bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flint Fights Back
Authors: Pauli Benjamin J. 
Published: August 2019

An account of the Flint water crisis shows that Flint's struggle for safe and affordable water is part of a broader struggle for democracy.
When Flint, Michigan, changed its source of municipal water from Lake Huron to the Flint River, Flint residents were repeatedly assured that the water was of the highest quality. At the switchover ceremony, the mayor and other officials performed a celebratory toast, declaring “Here's to Flint!” and downing glasses of freshly treated water. But as we now know, the water coming out of residents' taps harbored a variety of contaminants, including high levels of lead. In Flint Fights Back, Benjamin Pauli examines the water crisis and the political activism that it inspired, arguing that Flint's struggle for safe and affordable water was part of a broader struggle for democracy. Pauli connects Flint's water activism with the ongoing movement protesting the state of Michigan's policy of replacing elected officials in financially troubled cities like Flint and Detroit with appointed “emergency managers.”
Pauli distinguishes the political narrative of the water crisis from the historical and technical narratives, showing that Flint activists' emphasis on democracy helped them to overcome some of the limitations of standard environmental justice frameworks. He discusses the pro-democracy (anti–emergency manager) movement and traces the rise of the “water warriors”; describes the uncompromising activist culture that developed out of the experience of being dismissed and disparaged by officials; and examines the interplay of activism and scientific expertise. Finally, he explores efforts by activists to expand the struggle for water justice and to organize newly mobilized residents into a movement for a radically democratic Flint.
The open access edition of this book was made possible by generous funding from the MIT Libraries.
Affective Computing
Authors: Picard Rosalind W. 
Published: August 2019

According to Rosalind Picard, if we want computers to be genuinely intelligent and to interact naturally with us, we must give computers the ability to recognize, understand, even to have and express emotions.
The latest scientific findings indicate that emotions play an essential role in decision making, perception, learning, and more—that is, they influence the very mechanisms of rational thinking. Not only too much, but too little emotion can impair decision making. According to Rosalind Picard, if we want computers to be genuinely intelligent and to interact naturally with us, we must give computers the ability to recognize, understand, even to have and express emotions.
Part 1 of this book provides the intellectual framework for affective computing. It includes background on human emotions, requirements for emotionally intelligent computers, applications of affective computing, and moral and social questions raised by the technology. Part 2 discusses the design and construction of affective computers. Although this material is more technical than that in Part 1, the author has kept it less technical than typical scientific publications in order to make it accessible to newcomers. Topics in Part 2 include signal-based representations of emotions, human affect recognition as a pattern recognition and learning problem, recent and ongoing efforts to build models of emotion for synthesizing emotions in computers, and the new application area of affective wearable computers.
Animal Beauty
Authors: Nüsslein-Volhard Christiane , Grützmacher Suse 
Published: August 2019

An illustrated exploration of colors and patterns in the animal kingdom, what they communicate, and how they function in the social life of animals.
Are animals able to appreciate what humans refer to as “beauty”? The term scarcely ever appears nowadays in a scientific description of living things, but we humans may nonetheless find the colors, patterns, and songs of animals to be beautiful in apparently the same way that we see beauty in works of art. In Animal Beauty, Nobel Prize–winning biologist Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard describes how the colors and patterns displayed by animals arise, what they communicate, and how they function in the social life of animals. Watercolor drawings illustrate these amazing instances of animal beauty.
Darwin addressed the topic of ornament in his 1871 book The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, and did not hesitate to engage with criteria of beauty, convinced that animals experienced color and ornament as attractive and agreeable in the same way that we do, and that the role this played in mate choice pointed to a “sexual selection” distinct from natural selection. Nüsslein-Volhard examines key examples of ornament and sexual selection in the animal kingdom and lays the groundwork for biological aesthetics. Noting that color patterns have not been a research priority—perhaps because they appeared to be nonessential luxuries rather than functional necessities—Nüsslein-Volhard looks at recent scientific developments on the topic. In part because of Nüsslein-Volhard's own research on the zebrafish, it is now possible to decipher the molecular genetic mechanisms that lead to production of colors in animal skin and its appendages and control its pattern and distribution.
Digital Halftoning
Authors: Ulichney Robert 
Published: August 2019

Digital Halftoning addresses the problem of developing algorithms that best match the specific parameters of any target display device. It is the first significant study of the process of producing quality images on practical computer displays.
Along with text and graphics, images are fast becoming a generic data type for general-purpose computer systems. This poses new problems for the systems designer, who must be able to preprocess digital image data for a wide variety of video and hard copy displays. Digital halftoning, the method by which the illusion of continuous-tone images are created through the arrangement of binary picture elements, is a key component of any preprocessing. Digital Halftoning addresses the problem of developing algorithms that best match the specific parameters of any target display device. It is the first significant study of the process of producing quality images on practical computer displays. To aid the systems designer, Ulichney devises the concept of blue noise—which has many desirable properties for halftoning—and suggests efficient algorithms for its use. He also introduces new metrics for analyzing the frequency content of periodic and aperiodic patterns for both rectangular and hexagonal grids, and presents a unique "aspect ratio immunity" argument in favor of hexagonal grids. Included are several carefully selected digitally-produced images.
Dynamical Cognitive Science
Authors: Ward Lawrence M. 
Published: August 2019

