bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tumor Control in a Model of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Acute Liver-Infiltrating B-Cell Lymphoma: an Unpredicted Novel Function of Cytomegalovirus
Authors: Erlach Katja C. , Podlech Jürgen , Rojan Aysel , Reddehase Matthias J. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTTumor relapse and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection are major concerns in the therapy of hematopoietic malignancies by bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Little attention so far has been given to a possible pathogenetic interplay between CMV and lymphomas. CMV inhibits stem cell engraftment and hematopoietic reconstitution. Thus, by causing maintenance of bone marrow aplasia and immunodeficiency, CMV could promote tumor relapse. Alternatively, CMV could aid tumor remission. One might think of cytopathogenic infection of tumor cells, induction of apoptosis or inhibitory cytokines, interference with tumor cell extravasation or tumor vascularization, or bystander stimulation of an antitumoral immune response. To approach these questions, the established model of experimental BMT and murine CMV infection was extended by the introduction of liver-infiltrating, highly tumorigenic variant clone E12E of BALB/c-derived B-cell lymphoma A20. We document a remarkable retardation of lymphoma progression. First-guess explanations were ruled out: (i) lymphoma cells were not infected; (ii) lymphoma cells located next to infected hepatocytes did not express executioner caspase 3 but were viable and proliferated; (iii) an inhibitory effect of virus on the formation of tumor nodules in the liver became apparent by day 7 after BMT, long before the reconstitution of immune cells; and (iv) recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) did not substitute for virus; accordingly anti-TNF-α did not prevent the inhibition. Notably, while the antitumoral effect required replicative virus, prevention of cytopathogenic infection of the liver by antiviral CD8 T cells did not abolish lymphoma control. These findings are paradigmatic for a novel virus-associated antitumoral mechanism distinct from oncolysis.
Induction of Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) CD8+and CD4+T-Cell Reactivity by Dendritic Cells Loaded with HIV-1 X4-Infected Apoptotic Cells
Authors: Zhao Xiao-Qing , Huang Xiao-Li , Gupta Phalguni , Borowski Luann , Fan Zheng , Watkins Simon C. , Thomas Elaine K. , Rinaldo Charles R. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTT-cell responses to X4 strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are considered important in controlling progression of HIV-1 infection. We investigated the ability of dendritic cells (DC) and various forms of HIV-1 X4 antigen to induce anti-HIV-1 T-cell responses in autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-1-infected persons. Immature DC loaded with HIV-1 IIIB-infected, autologous, apoptotic CD8−cells and matured with CD40 ligand induced gamma interferon production in autologous CD8+and CD4+T cells. In contrast, mature DC loaded with HIV-1 IIIB-infected, necrotic cells or directly infected with cell-free HIV-1 IIIB were poorly immunogenic. Thus, HIV-1-infected cells undergoing apoptosis serve as a rich source of X4 antigen for CD8+and CD4+T cells by DC. This may be an important mechanism of HIV-1 immunogenicity and provides a strategy for immunotherapy of HIV-1-infected patients on combination antiretroviral therapy.
Regions and Activities of Simian Virus 40 T Antigen That Cooperate with an Activated
ras
Oncogene in Transforming Primary Rat Embryo Fibroblasts
Authors: Beachy Tina M. , Cole Sara L. , Cavender Jane F. , Tevethia Mary J. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Prolonged expression of a
ras
oncogene in primary cells accelerates the natural process of senescence. This
ras
-induced permanent growth arrest is bypassed in cells expressing the simian virus 40 large T antigen. Previously we showed that two regions of T antigen, a region consisting of the N-terminal 147 amino acids and a region consisting of amino acids 251 to 708 (T251-708), independently overcome
ras
-induced senescence. Coexpression of either T-antigen fragment and Ras results in the appearance of dense foci of transformed cells. Using a series of mutants that produce shorter T-antigen fragments, we show that the C-terminal limit of the N-terminal T-antigen fragment that cooperates with Ras lies between amino acids 83 and 121. The N-terminal limit of the C-terminal T-antigen fragment lies between amino acids 252 and 271. In addition, we present evidence that cooperation between the N-terminal fragment and Ras depends upon an intact T-antigen J domain and the ability of the T antigen to bind and inactivate the growth-suppressive effect of the tumor suppressor Rb. Introduction of specific amino acid substitutions surrounding residue 400 into T251-708 prevented the fragment from cooperating with Ras. T251-708 proteins with these same substitutions inhibited the transcriptional transactivating potential of p53 as effectively as did the wild-type protein. Thus, at least one activity contained within T251-708, other than inactivating p53 as a transcriptional transactivator, is likely to be required to bypass Ras-induced senescence.
