bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Procesos participativos en el espacio público. Análisis y evaluación de dos casos en Santiago de Chile
Authors: San Martín Ide Francisco 
Published: November 2018

Durante los últimos años, la participación ciudadana en proyectos de espacio público en Santiago ha tenido un impacto significativo en la dimensión técnica y política de la gestión urbana local. Muchos de estos procesos han sido complejos y difíciles de implementar, amplificando tensiones y disputas entre los distintos colectivos que participan en el territorio. Las posibles razones que explican esta situación están relacionadas con la falta de conocimiento y la infravaloración de otras variables involucradas en estas dinámicas. Tomando como referencia dos proyectos urbanos -“Museo Humano Parque San Borja” y “Mejoramiento Calle Santo Domingo”-, se propone un análisis de los procesos de participación mediante la utilización de un instrumento de evaluación multi-variable, diseñado a partir de los documentos Nueva Agenda Urbana y Plan de Desarrollo Comunal de Santiago. Este análisis permitirá determinar el grado de satisfacción del proceso según el cumplimiento de las variables utilizadas en la evaluación; comparar ambos procesos según cada área y sub-área examinada; identificar desequilibrios en la implementación y puntos de conflicto. En conclusión, se observa que estas dinámicas deben comprenderse bajo condiciones de incertidumbre y de disputa, avanzar hacia una participación transformadora y asumirse como un proceso dialéctico.AbstractDuring the last years, citizen participation in public space projects in Santiago had significantly impacted the technical and political dimensions of the local urban management. Many of these processes have been complex and difficult to implement, amplifying tensions and disputes between the different social groups that participate in the territory. Potential reasons explaining this situation are related to the lack of knowledge and undervaluation of other variables involved in these dynamics. Taking as reference two urban projects, -“Museo Humano Parque San Borja” and “Mejoramiento Calle Santo Domingo”-, an analysis of the participation’s process is proposed using an evalution tool, which was designed with several variables according to the New Urban Agenda and Santiago Communal Development Plan. This analysis will allow us to determine the degree of satisfaction of the process, according to the compliance of the variables used in the evaluation; to compare both processes according to each area and sub-area examined and; to identify imbalances in the implementation and conflict points. In conclusion, it is observed that these dynamics must be understood under conditions of uncertainty and dispute, proceed towards a transformative participation and be assumed as a dialectical process.
Three-Stage SAGD Liner Intervention to Remediate a Liner System Using Concentric Coiled Tubing Jet Pump Technology
Authors: Winkler Steven , Luebke Garrett , Jensen Camille , Cross Ryan , Bradshaw Torrie 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Excessive solids production and liner issues are familiar complications in maturing SAGD operations, potentially causing well integrity concerns. There are several factors that can occur, in isolation or in combination, to cause excessive solids production and/or liner failures in SAGD wells. Reservoir characteristics, well construction and known downhole conditions contribute to production results and potential liner degradation over time. The production strategy typically considers fluid mechanics, metallurgy, and thermal cycling to limit steam breakthrough, channeling, and/or low sub-cool events. Even with the best construction and production practices, the gradual accumulation of solids in a production well can limit optimal productivity. SAGD Operators may choose a downhole intervention to mitigate the potential of a future failure or require an intervention to prepare for liner remediation.
The paper begins by outlining common cleanout methods used in SAGD wells. Then, it discusses a SAGD downhole intervention in three stages: (1) a jetting venturi cleanout, (2) a gauge mill run, and (3) installation of a remedial liner system. The jetting venturi cleanout is comprised of concentric coiled tubing coupled with an engineered jet pump. It is designed to artificially lift wellbore materials, cleaning the SAGD wellbore while recording the volume of solids returned from a specific location. The gauge mill run confirms an acceptable diameter for smooth liner installation. These first two stages ensure seamless installation of the remedial liner system to mitigate detrimental mechanisms that limit production or impact well integrity.
Two case studies, in two heavy oil formations from two Operators, support the effectiveness of the SAGD liner intervention. The case summaries and results demonstrate the success of the SAGD liner intervention, corroborate its consistent and repeatable use and show its compatibility with remedial techniques in SAGD operations. The paper establishes the importance of effectively cleaning and clearing a SAGD wellbore in preparation for liner remediation and to provide insight into future well integrity operations.
