bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stable isotopes indicate that zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) increase dependence of lake food webs on littoral energy sources
Authors: McEachran Margaret C. , Trapp Ryan S. , Zimmer Kyle D. , Herwig Brian R. , Hegedus Catherine E. , Herzog Claire E. , Staples David F. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

The influence of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) on phytoplankton abundance is well known, but their community‐level impact on energy flow is less clear. Reduced phytoplankton abundance could increase reliance of fish and aquatic invertebrates on alternative energy sources such as epiphyton and benthic algae.

We assessed impacts of zebra mussels on energy flow by comparing food webs in two Minnesota, USA, lakes during summers of 2013 and 2014. Lake Carlos had a dense population of zebra mussels, while upstream Lake Ida was free of zebra mussels until this study began and maintained low densities during our study.

We used baseline‐corrected (BC) δ13C to test whether fish and littoral invertebrate primary and secondary consumers were more reliant on littoral carbon in Carlos compared to Ida. We also used BC δ15N to determine if trophic position of fish species differed between lakes. Lastly, we compared isotopic niche space by estimating standard ellipse areas for fish species in Carlos and Ida lakes, and tested whether the community‐level range of trophic levels, reliance on littoral carbon and standard ellipse area differed between lakes.

Results showed invertebrate secondary consumers had more enriched BC δ13C in Carlos than in Ida, indicating greater reliance on littoral energy. Mixing models indicated that 10 of 11 fish species were more reliant on littoral carbon in Carlos, with littoral carbon use in the 10 species 1.5‐fold higher in Carlos. Isotopic niche analysis also showed increased littoral reliance in Carlos fish, as the same 10 fish species in Carlos had statistically distinct ellipses that were enriched in δ13C. Mixing models also indicated that seven of 11 fish species analysed had significantly higher trophic positions in Lake Carlos.

In contrast, community‐scale metrics for fish showed no difference between lakes in the range of trophic levels, range of reliance on littoral energy, or size of standardised ellipse area of isotopic niche space. This indicates that, despite most individual fish species increasing their reliance on littoral energy and shifting upwards in trophic position, the overall size of the community isotopic niche area remained similar between lakes.

Our results indicate that zebra mussels have community‐wide impacts on energy flow in lakes, with invertebrate predators and many species of fish increasing their reliance on littoral energy sources, and most species of fish shifting to higher trophic positions. A key question is whether increased water clarity associated with zebra mussels can increase littoral production sufficiently to compensate for higher demand. If not, it is plausible that invertebrate and fish production will decline due to increased intra‐ and inter‐specific competition.
Early Archean origin of Photosystem II
Authors: Cardona Tanai , Sánchez‐Baracaldo Patricia , Rutherford A. William , Larkum Anthony W. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPhotosystem II is a photochemical reaction center that catalyzes the light‐driven oxidation of water to molecular oxygen. Water oxidation is the distinctive photochemical reaction that permitted the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis and the eventual rise of eukaryotes. At what point during the history of life an ancestral photosystem evolved the capacity to oxidize water still remains unknown. Here, we study the evolution of the core reaction center proteins of Photosystem II using sequence and structural comparisons in combination with Bayesian relaxed molecular clocks. Our results indicate that a homodimeric photosystem with sufficient oxidizing power to split water had already appeared in the early Archean about a billion years before the most recent common ancestor of all described Cyanobacteria capable of oxygenic photosynthesis, and well before the diversification of some of the known groups of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. Based on a structural and functional rationale, we hypothesize that this early Archean photosystem was capable of water oxidation to oxygen and had already evolved protection mechanisms against the formation of reactive oxygen species. This would place primordial forms of oxygenic photosynthesis at a very early stage in the evolutionary history of life.
Treatment regimens and outcomes in severe and moderate haemophilia A in the UK: The THUNDER study
Authors: Scott Martin J. , Xiang Hua , Hart Daniel P. , Palmer Benedict , Collins Peter W. , Stephensen David , Sima Camelia S. , Hay Charles R. M. 
Published: November 2018

