bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptation to environmental stress at different timescales
Authors: Kristensen Torsten Nygaard , Ketola Tarmo , Kronholm Ilkka 
Published: September 2018

AbstractEnvironments are changing rapidly, and to cope with these changes, organisms have to adapt. Adaptation can take many shapes and occur at different speeds, depending on the type of response, the trait, the population, and the environmental conditions. The biodiversity crisis that we are currently facing illustrates that numerous species and populations are not capable of adapting with sufficient speed to ongoing environmental changes. Here, we discuss current knowledge on the ability of animals and plants to adapt to environmental stress on different timescales, mainly focusing on thermal stress and ectotherms. We discuss within‐generation responses that can be fast and induced within minutes or hours, evolutionary adaptations that are often slow and take several generations, and mechanisms that lay somewhere in between and that include epigenetic transgenerational effects. To understand and predict the impacts of environmental change and stress on biodiversity, we suggest that future studies should (1) have an increased focus on understanding the type and speed of responses to fast environmental changes; (2) focus on the importance of environmental fluctuations and the predictability of environmental conditions on adaptive capabilities, preferably in field studies encompassing several fitness components; and (3) look at ecosystem responses to environmental stress and their resilience when disturbed.
Effects of health at every size® interventions on health‐related outcomes of people with overweight and obesity: a systematic review
Authors: Ulian M. D. , Aburad L. , da Silva Oliveira M. S. , Poppe A. C. M. , Sabatini F. , Perez I. , Gualano B. , Benatti F. B. , Pinto A. J. , Roble O. J. , Vessoni A. , de Morais Sato P. , Unsain R. F. , Baeza Scagliusi F. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryContextThe growing use of interventions based on the Health at Every Size® (HAES®) in obesity management.ObjectiveThis study aimed to summarize the health‐related effects of HAES®‐based interventions on people with overweight and obesity.Data sourcesMEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, Cochrane Library, LILACS, Google Scholar, OpenGrey and Grey Literature Report.Study selectionA systematic review of studies published until January 2017 reporting on HAES®‐based randomized and non‐randomized controlled trials in people with overweight and/or obesity.Data extractionFourteen papers met the inclusion criteria. The assessed studies included the following tests: blood profile, blood pressure, anthropometry, eating behaviour, energy intake, diet quality, psychological and qualitative evaluations.ResultsThe HAES® interventions benefited both the psychological and physical activity outcomes, besides promoting behavioural and qualitative changes in eating habits. On the other hand, the results regarding cardiovascular responses, body‐image perception and total energy intake were inconsistent.ConclusionsDespite improving the cardiovascular status, eating behaviours, quality of life and psychological well‐being in participants, other large long‐term clinical trials should be performed to establish the effectiveness of HAES®‐based interventions in improving health for people with overweight and obesity. PROSPERO registration 2017: CRD42017054857.
Measuring the conditioned response: A comparison of pupillometry, skin conductance, and startle electromyography
Authors: Leuchs Laura , Schneider Max , Spoormaker Victor I. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn human fear conditioning studies, different physiological readouts can be used to track conditioned responding during fear learning. Commonly employed readouts such as skin conductance responses (SCR) or startle responses have in recent years been complemented by pupillary readouts, but to date it is unknown how pupillary readouts relate to other measures of the conditioned response. To examine differences and communalities among pupil responses, SCR, and startle responses, we simultaneously recorded pupil diameter, skin conductance, and startle electromyography in 47 healthy subjects during fear acquisition, extinction, and a recall test on 2 consecutive days. The different measures correlated only weakly, displaying most prominent differences in their response patterns during fear acquisition. Whereas SCR and startle responses habituated, pupillary measures did not. Instead, they increased in response to fear conditioned stimuli and most closely followed ratings of unconditioned stimulus (US) expectancy. Moreover, we observed that startle‐induced pupil responses showed stimulus discrimination during fear acquisition, suggesting a fear potentiation of the auditory pupil reflex. We conclude that different physiological outcome measures of the conditioned response inform about different cognitive‐affective processes during fear learning, with pupil responses being least affected by physiological habituation and most closely following US expectancy.
Behavioral Public Administration ad fontes: A Synthesis of Research on Bounded Rationality, Cognitive Biases, and Nudging in Public Organizations
Authors: Battaglio R. Paul , Belardinelli Paolo , Bellé Nicola , Cantarelli Paola 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis article provides a comprehensive overview of how policy makers, practitioners, and scholars can fruitfully use behavioral science to tackle public administration, management, and policy issues. The article systematically reviews 109 articles in the public administration discipline that are inspired by the behavioral sciences to identify emerging research trajectories, significant gaps, and promising applied research directions. In an attempt to systematize and take stock of the nascent behavioral public administration scholarship, the authors trace it back to the seminal works of three Nobel Laureates—Herbert Simon, Daniel Kahneman, and Richard Thaler—and their work on bounded rationality, cognitive biases, and nudging, respectively. The cognitive biases investigated by the studies reviewed fall into the categories of accessibility, loss aversion, and overconfidence/optimism. Nudging and choice architecture are discussed as viable strategies for leveraging these cognitive traps in an attempt to alter behavior for the better, among both citizens and public servants.
The local fractional bootstrap
Authors: Bennedsen Mikkel , Hounyo Ulrich , Lunde Asger , Pakkanen Mikko S. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe introduce a bootstrap procedure for high‐frequency statistics of Brownian semistationary processes. More specifically, we focus on a hypothesis test on the roughness of sample paths of Brownian semistationary processes, which uses an estimator based on a ratio of realized power variations. Our new resampling method, the local fractional bootstrap, relies on simulating an auxiliary fractional Brownian motion that mimics the fine properties of high‐frequency differences of the Brownian semistationary process under the null hypothesis. We prove the first‐order validity of the bootstrap method, and in simulations, we observe that the bootstrap‐based hypothesis test provides considerable finite‐sample improvements over an existing test that is based on a central limit theorem. This is important when studying the roughness properties of time series data. We illustrate this by applying the bootstrap method to two empirical data sets: We assess the roughness of a time series of high‐frequency asset prices and we test the validity of Kolmogorov's scaling law in atmospheric turbulence data.
Compactly representing massive terrain models as TINs in CityGML
Authors: Kumar Kavisha , Ledoux Hugo , Stoter Jantien 
Published: September 2018

