bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Myths and social structure: The unbearable necessity of mythology in medical education
Authors: Martimianakis Maria Athina (Tina) , Tilburt Jon , Michalec Barret , Hafferty Frederic W. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractContextMyth busting engages scholars in the critical examination of commonly accepted but poorly evidenced claims with the goal of instilling quality and trust in knowledge making. The debunking of such knowledge “myths” and associated misguided practices purportedly serves to avert resources and attention from wasteful and dangerous scholarship. We address the myth that “all myths in medical education deserve to be busted”.MethodsUsing a critical narrative approach, we searched the medical education literature for orientations to myths and myth busting, and reviewed this literature analytically drawing from the sociology of science and Merton's concepts of manifest and latent functions. The results of this analysis are presented in the form of a narrative that deploys the articles reviewed to explore the utility of myth busting for medical education reform and begins with a brief exploration of the etymology of “myth” and how meaning making is related to symbols, practices and storytelling.ResultsOur analysis revealed the important function of myths in the social practice of medical education and practice. A deconstruction of five salient examples of the contemporary myth in medical education (the myth of the “ideal candidate”, the myth of “cut‐throats”, the myth of “cadaver stories”, the myth of “learning styles”, and the myth of “patient information leaflets”) demonstrates that myths continue to have material effects even after they have been busted.ConclusionsOur analysis makes evident that myth busting disrupts, renegotiates and reconstitutes socio‐epistemic relationships rather than simply correcting falsehoods. We also argue that myths play important and inescapable roles in the social practice of medical education and the negotiation of values, and in constructing the conditions for group change and transformation. Imperatives related to humanism, compassion and patient engagement offer a healthy humanising counter‐mythologising that we suggest must survive any contemporary myth‐busting endeavour aimed at improving medical education practice.
Medical student strategies for actively negotiating hierarchy in the clinical environment
Authors: Vanstone Meredith , Grierson Lawrence 
Published: August 2019

ContextMedical learning takes place in an extremely hierarchical environment. Medical students may struggle to understand how to succeed in such a rule‐bound environment that leaves them vulnerable to the influences of social power. This study explores how medical students experience the clinical learning environment from their low‐status positions in the social hierarchy.MethodsUsing constructivist grounded theory, we collected 88 hours of observation and 13 interviews with medical students completing clinical clerkships. Data collection focused on students’ interactions with their supervisors, colleagues and other staff members as they completed the core rotations of their clinical clerkships. Data analysts used a constant comparative approach to remain alert to the different ways in which medical students experienced and responded to social power used by their supervisors and colleagues.ResultsWe describe a cyclical theory of how medical students appraised the environment, the needs and preferences of their supervisors and their personal resources in order to select and enact a strategy for interacting. They used these strategies when in the presence of supervisors, but also when supervisors were absent in preparation for the next interaction. The ways in which medical students chose and employed these strategies reflect a significant use of social and cognitive resources.ConclusionsPower is an important component of the social culture of clinical learning environments; understanding the ways in which medical students experience and react to power can help educators, learners and administrators optimise learning opportunities. Medical education increasingly encourages students to exercise agency in seeking feedback and directing their own learning; this may be particularly challenging for students who cannot interpret social cues well, and those who lack social capital.
The dynamics of loose talk
Authors: Carter Sam 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn non‐literal uses of language, the content an utterance communicates differs from its literal truth conditions. Loose talk is one example of non‐literal language use (amongst many others). For example, what a loose utterance of (1) communicates differs from what it literally expresses:Lena arrived at 9 o'clock.Loose talk is interesting (or so I will argue). It has certain distinctive features which raise important questions about the connection between literal and non‐literal language use. This paper aims to (i.) introduce a range of novel data demonstrating certain overlooked features of loose talk, and (ii.) develop a new theory of the phenomenon which accounts for these data. In particular, this theory is motivated by the need to explain minimal pairs such as ():Lena arrived at 9 o'clock, but she did not arrive at 9 o'clock exactly.?? Lena did not arrive at 9 o'clock exactly, but she arrived at 9 o'clock.() and () agree in their truth conditions. Yet they differ in felicity. As such, they constitute a problem for any account which hopes to predict the acceptability of the loose use of a sentence from its truth conditions and the context of utterance alone.Instead, it will be argued, to explain loose talk phenomena we must posit an additional layer of meaning outstripping truth conditions. This layer of meaning is shown to exhibit a range of properties, all of which point to its being semantically encoded. Thus, if correct, the theory provides a new example of how semantic meaning must extend beyond literal, truth‐conditional content.
