bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lying and Ethics
Authors: Carson Thomas L. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe author presents the arguments of Augustine and Kant for thinking that lying is always wrong no matter what. Act-utilitarianism holds that lying is morally right whenever the consequences of lying are better than (or as good as) those of not lying. Ross rejects absolutism, but says that utilitarianism is too permissive about lying. He holds that there is a duty not to lie, other things being equal. Absolutism about lying is wildly counterintuitive (it implies that the duty not to lie always outweighs any conflicting duties) and the arguments given by Augustine and Kant do not give us adequate reasons to accept absolutism about lying. Act-utilitarianism and Ross’s theory are much more promising theories about the morality of lying. Augustine, Kant, and Ross all hold that lying is morally worse than deception without lying. Utilitarians deny that there is any morally relevant difference between lying and deception.
Lying and the Law
Authors: Green Stuart P. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter considers the various ways in which the law regulates lies and other forms of deception. In the case of offenses such as perjury, fraud, and rape by deception, it takes a hard line, subjecting offenders to serious criminal sanctions. With respect to deception used by the police (during interrogations) and lawyers (in litigation), the law is more tolerant. And lies told by the media and by political candidates are sometimes regarded as constitutionally protected and therefore beyond the scope of permissible legal regulation entirely. The main point is that the law’s treatment of deception varies significantly depending on the role of the person deceiving (e.g., private individuals versus government officials), the social context in which the deception occurs (e.g., courtrooms, the marketplace, police stations, and sexual encounters), the harms the deception is believed to cause, and the chilling effect its regulation might entail.
Lying and History
Authors: Carson Thomas L. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPlato famously defends lying by leaders. This chapter argues that there is a strong moral presumption against lying by leaders. Two historically important examples of leaders who lied to gain public support for wars that they wanted to fight are discussed—Franklin Roosevelt and George W. Bush. Also discussed are cases of lying about the historical record, most notably the lies that created the Dolchstoßlegende (myth of the stab in the back) in Germany after WWI. Half-truths are narratives consisting of true statements or sets of true statements that selectively emphasize facts that support a particular assessment of an issue and selectively ignore or minimize other relevant facts that support contrary assessments. Some important examples of half-truths about the historical record are presented and the chapter concludes by discussing the obligations of historians to be accurate and truthful.
Lying and the Arts
Authors: Kümmerling-Meibauer Bettina 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter investigates the significance of the topic of lying in the arts with an emphasis on the potential connection of lying with specific literary genres, such as the tall tale, the travelogue, the detective story, and the dystopian novel, and the related question whether fiction can be understood as a specific form of lying. Other sections deal with the depiction of lying characters and the representation of standard situations of lying. The major examples are drawn from literary texts, ranging from picturebooks and young adult novels to literature for adults, and films. Finally, this chapter gives a brief outlook on painting and photography by addressing the often-disputed issue of whether pictures are able to lie.
Lying in Different Cultures
Authors: Nishimura Fumiko 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter reviews key issues related to lying within the framework of a cross-cultural context. First, important notions such as individualism and collectivism are discussed. Various definitions of lying are then introduced based on semantics and pragmatics frameworks (e.g., Grice’s Cooperative Principle). Next, the motivations and acceptability of lies are addressed by referring to values and assumptions found in different cultures. Finally, the chapter examines conversational data collected from Japanese people and New Zealanders. The data contain lies that are used as strategies to manage undesirable situations. The examples illustrate how people would choose different types of lie by following their own cultural protocols and preferences.
Lying and Truth
Authors: Wright Stephen 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter explores the relationship between lying and truth. It begins with an overview of various inflationary and deflationary approaches to truth, before turning to the question of whether or not a speaker’s testimony cannot be a lie if it is also true. It considers some of the intuitive cases that have been brought to bear on the relationship between lying and truth. More specifically, the chapter is concerned with three ideas of the relationship between lying and truth. The first is the idea that a speaker’s testimony is a lie only if it is false. The second is that a speaker’s testimony is a lie only if it is believed to be false. The third is that a speaker’s testimony is a lie only if it is something that the speaker does not believe.
Classical and Near Eastern Slavery in the First Millennium bce
Authors: Lewis David M. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Twentieth-century scholarship, guided in particular by the views of M. I. Finley, saw Greece and Rome as the only true ‘slave societies’ of antiquity: slavery in the Near East was of minor economic significance. Finley also believed that the lack of a concept of ‘freedom’ in the Near East made slavery difficult to distinguish from other shades of ‘unfreedom’. This chapter shows that in the Near East the legal status of slaves and the ability to make clear status distinctions were substantively similar to the Greco-Roman situation. Through a survey of the economic contribution of slave labour to the wealth and position of elites in Israel, Assyria, Babylonia, Persia, and Carthage, it is shown that the difference between the ‘classical’ and ‘non-classical’ worlds was not as pronounced as Finley thought, and that at least some of these societies (certainly Carthage) should also be considered ‘slave societies’.
Social and early life adversity and chronic health conditions among Tunisian adults
Authors: El Mhamdi Sana , Lemieux Andrine , Ben Fredj Manel , Bouanene Ines , Ben Salah Arwa , Abroug Hela , Ben Salem Kamel , al’Absi Mustafa 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Early life adversities (ELAs) are shown as significant risk factors for chronic health conditions (CHCs). ELAs include multiple types of abuse such as the social abuse (peer, community, and collective violence). The purpose is to describe the relationship between childhood social abuse and chronic conditions in adulthood among a sample of adults in Tunisia and to investigate the role of obesity and tobacco use as mediators of this association. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Tunisia, from January to June 2016 using the Arabic Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). Items of social abuse (peer violence, witnessing community violence, and exposure to collective violence) were analyzed. A total of 2,120 adults were enrolled. After adjustment for age, gender, and intrafamilial ELA, social adversities were associated significantly with the selected CHC. Experiencing more than two social ELA increase the risk of occurrence of hypertension and coronary diseases. After accounting for the indirect effect of body mass index, statistically significant partial mediation effects were observed for the cumulative number of social ELA as the exposure variable and chronic diseases as the outcome variable (p ≤ .001; % mediated = 44.5%). These findings support an association between many chronic health disorders and childhood social abuse, independently of intrafamilial ACEs.
Adherence with a low-FODMAP diet in irritable bowel syndrome: are eating disorders the missing link?
Authors: Mari Amir , Hosadurg Deepash , Martin Lee , Zarate-Lopez Natalia , Passananti Valentina , Emmanuel Anton 
Published: December 2018

