bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential Soil Erosion following Skyline Yarding versus Tracked Skidding on Bladed Skid Trails in the Appalachian Region of Virginia
Authors: Worrell William C. , Bolding M. Chad , Aust Wallace M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The majority of timber harvests on steep terrain in the Appalachian region use ground-based skidding with bladed skid trails. Skid trails commonly occupy approximately 10% of harvest sites and are potentially erosive areas. Cable yarding systems are less commonly used in the Appalachian region, yet they have been found in other regions to cause less erosion than ground-based skidding on steep terrain. The goal of this study was to compare potential soil erosion losses from cable yarding and conventional skidding with bladed trails in the steep Appalachian Plateau region. Potential soil erosion rates were evaluated on three timber harvests in which cable yarding and conventional skidding with bladed trails were used to harvest different areas within the same timber sale unit. Potential soil erosion rates were estimated with the universal soil loss equation as adapted for forestlands. Potential soil losses were estimated in a minimum of three sample locations for each yarder operational area (deck, yarder landing, spur road, corridor, and harvest) and each ground-based skidder harvest operational area (deck, skid trail, and harvest) on three sites. Areas in each harvest operational area were also determined. Overall, cable yarder operations had less potential erosion than skidder harvests (1.70 versus 1.86 tons/ac per year, respectively). Differences between cable and skidder operations would have been greater had not the poorly designed spur roads within the cable yarder operations yielded >25 tons/ac per year of potential erosion. Cable yarder operations could have been significantly improved with additional preharvest planning and better design of spur roads.
Loblolly Pine Plantations in Southern Highlands: Some Financial Guides
Authors: Flick Warren A. , Bowers John R. , Trenchi Peter 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The profitability of growing loblolly pine plantations (Pinus taeda L.) in the Southern Highlands of Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee is analyzed and graphical guides are presented. All calculations show before-tax profitability. Present net worths range from $200 to over $1,000, depending on initial conditions. Internal rates of return range from 2 to 11 percent. The effect of professional forestry decisions on profitability is discussed.
Direct-Seeded and Planted Loblolly and Slash Pine on a Hardwood-Dominated Site Yield Similar 15-Year Results
Authors: Campbell T. E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
On a hardwood-dominated site in central Louisiana, 15-year growth of planted and seeded loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) pines was similar. Although measurements of trees 3.6 inches dbh and larger were slightly greater on planted than on seeded plots, the only significant superiority was dbh of slash pine. The slim gain for planting probably resulted from a one-year age advantage.
Ethylene Adversely affects Fraser Fir Planting Stock in Cold Storage
Authors: Hinesley L. Eric , Saltviet Mikal E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fall lifting of nursery stock may entail cold storage in facilities which contain high levels of ethylene due to the presence of apples. Three-year-old (3-0) Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) seedlings continuously exposed to 17.5 ppm ethylene in air during 8 weeks of cold storage at 38°F produced 22 percent less terminal growth than untreated seedlings during the first growing season after transplanting. There was no effect on the number of terminal buds which aborted or which grew abnormally following transplanting in a line-out bed.
An Evaluation of Four Uneven-age Cutting Practices in Central Appalachian Hardwoods
Authors: Smith H. Clay 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Uneven-age cutting practices discussed include individual tree selection, group selection, diameter limit, and financial maturity. Of these, only the individual selection practice has the necessary guidelines to regulate stand composition in the uneven-age management system. Group-selection, diameter-limit, and financial-maturity cuts are regeneration methods used to produce uneven-aged stands. Strengths, weaknesses, and methods of application of each cutting practice are described as they relate to central Appalachian hardwoods.
Effects of Subzero Fahrenheit Temperatures on Southern Pine Beetle Populations in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Ragenovich Iral 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Several areas throughout the southern Appalachians were sampled to determine the extent of southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman) brood mortality following a winter with subzero (F°) temperatures. Although 95-percent brood mortality may occur, results suggest that low winter temperatures may not be the sole reason for the decline of a southern pine beetle outbreak.
