bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dysfunctional parenting as a risk factor to lifetime depression in
a
sample of employed Japanese adults: evidence for the ‘affectionless

control’ hypothesis
Authors: SATO T. , SAKADO K. , UEHARA T. , NARITA T. , HIRANO S. , NISHIOKA K. , KASAHARA Y. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Although many case–control
studies have replicated an association between
dysfunctional parenting and a lifetime diagnosis of depression,
few epidemiological studies have
explored the association. In addition, little is known about the
association in non-western countries.Methods. Using logistic regression analyses, additive and
interactive contributions of parental child-rearing behaviours, as
measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), toward the risk for

having a lifetime diagnosis of major depressive disorder were explored
in 418 employed Japanese
adults. The diagnosis was provided by using the Inventory to Diagnose
Depression, lifetime version.
The analyses were conducted for male and female subjects separately.Results. Parental care rather than parental protection
was primary in predicting lifetime depression
in both male and female subjects. An interactive combination of low care
and high protection
(‘affectionless control’) was a significant risk factor
for lifetime depression in male respondents'
reporting child-rearing behaviours of both parents and female
respondents' reporting paternal
child-rearing behaviours. Model improvements when entering the PBI scores
were larger in male
subjects than in female subjects.Conclusions. The results suggested that a combination of
low care and over-protection increases a
risk to lifetime depression even in a non-clinical sample; that an
association between dysfunctional
parenting (particularly low care) and the development of depression is

independent of culture; and
that Japanese boys are more sensitive than Japanese girls to
dysfunctional parenting as regards the development of depression.
Response of hostile individuals to stressful change in
their working lives: test of a psychosocial vulnerability model
Authors: KIVIMÄKI M. , VAHTERA J. , KOSKENVUO M. , UUTELA A. , PENTTI J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. According to the psychosocial vulnerability
model,
the health of hostile individuals is
at greater risk than that of non-hostile individuals, due partly to
lesser ability of the former to cope
with psychosocial stress situations. We examined whether hostile
individuals were more vulnerable
than others to health problems when faced with stressful changes in their
working lives.Methods. Hostility, sickness absence and psychosocial
stressors in 866 local government employees
over a 5-year period, which included severe economic decline, were investigated.
Hostility was
measured by a questionnaire. Data on medically certified sickness absence
were obtained from the
records of the local authority. Information about exposure to psychosocial
stressors after
assessment of hostility was also derived from these records, and from reports
from the subjects.Results. Exposure to stressors during the period of
economic decline was related to increased rates
of sickness absence. In men, hostility increased risk of sickness
absence after exposure to stressors
only in cases of absence because of trauma. In women, hostility
increased risk of absence through
sickness overall and absence because of musculoskeletal disorders in
individuals facing stressors
such as severe organizational downsizing, high or increased levels of job
demands or negative
change in work. Findings were adjusted for sickness absence at the
beginning of the decline, socio-economic background and behavioural risk
factors.Conclusions. The psychosocial vulnerability model was partly

supported. However, heightened
vulnerability through hostility may differ between the sexes, since it

was more evident in the women studied than in the men.
Strategies to increase compliance with out-patient
aftercare among patients referred to a psychiatric
emergency department: a multi-centre controlled intervention study
Authors: SPOOREN D. , VAN HEERINGEN C. , JANNES C. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Compliance with referral for out-patient
aftercare of psychiatric emergency patients is
limited. This study investigated the efficacy of a combination of
several referral strategies (fixed
appointment, involvement of the family, presence of the aftercare
person, motivational counselling)
in increasing referral and treatment compliance of patients referred
to the psychiatric emergency department of three general hospitals.Methods. A randomized controlled design was used to assess

the effect of this experimental
condition on referral compliance and on continuation of aftercare treatment.Results. A significant beneficial effect on compliance
with the referral was found in two hospitals
and a near-significant effect in the third. After 3 months of aftercare,
the influence of the
experimental procedure on adherence to therapy was still significant
in two hospitals, but not in the third.Conclusions. Helping the patient to attend an initial
appointment can be achieved by a combination
of practical and organizational arrangements.
Aspects of dysphoria and symptoms of schizophrenia
Authors: NORMAN R. M. G. , MALLA A. K. , CORTESE L. , DIAZ F. 
Published: July 2002

