bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Algal Photosynthesis
Authors: Ynalvez Ruby A , Dinamarca Jorge , Moroney James V 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAlgae are a very diverse group of predominantly aquatic photosynthetic organisms that account for almost 50% of the photosynthesis that takes place on Earth. Algae have a wide range of antenna pigments to harvest light energy for photosynthesis giving different types of algae their characteristic colour. Early work done with algae contributed much to what is presently known about the carbon dioxide fixation pathway and the light‐harvesting reactions. The processes of photosynthesis in algae and higher plants are very similar. From among the three types of carbon dioxide‐concentrating mechanisms known in photosynthetic organisms, two types are found in different types of algae. Algae are proposed to play a role in the global carbon cycle by helping remove excess carbon dioxide from the environment. Owing to their efficient absorption and conversion of solar energy into chemical energy, algae have great potential for biotechnological and biofuel applications.Key ConceptsAlgal photosynthesis account for almost half of the photosynthetic carbon fixed every year.Scientists have utilised different algal species, including algal mutants, to study different aspects of photosynthesis.Algae's efficiency at pulling inorganic carbon out of the environment is dependent on growth condition, which implies the presence of an inducible carbon dioxide‐concentrating mechanism in algal cells.The proposed mechanism for carbon dioxide acquisition in algae includes active HCO3−accumulation, Rubisco packaging in specialised structures and the presence of a carbonic anhydrase near the location of Rubisco.Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that interconverts carbon dioxide and bicarbonate, which supply Rubisco with carbon dioxide from the pool of HCO3−.The major antenna pigments in algae include chlorophylls, phycobiliproteins and carotenoids, and the variation in the composition and relative abundance of these pigments give algae their distinctive colour.Antenna complexes are proteins with many bound antenna pigments, which are important in absorbing light energy.Algal photosynthesis is thought to increase when key nutrients such as N, P and Fe are available. This can sometimes lead to algal blooms.If algal photosynthesis increased more carbon dioxide might be removed from the environment.Photosynthetic biofuel production still is a promising alternative form of energy supply, and algal photosynthesis is the system of choice for energy applications.
M
agnaporthe

and Its Relatives
Authors: Ortega‐Campayo Víctor , Pérez‐Martín Marta , Sesma Ane 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

One of the main current societal challenges is the production of food supplies to feed a constantly growing human population. In the forthcoming years, we will have to increase the global production of staple cereals such as rice to achieve this goal. Several factors compromise this objective, including the variation of raining patterns due to climate change and pathogen infections that drastically reduce crop yields. Wheat and rice are frequently affected by diseases caused by several root‐infecting species of
Magnaporthales
such as
Gaeumannomyces graminis
,
Magnaporthiopsis rhizophila
and
Nakatea oryzae
(syn.
Magnaporthe salvinii
). Other economically significant root pathogen of this fungal family is
Magnaporthiopsis poae
, which causes severe damages in turfs used for sport courts flooring and home lawns. The blast fungus
Magnaporthe oryzae
, an extremely damaging airborne fungal pathogen of wheat and rice, also infects underground tissues. This is in accordance with the distinct penetration strategies displayed by
M. oryzae
during aerial and underground plant colonisation.

Key Concepts

A clade is a phylogenetic group, which comprises a single common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor.

The appressorium in Magnaporthales is a melanised fungal structure required for penetration of aerial plant tissues, and it is formed at the tips of spore germ tubes or hyphae.

An hyphopodium in Magnaporthales is a specialised structure produced at the tip of the hyphae to penetrate roots.
Gaemannomyces sp
. can produce simple or lobed hyphopodia.
M. oryzae
produces simple hyphopodia.

Disease‐suppressive soils are soils in which little or no disease occurs under favorable conditions for disease development. Generally, this is due to the presence of indigenous soil microbes.

