bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Typical questions of pupils at primary school level
Authors: Smejkalova Karolina 
Published: January 2019

This work deals with the questions of pupils at the first level of elementary school. The aim of this text is to theoretically analyse some questions of pupils observed during the lessons and to categorise them according to their frequency of occurrence and to assign them to a specific typology defined by the theoretical pedagogy. Some previous research on pupils' questions showed that most students ask merely general questions of organisational character, which is what we aim to explore in this paper. These general questions also play a role during the class but they do not reflect the current scenario of learning activities with pupils. In the last part of this paper, we provide a basis for new proposals that could help intensifying pupilsâ€™ questions during the courses and to contribute to their better use and work with them in class.

Keywords: Pupil questions, types of pupil questions, frequency of occurrence, relationship of pupilsâ€™ questions to learning goals and learning tasks.
The satisfaction degree of the consumers in regards to the product â€˜physical therapyâ€™ in rehabilitation centres
Authors: Dobrescu Tatiana 
Published: January 2019

The aim of this study is to identify the rehabilitation centre customerâ€™s satisfaction degree taking into consideration the characteristics for this type of services. The research was conducted in the year 2018, on a group of 43 patients, with ages between 18 and 65 years. The questionnaire aimed to assess the satisfaction degree of the kinetics consumers and to spot the elements in the specialised centres that would win the loyalty of a customer. It was structured in four sections, considering the complexity of the decisional process in managing a centre, and the complex behaviour of the consumer throughout the whole session. The interpretation of the results on the basis of satisfaction scores for all the determining attributes/factors which the consumers said they were â€˜very happyâ€™ about, will ease the creation of loyalty strategies, price, product and personnel strategies, and also actions with an immediate result, to diminish the clientsâ€™ migration.

Keywords: The satisfaction degree, loyal consumer, physical therapy, rehabilitation centre.
The Impact of Wetting-Heterogeneity Distribution on Capillary Pressure and Macroscopic Measures of Wettability
Authors: Hiller Thomas , Ardevol-Murison Julie , Muggeridge Ann , Schröter Matthias , Brinkmann Martin 
Published: January 2019

