bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coastal Geomorphology of Kerala
Authors: Nair M. M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Coastal geomorphological map of Kerala was prepared on a scale of 1 : 500,000 using LANDSAT imagery. Aerial photographs were used wherever necessary, followed by field checking. The coastal features identified include beaches, beach cliffs. stacks. islands, shore platforms, spits, bars, beach ridges, estuaries, lagoons, mudflats, tidal flats and deltaic plains.
Of the various lineaments identified over the Kerala region. the fault lineaments parallel to the coast as well as those at right angles to it are found to be neotectonically active and control the configuaration of the shoreline primarily.
Of the 560 km shoreline of Kerala, a cumulative 360 km length of shoreline is vulnerable and shows wide fluctuations in its stability. Based on their vulnerability and dynamism, the shoreline is divided into (1) permeable, gently sloping, sandy shoreline (2) semi-permeable, cliffed, sedimentary shoreline and (3) impermeable, crystalline shoreline, arranged in order of intensity of erosion. Apart from the known factors of slope morphometry, lithology and storm-wave generation, the non-parametric factors responsible for coastal erosion include presence or absence of mud banks near-shore and instability of off-shore regions.
The Kerala coast is described as a submergent coast, falling under the 'Terrigenous coast of primary morphologic disequilibrium '. Accordingly, the long-term tendency of coastal evolution is to increase the linear extent of erosional coastal segments at the expense of intervening depositional areas and, when the process goes to completion, a coast of equilibrium results.
Algae from the Silurian Manchap formation, Tidong Valley (Kinnaur), Himachal Himalaya
Authors: Bhargava O. N. , Bassi U. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
? Solenopora sp, indeterminate codiacid, dasyclad Vermiporella sp., and Cyanophite Girvanella sp., are reported from the Silurian Manchap Formation exposed in the Tidong Valley. The Manchap Formation in this area represents a reefoid environment.
Damesellidae from the Cambrian of Kashmir
Authors: Shah S. K. , Sudan C. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
One species each of the genera Damesella and Blackwelderioides are being described for the first time from India. Damesella shergoldi sp. nov. occurs as an enormous population immediately above the uppermost horizon of Middle Cambrian in Magam section of Kashmir and the Blackwelderioides cf. monkei (Walcott) also occurs at an identical stratigraphic position in the section at Trahagam. Their comparisons are made with taxa reported from other parts of Autralo-Asian Province.
Ignimbrite, Ash-Flow Tuff and Basic Volcanics of the Daling Formation of Sikkim Himalaya: Geotectonic Implications
Authors: Sinha-Roy S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Ignimbrite and ash-flow tuff's have been identified within the graywacke unit of the Daling turbidite sequence of the Sikkim Lesser Himalaya. These, together with basic flows constitute the basal part of Proterozoic Daling Formation. Geochemistry of these rocks indicates that the tuffs are derived from calc-alkaline volcanism while the basic flows have MORB characters. It is concluded that within the Daling ocean (ProtoTethys or Palaeo-Tethys) graywacke was deposited as a trench prism, the tuffs were the products of island-arc explosive volcanism, and the basic flows, of spreading in the back-arc basin. This island arc system disappeared due to tectonic activity which deformed (the first recognisable deformation) the Daling rocks. This event probably represents the Caledonian orogeny in the Himalayas.
Silicified Cyanobacteria from the Cherts of Archaean Sandur Schist Belt-Karnataka, India
Authors: Naqvi S. M. , Venkatachala B. S. , Shukla Manoj , Kumar B. , Natarajan R. , Sharma Mukund 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Silicified cyanobacterial remains are recorded from the black cherts interbedded in the Donimalai Formation of the Archaean Sandur Schist Belt and amorphous organic matter in the stromatolites underlying Deogiri Formation of the same belt. The presence of elemental carbon at the fringes of the cyanobacteria is confirmed by microprobe analysis. Carbon (d13C= -1.4 ± 0.5% vs PDB) and oxygen (d18O= + 10.6±0.5% vs SMOW) isotopic ratios and the presence of cyanobacteria extend the existence of photosynthetic activity into the Archaean.
