bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organizational Behavior and Disaster: A study of conflict at NASA
Authors: Dimitroff Robert D. , Schmidt Lu Ann , Bond Timothy D. 
Published: July 2018

This paper examines how groupthink led to conflict in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), with a focus on the Challenger and Columbia shuttle tragedies. We will show that, although there were technical causes of the accidents, there are deeper root causes that constitute a recurring thread. Throughout NASA's history, there have been budgetary and scheduling constraints. In an attempt to meet these externally imposed restrictions, management has unconsciously and repeatedly fallen into the psychological tendencies of groupthink. A bulletproof attitude amongst NASA officials was a direct cause of the Challenger accident. Management began tolerating increasing amounts of “acceptable flight risks.” Management compromised safety, one of the quality components of the project management “triple constraint” of schedule, budget, and quality. As a result of this disdain for managing quality, the second accident occurred with a chilling sense of déjà vu. We will examine the root causes of the pressure on management, as well as the traps of conflict that have befallen management.
From Marketing to Project Management
Authors: Lecoeuvre-Soudain Laurence , Deshayes Philippe 
Published: July 2018

This paper aims to convey the results of doctoral research that has clarified relations between marketing and project activity, especially the links between marketing and project management. The actions favorable to the process of project marketing will be also pointed out, as well as the development of this process within the business-to-business sector. Six variables-actions, which are decisive for the advancement of project marketing process, are put forward. Internal and external resources to be mobilized according to the four phases that are also identified for project marketing are: pre-project marketing, marketing at the start of the project, ongoing project marketing, and marketing intended to create the conditions of a future project (based on the process master of an ongoing project). A dynamic process model of project marketing is proposed, which highlights the link with project management, and envisages further researches perspectives for a useful and successful merge between the two disciplines.
Project Manager Leadership Behaviors and Frequency of Use by Female Project Managers
Authors: Neuhauser Charlotte 
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this study was to determine the most important leadership and managerial behaviors for project managers as perceived by female project managers and to ascertain the frequency with which these behaviors are practiced by female project managers. A survey instrument of leadership behaviors was submitted to female project managers, representing a variety of industries, team types, and sizes. The respondents were asked to rate each behavior as to its importance for an effective project manager to exhibit and to indicate the frequency of use by female project managers. Even though much of the literature on effective leaders indicates the importance of transformational behaviors, the results of this study show that the respondents do not attach as much importance to transformational leadership behaviors as they do managerial skills and transactional leadership behaviors. They also use transactional leadership behaviors and managerial skills more frequently than transformational leadership behaviors.
Reference Ranges and Determinants of Thyroid Function During Early Pregnancy: The SELMA Study
Authors: Derakhshan Arash , Shu Huan , Broeren Maarten A C , de Poortere Ralph A , Wikström Sverre , Peeters Robin P , Demeneix Barbara , Bornehag Carl-Gustaf , Korevaar Tim I M 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

Context
Establishing reference ranges as well as identifying and quantifying the determinants of thyroid function during pregnancy is important for proper clinical interpretation and optimizing research efforts. However, such data are sparse, specifically for triiodothyronine measurements, and most studies do not take into account thyroid antibodies or human chorionic gonadotropin.

Objective
To determine reference ranges and to identify/quantify determinants of TSH, free T4 (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), total T4 (TT4), and total triiodothyronine (TT3).

Design, Setting, and Participants
This study included 2314 participants of the Swedish Environmental Longitudinal, Mother and child, Asthma and allergy study, a population-based prospective pregnancy cohort of mother-child pairs. Reference ranges were calculated by 2.5th to 97.5th percentiles after excluding thyroperoxidase antibody (TPOAb)–positive and/or thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb)–positive women.

Intervention
None.

Main Outcome Measures
TSH, FT4, FT3, TT4, and TT3 in prenatal serum.

