bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The mushroom configuration in water vapour imagery and operational applications
Authors: Martín F , Elizaga F , Riosalido R 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper deals with ‘mushroom‐shaped’ patterns that may be observed in water vapour (WV) imagery. Its associated conceptual model has been adapted from the ‘T’ configuration. For this model some remarkable properties of WV imagery have been used: the spatial and temporal continuity of atmospheric structures, the more detailed upper‐level circulation features and the possibility of observing and monitoring relationships between them. Using this model, and from the kinematic viewpoint, it is possible to infer some features such as deformation zones, rotation centres (vorticity centres) and relative maxima of wind in the upper‐middle‐level flows. Some examples are presented to show the usefulness of this conceptual model for the interpretation of WV imagery, the diagnosis of upper‐middle‐level flow and the evaluation of the numerical model. Copyright © 1999 Royal Meteorological Society
The global relocatable regional weather prediction model of the German Military Geophysical Office
Authors: Prenosil Thomas , Amtmann Richard , Derichs Heinz 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA regional numerical weather prediction system, consisting of an analysis scheme, a forecast model and a variety of interpretation, visualization and military application tools, named ‘BLM’ has been routinely operating at the German Military Geophysical Office (GMGO) since 1984. At that time, the grid domain was confined to Central Europe and parts of the North Atlantic, where a polar stereographic map projection was appropriate. Owing to increasing user demands, the system had to be made relocatable to provide numerical forecasts at any location of the globe. The relocatable version, called ‘RBL’, is still formulated on a stereographic plane, which is now defined using a rotated geographical system with an artificial north pole right in the middle of the domain. This approach is well known. However, most of the current numerical weather prediction systems are defined on a horizontal latitude–longitude grid, so that the equator in rotated coordinates runs through the centre of the forecast area. The main advantages of the horizontal coordinate transformation used by the ‘RBL’ are numerical stability for a large and economical time step, which enables the model to be run on a computer with limited power, and an invariant map factor all over the globe, which eases the interpretation of the model results for different locations. Copyright © 1999 Royal Meteorological Society
Induced New Mutation of D1 Serine-268 in Soybean Photosynthetic Cell Cultures Produced Atrazine Resistance, Increased Stability of S2QB - and S3QB - States, and Increased Sensitivity to Light Stress
Authors: Alfonso M. , Pueyo J. J. , Gaddour K. , Etienne A. L. , Kirilovsky D. , Picorel R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We have isolated several herbicide-resistant cell lines from photosynthetic cell suspensions of soybean (Glycine max) that possessed different levels of herbicide resistance, photosystem II activity, and chlorophyll a/b ratio. We have further studied the STR7 mutant, which showed the highest level of resistance to atrazine as well as a cross-resistance to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (50- and 3-fold, respectively, compared with the wild type). Sequencing of the psbA gene (coding for the D1 polypeptide of photosystem II) from this mutant revealed a single change, serine-268 to proline, in the D1 protein. To our knowledge, this substitution has not previously been described in any photosynthetic organism. In addition to affecting atrazine resistance, this single amino acid change caused a decrease in the electron transfer rate between the secondary acceptors QA and QB and a stabilization of the S2QB- and S3QB- states. The mutant also showed a larger antenna size, an increase in non-QB-reducing centers, and a higher sensitivity to light stress. The unusual stability of the S2QB- and S3QB- states indicates that STR7 belongs to a new class of QB-site mutants.
NO3- and ClO3- Fluxes in the chl1-5 Mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana (Does the CHL1-5 Gene Encode a Low-Affinity NO3- Transporter?)
