bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interfacial width and phase equilibrium in polymer-fullerene thin-films
Authors: Hynes E. L. , Cabral J. T. , Parnell A. J. , Gutfreund P. , Welbourn R. J. L. , Dunbar A. D. F. , Môn D. , Higgins A. M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDomain composition and interfacial structure are critical factors in organic photovoltaic performance. Here, we report neutron reflectivity, grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy measurements of polymer/fullerene thin-films to test a hypothesis that these partially miscible blends rapidly develop composition profiles consisting of co-existing phases in liquid-liquid equilibrium. We study a range of polymer molecular weights between 2 and 300 kg mol−1, annealing temperatures between 120 and 170 oC, and timescales up to 10 min, yielding over 50 distinct measurement conditions. Model bilayers of fullerene-derivatives and polystyrene enable a rigorous examination of theoretical predictions of the effect of polymer mass and interaction parameter on the compositions,ϕ,and interfacial width,w, of the coexistent phases. We independently measureϕandwand find that both Flory-Huggins mean-field-theory and key aspects of self-consistent-field-theory are remarkably consistent with experiment. Our findings pave the way for predictive composition and interface design in organic photovoltaics based on simple experimental measurements and equilibrium thermodynamic theory.
Multipolar terahertz absorption spectroscopy ignited by graphene plasmons
Authors: Ciattoni Alessandro , Conti Claudio , Marini Andrea 
Published: September 2019

AbstractTerahertz absorption spectroscopy plays a key role in physical, chemical and biological systems as a powerful tool to identify molecular species through their rotational spectrum fingerprint. Owing to the sub-nanometer scale of molecules, radiation-matter coupling is typically dominated by dipolar interaction. Here we show that multipolar rotational spectroscopy of molecules in proximity of localized graphene structures can be accessed through the extraordinary enhancement of their multipolar transitions provided by terahertz plasmons. In particular, specializing our calculations to homonuclear diatomic molecules, we demonstrate that a micron-sized graphene ring with a nano-hole at the core combines a strong near-field enhancement and an inherently pronounced field localization enabling the enhancement of the dipole-forbidden terahertz absorption cross-section of $${{\rm{H}}}_{2}^{+}$$

H

2

+

by 8 orders of magnitude. Our results shed light on the strong potential offered by nano-structured graphene as a robust and electrically tunable platform for multipolar terahertz absorption spectroscopy at the nanoscale.
Characteristic synergistic cytotoxic effects toward cells in graphene oxide dressing with cadmium and copper ions
Authors: Dong Yiyang , Chang Yulin , Gao Haidi , León Anchustegui Victoria Arantza , Yu Qiang , Wang Haifang , Liu Jia-Hui , Wang Shihui 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe increasing applications of graphene oxide (GO) in bio-medicine, environment and other fields enhance the exposure possibility of human beings to GO. Studies have been performed to address the in vitro toxicity of GO; however, little information on the in vivo biological consequence of GO with other common disasters is available, especially when cells are co-exposed to GO and common metal ions. To explore the influence and possible mechanisms of such co-exposure scenarios, a series of tests of cell viability, membrane integrity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell morphology, and Cd2+ distribution, were conducted. The results showed that the synergistic toxic mechanisms of GO and Cd2+, initiated from the adhesion of GO on HeLa cells, and followed by the recruitment of Cd2+ ions around the cell membrane, impaired the membrane integrity, morphology and adhesion capability, and triggered cell toxicity. The synergistic toxic mechanism of GO and Cu2+ mainly correlated to ROS, while no obvious relationship with membrane integrity was observed. The findings are envisaged to facilitate the application of GO in biology and related fields.
Microstructural and Fluency Characteristics of Narrative and Expository Discourse in Adolescents With Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Lundine Jennifer P. , Barron Heath D. 
Published: September 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this exploratory study was to identify specific microstructural and fluency differences in expository and narrative summaries produced by students with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) compared to students with typical development (TD).

Method

Five adolescents with TBI and 5 matched peers with TD verbally summarized 1 narrative and 2 expository (compare–contrast, cause–effect) lectures, creating 30 summaries. Researchers transcribed summaries and used paired
t
tests to analyze between-group differences in microstructural measures (productivity, lexical diversity, syntactic complexity), mazing behaviors, and pausing patterns.

