bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bottom‐up and top‐down effects of browning and warming on shallow lake food webs
Authors: Vasconcelos Francisco Rivera , Diehl Sebastian , Rodríguez Patricia , Hedström Per , Karlsson Jan , Byström Pär 
Published: November 2018

AbstractProductivity and trophic structure of aquatic ecosystems result from a complex interplay of bottom‐up and top‐down forces that operate across benthic and pelagic food web compartments. Projected global changes urge the question how this interplay will be affected by browning (increasing input of terrestrial dissolved organic matter), nutrient enrichment and warming. We explored this with a process‐based model of a shallow lake food web consisting of benthic and pelagic components (abiotic resources, primary producers, grazers, carnivores), and compared model expectations with the results of a browning and warming experiment in nutrient‐poor ponds harboring a boreal lake community. Under low nutrient conditions, the model makes three major predictions. (a) Browning reduces light and increases nutrient supply; this decreases benthic and increases pelagic production, gradually shifting productivity from the benthic to the pelagic habitat. (b) Because of active habitat choice, fish exert top‐down control on grazers and benefit primary producers primarily in the more productive of the two habitats. (c) Warming relaxes top‐down control of grazers by fish and decreases primary producer biomass, but effects of warming are generally small compared to effects of browning and nutrient supply. Experimental results were consistent with most model predictions for browning: light penetration, benthic algal production, and zoobenthos biomass decreased, and pelagic nutrients and pelagic algal production increased with browning. Also consistent with expectations, warming had negative effects on benthic and pelagic algal biomass and weak effects on algal production and zoobenthos and zooplankton biomass. Inconsistent with expectations, browning had no effect on zooplankton and warming effects on fish depended on browning. The model is applicable also to nutrient‐rich systems, and we propose that it is a useful tool for the exploration of the consequences of different climate change scenarios for productivity and food web dynamics in shallow lakes, the worldwide most common lake type.
Emicizumab: Review of the literature and critical appraisal
Authors: Rodriguez‐Merchan E. Carlos , Valentino Leonard A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIntroductionEmicizumab‐kywh (ACE910) is a recombinant, humanized, asymmetric bispecific antibody that functions to bring activated FIX (FIXa) and zymogen FX into an appropriate steric conformation to medicate the activation of FX to FXa thereby mimicking the cofactor function of FVIIIa.AimThe objective of this manuscript was to review the development and potential role for emicizumab in the treatment of patients with haemophilia A with and without inhibitors.MethodsA Cochrane Library and PubMed (MEDLINE) search focusing on emicizumab in haemophilia was conducted.ResultsIn total, 37 citations were retrieved and serve as the database for the literature reviewed herein. Once‐weekly subcutaneous injection of emicizumab at three dose levels has been shown to be effective as prophylaxis to prevent bleeding in a majority haemophilia A patients with inhibitors to FVIII. Likewise, prevention of bleeding was also observed in more than two thirds of patients without inhibitors to FVIII. One antidrug antibody to emicizumab has been reported in over 600 treated patients, two have developed thromboembolic events and three thrombotic microangiopathy. These thrombotic complications have occurred in conjunction with FVIII‐bypassing agents, and none have been observed following recommendations from the manufacturer regarding concomitant use of bypassing agents. The median annual treated bleeding rates were decreased in patients with as well as those without an inhibitor to FVIII.ConclusionThe principal advantage of emicizumab is subcutaneous administration and effectiveness irrespective of the presence of inhibitors. Emicizumab could conceivably represent a new epoch in the treatment of people with haemophilia A.
