bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Doppler W-band polarization diversity space-borne radar simulator for wind studies
Authors: Battaglia Alessandro , Dhillon Ranvir , Illingworth Anthony 
Published: October 2018

Abstract. CloudSat observations are used in combination with collocated European Centre
for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis to simulate space-borne
W-band Doppler observations from slant-looking radars. The simulator also
includes cross-polarization effects which are relevant if the Doppler
velocities are derived from polarization diversity pulse pair correlation. A
specific conically scanning radar configuration (WIVERN), recently
proposed to the ESA-Earth Explorer 10 call that aims to provide global
in-cloud winds for data assimilation, is analysed in detail in this study. One hundred granules of CloudSat data are exploited to investigate the impact
on Doppler velocity estimates from three specific effects: (1) non-uniform
beam filling, (2) wind shear and (3) crosstalk between orthogonal
polarization channels induced by hydrometeors and surface targets. Errors
associated with non-uniform beam filling constitute the most important source
of error and can account for almost 1 m s−1 standard deviation, but this
can be reduced effectively to less than 0.5 m s−1 by adopting
corrections based on estimates of vertical reflectivity gradients.
Wind-shear-induced errors are generally much smaller (∼0.2 m s−1).
A methodology for correcting these errors has been developed based on
estimates of the vertical wind shear and the reflectivity gradient. Low
signal-to-noise ratios lead to higher random errors (especially in winds) and
therefore the correction (particularly the one related to the wind-shear-induced error) is less effective at low signal-to-noise ratio. Both errors
can be underestimated in our model because the CloudSat data do not fully
sample the spatial variability of the reflectivity fields, whereas the ECMWF
reanalysis may have smoother velocity fields than in reality (e.g. they
underestimate vertical wind shear). The simulator allows for quantification of the average number of accurate
measurements that could be gathered by the Doppler radar for each polar
orbit, which is strongly impacted by the selection of the polarization
diversity H−V pulse separation, Thv. For WIVERN a selection close to
20 µs (with a corresponding folding velocity equal to 40 m s−1)
seems to achieve the right balance between maximizing the number of accurate
wind measurements (exceeding 10 % of the time at any particular level in
the mid-troposphere) and minimizing aliasing effects in the presence of high
winds. The study lays the foundation for future studies towards a thorough
assessment of the performance of polar orbiting wide-swath W-band Doppler
radars on a global scale. The next generation of scanning cloud radar systems
and reanalyses with improved resolution will enable a full capture of the
spatial variability of the cloud reflectivity and the in-cloud wind fields,
thus refining the results of this study.
Measuring decadal vertical land-level changes from SRTM-C (2000) and TanDEM-X ( ∼ 2015) in the south-central Andes
Authors: Purinton Benjamin , Bookhagen Bodo 
Published: October 2018

Abstract. In the arctic and high mountains it is common to measure vertical changes of
ice sheets and glaciers via digital elevation model (DEM) differencing. This
requires the signal of change to outweigh the noise associated with the
datasets. Excluding large landslides, on the ice-free earth the land-level change
is smaller in vertical magnitude and thus requires more accurate DEMs for
differencing and identification of change. Previously, this has required
meter to submeter data at small spatial scales. Following careful
corrections, we are able to measure land-level changes in gravel-bed channels
and steep hillslopes in the south-central Andes using the SRTM-C (collected
in 2000) and the TanDEM-X (collected from 2010 to 2015) near-global 12–30 m
DEMs. Long-standing errors in the SRTM-C are corrected using the TanDEM-X as
a control surface and applying cosine-fit co-registration to remove
∼1/10 pixel (∼3 m) shifts, fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtering to
remove SRTM-C short- and long-wavelength stripes, and blocked shifting to
remove remaining complex biases. The datasets are then differenced and
outlier pixels are identified as a potential signal for the case of gravel-bed
channels and hillslopes. We are able to identify signals of incision and
aggradation (with magnitudes down to ∼3 m in the best case) in two
>100 km river reaches, with increased geomorphic activity downstream of
knickpoints. Anthropogenic gravel excavation and piling is prominently
measured, with magnitudes exceeding ±5 m (up to >10 m for large
piles). These values correspond to conservative average rates of 0.2 to
>0.5 m yr−1 for vertical changes in gravel-bed rivers. For
hillslopes, since we require stricter cutoffs for noise, we are only able to
identify one major landslide in the study area with a deposit volume of
16±0.15×106 m3. Additional signals of change can be
garnered from TanDEM-X auxiliary layers; however, these are more difficult to
quantify. The methods presented can be extended to any region of the world
with SRTM-C and TanDEM-X coverage where vertical land-level changes are of
interest, with the caveat that remaining vertical uncertainties in primarily
the SRTM-C limit detection in steep and complex topography.
