bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small Rural Schools in Austria: Potentials and Challenges
Authors: Raggl Andrea 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe author of this chapter analyses the potential and challenges of small rural primary schools. Between 2009 and 2015, researchers of two transnational projects co-operated with partners from Switzerland to carry out studies in small rural schools in Western Austria. Due to topological conditions, small rural primary schools are common in this region, with 43% of primary schools consisting of fewer than 50 pupils. Yet despite this high number, little research had been done previously. The authors of 20 case studies of small rural primary schools in Vorarlberg showed that these schools are a source of both educational opportunities and specific challenges. The author will describe issues informing the work of teachers in these schools, the special situation of rural head teachers, and the struggle to secure the existence of small schools through developing a special profile as Montessori institutions.
Field and Terrain: The Micropolitics of Community Leadership in Small, Rural Schools in England
Authors: Hillyard Samantha H. , Bagley Carl 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe authors of this chapter discuss the role and centrality of the school in two contrasting rural villages in England. They first analyse the school’s social history, then evaluate its sustainability relative to other village-based service provisions, and finally focus on the role of the head teacher. The authors base their discussion heavily on the results of an RCUK-funded project conducted in two English villages. Differences emerge between the cultural heritages and individual leadership styles in both localities. They argue that the rural head teacher’s relative autonomy as a key actor in a small rural community has shifted, as has the relationship between school and village in terms of social cohesion, and that the backdrop of the locality’s cultural heritage is critical. They conclude that small rural schools are shaped by their local contexts and social histories, but that their head teachers continue to enjoy a degree of relative autonomy.
Territorial Governance of Schooling and Education in Rural Areas: Case Studies from Northern Germany
Authors: Jahnke Holger 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRural areas across Europe suffer from population decline, which eventually leads to an increased closure of small elementary schools. In order to avoid both school closure and demographic decline, policymakers have in some cases integrated schooling and education into a broader concept of territorial governance. On a conceptual level the author of this contribution critically examines the interconnection between the governance of schooling and education on the one hand and local territorial governance strategies on the other. The supporters of both policies share the goal of local and demographic development, and researchers thus usually underline the synergies between the two processes. However, the author examines the consequences of three selected educational reforms and points out the possibly ambiguous outcomes when local school development is carried out in the name of demographic development. He analyzes two neighboring rural districts with different coping strategies as case studies.
School Autonomy Policies and the Changing Governance of Schooling
Authors: Altrichter Herbert 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSince the mid-1990, but in particular since the so-called PISA shock, German-speaking countries have seen major changes in the governance of their school systems. The author of this paper aims to explain some conceptual tools for analyzing governance changes and to give examples of research into governance changes using these concepts. He begins by clarifying the special conceptual view on education systems and on educational reforms provided by the governance perspective, then continues by giving an overview of major educational reforms during the last two decades in German-speaking school systems and explains how they are analyzed and interpreted with the help of governance concepts. He concludes by using the Austrian school autonomy policy, which allowed schools to develop specific “curricular profiles,” as an example for discussing governance changes in a multilevel governance system.
From Republican Spaces of Schooling to Educational Territories? The Problematic Emergence of Educational Territories in Postdecentralized France
Authors: Giband David 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to question evolutionary relationships between schools and its spaces, regarding major French decentralisation policies in education and spatial planning. Behind the watchword territoire, one can find complex strategies, practices, ideologies and policies for the “local” to adapt to paradoxical injunctions. After discussing the emergence of territory as a structuring spatial figure and an ideal for public action in education priority areas, I’ll examine the spread of the territorial paradigm in the governance of education. Then, I’ll use the concept of spaces of interdependency to understand how the territoire produces territorial arrangements in order to fit with various issues and injunctions in the spatial organization of education (international competition, educational inequalities, demographic challenges). More than an uncompleted decentralisation process attached to the French case, we consider spaces of interdependency as the base of a “new educational order” answering diverse injunctions in a hybridized sociospatial system.