IntroductionThe THUNDER study provides an analysis of treatment patterns and outcomes in UK patients with severe or moderate haemophilia A (SHA/MHA) in 2015.MethodsPatients with SHA or MHA registered with the UK National Haemophilia Database (NHD) were segregated by severity, inhibitor status and age. Haemophilia joint health score (HJHS) was derived from NHD records and treatment regimen and annualized bleed/joint‐bleed rate (ABR/AJBR) from Haemtrack (HT) in HT‐compliant patients.ResultsWe report 1810 patients with SHA and 864 with MHA. Prophylaxis was used in 94.9% (n = 130/137) of HT‐compliant children <12 years with SHA, falling to 74.1% (n = 123/166) aged ≥40 years. Median ABR increased with age (1.0, IQR 0.0‐5.0, <12 years; 3.0 IQR, 1.0‐8.0, ≥40 years). Inhibitors were present in 159 (8.8%) SHA and 34 (3.9%) MHA. Median ABR increased from 2.0 (<12 years) to 21.0 (≥40 years) in SHA inhibitor patients using prophylaxis. Prophylaxis was used by 68.8% of HT‐compliant MHA patients (n = 106) (median FVIII baseline 0.01 IU/mL) associated with a median (IQR) ABR of 3.0 (1.0‐7.0).Median HJHS (n = 453) increased with age in SHA and MHA. Median (IQR) HJHS was higher in SHA inhibitor (17.0, 0.0‐64.5) than non‐ or past inhibitor patients (7.0, 0.0‐23.0).ConclusionsIncreasing ABR with age persists despite current prophylaxis regimens. SHA and MHA had similar ABR/AJBR and HJHS, leading to a suspicion that a subgroup of MHA may be relatively undertreated. More intensive prophylaxis may improve outcomes, but this requires further study.
How oncology teams can be patient‐centred? opportunities for theoretical improvement through an empirical examination
Authors: Bilodeau Karine , Tremblay Dominique 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundIn the context of interprofessional practice, a patient‐centred approach is recommended, which generally means power‐sharing, shared decision making and involving patients as part of the health‐care team. These aspects, which are essential to “patient‐centred” practice, do not appear to be sufficient to illustrate the full richness of this practice.ObjectiveThis article aimed to understand how interprofessional patient‐centred (IPPC) practice in oncology teams contributes to creating a more positive experience for patients. Objectives were to (a) describe the IPPC practice of oncology teams using the IPPC Practice Framework; (b) determine the usefulness of this framework; and (c) offer alternative proposals for expanding our understanding of IPPC practice.DesignA secondary analysis was performed with data from a multicase study designed to explore the effects of interdisciplinary work among oncology teams. Data were provided from six focus groups with professionals (n = 22) and patients diagnosed with cancer (n = 16). An iterative content analysis was performed.ResultsApplying the theoretical framework to data analysis enabled us to distinguish between the IPPC practice of the different teams and structure the data collected in order to show the processes and place them in context. However, it proved to be difficult to describe the central component of the theoretical framework, patient‐centred processes. This situation raises new hypotheses for representing practice in a real‐life context. An alternative perspective for illustrating IPPC practice is therefore proposed.ConclusionThis study emphasizes the importance of exploring the utility of theoretical frameworks and refining them in order to broaden our understanding of IPPC practice.
The “problem space” of the historiography of the 1979Iranian Revolution
Authors: Sohrabi Naghmeh 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis paper is an examination of the historiography of the 1979 revolution in Iran with the goal of highlighting aspects of the history that are marginalized or remain unwritten. It identifies two dominant strands in the historiography: scholarship produced inside Iran and scholarship produced outside of it, particularly in the United States. Borrowing from David Scott, it argues that the same anti‐colonial “problem space” has shaped both strands, leading to a preference for a positivist historical arc in the historiography over one that highlights historical contingencies. As a result, the messy intermingling of Islamist, socialist, secularist, and Third Worldist ideas in the post‐colonial world that gave birth to the revolution itself is ignored, and events that actually do occur at their intersection are disavowed. The article ends by noting that a focus on the revolution's multi‐layered, contingency‐laden, and transnational roots can re‐position it both as one of the last great successful revolutions of the post‐colonial world and as one of the first to answer the questions and anxieties of its global south ethos in an Islamic form.
