bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of Human Monocytopoiesis
Authors: Meuret Gerhard , Bammert Joachim , Hoffmann Günter 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Information on the structure of human monocytopoiesis was derived from the chronologies of labeled monocytes entering the blood following injection of 3H-thymidine (3H-TDR) and 3H-diisopropylfluorophosphate (3H-DFP). It was found that monocytes are released into the blood directly from a proliferating precursor pool. The marrow cell egress was almost completely restricted to G1-phase monocytes. The egress rate increased with maturation time of promonocytes. The majority of the cells was released at maturation times between 50 and 60 hr. Under normal conditions promonocytes underwent a mean of two catenated cell cycles. The cell cycle time averaged 29 hr and DNA-synthesis time 10 hr. Direct investigations of the promonocytes demonstrated that the medullary promonocyte pool averages 6 x 108 cells/kg body weight in healthy adults. This pool produces a mean of 7 x 106 cells/kg-hr. Proliferation capacity of promonocytes is only partially utilized in normal monocytopoiesis. Induction of acute inflammatory reactions gave rise to an immediate enhancement of promonocyte proliferation activity, thus affording short-term adaptation of monocyte production to monocyte demand. Increase in monocyte production was associated with a shift of marrow release in favor of immature cells.
Acute leukemia with Burkitt's tumor cells: A study of six cases with special reference to lymphocyte surface markers
Authors: Flandrin G , Brouet JC , Daniel MT , Preud'homme JL 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In six patients with acute leukemia (about 2% of the patients referred for acute lymphoblastic leukemia) the blast cells invading bone marrow and blood showed all the cytologic, cytochemical, and electron microscopy features of Burkitt's tumor cells. The presence of monoclonal surface immunoglobulins (their synthesis being proved by in vitro culture experiments), the binding of IgG aggregates, and the absence of rosette formation with sheep red cells documented the monoclonal B-cell origin of these blast cells which is in sharp contrast to the findings in common acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The course of the disease was usually rapidly fatal without chemotherapy- induced remission.
Canine cyclic neutropenia: Erythropoietin and platelet cycles after bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Jones JB , Lange RD , Yang TJ , Vodopick H , Jones ES 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The marrow of a dog affected with cyclic neutropenia (CN) was transplanted into an unaffected supralethally irradiated litermate.Prompt engraftment occurred,and cyclic rises and falls in numbers of platelets, reticulocytes, and granulocytes were noted in the recipient soon after engraftment. Prior to transplantation and under hypoxic conditions,the donor had serum erythropoietin (ESF) peak levels at 11- 12-day intervals. Following transplatation and under hypoxic conditions,cyclic peaks of ESF occurred in the transplanted dog.
The relation of thrombokinetics to bone marrow megakaryocytes in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
Authors: Branehog I , Kutti J , Ridell B , Swolin B , Weinfeld A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In 23 patients with untreated idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (TP), the relation of thrombokinetics to quantitative determinations of megakaryocytes in bone marrow sections was studied. The megakaryocytes were classified into maturation stages, and platelet sizes were determined. Megarkaryocyte number and volume per microliter of bone marrow were significantly higher in ITP as compared to controls. The megakaryocyte number and volume were inversely related to the peripheral platelet count. Platelet production rate was significantly increased in ITP and related to the megakaryocyte number and volume. The megakaryocytes were shifted towards more immature forms in ITP, suggesting an increased turnover rate of the expanded recognizable metakaryocyte compartment. Platelet size was significantly increased in ITP, and the mean platelet diameter was 1.6 times normal. There was a significant relationship between platelet size and platelet production rate, as well as an inverse relationship between platelet size and platelet mean life-span (MLS). There was also a significant correlation between platelet size and the proportion of young megakaryocytes.
