bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental evidence of the long‐term effects of reindeer on Arctic vegetation greenness and species richness at a larger landscape scale
Authors: Sundqvist Maja K. , Moen Jon , Björk Robert G. , Vowles Tage , Kytöviita Minna‐Maarit , Parsons Malcolm A. , Olofsson Johan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Large herbivores influence plant community structure and ecosystem processes in many ecosystems. In large parts of the Arctic, reindeer (or caribou) are the only large herbivores present. Recent studies show that reindeer have the potential to mitigate recent warming‐induced shrub encroachment in the Arctic and the associated greening of high‐latitude ecosystems. This will potentially have large scale consequences for ecosystem productivity and carbon cycling.

To date, information on variation in the interactions between reindeer and plants across Arctic landscapes has been scarce. We utilized a network of experimental sites across a latitudinal gradient in the Scandinavian mountains where reindeer have been excluded from 59 study plots for at least 15 years. We used this study system to test the effect of long‐term exclusion of reindeer on the abundance of major plant functional groups, the greenness indexes Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), soil mineral nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P), and species richness, and to determine whether the effect of reindeer exclusion is dependent on reindeer density, productivity, soil fertility or climate.

We found that NDVI and LAI, lichen and deciduous shrub abundances were largely reduced while soil mineral N was enhanced by reindeer. The direction and amplitude of other plant functional group responses to reindeer exclusion differed between forest and tundra as well as shrub‐ and herbaceous‐dominated vegetation. Higher reindeer densities were related to decreased plant species richness in low‐productive sites and to increased species richness in productive sites.

The relative reduction in LAI and associated absolute reductions of deciduous shrubs in response to reindeer were positively related to reindeer density, while the relative reduction in NDVI was not. Further, relative reductions in LAI and NDVI in response to reindeer were unrelated to climate and soil fertility.

Synthesis. Our results provide long‐term experimental evidence highlighting the role of reindeer density in regulating plant species richness, global climate change induced greenness patterns and shrub encroachment at regional scales in the Arctic. These findings emphasize the need to consider reindeer in models predicting vegetation patterns and changes in high‐latitude ecosystems.
Plant intraspecific variation modulates nutrient cycling through its below ground rhizospheric microbiome
Authors: Pérez‐Izquierdo Leticia , Zabal‐Aguirre Mario , González‐Martínez Santiago C. , Buée Marc , Verdú Miguel , Rincón Ana , Goberna Marta 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Plant genetic variation, through its phenotypic display, can determine the composition of below ground microbial communities. Variation within a species is increasingly acknowledged to have substantial ecological consequences, particularly through trophic cascades. We hypothesized that the intraspecific genotypic variation of the tree host might impact the phylogenetic composition of its rhizospheric microbial communities, by favouring particular clades, that might be further reflected in ecosystem process rates.

We tested whether the intraspecific genotypic variation of Pinus pinaster modulates nutrient cycling by determining the phylogenetic structure of its symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi and rhizospheric bacteria. We sequenced fungal and bacterial molecular markers and reconstructed phylogenies in the rhizosphere of P. pinaster trees belonging to three genotypic variants (Mediterranean, Atlantic, African) in three 45‐year‐old common garden experiments, and measured seven soil enzymatic activities.

Local effects, based on differences in elevation and soil conditions across sites, were strong predictors of the ectomycorrhizal and bacterial communities thriving in tree’s rhizosphere. Across‐site variation also explained differences in phosphorus cycling. We detected, however, a significant effect of the plant genotype on the phylogenetic structure of the root‐associated microbiota that was consistent across sites.

The most productive Mediterranean plant genotype sheltered the most distinct root microbiome, with the dominant Basidiomycetes and Proteobacteria having a strong influence on the phylogenetic microbial community structure and associating with an enhanced hydrolysis of celluloses, hemicelluloses and chitin. Beneath the less productive Atlantic genotype, the less abundant Ascomycetes and up to thirteen bacterial phyla shaped the phylogenetic microbial structure, and predicted the rates of peptidase. Ectomycorrhizal fungi explained the activity of cellulases and protease, and bacteria that of hemicellulases and chitinase, suggesting functional complementarity.

