bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Between Cease-Fires in the Middle East
Authors: Stone Julius 
Published: May 2019

The Security Council Resolution of November 22, 1967 (“the November Resolution”) will obviously be a main focus of international attention in the diplomacy following the renewed Israel-Egypt Cease-Fire of August 8, 1970. And the writer has published a study of it in “The ‘November Resolution’ and Middle East Peace: Pitfall or Guidepost”? The present study, parallel to that one, is a stocktaking for the three years or so between the Cease-Fires of 1967 and 1970, of the conduct of Israel and the Arab States, as this bears upon their obligations under international law. The detailed aspects of conduct involved will be clear enough from the headings. All of them obviously pertain either to conduct affecting the regime of cease-fire, or to conduct affecting the regime of Israel's administration of the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, Sinai and the Golan Heights.Egypt and Syria, with massive Soviet support, have more than restored their armaments virtually to pre-June 1967 levels. According to Washington Post figures of May 23, 1970, Egypt's front-line aircraft then numbered 600 (including 320 Mig 21's and Sukhai 7's) as compared with 450 immediately before, and only 100 immediately after, the Six Day War. To these, after the disclosure of actual Soviet air patrols in Egypt, it is clear that by July 1970 a further 100 Mig 21's with accompanying Soviet pilots have to be added; and the arrival of another 50 Soviet-piloted aircraft was reported to be then impending. Syria was reported by Aviation Week and Space Technology (at about the same date) to have 230 planes (including 100 Mig 21's and Sukhai 7's). That magazine estimated that the Arab States involved marshalled a total of 1230 fighter bombers (including the 100 Soviet-manned planes), and that this represented a four to one superiority over Israel's 330 aircraft which included 60 Mirage 3J's, 42 Phantoms, and 48 Skyhawks. (The London Institute of Strategic Studies estimated Israel's holdings in May as only 325, including 50 Phantoms).
The influence of pH and heat treatment on the colour and stability of ultra-high-temperature sterilized milk
Authors: Zadow J. G. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryWhen the pH of milk was varied within the range 7·1 to 6·3 by addition of acid or alkali or through bacterial action, the reflectance of the milk after subsequent ultra-heat-treatment (UHT) was at a maximum of about pH 6·70. Below this value the reflectance dropped rapidly with decrease in pH. The cause of this decrease was the development of increasing amounts of sediment in the product. At pH 6·4–6·5, at least 90% of the casein and 40% of the whey proteins had been precipitated. The addition of 0·1% sodium di-hydrogen phosphate or 0·1% sodium citrate to the raw milk prevented the formation of the sediment. The role of calcium appeared important as small additions of calcium chloride or EDTA altered the patterns of sediment formation and reflectance with changing pH. Addition of 0·3% EDTA prevented sediment formation as the pH dropped.
Relationships of Some Species of Digenea with the Marine Prosobranch Littorina littorea (L.) II. The Effect of Larval Digenea on the Reproductive Biology of L. littorea
Authors: Robson E. M. , Williams I. C. 
Published: May 2019

1. 5250 specimens of the common periwinkle, Littorina littorea (L.), from Scalby Rocks on the North Yorkshire coast were examined from October 1966 to November 1967 and data obtained on the size, sex and reproductive condition of the periwinkles and their infections with four species of Digenea, namely Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin, 1825), Renicola roscovita (Stunkard, 1932), Himasthla leptosoma (Creplin, 1829) and Cercaria lebouri Stunkard, 1932.2. The normal breeding cycle of uninfected L. littorea and the breeding cycles found in periwinkles infected with larval Digenea are described and discussed. Initial infection takes place mainly when periwinkles are spent after their first breeding season and though later damage to the gonad may prevent reproduction, the breeding potential of the periwinkle population at Scalby Rocks is unlikely to be affected seriously. There was no evidence of sex reversal in uninfected or infected L. littorea and the normal sex ratio is 1:1. The phenomenon of gigantism as a result of digenean infection is discussed with respect to L. littorea.