Acute myelogenous leukemia of the Wistar/Furth rat: establishment of a continuous tissue culture line producing lysozyme in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Greenberger JS , Rosenthal DS , Aaronson SA , Moloney WC 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A transplantable myelogenous leukemia of an inbred Wistar/Furth rat has been established in tissue culture and cloned. The resulting transplantable leukemia line demonstrates in vitro doubling time of 20 hr, colony-forming efficiency of 5% in liquid and methylcellulos- containing medium, and a saturation density of 3.0 x 106 cells/sq cm in liquid medium. Following intraperitoneal inoculation, newborn rats developed solid tumors, ascities, and leukemia with ld50 of5 x 103 cells and mean latency of 60 days. The tumor cell morphology was consistent with that of acute myelogenous leukemia. Histochemical staining for myeloid enzymes revealed no evidence of myeloperoxidase, esterase, or leukocyte alkaline phosphatase; however, fluorescent antibody staining for lysozyme was markedly positive. Serum, urine, and ascitic fluid from rats with transplanted leukemia also contained elevated levels of lysozyme. There was no detectable type-CRNA virus production by this cell line after as long as 100 days in vitro. This inbred rat myelogenous leukemia should provide a useful model for studies of chemotherapy and immunoltherapy of human acute myelogenous leukemia.
Ultrastructural changes of endothelium associated with thrombocytopenia
Authors: Kitchens CS , Weiss L 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In a study of the relationship between thrombocytopenia and increased vascular fragility, changes in the endothelium of capillaries and postcapillary venules of the tongue were examined by electron microscopy. Adult male albino rabbits (4 kg) were maintained thrombocytopenic (platelets less than 20,000/cu mm) up to 24 hr by one to three injections of guinea pig antirabbit platelet serum. Within 6 hr the normal projections and folds of the lumenal surface of the endothelial surface were largely effaced. In addition, the endothelium became thinner. In places, pores and membranous diaphragms were observed. Endothelial junctions appeared normal. Identical findings were observed if rabbits were made thrombocytopenic by administration of intraperitoneal busulfan. Intravenously administered Thorotrast was observed in endothelial cells and in the extravascular spaces within 3 min after injection into thrombocytopenic animals, while it was seen only intravascularly in control rabbits. With the spontaneous restoration of circulating platelets, the endothelium reverted to normal.
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activities in human blood leukocytes and lymphoblast cell lines: high levels in lymphoblast cell lines and in blast cells of some patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in acute phase
Authors: Sarin PS , Anderson PN , Gallo RC 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, an enzyme which catalyzes the polymerization of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, elongating oligo- or polydeoxynucleotide chains, but without direction from a nucleic acid template, is thought to be specific for thymus gland and thymus- derived cells. We have confirmed the observations that high levels are characteristic of thymus gland with both human and calf tissue and that elevated levels may be found in some cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia. High levels were also found in human lymphoblast cell lines with T-cell characteristics, and insignificant activity was observed in leukocytes of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia not in acute blast phase of the disease, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, human B- cells, and normal human blood lymphocytes even after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin. However, high levels (approximately 200 nmoles/hr/10(9) cells) equivalent to those in thymus tissue and lymphoblast cell lines with T-cell characteristics were found in the peripheral blood blast cells of four patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in an acute blast phase of their disease. One hypothesis that may explain the present results is that in chronic myelogenous leukemia in acute blast phase of the disease the proliferative blast response may not always be myeloblasts but in some cases it may be lymphoblasts.
Differences in free fatty acid and glucose metabolism of human blood neutrophils and lymphocytes
Authors: Burns CP , Welshman IR , Spector AA 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Comparison of isolated human neutrophils and lymphocytes in short-term tissue culture revealed marked differences in their rates of lipid biosynthesis. Ficoll-Hypaque gradients were used to separate lymphocytes and neutrophils from the blood of normal subjects. Neutrophils incorporated more palmitate into cell lipids (151.0 +/- 16.6 nmole/hr/10(8) cells) than lymphocytes (41.6 +/- 4.1). By contrast, the lymphocytes oxidized more palmitate (8.3 +/- 0.5 nmole/hr/10(8) cells) as compared to neutrophils (1.1 +/- 0.1). The greater fatty acid uptake by the neutrophils was due to a sixfold greater rate of incoporation of palmitate into their triglyceride fraction. Triglyceride synthesis by neutrophils increased as the molar ratio of free fatty acid to albumin was raised, whereas incorporation into phospholipids remained relatively constant; there was preferential labeling of neutrophil triglycerides throughout the physiologic range. Studies using linoleate and oleate gave similar results. The distribution of radioactivity into various phospholipids determined by thin-layer chromatography was similar for the two cell types. When labeled glucose was used as a substrate to measure incorporation primarily into the glycerol backbone of the cell lipids, neutrophils incorporated more radioactivity into total lipids and triglycerides than lymphocytes. These results indicate that neutrophils take up much more fatty acid than lymphocytes primarily because they synthesize much larger quantities of triglycerides, a storage form. Since cellular triglycerides may act as a source of fatty acid for lecithin synthesis during phagocytosis, the greater rate of fatty acid incorporation in the neutrophil may reflect a metabolic pattern that permits efficient phagocytosis.
