bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EEG Theta Power Is an Early Marker of Cognitive Decline in Dementia due to Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Musaeus Christian Sandøe , Engedal Knut , Høgh Peter , Jelic Vesna , Mørup Morten , Naik Mala , Oeksengaard Anne-Rita , Snaedal Jon , Wahlund Lars-Olof , Waldemar Gunhild , Andersen Birgitte Bo 
Published: July 2018

Background: Quantitative EEG (qEEG) power could potentially be used as a diagnostic tool for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and may further our understanding of the pathophysiology. However, the early qEEG power changes of AD are not well understood. Objective: To investigate the early changes in qEEG power and the possible correlation with memory function and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. In addition, whether qEEG power could discriminate between AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and older healthy controls (HC) at the individual level. Methods: Standard EEGs from 138 HC, 117 MCI, and 117 AD patients were included from six Nordic memory clinics. All EEGs were recorded consecutively before the diagnosis and were not used for the consensus diagnosis. Absolute and relative power was calculated for both eyes closed and open condition. Results: At group level using relative power, we found significant increases globally in the theta band and decreases in high frequency power in the temporal regions for eyes closed for AD and, to a lesser extent, for MCI compared to HC. Relative theta power was significantly correlated with multiple neuropsychological measures and had the largest correlation coefficient with total tau. At the individual level, the classification rate for AD and HC was 72.9% for relative power with eyes closed. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the increase in relative theta power may be the first change in patients with dementia due to AD. At the individual level, we found a moderate classification rate for AD and HC when using EEGs alone.
What Factors Predict Family Caregivers’ Attendance at Dementia Cafés?
Authors: Jones Susan May , Killett Anne , Mioshi Eneida 
Published: July 2018

