bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of promotional strategies of pharmaceutical companies on doctor’s recommendation of branded drugs: an empirical study on pharmaceutical industry in Sri Lanka
Authors: Punchibandara M. M. T. 
Published: April 2018

The study was focused on selected promotional strategies such as medical detailing, providing scientific materials, Sponsorships, continuous medical education programs (CME), and sponsoring clinical meetings conducted by the pharmaceutical companies in order to get recommendations of their products. As a sample, 150 doctors from Colombo, Kandy and Galle, were interviewed with a structured questionnaire. Both descriptive and inferential statistics methods were used to analyze the data. Correlation analysis and multiple regressions were used to test the relationship among the independent and dependent variables. The statistical analysis revealed that there is a significant influence of promotional strategies used by pharmaceutical companies on the recommendation of branded drugs by doctors. Further, it was found that each promotional strategy has different degree of impact on recommendation of branded drugs. Detailing and sampling have significant impact but it is relatively low compared to other factors like continuous meetings, scientific materials and CME.
Netting Neutrophils Activate Autoreactive B Cells in Lupus
Authors: Gestermann Nicolas , Di Domizio Jeremy , Lande Roberto , Demaria Olivier , Frasca Loredana , Feldmeyer Laurence , Di Lucca Julie , Gilliet Michel 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Lupus erythematosus (LE) patients develop autoantibodies that form circulating immune complexes (ICs) with extracellular self-nucleic acids. These ICs are deposited into peripheral tissues, where they trigger detrimental organ inflammation. Recent evidence suggests that ICs contain LL37–DNA complexes derived from neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and that LE patients develop pathogenic autoantibodies against these structures, including Abs to LL37. However, the mechanism that leads to the generation of these Abs is unknown. In this study, we show that NETs directly trigger Ab production by human memory B cells. This occurs via LL37–DNA complexes present in NETs, which have the unique ability to gain access to endosomal compartments of B cells and to trigger TLR9 activation. In LE patients, NET-derived LL37–DNA complexes trigger polyclonal B cell activation via TLR9, but also specifically expand self-reactive memory B cells producing anti-LL37 Abs in an Ag-dependent manner. These findings suggest a unique link between neutrophils and B cells in which NETs trigger a concerted activation of TLR9 and BCR leading to anti-NET autoantibody production in lupus.
Early Antiretroviral Therapy Preserves Functional Follicular Helper T and HIV-Specific B Cells in the Gut Mucosa of HIV-1–Infected Individuals
Authors: Planchais Cyril , Hocqueloux Laurent , Ibanez Clara , Gallien Sébastien , Copie Christiane , Surenaud Mathieu , Kök Ayrin , Lorin Valérie , Fusaro Mathieu , Delfau-Larue Marie-Hélène , Lefrou Laurent , Prazuck Thierry , Lévy Michael , Seddiki Nabila , Lelièvre Jean-Daniel , Mouquet Hugo , Lévy Yves , Hüe Sophie 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
HIV-1 infection is associated with B cell dysregulation and dysfunction. In HIV-1–infected patients, we previously reported preservation of intestinal lymphoid structures and dendritic cell maturation pathways after early combination antiretroviral therapy (e-ART), started during the acute phase of the infection, compared with late combination antiretroviral therapy started during the chronic phase. In this study, we investigated whether the timing of combination antiretroviral therapy initiation was associated with the development of the HIV-1–specific humoral response in the gut. The results showed that e-ART was associated