bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships among Diameter at Breast Height and Loblolly Pine Attributes from Local and Nonlocal Seed Sources near the Western Edge of the Natural Range of Loblolly Pine
Authors: Lynch Thomas B. , Will Rodney E. , Hennessey Thomas C. , Heinemann Robert A. , Holeman Randal T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Individual loblolly pine sample trees planted in 1983 as part of a seed source and density study on Carter Mountain near Broken Bow, Oklahoma, were used to investigate the effects of seed source and density on the relationships between dbh, height, crown length, and individual tree volume. The study site is a rocky, mountain soil near but outside the western boundary of the loblolly pine natural range in Oklahoma. North Carolina coastal and Oklahoma–Arkansas seed sources were planted at 4 × 4-, 6 × 6-, 8 × 8-, and 10 ×10-ft spacings. Individual tree measurements were available at plantation ages 17, 18, 19, 22, and 25 years. The dbh of sample trees ranged from 4 to 13 in., and heights ranged from approximately 30 to 70 ft. Regression relationships between individual tree dbh and height indicated a significant difference due to seed source, with the North Carolina source being approximately 7% taller across the dbh range in these data. This indicates that the North Carolina seed source is taller for a given dbh even at the extreme western edge of the loblolly natural range. The average dbh-height relationship also was significantly affected by density, but the North Carolina seed source was taller on average per given dbh for all densities. In addition to being taller for a given dbh, the North Carolina had a longer live crown and more cubic stem content than the Oklahoma–Arkansas seed source.
Comparison of the Arithmetic and Geometric Means in Estimating Crown Diameter and Crown Cross-Sectional Area
Authors: Randolph KaDonna C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The use of the geometric and arithmetic means for estimating tree crown diameter and crown cross-sectional area were examined for trees with crown width measurements taken at the widest point of the crown and perpendicular to the widest point of the crown. The average difference between the geometric and arithmetic mean crown diameters was less than 0.2 ft in absolute value. The mean difference between crown cross-sectional areas based on the geometric and arithmetic mean crown diameters was less than 6.0 ft2 in absolute value. At the plot level, the average difference between cumulative crown cross-sectional areas based on the geometric and arithmetic mean crown diameters amounted to less than 2.5% of the total plot area. The practical significance of these differences will depend on the final application in which the mean crown diameters are used.
Impact of Imidacloprid for Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid on Nearby Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Assemblages
Authors: Churchel Melissa A. , Hanula James L. , Berisford C. Wayne , Vose James M. , Dalusky Mark J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Imidacloprid, a systemic insecticide that acts on the nervous system, is currently being used to control hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand), which is damaging hemlock trees. The objective of this study was to determine whether soil injection with imidacloprid for hemlock woolly adelgid control near streams adversely affects aquatic invertebrates. Eastern hemlocks (Tsuga canadensis) in the watersheds surrounding four streams in the southern Appalachian region of Georgia and North Carolina were treated with imidacloprid. Addie Branch was the only stream that exhibited a possible effect from imidacloprid treatment. However, the data followed the same pattern as the other treatment streams, but with a more pronounced decrease in taxa due to adult emergence. Only a trace amount of imidacloprid was detected in one water sample from Holcomb Tributary over a period of 2 years, and no effect was observed on the aquatic macroinvertebrates in that stream. However, caution should be used when applying these results to other areas with different soil types (e.g., low organic matter content) that may not bind imidacloprid as tightly. Our results indicate that soil injections of imidacloprid can safely be used in the southern Appalachian area to control hemlock woolly adelgid.
