bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cesarean section and diabetes during pregnancy: An NSW population study using the Robson classification
Authors: Zeki Reem , Oats Jeremy J.N. , Wang Alex Y. , Li Zhuoyang , Homer Caroline S.E. , Sullivan Elizabeth A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to identify the main contributors to cesarean section (CS) among women with and without diabetes during pregnancy using the Robson classification and to compare CS rates within Robson groups.MethodsA population‐based cohort study was conducted of all women who gave birth in New South Wales, Australia, between 2002 and 2012. Women with pregestational diabetes (types 1 and 2) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) were grouped using the Robson classification. Adjusted odd ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using multivariable logistic regression.ResultsThe total CS rate was 53.6% for women with pregestational diabetes, 36.8% for women with GDM and 28.5% for women without diabetes. Previous CS contributed the most to the total number of CS in all populations. For preterm birth, the contribution to the total was 20.5% for women with pregestational diabetes and 5.7% for women without diabetes. Compared to women without diabetes, for nulliparous with pregestational diabetes, the odds of CS was 1.4 (95% CI, 1.1–1.8) for spontaneous labor and 2.0 (95% CI, 1.7–2.3) for induction of labor.ConclusionA history of CS was the main contributor to the total CS. Reducing primary CS is the first step to lowering the high rate of CS among women with diabetes. Nulliparous women were more likely to have CS if they had pregestational diabetes. This increase was also evident in all multiparous women giving birth. The high rate of preterm births and CS reflects the clinical issues for women with diabetes during pregnancy.
Scabies is strongly associated with acute rheumatic fever in a cohort study of Auckland children
Authors: Thornley Simon , Marshall Roger , Jarrett Paul , Sundborn Gerhard , Reynolds Edwin , Schofield Grant 
Published: February 2018

AimThis study sought to determine whether scabies infection is associated with acute rheumatic fever (ARF) or chronic rheumatic heart disease (CRHD).MethodsA cohort study was undertaken using health records of children aged 3–12 years attending an oral health service for the first time. Subjects were then linked to hospital diagnoses of scabies and ARF or CRHD.ResultsA total of 213 957 children free of rheumatic heart disease at baseline were available for analysis. During a mean follow‐up time of 5.1 years, 440 children were diagnosed with ARF or CRHD in hospital records. Children diagnosed with scabies during follow‐up were 23 times more likely to develop ARF or CRHD, compared with children who had no scabies diagnosis. After adjustment for confounders in a Cox model, the association reduced but remained strong (adjusted hazard ratio: 8.98; 95% confidence interval: 6.33–20.2). In an analysis restricted to children hospitalised at least once during follow‐up, the adjusted hazard ratio for the same comparison was 3.43 (95% confidence interval: 1.85–6.37).ConclusionsA recent diagnosis of scabies from hospital records is strongly associated with a subsequent diagnosis of ARF. Further investigation of the role that scabies infestation may play in the aetiology of ARF is warranted.
Children detained in French police cells
Authors: Fablet Dorothée , Chariot Patrick 
Published: February 2018

AimPolice custody is detention in response to a suspicion of crime. In France, until the age of 13, pre‐trial detention and police custody are not allowed. We aimed to evaluate the practical implementation of police detention of children aged between 10 and 12 years and describe the medical characteristics and history, perceived health status and opinion on custody of the potentially affected children.MethodsA descriptive study was conducted in a French reference regional department of forensic medicine at the time of medical examination in police cells among arrestees younger than 13 years old examined over a 5‐year period (1 January 2011–31 December 2015).ResultsChildren aged 10–12 years (n = 60; males, 48, 80%), accounting for 60 of 57 687 examined arrestees (0.1%), were examined over the study period. Six individuals (10%) were arrested twice or more times during the study period (for a total of 76 detentions analysed). The most common suspected crimes were theft or robbery (42/76, 55%) and physical assault (22/76, 29%). Arrestees had a favourable opinion of custody in 33 of 76 cases (43%). Children reported physical assault by the police in 6 of 76 cases (8%), and the physicians observed recent traumatic injuries in 7 of 76 cases (9%). Daily tobacco consumption was reported by 4 of 60 children (7%). No child was considered unfit for detention by the physician.ConclusionsChildren aged 10–12 years suspected of serious crimes accounted for 0.1% of detained individuals in police cells. Although infrequent, such situations are a matter of concern.
Tuberculin skin test versus interferon‐gamma release assay in refugee children: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Elliot Chris , Marais Ben , Williams Phoebe , Joshua Paul , Towle Sherri , Hart Graham , Zwi Karen 
Published: February 2018