with higher frequencies of functional resting memory B cells in the gut. These frequencies correlated strongly with those of follicular Th cells in the gut. Importantly, frequencies of HIV-1 Env gp140–reactive B cells were higher in patients given e-ART, in whom gp140-reactive IgG production by mucosal B cells increased after stimulation. Moreover, IL-21 release by PBMCs stimulated with HIV-1 peptide pools was greater with e-ART than with late combination antiretroviral therapy. Thus, early treatment initiation helps to maintain HIV-1–reactive memory B cells in the gut as well as follicular Th cells, whose role is crucial in the development of potent affinity-matured and broadly neutralizing Abs.
HLA-B*39:06 Efficiently Mediates Type 1 Diabetes in a Mouse Model Incorporating Reduced Thymic Insulin Expression
Authors: Schloss Jennifer , Ali Riyasat , Racine Jeremy J. , Chapman Harold D. , Serreze David V. , DiLorenzo Teresa P. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by T cell–mediated destruction of the insulin-producing β cells of the pancreatic islets. Among the loci associated with T1D risk, those most predisposing are found in the MHC region. HLA-B*39:06 is the most predisposing class I MHC allele and is associated with an early age of onset. To establish an NOD mouse model for the study of HLA-B*39:06, we expressed it in the absence of murine class I MHC. HLA-B*39:06 was able to mediate the development of CD8 T cells, support lymphocytic infiltration of the islets, and confer T1D susceptibility. Because reduced thymic insulin expression is associated with impaired immunological tolerance to insulin and increased T1D risk in patients, we incorporated this in our model as well, finding that HLA-B*39:06–transgenic NOD mice with reduced thymic insulin expression have an earlier age of disease onset and a higher overall prevalence as compared with littermates with typical thymic insulin expression. This was despite virtually indistinguishable blood insulin levels, T cell subset percentages, and TCR Vβ family usage, confirming that reduced thymic insulin expression does not impact T cell development on a global scale. Rather, it will facilitate the thymic escape of insulin-reactive HLA-B*39:06–restricted T cells, which participate in β cell destruction. We also found that in mice expressing either HLA-B*39:06 or HLA-A*02:01 in the absence of murine class I MHC, HLA transgene identity alters TCR Vβ usage by CD8 T cells, demonstrating that some TCR Vβ families have a preference for particular class I MHC alleles.
Antigen-Induced but Not Innate Memory CD8 T Cells Express NKG2D and Are Recruited to the Lung Parenchyma upon Viral Infection
Authors: Grau Morgan , Valsesia Séverine , Mafille Julien , Djebali Sophia , Tomkowiak Martine , Mathieu Anne-Laure , Laubreton Daphné , de Bernard Simon , Jouve Pierre-Emmanuel , Ventre Erwan , Buffat Laurent , Walzer Thierry , Leverrier Yann , Marvel Jacqueline 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The pool of memory-phenotype CD8 T cells is composed of Ag-induced (AI) and cytokine-induced innate (IN) cells. IN cells have been described as having properties similar to those of AI memory cells. However, we found that pathogen-induced AI memory cells can be distinguished in mice from naturally generated IN memory cells by surface expression of NKG2D. Using this marker, we described the increased functionalities of AI and IN memory CD8 T cells compared with naive cells, as shown by comprehensive analysis of cytokine secretion and gene expression. However, AI differed from IN memory CD8 T cells by their capacity to migrate to the lung parenchyma upon inflammation or infection, a process dependent on their expression of ITGA1/CD49a and ITGA4/CD49d integrins.
Assessing the financial implications of quality management system accreditation on small training providers in KwaZulu-Natal
Authors: Zondo Robert W.D. 
Published: April 2018