Modern Art in the Arab World: Primary Documents
Authors: Yarmohammad Touski Golnar 
Published: October 2018

Book Review: Anneka Lenssen, Sarah A. Rogers, and Nada M. Shabout. Modern Art in the Arab World: Primary Documents. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, in association with Duke University Press, 2018. 464 pp.; 49 ills.; 51 b/w ills. Paperback, $40 (1633450384, 9781633450387)
2018 AAHA Infection Control, Prevention, and Biosecurity Guidelines*
Authors: Stull Jason W. , Bjorvik Erin , Bub Joshua , Dvorak Glenda , Petersen Christine , Troyer Heather L. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTA veterinary team’s best work can be undone by a breach in infection control, prevention, and biosecurity (ICPB). Such a breach, in the practice or home-care setting, can lead to medical, social, and financial impacts on patients, clients, and staff, as well as damage the reputation of the hospital. To mitigate these negative outcomes, the AAHA ICPB Guidelines Task Force believes that hospital teams should improve upon their current efforts by limiting pathogen exposure from entering or being transmitted throughout the hospital population and using surveillance methods to detect any new entry of a pathogen into the practice. To support these recommendations, these practice-oriented guidelines include step-by-step instructions to upgrade ICPB efforts in any hospital, including recommendations on the following: establishing an infection control practitioner to coordinate and implement the ICPB program; developing evidence-based standard operating procedures related to tasks performed frequently by the veterinary team (hand hygiene, cleaning and disinfection, phone triage, etc.); assessing the facility’s ICPB strengths and areas of improvement; creating a staff education and training plan; cataloging client education material specific for use in the practice; implementing a surveillance program; and maintaining a compliance evaluation program. Practices with few or no ICPB protocols should be encouraged to take small steps. Creating visible evidence that these protocols are consistently implemented within the hospital will invariably strengthen the loyalties of clients to the hospital as well as deepen the pride the staff have in their roles, both of which are the basis of successful veterinary practice.
Unexpected discovery of six new species of Aphyosemion (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheilidae) in the Wonga-Wongué Presidential Reserve in Gabon
Authors: Agnèse Jean-François , Chirio Laurent , Legros Olivier , Oslisly Richard , Bhé Hervé Mvé 
Published: October 2018

During a survey of the fishes in the region of the Wonga-Wongué Presidential Reserve, 14 new populations of the subgenus Chromaphyosemion Myers, 1924 were found. These observations extend the previously known distribution range of the subgenus 120 kilometres southward. None of these populations could be related to any described species. Based on the colouration of the males and females, together with a genetic marker (mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b sequences), the populations studied are grouped into six new species which are described in this article, all close to Aphyosemion alpha Huber, 1998 with which they share the presence of a black alpha-shaped mark on the pre- and post-opercular region. The group composed of A. alpha and the six new species is referred to here as the A. alpha species group. All the new species, A. aurantiacum Chirio, Legros & Agnèse sp. nov., A. barakoniense Chirio, Legros & Agnèse sp. nov., A. flammulatum Chirio, Legros & Agnèse sp. nov., A. flavocyaneum Chirio, Legros & Agnèse sp. nov., A. pusillum Chirio, Legros & Agnèse sp. nov. and A. rubrogaster Chirio, Legros & Agnèse sp. nov., are further unambiguously diagnosed by unique combinations of colour patterns, making it possible to generate an identification key for the A. alpha species group. It is likely that the coastal dunes of Wonga-Wongué that form a sandy relief, could have led to the fragmentation and then isolation of the hydrographical networks that flow into the Atlantic Ocean, making possible a significant number of allopatric speciations.
