bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Fahrenthold Stacy D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
For empires and states, diasporas present a tantalizing transnational frontier to be reclaimed for state-building purposes. Between 1880 and 1920, a half million Syrian, Lebanese, and Palestinian Arabs left the Ottoman Empire, settling in “Syrian colonies” across the Atlantic. This introduction explores the processes by which nationalist historiographies have marginalized Arab migrants. It critiques the silences that place-based archives produce and argues that reclaiming, controlling, and containing Syrian migrants abroad lay at the center of Ottoman, American, and French projects aimed at the Middle East. Writing migrant histories from indigenous archives restores the scope of such projects. Examining the papers migrants carried with them across the diaspora—papers, passports, petitions, correspondence—allows this work to pursue Syrians across multiple archival regimes. Migrant print culture is more than the sum of its writings; rather, what makes paper powerful is its ability to define the scope of Syria’s transnational geography.
The Impact of Trauma on Learning
Authors: Dombo Eileen A. , Sabatino Christine Anlauf 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Research shows that children and adolescents who experience abuse and neglect have lower learning outcomes, higher rates of learning difficulties, and higher rates of mental health disorders and behavioral challenges than children without these traumatic experiences. Chapter 3 explores some of the common social, emotional, behavioral, and academic issues seen in children who experience trauma. Information to help school social workers with the process of differential diagnosis and differentiation among symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and the cognitive and intellectual issues that require special education is provided. Information on epigenetics is also explored to connect the biological, psychological, and social domains in assessing children and adolescents.
Creating Safe Environments for Traumatized Children in Schools
Authors: Dombo Eileen A. , Sabatino Christine Anlauf 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Exposure to traumatic events in childhood and adolescence can have lasting negative social, emotional, and educational effects. For schools, or any environment that serves children, to be truly trauma-informed, they must address three crucial areas: safety, connection, and emotional and behavioral regulation. Chapter 4 explores these three areas as the foundational pillars of a trauma-informed structure. Each area is explored, along with examples of how they can be created in a school environment. Concrete examples of safe behavior are provided, as are examples of classroom triggers and guidance for helping children regulate emotions in the classroom. Finally, key information on identifying early risk factors for bullying behavior is included.
Refuge beyond Reach
Authors: FitzGerald David Scott 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The core of the asylum regime is the principle of non-refoulement that prohibits governments from sending refugees back to their persecutors. Governments attempt to evade this legal obligation to which they have explicitly agreed by manipulating territoriality. A remote control strategy of “extraterritorialization” pushes border control functions hundreds or even thousands of kilometers beyond the state’s territory. Simultaneously, states restrict access to asylum and other rights enjoyed by virtue of presence on a state’s territory, by making micro-distinctions down to the meter at the borderline in a process of “hyper-territorialization.” This study analyzes remote controls since the 1930s in Palestine, North America, Europe, and Australia to identify the origins of different forms of remote control, explain how they work together as a system of control, and establish the conditions that enable or constrain them in practice. It argues that foreign policy issue linkages and transnational advocacy networks promoting a humanitarian norm that is less susceptible to the legal manipulation of territoriality constrains remote controls more than the law itself. The degree of constraint varies widely by the technique of remote control.
Hamid Karzai vs. the New York Times
Authors: Brown Katherine A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter acquaints the reader with the impact of the U.S. and Western news media in Afghanistan by telling the story of how President Hamid Karzai banished New York Times reporter Matthew Rosenberg in August 2014, during the final weeks of his presidency. The chapter uses this story to illustrate the perceived hegemony that U.S. news has in international affairs by foreign actors. A country’s news media create and maintain a nation, employing common symbols and language and constructing narratives that resonate with the country’s citizens. Journalists intend to be observers of international politics, but unintentionally they are its participants. The chapter explains how news and nationalism intersect with international politics and introduces the reader to the groundbreaking yet nascent community of Afghan journalists who saw American and other Western journalists as their professional guides.
U.S. Correspondents in Afghanistan
Authors: Brown Katherine A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the correspondents in Afghanistan who report for U.S. news agencies, most of whom are Americans. It reflects the views of more than a dozen news professionals who reported for elite news organizations on Afghanistan on how they perceived their roles. It discusses their agenda-setting power and their hegemonic role as purveyors of information to their primary and intended audience, Americans, and to the secondary audiences, such as Afghan journalists. The chapter explores these journalists’ relationship with Afghan officials and explores what they believe the future of Afghan journalism will be. The differences between the Western press and the Afghan press are explored by analyzing their coverage of the Kabul Bank corruption scandal and the mob murder of Farkhunda Malikzada.