Implementing and Rethinking the European Union's Asylum Legislation: The Asylum Procedures Directive
Authors: Schittenhelm Karin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe Asylum Procedures Directive, which was put in place in the context of the Common European Asylum System, is expected to both harmonise the asylum procedures in the European Union and to safeguard applicants’ rights. This article explores various steps in the implementation of the directive, starting with transnational negotiations which aim to influence domestic asylum policies. Focusing on asylum systems in Germany and Sweden, the article shows that the way decision makers implement the directive is shaped by diverging domestic asylum policies. The risk of failing common standards, however, is not only a matter of implementation, but inherent in the directive's design. Furthermore, harmonisation does not necessarily improve compliance with the principles of international refugee law. Safeguarding protection seekers’ rights requires rethinking both asylum legislation and the role of the actors who intervene in its implementation.
Ambient pressure synthesis of La2LiHO3 as a solid electrolyte for a hydrogen electrochemical cell
Authors: Matsui Naoki , Kobayashi Genki , Suzuki Kota , Watanabe Akihiro , Kubota Akiko , Iwasaki Yuki , Yonemura Masao , Hirayama Masaaki , Kanno Ryoji 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe capability of La2LiHO3 as a H− conductive solid electrolyte has recently been demonstrated, which has suggested the possibility of developing electrochemical devices based on H− conduction. However, the performance of La2LiHO3 as a solid electrolyte has not yet been fully clarified. In this study, we prepared La2LiHO3 sintered pellets by a conventional solid‐state reaction with LiH flux under ambient pressure and characterized the crystal structure and thermal stability (to moisture, ambient air, and oxygen) by neutron and X‐ray diffraction measurements. The produced sintered pellets exhibited an activation energy of 69.2 kJ/mol, which is consistent with the value of the sample synthesized by the high‐pressure method. The gas‐sealing properties of the sintered La2LiHO3 pellets as the H− conductive solid electrolyte were confirmed by measuring the electromotive force using a hydrogen concentration cell.
MANAGERIAL LEARNING THROUGH CUSTOMER–SUPPLIER LINKS
Authors: Fuller Kathleen P. , Yildiz Serhat 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWe provide empirical evidence that supplier firms’ managers learn new information from their customers’ stock prices when they make investment, long‐term financing, short‐term financing, and dividend decisions. Our findings provide novel empirical evidence that the stock market has real effects on the economy through customer–supplier links. Our results indicate that managerial learning is not confined to peers’ or firms’ own stock prices but is a more comprehensive process that includes cross‐industry learning. Furthermore, managerial learning is not limited to investment decisions but is also present in long‐term financing, short‐term financing, and dividend decisions.
Structure of the external auditory meatus of the Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) and its relation to their seasonal migration
Authors: Rehorek Susan J. , Stimmelmayr Rafael , George John C. , Suydam Robert , McBurney Denise M. , Thewissen J. G. M. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe external auditory meatus (EAM) in many species of mysticete whales is filled with a waxy ear plug. Though this lamellated structure is often used to age a whale, its formation and development remain undescribed. It is thought that growth layer groups (GLGs) are laid down annually, thereby increasing the size of this structure. Since some mysticete whales are migratory and many undergo molting, we hypothesized that the cyclical production of these GLGs may be related to these processes. The epithelia of both EAM and glove finger (a part of the tympanic membrane protruding into the EAM) of one juvenile and multiple adult bowhead whales from both fall (October: non‐molting) and spring (May: molting) seasons were dissected and examined anatomically and histologically. These tissue samples were compared with the adult oral epithelia at the same time periods. These epithelia shared a similar basic broad structure, though there were differences in thickness and presence of intraepithelial structures. All epithelia in the October specimens were rich in both glycogen and lipid. The parakeratinized epithelium of the oral cavity in the juvenile and some May specimens shed via the production of several superficial epithelial fissures. Other adult May specimens exhibited deep epithelial fissures, reminiscent of pressure ulcers, which would cause the detachment of the entire epithelium from the dermis. We propose that sloughed epithelial lining is the source of the GLGs in the ear plug. Correlating a potential molting sequence with these observations explained the presence of epidermal glycogen, deep epidermal fissures and dermal glycolipid, and to some extent calls into question the origin and structure of the ear plug itself. Further morphological characterization of ear plugs in bowheads is needed to better understand cell origin and ear plug formation.
