bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When acting as a reproductive barrier for sympatric speciation, hybrid sterility can only be primary
Authors: Forsdyke Donald R 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAnimal gametes unite to form a zygote that develops into an adult with gonads that, in turn, produce gametes. Interruption of this germinal cycle by prezygotic or postzygotic reproductive barriers can result in two cycles, each with the potential to evolve into a new species. When the speciation process is complete, members of each species are fully reproductively isolated from those of the other. During speciation a primary barrier may be supported and eventually superceded by a later-appearing secondary barrier. For those holding certain cases of prezygotic isolation to be primary (e.g. elephant cannot copulate with mouse), the onus is to show that they had not been preceded over evolutionary time by periods of postzygotic hybrid inviability (genically determined) or sterility (genically or chromosomally determined). Likewise, the onus is upon those holding cases of hybrid inviability to be primary (e.g. Dobzhansky–Muller epistatic incompatibilities) to show that they had not been preceded by periods, however brief, of hybrid sterility. The latter, when acting as a sympatric barrier causing reproductive isolation, can only be primary. In many cases, hybrid sterility may result from incompatibilities between parental chromosomes that attempt to pair during meiosis in the gonad of their offspring (Winge-Crowther-Bateson incompatibilities). While such incompatibilities have long been observed on a microscopic scale, there is growing evidence for a role of dispersed finer DNA sequence differences (i.e. in base k-mers).
The life aquatic: an association between habitat type and skin thickness in snakes
Authors: Shine Richard , Goiran Claire , Shilton Catherine , Meiri Shai , Brown Gregory P 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An aquatic animal faces challenges not encountered by its terrestrial counterparts, promoting adaptive responses in multiple traits. For example, a thicker dermis might protect snakes when they are pushed against sharp objects by water currents, and might enable a snake to shed fouling organisms attached to its skin. We thus predicted that marine snakes should have thicker skin than terrestrial species, and that smaller sea snakes should have relatively thicker skin (because absolute, not relative, thickness determines vulnerability to fouling). Measurements of 192 snakes of 44 species supported those predictions. Many (but not all) sea snakes have skins 50% thicker than those of terrestrial and amphibious snake species, representing multiple independent evolutionary origins of thicker skin (in acrochordids, Laticauda sea kraits and both main clades of hydrophiine sea snakes). Marine snakes showed different allometries of skin thickness compared with their terrestrial counterparts; larger snakes had thicker skin within and among species of amphibious and terrestrial snakes, but larger aquatic snake species had thinner skin compared with smaller taxa. Interspecific variation in skin thickness was primarily due to increased collagen in the deep dermis, a physical barrier well suited to protecting against physical injury and to resisting penetration by epibionts.
Separation of Low- Versus High-grade Crohn’s Disease-associated Small Bowel Carcinomas is Improved by Invasive Front Prognostic Marker Analysis
Authors: Arpa Giovanni , Grillo Federica , Giuffrida Paolo , Nesi Gabriella , Klersy Catherine , Mescoli Claudia , Lenti Marco Vincenzo , Lobascio Gessica , Martino Michele , Latella Giovanni , Malvi Deborah , Macciomei Maria Cristina , Fociani Paolo , Villanacci Vincenzo , Rizzo Aroldo , Ferrero Stefano , Sessa Fausto , Orlandi Augusto , Monteleone Giovanni , Biancone Livia , Cantoro Laura , Tonelli Francesco , Ciardi Antonio , Poggioli Gilberto , Rizzello Fernando , Ardizzone Sandro , Sampietro Gianluca , Solina Gaspare , Oreggia Barbara , Papi Claudio , D’Incà Renata , Vecchi Maurizio , Caprioli Flavio , Caronna Roberto , D’Errico Antonietta , Fiocca Roberto , Rugge Massimo , Corazza Gino Roberto , Luinetti Ombretta , Paulli Marco , Solcia Enrico , Di Sabatino Antonio , Vanoli Alessandro 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background and Aims
Crohn’s disease-associated small bowel carcinoma is a rare event, usually reported to have a severe prognosis. However, in previous investigations we have found a minority of cases displaying a relatively favourable behaviour, thus outlining the need to improve the histopathological prediction of Crohn’s disease-associated small bowel carcinoma prognosis.

