bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectively Harnessing Data to Navigate the New Normal: Overcoming the Barriers of Digital Adoption
Authors: Bailie Bruce , Chinn Matthew 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
In recent years, there has been a great deal of discussion surrounding the benefits and opportunities presented by digitalization in the oil and gas industry. However, little has been written on the slow adoption of digital solutions in O&G and some of the challenges facing operators. This paper aims to address these topics by outlining some of the primary barriers the industry faces as it forges ahead with Industry 4.0. Particular challenges that will be discussed include cybersecurity, the human resources / talent shortage, and a need for operators industry-wide to adapt their culture and business models to create an environment that fosters innovation, collaboration, and readily adopts news ways of working.
The paper will also look forward at potential future applications of digitalization in oil and gas, including how artificial intelligence (AI) and other ‘next frontier’ technologies have the potential to help operators unlock hidden value in untapped assets through acquisition and analysis of more data.
HSE Enhancements in Campos Basin
Authors: Harres D. A. , Mariano I. A. , Sant Ana T. D. , Deodoro B. A. , Junior D. L. Fonseca , Ferreira J. P. , Faria A. A. 
Published: April 2018

Several actions have been implemented to strengthen process safety and improve safety culture involving Petrobras’ E&P activities in the Campos Basin - Brazil, such as Process Safety Program, Strategic Project Excellence in HSE, Evaluation of HSE Management, improvement of standards and procedures, creation of HSE Management Manual and E&P Safety Manual, among others.
Additionally, at regulatory sphere, new operational safety regulations were established by the Brazilian National Petroleum, Gas and Biofuels Agency (ANP; most acronyms derived from respective Portuguese expressions, throughout this paper), such as the Operational Safety Management System, Technical Regulation of the Subsea Systems Operational Safety Management System and Well Integrity Management System.
More than 400 million men-hour exposed to risk were employed on Petrobras offshore production facilities operations (owned and contractors, except drilling and logistics) in Campos Basin between 2010 and 2017. This number represents an increase of 43% when compared to previous decade, but the rate of time-lost injuries and recordable incidents decreased about 20% in the same period. All actions allowed a significant reduction in number of casualties in Petrobras offshore facilities operations – 01 casualty in the period.
Many other actions were deployed at drilling and logistics operations, also helping to achieve the reduction of accidents goals. Aviation's Safety Case, for instance, involves several actions, from helicopters’ companies, passing by airports, up to helidecks and offshore crew.
This work presents the main implemented programs and actions, as well as the challenges to comply with the various applicable laws, and the search for the zero accident objective in oil and gas production activities in the Campos Basin.
Single Trip, Multistage System Delivers Fast, Efficient Solutions in Deepwater
Authors: Johnson Michael , Stone Matthew , Falgout Matthew , Womble Allen , Andrew Colin , McGuire Adam , Treadway Travis 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The Lower Tertiary Wilcox formations are hard rock, low permeability formations that contain billions of barrels of oil. Fracture stimulation is required to allow access to these reserves. Multi-zone, single trip (MZST) frac pack systems have been the lower completion method of choice to allow operators to reduce costs when completing these lucrative reservoirs. The use of MZST systems reduces the time required to complete these wells versus the conventional cased hole frac pack system methods. However, these systems are relatively expensive, complex, and have similar space out limitations as the conventional systems that restricts reservoir contact. Despite the large quantity of reserves and production potential of Lower Tertiary wells, the operating environment and costs required to access these reservoirs makes this a marginal play. In order to reduce the commercial risk associated with these reservoirs a step change, 30 to 50% reduction in well construction and completion costs, is required.
In order to achieve this cost reduction target, field proven unconventional multi-stage open hole stimulation technology was adapted for these reservoirs. Ball-activated multi-stage Frac sleeves with open hole packers, were integrated into deepwater operations to significantly reduce well construction and stimulation costs. The system design allows open hole deployment of a frac completion into a short radius borehole and the rapid stimulation of multiple zones in a single trip. As a result of this design, it is now possible to stimulate up to 22 stages and prevent the proppant from flowing back during production. In addition, the Frac sleeve system allows the operator to maximize production by strategically placing each zone in the optimum location based on LWD data with virtually no space out limitations. The stimulation design can then be optimized to ensure that the pay zone is properly stimulated while minimizing the risk of premature screen out. In addition, this system offers the only viable option for both casing and open hole should borehole sizes change as a result of geomechanical or drilling issues in the complex reservoirs. If the primary well design option for casing is not accomplished, adjustments can be made thereby eliminating the need to abandon or sidetrack the well. This paper will discuss the flexibility and cost savings that this system offers along with case histories and lessons learned from recent deployments in the Wilcox formations. A brief discussion of stimulation design will be included with regard to optimization of the frac stages and their interaction with the system. Detailed frac designs will not be included.
