bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RICK/RIP2 is a NOD2-independent nodal point of gut inflammation
Authors: Watanabe Tomohiro , Minaga Kosuke , Kamata Ken , Sakurai Toshiharu , Komeda Yoriaki , Nagai Tomoyuki , Kitani Atsushi , Tajima Masaki , Fuss Ivan J , Kudo Masatoshi , Strober Warren 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Previous studies have shown that inhibition of receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase (RICK) (also known as RIP2) results in amelioration of experimental colitis. This role has largely been attributed to nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) signaling since the latter is considered a major inducer of RICK activation. In this study, we explored the molecular mechanisms accounting for RICK-mediated inhibition of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In an initial series of studies focused on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-colitis and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-colitis we showed that down-regulation of intestinal RICK expression in NOD2-intact mice by intra-rectal administration of a plasmid expressing RICK-specific siRNA was accompanied by down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine responses in the colon and protection of the mice from experimental colitis. Somewhat surprisingly, intra-rectal administration of RICK-siRNA also inhibited TNBS-colitis and DSS-colitis in NOD2-deficient and in NOD1/NOD2-double deficient mice. In complementary studies of humans with IBD we found that expression of RICK, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 (cIAP2) and downstream signaling partners were markedly increased in inflamed tissue of IBD compared to controls without marked elevations of NOD1 or NOD2 expression. In addition, the increase in RICK expression correlated with disease activity and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses. These studies thus suggest that NOD1- or NOD2-independenent activation of RICK plays a major role in both murine experimental colitis and human IBD.
Ensemble method–based extraction of medication and related information from clinical texts
Authors: Kim Youngjun , Meystre Stéphane M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Objective
Accurate and complete information about medications and related information is crucial for effective clinical decision support and precise health care. Recognition and reduction of adverse drug events is also central to effective patient care. The goal of this research is the development of a natural language processing (NLP) system to automatically extract medication and adverse drug event information from electronic health records. This effort was part of the 2018 n2c2 shared task on adverse drug events and medication extraction.

Materials and Methods
The new NLP system implements a stacked generalization based on a search-based structured prediction algorithm for concept extraction. We trained 4 sequential classifiers using a variety of structured learning algorithms. To enhance accuracy, we created a stacked ensemble consisting of these concept extraction models trained on the shared task training data. We implemented a support vector machine model to identify related concepts.

Results
Experiments with the official test set showed that our stacked ensemble achieved an F1 score of 92.66%. The relation extraction model with given concepts reached a 93.59% F1 score. Our end-to-end system yielded overall micro-averaged recall, precision, and F1 score of 92.52%, 81.88% and 86.88%, respectively. Our NLP system for adverse drug events and medication extraction ranked within the top 5 of teams participating in the challenge.

