bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An experimental-numerical method for transient infrared measurement of film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient in a single test
Authors: Holgate Nicholas E. , Ireland Peter T. , Romero Eduardo 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTAn experimental technique for assessing film cooling performance is proposed which can determine both film effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient distributions from a single infrared experiment. First, the film effectiveness is determined in the experiment’s steady-state phase on a series of film-cooled nozzle guide vane leading edge geometries made of a low thermal conductivity foam. Then, the effectiveness is used to calculate the distribution of the transient phase driving gas temperatures, which is applied to a finite element conduction model. Heat transfer coefficients are guessed and iteratively refined until the surface temperature histories predicted by the finite element model match those which were experimentally observed. Unlike conventional methods based on one-dimensional analytical heat transfer solutions, this approach does not require assumptions about the material thickness underlying the test surface or the uniformity with depth of its initial temperature distribution. This relieves certain experimental constraints and reduces uncertainty in results.
The open-endedness of macroprudential policy. Endogenous risks as an obstacle to countercyclical financial regulation
Authors: Stellinga Bart 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAfter the global financial crisis of 2007–9, policymakers hailed macroprudential policy as the solution to financial markets’ boom-bust patterns. Financial regulations would have to operate countercyclically, increasing in stringency during a boom while becoming lenient in a bust. Simultaneously, the procyclical effects of pre-crisis rules would have to be eliminated. Actual reforms, however, do not live up to these high hopes. In addition to the countercyclical policy framework's limited scope and ambition, its open-endedness is particularly striking. As policymakers have not specified when supervisors should (de)activate what instruments and how firms should measure risk, there is an inbuilt indeterminacy at macroprudential policy's core. I argue that obstacles inherent to the nature of systemic risk are key to understanding this policy outcome. As the financial system is reflexive, adaptive, and complex, there are hard limits to supervisors’ ability to “read” the financial cycle. Furthermore, as macroprudential policy itself becomes “part of financial markets,” countercyclical interventions may have systemically significant unintended consequences. This article empirically shows how policymakers at the global and EU level, confronted with these measurement and mitigation problems, ultimately opted for a limited and open-ended policy framework.
Pope Francis on Conscience, Gradualness, and Discernment: Adapting Amoris Laetitia for Business Ethics
Authors: Bernacchio Caleb 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT:Experience often manifests a gap between moral principles that are both rationally defensible and widely accepted, and the actual practice of business. In this article, I adapt Pope Francis’s discussion of conscience, gradualness, and discernment, inAmoris Laetitia, for the philosophical context of business ethics in order to better conceptualize and to identify means of narrowing the gap between objective moral principles and business practice. Specifically, right conscience allows for a better understanding of the scope and boundary conditions of moral principles, gradualness highlights the need to identify ways that moral principles can be properly implemented within organizations, and discernment draws attention to the importance of solidarity, in order to avoid one-sided, self-serving action descriptions. In these ways, Francis’s discussion contributes to the narrowing of the gap between objective moral principles and business practice. I conclude by discussing ways that Francis’s framework can inform business ethics courses.
Barriers to Psychologists’ Adherence to Evidence-Based Practice Guidelines for Treating Musculoskeletal Injuries Within the State Insurance Regulatory Authority Compensation Schemes
Authors: Haider Tahira , Dunstan Debra A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectives:The use of evidence-based practice (EBP) guidelines by psychologists working within the State Insurance Regulatory Authority (SIRA) compensation schemes for treating musculoskeletal injuries has been found to vary. The aim of this study was to qualitatively explore psychologists’ perceived barriers to adhering with EBP guidelines implemented by the New South Wales (NSW) SIRA.Methods:Registered psychologists (n= 20) working within the NSW SIRA compensation schemes participated in four focus groups conducted face-to-face (F2F) and online. Participants’ responses were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim and entered into NVivo 11 software. Text data were analysed to identify recurrent themes within and across groups (metropolitan, regional and rural).Results:Thematic analysis revealed three key issues: (a) a lack of trust in the validity of the recommended EBP guidelines; (b) lack of knowledge of the psychologist’s role in this context and insufficient skills to fully apply the guidelines, protocols and procedures; and (c) a poor fit between EBP guidelines, client presentations and circumstances, and the SIRA compensation schemes.ConclusionThe findings showed that both individual practitioner variables and contextual barriers influenced adherence to EBP. Practical implications for future research include generating recommendations to overcome the identified barriers using a collaborative approach between policymakers, researchers and practitioners.
