bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Double‐lumen tracheal tubes and bougies: a bench study to investigate factors that influence the risk of shearing
Authors: Luther D. G. P. , Robertson H. F. , Suchett‐Kaye I. , Birch A. , Molyneux M. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryTracheal intubation with a double‐lumen tube can be more challenging than with a single‐lumen tube. A bougie can be used to facilitate intubation. Case reports have described fragment shearing from bougies when they are removed from the tube after intubation. These fragments have the potential to cause harm. It has even been suggested that bougies and double‐lumen tubes should not be used together. We conducted a benchtop trial to investigate factors that influence the risk of shearing. We investigated three brands of double‐lumen tube (each in three sizes and both lateralities) and four brands of bougie. We simulated one intubation and 29 further insertions/removals of bougie with every bougie–double‐lumen tube combination. We inspected the inside of the tube for evidence of shearing after first, tenth and thirtieth removals. We found that brand of bougie, brand of double‐lumen tube and size of double‐lumen tube (but not its laterality) all influenced the degree of shearing. Certain bougie–double‐lumen tube combinations produced a particularly high degree of shearing, so these should be avoided.
Comparing the sterility and visibility of surgical marking pens available in Australia
Authors: O'Bryan Edward , Pollock Michaela , Joseph Samuel 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundSurgical site marking is an important safety procedure prior to surgery. Visibility of pen marks is affected by surgical wash which increases the risk of wrong‐site surgery. Additionally, multiple patient contact with a single pen is a potential source of bacterial transmission. In this study we compare pens commonly used for surgical marking in Australia.MethodsWe conducted an unblinded, prospective cohort study comparing 12 marking pens. Six volunteers' thighs were marked with each pen. Standardized photographs were taken before and after wash with four prep solutions. Ink visibility was analysed using grayscale images, comparing the pen mark tone before and after wash. The pen tips were swabbed for culture.ResultsRed tinted 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (w/v) with 70% isopropyl alcohol (v/v) was shown to reduce pen mark visibility significantly more than the other solutions used. The Pentel N50 permanent marker and Aspen WriteSite Plus were least affected by wash. No pen tip cultured any bacteria.ConclusionsWhen marking the correct site for surgery, we recommend the use of either the Pentel N50 permanent marker or Aspen Writesite Plus pen. A 2‐min interval between patient contact limits bacterial transmission.
Longitudinal outcomes in pediatric‐ and adult‐onset bipolar patients compared to healthy and schizophrenia controls
Authors: Frahm Laursen Mathilde , Valentin Jan B. , Licht Rasmus W. , Correll Christoph U. , Nielsen René E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectivesComparing outcomes of bipolar disorder (BD) with schizophrenia (SCZ) and psychiatrically healthy controls (PHC), contrasting pediatric‐onset with adult‐onset disorders.MethodsA nationwide cohort study, including patients with an incident diagnosis of BD or SCZ registered in the Danish National Patient Registry and corresponding PHCs. Outcomes were (a) duration of hospitalization, (b) psychiatric admissions, (c) psychiatric outpatient contacts, (d) bone‐fracture‐related healthcare contacts, (e) self‐harm‐related healthcare contacts (including suicide and non‐suicidal self‐injuries), and (f) criminal charges. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs), adjusted for age at first psychiatric contact, substance abuse and parental psychiatric illness, were calculated, comparing pediatric‐onset BD (5‐17 years) and adult‐onset BD (18‐39 years) with age‐ and sex‐matched SCZ patients and PHC.ResultsPediatric‐onset BD (n = 349) performed better than 1:1‐matched pediatric‐onset SCZ (n = 349) on all six outcomes (IRR = 0.30 for self‐harm‐related contacts (P < 0.001) to IRR = 0.86 for criminal charges (P = 0.05). Similar, but less pronounced results were observed comparing 1:1‐matched adult‐onset BD (n = 5515) with adult‐onset SCZ (n = 5515) IRR = 0.58 for psychiatric outpatient contact (P < 0.001) to IRR = 0.93 for criminal charges (P < 0.001), except for more bone‐fracture‐related contacts in adult‐onset BD (IRR = 1.13, P < 0.01). Comparing pediatric‐onset BD (n = 365) to 1:3‐matched PHC (n = 1095), only self‐harm‐related contacts differed significantly (IRR = 2.80, P < 0.001). Conversely, comparing adult‐onset BD (n = 6005) with 1:3‐matched PHC (n = 18 015), self‐harm‐related contacts (IRR = 16.68, P < 0.001), bone fractures (IRR = 1.74, P < 0.001), and criminal charges (IRR = 2.03, P < 0.001) were more common in BD.ConclusionBD was associated with poorer outcomes than PHC, but better outcomes than SCZ. Furthermore, outcomes were more favorable in pediatric‐onset BD when indirectly contrasted to adult‐onset BD.
