bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Analysis of the Organization, Development, and Plasticity of Corneal Innervation in Mice
Authors: Bouheraoua Nacim , Fouquet Stéphane , Marcos-Almaraz Maria Teresa , Karagogeos Domna , Laroche Laurent , Chédotal Alain 
Published: December 2018

The cornea has the densest sensory innervation of the body, originating primarily from neurons in the trigeminal ganglion. The basic principles of cornea nerve patterning have been established many years ago using classic neuroanatomical methods, such as immunocytochemistry and electrophysiology. Our understanding of the morphology and distribution of the sensory nerves in the skin has considerably progressed over the past few years through the generation and analysis of a variety of genetically modified mouse lines. Surprisingly, these lines were not used to study corneal axons. Here, we have screened a collection of transgenic and knockin mice (of both sexes) to select lines allowing the visualization and genetic manipulation of corneal nerves. We identified multiple lines, including some in which different types of corneal axons can be simultaneously observed with fluorescent proteins expressed in a combinatorial manner. We also provide the first description of the morphology and arborization of single corneal axons and identify three main types of branching pattern. We applied this genetic strategy to the analysis of corneal nerve development and plasticity. We provide direct evidence for a progressive reduction of the density of corneal innervation during aging. We also show that the semaphorin receptor neuropilin-1 acts cell-autonomously to control the development of corneal axons and that early axon guidance defects have long-term consequences on corneal innervation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe have screened a collection of transgenic and knockin mice and identify lines allowing the visualization and genetic manipulation of corneal nerves. We provide the first description of the arborization pattern of single corneal axons. We also present applications of this genetic strategy to the analysis of corneal nerve development and remodeling during aging
Nurse Home Visiting for Families Experiencing Adversity: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Goldfeld Sharon , Price Anna , Smith Charlene , Bruce Tracey , Bryson Hannah , Mensah Fiona , Orsini Francesca , Gold Lisa , Hiscock Harriet , Bishop Lara , Smith Ashlee , Perlen Susan , Kemp Lynn 
Published: December 2018

OBJECTIVES:
Nurse home visiting (NHV) may redress inequities in children’s health and development evident by school entry. We tested the effectiveness of an Australian NHV program (right@home), offered to pregnant women experiencing adversity, hypothesizing improvements in (1) parent care, (2) responsivity, and (3) the home learning environment at child age 2 years.

METHODS:
A randomized controlled trial of NHV delivered via universal child and family health services was conducted. Pregnant women experiencing adversity (≥2 of 10 risk factors) with sufficient English proficiency were recruited from antenatal clinics at 10 hospitals across 2 states. The intervention comprised 25 nurse visits to child age 2 years. Researchers blinded to randomization assessed 13 primary outcomes, including Home Observation of the Environment (HOME) Inventory (6 subscales) and 25 secondary outcomes.

REULTS
Of 1427 eligible women, 722 (50.6%) were randomly assigned; 306 of 363 (84%) women in the intervention and 290 of 359 (81%) women in the control group provided 2-year data. Compared with women in the control group, those in the intervention reported more regular child bedtimes (adjusted odds ratio 1.76; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25 to 2.48), increased safety (adjusted mean difference [AMD] 0.22; 95% CI 0.07 to 0.37), increased warm parenting (AMD 0.09; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.16), less hostile parenting (reverse scored; AMD 0.29; 95% CI 0.16 to 0.41), increased HOME parental involvement (AMD 0.26; 95% CI 0.14 to 0.38), and increased HOME variety in experience (AMD 0.20; 95% CI 0.07 to 0.34).

