bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ein informationspsychiatrisches Psychostrukturmodell des Gedächtnisses
Authors: Peters U. H. 
Published: March 2018

Von den kybernetischen Terminologien haben bisher hauptsächlich die Begriffe der Regelungstheorie in die Psychiatrie Eingang gefunden, wogegen die in der Psychologie im allgemeinen bedeutsameren Vorstellungen der Informationstheorie wenig beachtet wurden. Sie bieten sich jedoch insbesondere zur Interpretation von Gedächtnisstörungen an.Ausgehend vom informationspsychologischen Gedächtnismodell, das in seinen Grundzügen dargestellt wird, wird der Entwurf eines informationspsychiatrischen Psychostrukturmodells des Gedächtnisses vorgelegt. Die in den Kurzspeicher (unmittelbares Gedächtnis) aufgenommene Information kann durch plötzlich einsetzende Schädigungen des Gehirns (z. B. Commotio) für dauernd verlorengehen und somit nicht auf einen Langspeicher übertragen werden. Gegen dementive Abbäuprozesse zeigt sich der Kurzspeicher dagegen sehr widerstandsfähig. Umgekehrt wird der bei Demenzen fast gesetzmäßig in Mitleidenschaft gezogene Langspeicher (Neugedächtnis, Altgedächtnis) durch akute Hirnschädigungen nur dann beeinträchtigt, wenn diese ein extremes Ausmaß erreichen. Außer diesen Zeitkanälen der Information besitzen auch die zuund abführenden Informationskanäle ihre eigene Pathologie. Besonders beleuchtet werden die als »Minutengedächtnis« bekannten Phänomene. Es wird ferner ein zweites, während der ersten 3 bis 4 Lebensjahre und in Dämmerzuständen funktionsfähiges Speichersystem (Infantilspeicher) postuliert.Das vorgelegte Modell faßt die zahlreichen Einzeldaten der psychiatrischen Empirie als aufeinander bezogene Teile eines einheitlichen Systems zusammen und dient als Ansatzpunkt für neue Untersuchungen.
Communication Theory and its Uses for Medical Sociology
Authors: QUESADA G. M. 
Published: March 2018

The present bibliography derived from an original effort to arrive at a »Glossary of Selected Social Science Terms« for the Freshman Human Ecology Class of the University of Texas Medical School at San Antonio. Entries in the bibliography have been placed in alphabetical order (by the author’s last name) and numbered.	‘In front of the bibliography there is a list of concepts for the better orientation of the reader. This alphabetical list of concepts gives the numbers of the items in the bibliography, e.g. Acculturation [42] = Cordova, I. R. (1969). The references to particular concepts, e.g. »Acculturation« and »Achievement«, cannot be exhaustive, but they represent what can be found about them in the literature dealing with communication theory. Due to the peculiarities of the patient population in the Southwest of the U.S., rural characteristics, modernization and social change are emphasized.Bibliography
Statistical Logic in the Monitoring of Reactions to Therapeutic Drugs
Authors: FINNEY D. J. 
Published: March 2018

National and international organizations have now been established for the acquisition and interpretation of reports of suspected adverse reactions to drugs. These differ in detail but have the common feature of a strong element of spontaneity in the initiation of reports by individual physicians. The typical report relates to one person and contains information on drugs administered, any adverse events that might be reactions to the drugs, and additional identificatory and classificatory material.Interpretation of these voluntarily submitted records is a problem of statistico-medical detection, more complex and less certain than that of a planned clinical trial despite superficial resemblances. The paper emphasizes again the distinction between patient, drug, and event ascertainment. It then presents examples of the logical argument appropriate to each. For any new problem, quantitative analysis must be allied to thorough consideration of independence, representativeness, susceptibility equivalence, background equivalence, and unbiased reporting of the data. Monitoring can never lead to complete demonstration that a drug causes an adverse reaction; with strict attention to the whole medical background, it can provide a convincing case for caution in therapeutic practice pending the completion of new research directed at an identified problem.
Planning an Information System for Health Services
Authors: HÄRÖ A. S. 
Published: March 2018