AbstractTerrains form an important part of 3D city models. GIS practitioners often model terrains with 2D grids. However, TINs (Triangulated Irregular networks) are also increasingly used in practice. One such example is the 3D city model of the Netherlands (3DTOP10NL), which covers the whole country as one massive triangulation with more than one billion triangles. Due to the massive size of terrain datasets, the main issue is how to efficiently store and maintain them. The international 3D GIS standard CityGML allows us to store TINs using the Simple Feature representation. However, we argue that it is not appropriate for storing massive TINs and has limitations. We focus in this article on an improved storage representation for massive terrain models as TINs. We review different data structures for compactly representing TINs and explore how they can be implemented in CityGML as an ADE (Application Domain Extension) to efficiently store massive terrains. We model our extension using UML, and XML schemas for the extension are automatically derived from these UML models. Experiments with massive real‐world terrains show that, with this approach, we can compress CityGML files up to a factor of ~20 with one billion+ triangles, and our method has the added benefit of explicitly storing the topological relationships of a TIN model.
Online responses to motivational interview questions enhance blood donation intention
Authors: France Christopher R. , France Janis L. 
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUNDA motivational interview may promote blood donor retention, but live interviews can be costly. To address this challenge, we conducted two studies to examine the impact of online delivery of motivational interview content on donation intention.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSIn Study 1, a total of 3883 respondents (52.2% female; mean ± SD age, 35.69 ± 11.3 years) completed a donation commitment measure and were randomly assigned to one of seven motivational interview–based questions or a no‐question control group. In Study 2, a total of 2246 respondents (58.4% female; mean ± SD age, 35.5 ± 11.4 years) with a moderate level of donation commitment were randomly assigned to receive zero to four motivational interview–based questions. In both studies, future donation intention was measured immediately after the intervention.RESULTSThe first study revealed a significant effect of interview question on donation intention among participants with moderate blood donation commitment (F(7,1299) = 3.699, p = 0.001), but not among those with low or high commitment (F(7,1233) = 1.411, p = 0.20; and F(7,1327) = 0.964, p = 0.46, respectively). Study 2 replicated the significant effect of interview questions on donation intention (F(1,2230) = 2.168, p = 0.006). Relative to the no‐question control condition, follow‐up analyses revealed significantly higher donation intentions with 14 of the 15 question combinations (p ≤ 0.05).CONCLUSIONThese findings provide initial support that online survey questions modeled on motivational interview content may elicit personal reflections that enhance donation intention, particularly among individuals with a moderate level of donation commitment.
Bombay phenotype (Oh) and high‐titer anti‐H in pregnancy: two case reports and a review of the literature
Authors: Bullock Tom , Win Nay , Jackson Barry , Sivarajan Sharmila , Penny James , Mir Naheed 
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUNDAntenatal cases of Bombay‐phenotype (Oh) individuals and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) are not well described in the literature. We present two case reports of high‐titer anti‐H in pregnant Oh individuals and their serologic investigation, clinical management, and subsequent outcomes. We describe current published cases detailing pregnancy in Oh individuals, to add to the evidence base for clinical decision making and management of pregnancy.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSWe describe two case reports of high‐titer anti‐H in pregnancy in Oh individuals. We summarize published cases to date, to inform clinical decision making and antenatal management in individuals with the Bombay phenotype.RESULTSOf the case reports described, neither were affected by HDFN due to anti‐H. Antibody titers were high in both cases (immunoglobulin G titer scores, 512 and 4000, respectively) and would be expected to cause some degree of HDFN, a surprising finding. Regular mean cerebral artery Doppler ultrasound was normal. Patient blood management (PBM) techniques ensured that the patient's hemoglobin (Hb) levels were monitored and maintained. Transfusion intervention was not required, with minimal blood loss recorded at birth in both cases.CONCLUSIONHigh‐titer anti‐H in Oh pregnancies may, in rare cases, cause HDFN, but evidence suggests that this may not be the case in all pregnancies. We recommend a multidisciplinary approach, with prompt referral to a fetomaternal medicine unit, combined with PBM strategies, and a planned delivery with the provision of rare‐phenotype units (if available and if indicated) on standby.
Fluid resuscitation in paediatric burns: how do we get it right? A systematic review of the evidence
Authors: Stutchfield Christopher , Davies Anna , Young Amber 
Published: September 2018

