bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epicormic Branching on Pruned Coastal Douglas-Fir
Authors: Collier R.L. , Turnblom E.C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In theory, pruning is an attractive silvicultural technique because there is a great potential for increased production of clear wood after its execution. Much of the currently available literature on the pruning of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) concerns the effects of pruning on diameter and height growth. Other aspects of the pruning response need to be considered, because clear wood production cannot be guaranteed merely because the trees were pruned. The Stand Management Cooperative, headquartered at the University of Washington, conducted a regional study to examine how Douglas-fir trees respond to pruning. Epicormic branching responses are reported here. Some anecdotal observations, as well as some intuitive ones, are confirmed. Epicormic branching was most severe on the south and west sides of trees. When epicormic branching was severe, sprouts occurred both at nodes (or whorls) and along internodes. Less severe or moderate sprouting tended to originate mainly in nodes. The risk of epicormic branching is minimal as long as the pruning treatment does not reduce the live crown by more than 40% and the stand has 500 or more stems/ha. The highest risk of epicormic branching was found to be when the live crown is reduced by more than 40%, and the stand carries less than 500 stems/ha. West. J. Applied For. 16(2):80–86.
Patterns of Long-Term Balsam Woolly Adelgid Infestations and Effects in Oregon and Washington
Authors: Mitchell Russel G. , Buffam Paul E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae) is an introduced pest discovered damaging grand fir (Abies grandis) in Oregon's Willamette Valley around 1930. In 1955, the insect was found infesting and killing Pacific silver fir (A. amabilis) near Mt. St. Helens in Washington and subalpine fir (A. lasiocarpa) in the Cascade Range in Oregon. In the next 10 yr, the pest dispersed widely throughout western Oregon and Washington, causing significant tree mortality over thousands of acres in the Cascade Range. Observations on trend plots established 35 to 40 yr ago have shown somewhat consistent trends in the patterns of infestation and damage. Infestations and damage were most severe on the best sites and at the lowest elevations where the hosts grow. Tree damage was consistently most severe in the first decade of infestation, but the insect never seemed to disappear from a stand; infestations and tree killing were observed on some plots 40 yr after the initial infestation. An ecological problem with the balsam woolly adelgid is a pattern of attack that is gradually eliminating grand fir from low-elevation landscapes west of the Cascade Range. The adelgid is also removing subalpine fir as a pioneer tree species in many of the important mountain environments. West. J. Appl. For. 16(3):121–126.
A Literature Review on the Environmental Effects of Postfire Logging
Authors: McIver James D. , Starr Lynn 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Literature on logging after wildfire is reviewed, with a focus on environmental effects of logging activity and the removal of large woody structure. As in unburned stands, log retrieval systems vary considerably in their immediate effect on soils in the postfire environment, with ground-based systems generally causing more disturbance than aerial systems. Timber harvest methods used by managers can mitigate erosion effects—for example, logging residue can decrease erosion by impeding overland flow. Ground disturbance from postfire logging can encourage establishment of different plant species (including nonnatives) and can influence the growth of trees. The removal of large woody structures typical in postfire logging operations can change plant species composition, reduce plant species richness, and increase conifer growth in the first years after logging, but can also reduce the probability that insect pest populations will build up and infest adjacent stands. Removal of large woody structures can cause declines in the abundance of several cavity-nesting bird species, including mountain bluebird, and black-backed, hairy, and three-toed woodpeckers; Lewis woodpecker tends to increase after postfire logging. Overall, studies on the environmental effects of postfire logging are limited, arguing for the use of adaptive management to monitor effects of logging and to adjust practices accordingly. West. J. Appl. For. 16(4):159-168.
Declining Woody Vegetation in Riparian Ecosystems of the Western United States
Authors: Obedzinski Robert A. , Shaw Charles G. , Neary Daniel G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Riparian ecosystems serve critical ecological functions in western landscapes. The woody plant components in many of these keystone systems are in serious decline. Among the causes are invasion by exotic species, stress-induced mortality, increases in insect and disease attack, drought, beaver, fire, climatic changes, and various anthropogenic activities. The latter include agricultural development, groundwater depletion, dam construction, water diversion, gravel mining, timber harvesting, recreation, urbanization, and grazing. This article examines the factors implicated in the decline and discusses the importance of interactions among these factors in causing decline. It also clarifies issues that need to be addressed in order to restore and maintain sustainable riparian ecosystems in the western United States, including the function of vegetation, silvics of the woody plant species involved, hydrologic condition, riparian zone structure, and landscape features, geomorphology, and management objectives. West. J. Appl. For. 16(4):169-181.