Methods
As in recent studies on colorectal cancer, a substantial improvement in prognostic evaluations has been provided by the histological analysis of the tumour invasive front; we therefore systematically analysed the tumour budding and poorly differentiated clusters in the invasive front of 47 Crohn’s disease-associated small bowel carcinomas collected through the Small Bowel Cancer Italian Consortium.

Results
Both tumour budding and poorly differentiated cluster analyses proved highly effective in prognostic evaluation of Crohn’s disease-associated small bowel carcinomas. In addition, they retained prognostic value when combined with two other parameters, i.e. glandular histology and stage I/II, both known to predict a relatively favourable small bowel carcinoma behaviour. In particular, association of tumour budding and poorly differentiated clusters in a combined invasive front score allowed identification of a minor subset of cancers [12/47, 25%] characterised by combined invasive front low grade coupled with a glandular histology and a low stage [I or II] and showing no cancer-related death during a median follow-up of 73.5 months.

Conclusions
The improved distinction of lower- from higher-grade Crohn’s disease-associated small bowel carcinomas provided by invasive front analysis should be of potential help in choosing appropriate therapy for these rare and frequently ominous neoplasms.
Does Demanding Activation Work? A Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Unemployment Benefit Conditionality on Employment in 21 Advanced Economies, 1980–2012
Authors: Knotz Carlo Michael 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWhether or not putting the unemployed under greater pressure to seek and accept jobs really helps to raise levels of employment remains a controversially discussed question. Empirical research into this question has so far focused on the micro-level whereas the macro-level effects remain unexplored. This article fills this gap, using a novel comparative dataset on the strictness of job-search and availability requirements and sanction rules for unemployment benefit claimants in 21 countries between 1980 and 2012. It is shown that requiring more active job-search and availability for a wider range of jobs does indeed lead to increased employment, while no evidence for a similar positive effect of tougher sanction rules on employment is found. The data do indicate, however, that sanction rules are themselves a product of adverse labour market conditions. Interactive estimations also suggest a negative moderating influence of tough sanction rules on the effectiveness of stricter conditions, whereas more generous unemployment insurance and assistance benefits appear to strengthen the effects of stricter conditions. Overall, the results suggest that to increase employment, the treatment of the unemployed may be demanding but should not be punitive and should include supportive elements, providing claimants with the resources they need to effectively look for work.
The Cohomological Brauer Group of a Torsion 𝔾m-Gerbe
Authors: Shin Minseon 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Let $S$ be a scheme and let $\pi : \mathcal{G} \to S$ be a ${\mathbb{G}}_{m,S}$-gerbe corresponding to a torsion class $[\mathcal{G}]$ in the cohomological Brauer group ${\operatorname{Br}}^{\prime}(S)$ of $S$. We show that the cohomological Brauer group ${\operatorname{Br}}^{\prime}(\mathcal{G})$ of $\mathcal{G}$ is isomorphic to the quotient of ${\operatorname{Br}}^{\prime}(S)$ by the subgroup generated by the class $[\mathcal{G}]$. This is analogous to a theorem proved by Gabber for Brauer–Severi schemes.
