bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coronagraphic Observations of Si x λ14301 and Fe xiii λ10747 Linearly Polarized Spectra Using the SOLARC Telescope
Authors: Dima Gabriel I. , Kuhn Jeffrey R. , Schad Thomas A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The forbidden Si x emission line at 14301 Å has been identified as a potentially valuable polarized diagnostic for solar coronal magnetic fields; however, the only polarized Si x measurements achieved to date have been during eclipses and at comparatively low spatial and spectral resolution. Here we report spectropolarimetric observations of both the Si x 14301 Å and more well-established Fe xiii 10747 Å coronal lines acquired with the 0.45 m aperture SOLARC coronagraph atop Haleakalā. Using its fiber-based integral field spectropolarimeter, we derive observations sampled at radial intervals of 0.05

(i.e., ∼50″) with a spectral resolving power of ≈36,000. Results for both lines, which represent averages over different active and nonactive regions of the corona, indicate a relatively flat radial variation for the line widths and line centers and a factor of ≈2–3 decrease in polarized brightness between 1.05 and 1.45

. Averaging over all the measurements the mean and standard deviations of line properties for Si x 14301 Å and Fe xiii 10747 Å are, respectively, FWHM of 3.0 ± 0.4 Å and 1.6 ± 0.1 Å, line-integrated polarized brightness of 0.07 ± 0.03 and 0.3 ± 0.3 erg s−2 cm−2 sr−1, where the uncertainty quoted reflects a large sample variance, and line center wavelengths 14300.7 ± 0.2 Å and 10746.3 ± 0.1 Å. The polarized brightness for both lines may be underestimated by up to a factor of 5 due to limitations in the photometric calibration. When accounting for this uncertainty we find consistency between our observations and previous measurements of the two lines as well as theoretical calculations and affirm the potential of the Si x line as a polarized diagnostic of the solar corona.
Massive Dead Galaxies at z ∼ 2 with HST Grism Spectroscopy. I. Star Formation Histories and Metallicity Enrichment
Authors: Morishita T. , Abramson L. E. , Treu T. , Brammer G. B. , Jones T. , Kelly P. , Stiavelli M. , Trenti M. , Vulcani B. , Wang X. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Observations have revealed massive (

) galaxies that were already dead when the universe was only ∼2 Gyr. Given the short time before these galaxies were quenched, their past histories and quenching mechanism(s) are of particular interest. In this paper, we study star formation histories (SFHs) of 24 massive galaxies at 1.6 < z < 2.5. A deep slitless spectroscopy and imaging data set collected from multiple Hubble Space Telescope surveys allows robust determination of their spectral energy distributions and SFHs with no functional assumption on their forms. We find that most of our massive galaxies had formed >50% of their extant masses by ∼1.5 Gyr before the time of observed redshifts, with a trend where more massive galaxies form earlier. Their stellar-phase metallicities are already compatible with those of local early-type galaxies, with a median value of

and scatter of ∼0.15 dex. In combination with the reconstructed SFHs, we reveal their rapid metallicity evolution from z ∼ 5.5 to ∼2.2 at a rate of ∼0.2 dex Gyr−1 in

. Interestingly, the inferred stellar-phase metallicities are, when compared at half-mass time, ∼0.25 dex higher than observed gas-phase metallicities of star-forming galaxies. While systematic uncertainties remain, this may imply that these quenched galaxies have continued low-level star formation, rather than abruptly terminating their star formation activity, and kept enhancing their metallicity until recently.
Constraining Compact Object Formation with 2M0521
Authors: Breivik Katelyn , Chatterjee Sourav , Andrews Jeff J. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
We show that the recently discovered binary 2M05215658+4359220 (2M0521), comprising a giant star (GS) orbiting a suspected black hole (BH) in an ∼80 day orbit, may be instrumental in shedding light on uncertain BH-formation physics and can be a test case for studying wind accretion models. Using binary population synthesis with a realistic prescription for the star formation history and metallicity evolution of the Milky Way, we analyze the evolution of binaries containing compact objects (COs) in orbit around GSs with properties that are similar to 2M0521. We find ∼102–103 CO–GS binaries in the Milky Way observable by Gaia and 0–12 BH–GS and 0–1 neutron star–GS binaries in the Milky Way with properties that are similar to 2M0521. We find that all CO–GSs with P
orb < 5 yr, including 2M0521, go through a common envelope (CE), and hence form a class of higher-mass analogs to white dwarf post-CE binaries. We further show how the component masses of 2M0521-like binaries depend strongly on the supernova-engine model that we adopt. Thus, an improved measurement of the orbit of 2M0521, imminent with Gaia’s third data release, will strongly constrain its component masses and as a result inform supernova-engine models that are widely used in binary population synthesis studies. These results have widespread implications for the origins and properties of CO binaries, especially those detectable by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory and the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna. Finally, we show that the reported X-ray nondetection of 2M0521 is a challenge for wind accretion theory, making 2M0521-like CO–GS binaries a prime target for further study with accretion models.
Le djihadisme au Sahel après la chute de Daech
Authors: Lounnas Djallil 
Published: June 2019

