bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Excision of Distal Ulnar Exostosis: A Case Series and Literature Review
Authors: Yip Leung Cheuk , Choi Alexander K.Y. , Tak Chan Ping , Yin Chow Yuk 
Published: March 2018

Background Multiple Hereditary Exostoses with distal ulnar exostosis often results in forearm deformity and functional restrictions. Literature reported variable outcomes and frequent complications with an aggressive approach of ulna lengthening. The role of distal ulnar exostosis excision remained uncertain with contradictory effect in restoring growth. Our study aimed to report our outcome of simple excision and compare with the reported results in literature. Method Retrospective review was carried out in patients with distal ulnar exostoses excision who were operated from 2003 to 2011. Patients with less than 3 years of follow-up, radial head dislocation or subluxation, or within 3 years of skeletal maturity were excluded. Clinical outcome including range of forearm rotation was documented. Radiological outcomes including radial articular angle, carpal slip, ulnar variance and radial bowing were measured. The results were analysed statistically and compared with literature. Results Five cases were included in our study. All had excision of exostosis, and one case had additional ulnar lengthening. Mean age of operation was 10.4 years. Mean follow-up time was 72 months. Improvement was shown in the range of pronation, radial articular angle, carpal slip and ulnar variance, in the cases with simple excision alone. Improvements were mostly achieved at the first postoperative year. However, for the case with concomitant lengthening, ulna shortened relatively with growth, and complications were reported. This phenomenon is in keeping with the literature finding. Conclusion Simple excision of distal ulnar exostosis improves forearm rotation and provides some restoration of growth in skeletally immature patients with Masada type I deformity.
On the Theory of Rotating Magnetic Stars
Authors: Wright G. A. E. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAll observations of magnetic stars necessarily yield information only about their surface features. We are ignorant of the nature of the fields in the interiors of such stars, and equally we cannot be sure of the non-existence of interior fields in stars which are superficially non-magnetic. In fact, if we assume the truth of the ‘fossil’ theory – that the magnetic flux of an Ap star is a relic of the flux initially present in the gas cloud from which the star condensed – then it is surprising that magnetic stars are not observed to be much more common, since magnetic fields appear to be ubiquitous in interstellar gas clouds. For those stars with strong surface convection zones, we might expect that a fossil field of low energy would be expelled by the turbulence and would possibly be trapped in the interior. However, the majority of early-type stars with radiative envelopes also do not exhibit any observable magnetic field.
The Rotation of the Sun (Review Paper)
Authors: Dicke R. H. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe author’s 1964 article inNatureon the sun’s rotation is rediscussed in the light of new data. This article suggested that the sun might be oblate because of a gravitational quadrupole moment induced by a core rotating with a period < 2 days. Angular momentum lost from the core by molecular diffusion was assumed to be transferred to the solar wind which kept the sun’s surface rotating slowly. The estimated solar wind torque was found to be in good agreement with the torque calculated from a solution of the diffusion equation.
Spectroscopic Observations of Differential Rotation With Height in the Solar Envelope
Authors: Livingston W.C. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe problem of determining the spectroscopic rotation of the sun is not one of instrumental sensitivity, which can be about 10 m/sec, but rather of abstracting the rotational component from the hierarchy of long-lived surface currents. Required are continued daily observations over long periods of time and this task is not presently feasible at most observatories. Past observations have indicated a height gradient of rotational angular velocities. We have determined the photosphere and chromosphere angular velocity gradient from observations across the disk of C 5380 Å(h≃ -250 km), CN 3882 Â (h ≃ 0 km), Ca+K3(h≃+ 5000 km), together with other Fraunhofer lines of intermediate origin while K-line spectra of prominences are used to sense the chromosphere-corona interface.