ObjectivesThe low-FODMAP diet has emerged as an option for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This diet is very restrictive, and compliance is usually low. Preliminary findings suggest an association between eating disorders (EDs) and the risk of developing IBS. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between compliance with a low-FODMAP diet and the risk of ED behaviours among patients with IBS.Patients and methodsA single-centre prospective study was carried out among 233 IBS patients (79.8% females) at University College London Hospital, who commenced a low FODMAPs group programme for IBS (Rome III or IV). Self-reported diet adherence at the end of the 6-week programme was measured. At baseline, and at the 6-week follow-up visit, participants completed the validated IBS-Symptom Severity Score, the SCOFF ED screening questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.ResultsAdherence with a low-FODMAP diet was found in 95 (41%) patients. Overall, 54 (23%) patients were classified to be at risk for ED behaviour. Adherence was 57% in the ED group (31/54) versus 35% in the non-ED group (64/179);P<0.05. Adherence with a low-FODMAP diet was highest (51%) in the IBS with diarrhoea subtype and lowest (10%) in IBS with constipation. There was no significant correlation between IBS-Symptom Severity Score and either adherence (P=0.39) or ED behaviour (P=0.28).ConclusionIn this IBS cohort, greater adherence to a low-FODMAP diet is associated with ED behaviour. The implications of our study are important in clinical practice for a clinician to have a high index of suspicion of EDs in IBS patients when a high level of low-FODMAP diet achieved.
Serum alkaline phosphatase levels as a simple and useful test in screening for significant fibrosis in treatment-naive patients with hepatitis B e-antigen negative chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Hu Jianhua , Zhang Xiaoli , Gu Jueqing , Yang Meifang , Zhang Xuan , Zhao Hong , Li Lanjuan 
Published: December 2018

Background
Staging of liver fibrosis is critical in guiding the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) virus. Many efforts have been made toward the research of noninvasive techniques, mostly focusing on hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg)-positive [HBeAg(+)] CHB patients, whereas HBeAg(+) and HBeA-negative [HBeAg(−)] represent different stages of hepatitis B virus infection. Thus, in this study, we aimed to search for routinely available clinical noninvasive liver fibrosis markers and separately analysed the markers in HBeAg(+) and HBeAg(−) CHB patients.

Methods
Patients with CHB who were treatment naive and who underwent a liver biopsy at our hospital from 1 January 2016 to 31 April 2017 were enrolled. Liver histology was scored using the Scheuer classification system. The area under the receiver operator curve was used to determine the diagnostic accuracy.

Results
A total of 191 patients, including 104 HBeAg(+) and 87 HBeAg(−) treatment-naive CHB patients, were enrolled in this study. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels increased gradually in all patients and separately in HBeAg(−) CHB patients, but not in HBeAg(+) CHB patients. ALP was an independent factors predicting significant fibrosis (S≥2) in all of the patients and separately in HBeAg(−) patients, with area under the receiver operator curves of 0.651 and 0.717, respectively. Further, the optimal cut-off value of ALP (>69.5 IU/l) for distinguishing HBeAg(−) CHB patients with significant fibrosis was determined (S≥2).

