bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability design involving optimization with multiple objectives by means of probabilistic multi-objective optimization
Authors: Zheng M. , Yu J. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractAlthough there have been many achievements on single—objective models, the reliability research involving multi-objective optimization problems has not obtained satisfactory research results. In this paper, the reliability design involving optimization with multiple objectives is developed by means of probabilistic multi-objective optimization (PMOO), which considers the simultaneity of optimization of multiple objectives and treats both beneficial type of utility indexes and unbeneficial type of utility indexes of performance indicators equivalently and conformably. Three cases of reliability design concerning multi—objective optimization, i.e., reliability requirement as the additional constraint condition, reliability assessment as an additional optimized objective, and the mixture of these two cases, are formulated by means of PMOO, respectively. Furthermore, a typical example is given to show the procedure of the approach for reliability assessment involving multiple objectives by means of PMOO, which exhibits the validity of the present approach. The approach is objective without any subjective factors.
Large-scale simulations of vortex Majorana zero modes in topological crystalline insulators
Authors: Wan Chun Yu , Zhao Yujun , Li Yaoyi , Jia Jinfeng , Liu Junwei 
Published: October 2024

AbstractTopological crystalline insulators are known to support multiple Majorana zero modes (MZMs) at a single vortex, their hybridization is forbidden by a magnetic mirror symmetry $M_{T}$

M
T

. Due to the limited energy resolution of scanning tunneling microscopes and the very small energy spacing of trivial bound states, it remains challenging to directly probe and demonstrate the existence of multiple MZMs. In this work, we propose to demonstrate the existence of MZMs by studying the hybridization of multiple MZMs in a symmetry breaking field. The different responses of trivial bound states and MZMs can be inferred from their spatial distribution in a vortex. However, the theoretical simulations are very demanding since it requires an extremely large system in real space. By utilizing the kernel polynomial method, we can efficiently simulate large lattices with over 108 orbitals to compute the local density of states which bridges the gap between theoretical studies based on minimal models and experimental measurements. We show that the spatial distribution of MZMs and trivial vortex bound states differs drastically in tilted magnetic fields. The zero-bias peak elongates when the magnetic field preserves $M_{T}$

M
T

, while it splits when $M_{T}$

M
T

is broken, giving rise to an anisotropic magnetic response. Since the bulk of SnTe are metallic, we also study the robustness of MZMs against the bulk states, and clarify when can the MZMs produce a pronounced anisotropic magnetic response.
A challenge in access to social services of undocumented Afghan immigrants in host society of Peshawar, Pakistan
Authors: Iqbal Kashif , Hongcheng Sheng , Liang Hu 
Published: October 2024