The changing HIV-1 genetic characteristics and transmitted drug resistance among recently infected population in Yunnan, China
Authors: Chen M. , Jia M. H. , Ma Y. L. , Luo H. B. , Chen H. C. , Yang C. J. , Dai J. , Yang L. , Dong L. J. , Lu R. , Song L. J. , Han Y. , Lu J. Y. , Cheung A. K. L. , Chen Z. W. , Lu L. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMultiple human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 genotypes in China were first discovered in Yunnan Province before disseminating throughout the country. As the HIV-1 epidemic continues to expand in Yunnan, genetic characteristics and transmitted drug resistance (TDR) should be further investigated among the recently infected population. Among 2828 HIV-positive samples newly reported in the first quarter of 2014, 347 were identified as recent infections with BED-captured enzyme immunoassay (CEIA). Of them, 291 were successfully genotyped and identified as circulating recombinant form (CRF)08_BC (47.4%), unique recombinant forms (URFs) (18.2%), CRF01_AE (15.8%), CRF07_BC (14.4%), subtype C (2.7%), CRF55_01B (0.7%), subtype B (0.3%) and CRF64_BC (0.3%). CRF08_BC and CRF01_AE were the predominant genotypes among heterosexual and homosexual infections, respectively. CRF08_BC, URFs, CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC expanded with higher prevalence in central and eastern Yunnan. The recent common ancestor of CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC dated back to 1983.1, 1992.1 and 1989.5, respectively. The effective population sizes (EPS) for CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC increased exponentially during 1991–1999 and 1994–1999, respectively. The EPS for CRF08_BC underwent two exponential growth phases in 1994–1998 and 2001–2002. Lastly, TDR-associated mutations were identified in 1.8% of individuals. These findings not only enhance our understanding of HIV-1 evolution in Yunnan but also have implications for vaccine design and patient management strategies.
Zika virus epidemiology: from Uganda to world pandemic, an update
Authors: Talero-Gutiérrez C. , Rivera-Molina A. , Pérez-Pavajeau C. , Ossa-Ospina I. , Santos-García C. , Rojas-Anaya M. C. , de-la-Torre A. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractZika virus (ZIKV) infection is an emergent worldwide public health problem. Historically, 84 countries have reported vector-borne ZIKV transmission, 61 of which report on-going transmission. It is a Flavivirus transmitted through arthropods belonging to the Aedes genus. Since 2015, ZIKV infections have increased dramatically; with 1.3 million people infected during 2015 in Brazil alone. This paper's objective is to highlight the conjectural epidemiological points of the virus’ dissemination. The digital archives Pubmed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane were searched for papers that assessed aspects of ZIKV transmission and epidemiology. The first isolation occurred in Uganda in 1947. Since then, important outbreaks were documented globally. Consequently, an emergent public health problem arose from a rapidly increasing incidence and its association with the development of neurological diseases such as microcephaly and Guillain–Barré syndrome. Key factors in the successful containment of outbreaks include surveillance of mosquitos in the neighbourhood, an early mosquito control treatment, an assertive information campaign, and the involvement of the local population and healthcare workers. As such, while ZIKV seems to be spreading globally in a similar manner to other arboviruses, such as Dengue and Chikungunya viruses, it can also be rapidly contained due to the pre-existing availability of necessary resources and regulatory tools as control measures. This review aims to provide a description of those characteristics of ZIKV infection that may be useful in the construction of effective outbreak control strategies.
The importance of serological and molecular analyses for the diagnosis of measles cases and for meeting elimination targets in Turkey from 2007 to 2015
Authors: Cosgun Yasemin , Guldemir Dilek , Coskun Aslihan , Yolbakan Sultan , Kalaycioglu Atila Taner , Korukluoglu Gulay , Durmaz Riza 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMeasles is an important childhood infection targeted to be eliminated by the World Health Organization (WHO). Virus circulation has not been interrupted in the European Region because high vaccination rates could not be achieved among some countries of the WHO European Region including Turkey. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the laboratory findings of measles cases confirmed in the last nine years, to assess the epidemiological data of the cases, to determine the molecular genotyping studies and to emphasise the importance of laboratory-based surveillance in measles. From 2007 to 2010, only 18 imported cases were detected in Turkey. However, this number increased with a local outbreak of 111 cases in 2011, followed by another outbreak in 2012 in Istanbul that spread countrywide in the following two years; a total of 8661 laboratory-confirmed measles cases were reported from 2012 to 2015. After ELISA detection of a measles IgM-positive result in serum samples of potential measles cases, RT–PCR was performed with urine or nasopharyngeal swab samples of patients, and amplicons were subjected to sequencing. In the samples of 2010 and 2011, D4 and D9 genotypes were mainly detected; as of 2012, the D8 genotype has gained importance. Although D8 was also identified in 2014, in the same year genotype H1 viruses were detected in Turkey for the first time. Therefore, it is important to perform a genotypic analysis of the virus causing the outbreak, analyse epidemiological connections of the contact, determine the source of the outbreak and plan measures based on this information.
