bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Negotiation of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions
Authors: Bernier Ivan 
Published: June 2019

SummarySince its beginning in September 2004, the negotiation of the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions has raised a great deal of interest and even tension among UNESCO member states. A record number of members and non-governmental observers have been involved, and, on many occasions, the debates have taken place in overflowing rooms. During the study of the draft convention by Commission IV, on 77 October 2005, the debate even had to be temporarily suspended in order to find a larger room. Obviously, the negotiations, which addressed head on the problem of the interface between trade and culture, dealt with a very sensitive matter. On 20 October 2005, the convention was finally adopted by the UNESCO General Conference (148 votes for, two against, and four abstentions). Considered to be a historical moment by several delegations in their closing declaration, the results of this decision was vigorously denounced by the United States. It went so far as to assert, in a declaration made public by the US embassy in Paris, that the proposed convention was deeply flawed since it dealt with trade rather than culture and that it therefore fell outside UNESCO jurisdiction. How was such a result achieved? This article attempts to clarify these issues, following the negotiation step by step as well as the dynamic that led to the ultimate result.
The Role for Human Rights Obligations in Canadian Extradition Law
Authors: Harrington Joanna 
Published: June 2019

SummaryTo secure greater inter-state cooperation in criminal law enforcement, Canada has entered into a number of extradition treaties. Yet alongside this network of extradition treaties lies a network of human rights treaties to which Canada has also agreed to be bound. Given the inherently international nature of extradition, and the interconnection between Canada's human rights treaties and its obligations under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, one would have thought that Canada's international human rights obligations might play some role in bolstering the protection afforded by the Charter to the rights of an individual facing extradition from Canada, even if the threshold for invoking the latter remains high. And yet, while a review of Canada's extradition jurisprudence for the past thirty years confirms that a role for human rights has emerged in Canadian extradition law, scant attention has been paid to Canada's international human rights treaty obligations as treaty obligations when deciding whether to extradite upon receiving a valid request. The author argues that if Canada's international human rights obligations were considered, along with Canada's domestic Charter obligations, greater guidance would be made available as to the appropriate balance of rights and obligations at stake, while also affording equal treatment to all of the treaty obligations relevant to extradition.
Murder as a Crime against Humanity at the Ad Hoc Tribunals: Reconciling Differing Languages
Authors: Eboe-Osuji Chile 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe statutes of the International Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda and for the Former Yugoslavia give these tribunals jurisdiction over murder as a crime against humanity. Yet the judges of these tribunals have often found themselves disagreeing as to the level means rea required for conviction. The controversy results from the French text that employs the term “assassinat” in the place where the English text speaks of “murder.” Assassinat is equivalent only to the premeditated kind of murder. This has led some of the judges to insist that no mens rea lower than premeditation is sufficient for conviction for murder as a crime against humanity under the statutes of the ICTR and the ICTY. It is suggested in this article that neither the requirements of international criminal law nor a contextual reading of the statutes truly favours such a strict view of murder as a crime against humanity, which effectively excludes a wide range means rea, which will, but for the use of the term “assassinat” in the French text, properly anchor a conviction for murder.
A Canadian Perspective on the Continued Non-Ratification of the Convention on the Law of the Sea by the United States
Authors: McDorman Ted L. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryFor twenty years, both Canada and the United States were non-parties to the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS Convention). In 2003, Canada finally ratified the LOS Convention, leaving the United States as the only industrialized state that was not a party to the “constitution of the oceans.” Canada's perspective on the US non-party status involves an equal measure of frustration/disappointment, appreciation/understanding, and ambivalence.
The Entry into Force of the Lisbon Treaty: The European Union in Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Sharma Avinash 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe history of European integration unmistakably shows that it has progressed step by step and is indeed an ongoing and irreversible process. One such step is the conclusion of the Lisbon Treaty, which came into force on 1 December 2009, following negotiations spanning nearly a decade. The treaty aims, inter alia, at improving the functioning of the European Union (EU) and significantly amends the treaty basis of the EU as a supranational organization. It formally establishes the EU as a legal entity under public international law, strengthens the role of the European Parliament, and significantly reforms the role of the high representative of the union for foreign affairs and security policy. Moreover, the treaty has made the EU Charter on Fundamental Rights a legally binding and enforceable instrument and has expanded the competences of the EU in the fields of trade and other external commercial relations by providing it with exclusive competence to conduct the EU’s Common Commercial Policy. The author reviews these and other innovations of the Lisbon Treaty and briefly evaluates the treaty and its implications for the EU.
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons with Special Reference to Canada’s Position
Authors: Dai Poeliu 
Published: June 2019