Results
After exclusion of TPOAb-positive women, reference ranges were as follows: TSH, 0.11 to 3.48 mU/L; FT4, 11.6 to 19.4 pmol/L; FT3, 3.72 to 5.92 pg/mL; TT4, 82.4 to 166.2 pmol/L; and TT3, 1.28 to 2.92 nmol/L. Additional exclusion of TgAb-positive women did not change the reference ranges substantially. Exposure to tobacco smoke, as assessed by questionnaires and serum cotinine, was associated with lower TSH and higher FT3 and TT3. Body mass index (BMI) and gestational age were the main determinants of TSH (only for BMI), FT4, FT3, TT4, and TT3.

Conclusions
We show that the exclusion of TgAb-positive women on top of excluding TPOAb-positive women hardly affects clinical reference ranges. We identified various relevant clinical determinants of TSH, FT4, FT3, TT4, and TT3 that could reflect endocrine-disrupting effects and/or effects on thyroid hormone transport or deiodination.
Cold acclimation conditions constrain plastic responses for resistance to cold and starvation in Drosophila immigrans
Authors: Pathak Ankita , Munjal Ashok , Parkash Ravi 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT
In montane Drosophila species, cold-induced plastic changes in energy metabolites are likely developed to cope with cold and starvation stress. Adult Drosophila immigrans reared at 15°C were acclimated at 0°C or 7°C for durations of up to 6 days (fed or unfed conditions). Such flies were tested for plastic changes in resistance to cold or starvation stress as well as for possible accumulation and utilization of four energy metabolites (body lipids, proline, trehalose and glycogen). Adults acclimated at 7°C revealed a greater increase in cold tolerance than flies acclimated at 0°C. Different durations of cold acclimation at 7°C led to increased level of body lipids only in fed flies which were utilized under starvation stress. However, such plastic responses were not observed in the flies acclimated at 0°C, which remained unfed due to chill-coma. These observations suggest a possible role of feeding to improve starvation resistance only in the flies acclimated at 7°C with food. Cold acclimated D. immigrans flies revealed improved cold resistance through a possible reshuffling of trehalose and glycogen; and starvation-induced proline which was utilized under cold stress durations. Finally, greater reduction in mean daily fecundity due to cold or starvation was observed in 0°C acclimated flies as compared to 7°C acclimated flies. Thus, cold acclimation conditions (0°C or 7°C) greatly impact resistance to cold and starvation in D. immigrans.
Stratum recruits Rab8 at Golgi exit sites to regulate the basolateral sorting of Notch and Sanpodo
Authors: Bellec Karen , Gicquel Isabelle , Le Borgne Roland 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTIn Drosophila, the sensory organ precursor (SOP or pI cell) divides asymmetrically to give birth to daughter cells, the fates of which are governed by the differential activation of the Notch pathway. Proteolytic activation of Notch induced by ligand is based on the correct polarized sorting and localization of the Notch ligand Delta, the Notch receptor and its trafficking partner Sanpodo (Spdo). Here, we have identified Stratum (Strat), a presumptive guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rab GTPases, as a regulator of Notch activation. Loss of Strat causes cell fate transformations associated with an accumulation of Notch, Delta and Spdo in the trans-Golgi network (TGN), and an apical accumulation of Spdo. The strat mutant phenotype is rescued by the catalytically active as well as the wild-type form of Rab8, suggesting a chaperone function for Strat rather than that of exchange factor. Strat is required to localize Rab8 at the TGN, and rab8 phenocopies strat. We propose that Strat and Rab8 act at the exit of the Golgi apparatus to regulate the sorting and the polarized distribution of Notch, Delta and Spdo.
Two independent sulfation processes regulate mouth-form plasticity in the nematodePristionchus pacificus
Authors: Namdeo Suryesh , Moreno Eduardo , Rödelsperger Christian , Baskaran Praveen , Witte Hanh , Sommer Ralf J. 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTSulfation of biomolecules, like phosphorylation, is one of the most fundamental and ubiquitous biochemical modifications with important functions during detoxification. This process is reversible, involving two enzyme classes: a sulfotransferase, which adds a sulfo group to a substrate; and a sulfatase that removes the sulfo group. However, unlike phosphorylation, the role of sulfation in organismal development is poorly understood. In this study, we find that two independent sulfation events regulate the development of mouth morphology in the nematode Pristionchus pacificus. This nematode has the ability to form two alternative mouth morphologies depending on environmental cues, an example of phenotypic plasticity. We found that, in addition to a previously described sulfatase, a sulfotransferase is involved in regulating the mouth-form dimorphism in P. pacificus. However, it is unlikely that both of these sulfation-associated enzymes act upon the same substrates, as they are expressed in different cell types. Furthermore, animals mutant in genes encoding both enzymes show condition-dependent epistatic interactions. Thus, our study highlights the role of sulfation-associated enzymes in phenotypic plasticity of mouth structures in Pristionchus.
Importância do uso de protetor solar na prevenção do câncer de pele e análise das informações desses produtos destinados a seus usuários
Authors: Santos Sandra Oliveira , Sobrinho Raimaria Rodrigues , Oliveira Thainara Alves de 
Published: July 2018

