bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uczone kobiety w dobie przedchrześcijańskiej (poetki, filozofki, lekarki, alchemiczki)
Authors: Zamorzanka Anna Z. 
Published: April 2019

Celem artykułu jest prezentacja kilkunastu kobiet, które żyły w czasach przedchrześcijańskich. Bohaterki nasze zajmowały się z powodzeniem różnymi dziedzinami wiedzy, zdobywając już za życia uznanie i sławę. Są wśród nich poetki Safona i Erynna, filozofki Arete i Hypatia, lekarka Antiochis i alchemiczka Maria Żydówka. Autorka przedstawiając ich życie i omawiając ich twórczość, dochodzi do wniosku, iż bardzo dobrze radziły sobie w świecie, w którym prawa ustanawiali przede wszystkim mężczyźni. Ma też nadzieję, iż ich przykład przynajmniej częściowo zmieni wyobrażenia o kobietach żyjących w starożytności.
Edukacja podmiotowa a twórczość w kl. I–III
Authors: Magda-Adamowicz Marzenna 
Published: April 2019

Edukacja przedmiotowa i praca nauczycieli z uczniami bierze swój początek z opozycji przeciwko konceptom behawioralnym i czerpie inspirację z założeń psychologii humanistycznej. W trakcie pedagogicznej pracy artystycznej nauczyciel odkrywa nie tylko talenty swoich uczniów, ale również swoje zdolności artystyczne i swoje wewnętrzne „ja”. W rzeczywistości stara się on znaleźć sposób na odnalezienie samego siebie przez komunikowanie się ze swoim wewnętrznym „ja” oraz innymi ludźmi poprzez sztukę. Prace tworzone przez kreatywnego nauczyciela wynikają z refleksji odzwierciedlających jego świadomość, cele i pragnienia, które są dla niego najważniejsze. Wyniki badań nad pracą kreatywnego nauczyciela, które przedtem nie były postrzegane jako znaczące, różnią się od postawionych hipotez. Przedstawione cele pracy artystycznej są wytycznymi dla edukacji przedmiotowej.
HEAVY METALS (Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu) UPTAKE BY SPRING BARLEY IN POLLUTED SOILS
Authors: Ryzhenko Nataliija O. , Kavetsky S. V. , Kavetsky Volodymyr M. 
Published: April 2019

<p>Accumulation of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu (HM) by spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) from sod podzolic sandy loam and chernozem soils, impacted by heavy metals pollution in the soils, is studied in the article. The aim of study has been to determine spring barley bioaccumulation capacity impacted by the HM pollution with the high level of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu concentration in soils. The HM concentration diapason caused biomass reduction – the scope of toxic tolerance was obtained. The range of contaminants concentration in soil, which caused the plant biomass reduction, from the beginning to plants death – the scope of toxic tolerance, is the index of a species reaction on selected xenobiotic. It shows: “threshold” concentration of a contaminant that caused a plant biomass inhibition; toxic process development and the correlation between contaminants concentration in soil and/or plant and the plants inhibition; the concentration that caused the plant death. Spring barley accumulation indexes of the studied metals were calculated. Relevant scopes of the plant-uptake index for each metal were calculated. Dynamics of the toxic process development of spring barley as impacted by the pollution in the break-down by studied metals were observed on two different soils. Toxic process dynamic evaluation gives the possibility to simulate concentration of the trace metal in plants, concentration of available forms of these elements in soils, and also contamination level (content of metals) that caused plants height and plant weight reduction by 10%, 50% and 90%.</p><p> </p><p>Celem pracy było określenie wpływu zanieczyszczenia gleb piaszczysto-gliniastych bielicowych i czarnoziemów przez matale ciężkie (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu) na biakumulację tych pierwiastków w jęczmieniu jarym (Hordeum vulgare L.). Podwyższone stężenie metali ciężkich spowodowało spadek plonu biomasy (od 10 do 90%). Stwierdzono, że im wyższe stężenie pierwiastków w glebie tym reakcja negatywna roślin była większa, aż do zamierania roślin. Wyliczono wskaźniki akumulacji dla każdego z pierwiastków metali. Ocena dynamiki procesu zanieczyszczenia gleb przez metale ciężkie (na podstawie wskaźników akumulacji) daje możliwość stymulowania stężenia tych pierwiastków w glebie. </p>
Issues of Kazakh language teaching in elementary classes in terms of the meta-subject approach
Authors: Zhumabayeva Zhazira , Uaisova Gulnar , Zhumabayeva Aziya , Uaidullakyzy Elmira , Karimova Raziya , Hamza Gauhar 
Published: April 2019

