bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meta-analysis on Copaiba Oil: Its Functions in Metabolism and Its Properties as an Anti-inflammatory Agent
Authors: Ferro Marcelo , Masso S. , Souza R. , Moreno M. , Moreira E. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractMany medicinal plants are sought as alternative therapies for various conditions, as opposed to synthetic alternatives. The Brazilian Amazon provides a plethora of plants with various therapeutic and medicinal properties. One of them is copaiba oil, a natural product of the biodiversity of the Amazon. The anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of copaiba oil have been drawing the attention of the scientific community as a great alternative in the treatment of illnesses associated with inflammatory and infectious processes. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate and analyze the latest publications on the use of copaiba oil in the PubMed/Medline database from 2014 to 2017. Forty-two articles were collected, verifying anti-inflammatory activity, antimicrobial activity, healing, and antitumor activity. The results found on researches with copaiba oil according to publication dates were 11.9% in 2014, 38.1% in 2015, 16.7% in 2016, and 33.3% in 2017. In the analyzed studies, the proposed administration of copaiba oil was 50% topical, 28.6% oral, 9.5% enteral, 4.8% subcutaneous, and 7.1% others. In the objectives of the presente study in relation to the administration of copaiba oil, the result was 31% antimicrobial, 28.6% anti-inflammatory, 9.5% antitumor, 9.5% healing, and 21% others. Regarding the types of research, we have found 50% in vitro, 40.4% in vivo animals, 2.4% in vivo human, 2.4% review and 4.8% others. Regarding the significance factor evaluation, the result was 100% positive in antitumor activity, 84% positive in infection and inflammation pathology, 62% positive in others, like dental processes, food technology application support and as a drug absorption vehicle, and 50% in healing. The results presented in the current meta-analysis show that copaiba oil is an effective alternative to treatments of illnesses such as chronic inflammation, infectious diseases, various types of cancer, autoimmune diseases, and as a vehicle for the absorption of other drugs. Thus, more studies regarding the benefits of copaiba oil could provide a great contribution to the medical community in the treatment of the aforementioned illnesses.
Small molecule inhibits α-synuclein aggregation, disrupts amyloid fibrils, and prevents degeneration of dopaminergic neurons
Authors: Pujols Jordi , Peña-Díaz Samuel , Lázaro Diana F. , Peccati Francesca , Pinheiro Francisca , González Danilo , Carija Anita , Navarro Susanna , Conde-Giménez María , García Jesús , Guardiola Salvador , Giralt Ernest , Salvatella Xavier , Sancho Javier , Sodupe Mariona , Outeiro Tiago Fleming , Dalfó Esther , Ventura Salvador 
Published: September 2018

Significance
Parkinson’s disease is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid deposits in dopaminergic neurons, mainly composed of the protein α-synuclein. The disordered nature of α-synuclein and its complex aggregation reaction complicate the identification of molecules able to prevent or revert the formation of these inclusions and the subsequent neurodegeneration. By exploiting a recently developed high-throughput screening assay, we identified SynuClean-D, a small compound that inhibits α-synuclein aggregation, disrupts mature amyloid fibrils, prevents fibril propagation, and abolishes the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease.
Commercial AHAS-inhibiting herbicides are promising drug leads for the treatment of human fungal pathogenic infections
Authors: Garcia Mario D. , Chua Sheena M. H. , Low Yu-Shang , Lee Yu-Ting , Agnew-Francis Kylie , Wang Jian-Guo , Nouwens Amanda , Lonhienne Thierry , Williams Craig M. , Fraser James A. , Guddat Luke W. 
Published: September 2018

