bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who are you afraid of and why? Inside the black box of refugee tribunals
Authors: Tomkinson Sule 
Published: June 2018

AbstractRefugee hearings perform an important function in migration management. They filter unwanted immigrants while offering possibilities for the protection of human rights for others. Building on insights from frontline decision‐making and migration studies, and from the standpoint of law and society, this article examines how Canada's refugee adjudicators assess the facts of a refugee claim. The data come from ethnographic research that combines observation of hearings, interviews with implicated actors and archival research. Going beyond adjudicators’ individual‐level attitudes towards refugee claimants, the article finds that hearing room assessments are shaped by adjudicators’ divergent approaches to fact‐finding, their interdependent relationships with lawyers, and their training.
Can't Ignore—Distraction by Task‐Irrelevant Sounds in Early and Middle Childhood
Authors: Wetzel Nicole , Scharf Florian , Widmann Andreas 
Published: June 2018

Attention control abilities are relevant for learning success. Little is known about the development of audio‐visual attention in early childhood. Four groups of children between the ages of 4 and 10 years and adults performed an audio‐visual distraction paradigm (N = 106). Multilevel analyses revealed increased reaction times in a visual categorization task when task‐irrelevant novel sounds were presented, demonstrating involuntary distraction of attention. This distraction effect decreased with age and significantly differed between age groups. In addition, the two youngest age groups responded with a delay in trials following a distractor trial, indicating delayed reallocation of attention to the task at hand. Results indicate a significant maturation of audio‐visual attention control within a few years during early childhood that continues throughout middle childhood.
Endocrine mucin‐producing sweat gland carcinoma: A study of 11 cases with molecular analysis
Authors: Qin Huamin , Moore Robert F. , Ho Cheng‐Ying , Eshleman James , Eberhart Charles G. , Cuda Jonathan 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundEndocrine mucin‐producing sweat gland carcinoma (EMPSGC) is a rare, low‐grade adnexal neoplasm that most commonly involves the eyelid. Analogous to solid papillary carcinoma of the breast, it probably represents a precursor lesion to mucinous carcinoma. Here, we describe 11 cases of EMPSGC with molecular analysis.MethodsWe performed a retrospective search of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institute pathology database and identified 11 cases of EMPSGC. Immunohistochemistry was performed for chromogranin, synaptophysin, neuron specific enolase, estrogen receptor (ER), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), cytokeratin 7 (CK7), and cytokeratin 20 (CK20). Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and BRAFV600E pyrosequencing were performed on two and three cases, respectively.ResultsWe observed a strong female predilection (73% females, 8/11 cases) with an average age of 66 years (range, 56‐83 years). EMPSGCs were associated with adjacent benign sweat gland cysts (3/11), atypical intraductal proliferation (1/11), and mucinous carcinoma (1/11). Immunohistochemically, all tumors expressed at least one neuroendocrine marker, ER, EMA, and CK7, and were negative for CK20. aCGH demonstrated a 6p11.2 to 6q16.1 deletion (1/2 cases). All cases were negative for BRAFV600E mutation (3/3 cases).ConclusionThis series provides further histopathologic support that EMPSGC represents a multistage progression to mucinous carcinoma. Additional studies are needed to understand its molecular mechanisms.
Impact of preoperative biliary drainage on postoperative outcome after pancreaticoduodenectomy: An analysis of 1500 consecutive cases
Authors: De Pastena Matteo , Marchegiani Giovanni , Paiella Salvatore , Malleo Giuseppe , Ciprani Debora , Gasparini Clizia , Secchettin Erica , Salvia Roberto , Gabbrielli Armando , Bassi Claudio 
Published: June 2018

Background and AimImplications of preoperative biliary drain on morbidity and mortality after pancreatoduodenectomy are still controversial. The present study aims to assess the impact of preoperative biliary drain on postoperative outcome and to define optimal serum bilirubin cut‐off to recommend biliary drainage in patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy.MethodsAll consecutive pancreatoduodenectomies carried out at Verona Hospital from 2005 to 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. The study population was divided into three groups: preoperative biliary drained (Stented Group), preoperative jaundice without drainage (Jaundiced Group) and the control group of non‐jaundiced, non‐stented patients (Control Group).ResultsA total of 1500 patients were included. Seven hundred and fourteen patients (47.6%) received biliary drain (stented group), 258 (17.2%) patients did not (jaundiced group) and 528 (35.2%) patients represented the (control group). Major complications and mortality rates did not differ between groups. Conversely, the risk of developing surgical site infections doubled in the stented group (18.1%) (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.5–2.8). In jaundiced patients, a preoperative bilirubin value greater than 7.5 mg/dL (128 μmol/L) accurately predicted the likelihood of postoperative complications.ConclusionPreoperative biliary drain does not increase major complications and mortality rates after pancreatoduodenectomy, but it is associated with higher surgical site infection rates. In jaundiced patients, a bilirubin value greater than 7.5 mg/dL (128 μmol/L) should indicate biliary drainage.
Fetal modified left myocardial performance index monitoring during open surgery for myelomeningocele repair
Authors: Santana Eduardo Félix Martins , Moron Antônio Fernandes , Araujo Júnior Edward , Barbosa Maurício Mendes , Milani Herbene Jose Figuinha , Sarmento Stephanno Gomes Pereira , Cavalheiro Sérgio 
Published: June 2018