Background. In the past it has been postulated that dysphoric
emotions may be related to positive
and/or negative symptoms in schizophrenia. The results of several recent
studies have suggested
that composite dysphoria indices are more strongly related to positive
than negative symptoms. In
the current study we use part correlation techniques to examine the possible
unique contributions
of two aspects of dysphoria – depression and anxiety – to three
syndromes of symptoms (reality
distortion, disorganization and psychomotor poverty) within schizophrenia.Methods. Data were obtained from 60 patients with a DSM-III-R
diagnosis of schizophrenia.
Symptoms of schizophrenia were assessed using the SAPS and SANS and dysphoria
was assessed
using both self-report (BDI and BAI) and observer ratings (HRSD and HARS).
Assessment of
schizophrenia symptoms and ratings of depression and anxiety were completed
by different
observers. In addition, drug induced extrapyramidal side effects were rated.Results. Part correlations showed that unique aspects of anxiety
(particularly physiological arousal)
were correlated with reality distortion while unique aspects of depression
(including psychomotor
slowing and loss of social interest) were related to psychomotor poverty.
At least part of the latter
relationship may be due to extrapyramidal side effects of neuroleptic medication.Conclusions. Although there is considerable overlap between
anxiety and depression, it appears that
the unique arousing or activating aspects of anxiety are related to the
experience of reality distortion
symptoms in schizophrenia and the unique slowing and withdrawal aspects
of depression are
particularly related to psychomotor poverty. Possible reasons for these
relationships are discussed.
Recovery rates in generalized anxiety disorder
following psychological therapy: an analysis of
clinically significant change in the STAI-T across
outcome studies since 1990
Authors: FISHER PETER L. , DURHAM ROBERT C. 
Published: July 2002

Background. There have been six randomized controlled trials of psychological therapy with
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) using DSM-III-R and DSM-IV. All have used the Trait version
of the Spielberger State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T) as one of several outcome measures.
Each study, however, employed different methods of calculating the clinical significance of
outcomes making it difficult to reach a balanced appraisal of the efficacy of psychological treatment.Methods. Raw data on STAI-T scores at pre-, post- and follow-up were obtained for each of the six
studies (total N=404). Jacobson methodology for defining clinically significant change (criterion
c, reliable change index = 8, cut-off point = 46) was used to allocate each patient to one of four
outcomes: worse, unchanged, improved and recovered. The proportion of patients in each category
was calculated for treatment conditions in each study and also for aggregate data across types of
treatment.Results. A recovery rate of 40% was found for the sample as a whole with 12 of the 20 treatment
conditions obtaining very modest recovery rates of 30% or less. Two treatment approaches –
individual cognitive behavioural therapy and applied relaxation – do relatively well with overall
recovery rates at 6-month follow-up of 50–60%.Conclusions. Jacobson methodology, in distinguishing between improvement and recovery on a
standardized measure of general vulnerability to anxiety, provides a stringent but clinically more
meaningful evaluation of the efficacy of psychological therapies with GAD than has been available
hitherto. Systematic focus on either excessive worry or physiological arousal gives worthwhile
results.
Factor analysis of symptoms in schizophrenia:
differences between White and Caribbean patients in
Camberwell
Authors: HUTCHINSON G. , TAKEI N. , SHAM P. , HARVEY I. , MURRAY R. M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The incidence of schizophrenia among African-Caribbeans living in Britain has been
frequently reported to be increased. We sought to determine whether the symptom profile in
schizophrenic patients from this group differed from that of their White counterparts.Methods. Factor analysis was applied to symptom data obtained by the Present State Examination
(PSE) from a group of White (N=96) and Afro-Caribbean (N=64) patients who satisfied
Research Diagnostic Criteria criteria for broad schizophrenia. We identified six symptom
dimensions: mania, depression, first-rank delusions, other delusions, hallucinations and one which
comprised both manic and catatonic symptoms.Results. The only difference between the two ethnic groups was seen on the mixed mania-catatonia
dimension with the Afro-Caribbean group being over-represented. There were no other significant
differences between the groups. Discriminant analysis, however, revealed no significant differences
between the groups in any dimension.Conclusions. These results indicate that there are no differences between White and African-Caribbean patients with schizophrenia in terms of the core symptoms of the disorder, however, the
African-Caribbean patients may present with more symptoms of a mixed affective nature.
The moving parts of voltage-gated ion channels
Authors: YELLEN GARY 
Published: July 2002

