bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die akute Osteomyelitis des Kindes
Authors: Wirth T. 
Published: August 2018

ZusammenfassungDie akute hämatogene Osteomyelitis ist eine schwere Erkrankung im Kindesalter, die bei verzögerter Diagnose und Therapie bleibende Schäden am Skelettapparat verursachen kann. Die Virulenz der Erkrankung kann von einer unterschwelligen Betroffenheit bis zu septischen Krankheitsbildern reichen. Das Keimspektrum hat sich über die Jahre verändert, aktuell ist Staphylococcus aureus der häufigste ursächliche Keim. Der prozentuale Anteil der Methicillin-resistenten Spezies (MRSA) variiert regional beträchtlich. Eine schnelle Diagnose unter Berücksichtigung der klinischen Symptome, des Labors und der bildgebenden Diagnostik, in der die Sonografie und das MRT die größte Bedeutung besitzen, ist die Basis. Die Therapie wird im Sinne einer Notfallindikation entweder konservativ antibiotisch oder zusätzlich durch operative Maßnahmen sofort eingeleitet. Die Operationen dienen zur Entlastung von intraossären, subperiostalen und Weichteilabszessen oder zur Kürettage und Ausräumung nekrotischen Knochens. Eine begleitende Gelenkinfektion wird arthroskopisch gespült. Folgeoperationen sind keine Seltenheit. Die Dauer der anti-biotischen Behandlung orientiert sich an der Schnelligkeit der Normalisierung des klinischen Bildes und des CRP-Wertes. Trotz suffizienter Frühbehandlung kann es zu Spätfolgen wie Rezidiven, Wachstumsstörungen und geschädigten Gelenken kommen.
Osteomyelitis der Kieferknochen
Authors: Kakoschke T. K. , Aljohani S. , Kaeppler G. , Ehrenfeld M. , Otto S. 
Published: August 2018

ZusammenfassungEntzündliche Erkrankungen des Kieferknochens stellen eine relevante klinische Herausforderung dar. Die Therapieoptionen und vor allem die Erfolgschancen unterscheiden sich hierbei je nach zugrunde liegender Entität. Die prophylaktischen Maßnahmen ähneln sich hingegen und umfassen vor allem eine optimale Mundhygiene sowie die adäquate Therapie von dentogenen Infektionen. Dieser Artikel gibt eine Übersicht über den aktuellen Kenntnisstand zu den verschiedenen Formen der entzündlichen Erkrankungen des Kiefers und ihre Unterschiede zu Osteomyelitiden anderer Körperregionen. Ein fächerübergreifendes Wissen sowie eine interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit ist Voraussetzung für eine ideale Prophylaxe, das frühzeitige Erkennen, eine adäquate Versorgung und das Vermeiden von Komplikationen der Osteomyelitiden und Nekrosen der Kieferknochen.
Genetische Störungen der Knochenmineralisation
Authors: Schnabel D. 
Published: August 2018

ZusammenfassungAngeborene Störungen im Vitamin-D-Metabolismus und/oder in der Regulation der Phosphathomöostase führen zu einer gestörten Mineralisation des Skelettsystems. Durch das herabgesetzte Kalzium-Phosphat-Produkt bildet sich im Kindesalter eine Rachitis aus, bei Erwachsenen eine Osteomalazie. Klinische Symptome sind zumeist Extremitätenfehlstellungen (Genua vara/Genua valga), aber auch Knochenschmerzen, progrediente Muskelschwäche, Tetanie. Besonders in den vergangenen Jahren sind neue genetische Ursachen von Störungen im Phosphatstoffwechsel publiziert worden. Dieses Review beschreibt Klinik und Pathophysiologie der derzeit bekannten Ursachen angeborener Störungen des Vitamin-D-Stoffwechsels sowie der Phosphathomö ostase und zeigt mögliche zukünftige medikamentöse Optionen in der Behandlung von Patienten mit hypophosphatämischer Rachitis auf.
Zukünftige Behandlungsoptionen in der Knochenregeneration
Authors: Kolk A. 
Published: August 2018