Incidence and risk factors for healthcare utilisation among patients discharged on outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy
Authors: Jacobs D. M. , Leung W-Y. , Essi D. , Park W. , Shaver A. , Claus J. , Ruh C. , Rao G. G. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractOutpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) programmes facilitate hospital discharge, but patients remain at risk of complications and consequent healthcare utilisation (HCU). Here we elucidated the incidence of and risk factors associated with HCU in OPAT patients. This was a retrospective, single-centre, case–control study of adult patients discharged on OPAT. Cases (n = 63) and controls (n = 126) were patients that did or did not utilise the healthcare system within 60 days. Characteristics associated with HCU in bivariate analysis (P ≤ 0.2) were included in a multivariable logistic regression model. Variables were retained in the final model if they were independently (P < 0.05) associated with 60-day HCU. Among all study patients, the mean age was 55 ± 16, 65% were men, and wound infection (22%) and cellulitis (14%) were common diagnoses. The cumulative incidence of 60-day unplanned HCU was 27% with a disproportionately higher incidence in the first 30 days (21%). A statin at discharge (adjusted odds ratios (aOR) 0.23, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) 0.09–0.57), number of prior admissions in past 12 months (aOR 1.48, 95% CIs 1.05–2.10), and a sepsis diagnosis (aOR 4.62, 95% CIs 1.23–17.3) were independently associated with HCU. HCU was most commonly due to non-infection related complications (44%) and worsening primary infection (31%). There are multiple risk factors for HCU in OPAT patients, and formal OPAT clinics may help to risk stratify and target the highest risk groups.
An Introduction to the Helium Ion Microscope
Authors: Morgan John , Notte John , Hill Raymond , Ward Bill 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In order to get high resolution images from any scanning beam microscope one must be able to produce a sufficiently small probe, have a small interaction volume in the substrate and have an abundance of information-rich particles to collect to create the image. A typical scanning electron microscope is able to meet all of these requirements to some degree. However, a helium ion microscope based on a Gas Field Ion Source (GFIS) has significant advantages over the SEM in all three categories.
Solutions to the Problem of Substitution of ERL 4221 for Vinyl Cyclohexene Dioxide in Spurr Low Viscosity Embedding Formulations
Authors: Ann Ellis E 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Spurr low viscosity embedding medium was introduced in 1969 and used vinyl cyclohexene dioxide (VCD or ERL 4206) as the low viscosity epoxy resin together with nonenyl succinic anhydride (NSA), the flexibilizer DER 736, and the accelerator dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE or S-1). This low viscosity formulation has been used extensively for embedding plant materials, microrganisms and other difficult specimens. Over the years numerous concerns about the toxicity and carcinogenicity of VCD have been raised. VCD (Fig. 1) was finally removed from the market in 2005 and replaced with ERL 4221 (Fig. 2), a cyclic epoxide with a higher molecular weight and higher viscosity. Vendors instructed that ERL 4221 be substituted for VCD at the same rates as used in the original Spurr formulation. This direct substitution resulted in a more viscous resin and blocks were extremely hard and brittle and lacked the sectioning qualities of the original formulation. Vendors then suggested modifications to the dehydration schedule and reductions in the amount of DMAE to improve the quality of the blocks.
