bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of Physical and Numerical Approaches for the Study of Gas Stirring in Ladle Metallurgy
Authors: Liu Yu , Ersson Mikael , Liu Heping , Jönsson Pär Göran , Gan Yong 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This article presents a review of the research into gas stirring in ladle metallurgy carried out over the past few decades. Herein, the physical modeling experiments are divided into four major areas: (1) mixing and homogenization in the ladle; (2) gas bubble formation, transformation, and interactions in the plume zone; (3) inclusion behavior at the steel–slag interface and in the molten steel; and (4) open eye formation. Several industrial trials have also been carried out to optimize gas stirring and open eye formation. Approaches for selecting criteria for scaling to guarantee flow similarity between industrial trials and physical modeling experiments are discussed. To describe the bubble behavior and two-phase plume structure, four main mathematical models have been used in different research fields: (1) the quasi-single-phase model, (2) the volume of fluid (VOF) model, (3) the Eulerian multiphase (E–E) model, and (4) the Eulerian–Lagrangian (E–L) model. In recent years, the E–E model has been used to predict gas stirring conditions in the ladle, and specific models in commercial packages, as well as research codes, have been developed gradually to describe the complex physical and chemical phenomena. Furthermore, the coupling of turbulence models with multiphase models is also discussed. For physical modeling, some general empirical rules have not been analyzed sufficiently. Based on a comparison with the available experimental results, it is found that the mathematical models focusing on the mass transfer phenomenon and inclusion behaviors at the steel-slag interface, vacuum degassing at the gas–liquid interface, dissolution rate of the solid alloy at the liquid–solid interface, and the combination of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics need to be improved further. To describe industrial conditions using mathematical methods and improve numerical modeling, the results of physical modeling experiments and industrial trials must offer satisfactory validations for the improvement of numerical modeling.
Evaluation of a single-cell protein as a dietary fish meal substitute for whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: Hamidoghli Ali , Yun Hyeonho , Won Seonghun , Kim SuKyung , Farris Nathaniel W. , Bai Sungchul C. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA 9-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the optimum dietary level of PROTIDE (PRO), a single-cell protein obtained from the bacteria Corynebacterium ammoniagenes, as a substitute for fish meal in the diet of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Five diets were formulated that replaced fish meal at 0% (PRO0), 10% (PRO2), 20% (PRO4), 30% (PRO6) and 40% (PRO8). Fifty shrimp averaging 0.15 ± 0.02 g (mean ± SD) body weight were randomly distributed between 20 experimental tanks and fed one of the five experimental diets. At the end of the experiment, final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio of shrimp fed PRO0 and PRO2 diets were significantly improved compared to those fed PRO6 and PRO8 diets (P < 0.05). The proximate composition of muscle and the whole body indicated an increase in crude protein content with an increase in dietary PRO level. These results suggest that, for whiteleg shrimp, the optimum dietary level of PRO when used as a replacement for fish meal should be greater than 10% (PRO2) but less than 20% (PRO4) without any additional dietary amino acid supplementation.
A nonhuman primate model of early Alzheimer's disease pathologic change: Implications for disease pathogenesis
Authors: Latimer Caitlin S. , Shively Carol A. , Keene C. Dirk , Jorgensen Matthew J. , Andrews Rachel N. , Register Thomas C. , Montine Thomas J. , Wilson Angela M. , Neth Bryan J. , Mintz Akiva , Maldjian Joseph A. , Whitlow Christopher T. , Kaplan Jay R. , Craft Suzanne 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIntroductionNonhuman primates may serve as excellent models of sporadic age‐associated brain β‐amyloid deposition and Alzheimer's disease pathologic changes. We examined whether a vervet nonhuman primate model recapitulated pathologic, physiologic, and behavioral features of early Alzheimer's disease.MethodsNine middle‐aged (mean = 11.2 years) and nine aged (mean = 21.7 years) female vervet/African green monkeys underwent cerebrospinal fluid collection, gait speed measurement, and neuroimaging before neuropathologic assessment.Resultsβ‐amyloid plaques were identified in all aged vervets and paired helical filament tau immunoreactivity was observed in all animals. Cerebrospinal fluid β‐amyloid42 and gait speed correlated negatively with age and plaque density. Greater plaque and paired helical filament tau burden predicted reduced volumes and CMRg in several brain regions.DiscussionWe observed a coordinated set of relationships among neuropathologic, cerebrospinal fluid, imaging, and behavioral modalities consistent with early Alzheimer's disease. Our results support future use of the vervet model to explore disease mechanisms, biomarkers, and novel therapeutic strategies.