An introduction to the application of dynamical systems science to the cognitive sciences.
Dynamical Cognitive Science makes available to the cognitive science community the analytical tools and techniques of dynamical systems science, adding the variables of change and time to the study of human cognition. The unifying theme is that human behavior is an "unfolding in time" whose study should be augmented by the application of time-sensitive tools from disciplines such as physics, mathematics, and economics, where change over time is of central importance.
The book provides a fast-paced, comprehensive introduction to the application of dynamical systems science to the cognitive sciences. Topics include linear and nonlinear time series analysis, chaos theory, complexity theory, relaxation oscillators, and metatheoretical issues of modeling and theory building. Tools and techniques are discussed in the context of their application to basic cognitive science problems, including perception, memory, psychophysics, judgment and decision making, and consciousness. The final chapter summarizes the contemporary study of consciousness and suggests how dynamical approaches to cognitive science can help to advance our understanding of this central concept.
Bradford Books imprint
Evolutionary Robotics
Authors: Nolfi Stefano , Floreano Dario 
Published: August 2019

Evolutionary robotics is a new technique for the automatic creation of autonomous robots. Inspired by the Darwinian principle of selective reproduction of the fittest, it views robots as autonomous artificial organisms that develop their own skills in close interaction with the environment and without human intervention. Drawing heavily on biology and ethology, it uses the tools of neural networks, genetic algorithms, dynamic systems, and biomorphic engineering. The resulting robots share with simple biological systems the characteristics of robustness, simplicity, small size, flexibility, and modularity.In evolutionary robotics, an initial population of artificial chromosomes, each encoding the control system of a robot, is randomly created and put into the environment. Each robot is then free to act (move, look around, manipulate) according to its genetically specified controller while its performance on various tasks is automatically evaluated. The fittest robots then "reproduce" by swapping parts of their genetic material with small random mutations. The process is repeated until the "birth" of a robot that satisfies the performance criteria.
This book describes the basic concepts and methodologies of evolutionary robotics and the results achieved so far. An important feature is the clear presentation of a set of empirical experiments of increasing complexity. Software with a graphic interface, freely available on a Web page, will allow the reader to replicate and vary (in simulation and on real robots) most of the experiments.
Bradford Books imprint
Heterogeneous Agent Systems
Authors: Subrahmanian V. S. , Bonatti Piero Andrea , Dix Jürgen , Eiter Thomas Robert , Kraus Sarit , Ozcan Fatma , Ross Robert B. 
Published: August 2019

After a discussion of the theory of software agents, this book presents IMPACT (Interactive Maryland Platform for Agents Collaborating Together), an experimental agent infrastructure that translates formal theories of agency into a functional multiagent system that can extend legacy software code and application-specific or legacy data structures.
Software agents are the latest advance in the trend toward smaller, modular pieces of code, where each module performs a well-defined, focused task or set of tasks. Programmed to interact with and provide services to other agents, including humans, software agents act autonomously with prescribed backgrounds, beliefs, and operations. Systems of agents can access and manipulate heterogeneously stored data such as that found on the Internet.
After a discussion of the theory of software agents, this book presents IMPACT (Interactive Maryland Platform for Agents Collaborating Together), an experimental agent infrastructure that translates formal theories of agency into a functional multiagent system that can extend legacy software code and application-specific or legacy data structures. The book describes three sample applications: a store, a self-correcting auto-pilot, and a supply chain.
In-Depth Understanding
Authors: Dyer Michael George 
Published: August 2019

This book describes a theory of memory representation, organization, and processing for understanding complex narrative texts. The theory is implemented as a computer program called BORIS which reads and answers questions about divorce, legal disputes, personal favors, and the like. The system is unique in attempting to understand stories involving emotions and in being able to deduce adages and morals, in addition to answering fact and event based questions about the narratives it has read. BORIS also manages the interaction of many different knowledge sources such as goals, plans, scripts, physical objects, settings, interpersonal relationships, social roles, emotional reactions, and empathetic responses. The book makes several original technical contributions as well. In particular, it develops a class of knowledge constructs called Thematic Abstraction Units (TAUs) which share similarities with other representational systems such as Schank's Thematic Organization Packets and Lehnert's Plot Units. TAUs allow BORIS to represent situations which are more abstract than those captured by scripts, plans, and goals. They contain processing knowledge useful in dealing with the kinds of planning and expectation failures that characters often experience in narratives; and, they often serve as episodic memory structures, organizing events which involve similar kinds of planning failures and divergent domains. An appendix contains a detailed description of a demon-based parser, a kernel of the BORIS system, as well as the actual LISP code of a microversion of this parser and a number of exercises for expanding it into a full-fledged story-understander.
In-Depth Understanding is included in The MIT Press Artificial Intelligence Series.
Through the Rearview Mirror
Authors: Macnamara John , Macnamara Joyce 
Published: August 2019

