bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skin Cancer Knowledge and Prevention Practices Among Young Adult Athletes
Authors: Orsimarsi Gianna 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
The Skin Cancer Foundation defines skin cancer as uncontrolled growth of abnormal skin cells (The Skin Cancer Foundation, 2016b). Skin cancer risk factors include ultraviolet radiation and sun exposure (American Cancer Society, 2016b). Young adult outdoor athletes are frequently exposed to the sun and are at an increased risk of developing skin cancer. Research found young adult athletes average 1,000 hours in the sun annually for their sport (Wysong et al., 2012). This article examines current literature and studies that have researched young adult athletes on their knowledge of being at an increased skin cancer risk as well as their attitudes and sun protective behaviors in regard to skin cancer and prevention. The purpose is to evaluate as a whole whether frequent sun exposure influences young adult athletes’ use of preventative measures such as sunscreen or protective clothing. Results found that most athletes were knowledgeable of sunscreen use being a preventative measure for sun protection and skin cancer; however, sunscreen was not always applied (Lawler et al., 2012; Walker et al., 2014; Wysong et al., 2012). Results indicate that skin cancer and preventative practices among young adult athletes continue to be a concern, and therefore research should focus on addressing ways to promote skin cancer prevention practices as well as screening, management, and treatment strategies (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014).
Intermittent or continuous feeding: any difference during the first week?
Authors: Van Dyck Lisa , Casaer Michaël P. 
Published: May 2019

Purpose of review
To balance theoretical pros and cons of intermittent feeding, in light of the current nutritional management early during critical illness.

Recent findings
Less aggressive nutrient administration is clinically superior in acute critical illness. This counterintuitive clinical finding may be explained by nutrient restriction activating autophagy, a process that clears intracellular damage. Intermittent feeding holds numerous theoretical benefits, such as activation of autophagy, preservation of the circadian rhythm, increased protein synthesis, and enhanced endogenous fatty acids release. RCTs investigating intermittent feeding in the ICU, however, are the most often limited to evaluation of gastrointestinal complications. Current guidelines advocate against the use of intermittent feeding, based on lack of benefit and increased risk of diarrhea, as revealed by a meta-analysis.

Summary
Benefits of intermittent feeding in the ICU are today speculative, yet its potential impact may reach far beyond the gastrointestinal tract. Only adequately powered RCTs, evaluating both gastrointestinal tolerance, metabolic impact and patient-centered effects of intermittent feeding will allow to adopt or abort this nutritional strategy.
An overview of international cardiogenic shock guidelines and application in clinical practice
Authors: van Diepen Sean , Thiele Holger 
Published: May 2019

Purpose of review
In this review, we compare central differences in cardiogenic shock recommendations in international clinical practice guidelines, scientific statements, and the strength of the supporting evidence. Furthermore, we discuss their associations with adherence to guidelines in registry studies.

Recent findings
The evidence base underpinning American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology's and European Society of Cardiology's recommendations for an early invasive approach is relatively strong, but adherence to these recommendations is poor in registry and population-based studies. There is little evidence supporting the use of temporary mechanical circulatory support or pulmonary arterial catherization in cardiogenic shock, and international guidelines provide weak and conflicting recommendations, yet studies show mechanical circulatory support use is rising exponentially while pulmonary arterial catherization use remains low. Guidelines provide conflicting information on the optimal first-line vasoactive agent and norepinephrine remains the most widely used agent.

Summary
There are some inconsistencies between individual guideline recommendations, but there are no consistent associations between the strength of underlying evidence, weight of guideline recommendations, and adherence to guidelines in clinical practice. Improved knowledge translation of recommendations with a strong evidence base, together with research efforts to address priority cardiogenic shock research needs, could serve-to-harmonize recommendations and improve patient outcomes.
The Incremental Health Care Costs of Frailty Among Home Care Recipients With and Without Dementia in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Mondor Luke , Maxwell Colleen J. , Hogan David B. , Bronskill Susan E. , Campitelli Michael A. , Seitz Dallas P. , Wodchis Walter P. 
Published: May 2019

Objective:
In this study, we investigated the incremental 1-year direct costs of health care associated with frailty among home care recipients in Ontario with and without dementia.

Methods:
We conducted a cohort study of 159,570 home care clients aged 50 years and older in Ontario, Canada in 2014/2015. At index home care assessment, we ascertained dementia status using a validated algorithm and frailty level (robust, prefrail, frail) based on the proportion of accumulated to potential health deficits. Clients were followed for 1-year during which we obtained direct overall and sector-specific publicly-funded health care costs (in 2015 Canadian dollars). We estimated the incremental effect of frailty level on costs using a 3-part survival- and covariate-adjusted estimator. All analyses were stratified by dementia status.