Drink Beer for Science: An Experiment on Consumer Preferences for Local Craft Beer
Authors: Hart Jarrett 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe U.S. and global beer industries include a great many smaller-scale craft breweries supplying numerous differentiated products as well as a few macro-breweries with less diverse beer portfolios. The craft and macro segments of this industry have become quite distinct, with little substitutability between the two types of beer. Furthermore, since the early 2000s the craft segment has realized consistent growth whereas large breweries have seen a steady decline in sales. Macro-breweries have responded by acquiring smaller breweries to capture a share of the craft market. This study implements an experimental approach to measure consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for locally produced and independently owned beer. Regression analysis clearly indicates that consumers prefer locally owned and independently produced beer, and how much they are willing to pay for those attributes. (JEL Classifications: D12, L66)
Terrorism and Wine Tourism: The Case of Museum Attendance
Authors: Gergaud Olivier , Livat Florine , Song Haiyan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn this article, we use attendance data from La Cité du Vin, a wine museum in the city of Bordeaux, to assess the impact of the recent wave of terror that affected France on wine tourism. We use recent count regression estimation techniques suited for time series data to build a prediction model of the demand for attendance at this museum. We conclude that the institution lost about 5,000 visitors over 426 days, during which 14 successive terrorist attacks took place. This corresponds to almost 1% of the total number of visitors in the sample period. (JEL Classifications: L83, Z30)
The Genesis of the Birther Rumor: Partisanship, Racial Attitudes, and Political Knowledge
Authors: Jardina Ashley , Traugott Michael 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA growing body of work has examined the psychological underpinnings of conspiracy theory endorsement, arguing that the propensity to believe in conspiracy theories and political rumors is a function of underlying predispositions and motivated reasoning. We show, like others, that rumor endorsement can also be a function of individuals’ group attitudes. In particular, among white Americans, birther beliefs are uniquely associated with racial animus. We merge this finding with other work which shows that rumors are more strongly endorsed by the individuals most motivated and capable of integrating them among their pre-existing attitudes and beliefs. We find, therefore, that it is white Republicans who are both racially conservativeandhighly knowledgeable who possess the most skepticism about Obama's birthplace.
The utility of virtual reality surgical simulation in the undergraduate otorhinolaryngology curriculum
Authors: Hardcastle T , Wood A 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the impact of temporal bone virtual reality surgical simulator use in the undergraduate otorhinolaryngology curriculum.MethodsMedical students attended a workshop involving the use of a temporal bone virtual reality surgical simulator. Students completed a pre-workshop questionnaire on career interests. A post-workshop questionnaire evaluated the perceived usefulness and enjoyment of the virtual reality surgical simulator experience, and assessed changes in their interest in ENT.ResultsThirty-two fifth-year University of Auckland medical students were recruited. The majority of students (53.1 per cent) had already chosen their career path. The simulator experience was useful for: stimulating thoughts around career plans (71.9 per cent), providing hands-on experience (93.8 per cent) and teaching disease processes (93.8 per cent). After the workshop, 53.1 per cent of students were more interested in a career in ENT.ConclusionVirtual reality may be a fun and engaging way of teaching ENT. Furthermore, it could help guide student career planning.
