bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motivos de aderência das idosas incontinentes após follow-up de 24 meses de treinamento muscular
Authors: Mazo Giovana Zarpellon , Capeletto Eduardo , Santos Keyla Mara , Pereira Franciele Silva , Menezes Enaiane Cristina , Virtuoso Janeisa Franck 
Published: January 2019

Objetivo: investigar os motivos de aderência 24 meses após intervenção com treinamento dos musculos do assoalho pélvico (TMAP) com e sem musculação em idosas com incontinência urinária (IU). Método: Após o follow-up de 24 meses das intervenções foram contatadas 23 idosas. Foram aplicados o International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire – Short Form(ICIQ-SF) para verificar a frequência e gravidade da IU e o Questionário de Motivos para a Prática do TMAP para descrever os motivos de aderência ao TMAP e a prática de exercícios físicos (AFR). Resultados: Após 24 meses do tratamento da IU por meio do TMAP com e sem a prática da musculação 30,4% (n=7) das idosas permaneceram continentes. A adesão ao TMAP foi de 52,2% (n=12) e ao AFR de 73,9% (n=17), após 24 meses da intervenção. O motivo para a prática do TMAP foi a prevenção da IU. Para a AFR, o principal motivo foi a melhora da saúde geral. Conclusão: Sugerem-se novos estudos que utilizem estratégias para facilitar a adesão ao tratamento, num período longo de seguimento
We demand compromise: which achieves more, asking for small or large changes?
Authors: Appleby MC 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWelfare is the state of an animal on a continuum, from poor to good, so many decisions about it are decisions of degree, such as how much feed, space or environmental enrichment should be provided. Other decisions are more discrete, such as whether animals should be kept in cages. However, in practice, many such decisions also involve a range of possibilities — such as whether laying hens should be kept in conventional cages, furnished cages, other housed systems or free range — so that decisions within the range are also of degree. Furthermore, in broader contexts, such as husbandry standards for farm animals, decisions are needed as to how many criteria are to be addressed, which are also decisions of degree. Similarly, decisions about which species to protect and from how early in individual development they need protection are to some extent categorical. This is sometimes referred to as ‘line drawing.’ However, this mainly refers to whether or not animals are sentient, and sentience is not clearly distinguished from other aspects of animals’ cognition and responses, so there is no conclusive boundary between ‘haves’ and ‘have nots.’ So, these decisions are also of degree: is there sufficient evidence to ‘move the line’ further? When there are pressures against change, such as financial cost, should welfare advocates ask for small or large changes? The answer to this question will depend upon circumstances. But discussion of different circumstances suggests that compromise, realism, gradualism and pragmatism are all important in achieving improvements in animal welfare, while noting that other tactics also contribute in particular contexts.
How best to improve farm animal welfare? Four main approaches viewed from an economic perspective
Authors: Christensen T , Denver S , Sandøe P 
Published: January 2019

AbstractLooking at the issues from an economic perspective, we examine four approaches to the improvement of farm animal welfare: legislative initiatives, and initiatives driven by producers, consumer choice (labelling), and food companies (Corporate Social Responsibility; CSR). We take as our starting point the assumption that to obtain the best possible improvements in animal welfare, a combination of all four approaches will be needed. The main focus of the paper is to show that (and how) economics and other social sciences can play an important role in determining how to design and implement these approaches most effectively. We argue that insights from animal welfare science on what constitutes an improvement in animal welfare, and how such improvements are best measured, are a necessary input to the economic analyses. Economic analyses can guide the form and extent of welfare legislation so as to set decent minimum standards of animal welfare. To exploit producer-driven animal welfare opportunities, understanding the relationship between animal welfare, productivity and other product or production characteristics is essential. To make best use of initiatives driven by consumer choice and CSR, the focus needs to be on, not simply aspects of animal welfare for which consumers are known to be willing to pay, but also other welfare dimensions viewed as essential by animal welfare experts. Finally, recent, rapid developments in the marketing of animal welfare-friendly products have demonstrated the need for more knowledge about the ways in which consumers perceive the different kinds of information used in labels and CSR strategies.
Nonfullerene Small‐Molecule Acceptors for Organic Photovoltaics: Understanding the Impact of Methoxy Substitution Position on Molecular Packing and Electron‐Transfer Properties
Authors: Wang Tonghui , Brédas Jean‐Luc 
Published: January 2019

