bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advanced Catalysts Derived from Composition‐Segregated Platinum–Nickel Nanostructures: New Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Zhang Nan , Shao Qi , Xiao Xiangheng , Huang Xiaoqing 
Published: February 2019

AbstractComposition segregation, resulting from the rearrangement of atom positions and different enrichment behaviors of different atoms in alloys, has been linked to their enhanced performances in catalytic applications due to the strong electronic effect and largely improved number of available active sites. Hence, composition‐segregated metallic nanostructures have been actively pursued to prepare better‐performing nanocatalysts. Moreover, they also act as an emerging platform to develop unusual nanostructures with desirable functionalities. An overview about the recent advances in preparing unusual nanostructures with desirable functionalities such as highly open 3D structures (concave, frame, porous, etc.) and composites with suitable interfaces (metal–metal, metal–oxide, metal–sulfide, metal–boride, metal–organic, metal–hydroxide interfaces, etc.) based on composition‐segregated metallic nanostructures which can boost heterogeneous catalytic reactions with superior performances is provided here. The different strategies developed so far for the synthesis of composition‐segregated metallic nanostructures are also discussed. Finally, the challenges of the composition‐segregated nanostructure and their functionalized materials are discussed, as well as some perspectives are highlighted on the fine regulation and multifunctionalities of nanostructures, which provide a powerful material foundation for the potential electrocatalysis, organic catalysis, and energy conversion of multicomponent metal nanostructures.
Engineering Biomimetic Materials for Skeletal Muscle Repair and Regeneration
Authors: Nakayama Karina H. , Shayan Mahdis , Huang Ngan F. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAlthough skeletal muscle is highly regenerative following injury or disease, endogenous self‐regeneration is severely impaired in conditions of volume traumatic muscle loss. Consequently, tissue engineering approaches are a promising means to regenerate skeletal muscle. Biological scaffolds serve as not only structural support for the promotion of cellular ingrowth but also impart potent modulatory signaling cues that may be beneficial for tissue regeneration. In this work, the progress of tissue engineering approaches for skeletal muscle engineering and regeneration is overviewed, with a focus on the techniques to create biomimetic engineered tissue using extracellular cues. These factors include mechanical and electrical stimulation, geometric patterning, and delivery of growth factors or other bioactive molecules. The progress of evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of these approaches in preclinical models of muscle injury is further discussed.
Ultrathin MXene/Calcium Alginate Aerogel Film for High‐Performance Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
Authors: Zhou Zehang , Liu Jize , Zhang Xinxing , Tian Dong , Zhan Zeying , Lu Canhui 
Published: February 2019