Background: A quality management system (QMS) in education and training is designed in accordance with industry quality models of ISO 9001. Its techniques ensure quality in skills development. However, training providers incur significant costs to obtain QMS accreditation. Therefore, the discourse on the economic effect of QMS accreditation in small training providers is crucial. Aim: This paper investigates the influence of QMS accreditation on the financial performance of small training providers in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). Setting: The South African Qualification Authority (SAQA) is a statutory body, regulated in terms of the National Qualification Framework (NQF) Act No. 67 of 2008 to oversee the development and implementation of the NQF. They are responsible for accrediting 21 sector-based Education and Training Quality Authorities (ETQAs) for the purpose of monitoring and auditing training achievements in terms of the national standards and qualifications. Methods: For this study to achieve its objectives, the ETQAs belonging to 12 different Sector Education and Training Authorities (SETAs) provided the sample frame of accredited training providers in KZN. The SETAs are responsible for administering education and training within their industrial sectors. Of the 89 small training providers, 81 participated in the study. Descriptive and correlation analysis were used to test the two objectives. That is, to examine whether the management and marketing practices of QMS accredited small training providers improve their financial performance. Results: The study indicates that there is no statistical significant relationship between the management and marketing practices of QMS accredited small training providers and their financial performances. This shows that small training providers do not incorporate financial measures during QMS implementation. The accounting departments are not covered in the QMS strategy. Conclusion: Small training providers should take advantage of QMS accreditation for their business’s financial performance. They should incorporate financial indicators during QMS implementation and measure QMS’s economic effects on an ongoing basis. The original value of this paper is in its approach in uncovering the strengths and weaknesses of QMS accreditation in the financial performances of accredited small training providers in KZN.
Competencies for the effective management of legislated business rehabilitations
Authors: Rajaram Rajendra , Singh Anesh M. 
Published: April 2018