Background: Dementia Cafés are community support groups which provide post-diagnostic support for families affected by dementia. However, little is known about the characteristics of caregivers who attend Cafés. Objectives: To describe the demographic and psychosocial characteristics of caregivers who attend Dementia Cafés, and to identify which of those factors may influence the likelihood of family caregivers attending Dementia Cafés. Methods: A cross-sectional study on caregivers ( n = 80; July 2016– July 2017). Resilience (Brief Resilient Coping Scale), Subjective Wellbeing (Personal Wellbeing Index), and Social Support (MOS-Social Support Survey) were measured. Café attendees and non-attendees were compared in regards to demographic characteristics (Chi-Square tests), resilience, subjective wellbeing and social support (independent t-tests). Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were run to detect associations between predictor variables and café attendance. Results: Caregivers who attended Cafés reported higher resilience (OR: 1.26; 95% CI 1.10–1.45; p = 0.001) and subjective wellbeing (OR: 1.63; 95% CI 1.24–2.142; p = 0.001); no significant difference in social support was detected. Female caregivers were more likely to attend a Café (OR: 3.23; 95% CI 1.14–9.10; p = 0.03). However, only higher subjective wellbeing (OR: 1.63; 95% CI 1.10–24.2; p = 0.02) and fewer years formal education (OR: 4.99; 95% CI 1.12–21.36; p = 0.03) predicted attendance at a café. Conclusion: Dementia Cafés may bring about benefits in resilience and subjective wellbeing, or may be best suited to those with higher resilience and wellbeing. Cafes are not being accessed by all caregiver groups. Alternative models of post-diagnostic support should be considered to increase equity of care.
Increased separability of K-edge nanoparticles by photon-counting detectors for spectral micro-CT
Authors: Getzin Matthew , Garfield Josephine J. , Rundle David S. , Kruger Uwe , Butler Anthony P.H. , Gkikas Manos , Wang Ge 
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUND: X-ray CT/micro-CT methods with photon-counting detectors (PCDs) and high Z materials are a hot research topic. One method using PCDs allows for spectral imaging in 5 energy windows while conventional X-ray detectors only collect energy-integrating data. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the enhanced separation of contrast materials by using PCDs, multivariate analysis, and linear discriminant methods. METHODS: Phantoms containing iodine and aqueous nanomaterials were scanned on a MARS spectral micro-CT. Image volumes were segmented into separate material-specific populations. Contrast comparisons were made by calculating T2 test statistics in the univariate, pseudo-conventional and multivariate, spectral CT data sets. Separability after Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA) was also assessed. RESULTS: The T2 values calculated for material comparisons increased as a result of the spectral expansion. The majority of the tested contrast agents showed increased T2 values by a factor of ∼2 -3. The total significant T2 statistics in the pure and mixed lanthanide image sets increased in the spectral data set. CONCLUSION: This work consolidates the groundwork for photon-counting-based material decomposition with micro-CT, facilitating future development of novel nanomaterials and their preclinical applications.
Fermi-LAT Observations of LIGO/Virgo Event GW170817
Authors: Ajello M. , Allafort A. , Axelsson M. , Baldini L. , Barbiellini G. , Baring M. G. , Bastieri D. , Bellazzini R. , Berenji B. , Bissaldi E. , Blandford R. D. , Bloom E. D. , Bonino R. , Bottacini E. , Brandt T. J. , Bregeon J. , Bruel P. , Buehler R. , Burnett T. H. , Buson S. , Cameron R. A. , Caputo R. , Caraveo P. A. , Casandjian J. M. , Cavazzuti E. , Chekhtman A. , Cheung C. C. , Chiang J. , Chiaro G. , Ciprini S. , Cohen-Tanugi J. , Cominsky L. R. , Costantin D. , Cuoco A. , Cutini S. , D’Ammando F. , Palma F. de , Lalla N. Di , Mauro M. Di , Venere L. Di , Dubois R. , Dumora D. , Favuzzi C. , Ferrara E. C. , Franckowiak A. , Fukazawa Y. , Funk S. , Fusco P. , Gargano F. , Gasparrini D. , Giglietto N. , Gill R. , Giordano F. , Giroletti M. , Glanzman T. , Granot J. , Green D. , Grenier I. A. , Grondin M.-H. , Guillemot L. , Guiriec S. , Harding A. K. , Hays E. , Horan D. , Imazato F. , Jóhannesson G. , Kamae T. , Kensei S. , Kocevski D. , Kuss M. , Mura G. La , Larsson S. , Latronico L. , Li J. , Longo F. , Loparco F. , Lovellette M. N. , Lubrano P. , Magill J. D. , Maldera S. , Manfreda A. , Mazziotta M. N. , Michelson P. F. , Mizuno T. , Moiseev A. A. , Monzani M. E. , Moretti E. , Morselli A. , Moskalenko I. V. , Negro M. , Nuss E. , Ojha R. , Omodei N. , Orlando E. , Ormes J. F. , Palatiello M. , Paliya V. S. , Paneque D. , Persic M. , Pesce-Rollins M. , Petrosian V. , Piron F. , Porter T. A. , Principe G. , Racusin J. L. , Rainò S. , Rando R. , Razzano M. , Razzaque S. , Reimer A. , Reimer O. , Ritz S. , Rochester L. S. , Ryde F. , Parkinson P. M. Saz , Sgrò C. , Siskind E. J. , Spada F. , Spandre G. , Spinelli P. , Suson D. J. , Tajima H. , Takahashi M. , Tak D. , Thayer J. G. , Thayer J. B. , Torres D. F. , Torresi E. , Tosti G. , Troja E. , Valverde J. , Venters T. M. , Vianello G. , Wood K. , Yang C. , Zaharijas G. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
We present the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) observations of the binary neutron star merger event GW170817 and the associated short gamma-ray burst (SGRB) GRB 170817A detected by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor. The LAT was entering the South Atlantic Anomaly at the time of the LIGO/Virgo trigger (t
GW) and therefore cannot place constraints on the existence of high-energy (E > 100 MeV) emission associated with the moment of binary coalescence. We focus instead on constraining high-energy emission on longer timescales. No candidate electromagnetic counterpart was detected by the LAT on timescales of minutes, hours, or days after the LIGO/Virgo detection. The resulting flux upper bound (at 95% C.L.) from the LAT is 4.5 × 10−10 erg cm−2 s−1 in the 0.1–1 GeV range covering a period from t
GW + 1153 s to t
GW + 2027 s. At the distance of GRB 170817A, this flux upper bound corresponds to a luminosity upper bound of 9.7 × 1043 erg s−1, which is five orders of magnitude less luminous than the only other LAT SGRB with known redshift, GRB 090510. We also discuss the prospects for LAT detection of electromagnetic counterparts to future gravitational-wave events from Advanced LIGO/Virgo in the context of GW170817/GRB 170817A.
Low-temperature Optical Properties of Interstellar and Circumstellar Icy Silicate Grain Analogs in the Mid-infrared Spectral Region
Authors: Potapov Alexey , Mutschke Harald , Seeber Phillip , Henning Thomas , Jäger Cornelia 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Two different silicate/water ice mixtures representing laboratory analogs of interstellar and circumstellar icy grains were produced in the laboratory. For the first time, optical constants, the real and imaginary parts of the complex refractive index, of such silicate/water ice mixtures were experimentally determined in the mid-infrared (IR) spectral region at low temperatures. In addition, optical constants of pure water ice and pure silicates were derived in the laboratory. Two sets of constants were compared, namely, “measured” constants calculated from the transmission spectra of silicate/ice samples, and “effective” constants calculated from the optical constants of pure silicates and pure water ice samples using different mixing rules (effective medium approaches). Differences between measured and effective constants show that a mixing (averaging) of the optical constants of water ice and silicates for the determination of the optical properties of silicate/ice mixtures can lead to incorrect results. Also, it is shown that a part of the water ice molecules is trapped in/on silicate grains and does not desorb up to 200 K. Our unique data are well-timed with respect to the new and challenging space mission, James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), which will be able to provide novel and detailed information on interstellar and circumstellar grains. Suitable laboratory data are extremely important for the decoding of astronomical spectra.
K2 Ultracool Dwarfs Survey. IV. Monster Flares Observed on the Young Brown Dwarf CFHT-BD-Tau 4
Authors: Paudel Rishi R. , Gizis John E. , Mullan D. J. , Schmidt Sarah J. , Burgasser Adam J. , Williams Peter K. G. , Berger Edo 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
We present photometric measurements of two superflares observed on a very young brown dwarf, CFHT-BD-Tau 4, observed during Campaign 13 of the Kepler K
2 mission. The stronger of the two superflares brightened by a factor of ∼48 relative to the quiescent photospheric level, with an increase in Kepler magnitude

