bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photoprotection against visible light‐induced pigmentation
Authors: Ruvolo Eduardo , Fair Michael , Hutson Ashley , Liebel Frank 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectiveThis paper presents in vivo an in vitro studies demonstrating the induction of pigmentation in human skin by visible light which can be blocked by using formulation containing the correct amount of yellow iron oxide (YIO).MethodsAn in vitro absorption method was developed to determine the protection provided by a test formulation containing 4.5% YIO using an IPD UVA‐VIS action spectrum. Following the development of the in vitro method and in vivo study with 10 normal healthy volunteers with Fitzpatrick skin phototypes IV to VI was conducted to verify if the predictive model.ResultsThe in vitro model for visible light protection provided a protection factor of 2.5 using the in vitro absorption spectrum of 4.5% of YIO with a very similar result from the in vivo study with a protection factor of 3.0. Multiple daily exposures of visible light have shown increase in skin pigmentation and the application of YIO provide less development of pigmentation when compared to unprotected skin.ConclusionIn vitro testing of the absorbance of the pigmented formulation using a proposed action spectrum for immediate pigment darkening (IPD) response in the visible light range supports the in vivo protection observations for persistent pigment darkening (PPD) and can be used as predictor for skin pigmentation induced by visible light.
Factors shaping the financial capability of low‐income consumers from rural regions of Poland
Authors: Potocki Tomasz , Cierpiał‐Wolan Marek 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe two‐fold purpose of this study was to explore the financial capability of low‐income consumers from rural regions of Poland, using Xiao’s financial capability index, while accounting for their poverty status, demographic and financial characteristics. To test the relevant hypothesis of the study, a micro database of low‐income consumers was used. Factor, descriptive and correlation analyses were employed for preliminary examinations. One‐way ANOVA was used to examine the impact of different poverty indicators on financial capability index variables. Multiple OLS regressions were used to examine the influence of the selected factors on the level of financial capability. Six sets of linear regression models were used to explore the effects of factors associated with the financial capability variables. The findings of our study suggest that financial inclusion is an essential component of the financial capability index. The results also show that all five variables play a significant role in the financial capability index. Therefore, Xiao’s financial capability index captures a specific combination of financial literacy and financial behaviour of low‐income consumers from rural regions of Poland.
Heterogeneous human capital, inequality and growth: The role of patience and skills
Authors: Borissov Kirill , Bosi Stefano , Ha‐Huy Thai , Modesto Leonor 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWe extend the Lucas (1988) model, introducing two classes of agents with heterogeneous skills, discount factors and initial human capital endowments. We consider two regimes according to the planner's political constraints. In the meritocratic regime, the planner faces individual constraints. In the redistributive regime, the planner faces an aggregate constraint. We find that heterogeneity matters, particularly with redistribution. In the meritocratic regime, the optimal solution coincides with the balanced growth path (BGP) found by Lucas (1988) for the representative agent's case. In contrast, in the case of redistribution, the solution for time devoted to capital accumulation is never interior for both agents. Either the less talented agents do not accumulate human capital or the more skilled agents do not work. Moreover, social welfare under the redistributive regime is always higher than under meritocracy, and it is optimal to exploit existing differences. Finally, we find that inequality in human capital distribution increases in time and that, in the long run, inequality always promotes growth.
Predictors and outcomes of nurse professional autonomy: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Labrague Leodoro J. , McEnroe‐Petitte Denise M. , Tsaras Konstantinos 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAimsThis paper is a report examining the level of professional autonomy as well as its predictors and outcomes among practicing nurses in the Philippines.MethodsThis study adopted a descriptive, cross‐sectional research design. One hundred sixty‐six (n = 166) nurses participated in the study or a response rate of 83% during the months of January 2017 to May 2017. Seven self‐reported scales were used for this study: the Nurse Autonomy Scale, Job Stress Scale, Burnout Measure Scale, Job Satisfaction Index, Organizational Commitment Questionnaire, Turnover Intention Inventory Scale, and the Six Dimension Scale of Nursing Performance. Inferential and descriptive statistics were used to analyse the collected data.ResultsNurses demonstrated moderate levels of professional autonomy with education and hospital bed capacity as strong predictors. Regression analysis showed positive effects of professional autonomy on nurses' job outcomes such as organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and work performance.ConclusionConsistent to international studies, nurses in the Philippines demonstrated moderate levels of professional autonomy. Nurses who had higher levels of autonomy tended to be high performing, satisfied, and committed in their jobs. Organizational efforts are critically important to foster autonomy in practicing nurses through adequate support, education, training, and developed policies.