Alors que Daech et Al-Qaïda se sont violemment affrontés au Moyen-Orient, leurs « filiales » sahéliennes ont eu tendance à s’éviter. Depuis 2017, elles ont même entamé un rapprochement et coopèrent occasionnellement. La chute de Daech en zone syro-irakienne aura des répercussions au Sahel. S’il n’est pas dit que l’État islamique au Grand Sahara (EIGS) et le Groupe de soutien à l’islam et aux musulmans (GSIM) fusionnent, il est en revanche assuré que le djihadisme perdurera dans la zone.
A Guerra Fria e o inimigo comunista nas telas de cinema norte-americanas dos anos 1980
Authors: Silveira Mariana G. Alves da , Alves Vágner Camilo 
Published: June 2019

A última década da Guerra Fria foi turbulenta. Seu início apresentou tensão comparável àquela existente nos anos 1950 e princípio dos 1960. A partir de meados dos anos 1980, entretanto, houve distensão, o fim da Guerra Fria e a desintegração do próprio sistema internacional bipolar de poder. O cinema, como outras formas de produção cultural, foi instrumento de propaganda e mobilização durante toda a Guerra Fria. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar como a Guerra Fria se apresentou nos filmes de maior bilheteria nos EEUU na década de 1980. O inimigo comunista é examinado nesses longas-metragens tendo como base a retórica reaganista do período.

Abstract
The Cold War and the Communist Enemy on the US Movie Theater Screens in the 1980s
The last decade of the Cold War was a turbulent one. Its beginning showed tension comparable to that of the 1950s and early 1960s. As of the mid-1980s, however, there was a détente, the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the bipolar international power system. Movies, like other forms of cultural production, were tools for propaganda and mobilization throughout the Cold War. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how the Cold War was shown in the 1980s movies with the highest box-office sales in the US. The Communist enemy is examined in these feature films according to the Reaganist rhetoric of the period.

Resumen
La Guerra Fría y el enemigo comunista en los cines norteamericanos de los años 1980
La última década de la Guerra Fría fue turbulenta. Su inicio presentó una tensión comparable a la existente en los años 1950 y principios de los años 1960. Sin embargo, a partir de mediados de los años 1980, hubo distensión, el fin de la Guerra Fría y la desintegración del propio sistema internacional bipolar de poder. El cine, como otras formas de producción cultural, fue instrumento de propaganda y movilización durante toda la Guerra Fría. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar cómo la Guerra Fría se presentó en las películas de mayor taquilla en EEUU en la década de los 80'. El enemigo comunista es examinado en esos largometrajes, teniendo como base la retórica reaganista del período
Os Militares e a Guerra Fria no Brasil
Authors: Cunha Paulo Ribeiro Rodrigues da 
Published: June 2019

O presente artigo procura resgatar um dos períodos mais intensos e menos estudados da Guerra Fria no Brasil, quando duas correntes militares antípodas política e ideológicas atuaram na perspectiva de influenciar através de suas entidades de classe um projeto de nação. Entretanto, essa reflexão tem por foco, os militares nacionalistas e de esquerda, oficiais e praças das forças armadas cuja intervenção foi bem sucedida ao final, com a vitória da Tese do Monopólio Estatal do Petróleo e não intervenção brasileira no conflito coreano, embora ao custo de uma repressão sobre centenas de militares, muitos deles presos e torturados e até hoje não anistiados, demonstrando em última instância, a fragilidade da democracia e do Estado Democrático e de Direito no Brasil.

