bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overcurrent protection scheme for collector lines in wind farm based on fault component current correlation analysis and multi‐agent system
Authors: Zheng Tao , Zhao Yutong , Zhu Yifan 
Published: August 2019

Collector line relay failures of large‐scale grid‐connected wind farms have not received much attention so far. In this study, the adaptability of conventional overcurrent setting method is analysed when used in doubly fed induction generator‐based wind farms, revealing the coordination difficulties between collector line relay and fuse protection of wind turbine (WT) branch as well as the potential maloperation causes of backup overcurrent relays (BOCRs). Then, a novel three‐stage setting method of overcurrent relays is proposed. In view of time‐bound instantaneous overcurrent relays, a time delay setting approach is put forward considering the time–current characteristic of fuses. Based on the multi‐agent system, which is both flexible and effective, comprehensive criteria containing fault component current correlation analysis and differential current criterion are applied to BOCRs. The proposed scheme is validated by the simulation of 46‐WT wind farm on DIgSILENT/Powerfactory platform. Simulation results show that the relay is able to trip within 0.32 s and the BOCRs perform well when confronting single fault or even multiple faults.
Erosion of an exoplanetary atmosphere caused by stellar winds
Authors: Rodríguez-Mozos J. M. , Moya A. 
Published: August 2019

Aims.We present a formalism for a first-order estimation of the magnetosphere radius of exoplanets orbiting stars in the range from 0.08 to 1.3M⊙. With this radius, we estimate the atmospheric surface that is not protected from stellar winds. We have analyzed this unprotected surface for the most extreme environment for exoplanets: GKM-type and very low-mass stars at the two limits of the habitable zone. The estimated unprotected surface makes it possible to define a likelihood for an exoplanet to retain its atmosphere. This function can be incorporated into the new habitability index SEPHI.Methods.Using different formulations in the literature in addition to stellar and exoplanet physical characteristics, we estimated the stellar magnetic induction, the main characteristics of the stellar wind, and the different star-planet interaction regions (sub- and super-Alfvénic, sub- and supersonic). With this information, we can estimate the radius of the exoplanet magnetopause and thus the exoplanet unprotected surface.Results.We have conducted a study of the auroral aperture angles for Earth-like exoplanets orbiting the habitable zone of its star, and found different behaviors depending on whether the star is in rotational saturated or unsaturated regimes, with angles of aperture of the auroral ring above or below 36°, respectively, and with different slopes for the linear relation between the auroral aperture angle at the inner edge of the habitable zone versus the difference between auroral aperture angles at the two boundaries of the habitable zone. When the planet is tidally locked, the unprotected angle increases dramatically to values higher than 40° with a low likelihood of keeping its atmosphere. When the impact of stellar wind is produced in the sub-Alfvénic regime, the likelihood of keeping the atmosphere is almost zero for exoplanets orbiting very close to their star, regardless of whether they are saturated or not.
Femoral head disengagement from Accolade femoral stem in MOM Arthroplasty: a case study and literature review
Authors: Elsheikh Mohamed F. H. , Gul Rehan 
Published: August 2019

Background: Metal on Metal Hip arthroplasty was commonly used until the last decade. However Hip Arthroplasty registries of many countries showed increased revision rates of MOM Hips – these high rates of revision caused by trunnionosis, adverse tissue reactions (ALTRs) and Pseudotumor formation.
The Case: Our Case is 73 years old gentleman who had left MOM THR in 2008, and was doing fine till the beginning of 2018 when his left leg stuck while getting out of the car. Despite he heard the pop and his leg was shortened and externally rotated, but he was still walking on it for a while. On reviewing him in our orthopedic clinic and after getting the CT-scan showed that he had dislocated femoral head from the stem.
Angeborene Immunität und Adipositas – Die Rolle der Nod-like-Rezeptoren (NLR)
Authors: Mirza Nora , Bauer Sarah , Kufer Thomas A. 
Published: August 2019

