bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design of Dug Wells in Hard Rock Areas, Case Study in Karnataka State
Authors: Sharma S. K. , Seetharam A. N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The average transmissivity value arrived at from analyses of pump test data for granitic rocks is 27.32 m2/d and basalts is 49.68 m2/d. The designed specific capacity in order to get an annual draft of 12000 m3 is 561pm/metre drawdown. An optimum diameter of wells in granitic and basaltic rocks for an annual draft of 12000m3 are 8.6 and 6.0m respectively with 2 m of saturated material. These are true only for wells located in groundwater worthy areas of significant transmissivity values.
Shilakong Ophiolite Nappe of Zanskar Mountains, Ladakh Himalaya
Authors: Srikantia S. V. , Razdan M. L. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Shilakong ophiolite nappe occurs along the crest of the Zanskar Mountains in Ladakh, tectonically resting over the Mesozoic-Cenozoic sediments of the Spiti-Zanskar basin. It comprises two sub-nappe units. The lower Photang sub-nappe is made of pillow lava, basalt, volcanogenic sediments, purple chert and carbonate rocks with slivers of serpentinite. The Spong sub-nappe comprises mainly harzburgite, dunite and lherzolite in different stages of serpentinisation. The Shilakong ophiolite nappe is comparable with the Kiogar-Amlang La ophiolite nappe complex south of Kailas in South Tibet-North Kumaun region. These ophiolite nappes represent squeezed up material from the deep sea regime along the Inclus Tectonic Zone and are now obducted onto the continental zone as the highest allochthon in the Himalaya.
Sulphur Isotopic Composition of Ingaldhal Sulphides, Karnataka State, India
Authors: Seccombe P. K. , Subbarao K. V. , Pawar J. N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Mineralisation at Ingaldhal, Kamataka State, comprises massive vein and disseminated sulphides within deformed Archaean metasedimentary rocks and metabasaltic rocks of tholeiitic affinity. Seven sulphur isotope ratio determinations on sulphide minerals separated from ore samples yield a narrow distribution of d34S values around the meteoritic mean (range -0.9 to +0.4 per mil; mean -0.2 per mil) values which arc similar to Archaean volcanogenic ores elsewhere.
The source of sulphur is considered to be magmatic, with possible contribution from Archaean seawater. The stockwork and massive nature of the Ingaldhal ores, their Cu-Fe content, poorly developed metal zoning and basic volcanic association in a submarine setting point strongly to subsurface and sea-floor sulphide accumulation from sulphur- and metal-bearing fluids of volcanic origin. The sulphur isotope data support this view.
Gabbro-Anorthosite-Granophyre-Leucogranite Relationship Around Gorumahisani Hill, Mayurbhanj District, Orissa
Authors: Chakraborty K. L. , Bhattacharyya A. , Roy B. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Study on the field-relations, petrography and chemical composition of gabbroanorthosite-granophyre-leucogranite suite supports a co-magmatic origin of these rocks.
Depositional Environment Of The Late Precambrian Fossil-bearing Rocks of Southeastern Newfoundland, Canada
Authors: Misra S. B. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Thin bedded cherts and siliceous argillites of the Drook and Fresh Water Point Formations of the Conception Group were deposited above the wave base in most parts, as evident from the nature of bedding, large, scale ripple marks, penecontemporaneous deformation and calcareous nodules. The overlying Cape cove Formation of the same group is characterized by graded greywackes presumably deposited by turbidity currents. The animals that lived in the Conception sea during deposition of the Cape Cove Formation include pelagic as well as bottom dwellers. The presence of large-scale slump structures in the St. John's Formation (new group) indicate a gently sloping surface of he depositional basin. The depositional environment of the St. John's Formation had become shallower than that of the underlying Conception Group.
