bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on wavefield characteristics of irregular cavity boundaries based on GPR
Authors: Ling Jianyu , Qian Rongyi 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Cavities pose a serious threat to road safety. Accurately determining the boundary of cavity is crucial for evaluating the risk level, but current research in this area is relatively weak. Therefore, we conducted a study on the reflection characteristics of irregular cavity boundaries based on GPR. Starting from numerical simulations, we designed two irregular cavity models and analyzed their boundary reflection characteristics. We found that diffraction often forms at the boundaries of cavities, since it represents the change of the underground medium along the survey line. Moreover, after performing Kirchhoff migration, the range of anomalies in the profile is smaller than the size of cavities, and the shape of the lateral and bottom boundaries is different from the real. Subsequently, we analyzed the field data validated through drilling. We found that compared with forward data, diffraction is relatively unremarkable in field data but they are always exist, and we can determine the boundaries of the cavity based on them. In addition, to obtain the real shape and size of the cavity, it is necessary to calculate the velocity of electromagnetic waves in the cavity, due to we need to use this velocity to correct the position and shape of the events. This study is of great significance for the localization of cavity boundaries and risk assessment.
Research on the application of 3D GPR in the detection of road collapse diseases in loess region of Ningxia
Authors: Yan Zhaotao , Zeng Zhaofa , An Baizhou , Lu Jiayu , Sun Boyang 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In recent years, the loess region of Ningxia is faced with severe challenges of road collapse diseases. Such diseases have the characteristics of strong suddenness, high frequency and difficult prediction. Coupled with complex causes, traditional detection methods are often difficult to achieve effective, rapid detection and accurate response, posing a major threat to the local social economy and public safety. This paper focuses on the application of three-dimensional radar technology in road collapse diseases detection in the loess region of Ningxia, aiming to explore an efficient, non-destructive and rapid diseases detection and verification method, so as to achieve timely and accurate detection and verification of collapse diseases. In this study, the Guyuan area with complex geological conditions was selected as a demonstration, and advanced 3D ground penetrating radar equipment was used to conduct fine scanning of the structures under the roads in the selected area. Through comparative analysis of radar images and actual geological structures, the 3D radar could accurately identify and locate potential underground voidage, cavitation and porosity and other hidden hazards. It provides the possibility for the early detection and prevention of collapse diseases. The research results of this paper verify the applicability and reliability of 3D ground penetrating radar in road collapse diseases in loess area of Ningxia, providing a reference example for road safety detection under similar geological conditions, and also providing strong support for road safety management and emergency response.
3D GPR Detection and Case Analysis of Collapse Hazards for an International Airport Runway
Authors: Hu Q F , Zhang Z H , Wang F , Liu H , Su Z 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The safety of airport runways is crucial for ensuring the operation of airports and the safety of aircraft flights during taking off and landing. All current methods for assessing airport runways primarily focus on surface routine inspections or surveys, lacking both the capability and available technologies for comprehensive detection of runway and its underground conditions. In this paper, considering a specific airport runway in China that experienced collapse hazards due to cavities, three-dimensional ground-penetrating radar (3D GPR) is explored for detecting potential hazards on the runway and its surroundings. By analyzing the detection data, the formation and distribution of collapses were examined clearly based on B-scan and C-Scan, and then assessed obviously the safety conditions of the airport runway. The research work and its findings provide a new valuable insight of NDT method for guiding comprehensive inspections and maintenance of large airport runways.
Deviation Aware Mask for Localizing Ground Penetrating Radar Data Alignment
Authors: Zhang Pengyu , Chen Yuwei , Shen Liang , Bi Beizhen , Jin Tian , Huang Xiaotao 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This paper proposes a data align pipeline for LGPR (Localization Ground Penetrating Radar). LGPR achieves robot localization by matching prior underground data map, therefore high-precision maps are essential. Utilizing GPR in a time acquisition mode for robot localization enables the technology to generate maps with resolutions far superior to those produced by camera or lidar mapping methods. However, it also introduces several challenges. On one hand, the process of map generation heavily relies on velocity control of the moving platform, and non-uniform motion in the localization scenario can result in feature deformation of GPR images. On the other hand, in the absence of relative a priori position conditions, there exists a certain degree of spatial dimension offset between the multiple data acquisitions from array GPR systems, rendering existing time-series deformation correction schemes ineffective. To address these challenges, by designing a deviation-aware distance, we aim to enhance existing time-series regularization approaches without relying on additional sensor position information, thus achieving synchronized alignment of multiple rounds of ground-penetrating radar data for the generation of high-quality underground map data used to evaluate LGPR performance. In this work, we compare existing synchronization strategies of LGPR with those of other sensors and alignment schemes, and validate the effectiveness of our proposed approach.
