bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intermediate filaments: molecular architecture,
assembly, dynamics and polymorphism
Authors: Parry David A. D. , Steinert Peter M. 
Published: July 2002

1. Introduction 1002. Molecular architecture 1072.1 Primary structure 1082.1.1 Homologous regions 1092.1.2 Chain typing 1152.1.3 Post-translational modifications 1172.2 Secondary structure 1182.2.1 Central rod domain 1182.2.2 Head and tail domains 1192.3 Tertiary structure 1232.3.1 Coiled-coil rod domain 1232.3.1.1 Specificity through salt bridges 1242.3.1.2 Specificity through apolar interactions 1272.3.1.3 A consensus trigger sequence for two-stranded coiled-coils 1282.3.2 Discontinuities in the rod domain 1282.3.2.1 Links 1292.3.2.2 Stutter 1312.3.3 Head and tail domains 1312.4 Electron microscope observations 1333. Assembly 1363.1 Role of the coiled-coil rod domain 1373.2 Role of end domains 1413.3 Experimentally induced crosslinks and modes of assembly 1453.4 Naturally occurring crosslinks for tissue coordination 1543.5 STEM data 1544. Quaternary structure 1604.1 Protofilaments and protofibrils 1604.2 Head and tail domains 1634.3 Surface lattice structure 1644.4 Crystal studies on intermediate filament fragments 1685. Polymorphism 1695.1 Variations on a theme 1705.1.1 Axial structure 1705.1.2 Lateral structure 1716. Keratin intermediate filament chains in diseases 1727. Concluding remarks 1758. Acknowledgments 1769. References 176Three types of intracellular filament have been identified in eukaryotic cells, and together they
constitute the key elements of the cytoskeleton. They are the microtubules, the actin-containing microfilaments and the intermediate filaments. The uniqueness of the former two
types of filament in cells has been well known for a long time but, in contrast, the intermediate
filaments have been a relative new-comer to the scene. The microtubules and the
microfilaments have always been easy to distinguish from one another on the grounds of their
respective sizes (microtubules are about 25 nm in diameter and microfilaments are about
7–10 nm in diameter). Additionally, microtubules were capable of being disaggregated by the
action of colchicine, and microfilaments could be disassembled by other drugs or be decorated
with heavy meromyosin to generate arrowhead-like structures. Importantly, in both
microtubules and microfilaments the constituent protein subunits were arranged to give the
filaments a directionality, and the ability of these filaments to function in vivo depended
crucially on this feature of their structure. Microtubules, for example, are involved in mitosis,
motility and transport within the cell: each of these functions is clearly a ‘directional’ one.
With this background the discovery and characterization of the intermediate filaments can
begin.
On finitely Bernoulli one-sided Markov shifts and their cofiltrations
Authors: RUBSHTEIN BEN-ZION 
Published: July 2002

The problem under consideration is: when is a Markov endomorphism (one-sided shift) $T=T_P$ with transition matrix $P$, isomorphic to a Bernoulli endomorphism $\tilde{T}_\rho$ with an appropriate stationary vector $\rho=\{\rho_i\}_{i\in I}$? An obvious necessary condition is that there exists an independent complement $\delta$ of the measurable partition $T^{-1}\varepsilon$ with $\distr \delta = \rho$. In this case the cofiltration (decreasing sequence of measurable partitions) $\xi(T)=\{T^{-n}\varepsilon\}^{\infty}_{n=1}$ generated by $T$ is finitely isomorphic to the standard Bernoulli cofiltration $\xi(\tilde{T}_{\rho})=\{\tilde{T}^{-n}_{\rho}\varepsilon\}^{\infty}_{n=1}$ and $T$ is called finitely $\rho$-Bernoulli.We show that every ergodic Markov endomorphism $T_P$, which is finitely Bernoulli, can be represented as a skew product over $\tilde{T}_{\rho}$ with $d$-point fibres $(d\in \mathbb{N})$. We compute the minimal $d=d(T_P)$ in these skew-product representations by means of the transition matrix, and obtain necessary and sufficient conditions under which $d(T_P)=1$, i.e. $T_P$ is isomorphic to $\tilde{T}_{\rho}$. The cofiltration $\xi(T)$ of any finitely Bernoulli ergodic Markov endomorphism $T=T_P$ is represented as a $d$-point extension of the standard cofiltration $\xi(\tilde{T}_{\rho})$, and we show that the minimal $d=d_{\xi}(T)$ in these extensions is equal to $d(T)$. In particular, $d(T)=1\Longleftrightarrow d_{\xi}(T)=1$, that is, a Markov endomorphism $T$ is isomorphic to $\tilde{T}_{\rho}$ iff $\xi(T)$ is isomorphic to the Bernoulli cofiltration $\xi(\tilde{T}_{\rho})$.
