bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic characterization of extracellular vesicle sorting domains and quantification at the single molecule – single vesicle level by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and single particle imaging
Authors: Corso Giulia , Heusermann Wolf , Trojer Dominic , Görgens André , Steib Emmanuelle , Voshol Johannes , Graff Alexandra , Genoud Christel , Lee Yi , Hean Justin , Nordin Joel Z. , Wiklander Oscar P.B. , El Andaloussi Samir , Meisner‐Kober Nicole 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTExtracellular vesicles (EV) convey biological information by transmitting macromolecules between cells and tissues and are of great promise as pharmaceutical nanocarriers, and as therapeutic per se. Strategies for customizing the EV surface and cargo are being developed to enable their tracking, visualization, loading with pharmaceutical agents and decoration of the surface with tissue targeting ligands. While much progress has been made in the engineering of EVs, an exhaustive comparative analysis of the most commonly exploited EV‐associated proteins, as well as a quantification at the molecular level are lacking. Here, we selected 12 EV‐related proteins based on MS‐proteomics data for comparative quantification of their EV engineering potential. All proteins were expressed with fluorescent protein (FP) tags in EV‐producing cells; both parent cells as well as the recovered vesicles were characterized biochemically and biophysically. Using Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) we quantified the number of FP‐tagged molecules per vesicle. We observed different loading efficiencies and specificities for the different proteins into EVs. For the candidates showing the highest loading efficiency in terms of engineering, the molecular levels in the vesicles did not exceed ca 40–60 fluorescent proteins per vesicle upon transient overexpression in the cells. Some of the GFP‐tagged EV reporters showed quenched fluorescence and were either non‐vesicular, despite co‐purification with EVs, or comprised a significant fraction of truncated GFP. The co‐expression of each target protein with CD63 was further quantified by widefield and confocal imaging of single vesicles after double transfection of parent cells. In summary, we provide a quantitative comparison for the most commonly used sorting proteins for bioengineering of EVs and introduce a set of biophysical techniques for straightforward quantitative and qualitative characterization of fluorescent EVs to link single vesicle analysis with single molecule quantification.
A THEORY OF INJURY AND RECOVERY
Authors: Osterhout W. J. V. 
Published: September 2019

On page 150, Vol. iii, No. 2, November 20, 1920, line 18, for The resistance after, etc., read The resistance due to A and M after, etc.; line 20, of the same page, equation (4) should read as follows:
See PDF for Equation
page 151, line 11, equation (5) should read as follows:
See PDF for Equation
line 16, of the same page, for the value of O is 92.57 read the value of O is 82.57; lines 16 and 17, of the same page, for (92.57 – 10) ÷ (100 – 10) = 0.917 read (82.57) ÷ (90) = 0.917.
A new temporal control approach for SCAO systems
Authors: Pöttinger Markus , Ramlau Ronny , Auzinger Günter 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Adaptive optics (AO) systems for ground-based telescopes use deformable mirrors to physically correct wavefront distortions induced by atmospheric turbulence. Due to time delays caused by different parts of the AO system, the process of turbulence correction becomes even more difficult since the earth’s atmosphere changes continuously. In this paper we propose a new temporal control approach for the computation of optimal mirror configurations based on the solution of a sequence of inverse problems for the wavefront sensor operator. Our mathematical formulation of the underlying problem allows the incorporation of computationally efficient wavefront reconstruction methods and a wavefront prediction step. Based on the frozen flow assumption, the prediction of a future wavefront relies on a suitable shift of the reconstructed wavefront. The performance of our temporal control algorithm is demonstrated in the context of a single conjugate adaptive optics system on a 37 meter telescope using a Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor. Numerical results of the proposed control method are provided using OCTOPUS, the official end-to-end simulation tool of the European Southern Observatory.
Measurement of PET isotope production cross sections for protons and carbon ions on carbon and oxygen targets for applications in particle therapy range verification
Authors: Horst Felix , Adi Wihan , Aricò Giulia , Brinkmann Kai-Thomas , Durante Marco , Reidel Claire-Anne , Rovituso Marta , Weber Uli , Zaunick Hans-Georg , Zink Klemens , Schuy Christoph 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Measured cross sections for the production of the PET isotopes

