bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Describing the dynamic nature of transactions costs during political event risk episodes
Authors: Putnam Bluford , McDannel Graham , Ayikara Mohandas , Peyyalamitta Lakshmi Sameera 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTransactions costs as measured by how wide the bid‐ask spread expands to execute fully large trades is a dynamically evolving process, especially during political risk event episodes. Our research looks at four case studies of political event risk: The UK “Brexit” referendum of June 2016, the US elections of November 2016, the first round of the French Presidential election in April 2017, and the UK “snap” Parliamentary election in June 2017. Each of these political events represented cases where the date of the event was known while the pre‐event expectations were dealing with highly polar possible outcomes. This created the possibility of pre‐event bi‐modal return expectation probability distributions, which would resolve into single‐mode distributions as the outcome become known. We examine second‐by‐second order book data for the relevant futures products and describe how transactions costs dynamically evolved during the “outcome discovery” period and then the “post‐outcome re‐balancing” period.
Recent changes in the sediment regime of the Pearl River (South China): Causes and implications for the Pearl River Delta
Authors: Liu Feng , Hu Shuai , Guo Xiaojuan , Luo Xiangxin , Cai Huayang , Yang Qingshu 
Published: April 2018

AbstractRiverine sediments have played an important role in the morphological evolution of river channels and river deltas. However, the sediment regime in the many world's rivers has been altered in the context of global changes. In this study, temporal changes in the sediment regime of the Pearl River were examined at different time scales, that is, annual, seasonal, and monthly time scales, using the Mann–Kendall test. The results revealed that precipitation variability was responsible for monthly and seasonal distribution patterns of the sediment regime and the long‐term changes in the water discharge; however, dam operation has smoothed the seasonal distribution of water discharge and resulted in decreasing trends in the annual, wet‐season, and dry‐season sediment load series since the 1950s. Due to the different regulation magnitudes of dam operation, differences were observed in sediment regime changes among the three tributaries. In addition, human activities have altered the hysteresis of seasonal rating curves and affected hysteresis differences between increasing and decreasing water discharge stages. Sediment supply is an important factor controlling river channel dynamics, affecting channel morphology. From the 1950s to the 1980s, siltation was dominant in river channels across the West River and North River deltas in response to the sediment increases; however, scouring occurred in the East River deltas due to sediment reduction. Significant erosion occurred in river channels in the 1990s, which was mostly due to downcutting of the river bed caused by sand excavations and partly because of the reduced sediment load from upstream. Although sand excavations have been banned and controlled by authority agencies since 2000, the erosion of cross sections was still observed in the 2000s because of reduced sediment caused by dam construction. Our study examines the different effects of human activities on the sediment regime and downstream channel morphology, which is of substantial scientific importance for river management.
Effectiveness to identify acute myocardial infarction using the Manchester screening in patients with chest pain at the emergency service
Authors: Gonçalves Simone M. , Gomes Karina B. , Carvalho Maria das G. , Magalhães Henrique P. B. , Reis Edna A. , Silva Iêda de Fátima O. 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundAmong cardiovascular diseases (CVD), acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is the main manifestation, corresponding to signs and symptoms that occur with ischemia and outcome of angina or acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of biochemical markers eligible in a chest pain protocol, using Point of care Test (POCT), in patients in a reference emergency room.MethodsIn this study, 1380 medical records of patients of both genders were evaluated, ranked by applying chest pain protocol using the Manchester Triage System (MTS). Markers for myocardial injury were measured in serial analysis including myoglobin (Mgb), creatine kinase MB fraction mass (CK‐MB), and cardiac troponin I (cTnI).ResultsAcute myocardial infarction was predominant in males (P < .001), in patients with hypertension (P < .001), and in those with previous myocardial infarction (P < .026) and significant electrocardiogram (ECG) data for AMI screening (P < .001).A multivariate regression model showed as predictors for AMI the variables ECG data by admittance at the emergency room, previous AMI history, levels of both Mgb at the third hour, and cTnI at the sixth hour after admission.ConclusionThis study showed the importance of a rapid and serial test as a cardiac marker for AMI screening, as well as has indicated the importance of time between the onset of chest pain and admission to the emergency room as an efficient aid in diagnosing this life‐threatening disease.