Introdução: O índice de brasileiros acometidos por câncer de pele é alto e ainda cresce, especialmente por o Brasil ser um país de elevada incidência de raios ultravioletas e de população despreocupada com os fatores de prevenção. O uso do protetor solar é essencial para se evitar a exposição aos raios ultravioleta causadores do câncer de pele e do fotoenvelhecimento. Metodologia: Análise de rótulos dos protetores solares mais comercializados no Brasil. Eles foram divididos em quatro grupos, de acordo com idade e indicação, se é para uso no corpo ou na face. Foram apresentados os resultados de FPS, indicação, forma farmacêutica, características do protetor solar, além de efeitos colaterais e adversos Resultados: Analisaram-se dez rótulos de produtos dermocosméticos de uso tópico para proteção solar. Observou-se que há preocupação em relatar a possibilidade de reações alérgicas, bem como a preocupação de classificar quanto ao Fator de Proteção Solar. Houve indicação à prevenção ao fotoenvelhecimento e até aos homens com pele escura e barba. Discussão: A utilização desses protetores solares só será eficaz se eles forem utilizados de forma correta pela população e em consonância com vestuários e acessórios. Os filtros solares possuem vários princípios ativos que, por suas particularidades, variam também no modo de uso. Para evitar o uso inadequado dos protetores solares, é importante que o usuário saiba qual protetor seria o mais eficaz dentro das individualidades. Considerações finais: A promoção à saúde da pele engloba ações que propiciem às pessoas conscientização na escolha do correto protetor solar, a fim de minimizar efeitos deletérios dos raios ultravioletas, especialmente o câncer de pele.
Factors associated with induced demand for services in Iran’s healthcare system
Authors: Mahmoudi Ghahraman , Roohi Ghanbar , Asadi Mohammad , Rasooly Kalamaki Fatemeh , Abam Samira , Khojamli Mansoor , Abdi Talarposhti Masoomeh 
Published: July 2018