AbstractNonfullerene small‐molecule acceptors (SMAs) are considered as a key component of next‐generation organic photovoltaics. Introducing functional groups to the end‐groups of “acceptor‐donor‐acceptor”‐type SMAs is a facile and convenient way to tune their optoelectronic and morphological properties. Here, molecular dynamics simulations are combined with long‐range corrected density functional theory calculations to explore the molecular‐scale impact that the position of methoxy substitution in the end‐group has on the molecular packing and electron‐transfer properties in neat films. The focus here is on 3,9‐bis(2‐methylene‐(3‐(1,1‐dicyanomethylene)‐indanone))‐5,5,11,11‐tetrakis(4‐hexylphenyl)‐dithieno [2,3‐d:2′,3′‐d′]‐s‐indaceno[1,2‐b:5,6‐b′]dithiophene (IT‐OM), where three end‐group methoxy substitution positions are evaluated. Changing the methoxy substitution position is found to influence, to different extents, the planarity of the end‐groups and thus the intermolecular packing density. The effect on the intermolecular electron‐transfer rates is also examined and leads to markedly different sizes of strongly interconnected clusters. Overall, these findings are fully consistent with the experimental evolution of electron mobility in the neat IT‐OM film as a function of methoxy substitution position.
Carbon‐Based Metal‐Free Catalysts for Electrocatalytic Reduction of Nitrogen for Synthesis of Ammonia at Ambient Conditions
Authors: Zhao Shenlong , Lu Xunyu , Wang Lianzhou , Gale Julian , Amal Rose 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is a promising catalytic system for N2 fixation in ambient conditions. Currently, metal‐based catalysts are the most widely studied catalysts for electrocatalytic NRR. Unfortunately, the low selectivity and poor resistance to acids and bases, and the low Faradaic efficiency, production rate, and stability of metal‐based catalysts for NRR make them uncompetitive for the synthesis of ammonia in comparison to the industrial Haber–Bosch process. Inspired by applications of carbon‐based metal‐free catalysts (CMFCs) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), the studies of these CMFCs in electrocatalytic NRR have attracted great attention in the past year. However, due to the differences in electrocatalytic NRR, there are several critical issues that need to be addressed in order to achieve rational design of advanced carbon‐based metal‐free electrocatalysts to improve activity, selectivity, and stability for NRR. Herein, the recent developments in the field of carbon‐based metal‐free NRR catalysts are presented, along with critical issues, challenges, and perspectives concerning metal‐free catalysts for electrocatalytic reduction of nitrogen for synthesis of ammonia at ambient conditions.
Strain Engineering of 2D Materials: Issues and Opportunities at the Interface
Authors: Dai Zhaohe , Liu Luqi , Zhang Zhong 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTriggered by the growing needs of developing semiconductor devices at ever‐decreasing scales, strain engineering of 2D materials has recently seen a surge of interest. The goal of this principle is to exploit mechanical strain to tune the electronic and photonic performance of 2D materials and to ultimately achieve high‐performance 2D‐material‐based devices. Although strain engineering has been well studied for traditional semiconductor materials and is now routinely used in their manufacturing, recent experiments on strain engineering of 2D materials have shown new opportunities for fundamental physics and exciting applications, along with new challenges, due to the atomic nature of 2D materials. Here, recent advances in the application of mechanical strain into 2D materials are reviewed. These developments are categorized by the deformation modes of the 2D material–substrate system: in‐plane mode and out‐of‐plane mode. Recent state‐of‐the‐art characterization of the interface mechanics for these 2D material–substrate systems is also summarized. These advances highlight how the strain or strain‐coupled applications of 2D materials rely on the interfacial properties, essentially shear and adhesion, and finally offer direct guidelines for deterministic design of mechanical strains into 2D materials for ultrathin semiconductor applications.
Enhancement of Anatomical Education Using Augmented Reality: An Empirical Study of Body Painting
Authors: Barmaki Roghayeh , Yu Kevin , Pearlman Rebecca , Shingles Richard , Bork Felix , Osgood Greg M. , Navab Nassir 
Published: January 2019

