bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oil palm agroforestry: an alternative to enhance farmers’ livelihood resilience
Authors: Budiadi  , Susanti Ari , Marhaento Hero , Ali Imron M , Permadi Dwiko B , Hermudananto  
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Oil palm has been rapidly expanding in Indonesia and becoming an important export commodity for the country. However, oil palm production has been promoted only as a monoculture, and this has led to adverse impacts on natural and social systems. At the same time, the demand for oil palm products is likely to increase, and therefore there is an urgency to find alternatives for more sustainable oil palm production. We argue that the monoculture system is not necessarily to be the only way to produce oil palm and this article aims at analysing alternatives for oil palm production systems beyond monoculture with agroforestry as the main focus. We visited oil palm agroforestry practiced by smallholders in Jambi and Central Kalimantan and asked questions about their motivation in adopting agroforestry, farm management, value chain and institutions. We found that smallholders have various motivations in adopting oil palm agroforestry but improving their household resilience becomes the most prominent reason. The adoption of perennial species, oil palm and other crops in the farms may improve the diversity of the farms and thus the diversity of household income. However, smallholders encounter problems on productivity because of the competitions in spaces. Lack in the knowledge of species selection, quality of planting materials and spacing arrangement have influenced oil palm productivity. In addition, market access also becomes a crucial issue when their farms are located in remote areas. There is currently no institutions, both government and non-government which promote and facilitate the adoption of oil palm agroforestry although this system has been practiced especially by smallholders. We suggest that oil palm agroforestry system needs to be further investigated not only regarding financial benefits for the smallholders but also its social acceptability and barriers of adoption as well as its potentials in contributing to the improvement of ecosystem functions.
The impacts of oil palm plantations on local and migrant smallholders’ incomes
Authors: Chalil Diana , Barus Riantri , Alamsyah Zulkifli , Jullimursyida  , Mawardati  , Sadalia Isfenti 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In Indonesia, oil palm plantations have long affected income levels positively. Furthermore, Indonesia has developed oil palm smallholdings in 1980 to improve rural incomes. The success of this program has attracted other farmers and migrants to further developed oil palm plantations. Those who collaborated with companies were known as scheme smallholdings, while the others are known as independent smallholdings. In general, the lack of professional assistance has caused independent smallholdings to perform lower than the scheme ones. In addition, on average, the migrants also performed better as they were familiar with the collective actions of group activity management. Using as many as 210 and 219 scheme and independent smallholders from the Provinces of North Sumatra, South Sumatra, Jambi and Riau, such assumption were tested using the ANOVA compare means test of the four groups, namely schemed local and migrant, and independent local and migrant. Comparisons between the smallholders’ incomes and the Regional Minimum Wages of each province were analysed. The results showed that oil palm plantations have significantly improved the smallholders’ incomes in all provinces, although the impacts were observed to be higher for the scheme-migrant smallholders, not only concerning income, but also for productivity and selling price. However, this was likely due to the difference between scheme and independent rather than locals and migrants. This was partly explained due to the collective actions of all migrant-schemed smallholders in both the input purchases and the output sales and around 50% of the local-schemed, while almost all independents did it individually.
The impact of replanting oil palm plantations on the farming income of the Sungai Bahar community in Muaro Jambi Regency
Authors: Ernawati HD , Suandi  , Yanita Mirawati , Qoirina Nina 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The research objectives are: (1) to know the description of oil palm farming income in replanting to underplanting and conventional method (2) to know the level of oil palm farmer income in replanting to underplanting and conventional method, (3) to know the ratio of oil palm farming income in replanting to underplanting and conventional method. The research conducted in Sungai Bahar Subdistrict: Suka Makmur, Mekarsari Makmur and Marga Mulya Village. The study area is chosen purposively. The study conducted three calendar months. Respondents were 60 farmers consisting of 30 farmers applied the conventional method, and 30 farmers applied underplanting method. Data were analysed by descriptive and t-test statistics. The results showed that there are differences in the number of plants in both replantings that affect production and income. The oil palm farming income who applied conventional method is higher than the underplanting method. The analysis shows that the oil palm farming income through conventional method is significantly different from the income of underplanting method.
The performance of oil palm cultivation in Muaro Jambi District
Authors: Yanita Mirawati , Napitupulu Dompak , Ernawati HD , Fauzia Gina , Wahyuni Ira 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The development of oil palm plantations aimed to eliminate poverty and underdevelopment, especially in rural areas through enhancement of the incomes of the smallholders. However, most of the number of plants have entered the rejuvenation period, which influenced the performance of the cultivation. The objective of this research was to identify the performance of the oil palm cultivations in Muaro Jambi District and analysed the oil palm smallholding incomes. Using survey method, the results showed that age of the smallholder plantation, land size and price, have affected the number of costs incurred and the revenues in old-aged plants. The annual income per smallholder farmer reached IDR 38,211,648 or IDR 18,964,782 per hectare per annum. The research indicated that it would be better to maximize the activities in the use of agricultural inputs and be aware of the most current related innovations and technologies in productivity improvement of oil palms.
