bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and internal validation of a side‐specific, multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging‐based nomogram for the prediction of extracapsular extension of prostate cancer
Authors: Martini Alberto , Gupta Akriti , Lewis Sara C. , Cumarasamy Shivaram , Haines Kenneth G. , Briganti Alberto , Montorsi Francesco , Tewari Ashutosh K. 
Published: April 2018

ObjectivesTo develop a nomogram for predicting side‐specific extracapsular extension (ECE) for planning nerve‐sparing radical prostatectomy.Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively analysed data from 561 patients who underwent robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy between February 2014 and October 2015. To develop a side‐specific predictive model, we considered the prostatic lobes separately. Four variables were included: prostate‐specific antigen; highest ipsilateral biopsy Gleason grade; highest ipsilateral percentage core involvement; and ECE on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI). A multivariable logistic regression analysis was fitted to predict side‐specific ECE. A nomogram was built based on the coefficients of the logit function. Internal validation was performed using ‘leave‐one‐out’ cross‐validation. Calibration was graphically investigated. The decision curve analysis was used to evaluate the net clinical benefit.ResultsThe study population consisted of 829 side‐specific cases, after excluding negative biopsy observations (n = 293). ECE was reported on mpMRI and final pathology in 115 (14%) and 142 (17.1%) cases, respectively. Among these, mpMRI was able to predict ECE correctly in 57 (40.1%) cases. All variables in the model except highest percentage core involvement were predictors of ECE (all P ≤ 0.006). All variables were considered for inclusion in the nomogram. After internal validation, the area under the curve was 82.11%. The model demonstrated excellent calibration and improved clinical risk prediction, especially when compared with relying on mpMRI prediction of ECE alone. When retrospectively applying the nomogram‐derived probability, using a 20% threshold for performing nerve‐sparing, nine out of 14 positive surgical margins (PSMs) at the site of ECE resulted above the threshold.ConclusionWe developed an easy‐to‐use model for the prediction of side‐specific ECE, and hope it serves as a tool for planning nerve‐sparing radical prostatectomy and in the reduction of PSM in future series.
Complex multicellularity in fungi: evolutionary convergence, single origin, or both?
Authors: Nagy László G. , Kovács Gábor M. , Krizsán Krisztina 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTComplex multicellularity represents the most advanced level of biological organization and it has evolved only a few times: in metazoans, green plants, brown and red algae and fungi. Compared to other lineages, the evolution of multicellularity in fungi follows different principles; both simple and complex multicellularity evolved via unique mechanisms not found in other lineages. Herein we review ecological, palaeontological, developmental and genomic aspects of complex multicellularity in fungi and discuss general principles of the evolution of complex multicellularity in light of its fungal manifestations. Fungi represent the only lineage in which complex multicellularity shows signatures of convergent evolution: it appears 8–11 times in distinct fungal lineages, which show a patchy phylogenetic distribution yet share some of the genetic mechanisms underlying complex multicellular development. To explain the patchy distribution of complex multicellularity across the fungal phylogeny we identify four key observations: the large number of apparently independent complex multicellular clades; the lack of documented phenotypic homology between these clades; the conservation of gene circuits regulating the onset of complex multicellular development; and the existence of clades in which the evolution of complex multicellularity is coupled with limited gene family diversification. We discuss how these patterns and known genetic aspects of fungal development can be reconciled with the genetic theory of convergent evolution to explain the pervasive occurrence of complex multicellularity across the fungal tree of life.
