bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of autoimmune type 1 diabetes and multiple organ‐specific autoantibodies in adult‐onset non‐insulin‐requiring diabetes in China: A population‐based multicentre nationwide survey
Authors: Xiang Yufei , Huang Gan , Zhu Yaxi , Zuo Xuan , Liu Xinyuan , Feng Qiong , Li Xia , Yang Tubao , Lu Juming , Shan Zhongyan , Liu Jie , Tian Haoming , Ji Qiuhe , Zhu Dalong , Ge Jiapu , Lin Lixiang , Chen Li , Guo Xiaohui , Zhao Zhigang , Li Qiang , Weng Jianping , Jia Weiping , Liu Zhenqi , Ji Linong , Yang Wenying , Leslie Richard D. , Zhou Zhiguang ,   On Behalf of the China National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Study Group
Published: November 2018

AimsTo investigate the prevalence of adult‐onset autoimmune diabetes (ADM) and predisposition to autoimmune diseases by quantifying serum organ‐specific autoantibodies in people with phenotype of type 2 diabetes (T2D).Materials and methodsWe included a nationally representative sample of 46 239 adults aged ≥20 years from 14 provinces, of whom 4671 had diabetes, plus 1000 control subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Participants were screened centrally for autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), islet antigen 2 (IA2) and zinc transporter isoform‐8 (Znt8) and were defined as having ADM where positive for these antibodies. We then assayed thyroid peroxidase (TPO), tissue transglutaminase (tTG) and 21‐hydroxylase (21‐OH) autoantibodies in randomly selected participants with ADM and in age‐matched, sex‐matched and non‐ADM controls with T2D plus controls with NGT.ResultsPost‐normalization, the standardized prevalence rate of ADM was 6.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.3‐6.8) in initially non‐insulin‐requiring participants with ADM, corresponding to six million adults in China, in whom adjusted antibody positivity was: TPO autoantibodies 16.3% (95% CI 10.8‐21.8), tTG autoantibodies 2.1% (95% CI 0.0‐4.2), and 21‐OH autoantibodies 1.8% (95% CI ‐0.2 to 3.8). Those participants with ADM who were GAD autoantibody‐positive had high risk of TPO autoantibody positivity (odds ratio [OR] 2.39, P = 0.0031) and tTG autoantibody positivity (OR 6.98, P = 0.027), while those positive for IA2 autoantibodies had a high risk of tTG autoantibody positivity (OR 19.05, P = 0.001).ConclusionsA proportion of people with phenotype of T2D in China have ADM, with diabetes‐associated autoantibodies, and may be at risk of developing other organ‐specific autoimmune diseases; therefore, it may be clinically relevant to consider screening such Chinese populations.
Financial gain‐ and loss‐related BOLD signals in the human ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta
Authors: Limbrick‐Oldfield Eve H. , Leech Robert , Wise Richard J. S. , Ungless Mark A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractNeurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) play central roles in reward‐related behaviours. Nonhuman animal studies suggest that these neurons also process aversive events. However, our understanding of how the human VTA and SNC responds to such events is limited and has been hindered by the technical challenge of using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate a small structure where the signal is particularly vulnerable to physiological noise. Here we show, using methods optimized specifically for the midbrain (including high‐resolution imaging, a novel registration protocol, and physiological noise modelling), a BOLD (blood‐oxygen‐level dependent) signal to both financial gain and loss in the VTA and SNC, along with a response to nil outcomes that are better or worse than expected in the VTA. Taken together, these findings suggest that the human VTA and SNC are involved in the processing of both appetitive and aversive financial outcomes in humans.
Stroke‐like events after brain radiotherapy: a large series with long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Di Stefano A. L. , Berzero G. , Ducray F. , Eoli M. , Pichiecchio A. , Farina L. M. , Cuccarini V. , Brunelli M. C. , Diamanti L. , Condette Auliac S. , Salmaggi A. , Silvani A. , Giometto B. , Pace A. , Vidiri A. , Bourdain F. , Bastianello S. , Ceroni M. , Marchioni E. 
