bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How has the introduction of point-of-sale legislation affected the presence and visibility of tobacco retailing in Scotland? A longitudinal study
Authors: Pearce Jamie , Cherrie Mark , Best Catherine , Eadie Douglas , Stead Martine , Amos Amanda , Currie Dorothy , Ozakinci Gozde , MacGregor Andy , Haw Sally 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundReducing the local availability of tobacco is identified as the ‘next frontier’ in tobacco control. This paper examines the roles of tobacco retail outlet density and tobacco visibility in changing exposure to tobacco retailing before and after the introduction of point-of-sale (POS) legislation in Scotland.MethodsNational tobacco retailer register data were analysed to examine time trends in tobacco retailer density (2012–2017). Results were stratified by local authority, neighbourhood deprivation and urbanity. Next, an annual retail audit using a POS tobacco visibility tool assessed changes in total product visibility in all retail outlets in four study communities between 2013 and 2017. A longitudinal survey (2013–2017) of 5527 adolescents aged 12–17 in the four study communities enabled the calculation of residential and journey-to-school measures of tobacco retailer exposure. Trends were stratified by deprivation, urbanity and socioeconomic status.ResultsRetail provision of tobacco declined following the introduction of the POS legislation in 2013. However, there were strong geographic differences; nationally, one-fifth of local authorities have increased provision since 2015. In the four study communities, tobacco retail provision was generally stable over the study period. Although product visibility of tobacco products reduced for adolescents there was growing socioeconomic disparity in the density of tobacco retailers and the visibility of tobacco storage.ConclusionsThe POS ban reduced exposure to tobacco products in communities across Scotland. However, tobacco products remain widely available, and there is growing socioeconomic disparity in the availability and visibility of tobacco.
Awareness and interest in IQOS heated tobacco products among youth in Canada, England and the USA
Authors: Czoli Christine D , White Christine M , Reid Jessica L , OConnor Richard J , Hammond David 
Published: January 2019

IntroductionHeated tobacco products (HTPs), such as IQOS, have been introduced in a growing number of international markets. However, little is known about perceptions of HTP products among youth.MethodsData are from wave 1 of the International Tobacco Control Youth Tobacco and E-cigarette Survey (2017), a web-based cohort survey of people aged 16–19 years from Canada, England and the USA. Respondents (n=12 064) were shown an image of IQOS and asked about their awareness, interest in trying and susceptibility to trying the product. Youth awareness, interest in trying and susceptibility to trying IQOS were analysed using descriptive statistics, and logistic regression models were used to examine correlates of these outcomes.ResultsOverall, 7.0% of youth reported awareness of IQOS (England=5.6%, Canada=6.4% and USA=9.1%) and 38.6% expressed interest in trying the product (England=41.8%, Canada=33.0% and USA=40.9%). Within each country, all key outcomes varied by smoking status: greater proportions of youth who were currently smoking or had a history of smoking reported being aware of, interested in trying and susceptible to trying IQOS. Interest and susceptibility to trying IQOS were associated with male sex, current tobacco use and current e-cigarette use. Across all countries, susceptibility to trying IQOS (25.1%) was higher than for tobacco cigarettes (19.3%), but lower than for e-cigarettes (29.1%).ConclusionsAwareness of HTPs, such as IQOS, is emerging among youth in Canada, England and the USA. Interest in trying these products is very high among smokers, but also present among non-smokers.
Estimating the long-run relationship between state cigarette taxes and county life expectancy
Authors: Baum Aaron , Aguilar-Gomez Sandra , Lightwood James , Bruzelius Emilie , Glantz Stanton A , Basu Sanjay 
Published: January 2019

IntroductionWhile a large body of literature suggests that tobacco control legislation—including fiscal measures such as excise taxes—effectively reduces tobacco smoking, the long-run (10+ years) relationship between cigarettes excise taxes and life expectancy has not been directly evaluated. Here, we test the hypothesis that increases in state cigarette excise taxes are positively associated with long-run increases in population-level life expectancy.MethodsWe studied age-standardised life expectancy among all US counties from 1996 to 2012 by sex, in relation to state cigarette excise tax rates by year, controlling for other demographic, socioeconomic and county-specific features. We used an error-correction model to assess the long-run relationship between taxes and life expectancy. We additionally examine whether the relationship between cigarette taxes and life expectancy was mediated by changes to county smoking prevalence and varied by the sex, income and rural/urban composition of a county.ResultsFor every one-dollar increase in cigarette tax per pack (in 2016 dollars), county life expectancy increased by 1 year (95% CI 0.60 to 1.40 years) over the long run, with the first 6-month increase in life expectancy taking 10 years to materialise. The association was mediated by changes in smoking prevalence and the magnitude of the association steadily increased as county income decreased.ConclusionsResults suggest that increasing cigarette excise tax rates translates to consequential population-level improvements in life expectancy, with larger effects in low-income counties.
Differential biomechanical properties of mouse distal colon and rectum innervated by the splanchnic and pelvic afferents
Authors: Siri Saeed , Maier Franz , Chen Longtu , Santos Stephany , Pierce David M. , Feng Bin 
Published: January 2019

