bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rheological Models for Continental Seismicity and Maximum Seismogenic Depth
Authors: Sibson R. H. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In fault systems at plate boundaries, maximum seismogenic depth is likely defined by the transition with depth from unstable frictional slip to localized, high strain rate (γ̇≈1011/s) quasi-plastic shearing in trans-crustal, tabular fault zones; the transition being significantly affected by variations in regional heat flow. However, such deep driven rheological models are probably inappropriate for areas of intraplate seismicity such as the eastern United States where, despite the low cratonic heat flow, the larger earthquakes (mb≈5) seem to nucleate in the 5–10 km depth range. Similar shallow nucleation depths have also been noted for large intraplate events in the cratonic crust of Australia.
A more appropriate model for such intraplate activity is to view the upper levels of cratonic crust as a remotely-loaded, flawed stress-guide, where time-dependent failure may occur through processes such as stress corrosion. A rheological criterion accounting for the depths of these cratonic events is that seismogenic failure can only occur when the loading strain rate is greater than the potential rate of flow relaxation within the focal volume, suggesting an important size effect. Loading strain rates estimated from likely earthquake recurrence intervals in such areas are extremely low (<10−16/s ). At such low strain rates, the upper crust is effectively decoupled, even though no geologically obvious strain signature will develop in the middle or lower crust over lengthy time periods. Available strain energy, and perhaps maximum earthquake size, may then be quite sensitively linked to maximum seismogenic depth. A range of intermediate mixed behavior must exist between these end-member models.
First Fault Plane Identification in the Southern Appalachians: The mbLg Vonore, Tennessee, Earthquake of March 27, 1987
Authors: Nava Susan J. , Munsey Jeffrey W. , Johnston Arch C. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The mbLg 4.2 Vonore, Tennessee, earthquake of March 27, 1987 — although of modest size — is the second largest instrumentally located event in the southern Appalachians and the largest in the region to occur within an existing regional seismic network. An aggressive portable network deployment yielded tightly constrained hypocentral locations and focal mechanisms for the main shock and a 21-event aftershock sequence. This high quality data set has yielded several estimates of fault characteristics, heretofore unavailable, that improve the understanding of seismogenesis in the southern Appalachians. For example, we obtained excellent agreement between fault plane orientation from focal mechanisms with that from aftershock distribution; nearly pure right lateral strike-slip faulting on a near-vertical, north-south plane is indicated. Fault rupture area from aftershocks is constrained to 4.0–9.9 km2, with a best value of 6.6 km2; seismic moment obtained from a robust regression on mbLg is M0=6.7(±1.5)×1021 dyne-cm. These values yield an average slip of 23–61 mm (best value, 31 mm) and a stress drop of approximately 1 bar. Rupture was probably unilateral, initiating at a depth of 18.1(±1) km and propagating up-dip as well as laterally. The entire rupture plane is within crystalline basement rock at least 10 km beneath the Appalachian decollement, in agreement with previous models of the southern Appalachian seismogenic zone (e.g., Johnston et al., 1985). Finally we discuss two unusual phenomena and their probable association with the Vonore earthquake: surface fissuring and peripheral aftershocks.
Reanalysis of the 1963 Baffin Island Earthquake (MS 6.2) and its Seismotectonic Environment
Authors: Hasegawa Henry S. , Adams John 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The 1963 Baffin Island earthquake of MS 6.2 is reanalyzed to determine whether or not it involved normal faulting, as previously suggested. The revised fault-plane solution has nodal planes with strike 113°, dip 66°, rake 235° and strike 352°, dip 41°, rake 322°. The T-axis trends 227° and plunges 14°, and the P-axis trends 338° and plunges 55°. Thus though this solution confirms normal faulting, it suggests a larger strike-slip component than most previous studies. The tension axis is oriented SW, which is normal to the NW geographic trend of Baffin Island. We consider that the normal-fault regime could be a transient phenomena related to extensional stress in the glacial forebulge presently centered over northeast Baffin Island, and is associated with incomplete postglacial rebound. However, future geophysical measurements such as heat flow, in-situ stress and vertical uplift rate, as well as more fault-plane solutions are required to test this hypothesis.
