bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Component Testing and Numerical Calculation of a Bolted High Temperature Power Plant Pipe Flange Under Complex, Near-Service Loads
Authors: Leibing Benjamin , Klenk Andreas , Seidenfuss Michael 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
To ensure a reliable power supply with a minimum environmental impact in the future, further increases in efficiency and flexibility of fossil-fired power plants are major challenges to address in recent R&D activities. In order to counterbalance substantial fluctuations in the electricity grid due to the rising share of renewable resources, frequent start-ups and shut-downs of turbomachinery will be claimed by the market. Hence, along with the development of advanced materials for elevated steam parameters, contemplations with respect to altered boundary conditions of established materials, e.g., for bolted pipe flange connections, are required. In this paper, a selection of results from a recently finished research work on stress relaxation will be presented. Together with European power plant component manufacturers, a newly developed test rig comprising a scaled intermediate pressure (IP) steam turbine pipe flange now allows investigations under near-service conditions. Before, throughout, and after performance of the experiments, an extensive measurement setup enables the examination of effects that cannot be studied in standardized relaxation tests. Within this work, a loss in bolt pretension of up to almost 50% over a comparatively short period of experimental time was observed. By means of numerical calculations, creep deformation in the transition areas between pipe and flange plate sections was identified to be a major originator of these pretension drops. Particularly, good correlations between experiments and finite element method (FEM) simulations could be achieved through the implementation of enhancements concerning the fitting strategy of the Graham–Walles-type creep model which was used.
Accuracy and precision of the late Eocene–early Oligocene geomagnetic polarity time scale
Authors: Sahy Diana , Hiess Joe , Fischer Anne U. , Condon Daniel J. , Terry Dennis O. , Abels Hemmo A. , Hüsing Silja K. , Kuiper Klaudia F. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAn accurate and precise geomagnetic polarity time scale is crucial to the development of a chronologic framework in which to test paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental interpretations of marine and terrestrial records of the Eocene–Oligocene transition (EOT). The magnetic polarity patterns of relatively continuous marine and terrestrial records of the EOT have been dated using both radio-isotopic techniques and astronomical tuning, both of which can achieve a precision approaching ±30 k.y. for much of the Paleogene. However, the age of magnetic reversals between chrons C12n and C16n.2n has proved difficult to calibrate, with discrepancies of up to 250 k.y. between radio-isotopically dated and astronomically tuned marine successions, rising to 600 k.y. for comparisons with the 206Pb/238U-dated terrestrial record of the White River Group in North America. In this study, we reevaluate the magnetic polarity pattern of the Flagstaff Rim and Toadstool Geologic Park records of the White River Group (C12n–C16n.2n). Our interpretation of the Flagstaff Rim polarity record differs significantly from earlier studies, identifying a previously unreported normal polarity zone correlated to C15n, which eliminates discrepancies between the WRG and the 206Pb/238U-dated marine record of the Rupelian Global Stratotype Section and Point in the Italian Umbria-Marche basin. However, residual discrepancies persist between U-Pb–dated and astronomically tuned records of the EOT even when stratigraphic and systematic uncertainties associated with each locality and dating method are taken into account, which suggests that the uncertainties associated with astronomically tuned records of the EOT may have been underestimated.
Late Cenozoic structure and tectonics of the southern Sierra Nevada–San Joaquin Basin transition, California
Authors: Saleeby Jason , Saleeby Zorka 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis paper presents a new synthesis for the late Cenozoic tectonic, paleogeographic, and geomorphologic evolution of the southern Sierra Nevada and adjacent eastern San Joaquin Basin. The southern Sierra Nevada and San Joaquin Basin contrast sharply, with the former constituting high-relief basement exposures and the latter constituting a Neogene marine basin with superposed low-relief uplifts actively forming along its margins. Nevertheless, we show that Neogene basinal conditions extended continuously eastward across much of the southern Sierra Nevada, and that during late Neogene–Quaternary time, the intra-Sierran basinal deposits were uplifted and fluvially reworked into the San Joaquin Basin. Early Neogene normal-sense growth faulting was widespread and instrumental in forming sediment accommodation spaces across the entire basinal system. Upon erosion of the intra-Sierran basinal deposits, structural relief that formed on the basement surface by the growth faults emerged as topographic relief. Such “weathered out” fossil fault scarps control much of the modern southern Sierra landscape. This Neogene high-angle fault system followed major Late Cretaceous basement structures that penetrated the crust and that formed in conjunction with partial loss of the region’s underlying mantle lithosphere. This left the region highly prone to surface faulting, volcanism, and surface uplift and/or subsidence transients during subsequent tectonic regimes. The effects of the early Neogene passage of the Mendocino Triple Junction were amplified as a result of the disrupted state of the region’s basement. This entailed widespread high-angle normal faulting, convecting mantle-sourced volcanism, and epeirogenic transients that were instrumental in sediment dispersal, deposition, and reworking patterns. Subsequent phases of epeirogenic deformation forced additional sediment reworking episodes across the southern Sierra Nevada–eastern San Joaquin Basin region during the late Miocene break-off and west tilt of the Sierra Nevada microplate and the Pliocene–Quaternary loss of the region’s residual mantle lithosphere that was left intact from the Late Cretaceous tectonic regime. These late Cenozoic events have left the high local-relief southern Sierra basement denuded of its Neogene basinal cover and emergent immediately adjacent to the eastern San Joaquin Basin and its eastern marginal uplift zone.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring body composition in adulthood: Results from two birth cohort studies
Authors: Magalhães Elma Izze da Silva , Lima Natália Peixoto , Menezes Ana Maria Baptista , Gonçalves Helen , Wehrmeister Fernando C , Assunção Maria Cecília Formoso , Horta Bernardo Lessa 
Published: June 2019

