bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public health approaches to tackling obesity in the UK
Authors: Mulrooney Hilda 
Published: June 2019

Being obese and overweight affects an increasing number of adults and children in the UK. Hilda Mulrooney presents an overview of the population-based approaches to improving public health and enabling more people to lose weight Obesity is a serious condition that is highly prevalent in UK adults and children. A number of population-based approaches to improve the ‘obesogenic’ environment have been put into place while more are being proposed. Many of these approaches have the advantage of potentially altering dietary intakes without individual behaviour change, and they are taking place in a wider context that encourages physical activity and partnership working. Approaches to obesity and progress made towards targets will be discussed.
O “NOVO REGIME FISCAL” E A VIOLAÇÃO DA PROGRESSIVIDADE E DA PROIBIÇÃO DE RETROCESSO EM MATÉRIA DE DIREITO À SAÚDE
Authors: Soares Hector Cury , Costa José Ricardo Caetano 
Published: June 2019

A pesquisa analisa a violação da progressividade e da proibiçãode retrocesso em matéria de direito à saúde face ao “Novo Regime Fiscal”, instituído pela Emenda à Constituição nº 95/2016. Para tanto, comprova que os direitos fundamentais sociais geram custos e, assim, impactam no Orçamento Público; demonstra que a mudança do indexador dos gastos públicos em saúde gerará um impacto negativo no Orçamento; e, por fim, demonstra que o “Novo Regime Fiscal” impõe uma situação normativa mais prejudicial à efetivação do direito à saúde, com base na doutrina e na dogmática constitucional. Utiliza-se uma abordagem metodológica descritiva, coletando as informações e os principais conceitos utilizados por meio de revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa documental e análise de jurisprudência. Ao final, resta demonstrado que o art. 110, II do Ato das Disposições Constitucionais Transitórias (ADCT), do Novo Regime Fiscal, viola a Constituição da República no que concerne à progressividade do direito à saúde.
A MEDIAÇÃO COMO FORMA DE RESOLUÇÃO DE CONFLITOS: UMA ABORDAGEM APLICADA DO PENSAMENTO DE HANNAH ARENDT
Authors: Bordoni Jovina d’Avila , Siqueira Natercia Sampaio 
Published: June 2019

