bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The importance of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine as prognostic markers for oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Silva Servato João Paulo , Ueira Vieira Carlos , de Faria Paulo Rogério , Cardoso Sérgio Vitorino , Loyola Adriano Mota 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe prognosis of human cancer depends on the deregulations of many molecular patterns. In recent years, a great interest in the intracellular signaling mechanisms related to nitric oxide (NO)‐induced carcinogenesis has appeared, as one of the most preeminent prognostic markers for many types of neoplasms. In this study, we identify the levels of iNOS and nitrotyrosine in the sample of normal oral mucosa (NOM), oral leukoplakia (OL), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).MethodsQuantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCRs) were utilized to detect the NOS2 levels in fresh‐frozen tissue samples of NOM (n = 6), OL (n = 20), and OSCC (n = 15). Moreover, the immunohistochemical method was used to examine the levels of iNOS and nitrotyrosine in 85 cases of OSCC (39 cases without metastases and 46 with metastases), 42 cases of OL, and 16 cases of NOM.ResultsThere are rising tendencies in the iNOS mRNA and protein levels during human oral carcinogenesis. Similar findings were obtained in the nitrotyrosine staining. Furthermore, iNOS and nitrotyrosine immunostaining are associated with several clinical‐pathological features of OSCC (site, presence of metastasis, staging, recidivism, and survival).ConclusionsThe NO‐signaling pathway plays a vital role in the development and progression of human oral dysplastic and neoplastic diseases. Nitrotyrosine was a significant marker for the discrimination of OSCC prognosis and survival.
The Subtle Side of Stigma: Understanding and Reducing Mental Illness Stigma from a Contemporary Prejudice Perspective
Authors: Young Rebecca E. , Goldberg Joel O. , Struthers C. Ward , McCann Doug , Phills Curtis E. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAbleism, as it relates to mental illness, is a serious social issue that exists across nations and cultures. Implicit stigma caused by ableism can be especially problematic given that it is typically expressed subtly and automatically causing it to remain unnoticed and thus unchanged. This research illustrated across two studies that individuals have automatic ableist attitudes toward mental illness, yet the expression of stigma depends on the combination of their implicit and explicit attitudes. Furthermore, Study 2 was the first to demonstrate an effective intervention designed to specifically target implicit stigmatizing attitudes toward mental illness. The findings have implications for implementing social policies that serve to raise awareness of and reduce implicit stigma to ultimately improve the lives for those affected by mental illness.
GC-MS-based metabolomics, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory investigations to characterize the quality of essential oil obtained from dried Xylopia aethiopica fruits from Ghana and Nigeria
Authors: Alolga Raphael N , Chávez León María A S C , Osei-Adjei George , Onoja Vitus 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objectives
This study sought to determine the quality of essential oil from Xylopia aethiopica fruits of different geographical origins using GC-MS-based metabolomics, bacterial quorum sensing and anti-inflammation assessment.

Methods
Essential oil was obtained from eight batches of X. aethiopica fruits from Ghana and Nigeria by hydrodistillation, characterized using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and differences therein found using metabolomics. The respective antibacterial activity of the oils was tested against four bacterial strains: two Gram-positive strains, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Bacillus licheniformis (ATCC12759), and two Gram-negative strains, Escherichia coli (ATCC25922) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13883). Anti-inflammation was tested using RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.

Key findings
The outcome of the study revealed that the oil of the Ghana-sourced samples exhibited superior antibacterial, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects than those from Nigeria. This could be attributed to the higher levels of the bioactive compounds present in those samples. This distinction between the samples from the two countries was clearly established using the metabolomics approach, and 14 differential metabolites were found to be potential chemical markers.

Conclusions
The study lends credence to the traditional uses of the essential oil of X. aethiopica as an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent.
