bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transition from axi- to nonaxisymmetric dynamo modes in spherical convection models of solar-like stars
Authors: Viviani M. , Warnecke J. , Käpylä M. J. , Käpylä P. J. , Olspert N. , Cole-Kodikara E. M. , Lehtinen J. J. , Brandenburg A. 
Published: May 2018

Context. Both dynamo theory and observations of stellar large-scale magnetic fields suggest a change from nearly axisymmetric configurations at solar rotation rates to nonaxisymmetric configurations for rapid rotation.
Aims. We seek to understand this transition using numerical simulations.
Methods. We use three-dimensional simulations of turbulent magnetohydrodynamic convection in spherical shell wedges and considered rotation rates between 1 and 31 times the solar value.
Results. We find a transition from axi- to nonaxisymmetric solutions at around 1.8 times the solar rotation rate. This transition coincides with a change in the rotation profile from antisolar- to solar-like differential rotation with a faster equator and slow poles. In the solar-like rotation regime, the field configuration consists of an axisymmetric oscillatory field accompanied by an m = 1 azimuthal mode (two active longitudes), which also shows temporal variability. At slow (rapid) rotation, the axisymmetric (nonaxisymmetric) mode dominates. The axisymmetric mode produces latitudinal dynamo waves with polarity reversals, while the nonaxisymmetric mode often exhibits a slow drift in the rotating reference frame and the strength of the active longitudes changes cyclically over time between the different hemispheres. In the majority of cases we find retrograde waves, while prograde waves are more often found from observations. Most of the obtained dynamo solutions exhibit cyclic variability either caused by latitudinal or azimuthal dynamo waves. In an activity-period diagram, the cycle lengths normalized by the rotation period form two different populations as a function of rotation rate or magnetic activity level. The slowly rotating axisymmetric population lies close to what in observations is called the inactive branch, where the stars are believed to have solar-like differential rotation, while the rapidly rotating models are close to the superactive branch with a declining cycle to rotation frequency ratio and an increasing rotation rate.
Conclusions. We can successfully reproduce the transition from axi- to nonaxisymmetric dynamo solutions for high rotation rates, but high-resolution simulations are required to limit the effect of rotational quenching of convection at rotation rates above 20 times the solar value.
The mid-2016 flaring activity of the flat spectrum radio quasar PKS 2023-07
Authors: Piano G. , Munar-Adrover P. , Pacciani L. , Romano P. , Vercellone S. , Donnarumma I. , Verrecchia F. , Carrasco L. , Porras A. , Recillas E. , Tavani M. 
Published: May 2018

Context. Flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) can suffer strong absorption above E = 25∕(1 + z) GeV, due to gamma–gamma interaction if the emitting region is at sub-parsec scale from the super-massive black hole (SMBH).
Aims. Gamma-ray flares from these astrophysical sources can be used to investigate the location of the high-energy emission region and the physics of the radiating processes.
Methods. We present an episode of remarkable gamma-ray flaring activity from FSRQ PKS 2023-07 during April 2016, as detected by both the AGILE and Fermi satellites. An intensive multiwavelength campaign, triggered by Swift, covered the entire duration of the flaring activity, including the peak gamma-ray activity.
Results. We report the results of multiwavelength observations of the blazar. We found that during the peak emission, the most energetic photon had an energy of 44 GeV, putting strong constraints on the opacity of the gamma-ray dissipation region. The overall spectral energy distribution (SED) is interpreted in terms of leptonic models for blazar jets, with the emission site located beyond the broad line region (BLR).
Ketamine: A Neuroanesthesiologist's Friend or Foe?