The impact of oil palm revitalization partnership at PT. Brahma Bina Bakti to farming participants revenues in Sekernan District, Muaro Jambi Regency
Authors: Ernawati HD , Fathoni Zakky , Wahyuni Ira , Fauzia Gina , Tamba Rio Swantomy 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This study aims to determine the application of partnership Plantation Revitalization Program (PRP) and reviewing farm income of palm oil farmers participating in a partnership with PT. Brahma Bina Bakti in District Sekernan. This research was conducted in the village of Suak Putat, Tanjung Lanjut with the study of side income. In its application, the pattern of development of the garden (70%: 30%) is 70% of the land to farmers and 30% of the land to the company. While the pattern of results (30%: 70%) is of the total sales value of farmers’ land TBS then 70% cut by the company through cooperatives and 30% delivered to farmers through farmer group administrator. This pattern of results is done through credit/interest paid. The result of the calculation is known that the average income of farmers at the farm level is Rp 6,291,397.04 / ha/year while the rate of KUD is Rp 6,831,633.66 / ha/year. Income farming palm at the farmer level is smaller than the palm farm income at the level of KUD. This is caused by differences in the structure of production costs where other costs are not covered sacrificed farmers and cooperatives that the cost of medicines, family workers and agricultural tools.
Do oil palm impacts on species richness negatively affect the local livelihoods?
Authors: Sunkar Arzyana , Putri Stephany Debby Eka , Rahmasari Shinta Nur , Saraswati Ade , Imantoko Farras , Putra Lutfy Alif 
Published: October 2019

AbstractLand use conversion is the leading cause of biodiversity changes, and biodiversity is often used as an indicator of sustainability. A great number of scholars and public, in general, have often associated biodiversity loss, such as species richness, with unsustainable oil palm plantations. Similarly, oil palm expansions were also associated with negative impacts on the local people’s livelihoods. Seldom in discussions on oil palms sustainability, do they take into consideration the perceived biodiversity changes from social points of view. This study seeks to determine the local people’s perceptions of the changes in species richness due to land conversion into oil palm plantations and how they have affected the local livelihoods. Household surveys were conducted using direct observation, literature study, and in-depth structured interview to 373 respondents from various ethnicities including indigenous people in 15 villages around 6 oil palm estates in North Sumatera, Riau, and West Kalimantan, whom were selected based on convenience sampling. Respondents were stratified into indigenous people, migrants, and estate’s workers. A five-point Likert Scale was employed to identify people’s perceptions while recollection technique was used to identify biodiversity loss. Results of the study revealed that there were varied perceptions related to the impacts of oil palms expansions on species richness from social perspectives. The species had different ecological and social values, depended on the benefits that people attach to the species. Although, as many as 16 wildlife and 15 plant species loss were recalled following the plantations’ development, these losses provided little contributions to the current livelihood strategies. The locals appeared to be responsive to better economic opportunities and willingness to shift the livelihood system for improved incomes. These results suggested that species richness might not always be the best indicator of plantation sustainability, as sustainability other than approached from ecology, must also have social and economic dimensions.
Impact of inorganic fertilizer to soil biological activity in an oil palm plantation
Authors: Wahyuningsih Resti , Marchand Leo , Pujianto  , Suhardi  , Caliman JP 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Oil palm can produce the highest quantity of vegetable oil per unit area. In order to reach this potential, as well as to maintain, and when necessary to improve the chemical fertility of soils, inorganic fertilizers are regularly applied in plantations. As it has been reported that the addition of inorganic fertilizers in agriculture, could negatively affect the biological characteristics of the soil, we have initiated a first research program to evaluate and confirm such possibility related to oil palm cultivation. This paper presents a study about the impact of inorganic fertilizer applications of soil biological activity in oil palm plantation located in the province of Riau in Sumatra, Indonesia. Observations have been conducted in a factorial NxPxK fertilizer trial, since 1995. For this study, our observations aimed to determine the short-term impact of these inorganic fertilizers, i.e. the impact during the following days after applications, as well as the long-term impact of similar fertilizers that have been applied repetitively, every six months since 1995. Bait lamina sticks were used to assess the biological soil activity (soil fauna feeding activity) from July to December 2017. Three types of fertilizer have been used for the study, Urea (as nitrogen source), Triple Super Phosphate (as phosphorus source) and Muriate of Potash (as potassium source) at various rates, and several combinations have been tested. The bait laminas were inserted in the palm circles, where fertilizers are commonly applied. The results show that in the short-term applications of inorganic fertilizers result in an increase of the soil fauna feeding activity: two days after urea applications, soil fauna feeding activity increased significantly compared the values before application. Phosphate and potassium fertilizer applications also increased the feeding activity, but this happened five days after the respective fertilizer applications. The intensity of the increase varied depending on the rate of applications. The long-term application of potassium fertilizer significantly increased the soil fauna feeding activity, while the application of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers did not show a significant increase.