Dispersion analysis of PoTRA ranked mRNA mediated dysregulated pathways in Breast Invasive Cancer from a TCGA Pan-Cancer study
Authors: Linan Margaret K , Dinu Valentin 
Published: October 2018

Background. Our publication of the new pathways of topological rank analysis (PoTRA) algorithm demonstrated a novel approach for using the Google Search PageRank algorithm to analyze gene expression networks to identify biological pathways significantly disrupted in hepatocellular carcinoma. In order to apply the PoTRA algorithm to analyze other cancer gene expression data sets, of various sizes and normal:tumor ratio composition, two important questions must be answered: 1. What is the optimal normal:tumor sample ratio?; and 2. What is the minimum number of samples that should be used for PoTRA analysis? To address these questions, the average standard deviation (SD) in PoTRA-ranked mRNA mediated dysregulated pathways was studied using randomly sampled data sets with various normal:tumor ratios and sizes drawn from the TCGA Breast Invasive Carcinoma (TCGA-BRCA) project.
Methods. To identify the optimal normal:tumor sample ratios, the SD analysis used random combinations of 1:N unbalanced normal:tumor data sets: (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:5, 1:7, 1:9). To identify the minimum sample size, random resampling of normal and tumor samples of various sizes are used: (3 vs 3), (5 vs 5), (10 vs 10), (25 vs 25), (50 vs 50), (75 vs 75), (100 vs 100), and (113 vs 113).
Results. This analysis suggests that the 1:1 ratio achieves the lowest average rank variation and that the minimum sample size of 50 normal and 50 tumor samples reaches a steady state in the average rank variation.
Conclusion. In conclusion, future applications of the PoTRA algorithm to analyze gene expression data sets such as TCGA should use balanced data sets as well as a minimum sample size of 50 for both normal and tumor to ensure the most robust performance.
Fish assemblages above and below three road crossing types are similar in a prairie stream
Authors: Wuellner Melissa , Grauf Jeremy J , Prenosil Erik , Hoback Wyatt W , Koupal Keith D 
Published: October 2018

Background. The North American prairie biome is considered one of the most endangered ecoregions. Prairie fishes have been affected by many anthropogenic disturbances, including the construction of bridges and culverts as road crossings over streams. The objective of our study was to test fish assemblage characteristics upstream and downstream of single- and double-barreled culverts and compare them with assemblages at bridges within a single prairie stream watershed.
Methods. Eight sites located near public or private roads were selected on the South Loup River, Nebraska, USA. Fish were sampled monthly from April through October 2013 using backpack electrofishing. Sampling occurred upstream and downstream of each road crossing structure. Fish collections from all months were combined to calculate species richness; species diversity; the relative abundance of two species of conservation concern in North American Great Plains streams (brassy minnow Hybognatus hankinsoni and plains topminnow Fundulus sciadicus ); the relative abundance of two introduced predators (largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and northern pike Esox lucius ), and the relative abundance of both introduced predators combined. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to determine whether these seven fish assemblage characteristics were different between upstream and downstream reaches, among road crossing structures, and between the interaction of these two factors followed by pairwise comparisons by either road crossing type, direction, or the interaction of both using a Tukey’s honest significant difference (HSD) test.
Results. Only two fish assemblage characteristics appeared to be related to road crossing type or direction: species richness and relative abundance of brassy minnows. Species richness was significantly higher at bridges compared to single-barreled culverts. The relative abundance of brassy minnows was significantly different between bridges and both types of culverts but was not significantly different between the two culvert types.
Discussion. Several reasons could explain the overall results of our study. First, road crossings on prairie streams may not have much effect on fish passage or fish habitat due to the low gradient of these streams. Secondly, because of bank stabilization, bridges could affect prairie fish communities and their habitats as severely as culverts within this watershed. Third, the fish communities upstream and downstream of all crossing types may represent fishes that are mostly tolerant of disturbances in general. Our study indicates that prairie streams and their fish communities could be at least somewhat tolerant and resilient to disturbances associated with road crossings, even though the small-bodied nature of many native species potentially pose higher risks of disconnection within the population.
