bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of mannitol in cardiopulmonary bypass prime solution—Prospective randomized double‐blind clinical trial
Authors: Ljunggren Magnus , Sköld Andreas , Dardashti Alain , Hyllén Snejana 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundThe optimal prime solution for the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit in adult cardiac surgery has not yet been defined. Mannitol is widely used in the priming solution for CPB despite the fact that there is no clear consensus on the role of mannitol in cardiac surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mannitol in the CPB prime solution.MethodsThis prospective, randomized, double‐blind study included 40 patients with normal cardiac and renal functions, who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. One group received a prime based on Ringer's acetate (n = 20), and the other a prime consisting of Ringer's acetate with 200 mL mannitol (n = 20). Changes in osmolality, acid‐base status, electrolytes, and renal‐related parameters were monitored.ResultsNo significant differences were found in osmolality between the Ringer's acetate group and the mannitol group at any time. The mannitol group showed a pronounced decrease in sodium, from 138.7 ± 2.8 mmol/L at anaesthesia onset, to 133.9 ± 2.6 mmol/L after the start of CPB (P < .001). No differences were seen in the renal parameters between the groups, apart from a short‐term effect of mannitol on peroperative urine production (P = .003).ConclusionWe observed no effects on osmolality of a prime solution containing mannitol compared to Ringer's acetate‐based prime in patients with normal cardiac and renal function. The use of mannitol in the prime resulted in a short‐term, significant decrease in sodium level.
Spinal and epidural sufentanil and fentanyl in early labour
Authors: Väänänen Antti , Kuukasjärvi Matti , Tekay Aydin , Ahonen Jouni 
Published: July 2019

Background and aimThe analgesic effect on labour pain of either spinal or epidural sufentanil or fentanyl was tested in a total of 80 primiparous parturients at an early phase of the delivery. The aim of the study was to compare the level of analgesia achieved within 20 minutes.MethodsThe parturients were randomly assigned to groups receiving either spinal sufentanil (5 µg), epidural sufentanil (20 µg), spinal fentanyl (20 µg) or epidural fentanyl (100 µg), whereafter the parturients were monitored for reported pain during contraction and side effects for 30 minutes. The primary outcome was the level of analgesia achieved within 20 minutes, while the secondary outcome was the time until the administration of the first epidural bolus.ResultsAt baseline, the mean maximum pain VAS was 86 (84‐89) mm. At 20 minutes after spinal sufentanil, epidural sufentanil, spinal fentanyl or epidural fentanyl, the maximum VAS was 19 (7‐31), 45 (32‐59), 25 (10‐39) or 52 (40‐63) mm, respectively (P < .01 spin vs epid groups). There were no differences in efficacy between spinal or epidural sufentanil and fentanyl. The mean (95% CI) time to the activation of epidural analgesia was 151 (111‐192), 130 (93‐168), 177 (121‐234) and 112 (80‐143) minutes after spinal sufentanil, epidural sufentanil, spinal fentanyl and epidural fentanyl, respectively.ConclusionsIn terms of a reduction of VAS score at 20 minutes, epidural sufentanil or fentanyl provide 63% and 60% of the analgesic effect of the corresponding spinal analgesia. Epidural sufentanil or fentanyl could be used in situations in which spinal/CSE administration is not possible or desired.