Naming and epistemic necessity
Authors: Ninan Dilip 
Published: August 2019

AbstractKripke (1980) hypothesizes a link between rigidity and scope: a singular term is rigid over a spaceSof possibilities just in case it is scopeless with respect to modals that quantify overS. Kripke's hypothesis works well when we consider the interaction of singular terms with metaphysical modals, but runs into trouble when we consider the interaction of singular terms with epistemic modals. After describing the trouble in detail, and considering one non‐solution to it, I develop a novel version of dynamic semantics that resolves the problem.
Influence of Ceramic Debris on Osteoblast Behaviors: AnIn VivoStudy
Authors: Sun Guo‐jing , Yang Shu‐feng , Ti Yun‐fan , Guo Guo‐dong , Fan Geng‐tao , Chen Feng‐rong , Xu Shao‐gang , Zhao Jian‐ning 
Published: August 2019

ObjectiveWear‐induced aseptic loosening has been accepted as one of the main reasons for failure of total hip arthroplasty. Ceramic wear debris is generated following prosthesis implantation and plays an important part in the upregulation of inflammatory factors in total hip arthroplasty. The present study investigates the influence of ceramic debris on osteoblasts and inflammatory factors.MethodsCeramic debris was prepared by mechanical grinding of an aluminum femoral head and added to cultures of MC3T3‐E subclone 14 cells at different concentrations (i.e. 0, 5, 10, and 15 μg/mL). Cell proliferation was evaluated using a Cell Counting Kit (CCK‐8), and cell differentiation was assessed by mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN), and osteopontin (OPN). In addition, cell bio‐mineralization was evaluated through alizarin red S staining, and release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) was measured through enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Furthermore, mRNA expression of Smad1, Smad4, and Smad5 and protein expression of phosphorylated Smad1, Smad4, and Smad5 were measured by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and western blotting.ResultsThe ceramic debris had irregular shapes and sizes, and analysis of the size distribution using a particle size analyzer indicated that approximately 90% of the ceramic debris was smaller than 3.2 μm (2.0 ± 0.4 μm), which is considered clinically relevant. The results for mRNA expression of ALP, OCN, and OPN and alizarin red S staining indicated that cell differentiation and bio‐mineralization were significantly inhibited by the presence of ceramic debris at all tested concentrations (P< 0.05, and the values decreased gradually with the increase of ceramic debris concentration), but the results of the CCK‐8 assay showed that cell proliferation was not significantly affected (P> 0.05; there was no significant difference between the groups at 1, 3, and 5 days). In addition, the results of ELISA, RT‐PCR, and western blotting demonstrated that ceramic debris significantly promoted the release of inflammatory factors, including TNF‐α, IL‐β, and IL‐6 (P< 0.05, and the values increased gradually with the increase of ceramic debris concentration), and also greatly reduced the mRNA expression of Smad1, Smad4, and Smad5 (the values decreased gradually with the increase of ceramic debris concentration) as well as protein expression of phosphorylated Smad1, Smad4, and Smad5.ConclusionCeramic debris may affect differentiation and bio‐mineralization of MC3T3‐E subclone 14 cells through the bone morphogenetic protein/Smad signaling pathway.