Young Stands of Scarlet Oak in Missouri Can Be Thinned Profitably
Authors: Kurtz William B. , Garrett Harold E. , Williams Richard A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Precommercial thinning of dense immature stands of scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea Muenchh.) in southern Missouri was found to significantly increase diameter growth and to be a financially profitable investment. Over a two-year study period the growth of thinned stands exceeded unthinned stands with the greatest increments occurring in the larger-diameter trees. Given the current situation of poor and uncertain markets for material from intermediate thinnings, the most profitable management regime consists of one precommercial thinning at age 30 years with the stand carried to a 60- or 80-year rotation, depending upon which investment criteria, present net worth, or internal rate of return is utilized. However, if markets for intermediate products could be developed, precommercially thinning the stand at age 30 followed by a series of commercial thinnings at 10-year intervals to a rotation of 80 years would be most profitable.
Site Preparation and Fertilizer Increase Pine Growth on Soils Compacted in Logging
Authors: Hatchell Glyndon E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Tree-length logging with rubber-tired skidders compacted the soil on a poorly drained site in the South Carolina coastal plain. Soil compaction reduced loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedling growth but not survival. Bedding or a moderate amount of fertilizer improved four-year growth on compacted soil, and these treatments applied in combination produced the best seedling growth. A greater response to fertilizer was obtained on compacted soil than on uncompacted soil.
Effects of Site Preparation on Dry Prairie Vegetation in South Florida
Authors: Moore William H. , Swindel Benee F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This report assesses changes in native vegetation in a fertilized experiment designed to compare effects of disking versus disking and bedding on Eucalyptus seedling establishment. Fertilization and site preparation eliminated shrubs and substantially altered herbaceous composition and production. Sampling between tree rows indicated that a herbaceous community previously dominated by pineland threeawn was converted by site preparation and fertilization to one dominated by panicums, and herbage was effectively doubled. Bobwhite food plants increased nearly 60-fold, while important cattle forage increased 15-fold. Significant biomass differences were found within tree rows. First year yields were estimated to be 855 pounds per acre in rows disked only, and 115 pounds per acre in rows disked and bedded. The second year showed increases: nearly 40 percent between rows, 63 percent in disked rows, and 200 percent in disked and bedded rows.
Growth and Development of Loblolly and Slash Pines Direct-Seeded or Planted on a Cutover Site
Authors: Campbell Thomas E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
After 15 years, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) planted on a cutover site yielded more volume than four of six direct-seeding treatments. Height growth of seeded loblolly responded to site treatment, but method of site preparation had little influence. Regeneration technique did not affect slash pine (P. elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.)
Use of Prescribed Fire and Hexazinone (Velpar) to Thin Understory Shortleaf Pine in an Oklahoma Pine-Hardwood Stand
Authors: Nickles J. K. , Tauer C. G. , Stritzke J. F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The use of hexazinone and/or prescribed fire in an uneven-aged overstocked stand of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) and mixed hardwoods reduced the number of seedling and sapling size pines by 50 to 72 percent, depending on treatment. Hexazinone not only resulted in hardwood control, but also reduced pine survival by increasing fire intensity. Increased fire intensity was thought to result from the increased litter buildup from the hardwood defoliation caused by hexazinone. Most of the increased pine thinning resulted from the killing of small trees. No seedling- or sapling-size pines less than 1.1 inches in diameter and 7 feet in height survived the fire on the hexazinone-treated plots, while on the control plots (fire only) 18 percent of the pine in this size class survived.
Impacts of Herbaceous Weeds in Young Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Nelson Larry R. , Pedersen Richard C. , Autry Lanny L. , Dudley Stuart , Walstad John D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of herbaceous weed competition on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) development during the first year of plantation growth were investigated on five sites across the South. Seedling height-growth response to weed control in relation to soil type, soil moisture, soil nutrients, and weed-infestation levels was examined. Seedling height response to weed control was significantly related to percent ground cover of weeds 7 weeks after herbicide applications and to weed biomass accumulation at the end of the growing season. Plant moisture measurements and analysis of precipitation occurrence indicated that weeds depleted the soil moisture necessary for maximum pine height development. Twelve-and four-fold increases in pine biomass due to weed control occurred on sites in Arkansas and Oklahoma, respectively. Results demonstrate the benefits of total weed control to loblolly pine seedlings during the first three years on two sites.