Students in undergraduate premedical anatomy courses may experience suboptimal and superficial learning experiences due to large class sizes, passive lecture styles, and difficult‐to‐master concepts. This study introduces an innovative, hands‐on activity for human musculoskeletal system education with the aim of improving students’ level of engagement and knowledge retention. In this study, a collaborative learning intervention using the REFLECT (augmented reality for learning clinical anatomy) system is presented. The system uses the augmented reality magic mirror paradigm to superimpose anatomical visualizations over the user’s body in a large display, creating the impression that she sees the relevant anatomic illustrations inside her own body. The efficacy of this proposed system was evaluated in a large‐scale controlled study, using a team‐based muscle painting activity among undergraduate premedical students (n = 288) at the Johns Hopkins University. The baseline knowledge and post‐intervention knowledge of the students were measured before and after the painting activity according to their assigned groups in the study. The results from knowledge tests and additional collected data demonstrate that the proposed interactive system enhanced learning of the musculoskeletal system with improved knowledge retention (F(10,133) = 3.14, P < 0.001), increased time on task (F(1,275) = 5.70, P < 0.01), and a high level of engagement (F(9,273) = 8.28, P < 0.0001). The proposed REFLECT system will be of benefit as a complementary anatomy learning tool for students.
Modulation of callus growth and secondary metabolites in different Thymus species and Zataria multiflora micropropagated under ZnO nanoparticles stress
Authors: Mosavat Nima , Golkar Pooran , Yousefifard Maryam , Javed Rabia 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThymus species are aromatic plants with diverse applications in food industries and medicine. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential effect of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) on callus proliferation and thymol and carvacrol production in three Thymus species, that is, T. vulgaris, T. daenensis, and T. kotschyanus, and Zataria multiflora. For this purpose, callus induction was performed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing different plant growth regulators (PGRs). After optimization of callus growth, the effects of different concentrations of ZnO NPs (100 and 150 mg L−1) were investigated. MS containing 2 mg L−1 of 2, 4‐dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4‐D) and 1 mg L−1 of kinetin (Kin) revealed significantly highest fresh weight (0.18 g) of callus in T. kotschyanus. Callus growth rate (0.079 mm day−1) was found highest in T. vulgaris under similar conditions. Moreover, highest callus induction (92.50%) was achieved by T. kotschyanus in MS containing 2.5 mg L−1 of 2,4‐D. Regarding the highest content of thymol (22.8 mg L−1) and carvacrol (0.68 mg L−1) evaluated by high‐performance liquid chromatography, best results were achieved under 150 mg L−1 of ZnO NPs in T. kotschyanus and T. daenesis, respectively. This is simple and cost‐effective method to be applied on industrial level for production of enhanced secondary metabolites content.
Influence of the level of sacrectomy on survival in patients with locally advanced and recurrent rectal cancer
Authors: Lau Y C , Jongerius K , Wakeman C , Heriot A G , Solomon M J , Sagar P M , Tekkis P P , Frizelle F A 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background
Exenterative surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer may involve partial sacrectomy to achieve complete resection. High sacrectomy is technically challenging, and can be associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the level of sacrectomy on the survival of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer.

Methods
This was an international multicentre retrospective analysis of patients undergoing exenterative abdominosacrectomy between July 2006 and June 2016. High sacrectomy was defined as resection at or above the junction of S2–S3; low sacrectomy was below the S2–S3 junction. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to assess overall survival and cancer-specific survival. Predictive factors were determined using Cox regression analysis.

