bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ammonia emission measurements of an intensively grazed pasture
Authors: Voglmeier Karl , Jocher Markus , Häni Christoph , Ammann Christof 
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The quantification of ammonia (NH3) emissions is still a
challenge and the corresponding emission factor for grazed pastures is
uncertain. This study presents NH3 emission measurements of two
pasture systems in western Switzerland over the entire grazing season 2016.
During the measurement campaign, each pasture system was grazed by 12 dairy
cows in an intensive rotational management. The cow herds on the two
pastures differed in the energy to protein balance of the diet. NH3
concentrations were measured upwind and downwind of a grazed subplot with
line-integrating open path instruments that were able to retrieve small
horizontal concentration differences
(< 0.2 µg NH3 m−3). The NH3
emission fluxes were calculated by applying a backward Lagrangian stochastic
(bLS) dispersion model to the difference of paired concentration measurements
and ranged from 0 to 2.5 µg N–NH3 m−2 s−1.
The fluxes increased steadily during a grazing interval from previous
non-significant values to reach maximum emissions at the end of the grazing
interval. Afterwards they decreased exponentially to near zero-values within
3–5 days. A default emission curve was calculated for each of the two
systems and adopted to each rotation in order to account for missing data
values and to estimate inflow disturbances due to grazing on upwind paddocks.
Dung and cow location were monitored to account for the non-negligible
inhomogeneity of cow excreta on the pasture. The average emission (± SD
of individual rotation values) per grazing hour was calculated as 0.64±0.11 g N–NH3 cow−1 h−1 for the herd with the N-balanced diet (system M) and 1.07±0.06 g N–NH3 cow−1 h−1 for the herd with the protein-rich grass-only diet (system G). Surveys of feed intake, body weight and milk
yield of the cow herds were used to estimate the nitrogen (N) excretion by
an animal N budget model. Based on that, mean relative emission factors of
6.4±2.0 % and 8.7±2.7 % of the applied urine N were found
for the systems M and G, respectively. The results can be used to validate
the Swiss national emission inventory and demonstrate the positive effect of
an N-balanced diet on pasture NH3 emissions.
The nodal dependence of long-period ocean tides in the Drake Passage
Authors: Woodworth Philip L. , Hibbert Angela 
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Almost three decades of bottom pressure recorder (BPR) measurements at the
Drake Passage, and 31 years of hourly tide gauge data from the Vernadsky
Research Base on the Antarctic Peninsula, have been used to investigate the temporal and
spatial variations in this region of the three main long-period tides Mf, Mm
and Mt (in order of decreasing amplitude, with periods of a fortnight, a
month and one-third of a month, respectively). The amplitudes of Mf and Mt, and
the phase lags for all three constituents, vary over the nodal cycle (18.61 years)
in essentially the same way as in the equilibrium tide, so confirming
the validity of Doodson's “nodal factors” for these constituents. The
amplitude of Mm is found to be essentially constant, and so inconsistent at
the 3σ level from the ±13 % (or ∼±0.15 mbar)
anticipated variation over the nodal cycle, which can probably be
explained by energetic non-tidal variability in the records at monthly
timescales and longer. The north–south differences in amplitude for all three
constituents are consistent with those in a modern ocean tide model (FES2014),
as are those in phase lag for Mf and Mt, while the phase
difference for Mm is smaller than in the model. BPR measurements are shown to
be considerably superior to coastal tide gauge data in such studies, due to
the larger proportion of non-tidal variability in the latter. However,
correction of the tide gauge records for non-tidal variability results in the
uncertainties in nodal parameters being reduced by a factor of 2 (for Mf at
least) to a magnitude comparable (approximately twice) to those obtained from
the BPR data.
Abstract Contraflow Models and Solution Procedures for Evacuation Planning
Authors: Chandra Dhungana Ram , Pyakurel Urmila , Nath Dhamala Tanka 
Published: July 2018

