bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A refined method for digitally modeling small and complex plant structures in 3D: An example from the grasses (Poaceae)
Authors: Klahs Phillip C. , Gallaher Timothy J. , Clark Lynn G. 
Published: August 2018

Premise of the StudyA refined procedure is described for modeling small, intricate plant structures using computer‐aided design software. The procedure facilitates the study of wind pollination in the family Poaceae and provides virtual biological illustrations for public outreach.Methods and ResultsSpikelets were fixed in gFAA, dehydrated using ethanol and xylene, embedded in paraffin wax, and then sectioned with a rotary microtome. Images of serial sections were used as a reference for modeling the shape of bracts with splines in a computer‐aided design program. Virtual models produced by this method have many potential uses; examples include geometric morphometric analyses and simulations of computational fluid dynamics.ConclusionsThis protocol is a synthesis of modern biological illustration and engineering technology. Virtual models facilitate quantitative experiments that may address questions about reproductive biology, conditions shaping the form of anatomical support, or the morphological evolution of structures of biomechanical interest.
Combined androgen blockade achieved better oncological outcome in androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: Analysis of community‐based multi‐institutional database across Japan using propensity score matching
Authors: Onozawa Mizuki , Akaza Hideyuki , Hinotsu Shiro , Oya Mototsugu , Ogawa Osamu , Kitamura Tadaichi , Suzuki Kazuhiro , Naito Seiji , Namiki Mikio , Nishimura Kazuo , Hirao Yoshihiko , Tsukamoto Taiji 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundThis study investigated how differences in the method of the first‐line androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) affected the time to castration‐resistant prostate cancer.MethodsThe Japan Study Group of Prostate Cancer compiled a nationwide community‐based database on prostate cancer patients who underwent ADT. That database included 13 774 patients who were started on ADT by surgical or medical castration alone (monotherapy group, 5395 cases) or ADT in combination with a nonsteroidal anti‐androgen (combined androgen blockade (CAB) group, 8379 cases). We used logistic regression analysis with background factors as independent factors to calculate propensity scores in regard to selection of CAB. Next, for 8826 cases of propensity score‐matched patients, we compared the survival rates in the two groups.ResultsThe CAB group showed a significantly better progression‐free survival (PFS) rate (65.6% vs 59.6% at 5 years; median time to progression, 11.6 vs 7.1 years; hazard ratio in the CAB group: 0.78, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.72 to 0.84; P < 0.001). In subgroup analysis based on the background factors, the PFS rate was generally better in the CAB group in all risk subgroups except for those having significant risk factors.ConclusionPropensity score matching analysis revealed the prolongation of PFS by CAB in prostate cancer patients without significant risk factors. It would possible to decide the type of the first‐line ADT according to the prostate cancer risk.
Is preoperative serum lactate dehydrogenase useful in predicting the outcomes of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma?
Authors: Tan Ping , Chen Jie , Xie Nan , Xu Hang , Ai Jianzhong , Xu Huan , Liu Liangren , Yang Lu , Wei Qiang 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundLactate dehydrogenase (LDH) has been proved to be associated with clinical outcomes in various carcinomas; however, limited evidence was available in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of LDH in UTUC.Patients and methodsA cohort of 668 patients WERE retrospectively included between 2003 and 2016. Kaplan‐Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate the association of LDH with overall survival (OS), cancer‐specific survival (CSS), disease recurrence‐free survival (RFS), and metastasis‐free survival (MFS). The cutoff level of LDH was set at 220 U/L for the upper limit of normal.ResultsKaplan‐Meier plots showed the group with elevated LDH had significant poor OS (P = 0.003), CSS (P = 0.005), and RFS (P = 0.005), but not MFS (P = 0.099). However, multivariate Cox analysis suggested that LDH was not an independent predictor for CSS (HR 1.50, 95%CI: 0.87‐2.59), OS (HR 1.56, 95%CI: 0.94‐2.58), RFS (HR 1.33, 95%CI: 0.83‐2.12), or MFS (HR 1.16, 95%CI: 0.79‐1.71). Albumin, globulin, and HBDH were also not related to survival outcomes of UTUC patients in multivariate analysis, while higher alkaline phosphatase was associated with worse CSS and OS, and higher white blood cells contributed to poor CSS and RFS. In subgroup analysis, results found higher LDH was associated with poor OS in patients with localized disease (pT ≤ 2) (HR 4.03, 95%CI: 1.37‐11.88).ConclusionThe preoperative LDH was not an independent prognostic factor for patients with UTUC, while elevated LDH was proved to be correlated with worse OS in patients with localized disease.