Muscle‐restricted nuclear receptor interaction protein knockout causes motor neuron degeneration through down‐regulation of myogenin at the neuromuscular junction
Authors: Chen Hsin‐Hsiung , Tsai Li‐Kai , Liao Kuan‐Yu , Wu Tung‐Chien , Huang Yun‐Hsin , Huang Yuan‐Chun , Chang Szu‐Wei , Wang Pei‐Yu , Tsao Yeou‐Ping , Chen Show‐Li 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundNuclear receptor interaction protein (NRIP) is a calcium/calmodulin (CaM) binding protein. Nuclear receptor interaction protein interacts with CaM to activate calcineurin and CaMKII signalling. The conventional NRIP knockout mice (global knockout) showed muscular abnormality with reduction of muscle oxidative functions and motor function defects.MethodsTo investigate the role of NRIP on neuromuscular system, we generated muscle‐restricted NRIP knockout mice [conditional knockout (cKO)]. The muscle functions (including oxidative muscle markers and muscle strength) and lumbar motor neuron functions [motor neuron number, axon denervation, neuromuscular junction (NMJ)] were tested. The laser‐captured microdissection at NMJ of skeletal muscles and adenovirus gene therapy for rescued effects were performed.ResultsThe cKO mice showed muscular abnormality with reduction of muscle oxidative functions and impaired motor performances as global knockout mice. To our surprise, cKO mice also displayed motor neuron degeneration with abnormal architecture of NMJ. Specifically, the cKO mice revealed reduced motor neuron number with small neuronal size in lumbar spinal cord as well as denervating change, small motor endplates, and decreased myonuclei number at NMJ in skeletal muscles. To explore the mechanisms, we screened various muscle‐derived factors and found that myogenin is a potential candidate that myogenin expression was lower in skeletal muscles of cKO mice than wild‐type mice. Because NRIP and myogenin were colocalized around acetylcholine receptors at NMJ, we extracted RNA from synaptic and extrasynaptic regions of muscles using laser capture microdissection and showed that myogenin expression was especially lower at synaptic region in cKO than wild‐type mice. Notably, overexpression of myogenin using intramuscular adenovirus encoding myogenin treatment rescued abnormal NMJ architecture and preserved motor neuron death in cKO mice.ConclusionsIn summary, we demonstrated that deprivation of NRIP decreases myogenin expression at NMJ, possibly leading to abnormal NMJ formation, denervation of acetylcholine receptor, and subsequent loss of spinal motor neuron. Overexpression of myogenin in cKO mice can partially rescue abnormal NMJ architecture and motor neuron death. Therefore, muscular NRIP is a novel trophic factor supporting spinal motor neuron via stabilization of NMJ by myogenin expression.
A clinical guidance to DFNA22 drawn from a Korean cohort study with an autosomal dominant deaf population: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Kim Bong Jik , Han Jin Hee , Park Hye‐Rim , Kim Min Young , Kim Ah Reum , Oh Seung‐Ha , Park Woong‐Yang , Oh Doo Yi , Lee Seungmin , Choi Byung Yoon 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe MYO6 gene, if altered, can cause nonsyndromic hearing loss (NSHL) either in an autosomal dominant (AD) (DFNA22) or recessive form. The present study identified MYO6 variants in the cohort of Korean AD NSHL families and investigated the audiological phenotypes of DFNA22 with respect to suggesting clinical guides for the counseling of DFNA22.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was performed on 81 AD NSHL families in two hospitals. Among them, five families (SH21, SB60, SB247, SB290 and SB305) segregating with MYO6 variant were genetically and clinically assessed.ResultsWe identified two novel missense variants of MYO6: p.G223R (SB290) and p.T158R (SB305). A known heterozygous truncation variant, p.R205X, reported previously (SH21, SB60), was identified (SB247). The overall frequency of DFNA22 among such cases was 6.2%. Specifically, we found p.R205X from three of five DFNA22 families (60%). Five DFNA22 families demonstrated extremely diverse audiogram configurations and age of onset with even intrafamilial variations, whereas the severity of hearing loss mostly ranged within moderate.ConclusionsWe report a recurring predominant allele and two new missense variants of MYO6, highlighting the significant contribution of MYO6 to AD NSHL in the Korean population. Extremely diverse audiological configurations of DFNA22 suggest that MYO6 should be considered in future genetic studies of patients with AD NSHL. Gradual progression with a good speech audiometry score could provide physicians with clinical insight with respect to advising patients to use hearing aids or consider middle ear implants, whereas, in the case of certain exceptional circumstances, physicians could provide patients with the option to consider a cochlear implant.