BackgroundOptimal fluid resuscitation in children with major burns is crucial to prevent or minimise burn shock and prevent complications of over-resuscitation.ObjectivesTo identify studies using endpoints to guide fluid resuscitation in children with burns, review the range of reported endpoint targets and assess whether there is evidence that targeted endpoints impact on outcome.DesignSystematic review.MethodsMedline, Embase, Cinahl and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched with no restrictions on study design or date. Search terms combined burns, fluid resuscitation, endpoints, goal-directed therapy and related synonyms. Studies reporting primary data regarding children with burns (<16 years) and targeting fluid resuscitation endpoints were included. Data were extracted using a proforma and the results were narratively reviewed.ResultsFollowing screening of 777 unique references, 7 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Four studies were exclusively paediatric. Six studies used urine output (UO) as the primary endpoint. Of these, one set a minimum UO threshold, while the remainder targeted a range from 0.5–1.0 mL/kg/hour to 2–3 mL/kg/hour. No studies compared different UO targets. Heterogeneous study protocols and outcomes precluded comparison between the UO targets. One study targeted invasive haemodynamic variables, but this did not significantly affect patient outcome.ConclusionsFew studies have researched resuscitation endpoints for children with burns. Those that have done so have investigated heterogeneous endpoints and endpoint targets. There is a need for future randomised controlled trials to identify optimal endpoints with which to target fluid resuscitation in children with burns.
Pediatric perimedullary arteriovenous fistula: clinical features and endovascular treatments
Authors: Li Jingwei , Zeng Gao , Zhi Xinglong , Bian Lisong , Yang Fan , Du Jianxin , Ling Feng , Zhang Hongqi 
Published: September 2018