In this lively book, John Macnamara shows how a number of important thinkers through the ages have approached problems of mental representation and the acquisition of knowledge. He discusses the relevance of these approaches to modern cognitive psychology, focusing on central themes that he believes have strongly influenced modern psychology. This is not a neutral historical survey, but a vehicle for Macnamara's compelling and provocative arguments on the relevance and worth of certain aspects of psychological and philosophical thought.
The historical figures discussed are quite varied—from Plato to Thomas Jefferson to Sigmund Freud—and include numerous Christian philosophers such as Augustine and Thomas Aquinas. The book assumes no previous background in the subject matter; Macnamara often simplifies abstract concepts via homespun examples (many using his beloved dog, Freddie). This is a quirky, engaging book, as well as the last work by a highly influential figure in cognitive psychology.
Bradford Books imprint
Warren's Abstract Machine
Authors: Aït-Kaci Hassan 
Published: August 2019

This tutorial demystifies one of the most important yet poorly understood aspects of logic programming, the Warren Abstract Machine or WAM. The author's step-by-step construction of the WAM adds features in a gradual manner, clarifying the complex aspects of the design and providing the first detailed study of WAM since it was designed in 1983. Developed by David H. D. Warren, the WAM is an abstract (nonphysical) computer that aids in the compilation and implementation of the Prolog programming language and offers techniques for compiling and optimizing symbolic computing that can be generalized beyond Prolog. Although the benefits of the WAM design have been widely accepted, few have been able to penetrate the WAM. This lucid introduction defines separate abstract machines for each conceptually separate part of the design and refines them, finally stitching them together to make a WAM. An index presents all of the critical concepts used in the WAM. It is assumed that readers have a clear understanding of the operational semantics of Prolog, in particular, of unification and backtracking, but a brief summary of the necessary Prolog notions is provided.
Contents Introduction • Unification—Pure and Simple • Flat Resolution • Prolog • Optimizing the Design • Conclusion • Appendixes
Food Justice
Authors: Gottlieb Robert , Joshi Anupama 
Published: August 2019

The story of how the emerging food justice movement is seeking to transform the American food system from seed to table.
In today's food system, farm workers face difficult and hazardous conditions, low-income neighborhoods lack supermarkets but abound in fast-food restaurants and liquor stores, food products emphasize convenience rather than wholesomeness, and the international reach of American fast-food franchises has been a major contributor to an epidemic of “globesity.” To combat these inequities and excesses, a movement for food justice has emerged in recent years seeking to transform the food system from seed to table. In Food Justice, Robert Gottlieb and Anupama Joshi tell the story of this emerging movement.
A food justice framework ensures that the benefits and risks of how food is grown and processed, transported, distributed, and consumed are shared equitably. Gottlieb and Joshi recount the history of food injustices and describe current efforts to change the system, including community gardens and farmer training in Holyoke, Massachusetts, youth empowerment through the Rethinkers in New Orleans, farm-to-school programs across the country, and the Los Angeles school system's elimination of sugary soft drinks from its cafeterias. And they tell how food activism has succeeded at the highest level: advocates waged a grassroots campaign that convinced the Obama White House to plant a vegetable garden. The first comprehensive inquiry into this emerging movement, Food Justice addresses the increasing disconnect between food and culture that has resulted from our highly industrialized food system.
After Access
Authors: Donner Jonathan 
Published: August 2019

An expert considers the effects of a more mobile Internet on socioeconomic development and digital inclusion, examining both potentialities and constraints.
Almost anyone with a $40 mobile phone and a nearby cell tower can get online with an ease unimaginable just twenty years ago. An optimistic narrative has proclaimed the mobile phone as the device that will finally close the digital divide. Yet access and effective use are not the same thing, and the digital world does not run on mobile handsets alone. In After Access, Jonathan Donner examines the implications of the shift to a more mobile, more available Internet for the global South, particularly as it relates to efforts to promote socioeconomic development and broad-based inclusion in the global information society.
Drawing on his own research in South Africa and India, as well as the burgeoning literature from the ICT4D (Internet and Communication Technologies for Development) and mobile communication communities, Donner introduces the “After Access Lens,” a conceptual framework for understanding effective use of the Internet by those whose “digital repertoires” contain exclusively mobile devices. Donner argues that both the potentialities and constraints of the shift to a more mobile Internet are important considerations for scholars and practitioners interested in Internet use in the global South.
Kunstneriske dialoger i artistiske prosesser
Authors: Solset Berit Elisabeth Norbakken , Blix Hilde 
Published: August 2019

