bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient Improvement of the Visibility of Pedestrians on Junctions in Tempo–30 Zones
Authors: Solowczuk Alicja 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Tempo–30 zones are used with increasing frequency as a traffic calming measure. They are intended primarily to make the drivers slow down and increase the safety of traffic. In the Tempo–30 zones the drivers must pay particular attention to vulnerable road users (VRU) who can travel across the street at any place. The drivers are warned of the traffic calmed area ahead of them by the specific street and junction geometry and the street furniture, compelling them to reduce the driving speed. One of the most often used design measures used for Tempo–30 junctions is narrowing of the junction legs and extending their corners. Reducing the driving speed increases the driver’s central vision area resulting in quicker and easier spotting of pedestrians about to cross the roadway. Bulb-outs (a.k.a. build-outs) provided at junction corners shorten the pedestrian crossing distance and offer a better view onto the oncoming vehicles. They are usually combined with on-street parking lanes dedicated to local residents. Taking the above facts into account, the author carried out speed measurements on a chosen downtown street located in a Tempo–30 zone. In the survey several speed measuring devices were deployed to automatically measure and record the operating speed and volume of traffic at different test locations at the same time. At least one hundred (100) measurements were taken per measurement site and direction of traffic. During the survey the weather was dry and such was the pavement surface. The results were subjected to statistical analyses. The statistical inference part of research included, inter alia, nonparametric test of independence and median test performed to confirm the null hypothesis H0 that the measurement results do not depend on the measurement site location. The alternative hypothesis H1
– was confirmed in almost all cases, meaning that the vehicle speed actually depends on the measurement site location. The locations of the measurement sites were chosen considering the direction of traffic, bulb-out location and the approach and departure conditions. The measurement data and the statistical test results have confirmed that in Tempo–30 zones bulb-out corners have an actual effect on speed reduction on the approach to the junction, enhancing the driver’s ability to spot any pedestrians about to cross the street. With the bulb-outs in place, the vehicles parked before the junction do not obstruct the pedestrian’s central vision area, thus enhancing their ability to spot any oncoming vehicles.
Effect of Traffic Calming Measures Implemented on the Approach to the Tempo–30 zone on the Degree of Speed Reduction
Authors: Solowczuk Alicja 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Tempo–30 zones are implemented primarily to calm the traffic by reducing the operating speed to the desired level of 30 km/h. To this end, various traffic calming measures are installed. With the purpose to determine the traffic calming measures that are the most effective in terms of speed reduction speed measurements were conducted on a few chosen Tempo–30 zone approach sections containing various traffic calming measures: traffic circles, raised junctions, speed tables, speed bumps/humps and horizontal deflections on raised junctions. Another factor differentiating the sections chosen for the research was the Tempo–30 zone entry feature, such as a mini roundabout or a simple or signalled junction. The measurements were carried out under free-flow traffic conditions during peak hours. During all the measurements the weather was dry and such was the pavement surface. The 85th percentile speed v85 and the average speed were calculated. For simultaneous measurement on the respective measurement points P1, P2, … Pn SR4 electronic speed and traffic volume measuring systems equipped with automatic recording function were used. The measurement data were analysed and the results show that the obtained operating speeds were below 30 km/h (that is below the maximum permitted speed in Tempo–30 zone) only on a few sections. The most sustained speed reduction effect was obtained on two research sections containing several vertical traffic calming measures, including raised junctions, speed tables or speed bumps/humps. The effectiveness in speed reduction was ascertained for combined use of different traffic calming measures imposing vertical and horizontal deflections of the vehicle paths of travel. However, the most effective arrangement was a series of vertical traffic calming measures provided on the Tempo–30 approach section. Conversely, a mini roundabout, traffic circle or signalised junction at the entry to the Tempo–30 zone had only a minor speed-reducing effect. The same applies to repeated small horizontal deflections on the approaches to raised junctions.