A Student’s Guide to Point Sources in Homogeneous Media
Authors: Pujol Jose , Herrmann R. B. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The analysis of point sources in homogeneous media is presented in an introductory but rigorous manner. Stokes solution to the elastic wave equation with a concentrated body force is extended to include couples and moment tensor sources. The single couple and the double couple without moment are discussed in detail because of their importance in earthquake source studies. To simplify the treatment, the transformation properties of tensors under rotations are used throughout. This guide is intended to complement that written by Jost and Herrmann (1989) on moment tensors. A FORTRAN 77 program is provided to plot P, SV, SH radiation patterns as well as S-wave polarizations on a lower hemisphere focal sphere for an arbitrary symmetric moment tensor.
The Meade County, Kentucky, Earthquakes of January and March 1990
Authors: Street R. , Zekulin A. , Harris J. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The series of earthquakes that occurred in Meade County, Kentucky, in January and March of 1990, are the first events in an otherwise aseismic area. First motions recorded for the three largest events in January suggest a predominantly strike-slip mechanism with a pressure axis of trend = 275° and plunge = 14° , and a tension axis of trend = 178° and plunge = 31°. A comparison between the mechanisms for the Meade county events and those shown in Taylor et al. (1989) for the southeastern Illinois area, indicates a continuity in the regional deviatoric stress from southeastern Illinois into north-central Kentucky. This finding conflicts with that previously suggested by Ault et al. (1985) who proposed that the two areas were in regions of differing stress regimes.
Structural Features in the Dow Chemical No. 1 B.L. Garrigan Well, Mississippi County, Arkansas, and their Paleotectonic Implications
Authors: Swolfs Henri S. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
New structural data in the southwestern extension of the New Madrid seismic zone show that the Upper Cambrian strata of the Blytheville arch recorded at least three episodes of deformation following initial rift formation. The earliest deformation is represented by a phase of uplift and tilting of deepwater, anoxic mudstone truncated by a prograding sandstone that precedes the formation of the Blytheville arch. This episode is followed by progressive deepening and filling of the graben by late Cambrian time. Two sets of carbonate-filled veins identify subsequent deformational episodes. The older set, observed in three cores over a vertical distance of about 1000 m, strikes N35 °W ± 8° and dips 80°SW and probably formed during deformation of regional extent. The younger set is observed only in the top-most core and is typically stratabound, doubly terminated, and nearly vertical. This set probably developed in response to local faulting. The average orientation of the younger set is N41 °E ± 14°.
Shallow Deformation Along the Crittenden County Fault Zone Near the Southeastern Boundary of the Reelfoot Rift, Northeast Arkansas
Authors: Luzietti E. A. , Kanter L. R. , Schweig E. S. , Shedlock K. M. , VanArsdale R. B. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Crittenden County fault zone (CCFZ) is located near the southeast boundary of the Reelfoot rift in northeastern Arkansas. The southeastern boundary of the rift has been characterized as an 8-km-wide zone of down-to-the-northwest displacement. The CCFZ, however, shows significant down-to-the-southeast reverse faulting of Paleozoic and Cretaceous rocks and flexure and thinning within the Tertiary sedimentary section.
We discuss four of nine Mini-Sosie seismic reflection profiles, each 1 to 2 km long, acquired over the surface projection of the CCFZ and Reelfoot rift boundary. One second of two-way traveltime data was recorded, which corresponds to a maximum depth of approximately 1.2 km. Sedimentary layers between 50 and 800 m are well imaged; deeper strata are evident but not well imaged.