Conclusion
This study demonstrated that a stacked ensemble with a search-based structured prediction algorithm achieved good performance by effectively integrating the output of individual classifiers and could provide a valid solution for other clinical concept extraction tasks.
Proteomic Identification of Immune-Related Silkworm Proteins Involved in the Response to Bacterial Infection
Authors: Chen Shiyi , Dong Zhaoming , Ren Xiu , Zhao Dongchao , Zhang Yan , Tang Muya , Han Jiaxuan , Ye Lin , Zhao Ping 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) is an important economic insect and a classic Lepidopteran model system. Although immune-related genes have been identified at a genome-wide scale in the silkworm, proteins involved in immune defense of the silkworm have not been comprehensively characterized. In this study, two types of bacteria were injected into the silkworm larvae, Gram-negative Escherichia coli (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae), or Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (Bacillales: Staphylococcaceae). After injection, proteomic analyses of hemolymph were performed by liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry. In total, 514 proteins were identified in the uninduced control group, 540 were identified in the E. coli-induced group, and 537 were identified in the S. aureus-induced group. Based on Uniprot annotations, 32 immunological recognition proteins, 28 immunological signaling proteins, and 21 immunological effector proteins were identified. We found that 127 proteins showed significant upregulation, including 10 immunological recognition proteins, 4 immunological signaling proteins, 11 immunological effector proteins, and 102 other proteins. Using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the fat body, we verified that immunological recognition proteins, signaling proteins, and effector proteins also showed significant increases at the transcriptional level after infection with E. coli and S. aureus. Five newly identified proteins showed upregulation at both protein and transcription levels after infection, including 30K protein, yellow-d protein, chemosensory protein, and two uncharacterized proteins. This study identified many new immune-related proteins, deepening our understanding of the immune defense system in B. mori. The data have been deposited to the iProX with identifier IPX0001337000.
The doctor as jailer: medical detention of non-psychiatric patients
Authors: Kersten Charles 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Most states empower doctors to detain psychiatric patients if they pose a danger to themselves or others due to a mental illness; however, they do not cover patients whose mental status is dangerously altered due to a non-psychiatric illness, for example, an electrolyte imbalance. Physicians generally handle these ‘medically incapacitated’ patients by saying they lack capacity to decide to leave against medical advice. The medical and legal literature does not address the legal basis for a doctor to effectively trap a patient in the hospital. This article analyzes the laws of California to show how and under what circumstances such a detention could be justified; in doing so, it provides guidance for a legally sound policy for holding ‘medically incapacitated’ patients.
Is There a Problem With False Hope?
Authors: Musschenga Bert 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This article offers a general discussion of the concept of false hope. Its ultimate aim is to clarify the meaning and the relevance of that concept for medicine and medical research. In the first part (Sections I–V), the concept of hope is discussed. I argue that hope is more than a combination of a desire and a belief about the probability that the desire will be fulfilled. Imagination and anticipation are as well components of hope. I also discuss if hope implies orientation to action. In the second part (Sections VI–VIII), I examine the concept of false hope. I show that hope is false if it cannot be justified epistemically. There is, I argue, an intimate relation between false hope and ignorance. Hope is justified—“realistic”—when the hoping person knows and accepts experts’ judgement about the probability of hope fulfillment. I then argue that what matters for evaluating a person’s hope is not only whether it is realistic, but also whether it is reasonable in the light of the aim and goals that a person strives for in (the remainder of) his life. Part three (Sections IX and X) goes into the question of what is morally wrong about having or causing false hope. In the fourth part (Sections XI and XII), the relevance is shown of the insights from the previous parts for the debate on false hope in medicine and clinical research.
Protecting endemic seed plants on the Tibetan Plateau under future climate change: migration matters
Authors: Yan Yujing , Tang Zhiyao 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Aims
Climate change in the near future may become a major threat to high-altitude endemics by greatly altering their distribution. Our aims are to (i) assess the potential impacts of future climate change on the diversity and distribution of seed plants endemic to the Tibetan Plateau and (ii) evaluate the conservation effectiveness of the current National Nature Reserves (NNRs) in protecting the endemic plants in the face of climate change.

Methods
We projected range shifts of 993 endemic species to the years 2050 and 2070 under two representative concentration pathway scenarios using an ensemble species distribution modeling framework and evaluated range loss, species-richness change and coverage of the current conservation network considering two dispersal scenarios.