Design and Application of a New High Performance Lightweight Thermal Cement
Authors: Taylor Jared , Iremonger Simon 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Lightweight cements offer significant performance benefits over conventional higher density cement blends, including; improved mechanical properties and stress resilience, lower thermal conductivity, lower ECDs and improved returns to surface and potentially lower risk of casing collapse due to trapped annular pressure. However, a number of challenges exist in developing lightweight blends for thermal applications specifically concerning achieving short wait on cement at low bottom hole static temperature while also ensuring long-term chemical and mechanical stability at high temperatures. Here we report the development of a new lightweight thermal cement by utilizing hollow glass microspheres. Further fine-tuning of the desired slurry properties including controllable thickening times, zero free water, low fluid loss and short WOC was achieved through cost-effective additive adjustment, and the mechanical properties of the cement we validated by long term curing at both ambient and high temperaures (340 °C). To ensure that the high performance achieved in the controlled lab environment was maintained once deployed at full-scale field level an extensive QA/QC program was undertaken. This process involved collecting dry bulk field samples and confirming performance (thickening time, free water, rheology and fluid loss) prior to every job. After initial optimization of the blending process, a 100% success rate was achieved over the course of a more than a twenty jobs. Overall, a high quality lightweight thermal cement with excellent long-term mechanical properties was successfully developed and deployed.
Experience with the Vacuum Insulated Tubing VIT Utilization at Gas Fields in the Northern Part of Western Siberia
Authors: Belomestnov Alexander , Marchenko Kirill , Melnikov Igor 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Objectives/Scope
Evaluating of VIT performance

Methods, Procedures, Process
Statistics, Finite Element Analysis (FEA), Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

Results, Observations, Conclusions
The utilization of Vacuum Insulated Tubing (VIT) is necessitated by the growing oil and gas development in northern regions of the Earth and application of thermal oil recovery methods. Conceptually, VIT consists of two (external and internal) pipes coaxially fixed at the ends, with the annular space filled with thermal insulation including getters (gas absorbers). After the pipes are assembled, air is evacuated from the annular space to create vacuum. Getters are fully activating within vacuumizing. Prior to commercial utilization at Gazprom, the VIT was tested at the Gazprom VNIIGAZ Institute (Russia) on a dedicated thermophysical testing bench. Tests were designed to measure the Coefficient of thermal conductivity (k-factor) of the VIT Vacuum Shield Thermal Insulation. Results obtained during the tests are as follows: with hot air (84…93°C) passing through the tube, the temperature of its external surface remained within the range of 28…35°C, while k-factor was 0.004…0.008 W/(m*K). Gazprom requirements k-factor with max. 0.012 W/(m*K). When VIT successfully passed bench tests, they were approved for utilization in the commercial development of the Bovanenkovskoye field operated by Gazprom. In order to gauge heat flux and effective k-factor of VIT walls at different gas flow rates and fluid temperatures, the design provides for satellite pipes to be installed within the gas well's cement column. At the moment, wellhead soil temperature observations are carried out regularly at VIT-equipped wells. Some gas wells have been monitored for 3 years now. The results of monitoring of 18 well pads (163 wells) the temperature stabilization of the permafrost soil at which is carried out only through the operation of seasonally active cooling systems (without the use of VIT) show temperature increases in the soil along the wellbore. Wells operated with VIT and cooling systems keep freezing temperatures within the cement column throughout the entire annual cycle. For steam injection technologies, may be used theoretically estimation about how temperature of steam decreases from top to bottom of well depending on VIT k-factor and length of VIT string. Such information needs for VIT well design.

Novel/Additive Information
Empirical information about VIT utilization
Flow Control Devices in SAGD - A System-Based Technology Solution
Authors: Burke Lyle , Ghazar Claude 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Flow Control Devices (FCDs) in SAGD applications have succeeded and failed to varying degrees and their use has not been overly pervasive or fully accepted yet. However, recently it has been publicized that FCD technology has achieved upwards of 100% improvement in SAGD oil production and potential improvements in steam oil ratios (SOR), which has continued to spark interest in its application.
SAGD reservoirs are inherently heterogeneous and this presents distinct operational complexities when attempting to expedite the production of the oil while attempting to avoid steam breakthrough. Producing the steam reduces the thermal efficiency of the project which results in an increased SOR while also creating a high potential of compromising the mechanical integrity of the production liner. FCDs can mitigate the operational negatives and enhance the operational positives, however, they are not a ‘silver bullet’ for all ailments and their implementation needs to be carefully planned. This paper reviews FCD implementation workflows and highlights recent downhole instrumentation technology advancements that enhance FCD performance analysis and supports better deployment designs that should improve the economic viability of existing and upcoming SAGD projects.