Recent trends in cyclic vomiting syndrome‐associated hospitalisations with liberalisation of cannabis use in the state of Colorado
Authors: Bhandari Sanjay , Jha Pinky , Lisdahl Krista M. , Hillard Cecilia J. , Venkatesan Thangam 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundCurrently, 33 states in the United States along with the District of Columbia have legalised cannabis in some forms. There is a paucity of data on the impact of legalisation of cannabis use on hospitalisations due to cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS).AimTo study the trends in CVS‐related hospitalisations and cannabis use in CVS in relation to legalisation of recreational cannabis use in Colorado.MethodsAll hospital admissions in Colorado between 2010 and 2014 with the diagnosis of CVS were identified using the Colorado State Inpatient Database. Five‐year trends in CVS‐related hospitalisations along with the cannabis use were analysed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine predictors of cannabis use in CVS.ResultsThere was a significant increase in CVS‐related hospitalisations by 46% from 806 in 2010 to 1180 in 2014 when CVS was included as all‐listed diagnoses (P < 0.001). The overall prevalence of cannabis use in CVS (13% with CVS as primary diagnosis and 17% with CVS as all‐listed diagnoses) was much higher than non‐CVS‐related hospitalisations (1.7%) (P < 0.001 for both comparisons). Cannabis use increased dramatically in both CVS and non‐CVS‐related hospitalisations following legalisation of cannabis for recreational use in 2012.ConclusionOur study shows a significant increase in CVS‐related hospitalisations concomitant with an increase in cannabis use with its liberalisation in Colorado. Future studies on the relationship between cannabis use and hyperemesis are warranted, especially with its ongoing legalisation in the United States.
‘Looking after the survivors’: the health of a cohort of long‐term human immunodeficiency virus patients 25 years on
Authors: McNeil Thomas , Rowe Emily 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundPatients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have higher rates of cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders and malignancy than their uninfected peers.AimTo survey the health of a South Australian cohort of long‐term HIV patients, who had been diagnosed with HIV prior to the availability of combination antiretroviral therapy.MethodsData from 88 patients were collected retrospectively across four domains: demographics, HIV history, antiretroviral medication and medical comorbidity.ResultsThere were high rates of cardiovascular risk factors, in particular active smoking, dyslipidaemia and diabetes mellitus, which translated into a high rate of ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular accidents. A large proportion of the patients suffered depression and cognitive impairment. Approximately one‐fifth of the cohort had been diagnosed with a malignancy, with anal cancer being the most prevalent. Many patients had experienced permanent toxicity from antiretroviral therapy.ConclusionThe present study showed high rates of ‘non‐HIV morbidity’ in a group of long‐term HIV patients in South Australia. Clinicians should aggressively modify cardiovascular risk factors, ensure appropriate immunisations, monitor mental health and consider targeted malignancy screening in these patients. A robust clinical infrastructure and multidisciplinary team is required to facilitate the complex care needs of long‐term HIV patients.
Risk Information Disclosure and Bank Soundness: Does Regulation Matter? Evidence from China*
Authors: Wang Zongrun , Chen Jiangyan , Zhao Xiaofei 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of the Regulation for Commercial Bank Capital Management in China on banks’ risk taking and disclosure behavior. We construct a risk disclosure index for Chinese commercial banks around this Regulation and find that compliance with the Regulation through a higher risk disclosure index improves bank soundness. We also find that the component of the risk disclosure index associated with risk compensation is the main driving factor of our findings. Moreover, our results show the effect of the Regulation is much smaller for publicly listed banks, suggesting a substituting regulation effect of the public capital market.