Effectiveness of management zoning designed for flagship species in protecting sympatric species
Authors: Shen Xiaoli , Li Sheng , McShea William J. , Wang Dajun , Yu Jianping , Shi Xiaogang , Dong Wei , Mi Xiangcheng , Ma Keping 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFlagship species have been used widely as umbrella species (i.e., species with large home range whose protection often provides protection for sympatric species) in the management of China's nature reserves. This conflation of flagship and umbrella species is best represented by the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and other large, endangered mammals designated as conservation targets in site selection and planning of reserves. Few empirical studies have tested the effectiveness of flagship species as surrogates for a broader range of sympatric species. Using extensive camera‐trap data, we examined the effectiveness of management zones designated to protect flagship (target) species in conserving sympatric species in 4 wildlife reserves (Gutianshan, Changqing, Laohegou, and Wolong). We tested whether the progression from peripheral to core zones was associated with an increasing habitat association for both target and sympatric species. The distribution patterns of the study species across the zones in each reserve indicated a disparity between management zones and the species’ habitat requirements. Management zone was included in the final model for all target species, and most of them had higher occurrence in core zones relative to less‐protected zones, but zone was not a predictor for most of the sympatric species. When management zone was associated with the occurrence of sympatric species, threatened species generally had higher detections in core zones, whereas common species had higher detections outside of the core zone. Our results suggested that reserve planning based on flagship species does not adequately protect sympatric species due to their specialized habitat requirements. We recommend re‐examining the effectiveness of management zoning and urge a multispecies and reserve‐wide monitoring plan to improve protection of China's wildlife.
Unpacking the ‘Emergent Farmer’ Concept in Agrarian Reform: Evidence from Livestock Farmers in South Africa
Authors: Gwiriri Lovemore C. , Bennett James , Mapiye Cletos , Burbi Sara 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTSouth Africa has historically perpetuated a dual system of freehold commercial and communal subsistence farming. To bridge these extremes, agrarian reform policies have encouraged the creation of a class of ‘emergent’, commercially oriented farmers. However, these policies consider ‘emergent’ farmers as a homogeneous group of land reform beneficiaries, with limited appreciation of the class differences between them, and do little to support the rise of a ‘middle’ group of producers able to bridge that gap. This article uses a case study of livestock farmers in Eastern Cape Province to critique the ‘emergent farmer’ concept. The authors identify three broad categories of farmers within the emergent livestock sector: a large group who, despite having accessed private farms, remain effectively subsistence farmers; a smaller group of small/medium‐scale commercial producers who have communal farming origins and most closely approximate to ‘emergent’ farmers; and an elite group of large‐scale, fully commercialized farmers, whose emergence has been facilitated primarily by access to capital and a desire to invest in alternative business ventures. On this basis the authors suggest that current agrarian reform policies need considerable refocusing if they are to effectively facilitate the emergence of a ‘middle’ group of smallholder commercial farmers from communal systems.
