bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Refining and Physicochemical Test of Tengkawang oil Shorea stenoptera Origin Sintang District West Kalimantan
Authors: Hidayat N , Darmawan M A , Intan N , Gozan M 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The oil from Tengkawang fruit (Shorea stenoptera) has been processed by indigenous people in West Kalimantan as cooking oil and margarine. This research examined the degumming process, neutralization and bleaching of Tengkawang oil to reduce the high acid and peroxide numbers resulted from traditional processes. The oil produced at each stage of the refining process were tested for their physicochemical properties by calculating the acid, iodine and peroxide numbers. Respectively, the values of acid number (mg NaOH/100 g sample), iodine number (g I2/100 g sample), and peroxide number (mg equivalent O2/kg sample) for initial Tengkawang fat were 10.14; 32.49 and 10.98; for Tengkawang fat after degumming were 10.25; 28.81 and 10.88); for Tengkawang fat after neutralization were 6.09; 30.52 and 5.57; and for Tengkawang fat after bleaching were 6.14; 31.39 and 5.55. The acid number of Tengkawang oil after neutralization process with variation of volume 5, 7.5 and 10 % were 7.83; 6.14 and 3.12 mg NaOH/100 g sample, respectively. The refining process increased the quality of physicochemical properties of Tengkawang oil to fall into industrial grade.
Processing of Pharmaceuticals for Pulmonary Delivery by Supercritical Technology
Authors: Kurniawansyah F , Mammucari R , Foster N R 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
There are several advantages of using the human pulmonary pathways for drug delivery. These include large absorption area, more rapid onset of therapeutic effect, reduced dose of bioactive delivery and lower side effects of therapy. Inhalable products should meet several criteria, in particular shape, surface roughness and particle size (approximately 1-5 µm, or 2-3 µm as optimum) to reach the deep region of human lungs (alveolus).
In an attempt to produce such powders, supercritical fluid (SCF) technology has been proposed as an alternative to high energy consumptive yet popular mechanical methods such as milling. In this article, application of SCF technology for inhalable products manufacturing is briefly overviewed. Discussion focuses on the process development and formulation strategies to obtain improved product properties of specifically designed for pulmonary administration.
Innovation of Cooking Juice in Process Production of Red-Cane Sugar in Lawang Village of Agam District
Authors: Firdaus  , Praputri E , Sundari E , Ulfah M 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Cane refining activities which produce red-cane sugar has traditionally been the primary source of income in Lawang villagers of Agam district since hundred years ago. Three main weaknesses found in the process traditionally conducted are lower evaporation rate caused in longer time production and need more fuel, lower product quality caused in lower price, and flue gas pollution. Heat transfer mechanisms involved as long as evaporation takes place in traditional cooking process of juice, namely conduction, convection, and radiation, are not well evaluated yet. Meanwhile, falling film evaporation is not found and gummy cakes formed and accumulated in the surface of basket made of woven bamboo placed in the juice pot. The influence of evaporator like device made of a series of diameters of aluminium circular plates to evaporation process has been studied in traditional cane refining in Lawang village. The device was introduced to the juice pot which significantly faster evaporation process, namely reached about 45% faster then what usually run by villagers. The influences of introduction of lids of aluminium plates as well as any variation in circular plates to faster evaporation process had also been studied. It showed that the numbers of circular plates in a series and introduction of lid of aluminium plate contributed dominantly to faster evaporation process till about 56.67% faster, while the incline of circular plates in a range of 0 to 20 degree and the existence of some holes in the inner plates for circulation of juice cooking are not significantly shorten the time needed for evaporation process. It was also found in this study that falling film evaporation occurred in the evaporator like device introduced that contributed to faster evaporation process. The special channel added at the outsider of circular plate could play a role to accumulate gummy cakes formed.