Summary
We investigate the effect of the length scale of wetting heterogeneities, close to the length scale of a pore, on capillary pressure saturation (CPS) curves and the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) and Amott-Harvey (AH) wettability indices. These macroscopic wettability indices are used to describe bulk rock wettability, because the local contact angle (the standard physical measure of wettability) in a sample is difficult to access and might vary within and between pores caused by changes in mineralogy and the surface coverage of organic materials. Our study combines laboratory experiments and full-scale fluid-dynamics simulations using the multiphase stochastic-rotation dynamics (SRDmc) model. Four model systems were created using monodisperse glass beads. The surface properties of the beads were modified so that one-half of the surface area in each system was strongly hydrophilic and the other half was hydrophobic. However, each system had a different length scale of wetting heterogeneity, ranging from a fraction of a bead diameter to two bead diameters. There is excellent agreement between the experimental and simulation results. All systems are classified as intermediate-wet on the basis of their AH and USBM indices. An examination of the capillary pressure curves shows that the opening of the stable hysteresis loop decreases monotonically as the length scale of the wetting heterogeneities is increased. Thus, our results suggest that macroscopic wettability indices could be used as indicators of ultimate recovery, but they are not suited to discriminate between the different flows that occur earlier in a mixed-wettability displacement process.
CARer-ADministration of as-needed subcutaneous medication for breakthrough symptoms in homebased dying patients (CARiAD): study protocol for a UK-based open randomised pilot trial
Authors: Poolman Marlise , Roberts Jessica , Byrne Anthony , Perkins Paul , Hoare Zoe , Nelson Annmarie , Hiscock Julia , Hughes Dyfrig , Foster Betty , O'Connor Julie , Reymond Liz , Healy Sue , Roberts Rossela , Wee Bee , Lewis Penney , Johnstone Rosalynde , Roberts Sian , Holmes Emily , Wright Stella , Hendry Annie , Wilkinson Clare 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Background: Whilst the majority of seriously ill people wish to die at home, only half achieve this. The likelihood of someone dying at home often depends on the availability of able and willing lay carers to support them. Dying people are usually unable to take oral medication. When top-up symptom relief medication is required, a clinician travels to the home to administer injectable medication, with attendant delays. The administration of subcutaneous injections by lay carers, though not widespread practice in the UK, has proven key in achieving home deaths in other countries. Our aim is to determine if carer-administration of as-needed subcutaneous medication for four frequent breakthrough symptoms (pain, nausea, restlessness and noisy breathing) in home-based dying patients is feasible and acceptable in the UK.
Methods: The paper describes a randomised pilot trial across three UK sites, with an embedded qualitative study. Dyads of adult patients/carers are eligible, where patients are in the last weeks of life, wish to die at home, and lay carers who are willing to be trained to give subcutaneous medication. Dyads who do not meet strict risk assessment criteria (including known history of substance abuse or carer ability to be trained to competency) will not be approached. Carers in the intervention arm will receive a manualised training package delivered by their local nursing team. Dyads in the control arm will receive usual care. The main outcomes of interest are feasibility, acceptability, recruitment rates, attrition and selection of the most appropriate outcome measures. Interviews with carers and healthcare professionals will explore attitudes to, experiences of and preferences for giving subcutaneous medication and experience of trial processes. The study has obtained full ethical approval.
Discussion: This study will rehearse the procedures and logistics which will be undertaken in a future definitive randomised controlled trial, and will inform the design of such a study. Findings will illuminate methodological and ethical issues pertaining to researching last days of life care.
The study is funded by the National Institute for Health Research (Health Technology Assessment [HTA] project 15/10/37).
Trial registration: ISRCTN, ISRCTN 11211024. Assigned 27 September 2016, http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN11211024.
Keywords: End-of-life care, Care of the dying, Palliative care, Symptom control, Carer administration, Randomised pilot trial
Impacts of Nitrogen Management on No‐Till Maize Production Following Forage Cover Crops
Authors: Momesso Letusa , Crusciol Carlos A.C. , Soratto Rogério P. , Vyn Tony J. , Tanaka Katiuça S. , Costa Claudio H.M. , Neto Jayme Ferrari , Cantarella Heitor 
Published: January 2019

Core Ideas

Urochloa brizantha as cover crop produced more biomass and nutrient cycling than U. ruziziensis.
Nitrogen fertilizer on Urochloa cover crops increased biomass production but limited maize yield.
The highest maize yields were obtained when N was applied on day before seeding or under conventional method (N applied at seeding plus sidedressing).
All N applied on Urochloa residue prior to maize can be an option, but is risky in regions of high rainfall.
Crop residue decomposition is slower in no‐till (NT) systems, especially in high‐biomass systems. Adopting optimum nN management can provide increased soil coverage and synchronize the supply of nutrients with the period of highest crop demand in agroecosystems. A three‐year experiment was conducted to assess the feasibility of applying N on forage grass cover crops before termination {Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. Ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster [syn. Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. Ex A. Rich) Stapf] and Urochloa ruziziensis (R. Germ. and C.M. Evrard) Crins [syn. B. ruziziensis (R. Germ. and C.M. Evrard)]}, or on forage grass cover crop residues immediately before maize (Zea mays L.) seeding, aiming to supply N to the following maize crop. Urochloa brizantha had 25% higher biomass production and a higher amount of nutrient content than U. ruziziensis. The N application before termination increased biomass production and nutrient content in cover crop residues compared with the conventional fertilization method (30 kg N ha−1 in the maize seeeding plus 170 kg N ha−1 sidedressed in V6 growth stage). Nitrogen applied one day before seeding (DBS) of maize or using conventional method resulted in a higher number of ears per plant and more kernels per ear as well as a higher grain yields of maize (13.8 and 14.1 Mg ha−1, respectively) compared to N applied on cover crops. Our results suggest that, while both forage grass cover crops produced greater amounts of dry matter (DM) and released similar amounts of nutrients, applying all N to cover crops before maize is not a feasible alternative. Nitrogen application 1 DBS could be an alternative management option to supply N to maize because this method resulted in similar nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) as conventional fertilization method.
Yield Stability in Bread Wheat Germplasm across Drought Stress and Non‐Stress Conditions
Authors: Sardouei‐Nasab Somayeh , Mohammadi‐Nejad Ghasem , Nakhoda Babak 
Published: January 2019