The abstract flow model deals with the flow paths (routes) that satisfy the switching property. Contraflow is a widely accepted solution approach that increases the flow and decreases the evacuation time making the traffic smooth during evacuation by reversing the required road directions from the risk areas to the safe places. In this paper, we integrate the concepts of abstract flow and contraflow, give mathematical formulations of these models and present efficient algorithms for solving the abstract contraflow problems. The efficient solution procedures are presented for maximum dynamic, lexicographically maximum and earliest arrival abstract contraflow problems. This approach maximizes the flow value in given time and seeks to eliminate the crossing conflicts.
The Application of European Constitutional Values in EU Member States
Authors: Halmai Gábor 
Published: July 2018

The Application of European Constitutional Values in EU Member States: The Case of the Fundamental Law of Hungary
This article deals with the backsliding of liberal democracy in Hungary, after 2010, and also with the ways in which the European Union (EU) has coped with the deviations from the shared values of rule of law and democracy in one of its Member States. The article argues that during the fight over the compliance with the core values of the EU pronounced in Article 2 TEU with the Hungarian government, the EU institutions so far have proven incapable of enforcing compliance, which has considerably undermined not only the legitimacy of the Commission but also that of the entire rule-of-law oversight.
Federalization through Rights in the EU
Authors: Granger Marie-Pierre 
Published: July 2018

Federalization through Rights in the EU: A Legal Opportunities Approach
While academic contributions abound on the reach and impact of the European Union (EU) system of fundamental rights protection, and notably on the desirability of a more or less extensive control of Member States’ actions in light of the rights protected by the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, there have been few attempts to explain the dynamics of integration-through-rights in the EU. This article proposes an explanatory framework inspired by a legal opportunities approach, which emphasizes the relevance of national and EU legal opportunities, and interactions between them, in determining the actual scope and pace of federalization through rights in the EU. It suggests that the weaker the legal opportunities for fundamental rights protection are at the domestic level, the greater the federalizing pressure is, and call for more empirical comparative studies to test this framework out.
The Architecture of American Rights Protections
Authors: Schweber Howard 
Published: July 2018

The Architecture of American Rights Protections: Texts, Concepts and Institutions
This article examines the architecture of American rights protections. The term ‘architecture’ is used to convey the sense of a structure system with points of entry, channels of proceeding, and different end points. This structural understanding is applied to the historical development of national rights protections in the United States in three senses: textual, conceptual and institutional. The development of these three structured systems – architectures – of rights reveals dimensions of the strengths, limitations and distinctive character of the American rights protections in theory and in practice.
Three Tiers, Exceedingly Persuasive Justifications and Undue Burdens
Authors: Sullivan Barry 
Published: July 2018

Three Tiers, Exceedingly Persuasive Justifications and Undue Burdens: Searching for the Golden Mean in US Constitutional Law
When government action is challenged on equal protection grounds in the US, conventional wisdom holds that the courts will analyse constitutionality under one of three standards of review: rational basis, intermediate scrutiny and strict scrutiny. In substantive due process cases, two standards are applied: rational basis and strict scrutiny. In fact, careful study shows that the levels of scrutiny are actually more plastic than conventional wisdom would suggest and have shifted over time. In addition, courts sometimes confuse matters by appearing to introduce new tests, as when Justice Ginsburg characterized the government’s burden in Virginia v. United States, 518 U.S. 515 (1996) in terms of “an exceedingly persuasive justification”. Finally, while the Court originally applied strict scrutiny review to reproductive rights in Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973), the Court has subsequently applied an ‘undue burden’ test in that area. A similar trend can be seen in voting rights cases. While the Court long ago characterized the right to vote as “fundamental … because preservative of all rights”, Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370 (1886), and the modern Court initially applied strict scrutiny to voting rights, the Court has now moved away from strict scrutiny, just as it has in the reproductive rights area. This erosion of constitutional protection for voting rights is the central concern of this article. The focus here is on the way these tests have evolved with respect to limitations on the right to vote. The article begins with a description of the three-tiered paradigm and then considers the US Supreme Court’s development of the ‘undue burden’ test as a substitute for the strict scrutiny standard in the reproductive rights jurisprudence. The article then considers the Court’s analogous move away from strict scrutiny in voting rights cases. That move is particularly troubling because overly deferential review may subvert democratic government by giving elected officials enormous power to frame electoral rules in a way that potentially games the system for their own benefit. Building on existing scholarship with respect to reproductive rights, this article suggests a possible way forward, one that may satisfy the Court’s concerns with the need for regulation of the electoral process while also providing the more robust protection needed to protect the right to participate meaningfully in the electoral process.
Trinity Lutheran and Its Implications for Federalism in the United States
Authors: Scharffs Brett G. 
Published: July 2018

