bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of a simple in vitro fatigue test to assess materials used in the surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse
Authors: Roman Sabiniano , Mangir Naside , Hympanova Lucie , Chapple Christopher R. , Deprest Jan , MacNeil Sheila 
Published: September 2018

AimsStress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse are very common conditions with a proportion of patients requiring implantation of synthetic materials for a durable repair. However increasing numbers of post‐surgical complications have been reported related to the use of polypropylene meshes. One hypothesis for the adverse response is poor mechanical matching of the relatively stiff polypropylene mesh particularly as materials in the pelvic floor will need to cope with decades of distension as occurs with increase of intraabdominal pressure on coughing, laughing, or sneezing.MethodsIn this study we have undertaken a very simple fatigue testing regime to compare the mechanical abilities of six materials. Four commercial meshes in clinical use and two novel electrospun materials not yet evaluated in the clinic were assessed using a uniaxial tensile test. This was performed on six samples of each dry material and on another six samples of each material after just 3 days of fatigue conditions using a dynamic bioreactor.ResultsThe four commercial materials showed permanent mechanical deformation after just 3 days of stretching these materials by 25% elongation on a regular dynamic cycle, whereas the two new materials presented more elastic properties without deformation.ConclusionsWe suggest that a test as simple as this 3‐day fatigue testing is sufficient to distinguish between materials which have already been found to cause complications clinically and newer materials yet to be tested clinically which will hopefully prove more mechanically appropriate for implantation in the pelvic floor.
Mechanical failure rates of artificial urinary sphincter components: Is the 3.5‐cm urethral cuff at higher risk?
Authors: Loh‐Doyle Jeffrey C. , Hartman Natalie , Nazemi Azadeh , Wayne Kevin , Doumanian Leo R. , Ginsberg David A. , Boyd Stuart D. 
Published: September 2018

AimWe report the rates of artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) mechanical failure in a contemporary cohort of patients stratified by component type and size to determine if the 3.5‐cm cuff is at higher risk of failure.MethodsFrom 2005–2016, a total of 486 male patients with stress incontinence underwent implantation or revision of an AUS. 993 individual cases were retrospectively reviewed (465 primary placements and 528 revisions). Components were separately tallied and cases of mechanical failure were identified. Multiple variables including duration until failure and follow‐up interval were collected and analyzed for each malfunction.ResultsAfter median follow‐up of 31.5 months, there were 48 distinct cases of mechanical failure. The urethral cuff was the most common component to fail (n = 27, 56.3%), followed by the pressure regulating balloon (PRB) (n = 6, 12.5%), tubing (n = 6, 12.5%), and the control pump, (n = 5, 10.4%). Four (8.3%) cases did not have the source of malfunction identifiable in available records though fluid loss was evident at the time of device interrogation. Sub‐analyses of cuff failure events showed that the 3.5‐cm cuff had a statistically significant higher risk of failure (HR: 7.313, (P < .0001) compared to larger cuff sizes.ConclusionsWhile each component is prone to malfunction, our study suggests that the 3.5‐cm urethral cuff is more susceptible to failure and failure events occur earlier after placement than larger cuff sizes.
Prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms and overactive bladder in men and women over 18 years old: The Colombian overactive bladder and lower urinary tract symptoms (COBaLT) study
Authors: Plata Mauricio , Bravo‐Balado Alejandra , Robledo Daniela , Trujillo Carlos G. , Caicedo Juan I. , Cataño Juan G. , Arenas Julián , Rondón Martín , Londoño Darío 
Published: September 2018

AimsTo estimate the prevalence of LUTS and overactive bladder (OAB) in the Colombian population.MethodsA cross‐sectional, population‐based study was conducted in men and women ≥18 years using directed interviews and self‐administered questionnaires in five main cities in Colombia. A sample size of 1054 subjects was estimated (prevalence of LUTS/OAB 15%, CI 95%, statistical power 80%, precision 3%). We used a multi‐stage probabilistic sampling technique to randomly select individuals in the community, stratified by socioeconomic status, gender, and age. We used the 2002 ICS and 2010 IUGA/ICS definitions as well as validated questionnaires in Spanish. Descriptive statistics were employed.ResultsA total of 1060 participants were included. Mean age was 42 (range 18‐89) years. The prevalence of at least one LUTS was 84%, while overactive bladder was reported by 31.8% participants. Among individuals with at least one LUTS, 13.2% would feel “mostly unsatisfied,” “unhappy,” or “terrible” to spend the rest of their lives with their current urinary condition. Nocturia was the most prevalent LUTS (55.3%), followed by urgency (46.4%) and frequency (45.8%). Urge, stress, and mixed urinary incontinence were reported by 15.3%, 8.6%, and 7% of participants, respectively.ConclusionsLUTS are highly prevalent in the Colombian population and severely affect quality of life. This is the first study conducted in Colombia and Latin America focused on evaluating LUTS in men and women of all age groups of interest using a multi‐stage probabilistic sampling technique. These results may have a significant influence on health decision‐making and assessment of future therapies.
The Iroquois homeobox proteins IRX3 and IRX5 have distinct roles in Wilms tumour development and human nephrogenesis
Authors: Holmquist Mengelbier Linda , Lindell‐Munther Simon , Yasui Hiroaki , Jansson Caroline , Esfandyari Javanshir , Karlsson Jenny , Lau Kimberly , Hui Chi‐chung , Bexell Daniel , Hopyan Sevan , Gisselsson David 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWilms tumour is a paediatric malignancy with features of halted kidney development. Here, we demonstrate that the Iroquois homeobox genes IRX3 and IRX5 are essential for mammalian nephrogenesis and govern the differentiation of Wilms tumour. Knock‐out Irx3−/Irx5− mice showed a strongly reduced embryonic nephron formation. In human foetal kidney and Wilms tumour, IRX5 expression was already activated in early proliferative blastema, whereas IRX3 protein levels peaked at tubular differentiation. Accordingly, an orthotopic xenograft mouse model of Wilms tumour showed that IRX3−/− cells formed bulky renal tumours dominated by immature mesenchyme and active canonical WNT/β‐catenin‐signalling. In contrast, IRX5−/− cells displayed activation of Hippo and non‐canonical WNT‐signalling and generated small tumours with abundant tubulogenesis. Our findings suggest that promotion of IRX3 signalling or inhibition of IRX5 signalling could be a route towards differentiation therapy for Wilms tumour, in which WNT5A is a candidate molecule for enforced tubular maturation. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Fluorobenzotriazole‐Based Medium‐Bandgap Conjugated D–A Copolymers for Applications to Fullerene‐Based and Nonfullerene Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Weng Chao , Wang Wengong , Liang Jingtang , Wang Guo , Tan Songting , Shen Ping 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTTwo new medium‐bandgap (MBG) donor–acceptor (D–A) conjugated polymers (PSTF and PDTS) with fluorobenzotriazole as an A unit and spiro[cyclopenta[1,2‐b:5,4‐b′]dithiophene‐4,9′‐fluorene] (STF) or dithienosilole (DTS) as the D unit are designed and synthesized as donor materials for polymer solar cell (PSC) applications. PSTF shows a broader absorption spectrum relative to PDTS reflecting an additional high‐energy absorption band due to the conjugated thiophene side chains on STF moiety. Compared with PDTS, PSTF exhibits weaker π–π aggregation and lower lying HOMO level. Photovoltaic properties of the PSCs reveal that either PSTF or PDTS using PC61BM as acceptor exhibits better