bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Airway Analysis in Apert Syndrome
Authors: Forte Antonio J. , Lu Xiaona , Hashim Peter W. , Steinbacher Derek M. , Alperovich Michael , Persing John A. , Alonso Nivaldo 
Published: June 2019

Background:
Apert syndrome is frequently combined with respiratory insufficiency, because of the midfacial deformity which, in turn, is influenced by the malformation of the skull base. Respiratory impairment resulting from Apert syndrome is caused by multilevel limitations in airway space. Therefore, this study evaluated the segmented nasopharyngeal and laryngopharyngeal anatomy to clarify subcranial anatomy in children with Apert syndrome and its relevance to clinical management.

Methods:
Twenty-seven patients (Apert syndrome, n = 10; control, n = 17) were included. All of the computed tomographic scans were obtained from the patients preoperatively, and no patient had confounding disease comorbidity. Computed tomographic scans were analyzed using Surgicase CMF. Craniometric data relating to the midface, airway, and subcranial structures were collected. Statistical significance was determined using t test analysis.

Results:
Although all of the nasal measurements were consistent with those of the controls, the nasion-to–posterior nasal spine, sphenethmoid-to–posterior nasal spine, sella-to–posterior nasal spine, and basion-to–posterior nasal spine distances were decreased 20 (p < 0.001), 23 (p = 0.001), 29 (p < 0.001), and 22 percent (p < 0.001), respectively. The distance between bilateral gonions and condylions was decreased 17 (p = 0.017) and 18 percent (p = 0.004), respectively. The pharyngeal airway volume was reduced by 40 percent (p = 0.01).

Conclusion:
The airway compromise seen in patients with Apert syndrome is attributable more to the pharyngeal region than to the nasal cavity, with a gradually worsening trend from the anterior to the posterior airway, resulting in a significantly reduced volume in the hypopharynx.
Correlations between Tracer Injection Sites and Lymphatic Pathways in the Leg: A Near-Infrared Fluorescence Lymphography Study
Authors: Shinaoka Akira , Koshimune Seijiro , Yamada Kiyoshi , Kumagishi Kanae , Suami Hiroo , Kimata Yoshihiro , Ohtsuka Aiji 
Published: June 2019

Background:
The primary aim of this study was to determine the detailed anatomy of the lymphatics in the lower extremity using fresh human cadavers with indocyanine green fluorescence lymphography. The secondary aim was to apply the anatomical results to establish a new protocol for lymphography based on feasible allocations for tracer injection sites.

Methods:
One hundred lower extremities from 53 fresh human cadavers were used for this study. The authors injected indocyanine green solution subcutaneously at 19 points around the foot along the borderline between the dorsum and planta according to anatomical landmarks. Immediately after the indocyanine green injections, gentle hand massage was applied at each injection site to facilitate indocyanine green uptake into the lymphatic vessels. Fluorescent images of the lymphatics were obtained using a near-infrared camera system. Imaging data of the lymphatics were analyzed to find correlations between the injection sites and the identified lymphatic vessels.

Results:
The lymphatic system in the lower extremity was divided into four distinct lymphatic groups: anteromedial, anterolateral, posterolateral, and posteromedial. The lymphatic vessels in all except the posterolateral group connected to the inguinal nodes, and those in the posterolateral group connected to the popliteal nodes. The authors successfully elucidated correlations between the injection sites in the foot and each lymphatic group.

Conclusion:
The new classification of the four lymphatic groups in the lower extremity and identification of their origins in the foot enabled the authors to propose a new protocol for lymphography that includes four injection sites in specific circumflex locations.
A Gap Between Willingness and Uptake: Findings From Mixed Methods Research on HIV Prevention Among Black and Latina Transgender Women
Authors: Poteat Tonia , Wirtz Andrea , Malik Mannat , Cooney Erin , Cannon Christopher , Hardy W. David , Arrington-Sanders Renata , Lujan Maren , Yamanis Thespina 
Published: June 2019

Background:
Black and Latina transgender women (BLTW) face significant HIV disparities with estimated HIV prevalence up to 50% and annual incidence rates as high as 2.8 per 100 person-years. However, few studies have evaluated the acceptability and uptake of high-impact HIV prevention interventions among BLTW.

Setting:
Data collection took place in Baltimore, MD and Washington, DC from May 2015 to May 2017.

Methods:
This mixed methods study included quantitative interviewer-administered surveys, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Rapid HIV testing followed each survey. Logistic regression models tested associations between legal gender affirmation (ie, desired name and gender marker on identity documents), transgender pride, history of exchange sex, HIV risk perception, and willingness to take pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Transcripts of qualitative data were coded to identify common themes related to engagement in HIV prevention.