Core Ideas
Discriminant function analysis was suitable to select the most desirable drought tolerance indices.
Residual maximum likelihood and additive main effects and multiplicative techniques were efficient methods in exploring the genotype × environment interaction.
Promising lines were recommended for stress‐prone environments.
Suitable screening techniques are required to select wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines exhibiting both high and stable yields in environments where drought stress is commonplace. Two recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations bred from crosses between a drought‐tolerant landrace Roshan and the cultivars Sabalan and Falat were evaluated in the field under both well‐watered and water‐stressed conditions. The drought stress was imposed by stopping irrigation at the flowering stage. Discriminant function analysis, based on a set of stress tolerance/sensitivity indices, was applied to identify the most desirable drought tolerance criterion. To quantify the size of the variation due to genotype × environment interaction (GEI), the grain yield over field trials was analyzed using the residual maximum likelihood (REML). The additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model was employed to determine the yield stability of the RILs. Finally, we screened a set of 10 drought‐tolerant lines with consistent performance across the test environments. The results of the AMMI and REMEL analysis showed that environment was the major source of variability (69.98%) followed by GEI (12%). The two AMMI biplots revealed that a set of three RILs yielded stably in all environments with the high mean yield response. These promising lines should be valuable as donors of favorable alleles to wheat improvement programs targeting stress‐prone environments.
Does Straw Return Strategy Influence Soil Carbon Sequestration and Labile Fractions?
Authors: Li Shuo , Li Xiushuang , Zhu Wenling , Chen Juan , Tian Xiaohong , Shi Jianglan 
Published: January 2019

Core Ideas

Returning crop residues increased maize and wheat yields.
Returning crop residues increase soil organic carbon in the surface 20 cm.
Returning crop residues increase several soil labile organic C fractions.
The adoption of wheat straw return including stubbles 25–30 cm in height and maize straw return in combination with sub‐soiling is an optimal straw–return strategies for sustainable crop production.
Returning the crop residues has been documented to increase soil carbon storage. However, the impacts of different straw return strategies on soil C fractions and sustainable crop productivity are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the impact of different residue management systems on grain yields, SOC sequestration, and soil C fractions in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping system over 6 yr. The straw return strategies included no straw return (CK), conventional wheat straw return (WC), modified wheat straw return (WM), conventional maize straw return (MC), modified maize straw return (MM), conventional straw return for both wheat and maize (WC+MC), and modified straw return for both wheat and maize (WM+MM). The annual average grain yields of maize and wheat when compared to crop residue removal were increased by 32.5 and 50.5% than when the wheat straw and corn stover was not harvested, respectively. Compared to the initial value, the SOC stock increased over a 6 yr by 16.4% period when the wheat straw and corn stover was not harvested. The concentrations of microbial biomass C, very labile C, labile C, KMnO4–oxidizable C, and C management index were increased by returning the crop residue. Overall, the results suggested that the integrated and modified return strategy of both wheat and maize straw is an optimal way of sustainable crop production under the intensive wheat–maize double cropping rotation in the North–central Plain of China.
Tillage and Nitrogen Source Impacts on Relationships between Nitrous Oxide Emission and Nitrogen Recovery Efficiency in Corn
Authors: Omonode Rex A. , Vyn Tony J. 
Published: January 2019

