bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lifelong learning ecologies in online higher education: Students' engagement in the continuum between formal and informal learning
Authors: Peters Mitchell , Romero Marc 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLifelong learning opportunities are readily accessible through the hybridization of digital learning contexts—from formal to informal—in today's globally networked knowledge society. As such, expanded learning opportunities generate a continuum of learning contexts and experiences mediated through digital technology. Consequently, there is an urgent need to actively examine the interconnections and complex relations between what is learned in formal university scenarios and the everyday learning that happens outside of the classroom, particularly the informal learning that is afforded through expanded and emerging digital contexts. The current research problem illustrates that expanded and emerging professional development scenarios require new pedagogical designs for empowering lifelong learners to harness the affordances of the web across both formal and informal contexts and practices. This study outlines ways in which students shape their learning ecologies in virtual contexts to support formal academic learning in online higher education. The paper presents qualitative results from a larger mixed methods interpretive case study. The multicase and multisite study examines three fully online graduate programmes in Education and Digital Technology during the 2017–18 academic year, collecting data in the form of online programme documentation, student interviews and online participant observation. Purposeful and criterion sampling were used to select 13 participants across three sites in Spain, the UK and the USA. The study was underpinned by a lifelong learning ecologies theoretical perspective to analyse learning processes across a continuum of practices and contexts. Findings illustrate how students conceive of, as well as how they organize their learning ecologies through a unique configuration of activities, digital resources and networked social support, indicating that academic programmes and teachers have an essential role in empowering student learning ecologies across contexts, recognizing past trajectories and supporting the development of valued disciplinary practices and perspectives across a continuum of learning.
Free trade and economic growth: The role of talent diversity
Authors: Fang Chen , Kuo Kuo‐Hsing , Lee Cheng‐Te 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTo analyse the impact of the diversity of talent distribution on the equilibrium growth rate, this paper develops an equilibrium growth model with heterogeneous labor. We show that the growth effect after free trade depends on the diversity effect and the trade effect. In addition, we prove that if talent diversity is great enough then opening trade will stimulate economic growth. In contrast, if talent diversity is small enough then trade openness is detrimental to economic growth.
Clinical utility and effectiveness of a training programme in the application of a new classification of narrow‐band imaging for vocal cord leukoplakia: A multicentre study
Authors: Ni Xiao‐Guang , Wang Gui‐Qi , Hu Feng‐Ying , Xu Xin‐Mao , Xu Ling , Liu Xiao‐Qin , Chen Xue‐Song , Liu Lin , Ren Xue‐Lian , Yang Yong , Guo Li , Gu Ya‐Jun , Hou Jin , Zhang Jun‐Wei , Yang Yan , Xing Biao , Ren Jia , Guo Hong‐Qiang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo analyse the application of a new narrow‐band imaging (NBI) classification in the diagnosis of vocal cord leukoplakia by laryngologists with different levels of laryngoscopic experience and to explore the impact of NBI training programmes on laryngologists’ identification of benign and malignant leukoplakia.DesignProspective multicentre study.SettingTertiary hospitals.ParticipantsSixteen laryngologists were divided into less‐experienced and experienced groups and received NBI training course. Thirty cases of vocal cord leukoplakia were investigated.Main outcome measuresDiagnostic accuracy and interobserver agreement under white light imaging (WLI), before and after NBI training, were analysed among doctors with varying levels of experience.ResultsThe accuracy in the less‐experienced group was significantly lower than that of experience group (0.59 vs 0.69) under WLI. There was no significant difference in the diagnostic accuracy between the less‐experienced group and the experienced group before NBI training (0.75 vs 0.74) and after NBI training (0.79 vs 0.83). NBI training could improve the interobserver agreement from fair or moderate to good agreement.ConclusionThe new NBI diagnostic classification is helpful for identifying benign and malignant vocal cord leukoplakia. In addition, the NBI training programme can improve the diagnostic accuracy and interobserver agreement of less‐experienced doctors to the level of experienced laryngologists.
