bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public Perceptions of the Logging Profession in Maine and Implications for Logger Recruitment
Authors: Egan Andrew , Taggart Deryth 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Despite the importance of the forest products industry to Maine's economy, there have been persistent concerns about a shortage of qualified woodsworkers. Several studies have cited the low occupational prestige associated with the logging profession as central to the problems of recruiting new loggers and logging business owners. A phone survey was used to clarify the Maine public's perceptions of logging and the logging profession. Results were compared with perspectives from loggers in the state who were surveyed by mail the previous year. Although most Maine citizens surveyed agreed that logging was a skilled profession and acknowledged its importance to the state's economy, for example, analyses revealed stark gender differences among the state's public in their acceptance of logging as a profession. Respondent education and place of residence also helped to explain some responses, such as whether a survey participant would encourage a son or daughter to pursue logging as a career. At the same time, less than one-quarter of Maine loggers surveyed would recommend logging as a career to a son or daughter. Results may have implications for the recruitment of new workers into the logging workforce.
Social versus Biophysical Availability of Wood in the Northern United States
Authors: Butler Brett J. , Ma Zhao , Kittredge David B. , Catanzaro Paul 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The availability of wood, be it harvested for sawlogs, pulpwood, biomass, or other products, is constrained by social and biophysical factors. Knowing the difference between social and biophysical availability is important for understanding what can realistically be extracted. This study focuses on the wood located in family forests across the northern United States. Family forest owners control 54% of the 7,685 million dry tons of wood in the region. To estimate availability, we begin with the total resource and then apply constraints related to slope, drainage, site productivity, tree size, size of forest holdings, distance to roads, harvesting restrictions, population pressures, and ownership attitudes. These constraints reduce wood availability significantly, by nearly two-thirds according to our calculations. The vast majority of this reduction is due to social factors, in particular owner attitudes. The greatest state-level reductions in wood availability are in Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, and Rhode Island, all of which have estimated reductions of more than 75%.
Allometric Equations for the Aboveground Biomass of Selected Common Eastern Hardwood Understory Species
Authors: Dickinson Yvette L. , Zenner Eric K. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Allometric equations were formulated for predicting the aboveground biomass of six groups of forest understory species (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.], blueberry [Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton, Vaccinium corymbosum L., and Vaccinium pallidum Aiton], hawthorn [Crataegus spp.], honeysuckle [Lonicera spp.], multiflora rose [Rosa multiflora Thunb.], and viburnum [Viburnum acerifolium L. and Viburnum dentatum L.]) common to Eastern hardwoods using basal diameter and/or height. As measured by fit index, basal diameter or height alone explained between 51 and 93% of the variation in oven-dry weight; this increased to 75‐96% when both basal diameter and height were used as predictors. Data were collected at four sites throughout Pennsylvania, but an evaluation of the importance of site as a blocking factor found site not to be statistically significant; therefore, the equations presented here may be used in a variety of forested sites within the greater mid-Atlantic region.
Influence of Sulfometuron Methyl on American Chestnut Seedling Growth and Leaf Function
Authors: Robertson Nathan D. , Davis Anthony S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The expected production, dissemination, and planting of blight-resistant hybrid chestnut seedlings calls for anticipatory studies to establish optimal management practices. To test phytotoxic potential of a site preparation herbicide, seedling growth and physiological function were measured for potted American chestnut (Castanea dentata [Marsh.] Borkh.). Six concentrations (0.0, 0.026, 0.053, 0.105, 0.158, and 0.210 kg active ingredient [ai] ha−1) of sulfometuron methyl (Oust) were applied to pots in April 2008, which were planted with 1 + 0 seedlings in May, and grown until November 2008. Changes in height, rootcollar diameter, and root volume and length were measured. A portable photosynthesis system was used to measure net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration. Seedlings treated with label-recommended doses (0.105‐0.210 kg [ai] ha−1) showed growth and leaf function suppression, including 55, 71, and 82% reductions in height growth, root volume, and net photosynthesis, respectively. These results indicate that a strong need exists for field trials, with various dose regimes, to be conducted to refine an application rate that minimizes phytotoxic damage while still providing suitable control of competition vegetation.