Quantitative understanding of relationships between N2O emission and plant N uptake are needed to select environmentally optimal management systems for corn (Zea mays L.) production. Studies were conducted from 2014 to 2016 in Indiana to assess long‐term tillage and N source effects on N2O emission, and in 2015 and 2016 on relationships between N2O losses and N recovery efficiency (NRE) and N use efficiency (NUE), in a continuous corn system. Tillage treatments (mostly in place since 1975) consisted of no till (NT), strip till (ST), chisel plow (CP), and moldboard plow (MP), whereas the N source comparison involved sidedress urea ammonium nitrate applied at 220 kg N ha−1 with and without nitrapyrin. Grain yield averaged 6.5% greater for MP than for CP and NT in the 3‐yr period. Nitrapyrin never increased grain yield or NRE but reduced cumulative seasonal N2O emission in 1 yr. Tillage affected N2O emission in 2 of 3 yr, when emissions decreased in the order MP > CP > ST > NT. Significant negative linear relationships existed between N2O emission and NRE under NT and ST, and between N2O and NUE under ST, but not for CP and MP. Overall, N2O losses under ST and NT decreased by 17 and 13 g N ha−1, respectively, per unit increase of NRE, and by 63 g N ha−1 per unit increase of NUE under ST. Our results confirmed that selected management systems such as NT or ST that improved NRE and/or NUE can potentially reduce N2O emissions during continuous corn production.Core Ideas
Seasonal N2O losses were lower for no till (NT) and strip till (ST) vs. chisel and moldboard plow.
Mean N recovery efficiency (NRE) in continuous corn with 220 kg N ha−1 exceeded 70%.
Negative linear relationships existed between NRE or NUE and N2O under NT and ST.
Rate of cumulative N2O emission decline per unit gain in NRE was highest under NT.
Moving Towards Sustainable Policy and Practice – A Five Level Framework for Online Learning Sustainability | Progresser vers des politiques et des pratiques durables : un cadre à cinq niveaux pour un apprentissage en ligne durable
Authors: Casanova Diogo , Price Linda 
Published: January 2019

This paper addresses the issue of sustainability in online learning in higher education. It introduces and discusses a five-level framework for helping higher education institutions to make the transition from enterprise to sustainable policy and practice in online learning. In particular, it responds to evidence in the literature regarding the lack of sustainability in online learning in higher education. Influenced by Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, this framework is characterized by three different clusters: basic needs, institutional motivation, and stakeholders’ motivations. It is presented hierarchically within five different levels. Examples are provided for each of the levels and suggestions are given to how institutions should respond to each level.Cet article traite de la question de la durabilité dans l’apprentissage en ligne pour l’éducation supérieure. Un cadre de travail à cinq niveaux y est introduit et fait l’objet d’une discussion. Ce cadre a pour but d’aider les établissements d’enseignement supérieur à faire la transition des initiatives complexes aux politiques et pratiques durables en matière d’apprentissage en ligne.. Ce cadre répond notamment aux données probantes de la documentation concernant le manque de durabilité dans l’apprentissage en ligne pour l’éducation supérieure. Influencé par la hiérarchie des besoins de Maslow, le cadre se caractérise par trois grappes différentes : les besoins de base, la motivation de l’établissement et les motivations des intervenants. Il est présenté de façon hiérarchique, en cinq niveaux différents. Des exemples sont fournis pour chacun des niveaux, et des suggestions sont offertes sur la manière dont les établissements devraient réagir à chaque niveau.
An Investigation of Item Bias of English Test: The Case of 2016 Year Undergraduate Placement Exam in Turkey
Authors: AKCAN Rabia , ATALAY KABASAKAL Kübra 
Published: January 2019