Partial Oxidation of Methane to Synthesis Gas Using Supported Ga‐Containing Bimetallic Catalysts and a Ti‐Promoter
Authors: Kriz David A. , Nizami Quddus A. , He Junkai , Jafari Tahereh , Dang Yanliu , Kerns Peter , Meguerdichian Andrew G. , Suib Steven L. , Nandi Partha 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA series of bimetallic Ga‐containing materials using TiO2 and TiO2‐promoted SiO2 supports have been prepared. Rhodium, palladium, and platinum have been used as additional metals in this system. The materials are characterized and used as catalysts for the partial oxidation of methane into synthesis gas (H2 and CO). The presence of a low quantity of titanium in the form of anatase TiO2 was shown to improve the overall activity of catalytic methane oxidation and to strongly increase the selectivity of partial oxidation products over the total oxidation of methane to carbon dioxide and water. Particular attention is paid to the formation of gallium‐metal alloys on the surface of the catalyst supports. Rh‐Ga‐Ti‐SiO2 was found to be the most active and selective catalyst, giving 89 % conversion of methane and 99 % selectivity to synthesis gas at 750 °C, as well as exhibiting catalytic activity and preferential conversion to partial oxidation products at temperatures as low as 350 °C.
Synthesis and Properties of High Nitrogen‐Oxygen Compounds Based on 5,5′‐Azotetrazolate by Using Microreactors
Authors: Deng Qiulin , Du Jinyan , Lei Qin , He Renxiong , Liang Jianhao , Li Changlin , Zhang Lixiong , Jiang Jinlong 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA microflow system is easily assembled from a simple T‐micromixer, tube microreactor, and several pumps. Herein, the influence of reaction parameters on the microreactor are discussed. The structures of compounds based on 5,5′‐azotetrazolate were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The thermal stabilities of these compounds were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis, and the heats of formation and densities were estimated by using the Gaussian 09 program for the Born‐Haber energy cycle and Monte‐Carlo method, respectively. The detonation pressures and detonation velocities of the anhydrous salts were estimated from the Kamlet‐Jacobs equation.
Air‐Jet Experimental Study and Modeling of Attrition Behavior for Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalysts
Authors: Ghazvini Saba Foroutan , Ebrahimi Ali Afshar 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFluid catalytic cracking (FCC) processes employ microspheroidal catalyst particles, which play a significant role in the most important part of a refinery. These catalysts are subject to attrition because of the nature of FCC process circulation in the reactor regenerator. Attrition tests according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards were carried out for two FCC catalysts in both fresh and spent forms. Attrition characteristics and catalyst resistance were investigated by particle size distribution and scanning electron microscopy. Response surface methodology using a central composite design was applied to simulate the mass distribution of samples in the downstream. This method was used to investigate the effect of time on attrition behavior of fresh and spent forms of the catalysts.
Broad Scope Extra‐Annular [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of o‐Carboryne with Styrenes: Efficient Route to Carborane‐Fused Polycyclics
Authors: Zhang Jie , Xie Zuowei 
Published: August 2018

Abstracto‐Carboryne (1,2‐dehydro‐o‐carborane) generated in situ from the precursor 1‐OTf‐2‐Li‐o‐1,2‐C2B10H10 undergoes an efficient extra‐annular [4 + 2] cycloaddition with styrenes at room temperature to give a series of carborane‐fused polycyclics in good to high isolated yields. This reaction is compatible with many functional groups and has a very broad substrate scope. Further transformations of the resultant products have been carried out, affording various multi‐functionalized o‐carboranes.