The ITAM in Nef Influences Acute Pathogenesis of AIDS-Inducing Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses SIVsm and SIVagm without Altering Kinetics or Extent of Viremia
Authors: Dehghani Houman , Brown Charles R. , Plishka Ronald , Buckler-White Alicia , Hirsch Vanessa M. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe role of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) that is unique to the Nef protein of the acutely pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsmPBj was studied in the context of two AIDS-inducing simian immunodeficiency virus molecular clones. NefY+variants of SIVagm9063-2 and SIVsmE543-3 replicated in and induced proliferation of unstimulated pig-tailed macaque PBMC. The pathogenesis of the NefY+and NefY−clones of SIVagm9063-2, SIVsmE543-3, and PBj6.6 were evaluated by intravenous inoculation of pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). Introduction of the ITAM did not increase plasma viral RNA levels nor alter the kinetics of viremia compared with the NefY−versions of each clone. Clinical symptoms were not observed in animals inoculated with the NefY−variants. In contrast, characteristic PBj symptoms were observed in animals inoculated with any of the three NefY+clones. Blunting and fusion of intestinal villi and multifocal infiltration of mononuclear cells were observed in the gastrointestinal tracts of macaques inoculated with the NefY+versions. Lesions were associated with active viral replication, as demonstrated by simian immunodeficiency virus-specific in situ hybridization. However, only the macaque inoculated with wild-type NefY+SIVsmPBj developed fatal disease; lesions were more widespread and severe in this animal. A switch to macrophages as a viral reservoir and the presence of interleukin-6 in plasma was unique to the macaque infected with PBj6.6. Overall, these data suggest that the ITAM in SIV Nef alters the pathogenesis of simian immunodeficiency virus regardless of the viral background. The change in pathogenesis occurs without enhancement of viral replication. However, NefY+variants of SIVagm and SIVsm did not fully recapitulate the virulence of SIVsmPBj, implicating additional viral factors in this unique virus pathogenesis.
Crystal Structures of Two New Cyclosporin Clathrates
Authors: Hušák Michal , Kratochvíl Bohumil , Císařová Ivana , Jegorov Alexandr 
Published: July 2002

Two isomorphous clathrates formed by dihydrocyclosporin A or cyclosporin V with tert-butyl methyl ether are reported and compared with the structures of related P21-symmetry cyclosporin clathrates. The cyclosporin molecules in both structures are associated via van der Waals interactions forming cavities occupied by solvent molecules (cyclosporin : tert-butyl methyl ether is 1 : 2).
Chorea disclosing deterioration of polycythaemia vera
Authors: Nazabal Eduardo Rubio , Lopez José Marey , Perez Purificación Alvarez , Del Corral Pablo Rey 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Neurological manifestations occur frequently in polycythaemia. Chorea, however, is a rare complication of the disease. A case of chorea in a patient previously diagnosed with polycythaemia vera is reported. Choreic movements started after measurement of haematological variables showed deterioration. It was considered that this was caused by inappropriate treatment with iron because the chorea was markedly reduced after the two first venesections and normalisation of the packed cell volume and haemoglobin parameters.
Nephrotic syndrome and mesenteric infarction secondary to metastatic mesothelioma
Authors: Farmer C K T , Goldsmith D J A 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma can present insidiously with progressive breathlessness and chest pain. Paraneoplastic, or non-chest related, presentations are very rare. The case of an elderly man with occupational exposure to asbestos who presented with nephrotic syndrome due to minimal change nephropathy in the context of advanced pleural mesothelial malignancy is reported.