Calcium Soap from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate for Ruminant Feed: The Influence of Initial Mixing Temperature
Authors: Handojo L A , Indarto A , Shofinita D , Saadi M R , Yulistia D , Hasyyati F I 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The breastfeeding dairy cows often go through metabolic disturbances and low milk production due to the use of stored body fat and minerals to assist milk production. Those problems can be solved by feeding feed supplement to the dairy lactating cows. Calcium soap is a well-known lactating dairy cattle feed supplement, which gives energy in the form of protected fat so it can increase milk productivity of dairy cattle. This research studied the use of PFAD (Palm Fatty Acid Distillate) as the free fatty acids source and calcium oxide as a calcium source to produce calcium soap using modified fusion method with water as the reaction catalyst. This study evaluated the initial mixing temperature of PFAD as the parameter affecting the conversion of PFAD, which was determined by the product acid value. The result showed that, at the same mole ratio of calcium source to PFAD, the lower initial mixing temperature gave higher reaction conversion of PFAD. The recommended initial temperature for mixing was found to be 60 °C, which gave the acid value of the product in the range of 2.96 - 3.14 mg KOH/g sample for mole ratio of CaO/PFAD 1 - 1.15.
Effect of Extraction Time on Averrhoa bilimbi Leaf Ethanolic Extracts Using Soxhlet Apparatus
Authors: Niawanti H , Lewar Y S , Octavia N N 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract is used as herbal medicine for various disorders treatment by communities. The causes of coronary disease such as cholesterols and triglycerides are widely established by Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extracts due to the presence of bioactive compounds such as glycoside, tannins, flavonoids and phenolic compounds. This study extracted Averrhoa bilimbi leaf using Soxhlet apparatus and 500 mL ethanol 96 % as a solvent extraction. Ethanol was used as solvent due to the solubility of bioactive compounds, non-toxic and biodegradable. The leaves were collected, chopped and dried at 60 °C until reached a constant weight. The moisture content of leaf was obtained 48.67 % at 24 hours of drying. The objective was to examined extraction time effect on the yield of leaf ethanol extracts. Extraction was carried out at constant temperature 70 °C and the time was varied at 60, 120, 240, 360 and 480 minutes. The highest yield and total flavanoid obtained for 13.77 % 13132.52 mg/L at 240 minutes. The yield of extraction was reduced at 360 minutes due to the optimum extraction time had been reached. In spite of that, this work indicate that the longer of extraction time, the more bioactive compound was extracted.
Enhanced Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Moringa Oleifera Leaves Using Subcritical Water Ethanol Mixture
Authors: Zullaikah S , Naulina R Y , Meinawati P , Fauziyah K , Rachimoellah M , Rachmaniah O , Nurkhamidah S , Suari N M I P , Prasetyo E N 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
A Moringa Oleifera leaves are rich of phenolic compounds that have the ability to serve as antioxidants. Phenolic compounds as an antioxidant can stabilize free radicals with complementing the electron deficiency of free radicals. Conventional method (maceration) can extract phenolic compounds from Moringa Oleifera leaves. However, this method is known as time consuming, inefficient and using solvent that is non-environmentally friendly. In this study, the extraction of phenolic compounds from Moringa Oleifera leaves was enhanced using a subcritical water-ethanol mixture. Fresh and dried Moringa Oleifera leaves were extracted using ethanol solution with different ratio and ratio of dried leaves and ethanol solution at 200 °C for 15 min. The highest amount of phenolic compounds of 87.11 ± 0.81 mg GAE/g of dried leaves with flavonoid contents of 75.79 ± 0.73 mg/g of dried leaves, antioxidant activity of 88.75 ± 0.93 mg vitamin C/L and yield of extracts of 32.73 % ± 0.08 were obtained under following operation conditions: ratio of dried leaves 0.13:20 (g/mL) and ethanol solution 96 %. The utilization of ethanol solution as a solvent on the subcritical condition was able to enhance the amount of total phenolic compounds, flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and yield of extract.