Laboratory diagnosis of heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia
Authors: Warkentin Theodore E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHeparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a clinical‐pathological disorder; thus, laboratory testing for the pathogenic platelet‐activating antiplatelet factor 4 (PF4)/heparin antibodies is central for diagnosis. The “iceberg” model summarizes the inter‐relationship between platelet activation assays and PF4‐dependent immunoassays, with platelet‐activating antibodies comprising a subset of anti‐PF4/heparin antibodies. The platelet serotonin‐release assay (SRA), performed by reference laboratories, has high sensitivity and specificity for HIT (~95% each), and is especially suited for detecting highly pathogenic HIT sera containing both heparin‐dependent and heparin‐independent platelet‐activating antibodies; this latter subgroup of antibodies explains “autoimmune HIT” disorders (delayed‐onset, persisting, spontaneous, heparin “flush,” fondaparinux‐associated). Recently, SRA‐negative HIT has become recognized, in which serum from some HIT patients contains subthreshold levels of platelet‐activating antibodies (by SRA) that become detectable using a PF4‐enhanced platelet activation assay. Unusual immunologic features of HIT include early antibody detectability (at onset of platelet count fall) and antibody transience (seroreversion). Widely available PF4‐dependent enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) have high sensitivity but poor specificity for HIT, although specificity is enhanced with IgG‐specific EIAs and strong positive results; unfortunately, EIA results are usually not available in real time. Automated rapid immunoassays, such as the chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) and latex immunoturbidimetric assay (LIA), facilitate real‐time laboratory diagnosis. Recently available likelihood ratio (LR) data for positive (LR+) and negative (LR−) test results allow clinicians to adjust their pretest probabilities for HIT, using Bayesian analysis, into real‐time posttest probabilities that are dramatically increased (test positive) or decreased (test negative). Moreover, (semi‐)quantitative CLIA‐ and LIA‐positive results (weak, moderate, strong positive) can further refine the posttest probability of HIT.
Sensitive and accurate identification of PNH clones based on ICCS/ESCCA PNH Consensus Guidelines—A summary
Authors: Illingworth Andrea J. , Marinov Iuri , Sutherland D. Robert 
Published: May 2019

AbstractParoxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare hematopoietic stem cell disorder resulting from the somatic mutation of the X‐linked phosphatidyl‐inositol glycan complementation Class A (PIG‐A) gene. Depending on the severity of the mutation in the PIG‐A gene, there is a partial or absolute inability to make glycosylphosphatidyl‐inositol (GPI)‐anchored proteins including complement‐defense structures such as CD55 and CD59 on RBCs and WBCs. Flow cytometric detection of PNH clones has become the gold standard and has played an increasingly important role in the diagnosis, monitoring, and clinical management of patients with PNH. Recently, a 4‐part set of Consensus Guidelines have been published by flow experts in the field to address the key assay‐specific considerations for the identification of PNH clones in RBC and WBC, how to report such data and a full validation document for the assays described. Below, we have summarized the most significant aspects of this International effort.
Flow cytometry data analysis: Recent tools and algorithms
Authors: Montante Sebastiano , Brinkman Ryan R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFlow cytometry (FCM) allows scientists to rapidly quantify up to 50 parameters for millions of cells per sample. The bottleneck in the application of the technology is data analysis, and the high number of parameters measured by the current generation of instruments requires the use of advanced computational algorithms to make full use of their capabilities. This review summarizes the main steps ofFCMdata analysis, focusing on the use of the most recent bioinformatic tools developed for an R‐based programming environment. In particular, for each stage of the data analysis, libraries and packages currently available are listed, and a brief description of their functioning is included.
Recognition of child physical abuse by a group of Brazilian primary care health professionals
Authors: Silva‐Oliveira Fernando , Andrade Carlos Inácio , Guimarães Mariana Oliveira , Ferreira Raquel Conceição , Ferreira Efigênia Ferreira , Zarzar Patrícia Maria 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundChild maltreatment is a complex social and public health problem.AimTo evaluate the frequency of the recognition by Brazilian health professionals in primary care of child physical abuse (CPA) and associated factors.DesignA representative cross‐sectional study was conducted with dentists, nurses, family physicians, and pediatricians who participated in the network of the Family Health Strategy in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Data collection involved in the administration of a questionnaire validated for use in Brazil. Data were collected from 181 dentists, 235 nurses, 203 family physicians, and 96 pediatricians.ResultsAmong the 715 health professionals, 499 (69.8%) had some type of postgraduate degree and 414 (57.9%) recognized suspected or proved cases of CPA. The recognition was associated with occupation, as pediatricians recognized 14.11‐fold [OR = 14.11 (95% CI: 3.73 to 53.43)] more cases of CPA compared with dentists. The recognition was also associated with a longer period of time working in the city [OR = 2.79 (95% CI: 1.24 to 6.29)].ConclusionThe recognition of cases was positively associated with the longer working time in the municipal network and with pediatricians. The dentist was the category that was least associated with the recognition of CPA.