Among the Middle Powers, Canada has the unique opportunity and great potential for achieving nuclear status in view of her immense natural resources (being the leading producer of uranium), industrial capacity, and advanced technology. For a number of reasons, including the arrangement for joint continental defence with the United States, however, Canada has deliberately refrained from embarking on the development of a nuclear armoury and has become an ardent supporter of international disarmament. It is not surprising, therefore, that in the negotiating processes for a nonproliferation treaty in the council of nations, the unequivocal position of Canada aroused interest and commanded attention.The concept of non-proliferation can be simply stated. It is based on the belief that a spread of the weapons of mass destruction enhances international tensions, accelerates the arms race, and increases the likelihood, or at least the possibility, of a general nuclear war. The larger the number of states possessing these weapons, the greater the risk of a nuclear conflict breaking out through accident, or miscalculation, or sheer adventurism. Nuclear dissemination thus adds a new and dangerous dimension to the maintenance of international equilibrium and affects the very foundation of the world public order.
Stellar Dynamo Theory
Authors: Schüssler Manfred 
Published: June 2019

Three topics of current interest are treated in this review:a)The success and shortcomings of dynamo models for the solar cycle are explained, and oscillator models discussed briefly.b)The intermittent (flux tube) nature of magnetic fields in convection zones leads to new conjectures about stellar dynamos. Arguments are given that the dynamo may operate in the overshoot region below a convective envelope. Mean-field theory for intermittent fields is illustrated.c)I review nonlinear dynamo models and some attempts to interpret observational results concerning late-type active stars.
Stellar Winds and Spindown in Solar Type Stars
Authors: Roxburgh I.W. 
Published: June 2019

The angular momentum loss produced by stellar winds is reviewed and a simple model of angular momentum loss with multipole fields is presented in which the field is potential when the flow speed is less than the Alfvén speed, and radial when greater than the Alfvén speed. The simpler the magnetic geometry, the larger is the angular momentum loss rate. This result is used to explain the rotational discontinuity across the Vaughan-Preston gap as being due to a sudden increase in angular momentum loss when the dynamo field switches from a quadropole to a dipole geometry.The evolution of the internal rotation of stars as a result of surface angular momentum loss is considered. In the absence of a magnetic field, differential rotation can drive instabilities which then transport angular momentum out from the interior down the angular velocity gradient. Other instabilities such as that caused by the build up of 3He can also transport angular momentum outwards. If angular momentum is transported by such weak turbulence, it also makes the star more homogeneous than standard evolutionary models and lowers the predicted value of the solar neutrino flux.The recent results on rotational splitting of solar oscillations are considered: these suggest that the inside of the sun is spinning faster than the surface and are compatible with models in which angular momentum is transported by mild turbulence. But data is scarce — and in such circumstances the speculations of the theorist must be viewed with caution!
Ultraviolet Studies of O and B Stars in the LMC Cluster NGC 2100, the SMC Cluster NGC 330 and the Galactic Cluster NGC 6530
Authors: Böhm-Vitense Erika , Hodge Paul 
Published: June 2019

We have studied high a low resolution IUE spectra of O and B stars in the LMC cluster NGC 2100, the SMC cluster NGC 330, and the young Galactic cluster NGC 6530. Temperatures and luminosities were determined. In the LMC and SMC clusters the most luminous stars are evolved stars on the “horizontal” supergiant branch, while in NGC 6530 the stars are all still on the main sequence.Extinction laws were determined. They confirm the known differences between LMC and galactic extinctions.No mass loss was detected for the evolved B stars in the LMC and SMC clusters, while the high luminosity stars in NGC 6530 show P Cygni profiles.
On the Distance of the Magellanic Stream
Authors: Jaaniste J. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIf the HI clouds in the Magellanic Stream are in pressure equilibrium with the hot gaseous corona of our Galaxy, the distance of each cloud can be estimated from the observed properties of a cloud: position, angular dimensions, surface density of HI and the cloud temperature. Using a dynamical model with massive corona we have found distances of about 30–40 kpc for spherical condensations in the northern part of the Magellanic Stream.
Absolute Magnitudes from Trigonometric and Statistical Parallaxes
Authors: Van De Kamp P. 
Published: June 2019

The attainable accuracy of photographic trigonometric parallaxes may be improved by the use of modern measuring engines, larger number of exposures, facilitated by increased speed of emulsions, more refined knowledge of reduction to absolute parallax. Systematic errors remain an obstacle both in trigonometric and statistical parallaxes.With an attainable goal of ±0″.002 for the probable error of a parallax it appears difficult to obtain absolute magnitudes with a probable error less than 0.2 mag. for stars beyond 20 pc.
Erosion, Transportation and the Nature of the Maria
Authors: Gold T. 
Published: June 2019