Quality of life with or without sphincter preservation for rectal cancer
Authors: Feddern M.‐L. , Emmertsen K. J. , Laurberg S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAimThe aim of this investigation was to examine quality of life after surgical treatment for low rectal cancer.MethodThis was a population‐based, cross‐sectional study on quality of life in patients treated for rectal cancer from 2001 to 2007. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ‐C30) and a single question on the impact of bowel/stoma function on quality of life were sent to patients who had undergone abdominoperineal excision (APE) or low anterior resection (LAR) for rectal cancer with tumours below 10 cm from the anal verge.ResultsInformative answers were obtained from 898 patients (87%). EORTC QLQ‐C30 outcomes were very similar for APE and LAR patients in univariate analysis. When adjusted for neoadjuvant radiotherapy and gender, multivariate analysis showed that LAR patients had lower global health status (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.03; 1.68, P = 0.026) and higher occurrence of constipation (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.32; 0.69, P < 0.001) and diarrhoea (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.35; 0.64, P < 0.001). Analysis of the anchor question showed that LAR patients had significantly higher negative impact of bowel function on quality of life in both univariate (OR 3.38, 95% CI 2.62; 4.37, P < 0.001) and multivariate analysis (OR 3.71, 95% CI 2.86; 4.83, P < 0.001) compared with APE.ConclusionFor patients with low rectal cancer, we found LAR patients had worse global health status and problems with diarrhoea and constipation compared with APE patients.
Improving Knowledge Acquisition and Dissemination through Technological Interventions on Cognitive Biases
Authors: Stammers Sophie 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMuch of the philosophical debate regarding technological epistemic enhancement concerns interventions on cognitive capacities that are already performing well in order that they perform even better. However, several decades of research in cognitive science demonstrates that humans harbor systematic cognitive biases that can produce ill‐grounded, distorted, or otherwise epistemically faulty cognitions. Such cognitions can be stubborn and so may be good candidates for reduction or elimination through technological intervention. In this article, Sophie Stammers demonstrates that we can take two approaches in such an endeavor: interventions that halt and redirect the general processes that can generate biased cognitions; and targeted interventions that aim to extinguish or overwrite individual biased cognitions. Stammers argues that, because the general processes that produce biased cognitions also regularly produce accurate cognitions, an intervention that halts these processes altogether will have the result that the person undergoing the intervention will find it difficult to form new beliefs and acquire further knowledge, an epistemically undesirable outcome. Targeted interventions are therefore preferable because they enable us to eliminate some biases, while leaving otherwise useful processes (such as heuristics) intact. She concludes by demonstrating that our epistemic goals will be best achieved when targeted technological interventions are supplemented by attention to relevant structural features.
Genomic DNA methylation distinguishes subtypes of human focal cortical dysplasia
Authors: Kobow Katja , Ziemann Mark , Kaipananickal Harikrishnan , Khurana Ishant , Mühlebner Angelika , Feucht Martha , Hainfellner Johannes A. , Czech Thomas , Aronica Eleonora , Pieper Tom , Holthausen Hans , Kudernatsch Manfred , Hamer Hajo , Kasper Burkhard S. , Rössler Karl , Conti Valerio , Guerrini Renzo , Coras Roland , Blümcke Ingmar , El‐Osta Assam , Kaspi Antony 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectivesFocal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a major cause of drug‐resistant focal epilepsy in children, and the clinicopathological classification remains a challenging issue in daily practice. With the recent progress in DNA methylation–based classification of human brain tumors we examined whether genomic DNA methylation and gene expression analysis can be used to also distinguish human FCD subtypes.MethodsDNA methylomes and transcriptomes were generated from massive parallel sequencing in 15 surgical FCD specimens, matched with 5 epilepsy and 6 nonepilepsy controls.ResultsDifferential hierarchical cluster analysis of DNA methylation distinguished major FCD subtypes (ie, Ia, IIa, and IIb) from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy patients and nonepileptic controls. Targeted panel sequencing identified a novel likely pathogenic variant in DEPDC5 in a patient with FCD type IIa. However, no enrichment of differential DNA methylation or gene expression was observed in mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway–related genes.SignificanceOur studies extend the evidence for disease‐specific methylation signatures toward focal epilepsies in favor of an integrated clinicopathologic and molecular classification system of FCD subtypes incorporating genomic methylation.