Results
Youth with TBI produced significantly fewer utterances than teens with TD in both expository contexts, whereas youth with TD produced a significantly greater mean length of C-unit than teens with TBI in the narrative summary only. Youth with TBI produced significantly fewer filled pauses per utterance than did youth with TD during the cause–effect summary only and significantly more pauses per utterance and within-clause pauses per utterance during the compare–contrast summary. Where findings were statistically significant, effect sizes were large. There were no statistically significant between-group differences in mazing or pausing behaviors during narrative summary production.

Conclusions
This study is the 1st to compare microstructural and fluency characteristics in teens with TBI and those without when producing verbal summaries of a narrative and 2 types of expository passages. Findings from this study reinforce the need to expand research focusing on expository discourse tasks and identify variables that may be prone to disruption following TBI. Future work is needed to confirm whether identified differences correspond to true discourse difficulties.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.9807812
Validity Evidence for the LittlEARS Early Speech Production Questionnaire: An English-Speaking, Canadian Sample
Authors: Daub Olivia , Cardy Janis Oram , Johnson Andrew M. , Bagatto Marlene P. 
Published: September 2019

PurposeThis study reports validity evidence for an English translation of the LittlEARS Early Speech Production Questionnaire (LEESPQ). The LEESPQ was designed to support early spoken language outcome monitoring in young children who are deaf/hard of hearing.MethodsData from 90 children with normal hearing, ages 0–18 months, are reported. Parents completed the LEESPQ in addition to a concurrent measure of spoken language development, the Receptive-Expressive Emergent Language Test–Third Edition. Normal hearing status and development were confirmed.ResultsTraditional scale analyses, in addition to item parameters, are reported. The LEESPQ was highly correlated with the Receptive-Expressive Emergent Language Test–Third Edition (r= .92) and age (r= .90) and had high internal consistency (Ω = 0.92). Common factor analysis revealed 2 underlying factors conceptually mapping onto items measuring vocal and symbolic development. A latent traits model was the best fit to the data, and item difficulty broadly conformed to theoretical expectations.ConclusionsThe present work demonstrates that the LEESPQ accurately captures early spoken language development in a typically developing group of young children. The LEESPQ holds promise as a clinically feasible, spoken language outcome monitoring tool. Future work to identify differences in performance characteristics between typically developing children and clinical populations is warranted.
Speech Perception Skills of Children With Speech Sound Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Hearnshaw Stephanie , Baker Elise , Munro Natalie 
Published: September 2019

PurposeThe aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate whether preschool- and early school–age children with speech sound disorders (SSDs) have difficulties with speech perception.MethodSystematic searching of 8 electronic databases identified 73 eligible studies across 71 articles examining the speech perception skills of children with SSDs. The findings and methodological characteristics of each study were reviewed, and the reporting of methodological information in each article was rated. A meta-analysis was conducted with studies that used the most common type of speech perception assessment task—lexical and/or phonetic judgment tasks.ResultsAcross 60 of 73 studies, some or all children with SSDs were reported to have difficulties with speech perception. The meta-analysis showed a significant difference between children with SSDs and children with typically developing speech on lexical and/or phonetic judgment tasks.ConclusionResults from the meta-analysis demonstrate that children with SSDs have difficulties with speech perception. This appears to be the case for some but not all children with SSDs. The findings from this systematic review and meta-analysis also provide insight into the complex range of methodological issues involved in the study of speech perception in children with SSDs and the need for further research.Supplemental Materialhttps://doi.org/10.23641/asha.9808361
Maligne Hyperthermie: pharmakologische Therapie – Update 2019
Authors: Schuster Frank , Johannsen Stephan 
Published: September 2019

