bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphorus and Yttrium Codoped Co(OH)F Nanoarray as Highly Efficient and Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Zhang Gengwei , Wang Bin , Li Lu , Yang Shengchun 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRational design and synthesis of bifunctional electrocatalysts with high efficiency and low‐cost for overall water splitting is still a challenge. A simple approach is reported to prepare a phosphorus and yttrium codoped cobalt hydroxyfluoride (YP‐Co(OH)F) nanoarray on nickel foam, which displays high‐performance for both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline solution. The codoping of yttrium and phosphorus into Co(OH)F leads to a tuned electronic environment and favorable electron transfer, thus resulting in superior water splitting activity. The YP‐Co(OH)F electrode only requires an overpotential of 238 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2 (η10), much smaller than RuO2 (302 mV). Moreover, it displays an overpotential of 55 mV at η10 for HER, similar to that of Pt/C. When YP‐Co(OH)F is used as both anode and cathode in a two‐electrode configuration, it only demands a cell potential of 1.54 V at η10, lower than the IrO2||Pt/C couple (1.6 V) as well as other recently reported electrocatalysts. It even maintains stable water splitting for 300 h. Such a two‐electrode device can be easily driven by a 1.5 V silicon solar cell in sunlight, proving the potential of the promising catalyst for large‐scale electrolytic water splitting.
A security risk mitigation framework for cyber physical systems
Authors: Zahid Maryam , Inayat Irum , Daneva Maya , Mehmood Zahid 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCyber physical systems (CPSs) are safety‐critical, be it weapon systems, smart medical devices, or grid stations. This makes ensuring security of all the components constituting a CPS unavoidable. The rise in the demand of interconnectedness has made such systems vulnerable to attacks, ie, cyberattacks. Over 170 cases of cyber‐security breaches in CPS were reported over the past two decades. An increase in the number of cyberattack incidents on CPS makes them more exposed and less trustworthy. However, identifying the security requirements of the CPS to pinpoint the relevant risks may help to counteract the potential attacks. Literature reveals that the most targeted security requirements of CPS are authentication, integrity, and availability. However, little attention has been paid on certain crucial security attributes such as data freshness and nonrepudiation. One major reason of security breaches in CPS is the lack of custom or generalized countermeasures. Therefore, we propose a security risk mitigation framework for a CPS focused on constraints, ie, authentication, data integrity, data freshness, nonrepudiation, and confidentiality. Furthermore, we evaluate the proposed work using a case study of a safety critical system. The results show a decrease in the severity of the identified security risks, ie, man‐in‐the‐middle attack, spoofing, and data tempering.
Development and application of a new discrete element into simulation of nonlinear behavior of concrete
Authors: Mehrpay Saeid , Wang Zhao , Ueda Tamon 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA new element based on the concept of Rigid Body Spring Model (RBSM) that inherently incorporates Poisson effect is developed and utilized to simulate the nonlinear behavior of concrete. Initially, the behavior of element in linear state is successfully verified. For the nonlinear applications in simulation of concrete, nonlinear material models are implemented based on mesoscale modeling technique that does not suffer from complexity of macroscopic models based on volumetric and deviatoric stress and strain tensors separation. Beside capability of incorporating the Poisson's ratio of the material, with the new material models implemented, the new element can represent the complex behavior of concrete. The uniaxial compressive and tensile test beside splitting tensile test on concrete specimen were simulated successfully and similar cracking patterns to the experiments were observed in the simulations.
