bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expanding the Utilization of Low-Cost Light Workover Unit's LWU Operational Envelopes, Yields a Substantial Upturn in Rig Resources Allocations Efficiency and Well Cost Economics
Authors: Youssef M. , Al Rahma R. , Al Reyami M. , Al Wahedi K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Embarking on an initiative to expand the Low-Cost Light Workover Units (LWU) operational envelopes.
By utilizing the LWU units to perform well integrity evaluation and Lower completion with Inflow Control Devices (ICD) installations in Workover wells, the perspective of operational excellence allows to maximize the operational scope of low cost LWU replacing Higher cost Heavy Rigs utilization and Activity. Consequently, improving well delivery economics, business plan budget and resource allocating to drilling activities.
The main objective of deploying this practice and approach is mainly to utilize light work over rigs to run ICD lower completion in old producing wells, which are saving a big drilling units days and rental cost that led to optimize well production. Hence, controlling water shut off and water cut percentage in production is a big gain.
The practice was optimized, and the learning curve was developed to provide optimum procedures for those wells that can be generalized as retrieval of old completion string, verification of well integrity in terms of cement casing through corrosion logs and pressure testing. In addition, a key factor is drifting the open hole through proper accessibility run using Non-Damaging Fluid (NDF) and optimized Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) after conducting engineering analysis and simulation studies for the well trajectory and actual survey, close supervision and mutual engineering / operations follow up for execution of lowering the lower completion.
By following this proven practice, we successfully delivered three wells in same field with +/- 5500 ft of ICD lower completion for a gas lift and ESP producing wells on light Work Over rig with multiple limitations such as: limited Hook load capacity hence minimum "Margin of Overpull" availability that was challenging for freeing stuck situations while lowering lower completion strings, as well having one mud pump available in rig equipment added another burden to work with possibility of differential sticking while pump is under mechanical failure.
Moreover, practice can be spread to other fields that can make a significant rig days’ saving and cost saving of rental bigger units.
This practice leads to enhanced utilization of light work over rigs for running long ICD lower completion exceeding 5000 ft of lateral holes in existing producing wells saving us big rig days and rental cost and even sustainable less carbon footprint for optimizing production rate and decreasing water cut ratio from these reservoirs.
Shale Swelling Inhibitor Utilizing Taro Root, Alginate, and Activated Carbon from Waste Material
Authors: ur Rahman Saad , Siddiqui Rida , Mustafa Muhammad , Lalji Shaine MohammadAli , Ali Syed Imran , Abbasi Faiq Azhar 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This research explores eco-friendly methods to prevent shale swelling while drilling. It evaluates the effectiveness of using alginate, taro root, and activated carbon from waste materials as additives to drilling fluids in Pakistan's shale formations. This study optimizes the inhibition of a chosen drilling fluid through various experiments, including immersion tests, determination of contact angles, rheological properties, HPHT (high pressure and high temperature) filtration loss. Equipment such as a mortar grinder, sieve shaker, pH meter, heating oven, hydraulic compactor, and ImageJ software were used for analysis. Taro root, activated carbon, and alginate showed promise as additives for enhancing water-based drilling fluids. Optimal particle size and mass fraction solutions of taro root reduce shale collapse and filtration-induced mud loss. Activated carbon purifies water, lowering impurity levels and stabilizing drilling by mitigating clay swelling. Alginate improves mud rheological properties. Both alginate and taro root reduce fluid loss and friction, providing a thin filter cake and lubricity. These additives offer a green, environmentally friendly alternative for inhibiting clay swelling. This innovative approach utilizes waste material for swelling inhibitor in drilling fluids. It contributes to the existing literature by demonstrating its inhibitory properties, improving drilling mud characteristics, and offering an environmentally friendly alternative for clay swelling inhibition. These insights support the petroleum industry's pursuit of sustainable and eco-friendly drilling practices.
Extending The Life of MPFMs for Maximizing Value and Minimizing Downtime
Authors: Benlizidia I. , Faraj A. S. , Ruwaili E. H. , Kaipov Y. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The use of Multiphase Flow Meters (MPFM) has been increasing in the last decades in different well monitoring applications. It is important to extend the working life of this equipment as they have reached the end of life and yet can properly operate before it has to be discarded for technical and obsolescence reasons.
During the early stage of project development, MPFMs are selected and sized based on forecasted well production. At the later production stage of field development, usually flow-rates decline. As a result, the differential pressure through Venturi based MPFM will go below the minimum threshold, to maintain good metrological performances, it then requires to change to a smaller size MPFM.
This paper discusses the design, qualification, and field-test of a new methodology of extending the operating envelope of the MPFM using insert to ensure that the well monitoring data remain accurate and reliable without compromising the safety and integrity of the installation.