Evaluation of extracorporeal alkylation of red cells as a potential treatment for sickle cell anemia
Authors: Charache S , Dreyer R , Zimmerman I , Hsu CK 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Nitrogen mustard and nor-nitrogen mustard inhibit sickling, but the concentrations required would be associated with unacceptable toxicity if these agents were administered to patients. Red cells could be treated extracorporeally and infused back into donors, if the alkylating agent could be removed or inactivated, if the treatment per se did not significantly shorten red cell survival, and if viable alkylated lymphocytes could be eliminated from the treated blood. To estimate whether these conditions could be met in a clinical trial, red cells from four dogs were alkylated at 6-wk intervals. No toxic reactions were observed, although not all nor-nitrogen mustard was removed by the washing procedure. Red cell survival was shortened to about half that of control cells, using concentrations of alkylating agent which reduce sickling by 50%. Lymphocytes from treated blood could still exclude trypan blue, but could not be shown to circulate after reinfusion into donor dogs. If alkylating agents are used to treat patients' cells, inhibition of sickling may outweigh the shortening of red cell life span induced by the treatment; blood should probably be irradiated before infusion to avoid administration of alkylated and potentially mutated, but viable, lymphocytes.
Separation of megakaryocytes from mouse bone marrow by density gradient centrifugation
Authors: Nakeff A , Floeh DP 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The density profile of mouse bone marrow megakaryocytes, as determined by discontinuous albumin density gradient centrifugation, was characterized by a single density population (1.088 to 1.119 g/ml) with a peak density of 1.10 g/ml and a maximum enrichment of 15.5. This single population comprised both mature and immature megakaryocytes. The density profile of small, acetylcholinesterase-positive cells, a class of potential megakaryocyte precursors, was almost identical to that of morphologically recognizable megakaryocytes.
A method for the recognition and separation of human blood monocytes on density gradients
Authors: Loos H , Blok-Schut B , van Doorn R , Hoksbergen R , Brutel de la Riviere A , Meerhof L 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The density distribution of human mononuclear blood leukocytes was studied in order to define the optimal conditions for the separation of monocytes and lymphocytes by isopycnic centrifugation. Under standardized conditions, two populations of cells with partially overlapping, normally distributed densities were consistently found. The cells with the lowest density were recognized as monocytes, using phagocytosis and size distribution analysis as criteria. Since the density of monocytes continuously increased during the centrifugation, optimal separation of monocytes and lymphocytes could only be achieved by limiting the time of centrifugation to 10 min at 2200 g and 4 degrees C. The separation on discontinuous density gradients decreased when the load exceeded 8 X 10(6) mononuclear cells per sq cm. Analysis of the composition of the two cell populations obtained after separation on a three-layer discontinuous gradient revealed that the contamination of the monocytes with lymphocytes was due to the partial overlapping density distributions of both cell types. A small and a large scale method for isolation of monocytes from blood on discontinuous density gradients are presented. Under the described conditions, a preparation of functionally intact monocytes can be obtained which is comparable, both in yield and purity, to those obtained by methods based on surface adherence without the drawbacks of the latter methods.
