bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral intake evaluation in patients following critical illness: an ICU cohort study
Authors: Jarden Rebecca J , Sutton‐Smith Lynsey , Boulton Catherine 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTTimely and adequate nutrition improves health outcomes for the critically ill patient. Despite clinical guidelines recommending early oral nutrition, survivors of critical illness experience significant nutritional deficits. This cohort study evaluates the oral nutrition intake in intensive care unit (ICU) patients who have experienced recent critical illness. The oral nutrition intake of a convenience sample of ICU patients post‐critical illness was observed during a 1‐month period. Data pertaining to both the amount of oral nutrition intake and factors impacting optimal oral nutrition intake were collected and analysed. Inadequate oral intake was identified in 62% of the 79 patients assessed (n = 49). This was noted early in the ICU stay, around day 1–2, for most of the patients. A significant proportion (25%) of patients remained in the hospital with poor oral intake that persisted beyond ICU day 5. Unsurprisingly, these were the patients who had longer ICU stays. Critical illness weakness was a factor in the assessment of poor oral intake. To conclude, patients who have experienced critical illness also experience suboptimal oral nutrition. The three key factors that were identified as impacting optimal oral nutrition were early removal of nasogastric tubes, critical illness weakness and poor appetite post‐critical illness. Seven key recommendations are made based on this cohort study. These recommendations are related to patient assessment, monitoring, documentation and future guidelines. Future research opportunities are highlighted, including the investigation of strategies to improve the transition of patients' post‐critical illness to oral nutrition.
Excess iron stress reduces root tip zone growth through nitric oxide‐mediated repression of potassium homeostasis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhang Lin , Li Guangjie , Wang Meng , Di Dongwei , Sun Li , Kronzucker Herbert J. , Shi Weiming 
Published: April 2018

Summary

The root tip zone is regarded as the principal action site for iron (Fe) toxicity and is more sensitive than other root zones, but the mechanism underpinning this remains largely unknown.

We explored the mechanism underpinning the higher sensitivity at the Arabidopsis root tip and elucidated the role of nitric oxide (NO) using NO‐related mutants and pharmacological methods.

Higher Fe sensitivity of the root tip is associated with reduced potassium (K+) retention. NO in root tips is increased significantly above levels elsewhere in the root and is involved in the arrest of primary root tip zone growth under excess Fe, at least in part related to NO‐induced K+ loss via SNO1 (sensitive to nitric oxide 1)/SOS4 (salt overly sensitive 4) and reduced root tip zone cell viability. Moreover, ethylene can antagonize excess Fe‐inhibited root growth and K+ efflux, in part by the control of root tip NO levels.

We conclude that excess Fe attenuates root growth by effecting an increase in root tip zone NO, and that this attenuation is related to NO‐mediated alterations in K+ homeostasis, partly via SNO1/SOS4.
Cell size, photosynthesis and the package effect: an artificial selection approach
Authors: Malerba Martino E. , Palacios Maria M. , Palacios Delgado Yussi M. , Beardall John , Marshall Dustin J. 
Published: April 2018

Summary

Cell size correlates with most traits among phytoplankton species. Theory predicts that larger cells should show poorer photosynthetic performance, perhaps due to reduced intracellular self‐shading (i.e. package effect). Yet current theory relies heavily on interspecific correlational approaches and causal relationships between size and photosynthetic machinery have remained untested.

As a more direct test, we applied 250 generations of artificial selection (c. 20 months) to evolve the green microalga Dunaliella teriolecta (Chlorophyta) toward different mean cell sizes, while monitoring all major photosynthetic parameters.

Evolving larger sizes (> 1500% difference in volume) resulted in reduced oxygen production per chlorophyll molecule – as predicted by the package effect. However, large‐evolved cells showed substantially higher rates of oxygen production – a finding unanticipated by current theory. In addition, volume‐specific photosynthetic pigments increased with size (Chla+b), while photo‐protectant pigments decreased (β‐carotene). Finally, larger cells displayed higher growth performances and Fv/Fm, steeper slopes of rapid light curves (α) and smaller light‐harvesting antennae (σPSII) with higher connectivity (ρ).

