bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mast Cell Activation Protects Cornea by Promoting Neutrophil Infiltration via Stimulating ICAM-1 and Vascular Dilation in Fungal Keratitis
Authors: Xie Yanting , Zhang Hongmin , Liu Susu , Chen Guoming , He Siyu , Li Zhijie , Wang Liya 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe role of mast cells (MCs) in fungal infection is largely unknown. This study was to explore a protective role and mechanism of MCs in fungal keratitis. Experimental fungal keratitis (FK) mouse model was developed. Mice untreated (UT) or receiving corneal wound without fungal infection (Mock) were used as controls. Large number of connective tissue MCs was found in normal mice. MC activation with degranulation was largely observed, and the percentage of degranulated/total cells was high in FK. Dilated limbal vasculature with increased permeability, as well as largely infiltrated neutrophils with stimulated ICAM-1 protein levels were observed in corneas of FK mice, when compared with Mock and UT mice. Interestingly, pretreatment with cromolyn sodium (Block) significantly blocked MC degranulation, dramatically suppressed vascular dilation and permeability, and markedly reduced neutrophil infiltration with lower ICAM-1 levels in FK mice at 6–24 hours. Furthermore, the Block mice manifested prolonged disease course, increased pathological damage, and vigorous fungus growth, with much higher corneal perforation rate than FK mice at 72 h. These findings reveal a novel phenomenon that MCs play a vital role in protecting cornea against fungal infection through degranulation that promotes neutrophil infiltration via stimulating ICAM-1 production and limbal vascular dilation and permeability.
Identification of Bernalite Transformation and Tridentate Arsenate Complex at Nano-goethite under Effects of Drying, pH and Surface Loading
Authors: Han Junho , Ro Hee-Myong 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe structural configuration of arsenate on iron (hydr)oxide determines its leachability and bioavailability in the soil environment. It is important to understand how the stability of iron hydroxide and the structural configuration of arsenate complexes vary in response to changes in environmental conditions. Therefore, we investigated the effects of drying, pH and surface loadings on the stability of goethite and the structural configuration of arsenate through batch experiments and TEM and XAS measurements with DFT calculation. As a result, we observed no significant transformation of goethite under most conditions, but TEM confirmed the partial formation of bernalite in the presence of arsenate at a pH of 10, and the bernalite showed 2.18 times higher arsenate sorption than the goethite. The linear combination fitting of the EXAFS spectra with DFT calculations revealed that tridentate and bidentate complexes were dominant under low surface loading and pH conditions in the sedimented samples, while monodentate complexes were abundant under high surface loading and pH conditions. Based on our results, we conclude that the formation of arsenic-rich colloids could account for mobilization in the soil environment, and the density of available sorption sites combined with the concentration of solute could cause the change in structural configuration.
Robust numerical evaluation of circular dichroism from chiral medium/nanostructure coupled systems using the finite-element method
Authors: Lee Seojoo , Kang Ji-Hun , Yoo SeokJae , Park Q-Han 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIt has been demonstrated that circular dichroism (CD) signals from chiral molecules can be boosted by plasmonic nanostructures inducing strong local electromagnetic fields. To optimize nanostructures to improve CD enhancement, numerical simulations such as the finite element method (FEM) have been widely adopted. However, FEM calculations for CD have been frequently hampered by unwanted numerical artifacts due to improperly discretizing problem spaces. Here, we introduce a new meshing rule for FEM that provides CD simulations with superior numerical accuracy. We show that unwanted numerical artifacts can be suppressed by implementing the mirror-symmetric mesh configuration that generates identical numerical artifacts in the two-opposite circularly polarized waves, which cancel each other out in the final CD result. By applying our meshing scheme, we demonstrate a nanostructure/chiral molecule coupled system from which the CD signal is significantly enhanced. Since our meshing scheme addresses the previously unresolved issue of discriminating between very small CD signals and numerical errors, it can be directly applied to numerical simulations featuring natural chiral molecules which have intrinsically weak chiroptical responses.