performances than that of ITIC as acceptor, which results from the simultaneously increased Voc, Jsc, and FF of PC61BM‐based PSCs. Moreover, when combined with PC61BM and ITIC, the PSTF‐based PSCs exhibit an efficiency of 3.66% and 2.42%, respectively, which is 45% and almost 1.5 times higher than that of the PDTS‐based PSCs, respectively. This can be ascribed to the obviously improved Voc and FF of PSTF‐based PSCs benefitted from the deeper HOMO level and better active layer morphology. Our work demonstrates that using spiro‐annulated building block as donor unit to construct MBG D‐A copolymers is an alternative and effective approach for achieving efficient donor materials in PSCs. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 2330–2343
Thin film confinement reduces compatibility in symmetric ternary block copolymer/homopolymer blends
Authors: Uddin Md Fakar , Jiang Zhang , Raymond Andrew , Goodson Amy D. , Lwoya Baraka S. , Albert Julie N. L. 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTThe thin film phase behavior of ternary blends consisting of symmetric poly(styrene) (PS)‐b‐poly(dimethylsiloxane)(PDMS), PS, and PDMS was investigated using X‐ray reflectivity (XRR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). This system is strongly segregated, and the homopolymers are approximately the same length as the corresponding blocks of the copolymer. The XRR and AFM data are used to quantify changes in domain spacing (L) and morphology evolution with increasing homopolymer content (Φ
H). In 100 nm thick films, from Φ
H = 0 to 0.20, the system maintains a perfect parallel lamellar structure and domains swell as predicted based on theory; however, from Φ
H = 0.30 to 0.50, a morphology transition to a “dot pattern” morphology (tentatively identified as perforated lamellae) and mixed morphologies were observed before macrophase separation. In thicker films, dot patterns were observed for a broad range of Φ
H before macrophase separation. The absence of the bicontinuous microemulsion phase reported for bulk blends and thin films of perpendicular lamellae and the presence of dot patterns/perforated lamellae are attributed to preferential migration of the PDMS homopolymer to the wetting layers located at the substrate and free air interfaces, which leads to an asymmetric composition within the film and morphology transition. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018, 56, 1443–1451
Metabolic syndrome and pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Hooijschuur M. C. E. , Ghossein‐Doha C. , Kroon A. A. , De Leeuw P. W. , Zandbergen A. A. M. , Van Kuijk S. M. J. , Spaanderman M. E. A. 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo evaluate the association between different pre‐eclampsia (PE) phenotypes and the development of metabolic syndrome postpartum, in order to identify the subgroup of formerly pre‐eclamptic women with a worse cardiovascular risk profile requiring tailored postpartum follow‐up.MethodsThis was a cohort study of 1102 formerly pre‐eclamptic women in whom cardiovascular and cardiometabolic evaluation was performed at least 3 months postpartum. Women were divided into four subgroups based on PE resulting in delivery before 34 weeks (early‐onset (EO)) or at or after 34 weeks (late onset (LO)) of gestation and whether they delivered a small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) neonate. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed as the presence of hyperinsulinemia along with two or more of: body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2; dyslipidemia; hypertension; and microalbuminuria or proteinuria. Data were compared between groups using ANOVA after Bonferroni correction. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated using logistic regression to determine the association between metabolic syndrome and the four subgroups. We constructed receiver–operating characteristics curves and computed the area under the curve (AUC) to quantify the ability of different obstetric variables to distinguish between women who developed metabolic syndrome and those who did not.ResultsThe prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in women with EO‐PE and SGA (25.8%) than in those with EO‐PE without SGA (14.7%) (OR 2.01 (95% CI, 1.34–3.03)) and approximately five‐fold higher than in women with LO‐PE with SGA (5.6%) (OR 5.85 (95% CI, 2.60–13.10)). In women with LO‐PE, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome did not differ significantly between women with and those without