It is well-known that in recent years, the attention has been paid to teaching language as a means of communication and learning. In this case, it is important to teach the Kazakh language from the very beginning in close connection with other educational fields, that is to say, teaching the language from the point of view of meta-subject approach. After all, the meta-subject approach to teaching the Kazakh language in different subject areas of primary education opens the way for the schoolchildren to understand the cognitive and communicative functions of the language. Therefore, in our paper, we have analysed the work of scientists who have studied the concept of â€˜metasubjectâ€™, â€˜meta-subject matter or double subjectâ€™ and studied the problem of meta-subject teaching. As a result, it has been concluded that the selected methodology, training system and task models allow to carry out meta-subject education of primary education subjects in order to achieve the proposed results.
Keywords: Meta-subject, meta-subjectivity, meta-subject approach, meta-subject result
IDENTIFICATION OF Mycobacterium tuberculosis BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) TEST AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO MGG STAINING OF PLEURAL FLUID IN PATIENTS WITH SUSPECTED TUBERCULOUS PLEURAL EFFUSION
Authors: Salmah Shelly , Culla Ariani Said 
Published: April 2019

Pleural effusion is a condition characterized by the accumulation of excessive pleural fluid in pleural cavity as a result of transudation and exudation. The most commonly reported cause of exudative pleural effusion is Mycobaterium tuberculosis. This study was aimed to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis in pleural fluid through PCR test and to examine the relationship between PCR test and MGG staining of pleural fluid in patients with suspected tuberculous pleural effusion, which was performed in Clinical Pathological Laboratory Installation of dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo hospital in Makassar and Faculty Research Unit Laboratory in Hasanuddin University from March to November 2012. This study was a cross sectional study. Subjects in this study consisted of 75 patients (41 males and 34 females[AA1] ) with average age of 40-49 years (30.7%). Pleural effusion patients with suspected tuberculosis who had a positive PCR result was 58.7%, negative PCR result was 41.3% and positive rivalta result in 82.7%, negative rivalta result in 17.3%. Statistical analysis using independent T-test indicated a non-significant relationship between PCR test and average MN and PMN cell percentage in MGG staining (P > 0.005). This study concluded that in MGG staining, average MN cell percentage was higher in PCR TB (+) group compared to PCR (-) group, but the difference was not significant.
Acute Rupture of Achilles Tendon in an Adolescent with a History of Ponseti Casting and Achilles Tenotomy
Authors: Egger Anthony C. , Levine Ari D. , Mistovich R. Justin 
Published: April 2019

Case:We present the case of a 15-year-old girl who has a history of Ponseti casting followed by Achilles tenotomies for congenital clubfeet as an infant and subsequently suffered an acute traumatic midsubstance Achilles tendon rupture on the left and midsubstance Achilles tendinosis on the right.Conclusions:Traumatic pediatric Achilles ruptures are rare. There are no prior reported cases in patients with a history of Achilles tenotomy, despite it being a described potential complication. This case highlights the potential for an Achilles rupture years after tenotomy and presents surgical repair as a satisfactory treatment option for Achilles ruptures in adolescents.
Analysis of Treatment Outcome in Patients with Tuberculosis in War Affected Region of Khyber Paktunkhwa, Pakistan
Authors: AHMAD TAUSEEF , Jadoon Muhammad Ayub , Khan Muhammad , Khan Muhammad Mumtaz , Hussain Akbar , Musa Taha Hussain , Waqar Muhammad , Ejeta Eyasu , Karami Manoochehr , Alene Kefyalew Addis , Jin Hui , Haroon  
Published: April 2019

Abstract
ABSTRACT

Background

Globally, tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death from a single infectious disease. TB treatment outcome is an indicator for the effectiveness of a national TB control programs. This study aimed to assess treatment outcome of TB patients and its determinants in Batkhela, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was designed using all TB patients who were enrolled at District Head Quarter (DHQ) Hospital Batkhela, Pakistan. Distribution of TB types, treatment outcome and associated factor with successful treatment was computed using SPSS version 20.0 software for windows.