Overall, evolving a common ancestor into different sizes showed that the photosynthetic characteristics of a species coevolves with cell volume. Moreover, our experiment revealed a trade‐off between chlorophyll‐specific (decreasing with size) and volume‐specific (increasing with size) oxygen production in a cell.
Proximal patellar tendon pathology can develop during adolescence in young ballet dancers—A 2‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Rudavsky A. , Cook J. L. , Docking S. 
Published: April 2018

Patellar tendinopathy (tendon pain and dysfunction), or jumper's knee, is prevalent in adult jumping athletes. Pathology in the proximal patellar tendon is a key risk factor for developing patellar tendinopathy. When pathology develops in the proximal patellar tendon is not known, although it is reported to exist in adolescent athletes. The aim of this study was to follow young jumping athletes (ballet dancers) through adolescence to identify whether pathology develops and its relation to the adolescent growth spurt. Fifty‐seven elite ballet students between ages 11 and 18 were monitored for 2 years. Data were collected every 6 months, including an ultrasound scan on their left tendons using ultrasound tissue characterization (UTC) to quantify intratendinous changes, anthropometric data to calculate peak height velocity (adolescent growth spurt), participant reports of any injuries or dance modifications, and a VISA‐P and single leg decline squat for patellar tendon pain. Nine percentage of adolescent dancers developed pathology during this study, and development was not associated with growth spurt. Peak height velocity and dance participation/volume both at the start and throughout the study were similar in those who did develop pathology and those who did not. Only 2 of 5 participants who developed pathology reported pain associated with their tendon. Pathology in the proximal patellar tendon can develop during adolescence.
Networked audiences and cultural globalization
Authors: Li Hongmei , Jung Sookeung 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMost research approaches globalization from a top‐down perspective that looks at how past economic, political, and cultural arrangements influence non‐Western cultures. This essay instead uses the concept of the networked audience as an entry point to understand the dynamics of cultural globalization. We first discuss the mass audience in relation to cultural imperialism/homogenization. We then examine the recent shift to the networked audience in the context of digital globalization, computer networking, and social media. Afterwards, we investigate how the conceptualization of global networked audiences contributes to new understandings of global cultures and exchanges. The network perspective suggests that the traditional conceptualization of globalization via the center‐periphery model no longer works, but rather that cultural flows through networks enable individuals to have some, but limited, agency and power to resist corporate and elite controls.
Framing Black women: The utility of knowledge
Authors: Slatton Brittany C. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis article reviews the literature on the socially constructed knowledge or myths about Black women by placing it within a cultural context. I identify three domains of research within this field. The first is the cultural production of socially constructed mythologies of Black women throughout various historical epochs, which includes an analysis of books, journals, scientific/medical documents, images, and other cultural products. I focus on two primary categories of stereotypes found in the literature: 1.) the myth of pathology and primitiveness and 2.) the myth of antithetical womanhood. The second is the utility of cultural knowledge—which is to control and regulate culture and to justify and establish particular types of norms, preferences, laws, policies, and practices within society. Lastly, I will discuss the resistance culture of Black women, which developed in response to stereotypical perceptions created about them.
Assessing online misogyny: Perspectives from sociology and feminist media studies