The close relationship between planning and information services is discussed and some recent activities are referred to. Four types of information systems — the expert system, the traditional statistical system, the integrated problem-oriented system of databanks and the all-comprehensive databank — are described and their advantages and disadvantages summarised. The interrelationships between type of society and planning on the one hand and between planning and information systems on the other hand are discussed and a combined type of information system (experts plus traditional statistics plus databanks) is recommended. The use of norms and indicators is discussed and the structure and weak points of the various approaches in planning are described, To some extent, normative (deductive) planning is practicable in any type of society, but in many areas inductive planning is better suited to modern industrialised societies. In any case, information is a prerequisite to systematic planning. Health affairs are considered to be one of the elements of general national information systems, but the greater part of health-related information can be used for administrative and practical decisions on a lower level only. Suitable decentralisation prevents too great an escalation of combinations and makes it possible to fulfil the main requirement: to give adequate and objective service to all those who have to make decisions.The construction of an information service based on »system analysis« is recommended which pays special attention to decisions, and an example from the hospital field is given. The producer-orientation of the information system presented is noted and the necessity for more consumer-oriented complementary systems for basic problems related to matters of health and our mode of living is stressed.
Ein allgemeines System zur Synthese medizinischer Berichte aus Markierungsbögen (FTSS)
Authors: JACOBITZ K. , BÖRNER P. 
Published: March 2018

Es wird über ein System zur Synthese von Texten aus Markierungsbögen berichtet, das am Beispiel der gynäkologischen Poliklinik dargestellt wird. Hier werden die Daten auf einem Satz von vier Markierungsbögen erfaßt.Das System erlaubt die Ausgabe eines Arztbriefes oder eines Befundberichtes über den Schnelldrukker für jeden vollständig und richtig ausgefüllten Markierungsbelegsatz. Die in das System eingegebenen Daten werden auf Plausibilität geprüft und in die Datenbank des Patienten-Informationssystems der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover eingéspeidiert. Es werden klinische Aspekte diskutiert und an einzelnen Beispielen erläutert. Einheitsdaten über Hardund Software werden soweit angegeben, als sie von allgemeinem Interesse sind.
Free Text Synthesis System (FTSS)
Authors: Jacobitz K. , Bogenstaetter P. 
Published: March 2018

This paper describes a programming system to perform free-text synthesis as determined by the prior definition of parameters, control data and standard text (i.e. the user program). The output consists of:— previously defined standard text elements,— arithmetic values calculated from the contents of the OMR forms,— free text obtained by means of on-line input to a visual display unit.Prior to this output the primary information undergoes testing as regards its completeness and plausibility. Should this testing result in no errors the data undergo further processing, otherwise relevant error messages are output and the data cease to be processed.The functions of FTSS are clarified by the use of flowcharts, tables and figures. The system design is discussed from the point of view of the necessity of its optimization and the necessity in medical information science for general program systems, taking into account the inter-relationship between the user programs •— with their variable clinical content — and the variable main programs — with their time-consuming problem analysis and systems development stages in conjunction with their requirements for programming personnel.FTSS is written in PL/1 and is implemented on the IBM—360/67 of the Medical System Hannover. Since the user program is processed as control information for the main program, FTSS is a data controlled processing system.FTSS is an independent module that at present has eight implementations for routine clinical usage. At the same time it is a part of an extensive recording system consisting of closed information cycles within a general information synthesis system.
Bemerkungen zum „Klinischen Diagnosenschlüssel”
Authors: Immich H. 
Published: March 2018

Beim Bau eines Diagnosenschlüssels stellen sich drei Problemkreise: 1. logische, 2. medizinische und 3. schlüsseltechnische Probleme.Einige der bei der Aufstellung des »Klinischen Diagnosenschlüssels« zu überwindende Schwierigkeiten werden in der Arbeit dargestellt. Es wurde versucht, zu praktisch brauchbaren Lösungen zu kommen.
A Computer-oriented Approach to the Comprehensive Organization of Information in Hand-compiled Medical Records
Authors: Certttti S. , Longbxni E. , Pinciholi F. 
Published: March 2018