Rapid identification of homozygosity and site of wild relative introgressions in wheat through chromosome‐specific KASP genotyping assays
Authors: Grewal Surbhi , Hubbart‐Edwards Stella , Yang Caiyun , Devi Urmila , Baker Lauren , Heath Jack , Ashling Stephen , Scholefield Duncan , Howells Caroline , Yarde Jermaine , Isaac Peter , King Ian P. , King Julie 
Published: August 2019

SummaryFor future food security, it is important that wheat, one of the most widely consumed crops in the world, can survive the threat of abiotic and biotic stresses. New genetic variation is currently being introduced into wheat through introgressions from its wild relatives. For trait discovery, it is necessary that each introgression is homozygous and hence stable. Breeding programmes rely on efficient genotyping platforms for marker‐assisted selection (MAS). Recently, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)‐based markers have been made available on high‐throughput Axiom® SNP genotyping arrays. However, these arrays are inflexible in their design and sample numbers, making their use unsuitable for long‐term MAS. SNPs can potentially be converted into Kompetitive allele‐specific PCR (KASP™) assays that are comparatively cost‐effective and efficient for low‐density genotyping of introgression lines. However, due to the polyploid nature of wheat, KASP assays for homoeologous SNPs can have difficulty in distinguishing between heterozygous and homozygous hybrid lines in a backcross population. To identify co‐dominant SNPs, that can differentiate between heterozygotes and homozygotes, we PCR‐amplified and sequenced genomic DNA from potential single‐copy regions of the wheat genome and compared them to orthologous copies from different wild relatives. A panel of 620 chromosome‐specific KASP assays have been developed that allow rapid detection of wild relative segments and provide information on their homozygosity and site of introgression in the wheat genome. A set of 90 chromosome‐nonspecific assays was also produced that can be used for genotyping introgression lines. These multipurpose KASP assays represent a powerful tool for wheat breeders worldwide.
Does it work and is it safe? Parents' perspectives on adherence to medication for atopic dermatitis
Authors: Capozza Korey , Schwartz Alan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundThough adherence is low among caregivers of children with atopic dermatitis (AD), the reasons for it are poorly understood. This study aims to assess the self‐reported prevalence of non‐adherence and reasons for changing prescription regimens among parents of children with AD.MethodsA link to a 15‐question online survey was posted to social media sites engaging parents of children with eczema, worldwide. Items included a scale related to physician trust. Results were analyzed using R 3.4 and summarized using normal and nonparametric descriptive statistics as appropriate for each item.ResultsEighty‐six eligible parents responded to the survey and provided information about medication adherence. The mean age of respondents' children was 6.2 years (SD 4.4 years), and the majority were children with moderate or severe eczema (40.5% moderate and 42.9% severe). Just over half (54.7%) reported taking or applying eczema medications as directed by their physician. Of those that did not, 30.2% took or applied less medications, and 12.8% stopped taking or applying medications altogether. The top reasons for deviating from directions were as follows: (a) worry about side effects, (b) symptom resolution, and (c) perception that the medication was not working. Trust toward physician was significantly associated with taking medication as directed.ConclusionsDecisions about adherence to medications are made in the context of perceived benefits versus anticipated side effects. Findings highlight opportunities for improving adherence, and thereby improving outcomes for children with moderate‐severe AD.