The Oldest Supracrustals of the Dharwar Craton, India
Authors: Naqvi S. M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The metamorphosed supracrustal rocks of Holenarasipur, Nuggihalli, Krishnarajpet, Hadnur and Ghattihosahalli belts appear to represent the oldest (3.5 b.y.) greenstones of the Dharwar Craton. Detailed geological mapping of these belts and surrounding gneisses shows no evidence of a sialic basement for these predominently ultramafic belts. The sediments of these belts are mostly chemogenic-volcanogenic-volcaniclastic and fine-grained argillites. Fuchsite-quartzite, which is found at the top of the succession is the only siliceous rock unit. Its dO 18 value at+ 12.5, suggests that it is a metachert and not of detrital origin. REE pattern of the sediments of HNSB (Holenarasipur Schist Belt) is distinct from the sediments derived from acid plutons. The ultramafic schists of these belts, interbedded with the sediments, are generally komatiitic in composition and although metamorphosed under amphibolite facies conditions, locally exhibit relict pillow-structure and spinifex-texture.
The development of these greenstone belts was followed by at least three episodes of intrusion by sodic plutons. Erosion of these bodies and of the greenstone belts provided the sediment for the younger schist belts. The first evidence of detrital sedimentation derived from acid plutonic rocks is preserved in the form of current-bedded arkoses and quartzites in the younger greenstone belts. An interfingering sequence of the various successive greenstone belts and acid plutons, precursors of the Peninsular gneisses, can be recognised on the basis of available data.
Basin Configuration and Sedimentary Stratigraphy of Western Rajasthan
Authors: Pareek H. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The region west of the Aravalli Range in Rajasthan witnessed Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Palaeogene sedimentation, with the Delhi Supergroup and the Malani igneous suite of rocks forming the basement. Cambrian sedimentation was confined to the Marwar Basins-Nagaur and Birmania; the Nagaur Basin being extensive, trending north and northwestwards to Salt Range (Upper Indus Basin). The Upper Palaeozoic remnants appear as Bap Boulder Bed (Upper Carboniferous) and Badhaura Sandstone (marine Permain) along the northwestern fringe of the Nagaur Basin; the Permians are fluviatile in the deeper parts of Jaisalmer area. The Lathi Basin (Liassic) had an extensive spread of fluviatile sediments. The Jaisalmer Basin (Callovian-Lutetian) formed part of the Indus geosyncline, Pakistan. The Palana-Ganganagar shelf (Paleocene-Eocene) had two embayments at Palana and Ganganagar, and extended up to Salt Range. The Barmer Basin (Cretaceous-Eocene) was sloping northwards and tectonically controlled by Cambay graben, Gujarat. Facies variations are exhibited by these Basins.
Stratigraphy and Depositional Environments of Neogene Limestones of Andaman-Nicobar Islands, Northern Indian Ocean
Authors: Srinivasan M. S. , Chatterjee B. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Carbonate rocks are widespread on the Andaman-Nicobar Islands, northern Indian ocean, ranging in age from Early Miocene to Pleistocene. Lithologically they range from deep water to shallow watcr calcarenites.
Thin section analysis of the limestones has revealed the following major lithofacies: lithic foraminiferal-algal grainstone-packstone; lithic foraminiferal-algal wackstone-mudstone; volcanoclastic packstone-wackstone/radiolarian cherts; foraminiferal packstone; coralgal boundstone and coarse lithic foraminiferal-algal-molluscan packstone grainstone. They exhibit sequential changes in their fabrics, biogenic and clastic constituents. Depths of deposition ranged from high energy, shallow neritic (lithic foraminiferal- algal grainstone-packstone facies) at the begnining of Early Miocene to progressively lower bathyal marked successively by lithic foraminiferal-algal wackstone-mudstone, volcanoclastic packstone-wackstone and radiolarian chert facies. The sudden influx of glass shards and tephras in thc later Early Miocene suggests that progressive deepening of the basin occurred contemporaneously with explosive volcanism in neighboring areas. During this interval of basinal subsidence, the limestones received abundant argillaceous material from subaerial erosion of nearby volcanic terrain. Gradual reduction in the frequency of glass shards and pumice from Middle Miocene (Ongeian Stage) onwards indicates culmination of volcanic eruptions and basinal stability. Gradual shallowing to subtidal and patch reef (Coralgal facies) environments began to form from the Middle Miocene onwards at Little Andaman, Havelock, Nicholson and other islands. However, deep basinal conditions prevailed during the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene at Neill, Sir Hugh Rose and Car Nicobar Islands. These different conditions may be attributed to tectonism in the Andaman sea region which occurred during the close of Middle Miocene. Thereafter, younger limestone facies of Plio-Pleistocene age, reflect a shoaling upwards to probable intertidal conditions due to rapid infilling and vertical uplift of the basin floor.
