bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Faces presenting sadness enhance self‐control abilities in gifted adolescents
Authors: Urben Sébastien , Camos Valérie , Habersaat Stéphanie , Stéphan Philippe 
Published: February 2018

Self‐regulation skills refer to processes allowing emotional and cognitive adaptation of the individual. Some gifted adolescents are known for their imbalance between high intellectual abilities and low emotional skills. Thus, this study aimed at examining the interplay between emotion and cognition in gifted and non‐gifted adolescents. A stop‐signal task, a response inhibition task including neutral, happy, or sad faces as signal triggering inhibition, was administered to 19 gifted and 20 typically developing male adolescents (12–18 years old). Gifted adolescents showed lower response inhibition abilities than non‐gifted adolescents in the neutral and happy face conditions. Sad faces in gifted adolescents were associated with higher response inhibition compared to happy condition. In typically developing adolescents, emotional information (happy or sad faces) was related to lower response inhibition compared to neutral face condition. This study highlights that gifted adolescents present different self‐regulation skills than their typically developing peers.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Some gifted adolescents present higher intellectual abilities alongside with lower socio‐emotional skills.

Self‐regulation skills refer to processes allowing emotional and cognitive adaptation.

Self‐regulation skills might help to understand gifted adolescents, but remain scarcely studied.

What does this study adds?

Task‐relevant emotional information impaired cognitive control in typically developing adolescents.

