bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMT Val158Met Polymorphism, Cardiometabolic Risk, and Nadir CD4 Synergistically Increase Risk of Neurocognitive Impairment in Men Living With HIV
Authors: Saloner Rowan , Marquine Maria J. , Sundermann Erin E. , Hong Suzi , McCutchan John Allen , Ellis Ronald J. , Heaton Robert K. , Grant Igor , Cherner Mariana 
Published: May 2019

Objective:The Val allele of the Val158Met single-nucleotide polymorphism of the catechol-o-methyltransferase gene (COMT) results in faster metabolism and reduced bioavailability of dopamine (DA). Among persons living with HIV, Val carriers display neurocognitive deficits relative to Met carriers, presumably due to exacerbation of HIV-related depletion of DA.COMTmay also impact neurocognition by modulating cardiometabolic function, which is often dysregulated among persons living with HIV. We examined the interaction ofCOMT, cardiometabolic risk, and nadir CD4 on neurocognitive impairment (NCI) among HIV+ men.Methods:Three hundred twenty-nine HIV+ men underwentCOMTgenotyping and neurocognitive and neuromedical assessments. Cohort-standardized z scores for body mass index, systolic blood pressure, glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were averaged to derive a cardiometabolic risk score (CMRS). NCI was defined as demographically adjusted global deficit score of ≥0.5. Logistic regression modeled NCI as a function ofCOMT, CMRS, and their interaction, covarying for estimated premorbid function, race/ethnicity, and HIV-specific characteristics. Follow-up analysis included the 3-way interaction ofCOMT, CMRS, and nadir CD4.Results:Genotypes were 81 (24.6%) Met/Met, 147 (44.7%) Val/Met, and 101 (30.7%) Val/Val.COMTinteracted with CMRS (P= 0.02) such that higher CMRS increased risk of NCI among Val/Val [odds ratio (OR) = 2.13,P< 0.01], but not Val/Met (OR = 0.93,P> 0.05) or Met/Met (OR = 0.92,P> 0.05) carriers. Among Val/Val, nadir CD4 moderated the effect of CMRS (P< 0.01) such that higher CMRS increased likelihood of NCI only when nadir CD4 <180.Discussion:Results suggest a tripartite model by which genetically driven low DA reserve, cardiometabolic dysfunction, and historical immunosuppression synergistically enhance risk of NCI among HIV+ men, possibly due to neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.
Norovirus in health care and implications for the immunocompromised host
Authors: Chong Pearlie P. , Atmar Robert L. 
Published: May 2019

Purpose of review
The majority of norovirus outbreaks in the United States occur in healthcare facilities. With the growing population of immunocompromised hosts who are in frequent contact with healthcare facilities, norovirus is not only a threat to hospitals and nursing homes but also to these individuals. This review summarizes the impact of norovirus infection on healthcare facilities and immunocompromised hosts.

Recent findings
The natural history of norovirus infection in immunocompromised individuals remains poorly understood. Although host immune responses play a critical role in reducing duration of viral shedding and viral load in norovirus-infected individuals, why some immunocompromised patients spontaneously recover while others develop a chronic and protracted course of illness remains unclear. Norovirus outbreaks occur in healthcare facilities because the virus is highly contagious, resistant to disinfection and efficiently transmitted. The use of real-time metagenomic next-generation sequencing and phylogenetic analyses has provided valuable information on transmission patterns in complex hospital-associated norovirus outbreaks. The development of human intestinal enteroid cultures enables the determination of effectiveness of disinfectants against human noroviruses, circumventing the validity questions with surrogate virus models due to differences in susceptibility to inactivation and disinfectants.