Trinity Lutheran and Its Implications for Federalism in the United States
This article considers the ‘tire scrap’ playground case, Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer, decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in the summer of 2017, and its implications for federalism in the United States. In Trinity Lutheran the U.S. Supreme Court held that the state of Missouri violated the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment by disqualifying a church-owned school from participating in a programme that provided state funding for updating playgrounds. The case has interesting Free Exercise Clause implications, because the Court emphasized the non-discrimination component of Free Exercise. It also has interesting implications for federalism, because Missouri’s State constitutional provision prohibiting state funding of religion was rooted in an era of anti-Catholic bias. These so-called State constitutional ‘Blaine Amendments’ exist in some form in as many as forty states. Although the Court did not explicitly address whether state Blaine Amendments violate the U.S. Constitution per se due to their history of religious animus, the Court held that this Blaine Amendment as applied here violated the Federal Constitution. This could have significant effects for the wall of separation between religion and the state, and might have especially significant implications for state funding of religion, including the ‘elephant in the room’ in this case, state educational ‘voucher’ programmes that provide state funding to parents who send their children to religiously affiliated schools.
Rights in the Australian Federation
Authors: Aroney Nicholas , Stellios James 
Published: July 2018

Rights in the Australian Federation
The Australian Constitution is unique among constitutional instruments. It was primarily designed to federate self-governing British colonies within the British constitutional tradition and to establish institutions of federal government. As such, the constitutional instrument does not contain an entrenched bill of rights. Yet Australia has been a stable federal democracy since its establishment in 1901 and, by international standards, it is consistently assessed as maintaining high levels of personal freedom, political rights, civil liberties and the rule of law. This article considers the place of rights in the Australian federation against Australian constitutional history and its constitutional context.
Schopenhauer e suoi discepoli attraverso il carteggio: Alcune considerazioni sulla recente pubblicazione di SCHOPENHAUER, A. "Carteggio con i discepoli". A cura di Domenico M. Fazio. 2 voll. Lecce: Pensa MultiMedia, 2018 (Schopenhaueriana, 12), 960 p.
Authors: Ciracì Fabio , Debona Vilmar 
Published: July 2018

Resenha de A. Schopenhauer, Carteggio con i discepoli (Lecce: Pensa MultiMedia, 2018, 960 p.), obra organizada e traduzida do alemão para o italiano pelo Prof. Domenico M. Fazio, que consiste na edição de todas as cartas entre Schopenhauer e seus discípulos, organizada em 2 volumes. Trata-se de um epistolário com um total de 319 cartas. As novidades contidas na publicação dessas correspondências são numerosas, de suma importância e terão de ser levadas em conta pelas pesquisas futuras.
Predicting gene expression using DNA methylation in two human populations
Authors: Zhong Huan , Kim Soyeon , Zhi Degui , Cui Xiangqin 
Published: July 2018