Well data at one site on the CCFZ indicate approximately 63 and 82 m of vertical displacement of Cretaceous and Paleozoic rocks, respectively. Proprietary seismic-reflection data show reverse displacement of these rock units, indicating compressional tectonics. From the Mini-Sosie profiles, we estimate structural relief across the CCFZ at the Paleocene (Fort Pillow Sand) level to range between 14 and 70 m. The overlying middle-to-late Eocene section shows a similar or slightly smaller amount of thinning, indicating that much of the movement on the CCFZ dates mid-to-late Eocene. Displacement, flexure, and thinning in the geologic section increases as the CCFZ converges with the Reelfoot rift boundary, in the southwest part of the area studied. Surface expression of the CCFZ has not been identified. Reflections from the Quaternary-Eocene unconformity, however, show warping, dip, or interruptions in places over the CCFZ, suggesting that the CCFZ may have experienced Quaternary or Holocene movement as well.
Flat Dilatometer (DMT), Cone Penetrometer (CPT) and Seismic Cone (SCPT) Evaluation of Select New Madrid Liquefaction Sites
Authors: Hryciw Roman D. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Cone Penetration (CPT), Flat Dilatometer (DMT) and Seismic Shear Wave Velocity tests were conducted in four regions of the New Madrid seismic zone. Test results are compared to existing liquefaction criteria and to surface evidence of liquefaction (sandblows) during the 1811–1812 events. In general, all three tests confirm the presence of liquefaction-prone strata at locations with evidence of liquefaction. A “sand blow index” (SBI), which accounts for both local and regional sand blow intensity, correlates reasonably well against the minimum values of DMT horizontal stress index, the normalized CPT tip resistance, and the normalized shear wave velocity at each test location. An upperstratum clay also appears to play a significant role in inhibiting sand blow formation. Its thickness also correlates well with the SBI.
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Mapping of the Mississippi Embayment
Authors: Toro G. R. , Silva W. J. , McGuire R. K. , Herrmann R. B. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Seismic hazard is calculated for a grid of sites on the Mississippi embayment and adjacent areas. The seismic zonations, seismicity parameters, and maximum magnitudes for these calculations were synthesized from the EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) and LLNL (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) interpretations, augmented by information from recent relevant studies. Attenuation functions developed for this study include the effects of source size and crustal structure. The soil amplification factors include the effects of surficial geology, soil-column thickness, and soil nonlinearity.
Seismic hazard maps, including the effect of site conditions, are presented for spectral accelerations at 1 and 10 Hz and for peak acceleration, for average return periods of 100, 500, and 1000 years.
These maps show significantly lower ground-motion amplitudes than those reported by Algermissen et al. (1991). Because of these large differences, it is suggested that code- development decisions be made after consideration of both studies.
Seismotectonic and Related Maps of the Central Mississippi Valley and Environs
Authors: Wheeler Russell L. , Rhea Susan , Tarr Arthur C. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A planned map folio will show geological and geophysical information and societal features at risk in nested map areas centered on the New Madrid seismic zone. We are using digital data and the ARC/INFO* geographic information system (GIS) to aid analysis, speed distribution of data and maps to others, and let us make special-purpose maps. The smallest-scale, largest-area map is already in draft form, and shows mainly large urban areas and dominant lifelines. Most future maps will show geologic and geophysical information needed to determine crustal structure, understand the causes and characteristics of seismicity, and assess the hazard from shaking, liquefaction, strong-motion amplification, and ground failure.
Site Response in Providence, Rhode Island: Constraints from Ambient Noise Measurements
Authors: Fischer K. M. , Hough S. E. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We conducted an ambient noise survey to assess the potential for seismic site response in Providence, Rhode Island. Providence is built on bedrock valleys that are partially filled with unconsolidated Holocene sediments. Because similar valley structures exist in other heavily populated coastal and river cities of the northeastern United States, the results of this study are relevant to seismic hazards throughout the region. At sites located in the river valleys beneath downtown Providence, we found peaks in ambient noise frequency spectra that suggest amplification of energy in the range of 2–3 Hz. This spectral peak occurs in the spectra from sediment sites and in spectral ratios that reference sediment to hardrock stations. We used geotechnical borehole records to constrain valley structure and seismic refraction data to determine bedrock velocity, and we calculated the theoretical response to ground motion for one-dimensional models that approximate basin structure. The modeling shows that the 2–3 Hz ambient noise peak can be interpreted as the fundamental resonance frequency of low-impedance surface sediment layers.