Authors: Moloney Mairead Eastin , Love Tony P. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractScholarly and lay publications have highlighted increasing online misogyny. We review the dominant, cross‐disciplinary analyses and conceptualizations of cisnormative, heterosexist, misogynistic discourses. From feminist media scholarship, we highlight four terms intended to describe acts of online misogyny: online sexual harassment, gendertrolling, e‐bile, and disciplinary rhetoric. We then review the nascent sociological concept of virtual manhood acts (VMA) and situate it within the broader context of critical gender theory. VMA use the tools of technologically facilitated misogyny; they occur in online social spaces and, using textual and visual cues to signal a masculine self, enforce hegemonic gender norms, oppress women, and keep men “in the box.” VMA align with the interactionist view of gender as action and emphasize that a physical body is not needed to signal manhood. The concept of virtual manhood acts acknowledges that women are the primary victims of online oppression without obscuring the problematic practices of men that are central to this subjugation.
Allowing for the Projective Dimension of Agency in Analysing Alternative Food Networks
Authors: Le Velly Ronan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis article argues for including the projective dimension of agency in research into alternative food networks. Starting from a review of the literature, I show that referring to the notion of project is useful to answer the questions raised by the use of the term “alternative” and to reinforce analyses of hybridisation and conventionalisation processes. I argue that alternative food networks are characterised by a “promise of difference” in the projects of the actors who promote them. To clarify this notion of project, I rely on the work of French sociologists concerning the creation of “organised action”. I posit that taking account of the project amounts to recognising human beings' abilities to imagine and to construct new collectives such as those that are studied in research into alternative food networks. I also underscore the need to envision the project not as a clear determinant of action, but rather as a fuzzy landmark, meaning that negotiation and arbitration are required to set the rules involved in its implementation.
Another look at impulsivity: Could impulsive behavior be strategic?
Authors: Kopetz Catalina E. , Woerner Jacqueline I. , Briskin Julia L. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn the present article, we propose that impulsive behavior may be a response to certain needs or goals that people have in the moment and could therefore be strategic. We review briefly the dominant approaches and findings in the impulsivity literature. We then examine different behaviors that are typically considered impulsive such as delay discounting, risky sexual behavior, risk taking in the context of emotion dysregulation, and adolescent risk behavior and present evidence suggesting that they follow the general principles of goal pursuit. Specifically, they are (a) enacted when perceived as relevant to the individual's motivation; (b) less likely when alternative means to fulfill these goals are available; and (c) supported rather than reduced by sufficient executive control, a hallmark of goal pursuit. We do not argue that there is no impulsive behavior. Rather, we suggest that such behavior may represent individuals' attempts to fulfill current motivations or needs. This approach emphasizes the functionality and dynamism of the behavior, it provides a framework to explain the inconsistencies in the literature, it helps us to move away from pathologizing or moralizing the behavior, and it provides insights about potential strategies to mitigate the negative consequences of acting impulsively.
Top income shares inOECDcountries: The role of government ideology and globalisation
Authors: Dorn Florian , Schinke Christoph 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper investigates how government ideology and globalisation are associated with top income shares in 17OECDcountries over the period 1970 to 2014. We use top income shares of the World Wealth and Income Database (WID). Globalisation is measured by theKOFindex of globalisation. Static and dynamic panel model results show that the top income shares increased more under right wing governments than under left wing governments. The ideology‐induced effect was stronger when globalisation proceeded more rapidly. Globalisation was positively correlated with income shares of the upper‐middle class (P99–P90), but negatively with income shares of the rich (top 1%) in the overall sample. We show that the relationship differs between Anglo‐Saxon countries and otherOECDcountries. Globalisation was more pro‐rich in Anglo‐Saxon countries than in otherOECDcountries. Government ideology does not turn out to have a statistically significant effect on top income shares in Anglo‐Saxon countries after the 1980s, whereas ideology‐induced differences in the distributional outcomes continued in otherOECDcountries.