Visceral pain is one of the principal complaints of patients with irritable bowel syndrome, and this pain is reliably evoked by mechanical distension and stretch of distal colon and rectum (colorectum). This study focuses on the biomechanics of the colorectum that could play critical roles in mechanical neural encoding. We harvested the distal 30 mm of the colorectum from mice, divided evenly into three 10-mm-long segments (colonic, intermediate and rectal), and conducted biaxial mechanical stretch tests and opening-angle measurements for each tissue segment. In addition, we determined the collagen fiber orientations and contents across the thickness of the colorectal wall by nonlinear imaging via second harmonic generation (SHG). Our results reveal a progressive increase in tissue compliance and prestress from colonic to rectal segments, which supports prior electrophysiological findings of distinct mechanical neural encodings by afferents in the lumbar splanchnic nerves (LSN) and pelvic nerves (PN) that dominate colonic and rectal innervations, respectively. The colorectum is significantly more viscoelastic in the circumferential direction than in the axial direction. In addition, our SHG results reveal a rich collagen network in the submucosa and orients approximately ±30° to the axial direction, consistent with the biaxial test results presenting almost twice the stiffness in axial direction versus the circumferential direction. Results from current biomechanical study strongly indicate the prominent roles of local tissue biomechanics in determining the differential mechanical neural encoding functions in different regions of the colorectum. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mechanical distension and stretch—not heat, cutting, or pinching—reliably evoke pain from distal colon and rectum. We report different local mechanics along the longitudinal length of the colorectum, which is consistent with the existing literature on distinct mechanotransduction of afferents innervating proximal and distal regions of the colorectum. This study draws attention to local mechanics as a potential determinant factor for mechanical neural encoding of the colorectum, which is crucial in visceral nociception.
Body Mass Index and Risk of Intestinal Metaplasia: A Cohort Study
Authors: Kim Kyungeun , Chang Yoosoo , Ahn Jiin , Yang Hyo-Joon , Jung Ju Young , Kim Seokkyun , Sohn Chong Il , Ryu Seungho 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background:
We examined the association between body mass index (BMI) and development of endoscopic intestinal metaplasia.

Methods:
This retrospective cohort study included 142,832 Korean adults free of endoscopic intestinal metaplasia and atrophic gastritis who underwent upper endoscopy at baseline and subsequent visits and were followed for up to 5 years. A parametric proportional hazards model was used to estimate the adjusted HR with 95% confidence interval (CI) for incident intestinal metaplasia.

Results:
In more than 444,719.1 person-years of follow-up, 2,281 participants developed endoscopic intestinal metaplasia (incidence rate, 5.1 per 1,000 person-years). Increased BMI categories were associated with increased risk of new-onset intestinal metaplasia in a dose-response manner. After adjustment for age, sex, center, year of screening exam, smoking status, alcohol intake, exercise, total calorie intake, history of diabetes and hypertension, and history of Helicobacter pylori infection, the multivariable adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for incident intestinal metaplasia comparing BMIs of &lt;18.5, 23–24.9, 25.0–29.9, and &gt;30 kg/m2 with a BMI of 18.5–22.9 kg/m2 were 0.84 (0.64–1.09), 1.03 (0.93–1.16), 1.07 (0.96–1.20), and 1.48 (1.20–1.83), respectively. These associations did not differ by clinically relevant subgroups. Risk of endoscopic atrophic gastritis also increased as the baseline BMI category increased.

Conclusions:
In a large cohort of Korean men and women, obesity was independently associated with increased incidence of endoscopic atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia.

Impact:
Excessive adiposity appears to play a role in development of stomach precursor lesions of stomach cancer, requiring further studies to determine whether strategies to reduce obesity will also help reduce precancerous lesions and, in turn, gastric cancer.
Loss of SMAD4 Promotes Colorectal Cancer Progression by Recruiting Tumor-Associated Neutrophils via the CXCL1/8–CXCR2 Axis
Authors: Ogawa Ryotaro , Yamamoto Takamasa , Hirai Hideyo , Hanada Keita , Kiyasu Yoshiyuki , Nishikawa Gen , Mizuno Rei , Inamoto Susumu , Itatani Yoshiro , Sakai Yoshiharu , Kawada Kenji 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Purpose:
SMAD4 is a key transcriptional factor of TGFβ signaling and acts as a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer. In the present study, we explored the immunologic effect of SMAD4 on the tumor microenvironment.