Background: In 2011 a new Companies Act (No. 71 of 2008) was implemented in South Africa. A feature of this Act was the introduction of business rescue legislation. Although this legislation was implemented in May 2011, statistics indicate that the success rate for business rescues is approximately only 12%. This low success rate prompted debate relating to the effectiveness, and continued suitability of a legislated business rescue as a mechanism to rehabilitate financially distressed companies. A feature of the business rescue environment in South Africa is the lack of knowledge, necessitating more research in the field. Aim: Due to the importance of the business rescue practitioner in the overall success of a rescue, the research focused on establishing competencies required to be a successful practitioner. Setting: The research was undertaken in South Africa between 2015 and 2017. Methods: A mixed methods research approach was utilised to identify the important competencies of a successful practitioner. A survey was conducted with the membership of the Turnaround Management Association of Southern Africa. The survey was mailed to 130 members and the response rate was 54%. The survey was complemented by undertaking interviews with 7 of the top 10 business rescue practitioners, according to their number of practitioner appointments. Results: The original contribution to knowledge of this study is the identification of a set of competencies that can be utilised to accredit business rescue practitioners and the emphasis on an accounting qualification and effective cash management skills that a successful practitioner must possess. Conclusion: The knowledge generated from this research will benefit business rescue practitioners, the financial sector and stakeholders of companies intending to go into a legislated business rehabilitation.
Optical characterisation of three reference Dobsons in the ATMOZ Project – verification of G. M. B. Dobson's original specifications
Authors: Köhler Ulf , Nevas Saulius , McConville Glen , Evans Robert , Smid Marek , Stanek Martin , Redondas Alberto , Schönenborn Fritz 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Three reference Dobsons (regional standard Dobsons No. 064, Germany and No. 074, Czech
Republic as well as the world standard No. 083, USA) were optically
characterized at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) in
Braunschweig in 2015 and at the Czech Metrology Institute (CMI) in Prague in
2016 within the EMRP ENV 059 project “Traceability for atmospheric total
column ozone”. Slit functions and the related parameters of the instruments
were measured and compared with G. M. B. Dobson's specifications in his
handbook. All Dobsons show a predominantly good match of the slit functions
and the peak (centroid) wavelengths with deviations between −0.11 and
+0.12 nm and differences of the full width half maximum (FWHM) between
0.13 and 0.37 nm compared to the nominal values at the shorter wavelengths.
Slightly larger deviations of the FWHMs from the nominal Dobson data, up to
1.22 nm, can be seen at the longer wavelengths, especially for the slit
function of the long D-wavelength. However, differences between the effective
absorption coefficients (EACs) for ozone derived using Dobson's nominal
values of the optical parameters on one hand and these measured values on the
other hand are not too large in the case of both “old” Bass–Paur (BP) and
“new” IUP-ozone (Institut für Umweltphysik, University of Bremen) absorption cross sections.
Their inclusion in the calculation of the total ozone column (TOC) leads to
improvements of significantly less than ±1 % at the
AD-wavelengths between −1 and −2 %
at the CD-wavelengths pairs in the BP-scale. The
effect on the TOC in the IUP-scale is somewhat larger at the AD-wavelengths,
up to +1 % (D074), and smaller at the CD-wavelengths pair, from −0.44
to −1.5 %. Beside this positive effect gained from the data with higher
metrological quality that is needed for trend analyses and satellite
validation, it will be also possible to explain uncommon behaviours of field
Dobsons during calibration services, especially when a newly developed
transportable device TuPS (tuneable portable radiation source) from CMI proves its
capability to provide similar results as the stationary setups in the
laboratories of National Metrology Institutes. Then, the field Dobsons can be
optically characterized as well during regular calibration campaigns. A
corresponding publication will be prepared using the results of TuPS-based
measurements of more than 10 Dobsons in field campaigns in 2017.
Stifled, Staid, and Suspect: The Working Women in Arthur Miller's Drama
Authors: Dominik Jane K. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Most literary criticism on Arthur Miller's drama has focused on its male characters. Those plays that arguably have a female protagonist or a more balanced cast between the genders focus on women mostly in traditional roles of wives and mothers, sisters and daughters, and mistresses. Amidst these roles is one that has received scant attention, either by Miller or scholars—the working woman. Women work outside of the home in twenty-two of his twenty-nine published plays. Some women are prevented from working by the men in their lives. The few women who have more independence through jobs with greater responsibility reflect women's earlier frustrations, increased opportunities, and careers beyond those earlier, more traditional ones. An examination of the roles of the working women in Miller's drama reveals their struggles and strengths to survive and assert themselves in a world dominated by men who struggle themselves to survive and succeed.
Bonds Forged on the Double-Sided Anvil of Guilt and Praise: Maternal Manipulation in After the Fall and Suddenly Last Summer
Authors: Day Melissa A. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Drawing on their own experiences, both Arthur Miller and Tennessee Williams explored the boundaries of mother-son relationships within their respective plays: After the Fall and Suddenly Last Summer. What Miller and Williams portrayed in these works, however, is far removed from pure, selfless, and loving examples of maternal care. Rose and Violet Venable are both, in turn, guilty of manipulating their sons to suit their own needs—resulting in devastating psychological damages inflicted on both of their sons.
Projecting Interiority: Psychogenesis and the Composition ofOuter Dark
Authors: Luce Dianne C. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper integrates archival and biographical evidence to explore the nexus of the personal and the professional in the genesis and composition of Outer Dark. Before he began Outer Dark, McCarthy had written editor Larry Bensky a long defense of his strategies in The Orchard Keeper in hopes of avoiding revision. As he composed the second novel, he was considering the objections Bensky had raised to the first and attempting to forestall similar criticisms of Outer Dark. At the same time, he was dealing with his impending loss of Lee McCarthy and his newborn son Cullen. Thus he wrote the novel under emotional and professional stress, the evidence of which surfaces in various ways in the “Rough/ First Draft” and the “Early Draft.” McCarthy gradually refined his strategies for making Culla's inner life exterior, revising from his monologues through a sequence of his dreams and finally to scenes of the triune as the walking manifestation of Culla's inner life. The novel itself may be seen as an objective correlative for McCarthy's own inner life, a working out of his grief and guilt over losing his son.
Indoctrination and Common Sense Interpretation of Texts: The Tucson Unified School District Book Banning
Authors: Knox Emily J. M. 
Published: April 2018