Published: November 2018

Background and purposePatients with a history of brain radiotherapy can experience acute stroke‐like syndromes related to the delayed effects of brain radiation, including stroke‐like migraine attacks after radiation therapy syndrome, peri‐ictal pseudoprogression and acute late‐onset encephalopathy after radiation therapy syndrome. The aim of this study was to collect evidence on the long‐term outcome and treatment of these conditions, whose knowledge is undermined by their rarity and fragmented description.MethodsCases were collected, both prospectively and retrospectively, amongst six neuro‐oncology departments. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (i) history of brain radiotherapy (completed at least 6 months before the acute episode); (ii) new onset of acute/subacute neurological symptoms; (iii) exclusion of all etiologies unrelated to brain irradiation. A review of current literature on stroke‐like syndromes was performed to corroborate our findings.ResultsThirty‐two patients with acute neurological conditions attributed to the delayed effects of radiation were identified, including 26 patients with stroke‐like syndromes. Patients with stroke‐like syndromes commonly presented with a mosaic of symptoms, including focal deficits (77%), encephalopathy (50%), seizures (35%) and headache (35%). Seventy‐three percent of them had acute consistent magnetic resonance imaging alterations. Treatment included high‐dose steroids in 65% of cases. Twenty‐two patients recovered completely (85%). Sixteen patients (62%) experienced relapses (median follow‐up 3.5 years). A literature review identified 87 additional stroke‐like cases with similar characteristics.ConclusionsStroke‐like events related to brain irradiation may be associated with permanent sequelae. Steroids are often administered on empirical grounds, as they are thought to accelerate recovery. Relapses are common, highlighting the need to elaborate adequate prevention strategies.
Can larvae of a marine fish adapt to ocean acidification? Evaluating the evolutionary potential of California Grunion (Leuresthes tenuis)
Authors: Tasoff Alexander J. , Johnson Darren W. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractOcean acidification can reduce the growth and survival of marine species during their larval stages. However, if populations have the genetic capacity to adapt and increase their tolerance of low pH and high pCO2 levels, this may offset the harmful effects of ocean acidification. By combining controlled breeding experiments with laboratory manipulations of seawater chemistry, we evaluated genetic variation in tolerance of ocean acidification conditions for a nearshore marine fish, the California Grunion (Leuresthes tenuis). Our results indicated that acidification conditions increased overall mortality rates of grunion larvae, but did not have a significant effect on growth. Groups of larvae varied widely with respect to mortality and growth rates in both ambient and acidified conditions. We demonstrate that the potential to evolve in response to ocean acidification is best described by considering additive genetic variation in fitness‐related traits under both ambient and acidified conditions and by evaluating the genetic correlation between traits expressed in these environments. We used a multivariate animal model to estimate additive genetic (co)variance in larval growth and mortality rates under both ambient and acidified conditions (low pH/high pCO2). Our results suggest appreciable genetic variation in larval mortality rates (h2Ambient = 0.120; h2Acidified = 0.183; rG = 0.460), but less genetic variation in growth (h2Ambient = 0.092; h2Acidified = 0.101; rG = 0.135). Maternal effects on larval mortality rates accounted for 26%–36% of the variation in phenotypes, but maternal effects accounted for only 8% of the variation in growth. Collectively, our estimates of genetic variation and covariation suggest that populations of California Grunion have the capacity to adapt relatively quickly to long‐term changes in ocean chemistry.
A nanoparticle‐coupled T2 peptide induces immune tolerance and ameliorates chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) in mice model
Authors: Cao Yanfang , Cheng Yijie , Ihsan Awais Ullah , Khan Farhan Ullah , Xie Dianyou , Cui Xingxing , Wang Wenlu , Zhou Xiaohui 
Published: November 2018

AbstractChronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a complex disease of unclear etiology. Precise treatment of CP/CPPS is not available due to lack of specific cause; however, autoimmunity is the most valid theory. We develop a new treatment strategy that involves synthesis and coupling of biodegradable nanoparticles to antigenic T2 peptide to induce immune tolerance in CP/CPPS mice models. A total of 50 male C57BL/6 mice were randomized into five groups, that is, naïve, Model, PLGA‐PEMA, PLGA‐PEMA‐OVA323‐339, and PLGA‐PEMA‐T2 group. All groups except naïve were injected subcutaneously on day 0 with 0.2 mL of T2 peptide with CFA to generate valid CP/CPPS models. After successful induction of CP/CPPS, Model group, PLGA‐PEMA, PLGA‐PEMA‐OVA, and PLGA‐PEMA‐T2 groups were treated with 0.15 mL of normal saline, 0.2 mg of PLGA‐PEMA and PLG‐PEMA‐T2 and 0.3 mg PLGA‐PEMA‐OVA nanoparticles, respectively, on day 28. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, and ELISA were used to evaluate the variation in CP/CPPS manifestations and seral level of IL‐10 in each group. Pain threshold and voiding behavior were also recorded for every group. Mice treated with PLGA‐PEMA‐T2 exhibited enhanced pain threshold, reduced urine frequency, and prostate pathology. Furthermore, serum level of inflammatory mediators (TNF‐α and CRP) were reduced and anti‐inflammatory IL‐10 was enhanced in PLGA‐PEMA‐T2 group as compared to other groups. Our results demonstrate that PLGA‐PEMA‐T2 nanoparticle ameliorates disease manifestations in CP/CPPS mice models and upregulates IL‐10 which is essential for tolerance induction. This strategy highlights the new therapeutic approach utilizing biodegradable nanoparticles for the treatment of CP/CPPS.
