bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Botcrafting and Botbreeding : A Simplified Economics of Evolutionary Algorithms
Authors: Aberkane Idriss 
Published: June 2018

Let us consider the industrial and economic impact of genetic programming and its generic availability to the masses. Is the interaction between genetic programming and the so-called “cognitariat” the beginning of a “genetic revolution” in the industrial sense ? Can we theorise a genetic marketplace, based on the dynamic of bids and asks for genetic algorithms to be made-to-order and leverage any daily routine, thus trading value ? Can genetic algorithms be crossbred to achieve a phenomenon similar to animal domestication, with a transition from wild to domestic type and heterosis, and can such a pressure for domestication percolate to macroeconomic value ? Which economic marketplace would allow such an economic phenomenon to happen and percolate least impeded ? Here I consider the economic implication of evolving genetic algorithms to address any repetitive human task, within a grand genetic marketplace composed of bidders and askers that would be using, evolving and breeding genetic programs (“bots”) and manipulating them as “bot breeders” to leverage their own economic output. I define a cryptocurrency on the buyer’s side, conceived to represent a unit of genetic purchasing power, which I call a “botcoin”.
­Characterization of pyruvate kinase from the anoxia tolerant turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans: a potential role for enzyme methylation during metabolic rate depression
Authors: Mattice Amanda M.S. , MacLean Isabelle A. , Childers Christine L. , Storey Kenneth B. 
Published: June 2018

Background
Pyruvate kinase (PK) is responsible for the final reaction in glycolysis. As PK is a glycolytic control point, the analysis of PK posttranslational modifications (PTM) and kinetic changes reveals a key piece of the reorganization of energy metabolism in an anoxia tolerant vertebrate.

Methods
To explore PK regulation, the enzyme was isolated from red skeletal muscle and liver of aerobic and 20-hr anoxia-exposed red eared-slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans). Kinetic analysis and immunoblotting were used to assess enzyme function and the corresponding covalent modifications to the enzymes structure during anoxia.

Results
Both muscle and liver isoforms showed decreased affinity for phosphoenolpyruvate substrate during anoxia, and muscle PK also had a lower affinity for ADP. I50 values for the inhibitors ATP and lactate were lower for PK from both tissues after anoxic exposure while I50 L-alanine was only reduced in the liver. Both isozymes showed significant increases in threonine phosphorylation (by 42% in muscle and 60% in liver) and lysine methylation (by 43% in muscle and 70% in liver) during anoxia which have been linked to suppression of PK activity in other organisms. Liver PK also showed a 26% decrease in tyrosine phosphorylation under anoxia.

Discussion
Anoxia responsive changes in turtle muscle and liver PK coordinate with an overall reduced activity state. This reduced affinity for the forward glycolytic reaction is likely a key component of the overall metabolic rate depression that supports long term survival in anoxia tolerant turtles. The coinciding methyl- and phospho- PTM alterations present the mechanism for tissue specific enzyme modification during anoxia.
Stamen and Pollen Development
Authors: Muñoz‐Sanz Juan V , McClure Bruce 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Stamens are the male sexual organs in flowers. Their function is to produce and disperse pollen, which carries the plant's sperm cells to the pistil. Mature stamens consist of a filament and an anther. They are initiated on floral meristems and form the third of four concentric organ whorls. The sterile filament provides a vascular connection and positions the anther for pollen dispersal. The anther sits at the tip of the filament and is the site of pollen production. Diploid germ‐line cells in the anther interior undergo meiosis to produce haploid microspores. These microspores, in turn, undergo one or two mitotic divisions, making pollen either bicellular or tricellular at the time of anthesis. Surrounding layers of nonsexual cells are essential for pollen development and also contribute to the external pollen coat. At anthesis, the mature anther splits open, and pollen is available for transfer to the pistil.

Key Concepts

A canonical flower contains four concentric organ whorls.

Stamens comprise the third whorl and function to produce and disperse pollen, which contains the male gametes.

Stamens are specified by the combined action of B‐ and C‐class floral homeotic genes in a floral meristem.