On the Heavy Minerals of Lower Gondwana: Sediments of Ghugus Coalfield, Wardha Valley, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Singh Mahendra P. , Singh R. M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Heavy mineral analyses of Talchir, Barakar and Kamthi sediments (Lower Gondwana) have been carried out with a view to elucidate their distribution, relative abundance, nature and behaviour. The heavy mineral separates show the presence of garnet, zircon, tourmaline, rutile, epidote, staurolite, chlorite, kyanite and opaques-including ilmenite, magnetite and hematite. It is inferred that the Talchir sediments are mainly the disintegrated products of high-rank metamorphic terrains, granitic plutons and pegmatitic veins. The heavy mineral associations of Barakar and Kamthi sediments reflect the dominance of basic and acidic igneous plutons together with the possibility of pegmatitic veins in the source area.
Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Calcretes in Alluvial Sediments from Pune, India
Authors: Dessai A. G. , Warrier Sudha 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The calcretes in the alluvial sediments from Pune district, Maharashtra occur as hardpan, powdery, laminated, concretionary and pedotubule horizons. The calcretes are associated with clay minerals belonging to the smectite, chlorite and kaolin groups. The chemical analysis of the calcretes indicates that they are predominantly composed of calcium-carbonate and silica, (Cao: 33 to 37%, SiO2 : 25 to 31%) with magnesium in very subordinate amounts. Trace elements present include Sr, Zr, V, Nb, Y, and Cs. On the basis of textural, mineralogical and chemical data, it is shown that the calcretes have resulted from two different processes, viz., by accumulation in the zone of fluctuation of groundwater tabie and by precipitation from percolating water during pedogenesis.
The Distribution of Intensity Associated With the Great 1897 Assam Earthquake and Bounds on the Extent of the Rupture Zone
Authors: Molnar Peter 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The great 1897 Assam earthquake probably was associated with underthrusting of the Indian subcontinent beneath the Shillong Plateau, and as such it absorbed part of India's convergence with the Himalaya. Seeber and Armbruster (1981) concluded that slip occurred on a fault that extended north beneath the Himalaya and south beneath much of what is now Bangladesh and that the east-west dimension of the rupture was 550 km. A reassessment of the information given by Oldham (1899) leads me to favor Oldham's inference that the length of the rupture was only about 200 km. The southern edge of the rupture was more likely at the southern edge of the Shillong Plateau than south of it. The possibility that the rupture extended beneath the Himalaya seems to be permissible but not provable from Oldham's observations. Thus, it would be unwise to assume that the 1897 earthquake released the strain that had accumulated east and west of the Shillong Plateau since the last earthquakes in those areas. Although the risk of a large earthquake in the near future in the segment north of the Shillong Plateau is probably less than that in the segments of the range to the east or west, the 1897 earthquake may not have relieved the strain in that segment as well. Given the evidence that the 1897 earthquake was a very large earthquake, however, it seems unlikely that there will be a repeat of such an event in the next hundred years, or more.
Agnostid Fauna from the Middle Cambrian of Kashmir
Authors: Shah S. K. , Sudan C. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Agnostid fauna from the Middle Cambrian Solenopleura-Tonkinella Zone of northwestern Kashmir is described. It includes Peronopsis cf. tramitis, P. amplaxis in addition to a new species, P. extensa and two left under open nomenclature. The other taxa include Acadagnostus acadicus, A. scutalis and Pentagnostus cf. anabarensis. The assemblage is correlated with the Ptychagnostus gibbus zone of Australia and North America.
Geochemistry and Petrology of Xenolith-Bearing Lamprophyres from Murud-Janjira, Raigarh Dist., Maharashtra, India
Authors: Dessai A. G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The N-S trending lamprophyre dykes from Murud-Janjira contain felsic and ultramafic xenoliths alongside unusually zoned clinopyroxene phenocrysts and xenocrysts that are found in an analcime base. On the basis of mineralogy and chemistry, the lamprophyres have been classified as monchiquites.
The lamprophyres are probably emplaced along a system ef chasmic faults that are parallel to the West Coast arm of the Khambat triple junction. They may represent flank activity of the mid-ocean ridge anomaly and are the products of tlte waning stages of Deccan magmatism.