Stellar masses and disk properties of Lupus young stellar objects traced by velocity-aligned stacked ALMA 13CO and C18O spectra
Authors: Yen Hsi-Wei , Koch Patrick M. , Manara Carlo F. , Miotello Anna , Testi Leonardo 
Published: May 2018

Aims. Large samples of protoplanetary disks have been observed in recent ALMA surveys. The gas distributions and velocity structures of most of the disks can still not be imaged at high signal to noise ratios (S/Ns) because of the short integration time per source in these surveys. In this work, we apply the velocity-aligned stacking method to extract more information from molecular-line data of these ALMA surveys and to study the kinematics and disk properties traced by molecular lines.
Methods. We re-analyzed the ALMA 13CO (3–2) and C18O (3–2) data of 88 young stellar objects (YSOs) in Lupus with the velocity-aligned stacking method. This method aligns spectra at different positions in a disk based on the projected Keplerian velocities at their positions and then stacks them. This method enhances the S/Ns of molecular-line data and allows us to obtain better detections and to constrain dynamical stellar masses and disk orientations.
Results. We obtain 13CO detections in 41 disks and C18O detections in 18 disks with 11 new detections in 13CO and 9 new detections in C18O after applying the method. We estimate the disk orientations and the dynamical masses of the central YSOs from the 13CO data. Our estimated dynamical stellar masses correlate with the spectroscopic stellar masses, and in a subsample of 16 sources, where the inclination angles are better constrained, the two masses are in good agreement within the uncertainties and with a mean difference of 0.15 M⊙. With more detections of fainter disks, our results show that high gas masses derived from the 13CO and C18O lines tend to be associated with high dust masses estimated from the continuum emission. Nevertheless, the scatter is large and is estimated to be 0.9 dex, implying large uncertainties in deriving the disk gas mass from the line fluxes. We find that with such large uncertainties it is expected that there is no correlation between the disk gas mass and the mass accretion rate with the current data. Deeper observations to detect disks with gas masses <10−5 M⊙ in molecular lines are needed to investigate the correlation between the disk gas mass and the mass accretion rate.
From 55,000 to 7 billion
Authors: Harper Sarah 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
‘From 55,000 to 7 billion’ describes how global population has evolved over time and space, experiencing a small increase for thousands of years, until around 200 years ago when global population grew dramatically. 1.2 million years ago there were around 55,000 humans, then by the end of the last ice age 20,000 years ago there were around 1 million Homo sapiens. The next 15,000 years saw a dramatic evolution in human economy and society and by 5000 bc the world population reached around 5 million. It took a further 7,000 years for population to reach one billion by ad 1800. Population now stands at some 7 billion and is projected to reach around 10 billion during this century.
Population policies and future challenges
Authors: Harper Sarah 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Population policies aim to modify the growth rate, composition, or distribution of a population. In practice, they can be explicit or implicit. The two main areas in which governments attempt to control or influence through population polices are fertility and migration. ‘Population policies and future challenges’ also considers some key population challenges of the 21st century. Will fertility rates fall to replacement in sub-Saharan Africa? What is the relationship between environment, population, and consumption in different parts of the world? How will we feed and provide water for the projected 9 or 10 billion of us by 2050? What will be the impact of the ageing of the world’s population and of technological change?
Terrorism: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Townshend Charles 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Terrorism: A Very Short Introduction examines the historical, ideological, and local roots of terrorist violence and explores terrorism in relation to revolutionary power, nationalism, and religious extremism. Is one person’s terrorist another’s freedom fighter? Is terrorism crime or war? What can we do to stop it? For many, the terrorist attacks of September 2001 changed the face of the world, pushing terrorism to the top of many political agendas. This VSI considers recent changes in terrorism, such as the emergence of ISIS and upsurge in individual suicide action, looking at the impact and consequences of several recent terrorist attacks, and outlining the complex issues related to antiterrorist and counterterrorist measures.