Dynamic c‐Fos changes in mouse brain during acute and protracted withdrawal from chronic intermittent ethanol exposure and relapse drinking
Authors: Smith Rachel J. , Anderson Rachel I. , Haun Harold L. , Mulholland Patrick J. , Griffin William C. , Lopez Marcelo F. , Becker Howard C. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAlcohol dependence promotes neuroadaptations in numerous brain areas, leading to escalated drinking and enhanced relapse vulnerability. We previously developed a mouse model of ethanol dependence and relapse drinking in which repeated cycles of chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) vapor exposure drive a significant escalation of voluntary ethanol drinking. In the current study, we used this model to evaluate changes in neuronal activity (as indexed by c‐Fos expression) throughout acute and protracted withdrawal from CIE (combined with or without a history of ethanol drinking). We analyzed c‐Fos protein expression in 29 brain regions in mice sacrificed 2, 10, 26, and 74 hours or 7 days after withdrawal from 5 cycles of CIE. Results revealed dynamic time‐ and brain region‐dependent changes in c‐Fos activity over the time course of withdrawal from CIE exposure, as compared with nondependent air‐exposed control mice, beginning with markedly low expression levels upon removal from the ethanol vapor chambers (2 hours), reflecting intoxication. c‐Fos expression was enhanced during acute CIE withdrawal (10 and 26 hours), followed by widespread reductions at the beginning of protracted withdrawal (74 hours) in several brain areas. Persistent reductions in c‐Fos expression were observed during prolonged withdrawal (7 days) in prelimbic cortex, nucleus accumbens shell, dorsomedial striatum, paraventricular nucleus of thalamus, and ventral subiculum. A history of ethanol drinking altered acute CIE withdrawal effects and caused widespread reductions in c‐Fos that persisted during extended abstinence even without CIE exposure. These data indicate that ethanol dependence and relapse drinking drive long‐lasting neuroadaptations in several brain regions.
Thermal biology of mosquito‐borne disease
Authors: Mordecai Erin A. , Caldwell Jamie M. , Grossman Marissa K. , Lippi Catherine A. , Johnson Leah R. , Neira Marco , Rohr Jason R. , Ryan Sadie J. , Savage Van , Shocket Marta S. , Sippy Rachel , Stewart Ibarra Anna M. , Thomas Matthew B. , Villena Oswaldo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMosquito‐borne diseases cause a major burden of disease worldwide. The vital rates of these ectothermic vectors and parasites respond strongly and nonlinearly to temperature and therefore to climate change. Here, we review how trait‐based approaches can synthesise and mechanistically predict the temperature dependence of transmission across vectors, pathogens, and environments. We present 11 pathogens transmitted by 15 different mosquito species – including globally important diseases like malaria, dengue, and Zika – synthesised from previously published studies. Transmission varied strongly and unimodally with temperature, peaking at 23–29ºC and declining to zero below 9–23ºC and above 32–38ºC. Different traits restricted transmission at low versus high temperatures, and temperature effects on transmission varied by both mosquito and parasite species. Temperate pathogens exhibit broader thermal ranges and cooler thermal minima and optima than tropical pathogens. Among tropical pathogens, malaria and Ross River virus had lower thermal optima (25–26ºC) while dengue and Zika viruses had the highest (29ºC) thermal optima. We expect warming to increase transmission below thermal optima but decrease transmission above optima. Key directions for future work include linking mechanistic models to field transmission, combining temperature effects with control measures, incorporating trait variation and temperature variation, and investigating climate adaptation and migration.
On the relationship between VDR, RORα and RORγ receptors expression and HIF1‐α levels in human melanomas
Authors: Brożyna Anna A. , Jóźwicki Wojciech , Jetten Anton M. , Slominski Andrzej T. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe analysed the correlation between the expression of HIF‐1α (hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 alpha), the nuclear receptors: VDR (vitamin D receptor), RORα (retinoic acid receptor‐related orphan receptor alpha), and RORγ and CYP24A1 (cytochrome P450 family 24 subfamily A member 1) and CYP27B1 (cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1), enzymes involved in vitamin D metabolism. In primary and metastatic melanomas, VDR negatively correlated with nuclear HIF‐1α expression (r = −.2273, P = .0302; r = −.5081, P = .0011). Furthermore, the highest HIF‐1α expression was observed in pT3‐pT4 VDR‐negative melanomas. A comparative analysis of immunostained HIF‐1α and CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 showed lack of correlation between these parameters both in primary tumors and melanoma metastases. In contrast, RORα expression correlated positively with nuclear HIF‐1α expression in primary and metastatic lesions (r = .2438, P = .0175; r = .3662, P = .0166). Comparable levels of HIF‐1α expression pattern was observed in localized and advanced melanomas. RORγ in primary melanomas correlated also positively with nuclear HIF‐1α expression (r = .2743, P = .0129). HIF‐1α expression was the lowest in localized RORγ‐negative melanomas. In addition, HIF‐1α expression correlated with RORγ‐positive lymphocytes in melanoma metastases. We further found that in metastatic lymph nodes FoxP3 immunostaining correlated positively with HIF‐1α and RORγ expression in melanoma cells (r = .3667; P = .0327; r = .4208, P = .0129). In summary, our study indicates that the expression of VDR, RORα and RORγ in melanomas is related to hypoxia and/or HIF1‐α activity, which also affects FoxP3 expression in metastatic melanoma. Therefore, the hypoxia can affect tumor biology by changing nuclear receptors expression and molecular pathways regulated by nuclear receptors and immune responses.