Cellular mechanisms of epithelial stem cell self‐renewal and differentiation during homeostasis and repair
Authors: Das Diya , Fletcher Russell B. , Ngai John 
Published: August 2019

AbstractEpithelia in adult mammals exhibit remarkable regenerative capacities owing to the presence of adult stem cells, which self‐renew and differentiate to replace cells lost to normal turnover or injury. The mechanisms supporting tissue homeostasis and injury‐induced repair often differ from each other as well as from those used in embryonic development. Recent studies have also highlighted the phenomenon of cellular plasticity in adult tissues, in which differentiated cells can change fate and even give rise to new stem cell populations to complement the canonical stem cells in promoting repair following injury. Signaling pathways such as WNT, bone morphogenetic protein, and Sonic Hedgehog play critical roles in stem cell maintenance and cell fate decisions across diverse epithelia and conditions, suggesting that conserved mechanisms underlie the regenerative capacity of adult epithelial structures.This article is categorized under:

Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory Mechanisms
Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Tissue Stem Cells and Niches
Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cell Differentiation and Reversion
Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Regeneration
Visions of Clean and Green
Authors: Rowe Peter G. , Hee Limin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAgainst this background, Lee Kuan Yew at the head of the People’s Action Party (PAP), now in the seat of power in the new Republic of Singapore, prosecuted his insight that Singapore should become a clean and green city. This was motivated, as mentioned earlier, by putting the right face on the attraction of outside foreign investment and tourism upon which Singapore was to depend. He also saw ‘clean greening’ to be a tangible way of addressing inequality throughout the island and, finally, as an opportunity to create an identity for residents and a sense of national pride. As elsewhere, this underlying narrative or metaphor for island-city development went through subsequent transformations. The ‘Garden City’ idea, for instance, moved on to be a ‘City in a Garden’ and then towards the end of the twentieth-century, ‘a Tropical City of Excellence’ envisioned by the URA with strong connotations of its vegetative and ‘geographical ‘green-blue’ aspect. More recently, more of a convergence into a ‘city in nature’ is emerging, with greater emphasis strongly on the identity aspect of an altogether tropical landscape in which living takes place befitting Singapore’s geographic and otherwise natural location. This latest ‘turn’ on ‘garden’ and ‘city’ also argues for greater complementarity of green and blue aspects of Singapore’s intrinsic environment. It involves efforts to intensify the planting of more native and more diversified plant species; and through multi-layered heights of plants to emulate the forest structure and to create more ecosystems providing niches for different fauna species. The plantings are thus carefully curated in the beginning but will be left to grow and evolve naturally to produce a naturalistic rather than garden-like setting. It may also provide the rest of us with a clearer view into the successful occupation of ‘hyperobjectivity’ by beginning to invert the usual dominance of constructed over ‘natural’ environments in city making. Of course, Singapore is not alone in this strong metaphorical and influential presence of ‘natural and cultivated’ landscape qualities with those of a more constructed and technological kind, nor of the transformation of such juxtapositions over time. American ‘pastoralism’, for instance, giving way to the ‘machine in the garden’ is another such instance. Also, various rounds of ‘citta’ in ‘compagna’ in the Italian ecumen is another along with other European schemes. Indeed, it seems as if such poetics of occupied and environmental space are leit motifs of civilization. The key point here, though, is that what Singapore is beginning to tackle, so to speak, is unique and of its own making.
Investigating the application of reactive polymers in fluid loss control
Authors: Trifunoski Tony , Mostofi Masood 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWater reactive polymers are rapid setting fluids that exhibit high viscosity after being exposed to water to control severe fluid loss. In this study, the performance of a water reactive polymer is studied through a series of fluid loss experiments. Various unconsolidated and permeable formations were simulated using different sand size grades, with the change in permeability being recorded after applying the reactive polymer under different operating conditions. The results showed 62–100% permeability reductions depending on the initial value of permeability and operating conditions. In addition, the setting time of the reactive polymer was obtained at different water concentrations and temperatures by monitoring the viscosity of the reactive polymer using a Brookfield viscometer. The results indicate that a hydration time of 30 min is satisfactory to reach an acceptable viscosity for all hydration volumes tested. At lower hydration volumes, the viscosity increased rapidly at the same rate and reached the same maximum viscosity. As hydration volume increased, both the rate of increase and maximum viscosity were reduced.