No hydrocarbons have been observed in the limestone sequences. However, the regional stratigraphic and petrographic studies reveal the presence of potential reservoir rocks in the Ongeian-Havelockian limestones of Middle Miocene age on the Andaman-Nicobar Islands.
Structural and Metamorphic Relatioms Between Sargur and Dharwar Supracrustal Rocks and Peninsular Gneiss in Central Karnataka
Authors: Chadwick Brian , Ramakrishnan M. , Viswanatha M. N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Dharwar Supergroup and its basement of Peninsular Gneiss and Sargur supracrustal rocks in the areas of Ghatti Hosahalli and southeast Bababudan display certain textural, structural and unconformable relations which have important implications for the Archaean chronology of the Karnataka craton. In the first. instance these relations show that certain tonalitic-granitic parental rocks of the Peninsular Gneiss basement to the Dharwar supracrustal rocks were formed as a series beginning with polyphase gneisses and ending with discordant plutons such as the Chikmagalur granite s.l. The Sargur rocks were deformed and metamorphosed to medium-high grade during intrusion of the polyphase gneisses. After cooling, uplift and erosion of the Peninsular Gneiss and the tracts and enclaves of Sargur rocks, the Dharwar supracrustal association was deposited unconformably on the medium-high grade basement. The pre-Dharwar metamorphic minerals in the Sargur rocks were partly retrogressed and then overprinted by a second major metamorphism, mainly low grade, whose climax was attained after the main deformation of the belts and basins of the Dharwar supracrustal rocks. This major low grade metamorphism in central Karnataka is correlated with the later Archaean high grade terrane (ca. 2600 Ma) in southern Karnataka and elsewhere in Peninsular India.
Comparison of the Tarikere Valley Gneiss and the Gneiss Pebbles in the Kaldurga Conglomerate -A Study in the Dharwar Basement Problem
Authors: Ranganna M. , Shashidhara H. , Raghu Prakash T. R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Kaldurga conglomerate of the Precambrian Dharwar Group contains 3250±150 m.y. old gneiss pebbles. Controversy exists as to whether the 'Peninsular gneiss' adjoining the conglomerate in the Tarikere valley contributed the pebbles or whether the gneiss is a remobilised product of the precursor gneiss that contributed to the pebbles.
A comparative petrographic study of the Kaldurga pebble gneiss (KPG) and the Tarikere valtey gneiss (TVG) shows that, although both have a tonalitic composition, the TVG are enriched in Ca and Ti, reflected in the abundance of sphene and apatite. Texturally, the Kaldurga pebbles are catac1astically deformed. TVG are comparatively free from such structures, and are characterised by syntectonic recrystallization textures.
TVG have greater Ti abundance than the KPG, and the latter are comparable to the Ti abundance levels of Archaean gneisses. The higher Ti abundance levels in the TVG suggests their evolution through remobilisation and supracrustal contamination.
Igneous Complex of Mount Girnar, Saurashtra, Gujarat - A Reappraisal
Authors: Sukheswala R. N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Mount Girnar is a major igneous plutonic complex which intruded into the basalts towards the close of the Deccan Trap period. The rock types identified in this complex are gabbros (tholeiitic and alkalic), diorites, lamprophyres, alkali-syenites and rhyolites. The parent gabbroic magma is shown to have given rise in sequence to diorites, lamprophyres and alkali-syenites. The rhyolite, though earlier considered a product of differentiation, is now believed to be an independent magma without any genetic link with the gabbro and its variants.
