bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Brief Discussion of the Relation of Some Radiocarbon Dates to the Pollen Chronology
Authors: Deevey Edward S. 
Published: June 2018

In the 31 dates of specific interest to palynology contained in Table I there are some surprises for the student of pollen chronology, although there are only three (349, 433, and 450) that must be regarded as unacceptable. For two of these, the list itself contains evidence that the stratigraphic position of the samples was incorrectly determined; we are left with only one sample (433) suggesting that the radiocarbon assay is subject to errors of an unknown nature. It follows that the new method of dating has been placed on a firm footing, and that it will amply justify the high hopes originally held for it.To say this, however, is not to say that the entire list of dates will or should meet with unqualified acceptance. All degrees of palatability are represented, some apparent contradictions are evident, and in nearly every case a certain amount of special pleading is required to harmonize the results with what was previously known or believed. While the difficulties are not considered at present to be serious, it would be most unwise to minimize them, and the fact is that confirmation is required at every point if the newly acquired dates are not to make postglacial stratigraphy more controversial than it was before.
An Outline of Japan's Prehistoric Cultures
Authors: Kraus Bertram S. 
Published: June 2018

Until quite recently the cultural prehistory of Japan has been, like many other areas of Asia, very inadequately known to most American and European students. There is now enough material available to enable me to present to you an outline of the prehistoric cultural development of Japan with a high degree of reliability in its essential validity. Much remains to be done, however, both in the sphere of “dirt archaeology” and in the field of analysis, synthesis, and foreign relationships.The term “Jomon” has become entrenched as the designation for the entire period of Japanese culture preceding the entrance of the Yayoi people with their bronze-age culture from Korea and the adjacent areas into Kyushu. This migration must have commenced at least as early as the second century B.C. since it is known that Yayoi centers were flourishing in Kyushu and southwest Honshu in the first century B.C. Absolute dates for the earliest cultural manifestations in Japan are lacking but my guess would be about 3000 B.C.
Recent Developments in the Dorset Culture Area
Authors: Collins Henry B. 
Published: June 2018

The Dorset culture was first recognized and described by Jenness (1925), on the basis of materials in the National Museum of Canada that had been excavated by Eskimos at Cape Dorset on Hudson Strait and on Coats Island in Hudson Bay. Since then Dorset material has been found at many sites in the eastern Arctic from Newfoundland in the south, along the coasts of Labrador and the northern Canadian islands to Inglefield Land in Northwest Greenland. Though some of the Dorset sites have been excavated carefully and systematically, there are many points about the culture that remain obscure. It is somewhat exasperating to realize that we actually know little more about the Dorset culture than we did when Jenness first described it 26 years ago.While recent excavations in Canada or Greenland have not added significantly to our knowledge of the origin of the Dorset culture or the role it played in the eastern Arctic, some of the earlier evidence, if reexamined and reappraised, is seen to have important implications in connection with recent discoveries in Alaska.
A Preliminary Statement on the Pottery from Cape Denbigh, Alaska
Authors: Griffin James B. 
Published: June 2018

This Brief Paper will serve as an introduction to an examination of the ceramic material excavated by Giddings at the site of Iyatayet on Cape Denbigh in Norton Sound in northwestern Alaska. Norton Sound is located in the northeastern Bering Sea. The site has become well known because of the Cape Denbigh flint complex which occurred in the lowest level of the site and which was separated from the pottery levels above by a sterile zone of varying thickness, from 2 to 18 inches, made up of laminated, sandy clay (Giddings, 1949, 1951). This sterile zone was contorted and has been tentatively interpreted as indicating a colder climate than the present.The upper sections of the excavated area at Iyatayet give every indication of having been intermittently occupied from relatively recent times back through Eskimo history to approximately 2000 years ago. The top layers of the site contain the same artifacts and ceramic materials as those found on the neighboring Nukleet site which is thought to date roughly around 1500 to 1600 A.D. Other materials from the upper zone are suggestive of Early Punuk.
4 Architectural Miscellany
Authors: Roys Lawrence , Shook Edwin M. 
Published: June 2018

Accounts of the monumental architecture occupy much of our text because features of lesser magnitude have suffered deterioration from weather, agriculture, and quarrying for recent building activity.A number of terrace façades are observable on some pyramids. The clearest of these appear in the north side of Str. 2 where the staircase is Hanked by terrace walls embellished with four large panels recessed nearly a half meter into the wall (Figs. 13, 15, 16). The recessed panel is broken into an upper and a lower plane by a carefully planned offset in the masonry that is evidently decorative. The simplest interpretation of these bold lines, executed through the medium of hewn slabs 30 cm. thick, is that they form a geometrical base for further ornamentation of either painting on flat plaster, or molded stucco.
5 The Sacbe System
Authors: Roys Lawrence , Shook Edwin M. 
Published: June 2018