Life‐story work in long‐term care facilities for older people: An integrative review
Authors: Doran Caroline , Noonan Maria , Doody Owen 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAimTo systematically review the literature regarding the experience of older people, families and staff using life‐story work in residential care facilities for older people.BackgroundLife‐story work has been promoted as an approach to enhance care provided and involves collecting memories and moments that are important to the person assisting them to regain their sense of self.DesignAn integrative review utilising the PRISMA reporting guidelines where seven databases, Scopus, EMBASE, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsychInfo, PsychARTICLES, and Cochrane, were searched within the timeframe; 1 January 2006 to 14 March 2016. Data were reviewed using Whittemore and Knalf's (Journal of Advanced Nursing, 2005, 52:546) methodological approach for integrative reviews. Analysis was conducted utilising Braun and Clarke's (Qualitative Research in Psychology, 2006, 3:77) six phases to identify, analyse and record themes within the data.ResultsThirteen articles were reviewed, and the review found that life‐story work has been introduced using a range of different approaches, with no common approach. Thematic analysis identified two: maintaining identity and building and maintaining relationships.ConclusionThe review extends the current evidence on the experience of using life‐story work in long‐term aged care facilities for older people. Life‐story work has the potential to enhance person‐centred care in long‐term care. However, improving the process of implementation of life‐story work will require education, time and resources and a commitment from service providers and managers.Relevance to clinical practiceStaff who undertake life‐story work with residents need to be equipped with the skills to recognise and manage the challenges and issues that may potentially arise. Further research into the successful implementation of life‐story work and how it can be resourced is required.
Prevalence of human papillomavirus in oral rinse samples from healthy individuals in northern Thailand
Authors: Bumrungthai Sureewan , Ekalaksananan Tipaya , Duangchai Darin , Lanpol Pornsiri , Panya Papichaya , Kattiwong Fernladda , Acharya Sulav , Pientong Chamsai 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundThe incidence of oral cancers associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) has been increasing in recent years. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate HPV prevalence in oral cells and exposure to risk factors in various age groups.MethodsOral rinse samples from healthy individuals in northern Thailand were investigated for HPV prevalence and genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction (GP5+/6+ primers) and DNA sequencing of the PCR products.ResultsSamples were collected from 594 participants between 4 and 60 years of age. HPV was detected in 3.7% of samples. The prevalence of HPV‐positive cases was 8.6% in the 31‐50 age group. HPV prevalence increased with age and was the highest (9.2%) in the 41‐50 age group, but decreased (to 3%) in the 51‐60 age group. Risk factors significantly associated with HPV‐positive cases included alcohol consumption, coffee drinking, sexual activity, and having children. HPV 16 and 18 were common genotypes, especially in the 31‐50 age group, and were associated with having sexual activity (odds ratio 19.0 [95% CI: 2.5‐142.5]). At follow‐up of some individuals in the 4‐10 age group, a 9‐year‐old child was found to be positive for HPV18.ConclusionsThese results suggest that HPV can be acquired at a young age and the prevalence peaks in the middle age class among healthy individuals in northern Thailand, especially in the 31‐50 age group.
