bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modulation of Inorganic Matrices for Functional Nanoarchitectures Fabrication: The Simultaneous Effect of Moisture and Temperature in the Preparation of Metakaolin Based Geopolymers
Authors: Fardjaoui Nor-El-Houda , Wicklein Bernd , Aranda Pilar , Sobrados Isabel , El Berrichi Fatima Zohra , Ruiz-Hitzky Eduardo 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The concept of geopolymerization has usually been applied to develop structural materials endowed with mechanical properties and other characteristics of interest in building and related applications. With the aim to show the role of these inorganic polymers in the modulation of functional nanoarchitectures, this contribution introduces a study on the effect of simultaneously controlled humidity and temperature adopted in view to produce nanostructured geopolymers derived from metakaolin for functional applications. Geopolymer samples were prepared by dissolving high-quality metakaolin in water-glass solutions then cured and dried using well controlled humidity and temperature conditions for different aging times. Characterization of the resulting porous aluminosilicate materials was carried out by XRD, FTIR, NMR, thermal analyses (TG-DTA), FE-SEM and specific surface area (SBET) among other techniques. Chemical stability, mechanical properties and sorption ability have been investigated with the aim to further explore their potential functional applications. Incorporation of polymers, such as alginic acid, yields functional nanorachitectures that display ability for removal of heavy metal ions in solution (e.g. Cu2+).
Development of Local Analysis Technique of Electric Double Layer at Electrode Interfaces and Its Application to Ionic Liquid Interfaces
Authors: Fukui Ken-ichi 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Local analyses of electrolyte/solid electrode interfaces at controlled electrode potentials are of fundamental importance to understanding the origin and properties of the electric double layer (EDL) at the interfaces, which is necessary for their application to electrochemical devices. This award account summarizes our recent achievements of such analyses by using the novel analytical tools of electrochemical frequency modulation AFM (EC-FM-AFM), which enables acquisition of information from the liquid molecules’ structuring as well as the atomic scale resolution of the solid side, both are often affected by the electrode potential. Potential and electrolyte dependent EDL structures at aqueous solution/graphite interfaces and strong substrate dependency on the structuring of interfacial ionic liquid are mainly discussed.
A superhydrophobic cone to facilitate the xenomonitoring of filarial parasites, malaria, and trypanosomes using mosquito excreta/feces
Authors: Cook Darren A.N. , Pilotte Nils , Minetti Corrado , Williams Steven A. , Reimer Lisa J. 
Published: April 2018

Background: Molecular xenomonitoring (MX), the testing of insect vectors for the presence of human pathogens, has the potential to provide a non-invasive and cost-effective method for monitoring the prevalence of disease within a community. Current MX methods require the capture and processing of large numbers of mosquitoes, particularly in areas of low endemicity, increasing the time, cost and labour required. Screening the excreta/feces (E/F) released from mosquitoes, rather than whole carcasses, improves the throughput by removing the need to discriminate vector species since non-vectors release ingested pathogens in E/F. It also enables larger numbers of mosquitoes to be processed per pool. However, this new screening approach requires a method of efficiently collecting E/F. Methods: We developed a cone with a superhydrophobic surface to allow for the efficient collection of E/F. Using mosquitoes exposed to either Plasmodium falciparum, Brugia malayi or Trypanosoma brucei brucei, we tested the performance of the superhydrophobic cone alongside two other collection methods. Results: All collection methods enabled the detection of DNA from the three parasites. Using the superhydrophobic cone to deposit E/F into a small tube provided the highest number of positive samples (16 out of 18) and facilitated detection of parasite DNA in E/F from individual mosquitoes. Further tests showed that following a simple washing step, the cone can be reused multiple times, further improving its cost-effectiveness. Conclusions: Incorporating the superhydrophobic cone into mosquito traps or holding containers could provide a simple and efficient method for collecting E/F. Where this is not possible, swabbing the container or using the washing method facilitates the detection of the three parasites used in this study.
A longitudinal introspective into the text comprehension tasks of national tests and exams of the Estonian language
Authors: Kärbla Triinu , Uibu Krista , Männamaa Mairi 
Published: April 2018

