bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thirty‐year risk of ischemic stroke in individuals with sickle cell trait and modification by chronic kidney disease: The atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study
Authors: Caughey Melissa C. , Derebail Vimal K. , Key Nigel S. , Reiner Alexander P. , Gottesman Rebecca F. , Kshirsagar Abhijit V. , Heiss Gerardo 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSickle cell trait (SCT) has been associated with hypercoagulability, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and ischemic stroke. Whether concomitant CKD modifies long‐term ischemic stroke risk in individuals with SCT is uncertain. We analyzed data from 3602 genotyped black adults (female = 62%, mean baseline age = 54 years) who were followed for a median 26 years by the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Ischemic stroke was verified by physician review. Associations between SCT and ischemic stroke were analyzed using repeat‐events Cox regression, adjusted for potential confounders. SCT was identified in 236 (7%) participants, who more often had CKD at baseline than noncarriers (18% vs 13%, P = .02). Among those with CKD, elevated factor VII activity was more prevalent with SCT genotype (36% vs 22%; P = .05). From 1987‐2017, 555 ischemic strokes occurred in 436 individuals. The overall hazard ratio of ischemic stroke associated with SCT was 1.31 (95% CI: 0.95‐1.80) and was stronger in participants with concomitant CKD (HR = 2.18; 95% CI: 1.16‐4.12) than those without CKD (HR = 1.09; 95% CI: 0.74‐1.61); P for interaction = .04. The hazard ratio of composite ischemic stroke and/or death associated with SCT was 1.20 (95% CI: 1.01‐1.42) overall, 1.44 (95% CI: 1.002‐2.07) among those with CKD, and 1.15 (95% CI: 0.94‐1.39) among those without CKD; P for interaction = .18. The long‐term risk of ischemic stroke associated with SCT relative to noncarrier genotype appears to be modified by concomitant CKD.
Maintenance therapy in AML: The past, the present and the future
Authors: Molica Matteo , Breccia Massimo , Foa Roberto , Jabbour Elias , Kadia Tapan M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCurative treatment in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) depends on successful induction therapy to achieve a complete remission (CR), and subsequent post‐remission therapy to prevent relapse. High relapse rates after consolidation therapy and after allogeneic stem cell transplant contribute to suboptimal outcomes in AML patients, and continue to represent a difficult challenge. Effective maintenance therapy could play an important role in prolonging the remission interval in the post‐consolidation setting, especially in high risk AML patients. Maintenance treatment approaches based on conventional chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hypomethylating agents, and targeted small molecules have been explored in this setting, but no data so far have been convincing enough to establish this approach as the standard of care. However, ongoing and future studies including novel targeted therapies may demonstrate promising efficacy that could facilitate incorporation of maintenance therapy into clinical practice. In this review we summarize previous and ongoing approaches of maintenance therapy in AML and discuss the most promising strategies.
Ligand‐Free FeCl2‐Catalyzed α‐Alkylation of Ketones with Alcohols
Authors: Ibrahim Jessica Juweriah , Reddy C. Bal , Zhang Shaochun , Yang Yong 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn this study, we present a facile, cost‐effective and expedient hydrogen‐borrowing strategy to perform α‐alkylation of ketones with primary alcohols using FeCl2 as the catalyst. A set of both ketones and alcohols could be efficiently alkylated to produce their corresponding ketones in good to high yields.