. It has an equivalent duration of ∼107 hr, a flare duration of 1.7 days, and an estimated total bolometric (ultraviolet/optical/infrared) energy up to 2.1 × 1038 erg. The weaker of the two superflares is a complex (multipeaked) flare with an estimated total bolometric (UV/optical/IR) energy up to 4.7 × 1036 erg. They are the strongest flares observed on any brown dwarf so far. The flare energies are strongly dependent on the value of the visual extinction parameter A

V
used for extinction correction. If we apply a solar flare model to interpret the two superflares, we find that the magnetic fields are required to be stronger by as much as an order of magnitude than previous reports of field measurements in CFHT-BD-Tau 4 by Reiners et al. On the other hand, if we interpret our data in terms of accretion, we find that the requisite rate of accretion for the stronger superflare exceeds the rates that have been reported for other young brown dwarfs.
The Hybrid Block as Urban Form
Authors: Igualada Javier Pérez 
Published: July 2018

The Hybrid Block as Urban Form Javier Pérez Igualada Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura, Universitat Politécnica de València. Camino de Vera, s/n. 46022 Valencia. E-mail: jperezi@urb.pv.es Keywords: Hybrid Block, Urban Form, Mixed Use Buildings, Open Planning Conference topics and scale: Urban form and social use of space In this paper we analyze the hybrid block as an urban form of synthesis, in which the open order of modern urbanism is superimposed on the closed order of traditional urbanism. In this model, proposed for the first time by Hilberseimer in his 1927 Vertical City, housing and work are not separated but overlapping on mixed-use buildings, where the dwellings are located in slabs or towers shaped as isolated volumes, whose design responds to its own internal logic, based on functional criteria (rational distribution of rooms, orientation, ventilation, sunshine, views...). Those volumes emerge from a compact built-up podium for commercial or office uses, aligned with the perimeter streets and responding to the external logic of the urban fabric. This configures an urban form in which both hybridization of architectural forms and hybridization of uses are obtained, recovering the multifunctional character of the traditional urban block, which had disappeared in functionalist urbanism. The paper examines the reasons that can explain the exclusion of this urban form from the repertoire of elements of modern urbanism, and analyzes the validity of the hybrid block, as an strategy to recompose or reinterpret the urban block, assuming high density and collective housing as a basic typology for the construction of the city. References Martí Arís, C. (1991): Las formas de residencia en la ciudad moderna (UPC, Barcelona). Pérez Igualada, J. (2005): Manzanas, bloques y casas. Formas construidas y formas del suelo en la ciudad contemporánea (Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia). Pérez Igualada, J. (2008): ‘Si cambia la vivienda, cambia la ciudad. La vivienda pequeña y sus formas de agrupación en la Valencia de posguerra’, en AA.VV., Renta limitada. Los grupos de viviendas baratas construidos en la Valencia de posguerra (1939-1964) (Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia) 40-48. Pérez Igualada, Javier (2014): ‘Ecos del norte: la manzana híbrida en el Proyecto para la Avenida de Valencia al Mar de Fernando Moreno Barberá (1959-60)’, ACE: Architecture, City and Environment = Arquitectura, Ciudad y Entorno, 9, 29-52.
Delictual Liability for Damage Caused by Fully Autonomous Vehicles: The Estonian Perspective
Authors: Liivak Taivo , Lahe Janno 
Published: July 2018