VDAC2 enables BAX to mediate apoptosis and limit tumor development
Authors: Chin Hui San , Li Mark X. , Tan Iris K. L. , Ninnis Robert L. , Reljic Boris , Scicluna Kristen , Dagley Laura F. , Sandow Jarrod J. , Kelly Gemma L. , Samson Andre L. , Chappaz Stephane , Khaw Seong L. , Chang Catherine , Morokoff Andrew , Brinkmann Kerstin , Webb Andrew , Hockings Colin , Hall Cathrine M. , Kueh Andrew J. , Ryan Michael T. , Kluck Ruth M. , Bouillet Philippe , Herold Marco J. , Gray Daniel H. D. , Huang David C. S. , van Delft Mark F. , Dewson Grant 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIntrinsic apoptosis is critical to prevent tumor formation and is engaged by many anti-cancer agents to eliminate tumor cells. BAX and BAK, the two essential mediators of apoptosis, are thought to be regulated through similar mechanisms and act redundantly to drive apoptotic cell death. From an unbiased genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen, we identified VDAC2 (voltage-dependent anion channel 2) as important for BAX, but not BAK, to function. Genetic deletion of VDAC2 abrogated the association of BAX and BAK with mitochondrial complexes containing VDAC1, VDAC2, and VDAC3, but only inhibited BAX apoptotic function. Deleting VDAC2 phenocopied the loss of BAX in impairing both the killing of tumor cells by anti-cancer agents and the ability to suppress tumor formation. Together, our studies show that efficient BAX-mediated apoptosis depends on VDAC2, and reveal a striking difference in how BAX and BAK are functionally impacted by their interactions with VDAC2.
Interplay between hypoxia and androgen controls a metabolic switch conferring resistance to androgen/AR-targeted therapy
Authors: Geng Hao , Xue Changhui , Mendonca Janet , Sun Xiao-Xin , Liu Qiong , Reardon Patrick N. , Chen Yingxiao , Qian Kendrick , Hua Vivian , Chen Alice , Pan Freddy , Yuan Julia , Dang Sang , Beer Tomasz M. , Dai Mu-Shui , Kachhap Sushant K. , Qian David Z. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractDespite recent advances, the efficacy of androgen/androgen receptor (AR)-targeted therapy remains limited for many patients with metastatic prostate cancer. This is in part because prostate cancers adaptively switch to the androgen/AR-independent pathway for survival and growth, thereby conferring therapy resistance. Tumor hypoxia is considered as a major cause of treatment resistance. However, the exact mechanism is largely unclear. Here we report that chronic-androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in the condition of hypoxia induces adaptive androgen/AR-independence, and therefore confers resistance to androgen/AR-targeted therapy, e.g., enzalutamide. Mechanistically, this is mediated by glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), which is transcriptionally repressed by AR in hypoxia, but restored and increased by AR inhibition. In turn, GPI maintains glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis in hypoxia by redirecting the glucose flux from androgen/AR-dependent pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to hypoxia-induced glycolysis pathway, thereby reducing the growth inhibitory effect of enzalutamide. Inhibiting GPI overcomes the therapy resistance in hypoxia in vitro and increases enzalutamide efficacy in vivo.
National and sub-national variation in patterns of febrile case management in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Alegana Victor A. , Maina Joseph , Ouma Paul O. , Macharia Peter M. , Wright Jim , Atkinson Peter M. , Okiro Emelda A. , Snow Robert W. , Tatem Andrew J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractGiven national healthcare coverage gaps, understanding treatment-seeking behaviour for fever is crucial for the management of childhood illness and to reduce deaths. Here, we conduct a modelling study triangulating household survey data for fever in children under the age of five years with georeferenced public health facility databases (n = 86,442 facilities) in 29 countries across sub-Saharan Africa, to estimate the probability of seeking treatment for fever at public facilities. A Bayesian item response theory framework is used to estimate this probability based on reported fever episodes, treatment choice, residence, and estimated travel-time to the nearest public-sector health facility. Findings show inter- and intra-country variation, with the likelihood of seeking treatment for fever less than 50% in 16 countries. Results highlight the need to invest in public healthcare and related databases. The variation in public sector use illustrates the need to include such modelling in future infectious disease burden estimation.