A Reassessment of Stratigraphy of Bagh Beds, Barwah Area, Madhya Pradesh, with Description of Trace Fossils
Authors: Bauve R. M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A reassessment of the stratigraphy of Bagh Beds in Barwah area, Madhya Pradesh reveals that only the basal member, Nimar Sandstone, is present with calcareous facies resembling the Coralline Limestone developed predominantly towards its top and followed up by sandstone shale alternations. Other younger members i.e., the Nodular Limestone, the Lower and Upper Coralline Limestone or the Deola and Chirakhan Marl are absent in this area.
Relationship Between Maceral Composition and Carbonization Properties of the Coal Seams in the Northwest Corner of Parej Area, West Bokaro Coalfield, Hazaribagh, Bihar
Authors: Kumar Vijay 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Carbonization properties increase very sharply with increasing proportions of reactives and reactive indicesi.e., they are directly proportional to each other. The samples giving coke types between G and G3, caking indices between 19/21 and 29/31 and swelling indices between 2 and 5 1/2 with reactives between 56.6% and 70.1% and reactive indices between 1.30 and 2.34 are prime coking in characters. The samples giving coke types above G3, between G3/G4 and G8/G9 and below G, between D/E and F/G may be utilised as primary blends in coal preparation for the manufacture of metallurgical coke.
Both sulphur and phosphorous are within permissible limits for coals to be treated as coking to prime coking. Ash in the coal seams may be brought down by beneficiation within permissible limits for metallurgical coke. The beneficiation will also help to improve the presently determined carbonization properties and to decrease sulphur and phosphorous contents in the seams.
Oryctocephalid Fauna From the Cambrian of Spiti
Authors: Shah S. K. , Paul Sat 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The oryctocephalid fauna from Middle Cambrian of Spili is described. In addition to Oryctocephalus salteri Reed, it includes Oryctocephalus opiki Shergold and Oryclocephalites cf. sulcatus Shergold, not recorded from India so far. The oryctocephalid fauna characterizes a distinct horizon at the base of Menevian (upper Middle Cambrian) which corresponds to its position in Australia (Templetonian).
Petrography and Major Oxide Chemistry of The Archaean Granitic Rocks of the Medak Area, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Sarvothaman H. , Leelanandam C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The model compositions of the Archaean granitic (s.1.) rocks of the Medak area in Andhra Pradesh correspond to tonalite, quartz diorite, granodiorite. adamellite, quartz monzodiorite, granite (s.s.) and alkali feldspar granite. The granitic units show retrograde effects such as albitic rims around plagioclase at K-feldspar contacts, and inclusions of chlorite, epidote and ores in hornblende; anti-rapakivi mantling of plagioclase by K-feldspar is common; K-feldspars show incipient microclinisation. The diagnostic mineral parageneses of the granitic units indicate an overall metamorphism under greenschist facies conditions though locally culminating in amphibolite facies.
The major oxide chemistry reveals that the granitic rocks are divisible into three types. (i) tonalite-quartz diorite suite; (ii) calc-alkaline granites; and, (iii) potassic granites. Tonalites and quartz diorites seem to have formed from a melt which is produced by partial melting from a potassium-depleted sub-crustal (or a mantle) source; the melts of calc-alkaline and potassic granites are probably produced by repeated anatexis from an early sialic crustal source.
Juvenile Sauropod Dinosaur from Upper Cretaceous Lameta Formation of Panchmahals District, Gujarat, India
Authors: Mohabey D. M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Partial Skeletal remains of a juvenile sauropod have been recovered from one of the dinosaur egg clutches found in arenaceous limestone of the Upper Cretaceous Lameta Formation in Dholi Dungri in Panchmahals district, Gujarat. India. The estimated length of the skeleton is 40 cm. It is represented by vertebral column, humerus, scapula, ilium, skull fragments and other indeterminate fragments. This paper records the first find of a juvenile dinosaur in India.
Transport and Fractionation of Pb in River Sediments from the Indian Sub-Continent
Authors: Subramanian V. , Van Grieken R. , Van T'dack L. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The distribution of Ph and As in the bed sediments as particulates from the Ganges. Brahmaputra, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery rivers has been studied. While the Pb levels in bed sediments vary from a low of 2 μg Pb/gm in the Ganges to a high of 32 μg Pb/gm in Godavari, the corresponding particulate Pb load varies by a factor of 5-40 times the bed load from a low value of 5 μg Pb/gm particulates of Krishna to a high value of 1075 μg Pb/gm in the same river. Downstream variations in all rivers are generally erratic both for particulate and bed Pb-Ievels. All the river sediments indicate a very good correlation between Pb and As on the one hand and heavy metals such as Fe, Zn, Cu etc. on the other.