Conclusion
Serum ALP levels can identify significant fibrosis (S≥2) in treatment-naive HBeAg(−) CHB patients and could potentially reduce the need for liver biopsies and help to guide the clinical treatment of CHB.
Fit4SurgeryTV At-home Prehabilitation for Frail Older Patients Planned for Colorectal Cancer Surgery
Authors: Bruns Emma R.J. , Argillander Tanja E. , Schuijt Henk Jan , van Duijvendijk Peter , van der Zaag Edwin S. , Wassenaar Eelco B. , Gerhards Michael F. , Consten Esther C. , Buskens Christianne J. , van Munster Barbara C. , Bemelman Willem A. 
Published: December 2018

Objective
The preoperative phase is a potential window of opportunity. Although frail elderly patients are known to be more prone to postoperative complications, they are often not considered capable of accomplishing a full prehabilitation program. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of Fit4SurgeryTV, an at-home prehabilitation program specifically designed for frail older patients with colorectal cancer.

Design
The Fit4SurgeryTV program consisted of a daily elderly adapted computer-supported strength training workout and two protein-rich meals. Frail patients 70 yrs or older with colorectal cancer were included. The program was considered feasible if 80% of the patients would be able to complete 70% of the program.

Results
Fourteen patients (median age, 79 yrs; 5 males) participated. At baseline, 86% patients were physically impaired and 64% were at risk for malnourishment. The median duration of the program was 26 days. The program was feasible as patients followed the exercises for 6 (86%) of 7 days and prepared the recipes 5 (71%) of 7 d/wk. Patients specifically appreciated at-home exercises.

Conclusions
This study showed that at-home prehabilitation in frail older patients with colorectal cancer is feasible. As a result, patients might be fitter for surgery and might recover faster. The perioperative period could serve as a pivotal time point in reverting complications of immobility.
Comparison of Distraction Osteogenesis and Single-Stage Remodeling for Correction of Unilateral Coronal Craniosynostosis
Authors: Corkum Joseph P. , Burke Emily , Samargandi Osama , Retrouvey Helene , Bezuhly Michael 
Published: December 2018

Background:
Unilateral coronal craniosynostosis is a challenging condition in craniofacial surgery. Frontoorbital advancement by single-stage resorbable remodeling and distraction osteogenesis (DO) techniques have known intraoperative differences, but their comparative outcomes are less well characterized.

Methods:
A systematic literature search of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, and Web of Science databases was conducted. The search was performed using terms related to craniosynostosis and its operative management. The primary outcome of interest was the Whitaker classification. Secondary outcomes included cranial volume or cranial index change, and infection and reoperation rates.

Results:
A total of 6978 eligible articles were identified of which 26 met inclusion criteria. A total of 292 patients were included in the studies, with 223 undergoing a single-stage remodeling procedure (76.4%) and 69 DO procedures (23.6%). There was a trend toward patients with DO having better Whitaker aesthetic outcomes. Only 2 studies reported volumetric changes. There was a substantial difference in planned and unplanned reoperation rates but not in infection rates.