Synthesis. This is the first report using three‐replicated long‐term common gardens in mature forests to disentangle plant genotype‐ and site‐specific drivers of the rhizospheric microbiome and its enzymatic potential. We concluded that intraspecific variation in primary producers leaves a phylogenetic signature in mutualists and decomposers that further modulate key steps in carbon and nitrogen cycles. These results emphasize the ecological relevance of plant intraspecific diversity in determining essential plant–soil feedbacks that control ecosystem productivity and performance.
Adolescents' navigation of linguistic and nonlinguistic modes when reading a digital narrative
Authors: Karchmer‐Klein Rachel , Shinas Valerie Harlow 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to examine how skilled adolescent readers draw on their prior knowledge of multimodality and narrative text structure when navigating an intentionally designed digital narrative text. We know that skilled middle‐school readers have been taught narrative text structure and that adolescents who use the Internet regularly are aware of multimodality. However, we do not know if these same readers understand the purposes of multimodality in digital narratives, nor do we know how they navigate modes when they are used as both scaffolds and central to meaning making in the same text.MethodsThe participants were a purposeful sample of 10 skilled eighth‐grade readers who used the Internet regularly to search, locate and read content in and outside of school. Transcripts from think alouds, semistructured interviews and oral retellings were qualitatively analysed to identify patterns in participants' navigation of a digital narrative.ResultsData analysis suggested that skilled readers who use the Internet regularly brought multiple layers of textual schema to the task of reading a digital multimodal narrative. Results also indicated these skilled readers relied on written language to learn story elements and interpreted the purpose of nonlinguistic modes was to set the tone of the story and present details. Additionally, participants reported utilising flexible approaches to navigating the text depending upon which modes were presented.ConclusionsLiteracy instruction must disrupt long‐held beliefs that privilege words over other modes in texts. It should include explicit teaching of multimodality and the flexibility required for reading in digital spaces.
Comparison of portable blood‐warming devices under simulated pre‐hospital conditions: a randomised in‐vitro blood circuit study
Authors: Weatherall A. , Gill M. , Milligan J. , Tetlow C. , Harris C. , Garner A. , Lee A. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryPre‐hospital transfusion of blood products is a vital component of many advanced pre‐hospital systems. Portable fluid warmers may be utilised to help prevent hypothermia, but the limits defined by manufacturers often do not reflect their clinical use. The primary aim of this randomised in‐vitro study was to assess the warming performance of four portable blood warming devices (Thermal Angel, Hypotherm X LG, °M Warmer, Buddy Lite) against control at different clinically‐relevant flow rates. The secondary aim was to assess haemolysis rates between devices at different flow rates. We assessed each of the four devices and the control, at flow rates of 50 ml.min−1, 100 ml.min−1 and 200 ml.min−1, using a controlled perfusion circuit with multisite temperature monitoring. Free haemoglobin concentration, a marker of haemolysis, was measured at multiple points during each initial study run with spectrophotometry. At all flow rates, the four devices provided superior warming performance compared with the control (p < 0.001). Only the °M Warmer provided a substantial change in temperature at all flow rates (mean (95%CI) temperature change of 21.1 (19.8–22.4) °C, 20.4 (19.1–21.8) °C and 19.4 (17.7–21.1) °C at 50 ml.min−1, 100 ml.min−1 and 200 ml.min−1, respectively). There was no association between warming and haemolysis with any device (p = 0.949) or flow rate (p = 0.169). Practical issues, which may be relevant to clinical use, also emerged during testing. Our results suggest that there were significant differences in the performance of portable blood warming devices used at flow rates encountered in clinical practice.
Location and pattern of non‐invasive keratographic tear film break‐up according to dry eye disease subtypes
Authors: Kim Jieun , Kim Jung Yong , Seo Kyoung Yul , Kim Tae‐im , Chin Hee Seung , Jung Ji Won 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPurposeTo compare the non‐invasive keratographic tear film break‐up time (NIKBUT) and the location and pattern of non‐invasive keratographic tear film break‐up between normal group and each group of three dry eye disease (DED) subtypes.MethodsWe enrolled 55 normal subjects and 250 patients with DED, who underwent tear meniscus height and NIKBUT measurements using the Keratograph® 5M. Ocular surface parameter assessments such as the fluorescein tear break‐up time, ocular surface staining, Schirmer's test, and lid margin and meibomian gland examinations were performed, and the ocular surface disease index was determined. These parameters, including the proportion of the first tear film break‐up location and simultaneous multiple tear film break‐up pattern, were compared amongst the normal and DED subtypes.ResultsAqueous‐deficient dry eye disease (ADDE) and ADDE/meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) subtypes showed lower NIKBUTs than those of the normal group, whilst NIKBUTs of the MGD subtype did not differ from those of the normal group. The NIKBUTs showed a good diagnostic ability in diagnosing dry eye except MGD only. The occurrence of the first tear film break‐up in the central location was significantly higher in both the ADDE and ADDE/MGD subtypes, comprising approximately 40% in both subtypes (p < 0.001). The proportion of a simultaneous multiple tear film break‐up pattern was higher in the ADDE and ADDE/MGD subtypes, at 60.9% and 45.5%, respectively (p < 0.001).ConclusionThe NIKBUTs and the location and pattern of non‐invasive tear film break‐up were different between normal group and each group of three DED subtypes.
Size‐related life‐history traits in geometrid moths: a comparison of a temperate and a tropical community
Authors: Holm Sille , Javoiš Juhan , Kaasik Ants , Õunap Erki , Davis Robert B. , Molleman Freerk , Roininen Heikki , Tammaru Toomas 
Published: May 2019