Tekstimõistmise saab jaotada sõnasõnaliseks, järeldavaks ja hindavaks tasandiks, mis on üksteisega hierarhiliselt seotud. Info töötlemiseks kõrgeimal tasandil peab lugeja mõistma teksti ka teistel tasanditel. Uurimuse eesmärk on välja selgitada, kuivõrd sarnane on tekstimõistmisülesannete tasandilise jaotuse struktuur eri aastate eesti keele riiklikes taseme- ja eksamitöödes, ning teada saada, kuivõrd muutub tekstimõistmise eri tasandite ülesannete osakaal vanemates klassides. Selleks analüüsiti 2013.–2016. aasta 3. ja 6. klassi eesti keele tasemetööde ning 9. klassi eksamitööde tekstimõistmisülesandeid pikilõikeliselt (3. klassist 78 ülesannet, 6. klassist 67 ülesannet ja 9. klassist 87 ülesannet). Selgus, et sama klassi tööde tekstimõistmisülesannete tasandilise jaotuse struktuur oli aastati erinev ning eri aastatel keskenduti erinevate oskuste hindamisele. Samuti ilmnes, et kõikide aastate 3. klassi tasemetööd sisaldasid hindava tasandi ülesandeid, kuid need ülesanded puudusid 6. klassi tasemetöödest kahel aastal ja 9. klassi eksamitööst ühel aastal. Seevastu madalaima ehk sõnasõnalise tasandi ülesandeid oli kõige vähem kõikide aastate 3. klassi tasemetöödes. Kuna vanuse suurenedes paraneb õpilaste tekstimõistmine järeldaval ja hindaval tasandil, peaksid vanemate klasside taseme- ja eksamitööd sisaldama rohkem ülesandeid, mis arvestavad muutusega õpilaste tekstimõistmise arengus.
Summary
Quality at the Source or at the End? Managing Supplier Quality Under Information Asymmetry
Authors: Nikoofal Mohammad E. , Gümüş Mehmet 
Published: April 2018

Despite the many benefits of outsourcing, firms are still concerned about the lack of critical information regarding both the risk levels and actions of their suppliers, who are usually just a few links away. Usually, companies manage supply chain risks by deferring payments to suppliers until after the delivery has been made. Even though the deferred payment approach shunts the risk from the buyer to the supplier, recent supply chain failures suggest that it does not necessarily eliminate the risk completely. Hence, many companies offer incentives and conduct inspections of the actions taken at the source rather than waiting for the end delivery. In this paper, we study the effectiveness of such incentive and inspection mechanisms undertaken by manufacturers to manage the quality of suppliers who are “privately” aware of the risk of failure. By comparing the agency costs associated with each contractual setting, we characterize the value of output- and action-based incentive mechanisms from the perspective of the manufacturer. We find that employing action-based incentives is effective for the manufacturer, specifically when working with a supplier that faces high costs of production and quality improvement. However, if the manufacturer faces high inspection costs or a low degree of information asymmetry, employing an output-based contract that results in differentiated quality improvement efforts becomes more effective. Finally, we analyze the marginal value of the combined contracting strategy and characterize when it strictly dominates over output- and effort-based contracts. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2017.0652 .
The natural alpha angle of the femoral head-neck junction
Authors: Gollwitzer H. , Suren C. , Strüwind C. , Gottschling H. , Schröder M. , Gerdesmeyer L. , Prodinger P. M. , Burgkart R. 
Published: April 2018

AimsAsphericity of the femoral head-neck junction is common in cam-type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and usually quantified using the alpha angle on radiographs or MRI. The aim of this study was to determine the natural alpha angle in a large cohort of patients by continuous circumferential analysis with CT.MethodsCT scans of 1312 femurs of 656 patients were analyzed in this cross-sectional study. There were 362 men and 294 women. Their mean age was 61.2 years (18 to 93). All scans had been performed for reasons other than hip disease. Digital circumferential analysis allowed continuous determination of the alpha angle around the entire head-neck junction. All statistical tests were conducted two-sided; a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThe mean maximum alpha angle for the cohort was 59.0° (sd 9.4). The maximum was located anterosuperiorly at 01:36 on the clock face, with two additional maxima of asphericity at the posterior and inferior head-neck junction. The mean alpha angle was significantly larger in men (59.4°, sd 8.0) compared with women (53.5°, sd 7.4°; p = 0.0005), and in Caucasians (60.7°, sd 9.0°) compared with Africans (56.3°, sd 8.0; p = 0.007) and Asians (50.8°, sd 7.2; p = 0.0005). The alpha angle showed a weak positive correlation with age (p < 0.05). If measured at commonly used planes of the radially reconstructed CT or MRI, the alpha angle was largely underestimated; measurement at the 01:30 and 02:00 positions showed a mean underestimation of 4° and 6°, respectively.ConclusionThis study provides important data on the normal alpha angle dependent on age, gender, and ethnic origin. The normal alpha angle in men is > 55°, and this should be borne in mind when making a diagnosis of cam-type morphology. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:570–8.
Patient-reported outcome measures after surgery for an acetabular fracture
Authors: Frietman B. , Biert J. , Edwards M. J. R. 
Published: April 2018