Longitudinal examination of pancreatic β‐cell function in Japanese individuals
Authors: Fujikawa Rumi , Ito Chikako , Kira Sakurako , Misumi Munechika 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAims/IntroductionWe carried out a retrospective, longitudinal analysis of β‐cell function between a diabetes mellitus group, including those that progressed to diabetes mellitus during the follow‐up period, and a diabetic type with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) <6.5 group, including those that progressed to a diabetic type during the follow‐up period. β‐Cell function was assessed using homeostasis model of assessment of β‐cell function.Materials and MethodsThe relationship between the duration of diabetes mellitus or the diabetic type and pancreatic β‐cell function was compared between the diabetes mellitus group (1,817) and diabetic type with HbA1c <6.5 group (1,843) using results from an oral glucose tolerance test. Linear mixed effects models were used to analyze repeated measurements of oral glucose tolerance tests.ResultsThe slope of the regression line of β‐cell function for the duration of the diabetes mellitus group was −2.2%/year before the diagnosis. The slope differed after the diagnosis, and the difference was 1.3. The slope of the diabetic type group was −1.2%/year, and no significant difference was observed in the slope before and after the diagnosis. β‐Cell function at the onset was 54.3% in the diabetic type group and 40.6% in the diabetes mellitus group, and the slope of the regression line was significantly higher in the diabetes mellitus group. We divided the diabetes mellitus and diabetic type with HbA1c <6.5 groups into obese and non‐obese participants. β‐Cell function declined more with obesity.ConclusionsSubsequent declines in β‐cell function were faster in the diabetes mellitus group than that in the diabetic type with HbA1c <6.5 group, and increased with obesity.
Synthetic testosterone derivatives modulate rat P2X2 and P2X4 receptor channel gating
Authors: Sivcev Sonja , Slavikova Barbora , Rupert Marian , Ivetic Milorad , Nekardova Michaela , Kudova Eva , Zemkova Hana 
Published: May 2019

AbstractP2X receptors (P2XRs) are ATP‐gated cationic channels that are allosterically modulated by numerous compounds, including steroids and neurosteroids. These compounds may both inhibit and potentiate the activity of P2XRs, but sex steroids such as 17β‐estradiol or progesterone are reported to be inactive. Here, we tested a hypothesis that testosterone, another sex hormone, modulates activity of P2XRs. We examined actions of native testosterone and a series of testosterone derivatives on the gating of recombinant P2X2R, P2X4R and P2X7R and native channels expressed in pituitary cells and hypothalamic neurons. The 17β‐ester derivatives of testosterone rapidly and positively modulate the 1 µM ATP‐evoked currents in P2X2R‐ and P2X4R‐expressing cells, but not agonist‐evoked currents in P2X7R‐expressing cells. In general, most of the tested testosterone derivatives are more potent modulators than endogenous testosterone. The comparison of chemical structures and whole‐cell recordings revealed that their interactions with P2XRs depend on the lipophilicity and length of the alkyl chain at position C‐17. Pre‐treatment with testosterone butyrate or valerate increases the sensitivity of P2X2R and P2X4R to ATP by several fold, reduces the rate of P2X4R desensitization, accelerates resensitization, and enhances ethidium uptake by P2X4R. Native channels are also potentiated by testosterone derivatives, while endogenously expressed GABA receptors type A are inhibited. The effect of ivermectin, a P2X4R‐specific allosteric modulator, on deactivation is antagonized by testosterone derivatives in a concentration‐dependent manner. Together, our results provide evidence for potentiation of particular subtypes of P2XRs by testosterone derivatives and suggest a potential role of ivermectin binding site for steroid‐induced modulation.Open Science BadgesThis article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Callosal septa express guidance cues and are paramedian guideposts for human corpus callosum development