An isotopic study of dietary diversity in formative period Ancachi/Quillagua, Atacama Desert, northern Chile
Authors: Pinder Danielle M. , Gallardo Francisco , Cabello Gloria , Torres‐Rouff Christina , Pestle William J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo characterize the paleodiet of individuals from Formative Period (1500 B.C.–A.D. 400) Atacama Desert sites of Ancachi and Quillagua as a means of understanding the dietary and cultural impacts of regional systems of exchange.Materials and methodsThirty‐one bone samples recovered from the cemetery of Ancachi (02QU175) and in/around the nearby town of Quillagua were the subject of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of bone collagen and hydroxyapatite and multisource mixture modeling (FRUITS, food reconstruction using isotopic transferred signals) of paleodiet. These individuals were compared with nearly 200 other Formative Period individuals from throughout the region to identify differences in dietary behaviors.Results80.6% (25/31) of the samples yielded sufficient well‐preserved collagen and were included in the multisource mixture model. The FRUITS model, which compared individuals with a robust database of available foods from the region, identified a wide diversity of diets in the Ancachi/Quillagua area (including both coastal and interior individuals), and, most notably, thirteen individuals who consumed an average of 11.2 ± 1.9% terrestrial animals, 19.8 ± 1.9% legumes, and 22.5 ± 3.1% marine fauna, a balanced pattern of protein consumption distinct from both the coastal and inland individuals in our larger regional sample.ConclusionsThe combination of stable isotope analysis and multisource mixture modeling permitted the characterization of dietary behavior of 25 individuals from nodal sites in the Atacama Desert, thus enhancing our understanding of the economic and social relationships that bound together Formative Period sites, populations, and individuals in this hyperarid region.
Design of continuous contacting countercurrent unit operations: An approach based on the usage of orthogonal collocation and Matlab
Authors: Garma Raoudha , Binous Housam , Dhaouadi Hatem , Bellagi Ahmed 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA counter‐current set‐up is preferred to its co‐current counterpart because substantial improvement in the performance of the unit operation is achieved. Hence, proper design of countercurrent unit operations is a fundamental part of any undergraduate chemical engineering curriculum. The governing equations, derived from material and/or energy balance equations around a continuous‐contact counter‐current unit consist of at least two coupled differential equations where the independent variable is either position or area. Such problems also involve limit conditions at both edges of the unit. In the present paper, we demonstrate that these mathematical problems are readily solved by the orthogonal collocation technique despite their seemingly mathematical complexity especially to undergraduate chemical engineering students. Our approach is applied to following four case studies: (a) countercurrent heat exchanger, (b) gas‐liquid absorption in a packed column, (c) water cooling tower and finally (d) gas permeation using dense membranes. One advantage of the method lays in the fact that both (a) the size of the equipment (eg, height of the gas‐liquid contactor, area of the separation membrane or heat exchanger…) and (b) the compositions and/or temperature profiles are obtained simultaneously in a single fast and easy calculation. These computations always involve a discretization step based on collocation points. This discretization transforms the differential equations into a set of nonlinear algebraic equation, which is readily solved using the ubiquitous command (ie, fsolve) of Matlab®.
Inflammatory markers in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Effects of advanced liver disease
Authors: Sellers Cortlandt M. , Uhlig Johannes , Ludwig Johannes M. , Stein Stacey M. , Kim Hyun S. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundTo investigate the neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and systemic immune‐inflammation index (SII) as prognostic biomarkers in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) with a focus on viral hepatitis and liver status.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, patients from the institutional cancer registry with ICC from 2005 to 2016 were stratified by treatment group. Baseline inflammatory markers were dichotomized at the median. Overall survival (OS) was assessed via Kaplan‐Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard models. Multiple patient, liver, and tumor factors were included in the multivariable analysis (MVA).ResultsAbout 131 patients (median age 65 years, 52% male, 76% Caucasian) had a median OS of 13.0 months. Resection/interventional oncology with/without systemic therapy had improved survival vs systemic therapy alone in Child‐Pugh A patients (P < 0.01). In Child‐Pugh B/C patients, this survival difference became nonsignificant (P = 0.22). Increased NLR and SII were associated with decreased survival (P < 0.01), while dichotomized PLR was not (P = 0.3). On MVA, increased NLR remained an independent prognostic factor (HR 1.6, P < 0.05). In Child‐Pugh class A (n = 94), low‐NLR had higher OS vs high‐NLR (25.4 vs 12.2 months, P < 0.01). In Child‐Pugh class B/C (n = 28), NLR did not have a significant effect on median OS (low‐ vs high‐NLR: 6.7 vs 2.9 months, P = 0.2). Child‐Pugh class acted as an effect modifier on MVA for NLR (P = 0.0124).ConclusionsThe NLR has a stronger impact as a prognostic marker in ICC over the PLR and SII. This survival effect is decreased in advanced liver disease.