Background: One of the most important subjects in health economics and healthcare management is the theory of induced demand; that is, caring for or providing and selling unnecessary services to users of healthcare systems, which is accompanied by the exercising of power by the service providers.Methods:This study was performed on physicians, nurses, and laboratory and radiology technicians working in Medical Science universities. Random sampling was conducted from five areas: the center, north, west, east and south of Iran. Data were gathered by a questionnaire, with a Cronbach's alpha of >0.7, consisting of nine dimensions on existence of induced demand and its associated factors.Results:The results showed that overall, 65.2% of the participants agreed with the existence of induced demand.Chi-squared test showed there was no difference in the level of induced demand between the regions of the country, education level and occupation. However, there was a significant difference in terms of gender (P<0.005). The Kruskal-Wallis test indicated a significant relationship between the associated factors and induced demand (P<0.005).Conclusions:Results showed that induced demand was influenced by factors including service recipients’ awareness, personal benefits of service providers, the extent they cared about health, supervision of insurance companies, industrialization of the health sector, diversity and increased number of trained experts and the quality of methods of training the service providers. Therefore, policymakers and planners should consider raising awareness of health service recipients, supervising insurance companies, reforming teaching methods, social culture making and changing the beliefs of society.
Key Brain Network Nodes Show Differential Cognitive Relevance and Developmental Trajectories during Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Kolskår Knut K. , Alnæs Dag , Kaufmann Tobias , Richard Geneviève , Sanders Anne-Marthe , Ulrichsen Kristine M. , Moberget Torgeir , Andreassen Ole A. , Nordvik Jan E. , Westlye Lars T. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractHuman adolescence is a period of rapid changes in cognition and goal-directed behavior, and it constitutes a major transitional phase towards adulthood. One of the mechanisms suggested to underlie the protracted maturation of functional brain networks, is the increased network integration and segregation enhancing neural efficiency. Importantly, the increasing coordinated network interplay throughout development is mediated through functional hubs, which are highly connected brain areas suggested to be pivotal nodes for the regulation of neural activity. To elucidate brain hub development during childhood and adolescence, we estimated voxel-wise eigenvector centrality (EC) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from two different psychological contexts (resting state and a working memory task), in a large cross-sectional sample (n= 754) spanning the age from 8 to 22 years, and decomposed the maps using independent component analysis (ICA). Our results reveal significant age-related centrality differences in cingulo-opercular, visual, and sensorimotor network nodes during both rest and task performance, suggesting that common neurodevelopmental processes manifest across different mental states. Supporting the functional significance of these developmental patterns, the centrality of the cingulo-opercular node was positively associated with task performance. These findings provide evidence for protracted maturation of hub properties in specific nodes of the brain connectome during the course of childhood and adolescence and suggest that cingulo-opercular centrality is a key factor supporting neurocognitive development.
SELECTION OF THE COMPLEX OF ENZYME PREPARATIONS FOR THE HYDROLYSIS OF GRAIN CONSTITUENTS DURING THE FERMENTATION OF THE WORT OF HIGH CONCENTRATION
Authors: Mudrak T. , Kuts A. , Kovalchuk S. , Kyrylenko R. , Bondar N. 
Published: July 2018

In this paper, an optimal complex is selected of enzyme preparations for hydrolysis of the components of grain raw materials during fermentation of high concentration wort. When selecting enzyme systems, their effect on the technical and chemical parameters of the fermented wash during the fermentation of wort is investigated. For the research, maize grain with a starch content of 69.0 % was used. Fermentation was carried out with 18–30% of dry matters (DM) in the wort, using the osmophilic yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae DO-16.The recommended concentration of the enzyme preparation Amylex 4 T (the source of the α-amylase enzyme) – 0.4–0.6 units of α-amylase ability/g of starch – is optimal for the concentration 18–27% of DS in the wort. For 30 % of DS, it is practical to use 0.6 units of α-amylase ability/g of starch. With the use of the enzyme preparation Diazyme TGA (the source of the enzyme glucoamylase), the value is 7.5 units of glucoamylase ability/g of starch, alcohol accumulation in fermented washes was 10.51, 13.35, 15.78% vol., according to the wort concentrations 18, 27, 30 %, respectively. It has been established that with the application of the cytolytic enzyme Laminex 750, the concentrations of dissolved carbohydrates and non-dissolved starch have a tendency to decrease. In the samples where the proteolytic enzyme preparation Alphalase AFP was added at a concentration of 0.05 units of proteolytic ability/g of raw materials, there was an increase in the accumulation of yeast cells by 6.5% compared with the reference sample. The recommended concentration of Deltazyme VR XL (the source of β-glucanase and xylanase) is 0.05 units β-glucose/g of raw materials. The addition of a cytolytic and proteolytic enzyme preparation in combination with β-glucanase and xylanase contributed to an increase in the accumulation of ethanol in the washes by 1.7 % compared with the reference sample, and to an almost 33 % decrease in the concentration of dissolved carbohydrates and non-dissolved starch. On the basis of experimental studies, it has been found that using a complex of enzyme preparations – amylolytic (Amylex 4T), saccharifying (Diazyme TGA), proteolytic (Alphalase AFP), cytolytic (Laminex 750), and complex AF β-glucanase and xylanase (Deltazyme VR XL), in various combinations of their concentrations, – contributed to the intensification of the fermentation process of the wort and increased accumulation of the target product, ethanol, by 0.8–1.4 %, depending on the wort concentration. The highest amount of ethanol accumulated at the maximum dosage of additional enzyme preparations.
DETERMINING HEAVY METALS IN MUSHROOM SAMPLES BY STRIPPING VOLT-AMMETRY
Authors: Kupchyk O. 
Published: July 2018