O estudo aborda a mediação como instrumento de resolução dos con-flitos. Busca-se repensar a relação entre os indivíduos e a forma de solução dos seus conflitos, por meio da mediação, com base nos conceitos e nas discussões de Hannah Arendt sobre política, cidadania e amizade. Ao assim proceder, arguise que a prática dialógica é condição para que se seja pessoa com igual dignidade a qualquer outra, para, em momento posterior, se ponderar que a tecnologia do diálogo, em vez da descoberta da verdade, é a prática epistemológica mais adequada à democracia. Conclui-se, ao final, que a mediação se constitui em prática capaz de proporcionar a emancipação das pessoas dentro da sociedade, pois garante a voluntariedade e resgata a comunicação entre os conflitantes, configurando-se como prática democrática capaz de restabelecer o equilíbrio e a paz social. A metodologia utilizada no estudo é descritiva e analítica, desenvolvida por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica.
Influence of Coir Fiber Diameter and Length on Mechanical Behavior of Coconut Shell Powder–Based Polyester Resin Composites
Authors: Vignesh K. , Natarajan U. , Arockia Jaswin M. , Antony Arul Prakash M. D. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Coir fiber is available in abundance in nature. Coconut shell is a food waste material. Both are procured from the coconut. Coir fiber–reinforced coconut shell powder–based polyester resin composite is fabricated by using the hand lay-up technique. Here, coir fiber acts as a reinforcing agent. Coconut shell powder acts as a filler material. Polyester resin acts as a binding material. Composites are fabricated as per ASTM standards. Tests of mechanical behaviors such as tensile strength and compressive strength are carried out, and the results are analyzed based on the influence of coir fiber diameter and length.
Investigation of Wave Propagation Behavior of Partially Two-Layered Plates
Authors: Mostafapour Amir , Davoodi Saman , Ghareaghaji Mohammad 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In this study, the acoustic emission characteristics of a rectangular plate with a partially covered free damping viscoelastic layer excited by an acoustic source (Hsu-Nielsen) has been investigated. A partially covered plate configuration consisting of a base plate (aluminum) and free damping layer (polyethylene) is considered. An acoustic emission source generated different acoustic modes, which caused the plate to have in-plane and out-plane displacements. These plate displacements will be captured by acoustic sensors. To obtain the general form of plate displacements theoretically, Von Karman theory and a Kelvin-Voigt model were used and the equations of motion were derived using Galerkin’s method. The effects of nonlinear terms of the strain-displacement relation on wave propagation characteristics of plates were investigated. The main frequency ranges of signals and the propagation speed of acoustic modes and their attenuation are very important for source locating. These parameters depend on the acoustic source and transmitted medium. So, theoretically predicting the main frequency range of signals because of the acoustic source and propagation characteristics of different acoustic modes has an important role in an acoustic source–locating algorithm. For this purpose, acoustic emission experiments were carried out using two R15α sensors. Frequency domains of theoretical and experimental results were analyzed. A comparison of the obtained results showed good agreement between the experimental and theoretical Lamb velocities and main frequency ranges.
Study on Photo Aging Differential among Inner, Outer, and Middle Layers of Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel)
Authors: Yu Hai-xia , Pan Xin , Wang Zeng , Zhang Wenfu , Zhuang Xiao-wei , Jiang Yingti 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
To better understand the photo weathering characteristics of different parts of bamboo culms, Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel) was divided into three layers from the outmost side to the inside along the radial direction and then radiated by ultraviolet (UV) light for 56 days. The lignin content on top surface was accurately measured by the acetyl bromide method and degree of crystallinity was analyzed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) before and after UV aging. Results showed that after UV radiation, the surface color of the outer layer changed the most and turned to dark brown, however, the inner layer and middle layer became more yellowish; the lignin content of each layer all decreased, and the crystalline region increased. The lignin content of the outer layer decreased the least because of its relative high density and less light penetration. The degree of crystallinity of the outer layer bamboo increased the most, and the inner layer was the least. The photo oxidation reaction may occur only in the amorphous region, and it was very difficult for light to break the crystalline region. The crystal lattice structure kept unchanged.
Influence of Boundary Insulation on the Growth of Frozen Soils during AGF Modeling
Authors: Huang Ren-Chung , Wu Po-Kai , Chang Muhsiung 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
To clarify the influence of boundary insulation on the development of frozen soils, seven artificial ground freezing (AGF) models of Ottawa sand were performed with different thermal impedance Z-values of the boundary insulation system. Results of testing show that the greater the Z-values, the larger the frozen soil areas for a given time of freezing. When the Z-value is more than 2.27 m2 K/W, however, the extent of frozen soils appears to be stabilized for the AGF model with dimensions of 100 cm (L) by 100 cm (W) by 15 cm (H). Two-dimensional finite element analyses were also conducted to verify the performance of boundary insulation systems of the physical model. Numerical simulations show the development of frozen soils is significantly affected by the ambient temperature if no insulation is covered on the boundary of the AGF model, and the growth of frozen soils would cease at a freezing time of less than 6 h. However, when the Z-value of the boundary insulation system is more than 2.27 m2 K/W, the pattern of the temperature field and the size of frozen soils in the model resemble those for a system with a perfectly insulated boundary with an elapsed time of freezing up to 24 h. Hence, it can be concluded that the thermal impedance Z-value should be at least 2.27 m2 K/W for the boundary insulation system of the current AGF model to be free from the influence of an ambient environment and have a similar temperature response as the perfectly insulated model for a test time up to 24 h.
Reliability-Based Specification for Asphalt Concrete Pavements
Authors: Dinegdae Yared , Onifade Ibrahim , Birgisson Bjorn 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe use of volumetric-based specifications that utilize air void and asphalt content for the quality control of asphalt pavements is a major concern as there is a lack of fundamental correlation between these mixture properties and long-term pavement performance. In addition to that, the input variabilities’ influence on target reliability and pavement performance is not addressed in these volumetric-based specifications. The aim of this article is to introduce a reliability-based specification for the quality control of top-down cracking in asphalt concrete pavements. The reliability-based specification criteria are developed for two traffic level categories and using design inputs such as hourly equivalent single axle load traffic, asphalt layer thickness, base modulus, and dissipated creep strain energy limit. For the development of the reliability-based specification, several field pavement sections with well-documented performance history and high-quality laboratory and field data were analyzed using the mechanics-based design framework for variability conditions that are representative of actual field conditions. Variation in dissipated creep strain energy limit and asphalt concreter layer thickness has been observed to influence target reliability and overall pavement performance significantly, in comparison with base modulus and hourly equivalent single axle load traffic. The proposed reliability-based specification can complement existing performance-based specifications for the quality control of top-down cracking in asphalt concrete pavements.
Lean non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and development of diabetes: a cohort study
Authors: Sinn Dong Hyun , Kang Danbee , Cho Soo Jin , Paik Seung Woon , Guallar Eliseo , Cho Juhee , Gwak Geum-Youn 
Published: June 2019

