bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A complex matrix characterization approach, applied to cigarette smoke, that integrates multiple analytical methods and compound identification strategies for non‐targeted liquid chromatography with high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Arndt Daniel , Wachsmuth Christian , Buchholz Christoph , Bentley Mark 
Published: September 2019

RationaleFor the characterization of the chemical composition of complex matrices such as tobacco smoke, containing more than 6000 constituents, several analytical approaches have to be combined to increase compound coverage across the chemical space. Furthermore, the identification of unknown molecules requiring the implementation of additional confirmatory tools in the absence of reference standards, such as tandem mass spectrometry spectra comparisons and in silico prediction of mass spectra, is a major bottleneck.MethodsWe applied a combination of four chromatographic/ionization techniques (reversed‐phase (RP) – heated electrospray ionization (HESI) in both positive (+) and negative (−) modes, RP – atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in positive mode, and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) – HESI positive) using a Thermo Q Exactive™ liquid chromatography/high‐resolution accurate mass spectrometry (LC/HRAM‐MS) platform for the analysis of 3R4F‐derived smoke. Compound identification was performed by using mass spectral libraries and in silico predicted fragments from multiple integrated databases.ResultsA total of 331 compounds with semi‐quantitative estimates ≥100 ng per cigarette were identified, which were distributed within the known chemical space of tobacco smoke. The integration of multiple LC/HRAM‐MS‐based chromatographic/ionization approaches combined with complementary compound identification strategies was key for maximizing the number of amenable compounds and for strengthening the level of identification confidence. A total of 50 novel compounds were identified as being present in tobacco smoke. In the absence of reference MS2 spectra, in silico MS2 spectra prediction gave a good indication for compound class and was used as an additional confirmatory tool for our integrated non‐targeted screening (NTS) approach.ConclusionsThis study presents a powerful chemical characterization approach that has been successfully applied for the identification of novel compounds in cigarette smoke. We believe that this innovative approach has general applicability and a huge potential benefit for the analysis of any complex matrices.
Outcomes in single‐stage multilevel surgery for obstructive sleep apnea: Transoral robotic surgery, expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty and septoplasty
Authors: Cambi Jacopo , Chiri Zaira M. , De Santis Sante , Franci Elisabetta , Frusoni Federica , Ciabatti Pier G. , Boccuzzi Simone 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundMany patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) have multiple obstructive sites simultaneously such as the oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx. Multilevel surgery is starting to be widely performed by ENT surgeons and accepted by patients.MethodsTwenty consecutive patients with moderate or severe OSAS were treated with single‐stage multilevel surgery. They underwent transoral robotic surgery for tongue base reduction or epiglottoplasty, expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty, and septoplasty.ResultsThe average length of hospitalization was 5.2 ± 0.9 days. No serious complications were observed. At the postoperative control with polysomnography, the apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) had decreased by at least 50% in 90% of patients; improvements were observed in all sleep parameters.ConclusionSingle‐stage multilevel surgery has proven to be effective in treating patients with moderate to severe OSAS, without experiencing persistent complaints. Despite multiple levels of obstruction being operated in a single stage, airway safety was maintained in all patients.
Ultrabroad Band Microwave Absorption of Carbonized Waxberry with Hierarchical Structure
Authors: Sun Xianxian , Yang Minglong , Yang Shuang , Wang Shasha , Yin Weilong , Che Renchao , Li Yibin 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDeveloping microwave absorption materials with broadband and lightweight characters is of great significance. However, it is still a great challenge for carbonized biomass without loading magnetic particles to cover the broad microwave frequency. Herein, it is proposed to carbonize freeze‐dried waxberry to make full use of its natural hierarchical gradient structure to target the ultrabroad band microwave absorption. The carbonized freeze‐dried waxberry shows radial‐gradient and hierarchical structure. The different components of hierarchical waxberry demonstrate gradient dielectric properties: the outer component shows anisotropic dielectric constants with smaller value, while the inner core shows higher dielectric constants. This gradient dielectric property is beneficial to the impedance matching and strong polarization. As a result, the bandwidth of carbonized waxberry exhibits an ultrabroad band microwave absorption, ranging from 1 to 40 GHz with the reflection loss value below −8 dB. Meanwhile, the bandwidth can cover from 8 to 40 GHz when the reflection loss is below −15 dB. The ultrabroad microwave absorption is attributed to the hierarchical radial‐gradient structure of carbonized waxberry, which provides good impedance matching with air media. This achievement paves the way for the exploitation of natural hierarchical biomass as a superlight and broadband high‐performance microwave absorption material.