US Satellite Navigation Program Status
Authors: McCullough Carl 
Published: July 2002

This, and the following paper, were first presented during the European GNSS98
Symposium held at the Centre de Congrès Pierre Baudis, Toulouse, France, from 20 to 23
October 1998; however, both authors have provided updated scripts for use in this Volume
of the Journal.This paper provides an update of the development and implementation of the United States
of America Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Wide Area Augmentation System
(WAAS) and Local Area Augmentation Systems (LAAS). It also addresses FAA efforts to
implement these satellite navigation technologies into the US National Airspace System
(NAS), as well as interoperability efforts concerning Satellite Based Augmentation Systems
(SBAS) between the FAA and other worldwide Civil Aviation Authorities.
Tuberculosis in the veterans healthcare system: a six-year review and evaluation of programme effectiveness
Authors: ROSELLE G. A. , DANKO L. H. , KRALOVIC S. M. , SIMBARTL L. A. , KIZER K. W. 
Published: July 2002

The Department of Veterans Affairs operates a large, centrally administered health care system
consisting of 173 hospitals and 4 free standing outpatient clinics nationwide with approximately
945115 hospital discharges, 24·2 million outpatient visits, and 2·86 million persons served
annually over the time frame of the review. The purpose of the study was to define whether
such a system could effect timely change in the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) using centralized
programme planning and flexible field implementation. A retrospective review of the number of
newly diagnosed cases of active TB treated at veterans health care facilities between 1 October
1990 and 30 September 1997 was determined by using a standardized annual case census.Intervention included implementation of the most current guidelines for the prevention of
transmission of TB in the community and hospital setting, including administrative and
engineering controls and a change in personal protective equipment. Centrally directed
programme guidance, education, and funding were provided for field use in health care
facilities of widely varying size and complexity.The numbers of total reported cases of TB decreased significantly (P < 0·001) throughout the
veterans health care system (nationally and regionally), with the case rate decreasing at a rate
significantly greater than that seen in the USA as a whole (P < 0·0001). TB associated with
multi-drug resistance (isoniazid and rifampin) and HIV coinfection also significantly decreased
over the study period. Therefore, a large, centrally administered health care system can
effectively combat a re-emerging infectious disease and may also demonstrate a successful
outcome greater than seen in other, perhaps less organized health care settings.
Characteristics, location and selection of diurnal resting dens by Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) in a low density area
Authors: Revilla Eloy , Palomares Francisco , Fernández Néstor 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe describe diurnal resting dens (setts) used by Eurasian badgers Meles meles L. in Coto del Rey, Doñana National Park, south‐western Spain, and analyse the factors that determine sett location and selection in relation to territory outlines, soil type and vegetation structure. Setts were located by tracking radio‐tagged badgers daily. Badger setts were mainly underground burrow systems with, on average, 2.6 badger entrances. Frequently, badgers constructed setts by enlarging existing rabbit warrens. Setts were located almost everywhere, but badgers preferred easily dug, well‐drained soils with good vegetation cover within foraging habitats. A logistic regression model showed that badgers select sites with high surrounding shrub density, large shrubs covering the burrow and close to the centre of the territory (in Mediterranean scrubland habitat). The small size of badger setts in Coto del Rey is common to other low density areas, and probably relates to the extent of use (i.e. age of the burrows and number of badgers using them) of the burrow system. The number of setts per badger territory is related positively to territory size. The similarity of sett densities between this low density population and high density populations, points to a minimum number of setts being required to maximize territory use, and to offer easily‐available protection. The preservation and improvement of Mediterranean scrubland vegetation, as well as of large and old shrubs, are important for the future conservation of the badger in Mediterranean landscapes. In these areas, and given the impossibility of distinguishing main setts, the estimation of absolute densities in population surveys using main sett numbers should be avoided in favour of relative indices of abundance.