Self-driving vehicles have become a reality. For instance, in the summer of 2017, self-driving buses carried passengers on a designated route in Estonia's capital Tallinn. Regrettably, traffic accidents involving self-driving vehicles have also become a reality. This article focuses on fully autonomous vehicles. The safe and responsible use of fully autonomous vehicles calls for appropriate rules and an appropriate allocation of liability. Above all, fully autonomous vehicles pose a challenge to the law of delict. The article seeks to establish, based on the example of Estonian law, whether the application of delictual liability is affected by the autonomy of a vehicle and, if so, whether related differences are significant, and whether the law of delict needs to be modified in the light thereof. The issues are discussed primarily in the context of Estonian law, but parallels with German law are drawn as well. The conclusions drawn are more or less universal and can be taken into account also in other jurisdictions besides Estonia. The article analyses liability for damage caused by fully autonomous vehicles under general delictual liability, strict liability and product liability.
High expression of SLC26A6 in the kidney may contribute to renal calcification via an SLC26A6-dependent mechanism
Authors: Jiang Hongyang , Pokhrel Gaurab , Chen Yinwei , Wang Tao , Yin Chunping , Liu Jihong , Wang Shaogang , Liu Zhuo 
Published: July 2018

Background
Solute-linked carrier 26 gene family 6 (SLC26A6), which is mainly expressed in intestines and kidneys, is a multifunctional anion transporter crucial in the transport of oxalate anions. This study aimed to investigate the role of kidney SLC26A6 in urolithiasis.

Methods
Patients were divided into two groups: stone formers and nonstone formers. Samples were collected from patients following nephrectomy. Lentivirus with Slc26a6 (lentivirus-Slc26a6) sequence and lentivirus with siRNA-Slc26a6 (lentivirus-siRNA-Slc26a6) sequence were transfected into rats’ kidneys respectively and Slc26a6 expression was detected using Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. After administering ethylene glycol, oxalate concentration and prevalence of stone formation between the transgenic and control groups were measured using 24-h urine analysis and Von Kossa staining, respectively.

Results
Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses indicated that stone formers had a significantly higher level of expression of SLC26A6 in the kidney compared with the control group. After lentivirus infection, the urinary oxalate concentration and rate of stone formation in lentivirus-Slc26a6-tranfected rats increased remarkably, while lentivirus-siRNA-Slc26a6-transfected rats showed few crystals.

