bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postharvest Needle Retention and Moisture Characteristics of Canaan Fir Compared with Four Other Christmas Tree Species
Authors: Heiligmann Randall B. , Brown James H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The postharvest needle retention and moisture characteristics of precut and fresh cut Canaan fir were compared with those of Fraser fir, blue spruce, Douglas-fir, and Scotch pine for a five-week display period. At the end of the display period cumulative percent needle drop of precut trees averaged 1.5 percent, with no significant differences among species; xylem potential averaged −1.42 MPa, with Scotch pine being significantly lower than blue spruce and Douglas-fir; and needle moisture content averaged 142 percent, with no significant differences among species. For fresh cut trees, cumulative percent needle drop averaged 1.15 percent, with the only significant difference among species being Scotch pine lower than Douglas-fir; xylem potential averaged −1.06 MPa, with Scotch pine and Fraser fir significantly lower than blue spruce, Canaan fir, and Douglas-fir; and needle moisture content averaged 140 percent, with Scotch pine significantly lower than all other species except Douglas-fir. At no time during the display period was there a significant difference in percent needle drop between precut and fresh cut trees of the same species. Significant differences in xylem potential existed between precut and fresh cut trees of the same species at the beginning of the display period but disappeared by the end of the first week. Occasional significant differences in needle moisture content between precut and fresh cut trees of the same species were encountered during the display period, but none existed at the end of the display period. Throughout the display period the xylem potential and needle moisture content of all species followed similar patterns, and the trees did not appear to approach the damage threshold or critical moisture content. Results suggest that Canaan fir's postharvest needle retention is acceptable for a Christmas tree and comparable to four other major species commonly grown and marketed in the northeastern United States. Grower experience supports this conclusion for fresh cut trees (choose and cut market), but not for precut trees (wholesale market). Some reasons are discussed.North. J. Appl. For. 22(4):268–274.
Fall Movements of Allegheny Woodrats in Harvested and Intact Stands in West Virginia
Authors: Hornsby Benjamin S. , Ruiz Alina M. , Castleberry Steven B. , Castleberry Nikole L. , Ford W. Mark , Wood Petra Bohall 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Populations of the Allegheny woodrat (Neotoma magister) have experienced declines over the last 30 years, particularly in the northern and western parts of their range. Although relatively untested, silvicultural practices that alter forest structure and composition have been hypothesized as having negative impacts on Allegheny woodrat habitat and populations. To investigate the effects of timber harvesting on Allegheny woodrats in the Allegheny Mountains of West Virginia, we compared home range size and foraging movements between woodrats adjacent to a harvested stand to those in an intact forest stand during fall 1997 using radio telemetry. Mean home range size of all woodrats combined was 0.65 (±0.20) ha. Mean home range, movement rate, and maximum distance traveled from the den did not differ between the harvested and intact stands or between sex or age classes. Home range and foraging movements in fall were considerably smaller than those documented from summer in previous studies. It is likely that home range and foraging movements are affected less by surrounding habitat alterations in fall and winter than in summer because of limited movements away from the outcrop and reliance on cached foods.North. J. Appl. For. 22(4):281–284.
Inventory of Wood Residues in Southern West Virginia
Authors: Grushecky Shawn T. , McGill David W. , Bruce Anderson R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Logging residues were inventoried in a 14-county region of southern West Virginia during the summer of 2002. A total of 70 sites that were harvested in 2000–2001 were sampled. The average overall weight of wood residue left after harvest in the region was 10.4 tons per acre (T/ac). Oak (Quercus spp.) was the most prevalent species group by weight, averaging 5.0 T/ac over the study area. Miscellaneous hardwoods, yellow-poplar, and maple species (Acer spp.) followed the oaks with 2.7, 1.2, and 1.2 T/ac, respectively. The average large-end and small-end diameter of the pieces measured on intensive lines was 9.2 and 4.9 in., respectively. The average length of all logging residue was 20.4 ft. Wood residue loads after timber harvesting in West Virginia continue to be substantial. Although yellow-poplar and other soft hardwood residues alone do not provide an adequate fiber resource to supply new engineered wood products facilities, these residues can supplement current needs. Attention should be given toward increasing the use of these residues in West Virginia, especially in attracting industry that can use oak and mixed hardwood logging residues in a sustainable fashion.