Heat Transfer Evaluation on Microwave Sterilization: Case Study of Oil Palm Fruit
Authors: Sarah M 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Microwave energy can be used for oil palm fruit bunch sterilization. It penetrates onto the core of oil palm fruit bunches and generates heat inside out. This sterilization aims to inactivate lipase that influences palm oil quality. This study evaluates effect of dielectric properties power developed per unit volume and interior temperature distribution on heating rate during heating process. The experiment carried out at various combinations of microwave power and the oil palm bunches portion in microwave oven. This study observed that distribution of interior temperature in a single oil palm fruit was influenced by power density and fruit’s diameter. Greater power density provides high microwave energy per kg sample to attain greater temperature of microwave heating and vice versa. Distribution of interior temperature in the fruit with the thickness (r) of 6 mm and above indicated non-uniformity heating. Furthermore, interior temperature of fruitlet with r = 4.5 mm indicated distribution of temperature from endocarp to exocarp, meanwhile simulation temperature on smaller fruit diameter (r = 3 mm) indicated thermal runway effect after 5 min heating duration.
The Effect of Total Sulfur Content and Total Acid Number (TAN) on Small Scale Oil Refinery
Authors: Devianto H , Eviani M , Rahardi R A , Yusupandi F 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Corrosion is one of major problems in refinery industry which leading to mechanical failure of equipments. Corrosion mechanism and rate depend on the corrosive substance, temperature, and material of equipment. Refinery feedstock commonly is a blending of different oils contains different corrosive substance. One of corrosive substance, Sulfur Content and TAN, can cause thinning of material surface at high temperature. This research aims to study the effect of sulfur content and TAN on corrosion mechanism and rate of equipment and piping in small scale refinery. Corrosion mechanism and rate for several refinery feedstocks, containing various sulfur content and TAN, were determined using API-581RP. Mass and energy balance for small scale refinery consists of distillation unit, sulfur removal unit, and platformer unit was done based on process simulator. Materials concerned in this research were carbon steel, alloy steel, and stainless steel. The result showed most of the mechanism in distillation column was thinning high temperature sulfidic/naphthenic corrosion while in sulfur removal and platformer were thinning high temperature H2S/H2 corrosion. The change of sulfur and acid content caused change corrosion rate in non-linear way. These results can be used as prediction for future corrosion assessment based on sulfur and TAN composition.
CNT Synthesis from POME by Pyrolysis using Tubular Furnace
Authors: Nurdin I , Devianto H , Widiatmoko P , Prakoso T , Nugraha N F , Srimurti S 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The utilization of the palm oil waste, such as Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), is desirable to reduce environmental problems and increase its value as a source of biomass. POME can be processed to make Carbon Nanotube (CNT), a cylindrical carbon allotrope composed of graphene sheets. CNT, since its nanosized and high electrical conductivity, is well-suited to be used as electrodes in energy storage device such as battery. This study focuses on CNT synthesis from POME by pyrolysis process at 900°C using ferrocene as a catalyst in flowing nitrogen atmosphere. The synthesis of CNT consists of preparation of raw material (POME), synthesis of resin oil, pyrolysis, and characterization of CNT. The result shows that this process yields 0.28 g CNT (from 15 g POME, using 30 weight-% Ferrocene) whose diameter varies between 26-171 nm, the surface area is 404.62 m2g−1. From the XRD analysis, a C (002) is detected at 2θ of 29.098° with intensity of 3.173 Å, slightly under perfect graphite intensity (3.354 Å). It can be concluded that CNT can be produced from POME using pyrolysis process; an affordable yet applicable way on industrial scale to produce a good quality of CNT.
Increasing yield of graphene synthesis from oil palm empty fruit bunch via two-stages pyrolysis
Authors: Widiatmoko P , Sukmana I F , Nurdin I , Prakoso T , Devianto H 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Graphene is a 2D hexagonal lattice structure of sp2 carbon atoms which has been acknowledged for its superior electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Production of graphene in large scale and low cost are attracting topic in recent years. Previous study shows that production of graphene from biomass via pyrolysis has low yield of graphene. In this study, we produced graphene sheets from oil palm empty fruit bunch via two-stages pyrolysis to increase the yield. The produced graphene sheets were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman scattering, and X-ray diffraction. Surface properties (i.e. effective surface areas, pore volumes, and pore size distributions) were studied by nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurements. Effect of the first stage temperature of pyrolysis on the yield, structure, and properties of graphene has been investigated. Our result indicated that two-stages pyrolysis could increase the yield of graphene up to 70%. Graphene sheets shows favorable features of nanosheet frameworks (4–10 atomic layers) and high surface area (870 m2 g−1).
