bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spain's Democratic Transition—a Progress Report
Authors: Martin Benjamin 
Published: September 2018

To many Spaniards the country's journey back to democratic rule probably seems like a wild toboggan ride. The hectic succession of developments this year has done little to belie that impression.During December, 1978, Spain's post-Franco constitution was adopted and the parliamentary elections that took place within three months, on March 1, resulted in major changes in the political balance. Then, on April 3, came the first municipal elections Spain has held since the Thirties, producing unprecedented gains for the Left. By May what little political calm the country managed to preserve was diminished even further by the onset of a severe crisis within the Socialist Workers' party, the country's second most important political force. The midyear negotiations between Prime Minister Adolfo Suarez and the major political groups did arrive at long last at an accord on autonomy status for the Basque and Catalonian regions, a development that served to break up a major political logjam.
The Press, The State & The Bomb
Authors: Manoff Robert Karl 
Published: September 2018

For most reporters the atomic age began with a press release. "It's a statement from the president, "Assistant White House Press Secretary Eben Ayers told those gathered at the Monday-morning briefing on August 6, 1945, and he began to read:Sixteen hours ago an American airplane dropped one bomb on Hiroshima, an important Japanese Army base. That bomb had more power than 20,000 tons of TNT. It had more than two thousand times the blast power of the British "Grand Slam" which is the largest bomb ever yet used in the history of warfare....It is an atomic bomb. It is a harnessing of the basic power of the universe. The force from which the sun draws its powers has been loosed against those who brought war to the Far East.
The Necessity of the Improbable
Authors: Geyer Alan 
Published: September 2018

Day after day after day the dreary drumfire of belligerent words and deeds rolled out of Jimmy Carter's Washington while the U.N. Special Session on Disarmament was meeting in New York during May and June. This first world disarmament assembly in forty-six years was made hostage to a small retinue of image-makers who persuaded a besieged president that, for domestic reasons, he must keep up a relentless fusillade of tough anti-Soviet talk and gestures, avoiding any taint of appeasement.So Jimmy Carter came to believe he could not risk offering any significant policy initiatives toward a new international disarmament program. He was even persuaded that he should personally boycott the Special Session—though he was president of the host country for the largest U.N. aggregation of summit-level personalities since Nikita Khrushchev banged his shoe eighteen years ago. As press secretary Jody Powell explained it, the president was “too busy” preparing major addresses for NATO and the U.S. Naval Academy to appear at the United Nations. The fact that the dates for the Special Session had been set before Carter's inauguration—and spread from May 23 to the end of June—did not find any reflection in Powell's announcement.
Can NEG placement have negative consequences (for efficient processing)? A bilingual test case
Authors: LIPSKI JOHN M. 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTThe present study examines the relative processing efficiency of two typologically diverse configurations of sentential negation: immediately preverbal NEG and unbounded clause-final NEG. In order to effect a head-to-head comparison, the data are drawn from a bilingual speech community in the Afro-Colombian village of San Basilio de Palenque, in which two lexically cognate languages are in contact, differing principally in the placement of the sentential negator: Spanish (preverbal NEG) and the Afro-Hispanic creole language Palenquero (clause-final NEG). The results of a series of experiments suggest that preverbal negation is quite robust, while processing of clause-final negation is degraded under increased cognitive demands. Contextual and pragmatic cues ameliorate the processing of likely negative utterances, while unbounded clause-final negation is more vulnerable in ambiguous utterances. The contrasting behavior of Spanish and Palenquero negation highlights the possible role of processing mechanisms as contributing to typological differences among languages.
Alternative habitat: the importance of the Nanpu Saltpans for migratory waterbirds in the Chinese Yellow Sea
Authors: LEI WEIPAN , MASERO JOSÉ A. , PIERSMA THEUNIS , ZHU BINGRUN , YANG HONG-YAN , ZHANG ZHENGWANG 
Published: September 2018