Rock dust appears to have been redistributed over the Moon by effects other than impact explosions. A core sample on Apollo 12 showed sharp and distinctive layers and was clearly unmixed. Surface transportation processes that deposit the dust very gently must have been at work. Orbiter pictures confirm that such surface creep has taken place on a very large scale.The seismic evidence makes clear that there is no continuous sheet of bedrock at a shallow depth in the vicinity of the Apollo 12 site. A deep deposit of powder would match the seismic properties observed. Mascons require for their explanation a surface transportation process that tends to fill in the large impact basins after their formation.Surface transportation of lunar dust has been demonstrated in the laboratory to occur most readily as a result of electrostatic forces produced by electron bombardment in the energy range of a few hundred volts. Such bombardment happens on the Moon predominantly when it is in the magnetic tail of the Earth, and this may be the reason why mare ground is so remarkably dominant on the hemispere facing the Earth.
Lunar Tidal Phenomena and the Lunar Rille System
Authors: Middlehurst Barbara M. 
Published: June 2019

Two types of tide-linked lunar phenomena now exist: the so-called lunar transient events, short-lived changes in brightness or colour and obscurations in small areas of the Moon (the reported duration is typically from a few seconds to a few hours and the areas involved are usually a few kilometres or less in diameter); and the A- and B-type seismic signals relayed back from the Apollo 12 passive seismic experiment. The frequency diagrams of both the lunar transien t events and the seismic signals show strong peaks at perigee when the Earth is closest to the Moon, with a smaller peak at apogee (transient events and B-type signal only) and both have been attributed to endogenous causes.Both sets of data appear to be linked to areas where cracks and rilles exist. The most likely interpretation of the two sets of observations is that they are complementary and that some sort of gas release and excitation (in the cases of the glows and colour changes) is involved.Association of the lunar events with craters with seamed and cracked floors and with other crack systems is described. Only a few associated areas of the Moon-wide lineament systems have been noted, but the Apollo 12 seismometer signals seem likely to originate from the nearby system of parallel features in the Fra Mauro area. The case for possible gas volcanism is examined.
Long-period variables and carbon stars in the Galactic Bulge
Authors: Whitelock Patricia 
Published: June 2019

The review covers the properties of red variables in globular clusters and the Galactic Bulge. Details are given of our current understanding of the Mira evolutionary phase. There is evidence that Miras in the LMC and the Bulge occupy different parts of the instability strip but obey the same PLC relation. The Bulge contains at least 2 × 104 Miras of which 100 or so have luminosities in excess of Mbol = — 5 mag. The Mira phase lasts more than 105 yr. These objects originate from stars with a wide range of metallicity, but it is currently unclear if the most metal-rich stars reach the top of the AGB to become Miras. Preliminary data suggest that the distribution of the Miras along the minor axis of the Bulge is different from that of the late-M stars but similar to the 2.4 μm luminosity.Our knowledge of the Bulge carbon stars is briefly reviewed. It is suggested that, by analogy with the carbon-rich dwarfs, these stars are probably best understood as the products of binary evolution.
Determinations of Distances to Radio Sources with VLBI
Authors: Bartel Norbert 
Published: June 2019

The most direct method of determining distances to galactic sources outside the Solar System is the measurement of annual parallaxes. Using as an example astrometric observations of the quasars 3C345 and NRAO512 which are separated by ∼ 0°.5 at the sky, we show that under certain conditions, annual parallaxes of galactic radio sources can be determined with VLBI with an accuracy of 50 μas (standard error). This accuracy is about tenfold higher than any annual parallax accuracy ever obtained with optical astrometry.The, so far, most direct method of determining distances to extragalactic sources combines VLBI measurements of a supernova's angular expansion velocity with optical spectroscopic measurements of the supernova's radial expansion velocity. We have estimated the distance to SN1979C in M100 in the Virgo cluster to be a lower bound on the distance to SN1980K in NGC6946 to be 5 Mpc, and H0 to be with the uncertainties intended to represent standard errors.
The Low Frequency Variability of Extragalactic Radio Sources: A Relativistic Effect or Galactic Scintillation?
Authors: Padrielli L. , Fanti R. , Ficarra A. , Gregorini L. , Mantovani F. , Spangler S. 
Published: June 2019

