bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical and Electrical Performance Evaluation of the Crossed Compound Parabolic Concentrator Module for the Application of Ultra-High Concentrator Photovoltaic System
Authors: Lee Pei-Shan , Wong Chee-Woon , Yew Tiong-Keat , Tan Ming-Hui , Chong Kok-Keong , Tan Woei-Chong , Lim Boon-Han 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This paper presents the performance evaluation in terms of optical and electrical characteristics of the crossed compound parabolic concentrator (CCPC) module for the application of the ultra-high concentrator photovoltaic (UHCPV) system. The CCPC module is the integration of a dielectric-filled 3D CCPC lens and a multi-junction solar cell (MJSC) module. The optical efficiency of the refractive lens has been evaluated through the ray-tracing simulation technique by including all the possible optical losses at each component level, and the output current of the MJSC module has also been calculated in accordance with its spectral response to the wavelengths range from 300 nm to 1800 nm. The optical efficiency of CCPC lens itself is determined to be 69.33%. With reference to the output current of the MJSC module without a CCPC lens, an optical concentration ratio of 4.65 is observed in the simulated result. An indoor experiment has been performed to validate the simulated result, in which an effective optical concentration ratio of 4.57 has been obtained via laboratory measurement. The experimental result is matched well with the simulated result and it shows that the CCPC module has an effective optical efficiency of 76.17% as the geometrical concentration ratio of the CCPC lens is 6.00. The detailed study of CCPC module is good for optimizing the performance of the UHCPV system.
In-situ synthesis and characterization of metal free heteroatom doped graphene based oxygen reduction reaction catalyst from pyrolysed Assam silk cocoons
Authors: Boro Bibha , Kumar Kakati Biraj , Mushrifa Zahan Syeda , Verma Vikas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The fuel cell and electrolyzer together may be an important alternative source for clean energy production. The oxygen-hydrogen produced in the water splitting reaction in an electrolyzer may also be used in any conventional combustion engines with a little or no modification of the existing engines. The sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in these devices necessitates higher loading of catalysts in the cathode. However, the best catalyst used in fuel cell and electrolyzer is platinum and/or its derivatives. The use of metal free graphene based heteroatom doped ORR catalyst may be a promising alternative for conventional platinum electrocatalyst. In particular, nitrogen-doped Graphene synthesized from natural carbon based biomass material has the potential to be a sustainable, green and economical ORR. In this study, Assam silk cocoons was used to synthesize nitrogen doped graphene based catalyst via one step in-situ pyrolysis. The morphological and chemical characterization of the synthesized catalyst was carried out with the help of XRD, Raman, FTIR, TEM, EDS and XPS. The X-Ray diffractograms of the catalyst revealed presence of defect induced broad peaks at graphitic 002 and 004 peaks at 24.5° and 43°, respectively. The Raman spectra showed the presence of D-band, G-band and D′ band with an ID/IG ratio of 0.86. The EDS analysis confirmed the presence of 21.55 At% in-situ nitrogen in the synthesized catalyst. The morphological analysis through TEM showed the presence of multilayer graphene. The formation of in-situ nitrogen doped graphene catalyst was confirmed through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which showed the presence of pyridinic and graphitic nitrogen. The synthesized electrocatalyst was later analyzed with the help of a rotating disk electrode for its catalytic activity in ORR.