When Shook was able to join the project, he immediately began to scout the outlying terrain and to investigate the background that allowed the development of so pretentious a city. Water supply was a point of interest, and of course pottery collection was in our minds at all times.The Indian laborers reported a cenote called Xtompul, some distance to the east, where pottery fragments were plentiful, and Shook promptly visited it, obtaining a good collection. His route lay over one of the well-leveled modern tranvia roadbeds. About a kilometer out, it cut diagonally through a long, low platform with the exposure showing ancient floors which have been plastered, raised, and replastered (Fig. 58).
Chapter 6: Model Fertility Schedules
Authors: Weiss Kenneth M. 
Published: June 2018

Before the stable population can be fully characterized, the age-specific fertility rates needed to satisfy equation (1-4a) must be determined. For most anthropological data (and certainly for archaeological data) this information is not available. A method must be devised to estimate the rates of B(X), based on the assumption of a growth rate r and the mortality information.The relative amount of fertility in females at each age during the childbearing period follows a generally similar pattern for most human populations: fertility begins at a relatively low rate at the age of menarche—in fact, there is generally a period of adolescent sterility (Montagu 1957), then it rises rapidly to a maximum from age 20 to age 30, after which it falls gradually to a minimum just before menopause. This general pattern is virtually universal among human females. We can use this degree of similarity to model our anthropological fertility rates.
IV. The Results of the Experiment
Authors: Mueller James W. 
Published: June 2018

The data generated by the methods described in Chapter III are summarized in this chapter in terms of the problem of this paper. As stated by Lloyd, the problem concerns the validity of conclusions based on a discontinuous intensive survey. In this study, 326 discontinuous intensive surveys are simulated on paper, and the results are interpreted in terms of the 3 aspects of the sampling process–sampling scheme, fraction, and unit. Which alternative of each aspect of the sampling process is more likely to produce valid conclusions? I hope that an empirically based answer to this question will assist archaeologists who want to survey complete regions, but are forced to sample because of temporal and financial limitations.Chi square and economy are useful for evaluating each simulated sample and for comparing each sample to the population. As outlined in the previous chapter, the experiment generated 326 samples. For each sample, a chi-square value for each of 5 variables and 1 number representing economy are calculated. Thus, the data used to answer the question of this study consist of 1,680 chi-square values and 326 values of economy.
Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices in a Mesolithic Population from Wadi Haifa, Sudan
Authors: Saxe Arthur A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAssuming an individual's treatment at death is a reflection of the position occupied in a status system in life, and that differences between individual interments reflect the type of status system participated in (e.g., egalitarian versus ranked), the outlines of extinct status systems should be ascertainable. This paper will present the results of such an attempt using data collected from the mesolithic occupation and burial site of Wadi Haifa, northern Sudan. These data include age, sex, pathology, treatment of the body, and mode of interment. The evidence argues for an egalitarian status system with differences in disposal associated with differences in age, sex, and personal achievement. Differences in mortality rates are examined in light of constraints placed on hunting and gathering societies. There is also evidence of post-marital residence favoring the husband's agnates.
4 Cultural Features
Authors: Binford Lewis R. , Binford Sally R. , Whallon Robert , Hardin Margaret Ann 
Published: June 2018

It should be pointed out that, in general, cultural features are types of facilities representing a major investment of a social unit and as such are extremely important indicators of the nature of the activities conducted at a given location. For this reason we planned our recovery program so as to obtain as much information about cultural features as possible. The following analysis has been conducted with the aim of maximizing information on functional and temporal differences between the formal variants of the recovered sample.One of the most significant aspects of the 1963 field season in the Carlyle Reservoir was the discovery of a housetype previously unknown in the Middlewest. There were four such structures located in the southernmost end of the West Field of Hatchery site. They were “keyhole” in shape, and consisted of a round, semi-subterranean floor and an extension, subrectangular in shape, which angled off toward the east-southeast.A detailed description of the structures follows. The description will in turn be followed by a comparison between and an interpretation of the four structures. The order of description does not proceed on the basis of feature numbers or inferred chronology of occupancy. The descriptions follow the order of completeness of information, beginning with the structure about which the most data was obtained and ending with the least well known.
Comparative Analysis of the Components: Form and Spatial Arrangement of Classes of Features
Authors: Binford Lewis R. , Binford Sally R. , Whallon Robert , Hardin Margaret Ann 
Published: June 2018

