bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Illness Experiences of Chinese Patients Living With Lymphoma
Authors: Ruan Jiayin , Qian Ying , Zhuang Yiyu , Zhou Yunxian 
Published: May 2019

Background
Lymphoma patients encounter many problems. Studies investigating the illness experiences of Chinese patients with lymphoma are limited.

Objective
The objectives of this study were to explore the illness experiences of lymphoma patients in China and describe the impacts of this disease on the everyday lives of these individuals.

Methods
A descriptive qualitative design was used. The data were collected through face-to-face semistructured interviews and analyzed using the conventional content analysis method.

Results
Nine men and 7 women participated in this study. The following 6 themes emerged: (1) cancer diagnosis reactions, (2) self-image altered, (3) interpersonal relationships influenced, (4) career development hindered, (5) life philosophy changed, and (6) personal growth achieved.

Conclusions
This study contributes new knowledge to the understanding of the illness experiences of lymphoma patients within the Chinese social and cultural context. This study also reveals how these individuals cope with the complex problems they face.

Implications for Practice
Nurses could help Chinese patients with lymphoma accept the disease and its treatments by emphasizing the importance of family integrity. Information, such as how to act in response to workplace discrimination, should be provided to patients by oncology nurses.
Incongruence Between Implicit Attachment Schemes and Unconscious Attachment Representations
Authors: Petrowski Katja , Schurig Susan , Kirchmann Helmut , Singh Sashi , Banse Rainer , Imhoff Roland , Strauss Bernhard 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Assessments based on reaction time and language-based interviews postulate that unconscious attachment processes be measured. Nevertheless, a possible empirical equivalence of these two approaches has not yet been investigated. To fill this void, the Adult Attachment Interview and the Implicit Association Test were implemented with a group of patients with panic disorder (n = 157, mean age = 29, SD = 2.47) based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, axis I and II disorders and a group of healthy individuals (n = 138). In total, the securely attached individuals showed significantly more positive attitudes toward their mother than the insecurely attached individuals. In the healthy individuals, the secure and disorganized classifications showed significantly more positive attitudes toward the mother in comparison with the insecure attachment classification, as well as the patient group. In summary, implicit attachment patterns based on reaction times are not equivalent to an attachment representation based on language markers. For the disorganized attachment representation, no differences were present between the information processing of the memory/association network and the autobiographic memory function.
Frequency of and Factors Associated With Prescription Medication Sharing Within Families
Authors: Renny Madeline H. , Thaker Riddhi H. , Dayan Peter S. 
Published: May 2019

Objectives
Limited literature has investigated caregiver sharing of prescription medications with children. Our primary aim was to determine the frequency of and factors associated with prescription medication sharing within families. Our secondary aim was to determine the source and type of medications shared.

Methods
We conducted a survey of a convenience sample of caregivers of children 1 to 17 years in a pediatric emergency department. The survey was developed through literature review, iterative feedback, and pilot testing on caregivers. We used logistic regression to identify factors associated with any history of medication sharing with a child in the home (primary outcome).

Results
We enrolled 550 primary caregivers; 68 of the 535 analyzed (12.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 10.0–15.8) reported prescription medication sharing with their child/children. Of those who shared, 50 (73.5%) shared asthma medications and 14 (20.6%) shared antibiotics. Of the caregivers who shared prescription medications, 70.6% shared a medication for one child with another child, whereas 33.8% of caregivers shared their own or another adult's medication with their child. A child in the home with asthma (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.35; CI, 1.82–6.17), a greater number of children in the household (aOR, 1.29; CI, 1.04–1.60), and a caregiver who previously shared medications with other family members and/or friends (aOR, 4.10; CI, 1.84–9.15) were factors independently associated with medication sharing.

