bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of submillimeter-wave [C I]emission in gaseous debris disks of 49 Ceti and β Pictoris
Authors: Higuchi Aya E. , Sato Aki , Tsukagoshi Takashi , Sakai Nami , Iwasaki Kazunari , Momose Munetake , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Ishihara Daisuke , Kaneda Hidehiro , Yamamoto Satoshi 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe have detected [C I] 3P1–3P0 emissions in the gaseous debris disks of 49 Ceti and β Pictoris with the 10 m telescope of the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment, which is the first detection of such emissions. The line profiles of [C I] are found to resemble those of CO(J=3–2) observed with the same telescope and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. This result suggests that atomic carbon (C) coexists with CO in the debris disks, and is likely formed by the photodissociation of CO. Assuming an optically thin [C I] emission with the excitation temperature ranging from 30 to 100 K, the column density of C is evaluated to be (2.2 ± 0.2) × 1017 and (2.5 ± 0.7) × 1016 cm−2 for 49 Ceti and β Pictoris, respectively. The C/CO column density ratio is thus derived to be 54 ± 19 and 69 ± 42 for 49 Ceti and β Pictoris, respectively. These ratios are higher than those of molecular clouds and diffuse clouds by an order of magnitude. The unusually high ratios of C to CO are likely attributed to a lack of H2 molecules needed to reproduce CO molecules efficiently from C. This result implies a small number of H2 molecules in the gas disk; i.e., there is an appreciable contribution of secondary gas from dust grains.
Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of the grain-surface back-diffusion effect
Authors: Willis Eric R. , Garrod Robin T. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBack-diffusion is the phenomenon by which random walkers revisit binding sites on a lattice. This phenomenon must occur on interstellar dust particles, slowing down dust-grain reactions, but it is not accounted for by standard rate-equation models. Microscopic kinetic Monte Carlo models have been used to investigate the effect of back-diffusion on reaction rates on interstellar dust grains. Grain morphology, size, and grain-surface coverage were varied and the effects of these variations on the magnitude of the back-diffusion effect were studied for the simple H+H reaction system. This back-diffusion effect is seen to reduce reaction rates by a maximum factor of ∼5 for the canonical grain of 106 binding sites. The resulting data were fit to logarithmic functions that can be used to reproduce the effects of back-diffusion in rate-equation models.
Multiline observations of S255IR with ALMA
Authors: Zinchenko Igor , Liu Sheng-Yuan , Su Yu-Nung , Zemlyanukha Petr 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe present preliminary results of the high resolution (0.10″ × 0.15″) observations of the high mass star forming region S255IR with ALMA in several spectral windows from ∼335 GHz to ∼350 GHz. The main target lines were C34S(7–6), CH3CN(19K − 18K), CO(3–2) and SiO(8–7), however many other lines of various molecules have been detected, too. We present sample spectra and maps, discuss briefly the source structure and kinematics. A new, never predicted methanol maser line has been discovered.
Chemical highlights from the Rosetta mission
Authors: Altwegg Kathrin ,   the ROSINA Team
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe overall goal of the ESARosettamission was to help decipher the origin and evolution of our solar system. Looking at the chemical composition of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko is one way of doing this. The amount of very volatile species found and the insight into their isotopic abundances show that at least some presolar ice has survived the formation of the solar system. It shows that the solar nebula was not homogenized in the region where comets formed. The D/H ratio in water furthermore indicates that Jupiter family comets and Oort cloud comets probably formed in the same regions and their difference is then purely due to their different dynamical history. The organics found in 67P are very diverse, with abundant CH- and CHO- bearing species. Sulphur bearing species like S3and S4and others show evidence of dust grain chemistry in molecular clouds.
Solid-state production of complex organic molecules: H-atom addition versus UV irradiation
Authors: Chuang K.-J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractComplex organic molecules (COMs) have been observed in comets, hot cores and cold dense regions of the interstellar medium. It is generally accepted that these COMs form on icy dust grain through the recombination reaction of radicals triggered by either energetic UV-photon or non-energetic H-atom addition processing. In this work, we present for the first time laboratory studies that allow for quantitative comparison of hydrogenation and UV-induced reactions as well as their cumulative effect in astronomically relevant CO:CH3OH=4:1 ice analogues. The formation of glycolaldehyde (GA) and ethylene glycol (EG) is confirmed in pure hydrogenation experiments at 14 K, except methyl formate (MF), which is only clearly observed in photolysis. The fractions for MF:GA:EG are 0 : (0.2-0.4) : (0.8-0.6) for pure hydrogenation, and 0.2 : 0.3 : 0.5 for UV involving experiments and can offer a diagnostic tool to derive the chemical origin of these species. The GA/EG ratios in the laboratory (0.3-1.5) compare well with observations toward different objects.