AbstractUndocumented immigrants are one of the main issues faced by many countries, especially developed countries. Globally, various studies have been done related to this issue; however, in Pakistan, researchers are less inclined to investigate this phenomenon through mixed angles. This study aimed to investigate the specific barrier to undocumented Afghan immigrants accessing social services in the host community of Peshawar, Pakistan, and to examine the coping mechanism they used for overwhelming. Within this broad area, four key elements of undocumented immigrants were examined: the healthcare system, education system, livelihood, and human rights status. This study used mixed (qualitative and quantitative) research methodologies by purposely selecting samples and collecting data through interviews and surveys. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically, and quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS, and MS Office software. The result revealed that undocumented Afghan immigrants faced various challenges in access to social services, such as legal status and documentation void, communication barriers, fear of authority and deportation, and socio-cultural values. They had inadequacies in service provision, such as challenges in the healthcare system, including overcrowded clinics, long waiting hours, and limited access to healthcare services, lack of access to the education system, including restricted access to education, crowded classrooms, an increase in student–teacher ratio, an increase in informal education like madrasas; challenges in livelihood, including informal jobs, an increase in unemployment, a low wage, less job security, and human rights violations. The study also determines that rights are available in frameworks, but undocumented immigrants don’t have access to them in reality. In addition, discrimination based on status while accessing social services was found. To overwhelming the situation, they developed remarkable resilience and coping strategies. Addressing the multifaceted challenges faced by Afghan undocumented immigrants requires collaborative efforts from policymakers and service providers, emphasizing the need for inclusive and rights-based interventions.
Seeing the forest for the coral trees: involvement and perceptions of reef threats among coral restoration volunteers in Roatan, Honduras
Authors: Garcia Sierra , Rivera Antonella 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Despite the global expansion of coral restoration initiatives that depend on volunteer divers in supporting these programs, research exploring their motivations, sentiments and knowledge remains scarce. This study employed a mixed-methods analysis of surveys (n = 83) and interviews (n = 15) of a heterogeneous population of coral restoration volunteers and a control group of divers in Roatan, Honduras to explore these aspects. Experienced coral restoration volunteers did not perceive their contributions to coral health protection as being greater than control group non-volunteer divers, despite displaying a deeper understanding of the threats to coral reefs. Notably, both new volunteers prior to training and experienced restoration volunteers were more than twice as likely as control divers to highlight reducing carbon emissions as critical for coral health. While volunteer divers exhibit a strong baseline awareness and concern for coral reef threats, they report that participation in restoration efforts leads to significant learning gains regarding coral conservation. The insights gained from the motivations and learning outcomes of volunteers in coral restoration in Roatan may inform similar initiatives globally, potentially impacting a wide range of volunteer-based ecosystem restoration programs and diver-involved projects, thereby enhancing volunteer engagement and educational outcomes in environmental conservation efforts.
Regulatory options for cultivars and hybrids of invasive plant species—the South African experience
Authors: Chetty Duran , Datta Arunava , Kumschick Sabrina , Wilson John R.U. , Nchu Felix , Geerts Sjirk 
Published: October 2024

AbstractInvasive plant taxa are generally regulated at the species level, without considering infra- or interspecific variation. However, cultivars or hybrids can pose a lower risk of invasion, for example, due to sterility. We evaluate six general approaches to regulating cultivars and hybrids: (1) Globally Guilty by Association; (2) Nationally Guilty by Association; (3) Guilty until Proven Innocent; (4) Negotiated Guilt; (5) Claimed to be Innocent; and (6) Innocent until Proven Guilty. We discuss these approaches in the context of South Africa (which has a typified Negotiated Guilt approach). Following negotiations since 2001 between the South African horticultural industry/green industry and legislators, an unofficial consensus list of “presumed sterile” cultivars and hybrids was produced in 2014 containing 187 entities from 34 taxa. In 2020, this was reduced to 157 entities from 16 taxa. But the evidence supporting the original lists and the subsequent revisions was not published. To address this issue, we developed a generic pro forma (template) for reporting sterility based on observations and/or experiments on: flowering, fruiting, pollen, and seeds; the potential for vegetative propagation; and the potential for genetic changes (including hybridization and reversion to fertility). We recommend that such information be incorporated into risk analyses conducted specifically for infra- and inter specific entities, and only if the risk of a harmful invasion is demonstrated to be acceptably low or can be easily mitigated should such entities be exempted from regulation. This will be time-consuming, but, by setting out the evidence clearly, the approach is transparent and provides a clear route for stakeholders to seek exemptions for entities of importance. In conclusion, although we suspect the simplicity of the Negotiated Guilt approach is desirable to many stakeholders, and is the approach currently adopted in South Africa, we recommend a shift toward the Guilty until Proven Innocent approach.
The invasion of Japanese hop (Humulus japonicus) in a restored floodplain forest
Authors: Huang Annie H. , Matthews Jeffrey W. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractJapanese hop (Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc.) is an emerging invasive plant that has been observed to invade and spread throughout wetlands. As an annual vine, H. japonicus can smother native vegetation, forming dense stands and reducing biodiversity. At a restored floodplain forest in Joslin, IL, formerly used as an experimental site to test the effectiveness of different reforestation methods, H. japonicus has invaded stands of the previously dominant invasive, reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). We conducted an observational field study to examine the spatiotemporal dynamics of H. japonicus invasion relative to gradients in canopy cover and species composition. Ten transects, with half the transect extending into and half extending beyond H. japonicus patches, were established in October 2022. Seven quadrats per transect were surveyed for vegetation cover and canopy cover in October 2022, June 2023, and October 2023. Transects were evenly split between forested and open areas based on the reforestation treatments. Humulus japonicus cover significantly increased from October 2022 to October 2023, resulting in a slight decrease and replacement of P. arundinacea across the site. Shade reduced H. japonicus cover, indicating its preference for sunlit conditions. Species richness was higher in forested transects compared with open ones, most likely due to the absence of both P. arundinacea and H. japonicus in shaded transects. Along transects, quadrats that had been invaded by H. japonicus differed in species composition from quadrats that had not been invaded in both October 2022 and October 2023. Humulus japonicus cover was much lower in June than October, suggesting that temporal niche partitioning may allow P. arundinacea to persist, and indicating that monitoring for H. japonicus should occur late in the growing season. Both invasive species are shade intolerant, suggesting that planting fast-growing trees should be an effective long-term solution for controlling invasion.
Discrepancies in Australian jurisdiction-based regulation of invasive plants
Authors: Maher Jacob , Virtue John , Stringham Oliver C. , Cassey Phillip 
Published: October 2024

