bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antiblackness and the Black Environmentalist’s Conundrum
Authors: Woodson Joyce 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Environmental racism relentlessly attacks the physical, mental, and spiritual well-being of the Black community. Antiblackness and White privilege in the outdoors, nature, and the environment impose taxes on Black Americans and run deep. The lack of trees and vegetation, disproportionate prevalence of hazardous waste sites, and intentional placement of industrial plants in Black neighborhoods create cumulative consequences and oftentimes multi-generational negative impacts. Disparities in health care are also found in the denial of access to public spaces. This denied access results in stunted or lack of opportunity to gain life skills as well as unrealized or underutilized healing properties of nature to cost-effectively treat the trauma that comes with living Black in America. In this chapter, “Antiblackness and the Black Environmentalist’s Conundrum: Ecological Safety or Psychological Surcharge,” the conundrum for the Black American is ecological safety or psychological safety. Both come with costs that impact the psychological budget.
Racial Disparities Within Black Maternal Health
Authors: Saint Jean Ashanda 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
“Racial Disparities Within Black Maternal Health” explores the present landscape of Black birth outcomes in the United States. It further dissects Black maternal health origins through historical medical events that have contributed to medical distrust from past experimentation and medical injustice. Understanding the past allows one to recognize barriers to health care equity and access that exist today. Furthermore, through understanding, strategies may be developed to impact change and alter the course of Black birthing outcomes. As people move toward improving maternal outcomes, they can make an effort to provide positive change to the Black birthing journey, through healing and supportive measures.
Intersections
Authors: McIntosh Keith W. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Understanding someone, to truly be aware of the many diverse aspects of their identity, requires more than surface knowledge. It requires humility, curiosity, and intentionality. People need to recognize how little they know about people from different cultures and backgrounds. People should be eager to know more about others and desire to learn something from them. Then they can direct their efforts to developing an understanding of other cultures and perspectives. This chapter, “Intersections: A Cross-Cultural Conversation,” shares examples of how to cultivate humility, curiosity, and intentionality to develop cross-cultural awareness and intelligence.
Rx Racial Healing Through Authentic Narratives
Authors: Christopher Gail C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
“Rx Racial Healing Through Authentic Narratives” examines why a collective call for truth, healing, and transformation is needed for us to move forward as a viable democracy. The residual belief in a hierarchy of human value—racism—is a major contributing factor to our poor health as individuals and as a nation. This antiquated hierarchy has resulted in widespread stress, sociopolitical separation, and national disinvestment. Our nation must have a strategy for uniting a multiracial, critical mass of people who stand in solidarity to eradicate this false ideology and its harmful consequences. This chapter reveals the power of narrative as a tool to help us heal, bridge divides, and empathize with one another. Told through research and personal narratives, this chapter highlights how the transformative Rx Racial Healing Circle methodology the author has created will help move people beyond needless divides toward the wholeness upon which a viable democracy depends.
Inaugurator
Authors: Browne Stephen H. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses how George Washington established the inaugural address as an abiding ritual of American political life. Why did Washington feel obliged to deliver a speech on the occasion of his assumption to office? Because the first president commanded a very keen grasp of power and how it ought to be managed on behalf of republican government. Citizens of the republic, in turn, expected power to show itself, to identify and explain the principles underwriting the officeholder’s claim to the public trust. Instead of mentioning specific recommendations or legislative priorities, Washington sought to underscore the essential tenets of republican government and the shared commitments upon which it must rest. Everything Washington did as president was, as he acknowledged, a precedent of some kind. The first inaugural address was no exception; the very fact that he chose to deliver it remains a lasting contribution to American civic life.
John Adams’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents John Adams’s inaugural address on March 4, 1797. Adams begins by acknowledging the formation of Congress and the United States government after the Revolutionary war. He recognizes the dangers of negligence of regulations and disobedience to authority in States, saying that “in this dangerous crisis the people of America were not abandoned by their usual good sense, presence of mind, resolution, or integrity.” Adams then recounts how he first saw the Constitution of the United States in a foreign country, highlighting its general principles and its outline of a system of government. He also mentions the right of suffrage before detailing his obligations to support the Constitution.