Virginia's Woody Biomass Market: Opportunities and Implications
Authors: Conrad Joseph L. , Bolding M. Chad 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Recent interest in producing energy from woody biomass has raised questions about the coexistence of wood-to-energy markets and the traditional forest products industry in Virginia. This study examined recent trends in the forest products industry and the wood-to-energy market, as well as the potential for competition between the two industries. Results indicate that the forest products industry has struggled recently, whereas wood-to-energy markets have expanded. Current opinion varies as to whether or not the wood-to-energy market will negatively affect the forest products industry. At present, 75% of Virginia's pulpmills are located within 50 miles of a wood-to-energy facility, and all pulpmills are within 75 miles. Recent trends in pulpwood prices, fuel chip prices, and Virginia law indicate that competition for raw material is unlikely in the short term. However, this research indicates that in the longer term, depending on government policies and technological progress in conversion technologies, competition between forest industry and wood-to-energy companies is possible.
Operational Forest Stream Crossings Effects on Water Quality in the Virginia Piedmont
Authors: Aust Wallace M. , Carroll Mathew B. , Bolding M. Chad , Dolloff C. Andrew 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Water quality indices were examined for paired upstream and downstream samples for 23 operational stream crossings and approaches during four periods. Stream crossings were (1) portable bridges (BRIDGE), (2) culverts backfilled with poles (POLE), (3) culverts with earth backfill (CULVERT), and (4) reinforced fords (FORD). The four operational periods were (1) prior to crossing installation (INITIAL), (2) after installation (INSTALL), (3) during harvest (HARVEST), and (4) after road closure (CLOSURE). Differences (Δ) in water samples collected above and below stream crossings were analyzed for Δtotal dissolved solids (ΔTDS), ΔpH, Δconductivity, Δtemperature, and Δsediment concentration. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with unequal replication (four to seven replications). Significant differences were observed (α < 0.10) among crossing types for Δtemperature, ΔTDS, ΔpH, and Δconductivity. Overall, the least disruptive crossing type for water quality was BRIDGE, but road standards and approach characteristics were also important. Modeled estimates of erosion demonstrated that CULVERT approaches had higher potential erosion than other crossings. Water quality parameters were most negatively affected during INSTALL and HARVEST and were apparently improving during CLOSURE. Permanent crossings were associated with significantly greater temperatures than temporary crossings, likely because of increased width of streamside management zone removal. Water quality effects could be minimized by installing appropriate best management practices during all harvest periods rather than waiting until CLOSURE. Findings should be used cautiously because individual site factors such as climate, site, soil, and operational variability will alter effects.
Effect of Fertilization on Growth and Wood Properties of Thinned and Unthinned Midrotation Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) Stands
Authors: Antony Finto , Schimleck Laurence R. , Daniels Richard F. , Clark Alexander 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Growth and wood properties were measured on breast height cores collected from two stands, New Bern and Bertie, located in the lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina. The New Bern site was thinned before fertilizer application, and the Bertie site was not. The study was laid out in a randomized complete block design with each treatment replicated in four blocks at New Bern and two blocks at Bertie. The treatments were different levels of nitrogen fertilization: control (no nitrogen) and 112, 224, and 336 kg/ha. In addition, 28 kg/ha of phosphorus was included with each treatment. The objective of this study was to examine the response in growth and wood properties to midrotation fertilization in a thinned versus an unthinned stand. A significant decrease in latewood specific gravity was observed following nitrogen fertilization in the thinned stand but not in the unthinned stand. Whole ring width, latewood width, and earlywood width significantly increased following nitrogen fertilization at New Bern but not at Bertie. Whole ring specific gravity, earlywood specific gravity, latewood percentage, and earlywood:latewood ratio did not show any change due to fertilization in either stand. Responses in both growth and wood characteristics lasted for 2–3 years following fertilization and depended on the amount of fertilizer applied and whether or not the site was thinned. The response to nitrogen application was significant for the thinned stand only.
