bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What caused the extreme CO concentrations during the 2017 high-pollution episode in India?
Authors: Dekker Iris N. , Houweling Sander , Pandey Sudhanshu , Krol Maarten , Röckmann Thomas , Borsdorff Tobias , Landgraf Jochen , Aben Ilse 
Published: March 2019

Abstract. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), launched 13 October 2017,
has been measuring carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations in the Earth's atmosphere
since early November 2017. In the first measurements, TROPOMI was able to
measure CO concentrations of the high-pollution event in India of November 2017. In this paper, we studied the extent of the pollution in India,
comparing the TROPOMI CO with modeled data from the Weather Research and
Forecasting model (WRF) to identify the most important sources contributing to
the high pollution, both at ground level and in the total column. We
investigated the period 11–19 November 2017. We found that residential and
commercial combustion was a much more important source of CO pollution than
the post-monsoon crop burning during this period, which is in contrast to
what media suggested and some studies on aerosol emissions found. Also, the
high pollution was not limited to Delhi and its direct neighborhood but the
accumulation of pollution extended over the whole Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP)
due to the unfavorable weather conditions in combination with extensive
emissions. From the TROPOMI data and WRF simulations, we observed a buildup
of CO during 11–14 November and a decline in CO after 15 November. The
meteorological conditions, characterized by low wind speeds and shallow
atmospheric boundary layers, were most likely the primary explanation for the
temporal accumulation and subsequent dispersion of regionally emitted CO in
the atmosphere. This emphasizes the important role of atmospheric dynamics in
determining the air quality conditions at ground level and in the total
column. Due to its rapidly growing population and economy, India is expected
to encounter similar pollution events more often in future post-monsoon and
winter seasons unless significant policy measures are taken to reduce
residential and commercial emissions.
Effect of plateau pika disturbance and patchiness on ecosystem carbon emissions in alpine meadow in the northeastern part of Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Qin Yu , Yi Shuhua , Ding Yongjian , Zhang Wei , Qin Yan , Chen Jianjun , Wang Zhiwei 
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) disturbance and patchiness
intensify the spatial heterogeneous distribution of vegetation productivity
and soil physicochemical properties, which may alter the ecosystem carbon
emission process. Nevertheless, previous research has mostly focused on
the homogeneous vegetation patches rather than heterogeneous land surface.
Thus, this study aims to improve our understanding of the difference in
ecosystem respiration (Re) over heterogeneous land surface in an alpine
meadow grassland. Six different land surface types, namely large bald patches, medium bald
patches, small bald patches, intact grassland, above pika tunnel and pika
pile, were selected to analyze the response of Re to pika disturbance and
patchiness and the key controlling factors. The results showed that (1) Re
in intact grassland was 0.22–1.07 times higher than pika pile and bald
patches, (2) soil moisture (SM) of intact grassland was 2 %–11 %
higher than that of pika pile and bald patches, despite the fact that pika disturbance
increased the water infiltration rate while soil temperature (ST) in intact
grassland was 1–3∘ less than pika pile and bald patches, (3) soil
organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in intact grassland were
approximately 50 % and 60 % less than above pika tunnel, whereas
they were 10 %–30 % and 22 %–110 % higher than pika pile and bald
patches, and (4) Re was significantly correlated with SM, TN and vegetation
biomass (P<0.05). Our results suggested that pika disturbance and
patchiness altered the ecosystem carbon emission pattern, which was mainly
attributed to the reduction in soil water and supply of substrates. Given
the wide distribution of pikas and the large area of bald patches, the
varied Re in heterogeneous land surfaces should not be neglected in the
estimation of ecosystem carbon emissions at the plot or regional scale.
Projected decrease in wintertime bearing capacity on different forest and soil types in Finland under a warming climate
Authors: Lehtonen Ilari , Venäläinen Ari , Kämäräinen Matti , Asikainen Antti , Laitila Juha , Anttila Perttu , Peltola Heli 
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Trafficability in forest terrain is controlled by ground-bearing
capacity, which is crucial from the timber harvesting point of view. In winter, soil
frost affects the most the bearing capacity, especially on peatland soils
which have in general low bearing capacity. Ground frost similarly affects
the bearing capacity of forest truck roads. A 20 cm thick layer of
frozen soil or 40 cm thick layer of snow on the ground may already be sufficient for
heavy forest harvesters. In this work, we studied the impacts of climate
change on soil frost conditions and, consequently, on ground-bearing capacity
from the timber harvesting point of view. The number of days with good
wintertime bearing capacity was modelled by using a soil temperature model
with a snow accumulation model and wide set of downscaled climate model data
until the end of the 21st century. The model was calibrated for different
forest and soil types. The results show that by the mid-21st century, the
conditions with good bearing capacity will decrease in wintertime in Finland,
most likely by about 1 month. The decrease in soil frost and wintertime
bearing capacity will be more pronounced during the latter half of the
century, when drained peatlands may virtually lack soil frost in most of
winters in southern and western Finland. The projected decrease in the
bearing capacity, accompanied with increasing demand for wood harvesting from
drained peatlands, induces a clear need for the development of sustainable
and resource-efficient logging practices for drained peatlands. This is also
needed to avoid unnecessary harvesting damages, like rut formation on soils
and damage to tree roots and stems.
Assessment of geodetic velocities using GPS campaign measurements over long baseline lengths
Authors: Duman Huseyin , Sanli Dogan Ugur 
Published: March 2019