Authors: Touraine B. , Glass ADM. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The CHL1 gene is considered to encode a low-affinity transport system (LATS) for NO3- in Arabidopsis thaliana (Y.-F. Tsay, J.I. Schroeder, K.A. Feldmann, N.M. Crawford [1993] Cell 72: 705–713). However, the anticipated reduced NO3- uptake by the LATS associated with loss of CHL1 gene activity in chl1-5 deletion mutants was evident only when plants were grown on NH4NO3. When KNO3 was the sole N source, NO3- accumulation and short-term tracer influx (using 13NO3- and 15NO3-) in leaves and roots of wild-type and mutant plants were essentially identical. Nevertheless, root uptake of 36ClO3- by the LATS and ClO3- accumulation in roots and shoots of mutant plants were significantly lower than in wild-type plants when grown on KNO3. One explanation for these results is that a second LATS is able to compensate for the chl1-5 deficiency in KNO3-grown plants. Growth on NH4NO3 may down-regulate the second LATS enough that the anticipated difference in NO3- uptake becomes apparent.
Higher Activity of an Aldehyde Oxidase in the Auxin-Overproducing superroot1 Mutant ofArabidopsis thaliana1
Authors: Seo Mitsunori , Akaba Shuichi , Oritani Takayuki , Delarue Marianne , Bellini Catherine , Caboche Michel , Koshiba Tomokazu 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO; EC 1.2.3.1) activity was measured in seedlings of wild type or an auxin-overproducing mutant, superroot1(sur1), of Arabidopsis thaliana. Activity staining for AO after native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separation of seedling extracts revealed that there were three major bands with AO activity (AO1–3) in wild-type and mutant seedlings. One of them (AO1) had a higher substrate preference for indole-3-aldehyde. This AO activity was significantly higher in sur1 mutant seedlings than in the wild type. The difference in activity was most apparent 7 d after germination, the same time required for the appearance of the remarkable sur1 phenotype, which includes epinastic cotyledons, elongated hypocotyls, and enhanced root development. Higher activity was observed in the root and hypocotyl region of the mutant seedlings. We also assayed the indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase activity in extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography detection of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The activity was about 5 times higher in the extract of thesur1 seedlings, indicating that AO1 also has a substrate preference for abscisic aldehyde. Treatment of the wild-type seedlings with picloram or IAA caused no significant increase in AO1 activity. This result suggested that the higher activity of AO1 insur1 mutant seedlings was not induced by IAA accumulation and, thus, strongly supports the possible role of AO1 in IAA biosynthesis in Arabidopsis seedlings.
Expression Pattern of the Carrot EP3Endochitinase Genes in Suspension Cultures and in Developing Seeds1
Authors: van Hengel Arjon J. , Guzzo Flavia , van Kammen Ab , de Vries Sacco C. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Carrot (Daucus carota) extracellular protein 3 (EP3) class IV endochitinases were previously identified based on their ability to rescue somatic embryos of the temperature-sensitive cell line ts11. Whole-mount in situ hybridization revealed that a subset of the morphologically distinguishable cell types in embryogenic and nonembryogenic suspension cultures, including ts11, express EP3 genes. No expression was found in somatic embryos. In carrot plants EP3 genes are expressed in the inner integumentary cells of young fruits and in a specific subset of cells located in the middle of the endosperm of mature seeds. No expression was found in zygotic embryos. These results support the hypothesis that the EP3 endochitinase has a “nursing” function during zygotic embryogenesis and that this function can be mimicked by suspension cells during somatic embryogenesis.
Characterization ofLeMir, a Root-Knot Nematode-Induced Gene in Tomato with an Encoded Product Secreted from the Root1
Authors: Brenner Eric D. , Lambert Kris N. , Kaloshian Isgouhi , Williamson Valerie M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA tomato gene that is induced early after infection of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) with root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica) encodes a protein with 54% amino acid identity to miraculin, a flavorless protein that causes sour substances to be perceived as sweet. This gene was therefore namedLeMir (L.esculentummiraculin). Sequence similarity places the encoded protein in the soybean trypsin-inhibitor family (Kunitz). LeMir mRNA is found in root, hypocotyl, and flower tissues, with the highest expression in the root. Rapid induction of expression upon nematode infection is localized to root tips. In situ hybridization shows that LeMir is expressed constitutively in the root-cap and root-tip epidermis. TheLeMir protein product (LeMir) was produced in the yeastPichia pastoris for generation of antibodies. Western-blot analysis showed that LeMir expression is up-regulated by nematode infection and by wounding. LeMir is also expressed in tomato callus tissue. Immunoprint analysis revealed that LeMir is expressed throughout the seedling root, but that levels are highest at the root/shoot junction. Analysis of seedling root exudates revealed that LeMir is secreted from the root into the surrounding environment, suggesting that it may interact with soil-borne microorganisms.
