bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The frequency and management of seizures during psychological treatment among patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and epilepsy
Authors: Kemp Steven , Graham Christopher D. , Chan Rebecca , Kitchingman Hayley , Vickerman Kirsty , Reuber Markus 
Published: March 2018

SummaryObjectiveGrowing evidence suggests that psychological treatments are effective for improving outcomes in both epilepsy and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). However, the risk of in‐session seizures may cause concerns about safety and about seizures disrupting treatment. This study explores the risk of in‐session seizures in patients with epilepsy and those with PNES, the timings of seizures during psychological therapy, and the responses of therapists to seizures.MethodsConsecutive patients with epilepsy or PNES attending 2 neurology centers in the United Kingdom for psychological treatment to help with their seizure disorders were studied. Information about seizures during outpatient psychological therapy sessions was gathered using a 12‐item pro forma.ResultsNinety‐seven patients with epilepsy and 195 with PNES were evaluated. One in 32 patients with epilepsy and 1 in 8 with PNES had at least 1 in‐session seizure. A seizure occurred in 1 in 136 treatment sessions provided to patients with epilepsy, and 1 in 36 sessions provided to those with PNES. The risk of in‐session seizures was significantly greater in patients with PNES than in patients with epilepsy (odds ratio [OR] 4.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3‐15.2). Seizures tended to occur in the first half of treatment programs and individual sessions and only disrupted sessions briefly. Only one patient with PNES required in‐patient observation not involving overnight admission.SignificanceIn‐session seizures do occur and are much more common in patients with PNES than in those with epilepsy. Seizures rarely caused major disruption to psychological treatment, and could almost invariably be managed by the treating therapist without help from additional medical staff. Nonetheless, this research suggests that psychological therapy providers should anticipate the occurrence of in‐session seizures and have safe management plans in place. The greater frequency of in‐session seizures in PNES may add to our understanding of the mechanisms triggering these seizures.
Final safety, tolerability, and seizure outcomes in patients with focal epilepsy treated with adjunctive perampanel for up to 4 years in an open‐label extension of phase III randomized trials: Study 307
Authors: Krauss Gregory L. , Perucca Emilio , Kwan Patrick , Ben‐Menachem Elinor , Wang Xue‐Feng , Shih Jerry J. , Patten Anna , Yang Haichen , Williams Betsy , Laurenza Antonio 
Published: March 2018

SummaryObjectiveTo evaluate long‐term safety/tolerability and seizure outcomes in patients with focal seizures treated with adjunctive perampanel in the open‐label extension (OLEx) Study 307 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00735397).MethodsPatients could enter the OLEx after completing one of the double‐blind, phase III studies. Safety/tolerability and seizure outcomes (median percent reduction in seizure frequency per 28 days, and 50% responder and seizure freedom rates) were analyzed during the OLEx in cohorts with the same minimum perampanel exposure for all focal seizures and secondarily generalized seizures (SGS). An additional sensitivity analysis accounted for early dropouts from the OLEx.ResultsOf 1480 patients randomized across the double‐blind studies, 1218 enrolled in the OLEx. The majority of patients (65.4%‐80.9%) received a last daily dose of perampanel 12 mg and completed long‐term assessment on the same, or one fewer, concomitant antiepileptic drug compared with baseline. The long‐term safety/tolerability profile was consistent with the double‐blind studies. Treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) leading to discontinuation in >1% of patients were dizziness, irritability, and fatigue; TEAEs of clinical interest were stable for 4 years. In all cohorts, seizure outcome improvements were sustained over time. Median percent seizure reductions per 28 days reached 62.0% and 70.6% for patients with ≥3 (n = 436) or ≥4 (n = 78) years of exposure, respectively; corresponding 50% responder rates were 59.6% and 67.9%. The largest median percent seizure reduction per 28 days occurred in SGS for patients with SGS at baseline: 88.0% and 100.0% for patients with ≥3 (n = 190) or ≥4 (n = 28) years of exposure, respectively; in these cohorts 40.0% and 53.6% of patients, respectively, attained freedom from SGS. Median percent seizure reductions per 28 days were similar when early dropouts were accounted for.SignificanceLong‐term (≤4 years) adjunctive perampanel treatment did not raise new safety/tolerability signals and was associated with markedly improved seizure control, particularly in patients with SGS at baseline.