The insert venturi application developed is named the LRE "low-rate extender" tool because it reduces the cross-sectional area at the venturi throat, which increases the differential pressure for low flow rates and maintains the measurement accuracy.
The project was launched by first decommissioning one sample MPFM from the wellsite and sending it to the product center to build the customized tool and ensure all mechanical constraints and considerations are tackled on the spot.
Once the insert venturi device has been manufactured and duly inspected, the validation phase started through flow-loop testing. The performance of the MPFM with LRE is expected to be similar to MPFM without it. 328 test points were tested at four pressure levels with a water-liquid ratio (WLR) ranging from 0 to 100 % and a gas-volume fraction (GVF) from 0 to 100 % to prove the accuracy of MPFM with LRE. The validation considered the accuracy in total mass rate, liquid and gas rates, and WLR.
The last phase consisted of field trials, where comparison tests have been performed at different flow regimes between permanent MPFM with LRE and mobile MPFM of smaller Venturi size, the test has been extended for 6 months to monitor the MPFM with LRE long-term reliability.
The article discusses the new development of a retrofittable tool to extend the life of the MPFMs. It is a cost-effective solution and its workflow of design and validation can be applied to other MPFMs using the same measurement methodology facing similar flow measurement challenges.
Leveraging on the Subsurface Integrated AI-Enabled Well Planning Automation
Authors: Majumdar C. , Konwar D. , Chatterjee C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Digital transformation has revolutionized the drilling domain, yet the subsurface domain has largely operated in isolation. Despite realizing substantial value, its impact was somewhat diminished due to traditional, non-digital communication and information exchange methods.
The integration of digital drilling planning solutions with subsurface modules has transformed well engineering processes, enabling seamless communication and real-time updates. These integrated workflows optimize well planning and execution, effectively addressing challenges associated with manual data transfer and bottlenecks. Embracing AI-enabled subsurface integration ensures effective data utilization, breaking down traditional silos and enhancing collaboration, leading to superior well designs and improved outcomes for IOCs and NOCs. This approach highlights a niche opportunity for true integration of liberated data within domain-driven workflows.
Electrical Tomography Sensors - Interface Level Measurements Inside Desalters and Dehydrators
Authors: Kallinen Johanna , Voutilainen Arto , Cyriac Sinoj , Nissinen Antti 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In crude oil process vessels, precise control of oil and water levels is vital. In oil refining, high-voltage electrostatic coalescers create strong electric fields for desalting and dehydration, which may disrupt electrical level measurements. Stilling wells improve measurement conditions and shield devices from external electrical interference. This paper proposes enclosing electric tomography- based level measurement technology within a perforated stilling well to counteract high-voltage grid effects. Electrical Tomography (ET) enables comprehensive real-time monitoring of material distributions in various environments, such as pipes, tanks, and vessels. The ET probe sensor provides information on liquid levels within separators, identifying water-emulsion, emulsion-oil and oil-gas interfaces. The probe sensor is confined by a rather narrow stilling well to investigate its effects on measurement accuracy. The stilling well, with an inner diameter of 91.3 mm, accommodated a probe with a diameter of 59.0 mm. The system was tested with 11 different configurations of stratified liquids so that its level measurement capabilities were assessed with water, emulsion, oil and gas. In general, ET measurements within stilling wells are very localized since the proximity of the metal wall of the stilling well affects the electric interactions between the electrodes. The test results showed that the measured information still contains a sufficient amount of information so that the conductivity profile and subsequent interface levels can be estimated with good accuracy. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) across all interface levels in the entire series of test cases was 20.6 mm. This equates to approximately 1% of the length of the measurement area. This is of the same order of magnitude as in standard test measurements in identical conditions but without the stilling well. Electrical Tomography is well-suited for real-time measurement of various interface levels in challenging operating conditions where good repeatability and time-resolution are needed. This study demonstrated that Electrical Tomography based level measurements are successful even when installed in narrow stilling wells, without significant impact on measurement accuracy.