SummaryThe natural coastal wetlands of the East Asian-Australasian Flyway (EAAF) are disappearing at alarming rates, leading to rapid declines of many populations of waterbirds in the most species-rich flyway in the world. The identification and assessment of possible alternative habitats that may buffer the loss of natural wetlands should, therefore, be a priority for the conservation of migratory waterbirds using this flyway. Coastal saltpans are functional wetlands that support large numbers of waterbirds worldwide. The Nanpu Saltpans in the northern Bohai Bay of the Yellow Sea in China are one of the largest (290 km2) saltpan complexes in the world. In this paper, we document the value of the Nanpu Saltpans for supporting waterbirds. The surveys, carried out from 2013 to 2016, included waterbird counts in the saltpans (93 km2) at high and low tide and on the adjacent natural tidal flats (57 km2) at low tide. Of the 89 waterbird species recorded, 27 had maximum counts exceeding the 1% threshold value of estimated flyway populations. The maximum counts of waterbirds in northward migration and southward migration in the Nanpu Saltpans were 96,000 and 93,500, respectively, including both foraging and roosting birds; these figures do not account for turnover, so the total number of birds using the site is likely to be higher. The maximum counts on the adjacent tidal flats at low tide amounted to 73,000 and 20,000 waterbirds during northward and southward migration, respectively, and most of them were foraging birds. In the boreal winter, few birds fed in the saltpans, but several thousand fed on the tidal flats. Waterbirds used the inland ponds (2.0–18.0 km from the intertidal area) mainly for feeding both during low tide and high tide and used the nearshore ponds (0.3–4.3 km from the intertidal area) mainly for high-tide roosting. Some species, such as Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa, Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis, Pied Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta, and Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus, occurred mainly in the saltpans; other species preferred tidal flats, such as Red Knot Calidris canutus, Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris, Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica, Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata, Relict Gull Larus relictus, and Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola. This study clearly demonstrates the joint ecological function of the Nanpu Saltpan complex and adjacent tidal flats as a key staging area for waterbirds in the EAAF, and as such both urgently warrant protected status.
Incidence of abdominal obesity and its risk factors among Tehranian adults
Authors: Barzin Maryam , Piri Zahra , Serahati Sara , Valizadeh Majid , Azizi Fereidoun , Hosseinpanah Farhad 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectiveAbdominal obesity (AO) is a relative risk factor for cardiovascular events. We aimed to determine the 6-year incidence of AO and its risk factors among Tehranian adults.Design/Setting/SubjectsIn this population-based cohort study, non-abdominally obese participants, aged ≥20 years, were followed for incidence of AO. Cumulative incidence and incidence rate of AO were calculated for each sex. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to determine the association of potential risk factors including age, BMI, dysmetabolic state, smoking, marital status, educational level and physical activity (PA).ResultsA total of 5044 participants (1912 men) were followed for a median of 6 years. Mean age was 37·7 (sd 13·5) years at baseline, with mean BMI of 24·3 (sd 3·1) kg/m2 (men, 23·0 (sd 2·4) kg/m2; women, 25·0 (sd 3·2) kg/m2). During follow-up, 3093 (1373 men) developed AO with total cumulative incidence of 76·02, 83·59 and 70·90 %, for the whole population, men and women, respectively. Corresponding incidence rates were 96·0, 138·7 and 77·1 per 1000 person-years. The highest incidence rate was observed during their 30s and 50s, in men and women, respectively. Subjects with dysmetabolic state in both sexes, married women, men with lower PA and higher educational levels at baseline were at higher risk of AO.ConclusionsThe incidence of AO is high among Tehranian adults, especially in young men. The risk factors for developing AO should be highlighted to halt this growing trend of AO.
Facility infrastructure of primary health services regarding tuberculosis control: a countrywide cross-sectional study
Authors: Baumgarten Alexandre , Hilgert Juliana B. , Pinto Ione C. , Zacharias Fabiana C. M. , Bulgarelli Alexandre F. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Background
Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major public health problem in many countries, including Brazil. Primary health care (PHC) services are a set of important services with infrastructure and resources to diagnose, treat, and cure several diseases, including the TB.

Aim
The aim of this study is to analyse aspects of the facility infrastructure of Brazilian PHC, regarding the control and treatment of TB from a countrywide perspective.

Methods
This is a cross-sectional study based on PHC services. Data were collected from 38,812 health centres and were assessed by means of the National Program for Improving Access and Quality Primary Care. The outcome was obtained by the presence and availability of the following infrastructure items: air circulation in the consultation room, refrigerator, individual protective equipment, plastic jar for sputum examination, and TB notification form of the primary care information system. Poisson regression was used to calculate the prevalence ratio.