ObjectiveTo evaluate the association of maternal smoking during pregnancy with offspring body composition in adulthood and explore the causality of this association.DesignBirth cohort.SettingPopulation-based study in Pelotas, Brazil.ParticipantsAll newborn infants in the city’s hospitals were enrolled in 1982 and 1993. At a mean age of 30.2 and 22.6 years, the 1982 and 1993 cohorts, respectively, followed the subjects and 7222 subjects were evaluated.Primary outcome measuresBody mass index (BMI), fat mass index, android to gynoid fat ratio, waist circumference, waist to height ratio, lean mass index and height.ResultsPrevalence of maternal smoking during pregnancy was 35.1% and 32.6%, in 1982 and 1993 cohorts, respectively. Offspring of smoking mothers showed higher mean BMI (β: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.55 to 1.12 kg/m2), fat mass index (β: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.23 to 0.64 kg/m2), android to gynoid fat ratio (β: 0.016; 95% CI: 0.010 to 0.023), waist circumference (β: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.15 to 2.33 cm), waist to height ratio (β: 0.013; 95% CI: 0.010 to 0.017) and lean mass index (β: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.42 kg/m2), whereas height was lower (β: −0.95; −1.26 to −0.65). Weight gain in the first 2 years captured most of the association of maternal smoking with BMI (96.2%), waist circumference (86.1%) and fat mass index (71.7%).ConclusionsMaternal smoking in pregnancy was associated with offspring body composition measures in adulthood.
‘People have started to deliver in the facility these days’: a qualitative exploration of factors affecting facility delivery in Ethiopia
Authors: Hill Zelee , Amare Yared , Scheelbeek Pauline , Schellenberg Joanna 
Published: June 2019

ObjectivesTo understand the recent rise in facility deliveries in Ethiopia.DesignA qualitative study.SettingFour rural communities in two regions of Ethiopia.Participants12 narrative, 12 in-depth interviews and four focus group discussions with recently delivered women; and four focus group discussions with each of grandmothers, fathers and community health workers.ResultsWe found that several interwoven factors led to the increase in facility deliveries, and that respondents reported that the importance of these factors varied over time. The initial catalysts were a saturation of messages around facility delivery, improved accessibility of facilities, the prohibition of traditional birth attendants, and elders having less influence on deciding the place of delivery. Once women started to deliver in facilities, the drivers of the behaviour changed as women had positive experiences. As more women began delivering in facilities, families shared positive experiences of the facilities, leading to others deciding to deliver in a facility.ConclusionOur findings highlight the need to employ strategies that act at multiple levels, and that both push and pull families to health facilities.
Chewing gum to treat postoperative nausea and emesis in female patients (CHEWY): rationale and design for a multicentre randomised trial
Authors: Darvall Jai , von Ungern-Sternberg Britta Sylvia , Braat Sabine , Story David , Davidson Andrew , Allen Megan , Tran-Duy An , Middleton Dana , Leslie Kate 
Published: June 2019