Borocarbonitrides as Metal‐Free Catalysts for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Rao Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra , Chhetri Manjeet 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHydrogen generation by water splitting is clearly a predominant and essential strategy to tackle the problems related to renewable energy. In this context, the discovery of proper catalysts for electrochemical and photochemical water splitting assumes great importance. There is also a serious intent to eliminate platinum and other noble metal catalysts. To replace Pt by a non‐metallic catalyst with desirable characteristics is a challenge. Borocarbonitrides, (BxCyNz) which constitutes a new class of 2D material, offer great promise as non‐metallic catalysts because of the easy tunability of bandgap, surface area, and other electronic properties with variation in composition. Recently, BxCyNz composites with excellent electrochemical and photochemical hydrogen generation activities have been found, especially noteworthy being the observation that BxCyNz with a carbon‐rich composition or its nanocomposites with MoS2 come close to Pt in electrocatalytic properties, showing equally good photochemical activity.
Fundamental Insights into the Performance Deterioration of Phosphorene due to Oxidation: A GW Method Investigation
Authors: Yi Zhijun , Ma Yuchen , Zheng Yazhuo , Duan Yifeng , Li Huichao 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDegradation of phosphorene due to oxidation in air is extremely harmful to its performance in electronics and optoelectronics. Origin of this phenomenon is still debated and remains elusive. Through the state‐of‐the‐art first‐principles theoretical approach, GW method, it is believed that it is actually the vacancy–oxygen complex, formed by a single vacancy and an oxygen impurity nearby, that could lead to deep defect states in the bandgap and therefore deteriorate the performance of phosphorene, while isolated oxygen defects are electronically inactive. This information will be very helpful for protecting phosphorene from deterioration.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation of 2‐Aryl‐1,3‐Dithianes, an Umpolung Synthesis of β,γ‐Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Trongsiriwat Nisalak , Li Minyan , Pascual‐Escudero Ana , Yucel Baris , Walsh Patrick J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPalladium‐catalyzed allylic alkylation of 2‐aryl‐1,3‐dithianes at room temperature is described. A variety of cyclic and acyclic electrophiles successfully coupled with in‐situ generated 2‐sodio‐1,3‐dithiane nucleophiles to afford the allylated products in good to excellent yields (25 examples). Deprotection of these products leads to valuable β,γ‐unsaturated ketones. Direct synthesis of such β,γ‐unsaturated ketones via a one‐pot allylation‐oxidation protocol is also presented. Investigation into the stereochemistry of the allylation reaction revealed that the 2‐sodio‐1,3‐dithiane nucleophile behaves as a “soft” nucleophile, which underwent external attack on the π‐allyl palladium complex to provide retention of stereochemistry (double inversion pathway). Additionally, the utility of this method was demonstrated through a sequential one‐pot allylation‐Heck cyclization to produce asterogynin derivatives, which are important bioactive compounds in medicinal chemistry.magnified image
Deep Tumor‐Penetrated Nanocages Improve Accessibility to Cancer Stem Cells for Photothermal‐Chemotherapy of Breast Cancer Metastasis
Authors: Tan Tao , Wang Hong , Cao Haiqiang , Zeng Lijuan , Wang Yuqi , Wang Zhiwan , Wang Jing , Li Jie , Wang Siling , Zhang Zhiwen , Li Yaping 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCancer stem cells (CSCs) are proposed to account for the initiation of cancer metastasis, but their accessibility remains a great challenge. This study reports deep tumor‐penetrated biomimetic nanocages to augment the accessibility to CSCs fractions in tumor for anti‐metastasis therapy. The nanocages can load photothermal agent of 1,1‐dioctadecyl‐3,3,3,3‐tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide (DBN) and chemotherapeutic epirubicin (EBN) to eradicate CSCs for photothermal‐chemotherapy of breast cancer metastasis. In metastatic 4T1‐indcued tumor model, both DBN and EBN can efficiently accumulate in tumor sites and feasibly permeate throughout the tumor mass. These biomimetic nanosystems can be preferentially internalized by cancer cells and effectively accessed to CSCs fractions in tumor. The DBN+laser/EBN treatment produces considerable depression of primary tumor growth, drastically eradicates around 80% of CSCs fractions in primary tumor, and results in 95.2% inhibition of lung metastasis. Thus, the biomimetic nanocages can be a promising delivery nanovehicle with preferential CSCs‐accessibility for effective anti‐metastasis therapy.