Experimental Design:
Using 99 clinical specimens and human colorectal cancer cell lines, we investigate the relationship between SMAD4 expression and neutrophil accumulation. We immunohistochemically analyzed expression of SMAD4, CXCL1, CXCL8, CXCR2, and other proteins with clinical specimens. Finally, we determined the serum levels of CXCL1 and CXCL8 in 125 patients with colorectal cancer.

Results:
SMAD4 knockdown from human colorectal cancer cells upregulated the expression of CXCL1 and CXCL8, which recruited neutrophils to colorectal cancer tumor via CXCR2. In turn, when neutrophils were exposed to the supernatant of SMAD4-negative colorectal cancer cells, they produced a large amount of CXCL1 and CXCL8 by themselves in vitro. In human clinical specimens, we found that neutrophil infiltration into the peritumoral stroma was more marked in SMAD4-negative colorectal cancer compared with that in SMAD4-positive colorectal cancer, and that both CXCL1 and CXCL8 were abundantly expressed in the tumor-infiltrating neutrophils. Neutrophils isolated from primary colorectal cancer expressed significantly higher levels of CXCL1 and CXCL8 than did those isolated from peripheral blood. Furthermore, tumor-infiltrating neutrophils expressed MMP2 and MMP9 in addition to ARG1 and IDO. Serum CXCL8 level was significantly higher in colorectal cancer patients, especially those at stage II/III, and statistical analysis indicated a high CXCL8 level was associated with a shorter overall survival and relapse-free survival.

Conclusions:
Blockade of the CXCL1/8–CXCR2 axis could be a novel therapeutic approach against SMAD4-negative colorectal cancer.
ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЙНІ ПРОЦЕСИ НА ТЕРНОПІЛЬЩИНІ В 1939–1941 РОКАХ ЯК ФАКТОР ФОРМУВАННЯ У СТУДЕНТІВ-МЕДИКІВ ПОЧУТТЯ ПАТРІОТИЗМУ, КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ ПІД ЧАС ВИВЧЕННЯ ІСТОРІЇ КРАЮ
Authors: Kravchuk L. V. , Kadobnyi T. B. , Kravchuk L. O. 
Published: January 2019

Мета: шляхом аналізу суспільно-політичних та соціально-економічних трансформаційних процесів на Тернопільщині в 1939–1941 рр. та їх наслідків формувати у студентів-медиків почуття патріотизму, компетентності під час програмного вивчення новітньої історії України.
Матеріали і методи. На основі історико-порівняльного та бібліосемантичного методів проведено систематичний аналіз наукових джерел вітчизняних дослідників та істориків діаспори, архівних матеріалів щодо інформації про події передвоєнного періоду на території Тернопільщини.
Результати. У запропонованій статті авторами розкрито природу та мотиви нової радянської влади, яка збройно вcтупила на територію Західної України 17 вересня 1939 р. і шляхом насилля запроваджувала свої реформи місцевому населенню. Встановлено, що думки дослідників розходяться в трактуванні визвольного походу Червоної армії на захід та виявлено взаємозв’язок загальнодержавних і регіональних чинників радянізації Тернопільщини.
Висновки. Авторами зроблено власний внесок у розкриття мотивів та наслідків діяльності тодішньої радянської влади на території краю.
Сучасні аспекти профілактики бактеріємії у пацієнтів із хронічною ревматичною хворобою серця в стоматологічній практиці
Authors: Myhal O. O. , Ohonovsky R. Z. 
Published: January 2019