Earthquakes along the Northwestern Boundary of the Labrador Sea
Authors: Bent Allison L. , Hasegawa Henry S. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
As in much of northeastern Canada, earthquakes in the Labrador Sea occur predominantly along the passive margin. Geologically and geophysically, this region is complex and consists of an extinct spreading ridge and transform faults, both oceanic and continental crust, a possible hot spot trace, and magnetic and gravity anomalies. We have studied five recent earthquakes in the magnitude 4.5 to 5.5 range to determine their source properties and to better understand how they fit into the seismotectonic framework of the region. A combination of body and surface wave analysis techniques were used to determine the source parameters. LS69, LS89 and PB89 were well recorded teleseismically, and thus their source properties are better constrained than those for LS86 and LS87, for which only a few teleseismic records were available and whose source parameters were determined more from first motions than by modeling. The two events (LS69, LS89) that occurred near the intersection of the extinct spreading ridge (and associated transform) and Mesozoic rifted margin are noteworthy in that the former is of the thrust-fault and the latter of the normal-fault type. Local structure and possibly post-glacial rebound could be the causative factors for the occurrence of normal and thrust faulting in the same area. The two events (LS86, LS87) that occurred along the continent ocean transition zone have fairly similar fault-plane solutions, and are both thrust-faulting events. The fifth event (PB89), which occurred in Payne Bay, is also a thrust-faulting event and could be associated with the Ungava Transform fault to the northeast, or the Cape Smith fold belt to the northwest. The focal depths of all five events lie between 10 and 15 km, and may be dominated by thermal effects. The observation that the deviatoric compression axis of all five earthquakes lies in the northwest (or equivalently in the southeast) quadrant is consistent with recent modeling efforts of the tectonic stress field in this region.
The Norris Lake Earthquake Swarm of June Through September, 1993; Preliminary Findings
Authors: Long L.T. , Kocaoglu A. , Hawman R. , Gore P.J.W. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
During the summer of 1993, the residents in the Norris Lake community, Lithonia, Georgia, were bothered by an incessant swarm of earthquakes. The largest, a magnitude 2.7 on September 23, showed a normal aftershock decay and occurred after the main swarm. Over 10,000 earthquakes have been detected, of which perhaps 500 were felt. The earthquakes began June 8, 1993, with a 5-day swarm. The residents, accustomed to quarry explosions, suspected the quarries of irregular activities. To locate the source of the events, a visual recorder and a digital event recorder were placed in the epicentral area. Ten to 20 events were detected per day for the next three weeks. The swarm then escalated to a peak of over 100 per day by August 15, 1993. Activity following the peak died down to about 10 events per day. The magnitude 2.7 event of September 23 was followed by a normal aftershock sequence. The larger events were felt with intensity V within 2 km of their epicenter, and noticed (intensity II) to a distance of 15 km. Some incidents of cracked wallboard and foundations have been reported, but no significant damage has been documented. Preliminary locations, based on data from digital event recorders, suggest an average depth of 1.0 km. The hypocenters are in the Lithonia gneiss, a massive migmatite resistant to weathering and used locally as a building stone. The epicenters are 1 to 2 km south-southwest of the Norris Lake Community. The cause of the seismicity is not yet known. The earthquakes are characteristic of reservoir-induced earthquakes; however, Norris Lake is a small (96 acres), 2 to 5m deep recreational lake which has existed since the 1950s.
Lipid spectrum and function of kidneys before and after liver transplantation
Authors: Kosmacheva E. D. , Babich A. E. 
