bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forestland Transfers in Vermont
Authors: Case Kevin M. , Lindsay John J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The sale and subdivision of private woodlands for development cause the fragmentation of forest resources in the rapidly urbanizing Northeast. The objective of this study was to determine how active Vermont's forestland market was for parcel transfers of 100 ac and larger. Following 20 yr of constant price increases, the number and average price per acre of transfers decreased during the last 3 yr of the study. If forestland sales are linked to expanding economies, the next growth cycle will bring a resurgence in transfer activity, which is often the precursor of conversion. We recommend that the state, and perhaps the northeast region, develop a system to monitor NIPF conversion rates. Such a system would assist in developing new policies to sustain this important natural resource. North. J. Appl. For. 13(4):175-179.
White Ash Decline Hazard Assessment and Management Strategies in Massachusetts Stands
Authors: Woodcock Hilary , Davies Karl M. , Patterson William A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
White ash decline is characterized by diminished growth rates and vigor, and premature mortality. Reducing its impact should be a primary management objective in stands with a white ash component. Two methods to identify Massachusetts sites with high hazard of decline were developed using continuous forest inventory (CFI) data. Method 1 uses a vegetation-based estimate of relative soil moisture availability and landscape position data to calculate a decline hazard index (DHI) for the site. A DHI > 1.0 indicates a high hazard site. Four of 18 CFI plots with ≥25 % white ash BA had DHI > 1.0. Field observations in 1991 confirmed ash decline on three of the four plots. Trees on the remaining 14 plots were healthy. Method 2 uses site index (SI) and rooting restriction type (from soil maps) to assign sites to one of three classes, and does not require the collection of field data. Class 1 (SI ≥70, deep soils or dense substratum) and class 2 (SI ≤65, all soil types; SI 70, soils with bedrock at 20-40 in.) sites have a low decline hazard. Class 3 (SI 70-75, soils with bedrock at ≤20 in.) sites have a high hazard. Method 2 was tested on a data set of 74 CFI plots with ≥10% ash BA. Differences among site classes in the numbers of plots with decline were significant (P = 0.0016), with decline on 6% of plots in class 1 and 11% in class 2, compared with 42% of plots in class 3. Method 1 should be more accurate since vegetation data are collected onsite, and it integrates the many variables influencing soil moisture available to plants. Method 2 is quicker and easier to apply. Its accuracy could be improved by collecting soil data onsite. North. J. Appl. For. 14(1):10-15.
Pin Cherry Sucker Regeneration After Cutting
Authors: Jobidon Robert 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Root suckers arising after cutting 10 yr old pin cherry in eastern Quebec were studied. Most suckers emerged during the first 2 yr and only a small proportion emerged after 3 or 4 yr. The number of suckers forming a clone was highly variable and was probably influenced by the degree of interspecific competition affecting this shade-intolerant species. No clonal variations were observed in the diameter of parent roots producing suckers, or in the initiation of new roots around the base of suckers up to 5 yr old. Annual growth of sucker basal diameter differed among clones and also within a clone. The oldest suckers had the greatest rates of basal growth. Results from this study indicate that cutting will not prove effective as a mean for controlling pin cherry during cleaning treatments, but will help to maintain dense pin cherry browse for white-tailed deer or moose. North. J. Appl. For. 14(3):117-119.