The sound of a blood meal: Acoustic ecology of frog‐biting midges (Corethrella) in lowland Pacific Costa Rica
Authors: Virgo Jonas , Ruppert Alexander , Lampert Kathrin P. , Grafe T. Ulmar , Eltz Thomas 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAnimal communication systems are often exploited by eavesdropping antagonists, especially predators and ectoparasites. Female frog‐biting midges (Diptera: Corethrellidae) are known to use male anuran advertisement calls to locate their blood hosts, frogs. Here, we use acoustic midge traps broadcasting synthetic and recorded calls to identify those frog call parameters that affect midge attraction. At our study site in Pacific lowland Costa Rica, we found that overall midge attraction was influenced by both spectral and temporal acoustic parameters. Low dominant frequencies (below 1 kHz) and short pulse durations (between 125 and 500 ms) attracted the highest numbers of midges in tests with synthetic sinusoidal pure tones. These preferences partially explained the relative attractiveness of the advertisement calls of ten local frog species. The advertisement calls of the common and widespread Giant Bullfrog, Leptodactylus savagei (Anura: Leptodactylidae), attracted by far the largest number of midges, suggesting that this frog species might be a key resource for frog‐biting midges in Costa Rica. Although we found that calls of different frog species attracted different midge species/morphospecies in statistically different proportions, acoustic niche differentiation among midge species appeared to be moderate, suggesting either a limited degree of host specialization or the use of additional short‐range, that is, chemical, host recognition cues.
Magnetic resonance imaging characterisation of lesions within the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint – 28 cases
Authors: Beasley B. , Selberg K. , Giguère S. , Allen K. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryCollateral ligament (CL) desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) is a known injury that is not uncommonly diagnosed in horses presenting for lameness isolated to the foot. Ultrasonography and radiography are often used as primary diagnostic tests with mixed success. Medical records of horses undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the foot between November 2007 and October 2015 were reviewed. Horses were included only if the MRI followed an examination that localised a component of the lameness to the foot, and the MRI study indicated that CL desmopathy of the DIPJ was the most important finding. Thirty‐four limbs from 28 horses were included and 48 CL desmopathies were identified. Of the 48; 27 were distal to the coronary band, 15 were proximal to the coronary band, five lesions involved the entire ligament, and one CL had proximal and distal focal lesions. Twenty‐four of the 28 horses were able to return to work. There was no significant association between severity or lesion location and time to return to work. This study confirms that a high proportion of CL lesions of the DIPJ are located distal to the coronary band and require MRI for an accurate diagnosis that would otherwise be missed by ultrasound examination alone.