Identification of a Ca2+/H+ Antiport in the Plant Chloroplast Thylakoid Membrane1
Authors: Ettinger William F. , Clear Anne M. , Fanning Katheryn J. , Peck Mary Lou 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
To assess the availability of Ca2+ in the lumen of the thylakoid membrane that is required to support the assembly of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II, we have investigated the mechanism of45Ca2+ transport into the lumen of pea (Pisum sativum) thylakoid membranes using silicone-oil centrifugation. Trans-thylakoid Ca2+ transport is dependent on light or, in the dark, on exogenously added ATP. Both light and ATP hydrolysis are coupled to Ca2+ transport through the formation of a transthylakoid pH gradient. The H+-transporting ionophores nigericin/K+ and carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone inhibit the transport of Ca2+. Thylakoid membranes are capable of accumulating up to 30 nmol Ca2+ mg−1 chlorophyll from external concentrations of 15 μm over the course of a 15-min reaction. These results are consistent with the presence of an active Ca2+/H+ antiport in the thylakoid membrane. Ca2+ transport across the thylakoid membrane has significant implications for chloroplast and plant Ca2+homeostasis. We propose a model of chloroplast Ca2+regulation whereby the activity of the Ca2+/H+antiporter facilitates the light-dependent uptake of Ca2+by chloroplasts and reduces stromal Ca2+ levels.
Isolation and Characterization of cDNAs Expressed in the Early Stages of Flavonol-Induced Pollen Germination in Petunia
Authors: Guyon Virginie N. , Astwood James D. , Garner Ethan C. , Dunker A. Keith , Taylor Loverine P. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Petunia (Petunia hybrida) pollen requires flavonols (Fl) to germinate. Adding kaempferol to Fl-deficient pollen causes rapid and synchronous germination and tube outgrowth. We exploited this system to identify genes responsive to Fls and to examine the changes in gene expression that occur during the first 0.5 h of pollen germination. We used a subtracted library and differential screening to identify 22 petunia germinating pollen clones. All but two were expressed exclusively in pollen and half of the clones were rare or low abundance cDNAs. RNA gel-blot analysis showed that the steady-state transcript levels of all the clones were increased in response to kaempferol. The sequences showing the greatest response to kaempferol encode proteins that have regulatory or signaling functions and include S/D4, a leucine-rich repeat protein, S/D1, a LIM-domain protein, and D14, a putative Zn finger protein with a heme-binding site. Eight of the clones were novel including S/D10, a cDNA only expressed very late in pollen development and highly up-regulated during the first 0.5 h of germination. The translation product of the S/D3 cDNA shares some features with a neuropeptide that regulates guidance and growth in the tips of extending axons. This study confirmed that the bulk of pollen mRNA accumulates well before germination, but that specific sequences are transcribed during the earliest moments of Fl-induced pollen germination.