Abstract. GPS campaign measurements are frequently used in order to determine
geophysical phenomena such as tectonic motion, fault zones, landslides, and
volcanoes. When observation duration is shorter, the accuracy of coordinates
are degraded and the accuracy of point velocities are affected. The
accuracies of the geodetic site velocities from a global network of
International GNSS Service (IGS) stations were previously investigated using
only PPP. In this study, we extend which site velocities will
also be assessed, including fundamental relative positioning. PPP-derived
results will also be evaluated to see the effect of reprocessed JPL products,
single-receiver ambiguity resolution, repeating survey campaigns minimum
3 days at the site, and eliminating noisier solutions prior to the year 2000.
To create synthetic GPS campaigns, 18 globally distributed, continuously operating IGS stations were chosen. GPS data were processed comparatively using
GAMIT/GLOBK v10.6 and GIPSY-OASIS II v6.3. The data of synthetic campaign GPS
time series were processed using a regression model accounting for the linear
and seasonal variation of the ground motion. Once the velocities
derived from 24 h sessions were accepted as the truth, the results from sub-sessions were
compared with the results of 24 h and hypothesis testing was applied for the
significance of the differences. The major outcome of this study is that on
global scales (i.e. over long distances) with short observation sessions, the
fundamental relative positioning produces results similar to PPP. The
reliability of the velocity estimation for GPS horizontal baseline components
has now been improved to about 85 % of the average for observation
durations of 12 h.
Volumetric change of the latissimus dorsi muscle after immediate breast reconstruction with an extended latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap
Authors: Nam Su Bong , Oh Heung Chan , Choi Jae Yeon , Bae Seong Hwan , Choo Ki Seok , Kim Hyun Yul , Lee Sang Hyup , Lee Jae Woo 
Published: March 2019