Conclusions
Prescription medication sharing within families is common and most often involves asthma medications. We identified several factors associated with prescription medication sharing that could be used to target caregivers for preventative interventions.
Current Approach to the Evaluation and Management of Hair-Thread Tourniquets
Authors: Gottlieb Michael , Holladay Dallas , Spearman Daniel 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Hair-thread tourniquet syndrome is a rare, painful condition that occurs when a strand of hair or thread becomes wrapped around toes, fingers, or other appendages. This causes focal edema, which eventually reduces arterial blood flow and can lead to ischemia and necrosis. A thorough physical examination and assessment of risk factors are important. Treatment involves depilatory agents or targeted incision at the bedside or in the operating room. Successfully treated cases can be discharged with local wound care. Parents should be advised on prevention strategies and ensure close follow-up for reexamination.
Western Trauma Association critical decisions in trauma: Preferred triage and initial management of the burned patient
Authors: Vercruysse Gary A. , Alam Hasan B. , Martin Matthew J. , Brasel Karen , Moore Eugene E. , Brown Carlos V. , Bettencourt Amanda , Schulz John , Palmieri Tina , Haith Linwood , Inaba Kenji 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
This is a recommended management algorithm from the Western Trauma Association addressing the management of victims of burn injury. Because there is a paucity of published prospective randomized clinical trials that have generated Class I data, these recommendations are based primarily on published retrospective studies, clinical guidelines, and the expert opinion of members of the Western Trauma Association in conjunction with partner members of the American Burn Association. The algorithm and accompanying comments represent one safe and sensible approach that can be followed at most trauma centers. We recognize that there may be patient or institutional factors that warrant deviation from the published algorithm. We would encourage institutions to use this document as a starting point toward a dialog with local burn centers to collaboratively create a patient-centered care experience for the victims of minor burn injuries arriving at local trauma centers.
A methodology for morphological feature extraction and unsupervised cell classification
Authors: Bhaskar Dhananjay , Lee Darrick , Knútsdóttir Hildur , Tan Cindy , Zhang MoHan , Dean Pamela , Roskelley Calvin , Edelstein-Keshet Leah 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCell morphology is an important indicator of cell state, function, stage of development, and fate in both normal and pathological conditions. Cell shape is among key indicators used by pathologists to identify abnormalities or malignancies. With rapid advancements in the speed and amount of biological data acquisition, including images and movies of cells, computer-assisted identification and analysis of images becomes essential. Here, we report on techniques for recognition of cells in microscopic images and automated cell shape classification. We illustrate how our unsupervised machine-learning-based approach can be used to classify distinct cell shapes from a large number of microscopic images.Technical AbstractWe develop a methodology to segment cells from microscopy images and compute quantitative descriptors that characterize their morphology. Using unsupervised techniques for dimensionality reduction and density-based clustering, we perform label-free cell shape classification. Cells are identified with minimal user input using mathematical morphology and region-growing segmentation methods. Physical quantities describing cell shape and size (including area, perimeter, Feret diameters, etc.) are computed along with other features including shape factors and Hu’s image moments.Correlated features are combined to obtain a low-dimensional (2-D or 3-D) embedding of data points corresponding to individual segmented cell shapes. Finally, a hierarchical density-based clustering algorithm (HDBSCAN) is used to classify cells. We compare cell classification results obtained from different combinations of features to identify a feature set that delivers optimum classification performance for our test data consisting of phase-contrast microscopy images of a pancreatic-cancer cell line, MIA PaCa-2.
Regulation of Cyclin E by transcription factors of the naïve pluripotency network in mouse embryonic stem cells
Authors: Gonnot Fabrice , Langer Diana , Bourillot Pierre-Yves , Doerflinger Nathalie , Savatier Pierre 
Published: May 2019