Impact of systemic diseases and tooth‐based factors on outcome of root canal treatment
Authors: Laukkanen E. , Vehkalahti M. M. , Kotiranta A. K. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAimTo investigate the impact of systemic health and tooth‐based factors on the outcome of root canal treatment (RCT).MethodologyThe target population consisted of all patients receiving RCT at the Helsinki University Clinic in 2008–2011. The inclusion criteria were diagnosable pre‐ and postoperative (minimum 6 months after root filling) radiographs and adequate patient records of RCT available. Teeth extracted for nonendodontic reasons were excluded. Patient documents including digital radiographs of 640 permanent teeth in 504 patients were scrutinized. The radiographs were assessed by two examiners under standardized conditions. The Periapical Index was used to define radiographically ‘healthy’ and ‘healing’ cases as successful. Data included systemic health, technical quality of root fillings, type of restoration and level of alveolar bone loss. Statistical evaluation of differences between groups included chi‐squared tests and Fisher's exact tests. Logistic regression modelling utilizing robust standard errors to allow for clustering within patients was applied to analyse factors related to the outcome of RCT.ResultsThe mean age of patients was 51.5 years (standard deviation (SD) 15.0; range 10–83), and 49% were female. In 41 cases (6%), the patient had diabetes mellitus (DM), in 132 (21%) cardiovascular disease and in 284 (44%) no systemic disease. The follow‐up period was 6–71 months (mean 22.7). In the primary analyses, the success rate of RCT was 73.2% in DM patients and 85.6% in patients with no systemic disease (P = 0.043); other systemic diseases had no impact on success. In the multifactorial analysis, the impact of DM became nonsignificant and RCTs were more likely to succeed in the absence of apical periodontitis (AP; odds ratio (OR) = 4.4; P < 0.001), in teeth with optimal root filling quality (OR = 2.5; P < 0.001), in teeth restored with indirect restorations (OR = 3.7; P = 0.002) and in teeth with none/mild alveolar bone loss (OR = 2.4; P = 0.003).ConclusionsDM diminished the success of RCT, especially in teeth with apical periodontitis. However, tooth‐based factors had a more profound impact on the outcome of RCT. This should be considered in clinical decision‐making and in assessment of RCT prognosis.
Enormous gill chambers of deep‐sea coffinfishes (Lophiiformes: Chaunacidae) support unique ventilatory specialisations such as breath holding and extreme inflation
Authors: Long Nicholas P. , Farina Stacy C. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDeep sea habitats tend to favor species with low energetic demands, and therefore we predict that deep sea fishes will have behavioral and morphological specializations of the gill ventilatory system to reduce the energetic cost of pumping water across the gills. However, it is difficult to study functional morphology of deep sea fishes due the lack of ability to conduct laboratory experiments with living fishes.For this study, we combined analysis of publicly available video recorded by remote‐operated vehicles (ROV) with detailed anatomical study of museum specimens to document the functional morphology of the massive gill chambers that are observed in coffinfishes (Lophiiformes: Chaunacidae). Chaunacids, like other lophiiforms, exhibit highly specialised ventilatory anatomy such as an enlarged branchiostegal apparatus and restricted gill openings, but videos show them using this anatomy in a new and unusual way. We observed eight individuals ventilating extremely slowly at rates of 0.03–0.004 Hz, during which the gill chambers were full yet we saw no inhalation or exhalation for periods of 26 to 245 s. This holding breath behaviour has not been observed in any other fishes and is probably highly energetically efficient. This inflation of the gill chambers also increases body volume by up to 30%, making them more globose and difficult to be taken as prey, much like stomach inflation in pufferfishes (Tetraodontidae). We also used micro computed‐tomography (CT) scans to document the enormous branchiostegal rays and associated muscles that support this unique behaviour.
Can structural enrichment reduce predation mortality and increase recaptures of hatchery‐reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. fry released into the wild?
Authors: Solås Martine R. , Skoglund Helge , Salvanes Anne G. V. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCaptive‐reared fish often have poor survival in the wild and may fail to boost threatened populations. Enrichment during the nursery period can in some circumstances generate a broader behavioural repertoire than conventional hatchery production. Yet, we do not know if enrichment promotes survival after release into the wild. We conducted a field experiment during three field seasons using age 0+ year Atlantic salmon Salmo salar to investigate if enrichment during rearing, in the form of structural complexity (shelters), reduced immediate (within 2 days after release) predation mortality by piscine predators (brown trout Salmo trutta) and if such rearing environments improved long‐term (2–3 months after release) post‐release survival. In addition, we investigated if predation mortality of released fry was size‐selective. S. salar fry were reared in a structurally enriched environment or in a conventional rearing environment and given otolith marks using alizarin during the egg stage to distinguish between enriched and conventionally‐reared fry. The outcome from the field experiments showed that structural enrichment did not consistently reduce immediate predation mortality and it did not improve, or had a negative effect on, the recapture rate of fry from the river 2–3 months after release. The data also showed that enriched rearing tended to reduce growth. Additionally, we found that S. trutta predators fed on small individuals of the released fry. Overall, the data suggest that structural enrichment alone is not sufficient to improve long‐term survival of hatchery‐reared fish after release and that other factors might affect post‐release survival.
Antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and molecular characterization of aquatic, clinical, and environmental Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from Ningbo, China
Authors: Li Nuo , Zhou Xiujuan , Song Qifa , Zhou Min , Shi Xianming 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of illness associated with seafood consumption globally. In this study, we examined 136 V. parahaemolyticus isolates from Ningbo, China for antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, genotypes, virulence factor genes (tdh, trh, T3SS) and molecular typing. Carbenicillin resistance (100.0%) was the most prevalent in all isolates followed by ampicillin with 46.1% in aquatic, 9.2% in clinical, and 83.3% in environmental isolates. Trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (7.7%), streptomycin (3.1%), tetracycline (3.1%), and nalidixic acid (1.6%) resistance were only present in aquatic isolates. The virulence factor genes tdh (83.1%) and trh (10.8%) were found in clinical isolates while tdh was carried by aquatic (6.2%) and environmental (83.3%) isolates. T3SS2α genes were present in tdh
+/trh− isolates and T3SS2β genes were present only in trh
+ isolates. Molecular typing by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus‐polymerase chain reaction classified our 136 isolates into nine clusters at a 0.66 similarity and aquatic isolates showed high degrees of genetic diversity. Our findings characterized the risk factors among aquatic, clinical, and environmental V. parahaemolyticus isolates from Ningbo, China.Practical ApplicationsThe threat of pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus to seafood safety is more serious than ever before as antimicrobial resistance has emerged and developed globally in the past decades. This study emphasizes the antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence, and molecular characterization of aquatic, clinical, and environmental V. parahaemolyticus isolated in Ningbo, which will be helpful for improving seafood safety management.
Bacillomycin D lipopeptides from marine Bacillus megaterium as antimicrobial and preservative agents for large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea
Authors: Wang Mengjuan , Ma Yunxiao , Mou Haijin , Kong Qing 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLarge yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) has rich protein content and high economic value, but has a short shelf life. Lipopeptides extracted from marine Bacillus megaterium were applied to the preservation of large yellow croaker and effectively increased the shelf life of large yellow croaker. The results showed that the total viable count (the total number of colonies), total volatile base nitrogen, texture and other indicators in the treatment groups were better than control and the difference was significant (p < .05). Furthermore, bacillomycin D with 14 and 15 carbon atoms in β‐amino fatty acids was separated from the lipopeptides and it was used to study its inhibitory effect on Aspergillus flavus, and the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimal fungicidal concentration were 50 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL, respectively. Bacillomycin D significantly inhibited the spores germination, mycelial growth, and sporulation of A. flavus. The results of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that the morphology of A. flavus was changed, and cell contents was leak after treatment with bacillomycin D.Practical applicationsMarine B. megaterium suspension and lipopeptides extracted from the strain of marine B. megaterium were applied to the preservation of large yellow croaker, and it laid the foundation for studying more potential effects of lipopeptides. Furthermore, in this study, bacillomycin D was separated from lipopeptide and it was identified 14 and 15 carbon atoms in β‐amino fatty acids. It was well‐stabilized and could later be used as preservative for large yellow croaker. The preliminary application of the preservation of large yellow croaker had proved that lipopeptides have a good development and application prospect as a new type of aquatic preservative.