Endoscopic near infrared photoimmunotherapy using a fiber optic diffuser for peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer
Authors: Nagaya Tadanobu , Okuyama Shuhei , Ogata Fusa , Maruoka Yasuhiro , Choyke Peter L. , Kobayashi Hisataka 
Published: April 2018

Near infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR‐PIT) is a highly selective tumor treatment that employs an antibody‐photo‐absorber conjugate (APC) which is activated by near infrared light. Here, we describe the efficacy of endoscopic NIR‐PIT using the APC trastuzumab‐IR700DX (tra‐IR700) in the setting of human epidermal growth factor 2 positive (HER2 + ) gastric carcinoma with peritoneal disseminations. In this in vivo study, fluorescence endoscopy showed high tumor accumulation of tra‐IR700 within disseminated peritoneal implants. Mice with disseminated peritoneal gastric cancer were separated into 4 groups: (i) control (no treatment); (ii) tra‐IR700 i.v. only; (iii) NIR light only; and (iv) endoscopic NIR‐PIT. NIR light irradiation was carried out through a fiber optic diffuser under endoscopic guidance. In vivo bioluminescence images showed significantly greater therapeutic effect in the endoscopic NIR‐PIT group than that in the control groups (P < .01 vs other control groups). Histological analysis showed diffuse cancer cell death in NIR‐PIT‐treated tumors. In conclusion, NIR‐PIT with NIR light delivered via an endoscopic fiber optic diffuser is a promising method for the treatment of peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer. Moreover, this technique could be readily used in other types of cancers with peritoneal dissemination provided that suitable antibodies could be found.
Working while unwell: Workplace impairment in people with severe asthma
Authors: Hiles S. A. , Harvey E. S. , McDonald V. M. , Peters M. , Bardin P. , Reynolds P. N. , Upham J. W. , Baraket M. , Bhikoo Z. , Bowden J. , Brockway B. , Chung L. P. , Cochrane B. , Foxley G. , Garrett J. , Hew M. , Jayaram L. , Jenkins C. , Katelaris C. , Katsoulotos G. , Koh M. S. , Kritikos V. , Lambert M. , Langton D. , Lara Rivero A. , Marks G. B. , Middleton P. G. , Nanguzgambo A. , Radhakrishna N. , Reddel H. , Rimmer J. , Southcott A. M. , Sutherland M. , Thien F. , Wark P. A. B. , Yang I. A. , Yap E. , Gibson P. G. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryBackgroundSevere asthma affects quality of life; however, its impact on workplace productivity is poorly understood.ObjectiveTo compare workplace productivity—absenteeism and presenteeism—and impairment in daily activities in severe and non‐severe asthma over time and identify characteristics associated with presenteeism in severe asthma.MethodsThe Severe Asthma Web‐based Database is an ongoing observational registry from Australia, New Zealand and Singapore. At April 2017, 434 patients with severe asthma and 102 with non‐severe asthma were enrolled (18‐88 years; 59% female). Participants provided comprehensive clinical and questionnaire data at baseline and were followed‐up every 6 months for 24 months. Absenteeism (percentage of time not at work), presenteeism (self‐reported impairment at work) and impairment in daily activities outside work due to health problems in the last week were calculated.ResultsAt baseline, 61.4% of participants with severe asthma and 66.2% with non‐severe asthma under 65 years were employed. At younger ages (30‐50 years), fewer severe asthma participants were employed (69% vs 100%). Presenteeism and impairment in daily activity were more frequently reported in severe asthma and in participants with poorer asthma control, poorer lung function and more past‐year exacerbations (P < .01). Over time, deteriorating asthma control was associated with increasing presenteeism. Although absenteeism was not different between severe and non‐severe asthma, worse asthma control was associated with absenteeism (P < .001). In participants with severe asthma, presenteeism was reported more frequently in those with poorer asthma control, poorer asthma‐related quality of life and symptoms of depression or anxiety (P < .01).Conclusion and clinical relevanceSevere asthma was associated with impairment at work and outside the workplace. Improving asthma control and mental health may be important targets for optimizing workplace productivity in severe asthma. Presenteeism and absenteeism may represent key metrics for assessing intervention efficacy in people with severe asthma of working age.