Image Enhancement Algorithm for Ground Penetrating Radar Based on Nonlinear Technology
Authors: Xian Wu Guo , Liu Ying 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Ground penetrating radar images typically have characteristics such as weak target return signals, high background noise, and strong direct wave return signals. In order to obtain images with acceptable quality, a non-linear technology based image enhancement method was proposed. The method used LIP model and CDF-HSD function as the core to test multiple ground penetrating radar images and compared them with three common image enhancement algorithms. Finally, six image quality evaluation methods were used to evaluate the output images, verifying that this method can improve the contrast of target return signals while suppressing background noise in ground penetrating radar image processing.
Calculation of the reflected wave from an inclined conducting cylinder for the array-type singlehole borehole radar
Authors: Ebihara S , Tsukuda R , Yamanaka S 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This paper uses MoM/Green’s function method to model the reflected wave from an inclined conducting cylinder efficiently for the array-type singlehole borehole radar. Using the exact analytical solution of the point electric source field around the conducting cylinder requires efficient modeling of the source in a borehole. We proposed replacing the source with the vertical electric dipole and magnetic one in a homogeneous medium. Numerical calculations with the proposed method gave the time domain signals of the reflections from the inclined conducting cylinder. In this simulation, the used antennas were the dipole and loop antennas. We ran the field experiment in the soil to measure the inclined conducting cylinder, similar to the one used in the numerical simulation. Observing this experimental data, we confirmed that the difference between the dipole and loop antenna signals was identical to the numerical simulation.
Application of ground penetrating radar in potential hazards detection of levee
Authors: Huang W K , Li S P , Tan C , Lu P Y 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Ground-penetrating radar, utilizing electromagnetic wave technology, stands as a crucial geophysical exploration method for analyzing hydraulic engineering defects. In the context of identifying potential hazards in a levee within Yunfu, Guangdong province, GPR technology is deployed. This study delves into the radar’s ability to discern characteristics such as inadequate soil compactness, voids, as well as interference from metal pipes and wires. By scrutinizing these radar signatures, the primary causes underlying the development of cracks and uneven settlement across multiple sections of the levee are identified. The insights garnered from this analysis serve as valuable reference points for leveraging ground-penetrating radar technology in the detection of potential hazards within hydraulic engineering contexts.
Improved Synchrosqueezing S-Transform and Its Application in Reinforcement Protection Layer Identification
Authors: Xiong Hongqiang , Li Jing , Zhang Tengfei , Hu Rong , Liu Tieyu 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Synchrosqueezing is a strategy to enhance the resolution of time-frequency analysis. However, its application in the S-transform leads to complexities due to the variable phase spectrum of the S-transform, resulting in a decrease in resolution and an increase in complexity. This work proposes an Synchrosqueezing Generalized S-Transform (SS-GPST) by introducing phase-shifting and a generalized parameter to simplify the mathematical definition and enhance resolution. Synthetic data trials demonstrate the superiority of SS-GPST over existing synchrosqueezing methods, offering enhanced resolution and minimized inverse transformation errors. In practical ground-penetrating radar applications, we have applied SS-GPST to identify the reinforcement protection layer in tunnel linings. The results show that SS-GPST offers a novel method for thin-layer extraction in ground-penetrating radar applications.
Estimation of soil water content based on full waveform inversion technique of GPR data with a Grey Wolf Optimizer
Authors: Zhang M. H. , Bano M. , Feng X. , Khuut T. , Lu Q. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This paper proposes a novel inversion scheme for estimating soil water content (SWC) based on full waveform inversion technique ground penetrating radar (GPR) using the Grey Wolf algorithm Optimizer. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed inversion scheme, a numerical experiment was carried out. Then, the proposed inversion scheme was applied on to the data with and without noise. The results show a good match between the observed and calculated GPR data. And the SWC can still be perfectly inverted even if there is noise in the data. These demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of the proposed inversion scheme.
Application of Geo-Radar in the Detection of Various Adverse Geology in Tunnel Over-advance Geological Forecasting
Authors: Zhao Wenlong , Tang Yuhao , Zhao Siwei 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Tunnel excavation process will encounter a variety of adverse geological problems, different adverse geologic bodies on the safety of tunneling projects will have more or less impact. This paper summarizes and analyzes several kinds of common adverse geological bodies based on previous engineering examples, and compares and analyzes the prediction results of geo-radar with the actual excavation characteristics in the preliminary over-advanced geological prediction, which shows that different adverse geological bodies such as fracture zones (faults), water-bearing bodies, cavities, joints and fissures development zones, etc., will have an impact on the frequency and amplitude (energy) of radar waves, which will confirm the frequency and amplitude changes of radar waves in the face of the palm. By analyzing the frequency and amplitude changes of radar waves, we can confirm the change of surrounding rocks in front of the palm face. The application of geo-radar in over-advanced geological forecasting and detection of adverse geology has solved the problems encountered in the process of tunnel construction and excavation, and has provided reliable technical support for safe tunnel construction.