Results:
Among 201 BLTW, 56% tested HIV-positive and 87% had heard of PrEP. Only 18% who had heard of PrEP had ever taken it. Of the 72 self-reported HIV-negative or status-unknown BLTW who had never taken PrEP, 75% were willing to take it. In multivariable analyses, history of exchange sex was associated with willingness to take PrEP, whereas greater HIV knowledge and transgender pride were associated with lower likelihood of willingness to take PrEP. Concern about drug interactions with hormone therapy was the most frequently reported barrier to PrEP uptake.

Conclusions:
Noting the disconnect between PrEP willingness and uptake among BLTW, HIV prevention programs could bridge this gap by responding to identified access barriers and incorporating community-derived strategies.
Bioinspired water collection methods to supplement water supply
Authors: Bhushan Bharat 
Published: June 2019

Fresh water sustains human life and is vital for human health. Water scarcity affects more than 40% of the global population and is projected to rise. For some of the poorest countries, 1 in 10 people do not have access to safe and easily accessible water sources. Water consumption by man continues to grow with increasing population. Furthermore, population growth and unsafe industrial practices, as well as climate change, have put strain on ‘clean' water supply in many parts of the world, including the Americas. Current supply of fresh water needs to be supplemented to meet future needs. Living nature provides many lessons for water source. It has evolved species, which can survive in the most arid regions of the world by water collection from fog and condensation in the night. Before the collected water evaporates, species have mechanisms to transport water for storage or consumption. These species possess unique chemistry and structures on or within the body for collection and transport of water. In this paper, an overview of arid desert conditions and water collection from fog, and lessons from living nature for water collection are provided. Data on various bioinspired surfaces for water collection are also presented. Some bioinspired water purification approaches are presented. Next, consumer to military and emergency applications are discussed and water collection projections are presented.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bioinspired materials and surfaces for green science and technology (part 2)’.
Bioinspired oil–water separation approaches for oil spill clean-up and water purification
Authors: Bhushan Bharat 
Published: June 2019

Water contamination is one of the major environmental and natural resource concerns in the twenty-first century. Oil contamination can occur during operation of machinery, oil exploration and transportation, and due to operating environment. Oil spills occasionally occur during oil exploration and transportation. Water contamination with various chemicals is a major concern with growing population and unsafe industrial practices of waste disposal. Commonly used oil–water separation techniques are either time consuming, energy intensive and/or environmentally unfriendly. Bioinspired superhydrophobic/superoleophobic and superoleophobic/superhydrophilic surfaces have been developed which are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Bioinspired oil–water separation techniques can be used to remove oil contaminants from both immiscible oil–water mixtures and oil–water emulsions. Coated porous surfaces with an affinity to water and repellency to oil and vice versa are commonly used. The former combination of affinity to water and repellency to oil is preferred to avoid oil contamination of the porous substrate. Oil–water emulsions require porous materials with a fine pore size. Recommended porous materials include steel mesh and cotton fabric for immiscible oil–water mixtures and cotton for oil–water emulsions. A review of various approaches is presented in this paper.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bioinspired materials and surfaces for green science and technology (part 2)’.
Optimization of bioinspired triangular patterns for water condensation and transport
Authors: Song Dong , Bhushan Bharat 
Published: June 2019

Water condenses on a surface in ambient environment if the surface temperature is below the dew point. For water collection, droplets should be transported to storage before the condensed water evaporates. In this study, Laplace pressure gradient inspired by conical spines of cactus plants is used to facilitate the transport of water condensed in a triangular pattern to the storage. Droplet condensation, transportation and water collection rate within the bioinspired hydrophilic triangular patterns with various lengths and included angles, surrounded by superhydrophobic regions, were explored. The effect of relative humidity was also explored. This bioinspired technique can be used to develop efficient water collection systems.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bioinspired materials and surfaces for green science and technology (part 2)’.
Bioinspired triangular patterns for water collection from fog
Authors: Song Dong , Bhushan Bharat 
Published: June 2019

Cacti use spines with conical geometry to transport water to its base. A conical shape with curvature gradient generates a Laplace pressure gradient along the droplet, which is responsible for droplet motion. In this study, the triangular shape was used which also generates a Laplace pressure gradient along the droplet. A bioinspired surface, composed of a hydrophilic triangular pattern surrounded by a rim of superhydrophobic region, was used to transport water collected from the fog on the hydrophilic pattern. The growing droplets start to coalesce into bigger ones. Eventually, they are big enough to touch the superhydrophobic borders, which trigger the transport motion. Droplet mobility and water collection measurements were made on triangular patterns with various geometries to determine the most efficient configurations. Results from this study can be used to enhance the performance of water collection systems from fog.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bioinspired materials and surfaces for green science and technology (part 2)’.
Tree frog adhesion biomimetics: opportunities for the development of new, smart adhesives that adhere under wet conditions
Authors: Meng Fandong , Liu Quan , Wang Xin , Tan Di , Xue Longjian , Barnes W. Jon. P. 
Published: June 2019