Significance
Human fungal pathogens resistant to conventional therapeutics pose a major threat to global human health. Thus, there is an urgent need to discover new antifungal drugs that act via novel mechanisms of action. Here, we show that commercial herbicides that inhibit acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) have potent and broad-spectrum antifungal activity in vitro and that chlorimuron ethyl, a member of the sulfonylurea herbicide family, has antifungal activity in a mouse model. Thus, this study shows that AHAS inhibitors have strong potential to be developed into potent antifungal therapeutic agents.
Stable Frank–Kasper phases of self-assembled, soft matter spheres
Authors: Reddy Abhiram , Buckley Michael B. , Arora Akash , Bates Frank S. , Dorfman Kevin D. , Grason Gregory M. 
Published: September 2018

Significance
Formation of complex Frank–Kasper phases in soft matter systems confounds intuitive notions that equilibrium states achieve maximal symmetry, owing to an unavoidable conflict between shape and volume asymmetry in space-filling packings of spherical domains. Here we show the structure and thermodynamics of these complex phases can be understood from the generalization of two classic problems in discrete geometry: the Kelvin and Quantizer problems. We find that self-organized asymmetry of Frank–Kasper phases in diblock copolymers emerges from the optimal relaxation of cellular domains to unequal volumes to simultaneously minimize area and maximize compactness of cells, highlighting an important connection between crystal structures in condensed matter and optimal lattices in discrete geometry.
Chemistry and biology for the small molecules targeting characteristics of cancer cells
Authors: Imoto Masaya 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACT
Despite the marked progress of cancer research, cancer is the predominant cause of death in Japan, and therefore development of effective therapeutic drugs is expected.
Chemical biology is a research field utilizing small molecules to investigate biological phenomena. One of the most important aims of chemical biology is to find the small molecules, and natural products are ideal screening sources due to their structural diversity. Therefore, natural product screening based on the progress of chemical biology prompted us to find small molecules targeting cancer characteristics. Another contribution of chemical biology is to facilitate the target identification of small molecule. Therefore, among a variety of methods to uncover protein function, chemical biology is a remarkable approach in which small molecules are used as probes to elucidate protein functions related to cancer development.
Abbreviations: EGF: Epidermal growth factor; PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor; CRPC: Castration-resistant prostate cancer; AR: Androgen receptor; FTase: Farnesyl transferase; 5-LOX: 5-Lipoxygenase; LT: Leukotriene; CysLT1: Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1; GPA: Glucopiericidin A; PA: Piericidin A; XN: Xanthohumol; VCP: Valosin-containing protein; ACACA: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase-α.
Fibroblast Growth Factor-23, Heart Failure Risk, and Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone-System Blockade in Hypertension: The MESA Study
Authors: Akhabue Ehimare , Vu Thanh-Huyen T , Vaidya Anand , Michos Erin D , de Boer Ian H , Kestenbaum Bryan , Allison Matthew , Szklo Moyses , Ouyang Pamela , Yancy Clyde W , Wolf Myles , Isakova Tamara , Carnethon Mercedes R 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Higher fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) concentrations have been found to be associated with incident heart failure (HF). Experimental data suggest FGF23 directly stimulates myocardial hypertrophy. FGF23 may also enhance renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system activity. Whether FGF23 is associated with increased HF risk in populations with hypertension and whether this association is weaker in the presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) therapy is unknown.

METHODS
We studied 2,858 adults with hypertension free of cardiovascular disease at baseline (65.6 ± 9.5 years, 46.2% male) participating in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). We investigated the association of baseline serum intact FGF23 with incident HF over a 14-year median follow-up and whether ACEI/ARB therapy modified this risk. We also investigated the relationship of FGF23 with aldosterone and plasma renin activity in a random subgroup of the entire MESA cohort with available assays (N = 1,642).

RESULTS
In adjusted Cox regression models, higher FGF23 was associated with a 63% greater hazard of incident HF (hazard ratio: 1.63, 95% confidence interval: [1.13–2.36] per 1-unit increase in log-transformed FGF23), which persisted after exclusion of participants with chronic kidney disease (hazard ratio: 1.94 [1.10–3.43]). There was no heterogeneity by ACEI/ARB use (Pinteraction = 0.438). FGF23 improved model fit over covariables (likelihood ratio χ2 = 6.67, P = 0.010). In multivariable linear regression models, there was no association between FGF23 and aldosterone or plasma renin activity.