Chemical evolution in planet-forming regions. Impact on volatile abundances and C/O ratios of planet-building material
Authors: Eistrup Christian , Walsh Catherine , van Dishoeck Ewine F. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractConnecting the observed composition of exoplanets to their formation sites often involves comparing the atmospheric C/O ratio to a disk midplane model with a fixed chemical composition. In this scenario chemistry during the planet formation era is not considered. However, kinetic chemical evolution during the lifetime of the gaseous disk can change the relative abundances of volatile species, thus altering the C/O ratios of planetary building blocks. In our chemical evolition models we utilize a large network of gas-phase, grain-surface and gas-grain interaction reactions, thus providing a comprehensive treatment of chemistry. The results show that, if sufficient ionisation is present, then chemistry does alter the C/O ratios of gas and ice during the epoch of planet(esimal) formation. This modifies the picture of C/O ratios in disk midplanes defined simply by volatile ice lines in a midplane of fixed chemical composition. Chemical evolution thus needs to be addressed when predicting the makeup of planets and their atmospheres.
Water Abundance of Dunes in Gale Crater, Mars From Active Neutron Experiments and Implications for Amorphous Phases
Authors: Gabriel T. S. J. , Hardgrove C. , Czarnecki S. , Rampe E. B. , Rapin W. , Achilles C. N. , Sullivan D. , Nowicki S. , Thompson L. , Litvak M. , Mitrofanov I. , Downs R. T. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe report the water abundance of Bagnold Dune sand in Gale crater, Mars by analyzing active neutron experiments using the Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons instrument. We report a bulk water‐equivalent‐hydrogen abundance of 0.68 ± 0.15 wt%, which is similar to measurements several kilometers away and from those taken of the dune surface. Thus, the dune is likely dehydrated throughout. Furthermore, we use geochemical constraints, including bulk water content, to develop compositional models of the amorphous fraction for which little information is known. We find the amorphous fraction contains ∼26‐ to 64‐wt% basaltic glass and up to ∼24‐wt% rhyolitic glass, suggesting at least one volcanic source for the dune material. We also find a range of hydrated phases may be present in appreciable abundances, either from the incorporation of eroded aqueously altered sediments or the direct alteration of the dune sand.
Influence of a Salt Plume Parameterization in a Coupled Climate Model
Authors: Sidorenko D. , Koldunov N. V. , Wang Q. , Danilov S. , Goessling H. F. , Gurses O. , Scholz P. , Sein D. V. , Volodin E. , Wekerle C. , Jung T. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSea ice formation is accompanied by the rejection of salt which in nature tends to be mixed vertically by the formation of convective plumes. Here we analyze the influence of a salt plume parameterization in an atmosphere‐sea ice‐ocean model. Two 330‐yearlong simulations have been conducted with the AWI Climate Model. In the reference simulation, the rejected salt in the Arctic Ocean is added to the uppermost ocean layer. This approach is commonly used in climate modeling. In another experiment, employing salt plume parameterization, the rejected salt is vertically redistributed within the mixed layer based on a power law profile that mimics the penetration of salt plumes. We discuss the effects of this redistribution on the simulated mean state and on atmosphere–ocean linkages associated with the intensity of deepwater formation. We find that the salt plume parameterization leads to simultaneous increase of sea ice (volume and concentration) and decrease of sea surface salinity in the Arctic. The salt plume parameterization considerably alters the interplay between the atmosphere and the ocean in the Nordic Seas. The parameterization modifies the ocean ventilation; however, resulting changes in temperature and salinity largely compensate each other in terms of density so that the overturning circulation is not significantly affected.