ZusammenfassungBehandlungen therapiebedingter Knochendefekte stellen vor dem Hintergrund des demografischen Wandels in den industrialisierten Ländern, d. h. der Überalterung der Bevölkerung, eine zunehmende Herausfor-derung dar. Die Wiederherstellung eines Knochenareals ist elementarer Bestandteil der rekonstruktiven Chirurgie. Die Verwendung körpereigenen Gewebes ist aufwendig und mit Risiken verbunden. Betroffen sind hier vor allem Patienten, bei denen aufgrund von Vorerkrankungen oder Vorbehandlungen schlechte vaskuläre Verhältnisse vorliegen und somit das Einheilen eines Transplantates erheblich gefährdet ist. Knochenersatzmaterialien führen vor allem bei größeren De-fekten häufig zur Bildung eines minderwertigen Knochenlagers. Durch Wachstumsfaktoren kann die körpereigene Knochenheilung sowie die Osseointegration alloplastischer Implantate erheblich verbessert bzw. beschleunigt werden. Aufgrund der hohen Therapiekosten und kurzen Halbwertszeiten gilt das Interesse verstärkt den Alternativen wie verschiedenen Formen des Gentransfers. Entsprechende Freisetzungssysteme haben hierbei aus verschiedenen Gründen eine erhebliche Bedeutung.
Beidseitige Stressfrakturen der proximalen Tibia – eine seltene Differenzialdiagnose bei atraumatischen Knieschmerzen
Authors: Flechtenmacher J. , Stumpp P. , Roth A. , Hennings R. 
Published: August 2018

ZusammenfassungKnochenmarködeme (KMÖ) am Kniegelenk werden aufgrund der breiten Verfügbarkeit der MRT zunehmend häufiger diagnostiziert und können Ausdruck einer Stressfraktur (SF) sein. SF umfassen sowohl Ermüdungs- als auch Insuffizienzfrakturen. Meist treten zunächst lokalisierte Schmerzen unter Belastung auf. Später kann ein Progress bis hin zu immobilisierenden Schmerzen stattfinden. Bis zu 95 % der Stressfrakturen finden sich an der unteren Extremität. Die proximale Tibia ist selten betroffen, meist liegt eine einseitige Manifestation vor. Ursächlich für ein KMÖ am Knie sollten differentialdiagnostisch eine spontane Osteonekrose (M. Ahlbäck), sekundäre Osteonekrosen wie auch das transiente Knochenmarködem-Syndrom in Betracht gezogen werden. Diese können mit sekundären Schäden der Gelenkoberflächen einhergehen. Die MRT stellt den Goldstandard in der Diagnose und Differenzialdiagnostik von Stressfrakturen dar.Wir berichten über eine 24-jährige Patientin mit zum Teil immobilisierenden, atraumatischen Schmerzen der Hüft- und Kniegelenke. Die laborchemische Diagnostik zeigte keine Hinweise auf eine Erkrankung des rheumatologischen Formenkreises, eine reaktive Arthritis oder Osteomyelitis. Die MRT der Kniegelenke ergab den seltenen Fall einer beidseitigen Stressfraktur in der medialen proximalen Tibia. Unter konservativer Therapie mit Belastungsreduktion und Analgesie nach Schmerzniveau wurde die Patientin schmerzfrei. In den Verlaufs- MRT 8 Wochen später konnte eine Restitutio ad integrum der SF bestätigt werden.Für Stressfrakturen der proximalen Tibia liegen wenige Arbeiten bezüglich der besten Therapiemöglichkeit vor. Als „first line” Therapie steht die konservative Therapie mit Belastungsreduktion oder ggf. vollständiger Entlastung sowie Analgesie mit nichtsteroidalen Antirheumatika zur Verfügung. Alternativ kann bei fehlendem Ansprechen ein Off-Label-Use Therapieversuch mit Bisphosphonaten, Iloprost oder Denosumab in Betracht gezogen werden. Daten zur operativen Therapie von Stressfrakturen der proximalen Tibia liegen nicht vor. Dementsprechend sollte die Indikation zurückhaltend gestellt werden.
Geographic Distribution of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Isolated from Clinical Specimens: A Systematic Review
Authors: Zweijpfenning Sanne , Hoefsloot Wouter , Ingen Jakko 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIsolation frequency of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) differs per region. Differences in isolation frequency as well as frequencies in clinical relevance are relevant for daily clinical practice. We conducted a systematic review, searching PubMed to assess these differences. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is the most frequently isolated species and the majority of MAC isolates are causative agents of clinically relevant disease, that is, the patient ultimately meets American Thoracic Society/Infectious Disease Society of America diagnostic criteria for NTM pulmonary disease. Differences in isolation frequency between MAC species are seen in different continents. Another species that shows a remarkable difference in isolation frequency is M. abscessus complex, which is common in Asia and Oceania, in contrast to Europe, North America, and South America. Furthermore, differences in isolation frequency are seen between different continents, and also between regions or cities. These differences might drive local epidemiology of NTM pulmonary disease, and knowledge of the local situation is thus essential for daily clinical practice. To be fully able to assess this problem, larger multicenter studies with uniform microbiological methods are needed.
Indications for Thoracic EndoVascular Aortic Repair (TEVAR): A Brief Review
Authors: Newman Joshua , Mattia Allan , Manetta Frank 
Published: August 2018