We are dealing here only with the data from cultural features; our analysis and conclusions cannot be considered final until the information from plant and animal remains and the analysis of cultural items are complete. We have attempted to isolate differences attributable to functional variability in the range of activities represented by the cultural features; we have also attempted to delimit those particular features representing different historical episodes in the occupation of the site. The results of this analysis were the delineation of 4 major discrete occupations to which the vast majority of cultural features could be referred. Each occupation can be structurally defined in terms of its composition in functionally differentiated types of features.We now turn our attention to the analysis of these components as units to be compared in terms of a limited number of attribute classes, each largely dependent upon the taxa resulting from the analysis discussed above. With respect to cultural features, we can compare the components with respect to the following broad attribute classes: 1) form, spatial arrangement, and history of domestic structure; 2) form, spatial arrangement, and history of burials; and 3) form and spatial arrangement of classes of pits.Utilizing these criteria, we shall compare the communities recognized in the hope of arriving at some insights into the settlement systems of the socio-cultural units represented and into the correlated forms of social organization.
Chapter 11: Confronting Field Data: Aging and Sexing Problems
Authors: Weiss Kenneth M. 
Published: June 2018

This and the following chapters will deal with the practical application of our life tables to anthropological data. In order to fit field data to a model, one must be confident that the data are as accurate and reliable as possible. This is difficult with anthropological data, especially if one is working from the literature. In this chapter the methods and common problems associated with the aging and sexing of anthropological populations are discussed. This discussion may help the reader to recognize questionable aspects of his data and to correct them prior to fitting a model table.There is always the problem of the representativeness of the sample. If there is no direct evidence to suspect one’s sampling, the sample of skeletons or the census of a living population are usually assumed to be representative of stable processes. This is necessary to the application of our models. If a skeletal series is taken from a biased sample of burials, then of course it is not representative of the population from which it came. This is often true for juveniles (Schwidetzky 1965), and some means have been developed to make up for this deficiency. Where an unbiased, representative sample or census cannot be assumed, further demographic analysis is not likely to be productive.
4 Dating the Issaquena Phase
Authors: Greengo Robert E. 
Published: June 2018

Many of the postulated connections between the Issaquena phase and the preceding, contemporary, and succeeding phases in the Lower Mississippi Valley have already been mentioned in the foregoing portion of this work, but now we shall try to integrate these observations into a coherent summary. As we have seen, our present picture of the culture history of the region in question is primarily based upon inferences drawn from intensive analyses of the ceramic remains of these prehistoric people.In the Lower Mississippi Valley there is a distinctive ceramic tradition which consists of a combination of at least three modes that are constant from the earliest known pottery of the Tchefuncte and Tchula phases down to the historic phases. These modes are found in the claytempered fabric, the coiling method of forming pots, and a tendency to embellish vessels by incision and punctation.
9 The Bone Bed(Lam)
Authors: Wheat Joe Ben 
Published: June 2018

The Bone Bed was composed of the skeletons, parts of skeletons, and isolated bones, of about 190 bison (Fig. 1). During our excavations, we recorded a total of 143 skulls. While Olsen and Chubbuck kept no record during their excavations, they estimate that they found about 50 skulls, a figure which appears reasonable in view of the volume they dug and the area in which their excavations were centered. Hence the suggested total of about 190 animals.Five hundred three bone units were recorded during our 2 seasons of excavation at the Olsen-Chubbuck site (Table 1). A proportionate number of units must also have occurred in that part of the site dug by Olsen and Chubbuck, so that, using the ratio estimated above, somewhere near 670 units probably comprised the total bone bed.As previously explained (see Recording), each articulated skeleton or segment of a skeleton was recorded as a single unit. In addition, skulls were also recorded as units. We did this because, from early in our first season of excavation, we believed that most, if not all, such articulated segments represented those parts that had been cut off by the Indians during the butchering. That is to say, that the Indians followed a fairly standard procedure in cutting up a bison, and that when the meat had been removed, the bones were discarded, still held together by sinews. We believed that an analysis of such units would provide direct information on the butchering techniques of the Indians, on the selection of choice parts, and perhaps on the use made of the parts. To a large extent, these hypotheses have been validated.
Chapter 3. General Remarks on the Model
Authors: Williams B. J. 
Published: June 2018