ObjectiveFetal hemodynamic changes have already been described during open myelomeningocele repair. This study aimed to access fetal myocardial performance index (MPI) during this high‐complexity surgery.MethodsOpen myelomeningocele repair was performed in 37 fetuses between the 24th and 27th week of gestation. MPI was calculated at specific periods: pre‐anesthesia, postanesthesia, neurosurgery (early skin manipulation, spinal cord releasing, and sintesis), and end of surgery. Mean ± standard deviation (SD) of MPI and its related times—isovolumetric contraction time (ICT), isovolumetric relaxation time (IRT), and ejection time (ET)—was determined for each period. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was used to assess differences among these periods. Tukey multiple comparison times test compared global surgery stages.ResultsThe mean of MPI in the specific time points was 0.32, 0.32, 0.34, 0.48, 0.36, and 0.32, respectively (P < .001). In the two‐tailed comparison times, neurosurgery stage presents MPI highest levels, especially on stage 3b (early skin manipulation and spinal cord releasing) related to ICT and IRT rising and ET decreased levels.ConclusionFetal global cardiac function is altered during the open myelomeningocele repair. The neurosurgery stage represents the critical phase of the procedure.
Digital ITEMS Module 2: Scale Reliability in Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Hancock Gregory R. , An Ji 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn this ITEMS module, we frame the topic of scale reliability within a confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) context and address some of the limitations of Cronbach's α. This modeling approach has two major advantages: (1) it allows researchers to make explicit the relation between their items and the latent variables representing the constructs those items intend to measure, and (2) it facilitates a more principled and formal practice of scale reliability evaluation. Specifically, we begin the module by discussing key conceptual and statistical foundations of the classical test theory model and then framing it within an SEM context; we do so first with a single item and then expand this approach to a multi‐item scale. This allows us to set the stage for presenting different measurement structures that might underlie a scale and, more importantly, for assessing and comparing those structures formally within the SEM context. We then make explicit the connection between measurement model parameters and different measures of reliability, emphasizing the challenges and benefits of key measures while ultimately endorsing the flexible McDonald's ω over Cronbach's α. We then demonstrate how to estimate key measures in both a commercial software program (Mplus) and three packages within an open‐source environment (R). In closing, we make recommendations for practitioners about best practices in reliability estimation based on the ideas presented in the module.
Rational mate choice decisions vary with female age and multidimensional male signals in swordtails
Authors: Reding Luke , Cummings Molly E. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBiologists have long been interested in intransitive preferences: circular preferences in which options cannot be ranked and no single option dominates, similar to a game of rock‐paper‐scissors. Intransitive preferences violate rational decision‐making, an assumption made by models of evolution by mate choice. Despite its potential importance in the study of sexual selection, few studies have tested for intransitive preferences. Even fewer have asked whether females differ in whether they choose mates transitively or intransitively and what factors might predict (in)transitive choice. Though intransitive choice is thought to be more common as options become more complex, this prediction is untested in animals. To fill this gap, we tested whether female Xiphophorus nigrensis swordtails can rank digitally animated males differing in size, courtship intensity, or both size and courtship intensity, and whether female responses were predicted by a female's age. Females choosing among males that varied only in size showed higher than expected levels of intransitivity, whereas females choosing among males that varied in their courtship or both properties did not. Older females were more likely to be irrational than younger females when evaluating male size, suggesting that experience modifies transitive decision‐making processes. These results show that mate choice irrationality may vary by a female's experience and the signal characteristics during decision‐making.
Chivalry in Late Medieval Tuscany and Florence: Current historiography and new perspectives
Authors: Sposato Peter 
Published: June 2018

