bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Incidental Thermal Performance Improvements of a Historic Timber-Framed Building in Central Hereford
Authors: Whitman Christopher J 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
As we strive to decarbonise our historic built environment, a balance must be struck between technical, aesthetic, philosophical and economic concerns. Compromises must be made and opportunities seized. At the same time, evaluation allows us to assess decisions previously made and reflect on their outcomes. This paper presents the evaluation of the refurbishment of The Old Mayor’s Parlour, Church Street, Hereford, a historic timber-framed building now used as a gallery and exhibition space. The conservation work undertaken was not specifically envisioned as an energy retrofit, however the necessary replacement of failing concrete block infill, the legacy of a 1970s renovation, allowed improvements to be made to the thermal performance of the external envelope. Environmental monitoring and digital simulation have been used to assess the impact of these interventions. In situ U-value measurements show the success of the replacement infill panels and associated internal lining, although digital energy simulations suggest a limited improvement to the building’s overall energy efficiency. At the same time thermography suggests a potential threat of increased condensation risk to the uninsulated ornate 17th century plaster ceiling. The results of this paper show the risk of unintended consequences and the challenges faced by sustainable building conservation.
Renovation activities by home-owners. Analysis of energy and non-energy renovation activities and possible connections
Authors: Gepts B , Nuyts E , Verbeeck G 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In order to achieve a sustainable built environment by 2050, the European building stock needs to be retrofitted. Also in Belgium, with 75% of the residential buildings built before 1980, deep energy renovation is stimulated. The Flemish government premises long term goals for the energy performance of the existing building stock in the Renovation Pact (2014). To be able to monitor the progress and effectiveness of the Renovation Pact, knowledge of the actual renovation rate is indispensable. Since years, a renovation rate of 0.7% to 1% is communicated as an argument that renovation should be stimulated. However, there is little empirical evidence for this figure and how it reflects the actual energy renovation activity. Furthermore, non-energy renovation activities are considered as possible gate for home owners towards energy renovation, but little is known about these renovation activities. Since 2013, a yearly survey is done by Essencia Marketing, a marketing agency specialized in the construction sector, on the renovation activity of Belgian households. A representative sample of 1000 households indicates their renovation activity in the previous year through an online questionnaire on structural works (façade, wall, roof, etc.), technical works (HVAC, electricity, etc.) and energetic works (insulation, windows, etc.). For the period 2012-2018, the results show that each year almost 2,1% undertakes a deep energy renovation activity (excluding decorative works). To better estimate the energy renovation activity in Belgium, the paper will firstly discuss the different types of renovation works home-owners execute, and determine the share of energy related renovations. This will be confronted with official statistics on (energy) renovation. Then the non-energy renovation activity will be discussed to determine the share of renovations that could serve as a gate to promote deep energy renovation. This could inform policy makers on policy actions to stimulate combined renovations.
Scoping Low-Cost Measures to Nowcast Sub-Hourly Solar Radiations for Buildings
Authors: Chen L , Du H , Li Y 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Solar energy, as a clear, renewable and promising resource, has brought tremendous value for carbon emission reduction in the last three decades. However, the uncertainty of solar radiation brings significant challenges to the renewable heat and electrical system for buildings. Thus, many different solar radiation forecasting methods, such as Numerical Weather Prediction Methods (NWP), Statistical Methods, Top-Down Methods, Bottom-Up Methods and Hybrid Methods have been developed to make the best guess on future solar radiations. Based on the meteorology definition, nowcasting refers to the forecast of the temporal horizon from the next few seconds up to six hours. Predicting solar radiation within this range are extremely challenging, but crucial for solar energy system operation. This paper firstly reviewed the state of art of solar radiation forecasting methods and compared the key features of each method. According to the advantage and costs of each method, this paper then proposed a methodology to generate high accuracy low-cost solar radiation nowcast data for optimising building solar thermal system performance and related control strategies. Note that this paper focused on the scoping study of methodology rather than field experiments, and further research with experiments data will be reported in a journal publication.