Results

A total of 515 TB patients were registered, of which 237 (46%) were males and 278 (53.98%) females. Of the total, 234 (45.44%) were cured and 210 (40.77%) completed treatment with overall treatment success rate was 444 (86.21%). Age 0-20 years (AOR= 3.47; 95% CI= 1.54-7.81; P= 0.003), smear-positive pulmonary TB (SPPTB) (AOR= 3.58; 95% CI= 1.89-6.78; P= <0.001), treatment category (AOR= 4.71; 95% CI= 1.17-18.97; P= 0.029), and year of enrollment 2012 (AOR= 6.26; 95% CI= 2.52-15.59; P= <0.001) were significantly associated with successful treatment outcome.

Conclusions

The overall treatment success rate is satisfactory but still need to be improved to achieve the international targeted treatment outcome. An increase was observed in overall case-fatality rate during the study duration which is an alarming signal for public health.
Comparison of Penman–Monteith and Priestley‐Taylor Evapotranspiration Methods for Crop Modeling in Oklahoma
Authors: Akumaga Uvirkaa , Alderman Phillip D. 
Published: April 2019

Core Ideas
The FAO‐56 estimates higher ET than Priestley‐Taylor under dry and windy conditions
Our simulations show higher ET estimates with FAO‐56 than Priestley‐Taylor during winter.
The rainfed simulations show a similar seasonal ET for both ET methods
Our results show that seasonal ET diverges for FAO‐56 and Priestley‐Taylor for irrigated simulations.
Analysis of this study show low yield and biomass for FAO‐56 than Priestley‐Taylor under rainfed simulations
ABSTRACTPotential evapotranspiration (PET) is a key variable simulated by most crop simulation models using a variety of approaches. The objective of this study was to compare Priestley‐Taylor (PT) and FAO‐56 Penman–Monteith (FAO‐56 PM) PET methods when simulating crop evapotranspiration (ET), yield, and aboveground biomass in Oklahoma. The study used data from 87 weather stations across nine climate divisions to simulate maize, sorghum, soybean, and wheat crop growth and development in Oklahoma for 1998 to 2017. Our results show that seasonal crop ET estimated by PT was lower than FAO‐56 PM in most climate divisions and crops with average difference ranging from –10 to –1% for rainfed and from –21 to –1% for irrigated simulations. Differences in ET were greater for winter wheat than for maize, sorghum, and soybean. Additionally, differences in ET between methods were smaller in humid regions than in arid regions. Analysis of simulated rainfed yield and biomass showed higher values with PT for all crops except in the most humid climate divisions. However, under full irrigation, the yield differences between PT and FAO‐56 PM were very low and ranged between 0–2% for all crops. In conclusion, this study confirmed that PT estimation of ET could be significantly different from FAO‐56 PM especially in the arid and semiarid regions and during the winter under rainfed conditions. However, the differences in ET estimation did not affect yield and biomass simulation under full irrigation because the impact of soil water balance on the crop growth simulation was removed.
In Situ Measurement of Nitrate Flux and Attenuation Using a Soil Passive Flux Meter
Authors: Desormeaux Amanda , Annable Michael D. , Dobberfuhl Dean , Jawitz James W. 
Published: April 2019

This work enhances our understanding of catchment‐scale N budgets by demonstrating the modification and application of a simple method for direct in situ measurements of vadose zone nitrate leaching and attenuation. We developed a soil passive flux meter (SPFM) to measure solute leaching based on a modified design of ion‐exchange resin columns, and we tested the design in numerical simulations, laboratory experiments, plot‐scale field experiments, and a catchment‐scale field deployment. Our design minimized flow divergence around the resin column to attain nearly 100% capture of surface applied tracers in plot‐ and catchment‐scale deployments. We found that mixing resin with native soil and extending the column height 10 cm above the resin layer minimized divergence of soil water around the column, resulting in a field‐measured convergence factor (χ) of 1.3 that was consistent with numerical simulations. For catchment‐scale testing, SPFMs were used at nine sites in three dominant land uses (crop, pasture, and turf) with known N inputs in two deployments, one during the 4‐mo wet season and an additional set during the 8‐mo dry season, to obtain integral annual measures of soil nitrate fluxes. In situ measured nitrate leaching determined from the SPFMs was positively correlated with known N inputs (R2 = 0.55, p < 0.05) and attenuation averaged 67% (± 24% SD) of inputs across all sites. Although N inputs explain a large portion of the variability, our results emphasize the importance of both inter‐ and intra‐land use variability in landscape‐scale N budgets.Core Ideas
We developed a soil passive flux meter (SPFM) to measure solute leaching in situ.
Our design minimized flow divergence around the resin column (nearly 100% capture).
The SPFMs provided robust and accurate measurements of soil nitrate leaching.
The SPFMs, together with N input data, enabled assessment of nitrate attenuation.
Predicting Phosphate Release from Sewage Sludge Ash Using an Ion Sink Assay
Authors: Nanzer Simone , Oberson Astrid , Eggenberger Urs , Frossard Emmanuel 
Published: April 2019