A Suggested Procedure for Sampling “Suspect White Powders” Where Law Enforcement Agencies Require a “Credible Threat” Before Responding
Authors: Dalbey Mike 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Immediately following the bioterror associated anthrax cases in September, there were an unprecedented number of reports of “suspicious white powdery substances” nationwide. Some of these reports were hoaxes. Others were honest cases of mistaken identity. A very few involved anthrax spores.
An incident on our campus caused the temporary closing of a portion of a dormitory building and disrupted the activities of a large number of students, faculty, and staff. When campus officials contacted the FBI for assistance in evaluating the suspect material they were advised that the bureau was so overwhelmed by reports of suspicious substances that they were unable to respond effectively unless additional circumstances suggested a credible biohazard threat. The material in our incident eventually proved to be laundry detergent.
Electron Tomography in the Study of Bacterial Structure and Function
Authors: Downing Kenneth H , Sui Haixin , Comolli Luis R , Holman Hoi-Ying 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Bacteria contain a wealth of mechanisms that organize their internal and external components into a highly polar structure, frequently with distinctive shape, and constrain certain metabolic functions to particular parts of the cell. For example, cell division generally takes place at the middle of the cell, and a host of interacting proteins are involved in ensuring that the division site is positioned properly. Thus, in spite of the lingering perception among some scientists that these cells are simply bags of freely diffusing enzymes, there is much to be learned from ultrastructural studies. Light microscopy has given evidence of cytoskeletal components that presumably establish and maintain cell shape and participate in cell division.
From the McArthur to the Millennium Health Microscope (MHM): Future Developments in Microscope Miniaturization for International Health
Authors: Dunning Keith , Stothard J Russell 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The ambition to produce a functional miniature microscope suitable for tropical disease diagnostics in developing countries has exercised the ingenuity of many talented designers over the last 75 years. In the early 1930's the late Dr John McArthur produced the first prototype of his pioneering folded optic design and this portable gem measured a mere 102 x 63 x 51 mm, yet was able to deliver everything which would be expected from a conventional bench microscope of similar optical specification (see Fig. 1A).
To achieve this high degree of miniaturization McArthur employed a folded optical prismatic system: light entered from above the microscope via a mirror and then passed through a small condenser to the specimen, a revolutionary concept at that time. The objectives were arranged below the specimen and the image was reflected by two prisms to the eyepiece.
The Preparation of Mg, Cd and Zn Samples for Crystal Orientation Mapping with BKD in an SEM
Authors: Schwarzer RA 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Backscatter Kikuchi Diffraction (BKD) from crystalline solids has been known since 1928. But only during the last decade, when sufficiently sensitive cameras, fast PCs and high-performance SEMs have been available, has this technique been developed into an invaluable tool for materials' science and geology. BKD is also known as “Backscatter Electron Diffraction” (EBSD) if referred to the commercial trademarked systems OXFORD/HKL “Channel” or EDAX-TSL “OIM”. Crystal Orientation Measurement/ Mapping (COM), without user intervention, is performed in an SEM by digitally scanning the beam spot across the specimen, acquiring and transferring one Backscatter Kikuchi Pattern (BKP) after another into the computer, indexing it, and calculating the crystal orientation of the grain under the beam spot. The sample is typically tilted by 70° towards a phosphor screen for pattern collection. Spatial resolution is in the range of &lt;0.05 μm and accuracy is better than 0.5°.
Why Penguin Beaks are Sexy!
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
It is well known that birds frequently attract mates by a ritual display of feathers or other ornaments. The colors for these displays are either derived from pigments, such as carotenoids, or photonic crystalline arrangements near the surface of the skin, feathers, or other ornaments. Add to this the fact that many birds can perceive light in the near-ultraviolet end of the visible spectrum and the range for these visual displays is extended. In a spectrophotometric and microscopic study by Birgitta Dresp and Keith Langley, it was demonstrated that a unique arrangement of crystal-like structures near the surface of the beak horn of the King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) most likely accounts for a photonic effect that probably plays a role in their mating rituals.