A mature stamen consists of a nonsexual filament and a four‐lobed anther that is the site of pollen production.

Positional information and cell–cell signalling are crucial for specifying the germ‐line pollen mother cells and surrounding somatic tissues.

Cells in the interior of the developing anther differentiate into germ‐line archesporial cells and then induce somatic fates in surrounding cells.

After meiosis, the germ‐line archesporial cells develop into pollen, and the surrounding somatic cells support pollen development.

At anthesis, the mature anther splits and desiccates to allow pollen dispersal.
Adeno‐associated Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy
Authors: Ling Chen , Zhong Li , Srivastava Arun 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Recombinant vectors based on a nonpathogenic human parvovirus, the
adeno‐associated virus
(AAV), have gained attention as a potentially safe and useful alternative to the more commonly used retroviral and adenoviral vectors. The past decade has witnessed the use of AAV vectors in the potential gene therapy of an ever‐increasing number of human diseases. The safety of AAV vectors in 165 Phase I/II and 1 Phase III clinical trials in humans to date and clinical efficacy in at least 8 human diseases have now been well documented. The availability of a vast repertoire of AAV serotype vectors, both naturally occurring and genetically engineered, and the availability of promising results with animal models of human diseases provide further impetus to the optimism that their use in the potential gene therapy of a wide variety of human diseases, both genetic and acquired, will continue in the foreseeable future.

Key Concepts

The first‐generation recombinant AAV vectors have shown efficacy in a number of Phase I/II clinical trials targeting various human diseases.

The host immune response to AAV vectors, especially at high doses, remains a challenging problem.

The presence of preexisting antibodies to AAV is also a challenge as a significant proportion of the human population is sero‐positive for one or more of the AAV serotypes.

The next‐generation AAV vectors have been developed that promise to circumvent most, if not all, of the problems associated with the first generation of AAV vectors.

The next generation of AAV vectors, which are more efficacious at lower doses, are likely to prove safe and effective in the potential gene therapy of a wide variety of human diseases in the not‐too‐distant future.
Cystathionine β‐Synthase (CBS) Deficiency: Genetics
Authors: Kožich Viktor , Kraus Jan P , Majtan Tomas 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCystathionine β‐synthase (CBS) catalyses condensation of homocysteine and serine to cystathionine, and by alternative reactions also synthesis of hydrogen sulfide. CBS deficiency, an autosomal recessive trait with estimated worldwide frequency of 0.82–1.09 per 100 000 births, manifests usually by thromboembolism, and in severe forms also by lens dislocation, marfanoid features, osteoporosis and neuropsychiatric complications. Laboratory findings include grossly elevated plasma total homocysteine and mildly to grossly elevated blood methionine, which is analysed in neonatal screening. CBS binds three cofactors: pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate, an allosteric activatorS‐adenosylmethionine and haem with as‐yet‐unresolved function. In theCBSgene, more than 160 different mutations have been described to date. Most of the mutations are missense yielding misfolded enzymes, which can potentially be rescued by chaperones. CBS deficiency is efficiently treated by combination of large doses of pyridoxine, methionine‐restricted diet and betaine; experimental enzyme replacement therapy is efficient in mouse models of disease.Key ConceptsCystathionine β‐synthase catalyses the first step in the transsulfuration of homocysteine to cysteine, and also synthesis of hydrogen sulfide from cysteine.Cystathionine β‐synthase is a modular enzyme composed of a haem‐bindingN‐terminal domain, the active core with pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate involved in catalysis and theC‐terminal autoinhibitory domain, which bindsS‐adenosylmethionine.More than 160 different pathogenic mutations have been described in theCBSgene, almost 90% of all mutantCBSalleles carry missense mutations.Mutant CBS subunits often misfold, and their conformation and activity may be rescued by chaperones.Deficient CBS activity leads to gross elevation of plasma total homocysteine, often to elevated blood methionine levels, and decreased blood cystathionine.Phenotypic consequences of mutations in theCbsgene include thromboembolism and vascular occlusion, which is accompanied in severe forms of the disease by lens dislocation, marfanoid features, osteoporosis and neuropsychiatric involvement.CBS deficiency can be managed by administration of pyridoxine, low‐methionine diet and betaine; treatment is efficient when started early after birth.Population frequency of patients with CBS deficiency ascertained clinically and by newborn screening is one to two orders of magnitude lower than the frequency calculated from the prevalence of heterozygotes for pathogenic mutations; this observation indicates an ascertainment bias or lack of symptoms in many CBS‐deficient individuals.Various murine models of CBS deficiency recapitulate the organ involvement observed in human patients, and experimental enzyme replacement therapy corrects efficiently these complications.
The Origin of the
A
cheulian
Authors: Domínguez‐Rodrigo Manuel 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Current evidence shows that the origin of the Acheulian dates back to at least 1.7 Ma in Africa. Although only three sites exist before 1.5 Ma, this complex technology seems to coexist for substantial time with small core and flake tools, typical of the Oldowan. While animal butchery has been widely documented at Oldowan sites, this activity remains marginal at Acheulian sites. There is a wide diversity of predominant tool types at Acheulian sites. This, together with spatial and palaeoecological patterning, is suggestive of a diversity of activities carried out at these sites according to ecological location. Acheulian sites are bigger than Oldowan sites, but their functions remain unknown. The complexity of the Acheulian has been exhaustively studied from a technological perspective, but not so much from a behavioural point of view. Understanding what activities were carried out at Acheulian sites is crucial to understand this crucial phase of the evolution of
Homo erectus/ergaster
.