ZusammenfassungAllgemein wird angenommen, dass die mit Adipositas assoziierten Komorbiditäten, vor allem das metabolische Syndrom, wesentlich durch niederschwellige Entzündungsreaktionen, vorrangig im Fettgewebe, ausgelöst werden. In Mausmodellen spielt hierbei die Freisetzung proinflammatorischer Zytokine wie Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) und die Prägung von Immunzellen zu einem proinflammatorischen Phänotyp im Fettgewebe eine wichtige Rolle. Die zugrundeliegenden genetischen und molekularen Determinanten sind jedoch noch nicht im Detail verstanden.Eine Reihe neuer Arbeiten zeigt, dass Proteine der Nod-like-Rezeptoren(NLR)-Familie wichtige Rollen bei der Entstehung und Ausprägung von Adipositas und Adipositas-assoziierten Entzündungsreaktionen spielen. In diesem Artikel betrachten wir den aktuellen Stand der Forschung auf diesem Gebiet und diskutieren offene Fragen zur Relevanz dieser Daten für das Verständnis der Entstehung von Adipositas und des metabolischen Syndroms im Menschen.
Effects of Maturation on Striatal Dopamine Transporter Availability in Rats
Authors: Shin Seunghyeon , Kim Keunyoung , Pak Kyoungjune , Nam Hyun-Yeol , Kim Seong-Jang , Kim In Joo 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Objectives We investigated the effects of maturation on dopamine transporter (DAT) availability in the rat via longitudinal monitoring with positron emission tomography (PET).
Methods Eight 5-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (113–186 g) were used. Four 18F-FP-CIT PET scans were taken at 5, 10, 15, and 20 weeks. Baseline PET images were manually fused with the built-in magnetic resonance imaging template; volumes of interest (VOIs) were manually defined by placing a spherical region around the hot spot with the maximum count rate. VOIs were placed on bilateral caudate and putamen (CPu), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and cerebellum. Specific binding ratios (SBRs) were calculated as follows: (mean uptake of bilateral targets – mean uptake of bilateral cerebellum)/(mean uptake of bilateral cerebellum).
Results In CPu, SBRs at 5 weeks (3.25 ± 0.66) were lower than those at 10 weeks (4.59 ± 0.78, p = 0.1151) and at 15 weeks (5.56 ± 0.92, p = 0.0182). In NAc, SBRs at 5 weeks (1.41 ± 0.47) were lower than those at 10 weeks (2.03 ± 0.36, p = 0.1960) and at 15 weeks (2.43 ± 0.50, p = 0.0427). SBRs in CPu and NAc significantly increased with maturation until 15 weeks. However, differences in SBR between 15 and 20 weeks were not significant.
Conclusions Striatal DAT availability increases until 15 weeks postnatally, then remains stable, reflecting maturation of the dopaminergic system in rats.
Describing a New Mechanism of Retinal Detachment Secondary to Ophthalmic Artery Vasospasm Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: An Experimental Study
Authors: Findik Huseyin , Kanat Ayhan , Aydin Mehmet Dumlu , Cakir Murteza , Ozmen Sevilay Akalp , Okutucu Murat , Baykal Orhan , Sipal Sare 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background The pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG) and ophthalmic arteries (OpAs) have important roles in ocular autoregulation and retinal and visual functions. The relationship between PPG neuron density, OpA vasospasm, and retinal detachment in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has never been studied.
Methods This study was conducted on 25 rabbits. Five animals were in the control group (GI; n = 5), five in the sham group (GII; n = 5), and 15 in the study group (GIII; n = 15). After injection of 1 cc serum saline into the cisterna magna in the sham group, and autologous blood in the SAH group, the animals were followed for 3 weeks. All animals underwent a retinal examination five times a week for 3 weeks before and after the experiment. After the experiment, the neuron density of PPGs of the facial nerves, vasospasm index (VSI) of OpAs, and total basal surface values of the detached retinal parts (DRPs) were calculated.
Results In the funduscopic examination, intravitreous hemorrhage ( Terson's syndrome) was detected in four animals in the SAH group. In the control groups, neuron density was 12,000 ± 1,240/mm3, VSI = 0.345 ± 0.076, and DRP = 0 to 1.5 mm2. Mean neuron density was 9,450 ± 940/mm3, VSI = 1.645 ± 0.940, and DRP = 6.23 ± 1.61 mm2 in the sham group (p < 0.05). Neuron density was 6,890 ± 932/mm3, VSI = 2.92 ± 0.97, and DRP = 9.43 ± 2.54 mm2 in SAH group.
Conclusion Mean neuron density, VSI of OpAs, and DRP values differed statistically significant between the SAH group and other groups (p < 0.005). There is an inverse relationship between PPG neurons and DRP. However, a direct relationship was observed between the mean VSI and DRP values.
Perinatal Pyogenic Liver Abscess: A Rare Entity and First Reported Case of Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Schmiedecke Stacey S. , Napolitano Peter G. , Estrada Sarah M. 
Published: August 2019

