bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunologic Mechanisms in Heavily Irradiated Mice Treated with Bone Marrow
Authors: HOLLINGSWORTH J. W. , Perfetto Mary C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Humoral antibody production has been studied in severely irradiated mice treated with isologous (same strain) or homologous (different strain) bone marrow.
2. The two methods of study involved functional end points of humoral antibody production as evidenced by in vivo lysis of rat erythrocytes or by regression of mouse leukosis E.L. 4 in histoincompatible mouse recipients.
3. Humoral antibody production was lost after irradiation and isologous marrow treatment, but recovered partially in two weeks and almost completely in four weeks.
4. Established immunity was not abruptly terminated after irradiation and treatment with either isologous or homologous marrow, although there was premature loss of immunity to rat erythrocytes by the irradiated, isologous marrow-treated mouse.
5. Permanent immunity could not be transferred by isologous marrow or spleen from immunized donors to irradiated recipients.
6. Treatment of mice histoincompatible to E.L. 4 leukosis with histocompatible donor bone marrow failed to establish rejection of the tumor.
7. These studies support the concept that humoral antibody production in irradiated, marrow-treated mice remains a function of the host rather than of the transplanted tissues.
8. These studies failed to clarify the conflicting evidence concerning the mechanism of the late illness that occurs after treatment of the irradiated mouse with bone marrow from a different strain or species.
Evaluation of Plasma Erythropoietic-Stimulating Factors in Anemic Uremic Patients
Authors: GALLAGHER NEIL I. , MCCARTHY JOHN M. , HART KATHLEEN T. , LANGE ROBERT D. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Plasma samples from certain chronically anemic humans have a humoral erythropoietic-stimulating factor.
2. Sixteen anemic uremic patients were studied to evaluate plasma levels of erythropoietic-stimulating factor. Fifteen of these patients showed no active erythropoietic-stimulating factors.
Effect of Phospholipid Fractions upon the Coagulation Defects in Patients on Long-Term Dicumarol Therapy
Authors: BOYLES PAUL W. , JONES RALPH , NICHOL E. STERLING 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The coagulation defects of the blood of 30 patients after six months of dicumarol therapy have been studied. A preparation of brain or soybean phospholipids corrected the abnormal coagulation time and the thrombin generation test of patients on long-term dicumarol therapy. The deficiency in thromboplastin generation of these patients was not corrected.
Plasma Hemoglobin-Binding Capacity in Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: LATHEM WILLOUGHBY , JENSEN WALLACE N. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Studies of the capacity of plasma proteins to bind hemoglobin were made in patients with sickle cell anemia (SS), sickle cell trait (SA), hemoglobin C disease and in patients with hemolytic anemias. Hemoglobin binding was quantitatively normal in sickle cell trait, but was greatly reduced or absent in sickle cell anemia, hemoglobin C disease and in other hemolytic disorders. These alterations have been attributed to a reduction in the level of hemoglobin-binding proteins in circulating plasma. The mechanism of this reduction was not established, but the observed changes were correlated with the presence of increased hemolytic activity.
The binding of hemoglobin C and hemoglobin S by normal plasma was quantitatively normal.
Relation of Bone Marrow Findings to Serum Protein Changes in Lymphosarcoma, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Hodgkin’s Disease
Authors: ONAT ALTAN , COOPER TALBERT 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In order to correlate the electrophoretic alterations in the serum proteins and the findings in the bone marrow, with particular reference to atypical lymphocytic forms and plasma cells, 14 cases of lymphosarcoma, six of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and six of Hodgkin’s disease were studied. No numerical relationship could be found between the degree of lymphoid atypia and the changes in serum globulin. A correlation, however, was apparent between the plasma cell concentration in the bone marrow and the changes in the serum gamma globulin, inasmuch as pronounced hypergammaglobulinemia occurred in all four cases of malignant lymphoma associated with bone marrow plasmacytosis (ranging from 2.8 to 12.8 per cent) and hypogammaglobulinemia of moderate to marked degree was present in five of the six cases of malignant lymphoma in which plasma cells were virtually absent in the bone marrow. When the findings of the fixed sections of the marrow are included, plasmacytosis was demonstrated in bone marrow in eight of 10 cases in which serum gamma globulins were elevated.
