in the three stands, the number of sporocarps decreased with increased disturbance. Sporocarps of some EM species were found only in the control stand (e.g., Clavariadelphus truncatus, Craterellus fallax, Helvella crispa, Hydnum repandum) and others only in the treated stands (e.g., Amanita gemmata, Lactarius chrysorheus, L. volemus). West. J. Appl. For. 18(2):101–108.
Germination, Establishment, and Mortality of Naturally Seeded Southwestern Ponderosa Pine
Authors: Stein Steven J. , Kimberling Diana N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Information on the mortality factors affecting naturally seeded conifer seedlings is becoming increasingly important to forest managers for both economic and ecological reasons. Mortality factors affecting ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seedlings immediately following natural germination and through the following year were monitored in Northern Arizona. The four major mortality factors in temporal order included the failure of roots to establish in the soil (27%), herbivory by lepidopteran larvae (28%), desiccation (30%), and winterkill (10%). These mortality factors were compared among seedlings germinating in three different overstory densities and an experimental water treatment. Seedlings that were experimentally watered experienced greater mortality than natural seedlings due to herbivory (40%), nearly as much mortality due to the failure of roots to establish in the soil (20%), less mortality due to winterkill (5%), and no mortality due to desiccation. The seedling mortality data through time were summarized using survivorship curves and life tables. Our results suggest that managers should consider using prescribed burns to decrease the percentage of seedlings that die from failure of their roots to reach mineral soil and from attack by lepidopteran larvae. West. J. Appl. For. 18(2):109–114.
A Survey of Douglas-fir Dwarf Mistletoe Brooms Used for Nests by Northern Spotted Owls on the Applegate Ranger District and Ashland Resource Area in Southwest Oregon
Authors: Marshall Katy , Mamone Mario , Barclay Rick 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A survey was done to provide forest managers in southwest Oregon with information about characteristics of Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium douglasii) brooms used for nests by northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis var. caurina). Data were collected on 35 nest brooms and nest trees. Site, stand, and mistletoe data were collected in variable-radius plots in a 20 ac area around 11 of the nest trees. On average, half the nest trees' crowns were occupied by brooms. Douglas-fir trees in variable radius plots immediately surrounding the nest trees were more heavily infected than trees in neighboring plots. The majority of owl nests were in Type 2 and 3 brooms. Few nests were in Type 1 brooms even though they were the most common broom type. The majority of nests were in brooms in the lower third of the tree crowns and on the lower to middle third of the slope. Survey results were used to make recommendations for managing infected trees and stands for current and replacement spotted owl nest habitat in the survey area. West. J. Appl. For. 18(2):115–117.
Growth and Volume of Emory Oak Coppice 10 Years After Thinning: A Case Study in Southeastern Arizona
Authors: Ffolliott Peter F. , Farah Mohamud H. , Gottfried Gerald J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Effects of stump diameter and thinning treatments at different ages of Emory oak (Quercus emoryi) coppice (stump-sprouts) are described in terms of growth and volume of the stump-sprouts 10 yr after the thinning treatments were applied. Growth and volume of the residual stump sprouts depend largely on the number of sprouts left after thinning; the effects of stump diameter were inconsistent. Harvesting cycles for fuelwood and other wood products obtained from stump-sprouts can be shortened through coppice thinning. Structural diversity following earlier harvesting and future wood production in oak woodlands dominated by Emory oak are “optimized” by retaining three stump-sprouts after thinning. West. J. Appl. For. 18(2):77–80.
Severing Red Alder: Timing the Cut to Achieve the Best Mortality
Authors: Belz Douglas 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The best time to cut red alder varies. Mortality shifts across regional zones. The most effective time to cut is not determined by calendar date, but instead depends on environmental, biological, and physical factors that affect initial budbreak and potential mortality. Several trials and continuing observations lead the author to believe air temperature and seasonal moisture, along with carbohydrate reserve, are the more potent influences. These influences affect the time to begin cutting, how long cutting can continue, when cutting should stop, and the degree of mortality. Monitoring budbreak date and moisture patterns can be used to determine a favorable window of opportunity that will produce 50% or higher mortality on the cut red alder. The cutting window can be used across wide geoclimatic zones with good success. West. J. Appl. For. 18(3):199–201.
