bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing abundance‐based and tag‐based estimates of coho salmon marine survival
Authors: Cochran Sean M. , Ricker Seth , Anderson Colin , Gallagher Sean P. , Ward Darren M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObtaining reliable estimates of marine survival is essential for understanding anadromous salmon population dynamics. Two common approaches to estimating marine survival are (a) dividing abundance of returning adult salmon abundance by abundance of smolts from the same cohort, or (b) tagging a portion of the migrating smolts and estimating the return rate of tagged adults. This study compared these two approaches to estimating marine survival for coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), across multiple years in three California streams. Abundance‐based survival estimates were higher than tag‐based estimates; average estimates for the two techniques differed from 1.5‐fold to 7.4‐fold across streams. One likely cause for these divergent estimates is migration of juveniles from natal habitat before smolt trapping begins, resulting in an underestimate of smolt abundance and an overestimate of marine survival rate for the abundance‐based method. Estimates of marine survival obtained from abundance estimates and tag returns are not directly comparable.
Coral chimerism as an evolutionary rescue mechanism to mitigate global climate change impacts
Authors: Rinkevich Baruch 
Published: January 2019

AbstractClimate change and anthropogenic pressures inflict a wide range of profound damages on coral reef ecosystems, reshaping coral reef communities due to their physiological and ecological intolerance to the newly developing environmental conditions. Here, I present coral chimerism as an evolutionary rescue tool for accelerating adaptive responses to global climate change impacts. The “evolutionary rescue” power is contingent on the premise that coral chimerism counters the erosion of genetic and phenotypic diversity. Further benefits are gained when flexible chimeric entities alter their somatic constituents following changes in environmental conditions, synergistically presenting the best‐fitting combination of their genetic components to endure in a capricious environment, exhibiting always their environmentally matched physiological characteristics. Chimerism should be considered as an integral part of the ecological engineering toolbox being developed for active reef restoration.
Determinants of the ratio of actual to potential evapotranspiration
Authors: Peng Liqing , Zeng Zhenzhong , Wei Zhongwang , Chen Anping , Wood Eric F. , Sheffield Justin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA widely used approach for estimating actual evapotranspiration (AET) in hydrological and earth system models is to constrain potential evapotranspiration (PET) with a single empirical stress factor (Ω = AET/PET). Ω represents the water availability and is fundamentally linked to canopy–atmosphere coupling. However, the mean and seasonal variability of Ω in the models have rarely been evaluated against observations, and the model performances for different climates and biomes remain unclear. In this study, we first derived the observed Ω from 28 FLUXNET sites over North America during 2000–2007, which was then used to evaluate Ω in six large‐scale model‐based datasets. Our results confirm the importance of incorporating canopy height in the formulation of aerodynamic conductance in the case of forests. Furthermore, leaf area index (LAI) is central to the prediction of Ω and can be quantitatively linked to the partitioning between transpiration and soil evaporation (R2 = 0.43). The substantial differences between observed and model‐based Ω in forests (range: 0.2~0.9) are highly related to the way these models estimated PET and the way they represented the responses of Ω to the environmental drivers, especially wind speed and LAI. This is the first assessment of Ω in models based on in situ observations. Our findings demonstrate that the observed Ω is useful for evaluating, validating, and optimizing the modeling of AET and thus of water and energy balances.
A description and evaluation of the physical and financial characteristics of dairy farms operating on soil types classified as poorly drained and associated with high rainfall
Authors: Hanrahan Liam , Tuohy Pat , McHugh Noirin , O'Loughlin James , Moran Brian , Dillon Pat , Breen James , Wallace Michael , Shalloo Laurence 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe physical and financial performance data used for analysis were obtained over a 6‐year period (2010–2015), from two different databases including a nationally representative data set of dairy farmers and a detailed data set of seven individual farms. Initial analysis indicated significant variations across soil type and region, across a wide range of physical and financial parameters. Further detailed analysis was completed using a group of seven farms participating in a Heavy Soils Programme (HSP), which were compared to different cohorts of the nationally representative database (National Farm Survey [NFS]), ranked on net profit per ha. TheHSPfarms utilized larger quantities of grassDMper ha per year than the median of theNFSfarms, at similar grazing season lengths, but were using lower levels of purchased feed. Economic analysis indicated theHSPfarmers achieved significantly lower net profits per hectare to theNFSmedian group but significantly higher net profits per kg of fat and protein. TheHSPfarms also achieved significantly greater overall net farm income per year (€83,788), when compared to the median nationally (€67,898), over the 6‐year period (excluding owned land and labour). The mean return on assets ascertained by theHSPfarmers was also significantly greater, at 5.75% per year compared to 3.49% achieved by the median ofNFSfarms. In conclusion, this study has indicated that efficient dairy businesses operating on poorly drained soils can be as profitable as those across all ranges of soil types.
Eicosanoids in tissue repair
Authors: Esser‐von Bieren Julia 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTrauma or infection can result in tissue damage, which needs to be repaired in a well‐orchestrated manner to restore tissue function and homeostasis. Lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid (termed eicosanoids) play central and versatile roles in the regulation of tissue repair. Here, I summarize the current state‐of the‐art regarding the functional activities of eicosanoids in tissue repair responses during homeostasis and disease. I also describe how eicosanoids are produced during tissue damage and repair in a time‐, cell‐ and tissue‐dependent fashion. In particular, recent insights into the roles of eicosanoids in epithelial barrier repair are reviewed. Furthermore, the distinct roles of different eicosanoids in settings of pathological tissue repair such as chronic wounds, scarring or fibrosis are discussed. Finally, an outlook is provided on how eicosanoids may be targeted by future therapeutic strategies to achieve physiological tissue repair and prevent scarring and loss of tissue function in various disease contexts.
Interleukin‐35 in immune‐related diseases: protection or destruction
Authors: Zhang Junfeng , Zhang Yunsheng , Wang Qingpeng , Li Chunlei , Deng Hongxin , Si Chuanping , Xiong Huabao 
Published: January 2019