Snags and Cavity-Nesting Birds within Intensively Managed Pine Stands in Eastern North Carolina, USA
Authors: Homyack Jessica A. , Paxton Barton J. , Wilson Michael D. , Watts Bryan D. , Miller Darren A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Although snags are often considered to be a limiting factor for cavity-nesting birds within intensively managed pine (Pinus spp.) stands, there is little information regarding occurrences of snags and cavity-nesting birds for such stands in the southeastern United States. Therefore, during 2002–2003, we measured characteristics of individual snags (n = 1,218) and quantified the relative abundance of cavity-nesting birds (n = 204 observations; nine species) in 35 forest stands representing seven thinning classes (prior to thinning, three age classes following a first commercial thinning, and three age classes following a second commercial thinning entry) in intensively managed pine stands in eastern North Carolina. Snag populations were dynamic, with 649 snags falling and 75 new snags recruited between years. Stands in later thinning classes tended to have snags with larger diameters, less bark, and fewer limbs, and they were taller and more decayed (P < 0.05). Our data suggest that neither density of snags (P = 0.31) nor relative abundance of cavity-nesting birds (P = 0.25) differed strongly among thinning classes. Without active management, low recruitment coupled with the high loss rates that we observed ould lead to low snag densities in older managed stands. Therefore, we suggest that forest managers consider retaining large-diameter dead or live trees as reserve trees through multiple rotations to increase or maintain snags in managed stands.
Improving Log Trucking Efficiency by Using In-Woods Scales
Authors: Reddish Ryan P. , Baker Shawn A. , Greene W. Dale 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We evaluated weight data from 47,953 truckloads of wood delivered to forest products mills in nine southern states to determine the effect of in-woods scale use on reducing the variability of net and gross weights. Four mill-owning companies provided the data and indicated whether in-woods scales were used for each load. We used these data to compare the mean tare, net, and gross weights of truckloads using scales to those not using scales. Trucks using scales had average tare weights only 108 lb greater, but their net payload averaged 1,799 lb higher than trucks not using scales. The coefficient of variation for the net payload was 38% lower for loads with scales than those without (P < 0.001). Individual southern states have different regulations regarding maximum gross vehicle weight (GVW), so we calculated a GVW index to remove state bias and allow comparisons of loads across states. Loads using scales were within 2% of the legal maximum GVW 54% of the time compared with 30% for loads not weighed in-woods. We estimated haul costs for trucks using scales at $7.44 per ton, compared with $7.74 per ton for trucks not using scales (P < 0.001). We found that 11% of loads with in-woods scales had haul costs exceeding $8.00 per ton, compared with 32% of loads not using scales. Across all data, scales represent a 4% savings on per-ton haul costs with even greater savings available as fuel prices increase.
Prism Cruising Coefficients for Appalachian Hardwoods Biomass
Authors: Stuart W. B. , Oderwald R. G. , Ford E. C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Coefficients were developed to convert directly from prism-cruising tally sheets to tons of biomass per acre for Appalachian hardwood stands. It was found that 10 square feet of basal area per acre represent 12 tons per acre in the summer condition and 11 tons per acre in the winter condition. Coefficients for point cruising with diameter obviation are also presented. The D2H volume equation form was sufficient for weight estimation.
Oxyfluorfen: An Effective Herbicide For Southern Pine Nurseries
Authors: South David B. , Gjerstad Dean H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Preemergence tests over a three-year period at 11 forest nurseries indicate that oxyfluorfen at 0.5 or 1.0 pound active ingredient per acre provides good weed control without causing injury to loblolly (Pinus taeda L.), slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.), shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.), longleaf (Pinus palustris Mill.), Virginia (Pinus virginiana Mill.) and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.). Postemergence applications of oxyfluorfen at 0.5 or 1.0 pound per acre controlled small succulent weeds at nine forest nurseries without injuring 4- to 8-week-old seedlings of loblolly and slash or 29-week-old longleaf.1
Dominant Height Growth and Site Index Curves for Loblolly Pine Plantations in the Carolina Flatwoods
Authors: Pienaar Leon V. , Shiver Barry D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stem analysis was used to reconstruct the past height growth of sample trees taken from the upper canopy in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in the Carolina flat-woods. From a soil profile description a Soil Conservation Service drainage class was determined for each sampled location. The effects of soil drainage class and method of site preparation on the height growth trends were examined, and resulted in the construction of two sets of site index curves: one for very poorly drained (almost exclusively North Carolina pocosin) soils, and another for soils ranging from poorly to well drained. Within drainage classes the different categories of mechanical site preparation methods considered did not require the construction of separate site index curves.