A Clash of Civilizations? Muslims, Christians, and Preferences for Democracy
Authors: Rafiqi Arzoo 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe incompatibility of Islam with democracy has been the focal point of many public and scholarly debates. However, very few studies have attempted to investigate empirically whether the followers of Islam are less favorable to democracy than the followers of Christianity. This study extends previous research by conducting empirical and representative analyses of whether Muslims in general and religious and practicing Muslims in particular prefer democracy less than their Christian counterparts. Using country fixed effects regression and data from the World Values Survey (WVS6) that include 52,326 Muslims and Christians, the analyses show that Muslims in general, as well as religious and practicing Muslims, endorse democracy to the same extent as do Christians. Thereby, this study is the first to provide comparative, individual‐level evidence of the influence these religions may have on democratic attitudes.
Histological responses of peginterferon alpha add‐on therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B with advanced liver fibrosis after long‐term nucleos(t)ide analog treatment
Authors: Li Guojun , Zhang Qiran , Yu Yiqi , Qiu Chao , Zhang Hanyue , Zhang Miaoqu , Song Zhangzhang , Yang Yusheng , Hong Jiemin , Lu Jian , Li Niuniu , Tang Quanzhen , Xu Long , Wang Xuanyi , Zhang Wenhong , Chen Zhi 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAlthough long‐term antiviral treatment with nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) can lead to histological improvement in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), a substantial proportion of patients still fail to achieve regression of fibrosis. Here, we investigated whether peginterferon alpha (Peg‐IFNα） add‐on therapy had benefits on fibrosis regression in patients with sustained severe fibrosis even after long‐term NA treatment. We conducted a retrospective analysis of data from 50 patients with CHB receiving 48 weeks of Peg‐IFNα add‐on therapy. All enrolled patients had advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis (S score ≥ 3) at baseline and underwent NA treatment for at least 1 year before Peg‐IFNα addition. Paired liver biopsies before and after Peg‐IFNα add‐on treatment and laboratory tests at baseline, 24 weeks of treatment, 48 weeks of treatment and long‐term follow‐up were analysed. Of the 50 patients enrolled in this study, 34 patients (68.0%) had significant regression of fibrosis, and 42 (84.0%) showed significant remission of inflammation after Peg‐IFNα add‐on treatment. Compared with nonresponders, patients with significant histological improvement showed faster hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) decline and tended to have higher cumulative hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and HBsAg loss rates during long‐term follow‐up. Peg‐IFNα add‐on therapy led to significant regression of fibrosis and resolution of inflammation in patients with advanced fibrosis after long‐term NA treatment.
Serum protein expression patterns in detecting a new viral protein in HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Chen Huguang , Luo Shuya , Lu Weili , Chen Zhi , Chen Jiamin , Zheng Shu , Yu Jiekai 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe analysed the changes in viral protein expression in HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B (CHB). In total, 160 samples were obtained from individuals infected by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and divided into four groups. Group A included 71 cases of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐negative CHB, Group B included 58 cases of inactive seroconverters and Group C included 31 cases of HBeAg‐positive CHB. Group D included 22 normal healthy individuals as a control. All serum samples were examined using surface enhance laser desorption/ionization time of flight‐mass spectrometry (SELDI‐TOF‐MS). The results indicated that a peak with 4140 m/z increased markedly in Group A at 1295.55 ± 745.87, which was significantly different from that in Group B at 896.99 ± 534.86 (P = 0.013). This peak indicated a close relationship with HBV DNA replication and may contribute to pathogenesis of HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis.