Summary
Metagenomics next-generation sequencing can enhance our understanding of norovirus transmission and lead to more timely mitigation strategies to curb norovirus outbreaks in healthcare facilities. With new in-vitro cultivation methods for human noroviruses, candidate vaccines and effective antivirals could be available in the near future.
Size of the Tonsil on Ultrasound in Children Without Tonsil-Associated Symptoms
Authors: Hosokawa Takahiro , Yamada Yoshitake , Takahashi Hiroaki , Tanami Yutaka , Sato Yumiko , Hosokawa Mayumi , Oguma Eiji 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This study was performed to establish the reference for tonsil size in children, including neonates, without tonsil-associated symptoms, in relation to anthropometric indices (sex/age/height/weight/body mass index).
We evaluated the size of both tonsils in 362 children by ultrasonography. Tonsil size was calculated as 0.523abc (a, transverse diameter on the transverse image; b, longitudinal diameter on the transverse image; c, longitudinal diameter on the longitudinal image) and compared between each age year using the Wilcoxon signed rank sum test with Bonferroni correction. We evaluated the relationships between tonsil size and anthropometric indices.
Among these children, tonsil size was significantly increased by the age of 3 years (0–1 vs 1–2 [volume (right) = 210.15 ± 205.27 vs 737.83 ± 335.72 mm3, P (right) < 0.0001 and volume (left) = 218.26 ± 207.23 vs 645.33 ± 240.31 mm3, P (left) < 0.0001]; 1–2 vs 2–3 [volume (right) = 737.83 ± 335.72 vs 1073.86 ± 468.21 mm3, P (right) = 0.004 and volume (left) = 645.33 ± 240.31 vs 1109.73 ± 563.20 mm3, P (left) < 0.0001]). Although there was a tendency for the tonsil size to increase in years 3–12, there was no significant difference. Using single linear regression analysis, we found a correlation between tonsil size and age (r right/left = 0.67/0.65), height (r right/left = 0.72/0.70), and weight (r right/left = 0.66/0.64), with height having the strongest correlation.
In conclusion, tonsil size significantly increased by 3 years of age. Tonsil size was correlated with anthropometric indices, with height showing the strongest correlation.
Reliability of Real-Time Sonoelastography in the Diagnosis of Supraspinatus Tendinopathy
Authors: Aydın Elçin , Söylev Gözde Özcan , Muratlı Sedit Kıvanç , Limnili Bora , Boya Hakan , Tekindal Mustafa Agah , Ağıldere Muhteşem 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The practicality of real-time sonoelastography in the diagnosis of tendinopathy is being discussed since the beginning of its use in musculoskeletal system. The aims of this study were to compare the elasticity of pathologic supraspinatus tendon with the uninvolved side by sonoelastography and to determine the relationship between the sonoelastographic findings and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) grade of the tendinosis. Eighty-2 patients (50 males, 32 females, mean ± SD age = 53.61 ± 16.15 years, range = 20–84 years) with unilateral supraspinatus tendinosis were included in this study. Three grades of tendinosis were identified in MRI (grade 1: mild, grade 2: moderate, and grade 3: severe). The strain ratio (SR) of the tendinosis area to the healthy normal area of the same tendon tissue and SR of the tendinosis area to ipsilateral subcutaneous fat tissue were evaluated with sonoelastography. The SRs of the tendinosis areas were also compared with the control (contralateral) side tendon tissue and subcutaneous fat tissue of the same patients. Between-groups comparisons were also done according to the MRI grading. Statistical analysis was done using paired t test (P < 0.005 was considered statistically significant). There was a statistically significant difference in the comparison of the SRs of the tendinosis areas to subcutaneous fat tissues on ipsilateral shoulders (TA/SFT) and the healthy supraspinatus tendon area (TA/ST) of the same shoulder. There was also statistically significant difference when compared with the control side measurements (P < 0.01). In patients who have grade 1 and grade 3 tendinosis on MRI, there was statistically significant difference between elastrographic evaluation of affected and unaffected sides. Real-time sonoelastography is a reliable diagnostic method in patients with rotator cuff tendinosis and shall be kept in mind as a noninvasive, inexpensive, and practical diagnostic test in suitable cases.
A Novel Use of Buccal Fat Pad Flap for Immediate Reconstruction of Palatal Tumor Resection Defect
Authors: Koç Onur , Tüz Hakan H. , Tosun Emre 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Integrity of the palatal mucosa may be disrupted due to various pathological and congenital factors. In maxillofacial defects, the buccal fat pad has been used frequently to repair the palatal region and close oro-nasal communications. In this case report, the use of buccal fat pad for the closure of a surgical palatal defect is presented with a 3-year follow-up. A 75-year-old female patient visited our clinic with a complaint of a non-adaptive maxillary denture. During clinical and radiographic examination, a well-demarcated mass on the palatal mucosa extending to the soft palate of the left side was observed. Subsequent to resection of the tumor, a defect occurred on the palatal region extending toward the soft palate. The pedicled buccal fat pad was chosen for closure of the defect. The patient was followed-up at 3, 7, 14, and 30 days after surgery. Epithelization and healing of the surgical wound were uneventful. At the 3-year follow-up, functional closure of the left palatal region was observed with no recurrence. Buccal fat pad is an easily manipulated flap with predictable results for the reconstruction of medium-sized defects of the oral and maxillofacial region with minimal postoperative discomfort for the patient.
The Trends of Pediatric Facial Fractures Due to Violence in a Level One Trauma Population
Authors: Wainwright D’Arcy J. , Moffitt Joseph K. , Bartz-Kurycki Marisa , Wainwright David J. , Anderson Kathryn , Demian Nagi , Teichgraeber John F. , Greives Matthew R. 
Published: May 2019

