bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Material Craft: An Approach to Teaching Building Materials in Architectural Education
Authors: Mishra Anamika 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Knowledge of building materials is critical for architects in order to integrate material selection and related structural thinking within the design process, rather than considering it as an after-thought. It prepares future architects to work in collaborative ways with engineering professionals and equips them to work in a field where sustainability related mandates will require them to make responsible decisions regarding material choices. However, with a packed curriculum, architecture students have limited time to acquire this knowledge and more importantly to sufficiently consider how this knowledge can be applied. Lecture-based theoretical content has limitations in the way this knowledge is transferred to design, thus curtailing innovative ideas from being generated. The paper discusses an approach towards teaching building materials, during the formative years of architectural education and has been developed through experience at teaching a first year Building Technology studio for an architectural program at a University. Details regarding the use of a design-based exercise, involving the creation of physical models, which are guided by the possibilities and limitations of the assigned materials, are presented to highlight the benefits of the approach. The use of physical models, experimentation and structural scaling methods promotes the embedding of materials knowledge in design contexts. Underlying educational value of utilizing this approach is emphasized by discussing the principles on which the exercise was based, the outcomes observed and suggestions for possible improvement. Findings from this paper are expected to be of value to those concerned with architectural education as well as built environment professionals.
Influence of Amount of Calcareous Fly Ash on Heat of Hydration of Portland Cement
Authors: Miera Patrycja , Golaszewski Jacek , Giergiczny Zbigniew 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
For the reason a common strategy to reduce the emitted CO2 the clinker in the cement is oft replace by supplementary cementitious materials, like blast furnace slag or fly ash. Therefore, it is important to investigate the influence of these materials to the hydration in blended cements. This study is dedicated to the contribution of a calcareous fly ash to the hydration of a blended cement. To assess this contribution five calcareous fly ashes were chosen. The hydration of samples of Portland cement and Portland cement with 10% mass of cement (mc), 20% mc and 30% mc of calcareous fly ash was investigated by means of isothermal heat flow calorimetry. Calorimetric investigations were carried out with a TAM Air heat-flow calorimeter. Tests were conducted in 20°C. Water-binder ratio of cement pastes for hydration heat examinations was equal 0, 5. Research had shown that the addition of calcareous fly ash showed a retardation of the hydration reactions and increasing the initial heat period. The induction period of samples of Portland cement with 10%, 20% and 30% mc of calcareous fly ash is retarded compared to the samples of Portland cement. There is no difference in the cumulative heat normalized to the amount of Portland cement with 10% mc of calcareous fly ash compared to the Portland cement after 72 h. When amount of calcareous flay ash increases above 10% mc the cumulative heat is lower.
SCAN to BIM Beyond a Final BIM: Why, When and How
Authors: Corso Sarmiento Juan , Marco Bercero Adria , Casals Fernandez Jordi , Garcia-Almirall Pilar 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Building Information Modeling (BIM) has become a must in architecture when it comes to new buildings, but in heritage buildings and in rehabilitation projects, it is still a debate if it’s useful or efficient to make a BIM model. In this paper we analyze and propose When, How and Why modeling in BIM should be a standard process for rehabilitation projects in which an architectural has been performed. In the field of heritage architecture, archeology and rehabilitation, to create an as-built model to work on, it is needed an architectural survey using a laser scan or/and photogrammetry, which captures dense 3D measurements of the building, so architects can make studies of its geometry, detect pathologies and use it as a base for their new designs. However, even though the 3D surveying technics has evolved in the recent years, in the world architecture, the point clouds are still pretty unknown, therefore for many architects are useless information in that format. So, it is necessary to convert this 3D information as point clouds to a more common file like 2D vector drawings in CAD. For this process, it should be question if and how modeling in BIM from the point cloud (scan to BIM) helps to this purpose, without taking into the account that modeling in BIM you get a BIM model, which in rehabilitation and heritage is still not common enough to work with it. Analyzing the information of the point clouds, the typology of the building, the timings, the precision required, and how works a BIM software (Revit) and its libraries; we conclude that, in some particular projects, as far as technology and architecture field are nowadays, to make a useful documentation for rehabilitation modeling in BIM the building in a specific LoD directly from a point cloud (scan to BIM), it is an upgrade in the process beyond the fact of having a BIM model, that is to say, you can get the same documents, but with better quality results, in a more efficient way and less time spend. We ended up with a list of characteristics a building must have for this scan to BIM process is an efficient step and how this should be performed. This paper explores the efficiency of the Scan to BIM process for specific rehabilitation projects, testing it in two different case studies: a large scale building with repetitive elements (old military hospital in Valencia) and a small one with unique elements (classified single family house in Barcelona).