The utility of Thoracic EndoVascular Aortic Repair (TEVAR) continues to progress at a very rapid rate. Initially implemented for the treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysms, TEVAR has evolved to treat a variety of aortic pathologies and reduce overall morbidity and mortality rates compared with traditional open surgical repair.Given the rapidly evolving nature of endovascular thoracic intervention, we hereby briefly review the current literature on the evolving applications of TEVAR.TEVAR continues to rapidly evolve and is being applied to a growing number of aortic pathologies. Given the perioperative, short- and mid-term morbidity and mortality rates, TEVAR is quickly surpassing traditional open surgical intervention as the ideal procedure for patients undergoing intervention of the descending thoracic aorta and applicability to ascending and arch pathologies is being explored. However, as more data becomes available TEVAR may be associated with higher rates of reoperative requirements. Data remains limited on the long-term efficacy of the intervention and should continue to be investigated.
Nur77 serves as a molecular brake of the metabolic switch during T cell activation to restrict autoimmunity
Authors: Liebmann Marie , Hucke Stephanie , Koch Kathrin , Eschborn Melanie , Ghelman Julia , Chasan Achmet I. , Glander Shirin , Schädlich Martin , Kuhlencord Meike , Daber Niklas M. , Eveslage Maria , Beyer Marc , Dietrich Michael , Albrecht Philipp , Stoll Monika , Busch Karin B. , Wiendl Heinz , Roth Johannes , Kuhlmann Tanja , Klotz Luisa 
Published: August 2018

Significance
The role of metabolic processes during T cell activation has been increasingly acknowledged, and recent data suggest an impact of T cell immunometabolism on T cell function and T cell-mediated autoimmunity. The factors regulating metabolic function in T cells are not clear, however. We identify the nuclear receptor Nur77 as central regulator of T cell immunometabolism, controlling oxidative phosphorylation and aerobic glycolysis during T cell activation. Functionally, Nur77 restricts murine and human T cell activation and proliferation and limits inflammation in autoimmune conditions in animal models of CNS autoimmunity, contact dermatitis, and arthritis. These findings identify Nur77 as a central regulator of T cell immunometabolism that restricts T cell-mediated autoimmunity, which might open up new avenues for a more tailored therapeutic approach.
Kinase-dependent structural role of DNA-PKcs during immunoglobulin class switch recombination
Authors: Crowe Jennifer L. , Shao Zhengping , Wang Xiaobin S. , Wei Pei-Chi , Jiang Wenxia , Lee Brian J. , Estes Verna M. , Alt Frederick W. , Zha Shan 
Published: August 2018