Continuing Education Needs of Foresters
Authors: Hampton Leonard A. , Stauffer A. J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine the continuing education needs of professional foresters in Georgia. Data were obtained via questionnaires from 257 SAF affiliate foresters concerning their age, level of education, experience, sex, occupation, preferred time of year to attend continuing education activities, and the amount of time available for such activities. Updating needs in silviculture, forest harvesting, forest mensuration/biometrics, forest recreation, forest management, forestry and the law, and communications in forest resources were also solicited. The typical respondent was 25 to 34, male, had more than 10 years' experience, held an undergraduate degree, was employed in private industry or business, and preferred January, February, June, July, and August as times of the year to attend continuing education activities. All topics in the areas of silviculture, forest harvesting, and forestry and the law were high in interest. Topics of least interest were regression-modeling techniques, cruising methods, surveying, fire protection, urban forestry, and designing communications programs. Also of little interest were topics in the area of forest recreation, except wildlife habitat modification.
How Good is Sonderegger Pine?
Authors: Henderson L. T. , Schoenike R. E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Thirteen traits were evaluated on 131 Sonderegger (Pinus x sondereggeri Chap.) and 69 loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees within two 20-year-old mixed pine plantations located in the South Carolina upper coastal plain. Of the traits measured, bark thickness was found to be slightly greater in Sonderegger pine and branch angle more acute in loblolly pine. No difference was found in height, d.b.h., or volume between the two species. However, considerable variation was observed within each species for most traits. Fusiform rust damage on Sonderegger boles did not differ in severity from that observed on loblolly pine. Highly vigorous trees of the hybrid showed no more susceptibility to fusiform rust than did less vigorous trees. On an index scoring basis, several trees of Sonderegger pine were found that might quality for a southern pine breeding program. From these results, we see no reason to discriminate against Sonderegger pine in thinnings and other stand management practices when it occurs with other pines on similar sites in the southeastern United States.
The Effects of Benomyl and
Pisolithus Tinctorius Ectomycorrhizae on Survival and Growth of Longleaf Pine Seedlings
Authors: Kais Albert G. , Snow Glenn A. , Marx Donald H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Benomyl applied to roots of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings at planting significantly reduced brown-spot disease and increased survival, root collar diameter, and early height growth on two sites in Mississippi. Seedlings with half or more of all ectomycorrhizae formed by Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch in the nursery had significantly better survival and growth; Pisolithus ectomycorrhizae did not appreciably affect brown-spot disease. The benefits of benomyl and Pisolithus ectomycorrhizae were most obvious when combined. More than 75 percent of seedlings treated with benomyl and with more than half of all ectomycorrhizae formed by Pisolithus initiated height growth after 3 years. Forty-seven percent of seedlings with only Thelephora terrestris ectomycorrhizae and without benomyl exhibited height growth. The combined use of benomyl to control brown-spot disease and Pisolithus ectomycorrhizae to stimulate early height growth may overcome the major handicaps that have limited artificial regeneration of longleaf pine in the South.
Choctawhatchee Sand Pine Growth on a Chemically Prepared Site—10-Year Results
Authors: Hebb Edwin A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Combinations of 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 pounds per acre of fenuron (3-phenyl-1,1-dimethylurea) and 0 and 0.5 lb/acre of paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridilium dichloride) were used to control scrub oaks (Quercus laevis Walt. and Q. incana Bartr.) and wiregrass (Aristida stricta Michx.) on Lakeland sands. Choctawhatchee sand pine (Pinus clausa var. immuginata Ward) was planted on these sites. Oak mortality was directly related to the rate of fenuron applied per acre, but paraquat was ineffective in controlling wiregrass. On the sites receiving the heaviest application of herbicides, sand pine height at 10 years was 20.6 feet compared with 15.7 feet on the untreated plots. Average pine volume per acre on treated plots was 3 times that on untreated plots.