The Sage of Monticello
Authors: Onuf Peter S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter assesses the First Inaugural Address of Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson was famous for drafting the Declaration of Independence, inspiring revolutionary patriots to risk everything to vindicate the new nation’s claims against the former mother country. Now, as Americans retreated from the brink of anarchy and disunion, he counseled his countrymen to seek “that harmony and affection without which liberty, and even life itself, are but dreary things.” Over the preceding decade, deepening partisan divisions between the Federalist administrations of presidents George Washington and John Adams and Jeffersonian Republican insurgents threatened to destroy the union, unleash the “dogs of war,” and reverse the Revolution’s outcome. In his Inaugural Address, Jefferson predicted a glorious future of “peace and prosperity” for the new nation. However, his prophecy would only be fulfilled if his fellow Americans reaffirmed their “attachment to union and representative government.” Jefferson insisted that Americans must return to Revolutionary first principles.
The Man of the People
Authors: Gordon-Reed Annette 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the Second Inaugural Address of Thomas Jefferson. As he emphasized in the first paragraphs of his address, during the four years of his presidency, the country had been stable and thriving. On foreign policy, his administration had kept the United States at peace with other nations. On the domestic front, Jefferson noted that the administration had favored the end to internal taxes, relying instead on tariffs. Then Jefferson turned to his most important achievement: the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, which had doubled the size of the country and was widely popular among white Americans who believed in the goal of westward expansion. After a brief mention of religion, he discussed the “Aboriginals.” He restated a position that he had expressed privately and in Notes on the State of Virginia: Native peoples had to be incorporated into the United States by a process of assimilation.
James Madison’s First Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents James Madison’s First Inaugural Address on March 4, 1809. Madison begins by acknowledging that “under the benign influence of our republican institutions, and the maintenance of peace with all nations whilst so many of them were engaged in bloody and wasteful wars, the fruits of a just policy were enjoyed in an unrivaled growth of our faculties and resources.” Madison notes that “it has been the true glory of the United States to cultivate peace by observing justice, and to entitle themselves to the respect of the nations at war by fulfilling their neutral obligations with the most scrupulous impartiality.” Finally, he highlights his obligations to “maintain sincere neutrality toward belligerent nations”; “to support the Constitution, which is the cement of the Union, as well in its limitations as in its authorities”; and “to respect the rights and authorities reserved to the States and to the people.”
The Father of the Constitution
Authors: Leibiger Stuart 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter studies the First Inaugural Address of James Madison. After assuring his listeners of the profound sense of duty impressed upon him “by the call of my Country” to the presidency, Madison candidly pronounced “the present situation” of the nation “full of difficulties.” Yet he could not bring himself to blame the country’s political, economic, and diplomatic woes on the preceding administration; that regime had been led by his good friend Thomas Jefferson. Instead, Madison blamed the nation’s misfortunes on the extreme and desperate measures of Great Britain and France. His First Inaugural Address did not offer new policy proposals to deal with the crisis. Perhaps already anticipating a war with Great Britain, Madison assured that his administration would never use events as an excuse to trample personal rights and liberties enshrined in the Bill of Rights that he himself had authored.
James Monroe’s First Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents James Monroe’s First Inaugural Address on March 4, 1817. Monroe anticipates that “the United States may be again involved in war.” As such, he emphasizes the importance of establishing security against foreign invasion. Monroe asserts that the “coast and inland frontiers should be fortified, our Army and Navy, regulated upon just principles as to the force of each, be kept in perfect order, and our militia be placed on the best practicable footing.” He then focuses on the “improvement of our country by roads and canals” and the support for manufacturers. Monroe also mentions the cultivation of friendly relations with the “Indian tribes,” as well as the competency of the national resources of the United States for any emergency. Finally, he turns to the issue of the disbursement of public money.
James Monroe’s Second Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents James Monroe’s Second Inaugural Address on March 5, 1821. Monroe begins by highlighting progress on national defense. A report of the Board of Engineers and Naval Commissioners illustrates “the advantage of these fortifications and of an augmented naval force.” Monroe then turns to the issue of the war between Spain and the colonies in South America, saying that the Government maintains an attitude of neutrality. He also considers the threat of buccaneering to the commerce of the United States; the treaty with Spain; the acquisition of Florida; the treaty with the British Government; and negotiation with France for the regulation of the commercial relations between the two countries. Monroe addresses the relations with the Barbary Powers; “the situation of the United States in regard to their resources, the extent of their revenue, and the facility with which it is raised”; and “the care of the Indian tribes.”