Religious terror
Authors: Townshend Charles 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In the early 21st century, the world faced a revival of religious fundamentalism. The liberal assumption that the rise of modern society and the demise of religion came hand in hand was thrown into doubt. In the 1980s, terrorism was restricted to a few radical revolutionaries and familiar nationalists. The next decade saw a shift. It was Islam in particular that captured the attention of the West. ‘Religious terror’ considers the relationship between religion and violence, messianism, suicide and self-sacrifice, and fundamentalism, including the rise of the Islamic State movement. Are the motives for such terrorist acts purely religious or are they political as well?
Authoritarianism in Turkey
Authors: Kubicek Paul 
Published: May 2018

Since its establishment in 1923, the Republic of Turkey has struggled to establish a stable, well-functioning democratic system. Turkey’s founding leader, Mustafa Kemal—who was given the name “Atatürk” (father of all Turks) in 1934—adopted many reforms to modernize and Westernize the country. However, during most of Kemal’s rule (r. 1923–1938), Turkey was a single-party regime in which political opposition was very circumscribed and repressed. Although Turkey did formally democratize after World War II, its democracy has been interrupted by several military interventions and beset with numerous problems, including restrictions on civil and political rights, closures of political parties, and political violence. Although outright authoritarianism has been the exception rather than the rule since the 1940s, many Turkish governments have exhibited authoritarian tendencies, and institutions have been created to give non-elected actors—in particular, the military—an important role in political life. Those challenging the secular, unitary nature of the state—e.g., Islamic-oriented political parties and Kurdish movements—have been repressed. In the early 2000s, the governing Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi (AKP), or Justice and Development Party, launched a series of reforms that pushed Turkey in a more democratic direction. However, in the 2010s, many began to believe Turkish democracy was again under assault, evidenced in an erosion of checks and balances and rule of law, a crackdown on the media, and use of anti-terror laws to repress dissent. By most accounts, the situation has deteriorated after a failed coup attempt in 2016, which was followed by dismissals and arrests of tens of thousands of people, declaration of a state of emergency, and constitutional changes that create a more centralized presidential system. The literature on Turkish politics is frequently periodized, meaning that the emphasis on democratization or the (re)emergence of authoritarianism is often a reflection of contemporary events. Whereas much of the work on Turkish politics in the first years of the republic acknowledged its single-party, authoritarian nature, the emphasis in later years often was more on the hopes and shortcomings of democratization, with attention given to various authoritarian features as opposed to an institutionalized authoritarian system. Studies of the AKP, in particular, are subject to periodization, with initial assessments of its policies grounded more on its democratization and later works focusing much more on its authoritarian turn.
Ruptured Mycotic Aneurysm of the Distal Circulation in a Patient with Mucormycosis Without Direct Skull Base Extension: Case Report
Authors: Rangwala Shivani D , Strickland Ben A , Rennert Robert C , Ravina Kristine , Bakhsheshian Joshua , Hurth Kyle , Giannotta Steven L , Russin Jonathan J 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE
Infectious intracranial aneurysms are a rare subset of intracranial aneurysms caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral sources. Intracranial aneurysms of fungal etiology carry a high mortality risk and typically occur in immunocompromised patients via direct extension of skull base infections, or more rarely, after intracranial surgery.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
We present the case of a 27-yr-old female with systemic lupus erythematous and primary pulmonary mucormycosis, who suffered a subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured fusiform distal middle cerebral artery aneurysm. Despite undergoing a successful extracranial-to-intracranial bypass and aneurysm excision, the patient ultimately died following progressive disseminated infection and a secondary intracranial hemorrhage of unknown etiology. Pathological examination of the excised artery confirmed Mucor infection.

CONCLUSION
To the best of our knowledge, this case represents one of the first mycotic cerebral aneurysms from mucormycosis in a patient without an underlying skull base infection or previous intracranial surgery. Despite optimal surgical management, clinical outcomes for mycotic cerebral aneurysms are largely dependent on the success of medical therapies at controlling systemic disease.
