bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
173 Effects of dietary analyzed calcium to analyzed phosphorus ratio on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and bone mineralization in 26- to 127-kg pigs
Authors: Vier Carine M , Dritz Steve S , Tokach Mike D , Gonçalves Márcio A D , Orlando Uislei A D , Bergstrom Jon R , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding different analyzed calcium to phosphorus (Ca:P) ratios on performance of growing-finishing pigs from 26 to 127-kg. A total of 1,134 barrows and gilts (PIC 359×Camborough, initial BW 26.3 ± 0.71 kg) were used in a 110-d growth trial with 27 pigs per pen and 7 pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. The 6 dietary treatments were formulated to contain 0:75:1, 1.00:1, 1.25:1, 1.50:1, 1.75:1, and 2.00:1 analyzed Ca:P ratio. All diets were corn-soybean meal-based and were formulated to contain adequate standardized total tract digestible P (approximately 122% of NRC 2012 estimates) for the weight range in all 4 dietary phases. Treatments were achieved by increasing calcium carbonate at the expense of corn while maintaining a constant level of monocalcium phosphate. Experimental data were analyzed using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. Increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and final BW. Feed efficiency (G:F) was relatively similar across analyzed Ca:P ratios of 0.75:1 to 1.75:1 but worsened (quadratic, P < 0.05) at the highest ratio of 2.00:1. Hot carcass weight (HCW) and carcass ADG increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) while carcass yield decreased (quadratic, P < 0.05) with increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio. Bone mineralization increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) with increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio. For ADG, ADFI, G:F, and bone ash, the quadratic polynomial model demonstrated the best fit. The maximum responses in ADG, ADFI, G:F, HCW, and bone ash were estimated at 1.38:1, 1.49:1, 1.29:1, 1.25:1, and 1.93:1 analyzed Ca:P ratio, respectively. In conclusion, for growing-finishing pigs from 26 to 127-kg fed diets adequate in STTD P, the analyzed Ca:P ratio to maximize growth performance and HCW criteria ranged from 1.25:1 to 1.49:1. A higher analyzed Ca:P ratio, estimated at 1.93:1, was required to maximize bone mineralization.
182 Influence of β-mannanase in the lactation diet on sow and litter performance and subsequent wean-to-service interval
Authors: Bruder Emily K , Linneen Sara K , Gourley Gene G , Payne Robert L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
β-mannans (β-galactomannans) are anti-nutritive fibers found in common feed ingredients, such as soybean meal and other vegetable proteins. If not controlled, these β-mannans cause unnecessary gut inflammation which diverts nutrients from production to maintenance. Hemicell® HT has been shown to breakdown β-mannans allowing energy and nutrients to be available for growth and performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of β-mannanase (Hemicell® HT 1.5X) on sow and litter performance in a commercial farm. A total of 261 sows averaging 268 kg (± 91 kg) and 3.5 (± 2.3) average parity were randomly allotted to 1 of 2 lactation diets. Dietary treatments included: 1. Corn/soybean meal feed (control) and 2. Control + Hemicell® HT 1.5X (0.25 kg/ton inclusion). Treatments were initiated on d of farrowing and terminated at weaning. All data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using Proc MIXED in SAS 9.4 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Sow and litter served as the experimental unit, farrowing room as block, and lactation length as a covariate when significant (P ˂ 0.05). Results indicated no significant (P > 0.20) differences in sow BW or body condition score (BCS) prefarrowing, postfarrowing, or at weaning. Sows consuming Hemicell® HT 1.5 had significantly (1.43 vs. 1.55; P = 0.03) greater backfat thickness (BF) at weaning and tended (P = 0.10) to lose less weight (-18 vs. -15 kg) than those fed Control. Feed intake, BCS and BF change, and subsequent wean-to-service interval were similar (P > 0.41) for sows on both treatments. Litter ADG and wean weight were not different (P > 0.18). The results indicate that Hemicell® HT 1.5 improved body reserves at weaning when consumed through the lactation period, suggesting increased energy availability during this period, which could have positive implications on overall lifetime reproductive performance.