Effects of gadolinium‐based MRI contrast agents on liver tissue
Authors: Mercantepe Tolga , Tümkaya Levent , Çeliker Fatma Beyazal , Topal Suzan Zehra , Çinar Seda , Akyildiz Kerimali , Mercantepe Filiz , Yilmaz Adnan 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundMRI with contrast is often used clinically. However, recent studies have reported a high accumulation of gadolinium‐based contrast agents (GBCAs) in kidney, liver, and spleen tissues in several mouse models.PurposeTo compare the effects on liver tissue of gadolinium‐based MRI contrast agents in the light of biochemical and histopathological evaluation.Study TypeInstitutional Review Board (IRB)‐approved controlled longitudinal study.Animal ModelIn all, 32 male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into a healthy control group subjected to no procedure (Group 1), a sham group (Group 2), a gadodiamide group (Group 3), and a gadoteric acid group (Group 4).Field Strength/SequenceNot applicable.AssessmentLiver tissues removed at the end of the fifth week and evaluated pathologically (scored Knodell's histological activity index [HAI] method by two histopathologists) immunohistochemical (caspase‐3 and biochemical tests (AST, ALT, TAS, TOS, and OSI method by Erel et al) were obtained.Statistical TestsDifferences between groups were analyzed using the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the Tamhane test, and one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Turkey's HSD test.ResultsAn increase was observed in histological activity scores in sections from rats administered gadodiamide and gadoteric acid, and in caspase‐3, AST and ALT values (P < 0.05). In contrast, we determined no change in TOS (P = 0.568 and P = 0.094, respectively), TAS (P = 0.151 and P = 0.055, respectively), or OSI (P = 0.949 and P = 0.494, respectively) values.Data ConclusionThese data suggest that gadodiamide and gadoteric acid trigger hepatocellular necrosis and apoptosis by causing damage in hepatocytes, although no change occurs in total antioxidant and antioxidant capacity.Level of Evidence: 1Technical Efficacy: Stage 4J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:1367–1374.
Ambient ionisation mass spectrometry for in situ analysis of intact proteins
Authors: Kocurek Klaudia I. , Griffiths Rian L. , Cooper Helen J. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAmbient surface mass spectrometry is an emerging field which shows great promise for the analysis of biomolecules directly from their biological substrate. In this article, we describe ambient ionisation mass spectrometry techniques for the in situ analysis of intact proteins. As a broad approach, the analysis of intact proteins offers unique advantages for the determination of primary sequence variations and posttranslational modifications, as well as interrogation of tertiary and quaternary structure and protein‐protein/ligand interactions. In situ analysis of intact proteins offers the potential to couple these advantages with information relating to their biological environment, for example, their spatial distributions within healthy and diseased tissues. Here, we describe the techniques most commonly applied to in situ protein analysis (liquid extraction surface analysis, continuous flow liquid microjunction surface sampling, nano desorption electrospray ionisation, and desorption electrospray ionisation), their advantages, and limitations and describe their applications to date. We also discuss the incorporation of ion mobility spectrometry techniques (high field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry and travelling wave ion mobility spectrometry) into ambient workflows. Finally, future directions for the field are discussed.