A simple and fast method for determination of benzocaine and lidocaine in pharmaceutical formulations by capillary electrophoresis with spectrophotometric detection
Authors: Junger Ayandra Santos , de Jesus Francielly Fernanda Souza , Fracassi da Silva José Alberto , Daniel Daniela , de Jesus Dosil Pereira 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA novel, simple, and rapid method for the determination of the anesthetics benzocaine and lidocaine in pharmaceutical formulations using capillary electrophoresis with spectrophotometric detection (210 nm) is proposed. In this method, the sample preparation was fast and simple, using only aqueous dilution or extraction with sonication aid. A background electrolyte composed by 10 mmol L ‐1 of monosodium phosphate with pH 2.1 allowed the separation of the anesthetics with good peak resolution in less than 5 min. The limits of quantification were 0.31 and 0.68 mg L−1 for lidocaine and benzocaine, respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions (RSD%) ranged from 1.1 to 4.8% and the accuracies (as recovery percentage) varied from 84 to 109.4%. The proposed method was successfully applied for analyses of commercial samples of pharmaceutical formulations, such as otologic solution, ointment, and spray solution and lozenges for sore throat.
Gaugino condensation and small uplifts in KKLT
Authors: Carta Federico , Moritz Jakob , Westphal Alexander 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn the first part of this note we argue that ten dimensional consistency requirements in the form of a certain tadpole cancellation condition can be satisfied by KKLT type vacua of type IIB string theory. We explain that a new term of non-local nature is generated dynamically once supersymmetry is broken and ensures cancellation of the tadpole. It can be interpreted as the stress caused by the restoring force that the stabilization mechanism exerts on the volume modulus. In the second part, we explain that it is surprisingly difficult to engineer sufficiently long warped throats to prevent decom-pactification which are also small enough in size to fit into the bulk Calabi-Yau (CY). We give arguments that achieving this with reasonable amount of control may not be possible in generic CY compactifications while CYs with very non-generic geometrical properties might evade our conclusion.
Clergy Working outside of Congregations, 1976–2018
Authors: Schleifer Cyrus , Cadge Wendy 
Published: September 2019

Changes in the American religious landscape have affected the professional religious labor force in the United States. These changes may be leading clergy to work for multiple congregations (Robbins and Francis in J Empir Theol 27(2):261–280, 2014 ), in multiple occupations (Chang, in: Carroll (ed) Pulpit & pew: research on pastoral leadership, Duke Divinity School, Durham, 2004 ), and/or to seek out clergy work outside of congregations (Chang and Bompadre in J Sci Study Relig 38(3):398–410, 1999 ). Focusing on the latter, this study addresses the research questions: What are the patterns and demographics of non-congregational clergy and how have these patterns changed over time? Using national-level data, we present the first large-scale mapping of clergy working outside of congregations over the past 42 years. We observe that non-congregational clergy are more likely to be women, live in cities, and have an advanced degree. Moreover, clergy in non-traditional types of family structure are more likely to find clergy work outside of congregations compared to clergy living in a nuclear family. We suggest several factors that might account for these differences.