179 Supplementation of mint oil and yeast cell in lactation diets on the antioxidant status of the dam and performance of offspring during the suckling phase
Authors: Hernandez Lily P , Dunn James L , Wenninghoff Joel , Levesque Crystal L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Environmental or metabolic heat can increase oxidative stress in sows and may impact suckling pig growth; yeast cell- and oil-based products are used to alleviate oxidative stress. A study was conducted to assess yeast cell and mint oil supplementation in sow lactation diets on sow anti-oxidant status and offspring performance to weaning. A total of 45 sows and gilts (240.7 ± 38.5 kg BW) were assigned to one of 4 diets: Control diet (CON), control + yeast cell at 0.2% (YC), control + mint oil at 10 ppm (MO), and control + yeast cell and mint oil (YCMO). Diets were provided from d 110 of gestation through weaning (21 ± 4 d). Variables evaluated were: sow and piglet growth, litter characteristics at birth, colostrum and milk oxidative status, sow feed intake. Data analyzed as randomized complete block with sow as experimental unit and Tukey’s adjustment as means separation test. There was no effect of maternal diet on sow BW (204.52 ± 43.5 kg) at weaning, piglet birth weight (1.44 ± 0.96 kg), litter size (13.09 ± 6 pig/sow) or sow feed intake (6.32 ± 3.05 kg). Piglets from CON females had lesser gain (P < 0.05) compared with the other groups during the suckling phase (0.23, 0.24, 0.24, and 0.24 ± 0.005 kg in CON, YC, MO, and YCMO group, respectively). Superoxide dismutase activity in sow serum (d110 and weaning), colostrum, and milk was not different among diets and was 39, 59, 45, and 10% lower at weaning than d 110 in CON, YC, MO, and YCMO sows, respectively. Milk glutathione content tended to be lower (P < 0.10) in MO than YCMO sows with CON and YC intermediate (15.2, 32.0, 20.6, and 21.1 U/ml), respectively. Overall, inclusion of yeast cell or mint oil enhanced piglet growth, which may be related to lower sow antioxidant status.
184 Increased feeding level in peak lactation is an effective tool to control body weight loss in hyper prolific sows
Authors: Bruun Thomas S , Højgaard Camilla K , Strathe Anja V 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Research has shown that feed restrictions in late lactation can increase BW loss and affect subsequent reproduction. Therefore, this study was designed to determine how increasing maximum daily feed allowance (MDFA) in late lactation and litter size (LS) affected body weight (BW) and back fat (BF) loss, and subsequent reproduction in sows nursing above 12 piglets. A total of 619 DanBred sows (parity 1 to 5) were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 treatments combining 2 levels of LS (12 or 14 piglets) and 3 levels of MDFA (6.17 kg; 7.20 kg; 8.23 kg; DM basis). Maximum feed allowance was achieved at d 15 and kept constant to weaning at d 24. The diet was formulated to contain 11.2 MJ NE/kg DM and to comply with all AA according to Danish recommendations. Sows were fed 3 times a day. Standardization of litters were done within 48 h after farrowing. Sows were weighed and BF measured in P2 at litter standardization and at weaning to calculate BW and BF loss during lactation. In total, 543 of 619 sows with 0 or 1 dead piglet during lactation were included in the data, and linear mixed models were used for data analysis. No interaction between LS and MDFA was found (P > 0.05). Loss of BW (16.2 kg and 21.0 kg; P < 0.0001) and BF (2.42 mm and 2.94 mm; P < 0.0001) increased when LS increased from 12 to 14 piglets, respectively. Increasing MDFA reduced BW loss from 24.5 kg to 18.3 kg to 13.0 kg (P < 0.0001), whereas BF loss decreased from 3.0 mm to 2.8 mm to 2.3 mm (P < 0.0001). Subsequent farrowing rate and total born piglets in the next litter were unaffected by MDFA (P = 0.149 and P = 0.527, respectively). In conclusion, BW and BF loss of lactating sows can be controlled efficiently by increasing MDFA in peak lactation.