A Comparison of Wildlife Use in Broomed and Unbroomed Ponderosa Pine Trees in Northern Arizona
Authors: Mathiasen Robert L. , Garnett Gregg N. , Chambers Carol L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Dwarf mistletoe infections often induce structures known as witches' brooms that may provide an important wildlife habitat element. We compared evidence of wildlife use in broomed and unbroomed ponderosa pine trees at 12 mistletoe-infested sites in northern Arizona. We systematically sampled 12 broomed and unbroomed trees on each site (n = 144 broomed and 144 unbroomed trees) by climbing and inspecting each tree to document evidence of wildlife use. Broomed trees were used more frequently than unbroomed trees for wildlife activities including foraging/caching, nesting, and roosting/resting sites. We observed evidence of use by Abert squirrel (Sciurus aberti), porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum), and passerine birds in witches' brooms. Of the 226 brooms we examined, 23% (n = 52) contained evidence of wildlife use. Mammal use was found in 80% (n = 42) of the brooms and of these, 39 were used by Abert squirrel. We recommend that management agencies consider retaining some of these broomed trees to provide habitat for wildlife. West. J. Appl. For. 19(1):42–46.
The Effects of Fire on Recreation Demand in Montana
Authors: Hesseln Hayley , Loomis John B. , González-Cabán Armando 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Wildfire and prescribed fire have the potential to affect user demand and value for recreation, making such information important to the decision-making process for fire managers. However, such information is not always readily available. We conducted surveys on 22 sites within four national forests in western Montana to determine fire effects on recreation demand for hiking and biking, and net economic benefits to visitors. Net value per trip for hikers was $37. There was no statistical difference for consumer surplus between hiking and biking. Although there were differences in existing visitation between hikers and bikers, there were no statistical differences between the two groups as a result of fire effects. We found that hikers' demand decreased slightly in areas recovering from crown fire and increased in areas recovering from prescribed fire. Bikers' response to both types of fire was the opposite of hikers; for example, bikers showed a slight decrease in annual trips as areas recovered from prescribed fire. Individual value per trip was unaffected by both wild and prescribed fire for both activity groups. Although our recreation demand shifts in response to fire were statistically significant, the magnitude of the predicted changes in demand were not substantial from a managerial perspective suggesting that recreation users in Montana are not affected by fire characteristics resulting from prescribed burns or crown fires. Demand, however, decreased by both user groups as area burned increased and the amount of burn viewed from trails increased, suggesting that the size and extent of burns do affect visitation. West. J. Appl. For. 19(1):47–53.
Use of Wood Waste in Rehabilitation of Landings Constructed on Fine-Textured Soils, Central Interior British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Sanborn Paul , Bulmer Chuck , Coopersmith Dave 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Rehabilitation of temporary landings and roads constructed on fine-textured Alfisols must ameliorate poor soil structure, high bulk densities, and greatly reduced organic matter. A long-term field experiment in the central interior of British Columbia (BC) was begun in 1995 to compare soil properties and seedling growth on landings rehabilitated with three operationally feasible treatments: (1) incorporation of waste wood chips (140 t/ha, oven-dry basis), supplemented with 600 kg N/ha; (2) subsoiling; and (3) shallow tillage combined with recovery and spreading of topsoil. After 4 years, soil bulk density at 7–14 cm depth was lowest in the chip incorporation treatment. Although total C, N, and S, and mineralizable N concentrations were highest in the topsoil recovery treatment, the chip incorporation treatment had the highest 3-year growth rates of hybrid white spruce (Picea glauca × engelmannii). Foliar analyses indicated that macro- and micronutrient concentrations were generally adequate, with only S and Mg being of concern. Establishment of paper birch (Betula papyrifera) did not succeed due to severe rodent damage to seedlings, perhaps encouraged by rapid and dense revegetation by seeded agronomic legumes. Silviculturists should consider treatments involving incorporation of chipped wood wastes, with appropriate supplementary N fertilization, in rehabilitation of access structures on fine-textured soils in the BC central interior. West. J. Appl. For. 19(3):175–183.