Maximum and Largest Crown Width Equations for 15 Tree Species in Maine
Authors: Russell Matthew B. , Weiskittel Aaron R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An extensive statewide data set for seven conifer and eight hardwood species commonly occurring in Maine was used in the development of maximum and largest crown width equations. To establish the characteristics of open-grown trees, quantile regression was used to estimate the biological maximum crown width for a species at a given diameter. To predict crown widths of trees in forested settings, a constrained nonlinear equation was used, using the predicted maximum crown width, tree diameter, and crown ratio. The models performed well across the wide range of stand conditions present in the data set and improved predictions over the currently used crown width equations for most species (reduction of mean absolute error ranged from 1 to 23%). In general, predictions of largest crown width were not greatly improved with the inclusion of crown ratio, and there was a high amount of unexplained variation for shade-tolerant hardwood species, such as American beech (Fagus grandifolia) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum). The equations presented herein can be used in examining tree crown profiles, computing measurements of stand density, and investigating canopy dynamics for species common to the forests of Maine.
A Carbon Management Diagram for Oak-hickory Forests in Southern Ohio
Authors: Williams Roger A. , Tao Yuhua 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A carbon management diagram for use in oak-hickory forests in southern Ohio has been developed to allow easier quantification of total forest carbon stock. The total carbon stock is positively correlated to basal area and average stand diameter but poorly correlated to the number of trees per acre. The total amount of carbon stored in these forests is going to be influenced by age and site quality to the extent that age and site influence basal area and the average tree size. Accordingly, not all stands considered to be fully to overstocked store the most carbon. Rather, it is a combination of basal area and average tree size that determines the total carbon stored, with the carbon stock in the forest increasing with an increase in both basal area and average tree diameter. Examples illustrating the use of the diagram are presented for two oak forests on oak site indexes 60 and 80. Both forests are overstocked at age 100 years, but the forest on site index 60 stores 77 tons/ac of total carbon compared with 103 tons/ac on site index 80.
Black Alder Seedlings Demonstrate Tolerance to Preemergence Herbicides in Preliminary Trials1
Authors: Hall Kip E. , McCormick Larry H. , Kuhns Larry J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Seven preemergence herbicides, atrazine, metolachlor, napropamide, oryzalin, oxadiazon, oxyfiuorfen, and simazine, were screened for phytotoxic effects on newly planted black alder seedlings. All treatments containing atrazine significantly reduced seedling survival, as did simazine treatments greater than 3.4 kg/ha. The simazine rate of 3.4 kg/ha, the napropamide rate of 26.9 kg/ha, and metolachlor rates greater than 3.4 kg/ha temporarily stunted seedling height growth early in the first growing season. Temporary stunting was also observed for the highest rates of the granular and emulsifiable concentrate formulations of oxyfluorfen, 9.0 and 4.5 kg/ha respectively. However, those treatments that temporarily stunted height growth had no significant effect on seedling survival. Excluding atrazine, all of the preemergence herbicides evaluated in this study could be safely applied to newly planted black alder seedlings with no significant mortality or growth inhibition, providing the rate guidelines previously mentioned are observed. North. J. Appl. For. 3:76-79, June 1986.