Identification of Lower Coastal Plain Sites of Low Soil Fertility
Authors: Ralston C. W. , Richter D. D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Analysis of forest survey plot data for 16 coastal counties in North Carolina indicated substantial areas of very low productivity for pine growth were associated with two site types, savannas and pocosins, that are easily identified by aerial photo interpretation. Results indicate that the ready identifiability of such areas provides a rapid method for screening areas for soil test sampling and for making large-scale economic appraisals of sites where fertilizer investments might be worthwhile.
Texas and Louisiana Lobolly Pine Study Confirms Importance of Local Seed Sources
Authors: Long Ernest M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
On four Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) planting sites in Texas and Louisiana local seed sources produced an average of 20 percent more volume than nonlocal sources after 20 years. Trees from nonlocal seed sources tended to have more variation in volume production between plantations than trees from local seed sources. Growth data from these plantations indicate that seed source determines to a great extent how biologically and economically successful a plantation will be.
Expanding Options for Reforestation of the Cumberland Plateau
Authors: McGee Charles E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
If reforestation options in the Cumberland Plateau region are to be expanded, existing low-quality stands must be utilized. Shearing and on-site chipping of trees over 4 inches d.b.h. reduce site-preparation costs, leave the site relatively clean, and provide valuable raw material. Early results from a 37-acre study area show that a shearing-chipping operation can be followed by planting or natural regeneration. Additional site preparation or release may be necessary. Two years after harvest, planted loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) are growing well. Planted white pine (Pinus strobus L.) has made a slower start but with later release should grow well. Natural regeneration is also developing rapidly and offers an inexpensive way to improve a low-quality stand.
Loblolly Pine Stocking Levels affect Potential for Southern Pine Beetle Infestation
Authors: Lorio Peter L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
By comparison with any o several stocking standards, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands infested with southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) on the Kisatchie National Forest, Louisiana, were frequently overstocked. Stocking levels associated with reduced stand and tree growth and frequent intermittent water deficits also enhance successful southern pine beetle attack. Charts that help determine how well existing stocking meets management objectives are also useful for judging stand vulnerability to the southern pine beetle.
Relative Abundance of Breeding Birds in Forest Stands in the Southeast
Authors: Dickson James G. , Conner Richard N. , Williamson J. Howard 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Relative population data are presented for forest breeding birds in stands of three different ages in major forest types of the southeastern USA. These data should enhance understanding of the relationships between breeding birds and forest stands, and enable forest managers to favor certain species by manipulating forest habitat. The dearth of data from some forest types and ages indicates where additional research is needed.
Oak Seeding—It Can Work
Authors: Johnson R. L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Nearly 20,000 acorns of Nuttall oak (Quercus nuttallii Palmer) were direct-seeded in Sharkey clay soil in the Mississippi Delta. Acorns sown 1 inch deep in January gave significantly better germination, 55 percent of total sown, than did eight other combinations of three storage treatments with three sowing depths. Rodents destroyed most acorns sown in the understory and in forest openings <1/10-acre but hardly bothered acorns sown in 350-foot square forest openings cleared to ground level. After 10 years in the larger areas, 75 percent of the seedspots, spaced at 5- x 10-feet and sown with four acorns each, were stocked with one or more living trees. About one-third of the oaks were in a free-to-grow position. Average height and d.b.h. of the largest oaks, one from each of 162 treatment rows, were 17.8 feet and 1.8 inches. Five-foot wide strips were mowed between the 10-foot spacing. After 10 years, there were 14,142 total trees per unmowed acre.