Application of biochar coupled with FGD waste for waste management in agriculture improvement
Authors: Sengsingkham Thidphavanh , Trung Phan Nghia , Tiyayon Pimsiri , Maneeintr Kreangkrai 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Flue gas desulfurization waste (FGD) is one of coal combustion products (CCP) in coal-fired power plants. Mostly, FGD gypsum is applied in cement and wallboard industry. Also, it can be used in agricultural activities for soil amendment but the amount of FGD waste used in this function is still low. Furthermore, biochar has long been used to improve soil fertility. The positive impacts of biochar amendment on soils are that it can increase soil capacity to adsorb plant nutrients, decrease soil bulk density, increase plant available water retention and so on. In Thailand, some areas like Nan province has a problem of soil degradation from deforestation and excess use of chemical fertilizer. With the benefits of these FGD waste and biochar, the study of soil amendment will be performed by using degraded soil. Therefore, this research is aimed to apply FGD waste coupled with biochar to improve soil quality from degraded soil in Nan Province. Also, the objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of FGD waste and biochar on soil properties such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), bulk density and soil texture. The concentrations of FGD waste and biochar are ranged from 5-25% and 5-30% by weight, respectively. The results present that the soil quality has been improved in that pH can increases from 5.664 up to 7.309. The soil texture has changed in the better quality from clay to silty loam or loam. Furthermore, the bulk density of soil is reduced in order to have more space for air and water for all mixture which is conducive to plant growth. Consequently, this research can contribute to the improvement of degraded soil properties to fit well for agriculture and the results can be applied for practice in the real field.
Assessment of the Environmental, Technical and Economic Issues Associated with Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste in Malaysia
Authors: Bashir M J K , Ng C A , Sethupathi S , Lim J W 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Malaysia is a fast emerging economy country and its outlook on sustainable energy production are at the center of debate. Although waste to energy (WtE) technologies are well established but the disconformity of the municipal solid waste (MSW) composition, the complexity of the treatment facilities, and the pollutant emissions still express considerable issues for these technologies. Hence, this study focuses on WtE technologies in Malaysia by considering the energy potentials of the landfill sites and incineration plants as the most common effective MSW in Malaysia. The major environmental, technical and economic issues associated with WtE technologies were evaluated. An annual growth rate of 3.3% has been projected for MSW production in Malaysia. The most common used WtE technologies were incineration and controlled landfill to capture Landfill Gas (LFG). Malaysia MSW contains 60% biodegradable fraction, making landfills a potential source of LFG. Although, the potential of energy recovery from waste in Malaysia is high but the current production is less than 20 MW of electricity per day.
The Integration of Lean and Green Manufacturing for Malaysian Manufacturers: A Literature Review to Explore the Synergies between Lean and Green Model
Authors: Wen Chiet Cheong , Tan Ching Ng , Lip Huat Saw , Fathi Masood , Jaw Tzuu Tan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In general, profitability and efficiency have been the main interest for organization. However, the increasing concerns for the environment from government, regulators, customers, and other stakeholders has forced companies to seek for alternatives to achieve green objectives. The difficulties faced by organizations are lack of awareness and guideline in implementing green practices in their daily operation. Under constrained resources, employers are reluctant to spend money on something unclear. During the last decade, lean manufacturing seems to be visible trend in most of the manufacturing industries in Malaysia. As lean tends to emphasize on waste reduction, it provides similarity between lean and green. Therefore, it is a better atmosphere to deploy green practices and tools under existing lean manufacturing. The purpose of this paper is to present a review on the synergies between green and lean and identifying the determinants that affecting both lean and green manufacturing for Malaysian manufacturers. The determinant obtained are financial benefit, incentive, legislation, stakeholder, management commitment, technology, environmental awareness and brand image or competitiveness. Besides, the authors identified and suggested future research directions on developing an integrated lean-green model for daily operation. This study aims to assist researchers to identify the opportunities and challenges on lean-green model and this review is useful for manufacturers and government in developing manufacturing policies and guideline.