Return Synchronicity and Insider Trading Profitability*
Authors: Liang Claire Y.C. , Tang Zhenyang , Xu Xiaowei 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWe investigate the association between stock return synchronicity and insider trading profitability. Morck, Yeung and Yu (2000) suggest that greater stock return synchronicity (or R2) reflects less firm‐specific information in stock prices. Consistent with the view, we find significantly higher insider profitability in firms with greater return synchronicity. The results mainly reside in opportunistic trades rather than in routine trades, and are more pronounced for trades by key insiders such as officers and directors. Furthermore, our results are weaker for industry bellwether firms, and stronger for firms with more opaque earnings or lower institutional ownership. We also document significantly more insider purchasing activity in firms with greater return synchronicity. Overall, our results support the view that greater return synchronicity means less firm‐specific information in stock prices, and suggest that insiders take advantage of this by trading and profiting more from firms with greater return synchronicity.
Frost response in wheat and early detection using proximal sensors
Authors: Nuttall James G. , Perry Eileen M. , Delahunty Audrey J. , O'Leary Garry J. , Barlow Kirsten M. , Wallace Ashley J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractFrost can significantly reduce production of field crops grown in Mediterranean‐type environments, where significant economic losses for Australian wheat occur annually. If non‐destructive sensors could make rapid, spatial assessment of frost damage, this could limit economic losses through timely management decisions. This paper reports on a methodology for imposing frost treatments to wheat under field conditions and the utility of canopy reflectance data for detecting early crop damage. Purpose‐built chambers using stepped additions of dry ice allowed for a range of frost scenarios to be tested when applied at wheat heading and anthesis. For frost treatments applied at anthesis, grain number and yield were reduced by 8.8% and 7.2%, respectively, for every degree Celsius below zero (down to −4°C). This effect was additive over two consecutive nights. For cold load equivalent, there was a 2.2% and 1.9% reduction in grain number and yield, respectively, per °C hr (below 0°C). For wheat, spectral indices PRI and NDVI (reflectance) and FRF_G and SFR_G (fluorescence) showed significant relationships, with cold load applied for heading treatments. Next steps include targeting frost intensities equivalent to cold loads between 20 and 80°C hr and testing the utility of these proposed indices in a commercial paddock setting.
Phosphoric acid‐modified magnesium oxychloride: Study of water stability, kinetics, and pair distribution function
Authors: Góchez Roque , Chapman Karena W. , Wambaugh Jim , Kitchens Christopher L. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMagnesium oxychloride (MOC) excels in performance applications due to inherent structural strength, fire retardant properties, and numerous other attributes. To avoid the slow degradation of MOC when exposed to water, phosphoric acid is usually added, effectively increasing retention of structural properties (water stability). While this is an effective method, it is poorly understood. Additions of 2.5 wt.% and above had positive impacts on the water stability, preserving ~50 wt.% crystalline MOC after water stability tests. Phosphoric acid addition also impacted the reaction kinetics, increasing the activation energy of curing from 72.2 to 87.6‐95.2 kJ/mol. Using synchrotron X‐ray scattering and pair distribution function analysis, we identified an unreported amorphous phase formed when phosphoric acid is added; this phase contains structural motifs related to MgHPO4·3H2O (newberyte), Mg2P2O7·3.5H2O (magnesium pyrophosphate), and amorphous MOC phase. The short‐range order of the samples show a prominent peak at ~3.2 Å that grows with increasing acid addition, believed to be a combination of newberyte (~3.4 Å Mg–P), pyrophosphate (~3.25 Å Mg–P), and MOC (~3.15 Å Mg–Mg). We propose that the increased water stability observed is due to this combined amorphous phase, which retains the low water solubility properties of MgHPO4·3H2O and Mg2P2O7·3.5H2O, effectively protecting the MOC crystalline phase.