Important Findings
In a full-dispersal scenario, 72–81% of the species would expand their distribution by 2070, but 6–20% of the species would experience >30% range loss. Most species would shift to the west. The projected species net richness would increase across the region on average. In a no-dispersal scenario, 15–59% of the species would lose >30% of their current habitat by 2070. Severe species loss may occur in the southeastern and the eastern peripheral plateau. Seventeen percent of species ranges are covered by the NNRs on average and may increase in the future if species disperse freely. We found a significant difference of species redistribution patterns between different dispersal scenarios and highlighted the importance of migration in this region.
An Analysis of Charlie’s Law and Alfie’s Law
Authors: Benbow David I 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The Charlie Gard and Alfie Evans cases were high-profile cases involving disagreements between the parents of young infants and medical practitioners, which have given impetus to pre-existing calls for law reform that have been rebranded as ‘Charlie’s Law’ and ‘Alfie’s Law’. I argue against the proposal to replace the best interest test, which is currently determinative in such contentious cases, with a significant harm test, as it would render UK law divergent from international law. I also employ critical theory to rebut the notion that parents are the best decision makers and refute criticisms of clinicians (who reflexively acknowledged the limits of medicine). I utilise theories of distributive justice to demonstrate that legal reform may exacerbate unfairness, and case law to show that it may be unworkable. Nonetheless, I apply critical and Foucauldian theory to critique the lack of patient and public empowerment within the NHS and I endorse the proposal to ensure that mediation is offered in contentious cases, as this may empower patients and their carers. I also aver that the best interests test should be informed by clearer criteria regarding the allocation of finite resources, which the public should influence via the democratisation of the NHS.
The effect of tides on the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal galaxy
Authors: Iorio G , Nipoti C , Battaglia G , Sollima A 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) appear to be some of the most dark matter (DM)-dominated objects in the Universe. Their dynamical masses are commonly derived using the kinematics of stars under the assumption of equilibrium. However, these objects are satellites of massive galaxies (e.g. the Milky Way) and thus can be influenced by their tidal fields. We investigate the implication of the assumption of equilibrium focusing on the Sculptor dSph by means of ad hoc N-body simulations tuned to reproduce the observed properties of Sculptor following the evolution along some observationally motivated orbits in the Milky Way gravitational field. For this purpose, we used state-of-the-art spectroscopic and photometric samples of Sculptor’s stars. We found that the stellar component of the simulated object is not directly influenced by the tidal field, while ${\approx } 30\!-\!60{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the mass of the more diffuse DM halo is stripped. We conclude that, considering the most recent estimate of the Sculptor proper motion, the system is not affected by the tides and the stellar kinematics represents a robust tracer of the internal dynamics. In the simulations that match the observed properties of Sculptor, the present-day dark-to-luminous mass ratio is ≈6 within the stellar half-light radius (≈0.3 kpc) and >50 within the maximum radius of the analysed data set (≈1.5○, ≈2 kpc).
Delicate structural coordination of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus Nsp13 upon ATP hydrolysis
Authors: Jia Zhihui , Yan Liming , Ren Zhilin , Wu Lijie , Wang Jin , Guo Jing , Zheng Litao , Ming Zhenhua , Zhang Lianqi , Lou Zhiyong , Rao Zihe 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
To date, an effective therapeutic treatment that confers strong attenuation toward coronaviruses (CoVs) remains elusive. Of all the potential drug targets, the helicase of CoVs is considered to be one of the most important. Here, we first present the structure of the full-length Nsp13 helicase of SARS-CoV (SARS-Nsp13) and investigate the structural coordination of its five domains and how these contribute to its translocation and unwinding activity. A translocation model is proposed for the Upf1-like helicase members according to three different structural conditions in solution characterized through H/D exchange assay, including substrate state (SARS-Nsp13-dsDNA bound with AMPPNP), transition state (bound with ADP-AlF4−) and product state (bound with ADP). We observed that the β19–β20 loop on the 1A domain is involved in unwinding process directly. Furthermore, we have shown that the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), SARS-Nsp12, can enhance the helicase activity of SARS-Nsp13 through interacting with it directly. The interacting regions were identified and can be considered common across CoVs, which provides new insights into the Replication and Transcription Complex (RTC) of CoVs.
Optimizing Warnings on E-Cigarette Advertisements
Authors: King Jessica L , Lazard Allison , Reboussin Beth A , Ranney Leah , Cornacchione Ross Jennifer , Wagoner Kimberly G , Sutfin Erin L 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIntroductionWe examined the effect of visual optimizations on warning text recall.MethodsWe used Amazon’s Mechanical Turk to recruit 1854 young adult (18–34 years) electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) users or susceptible nonusers. We conducted a between-subjects 3 × 2 × 2 experiment to examine the influence of color (black text on white background [BW] vs. black on yellow [BY] vs. yellow on black [YB]), shape (rectangle vs. novel), and signal word (presence vs. absence of the word “warning”). We randomized participants to view one of 12 warnings on a fictional e-cigarette advertisement. We coded open-ended recall responses into three categories: (1) recalled nothing, (2) recalled something, (3) recalled the concept. We examined main effects on warning text recall using multinomial regression. We examined differences in attention, perceived message effectiveness, and appeal.ResultsThose exposed to BW or BY warnings were more likely than those exposed to YB to recall something (AOR = 1.6, AOR = 1.5, respectively) or the concept (OR = 1.4, BW). Those exposed to novel shape (44.7% novel vs. 37.9% rectangle; p = .003) or color (44.5% BY vs. 41.9% YB vs. 37.5% BW; p = .04) warnings were more likely to report attention to the warning. In aided recall, those exposed to the signal word were more likely than those not exposed to select the correct response (64.0% vs. 31.3%; p &lt; .0001). We did not find differences for message effectiveness or appeal.ConclusionsVisual optimizations such as color may influence warning text recall and should be considered for new warnings. Research should continue exploring variations for advertisement warnings to maximize attention to warning text.ImplicationsThis study examines the impact of visual optimizations on recall of the US Food and Drug Administration-mandated e-cigarette advertisement warning text. We found that color might influence warning text recall, but we did not find effects for shape or signal word. It is possible the newly mandated e-cigarette advertisement warnings, which are required to occupy at least 20% of the advertisement, are currently novel enough to attract attention. Future research should examine optimizations following implementation of the new advertisement warnings.
Factors that contribute to effective online nutrition education interventions: a systematic review
Authors: Murimi Mary W , Nguyen Bong , Moyeda-Carabaza Ana F , Lee Hyun-Jung , Park Oak-Hee 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Context
The use of the internet and technology as a medium for delivering online nutrition education (ONE) has increased; however, evidence-based studies exploring factors that contribute to best practices in online interventions have not emerged.