Wie wirken elektronische Substituenteneffekte? – Entwicklung eines konzeptbasierten Zugangs durch Inventing with Contrasting Cases am Modellbeispiel der alkalischen Esterhydrolyse
Authors: Trabert Andreas , Schween Michael 
Published: August 2018

AbstractElektronische Substituenteneffekte üben auf der Ebene der Struktur‐Reaktivitäts‐Beziehungen einen Einfluss auf den Verlauf von Reaktionen aus. Die Vorstellungen Studierender hierzu sind jedoch oftmals fehlerhaft, verkürzt und/oder auf einen bestimmten Kontext limitiert. Mit einer neuen Lerngelegenheit wird Studierenden des gymnasialen Lehramts (L3) ein innovativer Zugang zur Wirkungsweise elektronischer Substituenteneffekte am Modellbeispiel der alkalischen Hydrolyse substituierter Benzoesäureethylester eröffnet. Das Reaktionssystem auf der Grundlage des Inventing‐with‐Contrasting‐Cases‐Ansatzes (ICC) ermöglicht es, den Einfluss verschiedener Substituenten auf den Reaktionsverlauf schrittweise zu erklären und anhand von Leitfähigkeits‐ und pH‐Wert‐Änderungen experimentell zu verfolgen. In der hier vorgestellten ersten Entwicklungsstufe wird der Fokus auf die Betrachtung mesomerer Effekte anhand von para‐ständigen Nitro‐ und Methoxy‐Substituenten gerichtet. Zugleich wird damit die Voraussetzung für eine zukünftige Erweiterung zur systematischen Untersuchung zusätzlicher Substituenteneffekte geschaffen. Wir erwarten von dieser Lerngelegenheit einen positiven Einfluss auf das Erlernen übergeordneter Problemlösungs‐ und Erklärungsstrategien sowie den Erwerb transferfähigen Konzeptwissens zu elektronischen Substituenteneffekten als Beitrag zur fachlichen und fachdidaktischen Professionalisierung angehender Lehrkräfte.
Assessment of wall stresses and mechanical heart power in the left ventricle: Finite element modeling versus Laplace analysis
Authors: Gsell Matthias A. F. , Augustin Christoph M. , Prassl Anton J. , Karabelas Elias , Fernandes Joao F. , Kelm Marcus , Goubergrits Leonid , Kuehne Titus , Plank Gernot 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIntroductionStenotic aortic valve disease (AS) causes pressure overload of the left ventricle (LV) that may trigger adverse remodeling and precipitate progression towards heart failure (HF). As myocardial energetics can be impaired during AS, LV wall stresses and biomechanical power provide a complementary view of LV performance that may aide in better assessing the state of disease.ObjectivesUsing a high‐resolution electro‐mechanical (EM) in silico model of the LV as a reference, we evaluated clinically feasible Laplace‐based methods for assessing global LV wall stresses and biomechanical power.MethodsWe used N = 4 in silico finite element (FE) EM models of LV and aorta of patients suffering from AS. All models were personalized with clinical data under pretreatment conditions. Left ventricle wall stresses and biomechanical power were computed accurately from FE kinematic data and compared with Laplace‐based estimation methods, which were applied to the same FE model data.Results and ConclusionLaplace estimates of LV wall stress are able to provide a rough approximation of global mean stress in the circumferential‐longitudinal plane of the LV. However, according to FE results, spatial heterogeneity of stresses in the LV wall is significant, leading to major discrepancies between local stresses and global mean stress. Assessment of mechanical power with Laplace methods is feasible, but these are inferior in accuracy compared with FE models. The accurate assessment of stress and power density distribution in the LV wall is only feasible based on patient‐specific FE modeling.