Economic Impacts of Timber Harvest Regulations in the Lower Wisconsin State Riverway
Authors: Stier Jeffrey C. , Martin A. Jeff 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 1989 the State of Wisconsin created the Lower Wisconsin State Riverway, a new and unique institution to preserve and protect the aesthetic and environmental quality of the Riverway corridor. Performance standards that were developed for the Riverway include restrictions on timber harvesting. The debate over this intrusion into the management decisions of private forestland owners has sparked controversy and calls for compensation. We examined the range and severity of the economic impact of the harvest regulations on forestland owners by simulating several restricted and unrestricted timber management scenarios. What one considers a "cost" of the regulations depends critically upon what it is assumed landowners would do in the absence of the regulations. We estimated these costs by measuring returns from regulated management against returns from two possible "benchmarks," one involving a diameter limit harvest and the other a selectively marked thinning. The economic impact is greater for the diameter limit alternative, and greater in the Bluff Zone along the ridge line where visual impacts are more easily seen from the river, than along the hillsides. The impact typically fell below the threshold of 20% of property value that is incorporated into most compensation proposals currently being debated in the state and federal legislatures. Two timber harvests that were exempt from the regulations came very close to meeting the performance standards. While the focus has been on the issue of compensation, the controversy basically is rooted in the deeper underlying differences in philosophy about where the balance lies between actions to promote the public interest and the rights of property owners to pursue their own interests. Measures of the cost of regulations cannot be expected to resolve these fundamental differences. North. J. Appl. For. 14(3):126-134.
Long-Term Growth of Crop Trees After Release in Northern Hardwoods
Authors: Leak William B. , Solomon Dale S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Diameter growth of crop trees of paper birch, sugar maple, yellow birch, white ash, beech, and red maple was remeasured for 31 yr following a heavy release, light release, species removal, and control applied to an evenaged 25 yr old northern hardwood stand in New Hampshire. Under all regimes, final dbh of sampled crop trees was positively related to initial dbh. White ash showed no significant or consistent increase in final dbh in response to treatment, expressed in terms of residual basal area per acre. Paper birch, beech, and red maple had final average diameters up to about 2 in. larger due to heavy release as compared with the control. Sugar maple showed a gain of up to 1 in. in final dbh over the 3l yr period, while yellow birch showed a similar, though nonsignificant, gain. The study shows the long-term effects of release treatments, and the importance of releasing larger trees and responsive species. North J. Appl. For. 14(3):147-151.
Thinning New England Oak Stands to Enhance Acorn Production
Authors: Healy William M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Acorns are recognized as an important food for wildlife in New England oak forests, but information on managing stands to enhance acorn production is scarce. Thinning oak stands in central Massachusetts to promote the growth of quality sawtimber did not diminish acorn production per hectare. During 3 successive yr, mean number of sound acorns ranged from 30,000 to 155,000/ha for unthinned stands and from 58,000 to 220,000/ha for thinned stands. Releasing individual oaks increased acorn production per tree. The differences between thinned and unthinned trees and stands were greatest during years when acorn production was lowest. The positive effect of thinning during years of generally poor acorn production is a potentially important benefit for wildlife. Thinning oak stands to enhance acorn production may be an attractive option for landowners with an interest in wildlife. North. J. Appl. For. 14(3):152-156.
Regional Examination of Red Oak Lumber Price Trends
Authors: Luppold William G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Nearly 25% of the eastern sawtimber inventories are of species classified as red oak. Over the last 20 yr, red oak has become the most commonly used hardwood in the production of furniture, kitchen cabinets, and millwork. However, differences in subspecies and growing conditions produce variations in color and texture of red oak lumber produced from timber grown in Northern, Appalachian, and Southern regions. In the late 1980s, users of hardwood lumber began to pay higher prices for red oak lumber from the Northern hardwood region. By 1995, grade 1 Common Northern red oak was selling at prices nearly 40% higher than for similar Southern red oak. This paper examines Northern, Appalachian, and Southern green and air-dried prices for three major grades of red oak lumber, and relates these changes to regional differences in the red oak resource and growing conditions and changes in the industries that use red oak lumber. The results of this analysis should be useful in evaluating the profitability of precommercial thinning and other short-term management practices used to increase the value of red oak sawtimber. North. J. Appl. For. 14(4):173-177.
