bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Derivational Theory of Legal Interpretation in Polish Legal Theory
Authors: Bogucki Olgierd 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe article presents so-called “derivational” theory of legal interpretation and analyzes its basic assumptions. The derivational theory of legal interpretation is still little known outside of Poland (in contrast to the clarificative theory which was popularized in many English-language publications by Jerzy Wróblewski). The article is divided into two parts. The first part is presenting the normative model of legal interpretation according to the derivational theory. In the second part, the basic assumptions and features of the theory are analysed in context of some other approaches to legal interpretation. The author argues that there are two levels (or aspects) of the derivational theory: local and universal. The local level of theory is related to the fact that it was designed for Polish legal system and legal culture. However, beyond its local features, the derivational theory is presenting strong theoretical framework and some significant universal ideas about legal interpretation. This creates universal level that can be called the “hard core” of the theory. The author characterizes the elements of this hard core, and in particular the most important element: the idea that the legal interpretation consists in the reconstruction of legal norms from legal provisions.
Can Church’s thesis be viewed as a Carnapian explication?
Authors: Quinon Paula 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTuring and Church formulated two different formal accounts of computability that turned out to be extensionally equivalent. Since the accounts refer to different properties they cannot both be adequateconceptual analysesof the concept of computability. This insight has led to a discussion concerning which account is adequate. Some authors have suggested that this philosophical debate—which shows few signs of converging on one view—can be circumvented by regarding Church’s and Turing’s theses asexplications. This move opens up the possibility that both accounts could be adequate, albeit in their own different ways. In this paper, I focus on the question of whether Church’s thesis can be seen as an explication in the precise Carnapian sense. Most importantly, I address an additional constraint that Carnap puts on the explicative power of axiomatic systems—an axiomatisation explicates when it is clear which mathematical entities form the theory’s intended model—and that implicitly applies to axiomatisations of recursion theory used in Church’s account of computability. To overcome this difficulty, I propose two possible clarifications of the pre-systematic concept of “computability” that can both be captured in recursion theory, and I show how both clarifications avoid an objection arising from Carnap’s constraint.
Retinal thickness as a potential biomarker in patients with amyloid‐proven early‐ and late‐onset Alzheimer's disease
Authors: den Haan Jurre , van de Kreeke Jacoba A. , Konijnenberg Elles , ten Kate Mara , den Braber Anouk , Barkhof Frederik , van Berckel Bart N. , Teunissen Charlotte E. , Scheltens Philip , Visser Pieter Jelle , Verbraak Frank D. , Bouwman Femke H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIntroductionRetinal thickness measured with optical coherence tomography has been proposed as a noninvasive biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We therefore measured retinal thickness in well‐characterized AD and control participants, considering ophthalmological confounders.MethodsWe included 57 amyloid‐proven AD cases and 85 cognitively normal, amyloid‐negative controls. All subjects underwent retinal thickness measurements with spectral domain optical coherence tomography and an ophthalmological assessment to exclude ocular disease.ResultsRetinal thickness did not discriminate cases from controls, including stratified analyses for early‐ versus late‐onset AD. We found significant associations between macular thickness and global cortical atrophy [β −0.358; P = .01] and parietal cortical atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging [β −0.371; P < .01] in AD cases.DiscussionIn this study, representing the largest optical coherence tomography cohort with amyloid‐proven AD cases, we show that retinal thickness does not discriminate AD from controls, despite evident changes on clinical, neuroimaging, and CSF measures, querying the use of retinal thickness measurements as an AD biomarker.