Objective
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a condition associated with multiple metabolic abnormalities, is frequently observed in normal weight individuals (lean NAFLD). The metabolic consequences of lean NAFLD, however, are not well characterized. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the risk of incident diabetes in lean NAFLD.

Methods
This is a cohort study of 51,463 adults without diabetes, history of liver disease or cancer at baseline who participated in a regular health screening exam. Fatty liver was diagnosed by ultrasonography. The study outcome was the development of diabetes during follow-up.

Results
During 236,446.6 person-years of follow-up (median follow-up of 4.0 years), 5370 participants developed diabetes. In fully adjusted models, the hazard ratios (HRs) for incident diabetes comparing lean participants with NAFLD, overweight/obese participants without NAFLD and overweight/obese participants with NAFLD to lean participants without NAFLD, were 1.18 (95% CI: 1.03–1.35), 1.06 (0.98–1.14) and 1.45 (1.34–1.57), respectively. The fully adjusted HR for incident diabetes for lean NAFLD participants with low NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) (<−1.455) and with intermediate-to-high NFS (≥−1.455) compared to lean participants without NAFLD were 1.32 (1.14–1.53) and 2.73 (2.10–3.55), respectively.

Conclusions
In this large cohort study, the presence and severity of NAFLD in normal weight adults was associated with an increased incidence of diabetes independently of established risk factors. Indeed, isolated lean NAFLD was a stronger risk factor for incident diabetes than the presence of overweight/obesity without NAFLD. Subjects with lean NAFLD require careful monitoring for the development of metabolic abnormalities.
Hypophysitis secondary to nivolumab and pembrolizumab is a clinical entity distinct from ipilimumab-associated hypophysitis
Authors: Faje Alexander , Reynolds Kerry , Zubiri Leyre , Lawrence Donald , Cohen Justine V , Sullivan Ryan J , Nachtigall Lisa , Tritos Nicholas 
Published: June 2019

Objective
Little has been published describing hypophysitis after nivolumab or pembrolizumab treatment. We aimed to (i) assess the risk of hypophysitis following nivolumab or pembrolizumab treatment, (ii) characterize the clinical presentation and outcomes in these patients and (iii) compare these patients to hypophysitis following ipilimumab and ipilimumab plus nivolumab (combo). We hypothesized that headaches, pituitary enlargement on MRI and multiple anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies would occur less often in the nivolumab/pembrolizumab group versus ipilimumab or combo hypophysitis patients.

Design and methods
We conducted a multi-center retrospective review utilizing the Research Patient Database registry to evaluate individuals diagnosed with hypophysitis following treatment with nivolumab/pembrolizumab (n = 22), ipilimumab (n = 64) and combo (n = 20). Encounter notes, radiologic imaging and laboratory results for these patients were comprehensively reviewed.

Results
Hypophysitis was rare following treatment with nivolumab/pembrolizumab (0.5%, 17/3522) compared to ipilimumab (13.6%, 34/250), P < 0.0001. Hypophysitis was diagnosed later in nivolumab/pembrolizumab (median: 25.8 weeks, interquartile range (IR): 18.4–44.0) compared to ipilimumab (9.3, IR: 7.2–11.1) or combo patients (12.5, IR: 7.4–18.6), P < 0.0001 for both. Headache and pituitary enlargement occurred less commonly in nivolumab/pemrolizumab patients (23% and 5/18, respectively) compared to ipilimumab (75%, 60/61) and combo (75%, 16/17) treatment groups (P < 0.0001 versus ipilimumab and P = 0.001 versus combo for headache and P < 0.0001 for both for enlargement).