Introduction Pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) is a rare clinical entity, occurring in ∼2.3 per 100,000 patients. Perinatal PLA syndromes are exceedingly rare with just seven previously described cases in the literature and no prior Klebsiella-associated reports.
Case A 29-year-old gravida 2 para 1 woman at 11 weeks gestation reporting fever, body aches, and headache. Search for an infectious source identified a 4-cm liver abscess. Percutaneous drainage confirmed Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. The patient was treated with antibiotics until imaging verified complete resolution of the abscess.
Conclusion PLA is an uncommon etiology of sepsis in pregnancy. A thorough workup until a source was identified resulted in accurate diagnosis. This allowed for directed therapy and prompt recovery, undoubtedly contributing to favorable pregnancy outcomes in this first report of Klebsiella-associated perinatal PLA.
Investigation of a Common Clinical Approach to Poor Growth in Preterm Infants
Authors: Korff Stephanie G. , Ross Julie , Morella Kristen , Taylor Sarah N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Objective This study aimed to determine the effect of elevated energy intake with medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil or formula powder on growth velocity and weight z-score in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk and human milk fortifier.
Study Design This was a cohort study of infants exposed to MCT oil or formula powder for at least 7 days. Mean 7-day change in growth velocity and weight z-scores were compared pre- and postintervention.
Results Forty-three infants received increased energy with either MCT oil or formula powder. Infants receiving MCT oil were more preterm and had a lower birth weight. When evaluating 7-day changes pre- and postintervention, growth velocity increased from 10.0 g/kg/day to 19.8 g/kg/day, and change in weight Z-score increased from –0.24 to 0.05.
Conclusion This clinical approach using MCT oil or formula powder for additional energy was associated with improved, at least short-term, growth velocity and weight z-score trajectory.
Maternal Age and Preeclampsia Outcomes during Delivery Hospitalizations
Authors: Sheen Jean-Ju , Huang Yongmei , Andrikopoulou Maria , Wright Jason D. , Goffman Dena , D'Alton Mary E. , Friedman Alexander M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Objective To characterize risk and temporal trends for preeclampsia and related outcomes by maternal age.
Study Design Deliveries to women aged 15 to 54 years in the 1998 to 2014 National Inpatient Sample who had a diagnosis of preeclampsia, eclampsia, or both were included in the analysis. Age was categorized as 15 to 17, 18 to 24, 25 to 29, 30 to 34, 35 to 39, 40 to 44, and 45 to 54 years. The primary outcome was temporal trends in preeclampsia based on maternal age. Secondary outcomes analyzed included risk for severe maternal morbidity.
Results The proportion of women with preeclampsia aged 15 to 24 years decreased from 42.3% in 1998 to 30.1% in 2014, while preeclampsia among those 30 to 54 years increased from 32.9 to 43.7%. Preeclampsia risk increased for all groups over the study period. Risk for severe morbidity by age group with and without transfusion was “U-shaped,” with risk highest for women 18 to 24 and 40 to 54 years. The risk for abruption, acute renal failure, acute heart failure or pulmonary edema, and stroke was lowest for women aged 15 to 24 years and increased in a “dose-dependent” manner with increasing maternal age. In contrast, eclampsia risk was highest for women aged 15 to 17 years.
Conclusion With a changing demographic profile of preeclampsia, older women accounted for an increasing proportion of preeclampsia and related adverse outcomes.
Platelet Indices and Risk of Death and Cardiovascular Events: Results from a Large Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Patti Giuseppe , Di Martino Giuseppe , Ricci Fabrizio , Renda Giulia , Gallina Sabina , Hamrefors Viktor , Melander Olle , Sutton Richard , Engström Gunnar , De Caterina Raffaele , Fedorowski Artur 
Published: August 2019