AbstractContinuous, non-cell cycle-dependent expression of cyclin E is a characteristic feature of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). We studied the 5’ regulatory region of Cyclin E, also known as Ccne1, and identified binding sites for transcription factors of the naïve pluripotency network, including Esrrb, Klf4, and Tfcp2l1 within 1 kilobase upstream of the transcription start site. Luciferase assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (ChiP–qPCR) study highlighted one binding site for Esrrb that is essential to transcriptional activity of the promoter region, and three binding sites for Klf4 and Tfcp2l1. Knockdown of Esrrb, Klf4, and Tfcp2l1 reduced Cyclin E expression whereas overexpression of Esrrb and Klf4 increased it, indicating a strong correlation between the expression level of these factors and that of cyclin E. We observed that cyclin E overexpression delays differentiation induced by Esrrb depletion, suggesting that cyclin E is an important target of Esrrb for differentiation blockade. We observed that mESCs express a low level of miR-15a and that transfection of a miR-15a mimic decreases Cyclin E mRNA level. These results lead to the conclusion that the high expression level of Cyclin E in mESCs can be attributed to transcriptional activation by Esrrb as well as to the absence of its negative regulator, miR-15a.
Alternate subunit assembly diversifies the function of a bacterial toxin
Authors: Fowler Casey , Stack Gabrielle , Jiao Xuyao , Lara-Tejero Maria , Galán Jorge E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBacterial toxins with an AB5architecture are central to bacterial pathogenesis. Functionally diverse and evolutionarily distant AB5toxins adopt synonymous structures in which a discrete domain of the toxin’s active (A) subunit is inserted into a ring-like platform comprised of five delivery (B) subunits.SalmonellaTyphi, the cause of typhoid fever, produces an unusual A2B5toxin known as typhoid toxin, a major virulence factor. Here, we report that upon infection of human cells,S. Typhi produces two forms of typhoid toxin that have distinct delivery components but share common active subunits. We demonstrate that the two typhoid toxins exhibit substantially different trafficking properties, elicit markedly different effects when administered to laboratory animals, and are expressed in response to different regulatory mechanisms and distinct metabolic cues. Collectively, these results indicate that the evolution of two typhoid toxin variants has conferred functional versatility to this virulence factor. More broadly, this study reveals a new paradigm in toxin biology and suggests that the evolutionary expansion of AB5toxins was likely fueled by the remarkable plasticity inherent to their structural design coupled to the functional versatility afforded by the combination of homologous toxin components.
The Role of Sevenless in Drosophila R7 Photoreceptor Specification
Authors: Tomlinson Andrew , Mavromatakis Yannis Emmanuel , Arias Ronald 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSevenless (Sev) is a Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) that is required for the specification of theDrosophilaR7 photoreceptor. OtherDrosophilaphotoreceptors are specified by the action of another RTK; the Drosophila EGF Receptor (DER). Why Sev is required specifically in the R7 precursor, and the exact role it plays in the cell’s fate assignment have long remained unclear. Notch (N) signaling plays many roles in R7 specification, one of which is to prevent DER activity from establishing the photoreceptor fate. Our current model of Sev function is that it hyperactivates the RTK pathway in the R7 precursor to overcome in the N-imposed block on photoreceptor specification. From this perspective DER and Sev are viewed as engaging the same transduction machinery, the only difference between them being the level of pathway activation that they induce. To test this model, we generated a Sev/DER chimera in which the intracellular domain of Sev is replaced with that of DER. This chimerical receptor acts indistinguishably from Sev itself; a result that is entirely consistent with the two RTKs sharing identical transduction abilities. A long-standing question in regard to Sev is the function of a hydrophobic domain some 60 amino acids from the initiating Methionine. If this represents a transmembrane domain, it would endow Sev with N-terminal intracellular sequences through which it could engage internal transduction pathways. However, we find that this domain acts as an internal signal peptide, and that there is no Sev N-terminal intracellular domain.phyllopod(phyl) is the target gene of the RTK pathway, and we show that R7 precursors are selectively lost whenphylgene function is mildly compromised, and that other