Enlarged adhesive toe pads on the tip of each digit allow tree frogs to climb smooth vertical and overhanging surfaces, and are effective in generating reversible adhesion under both dry and wet conditions. In this review, we discuss the complexities of the structure of tree frog toe pads in relation to their function and review their biomimetic potential. Of particular importance are the (largely) hexagonal epithelial cells surrounded by deep channels that cover the surface of each toe pad and the array of nanopillars on their surface. Fluid secreted by the pads covers the surface of each pad, so the pads adhere by wet adhesion, involving both capillarity and viscosity-dependent forces. The fabrication and testing of toe pad mimics are challenging, but valuable both for testing hypotheses concerning tree frog toe pad function and for developing toe pad mimics. Initial mimics involved the fabrication of hexagonal pillars mimicking the toe pad epithelial structure. More recent ones additionally replicate the nanostructures on their surface. Finally we describe some of the biomimetic applications that have been developed from toe pad mimics, which include both bioinspired adhesives and friction-generating devices.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bioinspired materials and surfaces for green science and technology (part 2)’.
Lineage hierarchies and stochasticity ensure the long-term maintenance of adult neural stem cells
Authors: Than-Trong Emmanuel , Kiani Bahareh , Dray Nicolas , Ortica Sara , Simons Benjamin , Rulands Steffen , Alunni Alessandro , Bally-Cuif Laure 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe cellular basis and extent of neural stem cell (NSC) self-renewal in adult vertebrates, and their heterogeneity, remain controversial. To explore the functional behavior and dynamics of individual NSCs within brain germinal pools, we combined genetic lineage tracing, quantitative clonal analysis, intravital imaging and global population assessments in the adult zebrafish telencephalon. We show that adult neurogenesis is organized in a hierarchy where a subpopulation of reservoir NSCs with longterm self-renewal potential generate a pool of operational NSCs taking stochastic fates biased towards neuronal differentiation. To fuel the long-term growth of the adult germinal niche, we provide evidence for the existence of an additional, upstream, progenitor population that supports the continuous generation of new reservoir NSCs, contributing to their overall expansion. Hence, the dynamics of vertebrate neurogenesis relies on a hierarchical organization where growth, self-renewal and neurogenic functions are segregated between different NSC types.
Transdiagnostic Phenotyping Reveals a Host of Metacognitive Deficits Implicated in Compulsivity
Authors: Seow Tricia X.F. , Gillan Claire M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractRecent work suggests that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients have a breakdown in the relationship between explicit beliefs (i.e. confidence about states) and updates to behaviour. The precise computations underlying this disconnection are unclear because case-control and transdiagnostic studies yield conflicting results. Here, a large general population sample (N = 437) completed a predictive inference task previously studied in the context of OCD. We tested if confidence, and its relationship to action and environmental evidence, were specifically associated with self-reported OCD symptoms or common to an array of psychiatric symptoms. We then investigated if a transdiagnostic approach would reveal a stronger and more specific match between metacognitive deficits and clinical phenotypes. Consistent with prior case-control work, we found that decreases in action-confidence coupling were associated with OCD symptoms, but also 5/8 of the other clinical phenotypes tested (8/8 with no correction applied). This non-specific pattern was explained by a single transdiagnostic symptom dimension characterized by compulsivity that was linked to inflated confidence and several deficits in utilizing evidence to update confidence. These data highlight the importance of metacognitive deficits for our understanding of compulsivity and underscore how transdiagnostic methods may prove a more powerful alternative over studies examining single disorders.
Differences in perceived duration between plausible biological and non-biological stimuli
Authors: Giorjiani Giuliana Martinatti , Biazoli Claudinei Eduardo , Caetano Marcelo S. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractVisual motion stimuli can sometimes distort our perception of time. This effect is dependent on the apparent speed of the moving stimulus, where faster stimuli are usually perceived lasting longer than slower stimuli. Although it has been shown that neural and cognitive processing of biological motion stimuli differ from non-biological motion stimuli, no study has yet investigated whether perceived durations of biological stimuli differ from non-biological stimuli across different speeds. Here, a prospective temporal reproduction task was used to assess that question. Biological motion stimuli consisted in a human silhouette running in place. Non-biological motion stimuli consisted in a rectangle moving in a pendular way. Amount and plausibility of movement for each stimulus and frame-rate (speed) were evaluated by an independent group of participants. Although amount of movement was positively correlated to frame rate, movie clips involving biological motion stimuli were judged to last longer than non-biological motion stimuli only at frame rates in which movement was rated as plausible. These results suggest that plausible representations of biomechanical movement induce additional temporal distortions to those modulated by increases in stimulus speed. Moreover, most studies that have reported neural and cognitive differences in the processing of biological and non-biological motion stimuli acquired neurophysiological data using fMRI. The present study aimed additionally to report differences in the processing of biological and non-biological motion stimuli across different speeds using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), a less costly and portable form of neurophysiological data acquisition.
MetaPrism: A Toolkit for Joint Taxa/Gene Analysis of Metagenomic Sequencing Data
Authors: Kim Jiwoong , Jiang Shuang , Xiao Guanghua , Xie Yang , Liu Dajiang J. , Li Qiwei , Koh Andrew , Zhan Xiaowei 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn microbiome research, metagenomic sequencing generates enormous amounts of data. These data are typically classified into taxa for taxonomy analysis, or into genes for functional analysis. However, a joint analysis where the reads are classified into taxa-specific genes is often overlooked.ResultTo enable the analysis of this biologically meaningful feature, we developed a novel bioinformatic toolkit, MetaPrism, which can analyze sequence reads for a set of joint taxa/gene analyses: 1) classify sequence reads and estimate the abundances for taxa-specific genes; 2) tabularize and visualize taxa-specific gene abundances; 3) compare the abundances between groups, and 4) build prediction models for clinical outcome. We illustrated these functions using a published microbiome metagenomics dataset from patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy and showed the joint features can serve as potential biomarkers to predict therapeutic responses.ConclusionsMetaPrism is a toolkit for joint taxa and gene analysis. It offers biological insights on the taxa-specific genes on top of the taxa-alone or gene-alone analysis.MetaPrism is open source software and freely available at https://github.com/jiwoongbio/MetaPrism. The example script to reproduce the manuscript is also provided in the above code repository.
Network synchronization and synchrony propagation: emergent elements of inspiration
Authors: Ashhad Sufyan , Feldman Jack L 
Published: June 2019