1. Comparative studies on insect life histories are facilitated by the increasing availability of reliable phylogenies but are hampered by the scarcity of comparable data. Fortunately, morphological proxies of some life‐history traits can be measured on preserved specimens.2. This study compared values of size‐related life‐history traits among a tropical (Ugandan) and a temperate (Estonian) assemblage of geometrid moths.3. A comparative analysis based on an originally derived phylogeny revealed that tropical moths were, on average, larger than temperate ones. Tropical moths also had somewhat lower relative abdomen masses than temperate ones. This indicates that the tropical rather than the temperate moths tend to use an income (rather than capital) breeding strategy. Nevertheless, no difference was found in a related index of pro‐ovigeny. When body size was accounted for, tropical moths were found to lay smaller eggs than temperate ones.4. The differences between the two compared areas are consistent with selection on higher mobility of the moths imposed by the more diverse tropical vegetation. Relatively larger eggs of temperate moths may constitute an adaptation to overcome the presumably stronger quantitative defences of their host plants.5. Overall, however, we conclude that the differences in ecologically relevant size‐related traits are relatively low among moth assemblages of a tropical and a temperate forest region, indicating that these environments may not impose radically different selective pressures on insect life histories.
Ultrastructural localization of DREADDs in monkeys
Authors: Galvan Adriana , Raper Jessica , Hu Xing , Paré Jean‐François , Bonaventura Jordi , Richie Christopher T. , Michaelides Michael , Mueller Sascha A. L. , Roseboom Patrick H. , Oler Jonathan A. , Kalin Ned H. , Hall Randy A. , Smith Yoland 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDesigner receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) are extensively used to modulate neuronal activity in rodents, but their use in primates remains limited. An essential need that remains is the demonstration that DREADDs are efficiently expressed on the plasma membrane of primate neurons. To address this issue, electron microscopy immunogold was used to determine the subcellular localization of the AAV vector‐induced DREADDs hM4Di and hM3Dq fused to different tags in various brain areas of rhesus monkeys and mice. When hM4Di was fused to mCherry, the immunogold labelling was mostly confined to the intracellular space, and poorly expressed at the plasma membrane in monkey dendrites. In contrast, the hM4Di‐mCherry labelling was mostly localized to the dendritic plasma membrane in mouse neurons, suggesting species differences in the plasma membrane expression of these exogenous proteins. The lack of hM4Di plasma membrane expression may limit the functional effects of systemic administration of DREADD‐actuators in monkey neurons. Removing the mCherry and fusing of hM4Di with the haemagglutinin (HA) tag resulted in strong neuronal plasma membrane immunogold labelling in both monkeys and mice neurons. Finally, hM3Dq‐mCherry was expressed mostly at the plasma membrane in monkey neurons, indicating that the fusion of mCherry with hM3Dq does not hamper membrane incorporation of this specific DREADD. Our results suggest that the pattern of ultrastructural expression of DREADDs in monkey neurons depends on the DREADD/tag combination. Therefore, a preliminary characterization of plasma membrane expression of specific DREADD/tag combinations is recommended when using chemogenetic approaches in primates.
Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of cardioembolic stroke
Authors: Ferkh A. , Brown P. , O'Keefe E. , Zada M. , Duggins A. , Thiagalingam A. , Altman M. , Boyd A. , Byth K. , Kizana E. , Denniss A. R. , Thomas L. 
Published: May 2019