Abstract
The Military and the Cold War in Brazil
The present article seeks to recover one of the most intense and least studied period of the Cold War in Brazil, when two military antipodal political and ideological currents acted in the perspective of influencing through its class entities a nation project. However, this reflection is focused on the nationalist and leftist military, officers and squares of the armed forces whose intervention was successful in the end, with the victory of the Thesis of the State Petroleum Monopoly and not Brazilian intervention in the Korean conflict, although at cost of a crackdown on hundreds of soldiers, many of them imprisoned and tortured and still unamused, demonstrating in the last instance the fragility of democracy and the Democratic State and Law in Brazil.

Resumen
Los Militares y la Guerra Fría en Brasil
El presente artículo busca rescatar uno del período más intensos y menos estudiados de la Guerra Fría en Brasil, cuando dos corrientes militares antípodas políticas e ideológicas actuaron en la perspectiva de influenciar a través de sus entidades de clase un proyecto de nación. Sin embargo, esta reflexión tiene por foco, los militares nacionalistas y de izquierda, oficiales y plazas de las fuerzas armadas cuya intervención fue exitosa al final, con la victoria de la Tesis del Monopolio Estatal del Petróleo y no intervención brasileña en el conflicto coreano, aunque al costo de una represión sobre cientos de militares, muchos de ellos presos y torturados y hasta hoy no aniquilados, demostrando en última instancia, la fragilidad de la democracia y del Estado Democrático y de Derecho en Brasil.
A narrativa de eventos traumáticos na história do tempo presente: os desafios para o historiador
Authors: Perosa Junior Edson José 
Published: June 2019

A construção de uma narrativa sobre eventos traumáticos de extrema violência e horror esbarra nas dificuldades e limites da representação de acontecimentos e fenômenos históricos com verossimilhança. A linguagem escrita impossibilita que eventos como o Holocausto sejam representados e apreendidos completamente, devido a escala de horror perpetrado que não encontra paralelo na vida cotidiana. Discute-se o conceito de História do tempo presente, o processo de produção de uma narrativa, a natureza dos eventos traumáticos e a dicotomia vítimas-perpetradores.

Abstract
The Narrative of Traumatic Events in the Present Time History: challenges for the historian
The construction of a narrative about traumatic events of extreme violence and horror collides with the difficulties and limits on the representation of historical occurrences and phenomena with veracity. The written language hinders that events such as the Holocaust could be portrayed and understood completely, due to the scale of horror inflicted that has nor parallel in everyday life. It is discussed the concept of History of the time being, the process of narrative production, the nature of traumatic events and the dichotomy of victims-perpetrators.

Resumen
La Narrativa de Eventos Traumáticos en la Historia del Tiempo Presente: los desafíos para el historiador
La construcción de una narrativa acerca de los eventos traumáticos de extrema violencia y horror se topa a las dificultades y los límites de la representación de los acontecimientos y fenómenos históricos con verosimilitud. La lenguaje escrita hace que sea imposible para eventos como el Holocausto sean representados y aprehendidos por completo debido a la escala del horror perpetrado que no tiene paralelo en la vida cotidiana. Se discute el concepto de la historia del tempo presente, el proceso de producción de una narrativa, la naturaleza de los eventos traumáticos y la dicotomía víctimas-perpetradores.
Supervision of qualified community rehabilitation workers
Authors: Petrick Monika , Sichangwa Kasenga , Collinson Mark , Pickford Katherine 
Published: June 2019

Supervisors of Community Rehabilitation Workers (CRWs) have a critical role to play in supporting and developing the skills and effectiveness of CRWs. This paper reports on research conducted by the Wits/Tintswalo Community Rehabilitation, Research and Education (CORRE) Programme amongst past and present supervisors of qualified CRWs. The aim was to understand different approaches used in supervision, the problems encountered and possible solutions, and the perceived impact of CRWs within rehabilitation services.Thirteen supervisors of qualified CRWs completed a postal or hand delivered questionnaire, which contained a range of open-ended and semi-structured questions. The findings included the supervision activities, the problems around supervision and the benefit of a CRW service. The need for community based rehabilitation (CBR) practice protocols and standards was highlighted.These findings were one of a series of steps towards the development of a CBR management manual for the Northern Province.
Characterisation of molten salts for their application to Molten Salt Reactors
Authors: Barnes Jake , Coutts Ryan , Horne Toby , Thai Jesse 
Published: June 2019

Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs) are one of the six Gen (IV) reactor designs chosen by the Generation IV International Forum for further development. A key area of concern for MSRs is the selection of molten salt composition. Parameters such as heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and viscosity are essential to consider when selecting a salt mixture for use as a coolant in an MSR. In this meta-study, the thermodynamic properties of a range of halide, carbonate and nitrate salts are compared. Using this data, an estimate is made for the usable energy density of each salt. This value in combination with the raw data is used to assess the viability of each salt for use in an MSR. It was found that fluoride salts are the most suitable. They tend to have high heat capacities and large thermal conductivities in relation to the other salts in this study. The 50-50 concentration of LiF-BeF2 had by far the highest usable energy density at 2.21 J/cm3K, however its extremely high viscosity, of 22.2 mPa.s, makes it unsuitable for use as a circulating coolant. LiF-NaF-BeF2 had the next highest usable energy density at 1.82 Jcm-3K-1. Without considering factors beyond thermodynamic properties, it was concluded that LiF-NaF-BeF2, would be the most suitable of the studied salts for use as an MSR coolant. Much of the experimental data in this field was obtained over 40 years ago, it is often of poor quality, lacking standardisation and with large error margins. An attempt has been made in this paper to compile this data and to standardise it to such a degree that salts can be reasonable compared.
Keywords: Molten Salt Reactor; FLiBe; FLiNaK; Heat Capacity; Carnot Efficiency
A Meta-Analysis on the Advancement on the thermodynamic properties of clothing in extreme cold environments
Authors: Howie Nicholas , Rabey Samuel 
Published: June 2019

When two systems with different energies are in contact, the heat from the higher energy system will move into the lower energy system and the two will reach equilibrium. Humans in extreme cold environments will perish if they do not keep appropriate heat contained within their system and thus it is the object of much historic research to maintain heat within a system for as long as possible. Research and development of cold weather clothing focuses on a range of methods regulating heat flow between clothing layers. Modern research focuses on air gaps between layers of clothing, development of new conventional insulating textiles and contemporary solutions such as the use of Phases Change [1]. The purpose of this paper is to conglomerate all of the current research into one meta-analysis highlighting the gaps in the research and potential areas in need of further study, and to propose a new article of cold weather apparel utilizing the most effective advancements from the papers collected in this study. It was found that each component of cold climate clothing affects an aspect of thermal resistivity. Thickness affects the windchill resistance, the specific heat increases thermal resistance of the fabric, while humidity increases thermal conductivity, air gaps reduce it and the rigidity affects all of these factors. Our findings suggest if the air gaps are above 8 mm, natural convection currents can occur which increase the thermal and moisture transfer between clothing layers. By analysing all of these factors, a new prototype garment was able to be proposed.
Keywords: Cold environment; clothing; thermoregulation.
Secondary organic aerosol enhanced by increasing atmospheric oxidizing capacity in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH), China
Authors: Feng Tian , Zhao Shuyu , Bei Naifang , Wu Jiarui , Liu Suixin , Li Xia , Liu Lang , Qian Yang , Yang Qingchuan , Wang Yichen , Zhou Weijian , Cao Junji , Li Guohui 
Published: June 2019