Characterization of an Orphan Type III Polyketide Synthase Conserved in Uncultivated “Entotheonella” Sponge Symbionts
Authors: Reiter Silke , Cahn Jackson K. B. , Wiebach Vincent , Ueoka Reiko , Piel Jörn 
Published: August 2019

AbstractUncultivated bacterial symbionts from the candidate genus “Entotheonella” have been shown to produce diverse natural products previously attributed to their sponge hosts. In addition to these known compounds, “Entotheonella” genomes contain rich sets of biosynthetic gene clusters that lack identified natural products. Among these is a small type III polyketide synthase (PKS) cluster, one of only three clusters present in all known “Entotheonella” genomes. This conserved “Entotheonella” PKS (cep) cluster encodes the type III PKS CepA and the putative methyltransferase CepB. Herein, the characterization of CepA as an enzyme involved in phenolic lipid biosynthesis is reported. In vitro analysis showed a specificity for alkyl starter substrates and the production of tri‐ and tetraketide pyrones and tetraketide resorcinols. The conserved distribution of the cep cluster suggests an important role for the phenolic lipid polyketides produced in “Entotheonella” variants.
Enlargement of Submicron Gas‐Borne Particles by Heterogeneous Condensation for Energy‐Efficient Aerosol Separation
Authors: Hamberger Philipp , Koch Daniela Piccioni , Sinanis Sokratis , Schaber Karlheinz 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTo improve the efficiency of aerosol separation, a process sequence for particle enlargement by condensation of water vapor on their surface is suggested. The presented method makes use of packed columns in non‐equilibrium operation to achieve supersaturation, which is required for droplet growth. Although this method is known for several years, it is not widely used in industrial processes and still needs accurate investigations for consolidation and establishment. The simulation tool AerCoDe3.0 for predicting saturation and particle growth in packed columns allows investigating the thermal energy consumption under various operation conditions. Based on the results obtained in this study, optimized arrangements of columns, which are applicable as preconditioning step for existing particle separators, are proposed.
Treatment of fracturing wastewater using microalgae‐bacteria consortium
Authors: Li Ran , Pan Jie , Yan Minmin , Yang Jiang , Qin Wenlong , Liu Yang 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe symbiotic relationships between Chlorella vulgaris and Bacillus bacteria in fracturing wastewater treatment were investigated under different conditions, including varying dilution ratios of fracturing wastewater (2‐4), dosages of bacteria (20 mg/L‐80 mg/L), and pH (6.5‐8.5). The effects of process variables on the response of algal density were optimized and investigated via the Box‐Behnken response surface design. The individual and interactive effects of process variables on the response were studied by a second‐order polynomial model and three‐dimensional response surface plots. The optimal treatment conditions were a dilution ratio of 2, bacteria dose of 72.13 mg/L, and pH of 6.5, and the maximum biomass concentration of Chlorella vulgaris was 2.23 g/L. Moreover, Bacillus bacteria can increase the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACCase) of Chlorella vulgaris. Compared to the free Chlorella vulgaris, the co‐cultivation of Chlorella and Bacillus bacteria can improve the algal growth and degradation of organic pollutants.
Fast and Reliable PCR Amplification from Aspergillus fumigatus Spore Suspension Without Traditional DNA Extraction
Authors: Fraczek Marcin G. , Zhao Can , Dineen Lauren , Lebedinec Ressa , Bowyer Paul , Bromley Michael , Delneri Daniela 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic human pathogenic mold. DNA extraction from this fungus is usually performed by mechanical perturbation of cells, as it possesses a rigid and complex cell wall. While this is not problematic for single isolates, it can be time consuming for large numbers of strains if using traditional DNA extraction procedures. Therefore, in this article we describe a fast and efficient thermal‐shock method to release DNA from spores of A. fumigatus and other filamentous fungi without the need for complex extraction methods. This is especially important for high‐throughput PCR analyses of mutants in 96‐ or 384‐well formats in a very short period of time without any concern about sample cross‐contamination. This method is currently being used to validate the protein‐coding gene and non‐coding RNA knockout libraries in A. fumigatus generated in our laboratory, and could be used in the future for diagnostics purposes. © 2019 The Authors.
