bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Biological Uses of A3B Type Water‐Soluble Phthalocyanine Alternate to Alcian Blue
Authors: Özçeşmeci Mukaddes , Sancar‐Baş Serap , Akkurt Barbaros , Hamuryudan Esin , Bolkent Şehnaz 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis study describes the synthesis and characterization of new non‐symmetric cationic phthalocyanine derivatives and their capability for use in staining of microscopic normal and pathological tissue sections, polyacrylamide gel staining, and spectrophotometric analyses. These new synthesized compounds have specifically stained the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the matrix of cartilage tissue of the trachea. In addition, the mucus produced by the stomach, the small intestine and the colon tissue were stained with non‐symmetrical cationic phthalocyanines comparable to the Alcian Blue 8GX. In addition, the determination of GAGs and glycoproteins in polyacrylamide gels has also been evaluated. Besides, the usage of these compounds to spectrophotometrically measure GAGs in biological fluids was also investigated. We have found that 6 and 7 are good alternatives to Alcian Blue 8GX due to comparable staining performance and interaction with biological molecules, especially acidic components such as acidic GAGs and mucin. These dyes have good solubility with quaternary ammonium groups effecting their binding performance to biological molecules.
Survey on establishing the optimal number of factors in exploratory factor analysis applied to data mining
Authors: Iantovics Laszlo Barna , Rotar Corina , Morar Florica 
Published: December 2018

In many types of researches and studies including those performed by the sciences of agriculture and plant sciences, large quantities of data are frequently obtained that must be analyzed using different data mining techniques. Sometimes data mining involves the application of different methods of statistical data analysis. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) is frequently used as a technique for data reduction and structure detection in data mining. In our survey, we study the EFA applied to data mining, focusing on the problem of establishing of the optimal number of factors to be retained. The number of factors to retain is the most important decision to take after the factor extraction in EFA. Many researchers discussed the criteria for choosing the optimal number of factors. Mistakes in factor extraction may consist in extracting too few or too many factors. An inappropriate number of factors may lead to erroneous conclusions. A comprehensive review of the state‐of‐the‐art related to this subject was made. The main focus was on the most frequently applied factor selection methods, namely Kaiser Criterion, Cattell's Scree test, and Monte Carlo Parallel Analysis. We have highligthed the importance of the analysis in some research, based on the research specificity, of the total cumulative variance explained by the selected optimal number of extracted factors. It is necessary that the extracted factors explain at least a minimum threshold of cumulative variance. ExtrOptFact algorithm presents the steps that must be performed in EFA for the selection of the optimal number of factors. For validation purposes, a case study was presented, performed on data obtained in an experimental study that we made on Brassica napus plant. Applying the ExtrOptFact algorithm for Principal Component Analysis can be decided on the selection of three components that were called Qualitative, Generative, and Vegetative, which explained 92% of the total cumulative variance.This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Statistics
Algorithmic Development > Biological Data Mining
Algorithmic Development > Structure Discovery
Interactions and Identities in UK Asylum Appeals: Lawyers and Law in a Quasi-Legal Setting
Authors: Hambly Jessica 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter explores the complex nature of refugee determination through the experiences and work of lawyers in asylum appeals at the UK First-tier Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber). It highlights the dilemma whereby asylum appeals are generally anticipated to be determined within a system of legal norms, whereas what is frequently encountered is the exclusionary politics of immigration control. Key to analysis here is an exploration of the significance of relationships and communication between tribunal actors situated in multiple, intersecting social fields. By looking at professional backgrounds, personal relationships and organisational dynamics, we gain a sense of how legal values of fairness and justice in refugee determination procedures are so often subsumed by political, administrative and economic concerns to control migration.
Taking the ‘Just’ Decision: Caseworkers and Their Communities of Interpretation in the Swiss Asylum Office
Authors: Affolter Laura , Miaz Jonathan , Poertner Ephraim 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDecision-making in street-level bureaucracies has often been portrayed as being riddled with a practical dilemma: that of having to juggle between compassion and rigid rule-following. However, drawing on three ethnographic studies of Swiss asylum administration, we argue that often what are from the ‘outside’ perceived as conflicting rationales of decision-making, are not experienced as such by the caseworkers themselves. Rather these different rationales are made to fit. We argue that decision-makers’ ‘volitional allegiance’ with the office plays a crucial role thereby. For the caseworkers we encountered, decision-making is about taking ‘just decisions’, i.e. decisions that they consider ‘correct’ and ‘fair’. We suggest that these notions of correctness and fairness are crucially influenced by their affiliations and allegiances with different ‘communities of interpretation’ within the office.