Ion channels, like many other proteins, have moving parts that perform useful
functions. The channel proteins contain an aqueous, ion-selective pore that
crosses the plasma membrane, and they use a number of distinct ‘gating’
mechanisms to open and close this pore in response to biological stimuli such as
the binding of a ligand or a change in the transmembrane voltage.This review is written at a watershed in our understanding of ion channels.1. INTRODUCTION 2401.1 Basic structure of voltage-activated channels 2411.2 What are the physical motions of the channel protein during gating? 2431.3 Gating involves several distinct mechanisms of activation and inactivation 2462. ACTIVATION GATING 2462.1 Early evidence for an activation gate at the intracellular mouth 2472.1.1 Open channel blockade 2472.1.2 The ‘ foot-in-the-door’ effect 2492.1.3 Trapping of blockers behind closed activation gates 2492.2 Site-directed mutagenesis and the difficulty of inferring structural roles from functional effects 2502.3 State-dependent cysteine modification as a reporter of position and motion 2512.4 Localization of activation gating 2542.4.1 The trapping cavity 2542.4.2 The activation gate 2552.4.3 Is there more than one site of activation gating? 2583. INACTIVATION GATING 2593.1 Ball-and-chain (N-type) inactivation 2613.1.1 Nature of the ‘ball’ – a tethered blocking particle 2623.1.2 The ball receptor 2633.1.3 The chain 2643.1.4 Variations on the N-type inactivation theme: multiple balls, foreign balls, anti-balls 2653.2 C-type inactivation 2663.2.1 C-type inactivation and the outer mouth of the K+channel 2663.2.2 The selectivity filter participates in C-type inactivation 2673.2.3 A consistent structural picture of C-type inactivation 2693.3 By what mechanism do other voltage-gated channels inactivate? 2724. THE VOLTAGE SENSOR 2734.1 Quantitative principles of voltage-dependent gating 2764.2 S4 (and its neighbours) as the principal voltage sensor 2774.2.1 Mutational effects on voltage-dependence and charge movement 2774.2.2 Evidence for the translocation of S4 2794.2.3 Real-time monitoring of S4motion by fluorescence 2824.3 Coupling between the voltage sensor and gating 2835. CONCLUSION 2846. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2877. REFERENCES 287
On actions of epimorphic subgroups on homogeneous spaces
Authors: SHAH NIMISH A. , WEISS BARAK 
Published: July 2002

For an inclusion $F < G < L$ of connected real algebraic groups such that $F$ is epimorphic in $G$, we show that any closed $F$-invariant subset of $L/\Lambda$ is $G$-invariant, where $\Lambda$ is a lattice in $L$. This is a topological analogue of a result due to S. Mozes, that any finite $F$-invariant measure on $L/\Lambda$ is $G$-invariant.This result is established by proving the following result. If in addition $G$ is generated by unipotent elements, then there exists $a\in F$ such that the following holds. Let $U\subset F$ be the subgroup generated by all unipotent elements of $F$, $x\in L/\Lambda$, and $\lambda$ and $\mu$ denote the Haar probability measures on the homogeneous spaces $\overline{Ux}$ and $\overline{Gx}$, respectively (cf. Ratner's theorem). Then $a^n\lambda\to\mu$ weakly as $n\to\infty$.We also give an algebraic characterization of algebraic subgroups $F<{\rm SL}_n(\mathbb{R})$ for which all orbit closures on ${\rm SL}_n(\mathbb{R})/{\rm SL}_n(\Z)$ are finite-volume almost homogeneous, namely the smallest observable subgroup of ${\rm SL}_n(\mathbb{R})$ containing $F$ should have no non-trivial algebraic characters defined over $\mathbb{R}$.
The ghosts of the cat
Authors: BEHRENDS EHRHARD 
Published: July 2002