The Himalayan river sediments generally exhibit strong grain-size control on the fractionation of Pb and As, whereas the peninsular rivers do not show a systematic partitioning of Pb and As in various size populations.
Observations on Some Manganese Nodules from the Central Pacific
Authors: Roonwal G. S. , Vijaya Kumar U. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Manganese nodules have been studied under the microscope with the use of reflected light and scanning electron microscope. Around the nucleus accretion of the diagenetically derived material is seen to take place giving rise to columnar or dendritic texture. Away from the nucleus textural variation and abrupt discontinuity in the nodule growth is observed indicating changes in depositional characteristics of ferromanganese oxides as the nodule grew. The intermingling of manganese oxides and silicate minerals, and sometimes iron oxides is common, generating discontinuities within the nodule texture. Scanning electron microscopic observations indicate that the material deposited on the surface is crystalline, non-crystalline, inorganic. organic or detrital in nature giving rise to different surface features such as botryoidal, consolidated compact layering or unconsolidated porous surface appearance.
Laterite-Bauxite of Paduvari Plateau, South Kanara, Karnataka State
Authors: Khanadali S. D. , Devaraju T. C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The different litho-units of the weathering profile of Paduvan Plateau show clear gradation contacts and contain relics of nearly all the minerals which are native to the underlying granitic gneiss. Mineralogically, the latent profile is dominated by gibbsite with kaolinite compared to lithomarge and goethite-hematite in the ferruginous laterite horizons. There is evidence of development of gibbsite both by the direct alteration of feldspar of the precursor rock and by the desilication of kaolinite. Four stages of transformation represented by altered gneiss, lithomarge, laterite and aluminous laterite bauxite are maintained in the weathering profile. As compared with the basalt derived laterite profiles, the Paduvari occurrence is characterised by relatively strong depletion of soda and potash and enrichment of ferrides. The field, petrographic mineralogical and geochemical data provide enough evidence of formation of Paduvan laterite profile by the in-situ chemical weathering of the underlying granitic gneiss and the aluminous laterite-bauxite by the 'in-situ chemical reworking' of laterite.
Engineering Properties of the Damuda Sandstones and Shales from the Eastern Indian Coalfields
Authors: Ramachandran C. , Narasimham C. V. L. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The compressional wave velocity, compressive strength, tensile strength, permeability and density are measured for some coal-bearing rocks of Eastern India. The ranges of compressional wave velocities for the different rock types are presented. It is observed that the compressional wave velocity in sandstones increases linearly with increase of density, compressive strength, tensile strength and Young's modulus. The absorption coefficient of compressional waves in sandstones decreased linearly with increase of Young's modulus. The permeability, determined in a few sandstone samples, increased with porosity.
Empirical relations obtained by least squares technique are also presented, relating to the variation of compressional wave velocity with density, Young's modulus and the strength of sandstones. The results would find application in coal exploration and extraction.
Pollution of the River Ganga by Municipal Waste: A Case Study from Patna
Authors: Sharma C. B. , Ghose N. C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The present study reveals that chemical pollution around Patna in the river Ganga (av. B.O.D. 2.3 ppm) is rather insignificant. but the bacteriological pollution is alarmingly high (av. 904/ml of most probable number, MPN, count) within 10 metres of the right bank. The higher MPN count of drain water (av. 6.2 × 106/ml) is drastically reduced to seven thousand times within a distance of 500 metres in the downstream. High regenerating capacity of Ganga has been ascribed to be due to the higher concentration of sbortlived isotope of radium in comparison to that of its tributaries, viz., Son and Gandak.
Some Industrial Waste Effluents in Asansol-Raniganj Region and their Impact on the Damodar River Water Quality
Authors: De Anil K. , Sen Asit K. , Modak D. P. , Karim Md. R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The industrial waste effluents from four industries in Asansol-Raniganj industrial complex were examined. The contamination of Damodar river water by pollutants: ammonia, nitrate-nitrite, phosphate, sulphide, phenol and other organic matters, tannin-lignin and mercury, is confirmed.