AimThe aim of this study was to assist clinicians evaluating refugee children for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) by comparing paired tuberculin skin test (TST) and Quantiferon Gold In‐Tube (QGIT) test results with clinical management decisions and follow‐up data in a large cohort of newly arrived refugee children.MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of all refugee children (<15 years of age) evaluated for LTBI with both TST and interferon‐γ release assay between 2007 and 2010 in the Illawarra‐Shoalhaven region of New South Wales, Australia. Demographics, country of origin, bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccination status, chest X‐ray results, TST and QGIT test results, clinical management and outcome on long‐term follow‐up were assessed.ResultsOf 272 children evaluated, complete results were available for 212 (78%). The vast majority (207; 98%) were from Africa or Southeast Asia. Overall, 33 (16%) children were treated for LTBI; 13 (39%) had concordant TST and QGIT results and 20 (61%) discordant results. Of 63 (30%) TST‐positive (≥10 mm) children, 46 (73%) were QGIT assay‐negative, 44 (70%) had a BCG scar, 3 (5%) were younger than 2 years and 6 (10%) were treated for LTBI. Of 32 QGIT assay‐positive children, 15 (47%) were TST negative, 31 (97%) had a BCG scar, all were older than 2 years and 14 (44%) were treated for LTBI.ConclusionsDiscordant TST and QGIT results were found in a high percentage of refugee children. QGIT is convenient and more specific than TST to diagnose LTBI in BCG‐vaccinated children, although a careful tuberculosis exposure history and clinical assessment to rule out active disease remain important.
Relationships between external sexually dimorphic characteristics and internal gonadal morphology in a sex‐changing fish
Authors: Scarsella G. E. , Gresham J. D. , Earley R. L. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe mangrove rivulus fish (Kryptolebias marmoratus) is an emerging model for research in the biological sciences. The species is androdioecious, with populations consisting predominantly of self‐fertilizing hermaphrodites and a low abundance of males, but no females. Males arise either through environmental sex determination at the embryonic stage or environmentally driven sex change from hermaphrodite at the adult stage. Marked sexual dimorphisms in external morphological characters accompany gonadal transitions, including the loss of a caudal ocellus (‘eyespot’) and the development of orange color in males. How well external morphological features predict internal gonadal morphology, however, has not been systematically examined across the geographical range of this species. Our goal was to identify reliable external morphological predictors of animals possessing an ovotestis (hermaphrodite) or a testis (male) and to see if the strength of prediction is consistent throughout rivulus’ geographical range. We demonstrate that the state of the ocellus and, to a greater extent, orange coloration are key predictors of internal gonadal state. However, the degree to which these characteristics are predictive of internal gonadal state was region‐specific, with the ocellus and orange status of animals from Bahamas and Belize, respectively, having a lower probability of forecasting internal gonadal state than those from other regions. These results will help to streamline laboratory studies by allowing unambiguous assignment of sex, and will assist field studies by providing greater opportunity to determine sex ratios in wild populations.
“She was a brave and a busy woman”: Rediscovering Florence Marryat, Victorian novelist, spiritualist, and performer
Authors: Lennox Sarah 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis essay offers a review of scholarly criticism on the popular Victorian author Florence Marryat. In the last 15 years, scholars have become increasingly interested in Marryat's spiritualist fiction and the novel The Blood of the Vampire (Marryat, ). To assist future research efforts, this essay provides an overview of 19th‐century reviews of Marryat's early novels, surveys recent scholarship on her work, and offers some direction for future research.
Best available science still supports an ancient common origin of Devils Hole and Devils Hole pupfish
Authors: Sağlam İsmail K. , Baumsteiger Jason , Smith Matt J. , Linares‐Casenave Javier , Nichols Andrew L. , O'Rourke Sean M. , Miller Michael R. 
Published: February 2018