Contemporary Images of Hindu Bhakti: Identity and Visuality
Authors: Holt Amy-Ruth , Pechilis Karen 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHistorians writing on modernity often remark on the power of the visual, appealing to Walter Benjamin's influential observation that ‘modernity under late capitalism is dominated, and haunted, by dream-images and commodified visual fetishes’ (Benjamin 1968; Levin 1993, p.23; Ramaswamy 2003, p.xiii). Yet, studies of bhakti commonly focus on the literature and biographies of the bhakti saints instead of its visual dimensions in art, material culture, and performance. In this special issue, scholars of religion and art history writing on diverse visual cultures, communities, and geographical locations under the umbrella of the contemporary era reveal two distinguishing features of bhakti. The first is bhakti's impetus to establish the artist's, devotee's, or saint's individual and communal identity that resituates today's religion. The second is bhakti's formation of emotive imagery with visual agency animated by participatory desires that inspire the creation and re-creation of imagery and performances that speak directly to the everyday. Identity and visuality, found together in contemporary bhakti imagery, shape our distinctive analysis and redirect Benjamin's original statement from postcolonial nation-building towards the vitality of devotional participation.
Cardiovascular System in the Critically Ill Patient
Authors: Ripoll Sanz Juan G. , Jiramethee Norlalak , Diaz-Gomez Jose L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of fundamental pathophysiologic concepts for the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disorders in critically ill patients. Three major topics are presented: 1) the importance of vascular–cardiac pump coupling as an integrated system, 2) practical considerations of ventricular dysfunction, and 3) systemic vessels as a crucial factor for cardiac output control and fluid responsiveness.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Patch Richard K. , Findlay James Y. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Patients with ARDS have pulmonary damage from an acute, usually severe, diffuse inflammatory lung injury that leads to increased vascular permeability and loss of aerated tissue. Mortality from ARDS is estimated to range from 26% to 58%, and in-hospital mortality is high (46.1%) for those with severe ARDS. Survivors have extensive morbidity, including neurocognitive dysfunction, physical disabilities, and psychiatric illnesses such as depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Lung function may be compromised for as long as 5 years.
Pulmonary Malignancy
Authors: Zaied Ali A. , Johnson Margaret M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Although the number of new lung cancer cases has decreased, most are diagnosed at an advanced stage owing to the asymptomatic nature of the disease. Furthermore, patients may need intensive care admission for paraneoplastic syndromes such as hypercalcemia, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), Cushing syndrome, and superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS). Pulmonary infections must be considered in the differential diagnosis of chemotherapy-related lung toxicity.
Anaphylaxis and Anaphylactic Shock
Authors: Motosue Megan S. , Volcheck Gerald W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Anaphylaxis is a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and potentially fatal. Prompt recognition of the symptoms and institution of treatment are important in management. The lifetime prevalence of anaphylaxis is estimated to be 0.05% to 2% and appears to be increasing. Allergic reactions vary in severity, with the most severe culminating in anaphylactic shock. Common triggers include food, venom, and drugs. Triggers for events vary by age. Among children and young people, food is a common trigger; among middle-aged and older people, medications and venoms are common triggers. Neuromuscular blocking agents, antibiotics, and latex are the most common causes of anesthesia-associated anaphylaxis. This chapter briefly discusses the background, diagnosis, and management of anaphylaxis.
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Ketha Siva S. , Moreno Juan Carlos Leoni 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) encompasses all clinical manifestations caused by active myocardial ischemia and includes 3 entities: unstable angina (UA), acute non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Atherosclerotic plaque rupture is the most consistent pathophysiologic event in ACS. After plaque rupture, cardiac myocytes die as a consequence of continued occlusion, thereby causing acute myocardial infarction (MI). Prompt recognition of ACS is crucial because the greatest therapeutic effect is achieved if treatment is performed soon after presentation.
Panhypopituitarism
Authors: Donegan Diane , Bancos Irina 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Hypopituitarism is defined as a deficiency in 1 or more pituitary hormones. The pituitary gland is composed of the anterior pituitary, which originates from an invagination of the oral ectoderm and forms the Rathke pouch, and the posterior pituitary, which is derived from the neural ectoderm of the diencephalon. The anterior pituitary is composed of 5 types of hormone-producing cells: Somatotrophs produce growth hormone; gonadotrophs, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone; thyrotrophs, thyrotropin; 4 lactotrophs, prolactin; and corticotrophs, corticotropin. Identification of hypopituitarism is important because of its association with premature death due to respiratory and cardiovascular complications.