Seismic Inversion for Site Characterization: When, Where and Why Should We Use It?
Authors: Vardy M. E. , Clare M. A. , Vanneste M. , Forsberg C. F. , Dix J. K. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The application of seismic inversion techniques to the foundation and drilling top hole zones has garnered significant interest in recent years. The shift towards more geologically complex and deeper water sites, combined with the global economic climate, has driven a requirement for more cost-effective site characterisation. More often used by the exploration industry, seismic inversion has been touted as a potentially valuable tool for quantifying the spatial and depth variability in sediment properties. In doing so, this approach can reduce the risk of encountering unforeseen ground conditions and the need for excessive over-design. Despite its potential, the inversion of high-resolution seismic data has yet to see widespread use, leaving unanswered questions regarding how and where this tool can best fit into the site characterization work flow.
We test the potential usefulness of seismic inversion using a range of existing site investigation data sets. We apply several different inversion methods, including acoustic impedance and seismic quality factor inversion, as well as artificial neural network multi-attribute regression, to tackle end-member potential uses. First, explore early-phase potential uses, showing how seismic quality factor and acoustic impedance inversion can be used to capture the spatial variability in facies architecture and bulk sediment properties that could be used in appraisal and pre-FEED studies to optimize borehole and penetrometer (CPT) depths/locations and to ensure effective site-wide characterization. Second, we apply a combined acoustic impedance and artificial neural network workflow to link seismic properties with CPT profiles. These results demonstrate the potential late-phase use of seismic inversion for short-range interpolation/extrapolation of more complex geotechnical properties through the generation of synthetic CPT profiles useful for infrastructure design and micro-siting late in the development cycle.
While not a comprehensive list of applications, together these examples illustrate how seismic inversion can be utilized throughout the development cycle. If the required objectives are clearly defined and an appropriate inversion workflow developed, seismic inversion can help to reduce uncertainty in site-wide characterization and drive efficiencies in layout and design studies throughout a project lifetime.
Balanced Maturity Model for Oil and Gas Portfolio of Assets
Authors: Bastos Marcelo 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Capital-intensive projects are inherent to the oil industry, which requires large upfront capital expenditure and long-term paybacks. Diversification strategies are regularly used by oil companies to avoid high exposure to big projects and their geological, fiscal, cost, and political risks. Amongst such risks, oil price plays a pivotal role as the main variable driving project returns.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze these risks, with a special emphasis on oil price, and propose a systematic method to manage a balanced portfolio, considering different risks and diversification strategies. Oil companies must assess the size of their bets in exploration and development, evaluate farm-ins and farm-outs, invest in potentially disruptive energy sources, and downstream integration.
These combined alternatives must target a portfolio with diversified maturity that leads to a varied temporal price exposure and long-term financial robustness. The model proposed in this paper lays out a reference portfolio based on a typical selection of projects. Projects are classified as a family, its members, and financial structure. Each family must have enough breadwinners to sustain the other members, investing in the future of the kids, and complement the retired members’ income. This model offers companies a reference to consciously select a strategy according to their higher or lower risk profile.
Validation of Multiphase Modeling of a Horizontal Liquid-Liquid Separator in Fluent and STAR-CCM+
Authors: McCleney A. B. , Green S. T. , Owston R. A. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Computational simulations of a full-scale, horizontal liquid-liquid gravity separator have been undertaken by Southwest Research Institute (SwRI®) to model the batch separation of oil and water flow in two different software packages. Separator modeling using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) represents a powerful and economical option for design, but caution must be used in the setup and interpretation of data. Many examples are available in literature of poor agreement between simulation results and experimental/field data. Results require interpretation before taking them at face value due to the complexity of the various submodels that can be utilized. This work offers an evaluation of multiphase flow modeling techniques in both ANSYS® Fluent® and in Siemens PLM STAR-CCM+®, and provides a unique comparison between the CFD solvers that cover a broad range of flow rates, water cuts, and viscosities. Verification of the accuracy of each software package to reproduce empirical results while reducing computational resources has been accomplished.