Modal Split – Different Approaches to a Common Term
Authors: Ungvarai Adam 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The modal split, also known as modal share or mode choice, is a common and widespread indicator in transportation engineering to evaluate transportation behaviour. In brief, the modal split shows the percentage of travellers using a particular mode of transport compared to the ratio of all trips made. For example a higher modal split number of bicycle users indicates a more sustainable city. But when going deeper into the analysis, it turns out that surprising variations in the definition emerge, each with a more or less different meaning. But even if definitions would be crystal clear, the measuring practice makes it almost impossible to regard certain mathematical numbers as the one and only result. However, scientific research still uses it as an indicator. Crucial exact conclusions and result may be drawn from modal split numbers. As the origins date back to the 1960’s, how can this indicator still work? How can it still be the best method to calculate trends in transportation? Isn’t there nowadays a better indicator nowadays? It turns out there is not. Modal split is still the best evaluation method in measuring quality of some regions transportation system. In this article I try a theoretical approach to this term, and also point out practical issues. I give a short overview of the history of modal split, and finally focus on examples based on real cases to explain where problematic approaches can occur.
Transportation Aspects of Shaping the Public Spaces of Urban Squares in Warsaw (Poland)
Authors: Zalewski Andrzej 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The aims of this paper are recognition of transport and urban characteristics of urban squares of the big European city on examples of Warsaw - capital of Poland, examine the relationship between the spatial and functional structure of urban squares and the solution of the road-street system and their transport service and presentation of transportation typology of urban squares. The analysis covered thirty selected Warsaw squares located in various parts of the city, mainly situated in the downtown and city center at left bank of Vistula River. The size of the square measured by the surface of the square, road-street layout of the square, public transportation service, with distinction of individual means of transport and exchangers, presence of pedestrian zones or green zones with pedestrian traffic in the area of the square and linear bicycle infrastructure serving the square and the Public Bike System station as well as possibility of parking solutions were analyzed. The results of the presented in this paper confirm that the analyzed squares are a very important element of creating the functional and spatial structure of the city of Warsaw. The tested squares are characterized by a very large diversity: in terms of surface area, solutions of the street system shaping the spatial structure of the square, the functions and categories of administrative streets crossing the square, traffic density volume, forms of transportation service by public transport and bicycle. Five types of squares were distinguished in terms of transport: pedestrian square, autonomous square, city local traffic square (urban square with local traffic), urban transit square of 1st and 2nd category. Pedestrian zones and green zones with dominant pedestrian traffic are an important element of shaping the space of squares and significantly affect the function of a given square. The analyzes show that, especially in the downtown and center, there are relatively few parking spaces located in Warsaw’s squares, and their number is decreasing. This is the result of the actions of city authorities promoting sustainable development policy, including travels to the city center and to downtown by public transport and bicycles. With a view to improving the attractiveness of public spaces in Warsaw squares, attention should be paid to the aesthetics and technical, functional and material standards of the transport infrastructure being implemented, as well as to improve the accessibility of public transport stops, ensure the consistency of the squares’ spaces with the bikeway system in the city.
Dynamic Effects at Internal Deflagration Explosions
Authors: Korolchenko Dmitry A. , Evich A.A. , Polandov Y.X. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The effects of quick pressure balance during deflagration explosions in the test chambers are considered. The experimental records of pressure time dependence obtained from various tests, as well as the results of the explosive combustion numeral modeling have been analyzed. The load levels of the explosion-affected structure and equipment elements due to the impulse and vibration actions formed during deflagration in the combustible gas have been assessed. It was demonstrated that the explosive actions formed during deflagration in the combustible gas in field could lead to dangerous loading of the critical equipment elements - sensors, instruments, electronic boards, etc., including the fire system elements of buildings and constructions, sea platforms, vessels and ships, as well as other sophisticated civil and military facilities. The experimental development programs for security systems of such facilities should include deflagration explosion testing with low prime cost and short periods of execution. Such testing cannot be replaced with the development on vibration and shock tables due to specific nature of loading during deflagration emergency explosions.