Misdecoding of rare CGA codon by translation termination factors, eRF1/eRF3, suggests novel class of ribosome rescue pathway in S. cerevisiae
Authors: Wada Miki , Ito Koichi 
Published: November 2018

The CGA arginine codon is a rare codon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Thus, full‐length mature protein synthesis from reporter genes with internal CGA codon repeats are markedly reduced, and the reporters, instead, produce short‐sized polypeptides via an unknown mechanism. Considering the product size and similar properties between CGA sense and UGA stop codons, we hypothesized that eukaryote polypeptide‐chain release factor complex eRF1/eRF3 catalyses polypeptide release at CGA repeats. Herein, we performed a series of analyses and report that the CGA codon can be, to a certain extent, decoded as a stop codon in yeast. This also raises an intriguing possibility that translation termination factors eRF1/eRF3 rescue ribosomes stalled at CGA codons, releasing premature polypeptides, and competing with canonical tRNAICG to the CGA codon. Our results suggest an alternative ribosomal rescue pathway in eukaryotes. The present results suggest that misdecoding of low efficient codons may play a novel role in global translation regulation in S. cerevisiae.
Efficiency of acoustic radiation force impulse imaging for the staging of graft fibrosis after liver transplantation
Authors: Yoshino Kenji , Taura Kojiro , Okuda Yukihiro , Ikeno Yoshinobu , Uemoto Yusuke , Nishio Takahiro , Yamamoto Gen , Tanabe Kazutaka , Koyama Yukinori , Seo Satoru , Kaido Toshimi , Okajima Hideaki , Imai Takumi , Tanaka Shiro , Uemoto Shinji 
Published: November 2018

AimLiver biopsy is the gold standard for assessing liver fibrosis (LF) after liver transplantation (LT), but its invasiveness limits its utility. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of liver stiffness measurement (LSM) using acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging to assess LF after LT.MethodsBetween September 2013 and January 2017, 278 patients who underwent liver biopsy after LT in Kyoto University Hospital (Kyoto, Japan) were prospectively enrolled. Liver stiffness measurement was carried out using ARFI imaging; its value was expressed as shear wave velocity (Vs) [m/s]. The LF was evaluated according to METAVIR score (F0–F4). The diagnostic performance of Vs for F2≤ and F3≤ was assessed and compared with that of laboratory tests using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.ResultsThe median Vs values increased according to the progression of LF (F0, 1.18 (0.78–1.92); F1, 1.35 (0.72–3.54); F2, 1.55 (1.05–3.37); F3, 1.84 (1.41–2.97)). The Vs had the highest area under the ROC curve (AUROC) for the prediction of both F2 ≤ and F3 ≤ fibrosis (F2, 0.77; and F3, 0.85). With the cut‐off value of Vs >1.31, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 89.4%, 53.3%, 37.3%, and 94.2% in predicting F2≤, respectively. Shear wave velocity diagnosed LF better than any laboratory tests regardless of the type of primary disease.ConclusionsAcoustic radiation force impulse helps to assess graft LF after LT. The high sensitivity suggested that ARFI might reduce the frequency of liver biopsies by detecting patients who are unlikely to have significant fibrosis after LT. (Unique trial no. UMIN R000028296.)