Study on corrosion behavior of storage tanks filled with biodiesel and the blends
Authors: Komariah L N , Dewi T K , Ramayanti C 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Corrosion is one of rising problem in the use of biodiesel. Improper storage of biodiesel may cause corrosion to occur faster and give a worse damage effect. Biodiesel is commonly stored longer in B100 (neat biodiesel). In this work, the corrosion characteristics of three different material of tanks for B100 and the blends (B20) are examined. Those metallic materials used are Stainless Steel 304 (SS), Carbon Steel (CS), and Galvanic Steel (GS). The fuel has been monitored every 45 days in 135 days. The corrosion occurrence related to some changes in the physical properties of the fuel stored. It is also identified through the change in tanks’ thickness, weight, and the morphology of metal tank surfaces. The result shows a great change in biodiesel physical properties occurred in GS tank, where the BXX acid value increased by 25.39% and the water content changed to 43.18%. While, biodiesel which stored in SS tank performed best with minor change in base and wall thickness with the change of under 1% and the weight change was only 0.02%. In a certain of time, the morphological examination shows CS as the recommended material for biodiesel storage due to uniform corrosion performance.
Melt Rheological Behavior of High Density Polyethylene/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Fiber Composites Prepared via Melt Compounding Method
Authors: Chafidz A. , Setyaningsih L. , Indah N. , Rengga W. D. P. , Haryanto  , Suhartono J. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In this work, high density polyethylene (HDPE)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) fiber composites have been fabricated via melt compounding by employing a twin-screw extruder. The resulted composites samples of four different PVA fiber loadings (i.e. 0, 5, 10, and 20 wt%) were then characterized using an oscillatory rheometer to investigate the effect of PVA loadings on their melt rheological behavior (e.g. storage modulus, loss modulus, complex viscosity). Additionally, the surface morphology of cryo-fractured surface of the composites were also investigated by using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM micrographs showed that PVA fibers were perfectly embedded and well blended in HDPE matrix. Additionally, the melt rheological analysis results showed that the complex viscosity of all nanocomposites samples (i.e. PVAC-5, PVAC-10, and PVAC-20) were higher than that of neat PP (i.e. PVAC-0) and increased with the increase of nanoclay concentrations. Moreover, to further study the relationship between the PVA fiber loadings and complex viscosity of the composites, a well-known Carreau-Yasuda equation was employed to model the complex viscosity data from the rheological test. It was found that the equation fitted well the rheological test data.
The utilization of bagasse fly ash for mesoporous silica synthesis
Authors: Purnomo C W , Wirawan S K , Hinode H 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Natural silica sources such as from biomass ashes provide an alternative cheap silica precursor for synthesizing advanced materials. Mostly, the silica content in the biomass is in the form of amorphous structure which is suitable to be used directly into the material formation. Bagasse fly ash (BFA) contains carbon and silica in a significant amount. The silica content can be recovered by a simple NaOH fusion method followed by water dilution to produce sodium silicate solution. Then, the obtained solution can be used for various material preparations such as zeolites and mesoporous silica materials. It was observed that the alkaline dissolution method is not only extracting silica but also other content such as Alumina and trace metals. Two different type of mesoporous silica, MCM-41 and SBA-15, have been synthesized by incorporating suitable template and sol-gel hydrothermal method using extracted silica source. The synthesized materials were characterized using TEM and XRD to confirm the morphology and crystal structure. Gas adsorption experiment of n-hexane has been done to examine the adsorption behaviour of the two prepared mesoporous silica. The results suggest that low cost natural silica sources can be an alternative for advanced material preparation.
Water and power consumption reduction by gas conditioning tower system modification in cement industry
Authors: Purnomo C W , Cahyono R B , Setiawan A , Amin N , Triyono  
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Gas conditioning tower (GCT) is a vital equipment in cement industries. The main principle in this equipment is evaporative cooling, i.e. reducing the temperature of the hot flue gas by evaporation of cooling water. Thus, the water consumption is large enough to be able to cool the hot gas from about 400 °C to 150 °C or less. In this case study, the water consumption reduction of a GCT is evaluated before and after modification. The modification of the GCT system includes the change in operating condition and tower mechanical construction which are installation of flow deflector in the inlet pipe, the addition of two perforated plates, the reduction of the nozzle sprayers and the addition of tower length. Meanwhile, the dust removal replacement from Electrostatic Precipitator (EP) to Bag Filter (BF) system allows higher outlet gas temperature of the GCT which could reduce the water and power consumption significantly. The modification effect of the GCT system is analyzed in terms of water demand and energy savings using 100 days real plant data from PT Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa, Indonesia (ITP). It is shown that the modification can reduce the total water consumption by about 20 % and the specific power consumption by about 0.5 kWh/ton of Raw Mill product. The general equation for cooling water demand calculation based on heat balance has been modified as well for better real data approach incorporating air spray flow into the equation.
Biobutanol Production from Bagasse Using Ammonia Pre-treatment and Acid Hydrolysis Method
Authors: Jannah A M , Amalia D U , Hana N S 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Biobutanol is a type of alcohol that can be produced from biomass lignocellulose and used as renewable fuel. One of lignocellulose sources as raw material of making biobutanol is bagasse. Bagasse as agriculture waste was useless and did not have a potential benefit for farmers, but in this research it used as raw material because of the high cellulose contained. In this research for producing biobutanol, bagasse pre-treated by using ammonia with various concentrations (0 %, 1 %, 3 %, 5 %, 7%) and hydrolysis with 2 % sulphuric acid for 2 hours and 120 °C. Then the process continued with fermentation. In this step 10 mL Clostridium acetobutylicum bacteria was used and fermentation times were varied (2, 4 and 6 days). The aims of this research were analysed the content of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin before and after pre-treatment processes and also biobutanol content after fermentation process. The results of this research showed that using 7 % ammonia was the highest lignocellulose content which had 69.68 % of cellulose, 14.39 % of hemicellulose and 9.15 % of lignin. The highest biobutanol content was 0.85 % that produced by using 5 % ammonia in the pre-treatment process and fermented for 6 days.
Behavior of Nannochloropsis oculata In Indoor Cultivation: The Effects of Flue Gas Exposure And Illumination Period on The Growth And Lipid Content
Authors: Margono  
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Indonesian government launched an energy source substitution from fossil fuel into renewable energy such as biodiesel oil. It is known that microalgae could store high lipid content making it useful for biodiesel production. This research studied the cell growth and lipid content profile of Nannochloropsis oculata at various exposure periods of flue gas and illumination. The experiments were done in indoor bioreactor outfitted by a light source and flue gas absorber. Five liters of medium BG-11 was circulated through bioreactor and absorber while the exposure periods of light and flue gas were varied intermittently and/or continuously. N. oculata reached the highest cell density of 27.3 mg/L when it was treated at continuous illumination with the absence of flue gas exposure. The highest lipid content of 36.88% was achieved at the cell density of 14.11 mg/L in continuous illumination and 10 minutes per day of flue gas exposure. The CO2 enrichment through flue gas exprosure showed an environmental stress toward microalgae growth and drove the lipid content as well as the periodical illumination.
Hydrothermal treatment, pelletization and characterization of oil palm empty fruit bunches as solid fuel
Authors: Ahda Y , Prakoso T , Rasrendra C B , Susanto H 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Empty fruit bunch (EFB) is not yet utilized as a solid fuel for boiler due to their physical characteristics such as very bulky, high moisture and potassium contents. The hydrothermal treatment (HT) has been conducted in our research to overcome those problems. HT experiments were conducted in a 2 L digester, with 100 grams of EFB. The liquid to solid ratio was 5:1 mL/g. HT were conducted at temperature of 120, 150, 180, 200, and 220°C, and holding time of 60 minutes. The results indicated that the properties on solid products could be improved using HT, particularly its higher heating value (HHV) of 20.1 MJ/kg (obtained from HT at 180°C) compared to feedstock of 19.68 MJ/kg and commercial pellet of EFB of 13.03 MJ/kg. Pellets made of solid product from HT at 150°C and pelletized at 200 bar were considered to meet the characteristic of commercial pellets.