Investigation of the Fire Resistance of Panels of Porous Papercrete, Containing Expanded Polystyrene Gravel
Authors: Cherkina Vera , Korolchenko Dmitry 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Papercrete panels are used in low-rise and individual construction intensively with each year. This article is devoted to the study of fire resistance of fragments of wall panels, which made of porous papercrete on wood shreds and containing expanded polystyrene gravel. While maintaining the compressive strength, partial replacement of the crushed stone with polystyrene gravel allowed to reduce the humidity, reduce the average density and increase the thermal resistance of the products. In order to determine the time to the onset of the limiting state of fire resistance of papercrete panels with a modified composition, fire tests were conducted. In the process of fire exposure in the heating zone of the sample, polystyrene was smelted from the volume of papercrete with the formation of voids and microcracks. The results of the study under the effect of fire on the “standard fire” mode for 3.75 hours and 2.5 hours on samples of fragments of wall panels made of porous papercrete containing expanded polystyrene gravel showed that none of the two limiting states was reached. There is a possibility of practical application of the obtained scientific results in questions of increasing the operational reliability of low-rise construction.
Power Quality in Energy Efficient Buildings – a Case Study
Authors: Romanska-Zapala Anna , Dechnik Miroslaw , Grzywocz Karina 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Energy-efficient buildings are increasingly equipped with modern automation and control systems that enable significant energy savings by providing energy in the exact place and time of the demand. Moreover, high-performance LED light sources are used as interior lighting. Since the computers, automation system controllers and LED light sources require a lower voltage than the mains voltage, the buildings use a large number of power electronic converters adjusting the power supply conditions for the devices being serviced. Operation of this type of strongly non-linear receivers leads to an increase in transmission losses of electrical energy related to reactive power flow and generation of higher harmonics. Striving to reduce energy consumption in buildings leads to increasing use of these devices, which in consequence will aggravate the problem of insufficient quality of electricity. The paper discusses the provisions of standards for the quality of electricity. The paper presents the results of research on the quality of electricity in the Malopolska Laboratory of Energy Efficient Building – an experimental building equipped with a building automation and control system.
Blast Charge Technique as a Method of Soil Improving to Locate the New Supporting Runways
Authors: Mieloszyk Eligiusz , Milewska Anita , Wyroslak Mariusz 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
A quick and effective method of reinforcing the ground base designed for the construction of engineering structures used for performing various types of air operations was presented. It allows to use wastelands, wetlands, swamps, etc. for these purposes, thus creating a dispersed network of landing sites, increasing the access of large social groups to air transport and increasing their mobility.
Tensile tests of embedded laminated glass connections
Authors: Zdrazilova Michaela , Sokol Zdenek , Eliasova Martina 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The trend of modern architecture is heading towards maximum transparency of structures, which makes glass very popular building material. It becomes common to use glass as a material for load-bearing components. Glass facades, roofs, beams or columns must be able to bear stresses occurring during the lifetime period and meet high aesthetical standards at the same time. The most problematic parts of the glass structure design are usually the connections. A lot of alternative connection types have been developed so far. The embedded laminated glass connection is the most modern one and there are many ongoing researches focused on its characteristics. This paper is dealing with series of tests focused on embedded laminated glass connections under short-term tensile loads. Different combinations of glass panes and types of foils were tested. The main goal of the experiment was to determine the tensile resistance of this type of connection. However, all the visible changes of appearance (development of bubbles in the connection area or possible delamination) that occurred during the test and the mode of failure were carefully observed and noted. There were three failure modes that were expected to arise. First one is the failure of the weakened glass pane due to reaching the tensile resistance limit. Second way is represented by the failure of foil caused by reaching the normal stress resistance limit and the last failure mode is caused by delamination. It occurs when the tear resistance limit is reached, and the steel element separates from the foil. The samples were subjected to several loading and unloading cycles. During the tests, the deflection of the glass panel was measured at two points. The experiment shows that the majority of samples collapsed because of the failure of weakened glass pane. Nevertheless, further research consisting of additional tests and numerical modelling is in progress.
Torsional Behaviour of Irregular Buildings with Single Eccentricity
Authors: Sherif Mehana Mohamed , Mohamed Osama , Isam Feda 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Torsional response in building structural systems arise from two sources: a) eccentricity between the centre of mass and centre of stiffness of vertical lateral force resisting elements and (b) accidental torsion due to the rotational component of ground motion about a vertical axis, the eccentricity between assumed and actual stiffness and mass, uncertainty in live load distribution, and uncertainty in dead loads due to variations in labour and materials. This paper addresses the effect of the ratio Ω between structure uncoupled torsional frequency (ωƟ) to uncoupled transition frequency (ωx) or (ωy), on the torsional behaviour of the structure. A parametric study is carried out using the equivalent static force (ELF) method applied to one story building with single eccentricity by examining different values of Ω. The study shows that structures with ratio Ω > 1.0 are torsionally stiff and displacements values are not sensitive to the increment in eccentricity ratio, in other words, the structure shows planer frame behaviour and the deformations are mainly transitional rather than torsional. Conversely structures with ratio Ω < 1.0 are torsionally flexible and displacements values are sensitive to increases in eccentricity ratio, therefore, the deformations are mainly torsionally twisting rather than transitional motion. It is also observed that when Ω = 1.0, no significant increase in torsional response occurs. Torsional irregularities coefficient as defined by ASCE 7-10 building code, i.e., the ratio between maximum story drift at one end of the structure to the average story drifts at the two ends of the structure, have been calculated for different values of the ratio Ω. Results shows that irregularity coefficient increases as the ratio Ω decreases. In addition, structures with Ω < 1.0 are more sensitive to the value of eccentricity between centre of mass and centre of rigidity. Subsequently irregularity coefficient increases dramatically, and excessive torsion occurs as the value of eccentricity increases for structures with ratio Ω < 1.0, while minor increment is observed on the value of irregularity coefficient when eccentricity increases. This paper discusses the significance of utilizing the frequency ratio Ω to control the torsional behaviour of building structures.
Utilizing Big Data for Enhancing Passenger Safety in Railway Stations
Authors: Alawad Hamad , Kaewunruen Sakdirat , Min An 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In light of the increasing demand and capacity in the railway industry, it is imperative to maintain safety in relation to the complexities of the substantial railway stations. Thus, it is important to take note of the time where investments in new technologies directed at the safety of the railway enable safety and protection in this area. Novel technological techniques such as big data analysis (BDA), data mining or machine learning (ML) have been developed and applied in many areas such as sales, banking and healthcare. The development of such methods has important benefits within the context of railway safety, however, these new methods need to be implemented and developed with consideration of whether these operational models can help to solve the various difficulties that currently exist in the risk analysis of railway stations. Moreover, as the adoption of the Internet of thing (IoT) grows, it is expected that analytical needs for handling data will also increase. It has been shown that the progression towards automation and applying such innovative new technologies such as BDA may be a powerful tool for integration in the future of transportation in general and the railway industry in particular, whereby analytical predictions can aid in the development of safer railway stations which have greater potential for ensuring the safety of passengers. In this paper a Bow Tie (BT) framework model has been created to combine BDA into the risk assessment process. The BDA can be beneficial to the risk assessment, support the decision makers in real time, and reduce human errors. This method can be fully integrated into passenger data and the business model for the railway station. Employing the existing safety records utilizing BDA is expected to mitigate risks, predict hazards, raise safety and security efficiency and reduce the cost.
Design Considerations and Guidelines in The Use of Grade 600 Steel Reinforcements for Reinforced Concrete Construction
Authors: Hooi Tan Teng , Ba Nguyen Ngoc , Li Bing , Chuan Chew Keat , Kwang Thung Sek 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
There is growing interest within the construction industry in using Grade 600 reinforcing steel for certain applications. There are areas where Grade 600 steel reinforcement can help include improvement in construction efficiencies and reduction in manpower. However, the implementation of these Grade 600 reinforcements in designs and construction still pose some challenges, as a number of unresolved design issues still remain. Notably current EC 2 design provisions do not provide explicit guidelines on the use of these high strength steel reinforcements and may not have addressed some distinctive performance characteristics. This paper lists potential issues with the use of Grade 600 reinforcement, and also provides a comprehensive assessment of available literature on the impact of Grade 600 steel reinforcement on design practices.