In two cases, serum globulins were qualitatively abnormal. In one, a case (case 15) of Hodgkin’s disease, a small fraction of electrophoretically homogeneous globulin was noted. In the other, case 5, in which the histologic diagnosis was lymphocytic lymphosarcoma, macroglobulins constituted 40 per cent of the serum proteins, and Bence Jones proteinuria was associated. Predominantly mature plasmacytosis of 12.8 per cent was present in the bone marrow. This case may be regarded as illustrative of the interrelationship between myeloma and lymphosarcoma and supports the view21 that, clinically and morphologically, transitional forms occur between lymphatic tumors and plasmacytomas.
On the basis of this material, it is suggested that in cases of lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin’s disease and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, alterations in the plasma content of the bone marrow, either as reactive plasmacytosis or as virtual absence of plasma cells, appear to be a major pathogenetic factor in the occurrence of hypergammaglobulinemia and hypogammaglobulinemia, respectively.
Hypogammaglobulinemia was observed in three of six cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia; two of 14 cases of lymphosarcoma; and one of six classified as Hodgkin’s disease. Conversely, quantitative increases in the gamma globulin level occurred in none of the six cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia; in six of 14 cases of lymphosarcoma (including two of three classified as lymphosarcoma, reticular cell type), and in three of the six cases of Hodgkin’s disease.
Studies in Leukemia. XII. Interference and Reactivation Experiments with Cell-Free Tissue Extracts of Leukemic Swiss Mice
Authors: SINKOVICS JOSEPH G. , SPURRIER WILMA A. , SCHWARTZ STEVEN O. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The virulence of the Swiss mouse leukemia agent can be enhanced by rapid brain to brain passages.
2. The existence of an occult agent in the tumor tissue is demonstrable by interference and reactivation experiments.
3. Tumor extracts inhibit the leukemogenic activity of brain homogenates of leukemic mice.
4. Mixtures of tumor extracts and heat-inactivated brain extracts, neither of which is capable of inducing leukemia alone, have leukemia-inducing activity.
5. A heat-labile inhibitor is probably responsible for the masking of the virus in tumor extracts.
On the Occurrence of Virus-Like Bodies in Human Leukemia
Authors: BRAUNSTEINER H. , FELLINGER K. , PAKESCH F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Electron-microscope observations on bone marrows and lymph nodes of 16 patients with acute leukemia and 27 patients with various malignant blood diseases are reported. The approximate number of cells from the cases of acute leukemia which could be examined is reported. In a single instance of acute leukemia a group of virus-like bodies was found. Similar particles, however, have also been observed in several tissue cultures of a Chang strain from human liver.
The Hemoglobin E Syndromes. I. Hemoglobin E in Eti-Turks
Authors: AKSOY MUZAFFER , Tanrikulu Kamil 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
During an electrophoretic study of the hemoglobin from 150 persons belonging to the Eti-Turk community, two individuals with hemoglobin E trait and one case of sickle-cell-hemoglobin E disease were discovered. The results of this investigation combined with those of other electrophoretic studies performed previously in this community indicate that the incidence of hemoglobin E among Eti-Turks is 1.37 per cent.
The importance of the occurrence of hemoglobin E in this community has been discussed, and a possible relationship between Eti-Turks and some people of India has been postulated.
Evidence for a Vessel Wall Defect in Immuno-thrombocytopenic Hamsters
Authors: DESAI RAJENDRA G. , FULTON GEORGE P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Experimental purpura was produced in the hamster by administration of anti-platelet serum obtained from rabbits previously injected with hamster platelets. Spontaneous petechiae and generalized bleeding were observed. The derangement in the hemostatic mechanism has been analyzed by study of the changes in blood, bone marrow and vessel walls. The platelet count in peripheral blood fell from 9.02 ± 0.85 (x 105) to 0.66 ± 0.32 (x 105) at 24 hours after 2.0 ml. intravenous injection of antiplatelet serum. The red cell and hemoglobin values dropped to 50 per cent before death related to generalized bleeding occurred. Significant changes were seen in the megakaryocytes of the bone marrow. The bleeding time and clot retraction were extended. Evidence for a defect in the vessel wall has been shown by the microelectrode, moccasin snake venom and negative pressure tests. The cause of bleeding has been postulated as a double defect resulting from a decrease of platelets in the circulation and an alteration in the integrity of the vessel wall or perivascular supporting sheath.