The age of DHP and how pupfish colonized Devils Hole have always been a topic of interest. Recently, two different publications (Martin, Crawford, Turner, & Simons, & Sağlam et al., ) tackled this issue using genomic data sets and demographic models but came to widely different conclusions. In their comment, Martin and Höhne () argue that our results (Sağlam et al., ) were misleading because we used inappropriate calibration information and biased a priori assumptions. They then re‐analysed our data using a “biologically informed” mutation rate prior and concluded that our data support a much younger age of DHP (12.6 kya) as opposed to 60 kya reported in our study. Below we will summarize why their arguments do not hold up and explore some of the inconsistencies between their claims and what was actually presented in our study. Furthermore, we will demonstrate their re‐analyses provide no new information compared to what was presented in our original manuscript and reinforce our estimate of a 60 kya divergence of DHP as outweighing competing hypotheses.
Sex chromosomes and speciation in birds and other ZW systems
Authors: Irwin Darren E. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractTheory and empirical patterns suggest a disproportionate role for sex chromosomes in evolution and speciation. Focusing on ZW sex determination (females ZW, males ZZ; the system in birds, many snakes, and lepidopterans), I review how evolutionary dynamics are expected to differ between the Z, W and the autosomes, discuss how these differences may lead to a greater role of the sex chromosomes in speciation and use data from birds to compare relative evolutionary rates of sex chromosomes and autosomes. Neutral mutations, partially or completely recessive beneficial mutations, and deleterious mutations under many conditions are expected to accumulate faster on the Z than on autosomes. Sexually antagonistic polymorphisms are expected to arise on the Z, raising the possibility of the spread of preference alleles. The faster accumulation of many types of mutations and the potential for complex evolutionary dynamics of sexually antagonistic traits and preferences contribute to a role for the Z chromosome in speciation. A quantitative comparison among a wide variety of bird species shows that the Z tends to have less within‐population diversity and greater between‐species differentiation than the autosomes, likely due to both adaptive evolution and a greater rate of fixation of deleterious alleles. The W chromosome also shows strong potential to be involved in speciation, in part because of its co‐inheritance with the mitochondrial genome. While theory and empirical evidence suggest a disproportionate role for sex chromosomes in speciation, the importance of sex chromosomes is moderated by their small size compared to the whole genome.
The importance of cardiovascular disease in pediatric transplantation and its link to the kidneys
Authors: Johnson Jonathan N. , Filler Guido 
Published: February 2018

AbstractCardiovascular disease is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients following solid organ transplant. CKD is also common in pediatric patients after a solid organ transplant, and the link between CKD and cardiovascular morbidity is strong. In this review, we examine potential etiologies to explain the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in pediatric solid organ recipients and identify targets for improving outcomes.
Changes in apoplastic peroxidase activity and cell wall composition are associated with cold‐induced morpho‐anatomical plasticity of wheat leaves
Authors: Lorenzo M. , Pinedo M. L. , Equiza M. A. , Fernández P. V. , Ciancia M. , Ganem D. G. , Tognetti J. A. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

Temperate grasses, such as wheat, become compact plants with small thick leaves after exposure to low temperature. These responses are associated with cold hardiness, but their underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here we analyse the effects of low temperature on leaf morpho‐anatomical structure, cell wall composition and activity of extracellular peroxidases, which play key roles in cell elongation and cell wall thickening, in two wheat cultivars with contrasting cold‐hardening ability.

A combined microscopy and biochemical approach was applied to study actively growing leaves of winter (ProINTA‐Pincén) and spring (Buck‐Patacón) wheat developed under constant warm (25 °C) or cool (5 °C) temperature.

Cold‐grown plants had shorter leaves but longer inter‐stomatal epidermal cells than warm‐grown plants. They had thicker walls in metaxylem vessels and mestome sheath cells, paralleled with accumulation of wall components, predominantly hemicellulose. These effects were more pronounced in the winter cultivar (Pincén). Cold also induced a sharp decrease in apoplastic peroxidase activity within the leaf elongating zone of Pincén, and a three‐fold increase in the distal mature zone of the leaf. This was consistent with the enhanced cell length and thicker cell walls in this cultivar at 5 °C.