Managing Operation of LNG Plant with Tube-Leaked Cryogenic Heat Exchanger
Authors: Setiadi Bugi , Rahardian Reza 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This paper describes how Tangguh LNG successfully managed tube-leaked on main cryogenic heat exchangers (MCHE) without compromising safety or production. It shows systematic methods to maintain production with adequate mitigation measures without increasing risk on safety and business. The scope covers daily monitoring to identify and diagnose anomalies, risk evaluation for continued operation, tactical plans for safe operation, including difficult startup after unexpected trip, and internal inspection to verify the tube leakage. The leakage of MCHE tubes was detected as anomalies in daily surveillance, as shown by the continuous rise of methane composition and compressor suction pressure. Investigation was carried out to locate the leakage source. Risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of continued operation, agree on the control measures, and rectification plans. Tactical strategies were established, including periodic liquid draining and venting, management of refrigerant composition and scrub column pressure. Tangguh also managed to handle a challenging situation with an unplanned trip during this condition. Special instructions for startup, including exchanger cooldown were prepared to safely restart the plant. Tangguh managed to keep operating safely with a tube leaked MCHE until the scheduled shutdown period, saving the business from losing around $50M. The key to this success was the tactical strategies during both start-up and normal operation. Investigation revealed that the leak was triggered by rapid cooldown in the previous startup, which caused thermal shock. To prevent the leaks, the cooldown should be controlled within the maximum rate. Internal inspection verified leaks in the feed gas circuit at various locations, and repairs were done. The paper summarizes that proper cooldown during startup is vital for preserving the integrity of the cryogenic heat exchanger. If leakage happens, systematic methods, including comprehensive surveillance analysis, solid risk assessment, and tactical strategies, should be applied to evaluate if continuing operation is reasonable. The paper uses Tangguh LNG's distinctive experience in managing tube-leaked cryogenic heat exchanger safely to develop systematic methods to prevent unexpected shutdown, which can be useful for other LNG operators. The paper also highlights the importance of proper cooldown during startup to preserve the cryogenic heat exchanger integrity.
Optimized Design of Collision Free Wells: A Comprehensive Approach to Various Trajectory Types
Authors: Singh Umesh , Pathan Rizwan , Joshi Amol , Cavé Adrien , Baume Antonin 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The primary objective of this research is to design collision free and economical well trajectories in a crowded brownfield oil and gas field with numerous legacy wells. This design includes various types of trajectories, such as directional and sidetrack wells. Another key goal is the strategic positioning of Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESPs) along the wellbore trajectories to enhance production efficiency and reduce drilling costs. The research also emphasizes operational safety and environmental management by avoiding collisions with existing wells. The approach involves developing a comprehensive method for generating optimized well trajectories in oil and gas drilling operations. This method incorporates the minimum curvature method and evolutionary modeling techniques to dynamically adjust and optimize trajectories. Geological, engineering, and operational parameters are integrated to develop trajectories that minimize drilling complexity and cost. Safety constraints are included in the optimization process to ensure collision avoidance with existing wells, thereby safeguarding operational integrity and preventing environmental hazards such as oil spills. The developed optimization method was tested in live oil and gas fields, specifically involving the design of 36 wells in Africa. The solutions resulted in significant length savings of 3.3 km and a substantial 13- fold reduction in collision risks. Additionally, the method successfully generated various safe sidetrack and deepening well trajectory designs accepted by drilling engineers. It also achieved automated ESP placement within the well trajectories. These results demonstrate the method’s effectiveness in optimizing various well trajectories, minimizing drilling complexity, and adhering to safety constraints. The research findings highlight both the cost effectiveness and safety improvements achieved. Overall, this research significantly advances well trajectory design methodologies. It introduces a novel approach for generating collision free, optimized well trajectories of different types, including vertical, directional, and specialized sidetrack and deepening well trajectories. The method can also optimize ESP placement within the trajectories. Unlike traditional methods that depend heavily on a designer’s experience and intuition, this approach utilizes evolutionary modeling techniques to dynamically generate well trajectories. By incorporating geological, engineering, and operational parameters, the method aims to minimize drilling complexity and cost while ensuring adherence to safety constraints.
Palm Oil Biomass to Drop-In Fuels as Alternative to Traditional Jet Fuels: Large-Scale Process Modelling and Techno-Economic Assessment
Authors: Alareeqi S. , Alkhatib I. I. I. , Vega L. F. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Palm oil-based biorefinery has the potential to generate renewable drop-in fuels based on a UAE-viable biomass resource. The objective of this work is to reduce the process scalability cost through implementing a "self-H2 supply-consumption" strategy. We have coupled the thermodynamic properties of effective BEA zeolite-based material evaluated using reactive molecular dynamics simulations to large- scale process modeling for producing drop-in fuels. Technoeconomic assessment (TEA) was implemented to quantify the process feasibility for commercialization. A sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) with a 76.75% wt. of undecene (C11H22) and a HHV of 44.96 MJ/kg was achieved. The deoxygenation reactor incurred the largest segment (76.1%) of the total capital investment marked as $6.71 million. Other equipment in line were the heating/cooling heat exchangers ($1.38 million, 15.6%), followed by the distillation column ($0.414 million, 4.7%). Exploring variations attributed to parameter sensitivity, the OPEX was found heavily reliant on the feedstock cost, which was optimized considering industrial symbiosis from a local palm oil production refinery. Compared to biomass-to-fuel processes in literature, this work reports a cost-competitive MFSP with a 3.38 $ L-1 for SAF production.