LOVE AMONG THE RUINS: THE CATACOMBS, THE CLOSET, AND THE VICTORIAN “EARLY CHRISTIAN” NOVEL
Authors: Lankewish Vincent A. 
Published: July 2002

Catacomb, n., a subterranean place for the burial of the dead, consisting of galleries or passageways with recesses excavated in their sides for tombs.The Oxford English DictionarySilence itself — the things one declines to say, or is forbidden to name, the discretion that is required between different speakers — is less the absolute limit of discourse, the other side from which it is separated by a strict boundary, than an element that functions alongside the things said, with them and in relation to them within over-all strategies.Michel Foucault, The History of SexualityWe often assume (rightly) that homosexuality must be hidden, that it has to be found.Neil Bartlett, Who Was That Man?I. Ruining the Religious NovelBY TITLING THIS ESSAY “Love Among the Ruins,” I mean at once to be literal, figurative, and allusive in the framing of my topic: literal, in that I will be examining the place of love — specifically, erotic love — within the Roman catacombs or equivalent sites of Christian sanctuary; figurative, in that the representations of love that I will be discussing occur within the context of “literary ruins” — that is, within a relatively obscure nineteenth-century English narrative sub-genre, the Victorian “Early Christian” novel1; and, finally, allusive, in that I deliberately invoke the first poem of Robert Browning’s 1855 collection of dramatic monologues, Men and Women, for more than mere rhetorical effect. In fact, “Love Among the Ruins” condenses a number of the key concerns that I want to address in this essay, for the poem offers an important critique of classical culture not only as a site of pagan aesthetic production and human vainglory, but, relatedly, of homosocial and, perhaps, homoerotic bonds and the sterility presumed to inhere therein — a critique highly visible in Victorian Early Christian fiction. Indeed, I would argue, Browning’s text implicitly participates in the discursive construction of an important, if ultimately unstable, dichotomy that Victorian novels set in the catacombs and written roughly around the same time as “Love Among the Ruins” powerfully reinforce: namely, the traditional opposition between classicism and Christianity, an opposition at least one facet of which is rooted in competing attitudes toward the erotic.
BURYING THE DUKE: VICTORIAN MOURNING AND THE FUNERAL OF THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON
Authors: Pearsall Cornelia D. J. 
Published: July 2002

So when this corruptible shall have put on incorruption, and this mortal shall have put on immortality, then shall be brought to pass the saying that is written, Death is swallowed up in victory.I Cor. 15.54IN MID-CENTURY LONDON there occurred a spectacle of massive proportions, featuring always at its center a corpse. The funeral of the Duke of Wellington, an event that has occasioned surprisingly little critical attention, took place in 1852 and was recognized as one of the greatest public displays of the Victorian period.1 Indeed, many felt it to be one of the most significant public events in the history of Britain, and if Britain, then of course the globe: as the Illustrated London News put it, “[this event] may be said to have surpassed in significant grandeur any similar tribute to greatness ever offered in the world” (Nov. 20, 1852, 430).2 St. Paul’s Cathedral was specially illuminated with six thousand new gas lights in preparation for the ceremony of interment, while the funeral procession, comprised of more than ten thousand marchers, encompassed central London, enjoying an audience numbering more than one and a half million people. Queen Victoria and virtually every major and minor national figure in politics or the arts viewed either the procession or the ceremony at St. Paul’s. The interment was quite literally a multi-media event: the spectacle drew for its effects on numerous disciplines, from literature, music, and journalism to painting, drawing, and architectural design, and spawned in turn editorials, songs, poems, paintings, prints, and engravings.
Molecular and Biochemical Characterization of a Cold-Regulated PhosphoethanolamineN-Methyltransferase from Wheat
Authors: Charron Jean-Benoit Frenette , Breton Ghislain , Danyluk Jean , Muzac Ingrid , Ibrahim Ragai K. , Sarhan Fathey 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A cDNA that encodes a methyltransferase (MT) was cloned from a cold-acclimated wheat (Triticum aestivum) cDNA library. Molecular analysis indicated that the enzyme WPEAMT (wheat phosphoethanolamine [P-EA] MT) is a bipartite protein with two separate sets ofS-adenosyl-l-Met-binding domains, one close to the N-terminal end and the second close to the C-terminal end. The recombinant protein was found to catalyze the three sequential methylations of P-EA to form phosphocholine, a key precursor for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and glycine betaine in plants. Deletion and mutation analyses of the twoS-adenosyl-l-Met-binding domains indicated that the N-terminal domain could perform the threeN-methylation steps transforming P-EA to phosphocholine. This is in contrast to the MT from spinach (Spinacia oleracea), suggesting a different functional evolution for the monocot enzyme. The truncated C-terminal and the N-terminal mutated enzyme were only able to methylate phosphomonomethylethanolamine and phosphodimethylethanolamine, but not P-EA. This may suggest that the C-terminal part is involved in regulating the rate and the equilibrium of the three methylation steps. Northern and western analyses demonstrated that both Wpeamt transcript and the corresponding protein are up-regulated during cold acclimation. This accumulation was associated with an increase in enzyme activity, suggesting that the higher activity is due to de novo protein synthesis. The role of this enzyme during cold acclimation and the development of freezing tolerance are discussed.