Abstract. The implementation of the Air Pollution Prevention and
Control Action Plan in China since 2013 has profoundly altered the ambient
pollutants in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region. Here we show
observations of substantially increased O3 concentrations (about
30 %) and a remarkable increase in the ratio of organic carbon (OC) to
elemental carbon (EC) in BTH during the autumn from 2013 to 2015, revealing
an enhancement in atmospheric oxidizing capacity (AOC) and secondary organic
aerosol (SOA) formation. To explore the impacts of increasing AOC on the SOA
formation, a severe air pollution episode from 3 to 8 October 2015 with high
O3 and PM2.5 concentrations is simulated using the WRF-Chem model.
The model performs reasonably well in simulating the spatial distributions
of PM2.5 and O3 concentrations over BTH and the temporal
variations in PM2.5, O3, NO2, OC, and EC concentrations in
Beijing compared to measurements. Sensitivity studies show that the change
in AOC substantially influences the SOA formation in BTH. A sensitivity case
characterized by a 31 % O3 decrease (or 36 % OH decrease) reduces
the SOA level by about 30 % and the SOA fraction in total organic aerosol
by 17 % (from 0.52 to 0.43, dimensionless). Spatially, the SOA decrease
caused by reduced AOC is ubiquitous in BTH, but the spatial relationship
between SOA concentrations and the AOC is dependent on the SOA precursor
distribution. Studies on SOA formation pathways further show that when the
AOC is reduced, the SOA from oxidation and partitioning of semivolatile primary organic aerosol
(POA)
and co-emitted intermediate volatile organic compounds (IVOCs) decreases
remarkably, followed by those from anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Meanwhile, the SOA decrease in the irreversible uptake of glyoxal and
methylglyoxal on the aerosol surfaces is negligible.
A near-surface sea temperature time series from Trieste, northern Adriatic Sea (1899–2015)
Authors: Raicich Fabio , Colucci Renato R. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract. A time series of near-surface sea temperature was built from observations
performed in the harbour of Trieste from 14 July 1899 to 31 December 2015.
The description of the observation sites and instruments was possible thanks
to historical documents. The measurements consist of two data sets: the first
consists of analogue data obtained by means of thermometer and thermograph measurements, recorded one or two times per day, in the periods 1899–1923 and 1934–2008; the
second consists of digital records obtained by thermistors on an hourly basis in
the period 1986–2015. A quasi-homogeneous time series of daily temperatures
at 2 m depth is formed from direct observations at that depth and from
temperatures estimated from observations at shallower depths. From this time
series a mean temperature rise rate of 1.1±0.3 ∘C per century
was estimated, while in 1946–2015 it is 1.3±0.5 ∘C per
century. The data are available through SEANOE (https://doi.org/10.17882/58728; Raicich
and Colucci, 2019).
The long-term variability of extreme sea levels in the German Bight
Authors: Lang Andreas , Mikolajewicz Uwe 
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Extreme high sea levels (ESLs) caused by storm floods constitute a major hazard for coastal regions. We here quantify their long-term variability in the southern German Bight using simulations covering the last 1000 years. To this end, global earth system model simulations from the PMIP3 past1000 project are dynamically scaled down with a regionally coupled climate system model focusing on the North Sea. This approach provides an unprecedented long high-resolution data record that can extend the knowledge of ESL variability based on observations, and allows for the identification of associated large-scale forcing mechanisms in the climate system. While the statistics of simulated ESLs compare well with observations from the tide gauge record at Cuxhaven, we find that simulated ESLs show large variations on interannual to centennial timescales without preferred oscillation periods. As a result of this high internal variability, ESL variations appear to a large extent decoupled from those of the background sea level, and mask any potential signals from solar or volcanic forcing.
Comparison with large-scale climate variability shows that periods of high ESL are associated with a sea level pressure dipole between northeastern Scandinavia and the Gulf of Biscay.
While this large-scale circulation regime applies to enhanced ESL in the wider region, it differs from the North Atlantic Oscillation pattern that has often been linked to periods of elevated background sea level. The high internal variability with large multidecadal to centennial variations emphasizes the inherent uncertainties related to traditional extreme value estimates based on short data subsets, which fail to account for such long-term variations. We conclude that ESL variations as well as existing estimates of future changes are likely to be dominated by internal variability rather than climate change signals. Thus, larger ensemble simulations will be required to assess future flood risks.
El futuro de la evolución y de la especie humana ¿hacia una era post/trans-humanista?
Authors: Beorlegui Carlos 
Published: June 2019

Current scientific research considers that we are in the brink of overcoming the boundaries of the human in order to get into a new age, called Post-Human or Trans-Human. This article proposes a clarification between these proposals to rethink what is to be consider human, as a well as a series of reflections that may help us to sort out their possibilities of becoming real. This effort forces us to think on the ideas we have about human essence, nature and condition, as well on the criteria and procedures we have to elucidate how to reach a consensus about the essentially open essence of humans. From there, we will be able to decide which proposals are legitimate and beneficial and which ones, on the contrary, entail the danger of bringing us closer to situations of in-humanity.
Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 152, 2018: 19-60