Phosphate Partition in the Erythrocytes of Normal Newborn Infants and Infants with Erythroblastosis Fetalis. II. Quantitative Paper Chromatography
Authors: GREENWALT T. J. , AYERS V. E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Two-dimensional paper chromatography was used to partition the acid-soluble phosphates in the erythrocytes of normal newborn infants, infants with erythroblastosis fetalis and adults.
The inorganic phosphate concentration was higher in the fresh red cells of normal and erythroblastotic infants and rose more during incubation for four hours than in the cells of adults.
The amount of erythrocyte adenosine-5’-triphosphate in the adults exceeded the quantities found in the cells of the two groups of babies.
The 2,3-diphosphoglycerate level was greater in the erythrocytes of adults and infants with erythroblastosis than it was in the normal infants and incubation for four hours resulted in a sharper decrease of this compound in cells of the normal and erythroblastotic infants than in the adults.
Studies in Leukemia. XV. The Induction of Leukemia in Swiss Mice with Human Leukemic Brain Extracts
Authors: SCHWARTZ STEVEN O. , SPURRIER WILMA , YATES LE ROY , MADUROS BILL P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Cell-free suspensions and filtrates were prepared from human leukemic and nonleukemic brains and were injected into adult Swiss mice.
2. The suspensions prepared from the leukemic brains, when concentrated by high-speed centrifugation, produce leukemia in about 15 per cent of the inoculated mice.
3. When the same sediment is combined with heat-inactivated sediment, the incidence of induced leukemia increases to 40 per cent; when combined with hyaluronidase, to about 50 per cent.
Some Biochemical and Electrophoretic Studies on Purified Prothrombin, Factor VII (Proconvertin) and Factor X (Stuart)
Authors: TISHKOFF GARSON H. , PECHET LIBERTO , ALEXANDER BENJAMIN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Complete separation of prothrombin, factors VII and X has been achieved by conventional fractionation technic followed by starch gel electrophoresis.
2. The glycoprotein nature of bovine prothrombin has been confirmed.
3. In addition to hexose and hexosamine, substantial quantities of a hitherto unrecognized constituent, neuraminic acid, have been demonstrated. When included with the other carbohydrates, the total sugars comprise a substantial fraction of prothrombin.
4. In electrophoretic mobility the preponderance of proteins and total neuraminic acid correlate closely with the biologic prothrombin activity.
5. Scission of neuraminic acid by neuraminidase does not result in destruction of the prothrombin, which can subsequently still be converted to thrombin.
6. Significant quantities of neuraminic acid are also found in preparations rich in factors VII and X but devoid of prothrombin. These fractions are relatively low in protein. Here, too, cleavage of neuraminic acid does not destroy biologic activity.
7. Treatment with neuraminidase results in some changes in electrophoretic mobility of some of the protein, resulting in the appearance of a slower moving protein fraction devoid of biologic activity. The mobility of factor VII was slightly altered, but that of factor X remained unchanged.
Effect of Homologous Bone Marrow-Spleen Cell Suspension on Survival of Swine Exposed to Radiation from a Nuclear Weapon
Authors: DANIELL HARRY W. , CROSBY WILLIAM H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Swine exposed to mixed gamma and neutron irradiation from a nuclear weapon were treated by intravenous, intracardiac or intraperitoneal injection of homologous marrow-spleen cell suspensions.
2. This therapy did not affect survival of animals receiving sublethal, intermediate or supralethal doses of irradiation. No evidence of accelerated repopulation of hematopoietic or lymphatic tissues was found in the treated animals that died, compared with untreated animals dying at the same time. Possible reasons for failure to demonstrate a beneficial effect on survival are discussed.
3. A new, simple method for obtaining large numbers of marrow cells from the vertebral column of large mammals is described.
The Morphology of Buffy Coat in Normal Human Adults
Authors: EFRATI P. , ROZENSZAJN L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The technic of preparation of smears from buffy coats was described.
Fifty-five samples of buffy coat from healthy adults were examined. Twenty-nine were from men, 26 from women.
In all cases nuclear fragments of megakaryocytes were found, on the average 21.8 nuclear fragments per 1 ml. of blood.
In all cases atypical mononuclear cells, 10.2/2000 mononuclear cells, were found.
