bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel adaptive nonsingular terminal sliding mode controller design and its application to active front steering system
Authors: Ding Shihong , Liu Lu , Park Ju H. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryNote that the amplitude of chattering existing in the sliding mode control method is proportional to the magnitude of the control gain. Therefore, the key issue to diminish the chattering is to decrease the value of sliding mode controller's gain to an acceptable minimal level defined by the so‐called reaching condition for the sliding mode's existence. For this reason, the nonsingular terminal sliding mode (NTSM) control method and the adaptive technique have been considered in this paper to develop a novel adaptive NTSM control method, which can be used to search the minimal value of the control gain automatically in the presence of the external disturbances. Meanwhile, the average value of a high‐frequency switching signal in the adaptive law can be provided by Arie Levant's differentiator rather than a low‐pass filter. The rigorous mathematical proof verifies that the system states can converge to the origin within a finite time under the proposed adaptive NTSM controller. Both the academic example and the practical application to an active front steering system are illustrated to show that the presented adaptive NTSM controller has better control performance than the conventional sliding mode controller.
Managing uncertainty in scientific argumentation
Authors: Chen Ying‐Chih , Benus Matthew J. , Hernandez Jaclyn 
Published: June 2019

AbstractArgumentation is a core practice of science that inherently contains uncertainty. Relatively few studies have examined the role of uncertainty within argumentation and how teachers manage uncertainty leading to conceptual development. This design‐based, multiple‐case study employed the constant comparative method to analyze 24 videos focused on whole‐class discussion, examining how two middle‐school teachers created productive moments of uncertainty in an argumentative environment. Results showed that uncertainty in argumentation created productive moments for students to collaborate in dialogue and navigate their understanding of natural phenomena toward more coherent scientific explanations. Productively managing uncertainty was influenced by how the students’ epistemic understanding of argument was used as a resource to create a space to engage in social negotiation. Creating productive moments of uncertainty involved the teachers (a) raising uncertainty about an authentic, meaningful, and ambiguous phenomenon; (b) maintaining uncertainty through seeking the flaws, incoherences, and inconsistencies of an argument; and (c) reducing uncertainty by synthesizing and bridging what students had learned with what they were learning. As a resource, the epistemic understanding of argument is intertwined with the practice of social negotiation and depends both on the students’ degree of existing knowledge of dealing with uncertainty and the degree of their understanding of what counts as data, evidence, and reasoning.
Theoretical study toward rationalizing inelastic background analysis of buried layers in XPS and HAXPES
Authors: Zborowski Charlotte , Tougaard Sven 
Published: June 2019

The approach of inelastic background analysis was previously demonstrated to be a useful tool for retrieving the depth distribution of buried layers with an accuracy, which is better than 5% even for some complex samples. This paper presents a study that attempt at rationalizing the approach by exploring how to make the best choice of the inelastic mean free path and the inelastic scattering cross section, which are the two main input parameters needed in the analysis. To this end, spectra from buried layers were created with Quases‐Generate software. The layers consisted of Si 1s recorded at 6099 eV and Au 4d recorded at 1150 eV kinetic energy buried under overlayers of Si, Au, Al, polymer, or Ta. Spectra from samples with a wide range of buried layer thickness and overlayer thickness were created. Subsequently, these spectra were analyzed with Quases‐Analyze software and for each case the analysis was done with different combinations of the input parameters. Among these, the best choice for all cases was to use an effective IMFP and effective inelastic scattering cross section with relative weights being half the thickness of the buried layer and the full thickness of the overlayer. This general formula together with a new version of the software makes the inelastic background analysis of buried layers faster and easier to apply even for nonspecialists.
Excited State Decay Dynamics in 3‐Formyl‐4‐hydroxy Benzoic Acid: Understanding the Global Picture of an ESIPT‐Driven Multiple‐Emissive Species
Authors: Rohman Mostofa Ataur , Sutradhar Dipankar , Bangal Prakriti Ranjan , Chandra Asit K. , Mitra Sivaprasad 
Published: June 2019

AbstractRelaxation dynamics of excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) probe 3‐formyl‐4‐hydroxy benzoic acid (FHBA) was studied by steady state, nanosecond time‐resolved fluorescence (TRF) and femtosecond transient absorption (TA) experiments in combination with adequate level of quantum chemical calculations. Global analysis of the transient data with target model reveals that enol conformers of both the neutral FHBA (I) and proton dissociated mono‐anionic species (III) undergo ESIPT in picosecond time scale (τESIPT ≈1.2 ps) towards the formation of corresponding vibrationally hot keto structure. Rapid intramolecular vibrational cooling (τ≈20 ps) follows singlet deactivation of the corresponding conformers with fluorescence lifetime (τfluo) of ∼5.1 and 2.0 ns, respectively as confirmed from stimulated emission (SE) and/or time resolved fluorescence experiments. Selective excitation of the di‐anionic structure (II) at 400 nm follows relatively simple excited state non‐ESIPT decay dynamics having fluorescence emission at 500 nm with τfluo ≈ 1.2 ns. Complete optimization of individual structures and construction of ESIPT profile was done by HF(CIS) as well as (TD)DFT calculation using 6–311++G(d,p) basis set and found to be consistent with the experimental observations.
Steerable Microinvasive Probes for Localized Drug Delivery to Deep Tissue
Authors: Cotler Max J. , Rousseau Erin B. , Ramadi Khalil B. , Fang Joshua , Graybiel Ann M. , Langer Robert , Cima Michael J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEnhanced understanding of neuropathologies has created a need for more advanced tools. Current neural implants result in extensive glial scarring and are not able to highly localize drug delivery due to their size. Smaller implants reduce surgical trauma and improve spatial resolution, but such a reduction requires improvements in device design to enable accurate and chronic implantation in subcortical structures. Flexible needle steering techniques offer improved control over implant placement, but often require complex closed‐loop control for accurate implantation. This study reports the development of steerable microinvasive neural implants (S‐MINIs) constructed from borosilicate capillaries (OD = 60 µm, ID = 20 µm) that do not require closed‐loop guidance or guide tubes. S‐MINIs reduce glial scarring 3.5‐fold compared to prior implants. Bevel steered needles are utilized for open‐loop targeting of deep‐brain structures. This study demonstrates a sinusoidal relationship between implant bevel angle and the trajectory radius of curvature both in vitro and ex vivo. This relationship allows for bevel‐tipped capillaries to be steered to a target with an average error of 0.23 mm ± 0.19 without closed‐loop control. Polished microcapillaries present a new microinvasive tool for chronic, predictable targeting of pathophysiological structures without the need for closed‐loop feedback and complex imaging.
Electrochemical Monitoring of Paclitaxel‐Induced ROS Release from Mitochondria inside Single Cells
Authors: Jiang Hong , Zhang Xin‐Wei , Liao Quan‐Lan , Wu Wen‐Tao , Liu Yan‐Ling , Huang Wei‐Hua 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMitochondria are believed to be the major source of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, in situ, real‐time and quantitative monitoring of ROS release from mitochondria that are present in their cytosolic environment remains a great challenge. In this work, a platinized SiC@C nanowire electrode is placed into a single cell for in situ detection of ROS signals from intracellular mitochondria, and antineoplastic agent (paclitaxel) induced ROS production is successfully recorded. Further investigations indicate that complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase, COX) is the principal site for ROS generation, and significantly more ROS are generated from mitochondria in cancer cells than that from normal cells. This work provides an effective approach to directly monitor intracellular mitochondria by nanowire electrodes, and consequently obtains important physiological evidence on antineoplastic agent‐induced ROS generation, which will be of great benefit for better understanding of chemotherapy at subcellular levels.
Hierarchical Structured Multifunctional Self‐Cleaning Material with Durable Superhydrophobicity and Photocatalytic Functionalities
Authors: Zhang Xiaotian , Liu Shanqiu , Salim Alma , Seeger Stefan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSelf‐cleaning materials, which are inspired and derived from natural phenomena, have gained significant scientific and commercial interest in the past decades as they are energy‐ and labor‐saving and environmentally friendly. Several technologies are developed to obtain self‐cleaning materials. The combination of superhydrophobic and photocatalytic properties enables the efficient removal of solid particles and organic contaminations, which could reduce or damage the superhydrophobicity. However, the fragility of the nanoscale roughness of the superhydrophobic surface limits its practical application. Here, a hierarchical structure approach combining micro‐ and nanoscale architectures is created to protect the nanoscale surface roughness from mechanical damage. Glass beads of 75 µm are partially embedded into a low‐density polyethylene film. This composite surface is coated with silicone nanofilaments (SNFs) via the droplet‐assisted growth and shaping approach, providing the nanoscale surface roughness as well as the support for the photocatalyst with enlarged surface area. TiO2 nanoparticles, which serve as the photocatalyst, are synthesized in situ on SNFs through a hydrothermal reaction. The self‐cleaning effect is proved using wettability measurements for various liquids, degradation of organic contamination under UV light, and antibacterial tests. The enhanced mechanical durability of the hierarchical structure of the composite material is verified with an abrasion test.
Mitochondria‐Targeted Polydopamine Nanocomposite with AIE Photosensitizer for Image‐Guided Photodynamic and Photothermal Tumor Ablation
Authors: Chen Yuzhi , Ai Wenting , Guo Xuan , Li Yawen , Ma Yufan , Chen Lifang , Zhang Hui , Wang Tongxin , Zhang Xin , Wang Zhuo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) are two kinds of treatment for tumors. Herein, a new aggregation‐induced emission (AIE)gen (MeO‐TPE‐indo, MTi) is synthesized with a D–π–A conjugated structure. MTi, which has an electron donor and an acceptor on a tetraphenylethene (TPE) conjugated skeleton, can induce the effective generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for PDT. With the guide of the indolium group, MTi can target and image mitochondrion selectively. In order to get good dispersion in water and long‐time retention in tumors, MTi is modified on the surface of polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA NPs) to form the nanocomposite (PDA‐MeO‐TPE‐indo, PMTi) by π–π and hydrogen interactions. PMTi is a nanoscale composite for imaging‐guided PDT and PTT in tumor treatment, which is constructed with AIEgens and PDA for the first time. The organic functional molecules are combined with nanomaterials for building a multifunctional diagnosis and treatment platform by utilizing the advantages of both sides.
EPMA‐Analyse dünner PVD‐ und CVD‐Schichten
Authors: Schiffmann Kirsten Ingolf , Steinberg Cornelia 
Published: June 2019

SummaryEPMA analysis of thin PVD and CVD layersElectron Probe Micro Analysis (EPMA) is an X‐ray spectroscopic method for determining the chemical composition of solid substances in the near‐surface region. It has a high detection sensitivity, a high spatial resolution, an adjustable depth of analysis and is easy and accurate to quantify.Less well known is the fact that the EPMA is also able to analyze the chemical composition and layer thicknesses of thin multi‐layer systems non‐destructively and with only one single measurement. In particular, it is possible to determine, for example, the composition and thickness of a layer buried under one or more other layers. Conversely, with a known film thickness, the density of thin layers can be determined, a quantity that is generally difficult to access with thin layers. The following article describes the physical basics of EPMA analysis and compares them with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X‐ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), which are also widely used. The principle of so‐called thin film analysis for multilayer systems is explained, and the possibilities and limitations of this method are illustrated by a number of industrial application examples.
Exact greybody factors for the brane scalar field of five-dimensional rotating black holes
Authors: Hyun Young-Hwan , Kim Yoonbai , Park Seong Chan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe study scalar perturbations of the five-dimensional rotating black holes and find an exact solution giving exact description of the Hawking radiation. Mathematically, the full solution for this spin-zero field is expressed in terms of the prolate spheroidal wave function with complex parameters. By using the spheroidal joining factor, we write the corresponding boundary condition and greybody factors. We also check that the exact result reproduces the low frequency limit of the greybody factor and shows good agreement with the known numerical results.
Machine learning classifiers can predict Gleason pattern 4 prostate cancer with greater accuracy than experienced radiologists
Authors: Antonelli Michela , Johnston Edward W. , Dikaios Nikolaos , Cheung King K. , Sidhu Harbir S. , Appayya Mrishta B. , Giganti Francesco , Simmons Lucy A. M. , Freeman Alex , Allen Clare , Ahmed Hashim U. , Atkinson David , Ourselin Sebastien , Punwani Shonit 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study was: To test whether machine learning classifiers for transition zone (TZ) and peripheral zone (PZ) can correctly classify prostate tumors into those with/without a Gleason 4 component, and to compare the performance of the best performing classifiers against the opinion of three board-certified radiologists.

Methods
A retrospective analysis of prospectively acquired data was performed at a single center between 2012 and 2015. Inclusion criteria were (i) 3-T mp-MRI compliant with international guidelines, (ii) Likert ≥ 3/5 lesion, (iii) transperineal template ± targeted index lesion biopsy confirming cancer ≥ Gleason 3 + 3. Index lesions from 164 men were analyzed (119 PZ, 45 TZ). Quantitative MRI and clinical features were used and zone-specific machine learning classifiers were constructed. Models were validated using a fivefold cross-validation and a temporally separated patient cohort. Classifier performance was compared against the opinion of three board-certified radiologists.

Results
The best PZ classifier trained with prostate-specific antigen density, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and maximum enhancement (ME) on DCE-MRI obtained a ROC area under the curve (AUC) of 0.83 following fivefold cross-validation. Diagnostic sensitivity at 50% threshold of specificity was higher for the best PZ model (0.93) when compared with the mean sensitivity of the three radiologists (0.72). The best TZ model used ADC and ME to obtain an AUC of 0.75 following fivefold cross-validation. This achieved higher diagnostic sensitivity at 50% threshold of specificity (0.88) than the mean sensitivity of the three radiologists (0.82).

Conclusions
Machine learning classifiers predict Gleason pattern 4 in prostate tumors better than radiologists.

Key Points

• Predictive models developed from quantitative multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging regarding the characterization of prostate cancer grade should be zone-specific.

• Classifiers trained differently for peripheral and transition zone can predict a Gleason 4 component with a higher performance than the subjective opinion of experienced radiologists.

• Classifiers would be particularly useful in the context of active surveillance, whereby decisions regarding whether to biopsy are necessitated.
Abnormal intrinsic functional hubs and connectivity in stable patients with COPD: a resting-state MRI study
Authors: Li Haijun , Xin Huizhen , Yu Jingjing , Yu Honghui , Zhang Juan , Wang Wenjing , Peng Dechang 
Published: June 2019

AbstractChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects a large population and is closely associated with cognitive impairment. However, the mechanisms of cognitive impairment in COPD patients have not been unraveled. This study investigated the change in patterns of intrinsic functional hubs using a degree centrality (DC) analysis. The connectivity between these abnormal hubs with the remaining brain was also investigated using functional connectivity (FC). Nineteen stable patients with COPD and 20 normal controls(NC) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations and clinical and neuropsychologic assessments. We measured the voxel-wise DC across the whole brain gray matter and the seed-based FC between these abnormal hubs in the remaining brain matter; the group difference was calculated. A partial correlation analysis was performed to assess the relationship between the abnormal DC and clinical variables in COPD patients. Compared to NC, the patients with COPD exhibited significantly decreased DC in the right lingual gyrus (LG), bilateral supplementary motor area (SMA), and right paracentral lobule (PCL). A further seed-based FC analysis found that COPD patients demonstrated significantly decreased FC between these abnormal hubs in several brain areas, including the left cerebellum anterior lobe, left lingual gyrus, left fusiform gyrus, right insula, right inferior frontal gyrus, limbic lobe, cingulate gyrus, left putamen, lentiform nucleus, right precuneus, and right paracentral lobule. A partial correlation analysis showed that the decreased DC in the right PCL was positively correlated with the FEV1 and FEV1/FVC, and the decreased DC in the SMA was positively correlated with naming and pH in COPD patients. This study demonstrates that there are intrinsic functional hubs and connectivity alterations that may reflect the aberrant information communication in the brain of COPD patients. These findings may help provide new insight for understanding the mechanisms of COPD-related cognitive impairment from whole brain functional connections.
A cognitively-gated place? The role of need for closure in a biased perception of the place’s past
Authors: Wnuk Anna , Oleksy Tomasz , Toruńczyk-Ruiz Sabina 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBiased memory of the past is often a starting point for intergroup conflicts. In three correlational studies, we examined the relationship between need for closure (NFC) and historical ethnocentric bias, a tendency to overestimate the role of one’s ethnic group in the multicultural history of the city of residence. In addition, we checked whether this relationship would be mediated by an individual preference for essentialist places. We found that higher NFC was related to increased historical ethnocentric bias. Moreover, this relation was mediated by preference for an essentialist type of a place. Our results may contribute to understanding the role of individual differences and preferred type of place in shaping a biased representation of the past. Furthermore, our research findings point to the importance of raising awareness of the multicultural past among high NFC individuals.
A Tale of Two Deficits: Causality and Care in Medical AI
Authors: Chen Melvin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In this paper, two central questions will be addressed: ought we to implement medical AI technology in the medical domain? If yes, how ought we to implement this technology? I will critically engage with three options that exist with respect to these central questions: the Neo-Luddite option, the Assistive option, and the Substitutive option. I will first address key objections on behalf of the Neo-Luddite option: the Objection from Bias, the Objection from Artificial Autonomy, the Objection from Status Quo, and the Objection from Inscrutability. I will thereafter present the Demographic Trends Argument and the Human Enhancement Argument in support of alternatives to the Neo-Luddite option. In the second half of the paper, I will argue against the Substitutive option and in favour of the Assistive option, given the existence of two chief formal deficits in medical AI technology: the causality deficit and the care deficit.
Do Children Carry the Weight of Divorce?
Authors: Goisis Alice , Özcan Berkay , Van Kerm Philippe 
Published: June 2019

AbstractRelatively few studies have examined the physical health of children who experience parental separation. The few studies on this topic have largely focused on the United States and have used cross-sectional designs. Our study investigates the relationship between parental separation and children’s body mass index (BMI) and overweight/obesity risk using the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Treating parental separation as a process, we analyze variations in children’s physical health before and after the date of their parents’ separation in order to capture potential anticipation, adaptation, delayed, or cumulative effects. We estimate fixed-effects models to account for the potential correlation between children’s physical health and unobserved factors associated with parental separation, such as socioeconomic background and other time-invariant parental characteristics. We find no evidence of statistically significant anticipation effects in the build-up to parental separation or of statistically significant changes in children’s physical health immediately after separation. However, our results show that in the longer term, the BMI of children whose parents separate significantly deviates from the BMI of children from intact families. Furthermore, this association is especially strong for separations that occur when children are under age 6.
Persisting intrahospital transmission of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and challenges for infection control
Authors: Vock Isabelle , Tschudin-Sutter Sarah 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn the past several decades, the incidence of Klebsiella pneumoniae harboring resistance mechanisms against multiple antibiotic agents has increased on a global scale. We discuss reasons for ongoing transmission of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae in healthcare settings, which has resulted in the successful spread and establishment of this pathogen. It is now one of the most important causes of healthcare-associated infections worldwide.
Antimicrobial utilization data: Does point prevalence data correlate with defined daily doses?
Authors: Lee Stephen B. , Thirion Daniel J.G. , Irfan Neal , Sung Melani , Brooks Annie , Al-Mutawa Fatimah , Frenette Charles , Mertz Dominik 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe correlated antibiotic consumption measured by point prevalence survey with defined daily doses (DDD) across multiple hospitals. Point prevalence survey had a higher correlation (1) with monthly DDDs than annual DDDs, (2) in nonsurgical versus surgical wards, and (3) on high- versus low-utilization wards. Findings may be hospital specific due to hospital differences.