The beta‐binomial: A preliminary comparison of smaller samples having many replications versus larger samples having fewer replications
Authors: Cubero‐Castillo Elba , Ramirez‐Gutierrez Mabel , Araya‐Quesada Yorleny , O'Mahony Michael 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe experiment investigated whether a body of difference test data, arranged into small consumer samples with many replications, would elicit more or less overdispersion than an equal number of tests from same body of data, rearranged into a series of larger consumer samples, with fewer replications. Four separate experiments were performed, each with a separate set of 200 consumers. In two of the experiments, consumers used 2‐AFC tests while in the remaining two, consumers used triangle tests. Data were then assigned to samples of different size ranging from 100 to 28. The number of replicate tests assigned for each sample size was arranged so that the total number of tests performed was always close to 200. For the two experiments involving 2‐AFC tests, smaller physical differences were assessed in one experiment and larger physical differences in the other. Same was true for the two experiments using triangle tests. For the two experiments where smaller physical differences were assessed, overdispersion tended to increase as sample sizes became larger. For the two experiments where larger physical differences were assessed, overdispersion tended to decrease as sample sizes became larger. These apparently contradictory results were explained by the sensitivity variation hypothesis.Practical applicationsBeta‐binomial statistics are used for significance testing for difference tests, when the experimenter combines the number of subjects with the number of replicate tastings, to increase test power. This is to circumvent the problems of overdispersion, the extra variance involved when this combination is made. Nearly all the work on overdispersion is theoretical. Very little experimental work has been published. From prior experimentation, the sensitivity variation hypothesis was developed, which indicates that overdispersion simply depends on the performance of the particular consumers in the sample and is not governed by the type of test used. This experiment successfully applied the sensitivity variation hypothesis to a set of seemingly contradictory results, regarding the overdispersion elicited in a series of four experiments. It provides further much needed experimental insight, into the effects of sample size and numbers of replications as well as the sources of overdispersion per se.
Response to Economic Shock: The Impact of Recession on Rural–Urban Suicides in the United States
Authors: Carriere Danielle E. , Marshall Maria I. , Binkley James K. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectiveThis study examines the effect of economic recession on the suicide differential between rural and urban counties.MethodsA negative binomial regression model and county mortality data are used to estimate the effect of recession and rurality on county‐level suicides from 2002–2016.ResultsAfter accounting for differences in population, urban counties have more female suicides than rural counties, but urban counties experience smaller increases in female suicide numbers during periods of recession than rural counties. Long‐term factors such as high chronic poverty or unemployment have a greater impact on male suicide rates, while short‐term economic crises have a larger impact on female suicides. Higher percentages of children in the county have an increasing effect on male suicides, but a decreasing effect on female suicides. Finally, farm‐dependent counties have fewer suicides than non‐farm‐dependent counties. This holds true for both males and females.ConclusionsPeriods of recession impact suicide numbers; however, this effect is most noticeable for females, with rural counties having larger increases in female suicide numbers than their urban counterparts during recession years.
The impact of currently licensed therapies on viral and immune responses in chronic hepatitis B: Considerations for future novel therapeutics
Authors: Gill Upkar S. , Kennedy Patrick T. F. 
Published: November 2018

SummaryDespite the availability of a preventative vaccine, chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remains a global healthcare challenge with the risk of disease progression due to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although current treatment strategies, interferon and nucleos(t)ide analogues have contributed to reducing morbidity and mortality related to CHB, these therapies are limited in providing functional cure. The treatment paradigm in CHB is rapidly evolving with a number of new agents in the developmental pipeline. However, until novel agents with functional cure capability are available in the clinical setting, there is a pressing need to optimize currently licensed therapies. Here, we discuss current agents used alone and/or in combination strategies along with the impact of these therapies on viral and immune responses. Novel treatment strategies are outlined, and the potential role of current therapies in the employment of pipeline agents is discussed.