Key Concepts

The Acheulian is the oldest human complex technology.

It consists of large intentionally shaped tools.

The Acheulian emerges 1.7 Ma.

The oldest symmetrical bifacial handaxes show that complex neurophysiology existed at the beginning of the Acheulian.

The diversity of tools and reduction sequences at Acheulian sites show that hominins had complex behaviours and adaptations in the early Pleistocene.
Combined transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of chronic tinnitus
Authors: Formánek Martin , Migaľová Petra , Krulová Petra , Bar Michal , Jančatová Debora , Zakopčanová‐Srovnalová Hana , Tomášková Hana , Zeleník Karol , Komínek Pavel 
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjectiveRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is currently being tested for suppressing the symptoms of subjective chronic primary tinnitus, although its effect is controversial. The aim of this randomized double‐blinded controlled trial was to determine the effect of rTMS with unique settings for tinnitus treatment.MethodsFifty‐three adult patients suffering from chronic subjective unilateral or bilateral nonpulsatile primary tinnitus for at least 6 months were randomly assigned to rTMS (group 1, n = 20), sham stimulation (group 2, n = 12), or medicament therapy only (group 3, n = 21). The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (frequency 25 Hz, 300 pulses, and 80% resting motor threshold [RMT]) on the left side and primary auditory cortex (1 Hz, 1000 pulses, 110% RMT) were stimulated on both sides in patients in group 1 for 5 consecutive days. The Tinnitus Reaction Questionnaire (TRQ), Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire (THQ), Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), pure‐tone audiometry with Fowler scoring of hearing loss, and tinnitus analysis were used to evaluate tinnitus in all patients. Data were recorded the day the patient was included in the study and at 1‐ and 6‐month follow‐up.ResultsThe study groups were homogenous. No significant effect of rTMS was found at 1 or 6 months based on the BDI, THQ, and TRQ scores or tinnitus masking. There was a significant but clinically irrelevant effect on the THI score after 1 and 6 months.InterpretationNo significant effect of bilateral low‐frequency rTMS of the primary auditory cortex and high‐frequency stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was demonstrated.
Using automated electrode localization to guide stimulation management in DBS
Authors: Petersen Mikkel V. , Husch Andreas , Parsons Christine E. , Lund Torben E. , Sunde Niels , Østergaard Karen 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDeep Brain Stimulation requires extensive postoperative testing of stimulation parameters to achieve optimal outcomes. Testing is typically not guided by neuroanatomical information on electrode contact locations. To address this, we present an automated reconstruction of electrode locations relative to the treatment target, the subthalamic nucleus, comparing different targeting methods: atlas‐, manual‐, or tractography‐based subthalamic nucleus segmentation. We found that most electrode contacts chosen to deliver stimulation were closest or second closest to the atlas‐based subthalamic nucleus target. We suggest that information on each electrode contact's location, which can be obtained using atlas‐based methods, might guide clinicians during postoperative stimulation testing.
Lateral‐Polarity Structure of AlGaN Quantum Wells: A Promising Approach to Enhancing the Ultraviolet Luminescence
Authors: Guo Wei , Sun Haiding , Torre Bruno , Li Junmei , Sheikhi Moheb , Jiang Jiean , Li Hongwei , Guo Shiping , Li Kuang‐Hui , Lin Ronghui , Giugni Andrea , Di Fabrizio Enzo , Li Xiaohang , Ye Jichun 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAluminum‐gallium‐nitride alloys (Al
x
Ga1–