Evaluation of the relationship between peripheral pulse palpation and Doppler systolic blood pressure in dogs presenting to an emergency service
Authors: Ateca Laura B. , Reineke Erica L. , Drobatz Kenneth J. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the association between peripheral pulse palpation and Doppler‐derived systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurement in dogs presenting to an emergency service.DesignProspective observational study.SettingUniversity veterinary teaching hospital.AnimalsNinety‐three dogs that were presented to the emergency service. Dogs were eligible for inclusion in the study if a physical examination and a SBP measurement were performed prior to any interventions.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsBoth the femoral pulse quality and dorsal metatarsal pulse quality were digitally palpated and assessed as either strong, weak, or absent. The mean SBP in all dogs was 139 mm Hg (± 39 mm Hg). Seventeen (17/93; 18%) dogs were hypotensive with a SBP < 90 mm Hg (range, 40–88 mm Hg). The median SBP was not significantly different between dogs in the absent and present femoral pulse groups (P = 0.120) but the median SBP was significantly different between absent and present metatarsal pulse groups (P = 0.002). Dogs with absent metatarsal pulses were 7.6 times more likely to be hypotensive with a SBP < 90 mm Hg (OR, 7.6; 95% CI, 1.8–32) as compared to dogs with palpable metatarsal pulses. The sensitivity of absent metatarsal pulses to diagnose hypotension (SBP < 90 mm Hg) was 33% (95% CI, 10–65%) and the specificity was 94% (95% CI, 86–98%).ConclusionsAbsent metatarsal pulses are highly specific in the diagnosis of hypotension. However, dogs with palpable metatarsal pulses can still be hypotensive. Dorsal metatarsal pulse palpation is useful during triage assessment of dogs presenting to an emergency service, though it should not be used as the only indicator of a dog's cardiovascular stability and should not replace an actual blood pressure measurement.
Detection of intra‐cardiac thrombi and congestive heart failure in cats using computed tomographic angiography
Authors: Vititoe Kyle P. , Fries Ryan C. , Joslyn Stephen , Selmic Laura E. , Howes Mark , Vitt Jordan P. , O'Brien Robert T. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractArterial thromboembolism is a life‐threatening condition in cats most commonly secondary to cardiac disease. Echocardiography is the reference standard to evaluate for presence of a thrombus. In humans, computed tomographic (CT) angiography is becoming widely used to detect left atrial thrombi precluding the use of sedation. The purpose of this prospective, controlled, methods comparison pilot study was threefold: (1) describe new CT angiography protocol used in awake cats with cardiac disease and congestive heart failure; (2) determine accuracy of continuous and dynamic acquisition CT angiography to identify and characterize cardiac thrombi from spontaneous echocardiographic contrast using transthoracic echocardiography as our reference standard; (3) identify known negative prognostic factors and comorbidities of the thorax that CT angiography may provide that complement or supersede echocardiographic examination. Fourteen cats with heart disease were recruited; 7 with thrombi and 7 with spontaneous echocardiographic contrast. Echocardiography and awake CT angiography were performed using a microdose of contrast. Six of 7 thrombi were identified on CT angiography as filling defects by at least one reviewer within the left auricle (n = 6) and right heart (n = 1). Highest sensitivity (71.4%) was in continuous phase and highest specificity (85.7%) was in dynamic studies with fair to moderate interobserver agreement (0.38 and 0.44). CT angiography identified prognostic cardiac information (left atrial enlargement, congestive heart failure, arterial thromboembolism) and comorbidities (suspected idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, asthma). This study indicates CT angiography can readily identify cardiac thrombi, important prognostic information and comorbidities, and can be safely performed in cats with cardiac disease and congestive heart failure.
Influence of fitness and age on the endothelial response to acute inflammation
Authors: Schroeder Elizabeth C. , Lane‐Cordova Abbi D. , Ranadive Sushant M. , Baynard Tracy , Fernhall Bo 
Published: April 2018