Shell Abnormalities inBiomphalaria glabrataInfected withSchistosoma mansoniand their Significance in Field Transmission Studies
Authors: Sturrock R. F. , Sturrock B. M. 
Published: May 2019

1. A distortion of the shell aperture ofBiomphalaria glabratainfected withSchistosoma mansonireported in earlier work was found to be due to a reversal from ventral to dorsal of the deflection found in uninfected snails.2. The most sensitive way of measuring this distortion was to record the height of the dorsal deflection. The difference in this figure from uninfected and infected snails of the same diameter is termed the relative distortion.3. A longitudinal study showed that the relative distortion first appeared at about the time when cercarial shedding started, and that it increased in size linearly as the infection progressed.4. Temperatures between 20 and 30°C. controlled the length of the prepatent period and thus the first appearance of the relative distortion, but they did not significantly alter its subsequent rate of development.5. Histological changes were observed in the mantle collar in the region where the relative distortion was most pronounced.6. Possible mechanisms causing the development of the distortion are discussed.7. Relative distortions were observed in some naturally infected field snails and the laboratory results were used to estimate how long these snails had been shedding cercariae.8. Naturally infected St. Lucian snails appeared to have shed cercariae for an average of less than three weeks in the field.9. A survival curve was drawn up for one collection of field snails, based on the frequency among them of relative distortions of different sizes. Another curve was obtained from an independent technique. The similarity of the two curves gives confidence in both methods.10. The findings in St. Lucia are discussed in relation to similar studies elsewhere in the world.
The Effect of Sublethal Concentrations of the Molluscicide Triphenyl Lead Acetate on Biomphalaria glabrata (Say) and on the Development of Schistosoma mansoni in the Snail
Authors: Hira P. R. , Webbe G. 
Published: May 2019

1. B. glabrata exposed to the sublethal concentrations (0·04 ppm, 0·03 ppm and 0·02 ppm) of TPLA died from the effects of the molluscicide over a period of time. Most of the deaths occurred between the 10th and 35th days after treatment, showing that although TPLA is slow acting, its effect is not continuous but restricted to a limited period of time.2. 0·01 ppm of TPLA was chosen as a sublethal concentration to study the effect of the molluscicide on the development of S. mansoni in B. glabrata.3. 240 B. glabrata were infected with S. mansoni, and 40 of these were treated with 0·01 ppm of TPLA 4 days before infection. The remaining 200 were divided into 5 groups of 40 each, one group being maintained as a control and the other four treated 2, 10,15 and 20 days postinfection respectively. Other suitable controls for comparison were also maintained.4. The infection rate in all groups was high, and comparison with the control showed that there was no significant difference in infection rate between the treated groups and the control group at the 5% level. However, the infection rate in the preinfection treated group was lower than in the control group and significant at the 10% level.
Digenetic Trematodes of Fish from the Volta River Drainage System in Ghana prior to the Construction of the Volta Dam at Akosombo in May 1964
Authors: Fischthal Jacob H. , Thomas J. D. 
Published: May 2019

The catchment area of the Volta River covers an area of 153,000 sq. miles of which approximately 64,000 sq. miles is located in Ghana. This forms about 70 per cent of the total area of the country. Most of the catchment area in Ghana consists of savanna; including the Guinea savanna of the Northern region, the derived savanna of Northern Ashanti adjacent to it on the south, and the coastal savanna which is separated from the interior savanna by a broad belt of tropical forest. With the exception of some of the headwaters of the Afram the tropical forest is drained by smaller rivers including the Tano, Ankobra and the Pra which are not part of the Volta Basin. Most of the Volta catchment area lies in an area with a well defined wet season occurring between June and September.In May 1964, the huge dam across the Volta River at Akosombo was completed and the dendritic Volta Lake began to form. It reached its full size after the rainy season of 1968 when it covered an area of approximately 3,275 sq. miles.