x
N, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1) can emit light covering the ultraviolet spectrum from 210 to 360 nm. However, these emitters have not fulfilled their full promise to replace the toxic and fragile mercury UV lamps due to their low efficiencies. This study demonstrates a promising approach to enhancing the luminescence efficiency of AlGaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) via the introduction of a lateral‐polarity structure (LPS) comprising both III and N‐polar domains. The enhanced luminescence in LPS is attributed to the surface roughening, and compositional inhomogeneities in the N‐polar domain. The space‐resolved internal quantum efficiency (IQE) mapping shows a higher relative IQE in N‐polar domains and near inversion domain boundaries, providing strong evidence of enhanced radiative recombination efficiency in the LPS. These experimental observations are in good agreement with the theoretical calculations, where both lateral and vertical band diagrams are investigated. This work suggests that the introduction of the LPS in AlGaN‐based MQWs can provide unprecedented tunability in achieving higher luminescence performance in the development of solid state light sources.
3D‐Printed, Superelastic Polypyrrole–Graphene Electrodes with Ultrahigh Areal Capacitance for Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Qi Zhen , Ye Jianchao , Chen Wen , Biener Juergen , Duoss Eric B. , Spadaccini Christopher M. , Worsley Marcus A. , Zhu Cheng 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDisruptive custom electronics require a transformation in energy storage systems from traditional thin‐film units to shape conformable 3D components. However, current thick electrodes suffer from uncontrollable geometries and architectures, which lead to ion diffusion limitations, and poor mechanical properties. Here, designed, superelastic polypyrrole (PPy)‐coated graphene aerogel (GA) electrodes are fabricated via 3D printing and polymer self‐assembly methods. This resilient GA template (up to 90% compression) can be printed into any desired shape including engineered 3D architectures with periodic macropores, which promote the uniform deposition and adhesion of PPy onto the support. The coated PPy thin film increases the specific gravimetric capacitance of the GA electrode from 14 to 395 F g−1 with 90% retention after 5000 charging–discharging cycles. The capacitance remains the same value after 100 times compression cycles. It also improves the compressive strength by one order of magnitude from 0.14 to 2.4 MPa. Areal capacitance and energy density of the PPy–GA electrode are 2 F cm−2 and 0.78 mWh cm−2, respectively, which to the best of the knowledge break the record for compressible electrodes, respectively. This approach enables the fabrication of complex architectured energy storage modules with enhanced compressibility, ultrahigh areal electrochemical performance, and excellent cyclability.
Rapid Response Fluorescence Probe Enabled In Vivo Diagnosis and Assessing Treatment Response of Hypochlorous Acid‐Mediated Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Feng Huan , Zhang Zhiqiang , Meng Qingtao , Jia Hongmin , Wang Yue , Zhang Run 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDiagnosis and early assessment of the treatment response of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) necessitates a reliable bioanalytical method for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of the hypochlorous acid (HOCl) biomarker in inflammatory diseases. Herein, two fluorescence probes, Probe‐1 and Probe‐2 are developed for quantitative monitoring and visualization of inflammatory response–related HOCl levels in vitro and in vivo. In the presence of HOCl, fluorescence “OFF–ON” response is obtained for both the probes as a result of specific HOCl‐triggered CN bond cleavage reaction. Probe‐1 and Probe‐2 feature rapid response (<4 s), a high degree of sensitivity and selectivity toward HOCl, which allow them to be used for quantification of HOCl in a simulated physiological condition. Using Probe‐2 as the probe, fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry analysis of HOCl levels in lysosome of inflammatory mimic cells, visualization of HOCl generation in endotoxin‐induced inflammation of adult zebrafish and RA of mice are possible. Probe‐2 exhibits high effectiveness for early assessment of the treatment response of HOCl‐mediated RA in mice with an antiarthritic drug, methotrexate (MTX). The results demonstrate that Probe‐2 is a powerful tool for future studies on diagnosis and monitoring treatment efficiency in a broad range of inflammatory diseases, including RA.
One‐Pot Gram‐Scale, Eco‐Friendly, and Cost‐Effective Synthesis of CuGaS2/ZnS Nanocrystals as Efficient UV‐Harvesting Down‐Converter for Photovoltaics
Authors: Jalalah Mohammed , Al‐Assiri M. S. , Park Jea‐Gun 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIt is presented for the first time nontoxic CuGaS2/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) with free‐self‐reabsorption losses and large Stokes shift (>190 nm) synthesized on an industrially gram‐scale as an alternative for Cd‐based energy‐downshift (EDS)‐QD layers. The QDs exhibit a typical EDS that absorbs only UV light (<407 nm) and emits the whole range of visible light (400–800 nm) with a high photoluminescence‐quantum yield of ≈76%. The straightforward application of these EDS‐QDs on the front surface of a monocrystalline p‐type silicon solar cell significantly enhances the short‐circuit current density by ≈1.64 mA cm−2 (+4.20%); thereby, improving the power‐conversion‐efficiency by ≈4.11%. The significant improvement in the external quantum efficiency increases by ≈35.7% and that in the surface reflectance decreases by ≈14.1% in the UV region (300–450 nm) clearly manifest the photovoltaic enhancement. Such promising results together with the simple (one‐pot core/shell synthesis), cost‐effective (reduction in a bill of material–system by ≈2.62%), and scalable (2000 mL three‐neck flask, 11 g of QDs) preparation process might encourage the manufacturers of solar cells and other optoelectronic applications to apply these EDS‐QDs to different broader eco‐friendly applications.
Implementation of genomic medicine for gastrointestinal tumors
Authors: Furukawa Yoichi 
Published: June 2018