Significance
To combat pathogens, B lymphocytes switch the types of antibody they express through a DNA break and repair event termed class switch recombination (CSR). To do so, DNA breaks introduced in specific genomic regions within the antibody gene locus are joined together by the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair pathway. Here, we show that mutation and deletion in one NHEJ factor, the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs), leave different molecular signatures at the CSR junctions, uncovering activation-dependent structural function of DNA-PKcs in DNA repair and antibody maturation.
A small wins framework to overcome the evaluation paradox of governing wicked problems
Authors: Termeer Catrien J A M , Dewulf Art 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe evaluation of policy strategies to tackle wicked policy problems inevitably involves a paradox of trying to judge solutions for problems that have no solutions and for which additional efforts might increase the chances of finding better responses. This paper analyzes how the concept of small wins can contribute to evaluating progress in wicked problem areas in a way that energizes a variety of stakeholders instead of paralyzing them and embraces complexity instead of reverting to taming and overestimation. It presents a small wins evaluation framework that is rooted in the underlying policy perspective of making progress through accumulating small wins. It comprises three steps: 1) identifying and valuing small wins; 2) analyzing whether the right propelling mechanisms are activated so as to accumulate into transformative change; 3) organizing that results feed back into the policy process to activate new small wins. This framework will inevitably clash with unrealistic expectations of addressing wicked problems rapidly, radically and comprehensively.
PredMP: a web server for de novo prediction and visualization of membrane proteins
Authors: Wang Sheng , Fei Shiyang , Wang Zongan , Li Yu , Xu Jinbo , Zhao Feng , Gao Xin 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Motivation
PredMP is the first web service, to our knowledge, that aims at de novo prediction of the membrane protein (MP) 3D structure followed by the embedding of the MP into the lipid bilayer for visualization. Our approach is based on a high-throughput Deep Transfer Learning (DTL) method that first predicts MP contacts by learning from non-MPs and then predicts the 3D model of the MP using the predicted contacts as distance restraints. This algorithm is derived from our previous Deep Learning (DL) method originally developed for soluble protein contact prediction, which has been officially ranked No. 1 in CASP12. The DTL framework in our approach overcomes the challenge that there are only a limited number of solved MP structures for training the deep learning model. There are three modules in the PredMP server: (i) The DTL framework followed by the contact-assisted folding protocol has already been implemented in RaptorX-Contact, which serves as the key module for 3D model generation; (ii) The 1D annotation module, implemented in RaptorX-Property, is used to predict the secondary structure and disordered regions; and (iii) the visualization module to display the predicted MPs embedded in the lipid bilayer guided by the predicted transmembrane topology.

Results
Tested on 510 non-redundant MPs, our server predicts correct folds for ∼290 MPs, which significantly outperforms existing methods. Tested on a blind and live benchmark CAMEO from September 2016 to January 2018, PredMP can successfully model all 10 MPs belonging to the hard category.

Availability and implementation
PredMP is freely accessed on the web at http://www.predmp.com.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Associations between cardiovascular disease, cancer, and very low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the REasons for Geographical and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study
Authors: Penson Peter , Long D Leann , Howard George , Howard Virginia J , Jones Steven R , Martin Seth S , Mikhailidis Dimitri P , Muntner Paul , Rizzo Manfredi , Rader Daniel J , Safford Monika M , Sahebkar Amirhossein , Toth Peter P , Banach Maciej 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAimsRelatively little is known about the health outcomes associated with very low plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) mainly because of the small numbers of individuals with such extreme values included in clinical trials. We, therefore, investigated the association between low and very low HDL-C concentration at baseline and incident all-cause-mortality, death from malignant disease (i.e. cancer), and with fatal or non-fatal incident coronary heart disease (CHD) in individuals from the Reasons for Geographical And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study.Methods and resultsAnalysis was based on 21 751 participants from the REGARDS study who were free of CHD, other cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline and were categorized by baseline HDL-C into <30 mg/dL (very low), 30–<40 mg/dL (low), and ≥40 mg/dL (reference). A series of incremental Cox proportional hazards models were employed to assess the association between the HDL-C categories and outcomes. Statistical analysis was performed using both complete case methods and multiple imputations with chained equations. After adjustment for age, race, and sex, the hazard ratios (HRs) comparing the lowest and highest HDL-C categories were 1.48 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28–1.73] for all-cause mortality, 1.35 (95% CI 1.03–1.77) for cancer-specific mortality and 1.39 (95% CI 0.99–1.96) for incident CHD. These associations became non-significant in models adjusting for demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, and treatment for dyslipidaemia. We found evidence for an HDL paradox, whereby low HDL (30–<40 mg/dL) was associated with reduced risk of incident CHD in black participants in a fully adjusted complete case model (HR 0.63; 95% CI 0.46–0.88) and after multiple imputation analyses (HR 0.76; 95% CI 0.58–0.98). HDL-C (<30 mg/dL) was significantly associated with poorer outcomes in women for all outcomes, especially with respect to cancer mortality (HR 2.31; 95% CI 1.28–4.16) in a fully adjusted complete case model, replicated using multiple imputation (HR 1.81; 95% CI 1.03–3.20).ConclusionLow HDL-C was associated with reduced risk of incident CHD in black participants suggesting a potential HDL paradox for incident CHD. Very low HDL-C in women was significantly associated with cancer mortality in a fully adjusted complete case model.
Family planning and fertility in South Africa under apartheid
Authors: Norling Johannes 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDuring the apartheid era, all South Africans were formally classified as white, African, colored, or Asian. Starting in 1970, the government directly provided free family planning services to residents of townships and white-owned farms. Relative to African residents of other regions of the country, the share of African women that gave birth in these townships and white-owned farms declined by nearly one-third during the 1970s. Deferral of childbearing into the 1980s partially explains the decline, but lifetime fertility fell by one child per woman.
Reliable noise measure in time-gated NMR data
Authors: Irons Trevor P , McPherson Brian JOL , Kass M Andrew 
Published: August 2018