Gifted adolescents are able to use sad faces to enhance their cognitive control abilities.
Agency and responsibility in adolescent students: A challenge for the societies of tomorrow
Authors: Mameli Consuelo , Molinari Luisa , Passini Stefano 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundThe literature in educational psychology converges on the idea that students should take an active and accountable position in their learning processes. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of research that has systematically put the constructs of agency and responsibility at the core of their interests.AimsIn this study, we explore whether good experiences at school – here conceptualized as the general level of basic needs fulfilment and interpersonal justice – impact on student agency and responsibility, which in turn are considered as possible mediators between a good educational experience and two outcome measures, that is, academic achievement and career decision‐making self‐efficacy.ParticipantsThe study was held on a sample of 911 high school students equally distributed between males and females.MethodData were collected through the use of a questionnaire comprising six measures assessing students’ basic psychological need fulfilment, interpersonal justice, agentic engagement, responsibility for learning, academic achievement, and career decision‐making self‐efficacy.Results and conclusionsStructural equation modelling indicated that basic needs fulfilment positively predicts agency, responsibility, academic achievement, and career decision‐making self‐efficacy. Interpersonal justice positively predicts responsibility. The indirect effect from basic psychological needs on career decision‐making self‐efficacy through the mediating effects of student agentic engagement and student responsibility was significant. The indirect effect from interpersonal justice on career decision‐making self‐efficacy through the mediating effect of student responsibility for learning was significant. These results are commented at the light of their implications for teacher practices, as they emphasize the importance of good experiences at school for promoting in students an active civic sense and a greater accountability.
Peacekeeping: A strategic approach
Authors: Blouin Max 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis paper presents a theoretical model of conflict between two players, with intervention by a peacekeeping force. Peacekeepers are treated as a military contingent, capable of taking sides, acting as a third (independent) side in the war or remaining inactive, depending on circumstances. This departs from previous models, in which peacekeeping was no more than a parameter affecting players' fighting costs. The main result is an optimal deployment strategy by peacekeepers, detailing the nature and level of intervention required under different circumstances; this strategy results in the lowest possible level of warfare between the two antagonists. The credible threat of force (rather than mere intervention) is the strategy's key component.
Stock vesting conditions, control benefits and managerial replacement
Authors: Adachi‐Sato Meg 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis article considers the effect of vesting conditions of stock‐based compensation on firms’ decisions to replace managers. I indicate that firms may excessively replace managers with both long‐ and short‐term vested stock‐based compensation, while excessive retention can be caused only by short‐term vested options. If the discount factor is sufficiently small, I also show that short‐term vested stock‐based compensation is the equilibrium contract. The study also has implications for regulations concerning mandatory deferral and clawback of executive pay.
From Babies to Robots: The Contribution of Developmental Robotics to Developmental Psychology
Authors: Cangelosi Angelo , Schlesinger Matthew 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe latest developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, and the parallel advances in robotics, have contributed recently to a shift in the scientific approach to modeling human intelligence. These innovations, accompanied by the new emphasis on embodied and grounded cognition in AI and psychology, have led to the establishment of the field of developmental robotics. This field features an interdisciplinary approach, built on collaboration between cognitive robotics and child psychology, to the autonomous design of behavioral and cognitive capabilities in artificial cognitive agents, such as robots, which is inspired by developmental principles and mechanisms observed in children. In this article, we illustrate the benefits of this approach by presenting a case study of a baby robot with a focus on the role of embodiment during early word learning, as well as an overview of several developmental robotics model of perceptual, social, and language development.
Loss of PPM1F expression predicts tumour recurrence and is negatively regulated by miR‐590‐3p in gastric cancer
Authors: Zhang Jing , Jin Ming , Chen Xiaoyu , Zhang Rui , Huang Yanxia , Liu Hui , Zhu Jinshui 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectivesMicroRNAs (miRNAs) as small non‐coding RNA molecules act by negatively regulating their target genes. Recent studies have shown that protein phosphatase Mg2+/Mn2+‐dependent 1F (PPM1F) plays a critical role in cancer metastasis. But, the regulation mechanisms of PPM1F by miRNAs in gastric cancer (GC) remain undefined.MethodsThe correlation of PPM1F or miR‐590‐3p (miR‐590) expression with clinicopathological features and prognosis of the patients with GC was analysed by TCGA RNA‐sequencing data. The miRNAs that target PPM1F gene were identified by bioinformatics and Spearman correlation analysis, and the binding site between miR‐590 and PPM1F 3′UTR was confirmed by dual luciferase assay. MTT and Transwell assays were conducted to evaluate the effects of miR‐590 or (and) PPM1F on cell proliferation and invasion.ResultsWe found that PPM1F expression was downregulated in GC tissues and cell lines and was correlated with tumour recurrence in patients with GC. The decreased expression of PPM1F was attributed to the dysregulation of miR‐590 expression rather than its genetic or epigenetic alterations. Overexpression of miR‐590 promoted cell proliferation and invasion capability of GC cells, while knockdown of miR‐590 reversed these effects. Moreover, PPM1F was validated as a direct target of miR‐590 and counteracted the tumour‐promoting effects caused by miR‐590. The expression of miR‐590 presented the negative correlation with PPM1F expression and acted as an independent prognostic factor for tumour recurrence in patients with GC.ConclusionPPM1F may function as a suppressive factor and is negatively regulated by miR‐590 in GC.
