bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethyl Lactate: A Green Solvent for Olefin Metathesis
Authors: Planer Sebastian , Jana Anupam , Grela Karol 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCompatibility of selected, commercially available ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts with ethyl lactate as solvent was evaluated using a range of substrates and conditions. In addition, the preparation of a metathesis catalyst in simplified manner by using the advantages of ethyl lactate was accomplished. The application of ethyl lactate facilitates product isolation (also allowing for lower ruthenium contamination in crude metathesis products) and improves the overall green angle of olefin metathesis.
Hydrogenation of Functionalized Nitroarenes Catalyzed by Single‐Phase Pyrite FeS2 Nanoparticles on N,S‐Codoped Porous Carbon
Authors: Duan Yanan , Dong Xiaosu , Song Tao , Wang Zhaozhan , Xiao Jianliang , Yuan Youzhu , Yang Yong 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCatalytic hydrogenation of nitroarenes is an industrially very important and environmentally friendly process for the production of anilines; however, highly chemoselective reduction of nitroarenes decorated with one or more reducible groups in a nitroarene molecule remains a challenge. Herein, a novel hybrid non‐noble iron‐based nanocatalyst (named as FeS2/NSC) was developed, which was prepared from biomass as C and N source together with inexpensive Fe(NO3)3 as Fe source through high‐temperature pyrolysis in a straightforward and cost‐effective procedure. Comprehensive characterization revealed that single‐phase pyrite FeS2 nanoparticles with precisely defined composition and uniform size were homogeneously dispersed on N,S‐codoped porous carbon with large specific surface area, hierarchical porous channels, and high pore volume. The resultant catalyst FeS2/NSC demonstrated good catalytic activity for hydrogenation of functionalized nitroarenes with good tolerance of various functional groups in water as a sustainable and green solvent. Compared with bulk pyrite FeS2 and other non‐noble metal‐based heterogeneous catalysts reported in the literature, a remarkably enhanced activity was observed under mild reaction conditions. More importantly, FeS2/NSC displayed exclusive chemoselectivity for the reduction of nitro groups for nitroarenes bearing varying readily reducible groups.
Yiqi Chutan Tang Reduces Gefitinib‐Induced Drug Resistance in Non‐Small‐Cell Lung Cancer by Targeting Apoptosis and Autophagy
Authors: Zhang Jue , Sun Lingling , Cui Jian , Wang Jing , Liu Xiaomin , Aung Thazin Nwe , Qu Zhipeng , Chen Zhuangzhong , Adelson David L. , Lin Lizhu 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHigh incidence and mortality rates for non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) lead to low survival rates. Epidermal growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‐TKI) are commonly first prescribed for NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations. However, most patients with sensitizing EGFR mutations become resistant to EGFR‐TKI after 9–13 months treatment. Yiqi Chutan Tang (YQCT) has been prescribed as a treatment to this issue for over 20 years. In this report, high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, flow cytometry, western blot analysis, and functional annotation analysis were applied to uncover the molecular mechanisms of YQCT. Our results show the application of YQCT reduces gefitinib‐induced drug resistance, induces slight cell cycle arrest, enhances gefitinib‐induced apoptosis, and activates the autophagy. These results indicate that at the molecular level YQCT can reduce drug resistance and improve anti‐cancer effects when associated with gefitinib, which could be a result of enhancement of apoptosis and autophagy in the EGFR‐TKI resistant cells of NSCLC. This research provides a new treatment strategy for patients with EGFR‐TKI resistance in NSCLC. © 2019 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Application of entropy formulas in detection of denial‐of‐service attacks
Authors: Basicevic Ilija , Ocovaj Stanislav 
Published: August 2019

SummaryThe paper compares five entropy formulas (Shannon, Tsallis, Rényi, Bhatia‐Singh, and Ubriaco) and their application in the detection of distributed denial‐of‐service (DDoS) attacks. The Shannon formula has been used extensively for this purpose for more than a decade. The use of the Tsallis and Rényi formulas in this context has also been proposed. Bhatia‐Singh entropy is a novel information metric with promising results in initial applications in this area. Ubriaco proposed an entropy function based on the fractional calculus. In this paper, flow size distribution was used as the input for detection. The type of DDoS attack is SYN flood, and simulation was used to obtain the input dataset. The results show that the Rényi and Bhatia‐Singh detectors perform better than the rest. Rényi and Tsallis performed similarly with respect to the true positive rate, but Rényi had a much lower false positive rate. The Bhatia‐Singh detector had the best true positive rate but a higher false positive rate than Rényi. The Ubriaco detector performed similar to the Shannon detector. With respect to detection delay, Tsallis, Ubriaco, and Shannon produced similar results, with a slight advantage associated with the Ubriaco detector, while Rényi and Bhatia‐Singh had a larger detection delay than the former three.