SummaryInterleukin‐35 (IL‐35) is a recently identified heterodimeric cytokine in the IL‐12 family. It consists of an IL‐12 subunit α chain (P35) and IL‐27 subunit Epstein–Barr virus‐induced gene 3 (EBI3) β chain. Unlike the other IL‐12 family members, it signals through four unconventional receptors: IL‐12Rβ2–IL‐27Rα, IL‐12Rβ2–IL‐12Rβ2, IL‐12Rβ2–GP130, and GP130–GP130. Interleukin‐35 signaling is mainly carried out through the signal transducer and activator of transcription family of proteins. It is secreted not only by regulatory T (Treg) cells, but also by CD8+ Treg cells, activated dendritic cells and regulatory B cells. It exhibits immunosuppressive functions distinct from those of other members of the IL‐12 family; these are mediated primarily by the inhibition of T helper type 17 cell differentiation and promotion of Treg cell proliferation. Interleukin‐35 plays a critical role in several immune‐associated diseases, such as autoimmune diseases and viral and bacterial infections, as well as in tumors. In this review, we summarize the structure and function of IL‐35, describe its role in immune‐related disorders, and discuss the mechanisms by which it regulates the development and progression of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, collagen‐induced arthritis, allergic airway disease, hepatitis, and tumors. The recent research on IL‐35, combined with improved techniques of studying receptors and signal transduction pathways, allows for consideration of IL‐35 as a novel immunotherapy target.
The effects on intra‐generational inequality of introducing a funded pension scheme: A microsimulation analysis for Estonia
Authors: Piirits Magnus , Võrk Andres 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis article uses a single male cohort microsimulation model to analyse the intra‐generational and distributional effects of a shift in Estonia from a defined benefit pay‐as‐you‐go (PAYG) pension system to a multi‐pillared system with a PAYG scheme with contribution‐based insurance components and a funded pension scheme. We contribute to the literature on microsimulation by showing how introducing contribution‐based insurance components and compulsory defined contribution (DC) schemes can increase pension inequality. Our results show that in the case of a high level of inequality in labour earnings and high long‐term unemployment rates, such as in Estonia, the introduction of a very strong link between contributions and future benefits leads to considerably higher inequality in pension incomes as measured by the Gini coefficient. Simulation results for Estonia suggest that inequality in old‐age pension incomes more than doubles when the reforms mature. In contrast, the inequality in replacement rates decreases.
Electroporation of epicardial autonomic ganglia: Safety and efficacy in medium‐term canine models
Authors: Padmanabhan Deepak , Naksuk Niyada , Killu Ammar K. , Kapa Suraj , Witt Chance , Sugrue Alan , DeSimone Christopher V. , Madhavan Malini , de Groot J. R. , O'Brien Barry , Rabbette Tadhg , Coffey Kenneth , Asirvatham Samuel J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundEndocardial radiofrequency ablation of epicardial ganglionic plexus (GP) for atrial fibrillation (AF) is complicated by myocardial damage.ObjectivesWe hypothesized that an epicardial approach with a novel nitinol catheter system capable of causing irreversible electroporation (IRE) with direct current (DC) could selectively and permanently destroy GP without collateral myocardial injury.MethodsAcute studies and medium‐term terminal studies (mean survival, 1137 days) were performed with seven dogs. In the acute studies, DC was used to target epicardial GP within the transverse sinus, oblique sinus, vein of Marshall, and right periaortic space. Successful electroporation was defined as the presence of ablative lesions in the GP without collateral myocardial damage. A four‐point integer system was used to classify histologic changes in tissue harvested from the ablation sites. Atrial effective refractory period (AERP) was measured during the acute and medium‐term studies.ResultsFor six dogs in the medium‐term studies, the postablation period was uneventful without complications. Lesions were successfully created at 20 of 21 sites (95.2%) with more than minimal myocardial damage in one dog. An increase in AERP occurred in both atria during the acute studies but was maintained only in the right atrium at medium‐term follow‐up (5032 milliseconds). No dog had damage to the esophagus, adjacent great arteries, or pulmonary veins.ConclusionsThis proof‐of‐concept study suggests that safe, effective, and selective epicardial ablation of GP can be performed with DC by IRE with minimal collateral myocardial damage.
DO INSIDERS CLUSTER TRADES WITH COLLEAGUES? EVIDENCE FROM DAILY INSIDER TRADING
Authors: Alldredge Dallin M. , Blank Brian 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe explore similarities in insider trading as a proxy for information flows. We observe that corporate insiders cluster trades around those of other insiders at their firm, especially around trades of insiders with whom they work closely. Clustering is greater when informational advantages are larger: during periods of low investor attention, high uncertainty, and high information asymmetry. We also document that clustered insider purchases are followed by abnormal returns in excess of 2% during the subsequent month. Our results are consistent with informed trading, which could result from information sharing among corporate insiders.
Risk factors for tooth loss in adult Japanese dental patients: 8020 Promotion Foundation Study
Authors: Saito Mizuki , Shimazaki Yoshihiro , Fukai Kakuhiro , Furuta Michiko , Aida Jun , Ando Yuichi , Miyazaki Hideo , Kambara Masaki 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAimThe assessment of the risk of tooth loss in patients visiting a dental clinic is important for managing their oral health. In the present study, we examined the risk factors for tooth loss among dental patients.MethodsData from the 8020 Promotion Foundation Study on the Health Promotion Effects of Dental Care were used in the present study. The study involved 2743 patients who visited a dental clinic in Japan and completed a questionnaire and oral health examination at baseline and at the 2‐year follow up. Tooth‐ and person‐level risk factors for tooth loss during 2 years were subjected to a multilevel multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsIn both the person‐ and tooth‐level analyses, age, smoking habit, reason for dental visit, economic status, number of remaining teeth, and periodontal status were significantly associated with tooth loss. In the tooth‐level analysis, tooth type, tooth status, and periodontal status were significantly related to tooth loss. Persons who visited a dental clinic for periodic maintenance had a significantly lower risk of tooth loss than those who visited only to receive dental treatment.ConclusionsVarious tooth‐level factors and modifiable factors, such as smoking cessation and periodic maintenance, are important for the suppression of tooth loss in dental patients.
Illumination conditions in microsphere‐assisted microscopy
Authors: PERRIN STEPHANE , LI HONGYU , LEONG‐HOI AUDREY , LECLER SYLVAIN , MONTGOMERY PAUL 
Published: January 2019