189 Comparative transcriptomic analysis between Total RNA and mRNA isolated from feces of neonatal dairy calves
Authors: Osorio Johan S , Rosa Fernanda 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The fecal RNA method can be used to evaluate biological adaptations of the gastrointestinal tract of dairy calves through gene expression analysis. The process of RNA isolation from fecal samples presents several challenges, including the potential enrichment of prokaryotic (bacterial), RNA which can dilute the targeted eukaryotic RNA and consequently affect the sensitivity of the fecal RNA method to low expressed genes. Therefore, our objective in this study was to determine the differential eukaryotic RNA enrichment in total RNA vs mRNA from feces of healthy neonatal dairy calves. To test this, a comparative transcriptomic profiling of genes specific for epithelial cells, including cytokeratin 8 (KRT8) and aquaporin (AQP3), as well as inflammatory-related genes (TLR4 and IL1B) was performed in fecal samples collected from 6 pre-weaned Holstein calves. The total RNA was isolated from 200 mg of feces, using a Trizol based method along with the RNeasy Plus Mini Kit (Qiagen). Then, 45 μg of fecal total RNA was used to isolate mRNA through magnetic selection using Dynabeads® Oligo (dT)25 (Invitrogen). The standard curve was composite from all samples including cDNA from total RNA and mRNA. The internal control genes used in this experiment were B2M, ACTB, GAPDH, RPS9, and PPIA. Normalized gene expression data were log-transformed prior to statistical analysis using the Proc Mixed of SAS (SAS 9.4). The expression of KRT8 was greater (P = 0.03) in fecal mRNA than in fecal total RNA. A trend (P = 0.09) was observed for greater expression of TLR4 in fecal total RNA than in fecal mRNA. The expression of AQP3 and IL1B was not different. These preliminary data further confirms that fecal RNA method has potential to be used as a tool to evaluate gastrointestinal tract health in dairy calves, but further adjustments are needed to improve accuracy and robustness.
192 Effects of continuously infusing glucose or casein at the terminal ileum on biomarkers of metabolism and intestinal morphology in growing pigs
Authors: Mayorga Edith J , Horst Erin A , Al-Qaisi Mohmmad , McCarthy Carrie S , Goetz Brady M , Abeyta Megan A , Lei Samantha , Acosta Jesus A , Patience John F , Baumgard Lance H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Objectives were to determine the effects of continuously infusing glucose (GLU) or casein (CAS) at the terminal ileum on circulating metabolism and intestinal architecture in pigs. Crossbred gilts (81 ± 1 kg BW) fitted with ileocecal cannulas and jugular catheters were enrolled in 2 experimental periods (P). Period 1 (4 d) served for the collection of baseline measurements. At the beginning of P2 (4 d), pigs were assigned to 1 of 3 infusion treatments: 1) control (CTL; water; n = 7), 2) GLU (500 g/d; n = 6), and 3) CAS (300 g/d; n = 6). Water, GLU, and CAS solutions were continuously infused (125 mL/h) through the ileocecal cannula for the entirety of P2. Pigs were sacrificed following P2 and segments of jejunum, ileum, and colon were collected. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. During P2, circulating glucose and non-esterified fatty acids were similar among treatments (P > 0.10). A tendency for a treatment × time interaction was observed for insulin as it decreased over time in CTL pigs, while it remained almost unchanged in GLU and CAS treatments during P2 (P = 0.07). Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) decreased in GLU relative to CTL pigs during P2 (21%; P = 0.01), whereas it gradually increased (76%; P < 0.01) from 6 to 96 h post-infusion in CAS pigs when compared to their CTL counterparts. No differences on fecal pH were observed across treatments (P = 0.62). Ileum villus height tended to increase in CAS relative to CTL pigs (P = 0.08). Similarly, ileum villus height:crypt depth was increased in CAS compared to CTL pigs (P = 0.02). Goblet cell area was similar across treatments but tended to decrease in the jejunum in GLU when compared to their CTL counterparts (P = 0.09). In conclusion, continuously infusing GLU or CAS into the terminal ileum differently altered BUN patterns, but surprisingly had little effects on intestinal morphology.