SAGD Circulation Phase: History-Match of Field Data in Lloydminster Reservoir using a Discretized Thermal Wellbore Modelling Simulator
Authors: Ayala Daniel , Gates Ian 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Steam circulation in the early stages of Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is crucial for establishing hydraulic communication between the injector and producer well and for the future development of the steam chamber. Steam is the carrier of enthalpy to the reservoir, and thus, the evolution of pressure, temperature, and steam quality is important for heat transfer efficiency. In the simulation of the circulation phase (start-up), most companies in Alberta neglect the heat loss around the wellbore in the vertical/build section of the well and assume a steam quality for the lateral section of the well. Also, most of the simulations found in the literature assume a source-sink approach where the frictional pressure drops along the wellbore and the heat conduction between the wellbore and the reservoir are negligible. In this paper, the steam circulation phase of a SAGD well pair is examined in detail, taking into account heat loss around the wellbore in the vertical/build section and heat transfer and fluid losses in the lateral section of the well pair. In the model developed, wellbore hydraulics is also accounted for by using a discretized wellbore model within a fully implicit coupled thermal reservoir simulator. Field data from the circulation phase or warm up phase of a SAGD well pair at the Lindbergh SAGD project was history-matched to better understand the effect of wellbore hydraulics and heat loss between the dual completion string design and wellbore. This research will help Pengrowth Energy Corporation take into account new operating strategies for future SAGD well pairs.
SAGD Circulation Phase: Thermal Efficiency Evaluation of Five Wellbore Completion Designs in Lloydminster Reservoir
Authors: Ayala Rivas Daniel , Gates Ian 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The main objective during the circulation phase (start-up) of Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is to lower the heavy oil or bitumen viscosity, to create inter-well fluid communication between the injector and producer well and to uniformly warm-up the lateral section of the well pair to achieve uniform steam chamber growth during the life of the SAGD well pair. Typically, the circulation phase (start-up) lasts between three and six months and it is completed when the temperature between the producer and injector is high enough, generally greater than 80°C. It has been proven that during the circulation phase (start-up) of a SAGD well pair, the variations in thermal efficiency result from factors such as tubing size, well trajectory, well length, completion configuration, reservoir properties, and operating parameters.
There is not any published study performed in the Lindbergh area in Alberta, Canada that determines the thermal efficiency of different completion designs during the circulation phase (start-up) of a SAGD well pair in a Lloydminster formation. Therefore, in a previous study, a discretized thermal reservoir/wellbore modelling simulator (Exotherm, 2016) was used to history-match field data obtained from a SAGD well pair in the Lloydminster area, and, subsequently, this paper uses the simulation model to evaluate and compare the thermal efficiency of five different completion design cases during the SAGD circulation phase (start-up) in the Lloydminster formation. These completion designs include: bare tubing in a dual string, vacuum insulated tubing (VIT) in a dual string and single string, and gas blanket (methane) in a concentric string. The results show that completion design configuration impacts the heat transfer and thermal efficiency of the circulation process.
Optimization of Placement of Flow Control Devices under Geological Uncertainty in Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage
Authors: Nejadi Siavash , Hubbard Stephen M. , Shor Roman J. , Gates Ian D. , Wang Jingyi 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Steam chamber conformance in Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) influences the efficiency and economic performance of bitumen recovery. Conventional SAGD well completion designs provide limited control points in long horizontal well pairs leading to development of a non-ideal steam chambers. Developing advanced wellbore completions and optimizing downhole tool settings is critical to achieve optimal steam distribution in heterogeneous reservoirs for optimal recovery.
This paper presents a workflow to optimize SAGD well completion design by using flow control devices (FCDs). Optimum FCD placement, and specifications are determined in consideration of reservoir heterogeneity. Uncertainties in spatial distribution of facies and rock types, reservoir rock and fluid properties are represented by multiple equiprobable deterministic and stochastic geological realizations using Monte-Carlo simulation. The methodology is based on constrained nonlinear optimizationtomaximize the net present value (NPV) as the objective function. A coupled wellbore/reservoir simulation model of a well pad is implemented in the study, and the efficacy of different scenarios with varied well designs are assessed from evaluating bitumen production, steam injection, and well completion expenses.
Results indicate superior performance of the wells equipped with FCDs compared to conventional concentric and parallel dual string well completion designs. For the cases examined, this translates to an average 7% increase of the expected NPV for different well completion designs when using FCDs. Furthermore, results show using zonal isolation in the well design is essential for compartmentalized reservoirs such aspoint bar deposits with their significant heterogeneity.
Advanced wellbore completions provide sufficient tools to constrain steam injection and liquid production into and from different well segments, and manage steam chamber conformance along the horizontal well pairs, improve production efficiency, increase bitumen recovery, and reduce operating costs.
A novel workflow is presented to optimize advanced wellbore completions utilizing flow control devices. This integrated assisted optimization approach considers uncertainties in geological properties, and determines the optimal FCD parameters and well completion design with acceptable computational effort. This integrated workflow allowed us to undertake a thorough evaluation of the key subsurface uncertainties, and design an overall development plan. The probabilistic nature of the results legitimize quantifying the uncertainties and identify associated risks for different completion strategies.