Ideology, Spatial Planning, and Rural Schools: From Interwar to Communist Hungary
Authors: Gyuris Ferenc 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe author of this paper investigates the impact of political ideologies on spatial planning and the school network, especially small schools in small settlements, in twentieth century Hungary. After WWI and the resulting vast territorial losses, the interwar nationalist-conservative regime considered the country’s cultural advantage over its neighbors as a crucial prerequisite for territorial revision and launched large-scale school development projects. In the 1930s, these initiatives became increasingly exposed to political centralization and ethnopolitical attempts. The first years after WWII witnessed the restoration of war destruction and some institutional reforms, before the post-1948 Stalinist dictatorship targeted a radical demolition of small settlements and their schools now considered as “uneconomic.” Although succeeding non-Stalinist leaderships took a more tolerant stance, their attempts of limited decentralization led to regional administrative organs exploiting their own periphery, resulting in a mass closure of rural schools in the 1970s under the motto of “rationalization.”
Securing Indigenous Dispossession Through Education: An Analysis of Canadian Curricula and Textbooks
Authors: Schaefli Laura , Godlewska Anne , Lamb Christopher 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe investigate the representation of colonialism and Indigenous peoples in K-12 education in Canada. Focusing on three provinces—Newfoundland and Labrador, Ontario, and British Columbia—we analyze strategies of inclusion and exclusion at play in Ministry of Education-approved primary and secondary curricula and textbooks. Drawing on findings from our larger research project, we discuss the implications of these strategies on student consciousness. Our examination suggests that in all three educational jurisdictions, students are learning a logic of relation premised on the disappearance of Indigenous peoples as sovereign, self-determining nations. Silence around Indigenous philosophies and territories, apologia for colonial incursions on Indigenous territories, and reinforcement of racialized hierarchies of being all work to minimize colonial violence and preclude imagination of distinct, vital, and self-determining Indigenous nations. Particularly troubling are the ways in which curricula and texts invite students to participate in the perpetuation of colonial modes of thought and action.
Geopolitical Framings of Subalterity in Education: Compounding a Neoliberalized Welfare State
Authors: Basu Ranu 
Published: August 2019

AbstractState-funded public education, long valued as a crucial tool for reducing inequality, promoting economic mobility, and advocating social justice, can have an ongoing transformative effect on the evolution of the public realm. The ideologies, policies, and practices of state-funded education distinctly shape various aspects of social justice, including the way in which those most vulnerable produce and contest urban spaces. However, researchers are increasingly acknowledging the inability of publicly funded education systems to sufficiently address the needs of poor and marginalized groups. Within the context of this systemic shortcoming, displaced migrants, whose relegation to subaltern levels already disconnects them politically, socially, and geographically from power, face conditions of extreme precariousness. In the context of this pressing challenge confronting global societies, the author (as part of a broader project comparing Toronto, Havana, Kolkata) will explore geopolitical framings of subalterity in education and its contradictory relation with the neoliberalized welfare state.
Introduction
Authors: Sandoz Laure 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe introductory chapter presents the theoretical approach and methodology and critically discusses the current scholarship on highly skilled migration. It shows how migrant categories are not neutral and arise out of a nation-state logic. The category “highly skilled migrant” demarcates boundaries both in opposition to other migrants and to the local population. The association with power and privilege sets “highly skilled migrants” apart. At the same time, evaluating skills in migration contexts reveals global imbalances of power. Current policy debates and the development of increasingly selective admission policies on a global scale shape academic discussions about highly skilled migration. For these reasons, the author argues that the term “highly skilled migrants” should be used as a category of practice rather than as a theoretical concept. This is achieved through a qualitative, constructivist, and interpretative methodological approach inspired by the overall framework of critical ethnography. The research design (participative, multi-sited and multi-actor), research locations (northwestern and Lake Geneva areas of Switzerland) and sources of information (interviews, observations, documents, and surveys) are carefully introduced, and the author reflects on the role of participative methods, in particular the para-ethnographic approach developed by Holmes and Marcus.
Selecting Foreigners for the Labour Market
Authors: Sandoz Laure 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe second chapter addresses the issue of admission by analysing how state and cantonal administrations in Switzerland select and authorise highly qualified immigrants for residence and employment. The Swiss dual admission system constitutes a compromise between opposing political tendencies towards openness and closure. It communicates an impression of state control over immigration to the electorate while staying flexible enough to adapt to the needs of major economic actors. Moreover, this system relies on an ambiguous definition of “highly skilled migrants” as foreign individuals who are economically profitable, socially independent, and culturally close. The implementation of Swiss admission policies involves complex interactions between public sector employees and a vast network of private sector institutions – employers, consultants, relocation agents, lawyers, economic promotion agencies – for which the mobility of highly educated workers is an economic driver. These actors facilitate access to residence and work permits for foreigners who are expected to generate profit. However, they can also force migrants into situations of dependency and immobility, as restrictive admission systems make them reliant on the administrative support of a sponsor. In practice, a migrant’s successful admission is based on factors that have little to do with their actual skills and more to do with the type of support received from employers or experts in admission processes. The authorities’ perception of the economic interests and legitimacy of a candidate’s application for admission is crucial for defining their value in the Swiss labour market.