Interferon‐γ and interleukin‐12 production in relation to gene polymorphisms in bacillus Calmette–Guérin osteitis
Authors: Korppi Matti , Teräsjärvi Johanna , Lauhkonen Eero , Pöyhönen Laura , Huhtala Heini , Nuolivirta Kirsi , He Qiushui 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundInterferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) play a crucial role in the defense against mycobacteria, and in the response to bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination. We have previously reported clinical and outcome data of 222 BCG osteitis cases diagnosed in 1960–1988 in Finland. The immunological and genetic reports have been based on 132 blood samples obtained in 2007–2008.MethodsWe compared IFNγ rs2430561 and rs35314021, IL12A rs568408 and rs2243115, and IL12B rs3212227 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) between 132 BCG osteitis patients and 99 population‐based controls. In addition, stimulated production of IFN‐γ and IL‐12 in cell culture was evaluated in relation to the presence of IFNγ and IL12 wild versus variant genotypes, respectively.ResultsThe distributions of IFNγ rs2430561, IFNγ rs35314021, IL12A rs568408, IL12A rs2243115 and IL12B rs3212227 SNP did not differ between BCG osteitis patients and Finnish population‐based controls. For IFNγ rs2430561, IFNγ rs35314021 and IL12A rs2243115, the negative result was confirmed by comparing the minor allele frequencies (MAF) in BCG osteitis cases with those in the publicly available genome aggregation database, including data for 3,472 Finnish persons. Instead, for IL12A rs568408 and IL12B rs3212227, the comparison of MAF in BCG osteitis cases with those in population‐based and in aggregation‐based controls gave conflicting results. The presence of the wild versus variant genotype had no significant association with IL‐12 or IFN‐γ production in BCG‐stimulated cell cultures.ConclusionIFNγ gene polymorphisms did not show any association with BCG osteitis after newborn vaccination.
Creating an ethical organizational environment: The relationship between ethical leadership, ethical organizational climate, and unethical behavior
Authors: Kuenzi Maribeth , Mayer David M. , Greenbaum Rebecca L. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this research is to provide a richer lens on the ethical organizational environment by examining the relationship between ethical leadership and unit‐level unethical behavior through ethical organizational climate (EOC), with collective moral identity as a boundary condition. In testing our theoretical model, we first develop and validate a measure of EOC to address concerns with existing measures of ethical climate. Second, we examine the role of collective moral identity as a moderator of the relationship between EOC and unit unethical behavior. We discuss implications regarding the importance of developing a more comprehensive conceptualization of EOC.
Long‐wavelength Ultraviolet A1 and Visible Light Photoprotection: A Multimodality Assessment of Dose and Response
Authors: Kohli Indermeet , Braunberger Taylor L. , Nahhas Amanda F. , Mirza Fatima N. , Mokhtari Mohsen , Lyons Alexis B. , Kollias Nikiforos , Ruvolo Eduardo , Lim Henry W. , Hamzavi Iltefat H. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHuman skin is exposed to visible light (VL; 400–700 nm) and long‐wavelength ultraviolet A1 (UVA1) radiation (370–400 nm) after the application of organic broad‐spectrum sunscreens. The biologic effects of these wavelengths have been demonstrated; however, a dose–response has not been investigated. Ten subjects with Fitzpatrick skin phototype IV‐VI were enrolled. Subjects were irradiated with 2 light sources (80–480 J cm−2): one comprising VL with less than 0.5% UVA1 (VL+UVA1) and the other pure VL. Skin responses were evaluated for 2 weeks using clinical and spectroscopic assessments. 4‐mm punch biopsies were obtained from nonirradiated skin and sites irradiated with 480 J cm−2 of VL+UVA1 and pure VL 24 h after irradiation. Clinical and spectroscopic assessments demonstrated a robust response at VL+UVA1 sites compared with pure VL. Histology findings demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the marker of inflammation (P < 0.05) and proliferation (P < 0.05) at the irradiated sites compared with nonirradiated control. Threshold doses of VL+UVA1 resulting in biologic responses were calculated. Results indicate that approximately 2 h of sun exposure, which equates to VL+UVA1 dose (~400 J cm−2), is capable of inducing inflammation, immediate erythema and delayed tanning. These findings reinforce the need of photoprotection beyond the UV range.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi effect growth and photosynthesis of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex. Steudel under copper stress
Authors: Wu J.‐T. , Wang L. , Zhao L. , Huang X.‐C. , Ma F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is an effective way to remove heavy metals’ inhibition on plants, however, few relevant research attempts have been made to determine the contribution of AMF to the physiological and biochemical changes related to the enhanced copper tolerance of Phragmites australis under metal‐stressed conditions.

In this study, the effects of AMF inoculation on P. australis under different concentrations of copper stress were investigated according to the changes in the parameters related to growth and development, and photosynthetic charateristics. Then, differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were evaluated by the Isobaric Tag for Relative and Absolute Quantification (iTRAQ) system, which could accurately quantify the DEPs by measuring peak intensities of reporter ions in tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) spectra.