Primary hemostatic function in dogs with acute kidney injury
Authors: McBride Duana , Jepson Rosanne E. , Cortellini Stefano , Chan Daniel L. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundBleeding tendencies can occur with uremia.ObjectivesTo characterize primary hemostatic function in dogs with acute kidney injury (AKI).AnimalsTen dogs with International Renal Interest Society AKI grade III or above and 10 healthy controls.MethodsProspective study comparing PCV, platelet count, platelet aggregometry (Multiplate), and von Willebrand factor antigen to collagen binding activity ratio (vWF:Ag:vWF:CBA) in 2 groups of dogs (AKI group versus controls). Buccal mucosal bleeding time was measured in the AKI group only. Data are presented as median [25th, 75th percentile] unless otherwise stated. Significance was set at P < .05.ResultsMean PCV was significantly lower in the AKI (34.7%; ±SD, 8.8) than in the control (46.1%; ±SD, 3.6; P < .001) group. Platelet count was significantly higher in the AKI (350.5 × 103/μL [301, 516]) than in the control (241 × 103/μL [227, 251]; P = .01) group. Collagen‐activated platelet aggregometry measured as area under the curve was significantly lower in the AKI (36.9 ± 17.7) than in the control (54.9 ± 11.2; P = .05) group. vWF:Ag:vWF:CBA was significantly higher in the AKI (2.2 [1.9, 2.6]) than in the control (1.1 [1.1, 1.2]; P = .01) group. There was a strong correlation between vWF:Ag:vWF:CBA and creatinine (r = 0.859; P < .001), but no other variables.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDogs with AKI had decreased collagen‐activated platelet aggregation and appear to have a type II von Willebrand disease‐like phenotype as indicated by the high vWF:Ag:vWF:CBA.
Efficacy and safety of magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate injection in patients with acute drug‐induced liver injury: A phase II trial
Authors: Wang Yongfeng , Wang Zhenghua , Gao Mengqiu , Zhong Haijun , Chen Chengwei , Yao Yang , Zhang Zhongshun , Zhang Xia , Li Fujian , Zhang Jianzhong , Gu Hong‐Mei , Chen Yingxuan , Tang Jieting , Zhong Wei , Zeng Minde , Mao Yimin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundDrug‐induced liver injury (DILI) is the most common reason for a drug to be withdrawn from the market. Apart from stopping the offending drug, no regimens are available for treating idiosyncratic DILI in clinical practice.MethodsWe carried out a randomized, double‐blind, multidoses, active drug controlled, multicentre phase II trial to assess the safety and efficacy of the study drug, magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate (MgIG), as compared to tiopronin, a standard therapy for DILI in China. The primary outcome was the proportion of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normalization at week 4 after study drug administration. Logistic regression was used to examine the odds of ALT normalization between low dose (Group A) and high dose (Group B) vs active control (Group C).ResultsOne hundred and seventy‐four eligible subjects were randomized and enrolled into three groups: 59 in group A, 56 in group B and 59 in group C. It was shown that group A and group B lowered ALT level even at early stage of study drug administration; when compared with Group C (61.02%), the proportions of ALT normalization at week 4 were significantly greater in Group A (84.75%, P = .0029) and Group B (85.71%, P = .0037) respectively. The results from the univariate logistic model showed that the odds of ALT normalized among subjects in Group A were about 3.6 times greater (OR = 3.55, 95% CI: 1.47‐8.57, P = .0049) than subjects in Group C. Similar effect was observed among subjects in Group B (OR = 3.83, 95% CI: 1.54‐9.55, P = .0039).ConclusionsThis trial provided preliminary evidence that MgIG is an effective and safe treatment for patients with acute DILI.
Autonomous damage segmentation and measurement of glazed tiles in historic buildings via deep learning
Authors: Wang Niannian , Zhao Xuefeng , Zou Zheng , Zhao Peng , Qi Fei 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDetecting and measuring the damage on historic glazed tiles plays an important role in the maintenance and protection of historic buildings. However, the current visual inspection method for identifying and assessing superficial damage on historic buildings is time and labor intensive. In this article, a novel two‐level object detection, segmentation, and measurement strategy for large‐scale structures based on a deep‐learning technique is proposed. The data in this study are from the roof images of the Palace Museum in China. The first level of the model, which is based on the Faster region‐based convolutional neural network (Faster R‐CNN), automatically detects and crops two types of glazed tile photographs from 100 roof images (2,488 × 3,264 pixels). The average precision values (AP) for roll roofing and pan tiles are 0.910 and 0.890, respectively. The cropped images are used to form a dataset for training a Mask R‐CNN model. The second level of the model, which is based on Mask R‐CNN, automatically segments and measures the damage based on the cropped historic tile images; the AP for the damage segmentation is 0.975. Based on Mask R‐CNN, the predicted pixel‐level damage segmentation result is used to quantitatively measure the morphological features of the damage, such as the damage topology, area, and ratio. To verify the performance of the proposed method, a comparative study was conducted with Mask R‐CNN and a fully convolutional network. This is the first attempt at employing a two‐level strategy to automatically detect, segment, and measure large‐scale superficial damage on historic buildings based on deep learning, and it achieved good results.