Age‐related scattered hypofluorescent spots on late‐phase indocyanine green angiography: the multimodal imaging and relevant factors
Authors: Chen Ling , Zhang Xiongze , Liu Bing , Mi Lan , Wen Feng 
Published: April 2018

AbstractImportanceFundus aging and its imaging features.BackgroundTo characterize the demographic and multimodal‐imaging features of age‐related scattered hypofluorescent spots on late‐phase indocyanine green angiography (ASHS‐LIA).DesignA hospital‐based retrospective study.ParticipantsEight hundred and seventy‐five normal fundi fellow eyes from 875 patients underwent indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), fluorescence angiography (FA), autofluorescence (AF) and spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (OCT).MethodsDemographic information, medical records and multimodal imaging data were reviewed.Main Outcome MeasuresDiameter of ASHS‐LIA and its grade, subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT).ResultsASHS‐LIA was identified in 233 patients (26.6%) aged 33 to 87 years (mean: 65.8 ± 8.4 years). Patients with ASHS‐LIA were significantly older and had a higher male proportion than those without ASHS‐LIA (both P < 0.001). The occurrence and grade of ASHS‐LIA increased with age (all P < 0.001). Age (OR = 1.093) and male gender (OR = 1.550) were the independent relevant factors of ASHS‐LIA (P < 0.001, and P = 0.002, respectively). The incidence of ASHS‐LIA in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) patients (53.2%) was the highest (all P < 0.001). ASHS‐LIA mainly located in macular region (diameter: 100–500 μm), and could be confluent. No corresponding abnormalities were detected via multimodal imaging, including FA, AF and OCT. The mean SFCT had no significant difference between eyes with and without ASHS‐LIA (P = 0.221).Conclusions and RelevanceASHS‐LIA was observed on late‐phase ICGA, mainly located in macular region. No corresponding abnormalities were detected by other multimodal imaging, including FA, AF and OCT. The occurrence and grade of ASHS‐LIA increased with age. Moreover, ASHS‐LIA might be not correlated with SFCT, but correlated with PCV.
Effectiveness of lockouts in reducing alcohol‐related harm: Systematic review
Authors: Nepal Smriti , Kypri Kypros , Pursey Kirrilly , Attia John , Chikritzhs Tanya , Miller Peter 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIssuesAustralian jurisdictions have introduced lockouts to prevent alcohol‐related violence. Lockouts prohibit patrons from entering licensed premises after a designated time while allowing sale and consumption of alcohol to continue. Their purposes include managing the movement of intoxicated patrons, and preventing violence and disorder by dispersing times that patrons leave premises. We sought to evaluate the effectiveness of lockouts in preventing alcohol‐related harm.ApproachWe systematically searched electronic databases and reference lists and asked authors to identify relevant studies published to 1 June 2017. We deemed studies eligible if they evaluated lockouts, and if outcome measures included: assault, emergency department attendances, alcohol‐related disorders or drink‐driving offences. Two reviewers independently extracted data.Key FindingsAfter screening 244 records, we identified five studies from electronic databases, two from reference lists search and one from a Google search (N = 8). Two studies showed a decline in assaults; a third study showed reductions occurred only inside licensed premises; two studies showed an increase in assaults; and three studies showed no association. The studies had significant design and other limitations.ImplicationsLockouts have been implemented across Australian jurisdictions as a strategy to prevent alcohol‐related harm, despite limited evidence. In this systematic review, we synthesised findings from studies that evaluated lockouts as stand‐alone interventions, to help clarify debate on their utility as a harm prevention strategy.ConclusionThere is not good evidence that lockouts prevent alcohol‐related harm, in contrast to what is known about stopping the sale of alcohol earlier, for which there is evidence of effectiveness.
A rare case of Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor metastasizing to left atrium through left inferior pulmonary vein
Authors: Kulkarni Suraj K. , Moorthy Nagaraj , Somanna Shankar , Cholenahally Nanjappa Manjunath 
Published: April 2018

Cardiac metastasis of Ewing's sarcoma is exceedingly rare. A 40‐year‐old male was admitted with complaints of nonproductive cough, exertional dyspnea, and fatigue since 4 months with a history of abdominal wall swelling which was excised and proven to be Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET). A transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated inhomogeneous mass located posterior to the left ventricle and a solitary mass protruding into the left atrium through the left inferior pulmonary vein. Due to accompanying pulmonary metastasis and possible poor outcome of the surgery, surgical resection was not considered.