Authors: Luthra Ankur , Rath Girija Prasad 
Published: May 2018

AbstractKetamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, introduced into clinical practice six decades ago, has often been the worst fear of a neuroanesthesiologist due to its concerns of causing a rise in intracranial pressure and increasing cerebral blood volume. However, the recent literature clarifies that it may have a beneficial role, even in neurosurgical patients, because of its propensity to cause neuroprotection through antiglutamatergic action on the NMDA receptors in the ischemic brain. Apart from having an anticonvulsive role in refractory status epilepticus, its inherent property of increasing blood flow to the ischemic areas offers protection to the penumbral zone, thus preventing secondary brain injuries. Also, it has been widely used as an analgesic at subanesthetic doses post spine surgeries. Recently, enough scientific evidence has been published in favor of ketamine establishing the fact that it does not cause a rise in intracranial pressure when the patient is mechanically ventilated and normocarbia is maintained. It has also been used during evoked potential monitoring as it amplifies signals even under general anesthesia and proves to be quite effective during neuromonitoring. However, its adverse effects of increasing muscle tone, excessive salivation, emergence delirium, agitation, and “out of body” experiences with long-term psychomimetic effects and potential to cause addiction have precluded its widespread use.This review on ketamine summarizes the benefits of using it in neurosurgical anesthesia with the aim of removing the fears we had in the past, which did not seem to be evidence based.
Validation of Multiparametric Ultrasonography Criteria with Digital Subtraction Angiography in Carotid Artery Disease: A Prospective Multicenter Study
Authors: Barlinn Kristian , Rickmann Henning , Kitzler Hagen , Krogias Christos , Strohm Henning , Abramyuk Andrij , Barlinn Jessica , Siepmann Timo , Rabahi Ali , Graehlert Xina , Schwanebeck Uta , Winzer Simon , Arnold Sebastian , Moennings Peter , Pallesen Lars-Peder , Bodechtel Ulf , Mudra Harald , Linn Jennifer , Reichmann Heinz , Alexandrov Andrei , Gahn Georg , Weiss Norbert , Puetz Volker 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Purpose The German Society of Ultrasound in Medicine (DEGUM) recently revised its multiparametric criteria for duplex ultrasonography (DUS) grading of internal carotid artery (ICA) disease. We determined the diagnostic accuracy of the revised DEGUM criteria for ultrasonography grading of ICA disease in a prospective multicenter study.
Materials and Methods We evaluated consecutive patients who underwent digital subtraction angiography of the extracranial carotid arteries at four tertiary care hospitals. Blinded investigators graded ICA disease according to DEGUM-recommended ultrasonography criteria and calculated NASCET-type percent stenosis from angiography images. Endpoints included overall classification accuracy, prediction of clinically relevant disease categories and between-test agreement in the continuous range of percent stenosis.
Results A total of 121 patients (median age: 69 [IQR, 16] years; 74 % men; median time between DUS and angiography: 1 day [IQR, 2]) provided 163 DUS-angiography carotid artery pairs. The classification accuracy of the DEGUM criteria to predict stenosis within 10 % increments as compared to angiography was 34.9 % (95 % CI, 28.0 – 42.6). The sensitivity of DUS for the detection of moderate (50 – 69 %) and severe (70 – 99 %) stenosis was 35 % and 81 %, with an overall accuracy of 73 % and 74 %, respectively. The specificity was 89 % and 69 %, respectively. Considering the continuous spectrum of the disease (0 – 100 %), the Bland-Altman interval limit of agreement was 51 %.
Conclusion At laboratories experienced with ultrasound grading of the extracranial ICA, the revised DEGUM multiparametric ultrasonography criteria do not eliminate the need for a confirmatory test for the identification of clinically relevant grades of the disease.
OLIFE: Tight Binding Code for Transmission Coefficient Calculation
Authors: Mijbil Zainelabideen Yousif 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A new and human friendly transport calculation code has been developed. It requires a simple tight binding Hamiltonian as the only input file and uses a convenient graphical user interface to control calculations. The effect of magnetic field on junction has also been included. Furthermore the transmission coefficient can be calculated between any two points on the scatterer which ensures high flexibility to check the system. Therefore Olife can highly be recommended as an essential tool for pretesting studying and teaching electron transport in molecular devices that saves a lot of time and effort.
The fathers of demographic thought
Authors: Harper Sarah 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Demographic ideas can be traced back to antiquity, but it is generally accepted that demography originated in the middle of the 17th century with the English statistician, John Graunt (1620–74), and his primitive life tables, which were the first attempt to examine statistical regularities inherent within the numbers of births and deaths. ‘The fathers of demographic thought’ describes the diverse theorists who founded and developed the study of demography. It begins with Graunt and then outlines the input of Sir William Petty (1623–87), Edmund Halley (1656–1742), Richard Price (1723–91), and Thomas Malthus (1766–1834). Their foundations were central to developing the relationship between analytical reasoning, numerical problems, and arithmetical records.