AbstractEffective regulation is essential for preventing the establishment of new invasive plants and managing the environmental, social, and economic impacts of those already established. Invasive plants are regulated by jurisdictions at a mix of local, regional, national, and international levels. Enhanced coordination of policy and regulations has been identified as a key strategy for addressing the impacts of invasive species; however, coordination between jurisdictions, and even within jurisdictions, is not always considered. To review regulatory coordination in Australia, we compiled a comprehensive dataset of noxious weeds (defined as invasive plants and potentially invasive plants with controls specified in regulation) in each Australian jurisdiction (i.e., state or territory). We found that jurisdictions on average shared ca. 67% (SD = 15%) of noxious weed listings. Neighboring jurisdictions were not more similar than separated jurisdictions in their noxious weed listings. There were significant differences in the biogeographic native ranges of noxious weeds between jurisdictions, with species native to temperate Asia being most frequently listed overall. The predominant likely entry pathway for noxious weeds in Australia was the ornamental trade. Listings were primarily dedicated to proactive control, prohibiting the cultivation of noxious weeds to avoid their naturalization. There were 415 noxious weeds regulated in a harmonious manner across jurisdictions. However, there were 327 noxious weeds regulated by jurisdictions in a discordant manner, potentially leaving neighboring jurisdictions vulnerable to invasion. We suggest jurisdictions reassess the regulation of these 327 discordant noxious weeds in Australia and utilize a national taxonomic standard to avoid problematic synonyms. Improved cohesion of policies could be achieved through wider adoption of existing regulatory systems and codevelopment of regulations between government and industry.
The bioherbicide Verticillium nonalfalfae effectively removes tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima) but leaves many other non-native plants
Authors: Shively Timothy J. , Barney Jacob N. , Reid J. Leighton , Salom Scott M. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractTree-of-heaven [Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle] readily exploits disturbances, grows quickly into dense monocultures, and suppresses native plant species. The vascular wilt pathogen, Verticillium nonalfalfae, native to the eastern United States, has been proposed as a biocontrol agent for the invasive A. altissima. Studies consistently demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the bioherbicide, but they also note that the selective nature of the fungus does not preclude other invasive plants that commonly co-occur with A. altissima from occupying the site. We quantified the standing plant community and seedbank at several sites across Virginia 5 yr after inoculation with V. nonalfalfae to understand which species are present or being naturally recruited. Ailanthus altissima remained dominant in untreated areas but was nearly eradicated from the treatment plots. Other non-native species made up a large portion of the plant community and seedbank across all study areas, with no differences in their respective cover and count between treatments. While variability in plant community composition is high and site-specific context is important for establishing effective management strategies, planting native species and mitigating other invasives will be crucial to ensuring native species successfully establish in bioherbicide-treated areas.
Phenology and resource allocation strategies of diploid flowering rush (Butomus umbellatus) in Ohio and New York
Authors: Gebhart Maxwell G. , Wersal Ryan M. , Hannes Andrew R. , Harms Nathan E. , Sartain Bradley T. , Wolanske William L. , Yeager Mia 
Published: October 2024

