bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corporate board structure and foreign equity investments in weak institutional regimes
Authors: Banerjee Sujata , Oriani Raffaele , Peruffo Enzo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractResearch Question/IssueConcentrated ownership is more the rule than the exception in weak institutional environments, and the absence of external control mechanisms, leading to ineffective legal enforcement, intensifies principal–principal agency issues. Our study examines how the structuring of the corporate board plays a vital role in informing foreign investors about the risk of being expropriated, which affects their decisions to make equity investments in firms in weak institutional regimes.Research Findings/InsightsUsing a sample of large listed Indian firms in the period 2010–2014, we hypothesize that the presence of affiliate directors on the board has a negative impact on foreign investments. Likewise, the presence of controlling owners‐directors on the board together with chief executive officers' additional directorial positions has an inverted U‐shaped impact on foreign investments.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsBy making use of agency theory and focusing on the importance of foreign financing, our study highlighted the factors that deter foreign investors from providing capital to firms in weak institutional regimes. The use of this theoretical perspective, by emphasizing the differences in agency problems prevalent in strong versus weak institutional regimes, further suggested that examination of the structure of corporate boards is an important way to detect and gauge the potential for expropriation in countries suffering from weaknesses in investor protection.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsOur study has important implications for corporations operating in markets suffering from a legal environment that offers little investor protection. Investors are less prone to invest in these countries, as the risk of expropriation by dominant shareholders means they cannot be sure of actually getting the putative return. Our work shows how corporations can structure their boards effectively to convince investors that they face less danger of expropriation and so attract foreign capital.
Measurement of airway inflammation in current smokers by positron emission tomography
Authors: Garpered Sabine , Minarik David , Diaz Sandra , Valind Sven , Edenbrandt Lars , Wollmer Per 
Published: July 2019

SummaryBackgroundAccumulation of activated neutrophilic leucocytes is known to increase uptake of 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (18F‐FDG) into lung tissue. Available evidence suggests that smokers and subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have neutrophilic inflammation in peripheral airways. The aim of this study was to examine whether current smokers have higher lung tissue uptake of 18F‐FDG than never‐smokers when correcting for air fraction of the lungs.MethodsWe prospectively recruited 33 current smokers and 33 never‐smokers among subjects referred for diagnosis or staging of cancer, other than lung cancer, with combined positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with 18F‐FDG. Subjects with focal 18F‐FDG uptake or focal CT abnormalities in the lungs were excluded. The lungs were segmented in the CT image, and lung density measured. 18F‐FDG uptake was measured in the corresponding volume and corrected for air fraction.ResultsLung uptake of 18F‐FDG, corrected for air fraction, was 12·5 and 8 per cent higher in the right and left lungs, respectively, in current smokers than in never‐smokers (P<0·05).Conclusion Abnormal lung tissue uptake of 18F‐FDG may be masked by reduced lung density if the uptake is not related to air fraction. Increased uptake of 18F‐FDG in lung tissue in current smokers relative to never‐smokers may reflect inflammation in peripheral airways. Measurements of 18F‐FDG uptake in the lung tissue may be useful for animal and human studies of airways disease in COPD and the relation between airway and systemic inflammation.