Assessing the Integration of Large-Scale Solar PV to a Nine-Bus Power System
Authors: Khan Rehan , Yun Ii Go 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Solar energy has numerous promising features which also includes CO2 reduction. The adoption of large-scale solar PV ensures that demand can be satisfied by utilising renewable energy and reduces the dependency on the conventional non-renewable energy resources. Bringing this energy to widespread consumers requires transmission medium. However, controlling and bringing the harvested energy to the homes and industries is a task which needs attention. According to the various researches, it is deduced that the implementation of large-scale solar PV will have a marked effect on the grid which may lead to instability. The main obstacle to implementation is the distribution and transmission of energy to the recipients. In this study, the efforts are put to design the large-scale solar PV suitable for Malaysia using Pvsyst designing algorithm and the designed LSS PV is studied in a power system analysis tool to analyse the potential difference variation in different buses when connected to the nine-bus power system. Three solar PV models were selected based on their efficiency; among them two best PV model were obtained by conducting PVSyst simulation. The power output respect to time obtained from the simulation is used as inputs for conducting steady state stability analysis on nine bus power system to understand the voltage fluctuations when the LSSPV is integrated to the power system.
Design of Aeroelastic Wind Belt for Low-Energy Wind Harvesting
Authors: Vinayan V A , Yap T C , Go Y I 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Malaysia plans to increase the total renewable energy mix to 30% by the year 2030 as part of the Green Technology Master Plan. Currently, the role of wind power is not included in the renewable energy mix of Malaysia and diversification of the renewable energy mix needs to be encouraged to include policy support for other sources of energy. The wind speed Malaysia is ranged from 3-7 m/s and most wind turbine requires 5 m/s as cut in speed. The low average wind speeds causes wind turbine to be the least cost-effective method to generate electricity at Malaysia especially at the west coast. Therefore, low-energy wind harvesting device is proposed as alternative at this climate. This device is also intended to generate power from vehicle-induced wind. Three potential configurations (electromagnetic, piezoelectric or electrostatic) for small-scale energy harvesting device were proposed by previous researchers and studied in this work. Electromagnetic configuration of energy harvesting by fluttering was selected after analysis of three configurations. A wind belt was designed to withstand environmental conditions such as fresh water (rain), UV radiation and acid/alkali conditions. Several important parameters such as belt width, location of the magnet etc for the design were evaluated experimentally. Taffeta silk was selected as the belt materials from potential materials. The optimum length and width of the belt in this study are 1 m and 12 mm. Neodymium N45 magnet was selected based on inductance and the optimum magnet position along the belt is 20cm from the edges of the main frame. Experimental results showed the peak power recorded in parallel connection are 81.02 mW @ 6 m/s with a belt tension of 0.816 N and 24.54 mW @ 4 m/s with belt tension of 0.612 N.
Challenges of Energy Efficiency Promoting Policy in Thailand
Authors: Vivatpinyo A , Pharino C 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Energy efficiency enhancement is well recognized worldwide as the efficient measures to deal with energy-related challenges, which are economic growth and development, energy security, and climate change. For Thailand to accelerate energy efficiency implementation, the energy development plan is set to meet the national targets including the Energy Efficiency Plan target and to achieve the Greenhouse Gas emission reduction target. In many countries, financing energy efficiency promoting policy is critically important strategy to provide financial incentive for mitigating clean energy investment barrier. For long-term public support, there is an emerging body of evidence on the on-going practice and performance of the financial incentive programs, which offers an opportunity to improve our understanding of the energy efficiency promoting policy. This study reviewed the latest situation of three energy efficiency financial incentive programs that governed by Department of Alternative Energy Development and Energy Efficiency (DEDE), which are (1) Energy Efficiency Revolving Fund (EERF), (2) Energy Service Company Revolving Fund (ESCO Fund), (3) DEDE Demand Side Management Bidding (DSM Bidding). The study aims to examine the positive and negative challenges posed by existing policies that need to be overcome and to identify the opportunities for policy improvement to more effectively promote energy efficiency implementation. EERF and DSM Bidding are suitably designed for large company who has strong financial capacity. ESCO Fund is well-designed for low collateral capacity company. EE measures under EERF are mostly well-known technologies that are proven generating energy savings. ESCO Fund is suitable for promoting new technologies according to project-based analysing basis. DSM Bidding can be designed for wide-range EE measures from simple to complex measures. However, there are some main challenges that can be improved, i.e., technical and financial risks bearing by customers from EERF, default projects risk taken by government and insufficient to encourage EE investment of low interest rate from ESCO Fund, and expanding to support more for complex technology instead of only well-known technology for DSM Bidding.