When Wurst comes to Wurscht: Variation and koiné formation in Texas German
Authors: Lindemann Luke 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTexas German is a new world language variety that shows some evidence of koiné development but also presents with substantial variation at many levels of structure. I present a case study on the variant pronunciation of sibilants in Texas German consonant clusters. This feature is fairly frequent and found throughout the regions of German settlement in Central Texas. After a discussion of the presence of this feature in the donor dialects, I investigate the factors that correlate with variation in the modern language. From an analysis of local and global spatial autocorrelation, I argue that variation is not significantly associated with particular geographic regions and is compatible with stable and homogenous variation. This provides insight into our understanding of new dialect emergence and the mechanisms by which dialect features are leveled over multiple generations.
Understanding node-link and matrix visualizations of networks: A large-scale online experiment
Authors: Ren Donghao , Marusich Laura R. , O’Donovan John , Bakdash Jonathan Z. , Schaffer James A. , Cassenti Daniel N. , Kase Sue E. , Roy Heather E. , Lin Wan-yi (Sabrina) , Höllerer Tobias 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe investigated human understanding of different network visualizations in a large-scale online experiment. Three types of network visualizations were examined: node-link and two different sorting variants of matrix representations on a representative social network of either 20 or 50 nodes. Understanding of the network was quantified using task time and accuracy metrics on questions that were derived from an established task taxonomy. The sample size in our experiment was more than an order of magnitude larger (N = 600) than in previous research, leading to high statistical power and thus more precise estimation of detailed effects. Specifically, high statistical power allowed us to consider modern interaction capabilities as part of the evaluated visualizations, and to evaluate overall learning rates as well as ambient (implicit) learning. Findings indicate that participant understanding was best for the node-link visualization, with higher accuracy and faster task times than the two matrix visualizations. Analysis of participant learning indicated a large initial difference in task time between the node-link and matrix visualizations, with matrix performance steadily approaching that of the node-link visualization over the course of the experiment. This research is reproducible as the web-based module and results have been made available at: https://osf.io/qct84/.
Effect of temperature on post-diapause reproductive development in Listronotus maculicollis (Coleoptera: curculionidae)
Authors: Wu S. , Kostromytska O.S. , Koppenhöfer A.M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe annual bluegrass weevil Listronotus maculicollis requires chilling exposure to terminate reproductive diapause during overwintering, but the effects of temperature on its post-diapause development in spring remain unclear. To explore this effect, overwintering adults were transferred from cold conditions (6°C/4°C, L:D 10:14) to different warm-up temperatures at L:D 12:12. When weevils were transferred to 7, 14 and 21°C in December and late January, the sizes of male and female reproductive organs were significantly smaller at 7°C than at 14 and 21°C. When weevils were transferred to 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15°C in late January, higher temperatures facilitated the post-diapause development. In both sexes, the sizes of reproductive organs and developmental rate increased with temperature. Reproductive organs did not grow significantly at 7°C in males and at 7–9°C in females, at which the percentage of developing weevils remained low. The time required for 50% of individuals to resume development was 44, 18, 13 and 8 days at 9, 11, 13 and 15°C, respectively, in males and 19, 14 and 8 days at 11, 13 and 15°C, respectively, in females. The threshold temperature for post-diapause development was 7.8°C in males, based on which 61.7 degree-days coincided with 50% of individuals developing. Under field conditions, the percentage of male and female maturity and insemination rate were low until early March, but all reached 100% by late March.
Automatic landmark discovery for learning agents under partial observability
Authors: Demіr Alper , Çіlden Erkіn , Polat Faruk 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn the reinforcement learning context, a landmark is a compact information which uniquely couples a state, for problems with hidden states. Landmarks are shown to support finding good memoryless policies for Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDP) which contain at least one landmark. SarsaLandmark, as an adaptation of Sarsa(λ), is known to promise a better learning performance with the assumption that all landmarks of the problem are known in advance.In this paper, we propose a framework built upon SarsaLandmark, which is able to automatically identify landmarks within the problem during learning without sacrificing quality, and requiring no prior information about the problem structure. For this purpose, the framework fuses SarsaLandmark with a well-known multiple-instance learning algorithm, namely Diverse Density (DD). By further experimentation, we also provide a deeper insight into our concept filtering heuristic to accelerate DD, abbreviated as DDCF (Diverse Density with Concept Filtering), which proves itself to be suitable for POMDPs with landmarks. DDCF outperforms its antecedent in terms of computation speed and solution quality without loss of generality.The methods are empirically shown to be effective via extensive experimentation on a number of known and newly introduced problems with hidden state, and the results are discussed.