Options for Management of Sandhill Forest Land
Authors: Brendemuehl R. H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Thirty-eight species of pines, 4 other conifers, and 5 hardwoods have been included in trial plantings established on sandhill land in northwest Florida during the past 50 years. Of these, only longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) and Choctawhatchee sand pine (Pinus clausa var. immuginata Ward) can be recommended for sandhill reforestation without reservation. Choctawhatchee sand pine will produce twice the volume of wood in 25 years, as will longleaf pine when growing on a Florida sandhill site of similar quality and in stands of comparable density. A third option is to retain the land in scrub oaks and wiregrass.
Pine Seedling Availability for Reforestation on Nonindustrial Private Forest Lands in the South
Authors: Brissette John C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Pine seedling production at southern state nurseries is expected to increase from a 1980-81 level of 602 million seedlings to 702 million in 1982-83. The number of seedlings available for nonindustrial private forestry use will increase from 55 to 64 percent during the same period. Currently, over 40 percent of the seedlings planted on private forests are genetically improved. This assessment of trends in tree planting, although encouraging, supports predictions that future demands for timber will exceed available resources.
Fertilization and Irrigation Stimulate Flowering and Cone Production In a Loblolly Pine Seed Orchard
Authors: Gregory J. D. , Guinness W. M. , Davey C. B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fertilizer and water were applied in a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seed orchard to evaluate the effects on female flower and cone production. Treatments were (1) control; (2) fertilized with approximately 300 kg/ha N, 25 kg/ha P, and 47 kg/ha K; (3) irrigated through the growing season; (4) fertilized and irrigated. Treatments have been imposed annually since orchard establishment in 1963. Average female flower production per tree for 1968-1970 and number of cones per tree for 1968-1975 were increased by fertilization, by irrigation, and by the combination of fertilization plus irrigation. Flower and cone production as well as responses to the treatments varied widely among clones. The treatments caused changes in soil acidity, organic matter, and available P, K, Ca, and Mg.
Incidence of Resin-Soaked Roots in Subsoiled Loblolly Pine Seed Orchards on Sandy Soils
Authors: Webb R. S. , Alexander S. A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The root systems of 70 loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) from three subsoiled seed orchards were excavated to determine the association of subsoiling with the incidence of resin-soaked lateral roots. The number of lateral roots and the proportion of resin-soaked and healthy root tissue were recorded. Chips from the resin-soaked margin of lateral roots were incubated for 10 days at 24°C on two general media and two media selective for Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. Verticicladiella procera Kend. was isolated from 30 percent of the declining/subsoiled trees at one seed orchard. Monilia spp. were also isolated. Of the lateral roots severed by subsoiling, 60 percent were resin-soaked from 10 to 45 cm in length.
Sorting Loblolly Pine Orchard Seeds by Size for Containerized Seedling Production
Authors: Barnett James P. , Dunlap James R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Sorting of a bulked loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) orchard seed lot into four different size classes did not result in seedlings from any one class having a consistent growth advantage. Larger seeds displayed the lowest total germination but yielded as large or larger containerized seedlings 12 weeks after sowing. Seed size had no effect on field survival. Total height and height growth over a three-year period in the field were not consistently affected by seed size, although large seeds tended to yield slower-growing seedlings. Uniformity in sowing and subsequent uniformity in growing space seems to be the major justification for sizing loblolly seeds for containerized seedling operations.
Growth and Survival of Water Tupelo Coppice Regeneration after Six Growing Seasons
Authors: Kennedy Harvey E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the lower Atchafalaya Basin, water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.) trees were cut in May and November at three stump heights to study coppice regeneration. Sprouting was extremely good after one growing season, and live sprouts grew well through the third and fourth seasons. However, some stumps began to deteriorate and sprouts die after the second growing season. After six years, only 9 percent of the stumps cut in May and 18 percent of those cut in November had live sprouts.