Pathogenicity of Diaporthe spp. on two blueberry cultivars (Vaccinium corymbosum)
Authors: Cardinaals J. , Wenneker M. , Voogd J. G. B. , van Leeuwen G. C. M. 
Published: March 2018

Diaporthe vaccinii causes twig blight and fruit rot and is currently listed as a quarantine organism for the European Union. In the Netherlands, two species from the same genus, Diaporthe eres and Diaporthe rudis, are regularly isolated from blighted twigs of Vaccinium corymbosum. This study compared the pathogenicity of these two species to D. vaccinii. To develop a pathogenicity test a field experiment was performed at an experimental station, testing isolates of D. rudis and D. eres. Most of the isolates tested did not cause statistically significantly larger lesions compared to the control treatment (P > 0.05). In a greenhouse experiment a similar test was conducted, comparing D. vaccinii with the closely related species D. eres. Two cultivars of blueberry, Duke and Liberty, were inoculated using two D. vaccinii and two D. eres isolates. Stem canker lesions caused by D. vaccinii were larger than these caused by D. eres isolates. The majority of the lesions caused by D. vaccinii did not pass the first node of the inoculated shoot, which might be an explanation for the ‘mild’ symptoms of D. vaccinii in V. corymbosum, which appear not to cause crop losses. The results of this study suggest that D. vaccinii may not be a major threat to blueberry production in Europe. Further data is required to be able to conclude whether the quarantine status of D. vaccinii is still appropriate.
Linking phenotypic correlations from a diverse set of laboratory tests to field behaviors in the crayfish, Orconectes virilis
Authors: Edwards David D. , Rapin Kathryn E. , Moore Paul A. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe presence of phenotypic behavioral correlations and their connection to fitness consequences of organisms have received considerable debate within the literature. Yet, little work has been carried out to connect any behavioral correlates found within a set of laboratory studies to natural behavior observed under complex environmental conditions. To help fill this gap, individual crayfish, collected from the same local population, completed five different behavioral assays in a laboratory setting in a random order. These data were used to reveal any possible correlations for behavioral scores across all of the laboratory tests. Subsequently, these same individuals were placed into the field and video recorded for 24 hr. A separate set of field behaviors, related to the laboratory assays, were quantified from the field videos. The normalized laboratory and field behaviors were used in three stepwise statistical analyses. First, normalized data were loaded into a PCA to generate a priori hypotheses on potential behavioral correlates. These hypotheses were subsequently tested using general multiple linear regression. Finally, structural equation modeling was performed to elucidate any behavioral modules from the laboratory assays that correlated with behavioral patterns present from the fieldwork. Three laboratory‐based behavioral modules were connected to three separate field assays: exploration–avoidance, bold–shy, and aggressiveness. Yet, some behaviors exhibited in the laboratory assays were uncorrelated with any behaviors found in the field and vice versa. Results from this study provide evidence that although many different behavioral correlates may exist within laboratory settings, these same modules may not translate directly into predicting behavior under natural settings.
Exploring short‐ and long‐run links from bank competition to risk
Authors: Davis E. Philip , Karim Dilruba 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe current literature offers diverse findings on the bank competition‐risk relationship. We seek to advance understanding by looking at both short‐ and long‐run relationships for banks from 27 EU countries, using a six‐year period before and since 2007 and employing both the H‐statistic and the Lerner index as measures of competition. We thus highlight further nuances in the competition–risk relationship that are absent from the current literature. Both measures have a positive short‐run relationship with risk, while long‐run effects differ. Underlying this, the competition measures differ in their relationship to the volatility of profits, with important policy implications.