191 Early weaning in pigs induces long-term alterations in intestinal nutrient transporter function and expression partially via beta adrenergic enteric neural receptors
Authors: Li Yihang , Matos Karina , Rajput Mrigendra , Moeser Adam James 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Early weaning (EW) has negative impacts on performance and health that persist from wean-to-finish. The mechanisms linking EW and lifetime performance reductions are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to investigate whether EW influences the long-term development of intestinal epithelial nutrient transporter function and expression and the potential mechanisms. Yorkshire gilts were split-weaned from their sows at 15 d (EW) or 28 d of age (Late Weaning; LW) and transferred to an on-site nursery room. All pigs received the same diets in a standard phase feeding program and were euthanized at 75 d of age. Mid-jejunum and distal ileum were mounted on Ussing chambers to evaluate Na+-dependent glucose and amino acid (AA) transporter function, measured as nutrient-induced changes in short circuit current (Isc). EW gilts exhibited reduced capacity for electrogenic transport of glucose (by ~30%; P < 0.05) and glutamate, glutamine, and alanine by (~ 30–35%; P < 0.05), compared with LW pigs. In contrast, jejunal and ileal lysine transporter function was upregulated (by 110% and 25%, respectively; P < 0.05) in EW pigs. Epithelial expression for glucose transporter (SGLT1) was reduced (P < 0.05) while glucose/fructose transporter (GLUT2), fructose transporter (GLUT5) and lysine transporters (B0AT1, CAT1, and ATB0, +) were enhanced in the EW jejunum. No differences observed in villus morphology between EW and LW pigs. Pretreatment of ileal mucosa on Ussing chambers with the Na+ channel blocker (Tetrodotoxin) or the β-adrenergic receptor blocker (Propranolol) augmented glucose, lysine and alanine transporter function in EW but not LW pigs. Together, these data show that EW in gilts induces lasting and divergent alterations in intestinal nutrient transporter function and expression which is mediated in part by the enteric nervous system and β-adrenergic receptor pathways. These new findings may explain why EW pigs exhibit lasting deleterious impacts on performance. Further mechanism-based investigations could reveal new targets for optimizing performance in EW pigs throughout the production lifespan.
193 Characterisation of poor gastrointestinal tract development in gilt progeny
Authors: Wijesiriwardana Danni A , Craig Jessica , Ringuet Mitchell , Fothergill Linda , O’Halloran Kirrily , Turpin Diana , Munoz Lynette , Collins Cherie , Furness John B , Pluske John , Cottrell Jeremy , Dunshea Frank R 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Progeny of primiparous sows (gilts) have poor production performance compared to those of multiparous sows. This has been attributed to underlying biological events that occur early in life. We specifically focused on the development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and its function in sow vs gilt progeny (SP vs GP) reared under commercial conditions. Piglet tissues were harvested at birth, at 24 h, and pre- and post-weaning (28 v 29 d) and used to quantify GIT integrity. All data were analysed using Genstat V18 for the effects of parity (sow vs gilt) in birth (0 vs 24 h) and weaning (pre- vs post) cohorts. GIT integrity was quantified from freshly excised tissue in Ussing chambers for transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and macromolecule permeability (FD4; labelled 4kD dextran). Permeability was measured in stomach, colon, jejunum and ileum. Over the 24-h neonatal period, TER was significantly reduced in the stomach and colon (P = 0.048 and 0.003 respectively) with GP having lower stomach TER than SP (P = 0.015). TER increased in the jejunum and ileum over the 24-h neonatal period (P = 0.004 and 0.002 respectively). An interactive effect of parity and time on ileum FD4 was observed (P = 0.043) where FD4 in SP ileum decreased over the 24-h neonatal period and FD4 in GP ileum increased over the 24-h period (P = 0.043). Jejunum FD4 was significantly higher in GP than SP over the 24-h neonatal period (P = 0.048). An interactive effect of parity and time was observed in the colon over the weaning period where TER increased in SP but decreased in GP (P = 0.005). Stomach TER decreased over the weaning period in both GP and SP (P = 0.013). Jejunum and ileum TER decreased over the weaning period (P = 0.003 and 0.057 respectively). Ileum FD4 was higher in GP than SP over the weaning period (P = 0.037). These findings reflect a reduction in GIT development in GP compared with SP, and gut leakiness may be an underlying reason for poorer production performance and increased morbidity of GP.
194 Performance and febrile response of nursery pigs to a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus challenge
Authors: Jasper Jessica , Helm Emma T , Todd Blaire , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus is an economically significant pathogen that antagonizes production in all stages of the swine industry. In nursery pigs, it increases the risk of mortality and reduces growth performance parameters. Thus, the objective of this study was to further understand how PRRS virus infection and its associated viremia and serology levels related to febrile response and performance in nursery pigs. Over two replicates, 37 three-week post-weaned PRRS naïve gilts (11.2 ± 2.56 kg BW) were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: Control (CON, n = 16) or PRRS virus-inoculated (PRRS+, n = 21). All pigs were housed individually in a BSL2 facility for the 21 d test period. PRRS serology, BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F were determined at 0, 7, 14 and 21 days post inoculation (dpi). Core body temperatures were collected daily using a biosensor microchip. Data was analyzed using mixed procedure of SAS with dpi as a repeated effect and CON or PRRS+ as a treatment effect. Treatment, dpi and their interactions were assessed. As expected, viremia and antibody titers in PRRS+ pigs were significantly different compared to CON pigs, which remained negative (P < 0.001). The lowest PRRS Ct was observed at dpi 7, while antibody titers were highest between dpi 14 to 21 (P < 0.001). Compared with the CON, PRRS+ reduced BW gains by 17, 33 and 42% at dpi 7, 14 and 21 respectively (P < 0.001). The PRRS challenge also reduced ADFI by 30, 67 and 68% at dpi 7, 14 and 21 respectively, compared to CON (P < 0.001). The febrile response in the PRRS+ pigs peaked between dpi 7 and 14 then returned to CON baseline level by dpi 21 (P < 0.001). Overall, PRRS virus challenge induced a sustained febrile response that contributes to the attenuated performance of nursery pigs.