Analysis of the feasibility of small-biomass power generation from the palm oil mill – study case: palm oil mill in Riau-Indonesia
Authors: Nuryadi Agus P , Pratomo Teguh B , Raksodewanto Alfonsus A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Solid waste from a palm oil plant in Indonesia is a tremendous potential for power generation, especially on Riau-Sumatra. The potential of electrical energy that can generate is determined by measuring or calculating the calorific value and amount of solid waste palm oil available. To be burned in the boiler continuously and more efficiently, the solid waste water content of palm oil must reduce to no more than 30%. The conservative substantial waste palm oil calorific value (HHV) is 3,500 kcal/kg. As a result, the mass and power plant balance are capable of producing a gross power of 4.6 MW using 80% efficient fluidised bed boilers and a steam turbine capacity of 5 MW with an isentropic efficiency of 85% with assumption percentages combination fibre: 30 % shell: 70 % fibre. The environmental impacts of power generation from empty fruit bunch (EFB) based on steam turbine generator technology evaluated. The results revealed that EFB utilisation for power generation is environmental friendly than fossil fuel power plants regarding global warming potential and acidification potential with GWP are 89.5 kg CO2 eq per MWh, and 0.515 kg SO2 eq per MWh. Also, the financial analysis of the Biomass Power Plant with a lifetime duration of 25 years, which the project is feasible to implement because IRR is 22.70%, higher than Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) which amounted to 15.61%.
Regional heat capacity changes on oil palm plantation development in 1994-2010 based on Landsat-5 TM satellite data
Authors: Risdiyanto Idung , Ariyani Winda , Sujatnika Odjat 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Regional heat capacity change is calculated from the ratio between the addition or subtraction of heat (ΔQ) with the increase or decrease in temperature (ΔT) region. The purpose of this study is to calculate the regional heat capacity change due to the changes of land cover composition with forest, shrubs, oil palm plantation and bare soil using Landsat-5 TM satellite data on 1994, 2000 and 2010. The total area used in this study is 12971 ha. In 1994-2000, 4 % of forest area and 2% shrubs were increased, followed by addition biomass forest 4.01 tons/ha and 2.83 tons/ha for shrubs. The increased of forest area and biomass (tons/ha) caused by forest and shrubs growth processing towards a climax that added the canopy volume. So that, the regional heat capacity in 1994 amounted 19384 MJ °C−1 increased to 19929 MJ°C−1 in 2000. Data observation for 2000-2010 showed that forest area decreased by 66% due to forest’s clearing into oil palm plantations (47%), shrubs (8%) and bare soil (11%). However, plant’s biomass continues to increased, i.e. 1.48 ton/ha for the forest, 2.73 tons/ha for shrubs and 4.63 tons/ha for bare soil. Before 2000, there was no land cover by oil palm plantations, so the increasing rate from this land was the biggest than the three other lands, amounting to 122.29 tons/ha. Decreasing in the percentage of forest area does not cause a decrease in the heat capacity of the region. Intensive maintenance on oil palm plantation such as water management, fertilizer, and planting space made it biomass productivity, and ability to save the heat is greater than the forest. As a result, in 2010 regional heat capacity increased to 22508 MJ °C−1.
Impact of oil palm plantation on mammal and herpetofauna species diversity
Authors: Santosa Yanto , Rejeki Sani Sari Sri 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Since 2008, Indonesia has succeeded in becoming the largest palm oil producer in the world. However, this success has drawn some accusations that oil palm plantations come causing deforestation and decreasing biodiversity. The research has been carried out in the topic of "the origin of the status and type of land cover and variations in the wildlife species diversity in oil palm plantations” in Province of Riau, South Sumatra, Central Kalimantan and West Kalimantan. The results of the interpretation of Landsat imagery coverage of 1 year before being oil palm plantation and interviews with resource persons showed that the type of land cover of the 8 study locations was 5 in the form of secondary forest, 2 bushes and the rest in the form of rubber plantations. The status of the land as a whole APL or customary land. Furthermore, the results of the comparison of the number and composition of species of mammals and herpetofauna before and after being oil palm plantations show that the impact of oil palm plantations on these two variables of diversity species according to the origin of land cover types. For the origin of the type of land cover in the form of shrubs or rubber plantations, the impact of oil palm plantations is positive because it increases the number of species both mammals and herpetofauna (except the number of species of herpetofauna on KJNP estate plantations). As for the origin of the type of land cover in the form of secondary forest, the existence of oil palm plantations increase the number of mamalia in 2 locations and herpetofauna in 4 locations The presence of oil palm plantations is thought to have caused changes in the composition of species with a range of 50 to 100% for mammals and 23 to 76% for herpetofauna.
