bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Should parents see their teen’s medical record? Asking about the effect on adolescent–doctor communication changes attitudes
Authors: Ancker Jessica S , Sharko Marianne , Hong Matthew , Mitchell Hannah , Wilcox Lauren 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Objective
Parents routinely access young children’s medical records, but medical societies strongly recommend confidential care during adolescence, and most medical centers restrict parental records access during the teen years. We sought to assess public opinion about adolescent medical privacy.

Materials and Methods
The Cornell National Social Survey (CNSS) is an annual nationwide public opinion survey. We added questions about a) whether parents should be able to see their 16-year-old child’s medical record, and b) whether teens would avoid discussing sensitive issues (sex, alcohol) with doctors if parents could see the record. Hypothesizing that highlighting the rationale for adolescent privacy would change opinions, we conducted an experiment by randomizing question order.

Results
Most respondents (83.0%) believed that an adolescent would be less likely to discuss sensitive issues with doctors with parental medical record access; responses did not differ by question order (P = .29). Most also believed that parents should have access to teens’ records, but support for parental access fell from 77% to 69% among those asked the teen withholding question first (P = .01).

Conclusions
Although medical societies recommend confidential care for adolescents, public opinion is largely in favor of parental access. A brief “nudge,” asking whether parental access might harm adolescent–doctor communication, increased acceptance of adolescent confidentiality, and could be part of a strategy to prepare parents for electronic patient portal policies that medical centers impose at the beginning of adolescence.
Analysis of Wide-Neck Aneurysms in the Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial
Authors: Mascitelli Justin R , Lawton Michael T , Hendricks Benjamin K , Nakaji Peter , Zabramski Joseph M , Spetzler Robert F 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Ruptured wide-neck aneurysms (WNAs) are difficult to treat and few publications have compared clipping to coiling.

OBJECTIVE
To determine, using Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial (BRAT) data: (1) How many aneurysms had a wide neck? (2) Did wide-neck status influence treatment? (3) How did clipping compare to coiling for WNAs?

METHODS
A post hoc analysis was conducted of saccular WNAs in the BRAT. A WNA was defined as maximum neck width ≥ 4 mm or maximum aneurysm dome-diameter–to–neck-width ratio < 2. Both intent-to-treat and as-treated analyses were performed.

RESULTS
Of the 327 patients analyzed, 177 (54.1%) had a WNA. WNAs were more likely to occur in older patients (P = .03) with worse presenting clinical grade (P = .02), were more likely to arise from the middle cerebral artery, basilar tip, or internal carotid artery other than the junction with the posterior communicating artery (P = .001) and were associated with worse clinical outcomes at all time points (P ≤ .01). WNAs were equally distributed in assigned treatment groups (clip 56.6% vs coil 51.8%; P = .38), but were overrepresented in the actual clipping group (clip 62.4% vs coil 37.6%, P < .001). Most patients (76.7%) in the coil-to-clip crossover group had a WNA. Comparing clipping to coiling, there was no difference in clinical outcomes at any time point in either analysis (P ≥ .33). The aneurysm obliteration rate was lower (P < .001) and the retreatment rate higher (P < .001) in the actual coiling group.

CONCLUSION
Wide-neck status significantly impacted treatment strategy in the BRAT, favoring clipping. Clipping and coiling of ruptured WNAs resulted in statistically similar long-term clinical outcomes.
Lessons Learned Over More than 500 Stroke Thrombectomies Using ADAPT With Increasing Aspiration Catheter Size
Authors: Alawieh Ali , Chatterjee A Rano , Vargas Jan , Chaudry M Imran , Lena Jonathan , Turner Raymond , Turk Aquilla , Spiotta Alejandro 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Endovascular thrombectomy is currently the standard of care for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Although earlier trials on endovascular thrombectomy were performed using stent retrievers, recently completed the contact aspiration vs stent retriever for successful revascularization (ASTER) and a comparison of direct aspiration versus stent retriever as a first approach (COMPASS) trials have shown the noninferiority of direct aspiration.