Multiple feeding strategies observed in the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa
Authors: Murray Fiona , De Clippele Laurence H. , Hiley Alexandra , Wicks Laura , Roberts J. Murray , Hennige Sebastian 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCold-water coral reefs are biodiversity hotspots of the deep sea. The most dominant reef-building cold-water coral in the Atlantic is Lophelia pertusa, which builds vast and structurally complex habitats. Studying the behaviours of deep-sea species is challenging due to the technological difficulties in making prolonged observations in situ, so little is known about the behavioural ecology of this important species. Observations in laboratory studies can help to enhance our understanding of the range of behaviours these species exhibit. Here we present video evidence that the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa is capable of producing mucus nets as part of their feeding strategy. This finding suggests that L. pertusa has a more diverse range of feeding strategies than previously thought.
The salivary transcriptome ofLimnobdella mexicana(Annelida: Clitellata: Praobdellidae) and orthology determination of major leech anticoagulants
Authors: Iwama Rafael , Oceguera-Figueroa Alejandro , Giribet Gonzalo , Kvist Sebastian 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBloodfeeding requires several adaptations that allow the parasite to feed efficiently. Leeches and other hematophagous animals have developed different mechanisms to inhibit hemostasis, one of the main barriers imposed by their hosts.Limnobdella mexicanais a member of the leech family Praobdellidae, a family of host generalists known for their preference to attach on mucosal membranes of mammals, such as those in nasopharyngeal cavities, bladders and ocular orbits. Previous studies have hypothesized a positive relationship between diversity of anticoagulants and diversity of hosts in bloodfeeding leeches. However, orthology determination of putative anticoagulants and the lack of standardization of sequencing effort and method hinder comparisons between publicly available transcriptomes generated in different laboratories. In the present study, we examine the first transcriptome of a praobdellid leech and identify 15 putative anticoagulants using a phylogeny-based inference approach, amino-acid conservation, Pfam domains and BLAST searches. Our phylogenetic analyses suggest that the ancestral leech was able to inhibit factor Xa and that some hirudins that have been reported in previous studies on leech anticoagulants may not be orthologous with the archetypal hirudin.
The Gateshead Martyr
Authors: Cashman M. J. 
Published: May 2019

The canonisation of John Boste may have awakened some interest in the story of his fellow-prisoner, John Ingram, who was the third and last of the seminary priests to be executed on Tyneside during the reign of Elizabeth I. Such an interest is easy to gratify, since Ingram is one of the best documented of the English Martyrs. As with his two predecessors, Joseph Lambton and Edward Waterson, we have both an account by Holtby of the martyr's trial and execution, and some evidence of the latter in the same Newcastle Account Book; but in this case, these sources can be rounded out by a series of official letters and, most unusually, Ingram's own letters and epigrams.He was born in 1565, at Stoke Edith, Herefordshire, a county noted for the strong Catholicism of its gentry. His parents, Richard and Anne Ingram, however, seem to have been non-Catholics at that time since John needed a dispensation from heresy, when he was sent to Douai in 1579.
Thomas James: The English Consul of Andalucia (1556-ca. 1613)
Authors: Loomie Albert J. 
Published: May 2019

In the summer of 1601 the English ambassador in France, Sir Ralph Winwood, warned Sir Robert Cecil against a merchant named Thomas James, who was ‘a hard and desperate Ruffian, who hath lived in great inwardness with Persons the Jesuit’. To assist in his capture, should he arrive in England, Winwood identified him to be of ‘a convenient stature, red beard, of the age of forty-five years’, born in Staffordshire ‘in a town called Noyall’ but subsequently raised in London where he had been a merchant’s apprentice.The ‘inwardness’ between this Englishman and the Jesuit excites curiosity in itself, but Thomas James deserves investigation in his own right since he exemplifies the major contribution of the resourceful English layman to the survival of the Catholic mission during the late Elizabethan and early Jacobean period. The access of Catholics to the Continent was contingent on the well-placed merchant who facilitated the arrivals and departures of students, priests and other persons in search of asylum. As will be seen, the full confidence of the highly respected Duke of Medina Sidonia in the ability of Thomas James was to provide the Englishman with a unique status in Andalucia.
Who Will do the Research and Teaching?
Authors: Klingman Glenn C. 