Conclusion
The results showed that high expression levels of renal SLC26A6 may account for kidney stone formation. Downregulating the expression of SLC26A6 in the kidney may be a potential therapeutic target to prevent or treat urolithiasis.
Aggregation‐Induced Emission Luminogens: Union Is Strength, Gathering Illuminates Healthcare
Authors: Qi Ji , Chen Chao , Ding Dan , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe rapid development of healthcare techniques encourages the emergence of new molecular imaging agents and modalities. Fluorescence imaging that enables precise monitoring and detection of biological processes/diseases is extensively investigated as this imaging technique has strengths in terms of high sensitivity, excellent temporal resolution, low cost, and good safety. Aggregation‐induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) have recently emerged as a new class of emitters that possess several notable features, such as high brightness, large Stokes shift, marked photostability, good biocompatibility, and so on. So far, AIEgens are widely explored and exhibit superb performance in the area of biomedicine and life sciences. Herein, this review summarizes and discusses the recent investigations of AIEgens for in vivo diagnosis and therapy including long‐term tracking, 3D angiography, multimodality imaging, disease theranostics, and activatable sensing. Collectively, these results reveal that AIEgens are of great promise for in vivo biomedical applications. It is hoped that this review will lead to new insights into the development of advanced healthcare materials.
Amino‐Functionalized Multilayer Core–Shell Mesoporous Organosilica Nanospheres for Cr(VI) Removal
Authors: Lai Xin , Sun Dan , Hou Yi , Zuo Yi , Li Yubao , Zhang Li 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDeveloping low‐cost and highly efficient adsorbents for the removal of toxic heavy metal ions is the subject of intensive research with the increasingly stringent water pollution control standards. In this paper, three types of amino‐functionalized multilayer core–shell mesoporous organosilica nanospheres (MCMONs) are synthesized using an indirect cocondensation method for Cr(VI) removal applications. Results show that amino groups are successfully immobilized on the nanospheres and these amino‐functionalized MCMONs exhibit unique organic–inorganic multilayer core–shell structures. When used as adsorbent for Cr(VI) removal, the N‐(3‐trimethoxysilylpropyl)diethylenetriamine functionalized MCMONs exhibit a maximum adsorption capacity of 279.92 mg g−1at initial Cr(VI) concentration of 150 mg L−1. This is about 20% greater than the highest Cr(VI) adsorption capacity previously reported for other core–shell silica‐based adsorbents, demonstrating the great potential of MCMONs in Cr(VI) removal applications.
Ultrasound‐Triggered Delivery of Anticancer Therapeutics from MRI‐Visible Multilayer Microcapsules
Authors: Alford Aaron , Rich Megan , Kozlovskaya Veronika , Chen Jun , Sherwood Jennifer , Bolding Mark , Warram Jason , Bao Yuping , Kharlampieva Eugenia 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAlthough imaging‐guided drug delivery represents a noninvasive alternative to both surgical resection and systemic methods, it has seen limited clinical use due to the potential toxicity and fast clearance of currently available imaging agents. Herein, we introduce theranostic biocompatible microcapsules as efficient contrast‐enhanced imaging agents that combine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with ultrasound‐triggered drug release for real‐time tracking and targeted delivery in vivo. The 3‐μm diameter capsules are assembled via layer‐by‐layer deposition of the natural polyphenol tannic acid and poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone) with 4 nm iron oxide nanoparticles incorporated in the capsule wall. The nanoparticle‐modified capsules exhibit excellent T1 and T2 MRI contrast in a clinical 3T MRI scanner. Loaded with the anticancer drug doxorubicin, these capsules circulate in the blood stream for at least 48 h, which is a remarkable improvement compared to nonencapsulated nanoparticles. The application of focused ultrasound results in targeted drug release with a 16‐fold increase in doxorubicin localization in tumors compared to off‐target organs in a mouse model of breast cancer. Owing to the active contrast, long circulation, customizable size, shape, composition, and precise delivery of high payload concentrations, these materials present a powerful and safe platform for imaging‐guided precision drug delivery.
MnS Incorporation into Higher Manganese Silicide Yields a Green Thermoelectric Composite with High Performance/Price Ratio
Authors: Li Zhiliang , Dong Jin‐Feng , Sun Fu‐Hua , Asfandiyar  , Pan Yu , Wang Shu‐Fang , Wang Qing , Zhang Dan , Zhao Lei , Li Jing‐Feng 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThermoelectric materials that can directly convert heat to electrical energy offer a viable solution for reducing the usage of fossil energy by harvesting waste heat resources. Higher manganese silicide (HMS) is a naturally abundant, eco‐friendly, and low‐cost p‐type thermoelectric semiconductor with high power factor (PF); however, its figure of merit (ZT) is limited by intrinsically high thermal conductivity (κ). For effectively enhancing the thermoelectric performance of HMS and avoiding the use of expensive or toxic elements, such as Re, Te, or Pb, a green p‐type MnS with high Seebeck coefficient (S) and low κ is incorporated into the HMS matrix to form MnS/HMS composites. The incorporation of MnS leads to a 31% reduction of κ and a 10% increase of S. The ZT value increases by ≈48% from 0.40 to 0.59 at 823 K. Correspondingly, performance/price ratio is first proposed to evaluate the practical value of thermoelectric materials, which is higher than those of the vast majority of current thermoelectric materials. This study provides an overview of enhancing ZT of HMS and reducing costs, which may also be applicable to other thermoelectric materials.
Selective α‐Monomethylation by an Amine‐Borane/N,N‐Dimethylformamide System as the Methyl Source
Authors: Xia Hui‐Min , Zhang Feng‐Lian , Ye Tian , Wang Yi‐Feng 
Published: July 2018

AbstractA new and practical α‐monomethylation strategy using an amine‐borane/N,N‐dimethylformamide (R3N‐BH3/DMF) system as the methyl source was developed. This protocol has been found to be effective in the α‐monomethylation of arylacetonitriles and arylacetamides. Mechanistic studies revealed that the formyl group of DMF delivered the carbon and one hydrogen atoms of the methyl group, and R3N‐BH3 donated the remaining two hydrogen atoms. Such a unique reaction pathway enabled controllable assemblies of CDH2‐, CD2H‐, and CD3‐ units using Me2NH‐BH3/d7‐DMF, Me3N‐BD3/DMF and Me3N‐BD3/d7‐DMF systems, respectively. Further application of this method to the facile synthesis of anti‐inflammatory flurbiprofen and its varied deuterium‐labeled derivatives was demonstrated.