ZusammenfassungDie maligne Hyperthermie (MH) ist eine subklinische, autosomal-dominant vererbte, pharmakogenetische Erkrankung der Skelettmuskulatur, die durch alle klinisch eingesetzten volatilen Anästhetika (Sevofluran, Desfluran, Isofluran) und das depolarisierende Muskelrelaxans Succinylcholin bei disponierten Patienten ausgelöst werden kann. Durch die Einführung von Dantrolen konnte die Sterblichkeit von vorher über 80% auf deutlich unter 10% reduziert werden. Zur initialen Therapie einer MH wird ein Bolus von 2,5 mg/kg Dantrolen bezogen auf das tatsächliche Patientengewicht verabreicht. Abhängig vom klinischen Verlauf muss dieser gegebenenfalls wiederholt werden. Teilweise sind wiederholte Dantrolen-Gaben bis 10 mg/kg/24 h für eine erfolgreiche Behandlung notwendig. Um im Notfall zeitnah therapeutische Maßnahmen einleiten zu können, wird in der deutschen S1-Leitlinie von 2018 die Bevorratung von 36 – 48 Ampullen Dantrolen 20 mg empfohlen. In Bereichen, in denen konsequent keine MH-Triggersubstanzen eingesetzt werden, kann auf eine Dantrolen-Vorhaltung verzichtet werden. Die Herstellung der injektionsfertigen Lösung ist aufgrund der schlechten Löslichkeit der Dantrolen-Trockensubstanz zeit- und personalintensiv. Ryanodex, eine nanokristalline Suspension von Dantrolen-Natrium, kann deutlich schneller gelöst werden und könnte bei der Therapie der MH eine effizientere Alternative darstellen.
Patient Preferences between Minimum Volume Thresholds and Nationwide Healthcare Provision: the Example of Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Burkamp Jasper , Bühn Stefanie , Pieper Dawid 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Objective The aim of this study is to investigate, whether patients in Germany are willing to travel a longer time to a certain hospital in order to receive a better treatment (lower 90-days mortality, lower risk of revision) in elective total knee arthroplasty. In addition, we analyzed which characteristics determined patient preference.
Methods The participants were recruited via random samples of registration offices and hospitals. All have undergone discrete choice experiments for the outcomes mortality and revision. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the patientʼs preference. Logistic regression models were applied to identify characteristics that influence decision making.
Results 71.7% (mortality) and 86.11% (revision) of the respondents are willing to travel a longer time in order to lower their surgical risk. The amount of people that are willing to do so is even larger in the subgroup recruited in the hospital (78.5% respectively 90.7%).
Conclusion The majority of the participants are willing to travel longer to lower their surgical risk for elective knee arthroplasty. It has to be considered, that the population under study might not be representative. Patientʼs preferences corresponds with the aim of introducing minimum volume thresholds. Future studies should focus on other indications and outcomes.
„Status thymolymphaticus“ – ein Risiko bei Narkosen?
Authors: Goerig Michael 
Published: September 2019