On scanning through available literature, however, it became apparent that the chemical/petrographic data were at variance with the crystallization differentiation hypothesis proposed by earlier workers to account for the varying rock types. To overcome these difficulties it is thought that the 'fenitization' model proposed here can better explain the formation of the different rock types. During the geological history of Mount Girnar, at least three different types of genetically unrelated gabbroic, rhyolitic and syenitic magmas erupted independently at different periods. The highly volatile-charged alkali-syenite magma which came last, was responsible in bringing about metasomatic changes (Na-fenitization) in the earlier formed rocks. It was the process of fenitization that gave rise to rock types such as alkali-gabbro, diorites and lamprophyres. The rhyolitic rocks developed out of an independent rhyolite magma.
Quaternary Lacustrine Deposit of Kalidhang, District Sirmur, Himachal Pradesh
Authors: Swain P. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Kalidhang clays were deposited in an elongated lake covering 0.17 km2 area formed due to a landslide in the Milkan drainage basin. The deposition took place mainly by fluvial agencies under humid climate during the late Quaternary period. The presence of 145 distinct couplets indicates that sedimentation continued for about 150 years.
Notopahar Granitic Complex: An Example of Magmatic Differentiation from Mayurbhanj District, Orissa
Authors: Sarkar S. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The area around Sarat and Notopahar, Mayurbhanj District, Orissa, is characterised by a suite of Precambrian granitic rocks ranging in composition from quartz diorite through tonalite, granodiorite, granite to alkali feldspar granite. Field, petrological and petrochemical evidences indicate that the rocks of the Notopahar Granitic Complex (N.G.C.) are essentially comagmatic, representing a wide range of magmatic differentiates and can be correlated with the Mayurbhanj Granite (ca. 2084 Ma.). It is also noted that, the N.G.C. rocks are intrusive into the adjacent sheet-like body of gabbronorite.
Metamorphism of the Dalma Mafic Rocks
Authors: Bhattacharyya D. S. , Dasgupta D. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Precambrian Dalma metabasalts stretching for more than 200km represent original oceanic tholeiites. The metabasalts can be represented by eleven different groups of mineralogical assemblages ranging from low greenschist to high amphibolite facies. Spatial distribution of these six groups indicates increasing P-T conditions from east to west.
Early Lower Carboniferous Conodonts from the Syringothyris Limestone of Kashmir
Authors: Savage Norman M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Conodonts from the lower part of the Syringothyris Limestone exposed near Aishmuqam in the Liddar Valley, Kashmir, include Clydagnatlllls gilwernensis Rhodes, Austin, and Druce, Polygnathus communiscommunis Branson and Mehl, Bispathodusstabilis (Branson and Mehl), and Bispathodusaculeatusplumulus (Rhodes, Austin, and Druce). The fauna is of early lower Carboniferous (early Tournasian) age.
Petrography of the Lower Oligocene Limestones of Anklesvar Oil Field, Cambay Basin, Gujarat
Authors: Hardas M. G. , Srivastava D. C. , Maindarkar M. M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The limestones of Dadhar Formation (Lower Oligocene) in the Anklesvar oil field of Cambay basin, provides a typical example of erosional transgression. Interbedded with grey, fossiliferous shales and fine grained sandstones, these carbonate layers have been found to be biomicrudites comprising foraminiferal shells, glauconite, terrigenous sand, silt and clay, microspar patches and development of pseudospar in fossil shells. The above assemblage, especially the glauconite and recrystallized microspar and pseudospar, typically indicates a transgressive marine environment, characterised by calm, weak and shortlived currents. Most earlier workers have invoked a regressive phase for the deposition of this limestone but recent microfaunal studies and the salinity data point to an inner neritic environment transgressive phase.
The petrography provides evidences to reveal a marine environment of shallow tidal sea, wherein the marine incursion must have been characterised by tidal effects and reworking of the older sediments.
High Alumina-Magnesium Sedimentation in the Javanahalli Schist Belt, Karnataka, India
Authors: Narayana B. L. , Subba Rao D. V. , Govil P. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
High alumina, magnesium and iron-bearing sediments represented by cordierite-anthophyllite rocks occur in association with amphibolites. calc silicate rocks and banded magnetite quartzites, within the Javanahalli schist belt, Karnataka. Their chemical composition is anomalous. The abundance levels of elements like Fe, Mg, AI, Ni, Cr, Co, Rb and Sr indicate that probably they represent metamorphosed chemical sediments generated by volcanogenic exhalative activity.