CONCLUSIONS:
The right@home program improved parenting and home environment determinants of children’s health and development. With replicability possible at scale, it could be integrated into Australian child and family health services or trialed in countries with similar child health services.
Medellín e o imperativo da Nova Evangelização
Authors: Caldeira Cleusa 
Published: December 2018

Com este artigo, desejamos recuperar a origem e o sentido originário da expressão “nova evangelização”, gestada no contexto da Igreja Católica na América Latina, sob o espírito de renovação do Concílio Ecumênico Vaticano II, na Conferência de Medellín em 1968. Não é raro atribuir a João Paulo II asua paternidade, visto que inúmeras vezes o pontífice fez uso da expressão. Mas, não significa queele tenha captado e reconhecido sua verdadeira face. Seu projeto, em grande medida, parece que esteve distante do espírito do Vaticano II e da tradição libertadora latino-americana. Evidente queo conceito “nova evangelização”, plasmado em Medellín, tem conotação específica. Entretanto,parece que determinados processos de evangelização levados a cabo pela própria Igreja Católica, sobretudo a partir dos anos 1990, esteve distante do seu sentido originário. Nem toda denominada “nova evangelização” é realmente nova, tanto fora como aqui em nosso Continente. Entretanto, ainda que “brasa sob cinzas”, a nova evangelização, preconizada por Medellín, existe e resiste contra toda esperança. Por isso, o imperativo por uma “conversão pastoral”, da Conferência de Aparecida, parece ser o melhor caminho para se pensar na vigência da “nova evangelização” em tempos pós-modernos.
Phase II Study of Dehydroepiandrosterone in Androgen Receptor-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Pietri Elisabetta , Massa Ilaria , Bravaccini Sara , Ravaioli Sara , Tumedei Maria Maddalena , Petracci Elisabetta , Donati Caterina , Schirone Alessio , Piacentini Federico , Gianni Lorenzo , Nicolini Mario , Campadelli Enrico , Gennari Alessandra , Saba Alessandro , Campi Beatrice , Valmorri Linda , Andreis Daniele , Fabbri Francesco , Amadori Dino , Rocca Andrea 
Published: December 2018

AbstractLessons LearnedThe androgen receptor (AR) is present in most breast cancers (BC), but its exploitation as a therapeutic target has been limited. This study explored the activity of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a precursor being transformed into androgens within BC cells, in combination with an aromatase inhibitor (to block DHEA conversion into estrogens), in a two-stage phase II study in patients with AR-positive/estrogen receptor-positive/human epidermal growth receptor 2-negative metastatic BC. Although well tolerated, only 1 of 12 patients obtained a prolonged clinical benefit, and the study was closed after its first stage for poor activity.BackgroundAndrogen receptors (AR) are expressed in most breast cancers, and AR-agonists have some activity in these neoplasms. We investigated the safety and activity of the androgen precursor dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in combination with an aromatase inhibitor (AI) in patients with AR-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC).MethodsA two-stage phase II study was conducted in two patient cohorts, one with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (resistant to AIs) and the other with triple-negative MBC. DHEA 100 mg/day was administered orally. The combination with an AI aimed to prevent the conversion of DHEA into estrogens. The main endpoint was the clinical benefit rate. The triple-negative cohort was closed early.ResultsTwelve patients with ER-positive MBC were enrolled. DHEA-related adverse events, reported in four patients, included grade 2 fatigue, erythema, and transaminitis, and grade 1 drowsiness and musculoskeletal pain. Clinical benefit was observed in one patient with ER-positive disease whose tumor had AR gene amplification. There was wide inter- and intra-patient variation in serum levels of DHEA and its metabolites.ConclusionDHEA showed excellent safety but poor activity in MBC. Although dose and patient selection could be improved, high serum level variability may hamper further DHEA development in this setting.
Pancreas Cancer-Associated Weight Loss
Authors: Hendifar Andrew E. , Petzel Maria Q.B. , Zimmers Teresa A. , Denlinger Crystal S. , Matrisian Lynn M. , Picozzi Vincent J. , Rahib Lola ,   on behalf of the Precision Promise Consortium
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Unintentional weight loss in patients with pancreatic cancer is highly prevalent and contributes to low therapeutic tolerance, reduced quality of life, and overall mortality. Weight loss in pancreatic cancer can be due to anorexia, malabsorption, and/or cachexia. Proper supportive care can stabilize or reverse weight loss in patients and improve outcomes. We review the literature on supportive care relevant to pancreatic cancer patients, and offer evidence-based recommendations that include expert nutritional assessment, counseling, supportive measures to ensure adequate caloric intake, pancreatic enzyme supplementation, nutritional supplement replacement, orexigenic agents, and exercise. Pancreatic Cancer Action Network-supported initiatives will spearhead the dissemination and adoption of these best supportive care practices.
OKUL YÖNETİCİLERİNİN OKUL ÇEVRE İLİŞKİLERİ İLE İLGİLİ SORUNLARI VE ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ
Authors: BOZKURT Erdoğan , USTÜN Ahmet , BAYAR Adem 
Published: December 2018