Plagues, climate change, and the end of an empire: A response to Kyle Harper's The Fate of Rome (3): Disease, agency, and collapse
Authors: Haldon John , Elton Hugh , Huebner Sabine R. , Izdebski Adam , Mordechai Lee , Newfield Timothy P. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis is the last of a three‐part review of Kyle Harper's The Fate of Rome. Here, we scrutinize Harper's treatment of the Justinianic Plague, demonstrating how he crafts a convincing narrative based on rhetorical flourishes but little evidence. We call further attention to several internal contradictions within the chapter and misinterpretations of evidence. We conclude this series of articles with a reflection on Harper's deterministic approach to environmental history. While the environment appears everywhere, agency (people: society and culture) is mostly absent. We finish by emphasizing the need to develop more nuanced causal explanations for complex historical processes and suggest that future attempts to bring together such wide‐ranging material be done within interdisciplinary research teams.
Plagues, climate change, and the end of an empire: A response to Kyle Harper's The Fate of Rome (1): Climate
Authors: Haldon John , Elton Hugh , Huebner Sabine R. , Izdebski Adam , Mordechai Lee , Newfield Timothy P. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractKyle Harper's The Fate of Rome, written for a popular audience, uses the environment to explain the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. The book asserts that Rome fell as a result of environmental stress, in particular through a combination of pandemic disease and climate change. Although we agree that the environment can and should be integrated within traditional historical accounts, we challenge the book's claims on several issues. These include Harper's use of primary sources and secondary literature, his approach to analyzing palaeoclimate data, his interpretations of the impact of disease on the Roman state and society, and his synthesis of social, economic, and environmental history. Throughout this and the following two sections of this review, we demonstrate that several major flaws undermine the book's overarching argument, casting serious doubts on its conclusions.
Japan's earliest ostracods
Authors: Siveter David J. , Tanaka Gengo , Williams Mark , Männik Peep 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMesozoic, Cenozoic and especially Holocene ostracod faunas have been documented from Japan. Not surprisingly, considering the plate tectonic factors at play, very few ostracod faunas are known from its early Paleozoic successions. Our pilot studies have recovered new ostracod assemblages from early Paleozoic terranes of Japan. Acid preparation of carbonates has yielded low diversity, poorly preserved yet significant palaeocopid and podocopid ostracod faunas from Wenlock/Ludlow Series Silurian rocks at Gionyama in the Kurosegawa Terrane, Miyazaki Prefecture, Kyushu, and Hitoegane in the Hida‐Gaien Terrane, Gifu Prefecture, Honshu. The ostracod faunas include new eurychilinoid (Pauproles supparata gen. et sp. nov.), hollinoid (Hollinella orienta sp. nov.) and beyrichioid (Clintiella antifrigga sp. nov.) palaeocopid taxa. Conodonts recovered from the same sample as the ostracods from Gionyama confirm a mid‐Silurian age for the part of the Gionyama Formation in question. The ostracod faunas recovered from Gionyama and Hitoegane are the first confirmed, well‐documented record of the group from the Silurian of Japan and are therefore the earliest known ostracods from that country (a previous record of purported Ordovician ostracods from Japan is incorrect). The ostracod taxa display links with the paleocontinents of particularly Laurentia and Baltica and demonstrate a pan‐tropical signature; it appears that climate control was stronger than geographical control in shaping this pattern of ostracod distribution. The material recovered includes adult dimorphic (assumed sexual) pairs of three palaeocopid species, which represent Japan's oldest (423–433 million years) known ‘couples’.
Insect communities in big sagebrush habitat are altered by wildfire and post‐fire restoration seeding
Authors: Rohde Ashley T. , Pilliod David S. , Novak Stephen J. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Natural resource managers sow grass, forb, and shrub seeds across millions of hectares of public lands in the western United States to restore sagebrush‐steppe ecosystems burned by wildfire. The effects of post‐fire vegetation treatments on insect communities in these ecosystems have not been investigated.