OBJECTIVE
To report the largest experience with ADAPT thrombectomy and compare the impact of advancement in reperfusion catheter technologies on outcomes.

METHODS
We reviewed a retrospective database of AIS patients who underwent ADAPT thrombectomy between January 2013 and November 2017 at the Medical University of South Carolina. Demographics and baseline characteristics, technical variables, and radiological and clinical outcomes were reviewed.

RESULTS
Among 510 patients (mean age: 67.7, 50.6% females), successful recanalization at first pass was achieved in 61.8%, and with aspiration only in 77.5%. Mean procedure time was 27.4 min, and the rate of good outcomes (mRS 0-2) at 90 d was 42.9%. The rate of recanalization with aspiration only was significantly higher, and procedure time was significantly lower in patients treated with larger catheters (ACE 064 and ACE 068) compared to smaller catheters (5 MAX and ACE, P < .05). There were no differences in complication rates or postoperative parenchymal hemorrhage across groups (P > .05); however, use of ACE 068 was an independent predictor of good outcomes at 90 d on multivariate regression analysis (odds ratio = 1.6, P < .05).

CONCLUSION
Refinement of ADAPT thrombectomy by incorporating reperfusion catheters with higher inner diameters and thus higher aspiration forces is associated with better outcomes, shorter procedure times, and lower likelihood of using additional devices without impacting complication rates.
Upfront Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Stereotactic Laser-Ablation in Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma: A Multicenter Review of Survival Outcomes Compared to a Matched Cohort of Biopsy-Only Patients
Authors: Mohammadi Alireza M , Sharma Mayur , Beaumont Thomas L , Juarez Kevin O , Kemeny Hanna , Dechant Cosette , Seas Andreas , Sarmey Nehaw , Lee Bryan S , Jia Xuefei , Fecci Peter E , Baehring Joachim , Moliterno Jennifer , Chiang Veronica L , Ahluwalia Manmeet S , Kim Albert H , Barnett Gene H , Leuthardt Eric C 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Laser ablation (LA) is used as an upfront treatment in patients with deep seated newly diagnosed Glioblastoma (nGBM).

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the outcomes of LA in patients with nGBM and compare them with a matched biopsy-only cohort.

METHODS
Twenty-four nGBM patients underwent upfront LA at Cleveland clinic, Washington University in St. Louis, and Yale University (6/2011-12/2014) followed by chemo/radiotherapy. Also, 24 out of 171 nGBM patients with biopsy followed by chemo/radiotherapy were matched based on age (< 70 vs ≥ 70), gender, tumor location (deep vs lobar), and volume (<11 cc vs ≥11 cc). Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and disease-specific PFS and OS were outcome measures. Three prognostic groups were identified based on extent of tumor ablation by thermal-damage-threshold (TDT)-lines.

RESULTS
The median tumor volume in LA (n = 24) and biopsy only (n = 24) groups was 9.3 cm3 and 8.2 cm3 respectively. Overall, median estimate of OS and PFS in LA cohort was 14.4 and 4.3 mo compared to 15.8 mo and 5.9 mo for biopsy only cohort. On multivariate analysis, favorable TDT-line prognostic groups were associated with lower incidence of disease specific death (P = .03) and progression (P = .05) compared to other groups including biopsy only cohort. Only age (<70 yr, P = .02) and tumor volume (<11 cc, P = .03) were favorable prognostic factors for OS.