Mapping the trajectory of the amygdalothalamic tract in the human brain
Authors: Kamali Arash , Riascos Roy F. , Pillai Jay J. , Sair Haris I. , Patel Rajan , Nelson Flavia M. , Lincoln John A. , Tandon Nitin , Mirbagheri Saeedeh , Rabiei Pejman , Keser Zafer , Hasan Khader M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAlthough the thalamus is not considered primarily as a limbic structure, abundant evidence indicates the essential role of the thalamus as a modulator of limbic functions indirectly through the amygdala. The amygdala is a central component of the limbic system and serves an essential role in modulating the core processes including the memory, decision‐making, and emotional reactions. The amygdalothalamic pathway is the largest direct amygdalo‐diencephalic connection in the primates including the human brain. Given the crucial role of the amygdalothalamic tract (ATT) in memory function and diencephalic amnesia in stroke patients, diffusion tensor imaging may be helpful in better visualizing the surgical anatomy of this pathway noninvasively. To date, few diffusion‐weighted studies have focused on the amygdala, yet the fine neuronal connection of the amygdala and thalamus known as the ATT has yet to be elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the utility of high spatial resolution diffusion tensor tractography for mapping the trajectory of the ATT in the human brain. We studied 15 healthy right‐handed human subjects (12 men and 3 women with age range of 24–37 years old). Using a high‐resolution diffusion tensor tractography technique, for the first time, we were able to reconstruct and measure the trajectory of the ATT. We further revealed the close relationship of the ATT with the temporopontine tract and the fornix bilaterally in 15 healthy adult human brains.
Detecting and adjusting artificial biases of long‐term temperature records in Israel
Authors: Yosef Yizhak , Aguilar Enric , Alpert Pinhas 
Published: April 2018

Climate trends analyses are studied through the analysis of long‐term records which usually are compromised by artificial non‐climatic factors (e.g., station relocation, instrumental replacements, etc). The impact of these factors on the analysis must be assessed and corrected in a procedure called “Homogenization,” before computing any trends. An unbiased analysis is essential for the East Mediterranean climate change, which suffers from scarcity of long and reliable datasets. Here, for the first time, we address these problems by jointly applying some of the state‐of‐the‐art homogenization methods, to long‐term Israeli temperature records (TX and TN) at five different meteorological stations throughout the period of 1950–2011. All of the studied time series were found to be inhomogeneous, where instrumentational issues were responsible for almost 50% of the breaks. The most frequent adjustments range between [−0.6, +0.6] oC while some larger adjustments do not fall within the range of the [−1, +1] °C interval. The adjustment of these breaks is crucial because they introduce large errors that may lead to wrong conclusions about the estimated trends. The difference in the seasonal and annual trends between raw and homogenized series was analysed applying the Mann–Kendall test. The general annual trend differences before and after homogenization, fell within the range of [−0.12, 0.16] oC/decade.Based on the homogenized dataset, a highly significant positive trend was found for the annual with 0.15 °C/decade (p = .002) whereas the trend was 0.10 °C/decade (p = .051). In general, the maximum temperature trends are lower and less statistically significant than those for minimum temperature. The most pronounced seasonal trends were recorded for the summer, which was characterized by significant positive trends for (0.15 °C/decade) and (0.23 °C/decade), while the winter had mainly no significant positive trends.