Crystal structures of Trypanosoma brucei hypoxanthine – guanine – xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase in complex with IMP, GMP and XMP
Authors: Terán David , Doleželová Eva , Keough Dianne T. , Hocková Dana , Zíková Alena , Guddat Luke W. 
Published: July 2019

The 6‐oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases (PRTs) are drug targets for the treatment of parasitic diseases. This is due to the fact that parasites are auxotrophic for the 6‐oxopurine bases relying on salvage enzymes for the synthesis of their 6‐oxopurine nucleoside monophosphates. In Trypanosoma brucei, the parasite that is the aetiological agent for sleeping sickness, there are three 6‐oxopurine PRT isoforms. Two are specific for hypoxanthine and guanine, whilst the third, characterized here, uses all three naturally occurring bases with similar efficiency. Here, we have determined crystal structures for TbrHGXPRT in complex with GMP, XMP and IMP to investigate the structural basis for substrate specificity. The results show that Y201 and E208, not commonly observed within the purine binding pocket of 6‐oxopurine PRTs, contribute to the versatility of this enzyme. The structures further show that a nearby water can act as an adaptor to facilitate the binding of XMP and GMP. When GMP binds, a water can accept a proton from the 2‐amino group but when XMP binds, the equivalent water can donate its proton to the 2‐oxo group. However, when IMP is bound, no water molecule is observed at that location.DatabaseCoordinates and structure factors were submitted to the Protein Data Bank and have accession codes of 6MXB, 6MXC, 6MXD and 6MXG for the TbrHGXPRT.XMP complex, TbrHGXPRT.GMP complex, TbrHGXPRT.IMP complex, and TbrHGPRT.XMP complex, respectively.
Toward feminist geographies of cycling
Authors: Ravensbergen Léa , Buliung Ron , Laliberté Nicole 
Published: July 2019

AbstractUsing a systematic search strategy, this paper reviews the literature about gender and cycling and critically assesses existing approaches to study the topic. Most studies use a binary conceptualization of gender, a cross‐sectional research design, and quantitative analysis to examine male–female differences in cycling behaviours, stated concerns, correlates, and barriers. The two hypotheses at the centre of most of this work are (1) that women cycle less than men due to greater safety concerns and (2) that women cycle less, or at least use bicycles differently than men, because of their more complex travel patterns that arise from greater household responsibilities. While the literature draws attention toward travel characteristics, it often relies on a simple binary conceptualization of gender. In doing so, it identifies differences in male–female cycling patterns, but it rarely sheds light on the gendered processes underlying these differences. In this paper, we argue that research into cycling as a form of mobility could be strengthened by engaging with feminist theories such as performativity, intersectionality, and embodiment to advance a more nuanced understanding of how gender and other axes of identity are intertwined with cycling.
Does board gender diversity affect corporate cash holdings?
Authors: Atif Muhammad , Liu Benjamin , Huang Allen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper examines whether board gender diversity affects corporate cash holdings using S&P 1500 index firms in the US for the period 2006–2015. We document a significantly negative relationship between board gender diversity and cash holdings. We also find a strong negative effect of female independent directors consistent with monitoring function. Moreover, in accordance with the critical mass theory, we find a negative effect of female directors’ presence and voice on cash holdings. Our findings are robust to alternative econometric specifications, alternative measures of cash holdings and corporate governance, difference‐in‐differences, propensity score matching, and two‐stage least squares. This study offers useful insights into the current global debate on gender diversity and its implications for firms.
Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of fatty acid‐binding protein 4 alleviated cisplatin‐induced acute kidney injury
Authors: Tan Zhouke , Guo Fan , Huang Zhuo , Xia Zijing , Liu Jing , Tao Sibei , Li Lingzhi , Feng Yuying , Du Xiaoyan , Ma Liang , Fu Ping 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFatty acid‐binding protein 4 (FABP4) has been confirmed to be involved in the pathogenesis of ischaemia/reperfusion‐ and rhabdomyolysis‐induced acute kidney injury (AKI), and targeting inhibition of FABP4 might be a potential strategy for AKI. Cisplatin as a commonly used cancer chemotherapeutic drug possessed a dose‐limited side effect of nephrotoxicity. However, whether FABP4 inhibition exerted a favourable renoprotection against cisplatin‐induced AKI and the involved mechanisms remained unknown. In the study, cisplatin‐injected mice developed severe AKI symptom as indicated by renal dysfunction and pathological changes, companied by the high expression of FABP4 in tubular epithelial cells. Selective inhibition of FABP4 by BMS309403 at 40 mg/kg/d for 3 days and genetic knockout of FABP4 significantly attenuated the serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen level and renal tubular damage. Mechanistically, cisplatin injection induced the increased apoptosis and regulated the corresponding protein expression of BCL‐2, BCL‐XL, BAX, cleaved caspase 3 and caspase 12 in the injured kidney tissues. Cisplatin also triggered multiple signal mediators of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress including double‐stranded RNA‐activated protein kinase‐like ER kinase, activating transcription factor‐6 and inositol‐requiring enzyme‐1 pathway, as well as CHOP, GRP78 and p‐JNK proteins in the kidneys. Oral administration of BMS309403 significantly reduced the number of renal TUNEL‐positive apoptotic cells. Knockout of FABP4 and BMS309403 notably improved ER stress‐related apoptotic responses. In summary, pharmacological and genetic inhibition of FABP4 modulated apoptosis via the inactivation of ER stress in the tubular epithelial cells of cisplatin‐induced AKI.
A randomized controlled trial of an emollient with ceramide and filaggrin‐associated amino acids for the primary prevention of atopic dermatitis in high‐risk infants
Authors: McClanahan D. , Wong A. , Kezic S. , Samrao A. , Hajar T. , Hill E. , Simpson E.L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundSkin barrier dysfunction may precede infantile development of clinical atopic dermatitis (AD). Early‐life emollient therapy to enhance barrier function may prevent or modify AD development in high‐risk infants.Objectives(a) To determine whether daily full‐body application of an emollient with ceramide and amino acids (study emollient) can reduce the cumulative AD incidence compared to standard skin care at 1 year of age. (b) To evaluate the study emollient's effect on skin barrier function, natural moisturizing factor and the microbiome using non‐invasive biophysical and biochemical techniques.MethodsWe performed a single‐centre, investigator‐blinded, randomized controlled trial enrolling infants at high risk for AD development determined by family history. The intervention was full‐body once‐daily application of the study emollient. The control arm was asked to not apply full‐body emollient regularly and only use an emollient of their choice for dry skin. The primary outcome was the cumulative incidence of AD diagnosed at 12 months by a blinded investigator.ResultsLess than half the target sample size was enrolled (n = 100, goal sample was 208) with 28% lost to follow‐up. Across all clinical end points, a numerical trend was observed in favour of the intervention, although not statistically significant likely due to lack of power from under‐enrolment. AD was diagnosed in 13.2% vs. 25.0% at 12 months (P = 0.204) and 19.4% vs. 31.0% at 2 years (P = 0.296) in intervention vs. control groups, respectively. There were no significant differences between groups in skin barrier or microbiome assessments. While there were no serious adverse events, there were more cases of reported contact dermatitis in the intervention vs. control arms, 9.3% vs. 4.3%, respectively; however, these events were not related to the study emollient and most mild in severity.ConclusionThe observed trends suggest a protective effect of daily study emollient therapy compared to control.