Stearoyl-Acyl Carrier Protein and Unusual Acyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Desaturase Activities Are Differentially Influenced by Ferredoxin
Authors: Schultz David J. , Suh Mi Chung , Ohlrogge John B. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) desaturases function to position a single double bond into an acyl-ACP substrate and are best represented by the ubiquitous Δ9 18:0-ACP desaturase. Several variant acyl-ACP desaturases have also been identified from species that produce unusual monoenoic fatty acids. All known acyl-ACP desaturase enzymes use ferredoxin as the electron-donating cofactor, and in almost all previous studies the photosynthetic form of ferredoxin rather than the non-photosynthetic form has been used to assess activity. We have examined the influence of different forms of ferredoxin on acyl-ACP desaturases. Using combinations of in vitro acyl-ACP desaturase assays and [14C]malonyl-coenzyme A labeling studies, we have determined that heterotrophic ferredoxin isoforms support up to 20-fold higher unusual acyl-ACP desaturase activity in coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Thunbergia alata, and garden geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum) when compared with photosynthetic ferredoxin isoforms. Heterotrophic ferredoxin also increases activity of the ubiquitous Δ9 18:0-ACP desaturase 1.5- to 3.0-fold in both seed and leaf extracts. These results suggest that ferredoxin isoforms may specifically interact with acyl-ACP desaturases to achieve optimal enzyme activity and that heterotrophic isoforms of ferredoxin may be the in vivo electron donor for this reaction.
Molecular and Biochemical Characterization of Postharvest Senescence in Broccoli
Authors: Page Tania , Griffiths Gareth , Buchanan-Wollaston Vicky 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPostharvest senescence in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var Italica) florets results in phenotypic changes similar to those seen in developmental leaf senescence. To compare these two processes in more detail, we investigated molecular and biochemical changes in broccoli florets stored at two different temperatures after harvest. We found that storage at cooler temperatures delayed the symptoms of senescence at both the biochemical and gene expression levels. Changes in key biochemical components (lipids, protein, and chlorophyll) and in gene expression patterns occurred in the harvested tissue well before any visible signs of senescence were detected. Using previously identified senescence-enhanced genes and also newly isolated, differentially expressed genes, we found that the majority of these showed a similar enhancement of expression in postharvest broccoli as in developmental leaf senescence. At the biochemical level, a rapid loss of membrane fatty acids was detected after harvest, when stored at room temperature. However, there was no corresponding increase in levels of lipid peroxidation products. This, together with an increased expression of protective antioxidant genes, indicated that, in the initial stages of postharvest senescence, an orderly dismantling of the cellular constituents occurs, using the available lipid as an energy source. Postharvest changes in broccoli florets, therefore, show many similarities to the processes of developmental leaf senescence.
Abscisic Acid-Induced Actin Reorganization in Guard Cells of Dayflower Is Mediated by Cytosolic Calcium Levels and by Protein Kinase and Protein Phosphatase Activities
Authors: Hwang Jae-Ung , Lee Youngsook 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In guard cells of open stomata under daylight, long actin filaments are arranged at the cortex, radiating out from the stomatal pore. Abscisic acid (ABA), a signal for stomatal closure, induces rapid depolymerization of cortical actin filaments and the slower formation of a new type of actin that is randomly oriented throughout the cell. This change in actin organization has been suggested to be important in signaling pathways involved in stomatal closing movement, since actin antagonists interfere with normal stomatal closing responses to ABA. Here we present evidence that the actin changes induced by ABA in guard cells of dayflower (Commelina communis) are mediated by cytosolic calcium levels and by protein phosphatase and protein kinase activities. Treatment of guard cells with CaCl2 induced changes in actin organization similar to those induced by ABA. Removal of extracellular calcium with EGTA inhibited ABA-induced actin changes. These results suggest that Ca2+ acts as a signal mediator in actin reorganization during guard cell response to ABA. A protein kinase inhibitor, staurosporine, inhibited actin reorganization in guard cells treated with ABA or CaCl2, and also increased the population of cells with long radial cortical actin filaments in untreated control cells. A protein phosphatase inhibitor, calyculin A, induced fragmentation of actin filaments in ABA- or CaCl2-treated cells and in control cells, and inhibited the formation of randomly oriented long actin filaments induced by ABA or CaCl2. These results suggest that protein kinase(s) and phosphatase(s) participate in actin remodeling in guard cells during ABA-induced stomatal closure.