photoreceptors are removed when the gene function is further reduced. This result adds a key piece of evidence for the hyperactivation of the RTK pathway in the R7 precursor. To facilitate the hyperactivation of the RTK pathway, Sev is expressed at high levels. However, when we express DER at the levels at which Sev is expressed, strong gain-of-function effects result, consistent with ligand-independent activation of the receptor. This highlights another key feature of Sev; that it is expressed at high levels yet remains strictly ligand dependent. Finally, we find that activated Sev can rescue R3/4 photoreceptors when their DER function is abrogated. These results are collectively consistent with Sev and DER activating the same transduction machinery, with Sev generating a pathway hyperactivation to overcome the N-imposed block to photoreceptor specification in R7 precursors.
Context-Dependent Probability Estimation and its Neurocomputational Substrates
Authors: Lin Wei-Hsiang , Gardner Justin L. , Wu Shih-Wei 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTMany decisions rely on how we evaluate potential outcomes associated with the options under consideration and estimate their corresponding probabilities of occurrence. Outcome valuation is subjective as it requires consulting internal preferences and is sensitive to context. In contrast, probability estimation requires extracting statistics from the environment and therefore imposes unique challenges to the decision maker. Here we show that probability estimation, like outcome valuation, is subject to context effects that bias probability estimates away from other stimuli present in the same context. However, unlike valuation, these context effects appeared to be scaled by estimated uncertainty, which is largest at intermediate probabilities. BOLD imaging showed that patterns of multivoxel activity in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) predicted individual differences in context effects on probability estimate. These results establish VMPFC as the neurocomputational substrate shared between valuation and probability estimation and highlight the additional involvement of dACC that can be uniquely attributed to probability estimation. As probability estimation is a required component of computational accounts from sensory inference to higher cognition, the context effects found here may affect a wide array of cognitive computations.HighlightsContext impacts subjective estimates on reward probability – Stimuli carrying greater variance are more strongly affected by other stimuli present in the same contextThis phenomenon can be explained by reference-dependent computations that are gated by reward varianceMultivoxel patterns of dACC and VMPFC activity predicts individual differences in context effect on probability estimate
A New Suite of Allelic Exchange Vectors for the Scarless Modification of Proteobacterial Genomes
Authors: Lazarus Jacob E. , Warr Alyson R. , Kuehl Carole J. , Giorgio Rachel T. , Davis Brigid M. , Waldor Matthew K. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDespite the advent of new techniques for genetic engineering of bacteria, allelic exchange through homologous recombination remains an important tool for genetic analysis. Currently,sacB-based vector systems are often used for allelic exchange, but counter-selection escape, which prevents isolation of cells with the desired mutation, limits its utility. To circumvent this limitation, we engineered a series of “pTOX” allelic exchange vectors. Each plasmid encodes one of a set of inducible toxins, chosen for their potential utility in a wide range of medically important Proteobacteria. A codon-optimizedrhaStranscriptional activator with a strong synthetic ribosome binding site enables tight toxin induction even in organisms lacking an endogenous rhamnose regulon. Expression of the blueamilCPor magentatsPurplenon-fluorescent chromoproteins facilitates monitoring of successful single- and double-crossover events using these vectors. The versatility of these vectors was demonstrated by deleting genes inSerratia marcescens,Escherichia coliO157:H7,Enterobacter cloacae, andShigella flexneri. Finally, pTOX was used to characterize the impact of disruption of all combinations of the 3 orthologousS. marcescenspeptidoglycan amidohydrolases on chromosomalampCbeta-lactamase activity and corresponding beta-lactam antibiotic resistance. Mutation of multiple amidohydrolases was necessary for high levelampCderepression and beta-lactam resistance. These data suggest why beta-lactam resistance may emerge during treatment less frequently inS. marcescensthan in other AmpC-producing pathogens likeE. cloacae.Collectively, our findings suggest that the pTOX vectors should be broadly useful for genetic engineering of Gram-negative bacteria.ImportanceTargeted