DANGEROUS UNIVERSAL DONORS
Authors: ERVIN DONALD M. , YOUNG LAWRENCE E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A severe hemolytic reaction was observed in an "A-intermediate" recipient following transfusion of group O blood containing A antibodies in high titer. Hemoglobinemia persisted for at least thirty hours, during which time the patient became markedly anemic. Azotemia, hyperbilirubinemia, spherocytosis and increased osmotic and mechanical fragilities of the patient’s erythrocytes were observed for nine days.
2. The recipient was rendered temporarily incompatible with prospective A1 donors as a result of incomplete absorption of the anti-A agglutinins in the transfused group O blood.
3. The A antibodies in the serum of the dangerous universal donor were shown to have the following peculiarities : (a) When normal AB serum was used as a diluent for the group O serum and as a medium for cell suspensions, the titer against A1 cells was higher than that obtained with saline as a diluent and suspension medium. (b) After "neutralization" with soluble A and B factors, the group O serum agglutinated neither A nor B cells in "saline systems," but in "serum systems" the treated O serum still agglutinated A1 cells in very high titer and A-intermediate cells in low titer. (c) A1 cells, but not A-intermediate or A2 cells, gave positive reactions with anti-human-globulin rabbit serum (indirect Coombs test) after exposure to the neutralized O serum. (d) The group O serum hemolyzed, and fixed complement with, all types of A cells but not B cells.
These peculiarities suggested that the group O donor had developed A antibodies of immune type and predominantly of A1 specificity, but the stimulus for production of these antibodies could not be ascertained.
4. It is emphasized that the type of antibody (i.e., natural or immune), as well as the titer, must be taken into account in any attempt to assess the dangers inherent in the use of universal donors, and that "conditioning" of group O blood by addition of soluble A and B factors in conventional quantities may not effectively neutralize immune A1 and B antibodies if such be present. It is pointed out, however, that further observations are needed to show whether or not neutralization of "saline" agglutinins and hemolysins by A and B factors may render dangerous bloods relatively safe despite the persistence of incomplete antibodies.
5. Possible mechanisms of prolonged erythrocyte destruction in this case are discussed.
THE LOCALIZATION OF LIPIDS IN HUMAN BLOOD AND BONE MARROW CELLS
Authors: BLOOM MARVIN L. , WISLOCKI GEORGE B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
By Baker’s method for the staining of lipids, various types of cytoplasmic rods and granules in leukocytes give a positive acid hematein test but are negative after the pyridine-extraction test. According to Baker,8 this combination of results indicates the presence of phospholipids. Some of the rods and granules which are stained appear to be mitochondria, judging from their shape, size and distribution. as well as from the fact that they coincide in all respects with mitochondria demonstrable by supravital staining. Baker8 pointed out that in a great variety of cells his method stained mitochondria, although he did not report having examined leukocytes. In addition to mitochondria, Baker’s method stains the specific granules of the three varieties of granular leukocytes. In the neutrophilic leukocytes, the granules appear gray or black; in some of the eosinophilic leukocytes, they are intensely black, while in others they are unstained although surrounded by stained ground substance; and in the basophilic leukocytes, some of the granules of individual cells are stained while others are not. Provided the method is chemically specific, it follows that the specific granules of these leukocytes contain phospholipids. The appearance of the eosinophils indicates that many of them possess granules composed of protein surrounded by phospholipid, although some of them contain granules with lipid in their interiors. These differences in the eosinophils suggest possible functional stages, related perhaps to the age of the cells or some other metabolic factors. In the monocytes, besides a general stippling of the cytoplasm corresponding to mitochondria, the region of the attraction sphere often contains numerous deeply stained granules.
Sudan black B stains both the mitochondria and the specific leukocytic granules in a manner similar to Baker’s method. However, certain slight differences were noticed. Platelets were brought out moderately distinctly by the acid hematein procedure, whereas in sudan black preparations they were barely visible. A variability was noted in the staining of the granules of the eosinophilic leukocytes in Baker’s method, in contrast to the uniformity of their staining with sudan black. This difference should perhaps be interpreted as indicating that the eosinophilic granules contain other lipid substances besides phospholipids. Mitochondnia, in whatsoever type of leukocyte they are observed, appear to stain more deeply and distinctly by Baker’s method than with sudan black, a circumstance suggesting that mitochondria are very rich in phospholipids.