Hygric properties of Cement-Lime Plasters with Incorporated Lightweight Mineral Admixture
Authors: Zemanova Lucie , Pokorny Jaroslav , Pavlikova Milena , Pavlik Zbysek 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Cement-lime plasters are among the most often applied materials for surface finishing of interior and exterior surfaces of buildings. In order to improve their properties, especially the thermal insulation performance, common silica filler is often replaced with lightweight filler. The main positive effect of the thermal insulating plaster is reflected primarily in winter, preventing freezing of water in the masonry porous structure. In this paper, novel cement-lime plasters with lightweight aggregate are studied. In plasters composition, silica sand was replaced with perlite. The replacement ratio was 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 % by volume. The effect of the sand substitution on plasters structural characteristics, such as bulk density, matrix density, and total porosity, was tested. As one of the plasters functional properties is to protect the masonry from the water penetration, i.e., from the moisture related damage, and at the same time the moisture from the structure must be efficiently drained, determination of their moisture transport parameters is of the particular importance. In this respect, the water vapour transmission rate in the developed materials was characterized by water vapour permeability, water vapour diffusion coefficient, and water vapour resistance factor. For the description of the liquid moisture transport in the studied plasters, a 1-D vertical water uptake experiment was performed. Based on this experiment, moisture profiles that characterize moisture distribution along the sample length at the specific time of water suction were determined. Using inverse analysis of moisture profiles, the moisture dependent moisture diffusivity was calculated. Since the admixed lightweight filler increased the moisture diffusivity of the developed plasters, their samples were in the second set of tests provided with a hydrophobic coating based on silicone oil. This improvement helped to reduce the moisture diffusivity of plasters to the value of the reference mixture. In summary, presented experimental analysis of hydrophobised lightweight plasters proved their increased porosity and reduced moisture diffusivity, which can improve plasters thermal performance and prolong the durability of both the plasters themselves and the masonry they cover.
South Chile – Extreme Architecture
Authors: Butelski Kazimierz 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Typhoons, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions on the one hand, and the lack of roads due to the inaccessibility of mountain areas and the extended coastline, combined with the harsh climate of both hot and polar, on the other, make designing and building in Chile an extreme task. It is and always was also hard to design and build in Chile due to the isolation of this country from the rest of the South American continent thanks to the difficulty to overcome the barrier formed by the Andes. Can these unique conditions be used to create a unique architecture that brings new qualities to global heritage? Perhaps all these “threats” are also a significant potential for creation, using beautiful landscapes and pure nature. In the beginning, there was the Word. Architectural culture requires faith and extreme sacrifice. For this reason, the presentation begins with a project to which its architects devoted their lives and decided to become men of the cloth. Buildings devoted to religious worship often exceed the utilitarian dimension of architecture, becoming the determinants of directions that architecture will follow. An example of this heroic expression of architecture is the construction of the Benedictine Church in Les Condes, a suburb of Santiago, in 1962-1964. Can Theatre be a cure allowing people to overcome trauma? The programme of reconstruction of the city of Concepción in Chile after the destruction wrought in 2010 by the tsunami, included not only the restoration of previously existing housing and infrastructural functions, but also the introduction of new cultural function. In 2011, an architectural competition for the design of the Regional Theatre was announced, which was won by three Chilean architects Smiljan Radić, Eduardo Castillo and Gabriela Medrano. The building was put into use in 2018 and is not only a monument of the past, but also a sign of a new beginning (Figure 1). One of Chile’s greatest natural resources is its diverse landscape. Difficult accessibility of many areas, low population density and unfavourable climate are the main factors that have caused large areas of land to remain in their natural state. Along with the development of society and the popularisation of tourism, a need arose to build the right background for exploring these natural values. The history tourism in extreme conditions is not long. In Poland, for example, it dates to 1850, when the first winter expedition to the Valley of Five Ponds in the Tatra Mountains took place. In Chile, the first tourist expedition to Patagonia took place in 1879 and was described in the book by its organiser and participant, Lady Lorance Dixie (Dixie, 1880). These extremely hard natural conditions have created a unique opportunity to create modern architecture in interaction with the natural landscape. We will examine this problem on the example of 5 hotels and 5 ways of interacting with the landscape and study these architectural ideas.