Rating East Texas Stands for Southern Pine Beetle Susceptibility
Authors: Hicks Ray R. , Howard James E. , Watterston Kenneth G. , Coster Jack E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A ranking system developed in east Texas classifies the susceptibility of host stands to southern pine beetle (Dendroctonous frontalis Zimm.) into four categories. Input variables include pine basal area per acre, average tree height, and a categorical evaluation of land form. Higher-hazard stands are generally overstocked, have taller trees, and grow on wet or low-lying sites. Management strategies are recommended for the various hazard categories.
Fifth-Year Performance of Progenies of Selected South African Slash and Loblolly Pine Clones
Authors: Kraus John F. , Sluder Earl R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Control-pollinated polymix progenies of 9 slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm.) and 10 loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) pine from some of the best clones in a South African tree improvement program were tested in Georgia. Overall, the progenies of the South African selections in both species have done well after five years in the field. One of the slash pine and three of the loblolly pine families were better than open-pollinated progeny from established seed orchards.
Estimating Fuel Weights Before Prescription Burning Shortleaf Pine Stands
Authors: Johansen R. W. , Lavdas L. G. , Loomis R. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Tables are provided for estimating forest floor litter weights as a function of stand density and duration of accumulation in shortleaf pine (P. echinata Mill.) stands. Tables are also provided for estimating the amount of fuel contained in merchantable shortleaf pine tree crowns when the material is to be either used or burned as debris on the ground after logging.
Air Quality Laws in Southern States: Effects on Prescribed Burning
Authors: Hauenstein Eric B. , Siegel William C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forest management burning in most southern states has to date been spared from severe air quality regulation. Recently, however, an increased interest has developed in the emissions from prescribed burning as an air pollutant. More recognition is now being given to the fact that its two major impacts—visibility impairment and particulate emission—can be widespread if not properly managed. State-promulgated regulatory programs are now in the process of being reshaped within the legal framework provided by the 1970 federal Clean Air Act and its 1977 amendments. Focusing on forestry burning activities, we review the recent history of the federal air quality law and how southern states are revising their legislation and administrative regulations according to federal mandate. The relationship of state air quality statutes and regulations to prescribed burning, and to other state regulatory constraints, is examined.
Observations on Growth of Paraquat-Treated Slash Pine
Authors: Brown Claud L. , Pienaar Leon V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Research in use of paraquat to stimulate oleoresin formation in southern pines has resulted in substantial effort to develop commercial application techniques for increasing resin production. Currently there is some concern over the extent to which paraquat treatment affects the subsequent growth and yields of treated trees. In the present study low concentrations of paraquat cation (0.25 percent) injected into two tangential bore holes at the root collar caused no significant reduction in volume growth of 18-year-old slash pine during the two-year posttreatment period prior to harvest. Paraquat concentrations twice this high (0.5 percent), but injected into a single radial bore hole, resulted in approximately 13-percent growth reduction over the same period of time, indicating that higher concentration and lower volume treatments should be avoided. Both the mode of application and concentration used are important variables to consider in developing techniques to enhance oleoresin production without significant loss in volume growth.
Western and Southern Lumber and Plywood Capacity—Approaching Stability?
Authors: Porterfield Richard L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A lumber and plywood capacity simulation model is derived from U.S. Forest Service data. Western and southern lumber and plywood capacity changes are responsive to gross profit margins specific to the individual product and region. Southern lumber production is forecast to increase in both absolute and relative terms through the 1980s while western production falls to some 20 percent of total U.S. demand (from 23 percent in 1976). Western plywood production capacity is forecast to continue its decline through the 1980s while southern capacity increases. Southern stumpage prices could double from 1978 levels in constant dollar terms, and the demand for saw-timber-sized stumpage in the South may be one-third to two-thirds higher by 1990.