The immune response in rice roots and leaves against the blast disease differs.
Phylogeny and Evolution of Vascular Plants
Authors: Qiu Yin‐Long 
Published: November 2018

AbstractVascular plants play a major role in global carbon cycling and are of fundamental importance to life on earth. Over the last half‐century, phylogenetic studies of morphological and molecular data have brought tremendous progress in our understanding of origin, phylogeny and evolution of these plants. It is clear that they evolved from a bryophytic ancestor, which likely resembles hornworts in the modern earth flora. Among all living vascular plants, lycophytes represent the first diverging lineage. Ferns and other free‐sporing vascular plants make up a clade called monilophytes, which are sister to seed plants. Extant gymnosperms form a monophyletic group in most molecular studies, but this result may need further investigation as morphological support is lacking. Among living angiosperms,Amborella, Nymphaeales and Austrobaileyales have been unequivocally demonstrated to represent the oldest lineages, a result that will facilitate solving Darwin's abominable mystery – the origin of angiosperms.Key ConceptsOrigin of vascular plants: Current phylogenetic and fossil evidence tends to support bryophytes as a paraphyletic group and thus vascular plants originated from a bryophytic ancestor.Phylogeny and evolution of life cycle in land plants: The bryophytic origin of vascular plants supports antithetic theory: The multicellular diploid sporophyte generation in land plants was an interpolation of a new structure derived from delay of meiosis in the life cycle, and continuously increased as plants evolved, eventually outweighing the haploid gametophyte generation.Relationships among early vascular plants: The long‐standing issue of how several relictual vascular plant lineages are related to each other have been finally resolved, with lycophytes representing the oldest living member of vascular plants andEquisetumbeing sister to a group composed of Psilotaceae and eusporangiate and leptosporangiate ferns.Monilophytes and origin of seed plants: Among extant free‐sporing vascular plants,Equisetum, Psilotaceae and ferns together make up a monophyletic group called monilophytes, which is sister to seed plants.The first angiosperms: Among all living angiosperms,Amborella, a shrub from New Caledonia, and Nymphaeales represent the basalmost lineages and they could offer some clues to what the first angiosperms looked like.Phylogenomics and phylogeny: The colossal amount of information that is being unearthed from genomes is enabling a new quantum leap in phylogenetics and evolutionary biology, but the data need to be carefully and rigorously analysed so that the results are not simply trees with high statistical support, and instead can withstand repeated falsification tests.
Role, Importance and Biosynthesis of Cell Wall‐Bound Phenolic Acids in Cereals
Authors: Hassan Ali S. , Burton Rachel A. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Ferulic acid (FA) and
p
‐coumaric acid (pCA) are the most abundant phenolic acids in cereals contributing 70–80% of the total phenolic acid pool (Harris and Hartley, 1980; Van Hung, 2016). They have roles in human health and nutrition (Van Hung, 2016) and cell wall cross‐linking
in planta
(de O Buanafina, 2009). These compounds are mainly bound to arabinoxylan polysaccharides and lignin polymers in cereals (Molinari et al., 2013). Such linkages may affect properties of the cell wall including adhesion and rigidity (Barrière et al., 2004), and might also limit the availability of wall polysaccharides in downstream processes due to the formation of polysaccharide–polysaccharide and polysaccharide–lignin complexes (Iiyama et al., 1990; Jung et al., 2012). Biosynthetic pathways that lead to the production of these phenolic compounds and their incorporation into the plant cell walls are complicated and there is still much to be understood. This article will cover the applications of cell wall‐bound phenolic acids, focusing on health benefits, and will discuss the possible routes currently thought to exist for the generation and incorporation of these compounds into the cell wall.
Mussel‐Inspired Contact‐Active Antibacterial Hydrogel with High Cell Affinity, Toughness, and Recoverability
Authors: Gan Donglin , Xu Tong , Xing Wensi , Ge Xiang , Fang Liming , Wang Kefeng , Ren Fuzeng , Lu Xiong 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAntibacterial hydrogel has received extensive attention in soft tissue repair, especially preventing infections those associated with impaired wound healing. However, it is challenging in developing an inherent antibacterial hydrogel integrating with excellent cell affinity and superior mechanical properties. Inspired by the mussel adhesion chemistry, a contact‐active antibacterial hydrogel is proposed by copolymerization of methacrylamide dopamine (MADA) and 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and forming an interpenetrated network with quaternized chitosan. The reactive catechol groups of MADA endow the hydrogel with contact intensified bactericidal activity, because it increases the exposure of bacterial cells to the positively charged groups of the hydrogel and strengthens the bactericidal effect. MADA also maintains the good adhesion of fibroblasts to the hydrogel. Moreover, the hybrid chemical and physical cross‐links inner the hydrogel network makes the hydrogel strong and tough with good recoverability. In vitro and in vivo tests demonstrate that this tough and contact‐active antibacterial hydrogel is a promising material to fulfill the dual functions of promoting tissue regeneration and preventing bacterial infection for wound‐healing applications.
An Exploration of New Energy Storage System: High Energy Density, High Safety, and Fast Charging Lithium Ion Battery
Authors: Wu Yingqiang , Wang Wenxi , Ming Jun , Li Mengliu , Xie Leqiong , He Xiangming , Wang Jing , Liang Shuquan , Wu Yuping 
Published: November 2018