AbstractUltrathin and high‐performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials are urgently demanded for modern microelectronic devices. 2D metal carbides (MXenes) are considered as a promising EMI shielding material due to its metallic conductivity. In this study, sodium alginate is applied as interlayer spacer for Ti3C2Tx nanosheets, which not only prevents the restacking of lamella structure but also serves as building blocks for the sponge‐like structure. Ultrathin Ti3C2Tx/calcium alginate (CA) aerogel films with sponge‐like structure and only tens of microns thickness are prepared through divalent metal ion induced crosslinking, vacuum‐assisted‐filtration induced self‐assembly, and freeze‐drying. Taking advantage of its sponge‐like structure, which facilitates the dissipation of incident electromagnetic waves through multireflection and scattering Ti3C2Tx/CA aerogel film, presents excellent EMI shielding effectiveness (54.3 dB) at a very low thickness of 26 µm. Furthermore, Ti3C2Tx/CA aerogel film shows an outstanding specific EMI shielding efficiency (17586 dB cm2 g−1), which is superior to most reported synthetic materials. The preparation of ultrathin Ti3C2Tx/CA aerogel film provides facile strategy for designing and fabricating high‐performance MXene‐based EMI‐shielding materials, which is highly desirable for various applications including aerospace and smart electronic devices.
Regiodivergent Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid‐Promoted Cycloisomerizations of Ynenamines to Fused Indoles
Authors: Alam Khyarul , Kim Jin Gyeong , Kang Dong Yun , Park Jin Kyoon 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTrifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH)‐mediated cycloisomerizations were controlled through the choice of the electron‐withdrawing functional group at C3 of indoles to provide pyrrolo[3,2,1‐ij]quinolines and benzo[3,4]azepino[1,2‐a]indoles via 6‐endo‐dig and 7‐endo‐dig cyclizations, respectively. The natures of the different cyclizations could be controlled by tuning the electronic influences; indole substrates with carbonyl groups (such as −CO2Et and −COMe) gave products with six‐membered rings, while substrates with sulfonyl groups (such as −Ts and −Ms) gave products with seven‐membered rings in moderate to good yields. By comparison, electronically‐neutral substituents (such as −Ph and −H) turned out to give seven‐membered products through different mechanism.magnified image
Progress on PEDOT:PSS/Nanocrystal Thermoelectric Composites
Authors: Song Haijun , Meng Qiufeng , Lu Yao , Cai Kefeng 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn recent years, poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)‐based nanocomposite thermoelectric (TE) materials are extensively investigated since they can take the advantages of both PEDOT:PSS (e.g., low thermal conductivity, high electrical conductivity, solution processability, and flexibility) and inorganic nanocrystals (e.g., high Seebeck Coefficient) to yield TE performance comparable to that of traditional inorganic TE materials. Besides, various preparation processes allow the mass fabrication of PEDOT:PSS‐based TE materials using some time‐saving and cost‐effective technologies, such as roll‐to‐roll and screen printing methods. This review focuses on the recent progress of PEDOT:PSS/inorganic nanocrystal composites for TE application. The relevant preparation strategies and TE properties are discussed intensively. In addition, the fabrication method, synergistic effect, and energy filtering effect involved in the composites, and flexible devices assembled from the composites are also discussed. Finally, challenges and prospects for future studies are summarized.
Within‐crown plasticity in leaf traits among the tallest conifers
Authors: Chin Alana R. O. , Sillett Stephen C. 
Published: February 2019

Premise of the studyLeaves are the sites of greatest water stress in trees and a key means of acclimation to the environment. We considered phenotypic plasticity of Pseudotsuga menziesii leaves in their ecological context, exploring responsiveness to natural gradients in water stress (indicated by sample height) and light availability (measured from hemispherical photos) to understand how leaf structure is controlled by abiotic factors in tall tree crowns.MethodsAfter measuring anatomy, morphology, and carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of leaves throughout crowns of P. menziesii >90 m tall, we compared structural plasticity of leaves among the three tallest conifer species using equivalent data from past work on Sequoia sempervirens and Picea sitchensis.Key resultsLeaf mass per projected area (LMA) and δ13C increased and mesoporosity (airspace/area) decreased along the water‐stress gradient, while light did not play a detectable role in leaf development. Overall, leaves of P. menziesii were far less phenotypically responsive to within‐crown abiotic gradients than either P. sitchensis, whose leaves responded strongly to light availability, or S. sempervirens, whose leaves responded equally strongly to water stress.ConclusionsP. menziesii maintain remarkably consistent leaf structure despite pronounced vertical gradients in abiotic factors. Contrasting patterns of leaf structural plasticity underlie divergent ecological strategies of the three tallest conifer species, which coexist in Californian rainforests.
Comparative study on quick sequential organ failure assessment, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and the shock index in prehospital emergency patients: single‐site retrospective study
Authors: Harada Masahiro , Takahashi Takeshi , Haga Yoshio , Nishikawa Takeshi 
Published: February 2019

