bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Street Tapes
Authors: Aguayo Angela J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The proliferation of screen media and the saturation of everyday life with digital culture led to dramatic shifts in public communication, challenging our sense of what it means to be a citizen in the 21st century. Digital technologies have expanded the capacity to author and circulate information in unforeseeable ways. Cell phone video recordings became evidence of an unprovoked police attack, leaving traditional news outlets with little original content. Shifts in online engagement and mobile recording patterns at the turn of the century have enabled people who exist outside of business, state, and mainstream media sectors to create visible documentary moving image discourse that circumvent traditional media content. The standardization of the internet at the turn of the century brought people together in new ways, paving the way for social media and newly formed social networks. Visibility through digital production, online self-publishing, and circulation through social networks offer more than the opportunity to gather an audience; these forms of communication consistently disrupt, contribute, penetrate, challenge, focus, and reframe important public conversations in our culture. This chapter focuses on accidental witnessing of racial struggle and representation of police brutality in documentary history. This chapter has implications for what bodies get to move freely through a documentary commons and what bodies do not.
Value
Authors: Wolfsdorf David Conan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The gradable property associated with “good” is value. Chapter 4 pursues the question “What is value?” and does so by linguistic means. The term “value” is a mass noun. This mass noun is polysemous between generic and specific senses; where the former comprises so-called negative, neutral, and positive value; and the latter denotes only positive value. The chapter argues that positive value is purpose serving, which is to say contribution to the realization of a purpose. Consequently, for an entity x to be good is for x to contribute to the realization of a purpose to a significant degree. “Purpose,” as here employed, is a univocal modal term, whose denotation comprises at least four basic kinds: biological and characteristic artificial purposes and ad hoc purposes derived from either intentions or desires. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the relation between value and quality.
Dimensional Specification
Authors: Wolfsdorf David Conan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Gradable properties are called “dimensions”; dimensions that are specifiable by kind are called “dimension-types.” Tokenings of “good” almost always involve specification of the dimension-type of value, that is, purpose serving associated with “good.” Dimensional specification is precisely tantamount to specification of purpose. Chapter 5 considers several explanations of dimensional specification and argues that dimensional specification is effected through so-called supplementation. That is, the adjective “good” is supplemented with an explicit or implicit adverbial or nominal expression. Implicit supplementation is semantic ellipsis. In cases of nominal supplementation, the nominal expression semantically modifies “good,” which syntactically modifies it. Such so-called reciprocal modification involves the nominal supplement N suggesting an implicit adverbial modifier of “good.” Semantically, the implicit adverbial modifier functions as an intensional predicate modifier. The meaning of the adverbial modifier plus “good” phrase is “good in the typical or at least contextually salient way that an N is good.”
Counterfactual Interlocutors
Authors: Ballantyne Nathan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIf the intellectual world were different, we would very likely face powerful objections we haven’t actually encountered. Realizing that “counterfactual interlocutors” could devise objections to our strongest arguments can help us keep our confidence in check. This chapter defends the idea that counterfactual interlocutors may challenge our controversial opinions.
Perspectives and Frames in Pursuit of Ultimate Understanding
Authors: Camp Elisabeth 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We frequently employ “framing devices,” like metaphors, telling details, and just-so stories, in ordinary conversation and in political, pedagogical, and scientific discourse, in order to coordinate our intuitive patterns of thinking about their subjects. Such framing devices, and the perspectives they generate, are thus tools for understanding at least in the sense of helping us to comprehend one another. But they can also seem like mere cognitive mechanisms: suitable for manipulating ourselves and one another, but at best heuristic proxies for, and at worst noisy obstacles to, genuinely rational engagement with the world. This chapter argues that frames can make an essential epistemic contribution within the course of inquiry, by guiding investigation in distinctively fruitful ways, and, ultimately, by producing characterizations that aptly reflect the explanatory structure of the world.
Recasting the “Scientism” Debate
Authors: Gottlieb Anthony 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter questions the idea that the sciences are by their nature limited in scope and contends that it rests on a failure to press the question of what we mean by “science.” This term and its cognates are approbative or honorific rather than purely descriptive: they have typically been used to mark whatever was thought at the time to be the best sort of theoretical knowledge. So it is not clear how any topic in the domain of theoretical knowledge can be judged to be beyond the scope of scientific illumination. Particular attention is paid to the history of debates about “scientism” and to the recently popular idea that consciousness and subjectivity are citadels that cannot be breached by natural science.