An Experimental Investigation into the Sand Control and Flow Performance of the Remedial Tubing Deployed Scab Liners in Thermal Production
Authors: Fattahpour Vahidoddin , Mahmoudi Mahdi , Roostaei Morteza , Nolan Patrick , Sutton Colby , Fermaniuk Brent 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
With the aging of the SAGD projects and growing number of wells with hot-spot and sand production problems, there is a growing interest in the remedial completion with Inflow Control Device (ICD) and tubing deployed scab liner. The current study aims at better understanding the annular flow, sand transport in the annular space and the expected pressure drops and the produced sand for tubing deployed scab liner sand control solution using a large-scale experimental well simulator.
A large-scale wellbore simulator was developed to study the performance of the tubing deployed scab liner screen as remedial sand control, where the sand entry point, the concentration and PSD of the sand in addition to the flow rate and the ratio of different phases could be controlled precisely. Two-phase flow of oil and brine along with sand could be injected through different ports along the clear pipe, emulating the slurry flow entering into the wellbore. Clear pipe allows visualization of the sand transport and sand accumulation above the tubing deployed scab liner during the fluid injection. An experimental study of the performance of Wire Wrap Screen (WWS) with different aperture sizes is presented in this paper.
Results indicated the requirement of a different approach for designing the correct aperture size for remedial scab liners since using the current design sand control criteria leads to large amount of solid production. It seems that the design of aperture size for scab liners should be more toward the lower bound in comparison with the common screen designs in thermal applications. The sand entry point distance from the tubing deployed scab liner screen position was found to be the critical parameter in the sanding and flow performance of the remedial sand control. Fluid flow in the annulus causes the segregation of sand grains; finer grains are carried with fluid, while coarser grains settle closer to the injection ports. The slurry flow regime in the annulus results in continuous sand production until a stable bridge and later a stable sand bed is formed on top of the tubing deployed scab liner screen. Moreover, results showed that the main pressure drop happens across the nozzles on the tubing, while the pressure drop across the accumulated sand pack in the annulus and coupon was less significant.
This paper introduces an experimental tool for evaluating the tubing deployed scab liner performance as remedial sand control in thermal applications. The developed experimental testing and facility could help to better design and evaluate the remedial tubing deployed scab liner sand control solutions.
CT Diagnosis of Well Trajectory and Completion Decision Guidance for SAGD Paired Horizontal Wells
Authors: Chen Xun , Sun Shouguo , Tong Deshui 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The trajectory control quality is the key technology when using SAGD dual horizontal wells to produce heavy/super heavy oil. The systematic study of trajectory control, CT scanning diagnosis and completion decision has been carried out to guarantee the forming and keeping of steam chamber and enhance the drainage continuity and well-bore life so as to realize economical and effective development. In order to realize precise control of the trajectory of dual horizontal wells, the method with space rectangular target for dual horizontal wells and MGT magnetic-steering technology as its core, has been developed. The CT scanning diagnosis system of SAGD trajectory based on the medical technique has been developed to realize real-time scanning and predicting of the horizontal intervals of the paired horizontal wells. The timely warning and guidance of trajectory adjustment are available when the deviation of the relative position of the two wells from the space rectangular target occurs. After drilling, the space position relation of arbitrary cross-section along the trajectory axis is analyzed through the scanning diagnosis system, and scientific evaluation of the SAGD production is conducted using the SAGD efficiency coefficient method. If the relative position of certain intervals of the two wells is pretty near and there will be the risk of steam breakthrough, physical isolation of the intervals are recommended with casing and thermal packers. The technology has been applied in 12 well-groups in the Liaohe Oilfield, most of the dual horizontal wells have kept favorable position relations. During the injection well of Du-A well-group, due to the large formation dip, the scanning diagnosis system sent out warning signals when 2/3 of the horizontal interval had been drilled, then technicians adjusted the trajectory timely. After drilling, it was found that the distance between the two wells was less than 4m for a 4-meter interval at the 2/3 of the horizontal interval. During the design of completion strings, a blind tube is used to replace the screen in the interval. Two thermally-setting packers are designed respectively for the upper and lower end of the blind tube to realize physical isolation so as to ensure the formation of the steam chamber in the later period and guarantee favorable oil drainage. The overall production of the block has been increased by 15% compared to the wells in the earlier stage. After study, the SAGD trajectory control and completion decision technology with integral constraints of the space rectangular target, real time control of CT scanning diagnosis system and decision guidance after completion has been developed to successfully remove the potential developing troubles caused by trajectory control quality. With favorable applications in the field, the technology has become an important method to guarantee SAGD development effects.