Utforskning og utvidelse av fleksibilitet og begreper rundt klangdannelse hos en klassisk skolert sanger står sentralt i mitt forskningsprosjekt. Ved å utforske andre sangteknikker/tradisjoner er målet å utvide klangbegrepsapparatet og – ikke minst – langsomt utvide egen uttrykkspalett og eget klangrepertoar.
Artikkelen vil handle om verket Solsången (Karin Rehnqvist), som er skrevet for en sanger, to kvinnelige talestemmer og kammerorkester. Stykket bryter med det klassiske uttrykket, samtidig som det krever ekstreme ferdigheter og høy vokalteknisk kompetanse, siden det forener to verdener, den klassiske musikken og folkemusikken.
I og med at komponisten benytter seg av den tradisjonelle sangteknikken – kulning – blir utøveren av verket utfordret med hensyn til å finne ut av en ny stil, hvordan denne kombineres med den klassiske tradisjonen, og hvordan disse to ulike stilene kan berike uttrykket: både komposisjonens uttrykk og sitt eget kunstneriske uttrykk.
Prosjektets utforming preges av ekstreme ytterpunkter og utforskning av musikalske og vokaltekniske grenseland. I arbeidet jakter jeg på en større fleksibilitet, klanglig og med hensyn til lydbildeplassering, og en bevisst utforsking i kammermusikalske settinger. Et mål er å utfordre yttergrensene for hva man kan gjøre med stemmen, både uttrykksmessig, samspillmessig, romlig og vokalteknisk.
Som sanger er jeg opptatt av å smelte sammen klanger for å kunne skape interessante nye kammermusikalske uttrykk. Min opplevelse av Rehnqvists vokalverker er at de oppfordrer til en sammensmelting av instrumentaltimbre og sangstemmen, dermed gis stemmen en mer instrumental rolle. I ytterpunktene for hva stemmen kan makte ligger uttrykksmuligheter som gir en ekstra estetisk dimensjon til stemmen som instrument.
Ved å publisere denne live-artikkelen ønsker jeg å bidra til diskursen rundt den tradisjonelle rollen en klassisk sanger har hatt og i mange sammenhenger fortsatt har. Gjennom artikkelen vil jeg gi et innblikk i tilnærming til musikken, variasjoner innenfor stil, klangestetikk og plassering i lydbildet, og dessuten refleksjon rundt å bevege seg i grenseland. Ved å bidra til diskursen i vokalfeltet, forventer jeg at en slik artikkel vil være av interesse for både studenter og veiledere innenfor vokalmiljøet.
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A real-world study on clinical predictors of relapse after hospitalized detoxification in a Chinese cohort with alcohol dependence
Authors: Tao Yu-Jie , Hu Li , He Ying , Cao Bing-Rong , Chen Juan , Ye Ying-Hua , Chen Ting , Yang Xia , Xu Jia-Jun , Li Jing , Meng Ya-Jing , Li Tao , Guo Wan-Jun 
Published: August 2019

Background
The relapse rate of alcohol dependence (AD) after detoxification is high, but few studies have investigated the clinical predictors of relapse after hospitalized detoxification in real-world clinical practice, especially among Chinese patients.

Methods
This longitudinal cohort study followed up 122 AD patients who were discharged from January 1, 2016 to January 30, 2018 from their most recent hospitalization for detoxification. These patients were interviewed by telephone from May 20, 2017, to June 30, 2018, at least 6 months after discharge. During the interview, the relapse were assessed by using a revised Chinese version of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test. Candidate predictors, such as therapeutic modalities during hospitalization and at discharge, medical history data related to alcohol use, and demographic information, were obtained from the medical records in the hospital information system.

Results
During the 6–24 months (with a median of 9 months) follow-up period, the relapse rate was 53.3%. Individuals with a college education level and those who had not been treated with the brief comprehensive cognitive-motivational-behavioural intervention (CCMBI) were more likely than their counterparts to relapse after hospitalized detoxification, and their adjusted HRs (95% CIs) were 1.85 (1.09, 3.16) and 2.00 (1.16, 3.46), respectively. The CCMBI use predicted a reduction in the relapse rate by approximately one-fifth.

Conclusion
Undergoing the CCMBI during detoxification hospitalization and having less than a college-level education could predict a reduced risk of AD relapse. These findings provide useful information both for further clinical research and for real-world practice.