Conclusions
This study represents the first comprehensive cohort analysis of nivolumab or pembrolizumab-associated hypophysitis in a large patient group. Hypophysitis occurs rarely with these medications, and these patients have a distinct phenotype compared to hypophysitis after treatment with ipilimumab or ipilimumab plus nivolumab.
Método de reducción de muestra para ensayos de laboratorio en mezcla asfáltica en caliente
Authors: Jiménez Acuña Mónica , Elizondo Arrieta Fabián 
Published: June 2019

Para el año 2004 no se contaba con métodos de reducción de muestra para mezcla asfáltica en caliente estandarizados y se tomaban como referencia los métodos de cuarteo para agregados pero estos no indicaban obviamente la temperatura a la cual se debía calentar la muestra para asegurar su trabajabilidad y que no afectara las propiedades de la mezcla entre otros detalles. Es por esta razón que, el LanammeUCR implementó un método totalmente nuevo para poder certificar el muestreo de mezcla asfáltica en caliente en vagoneta, por lo que se aprovechó este estudio para incluir el método de cuarteo para demostrar que las submuestras son representativas del lote de muestra.
Se realizó un diseño experimental el cual incluía la realización del método de cuarteo para varias cajas de mezcla y luego medir la granulometría y el contenido de asfalto con el ensayo de ignición para cada submuestra así como el ensayo de gravedad específica máxima teórica, se demostró que con este método sí es posible obtener submuestras representativas del lote con buena repetibilidad y además se comprobó que la segregación de la mezcla se eliminó con el uso de la canaleta además de que se obtienen las submuestras deseadas en un solo paso.
Este método tiene 11 años de implementado y las ventajas sobre el método estándar AASHTO R 47 publicado en el año 2008 es que, en este método se detallan los cuidados que se tienen que tomar en cuenta a la hora de manipular la mezcla asfáltica en caliente, tales como las temperaturas a las que se tiene que calentar la muestra y los tiempos de calentamiento pues esto afecta de manera significativa las propiedades del material. Además se incluye el uso de herramientas manuales muy simples que son de fácil fabricación y económicas que tomaron en cuenta el criterio de ergonomía para asegurar que el procedimiento fuese seguro y práctico.
La importancia de las emociones para la neurodidáctica
Authors: Benavidez V Verónica , Flores P Ramón 
Published: June 2019