Planar Dual‐Gate Paper/Oxide Field Effect Transistors as Universal Logic Gates
Authors: Gaspar Diana , Martins Jorge , Bahubalindruni Pydi , Pereira Luís , Fortunato Elvira , Martins Rodrigo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractElectronics on paper enable some specific applications out of conventional ones which require innovative approaches and concepts on the design of devices and systems. Within this context, this work demonstrates that a unique set of characteristics can be combined in planar dual‐gate oxide–based field effect transistors with a back floating electrode using paper simultaneously as substrate and dielectric. The working principle of these transistors relies on the formation of electric double layers at the semiconductor/paper and paper/back floating electrode interfaces (associated to ions displacement within the paper) that can be disturbed by a voltage applied at a secondary gate, by the back floating potential or by the combination of both. This feature allows for the control of the on‐voltage of the transistors, from depletion to enhancement mode, for instance. Moreover, this specific characteristic allows the implementation of universal logic gates (NAND and NOR) using only one transistor, by setting the proper combination of the voltage level applied at each gate. This way a simple and universal device architecture can be envisaged towards the simplification of the production of low power electronic systems on paper.
Independent predictive factors for the persistence and tolerance of cow's milk allergy
Authors: Topal Erdem , Çeliksoy Mehmet Halil , Arga Mustafa , Kaynak Mustafa Sinan , Duman Yücel , Demirtaş Semih , Alataş Cem , Tonbul Hayrettin , Ökmen Zeynep Hazıroğlu , Dalkılıç Huri Maral 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundCow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is usually transient, with most children tolerating ingested cow's milk by 3 years of age. This study aimed to determine factors that promote or hindering the development of tolerance to CMPA.MethodsA logistic regression model was used to determine independent risk factors associated with tolerance and persistence of CMPA.ResultA total of 178 children diagnosed with CMPA were included in the study. The patients’ median age was 32 months (minimum‐maximum, 14 to 144 months), and their median follow‐up period was 30 months (minimum‐maximum, 12 to 54 months). In the follow‐up, CMPA persisted in 62 (34.8%) patients. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to patient's age. Group I was <3 years old and group II was ≥3 years old. The factors independently associated with the persistence of CMPA for group I were as follows: comorbid food allergies (p = 0.021), the presence of an immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐mediated reaction (p = 0.001), and respiratory system symptoms (ie, tachypnea) (p = 0.036). The presence of gastrointestinal‐related discomfort (p = 0.001) was an independent risk factor associated with the development of tolerance. The presence of comorbid food allergies (p = 0.03) was the only independent predictive factor for CMPA persistence for group II.ConclusionThe prognosis in cases of CMPA, a food allergy, is good, with tolerance developing over time. The presence of IgE‐mediated CMPA, respiratory‐related symptoms (ie, tachypnea), and the presence of comorbid food allergies have negative effects on tolerance.
A Pair of Bacterial Siderophores Releases and Traps an Intercellular Signal Molecule: An Unusual Case of Natural Nitrone Bioconjugation
Authors: Trottmann Felix , Franke Jakob , Ishida Keishi , García‐Altares María , Hertweck Christian 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn microbial interactions bacteria employ diverse molecules with specific functions, such as sensing the environment, communication with other microbes or hosts, and conferring virulence. Insights into the molecular basis of bacterial communication are thus of high relevance for ecology and medicine. Targeted gene activation and in vitro studies revealed that the cell‐to‐cell signaling molecule and disease mediator IQS (aeruginaldehyde) of the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and related bacteria derives from the siderophore pyochelin. Addition of IQS to bacterial cultures (Burkholderia thailandensis) showed that the signaling molecule is captured by a congener of another siderophore family, malleobactin, to form a nitrone conjugate (malleonitrone) that is active against the IQS‐producer. This study uncovers complex communication processes with derailed siderophore functions, a novel nitrone bioconjugation, and a new type of antibiotic against Gram‐negative bacteria.