The different response to low temperature of apoplastic peroxidase activity and hemicellulose between leaf zones and cultivar types suggests they might play a central role in the development of cold‐induced compact morphology and cold hardening. New insights are presented on the potential temperature‐driven role of peroxidases and hemicellulose in cell wall dynamics of grasses.
Linking democratic anchorage and regulatory authority: The case of internet regulators
Authors: Ewert Christian , Kaufmann Céline , Maggetti Martino 
Published: February 2018

AbstractScholars and practitioners have repeatedly questioned the democraticness and the authority of transnational multi‐stakeholder organizations, especially those that regulate the internet. To contribute to this discussion, we studied the “democratic anchorages” and the regulatory authority of 23 internet regulators. In particular, we conducted a fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis assessing whether and which anchorages correspond to necessary and/or sufficient conditions for exerting regulatory authority. Our results show that strong anchorage in democratic procedures is specifically relevant for this outcome. Further, we find that weak anchorage in democratically elected politicians leads to high regulatory authority, confirming the significance of non‐state actors in this policy field. More generally, our findings support but also qualify expectations about the compatibility and mutual reinforcement of democratic quality and regulatory authority at the transnational level.
Ethnic Variations of Trajectories in Suicide Ideation and Attempt: From Middle School to High School
Authors: Kim Jahun , Pike Kenneth , McCauley Elizabeth , Vander Stoep Ann 
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this study was to compare patterns of suicide ideation and suicide attempt in three ethnic groups. We analyzed data from 463 students with ethnic backgrounds of African American (AA), Asian American (ASA), and European American (EA) for 6 years. The best fit model was a three‐trajectory class model for all groups. The majority of adolescents belonged in the nonideators trajectory. The high level of ideation was found in the high ideators (4%), high‐fluctuating ideators (8%), and high‐decreasing ideators (4%) trajectory in AA, ASA, and EA, respectively. In the AA group, being a member of ideators was not a significant predictor of suicide attempt. In the ASA group, being a member of high‐fluctuating ideators was a significant predictor. In the EA group, being a member of both ideators predicted suicide attempt. The timing of onset, patterns of change, and peak time in the ideators trajectories in the three ethnic groups were markedly different. The high level of attempts found in the ASA–AA group was not explained by having suicide ideation. Findings suggest the need for in‐depth examination of suicide behaviors across ethnic groups and culturally adapted preventive efforts with distinct developmental timing for adolescents from different ethnic backgrounds.
Refugees as icons: Culture and iconic representation
Authors: Binder Werner , Jaworsky Bernadette Nadya 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe September 2015 photograph of Alan Kurdi, a 3‐year‐old Syrian boy, lying facedown and dead on a Turkish beach, quickly became an iconic representation of Europe's “refugee crisis.” Even though images of distant suffering of refugees have become ubiquitous, only a few become iconic. It is this cultural process of iconization that often bedevils sociologists interested in visuality. How does an image gain the necessary currency to sway public opinion or even policy making? Why do some photographs elicit profound compassion that transcends the borders of its particular context? In this review, we explore how various authors have addressed these questions, focusing on the iconic images of Alan Kurdi. The “iconic turn” in cultural sociology and in the social sciences more broadly speaking offers theoretical and methodological insights for the analysis of images such as those depicting refugees and asylum seekers. For this reason, we situate the current work in the field of refugee photography within the framework of cultural sociology, even if many of the scholars discussed are from other disciplines.
The prevalence, immunogenicity, and evanescence of alloantibodies to MUT and Mur antigens of GP.Mur red blood cells in a Southeast Asian patient cohort
Authors: Nadarajan Veera Sekaran 
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUNDAntibodies to Mia, MUT, and Mur are among the most frequently identified alloantibodies in Southeast Asia. Understanding the characteristics of these antibodies in terms of induction and evanescence would aid in optimizing methods for their detection.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSAntibody testing results between the years 2013 and 2015 with relevant patient demographic data and red blood cell (RBC) transfusion history were retrieved. Cumulative alloimmunization incidence and evanescence to MUT and Mur were estimated by Kaplan‐Meier analysis in relation to the number of RBC units transfused and time.RESULTSOf 70,543 selected patients, 6186 nonalloimmunized subjects with available antibody testing results posttransfusion were identified. Cumulative alloimmunization incidence for MUT increased from 0.12% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.03‐0.21) to 0.63% (95% CI, 0.25‐1.01), while for Mur it increased from 0.04% (95% CI, 0‐0.09) to 0.42% (95% CI, 0.05‐0.79) when a patient was transfused 2 RBC units as compared to 12. Both antibodies had high evanescence rates and at 1 year, anti‐MUT and ‐Mur will be detected in only 45% (95% CI, 35%‐57%) and 27% (95% CI, 17%‐43%), respectively, of previously positive patients. MUT and Mur immunogenicity was estimated to be 1.7 and 1.2 times higher than E when their rate of evanescence was taken into account.CONCLUSIONAntibodies to MUT and Mur develop following multiple RBC exposures. Immunogenicity of MUT/Mur and evanescence rates of the corresponding antibodies is higher compared to anti‐E. Appropriate selection of antibody screening cells is needed in view of the high prevalence, immunogenicity, and evanescence of the antibodies.
Transfusion‐transmitted hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection from an individual‐donation nucleic acid (ID‐NAT) non‐reactive donor
Authors: O'Flaherty N. , Ushiro‐Lumb I. , Pomeroy L. , Ijaz S. , Boland F. , De Gascun C. , Fitzgerald J. , O'Riordan J. 
Published: February 2018