Dynamics of American Beech Regeneration 10 Years following Harvesting in a Beech Bark Disease-Affected Stand in Maine
Authors: Farrar Amanda , Ostrofsky William D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Root sprouting following harvesting of American beech has resulted in the development of dense, slow-growing thickets in many stands throughout Maine and the northeastern United States. The problem is compounded by the presence of beech bark disease, as most sprouts arise from roots of disease-susceptible genotypes. Ten-year post-harvest regeneration conditions were examined in a central Maine beech stand harvested in both winter and summer with partial cutting and clearcuts. Initially, sprouts in winter cuts survived longer than those in summer cuts. After 10 years, we found that beech regeneration survival in the winter treatments continued to be higher than in the summer treatments. Disease-resistant American beech of high vigor left in clearcuts without the protection of surrounding trees were highly susceptible to decline and death from exposure. Leaving a small buffer of unharvested trees around resistant beech is recommended.
When Is Pin Cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L.) a Problem in Allegheny Hardwoods?
Authors: Ristau Todd E. , Horsley Stephen B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L.) has important effects on early stand development when it occurs at high densities. We used data describing the first 15 years of stand development in eight clearcuts and used plots that had at least 25 black cherry or 100 desirable seedlings at age 3, as well as different levels of pin cherry stocking. Our findings identified seven pin cherry >5 ft tall at age 3 on 6-ft-radius plots as the threshold for negative effects on stocking of seedling-origin trees of desirable species at age 15. We incorporated these finding into the regeneration followup chart used as part of the Silviculture of Allegheny Hardwoods (SILVAH) decision support framework. Of eight stands used in this study, four had a pin cherry interference problem, and four did not. By age 15, there were one-third as many desirable seedling-origin stems, mostly black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), in stands with pin cherry above the critical threshold density. We suggest some silvicultural options for addressing the problem.
Forestland Parcelization in Upstate New York Despite Economic Stagnation and a Declining Population
Authors: Germain René H. , Brazill Kevin , Stehman Stephen V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Nonindustrial private forestlands (NIPFs) account for a majority of the forested working landscape in the eastern United States. Throughout the United States, NIPF average ownership sizes continue to decline. Smaller parcel sizes create declining economies of scale for forest managersand timber harvesters, threatening the viability of the forested working landscape and, in turn, wood supply. This study documents the parcelization of NIPF holdings in a central New York State county during the last 25 years of the 20th century. The findings indicate the average parcel sizeof NIPFs decreased from 36 to 24 ac over the study period, despite a decline in population in the county. Although average parcel size is declining, a large percentage of the rural forestland remains in acreage classes suitable for forest management, as long as the forest products industrycan adapt to changes on the landscape. North. J. Appl. For. 23(4):280–287.
The Combined Effects of Defoliation and Modified Timber Stand Improvement on Hardwoods in the Tug Hill Region of New York
Authors: Wink Robert A. , Allen Douglas C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A 2×2 factorial analysis of variance was used to assess the combined effects of defoliation by forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria (Hub.), that occurred from 1991 through 1993 and concurrent modified timber stand improvement (TSI) treatments on sugar maple [Acersaccharum (Marsh.)] and black cherry [Prunus serotina (Erhr.)] in the Tug Hill region of New York state. Defoliation significantly reduced growth of both overstory sugar maple and black cherry. Defoliation significantly increased both mortality and crown dieback ofoverstory sugar maple. TSI treatments made during the outbreak significantly increased mortality and crown dieback of suppressed sugar maple. Defoliated stands where TSI occurred had lower mortality of overstory sugar maple, and residual overstory sugar maple recovered more rapidly from defoliationcompared with untreated defoliated stands. For the first time, red maple (Acer rubrum L.) is reported as a host for forest tent caterpillar.
Characterizing Canopy Fuels to Predict Fire Behavior in Pitch Pine Stands
Authors: Duveneck Matthew J. , Patterson William A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Destructive sampling of 31 pitch pine (Pinus rigida P. Mill) trees ranging in dbh from 2.7 to 42.5 cm and in height from 4.1 to 23.8 m provided a complete inventory of needles and small-diameter branch weights used to characterize canopy fuels to predict fire behavior in pitch pine stands. Regression equations using dbh as an independent variable predict canopy bulk density with an r2 > 0.93. The results provide managers with a method of evaluating the effectiveness of thinning operations in reducing crown fire potential in well-stocked stands. To demonstrate the application of the method, we calculated the wind speed (Crowning Index [CI]) needed to sustain an active crown fire in thinned and unthinned pitch pine stands in Montague, Massachusetts. Thinning to 2.8 m2/ha basal area increased the CI from 34 to 98 km/hour.