Relationships between sociocultural factors (gender, immigrant and socioeconomic background), peer relatedness and positive affect in adolescents
Authors: Alivernini Fabio , Cavicchiolo Elisa , Girelli Laura , Lucidi Fabio , Biasi Valeria , Leone Luigi , Cozzolino Mauro , Manganelli Sara 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTIntroductionDuring adolescence, experiencing positive emotions at school is important for motivation as well as for academic success and psychological well‐being. In the present study, on the basis of Self‐Determination Theory (SDT), we investigated the relationships between sociocultural factors (gender, immigrant and socioeconomic background), peer relatedness (acceptance and friendship) and positive affect at school.MethodsData was based on a random sample of 36,712 tenth grade Italian adolescents. Their average age was 15.6 years (SD = 0.77), 50.6% were males, while 6.1% were first‐generation immigrants and 3.8% were second‐generation immigrants. Firstly, comparing latent means, we established peer relatedness and positive affect profiles of adolescents with different sociocultural backgrounds. Subsequently, we tested a structural equation model, based on SDT, according to which the effects of sociocultural factors on experiencing positive affect at school are mediated by peer relatedness dimensions.ResultsLatent mean comparisons showed that immigrant adolescents, students with a lower‐SES and girls had fewer friendships with their classmates, lower levels of positive affect at school and were less accepted by their peers. A well‐fitting structural equation model corroborated the mediating role of acceptance and friendship, which accounted for 16% of variance in positive affect.ConclusionsDue to sociocultural factors, some groups of adolescents proved to be more at risk of being socially excluded and of experiencing less positive affect at school. Moreover, our findings support the claim of SDT that the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, such as relatedness, is more important than sociocultural factors in determining adolescents’ psychological well‐being.
The Value of the Risk to Life in the Context of Crime
Authors: Picasso Emilio , Conte Grand Mariana 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe value of the risk to life is a key element for benefit-cost analysis, enabling more rational public policy decisions in diverse areas as environmental, health, and crime. We value the risk to life in the context of crime using a discrete choice experiment (CE). The method has clear advantages in that it applies to the whole population and does not require vast data from labor markets, for example. Such data are not always available even in developed economies. Combining the stated preference approach with contingent valuation (CV), CE offer advantages yet to be explored in the context of crime. We demonstrate the application in a developing economy, where similar valuations are not available. The best estimate obtained for Argentina is an average of 1.5 million in 2015 US dollars per statistical life with a confidence interval ($1.1–$2.3). This result is consistent with estimates for the developed world, after appropriate transfer. We also analyze demographic factors in the risk to life, finding a positive influence of income, risk aversion, previous victimization experience and family size on the value of a statistical life, as well as a negative impact of individualism.
Dynamic Benefit-Cost Analysis for Uncertain Futures
Authors: Dudley Susan E. , Pérez Daniel R. , Mannix Brian F. , Carrigan Christopher 
Published: August 2019

Abstract“Uncertain futures” refers to a set of policy problems that possess some combination of the following characteristics: (i) they potentially cause irreversible changes; (ii) they are widespread, so that policy responses may make sense only on a global scale; (iii) network effects are difficult to understand and may amplify (or moderate) consequences; (iv) time horizons are long; and (v) the likelihood of catastrophic outcomes is unknown or even unknowable. These characteristics tend to make uncertain futures intractable to market solutions because property rights are not clearly defined and essential information is unavailable. These same factors also pose challenges for benefit-cost analysis (BCA) and other traditional decision analysis tools. The diverse policy decisions confronting decision-makers today demand “dynamic BCA,” analytic frameworks that incorporate uncertainties and trade-offs across policy areas, recognizing that: perceptions of risks can be uninformed, misinformed, or inaccurate; risk characterization can suffer from ambiguity; and experts’ tendency to focus on one risk at a time may blind policymakers to important trade-offs. Dynamic BCA – which recognizes trade-offs, anticipates the need to learn from experience, and encourages learning – is essential for lowering the likelihoods and mitigating the consequences of uncertain futures while encouraging economic growth, reducing fragility, and increasing resilience.