In 42 of 52 examined subjects metamyelocytes and/or myelocytes were found, 3.65/3000 granulocytes.
Metamyelocytes, myelocytes and nuclear fragments of megakaryocytes were more commonly found in males than in females.
So-called atypical mononuclear cells were found in small number in all the subjects. Their possible pathologic significance was discussed. It was suggested that these cells were probably normal though rare elements of peripheral blood.
The advantage of this method in various pathologic states was emphasized.
Studies on Thrombopoiesis. I. A Factor in Normal Human Plasma Required for Platelet Production; Chronic Thrombocytopenia Due to its Deficiency
Authors: SCHULMAN IRVING , PIERCE MILA , LUKENS ABBY , CURRIMBHOY ZINET 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A case of chronic thrombocytopenic purpura has been presented in which the pathogenesis appears to be due to congenital deficiency of a platelet-stimulating factor.
2. The factor exists in normal plasma and is stable on storage under normal blood banking conditions and on freezing.
3. The factor appears to act by stimulating megakaryocyte maturation and platelet production in an orderly and sequential manner.
Massive Nitrogen Mustard Therapy in Hodgkin’s Disease with Protection of Bone Marrow by Tourniquets
Authors: CONRAD MARCEL E. , CROSBY WILLIAM H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Eight patients with far advanced Hodgkin’s disease were treated with massive single doses of nitrogen mustard (0.95-1.5 mg. /Kg.) with tumor regression in each case.
2. An attempt was made to protect the bone marrow of the extremities from the effects of the nitrogen mustard by applying orthopedic tourniquets during the injection. There was definite evidence that the marrow was protected by this procedure. Marrow in the tibia became progressively more cellular during the time that the marrow in the torso degenerated to almost complete aplasia. During the period of recovery, radioactive iron was given and more of it localized in the protected arm than in the unprotected, evidence of greater erythropoietic activity.
3. Neurologic complications occurred at the doses employed.
4. Serious gastrointestinal pathology was not demonstrated at these doses.
5. Prior extensive radiation therapy prolonged the hemopoietic depression due to nitrogen mustard. This was not produced by previous mustard therapy.
6. Color change in ecchymotic areas may be used to predict bone marrow recovery.
7. Dividing the massive dose seems to result in less toxicity.
The Threshold Dose of P32 for Leukemic Cells of the Lymphocytic and Granulocytic Series
Authors: OSGOOD EDWIN E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Analyses of the threshold dose of P32 to control 201 chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients and 100 chronic granulocytic leukemia patients and of the P32 dose to maintain 133 chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients for a mean period of 50.2 months and 49 chronic granulocytic leukemia patients for a mean period of 33.6 months are analyzed. These threshold doses fit the logarithmic probability distributions given in the tables and figures.
See PDF for Figure
See PDF for Figure
When the dose in mc. to control was plotted against the leukocyte count, a straight line was obtained on log log paper. The equation for this curve for the median dose to control chronic granulocytic leukemia is: log mc. P32 per 12 weeks = 0.33 log L - 0.633, where L is the leukocyte count on the day the first P32 was given. The equation for the log log curve relating median dose to control chronic lymphocytic leukemia to initial counts above 15,000 is: log mc. P32 per 12 weeks = 0.47 log L - 1.420. But the 40 aleukemic or subleukemic cases with leukocyte counts below 15,000 had a median P32 requirement and standard deviation that did not differ significantly from that for the entire group, suggesting that this subleukemic group includes patients resembling the entire spectrum of cases with elevated initial leukocyte counts.
See PDF for Figure
See PDF for Figure
The median dose of P32 per year to maintain chronic granulocytic leukemia cases fits the equation: log P32 per year = 0.546 log L - 1.506, and the corresponding equation for chronic leukemic lymphocytic leukemia is: log mc. P32 per year = 0.45 log L - 1.22. The group of lymphocytic leukemias with initial counts below 15,000 again showed a median and distribution similar to that for the entire leukemic group.
The remarkable fact that the dose requirement years later is related to the initial leukocyte count is discussed. Revised recommendations on dosage schedule for titrated, regularly spaced P32 therapy of the chronic leukemias are presented.
For each individual patient with chronic leukemia, there is a threshold dose of intravenously administered P32 below which no effect is observed. The dose and interval which will maintain a uniform leukocyte count of about 15,000 may remain unchanged for years or may show abrupt changes at any time to either a lower or higher requirement.