We conducted the first investigation of insect community responses to post‐fire seeding on public rangelands by comparing the composition of insect communities at burned‐and‐seeded (treatment) and burned‐and‐unseeded (control) sagebrush‐steppe ecological sites in southwestern Idaho. Insect communities in burned areas were compared to unburned (reference) areas.

Insect communities in burned plots did not resemble those in reference plots. Treatment plots had greater inter‐annual variability in insect community composition than control or reference plots, suggesting that communities may be less stable in seeded areas. The vegetation composition of the landscape surrounding plots influenced mobile species.

Wildfire and post‐fire seeding may have lasting effects on insect communities in sagebrush‐steppe ecosystems. Wildfires decrease shrub cover. Post‐fire seeding increases perennial bunchgrasses and, where successful, reduces non‐native annual grasses. These habitat changes influence insect community composition. Future studies are needed to expand the inference of this study.
Authentic Leadership: Getting Back to the Roots of the ‘Root Construct’?
Authors: Iszatt‐White Marian , Kempster Steve 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn their 2011 review paper, Gardner et al. (Authentic Leadership: a review of the literature and research agenda. Leadership Quarterly, 22, pp. 1120–1145) concluded that the authentic leadership (AL) construct was still in the first stage of evolution, that of concept introduction and evaluation. At that time, the field was characterized by two types of contribution: conceptual expositions and largely quantitative research seeking to map out its antecedents and consequences, moderators and mediators. The current review aims to: (1) critically evaluate the development of the AL construct to the present time; and (2) taking this evaluation as a point of departure, propose the need for a radical re‐grounding of understanding of AL aimed at countering what the authors believe to be the substantive flaws in both its philosophical underpinnings and empirical grounding. The authors propose that these shortcomings have arisen owing to the failure of existential and other critiques of the dominant (normative and functionalist) discourse of AL to gain traction, and owing to an absence of practice‐based, qualitative research. As a strategic platform for the potential re‐grounding and relaunch of AL, the authors propose a radical return to the existential and practice roots of authenticity as the basis for a broader understanding of ‘authentic leadership’ as a ‘central organizing principle’ in leadership studies. Despite the flaws identified in the AL construct, the authors suggest that the notion of authenticity may still have a valuable role to play in the study of leadership: that role, however, can only be determined through a thorough understanding of AL as a practice‐based phenomenon.
Impact of increased access to novel agents on the survival of multiple myeloma patients treated at a single New Zealand centre
Authors: Hock Barry D. , Mulholland Katie S. , Ganly Peter , McKenzie Judith L. , Pearson John F. , MacPherson Sean A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe impact of changes in novel agent (NA) usage on the survival of multiple myeloma (MM) patients in real‐world hospital settings is unclear. In New Zealand (NZ) in 2011, frontline bortezomib became available and thalidomide availability was expanded.AimThis retrospective study analyses the impact these change had on the survival of MM patients treated at a NZ hospital.MethodsClinical and overall survival (OS) data were collected on MM patients who were treated at Christchurch Hospital during 2000–2009 (pre‐cohort, n = 337) and 2011–2017 (post‐cohort, n = 343). Outcomes were compared using pre‐cohort data truncated at 2011.ResultsPatients in the post‐cohort had significant increases (P < 0.001) in not only NA usage (85 vs 55%) and OS (median = 56 vs 44 months) but also the proportion (74 vs 49%) of young patients (age < 70) who received an autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). Separate analysis of older patients demonstrated that those in the post‐cohort had significantly longer OS (median OS 28 vs 17, P < 0.001) although 5‐year relative survival remained less than 50%. Separate analysis of young patients demonstrated that those in the post‐cohort had significantly increased initial OS with the survival curves converging at 5 years. Although ASCT‐treated patients had similar OS in each cohort, their progression‐free survival (PFS) was significantly increased in the post‐cohort (median 40 vs 20 months, P < 0.0001).ConclusionIn the setting of a NZ hospital the increased availability of NA was associated with a significant improvement in both the OS of older patients and the PFS of ASCT patients.