Isothermal oxidation behavior of TribaloyTM T400 and T800
Authors: Peng Jian , Fang Xufei , Marx Vera , Jasnau Ulf , Palm Martin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractTribaloyTM alloys are well-known as wear-resistant alloys, however, their oxidation kinetics and mechanisms are not well studied, especially their long-term oxidation behavior. In this work, the long-term isothermal oxidation behavior of TribaloyTM T400 and T800 in synthetic air at 900 °C for up to 1000 h was investigated. The mass gains of the samples were continuously recorded during the experiments with a thermobalance. Post mortem inspection of the samples was performed and the oxidation mechanism was analyzed. The results show that T800 has a better oxidation resistance than T400. The parabolic rate constant kp of T800 is 4.9·10−14 g2·cm−4·s−1, which is approximately one order of magnitude lower than 4.8·10−13 g2·cm−4·s−1 for T400. The penetration depth of the oxides in T800 is less than half of that in T400 and steady state oxidation is attained after approximately 200 h, compared to 350 h for T400. The better oxidation resistance of T800 correlates with its higher Cr content whereby protective Cr2O3 scales form more readily.
Enhanced anti-metastatic bioactivity of an IGF-TRAP re-engineered to improve physicochemical properties
Authors: Vaniotis George , Moffett Serge , Sulea Traian , Wang Ni , Elahi S. Mehdy , Lessard Etienne , Baardsnes Jason , Perrino Stephanie , Durocher Yves , Frystyk Jan , Massie Bernard , Brodt Pnina 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis has been implicated in the progression of malignant disease and identified as a clinically important therapeutic target. Several IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) targeting drugs including humanized monoclonal antibodies have advanced to phase II/III clinical trials, but to date, have not progressed to clinical use, due, at least in part, to interference with insulin receptor signalling. We previously reported on the production of a soluble fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of human IGF-1R fused to the Fc portion of human IgG1 (first generation IGF-TRAP) that bound human IGF-1 and IGF-2 with a 3 log higher affinity than insulin. We showed that the IGF-TRAP had potent anti-cancer activity in several pre-clinical models of aggressive carcinomas. Here we report on the re-engineering of the IGF-TRAP with the aim of improving physicochemical properties and suitability for clinical applications. We show that cysteine-serine substitutions in the Fc hinge region of IGF-TRAP eliminated high-molecular-weight oligomerized species, while a further addition of a flexible linker, not only improved the pharmacokinetic profile, but also enhanced the therapeutic profile of the IGF-TRAP, as evaluated in an experimental colon carcinoma metastasis model. Dose-response profiles of the modified IGF-TRAPs correlated with their bio-availability profiles, as measured by the IGF kinase-receptor-activation (KIRA) assay, providing a novel, surrogate biomarker for drug efficacy. This study provides a compelling example of structure-based re-engineering of Fc-fusion-based biologics for better manufacturability that also significantly improved pharmacological parameters. It identifies the re-engineered IGF-TRAP as a potent anti-cancer therapeutic.
Establishing a prediction model for lateral neck lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Jin Shan , Bao Wuyuntu , Yang Yun-Tian , Bai Tala , Bai Yinbao 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis study aimed to establish a model for predicting lateral neck lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. A total of 106 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma undergoing initial treatment of neck lymph node dissection (including central and lateral neck lymph nodes) at the thyroid surgery department were enrolled from January 2009 to April 2017. Logistic regression analysis was used to screen the factors influencing lateral neck lymph node metastasis and develop a prediction model. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the predictive power and boundary value of the model for lateral neck lymph node metastasis. Prediction model: Logistic(P) = −5.699 + 0.681 × (TSH) + 0.342 × (Metastatic rate of central lymph nodes) + 1.463 × (Combined with Hashimoto’s disease) + 1.525 × (Number of tumors). When logistic (P) was ≥ 0.821, it was predicted that lateral neck lymph node metastasis occurred in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. When logistic (P) was <0.821, it was predicted that no metastasis was found in the lateral neck lymph node. The prediction accuracy was 78.3%. The model helped in evaluating lateral neck lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Also, it had significance in determining reasonable surgical range, reducing unnecessary lateral neck lymph node dissection, and further improving the quality of life of patients.