Results
A total of 345 patients were identified, of whom 91 underwent high sacrectomy and 254 low sacrectomy. There was no difference in 5-year overall survival (53 versus 44·1 per cent; P = 0·216) or cancer-specific survival (60 versus 56·1 per cent; P = 0·526) between high and low sacrectomy. Negative margin rates were similar for primary and recurrent disease: 65 of 90 (72 per cent) versus 97 of 153 (63·4 per cent) (P = 0·143). Level of sacrectomy was not a significant predictor of mortality (P = 0·053). Positive resection margin and advancing age were the only significant predictors for death, with hazard ratios of 2·78 (P &lt; 0·001) and 1·02 (P = 0·020) respectively.

Conclusion
There was no survival difference between patients who underwent high or low sacrectomy. In appropriately selected patients, high sacrectomy is feasible and safe.
Reactions of D2 with 1,4‐Bis(diphenylphosphino) butane‐Stabilized Metal Nanoparticles‐A Combined Gas‐phase NMR, GC‐MS and Solid‐state NMR Study
Authors: Rothermel Niels , Röther Tobias , Ayvalı Tuğçe , Martínez‐Prieto Luis M. , Philippot Karine , Limbach Hans‐Heinrich , Chaudret Bruno , Gutmann Torsten , Buntkowsky Gerd 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe reactions of three metal nanoparticle (MNP) systems Ru/dppb, RuPt/dppb, Pt/dppb (dppb=1,4‐bis(diphenylphosphino)butane) with gaseous D2 at room temperature and different gas pressures have been studied using 1H gas phase NMR, GC‐MS and solid state 13C and 31P MAS NMR. The main product is gaseous HD arising from the reaction of D2 with surface hydrogen sites created during the synthesis of the nanoparticles. In a side reaction, some of the dppb ligands are decomposed producing surface phosphorus species and gaseous partially deuterated butane and cyclohexane. These findings are fundamental for detailed studies of the reaction kinetics of these particles towards H2 or D2 gas.
A semi‐active human digital twin model for detecting severity of carotid stenoses from head vibration—A coupled computational mechanics and computer vision method
Authors: Chakshu Neeraj Kavan , Carson Jason , Sazonov Igor , Nithiarasu Perumal 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this work, we propose a methodology to detect the severity of carotid stenosis from a video of a human face with the help of a coupled blood flow and head vibration model. This semi‐active digital twin model is an attempt to link noninvasive video of a patient face to the percentage of carotid occlusion. The pulsatile nature of blood flow through the carotid arteries induces a subtle head vibration. This vibration is a potential indicator of carotid stenosis severity, and it is exploited in the present study. A head vibration model has been proposed in the present work that is linked to the forces generated by blood flow with or without occlusion. The model is used to generate a large number of virtual head vibration data for different degrees of occlusion. In order to determine the in vivo head vibration, a computer vision algorithm is adopted to use human face videos. The in vivo vibrations are compared against the virtual vibration data generated from the coupled computational blood flow/vibration model. A comparison of the in vivo vibration is made against the virtual data to find the best fit between in vivo and virtual data. The preliminary results on healthy subjects and a patient clearly indicate that the model is accurate and it possesses the potential for detecting approximate severity of carotid artery stenoses.
A Phase 1b Trial to Assess the Pharmacokinetics of Ezutromid in Pediatric Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Patients on a Balanced Diet
Authors: Muntoni Francesco , Tejura Bina , Spinty Stefan , Roper Helen , Hughes Imelda , Layton Gary , Davies Kay E. , Harriman Shawn , Tinsley Jonathon 
Published: January 2019