Throughout January of 2012, national news reports described the ongoing saga of “banning” books used in the Tucson Unified school District’s (TUSD) Mexican American Studies (MAS) Program. According to MAS students and teachers, on Friday, January 13, school officials attended class sessions and told teachers to box and remove books that were out of compliance with a recently passed Arizona law banning ethnic studies in public education institutions. TUSD administrators had decided that, in order to comply with the law, not only would the MAS program have to end but any books used in the curriculum would need to be removed from classrooms. Books on the removal list included Pedagogy of the Oppressed by Paolo Freire, Critical Race Theory by Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, and, famously, Shakespeare’s The Tempest. The TUSD maintained that it has not banned the books since they are still available in the libraries throughout the school system. This article, which focuses on the reasons for removing the books from the MAS program classrooms, is grounded in a social constructionist metatheoretical framework as well as the study of reading practices and previous research on book challengers. It is intended to demonstrate that those who argued for the dismantling of the program and the removal of the books employed what might be called a common sense or monosemic interpretive strategy with regard to texts and were particularly focused on the idea of indoctrination in public schools.
Entre la neuroética y la neuroeducación: las fronteras de las neurociencias sociales
Authors: Pallarés-Domínguez Daniel , Richart Andrés 
Published: April 2018

El presente monográfico de Recerca. Revista de Pensament i Anàlisi, titulado «Neuroética y neuroeducación: repensando la relación entre las neurociencias y las ciencias sociales», está formado por ocho artículos de investigación y cuatro recensiones, a través de los cuales se estudian de forma actualizada las relaciones entre las neurociencias y las ciencias sociales. Dentro de las múltiples relaciones que se generan en la conjunción interdisciplinaria de estas dos materias, se destacan especialmente la neuroética y la neuroeducación; sin embargo, temáticamente se acogen perspectivas como la neuropolítica, o la relación entre emoción y razón desde las neurociencias, entre otras.
Barefoot running does not affect simple reaction time: an exploratory study
Authors: Snow Nicholas J. , Blair Jason F.L. , MacDonald Graham Z. , Byrne Jeannette M. , Basset Fabien A. 
Published: April 2018

Background
Converging evidence comparing barefoot (BF) and shod (SH) running highlights differences in foot-strike patterns and somatosensory feedback, among others. Anecdotal evidence from SH runners attempting BF running suggests a greater attentional demand may be experienced during BF running. However, little work to date has examined whether there is an attentional cost of BF versus SH running.

Objective
This exploratory study aimed to examine whether an acute bout of BF running would impact simple reaction time (SRT) compared to SH running, in a sample of runners naïve to BF running.

Methods
Eight male distance runners completed SRT testing during 10 min of BF or SH treadmill running at 70% maximal aerobic speed (17.9 ± 1.4 km h−1). To test SRT, participants were required to press a hand-held button in response to the flash of a light bulb placed in the center of their visual field. SRT was tested at 1-minute intervals during running. BF and SH conditions were completed in a pseudo-randomized and counterbalanced crossover fashion. SRT was defined as the time elapsed between the light bulb flash and the button press. SRT errors were also recorded and were defined as the number of trials in which a button press was not recorded in response to the light bulb flash.

Results
Overall, SRT later in the exercise bouts showed a statistically significant increase compared to earlier (p < 0.05). Statistically significant increases in SRT were present at 7 min versus 5 min (0.29 ± 0.02 s vs. 0.27 ± 0.02 s, p < 0.05) and at 9 min versus 2 min (0.29 ± 0.03 s vs. 0.27 ± 0.03 s, p < 0.05). However, BF running did not influence this increase in SRT (p > 0.05) or the number of SRT errors (17.6 ± 6.6 trials vs. 17.0 ± 13.0 trials, p > 0.05).

Discussion
In a sample of distance runners naïve to BF running, there was no statistically significant difference in SRT or SRT errors during acute bouts of BF and SH running. We interpret these results to mean that BF running does not have a greater attentional cost compared to SH running during a SRT task throughout treadmill running. Literature suggests that stride-to-stride gait modulation during running may occur predominately via mechanisms that preclude conscious perception, thus potentially attenuating effects of increased somatosensory feedback experienced during BF running. Future research should explore the present experimental paradigm in a larger sample using over-ground running trials, as well as employing different tests of attention.