CONCLUSION
The maximum tumor coverage by LA followed by radiation/chemotherapy is an effective treatment modality in patients with nGBM, compared to biopsy only cohort. The TDT-line prognostic groups were independent predictor of disease specific death and progression after LA.
Flow units as dynamic defects in metallic glassy materials
Authors: Wang Zheng , Wang Wei-Hua 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
In a crystalline material, structural defects such as dislocations or twins are well defined and largely determine the mechanical and other properties of the material. For metallic glass (MG) with unique properties in the absence of a long-range lattice, intensive efforts have focused on the search for similar ‘defects’. The primary objective has been the elucidation of the flow mechanism of MGs. However, their atomistic mechanism of mechanical deformation and atomic flow response to stress, temperature, and failure, have proven to be challenging. In this paper, we briefly review the state-of-the-art studies on the dynamic defects in metallic glasses from the perspective of flow units. The characteristics, activation and evolution processes of flow units as well as their correlation with mechanical properties, including plasticity, strength, fracture, and dynamic relaxation, are introduced. We show that flow units that are similar to structural defects such as dislocations are crucial in the optimization and design of metallic glassy materials via the thermal, mechanical and high-pressure tailoring of these units. In this report, the relevant issues and open questions with regard to the flow unit model are also introduced and discussed.
Possible New Symptoms of Tobacco Withdrawal II: Anhedonia—A Systematic Review
Authors: Hughes John R , Klemperer Elias M , Peasley-Miklus Catherine 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Introduction
When animals undergo nicotine deprivation, rewards become less rewarding (ie, anhedonia occurs). We searched for tests of whether anhedonia occurs in abstinent smokers.

Methods
The major inclusion criterion was a within-participants comparison of behavioral measures of reward sensitivity or self-reported anhedonia during smoking versus during abstinence among daily smokers. A computerized search of PubMed, PsychInfo, and Cochrane databases and other methods located 13 studies. All but one were laboratory studies.

Results
The number of studies and participants were small and the results mixed. In terms of anticipatory anhedonia (ie, wanting a reward), abstinence appeared to decrease willingness to work for immediately available rewards, but did not appear to influence how much adding rewards to a task increased responding. Abstinence also appeared to produce small increases in self-reported anticipatory anhedonia. In terms of consummatory anhedonia (ie, liking a reward), self-report measures found anhedonia decreased pleasure from rewards in some but not all tests. In terms of learning (ie, learning to choose a more frequent reward), abstinence did not reliably decrease allocating responding to high versus low frequency reward options.

Conclusions
Although results were mixed, abstinence appears to increase anticipatory anhedonia. It is unclear if abstinence increases consummatory or reward learning-based anhedonia. Further studies of anhedonia in clinical settings are needed (1) to estimate the reliability and clinical significance of anhedonia as a symptom of tobacco withdrawal, (2) to assess if effects represent withdrawal versus offset processes, and (3) to assess if anhedonia interferes with the ability to stop smoking.