Systematic expression analysis of the mitochondrial respiratory chain protein subunits identifies COX5B as a prognostic marker in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Stein Johannes , Tenbrock Julia , Kristiansen Glen , Müller Stefan C , Ellinger Jörg 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveTo analyze the expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain protein subunits in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.MethodsPossible prognostic candidates were determined using The Cancer Genome Atlas database (n = 605). The database provided valid messenger ribonucleic acid expression data for 93 genes encoding for the subunits. Selected subunits were further investigated at the messenger ribonucleic acid and protein level by real‐time polymerase chain reaction, western blot and immunohistochemistry with the cohorts of the University Hospital Bonn.ResultsThe Cancer Genome Atlas messenger ribonucleic acid expression data indicated univariate and multivariate prognostic impact for seven subunits (NDUFS8, NDUFS7, COX5B, COX6B1, SDHD, COX15 and COX19). Using real‐time polymerase chain reaction, significant downregulation (P < 0.05, n = 74) could be shown for COX5B, COX6B1, NDUFS7 and NDUF8 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma tissue. Survival analysis of polymerase chain reaction data showed a non‐significant relationship (P = 0.067) of high COX5B expression and poor overall survival. Western blot (n = 8) and immunohistochemistry analysis (n = 167) confirmed significant COX5B downregulation on the protein level. Immunohistochemistry analysis identified COX5B as a prognostic marker for overall (P = 0.017) and cancer‐specific survival (P = 0.042).ConclusionsThe present study findings suggest downregulation of additional subunits of mitochondrial respiratory chain proteins in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Remarkably, COX5B, a subunit of the respiratory chain complex IV, can be identified as a novel prognostic marker.
Staphylococcus epidermidis role in the skin microenvironment
Authors: Leonel Caroline , Sena Isadora F. G. , Silva Walison N. , Prazeres Pedro H. D. M. , Fernandes Gabriel R. , Mancha Agresti Pamela , Martins Drumond Mariana , Mintz Akiva , Azevedo Vasco A. C. , Birbrair Alexander 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWound healing is a complex dynamic physiological process in response to cutaneous destructive stimuli that aims to restore the cutaneous’ barrier role. Deciphering the underlying mechanistic details that contribute to wound healing will create novel therapeutic strategies for skin repair. Recently, by using state‐of‐the‐art technologies, it was revealed that the cutaneous microbiota interact with skin immune cells. Strikingly, commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis‐induced CD8+ T cells induce re‐epithelization of the skin after injury, accelerating wound closure. From a drug development perspective, the microbiota may provide new therapeutic candidate molecules to accelerate skin healing. Here, we summarize and evaluate recent advances in the understanding of the microbiota in the skin microenvironment.
Juvenile silver grunter Mesopristes argenteus shift benthic objects to access food
Authors: Ebner Brendan C. , Donaldson James A. , Starrs Danswell 
Published: July 2019

AbstractJuvenile silver grunter Mesopristes argenteus were observed, photographed and filmed manoeuvring objects with their snout and nape to expose benthic prey in two short steep coastal streams, including in the micro‐estuary of one of these streams within the Australian Wet Tropics. Objects that were moved included leaves, sticks, bark, wood, seed pods, rainforest fruit, coral fragments and pebbles. Follower fish were sometimes associated with the foraging behaviour.
Funding Liquidity without Banks: Evidence from a Shock to the Cost of Very Short‐Term Debt
Authors: RESTREPO FELIPE , CARDONA‐SOSA LINA , STRAHAN PHILIP E. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTIn 2011, Colombia instituted a tax on repayment of bank loans, which increased the cost of short‐term bank credit more than long‐term credit. Firms responded by cutting short‐term loans for liquidity management purposes and increasing the use of cash and trade credit. In industries in which trade credit is more accessible (based on U.S. Compustat firms), we find substitution into accounts payable and little effect on cash and investment. Where trade credit is less available, firms increase cash and cut investment. Thus, trade credit provides an alternative source of liquidity that can insulate some firms from bank liquidity shocks.