Industrial wireless sensor and actuator networks in industry 4.0: Exploring requirements, protocols, and challenges—A MAC survey
Authors: Raza Saleem , Faheem Muhammad , Guenes Mesut 
Published: August 2019

SummaryThe vision to connect everyday physical objects to the Internet promises to create the Internet of Things (IoT), which is expected to integrate the diverse technologies such as sensors, actuators, radio frequency identification, communication technologies, and Internet protocols. Thus, IoT promises to transfer traditional industry to advance digital industry known as the Industry 4.0.At the core of the Industry 4.0 are the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs) that led to the development of industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs) and industrial wireless sensor and actuator networks (IWSANs). These networks play a central role of connecting machines, parts, products, and humans and create a diverse set of new applications to support intelligent and autonomous decision making.The IWSAN is a promising technology for numerous industrial applications because of their several potential benefits such as simple deployment, low cost, less complexity, and mobility support. However, despite such benefits, they impose several unique challenges at different layers of the protocol stack when deploying them for various monitoring and control applications in the Industry 4.0. In this article, we explore IWSAN, its applications, requirements, challenges, and solutions in the context of industrial control applications. Our main focus is on the medium access control (MAC) layer that can be exploited to satisfy such requirements. Our discussion presents extensive background study of the MAC schemes and it reviews the MAC protocols of the existing wireless standards and technologies. A number of application‐specific MAC protocols developed to support industrial applications, which are not part of these standards, are also elaborated. We rationalize to what extent the existing standards and protocols help in solving such requirements as laid down by the Industry 4.0. In the end, we emphasize on existing challenges and present important future directions.
Bestimmung des Teilsicherheitsbeiwerts für Wandscheiben aus unbewehrtem Mauerwerk
Authors: Jäger Wolfram , Salehi Hamidreza 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPartial safety factors for resistance applied in the design equation of semi‐probabilistic formats can be obtained from the evaluation of a test database. These partial safety factors are influenced by two factors, the material uncertainty and the model uncertainty. This topic is covered in a former publication [1]. It includes the determination of a partial factor for the model uncertainty of unreinforced masonry shear walls. In this study the authors examine the next step, and calculate the partial factor of resistance applying the same method, as recommended i n EN 1990 – Annex D. In addition to the Coefficient of Variation (COV) for the model uncertainty, the calculation of the resistance partial factor considers deviations in geometry, as well as loading and material properties. The influence of the material uncertainty on structural performance is considered in the calculation by means of a weighted average of all COV values for various types of material properties, based on the number of relevant failure modes in the test database. In the last step, the resistance partial factors for models defined in DIN EN 1996‐1‐1/NA and DIN EN 1996‐1‐1/NA – Annex K are calculated by applying the probabilistic methods recommended in EN 1990 – Annex D and the model bias.