Felling and Skidding Costs Associated with Thinning a Commercial Appalachian Hardwood Stand in Northern West Virginia
Authors: Brock Samuel M. , Jones Kenneth D. , Miller Gary W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Detailed cost information on thinning operations is needed to develop economic guidelines for managing immature central Appalachian hardwood stands. Three thinning treatments were applied in a 50-yr-old mixed-oak, cove hardwood stand in northern West Virginia. A commercial logging contractor using chain saws and a rubber-tired skidder conducted the logging operations. Time-study data were used to compute production rates for felling marked trees and skidding tree-length logs to roadside landings for each thinning treatment. Production rates ranged from 2.7 to 3.0 cunits/hr depending on the residual stocking treatment. The cost of merchantable material at roadside ranged from $10.79 to $11.99 per cunit. Regression equations for predicting felling and skidding times were developed for each treatment. Data from these equations can be used in estimating production rates and costs for similar thinning operations. A nomogram is provided for estimating felling and skidding costs for a 60% residual stocking treatment, the current recommended silvicultural prescription for stands similar to the study area. North. J. Appl. For. 3:159-163, Dec. 1986.
Environmental Impact Management in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness
Authors: Marion Jeffrey L. , Sober Toivo 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Increases in wilderness and backcountry recreational use have resulted in significant environmental impacts that are requiring more intensive visitor and resource management by the managing agencies. Resource impacts in the nation's most highly used wilderness, the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, have been reduced through the implementation of a designated site camping policy in the early 1970s. The number and location of sites are matched to visitor numbers and use patterns by a travel model developed from visitor trip records. Recently, a campsite rehabilitation program has been extended to campsites currently in use in an effort to restore natural conditions and prevent impacts from reaching unacceptable levels. This has been accomplished through the use of native materials and plant species to reduce both the area and the extent of impact at each campsite. North. J. Appl. For. 4:7-10, Mar. 1987.
Rates of Value Change on Uncut Forest Stands in New Hampshire
Authors: Dennis Donald F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Nominal rates of value change for 141 uncut forest plots in New Hampshire averaged 15.9% annually for the 10 years ending in 1983. In contrast, average annual nominal returns were 8.3% for the Standard and Poors 500 stock average and 7.6% for the Forbes bond and preferred stock composite fund from 1973 to 1983. Regression analysis failed to establish useful predictive relationships between stand variables and rates of value change, but some results were clear. Forest type was an important factor in determining rate of value change. Much of the difference between rates of value change among forest-type groups was due to differences in price trends for various species. Rates of value change declined at higher elevations, overall, and within forest-type groups. North. J. Appl. For. 4:64-66, June 1987.
Regeneration Methods for Oaks
Authors: Hannah Peter R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Oaks, one of the most abundant species groups in the eastern United States, are difficult to regenerate in the time, place, and abundance desired. Regeneration is hampered by insect damage to acorns, consumption of acorns by animals, and competition by other more shade tolerant vegetation. With animal populations managed at tolerable levels, adequate stocking of oak seedlings can be accomplished with most conventional regeneration methods. With the clearcut and seed-tree method the harvest must be timed with a good seed year. Oak stump sprouts will also contribute to the regeneration. The one-cut shelterwood method can work if there is adequate advanced regeneration. Two- or three-cut shelterwoods should work well with about 60% crown cover in high shade or 60% stocking after the first cut. The group selection method should also be effective if regeneration is released from above once established. The key with all these methods is to control competing vegetation, keeping the oaks dominant and free to grow; oaks like plenty of light. Once oak is well established and about 5 ft high, any overwood should be carefully removed to minimize seedling damage. If desired for esthetic, wildlife, or economic purposes, a light canopy cover can be retained as a reserve shelterwood. Management of oak requires intensive silviculture; casual treatment of stands at long intervals will seldom result in good regeneration. North. J. Appl. For. 4:97-101, June 1987.
Gypsy Moth on a New Frontier: Forest Tree Defoliation and Mortality
Authors: Herrick Owen W. , Gansner David A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The gypsy moth infestation in central Pennsylvania has been closely monitored between 1979 and 1984 for tree defoliation and subsequent mortality. These losses serve as an indicator of potential impact as gypsy moth invades new territory. Tree mortality on study plots averaged 18%, worth $18.80 per acre. During the three most severe defoliation years (1980-82), plots that averaged less than 10% defoliation lost 13% of their trees by 1984. Where defoliation averaged 40% or more, the average tree loss was 28%. Timber losses predicted with models developed from the 1970s infestation in northeastern Pennsylvania were within 2% of the actual average loss. The models seem to be acceptable for obtaining broad regional estimates of potential tree mortality and value loss. North. J. Appl. For. 4:128-133, Sept. 1987.