,

and

from carbon and oxygen targets induced by protons (40–220

) and carbon ions (65–430

) are presented. These data were obtained via activation measurements of irradiated graphite and beryllium oxide targets using a set of three scintillators coupled by a coincidence logic. The measured cross sections are relevant for the PET particle range verification method where accurate predictions of the

emitter distribution produced by therapeutic beams in the patient tissue are required. The presented dataset is useful for validation and optimization of the nuclear reaction models within Monte Carlo transport codes. For protons the agreement of a radiation transport calculation using the measured cross sections with a thick target PET measurement is demonstrated.
Development and validation of a suite of standards for the purity assignment of organic compounds by quantitative NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Westwood Steven , Yamazaki Taichi , Huang Ting , Garrido Bruno , Ün Ilker , Zhang Wei , Martos Gustavo , Stoppacher Norbert , Saito Takeshi , Wielgosz Robert 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The evaluation of seven internal standard reference materials (ISRMs) to act as a ‘universal’ SI-traceable calibrator suite for organic compound purity determination by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) spectroscopy is described. The set of compounds demonstrated to constitute such a suite are: potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP), maleic acid (MA), 3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl benzoic acid (BTFMBA), dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2), dimethyl terephthalate (DMTP), 1,4-bis-trimethlsilyl benzene (BTMSB or BTMSB-d
4) and perdeuterated sodium 3-trimethylsilyl-1-propanesulfonate (DSS-d
6). The compounds were selected such that at least one ISRM should be suitable for use as the internal standard for the qNMR purity assignment of an organic compound soluble in a given deuterated solvent. They allow for the selection for use as the internal reference for quantitative integration from a set of simple, sharp NMR signals dispersed over the proton chemical shift range.
Optimized conditions for acquiring qNMR spectra were developed and are described, as well as the results of an extensive series of studies validating the use of the ISRM suite to assign mass fraction values in four representative solvents (D2O, DMSO-d
6, CD3OD and CDCl3). Proper use and application of these ISRMs result in standard uncertainties in the assigned values of the analyte of interest of the order of 1 mg g−1 in optimal cases. These materials are of particular interest for the mass fraction purity determinations by qNMR of organic compound reference materials required as analyte specific calibrators to underpin the SI-traceability of the results for routine laboratory analysis based on techniques such as gas and liquid chromatography.
Leakage and boosting effects in environmental governance: a framework for analysis
Authors: Bastos Lima Mairon G , Persson U Martin , Meyfroidt Patrick 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In an increasingly interconnected world, leakage—broadly understood as unintended displacement of impacts caused by an environmental policy intervention—has become a major governance concern. Yet, leakage remains both loosely conceptualized and poorly understood as a phenomenon in policy making. To fill this gap and broaden the leakage research agenda, we conduct a state-of-the-art review of scientific assessments on leakage (particularly on land use) and combine it with conceptual and analytical frameworks from the environmental governance literature. We then propose a rigorous definition of leakage, discuss frequently overlooked political dimensions, and develop a typology of leakage pathways. Our analysis of leakage through a governance lens yields five core insights: (1) Leakage is not simply a mechanistic phenomenon, but a complex governance issue involving questions of institutional fit, interactions, and political agency. (2) Although the land use literature traditionally focuses on leakage through markets or activity displacement, a governance lens shows that it also occurs through information, motivation, or institutional channels. (3) As policy-makers may act strategically, the unintentionally of leakage should not be assumed but rather become an object of research. (4) A phenomenon not initially regarded as leakage can come to be framed as such through the action of ‘problem brokers’ and changes in policy fields. (5) Policy-makers and researchers should broaden their focus from only avoiding leakage to seeking positive spillovers and institutional synergies. These insights are illustrated with examples from two cases relating to land use policy in Brazil and Southeast Asia.
Numerical simulation on temperature of water released from multi-level intake of reservior
Authors: Shaoxiong Zhang , Wenzhi Cui , Liting Zhang , Xiang Gao 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In order to reduce the negative effect of lower water temperature released from the intake to the salmon in the downstream of the river, a multi-level intake was adopted in Glen Canyon Dam. Based on three-dimensional numerical model EFDC, this article simulated the water temperature under different discharge and open combination, obtained the effect law of discharge and open combination on temperature of water released. The results show that the temperature released increases slightly with the increase of the single diversion flow rate. The effect on the temperature released is very small when the intake opens in different combinations.
Study on the Riverbed Evolution under the Condition of Clear Water Flushing
Authors: Xiaobing Cheng 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Water flow downstream of the hub is clear, and the riverbed scouring is large, which affects the navigation depth of the channel. In this paper, the flume experiment is carried out to study the degree of undercut of the riverbed under the action of clear water scouring, the change of the particle size of the bed load, the decrease of the water level and the change of the sediment transport rate along the channel. The results show that the initial channel of the lower reaches of the hub is eroded. With the deepening of the riverbed, the bed material is coarsened and the erosion is gradually weakened, and the later flushing rate is gradually constant. The inlet water level in the sanding section first drops steadily and then gradually stabilizes. The water transport rate along the channel is a power function relationship with time. In the power function relationship, there is a balanced sediment transport period.