SummaryWhite‐light microsphere‐assisted microscopy is a full‐field and label‐free imaging promising technique making it possible to achieve a subdiffraction lateral resolution. However, performance of this technique depends not only on the geometrical parameters but also on the illumination conditions of the optical system. In the present work, experimental measurements and computer simulations have been performed in air in order to determine the influence of the two diaphragm apertures of the Köhler arrangement and the spectral width of the light source on both the depth‐of‐focus of the microsphere and the optimization of the imaging contrast. Furthermore, the super‐resolution phenomenon is demonstrated and the cumulated optical aberrations are shown through the measurement of the optical transfer function for the different arrangements of the illumination part.
Feature Acquisition in Second Language Phonetic Development: Evidence From Phonetic Training
Authors: Olson Daniel J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis study employed a targeted phonetic instruction to explore the mechanisms that underpin second language (L2) phonetic acquisition. Broadly, two general approaches to phonetic acquisition have been previously proposed. A segmental approach suggests that learners acquire a series of individual, discrete phonemes (e.g., Flege, 1995), while a featural approach posits that L2 phonetic development occurs at the subsegmental level of the feature, which may be shared across multiple phonemes (e.g., de Jong, Hao, & Park, 2009). This study extended this line of research, using a visual feedback paradigm to train English speakers on one of the three voiceless stop consonants in Spanish. Analysis focused on the change in voice onset time across three testing sessions (pretest, posttest, delayed posttest). Results demonstrated a significant change in voice onset time for trained and nontrained phonemes, suggesting that featural changes generalize to related phonemes. Theoretical and pedagogical implications are discussed.
Airway colonisation by Candida and Aspergillus species in Iranian cystic fibrosis patients
Authors: Nasri Elahe , Fakhim Hamed , Vaezi Afsane , Khalilzadeh Soheila , Ahangarkani Fatemeh , Laal kargar Melika , Abtahian Zahra , Badali Hamid 
Published: January 2019

SummaryCystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with increased rates of morbidity and mortality due to fungal and bacterial colonisation of the airways or respiratory infections. The prevalence of fungi in Iranian CF population has been underestimated. Therefore, the current study was conducted to define the frequency of fungi in respiratory specimens obtained from Iranian CF patients based on conventional and molecular assays. Furthermore, in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing was performed on the obtained isolates according to the guidelines from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. A cohort of 42 CF patients, including 29 males and 13 females, were categorised according to the referenced diagnostic criteria. Candida albicans (n = 24, 80%), C. dubliniensis (n = 2, 6.6%), C. parapsilosis (n = 2, 6.6%), C. tropicalis (n = 1, 3.3%), C. glabrata (n = 1, 3.3%) and Meyerozyma caribbica (n = 1, 3.3%) were isolated from 73.8% of the CF patients. Aspergillus terreus (n = 3, 42.8%) was identified as the most common Aspergillus species, followed by A. fumigatus (n = 2, 28.5%), A. oryzae (n = 1, 14.2%) and A. flavus (n = 1, 14.2%). Bacterial and fungal co‐colonisation was detected in 7 (16.6%) and 22 (52.3%) samples that were positive for Aspergillus and Candida species, respectively. However, Scedosporium species and Exophiala dermatitidis never were detected. In terms of geometric mean (GM) minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), posaconazole (0.018 μg/mL) and caspofungin (0.083 μg/mL) exhibited the highest antifungal activities against all Candida species. In addition, posaconazole exhibited the lowest MIC range (0.008‐0.063 μg/mL) against all Aspergillus species, followed by caspofungin (0.016‐0.125 μg/mL) and voriconazole (0.125‐0.25 μg/mL). To conclude, it is essential to adopt a consistent method for the implementation of primary diagnosis and determination of treatment regimen for the CF patients. However, further studies are still needed to better define the epidemiology of fungal organisms in CF patients from the Middle East and the clinical significance of their isolation.
Altered stomatal dynamics induced by changes in irradiance and vapour‐pressure deficit under drought: impacts on the whole‐plant transpiration efficiency of poplar genotypes
Authors: Durand Maxime , Brendel Oliver , Buré Cyril , Le Thiec Didier 
Published: January 2019

Summary

Recent findings were able to show significant variability of stomatal dynamics between species, but not much is known about factors influencing stomatal dynamics and its consequences on biomass production, transpiration and water‐use efficiency (WUE).

We assessed the dynamics of stomatal conductance (gs) to a change of irradiance or vapour‐pressure deficit (VPD) in two Populus euramericana and two Populus nigra genotypes grown under control and drought conditions. Our objectives were to determine the diversity of stomatal dynamics among poplar genotypes, and if soil water deficit can alter it. Physiological and morphological factors were investigated to find their potential links with stomatal morphology, WUE and its components at the whole‐plant level.

We found significant genotypic variability of gs dynamics to both irradiance and VPD. Genotypes with faster stomatal dynamics were correlated with higher stomatal density and smaller stomata, and the implications of these correlations are discussed.

Drought slowed gs dynamics, depending on genotype and especially during stomatal closing. This finding is contrary to previous research on more drought‐tolerant species. Independently of the treatment, faster stomatal dynamics were negatively correlated with daily whole‐plant transpiration, presenting new evidence of a previously hypothesized contribution of stomatal dynamics to whole‐plant water use.
Logging damage and injured tree mortality in tropical forest management
Authors: van der Werf Edwin , Indrajaya Yonky , Mohren Frits , van Ierland Ekko C. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractUsing insights from the forest ecology literature, we analyze the effect of injured trees on stand composition and carbon stored in above‐ground biomass and the implications for forest management decisions. Results from a Faustmann model with data for a tropical forest on Kalimantan show that up to 50% of the basal area of the stand before harvest can consist of injured trees. Considering injured trees leads to an increase in the amount of carbon in above‐ground biomass of up to 165%. These effects are larger under reduced impact logging than under conventional logging. The effects on land expectation value and cutting cycle are relatively small. The results suggest that considering injured trees in models for tropical forest management is important for the correct assessment of the potential of financial programs to store carbon and conserve forest ecosystem services in managed tropical forests, such as reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and payment for ecosystem services.Recommendations for Resource ManagersConsidering the role of injured trees is important for managing tropical forestsThese trees can cover up to 50% of basal area and contain more than 50% of the carbon stored in above‐ground biomassReduced impact logging leads to a larger basal area of injured trees and more carbon stored in injured trees than conventional loggingInjured trees play an important role when assessing the potential for carbon storage in the context of payment for forest ecosystem services.