CONCLUSIONS
Higher FGF23 concentrations are associated with a significantly increased risk of HF in hypertension but this risk did not differ by ACEI/ARB treatment status. FGF23 may be a useful biomarker for HF risk in hypertensive populations.
Comparing Self to Peers in Percentile Equivalents during Cognitive Testing: More Accurate Self-Appraisal Estimates are Associated with Greater Ability and Less Reliance on the Representativeness Heuristic
Authors: Rothlind Johannes , Kraybill Matthew , Dukarm Paul 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectiveFor individuals with neurologic disorders, self-awareness of cognitive impairment is associated with indicators of better treatment course and clinical outcomes. Lower self-appraisal accuracy has been found to be associated with impairments in neuropsychological test performance, but individuals who perform unusually well may be equally vulnerable to inaccurate self-ratings. The mixed pattern of cognitive strengths and deficits in individuals with neurologic disorders complicates development of formal metrics for assessment of self-awareness. It remains unclear to what extent distortions in self-appraisal represent a deficit associated with impaired cognitive functioning, or a normal reliance on the “representativeness-heuristic” that results in greater bias in self-ratings in both strong and poor performers.MethodThe present study investigated these hypotheses using a common-metric approach (Rothlind, Dukarm, and Kraybill, 2016). Participants included 199 adults, recruited from community sources, including healthy adult volunteers and individuals at-risk for neuropsychological impairment secondary to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive status or active heavy alcohol consumption or both. Immediately following completion of standardized neuropsychological tests, participants estimated their own performance percentile ranking.ResultsBoth high and low-scoring examinees displayed a conservative bias in ranking their own neuropsychological performance. However, lower scores were associated with least accurate self-appraisals overall.ConclusionFindings suggest that cognitive impairments are associated with lower accuracy in self-rating of cognitive ability, but also that normal biases complicate interpretation of self-appraisal ratings across the spectrum of neuropsychological functioning. The importance of recognizing these biases in clinical research and practice is emphasized, and directions for future research are discussed.
Increasing Inequality in Experience of Victimization During the Crime Drop: Analysing Patterns of Victimization in Scotland from 1993 to 2014–15
Authors: McVie Susan , Norris Paul , Pillinger Rebecca 
Published: September 2018

AbstractResearch on the international crime drop has predominantly focused on the nature and extent of overall crime or changes in specific crime types, but less attention has been paid to how equally the crime drop has been distributed across society. Applying a novel quasi-longitudinal approach to Scottish victimization data, this article examines changes in the prevalence, frequency and type of victimization experienced. We argue that the crime drop has resulted in an increase in inequality between those at most and least risk of being a victim of crime, especially violence. The article contributes to theoretical debates on the crime drop, crime inequality and distributive justice, and provides policy recommendations on the importance of crime reduction strategies that target repeat victimization.
Patient-Important Adverse Events of β-blockers in Frail Older Adults after Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Zullo Andrew R , Olean Matthew , Berry Sarah D , Lee Yoojin , Tjia Jennifer , Steinman Michael A 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Background
We evaluated the burden of adverse events caused by β-blocker use after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in frail, older nursing home (NH) residents.

Methods
This retrospective cohort study used national Medicare claims linked to Minimum Data Set assessments. The study population was individuals aged ≥65 years who resided in a U.S. NH for ≥30 days, had a hospitalized AMI between May 2007 and March 2010, and returned to the NH. Exposure was new use of β-blockers versus nonuse post-AMI. Orthostasis, general hypotension, falls, dizziness, syncope, and breathlessness outcomes were measured over 90 days of follow-up. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for outcomes were estimated using multinomial logistic regression models after 1:1 propensity score-matching of β-blocker users to nonusers.