Creating Attractive Places
Authors: Sandoz Laure 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe third chapter uses ethnographic and online research to examine place-branding initiatives supported by Swiss cantons to attract, welcome, and retain immigrants who are perceived as valuable. While cantonal administrations in charge of integration informally differentiate between “highly qualified expats” and “less privileged immigrants” based on markers of difference such as class and nationality, they do not want to show favouritism towards already privileged groups and tend to focus their activities on groups perceived as socially disadvantaged. Nevertheless, actors in charge of economic promotion develop strategies to foster regional development by creating services that directly target the most profitable companies. In this way, some foreign employees benefit from special treatment due to their employer’s status. Some highly educated immigrants also participate in these political processes by mobilising their cultural, social, and economic capital in order to advocate for more recognition from the state. Immigrants who define themselves as “expats” insist on their specificity with regard to other immigrants. Although their main goal is to raise awareness about the difficulties that they experienced when moving to Switzerland, their claims also challenge traditional perceptions of belonging, since they substitute nationality with economic contribution as a legitimate factor for defining state responsibilities towards them. Moreover, they insist that their cultural capital defines their value and legitimacy to participate as local residents. These claims contribute to making the needs of newcomers more visible, but also reproduce the idea of a normative distinction between more and less deserving immigrants.
Towards the n-point one-loop superstring amplitude. Part II. Worldsheet functions and their duality to kinematics
Authors: Mafra Carlos R. , Schlotterer Oliver 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis is the second installment of a series of three papers in which we describe a method to determine higher-point correlation functions in one-loop open-superstring amplitudes from first principles. In this second part, we study worldsheet functions defined on a genus-one surface built from the coefficient functions of the Kronecker-Einsenstein series. We construct two classes of worldsheet functions whose properties lead to several simplifying features within our description of one-loop correlators with the pure-spinor formalism. The first class is described by functions with prescribed monodromies, whose characteristic shuffle-symmetry property leads to a Lie-polynomial structure when multiplied by the local superfields from part I of this series. The second class is given by so-called generalized elliptic integrands (GEIs) that are constructed using the same combinatorial patterns of the BRST pseudo-invariant superfields from part I. Both of them lead to compact and combinatorially rich expressions for the correlators in part III. The identities obeyed by the two classes of worldsheet functions exhibit striking parallels with those of the superfield kinematics. We will refer to this phenomenon as a duality between worldsheet functions and kinematics.
Selective cytotoxicity of epidithiodiketopiperazine DC1149B, produced by marine-derived Trichoderma lixii on the cancer cells adapted to glucose starvation
Authors: Tang Rui , Kimishima Atsushi , Ishida Ryosuke , Setiawan Andi , Arai Masayoshi 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe core of solid tumors is characterized by hypoxia and a nutrient-starved microenvironment and has gained much attention as targets of anti-cancer drugs. In the course of search for selective growth inhibitors against the cancer cells adapted to nutrient starvation, epidithiodiketopiperazine DC1149B (1) together with structurally related compounds, trichodermamide A (2) and aspergillazine A (3), were isolated from culture extract of marine-derived Trichoderma lixii. Compounds 1 exhibited potent selective cytotoxic activity against human pancreatic carcinoma PANC-1 cells cultured under glucose-starved conditions with IC50 values of 0.02 µM. The selective index of the compound 1 was found to be 35,500-fold higher for cells cultured under glucose-starved conditions than those under the general culture conditions. The mechanistic analysis indicated that compound 1 inhibited the response of the ER stress signaling. In addition, these effects of compound 1 could be mediated by inhibiting complex II in the mitochondrial electron transport chain.