On the evaluation of ignition threshold in proton‐carbon hybrid ignitor beam proposal
Authors: Mehrangiz M. , Khoshbinfar S. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe may improve plasma ignition quality in a conically guided proton fast ignition scheme by the application of an extra lower intensity, secondary carbon beam. According to the experimental measurements on the number of laser‐accelerated ions, the temporal evolution of the hot spot electron, ion, and radiation temperatures was examined using three‐temperature plasma model, in radiation pressure acceleration (RPA) mechanisms for a proton‐Carbon beam configuration, Eavg ≈ 10 MeV/nucleon. The hot spot ignition was evaluated by the well‐known stopping power models proposed independently by Li–Petrasso (LP) and Brown–Preston–Singleton (BPS). Based on our analytical results, with time, plasma temperature in the LP model surpasses the BPS model. From this point of view, to compensate this deficiency in the BPS method, we will show that the density ratio of 17% is required when the energy spread is 10%. The results were also validated by the DEIRA‐4 code. Moreover, the electron‐ion equilibrium will decrease up to 9.3 and 4.4% for the LP and BPS methods, respectively. It is demonstrated that the key features of a higher average ion energy as well as the narrow beam profile in the RPA regime may effectively ignite hot spot much better than in the Target Normal Sheath Acceleration (TNSA) counterpart. It is estimated that the proton‐Carbon beam proposal can reduce ion beam energy to 8.42 kJ, approximately saving 15% of ignitor energy.
Design and acceptance test of compact planar monopole antenna for LTE smartphone considering SAR, TRP, and HAC values
Authors: Das Saumya , Bose Tanushree , Islam Hashinur 
Published: August 2019

SummaryEight different types of compact multiband planar antennas are proposed in this work for covering several long‐term evaluation (LTE) and Wi‐Fi bands in a smartphone antenna design. Gradual inclusion of several sections of a radiator on an inexpensive FR4 substrate is presented for receiving multi‐LTE bands with a handset device. Along with the presently available LTE bands, this antenna design approach also includes upcoming LTE in unlicensed spectrum and LTE licensed‐assisted access. Various techniques such as partial ground, branch line slit, parasitic structure, and meandered lines are used to achieve desired resonant frequencies, bandwidth, matching, and miniaturization. The final type of eight antennas has been implemented in the real‐world mobile phone handset. The interaction between the mobile handset and the human phantom model has been analyzed at few specific frequencies for evaluating specific absorption rate (SAR) and total radiated power (TRP) in a simulated manner. The same type is also studied as a hearing aid compatibility (HAC)–supported wireless device. The simulated results show the SAR and HAC values are at the acceptance level for this proposed design. A prototype model is developed and few parameters are measured for validation.
Common genetic architecture and environmental risk factors underpin the anxiety‐disordered eating relationship: Findings from an adolescent twin cohort
Authors: Fairweather‐Schmidt A. Kate , Wade Tracey D. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectiveDespite established comorbidity between anxiety and disordered eating (DE), and a plethora of research using various methodologies to examine this overlap, use of twin modeling to expose whether a shared genetic liability underpins these conditions remains rare.MethodData from a longitudinal sample of female twins were selected: measures of risk for DE from Wave 1 (N = 699, 351 pairs, aged 12–15 years), and the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) and Children's Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI) from Wave 2 (N = 669, 338 pairs, aged 16–19 years). At this time, they also completed Children's Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI). Bivariate Cholesky decomposition models adjusting for age and body mass index centile investigated the covariance structure between the CASI and EDE.ResultsModeling both genetic and nonshared environmental influences parsimoniously fit these data. All paths were significant. Additive genetic influences were notable for CASI and EDE phenotypes; 14% of the heritable variance was contributed by CASI to the expression of EDE. There was also a smaller but significant contribution of nonshared environmental influences. A multinomial logistic regression indicated body dissatisfaction (RRR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.07–2.18) differentiated groups with highest EDE scores from the highest CASI scores.DiscussionShared genetic and environmental influences appear to underpin the relationship, and potentially the observed comorbidity, between anxiety sensitivity and DE. The age of onset is typically earlier for anxiety than DE, suggesting a significant opportunity for early intervention work to reduce the likelihood of subsequent development of DE.
