bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La jurisprudence de l’OMC et la recherche d’un équilibre entre développement économique et considérations non-commerciales : le cas de l’environnement
Authors: Marceau Gabrielle , Marquet Clément 
Published: October 2019

Une critique récurrente du GATT était son manque d’ouverture aux considérations non-commerciales, et en particulier l’environnement. Pour l’Organe d’appel, le nouveau préambule de l’Accord de Marrakech, et la décision des Membres de créer un Comité du commerce et de l’environnement et d’y négocier des critères sur la cohérence entre commerce et environnement confirment qu’une interprétation plus internationale des exceptions et justifications favorisant la protection de l’environnement et de la santé est dorénavant nécessaire. Dans ce contexte, cet article propose une présentation de l’état de l’art de la jurisprudence sur la question. En particulier, l’accent est mis sur les conditions d’application de l’article XX b) et XX g) du GATT, tous deux pertinents au regard du droit des Membres de l’OMC de protéger l’environnement. L’article XX g) est d’abord abordé, notamment au regard de la dimension évolutive de son interprétation. Concernant l’article XX b), les questions de « nécessité », de mesures alternatives ou d’application du chapeau de l’article sont mises en lumière et développées à travers l’historique de la jurisprudence, jusqu’à la plus récente. Une comparaison est proposée avec l’article 2 de l’Accord OTC qui permet des distinctions réglementaires justifiées et regroupe ainsi nombre de principes similaires à ceux du GATT. Par ailleurs, les articles 2.2, 2.4 et 2.5 de l’Accord OTC permettent la prise de mesures restrictives liées à l’environnement. L’analyse de ces dispositions et de leurs similitudes permet de donner une idée générale du régime OMC relatif aux considérations non-commerciales, au sein desquelles l’environnement tient une place cruciale.
La sociologie de l’éducation dans les sciences de l’éducation québécoise
Authors: Lessard Claude 
Published: October 2019

Cet article analyse la situation de la sociologie de l’éducation au sein des sciences de l’éducation québécoises. D’emblée, constatant le caractère périphérique de la sociologie de l’éducation québécoise, il situe celle-ci dans la mouvance anglo-américaine et franco européenne et rappelle les grandes lignes de son histoire. Puis, sont abordés son institutionnalisation et sa marginalité au sein des sciences de l’éducation, ainsi que ses rapports avec des acteurs de l’éducation en demande d’expertise. Trois figures identitaires sont présentées : celle du disciplinaire, de l’ami-critique et de l’expert. Aussi, sont proposés trois facteurs qui expliquent le relatif développement en recherche de la sociologie de l’éducation. Ces facteurs sont liés aux figures identitaires, les soutenant chacun à leur manière. Enfin, en conclusion la situation actuelle et les défis qu’elle pose sont traités.
The phylogeny of desmostylians revisited: proposal of new clades based on robust phylogenetic hypotheses
Authors: Matsui Kumiko , Tsuihiji Takanobu 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundDesmostylia is a clade of extinct aquatic mammals with no living members. Today, this clade is considered belonging to either Afrotheria or Perissodactyla. In the currently-accepted taxonomic scheme, Desmostylia includes two families, 10 to 12 genera, and 13–14 species. There have been relatively few phylogenetic analyses published on desmostylian interrelationship compared to other vertebrate taxa, and two main, alternative phylogenetic hypotheses have been proposed in previous studies. One major problem with those previous studies is that the numbers of characters and OTUs were small.MethodsIn this study, we analyzed the phylogenetic interrelationship of Desmostylia based on a new data matrix that includes larger numbers of characters and taxa than in any previous studies. The new data matrix was compiled mainly based on data matrices of previous studies and included three outgroups and 13 desmostylian ingroup taxa. Analyses were carried out using five kinds of parsimonious methods.ResultsStrict consensus trees of the most parsimonious topologies obtained in all analyses supported the monophyly of Desmostylidae and paraphyly of traditional Paleoparadoxiidae. Based on these results, we propose phylogenetic definitions of the clades Desmostylidae and Paleoparadoxiidae based on common ancestry.
Differences between medically treated and untreated non-fatal self-harm reported by hotline callers in China
Authors: Tong Yongsheng , Yin Yi , Liu Nancy H. 
Published: October 2019

Background
Many self-harmers do not present in hospitals due to the self-harm. It is still unclear on the differences between medically treated and untreated self-harm in China. This study described the differences of the two groups of self-harmers using the largest psychological aid hotline data.