Plant Abundances after Clearcutting and Stripcutting in Central Labrador
Authors: Elson Leanne T. , Simon Neal P.P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We compared plant abundances between clearcuts (n = 10) and stripcuts (n = 6) on former Picea mariana sites harvested in the mid-1970s and mid-1990s in central Labrador, Newfoundland, and Labrador, Canada. Redundancy analysis (RDA) found logging methodsan important determinant of conifer abundance for 1990s logging, showing P. mariana associated with clearcuts and Abies balsamea associated with stripcuts. Our RDA of the years combined found logging methods unimportant, but the year of logging was the most important factor followedby pH and drainage. The size distribution of trees, with the exception of Alnus rugosa, increased with stand age. Geocaulon lividum and Cladina arbuscula were associated with 1970s logging and coarse woody debris, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, and Cornus canadensis were associated with 1990s logging. Sphagnum spp. was positively associated with imperfectly drained sites and high pH, and Pleurozium schreberi was positively associated with moderately drained sites. Our results suggest only a short-term effect of logging methods on regeneration, and similarities may have resulted from the small opening sizes and irregular shapes of our clearcuts. We suggest that stripcutting to promote P. mariana regeneration may offer little, if any, benefit over clearcutting when distances between forest canopies within clearcuts are typically 300 m or less.
Crop-Tree Release Increases Growth of Black Birch (Betula lenta L.) in Southern New England
Authors: Ward Jeffrey S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Black birch (Betula lenta L.) has become an increasingly important component of northeastern forests in recent decades. In 1996ߝ97, plots were established in five stands to examine diameter and volume growth response of black birch to crop-tree release. The stands were from 20 to 99 years old, and mean crop-tree diameters ranged from 4.8 to 13.8 in. Growth of crop trees was monitored for 8 years. Over the 8-year period, diameter and volume growth of completely released poles (4.6ߝ10.5 in. in diameter) were twice that of unreleased poles. Increased growth was noted the 1st year after release and showed no indication of decreasing after 8 years. Release did not affect diameter growth of small sawtimber crop trees (10.6ߝ13.5 in. in diameter) until the 3rd year after release. However, after 8 years, diameter and volume growth were nearly 40% greater than for unreleased trees. Release had negligible effect on diameter and volume growth of medium sawtimber crop trees (more than 13.5 in. in diameter). If crop-tree management was initiated in young stands of black birch poles (mean diameter of upper canopy trees was 4.5 in.), then the time required to grow those trees to diameters of 13.5 in. could be reduced by nearly 50%.
Site and Stand Conditions Associated with Pine False Webworm Populations and Damage in Mature Eastern White Pine Plantations
Authors: Mayfield Albert E. , Allen Douglas C. , Briggs Russell D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The influence of site and stand conditions on pine false webworm (Acantholyda erythrocephala [L.], Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae) population densities and host damage was evaluated in 22 eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) stands in northern New York State. Mean pine false webworm density was positively related to stand size (ha) and inversely related to soil silt content (A-horizon) after holding stand size constant. Percent radial growth loss (during the first five years after defoliation began) was inversely related to soil carbon content (B-horizon) and inversely related to fine sand content (A-horizon) after holding B-horizon carbon constant. Severe radial growth suppression (missing or discontinuous growth rings) and white pine mortality were inversely related to live crown ratio. The frequency of trees with missing growth rings was inversely related to soil nitrogen (A-horizon) after holding live crown ratio constant. Stands located on sandy glacial lake shoreline/delta deposits had more coarsely textured soils with lower levels of organic matter and nitrogen and had slower height growth rates, lower tree diversity, greater relative dominance of white pine, and higher levels of pine false webworm defoliation than stands on adjacent landforms. These results may be useful to foresters managing eastern white pine stands in areas where similar site and stand conditions predominate and pine false webworm occurs.
Artificial Regeneration of Hardwoods in Early Successional Shrub Communities Using Two Clearing Intensities and Herbicide Application
Authors: Fournier Aude , Bouchard André , Cogliastro Alain 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In southern Quebec, returning abandoned farmland to forest production presents a management opportunity. The shrub communities, which naturally colonize abandoned agricultural land, could be enriched by planting hardwood species that occurred in the precolonial forests. This study examines the growth of four hardwood species (Acer saccharum, Fraxinus americana, Prunus serotina, and Juglans nigra) planted on former pastures now covered by shrubby vegetation. Retaining part of this shrubby vegetation may produce improved growth in the planted trees. The experimental plantations were established in 1998 in two sites with different soil conditions and consisted of various treatments to control competition. Analyses seek to determine the effect of these treatments on (i) the light conditions, (ii) the cover of competing vegetation, and (iii) the growth and vigor of planted trees. Results show that increasing shrub clearing intensity has reduced the cover of tall competing vegetation after 5 years. However, light conditions and the cover of low competing vegetation around planted trees no longer vary significantly among treatments after 5 years. Strip clearing (SC) improved the growth of white ash and total clearing improved the growth of black walnut, with respect to site considered. Herbicide use was beneficial for the majority of species. SC presents a useful alternative for hardwood plantations. However, low competing vegetation control remains an important factor for increasing planted tree productivity in these managed shrub communities.