SGA. Multivariate analysis revealed that a history of SGA, a history of EO‐PE and systolic blood pressure at the time of screening are the best predictors of developing metabolic syndrome postpartum. The AUC of the model combining these three variables was 74.6% (95% CI, 70.7–78.5%). The probability of the presence of metabolic syndrome was calculated as: P = 1/(1 + e–LP), where LP is linear predictor = –8.693 + (0.312 × SGA (yes = 1)) + (0.507 × EO‐PE (yes = 1)) + (0.053 × systolic blood pressure).ConclusionsThe incidence of metabolic syndrome postpartum was associated more strongly with EO‐PE in combination with SGA as compared with LO‐PE or EO‐PE without SGA. Both time of onset of PE and fetal growth affect the risk of metabolic syndrome after a pre‐eclamptic pregnancy. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Interpreting historical, botanical, and geological evidence to aid preparations for future floods
Authors: Wilhelm Bruno , Ballesteros Cánovas Juan Antonio , Macdonald Neil , Toonen Willem H.J. , Baker Victor , Barriendos Mariano , Benito Gerardo , Brauer Achim , Corella Juan Pablo , Denniston Rhawn , Glaser Rüdiger , Ionita Monica , Kahle Michael , Liu Tao , Luetscher Marc , Macklin Mark , Mudelsee Manfred , Munoz Samuel , Schulte Lothar , St. George Scott , Stoffel Markus , Wetter Oliver 
Published: September 2018

River flooding is among the most destructive of natural hazards globally, causing widespread loss of life, damage to infrastructure and economic deprivation. Societies are currently under increasing threat from such floods, predominantly from increasing exposure of people and assets in flood‐prone areas, but also as a result of changes in flood magnitude, frequency, and timing. Accurate flood hazard and risk assessment are therefore crucial for the sustainable development of societies worldwide. With a paucity of hydrological measurements, evidence from the field offers the only insight into truly extreme events and their variability in space and time. Historical, botanical, and geological archives have increasingly been recognized as valuable sources of extreme flood event information. These different archives are here reviewed with a particular focus on the recording mechanisms of flood information, the historical development of the methodological approaches and the type of information that those archives can provide. These studies provide a wealthy dataset of hundreds of historical and palaeoflood series, whose analysis reveals a noticeable dominance of records in Europe. After describing the diversity of flood information provided by this dataset, we identify how these records have improved and could further improve flood hazard assessments and, thereby, flood management and mitigation plans.This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Water Extremes
Engineering Water > Planning Water
Science of Water > Methods
ANALYSING INSTITUTIONAL LIABILITY FOR CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE IN ENGLAND AND WALES AND AUSTRALIA: VICARIOUS LIABILITY, NON-DELEGABLE DUTIES AND STATUTORY INTERVENTION
Authors: Giliker Paula 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis paper will argue that, in the light of recent case law in the UK and Australia, a new approach is needed when dealing with claims for vicarious liability and non-delegable duties in the law of tort. It will submit that lessons can be learnt from a comparative study of these jurisdictions, notably by reflecting on the courts’ treatment of claims of institutional liability for child sexual abuse. In parallel to decisions of their highest courts, public enquiries in Australia and England and Wales, established to report on historic child sexual abuse and how to engage in best practice, are now reporting their findings which include proposals for victim reparation: see Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse (Australia, 2017) including its Redress and Civil Litigation Report (2015); Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse (Interim report, England and Wales, 2018). The Australian reports suggest reforms not only to state practice, but also to private law. This article will critically examine the operation of vicarious liability and non-delegable duties in England and Wales and Australia and proposals for statutory intervention. It will submit that a more cautious incremental approach is needed to control the ever-expanding doctrine of vicarious liability in UK law and to develop more fully its more restrictive Australian counterpart.