AbstractRechargeable lithium ion battery (LIB) has dominated the energy market from portable electronics to electric vehicles, but the fast‐charging remains challenging. The safety concerns of lithium deposition on graphite anode or the decreased energy density using Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) anode are incapable to satisfy applications. Herein, the sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) is explored for the first time as a high capacity and safer anode in LIBs, in which the high voltage cathode of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCM‐H) is further introduced to configure a new SPAN|NCM‐H battery with great fast‐charging features. The LIB demonstrates a good stability with a high capacity retention of 89.7% after 100 cycles at a high voltage of 3.5 V (i.e., 4.6 V vs Li+/Li). Particularly, the excellent rate capability is confirmed and 78.7% of initial capacity can still be delivered at 4.0C. In addition, 97.6% of the battery capacity can be charged within 2.0C, which is much higher than 80% in current fast‐charging application standards. The feature of lithiation potential (>1.0 V vs Li+/Li) of SPAN avoids the lithium deposition and improves the safety, while the high capacity over 640 mAh g−1 promises 43.5% higher energy density than that of LTO‐based battery, enabling its great competitiveness to conventional LIBs.
Controlled Synthesis of 2D Palladium Diselenide for Sensitive Photodetector Applications
Authors: Zeng Long‐Hui , Wu Di , Lin Sheng‐Huang , Xie Chao , Yuan Hui‐Yu , Lu Wei , Lau Shu Ping , Chai Yang , Luo Lin‐Bao , Li Zhong‐Jun , Tsang Yuen Hong 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPalladium diselenide (PdSe2), a thus far scarcely studied group‐10 transition metal dichalcogenide has exhibited promising potential in future optoelectronic and electronic devices due to unique structures and electrical properties. Here, the controllable synthesis of wafer‐scale and homogeneous 2D PdSe2 film is reported by a simple selenization approach. By choosing different thickness of precursor Pd layer, 2D PdSe2 with thickness of 1.2–20 nm can be readily synthesized. Interestingly, with the increase in thickness, obvious redshift in wavenumber is revealed by Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, in accordance with density functional theory (DFT) calculation, optical absorption and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) analyses confirm that the PdSe2 exhibits an evolution from a semiconductor (monolayer) to semimetal (bulk). Further combination of the PdSe2 layer with Si leads to a highly sensitive, fast, and broadband photodetector with a high responsivity (300.2 mA W−1) and specific detectivity (≈1013 Jones). By decorating the device with black phosphorus quantum dots, the device performance can be further optimized. These results suggest the as‐selenized PdSe2 is a promising material for optoelectronic application.
The Absence and Importance of Operando Techniques for Metal‐Free Catalysts
Authors: Yuan Yifei , Li Matthew , Bai Zhengyu , Jiang Gaopeng , Liu Bin , Wu Tianpin , Chen Zhongwei , Amine Khalil , Lu Jun 
Published: November 2018