ZusammenfassungDie Verabreichung von Narkotika wie Äther und Chloroform zur Schmerzbekämpfung bei operativen Eingriffen wurde von Beginn an von schwerwiegenden, häufig fatal verlaufenen Zwischenfällen überschattet. Auch die Verwendung der als weniger gefahrenvoll gepriesenen Lokalanästhetika verlief nicht so komplikationslos wie zunächst erhofft und endete nicht selten tödlich. Untersuchungen zu den vielseitigen Ursachen der Narkosezwischenfälle erfolgten schon frühzeitig, führten aber meist zu keinen eindeutigen Ergebnissen. Die bei der Verabreichung von Narkotika involvierten Ärzte machten sich in diesen Fällen die Erklärungsversuche der österreichischen Ärzte Arnold Paltauf und Rudolf Ritter von Kundrat zu eigen, die Ende der 1880er-Jahre unerklärliche Narkosezwischenfälle bei scheinbar gesunden Individuen mit dem Vorliegen einer Konstitutionsanomalie erklärten: des sog. „Status thymicus, lymphaticus bzw. thymolymphaticus“. Wurde bei einem tödlichen Narkosezwischenfall das Geschehen auf das Vorliegen dieser Anlageanomalie zurückgeführt, sprach man zuweilen auch vom „Thymustod“ und verzichtete auf weitergehende gerichtliche Untersuchungen. Entsprechende Aussagen erlangten daher eine große forensische Bedeutung, da nun ebenfalls in Fällen einer „Mors subita“ bei Säuglingen oder Kleinkindern im häuslichen Bereich zu Unrecht Beschuldigte beim Vorliegen einer Thymushyperplasie strafrechtlich nicht weiter verfolgt wurden. In der operativen Medizin war der „Status thymolymphaticus“ jahrzehntelang ein Thema, insbesondere bei dem mit der Narkosedurchführung betrauten Personenkreis, sodass ein historischer Rückblick zu dem gefürchteten vermeintlichen Syndrom bei operativen Eingriffen gerechtfertigt erscheint.
Physiologic Basis of Symptoms in Pleural Disease
Authors: DeBiasi Erin M. , Feller-Kopman David 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPleural effusions are commonly encountered and have a significant impact on the respiratory system. The reported effect of thoracentesis on physiologic parameters including oxygenation, lung volumes, and respiratory mechanics is variable likely owing to studies with a small, heterogeneous population of patients.Most patients who are short of breath from pleural effusion experience relief following drainage due to improvement in the length–tension relationship of the respiratory muscles. An observed increase in oxygenation following thoracentesis is likely due to improved ventilation and perfusion matching. Recent advances in methods of measuring pleural pressure provide a greater understanding of the impact of pleural effusion on pleural pressure and changes in pleural pressure with thoracentesis; however, there has been no demonstrated benefit of routine monitoring of pleural pressure to reduce complications from thoracentesis. Manometry does allow for the identification of patients with unexpandable lung which is useful when determining options for pleural palliation. The following article will review the pathophysiological effects of pleural effusion and thoracentesis.
Pleurodesis
Authors: Lamb Carla , Li Andrew , Thakkar Dhaval , Lee Pyng 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSymptomatic pleural disease, specifically malignant pleural effusion, refractory benign pleural effusion, and pneumothoraces are common diseases that often require therapeutic interventions. The spectrum of management strategies often includes selection of a chemical pleurodesis agent administered in combination with an indwelling pleural catheter or chest tube.Additionally, there is a role for minimally invasive techniques which include medical thoracoscopy or more advanced video-assisted thoracoscopic approaches. Ongoing clinical trials continue to evolve best practices regarding the optimal sclerosant agents and procedural approaches in the management of these diseases.
Temporal Augmentation: A Systematic Review
Authors: Othman Sammy , Cohn Jason E. , Burdett Jacob , Daggumati Srihari , Bloom Jason D. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractClinicians employ various modalities in order to achieve temporal augmentation; however, no literature comprehensively describes these methods or provides perspective on available options. Understanding the available methodologies for cosmetic temporal augmentation allows for improved patient satisfaction with limited risk of complications. To synthesize the available literature on cosmetic temporal augmentation, including all available methodologies, patient satisfaction data, and complication rates, as well as to identify gaps in the available literature to encourage further research. A literature search was performed using the databases PubMed, Ovid Medline, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Using the key terms “temporal” or “temple” and “augmentation” or “rejuvenation,” all article formats presenting primary literature data involving cosmetic temporal augmentation were included. Articles not presenting patient data or not discussing cosmetic indications were eliminated. A total of 12 articles were deemed appropriate for analysis. Of the 12 articles included, 6 (50%) evaluated filler techniques, 3 discussed fat grafting (25%), and 3 reviewed solid implant (25%) techniques. Eight (67%) of these were retrospective reviews, with the remaining being prospective trials (33%). All studies found high patient satisfaction rates and a small number of complications with their respective methodology. Several methods are employed for cosmetic temporal augmentation, including various types of injectable fillers, solid implants, and fat grafting, with all reporting successful satisfaction and complication outcomes. Further research is necessary to properly compare these modalities. Clinician discretion should guide procedural choice until future well-controlled studies are able to provide standardized outcomes.
Medical and Surgical Management of Empyema
Authors: Godfrey Mark S. , Bramley Kyle T. , Detterbeck Frank 
Published: September 2019