AimThe quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) score, shock index (SI), and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria are simple indicators for the mortality of patients in the emergency department (ED). These simple indicators using only vital signs might be more useful in prehospital care than in the ED due to their quick calculation. However, these indicators have not been compared in prehospital settings. The aim of the present study is to compare these indicators measured in prehospital care and verify whether the qSOFA score is useful for prehospital triage.MethodsWe undertook a single‐site retrospective study on patients transferred by ambulance to the Kumamoto Medical Center ED (Kumamoto, Japan) between January 2015 and December 2016. We compared areas under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curves of the qSOFA score, SI, and SIRS criteria measured in prehospital care. We also carried out sensitivity and specificity analyses using the Youden index.ResultsA total of 4,827 patients were included in the present study. The AUROC (95% confidence interval) of the qSOFA score for in‐hospital mortality was 0.64 (0.61–0.67), which was significantly higher than those of the SIRS criteria (0.59 [0.56–0.62]) and SI (0.58 [0.54–0.62]). According to the optimal cut‐off values (qSOFA ≥ 2) decided on as the Youden index, the sensitivity of the qSOFA score was 52.3% and its specificity was 69.9%.ConclusionsThe qSOFA score had the highest AUROC among three indicators. However, it might not be practical in actual prehospital triage due to its low sensitivity.
Shared polygenic risk and causal inferences in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Bandres‐Ciga Sara , Noyce Alastair J. , Hemani Gibran , Nicolas Aude , Calvo Andrea , Mora Gabriele ,   The ITALSGEN Consortium,   The International ALS Genomics Consortium, Tienari Pentti J. , Stone David J. , Nalls Mike A. , Singleton Andrew B. , Chiò Adriano , Traynor Bryan J. 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveTo identify shared polygenic risk and causal associations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).MethodsLinkage disequilibrium score regression and Mendelian randomization were applied in a large‐scale, data‐driven manner to explore genetic correlations and causal relationships between >700 phenotypic traits and ALS. Exposures consisted of publicly available genome‐wide association studies (GWASes) summary statistics from MR Base and LD‐hub. The outcome data came from the recently published ALS GWAS involving 20,806 cases and 59,804 controls. Multivariate analyses, genetic risk profiling, and Bayesian colocalization analyses were also performed.ResultsWe have shown, by linkage disequilibrium score regression, that ALS shares polygenic risk genetic factors with a number of traits and conditions, including positive correlations with smoking status and moderate levels of physical activity, and negative correlations with higher cognitive performance, higher educational attainment, and light levels of physical activity. Using Mendelian randomization, we found evidence that hyperlipidemia is a causal risk factor for ALS and localized putative functional signals within loci of interest.InterpretationHere, we have developed a public resource (https://lng-nia.shinyapps.io/mrshiny) which we hope will become a valuable tool for the ALS community, and that will be expanded and updated as new data become available. Shared polygenic risk exists between ALS and educational attainment, physical activity, smoking, and tenseness/restlessness. We also found evidence that elevated low‐desnity lipoprotein cholesterol is a causal risk factor for ALS. Future randomized controlled trials should be considered as a proof of causality. Ann Neurol 2019;85:470–481
Remnant cholesterol and risk of ischemic stroke in 112,512 individuals from the general population
Authors: Varbo Anette , Nordestgaard Børge G. 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveHigh remnant cholesterol concentrations are associated with high risk of ischemic heart disease, but whether this is also the case for ischemic stroke is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that high remnant cholesterol concentrations are associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke in the general population.MethodsA total of 102,964 individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study with information on remnant cholesterol at baseline in 2003–2015 were included in a prospective, observational association study. Individuals were followed for up to 14 years, during which time 2,488 were diagnosed with an ischemic stroke. Hazard ratios were estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression models. Results were independently confirmed in 9,548 individuals enrolled in the Copenhagen City Heart Study in 1991–1994; 983 ischemic strokes developed during up to 26 years of follow‐up.ResultsStep‐wise higher remnant cholesterol concentrations were associated with step‐wise higher ischemic stroke risk in the Copenhagen General Population Study, with multivariable adjusted hazard ratios up to 1.99 (95%confidence interval: 1.49–2.67) for individuals with remnant cholesterol concentrations ≥1.5 mmol/l (58 mg/dl), compared to individuals with remnant cholesterol <0.5 mmol/l (19 mg/dl). Results were similar in the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Cumulative incidence of ischemic stroke at age 80 in the Copenhagen General Population Study ranged from 7.3% for individuals with remnant cholesterol <0.5 mmol/l (19 mg/dl) to 11.5% for individuals with remnant cholesterol ≥1.5 mmol/l (58 mg/dl).InterpretationIndividuals with high remnant cholesterol concentrations had higher risk of ischemic stroke. These results indicate that randomized clinical trials with remnant cholesterol lowering in individuals with high concentrations, with the aim of preventing ischemic strokes, are needed. Ann Neurol 2019;85:550–559
Efficient Fe‐Co‐N‐C Electrocatalyst Towards Oxygen Reduction Derived from a Cationic CoII‐based Metal–Organic Framework Modified by Anion‐Exchange with Potassium Ferricyanide
Authors: Chen Xiang‐Lan , Huang Jia‐Wei , Huang Yi‐Chen , Du Jie , Jiang Yu‐Fei , Zhao Yue , Zhu Hai‐Bin 
Published: February 2019