Nonlinear corrector for Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes equations
Authors: Frazza Loïc , Loseille Adrien , Dervieux Alain , Alauzet Frédéric 
Published: August 2019

SummaryThe scope of this paper is to present a nonlinear error estimation and correction for Navier‐Stokes and Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes equations. This nonlinear corrector enables better solution or functional output predictions at fixed mesh complexity and can be considered in a mesh adaptation process. After solving the problem at hand, a corrected solution is obtained by solving again the problem with an added source term. This source term is deduced from the evaluation of the residual of the numerical solution interpolated on the h/2 mesh. To avoid the generation of the h/2 mesh (which is prohibitive for realistic applications), the residual at each vertex is computed by local refinement only in the neighborhood of the considered vertex. One of the main feature of this approach is that it automatically takes into account all the properties of the considered numerical method. The numerical examples point out that it successfully improves solution predictions and yields a sharp estimate of the numerical error. Moreover, we demonstrate the superiority of the nonlinear corrector with respect to linear corrector that can be found in the literature.
Investigation of GHG emission sources and reducing GHG emissions in a municipal wastewater treatment plant
Authors: Demir Özlem , Yapıcıoğlu Pelin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractGlobal warming and the greenhouse effect are two of the most important environmental problems. Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions are the main greenhouse gas emissions in wastewater treatment plants. In this study, the greenhouse gas emission sources in a wastewater treatment plant were determined. Direct (from fossil fuel combustion, methane emissions, and process emissions of the other greenhouse gases) and indirect emissions (primarily from electricity use) in the plant were monitored. The optimum influent characteristics and operating conditions have been defined by using Monte Carlo simulation to minimize the emissions. The results revealed that the highest direct greenhouse gas emission was observed in August with the value of 23.328 kg CO2‐eq d–1 and the lowest emission was 7.56 kg CO2‐eq d–1 measured in January. The aeration tank is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. Indirect emission has occurred because of the anaerobic digester but the biogas has been cogenerated in the plant, so it has been ignored for the calculation. According to the simulation study, if the plant is operated under optimum operating conditions, it can emit the lowest amount of greenhouse gas emissions. The optimum removal values required for the minimum greenhouse gas emissions are 79% for chemical oxygen demand, 75% for biochemical oxygen demand, and 82% for total suspended solid. The optimum operating conditions for the aeration tank, which is the major source of emission, are 5.33 h of hydraulic retention time, 0.215 d of solid retention time, and 0.999 for food/microorganisms. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Of Drowning Children and Doubtful Analogies
Authors: Largent Emily A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn this issue of the Hastings Center Report, James Sabin and his colleagues ask what responsibility investigators in a learning health organization have to patients when research—particularly research of which patients might be unaware—illuminates problematic aspects of the patients' care. Sabin and his colleagues were confronted by this question in the midst of designing a randomized controlled trial that sought to determine if an educational intervention targeted at patients with atrial fibrillation and their clinicians reduces underuse of oral anticoagulants. Worried about harm that might befall patients in the control group and fearing that they would be negligent bystanders if they knew these patients were at risk and did nothing, the investigators adopted a “workaround.” But the “workaround,” I suggest, was not a solution to the negligent bystander problem. Nor was it a solution to the problem as I would alternatively frame it—how to address instances of suboptimal patient care identified through research within learning health organizations.