Introduction:
Pediatric facial fractures due to intentionally violent mechanisms represent a unique subset of facial fractures. The objective of our research is to identify how violence affects patterns of facial fractures and their management in pediatric patients.

Methods:
An IRB approved, retrospective study of our institution's pediatric patients ≤18 years of age who presented with ≥1 facial fracture due to violence from January 2006 to December 2015 was performed. Violence was defined as trauma intended to hurt another or self. Demographics, fractures, mechanism, concomitant injuries, and management were analyzed.

Results:
The 1274 patients were diagnosed with facial fractures, with 235 of these due to violence (18%). These patients of violence (POV) had 332 fractures, with an average fracture per patient of 1.4 ± .0.8. The majority (86%) were male, Non-Hispanic African American (35%), and the average age was 15.9 ± 2.8 years. The most common fracture was the mandible (50% of patients) and most common mechanism was assault (76%). The POV were older, male, and of minority race/ethnic groups when compared to patients of non-violence (PONV) (P <0.01). The POV presented with fewer concomitant injuries, were less likely to be admitted to the intensive care unit, and more often surgically managed when compared to the PONV (P <0.01).

Conclusion:
This study represents the largest US, single institution, Level 1 trauma center study of pediatric facial fractures. Pediatric patients with facial fractures due to a violent mechanism represent a distinct category of trauma patients with a unique profile of injuries.
Correlation Between Speech Outcomes and the Amount of Maxillary Advancement After Orthognathic Surgery (Le Fort I Conventional Osteotomy and Distraction Osteogenesis) in Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Chung Jeehyeok , Lim Joonho , Park Hyunyoung , Yoo Anna , Kim Sukwha , Koo Yountaek 
Published: May 2019

Background:
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the factors affecting the speech outcome following Le fort I conventional osteotomy(CO) or Le Fort I distraction osteogenesis(DO) in patients with cleft lip and palate at a single institution.

Method:
Records of cleft lip and palate patients who underwent orthognathic surgery between 2010 and 2015 were reviewed. Data included age at orthognathic surgery, sex, cleft lip and palate type, type of orthognathic surgery, the amount of maxillary advancement, and speech assessment. Speech outcomes were classified into 2 categories. Compared with the pre and post-operative Pittsburgh Weighted speech scale scores, in case that the post-operative total score is increased the authors define it as “Speech deterioration” and if not, the authors define it as “Speech preservation.”

Result:
The 44 patients were identified, 33 patients underwent CO and 11 patients underwent DO. The mean age was 19.4 ± 1.4. The mean period time of speech evaluation after orthognathic surgery was 1.0 ± 0.46 year. The mean amount of maxillary advancement was 7.2 ± 3.2 mm and show significant correlation with speech outcomes. (P = 0.012) . In CO group, the patients who had the maxilla 1∼5 mm advancement maintained their speech completely and 44% of patients with 6∼8 mm deteriorated their speech. In DO group, patients with 9∼10 mm maintained their speech completely, 50% of patients with 11∼12 mm deteriorated their speech and 100% of patients with 13∼16 mm deteriorated their speech. According to the relationship between the amount of maxillary advancement and speech outcomes, there was a statistically significant correlation in both CO and DO groups. (P = 0.04, 0.029).