Limb ablation and regeneration in Harmonia axyridis: costs for regenerators, but benefits for their progeny
Authors: Abdelwahab Ahmed H. , Michaud J.P. , Bayoumy Mohamed H. , Awadalla Samir S. , El‐Gendy Mohamed 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPrevious work revealed that Harmonia axyridisPallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Beijing, China, were capable of regenerating a forelimb amputated in the fourth instar; 75% of surviving individuals fully regenerated the limb during pupation. In this study, we tested a population of H. axyridis invasive in North America and found that virtually 100% of beetles surviving the operation successfully regenerated the limb. Ablated/regenerated beetles spent longer in pupation, and emerging females were smaller than controls. However, reproductive success was unaffected in all pairwise crosses of control/regenerated adults; there were no differences in pre‐oviposition period, the time required to produce 10 clutches, 10‐day fecundity, or the fertility of eggs, whereas ablated/regenerated parents paid a developmental cost, their progeny obtained benefits. Offspring of crosses that included a regenerated parent tended to have faster larval development than the control cross, although not all were significantly different from controls. However, when either or both parents were ablated and regenerated, their daughters were heavier than controls at emergence. Limb regeneration during pupation appears to activate a physiological cascade which increases the magnitude of beneficial parental effects normally conferred to progeny, possibly via pleiotropic effects. The invasive North American H. axyridis population appears to have higher regeneration capacity than the Chinese population tested previously, although how regeneration capacity might be associated with invasiveness remains unclear. Limb regeneration ability may be a side effect of selection on other traits that confer high fitness under either natural or sexual selection, as it seems unlikely to confer fitness benefits directly in this species.
CaV3.2 drives sustained burst‐firing, which is critical for absence seizure propagation in reticular thalamic neurons
Authors: Cain Stuart M. , Tyson John R. , Choi Hyun‐Beom , Ko Rebecca , Lin Paulo J. C. , LeDue Jeffrey M. , Powell Kim L. , Bernier Louis‐Philippe , Rungta Ravi L. , Yang Yi , Cullis Pieter R. , O'Brien Terence J. , MacVicar Brian A. , Snutch Terrance P. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryObjectiveGenetic alterations have been identified in the CACNA1H gene, encoding the CaV3.2 T‐type calcium channel in patients with absence epilepsy, yet the precise mechanisms relating to seizure propagation and spike‐wave‐discharge (SWD) pacemaking remain unknown. Neurons of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) express high levels of CaV3.2 calcium channels, and we investigated whether a gain‐of‐function mutation in the Cacna1h gene in Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) contributes to seizure propagation and pacemaking in the TRN.MethodsPathophysiological contributions of CaV3.2 calcium channels to burst firing and absence seizures were assessed in vitro using acute brain slice electrophysiology and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in vivo using free‐moving electrocorticography recordings.ResultsTRN neurons from GAERS display sustained oscillatory burst‐firing that is both age‐ and frequency‐dependent, occurring only in the frequencies overlapping with GAERS SWDs and correlating with the expression of a CaV3.2 mutation‐sensitive splice variant. In vivo knock‐down of CaV3.2 using direct thalamic injection of lipid nanoparticles containing CaV3.2 dicer small interfering (Dsi) RNA normalized TRN burst‐firing, and in free‐moving GAERS significantly shortened seizures.SignificanceThis supports a role for TRN CaV3.2 T‐type channels in propagating thalamocortical network seizures and setting the pacemaking frequency of SWDs.
Democratising the separation of powers in EU government: The case for presidentialism
Authors: Sonnicksen Jared 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe EU, while not a state, can be conceived as a mixed or compound political system. Capturing its character of separation of powers has implications for understanding what the EU polity is, but also should be, not least from a democratic standpoint. Hence, the article addresses the EU as system of government in order to identify one appropriate path of democratisation. It first revisits separation of powers and the typology of parliamentary and presidential government to delineate criteria for categorising horizontal (i.e. between branches) division‐of‐powers arrangements. To this end, it elaborates in particular the criteria proposed by Steffani which allow for a more parsimonious differentiation between types of governments. Subsequently, the EU polity (e.g. its structure and functioning of separation of powers and “checks and balances”) is assessed regarding its conformity to a government type. Finally, I discuss implications for identifying a more certain point of reference for an approach to democratise EU government that is not only institutionally compatible, but also ‘demos enabling’.
Principles of economic union: An extension of John Rawls's theory of justice
Authors: Wolthuis Bertjan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn this article I identify the principles of justice by which an economic union is to be constituted. For this purpose, I extend John Rawls's constructivist theory of justice to economically integrated societies. With regard to the principles identified, I defend a twofold claim. First, the principles of economic union generated by this extended procedure of construction can serve as common points of reference for the subjects of an economic union. Second, these principles cannot come into conflict with similarly constructed prior principles of social justice and international justice.
Environmental DNA detects a rare large river crayfish but with little relation to local abundance
Authors: Rice Christopher J. , Larson Eric R. , Taylor Christopher A. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