Plasmapheresis for Management of Antiphospholipid Syndrome in the Neurosurgical Patient
Authors: Arias Eric J , Bruck Brent , Vellimana Ananth K , Eby Charles , Reynolds Matthew R , Blinder Morey A , Zipfel Gregory J 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder associated with a hypercoagulable state and increased risk of intraoperative and postoperative thrombosis. Few neurosurgical studies have examined the management of these patients, though the standard of care in most other disciplines involves the use of anticoagulation therapy. However, this is associated with risks such as hemorrhage, thrombosis due to warfarin withdrawal, and is not compatible with operative intervention.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
We report the cases of 2 antiphospholipid positive patients who were on anticoagulant therapy and underwent surgical bypasses and received perioperative management with plasmapheresis. The first was a 44-yr-old woman who presented with worsening vision, recurring headaches, and a known left internal carotid artery aneurysm that was unsuccessfully treated twice via extracranial to intracranial (ECIC) bypass at another institution. Preoperative tests at our institution revealed elevated beta 2 glycoprotein 1 IgA autoantibodies. The second case was a 24-yr-old woman with previously diagnosed APS, who presented for surgical evaluation of moyamoya disease after sustaining recurrent left hemispheric strokes. Both cases were managed with perioperative plasmapheresis to avoid the need for anticoagulation during the perioperative period, and both underwent successful ECIC bypass procedures without perioperative ischemic or hemorrhagic complications.

CONCLUSION
Management of neurosurgical patients with APS can be a precarious proposition. We describe the successful use of plasmapheresis and antiplatelet therapy to better manage patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures, specifically ECIC bypass, and feel this approach can be considered in future cases.
Gravitational Waves
Authors: Maggiore Michele 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA comprehensive and detailed account of the physics of gravitational waves and their role in astrophysics and cosmology. The part on astrophysical sources of gravitational waves includes chapters on GWs from supernovae, neutron stars (neutron star normal modes, CFS instability, r-modes), black-hole perturbation theory (Regge-Wheeler and Zerilli equations, Teukoslky equation for rotating BHs, quasi-normal modes) coalescing compact binaries (effective one-body formalism, numerical relativity), discovery of gravitational waves at the advanced LIGO interferometers (discoveries of GW150914, GW151226, tests of general relativity, astrophysical implications), supermassive black holes (supermassive black-hole binaries, EMRI, relevance for LISA and pulsar timing arrays). The part on gravitational waves and cosmology include discussions of FRW cosmology, cosmological perturbation theory (helicity decomposition, scalar and tensor perturbations, Bardeen variables, power spectra, transfer functions for scalar and tensor modes), the effects of GWs on the Cosmic Microwave Background (ISW effect, CMB polarization, E and B modes), inflation (amplification of vacuum fluctuations, quantum fields in curved space, generation of scalar and tensor perturbations, Mukhanov-Sasaki equation,reheating, preheating), stochastic backgrounds of cosmological origin (phase transitions, cosmic strings, alternatives to inflation, bounds on primordial GWs) and search of stochastic backgrounds with Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTA).
Conclusion
Authors: Garipzanov Ildar 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The concluding chapter highlights how the cultural history of graphic signs of authority in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages encapsulated the profound transformation of political culture in the Mediterranean and Europe from approximately the fourth to ninth centuries. It also reflects on the transcendent sources of authority in these historical periods, and the role of graphic signs in highlighting this connection. Finally, it warns that, despite the apparent dominant role of the sign of the cross and cruciform graphic devices in providing access to transcendent protection and support in ninth-century Western Europe, some people could still employ alternative graphic signs deriving from older occult traditions in their recourse to transcendent powers.
TheObject : Substance :: Event : ProcessAnalogy
Authors: Wellwood Alexis , Hespos Susan J. , Rips Lance J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBeginning at least with Bach (1986), semanticists have suggested that objects are formally parallel to events in the way substances are formally parallel to processes. This chapter investigates whether these parallels can be understood to reflect a shared representational format in cognition, which underlies aspects of the intuitive metaphysics of these categories. The authors of this chapter hypothesized that a way of counting (atomicity) is necessary for object and event representations, unlike for substance or process representations. Atomicity is strongly implied by plural but not mass language. The chapter investigates the language–perception interface across these domains using minimally different images and animations, designed either to encourage atomicity (‘natural’ breaks) or to discourage it (‘unnatural’ breaks). The experiments test preference for naming such stimuli with mass or count syntax. The results support Bach’s analogy in perception and highlight the formal role of atomicity in object and event representation.