Temporal and spatial distribution of anthrax outbreaks among Kenyan wildlife, 1999–2017
Authors: Gachohi J. M. , Gakuya F. , Lekolool I. , Osoro E. , Nderitu L. , Munyua P. , Ngere I. , Kemunto N. , Bett B. , Otieno F. , Muturi M. , Mwatondo A. , Widdowson M. A. , Njenga M. Kariuki 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe burden of anthrax in wildlife is demonstrated through high numbers of sudden mortalities among herbivore species, including endangered animal species. East Africa is home of multiple species of faunal wildlife numbering in the millions but there are limited disease surveillance programmes, resulting in a paucity of information on the role of anthrax and other infectious diseases on declining wildlife populations in the region. We reviewed historical data on anthrax outbreaks from Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) spanning from 1999 to 2017 in Kenya to determine the burden, characteristics and spatial distribution of anthrax outbreaks. A total of 51 anthrax outbreaks associated with 1014 animal deaths were reported across 20 of 60 wildlife conservation areas located in six of the seven agro-ecological zones. Overall, 67% of the outbreaks were reported during the dry seasons, affecting 24 different wildlife species. Over 90% (22 of 24) of the affected species were herbivore, including 12 grazers, five browsers and five mixed grazers and browsers. Buffaloes (23.5%), black rhinos (21.6%) and elephants (17.6%) were the most frequently affected species. Our findings demonstrate the extensive geographic distribution of wildlife anthrax in the country, making it one of the important infectious diseases that threaten wildlife conservation.
Language and categorization in monolinguals and bilinguals
Authors: Fairchild Sarah , Papafragou Anna 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPeople assume that objects labelled alike belong to the same category. Here we asked whether the role of labels in categorization depends on individuals' language experience, linguistic abilities, and/or cognitive abilities. We compared monolinguals' and bilinguals' use of phonologically licit words (zeg), illicit words (gsz), and non-linguistic frames (in addition to a baseline condition with no additional cues) in forming novel categories. For both groups, licit words affected categorization more than frames, especially in the absence of perceptual evidence for category boundaries; illicit words also shifted categorization preferences compared to frames. Furthermore, linguistic abilities predicted reliance on both licit and illicit words, and bilingualism predicted reliance on illicit words in categorization. Thus, in both monolinguals and bilinguals, novel (and even unconventional) linguistic labels act as unique category markers but their use in categorization depends on individual language processing skills (and, in some cases, exposure to a second language).
Measurement of the photon and thermal neutron doses of contralateral breast surface in breast cancer radiotherapy
Authors: Bagheri Hamed , Abedi Firouzjah Razzagh , Farhood Bagher 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroduction and purpose:During the radiation therapy of tumoral breast, the contralateral breast (CB) will receive scattered doses. In the present study, the photon and thermal neutron dose values received by CB surface during breast cancer radiation therapy were measured.Materials and methods:The right breast region of RANDO phantom was considered as CB, and the measurements of photon and thermal neutron dose values were carried out on this region surface. The phantom was irradiated with 18 MV photon beams, and the dose values were measured with thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD-600 and TLD-700) chips for 11 × 13, 11 × 17 and 11 × 21 cm2field sizes in the presence of physical and dynamic wedges.Results:The total dose values (photon + thermal neutron) received by the CB surface in the presence of physical wedge were 12·06%, 15·75% and 33·40% of the prescribed dose, respectively, for 11 × 13, 11 × 17 and 11 × 21 cm2field sizes. The corresponding dose values for dynamic wedge were 9·18%, 12·92% and 29·26% of the prescribed dose, respectively. Moreover, the results showed that treatment field size and wedge type affect the received photon and thermal neutron doses at CB surface.Conclusion:According to our results, the total dose values received at CB surface during breast cancer radiotherapy with high-energy photon beams are remarkable. In addition, the dose values received at CB surface when using a physical wedge were greater than when using a dynamic wedge, especially for medial tangential fields.
Modeling of a New Electron Acceleration Mechanism Ahead of Streamers
Authors: Ihaddadene Kevin M. A. , Dwyer Joseph R. , Liu Ningyu , Celestin Sebastien , Shi Feng 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHead‐on collisions between negative and positive streamers have been proposed as a mechanism behind X‐ray emissions by laboratory spark discharges. Recent simulations using plasma fluid and particle in cell models of a single head‐on collision of two streamers of opposite polarities in ground pressure air predicted an insignificant number of thermal runaway electrons >1 keV and hence weak undetectable X‐ray emissions. Because the current available models of a single streamer collision failed to explain the observations, we first use a Monte Carlo model coupled with multiple static dielectric ellipsoids immersed in a subbreakdown ambient electric field as a description of multiple streamer environment and we investigate the ability of multiple streamer‐streamer head‐on collisions to accelerate runaway electrons >1 keV up to energies ∼200–300 keV instead of just one single head‐on collision. The results of simulations show that the streamer head‐on collision mechanism fails to accelerate electrons; instead, they decelerate in the positive streamer channel. In a second part, we use a streamer plasma fluid model to simulate a new streamer‐electron acceleration mechanism based on a collision of a large negative streamer with a small neutral plasma patch in different Laplacian electric fields |E0|= (35, 40, 45) kV/cm, respectively. We observe the formation of a secondary short propagating negative streamer with a strong peak electric field >250 up to 378 kV/cm over a time duration of ∼0.16 ns at the moment of the collision. The mechanism produces up to 106 runaway electrons with an upper energy limit of 24 keV.