Parallel evolution and adaptation to environmental factors in a marine flatfish: Implications for fisheries and aquaculture management of the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)
Authors: do Prado Fernanda Dotti , Vera Manuel , Hermida Miguel , Bouza Carmen , Pardo Belén G. , Vilas Román , Blanco Andrés , Fernández Carlos , Maroso Francesco , Maes Gregory E. , Turan Cemal , Volckaert Filip A. M. , Taggart John B. , Carr Adrian , Ogden Rob , Nielsen Einar Eg ,   The Aquatrace Consortium, Martínez Paulino 
Published: March 2018

AbstractUnraveling adaptive genetic variation represents, in addition to the estimate of population demographic parameters, a cornerstone for the management of aquatic natural living resources, which, in turn, represent the raw material for breeding programs. The turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) is a marine flatfish of high commercial value living on the European continental shelf. While wild populations are declining, aquaculture is flourishing in southern Europe. We evaluated the genetic structure of turbot throughout its natural distribution range (672 individuals; 20 populations) by analyzing allele frequency data from 755 single nucleotide polymorphism discovered and genotyped by double‐digest RAD sequencing. The species was structured into four main regions: Baltic Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Adriatic Sea, and Black Sea, with subtle differentiation apparent at the distribution margins of the Atlantic region. Genetic diversity and effective population size estimates were highest in the Atlantic populations, the area of greatest occurrence, while turbot from other regions showed lower levels, reflecting geographical isolation and reduced abundance. Divergent selection was detected within and between the Atlantic Ocean and Baltic Sea regions, and also when comparing these two regions with the Black Sea. Evidence of parallel evolution was detected between the two low salinity regions, the Baltic and Black seas. Correlation between genetic and environmental variation indicated that temperature and salinity were probably the main environmental drivers of selection. Mining around the four genomic regions consistently inferred to be under selection identified candidate genes related to osmoregulation, growth, and resistance to diseases. The new insights are useful for the management of turbot fisheries and aquaculture by providing the baseline for evaluating the consequences of turbot releases from restocking and farming.
Spatio‐temporal connectivity and host resistance influence evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of the canola pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans
Authors: Bousset Lydia , Sprague Susan J. , Thrall Peter H. , Barrett Luke G. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractGenetic, physiological and physical homogenization of agricultural landscapes creates ideal environments for plant pathogens to proliferate and rapidly evolve. Thus, a critical challenge in plant pathology and epidemiology is to design durable and effective strategies to protect cropping systems from damage caused by pathogens. Theoretical studies suggest that spatio‐temporal variation in the diversity and distribution of resistant hosts across agricultural landscapes may have strong effects on the epidemiology and evolutionary potential of crop pathogens. However, we lack empirical tests of spatio‐temporal deployment of host resistance to pathogens can be best used to manage disease epidemics and disrupt pathogen evolutionary dynamics in real‐world systems. In a field experiment, we simulated how differences in Brassica napus resistance deployment strategies and landscape connectivity influence epidemic severity and Leptosphaeria maculans pathogen population composition. Host plant resistance, spatio‐temporal connectivity [stubble loads], and genetic connectivity of the inoculum source [composition of canola stubble mixtures] jointly impacted epidemiology (disease severity) and pathogen evolution (population composition). Changes in population composition were consistent with directional selection for the ability to infect the host (infectivity), leading to changes in pathotype (multilocus phenotypes) and infectivity frequencies. We repeatedly observed decreases in the frequency of unnecessary infectivity, suggesting that carrying multiple infectivity genes is costly for the pathogen. From an applied perspective, our results indicate that varying resistance genes in space and time can be used to help control disease, even when resistance has already been overcome. Furthermore, our approach extends our ability to test not only for the efficacy of host varieties in a given year, but also for durability over multiple cropping seasons, given variation in the combination of resistance genes deployed.