AbstractFe‐Co‐N‐C electrocatalysts have proven superior to their counterparts (e.g. Fe‐N‐C or Co‐N‐C) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, we report on a unique strategy to prepare Fe‐Co‐N‐C−x (x refers to the pyrolysis temperature) electrocatalysts which involves anion‐exchange of [Fe(CN)6]3− into a cationic CoII‐based metal‐organic framework precursor prior to heat treatment. Fe‐Co‐N‐C‐900 exhibits an optimal ORR catalytic performance in an alkaline electrolyte with an onset potential (Eonset: 0.97 V) and half‐wave potential (E1/2: 0.86 V) comparable to that of commercial Pt/C (Eonset=1.02 V; E1/2=0.88 V), which outperforms the corresponding Co‐N‐C‐900 sample (Eonset=0.92 V; E1/2=0.84 V) derived from the same MOF precursor without anion‐exchange modification. This is the first example of Fe‐Co‐N‐C electrocatalysts fabricated from a cationic CoII‐based MOF precursor that dopes the Fe element via anion‐exchange, and our current work provides a new entrance towards MOF‐derived transition‐metal (e.g. Fe or Co) and nitrogen‐codoped carbon electrocatalysts with excellent ORR activity.
A comparative study for detecting CYP3A induction by CYP3A probe drugs and endogenous markers in cynomolgus monkeys
Authors: Tahara Harunobu , Watanabe Miwa , Hasegawa Maki 
Published: February 2019

AbstractCYP3A probe drugs such as midazolam and endogenous markers, and plasma 4β‐hydroxycholesterol (4β‐OHC) and urinary 6β‐hydroxycortisol‐to‐cortisol ratios (6β‐OHC/C) have been used as markers of CYP3A induction in cynomolgus monkeys, as with humans. However, there is limited information on their sensitivity and ability to detect CYP3A induction, as most studies were evaluated only at a high dose of the inducer, rifampicin (RIF; 20 mg/kg). In the present study, the CYP3A induction by RIF over a range doses of 0.2, 2 and 20 mg/kg (n = 4) was examined using CYP3A probe drugs (midazolam, triazolam and alprazolam) and the plasma and urinary endogenous CYP3A markers (4β‐OHC and 6β‐OHC/C). The sensitivity and relationship for detecting CYP3A induction was compared among the markers. Four days repeated oral administration of rifampicin to cynomolgus monkeys reduced the area under the plasma concentration–time curve of all CYP3A probe drugs in a rifampicin dose‐dependent manner. Although the endogenous CYP3A markers (4β‐OHC and 6β‐OHC/C) were also changed for the middle (2 mg/kg) and high (20 mg/kg) doses of rifampicin, the fold‐changes were relatively small, and CYP3A induction could not be detected at the lowest dose of rifampicin (0.2 mg/kg). In conclusion, CYP3A probe drugs are more sensitive for detecting CYP3A induction than endogenous CYP3A markers in cynomolgus monkeys, even for a short experimental period.
A high sensitivity system for luminescence measurement of materials
Authors: Finch Adrian A. , Wang Yafang , Townsend Peter D. , Ingle Martin 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA unique combined and multi‐disciplinary wavelength multiplexed spectrometer is described. It is furnished with high‐sensitivity imaging plate detectors, the power to which can be gated to provide time‐resolved data. The system is capable of collecting spectrally resolved luminescence data following X‐ray excitation [radioluminescence (RL) or X‐ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL)], electron irradiation [cathodoluminescence (CL)] and visible light from light emitting diodes (LEDs) [photoluminescence (PL)]. Time‐resolved PL and CL data can be collected to provide lifetime estimates with half‐lives from microsecond timeframes. There are temperature stages for the high and low temperature experiments providing temperature control from 20 to 673 K. Combining irradiation, time resolved (TR) and TR‐PL allows spectrally‐resolved thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). The design of two detectors with matched gratings gives optimum sensitivity for the system. Examples which show the advantages and multi‐use of the spectrometer are listed. Potential future experiments involving lifetime analysis as a function of irradiation, dose and temperature plus pump‐probe experiments are discussed.
Time to calcitonin normalization after surgery for node-negative and node-positive medullary thyroid cancer
Authors: Machens A , Lorenz K , Dralle H 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
It remains unclear when postoperative serum calcitonin levels should be measured in patients with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) and, specifically, whether this decision should be based on the preoperative calcitonin level or nodal status.