ObjectivePediatric spinal perimedullary arteriovenous fistula (PMAVF) is rare but may cause permanent disability. We aim to summarize the clinical features of pediatric PMAVFs and our clinical experience in their treatment and to evaluate the effect of endovascular treatment in a large cohort.MethodsFrom 2008 to 2017, 51 PMAVFs in pediatric patients (<14 years' old) treated with endovascular techniques were retrospectively reviewed, including 24 type IVb (47.1%) and 27 type IVc (52.9%) lesions. Clinical features, radiological findings, treatment, and outcomes were evaluated.ResultsThirty-eight boys and thirteen girls were included, and the mean age at presentation was 5.6±4.1 years. Acute neurological deterioration was identified in 33 patients, and 21 of those patients (63.6%) suffered from bleeding. The annual bleeding rate before treatment was 2.55%. After transarterial embolization with coils and glue, 46 PMAVFs (90.2%) were completely occluded, and five (9.8%) were obliterated by supplementary microsurgery. During a follow-up period of 6 to 119 months (mean 58.4±16.7 months), the patients’ clinical states were improved in 42 cases (82.4%), stationary in nine cases (17.6%), and aggravated in none. Type IVc patients had a longer preoperative period, more chronic symptoms, a lower cure rate by embolization, and less improvement of symptoms than type IVb patients had (P<0.05).ConclusionsPediatric PMAVF is a special subgroup of intradural arteriovenous shunt that should be treated early. Endovascular embolization is safe and effective in the treatment of pediatric PMAVFs.
Adult skeletal muscle deletion of Mitofusin 1 and 2 impedes exercise performance and training capacity
Authors: Bell Margaret B. , Bush Zachary , McGinnis Graham R. , Rowe Glenn C. 
Published: September 2018

Endurance exercise has been shown to be a positive regulator of skeletal muscle metabolic function. Changes in mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission) have been shown to influence mitochondrial oxidative capacity. We therefore tested whether genetic disruption of mitofusins (Mfns) affected exercise performance in adult skeletal muscle. We generated adult-inducible skeletal muscle-specific Mfn1 (iMS-Mfn1KO), Mfn2 (iMS-Mfn2KO), and Mfn1/2 (iMS-MfnDKO) knockout mice. We assessed exercise capacity by performing a treadmill time to exhaustion stress test before deletion and up to 8 wk after deletion. Analysis of either the iMS-Mfn1KO or the iMS-Mfn2KO did not reveal an effect on exercise capacity. However, analysis of iMS-MfnDKO animals revealed a progressive reduction in exercise performance. We measured individual electron transport chain (ETC) complex activity and observed a reduction in ETC activity in both the subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar mitochondrial fractions specifically for NADH dehydrogenase (complex I) and cytochrome- c oxidase (complex IV), which was associated with a decrease in ETC subunit expression for these complexes. We also tested whether voluntary exercise training would prevent the decrease in exercise capacity observed in iMS-MfnDKO animals ( n = 10/group). However, after 8 wk of training we did not observe any improvement in exercise capacity or ETC subunit parameters in iMS-MfnDKO animals. These data suggest that the decrease in exercise capacity observed in the iMS-MfnDKO animals is in part the result of impaired ETC subunit expression and ETC complex activity. Taken together, these results provide strong evidence that mitochondrial fusion in adult skeletal muscle is important for exercise performance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to utilize an adult-inducible skeletal muscle-specific knockout model for Mitofusin (Mfn)1 and Mfn2 to assess exercise capacity. Our findings reveal a progressive decrease in exercise performance with Mfn1 and Mfn2 deletion. The decrease in exercise capacity was accompanied by impaired oxidative phosphorylation specifically for complex I and complex IV. Furthermore, voluntary exercise training was unable to rescue the impairment, suggesting that normal fusion is essential for exercise-induced mitochondrial adaptations.
Renal autoregulation in experimental septic shock and its response to vasopressin and norepinephrine administration
Authors: Post Emiel Hendrik , Su Fuhong , Righy Shinotsuka Cláudia , Taccone Fabio Silvio , Creteur Jacques , De Backer Daniel , Vincent Jean-Louis 
Published: September 2018