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, okul
yöneticilerinin okul çevre ilişkileri ile ilgili sorunları ve çözüm önerilerini
belirlemektir. Okul yöneticileri, okulun ve eğitim sisteminin amaçlarına
ulaşılmasında anahtar kişilerdir. Bundan dolayı, okul yöneticileri insan gücü
ve diğer kaynakları rasyonel olarak kullanmak için yönetim süreçlerini
uygulayan kişilerdir. Her toplumsal örgüt gibi okul örgütünün de
gerçekleştirmek zorunda olduğu görevler bulunmaktadır. Bu görevler; sosyal,
siyasal, ekonomik ve kendini gerçekleştirme olarak ifade edilebilir. Okul,
belirtilen bu görevleri gerçekleştirmek için örgütün içindeki ve dışındaki
güçlerden yararlanmak zorundadır. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmanın amacı çevresel
faktörlerin okulu nasıl etkilediğini araştırmaktır. Bu çalışma nitel araştırma
yaklaşımı kapsamında fenomonoloji (olgubilim) deseni kullanılarak
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmacılar
verileri yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği kullanarak elde etmişlerdir.
Verilerin analizi sonucunda araştırmacılar; 1) Okul- aile birliği
toplantılarının daha fazla fonksiyonel ve aktif olarak düzenlenmesi gerektiği,
2) Okullarda düzenlenen sosyal, kültürel, eğitim ve spor aktivitelerinin
başarılı ve sorunsuz bir şekilde yürütülmesi gerektiği ve 3) Okul çevresinin
ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel gelişiminde okulların daha çok destek olmaları
gerektiği bulgularına ulaşmışlardır.
Inovação no ensino: letramento crítico no smartphone em sala de aula de língua portuguesa
Authors: Ferreira Élida Paulina , Santos Daiane Conceição Simões 
Published: December 2018

RESUMO: A escola, que é considerada uma agência de letramento na sociedade atual, tem sido progressivamente influenciada pelo avanço tecnológico. No contexto atual, as tecnologias digitais têm proporcionado novas possibilidades de interação social e novos gêneros textuais têm ganhado visibilidade. Essa conjuntura, consequentemente, demanda que sejam desenvolvidas em sala de aula habilidades específicas que correspondam à construção da competência leitora e do letramento crítico. A grande circulação de informações que ocorre diariamente por meio da internet requisita, para o exercício pleno da cidadania, o desenvolvimento da criticidade e da reflexão por parte dos sujeitos sobre as várias possibilidades de sentidos e ideologias presentes nos textos. Neste estudo, refletimos sobre a importância de os jovens estudantes desenvolverem o letramento crítico na escola e apresentamos resultados de pesquisa em sala de aula em que foi utilizado o smartphone como recurso tecnológico visando à leitura e à produção de memes. A pesquisa consistiu basicamente de três momentos: aplicação de questionário de levantamento de dados sobre uso de recursos digitais pelos alunos, aplicação de Sequência Didática e aplicação de questionário final para colher a avaliação dos alunos sobre a experiência vivida. Esperamos com esses resultados de pesquisa contribuir para o desenvolvimento de estudos acerca do letramento crítico, na área de Linguística Aplicada ao ensino da língua portuguesa.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: letramento crítico; multiletramentos; smartphone; memes.