Findings
Of the 38,812 evaluated centres, only 1628 (4.2%) presented a positive result regarding the outcome. Primary health centres, among all types of centres, presented the highest quality of facility infrastructure for TB control. Centres with large workloads, as well as those that presented a list of offered services and a welcoming consulting room, also presented the highest quality infrastructure. The present study shows that major improvements should be made to the infrastructure to reach a satisfactory TB control in Brazil.
Examining Forest Structure With Terrestrial Lidar: Suggestions and Novel Techniques Based on Comparisons Between Scanners and Forest Treatments
Authors: Donager Jonathon J. , Sankey Temuulen Ts. , Sankey Joel B. , Sanchez Meador Andrew J. , Springer Abraham E. , Bailey John D. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractTerrestrial laser scanners (TLSs) provide a tool to assess and monitor forest structure across forest landscapes. We present TLS methods, suggestions, and mapped guidelines for planning TLS acquisitions at varying scales and forest densities. We examined rates of point‐density decline with distance from two TLS that acquire data at relatively high and low point density and found that the rates were nearly identical between scanners (pvalue <0.01), suggesting that our findings are applicable to a range of TLS types. Using unique, TLS‐adapted processing methods, we determined the relative accuracy of TLS‐derived plot‐scale estimates of tree height, diameter‐at‐breast‐height, height‐to‐canopy, tree counts, as well as treatment‐scale tree density and patch metrics, using both high point density and low point density TLS among thinned and nonthinned forest treatments. The high‐density TLS consistently provides more accurate estimates of plot‐level metrics (R2 = 0.46 to 0.87) than the low‐density TLS (R2 = −0.14 to 0.53). At treatment scales, tree density estimates are similar among scanners (R2 = 0.95 vs. 0.71), as are canopy cover and patch metrics. We develop and present the normalized density‐distance index (NDDI), which can account for up to 59% of the variance in estimate error and can be used to guide TLS‐data acquisition plans. This index indicates whether a given location has generally higher point density (higher NDDI) relative to the distance from the scanner and can be used as a proxy for uncertainty. Using NDDI as a guide for fair comparison between scanners, both plot‐ and treatment‐scale estimates improved.
Gas Transfer by Breaking Waves
Authors: Deike Luc , Melville W. Kendall 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe transfer of gases at the ocean‐atmosphere interface impacts weather and climate from local to global scales, with carbon dioxide (CO2) key to marine life and ecosystems, and dimethyl sulfide affecting aerosols and atmospheric processes. However, the bubble‐mediated gas transfer, associated with breaking waves has remained poorly constrained. We present a spectral framework for bubble‐mediated gas transfer, computed from a mechanistic model for air bubble entrainment at the breaking wave scale combined with a chemical model. Gas transfer is upscaled to the ocean scale by evaluating air entrainment at all wave scales using wave and wave breaking statistics. The obtained CO2 gas transfer velocity reproduces the variability of historical parameterizations and recent field measurements, with very good accuracy. We propose a wind‐wave parameterization that collapses all available data, which can be directly implemented in ocean‐wave models or used with remote sensing of the ocean surface to infer gas transfer.
Coupled Model Biases Breed Spurious Low‐Frequency Variability in the Tropical Pacific Ocean
Authors: Samanta Dhrubajyoti , Karnauskas Kristopher B. , Goodkin Nathalie F. , Coats Sloan , Smerdon Jason E. , Zhang Lei 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCoupled general circulation model (GCM) biases in the tropical Pacific are substantial, including a westward extended cold sea surface temperature (SST) bias linked to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Investigation of internal climate variability at centennial timescales using multicentury control integrations of 27 GCMs suggests that a Pacific Centennial Oscillation emerges in GCMs with too strong ENSO variability in the equatorial Pacific, including westward extended SST variability. Using a stochastic model of climate variability (Hasselmann type), we diagnose such centennial SST variance in the western equatorial Pacific. The consistency of a simple stochastic model with complex GCMs suggests that a previously defined Pacific Centennial Oscillation may be driven by biases in high‐frequency ENSO forcing in the western equatorial Pacific. A cautious evaluation of long‐term trends in the tropical Pacific from GCMs is necessary because significant trends in historical and future simulations are possible consequences of biases in simulated internal variability alone.
Combined Scattering of Outer Radiation Belt Electrons by Simultaneously Occurring Chorus, Exohiss, and Magnetosonic Waves
Authors: Hua Man , Ni Binbin , Fu Song , Gu Xudong , Xiang Zheng , Cao Xing , Zhang Wenxun , He Ying , Huang He , Lou Yuequn , Zhang Yang 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe report a typical event that fast magnetosonic (MS) waves, exohiss, and two‐band chorus waves occurred simultaneously on the dayside observed by Van Allen Probes on 25 December 2013. By combining calculations of electron diffusion coefficients and 2‐D Fokker‐Planck diffusion simulations, we quantitatively analyze the combined scattering effect of multiple waves to demonstrate that the net impact of combined scattering does not simply depend on the wave intensity dominance of various plasma waves. Although the observed MS waves are most intense, the electron butterfly distribution is inhibited by exohiss and chorus, and electrons are considerably accelerated by combined scattering of MS and chorus waves. The simulated electron pitch angle distributions exhibit the variation trend consistent with the observations. Our results strongly suggest that competition and cooperation between resonant interactions with concurrently occurring magnetospheric waves need to be carefully treated in modeling and comprehending the radiation belt electron dynamics.
A Limit for the Values of the Dst Geomagnetic Index
Authors: Acero F. J. , Vaquero J. M. , Gallego M. C. , García J. A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe study of the extreme weather space events is important for a technological‐dependent society. Extreme value theory could be decisive to characterize those extreme events in order to have the knowledge to make decisions in technological, economic, and social matters, in all fields with possible impacts. In this work, the hourly values of the Dst geomagnetic index have been studied for the period 1957–2014 using the peaks‐over‐threshold technique. The shape parameter obtained from the fit of the generalized Pareto distribution to the extreme values of the |Dst| index leads to a negative value implying an upper bound for this time series. This result is relevant because the estimation of this limit for the extreme values leads to 850 nT as the highest expected value for this geomagnetic index. Thus, from the previous characterization of the Carrington geomagnetic storm and our results, it could be considered the worst‐case scenario.
Surface Pond Energy Absorption Across Four Himalayan Glaciers Accounts for 1/8 of Total Catchment Ice Loss
Authors: Miles Evan S. , Willis Ian , Buri Pascal , Steiner Jakob F. , Arnold Neil S. , Pellicciotti Francesca 
Published: September 2018