High seroprevalence of anti‐Hepatitis E antibodies in Austrian patients with autoimmune hepatitis
Authors: Eder Michael , Strassl Robert , Beinhardt Sandra , Stättermayer Albert Friedrich , Kozbial Karin , Lagler Heimo , Holzmann Heidemarie , Trauner Michael , Hofer Harald 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackground & AimsIncreasing numbers of autochthonous hepatitis E virus infections have been reported in Europe. Chronic infections have been shown in immune‐compromised patients after solid organ transplantation. Hepatitis E virus might be a possible trigger for autoimmune hepatitis and might cause disease flares or relapses in the further course of disease. Aim of this study was to investigate the presence of hepatitis E virus antibodies and hepatitis E virus RNA, and to analyse their impact on immunosuppressive treatment in patients with autoimmune hepatitis.MethodsSera from 92 autoimmune hepatitis patients (73/79.3% female, age: 42.2 ± 16.3 years [mean ± SD]) were tested. Patients were scored according to the simplified and revised scoring systems of the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group. The prevalence of anti‐ hepatitis E virus antibodies (Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy Enterprises Co., Ltd, Beijing, China) and hepatitis E virus RNA was determined.Results19/20.7% autoimmune hepatitis patients tested positive for hepatitis E virus‐IgG, which was higher than in previous reports of healthy Austrian individuals (12.4%, P = 0.031); hepatitis E virus RNA was not detectable in any patient. Anti‐hepatitis E virus positive patients were older (49.5 ± 9.5 vs 40.4 ± 17.2 years [mean ± SD], P = 0.033) but did not differ in laboratory findings at diagnosis (AST: 14.6 [1.3‐70.6] vs 9.5 [0.7‐62.7] × ULN [median/range]; P = 0.387, alanine aminotransferase: 18.3 [1.6‐62.7] vs. 12.9 [0.8‐62.6] × ULN; P = 0.511; IgG: 1.4 [1.0‐2.5] vs 1.3 [0.6‐3.8] g/dL × ULN; P = 0.278) nor in alanine aminotransferase levels after six months (0.7 [0.5‐2.4] vs 1.0 U/L × ULN [0.1‐22.4]; P = 0.077).ConclusionsNo chronic hepatitis E virus infection was observed in our cohort of autoimmune hepatitis patients. Anti‐ hepatitis E virus‐IgG positive patients were older and the seroprevalence was nearly twice as high as reported previously in healthy Austrian individuals, suggesting that hepatitis E virus‐infection might act as trigger for the development of autoimmune hepatitis.
Mutational load, inbreeding depression and heterosis in subdivided populations
Authors: Charlesworth Brian 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis paper examines the extent to which empirical estimates of inbreeding depression and interpopulation heterosis in subdivided populations, as well as the effects of local population size on mean fitness, can be explained in terms of current estimates of mutation rates, and the distribution of selection coefficients against deleterious mutations provided by population genomics data. Using population genetics models, numerical predictions of the genetic load, inbreeding depression and heterosis were obtained for a broad range of selection coefficients and mutation rates. The models allowed for the possibility of very high mutation rates per nucleotide site, as is sometimes observed for epiallelic mutations in plants. There was fairly good quantitative agreement between the theoretical predictions and empirical estimates of heterosis and the effects of population size on genetic load, on the assumption that the deleterious mutation rate per individual per generation is approximately one, but there was less good agreement for inbreeding depression. Weak selection, of the order of magnitude suggested by population genomic data, is required to explain the observed patterns. Possible caveats concerning the applicability of the models are discussed.
Evaluating perceptions of risk in mosquito experts and identifying undocumented pathways for the introduction of invasive mosquito species into Europe
Authors: Ibañez‐Justicia A. , Poortvliet P. M. , Koenraadt C. J. M. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract.In several reported cases of the entry of invasive mosquito species (IMSs) into Europe, the introduction was associated with a specific pathway of introduction or dispersal. The identification of potential pathways for the introduction of IMSs and evaluations of the importance of the different pathways are key to designing proper surveillance strategies to promptly detect and control introductions in non‐infested areas. The main goals of the present study were to identify other, previously undocumented, pathways of introduction into Europe, and to identify mosquito experts' perceptions regarding control measures against IMS introductions via different documented pathways. At the European Mosquito Control Association (EMCA) conference in Montenegro in March 2017, a questionnaire was distributed among meeting participants to collect expert data. Results showed that ground transportation (by cars, trucks, etc.), passive natural dispersal and the shipping of used tyres are perceived as the most likely pathways. Introduction via aircraft did not appear to be well known and was not perceived as probable. This study shows that there were no pathways unknown to European experts that could lead to cryptic introductions into the experts' countries. Furthermore, the findings demonstrated that the perceived efficacy of surveillance and control is key to overcoming the constraints experienced and to supporting the implementation of actions against introductions.