195 Depriving piglets of maternal feces changes piglet physiology and performance before and after weaning
Authors: Aviles Edgar O , Rakhshandeh Anoosh , McGlone John J 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Coprophagy has been described in piglets, but its effects on piglet physiology, behavior, and performance have not been fully assessed. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate how deprivation of maternal feces influenced these measures before and after weaning. Eight litters were randomly assigned to one of two treatments following a CRD design: Control and treatment (TRT). Piglets in the control group had access to maternal feces while piglets in TRT litters were deprived of maternal feces for the first 7 d of age. Measures of piglet behavior were observed for 24 h on d 7 of age. Blood samples were collected from two piglets from each litter (i.e. male and female) at 0, 7, and 21 d of age for hematological analyses. Litters were weaned at 25 ±2 d of age and post-weaning growth performance was assessed until 100 d post weaning. During the first 3 d post-partum, sow fecal output was low or absent. After 3 d post-partum, sows defecated 220.7 ± 43.86 g/d (DM basis). No treatment effects were observed on measures of behavior, hematocrit or hemoglobin at 0, 7, and 21 d of age (P > 0.05). Relative to the control group, TRT piglets had 25% lower WBC numbers (PP ≤ 0.05). At 100-d post-weaning, control pigs were 8.33 ± 1.9 kg heavier than TRT pigs (P < 0.05). Collectively, these results show that when piglets had access to maternal feces during the first 7 d of age, while not changing nursing or other behaviors, they had better pre- and post-weaning performance than piglets deprived of maternal feces. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanisms (nutritional, microbial, or pheromonal) through which maternal feces changes physiology and improves the growth of piglets.
196 Direct comparison of human microbiota-associated (HMA) gnotobiotic piglet and mouse models
Authors: Aluthge Nirosh D , Tom Wesley A , Bartenslager Alison C , Burkey Thomas E , Heath Kelly D , Kreikemeier-Bower Craig , Kittana Hatem , Ramer-Tait Amanda E , Fernando Samodha C 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the establishment of human fecal bacterial communities in porcine and murine animal models. Many gut microbiota studies use human microbiota-associated (HMA) rodents as translational animal models; however, it has been questioned as to how successfully a human microbiota can be established in rodents considering the many differences that exist between rodents and humans. The domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) has many anatomical, physiological, and immunological similarities to humans and has been widely used as a model for humans in biomedical and nutritional studies. Thus, the porcine model may be an alternative to rodent models in gut microbiota research. The current study was designed to evaluate the establishment of the same human donor microbiota in the rodent and pig models. Both germ-free piglets and mice (C3H/HeN) were transplanted with fecal microbiota from four human donors: Infant (0–5 m), child (1–12 yrs), adult (18–64 yrs), and elderly (65+ yrs). To monitor the establishment of the transplanted microbiota, weekly fecal samples were collected for 5 wks. All fecal samples were subjected to 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing using the Illumina MiSeqTM platform to characterize bacterial community composition. Unweighted unifrac distances were compared between the bacterial communities of the human donor and the corresponding HMA porcine and murine fecal samples. Statistical significance was tested using the Mann-Whitney U test (P = 0.05). This analysis suggested that more taxa are colonized in the mice compared to the piglets receiving the same infant donor microbiota, while for the child, adult, and elderly donors, the piglet model established the human donor microbiota better than the mice receiving the same donor samples. This suggests that in the latter stages of human development, more species of the human fecal inoculum colonizes the pig gut compared to the mouse gut.