AbstractChivalry was the dominant ethos of the lay elite in high and late medieval Europe, including in Italy. Chivalric ideology helped to shape the mentality, lifestyle, and identity of nobles, knights, and men‐at‐arms and to reinforce their claims to social, political, and economic superiority. While scholars have spilled considerable ink studying chivalry's powerful influence in northwestern Europe, especially in England and France, there has been far less interest in the topic among historians of Italy. This article will examine the existing historiography on chivalry in one region of the peninsula, Tuscany, with a particular focus on the city of Florence. The traditional interpretation of chivalry found in these works is that of an ideology predominantly courtly and ceremonial in nature. This article will also introduce the newest scholarship which challenges this conceptualization of Tuscan and Florentine chivalry and offers a new interpretation that is in line with the most recent studies of chivalry in the general European context.
Drilling performances and wear characteristics of coated drill bits during drilling reinforced concrete
Authors: Sathish Sathyavageeswaran , Ramkumar Sathiyamurthy , Geetha Manivasagam 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis paper deals with the investigation on the microstructure and wear behavior of uncoated, Al2O3‐13 wt% TiO2, and WC‐12 wt% Co‐coated drill bits intended for drilling reinforced concrete. Atmospheric plasma spraying technique was employed to fabricate the above coatings on high speed steel drill bits. The circularity measurements of the drilled holes were carried out using MATLAB. The holes drilled using WC‐12 wt% Co‐coated drill bit showed a better circularity depicting enhanced wear resistance as compared to that of the uncoated and Al2O3‐13 wt% TiO2 drill bits. The improvement in the wear resistance of WC‐12 wt% Co‐coated drill bit is attributed to its higher hardness and lower porosity. Thrust force was observed to be lower for WC‐12 wt% Co‐coated drill bit depicting less amount of wear. This study suggests that WC‐12 wt% Co‐coated drill bits can be a potential candidate for drilling reinforced concrete.
Variation of crystal structure, magnetization, and dielectric properties of Nd and Ba co‐doped BiFeO3multiferroics
Authors: Singh Ompal , Agarwal Ashish , Sanghi Sujata , Singh Jogender 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMultiferroics having composition Bi0.80Nd0.20‐xBaxFeO3were prepared to investigate the effect of doping on crystal structure, magnetic, and dielectric properties. The Rietveld refinement deduces the formation of mixed structural symmetry. With larger content of Nd, crystal structure consisting of major rhombohedral R3c and minor orthorhombic Pnma has been accomplished. The fraction of rhombohedral phase has been found to increase with doping of Ba up tox= 0.10. At compositionx= 0.15, the orthorhombic phase Pnma disappears, and there is evolution of triclinic phase P1 in place of it. The mixed structure now accomplished contains ≈61% rhombohedral R3c and rest 39% triclinic P1. In solely Ba‐doped sample (ie, atx= 0.20), the fraction of rhombohedral R3c phase again rises and attains ≈92% fraction of the structure along with rest triclinic P1 phase. The M‐H loops depict enormous enhancement in magnetic properties with increasing doping of Ba. Dielectric constant (ε′) and dielectric loss (tanδ) both were found to increase with doping of Ba. The anomalies present in the dielectric constant and dielectric loss with temperature may be regarded to the hopping conduction of e−between Fe3+and Fe2+and their interaction with oxygen vacancies.
Corrosion behavior of alumina‐based ceramic core materials in caustic alkali solutions
Authors: Gao Zhao‐Fen , Wang Bao‐Quan , Yin Jinwei , Zeng Yu‐Ping 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCorrosion behaviors of the porous alumina‐based ceramic core materials in KOH and NaOH solution were investigated. Corrosion tests were carried out at 100°C, 150°C, and 200°C, and the concentration of KOH and NaOH was 50, 67, and 75 wt%, respectively. The results indicated that the optimal concentration was 67 wt% for KOH solution and 50 wt% for NaOH solution, respectively. Increasing corrosion temperature and prolonging corrosion time were helpful to enhance the corrosion effect, and temperature played an extra important role during the whole corrosion process. NaOH solution was better than KOH solution for corrosion at the same temperature and concentration.
CD4 T cells in protection from influenza virus: Viral antigen specificity and functional potential
Authors: Sant Andrea J. , DiPiazza Anthony T. , Nayak Jennifer L. , Rattan Ajitanuj , Richards Katherine A. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryCD4 T cells convey a number of discrete functions to protective immunity to influenza, a complexity that distinguishes this arm of adaptive immunity from B cells and CD8 T cells. Although the most well recognized function of CD4 T cells is provision of help for antibody production, CD4 T cells are important in many aspects of protective immunity. Our studies have revealed that viral antigen specificity is a key determinant of CD4 T cell function, as illustrated both by mouse models of infection and human vaccine responses, a factor whose importance is due at least in part to events in viral antigen handling. We discuss research that has provided insight into the diverse viral epitope specificity of CD4 T cells elicited after infection, how this primary response is modified as CD4 T cells home to the lung, establish memory, and after challenge with a secondary and distinct influenza virus strain. Our studies in human subjects point out the challenges facing vaccine efforts to facilitate responses to novel and avian strains of influenza, as well as strategies that enhance the ability of CD4 T cells to promote protective antibody responses to both seasonal and potentially pandemic strains of influenza.
Assessing human B cell repertoire diversity and convergence
Authors: Imkeller Katharina , Wardemann Hedda 
Published: June 2018