Legal Overview
Authors: Craig Sarah , Zwaan Karin 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Common rules on most aspects of the asylum process are in force in the European Union (EU), building on the international refugee protection regime. This so-called EU asylum acquis has resulted in a “Common European Asylum System (CEAS)”. The CEAS consists of rules to determine which Member State is responsible for determining an asylum claim; to define asylum seekers’ entitlements and obligations as regards their reception in Member States; to regulate the asylum procedure itself; and to determine who qualifies for international protection. The primary purpose of this chapter is to offer insight into the functioning of the CEAS (including asylum determination), with a view to creating a legal background and framework for the ethnographic chapters that follow.
The World of Home Office Presenting Officers
Authors: Campbell John R. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In the adversarial context of litigation conducted in the Immigration and Asylum Tribunal, HOPO’s are elusive: they are only seen when they enter a Tribunal hearing room to defend a decision taken by the Home Office official to refuse asylum, bail or a criminal deportation. While HOPOs limit their interaction with barristers/advocates to avoid being put into a position to set out their case in advance of the hearing, their actions reflect their structural position in adversarial proceedings. This chapter draws on extended fieldwork in the British asylum system, and on observations and interviews with HOPOs to understand how they see their work; their views on other parties in the Tribunal; and how they argue different types of appeal.
Narrating Asylum in Camp and at Court
Authors: Danstrøm Matilde Skov , Whyte Zachary 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In Denmark, as elsewhere, narratives are central to the asylum determination procedure. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, this chapter investigates the ways in which asylum seekers and asylum lawyers present and re-present asylum narratives across two contrasting narrative contexts: Danish asylum centers (“camp” to asylum seekers) and the Danish Refugee Appeals Board (“court” to asylum seekers). Distinguishing between “asylum motive” and “asylum talk”, or stories for and stories of asylum, we argue that context strongly shapes the kinds of asylum narratives that are presented and shared, but also that these kinds of narratives influence each other. We show that uncertainty, credibility and authorship are central both in the Danish asylum process and for the ways in which it is understood by the actors invested in it.
Hacking, Making, and Prototyping for Social Change
Authors: Mulder Ingrid , Kun Péter 
Published: December 2018

AbstractEven though emerging city-makers are increasingly organized to trigger social changes, it is still hard to apprehend their real power to transform space and the way we live together. In this chapter, we explore how designerly approaches, such as hacking, making, and prototyping, can empower emerging city-makers to trigger a broader change and transformation process. It can be concluded that hackable city-making can make a difference when combining top-down public management with bottom-up social innovation. A patchable plug-in platform might enable emerging city-makers to create value for the city and for society. However, it asks for new ways of participatory governance that enable these emerging, heterogeneous city-makers to participate actively in exploring the collaborative envisioned potential and to have constructive dialogues aiming for transformational change for the common good.
Power to the People: Hacking the City with Plug-In Interfaces for Community Engagement
Authors: Hespanhol Luke , Tomitsch Martin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter presents a discussion about the design and development of bespoke “city hacking” initiatives focused on community engagement. We draw from the literature in the field to propose a definition of plug-in interfaces as portable interactive technology deployed directly to public spaces on a temporary basis and addressing pre-existing architectural and social affordances. We then present a series of short-term cross-sectional field studies where we make use of two distinct plug-in interfaces to contrast different design scenarios against three core contextual constraints: (1) technology familiarity of the interfaces; (2) level of integration of the interfaces into the built environment; and (3) nature of pedestrian activity ordinarily unfolding in the urban precinct. We then discuss the observations from the studies and derive some initial findings regarding the utilisation of plug-in interfaces as tools for city hacking with the purpose of developing community engagement campaigns with rapid deployment and quick turnaround.
This Is Our City! Urban Communities Re-appropriating Their City
Authors: Avram Gabriela 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn this chapter, the author examines a citizen-driven intervention regarded as “city hacking”; the initiative empowered citizens to organize themselves around a communal issue and enact urban interventions at economic, social, environmental, and cultural levels. Using a formula created for a TV show that provided scaffolding and brought the community together in a very short interval of time as starting point, during the development the formula was hacked and appropriated in a convenient way, shifting from the expected support of broadcast media to an assemblage of social media tools fit for the purpose. The lived experience and the concrete results demonstrated to the local authorities the value of openness, collaboration with local communities of volunteers, and social media usage. This development provides an example of top-down curation of bottom-up city-making initiatives, opening the way toward hackable institutions. Scaffolding community initiatives through creating flexible formulas anchored in social media channels that are easy to appropriate and adapt are presented as a promising avenue to investigate further.