Models of Hydraulic Factors Analysis Based on Genetic Programming for South-to-North Water Diversion Middle Route Project
Authors: Chen Xiaonan , Chen Haitao , Jin Yanguo , Feng Xiaobo , Ma Yanjun , Guo Fang 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The South-to-North Water Diversion Middle Route Project has long water transmission line, complicated operation conditions for water conservancy dispatch, and high water diversion demands. It is important to calculate and analyse the correlation among hydraulic factors for water diversion. At present, the traditional hydraulic empirical formulas are used to evaluate relation of hydraulic elements in Middle Route Project, the parameters need to be manually corrected by measured data during operation, and the flexibility is poor. Model based on genetic programming is suggested for data mining of water conveyance dispatch. Correlativity function can be established automatically by genetic operations including selection, crossover and mutation. The model is applied into the discharge calculation and analysis of water surface curve for typical gate station and canal pool in Middle Route Project. In discharge calculation, the relation function between head difference, gate opening and flow coefficient can be found automatically with genetic programming. Similarly, the relation between downstream water depth, flow and upstream water depth can be achieved by the suggested model. It is shown that the proposed model based on genetic programing would be effective in nonlinear regression for hydraulic factors.
Experimental Study on the River Engineering Model of Shuangliu Bridge across Yangtze River in Wuhan
Authors: Hui Zhang , Xinyuan Liu , Huiyun Li 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Shuangliu Bridge across Yangtze River in Wuhan was the key control project of Xingang Expressway. It was the way to cross the river for the construction of Xingang Expressway. The bridge was located at the junction of the exit of Yejiazhou River Section and the entrance of Tuanfeng River Section. The upstream was 26.5 kilometers from Yangluo Expressway Bridge of Yangtze River, and the downstream was 21 kilometers from Huanggang Bridge of Yangtze River. Based on analysis of evolution of riverbed and the experiment of river engineering model, not only evolution rules of a river channel of the section at the bridge site after the application of the Three Gorges Reservoir were specially studied, but also the change rules before and after the construction of the bridge were also studied such as the damming at the upstream section of the bridge site, the current velocity and flow direction of the upper and lower reaches, the discharge of the single wide at the bridge site, and the distributary ratio of a branch channel of the lower reaches of the Tuanfeng River, etc. It showed the two bridge schemes had no great influence on river regime and flood control of engineering reach, and a double-tower cable-stayed bridge was better than a three-tower cable-stayed bridge. The results can be adopted or referenced to designing project.
Research on Criterions of Hydraulic Fracturing in Earth Core Rockfill Dams
Authors: Ji Enyue , Chen Shengshui , Fu Zhongzhi 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing is an important destruction mode in the earth core rockfill dam engineering. In this paper, to explicit the mechanism of hydraulic fracturing and thus to verify the existing criterions, hydraulic fracturing tests were conducted based on true triaxial apparatus. Additionally, the precision of initial fracturing water pressure calculated by existing criterions is compared respectively. It is proved that the tensile strength and fracture initiation pressure pf all increase with the increasing of dry density. pf shows linear relationship with the minor principal stress σ3. The crack of hydraulic fracturing existed perpendicular to the minor principal stress plane. In addition, for T-S criterion, the predicted values are all less than the test data. On the contrary, most of the predicted values from M-C criterion are greater than the test data. Considering the safety of ECRD engineering, T-S criterion is suggested to predict the occurrence of hydraulic fracturing
After the Three Gorges Project to use the impact analysis by scouring and silting in Poyang Lake control engineering area
Authors: Gong Ping , Wang Min 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Lake control project of Poyang lake is a large scale with a complex operation scheduling, which has an effect on the flood control and environment near the connected area between Poyang lake and Yangtze river. This paper combines one-dimensional and two-dimensional water and sediment mathematical model to calculate and analyze it. The application of a long reach and long term one-dimensional mathematical model from Yichang to Datong provides boundary conditions for the two-dimensional model. Two-dimensional model between part of Yangtze river and Poyang lake is used to calculating the influence caused by lake control project to the bed erosion and deposition between the river and lake after the operation of Three Gorges Reservoir. The research result shows that after a 10-year operation of lake control project, riverbed scouring takes place on a large scale near the connected area as long as the point bar which used to be deposit, and the deepest erosion on bed groove reaches about 1.3m. Sediment scouring takes place on the Yangtze river under the lower Zhangjiazhou channel, but the upper channel changes less relatively.
Study on Compaction Construction of Special Cushion in Altas Hydro Project
Authors: Tan Fengyi , Hu Lin , Chen Libo , Tang Desheng , Ren Haijun 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The special cushion of the concrete face rockfill dam in Altas Hydro Project was mainly between the dam body and surrounding mountains whose compaction construction had the following characteristics: (1)the small and irregular construction site, (2)the very strict requirement of construction technology. Therefore there were series of in-situ tests to verify the designed rationality of compaction standard of special cushion materials, then the compaction construction technology and related construction parameters was advised, at last, the permeability property of special cushion materials and its compaction construction after sprinkling and soaking was discussed.