Conclusion:
It was found that speech of the patients with more amount of maxillary advancement tended to get worse. Also, it was observed that there exist some stable ranges of maxillary advancement for speech safety which does not effect on speech. (1∼5 mm in CO group and 9∼10 mm in DO group).
Three-Dimension–Printed Surgical Guide for Accurate and Safe Mandibuloplasty in Patients With Prominent Mandibular Angles
Authors: Yi Chang Ryul , Choi Jong-Woo 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Performance of mandibuloplasty is highly dependent on each surgeon's experience, and reproducing the results of simulation surgery is often difficult. In order to obtain successful clinical outcomes, a fast and efficient surgery technique that minimizes operation time and risk to patients is needed. The authors designed a 3D-printed mandible fit surgical guide for use as a bridge between simulation and actual surgery.
The authors enrolled 7 patients with prominent mandibular angle who visited the outpatient clinic of the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at Asan Medical Center in Seoul, Korea between December 2013 and May 2017.
The surgical guides were made with a 3D printer and simulated based on individual facial bone CT scans. The surgical guides were designed to fit the lower border of the mandible and to cover the portion planned for removal.
The resulting personalized 3D-printed surgical guides were applied on both mandibular angles to the body and along the lower border of the mandible. Osteotomy of the mandibular angle and body were performed along the surgical guide. All patients recovered without any immediate postoperative complications. The use of 3D-printed surgical guide was effective in simplifying the process of mandibuloplasty.
Our results demonstrate the value of 3D printing technology in mandibuloplasty.
Temporal Hollowing Augmentation With Polyetheretherketone Patient-Specific Implant
Authors: Doh GyeongHyeon , Eo SuRak , Hong Ki Yong 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Temporal hollowing is a common complication of surgical dissection in the temporal region. As it is a serious cosmetic problem, the need for reconstruction is increasing. Advances in medical imaging, computer software, 3-dimensional printing technology, and biochemistry have enabled surgeons to use patient-specific implants for correction of craniofacial deformities. Titanium, polymethylmethacrylate, and polyetheretherketone are representative materials of the alloplastic implant. In this article, the authors report the first case of temporal hollowing augmentation using a polyetheretherketone patient-specific implant.
Reduced Peripapillary and Macular Vessel Density in Unilateral Postgeniculate Lesions With Retrograde Transsynaptic Degeneration
Authors: Jaumandreu Laia , Sánchez-Gutiérrez Veronica , Muñoz-Negrete Francisco J. , de Juan Victoria , Rebolleda Gema 
Published: May 2019

Background:
Retrograde transsynaptic degeneration (RTSD) of the retinal ganglion cells and retinal nerve fiber layer after postgeniculate injury has been well documented, but to the best of our knowledge, associated retinal microvascular changes have not been examined. The purpose of our study was to assess vessel density (VD) at macular and peripapillary regions in patients with RTSD.

Methods:
Cross-sectional study including 16 patients with homonymous visual field defects secondary to unilateral postgeniculate visual pathway injury and 18 age-matched controls. All participants were examined with AngioVue optical coherence tomography angiography to measure the peripapillary vessel density and macular vessel density (pVD/mVD) as well as the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) and macular ganglion cell complex (GCC) thicknesses. The pRNFL and macular ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thicknesses also were evaluated using Cirrus OCT. A normalized asymmetry score (NAS) was calculated for GCIPL and GCC thickness, and mVD.