Background In immediate breast reconstruction using an extended latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous (eLDMC) flap, the volume of the flap decreases, which causes a secondary deformity of the breast shape. Since little research has investigated this decrease in muscle volume, the authors conducted an objective study to characterize the decrease in muscle volume after breast reconstruction using an eLDMC flap.
Methods Research was conducted from October 2011 to November 2016. The subjects included 23 patients who underwent mastectomy due to breast cancer, received immediate reconstruction using an eLDMC flap without any adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy, and received a computed tomography (CT) scan from days 7 to 10 after surgery and 6 to 8 months postoperatively. In 10 patients, an additional CT scan was conducted 18 months postoperatively. Axial CT scans were utilized to measure the volumetric change of the latissimus dorsi muscle during the follow-up period.
Results In the 23 patients, an average decrease of 54.5% was observed in the latissimus dorsi muscle volume between the images obtained immediately postoperatively and the scans obtained 6 to 8 months after surgery. Ten patients showed an average additional decrease of 11.9% from 6–8 months to 18 months after surgery.
Conclusions We studied changes in the volume of the latissimus dorsi muscle after surgery using an eLDMC flap performed after a mastectomy without adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. In this study, we found that immediate breast reconstruction using a latissimus dorsi muscle flap led to a decrease in muscle volume of up to 50%.
Facial reanimation with masseter nerve–innervated free gracilis muscle transfer in established facial palsy patients
Authors: Oh Tae Suk , Kim Hyung Bae , Choi Jong Woo , Jeong Woo Shik 
Published: March 2019

Background The masseter nerve is a useful donor nerve for reconstruction in patients with established facial palsy, with numerous advantages including low morbidity, a strong motor impulse, high reliability, and fast reinnervation. In this study, we assessed the results of masseter nerve–innervated free gracilis muscle transfer in established facial palsy patients.
Methods Ten patients with facial palsy who received treatment from January 2015 to January 2017 were enrolled in this study. Three patients received masseter nerve–only free gracilis transfer, and seven received double-innervated free gracilis transfer (masseter nerve and a cross-face nerve graft). Patients were evaluated using the Facial Assessment by Computer Evaluation software (FACEgram) to quantify oral commissure excursion and symmetry at rest and when smiling after muscle transfer.
Results The mean time between surgery and initial movement was roughly 167.7 days. A statistically significant increase in excursion at rest and when smiling was seen after muscle transfer. There was a significant increase in the distance of oral commissure excursion at rest and when smiling. A statistically significant increase was observed in symmetry when smiling. Terzis’ functional and aesthetic grading scores showed significant improvements postoperatively.
Conclusions Masseter nerve innervation is a good option with many uses in in established facial palsy patients. For some conditions, it is the first-line treatment. Free gracilis muscle transfer using the masseter nerve has excellent results with good symmetry and an effective degree of recovery.
Determining Textbook Cost, Formats, and Licensing with Google Books API: A Case Study from an Open Textbook Project
Authors: Costello Eamon , Bolger Richard , Soverino Tiziana , Brown Mark 
Published: March 2019

The rising cost of textbooks for students has been highlighted as a major concern in higher education, particularly in the US and Canada. Less has been reported, however, about the costs of textbooks outside of North America, including in Europe. We address this gap in the knowledge through a case study of one Irish higher education institution, focusing on the cost, accessibility, and licensing of textbooks. We report here on an investigation of textbook prices drawing from an official college course catalog containing several thousand books. We detail how we sought to determine metadata of these books including: the formats they are available in, whether they are in the public domain, and the retail prices. We explain how we used methods to automatically determine textbook costs using Google Books API and make our code and dataset publicly available.
Jens Mungard - Strandtidslen er min blomst
Authors: Nissen Mogens Rostgaard 
Published: March 2019

I februar 1940 døde den frisiske digter Jens Emil Mungard i koncentrationslejren Sachsenhausen. Det var afslutningen på et brydsomt liv. Han blev født i Keitum på Sild som søn af den kendte landmand og sprogforsker, Nann Mungard, og de to havde et kompliceret forhold til hinanden. Jens Mungards gård blev brændt af efter, at hans far i 1920 havde deltaget meget aktivt i afstemningskampen for at få øens befolkning til at stemme dansk. Det så de tysksindede frisere på Sild ikke på med milde øjne. Efter den nazistiske magtovertagelse i 1933 kom han hurtigt på kant med regimet og begyndte at skrive kritiske digte om styret. Samtidig skrev Jens Mungard mere end 800 poetiske digte på den frisiske dialekt, Sölring, og han regnes af flere som den vigtigste nordfrisiske digter.
DE LA CONVERSATION ET DE LA DANGEROSITÉ DES COQUETTES
Authors: RANNAUD ADRIEN 
Published: March 2019