Does oil palm plantation establishment cause loss/gain of bird species? (Case study: KGP oil palm plantation, West Kalimantan)
Authors: Karuniyanti Diah Eres Dwi , Santosa Yanto 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Oil palm plantation expansion in Indonesia always been associated as the cause of deforestation and loss of biodiversity. This research was conducted aiming to verify that allegation. The study was conducted from July to August 2018 and carried out in an independent oil palm plantation company, KGP in West Kalimantan. To identify the loss and gain of the bird species, an observation about the bird diversity was conducted. Five transects were laid out in each land covers (4 in the oil palm plantation and 1 in the shrub [baseline]). The analysis showed that the bird species found in the shrub was slightly smaller (22 species) then the species found in the oil palm plantation land covers (27 species). A total of 3 species were found only in shrubland cover which later is assumed as the loss. On the other side, 18 species were only found in the oil palm plantation assumed as a gain. These could be happening as 60% of the bird species composition found in shrub were almost the same as those in the High Conservation Value (HCV) land covers which belong to oil palm plantation land cover. Hence, the existence of oil palm plantation did cause a loss to the bird species but also happen to gain some other new species.
Loss and gain of the bird species after the establishment of oil palm plantation in South Sumatra
Authors: Erniwati  , Santosa Yanto 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The development of oil palm has been documented as one of factor caused deforestation leading to the loss of biodiversity, however, to what extent the impacts of oil palm conversion on biodiversity in South Sumatra remain little-known. To answer this issue, we studied the diversity of bird in the area before and after oil palm established by calculating species number, richness, evenness, similarity, and composition. Secondary forest, shrubs and rubber plantation were identified as area before oil palm establishment through Landsat image analysis, while in the established oil palm plantation area, we classified into the young, mature and old stand of oil palm. We recorded 49 bird species, 25 families and 298 individuals. Our result showed that conversion secondary forest, shrubs and rubber plantation to oil palm plantation resulted in the variation of losing, gaining, and persisting of bird species at both habitats. Losses of bird species varied about 16%-38%, but the loss of bird species was more drastic in shrubs. Gaining of bird species also varied about 12.5% to 45% where conversion rubber plantation to oil palm impacted the highest bird species procuration. Meanwhile, bird species persistence ranged between 38%-50%. Secondary forest as the habitat condition before the establishment of oil palm had the highest bird diversity (33 species), while the palm oil plantations had the lowest bird species (11 species). The most of bird species lost were insectivorous birds. However, bird species gain was also dominated by insectivorous birds. Declines in insectivorous bird species that are important for an ecosystem process service in this study area may not significantly decline in that process service because of the other species in the similar functionally group increase in the response. Calculation of loss and gain of biodiversity as a result of land use change is necessary as a strategy for biodiversity conservation in an agricultural landscape.
Impact of oil palm plantations on herpetofauna species diversity in KGP and CNG, West Kalimantan
Authors: Rahmadiyanti Putri , Santosa Yanto 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Palm oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) is one of the fastest growing in the tropics so that the development of oil palm plantation is the one threats of the decrease of biodiversity including herpetofauna. That is why this research becomes important to study the impact of oil palm plantation on diversity and composition of herpetofauna. This research was conducted in July 2018 in Ketapang District, West Kalimantan Province in two oil palm plantation companies (KGP and CNG). Data collecting were using Visual Encounter Survey (VES) method combined with Strip Transect Method, in five lands covers (young-aged, middle-aged, old-aged oil palm plantation, high conservation value, and shrubs area) taken simultaneously with three repetitions. The results of this study showed that the establishment of oil palm plantations has impacted species diversity and species composition of herpetofauna. This research showed that the species number of herpetofauna in oil palm plantations is higher than the baseline area. The result of this study also showed that the species diversity and richness of herpetofauna in the high conservation value area is higher compared to another land cover. However, the overall results showed that oil palm plantation has positive impacts to increased and loss of herpetofauna species, there are losing one species and gaining seven species in CNG oil palm plantation, and losing two species and gaining fifteen species in KGP oil palm plantation.