Results:
Average pRNFL and macular GCIPL/GCC thicknesses were significantly thinner in both eyes of patients compared with control eyes (all P ≤ 0.05). Eight patients (50%), who showed a RTSD of the GCIPL map, had a relative thinning of the GCIPL/GCC ipsilateral to the brain lesion in both eyes (represented by a positive GCIPL-NAS/GCC-NAS). The mean pVD and mVD also were significantly reduced in patients (all P ≤ 0.05). There was a strong correlation between GCIPL-NAS/GCC-NAS and mVD-NAS index in both eyes (all r > 0.7, P = 0.001). Furthermore, there was a similar spatial pattern of damage for the macular GCC thickness and VD values.

Conclusions:
We demonstrated a significant VD decrease in peripapillary and macular areas of patients with RTSD because of postgeniculate lesions. The structural and microvascular asymmetry indexes were significantly correlated. These findings provide new insights regarding transsynaptic degeneration of the visual system.
Retrospective Association Analysis of Longitudinal Binary Traits Identifies Important Loci and Pathways in Cocaine Use
Authors: Wu Weimiao , Wang Zhong , Xu Ke , Zhang Xinyu , Amei Amei , Gelernter Joel , Zhao Hongyu , Justice Amy C. , Wang Zuoheng 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARYLongitudinal phenotypes have been increasingly available in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and electronic health record-based studies for identification of genetic variants that influence complex traits over time. For longitudinal binary data, there remain significant challenges in gene mapping, including misspecification of the model for the phenotype distribution due to ascertainment. Here, we propose L-BRAT, a retrospective, generalized estimating equations-based method for genetic association analysis of longitudinal binary outcomes. We also develop RGMMAT, a retrospective, generalized linear mixed model-based association test. Both tests are retrospective score approaches in which genotypes are treated as random conditional on phenotype and covariates. They allow both static and time-varying covariates to be included in the analysis. Through simulations, we illustrated that retrospective association tests are robust to ascertainment and other types of phenotype model misspecification, and gain power over previous association methods. We applied L-BRAT and RGMMAT to a genome-wide association analysis of repeated measures of cocaine use in a longitudinal cohort. Pathway analysis implicated association with opioid signaling and axonal guidance signaling pathways. Lastly, we replicated important pathways in an independent cocaine dependence case-control GWAS. Our results illustrate that L-BRAT is able to detect important loci and pathways in a genome scan and to provide insights into genetic architecture of cocaine use.
easyCLIP Quantifies RNA-Protein Interactions and Characterizes Recurrent PCBP1 Mutations in Cancer
Authors: Porter Douglas F. , Khavari Paul A. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTRNA-protein interactions mediate a host of cellular processes, underscoring the need for methods to quantify their occurrence in living cells. RNA interaction frequencies for the average cellular protein are undefined, however, and there is no quantitative threshold to define a protein as an RNA-binding protein (RBP). Ultraviolet (UV) cross-linking immunoprecipitation (CLIP)-sequencing, an effective and widely used means of characterizing RNA-protein interactions, would particularly benefit from the capacity to quantitate the number of RNA cross-links per protein per cell. In addition, CLIP-seq methods are difficult, have high experimental failure rates and many ambiguous analytical decisions. To address these issues, the easyCLIP method was developed and used to quantify RNA-protein interactions for a panel of known RBPs as well as a spectrum of random non-RBP proteins. easyCLIP provides the advantages of good efficiency compared to current standards, a simple protocol with a very low failure rate, troubleshooting information that includes direct visualization of prepared libraries without amplification, and a new form of analysis. easyCLIP, which uses sequential on-bead ligation of 5’ and 3’ adapters tagged with different infrared dyes, classified non-RBPs as those with a per protein RNA cross-link rate of <0.1%, with most RBPs substantially above this threshold, including Rbfox1 (18%), hnRNPC (22%), CELF1 (11%), FBL (2%), and STAU1 (1%). easyCLIP with the PCBP1L100 RBP mutant recurrently seen in cancer quantified increased RNA binding compared to wild-type PCBP1 and suggested a potential mechanism for this RBP mutant in cancer. easyCLIP provides a simple, efficient and robust method to both obtain both traditional CLIP-seq information and to define actual RNA interaction frequencies for a given protein, enabling quantitative cross-RBP comparisons as well as insight into RBP mechanisms.