Emotet exposed: looking inside highly destructive malware
Authors: SophosLabs Research Team  
Published: June 2019

As malware, Emotet is so prolific and dominant that the US Cyber Emergency Response Team (US-CERT), the body tasked with tracking cyberthreats to the country, named Emotet in July 2018, as: “among the most costly and destructive malware” to affect governments, enterprises and organisations large and small, as well as individual computer users. 1 Emotet is so prolific that the US Cyber Emergency Response Team (US-CERT) said it is, “among the most costly and destructive malware” to affect governments and enterprises. The best way to combat a threat is to understand it. So in this article, the SophosLabs Research Team picks the malware apart to see how it functions. They examine the infection vectors and delivery mechanisms, how the malware tries to hide and how Emotet uses the Windows system itself to persist and carry out its malicious work.
Political Affinities and Maneuvering of Soviet Political Elites: Heorhii Shevel and Ukraine’s Ministry of Strange Affairs in the 1970s
Authors: Bertelsen Olga 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article examines the goals and practices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Ukraine in the 1970s, a Soviet institution that functioned as an ideological organ fighting against Ukrainian nationalists domestically and abroad. The central figure of this article is Heorhii Shevel who governed the Ministry from 1970 to 1980 and whose tactics, strategies, and practices reveal the existence of a distinct phenomenon in the Soviet Union—the nationally conscious political elite with double loyalties who, by action or inaction, expanded the space of nationalism in Ukraine. This research illuminates a paradox of pervasive Soviet power, which produced an institution that supported and reinforced Soviet “anti-nationalist” ideology, simultaneously creating an environment where heterodox views or sentiments were stimulated and nurtured.
VULNERABILITY AND THE INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION'S DRAFT ARTICLES ON THE PROTECTION OF PERSONS IN THE EVENT OF DISASTERS
Authors: O'Donnell Thérèse 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article ponders the possibilities existing for legal re-understandings of vulnerability and adopts the International Law Commission's Draft Articles on the Protection of Persons in the Event of Disasters (2016) as its principal discursive context. Despite some promise and potential, the draft Articles retreated to conservative understandings of disaster-vulnerability and missed an opportunity for a sophisticated formulation. This article argues for disaster law's engagement with contemporary social science research. The work of critical geographers, historians and anthropologists in political ecology is particularly apposite. By rejecting geophysical outlooks in favour of structuralist understandings of disaster-vulnerability, such research facilitates consideration of interrelated histories and the role of economics in producing disaster-vulnerability. This article argues that such perspectives allow for reconsideration of current legal understandings regarding disaster-vulnerability (particularly in relation to international cooperation and risk and reduction) and thereby offer some promise for enriching disaster law's comprehensiveness and relevance.
Application of Gray Level co-Occurrence Matrix Algorithm for Detection of Discrete Structural Changes in Cell Nuclei After Exposure to Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and 6-Hydroxydopamine
Authors: Nikolovski Dubravka , Cumic Jelena , Pantic Igor 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) algorithm is a contemporary computational biology method which, today, is frequently used to detect small changes in texture that are not visible using conventional techniques. We demonstrate that the toxic compound 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPS) have opposite effects on GLCM features of cell nuclei. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells were treated with 6-OHDA and IONPs, and imaging with GLCM analysis was performed at three different time points: 30 min, 60 min, and 120 min after the treatment. A total of 200 cell nuclei were analyzed, and for each nucleus, 5 GLCM parameters were calculated: Angular second moment (ASM), Inverse difference moment (IDM), Contrast (CON), Correlation (COR) and Sum Variance (SVAR). Exposure to IONPs was associated with the increase of ASM and IDM while the values of SVAR and COR were reduced. Treatment with 6-OHDA was associated with the increase of SVAR and CON, while the values of nuclear ASM and IDM were reduced. This is the first study to indicate that IONPs and 6-OHDA have opposite effects on nuclear texture. Also, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to apply the GLCM algorithm in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells in this experimental setting.