ABSTRACT:As one of the agencies of literacy in the current society, the school has been progressively influenced by the technological advance. In the current context, digital technologies create new possibilities for social interaction as well as it gives visibility to new textual genres. This conjuncture, consequently, demands that the critical literacyto language teaching is developed in the school, since a great amount of information circulates daily through the internet, ordering the development of critical reflection on the various possibilities of meanings and ideologies circulating in texts. In this paper, we reflect on the importance of young students developing critical literacy in school, and we present classroom research results in which the smartphone was used as a tool for reading and producing memes. The research followed three steps: 1) First, we applied a questionnaire for gathering information from respondents about their use of digital tools; 2) Then we developed a Didactic Sequence; 3) Third, we applied another questionnaire for collecting information about respondents’ perception of the experience. We hope these research results may contribute to the development of studies about critical literacy in the area of Applied Linguistics to teaching Portuguese.
KEYWORDS: critical literacy; multiliteracies; smartphone; memes.
Telejornalismo além da TV: uma discussão sobre os territórios contemporâneos da notícia
Authors: Coimbra Iana 
Published: December 2018

RESUMO: Neste artigo discutimos sobre o telejornalismo contemporâneo a partir da compreensão de que, ao passar por processos de convergência, ele não se limita mais ao ambiente televisivo. À medida que é inserido no ambiente virtual, ele rompe com o território hegemônico de origem, se torna um objeto digital e busca ocupar outros espaços e plataformas, incorporando estratégias e narrativas crossmidiáticas e transmidiáticas para informar. A partir de uma abordagem teórico-conceitual, discute-se como os conteúdos telejornalísticos transformados em objetos digitais passam a se abrigar, circular e flutuar pelo Facebook, Twitter e Instagram. Destaca-se como ponto relevante encontrado no estudo o processo de transição enfrentado pela TV como um território para receber e distribuir a informação nos lares, confrontado pelo surgimento dos meios digitais, que trazem uma força contrária, e espalham esses conteúdos em espaços diversos, num agenciamento desterritorializante da notícia. Logo, os grupos de comunicação buscam alcançar o público onde ele estiver, por meio de estímulos variados, o que também modifica o indivíduo de telespectador a espectador convergente.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: telejornalismo; territórios; convergência; redes sociais; objetos digitais.

ABSTRACT: In this article we discuss about contemporary telejournalism, from the understanding that, when going through processes of convergence, it is no longer limited to the television environment. As it is inserted in the virtual environment, it breaks with the hegemonic territory of origin, becomes a digital object and seeks to occupy other spaces and platforms, incorporating crossmedia and transmedia narratives to inform. From a theoretical-conceptual approach, it is discussed how the telejournalistic contents transformed into digital objects shelters, circulates and floats through Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. The transition process faced by TV as a territory to receive and distribute information in homes, confronted by the emergence of digital media, brings with it a counter force, and spread these contents in different spaces, in a deterritorializing news agency. Therefore, the communication groups seek to reach the audience where it is, by means of varied stimuli, which also modifies the viewer's individual into a convergent viewer.
KEYWORDS: telejournalism; territories; convergence; social media; digital objects.
Study the early complications of modified radical mastectomy performed
Authors: Chandrakar Naman , Shinde Raju K. 
Published: December 2018

Background: According to the national and regional cancer registries, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Ahmadabad and Thiruvananthapuram.Methods: The present Prospective and observational study was conducted in the Department of Surgery of Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital attached to Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College. Forty-one patients of carcinoma breast were treated with modified radical mastectomy from September 2013 to September 2015.Results: The mean age of cases was 50.90 years with a standard deviation of 11.61 years. only 1 male patient (2.44%) was diagnosed with carcinoma breast and 40 female patients (97.56%) out of 41 total cases. In all the 41 cases (100%) chief complaint was lump in breast, followed by axillary swelling in 11 cases (26.83%) and history of pain (in lump) in 8 cases (19.51%). ecchymosis of the flap was seen in 8 patients (19.51%). The 10 cases (24.39) had surgical site infection, Minimal seroma collection (<10ml) was seen in 9 cases. 3 cases (7.32%) had pain at the surgical site. Tissue necrosis was observed in 7 cases (17.07%).Conclusions: It was concluded that Post-operative complications of MRM included wound dehiscence, seroma, surgical site infection, hematoma, altered sensation and pain.
فرمولاسیون آنتی ژن HBs در ادجوانت MF59 و مقایسه ایمنی زایی آن با واکسن تجاری هپاتیت B
Authors: مهدوی مهدی , نعمتی منصور فهیمه , میرزایی ریحانه 
Published: December 2018