Educational Challenges for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children in Morocco
Authors: Soudi Abdelhadi , Vinopol Corinne 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) individuals have long struggled to be fully included, educationally, socially, and career-wise, in the mainstream of Moroccan society. Although the government has demonstrated philosophically that provision of education to children with disabilities K-12 is within their purview, they have yet to take substantive steps to effect this change. This chapter provides an overview of the state of education of DHH in Morocco and ongoing efforts to address challenges to full educational opportunities. More specifically, this chapter describes how a recent project funded by the United States Aid for International Development (USAID) has had a significant impact on education of the deaf there.
Deaf Education in Taiwan: History, Policies, Practices, and Outcomes
Authors: Liu Chun Jung , Liu Hsiu Tan , Andrews Jean F. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces the Chinese/Japanese/native historical roots of Taiwan’s deaf education and presents demographics of deaf school-age children and adults. We then examine the medical/audiological and social factors affecting deaf students’ learning, including teachers’ use of pedagogical tools, curriculum, instructional strategies, and educational outcomes. Finally, we recommend a service and research agenda. We conclude that Taiwan has many multicultural and multilingual resources and services that could be tapped to serve deaf children and their families, particularly in the area of developing more accessible language-learning environments at home and at school.
Deaf Education and the Use of Sign Language in Mainland China
Authors: Dingqian Gu , Ying Liu , Xirong He 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Chinese government’s policies and laws dealing with the education of deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students. In policy, priority is given to placement of DHH learners in mainstream education. Listening and speech rehabilitation services for DHH preschoolers are discussed. These have been developed and provided for a long time. Currently, approaches to language teaching for students at schools for the deaf are diversifying because the initiative focusing on Chinese General Sign Language will be applied nationwide in 2018. However, due to Chinese culture and traditional education practices, teachers who work with DHH students find themselves culturally at odds with the use of sign language and tend to stick to their own, different views on the “Learning in Regular Classrooms” policy.
Deaf Education in Brazil: Contexts, Challenges, and Perspectives
Authors: Fronza Cátia de Azevedo , Karnopp Lodenir Becker , Tammenga-Helmantel Marjon 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Changes in the past two decades have improved the position of the deaf in Brazil: Brazilian Sign Language (Libras) is an officially recognized language, deaf children can go to school, and bilingual education is available to deaf students. However, many deaf children do not attend school, and enrollment rates in high school and higher education are low. Moreover, the language policy views of the Brazilian deaf movement and the Brazilian Ministry of Education do not align. The deaf movement pleads for bilingual deaf schools, whereas the Brazilian government follows an inclusion policy. This chapter presents an overview of the position of the deaf in Brazil and their participation in education, considering national deaf policy and its implications for and impact on deaf education. Teaching practices in bilingual education are discussed, and recommendations and challenges for Brazilian deaf education are considered.
Deaf Education in Croatia: Challenges and Perspectives
Authors: Hrastinski Iva 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of deaf education in Croatia, focusing on the current educational context and communication options for deaf and hard-of-hearing students. After a brief overview of the history of deaf education in the country, which dates back to the 1830s, the author provides essential demographic information and educational placement options for these students. Related challenges are covered, specifically the lack of evidence-based policy regarding teaching methodology. The Deaf community and Deaf culture in Croatia are discussed. Research studies outlining the language and literacy problems of deaf students in Croatia, as well as the socioemotional issues of deaf children, are presented.
Search Engines and Free Speech Coverage
Authors: Whitney Heather M. , Mark Simpson Robert 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter investigates whether search engines and other new modes of online communication should be covered by free speech principles. It criticizes the analogical reasoning that contemporary American courts and scholars have used to liken search engines to newspapers, and to extend free speech coverage to them based on that likeness. There are dissimilarities between search engines and newspapers that undermine the key analogy, and also rival analogies that can be drawn which do not recommend free speech protection for search engines. Partly on these bases, we argue that an analogical approach to questions of free speech coverage is of limited use in this context. Credible verdicts about how free speech principles should apply to new modes of online communication require us to re-excavate the normative foundations of free speech. This method for deciding free speech coverage suggests that only a subset of search engine outputs and similar online communication should receive special protection against government regulation.