Planimetric Response of the Kerala Shoreline to the Monsoon of 1979
Authors: Thrivikramji K. P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Beach profiles were surveyed twice in the year 1979, along transects placed approximately 10 km apart on the Laccadive sea shoreline, from Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu) to Thalappadi (Kerala) - a distance of about 650km. Profile changes are analysed in the light of geomorphology, shelf width and gradient, wind data and ship-reported wave data. Cumulative and catastrophic shift of beach sediment during the sw monsoon of 1979 has been calculated. An apparent dichotomy exists between the beaches of northern Kerala (Malabar) and southern and central Kerala in that the beaches of Malabar are less severely eroded than those of Southern and Central Kerala.
Environmental Impact of Phosphate Mining in India
Authors: Banerjee D. M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Phosphorus plays an important role in terrestrial environmental management. Mining of phosphate ore without observing necessary safeguards can cause enormous damage to the general ecosystem and in particular to the aquatic bodies which receive excess P influx. A careful enumeration of the actual mining situations observed in five phosphate mining centres brings out the fact that while some damage to the surrounding environment has already been caused due to mining operations in the area, more serious hazards are forthcoming, if suitable legislations are not enacted to contain them. Case studies include mines at Jhamarkotra, Matoon-Kanpur, Jhabua, Maldeota-Durmala and Purulia.
Contamination of Soil, Water and Vegetation by Copper, Lead and Zinc Ore Mining and Smelting at Khetri and Zawar (India)
Authors: Haque Md. Asrarul 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Soil, water and plant samples were collected from Khetri where copper mining and smelting are preformed and from Zawar where lead-zinc ores are mined and concentrated. Khetri samples were analysed for copper and Zawar samples were analysed for lead and zinc. The samples analysed showed contamination in both the localities. There is sufficient evidence to show that mining and related activities were responsible for contaminating soil, water and vegetation. Smelting of ore caused higher degree of contamination. Effluent from smelting operations on mixing with natural water bodies made the water acidic.
Different species of plants accumulated different concentrations of metals from the same soil. Those species whose root portions are consumed can cause metal contamination.
Morphology and Morphometry of the Naini Lake, Kumaun, Lesser Himalaya
Authors: Rawat J. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The curvilinear lake (viz., Naini Tal) encompassing an area of 1,758 m2 exhibits such morphological features as transverse ridge dividing the lake into two parts: scarps, debris fans fringing the shores; lake plains and lake deep. The mean depth is 18.55 m, the maximum depth being 25.70 m. The maximum effective width and length are 466.6 m and 1466.6 m respectively. In 1895, the capacity of the lake was 31,699 m3. It bas become drastically reduced to 26,202 m3 by 1979, that is by 5,491 m3 in 84 years. This reduction in the capacity of the lake at the rate of 65.37m3/year is due to the increasing rate of siltation. On the basis of the rate deduced, it is inferred that the lake will be filled completely in about 380 years.
Rare Metal-Bearing Pegmatites in Parts of Southern Karnataka, India
Authors: Banerjee D. C. , Ranganath N. , Maithani P. B. , Jayaram K. M. V. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Several pegmatites containing commercially viable sources of columbite-tantalite have been located in the Holenarsipur, Kdshnarajapet and Nagamangala schist belts. The pegmatites in Holenarsipur schist belt near Hassan, contain columbite-tantalite, rich in both niobium and tantalum and carry appreciable amounts of beryl. The Nagamangala schist belt is particularly rich in tantalite-bearing (Ta2O5 50-70%) pegmatites.
Analysis of feldspars from the three different belts indicates that they are potassic in the Nagamangala belt while they are sodic in the case of two other belts. Trace element analysis of muscovite indicates an average of 42, 242, 107, 325 ppm of Be, Nb, Sn and Li in Nagamangala belt as against 55, 114, 127 and 329 ppm respectively in Holenarsipur belt. Presence of considerable amount of bismutite in Mundur pegmatite and traces of spodumene and pollucite in Nagamangala belt have been confirmed.