Understanding managers’ and scientists’ perspectives on opportunities to achieve more evolutionarily enlightened management in conservation
Authors: Cook Carly N. , Sgrò Carla M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDespite wide acceptance that conservation could benefit from greater attention to principles and processes from evolutionary biology, little attention has been given to quantifying the degree to which relevant evolutionary concepts are being integrated into management practices. There has also been increasing discussion of the potential reasons for a lack of evolutionarily enlightened management, but no attempts to understand the challenges from the perspective of those making management decisions. In this study, we asked conservation managers and scientists for their views on the importance of a range of key evolutionary concepts, the degree to which these concepts are being integrated into management, and what would need to change to support better integration into management practices. We found that while managers recognize the importance of a wide range of evolutionary concepts for conservation outcomes, they acknowledge these concepts are rarely incorporated into management. Managers and scientists were in strong agreement about the range of barriers that need to be overcome, with a lack of knowledge reported as the most important barrier to better integration of evolutionary biology into conservation decision‐making. Although managers tended to be more focused on the need for more training in evolutionary biology, scientists reported greater engagement between managers and evolutionary biologists as most important to achieve the necessary change. Nevertheless, the challenges appear to be multifaceted, and several are outside the control of managers, suggesting solutions will need to be multidimensional.
The outcomes of epidural anaesthesia in horses with perineal and tail melanomas: Complications associated with ataxia and the risks of rope recovery
Authors: Bird A. R. , Morley S. J. , Sherlock C. E. , Mair T. S. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryMelanoma is a common neoplasm in horses, with a high rate of incidence in the perineum and ventral tail. Surgical excision is often recommended to remove such masses and can be achieved in the standing horse either via local infiltration of local anaesthetic, or via epidural administration of a local anaesthetic and/or an adrenergic α2receptor agonist. The clinical records of all horses with tail and/or perineal melanomas that received epidural anaesthesia at a single equine hospital, over a 7‐year period, were reviewed to determine the drugs administered and complications associated with the epidural injection. Twenty‐five cases were identified, five of which received epidural anaesthesia on two occasions. Epidural anaesthesia was insufficient to allow surgical melanoma excision in two horses; repeated epidural injection allowed sufficient loss of sensation in one of these horses and additional regional infiltration of local anaesthetic allowed completion of surgery in the other. Three horses developed significant ataxia associated with epidural anaesthesia, two of which became recumbent. Both recumbent horses were placed under general anaesthesia, and in one of these, rope‐assisted anaesthetic recovery resulted in additional complications associated with facial nerve paresis, fractured ribs and a fracture of the first coccygeal vertebra, with associated neurological dysfunction of the rectum, anus, tail and surrounding skin.
A longitudinal study of fractures in 1488 Thoroughbred racehorses receiving intrasynovial medication: 2006–2011
Authors: Smith L. C. R. , Wylie C. E. , Palmer L. , Ramzan P. H. L. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryBackgroundThere is a need for investigation of associations between intrasynovial medication and fracture risk in racehorses.ObjectivesTo document the proportion and type of fracture occurring following intrasynovial medication.Study designRetrospective longitudinal study.MethodsReview of clinical records from all Thoroughbred flat racehorses receiving intrasynovial medication under the care of a first‐opinion veterinary practice between 2006 and 2011. Fractures pre‐ and post‐medication were categorised by location, type, and severity; analysis of fractures sustained within 56‐days of medication was undertaken. Survival analyses using Cox proportional hazards models were conducted for associations between medication used (corticosteroid vs. non‐corticosteroid), age at first medication, sex and total number of medications and fracture.ResultsA total of 1488 horses received intrasynovial medication during the period of study; 8692 synovial spaces were medicated in 3925 sessions. There were 96 fractures that occurred within 56‐days of medication, of which 44 were classified as ‘serious’ (44/1488; 3.0% total population, 95% CI 2.1, 3.8%) and 11 (11/1488, 0.7%, 95% CI 0.3, 1.2%) were euthanased due to severity of injury. Fifty‐four of 96 cases (56.4%, 95% CI 46.3, 66.2%) returned to racing. Targeted imaging of the subsequent injury site was undertaken prior to injury in only 7 (7/96, 7.3%) horses that injured post‐medication. Horses that had received ≥3 previous intrasynovial medication sessions had an increased hazard of sustaining a fracture within 56 days (HR 2.31, 95% CI 1.51, 3.54, P<0.001) compared with those receiving ≤3 medication sessions, adjusted for each increasing year of age (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.53, 0.86, P = 0.001).Main limitationsAbsence of an unexposed cohort of nonmedicated racehorses.ConclusionsSerious musculoskeletal injury following intrasynovial medication occurred in 3% (44/1488) horses. Reduction in injury rates may be possible through greater use of premedication diagnostic imaging.