AbstractOperando characterization techniques have played a crucial role in modern technological developments. In contrast to the experimental uncertainties introduced by ex situ techniques, the simultaneous measurement of desired sample characteristics and near‐realistic electrochemical testing provides a representative picture of the underlying physics. From Li‐ion batteries to metal‐based electrocatalysts, the insights offered by real‐time characterization data have enabled more efficient research programs. As an emerging class of catalyst, much of the mechanistic understanding of metal‐free electrocatalysts continues to be elusive in comparison to their metal‐based counterparts. However, there is a clear absence of operando characterization performed on metal‐free catalysts. Through the proper execution of operando techniques, it can be expected that metal‐free catalysts can achieve exceptional technological progress. Here, the motivation of using operando characterization techniques for metal‐free carbon‐based catalyst system is considered, followed by a discussion of the possibilities, difficulties and benefits of their applications.
Imine Reductase‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Reduction of Bulky α,β‐Unsaturated Imines en Route to a Pharmaceutically Important Morphinan Skeleton
Authors: Yao Peiyuan , Xu Zefei , Yu Shanshan , Wu Qiaqing , Zhu Dunming 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe morphinan skeleton is an important sub‐structure in many medicines such as dextromethorphan, and can be constructed from 1‐benzyl‐1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8‐octahydroisoquinoline (1‐benzyl‐OHIQ) derivatives. 1‐Benzyl‐3,4,5,6,7,8‐hexahydroisoquinolines (1‐benzyl‐HHIQs), the precursors of 1‐benzyl‐OHIQs, constitute a type of bulky α, β‐unsaturated imines. Until now, the application of imine reductases (IREDs) to α, β‐unsaturated imines has only rarely been reported. In this study, through evaluation of 48 IREDs, both enantiomers of 1‐(4‐methoxybenzyl)‐1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8‐octahydroisoquinoline (1‐(4‐methoxybenzyl)‐OHIQ) were obtained in high yield and excellent optical purity. Among the enzymes, the most steric hindrance‐tolerant IRED from Sandarearacinus amylolyticus (IR40) was able to convert various phenyl substituted 1‐benzyl‐HHIQ to the corresponding 1‐benzyl‐OHIQ derivatives with excellent enantiometric excess. These results provide an effective route to synthesize these important compounds via enantioselective reduction of bulky α, β‐unsaturated imine precursors, which can be readily prepared from 2‐(1‐cyclohexenyl)ethylamine and corresponding aryl acetic acids.magnified image
Hysteresis‐Free Hexagonal Boron Nitride Encapsulated 2D Semiconductor Transistors, NMOS and CMOS Inverters
Authors: Liu Shuai , Yuan Kai , Xu Xiaolong , Yin Ruoyu , Lin Der‐Yuh , Li Yanping , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Meng Yongqiang , Dai Lun , Ye Yu 
Published: November 2018