Optimality of refraction strategies for a constrained dividend problem
Authors: Junca Mauricio , Moreno-Franco Harold A. , Pérez José Luis , Yamazaki Kazutoshi 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe consider de Finetti’s problem for spectrally one-sided Lévy risk models with control strategies that are absolutely continuous with respect to the Lebesgue measure. Furthermore, we consider the version with a constraint on the time of ruin. To characterize the solution to the aforementioned models, we first solve the optimal dividend problem with a terminal value at ruin and show the optimality of threshold strategies. Next, we introduce the dual Lagrangian problem and show that the complementary slackness conditions are satisfied, characterizing the optimal Lagrange multiplier. Finally, we illustrate our findings with a series of numerical examples.
Fish consumption and risk of incident dementia in elderly Japanese: the Ohsaki cohort 2006 study
Authors: Tsurumaki Nozomu , Zhang Shu , Tomata Yasutake , Abe Saho , Sugawara Yumi , Matsuyama Sanae , Tsuji Ichiro 
Published: September 2019

AbstractFish harbour many types of nutrients that are beneficial for preventing cognitive decline. Therefore, habitual fish intake might contribute to a lower risk of incident dementia. However, few prospective cohort studies have investigated fish consumption in relation to incident dementia, and their findings have been inconsistent. To investigate the association between fish consumption and the risk of incident dementia, we collected data on the consumption of fish and other foods using an FFQ in a baseline survey of individuals aged ≥65 years living in Ohsaki City, Japan. After 5·7 years of follow-up, the incidence of dementia was 1118 (8·5 %) among 13 102 participants. We then used a multivariate-adjusted Cox model to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI. Compared with subjects with the lowest fish intake (Q1), the multivariate HR were 0·90 (95 % CI 0·74, 1·11) for Q2, 0·85 (95 % CI 0·73, 0·99) for Q3 and 0·84 (95 % CI 0·71, 0·997) for Q4 (Ptrend = 0·029). Such associations were also observed even after excluding participants who were diagnosed with dementia in the first 2 years of follow-up and those who had poorer cognitive function at baseline. In conclusion, an association was observed between higher fish consumption and a lower risk of incident dementia among healthy elderly people without disability. These findings suggest that habitual fish intake may be beneficial for the prevention of dementia.
Abnormalities of the late positive potential during emotional processing in individuals with psychopathic traits: a meta-analysis
Authors: Vallet William , Hone-Blanchet Antoine , Brunelin Jerome 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with psychopathic traits display deficits in emotional processing. A key event-related potential component involved in emotional processing is the late positive potential (LPP). In healthy controls, LPP amplitude is greater in response to negative stimuli than to positive or neutral stimuli. In the current study, we aimed to compare LPP amplitudes between individuals with psychopathic traits and control subjects when presented with negative, positive or neutral stimuli. We hypothesized that LPP amplitude evoked by emotional stimuli would be reduced in individuals with psychopathic traits compared to healthy controls.MethodsAfter a systematic review of the literature, we conducted a meta-analysis to compare LPP amplitude elicited by emotional stimuli in individuals with psychopathic traits and healthy controls.ResultsIndividuals with psychopathic traits showed significantly reduced LPP amplitude evoked by negative stimuli (mean effect size = −0.47; 95% CI −0.60 to −0.33; p < 0.005) compared to healthy controls. No significant differences between groups were observed for the processing of positive (mean effect size = −0.15; 95% CI −0.42 to 0.12; p = 0.28) and neutral stimuli (mean effect size = −0.12; 95% CI 0.31 to 0.07; p = 0.21).ConclusionsMeasured by LPP amplitude, individuals with psychopathic traits displayed abnormalities in the processing of emotional stimuli with negative valence whereas processing of stimuli with positive and neutral valence was unchanged as compared with healthy controls.
THE HEART OF LIBERTARIANISM: FUNDAMENTALITY AND THE WILL
Authors: Franklin Christopher Evan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract:It is often claimed that libertarianism offers an unattractive conception of free will and moral responsibility because it renders free agency inexplicable and irrational. This essay aims, first, to show that the soundness of these objections turns on more basic disagreements concerning the ideals of free agency and, second, to develop and motivate a truly libertarian conception of the ideals of free agency. The central contention of the essay is that the heart of libertarians’ ideal of free agency is the ideal of agential fundamentality.