Ce texte aborde les manifestations figuratives et discursives de la mondanité dans le roman Angéline de Montbrun de Laure Conan. Délaissant le journal intime d’Angéline, très souvent commenté par la critique universitaire, il étudie exclusivement la première partie et l’échange de lettres, afin de traquer les façons de montrer et de raconter les sociabilités mondaines canadiennes-françaises du xixe siècle. Deux constats orientent cette analyse. D’une part, loin de s’en tenir aux personnages principaux (Angéline, Charles, Maurice et Mina), le système épistolaire de la première partie fait intervenir une série de voix, de présences et de liens sociaux qui dépassent le cadre spatial principal de la maison de Valriant. Les veillées, les soupers et les visites de notables ou de paysans, entre autres, sont les marqueurs d’une inscription des personnages dans un réseau de sociabilité plus vaste et diversifié qu’il n’y paraît. D’autre part, la première partie est largement dominée par la forme de la conversation où le plaisir de parler n’a d’égal que le vide de la lettre que chacun tente de remplir. Il appert cependant que la conversation, notamment celle de Mina, favorise la construction et la consolidation des liens sociaux.
Potential bias in peer review of grant applications at the Swiss National Science Foundation
Authors: Severin Anna , Martins João , Delavy François , Jorstad Anne , Egger Matthias 
Published: March 2019

Background: The Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) supports fundamental and use-inspired research in all academic disciplines. As part of the evaluation procedure, grant applications to the SNSF are reviewed by external reviewers. The legitimacy of funding decisions depends on its ability to base funding decisions solely on the scientific merit of grant applications.
Aim: We examined whether the following factors influenced the scores given to grant applications submitted to the SNSF: (1) source of nomination of the reviewer, (2) the gender of the applicant and the reviewer, and (3) the country of affiliation of the reviewer.
Methods and Data: We gathered data on 38,250 external reviews of 12,294 unique grant applications across all disciplines between 2006 and 2016. Proposals were rated on a scale from 1 (=poor) to 6 (=outstanding) by 26,836 reviewers. We used linear mixed effects regression models adjusted for research topic, applicant’s age, nationality and affiliation.
Results: We found that in univariable analysis applicant-nominated reviewers awarded higher evaluation scores than reviewers nominated by the SNSF. Further, reviewers affiliated with research institutions outside of Switzerland gave more favourable evaluation scores than reviewers affiliated with Swiss institutions. Finally, male reviewers awarded higher evaluation scores than female reviewers and male applicants received more favourable evaluation scores than female applicants. When we controlled for confounding factors, adjusted differences changed little for source of nomination and country of affiliation. In contrast, the gender differences nearly disappeared, which indicates that most of the gender effects observed in univariable analysis is explained by differences in scores between research topics and applicant affiliations.
Conclusions: Our study showed that peer review of grant applications at SNSF may be prone to biases stemming from different applicant and reviewer characteristics. Based on this study the SNSF abandoned nomination of reviewers by applicants, and made members of panels aware of the other systematic differences in scores. We encourage other public funding bodies to conduct similar studies.
Increased risk of thyroid disease in patients with Sjogren's syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Sun Xin , Lu Li , Li Yanbin , Yang Rong , Shan Ling , Wang Yang 
Published: March 2019

Background
Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune epithelitis characterized by disruption of epithelial cells, ensuing lymphoplasmocytic infiltration of exocrine glands, and subsequent dryness of the mouth and eyes. Individuals with SS are more likely to have the thyroid disease. However, this association remains controversial. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the risk of thyroid disease in patients with SS.