Investigating Distribution of Practice Effects for the Learning of Foreign Language Verb Morphology in the Young Learner Classroom
Authors: KASPROWICZ ROWENA E. , MARSDEN EMMA , SEPHTON NICK 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWithin limited‐input language classrooms, understanding the effect of distribution of practice (spacing between practice) on learning is critical, yet evidence is conflicting and of limited relevance for young learners. For second language (L2) grammar learning, some studies reveal advantages for spacing of 7 days or more, but others for shorter spacing. Further, little is known about the role of cognitive individual differences (e.g., language analytic ability; LAA) in mediating practice distribution effects for L2 grammatical knowledge development and retention. To address this gap, this classroom‐based study investigated whether distribution of practice and LAA moderated the effectiveness of explicit, input‐based grammar instruction for young first language (L1) English learners of French (aged 8 to 11). The study revealed minimal differences between longer (7‐day) versus shorter (3.5‐day) spacing of practice for learning a French verb inflection subsystem, at either posttest or delayed posttest. Minimal group‐level gains and substantial within‐group variation in performance at posttests were observed. Accuracy of practice during training and LAA were significantly associated with posttest performance under both practice schedules. These findings indicated that within an ecologically valid classroom context, differences in distribution of practice had limited impact on learner performance on our tests; rather, individual learner differences were more critical in moderating learning. This highlights the importance of considering individual learner differences in the development of resources and the potential of digital tools for dynamically adapting instruction to suit individuals.
Collaborative Role‐Play Design: Teaching Negotiation through a Novel Student–Business Partnership
Authors: Germain‐Thomas Patrick , Lafarge Catherine , Sidibe Doudou 
Published: August 2019

Simulations are a valuable tool for teaching negotiation, and the different ways in which they are used have been extensively discussed in the pedagogy literature. Scholars have critically reflected on the role of simulations and the conditions under which they are used, and some have stressed their drawbacks. These include their often artificial context, which can, some argue, limit the participants' real commitment.We have undertaken an innovative pedagogical experiment in an effort to address these concerns. As a part of this experiment, the students designed the simulations themselves, deriving inspiration from real situations they had experienced at companies in which they had completed internships. Our students' experiences suggest ways in which this novel pedagogical approach can ameliorate some of the usual pitfalls that instructors encounter when they use role plays. Further, we believe this process allows the students to understand the importance of achieving the right balance between the distributive and integrative dimensions of the negotiation.