The performance of a horizontal gravity separator with perforated baffles has been investigated using CFD. The simulations were carried out using an Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase approach, using monodisperse water droplets in an oil-continuous phase. Separation efficiencies and fluid concentration percentages at several locations throughout the test separator were compared against experimental results for a wide range of inlet flow rates, water cuts, and oil viscosities. Initial computational results indicated that the horizontal liquid-liquid separator can be modeled within 7% accuracy of the local experimental separation efficiency values for the various test conditions in both software packages. An additional simulation with a modification to a known drag model in Fluent showed a significant improvement to the oil-in-water (OiW) concentration in comparison to the same simulation conducted in STAR-CCM+. This effort demonstrates the capability of reliable modeling of multiphase flow fields inside of horizontal gravity separators and offers a viable option for aiding in the design of separation equipment.
Integrating Core Porosity and Well Logging Interpretations for Multivariate Permeability Modeling through Ordinary Kriging and Co-Kriging Algorithms
Authors: Al-Mudhafar Watheq J. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Estimation of core permeability as a function of well logging records is a pivotal task in reservoir characterization as it is affected by data sparseness, distinct scales, various sources, and lithology structures. In this paper, three specific dataset formats of a well logging and core measurements were considered for the core permeability modeling and prediction using the ordinary kriging and co-kriging interpolation algorithms. The dataset were used as complete dataset of multi-facies and two split datasets of shale- and sand-based measurements. More specifically, the ordinary kriging was first used to model the core permeability as a function of the well logging records only through constructing the variogram given the three mentioned dataset types. The same procedure was repeated by adopting the cross-variogram approach to model the core permeability as a primary factor along with core porosity as a secondary factor, both as a function of the well logging records. The well logging attributes, which were obtained from an oil well, include neutron porosity and water saturation given the well depth.
The cross-variogram was adopted to quantify the dissimilarity between known and unknown data for the co-kriging interpolation to provide linear coregionalization modeling of core permeability and porosity. The modeling and prediction accuracy of core permeability through the ordinary kriging and co-kriging algorithms were assessed by applying the leave-one-out cross validation in addition to the visual mismatch between predicted and observed core permeability. Results illustrated that co-kriging interpolation led to a more accurate permeability prediction than the ordinary kriging by achieving the highest adjusted R-square and the lowest root mean square error. The integrated workflow of ordinary kriging and co-kriging was applied on a dataset from an oil well in sandstone reservoir in the South Rumaila oil field, Southern Iraq.
ETH-HCRAW a Cost Effective Flexible Pipe for Active Heating
Authors: Lefer Bruno , Dessaint Renaud , Marchand Didier 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
To address flow assurance challenges, Integrated Production Bundle (ETH-IPB) and Heating Cables Replacing Armour Wires (ETH-HCRAW) have been developed. These two technologies use electrical cables, which provide heat to the fluid by Joule effect. They are different in their design, efficiency and cost, and thus on their application domains. This paper details the design, the qualification and the identified envelop of use of the ETH-HCRAW.
The pioneer flexible pipe with active heating technology was ETH-HCRAW, i.e. flexible pipe with electrical cables integrated in the tensile armour layers for active heating and such application is developed in the paper. The integration of the active heating in the flexible and the terminations is presented. The overall qualification of this technology is described considering two different levels. Firstly, the qualification of the components of the electrical system through extensive electrical and mechanical tests is developed. Then, the global mechanical behavior and the reliability of the overall system are demonstrated by a phase of full scale tests.
Such solution based on integrated electrical cables has been demonstrated to be a safe and effective technology for active heating on flexible pipe through dedicated R&D development back in the early 2000’s. This paper presents the latest developments that enable to position the ETH-HCRAW technology as leading solution for active heating with the advantages of flexible pipes. ETH-HCRAW facilitates the exploitation of deep water projects and long tie back by limiting the temperature losses along the lines. Active heating, by increasing the temperature of the fluid, enhances flow assurance for complex and viscous fluids by reducing the viscosity and reduces wax appearance in the lines. Finally, this technology tackles the formation of hydrates by maintaining a minimum temperature during shut down and start-up phases allowing to remain outside the hydrate formation conditions.