SummaryA hallmark of the adaptive immune system is the specificity of B cell and T cell responses. Mechanistically, this feature relies on the fact that the two genes that encode B cell and T cell antigen receptors are not germline encoded and instead are assembled from a large number of small gene segments during lymphocyte development. The underlying somatic gene recombination process can generate a quasi‐unlimited repertoire of antigen receptors. The high degree of diversity is essential to guarantee recognition of nearly any antigenic structure to protect from the large variety of potential invading pathogens and to keep the balance with commensals. Due to the enormous complexity of the antigen receptor repertoire, our understanding of its actual size and functional convergence at the level of the individual and the population is still limited. A better understanding of the actual degree of diversity could help to predict adaptive immune responses and would have wide implications for the development of preventive and therapeutic measures against infectious and autoimmune diseases as well as cancer. Here, we discuss the recent advances in the field with a specific focus on B cells and the function of antibodies.
Organization Capital and Expected Returns in Service and Non‐Service Firms: Evidence from Thailand
Authors: Amatachaya Srisuda , Saengchote Kanis 
Published: June 2018

AbstractOrganization capital provides firms with competitive advantage, but because of its intangible and movable nature, investors view firms with high organization capital as risker and demand additional risk premia. Similar to Eisfeldt and Papanikolaou (2013), we find that firms in the Stock Exchange of Thailand with highest organization capital earn abnormal returns of 0.75% per month relative to the four‐factor asset pricing model. In addition, we also document that the organization capital risk premium is more relevant for service firms than non‐service ones.
Risk factors for bronchiolitis severity: A retrospective review of patients admitted to the university hospital from central region of Slovenia
Authors: Praznik Ajda , Vinšek Neža , Prodan Ana , Erčulj Vanja , Pokorn Marko , Mrvič Tatjana , Paro Darja , Krivec Uroš , Strle Franc , Petrovec Miroslav , Žnidaršič Eržen Marta , Grosek Štefan 
Published: June 2018

AimStudy's objective was to identify risk factors associated with bronchiolitis severity.MethodsA retrospective chart review of all children <2 years old diagnosed with bronchiolitis at the University Medical Centre Ljubljana between May 2014 and April 2015, who were treated as outpatients (paediatric emergency department, PED group) or as inpatients in the standard hospital setting (WARD group) or in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU group). Detection of respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal swab was accomplished by RT‐PCR. Severity was assessed by Wang Respiratory Score and hospitalization longer than 24 hours.ResultsThe study included 761 children. The three most frequently detected viruses were respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human rhinovirus (hRV) and human bocavirus (hBoV) (57.5%, 272/473; 25.6%, 121/473; 18.4%, 87/473). Patient groups differed in Wang Respiratory Score for the severity of bronchiolitis (P < 0.001). No differences regarding the causative viruses were found. There was a lower proportion of children with the presence of more than one virus in PICU group compared to other two groups (P = 0.017). The three groups significantly differed in age, birthweight, comorbidities, bronchodilator treatment and antibiotic usage. However, multiple regression analysis revealed that younger age and the use of antibiotics were associated with bronchiolitis severity defined as hospitalization for >24 hours.ConclusionsRespiratory syncytial virus, hRV and hBoV were the most frequently detected viruses. The majority of patients admitted to the PICU had only one virus detected. Younger age and the use of antibiotics were associated with bronchiolitis severity.
mHealth resources for asthma and pregnancy care: Methodological issues and social media recruitment. A discussion paper
Authors: Williamson Graham R. , O'Connor Anita , Chamberlain Chervonne , Halpin David 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimsA discussion of methodological issues and social media recruitment to a feasibility study to investigate mHealth resources for asthma and pregnancy care.BackgroundPregnant women with asthma are reported to be poorly supported according to an international research. We sought to establish if a mHealth intervention might be feasible and acceptable to them.DesignA Phase I or modelling study.MethodsA project team designed an intervention to address UK national guidelines for the management of asthma during pregnancy, using other resources already accessible on the web. This was made available on a project website optimized for mobile phone usage. Links were Tweeted and advertised on Facebook, asking participants to access the project website, which included links to the resources and before‐ and after‐use questionnaires to establish baseline symptom data and participant views of the resources.ResultsDespite 55,700 Twitter impressions in a 76‐day period over winter 2016–2017, this recruitment strategy garnered 402 engagements but only seven respondents for questionnaire 1 and zero respondents for questionnaire 2.ConclusionsWe could not recruit to this study despite believing that social media recruitment would be effective and we recommend that social media recruitment be used cautiously. Apparently, we did not sufficiently address the theoretical aspects of communications theory and were not clear enough about our key messages. Publication bias may exist about the non‐publication of other failed telemedicine studies using social media; this goes largely unreported in some systematic reviews and may influence researchers’ decision‐making about social media recruitment.