Technology as Teacher
Authors: Brink Kimberly A. , Wellman Henry M. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Robots are increasingly a part of children’s lives—teaching in classrooms, comforting children in hospitals, and playing in their homes. This chapter reviews literature on children’s understanding and trust of robots, including the authors’ own emerging research addressing these topics empirically. It demonstrates that children’s understanding of the abilities and behaviors of robots affects whether children like and are willing to learn from robots. The chapter emphasizes that children’s beliefs about the psychological, social, and perceptual abilities of robots change with age and differentially impact children’s feelings toward and their willingness to learn from them. Empirical research addressing these issues is in its infancy, so the chapter concludes with suggestions for still more programmatic research on the questions of how children learn from, and how they come to understand smart technology—computers, smartphones, and especially humanoid robots.
Understanding Others to Learn and Help Others Learn
Authors: Gweon Hyowon 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Through learning from others and sharing what we know in our everyday social interactions, we learn things that go far beyond what we can directly experience. What makes human social learning so distinctive, powerful, and effective? This chapter reviews recent developmental evidence on how our understanding of others—basic aspects of human social cognition—can support effective learning and communication. Even at a young age, humans show remarkable abilities to reason about others’ minds to (1) draw sophisticated inferences from information provided by others, (2) use such information to evaluate others’ informativeness, and (3) actively teach and communicate information to others. These studies suggest that human social learning is rooted in the basic social-cognitive abilities to understand what others want, need, and know, as well as what is useful or costly for others. Such abilities allow even young children to make flexible and rational decisions to learn from others and teach others, providing foundations for the development of distinctively human social learning.
Religious Understanding and Cultured Practices
Authors: Tilley Terrence W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the insights and oversights of projection theories of religious belief (e.g., Feuerbach, Freud). It accepts the notion that religious beliefs are projections developed in religious practices applied to the “transcendent.” But these beliefs are not irrational simply because they originated as projections; this is the genetic fallacy. Rather, all beliefs about the transcendent, including denials of any reality to the transcendent, originate in projecting qualities found in the immanent onto the transcendent. The reasonableness of religious beliefs is argued on analogy with the travails of “A Square” in Edwin Abbott’s Flatland. To distinguish among religious projections, the final section develops standards of appraisal that can be used at least to weed out the less plausible religious projects.
Where We Stand
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the obstacles that stand in the way of moral improvement, particularly the challenges that human beings face in trying to acquire self-knowledge. It aims to set out a psychologically realistic picture of how human beings think about themselves and their actions, and what that means for moral improvement. It focuses on our epistemic limitations and how those interfere with our capacities for accurate self-perception and reflection. Those epistemic limitations are significant and any account of moral improvement must take them seriously. The chapter claims that moral improvement projects can still can get off the ground, even if we assume that moral reflection is standardly haphazard, unsystematic, and prone to error. Moral improvement is described as an effort to pull a coherent moral self together from threads of existing, messy, and conflicting practical identities and standpoints.
Moral Identities
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter is an exploration of moral identity, as both a psychological and a philosophical concept. It begins with the phenomenon of an identity crisis, employing Mr. Stevens, the butler from Kazuo Ishiguro’s Remains of the Day, as an illustration. The chapter develops an account of moral identity that seeks to be consistent with psychological conceptions while also generating the normative authority and regulative efficacy necessary for moral identity to function as a moral ideal. The chapter argues that person’s moral identity is not separable from her other practical identities and standpoints, and that it derives its content from her efforts to work out how to live well within the normative structures of those other identities. It also argues that an individual’s moral identity is intertwined with her social context in ways that shape the content of that identity and her ability to live in accordance with it.
Moral Aspirations
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter takes up the question of what it means for a person’s moral identity to be aspirational and how we can go about cultivating aspirational moral identities that are conducive to moral improvement. It considers the role of conflict and crisis in precipitating critical reflection on existing moral identities. It also considers the ways in which a person can enhance her capacities for the requisite kind of reflection, with a particular focus on perspective shifts, imagination, and the use of exemplars. The chapter draws on work by Agnes Callard and David Velleman to argue that aspirational moral identities are cultivated proleptically through developing and enacting imaginative self-conceptions that reflect moral aspirations. These imaginative self-conceptions take the form of what the chapter describes as fictive moral selves.