AbstractStudies evaluating the relationship between platelet indices and cardiovascular (CV) outcomes yielded conflicting results. We assessed the incidence of adverse events according to baseline quintiles of platelet indices in the prospective cohort of the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study. A total of 30,314 individuals (age 57 ± 8 years) were followed for a median of 16 years (468,490 person-years). Outcome measures included all-cause death, CV death, myocardial infarction (MI), and ischemic stroke. The fifth quintile of platelet count (> 274.6 × 109/L) was associated with higher incidence of all-cause death (hazard ratio [HR] 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09–1.32, p < 0.001), CV death (HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.00–1.42; p = 0.044), MI (HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.12–1.54; p = 0.001), and ischemic stroke (HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.08–1.50, p = 0.004) compared with the first quintile (≤ 185 × 109/L), and also associated with a lower survival, regardless of previous history of MI (p for interaction = 0.58) or stroke (p for interaction = 0.42). In the highest quintile, history of stroke had a higher risk of CV death (HR 3.18, 95% CI 1.54–6.54) compared with no previous stroke (HR 1.12, 95% CI 0.96–1.31). The risk of MI and stroke was greatest in the fifth quintile, regardless of previous MI or previous stroke, respectively. The risk of all adverse events was similar across different quintiles of mean platelet volume. In conclusion, elevated platelet count is associated with higher mortality and risk of CV events, regardless of previous MI and stroke. Platelet count may thus be a useful marker for further stratification of CV risk, and especially of death.
Influence of Estimated Fetal Weight on Labor Management
Authors: Bushman Elisa T. , Thompson Norris , Gray Meredith , Steele Robin , Jenkins Sheri M. , Tita Alan T. , Harper Lorie M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Objective Prior studies suggest knowledge of estimated fetal weight (EFW), particularly by ultrasound (US), increases the risk for cesarean delivery. These same studies suggest that concern for macrosomia potentially alters labor management leading to increased rates of cesarean delivery. We aimed to assess if shortened labor management, as a result of suspected macrosomia (≥4,000 g), leads to an increased rate of cesarean delivery.
Study Design This is a secondary analysis of a retrospective cohort study at a single tertiary center in 2015 of women with singleton pregnancies ≥36 weeks with documented EFW by US within 3 weeks or physical exam on admission. Women were excluded if an initial cervical exam was ≥6 cm or no attempt was made to labor. In addition, patients were excluded for the diagnosis of hypertension, diabetes, or prior cesarean delivery, as these comorbidities influence the use of US, labor management, and cesarean delivery independent of fetal weight. Patients were classified as EFW of ≥4,000 and <4,000 g. Secondary analysis examined the impact of US within 3 weeks of admission when compared with physical exam at the time of admission. The primary maternal outcomes were duration of labor and cesarean delivery. Duration of labor was evaluated as total time from 4 cm to delivery (with 4-cm dilation being a surrogate marker for active labor), length of time allowed from 4 cm until the first documented cervical change (or delivery), and time in second stage of labor (complete dilation to delivery). Cesarean delivery for arrest of labor was a secondary outcome. Student's t-test, Mann–Whitney U-test, chi-squared test, and Fisher's exact test were used for univariate data analysis as appropriate.
Results Of 1,506 patients included, 54 (3.5%) had EFW of ≥4,000 g. Women with EFW of ≥4,000 g had a larger body mass index, higher fetal birth weight, were more likely to be undergoing induction of labor, had a more advanced gestational age, and were more likely to have had an US within 3 weeks of delivery. They were more likely to undergo cesarean delivery (29.6 vs. 9.3%, adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3–5.5) despite not having shortened labor times. When analyzing this population by method of obtaining EFW, those with EFW based on US rather than external palpation were more likely to undergo cesarean delivery (13.1 vs. 7.9%, AOR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.01–2.12), again without having shortened labor times.
Conclusion EFW of ≥4,000 g and use of US to estimate fetal weight do not appear to shorten labor management despite being associated with an increased risk of cesarean delivery.
Thinking in rural gap: mobility and social inequalities
Authors: Camarero Luis , Oliva Jesús 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe impact of the global financial crisis and the economic recession on Southern European countries has threatened the rural welfare of many regions. The loss by emigration of the young population, austerity policies, and the territorial concentration of essential services have led many of rural areas into a spiral of decline. The growth of regional disparities, even among rural areas, is confirmed by the European official reports. Depopulation and rural decline are highly associated with remoteness. Accessibility is one key issue to mitigating this erosion of socio-territorial cohesion; another is mobility, which is the usual way to confront the scarce opportunities and limited services in deeply rural territories. This paper pays attention to socio-territorial inequalities and considers as working hypothesis that social rights are differentiated by the habitat structure; as a result, territory determines different degrees of citizenship. Traditional perspectives focused on the access to productive resources and material opportunities as the source of disadvantages, but we suggest that a more comprehensive approach is needed to address the rural gap: the difference between living conditions and living expectations in rural areas in contrast with urban ones. We address two main processes involved on it. On the one hand, there are strong interconnections between physical and social mobility, such as commuting to distant labor markets and educative centers, which could increase the social mobility of rural youth. On the other hand, the maps of the provision of services, infrastructures networks and investments not only reshape the territories but also their sociological morphologies. Accessibility and mobility are strongly linked with rural well-being and social sustainability. We explore and illustrate these questions with examples from the Spanish case. The text is structured into four issues regarding the rural gap: the territorial imbalance and social cohesion, the demographic imbalance and rural welfare as the product of the inter-generational equilibrium, the rural disparities in accessibility and the challenges of mobility transition. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the rural policies and governance required for achieving social and territorial balance.
Inference from absence: the case of archaeology
Authors: Wallach Efraim 
Published: August 2019