Gamma oscillations as a biomarker for major depression: an emerging topic
Authors: Fitzgerald Paul J. , Watson Brendon O. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIdentifying biomarkers for major depression is of high importance for improving diagnosis and treatment of this common and debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder, as the field seeks to move toward both personalized and more effective treatments. Here we focus on electroencephalography (EEG) or direct scalp voltage recordings as such a biomarker, with an emphasis on gamma and high gamma oscillations (or “rhythms”). In the last several decades, alpha and theta band rhythms have been found to provide information on depressive state as well as recovery, but the gamma band is less well characterized with respect to depression. We summarize some key findings on gamma rhythms (especially their amplitude) as a biomarker or endophenotype for major depression. These studies suggest: (1) under certain conditions gamma rhythms can distinguish subjects with major depression from healthy controls, (2) gamma may distinguish bipolar disorder from unipolar depression, (3) various pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments that counteract depression also alter gamma, (4) animal models of depression-like behavior show gamma abnormalities, with changes in gamma associated with therapeutic recovery. The most informative approaches in the future may combine profiles of gamma band power across the brain to assess ratios of activity across regions. Overall we have good evidence to suggest that gamma rhythms may provide objective information on major depressive disease status, but we will need further work to better define the precise measures to follow.
The biological basis and clinical symptoms of CAR-T therapy-associated toxicites
Authors: Titov Aleksei , Petukhov Alexey , Staliarova Alena , Motorin Dmitriy , Bulatov Emil , Shuvalov Oleg , Soond Surinder M. , Piacentini Mauro , Melino Gerry , Zaritskey Andrey , Barlev Nickolai A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCurrently, immunotherapy is attracting a lot of attention and may potentially become a leading approach in the treatment of cancer. One emerging therapeutic, the chimeric-antigen receptor T-cell adoptive immunotherapy (CAR-T) is showing remarkable efficacy in the treatment of several B-cell malignancies. The popularity of CAR-T has been founded on two CAR T-cell products recently approved by FDA (during 2017) in the treatment of relapsed/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and B-cell lymphoma. However, their toxicities observed in clinical trials were extremely significant and in some cases even fatal with no approved algorithms for toxicity prediction being available to date. A deeper understanding of the biological basis of such complications is the key to prompt and comprehensive clinical management. Here we review the wide spectrum of effects associated with CAR T cell therapy with a major focus on the pathogenesis of cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity as the most common, potentially life-threatening effects of this treatment. We discuss the basis of clinical management and the existing models that predict the severity of toxicity, as well as the key factors that modulate this event. Finally, we will summarize the literature detailing universal allogenic CAR T-cells and their toxicity profile.
The genomic landscape of cutaneous SCC reveals drivers and a novel azathioprine associated mutational signature
Authors: Inman Gareth J. , Wang Jun , Nagano Ai , Alexandrov Ludmil B. , Purdie Karin J. , Taylor Richard G. , Sherwood Victoria , Thomson Jason , Hogan Sarah , Spender Lindsay C. , South Andrew P. , Stratton Michael , Chelala Claude , Harwood Catherine A. , Proby Charlotte M. , Leigh Irene M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) has a high tumour mutational burden (50 mutations per megabase DNA pair). Here, we combine whole-exome analyses from 40 primary cSCC tumours, comprising 20 well-differentiated and 20 moderately/poorly differentiated tumours, with accompanying clinical data from a longitudinal study of immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients and integrate this analysis with independent gene expression studies. We identify commonly mutated genes, copy number changes and altered pathways and processes. Comparisons with tumour differentiation status suggest events which may drive disease progression. Mutational signature analysis reveals the presence of a novel signature (signature 32), whose incidence correlates with chronic exposure to the immunosuppressive drug azathioprine. Characterisation of a panel of 15 cSCC tumour-derived cell lines reveals that they accurately reflect the mutational signatures and genomic alterations of primary tumours and provide a valuable resource for the validation of tumour drivers and therapeutic targets.