Published: May 2019

I would like to start with a premise, then discuss a bit of history as it applies to agriculture and food production, then relate food production to a country's total economy, and lastly, relate the profession of a weed scientist to a country's capacity to produce food.I have enjoyed close and direct association with four different Land Grant Colleges. At the fourth, I served 20 years on the staff and became 50 years of age, giving me the privilege of retiring. If my comments appear critical of Land Grant Colleges as recently administered, these comments are intended to serve as constructive criticism. Contributions of the Land Grant Colleges are basic to our total United States welfare. Our society and our way of life continue to need these contributions. Perhaps the goals and objectives should be changed, but the contributions are still strongly needed.
LA POLITICA COMPARATA: PREMESSE E PROBLEMI
Authors: Sartori Giovanni 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneIn un certo senso è vero che tutta la scienza politica sottintende, per quanto implicitamente, un quadro di riferimento comparato. Anche il politologo che esamina un caso singolo deve tener presente il cosiddetto contesto generale, o quantomeno dovrebbe tener presente altri casi. Altrimenti la sua analisi del caso singolo « esce di proporzione ». Senza dubbio è cosí. Ma questa è soltanto una verità banale.
LE CRISI DI SVILUPPO NELL'ESPERIENZA GIAPPONESE
Authors: Pasquino Gianfranco 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneQuesta nota nasce dalla curiosità di esaminare nei particolari l'esperienza della modernizzazione in Giappone, e soprattutto di mettere in luce il modo in cui si sono presentate e sono state affrontate le crisi di sviluppo. Il Giappone costituisce un caso molto interessante e, presumibilmente, istruttivo. Esso è, a tutt'oggi, il solo paese non appartenente all'area occidentale e non facente parte della diaspora anglosassone (ad esclusione del complesso e indefinibile caso di Israele) ad avere raggiunto, secondo la maggior parte degli indici a nostra disposizione, una fase di modernizzazione socio-economica molto avanzata — anche se non priva di cospicui squilibri settoriali — e può altresí vantare una lunga serie di elezioni libere nel dopoguerra. Appare perciò utile indagare quali siano stati i contributi delle autorità politiche alla modernizzazione, quali siano i fattori culturali che hanno avuto maggior peso nella costruzione di un sistema moderno, e quali siano gli insegnamenti di carattere generale che si possono trarre dall'esperienza giapponese.
‘There is a shark coming, then there is a du-du-du-du-du…’: Mediating cultural tools in a Norwegian creative music-making project
Authors: Viig Tine Grieg 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article reports on a case study in a Norwegian primary school where nearly 50 fifth-grade pupils took part in a creative music-making project. Facilitated by two professional artists, they created an original piece of music and performed their composition for an audience at the end of the project week. A substantial part of the data consisted of recorded sounds, notations, transcribed interviews and documentations of the process of music composition from the first ideas to the final performance. The analysis was conducted from a sociocultural perspective with a special focus on the mediating tools used in the community of creative musical practice. The findings suggest that the cultural tools used in the project were dynamic and interactive, employed by both the facilitators and the participants. The mediating tools found in the creative music making make up a complex toolbox the participants share and develop, consisting of both psychological and material tools. There were three main categories of mediating tools identified. First, the use of symbolic signs, such as graphic notation, was important from the initial stages when the participants developed musical ideas to the final performance. Second, the actions and interactions of music making, such as conducting gestures shared and developed through the project, were both founded on traditional conductor signs but also transformed and adapted to new ways of mediating musical meaning in this particular project. Third, the participants worked with ‘creative reworkings’ of experiences in this project. Through the transformation of previous experiences into the creation of new musical material, important mediating tools were identified as experiences and meaning in the creative musical practice.
Imperialism in the city: war and the making of the municipal administration in the French Concession of Shanghai in the Taiping period, 1853–1862
Authors: Xu Chong 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article, based on western primary sources, seeks to investigate the relationship between western imperialism in China and the making of modern Chinese statecraft in urban form, focusing on the French perspective and on historical institutionalism. Both internal rebellions and western empires shaped modern Chinese cities. The Chinese response to western intervention is a more complicated story. Pace Paul Cohen, we do need to know about foreign activities in modern China – not as ‘impact-response’ and ‘tradition-modernity’ paradigms – but rather as part of local history, both in terms of local administration and urban landscape. Euro-American expansion and exploitation are not part of a unitary or totalizing enterprise, and warfare and Franco-British conflicts facilitated the making of modern municipal administration in the French Concession of Shanghai; on the other hand, Chinese forces indirectly shaped the structure of the institutions of imperialism, as well as pointing to divergent national approaches to imperialism.