Thermochemical treatments allow production of sewage sludge ash (SSA) rich in P and low in heavy metals, which could be recycled in agriculture. Our objective was to quantify P release from SSA using ion sink assays and to relate these results to P speciation in SSA and plant P uptake. Anion and cation exchange membranes saturated with different counterions (HCO3, Na, and H) were used to create a gradient in pH, P, or cation concentration between SSA particles and the surrounding solution. Phosphorus speciation in SSA was assessed using X‐ray powder diffraction, and plant P uptake was determined in a pot experiment with an acidic and a neutral soil. Four SSA products were investigated: a SSA thermochemically treated with CaCl2 or MgCl2 (SSA Ca/Mg), a SSA blended with KCl, and a SSA blended with KCl and triple superphosphate (TSP) to obtain a marketable 12–20 P–K fertilizer. The H membranes dissolved all P species present in SSA. Combined HCO3/Na membranes extracted diffusible P and noncrystalline P from SSA Ca/Mg and stanfieldite from SSA Mg. Blending with KCl hardly changed P release from SSA, whereas blending with TSP masked P release. The amount of P extracted from SSA by combined HCO3/Na membranes was correlated to plant P use in the acid soil, whereas the amount of P extracted by HCO3 membranes alone was correlated to P use in the neutral soil. In conclusion, the ion sink assays delivered information on P release that was related to both SSA mineralogy and P use by plants.Core Ideas
Ion exchange membranes are proposed to predict P release from sewage sludge ash (SSA) products.
Combined HCO3/Na membranes extract diffusible and noncrystalline P from SSA products.
Combined HCO3/Na membranes extract P from stanfieldite in MgCl2–treated SSA products.
Hydrogen‐saturated membranes solubilized most of the P present in SSA products.
Blending CaCl2–treated SSA with KCl does not affect the amounts of extractable P.
Soil Compaction Effects on Root‐Zone Hydrology and Vegetation in Boreal Forest Clearcuts
Authors: Hansson Linnea , Šimůnek Jirka , Ring Eva , Bishop Kevin , Gärdenäs Annemieke I. 
Published: April 2019

Core Ideas
Impact of forwarding on soil water and vegetation was investigated after 4 to 5 years.
Soil water content was highest in wheel tracks and lowest between tracks.
Bare soil was more frequent in tracks and between tracks than in undisturbed soil.
In wheel tracks, soil aeration may be restricted in periods with high precipitation.
Simulated root‐zone pressure heads showed little variation between microsites.
Soil compaction is a common consequence of forestry traffic traversing unprotected, moist soils; it decreases porosity and affects hydraulic conductivity even in coarse‐textured soils. The aim here was to study root‐zone hydrology and vegetation in three microsites (in, between, and beside wheel tracks) 4 to 5 yr after forwarder traffic, on stony and sandy till soils in two clearcuts in northern Sweden. Measurements of soil volumetric water content (VWC), vegetation indicators and one‐dimensional hydrological modeling (Hydrus‐1D) of wheel tracks and undisturbed soil were conducted. Soil VWC was monitored hourly during 2017 and 2018 in three or four plots along a slope on each site. Soil VWC was also measured once with a portable sensor in 117 plots along two slopes at each site, where the vegetation was recorded and analyzed using Ellenberg indicator indexes. Soil VWC was highest in wheel tracks and lowest between tracks; this was corroborated by the species composition in the wheel tracks (Ellenberg indicator for soil moisture). Bare soil was more frequent in wheel tracks and between tracks than in undisturbed soil. The model simulations indicated that the changed soil hydraulic properties influenced the VWC results in the wheel tracks. However, the differences in average pressure heads in the root zone were small between the microsites and only apparent during dry periods. In the wheel tracks, air‐filled porosity was <0.10 m3 m−3, indicating insufficient soil aeration during 82% (Site T) and 23% (Site R) of the 2017 growing season. Insufficient aeration could be one explanation for the presence of some still unvegetated areas.
Effect of Tunnel Progress on the Settlement of Existing Piled Foundation
Authors: Al-Omari Raid Ramzi , Al-Soud Madhat Shakir , Al-Zuhairi Osamah Ibrahim 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Tunnel construction below or adjacent to piles will affect the performance and eventually the stability of piles due to ground deformation resulting in the movement of piles and changes in the axial force distribution along the piles. A three dimensional finite element analysis using PLAXIS 3D (2013) was performed to study the behaviour of a single pile and 3 x 3 piles group during the advancement of shield tunnelling in ground. The 10-node tetrahedral elements were used to model both the soil and the tunnel lining. The Hardening Soil (HS) model was used to simulate the soil structure interaction at the tunnel-soil interface. An isotropic elastic model was used for the pile, piles cap, tunnel lining and tunnel boring machine shield (TBM). Several parametric studies were attempted including the longitudinal, lateral, and vertical tunnel location relative to pile embedded in different types of soil (clay or sand). The results showed that the pile head settlement increases during the tunnelling advancement in larger values than that for ground surface settlement. A zone of influence was determined in the range of twice the tunnel diameter in the longitudinal direction (forward and backward of the pile), and transverse direction (left and right of the tunnel centreline). If the tunnel boring is kept off this zone then there is no fear of pile collapse.
Response to Aguilar et al.’s (2015) critique of Ollerton et al. (2009)
Authors: Waser Nickolas M. , Ollerton Jeff , Price Mary V 
Published: April 2019