Microbial metabolite sensor GPR43 controls severity of experimental GVHD
Authors: Fujiwara Hideaki , Docampo Melissa D. , Riwes Mary , Peltier Daniel , Toubai Tomomi , Henig Israel , Wu S. Julia , Kim Stephanie , Taylor Austin , Brabbs Stuart , Liu Chen , Zajac Cynthia , Oravecz-Wilson Katherine , Sun Yaping , Núñez Gabriel , Levine John E. , van den Brink Marcel R.M. , Ferrara James L. M. , Reddy Pavan 
Published: September 2018

AbstractMicrobiome-derived metabolites influence intestinal homeostasis and regulate graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), but the molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Here we show the metabolite sensor G-protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43) is important for attenuation of gastrointestinal GVHD in multiple clinically relevant murine models. GPR43 is critical for the protective effects of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), butyrate and propionate. Increased severity of GVHD in the absence of GPR43 is not due to baseline differences in the endogenous microbiota of the hosts. We confirm the ability of microbiome-derived metabolites to reduce GVHD by several methods, including co-housing, antibiotic treatment, and administration of exogenous SCFAs. The GVHD protective effect of SCFAs requires GPR43-mediated ERK phosphorylation and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in non-hematopoietic target tissues of the host. These data provide insight into mechanisms of microbial metabolite-mediated protection of target tissues from the damage caused allogeneic T cells.
PoreDesigner for tuning solute selectivity in a robust and highly permeable outer membrane pore
Authors: Chowdhury Ratul , Ren Tingwei , Shankla Manish , Decker Karl , Grisewood Matthew , Prabhakar Jeevan , Baker Carol , Golbeck John H. , Aksimentiev Aleksei , Kumar Manish , Maranas Costas D. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractMonodispersed angstrom-size pores embedded in a suitable matrix are promising for highly selective membrane-based separations. They can provide substantial energy savings in water treatment and small molecule bioseparations. Such pores present as membrane proteins (chiefly aquaporin-based) are commonplace in biological membranes but difficult to implement in synthetic industrial membranes and have modest selectivity without tunable selectivity. Here we present PoreDesigner, a design workflow to redesign the robust beta-barrel Outer Membrane Protein F as a scaffold to access three specific pore designs that exclude solutes larger than sucrose (>360 Da), glucose (>180 Da), and salt (>58 Da) respectively. PoreDesigner also enables us to design any specified pore size (spanning 3–10 Å), engineer its pore profile, and chemistry. These redesigned pores may be ideal for conducting sub-nm aqueous separations with permeabilities exceeding those of classical biological water channels, aquaporins, by more than an order of magnitude at over 10 billion water molecules per channel per second.
Different patterns of clonal evolution among different sarcoma subtypes followed for up to 25 years
Authors: Hofvander Jakob , Viklund Björn , Isaksson Anders , Brosjö Otte , Vult von Steyern Fredrik , Rissler Pehr , Mandahl Nils , Mertens Fredrik 
Published: September 2018

AbstractTo compare clonal evolution in tumors arising through different mechanisms, we selected three types of sarcoma—amplicon-driven well-differentiated liposarcoma (WDLS), gene fusion-driven myxoid liposarcoma (MLS), and sarcomas with complex genomes (CXS)—and assessed the dynamics of chromosome and nucleotide level mutations by cytogenetics, SNP array analysis and whole-exome sequencing. Here we show that the extensive single-cell variation in WDLS has minor impact on clonal key amplicons in chromosome 12. In addition, only a few of the single nucleotide variants in WDLS were present in more than one lesion, suggesting that such mutations are of little significance in tumor development. MLS displays few mutations other than the FUS-DDIT3 fusion, and the primary tumor is genetically sometimes much more complex than its relapses, whereas CXS in general shows a gradual increase of both nucleotide- and chromosome–level mutations, similar to what has been described in carcinomas.
Molecular basis for disassembly of an importin:ribosomal protein complex by the escortin Tsr2
Authors: Schütz Sabina , Michel Erich , Damberger Fred F. , Oplová Michaela , Peña Cohue , Leitner Alexander , Aebersold Ruedi , Allain Frederic H.-T. , Panse Vikram Govind 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDisordered extensions at the termini and short internal insertions distinguish eukaryotic ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) from their anucleated archaeal counterparts. Here, we report an NMR structure of such a eukaryotic-specific segment (ESS) in the r-protein eS26 in complex with the escortin Tsr2. The structure reveals how ESS attracts Tsr2 specifically to importin:eS26 complexes entering the nucleus in order to trigger non-canonical RanGTP-independent disassembly. Tsr2 then sequesters the released eS26 and prevents rebinding to the importin, providing an alternative allosteric mechanism to terminate the process of nuclear import. Notably, a Diamond–Blackfan anemia-associated Tsr2 mutant protein is impaired in binding to ESS, unveiling a critical role for this interaction in human hematopoiesis. We propose that eS26-ESS and Tsr2 are components of a nuclear sorting system that co-evolved with the emergence of the nucleocytoplasmic barrier and transport carriers.