Decaying Logs as Germination Sites in Northern Hardwood Forests
Authors: McGee Gregory G. , Birmingham John P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
While several authors have noted tree regeneration on decaying logs, the role that "nurse logs" play in maintaining tree diversity in eastern North American forests has remained unquantified. We sampled small seedling (≤ 5 cm high) densities of seven tree species on and directly adjacent to logs in two northern hardwood stands in the Adirondack mountains of New York. Polar ordination of 42 microsite plots revealed distinctly different small seedling communities on logs vs. forest floor. Yellow birch and red spruce densities were 24 times and 5 times greater on logs than forest floor, while those of sugar maple and striped maple were 8 times and 4 times greater on the forest floor. Maintaining a natural level (~5% ground cover) of well distributed logs can supplement site preparation techniques such as soil scarification to provide regeneration sites for yellow birch and red spruce, particularly in heavily stocked northern hardwood stands. North. J. Appl. For. 14(4):178-182.
Tree Height Tarifs and Volume Estimation Errors in New Brunswick
Authors: Magnussen Steen 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Height tarifs are used as proxies for actual tree heights in the volume compilations of the New Brunswick Forest Inventory. In stands selected for volume sampling, the most appropriate of four height tarifs to use is decided from a small (three to five trees) sample of measured heights and diameters on dominant and codominant trees. Increasing the number of height tarifs from 4 to 17 by simple interpolations appears to be the best strategy for lowering the volume estimation errors. This increase was shown to reduce the volume estimation bias by over 50%. Further increases in the number of tarifs did little to lower the overall bias due to the persistent bias from rounding diameters and heights. North. J. Appl. For. 15(1):7-13.
Assessing Forest Wildlife Diversity in Pennsylvania
Authors: Cleveland Helene M. , Finley James C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forest managers require tools to rapidly assess the effects of management activities on wildlife habitat. Most wildlife habitat evaluations can be costly and time consuming, resulting in few practical assessments for nonindustrial private forest landowners. Using vegetation type, its structure, and the resulting wildlife habitat as indicators of wildlife diversity, this article presents the beginnings of a practical assessment. We have developed a habitat-based procedure for deriving species richness of wildlife communities, at the stand level, by associating identified structural habitat characteristics with groups of wildlife species. Two formats are available: a manual format using a matrix and functional (species) groups that are eliminated if their required structural features are not found in the stand, and a computer format that eliminates individual, not grouped, species. Both formats provide a list of potential species and can be used to predict species changes based on proposed activities. This provides a manager the opportunity to determine if uncommon or critical habitat features will be eliminated before conducting a proposed management activity. North. J. Appl. For. 15(2):77-85.
Some Relationships Between Silvicultural Treatments and Symmetry of Stem Growth in a Red Pine Stand
Authors: Larson Bruce C. , Moser W. Keith , Mishra Vijay K. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Variations in spacing and the distribution of removed trees have been assumed to affect the pattern of growth on tree boles. Changing crown shapes were believed to affect the symmetry of the stems. This study examined the change of growing space resulting from differential species' growth in a mixed stand. A red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantation in southern New Hampshire was planted at 2 × 2 m spacing in 1917. At one end of the stand every second row was planted with white pine (Pinus strobus L.), whereas the other end of the stand was pure red pine. In the mixed portion of the stand, the red pine outgrew the white pine, overtopping and often killing it. The mixed stand was thinned in the 1970s and the pure stand in the 1980s for a variety of products which opened more crown room for some of the trees.
We compared growth increments along perpendicular axes to determine if asymmetry was consistent at different bole heights. The study did not show asymmetric boles at age 50 and did not have asymmetric growth patterns attributable to the earlier history up to stand age 70. When current crown shape was compared to current growth there was no relationship between asymmetric crowns and asymmetric growth. Provided the asymmetry is not maintained throughout the entire rotation, silvicultural treatments which greatly affect the stand spatial pattern may not have a lasting effect on the symmetry of the boles. North. J. Appl. For. 15(2):90-93.