Summary
Time gating is a commonly used approach in the pre-processing of nuclear magnetic resonance data before inversion. Gating suppresses spurious signals that can degrade recovered decay time distributions and therefore often stabilizes inversion. However, care must be taken in applying this technique when assumptions of uncorrelated Gaussianity break down and reduce stacking efficiency. If not properly accounted for, unreliable noise estimates introduce inversion artefacts through over- or underfitting of the data. Block-bootstrap resampling of noise realization proxies obtained through data phasing can be used to generate reliable noise estimates for the windows. Benefits of the approach are demonstrated through inversion of synthetic and borehole data. Analysis confirms that bootstrapped noise metrics are more reliable under variable noise conditions and result in more stable inversion results.
Enlarged GMRES for solving linear systems with one or multiple right-hand sides
Authors: Al Daas Hussam , Grigori Laura , Hénon Pascal , Ricoux Philippe 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
We propose a variant of the generalized minimal residual (GMRES) method for solving linear systems of equations with one or multiple right-hand sides. Our method is based on the idea of the enlarged Krylov subspace to reduce communication. It can be interpreted as a block GMRES method. Hence, we are interested in detecting inexact breakdowns. We introduce a strategy to perform the test of detection. Furthermore, we propose a technique for deflating eigenvalues that has two benefits. The first advantage is to avoid the plateau of convergence after the end of a cycle in the restarted version. The second is to have very fast convergence when solving the same system with different right-hand sides, each given at a different time (useful in the context of a constrained pressure residual preconditioner). We test our method with these deflation techniques on academic test matrices arising from solving linear elasticity and convection–diffusion problems as well as matrices arising from two real-life applications, seismic imaging and simulations of reservoirs. With the same memory cost we obtain a saving of up to $50 \%$ in the number of iterations required to reach convergence with respect to the original method.
On the Sobolev–Poincaré Inequality of CR-manifolds
Authors: Wang Yi , Yang Paul 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe purpose is to study the CR-manifold with a contact structure conformal to the Heisenberg group. In our previous work [22], we have proved that if the $Q^{\prime }$-curvature is nonnegative and the integral of $Q^{\prime }$-curvature is below the dimensional bound $c_1^{\prime }$, then we have the isoperimetric inequality. In this paper, we manage to deal with general contact structure conformal to the Heisenberg group, removing the condition that $Q^{\prime }$-curvature is nonnegative. We prove that the volume form $e^{4u}$ is a strong $A_{\infty }$ weight. As a corollary, we prove the Sobolev–Poincaré inequality on a class of CR-manifolds with integrable $Q^{\prime }$-curvature.
Detection of a cyclotron line in SXP 15.3 during its 2017 outburst
Authors: Maitra C , Paul B , Haberl F , Vasilopoulos G 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT
We report the results of AstroSat and NuSTAR observations of the Be/X-ray binary pulsar SXP 15.3 in the Small Magellanic Cloud during its outburst in late 2017, when the source reached a luminosity level of ∼1038 erg s−1, close to the Eddington limit. The unprecedented broad-band coverage of the source allowed us to perform timing and spectral analysis between 3 and 80 keV. The pulse profile exhibits a significant energy dependence, and morphs from a double-peaked profile to a single broad pulse at energies &gt;15 keV. This can be explained by a spectral hardening during an intensity dip seen between the two peaks of the pulse profile. We detect a Cyclotron Resonance Scattering Feature at ∼5 keV in the X-ray spectrum, independent of the choice of the continuum model. This indicates a magnetic field strength of 6 × 1011 G for the neutron star.