Published: July 2019

Background. In patients after liver transplantation cardiovascular complications is the third main reason of death afer allograf failure and infections. The most important factors in the development of cardiovascular diseases are dyslipidemia and impaired renal function.The aimof the study was to investigate the lipid spectrum and renal function in liver recipients in real clinical practice and the correspondence of their correction to current clinical recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia and chronic kidney disease (CKD).Methods.A retrospective analysis of lipid spectrum and renal function in patients who underwent OLT in Research Institute – Regional Clinical Hospital №1, Krasnodar was performed. The level of creatinine, GFR and lipid spectrum was studied before and 36 months after liver transplantation. The GFR was calculated using the formula CKD‑EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration). Statistical analysis of the study results was made using the program Statistica 10.Results.Liver recipients have a significantly higher total cholesterol by 31.0% (p<0.01) in comparison with the baseline before surgery. Total cholesterol was increased in 13.7% (p<0.01), triglycerides in 12.3% (p<0.01) before transplantation. Tree years after transplantation, the increasion in cholesterol was registered in 42.6% (p<0.01) and triglycerides in 37.9% (p <0.01), respectively. 3 years after transplantation reduction of GFR was observed in comparison with the baseline by 22.6% (p=0.00006). Verification of chronic kidney disease and statin administration in patients were carried out in some cases. The levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides had a reliable inverse correlation with GFR (r = ‑0.42; p<0.01 and r = ‑0.36; p<0.05).Conclusions. In the long‑term postoperative period there was an impaired lipid metabolism and decreased level of GFR. Dyslipidemia was closely related to the progression of renal dysfunction in liver recipients, an inverse correlation was established between the glomerular filtration rate and the increasion in cholesterol and triglyceride levels. It is necessary to increase the attention of physicians with regard to timely correction of lipid metabolism disorders and detection of initial manifestations of renal dysfunction.
La polyfonctionnalite des connecteurs : la relation de contraste dans les textes juridiques comparables relatifs au domaine de la boulangerie-pâtisserie
Authors: Dolata-Zaród Anna 
Published: July 2019

WIELOFUNKCYJNOŚĆ KONEKTORÓW: RELACJA KONTRASTU W PORÓWNYWALNYCH TEKSTACH PRAWNICZYCH NA PRZYKŁADZIE DYSKURSU PIEKARSTWA-CUKIERNICTWA
Celem niniejszej analizy jest sprawdzenie, w jaki sposób konektory przyczyniają się do powstawania relacji kontrastu w tekstach dotyczących jednej z dziedzin rękodzieła to jest piekarstwa-cukiernictwa. Zbadamy cechy charakterystyczne wybranych konektorów i porównamy te mechanizmy w tekstach francuskich i polskich. Pierwsza część pracy zawiera krótki przegląd dotychczasowych badań nad konektorami w literaturze francuskiej i polskiej. W części drugiej przedstawimy korpus porównywalny obejmujący oryginalne teksty francuskie i polskie: zbiorowe układy pracy i statuty z dziedziny piekarstwa-cukiernictwa. W ostatniej, trzeciej, części pracy przeprowadzimy analizę porównawczą wybranych konektorów tworzących relację kontrastu (francuskie mais i polskie ale).
La polyfonctionnalite des connecteurs : la relation de contraste dans les textes juridiques comparables relatifs au domaine de la boulangerie-pâtisserie
L’objectif de cette analyse est d’observer comment les connecteurs participent à la relation de contraste dans les textes relatifs au domaine de la boulangerie-pâtisserie, en d’autres termes, d’examiner ce que leurs caractéristiques intrinsèques confèrent à la création de ces types de relations et de comparer ces phénomènes dans les documents français et polonais. Premièrement, nous allons décrire brièvement l’état des recherches sur les connecteurs dans la littérature française et polonaise. Deuxièmement, nous allons nous pencher sur notre corpus comparable constitué de textes originaux français et polonais : les conventions collectives et les statuts. Puis, nous allons mener l’analyse comparative des connecteurs choisi concernant de la relation de contraste (français mais et polonais ale).