bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of microvascular dysfunction in acute limb ischemia‐reperfusion injury
Authors: Ganesh Tameshwar , Zakher Eric , Estrada Marvin , Cheng Hai‐Ling Margaret 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundIschemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury involves damage to the microvessel structure (eg, increased permeability) and function (blunted vasomodulation). While microstructural damage can be detected with dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) MRI, there is no diagnostic to detect deficits in microvascular function.PurposeTo apply a novel MRI method for evaluating dynamic vasomodulation to assess microvascular dysfunction in skeletal muscle following I/R injury.Study TypeProspective, longitudinal.Animal ModelTwenty‐three healthy male adult Sprague–Dawley rats.Field Strength/SequenceDynamic T1 fast field echo imaging at 3.0T with preinjection T1 mapping.AssessmentInjury in the left hindlimb was induced using a 3‐hour I/R procedure. Longitudinal MRI scanning was performed up to 74 days, with animals completing assessment at different intervals for histological and laser Doppler perfusion validation. Pharmacokinetic parameters Ktrans and ve were determined following i.v. injection of gadovist (0.1 mmol/kg). Vasomodulatory response was probed on gadofosveset (0.3 mmol/kg) using hypercapnic gases delivered through a controlled gas‐mixing circuit to induce vasoconstriction and vasodilation in ventilated rats. Heart rate and blood oxygen saturation were monitored.Statistical TestsTwo‐way analysis of variance with Tukey–Kramer post‐hoc analysis was used to determine significant changes in vasomodulatory response, Ktrans, and ve.ResultsThis new MRI technique revealed impaired vasomodulation in the injured hindlimb. Vasoconstriction was maintained, but vasodilation was blunted up to 21 days postinjury (P < 0.05). However, DCE‐MRI measured Ktrans and ve were significantly (P < 0.05) different from baseline only during acute inflammation (Day 3), with severe inflammation noted on histology.Data ConclusionWhile conventional DCE‐MRI shows normalization after the acute phase, our new approach reveals sustained functional impairment in muscle microvasculature following I/R injury, with compromised response in vasomotor tone present for at least 21 days.Level of Evidence: 4Technical Efficacy: Stage 1J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:1174–1185.
Injectable Hydrogels as Unique Platforms for Local Chemotherapeutics‐Based Combination Antitumor Therapy
Authors: Yu Shuangjiang , He Chaoliang , Chen Xuesi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDifferent strategies of chemotherapeutics‐based combination cancer therapy have presented enhanced antitumor efficiency and are widely used in clinical cancer treatments. However, several drawbacks of the systems for systemic administration, including low drug accumulation at tumor sites and significant systemic side effects limit their efficacy and application in the clinic. Local drug co‐delivery systems based on injectable hydrogels may have considerable advantages, such as a facile drug‐delivery procedure, targeted delivery of antitumor agents to tumor sites in a sustained manner, and markedly reduced systemic toxicities. Thus, in recent years, these systems have received increasing attention and consequently various injectable hydrogels have been tested as platforms for local chemotherapeutics‐based combination antitumor therapy. In this review, the focus is on recent advances in injectable hydrogel‐based drug co‐delivery systems for local combination antitumor therapy, including multiple chemotherapeutics combination therapy, chemo‐immunotherapy, chemo‐radiotherapy, and hyperthermia‐chemotherapy. Moreover, the rationale and preparation of local co‐delivery systems are summarized and discussed.
Novel Self‐Healing, Shape‐Memory, Tunable Double‐Layer Actuators Based on Semi‐IPN and Physical Double‐Network Hydrogels
Authors: Zhang Yulin , An Ran , Han Linglin , Wang Xiangdong , Shi Lingying , Ran Rong 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn this paper, a series of physical hydrogels with semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) structures are first synthesized via micellar copolymerization. The semi‐IPN gels exhibit high strength, pH responsiveness, and self‐healing properties. Then, a series of physical double‐network (PDN) gels are further prepared by immersing the as‐prepared semi‐IPN gels in the solutions containing Ca2+ or Fe3+, respectively. The strengths and moduli of these PDN hydrogels are much higher than that of the semi‐IPN gels. Accordingly, the mechanical properties and swelling ratio of PDN gels can be tuned by changing the SA content and the types of metal ions in the immersing treatment. Based on the excellent self‐healing ability of the semi‐IPN gels, the double‐layer hydrogel actuators with shape‐memory properties are successfully fabricated through a simple healing‐immersing treatment, which has great potential application prospects in actuators, artificial muscles, and soft robots.
Toward Transferable Coarse‐Grained Potentials for Poly‐Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Force Matching Approach
Authors: Tripathy Madhusmita , Agarwal Umang , Kumar P. B. Sunil 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPoly‐aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been the subject of numerous experimental investigations for their multitude of existence, from particulate soot to the vast cosmos. Given the structural peculiarity of PAHs, where aromatic moieties serve as the basic building blocks, a generalized coarse‐grained (CG) description befits and holds immense potential to investigate large‐scale PAH systems and their derivatives via CG simulation. Toward this, a minimal CG mapping scheme is proposed where a set of PAHs are modeled as planar molecules made up of oblate ellipsoids, which interact via uniaxial Gay–Berne (GB) potential. A force‐based systematic coarse‐graining approach is followed to extract the CG force field parameters. The resulting GB parameters are found to be either comparable or show definite trends as a function of molecular size. CG simulation is shown to retain the qualitative structural features of the underlying atomistic systems with multi‐fold decrease in computational cost. Accelerated equilibration of atomistic systems is shown to be achievable by MC simulations of CG systems followed by back‐mapping, where the atomistic structure is exactly reproduced.
Apoyo con Cariño (support with caring): RCT protocol to improve palliative care outcomes for Latinos with advanced medical illness
Authors: Fischer Stacy M. , Min Sung‐Joon , Atherly Adam , Kline Danielle M. , Gozansky Wendolyn S. , Himberger John , Lopez Joseph , Lester Kathleen , Fink Regina M. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTLatinos are more likely to experience uncontrolled pain, and institutional death, and are less likely to engage in advance care planning. Efforts to increase access to palliative care must maximize primary palliative care and community based models to meet the ever‐growing need in a culturally sensitive and congruent manner. Patient navigator interventions are community‐based, culturally tailored models of care that have been successfully implemented to improve disease prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment. We have developed a patient navigation intervention to improve palliative care outcomes for seriously ill Latinos. We describe the protocol for a National Institute of Nursing Research‐funded randomized controlled trial designed to determine the effectiveness of the manualized patient navigator intervention. We aim to enroll 240 Latino adults with non‐cancer, advanced medical illness from both urban and rural clinical sites. Participants will be randomized to the intervention group (five palliative care patient navigator visits plus bilingual educational materials) or control group (usual care plus bilingual educational materials). Outcomes include quality of life (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy), advance care planning (Advance Care Planning Engagement survey), pain (Brief Pain Inventory), symptom management (Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale‐revised), hospice utilization, and cost and utilization of healthcare resources. This culturally tailored, evidence‐based, theory‐driven, innovative patient navigation intervention has significant potential to improve palliative care for Latinos, and facilitate health equity in palliative and end‐of‐life care.
Multiple myeloma bone lesions in skeletal remains: Report of two known cases from the 20th century CAL Milano Cemetery Skeletal Collection
Authors: Biehler‐Gomez Lucie , Giordano Gaia , Cattaneo Cristina 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMultiple myeloma (MM) is of special interest in anthropology, in particular in the differential diagnosis with metastatic carcinoma. In this paper, we present two cases of known MM and discuss the criteria for diagnosis in comparison with the literature. Two skeletons from the identified CAL Milano Cemetery Skeletal Collection were selected for the antemortem clinical diagnosis of MM in their associated medical data. Each lesion observed during the anthropological analysis was reported and considered. Lesions were observed in both cases in the pelvis, sacrum, ribs, vertebrae, scapulae, proximal ends of femora and humeri as well as in the skull. Moreover, they presented similar morphological traits. Consequently, lesions in MM are multifocal, round, lytic, sharply demarcated, relatively uniformly small, and specifically located in highly vascularized areas of the skeleton. These results are consistent with data from the literature and strengthen the criteria for diagnosis of the condition.
Conformational Selection of a Polyproline Peptide by Ebola Virus VP30
Authors: Olson Mark A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAn adaptive temperature‐based replica‐exchange simulation of a peptide extracted from the Ebola virus nucleoprotein containing a polyproline sequence motif is reported. The simulation results of applying the CHARMM36m force field with a generalized Born solvent model is presented. Conformational heterogeneity is described by potentials of mean force (PMFs) for a set of reaction coordinates that define the topological fold space. Starting from an extended backbone conformation of the peptide observed in an X‐ray crystallographic assembly with the Ebola virus protein VP30, the PMFs report a conformational landscape populated by chain excursions to collapsed states with limited transitions to either an extended fold or a canonical polyproline type II helix. Clustering of the conformations and applying an elastic network interpolation model yield a multistep pathway of conformational selection that minimizes the net transition‐state cost from the population hub to the bound state. Related difference between the pathway endpoints taken from the PMFs reveal a significant free‐energy penalty in reaching a population shift. To evaluate sequence fitness of the Ebola virus peptide in generating probability distributions, two human sequence variants are modeled and are found to produce profiles that show extensive deviations, thus suggesting either dissimilar binding mechanisms or the lack of recognition by VP30.
Explosion Temperature and Dispersion Characteristics of Composite Charges Based on Different Non‐detonative Materials
Authors: Hong Xiao‐wen , Li Wei‐bing , Wang Xiao‐ming , Li Wen‐bin , Li Rui 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe explosion fireball temperature and scattering process of explosive products of annular composite charges were investigated to guide the selection of non‐detonative materials with controllable composite charge output. Overpressure sensors, an infrared thermal imager, and a high‐velocity photography system were used to compare the explosive fireball temperature, scattering movement, and post‐combustion characteristics of composite charges with different non‐detonative materials. The fireball temperature distributions of the active non‐detonative materials (rubber containing various proportions of aluminum powder) were not uniform, and the heat radiation power, heat flux, and overpressure were relatively high and first decreased and then increased with increasing aluminum powder content. The active non‐detonative materials had two high‐temperature regions in the lateral direction. Oxygen‐free explosions, anaerobic combustion, and post‐combustion processes occurred during the energy‐release reaction of the composite charges. The temporal evolution of the throwing radius of the explosion products of the composite charges was investigated, and the rate of scattering of the non‐detonative materials was analyzed. The rate of scattering was higher than that of an inert non‐detonative material (polyurethane) and first increased and then decreased with increasing aluminum powder content. Based on the explosion‐proof performance and heat radiation energy output characteristics, rubber containing 50 % aluminum was selected as the optimal non‐detonative material.
A theoretical study of the bonding capabilities of the zinc‐zinc double bond
Authors: Ayala Regla , Galindo Agustín 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe theoretical knowledge about the zinc‐zinc bond has been recently expanded after the proposal of a zinc‐zinc double bond in several [Zn2(L)4] compounds (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2017,56, 10151‐10155). Prompted by these results, we have selected the [Zn2(CO)4] species, isolobally related to ethylene, and theoretically investigated the possible η2‐Zn2‐coordination to several first‐row transition metal fragments. The [Zn2(CO)4] coordination to the metal fragment produces an elongation of the dizinc bond and a concomitant pyramidalization of the [Zn(CO)2] unit. These structural parameters are indicative of π‐backdonation from the metal to the coordinated dizinc moiety, as occurred with ethylene ligand. A quantum theory of atoms in molecules study of the ZnZn bond shows a decrease of ρBCP, ∇2ρBCP∫Zn∩Znρ and delocalization indexes δ(Zn,Zn), relative to corresponding values in the parent [Zn2(CO)4] molecule. The ZnZn and MZn bonds in these [(η2‐Zn2(CO)4)M(L)n] complexes can be described as shared interactions with an important covalent component where the ZnZn bond is preserved, albeit weakened, upon coordination.
Compositional and beam‐size‐dependent effects on pressure baseline in clumped isotope mass spectrometry
Authors: Venturelli Ryan A. , Rosenheim Brad E. 
Published: October 2018

RationaleThe analysis of carbonate samples for the application of clumped isotopes to paleoclimate reconstruction necessitates smaller beam intensities. However, there is a relationship between beam intensity and pressure‐dependent baseline (PBL), and therefore between beam intensity and the correction for PBL. Here we explain the relationship between PBL and beam intensity to develop a better correction protocol and an improved understanding of clumped isotope mass spectrometry.MethodsWe describe a beam size experiment using our Isoprime isotope ratio mass spectrometer in which samples of the carbonate standard IAEA‐C1 were analyzed at 30, 50, and 70 nA to establish an optimal protocol and a new method to correct for PBL using the theoretical constraint of invariable Δ47 over a range of δ47 (bulk isotope composition) values. We also explore the effects of both over‐ and under‐correction of PBL on equilibrated and heated gas samples to understand the effect of mis‐correction of PBL.ResultsThe results of our beam size experiments showed that a direct measurement of the baseline consistently introduced variability to measurements of the Δ47 of heated gases, equilibrated gases, and carbonate standards. These results necessitated a new protocol to account for PBL in our system. Our new approach flattens the reference frame line slope to 0 and, importantly, reduces the variability of data points about the heated gas line. We also describe, for the first time, an empirically derived description of the compositional effect of PBL.ConclusionsA seemingly small change in our isotope ratio mass spectrometer resulted in a better understanding of PBL, for which we have developed an empirically based correction protocol to apply. Our new protocol has the potential to reduce analytical time for laboratories measuring PBL, and supports the need for carbonate mineral‐based clumped isotope standards.
Acid digestion of carbonates using break seal method for clumped isotope analysis
Authors: Fosu Benjamin R. , Ghosh Prosenjit , Mishra Divya , Banerjee Yogaraj , K Prasanna , Sarkar Amrita 
Published: October 2018

RationaleAcid digestion of carbonates to release CO2 is a crucial and sensitive step in sample preparation for clumped isotope analysis. In addition to data reduction and instrumental artefacts, many other uncertainties in the clumped isotope analysis of carbonates arise from the method used for the preparation of CO2. We describe here an in‐house‐designed reaction vessel that circumvents degassing and contamination problems commonly associated with the McCrea‐type digestion protocols.MethodsWe designed a leak‐free break seal reaction vessel (made of Pyrex™) suitable for prolonged acid digestion at 25°C. Using this new vessel, several carbonate reference materials widely used in the clumped isotope community and other in‐house laboratory standards were acid‐digested and analysed for their δ13C, δ18O and Δ47 values with a dual inlet MAT 253 isotope ratio mass spectrometer following standard gas chromatography purification and data evaluation protocols.ResultsLong‐term reproducibility in Δ47 determination was established using international references and in‐house working standards as follows (mean and SE): Carrara‐1 (0.395 ± 0.002‰, n = 43), Carrara‐2 (0.441 ± 0.003‰, n = 22), OMC (0.587 ± 0.004‰, n = 16), NBS 19 (0.393 ± 0.005‰, n = 10), NBS 18 (0.473 ± 0.003‰, n = 5), ETH 1 (0.271 ± 0.005‰, n = 7), ETH 3 (0.698 ± 0.005‰, n = 3), MZ (0.715 ± 0.002‰, n = 3) and several others.ConclusionsA new method using a break seal tube was found to be efficient for the clumped isotope analysis of carbonates that require longer reaction time at 25°C. This method yields good precision in Δ47 analysis and was found to be suitable for acid digestions at any desired temperature.
Biochar amendment suppresses N2O emissions but has no impact on 15N site preference in an anaerobic soil
Authors: Hyodo Ayumi , Malghani Saadatullah , Zhou Yong , Mushinski Ryan M. , Toyoda Sakae , Yoshida Naohiro , Boutton Thomas W. , West Jason B. 
Published: October 2018

RationaleBiochar amendments often decrease N2O gas production from soil, but the mechanisms and magnitudes are still not well characterized since N2O can be produced via several different microbial pathways. We evaluated the influence of biochar amendment on N2O emissions and N2O isotopic composition, including 15N site preference (SP) under anaerobic conditions.MethodsAn agricultural soil was incubated with differing levels of biochar. Incubations were conducted under anaerobic conditions for 10 days with and without acetylene, which inhibits N2O reduction to N2. The N2O concentrations were measured every 2 days, the SPs were determined after 5 days of incubation, and the inorganic nitrogen concentrations were measured after the incubation.ResultsThe SP values with acetylene were consistent with N2O production by bacterial denitrification and those without acetylene were consistent with bacterial denitrification that included N2O reduction to N2. There was no effect of biochar on N2O production in the presence of acetylene between day 3 and day 10. However, in the absence of acetylene, soils incubated with 4% biochar produced less N2O than soils with no biochar addition. Different amounts of biochar amendment did not change the SP values.ConclusionsOur study used N2O emission rates and SP values to understand biochar amendment mechanisms and demonstrated that biochar amendment reduces N2O emissions by stimulating the last step of denitrification. It also suggested a possible shift in N2O‐reducing microbial taxa in 4% biochar samples.
Introduction
Authors: Korpiola Mia 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObserving that the traditional focus on legal professionals is insufficient for analysing legal work in many parts of Europe before modern times, this chapter discusses the concept of legal literacy and its different meanings. Legal literacy, having legal skills and knowledge, can be perceived as a continuum between total legal literacy and illiteracy. Any man, woman, and child could acquire some legal literacy and can be placed on this sliding scale. Learning law by doing, writing, and reading enabled people to manage their own litigation and act as legal intermediaries in their communities. The growing genre of popular legal literature increasingly became a path to legal literacy, especially from the eighteenth century on.
A tale of three kingdoms: members of the Phylum Nematoda independently acquired the detoxifying enzyme cyanase through horizontal gene transfer from plants and bacteria
Authors: Zarlenga D. S. , Mitreva M. , Thompson P. , Tyagi R. , Tuo W. , Hoberg E. P. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHorizontal gene transfer (HGT) has played an important role in the evolution of nematodes. Among candidate genes, cyanase, which is typically found only in plants, bacteria and fungi, is present in more than 35 members of the Phylum Nematoda, but absent from free-living and clade V organisms. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the cyanases of clade I organismsTrichinellaspp.,Trichurisspp. andSoboliphyme baturini(Subclass: Dorylaimia) represent a well-supported monophyletic clade with plant cyanases. In contrast, all cyanases found within the Subclass Chromadoria which encompasses filarioids, ascaridoids and strongyloids are homologous to those of bacteria. Western blots exhibited typical multimeric forms of the native molecule in protein extracts ofTrichinella spiralismuscle larvae, where immunohistochemical staining localized the protein to the worm hypodermis and underlying muscle. RecombinantTrichinellacyanase was bioactive where gene transcription profiles support functional activityin vivo. Results suggest that: (1) independent HGT in parasitic nematodes originated from different Kingdoms; (2) cyanase acquired an active role in the biology of extantTrichinella; (3) acquisition occurred more than 400 million years ago (MYA), prior to the divergence of the Trichinellida and Dioctophymatida, and (4) early, free-living ancestors of the genusTrichinellahad an association with terrestrial plants.
‘Built-in variety’: David and Mary Medd and the Child-Centred Primary School, 1944-80
Authors: Franklin Geraint 
Published: October 2018

Children are the basis of school design.(Ministry of Education Building Bulletin 1,1949, David and Mary Medd)Connections between ideas of ‘child-centred’ primary education and the design of schools were arguably closer in post-war Britain than any period before or since. These relationships provide a commentary on the role of public architecture within a British post-war social democracy that combined the social objectives of architectural Modernism with an awareness of, and continuity with, preceding reformist movements for the advancement of public health and education. The ‘social’ aspect of the post-war school-building programme stemmed not so much from the application of labour or technology to processes of building, nor even the equitable distribution of common resources, but rather from the ability of the designer to shape and articulate processes of teaching and learning within the locus of the welfare state. Social and pedagogical ends were often pursued to the almost total exclusion of architectural self-expression. If this ‘humane functionalism’ was rooted in an understanding of the activities and experiences of learning, it was dependent on a multi-disciplinary, investigative and creative collaboration between architect and educational ‘client’.