Restricting Speech to Protect It
Authors: Keats Citron Danielle 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A decade ago, online abuse was routinely dismissed as “no big deal.” Activities ordinarily viewed as violations of the law if perpetrated in physical space acquired special protection because they occurred in “cyberspace.” Why? The “internet” deserved special protection, commentators contended, because it was a unique zone of public discourse. No matter that individuals (more often women and minorities) were being terrorized and silenced with rape threats, defamation, and invasions of sexual privacy. The abuse had to be tolerated, lest we endanger speech online. Much has changed in the past ten years. Social attitudes have evolved to recognize the expressive interests of victims as well as those of the perpetrators. Cyber harassment is now widely understood as profoundly damaging to the free speech and privacy rights of people targeted. Law and corporate practices have been developed or enforced to protect those expressive interests. As this chapter explores, this development is for the good of free expression in the digital age.
Unmasking Hate on Twitter
Authors: Ascher Diana L. , Umoja Noble Safiya 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Notions of free speech and expectations of speaker anonymity are instrumental aspects of online information practice in the United States, which manifest in greater protections for speakers of hate, while making targets of trolling and hate speech more vulnerable. In this chapter, we argue that corporate digital media platforms moderate and manage “free speech” in ways that disproportionately harm vulnerable populations. After being targets of racist and misogynist trolling ourselves, we investigated whether new modes of analysis could identify and strengthen the ties between the online personas of anonymous speakers of hate and their identities in real life, which may present opportunities for intervention to arrest online hate speech, or at least make speakers known to those who are targets or recipients of their speech.
Introduction
Authors: Diefendorf Barbara B. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The introduction first explains why “planting the cross” is an apt metaphor for the renewal of monastic life that took place in the wake of France’s Wars of Religion. It introduces the six case studies that make up the book and explains how each explores a particular question, or set of questions, about how Catholic reformers envisioned and implemented the changes commonly known as the “Catholic Reformation.” The cases show that “reform” was not simply imposed from above, nor was it fixed or completed with the adoption of a new constitution or rule. Arguments for a return to a religious order’s original purity or a life of greater austerity encouraged debate about how the order should best live out its rule. The introduction concludes with a summary of the circumstances that made religious reform so urgently needed and a brief overview of how the reform movement spread.
Introduction
Authors: Geyh Charles Gardner 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the long-standing debate over how best to select judges in the United States and summarizes the positions of the disputants to the end of exposing the interminable and seemingly unresolvable nature of that debate. When a court issues a decision that at least some of the population finds objectionable, the fate of its judges may depend on whether they are appointed or elected. To illustrate, the chapter contrasts the lack of impact on the U.S. Supreme Court justices from any backlash in their upholding same-sex marriage in Obergefell v. Hodges versus the failure in retention elections of Iowa Supreme Court justices following their upholding same-sex marriage in Varnum v. Brien.
A Short and Pointed History of Judicial Selection
Authors: Geyh Charles Gardner 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 places the current state of affairs in context, with a short history of judicial selection in the United States, touching on the five distinct methods of judicial selection that have evolved over time. It begins by discussing colonial rule and gubernatorial appointments, then moves to early statehood and legislative appointments. The Age of Jackson is then examined, in particular Jacksonian democracy and its aftermath, which saw the rise of partisan judicial elections. The chapter then discusses how the Populist-Progressive era ushered in the advent of nonpartisan and recall elections. Finally, it describes the merit selection movement in the twentieth century before concluding that in the modern era, the American judiciary has undergone a political transformation that has placed increasing emphasis on constraining independence and enhancing political control.
The New Judicial Selection Landscape
Authors: Geyh Charles Gardner 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 maps the current judicial selection landscape by describing a series of developments decades in the making that has altered the political environment of judicial elections in fundamental ways. The chapter begins with a table showing the breakdown across all fifty U.S. states regarding which of the five methods of selecting judges are used by each state in selecting its high court judges. An additional table demonstrates how each state treats the reselection of a judge after the judge’s initial appointment or election. The chapter then turns to the contributing causes of the new politics of judicial elections, which include the weakening of the Democratic Party in the southern states, the rise of discretionary Supreme Court Review and the decline of mundane cases, the migration of civil rights and civil liberties campaigns to state courts, the role judges play as enemy combatants in the War on Crime, and the battle for tort reform going on in the state courts, which have resulted in the changing landscape of the American judiciary. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the consequences of these changes.