Experimental verification for optimal design of the filter-based spectrometer
Authors: Zhou Yugang , Wu Sixin , Li Qiang , Yang Qiang , Wen Jiaxing , Yang Yue , Mo Wenbo , Wang Lushan , miao Ling , Li Jiazhou 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Filter-based spectrometers are widely used in the
diagnostics of laser-plasma-generated X/gamma-ray pulses. The highly
ill-conditioned characteristic of the filter-based spectrometer
response matrix is a primary factor limiting their measurement
accuracy. In this paper, the genetic algorithm is used to optimize
the configuration of the filter-based spectrometer to alleviate the
ill-conditioned response. The effectiveness of optimization was
investigated under different conditions such as different
measurement errors, different spectrum shapes and different
unfolding algorithms by numerical experiment. Furthermore, the
optimized and non-optimized filter stack spectrometer were
implemented and irradiated by X-ray tubes. These results show that
the optimization can effectively reduce the divergence of the
unfolded spectrum for continuous spectrum X-ray detection and
improve peak unfolding accuracy for monochromatic X-ray detection.
A new method for calibrating sample-to-detector distance in small-angle X-ray scattering
Authors: Ji Xiaolan , Chen Rongchao , Liu Jiahao , Li Xia , Wu Haijuan , Wang Yuanyang , Dong Lili , Chen Jiangang , Li Dongfeng , Li Zhihong 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This study presents a new method for calibrating the
sample-to-detector distance in Small-Angle X-ray Scattering
(SAXS). Traditional methods, relying on diffraction peaks from
standard samples, often suffer from poor stability and require curve
fitting, resulting in limited accuracy and reproducibility. To
address these issues, this study use Standard Reference Material
(SRM) 3600 glassy carbon, developed by NIST, which provides stable
and well-defined absolute scattering intensity without
diffraction. By comparing the entire scattering curve with its
theoretical counterpart, this method enhances the statistical
accuracy, reproducibility, and overall stability of the calibration
process.
Driving factors for the peculiar bond length dependence and tetragonal distortion of (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se2 and other chalcopyrites
Authors: Falk Hans H , Eckner Stefanie , Ritter Konrad , Levcenko Sergiu , Pfeiffelmann Timo , Larsen Jes , Shafarman William N , Schnohr Claudia S 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The chalcopyrite alloy (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se2 is a highly efficient thin film solar cell absorber, reaching record efficiencies above 23%. Recently, a peculiar behavior in the bond length dependence of (Ag,Cu)GaSe2 was experimentally proven. The common cation bond length, namely Ga–Se, decreases with increasing Ag/(Ag + Cu) ratio even though the crystal lattice expands. This is opposite to the behavior observed for Cu(In,Ga)Se2, where all bond lengths increase with increasing lattice size. To better understand this peculiar bond length behavior, element-specific bond lengths of (Ag,Cu)InSe2 and Ag(In,Ga)Se2 alloys are determined using extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. They show that the peculiar bond length dependence occurs only for (Ag,Cu) alloys, independent of the species of common cation (In or Ga). The bond lengths are used to determine the anion displacements and to estimate their contribution to the bandgap bowing. Again, both behaviors differ significantly depending on the type of alloyed cation. A valence force field approach, relaxing bond lengths and bond angles, is used to describe the structural distortion energy for a comprehensive set of I–III–VI2 and II–IV–V2 chalcopyrites. The model reveals bond angle distortions as main driving factor for the tetragonal distortion and reproduces the literature values with less than 10% deviation. In contrast, the peculiar bond length dependence is not reproduced, demonstrating that it originates from electronic effects beyond the scope of this structural model. Thus, a fundamental understanding of bond length behavior and tetragonal distortion is achieved for chalcopyrite materials, benefiting their technological applications such as high efficiency thin film photovoltaics.