Accuracy of Regeneration Surveys in New England Northern Hardwoods
Authors: Leak William B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Four 5-ac demonstration harvests were initiated in 1951 on the Bartlett Experimental Forest, New Hampshire: light selection, moderate selection, diameter limit, and liquidation. In 1952 and 1959, regeneration surveys were conducted that measured several different attributes of the seedlings and saplings in the cutover stands. In 2005, the stands were remeasured to determine the relationships of the various regeneration measures to current species composition of the pole-timber portion of the stands. Although predictions were somewhat variable and imperfect, the best measures for shade-tolerant species were those that took account of the sapling layer, and measures based on the dominant stem per small plot were best for less-tolerant species. Combining both attributes, these results suggest that the best approach would be a small-plot survey (milacre or slightly larger) that simply records the dominant stem per plot including stems up through the sapling size classes (less than 4.5-in. dbh). This could be taken before harvest, to predict the effects of a light partial cut, or 5–7 years after harvest, to predict future species composition after any harvest intensity.
The Absence of Glyphosate Residues in Wet Soil and the Adjacent Watercourse after a Forestry Application in New Brunswick
Authors: Adams Gregory W. , Smith Troy , Miller J. David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A successful ground application of glyphosate for competition control was made on an 11-ha site planted with white spruce. During the application, monitoring was conducted of the buffer-protected stream before treatment and intensively after treatment. No herbicide was found in the adjacent waters. In addition, samples were taken of water-saturated soil at several locations on the site, frozen, and analyzed for glyphosate. Under the application and weather conditions that prevailed, no glyphosate was detected 24 hours after treatment with a trace amount detected in one replicate sample after 1 year. Warm temperatures at the time of and in the season before the application are thought to explain the fast degradation rate in the water-saturated soil samples.
Thinning Northern Hardwoods in New England by Dominant-Tree Removal—Early Results
Authors: Leak William B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Commercial thinning is a widely accepted practice in northern hardwood stands of New England. Commercial thinning guidelines for eastern hardwoods generally recommend releasing selected crop trees or the removal of trees in less-than-dominant crown classes unless they are of poor health or quality. However, many northern hardwood stands in New England have a dominant crown class with a high proportion of paper birch and aspen. These species mature at an early age (50–70 years) and usually are marketable in stands of that age. In this study, most of the paper birch and aspen (the largest trees) in a 69-year-old northern hardwood stand were removed in a thinning operation, leaving a medium- to well-stocked stand of longer-lived species. Analysis of 4 years of subsequent diameter growth showed that the thinned residual trees (1) grew faster than the unthinned ones, (2) generally responded as well as trees after a range of earlier precommercial treatments, and (3) generally responded as well as residual trees after a more conventional thinning conducted in 1936, indicating that potential growth after thinning has not changed materially over the last 60+ years.
Application and Effectiveness of Forestry Best Management Practices in West Virginia
Authors: Wang Jingxin , Goff William A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The application and effectiveness of forestry best management practices (BMP) was assessed on 33 harvested sites with streamside management zones (SMZ) throughout West Virginia, which coincided with 116 sites of statewide BMP compliance assessment. The sampled sites either showed evidenceof activity in the SMZ or showed evidence of a stream crossing caused by the harvest. Four checklists derived from the West Virginia BMP guidelines were used to assess 27 BMPs on haul roads, skid trails, at landings, and in SMZs. Rankings were analyzed statistically to examine the differencesof BMP application and effectiveness among forester involvement, ownership, harvest, and stream type. The overall BMP application and effectiveness on sites with SMZs averaged 85 and 80% in West Virginia. Results also indicated that the BMP application and effectiveness rates were higheron industry-owned lands or with forester involvement than on private lands or without forester involvement. The findings should be useful to aid in future assessments of application and effectiveness of BMP across West Virginia or in the region.
Estimating Ownerships and Parcels of Nonindustrial Private Forestland in Massachusetts
Authors: Kittredge David B. , D'Amato Anthony W. , Catanzaro Paul , Fish Jennifer , Butler Brett 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Woodland ownership for three regions of Massachusetts is estimated using property tax assessor data. These data are nonspatially explicit and are based on commercial, industrial, residential, or other activity rather than actual land cover. A heuristic was used to aggregate similar parcels to provide an estimate of actual landownership. The estimated average statewide ownership is 17.9 ac, and when properties less than 10 ac are excluded, the average rises to 42.5 ac. The median ownership varies from east to west in the state across the spectrum of suburban development radiating from the metropolitan Boston area, with the median being 4.8, 7.8, and 8.6 ac in the eastern, central, and western part of the state, respectively. These results are compared with ownership estimates generated by the US Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis.