bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gerard Manley Hopkins, an Environmentalist Poet with a Trinitarian Dimension and Even Trinitarian Humor
Authors: Feeney Joseph J. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Hopkins’s environmental poem “Ribblesdale” (1882) shows his creative processes as it celebrates nature and language. It even visualizes God the Father creating the world as a fisherman casting his line and making the River Ribble flow through Lancashire—a river beautiful at Hopkins’s Stonyhurst College, but downriver, treeless and grassless, polluted and surrounded by factories. As a child and young man, Hopkins loved nature, later cherishing even nature’s shapes and selfhood and celebrating nature in his poems. But he grieved for the environment, presenting the earth as a huge nest on which a very large Holy Ghost still sits, warming and protecting her earth-egg. Hopkins mourns earth’s loss of trees and grass, of a clear sky, of “a rural scene,” even of “the weeds and the wilderness.” And Christ, as a human, was implicated in this loss, and as human was just a “Jack, joke, poor potsherd, patch, matchwood.” Yet, as Trinitarian God, he is an “immortal diamond” and, grandly, offers and shares this bright sparkling life with his fellow humans. Such is Gerard Manley Hopkins, lover of God and God’s earth—and grieving environmentalist poet.
Network size, structure, and pathogen transmission: a simulation study comparing different community detection algorithms
Authors: Sumner Kelsey M. , McCabe Collin M. , Nunn Charles L. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSocial substructure can influence pathogen transmission. Modularity measures the degree of social contact within versus between “communities” in a network, with increasing modularity expected to reduce transmission opportunities. We investigated how social substructure scales with network size and disease transmission. Using small-scale primate social networks, we applied seven community detection algorithms to calculate modularity and subgroup cohesion, defined as individuals’ interactions within subgroups proportional to the network. We found larger networks were more modular with higher subgroup cohesion, but the association’s strength varied by community detection algorithm and substructure measure. These findings highlight the importance of choosing an appropriate community detection algorithm for the question of interest, and if not possible, using multiple algorithms. Disease transmission simulations revealed higher modularity and subgroup cohesion resulted in fewer infections, confirming that social substructure has epidemiological consequences. Increased subdivision in larger networks could reflect constrained time budgets or evolved defences against disease risk.
The British Record Commission, Its Secretary C. P. Cooper, and Two of His German Correspondents during the 1830s
Authors: Bock Oliver 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis paper presents previously unknown pieces of correspondence between C. P. Cooper (1793–1873), the secretary of the British Record Commission, and two German scholars who supported the Commission’s search for sources concerning the history of the English language and its literature. The letters illustrate how the Commission’s research effort on the Continent was organised by Cooper and his German partners. Their course of action will be contextualised within the Commission’s history up to its abrupt end in 1837 in order to show to what extent these research endeavours and the correspondences were determined by adversarial circumstances that led first to a Parliamentary inquiry into the Commission’s work and finally to its termination.
A Curious Case of Plagiarism in the Nineteenth Century: James Platt Jr and the Philological Society
Authors: van Baalen Amos 
Published: September 2018

AbstractJames Platt Jr (1861–1910) is not often mentioned in relation to Anglo-Saxon studies. The main reason for his elusiveness is his involvement in a plagiarism case in the early 1880s that resulted in a reprimand from the Philological Society. While the affair has been discussed before on the basis of the correspondence of Pieter Jacob Cosijn (1840–1899) (see Bremmer 1991: xxi–xxiv), this article calls attention to other documents that shed a new light on the particulars of the case. These sources include a biography of Platt written by his brother, correspondence between Platt, Eduard Sievers (1850–1932), and Henry Sweet (1845–1912), as well as the minutes of the Philological Society meetings in which the case was discussed. Combined, these sources not only reveal the exact details of Platt’s plagiarism, but also highlight the role of correspondence in knowledge exchange and scholarly misconduct in the nineteenth century.
Circulation of Ozone in the Upper Atmosphere
Authors: Coblentz W. W. 
Published: September 2018

Summary:
A description is given of measurements of the spectral quality of ultraviolet solar radiation, of wave lengths shorter than about 3300Å, made with a Ti-photoelectric cell and filter radiometer. A close parallelism is noted in the variation in filter transmission with variation in barometric pressure, in agreement with the well-known variation in the amount of atmospheric ozone that accompanies changes in air pressure.
A notable example is described where the wave of low barometric pressure preceded, by 5 to 6 hours, an appreciable increase in atmospheric ozone, apparently indicating which was cause and which was effect and suggesting a method of studying air circulation in the stratosphere.
Prosocial Identities and Youth Violence
Authors: Na Chongmin , Paternoster Ray 
Published: September 2018

Objective: Despite a recent surge of interest in the important role that identity change plays in the desistance process, much of the empirical work has been qualitative and conducted with small samples, usually of serious adult offenders. Drawing on a nationally representative sample of adolescents in South Korea, this study explores how the development of their prosocial identity is related to their own social bond and network and collectively how this process relates to a downward trend in violent behavior. Method: Negative binomial random effects models were estimated to assess the within-individual effects of the proposed predictor and mediators on the outcome variable. Then, longitudinal path analyses were conducted to explore the overall and specific mediation processes. Conclusion: First, there is an inverse relationship between prosocial identity and violent behavior across time. Second, our own identity of self might not be entirely a social construction based on others’ appraisals but is intimately connected to the actions that we intentionally take. Third, positive effects of a prosocial identity on subsequent violence are mediated primarily by the avoidance of association with delinquent peers. Theoretical implications and limitations are discussed.
Acoustics and Forming of Novel Polyolefin Blend Foams
Authors: Subramonian Suresh , Remy Laurent , Schroer Dan 
Published: September 2018

Novel acoustical materials have been developed for sound absorption and insulation. The materials are macrocellular thermoplastic foams made from blends of polyethylene and polypropylene. The closed cell foams exhibit good acoustic performance over a broad frequency range and are especially effective at low frequencies. The foams are able to withstand high service temperature environments in industrial applications. Other advantages, relative to conventional acoustic media, include resilience, structural integrity, ease of fabrication, moisture resistance and recyclability. Techniques to improve the acoustical performance by profiling the foam with Helmholtz resonators and quarter wave attenuators are discussed. Forming is the shaping of thermoplastic foams by the application of heat and pressure. This process is used to make acoustic parts with the desired shape and size for space constrained applications such as appliance and automotive. This process can also be used to modify the skin quality and surface aesthetics of the foam. Studies were conducted in laboratory scale equipment to determine the process conditions for forming polyolefin foam and to evaluate the effect on cell structure, foam properties and acoustics. Techniques to preserve the acoustical performance of the foam during the forming process are reviewed.
Influence of Mould Temperature on the Thickness of a Skin Layer and Impact Strength in the Microcellular Injection Moulding Process
Authors: Lee Jung Joo , Cha Sung Woon 
Published: September 2018

The thickness of a skin layer on the parts made by a microcellular injection moulding process may influence its properties, including impact and tensile strength, density and sound transmission. Therefore it is necessary to study the variations in skin layer thickness with processing parameters. In this paper, the influences of temperatures in the mould cavity on the skin layer's thickness are addressed. In addition, the relationship between the temperature distributions across the cavity of the mould, with impact strength on parts made using a microcellular injection moulding process, was addressed. *TSL, the temperature at which the skin layer forms, was proposed. According to previous studies, TSL is expected to be similar to the polymer melting point for semi-crystalline polymer and the glass transition temperature for amorphous materials. In addition, a method to predict variations in skin layer thickness with mould temperature is discussed.
Mechanical, Morphological and Thermal Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam: Effect of the Fillers
Authors: Thirumal M. , Khastgir Dipak , Singha Nikhil K , Manjunath B.S. , Naik Y.P. 
Published: September 2018

Rigid polyurethane foam (PUF) having different fillers such as precipitated silica (SiO2), precipitated calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and glass powder (GP) were prepared by blowing with distilled water. The effect of filler loading on different properties of PUF was studied. In this investigation, the filler content was varied from 5 to 50 parts per hundred of polyol (phr) by weight. The properties such as density, mechanical, morphological, water absorption, thermal conductivity and thermal properties of the filled PUF were compared with the neat PUF. The density of silica filled PUF decreases with an increase in the filler loading. In case of calcium carbonate and glass powder the density initially decreases with filler loading, but after a certain concentration of fillers there is an increase in density with filler content. The mechanical properties such as compressive stress at 10% strain, compressive modulus and hardness of the filled PUF decrease in comparison with the neat PUF, due to the reaction between isocyanate and surface functional group present in filler. In all cases, the water absorption of the PUF increases with the increase in filler loading, due to the decrease in the closed cell content. The thermal conductivity analysis of PUF shows that the insulation properties decrease with the increase in silica as well as CaCO3 loading. This is mainly due to formation of open and damaged cell structure. However, when glass powder is used as filler the thermal conductivity first decreases, but later increases with filler loading.
Is There a Pathological Gait Associated With Common Soft Tissue Running Injuries?
Authors: Bramah Christopher , Preece Stephen J. , Gill Niamh , Herrington Lee 
Published: September 2018

Background: Previous research has demonstrated clear associations between specific running injuries and patterns of lower limb kinematics. However, there has been minimal research investigating whether the same kinematic patterns could underlie multiple different soft tissue running injuries. If they do, such kinematic patterns could be considered global contributors to running injuries. Hypothesis: Injured runners will demonstrate differences in running kinematics when compared with injury-free controls. These kinematic patterns will be consistent among injured subgroups. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: The authors studied 72 injured runners and 36 healthy controls. The injured group contained 4 subgroups of runners with either patellofemoral pain, iliotibial band syndrome, medial tibial stress syndrome, or Achilles tendinopathy (n = 18 each). Three-dimensional running kinematics were compared between injured and healthy runners and then between the 4 injured subgroups. A logistic regression model was used to determine which parameters could be used to identify injured runners. Results: The injured runners demonstrated greater contralateral pelvic drop (CPD) and forward trunk lean at midstance and a more extended knee and dorsiflexed ankle at initial contact. The subgroup analysis of variance found that these kinematic patterns were consistent across each of the 4 injured subgroups. CPD was found to be the most important variable predicting the classification of participants as healthy or injured. Importantly, for every 1° increase in pelvic drop, there was an 80% increase in the odds of being classified as injured. Conclusion: This study identified a number of global kinematic contributors to common running injuries. In particular, we found injured runners to run with greater peak CPD and trunk forward lean as well as an extended knee and dorsiflexed ankle at initial contact. CPD appears to be the variable most strongly associated with common running-related injuries. Clinical Relevance: The identified kinematic patterns may prove beneficial for clinicians when assessing for biomechanical contributors to running injuries.
Greater Laxity in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament–Injured Knee Carries a Higher Risk of Postreconstruction Pivot Shift: Intraoperative Measurements With a Navigation System
Authors: Yamamoto Yuji , Tsuda Eiichi , Maeda Shugo , Naraoka Takuya , Kimura Yuka , Chiba Daisuke , Ishibashi Yasuyuki 
Published: September 2018

Background: The presence of pivot shift after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is correlated with worse clinical outcomes. An orthopaedic navigation system is a useful tool for quantifying laxity in the ACL-deficient knee. Purpose: To investigate the relationship between preoperative knee laxity measured by a navigation system and postoperative pivot shift (PPS) after ACL reconstruction. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: One hundred patients who underwent primary ACL reconstruction (62 hamstring tendon grafts, 38 patellar tendon grafts) were grouped according to the presence or absence of pivot shift at the 2-year follow-up, and the groups were compared retrospectively. Before surgery, knee laxity was assessed with a navigation system to quantify posterior tibial reduction (PTR) during pivot-shift tests and anterior tibial translation (ATT) during Lachman tests. PTR and ATT cutoff values were determined by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results: Preoperative PTR and ATT were significantly larger for patients with PPS (PPS-positive group) than those without (PPS-negative group). In the ROC analysis, the PTR had an area under the curve of 0.871 (95% CI, 0.763-0.979; P < .0001) for predicting a PPS; this was larger than that obtained for the ATT, which had an area under the curve of 0.825 (95% CI, 0.705-0.946; P = .001). Because the ROC curve of the ATT had 2 peaks, the ATT alone was not a suitable predictor for PPS. Based on the ROC curve, the optimal PTR cutoff value was 7 mm, with 88.9% sensitivity and 71.4% specificity for PPS (adjusted odds ratio = 19.7; 95% CI, 2.1-187.9; P = .009). Setting the cutoff value as a combination of the PTR (≧7 mm) and ATT (≧12 mm) improved the specificity (88.9% sensitivity and 84.6% specificity; adjusted odds ratio = 149.8; 95% CI, 5.9-3822.7; P = .002) over that with the PTR alone. Conclusion: ACL injuries in knees with a large PTR had a higher risk of PPS. When reconstructing the ACL in a knee with a high degree of laxity, surgeons may need to adopt strategies to prevent PPS.
Effect of Colloidal Silica on Adhesion of Glass Fibres to Polypropylene
Authors: Chou Shen , Lin Ling-Shiou 
Published: September 2018

Colloidal silica was used to treat glass fibres to improve their adhesion to polypropylene resin (PP). The glass fibres were also treated with a coupling agent and maleic anhydride modified polypropylene emulsion (MAPP) to enhance their interfacial bonding. The surfaces of the glass fibres were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Because colloidal silica made the surfaces of the glass fibres rougher, PP could anchor on the surface of glass fibres to improve the fibre/PP bonding. These results were proved by using a microbonding pull-out test. The composites of glass fibres and PP were fabricated by means of a twin screw extruder and an injection moulding machine. The tensile strength and flexural strength were determined and the fracture surfaces were observed by SEM to establish the contribution of the surface treatment. The test results demonstrate that the tensile strength of the composites reinforced by those glass fibres treated with colloidal silica first and then with coupling agent and MAPP was 73.4% higher than that of composites reinforced with untreated glass fibres, and 24.0% higher than that of composites without colloidal silica but still treated with coupling agent and MAPP. As for the flexural strength, the colloidal silica, coupling agent and MAPP-treated composite was 75.9% stronger than the untreated ones and 22.3% stronger than materials without colloidal silica but treated with both coupling agent and MAPP.
Phenolic Resins – Characterizations and Kinetic Studies of Different Resols Prepared with Different Catalysts and Formaldehyde/Phenol Ratios (I)
Authors: Bouajila J. , Raffin G. , Waton H. , Sanglar C. , Païsse J.O. , Grenier-Loustalot M.F. 
Published: September 2018

The physicochemical and kinetic properties of resols prepared with different catalysts (NaOH, LiOH and Ba(OH)2) and variable formaldehyde/phenol ratios (2.5 £ R £ 3.5) were followed to determine their effects on the mechanisms and reaction products at a fixed pH and temperature. Kinetic monitoring and quantification of residual monomers were carried out by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC/UV/MS), by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and by chemical assay for formaldehyde. Oligomer formation (n ≥ 2) was determined by LC/UV/MS, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and 13C NMR. It was found that minor compounds form during syntheses (phenol methanol hemiacetals, hemiacetals of phenol and of oligomers…) and that the ratio R affects primarily the kinetics of formation of monomers and oligomers, in contrast to the catalysts that modify reaction mechanisms. The understanding of the structure of the resols was an important step for the determination of the final properties of the material.
Non-linear Viscoelastic and Physical Ageing Characterisation of Thermoset PR-500 Epoxy Resin
Authors: Gupta V. , Roy S. , Dharani L. R. 
Published: September 2018