Laminar Flow Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Characteristics of
Power-Law Fluids Inside Tubes With Varying Width Twisted Tape Inserts
Authors: Patil A. G. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Results of an experimental investigation of heat transfer and flow friction of a generalized power-law fluid in tape generated swirl flow inside a 25.0 mm i.d. circular tube, are presented. In order to reduce excessive pressure drops associated with full width twisted tapes, with less corresponding reduction in heat transfer coefficients, reduced width twisted tapes of widths ranging from 11.0 to 23.8 mm, which are lower than the tube inside diameter are used. Reduced width twisted tape inserts give 18 percent–56 percent lower isothermal friction factors than the full width tapes. Uniform wall temperature Nusselt numbers decrease only slightly by 5 percent–25 percent, for tape widths of 19.7 and 11.0 mm, respectively. Based on the constant pumping power criterion, the tapes of width 19.7 mm perform more or less like full width tapes. Correlations are presented for isothermal and heating friction factors and Nusselt numbers (under uniform wall temperature condition) for a fully developed laminar swirl flow, which are applicable to full width as well as reduced width twisted tapes, using a modified twist ratio as pitch to width ratio of the tape. The reduced width tapes offer 20 percent–50 percent savings in the tape material as compared to the full width tapes. [S0022-1481(00)01401-8]
Sulfur—Its Effects, Removal, or Modification in Vacuum Melting
Authors: Cremisio Richard S. , Cannon Joseph G. , Elliott C. Frank 
Published: July 2002

Sulfur has long been recognized as one of several elements causing considerable property, difficulty in vacuum melting. Once introduced, usually via raw materials, traditional vacuum melting techniques must be modified to reduce sulfur to acceptable levels. Individual effects of sulfur on certain nickel, cobalt, and iron base alloys were discussed. Techniques for the removal of sulfur during vacuum melting were discussed including some thoughts on the kinetics of desulfurization. Among the sulfur removal techniques indicated are the following: Slag Base Metal Reactions Gaseous Purge Techniques Rare Earth Metal or Alloy Innoculation.
The paper gives some new data with regard to the desulfurization of nickel base superalloys (notably Inco 901) by addition of elemental cerium in vacuum induction melting. Desulfurization levels to 0.001 wt% were achieved without any loss in property response or microstructural degradation.
Contribution of Natural Amino Acid Substitutions in SHV Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases to Resistance against Various β-Lactams
Authors: Randegger Corinne C. , Keller André , Irla Michel , Wada Akihito , Hächler Herbert 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
SHV extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) arise through single amino acid substitutions in the parental enzyme, SHV-1. In order to evaluate the effect of genetic dissimilarities around the structural gene on MICs, we had previously devised an isogenic system of strains. Here, we present an extended version of the system that now allows assessment of all major types of SHV β-lactamases as well as of two types of promoters of various strengths. Moreover, we devised a novel vector, pCCR9, to eliminate interference of the selection marker. A substitution within the signal sequence, I8F found in SHV-7, slightly increased MICs, suggesting more efficient transfer of enzyme precursor into the periplasmic space. We also noted that combination of G238S and E240K yielded higher resistance than G238S alone. However, the influence of the additional E240K change was more pronounced with ceftazidime and aztreonam than with cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. The SHV enzymes characterized by the single change, D179N, such as SHV-8, turned out to be the weakest SHV ESBLs. Only resistance to ceftazidime was moderately increased compared to SHV-1.
In Vitro Interaction of Terbinafine with Itraconazole against Clinical Isolates of
Scedosporium prolificans
Authors: Meletiadis Joseph , Mouton Johan W. , Rodriguez-Tudela Juan L. , Meis Jacques F. G. M. , Verweij Paul E. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

In order to develop new approaches for the chemotherapy of invasive infections caused by
Scedosporium prolificans
, the in vitro interaction between itraconazole and terbinafine against 20 clinical isolates was studied using a checkerboard microdilution method. Itraconazole and terbinafine alone were inactive against most isolates, but the combination was synergistic against 95 and 85% of isolates after 48 and 72 h of incubation, respectively. Antagonism was not observed. The MICs obtained with the terbinafine-itraconazole combination were within levels that can be achieved in plasma.