Environmental DNA (eDNA) is DNA extracted from environmental samples (e.g. water) that can be used to infer presence or abundance of species, sometimes with greater sensitivity than conventional sampling methods. Previous eDNA applications to lotic ecosystems have shown promise in accurately inferring species presence, although studies attempting to estimate species abundance have had mixed results. This may be because eDNA applications in lotic environments are challenged by directional streamflow, which has the potential to transport detectable eDNA downstream from its source.

Our study sought to evaluate whether results from eDNA corresponded well with the presence and abundance of the narrowly endemic, large river specialist crayfish Faxonius eupunctus obtained through a rigorous, well‐tested conventional sampling method, or instead, if downstream eDNA transport in this large river system might overwhelm the effect of local species abundance.

We used a species‐specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay to amplify F. eupunctus eDNA collected in surface water samples from streams within the Eleven Point River drainage, Arkansas and Missouri, U.S.A. We estimated F. eupunctus eDNA detection probabilities and examined relationships between eDNA detection probability and site‐scale variables using a hierarchical occupancy and detection probability modelling framework.

Results from eDNA sampling showed ˜90% agreement relative to our conventional sampling method in estimating F. eupunctus presence, although eDNA failed to detect F. eupunctus eDNA at two upstream sites where conventional sampling detected F. eupunctus individuals. We found a poor relationship between F. eupunctus eDNA detection probability and local F. eupunctus abundance, and a strong relationship between eDNA detection probability and upstream river distance, which we used as a proxy for the risk of downstream transport of eDNA from upstream F. eupunctus populations.