It is now well known that because of their polymeric matrices (and sometimes their use of viscoelastic fibres) structural polymer composites can exhibit creep or stress relaxation behaviour, leading to delayed failure long after the initial design and fabrication process. In addition, these time-dependent viscoelastic properties are significantly influenced by the sub-T physical ageing of these materials. Therefore any durability study of polymer composites for elevated use-temperature applications should address both the nonlinear viscoelastic response and the physical ageing effect of the constituents. The material nonlinearity in the resin has a ‘softening’ effect whereas physical ageing causes polymers to become stiffer and more brittle with age, increasing the likelihood of the more rapid progression of various damage states. Therefore, coupled material nonlinear and physical ageing conditions should be analysed to predict which effect would dominate under the applied loads and duration of loading. The primary objective of this paper is to present an experimental investigation of the nonlinear viscoelastic response of the PR500 resin at various stress levels. Also, the physical ageing characterisation results for a set of temperature and stress conditions are summarised. The properties summarised were successfully used in a multi-scale micro-mechanical methodology1, to study the AS4/PR500 five-harness satin woven-fibre composite laminate. PR500 is the polymer matrix that was modelled using the data presented here.
Effects of Injection Pressure in Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM) of Woven Carbon Fibre/Epoxy Composites
Authors: Kaynak Cevdet , Kas Y. Onur 
Published: September 2018

RTM (Resin Transfer Moulding) is a closed mould process in which matrix resin is injected into a mould filled with a fibre preform. There are many RTM process parameters influencing the quality of the final product. The objective of this work was to study resin injection pressure. For this purpose, an amine curing epoxy resin was injected, using a small laboratory size RTM machine, into a flat mould filled with woven carbon fibre layers. Five different resin injection pressure levels; 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 atm (101, 203, 304, 405, and 506 kPa) were used to produce composite sample plates. Specimens for mechanical testing and microscopic examination were extracted from various parts of the plates. Generally, it was observed that an injection pressure level of 2 atm (203 kPa) resulted in the best mechanical performance in the specimens, mainly due to better fibre impregnation by the uniform resin flow, minimising void formation. Increasing the resin injection pressure level above 2 atm (203 kPa) resulted in differences between “macroflow” (around fibre bundles) and “microflow” (through the fibres) leading to non-uniform resin flow and void formation, hence a reduction in the mechanical properties.
Photopolymerization of Bis(4-methacryloylmethylphenyl)sulfide and Bis(4-methacryloylmethylphenyl)sulfone with Vinyl Monomers and Properties of the Prepared Copolymers
Authors: Rudź Wieslaw , Gawdzik Barbara 
Published: September 2018

The reaction of photopolymerization of bis(4-methacryloylmethylphenyl)sulfide (BMcMPhS) and bis(4-methacryloylmethylphenyl)sulfone (BMcMPhSu) with the typical vinyl monomers: methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene (St) in the presence of the two photoinitiators: Irgacure 651 and Darocur 1173 are presented. The influence of percentage concentration of BMcMPhS and BMcMPhSu on the gelation times of the prepared copolymers was studied. The effect of the used photoinitiator concentrations on gelation times was also investigated. For the chosen copolymers, mechanical properties including tensile strength, elongation at break, Young modulus, Brinell's and Shore's hardness were determined. The results showed that copolymers with MMA had shorter gelation times than those with St. Gelation times were shorter when Darocur 1173 was used as a photoinitiator. An increase of Darocur 1173 concentration caused a decrease of gelation times, whereas in the case of Irgacure 651 the opposite relation was observed.