Results
Among the 10,992 NH propensity score-matched residents with an AMI, the mean age was 84 years and 70.9% were female. β-blocker users were more likely than nonusers to be hospitalized for hypotension (OR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.03–1.39) or experience breathlessness (OR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.01–1.20) after AMI. With the exception of falls, other outcome estimates, though imprecise, were compatible with a potential elevated risk of orthostasis (OR = 1.14, 95% CI 0.96–1.35), syncope, (OR = 1.24, 95% CI 0.55–2.77), and dizziness (OR = 1.28, 95% CI 0.82–1.99) among β-blocker users.

Conclusions
Considered alongside prior evidence that β-blockers may worsen functional outcomes in NH residents with poor baseline functional and cognitive status, our results suggest that providers should exercise caution when prescribing for these vulnerable groups, balancing the mortality benefit against the potential for causing adverse events.
Bezafibrate induces autophagy and improves hepatic lipid metabolism in glycogen storage disease type Ia
Authors: Waskowicz Lauren R , Zhou Jin , Landau Dustin J , Brooks Elizabeth D , Lim Andrea , Yavarow Zollie A , Kudo Tsubasa , Zhang Haoyue , Wu Yajun , Grant Stuart , Young Sarah P , Huat Bay Boon , Yen Paul M , Koeberl Dwight D 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphatase α (G6Pase) deficiency, also known as von Gierke’s Disease or Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD Ia), is characterized by decreased ability of the liver to convert glucose-6-phosphate to glucose leading to glycogen accumulation and hepatosteatosis. Long-term complications of GSD Ia include hepatic adenomas and carcinomas, in association with the suppression of autophagy in the liver. The G6pc−/− mouse and canine models for GSD Ia were treated with the pan-peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor agonist, bezafibrate, to determine the drug’s effect on liver metabolism and function. Hepatic glycogen and triglyceride concentrations were measured and western blotting was performed to investigate pathways affected by the treatment. Bezafibrate decreased liver triglyceride and glycogen concentrations and partially reversed the autophagy defect previously demonstrated in GSD Ia models. Changes in medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase expression and acylcarnintine flux suggested that fatty acid oxidation was increased and fatty acid synthase expression associated with lipogenesis was decreased in G6pc−/− mice treated with bezafibrate. In summary, bezafibrate induced autophagy in the liver while increasing fatty acid oxidation and decreasing lipogenesis in G6pc−/− mice. It represents a potential therapy for glycogen overload and hepatosteatosis associated with GSD Ia, with beneficial effects that have implications for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
A fully discrete approximation of the one-dimensional stochastic heat equation
Authors: Anton Rikard , Cohen David , Quer-Sardanyons Lluis 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
A fully discrete approximation of the one-dimensional stochastic heat equation driven by multiplicative space–time white noise is presented. The standard finite difference approximation is used in space and a stochastic exponential method is used for the temporal approximation. Observe that the proposed exponential scheme does not suffer from any kind of CFL-type step size restriction. When the drift term and the diffusion coefficient are assumed to be globally Lipschitz this explicit time integrator allows for error bounds in $L^q(\varOmega )$, for all $q\geqslant 2$, improving some existing results in the literature. On top of this we also prove almost sure convergence of the numerical scheme. In the case of nonglobally Lipschitz coefficients, under a strong assumption about pathwise uniqueness of the exact solution, convergence in probability of the numerical solution to the exact solution is proved. Numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the theoretical results.
Political Communication and Israeli Politics
Authors: Markowitz-Elfassi Dana , Sheafer Tamir , Tsfati Yariv , Weimann Gabriel , Wolfsfeld Gadi 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter presents a critical discussion of the symbiosis between media and politics in Israel. Theoretically, the Israeli media operate in a pluralistic, democratic, and advanced sociopolitical climate, but in fact most of the media suffer from fragmentation, economic instability, and heavy political pressures. These elements are reflected, for example, in homogeneous news supply, massive cross-ownership, and recently by increasing governmental intervention. These elements have rapidly invaded social and online media as well. The first section of this chapter offers an overview of the structural, political, and economic characteristics of the Israeli news media. The second part outlines characteristics of the Israeli media coverage of political news, election campaigns, and political satire, such as framing, mediatization, negativity, personalization, and political bias.
Historical Materialism