Graphical Abstract
Power Transformer Reliability Assurance Program
Authors: AL Dhaheri Ahmed , Srihariraju B. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Power transformers are vital components in electrical power systems, utilized for varying voltage to the required transmission and distribution levels. These assets are highly valued and susceptible to degradation from regular operations, abnormal conditions, including overloading, harmonics, short circuits, and environmental factors. Ensuring the reliability and fault-free operation of transformers is essential to prevent extensive power system interruptions with potential to disrupt business continuity. This paper details a comprehensive transformer health assessment program implemented at ADNOC GAS - Ruways & Sulphur Division, employing advanced techniques for testing and diagnostics. The main objective of assessing transformer health condition in accordance with international standards such the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers "IEEE", the International Electrotechnical Commission "IEC" and Council on Large Electric Systems "CIGRE" is to establish prioritization criteria for transformer overhaul based on the severity of issues and transformer criticality. This comprehensive approach enhances planning strategies to proactively carry out transformer overhauls to prevent inadvertent failure, reduce downtime, extend transformer lifespan, improve availability and system reliability.
Reduce CO2 Emission in Gas Flare
Authors: Rengarajan Stalin , Alkatbi Sultan Muhayer 
Published: November 2024

In industrial processes, particularly in oil and gas operations, managing emissions while maximizing efficiency is of paramount importance. The ever-increasing focus on environmental sustainability has led to innovative solutions for minimizing greenhouse gas emissions, notably carbon dioxide (CO2), during routine operations like gas flaring. One such cutting-edge solution involves an integrated system designed to harness fresh air, advanced sensor technology, and effective water treatment to significantly reduce CO2 emissions. This article outlines the essential materials and installation processes involved in this innovative system, highlighting its functionality and the underlying principles that make it effective.
At the core of this system is a Variable Speed Drive System (VSDS) motor-controlled suction blower fan, which plays a crucial role in enhancing combustion efficiency by fostering optimal air supply to the flare head. This is complemented by a sealed water tank equipped with inlet and outlet valves, a level sensor, and a pressure gauge to monitor and control operational parameters. A dedicated smoke passage mixture pipeline ensures the controlled transfer of gas emissions to the water tank for subsequent treatment.
Equipped with CO2 sensors strategically positioned to monitor gas levels throughout the system, this setup allows for real-time adjustments based on the concentration of CO2 in the smoke mixture. The setup employs a nebulization nozzle that fine sprays the smoke mixture into the water, facilitating the absorption of CO2 and minimizing harmful emissions. The water tank design is not only efficient but also functional, featuring a conical base that simplifies the removal of CO2-saturated water and enables easy maintenance.
Innovative Practices for Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) Efficiency: New Gas Lift Mandrel (GLM) Deployment Techniques
Authors: Al Hinai S. , Al Saadi F. , AL Salmi A. , Al Lawati M. , Galin N. , Soliman A. , Al Hinai M. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Gas lock is one of the key challenges that Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESPs) faces in oil wells with high Gas Oil Ratio (GOR). For wells with ESP packer or wells with no continuous gas bleed-off through the annulus, gas accumulates below the packer until it reaches the pump intake, creating what is known as gas lock. As a result, ESP motor temperature increases (due to no cooling fluid), causing ESPs to trip. As a mitigation for this challenge, the innovative idea of ​​installing Gas Lift Mandrel (GLM) below the ESP packer deployed to enable continuous gas bleed-off from the annulus to tubing above the ESP. As a results, oil deferent reduced, ESP run life extended and intervention cost avoided.
Oil wells with gas lock issues or gas lock potential were selected using ESP historical running parameters and production testing data. Selected wells were attended by a well pulling hoist (WPH) where GLMs were installed. Side pocket mandrels with dummy valves were installed by WPH below the ESP packer and slick line later replaced the dummy valves with gas lift valves (GLV). these valves are set to open at the minimum differential pressure between annulus and tubing where gas will be bled off automatically before reaching the ESP intake. Hence, preventing gas lock phenomena.
The idea has already been implemented in more than 25 ESP wells in more than seven different fields. Better ESP efficiency, reduction in oil deferment and extended ESP run life was evident. The opening and closing of the valve were noticed in the ESP trend where it was seen as spikes in pump discharge, electrical current, and THP. To confirm the opening and closing of the valves, two memory density gauges were installed, above and below the GLM. The opening of the valve was confirmed by a sharp drop in density at the above valve only (indicating gas flow from annulus to tubing above the ESP, though the GLM).
Installing GLM in ESP wells to prevent the gas lock issue is a new novel approach that combines both low cost and highly efficient practices. The cost of GLM is low, the installation has no complexity when compared to some other existing solutions that are designed to bleed the gas from below the packer. It also serves as an SSD where the GLV can be retrieved by slick line if needed for any reason.