Transgenic AEQUORIN Reveals Organ-Specific Cytosolic Ca2+ Responses to Anoxia in Arabidopsis thaliana Seedlings
Authors: Sedbrook J. C. , Kronebusch P. J. , Borisy G. G. , Trewavas A. J. , Masson P. H. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Using the transgenic AEQUORIN system, we showed that the cotyledons and leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings developed a biphasic luminescence response to anoxia, indicating changes in cytosolic Ca2+ levels. A fast and transient luminescence peak occurred within minutes of anoxia, followed by a second, prolonged luminescence response that lasted 1.5 to 4 h. The Ca2+ channel blockers Gd3+, La3+, and ruthenium red (RR) partially inhibited the first response and promoted a larger and earlier second response, suggesting different origins for these responses. Both Gd3+ and RR also partially inhibited anaerobic induction of alcohol dehydrogenase gene expression. However, although anaerobic alcohol dehydrogenase gene induction occurred in seedlings exposed to water-agar medium and in roots, related luminescence responses were absent. Upon return to normoxia, the luminescence of cotyledons, leaves, and roots dropped quickly, before increasing again in a Gd3+-, La3+-, ethyleneglycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N′-tetraacetic acid-, and RR-sensitive fashion.
Purification and Characterization of the Reconstitutively Active Adenine Nucleotide Carrier from Maize Mitochondria
Authors: Genchi G. , Ponzone C. , Bisaccia F. , De Santis A. , Stefanizzi L. , Palmieri F. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The adenine nucleotide carrier from maize (Zea mays L. cv B 73) shoot mitochondria was solubilized with Triton X-100 and purified by sequential chromatography on hydroxyapatite and Matrex Gel Blue B in the presence of cardiolipin and asolectin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis of the purified fraction showed a single polypeptide band with an apparent molecular mass of 32 kD. When reconstituted in liposomes, the adenine nucleotide carrier catalyzed a pyridoxal 5[prime]-phosphate-sensitive ATP/ATP exchange. It was purified 168-fold with a recovery of 60% and a protein yield of 0.25% with respect to the mitochondrial extract. Among the various substrates and inhibitors tested, the reconstituted protein transported only ADP, ATP, GDP, and GTP, and was inhibited by atractyloside, bongkrekate, phenylisothiocianate, pyridoxal 5[prime]-phosphate, and mersalyl (but not N-ethylmaleimide). Maximum initial velocity of the reconstituted ATP/ATP exchange was determined to be 2.2 [mu]mol min-1 mg-1 protein at 25[deg]C. The half-saturation constants and the corresponding inhibition constants were 17 [mu]M for ATP, 26 [mu]M for ADP, 59 [mu]M for GTP, and 125 [mu]M for GDP. The activation energy of the ATP/ATP exchange was 48 kilojoule/mol between 0 and 15[deg]C, and 22 kilojoule/mol between 15 and 35[deg]C. Partial amino acid sequences showed that the purified protein was the product of the ANT-G1 gene sequenced previously (B. Bathgate, A. Baker, C.J. Leaver [1989] Eur J Biochem 183: 303–310).