Authors: Culjat Marko , Milošević Nataša Jovanov 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe early development and growth of the corpus callosum are supported by several midline transient structures in mammals that include callosal septa (CS), which are present only in the second half of gestation in humans. Here we provide new data that support the guidance role of CS in corpus callosum development, derived from the analysis of 46 postmortem fetal brains, ranging in age from 16 to 40 post conception weeks (PCW). Using immunohistochemical methods, we show the expression pattern of guidance cues ephrinA4 and neogenin, extracellular protein fibronectin, as well as non‐activated microglia in the CS. We found that the dynamic changes in expression of guidance cues, cellular and extracellular matrix constituents in the CS correlate well with the growth course of the corpus callosum at midsagittal level. The CS reach and maintain their developmental maximum between 20 and 26 PCW and can be visualized as hypointense structures in the ventral callosal portion with ex vivo (in vitro) T2‐weighted 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The maximum of septal development overlaps with an increase in the callosal midsagittal area, whereas the slow, gradual resolution of CS coincides with a plateau of midsagittal callosal growth. The recognition of CS existence in human fetal brain and the ability to visualize them by ex vivoMRI attributes a potential diagnostic value to these transient structures, as advancement in imaging technologies will likely also enable in vivoMRI visualization of the CS in the near future.
How do stomata respond to water status?
Authors: Buckley Thomas N. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryStomatal responses to humidity, soil moisture and other factors that influence plant water status are critical drivers of photosynthesis, productivity, water yield, ecohydrology and climate forcing, yet we still lack a thorough mechanistic understanding of these responses. Here I review historical and recent advances in stomatal water relations. Clear evidence now implicates a metabolically mediated response to leaf water status (‘hydroactive feedback’) in stomatal responses to evaporative demand and soil drought, possibly involving abscisic acid production in leaves. Other hypothetical mechanisms involving vapor and heat transport within leaves may contribute to humidity, light and temperature responses, but require further theoretical clarification and experimental validation. Variation and dynamics in hydraulic conductance, particularly within leaves, may contribute to water status responses. Continuing research to fully resolve mechanisms of stomatal responses to water status should focus on several areas: validating and quantifying the mechanism of leaf‐based hydroactive feedback, identifying where in leaves water status is actively sensed, clarifying the role of leaf vapor and energy transport in humidity and temperature responses, and verifying foundational but minimally replicated results of stomatal hydromechanics across species. Clarity on these matters promises to deliver modelers with a tractable and reliable mechanistic model of stomatal responses to water status.
Virtual simulation training: Imaged experience of dementia
Authors: Slater Paul , Hasson Felicity , Gillen Patricia , Gallen Anne , Parlour Randal 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackground and objectivesThe need to provide an empathic response to the care of people with dementia has long been advocated. Virtual reality‐based programmes continue to gain momentum across health sectors, becoming an innovative tool that provides staff with the opportunity to experience a dementia‐like experience within a relatively short time frame. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of an interactive training experience on moral, emotive, behavioural and cognitive elements of empathy.Research design and methodsA qualitative exploratory design was adopted employing purposive sampling to identify participants, aged over 18 years, who participated in the Virtual Dementia Tour (VDT®) programme. Interviews were conducted over a two‐month period, and qualitative thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.ResultsThe four components (moral, emotive, behavioural and cognitive) of empathy were reflected in findings. Overall the interactive training programme was perceived as useful, and emotionally, it provided an opportunity to “imagine what it is to live with dementia,” enabling a cognitive, moral and behavioural reflection to occur, enhancing the empathic state.DiscussionIn this study, the VDT® provides a different way of learning, with participants reporting the emergence of an empathic response. Results suggest that the emotional response laid the foundations to the behavioural or cognitive (objective and subjective) reaction which was underpinned by a moral reaction.Implications for practiceVirtual reality programmes are one step in the process for healthcare professionals caring empathetically for people with dementia; however, further research is required.