Implications
Anticipatory anhedonia appears to be a symptom of tobacco withdrawal and should be added to tobacco withdrawal checklists and diagnostic criteria. Further study of consummatory and learning-based anhedonia is warranted.
David Lewis on Context
Authors: Stalnaker Robert 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA critical discussion of David Lewis’s two-dimensional framework for doing semantics. Lewis’s framework has the same abstract structure as David Kaplan’s semantics for demonstratives, where the truth-value of a sentence is defined as a function of two parameters, one of which is a context. This chapter focuses on the notion of context that is common to the two frameworks, arguing that it is not suited to play the pragmatic role that we need a notion of context to play. The technical notion that both Kaplan and Lewis call ‘context’ plays several different roles in the explanation of speech that need to be distinguished, and this notion also needs to be distinguished from a pragmatic notion of context as the body of information that is available for the determination of what is said.
From Meaning to Content
Authors: Recanati François 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAccording to a widespread picture due to Kaplan, there are two levels of semantic value: character and content. Character is determined by the grammar, and it determines content with respect to context. In this chapter Recanati criticizes that picture on several grounds. He shows that we need more than two levels, and rejects the determination thesis: that linguistic meaning as determined by grammar determines content. Grammatical meaning does not determine assertoric content, he argues, but merely constrains it—speaker’s meaning necessarily comes into play. On the alternative picture he offers, there are four basic levels, only one of which is determined by the grammar. Pragmatics is what enables the transition from each level to the next.
Reviving the Parameter Revolution in Semantics
Authors: Pickel Bryan , Rabern Brian , Dever Josh 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMontague and Kaplan began a revolution in semantics, which promised to explain how a univocal expression could make distinct truth-conditional contributions in its various occurrences. The idea was to treat context as a parameter at which a sentence is semantically evaluated. But the revolution has stalled. One salient problem comes from recurring demonstratives: “He is tall and he is not tall”. For the sentence to be true at a context, each occurrence of the demonstrative must make a different truth-conditional contribution. But this difference cannot be accounted for by standard parameter sensitivity. Semanticists, consoled by the thought that this ambiguity would ultimately be needed anyhow to explain anaphora, have been too content to posit massive ambiguities in demonstrative pronouns. This chapter aims to revived the parameter revolution by showing how to treat demonstrative pronouns as univocal while providing an account of anaphora that doesn’t end up re-introducing the ambiguity.
Lexical Meaning, Concepts, and the Metasemantics of Predicates
Authors: Glanzberg Michael 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis chapter examines how concepts relate to lexical meanings. It focuses on how we can appeal to concepts to give specific, cognitively rich contents to lexical entries, while at the same time using standard methods of compositional semantics. This is a problem, as those methods assume lexical meanings provide extensions, while concepts are mental representations that have very different structure from an extension. The chapter proposes a way to solve this problem which is by casting concepts in a metasemantic role for certain expressions, notably verbs, but more also generally, with expressions that function as content-giving predicates in a sentence.
Fregean Compositionality
Authors: Zimmermann Thomas Ede 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTwo distinctive features of Frege’s approach to compositionality are reconstructed in terms of the theory of extension and intension: (i) its bias in favour of extensional operations; and (ii) its resort to indirect senses in the face of iterated opacity. While (i) has been preserved in current formal semantics, it proves to be stronger than a straightforward extensionality requirement in terms of Logical Space, the difference turning on a subtle distinction between extensions at particular points and extensions per se. (ii) has traditionally been dismissed as redundant, and is shown to lead to a mere ‘baroque’ reformulation of ordinary compositionality. Nevertheless, whatever Frege’s motive, the very idea of having opaque denotations keep track of the depth of their embedding gives rise to a fresh view at certain scope paradoxes that had previously been argued to lie outside the reach of a binary distinction between extension and intension.
Modern Thermodynamics for Chemists and Biochemists
Authors: Sherwood Dennis , Dalby Paul 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This book will equip a student of any physical or biological science with a sound understanding of thermodynamics, and will build confidence in using thermodynamics in practice. The emphasis is towards chemical thermodynamics, but the principles of the First, Second and Third Laws apply to all sciences. Importantly, the final four chapters show how thermodynamics can be applied to biological systems, discussing the biochemical standard state, bioenergetics, protein folding, and the self-assembly of smaller components to form higher-level structures. The book has not been written to support a particular curriculum; rather, it covers all the fundamental principles, so providing a comprehensive grounding, as well as a strong foundation for further study. It is therefore likely that there will be more material in this book than is required for any one particular curriculum, but we trust there is sufficient material for almost every curriculum. A key feature of the book is the style. It has been written so that ‘you can hear our voices’, and with the overarching intent of being logical, clear and comprehensible. The style will therefore be perceived as less formal than many other texts – and we trust more readable. Furthermore, we have sought to avoid phrases such as ‘it may be shown that...’, and ‘clearly, it follows that...’. If ‘it may be shown’, we show it; and we don’t use ‘clearly’ when things aren’t clear at all. Thermodynamics is notoriously difficult. This book does not make an intrinsically deep science ‘easy’. But it does make it intelligible.