Iron removal enhances vitamin C-induced apoptosis and growth inhibition of K-562 leukemic cells
Authors: Tsuma-Kaneko Mitsuyo , Sawanobori Masakazu , Kawakami Shohei , Uno Tomoko , Nakamura Yoshihiko , Onizuka Makoto , Ando Kiyoshi , Kawada Hiroshi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAlthough vitamin C (VC) has recently garnered interest as an alternative cancer therapy, its clinical effects remain controversial. It was recently reported using in vitro prostate cancer cell lines that excess extracellular iron (EEI) diminishes anti-cancer effects of VC, promoting the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generated by VC. Here we demonstrated that EEI diminished the inhibitory effect of VC on the survival of K562 human leukemic cells in vitro, by reducing the amount of H2O2 and abrogating the apoptosis pathways induced by VC. In vivo, in the presence of EEI, the growth inhibitory effect of VC on K562 cells was completely abrogated; in fact, VC enhanced K562 cell growth. Reduction of EEI restored the apoptosis-inducing effect of VC in vitro and enhanced the growth inhibitory effect of VC in vivo. Further studies are warranted to investigate whether the combination of VC and iron depletion has similar effects in various other leukemic or cancer cells against which VC has been effective in previous experimental studies.
Total flavonoids from Semen Cuscutae target MMP9 and promote invasion of EVT cells via Notch/AKT/MAPK signaling pathways
Authors: Gao Feixia , Zhou Chun , Qiu Weiyu , Wu Haiwang , Li Jing , Peng Jinting , Qiu Min , Liang Chun , Gao Jie , Luo Songping 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMiscarriage is a common condition during pregnancy and its mechanisms remain largely unknown. Extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cell invasion is required to maintain normal pregnancy and its malfunction has been proposed as a major cause for miscarriage. Homeostasis of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) is a key to regulate EVT cell invasion. Total flavonoids from Semen Cuscutae (TFSC) have been applied clinically used for preventing or treating miscarriage in the past. Given its potential clinical benefit on preventing miscarriage, this study aims at examining the therapeutic effect of TFSC in the prevention of premature birth by upregulating MMP9 and promote EVT cell invasion. HTR-8 cells migration and invasion functions were analyzed using wound healing and transwell assays. The regulatory effect of TFSC on MMP9 expression and relevant signaling pathways were analyzed by Western Blot. The results show compared to control group, TFSC significantly promoted the migration of EVT cells in a dose and time-dependent manner. The migration and invasion of EVT cells were maximized at the highest dosage of 5 μg/ml of TFSC. The expression of MMP9 in EVT cells was significantly increased after TFSC treatment. Furthermore, cells treated with TFSC significantly upregulated protein expressions in Notch, AKT and p38/MAPK signaling pathways. We believe TFSC can promote the migration and invasion of EVT cells by increasing MMP9 expression, and prevent miscarriage by activating Notch, AKT, and MAPK signaling pathways.
HIF-2α, but not HIF-1α, mediates hypoxia-induced up-regulation of Flt-1 gene expression in placental trophoblasts
Authors: Sasagawa Tadashi , Nagamatsu Takeshi , Morita Kazuki , Mimura Nobuko , Iriyama Takayuki , Fujii Tomoyuki , Shibuya Masabumi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPlacental hypoxia and elevated levels of circulating soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), an anti-angiogenic factor, are closely related to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Although sFlt-1 secretion from the placental trophoblasts is increased under hypoxic conditions, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Previously, an authentic hypoxia response element in the Flt-1 gene promoter was shown to be a potential binding site for hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Here, we investigated the roles of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in Flt-1 gene expression in trophoblast-derived choriocarcinoma cell lines and cytotrophoblasts exposed to hypoxic conditions. In the cell lines, increased expression of sFlt-1 splice variants and nuclear accumulation of HIF-1α and HIF-2α were observed after hypoxic stimulation. A specific small interfering RNA or an inhibitor molecule targeting HIF-2α decreased hypoxia-induced up-regulation of Flt-1 gene expression. Moreover, in cytotrophoblasts, increased sFlt-1 mRNA expression and elevated sFlt-1 production were induced by hypoxic stimulation. Notably, hypoxia-induced elevation of sFlt-1 secretion from the cytotrophoblasts was inhibited by silencing the HIF-2α, but not HIF-1α mRNA. These findings suggest that hypoxia-induced activation of HIF-2α is essential for the increased production of sFlt-1 proteins in trophoblasts. Targeting the HIF-2α may be a novel strategy for the treatment of preeclampsia.