Lung carcinoid related Cushing's syndrome: report of three cases and review of the literature
Authors: Amer K M A , Ibrahim N B N , Forrester-Wood C P , Saad R A , Scanlon M 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Three patients with lung carcinoid related Cushing's syndrome (LCRCS) treated at Frenchay Hospital, Bristol between 1984 and 1994 are described. The first patient presented with hyperpigmentation 13 years after bilateral adrenalectomy. The second patient had no recurrence or metastases 14 years after removal of a typical carcinoid tumour. The last patient survived nine years after diagnosis of liver metastasis. The possibility of LCRCS should be considered in every patient proved to have Cushing's disease and bilateral adrenal enlargement on abdominal computed tomography. Biochemical sets of investigation (for example, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulation, dexamethasone suppression, and metyrapone response) could be misleading and should not be relied upon solely. Search for an ectopic ACTH source should be called off only when ACTH has been demonstrated in the surgically removed specimen, and most importantly, when the serum ACTH concentration returns to normal after surgery. Lung carcinoid tumours are compatible with long survival, and liver metastasis could prove indolent and slowly growing.
Pseudoarthrosis in neurofibromatosis type-1
Authors: Kaur S , Thami G P , Kanwar A J 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A 27 year old man presented with multiple papules, nodules, and hyperpigmented spots on the body, which he had had since early childhood. In addition, he had a deformity of the right forearm. Examination revealed multiple large sized café-au-lait macules, axillary freckling, and soft cutaneous neurofibromas (mollusca fibrosa). The right forearm was grossly shortened with a length of only 12 cm (fig 1). It presented a globular appearance and on palpation the forearm bones had a break in their continuity. There was hypermobility at the wrist and elbow joints in addition to abnormal movements through the forearm. The left forearm was 28 cm in length and bones were normal. Radiological examination revealed pseudoarthrosis in the mid-part of right forearm involving both the radius and ulna, dislocation of humeroulnar joint, radioulnar diastasis, and a decrease in the bone density (fig 2). On ophthalmological examination, there were multiple bilateral Lisch nodules. A diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type-1 and pseudoarthrosis as a complication was thus established.
ANOMALOUS INTERACTIONS OF FIVE-DIMENSIONAL USp(2k) GAUGE THEORY
Authors: ARAKANE Y. , ITOYAMA H. 
Published: July 2002

We consider the five-dimensional USp (2k) gauge theory which consists of one antisymmetric and nf fundamental hypermultiplets. This gauge theory is a many-probe generalization of the SU(2) gauge theory in five dimensions considered by Seiberg in the context of probing type I superstring by a D4-brane. This gauge theory can also be obtained from the USp (2k) matrix model by matrix T-dual transformations in the large k limit. We exhibit the anomalous interaction associated with this five-dimensional theory on the new phase, where the vacuum expectation values (vevs) of the scalars belonging to the antisymmetric hypermultiplet are also nonvanishing. On the Coulomb phase, the anomalous interaction has been computed in Refs. 1 and 2.
The design and implementation of INGRES
Authors: Stonebraker Michael , Held Gerald , Wong Eugene , Kreps Peter 
Published: July 2002

The currently operational (March 1976) version of the INGRES database management system is described. This multiuser system gives a relational view of data, supports two high level nonprocedural data sublanguages, and runs as a collection of user processes on top of the UNIX operating system for Digital Equipment Corporation PDP 11/40, 11/45, and 11/70 computers. Emphasis is on the design decisions and tradeoffs related to (1) structuring the system into processes, (2) embedding one command language in a general purpose programming language, (3) the algorithms implemented to process interactions, (4) the access methods implemented, (5) the concurrency and recovery control currently provided, and (6) the data structures used for system catalogs and the role of the database administrator.
Also discussed are (1) support for integrity constraints (which is only partly operational), (2) the not yet supported features concerning views and protection, and (3) future plans concerning the system.
Finding zeros of a polynomial by the Q-D algorithm
Authors: Henrici P. , Watkins Bruce O. 