Industrial cultivation of mushrooms in Ukraine in recent years has been developing at a rather high pace. A promising consumer of Ukrainian mushrooms may be the European Union market. But mushrooms are not delivered there in significant volumes due to quite high requirements for the product quality. From the biosphere, heavy metals can enter the mushrooms and make them potentially dangerous for people. The content of heavy metals: zinc, cadmium, lead, and copper in edible mushrooms (ceps, chanterelles, butter mushrooms, saffron milk-caps, and champignons) has been studied by using the stripping voltammetry method after the destruction of the matrix of mushroom samples. Sample preparation was done by the method of “wet” mineralisation with oxidising mixtures of various compositions using inorganic acids (nitrate, chloride, sulfate), and an oxidiser – hydrogen peroxide. Besides, dry ashing was used. As a result of the experiment, it has been found that the most effective method of extracting the ions of heavy metals and ensuring the accuracy of the analysis is sample preparation using nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The concentrations of the metals under analysis are calculated on the dry basis (mg/kg). The concentrations found for bioelements that are contained in enzymes in living organisms (zinc, copper, and toxic elements – lead and cadmium), are within the range of 51.3–72.9; 3.0–10.3; 0.2–1.32, and 0.06–0.33 mg/kg, respectively. Thus, by arranging the samples of the mushrooms under study in ascending order by the specified total content of heavy metals, we obtain the following series: ceps – butter mushrooms – chanterelles – saffron milk caps – champignons. Besides, the relative error of analysis has been calculated, and the replicability of the selected research method has been estimated. Thus, the method of stripping voltammetry can be applied in quantitative determination of heavy metals in mushroom samples.
An Analysis of the Regulatory Environment Governing Hearsay Electronic Evidence in South Africa: Suggestions for Reform – Part Two
Authors: Swales Lee 
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this two-part article is to examine the regulatory environment governing hearsay electronic evidence in South Africa with a view to suggesting law reform in the light of the most recent proposals put forward by the South African Law Reform Commission.
Part one considered the definition of data messages in the context of hearsay electronic evidence and concluded that amendment is required (as suggested by the South African Law Reform Commission). Further, part one sought to answer two additional queries posed in Discussion Paper 131 Review of the Law of Evidence in relation to electronic hearsay, ultimately finding that a data message can constitute hearsay within the meaning of the applicable legislation; further, that South African law must distinguish between data messages produced substantially by a computer or mechanical process and those that rely substantially on the credibility of a person.
Part two of this article will review the statutory exceptions to the hearsay rules applicable to electronic evidence, including the controversial section 15(4) of the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002. Further, part two will analyse the situation in selected foreign jurisdictions where hearsay electronic evidence has had more time to mature and develop (United Kingdom, Canada and United States) with a view to incorporating suggestions that South Africa can implement.
Finally, this article will conclude by providing suggestions for law reform in the context of the recommendations put forward by the South African Law Reform Commission, and will suggest that that there must be law reform in at least the following areas: the definition of data messages; the definition of the term document in the statutes applicable to the hearsay exceptions; a distinction between types of electronic evidence insofar as computer-generated evidence with human intervention, and without human intervention is concerned; and more cohesion and alignment with the statutory hearsay exceptions.