Results:
Among those with dementia (n=42,828), frailty prevalence was 32.1% and the average 1-year cost was $30,472. The incremental cost of frailty (vs. robust) was $10,845 [95% confidence interval (CI): $10,112–$11,698]. Among those without dementia (n=116,742), frailty prevalence was 25.6% and the average 1-year cost was $28,969. Here, the incremental cost of frailty (vs. robust) was $12,360 (95% CI: $11,849–$12,981). Large differences in survival between frailty levels reduced incremental cost estimates, particularly for the dementia group (survival effect: −$2742; 95% CI: −$2914 to −$2554).

Conclusions:
Frailty was associated with greater 1-year health care costs for persons with and without dementia. This difference was driven by a greater intensity of health care utilization among frail clients. Mortality differences across the frailty levels mitigated the association especially among those with dementia.
Using genomic data for selecting the treatment of lymphoma patients
Authors: Batlevi Connie Lee , Shah Gunjan , Forlenza Christopher , Intlekofer Andrew 
Published: May 2019

Purpose of review
Genomic profiling platforms provide unprecedented genetic information of lymphoma biology, yet information has yet to be readily integrated into clinical medicine. This review summarizes the important concepts of utilizing genomics to aide disease management.

Recent findings
A wide range of clinical grade genetic sequencing platforms are available, therefore the selection of sequencing platform should ideally be based on biological and clinical questions, as well as the strength and weaknesses of individual platform. Different evidence-based guidelines exist to aide clinical judgment; however, few have well curated, easy to search platforms. Using one guideline proposed by several regulatory groups, our review summarizes genetic alterations with diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential in the major subtypes of lymphoma.

Summary
A comprehensive database of genetic alterations that contribute to clinical care in lymphoma is needed. Ideally, a database which accounts for single and pathway-based genetic alterations may be developed to guide development and interventions for management of lymphoma.
Maternal and Breast Milk Influences on the Infant Gut Microbiome, Enteric Health and Growth Outcomes of Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Rendina Danielle Nicole , Lubach Gabriele R. , Phillips Gregory J. , Lyte Mark , Coe Christopher L. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTObjectives:Gut bacteria play an essential role during infancy and are strongly influenced by the mode of birth and feeding. A primate model was used to investigate the benefits of exposure to the mother or conversely the negative impact of early nursery rearing on microbial colonization.Method:Rectal swabs were obtained from rhesus macaques born vaginally and mother‐reared (MR, N = 35) or delivered primarily via cesarean‐section and human‐reared (HR, N = 19). Microbiome composition was determined by rRNA gene amplicon sequencing at 2, 4, and 8 weeks of age and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) orthologs used to assess influences on functional metabolic pathways in the gut. Growth trajectories and incidence of diarrheic symptoms were evaluated.Results:The microbial community structure was different between MR and HR infants with respect to phylogeny and abundance at all 3 ages. When examining dominant phyla, HR infants had a higher Firmicutes‐to‐Bacteroidetes ratio. At the genus level, breast milk‐dependent commensal taxa and adult‐typical genera were more abundant in MR infants. This difference resulted in a corresponding shift in the predicted metabolic effects, specifically for microbial genes associated with metabolism and immune function. HR infants had faster growth trajectories (P < 0.001), but more diarrheic symptoms by 6 months postnatal (P = 0.008).Conclusions:MR infants acquired adult‐typical microbiota more quickly, and had higher levels of several beneficial commensal taxa. Cesarean‐delivered and formula‐fed infants had different developmental trajectories of bacterial colonization. Establishment of the gut microbiome was associated with an infant's growth trajectory, and implicated in the subsequent vulnerability to Campylobacter infections associated with diarrhea in infant monkeys.
Comparison of Imported European and US Infant Formulas
Authors: DiMaggio Dina M. , Du Nan , Scherer Corey , Brodlie Susan , Shabanova Veronika , Belamarich Peter , Porto Anthony F. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTObjective:Infant formula in the United States is highly regulated. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has reported concerns over the use of non‐Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐registered imported infant formulas. The purpose of this study is to identify Internet purchased and recommended imported European infant formulas and compare them with FDA labeling and nutrient requirements.Study Design:We searched “European infant formulas” in Google and DuckDuckGo to identify vendors of European formulas and blogs discussing these formulas to determine the most frequently purchased and recommended brands. We then compared the identified European formula's label and listed nutrients to FDA labeling and nutrient requirements.Results:Thirteen of 18 vendors responded to our inquiry of their top selling formula and 17 blogs were reviewed. Sixteen formulas were identified. None met all FDA label requirements. Listed nutrients fell within FDA requirements in 15 of 16 formulas.Conclusions:Non‐FDA‐registered imported European formulas do not meet all FDA‐labeling requirements. Although linoleic acid, which was not listed on all of the European formulas, could not be evaluated, all formulas except one met the remaining FDA nutrient requirements. These European infant formulas are being imported into the United States via third party vendors and are not FDA‐regulated, limiting the notable consumer protections set by the FDA that ensure infant formula safety. Pediatric gastroenterologists and healthcare providers need to understand the composition, labelling and lack of FDA regulation and safety concerns of these formulas in order to better counsel parents.
Lateral Osteotomy Fixation Technique in Rhinoplasty
Authors: Uraloğlu Muhammet , Efe Gökhan , Karaçal Rahşan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRhinoplasty is the most challenging facial aesthetic surgical procedure according to many plastic surgeons. Nasal bone osteotomies, especially lateral osteotomies, have a complicated history. If lateral osteotomy is not stable after osteotomy during intraoperative period, stabilization is attempted with internal and external nasal splints but it is not possible to be confident about the stabilization since it is not fully fixed and cannot be observed directly. The authors presented the technique stabilization of the lateral osteotomy inferior tip with cerclage wire, if there is a stabilization problem or step-off deformity after lateral osteotomy.
Screening and treating hospitalized trauma survivors for posttraumatic stress disorder and depression
Authors: deRoon-Cassini Terri A. , Hunt Joshua C. , Geier Timothy J. , Warren Ann Marie , Ruggiero Kenneth J. , Scott Kamela , George Jessica , Halling Meredith , Jurkovich Gregory , Fakhry Samir M. , Zatzick Douglas , Brasel Karen J. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTTraumatic injury affects over 2.6 million U.S. adults annually and elevates risk for a number of negative health consequences. This includes substantial psychological harm, the most prominent being posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with approximately 21% of traumatic injury survivors developing the disorder within the first year after injury. Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with deficits in physical recovery, social functioning, and quality of life. Depression is diagnosed in approximately 6% in the year after injury and is also a predictor of poor quality of life. The American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma suggests screening for and treatment of PTSD and depression, reflecting a growing awareness of the critical need to address patients' mental health needs after trauma. While some trauma centers have implemented screening and treatment or referral for treatment programs, the majority are evaluating how to best address this recommendation, and no standard approach for screening and treatment currently exists. Further, guidelines are not yet available with respect to resources that may be used to effectively screen and treat these disorders in trauma survivors, as well as who is going to bear the costs. The purpose of this review is: (1) to evaluate the current state of the literature regarding evidence-based screens for PTSD and depression in the hospitalized trauma patient and (2) summarize the literature to date regarding the treatments that have empirical support in treating PTSD and depression acutely after injury. This review also includes structural and funding information regarding existing postinjury mental health programs. Screening of injured patients and timely intervention to prevent or treat PTSD and depression could substantially improve health outcomes and improve quality of life for this high-risk population.LEVEL OF EVIDENCEReview, level IV.
Acute Isolated Sixth Nerve Palsy Caused by Unruptured Intradural Saccular Aneurysm
Authors: Walter Eyal , Liao Eric A. , De Lott Lindsey B. , Trobe Jonathan D. 
Published: May 2019