Diagnostic utility of cell block in fine needle aspiration cytology of thyroid gland
Authors: Vance Jesse , Durbin Karen , Manglik Niti , Gilani Syed M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundThis study was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic utility of cell block material in fine needle aspiration (FNA) of thyroid nodules.DesignA total of 242 thyroid fine need aspirations (FNAs) were performed between January 2015 and December 2015. Of those, all consecutive thyroid FNA cases with cell blocks (n = 140) from 129 patients (age: 58.9 ± 12.8 years) are included in this study. Cytology slides and cell blocks are reviewed for adequacy assessment based on the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) and then categorizing them into TBSRTC diagnostic categories. These cases are divided into two groups, combined cytology and cell block (C + CB) and cytology without cell block (C).ResultsIn the first group (C + CB), a total 140 cases are categorized in TBSRTC as follows: I: 13 (9.3%) cases, II: 78 (55.7%) cases, III: 7 (5%), IV: 16 (11.4%), V: 3(2.2%) and VI: 23 (16.4%). In the second group (C), the cases are classified in TBSRTC as follows: I: 23 (16.4%) cases, II: 70 (50%), III: 7 (5%), IV: 16 (11.4%), V: 3 (2.2%) and VI: 21 (15%). Nondiagnostic rate was 7.1% lower in the first group (C + CB) as compared with second group (C) (First group: 9.3% vs second group: 16.4%, P = .0764).ConclusionsCombined use of cytology slides and cell block decreases the nondiagnostic rate up to 7.1% as compared with cytology without cell block.
Road avoidance and its energetic consequences for reptiles
Authors: Paterson James E. , Baxter‐Gilbert James , Beaudry Frederic , Carstairs Sue , Chow‐Fraser Patricia , Edge Christopher B. , Lentini Andrew M. , Litzgus Jacqueline D. , Markle Chantel E. , McKeown Kassie , Moore Jennifer A. , Refsnider Jeanine M. , Riley Julia L. , Rouse Jeremy D. , Seburn David C. , Zimmerling J. Ryan , Davy Christina M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRoads are one of the most widespread human‐caused habitat modifications that can increase wildlife mortality rates and alter behavior. Roads can act as barriers with variable permeability to movement and can increase distances wildlife travel to access habitats. Movement is energetically costly, and avoidance of roads could therefore impact an animal's energy budget. We tested whether reptiles avoid roads or road crossings and explored whether the energetic consequences of road avoidance decreased individual fitness. Using telemetry data from Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingii; 11,658 locations of 286 turtles from 15 sites) and eastern massasaugas (Sistrurus catenatus; 1,868 locations of 49 snakes from 3 sites), we compared frequency of observed road crossings and use of road‐adjacent habitat by reptiles to expected frequencies based on simulated correlated random walks. Turtles and snakes did not avoid habitats near roads, but both species avoided road crossings. Compared with simulations, turtles made fewer crossings of paved roads with low speed limits and more crossings of paved roads with high speed limits. Snakes made fewer crossings of all road types than expected based on simulated paths. Turtles traveled longer daily distances when their home range contained roads, but the predicted energetic cost was negligible: substantially less than the cost of producing one egg. Snakes with roads in their home range did not travel further per day than snakes without roads in their home range. We found that turtles and snakes avoided crossing roads, but road avoidance is unlikely to impact fitness through energetic expenditures. Therefore, mortality from vehicle strikes remains the most significant impact of roads on reptile populations.
How does urbanization affect the reproductive characteristics and ecological affinities of street plant communities?
Authors: Desaegher James , Nadot Sophie , Machon Nathalie , Colas Bruno 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAnthropogenic activities in urban ecosystems induce a myriad of environmental changes compared with adjacent rural areas. These environmental changes can be seen as series of abiotic and biotic selection filters affecting the distribution of plant species. What are the attributes of plant species that compose urban communities, compared with rural communities, as related to their ecological affinities (e.g., to temperature, humidity), and reproductive traits (e.g., entomophily, autogamy, floral morphology)? Using a floristic dataset from a citizen science project recording plant species growing spontaneously in the streets, we analyzed the distribution of species according to their ecological requirements and reproductive traits along an urbanization gradient in the Parisian region. We developed an original floral and pollinator typology composed of five floral and four pollinator morphotypes. The proportion of impervious areas, used as a proxy of urbanization, was measured at different spatial scales, to reveal at which spatial scales urbanization is selecting plant traits. We found significant differences in plant communities along the urbanization gradient. As expected with the warmer and drier conditions of urban areas, species with higher affinities to higher temperature, light and nutrient soil content, and lower atmospheric moisture were over‐represented in urban plant communities. Interestingly, all of the significant changes in plant abiotical affinities were the most pronounced at the largest scale of analysis (1,000 m buffer radius), probably because the specific urban conditions are more pronounced when they occur on a large surface. The proportion of autogamous, self‐compatible, and nonentomophilous species was significantly higher in urban plant communities, strongly suggesting a lower abundance or efficiency of the pollinating fauna in urban environments. Last, among insect‐pollinated species, those with relatively long and narrow tubular corollas were disadvantaged in urban areas, possibly resulting from a reduction in pollinator abundance particularly affecting specialized plant–pollinator interactions.