SUMMARYThe preBötzinger Complex (preBötC) – the kernel of breathing rhythmogenesis in mammals – is a non-canonical central pattern generator with undetermined mechanisms. We assessed preBötC network dynamics under respiratory rhythmic and nonrhythmic conditions in vitro. In each cycle under rhythmic conditions, an inspiratory burst emerges as (presumptive) preBötC rhythmogenic neurons transition from aperiodic uncorrelated population spike activity to become increasingly synchronized during preinspiration, triggering bursts; burst activity subsides and the cycle repeats. In a brainstem slice in nonrhythmic conditions, antagonizing GABAA receptors can initiate this periodic synchronization and consequent rhythm coincident with inducing a higher conductance state in nonrhythmogenic preBötC output neurons. Furthermore, when input synchrony onto these neurons was weak, preBötC activity failed to propagate to motor nerves. Our analyses uncover a dynamic reorganization of preBötC network activity – underpinning intricate cyclic neuronal interactions leading to network synchronization and its efficient propagation – correlated with and, we postulate, essential to, rhythmicity.
Endothelial CXCL5 negatively regulates myelination and repair after white matter stroke
Authors: Xiao Guanxi , Kumar Rosie , Komuro Yutaro , Burguet Jasmine , Kakarla Visesha , Azizkhanian Ida , Sheth Sunil A. , Williams Christopher K. , Zhang Xinhai R. , Macknicki Michal , Brumm Andrew , Kawaguchi Riki , Mai Phu , Kaneko Naoki , Vinters Harry V. , Carmichael S. Thomas , Havton Leif A. , DeCarli Charles , Hinman Jason D. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCerebral small vessel disease and resulting white matter pathologies are worsened by cardiovascular risk factors including obesity. The molecular changes in cerebral endothelial cells caused by chronic cerebrovascular risk factors remain unknown. We developed a novel approach for molecular profiling of chronically injured cerebral endothelial cells using cell-specific translating ribosome affinity purification (RiboTag) with RNA-seq in Tie2-Cre:RiboTag mice. We used this approach to identify the transcriptome of white matter endothelial cells after the onset of diet-induced obesity (DIO). DIO induces an IL-17B signaling pathway that acts on the cerebral endothelia through IL-17Rb to increase levels of both circulating CXCL5 and local endothelial expression of CXCL5 in both the DIO mouse model and in humans with imaging or pathologic evidence of cerebral small vessel disease. In the white matter, endothelial CXCL5 acts as a chemoattractant and promotes the association of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) with cerebral endothelia increasing vessel-associated OPC cell number and triggers OPC gene expression programs regulating migration and chemokine receptor activation. Targeted blockade of IL-17B with peripheral antibody administration reduced the population of vessel-associated OPCs by reducing endothelial CXCL5 expression. CXCL5-mediated sequestration of OPCs to white matter vasculature impairs OPC differentiation after a focal white matter ischemic lesion. DIO promotes a unique white matter endothelial-to-oligodendrocyte progenitor cell signaling pathway that compromises brain repair after stroke.