Respiratory disease and sero‐epidemiology of respiratory pathogens in the working horses of Ethiopia
Authors: Laing G. , Christley R. , Stringer A. , Aklilu N. , Ashine T. , Newton R. , Radford A. , Pinchbeck G. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryBackgroundPathogens are frequently implicated in equine respiratory disease. In Ethiopia, respiratory disease is a frequent cause for presentation at veterinary clinics and a priority concern for users of working horses. However, there is little existing literature on possible aetiologies.ObjectivesDetermine prevalence of respiratory signs and exposure to major respiratory pathogens through a serological survey.Study designCross‐sectional.MethodsSystematically selected horses from 19 sites in central Ethiopia were examined clinically and sampled once (August‐December 2013). A face‐to‐face interview collected data on horses’ management and history. Serological testing targeted equine influenza virus (EIV), equine herpesviruses‐1 (EHV‐1) and ‐4 (EHV‐4), equine rhinitis viruses A (ERAV) and B (ERBV), equine arteritis virus (EAV) and Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi).ResultsOwners reported a recent history of coughing in 38% of horses and nasal discharge in 7%. No animals were observed coughing during examination but 6% had a nasal discharge. Antibodies towards S. equi, were most prevalent (8%, 33/350). Antibodies to EAV were confirmed in one animal (0.3%). Low antibody titres to EHV‐1/4 and ERA/BV suggested prior exposure but antibodies to EIV were not detected. Multivariable, multilevel logistic regression analysis for risk factors associated with S. equi serostatus showed higher odds of seropositivity in younger animals and those working less frequently.Main limitationsA single serological sample cannot describe dynamic changes in antibodies. Sampling horses at the place of work may result in healthy‐worker bias.ConclusionsS. equi may be endemic in this population and contributing, in part, to the occurrence of respiratory disease. Low prevalence of antibodies to viruses, with the exception of EIV, indicates these pathogens are present, but unlikely a predominant cause of respiratory signs and noninfectious causes of disease should also be investigated. Working horses in this region would be vulnerable to incursion of equine influenza.
Regulatory T cells in autoimmune skin diseases
Authors: Ujiie Hideyuki 
Published: March 2018

AbstractCD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are suppressors of immune activation and play a crucial role in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Mutations of Foxp3 result in fatal autoimmunity in multiple organs, including the skin, in both humans and mice. Many studies have demonstrated the altered frequency and functions of Tregs, changes in cytokine and chemokine levels related to Tregs and the differences in genetic background regarding Tregs in autoimmune skin disorders. Recent studies have extended our knowledge of certain properties of Tregs, especially skin‐resident Tregs. In addition, some novel therapies have been performed by modulating the number and the function of Tregs. This review focuses on the role of Tregs in some autoimmune skin disorders, including alopecia areata, vitiligo, pemphigoid and pemphigus, and systemic sclerosis, and discusses questions that remain to be addressed.