Background:
Unruptured intracranial aneurysms that cause isolated sixth nerve palsies are usually located extradurally in the cavernous sinus or intradurally as part of fusiform enlargement of the parent artery. Intradural saccular aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar circulation are a rare but life-threatening cause of isolated sixth nerve palsy. We provide documentation of 2 such cases.

Methods:
Case records of the Neuro-ophthalmology Clinics at the University of Michigan.

Results:
A 56-year-old woman with an arteriosclerotic risk profile reported new diplopia and had an isolated left sixth nerve palsy caused by an unruptured saccular aneurysm of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery. It was successfully coiled, and the sixth nerve palsy markedly improved. A 62-year-old woman with an arteriosclerotic risk profile and new diplopia had an isolated right sixth nerve palsy caused by a large unruptured vertebral artery aneurysm. It was coiled and later stented and recoiled. These procedures isolated the aneurysm and relieved the sixth nerve palsy.

Conclusions:
Isolated sixth nerve palsies in these 2 older adult patients with arteriosclerotic risk profiles were caused by unruptured intradural vertebrobasilar aneurysms. This report adds documentation to a rare phenomenon that must be taken into consideration in deciding whether brain imaging is needed in isolated sixth nerve palsy.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Before and After Treatment
Authors: Batur Caglayan Hale Z. , Ucar Murat , Hasanreisoglu Murat , Nazliel Bijen , Tokgoz Nil 
Published: May 2019

Background:
This study aimed to identify the reversibility of MRI findings indicative of increased intracranial hypertension in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) patients after treatment.

Methods:
This retrospective, observational study included demographic and clinical data from 10 patients with IIH and 10 controls. Brain MRI findings in IIH patients were recorded twice: once when patients had papilledema and again after resolution of papilledema. Neuroradiologists graded MRI findings in both groups based on an imaging grading scale.