The changing epidemiology of community‐acquired pneumonia: nationwide register‐based study in Sweden
Authors: Naucler P. , Henriques‐Normark B. , Hedlund J. , Galanis I. , Granath F. , Örtqvist Å. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundThere is limited evidence on the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine childhood immunization programmes (PCV‐CIP) on community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) in individuals with underlying diseases.MethodsA nationwide cohort study using Swedish health registers to assess the incidence of hospitalization with all‐cause (AC‐CAP) and pneumococcal or lobar (PL‐CAP) CAP between 2005 and 2015, in relation to PCV‐CIP introduction in 2007–09.ResultsIn total, 303 691 episodes of AC‐CAP occurred, of which 14 225 were PL‐CAP. Comparing before (2005–06) with after (2014–15) PCV‐CIP, relative incidence reductions were 36% (95% Confidence Interval 32–40), 20% (14–25) and 16% (11–22) of AC‐CAP for age groups < 2, 2–4 and 5–17 years, respectively, with similar reductions in young children with and without comorbidities. The reductions were more pronounced for PL‐CAP. In the age groups 40–64, 65–74, 75–84 and ≥85 years there were relative increases of 11% (8–14), 18% (15–22), 15% (12–17) and 30% (27–34) of AC‐CAP, respectively, but these increases were attenuated after adjustment for admittance practices using four control conditions. In adults with comorbidities, there was an increase in incidence of AC‐CAP, and PL‐CAP, in contrast to adults without reported underlying diseases where the incidence was stable or diminished for some age groups. Over the study period, there was an increased proportion of pneumonia patients with underlying diseases in all ages.ConclusionThis emphasizes that direct preventive interventions should be targeted towards individuals with underlying diseases. Future studies should investigate reasons for the observed increased risk in adults with comorbidities, for example due to pneumococcal nonvaccine serotypes, or other pathogens, preferentially affecting subjects with underlying diseases.
Complications during catheter‐mediated patent ductus arteriosus closure and pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty
Authors: Claretti M. , Lopez B. S. , Boz E. , Martelli F. , Pradelli D. , Bussadori C. M. 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivesTo evaluate and illustrate complications of cardiac catheterisation and the associated risk factors of the most common cardiac intervention procedures.Materials and MethodsRetrospective study of clinical records of client‐owned dogs presented to a cardiology referral centre between January 2006 and December 2017.ResultsFive hundred and twenty‐four dogs were included, 62 of which had complications. Complications were divided into technical complications and those due to unexpected additional anatomical abnormalities. Seven procedures (1.33%) were interrupted; five dogs (0.95%) subsequently underwent surgery, and four dogs died during the interventional procedure, indicating a mortality rate of 0.76%Clinical SignificanceThere is a low risk of complications following closure of patent ductus arteriosus or pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty when carried out by a trained team using standardised procedures in a referral centre.
Molecular detection of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi in face flies (Musca autumnalis) collected during a strangles outbreak on a Thoroughbred farm
Authors: Pusterla N. , Bowers J. , Barnum S. , Hall J. A. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract.The objective of this study was to detect Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi) (Lactobacillales: Streptococcaceae) using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in flies collected from a farm with a documented outbreak of strangles. A total of 1856 face flies [Musca autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae)] were collected using conventional fly traps. The flies were processed for nucleic acid purification and tested for the presence of S. equi by qPCR. A total of 10/1856 flies (0.54%) tested qPCR‐positive for S. equi. The results may implicate the presence of face flies as a risk factor for the transmission of S. equi and highlight the need to institute proper husbandry measures, biosecurity protocols and fly control in order to reduce the potential for infection in at‐risk horses.
Open for Learning: Encouraging Generalization Fosters Knowledge Transfer in Negotiation
Authors: Kim Jihyeon , Thompson Leigh , Loewenstein Jeffrey 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe examined whether encouraging managers to attend to underlying principles in negotiation training examples rather than contextual specifics fosters openness to learning and enhances subsequent knowledge transfer to new negotiation situations. In an experimental study, 420 managers read a negotiation case study example set in a familiar or unfamiliar industry and answered either broadening or narrowing questions about an example. Managers given broadening questions about an example set in an unfamiliar industry were more open to learning than managers who were asked narrowing questions about an example set in a familiar industry. Openness to learning in turn fostered successfully applying the key negotiation principle to resolve a subsequent face‐to‐face negotiation. The findings suggest that negotiation training for professionals is unlikely to meet its intended purpose if it relies on offering managers examples set in their own industries and encouraging them to answer questions about the contextual specifics of those examples.