Microwave energy-assisted extraction of bioactive polyphenols with green technology based on magnetic ionic liquid and their stability under different conditions
Authors: Guo Zhangxing , Chen Chen , Yohannes Alula , Yao Shun 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In recent years microwave-assisted extraction has been proved as a more rapid and energy-efficient technique than conventional ways, here it was employed in this study and a kind of magnetic ionic liquid (C3MIMFeCl4) was used as green medium for tea polyphenols (TP). Due to the strong polarity of the ionic liquid, it can quickly absorb microwave energy and increase the temperature; thus the extraction time will be greatly shortened. As the result, it was found when microwave power was set at 200 W, solid-liquid ratio was 1:20 and extraction time was 7 min, the highest extraction efficiency of 0.8 mol/L C3MIMFeCl4 could be obtained as 159.8 mg/g. Compared with ultrasonic-assisted mode used in previous study, the extraction time was shortened significantly from 300 min to 7 min. Moreover, magnetic ionic liquid can be easily recovered by external magnetic field. Finally, stability of TP was further investigated under related conditions by spectroscopic characterization meanwhile related intermolecular interactions; it was found IL could provide greater stabilization energy for these extracted objects in this study at some extent. The results of above research are expected to provide useful references for large-scale application of green technology based on ILs and TP production.
Thermal Stability Behaviour of Scandia Stabilised Zirconia
Authors: Ng C K , Ramesh S , Tan C Y , Muchtar A , Somalu M R , Samuel Lew W S , Ting C H , Chuah Y D , Sutharsini U 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSolid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are emerging as an advanced and efficient energy conversion technology that could be a solution to some of the environmental issues. SOFCs are able to produce clean electricity and heat from hydrogen energy. Due to their high ionic conductivity in the intermediate temperature range of 600 °C to 800 °C, scandia stabilized zirconia is a very promising electrolyte material for SOFCs. However, the long term damage caused by cyclic heating and cooling during the stages of start-up and shut down of SOFC will greatly affect the performance of the fuel cell. The structural damages will result in poor mechanical properties which directly influence the durability of the ceramic electrolyte. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the thermal degradation behavior of various zirconia ceramic systems. In this work, the thermal degradation behavior of the zirconia ceramics are investigated by adopting thermal cycling test at two different heating rates (10°C/min and 20°C/min) to examine the durability of the zirconia electrolyte, in particular the structure degradation caused in thermal cycling. Ordered array of convex meniscus were observed on the surface of the undoped zirconia ceramics and the grain growth was suppressed during thermal cycling. The effect of thermal cycling on the mechanical stability of zirconia based ceramics were affected by the addition of 1 wt% MnO2which showed a reduction in the hardness and fracture toughness.
Thermal Performance of an Atrium with Hybrid Ventilation and cooled air supply
Authors: Liang Nan , Kong Qiongxiang , Cao Ying , Zheng Weirong , Yang Qian , Zhang Lianying 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A reduced-scale model of an atrium with displacement ventilation and natural exhaust in the ceiling was applied in experimental investigation, where its air velocity field was measured by particle image velocimetry (PIV). By computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, the indoor airflow in both the reduced-scale and real-size atrium model with hybrid ventilation under cooling conditions was simulated. The experimental and calculated results show that the hybrid ventilation that coupled natural exhaust with mechanical air supply of air conditioning can satisfy the thermal environments requirements. Moreover, with the same heat gain and supply air parameters, space cooling load of the atrium can be a little less when applying displacement ventilation. In addition, the vertical temperature gradient in the atrium, the cooling load of handling return air and the temperature difference between supply and exhaust air decrease with the increase of exhaust air rate. An optimal exhaust-supply air ratio for the minimum cooling load of the air conditioning system in the atrium was obtained under a given heat gain and fresh air parameters.