مقدمه: هپاتیت B بیماری سیستمیک است که موجب التهاب کبد می شود. راه مقابله با این عفونت، واکسیناسیون است. واکسن متداول برای مقابله، واکسن فرموله شده با Alum می‌باشد. این واکسن قادر به ایجاد پاسخ و مصونیت کامل در برخی افراد نیست. در این مطالعه پاسخ های ایمنی سلولی و هومورال واکسن تجاری هپاتیت B با واکسن HBs فرموله شده با ادجوانت MF59 مقایسه شد.
روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی، موش‌های Balb/c در سه دوره، فرمولاسیون‌های مختلف واکسن را به صورت زیر پوستی و با فاصله دو هفته دریافت نمودند. سپس از موش‌ها خون گیری به عمل آمد و سطح آنتی‌بادی ضد HBs Ag با روش الایزا بررسی شد. سایتوکاین‌های IFN-γ،IL-4 و IL-2و نسبت IL-4 IFN-γ/ا با روش الایزا از سوپ روئی کشت سلول های طحال بررسی شد. داده‌های خام با استفاده از نرم افزار Graph pad prism و آنالیز آماری با آزمون آماری ANOVA انجام شد.
نتایج: میزان IL-4 به طور معناداری در واکسن با آلوم بیشتر از واکسن فرموله شده با MF59 بوده هم چنین میزان سایتوکاین IFN-Y اختلاف معناداری را بین دو گروه اصلی نشان نداد. سایتوکاین TNF-α در واکسن با آلوم نسبت به واکسن با MF59 بیشتر ترشح شده است. آنتی‌بادی توتال پس از تزریق سوم در بعضی رقت‌ها در واکسن تجاری نسبت به واکسن با MF59 افزایش بیشتری داشت.
نتیجه‌گیری: کاهش معنادار IL-4 و آنتی بادی ها نشان می‌دهد که تمایل واکسن فرموله شده با MF59 برای القای پاسخ ایمنی سلولی نسبت به هومورال بیشتربوده به علاوه ایمن بودن و کمبود عوارض جانبی ادجوانت MF59 را نیز می‌توان مزیتی دیگر به شمار آورد
Öklid Uzayında Sabit Oranlı Bertrand Eğrileri
Authors: Öztürk Serkan , Erdoğdu Melek 
Published: December 2018

Bu çalışmada,

&nbsp;uzayında sabit oranlı Bertrand eğri çiftleri
ele alınmıştır. Sabit oranlı eğrileri tanıtıp ve bunların bazı
karakterizasyonları ifade edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte burulmuş (twisted)
eğrisi,

&nbsp;eğrisi,

- sabit
ve

- sabit
eğrisi üzerine çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca bir

&nbsp;eğrisini, eğrinin eğrilik ve burulma
fonksiyonlarına bağlı diferansiyellenebilir fonksiyonlar cinsinden nasıl ifade
edildiği ispatlanmıştır. Bu ifade edilişin sonucu olarak sabit oranlı Bertrand
eğri çiftleri ile ilgili bazı sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Son olarak, hem

- sabit
hem de birinci türden &nbsp;

- sabit
olan düzlemsel bir eğrinin Bertrand eğri çiftinin de

- sabit ve

- sabit
olabileceği ispatlanmıştır.
Analisis Tingkat Berpikir Kreatif Dalam Pengajuan Masalah Matematika Pokok Bahasan Bangun Ruang Sisi Datar Berdasarkan Gaya Kognitif Reflektif-Impulsif Siswa Kelas VIII-F SMP Negeri 12 Jember
Authors: Fauziah Eka Wulandari , Sunardi S , Kristiana Arika Indah 
Published: December 2018

Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan tingkat berpikir kreatif dalam pengajuan masalah matematika. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Subjek penelitian sebanyak 15 siswa kelas VIII-F SMP Negeri 12 Jember yang dipilih berdasarkan tes kognitif menggunakan instrumen Matching Familiar Figure Test (MFFT), dengan rincian 7 siswa reflektif dan 8 siswa impulsif. Metode pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini adalah tes berpikir kreatif dan wawancara. Wawancara digunakan untuk memeriksa kembali jawaban siswa sekaligus sebagai triangulasi data. Dalam penelitian ini, berpikir kreatif siswa diukur menggunakan 3 kriteria berpikir kreatif, yaitu kefasihan, fleksibilitas, dan kebaruan. Tingkat berpikir kreatif atau disebut TBK dikategorikan menjadi 5 tingkatan, yaitu TBK 4 (sangat kreatif), TBK 3 (kreatif), TBK 2 (cukup kreatif), TBK 1 (kurang kreatif), dan TBK 0 (tidak kreatif). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 3 siswa reflektif dinyatakan sangat kreatif (TBK 4) dan 4 siswa reflektif dinyatakan kreatif (TBK 3). Persentase tingkat berpikir kreatif untuk kelompok siswa reflektif adalah 42,86% siswa masuk dalam kategori TBK 4 dan 57,14% siswa masuk dalam kategori TBK 3. Untuk siswa impulsif, tingkat berpikir kreatif yang dapat diidentifikasi adalah 2 siswa dinyatakan kreatif (TBK 3), 3 siswa dinyatakan cukup kreatif (TBK 2), dan 3 siswa dinyatakan kurang kreatif (TBK 1). Persentase tingkat berpikir kreatif siswa impulsif tersebut berturut-turut adalah 25% siswa masuk dalam kategori TBK 3, 37,5% siswa masuk dalam kategori TBK 2 dan 37,5% siswa masuk dalam kategori TBK 1. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa siswa reflektif lebih memiliki kreativitas dibandingkan dengan siswa impulsif.

Kata Kunci: Berpikir kreatif, gaya kognitif reflektif-impulsif, pengajuan masalah.
Pengembangan Paket Soal Model PISA Konten Space and Shape untuk Mengetahui Level Literasi Matematika Siswa SMP
Authors: Putra Mahendratama Sasongko Tito , Dafik D , Oktavianingtyas Ervin 
Published: December 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan proses dan hasil pengembangan berupa konversi level kemampuan literasi matematika, kisi-kisi soal model PISA, paket soal model PISA. Ketiga tahapan uji coba adalah one-to-one , group, dan field test. Tahapan one-to-one yangdiujikan pada 4 siswa kelas IX, tahapan group diujikan pada 8 siswa kelas IX, dan tahapan field test diujikan pada seluruh siswa kelas IXA. Siswa yang diambil pada setiap tahapan adalah siswa yang berbeda. Ketiga tahapan ini menghasilkan koefisien validitas paket soal A yang terdiri dari 8,33% sangat rendah, 8,33% rendah, 25% sedang, 33,33% tinggi dan 25% sangat tinggi, sedangkan pada paket B terdiri dari 33,33% rendah, 50% tinggi, dan 16,67% sangat tinggi; reliabilitas paket soal A sebesar 0,87247 dengan interpretasi sangat tinggi sedangkan paket B sebesar 0,78634 dengan interpretasi tinggi; tingkat kesukaran pada paket A terdiri dari 83,33% soal kategori sedang, dan 16,67% soal kategori sukar, sedangkan paket B terdiri dari 33,33% soal kategori mudah, 58,33% soal kategori sedang, dan 8,33% soal kategori sukar; daya pembeda paket soal A terdiri dari 8,33% jelek, 16,67% cukup baik, 25% baik dan 50% sangat baik, sedangkan paket soal B terdiri dari 16,67% jelek, 8,33% cukup baik, 33,33% baik dan 41,67% sangat baik; level literasi matematika seluruh siswa yang diuji adalah 50% siswa berlevel di bawah 1, 7,14% siswa berlevel 1, 9,52% siswa berlevel 2, 16,67% siswa berlevel 3, 2,38% siswa berlevel 4, 4,76% siswa berlevel 5, dan 9,52% siswa berlevel 6. Pada penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa paket tes ini sudah dapat disebarluaskan. Kata Kunci: PISA, Paket Soal, Literasi Matematika.