YIELD: Timber Yield Forecasting and Planning Tool
Authors: Hepp Todd E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A uniform framework for transferring growth and yield technology to forest managers is developed in the form of a microcomputer-based, interactive FORTRAN program. The program includes capability for growth and yield simulation and investment analysis on a stand basis. Eleven simulators developed from a synthesis of published literature for seven major timber types serve to demonstrate program capability. Input data include initial stand conditions, prospective harvest schedules, and simple financial factors. Output consists of brief reports summarizing forecasted volume yield and simulated cash flows occurring over a planning horizon. Sensitivity analysis is possible for several decision criteria, including present net worth and internal rate of return.
Sand Pine Performs Well in the Georgia-Carolina Sandhills
Authors: Hebb Edwin A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
On the Georgia and South Carolina sandhills, planted sand pines [Pinus clausa (Chapm. ex. Engelm.) Vasey ex. Sarg.] grew better than loblolly (P. taeda L.), longleaf (P. palustris Mill.), and slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm.). Heights at age 15 averaged 35.4 feet for the Choctawhatchee variety of sand pine (P. clausa vat. immuginata Ward), 32.8 feet for the Ocala (P. clausa var. clausa Ward), and 22.6, 23.8, and 24.0 feet for loblolly, longleaf, and slash pine, respectively. Ocala sand pine had good height and diameter growth but poor initial survival and suffered most damage from an ice storm at the South Carolina site. Damage to the Choctawhatchee variety was no greater than that to longleaf or slash pine. Comparison with Florida stands of a similar age shows the Choctawhatchee variety growing as well in Georgia and South Carolina as within its natural range.
A Compatible System for Predicting the Volume and Diameter of Sweetgum Trees to any Height
Authors: Van Deusen Paul C. , Matney Thomas G. , Sullivan Alfred D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A compatible system of equations is presented for predicting merchantable volume and height of naturally grown sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) trees. Volume to any height [v(h)] is predicted with the following function: v(h) = V- V[(H - h)/(H -.5)]c where c = a parameter to be estimated, H = total height in feet, h = partial height of interest in feet, and V = total cubic foot volume. Diameter squared at any height [d²(h)] is predicted with the function: d²(h) = Vc(H - h)(c - 1)(H - .5)-c/.0054542 The total tree volume prediction equation is V = D.b.h.²(H - 4.5)(1 - c)(H - .5)c(.0054542)/c The height to any diameter [h(d)] can be predicted using h(d) = H - (d²/v/c)(H - .5)c(.0054542)[1/(c - 1)] D.b.h. should be multiplied by .97 to make it comparable with a ruler measured d.b.h. on a cross-sectional log. These equations provide accurate estimates and are simple to use with programmable calculators.
Subsoiling and Reduced Radial Growth in Seed Orchard Loblolly Pine Established on Sandy Soils
Authors: Webb Roger S. , Alexander Samuel A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Mean radial increment growth rates of healthy subsoiled and nonsubsoiled loblolly pines were compared to declining subsoiled and nonsubsoiled trees in a seed orchard located on sandy soil. Following subsoiling during adverse climatic conditions, declining and healthy subsoiled pines demonstrated a progressive reduction in radial increment growth when compared to their respective controls. Three years after subsoiling, healthy and declining subsoiled trees grew significantly more slowly than their controls. Implications for seed orchard management are discussed.
State Income Tax Implications for Nonindustrial Private Forestry in the South
Authors: McGee George T. , Haney Harry L. , Siegel William C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
State income tax provisions in the South vary greatly, but all have a significant effect on timber investment, particularly for private nonindustrial forestry (PNIF). To illustrate the impact of state taxes we computed the 1981 tax liability for hypothetical PNIF owners with both medium and high incomes and, further, for managed and unmanaged forest land. With forest management, the state portion of total tax ranged from 0-31 percent (medium income) and 0-19 (high income); with no forest management, the state portion ranged from 0-25 (medium) and 0-17 (high).