Let $A\in SL(2,{\Bbb Z})$ be given and $n\in{\Bbb N}$. $A$ induces a map $A_n$ on ${\Bbb Z}^2_n$ by $(x,y)\mapsto(a_{11}x+a_{12}y,a_{21}x+a_{22}y)$ mod $n$. $A_n$ can be thought of as a discrete approximation of the similarly defined map on the unit square. It is known that the $A_n$ have a surprisingly small period: there always is an $r\le3n$ such that $A^r_n$ is the identity on ${\Bbb Z}^2_n$.One can visualize the properties of the iterates of $A_n$ by considering the sets $P,A_nP,A^2_nP,\ldots$ for a fixed subset $P$ of ${\Bbb Z}^2_n$. (Here the cat comes into play: $P$ has often been chosen to be the digitalized picture of a cat, in particular when treating the special case of the Anosov map $A={2\ 1\atopwithdelims() 1\ 1}$.) It turns out that in the sequence $(A^k_nP)_k$ mostly ‘chaotic’ pictures occur as one would expect. However, some kind of regular behaviour can also be observed for certain powers $A^k_n$ before the end of the period.It is the aim of this paper to describe these phenomena and to explain why and how they occur. In order to quantify the chaotic behaviour of the maps on ${\Bbb Z}^2_n$ under consideration, we introduce suitable functions.Our methods are elementary. Only basic results from the geometry of numbers will be used.
Optimal location of a robot path when considering velocity performance
Authors: Aspragathos N. A. , Foussias S. 
Published: July 2002

A method for searching the best location of a path in the robot workspace considering the velocity performance of the robot is presented. After a thorough investigation of the robot performance indices, a new measure for the velocity efficiency
of a robot moving its end-effector along a path is introduced. This measure is an approximation of the minimum of the Manipulator Velocity Ratio (MVR) along the path. The minimum is calculated from a finite set of MVRs determined at specified points of the path using an algorithm for an approximate motion of the end effector along the path.The introduced measure is used as the objective function in an optimisation problem, where an optimal location of the path is searched. The objective function is procedural and non continuous, so a Genetic Algorithm is used to search the space for the optimal location of the path. The proposed method is tested using a simulated PUMA-like robot, which has to move its end-effector along a straight-line segment. At the end of the paper, the results obtained in these tests are presented and discussed.
A COMPARISON OF STANDARD GAMBLE, TIME TRADE-OFF, AND ADJUSTED TIME
TRADE-OFF SCORES
Authors: Martin Andrew J. , Glasziou P. P. , Simes R. J. , Lumley T. 
Published: July 2002

Objective: To adjust patients' time trade-off (TTO) scores
using information on their utility functions for survival time to derive a
measure of health state utility equivalent to the standard gamble (SG).Methods: A sample of 199 cardiovascular patients were asked three
TTO and SG questions (to assess their own health state), and three certainty
equivalent questions (to assess their utility function for survival time) in
an interview.Results: Patients' utility functions for time were
increasingly concave, but being unable to model this successfully, a constant
function with an averaged level of concavity was used. The raw TTO scores were
significantly higher than SG scores, while the adjusted TTO scores were
equivalent to the SG.Conclusions: Raw time trade-off scores will give biased estimates
of health state utility when patients' utility functions for time are not
linear, but these can be adjusted to yield true utilities. The constant
proportional risk-posture assumption of the conventional QALY model, on which
previous attempts to adjust time trade-offs have been based, was not supported
by the data.
A COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Authors: Dewar Diane M. , Lambrinos James , Mallick Rajiv , Zhong Yuhong 
Published: July 2002

Objective: An economic evaluation of the resources used for
mechanically ventilated patients using various measures for the benefits of
extending life.Methods: Regression analysis is applied to New York State
discharge data for patients under DRG 475 during 1992–96 to predict
age-specific survival rates and payments per life saved. Sensitivity analysis
is used to compare benefits of extending life associated with different
economic values of life with the payments per life saved at each age.Results: Payments per life saved decreased over time, primarily
due to reduced reimbursements. Payments exceeded the age-adjusted and the
quality-of-life and age-adjusted benefits for all economic values of life at
ages 90 and older.Conclusions: Since the benefits of extending life associated with
DRG 475 exceed the payments per life saved at most ages, economic evaluations
may be best applied with psychosocial evaluations to allocate resources more
ethically.
Seasonal rhythms and phenological plasticity of savanna woody species in a fallow farming system (south-west Burkina Faso)
Authors: Devineau Jean-Louis 
Published: July 2002