Background and purposeIschaemic stroke frequently has a cardioembolic (CE) source. Clinical and echocardiographic parameters associated with CE stroke were evaluated.MethodsIn all, 93 consecutive ischaemic stroke patients who underwent a transthoracic echocardiogram were retrospectively analysed; strokes were classified by TOAST (Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) criteria. Echocardiographic parameters related to CE stroke, including left atrial volumes and function, were compared to 73 healthy controls.ResultsOf 93 patients (mean age 66.1 years, 56% male), nine (10%) had large artery atherosclerosis, 38 (41%) CE stroke, two (2%) small vessel disease, two (2%) other and 42 (45%) undetermined aetiology. Left atrial (LA) maximum volumes (LAVImax) and minimum volumes (LAVImin) were larger in the CE group than the non‐CE group (45 vs. 32 ml/m2, 32 vs. 13 ml/m2, respectively, P < 0.001), whilst LA function indices including LA emptying fraction and LA function index (LAFI) were lower in the CE group (34% vs. 55%, and 0.12 vs. 0.35, respectively, P < 0.001). Adjusting for clinical characteristics, LAFI ≤0.3 was an independent predictor of CE stroke (adjusted odds ratio 5.3, P = 0.001). Additionally, LAVImax and LAVImin were larger (61 vs. 44 and 32 vs. 24 ml/m2 respectively, P < 0.01) and LAFI significantly lower (0.34 vs. 0.52, P < 0.001) in the undetermined aetiology group versus healthy controls.ConclusionsLeft atrial enlargement with reduced LA function was associated with CE stroke and LAFI was the best independent predictor. LA parameters were also altered in the undetermined aetiology group, suggesting an underlying LA myopathy in this subset.
Timescale of material circulation in subduction zone: U–Pb zircon and K–Ar phengite double‐dating of the Sanbagawa metamorphic complex in the Ikeda district, central Shikoku, southwest Japan
Authors: Nagata Mitsuhiro , Miyazaki Kazuhiro , Iwano Hideki , Danhara Tohru , Obayashi Hideyuki , Hirata Takafumi , Yagi Koshi , Kouchi Yoshikazu , Yamamoto Koshi , Otoh Shigeru 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe have estimated the timescale of material circulation in the Sanbagawa subduction zone based on U–Pb zircon and K–Ar phengite dating in the Ikeda district, central Shikoku. The Minawa and Koboke units are major constituents of the high‐P Sanbagawa metamorphic complex in Shikoku, southwest Japan. For the Minawa unit, ages of 92–81 Ma for the trench‐fill sediments, are indicated, whereas the age of ductile deformation and metamorphism of garnet and chlorite zones are 74–72 Ma and 65 Ma, respectively. Our results and occurrence of c. 150 Ma Besshi‐type deposits formed at mid‐ocean ridge suggest that the 60‐Myr‐old Izanagi Plate was subducted beneath the Eurasian Plate at c. 90 Ma, and this observation is consistent with recent plate reconstructions. For the Koboke unit, the depositional ages of the trench‐fill sediments and the dates for the termination of ductile deformation and metamorphism are estimated at c. 76–74 and 64–62 Ma, respectively. In the Ikeda district, the depositional ages generally become younger towards lower structural levels in the Sanbagawa metamorphic complex. Our results of U–Pb and K–Ar dating show that the circulation of material from the deposition of the Minawa and Koboke units at the trench through an active high‐P metamorphic domain to the final exhumation from the domain occurred continuously throughout c. 30 Myr (from c. 90 to 60 Ma).
Nursing Home Residents by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Status: Characteristics, Dementia Diagnoses, and Antipsychotic Use
Authors: Miller Susan C. , Cai Shubing , Daiello Lori A. , Shireman Theresa I. , Wilson Ira B. 
Published: May 2019