Efficient monitoring for intrusion detection in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Abdellatif Takoua , Mosbah Mohamed 
Published: August 2018

SummaryIn wireless sensor networks (WSN), Intrusion Detection through sensor monitoring enables the detection of intricate security attacks such as denial of service and routing attacks. However, the monitoring process, which observes sensor behaviour, can induce a large amount of energy and bandwidth overhead, thus reducing the system lifetime. Furthermore, monitors can be attacked and their observations corrupted, which breaks the system security. Therefore, our goal is the design of a reliable and energy‐efficient monitoring system that resists internal security attacks. We present DAMS (Distributed and Adaptable Monitoring System) that extends LEACH protocol with a trust‐based and energy‐efficient clustering protocols for both cluster heads and monitors election. Compared to other LEACH extensions, the obtained topology reduces monitoring energy overhead, improves the system lifetime, and increases the packet delivery ratio.
Catalytic Hydrotreatment of Humins to Bio‐Oil in Methanol over Supported Metal Catalysts
Authors: Cheng Ziwei , Saha Basudeb , Vlachos Dionisios G. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractValorization of humins, the polymeric byproducts formed during the acid‐catalyzed production of HMF (5‐hydroxymethylfurfural) or furfural, is necessary to improve process economics and make biorefineries viable. We report the one‐step catalytic hydrotreatment of humins in methanol to humin oil containing fully or partially deoxygenated compounds. First, we compare four commercial noble‐metal catalysts (Ru/C, Rh/C, Pt/C, and Pd/C). Aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, and esters are the main products detected by GC. Rh/C achieves the best GC‐detectable oil yield and 75 % humins conversion in 3 h at 400 °C, 30 bar H2, and a catalyst‐to‐humins mass ratio of 1:10. High H2 pressures and intermediate temperatures, reaction times, and catalyst loadings enhance GC‐detectable oil yields. In contrast, high temperatures and long reaction times enhance gasification. Aromatics and phenols are found at high temperatures and long reaction times, whereas esters are the major species at short reaction times and high catalyst loading. 13C‐isotopic labeling studies confirm, for the first time, that methanol participates in the alkylation and esterification reactions to form aromatic, phenolic and ester products. The reactivity in isopropanol is also discussed.
FISH analysis of microbial communities in a full‐scale technology for biogas production
Authors: Dinova Nora , Peneva Kristina , Belouhova Mihaela , Rangelov Jelyaz , Schneider Irina , Topalova Yana 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe anaerobic digestion is a biological process that consists of four stages. At the final step of the biodegradation of the organics the most sensitive to the ambient factors group of microorganisms – the methanogens, produces biogas with main component methane. Common problems of these technologies are low biogas yield, production of biogas with low quality or situations in which the plant gets out of exploitation. These problems are related to the lack of biological indicators of the process used in the practice and lack of understanding of the structure and functioning of the methanogenic consortium. Different fluorescent techniques have the potential to fulfill this gap and to contribute to the deep understanding of the structure of the microbial communities. In this study it was applied fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis for identifying and localization of microorganisms by the Archaea domain in digesters of wastewater treatment plant “Kubratovo”. High negative correlation between the quantity of Archaea and the biogas and methane production has been registered. This method has the potential to be used as a tool for analyzing the structure of the microbial communities in the digesters and thus to allow the adaptation of the consortium and the optimization of the whole process.