Telerehabilitation for Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Patients: A Pilot Series with High Patient Satisfaction
Authors: Kuether Justin , Moore Anne , Kahan Joseph , Martucci Joseph , Messina Tara , Perreault Roland , Sembler Robert , Tarutis John , Zazulak Bohdanna , Rubin Lee E. , O'Connor Mary I. 
Published: August 2019

Background The demand for total hip and total knee arthroplasty in the USA is projected to increase significantly. Traditionally, face-to-face physical therapy has been an essential component of recovery in patients after total joint arthroplasty. Emerging technology allows telerehabilitation, or virtual physical therapy, which may reduce costs and increase standardization, but its effects on outcomes are not known. Questions/Purpose We sought to review our initial experience using a telerehabilitation protocol for patients after primary total hip or total knee arthroplasty. Methods In this pilot study, we retrospectively compared our first 40 telerehabilitation patients after a primary total hip or knee arthroplasty with a historical cohort or literature referenced values and evaluated (1) readmission rates at 90 days, (2) emergency department visits, (3) patient-reported outcome scores, (4) incidence of closed knee manipulation within 90 days of primary total knee arthroplasty, and (5) patient satisfaction surveys. Results We observed no increase in the telerehabilitation group at 90 days in readmissions, emergency department visits, or closed knee manipulations. Accuracy of telerehabilitation exercises performed was 92%. Patient-reported outcome scores showed improvements comparable with traditional therapy. Extremely high patient satisfaction scores were reported with the telerehabilitation protocol. Conclusion Our early experience demonstrates the feasibility of implementing a telerehabilitation program following primary total hip or knee arthroplasty without compromising clinical quality and with high patient satisfaction.
Trusted information project platform based on blockchain for sharing strategy
Authors: Lee Eunhee , Yoon Yongik 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSouth Korea invests a budget of trillions in national R&D projects every year, and has achieved excellent performance doing so each year. However, since the projects are planned, evaluated, and managed by different departments and institutions, duplicate planning and submission leads to insufficient sharing of research results. Currently, the National Technology Information Service (NTIS) inspects project duplication based on keywords, which leads to duplicate planning among departments and closed management of research results. Since the NTIS builds in centralized systems, the inspection systems supports one-way management for duplication checking and information sharing. Therefore, we propose a new platform, called the Trusted Information Project Platform (TIP-Platform), for easily checking for project duplication, sharing research results, and updating research results. TIP-Platform adopts a new concept for user authority setting, the distributed ledger structure, transaction structure, and service. For the adaption, the TIP-Platform uses blockchain technology that performs recording and management via blocks by distributing the right to record and managing transactions. This platform makes it easy for anyone to view and use project-related information such as research results and duplication review. In this paper, we describe how the TIP-Platform can achieve excellent research results through information sharing of a project. This platform needs to be based on trust, because it shares information and continually updates information.
Choice Set Formation in Residential Mobility and Its Implications for Segregation Dynamics
Authors: Bruch Elizabeth , Swait Joffre 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We develop and estimate a statistical model of neighborhood choice that draws on insights from cognitive science and decision theory as well as qualitative studies of housing search. The model allows for a sequential decision process and the possibility that people consider a small and selective subset of all potential destinations. When combined with data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey, our model reveals that affordability constraints and households’ tendency toward short-distance moves lead blacks and Hispanics to have racially stratified choice sets in which their own group is disproportionately represented. We use an agent-based model to assess how racially stratified choice sets contribute to segregation outcomes. Our results show that cognitive decision strategies can amplify patterns of segregation and inequality.
The modern and fossil record of farming behavior
Authors: Hsieh Shannon , Schassburger Alec , Plotnick Roy E. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractFarming is a behavior in which an organism promotes the growth and reproduction of other organisms in or on a substrate as a food source. A number of trace fossils have been suggested to record the occurrence of farming behavior. These include the deep-sea graphoglyptid trace fossils, proposed to be microbial farms on the seafloor, and terrestrial fossil social insect nests thought to represent fungicultural behavior. The presumed farming behavior of graphoglyptids is the basis of the ethological category agrichnia. Four criteria have been proposed as diagnostic of farming behavior, and these can be applied to both observed modern and proposed trace fossil examples of farming behavior. The evidence for farming behavior in the social insect trace record is strong but is much weaker in the case of graphoglyptids. The use of agrichnia as an ethological category should be limited to well-supported cases.