Separation and Properties of Urinary Hemopoietine
Authors: HODGSON G. , FISCHER S. , PERRETTA M. , ESKUCHE I. , ARAYA G. , DINAMARCA M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Methods are described for the separation of nondialyzable material with erythropoietic activity (urinary hemopoietine), from urine of rabbits made anemic (< 5g Hb/100) by phenylhydrazine and of patients with aplastic anemia (< 5g Hb/100). The material obtained was assayed for its effects on Fe59 distribution 3 and 24 hours after tracer injection. The active extracts produced a marked increase in the rate of Fe59 clearance from plasma, and in the fraction of the injected Fe59 appearing in erythrocytes at 3 and 24 hours. Effect of the extracts was seen to be a linear function of log dose. The extracts prepared from urine of patients with aplastic anemia had a specific activity about 3 times higher than that obtained from urine of phenylhydrazine rabbits. The fractions of highest specific activity obtained from rabbit’s urine were (a) that precipitating between 50-75 per cent ethanol at pH 4.5; (b) adsorbed by kaolin at pH 4.5 and eluted at pH 7-8; and (c) adsorbed by D.E.A.E. cellulose at pH 4.5 and eluted by 0.2 M Na2HPO4 in 0.5 M. NaC1. Only the ethanol procedure was used for human urine, and it was seen that specific activities of the 0-50 and 50-75 per cent fractions were similar.
The fractions obtained from human and rabbit urine showed great variability in hexose, sialic acid and hexosamine contents, and no clear correlation was apparent between gross chemical composition and erythropoietic activity. Paper electrophoresis showed the presence of a single component moving behind albumin, in both active and inactive extracts of human urine.
Studies on Agranulocytosis. II. The Effect of Chlorpromazine upon the Influx of S35 L-Cystine and L-Methionine into Human Leukocytes
Authors: PISCIOTTA ANTHONY V. , EBBE SHIRLEY N. , DALY MARY , RUWALDT MONA , GLASER MILTON , METZGER GLORIA O. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. When whole blood was incubated in vitro with S-35 L-cystine and L-methionine, the blood cells became radioactive.
2. Preincubation of whole blood from normals and from patients susceptible to agranulocytosis with chlorpromazine showed no effect upon uptake of S-35 L-cystine and L-methionine by leukocytes.
3. The in vivo administration of S-35 L-cystine was followed by the appearance of radioactive leukocytes. Peak radioactivity occurred in leukocytes in 5 to 12 days.
4. Pretreatment of test subjects with large doses of chlorpromazine did not block the uptake of S-35 L-cystine by leukocytes in vivo. Leukocytes of women showed an increase in the incorporation of S-35 L-cystine, in vivo. Studies performed in vivo on two persons during recovery from agranulocytosis showed enhanced uptake of L-cystine in one and a normal uptake in the other.
The In Vivo Differentiation of Human Leukocytes into Histiocytes, Fibroblasts and Fat Cells in Subcutaneous Diffusion Chambers
Authors: PETRAKIS NICHOLAS L. , DAVIS MARY , LUCIA SALVATORE P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Normal human leukocytes were cultivated in millipore diffusion chambers which had been implanted subcutaneously in autologous and homologous subjects. The observations were made over periods of a few days to six weeks. It was found that mature granulocytes underwent disintegration within one to two weeks. Mononuclear leukocytes underwent differentiation into macrophages and "polyblasts" within a few days and by three weeks had assumed the morphologic appearance characteristic of histiocytes and fibroblast-like cells. By four to six weeks extensive fibroblastic proliferation and marked collagen formation was found. In several chambers numerous fat cells were seen.
These in vivo studies demonstrate the mesenchymal potential for differentiation possessed by circulating mononuclear leukocytes of adult blood.
The Electrophoretie Mobility of Red Blood Cells of Normal Human Beings
Authors: ANGERS JOHN , ROTTINO ANTONIO 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Values obtained for the electrophoretic behavior of the red blood cells of healthy individuals is presented. The technic and instrument are described in detail and the necessary attention to meticulous care is emphasized. The data presented show that in an electric field the mobility of the red blood cells of healthy persons is constant and reproducible. It was concluded that the method is extremely sensitive and precise and that it may prove of value in the study of various disease states.