AbstractEzutromid (SMT C1100) is a small‐molecule utrophin modulator that was developed to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Previous clinical trials of this agent revealed lower exposure in DMD patients compared with healthy volunteers, which may reflect differences in diet. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of ezutromid in patients with DMD who followed a balanced diet. This was a multicenter, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, ascending single and multiple oral dose study. Twelve pediatric patients were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatment sequences within which were 3 treatment periods of 2 weeks each. Each patient received, in a dose‐escalating fashion, 1250 mg and 2500 mg twice daily (BID) of ezutromid administered orally as a microfluidized suspension (F3) with placebo in the other treatment period. Throughout the study, patients followed a balanced diet including recommended proportions of major food groups and administration of drug accompanied with 100 mL of full‐fat milk. This approach improved the absorption of ezutromid, resulting in higher systemic exposure, with considerable variability in exposure between patients at each dose level. Single and multiple oral doses of 1250 mg and 2500 mg BID were considered safe and well tolerated. No severe or serious adverse events and no study discontinuations due to adverse events were reported. This study provides assurance that, with the formulation tested (F3) and instructions regarding food (balanced diet and whole‐fat milk), 2500 mg BID of ezutromid achieves plasma concentrations that, based on preclinical studies, should be able to modulate utrophin expression in future clinical trials.
Needs and Gaps for Catalysis in Addressing Transitions in Chemistry and Energy from a Sustainability Perspective
Authors: Centi Gabriele , Čejka Jiří 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCatalysis is undergoing a major transition resulting from significant changes in chemical and energy production. To honor the 50th anniversary of establishing the Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, this Essay discusses, from a forward‐looking, personal and somewhat provocative perspective, the needs and gaps of catalysis to address the ongoing transition in chemistry and energy from a sustainability perspective. The focus is on a few selected aspects identified as crucial: i) The precise synthesis of catalytic materials, particularly focusing on mesoporous molecular sieves, metal–organic frameworks, and zeolites (particularly two‐dimensional type); ii) advanced catalyst characterization methods; iii) new concepts and approaches needed in catalysis to meet the demands of a field of energy and chemistry in transition.
Maturation changes the excitability and effective connectivity of the frontal lobe: A developmental TMS–EEG study
Authors: Määttä Sara , Säisänen Laura , Kallioniemi Elisa , Lakka Timo A. , Lintu Niina , Haapala Eero A. , Koskenkorva Päivi , Niskanen Eini , Ferreri Florinda , Könönen Mervi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation with simultaneous electroencephalography (TMS–EEG) offers direct neurophysiological insight into excitability and connectivity within neural circuits. However, there have been few developmental TMS–EEG studies to date, and they all have focused on primary motor cortex stimulation. In the present study, we used navigated high‐density TMS–EEG to investigate the maturation of the superior frontal cortex (dorsal premotor cortex [PMd]), which is involved in a broad range of motor and cognitive functions known to develop with age. We demonstrated that reactivity to frontal cortex TMS decreases with development. We also showed that although frontal cortex TMS elicits an equally complex TEP waveform in all age groups, the statistically significant between‐group differences in the topography of the TMS‐evoked peaks and differences in current density maps suggest changes in effective connectivity of the right PMd with maturation. More generally, our results indicate that direct study of the brain's excitability and effective connectivity via TMS–EEG co‐registration can also be applied to pediatric populations outside the primary motor cortex, and may provide useful information for developmental studies and studies on developmental neuropsychiatric disorders.
Energetic and exergetic investigation on lauric and stearic acid phase‐change material–based thermal energy storage system integrated with engine exhaust
Authors: Yadav Chandrmani , Sahoo Rashmi Rekha 
Published: January 2019

AbstractEnergy and exergy analysis comparison of lauric and stearic acid phase‐change material (PCM)–based energy storage system integrated with engine exhaust have been investigated in the present study, which provides more realistic assessment than the conventional energy analysis. On the basis of thermodynamic laws, energy, exergy, charging efficiencies, and availability of PCM thermal storage with various mass fractions have been investigated at engine full load. The exergy saved for PCMs in the overall system is quantified and were compared. The results revealed a considerable enhancement in energy and exergy efficiency for thermal energy storage with lauric acid PCM due to its enhanced thermophysical properties. Energy and exergy of the storage medium for lauric acid PCM with 0.4 kg mass fraction, increased by 68% and 57.5% compared with stearic acid PCM thermal storage integrated with a diesel engine. Also, energy and exergy efficiency of charging and integrating the system with stearic acid PCM decrease with increase in mass fractions. Thus, lauric acid PCM can be used as thermal storage medium at high temperatures for exhaust heat recovery from engines and also an option for green technology.