Aims The aim of this study was to record the incidence of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (OA), the need for total hip arthroplasty (THA), and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMS) after surgery for a fracture of the acetabulum, in our centre. Patients and Methods All patients who underwent surgery for an acetabular fracture between 2004 and 2014 were included. Patients completed the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS) questionnaires. A retrospective chart and radiographic review was performed on all patients. CT scans were used to assess the classification of the fracture and the quality of reduction. Results A total of 220 patients were included, of which 55 (25%) developed post-traumatic OA and 33 (15%) underwent THA. A total of 164 patients completed both questionnaires. At a mean follow-up of six years (2 to 10), the mean SF-36 score for patients with a preserved hip joint was higher on role limitations due to physical health problems than for those with OA or those who underwent THA. In the dimension of bodily pain, patients with OA had a significantly better score than those who underwent THA. Patients with a preserved hip joint had a significantly better score on the function scale of the mHHS and a better total score than those with OA or who underwent THA. Conclusion Of the patients who were treated surgically for an acetabular fracture (with a mean follow-up of six years), 15% underwent THA at a mean of 2.75 years postoperatively. Patients with a THA had a worse functional outcome than those who retain their native hip joint. We recommend using PROMS and CT scans when reviewing these patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:640–5.
The functional and dynamometer-tested results of transtendinous flexor hallucis longus transfer for neglected ruptures of the Achilles tendon at six years’ follow-up
Authors: Lever C. J. , Bosman H. A. , Robinson A. H. N. 
Published: April 2018

AimsFlexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon transfer is a well-recognized technique in the treatment of the neglected tendo Achillis (TA) rupture.Patients and MethodsWe report a retrospective review of 20/32 patients who had undergone transtendinous FHL transfer between 2003 and 2011 for chronic TA rupture. Their mean age at the time of surgery was 53 years (22 to 83). The mean time from rupture to surgery was seven months (1 to 36). The mean postoperative follow-up was 73 months (29 to 120). Six patients experienced postoperative wound complications.ResultsThe mean postoperative Achilles tendon Total Rupture Score (ATRS) was 83 (40 to 100) and the mean American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score was 94.3 (82 to 100). Tegner scoring showed a mean reduction of one level from the pre-injury level of activity. There was a mean reduction of 24% (4 to 54) in dynamometer-measured strength of ankle plantarflexion, in comparison with the non-operated side. The hallux had a mean of only 40% (2 to 90) strength of plantarflexion in comparison with the contralateral side.ConclusionWe conclude that transtendinous FHL transfer for neglected TA ruptures, with a long harvest to allow reattachment of the triceps surae, provides reliable long-term function and good ankle plantarflexion strength. Despite the loss of strength in hallux plantar flexion, there is little comorbidity from the FHL harvest. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:584–9.
The role of grade in local recurrence and the disease-specific survival in chondrosarcomas
Authors: Laitinen M. K. , Stevenson J. D. , Parry M. C. , Sumathi V. , Grimer R. J. , Jeys L. M. 
Published: April 2018

Aims The purpose of this study was to describe the effect of histological grade on disease-specific survival in patients with chondrosarcoma. Patients and Methods A total of 343 patients with a chondrosarcoma were included. The histological grade was assessed on the initial biopsy and on the resection specimen. Where the histology showed a mixed grade, the highest grade was taken as the definitive grade. When only small focal areas showed higher grade, the final grade was considered as both. Results The concordance between the highest preoperative biopsy grading and the highest final grading of the resection specimen in total was only 43% (146/343). In 102 specimens (30%), a small number of cells or focal areas of higher grade were observed in contrast to the main histology. The disease-specific survival, stratified according to the predominant histological grade, showed greater variation than when stratified according to the highest grade seen in the resection specimen. Conclusion The diagnostic biopsy in chondrosarcoma is unreliable in assessing the definitive grade and the malignant potential of the tumour. When categorizing the grade of the resection specimen, the prognosis for local recurrence and disease-specific survival should be based on the highest grade seen, even when seen in only a few cells. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:662–6.
Does virtual reality simulation have a role in training trauma and orthopaedic surgeons?
Authors: Bartlett J. D. , Lawrence J. E. , Stewart M. E. , Nakano N. , Khanduja V. 
Published: April 2018

Aims The aim of this study was to assess the current evidence relating to the benefits of virtual reality (VR) simulation in orthopaedic surgical training, and to identify areas of future research. Materials and Methods A literature search using the MEDLINE, Embase, and Google Scholar databases was performed. The results’ titles, abstracts, and references were examined for relevance. Results A total of 31 articles published between 2004 and 2016 and relating to the objective validity and efficacy of specific virtual reality orthopaedic surgical simulators were identified. We found 18 studies demonstrating the construct validity of 16 different orthopaedic virtual reality simulators by comparing expert and novice performance. Eight studies have demonstrated skill acquisition on a simulator by showing improvements in performance with repeated use. A further five studies have demonstrated measurable improvements in operating theatre performance following a period of virtual reality simulator training. Conclusion The demonstration of ‘real-world’ benefits from the use of VR simulation in knee and shoulder arthroscopy is promising. However, evidence supporting its utility in other forms of orthopaedic surgery is lacking. Further studies of validity and utility should be combined with robust analyses of the cost efficiency of validated simulators to justify the financial investment required for their use in orthopaedic training. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:559–65.
Thromboembolism prophylaxis in orthopaedics: an update
Authors: Flevas Dimitrios A. , Megaloikonomos Panayiotis D. , Dimopoulos Leonidas , Mitsiokapa Evanthia , Koulouvaris Panayiotis , Mavrogenis Andreas F. 
Published: April 2018