Results obtained on the Low Frequency Variability (LFV) phenomenon, by means of combined multifrequency observations of 50 sources, on a period of more than ten years on a frequency grid of 0.4, 2.3, 4.8, 8.0, and 14.4 GHz and two epoch VLBI observations at 18 cm can be summarized as follows:
1.15–20% of variables appear to have variations consisting either of quasi-simultaneous outbursts at all frequencies or of bursts which drift to lower frequencies with time and decreasing amplitude. In our sample, we find five good cases: 3C 120, 0605-085, 1510-089, 3C 345, BL Lac. Three of these are famous superluminals; the other two show significant structural changes between our 18 cm VLBI measurements. The corresponding expansion rate for these five sources is in agreement with the γ's derived from LFV with the usual causality arguments. For the sources of this class, the observations are therefore in agreement with models that explain the phenomenon of the variability as synchrotron emission of relativistic electrons beamed in a direction close to the line of sight.2.35% of variables show only low frequency (<1 GHz) variability and little or no intermediate high frequency variations. In DA 406, prototype of the category, no superluminal motions have been observed, even if the resolution of our VLBI observations should allow the detection of the structural change expected on the basis of intrinsic LFV. In this case we do not find direct evidence of relativistic motions associated with the LFV and the process is most easily explained if the variations are extrinsic (propagation effects through the interstellar medium as the slow refractive scintillation).3.The remaining 40–45% of variables show uncorrelated high (<5 GHz) and low frequency variability with a minimum of activity at the intermediate frequencies. The explanation of the phenomenon is less clear. It could be attributed to intrinsic (superluminal) variations at high frequencies, coexisting with unrelated processes at low frequencies.
FFT Processor as a Digital Lens in Grid Array VLBI
Authors: Daishido T. , Asuma K. , Nishibori K. , Inoue S. 
Published: June 2019

Correlator type processors have been currently used in VLBI, in which the number of correlators increases as N(N-1)/2 where N is the number of antennas. In a large elements VLBI array in future, this will introduce difficulty in constructing the processor. If we took the grid array configuration of antenna, FFT processor could be used in VLBI processing instead. FFT processor is used as a digital lens for a directional finding facility of the arrival waves. In FFT, the number of multiplications increases only as N log N. Although it gives maximum redundancy of Fourier components, the next step of the research on crustal motion will require measuring the velocities as a vector fields. Higher S/N ratio is also obtained in the VLBI maps.The present processor, which was originally constructed for a pilot system of the radio patrol camera at Waseda University, is formed by a FFT Processor and eight Complex Amplitude Equalizers(1,2). When it is used as an VLBI processor, phase and amplitude fluctuations due to local oscillators and/or propagation effects are absorbed by the quick control of the Complex Amplitude Equalizers.Here, we show examples of the computer controlled phase adjustment using the Equalizers(3). Our telescope is an 8 elements Very Short Baseline Interferometer (only 2m) at 10 GHz. Fig.1 is the block diagram of the present system. In VLBI system the recording facilities should exist between A/Ds and the Equalizers. The FFT processor is an error free ideal lens, and from the sampling theorem it makes eight independent beams in our system. Fig.2 is the dirty beams before removing phase errors, and Fig.3 the beams after the error removed. Both are 180 deg beam switched, while non switched in Fig.4.
Revisiting the Geometry of the BLR in AKN120: Preliminary Results from UV Data and Line Profile Analysis
Authors: Alloin D. , Baribaud T. , Boisson C. , Pelat D. 
Published: June 2019

From continuum and line intensity light-curves in the ultraviolet range, we find that the CIV peak-emission lies at about 2 ± 0.5 light-month from the centre. Line profile variations in the Ha and CIV emission suggest that the BLR is made of two regions with distinct kinematical properties:
•a spherically distributed set of clouds, responsible for the broad HIL emission and responding to ionizing flux variations with a time-lag of 2 light-months at most•a disc-like structure from which most of the LIL emission arises, with a slow response to ionizing flux changes: hence larger is size.
Hα Emission Lines in High Redshift Quasars
Authors: Espey B.R. , Carswell R.F. , Bailey J.A. , Smith M.G. , Ward M.J. 
Published: June 2019

We present new data on the redshifts and Hα profiles of 18 medium to high redshift QSOs observed by us using the FIGS spectrometer at the Anglo-Australian Telescope facility and compare the data to that of the strong UV lines obtained in spectra taken at nearly the same time. We find that the Hα line is redshifted by an average of 1100 km s−1 with respect to CIVλ1549. Low ionization lines, such as OIλ1305 and MgIIλ2798 are shifted by similar amounts. These results are difficult to reconcile with any simple models currently available, including those where dust obscuration is solely responsible for the observed velocity shifts. The similarity between the velocities of Hα and MgII, OI provides some support for models where the Balmer lines are produced predominantly in a warm HI region, perhaps by X-ray heating, while the Lyman lines arise mainly in a population of optically thin clouds. A velocity separation between the two cloud populations, along with some obscuration, could explain the main features. However, detailed differences between lines of similar ionization suggest that the true situation is more complex.A search for correlations between the velocity shift and other quantities revealed only one, namely with the ratio of the CIII]λ1909 and CIVλ1549 line fluxes. The meaning of this is obscure, but may relate to density or projection effects. A number of other correlations proposed by previous workers as tests for their models were sought but not found.