Beyond Measures of Central Tendency: Novel Methods to Examine Sex Differences in Neuropsychological Performance Following Sports-Related Concussion in Collegiate Athletes
Authors: Merritt Victoria C. , Greenberg Liora S. , Guty Erin , Bradson Megan L. , Rabinowitz Amanda R. , Arnett Peter A. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjective:The purpose of this study was to examine sex differences in neuropsychological functioning after sports-related concussion using several approaches to assess cognition: mean performance, number of impaired scores, and intraindividual variability (IIV).Method:In the study, 152 concussed college athletes were administered a battery of neuropsychological tests, on average, 10 days post-concussion (SD= 12.75;Mdn= 4 days;Range= 0–72 days). Mean performance was evaluated across 18 individual neuropsychological variables, and the total number of impaired test scores (>1.5SDbelow the mean) was calculated for each athlete. Two measures of IIV were also computed: an intraindividual standard deviation (ISD) score and a maximum discrepancy (MD) score.Results:Analyses of covariance revealed that, compared with males, females had significantly more impaired scores and showed greater variability on both IIV indices (ISD and MD scores) after adjusting for time since injury and post-concussive symptoms. In contrast, no significant effects of sex were found when examining mean neuropsychological performance.Conclusion:Although females and males demonstrated similar mean performance following concussion, females exhibited a greater level of cognitive impairment and larger inconsistencies in cognitive performance than males. These results suggest that evaluating cognitive indices beyond mean neuropsychological scores may provide valuable information when determining the extent of post-concussion cognitive dysfunction.
Large‐Scale Horizontally Enhanced Sodium Layers Coobserved in the Midlatitude Region of China
Authors: Ma Ju , Xue Xianghui , Dou Xiankang , Chen Tingdi , Tang Yihuan , Jia Mingjiao , Zou Zicheng , Li Tao , Fang Xin , Cheng Xuewu , Sun Shuji 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe report 19 coobserved enhanced sodium layers, including sporadic sodium layers (SSLs) and thermospheric enhanced sodium layers (TeSLs), over Hefei (31.8°N, 117.3°E) and Wuhan (30.5°N, 114.4°E) from 2011 to 2018. The total coobservation time at Hefei and Wuhan was 387.24 hr, and the average occurrence rates were 0.038 hr−1 and 0.028 hr−1 for the SSLs and TeSLs, respectively. The SSL and TeSL occurrence rates in summer were 0.078 and 0.039 hr−1, respectively, which were considerably higher than those in other seasons. Among all 19 cases, 16 cases, including 9 SSL cases and 7 TeSL cases, occurred almost simultaneously over Hefei and Wuhan without a time delay. Seven TeSLs and four out of the nine SSLs were accompanied by ionospheric sporadic E (Es), suggesting that an “Es‐SSL (TeSL)” chain formed via the wave‐induced wind shear mechanism. Three SSLs were modulated by waves and the two other cases were related with gravity wave overturning. In general, the correlation coefficients between Hefei and Wuhan for long‐duration cases (more than 2 hr) were high due to some large‐scale mechanism, and the short‐duration cases (less than 2 hr) had poor correlation due to different local characteristics. In addition, three cases were observed with an apparent time delay over Hefei and Wuhan, which might indicate the possible existence of long‐distance transport processes.