An Experimental Study on Effect of Boundary Condition on Particle Damage in Shear Zone of Crushed Sand
Authors: Vafaei Nasrin , Fakharian Kazem , Sadrekarimi Abouzar 
Published: August 2019

AbstractVarious factors influence particle breakage in the shear zone of silica sands, including particle shape characteristics, loading path, shear displacement, normal load, initial density, and boundary conditions. The present study focuses on particle breakage occurring in the shear zone of a crushed silica sand under shear loading. Several ring shear tests were conducted to measure shear stress‐displacement response of a sand. Grain‐size distribution curves of the original sand (prior to shearing) and the sheared sand from the shear zone are then compared. The mechanism of particle breakage is determined by a thorough examination of particle damage under “constant normal load” and “constant volume” tests, considering both loose and dense samples. The results show that void ratio is the dominant factor in particle breakage. On the other hand, it is observed that particle breakage resulting from particle shape properties accrues within the initial loading stages. It is observed that the boundary condition also affects the magnitude of particle breakage; that is, particle damage under “constant normal load” boundary condition is found to be significantly higher than that under “constant volume” condition for the same initial normal stress and void ratio.
Offshore Spreading of Mississippi Waters: Pathways and Vertical Structure Under Eddy Influence
Authors: Androulidakis Yannis , Kourafalou Vassiliki , Le Hénaff Matthieu , Kang HeeSook , Sutton Tracey , Chen Shuangling , Hu Chuanmin , Ntaganou Nektaria 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe three‐dimensional structure of the offshore export of Mississippi River (MR) waters is documented for the first time with in situ data. Numerical simulations and satellite data in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) are also employed to study two pathways that were detected in summer of 2015, along the eastern and western sides of the Loop Current (LC). The initial formation of offshore branches was primarily due to the interaction of the anticyclonic LC and LC Eddy (which were close to the MR Delta and the Louisiana‐Texas shelf‐slope, respectively) with riverine waters that had been advected eastward by westerly winds (which reduced the westward buoyancy‐driven currents). The interaction of anticyclonic circulation patterns with cyclones (LC Frontal Eddies) was found to influence the dynamics and structure of the branches. Thickness variability and other vertical characteristics of the brackish plumes were investigated from their origin in the northern GoM through their extension in the Straits of Florida. In particular, offshore branch thickness increased near the LC and LC Frontal Eddy fronts. The two types of pathways revealed different factors contributing to the low‐salinity waters. Besides the MR input, precipitation contributed to the eastern pathway, while waters from additional northern GoM rivers contributed to the western pathway. The study offers new insights on the processes that control the formation and the offshore (southward) advection of low‐salinity waters. These processes have implications on the properties of waters hundreds of kilometers from the northern river sources, extending to the southern Gulf and the Straits of Florida.
Climate Response to Pulse Versus Sustained Stratospheric Aerosol Forcing
Authors: Duan Lei , Cao Long , Bala Govindasamy , Caldeira Ken 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSolar geoengineering has been suggested as a potential means to counteract anthropogenic warming. Major volcanic eruptions have been used as natural analogues to large‐scale deployments of stratospheric aerosol geoengineering, yet difference in climate responses to these forcings remains unclear. Using the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Earth System Model, we compare climate responses to two highly idealized stratospheric aerosol forcings that have different durations: a short‐term pulse representative of volcanic eruptions and a long‐term sustained forcing representative of geoengineering. For the same amount of global mean cooling, decreases in land temperature, precipitation, and runoff in the pulse case are much larger than that in the sustained case. The spatial pattern changes differ substantially between these two cases. Thus, direct extrapolations from volcanic eruption observations provide limited insight into impacts of potential stratospheric aerosol geoengineering. However, simulations of volcanic eruptions can be useful to test process representations in models that are used to simulate geoengineering deployments.
Different Sources of 10‐ to 30‐day Intraseasonal Variations of Autumn Snow over Western and Eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Song Lei , Wu Renguang , An Lu 
Published: August 2019

AbstractUsing the latest daily Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite snow cover data, the present study reveals distinctly different sources of 10‐ to 30‐day intraseasonal snow cover variations over the western and eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) during September–December. The intraseasonal snow variation over the western TP is related to a midlatitude wave train associated with the Arctic Oscillation and that over the eastern TP is related to a subtropical wave train triggered by the North Atlantic Oscillation. The Rossby wave train in both cases leads to anomalous water vapor convergence and ascending motion, which contributes to snow accumulation and positive snow cover anomalies. For the western TP snow events, the moisture comes from the Caspian Sea. During the eastern TP snow events, the moisture originates from the Bay of Bengal.