The Influence of Urban Green Systems on the Urban Heat Island Effect in London
Authors: Taher Hashem , Elsharkawy Heba , Newport Darryl 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Urban areas are typically warmer than rural ones. This is mainly due to denser configuration dominated by impermeable surfaces such as buildings and roads, compared to rural areas which are less densely built and mainly dominated by open spaces. Rapid urban expansion in dense cities bares direct impact on surface and air temperature patterns within street canyons; a phenomena which is known as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. Thus, several UK city councils such as Birmingham, Manchester, and London have started to develop strategies aiming at enhancing urban green systems (UGS) through trees, green walls and green roofs. Some of those strategies include considering the green space factor, and increasing green areas within the cities to improve street canyon microclimate and reduce UHI. The Mayor of London has adopted a strategy for London 2050 aspiring to transform it to be the greenest city in the world by increasing the green areas up to 50%. This paper investigates the influence of increasing the UGS percentage which is considered as a key solution to mitigate UHI effect which will, in turn, provide thermally comfortable outdoor environments for pedestrians. The investigation is undertaken by comparing the morphology of precincts and streets in relation to air temperature, mean radiant temperature and surface temperature within Oxford Street canyons in London city centre; being one of the world’s busiest streets. The results from this research demonstrate that different UGS interventions with varying percentage are required depending on particular canyon orientations and geometries. The study found that, in general, more trees would have significant thermal comfort effect followed by living façade, while high albedo pavement (HAP) came last. However, HAP had high influence on improving thermal comfort in North-South orientated streets with minor variance to trees and living facades which, changing their percentage levels was insignificant.
Design of Earthship for Climate Conditions in Macedonia
Authors: Samardzioska Todorka , Salih Nena , Grujoska Vesna , Jovanoska Milica 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe Earthship, as a sustainable nearly zero house, built of natural and recycled materials, represents one of the solutions for the numerous environmental issues. A specific location is chosen by the Lake Ohrid in Macedonia. The house is designed for a single family, with dimensions and materials selected according to recommendations in the literature. It is not connected to the public infrastructural network, reducing its dependence on public services and the use of fossil fuels. It is built of natural and recycled materials, having thermal solar heating and cooling, collection and storage of rain water, controlled wastewater treatment, power from sun or wind and food self-production. Static and dynamic analysis has been performed and stability in this highly seismic region is confirmed, followed by the analysis of the energy efficiency and bill of quantities. This design meets the passive house criteria and the planned investment is considerably lower in comparison to a passive house built of “standard” building materials. The potential benefits of this designed Earthship might have an impact in the future building construction and architecture in Macedonia, especially for suburbs. They might help raise people’s awareness of the benefits of sustainable architecture: reduction of the greenhouse gas emission, saving fresh water reserves by harvesting rainwater and reusing it as grey water, controlling the micro climate of the suburban areas by using energy efficient materials and choosing the right location for building.
Growing Greener: Creating a New Values-based Environmental Engagement Toolkit for SME Intermediaries
Authors: Hampton Sam , Blundel Richard , Fawcett Tina , Shaw Chris 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper explores a radically different way of facilitating energy and environmental initiatives in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In terms of energy policy, smaller firms in Europe are exempted from most of the major fiscal and regulatory mechanisms that are applied to larger organisations. Policies to reduce energy demand and associated carbon emissions in SMEs are largely based on providing incentives, such as face-to-face support and grants for energy efficiency in buildings. Energy advisors are therefore key intermediaries, providing advice and encouraging the uptake of low carbon technologies and practices by SMEs.
Previous studies have found that advisors often find it difficult to engage effectively with SME owners and managers, and that traditional ‘win-win’ messaging can have limited impact, resulting in implementation problems such as under-investment in energy-saving technologies, reluctance to adopt new environmental practices, and a tendency to revert to previous ways of operating once the incentive is removed. Recent research also suggests that SME owners’ and managers’ personal values play an important mediating role in their response to environmental issues, acting in combination with more established factors such as educational background, access to resources and the views of customers and suppliers. The implication is that policy interventions in this area could be delivered in more cost-effective ways if accompanied by a more nuanced, values-based approach to engagement.
This paper reports findings from ‘Growing Greener’ a UK multi-disciplinary project that aims to equip advisors and other types of intermediary with the skills, knowledge and understanding they need in order to incorporate a values-based approach into their existing interactions with SMEs. It opens with an overview of the policy context and a brief overview of the relevant research literature.
The main section explains how the research team co-produced a values-based engagement toolkit in conjunction with a group of energy advisors and external specialists. The design process included a series of facilitated ‘narrative workshops’, where advisors shared their experiences and experimented with early versions of the engagement tools. This is followed by an outline of the completed engagement ‘toolkit’, which includes free-to-access online course, a communication guide and an interactive engagement tool. These three inter-related components are designed to help advisors to engage SMEs beyond a narrow, cost-benefit framework, and in turn help SME owners and managers to connect low carbon choices with the personal and business values that are important to them as individuals.
Our findings indicate the potential for more effective, longer-lasting interventions beyond the low hanging fruit of building efficiency measures.