Background. DNA methylation, an important epigenetic mark, is well known for its regulatory role in gene expression, especially the negative regulation in the promoter region. However, its correlation with gene expression at population level has not been well studied. In particular, it is unclear if genome-wide DNA methylation profile of an individual can predict her/his gene expression profile. Previous studies were mostly limited to association analyses between single CpG site methylation and gene expression. It is not known whether DNA methylation of a gene has enough prediction power to serve as a surrogate for gene expression in existing human study cohorts with DNA samples but not RNA samples.
Results. We studied two human population datasets, Multiple Tissue Human Expression Resource Projects (MuTHER)’s Adipose tissue as well as asthma and normal peoples’ peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), for predicting gene expression using methylation of all CpG sites from the gene region. Three prediction models were investigated; single linear regression, multiple linear regression, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) penalized regression. Our results showed that LASSO regression has superior performance among these methods. However, even with LASSO regression, very small prediction R2 was obtained for the majority of genes and only about one thousand genes had prediction R2 greater than 0.1. GO term and pathway analyses of these more predictable genes showed that they are enriched for immune and defense genes.
Conclusion. In human populations, DNA methylation of CpG sites at gene region have weak prediction power for gene expression. The relatively more predictable genes tend to be defense and immune genes.
Genetic Bragging as a Speech Act: From Fictional to Non-fictional Discourse
Authors: Sergio Pizziconi  , Walter Giordano  , Laura Di Ferrante  
Published: July 2018

The fast and consistent progress in DNA research has lead us to vent the possibility that bragging about one’s own genetic endowment is bound to become a linguistic practice with economic and social entailments. The family resemblance approach (Kleiber 1999) was used to shape what we dubbed here “genetic bragging” in a prototypical perspective to the definition of speech acts. Our assumption is that the “genealogical bragging” in the pre-DNA-testing era is to be considered the closest resembling linguistic practice to draw upon to realize DNA-based bragging. We have collected an ad hoc corpus of fictional and non-fictional texts with instances of bragging about alleged inherent differences between human beings. The texts include 18th and 19th century natural science investigations, Hitler’s Mein Kampf, and science-fiction movie Gattaca to identify major strategies of bragging. We have finally supported our hypothesis by looking at two communicative fields. On the one hand, we accounted for the way governments are regulating the use DNA-testing in the insurance industry; on the other hand, we reported a few instances of recent political discourse in which genetic bragging has been used.
Kugikakushi (Nail Head Cover) and Funahijiki (Boat‐Shaped Bracket Arm) in Boki‐e
Authors: Koshi Erika , Li Yabin , Tsuchimoto Toshikazu 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn our examination of Boki‐e, we identified the characteristics of the horizontal elements by focusing on the nail head covers and boat‐shaped bracket arms, and we analyzed the pictorial representation of these characteristics. As a result, we found that in a number of cases, the vertical elements, painted in different ways, were supporting the ridge directly (i.e., base‐to‐ridge posts) without being separated at the joint with the horizontal elements. We believe that it is safe to assume that the houses painted in Boki‐e represent those that existed in medieval Japan. Therefore, we conclude that there indeed were buildings with the base‐to‐ridge post structures at that time.
Methoxyacetic acid [MAK Value Documentation, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of 1 ml/m
3
for methoxyacetic acid [
625‐45‐6
] considering the endpoints local and systemic toxicity as well as developmental toxicity. Methoxyacetic acid acts locally as well as systemically. It is the metabolite responsible for the haematotoxicity and reproductive toxicity of the better investigated methoxyethanol. Hence, the MAK value of 1 ml methoxyethanol/m
3
was also assigned to methoxyacetic acid in 2008. A 28‐day study with rats shows a NOAEC for systemic and local effects of 15 ml/m
3
. Since 2014, the Commission uses an empirical approach to set MAK values for substances with critical effects on the upper respiratory tract or the eyes. According to this approach, a concentration of 0.9 ml/m
3
for the workplace air can be calculated from this study. Therefore, the MAK value of 1 ml/m
3
is confirmed. Systemic as well as local effects are critical and the assignment to Peak Limitation Category II for systemic effects is retained. However, to avoid sensory irritation, the former excursion factor of 8 seems too high and is reduced to 2 in analogy to the excursion factors for formic acid and acetic acid. The assignment to Pregnancy Risk Group B, substances for which damage to the embryo or foetus cannot be excluded even when the MAK value is observed, is confirmed.