Our results demonstrate eDNA is a largely reliable tool for estimating the presence of benthic organisms in large, freshwater rivers. However, the likelihood of detecting F. eupunctus eDNA presence in our study increased as we moved down the stream network, even though local species abundances were greatest at more upstream locations. Therefore, the ability of eDNA to accurately reflect species presence or abundance in some lotic environments may be hindered by the downstream transport of detectable eDNA.
Control of “blue carbon” storage by mangrove ageing: Evidence from a 66‐year chronosequence in French Guiana
Authors: Walcker Romain , Gandois Laure , Proisy Christophe , Corenblit Dov , Mougin Éric , Laplanche Christophe , Ray Raghab , Fromard François 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe role of mangroves in the blue carbon stock is critical and requires special focus. Mangroves are carbon‐rich forests that are not in steady‐state equilibrium at the decadal time scale. Over the last decades, the structure and zonation of mangroves have been largely disturbed by coastal changes and land use conversions. The amount of time since the last disturbance is a key parameter determining forest structure, but it has so far been overlooked in mangrove carbon stock projections. In particular, the carbon sequestration rates among mangrove successional ages after (re)establishment are poorly quantified and not used in large‐scale estimations of the blue carbon stock. Here, it is hypothesized that ecosystem age structure significantly modulates mangrove carbon stocks. We analysed a 66‐year chronosequence of the aboveground and belowground biomass and soil carbon stock of mangroves in French Guiana, and we found that in the year after forest establishment on newly formed mud banks, the aboveground, belowground and soil carbon stocks averaged 23.56 ± 7.71, 13.04 ± 3.37 and 84.26 ± 64.14 (to a depth of 1 m) Mg C/ha, respectively. The mean annual increment (MAI) in the aboveground and belowground reservoirs was 23.56 × Age−0.52 and 13.20 × Age−0.64 Mg C ha−1 year−1, respectively, and the MAI in the soil carbon reservoir was 3.00 ± 1.80 Mg C ha−1 year−1. Our results show that the plant carbon sink capacity declines with ecosystem age, while the soil carbon sequestration rate remains constant over many years. We suggest that global projections of the above‐ and belowground reservoirs of the carbon stock need to account for mangrove age structures, which result from historical changes in coastal morphology. Our work anticipates joint international efforts to globally quantify the multidecadal mangrove carbon balance based on the combined use of age‐based parametric equations and time series of mangrove age maps at regional scales.
Sexes and species as rival units of niche saturation during community assembly
Authors: Pincheira‐Donoso Daniel , Tregenza Tom , Butlin Roger K. , Hodgson David J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAimCommunity assembly is traditionally assumed to result from speciation and colonization mediated by available niche space. This paradigm is expanded by the theory that niche space can also be saturated by intersexual adaptive divergence (ecological sexual dimorphism) when interspecific competition is relaxed. This theory (here termed ‘niche‐packing equivalence’) predicts that the evolution of ecological sexual dimorphism constrains the ecological opportunity that would otherwise lead to ecological speciation or colonization, and that saturation of niches by different species constrains divergent selection for divergence between the sexes. Therefore, sexes and species are equivalent, yet antagonistic units of niche occupation. We present the most comprehensive test of the niche‐packing equivalence theory at ecological time‐scales (assemblage level) to date.LocationSouth AmericaMajor taxa studiedLiolaemuslizards.MethodsWe identified 23Liolaemusassemblages varying in species richness and sexual size dimorphism (SSD), distributed across a wide environmental range. We used mixed effects models, permutation tests and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) regressions to quantify the relationship between SSD and species richness. We then partitioned the body size niche dimension between the sexes and amongst species, and tested for non‐overlapping body size distributions. We regressed SSD and species richness of each assemblage against environmental predictors, using multi‐model inference and structural equation modelling.ResultsSexual dimorphism declines with increasing species richness, and a strong signal of tension between the two remains following phylogenetic control. This pattern is accompanied by evidence of constraints on body‐size partitioning amongst species and between the sexes: the two units of niche saturation tend not to overlap. However, across assemblages, species richness and SSD correlate with different environmental variables, suggesting that their tension is context‐specific.Main conclusionsOur evidence supports the prediction that sexual dimorphism and species richness are alternative outcomes of adaptive radiation. However, this antagonism is mediated by a suite of environmental predictors that influence dimorphism and species richness differentially.
Left ventricular geometric patterns in end‐stage kidney disease: Determinants and course over time
Authors: Nubé Menso J. , Hoekstra Tiny , Doganer Volkan , Bots Michiel L. , Blankestijn Peter J. , van den Dorpel Marinus , Kamp Otto , Ter Wee Piet M. , de Roij van Zuijdewijn Camiel L. M. , Grooteman Muriel P. C. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIntroduction: While concentric left ventricular hypertrophy (cLVH) predominates in non–dialysis‐dependent chronic kidney disease (CKD), eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy (eLVH) is most prevalent in dialysis‐dependent CKD stage 5 (CKD5D). In these patients, the risk of sudden death is 5× higher than in individuals with cLVH. Currently, it is unknown which factors determine left ventricular (LV) geometry and how it changes over time in CKD5D.Methods: Data from participants of the CONvective TRAnsport Study who underwent serial transthoracic echocardiography were used. Based on left ventricular mass (LVM) and relative wall thickness (RWT), 4 types of left ventricular geometry were distinguished: normal, concentric remodeling, eLVH, and cLVH. Determinants of eLVH were assessed with logistic regression. Left ventricular geometry of patients who died and survived were compared. Long‐term changes in RWT and LVM were evaluated with a linear mixed model.Findings: Three hundred twenty‐two patients (63.1 ± 13.3 years) were included. At baseline, LVH was present in 71% (cLVH: 27%; eLVH: 44%). Prior cardiovascular disease (CVD) was positively associated with eLVH and ß‐blocker use inversely. None of the putative volume parameters showed any relationship with eLVH. Although eLVH was most prevalent in non‐survivors, the distribution of left ventricular geometry did not vary over time.Discussion: The finding that previous CVD was positively associated with eLVH may result from the permanent high cardiac output and the strong tendency for aortic valve calcification in this group of long‐term hemodialysis patients, who suffer generally also from chronic anemia and various other metabolic derangements. No association was found between eLVH and parameters of fluid balance. The distribution of left ventricular geometry did not alter over time. The assumption that LV geometry worsens over time in susceptible individuals, who then suffer from a high risk of dying, may explain these findings.