Suppressive efficacy of volatile compounds produced byBacillus mycoideson damping-off pathogens of cabbage seedlings
Authors: Huang J.-S. , Peng Y.-H. , Chung K.-R. , Huang J.-W. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractRhizoctonia solaniKühn andPythium aphanidermatumEdson cause cabbage seedling damping-off, resulting in severe yield losses. The current study demonstrates the production of toxic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by two strains ofBacillus mycoidesand the evaluation of a potential use ofB.mycoidesas a biocontrol agent to control cabbage damping-off. Two VOCs, dimethyl disulphide and ammonia, were found to reduce radial growth, cause hyphal deformation and result in organelle degeneration in bothR. solaniandP. aphanidermatum. Pathogen hyphae, after being exposed to VOCs, showed poor rigidity, shrinkage, curling and swelling. The amount of VOCs produced byB. mycoidesand the antagonistic activity against plant pathogens varied, depending on the type of medium used to culture bacteria. Application ofB.mycoidescell suspensions to cultivation medium promotes growth of five different plant species tested. Experiments conducted in greenhouses revealed thatB. mycoidesdid not reduce damping-off incidence caused byR.solani. However,B. mycoidesreduced damping-off incidence induced byP. aphanidermatumby as much as 45% on cabbage seedlings. The results provide valuable information on the feasibility of utilizingB. mycoidesas a biocontrol agent in controlling cabbage damping-off.
The Four Churches of the Reformation
Authors: HAWLEY JOHN STRATTON 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to examine what was involved when the great linguist George Grierson framed the history of Indianbhaktiin terms of ‘the four churches of the reformation’ in one of his most widely read publications, ‘Bhakti-Mārga’, an entry in theEncyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics(1910). This was his translation of the concept ofcatuḥ(orcār)sampradāy, which plays a significant role in Nābhādās's HindiBhaktamāl(circa1600). The weight of the target language and its enveloping culture (‘church’, ‘reformation’) raise obvious red flags. Grierson did not submit them to the sort of self-critical scrutiny we might today, nor did he examine the adequacy of Nābhādās's historiography. But did he get it all wrong? I will suggest that there are in fact some intriguing, if distant, analogies between the early modern world out of which Nābhādās wrote and its contemporary Protestant European counterpart, and I will ask whether Nābhādās may have been encouraged to adopt the framework he did because of precedents established in contemporary Muslim historiographical practice. In outlining his foursampradāys, Nābhādas played a role in creating a set of assumptions that long survived his own time in North India—and not just because Grierson would later be listening.
Public Space, Public Canon: Situating religion at the dawn of modernity in South India
Authors: FISHER ELAINE 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWhat is ‘early modern’ about religion in South India? In theorizing early modernity in South Asia, the category of religion has been viewed with scepticism, perhaps to avoid painting India as the exotic ‘Other’ that failed to modernize in the eyes of Western social theory. And yet, Western narratives, drawn from secularization theory, fail to do justice to our historical archive. As a vehicle for approaching the experience of religion in early modern South India, this article invokes the category of space as a medium for the publicization and contestation of meaning across diverse language, caste, and religious publics. In the process, it excavates the codification of the ‘Sacred Games of Śiva’ as public religious canon of the city of Madurai, exemplifying the distinctive role played by religion in public space in early modern South India.
Challenges to Prehospital Care in Honduras
Authors: Bast Haley E. , Jenkins J. Lee 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThrough a longitudinal field experience and interviews with rural and urban clinic workers in Honduras, the following data were collated regarding the challenges to prehospital Emergency Medical Services (EMS) in this country. In Honduras, both private and public organizations provide prehospital emergency care for citizens and face both financial and resource constraints. These constraints manifest in operational concerns such as challenges of integration of EMS systems with each other, differences in medical direction oversight, and barriers to public access. Despite the availability of public health care services, authorities and locals alike do not recommend using the public systems due to lack of needed resources and time of emergency response.Private volunteer EMS organizations are scattered throughout the country and each operates as their own separate system. There is no single dispatch center available, nor is there a guarantee that calling for EMS will result in the patient’s desired response. In this report, the challenges are discussed with possible solutions presented.BastHE, JenkinsJL. Challenges to prehospital care in Honduras. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(6):637–639.