Este artículo pretende exponer la importancia de las emociones para la neurodidáctica en la medida que éstas inciden en el proceso de aprendizaje. El objetivo de la neurodidáctica es potenciar el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias basadas en las teorías de las neurociencias, que dan cuenta del manejo de las emociones y su relación con el aprendizaje, mismo que se puede conceptualizar como la creación de memorias impulsadas por estímulos que lo potencian o inhiben. El aprendizaje tiene relación directa no solo con la memoria, sino fundamentalmente con los estímulos emocionales, de los que depende qué y con qué profundidad se aprende. El aprendizaje inicia en el hipocampo y amígdala, que colaboran en la evaluación de los estímulos emocionales. Las estrategias didácticas que se utilizan en el aula tienen la capacidad de favorecer el aprendizaje de los estudiantes o de impedirlo, en función de la gestión de las emociones que el maestro realice. El artículo se construyó sobre la base de la revisión de literatura relacionada con el funcionamiento del cerebro emocional, y la forma en que las emociones influyen en el aprendizaje humano.
Palabras clave: Neurociencias; neuroeducación; neurodidáctica; emociones
Strong enhancement of 420∼425nm optical wavelength of blue LED by using CaF2 scintillating crystals as a cap
Authors: Nishimura Suzuka , Hirai Muneyuki , Nagayoshi Hiroshi , Terashima Kazutaka 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTIt has been found that the blue light emission of LED is remarkably enhanced by using optical window of CaF2 disk doped with Eu2O3. The CaF2 crystals doped with Eu2O3 strongly absorb UV light with 330~420nm optical wavelength as a cutting filter. Instead, CaF2 crystals emit 420~425nm wavelength visible light. As a result, the UV light shifts to a light of around 420nm wavelength, and the LED light emission intensity markedly increases. In our experiments, the UV components were absorbed, while, around 420nm emitting light has been strengthened by more than 30%. The FWHM value is improved by around 30%.
Spectroscopic Imaging of Metal-Enhanced Upconversion on Plasmonic Substrates
Authors: Anderson R.B. , Fisher J. , Hor A. , Lu A. , Paudel H. , Bayat K. , Baroughi M. , Luk T-S. , May P.S. , Smith S. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTWe use spectroscopic imaging to investigate the enhancement of infra-red to visible upconversion in rare-earth doped nano-particles (NaYF4:Yb:Er) supported on nano-fabricated plasmonic substrates consisting of square lattices of Au nano-pillars fabricated by electron beam lithography and designed to support a surface plasmon polariton at frequencies which are nearresonant with the rare-earth ion (Yb3+) absorption. We observe a systematic enhancement in the efficiency of upconversion associated with the interaction of the co-doped nano-particles with the plasmonic substrate. Spectrally-resolved imaging provides a massively parallel means of assessing the range of achievable enhancement and its relation to the specific configuration of the substrate / upconverting nano-particle system. Spectrally-resolved reflectivity of the plasmonic substrates confirms the role of the surface plasmon polariton in the upconversion enhancement. Experimental results are compared to Finite Difference Time Domain simulations of the frequency-dependent reflectivity of these metallic nanostructures.
Non-woven Membranes Electrospun from Polylactic Acid Incorporating Silver Nanoparticles as Biocide
Authors: Vargas-Villagran Haydee , Teran-Salgado Elvia , Dominguez-Diaz Maraolina , Flores Osvaldo , Campillo Bernardo , Flores Araceli , Romo-Uribe Angel 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTIn this research, we describe the electrospinning processing of polylactic acid (PLA) and the influence of silver nanoparticles on the morphology and microstructure of produced non woven membranes thus produced. The PLA was electrospun from a chloroform solution and a filamentary and granular morphology was obtained, the filaments having an average diameter of 1.25 μm, When silver nanoparticles (of ca. 12 nm size) were incorporated, the filaments diameter was reduced to an average of 0.65 μm, and the density of beads was also reduced. The membranes were rather amorphous, as revealed by X-ray scattering, presumably due to the quenching process associated with the electrospinning process. Water contact angle measurements showed that silver nanoparticles induced significant hidrophobicity in the membranes as neat PLA membrane had a contact angle of 54° and PLA/Ag membrane exhibited an angle of 115°.
Synthesis and Characterization of Silica-LiMn2O4Core-Shell Nanosphere Cathodes
Authors: Lee Jong-Moon , Hong Soon-Kie , Cho Won Il , Yeo In-Hyeong , Mho Sun-il 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTIn order to improve the charge/discharge cycling performance of the LiMn2O4cathode, the spinel LiMn2O4is coated on the structurally stable SiO2nanosphere cores, LiMn2O4@SiO2. The core-shell LiMn2O4@SiO2nanosphere cathodes are prepared by the MnCO3precipitation on the silica surface and the following solid state reaction of MnCO3@SiO2with a lithium salt. The charge/discharge cycle stability has improved by the nanostructural characteristics of the LiMn2O4@ shell on the SiO2core. The cathode composed of LiMn2O4@SiO2nanospheres exhibits higher capacity retention of 97% than that of LiMn2O4nanoparticles of 89%, after 100 battery cycles at a 10C rate.
Silicon Quantum Dots-Carbon Nanotube Composite as Anode Material for Lithium Ion Battery
Authors: Zhong Lanlan , Xie Andi , Mangolini Lorenzo 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTSilicon is a very promising material for anodes of lithium ion batteries. It exhibits a high theoretical capacity of 3579 mAh/g. However, during the lithiation and de-lithiation, silicon materials experience up to a 300% volume change, leading to poor cyclability [1-2]. Research shows that reducing the silicon particle size can mitigate this problem. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) function well as electrode materials in electrolytic cells because of their high electrical conductivity and surface area. In this work, we combine silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) and CNTs as anode materials. Si NPs are generated using a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique and their surface is modified with a 12-carbon long aliphatic chain to impart solubility in non-polar solvents. They are applied onto a nanotube-based layer using a wet-phase deposition technique. SEM and TEM analysis confirm that they form a conformal coating onto the nanotube surface. The CNTs - Si NPs composite active material is tested in half-cells where lithium foil acts as counter electrode. We have achieved an average of 810 mAh/g discharge capacity for composites with a CNTs to Si NPs weight ratio of 1:1. We expect to be able to increase the discharge capacity by increasing the Si NPs weight content.