From Football to Oil Rigs: Risk Assessment for Combined Cyber and Physical Attacks
Authors: Roberts Fred S. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAlthough cyber security has become widely recognized as a serious threat to our modern world, there are new threats to our security that combine cyber with other modes of “attack.” This article explores the increasingly important theme in homeland and national security that future attacks will be multimodal, in particular including both a cyber and a physical component, where the cyber attack is intended to make it easier to succeed in the physical attack, and is not an end in itself. The article describes sample scenarios of combined cyber and physical attacks in two sectors where even just cyber security efforts have lagged behind: sports stadiums and the maritime transportation system. It presents an approach to comparing the risk of a combined cyber followed by physical attack and that of a “traditional” physical attack on the same target. It then analyzes the different stadium and maritime examples from the point of view of this risk assessment approach.
The role of mentors in addressing issues of work–life integration in an academic research environment
Authors: Durbin Dennis R. , House Stephanie C. , Meagher Emma A. , Rogers Jenna Griebel 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroduction:There is growing evidence for both the need to manage work–life conflict and the opportunity for mentors to advise their mentees on how to do this in an academic research environment.Methods:A multiphase approach was used to develop and implement an evidence-informed training module to help mentors guide their mentees in issues of work–life conflict. Analysis of existing data from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of a mentor training curriculum (n = 283 mentor/mentee dyads) informed the development of a work–life mentoring module which was incorporated into an established research mentor training curriculum and evaluated by faculty at a single academic medical center.Results:Only 39% of mentors and 36% of mentees in the RCT indicated high satisfaction with the balance between their personal and professional lives. The majority (75%) of mentors and mentees were sharing personal information as part of the mentoring relationship which was significantly associated with mentees’ ratings of the balance between their personal and professional lives. The effectiveness of the work–life module was assessed by 60 faculty mentors participating in a mentor training program at an academic medical center from 2013 to 2017. Among the respondents to the post-training survey, 82.5% indicated they were very/somewhat comfortable addressing work–life issues with their mentees as a result of the training, with significant improvements (p = 0.001) in self-assessments of mentoring skill in this domain.Conclusions:Our findings indicate that a structured training approach can significantly improve mentors’ self-reported skills in addressing work–life issues with their mentees.
Characterizing health researcher barriers to sharing results with study participants
Authors: McElfish Pearl A. , Long Christopher R. , James Laura P. , Scott Aaron J. , Flood-Grady Elizabeth , Kimminau Kim S. , Rhyne Robert L. , Burge Mark R. , Purvis Rachel S. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroduction:Research participants want to receive results from studies in which they participate. However, health researchers rarely share the results of their studies beyond scientific publication. Little is known about the barriers researchers face in returning study results to participants.Methods:Using a mixed-methods design, health researchers (N= 414) from more than 40 US universities were asked about barriers to providing results to participants. Respondents were recruited from universities with Clinical and Translational Science Award programs and Prevention Research Centers.Results:Respondents reported the percent of their research where they experienced each of the four barriers to disseminating results to participants: logistical/methodological, financial, systems, and regulatory. A fifth barrier, investigator capacity, emerged from data analysis. Training for research faculty and staff, promotion and tenure incentives, and funding agencies supporting dissemination of results to participants were solutions offered to overcoming barriers.Conclusions:Study findings add to literature on research dissemination by documenting health researchers’ perceived barriers to sharing study results with participants. Implications for policy and practice suggest that additional resources and training could help reduce dissemination barriers and increase the return of results to participants.