AbstractInferences from the absence of evidence to something are common in ordinary speech, but when used in scientific argumentations are usually considered deficient or outright false. Yet, as demonstrated here with the help of various examples, archaeologists frequently use inferences and reasoning from absence, often allowing it a status on par with inferences from tangible evidence. This discrepancy has not been examined so far. The article analyses it drawing on philosophical discussions concerning the validity of inference from absence, using probabilistic models that were originally developed to show that such inferences are weak and inconclusive. The analysis reveals that inference from absence can indeed be justified in many important situations of archaeological research, such as excavations carried out to explore the past existence and time-span of sedentary human habitation. The justification is closely related to the fact that archaeology explores thehumanpast via itsmaterialremains. The same analysis points to instances where inference from absence can have comparable validity in other historical sciences, and to research questions in which archaeological inference from absence will be problematic or totally unwarranted.
Signatures of replication timing, recombination, and sex in the spectrum of rare variants on the human X chromosome and autosomes
Authors: Agarwal Ipsita , Przeworski Molly 
Published: August 2019

SignificanceGermline mutations, the accidental changes to the genome that occur during gametogenesis, are the source of all heritable variation. Because they are difficult to study directly, however, their determinants remain poorly understood. We use rare human polymorphisms in large samples as proxies for de novo mutations and compare mutational patterns across regions of the X chromosome and autosomes with unique biochemical and sex-specific properties. We highlight signatures of replication timing and repair of meiotic double-strand breaks and show how these biochemical processes may interact with sex-specific life history traits to shape the mutation spectrum. Our analysis has implications for understanding mutation rate variation along the genome, interpreting differences on the X and autosomes, and for the evolution of mutation rates.
Site-specific impairment of perivascular adipose tissue on advanced atherosclerotic plaques using multimodal nonlinear optical imaging
Authors: Kim Suho , Lee Eun-Soo , Lee Sang-Won , Kim Yong-Hoon , Lee Chul-Ho , Jo Dong-Gyu , Kim Se-Hwa 
Published: August 2019

Significance
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), adipose tissue surrounding blood vessels, has been reported to secrete inflammatory cytokines and adipokines in a paracrine/autocrine manner to regulate the vascular system in healthy and diseased states. However, how PVAT locally and spatially controls vascular functions as atherosclerosis progresses remains unknown. Using multimodal nonlinear optical imaging and an ex vivo assay, we found that PVAT changed differentially from the initial to advanced stages. Interestingly, PVAT at the atherosclerotic plaques showed highly agglomerated lipid droplets and increased fibrosis, suggesting spatial impairment. Our results provide a new concept of PVAT as modulating a direct interaction between the adipose tissue and cardiovascular system.