Improvement of dry mouth following intraductal irrigation of salivary glands
Authors: Aframian Doron J. , Baaton Sagit , Mazor Sigal , Nadler Chen , Keshet Naama , Haviv Yaron , Zadik Yehuda , Schwimmer‐Noy Rinat , Shay Boaz , Almoznino Galit 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the effect of major salivary gland intraductal irrigations (IGs) to relieve mouth dryness.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the records of patients with mouth dryness who underwent major salivary gland IG during 2013–2015. Records included demographics, medical background, dry mouth etiologies and symptomatology, and results of sialometry and sialo‐cone‐beam computerized tomography. Subjective improvement following the IG procedure (yes/no) and sustained subjective improvement (mouth dryness relief for ≥1 month) were recorded. Objective improvement was assessed by comparing the mean unstimulated (USF) and stimulated (SSF) whole salivary flow (WSF) rate before and after the IG.ResultsSeventy‐four patients were included [mean age: 59.08 ± 12.46 years]. Improvement was detected in the USF (p = .027), but not in the SSF (p = .878). Fifty‐five (84.6%) noted subjective improvement, while 10 (15.4%) did not. Subjective improvement was positively associated with the USF following IG (p = .037), with salivary gland swelling episodes (p = .033), and with difficulties in swallowing dry foods (p = .014).Of those with subjective improvement, 45 (81.8%) reported sustained improvement, which was positively associated with lack of a gritty eye sensation (p = .042) and abnormal sialo‐CBCT findings (p = .001).ConclusionsMajor salivary gland IG is a simple and safe procedure that may relieve dry mouth for a relatively extended duration. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings and assess their underlying mechanisms.
Identification of loci controlling adaptation in Chinese soya bean landraces via a combination of conventional and bioclimatic GWAS
Authors: Li Ying‐hui , Li Delin , Jiao Yong‐qing , Schnable James C. , Li Yan‐fei , Li Hui‐hui , Chen Huai‐zhu , Hong Hui‐long , Zhang Ting , Liu Bin , Liu Zhang‐xiong , You Qing‐bo , Tian Yu , Guo Yong , Guan Rong‐xia , Zhang Li‐juan , Chang Ru‐zhen , Zhang Zhiwu , Reif Jochen , Zhou Xin‐an , Schnable Patrick S. , Qiu Li‐juan 
Published: July 2019

SummaryLandraces often contain genetic diversity that has been lost in modern cultivars, including alleles that confer enhanced local adaptation. To comprehensively identify loci associated with adaptive traits in soya bean landraces, for example flowering time, a population of 1938 diverse landraces and 97 accessions of the wild progenitor of cultivated soya bean, Glycine soja was genotyped using tGBS®. Based on 99 085 high‐quality SNPs, landraces were classified into three sub‐populations which exhibit geographical genetic differentiation. Clustering was inferred from STRUCTURE, principal component analyses and neighbour‐joining tree analyses. Using phenotypic data collected at two locations separated by 10 degrees of latitude, 17 trait‐associated SNPs (TASs) for flowering time were identified, including a stable locus Chr12:5914898 and previously undetected candidate QTL/genes for flowering time in the vicinity of the previously cloned flowering genes, E1 and E2. Using passport data associated with the collection sites of the landraces, 27 SNPs associated with adaptation to three bioclimatic variables (temperature, daylength, and precipitation) were identified. A series of candidate flowering genes were detected within linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks surrounding 12 bioclimatic TASs. Nine of these TASs exhibit significant differences in flowering time between alleles within one or more of the three individual sub‐populations. Signals of selection during domestication and/or subsequent landrace diversification and adaptation were detected at 38 of the 44 flowering and bioclimatic TASs. Hence, this study lays the groundwork to begin breeding for novel environments predicted to arise following global climate change.