Methods
The present observational study recruited 3,403 hotline callers who reported episodes of self-harm before the call. In routine assessment, information about the most recent episode of self-harm was collected, including the method of self-harm, the wish to die, goals of the self-harm, and any medical treatment (irrespective of psychological services) in the hospital. The callers were divided into two groups: those who received hospital-based medical treatment due to the most recent self-harm (treated self-harm callers) and those who did not (untreated self-harm callers).

Results
In the most recent episode of self-harm, 65% (n = 2,217) of callers were untreated and 55% (1,226/2,217) of the untreated self-harm callers reported a wish to die. A total of 67% of the callers reported that their main goal of self-harm was to relieve suffering. The most common self-harm methods were using instruments (knife or rope) and overdosing on medicines. Compared with treated self-harm callers, the untreated self-harm callers were less likely to have a wish to die (OR = 0.57), engage in self-harm outside the home (OR = 0.71 and 0.78), and attribute their self-harm to romantic relationship problems (OR = 0.76); however, they were more likely to use instruments, to jump, or to choose other methods (OR = 3.73, 3.83, and 7.71, respectively).

Conclusions
Among hotline callers, many episodes of self-harm did not receive medical treatment, despite over half reporting a wish to die. Characteristics of self-harm behaviors were different between treated and untreated self-harm callers. Our findings suggest that more strategies should improve access to hospital-based medical treatment and coverage for post-intervention for self-harmers who are not presented in hospitals.
Identification of key genes and multiple molecular pathways of metastatic process in prostate cancer
Authors: Guo Lihuang , Lin Mingyue , Cheng Zhenbo , Chen Yi , Huang Yue , Xu Keqian 
Published: October 2019

Background
Cancer metastasis is well known as the most adverse outcome and the major cause of mortality in cancer patients, including prostate cancer (PCa). There are no credible predictors, to this day, that can reflect the metastatic ability of localized PCa. In the present study, we firstly identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and molecular pathways involved in the metastaic process of PCa by comparing gene expressions of metastaic PCa with localized PCa directly, with the purpose of identifying potential markers or therapeutic targets.

Methods
The gene expression profiles (GSE6919 and GSE32269) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, which contained 141 tissue samples, including 87 primary localized PCa samples and 54 metastaic PCa samples. After data processing, DEGs were identified by R language using the Student’s t-test adjusted via the Beniamini–Hochberg method. Subsequently, the gene ontology functional and pathway enrichment analyses of DEGs were performed and the protein–protein interaction network was constructed. Hub genes were identified using the plug-in cytoHubba in Cytoscape software by MCC and degree. Furthermore, validation and prognostic significance analysis of the hub genes were performed by UALCAN and gene expression profiling interactive analysis (GEPIA).

Results
A total of 90 DEGs were identified between localized and metastaic PCa, which consisted of 47 upregulated and 43 downregulated genes. The enriched functions and pathways of the DEGs include catabolic process, cell cycle, response to steroid hormone, extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction and vascular smooth muscle contraction. A total of 10 genes were identified as hub genes and biological process analysis of hub genes showed that cell cycle phase, cell division, and mitotic cell cycle process were mainly enriched. The expression of hub genes were confirmed in metastaic PCa when compared with localized PCa tissues by The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Moreover, the disease-free survival analysis of hub genes revealed that these genes may play an important role in invasion, progression or recurrence. Therefore, these hub genes might be the key genes contributed to tumor progression or metastasis in PCa and provide candidate therapeutic targets for PCa.