The demographic transition—centrepiece of demography
Authors: Harper Sarah 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The demographic transition is regarded as a centrepiece of demography. It is the series of changes that occur as countries evolve from a stable state of high mortality and high fertility to one of low mortality and low fertility, but its timing and drivers are strongly debated. ‘The demographic transition—centrepiece of demography’ explains that demographic transition theory can be divided into three broad components: first, the changes over time in mortality and fertility, based on clear data and therefore generally uncontested; second, and the most controversial, the construction of causal models to explain the timing, pace, and drivers of these changes; and third, the attempt to predict future changes especially for countries of the South.
Nutrition‐Based Incentives in Dairy Contract Farming in Northern Senegal
Authors: Bernard Tanguy , Hidrobo Melissa , Le Port Agnes , Rawat Rahul 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn developing countries contract farming faces numerous challenges that many times lead to its failure. Innovations that help overcome the difficulties of contracting with a large pool of small farmers in such settings can enhance the viability of such schemes. We use a randomized control trial design combined with high frequency data to investigate the impact of adding a nutrition‐based incentive in contracts between a Senegalese dairy processing factory and its semi‐nomadic milk suppliers. The incentive rewarded suppliers for consistent milk deliveries with daily delivery of a micro‐nutrient fortified yogurt for each young child in corresponding households. Findings show large and significant impacts on the frequency and amount of milk delivered, albeit limited to the dry season. We also find larger impacts on milk deliveries when contracts are managed by women.
Clostridium difficile Screening for Colonization During an Outbreak Setting
Authors: Linsenmeyer Katherine , O’Brien William , Brecher Stephen M , Strymish Judith , Rochman Alexandra , Itani Kamal , Gupta Kalpana 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A rapidly deployed ward-based screen and isolate initiative for Clostridium difficile carriers during an outbreak averted 5 of 10 expected hospital-acquired infections without identified harms. Each infection avoided required screening 197 and isolating 4.4 patients. Targeted C. difficile screening resulted in outbreak mitigation.
Star-forming galaxies are predicted to lie on a fundamental plane of mass, star formation rate, and α-enhancement
Authors: Matthee Jorryt , Schaye Joop 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT
Observations show that star-forming galaxies reside on a tight 3D plane between mass, gas-phase metallicity, and star formation rate (SFR), which can be explained by the interplay between metal-poor gas inflows, SFR and outflows. However, different metals are released on different time-scales, which may affect the slope of this relation. Here, we use central, star-forming galaxies with Mstar = 109.0–10.5 M⊙ from the EAGLE hydrodynamical simulation to examine 3D relations between mass, SFR, and chemical enrichment using absolute and relative C, N, O, and Fe abundances. We show that the scatter is smaller when gas-phase α-enhancement is used rather than metallicity. A similar plane also exists for stellar α-enhancement, implying that present-day specific SFRs are correlated with long time-scale star formation histories. Between $z$ = 0 and 1, the α-enhancement plane is even more insensitive to redshift than the plane using metallicity. However, it evolves at $z$ &gt; 1 due to lagging iron yields. At fixed mass, galaxies with higher SFRs have star formation histories shifted towards late times, are more α-enhanced, and this α-enhancement increases with redshift as observed. These findings suggest that relations between physical properties inferred from observations may be affected by systematic variations in α-enhancements.