Хронічна ревматична хвороба серця (ХРХС) виникає унаслідок перенесеної гострої ревматичної лихоманки із формуванням вади серця в результаті запалення, спричиненого β-гемолітичним стрептококом групи А, через уповільнення імунної відповіді на стрептококову інфекцію та подальшого розвитку крайового фіброзу та склерозу сполучної тканини клапанів серця. Близько 60 % пацієнтів із гострою ревматичною лихоманкою із часом мають ХРХС, із найвищою частотою клапанних уражень серця протягом 1–3 років від першої атаки гострої ревматичної лихоманки.
Мета дослідження – представити лікарям-стоматологам сучасні аспекти профілактики транзиторної бактеріємії у пацієнтів із хронічною ревматичною хворобою серця (ХРХС) та опрацювати рекомендації щодо терапевтичного супроводу даної диспансерної групи.
Матеріали і методи. проведено огляд та аналіз науково-медичної літератури за 2008–2018 рр., звітних матеріалів методично-наукових організацій, діючих нормативно-правових документів. Виокремлено основні напрямки профілактики ускладнень перебігу ХРХС, пов’язані з медичними втручаннями, зокрема надання стоматологічної допомоги, супровід осіб із стоматологічними захворюваннями.
Результати досліджень та їх обговорення. Розглянуто питання необхідності оновлення стоматологічних підходів у терапевтичному супроводі пацієнтів із хронічною ревматичною хворобою серця. Представлено сучасні схеми антимікробної профілактики та нормативних документів при стоматологічних втручаннях з урахуванням ризиків транзиторної бактеріємії.
Висновки. У зв’язку зі зростанням частки загострення та ускладнень хронічної ревматичної хвороби серця, асоційованих з медичним втручанням, індивідуалізація стоматологічної профілактики транзиторної бактеріємії у даних пацієнтів набуває визначального значення. Тому для досягнення високого рівня стоматологічної санованості необхідне вдосконалення заходів специфічної та неспецифічної профілактики транзиторної бактеріємії, що надзвичайно важливо для попередження прогресування ускладнень хронічної ревматичної хвороби серця.
Міжобласний центр із диспансеризації та лікування дітей з уродженими вадами обличчя та щелеп у Львові як етап становлення дитячої щелепно-лицевої хірургії в Україні
Authors: Hot I. M. , Ogonovsky R. Z. , Pohranychna Kh. R. , Ilnytsky Ya. M. , Pasternak Yu. B. , Hrynovets V. S. 
Published: January 2019

Початок активного розвитку дитячої щелепно-лицевої хірургії сягає глибоко в історію Львівського національного медичного університету імені Данила Галицького. Сьогодні Міжобласний центр із диспансеризації та лікування дітей з уродженими вадами обличчя та щелеп, який охоплював у своїй діяльності 6 областей – Львівську, Волинську, Рівненську, Тернопільську, Івано-Франківську, Закарпатську.
Матеріали і методи. В історичному аспекті представлено етапи становлення, розвитку та удосконалення дитячої щелепно-лицевої хірургії на прикладі Міжобласного центру з диспансеризації та лікування дітей із уродженими вадами обличчя та щелеп у Львові.
Результати досліджень та їх обговорення. З 1992 р. Міжобласний центр із диспансеризації та лікування дітей з уродженими вадами обличчя та щелеп очолив професор Готь Іван Мирославович. Під його керівництвом проводяться розробка і постійна модернізація протоколів хірургічного лікування у центрі, що повністю відповідають сучасним світовим тенденціям надання допомоги дітям з уродженими незрощеннями обличчя. Основними завданнями центру є чіткий облік хворих із даною патологією, фахове комплексне лікування та диспансерне спостереження, вчасне проведення коригувальних операцій, багатоетапне ортодонтичне лікування.
Висновки. Характер патології, віковий аспект пацієнтів, специфіка хірургічної тактики та особливості ведення післяопераційних хворих свідчать про необхідність організації спеціалізованих стаціонарів на базі дитячих клінічних лікарень або ліжок у хірургічних відділеннях дитячих лікарень для забезпечення надання повноцінної та адекватної медичної допомоги дітям з патологією щелепно-лицевої ділянки, зменшення та уникнення ускладнень різного характеру.
Life’s Simple 7 Cardiovascular Health Metrics and Progression of Coronary Artery Calcium in a Low-Risk Population
Authors: Kim Seolhye , Chang Yoosoo , Cho Juhee , Hong Yun Soo , Zhao Di , Kang Jeonggyu , Jung Hyun-Suk , Yun Kyung Eun , Guallar Eliseo , Ryu Seungho , Shin Hocheol 
Published: January 2019

Objective—
We examined the association of cardiovascular health (CVH) metrics with the development and progression of coronary artery calcium (CAC) among apparently healthy adults.

Approach and Results—
This cohort study included 65 494 men and women 30 years of age and older free of cardiovascular disease at baseline who underwent a comprehensive exam including CAC scoring. CVH metrics were defined according to the American Heart Association Life’s Simple 7 metrics based on smoking, diet, physical activity, body mass index, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and fasting glucose. CVH scores range from 0 (all metrics considered unhealthy) to 7 (all metrics considered healthy). Participants were followed-up for a maximum of 6.6 years. Compared with participants with ideal CVH scores 0–1, the multivariable-adjusted difference in the change in geometric means of CAC scores over 5 years of follow-up were −0.40 (−0.62 to −0.19), −0.83 (−1.03 to −0.63), −1.06 (−1.25 to −0.86), −1.22 (−1.42 to −1.03), and −1.05 (−1.42 to −0.69) in participants with ideal CVH scores 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6–7, respectively. The inverse association between CVH scores and progression of CAC was observed both in participants with no CAC and in those with CAC detectable at baseline.