AbstractFlowering rush (Butomus umbellatus L.) is an emergent perennial monocot that has invaded aquatic systems along the U.S.–Canadian border. Currently, there are two known cytotypes of flowering rush, diploid and triploid, within the invaded range. Although most studies have focused on the triploid cytotype, little information is known about diploid plants. Therefore, phenology and resource allocation were studied on the diploid cytotype of flowering rush in three study sites (Mentor Marsh, OH; Tonawanda Wildlife Management Area, NY; and Unity Island, NY) to understand seasonal resource allocation and environmental influences on growth, and to optimize management strategies. Samples were harvested once a month from May to November at each site from 2021 to 2023. Plant metrics were regressed to air temperature, water temperature, and water depth. Aboveground biomass peaked from July to September and comprised 50% to 70% of total biomass. Rhizome biomass peaked from September to November and comprised 40% to 50% of total biomass. Rhizome bulbil densities peaked from September to November at 3,000 to 16,000 rhizome bulbils m−2. Regression analysis resulted in strong negative relationships between rhizome starch content and air temperature (r2 = 0.52) and water temperature (r2 = 46). Other significant, though weak, relationships were found, including a positive relationship between aboveground biomass and air temperature (r2 = 0.17), a negative relationship between rhizome bulbil biomass and air temperature (r2 = 0.18) and a positive relationship between leaf density and air temperature (r2 = 0.17). Rhizomes and rhizome bulbils combined stored up to 60% of total starch, and therefore, present a unique challenge to management, as these structures cannot be reached directly with herbicides. Therefore, management should target the aboveground tissue before peak production (July) to reduce internal starch storage and aim to limit regrowth over several years.
Response of four Vallisneria taxa to aquatic herbicides
Authors: Beets Jens P. , Haug Erika J. , Sperry Benjamin P. , Thum Ryan A. , Richardson Robert J. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractNative aquatic macrophytes such as American eelgrass (Vallisneria americana Michx.) are often desirable in aquatic ecosystems due to the ecological benefits they provide but are threatened by competition from invasive taxa including non-native Vallisneria taxa and hydrilla [Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle]. Identifying potential selective herbicide management options can provide tools to minimize impacts to native taxa in restoration and aquatic invasive plant management programs. Greenhouse mesocosm experiments were conducted in 2023 to investigate herbicide efficacy on two native eelgrass species (V. americana and Vallisneria neotropicalis Vict.), two non-native taxa (Vallisneria australis S.W.L. Jacobs & Les and Vallisneria spiralis L. × Vallisneria denseserrulata Makino), and H. verticillata. Herbicide applications included endothall, diquat, florpyrauxifen-benzyl, fluridone, and flumioxazin and select combinations of these herbicides used in H. verticillata management. Endothall alone provided 90% to 100% aboveground biomass reduction at 3,000 µg L−1 with at least 24 h of continuous or intermittent exposure to all native and invasive species at 6 wk after exposure, whereas florpyrauxifen-benzyl applied alone resulted in minimal aboveground biomass reduction. A 45-d of exposure of fluridone (10 µg L−1) resulted in 95% biomass reduction of V. americana and 7% to 48% of other tested taxa. The combination of flumioxazin and florpyrauxifen-benzyl resulted in 90% to 100% aboveground biomass reduction, and endothall combined with florpyrauxifen-benzyl resulted in 93% to 100% aboveground biomass reduction across taxa. Reductions in belowground biomass mirrored trends observed in aboveground biomass. No treatments selectively controlled invasive Vallisneria without injury to native Vallisneria, although efficacy was observed on H. verticillata. These insights provide an understanding for differences between these Vallisneria for researchers moving forward with selectively targeting H. verticillata in the presence of native Vallisneria species and two new aquatic invasive plants. Future research should expand treatment scenarios, increase the study period, and identify potential integrated plant management strategies for field scenarios.
Geothermal heat flux of Ridge B region in Antarctica inferred from basal dry–wet distribution
Authors: Lang Shinan , Yang Mingzhu , Cui Xiangbin , Li Lin , Wang Xiaofeng , Guo Jingxue , Greenbaum Jamin S. , Sun Bo , Siegert Martin J. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Ridge B is one of the least studied areas in Antarctica but has been considered to be a potential location for the oldest ice on Earth. Among important parameters for calculating where very old ice may exist, geothermal heat flux (GHF) is critical but poorly understood. Here, GHF is determined by quantifying the transitions between dry and wet basal conditions using a radioglaciological method applied to airborne radio-echo sounding data. GHF is then constrained by a thermodynamic model matched to the transitions. The results show that GHF in Ridge B varies locally and ranges from 48.5 to 65.1 mW m−2, with an average value of 58.0 mW m−2, which is consistent with the current known GHF constrained by subglacial lakes and derived from Vostok ice core temperature measurements. Our work highlights the value of considering local GHF when locating the oldest ice in this potential region or other regions.
Endocranial morphology of three early-diverging ceratopsians and implications for the behavior and the evolution of the endocast in ceratopsians
Authors: Hu Jinfeng , Xu Xing , Zhao Qi , He Yiming , Forster Catherine A. , Han Fenglu 
Published: October 2024