Detrimental Outcomes of Unmasking Cryptococcal Meningitis With Recent ART Initiation
Authors: Rhein Joshua , Hullsiek Kathy H , Evans Emily E , Tugume Lillian , Nuwagira Edwin , Ssebambulidde Kenneth , Kiggundu Reuben , Mpoza Edward , Musubire Abdu K , Bangdiwala Ananta S , Bahr Nathan C , Williams Darlisha A , Abassi Mahsa , Muzoora Conrad , Meya David B , Boulware David R ,   ASTRO-CM study team, Nabeta Henry W , Ndyetukira Jane Francis , Ahimbisibwe Cynthia , Kugonza Florence , Namuju Carolyne , Sadiq Alisat , Namudde Alice , Mwesigye James , Kandole Tadeo Kiiza , Kirumira Paul , Okirwoth Michael , Akampurira Andrew , Luggya Tony , Kaboggoza Julian , Laker Eva , Atwine Leo , Muganzi Davis , Velamakanni Sruti S , Jawed Bilal , Pastick Katelyn , Merry Matthew , Stadelman Anna , Flynn Andrew , Fujita A Wendy , Mukaremera Liliane , Lofgren Sarah M , Morawski Bozena M , Taseera Kabanda , Nielsen Kirsten , Bohjanen Paul R , Kambugu Andrew 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundIncreased antiretroviral therapy (ART) availability has been associated with more patients developing cryptococcosis after ART initiation. Despite this changing epidemiology, data regarding cryptococcal meningitis in those already receiving ART are limited. We compared clinical presentations and outcomes among ART-naïve and ART-experienced Ugandans.MethodsWe prospectively enrolled 605 HIV-infected persons with first-episode cryptococcal meningitis from August 2013 to May 2017 who received amphotericin-based combination therapy. We classified participants by ART status and ART duration and compared groups for 2-week survival.ResultsOverall, 46% (281/605) of participants were receiving ART at presentation. Compared with those not receiving ART, those receiving ART had higher CD4 counts (P &lt; .001) and lower cerebrospinal fluid fungal burdens (P &lt; .001). Of those receiving ART, 56% (156/281) initiated ART within 6 months, and 18% (51/281) initiated ART within 14 days. Two-week mortality did not differ by ART status (27% in both ART-naïve and ART-experienced%; P &gt; .99). However, 47% (24/51) of those receiving ART for ≤14 days died within 2 weeks, compared with 19% (20/105) of those receiving ART for 15–182 days and 26% (32/125) of those receiving ART for &gt;6 months (P &lt; .001). Among persons receiving ART for &gt;6 months, 87% had HIV viral loads &gt;1000 copies/mL.ConclusionsCryptococcosis after ART initiation is common in Africa. Patients initiating ART who unmask cryptococcal meningitis are at a high risk of death. Immune recovery in the setting of central nervous system infection is detrimental, and management of this population requires further study. Implementing pre-ART cryptococcal antigen screening is urgently needed to prevent cryptococcal meningitis after ART initiation.
The Cefazolin Inoculum Effect Is Associated With Increased Mortality in Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia
Authors: Miller William R , Seas Carlos , Carvajal Lina P , Diaz Lorena , Echeverri Aura M , Ferro Carolina , Rios Rafael , Porras Paola , Luna Carlos , Gotuzzo Eduardo , Munita Jose M , Nannini Esteban , Carcamo Cesar , Reyes Jinnethe , Arias Cesar A 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Background
Recent studies have favored the use of cefazolin over nafcillin for the treatment of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteremia. The clinical influence of the cefazolin inoculum effect (CzIE) in the effectiveness of cephalosporins for severe MSSA infections has not been evaluated.

Methods
We prospectively included patients from 3 Argentinian hospitals with S. aureus bacteremia. Cefazolin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined at standard (105 colony-forming units [CFU]/mL) and high (107 CFU/mL) inoculum. The CzIE was defined as an increase of MIC to ≥16 µg/mL when tested at high inoculum. Whole-genome sequencing was performed in all isolates.

Results
A total of 77 patients, contributing 89 MSSA isolates, were included in the study; 42 patients (54.5%) had isolates with the CzIE. In univariate analysis, patients with MSSA exhibiting the CzIE had increased 30-day mortality (P = .034) and were more likely to have catheter-associated or unknown source of bacteremia (P = .033) compared with patients infected with MSSA isolates without the CzIE. No statistically significant difference between the groups was observed in age, clinical illness severity, place of acquisition (community vs hospital), or presence of endocarditis. The CzIE remained associated with increased 30-day mortality in multivariate analysis (risk ratio, 2.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.10–6.42; P = .03). MSSA genomes displayed a high degree of heterogeneity, and the CzIE was not associated with a specific lineage.