Methods
A cohort of patients with previously untreated MTC was studied. Kaplan–Meier analyses, stratified by preoperative calcitonin level, nodal status and number of nodal metastases, were performed to determine time to calcitonin normalization after initial surgery, with statistical analysis by means of the log rank test.

Results
Some 213 patients with node-negative and 182 with node-positive MTC were included in the study. Postoperative calcitonin levels normalized in a mean of 3·5 versus 3·7 days respectively among patients with preoperative calcitonin levels of 10–100 pg/ml (P = 0·815); 4·8 versus 5·3 days in those with preoperative calcitonin levels of 100·1–500 pg/ml (P = 0·026); 5·3 versus 9·9 days in patients with preoperative calcitonin levels of 500·1–1000 pg/ml (P = 0·004); and 6·6 versus 57·7 days among those with preoperative calcitonin levels exceeding 1000 pg/ml (P &lt; 0·001). Calcitonin levels normalized in a mean of 4·7 days when nodal metastasis was not present, 5·2 days in those with one to five nodal metastases, 7·0 days in patients with six to ten nodal metastases, and 57·1 days among patients with more than ten nodal metastases. Postoperative calcitonin normalization curves paralleled each other in patients with node-negative MTC, but diverged in those with node-positive disease and with more nodal metastases.

Conclusion
Calcitonin levels typically normalize within 1 week; and within a fortnight in those with node-positive MTC and preoperative calcitonin levels of 500·1–1000 pg/ml. With node-positive MTC and preoperative calcitonin levels exceeding 1000 pg/ml, and with more than ten nodal metastases, calcitonin normalization takes longer.
Clinical and experimental studies of intraperitoneal lipolysis and the development of clinically relevant pancreatic fistula after pancreatic surgery
Authors: Uchida Y , Masui T , Nakano K , Yogo A , Sato A , Nagai K , Anazawa T , Takaori K , Tabata Y , Uemoto S 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
Visceral obesity is one of the risk factors for clinically relevant pancreatic fistula after pancreatic resection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of intraperitoneal lipolysis on postoperative pancreatic fistula.

Methods
The degree of intraperitoneal lipolysis was investigated by measuring the free fatty acid concentration in drain discharge in patients after pancreatic resection. An experimental pancreatic fistula model was prepared by pancreatic transection, and the impact of intraperitoneal lipolysis was evaluated by intraperitoneal administration of triolein (triglyceride) with, or without orlistat (lipase inhibitor).

Results
Thirty-three patients were included in the analysis. The free fatty acid concentration in drain discharge on postoperative day 1 was significantly associated with the development of a clinically relevant pancreatic fistula (P = 0·004). A higher free fatty acid concentration in drain discharge was associated with more visceral adipose tissue (P = 0·009). In the experimental model that included 98 rats, intraperitoneal lipolysis caused an increased amount of pancreatic juice leakage and multiple organ dysfunction. Intraperitoneal administration of a lipase inhibitor reduced lipolysis and prevented deterioration of the fistula.

Conclusion
Intraperitoneal lipolysis significantly exacerbates pancreatic fistula after pancreatic resection. Inhibition of lipolysis by intraperitoneal administration of a lipase inhibitor could be a promising therapy to reduce clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula.