bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel experimental design for the measurement of metacarpal bone loading and deformation and fingertip force
Authors: Lu Szu-Ching , Vereecke Evie E. , Synek Alexander , Pahr Dieter H. , Kivell Tracy L. 
Published: September 2018

Background
Musculoskeletal and finite element modelling are often used to predict joint loading and bone strength within the human hand, but there is a lack of in vitro evidence of the force and strain experienced by hand bones.

Methods
This study presents a novel experimental setup that allows the positioning of a cadaveric digit in a variety of postures with the measurement of force and strain experienced by the third metacarpal. The setup allows for the measurement of fingertip force as well. We tested this experimental setup using three cadaveric human third digits in which the flexor tendons were loaded in two tendon pathways: (1) parallel to the metacarpal bone shaft, with bowstringing; (2) a semi-physiological condition in which the tendons were positioned closer to the bone shaft.

Results
There is substantial variation in metacarpal net force, metacarpal strain and fingertip force between the two tendon pathways. The net force acting on the metacarpal bone is oriented palmarly in the parallel tendon condition, causing tension along the dorsum of the metacarpal shaft, while the force increases and is oriented dorsally in the semi-physiological condition, causing compression of the dorsal metacarpal shaft. Fingertip force is also greater in the semi-physiological condition, implying a more efficient grip function. Inter-individual variation is observed in the radioulnar orientation of the force experienced by the metacarpal bone, the fingertip force, and the strain patterns on the metacarpal shaft.

Conclusion
This study demonstrates a new method for measuring force and strain experienced by the metacarpal, and fingertip force in cadaveric digits that can, in turn, inform computation models. Inter-individual variation in loads experienced by the third digit suggest that there are differences in joint contact and/or internal bone structure across individuals that are important to consider in clinical and evolutionary contexts.
ZnO/CuCrO2 Core–Shell Nanowire Heterostructures for Self‐Powered UV Photodetectors with Fast Response
Authors: Cossuet Thomas , Resende Joao , Rapenne Laetitia , Chaix‐Pluchery Odette , Jiménez Carmen , Renou Gilles , Pearson Andrew J. , Hoye Robert L. Z. , Blanc‐Pelissier Danièle , Nguyen Ngoc Duy , Appert Estelle , Muñoz‐Rojas David , Consonni Vincent , Deschanvres Jean‐Luc 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAn original self‐powered UV photodetector integrating ZnO/CuCrO2 core–shell nanowire heterostructures is fabricated using low‐cost and scalable chemical deposition techniques operating at moderate temperatures. A 35 nm thick delafossite phase CuCrO2 shell is formed with high uniformity by aerosol‐assisted chemical vapor deposition over an array of vertically aligned ZnO nanowires grown by chemical bath deposition. The CuCrO2 shell consists of columnar grains at the top of ZnO nanowires as well as nanograins with some preferential orientations on their vertical sidewalls. The ZnO/CuCrO2 core–shell nanowire heterostructures exhibit significant diode behavior, with a rectification ratio approaching 1.2 × 104 at 1 V and ‐1 V, as well as a high optical absorptance above 85% in the UV part of the electromagnetic spectrum. A high UV responsivity at zero bias under low‐power illumination of up to 3.43 mA W−1 under a 365 nm UV lamp, and up to 5.87 mA W−1 at 395 nm from spectrally resolved measurements, alongside a high selectivity with a UV‐to‐visible (395–550 nm) rejection ratio of 106 is measured. The short rise and decay times of 32 and 35 µs, respectively, both measured at zero bias, further establish these devices as promising candidates for cost‐efficient, all‐oxide self‐powered UV photodetectors.
Covalent Organic Polymers Based on Fluorinated Porphyrin as Oxygen Nanoshuttles for Tumor Hypoxia Relief and Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Tao Danlei , Feng Liangzhu , Chao Yu , Liang Chao , Song Xuejiao , Wang Hairong , Yang Kai , Liu Zhuang 
Published: September 2018

AbstractEffective and sustained tumor oxygenation has found practical significance in benefiting the treatment of solid tumors. In this study, fluorinated covalent organic polymers (COPs) are prepared by cross‐linking the photosensitizer meso‐5, 10, 15, 20‐tetra (4‐hydroxylphenyl) porphyrin (THPP) with perfluorosebacic acid (PFSEA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) via a one‐pot esterification, to enable simultaneous tumor oxygenation and photodynamic treatment. Due to the presence of PFSEA, the obtained THPPpf–PEG shows efficient loading of perfluoro‐15‐crown‐5‐ether (PFCE), a type of perfluocarbon, and thereby molecular oxygen, both of which would significantly enhance the photodynamic effect of THPP. After chelating THPP with a radio‐isotope, 99mTc, both THPPpf–PEG and PFCE‐loaded THPPpf–PEG (PFCE@THPPpf–PEG) can be vividly visualized under the single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging, which uncovers efficient tumor accumulation of those COPs' post intravenous injection. Owing to the oxygen delivery ability of PFCE, efficient tumor oxygenation is observed for mice post injection of PFCE@THPPpf–PEG, which further leads to greatly enhanced photodynamic treatment of tumors. This study presents a unique type of multifunctional fluorinated COPs with well‐defined composition, long blood circulation time, and sustained tumor oxygenation ability, showing great promises for potential clinical translation in photodynamic treatment of tumors.
Advanced Multimaterial Electronic and Optoelectronic Fibers and Textiles
Authors: Yan Wei , Page Alexis , Nguyen‐Dang Tung , Qu Yunpeng , Sordo Federica , Wei Lei , Sorin Fabien 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe ability to integrate complex electronic and optoelectronic functionalities within soft and thin fibers is one of today's key advanced manufacturing challenges. Multifunctional and connected fiber devices will be at the heart of the development of smart textiles and wearable devices. These devices also offer novel opportunities for surgical probes and tools, robotics and prostheses, communication systems, and portable energy harvesters. Among the various fiber‐processing methods, the preform‐to‐fiber thermal drawing technique is a very promising process that is used to fabricate multimaterial fibers with complex architectures at micro‐ and nanoscale feature sizes. Recently, a series of scientific and technological breakthroughs have significantly advanced the field of multimaterial fibers, allowing a wider range of functionalities, better performance, and novel applications. Here, these breakthroughs, in the fundamental understanding of the fluid dynamics, rheology, and tailoring of materials microstructures at play in the thermal drawing process, are presented and critically discussed. The impact of these advances on the research landscape in this field and how they offer significant new opportunities for this rapidly growing scientific and technological platform are also discussed.
Chinese Ink: A Powerful Photothermal Material for Solar Steam Generation
Authors: Yang Hao‐Cheng , Chen Zhaowei , Xie Yunsong , Wang Jie , Elam Jeffrey W. , Li Weihua , Darling Seth B. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSolar steam generation holds great promise in alleviating fresh water crises, particularly in regions with accessible seawater and abundant insolation. Affordable, efficient, and environmentally friendly photothermal materials are needed to fabricate sunlight‐driven evaporation devices. Herein, Chinese ink, a carbon‐based paint used in traditional painting and calligraphy, is readily coated on diverse substrates and stabilized by atomic layer deposition (ALD) for solar steam generation. The ALD/Chinese ink coating exhibits strong and broad light absorption from the NIR to UV regions. Both ALD/Chinese‐ink‐coated membranes and wood display excellent photothermal properties and superior evaporation performance under simulated sunlight. This study demonstrates the potential of ALD/Chinese ink coating to achieve higher evaporation rate and efficiency by utilizing substrates with rough, structured surfaces and low thermal conductivity.
Printed, Flexible pH Sensor Hydrogels for Wet Environments
Authors: Naficy Sina , Oveissi Farshad , Patrick Bianca , Schindeler Aaron , Dehghani Fariba 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCurrent sensors for monitoring environmental signals, such as pH, are often made from rigid materials that are incompatible with soft biological tissues. The high stiffness of such materials sets practical limitations on the in situ utilization of sensors under biological conditions. This article describes a soft yet robust hydrogel‐based pH sensor that can be 3D printed. The pH‐sensitive poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) is combined with hydrophilic polyurethane to create novel printable inks with favorable biomechanical properties. These inks are employed to fabricate highly flexible pH sensors that linearly respond to pH in wet environments. The pH sensitive hydrogels can undergo extreme deformations including twisting, bending, and up to 400 extension cycles without any deterioration in their electrical properties. Such printable inks that can produce biosensors using a one‐step fabrication method eliminate the cumbersome and inconvenient processing of rigid materials that are used in the manufacturing of conventional pH sensors.
Organocatalytic Asymmetric Cascade Reaction between o‐Hydroxycinnamaldehydes and γ/δ‐Hydroxyenones: A Route to Tetrahydrofuran/Tetrahydropyran‐Fused 3,4‐Dihydrocoumarins
Authors: Mondal Buddhadeb , Pan Subhas Chandra 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe first organocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of tetrahydrofuran/tetrahydropyran‐fused 3,4‐dihydrocoumarin has been developed via a cascade reaction between 2‐hydroxy cinnamaldehydes and γ/δ‐hydroxy enones followed by pyridinium chlorochromate oxidation. Diphenylprolinol silyl ether catalyst in combination with acetic acid was found to be the most effective for the cascade reaction. With 10 mol% of the catalyst and the additive, the desired products were obtained in high enantio‐ and diastereoselectivities.magnified image
Strategic Approach on N‐Oxides in Gold Catalysis – A Case Study
Authors: Schießl Jasmin , Stein Philipp M. , Stirn Judith , Emler Kirsten , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank , Hashmi A. Stephen K. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAn extensive kinetic study of selected key reactions of (oxidative) gold catalysis concentrates on the decrease of the catalytic activity due to inhibition of the gold(I) catalyst caused by pyridine derivatives that are obtained as by‐products if N‐oxides are applied as oxygen donors. The choice of the examined pyridine derivatives and their corresponding N‐oxides has been made regardless of their commercial availability; particular attention has been paid to the practical benefit which up to now has been neglected in most of the reaction screenings. The test reactions were monitored by GC and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The received reaction constants provide information concerning a correlation between the electronic structure of the heterocycle and the catalytic activity. Based on the collected kinetic data, it was possible to develop a basic set of three N‐oxides which have to be taken into account in further oxidative gold(I)‐catalyzed reactions.magnified image
Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Methane on Single Transition Metal Atoms Supported on a Defective Boron Nitride Monolayer: First Principle Study
Authors: Tan Xin , Tahini Hassan A. , Arandiyan Hamidreza , Smith Sean C. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water into useful multi‐electron transfer products, such as methanol (CH3OH) and methane (CH4), is a major challenge in facilitating a closed carbon cycle. Here, a systematic first principle study of the potential of single transition metal atoms (Sc to Zn, Mo, Rh, Ru, Pd, Ag, Pt, and Au) supported on experimentally available defective boron nitride monolayers with a boron monovacancy (TM/defective BN) to achieve highly efficient electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (ECR) to CH4 is carried out. Our computations reveal that Fe/defective BN, Co/defective BN, and Pt/defective BN nanosheets possess outstanding ECR activities with quite low (less negative) onset potentials of −0.52, −0.68, and −0.60 V, respectively. Given that Fe and Co are nonprecious metals, Fe/defective BN and Co/defective BN may provide cost‐effective electrocatalysts. The high ECR activities of these TM/defective BN catalyst systems stem from the moderate electrocatalysts’ affinities for C and O, which modulate the free energies of ECR intermediates in the reaction pathways. Moreover, it is found that Fe/defective BN and Pt/defective BN show high selectivity of ECR to CH4. This finding highlights a strategy to design highly active and selective single‐atom electrocatalysts for ECR to CH4.
When women work: Endocrine reactivity in women during everyday physical activity at high altitude
Authors: Sarma Mallika S , Gettler Lee T , Childs Geoff , Quinn Elizabeth A 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectivesThis study explores the acute endocrine reactivity of testosterone and cortisol in women engaging in everyday physical activity in a high altitude environment.MethodsData were collected from 35 women living in the Himalayas, with women recruited from both high (>10 000 ft.) and low altitude villages (<10 000 ft.). Saliva samples were collected at 3 time points (pre‐activity, 30 and 60 minutes) and women wore the wGT3X‐BT Actigraph during an hour of everyday work to assess the relationship between high altitude, endocrine reactivity, and physical activity. Saliva samples were then analyzed for testosterone and cortisol.ResultsWomen living at high altitude had lower cortisol and testosterone levels, after controlling for moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity, age, and sum of skinfolds.ConclusionsTestosterone and cortisol increase allocation of energy to costly somatic tissues and the utilization of stored energy. Lower production of these hormones may be beneficial for heightened energetic demands at high altitude.
Cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs): An Overview of Synthesis, Properties, and Potential Applications
Authors: Wu Di , Cheng Wei , Ban Xiangtao , Xia Jianlong 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) have attracted significant attention from theoretical, synthetic, supramolecular and material chemists owing to their aesthetical structures. Since Jasti and co‐workers reported the landmark synthesis of [9]CPP, [12]CPP and [18]CPP, the past ten years have witnessed a remarkable burst in the development of CPP research, from synthetic methodologies to the applications in optoelectronic devices. In this Focus Review, we highlight the representative synthetic strategies to CPPs and attempts on bottom‐up synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and mainly focus on the optoelectronic properties studies of functionalized CPPs as well as heteroatoms doped CPP derivatives. Additionally, the potential applications of CPP derivatives in material science are discussed.
The effects of adenoidectomy on the smell perception of children
Authors: Fornazieri Marco Aurélio , Araújo Rafael Goulart , Lima João Vitor Fernandes , Favareto Felipe Bays , Pinna Fábio de Rezende , Voegels Richard Louis , Doty Richard L. 
Published: September 2018

BackgroundIn this study, we employed a novel children's olfactory test in order to more accurately assess the relationship between nasopharyngeal obstruction and odor identification ability. We quantified the impact of adenoidectomy on olfactory function, established whether the influences of the operation were related to the preoperative amount of nasopharyngeal obstruction, and determined whether sex influenced the olfactory measures.MethodsFifty‐three boys and 23 girls were administered a standardized children's olfactory test, the Pediatric Smell Wheel™, before and 45 days after adenoidectomy. They ranged in age from 5 to 12 years and exhibited varying degrees of adenotonsillar hypertrophy and histories of recurrent adenotonsillitis. Radiographs of the nasopharynx were used to grade the degree of nasopharyngeal obstruction.ResultsSignificant postoperative improvement in smell function occurred more frequently in children with >50% preoperative obstruction of the nasopharynx. In this group, average function improved 50.8% after surgery (95% confidence interval [CI], 39.1% to 64%). Improvement on 9 of the 11 odors was present, with significant differences occurring for the odors of bubble gum, baby powder, mint, and cinnamon. No sex differences were evident.ConclusionOlfactory dysfunction occurs primarily in children whose nasopharyngeal obstruction is >50%. Removal of the hypertrophied adenoids returned smell function back to normal in these cases. This study suggests that smell loss may be of value in decisions regarding whether or not to perform adenoidectomy in children with nasopharyngeal obstruction.
In Situ Thermal Atomization To Convert Supported Nickel Nanoparticles into Surface‐Bound Nickel Single‐Atom Catalysts
Authors: Yang Jian , Qiu Zongyang , Zhao Changming , Wei Weichen , Chen Wenxing , Li Zhijun , Qu Yunteng , Dong Juncai , Luo Jun , Li Zhenyu , Wu Yuen 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe arrangement of the active sites on the surface of a catalysts can reduce the problem of mass transfer and enhance the atom economy. Herein, supported Ni metal nanoparticles can be transformed to thermal stable Ni single atoms, mostly located on the surface of the support. Assisted by N‐doped carbon with abundant defects, this synthetic process not only transform the nanoparticles to single atoms, but also creates numerous pores to facilitate the contact of dissolved CO2 and single Ni sites. The proposed mechanism is that the Ni nanoparticles could break surface C−C bonds drill into the carbon matrix, leaving pores on the surface. When Ni nanoparticles are exposed to N‐doped carbon, the strong coordination splits Ni atoms from Ni NPs. The Ni atoms are stabilized within the surface of carbon substrate. The continuous loss of atomic Ni species from the NPs would finally result in atomization of Ni NPs. CO2 electroreduction testing shows that the surface enriched with Ni single atoms delivers better performance than supported Ni NPs and other similar catalysts.