Authors: Blackledge Paul 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Marx’s theory of history is often misrepresented as a mechanically deterministic and fatalistic theory of change in which the complexity of the real world is reduced to simple, unconvincing abstractions. Nothing could be further from the truth. Though Stalin attempted to transform Marxism into something akin to this caricature to justify Russia’s state-capitalist industrialization after 1928, neither Marx nor his most perceptive followers understood historical materialism in this way. This chapter shows that Marx’s theory of history, once unpicked from its misrepresentations, allows us to comprehend social reality as a non-reductive, synthetic, and historical totality. This approach is alive to the complexity of the social world without succumbing to the descriptive eclecticism characteristic of non-Marxist historiography. And by escaping the limits of merely descriptive history, Marxism offers the possibility of a scientific approach to revolutionary practice as the flipside to comprehending the present, as Georg Lukács put it, as a historical problem.
Capital in General and Competition
Authors: Moseley Fred 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that capital in general and competition are the two main levels of abstraction in Marx’s theory in Capital and that they correspond to the theories of the production of surplus value in Capital I and II and the distribution of surplus value in Capital III. The main question addressed at the level of capital in general is the production of surplus value or the determination of the total surplus value produced in the economy as a whole. The main question addressed at the level of abstraction of competition is the distribution of surplus value, or the division of the total surplus value into individual parts (first the equalization of the rate of profit across industries and then the further division of the total surplus value into commercial profit, interest, and rent).
Global Capital Accumulation and the Specificity of Latin America
Authors: Starosta Guido 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter addresses the theme of Latin America and its relationship with the works and ideas of Karl Marx from three different angles. First, it offers an overview of the textual evidence of the scattered passages in which Marx comments on the realities of Latin American countries. In the second place, it provides a critical review of the major controversies around Marx’s direct references to this region’s societies among Latin American Marxist scholars. Lastly, it discusses the original and creative work by Latin American authors that, taking Marx’s mature critique of political economy as presented in the Grundrisse, the 1859 Contribution and Capital as point of departure, have attempted to develop it further in order to provide a rigorous account of the specificity of capital accumulation in Latin America through the systematic categorial unfolding of the determinations of the value-form (i.e., through the worldwide uneven development of the “law of value”).
Perineuronal Nets in the Superior Olivary Complex
Authors: Morawski Markus , Sonntag Mandy 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter addresses perineuronal nets in the superior olivary complex, a collection of nuclei in the auditory brainstem that are involved in the processing of sound source location. Perineuronal nets, a specific form of extracellular matrix, are believed to control synaptic plasticity. They surround neuronal somata and dendrites of specific types of neurons, among which are many neurons of the superior olivary complex. The chapter describes the distribution of perineuronal nets in the superior olivary complex, focusing on controversial results and discussing underlying reasons. In addition, it considers the development of perineuronal nets and highlights differences between the main components of perineuronal nets, including the proteoglycans aggrecan, brevican, and neurocan. Finally, it introduces current concepts on the function of perineuronal nets that are specifically based on experimental data collected in the superior olivary complex and point to a contribution of perineuronal nets to synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability.
Glial Cells in the Auditory Brainstem
Authors: Milinkeviciute Giedre , Cramer Karina S. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The auditory brainstem carries out sound localization functions that require an extraordinary degree of precision. While many of the specializations needed for these functions reside in auditory neurons, additional adaptations are made possible by the functions of glial cells. Astrocytes, once thought to have mainly a supporting role in nervous system function, are now known to participate in synaptic function. In the auditory brainstem, they contribute to development of specialized synapses and to mature synaptic function. Oligodendrocytes play critical roles in regulating timing in sound localization circuitry. Microglia enter the central nervous system early in development, and also have important functions in the auditory system’s response to injury. This chapter highlights the unique functions of these non-neuronal cells in the auditory system.