Host identity and phylogeny shape the foliar endophytic fungal assemblages of Ficus
Authors: Liu Junwei , Zhao Jin , Wang Gang , Chen Jin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractFoliar endophytic fungi (FEF) are diverse and ubiquitously associated with photosynthetic land plants. However, processes shaping FEF assemblages remain poorly understood. Previous studies have indicated that host identity and host habitat are contributing factors, but these factors are often difficult to disentangle. In this study, we studied FEF assemblages from plants grown in a botanical garden, enabling us to minimize the variation in abiotic environmental conditions and fungal dispersal capacity. FEF assemblages from 46 Ficus species were sequenced using next‐generation methods, and the results indicated that closely related host species had clearly differentiated FEF assemblages. Furthermore, host phylogenetic proximity was significantly correlated with the similarity of their FEF assemblages. In the canonical correspondence analysis, eleven leaf traits explained 32.9% of the total variation in FEF assemblages, whereas six traits (specific leaf area, leaf N content, leaf pH, toughness, latex alkaloid content, and latex volume per leaf area) were significant in the first two dimensions of ordination space. In the multiple regression on distance matrix analysis, 21.0% of the total variance in FEF assemblage was explained by both host phylogeny and leaf traits while phylogeny alone explained 7.9% of the variance. Thus, our findings suggest that both evolutionary and ecological processes are involved in shaping FEF assemblages.
Fabrication of refractive index sensors using polarization independent metamaterial and their application to chemical concentration measurement and DNA detection
Authors: Kanamori Yoshiaki , Shimizu Tomoki , Nomura Shin‐Ichiro , Hane Kazuhiro 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBiochemical sensors are used for discrimination of biochemical species, concentration measurement, and so on. Because metamaterial responds to slight changes in the ambient refractive index, it is possible to realize ultrasensitive biochemical sensors. We designed and fabricated refractive index sensors using polarization independent metamaterial and examined their application as biochemical sensors. Refractive index sensitivity, concentration measurement, and DNA detection were carried out.
Combining functional traits and phylogeny to disentangling Amazonian butterfly assemblages on anthropogenic gradients
Authors: Spaniol Ricardo Luís , Duarte Leandro da Silva , Mendonça Milton de Souza , Iserhard Cristiano Agra 
Published: August 2019

AbstractEnvironmental gradients consist of sequential changes in the physical and structural characteristics of a region. These allow us to follow species responses and tolerances under different habitat conditions. Among them, forest fragmentation and succession comprise the most common examples of forest gradients, where organismal responses require distinct morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations. However, environmental changes can impose ecological and evolutionary constraints that act on species traits, as well as on local species assemblies through their phylogenetic history. In this study, we evaluated the differences in species distribution and composition on fruit‐feeding butterfly assemblages along forest fragmentation and succession gradients. We combine functional and phylogenetic methods for determining butterfly assemblages, and inferred species resistance and resilience according to habitat changes in tropical forests. We used a database of 471 fruit‐feeding butterflies of 60 species sampled from different environments in the central Amazon rainforest. A total of 13 functional traits were measured, and a phylogenetic tree was obtained for the sampled species. The trait–environment relationship was analyzed along both forest fragmentation and succession gradients, controlling for phylogenetic signal on species distribution and functional composition when necessary. Several traits presented phylogenetic signal, and phylogeny was also driving butterfly species distribution along the successional gradient. After controlling for phylogeny, individual characteristics related to flight speed (thoracic weight) and anti‐predatory strategies (camouflage) increased in early‐successional forests, with large butterflies (body length) prevailing in primary forests. No clear functional and phylogenetic pattern was identified for the fragmentation gradient. Our results are consistent with the idea that butterflies may be employing distinct functional strategies to attenuate habitat change effects. Larger butterflies, with lower dispersal ability, are preferentially susceptible to local extinctions in the early‐successional environments, mainly when forested habitat and its resources become spatially restricted. In addition, several anti‐predatory strategies related to conspicuous colors may be losing their functionality in open areas, where not being distinctive against the background becomes the primary defense against predation.