Onychoscopy with red light for vascular pattern identification: a study of 33 patients
Authors: Pellacani G. , Alessandrini A. , Mandel V.D. , Martella A. , Brandi N. , Chester J. , Piraccini B.M. , Starace M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundNail dermoscopy (onychoscopy) during physical examination assists in correct diagnosis. Often further magnifications are necessary for an effective differential diagnosis. With the addition of a red light to the dermoscope, important vascular features can be visualized.ObjectiveTo describe common features observed at onychoscopy with a new device that combines the regular white light with the red light illumination, demonstrating that it is useful for diagnosis of nail disorders.MethodsWe enrolled 33 consecutive patients referred to the Nail Diseases Dermatology Unit of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia and to the Outpatient Consultation for Nail Disease of the Dermatology Unit of the University of Bologna. Patients were assessed with a standard hand‐held dermoscope and at the red light dermoscope. Dermoscopic images were collected.ResultsThe new prototype was used during daily clinical practice and allowed a more accurate visualization of some details that classic onychoscopy can miss. In particular, with the help of the red light it was possible to better visualize nail lesions that were characterized by some kind of colour change or vascular alterations.ConclusionThe new device of red light for vascular pattern onychoscopy can be a new investigation method to observe nail alterations, especially due to vascular pattern, even with low magnification, without the necessity to use higher resolutions.
Host factors against plant viruses
Authors: Garcia‐Ruiz Hernan 
Published: July 2019

SummaryPlant virus genome replication and movement is dependent on host resources and factors. However, plants respond to virus infection through several mechanisms, such as autophagy, ubiquitination, mRNA decay and gene silencing, that target viral components. Viral factors work in synchrony with pro‐viral host factors during the infection cycle and are targeted by antiviral responses. Accordingly, establishment of virus infection is genetically determined by the availability of the pro‐viral factors necessary for genome replication and movement, and by the balance between plant defence and viral suppression of defence responses. Sequential requirement of pro‐viral factors and the antagonistic activity of antiviral factors suggest a two‐step model to explain plant–virus interactions. At each step of the infection process, host factors with antiviral activity have been identified. Here we review our current understanding of host factors with antiviral activity against plant viruses.
Power distance and migrant nurses: The liminality of acculturation
Authors: Choi Myung Suk , Cook Catherine Mary , Brunton Margaret A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA dearth of literature focuses on the relationship between acculturation, power distance and liminality for migrant nurses entering foreign workplaces. Expectations are for migrant nurses to be practice‐ready swiftly. However, this aspiration is naïve given the complex shifts that occur in deeply held cultural beliefs and practices and is dependent on an organisational climate of reciprocal willingness to adapt and learn. This exploratory study identified that although a plethora of literature addresses challenges migrant nurses face, there are limited data that link these transitional processes to concepts that might usefully guide transitions. This study draws from the overarching concept of acculturation, together with Hofstede's (2011) notion of power distance and the theory of liminality to explore the experiences of eight migrant nurses. Data highlighted that adjusting to altered hierarchical relationships took many months because negotiating power distance challenged deeply held beliefs and assumptions about professional and organisational hierarchies. Migrant nurses’ accounts indicated a paucity of organisational processes to address these difficulties; therefore, they navigated this liminal space of adjustment to power distance differences in an ad hoc manner. Their acculturation experiences, arguably unnecessarily prolonged, indicate the value in workplace commitment to exploring a collaborative, critically reflective approach to optimise transitions.
Power‐Sharing in the World's Largest Democracy: Informal Consociationalism in India (and Its Decline?)
Authors: Adeney Katharine , Swenden Wilfried 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIndia is one of the most diverse countries of the world but operates with a majoritarian Westminster constitution and simple plurality electoral system, albeit also with a federal structure. It was eventually coded as consociational by Arend Lijphart (1996) but this coding was questioned by authors such as Wilkinson (2000) and Adeney (2002). This article assesses the nature of both de jure and de facto power‐sharing in India over its 70 years of independence and tracks the evolution of de jure and de facto power‐sharing in relation to four dimensions of diversity: religion, caste, territory and language. It questions whether the electoral success of Hindu nationalism and the increasing acceptance of ethnic majoritarianism has reduced the degree of power‐sharing in India.