modification of bacterial genomes is critical for genetic analyses of microorganisms. Allelic exchange is a technique that relies on homologous recombination to substitute native loci for engineered sequences. However, current allelic exchange vectors often enable only weak selection for successful homologous recombination. We developed a suite of new allelic exchange vectors, pTOX, which were validated in several medically important Proteobacteria. They encode visible non-fluorescent chromoproteins that enable easy identification of colonies bearing integrated vector, and permit stringent selection for the second step of homologous recombination, yielding modified loci. We demonstrate the utility of these vectors by using them to investigate the effect of inactivation ofSerratia marcescenspeptidoglycan amidohydrolases on beta-lactam antibiotic resistance.
Feral pig exclusion fencing provides limited fish conservation value on tropical floodplains
Authors: Waltham N. J. , Schaffer J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractEfforts to protect and restore tropical wetlands impacted by feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in northern Australia have more recently included exclusion fences, an abatement response proposing fences improve wetland condition by protecting habitat for fish production and water quality. Here we tested: 1) whether the fish assemblage are similar in wetlands with and without fences; and 2) whether specific environmental processes influence fish composition differently between fenced and unfenced wetlands. Twenty-one floodplain and riverine wetlands in the Archer River catchment (Queensland) were surveyed during post-wet (June-August) and late-dry season (November-December) in 2016, 2017 and 2018, using a fyke soaked overnight (~14-15hrs). A total of 6,353 fish representing twenty-six species from 15 families were captured. There were no multivariate differences in fish assemblages between seasons, years and for fenced and unfenced wetlands (PERMANOVA, Pseduo-F <0.58, P<0.68). Late-dry season fish were considerably smaller compared to post-wet season: a strategy presumably to maximise rapid disposal following rain. At each wetland a calibrated Hydrolab was deployed (between 2-4 days, with 20min logging) in the epilimnion (0.2m), and revealed distinct diel water quality cycling of temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH (conductivity represented freshwater wetlands) which was more obvious in the late-dry season survey, because of extreme summer conditions. Water quality varied among wetlands, in terms of the daily amplitude, and extent of daily photosynthesis recovery, which highlights the need to consider local site conditions rather than applying general assumptions around water quality conditions for these types of wetlands examined here. Though many fish access (fenced and unfenced) wetlands during wet season connection, the seasonal effect of reduced water level conditions seems to be more over-improvised compared to whether fences are installed or not, as all wetlands supported few, juvenile, or no fish species because they had dried completed regardless of whether fences were present or not.
Palmitoylation is critically required for cancer intrinsic PD-1 expression and functions
Authors: Yao Han , Li Chushu , Brosseau Jean-Philippe , Wang Huanbin , Lu Haojie , Fang Caiyun , Shi Hubing , Lan Jiang , Xu Jie 
Published: May 2019

AbstractProgrammed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is a crucial anticancer target, but the relatively low response rate and acquired resistance to existing antibody drugs highlight an urgent need to develop alternative targeting strategies. Here we report the palmitoylation of PD-1, discovered the main DHHC enzyme for this modification, revealed the mechanism for its effect on PD-1 expression, and rationally developed a peptide for targeting PD-1 expression. Palmitoylation promoted the trafficking of PD-1 to recycling endosome, thus preventing its lysosome-dependent degradation. Palmitoylation was required for the activation of PD-1 downstream signaling, and targeting palmitoylation by pharmacological inhibitor or depleting the modification enzyme caused significant anti-tumor effects. A peptide was designed to competitively inhibit PD-1 palmitoylation and expression, opening a new route for developing PD-1 inhibitors as a strategy for cancer immunotherapy.SignificanceWe show for the first time that PD-1 is palmitoylated, identify DHHC9 as the predominant enzyme for its palmitoylation, and reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects on PD-1 stability and functions. Importantly, we also designed a competitive inhibitor targeting PD-1 palmitoylation, and this first-in-class molecule may inspire the development of new checkpoint inhibitors.