Relationship of Native and Introduced Grasses With and Without Cattle in a Young Ponderosa Pine Plantation
Authors: McDonald Philip M. , Fiddler Gary O. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
On an above-average site in northern California, an early shrub-forb-grass plant community was treated by artificially seeding two forage grass species at plantation age 3, cattle grazing with and without seeded grasses, and applying a soil-active chemical (Velpar). Planted ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa) were part of this community. Results for a 10 yr period (1988-1997) are presented for a native, naturally invading needlegrass (Achnatherum nelsonnii), introduced orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) and introduced pubescent wheatgrass (Agropyron trichophorum). In general, all three grasses became established, grew well, and spread throughout the study area. Density of needlegrass was highest in the Velpar, fenced control, and grazed control treatments (more than 72,000 plants/ac). Orchard grass density was highest in the seeded and grazed and seeded and fenced treatments (more than 14,000 plants/ac) and relatively high in the Velpar treatment (8,400 plants/ac). Pubescent wheatgrass established well in both seeded treatments (more than 24,000 plants/ac) and spread best to the grazed control (6,950 plants/ac). Ecologically, the introduced grasses had no major effect on the native plant community, and, economically, their effect was positive, although minor. West. J. Appl. For. 17(1):31–36.
Fate of Overstory Trees and Patterns of Regeneration 12 Years After Clearcutting with Reserve Trees in Southwest Washington
Authors: Buermeyer Karl R. , Harrington Constance A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Changes in management objectives for some forestlands in the Pacific Northwest have spurred interest in the creation of multistoried stands and the use of natural regeneration systems, but data on such systems are lacking. We assessed the status of the overstory trees and the regeneration 12 yr after a clearcut harvest with reserve trees in an even-aged, 145-yr-old Douglas-fir stand on a moderately productive site (site class 3) in southwest Washington. The 15 ha harvest unit was superimposed over two areas differentially thinned 15 and 34 yr before clearcutting. The clearcut harvest retained 18 trees/ha with a mean diameter of 63 cm.
The reserved overstory trees had a 93% survival rate after 12 yr; most dead trees had been windthrown. Diameter growth for the reserved trees averaged 3.3 cm and was greatest during the most recent 3 yr period, which also had the highest growing-season precipitation. In a 1 ha mapped area, there were 5,854 seedlings/ha, and more than 99% of the regeneration was Douglas-fir. Most seedlings were less than 2 m tall. Seedling density was somewhat clumped (value of 2.1 for Pielou's index of nonrandomness), but 79% of randomly located 4.04 m2 (mil-acre) plots and 98% of 5 × 5 m grid cells had at least one conifer seedling. There was no obvious pattern of regeneration based on direction from the reserved trees, but both seedling density and seedling size within the drip lines of reserved tree crowns were less than in the rest of the area. The number of seedlings was similar on the two halves of the plot corresponding to the original thinning blocks, but seedling size and age differed. In the half of the study plot that had been twice lightly thinned, only 14% of the seedlings were >0.5 m tall; however, 41% of the seedlings were >0.5 m in the block that had been thinned more heavily. There was no difference between the thinning blocks in the ages of seedlings ≤0.5 m tall (mean age of 5 yr). This example of clearcutting with reserve trees resulted in reasonable survival of the overstory trees and adequate stocking but slow growth rates in the naturally regenerated Douglas-fir. Heavier thinning before harvest was associated with more advance regeneration, more shrub cover, and less windthrow of the reserved trees than in the more lightly thinned block. If an abundance of tree species other than Douglas-fir was desired on this site, interplanting would be required. West. J. Appl. For.17(2):78–85.
Pine engraver (Ips pini) Colonization of Logging Residues Created Using Alternative Slash Management Systems in Western Montana
Authors: Six Diana L. , Vander Meer Mark , DeLuca Thomas H. , Kolb Peter 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In this study, we observed effects of various slash treatments on pine engraver colonization. Five slash treatments (slash-free, chipped, small piles, large piles, scattered) were replicated five times at each of two sites, one consisting mainly of ponderosa pine and the other predominantly lodgepole pine. No pine engravers were found in slash-free or chipped slash treatments at either site. At the ponderosa pine site, significantly more pine engraver attacks and galleries were found in the scattered slash treatment than in small and large pile treatments. A significantly greater number of invertebrate natural enemies were also found in the scattered slash treatment, where they were approximately six to nine times as abundant as in the small pile and large pile treatments, respectively. No pine engravers were observed colonizing slash in the lodgepole pine treatments where slash was in an advanced stage of drying. At both sites, the use of a feller buncher–delimber during harvest increased the rate of drying of slash, reducing its suitability for pine engraver colonization. West. J. Appl. For. 17(2):96–100.