AbstractGlaciers in High Mountain Asia, many of which exhibit surface debris, contain the largest volume of ice outside of the polar regions. Many contain supraglacial pond networks that enhance melt rates locally, but no large‐scale assessment of their impact on melt rates exists. Here we use surface energy balance modeling forced using locally measured meteorological data and monthly satellite‐derived pond distributions to estimate the total melt enhancement for the four main glaciers within the 400‐km2 Langtang catchment, Nepal, for a 6‐month period in 2014. Ponds account for 0.20 ± 0.03 m/year of surface melt, representing a local melt enhancement of a factor of 14 ± 3 compared with the debris‐covered area, and equivalent to 12.5 ± 2.0% of total catchment ice loss. Given the prevalence of supraglacial ponds across the region, our results suggest that effective incorporation of melt enhancement by ponds is essential for accurate predictions of future mass balance change in the region.
MiR-423-5p in brain metastasis: potential role in diagnostics and molecular biology
Authors: Sun Guogui , Ding Xiao , Bi Nan , Wu Lihong , Wang Jingbo , Zhang WenJue , Dong Xin , Lv Ning , Song Yongmei , Zhan Qimin , Wang LuHua 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDuring the last several years, a growing number of studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) participate in cancer metastasis. Brain metastasis (BM) is a frequent complication of lung adenocarcinoma (LAD), and the incidence of locally advanced LAD with BM can be as high as 30–50%. This study was performed to identify the miRNA expression patterns of LAD with BM and to determine the biological role that miRNAs play in tumorigenesis. To this end, we conducted microarray and quantitative PCR analyses to evaluate BM-related miRNAs independently validated from a total of 155 patients with LAD. A series of in vivo and in vitro assays were also conducted to verify the impact of miRNAs on BM. We found significantly increased expression of miR-423-5p, and BM was predicted in non-small cell lung cancer when compared to LAD without BM. We next examined the function of miR-423-5p and discovered that it significantly promoted colony formation, cell motility, migration, and invasion in vitro. We computationally and experimentally confirmed that metastasis suppressor 1 (MTSS1) was a direct miR-423-5p target. Through a combination of image, histological, and molecular analyses, we found that miR-423-5p overexpression significantly increased tumor burden, local invasion, and distant BM. The level of MTSS1 expression was inversely correlated with miR-423-5p upregulation in the LAD specimens and was associated with survival of patients with BM. MiR-423-5p promoted BM in LAD and inhibited MTSS1 expression. Together, these results show that MiR-423-5p has the potential to be a marker of BM and/or a therapeutic target in LAD.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Idelalisib promotes Bim-dependent apoptosis through AKT/FoxO3a in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yue Dan , Sun Xun 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIdelalisib, a selective PI3Kδ inhibitor, has been approved by the FDA for chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma treatment and for follicular lymphoma treatment when combined with rituximab. However, the mechanisms of effective action of idelalisib in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. In the current study, we aimed to investigate how idelalisib inhibits the growth of HCC cells and enhances the effects of other chemotherapeutic drugs. Our results show that idelalisib treatment promotes Bim induction in HCC via the FoxO3a pathway following PI3K/AKT inactivation. Moreover, our results show that Bim is required for idelalisib-mediated apoptosis in HCC. Idelalisib also synergizes with sorafenib or doxorubicin to induce significant apoptosis in HCC, and Bim is also necessary for the induction of apoptosis by cotreatment. Furthermore, a xenograft experiment reveals that the Bim deficiency abolishes apoptosis and antitumor effects of idelalisib in vivo. In summary, our results indicate a key role of Bim in mediating the antitumor effects of idelalisib in HCC. Our results also support the clinical significance of the drug.
Chaperonin 60 sustains osteoblast autophagy and counteracts glucocorticoid aggravation of osteoporosis by chaperoning RPTOR
Authors: Lian Wei-Shiung , Ko Jih-Yang , Chen Yu-Shan , Ke Huei-Ching , Wu Shin-Long , Kuo Chung-Wen , Wang Feng-Sheng 
Published: September 2018