IntroductionPostoperative nausea, retching and vomiting (PONV) remains one of the most common side effects of general anaesthesia, contributing significantly to patient dissatisfaction, cost and complications. Chewing gum has potential as a novel, drug-free alternative treatment. We aim to conduct a large, definitive randomised controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of peppermint-flavoured chewing gum to treat PONV in the postanaesthesia care unit (PACU). If chewing gum is shown to be as effective as ondansetron, this trial has the potential to significantly improve outcomes for tens of millions of surgical patients around the world each year.Methods and analysisThis is a prospective, multicentre, randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. 272 female patients aged ≥12 years having volatile anaesthetic-based general anaesthesia for breast or laparoscopic surgery will be randomised. Patients experiencing nausea, retching or vomiting in PACU will be randomised to 15 min of chewing gum or 4 mg intravenous ondansetron. The primary outcome (complete response) is cessation of PONV within 2 hours of administration, with no recurrence nor rescue medication requirement for 2 hours after administration.Ethics and disseminationThe Chewy Trial has been approved by the Human Research Ethics Committees at all sites. Dissemination will be via international and national anaesthesia conferences, and publication in the peer-reviewed literature.Trial registration numberACTRN12618000429257; Pre-results.
Introduction of anti-TNF therapy has not yielded expected declines in hospitalisation and intestinal resection rates in inflammatory bowel diseases: a population-based interrupted time series study
Authors: Murthy Sanjay K , Begum Jahanara , Benchimol Eric I , Bernstein Charles N , Kaplan Gilaad G , McCurdy Jeffrey D , Singh Harminder , Targownik Laura , Taljaard Monica 
Published: June 2019

ObjectivesTo better understand the real-world impact of biologic therapy in persons with Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), we evaluated the effect of marketplace introduction of infliximab on the population rates of hospitalisations and surgeries and public payer drug costs.DesignWe used health administrative data to study adult persons with CD and UC living in Ontario, Canada between 1995 and 2012. We used an interrupted time series design with segmented regression analysis to evaluate the impact of infliximab introduction on the rates of IBD-related hospitalisations, intestinal resections and public payer drug costs over 10 years among patients with CD and 5 years among patients with UC, allowing for a 1-year transition.ResultsRelative to what would have been expected in the absence of infliximab, marketplace introduction of infliximab did not produce significant declines in the rates of CD-related hospitalisations (OR at the last observation quarter 1.06, 95% CI 0.811 to 1.39) or intestinal resections (OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.810 to 1.50), or in the rates of UC-related hospitalisations (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.39) or colectomies (OR 0.933, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.61). The findings were similar among infliximab users, except that hospitalisation rates declined substantially among UC patients following marketplace introduction of infliximab (OR 0.515, 95% CI 0.342 to 0.777). There was a threefold rise over expected trends in public payer drug cost among patients with CD following infliximab introduction (OR 2.98,95% CI 2.29 to 3.86), suggesting robust market penetration in this group, but no significant change among patients with UC (OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.955 to 1.18).ConclusionsMarketplace introduction of infliximab has not yielded anticipated reductions in the population rates of IBD-related hospitalisations or intestinal resections, despite robust market penetration among patients with CD. Misguided use of infliximab in CD patients and underuse of infliximab in UC patients may largely explain our study findings.
Use of autologous99mTechnetium-labelled neutrophils to quantify lung neutrophil clearance in COPD
Authors: Tregay Nicola , Begg Malcolm , Cahn Anthony , Farahi Neda , Povey Kathryn , Madhavan Sujith , Simmonds Rosalind , Gillett Daniel , Solanki Chandra , Wong Anna , Maison Joanna , Lennon Mark , Bradley Glyn , Jarvis Emily , de Groot Marius , Wilson Fred , Babar Judith , Peters A Michael , Hessel Edith M , Chilvers Edwin R 
Published: June 2019