BLOOD EXCHANGE IN REPLACEMENT TRANSFUSIONS
Authors: WASSERMAN L. R. , RASHKOFF I. A. , SHARNEY L. , YOH T. F. , LEAVITT D. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Red cells labeled with radioactive phosphorus have been used by us to measure the extent and the rate of the replacement of blood in exchange transfusions. The experimental results confirmed the theoretic formulations developed in the preceding paper. On the basis of the above data, it seems reasonable to introduce these curves and formulae whenever exchange transfusions are to be performed.
THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF BLOOD
Authors: TEXTER E. CLINTON , HIRSCH FREDERIC G. , HORAN FRANCIS E. , WOOD LLOYD A. , BALLARD WILLIAM C. , WRIGHT IRVING S. , STARR DOROTHY , BLANDIN BENJAMIN P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The blood and plasma conductance was measured in 157 blood samples. Of these, 101 were from hospital patients with a variety of clinical conditions, 33 were from normal individuals, and 23 were unclassified.
2. Blood counts were done on the same specimens.
3. An empiric equation, was found to give the red cell count from the conductivity measurements, wherein C1 = 10.49, and g is in millions per cu. mm.
See PDF for Equation
4. A nomograph is presented to simplify the calculations of the red cell count.
TRANSFUSION REACTIONS TO A PLASMA CONSTITUENT OF WHOLE BLOOD
Authors: DAMESHEK WILLIAM , NEBER JACOB 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The clinical histories of 11 patients with a severe and hitherto undescribed type of reaction to in vitro compatible whole blood are presented. These patients all experienced beneficial responses to therapy with washed red blood cell transfusions. The technic of washing the blood is outlined.
2. In 5 of the patients, sensitivity to a heat-labile constituent of fresh normal plasma was demonstrated. In the remaining 6 patients, although actual sensitivity to plasma was not proved, transfusions of washed red blood cells were well tolerated and were therapeutically effective.
3. These uncommon reactions to the plasma in whole blood are differentiated from the usual pyrogenic, allergic or hemolytic plasma reactions by their ease of repetition in the absence of pyrogens, by lack of the usual allergic manifestations, and by the failure to demonstrate hemoglobinemia or hemoglobinuria.
4. A simple diagnostic test ("plasma provocative test") is described which appears to be of specific value in the differentiation of the reaction.
5. It is suggested that in any instance of severe transfusion reaction to apparently compatible whole blood this type of sensitivity to the donated plasma should be borne in mind as a possible cause. The plasma provocative test should then be tried. If positive, the transfusion of well washed red blood cells will probably be effective and in some cases may be of life-saving importance.
THE SPECIFICITY OF 4-AMINOPTEROYLGLUTAMIC ACID (AMINOPTERIN) FOR LEUKEMIC HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE
Authors: SKIPPER HOWARD E. , RISER WILLIAM H. , NOLAN CONSTANCE W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A study of the effect of aminopterin on the hematopoietic tissue of normal mice and mice with transplanted Ak 4 leukemia is reported.
At less than lethal doses, aminopterin showed a striking inhibition specificity for neoplastic cell production.
MALFORMATION OF THE ERYTHROCYTES IN A CASE OF ATYPICAL RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA
Authors: BASSEN FRANK A. , KORNZWEIG ABRAHAM L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A case is presented of a girl, aged 18, born of parents who were first cousins. She had an atypical retinitis pigmentosa with involvement of the macula. The neurologic examination showed diffuse disease of the central nervous system, as seen in Friedreich’s ataxia. An additional finding (hitherto undescribed) was that of a malformation of the red blood cells. These cells had a peculiar crenated appearance, due to the presence of pseudopods or protoplasmic projections varying in size and shape. They were constantly present in stained blood films taken one year apart. A similar finding in a younger brother, with beginning retinal pigmentary degeneration, added additional proof of the hereditary nature of the condition.