The effect of assist gas type on nitinol microsecond laser cut edges: a study on the use of oxygen, argon, nitrogen, helium, and compressed air
Authors: Otto Cory R , Doroudi Alireza , Vaseghi Majid , Davami Keivan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Historically, the published literature for laser cutting atomically balanced nickel-titanium alloy (Nitinol) tubular devices assumes slow cut rates with an inert argon assist gas. Herein, a novel application of an exothermic reactive oxygen assist gas was employed during Nitinol laser micromachining, which enabled a 38.1 mm s−1 cut rate, a 4.5-times improvement from traditional argon cutting. Furthermore, this led to the realization of improved cut quality: 2-times less dross, a 2-times lower surface roughness, and a minimal heat-affected zone. Of the tested assist gases (oxygen, argon, nitrogen, helium, and compressed air), oxygen was found to provide the best cut quality, achieving dross-free cuts. Additionally, oxygen was shown to produce a relatively low arithmetic mean average surface roughness of 0.48 μm, when compared to argon at 0.85 μm. A decrease in surface roughness was found to be associated with an increase in cut rate. These findings suggest that assist gas melt flow dynamics has a higher contributing factor than laser pulse energy parameters. In-situ thermographic monitoring of the melt flow during processing demonstrated a clear difference in the melt flow pattern between a reactive oxygen assist gas and inert argon assist gas. Furthermore, with the culmination of nanoindentation analysis and microstructural characterization, it was concluded that long-pulse laser micromachining can produce cuts with negligible microstructural alterations to the bulk material. This study quantitatively demonstrates the benefits observed during laser cutting Nitinol with a reactive oxygen assist gas when compared to previous studies that employ an inert argon assist gas.
Evaluation of galvanic corrosion in mild steel, 309S and 409M alloy combinations for marine environment applications
Authors: Guruprasanna Praveen , Podder Arijit Saha , Sood Jagmohan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study is to simulate galvanic corrosion in 409M, 309S -& MS couples in light of field applications and to compare with the corrosion rates of the individual grades. Metals undergo corrosion when exposed to outdoor environments. But the rate of corrosion gets accelerated when the metals are connected to form a galvanic couple and are exposed to marine environments. One such galvanic system being used in aggressive environments like marine applications can be combinations of Mild steel (MS)- 409M (Ferritic Stainless Steel) & 309S (Austenitic Stainless Steel). The electrochemical tests which include measurement of voltage/current w.r.t time, potentiodynamic polarization studies and electrochemical impedance measurements using 5% NaCl solution were designed in order to assess how these alloys behave (i) individually and (ii) in galvanically-coupled states. Visual observations, determination of corrosion rates, microstructural inspections and Scanning Electro Microscopy (SEM) analysis were carried out as a part of corrosion evaluation method. The results indicated that the galvanic coupling of dissimilar metals significantly accelerates the corrosion rate of the less noble metal, particularly in the MS-309S couple where the difference in their corrosion potentials between the two alloys is as high as 450 mV. The corrosion rate of MS coupled with 309S increased to 0.277 mm yr−1, which is approximately 6.9 times more compared to the MS-MS couple. The comparison was done with respect to MS-MS system. The test data shall be used to compare the relative corrosion resistances of (i) MS - MS (ii) MS - 409M (iii) 409M—409M (iv) 309S−409M (v) 309S–MS and (vi) 309S—309S. This is required to understand the relative corrosion resistances of alloys during field application and to arrive at a suitable solution for maximizing its service life.
Negative Natural Theology
Authors: Insole Christopher J 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
How can we live in harmony with the universe, and not just in it? What is it to feel at home in the world? Some thinkers who feel the force of these questions reach for the concept of God. Others do not. This book asks what might be at stake in the choice of whether or not to speak about God: not just in terms of abstract reasoning or arguments about God, but in relation to deeper undercurrents of motivation and yearning. The book is interested in sites in contemporary thinking, where the concept of the divine beckons, or looms, but also, perhaps, repels, or hides. It asks ‘what is at stake’ in the decision (if it is that) to talk about God and the divine. Also relevant are unconscious drives and factors. Concepts can convince, or fail to convince, but, also, they can attract and repel. The book draws on analytical and continental post-Kantian sources, treating individual thinkers, as well as cultural movements such as modern paganism, new atheism, and humanism. ‘Natural theology’ involves speaking about God without reference to revelation, tradition, or sources of authority, using the resources of ‘reason alone’. ‘Negative theology’ is concerned with the way in which a type of abstract reasoning and rational argument run out, without this necessarily being an ending: other types of speech and communication may become possible and essential. Speaking into this space, the book draws on philosophy, theology, anthropology, literature, and psychology.
The Existence of the Word God
Authors: Insole Christopher J 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter reflects on what contribution the word God, or the divine, makes to natural language; whether or not one believes in God. After dismissing a construal of ‘God’ as either a proper name, or a title, the chapter considers Janet Martin Soskice’s influential suggestion that ‘God’ might function like a ‘natural kind’ term (such as ‘water’, ‘gold’, or ‘tiger’). I discuss problems both with Soskice’s approach, and with its deeper underpinnings in Saul Kripke’s work on rigid designation. The chapter draws upon a more recent understanding of natural kind terms. Such a conception helps us to find something common across different uses of the word ‘God’, which includes traditional monotheism, but can also take in Spinozism, Stoicism, modern paganism, and pantheism. We may also render visible generative grey areas, and some interesting varieties of philosophical attraction towards, and reticence about, speaking about the divine.