AbstractGlucocorticoid excess medication interrupts osteoblast homeostasis and exacerbates bone mass and microstructure loss ramping up the pathogenesis of osteoporotic disorders. Heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is found to maintain protein function within cellular microenvironment upon encountering detrimental stress. In this study, we revealed that supraphysiological dexamethasone decreased HSP60 expression along with deregulated autophagy in osteoblasts cultures. This chaperonin is required to sustain autophagic markers Atg4, and Atg12 expression, LC3-II conversion, and autophagic puncta formation, and alleviated the glucocorticoid-induced loss of osteogenic gene expression and mineralized matrix accumulation. Regulator-associated protein of mTOR complex 1 (RPTOR) existed in HSP60 immunoprecipitate contributing to the HSP60-promoted autophagy and osteogenesis because knocking down RPTOR impaired autophagic influx and osteogenic activity. HSP60 shielded from RPTOR dysfunction by reducing the glucocorticoid-induced RPTOR de-phosphorylation, aggregation, and ubiquitination. In vivo, forced RPTOR expression attenuated the methylprednisolone-induced loss of osteoblast autophagy, bone mass, and trabecular microstructure in mice. HSP60 transgenic mice displayed increased cortical bone, mineral acquisition, and osteoblast proliferation along with higher osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal cells than those of wild-type mice. HSP60 overexpression retained RPTOR signaling, sustained osteoblast autophagy, and compromised the severity of glucocorticoid-induced bone loss and sparse trabecular histopathology. Taken together, HSP60 is essential to maintain osteoblast autophagy, which facilitates mineralized matrix production. It fends off glucocorticoid-induced osteoblast apoptosis and bone loss by stabilizing RPTOR action to autophagy. This study offers a new insight into the mechanistic by which chaperonin protects against the glucocorticoid-induced osteoblast dysfunction and bone loss.