FEES‐based assessment of pharyngeal hypesthesia—Proposal and validation of a new test procedure
Authors: Labeit Bendix , Muhle Paul , Ogawa Mao , Claus Inga , Marian Thomas , Suntrup‐Krueger Sonja , Warnecke Tobias , Schroeder Jens Burchard , Dziewas Rainer 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundIntact pharyngeal sensation is essential for a physiological swallowing process, and conversely, pharyngeal hypesthesia can cause dysphagia. This study introduces and validates a diagnostic test to quantify pharyngeal hypesthesia.MethodsA total of 20 healthy volunteers were included in a prospective study. Flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) and a sensory test were performed both before and after pharyngeal local anesthesia. To test pharyngeal sensation, a small tube was positioned transnasally in the upper third of the oropharynx with contact to the lateral pharyngeal wall. Increasing volumes of blue‐dyed water were injected through the tube, and the latency of swallowing response (LSR) was determined by two independent raters from the endoscopic video recording. Three trials were performed for each administered volume starting with 0.1 mL and increased by 0.1 mL up to 0.5 mL.Key ResultsThe average LSR without anesthesia was 2.24 ± 0.80 s at 0.1 mL, 1.79 ± 0.84 s at 0.2 mL, 1.29 ± 0.62 s at 0.3 mL, 1.17 ± 0.41 s at 0.4 mL, and 1.19 ± 0.52 s at 0.5 mL. With anesthesia applied, the average LSR was 2.65 ± 0.62 s at 0.1 mL, 2.64 ± 0.49 s at 0.2 mL, 2.44 ± 0.65 s at 0.3 mL, 2.10 ± 0.80 s at 0.4 mL, and 2.18 ± 0.85 s at 0.5 mL. LSR was significantly longer following anesthesia at 0.2 mL (t = −3.82; P = .001), 0.3 mL (t = −4.65; P < .000), 0.4 mL (t = −5.77; P < .000), and 0.5 mL (t = −3.49; P = .005).Conclusion and InferencesPharyngeal hypesthesia can be quantified with sensory testing using LSR. Suitable volumes to distinguish between normal and impaired pharyngeal sensation are 0.2 mL, 0.3 mL, 0.4 mL and 0.5 mL. Experimentally induced pharyngeal anesthesia represents a valid model of sensory dysphagia.
An evolutionary framework for host shifts – jumping ships for survival
Authors: Thines Marco 
Published: August 2019

SummaryHost jumping is a process by which pathogens settle in new host groups. It is a cornerstone in the evolution of pathogens, as it leads to pathogen diversification. It is unsurprising that host jumping is observed in facultative pathogens, as they can reproduce even if they kill their hosts. However, host jumps were thought to be rare in obligate biotrophic pathogens, but molecular phylogenetics has revealed that the opposite is true. Here, I review some concepts and recent findings and present several hypotheses on the matter. In short, pathogens evolve and diversify via host jumps, followed by radiation, specialisation and speciation. Host jumps are facilitated by, for example, effector innovations, stress, compatible pathogens and physiological similarities. Host jumping, subsequent establishment, and speciation takes place rapidly – within centuries and millennia rather than over millions of years. If pathogens are unable to evolve into neutral or mutualistic interactions with their hosts, they will eventually be removed from the host population, despite balancing trade‐offs. Thus, generally, plant pathogens only survive in the course of evolution if they jump hosts. This is also reflected by the diversity patterns observed in many genera of plant pathogens, where it leads to a mosaic pattern of host groups over time, in which the original host group becomes increasingly obscure.
“When He Asks for Sex, You Will Never Refuse”: Transactional Sex and Adolescent Pregnancy in Zambia
Authors: Austrian Karen , Soler‐Hampejsek Erica , Duby Zoe , Hewett Paul C. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPregnancy among adolescent girls in Zambia is a significant concern on its own and as a factor in school dropout and early marriage, with one‐third of girls aged 15–19 having experienced pregnancy. Using qualitative and quantitative data from the Adolescent Girls Empowerment Program, we explore transactional sex as a driver of adolescent pregnancy. In qualitative interviews, transactional sex was repeatedly discussed as the main driver of pregnancy, as respondents indicated that when a girl feels that she “owes” a man sex, it prevents her from declining sex or using condoms. In addition, multivariate Cox proportional hazards models using four rounds of longitudinal data from a sample of unmarried and never pregnant adolescent girls (n=1,853) show that girls who have engaged in transactional sex face a hazard of first premarital pregnancy almost 30 percent greater than their peers who have not, independent of the effect of other risk‐related sexual behaviors such as condom use and number of sexual partners. Identifying and understanding the role of transactional sex in adolescent pregnancy is important for designing effective curricula and programs that delay pregnancy, and highlights the importance of addressing access to economic resources in adolescent health outcomes.