Validity and reliability of an online self-report 24-h dietary recall method (Intake24): a doubly labelled water study and repeated-measures analysis
Authors: Foster Emma , Lee Clement , Imamura Fumiaki , Hollidge Stefanie E. , Westgate Kate L. , Venables Michelle C. , Poliakov Ivan , Rowland Maisie K. , Osadchiy Timur , Bradley Jennifer C. , Simpson Emma L. , Adamson Ashley J. , Olivier Patrick , Wareham Nick , Forouhi Nita G. , Brage Soren 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Online self-reported 24-h dietary recall systems promise increased feasibility of dietary assessment. Comparison against interviewer-led recalls established their convergent validity; however, reliability and criterion-validity information is lacking. The validity of energy intakes (EI) reported using Intake24, an online 24-h recall system, was assessed against concurrent measurement of total energy expenditure (TEE) using doubly labelled water in ninety-eight UK adults (40–65 years). Accuracy and precision of EI were assessed using correlation and Bland–Altman analysis. Test–retest reliability of energy and nutrient intakes was assessed using data from three further UK studies where participants (11–88 years) completed Intake24 at least four times; reliability was assessed using intra-class correlations (ICC). Compared with TEE, participants under-reported EI by 25 % (95 % limits of agreement −73 % to +68 %) in the first recall, 22 % (−61 % to +41 %) for average of first two, and 25 % (−60 % to +28 %) for first three recalls. Correlations between EI and TEE were 0·31 (first), 0·47 (first two) and 0·39 (first three recalls), respectively. ICC for a single recall was 0·35 for EI and ranged from 0·31 for Fe to 0·43 for non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES). Considering pairs of recalls (first two v. third and fourth recalls), ICC was 0·52 for EI and ranged from 0·37 for fat to 0·63 for NMES. EI reported with Intake24 was moderately correlated with objectively measured TEE and underestimated on average to the same extent as seen with interviewer-led 24-h recalls and estimated weight food diaries. Online 24-h recall systems may offer low-cost, low-burden alternatives for collecting dietary information.
Are We Missing the Circumplexity? An Examination of Love Styles
Authors: Cassepp-Borges Vicente , Ferrer Emilio 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe colours of love theory is of great importance for understanding love. However, previous research on this theory did not consider the model as circular, as originally proposed. This article investigates the spatial location of items and underlying love dimensions in the Love Attitudes Scale with a large Brazilian sample of 1,549 participants. The measure replicated the six-factor structure of previous studies (Eros,Ludus,Storge,Mania,AgapeandPragma), including the small correlations between factors and internal consistency. The circumplex structure, however, differed from the original theory. Multidimensional scaling showed an opposition between Ludus and Eros, as well as between Mania and Storge, suggesting a new spatial location to love styles. Based on the findings, we propose a revised reformulation of the colours of love theory using attachment theory as a framework to interpret the results.
Assessing tourism patterns in the South Shetland Islands for the conservation of 19th-century archaeological sites in Antarctica
Authors: Senatore Maria Ximena 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAlthough archaeological studies focusing on 19th-century sealing have been performed over the past 30 years, its history and sites have traditionally had low visibility in Antarctic narratives and the Antarctic Treaty System policymaking on heritage. Researchers face the challenge of increasing the visibility of sealers’ history and public awareness of the importance of conserving the oldest sites of Antarctica. In this paper, we propose that identifying patterns of tourism activity in the South Shetland Islands, specifically in their temporal and spatial dimensions, could help protect these sites and engage visitors with the early history of Antarctica. Data collected by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators were used to calculate landing point usage trends over time and the frequency of passenger landings from 2003–2004 to 2015–2016. We defined six different visitation patterns with temporal tendencies of passenger landings that varied from increasing, constant, or decreasing trends over time, differing in the magnitude and intensity of visitation. This information was used to assess the situation of particular sites located in the vicinity of tourism landing points. We set priorities for their conservation and management decisions and highlighted their relative potential to engage visitors with the stories of 19th-century sealing in Antarctica.