ETH-HCRAW is an attractive and cost effective active heating solution with a broad possible domain of application. This technology offers many advantages in terms of flexibility of operation especially for hydrate and wax management. This paper details the numerous advantages and the limitations of this technology compared to other active heating technologies.
Assessment of Pipelines for Manmade Hazards
Authors: Akinci N. O. , Kumar A. , Simpson N. , Dai X. , Guinard M. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Well intervention operations at shallow water depth typically require utilization of a jack-up rig nearby a fixed platform and pipelines depending on orientation of platform and drilling rig approach angle. Interaction of jack-up spudcans with platform piles have been studied by many researchers and generic guidelines are provided in several design codes. However, interaction of spudcans or other potential earthwork related activities with nearby pipelines and potential long-term integrity effects are not captured in the current state of the art. The objective of this study is to present findings from analytical assessment of soil displacement and pipeline interaction studies.
This paper summarizes findings and observations from case studies, and provides guidelines regarding extent of spudcan influence distance for pipelines. Non-linear finite element analysis tool Abaqus [1] was utilized for the assessment of spudcan-soil-pipeline interaction. Response of soft clay type soils were simulated using Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) approach like that for a mud slide scenario. Spudcan extraction and subsequent soil collapse potential were investigated as part of this study. Generalized recommendations were developed after running sensitivity studies with varying soil and pipeline parameters. Pipeline buckling and potential integrity implications due to soil movement are discussed.
It was observed that pipelines within one diameter of the spudcan are susceptible to increased stresses due to soil movements at the surface during spudcan driving and pull-out operations. The resulting imposition of localized out-of-straightness could increase the risk of subsequent pipeline buckling under operating conditions. Collapse risks for soil after spudcan extraction needs to be evaluated on a case by case basis. Spudcan extraction conditions are more critical compared to spudcan driving for soil displacements and soil degradation. Aging pipeline systems pose an additional challenge as some of those pipelines may not meet current design code requirements.
The case studies and generalized recommendations presented in this study are expected to provide information for screening level assessments and requirements for further analysis. Although the pipeline related risks have been well known in the industry, guidelines for pipeline clearance requirements and a simplified method to estimate pipe stresses are not available in the literature. The recommendations presented in this study would enable assessing the spudcan pipeline interaction risks in a practical way.
Advancements in Guidance for the Specification and Assessment of Mooring Steel Wire Rope
Authors: Potts Andrew , Jayasinghe Kanishka , Kilner Andrew , Melchers Robert , Chaplin C. R. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Prior to the SCORCH JIP, industry guidance for steel wire ropes specified only a maximum service life for various rope constructions, providing no insight into the corrosion degradation processes affecting mooring ropes at different locations in the mooring line and under different working conditions, or to potential differences in manufacture. One of the objectives of the SCORCH JIP was to address this gap in knowledge by providing design guidance on the specification of mooring wire ropes and analytical tools to estimate the design service life of mooring wire ropes for particular site conditions, especially in tropical waters.
In the wire rope component of the JIP, field recovered specimens were examined and field tests on wires and wire ropes were performed to quantify the effects of external factors driving degradation of wire ropes in marine environments, including: protective coating; blocking compound, temperature, flow velocity, oxygenation and dynamic loading. Failure modes for wire rope were analysed based on the examination of recovered samples from in- service wire ropes, inspection records from different floating production units (FPUs), reported experiments in the field and experiments in literature. Experimental testing (both field tests and laboratory tests) of individual wire strands and complete wire rope constructions were carried out at a number of locations with varying environmental conditions. These data were then analysed to derive a phenomenological model that represents the observed behaviour of both ropes and individual wire layers.
Amongst the key findings of the SCORCH JIP investigation was that the corrosion endurance of steel wire rope mooring lines is largely driven by the longevity of the galvanizing or other galvanic protecting coating, and the blocking compound, which forestall the direct corrosion loss of metallic area of the relatively small steel wires. Two major mechanisms by which zinc oxidation occurs and the major environmental contributors to the acceleration of wire degradation were identified; and efficacy of various rope protection methods were assessed. A predictive model was derived which characterised the rate of zinc dissolution, performance of blocking compound and corrosion rates for different exposure and working conditions.
The outcome of the wire rope component of the SCORCH JIP was a significant advancement in industry knowledge on the corrosion behaviour of steel mooring wire ropes.