Hyperglycaemia, adverse outcomes and impact of intravenous insulin therapy in patients presenting with acute ST‐elevation myocardial infarction in a socioeconomically disadvantaged urban setting: The Montefiore STEMI Registry
Authors: Shitole Sanyog G. , Srinivas Vankeepuram , Berkowitz Julia L. , Shah Tina , Park Michael J. , Herzig Samuel , Christian Anne , Patel Neeral , Xue Xiaonan , Scheuer James , Kizer Jorge R. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundHyperglycaemia occurs frequently in ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and is associated with poor outcomes, for which continuous insulin infusion therapy (CIIT) may be beneficial. Information is limited regarding hyperglycaemia in acute STEMI affecting urban minority populations, or how CIIT fares in such real‐world settings.Methods and resultsWe assembled an acute STEMI registry at an inner‐city health system, focusing on patients with initial blood glucose ≥180 mg/dL to determine the impact of CIIT vs usual care. Clinical and outcomes data were added through linkage to electronic records. Inverse‐probability‐of‐treatment weighting using propensity scores (PS) was used to compare CIIT vs no CIIT. The 1067 patients included were mostly Hispanic or African American; 356 had blood glucose ≥180 mg/dL. Such pronounced hyperglycaemia was related to female sex, minority race‐ethnicity and lower socioeconomic score, and associated with increased death and death or CVD readmission. CIIT was preferentially used in patients with marked hyperglycaemia and was associated with in‐hospital hypoglycaemia (21% vs 11%, P = .019) and, after PS weighting, with increased in‐hospital (RR 3.23, 95% CI 0.94, 11.06) and 1‐year (RR 2.26, 95% CI 1.02, 4.98) mortality. No significant differences were observed for death at 30 days or throughout follow‐up, or death and readmission at any time point.ConclusionsPronounced hyperglycaemia was common and associated with adverse prognosis in this urban population. CIIT met with selective use and was associated with hypoglycaemia, together with increased mortality at specific time points. Given the burden of metabolic disease, particularly among race‐ethnic minorities, assessing the benefits of CIIT is a prerogative that requires evaluation in large‐scale randomized trials.
MicroRNA 182 promotes T helper 1 cell by repressing hypoxia induced factor 1 alpha in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Wan Cong , Bi Wuchun , Lin Peng , Zhang Yun , Tian Jiangtian , Fang Shaohong , Li Zhaoying , Wang Xi , Qu Yinan , Mu Lili , Wang Jinghua , Kong Qingfei , Wang Guangyou , Sun Bo , Li Hulun 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMicroRNA 182 is important for the clonal expansion of CD4+ T cells (Th) following IL‐2 stimulation and is a potential therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases. In the present study, we investigated the role of microRNA 182 in the differentiation of pro‐inflammatory CD4+ T helper cell by overexpressing or silencing microRNA 182 expression both in in vivo and in vitro settings. We report that in the studied Chinese cohort, microRNA 182 is upregulated in patients with relapse and remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and this upregulation is associated with increased IFN‐γ producing CD4+ Th1 cells in the circulation. In the murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, global microRNA 182 overexpression exacerbates clinical symptoms and results in augmented CD4+IFN‐γ+ Th1 and CD4+IL‐17+ Th17 differentiation in vivo. Addition of microRNA 182 mimics in vitro represses both the protein expression and transcriptional activity of hypoxia induced factor 1α (HIF‐1α) but increases the level of IFN‐γ transcripts in sorted murine CD4+ T cells. Together, our results provide evidence that microRNA 182 may be one of the transitional hubs contribution to regulate Th cells expansion in response to self‐antigens and differentiation of antigen specific Th cells during the progression of autoimmune inflammations.