Bias in heritability estimates from genomic restricted maximum likelihood methods under different genotyping strategies
Authors: Cesarani Alberto , Pocrnic Ivan , Macciotta Nicolò P. P. , Fragomeni Breno O. , Misztal Ignacy , Lourenco Daniela A. L. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWe investigated the effects of different strategies for genotyping populations on variance components and heritabilities estimated with an animal model under restricted maximum likelihood (REML), genomic REML (GREML), and single‐step GREML (ssGREML). A population with 10 generations was simulated. Animals from the last one, two or three generations were genotyped with 45,116 SNP evenly distributed on 27 chromosomes. Animals to be genotyped were chosen randomly or based on EBV. Each scenario was replicated five times. A single trait was simulated with three heritability levels (low, moderate, high). Phenotypes were simulated for only females to mimic dairy sheep and also for both sexes to mimic meat sheep. Variance component estimates from genomic data and phenotypes for one or two generations were more biased than from three generations. Estimates in the scenario without selection were the most accurate across heritability levels and methods. When selection was present in the simulations, the best option was to use genotypes of randomly selected animals. For selective genotyping, heritabilities from GREML were more biased compared to those estimated by ssGREML, because ssGREML was less affected by selective or limited genotyping.
Learning with elaborative interrogations and the impact of learners' emotional states
Authors: Navratil Sabrina D. , Kühl Tim 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSelf‐generated learning (SGL) activities are characterized as an active learning strategy that functions as a support for deeper comprehension. However, the question arises which factors could be essential to fully exploit the effectiveness of SGL activities. One possible factor may be the emotional state of learners during learning. Because different emotional states are associated with different styles of information processing, in turn, they may support learning with SGL activities. Consequently, this study addresses learning with a type of SGL activities, answering elaborative interrogations, and the impact of learners' emotional states. German students (N = 123) were assigned to one of four conditions, resulting from a 2 × 2 design with instructional material (elaborative interrogations vs. no elaborative interrogations) and emotional state (positive vs. negative) as independent variables. Results showed that learners learning with elaborative interrogations experienced the instructional material as more difficult than without elaborative interrogations. Learning with them led to a better transfer learning outcome of concepts that had to be generated by interrogations (not for concepts that were already readable in the text) and had no effect for retention. Unexpectedly, neither an influence of the learners' emotional state nor an interaction of both independent variables could be shown.
A multicenter cross‐sectional study of episiotomy practice in Romania
Authors: Pasc Andrada , Navolan Dan , Pușcașiu Lucian , Ionescu Cringu Antoniu , Szasz Florin Adrian , Carabineanu Adrian , Dimitriu Mihai , Călin Daniel , Bohilțea Roxana , Ples Liana , Nemescu Dragoș 
Published: November 2018

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesThe aim of this study was to focus attention on episiotomy practice in Romanian maternity units in order to identify factors associated with the very high rate of the procedure in Romania and to consider strategies to reduce it.MethodsIn this clustered cross‐sectional study, a total of 11 863 patients were recorded in eight Romanian maternity units to assess the prevalence of episiotomy. A random effects Poisson model was used to estimate the prevalence rate in univariate and multivariate models.ResultsAmong the 11 863 patients included for analysis, 8475 (71.4%) had an episiotomy. The prevalence of episiotomy was 92.7% for the first vaginal birth, 73.2% for the second vaginal birth, and 35% for the third vaginal birth. The overall rate of suturing was higher than the episiotomy rate for all patients (total rate 79.2%). The likelihood of exiting the maternity ward with an intact perineum after the first vaginal birth was less than 5% at the first vaginal birth.ConclusionsIn conclusion, routine episiotomy is the norm in Romanian maternity units, with episiotomy rates among the highest in Europe. Episiotomy use is mainly driven by local professional norms, experiences, previous training, and practitioners' decisions rather than evidence, guidelines, or variations in patient needs at the time of vaginal birth.