AbstractCeratopsian dinosaurs underwent great changes, including a shift of locomotion mode, enlarged horns and frills, and increased body size. These changes occur alongside the evolution of endocranial morphology and physiology such as the size and shape of the flocculus, hearing range, olfactory ratio, and the reptile encephalization quotient (REQ). However, the evolution of endocranial structures in early ceratopsians is still unclear because of a lack of information on the earliest ceratopsians. Here, we reconstructed the endocasts of three early-diverging ceratopsians including the Late Jurassic Yinlong, and the Early Cretaceous Liaoceratops and Psittacosaurus. These ceratopsians display obvious flocculi, large and separate olfactory bulbs, long and high anterior semicircular canals, and relatively long cochlear ducts. In the evolution of the earliest ceratopsians to early neoceratopsians, changes include the increasing size of the flocculus (which is reduced or absent in late-diverging ceratopsids), the attenuation of the semicircular canals, and the heightening of the anterior semicircular canal (which is shortened in late-diverging ceratopsids). The endocranial structures suggest early-diverging ceratopsians had a higher olfactory acuity and were adapted to hearing higher frequencies than late-diverging ceratopsians. Furthermore, the REQ suggests that Yinlong and Psittacosaurus were more highly encephalized than late-diverging ceratopsians and most extant reptiles. The angle of the lateral semicircular canal suggests that heads in ceratopsians display a transition from a forward posture to a more downward posture. Our new findings are significant for understanding the physiological changes during ceratopsian evolution and also have implications for the evolution of physiology in extant tetrapods.
Free election in the age of Erastianism: the case of R v The President and Chapter of Exeter Cathedral
Authors: Loch Jason 
Published: October 2024

AbstractOn 29 December 1838, the Dean of Exeter Cathedral, Whittington Landon, died. In the months that followed, the cathedral chapter repeatedly refused to elect the individuals nominated by the Crown, setting the stage for a protracted struggle that would play out in Parliament and in the Court of Queen's Bench. This is the story of R v The President and Chapter of the Cathedral Church of St Peter in Exeter.1