AbstractGenomic medicine is an approach to take advantage of genomic data in medical practice and health care. The advancement of sequencing technologies has enabled the determination of individual genomes as well as the genome in neoplasms. In the field of human cancer, understanding genomic alterations in tumors and variations associated with drug responses has paved the way towards the development of new drugs and personalized medicine. International collaborations of cancer genome analyses have accumulated a huge body of information about somatic mutations, and identified new driver mutations and pathways in a wide range of cancers. In particular, a growing body of evidence has shown that information about mutations in neoplasms helps to assess the efficacy and resistance of anti‐cancer drugs. Information about germline mutations associated with hereditary cancer has been shown to benefit patients by enabling early detection of their tumors and disease‐specific treatment, as well as reducing the risk for those at risk. To promote personalized medicine in a more cost‐effective and personalized way, further inter‐institutional, nationwide, and international collaboration is needed. This article summarizes the background and current situation of genomic medicine in the field of gastrointestinal tumors to help physicians and medical coworkers by assisting their better understanding of genomic medicine and strengthening their confidence of its clinical use.
Team Science, Justice, and the Co‐Production of Knowledge
Authors: Tebes Jacob Kraemer 
Published: June 2018

AbstractScience increasingly consists of interdisciplinary team‐based research to address complex social, biomedical, public health, and global challenges through a practice known as team science. In this article, I discuss the added value of team science, including participatory team science, for generating scientific knowledge. Participatory team science involves the inclusion of public stakeholders on science teams as co‐producers of knowledge. I also discuss how constructivism offers a common philosophical foundation for both community psychology and team science, and how this foundation aligns well with contemporary developments in science that emphasize the co‐production of knowledge. I conclude with a discussion of how the co‐production of knowledge in team science can promote justice.