Systems and states
Authors: Sherwood Dennis , Dalby Paul 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
An introduction to thermodynamics, its scope, applications and importance. Definition and exploration of key terms such as system, state, surroundings, boundary, intensive state function, extensive state function, and change in state. Definition of a key intensive state function, pressure. Introduction of the concept of an equation-of-state, with Boyle’s law as an example. Introduction to the ideal gas. Molecular interpretation of pressure.
Temperature and heat
Authors: Sherwood Dennis , Dalby Paul 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Concepts of temperature, temperature scales and temperature measurement. The ideal gas law, Dalton’s law of partial pressure. Assumptions underlying the ideal gas, and distinction between ideal and real gases. Introduction to equations-of-state such as the van der Waals, Dieterici, Berthelot and virial equations, which describe real gases. Concept of heat, and distinction between heat and temperature. Experiments of Rumford and Joule, and the principle of the conservation of energy. Units of measurement for heat. Heat as a path function. Flow of heat down a temperature gradient as an irreversible and unidirectional process. ‘Zeroth’ Law of Thermodynamics. Definitions of isolated, closed and open systems, and of isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric and isothermal changes in state. Connection between work and heat, as illustrated by the steam engine. The molecular interpretation of heat, energy and temperature. The Boltzmann distribution. Meaning of negative temperatures.
Enthalpy and thermochemistry
Authors: Sherwood Dennis , Dalby Paul 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Definition and mathematics of enthalpy. Definition of heat capacity at constant pressure as CP = (∂H/∂T)V. Endothermic and exothermic reactions. Role of the change in enthalpy as regards the direction and spontaneity of a change in state. Enthalpy changes and phase changes. Measuring enthalpy changes by calorimetry. Hess’s law of constant heat formation. Chemical standards and standard states. Standard enthalpies of formation, ionic enthalpies and bond energies. How the change in enthalpy varies with temperature. Kirchhoff’s equations. Applications of thermochemistry to a variety of worked examples, including flames and explosions.
Ideal gas processes – and two ideal gas case studies too
Authors: Sherwood Dennis , Dalby Paul 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter brings together, and builds on, the results from previous chapters to provide a succinct, and comprehensive, summary of all key relationships relating to ideal gases, including the heat and work associated with isothermal, adiabatic, isochoric and isobaric changes, and the properties of an ideal gas’s heat capacities at constant volume and constant pressure. The chapter also has two ‘case studies’ which use the ideal gas equations in broader, and more real, contexts, so showing how the equations can be used to tackle, successfully, more extensive systems. The first ‘case study’ is the Carnot cycle, and so covers all the fundamentals required for the proof of the existence of entropy as a state function; the second ‘case study’ is the ‘thermodynamic pendulum’ – a system in which a piston in an enclosed cylinder oscillates to and fro like a pendulum under gravity, in both the absence, and presence, of friction.
Chemical equilibrium and chemical kinetics
Authors: Sherwood Dennis , Dalby Paul 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Building on the previous chapter, this chapter examines gas phase chemical equilibrium, and the equilibrium constant. This chapter takes a rigorous, yet very clear, ‘first principles’ approach, expressing the total Gibbs free energy of a reaction mixture at any time as the sum of the instantaneous Gibbs free energies of each component, as expressed in terms of the extent-of-reaction. The equilibrium reaction mixture is then defined as the point at which the total system Gibbs free energy is a minimum, from which concepts such as the equilibrium constant emerge. The chapter also explores the temperature dependence of equilibrium, this being one example of Le Chatelier’s principle. Finally, the chapter links thermodynamics to chemical kinetics by showing how the equilibrium constant is the ratio of the forward and backward rate constants. We also introduce the Arrhenius equation, closing with a discussion of the overall effect of temperature on chemical equilibrium.
Reactions in solution
Authors: Sherwood Dennis , Dalby Paul 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Another key chapter, examining reactions in solution. Starting with the definition of an ideal solution, and then introducing Raoult’s law and Henry’s law, this chapter then draws on the results of Chapter 14 (gas phase equilibria) to derive the corresponding results for equilibria in an ideal solution. A unique feature of this chapter is the analysis of coupled reactions, once again using first principles to show how the coupling of an endergonic reaction to a suitable exergonic reaction results in an equilibrium mixture in which the products of the endergonic reaction are present in much higher quantity. This demonstrates how coupled reactions can cause entropy-reducing events to take place without breaking the Second Law, so setting the scene for the future chapters on applications of thermodynamics to the life sciences, especially chapter 24 on bioenergetics.