The problem of the comprehensive organization of the medical record is discussed in this paper. The basis of the organizational scheme is the integration of both fixed-text and free-text components with constraints imposed upon the original formatting of the free text. To support the diagnostic procedure a component of the record is a »diagnosis sheet«, which embodies a differential diagnosis approach and is discussed in detail.Results of more than two years of practical experience in the general medicine department of a regional hospital in Italy are presented. A trend towards a standardization of the medical terminology used was noted. Physicians' acceptance of a more rational conception of the medical record was high and a considerable flexibility in the language employed was observed. Finally, it is important to note that this new approach to the organization of the medical record was conceived in such a way as to make it processable by a computer located within the department itself. The initial experiences with the computerization of the record are presented and discussed with a view to future implementations and implications for cooperative, multidisciplinary research in medicine and information science.
The Design of Quality Control
Authors: Wagner G. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryQuality control of medical data and judgements plays an essential part in the efforts to put medicine on a sounder basis. In the past, control procedures have been neglected because of the bulky work often connected with them; now, however, modern mechanical and electronic equipment opens up the possibility to check thoroughly with a justifiable expenditure of time and effort. Profound checking of the data is especially necessary if statistical analyses are to be carried out, because even extremely sophisticated calculations will in reality be of little value if they rest on uncertain foundations.Scientific quality control makes use of different methods. Formal errors (e. g., slips of the pen, mistakes in coding, etc.) can often be detected by comparing the data with confidence limits or by testing for incompatibility. Such controls can very well be made by computers. Frequency distributions can occasionally be checked for plausibility. For this sort of control analysis, the probability paper is best suited. The most effective possibility to avoid or to find errors is repeated or multiple examination. Statistical models can be used to estimate the effects of defined errors on the results of an investigation. Possibilities of quality control should already be envisaged in the planning stage of an investigation.
Creation of Realistic Appearing Simulated Patient Cases Using the INTERNIST-1/QMR Knowledge Base and Interrelationship Properties of Manifestations
Authors: Parker R. , Miller R. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:The Internist-1/0uick Medical Reference (OMR) knowledge base (KB) describes the clinical manifestations of some 600 diseases in the domain of internal medicine. This KB, while not representing deep causal modelling of disease processes, is nonetheless effective iri providing medical diagnostic assistance through the OMR medical decision support system. One potential application ofthis extensive KB is the generation of simulated patient cases for use in educating health professionals. However, the “flat” KB is not adequate for this because the clinical manifestations used in the disease descriptions are not mutually independent. While it is theoretically possible to construct disease descriptions which embody pathophysiologic mechanisms of disease causality, it is not practical from the standpoint of resource utilization. Short of constructing a causal knowledge base, the authors herein describe the generation of realistic appearing simulated patient case data using existing information in the knowledge base. This existing information in the KB is in the form of properties which represent a shallow form of interrelationships of the manifestations. The authors conclude that this ability to generate simulated cases represents another view in which to look at an extensive knowledge base, as well as having application to constructing intelligent tutoring systems for health professionals in training.
Factors Affecting Computer-Mediated Instruction in Medical Education
Authors: Levy A. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:Although computer technology has progressed rapidly in the last decade, the use of computer mediated instruction as an adjunct to medical education has made only limited progress. This paper will attempt to analyze some of the major factors bearing on this limitation, will review those areas where computer based´instruction is potentially of greatest use, and will suggest means by which medical education can make greater use of the rapidly evolving information technologies. The Medical PLATO project at the University of Illinois will be used as an example to illustrate many of the points relating to the development of this field.
Informatics in Dental Education: A Horizon of Opportunity
Authors: Abbey L. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:Computers have presented society with the largest array of opportunities since the printing press. More specifically in dental education they represent the path to freedom from the memory-based curriculum. Computers allow us to be constantly in touch with the entire scope of knowledge necessary for decision making in every aspect of the process of preparing young men and women to practice dentistry. No longer is it necessary to spend the energy or time previously used to memorize facts, test for retention of facts or be concerned with remembering facts when dealing with our patients. Modern information management systems can assume that task allowing dentists to concentrate on understanding, skill, judgement and wisdom while helping patients deal with their problems within a health care system that is simultaneously baffling in its complexity and overflowing with options. This paper presents a summary of the choices facing dental educators as computers continue to afford us the freedom to look differently at teaching, research and practice. The discussion will elaborate some of the ways dental educators must think differently about the educational process in order to utilize fully the power of computers in curriculum development and tracking, integration of basic and clinical teaching, problem solving, patient management, record keeping and research. Some alternative strategies will be discussed that may facilitate the transition from the memory-based to the computer-based curriculum and practice.
Interactive Videodisc as an Instructional Tool in Medical Education
Authors: Culbert A. , Cantelmo Nancy , Stafford Mary , Allan D. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:At a time when medical educators are actively revising the undergraduate medical school curriculum to make it more responsive to exigencies ofthe 21st century, the use of interactivevide.odisc technology may well prove to be a significant addition. Using interactive videodisc technology may be instrumental in reducing the amount of a large lecture didactic learning and improving small group problem-solving sessions that better synthesize factual knowledge. It also provides important and valuable exposure to varieties of computer technology that play an increasingly important role in training and medical practice.
Medical Informatics and Education: The Profession as Gate-Keeper
Authors: Kluge E.-H. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:Modern health care systems, both at the policy as well as the delivery level, are becoming increasingly data-dependent. The profession of Medical Informatics is beginning to emerge as a distinctive discipline that functions as the point of entry of the relevant data into the systems and as the medium of their manipulation. Medical Informatics therefore finds itself in a gate-keeper position: i. e., in the position of someone who effectively controls the use of these data and whose actions set the parameters of what will be done with them. This position, in turn, places special ethical obligations on the profession as a whole as well as on the individual professionals. It is unlikely that the nature of these obligations, or indeed their very scope, will be appreciated without some training in ethics; and it is also unlikely that the ethical problems that arise in the conduct of the profession can be handled smoothly without some ethical education. Medical Informatics, as a profession, should therefore insist that the education of its members involve not only technical parameters but also include some education in ethics. The pay-off for this would come not only in terms of an integrated functioning of the profession as a whole, but also in a much more firmly established legal and social position.
Teaching Hospital Information Systems by Simulating What Really Happens
Authors: Protti D. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:This paper discusses the teaching of a course which simulates what a hospital goes through when it conceptualizes the need for a Hospital Information System, identifies its goals and objectives for the system, prepares a Request for Proposal (RFP), and selects a particular system. The course is. taught entirely in simulation and role playing modes. Students are taken on site visits, vendors come to the University to demonstrate their systems, and consultants are brought in to give advice. The pros and cons of this particular style of teaching are discussed.
The Role of Biometry in the Training of Medical Informaticians
Authors: Victor N. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:Medical informatics and medical biometry, as well as the medical biometrician´s and medical informatician´s fields of activity, overlap significantly. The affinity between the two disciplines can be illustrated by a comparison of the definitions of both disciplines, by examples of research projects for which the application of methods from both fields is necessary in order to complete the project successfully, and by an analysis of the professional fields of medical informatics graduates working in their occupation. Therefore, a stronger integration of both disciplines is advocated.
The German Syndrome Identification and Information System (DOFONOS)
Authors: Leiber B. 
Published: March 2018