AbstractGraphene and subsequently discovered layered semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) exhibit numerous exotic physical properties and broad potential device applications. These 2D semiconducting TMDCs have become particularly interesting in next‐generation electronic device applications due to their atomic thickness and nonzero bandgap. However, as there is no bulk volume, the 2D nature makes the electronic transport in these crystals highly sensitive to the environmental conditions, such as humidity, adsorbates, and trapped charges in neighboring dielectrics. Due to this environmental sensitivity, 2D‐based circuits and devices suffer from a large and undesirable environment‐induced hysteresis, which must be eliminated for reliable operation and computation. By mechanically assembling van der Waals (vdWs) heterostructures and edge‐contacted graphite electrodes, the 2D semiconducting channel is sealed completely and protected. Here, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) encapsulated high‐performance, hysteresis‐free 2D semiconductor transistors, n‐type metal‐oxide semiconductor, and complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor inverters are fabricated. The hBN encapsulation provides excellent protection of semiconducting n‐MoS2 and p‐WSe2 from environmental factors, resulting in hysteresis‐free 2D electronics characteristics that are necessary for the realization of 2D electronics and computing.
Synergistic Crystal and Interface Engineering for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Photovoltaics
Authors: Tavakoli Mohammad Mahdi , Saliba Michael , Yadav Pankaj , Holzhey Philippe , Hagfeldt Anders , Zakeeruddin Shaik Mohammed , Grätzel Michael 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe presence of bulk and surface defects in perovskite light harvesting materials limits the overall efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The formation of such defects is suppressed by adding methylammonium chloride (MACl) as a crystallization aid to the precursor solution to realize high‐quality, large‐grain triple A‐cation perovskite films and that are combined with judicious engineering of the perovskite interface with the electron and hole selective contact materials. A planar SnO2/TiO2 double layer oxide is introduced to ascertain fast electron extraction and the surface of the perovskite facing the hole conductor is treated with iodine dissolved in isopropanol to passivate surface trap states resulting in a retardation of radiationless carrier recombination. A maximum solar to electric power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.65% and open circuit photovoltage (Voc) of ≈1.24 V with only ≈370 mV loss in potential with respect to the band gap are achieved, by applying these modifications. Additionally, the defect healing enhances the operational stability of the devices that retain 96%, 90%, and 85% of their initial PCE values after 500 h under continuously light illumination at 20, 50, and 65 °C, respectively, demonstrating one of the most stable planar PSCs reported so far.
An exploration of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic counsellors' experiences of working with White clients
Authors: Spalding Beverley , Grove Jan , Rolfe Alison 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIntroductionCounselling and Psychotherapy have been described in the past as White middle‐class professions. However, over recent years Britain has become a more multiracial society, with therapists increasingly likely to find themselves working with clients from different ethnic backgrounds to their own. However, investigating Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) counsellors working with a White client is an under‐researched area in this country. This qualitative study investigated the experiences of BAME counsellors who had worked with White clients.MethodEight BAME participants took part in semi‐structured interviews which were analysed using thematic analysis.FindingsThere were three overarching themes: Training as colour blind; Experiencing client reactions; and Working with “race” in the counselling process. These form a narrative in which participants commonly described inadequate training around “race” and culture, then dealing with the experience of encountering issues of “race” as they present in the counselling room, and developing ways of managing and working with these issues.DiscussionParticipants clearly stated their need for further support both within training and in the way in which they manage difference in the counselling room. Implications for training organisations are discussed, including the recommendation that difference within training groups is identified, and that trainers take responsibility to raise issues and facilitate the learning within a safe environment. This is a small‐scale study and further research is needed, extending this to a wider geographical area, and using this to inform the development of more inclusive training programmes.
Simulation and Exergy Analysis of Recovering Acetaldehyde and Ethanol in 1,3‐Butadiene Production
Authors: Liu Cheng , Wu Linlin , Sun Huanhuan , Chen Yixuan , Geng Zhongfeng 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe production of butadiene from bioethanol as a non‐oil route has become a new research focus. Due to the incomplete conversion of ethanol and acetaldehyde in a single pass it is necessary to recycle the unreacted raw material. On the basis of economic optimization, a new acetaldehyde and ethanol recovery process with optimized operation conditions was developed. The purity of ethanol and acetaldehyde returned to the reactor can be guaranteed. The energy bottleneck of the process was identified by exergy analysis and improved by the proposed thermal integration. Sensitivity analysis was carried out to seek proper parameters for each operation unit. Total utilities cost, energy consumption, and exergy loss in the thermal integrated scheme could be significantly reduced.
Mechanical Tuning of Giant Magnetoresistance and Spin Filtering in Manganese Diporphyrin‐Based Molecular Junction
Authors: Zhao Wenkai , Zou Dongqing , Sun Zhaopeng , Xu Yuqing , Yu Yongjiang , Yang Chuanlu 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBy employing spin‐polarized density functional theory (DFT) combined with non‐equilibrium Green's function technique (NEGF), we have investigated the spin transport properties of a series of manganese diporphyrins (MnDPs) with different torsion angle (θ=0°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°, 60°). It is found that the spin transport properties of molecular junctions can be modulated by mechanical tuning of different dihedral angle. In addition, the molecular junctions have characterized Giant magnetoresistance (GMR), spin filtering effect (SFE) and negative differential resistance (NDR). More interestingly, our results show that the MR could reach over 14000 % at low bias voltage, and nearly perfect spin filtering efficiency can be obtained when the torsion angle θ=20°. The numerical analysis reveals that the matching of PDOS for two parts of MnDP molecule is the physical mechanism which is causing the appearance of GMR in the low bias voltage. Our findings might be useful for the application of MnDP‐based molecular devices.