Evidence suggests that septic shock patients with chronic arterial hypertension may benefit from resuscitation targeted to achieve higher blood pressure values than other patients, possibly as a result of altered renal autoregulation. The effects of different vasopressor agents on renal autoregulation may be important in this context. We investigated the effects of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and norepinephrine (NE) on renal autoregulation in ovine septic shock. Sepsis was induced by fecal peritonitis. When shock developed (decrease in mean arterial pressure to <65 mmHg and no fluid responsiveness), animals were randomized to receive NE or AVP in a crossover design. Before the switch to the second vasopressor, the first vasopressor was discontinued for 30 min to ensure complete washout of the first vasopressor. Renal autoregulation was evaluated by recording the change in renal blood flow (RBF) in response to manual, stepwise reductions in renal inflow pressure. In this model, the lower limit of renal autoregulation was not significantly altered 6 h after sepsis induction (59 ± 9 vs. 64 ± 7 mmHg at baseline, P = 0.096). After development of shock, the autoregulatory threshold was lower with AVP than with NE (59 ± 5 vs. 65 ± 7 mmHg, P = 0.010). However, RBF was higher with NE both at the start of autoregulatory measurements (206 ± 58 vs. 170 ± 52 ml/min; P = 0.049) and at the autoregulatory threshold (191 ± 53 vs. 150 ± 47 ml/min; P = 0.008). As vasopressors may have different effects on renal autoregulation, blood pressure management in patients with septic shock should be individualized and take into account drug-specific effects. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Septic shock patients with chronic arterial hypertension may benefit from higher blood pressure targets due to underlying deficits in renal autoregulatory efficiency. The current study is the first to show that the choice of vasopressor agent can differentially affect renal autoregulation. These findings may contribute to more personalized blood pressure management in patients with septic shock.
Comparison of Oral Collection Methods for Studies of Microbiota
Authors: Vogtmann Emily , Chen Jun , Kibriya Muhammad G. , Amir Amnon , Shi Jianxin , Chen Yu , Islam Tariqul , Eunes Mahbubul , Ahmed Alauddin , Naher Jabun , Rahman Anisur , Barmon Bhaswati , Knight Rob , Chia Nicholas , Ahsan Habibul , Abnet Christian C. , Sinha Rashmi 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Background:
A number of cohort studies have collected Scope mouthwash samples by mail, which are being used for microbiota measurements. We evaluated the stability of Scope mouthwash samples at ambient temperature and determined the comparability of Scope mouthwash with saliva collection using the OMNIgene ORAL Kit.

Methods:
Fifty-three healthy volunteers from Mayo Clinic and 50 cohort members from Bangladesh provided oral samples. One aliquot of the OMNIgene ORAL and Scope mouthwash were frozen immediately and one aliquot of the Scope mouthwash remained at ambient temperature for 4 days and was then frozen. DNA was extracted and the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was PCR amplified and sequenced using the HiSeq. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated.

Results:
The overall stability of the Scope mouthwash samples was relatively high for alpha and beta diversity. For example, the meta-analyzed ICC for the Shannon index was 0.86 (95% confidence interval, 0.76–0.96). Similarly, the ICCs for the relative abundance of the top 25 genera were generally high. The comparability of the two sample types was relatively low when measured using ICCs, but were increased by using a Spearman correlation coefficient (SCC) to compare the rank order of individuals.

Conclusions:
Overall, the Scope mouthwash samples appear to be stable at ambient temperature, which suggests that oral rinse samples received by the mail can be used for microbial analyses. However, Scope mouthwash samples were distinct compared with OMNIgene ORAL samples.

Impact:
Studies should try to compare oral microbial metrics within one sample collection type.