Conclusions
The present study identified some DEGs between localized and metastaic PCa tissue samples. These key genes might be potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for the metastaic process of PCa.
Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction development for rapid detection of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus and comparison with other techniques
Authors: Panno Stefano , Ruiz-Ruiz Susana , Caruso Andrea Giovanni , Alfaro-Fernandez Ana , Font San Ambrosio Maria Isabel , Davino Salvatore 
Published: October 2019

Background
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is a highly infectious tobamovirus that causes severe disease in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crops. In Italy, the first ToBRFV outbreak occurred in 2018 in several provinces of the Sicily region. ToBRFV outbreak represents a serious threat for tomato crops in Italy and the Mediterranean Basin.

Methods
Molecular and biological characterisation of the Sicilian ToBRFV ToB-SIC01/19 isolate was performed, and a sensitive and specific Real-time RT-PCR TaqMan minor groove binder probe method was developed to detect ToBRFV in infected plants and seeds. Moreover, four different sample preparation procedures (immunocapture, total RNA extraction, direct crude extract and leaf-disk crude extract) were evaluated.

Results
The Sicilian isolate ToB-SIC01/19 (6,391 nt) showed a strong sequence identity with the isolates TBRFV-P12-3H and TBRFV-P12-3G from Germany, Tom1-Jo from Jordan and TBRFV-IL from Israel. The ToB-SIC01/19 isolate was successfully transmitted by mechanical inoculations in S. lycopersicum L. and Capsicum annuum L., but no transmission occurred in S. melongena L. The developed real-time RT-PCR, based on the use of a primer set designed on conserved sequences in the open reading frames3, enabled a reliable quantitative detection. This method allowed clear discrimination of ToBRFV from other viruses belonging to the genus Tobamovirus, minimising false-negative results. Using immunocapture and total RNA extraction procedures, the real-time RT-PCR and end-point RT-PCR gave the same comparable results. Using direct crude extracts and leaf-disk crude extracts, the end-point RT-PCR was unable to provide a reliable result. This developed highly specific and sensitive real-time RT-PCR assay will be a particularly valuable tool for early ToBRFV diagnosis, optimising procedures in terms of costs and time.
Heteroatom‐Mediated Interactions between Ruthenium Single Atoms and an MXene Support for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Ramalingam Vinoth , Varadhan Purushothaman , Fu Hui‐Chun , Kim Hyunho , Zhang Daliang , Chen Shuangming , Song Li , Ma Ding , Wang Yun , Alshareef Husam N. , He Jr‐Hau 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene is employed as an efficient solid support to host a nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) coordinated ruthenium single atom (RuSA) catalyst, which displays superior activity toward the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy reveal the atomic dispersion of Ru on the Ti3C2Tx MXene support and the successful coordination of RuSA with the N and S species on the Ti3C2Tx MXene. The resultant RuSA‐N‐S‐Ti3C2Tx catalyst exhibits a low overpotential of 76 mV to achieve the current density of 10 mA cm−2. Furthermore, it is shown that integrating the RuSA‐N‐S‐Ti3C2Tx catalyst on n+np+‐Si photocathode enables photoelectrochemical hydrogen production with exceptionally high photocurrent density of 37.6 mA cm−2 that is higher than the reported precious Pt and other noble metals catalysts coupled to Si photocathodes. Density functional theory calculations suggest that RuSA coordinated with N and S sites on the Ti3C2Tx MXene support is the origin of this enhanced HER activity. This work would extend the possibility of using the MXene family as a solid support for the rational design of various single atom catalysts.
Predicting an Antiaromatic Benzene Ring in the Ground State Caused by Hyperconjugation
Authors: Zhao Yu , Xie Qiong , Sun Tingting , Wu Jiashun , Zhu Jun 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBenzene, the prototype of aromatics, has six equivalent C−C bonds (1.397 Å), which are intermediate between a C−C double bond and a C−C single bond. For over 80 years, chemists have spent much effort on freezing a localized structure to obtain a distorted bond‐length alternating benzene ring in the ground state, leading to various localized trisannelated benzene rings. However, most of the central benzene rings are still aromatic or nonaromatic. Here we report an antiaromatic benzene ring caused by hyperconjugation. Specifically, symmetric annulation of 5,5‐difluorocyclopentadiene results in an antiaromatic benzene ring, which is supported by various aromaticity indices, including nucleus‐independent chemical shift, anisotropy of the induced current density, π‐separated electron‐localization function and heat of hydrogenation. Our findings highlight a strong power of hyperconjugation, a “weak” interaction in organic chemistry, paving the way for designing and realizing more novel (anti)aromatics.
Patient costs of diabetes mellitus care in public health care facilities in Kenya
Authors: Oyando Robinson , Njoroge Martin , Nguhiu Peter , Sigilai Antipa , Kirui Fredrick , Mbui Jane , Bukania Zipporah , Obala Andrew , Munge Kenneth , Etyang Anthony , Barasa Edwine 
Published: October 2019