RationaleThere is a need to develop imaging protocols which assess neutrophilic inflammation in the lung.AimTo quantify whole lung neutrophil accumulation in (1) healthy volunteers (HV) following inhaled lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline and (2) patients with COPD using radiolabelled autologous neutrophils and single-photon emission computed tomography/CT (SPECT/CT).Methods20 patients with COPD (Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease (GOLD) stages 2–3) and 18 HVs were studied. HVs received inhaled saline (n=6) or LPS (50 µg, n=12) prior to the injection of radiolabelled cells. Neutrophils were isolated using dextran sedimentation and Percoll plasma gradients and labelled with99mTechnetium (Tc)-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime. SPECT was performed over the thorax/upper abdomen at 45 min, 2 hours, 4 hours and 6 hours. Circulating biomarkers were measured prechallenge and post challenge. Blood neutrophil clearance in the lung was determined using Patlak-Rutland graphical analysis.ResultsThere was increased accumulation of99mTc-neutrophils in the lungs of patients with COPD and LPS-challenged subjects compared with saline-challenged subjects (saline: 0.0006±0.0003 mL/min/mL lung blood distribution volume [mean ±1 SD]; COPD: 0.0022±0.0010 mL/min/mL [p<0.001]; LPS: 0.0025±0.0008 mL/min/mL [p<0.001]). The accumulation of labelled neutrophils in 10 patients with COPD who underwent repeat radiolabelling/imaging 7–10 days later was highly reproducible (0.0022±0.0010 mL/min/mL vs 0.0023±0.0009 mL/min/mL). Baseline interleukin (IL)-6 levels in patients with COPD were elevated compared with HVs (1.5±1.06 pg/mL [mean ±1 SD] vs 0.4±0.24 pg/mL). LPS challenge increased the circulating IL-6 levels (7.5±2.72 pg/mL) 9 hours post challenge.ConclusionsThis study shows the ability to quantify ‘whole lung’ neutrophil accumulation in HVs following LPS inhalation and in subjects with COPD using autologous radiolabelled neutrophils and SPECT/CT imaging. Moreover, the reproducibility observed supports the feasibility of using this approach to determine the efficacy of therapeutic agents aimed at altering neutrophil migration to the lungs.
A Calibration Technique for the Estimation of Lung Volumes in Nonintubated Subjects by Electrical Impedance Tomography
Authors: Sosio Simone , Bellani Giacomo , Villa Silvia , Lupieri Ermes , Mauri Tommaso , Foti Giuseppe 
Published: June 2019

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a bedside monitoring technique of the respiratory system that measures impedance changes within the thorax. The close correlation between variations in impedance (ΔZ) and lung volumes (Vt) is known. Unless Vt is measured by an external reference (e.g., spirometry), its absolute value (in milliliters) cannot be determined; however, measurement of Vt would be useful in nonintubated subjects. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> To validate a simplified and feasible calibration method of EIT, which allows estimation of Vt in nonintubated subjects. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> We performed a prospective study on 13 healthy volunteers. Subjects breathed 10 times in a nonexpandable “calibration balloon” with a known volume while wearing the EIT belt. The relationship between ΔZ and the balloon volume was calculated (ΔZ/Vt). Subsequently, subjects were connected to a mechanical ventilator by a mouthpiece under different settings. Vt was calculated from EIT measurements (Vt<sub>EIT</sub>) by means of the ΔZ/Vt coefficient and compared with the value obtained from the ventilator (Vt<sub>flow</sub>). <b><i>Results:</i></b> There was a close correlation between Vt<sub>flow</sub> and Vt<sub>EIT</sub> (<i>r</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.89). The fit equation was Vt<sub>EIT</sub> = 0.9 × Vt<sub>flow</sub> +10.1. The highest correlation was found at positive endexpiratory pressure (PEEP) 0 (mean: Vt<sub>EIT</sub> = 0.93 × Vt<sub>flow</sub>) versus PEEP 8 (mean: Vt<sub>EIT</sub> = 0.8 × Vt<sub>flow</sub>), <i>p</i> = 0.01. No differences in the fit equation were found between pressure support ventilation (PSV) 0 and PSV 8, <i>p</i> = 0.50. Further analysis showed no statistically significant differences between sex, height, and BMI. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> A simple and fast EIT calibration technique enables reliable, noninvasive monitoring of Vt in nonintubated subjects.
Statins Reduce Epicardial Adipose Tissue Attenuation Independent of Lipid Lowering: A Potential Pleiotropic Effect
Authors: Raggi Paolo , Gadiyaram Varuna , Zhang Chao , Chen Zhengjia , Lopaschuk Gary , Stillman Arthur E. 
Published: June 2019

Background

High epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) attenuation (Hounsfield units [
HUs]
) on computed tomography is considered a marker of inflammation and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Statins reduce the volume of
EAT
, but it is unknown whether they affect
EAT HUs
.