Completed: March 23, 2015
A proposed method for linear accelerator photon beam steering usingEPID
Authors: Barnes Michael P. , Menk Frederick W. , Lamichhane Bishnu P. , Greer Peter B. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBeam steering is the process of calibrating the angle and translational position with which a linear accelerator's (linac's) electron beam strikes the x‐ray target with respect to the collimator rotation axis. The shape of the dose profile is highly dependent on accurate beam steering and is essential for ensuring correct delivery of the radiotherapy treatment plan. Traditional methods of beam steering utilize a scanning water tank phantom that makes the process user‐dependent. This study is the first to provide a methodology for both beam angle steering and beam translational position steering based onEPIDimaging of the beam and does not require a phantom. Both theEPID‐based beam angle steering and beam translational steering methods described have been validated againstICProfiler measurement. Wide field symmetry agreement was found between theEPIDandICProfiler to within 0.06 ± 0.14% (1SD) and 0.32 ± 0.11% (1 SD) for flattened and flattening‐filter‐free (FFF) beams, respectively. For a 1.1% change in symmetry measured byICProfiler theEPIDmethod agreed to within 0.23%. For beam translational position steering, theEPIDmethod agreed withICProfiler method to within 0.03 ± 0.05 mm (1SD) at isocenter. TheEPID‐based methods presented are quick to perform, simple, accurate and could easily be integrated with the linac, potentially via theMPCapplication. The methods have the potential to remove user variability and to standardize the process of beam steering throughout the radiotherapy community.
Alternative Strategy Based on Scanning Probe Lithography for Patterning Complex Metallic Nanostrutures on Rigid or Flexible Substrates
Authors: Edely Mathieu , Delorme Nicolas , Siniscalco David , Bardeau Jean‐François 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAn efficient methodology based on scanning probe lithography technique to design complex metallic nanostructures on rigid or flexible substrates is reported. This maskless method is based on an atomic force microscopy nanoindentation technique for engraving predetermined patterns on a polymer film and creating inverted patterns on the metal surface. The present work then demonstrates that this methodology opens up new possibilities of applications for which an individual control of the height, shape, and periodicity of each printed nano(micro)structure is necessary. The possibilities of the presented method are defined in terms of resolution, height, and shape of the metallic nanostructures and speed of writing. The ability to reproduce 3D arrangement of gold nanostructures allows to create nanostructured substrates for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) applications. The potential of the substrate for biosensing and the effect in particular of the periodicity of the nanostructures are explored by the SERS measurement after immersion of the substrate in a solution of 10−6m thiophenol.
Synthesis of α‐Iodoketones from Allylic Alcohols through Aerobic Oxidative Iodination
Authors: Sanz‐Marco Amparo , Možina Štefan , Martinez‐Erro Samuel , Iskra Jernej , Martín‐Matute Belén 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAn efficient method for the synthesis of α‐iodoketones from allylic alcohols and elemental iodine is reported. We show in this paper that the isomerization of allylic alcohols catalyzed by iridium(III) complexes can be combined with an aerobic oxidative iodination protocol, resulting in a straightforward method for the synthesis of a wide range of α‐iodoketones as single constitutional isomers and in high yields under mild reaction conditions.magnified image
β‐Nitroacrylates: A Versatile and Growing Class of Functionalized Nitroalkenes
Authors: Gabrielli Serena , Chiurchiù Elena , Palmieri Alessandro 
Published: July 2018

Abstractβ‐Nitroacrylates are an important subclass of nitroolefins in which an ester and a nitro group are simultaneously linked, in α‐ and β‐positions, to a double bond. This peculiarity makes these nitro derivatives highly reactive with a plethora of nucleophiles, very often under extremely mild reaction conditions, and thus they can serve as excellent building blocks towards highly functionalized materials. Based on the growing application of β‐nitroacrylates in organic synthesis, we considered it to be useful to highlight in this review the most important results obtained over the last ten years.magnified image