Identification of a Chloroplast Coenzyme A-Binding Protein Related to the Peroxisomal Thiolases
Authors: Yang L. M. , Lamppa G. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A 30-kD coenzyme A (CoA)-binding protein was isolated from spinach (Spinacea oleracea) chloroplast soluble extracts using affinity chromatography under conditions in which 95% of the total protein was excluded. The 30-kD protein contains an eight-amino-acid sequence, DVRLYYGA, that is identical to a region in a 36-kD protein of unknown function that is encoded by a kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) cDNA. Southern blotting also detected a spinach gene that is related to the kiwifruit cDNA. The kiwifruit 36-kD protein that was synthesized in Escherichia coli was imported into chloroplasts and cleaved to a 30-kD form; it was processed to the same size in an organelle-free assay. Furthermore, the kiwifruit protein specifically bound to CoA. The kiwifruit protein contains a single cysteine within a domain that is related to the peroxisomal β-ketoacyl-CoA thiolases, which catalyze the CoA-dependent degradative step of fatty acid β-oxidation. Within 50 amino acids surrounding the cysteine, considered to be part of the thiolase active site, the kiwifruit protein shows approximately 26% sequence identity with the mango, cucumber, and rat peroxisomal thiolases. N-terminal alignment with these enzymes, relative to the cysteine, indicates that the 36-kD protein is cleaved after serine-58 during import, agreeing with the estimated size (approximately 6 kD) of a transit peptide. The 30-kD protein is also related to the E. coli and mitochondrial thiolases, as well as to the acetoacetyl-CoA thiolases of prokaryotes. Features distinguish it from members of the thiolase family, suggesting that it carries out a related but novel function. The protein is more distantly related to chloroplast β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III, the initial condensing enzyme of fatty acid synthetase that utilizes acetyl-CoA.
Identification and Partial Characterization of the Pectin Methyltransferase “Homogalacturonan-Methyltransferase” from Membranes of Tobacco Cell Suspensions1
Authors: Goubet Florence , Council Leona N. , Mohnen Debra 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA membrane preparation from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cells contains at least one enzyme that is capable of transferring the methyl group fromS-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) to the C6 carboxyl of homogalacturonan present in the membranes. This enzyme is named homogalacturonan-methyltransferase (HGA-MT) to distinguish it from methyltransferases that catalyze methyletherification of the pectic polysaccharides rhamnogalacturonan I or rhamnogalacturonan II. A trichloroacetic acid precipitation assay was used to measure HGA-MT activity, because published procedures to recover pectic polysaccharides via ethanol or chloroform:methanol precipitation lead to high and variable background radioactivity in the product pellet. Attempts to reduce the incorporation of the 14C-methyl group from SAM into pectin by the addition of the alternative methyl donor 5-methyltetrahydrofolate were unsuccessful, supporting the role of SAM as the authentic methyl donor for HGA-MT. The pH optimum for HGA-MT in membranes was 7.8, the apparent Michaelis constant for SAM was 38 μm, and the maximum initial velocity was 0.81 pkat mg−1 protein. At least 59% of the radiolabeled product was judged to be methylesterified homogalacturonan, based on the release of radioactivity from the product after a mild base treatment and via enzymatic hydrolysis by a purified pectin methylesterase. The released radioactivity eluted with a retention time identical to that of methanol upon fractionation over an organic acid column. Cleavage of the radiolabeled product by endopolygalacturonase into fragments that migrated as small oligomers of HGA during thin-layer chromatography, and the fact that HGA-MT activity in the membranes is stimulated by uridine 5′-diphosphate galacturonic acid, a substrate for HGA synthesis, confirms that the bulk of the product recovered from tobacco membranes incubated with SAM is methylesterified HGA.
Induction and Regulation of Expression of a Low-CO2-Induced Mitochondrial Carbonic Anhydrase inChlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Eriksson Mats , Villand Per , Gardeström Per , Samuelsson Göran 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The time course of and the influence of light intensity and light quality on the induction of a mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase (CA) in the unicellular green algaChlamydomonas reinhardtii was characterized using western and northern blots. This CA was expressed only under low-CO2 conditions (ambient air). In asynchronously grown cells, the mRNA was detected 15 min after transfer from air containing 5% CO2 to ambient air, and the 21-kD polypeptide was detected on western blots after 1 h. When transferred back to air containing 5% CO2, the mRNA disappeared within 1 h and the polypeptide was degraded within 3 d. Photosynthesis was required for the induction in asynchronous cultures. The induction increased with light up to 500 μmol m−2s−1, where saturation occurred. In cells grown synchronously, however, expression of the mitochondrial CA was also detected in darkness. Under such conditions the expression followed a circadian rhythm, with mRNA appearing in the dark 30 min before the light was turned on. Algae left in darkness continued this rhythm for several days.