Thinning Increases Diameter Growth of Paper Birch in the Susitna Valley, Alaska: 20 Year Results
Authors: Graham Jeff S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A uniform stand of paper birch, age 44 yr, in the Susitna Valley, Alaska, was thinned to four spacings: control (6.4 ft), 16 ft, 20 ft, and 24 ft. After 20 yr, survival of crop trees was 99%. Diameter growth was positively related to spacing. Height growth was apparently unaffected by spacing. Height to the first branch and other outward indicators of stem quality were unaffected by spacing. Cubic foot volume per acre was highest for the unthinned control, but volume per tree increased following thinning. Recommendations about spacing for paper birch in Alaska will depend on the type of forest outputs sought. North. J. Appl. For. 15(3):113-115.
Regeneration Potential of Six Habitat Types Common to North-Central Wisconsin
Authors: Bakken Peter N. , Cook James E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The arboreal regeneration of 24 mature, fully stocked forests distributed among 6 common habitat types (Kotar et al. 1988) in north-central Wisconsin were studied. Nineteen of the stands were inventoried in 1992 and 1993; in 1993 an additional 5 stands were included. The density and composition of small (<25 cm) and large (25-150 cm) seedlings were determined, and the relationships of the understory and overstory were investigated. No significant (P < 0.05) differences were found for seedling densities of either size class among habitat types. This was due, in part, to the large variation within most habitat types; this in turn is primarily a function of the temporally variable nature of seedlings. The average densities per habitat type ranged from 3,125-20,200/ha for large seedlings and from 20,208-152,083/ha for the small seedlings. Red and sugar maple strongly dominated the regeneration. Red maple was the most common (88-96%) species in the small seedling size class on the three driest habitat types, and sugar maple (88-99%) on the two most mesic habitat types. In the middle of the site quality gradient, the two maples shared dominance with northern red oak. The level of maple dominance was lower in the large seedling class, ranging from 53-93%. The small seedling size class was significantly related to the amount of maple basal area each year, but the strength of this relationship weakened from 1992 to 1993. The widespread domination by red and sugar maple is a function of their regeneration ecology, shade tolerance, fire suppression, and deer browsing. The seedling composition and densities have important implications for the management of these forests. The regeneration and overstory characteristics suggest that it would be easiest to direct the composition one of several ways on the PMV and AVVib habitat types. Fairly heavy overstory treatments, in conjunction with seedbed preparation, are probably necessary to regenerate significant amounts of species other than sugar maple on the two most mesic habitat types. North. J. Appl. For. 15(3):116-123.
CONESYS: A Data Collection, Database, and Decision Support System for Making Insect Pest Management Decisions in Seed Orchards
Authors: de Groot Peter , Schnekenburger Frank , Fleming Richard A. , Turgeon Jean J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of CONESYS, a computer software package designed to assist seed orchard managers to collect, process, and store information about the quality and quantity of seed orchard crops. CONESYS also contains a database on cone and seed insects, registered pest control products and their efficacy, and a decision support program that determines the costs and benefits of various pest management options. North. J. Appl. For. 15(3):154-157.
Compliance with Forestry Best Management Practices in West Virginia
Authors: Egan Andrew F. , Whipkey Robert D. , Rowe John P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A study of compliance with West Virginia's Best Management Practices (BMPs) for logging was conducted from May 1995 to November 1996. Practices were divided into those that influence haul roads, skid roads, and landings. For those practices that may be reliably compared, results of this study generally indicated improvements in compliance over studies conducted in previous years. In addition, this statewide field survey found higher levels of compliance with most practices on forest industry sites than on nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) sites. Other states in the region interested in assessing the degree to which BMPs for logging are followed may benefit from the methodological approaches and results of this study. North. J. Appl. For. 15(4):211-215.