Indefinite cytomegalovirus prophylaxis with valganciclovir after lung transplantation
Authors: Hecker Matthias , Hecker Andreas , Askevold Ingolf , Kuhnert Stefan , Reichert Martin , Guth Stefan , Mayer Eckhard , Slanina Heiko , Schüttler Christian G. , Seeger Werner , Padberg Winfried , Mayer Konstantin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections and reactivations are common after lung transplantation and are associated with the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Against this background, temporary HCMV prophylaxis is an established standard regimen after lung transplantation in most centers. However, the optimal duration of prophylaxis is unclear. We conducted a retrospective two‐center study to determine the efficacy of indefinite lifelong HCMV prophylaxis with oral valganciclovir in a cohort of 133 lung transplant recipients with a mean follow‐up time of approximately 5 years. During the follow‐up period, HCMV DNA was detected in 22 recipients (16.5%). In one case, HCMV pneumonitis developed after prophylaxis had been terminated. We observed a beneficial safety profile and tolerability in our cohort, as the majority of patients still received valganciclovir after a 1‐ and 3‐year observation period, respectively. Compared to the literature, these data indicate a beneficial effect of extended valganciclovir prophylaxis with an acceptable safety profile.
Treatment for human visceral leishmaniasis: a cost‐effectiveness analysis for Brazil
Authors: de Carvalho Isis Polianna Silva Ferreira , Peixoto Henry Maia , Romero Gustavo Adolfo Sierra , de Oliveira Maria Regina Fernandes 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the cost‐effectiveness of strategies for the treatment of VL in Brazil.MethodsCost‐effectiveness study comparing three therapeutic options: meglumine antimoniate (MA), liposomal amphotericin B (LAMB) and a combination of LAMB plus MA (LAMB plus MA), from public health system and societal perspectives. An analytical decision‐making model was used to compare strategies for the following outcomes: early therapeutic failure avoided at 30 days, days of hospitalisation avoided and VL cure at 180 days. The efficacy and safety parameters of the drugs came from a randomised, open‐label trial and the cost data came from a cost‐of‐illness study, both carried out in Brazil.ResultsFor all outcomes analysed, the LAMB strategy was more effective. The MA strategy was inferior to the LAMB plus MA strategy for the outcomes early therapeutic failure avoided and cure. When only LAMB and MA were compared from a societal perspective, a cost of US$ 278.56 was estimated for each additional early therapeutic failure avoided, a cost of US$ 26.88 for each additional day of hospitalisation avoided and a cost of US$ 89.88 for each additional case of cured VL, for the LAMB strategy vs. MA.ConclusionIn Brazil, the LAMB strategy proved to be cost‐effective for treating VL, considering a GDP per capita as the willingness‐to‐pay threshold, for all of the outcomes analysed in comparison to MA.
Roles of pepper bZIP transcription factor CaATBZ1 and its interacting partner RING‐type E3 ligase CaASRF1 in modulation of ABA signalling and drought tolerance
Authors: Joo Hyunhee , Lim Chae Woo , Lee Sung Chul 
Published: July 2019

SummaryUbiquitination is a eukaryotic protein modulation system for identifying and affecting proteins that are no longer needed in the cell. In a previous study, we elucidated the biological function of CaASRF1, which contains a RING finger domain and functions as an E3 ligase. We showed that CaASRF1 positively modulates abscisic acid (ABA) signalling and drought stress tolerance by modulating the stability of subgroup D bZIP transcription factor CaAIBZ1. We performed yeast two‐hybrid (Y2H) screening to identify an additional target protein of CaASRF1. In this study, we identified pepper CaATBZ1 (Capsicum annuum ASRF1 target bZIP transcription factor 1), which belongs to the subgroup A bZIP transcription factors. We investigated the biological function of this protein using virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) in pepper plants and by generating overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Our loss‐of‐function and gain‐of‐function studies revealed that CaATBZ1 negatively modulates ABA signalling and drought stress response. Consistent with CaATBZ1‐silenced pepper plants, CaASRF1/CaATBZ1‐silenced pepper plants displayed drought‐tolerant phenotypes via ABA‐mediated signalling. Our results demonstrated that CaASRF1‐mediated ubiquitination plays a crucial role in regulating the stability of CaATBZ1. These findings provide valuable insight into the post‐translational regulation of transcriptional factors.