The Arguments
Authors: Geyh Charles Gardner 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 lays out the respective arguments for appointive and elective systems, against the backdrop of the new politics of judicial selection. It describes how gubernatorial appointment and merit selection systems are essentially pitted against partisan and nonpartisan election systems, and there is a peril to this binary approach in that it overlooks important distinctions between partisan and nonpartisan election systems on the one hand, and merit selection and traditional appointive systems on the other. The discussion begins with the role of the judge in American government, and the case that can be made for appointed judiciaries. It then makes the case for elected judiciaries before launching into the case for incremental reform.
Managing the Selection Debate
Authors: Geyh Charles Gardner 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 argues that we can come closer to consensus in the judicial selection debate by confronting and overcoming the errors and exaggerations that chapter 5 isolates. That said, complete consensus is likely to remain elusive because ultimately, judicial independence from electoral accountability is both in tension with and essential to democracy. As the chapter discusses, appointive systems are a preferable default, but there are circumstances in which electoral accountability can be essential to the judiciary’s perceived legitimacy with the general public. The chapter also suggests ways in which elected judiciaries can be made more impartial and independent, including reforming campaign finance, amending disqualification rules, and lengthening judicial terms, as well as greater accountability, as well as the ways that appointed judiciaries can be made more accountable via publicizing existing accountability-promoting mechanisms, reinvigorating disqualification procedure, and instituting rigorous judicial performance evaluations.
Introduction
Authors: Guardino Matt 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the argument and analyses. It explains the broader political importance of media coverage and public opinion during policy debates. The chapter also discusses how structural and institutional factors in the media system can contribute to often unforeseen or unintended effects on news content, and can ultimately shape the ideological direction of public opinion. It summarizes the book’s data and key claims about corporate news media’s role in rising economic inequality across the neoliberal era, and discusses the broader implications of the book’s argument and evidence for American democracy. The chapter ends by previewing the structure of the book.
The Prospects of the New Proceduralism
Authors: Yost Benjamin S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The final chapter illuminates the book’s most significant implications. It first highlights the project’s improvements on extant versions of proceduralism. Targeting both legal and philosophical proceduralist critiques, it recounts how they fall prey to the retributivist challenge and unwittingly entail wholesale abolition. The procedural abolitionism developed here, it turns out, has no such shortcomings. The second part of the chapter assesses the book’s contributions to the constitutional debate over capital punishment, analyzing Judge Rakoff’s opinion in United States v. Quinones. Rakoff holds that the specter of irrevocable mistake renders capital punishment unconstitutional on substantive due process grounds; this ruling suggests that substantive due process furnishes the vehicle by which proceduralism could make inroads with a future Supreme Court. However, Quinones was overturned, mainly because its emphasis on error correction conflicts with the hallowed value of finality. Chapter 5 argues that the associated concerns do not generate reasons to reject abolitionism.
Restructuring Relations
Authors: Kuokkanen Rauna 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This book interrogates normative conceptions of Indigenous self-determination and the structures of Indigenous self-government institutions, arguing that Indigenous self-determination is not achievable without restructuring all relations of domination beyond that with the state; nor can it be secured in the absence of gender justice. It demonstrates that the current rights discourse and focus on Indigenous–state relations is limited in scope and fails to convey the full meaning of self-determination for Indigenous peoples. Besides settler colonialism and neoliberal capitalism, relations of domination include racism, sexism, homophobia, misogyny, and gender violence, including violence against women, queer, trans and gender-nonconforming persons, and structural violence. Drawing on extensive participant interviews in Canada, Greenland, and Scandinavia, this book theorizes Indigenous self-determination as a foundational value, informed by the norm of integrity. This norm has two interrelated dimensions: bodily integrity and integrity of the land, both of which are a sine qua non for Indigenous gender justice. Conceptualizing self-determination as a foundational value seeks to restructure all relations of domination, including the hierarchical relation between self-determination and gender created and maintained by international law, Indigenous political discourse, and Indigenous institutions. The book argues that the persistent separation of issues between self-determination/self-government and gender/social is a major obstacle in implementing, realizing, and exercising Indigenous self-determination. Restructuring relations of domination further entails examining the gender regimes present in existing Indigenous self-government institutions, interrogating the relationship between Indigenous self-determination and gender violence, and considering future visions of Indigenous self-determination, including rematriation of Indigenous governance and an independent statehood.