Objective
The purpose of this systematic review was to identify factors that contributed to successful ONE interventions in relation to research studies published between 2009 and 2018.

Data sources
Following the PRISMA guidelines, relevant studies were identified through PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) databases.

Data extraction
Five authors screened and determined the quality of the studies using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system and extracted the data from the articles.

Data analysis
Twenty-seven studies were included: 21 studies were website-based, 3 were delivered through smartphone application, 2 were delivered as online courses, and 1 used text messages. Tailored messages/feedback, interaction between participants and investigators, identification of specific behaviors, use theory, adequate duration, and alignment between stated objectives and activities were factors that contributed to successful online interventions, while comparison bias and the lack of specific details on duration and dosage, tracking system, objective outcome measurements, and follow-up were factors that may have interfered with successful ONE interventions.

Conclusions
The findings underscore the importance of developing ONE intervention designs that utilize factors unique to online platforms for effective interventions aimed at behavior change.
Role of berries in vascular function: a systematic review of human intervention studies
Authors: Martini Daniela , Marino Mirko , Angelino Donato , Del Bo’ Cristian , Del Rio Daniele , Riso Patrizia , Porrini Marisa 
Published: May 2019

AbstractContextBerries are a source of polyphenols with recognized health-promoting activities. Several studies suggest that consumption of berries may improve vascular function.ObjectiveThe aim of this systematic review is to provide evidence of short- and long-term benefits of berries on outcomes of vascular function.Data SourcesHuman intervention studies were collected from PubMed and Scopus databases.Study SelectionStudies were eligible if they investigated the effects of acute or chronic berry consumption on one or more markers of vascular function in humans and provided a characterization of the berry polyphenolic content. Only randomized controlled trials were included, and studies were excluded if berries were combined with other foods.Data ExtractionAfter selection, 22 randomized controlled trials were included and analyzed, most of which were performed in healthy individuals or patients with cardiovascular risk factors.ResultsThe overall results seem to suggest a protective role of berries in vascular function, likely dependent on the time of exposure, the type and dose of berry, and the biomarkers analyzed. Flow-mediated dilation and reactive hyperemia index (markers of vascular reactivity) improved following short-term interventions, while pulse wave velocity and augmentation index (markers of arterial stiffness) improved only after medium- to long-term intervention.ConclusionsCurrent evidence suggests that berries, at physiological relevant doses, may have a role in the modulation of vascular function and stiffness. High-quality human intervention trials are encouraged in order to strengthen these findings and to better elucidate the mechanisms involved in such modulation.
New Drug Treats Rare Blood Clotting Disorder
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S. 
Published: May 2019

Caplacizumab-yhdp (Cablivi) is the first drug specifically indicated for acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, a rare and potentially life-threatening blood clotting disorder. It is prescribed in combination with plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive therapy.The drug carries a warning that severe bleeding can occur with use, although the most common adverse effects are headache and minor bleeding from the nose or gums.Caplacizumab-yhdp is given initially as an iv bolus and then as a subcutaneous injection along with plasmapheresis.
Treatable traits in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps
Authors: Heffler Enrico , Malvezzi Luca , Pirola Francesca , Zięba Natalia , Paoletti Giovanni , Mercante Giuseppe , Spriano Giuseppe , Canonica Giorgio Walter 
Published: May 2019

Purpose of review
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a complex inflammatory sinonasal disease that deserves a multidisciplinary precision medicine approach. In a precision medicine model, a more pragmatic approach taking in consideration disease features that are potentially treatable should be considered.

Recent findings
Several treatable traits in CRSwNP can be identified: from disease-related ones, to extra-ENT features, to behavioral and environmental factors. This review article summarizes primarily the recent findings of CRSwNP-related treatable traits and how they can be modified by given treatments.

Summary
The advent of biological agents acting directly to the endotype underlying CRSwNP pushes the scientific community to integrate clinical, surgical and immunological evaluations for each single patient; this naturally leads to the identification of specific treatable traits that can serve as possible outcomes for any single biological.