Published: July 2002

A method which finds simultaneously all the zeros of a polynomial, developed by H. Rutishauser, has been tested on a number of polynomials with real coefficients. This slowly converging method (the Quotient-Difference (Q-D) algorithm) provides starting values for a Newton or a Bairstow algorithm for more rapid convergence.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the Q-D scheme are not completely known; however, failure may occur when zeros have equal, or nearly equal magnitudes. Success was achieved, in most of the cases tried, with the failures usually traceable to the equal magnitude difficulty. In some cases, computer roundoff may result in errors which spoil the scheme. Even if the Q-D algorithm does not give all the zeros, it will usually find a majority of them.
A global optimization algorithm using stochastic differential equations
Authors: Aluffi-Pentini Filippo , Parisi Valerio , Zirilli Francesco 
Published: July 2002

SIGMA is a set of FORTRAN subprograms for solving the global optimization problem, which implements a method founded on the numerical solution of a Cauchy problem for a stochastic differential equation inspired by statistical mechanics.
This paper gives a detailed description of the method as implemented in SIGMA and reports the results obtained by SIGMA attacking, on two different computers, a set of 37 test problems which were proposed elsewhere by the present authors to test global optimization software.
The main conclusion is that SIGMA performs very well, solving 35 of the problems, including some very hard ones.
Unfortunately, the limited results available to us at present do not appear sufficient to enable a conclusive comparison with other global optimization methods.
Designing software for one-dimensional partial differential equations
Authors: Schryer N. L. 
Published: July 2002

Users of software for solving partial differential equations are often surprised by its inability to formulate their problems.
Computer scientists speak of partial differential equations (PDEs) as canonical coupled systems, typically in divergence form. Physicists, chemists, and engineers start with the same description, but then add real-world things like “Rankine-Hugoniot” conditions, integro-differential operators, and Eulerian (moving) coordinate systems.
This paper describes a generalization of the classical PDE formulation that allows users to formulate virtually any pde problem. The extended formulation has been used successfully on a wide range of nontrivial problems in the physical sciences that cannot even be written down in the classical form.
Neural Induction
Authors: Weinstein Daniel C. , Hemmati-Brivanlou Ali 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The formation of the vertebrate nervous system is initiated at gastrula stages of development, when signals from a specialized cluster of cells (the organizer) trigger neural development in the ectoderm. This process, termed neural induction, was first described in 1924 and stemmed from experiments on amphibia ( Spemann & Mangold 1924 ). In recent years, the molecular mechanisms underlying neural induction in the amphibian have been elucidated. Surprisingly, neuralizing agents secreted by the organizer do not act via receptor-mediated signaling events; rather, these factors antagonize local epidermal inducers within the cells of the dorsal ectoderm and function to uncover the latent neural fate of these cells. Many of the recent advances in our understanding of vertebrate neural induction come from studies on the frog, Xenopus laevis. It is now clear that a blockade of signaling of the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) during gastrula stages is sufficient to initiate neuralization of the ectoderm in this species. Thus this review first details our current understanding of neural induction, using the amphibian as a model. We then use data emerging from other systems to examine the extent to which the Xenopus studies can be applied to other vertebrate species. The initiation of the neurectoderm-specific gene expression program and subsequent steps in patterning and neuronal development are only touched on here. We focus primarily on the initial establishment of the neural fate in the vertebrate gastrula ectoderm.
The Earliest Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Rozenman Yoseph , Gotsman Mervyn S. 
Published: July 2002

Acute myocardial infarction results from the cessation of myocardial blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a coronary artery. Rapid restoration of blood flow to the ischemic myocardium minimizes cardiac damage and improves early and long-term morbidity and mortality. Chest pain is the first symptom of myocardial infarction, but in some patients with silent ischemia, the disease can be diagnosed only in retrospect. In symptomatic patients, myocardial infarction should be accurately and promptly diagnosed so that reperfusion therapy can begin immediately. Electrocardiography is the simplest diagnostic modality. Although regional ST-segment elevation is specific, it is not sensitive. In contrast, new computerized algorithms for electrocardiographic analysis and serial monitoring increase sensitivity without decreasing specificity. In the emergency room, echocardiography is used to diagnose patients with no prior history of coronary artery disease whose electrocardiograms proved nondiagnostic. Time-consuming perfusion nuclear studies are inferior to echocardiography but may nevertheless enable physicians to diagnose myocardial infarction in the emergency room. Although the presence of excess creatine kinase is a sign of myocardial necrosis, its increase is delayed for a few hours after coronary occlusion. Doctors can diagnose myocardial infarction as early as two hours after coronary occlusion with the help of simpler automatic assays of MB-creatine kinase mass that use monoclonal antibodies. Other investigational markers of myocardial necrosis include myoglobin and troponin. Elevation of a circulating protein marker also signifies established necrosis, but physicians hope to achieve reperfusion through therapy before irreversible damage occurs.