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a serious complication during and after hospitalization, yet is a preventable cause of in-hospital death. Without VTE prophylaxis, the overall VTE incidence in medical and general surgery hospitalized patients is in the range of 10% to 40%, while it ranges up to 40% to 60% in major orthopaedic surgery. With routine VTE prophylaxis, fatal pulmonary embolism is uncommon in orthopaedic patients and the rates of symptomatic VTE within three months are in the range of 1.3% to 10%. VTE prophylaxis methods are divided into mechanical and pharmacological. The former include mobilization, graduated compression stockings, intermittent pneumatic compression device and venous foot pumps; the latter include aspirin, unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), adjusted dose vitamin K antagonists, synthetic pentasaccharid factor Xa inhibitor (fondaparinux) and newer oral anticoagulants. LMWH seems to be more efficient overall compared with the other available agents. We remain sceptical about the use of aspirin as a sole method of prophylaxis in total hip and knee replacement and hip fracture surgery, while controversy still exists regarding the use of VTE prophylaxis in knee arthroscopy, lower leg injuries and upper extremity surgery. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3:130-142. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.170018
Construing Contemporary Cosmopolitan Constitution-Making: A Comparative View
Authors: Qerimi Qerim 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The newest and gradually evolving trends in global law-making have been defined by an ever increasing interplay between rules and principles of different legal orders and between national legal orders and international legal order. References in national constitutions to the binding force of international law within the domestic sphere and sometimes the primacy of such internationally-made law over national laws are now a widespread and unsurprising phenomenon. Clauses referring to international human rights, including direct applicability of specific international human rights instruments, also to international organizations such as the UN, or accession to new international organizations, including transfer of sovereignty, can also be found in a significant variety of cases. The most unique feature of these trends could, however, be the establishment of national constitutional and legal order based on, or modeled after, international law and comparative law. At a broader constitutional level, for example, the international community has played a pivotal role in the style and substance of the constitutions of a number of post-conflict, newly-formed or transformed societies (e. g., Constitutions of Cambodia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, South Africa, East Timor, Afghanistan, Iraq, Kosovo, Libya, and South Sudan). This process of constitution-making influenced by, based on, or modeled after, international law, has unique features that resonate with a cosmopolitan constitutional law-making. This paper seeks to understand the contours of this phenomenon, ascribe the proper value, and identify the degree to which contemporary constitution-making conforms to the original ideals of cosmopolitanism.
Green synthesis of hydratropic aldehyde from α-methylstyrene catalyzed by Al2O3-supported metal phthalocyanines
Authors: Niu Fanfan , Jiang Ying , Chen Ping , Zhan Licheng , Sun Xiaoling 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
This report presents a study of synthesis of hydratropic aldehyde from α-methylstyrene employing Al2O3-supported metal phthalocyanines as catalyst, molecular oxygen as oxidant and isobutyraldehyde as co-oxidant. The catalytic system was applied in the synthesis of hydratropic aldehyde for the first time. Under optimal conditions, the conversion of α-methylstyrene reached 99%, whereas the selectivity of hydratropic aldehyde reached 85.14%. Possible reaction mechanism and the effects of different factors on oxidation reaction were investigated. Aluminum oxide-supported metal (M = Co, Ni, and Fe) phthalocyanine catalysts (MPc/Al2O3) were prepared using the “ship-in-a-bottle” method by synthesizing metallophthalocyanines in support holes. Obtained catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area (BET), inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), IR, UV-Visible (UV-Vis), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
A New Hybrid Protection Algorithm for Protection of Power Transformer Based on Discrete Wavelet Transform and ANFIS Inference Systems
Authors: Salama A.M. , Abdel-Latif K. M. , Ismail Mohamed M. , Mousa S. M. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
This paper presents a new protection algorithm for power transformers. The new algorithm is based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and (ANFIS) Inference System. The simulation of power transformer is done using BCTRAN subroutine of ATP software to simulate the internal faults cases. The protection algorithm using DWT and ANFIS is implemented MATLAB Simulink software. The new Algorithm is tested on 40/40/15 MVA, 220/70/11.5 KV power transformer. The proposed algorithm satisfies high degree of accuracy and faster response time.