Leafing, flowering and fruiting of the 24 most representative species of trees and shrubs in Sudanian savannas and fallows near Bondoukuy (Burkina Faso) were studied for 2 y (May 1992 to June 1994). The period of defoliation was generally brief, and leaf flushing, flowering and fruiting occurred mostly in the dry season. The phenological behaviour varied nonetheless across species and individuals. A classification taking into account synchrony/asynchrony and duration in foliation, flowering, fruit ripening and seed dispersal phases allowed comparison of species' phenological plasticity. Species were distributed along a scale of increasing plasticity, from trees to shrubs. Along this scale, species of the Leguminosae appeared to be separated from those of the Combretaceae, the latter being generally considered as characterising fallow farming systems. These results provide new evidence about the effect of phylogenetic constraints on the phenological behaviour of the woody species of the Sudanian savannas.RÉSUMÉ. La feuillaison, la floraison et la fructification des 24 espèces d'arbres et d'arbustes les plus représentatives des jachères et savanes soudaniennes de la région de Bondoukuy (Burkina Faso), ont été étudiées pendant 2 ans (mai 1992 à juin 1994). La défeuillaison est généralement brève et l'émergence des feuilles, la floraison et la fructification se produisent principalement pendant la saison sèche. Les comportements phénologiques varient cependant entre les individus et entre les espèces. Une classification prenant en compte le degré de synchronisme ainsi que la durée de la feuillaison, de la floraison, de la maturation des fruits et de la dispersion des graines a permis de comparer la plasticité phénologique des espèces. Celles-ci sont distribuées selon un gradient de plasticité croissante des arbres aux arbustes. Sur ce gradient les Légumineuses se dissocient des Combrétacées, espèces qui sont par ailleurs généralement considérées comme caractéristiques des jachères. Ces résultats sont une nouvelle illustration de l'effet des contraintes phylogénétiques sur le comportement phénologique des espèces ligneuses des savanes soudaniennes.
Enforcing agreements: notaries and
courts in early modern Rome
Authors: AGO RENATA 
Published: July 2002

In an article which recently appeared in Social History, Craig Muldrew
has argued that ‘the culture of the early modern market was explicitly
“moral” and not only in “severely dysfunctional years”“.
During the sixteenth century, population growth brought with it a shortage of
currency and a significant increase in trade through barter; moreover, the
scarcity of currency produced an increase in debt or credit relations, which
were based mostly on agreements that were verbal rather than written.
Both tendencies were possible because the parties to credit agreements
knew each other personally, and consequently believed that they could
trust each other; thus, the system was held together by confidence and
trust. In the course of the century, however, the increasing complexity of
the market and the enlargement of exchange areas placed a strain on the
ethical foundations of the market. The alteration can be demonstrated by
the rapid increase in litigation over contracts and debts. Muldrew argued
that markets expanded due to population growth in the sixteenth century,
and that ‘increasingly complex networks of credit transactions were
created’ with the result that ‘the need to maintain trust … [was]
emphasized even more strongly’. But during the period the maintenance
of trust occurred more and more through the intervention of a legal
tribunal, while the cultural norms that directed creditor–debtor relations
altered.According to Muldrew, without more complex arrangements, credit
transactions can spread only in limited social environments in which the
participants share some basic moral principles: people know one another,
they know who can be trusted and who cannot, and they grant extensions
for payments from others because at times they request them for
themselves. Credit relationships are thus ‘embedded’ in a moral economy
that relies on trust, and which rests on respect for agreements guaranteed
by the logic of reciprocity. A growth in the number of transactions and the
development of credit networks, together with the fact that these
agreements are mostly oral ones, however, tends to undermine the
traditional system of trust, forcing the parties to turn to civil justice more
and more frequently.On the basis of the records from Roman archives (where commercial
development occurred early but in a milieu in which the papacy influenced
the economic culture), this study aims to show that the extension and the
very existence of credit networks have to be viewed not only in the
context of currency scarcity but also with regard to the peculiarities of the
pre-industrial economy. To be more precise, in early pre-consumer
societies where transactions were largely unwritten, litigation occurred as
a way of establishing the terms of transactions.