OBJECTIVESGiven an aging human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) population, we aimed to determine the prevalence of HIV for long‐stay residents in US nursing homes (NHs) between 2001 and 2010 and to compare characteristics and diagnoses of HIV‐positive (HIV+) and negative (HIV‐) residents. Also, for residents with dementia diagnoses, we compared antipsychotic (APS) medication receipt by HIV status.DESIGNA cross‐sectional comparative study.SETTINGNHs in the 14 states accounting for 75% of persons living with HIV.PARTICIPANTSA total of 9 245 009 long‐stay NH residents.MEASUREMENTSUsing Medicaid fee‐for‐service claims data in the years 2001 to 2010, together with Medicare resident assessment and Chronic Condition Warehouse data, we identified long‐stay (more than 89 days) NH residents by HIV status and dementia presence. We examined dementia presence by age groups and APS medication receipt by younger (aged younger than 65 years) vs older (aged 65 years or older) residents, using logistic regression.RESULTSBetween 2001 and 2010, the prevalence of long‐stay residents with HIV in NHs increased from 0.7% to 1.2%, a 71% increase. Long‐stay residents with HIV were younger and less often female or white. For younger NH residents, rates of dementia were 20% and 16% for HIV+ and HIV‐ residents, respectively; they were 53% and 57%, respectively, for older residents. In adjusted analyses, younger HIV+ residents with dementia had greater odds of APS medication receipt than did HIV‐ residents (AOR = 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2‐1.4), but older HIV residents had lower odds (AOR = 0.9; 95% CI = 0.8‐0.9).CONCLUSIONThe prevalence of long‐stay HIV+ NH residents has increased over time, and given the rapid aging of the HIV population, this increase is likely to have continued. This study raises concern about potential differential quality of care for (younger) residents with HIV in NHs, but not for those aged 65 years and older. These findings contribute to the evidence base needed to ensure high‐quality care for younger and older HIV+ residents in NHs.
Achieving CLARITY on bisphenol A, brain and behaviour
Authors: Patisaul Heather B. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThere is perhaps no endocrine disrupting chemical more controversial than bisphenol A (BPA). Comprising a high‐volume production chemical used in a variety of applications, BPA has been linked to a litany of adverse health‐related outcomes, including effects on brain sexual differentiation and behaviour. Risk assessors preferentially rely on classical guideline‐compliant toxicity studies over studies published by academic scientists, and have generally downplayed concerns about the potential risks that BPA poses to human health. It has been argued, however, that, because traditional toxicity studies rarely contain neural endpoints, and only a paucity of endocrine‐sensitive endpoints, they are incapable of fully evaluating harm. To address current controversies on the safety of BPA, the United States National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the National Toxicology Program (NTP), and the US Food and Drug Administration established the Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on BPA Toxicity (CLARITY‐BPA). CLARITY‐BPA performed a classical regulatory‐style toxicology study (Core study) in conjunction with multiple behavioural, molecular and cellular studies conducted by academic laboratories (grantee studies) using a collaboratively devised experimental framework and the same animals and tissues. This review summarises the results from the grantee studies that focused on brain and behaviour. Evidence of altered neuroendocrine development, including age‐ and sex‐specific expression of oestrogen receptor (ER)α and ERβ, and the abrogation of brain and behavioural sexual dimorphisms, supports the conclusion that developmental BPA exposure, even at doses below what regulatory agencies regard as “safe” for humans, contribute to brain and behavioural change. The consistency and the reproducibility of the effects across CLARITY‐BPA and prior studies using the same animal strain and almost identical experimental conditions are compelling. Combined analysis of all of the data from the CLARITY‐BPA project is underway at the NTP and a final report expected in late 2019.