Analysis of trace‐level nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples by solid‐phase microextraction with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry
Authors: Kong Jijie , Han Mengshu , Liu Ying , He Huan , Gao Zhanqi , Xian Qiming , Yang Shaogui , Sun Cheng , Li Shiyin , Zhang Limin 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA solid‐phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry method has been developed for the determination of ten nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. Five different kinds of commerical fibers were used to compare the extraction efficiency, including 65 μm polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene, 100 μm polydimethylsiloxane, 30 μm polydimethylsiloxane, 7 μm polydimethylsiloxane, and 85 μm polyacrylate fibers. Five factors were also selected to optimize conditions, including extraction temperature, time, stirring speed, salt concentration, and headspace volume. Taguchi design was applied to design the experiments and obtain the best parameters. The results show that 65 μm polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene fiber directly immersed into aqueous solution for 35 min at 55°C with a constant stirring rate of 1150 rpm were the optimal conditions. Under these conditions, the limits of quantification were 0.007–0.063 μg/L, and the relative standard deviation based on six replicates ranged from 2.8 to 9.5%. The spiked recoveries ranged from 69.1 to 110.1%. Intra‐ and inter day relative standard deviations at three concentration levels were less than 12%, and the recoveries were 66.4–111.5%. The proposed method is reliable for analyzing nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different water samples.
Identification and metabolite profiling of alkaloids in aerial parts of Papaver rhoeas by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Oh Jae‐Hyeon , Ha In Jin , Lee Min Young , Kim Eun‐Ok , Park Dain , Lee Jun‐Hee , Lee Seok‐Geun , Kim Do‐Wan , Lee Tae‐Ho , Lee Eui‐Ju , Kim Chang‐Kug 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPapaver plants can produce diverse bioactive alkaloids. Papaver rhoeas Linnaeus (common poppy or corn poppy) is an annual flowering medicinal plant used for treating cough, sleep disorder, and as a sedative, pain reliever, and food. It contains various powerful alkaloids like rhoeadine, benzylisoquinoline, and proaporphine. To investigate and identify alkaloids in the aerial parts of P. rhoeas, samples were collected at different growth stages and analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry. A liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry method was developed for the identification and metabolite profiling of alkaloids for P. rhoeas by comparing with Papaver somniferum. Eighteen alkaloids involved in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis were used to optimize the liquid chromatography gradient and mass spectrometry conditions. Fifty‐five alkaloids, including protoberberine, benzylisoquinoline, aporphine, benzophenanthridine, and rhoeadine‐type alkaloids, were identified authentically or tentatively by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry in samples taken during various growth stages. Rhoeadine alkaloids were observed only in P. rhoeas samples, and codeine and morphine were tentatively identified in P. somniferum. The liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry method can be a powerful tool for the identification of diverse metabolites in the genus Papaver. These results may help understand the biosynthesis of alkaloids in P. rhoeas and evaluate the quality of this plant for possible medicinal applications.
Diurnal changes of cyanobacteria blooms in Taihu Lake as derived from GOCI observations
Authors: Qi Lin , Hu Chuanmin , Visser Petra M. , Ma Ronghua 
Published: April 2018

AbstractUsing frequent and long‐term measurements (eight times per day, 2011 to present) from a geostationary satellite sensor (Geostationary Ocean Color Imager, GOCI), this study investigates diurnal changes of cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa blooms (near‐surface high concentrations or surface scums) in Taihu Lake, from which vertical migration patterns could be inferred. After proper atmospheric correction, a cyanobacterial index algorithm is used to quantify equivalent surface cyanobacterial density (σ, 0–100%) at both pixel and synoptic scales from each cloud‐free image, followed by analysis of diurnal changing patterns of σ at both scales. Three typical diurnal changing patterns are identified from all images, which show distinctive and different seasonality from the long‐term statistics. Spatial distributions of the “hotspot” regions where diurnal changes are most often observed have also been established. While the seasonality of the three patterns appears to be a result of seasonality in both temperature and light availability, large blooms only occur 1 d after major wind events. Based on several lines of evidence, we hypothesize that the diurnal changes of such observed surface bloom patterns are likely a result of vertical migration rather than horizontal dissipation/aggregation of cyanobacteria. The mean migration speeds inferred from either a simple model or a radiative transfer model (< 0.03 cm s−1 or < 1 m h−1) are consistent with those reported earlier from laboratory measurements for certain cyanobacteria colony sizes. Complete understanding of the three types of diurnal patterns and direct validation of the hypothesis, however, require further investigations from field measurements.