Methods and Results

We reviewed the chest computed tomographic scans of 420 postmenopausal women randomized to either 80 mg of atorvastatin or 40 mg of pravastatin daily and rescanned after 1 year to measure change in coronary artery calcium score.
EAT HUs
were measured near the proximal right coronary artery and remote from any area of coronary artery calcium. Computed tomographic images were also queried for subcutaneous adipose tissue (SubQ) attenuation (
HUs
) change over time. The mean patients’ age was 65±6 years. The baseline
EAT HU
value was higher than the SubQ
HU
value (−89.4±24.0
HU
versus −123.3±30.4
HU
;
P
<0.001). The
EAT HU
value decreased significantly in the entire cohort (−5.4±29.7
HU
[−6% change];
P
<0.001), but equally in the patients given atorvastatin and pravastatin (−6.35+31
HU
and −4.55+28
HU
;
P
=0.55).
EAT HU
change was not associated with change in total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, coronary artery calcium, and
EAT
volume (all
P
=not significant). Change in high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol was marginally associated with
EAT HU
change (
P
=0.07). Statin treatment did not induce a change in SubQ
HUs
.

Conclusions

Statins induced a decrease in
EAT HUs
over time, independent of intensity of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering. The positive effect on
EAT
and the neutral effect on SubQ suggest that statins induced a decrease in metabolic activity in
EAT
by reduction in cellularity, vascularity, or inflammation. The clinical significance of the observed change in
EAT HUs
remains to be demonstrated.
Addressing Corruption Allegations in International Arbitration
Authors: Greenwald Brody K. , Ivers Jennifer A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In Addressing Corruption Allegations in International Arbitration, Brody K. Greenwald and Jennifer A. Ivers provide a comprehensive overview of the key issues that arise in international arbitrations involving allegations of corruption drawing upon their significant experience in these high-stakes cases, including in the only two reported investment treaty cases dismissed specifically as a result of corruption. Their monograph is a valuable resource guide that analyzes, among other things, the public policy against corruption, the requirements for establishing corruption, issues relating to the burden and standard of proof, how corruption has been proved in practice, and the legal consequences where corruption is established. Mr. Greenwald and Ms. Ivers also assess issues that arise where a sovereign State raises an arbitration defense based on alleged corruption, but does not prosecute the alleged wrongdoers in its domestic courts.
Differing Impacts of Black Carbon and Sulfate Aerosols on Global Precipitation and the ITCZ Location via Atmosphere and Ocean Energy Perturbations
Authors: Zhao Shuyun , Suzuki Kentaroh 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis study explores the effects of black carbon (BC) and sulfate (SO4) on global and tropical precipitation with a climate model. Results show that BC causes a decrease in global annual mean precipitation, consisting of a large negative tendency of a fast precipitation response scaling with instantaneous atmospheric absorption and a small positive tendency of a slow precipitation response scaling with the BC-caused global warming. SO4 also causes a decrease in global annual mean precipitation, which is dominated by a slow precipitation response corresponding to the surface cooling caused by SO4. BC causes a northward shift of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), mainly through a fast precipitation response, whereas SO4 causes a southward shift of the ITCZ through a slow precipitation response. The displacements of the ITCZ caused by BC and SO4 are found to linearly correlate with the corresponding changes in cross-equatorial heat transport in the atmosphere, with a regression coefficient of about −3° PW−1, implying that the ITCZ shifts occur as manifestations of the atmospheric cross-equatorial heat transport changes in response to the BC and SO4 forcings. The atmospheric cross-equatorial heat transport anomaly caused by BC is basically driven by the BC-induced interhemispheric contrast in instantaneous atmospheric absorption, whereas the atmospheric cross-equatorial heat transport anomaly caused by SO4 is mostly attributable to the response of evaporation. It is found that a slab-ocean model exaggerates the cross-equatorial heat transport response in the atmosphere and the ITCZ shift both for BC and SO4, as compared with an ocean-coupled model. This underscores the importance of using an ocean-coupled model in modeling studies of the tropical climate response to aerosols.