Effect of light, pH, metal ions and antioxidants on the colour stability of norbixin in aqueous solution
Authors: Møller Anders Hauer , Jahangiri Amita , Madsen Bjoern , Joernsgaard Bjarne , Vaerbak Signe , Hammershøj Marianne , Dalsgaard Trine Kastrup 
Published: November 2018

SummaryNorbixin, a carotenoid extracted from the seeds of the annatto (Bixa orellana) plant, can be used in aqueous food applications, where other carotenoids are too hydrophobic to solubilise in a water environment. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of pH, antioxidants and transition metal ions with and without hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the stability of norbixin in aqueous solutions as well as determining the interaction between these factors and light. The stability of norbixin in buffered aqueous solution stored in light or in the dark was evaluated using absorbance spectrophotometry. Light, reduced pH and metal ions both with and without H2O2 increased the bleaching of norbixin, whereas chelators and the natural antioxidants, ascorbic acid and tocopherol, reduced the bleaching of norbixin. Light significantly increased the loss of norbixin alone and in combination with the other factors.
LmCDA1 organizes the cuticle by chitin deacetylation in Locusta migratoria
Authors: Yu R.‐R. , Liu W.‐M. , Zhao X.‐M. , Zhang M. , Li D.‐Q. , Zuber R.‐ , Ma E.‐B. , Zhu K.Y. , Moussian B. , Zhang J.‐Z. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCells produce an extracellular matrix (ECM) with a stereotypic organization that is important for tissue function. The insect cuticle is a layered ECM that mainly consists of the polysaccharide chitin and associated proteins adopting a quasi‐crystalline structure. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms deployed during construction of the highly ordered protein–chitin ECM so far is limited. In this study, we report on the role of the chitin deacetylase 1 (LmCDA1) in the organization of the protein–chitin ECM in the migratory locust Locusta migratoria, and LmCDA1 localizes predominantly to the apical tier of the protein–chitin ECM, but it is also found in lower regions. Reduction of LmCDA1 function correlates with lower amounts of chitin and impedes conversion of chitin to chitosan by deacetylation. Establishment of the quasi‐crystalline architecture of the protein–chitin ECM is, however, independent of LmCDA1 activity, but it is dependent on another chitin deacetylase, LmCDA2, which has no detectable effects on chitin deacetylation and, as shown previously, no influence on chitin content. Our data reveal that LmCDA1 and LmCDA2 act in parallel and independently from each other in defining the dimensions of the cuticle. Both enzymes are non‐uniformly distributed within the protein–chitin matrix, suggesting a site‐autonomous function.
B‐cell‐specific‐peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ deficiency augments contact hypersensitivity with impaired regulatory B cells
Authors: Su Jianbing , Wang Keng , Zhou Xuan , Wang Yiyuan , Xu Jialan , Tao Lei , Zeng Xiangzhou , Chen Nana , Bai Xiaochun , Li Xiaojuan 
Published: November 2018

SummaryNuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPAR‐γ) activation can prevent immunoinflammatory disorders and diabetes. B cells play protective roles during inflammation as well. However, the roles of endogenous PPAR‐γ in the regulatory properties of B cells to relieve inflammation remain unknown. Here, we developed B‐cell‐specific PPAR‐γ knockout (B‐PPAR‐γ−/−) mice and found that the conditional deletion of PPAR‐γ in B cells resulted in exaggerated contact hypersensitivity (CHS). Meanwhile, interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) of CD4+ CD8+ T cells was up‐regulated in B‐PPAR‐γ−/− mice in CHS. This showed that the regulatory function of B cells in B‐PPAR‐γ−/− mice declined in vivo. Whereas splenic CD5+ CD1dhi regulatory B‐cell numbers and peripheral regulatory T‐cell numbers were not changed in naive B‐PPAR‐γ−/− mice. Loss of PPAR‐γ in B cells also did not affect either CD86 or FasL expression in splenic CD5+ CD1dhi regulatory B cells after activation. Notably, interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) production in CD5+ CD1dhi regulatory B cells reduced in B‐PPAR‐γ‐deficient mice. In addition, functional IL‐10‐producing CD5+ CD1dhi regulatory B cells decreased in B‐PPAR‐γ−/− mice in the CHS model. These findings were in accordance with augmented CHS. The current work indicated the involvement of endogenous PPAR‐γ in the regulatory function of B cells by disturbing the expansion of IL‐10‐positive regulatory B cells.