Forest Soil Compaction: Effect of Multiple Passes and Loadings on Wheel Track Surface Soil Bulk Density
Authors: Shetron Stephen G. , Sturos John A. , Padley Eunice , Trettin Carl 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The change in wheel track surface soil bulk densities was determined after a mechanized thinning in a northern red oak stand. Mean bulk density values of the 0 to 5 cm surface of the wheel tracks immediately after felling, bunching, and skidding were: 0.80 g/cc on the high use areas; 0.77 g/cc on the low use areas; and 0.42 g/cc in the undisturbed areas. No significant differences in surface soil bulk densities were found between several loading treatments using a four-wheel drive articulated forwarder. The data indicate that initial passes of the equipment produce most of the disturbance. No significant recovery in wheel track soil bulk densities occurred during the year following harvest regardless of treatment. North. J. Appl. For. 5:120-123, June 1988.
An Analysis of Tax Savings Under Wisconsin's New Managed Forest Law
Authors: Stier Jeffrey C. , Moyle Daniel E. , Bliss John C. , Pubanz Dan M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Wisconsin adopted a new optional yield tax for forestland in 1985. Analysis of a wide range of tax and forest management situations indicates that most landowners could realize substantial tax savings under the Managed Forest Law (MFL), but that the magnitude of the savings depends on the ad valorem tax levy, the specific forest management situation, and the owner's alternative rate of return. The MFL addresses some of the weaknesses of the previous yield tax law and provides landowners greater flexibility in their forest management decisions. North. J. Appl. For. 5:141-144, June 1988.
Mortality, Dieback, and Growth of Defoliated Hemlock and White Pine
Authors: Stephens George R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 1981, hemlock and white pine growing in four mixed-wood stands defoliated by gypsy moth were examined for amount of defoliation, crown class, and stem diameter. During May and October 1982-84 the trees were examined for refoliation, mortality, and crown dieback. Hemlock mortality rose quickly to 37% by October 1982 and slowly thereafter to 43% in October 1984. Mortality among dominant hemlock was half that of other crown classes. No dominant or codominant white pine died. Mortality of intermediate white pine leveled at 6% by October 1983; 16% of suppressed trees died by May 1983, and mortality rose slowly to 26% by October 1984. In the spring following defoliation about a third of the surviving hemlock had crown dieback; within two years, three-fourths of these trees died. No hemlock or white pine defoliated less than 60% died. Diameter growth in 1982, the year following defoliation, was about a fourth of that in 1984 for thinned trees and half for unthinned trees. North. J. Appl. For. 5:93-96, June 1988.
Container Volume Affects Survival and Growth of White Spruce, Black Spruce, and Jack Pine Seedlings: A Literature Review
Authors: Sutherland D. Craig , Day Robert J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper is the first general review of the affects of container volume on the survival and growth of containerized white spruce, black spruce, and jack pine seedlings. The review shows that the literature on this topic is fragmentary and inconsistent. Seedling growth in the greenhouse production phase has been more completely quantified than subsequent establishment and growth after out-planting in the field. In the greenhouse production phase, seedling growth increased from 72 to 360% when the container volume was tripled in size. After outplanting in the field, seedling growth trends were more variable. Seedling height growth increased from 34 to 84% when container volume was tripled in size. Seedling survival was more difficult to assess because of limited data. Only white spruce showed a 10% increase in survival with an increase in container volume. The indications from this literature review suggest that nursery managers and practicing foresters should become more aware of the limitations imposed on seedling survival and growth due to container volume. To maintain optional survival and growth for white spruce, black spruce and jack pine, the container volume should range from 90 to 120 cm3. North. J. Appl. For. 5:185-189, Sept. 1988.