ALMA 12CO (J= 1–0) imaging of the nearby galaxy M 83: Variations in the efficiency of star formation in giant molecular clouds
Authors: Hirota Akihiko , Egusa Fumi , Baba Junichi , Kuno Nario , Muraoka Kazuyuki , Tosaki Tomoka , Miura Rie , Nakanishi Hiroyuki , Kawabe Ryohei 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe present results of the 12CO (1–0) mosaic observations of the nearby barred-spiral galaxy M 83 obtained with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). The total flux is recovered by combining the ALMA data with single-dish data obtained using the Nobeyama 45 m telescope. The combined map covers a ∼13 kpc2 field that includes the galactic center, eastern bar, and spiral arm with a resolution of 2${^{\prime\prime}_{.}}$03 × 1${^{\prime\prime}_{.}}$15 (∼45 pc × ∼25 pc). With a resolution comparable to typical sizes of giant molecular clouds (GMCs), the CO distribution in the bar and arm is resolved into many clumpy peaks that form ridge-like structures. Remarkably, in the eastern arm, the CO peaks form two arc-shaped ridges that run along the arm and exhibit a distinct difference in the activity of star formation: the one on the leading side has numerous H ii regions associated with it, whereas the other one on the trailing side has only a few. To see whether GMCs form stars with uniform star formation efficiency (SFE) per free-fall time (SFEff), GMCs are identified from the data cube and then cross-matched with the catalog of ${H}\,\, \small {II}$ regions to estimate the star formation rate for each of them. 179 GMCs with a median mass of 1.6 × 106 M⊙ are identified. The mass-weighted average SFEff of the GMCs is ∼9.4 × 10−3, which is in agreement with models of turbulence regulated star formation. Meanwhile, we find that SFEff is not universal within the mapped region. In particular, one of the arm ridges shows a high SFEff with a mass-weighted value of ∼2.7 × 10−2, which is higher by more than a factor of 5 compared to the inter-arm regions. This large regional variation in SFEff favors the recent interpretation that GMCs do not form stars at a constant rate within their lifetime.
Racial Bias in Bail Decisions*
Authors: Arnold David , Dobbie Will , Yang Crystal S 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This article develops a new test for identifying racial bias in the context of bail decisions—a high-stakes setting with large disparities between white and black defendants. We motivate our analysis using Becker’s model of racial bias, which predicts that rates of pretrial misconduct will be identical for marginal white and marginal black defendants if bail judges are racially unbiased. In contrast, marginal white defendants will have higher rates of misconduct than marginal black defendants if bail judges are racially biased, whether that bias is driven by racial animus, inaccurate racial stereotypes, or any other form of bias. To test the model, we use the release tendencies of quasi-randomly assigned bail judges to identify the relevant race-specific misconduct rates. Estimates from Miami and Philadelphia show that bail judges are racially biased against black defendants, with substantially more racial bias among both inexperienced and part-time judges. We find suggestive evidence that this racial bias is driven by bail judges relying on inaccurate stereotypes that exaggerate the relative danger of releasing black defendants.
Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus According to IADPSG and NICE Criteria
Authors: Djelmis Josip , Pavić Mato , Kotori Vjosa Mulliqi , Renar Ivana Pavlić , Ivanisevic Marina , Oreskovic Slavko 
Published: May 2018

(Abstracted from Int J Gynecol Obstet 2016;135:250–254)
Hyperglycemia during pregnancy leads to a plethora of complications such as preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, and increased perinatal mortality as well as adverse neonatal health conditions including long-term obesity and diabetes. However, there is disagreement regarding the best approach to screening for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).