Atomistic simulations of hydrogen and carbon segregation in α-iron grain boundaries
Authors: Hamza Mohamed H , Hendy Mohamed A , Hatem Tarek M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
During material deformation, the coincidence site lattice (CSL) grain boundaries (GBs) are exhibiting deviations from their ideal lattice structure. Hence, this will change the atomic structural integrity by generating full and partial dislocation joints on the ideal CSL boundaries. In this analysis, the ideal Σ5 (310) GB structures and its angular deviations in
α
-iron within the limit of Brandon criterion, in order to conserve the dislocation core structure, will be studied in depth using molecular statics simulations. Firstly, the hydrogen and carbon atoms energetics within the GBs core structure and their free surfaces are calculated. Then Rice-Wang cohesive structure model is applied to compute the embrittlement/strengthening effect of the solute atoms on the ideal and deviated GB structures. Hydrogen showed significant embrittlement and degradation in the mechanical properties of
α
-iron, while carbon showed a desirable atomic strengthening effect.
Multi-sensory data fusion for high performance attitude estimation
Authors: Hanafi Mohamed E , Abozied Mohammed A H , Elhalwagy Yehia Z , Elfarouk Ahmed Omar 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this paper, attitude angles estimation utilizing low power consumption and efficient approaches will be focused on. The trade-off between power consumption and efficiency is a leading factor in enhancing the overall performance of the navigation system in most of the autonomous system applications, so Complementary and Mahony filters as accelerometer, gyro, and magnetometer data fusion algorithms with high performance and less computation complexity are utilized. A real time implementation for Complementary and Mahony filters was achieved using raw data from Vector NAV VN-100 IMU.Estimated Euler angels using each filter were compared with Euler angels from Vector NAV VN-100 which are estimated using Kalman filter. A comparative study was carried out for analyzing the performance of each algorithm. The study presented that the Complementary filter introduces better efficiency than Mahony filter in case of stationary situations and steady flight. On the other hand, Mahony filter presents better efficiency than Complementary filter in case of motion and high dynamics.
Fuzzy estimation of the mean for electric load consumption based on different algorithms
Authors: Nigm Khaled Abu-Bakr , Elsherif Ahmed K , Ismail Ahmed Salah 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Five new fuzzy algorithms for estimating the mean have been presented. First, we provide the estimation of the mean with considering the given data is crisp and standard deviation parameter is known and defined as triangular fuzzy number (TFN). Second, the algorithm will be defined by considering the data is a TFN and standard deviation parameter is known and crisp. Third, by combining first and second algorithms and considering both the data and standard deviation parameter are TFNs. Fourth, the same of the third algorithm but considering standard deviation parameter is unknown. Fifth, an estimation for the mean has been provided by considering both data and standard deviation parameter are crisp, and the membership function of the mean has been calculated by the means of confidence interval for different significance levels. Then, the advantages and disadvantage of using fuzzy algorithms have been presented. Finally, the calculation for the mean power consumed for an electric load in a certain compound inside Cairo for one month will be calculated based on fuzzy data and parameter.
Factors affecting stress distribution in wind turbine blade
Authors: Elsherif Diaaeldin M , Abd El-Wahab Ayman A , Abdellatif Mohamed Hazem 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this study three factors affecting stress distribution in horizontal axis wind turbine blade are studied using ANSYS Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) simulation. The first factor is the cross-section of the wind turbine blade which is selected to be an airfoil. The second factor is the twist angle of the blade while the third factor is the material. A study of two different airfoils is made for three different blades’ twist angles and two different materials to obtain the results of total deformation, stress distribution and maximum equivalent stress (von-Mises) along the blade length. This study emphasizes the importance of a multi-disciplinary research where computer, mechanics, and materials engineering are involved. The fields Computational Mechanics, Mechanical Design and Materials Engineering are used in the analysis of wind turbine blade in this study. Also understanding in depth the stress distribution in wind turbine blades could improve the design of wind turbines and lessen the cost of the clean wind energy.
Mechanical and corrosion behaviour of conventional and high-speed remote scanner laser welding for duplex stainless steel: A comparative study
Authors: Khier Mahmoud Abu El , El-Aziz Ahmed M , Exner Horest 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
High-speed remote scanner laser-welding is a relatively new technique that is being tried out at the Mittweida Laser institute to weld stainless steel sheets of high thicknesses; the material used was (1.4462) 8mm thick. For comparison, the material was welded also by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) or TIG. The welding processes were evaluated by several testing techniques; mechanical testing using (tensile testing and hardness). Optical microscopy was employed to investigate the phase changes and weld defects inside the material. Scanning electron Microscope investigated the grain size before and after weld with the precipitate. Electrochemical corrosion testing was used to evaluate the corrosion behaviour of the weld zone. For each experiment, base metal and heat affected zone (HAZ) have been selected. Microstructure investigation of HAZ revealed the formation of finer microstructures with different grain boundaries due to the melting and the resolidification of the base metal and extensive microstructure changes inside the materials. In comparison to TIG, many weld defects were observed and carbide precipitations formed at the grain boundaries. Hardness measurements revealed that hardness increases towards the centre of both laser and TIG. Tensile testing revealed that the weld has the potential to have very high strength approaching that of the original material, particularly for laser welding. Measuring corrosion rates shows that the welded material is more susceptible to corrosion and to pitting, the pitting potential was estimated reflecting higher pitting resistance for base metal than laser and TIG weld respectively, thus can be explained due to the formation of precipitates of carbide and ferrite particularly for TIG Weldament.