Yields of Japanese Larch Plantations in Pennsylvania
Authors: Shipman Robert D. , Fairweather Stephen E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Equations to predict site index, merchantable cubic foot volume, basal area, and average tree diameter were developed for unthinned Japanese larch plantations in Pennsylvania. The yield function indicates that a biological rotation of less than 30 years is reasonable on good sites. The findings are applicable to Japanese larch planted on old-field, abandoned farmlands, and cutover sites in Pennsylvania.
North. J. Appl. For. 6:78-81, June 1989.
Growth, Yield, and Value Projections for Black Walnut Interplantings with Black Alder and Autumn Olive
Authors: Campbell Gene E. , Dawson Jeffrey O. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Silvicultural practices to reduce managerial inputs, increase yields, and decrease rotation age for eastern black walnut contribute substantially toward making this species more attractive as a forestry investment. Height and diameter measurements of black walnut interplanted with European black alder or autumn olive were taken at ages 14 and 18 in fifth-acre plots at a location in southern Illinois. Black walnut had been planted by USDA Forest Service scientists at a 12 x 32-ft spacing. For the interplanted plots, three black alder or autumn olive were planted within the rows between the walnut trees at a spacing of 8 ft. Based on projections of average dbh, the autumn olive and walnut mixture possessed the highest estimated black walnut yields and return on investment. Average dbh values of 11 in. were projected for the interplanted walnut at age 31. In the black alder interplanting it was estimated that similar rates of growth would require 40 years. Estimated dbh for the control plantings did not reach merchantable sawlog size within the 80-year projection period. Interplanting black walnut with nitrogen-fixing tree species also is well adapted for marginal farmland and may provide landowners with returns that match or exceed those from other more intensively managed alternatives.
North. J. Appl. For. 6:129-132, September 1989.
The Impact of Deer Browsing on the Allegheny Forest Type
Authors: Trumbull V. Lyle , Zielinski Edward J. , Aharrah Ernest C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In many areas of the Allegheny Plateau, natural forest regeneration fails to occur after harvest cuttings. Browsing by an unusually large population of white-tailed deer is the primary cause of many of these regeneration failures. In this study, vegetational surveys were made of the woody and herbaceous plants inside and outside 20, 13-year-old, 1 ac deer exclosures in the Allegheny National Forest, Pennsylvania. Deer browsing had reduced the height of the seedlings in the unfenced areas, thereby maintaining large numbers of smaller stems. In the fenced areas, seedlings grew to normal height, and the competition that resulted from crown closure reduced the total number of stems present. Deer browsing also caused a significant reduction in Rubus sp. and a corresponding increase in grass and sedge in the unfenced areas.
North. J. Appl. For. 6:162-165, December 1989.
Avian Use of a Lakeshore Buffer Strip and an Undisturbed Lakeshore in Maine
Authors: Johnson Walter N. , Brown Patrick W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We examined avian use of a lakeshore buffer strip and an undisturbed lakeshore in eastern Maine during 1984-85. Breeding bird density and species richness were lower in the buffer strip than in the undisturbed lakeshore. Of 35 species that nested in both study areas, 11 species nested only in the undisturbed lakeshore and 3 nested only in the buffer strip. A harvest index (HI) was developed to compare avian response to timber harvest within the buffer strip. Birds associated with forest interiors were observed less frequently on sites with a high HI than on sites with a low HI (e.g., blackburnian warbler, ovenbird, northern parula warbler). Species often found in cutover areas or edges were frequently counted on sites with a high HI. Eight species were found most frequently in lightly cut areas (i.e., low HI), 4 most frequently in moderate cuts, and 9 in greater HI. Although more species of birds were observed each year in the undisturbed lakeshore, the buffer strip provided breeding habitat for songbirds. For both years, 59% of all recorded breeding bird species were observed at both the undisturbed lakeshore and the buffer strip. North. J. Appl. For. 7:114-117, September 1990.