AN URGE TO EXPLAIN THE INCOMPREHENSIBLE: Geoffrey Harris and the Discovery of the Neural Control of the Pituitary Gland
Authors: Raisman G. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Geoffrey Harris is responsible for our view that the brain controls the endocrine system by an exquisitely regulated pattern of synthesis and release of individual members of a family of peptide hormones. These hormones are carried through a portal vascular system that passes from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland, where they selectively regulate the secretion of the six anterior pituitary hormones. This family of hypothalamic hormones is highly conserved in all vertebrates, including humans. They are essential for all aspects of reproduction—courtship, mating, pregnancy and young rearing—and they are responsible for the seasonal regulation of breeding. The hypothalamic control mechanism for reproduction is sexually dimorphic, with a basic female pattern that becomes masculinized under the influence of specific steroid hormones acting during development. Other members of the hypothalamic hormone family specifically regulate the secretion of pituitary growth hormone and the anterior pituitary hormones controlling the functions of the thyroid and adrenal glands. The secretion of the hypothalamic hormones is itself regulated by the feedback of the target gland hormones (such as estrogen and progesterone), which concurrently act on the brain to elicit appropriate behavior patterns. The hypothalamo-hypophysial axis plays a crucial role in the struggle for the survival of the species. By bringing the endocrine system under the control of the brain, it allows access to external environmental inputs, learned behavior patterns, and the whole of the central integrative machinery needed for the bodily functions to be sensitively and optimally adapted to the ever-changing challenges and opportunities in the outside world.
Hierarchical Organization of the Human Auditory Cortex Revealed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Wessinger C. M. , VanMeter J. , Tian B. , Van Lare J. , Pekar J. , Rauschecker J. P. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The concept of hierarchical processing—that the sensory world is broken down into basic features later integrated into more complex stimulus preferences—originated from investigations of the visual cortex. Recent studies of the auditory cortex in nonhuman primates revealed a comparable architecture, in which core areas, receiving direct input from the thalamus, in turn, provide input to a surrounding belt. Here functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) shows that the human auditory cortex displays a similar hierarchical organization: pure tones (PTs) activate primarily the core, whereas belt areas prefer complex sounds, such as narrow-band noise bursts.
Rate Limitations of Unitary Event Analysis
Authors: Roy A. , Steinmetz P. N. , Niebur E. 
Published: July 2002

Unitary event analysis is a new method for detecting episodes of synchronized neural activity (Riehle, Grüun, Diesmann, & Aertsen, 1997). It detects time intervals that contain coincident firing at higher rates than would be expected if the neurons fired as independent inhomogeneous Poisson processes; all coincidences in such intervals are called unitary events (UEs). Changes in the frequency of UEs that are correlated with behavioral states may indicate synchronization of neural firing that mediates or represents the behavioral state.We show that UE analysis is subject to severe limitations due to the underlying discrete statistics of the number of coincident events. These limitations are particularly stringent for low (0–10 spikes/s) firing rates. Under these conditions, the frequency of UEs is a random variable with a large variation relative to its mean. The relative variation decreases with increasing firing rate, and we compute the lowest firing rate, at which the 95% confidence interval around the mean frequency of UEs excludes zero.This random variation in UE frequency makes interpretation of changes in UEs problematic for neurons with low firing rates. As a typical example, when analyzing 150 trials of an experiment using an averaging window 100 ms wide and a 5ms coincidence window, firing rates should be greater than 7 spikes per second.