Hyperspectral imaging and analysis of swirling flames issued from two and four slots circumferential burners
Authors: Saad A. A. , Abdulnaim A. M. , Ibrahim M. M. , Emara A. A. , Moneib H. A. , Ayoub H. S. , El-Sherif Ashraf F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A spectroscopy and visual investigation for turbulent swirling flames formed by four-circumferential swirling turbojet EV in comparison with a two-circumferential swirling air entries configuration burner using hyper spectral camera. The special design of the EV-burner guarantees flame stabilization at the burner exit by a recirculation of hot gases and entrained fresh reactance mixture. A recirculation zone (vortex breakdown) can be generated when a sufficient strong swirling flow exist. The main parameter of combustion diagnostics based on optical devices is the flame itself, whose spectrum is closely related to the process state, as a fingerprint of the instantaneous operational condition, in terms of energetic yield, fuel consumption and pollutants emissions. The hyperspectral imaging technique in the aspect of flame analysis to give a complete description for the flame zones behavior and distribution of reactions through the whole flame. The spectral peaks for issued flames have been studied to give complete vision for the effect of changing the equivalence ratio and different burner arrangement four and two circumferential swirling entries.
Estimating uncertainties for the driving torque in continuous flight Augur machine during space sampling drilling operation
Authors: Abdeldayem Mohamed A A , Mabrouk Mohamed H , Abo_Elnor Mootaz 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Auger drilling operation is considered as one of the ideal ways for space sampling as it depends on a dry drilling method. This study represents a measurement uncertainty model for the driving torque in Continuous Flight Augur machine during soil drilling operation. The measuring system is established to provide a simple way for driving torque measurement that involves the usage of a combination of different sensors. A simple data acquisition software is resolved using Labview® software package. This program enables displaying and recording the directly measured data mainly from transducers. Type-A and type-B uncertainties are estimated in detail for measuring results. The two different types are combined to evaluate the deviation of readings resulted from several sources. The overall system accuracy for the drilling torque is derived from estimating uncertainties of the measured torque. An error bar is provided for each reading to indicate the possible deviation with 95 % level of confidence. Uncertainty detailed calculation for the driving torque in Continuous Flight Auger machine during drilling operation is computed as a function of the directly measured values.
A generic analytical formula for range side-lobes cancellation filters in pulse compression phase coded waveforms
Authors: Metwally Ibrahim M , Elbardawiny Abd El Rahman H , Ahmed Fathy M , Fahim Hazem Z 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Pulse Compression (PC) is applied in radar systems to enhance range resolution and simultaneously preserve a high duty cycle. PC phase coded radars suffer from unwanted side-lobes at the Matched Filter (MF) output which may mask weak nearby signals. Different methods have been applied to deal with this problem. Each method is designed and applied particularly for certain phase coded signal. In this paper, a generic mathematical formula for a Side-Lobe Cancelling (SLC) Optimum Filter (OP-F) in phase coded pulse compression waveforms is presented. The derived filter followed the MF and can be applied to any type of phase coded signals with any length. The validity of the derived formula is verified for Barker, polyBarker and polyphase coded signals. The enhanced detection performance of the OP-F over MF alone is verified though receiver detection curves. Also, Implementation issues of the OP-F in either time and frequency domain are discussed.
Design and validation of a sliding mode disturbance observer-based control for a CubesSat nano-satellite
Authors: Hassan Amr M. , ElBadawy Ayman A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Cubesat-class nanosatellites are characterized by their inexpensive cost of manufacturing and launch; thus, have gained a lot of interest in research recently. An actuator model for the three Magnetorquers and three reaction wheels is derived, as well as the kinematical and dynamical model of the Cubesat, for implementing an Attitude Determination and Control System (ADCS). Two different control approaches are investigated. Firstly, a Quaternion Feedback (QF) algorithm is derived and applied to assess the response of the system. Furthermore, a Sliding Mode Disturbance Observer-Based Control (SMDO) is implemented to achieve robustness against the un-modeled dynamics represented in the high coupling between the reaction wheels and the satellite dynamics. The SMDO controller has reduced the oscillations in the states response as well as the stabilization time in comparison to the QF controller. Finally, the effectiveness of SMDO has shown a significant decrease in the control effort compared to conventional sliding mode control.