Building Cladding using Liner Trays: Experimental and Numerical Approach
Authors: Georgescu Mircea , Ungureanu Viorel , Gruin Aurelian , Floricel Andra 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Liner trays are large channel-type thin-walled steel sections with two narrow flanges, two webs and one wide flange, very frequently used in practice both to resist perpendicular uniformly distributed loading from wind and create a diaphragm effect at the level of buildings cladding. Such cladding systems are normally built using a required number of horizontally laid inter-connected adjacent liner trays plus an external skin of sinusoidal or trapezoidal sheeting installed perpendicularly to their direction (with vertical corrugations). This results in a stiff metal cellular system (as outer wall of the building) having its inner space filled with thermo insulating material. When trying to evaluate the resistance of such elements by experiment, the specific constructional details play a major role and create quite complex problems in establishing a correct experimental procedure. Thus an experimental setup made of three joined liner trays is proposed with adequate detailing to match the real situation of such claddings. The investigation on liner trays was conducted by a joint team belonging to The Romanian Academy (Timisoara Branch), The Politehnica University of Timisoara (CEMSIG Laboratory) and The National Institute for Research and Development (INCD-URBAN-INCERC)–Timisoara Division. Aspects related to the experimental setup, test results (in terms of found collapse modes) experimentally and numerically determined resistances are emphasized. A comparison with code based theoretical results and FE simulation is presented and discussed in the final part.
Identity construction of the European medium sized city through the monasticism repercussions in Écija
Authors: Ostos-Prieto F.-Javier , Costa Rosado Ana , Aladro-Prieto Jose-Manuel , Perez-Cano Teresa 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The monasticism appeared during the dawn of Christianity has made a major contribution to Europe’s culture and identity. The spread of Christian faith throughout the continent was achieved not only through a new morality and religion but also through art and convent architecture. The Middle Ages were the peak of this monastic production. Orders such as Cistercians or Dominicans would appear mainly in France and Italy spreading their rules and ways of life to the whole continent. It is a phenomenon that transcends borders, kingdoms and geographical elements, bringing together many people under the same identity. The flag of the Latin cross waved in the European Middle Ages. However, the reality in southern Iberian Peninsula was different. Al-Andalus stood as a bastion of Islam in Europe long before the appearance of the Ottoman Empire. At the end of the Middle Ages, the Kingdom of Castile began to occupy territories held by the Muslim Kingdom of Granada. The need to Christianise the new conquered lands would call a multitude of monastic orders settled in Europe to focus their attention on the new Kingdom of Seville. The main cities such as Seville, Cordoba, etc. would be the most coveted for the new foundations. Nevertheless, Écija is located in the Guadalquivir river valley in a difficult position on the border with the Kingdom of Granada. In the 14th Century, Écija had close to 10, 000 inhabitants, which, at the time, was a large number. A city which was an attraction point for Christian Communities, which according to their origin, 31% came from Italy, 22% from France, 37% from Spain and 10% from Jerusalem. The study of Écija shows the crossing of continental relationships through monasticism. How could the influence of Christianity manage to cover an entire continent to the most remote place? We could find the keys to understand the urban construction of western monasticism through the main average conventual cities in Andalusia.
LINEAR LIGHTING IN ARCHITECTURAL INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR DESIGN: CURRENT TREND OR A FUTURE?
Authors: Uherek-Bradecka Barbara 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Contemporary LED technology in lighting industry allows today for almost endless design opportunities in architecture. Since 2000 the LED strip lighting became available on the lighting equipment market and slowly became affordable as the typical light source (bulbs) or linear light source (neon bulbs). Today it is implemented everywhere around the globe in exterior and interior design. Technological solutions are even more portable / easy-fixed and take less space and so linear lighting is not extraordinary or exceptional anymore. Although the linear lighting became very common since ca 10 years it have been used in interior or exterior design before but had some limits due to the technological reasons or have been implemented in another way. Design Lighting typology for interior and exterior design has been presented in the article along with several case studies that have been implemented. Limits and obstacles, advantages and disadvantages of the linear lighting have been discussed. Conclusions might be helpful for architects, interior designers, artists and light industry specialists. The author is a practicing architect with over ten years of experience in architectural and interior design with many implemented projects.