Old Hickory
Authors: Coens Thomas 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter assesses the Second Inaugural Address of Andrew Jackson. Jackson devoted almost the entirety of his Second Inaugural to outlining, in very general terms, what he considered the “two objects which especially deserve the attention of the people,” namely, “the preservation of the rights of the several States and the integrity of the Union.” On the one hand, he emphasized the importance of safe-guarding the constitutionally protected prerogatives of state governments. At the same time, Jackson encouraged Americans to cherish the federal Union and to give “a liberal support of the General Government in the exercise of its just powers.” The chapter then considers how Jackson’s second inaugural can be read as a justification of his dual decisions, made during his first term, to wage war against the Bank of the United States and against nullification.
Martin Van Buren’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents Martin Van Buren’s Inaugural Address on March 4, 1837. Van Buren begins by reflecting on “obstacles avoided and dangers overcome” and “expectations more than realized and prosperity perfectly secured” during the course of American history. He addresses the “capacity of the people for self-government”; the challenge of balancing the powers of the federal and state authorities; and the institution of domestic slavery. Van Buren declares “that the principle that will govern me in the high duty to which my country calls me is a strict adherence to the letter and spirit of the Constitution as it was designed by those who framed it.” With regard to foreign policy, he aims to “cultivate the friendship of all nations,” disclaiming “all right to meddle in disputes, whether internal or foreign, that may molest other countries . . . preserving a strict neutrality in all their controversies.”
Old Tippecanoe
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter studies the Inaugural Address of William Henry Harrison, which remains the longest ever delivered at a presidential inauguration, heralding, ironically, the shortest term ever served by an American president. Harrison conceived his address as a repudiation of the strong presidency that the Democratic Party of Andrew Jackson and his designated heir Martin Van Buren had introduced. All too often, in both ancient and modern times, he noted, officeholders neglect promises made before election once they have secured power. Declaring that he regretted the Constitution had permitted presidents to run for re-election, Harrison promised at the outset that he himself would not do so. He then turned his attention to another power the Constitution had bestowed on the federal chief executive: to veto acts of Congress. Harrison also complained about the president’s power to appoint all employees of the federal government. To summarize his moral precepts, Harrison deplored political partisanship.
The President without a Party
Authors: Leahy Christopher J. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter reflects on John Tyler’s address upon assuming the office of the president of the United States. Tyler’s accession to the presidency marked the first time in American history that a vice president took over the nation’s highest office because of the death of the incumbent. His remarks focused on three areas—foreign affairs, the federal government’s patronage system, and financial matters—and also included a summary statement of his political principles. He also aimed to reassure the nation that, despite the calamity of William Henry Harrison’s death, the government would continue to function smoothly and without interruption. However, the section on the state of the nation’s finances in Tyler’s address set the stage for the inevitable clash with the Whig majority that would result in his banishment from their ranks as he became a president without a party.
Handsome Frank
Authors: Wallner Peter A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the Inaugural Address of Franklin Pierce. After a campaign of mutual innuendo and charges by both candidates, on November 2, 1852, Pierce was elected fourteenth president of the United States by a landslide. His opponent was the Whig candidate Winfield Scott, who would serve as the Commander of the Army throughout Pierce’s term despite not getting along with Pierce’s choice for secretary of war, Jefferson Davis. Less than two months before the inauguration, the event was marred by the death of Pierce’s only surviving child, eleven-year-old Benny, in a train wreck. He thus began his address with a statement on the recent death of his son. Ultimately, the address was an eloquent summary of all that Jacksonian democracy stood for. While it did not propose a specific agenda, the speech was generally praised by the press.
Doughface
Authors: Baker Jean H. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter assesses the Inaugural Address of James Buchanan. A loyal Democrat, Buchanan was popular in the South for his positions against the Republicans. He began his address with what became staples for inaugural addresses: he repeated the presidential oath of office, invoked God’s help, and, a fervent exponent of American exceptionalism, proclaimed the United States the nation with the greatest “capacity of man for self-government.” Buchanan then addressed the issue of slavery in the territories west of Missouri and Iowa, an area known as Kansas and Nebraska that awaited organization. The chapter then looks at the Kansas Nebraska Act, which introduced the concept of popular sovereignty. Having dispensed with the issue of slavery in the territories, Buchanan next celebrated the familiar principles of mid-century rhetoric—the Constitution and Union. He also promoted the importance of a military road across the territories to the Pacific, before offering his thoughts on diplomacy.