Self-Deprecation
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter takes up the social practice of self-deprecation, or the deliberate lowering of one’s social position in a given social interaction. The social practice of self-deprecation is distinguished from the virtues of modesty and humility and from the social practice of humblebragging. When self-deprecation is used well, it alters the normative space of a social interaction in ways that restore or maintain equality. Used badly, it threatens that equality and undermines respect and self-respect. How self-deprecation affects the normative space of an interaction depends on the social landscape in which it occurs, especially social power relationships. The account of self-deprecation defended in this chapter distinguishes between morally constructive and morally destructive self-deprecation.
Protection
Authors: Boris Eileen 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the legacy of the interwar period by focusing on the contested meaning of protection. It contrasts labor standards as protections for workers with cultures of protection that address Western notions of morality, sexuality, gender ideals, and “civilized” behavior. It probes standards for workers who deviated from the adult male industrial norm by their gender, age, occupation, or geographical location. After discussing the promise of the International Conference of Working Women, it analyzes the ILO’s originary embrace of protection in 1919. It then compares two ILO proposals that elicited pushback from both social purity advocates and legal equality feminists: migrant women traveling alone on ships and the social welfare of seafaring men in ports. It finally turns to interwar conventions for areas under colonial rule. Amid regulation of forced and contract labor, Western women justified their own quest for equal rights by intervening to save “native” women from multiple kinds of violations through “native” labor conventions. The operation of such special protections highlights the centrality of reproductive labor for the sexual division of labor, but also for the economic, political, and cultural hegemony of the colonial powers.
Outwork
Authors: Boris Eileen 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter charts the road to the Home Work Convention, 1996 (No. 177), whose passage paved the way for “excluded” workers to press for rights and recognition at the ILO. Changes in the global economy led international union federations and ILO sectorial meetings to support a convention. Efforts of the Programme on Rural Women also proved crucial. The Self Employed Women’s Association of India (SEWA) led by Ela Bhatt became the most important group organizing home-based workers and documenting their lives. It lobbied for international redress as a strategy to enact and enforce national measures. However, the campaign by an emerging transnational network of women in HomeNet International required amplification by the labor federations. Research alone was insufficient to gain the attention of the Governing Body or win at the International Labour Conference, though lack of statistics served as an excuse for inaction. Support by the Workers’ group proved necessary, galvanized by Dan Gallin of the International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Associations (IUF). Conflicts over who was an employee and rejection by the entire Employer’s group revealed cracks in the ILO’s structure.
Poetry as Prayer in the Sanskrit Hymns of Kashmir
Authors: Stainton Hamsa 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This book investigates the history of a popular genre of Sanskrit devotional poetry in Kashmir: the stotra, or hymn of praise. Such hymns demonstrate and frequently reflect upon the close link between literary and religious expression in South Asia—the relationship between poetry and prayer. This study presents an overview and reassessment of the stotra genre, including its definition and history, focusing on literary hymns in Kashmir from the eighth to the twentieth century. Investigating these hymns as theological texts, it argues for their pedagogical potential and their particular appeal for non-dualistic authors. Analyzing such hymns as prayers, it unpacks the unique capabilities of the stotra form and challenges persistent assumptions in the study of Hindu prayer. The book argues for the literary ambition and creativity of many stotras across the centuries, and it complicates standard narratives about the vitality and so-called death of Sanskrit in the region. Śaiva poets also engaged with the rich discourse on aesthetics in Kashmir, and this study charts how they experiment with the idea of a devotional “taste” (bhaktirasa) long before Vaiṣṇava authors would make it well known in South Asia. Finally, it presents new perspectives on the historiography of bhakti traditions and “Kashmir Śaivism.” Overall, this book reveals the unique nature and history of stotra literature in Kashmir; demonstrates the diversity, flexibility, and persistent appeal of the stotra genre; and introduces new sources and ways of thinking about these popular texts and the comparative study of devotional poetry and prayer.
Poetry as Theology
Authors: Stainton Hamsa 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter delves into the complexity of poetry as theology. Focusing largely on the most influential period of theological composition in Kashmir, from the ninth century to the twelfth, it reevaluates poetry by some of the most well-known Śaiva authors from the region, including Utpaladeva, Abhinavagupta, and Kṣemarāja. It charts multiple ways that Sanskrit hymns can do theological work, and specifically how the poetic features of many hymns help to constitute their theological content. Some hymns show pedagogical concerns and serve as models for human audiences to emulate, both in their interpretations of specific positions and in their implementation of those positions in practice. The chapter argues, in particular, that the stotra form was appealing for non-dualistic authors seeking to reinterpret various practices and features of worship that might otherwise be seen as dualistic, including praise, prayer, and devotion.