Synthesis of Functionalized Cyclopropanes from Carboxylic Acids by a Radical Addition–Polar Cyclization Cascade
Authors: Shu Chao , Mega Riccardo S. , Andreassen Björn J. , Noble Adam , Aggarwal Varinder K. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHerein, we describe the development of a photoredox‐catalyzed decarboxylative radical addition–polar cyclization cascade approach to functionalized cyclopropanes. Reductive termination of radical–polar crossover reactions between aliphatic carboxylic acids and electron‐deficient alkenes yielded carbanion intermediates that were intercepted in intramolecular alkylations with alkyl chlorides appended to the alkene substrate. The mild conditions, which make use of a readily available organic photocatalyst and visible light, were demonstrated to be amenable to a broad range of structurally complex carboxylic acids and a wide variety of chloroalkyl alkenes, demonstrating exquisite functional group tolerance.
Nucleophilic versus Electrophilic Reactivity of Bioinspired Superoxido Nickel(II) Complexes
Authors: Panda Chakadola , Chandra Anirban , Corona Teresa , Andris Erik , Pandey Bhawana , Garai Somenath , Lindenmaier Nils , Künstner Silvio , Farquhar Erik R. , Roithová Jana , Rajaraman Gopalan , Driess Matthias , Ray Kallol 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe formation and detailed spectroscopic characterization of the first biuret‐containing monoanionic superoxido‐NiII intermediate [LNiO2]− as the Li salt [2; L=MeN[C(=O)NAr)2; Ar=2,6‐iPr2C6H3)] is reported. It results from oxidation of the corresponding [Li(thf)3]2[LNiIIBr2] complex M with excess H2O2 in the presence of Et3N. The [LNiO2]− core of 2 shows an unprecedented nucleophilic reactivity in the oxidative deformylation of aldehydes, in stark contrast to the electrophilic character of the previously reported neutral Nacnac‐containing superoxido‐NiII complex 1, [L′NiO2] (L′=CH(CMeNAr)2). According to density‐functional theory (DFT) calculations, the remarkably different behaviour of 1 versus 2 can be attributed to their different charges and a two‐state reactivity, in which a doublet ground state and a nearby spin‐polarized doublet excited‐state both contribute in 1 but not in 2. The unexpected nucleophilicity of the superoxido‐NiII core of 2 suggests that such a reactivity may also play a role in catalytic cycles of Ni‐containing oxygenases and oxidases.
Boron(III)‐Catalyzed C2‐Selective C−H Borylation of Heteroarenes
Authors: Zhong Qi , Qin Shengxiang , Yin Youzhi , Hu Jiajun , Zhang Hua 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA BF3⋅Et2O‐catalyzed C2‐selective C−H borylation of indoles with bis(pinacolato)diboron was developed to afford indole‐2‐boronic acid pinacol esters. A variety of functional groups were tolerated, and other heteroarenes like pyrrole and benzo[b]thiophene were also suitable substrates. An electrophilic substitution mechanism was proposed based on the preliminary mechanistic studies. This novel transformation utilizes simple and cheap BF3⋅Et2O as catalyst and exhibits unusual C2 regioselectivity, providing a significant non‐transition‐metal‐catalyzed C−H borylation and an efficient method towards the synthesis of C2‐functionalized heteroarenes.
Chelated Diborenes and Their Inverse‐Electron‐Demand Diels–Alder Reactions with Dienes
Authors: Stennett Tom E. , Mattock James D. , Pentecost Leanne , Vargas Alfredo , Braunschweig Holger 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA doubly base‐stabilised diborane based on a benzylphosphine linker was prepared by a salt elimination reaction between 2‐LiC6H4CH2PCy2⋅Et2O and B2Br4. This compound was reduced with KC8 to its corresponding diborene, with the benzylphosphine forming a five‐membered chelate. The diborene reacts with butadiene, 2‐trimethylsiloxy‐1,3‐butadiene, and isoprene to form 4,5‐diboracyclohexenes, which interconvert between their 1,1‐ (geminal) and 1,2‐ (vicinal) chelated isomers. The 1,1‐chelated diborene undergoes a halide‐catalysed isomerisation into its thermodynamically favoured 1,2‐isomer, which undergoes Diels–Alder reactions more slowly than the kinetic product.