Introduction: Political Secularism and Religious Difference in Western Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa
Authors: Haynes Jeffrey , Wilson Erin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe introductory paper of this symposium compares the impact of “political secular” governing regimes in the countries of both the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and Western Europe. The overall objective is to assess the impact of political secularism in both regions, as a key component of inter-religious and cultural discord and contention with significant political ramifications. The concept of “political secularism,” a contentious term, often lacking in analytical clarity, is briefly assessed. That is, what does “political secularism” mean and what does it look like both within and across Europe and the MENA? Opinions differ from scholar to scholar. As there is no consensus regarding the meaning of the term “political secular,” a core contribution of this introduction is to examine what the term means analytically in the contexts of the MENA and Western Europe.
Surgery of acute occlusion of the extracranial internal carotid	artery – a meta-analysis
Authors: Beneš Vladimír , Bradáč Ondřej , Horváth David , Suchomel Petr , Beneš Vladimír 
Published: June 2019

Summary. Acute occlusion of the extracranial internal carotid artery (eICA) is associated with poor prognosis. Surgical desobliteration has not received adequate attention in recent years. We therefore conducted a literature review and meta-analysis of surgical studies published after 2000 that treated eICA occlusion surgically in an emergency setting. The search identified 10 relevant articles that included a total of 175 patients. The outcomes analysed included rates of recanalization (93 %), early neurological improvement (66 %), modified Rankin Scale 0–2 (62 %), mortality (5 %), early reocclusion (4 %), in-hospital stroke (4 %) and symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage (4 %). In conclusion, acute surgical desobliteration of eICA occlusion leads to high rates of recanalization and a majority of patients experience early neurological improvement and achieve favourable outcome. Rates of mortality, early reocclusion, in-hospital stroke and sICH are acceptable in the view of unfavourable natural history.
Provenance Control on Chemical Weathering Index of Fluvio‐Lacustrine Sediments: Evidence From the Qaidam Basin, NE Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Ren Xueping , Nie Junsheng , Saylor Joel E. , Li Hua , Bush Meredith A. , Horton Brian K. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCarbon dioxide drawdown resulting from enhanced chemical weathering during orogenesis has been invoked to explain late Cenozoic global cooling. Establishing chemical weathering records from the India–Asia collision zone is important to test this hypothesis because uplift of the Tibetan Plateau is thought to be responsible for Cenozoic cooling. However, proxies for the intensity of chemical weathering can be affected by additional factors, such as sediment grain size and provenance. Here we report major element compositions and calculated chemical weathering intensity records of three size fractions (0–5, 5–20, 20–63 μm) from the Dahonggou section of the Qaidam Basin in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, and compare those records with published provenance data from the same section. Results show that the indices of the fine (0–5 μm) fraction vary in coordination with provenance shifts, but variations of the 5–20 and 20–63 μm fractions are less affected by provenance variations. Comparison with Upper Continental Crust reveals that some labile elements are not leached but instead are enriched in the fine fraction, indicating that it does not faithfully record chemical weathering intensity. In addition, weathering can result in clay mineral transformation instead of elemental variations, complicating the relationship between element‐based parameters and weathering intensity. This work suggests that changes in sediment provenance must be accounted for when inferring variations in chemical weathering intensity on the basis of element‐based weathering intensity indices of the clay fraction.
Investigating Subsurface Pathways of Fukushima Cesium in the Northwest Pacific
Authors: Cedarholm Ella R. , Rypina Irina I. , Macdonald Alison M. , Yoshida Sachiko 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAdvective pathways for Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP)‐derived cesium observed in 2013 at 166°E south of the Kuroshio Extension (KE) at >500 m on the 26.5σθ isopycnal are investigated. Attention is paid to the KE's role in shaping these pathways. Using a high‐resolution model, particle trajectories were simulated backward and forward in time on 26.5σθ between the 2013 observations and the 2011 source. A large fraction of backtracked trajectories interacted with the mixed layer just offshore of the FDNPP. The likeliest pathway reaching the deepest 2013 observed cesium location runs along the KE out to ~165°E, where it turns sharply southward. Forward trajectory statistics suggest that for 26.5σθ waters originating north of the KE, this current acted as a permeable barrier west of 155–160°E. The deepest 2011 model mixed layers suggest that FDNPP‐derived radionuclides may have been present at 30°N in 2013 at greater depths and densities (700 m; 26.8σθ).