This is a report on origin, aims and purpose of a unique service for physicians of all specialties and nationalities.Since 1969, the system DOFONOS, in a largely computerized manner, stores all relevant facts about rare or newly described syndromes about which it gives information upon request free of charge. This information center may also assist in diagnostic identification of patterns. In addition, the information center will develop basic models for computer-aided medical diagnosis. Thereby it attempts to standardize the syndrome and symptom nomenclature in such a way as to be suitable for computer processing. Presently the physician deals with about 30,000 different syndromes the number of whichincreases continuously. This results in an »explosion of information« that shall be relieved by DOFONOS. If a physician needs help in the diagnosis of a disease of unknown type, he may request information about it, provided he supplies an exact description of the symptoms observed.
Entrainment and Annihilation of Reentrant Excitation in a Periodically Stimulated Ring of Excitable Media
Authors: Glass L. , Nomura T. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:Excitable media, such as nerve, heart and the Belousov-Zhabo- tinsky reaction, exhibit a large excursion from equilibrium in response to a small but finite perturbation. Assuming a one-dimensional ring geometry of sufficient length, excitable media support a periodic wave of circulation. As in the periodic stimulation of oscillations in ordinary differential equations, the effects of periodic stimuli of the periodically circulating wave can be described by a one-dimensional Poincaré map. Depending on the period and intensity of the stimulus as well as its initial phase, either entrainment or termination of the original circulating wave is observed. These phenomena are directly related to clinical observations concerning periodic stimulation of a class of cardiac arrhythmias caused by reentrant wave propagation in the human heart.
Multivariate Analysis of Multichannel Surface Myoelectric Signals to Determine Muscular Fatigue
Authors: Nakamura Y. , Kiryu T. , Saitoh Y. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:Multivariate analysis would be effective in finding the functional change from several variables obtained from multivariate biological signals. We applied this idea to the discrimination of sustained fatiguing contraction from negative ramp contraction. The time-series of eigenvalues were obtained from multidimensional biological variables by the Karhunen-Loève expansion. The results showed that, the first and second eigenvalues came close to each other during fatiguing contraction, whereas only the first eigenvalue was dominant during negative ramp contraction. Moreover, the factor loadings showed considerable difference between fatiguing contraction and negative ramp contraction. As a result, the muscular-fatigue-related functional change could be represented clearly by the time-series of proportions and factor loadings.
The Whale Forgetting Factor in Recursive AR Spectral Analysis of Heart Rate Variability Signals
Authors: Mainardi L. T. , Cerutti S. , Bianchi A. M. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:Spectral parameters extracted from the heart rate variability signal are obtained on a beat-to-beat basis by means of autoregressive recursive identification. In this paper a whale forgetting window is introduced, instead of the classical exponential one, in order to reduce the noise influence on the estimated parameters. After proper simulation it was found that the whale forgetting window markedly reduces the noise in the identification, but maintains a good response to abrupt changes in the signal. The algorithm was thus applied to the analysis of the HRV data recorded during differenttransient situations in physiological and pathological conditions. The spectral parameters were obtained on a beat-to-beat basis and their trends were smoother and more accurate with respect to the traditional exponential window also in presence of noise or artifacts in the time series (sudden and short time changes, ectopic beats, etc.), without losing the signal variations of physiological interest.