Quantitative analysis of the core 2D arrangement and distribution of enamel rods in cross‐sections of mandibular mouse incisors
Authors: Smith Charles E. , Hu Yuanyuan , Hu Jan C‐C. , Simmer James P. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractConsiderable descriptive information about the overall organization of mouse mandibular incisor enamel is available but almost nothing is known about the quantitative characteristics of enamel rod arrangement and distribution in these teeth. This has important implications concerning cell movement during the secretory stage because each ameloblast makes one enamel rod. Knowing how many enamel rods are cut open in a cross‐section of the enamel layer could provide insights into understanding the dynamics of how groups of ameloblasts form the enamel layer. In this study, cross‐sections of fully mineralized enamel were cut on 24 mandibular mouse incisors, polished and etched, and imaged by scanning electron microscopy in backscatter mode. Montaged maps of the entire enamel layer were made at high magnification and the enamel rod profiles in each map were color‐coded based upon rod category. Quantitative analyses of each color layer in the maps were then performed using standard routines available in imagej. The data indicated that that there were on average 7233 ± 575 enamel rod profiles per cross‐section in mandibular incisors of 7‐week‐old mice, with 70% located in the inner enamel layer, 27% located in the outer enamel layer, and 3% positioned near the mesial and lateral cementoenamel junctions. All enamel rod profiles showed progressive increases in tilt angles, some very large in magnitude, from the lateral to mesial sides of the enamel layer, whereas only minor variations in tilt angle were found relative to enamel thickness at given locations across the enamel layer. The decussation angle between alternating rows of rod profiles within the inner enamel layer was fairly constant from the lateral to central labial sides of the enamel layer, but it increased dramatically in the mesial region of the enamel layer. The packing density of all rod profiles decreased from lateral to central labial regions of the enamel layer and then in progressing mesially, decreased slightly (inner enamel, mesial tilt), increased slightly (outer enamel layer) or almost doubled in magnitude (inner enamel, lateral tilt). It was concluded that these variations in rod tilt angle and packing densities are adaptations that allow the tooth to maintain a sharp incisal edge and shovel‐shape as renewing segments formed by around 7200 ameloblasts are brought onto the occluding surface of the tooth by continuous renewal.
How do nurses use the early warning score in their practice? A case study from an acute medical unit
Authors: Foley Claire , Dowling Maura 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAims and objectivesThis study aimed to describe how nurses use the early warning score (EWS) in an acute medical ward and their compliance with the EWS and explore their views and experiences of the EWS.Backgroundearly warning score systems have been implemented in response to upward trends in mortality rates. Nurses play a central role in the use of EWS systems. However, barriers to their use have been identified and include behavioural, cultural and organisational approaches to adherence. Improvement strategies including education and training and electronic devices have assisted in compliance with the system.DesignA holistic single descriptive case study design was used.MethodsData triangulation was used including non‐participant observation, semi‐structured interviews with nurses and document analysis. Nurses were observed using EWS and were subsequently interviewed. Data analysis was guided by systematic text condensation (STC), an approach underpinned by Giorgi's phenomenological method, where meaning units and themes are identified. The study adhered to the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) guidelines.ResultsThree themes with associated meaning units were found. Protocol Adherence vs. Clinical Judgement addresses nurses’ knowledge, skill and experience and patient assessment. Parameter Adjustment and Escalation included parameters not being adjusted or reviewed, junior doctors not being authorised to set parameters and escalation. The final theme Culture highlighted a task‐driven approach and deficient communication processes.ConclusionThis study highlights the need for ongoing training, behavioural change and a cultural shift by healthcare professionals and organisations to ensure adherence with EWS escalation protocols.Relevance to clinical practiceImprovements in education and training into recognition, management and communication of a deteriorating patient are required. Also, a cultural shift is needed to improve compliance and adherence with EWS practice. The potential use of electronic data should be explored.