Spectral Signature of the Biosphere: NISTAR Finds It in Our Solar System From the Lagrangian L‐1 Point
Authors: Carlson Barbara , Lacis Andrew , Colose Christopher , Marshak Alexander , Su Wenying , Lorentz Steven 
Published: September 2019

AbstractNISTAR, aboard the DSCOVR spacecraft, is one of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's energy budget instruments designed to measure the seasonal changes in Earth's total outgoing radiation from a unique vantage point at the Lagrangian L‐1 point a million miles from Earth. Global radiation energy balance measurements are important constraints for climate models, but are difficult measurements to quantify. CERES data offer the best current observational constraints, but need extensive modeling to get global energy. NISTAR observes the entire dayside hemisphere of the Earth as a single pixel, splitting the shortwave radiation into broadband visible and near‐infrared components (analogous to the narrowband spectral ratios used to define vegetation indices). This spectral partitioning at the 0.7‐μm vegetation red edge offers unique constraints on climate model spectral treatment of cloud and surface albedos. Moreover, NISTAR's unique viewing geometry amounts to observing the Earth as an exoplanet, which opens a new perspective on exoplanet observations.
Explanation for the Increase in High‐Altitude Water on Mars Observed by NOMAD During the 2018 Global Dust Storm
Authors: Neary L. , Daerden F. , Aoki S. , Whiteway J. , Clancy R. T. , Smith M. , Viscardy S. , Erwin J.T. , Thomas I. R. , Villanueva G. , Liuzzi G. , Crismani M. , Wolff M. , Lewis S. R. , Holmes J. A. , Patel M. R. , Giuranna M. , Depiesse C. , Piccialli A. , Robert S. , Trompet L. , Willame Y. , Ristic B. , Vandaele A. C. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery (NOMAD) instrument on board ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter measured a large increase in water vapor at altitudes in the range of 40–100 km during the 2018 global dust storm on Mars. Using a three‐dimensional general circulation model, we examine the mechanism responsible for the enhancement of water vapor in the upper atmosphere. Experiments with different prescribed vertical profiles of dust show that when more dust is present higher in the atmosphere, the temperature increases, and the amount of water ascending over the tropics is not limited by saturation until reaching heights of 70–100 km. The warmer temperatures allow more water to ascend to the mesosphere. Photochemical simulations show a strong increase in high‐altitude atomic hydrogen following the high‐altitude water vapor increase by a few days.
The Wavelength‐Dependent Complex Refractive Index of Hygroscopic Aerosol Particles and Other Aqueous Media: An Effective Oscillator Model
Authors: Bain Alison , Rafferty Aidan , Preston Thomas C. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe present an effective oscillator model for the wavelength‐dependent complex refractive index of weakly absorbing aqueous solutions. The model is derived using the causal connection between the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index that is described through the Kramers‐Kronig relation. Using cavity‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy, we measure both the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index of several aqueous solutions whose optical properties are relevant to seawater, aqueous sea‐salt particles, and aqueous organic aerosol. It is demonstrated that the effective oscillator model accurately describes both the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index of aqueous solutions across a wide range of water activities and optical wavelengths. Finally, through a comparison with measurements, we verify that mixing rule calculations utilizing oscillator parameters from solutions containing a single solute and water can be used to predict the optical properties of aqueous solutions containing multiple solutes.
Nonlinear Response of Extreme Precipitation to Warming in CESM1
Authors: Pendergrass A. G. , Coleman D. B. , Deser C. , Lehner F. , Rosenbloom N. , Simpson I. R. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe response of extreme precipitation to warming varies widely among climate models, especially in the tropics. In some models, there have been indications that the rate of response increases with warming—that the response is not linear. We investigate the evolution of extreme precipitation, quantified by the maximum accumulated precipitation in a day each year, in CESM1. We find that tropical‐ and global‐average extreme precipitation is related to global‐mean surface temperature quadratically. This behavior is associated with an increase in the large‐scale fraction of extreme precipitation and also strengthening circulation on extreme precipitation days. Compared to other CMIP5 models, the nonlinearity in CESM1 is among the largest. One implication is that the difference between CESM1 simulations with full forcing and with fixed aerosols cannot be used to isolate the response of extreme precipitation to aerosols, as the resulting climates are not equally warm.