Thyroid Disorders in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Moss John E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Thyroid disorders are relatively uncommon among patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) but may lead to serious morbidity and death. A working knowledge of these disorders is essential to their recognition and treatment, and an intensivist should be able to recognize and treat the 3 most common thyroid disorders in the ICU: myxedema coma, thyroid storm, and euthyroid sick syndrome.
Acute Liver Failure
Authors: Findlay James Y. , Wijdicks Eelco F. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is an uncommon condition in which an acute insult results in a rapid deterioration of liver function, encephalopathy, and coagulopathy in the absence of prior underlying liver disease. It is differentiated from rapid deterioration in the setting of underlying liver disease (acute on chronic liver failure) and from the gradual deterioration in liver function that can occur in chronic liver failure.
Acid-Base Disorders
Authors: Demirci Onur 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the human body, many essential cellular processes, such as transmembrane transport and metabolic pathways, are extremely pH sensitive. Normally, systemic acid-base equilibrium is tightly controlled with an arterial pH between 7.35 and 7.45. However, because of acid production, the intracellular pH is usually slightly lower, at 7.0 to 7.2, a value closer to a neutral pH of 6.8 at 37°C. In practice, though, intracellular pH is neither measured nor directly treated. Because of the ease of measuring the pH of the blood with an arterial blood gas test, we, as clinicians, treat disturbances of acid-base hemeostasis of this extracellular compartment.
Disorders of Water and Electrolyte Balance
Authors: Zaw Yuzana , Keddis Mira T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the physiology of water balance; disorders of hyponatremia and hypernatremia and the approach to their evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment; and disorders of electrolyte imbalance, including those of potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium.
Rheumatologic and Autoimmune Emergencies
Authors: Krause Megan L. , Moder Kevin G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Rheumatologic emergencies are overall very rare. However, when they do occur, they must be recognized quickly to prevent severe morbidity and mortality. Examples are acute arthritis, catastrophic antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, giant cell arteritis, and transverse myelitis.
Cardiac Pacing in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Schleifer J. William , Mookadam Farouk , Ramakrishna Harish 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Patients with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators are commonly encountered in the intensive care unit. Knowledge of device function and indications for device implantation and extraction are required for safe perioperative and critical care management.
Clinical Management of Heart Transplant Recipients
Authors: Sadiqi Arzoo , Jahanyar Jama 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The challenges of managing heart transplant recipients postoperatively relate to right ventricular failure, immunosuppression, and the unique physiology of the donor heart. Clinical management of heart transplant recipients requires a multidisciplinary team approach with a coordinated effort between intensivists, cardiac surgeons, heart transplant cardiologists, and infectious disease specialists.
Clinical Management of Kidney Transplant Recipients
Authors: Onigkeit James A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Kidney transplant is common. More than 19,000 kidney transplants were performed in the United States in 2017. About two-thirds were deceased donor transplants, and about one-third were living donor transplants. The clinical management of a kidney transplant recipient begins in the operating room. Posttransplant complications can be divided into 2 categories: surgical and medical.
Small Intestinal Transplant
Authors: Sen Ayan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Intestinal transplant (ITx) is becoming a valid option for patients with intestinal failure who are receiving long-term parenteral nutrition and have associated complications. Since then the number of intestinal transplants performed in the United States has increased dramatically (from 5 in 1990 to 146 in 2016). Furthermore, 1-year graft and patient survival rates are similar to those for solid abdominal organ transplants (up to 80%). Short gut syndrome and functional bowel problems are the most common clinical conditions leading to intestinal failure and subsequent eligibility for ITx.