Conclusions
In patients with MSSA bacteremia where cephalosporins are used as firstline therapy, the CzIE was associated with increased 30-day mortality. Clinicians should be cautious when using cefazolin as firstline therapy for these infections.
Resection of Large Petrotentorial Tumor via a Retrosigmoid Approach: 3-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Couldwell William T 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A 22-yr-old female college athlete had noted ataxia during competitive gymnastic events. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large tumor compatible with preoperative diagnosis of meningioma arising from the petrotentorial region with marked brainstem compression. The technical challenges associated with this removal include safe dissection of cranial nerves IV to VIII and dissection from the brainstem and cerebellum, taking care to not interfere with blood supply to these structures. The vascular tumor was removed via standard suboccipital approach, with the trajectory above the seventh/eighth nerve complex. The attachment was at the petrotentorial junction, and the fourth nerve was intimately involved with the tumor as the tumor was emanating from the tentorial edge where the fourth nerve entered. In most instances, the nerves are displaced by the tumor but in this case injury to the fourth nerve ensued with dissection at the tumor attachment. After tumor resection, the interrupted fourth nerve was repaired microsurgically. A hemangiopericytoma was identified on pathological analysis, and the patient received postoperative radiation therapy, which has been given postoperatively or at recurrence in the literature. Technical nuances of removal are discussed. Patient consent was granted for publication of this video.
Philosophy and Model Theory
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean 
Published: May 2018

AbstractModel theory is used in every theoretical branch of analytic philosophy: in philosophy of mathematics, in philosophy of science, in philosophy of language, in philosophical logic, and in metaphysics. But these wide-ranging appeals to model theory have created a highly fragmented literature. On the one hand, many philosophically significant results are found only in mathematics textbooks: these are aimed squarely at mathematicians; they typically presuppose that the reader has a serious background in mathematics; and little clue is given as to their philosophical significance. On the other hand, the philosophical applications of these results are scattered across disconnected pockets of papers. The first aim of this book, then, is to consider the philosophical uses of model theory, focusing on the central topics of reference, realism, and doxology. Its second aim is to address important questions in the philosophy of model theory, such as: sameness of theories and structure, the boundaries of logic, and the classification of mathematical structures. Philosophy and Model Theory will be accessible to anyone who has completed an introductory logic course. It does not assume that readers have encountered model theory before, but starts right at the beginning, discussing philosophical issues that arise even with conceptually basic model theory. Moreover, the book is largely self-contained: model-theoretic notions are defined as and when they are needed for the philosophical discussion, and many of the most philosophically significant results are given accessible proofs.
Monograms, Early Christians, and Late Antique Culture
Authors: Garipzanov Ildar 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This chapter surveys the origins of monograms in the Hellenistic world and their early usage in republican and early imperial Rome, and continues with a general overview of quantitative and qualitative changes in their application in the third and fourth centuries ad. It also examines the more general cultural background to the increasing popularity of late antique monograms as protective and intercessory devices, suggesting that the growing use of such invocational monograms in visual communication paralleled the increasing popularity of acclamations in oral communication. Finally, it employs a contextualized study of the dedication monogram in the Calendar of 354 as a window into fourth-century Roman calligraphic culture. The concluding section discusses the development of a new, contemplative quality of calligraphic monograms in the late fourth century, and shows how some Neoplatonic ideas and their Christian adaptations affected late antique graphicacy.
Secular Monograms, Social Status, and Authority in the Late Roman World and Early Byzantium
Authors: Garipzanov Ildar 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the use of monograms as graphic signs of imperial authority in the late Roman and early Byzantine empire, from its appropriation on imperial coinage in the mid-fifth century to its employment in other material media in the following centuries. It also overviews the use of monograms by imperial officials and aristocrats as visible signs of social power and noble identity on mass-produced objects, dress accessories, and luxury items. The concluding section discusses a new social function for late antique monograms as visible tokens of a new Christian paideia and of elevated social status, related to ennobling calligraphic skills. This transformation of monograms into an attribute of visual Christian culture became especially apparent in sixth-century Byzantium, with the cruciform monograms appearing in the second quarter of the sixth century and becoming a default monogrammatic form from the seventh century onwards.