Removing Barriers for Citizen Participation to Urban Innovation
Authors: Wolff Annika , Gooch Daniel , Cavero Jose , Rashid Umar , Kortuem Gerd 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe potential of open data as a resource for driving citizen-led urban innovation relies not only on a suitable technical infrastructure but also on the skills and knowledge of the citizens themselves. In this chapter, we describe how a smart city project in Milton Keynes, UK, is supporting multiple stages of citizen innovation, from ideation to citizen-led smart city projects. The Our MK initiative provides support and funding to help citizens develop their ideas about making their communities more sustainable into reality. This approach encounters challenges when engaging with citizens in identifying and implementing data-driven solutions to urban problems. The majority of citizens have little practical experience with the types of data sets that might be available or possess the appropriate skills for their analysis and utilisation for addressing urban issues or finding novel ways to hack their city. We go on to describe the Urban Data School, which aims to offer a long-term solution to this problem by providing teaching resources around urban data sets aimed at raising the standard of data literacy amongst future generations. Lesson resources that form part of the Urban Data School have been piloted in one primary and three secondary schools in Milton Keynes. This work has demonstrated that with the appropriate support, even young children can begin to develop the skills necessary to work with large complex data sets. Through our two approaches, we illustrate some of the barriers to citizen participation in urban innovation and detail our solutions to overcoming those barriers.
Characterizing robustness and sensitivity of convolutional neural networks for quantitative analysis of mitochondrial morphology
Authors: Chai Xiaoqi , Ba Qinle , Yang Ge 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundQuantitative analysis of mitochondrial morphology plays important roles in studies of mitochondrial biology. The analysis depends critically on segmentation of mitochondria, the image analysis process of extracting mitochondrial morphology from images. The main goal of this study is to characterize the performance of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in segmentation of mitochondria from fluorescence microscopy images. Recently, CNNs have achieved remarkable success in challenging image segmentation tasks in several disciplines. So far, however, our knowledge of their performance in segmenting biological images remains limited. In particular, we know little about their robustness, which defines their capability of segmenting biological images of different conditions, and their sensitivity, which defines their capability of detecting subtle morphological changes of biological objects.MethodsWe have developed a method that uses realistic synthetic images of different conditions to characterize the robustness and sensitivity of CNNs in segmentation of mitochondria. Using this method, we compared performance of two widely adopted CNNs: the fully convolutional network (FCN) and the U‐Net. We further compared the two networks against the adaptive active‐mask (AAM) algorithm, a representative of high‐performance conventional segmentation algorithms.ResultsThe FCN and the U‐Net consistently outperformed the AAM in accuracy, robustness, and sensitivity, often by a significant margin. The U‐Net provided overall the best performance.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates superior performance of the U‐Net and the FCN in segmentation of mitochondria. It also provides quantitative measurements of the robustness and sensitivity of these networks that are essential to their applications in quantitative analysis of mitochondrial morphology.
The impact of stress latent class membership and transitions on statutory service and alcohol use in adolescents across 33 months
Authors: Andretta James R. , McKay Michael T. 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTIntroductionAdolescence is a period of intense physical, biological, and psychological change, and this can result in feelings of stress. We examined the development of stress in early adolescence, and further, how that development impacted on both alcohol‐use behaviours and utilisation of government‐provided services.MethodsWe used a shortened, 24‐item version of the Adolescent Stress Questionnaire (ASQ) to account for stress, and applied latent transition analysis to examine longitudinal change. Participants were 2230 school children (Mage = 12.5 years at time one) in Northern Irish and Scottish schools who completed a battery of questionnaires 33 months apart.ResultsWe identified three stress profiles at baseline and 33 months: (a) High Stress, (b) Typical Stress, and (c) Low Stress. Stress profiles were shown to be associated with, and predict, a theoretically consistent set of outcomes, where adolescents who experienced high levels of stress also suffered from both problematic alcohol behaviours and harms, and utilised services.ConclusionsFuture studies are recommended to include more exploration into the usefulness of a multivariate conceptualising of ASQ‐S scores.