Effectiveness of an audio‐visual aid on the knowledge of school teachers regarding the emergency management of dental injuries
Authors: Niviethitha Sabarinathan , Bhawarlal Chanram , Ramkumar Hemalatha , Dhakshanamoorthy Senthil , Shanmugam Hariharan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackground/AimTraumatic dental injuries (TDI) occur frequently in the school environment. Many studies have shown that teachers' knowledge on the emergency management of TDI is inadequate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge level among schoolteachers in Chennai, India, regarding TDI using a questionnaire and to evaluate the effectiveness of a newly developed audio‐visual aid (AV) as an educational tool by reapplying the questionnaire.MethodsThe questionnaire was distributed to 345 teachers in 15 randomly selected schools. A pro forma document along with the questionnaire surveyed the teachers' demographic details and their knowledge regarding the emergency management of TDI. Then, a video containing evidence‐based information about the emergency management of TDI in accordance with the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) guidelines was played for the participants. The questionnaire was readministered to test the teachers' knowledge after they viewed the video.ResultsIn total, 301 teachers responded to the questionnaire. Wilcoxon's signed‐rank test/chi‐square test showed that, after the teachers viewed the video, their knowledge had significantly improved relative to the handling of TDI (P < .0001). Their attitude towards the AV aid was positive, and all participants (100%) found the AV helpful. Almost 99.7% of the participants reported increased confidence in handling dental injuries.ConclusionThere is a substantial lack of basic knowledge regarding the emergency TDI management among schoolteachers. The proposed AV aid is an effective tool for providing management strategies.
Stable coexistence of genetically divergent Atlantic cod ecotypes at multiple spatial scales
Authors: Knutsen Halvor , Jorde Per Erik , Hutchings Jeffrey A. , Hemmer‐Hansen Jakob , Grønkjær Peter , Jørgensen Kris‐Emil Mose , André Carl , Sodeland Marte , Albretsen Jon , Olsen Esben M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCoexistence in the same habitat of closely related yet genetically different populations is a phenomenon that challenges our understanding of local population structure and adaptation. Identifying the underlying mechanisms for such coexistence can yield new insight into adaptive evolution, diversification and the potential for organisms to adapt and persist in response to a changing environment. Recent studies have documented cryptic, sympatric populations of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in coastal areas. We analysed genetic origin of 6,483 individual cod sampled annually over 14 years from 125 locations along the Norwegian Skagerrak coast and document stable coexistence of two genetically divergent Atlantic cod ecotypes throughout the study area and study period. A “fjord” ecotype dominated in numbers deep inside fjords while a “North Sea” ecotype was the only type found in offshore North Sea. Both ecotypes coexisted in similar proportions throughout coastal habitats at all spatial scales. The size‐at‐age of the North Sea ecotype on average exceeded that of the fjord ecotype by 20% in length and 80% in weight across all habitats. Different growth and size among individuals of the two types might be one of several ecologically significant variables that allow for stable coexistence of closely related populations within the same habitat. Management plans, biodiversity initiatives and other mitigation strategies that do not account for the mixture of species ecotypes are unlikely to meet objectives related to the sustainability of fish and fisheries.
Potential of carnosine, a histamine precursor in rat model of bilateral common carotid artery occlusion‐induced vascular dementia
Authors: Tiwari Nidhi , Bhatia Pankaj , Kumar Amit , Jaggi Amteshwar S. , Singh Nirmal 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe present study investigates the potential of Carnosine, a histamine precursor in rat model of bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAo)‐induced vascular dementia (VaD). Wistar rats were subjected to BCCAo procedure under anaesthesia to induce VaD. The rats were subjected to Morris water maze (MWM) test (6th day onwards post‐surgery). MWM test was employed to assess learning and memory of the animals whereby escape latency time, time spent in target quadrant and Path length (distance travelled) taken as important parameters. Serum nitrite level; Brain thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels; Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity; brain Myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) and neutrophil count were estimated as per standard procedures. BCCAo in rats produced a significant vascular endothelial dysfunction, as reflected by decrease in serum nitrite levels. Further, these animals showed poor performance on MWM, depicting impairment of learning and memory. There was a significant rise in brain oxidative stress level as indicated by increase in TBARS and decrease in GSH levels. An increase in brain AChE activity was also observed. Moreover, these rats also exhibited an increase in MPO activity and neutrophil infiltration in brain (as marker of inflammation). Treatment of Carnosine (200 and 400 mg/kg, i.p.)/Donepezil (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) ameliorated BCCAo‐induced memory deficits; endothelial dysfunction; biochemical and histopathological changes. It is concluded that Carnosine has shown efficacy in rat model of BCCAo‐induced VaD and can be considered as an important therapeutic agent for the treatment of VaD.