Isolated Droplet Combustion Study of Malaysian Palm Biodiesel-Diesel Blends
Authors: Yap J H , Ooi J B , Tran M V , Jeffrey Chin K L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Malaysian palm biodiesel is one of the attractive biofuels for petroleum diesel due to its zero-sulphur content (i.e., non-toxic), renewable capability, and similar physicochemical properties. Recent studies have reported significant improvement in the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines by leveraging the blending composition between palm biodiesel and diesel. However, the fundamental aspects of combustion performance due to the blending effects of Malaysian palm biodiesel remain unexplored. This study aims to investigate the isolated droplet combustion behaviour of palm biodiesel-diesel blends at various blending compositions through a time-based image capturing method. Experimental results show that palm biodiesel-diesel blend with 60% palm biodiesel content (B60) and above produce a more prominent blue flame, which indicates cleaner and more complete combustion. The ignition delay (ID) increased when the palm biodiesel content is increased. Similarly, the burn rate constant for palm biodiesel-diesel blends increased with increasing palm biodiesel content. The combustion duration of palm biodiesel-diesel blends increased slightly when the palm biodiesel content is raised to 40% (B40) but decreased significantly when the palm biodiesel content is at 60% and above. Overall results suggest B60 is the optimum blend, which could potentially improve the performance and emissions of diesel-powered vehicles.
Effect of aeration rate and light cycle on the growth characteristics of Chlorella sorokiniana in a photobioreactor
Authors: Magdaong J B , Ubando A T , Culaba A B , Chang J S , Chen W H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Microalgae is considered to be an important resource to address the global demand for sustainable energy and green technologies. Numerous applications of microalgae have already been identified in the past. They can be cultivated to produce food, animal feeds, nutraceuticals, and even biofuels. They can also be used for environmental applications such as carbon capture and storage, and wastewater treatment. There are different environmental factors that can affect the growth of microalgae such as light, nutrients, temperature, and aeration. Among different microalgae strains, Chlorella sorokiniana had been identified to be one of the most effective and commonly used strains across these different applications. In this study, the effect of aeration rate and light cycle on the growth characteristics of C. sorokiniana in a photobioreactor was investigated. Cultivation experiments were carried out at room temperature (24 – 26 °C) under phototrophic conditions in which the light intensity was set to 150 µmol/m2-s and the carbon source used was air enriched with carbon dioxide at 2.5% concentration. The aeration rates evaluated were 0.0125, 0.0250, 0.0500, 0.1000, and 0.2000 vvm while the light cycles evaluated were 24:0 (continuous illumination), and 12:12 (diurnal illumination). The results showed that in the 24:0 light cycle, increasing the aeration rate up to 0.1000 vvm led to an increase in the cumulative biomass production, specific growth rate, overall biomass productivity, and nitrate consumption of C. sorokiniana cultures. At 0.2000 vvm, no increase in any of these parameters were observed. Meanwhile, the aeration rate did not have any effect on the carbohydrate content of C. sorokiniana. On the other hand, cultivation under a 12:12 cycle resulted in a decrease in all of the parameters across all aeration rates evaluated. However, no significant interaction between the light cycle and the aeration rate was found in this study. Finally, among the conditions evaluated, the 24:0 light cycle and 0.1000 vvm aeration rate led to the best growth characteristics of C. sorokiniana. The results from this study indicate that aeration rate and light cycle have significant effects on cultivating microalgae such as C. sorokiniana. The results also showed that appropriate levels of these factors should be considered depending on the application of the microalgae cultivation. For future work, the growth of C. sorokiniana can be modeled to dynamically optimize these factors to improve its growth and reduce its cultivation costs.