The
purpose of this study is to determine whether English test items of
Undergraduate Placement Exam (UPE) in 2016 contain
differential item functioning (DIF) and differential bundle functioning (DBF)
in terms of gender and school type and examine the possible sources of bias of
DIF items. Mantel Haenszel (MH), Simultaneous Item Bias Test (SIBTEST) and
Multiple Indicator and Multiple Causes (MIMIC) methods were used for DIF
analyses. DBF analyses were conducted by MIMIC and SIBTEST methods. Expert
opinions were consulted to determine the sources of bias. Data set of the study
consisted of responses of 59818 students to 2016 UPE English test. As a result of the analyses carried out on 60
items, it was seen that one item in translation subtest contained DIF favoring
male students. In school type based analyses, it was concluded that there were
nine DIF items in vocabulary and grammar knowledge subtest, six DIF items in
reading comprehension subtest and four DIF items in translation subtest.
Experts stated that one item containing DIF by gender was unbiased, and
evidence of bias was found in thirteen of nineteen items that contained DIF by
school type. According to DBF analyses, it was found that some item bundles
contained DBF with respect to gender and school type. As a result of research, it was discovered
that there were differences with regard to the number of DIF items identified
by three methods and the level of DIF that the items contained; however,
methods were consistent in detecting uniform DIF.
Bacterial Whole Cell Protein Profiling: Methodology, Applications and Constraints
Authors: Singhal Neelja , Maurya Anay Kumar , Virdi Jugsharan Singh 
Published: January 2019

Background:In the era of modern microbiology, several methods are available for identification and typing of bacteria, including whole genome sequencing. However, in microbiological laboratories or hospitals where genomic based molecular typing methods and/or trained manpower are unavailable, whole cell protein profiling using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis might be a useful alternative/supplementary method for bacterial identification, strain typing and epidemiology. Whole cell protein profiling by SDS-PAGE is based on the principle that under standard growth conditions, a bacterial strain expresses the same set of proteins, the pattern of which can be used for bacterial identification.Objective:The objective of this review is to assess the current status of whole cell protein profiling by SDS-PAGE and its advantages and constraints for bacterial identification and typing.Results and Conclusions:Several earlier and recent studies prove the potential and utility of this technique as an adjunct or supplementary method for bacterial identification, strain typing and epidemiology. There is no denying the fact that utility of this technique as an adjunct or supplementary method for bacterial identification and typing has already been demonstrated and its practical applications need to be evaluated further.
Advances in Triazole Synthesis from Copper-catalyzed Azide-alkyne Cycloadditions (CuAAC) Based on Eco-friendly Procedures
Authors: de Souza Marcus Vinicius Nora , da Costa Cristiane França , Facchinetti Victor , Gomes Claudia Regina Brandão , Pacheco Paula Mázala 
Published: January 2019

Background:
1,2,3-triazoles are an important class of organic compounds and because of their
aromatic stability, they are not easily reduced, oxidized or hydrolyzed in acidic and basic environments.
Moreover, 1,2,3-triazole derivatives are known by their important biological activities and have drawn
considerable attention due to their variety of properties. The synthesis of this nucleus, based on the click
chemistry concept, through the 1,3-dipolar addition reaction between azides and alkynes is a well-known
procedure. This reaction has a wide range of applications, especially on the development of new drugs.

Methods:
The most prominent eco-friendly methods for the synthesis of triazoles under microwave irradiation
published in articles from 2012-2018 were reviewed.

Results:
In this review, we cover some of the recent eco-friendly CuAAC procedures for the click synthesis of
1,2,3-triazoles with remarks to new and easily recoverable catalysts, such as rhizobial cyclic β-1,2 glucan;
WEB (water extract of banana); biosourced cyclosophoraose (CyS); egg shell powder (ESP); cyclodextrin (β-
CD); fish bone powder; nanoparticle-based catalyst, among others.

Conclusion:
These eco-friendly procedures are a useful tool for the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles, providing
many advantages on the synthesis of this class, such as shorter reaction times, easier work-up and higher yields
when compared to classical procedures. Moreover, these methodologies can be applied to the industrial
synthesis of drugs and to other areas.