Interleukin‐33 overexpression reflects less aggressive tumour features in large‐duct type cholangiocarcinomas
Authors: Sawada Ryuichiro , Ku Yuna , Akita Masayuki , Otani Kyoko , Fujikura Kohei , Itoh Tomoo , Ajiki Tetsuo , Fukumoto Takumi , Kakeji Yoshihiro , Zen Yoh 
Published: April 2018

AimsThe aim of the present study was to elucidate the clinicopathological significance of interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐33 expression in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (iCCAs) and perihilar cholangiocarcinomas (pCCAs).Methods and resultsIL‐6 and IL‐33 mRNA expression levels were examined in iCCAs (n = 55) and pCCAs (n = 32) by the use of quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and a highly sensitive in‐situ hybridisation protocol (RNAscope), and expression levels were correlated with clinicopathological features. According to a recently proposed classification scheme, iCCAs were separated into small‐duct (n = 33) and large‐duct (n = 22) types. IL‐6 and IL‐33 expression levels were higher in large‐duct iCCAs and pCCAs than in small‐duct iCCAs, and there was a positive correlation between the expression levels of these cytokines. Double in‐situ hybridisation/immunostaining showed that IL‐6 mRNA was expressed in actin‐positive (myo)fibroblasts, whereas IL‐33 mRNA was mainly produced by CD31‐positive endothelial cells. With the average expression level as a cut‐off point, cases were classified as IL‐6high and IL‐6low or IL‐33high and IL‐33low. In the combined cohort of large‐duct iCCAs and pCCAs, IL‐6high and IL‐6low cholangiocarcinomas shared many features, whereas IL‐33high cases had less aggressive characteristics than IL‐33low cases, as shown by lower tumour marker concentrations, smaller tumour sizes, less common vascular invasion, lower pT stages, and higher lymphocyte/monocyte ratios in blood. KRAS mutations were slightly less common in IL‐33high cases than in IL‐33low cases (9% versus 29%; P = 0.061). The strong expression of IL‐33 in tissue appeared to be an independent favourable prognostic factor.ConclusionsIL‐33high cholangiocarcinomas may represent a unique, less aggressive carcinogenetic process of the large bile ducts.
Consumer motivation for the decision to boycott: The social dilemma
Authors: Shin Seongyeon , Yoon Sung‐Wook 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis study suggests a rational framework to explain consumers’ decision to boycott. We proposed an instrumental boycott framework based on rational response to the offending behaviour of a target company. The hypotheses embedded within the research model are empirically evaluated. The data were collected by questionnaire survey, and structural equation modelling was utilized for data analysis. The results show that social factors (message credibility, expected overall participation and perceived boycott effectiveness) generate motivations for consumers’ boycott decisions. In addition, it is identified that these factors increase consumers’ perceived likelihood of boycott success. Further, it is also found that consumers' perceived likelihood of boycott success positively affect their boycott decision via the possibility of changing a target company's offending behavior and unwillingness to purchase the target company's products. The results of this study explain consumers’ instrumental boycott decision‐making process in terms of social dilemma. Further, this study provides practical contributions for understanding consumers’ rational boycott behaviour. Specific implications for marketing managers and boycott organizations are outlined in the general discussion. Suggestions for future research are also presented in the conclusion.
Demarcation of the core and periphery dichotomy: evidence from Turkey's shipyards for a paradoxical precarity model
Authors: Cam Surhan , Palaz Serap 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCombining ethnographic inquiries with questionnaires, this article rectifies the dearth of systematic research on core employees in Turkey's shipyards. In doing so, it revises conventional associations of precarity with the peripheral jobs both exclusively and predominantly. In particular, we point to the rise of a peculiar model, ‘paradoxical precarity’, as the core jobs have become more identifiable with precarity than the rest. Paradoxical precarity has four distinguishable contours: (i) The masses of core employees lost their jobs to precarious workers. (ii) Even so, a substantial proportion of employees remain at the core. (iii) This, however, came at a cost: they became more dissatisfied than others with remuneration, job security, employee involvement and job intensity whilst frustrated with unions and (iv) paradoxical precarity has faced political and economic challenges but it is reproduced by a managerial short‐termism under competitive pressures to save on high skills thanks to an ever‐increasing number of graduates.