SummaryObjectiveTo estimate the direct and indirect costs of diabetes mellitus care at five public health facilities in Kenya.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study in two counties where diabetes patients aged 18 years and above were interviewed. Data on care‐seeking costs were obtained from 163 patients seeking diabetes care at five public facilities using the cost‐of‐illness approach. Medicines and user charges were classified as direct health care costs while expenses on transport, food, and accommodation were classified as direct non–health care costs. Productivity losses due to diabetes were classified as indirect costs. We computed annual direct and indirect costs borne by these patients.ResultsMore than half (57.7%) of sampled patients had hypertension comorbidity. Overall, the mean annual direct patient cost was KES 53 907 (95% CI, 43 625.4‐64 188.6) (US$ 528.5 [95% CI, 427.7‐629.3]). Medicines accounted for 52.4%, transport 22.6%, user charges 17.5%, and food 7.5% of total direct costs. Overall mean annual indirect cost was KES 23 174 (95% CI, 20 910‐25 438.8) (US$ 227.2 [95% CI, 205‐249.4]). Patients reporting hypertension comorbidity incurred higher costs compared with diabetes‐only patients. The incidence of catastrophic costs was 63.1% (95% CI, 55.7‐70.7) and increased to 75.4% (95% CI, 68.3‐82.1) when transport costs were included.ConclusionThere are substantial direct and indirect costs borne by diabetic patients in seeking care from public facilities in Kenya. High incidence of catastrophic costs suggests diabetes services are unaffordable to majority of diabetic patients and illustrate the urgent need to improve financial risk protection to ensure access to care.
Approach to Obtain Electrospun Hydrophilic Fibers and Prevent Fiber Necking
Authors: Fischer Thorsten , Möller Martin , Singh Smriti 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSolution electrospinning of a blend containing a hydrophobic polymer with a hydrophilic functional polymer as an additive is a simple and straight‐forward route to obtain functional and hydrophilic fibers accompanied by the mechanical properties of the hydrophobic polymer. However, this process of thermodynamically unfavored surface segregation of the hydrophilic additive is not well understood. To understand the process the dependencies of the surface hydrophilization on type of hydrophilic polymers, the solvent, and the process, using poly(caprolactone) (PCL) as the matrix polymer is explored. The results show that hydrophilic fibers can be obtained using different additive hydrophilic polymers. The combination of polymer blends which show this effect can be predicted using the Flory–Huggins interaction parameter. In addition mechanical and micromechanical properties of PCL fibers blended with NCO‐terminated star‐shaped poly(ethylene glycol) (sPEG‐NCO) as additive are investigated. In this context blending with sPEG‐NCO turns out to be a powerful tool to prevent fiber necking rendering this method an interesting candidate for tissue engineering application, where it is mandatory to retain the surface properties under mechanical stress.
Exploration of Fluorescence Quenching Mechanism in Tryptophan Induced by Norfloxacin: Analytical Applications
Authors: Mahanwar Sunanda T. , Patil Shilpa R. , Naik Vaibhav M. , Waghmare Ravindra D. , Anbhule Prashant V. , Kolekar Govind B. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFluorescence quenching mechanism of tryptophan (Trp) by norfloxacin (NORF) was investigated by spectrofluorometric method at physiological pH. Stern−Volmer quenching constant is positively related with temperature shows the dynamic type of quenching. Life time of Trp decreases by the addition of NORF supports dynamic type of quenching. Fluorescence quenching method was successfully applied for direct determination of NORF from pharmaceutical sample.
Total aesthetic subunit reconstruction of the burned anterior abdomen using pre‐expanded pedicled anterolateral thigh flap—A case report
Authors: Acarturk Tahsin Oguz , Bengur Fuat Baris 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCombination of tissue expansion and perforator flaps broadened the reconstructive options in burn cases with wide scar contractures. We report a case of total aesthetic subunit reconstruction of the anterior abdominal skin using a pre‐expanded pedicled anterolateral thigh (ALT) perforator flap in a patient with postburn contractures. Seventeen‐year‐old girl had a history of scalding burn to the anterior abdomen, resulting in tight contractures inhibiting her mobility. After an expansion period of 6 months, the flap of 27 × 30 cm was elevated at the suprafascial plane and tunneled to the anterior abdomen. The flap was used to resurface the defect from xyphoid process down to the mons pubis and bilaterally at linea semilunaris. Postoperative course was uneventful. A good quality aesthetic and functional reconstruction was achieved at the 10‐year follow‐up. Pre‐expanded pedicled ALT flaps may be considered as an option in extensive scarring requiring large amounts of tissue.
First application of a high‐resolution silicon detector for proton beam Bragg peak detection in a 0.95 T magnetic field
Authors: Causer Trent J. , Schellhammer Sonja M. , Gantz Sebastian , Lühr Armin , Hoffmann Aswin L. , Metcalfe Peter E. , Rosenfeld Anatoly B. , Guatelli Susanna , Petasecca Marco , Oborn Bradley M. 
Published: October 2019