Practical Field Methods of Estimating Canopy Cover, PAR, and LAI in Michigan Oak and Pine Stands
Authors: Buckley David S. , Isebrands J. G. , Sharik Terry L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
With the increased use of variables such as canopy cover, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and overstory leaf area index (LAI) in forestry research, relationships between these variables and traditional forestry variables must be defined before recommended levels of these research variables can be achieved by forestry practitioners on the ground. We measured basal area, canopy cover, Ozalid percent full light, PAR, and overstory LAI in thinned and unthinned plots within oak and pine stands with the objectives of: (1) determining the relationships between these variables in two common forest types, (2) investigating the feasibility of using basal area to estimate and achieve recommended levels of canopy cover, PAR, and LAI in the field, and (3) examining the possibility of using direct canopy cover and Ozalid light measurements for estimating PAR and LAI. Very strong relationships (r² > 0.90 and P < 0.0001) were indicated between basal area and canopy cover, PAR, and LAI. Direct canopy cover and Ozalid light measurements were also strongly related to PAR and LAI. It is likely that the even-aged structure of the stands studied contributed to these results. The strength of the relationships between the measures examined suggest that practical variables such as basal area could potentially be used by forestry practitioners to estimate and achieve recommended levels of canopy cover, PAR, and LAI in similar oak and pine stands. The possibility also exists for strong relationships between these variables in other stand types that resemble those studied in terms of overstory structure. North. J. Appl. For. 16(1):25-32.
Study Area Specification in Forestry Economic Impact Analysis: Modifying County-Level Secondary Data
Authors: Leatherman John C. , Marcouiller David W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
One of the important objectives of forest management planning is to enhance the beneficial economic impacts of resource policy decisions. Input-output is one of the common tools planning analysts use to assess economic impacts. This paper presents procedures whereby the county data files for the Micro-IMPLAN input-output modeling system can be adjusted to create economic models at a finer level of geographic specificity than county-based models. Models specified to the minor civil division level can permit closer evaluation of resource policy impacts on regions defined by resource-base rather than administrative or political boundaries. North. J. Appl. For. 16(3):129-136.
A Mathematically Tractable Stem Profile Model for Jack Pine in Ontario
Authors: Zakrzewski W. T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A new model was derived to describe the inside bark cross-sectional area of tree stems. It is a rational function. The inputs required by the model are outside bark tree diameter at breast height (DBH) and total tree height (H). Knowledge of a species-specific bark thickness at 1.3 m expressed in terms of input variables is also needed. Defining the model involves estimating two regression coefficients using either nonlinear or linear regression (after linearization of the model). The formula is analytically integrable and thus provides analytical inside bark volume estimates for any stem section defined by height limits. The model is analytically solvable for a stem height location at any given inside bark diameter, so that stem sections can be defined by the required inside bark diameter limits. The new model can be calibrated using either section diameter or section volume data. It is suggested that involving the ratio H/DBH in the model accounts for the influence of stand density on stem profile. The formula was calibrated for jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in Ontario. Wider applicability of the model is supported by results obtained for sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) in Ontario and Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) in Finland. Comparing volume estimates from the new model with those generated by Honer's formula confirms the advantages of the new model. North. J. Appl. For. 16(3):138-143.
The Impact of Forest Management Restrictions on Aspen Harvest Levels and Forest Structure in Itasca County, Minnesota
Authors: Nichols Joan M. , Rose Dietmar W. , Husain Syed A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Potential management policies of the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) designed to enhance nontimber values were examined to estimate their impact on permissible harvest levels, forest composition and spatial attributes of aspen in Itasca County, Minnesota. An allowable cut equal to the Long Run Sustained Yield (LRSY) was estimated and used as the target harvest level for each management policy. Results were analyzed in a number of ways including Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The study illustrates that the selection of specific management policies can have significant impacts on timber supply as well as forest structures. Therefore, any suggested policy should always be reviewed for its potential impacts and associated trade-offs before implementation. North. J. Appl. For. 16(4):177-184.