It was found that AMF inoculation may relieve the photosynthesis inhibition caused by copper stress on P. australis and thus promote growth. Proteomic analysis results showed that under copper stress, the inoculation of R. irregularis resulted in a total of 459 differently‐expressed proteins (200 up‐regulated and 259 down‐regulated) in root buds. In addition, the photosynthetic changes caused by AMF inoculation mainly involve the up‐regulated expression of transmembrane protein–pigment complexes CP43 (photosystem II) and FNR (ferredoxin‐NADP+ oxidoreductase related to photosynthetic electron transport).

These results indicate that AMF could effectively improve the growth and physiological activity of P. australis under copper stress, and thus provides a new direction and instructive evidence for determining the mechanisms by which AMF inoculation enhances the copper tolerance of plants.
Bodily self‐relatedness in vicarious touch is reflected at early cortical processing stages
Authors: Adler Julia , Gillmeister Helge 
Published: August 2019

AbstractStudies have suggested that there is a strong link between the bodily self and the mechanisms underlying vicarious representations. Here, we used somatosensory ERPs to investigate the temporal dynamics of vicarious touch for stimuli that are more or less related to one's own body (human hands vs. rubber gloves). We found that vicarious touch effects were restricted to self‐relatable events (human hands) at early implicit stages of somatosensory processing (P45). At later more cognitive stages of processing (late positive complex, LPC), the vicarious touch effect was stronger for self‐relatable events (touch on human hands) than nonself‐relatable events (touch on rubber gloves) but present for both. Both effects, but especially the vicarious touch effect for human hands at P45, were stronger in individuals with higher levels of interoceptive awareness. Our results confirm that there is a tight link between vicarious touch and the bodily self and characterize P45 effects of vicarious touch as its likely neural basis. We propose that vicarious processes and the embodied self may be representationally indistinct (linked in a common neural representation) at early implicit somatosensory processing stages.
Temporary and permanent migrant selection: Theory and evidence of ability‐search cost dynamics
Authors: Chen Joyce J. , Kosec Katrina , Mueller Valerie 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe integrate two workhorses of the labor literature, the Roy and search models, to illustrate the implications of migration duration—specifically, whether it is temporary or permanent—for patterns of selection. Consistent with our stylized model, we show that temporary migrants are intermediately selected on education, with weaker selection on cognitive ability. In contrast, permanent migration is associated with strong positive selection on both education and ability, as it involves finer employee–employer matching and offers greater returns to experience. Networks are also more valuable for permanent migration, where search costs are higher. Labor market frictions explain observed network–skill interactions.
Prevention of infective endocarditis and bacterial resistance to antibiotics: A brief review
Authors: Loyola‐Rodriguez Juan Pablo , Franco‐Miranda Alexandre , Loyola‐Leyva Alejandra , Perez‐Elizalde Bulfrano , Contreras‐Palma Guillermo , Sanchez‐Adame Oscar 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this statement is to debate the recommendations of the American Heart Association (AHA) for the prevention of infective endocarditis through an antibiotic prophylaxis protocol and its relation with bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Since dental infections involve biofilms that include several bacterial species (Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive), it is essential, from the dental point of view, to consider the frequency, magnitude, and duration of bacteremia associated with active dental infections before applying antibiotic prophylaxis. The actual guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis should be revised according to recent evidence of bacterial resistance. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and moxifloxacin should be considered due to their effectiveness against bacteria associated with oral, GU, and GI infections and the low rates of antibiotic resistance associated with these antibiotics, instead of the actual protocol, which includes amoxicillin (2 g) or clindamycin (600 mg) administered an hour before the dental procedures. The breaking point to test the antibiotic bacterial resistance (ABR) had a wide range in the different studies that were analyzed, which could explain the widely varied ABR percentages reported for the various antibiotics used for antibiotic prophylaxis.