Network Buildings: Definition and Assessment
Authors: Vieira Alexandra R. , Ribeiro Jorge T. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The International Congress of Modern Architecture (CIAM), through the Athens Charter of 1933, strongly advocated the creation of open urban spaces as an essential principle of urban planning, referring to open spaces such as the city’s lungs. It is certainly for this reason that several authors choose the green spaces and urban parks of cities as the fundamental open public spaces to integrate in the design of new cities and in the rehabilitation of the oldest or parts of these. However, in the older cities, namely in their older core cities, or in compact cities the physical limitations, to a certain extent, make the existence and creation of this type of urban public space unfeasible. Above all, in these cases, the increase in the attractiveness of the public space should focus on the morphology of buildings, particularly on the ground floor, as it is also defended by several authors. In this context, this paper is dedicated to the definition of a new concept of building - network building (of generalized application to isolated buildings or set of buildings), whose conceptual characteristics have taken into account criteria of polyvalence, flexibility, adaptability, durability, sustainability, permeability and aggregation of functions. The role played by these buildings establishes connections and promotes pedestrian mobility, the interconnection of places of conviviality or daily use of the public space. These buildings also contribute to the diversity of activities of work, leisure, culture and housing, generating vitality of the environment and qualification of the urban areas where they are inserted. In addition to the definition of the new concept, an empirical assessment based on the adaptation of the correspondence analysis to the discriminant analysis is made to classify, in relative terms, 37 buildings of the city of Lisbon of the last 70 years.
Creative Sustainability and its Application in the Design of the Exhibition in Slovak National Museum
Authors: Silaci Ivan , Ebringerova Paulina 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The Museum of History located in the Bratislava Castle is an important part of the complex of specialised museums of the Slovak National Museum. Its basic mission is to purposefully acquire, preserve, scientifically and professionally process, use and make available the museum collections, documenting the development of society in Slovakia from the Middle Ages until the present. In this context of the museum´s specialisation, it has a nationwide scope. The current character of the exhibition spaces in the Bratislava Castle is based on the context of the building. At the last reconstruction was castle returned to the Baroque period. This reconstruction recognizes the historicity not only of the building but also of the architectural design of the interior. The individual exhibitions, made in the castle´s premises, are adapted to the specific architectural space. The paper presents a case study of the presentation of selected specific piece of artwork in the traditional interior of the Slovak National Museum in the Bratislava Castle. The proposed presentation strategy of artwork provides a comprehensive use of information and communication technologies. These modern presentation possibilities increase the visibility and attendance this type of exhibitions. The use of new technologies and the minimalist installation of the artwork is in sharp contrast to the essence of the exhibition – The St. Ursula vax statue. In addition to the physical presentation of the piece of artwork, emphasis is placed on the presentation of the process of restoration of the statue through the itself story. The applied research, that is presented in this papier is realized through the setup of exhibition. Its aim is to present a piece of art for the general public and professional researcher. Emphasis is focusing on the use of intellectual perception of reality through vision and hearing in conjunction with the presentation of the restoration of the piece of art. By combining the spoken word, story, music and visual background in relation to the architectural space, we verify the possibilities of the exhibition system itself in the context of the sustainability of creative activities in the Slovak National Museum. Thanks to the non-traditional form of exhibitions in the architectural space of the museum, this type of presentation is innovative and unconventional.
Warsaw Modernism – Bohdan Lachert
Authors: Orchowska Anita 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Bohdan Lachert’s work contributed significantly to the development of modern architectural concepts of the 20th century and his creative identity is connected with the activities at the Faculty of Architecture of the Warsaw University of Technology. He was one of the first students, later a Dean and lecturer, but also a theorist of architecture. His creative work, which was disrupted by the period of World War II, is invariably associated with the trend of modern avant-garde and leads a dialogue with the architecture of modernism. The dialogue is the subject of this article, the dialogue of the new residential architecture of Warsaw, in which Lachert presented his own interpretation of five rules of Le Corbusier’s modern architecture. The two stages of his work, a pre-war period with Józef Szanajca, and the post-war with the reality of socialist realism, create a unity since he remained faithful to the ideas of modernism. More importantly, however, he never changed his mind about the role of architecture as useful and practical, speaking about its utilitarian and artistic role at the same time but he also saw its importance in the constant pursuit of modernity. According to Lachert the understanding of modernity is related to eliminating discrepancies between the requirements of art and technology. Such a view of the role of architecture is illustrated in the examples of buildings as ‘the prototypes of the works of future generations’ of individual houses, the Muranów residential estate- one of the flagship works of the post-war architecture and other residential buildings in Warsaw. Lachert was an extraordinary creator, a predictable creator but at the same time difficult to define. He searched for a distinct expression of modern architecture, he experimented with material and form, which cannot be overlooked. He armed his great works with modernist patterns and expressive style, which became distinct and comprehensible within time in confrontation with spatial reality of his times.