AbstractInfection of the pleural space is an ancient and common clinical problem, the incidence which is on the rise. Advances in therapy now present clinicians of varying disciplines with an array of therapeutic options ranging from thoracentesis and chest tube drainage (with or without intrapleural fibrinolytic therapies) to video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) or thoracotomy. A framework is provided to guide decision making, which involves weighing multiple factors (clinical history and presentation, imaging characteristics, comorbidities); multidisciplinary collaboration and active management are needed as the clinical course over a few days determines subsequent refinement. The initial choice of antibiotics depends on whether the empyema is community-acquired or nosocomial, and clinicians must recognize that culture results often do not reflect the full disease process. Antibiotics alone are rarely successful and can be justified only in specific circumstances. Early drainage with or without intrapleural fibrinolytics is usually required. This is successful in most patients; however, when surgical decortication is needed, clear benefit and low physiologic impact are more likely with early intervention, expeditious escalation of interventions, and care at a center experienced with VATS.
Chest Tube Drainage Devices
Authors: Toth Jennifer W. , Reed Michael F. , Ventola Lauren K. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPlacement of a chest tube drains intrapleural fluid and air. The tube should be attached to a drainage system, such as one-, two-, or three-compartment devices, a one-way (Heimlich) valve for ambulatory drainage, a digital system, or a vacuum bottle. The frequently employed three-compartment systems, currently integrated disposable units, allow adjustment of negative pressure or no suction (water seal), and include an air leak meter on the water seal chamber to be used for demonstrating and quantifying air leak. These readings are subjective and prone to interobserver variability. Digital pleural drainage systems offer the benefits of quantification of any air leak and pleural pressure. Indwelling pleural catheters, typically utilized for malignant pleural effusion, can be drained using vacuum bottles. Knowledge of the design and functionality of each device in the setting of an individual patient's specific pleural process facilitates the selection of practical and financially prudent chest tube drainage strategies.
Molecular Testing on Pleural Fluid Samples
Authors: Oh Scott , Ronaghi Reza , Cai Guoping 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPleural effusions are a common manifestation of both malignant and nonmalignant diseases. The sampling of pleural fluid helps categorize effusions as transudative or exudative and helps differentiate paramalignant from malignant disease. Accurate pleural fluid analysis is critical to the appropriate staging of cancers with significant prognostic and treatment implications. However, the etiology of pleural effusions remains unclear in a significant number of cases after routine thoracentesis and pleural fluid analysis. For malignant pleural effusions, cytologic evaluation of pleural fluid has a relatively low sensitivity. We describe the evolving field of molecular pleural fluid analysis in the setting of malignant disease as an active area of investigation with both diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
Treatment of Cancer-Associated Thrombosis: Beyond HOKUSAI
Authors: Mahé Isabelle , Elalamy Ismaïl , Gerotziafas Grigoris T. , Girard Philippe 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDirect oral anticoagulants (DOACs) represent an attractive alternative to low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) for the long-term treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis (CT) since they avoid the burden of daily injections. Analyses in subgroups of cancer patients from large randomized trials suggested that DOACs were at least as effective as vitamin K antagonists, while indirect comparisons suggested that DOACs' efficacy and safety profile were comparable to those of LMWHs. In the randomized controlled HOKUSAI-VTE Cancer study, currently the only completed phase III trial on DOACs in CT patients, edoxaban was shown noninferior to dalteparin on the composite primary endpoint of time to first recurrent venous thromboembolism or major bleeding during the 12 months after randomization. Study results suggest that both agents had comparable benefit/risk ratio in patients with CT. Even though this conclusion was valid from a strict statistical viewpoint, it was potentially misleading when interpreting benefit/risk ratios. Besides the obvious heterogeneity of the study population (e.g., 23% of patients no longer had cancer) and significantly different treatment durations between arms, secondary outcomes for efficacy were in favor of edoxaban for recurrent deep-vein thrombosis but not for recurrent pulmonary embolism, and major bleeding episodes were significantly more frequent in the edoxaban group, with an excess of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding episodes observed mainly but not only in patients with GI cancers. More research is needed regarding specific patients' profiles, cancer types, and treatment period to better clarify the respective roles of DOACs and LMWHs in CT patients.