Results:
After resolution of papilledema, all patients showed improvement in 2 or more of the MRI characteristics of IIH. This was especially the case for the height of the midsagittal pituitary gland and optic nerve sheath thickness (ONST), which were significantly different in all pairwise group comparisons. Sellar configuration, globe configuration, and horizontal orbital optic nerve tortuosity were different between the IIH pre-treatment group and controls, but not between controls and the IIH post-treatment group. We found no difference in optic nerve head hyperintensity or optic nerve thickness among the 3 groups.

Conclusions:
We demonstrated that several morphometric MRI characteristics in IIH are reversible to a certain extent after treatment. Enlarged subarachnoid spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid seem to remain reduced, and the ONST and height of the pituitary gland are not fully normalized after treatment.
Rare microbes from diverse Earth biomes dominate community activity
Authors: Sachdeva Rohan , Campbell Barbara J. , Heidelberg John F. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMicrobes are the Earth’s most numerous organisms and are instrumental in driving major global biological and chemical processes. Microbial activity is a crucial component of all ecosystems, as microbes have the potential to control any major biochemical process. In recent years, considerable strides have been made in describing the community structure,i.e. diversity and abundance, of microbes from the Earth’s major biomes. In virtually all environments studied, a few highly abundant taxa dominate the structure of microbial communities. Still, microbial diversity is high and is concentrated in the less abundant, or rare, fractions of the community,i.e. the “long tail” of the abundance distribution. The relationship between microbial community structure and activity, specifically the role of rare microbes, and its connection to ecosystem function, is not fully understood. We analyzed 12.3 million metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequence assemblies and their genes from environmental, human, and engineered microbiomes, and show that microbial activity is dominated by rare microbes (96% of total activity) across all measured biomes. Further, rare microbial activity was comprised of traits that are fundamental to ecosystem and organismal health,e.g. biogeochemical cycling and infectious disease. The activity of rare microbes was also tightly coupled to temperature, revealing a link between basic biological processes,e.g. reaction rates, and community activity. Our study provides a broadly applicable and predictable paradigm that implicates rare microbes as the main microbial drivers of ecosystem function and organismal health.
A light-dependent molecular link between competition cues and defense responses in plants
Authors: Fernández-Milmanda G. L. , Crocco C. D. , Reichelt M. , Mazza C. A. , Köllner T. G. , Zhang T. , Cargnel M. D. , Lichy M. Z. , Koo A. J. , Austin A. T. , Gershenzon J. , Ballaré C. L. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTOne of the principal internal signals controlling plant growth and defense is jasmonate (JA), a potent growth inhibitor that is simultaneously a central regulator of plant immunity to herbivores and pathogens. When shade-intolerant plants perceive the proximity of competitors using the photoreceptor phytochrome B (phyB), they accelerate growth and down-regulate JA responses. However, the mechanisms by which photoreceptors relay light cues to the JA signaling pathway are not understood. Here we identify a sulfotransferase (ST2a) that is strongly up-regulated by plant proximity perceived by phyB via the phyB-Phytochrome Interacting Factor (PIF) signaling module. By catalyzing the formation of a sulfated JA derivative, ST2a acts to degrade bioactive forms of JA and represents a direct molecular link between photoreceptors and hormone signaling in plants. The enzyme provides a molecular mechanism for prioritizing shade avoidance over defense under close plant competition.
Decoding images in the mind’s eye: The temporal dynamics of visual imagery
Authors: Shatek Sophia M. , Grootswagers Tijl , Robinson Amanda K. , Carlson Thomas A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMental imagery is the ability to generate images in the mind in the absence of sensory input. Both perceptual visual processing and internally generated imagery engage large, overlapping networks of brain regions. However, it is unclear whether they are characterized by similar temporal dynamics. Recent magnetoencephalography work has shown that object category information was decodable from brain activity during mental imagery, but the timing was delayed relative to perception. The current study builds on these findings, using electroencephalography to investigate the dynamics of mental imagery. Sixteen participants viewed two images of the Sydney Harbour Bridge and two images of Santa Claus. On each trial, they viewed a sequence of the four images and were asked to imagine one of them, which was cued retroactively by its temporal location in the sequence. Time-resolved multivariate pattern analysis was used to decode the viewed and imagined stimuli. Our results indicate that the dynamics of imagery processes are more variable across, and within, participants compared to perception of physical stimuli. Although category and exemplar information was decodable for viewed stimuli, there were no informative patterns of activity during mental imagery. The current findings suggest stimulus complexity, task design and individual differences may influence the ability to successfully decode imagined images. We discuss the implications of these results for our understanding of the neural processes underlying mental imagery.