PurposeTo report on experimental results of a high spatial resolution silicon‐based detector exposed to therapeutic quality proton beams in a 0.95 T transverse magnetic field. These experimental results are important for the development of accurate and novel dosimetry methods in future potential real‐time MRI‐guided proton therapy systems.MethodsA permanent magnet device was utilized to generate a 0.95 T magnetic field over a 4 × 20 × 15 cm3 volume. Within this volume, a high‐resolution silicon diode array detector was positioned inside a PMMA phantom of 4 × 15 × 12 cm3. This detector contains two orthogonal strips containing 505 sensitive volumes spaced at 0.2 mm apart. Proton beams collimated to a circle of 10 mm diameter with nominal energies of 90 MeV, 110 MeV, and 125 MeV were incident on the detector from an edge‐on orientation. This allows for a measurement of the Bragg peak at 0.2 mm spatial resolution in both the depth and lateral profile directions. The impact of the magnetic field on the proton beams, that is, a small deflection was also investigated. A Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation was performed of the experimental setup to aid in interpretation of the results.ResultsThe nominal Bragg peak for each proton energy was successfully observed with a 0.2 mm spatial resolution in the 0.95 T transverse magnetic field in both a depth and lateral profiles. The proton beam deflection (at 0.95 T) was a consistent 2 ±0.5 mm at the center of the magnetic volume for each beam energy. However, a pristine Bragg peak was not observed for each energy. This was caused by the detector packaging having small air gaps between layers of the phantom material surrounding the diode array. These air gaps act to degrade the shape of the Bragg peak, and further to this, the nonwater equivalent silicon chip acts to separate the Bragg peak into multiple peaks depending on the proton path taken. Overall, a promising performance of the silicon detector array was observed, however, with a qualitative assessment rather than a robust quantitative dosimetric evaluation at this stage of development.ConclusionsFor the first time, a high‐resolution silicon‐based radiation detector has been used to measure proton beam Bragg peak deflections in a phantom due to a strong magnetic field. Future efforts are required to optimize the detector packaging to strengthen the robustness of the dosimetric quantities obtained from the detector. Such high‐resolution silicon diode arrays may be useful in future efforts in MRI‐guided proton therapy research.