PD-1 has a unique capacity to inhibit allergen-specific human CD4+ T cell responses
Authors: Rosskopf Sandra , Jahn-Schmid Beatrice , Schmetterer Klaus Georg , Zlabinger Gerhard J. , Steinberger Peter 
Published: September 2018

AbstractT lymphocytes have a crucial role in initiating and promoting type I allergies. Their responses are tightly regulated by numerous activating and inhibitory signals provided by APCs. Here we have addressed the role of the major coinhibitory receptors PD-1, CTLA-4, BTLA and LAG-3 in allergen-specific CD4+T cell responses. PBMCs of healthy individuals and 41 patients allergic to house dust mites, birch, grass or mugwort pollen were stimulated with allergenic extracts and expression of coinhibitory receptors on responding CD4+T cells was assessed. Blocking antibodies to PD-1, CTLA-4, BTLA and LAG-3 were used to evaluate the role of coinhibitory pathways. Allergen-specific CD4+T cells showed strong upregulation of PD-1, LAG-3 and CTLA-4 upon stimulation, whereas BTLA was downregulated. Blockade of PD-1 strongly enhanced proliferation and cytokine production (IL-10; TH1 cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α; TH2 cytokines IL-5, IL-13) of allergen-specific CD4+T cells derived from allergic as well as non-allergic individuals. BTLA blockade enhanced proliferation but not cytokine production in response to house dust mite extract. Blocking LAG-3 was ineffective and surprisingly, we observed reduced proliferation and cytokine production in presence of a CTLA-4 antibody. Our results point to a unique potency of PD-1 pathways to dampen allergen-specific human T cells.
Urate transporter inhibitor lesinurad is a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma modulator (sPPARγM) in vitro
Authors: Heitel Pascal , Gellrich Leonie , Heering Jan , Goebel Tamara , Kahnt Astrid , Proschak Ewgenij , Schubert-Zsilavecz Manfred , Merk Daniel 
Published: September 2018

AbstractGout is the most common arthritic disease in human but was long neglected and therapeutic options are not satisfying. However, with the recent approval of the urate transporter inhibitor lesinurad, gout treatment has experienced a major innovation. Here we show that lesinurad possesses considerable modulatory potency on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Since gout has a strong association with metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, this side-activity appears as very valuable contributing factor to the clinical efficacy profile of lesinurad. Importantly, despite robustly activating PPARγin vitro, lesinurad lacked adipogenic activity, which seems due to differential coactivator recruitment and is characterized as selective PPARγ modulator (sPPARγM).
ABC transporter mis-splicing associated with resistance to Bt toxin Cry2Ab in laboratory- and field-selected pink bollworm
Authors: Mathew Lolita G. , Ponnuraj Jeyakumar , Mallappa Bheemanna , Chowdary Lingutla R. , Zhang Jianwei , Tay Wee Tek , Walsh Thomas K. , Gordon Karl H. J. , Heckel David G. , Downes Sharon , Carrière Yves , Li Xianchun , Tabashnik Bruce E. , Fabrick Jeffrey A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractEvolution of pest resistance threatens the benefits of genetically engineered crops that produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins. Strategies intended to delay pest resistance are most effective when implemented proactively. Accordingly, researchers have selected for and analyzed resistance to Bt toxins in many laboratory strains of pests before resistance evolves in the field, but the utility of this approach depends on the largely untested assumption that laboratory- and field-selected resistance to Bt toxins are similar. Here we compared the genetic basis of resistance to Bt toxin Cry2Ab, which is widely deployed in transgenic crops, between laboratory- and field-selected populations of the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), a global pest of cotton. We discovered that resistance to Cry2Ab is associated with mutations disrupting the same ATP-binding cassette transporter gene (PgABCA2) in a laboratory-selected strain from Arizona, USA, and in field-selected populations from India. The most common mutation, loss of exon 6 caused by alternative splicing, occurred in resistant larvae from both locations. Together with previous data, the results imply that mutations in the same gene confer Bt resistance in laboratory- and field-selected strains and suggest that focusing on ABCA2 genes may help to accelerate progress in monitoring and managing resistance to Cry2Ab.