Conclusions—
A higher ideal CVH metrics score was strongly associated with a lower prevalence of CAC and with lower progression of CAC in males and females in a large cohort of healthy adults. Our findings suggest that maintaining a healthy life habits could help reduce the development and progression of subclinical atherosclerosis and ultimately prevent clinically cardiovascular event.
Critical Role of SREBP-1c Large-VLDL Pathway in Environment-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia of Apo AV Deficiency
Authors: Takanashi Mikio , Kimura Takeshi , Li Chengcheng , Tanaka Masaki , Matsuhashi Ako , Yoshida Hiroki , Noda Akari , Xu Pengfei , Takase Satoru , Okazaki Sachiko , Iizuka Yoko , Kumagai Hidetoshi , Ikeda Yuichi , Gotoda Takanari , Takahashi Manabu , Yagyu Hiroaki , Ishibashi Shun , Yamauchi Toshimasa , Kadowaki Takashi , Liang Guosheng , Okazaki Hiroaki 
Published: January 2019

Objective—

APOA5
variants are strongly associated with hypertriglyceridemia, as well as increased risks of cardiovascular disease and acute pancreatitis. Hypertriglyceridemia in apo AV dysfunction often aggravates by environmental factors such as high-carbohydrate diets or aging. To date, the molecular mechanisms by which these environmental factors induce hypertriglyceridemia are poorly defined, leaving the high-risk hypertriglyceridemia condition undertreated. Previously, we reported that LXR (liver X receptor)-SREBP (sterol regulatory element-binding protein)-1c pathway regulates large-VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein) production induced by LXR agonist. However, the pathophysiological relevance of the finding remains unknown.

Approach and Results—

Here, we reconstitute the environment-induced hypertriglyceridemia phenotype of human
APOA5
deficiency in
Apoa5
−/−
mice and delineate the role of SREBP-1c in vivo by generating
Apoa5
−/−
;Srebp-1c
−/−
mice. The
Apoa5
−/−
mice, which showed moderate hypertriglyceridemia on a chow diet, developed severe hypertriglyceridemia on high-carbohydrate feeding or aging as seen in patients with human apo AV deficiency. These responses were nearly completely abolished in the
Apoa5
−/−
;Srebp-1c
−/−
mice. Further mechanistic studies revealed that in response to these environmental factors, SREBP-1c was activated to increase triglyceride synthesis and to permit the incorporation of triglyceride into abnormally large-VLDL particles, which require apo AV for efficient clearance.

Conclusions—
Severe hypertriglyceridemia develops only when genetic factors (apo AV deficiency) and environmental effects (SREBP-1c activation) coexist. We demonstrate that the regulated production of large-sized VLDL particles via SREBP-1c determines plasma triglyceride levels in apo AV deficiency. Our findings explain the long-standing enigma of the late-onset hypertriglyceridemia phenotype of apo AV deficiency and suggest a new approach to treat hypertriglyceridemia by targeting genes that mediate environmental effects.
Prognostic Hemostasis Biomarkers in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Donkel Samantha J. , Benaddi Boutaina , Dippel Diederik W.J. , ten Cate Hugo , de Maat Moniek P.M. 
Published: January 2019

Objectives—
The prediction of patients at risk for poor clinical outcome after acute ischemic stroke remains challenging. An imbalance of coagulation factors may play an important role in progression and prognosis of these patients. In this systematic review, we assessed the current literature on hemostasis biomarkers and the association with poor clinical outcome in acute ischemic stroke.

Approach and Results—
A systematic search of Embase, Medline, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar was performed on studies reporting on hemostasis biomarkers and clinical outcome after acute ischemic stroke. Studies were considered eligible if blood samples were collected within 72 hours after symptom onset. Additionally, clinical outcome should be assessed using a disability score (Barthel Index or modified Rankin scale). Methodological quality of included studies was assessed with an adapted version of the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies questionnaire. A total of 80 articles were read full text, and 41 studies were considered eligible for inclusion, reporting on 37 different hemostasis biomarkers. No single biomarker appeared to be effective in predicting poor clinical outcome in acute ischemic stroke patients.

Conclusions—
Based on current literature, no clear recommendations can be provided on which hemostasis biomarkers are a predictor of clinical outcome after acute ischemic stroke. However, some biomarkers show promising results and need to be further investigated and validated in large populations with clear defined study designs.