Lead Age Measurements on Galenas from Peninsular India
Authors: Venkatasubramanian V. S. , Jayaram S. , Subramanian V. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Measurements of lead isotope ratios on some Indian galenas and calculation of single-stage model ages were presented in a previous paper. Techniques have been improved since then, and more samples from some of these areas and several new samples have been measured. The present measurements cover a wide age-span, Eocene to Archaean (~3300 m.y.) and the Pb-isotope abundances are not inconsistent with a 2-stage evolution of lead which show an episodic change in μ-value at ~ 3000m.y. Model ages and μ-values have been calculated using single and double-stage models and an attempt made to interpret these values.
Textural Analysis and Mineralogy of the Black Sand Deposits of Visakhapatnam-Bhimunipatnam Coast, Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Ramamohana Rao T. , Rao Ch. Shanmukha , Sanyasi Rao K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Textural analysis reveals that the black sand samples are well sorted. negatively skewed, mostly mesokurtic and unimodal in distribution with the Mean Size of the grains falling mostly within the fine sand. The opaques and non-opaque heavies in a weighted average sample constitute 78.1% and represent the full range of minerals found in the rocks of the Eastern Ghats. The marked preference of a particular heavy mineral to a certain sieve fraction can be related to the grain size of the heavy mineral in the source rocks. The occurrence of thin layers of black sand in the stream channels inland. the non-disappearance of any unstable heavy mineral in the deposits, suggest that the black sands are derived from the highland area.
The Chromites of Byrapur, Karnataka
Authors: Sahu K. C. , Nair A. M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chemical study on clean chromites reveals enrichment of chromium and iron due to alteration. Physico-chemical properties show that alteration has enhanced the cell-edge, reflectivity and specific gravity but reduced the microhardness of the mineral. The reemplacement and subsequent instability of tectonic conditions might be the ultimate cause for the shift of Byrapur chromites from aluminian to ferrian field of composition.
Coal-petroleum Relation and Its Significance for Petroleum Exploration
Authors: Raghavendra Rao V. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Geological and geochemical studies of the two previous decades stress the significance of carbonaceous material as probable source of oil and gas accumulations in many parts of the world. The Shebelinka field, Donetz basin, U.S.S.R., the gas fields in the northwest Siberian basin, the giant Groningen gas field of the Netherlands, hydrocarbon accumulations in the Viking graben of the North Sea and the offshore oil and gas fields of the Gippsl and basin of southeastern Australia are some examples.
The paper reviews studie, on relationship between coal and petroleum and points out their relevance to oil exploration in Nigeria and India.
Terraces, in the Himalayan Tributaries of Ganges in Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Khan A. A. , Dubey U. S. , Sehgal M. N. , Awasthi S. C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Ganga system in Garhwal Himalaya comprises of Alaknanda followed by Bhagirathi, Bhalangana, Mandakini, Pindar, Atta Gad and Jalkhur with their terraces. Alaknanda is the trunk stream and the others are tributaries. The Alaknanda and its tributaries include terraces of three domains: glacial, fluvio-glacial and fluvial deposits in three distinct environments in Pleistocene, late-Pleistocene and Holocene. Stratigraphic succession of terraces and sequential stages of valley development in the Ganga system of Garhwal Himalaya has been worked out. There was continuous decrease in rate of uplift of Himalaya from early to late Holocene, as evidenced by the conspicuous divergent disposition of older terraces and convergence of younger terraces all along the length of the Alaknanda river.
The Age of the Earth According to the Hindu Calendar
Authors: Murthy S. R. N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We reproduce below an article by Sri S. R. N. Murthy detailing the basis of measurement of time as per the Hindu Calendar. It will be seen from this that the ancient Hindu philosophers had an expansive view of time and had recognised the cyclic nature of events. According to them each cycle or KALPA was of 4.3 billion years duration. We are, as per this calendar, about two billion years old in the present Kalpa, The basis on which such calculations were made by the Ancient Hindu Philosophers of India should prove to be of interest to our readers.