Naturally Occurring Expressive Suppression is Associated with Lapses in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Suchy Yana , Niermeyer Madison A. , Franchow Emilie I. , Ziemnik Rosemary E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectives: Expressive suppression (i.e., effortful regulation of overt affect) has a deleterious impact on executive functioning (EF). This relationship has potential ramifications for daily functioning, especially among older adults, because a close relationship exists between EF and functional independence. However, past research has not directly examined whether expressive suppression impacts instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). The present study examined this association among older adults. Methods: One hundred ten community-dwelling older adults completed a self-report measure of acute (past 24 hr) and chronic (past 2 weeks) expressive suppression, a timed test of IADL, and the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale as a measure of EF. Results: High chronic expressive suppression was related to slow IADL performance beyond covariates (age, IQ, depression), but only for individuals with low EF. High acute expressive suppression was associated with lower accuracy on IADL tasks beyond covariates (IQ, depression), but this association was fully explained by EF. Conclusions: The current results suggest that expressive suppression is associated with less efficient and more error-prone IADL performance. EF fully accounted for the relationship between acute expressive suppression and IADL performance, showing that suppression is a risk factor for both poorer EF performance and functional lapses in daily life. Furthermore, individuals with weaker EF may be particularly vulnerable to the effect of chronic expressive suppression. (JINS, 2019, 25, 718–728)
The impact of drought on human capital in rural India
Authors: Joshi Kuhu 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe study the impact of a severe drought on children's educational outcomes in rural Maharashtra, a state in central India. Using pooled cross section data on children's test scores, we employ a difference-in-differences methodology to estimate the impact. We find that the drought caused a decline of 4.14 per cent in math scores and 2.67 per cent in reading scores of affected children. We also study heterogeneity in the impact by gender, age, parents' schooling, and household wealth, finding evidence in support of an income effect whereby households with limited means to smooth consumption disinvest in their children in response to the drought.
Treats are a tool of the trade: an exploration of food treats among grandparents who provide informal childcare
Authors: Pankhurst Morgan , Mehta Kaye , Matwiejczyk Louisa , Moores Carly J , Prichard Ivanka , Mortimer Sandra , Bell Lucinda 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:Globally, grandparents are the main informal childcare providers with one-quarter of children aged ≤5 years regularly cared for by grandparents in Australia, the UK and USA. Research is conflicting; many studies claim grandparents provide excessive amounts of discretionary foods (e.g. high in fat/sugar/sodium) while others suggest grandparents can positively influence children’s diet behaviours. The present study aimed to explore the meaning and role of food treats among grandparents who provide regular informal care of young grandchildren.Design:Qualitative methodology utilising a grounded theory approach. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and focus groups, then thematically analysed.Setting:Participants were recruited through libraries, churches and playgroups in South Australia.Participants:Grandparents (n 12) caring for grandchild/ren aged 1–5 years for 10 h/week or more.Results:Three themes emerged: (i) the functional role of treats (e.g. to reward good behaviour); (ii) grandparent role, responsibility and identity (e.g. the belief that grandparent and parent roles differ); and (iii) the rules regarding food treats (e.g. negotiating differences between own and parental rules). Grandparents favoured core-food over discretionary-food treats. They considered the risks (e.g. dental caries) and rewards (e.g. pleasure) of food treats and balanced their wishes with those of their grandchildren and parents.Conclusions:Food treats play an important role in the grandparent–grandchild relationship and are used judiciously by grandparents to differentiate their identity and relationship from parents and other family members. This research offers an alternative narrative to the dominant discourse regarding grandparents spoiling grandchildren with excessive amounts of discretionary foods.