Methods
We performed this systematic review by searching both English and Chinese literature databases. Random- or fixed-effects models were used to summarize the association between thyroid disease and SS. The results were subjected to meta-analysis with odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results
The eight articles in this meta-analysis included 988 SS cases and 2,884 controls. Overall, the risk of thyroid disease in patients with SS was significantly increased compared with controls (OR, 3.29; 95% CI [2.08–5.21]). The risk of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) and non-AITD were also higher in patients with SS than in controls (OR, 3.48; 95% CI [1.59–7.63]; and OR, 2.90; 95% CI [1.51–5.57], respectively).

Conclusions
To the best of our knowledge, this systematic review is the first to demonstrate that the risk of thyroid disease was increased in SS compared to controls, suggesting that SS patients should be screened for thyroid disease.
The Relationship between Trunk Leg Ratio and Peak Expiratory Flow Rate in 200 Level MBBS/BDS Students of Bayero University Kano
Authors: Adama Jibril I. , Ibrahim Salisu A. , Abdulmumin Y. , Zahra Mukhtar F. 
Published: March 2019

Background: Being an important physiological and clinical tool in assessing respiratory conditions, it is common knowledge that Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) may be affected by some factors affecting the normal function of the respiratory system. Such factors include the body constitution such as height, built, sex, age etc.; The trunk-leg ratio (TLR) was used in apparently normal young adults. A better understanding of the association between Trunk-leg ratio and PEFR may identify those with elevated risk of respiratory diseases.
Methods: The study was an analytical cross-sectional design, involving 83 Level 200 MBBS/BDS students of Bayero University, Kano. There were a total of 39 males and 44 females. A peak flow meter and a measuring tape to scale were used to measure the PEFR, trunk length and leg length respectively. A questionnaire was used to determine any history of cardio-respiratory disease A consent of the participants and ethical approval was obtained before the commencement of the study.
Results: The males had higher PEFR value (491.79±67.19L/min) while the females had a lower PEFR of 366.82±43.28L/min and the difference was statistically significant. The males had higher values of trunk length, leg length and TLR and there was no significant different between that male and female trunk length ratio. There was A significant correlation between PEFR and leg length indicating that the longer the leg length, the higher the PEFR.
Conclusion and Recommendation: Significant correlation was found between the TLR, which is an anthropometric parameter and the PEFR which is an important diagnostic tool in determination of some types of respiratory diseases. This relationship signifies that the taller the person, irrespective of the trunk length, the higher the PEFR. It is recommended that further studies should be explored involving other anthropometric parameters like trunk-leg volume in future studies.
Cardiovascular Risk Assessment among Patients with Hypertension Presenting at a Family Medicine Clinic in Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Ilori H. T. , Adebusoye L. A. , Daramola O. O. , Ajetunmobi O. A. 
Published: March 2019

Aims: To determine the 10-year cardiovascular risk (CV) and its association with socio-demographic characteristics of hypertensive patients.
Study Design: This was a cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Family Medicine Clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, between June 2013 and September 2013.
Methodology: We included 345 hypertensive patients (84 men, 261 women) aged 30 years and above with no clinical history suggestive of cardiovascular disease. Data collection was with an interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaire, physical examination and blood investigation. CV risk was determined by using General Framingham cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care.
Results: The mean+ SD age of the 345 respondents was 57.4+9.7 years and 75.7% were female. High proportion of the respondents (42.3%) were in the high CV risk category of 10-year risk for cardiovascular disease while 27.0% and 30.7% had intermediate and low CV risk respectively. CV risk was significantly associated with age (p < .001), sex (p < .001), family type (p= .047), level of education (p=.02), employment status (p<.001) and occupational class (p=.007). Logistic regression showed advanced age (OR=0.014, 95% CI =0.002-0.094) and male gender (OR=26.765, 95% CI = 8.802-81.383) as the predictors of high CV risk.
Conclusion: The findings show that CV risk assessment should be part of patients’ evaluation by physicians and necessary intervention should be instituted on time in order to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease in Nigeria.