Sustainability considerations for clinical and translational research informatics infrastructure
Authors: Obeid Jihad S. , Tarczy-Hornoch Peter , Harris Paul A. , Barnett William K. , Anderson Nicholas R. , Embi Peter J. , Hogan William R. , Bell Douglas S. , McIntosh Leslie D. , Knosp Boyd , Tachinardi Umberto , Cimino James J. , Wehbe Firas H. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA robust biomedical informatics infrastructure is essential for academic health centers engaged in translational research. There are no templates for what such an infrastructure encompasses or how it is funded. An informatics workgroup within the Clinical and Translational Science Awards network conducted an analysis to identify the scope, governance, and funding of this infrastructure. After we identified the essential components of an informatics infrastructure, we surveyed informatics leaders at network institutions about the governance and sustainability of the different components. Results from 42 survey respondents showed significant variations in governance and sustainability; however, some trends also emerged. Core informatics components such as electronic data capture systems, electronic health records data repositories, and related tools had mixed models of funding including, fee-for-service, extramural grants, and institutional support. Several key components such as regulatory systems (e.g., electronic Institutional Review Board [IRB] systems, grants, and contracts), security systems, data warehouses, and clinical trials management systems were overwhelmingly supported as institutional infrastructure. The findings highlighted in this report are worth noting for academic health centers and funding agencies involved in planning current and future informatics infrastructure, which provides the foundation for a robust, data-driven clinical and translational research program.
Neutron star properties from optimised chiral nuclear interactions
Authors: Logoteta D. , Bombaci I. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe adopt two- and three-body nuclear forces derived at the next-to-next-to-leading-order in the framework of effective chiral perturbation theory to calculate the equation of state of β-stable neutron star matter using the Brueckner–Hartree–Fock many-body approach. We use the recent optimized chiral two-body nuclear interaction at next-to-next-to-leading-order derived by Ekström et al. and two different parametrizations of the three-body next-to-next-to-leading-order interaction: the first one is fixed to reproduce the saturation point of symmetric nuclear matter while the second one is fixed to reproduce the binding energies of light atomic nuclei. We show that in the second case the properties of nuclear matter are not well determined whereas in the first case various empirical nuclear matter properties around the saturation density are well reproduced. We finally calculate various neutron star properties and in particular the mass-radius and mass-central density relations. We find that the adopted interactions based on a fully microscopic framework, are able to provide an equation of state which is consistent with the present data of measured neutron star masses.
Radiocarbon in the Maritime Air and Sea Surface Water of the South China Sea
Authors: Gao Pan , Zhou Liping , Liu Kexin , Xu Xiaomei 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTRadiocarbon (14C) generated by the thermonuclear tests in the late 1950s to early 1960s has been used as a tracer to study atmospheric and oceanic circulations, carbon exchange between different reservoirs, and fossil fuel emissions. Here we report the first measurements of 14C in atmospheric CO2 of maritime air collected over the South China Sea (SCS) during July 2014. We also present 14C of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the sea surface water in the same region. Most of the Δ14C values of the atmospheric CO2 vary in the range of 15.6±1.6‰– 22.0±1.6‰, indicating that the central SCS maritime air is well-mixed and consistent with the clean background air in the Northern Hemisphere. The 14C values of the DIC (DI14C) in the surface seawater vary between 28.3±2.5‰ and 40.6±2.7‰, mainly due to the lateral mixing between the SCS and western Pacific. The average surface seawater DI14C is 15.4 ± 5.1‰ higher than that of the maritime air 14CO2. The reversal of the sea–air Δ14C gradient occurred at ∼2000, marking the start of the upper ocean transferring bomb 14C back to the atmosphere in the SCS.
Reproductive biology of the Egyptian sole, Solea aegyptiaca (Actinopterygii: Pleuronectiformes: Soleidae), in southern Tunisian waters (Central Mediterranean)
Authors: Khalifa Faten , Hadj Taieb Aymen , Hajji Ferid , Ayadi Habib , Jarboui Othman 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSolea aegyptiaca (Chabanaud, 1927) is one of the most common Soleid species in southern Tunisian waters. This study provides the first detailed information on the reproduction biology of S. aegyptiaca in these areas. Samples of S. aegyptiaca were collected by trawl from the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia) between April 2013 and March 2015. A total of 1638 specimens were examined, ranging from 9.7 to 30.7 cm total length. The sex ratio was in favour of males in smaller size classes and females in larger size classes. The macroscopic analysis of the gonads and the progression of the monthly values of the gonadosomatic index (GSI) indicated that the reproductive season extended from October to February, with GSI peaking in November and December for males and females respectively, and that spawning occurs once a year from November to February. The utilization of lipid reserves, stored predominantly in the liver as well as in muscles, was depicted. The estimated average length at first maturity was 22.31 ± 0.41 cm for males and 23.19 ± 0.184 cm for females. Total fecundity of mature females ranged from 14,160–62,700 eggs per fish, showing a significant increase with size, with an average of 33,020 ± 5239 eggs per fish.