Lookback was initiated upon notification of an acute HBV infection in a repeat Irish donor, 108 days post‐donation. The donation screened non‐reactive by individual‐donation nucleic acid testing (ID‐NAT) using the Procleix Ultrio Elite multiplex assay and again when the archived sample was retested, but the discriminatory assay for HBV was reactive. The immunocompromised recipient of the implicated red cell component was tested 110 days post‐transfusion, revealing a HBV DNA viral load of 470 IU/ml. Genotype C2 sequences identical across two regions of the HBV genome were found in samples from the donor and recipient.
Hepatitis E virus infection of slaughtered healthy pigs in Brazil
Authors: Amorim A. R. , Mendes G. S. , Pena G. P. A. , Santos N. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryHepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging pathogen that can be transmitted through contaminated raw or undercooked meat derived from domestic pigs. HEV infections have been documented among pig herds, pig products and environmental samples raising concern about the spread of the virus. HEV genotypes 3 and 4 are considered zoonotic and have been linked to human cases. HEV was detected in 51 of 335 bile samples (15.2%) from healthy pigs in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences from ORF1 and ORF2 regions yielded discordant results, assigning isolates to subtypes 3c and 3i, respectively, suggesting intragenotypic HEV recombination.
Kelch Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum Protein K13 Do Not Modulate Dormancy after Artemisinin Exposure and Sorbitol Selection
In Vitro
Authors: Breglio Kimberly F. , Rahman Rifat S. , Sá Juliana M. , Hott Amanda , Roberts David J. , Wellems Thomas E. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT

Some Kelch mutations of the
Plasmodium falciparum
K13 protein confer increased survival to dihydroartemisinin (DHA)-treated ring-stage parasites. Here, we asked if K13 mutations affect a dormancy phenotype allowing parasites to survive DHA exposure and then sorbitol selection. Although recrudescence from dormancy differed between two distinct parasite lines, it was similar for isogenic lines carrying single-site substitutions in K13. Therefore, K13 mutations do not alter the DHA-sorbitol combined dormancy phenotype; rather, traits from other loci likely determine this phenotype.
Complete Genome Sequence of
Pseudomonas
sp. Strain NC02, Isolated from Soil
Authors: Cerra Joseph , Donohue Hailey , Kral Alexander , Oser Molly , Rostkowski Laura , Zappia Luke , Williams Laura E. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT

We report here the complete genome sequence of
Pseudomonas
sp. strain NC02, isolated from soil in eastern Massachusetts. We assembled PacBio reads into a single closed contig with 132× mean coverage and then polished this contig using Illumina MiSeq reads, yielding a 6,890,566-bp sequence with 61.1% GC content.