Influence of Ba2+ consumption and intermediate dwelling during processing of YBa2Cu3O7 nanocomposite films
Authors: Rijckaert Hannes , Hänisch Jens , Pollefeyt Glenn , Bäcker Michael , Van Driessche Isabel 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAchieving high‐critical current densities (Jc) with small artificial pinning centers is a crucial challenge for YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) nanocomposite thin films fabricated using chemical solution deposition methods. In this work, the YBCO texture, structure purity, and its Jc properties were improved by understanding the influence of preformed ZrO2 nanocrystals (Ba2+ consumption) during the nucleation and growth mechanism. This comprehensive study leads to an additional intermediate dwelling step during thermal process to increase the YBCO nuclei density before the YBCO growth, resulting to a self‐field Jc of 5‐6 MA/cm2 at 77 K for undoped and ZrO2‐doped YBCO films. Counter‐intuitively, the space and size distribution of the ZrO2 nanocrystals in the YBCO matrix are independent of this intermediate dwelling step.
Global meta‐analysis reveals different patterns of root tip adjustments by angiosperm and gymnosperm trees in response to environmental gradients
Authors: Wang Cunguo , McCormack M. Luke , Guo Dali , Li Jiandong 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAimRising air temperature and changing precipitation patterns already strongly influence forest ecosystems, yet large‐scale patterns of belowground root trait variation and their underlying drivers are poorly understood. Here, we investigated general patterns of root tip adjustments within fine‐root systems and the potential ecological implications of these patterns.LocationGlobal.MethodsWe synthesize key fine‐root traits related to resource acquisition and determined their responses along climate and edaphic gradients. We specifically identified patterns of root tip abundance (number of root tips per dry biomass of fine roots ≤2 mm in diameter), and root tip density (number of root tips per soil volume) among angiosperm and gymnosperm trees to climate, edaphic gradients and stand properties.ResultsWe found that angiosperm trees, which were more common in warmer, sometimes drier climates with more fertile soil, formed more root tips (higher root tip abundance, root tip density and higher slope of root tip density vs. fine‐root biomass) than gymnosperm trees, which lived in cooler, wetter climates with poor soil. Angiosperm and gymnosperm trees exhibited opposing trends in response to gradients in climate as gymnosperm trees tended to decrease root tip abundance and root tip density but alternatively increase mycorrhizal mycelial biomass with increasing MAT/MAP (ratio of mean annual temperature to mean annual precipitation), while angiosperm trees tended to increase root tip abundance and root tip density with increasing MAT/MAP. However, the individual trends of root tip abundance and root tip density for angiosperm and gymnosperm trees to MAT or MAP were more similar and often non‐significant.Main conclusionsThese results suggest disparate carbon or biomass adjustment strategies within gymnosperm and angiosperm tree fine‐root systems along climate gradients. Differences in angiosperm and gymnosperm tree adjustments in their fine‐root systems to changing environments have implications for how these plant groups are likely to perform in different environments and how their responses to future climate change should be modelled.
Multimorbidity and Mental Health‐Related Quality of Life and Risk of Completed Suicide
Authors: Wei Melissa Y. , Mukamal Kenneth J. 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundPhysical functioning indexed multimorbidity is strongly associated with long‐term mortality, but its role in poor mental health has not been quantified.MethodsA total of 252 002 community‐dwelling adults in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), NHS II, and Health Professionals Follow‐up Study (HPFS) prospective cohorts reported physician‐diagnosed diseases and the Short Form‐36 over 8 years and had 24‐year follow‐up for suicide mortality. We quantified multimorbidity using a multimorbidity‐weighted index (MWI). We used multivariable‐adjusted proportional hazards models with competing risks for suicide mortality and mixed‐effects models to estimate mental health‐related quality of life (HRQOL).ResultsMultimorbidity was associated with an increased risk of suicide mortality in an approximately linear manner, with roughly two‐ to threefold higher risk in adults with the highest vs lowest quartile MWI in adjusted models: NHS hazard ratio (HR) = 3.01 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.48‐6.11); NHS II HR = 3.04 (95% CI = 1.82‐5.09); HPFS HR = 1.74 (95% CI = 1.08‐2.81). Greater MWI was associated with worse mental HRQOL 8 years later across all scales and the mental component summary (MCS) in a dose‐response manner. This association was attenuated but persisted after adjustment for baseline mental HRQOL and other covariates. Adults with the highest quartile MWI had lower MCS in adjusted models compared with those with the lowest quartile MWI: NHS ß = −0.61 (95% CI = −0.78 to −0.44); NHS II ß = −1.25 (95% CI = −1.44 to −1.06).ConclusionMultimorbidity is associated with substantially higher suicide mortality risk and worse mental HRQOL across all available scales, even when indexed to physical functioning. These results highlight the substantial mental health burden imposed by multimorbidity at all ages and sexes. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:511–519, 2019.