New Findings
What is the central question of the study?
What are the effects of age and fitness on the vascular response to acute inflammation in younger and older adults?

What is the main finding and its importance?
In older adults, cardiorespiratory fitness level has a differential impact on endothelial function after acute inflammation. Compared with older adults with low fitness, older, moderately fit adults have a greater decrease in endothelial function, similar to that of younger adults. These findings have important implications in support of the beneficial effects of higher cardiorespiratory fitness in maintaining vascular reactivity and the ability to respond to stressors.

AbstractInflammation is associated with greater risk of cardiovascular events and reduced vascular function with ageing. Higher cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with lower risk of cardiovascular events and better vascular function. We evaluated the role of fitness in the vascular response to acute inflammation in 26 younger adults (YA) and 62 older adults (OA). We used an influenza vaccine to induce acute inflammation. Blood pressure, flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD), augmentation index, carotid elastic modulus and inflammatory markers were measured before and 24 h after vaccination. Peak oxygen uptake was measured via a treadmill test. ‘Fit’ was defined as a peak oxygen uptake greater than the age‐ and sex‐determined 50th percentile according to the American College of Sports Medicine. An interaction effect existed for the FMD response during acute inflammation (P < 0.05). The YA (low fit, from 11.5 ± 1.8 to 9.2 ± 1.3%; moderately fit, from 11.9 ± 0.8 to 9.0 ± 0.8%) and moderately fit OA (from 7.5 ± 1.0 to 3.9 ± 0.8%) had similar reductions in FMD at 24 h (P < 0.05). Low‐fit OA did not reduce FMD at 24 h (from 5.5 ± 0.4 to 5.2 ± 0.5%, P > 0.05). The reduction in FMD in YA was similar between fitness groups (P > 0.05). All groups had similar reductions in mean arterial pressure and increases in inflammatory markers. The augmentation index and carotid elastic modulus did not change during acute inflammation. In conclusion, in OA, higher fitness is associated with a greater decrease in endothelial function during acute inflammation, and this response is similar to that of young adults. This suggests that moderately fit OA may maintain vascular reactivity in response to stress, indicating preserved vascular function in moderately fit versus low‐fit OA.
Carbonic anhydrase is not a relevant nitrite reductase or nitrous anhydrase in the lung
Authors: Pickerodt Philipp A. , Kronfeldt Sebastian , Russ Martin , Gonzalez‐Lopez Adrian , Lother Philipp , Steiner Elvira , Vorbrodt Katja , Busch Thilo , Boemke Willehad , Francis Roland C. E. , Swenson Erik R. 
Published: April 2018

Key points
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors such as acetazolamide inhibit hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) in humans and other mammals, but the mechanism of this action remains unknown.
It has been postulated that carbonic anhydrase may act as a nitrous anhydrase in vivo to generate nitric oxide (NO) from nitrite and that this formation is increased in the presence of acetazolamide.
Acetazolamide reduces HPV in pigs without evidence of any NO generation, whereas nebulized sodium nitrite reduces HPV by NO formation; however; combined infusion of acetazolamide with sodium nitrite inhalation did not further increase exhaled NO concentration over inhaled nitrite alone in pigs exposed to alveolar hypoxia.
We conclude that acetazolamide does not function as either a nitrous anhydrase or a nitrite reductase in the lungs of pigs, and probably other mammals, to explain its vasodilating actions in the pulmonary or systemic circulations.
AbstractThe carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors acetazolamide and its structurally similar analogue methazolamide prevent or reduce hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) in dogs and humans in vivo, by a mechanism unrelated to CA inhibition. In rodent blood and isolated blood vessels, it has been reported that inhibition of CA leads to increased generation of nitric oxide (NO) from nitrite and vascular relaxation in vitro. We tested the physiological relevance of augmented NO generation by CA from nitrite with acetazolamide in anaesthetized pigs during alveolar hypoxia in vivo. We found that acetazolamide prevents HPV in anaesthetized pigs, as in other mammalian species. A single nebulization of sodium nitrite reduces HPV, but this action wanes in the succeeding 3 h of hypoxia as nitrite is metabolized and excreted. Pulmonary artery pressure reduction and NO formation as measured by exhaled gas concentration from inhaled sodium nitrite were not increased by acetazolamide during alveolar hypoxia. Thus, our data argue against a physiological role of carbonic anhydrase as a nitrous anhydrase or nitrite reductase as a mechanism for its inhibition of HPV in the lung and blood in vivo.