Significant Impact of Heat Supply From the Gulf Stream on a “Superbomb” Cyclone in January 2018
Authors: Hirata Hidetaka , Kawamura Ryuichi , Nonaka Masami , Tsuboki Kazuhisa 
Published: June 2019

AbstractOn 4 January 2018, an extremely rapidly developing extratropical cyclone (“superbomb” cyclone) appeared over the Gulf Stream. To clarify the key process of the intensification of the superbomb cyclone, we specifically examined the role of heat supply from the Gulf Stream by performing cloud‐resolving numerical experiments. When the cyclone rapidly developed, sensible and latent heat fluxes from the warm current predominated around the cold conveyor belt (CCB) of the cyclone. These fluxes created a convectively unstable layer near the surface. When the instability was released around the cyclone center, latent heating (LH) occurred. The increased LH further intensified the cyclone and its associated CCB. These findings indicate that the positive feedback process between the CCB and LH played a key role in intensification over the Gulf Stream. In this way, the heat supply from the Gulf Stream significantly impacted the development of the superbomb cyclone.
Experimental Constraints on an MgO Exsolution‐Driven Geodynamo
Authors: Du Zhixue , Boujibar Asmaa , Driscoll Peter , Fei Yingwei 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMgO exsolution has been proposed to drive an early geodynamo. Experimental studies, however, have drawn different conclusions regarding the applicability of MgO exsolution. While many studies suggest that significant Mg can dissolve into the Earth's core, the amount of MgO exsolved out of the core, which hinges on the temperature dependence of MgO solubility, remains unclear. Here we present new high‐temperature experiments to better constrain the temperature and compositional dependence of Mg partitioning between Fe alloys and silicate liquids. Our experiments show that Mg partitioning is weakly dependent on temperature, while confirming its strong dependence on oxygen content in Fe alloys. This implies that MgO exolution is limited as the core cools but can help drive an early geodyanamo if the core heat loss is slightly subadiabatic. If an exosolution‐driven geodynamo did occur, it was likely over a limited time span that depends on the core thermal history and conductivity.
Effect of Hot He+ Ions on the Electron Pitch Angle Scattering Driven by H+, He+, and O+ Band EMIC Waves
Authors: Yu J. , Li L. Y. , Cui J. , Cao J. B. , Wang J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we find that hot He+ ions significantly alter the kinetic dispersion relation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves and thus strongly affect the wave‐driven electron pitch angle scattering rates. Increasing hot He+ ion parallel temperature, temperature anisotropy, or abundance raises the pitch angle scattering rates of MeV electrons driven by the H+ band EMIC waves. During the electron resonance with the He+ and O+ band EMIC waves, the electron pitch angle scattering rates are more sensitive to the variation of temperature anisotropy and abundance of hot He+ ions than their parallel temperature. The increase of hot He+ ion abundance (temperature anisotropy or abundance) generates a reduction of the energy range of electrons interacting with the He+ (O+) band EMIC waves. Therefore, the effect of hot He+ ions on the EMIC wave‐driven electron pitch angle scattering should be involved in the radiation belt modeling.
Seeding of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles by Vertical Neutral Wind
Authors: Yokoyama Tatsuhiro , Jin Hidekatsu , Shinagawa Hiroyuki , Liu Huixin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe seeding mechanism of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) in the ionosphere has not been fully understood for several decades. Before investigating the complex seeding process by atmospheric gravity waves, which have been considered as a possible candidate, we investigate the vertical neutral wind effect on the EPB seeding by making the numerical simulation setup as simple as possible. It is presented that the vertical wind over the dip equator with an amplitude of as low as 5 m/s can seed EPBs effectively. The upward wind reduces the eastward current and produces the eastward polarization electric field, so that the bottomside F region pushed by the upward wind is going to form upwellings and penetrate into the topside F region accelerated by the Rayleigh‐Taylor instability. It is suggested that the vertical wind perturbations driven by gravity waves should play an important role in seeding EPBs.