Poetry as Prayer
Authors: Stainton Hamsa 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter develops the study of poetry as prayer. It reviews recent scholarship on prayer and evaluates the perils and potential of prayer as a category of analysis in the study of South Asian religions. Then, focusing on an important and previously unstudied text from fourteenth-century Kashmir—Jagaddhara Bhaṭṭa’s Stutikusumāñjali (Flower-Offering of Praise)—it analyzes various types of prayer sheltered under the umbrella of the stotra genre. In addition, it explores two creative ways of interpreting poetic prayer. First, it examines how Jagaddhara dramatizes Śiva’s interactions with Sarasvatī as the beautifully embodied form of poetry. Then it analyzes praise-poetry as a type of verbal prasāda, an offering received by a deity and then enjoyed by a community of devotees. Finally, the chapter argues that some of the evidence from Kashmir challenges a persistent view in the study of Hinduism that “true” prayer is a spontaneous outpouring of the heart.
Myth, Locality, and Identity in Pindar's Sicilian Odes
Authors: Lewis Virginia M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMyth, Locality, and Identity in Pindar’s Sicilian Odes argues that Pindar engages in a striking, innovative style of mythmaking that represents and shapes Sicilian identities in his epinician odes for Sicilian victors in the fifth century bce. While Sicily has been thought to be lacking in local traditions for Pindar to celebrate, this book argues that the Sicilian odes offer examples of the formation of local traditions: the monster Typho whom Zeus defeated to become king of the gods, for example, now lives beneath Mt. Aitna; Persephone receives the island of Sicily as a gift from Zeus; and the Peloponnesian river Alpheos travels to Syracuse in pursuit of the local spring nymph Arethusa. By weaving regional and Panhellenic myth into the local landscape, as the book shows, Pindar infuses physical places with meaning and thereby contextualizes people, cities, and their rulers within a wider Greek framework. During this time period, Greek Sicily experienced a unique set of political circumstances: the inhabitants were continuously being displaced, cities were founded and resettled, and political leaders rose and fell from power in rapid succession. This book offers the first sustained analysis of myth in Pindar’s odes for Sicilian victors across the island that accounts for their shared cultural contexts.
Arriving in Syracuse
Authors: Lewis Virginia M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractChapter 1 focuses on the cult and mythical narratives of Arethusa and the related goddess, Artemis Alpheioa. It begins with a survey of the historical and material evidence for Arethusa in sixth- and fifth-century Syracuse. As a civic symbol for the polis, Arethusa endures despite political volatility in the period. Pindar, the chapter argues, recognizes the importance of Arethusa as a civic symbol and evokes the relationship between Arethusa and Alpheos in nearly every poem for Syracuse, signaling stability and continuity. Furthermore, it proposes that links between the cults in Syracuse and related worship of Artemis Alpheioa in the Peloponnese suggest that Pindar’s references to the cult highlight a mythic tradition shared by the Peloponnesians and Syracusans.
Fluid Identities
Authors: Lewis Virginia M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractChapter 4 argues that Pindar activates the River Akragas as a civic symbol in three of his five odes for victors from Akragas. Along with Syracuse, Akragas was one of the two most powerful Sicilian cities in the fifth century, and the influential Emmenid rulers celebrated their athletic successes by commissioning four odes by Pindar. A fifth ode for Akragas is unique as the only example of an ode in celebration of a victory in a musical competition that survives from classical Greece. A preliminary survey of local references in these odes suggests that the River Akragas became a recurring symbol that echoed the crab on Akragantine coinage of the period. Already in the earliest of the Akragantine odes, Pythian 12, the poet represents Akragas as a morphing figure that shifts from city to nymph to river, emphasizing the equivalency drawn between the three and the importance of the river as a symbol of civic identity. Later, in Olympians 2 and 3 (in celebration of Theron’s chariot victory of 476), Pindar draws a spatial analogy between the Akragantines and the inhabitants of the Isle of the Blessed and the mythical Hyperboreans, respectively, that depends on their link to the river. Through close reading and analysis of Olympian 2, this chapter suggests that the River Akragas becomes a locus of Akragantine civic identity in this poetry.