Postglacial to Holocene landscape evolution and process rates in steep alpine catchments
Authors: Kober Florian , Hippe Kristina , Salcher Bernhard , Grischott Reto , Zurfluh Raphael , Hajdas Irka , Wacker Lukas , Christl Marcus , Ivy‐Ochs Susan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractClimate change and high magnitude mass wasting events pose adverse societal effects and hazards, especially in alpine regions. Quantification of such geomorphic processes and their rates is therefore critical but is often hampered by the lack of appropriate techniques and the various spatiotemporal scales involved in these studies. Here we exploit both in situ cosmogenic beryllium‐10 (10Be) and carbon‐14 (14C) nuclide concentrations for deducing exposure ages and tracing of sediment through small alpine debris flow catchments in central Switzerland. The sediment cascade and modern processes we track from the source areas, through debris flow torrents to their final export out into sink regions with cosmogenic nuclides over an unprecedented five‐year time series with seasonal resolution. Data from a seismic survey and a 90 m core revealed a glacially overdeepened basin, filled with glacial and paraglacial sediments. Surface exposure dating of fan boulders and radiocarbon ages constrain the valley fill from the last deglaciation until the Holocene and show that most of the fan existed in early Holocene times already. Current fan processes are controlled by episodic debris flow activity, snow (firn) and rock avalanches.Field investigations, digital elevation models (DEMs) of difference and geomorphic analysis agree with sediment fingerprinting with cosmogenic nuclides, highlighting that the bulk of material exported today at the outlet of the subcatchments derives from the lower fans. Cosmogenic nuclide concentrations steadily decrease from headwater sources to distal fan channels due to the incorporation of material with lower nuclide concentrations. Further downstream the admixture of sediment from catchments with less frequent debris flow activity can dilute the cosmogenic nuclide signals from debris flow dominated catchments but may also reach thresholds where buffering is limited. Consequently, careful assessment of boundary conditions and driving forces is required when apparent denudation rates derived from cosmogenic nuclide analysis are upscaled to larger regions. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational habitual privacy
Authors: Han Xu , Liu Yanheng , Wang Jian , Tian Daxin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPrivacy has gradually developed into a serious concern. Although some privacy protection mechanisms are available, it is still a prerequisite to develop an objective and universal evaluation criterion. In fact, we have to know how much the privacy quantity has been already exposed through a human‐understandable way. For this purpose, we proposed a series of brand‐new concepts about so‐called “habitual privacy” to quantitatively analyze privacy exposure behavior. It should be emphasized that habitual privacy is an inherent property of the user and is correlated with their habitual behaviors. Joint privacy quantity is a measurement of the exposed privacy of two habitual behaviors occurring simultaneously on the same occasion. Moreover, cumulative privacy is the accumulative quantity of privacy exposure within a considerable temporal and/or spatial interval. The presented computing framework has been applied to four different empirical data sets. These data sets consisted of massive sample sets obtained from moving trajectories, Bluetooth connections, velocity preferences, and call data records. The results disclosed the characteristics hidden in different conditions of the presented quantification framework and showed the effects of combinations of various related parameters. The proposed computational habitual privacy quantity is expected to establish a theoretical cornerstone for the design of more effective and efficient privacy protection mechanisms.
MiR-27a targets DKK2 and SFRP1 to promote reosseointegration in the regenerative treatment of peri-implantitis
Authors: Wu Xiaolin , Gu Qinhua , Chen Xipeng , Mi Wenxiang , Wu Tingting , Huang Hui 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT

In the inflamed microenvironment of peri-implantitis, limited osteogenesis on the implant surface impedes well-established reosseointegration using current clinical therapies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) function as potent molecular managers that may simultaneously regulate multiple endogenous processes such as inflammation and osteogenesis. The delivery of miRNAs may provide a way to effectively treat some diseases. In this study, we showed that miR-27a was differentially downregulated in samples from a canine peri-implantitis model. We found that overexpressing miR-27a positively regulated osteogenesis–angiogenesis coupling by ameliorating the TNF-α inhibition of bone formation in vitro. Mechanistically, we identified Dickkopf2 (DKK2) and secreted frizzled related protein 1 (SFRP1) as two essential direct miR-27a targets that were osteogenic and angiogenic. Furthermore, we constructed a miR-27a-enhanced delivery system to repair the bone defect around implants in a canine peri-implantitis model. The results demonstrated that the miR-27a-treated group could optimize new bone formation and reosseointegration in vivo. Our assay provides evidence that this strategy exerts therapeutic effects on peri-implantitis, suggesting that it represents a feasible method to maintain the stability and masticatory function of dental implants. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.