The Chilling Optimum of Idaho and Arizona Ponderosa Pine Buds
Authors: Wenny David L. , Swanson Daniel J. , Dumroese R. Kasten 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seedlings from Idaho (var. ponderosa) and Arizona (var. scopulorum) grown in a container nursery received optimum chilling [2,010 hr (84 days) of temperatures below 5°C]. While seedlings were in the greenhouse, days required for 50% of the population to break bud were similar for both seed sources and decreased inverse exponentially from 74 to 23 days as chilling hours accumulated to the optimum. When subsequently placed into either refrigerated or frozen storage, Idaho seedlings broke bud significantly faster than Arizona seedlings when returned to favorable environmental conditions for growth. All seedlings removed from refrigerated storage broke bud faster, were less cold tolerant, and therefore less quiescent than seedlings that had been frozen. West. J. Appl. For. 17(3):117–121.
Predicting Postfire Survival in Coulter Pine (Pinus coulteri) and Gray Pine (Pinus sabiniana) after Wildfire in Central California
Authors: Borchert Mark , Schreiner David , Knowd Tim , Plumb Tim 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Factors related to the survival of Coulter pine (Pinus coulteri) and gray pine (P. sabiniana) 3 yr after a September wildfire were evaluated for a site on the central coast of California. Data for 146 Coulter pine and 117 gray pine were analyzed with logistic regression models to estimate postfire survival in relationship to tree and fire-damage variables. Probability of survival for both species decreased with the increasing percentage of crown scorching and increasing height of bole bark char. Crown scorch was the most important variable for predicting survival of these species, but it was augmented by the bole-damage variable. Survival of gray pine was higher than that of Coulter pine for comparable values of both variables. West. J. Appl. For. 17(3):134–138.
Effects of Varying Levels and Patterns of Green-Tree Retention on Amount of Harvesting Damage
Authors: Moore John R. , Maguire Douglas A. , Phillips David L. , Halpern Charles B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An inventory of fresh logging wounds from treatment implementation was performed in a regional green-tree retention experiment in Oregon and Washington. The DEMO (Demonstration of Ecosystem Management Options) study contains six treatments replicated in six blocks: (1) 100% retention (control), (2) 75% aggregated retention, (3) 40% dispersed retention, (4) 40% aggregated retention, (5) 15% dispersed retention, and (6) 15% aggregated retention. Over all blocks and treatments, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) comprised 74.9% of all measured trees, and the proportion of trees damaged was similar for both species. Suppressed trees tended to be more susceptible to damage than were trees in other crown classes. A greater proportion of trees in the dispersed retention treatments were damaged than in the aggregated treatments. Only in the two dispersed retention treatments were levels of damage significantly different from the control (P < 0.05). The greatest proportion of damaged trees occurred in the 15% dispersed retention treatment and was likely due to the wider dispersion and higher intensity of felling and yarding operations associated with this treatment. The pattern of damage across treatments was similar for both small (≤ 25 cm dbh) and large (> 25 cm dbh) trees. Some evidence was also found that the sites with gentler slopes had less damage than those with steeper topography. Probable effects of wounds on future growth and tree health could not be inferred as no data were collected on wound size or height. However, it is expected that the future incidence of stem rot and growth reduction will be greatest in the dispersed retention treatments. West. J. Appl. For. 17(4):202–206.
Effects of Phosphorus Additions on Growth, Mineral Nutrition, and Gas Exchange of Red Alder (Alnus rubra) Seedlings Grown in Outdoor Sandbeds
Authors: Brown Kevin R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The growth of young red alder on Vancouver Island may increase with phosphorus (P) availability. In order to better interpret growth responses in field fertilization trials, this study examined the effects of P additions (10, 100, 200, or 400 kg P/ha) on the growth and nutrient uptake of red alder seedlings grown in outdoor sandbeds for one growing season. Height did not increase with P supply. Stem growth and whole-plant mass increased with P rate from 10 to 100 kg/ha, but did not increase further at greater rates of P addition. Stem volumes, averaged across the P100, P200 and P400 treatments, were 37% greater than in the P10 treatment. Volume and mass did not increase as foliar P concentrations exceeded 2.2 g P/kg. These responses were consistent with data from field trials. Reduced growth in the P10 treatment was not accompanied by significantly reduced foliar P concentrations. Increases in stem volume with P supply were associated with increases in the amount of branching and foliage borne on branches but not with shifts in allocation of dry matter from roots to shoots. West. J. Appl. For. 17(4):209–215.