In their response to Ollerton et al.’s (2015) cautions about methods used by Rosas-Guerrero et al. (2014) to test the pollination syndromes, Aguilar et al. (2015) criticize an earlier paper by Ollerton et al. (2009). Here we respond to their concerns.
Attitudes Toward Maternal Employment and Child Care in Sweden
Authors: Hultåker Örjan E. 
Published: April 2019

Mothers who work outside the home and who hold negative attitudes toward their jobs tend to experience less rewarding mother-child relationships. This is interpreted as an example of cognitive dissonance between attitudes toward maternal employment and mothers’ actual employment outside the home. Data collected for this study show that a large percentage of Swedish mothers work outside the home although they hold negative attitudes toward maternal employment. They have two ways of reducing their cognitive dissonance: through changing their attitudes or through changing their employment status. However, there are many structural factors in Sweden which make it unlikely that women will stop working. Therefore, the focus for the remainder of the paper shifts to a search for factors responsible for change of attitudes. The hypothesis that women’s experience of social reality will change their attitudes toward maternal employment led to the construction of a causal model showing the effects of the division of work in the family and of the wife’s age on attitudes toward maternal employment. The data from over 4,000 Swedish women suggest that diminishing a woman’s work inside the home while increasing both her mate’s work inside the home and her own work outside the home will make her more positive toward maternal employment.
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Authors: missing page 
Published: April 2019

Mate selection, cultural preferences, bride wealth, kin responsibilities, husband and wife expectations and roles in Yanomama marriage are addressed in this paper. The rules of matrilocality and strict rules of marriage out side of classificatory kin terms are sometimes altered for convenience. Over the 25-year period, the primary change agents have been other Yanomamas and western influence. Bride payment is now made with western artifacts. Intertribal marriages have expanded travel and influenced alliances. There is some evidence of an increase in the status of women and individualism amongst the Mucajai Yanomama.
Toward a Re-Conceptualization of Minority Group Status and Fertility Hypothesis: The Case of Orientals in Canada
Authors: Halli S.S. 
Published: April 2019

An attempt is made to re-concep- tualize the Minority Group Status hypothesis for explaining differential fertility. The literature on the subject is somewhat contradictory and inconsistent. This revision of the hypothesis tries to _ lationships of significance are observed, distinguish between two explanations derived from the literature: One explanation which will be offered here is that if the fertility of a minority group is found to be lower than that of the majority group, it is due to structural factors. The other explanation attributes a higher fertility in a minority group to sub-cultural factors. The revised hypothesis also includes the introduction of new concepts such as �ascribed� and �perceived� minority status, and emphasizes the measurement of key theoretical concepts including the new ones introduced. The re-conceptualized hypothesis is used here to explain family size differentials for the Chinese and the Japanese groups in Canada relative to the British. The results suggest stronger support for the hypothesis among the Chinese and weaker support among the Japanese.