Crystal Scanner for Nano-Metrology Applications
Authors: West Paul , Peng Zhiqiang , Starostina Natalia 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Traditionally a scanning probe microscope (SPM), such as the atomic force microscope (AFM), affords spectacular images of surfaces at the nanometer scale. With advanced developments in scanner design, probe manufacturing and force sensor technology it is now possible to make quantitative metrological measurements with an SPM. Quantitative metrological measurements that are possible include: a) dimensional measurements of micro/nano fabricated structures, b) surface texture of surfaces having RMS values of only a few angstroms, and c) measurements of the number of grains, and particles on a surface as well as grain and particle sizes, areas, volumes, and distributions.
New Resin for Repair of Bell Jar Chips
Authors: Mills Owen P , Huuki Matt 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
As you ease the bell jar back down onto its seat, past the evaporation fixture, it is quite easy to chip a $600 jar. Chipped bell jars are a perennial problem in EM labs. They degrade vacuum in evaporators resulting in lower quality films and ultimately shorten the life of the vacuum system. This note describes a new resin that I have used for repairing bell jar chips.
A common chip can be seen in Fig. 1. It was caused by crashing the bell jar into the evaporation fixture. The chip is less than 0.5mm deep. Beside it you can see another chip that will not be treated as it does not extend to the jar edge.
Phase Measurement in Electron Microscopy Using the Transport of Intensity Equation
Authors: Ishizuka Kazuo , Allman Brendan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Although many samples in electron microscopy are phase objects, as in the case of optical microscopy, we cannot directly measure phase modulation by microscopy. Dennis Gabor proposed a technique called in-line holography to record both amplitude and phase information at the rather early stage of electron microscopy (in 1947). With the development of highly coherent field emission electron sources, another type of holography, off-axis holography, became available for electrons. However, holography cannot be applied to general cases, since there is a requirement for a vacuum region where the reference wave passes through.
Making Anaglyphs in Photoshop
Authors: Sedgewick Jerry 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In order to achieve a three dimensional appearance to a pair of two dimensional images, two off-axis images can be produced and colorized. These can be overlayed slightly apart and then viewed through glasses with two differently colored sides, one color for the left eye and another for the right eye in combinations containing red, green or blue colors. These off-axis and colorized images are referred to as anaglyphs.
Off-axis images can be achieved through the use of a tilting stage on a microscope, by physically changing the position of a camera in relation to a still object, or through changing the axis of an optical stack of sections, such as what is created by confocal/CT scans. Some images lend themselves more to a 3D look both by virtue of inherent three dimensionality limited by the resolution of the imaging system.
Virtual Electron Microscopy for Undergraduate/Graduate Classes
Authors: Humphrey Elaine 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
How do you give 1150 undergraduates in an introductory cell biology course (Biology 200) access to electron microscopes? Students often ask if they can see the electron microscopes. They often ask if they will have an opportunity to learn EM. As part of the course material, students are expected to recognize the images produced by different EM techniques, know the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques and interpret 2-dimensional micrographs in 3 dimensions. This is akin to teaching the theory of baking bread without ever smelling it in the oven. A pilot project was designed to address getting round the impossibility of bringing 1150+ students into the BioImaging Facility. This initiative gave selected undergraduates a hands-on experience of SEM in the BioImaging Facility and allowed the rest of their classmates to share that experience.
Behavior of Particle Size Distributions, Means and BET Values in Ideal and Non-Ideal Morphology Systems in a TEM
Authors: Beauregard Paul 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Historically, one of the first jobs performed by the new instrument called a “transmission electron microscope” (TEM) was the determination of particle size and distribution. Particle size is still important in controlling the properties of sub-micron and nanoparticle products. The width and average particle size can determine the light scattering properties of a pigment like TiO2, for example. The cost of installing a TEM facility and TEM sample preparation issues makes TEM analysis expensive and labor intensive. So decades ago, nitrogen BET (Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller) surface area determinations were used on sub-micron powders and pigments to minimize these costs. The BET measurement of the exposed external surface area of a material is made by detecting and measuring the amount of nitrogen given off after absorption, assuming one atomic layer of nitrogen is adsorbed.