Beach and Trough Stability Study of the Xiyang Sea Area of Jiangsu Province
Authors: Jun Chen , Fan Zhu 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The dynamic geomorphology of the Xiyang sea area, the largest tidal channel in the northern part of the Radial Sand Ridges in the South Yellow Sea, is complex. This paper studies the tidal flat and tidal channel stability and the evolution of the coast off the Xiyang sea area by combining topographic surveys in different periods with the data from remote sensing satellites. The result shows that the state of west tidal flat of the Xiyang tidal channel has changed from long-term siltation to dynamic balance of erosion and siltation. The Dongsha Sand Ridges on the eastern side of the Xiyang tidal channel has moved eastward and southward. The exchange of water and sand in the seas of Piaoersha and Sanyazi sand ridges was frequent with no significant rules of erosion and siltation.
Effect of honeycomb bulkheads on uniaxial undrained bearing capacities of wide-shallow bucket foundation
Authors: Wang Qingshan , Cao Yongyong , Han Xun , Li Wenxuan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In order to study the effect of honeycomb bulkheads on uniaxial undrained bearing capacities of wide-shallow bucket foundation, the finite element models of bucket foundations with and without bulkheads on soft ground were established respectively. A large number of 3D finite element analyses have been performed to obtain uniaxial bearing capacities of the two foundations with different embedment ratios and soil shear strength heterogeneity by using displacement control method. The results show that, for homogenous clay, all the vertical, horizontal and moment bearing capacities of the wide-shallow bucket foundation are not affected by the honeycomb bulkheads. For non-homogenous clay, the moment bearing capacity of the wide-shallow bucket foundation is obviously affected by the honeycomb bulkheads, while the effect for improving the vertical and horizontal bearing capacity of the bucket foundation can be neglected. For the convenience of designers reference, simplified calculation equations for undrained bearing capacities are fitted according to the finite element results.
Construction Control Method and Application of Hydropower Project Based on Permanent and Temporary Monitoring
Authors: Zhao Daipeng , Zhan Qinghua , Li Hua , Pan Hongyue 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
According to the permanent and temporary monitoring results, the warning boundary method and the mathematical physical model method are used for early warning and forecasting, and the construction measures are dynamically adjusted to form a construction control method based on safety monitoring technology. The application of the method which combines permanent monitoring with temporary monitoring on the front slope of the tail water outlet of the left bank, the upstream side wall of the 7#∼8# machine on the right bank, and the downstream abutment of the 9#∼10# unit section of Wudongde Hydropower Station, shows that it can fully grasp the stability of surrounding rock during construction period of slope and underground caverns. Through the early warning and forecasting, the mechanism of deformation is analyzed, the construction measures are adjusted in time, and the effect of the measures is evaluated, which plays an important role in ensuring the safety of the construction period.
Ecological footprint and carrying capacity change analysis on Yan’an water resources
Authors: Zhao Yifei , Wang Ping , Li Ying 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Based on the water resource data and economic data from 2006 to 2017, this paper analyzes the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of sustainable water resources utilization in Yan’an, using a water ecological footprint model and the ten-thousand-yuan GDP water resource ecological footprint, combined with the ecological carrying capacity and ecological deficit principle. The result shows that the overall wave of the water resources ecological footprint in Yan’an rises but not in an obvious way, but the ecological carrying capacity and the ecological deficit of water resources are fluctuating. Production water accounts for the largest proportion in the water resources ecological footprint. Affected by industrial transformation, the industrial water consumption in Yan’an has increased year by year and ranked the first by exceeding agricultural irrigation water in 2009. The ecological footprint of water resources in Yan’an has always been greater than its ecological carrying capacity, and the water supply has been in an ecological deficit state; in general, the ten-thousand-yuan GDP water resources ecological footprint has decreased obviously, while the resource utilization has gradually been increasing. However, consumption on water resources by economic development is still faster than resource regeneration.
Evaluation of River Health from the View Angle of ‘the New Vision for Development’
Authors: Su Pengcheng , Liu Bo , Cui Jinyu , Yi Han 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Along with the rapid development of China’s economy, environmental problems such as water pollution have been prominent. Hence, ‘the New Vision for Development’ was proposed. ‘The New Vision for Development’ complies with the trend of development in today’s world and puts forward new requirements for the development of China nowadays. Meanwhile, the introduction of river health assessment has promoted the development of river management in China. In order to evaluate river health more scientifically and make river management more efficient, this paper defined the connotation of river health evaluation from the view angle of ‘the New Vision for Development’ and adopted the Pressure-State-Response framework concept to establish an evaluation index system. Then the fuzzy evaluation model was constructed through grey clustering and grey correlation analysis. Finally, the applicability of the method was proved through a case study. The study provides an effective method for river health assessment.