Serotonin Syndrome
Authors: Gobeske Kevin T. , Wijdicks Eelco F. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Serotonin syndrome affects the central nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, and the neuromuscular system and can have acute and potentially life-threatening manifestations. By definition, serotonin syndrome is associated with changes in serotonin exposure and thus might be described more accurately as serotonergic excess or serotonin toxicity. The central nervous system effects of serotonin involve regulation of attention, arousal, mood, learning, appetite, and temperature.
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Lanzino Giuseppe , Pira Biagia La 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The term subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) refers to extravasation of blood into the subarachnoid space. The term spontaneous is used to distinguish causes other than traumatic. The characteristic SAH pattern of most aneurysmal causes is SAH blood around the basal cisterns or around the circle of Willis. This chapter focuses on aneurysmal SAH (aSAH) related to rupture of an intracranial aneurysm. A medical and neurosurgical emergency, aSAH is associated with a 1-month mortality as high as 40%, and survivors have considerable morbidity and persisting neurologic deficits. Early recognition and management of aSAH are critical to optimizing outcomes.
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations
Authors: Flemming Kelly D. , Link Michael J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are a type of intracranial vascular malformation that consists of an abnormal connection of arteries and veins without intervening capillary beds. AVMs may come to medical attention because of seizure, intracranial hemorrhage, or incidental radiographic findings in a patient undergoing brain imaging for a different indication. This chapter focuses on the epidemiology, natural history, diagnosis, and management of intracranial AVMs.
Traumatic Epidural and Subdural Hematomas
Authors: Maloney Patrick R. , Clarke Michelle J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is a broad topic and encompasses a spectrum of pathophysiologic disorders that result in increased intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral edema, bleeding, mass effect, cerebral herniation, and death. Traumatic epidural hematoma (EDH) and subdural hematoma (SDH) are the focus of this chapter. EDH and SDH are intracranial blood collections that have mass effect within the intracranial vault (Figure 88.1) for which operative and nonoperative management criteria are established.
Encephalitis
Authors: Aksamit Allen J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Encephalitis is an inflammatory process affecting the parenchyma of the brain, most commonly diffusely, and therefore leading to a clouding of consciousness early in its course. At a gross pathologic level, encephalitis is generally nonpurulent and is distinguished from cerebritis, which tends to be overtly purulent on gross inspection. Encephalitis is the preferred term for viral or autoimmune inflammation of the brain.
Brain and Spine Tumors
Authors: Sattur Mithun , Welz Matthew E. , Bendok Bernard R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Despite advances in imaging methods, neurosurgical techniques, adjuvant radiation, radiosurgery, and chemotherapy, neurocritical care of the patient with neuraxial tumors is an important component of care. Treatment of these tumors may include management of refractory (often focal) seizures and treatment of mass effect and shift from associated edema. This chapter outlines the important pathophysiologic concepts behind the clinical presentation, neurosurgical management, and perioperative intensive care of patients who have these tumors.
Central Line Placement
Authors: Will Nicholas D. , Beam W. Brian 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Central venous catheter placement is one of the most commonly performed procedures in the intensive care unit. Common indications for central venous catheter placement include the need for vasoactive or caustic medication infusions, vascular access in patients with poor peripheral veins, long-term access for intravenous medications, infusion of parenteral nutrition, hemodynamic monitoring, transvenous cardiac pacing, and access for hemodialysis or plasmapheresis. There are no absolute contraindications to central venous catheter placement because it is a potentially lifesaving intervention, but careful planning and site selection are warranted in some cases, such as a patient with a known coagulopathy.
Lumbar Drain
Authors: Van Gompel Jamie J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Lumbar drainage has a major role in neurosurgical and neurocritical care procedures. Lumbar drain insertion is a simple and, when done well, low-risk procedure. A lumbar drain is often necessary in the management of perioperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks, the most common use, but it may be beneficial for patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and communicating hydrocephalus and for patients undergoing surgery involving the aorta with possible damage to the spinal cord. CSF removal optimizes spinal cord blood flow. This chapter describes lumbar drain insertion and some of the associated perils and pitfalls.