The Great Uniter
Authors: Carwardine Richard John 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of Abraham Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address. Electoral triumph, military progress, and the death spasms of slavery gave Lincoln a greater sense of presidential authority. Moreover, Lincoln’s speech bespoke a powerful self-confidence even though it was the shortest Inaugural Address in the history of the Republic. The address was designed to prepare the way for a postwar reconciliatory reconstruction incumbent on the whole nation. According to historian Douglas Wilson, the president grew increasingly ambitious in the themes he sought to convey in his wartime public utterances. The chapter also considers the theme surrounding the sin of slavery within Lincoln’s speech, which was the core political purpose of his speech.
The Hero as President
Authors: Waugh Joan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the First Inaugural Address of Ulysses S. Grant, the eighteenth president of the United States. The year 1868 was the first presidential campaign in which the issues of Reconstruction predominated, mirroring an intense debate among Americans over the struggle for the meaning of the Civil War. The chapter cites that Grant presented his case for healing the bitterness of wartime animosities. Grant’s First Inaugural Address offered a clear and pleasing pledge to reunify the broken nation, inspired by the principles of Abraham Lincoln’s Republican party. The chapter explains that the First Inaugural Speech prepared the country for Grant’s coming administration that implemented Republican-dominated, interracial governments already present in most of the ex-Confederate states.
James A. Garfield’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides James A. Garfield’s Inaugural Address. In the address, Garfield discusses the celebration of a hundred years of national life, crowned with triumphs of liberty and law. The jurisdiction of the Constitution covers an area fifty times greater than it was initially in 1780. In addition, the speech acknowledges that the elevation of the negro race from slavery to the full rights of citizenship is the most important political change known since the adoption of the Constitution of 1787. The address also discusses how the Constitution addressed the notions of finances, absolute religious freedom, and civil service.
The Preacher President
Authors: Calhoun Charles W. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines James A. Garfield’s Inaugural Address. Garfield used a personal model for his address, which discussed the central issues confronting the American people, to cultivate favor with the supporters of former president Ulysses S. Grant and Maine Senator James G. Blaine. Moreover, Garfield expressed the citizens’ anxiety regarding American democracy, but suggested against the revival of military Reconstruction. The chapter notes that Garfield hailed the nation’s prosperity after a half decade of depression in the 1870s in correlation with bountiful harvests and government policies preserving public credit and resuming payment of specie for greenback paper dollars during the Civil War. It mentions how Garfield addresses the civil service reform.
Benjamin Harrison’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents Benjamin Harrison’s inaugural address. According to Harrison, taking the oath in the presence of people becomes the practice as a mutual covenant, regardless of the lack of constitutional or legal requirements. The address highlights the growing population of the Territory of Dakota while considering virtues of courage and patriotism as proof of their continued presence and increasing power. Harrison suggests amending naturalization laws to ensure the inquiry of character and good disposition of persons applying for citizenship. The chapter mentions the interest concerned with the reformation of election laws and the significance of education, virtue, justice, and patriotism.
Little Ben
Authors: Spetter Allan B. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the Inaugural Address of Benjamin Harrison. Harrison devoted much of his Inaugural Address to his vision of the United States becoming a great power. The chapter cites that the speed addressed the remarkable movement of Americans into the vast spaces of the Great Plains in the quarter-century since the end of the Civil War. Moreover, Harrison pointed out that the end of slavery provided the South with the opportunity to participate in the tremendous growth of the nation’s industrial economy. The chapter mentions how the economy would plunge into the second worst depression in the nation’s history shortly after Harrison left office in 1893.
Grover the Good
Authors: Algeo Matthew 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter tackles the Second Inaugural Address of Grover Cleveland. It explains that the speech calls for civil rights for African Americans, fair treatment of Native Americans, and equality before the law regardless of race and color. Much of Cleveland’s second term would be consumed by political disputes, sectional rivalries, and labor strife. Moreover, Cleveland’s refusal to initiate bold government programs to counteract the effects of depression did nothing to endear him to the public weary of the misery. The chapter highlights that Cleveland never wavered from his beliefs, but he ultimately paid the price and became so unpopular that his own party repudiated him from running for a third term.
William McKinley’s First Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents William McKinley’s First Inaugural Address. The address highlights that economy is demanded in every branch of the government, especially during periods of depression in business and distress among the people. McKinley acknowledges that the United States is suffering from industrial disturbances from which speedy relief is needed. The address also indicates that McKinley aims to secure international bimetallism through cooperation with other great commercial powers of the world. McKinley notes that the best way for the government to maintain its credit is to pay as it goes through an adequate income secured by a system of taxation. The address also mentions McKinley’s insistence on reforms in the civil service.