Local and Remote Controls on Arctic Mixed‐Layer Evolution
Authors: Neggers R. A. J. , Chylik J. , Egerer U. , Griesche H. , Schemann V. , Seifert P. , Siebert H. , Macke A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn this study Lagrangian large‐eddy simulation of cloudy mixed layers in evolving warm air masses in the Arctic is constrained by in situ observations from the recent PASCAL field campaign. A key novelty is that time dependence is maintained in the large‐scale forcings. An iterative procedure featuring large‐eddy simulation on microgrids is explored to calibrate the case setup, inspired by and making use of the typically long memory of Arctic air masses for upstream conditions. The simulated mixed‐phase clouds are part of a turbulent mixed layer that is weakly coupled to the surface and is occasionally capped by a shallow humidity layer. All eight simulated mixed layers exhibit a strong time evolution across a range of time scales, including diurnal but also synoptic fingerprints. A few cases experience rapid cloud collapse, coinciding with a rapid decrease in mixed‐layer depth. To gain insight, composite budget analyses are performed. In the mixed‐layer interior the heat and moisture budgets are dominated by turbulent transport, radiative cooling, and precipitation. However, near the thermal inversion the large‐scale vertical advection also contributes significantly, showing a distinct difference between subsidence and upsidence conditions. A bulk mass budget analysis reveals that entrainment deepening behaves almost time‐constantly, as long as clouds are present. In contrast, large‐scale subsidence fluctuates much more strongly and can both counteract and boost boundary‐layer deepening resulting from entrainment. Strong and sudden subsidence events following prolonged deepening periods are found to cause the cloud collapses, associated with a substantial reduction in the surface downward longwave radiative flux.
Association between prefrontal glutamine levels and neuroticism determined using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Hasler Gregor , Buchmann Andreas , Haynes Melanie , Müller Sabrina Theresia , Ghisleni Carmen , Brechbühl Sarela , Tuura Ruth 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThere is growing evidence for GABA and glutamate–glutamine dysfunction in the pathogenesis of mood and anxiety disorders. It is important to study this pathology in the early phases of the illness in order to develop new approaches to secondary prevention. New magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measures allow determining glutamine, the principal metabolite of synaptic glutamate that is directly related to glutamate levels in the synaptic cleft, as well as glutamate and GABA. In contrast to previous investigations, this study used community-based recruitment methods and a combined categorical and dimensional approach to psychopathology. In the study protocol, neuroticism was defined as the primary outcome. Neuroticism shares a large proportion of its genetic variance with mood and anxiety disorders. We examined young adult participants recruited from the general population in a cross-sectional study using 3-T 1H-MRS with one voxel in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The total sample of N = 110 (61 females) included 18 individuals suffering from MDD and 19 individuals suffering from DSM-IV anxiety disorders. We found that glutamine and glutamine-to-glutamate ratio were correlated with neuroticism in the whole sample (r = 0.263, p = 0.005, and n = 110; respectively, r = 0.252, p = 0.008, and n = 110), even when controlling for depression and anxiety disorder diagnoses (for glutamine: beta = 0.220, p = 0.047, and n = 110). Glutamate and GABA were not significantly correlated with neuroticism (r = 0.087, p = 0.365, and n = 110; r = −0.044, p = 0.645, and n = 110). Lack of self-confidence and emotional instability were the clinical correlates of glutamate–glutamine dysfunction. In conclusion, this study suggests that prefrontal glutamine is increased in early phases of mood and anxiety disorders. Further understanding of glutamate–glutamine dysfunction in stress-related disorders may lead to new therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat these disorders.