The postulates set forth in preceding chapters lead to a view of hunting-gathering society which, if correct, means that the mating system of paleolithic man varied little in different regions of the world. With the aid of some additional elaboration on this model, to be given in this chapter, we should be able to specify the effects of this mating system on cultural and genetic processes. Further, some consideration will be given to the expected results of relaxing some of the conditions underlying the model presented.Implicit in Postulates Five and Six is the idea that marriages will not be contracted over such distances that the bands brouglit into connubial relation cannot visit one another occasionally even if rarely. It was assumed, therefore, that these usually involved the bordering band territories. Among these bordering bands, the size of each as visualized in the model is such that each must contract marriages with most, if not all, neighboring bands to provide wives for the band males. But this is true only if they are all of equal size. As they will not often all be of equal size or exactly equal in offspring production in any given age period, there must be provisions to insure that alliances, once established, are not subject to random loss.
The Demography of Finite Populations and the Origins of the Incest Taboo
Authors: Wobst H. Martin 
Published: June 2018

During the Last Ten Years we have acquired a much better understanding of Band Society—the socio-cultural system that characterizes the behavior of most hunter-gatherers (Lee and DeVore 1968; Sahlins 1972; Williams 1974). The same decade has also added considerable detail to explanations of the evolution of Band Society into more complex socio-cultural systems (Binford 1968; Flannery 1968, 1969). Compared to its steady state and its demise, the origins of Band Society have received much less attention. This lack of concern is particularly perplexing given the rapid accumulation of paleoanthropological and archaeological data on human origins in the sixties and early seventies. In order to stimulate discussion in this area of anthropological research, this paper deals with the origins of one subsystem of band society—the mating strategies. The research reported here focuses on the effect of mating strategies and population size on age specific fertilities and on their potential role in the origins of the incest taboo.Three areas of hunter-gatherer demography are immediately relevant to Band Society origins: population density, mating network, and population growth. Ethnographically studied huntergatherers characteristically live at population densities below one person per square kilometer (Sanders and Price 1968), the population which exchanges mates is usually not much larger than 500 (Birdsell 1968; Wobst 1974), and band societies generally show intrinsic rates of growth near zero (Weiss 1973). There is nothing in the archaeological record to suggest that prehistoric hunter-gatherers, on the average, had greater population densities, larger mating networks, or more rapid growth rates. If these factors were already operative during the Pleistocene, we can ask ourselves how they would have affected demographic processes earlier in human evolution.
Chapter III: Archaeological Sites
Authors: De Laguna Frederica 
Published: June 2018

The information about archaeological sites is presented under eight regional sections, seven of which roughly correspond to seven of the tribal subdivisions listed in the third section of Chapter II. The territories of group 5 on the upper Koyukuk and of group 9 on the upper Innoko were not included in our survey. There is, however, an eighth archaeological region, the Yukon near Holy Cross, which yielded specimens of a more pronounced Eskimo character than anything found in the areas above. These sites are, therefore, tentatively listed as “Eskimo.”In the following sections of this chapter there will be a discussion of all former village sites in the regions covered by our survey, including sites mentioned in the early literature or reported to us. For the convenience of the reader I present below a list of the sites from which specimens were obtained, grouped according to the region in which they are located; their probable age is indicated. The presence of stone adzes and the absence of trade goods of white manufacture are taken as indications that the site was prehistoric, although in most cases, especially where we did little excavating, such an assumption is based on rather inadequate information.
Chapter VI: Archaeological Collections from Tena Sites
Authors: De Laguna Frederica 
Published: June 2018

The specimens recovered from the sites visited on the Yukon and its tributaries, or acquired by purchase from others who had visited such sites, comprise about eighty types. In making this count I have considered the material of which the specimens were made, for example, listing netweights of stone as a different type from netweights of bone, and I have also treated the separate parts of composite implements, like harpoons, as distinct types. If I had considered each of the design elements used to decorate bone objects or pottery as separate types, the list would have had to be still further expanded.Such a list is given below. In the first column are given the types represented by the supposedly Eskimo material from the vicinity of Holy Cross. In the second, are types from prehistoric Tena sites; in the third, types from Tena sites of uncertain age; and in the fourth, types from historic Tena sites, to which are added in parentheses the types actually seen in use in 1935.
Beans of Wetherill Mesa
Authors: Kaplan Lawrence 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAnalysis of bean seeds taken from various Wetherill Mesa prehistoric Indian sites shows that all belong to thePhaseolus vulgaris(common bean) species. Of the five varieties of this species, one seems to have predominated — an “all-purpose” bean used as a string bean and as a dry, mature bean. This variety is also the most commonly occurring bean in the pre-Columbian Southwest.