Conclusion:
The results of this systematic review suggest that the techniques have similar outcomes and complications, although there was a trend toward better Whitaker outcomes with DO procedures. Inherent to the DO technique is the need for multiple operations to both insert and remove internal hardware which may affect the overall cost effectiveness.
Evidence that population increase and range expansion by Eurasian Sparrowhawks has impacted avian prey populations
Authors: Paul Bell Christopher 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe role of increased predator numbers in the general decline of bird populations in the late 20thcentury remains controversial, particularly in the case of the Eurasian Sparrowhawk, for which there are contradictory results concerning its effect on the abundance of potential prey species. Previous studies of breeding season census data for Sparrowhawks and prey species in Britain have measured predator abundance either as raw presence-absence data or as an estimate derived from spatially explicit modelling, and have found little evidence of association between predator and prey populations. Here, a predator index derived from site-level binary logistic modelling was used in a regression analysis of breeding census data on 42 prey species, with significant effects emerging in 27 species (16 positive, 11 negative). The frequency of significant positive associations may indicate the tracking of prey abundance by Sparrowhawks, which would tend to cancel out any negative predation effect on prey populations, rendering it difficult to detect using census data. If so, the negative effects that have emerged for some species may underestimate the impact of increased Sparrowhawk numbers on the prey populations concerned. Nevertheless, estimates of the effect on national populations of prey species, obtained by combining effect sizes with a measure of the increase in site occupancy by the predator, suggest the possibility of a substantial impact. It cannot, therefore, be ruled out that the increase in abundance and range expansion of Sparrowhawks made a significant contribution to contemporaneous declines in the populations of many of its prey species.
Robust Antibacterial Activity of Tungsten Oxide (WO3-X) Nanodots
Authors: Duan Guangxin , Chen Lu , Jing Zhifeng , De Luna Phil , Wen Lin , Zhang Leili , Zhao Lin , Xu Jiaying , Li Zhen , Yang Zaixing , Zhou Ruhong 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAntibacterial agents are an important tool in the prevention of bacterial infections. Inorganic materials are attractive due to their high stability under a variety of conditions compared to organic antibacterial agents. Herein tungsten oxide nanodots (WO3-X), synthesized by a simple one-pot synthetic approach, was found to exhibit efficient antibacterial capabilities. The analyses with colony-forming units (CFU) showed excellent antibacterial activity of WO3-Xagainst both gram-negativeE. coli(Escherichia coli) and gram-positiveS. aureus (Staphylococcus aureus) strains. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed clear damage to the bacterial cell membranes, which was further confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations. Additionally, exposure to simulated sunlight was found to further increase germicidal activity of WO3-Xnanodots – a 30-minute exposure to sunlight (combining 50 μg/mL WO3-Xnanodots) showed a 70% decrease inE. coliviability compared to without exposure. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) was used to elucidate the underlying mechanism of this photocatalytic activity through the generation of hydroxyl radical species. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and the live/dead assay were further employed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of WO3-Xnanodots on eukaryotic cells, which demonstrated their general biocompatibility. In all, our results suggest WO3-Xnanodots have considerable potential in antibacterial applications, while also being biocompatible at large.
Nucleosome positioning stability is a significant modulator of germline mutation rate variation across the human genome
Authors: Li Cai , Luscombe Nicholas M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractUnderstanding the patterns and genesis of germlinede novomutations is important for studying genome evolution and human diseases. Nucleosome organization is suggested to be a contributing factor to mutation rate variation across the genome. However, the small number of publishedde novomutations and the low resolution of earlier nucleosome maps limited our understanding of how nucleosome organization affects germline mutation rates in the human genome. Here, we systematically investigated the relationship between nucleosome organization and fine-scale mutation rate variation by analyzing >300,000de novomutations from whole-genome trio sequencing and high-resolution nucleosome maps in human. We found thatde novomutation rates are elevated around strong, translationally stable nucleosomes, a previously under-appreciated aspect. We confirmed this observation having controlled for local sequence context and other potential confounding factors. Analysis of the underlying mutational processes suggests that the increased mutation rates around strong nucleosomes are shaped by a combination of low-fidelity replication, frequent DNA damage and insufficient/error-prone repair in these regions. Interestingly, strong nucleosomes are preferentially located in young SINE/LINE elements, implying frequent nucleosome re-positioning (i.e. shifting of dyad position) and their contribution to hypermutation at new retrotransposons during evolution. These findings provide novel insights into how chromatin organization affects germline mutation rates and have important implications in human genetics and genome evolution.
Role of Innate-like Lymphocytes in the Pathogenesis of Community Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Hannaway RF , Wang X , Schneider M , Slow S , Schofield MR , Morgan X , Murdoch DR , Ussher JE 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundMucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and Vδ2+γδ T cells are anti-bacterial innate-like lymphocytes (ILLs) that are enriched in blood and mucosa. ILLs have been implicated in control of bacterial infection. However, the role of ILLs in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is unknown.MethodsUsing sputum samples from a well-characterised CAP cohort, MAIT cell (Vα7.2-Jα12/20/33) and Vδ2+T cell (Vδ2-Jδ1/2/3/4) abundance was determined by quantitative PCR. Cytokine and chemokine concentrations in sputum were measured. The capacity of bacteria in sputum to produce activating ligands for MAIT cells and Vδ2+T cells was inferred by 16S rRNA sequencing.ResultsMAIT cell abundance in sputum was higher in patients with less severe pneumonia; duration of hospital admission was inversely correlated with both MAIT and Vδ2+T cell abundance. The abundance of both ILLs was higher in patients with a confirmed bacterial aetiology, however there was no correlation with total bacterial load or the predicted capacity of bacteria to produce activating ligands. Sputum MAIT cell abundance was associated with interferon- α, and interferon-γ, and sputum neutrophil abundance, while Vδ2+T cell abundance was associated with CXCL11 and interferon-γ.ConclusionsPulmonary MAIT and Vδ2+T cells can be detected in sputum in CAP, where they may contribute to improved clinical outcome.