Brexit: EU social policy and the UK employment model
Authors: Teague Paul , Donaghey Jimmy 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBig claims that are often unsubstantiated are made about the likely impact of Brexit on the UK labour market. This article seeks to go beyond the rhetoric and present a careful assessment of the employment relations consequences of Brexit for the UK. It addresses four key questions in particular: will Brexit end UK engagement in the EU's free movement of labour regime and if so, what will be the labour market consequences for the UK?; to what extent will Brexit weaken employment rights in the UK?; what impact will Brexit have on the behaviour of trade unions and on the functioning of collective bargaining in the UK?; and finally, what will be the effect of Brexit on the interactions between London and Brussels on wider employment policy questions. The article argues that Brexit poses acute policy dilemmas for the UK Government that are likely to generate considerable political and economic uncertainty. The fallout from this uncertainty is hard to predict in advance. It could either open the door to a Corbyn‐led Labour Government or alternatively to an even more thorough‐going deregulation of the UK labour market.
Exploring professional decision making in relation to safeguarding: A grounded theory study of social workers and community nurses in community learning (intellectual) disability teams in wales
Authors: Hodges Zoe , Northway Ruth 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundPeople with intellectual disabilities are at increased risk of abuse which may not always be responded to appropriately. This study therefore sought to explore how nurses and social workers make decisions when safeguarding adults with intellectual disabilities.MethodA situational analysis grounded theory study. Semi‐structured interviews were undertaken with social workers (n = 16) and community nurses (n = 9) working in Community Learning (Intellectual) Disability Teams in Wales. Data were transcribed and analysed thematically and cartographically in keeping with situational analysis.ResultsFour key themes emerged: The official line; Expectation and perception; Non‐vulnerable adult process options; Confidence and competence. Sites of silence were also identified: not making a decision, not asking further questions, preserving family relationships and the individual with intellectual disabilities.ConclusionDecision making in relation to safeguarding adults with intellectual disabilities is a complex process, influenced by many factors and in which discretion is exercised by professionals.
Bilateral sympathetic stellate ganglionectomy attenuates myocardial remodelling and fibrosis in a rat model of chronic volume overload
Authors: Zhang Mingjing , Zhu Pengfei , Wang Yuting , Wu Jie , Yu Yijun , Wu Xinying , Liu Xiaoyan , Gu Ye 
Published: November 2018

AbstractReducing sympathetic neurohormone expression is a key therapeutic option in attenuating cardiac remodelling. Present study tested the feasibility of attenuating cardiac remodelling through reducing sympathetic neurohormone level by partial cardiac sympathetic denervation in a rat model of chronic volume overload. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomized into sham group (S, n = 7), aortocaval fistula group (AV, n = 7), and aortocaval fistula with bilateral sympathetic stellate ganglionectomy group (AD, n = 8). After 12 weeks, myocardial protein expression of sympathetic neurohormones, including tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y, growth associated protein 43, and protein gene product 9.5, were significantly up‐regulated in AV group compared to S group, and down‐regulated in AD group. Cardiac remodelling was aggravated in AV group compared to S group and attenuated in AD group. The myocardial deposition of extracellular matrix, including collagen I and III, was enhanced in AV group, which was reduced in AD group. Myocardial angiotensin II and aldosterone expressions were significantly up‐regulated in AV group and down‐regulated in AD group. Our results show that bilateral sympathetic stellate ganglionectomy could attenuate cardiac remodelling and fibrosis by down‐regulating sympathetic neurohormones expression in this rat model of chronic volume overload.