Patterns of Survival, Damage, and Growth for Western White Pine in a 16-Year-Old Spacing Trial in Western Washington
Authors: Harrington Constance A. , Bishaw Badege , DeBell Dean S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Information about effects of planted spacing on growth and development of western white pine is scant because white pine blister rust disease has severely limited the survival of trees in young plantations. In the early 1980s, we established a western white pine spacing trial in the southern Cascades of Washington, using seedlings from a seedlot comprised primarily of open-pollinated seed from trees screened and certified as resistant to white pine blister rust. Initial square spacings ranged from 2 to 6 m; treatment plots were 0.4 ha in size and were replicated three times (six times for the 3 m spacing). Permanent measurement plots were installed at age 8, and the lower portion of all stems was pruned in the 10th growing season to reduce blister rust infections. The plots were remeasured at ages 11 and 16. Sixteen years after planting, survival averaged 80%; most mortality was associated with blister rust, but the rate of new infections and mortality diminished substantially between ages 11 and 16; 71% of the planted trees were free of blister rust at age 16. Trees averaged 8.4 m tall (ranging from 7.6 m in the 2 m spacing to 8.8 m in the 4 and 5 m spacings) and 12.7 cm dbh (10.3 in the 2 m spacing to 14.0 cm in the 5 m spacing). Periodic annual growth from 11 to 16 yr in the three wider spacings averaged 0.7 m in height and 1.0 cm in diameter. Antler rubbing by elk caused substantial damage to stems, but wounds on most trees were overgrown in 2 to 4 yr. Rub damage did not appear directly related to spacing but rather to stem diameter, with damage limited primarily to stems >6 and <15 cm. Early growth rates in this trial were much greater than those attained in older, natural stands (as inferred from site index curves and yield tables) and in progeny tests and other young silvicultural trials planted elsewhere. We believe rust-resistant stock of western white pine merits greater consideration for planting in the Douglas-fir region. West. J. Appl. For. 18(1):35–43>.
Harvest System Selection and Design for Damage Reduction in Noble Fir Stands: A Case Study on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon
Authors: Matzka Peter J. , Kellogg Loren D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Many high-elevation stands of noble fir (Abies procera) in the northern Oregon Cascades are being actively managed. Forest managers are investigating different activities that will control stand impacts and the subsequent spread of Heterobasidion annosum, a rot pathogen on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation. The purpose of this study was to quantify the relationship between logging production and costs with associated residual stand damage during a commercial thinning operation. Investigated in the study were four ground-based harvesting systems and two different harvest unit layout methods. Harvesting costs for the four different systems and layout methods ranged from $67.75 to $92.66/mbf (thousand board feet), with residual stand damage of 20.1 to 62.6%. Equipment size, log lengths, and layout method were found to affect total residual stand damage. West. J. Appl. For. 18(2):118–126.
Management Plans and Oregon's NIPF Owners: A Survey of Attitudes and Practices
Authors: Elwood Norman E. , Hansen Eric N. , Oester Paul 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Management planning can help NIPF owners identify goals and constraints, assess resource potentials, and prioritize management activities. Interestingly, however, only a small percent of owners nationwide have management plans. This note reports characteristics of Oregon NIPF owners, their ownerships, and their opinions and practices concerning management planning. Connections among various owner/ownership characteristics and management plans/planning are discussed, including ownership size and objectives, owner age, family involvement, plan development, obstacles to planning, and plan use, results, and updating. West J. Appl. For. 18(2):127–132.
Economics of Harvesting to Maintain High Structural Diversity and Resulting Damage to Residual Trees
Authors: Hartsough Bruce 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We compared two harvesting prescriptions at the Blacks Mountain Experimental Forest in northeastern California: one that maintained high structural diversity by retaining larger, old-growth trees, and a more traditional approach that removed the overstory, thinned the vigorous younger trees, and removed the suppressed understory. We investigated two aspects: economics of harvesting and damage to residual trees.The low diversity treatment generated net revenue of $2600/ac due to the large volume of large sawlogs removed. The high diversity prescription resulted in a net loss of $300/ac due to the high harvesting costs and low product values associated with the smaller sawlogs, the low sawlog volume, and the negative net value of the small biomass trees. Leaving the smallest trees (4 in. dbh) on site would reduce the net loss by half but would also leave an additional three bone dry tons (BDT) of fuel/ac. The net revenue results are sensitive to the product values. If, for example, the delivered value of the biomass was $40/BDT instead of the assumed $20/BDT, the high diversity prescription would just break even.On average, 17 and 23% of the sampled leave trees were damaged in the high and low diversity treatments, respectively. Smaller trees were more likely to be damaged. Felling damage frequency also increased with the level of removals. Skidding damage was higher in plots with more leave trees and adjacent to skid trails. We developed logistic regressions to estimate the probabilities of damage. These can be applied to a leave tree stand table to estimate roughly how many trees will survive undamaged or to estimate how many trees must be initially selected as leave trees so that a desired number will remain undamaged after all harvesting activities. For the high and low diversity treatments respectively, approximately 120 and 180 initial leave trees/ac are needed to obtain 100 final leave trees/ac without major damage. West. J. Appl. For. 18(2):133–142.