bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the optimal standardized ileal digestible valine:lysine ratio in lactating sow diets1
Authors: Greiner Laura , Graham Amanda , Goncalves Marcio , Orlando Uislei , Touchette Kevin J 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
An experiment was conducted with 430 sows to evaluate the ideal standardized ileal digestible (SID) Val:Lys on sow and litter performance during an 18.6-d lactation period. The SID Val:Lys ratios measured were based on the previously published literature and then values above and below reported values. Sows were randomly allotted within parity block (parity 1, parity 2, and parity 3+) to one of five corn–soybean meal-based lactation diets formulated to contain different levels of SID Val:Lys (0.50, 0.62, 0.75, 0.88, and 1.00, respectively). All diets were formulated to be isocaloric (3.35 ME Mcal/kg) with 0.95% SID Lys and contained vitamins and minerals that exceeded recommendations (NRC, 2012). Experimental diets were given to sows from 112 d of pregnancy throughout the 23-d lactation period. Litters were standardized within 48 h after farrowing. Sows were fed with the Howema computerized feeding system that mixed the high and low diets to create the intermediate diets, weighed the feed for each sow and then delivered the feed to each individual feeding hopper to record daily sow feed intake during lactation. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS with sow as the experimental unit and treatment as a fixed effect and parity as the random effect. Results were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05 and considered a trend at P > 0.05 and P ≤ 0.10. Sow ADFI was not significantly different (5.2, 5.2, 5.2, 5.0, and 5.4 ± 0.15 kg/d, respectively). On average, sows consumed ~45 g of SID Lys per day. Sow wean to estrus (5.2, 4.7, 5.3, 5.5, and 4.5 ± 0.32 d, respectively) was not different as the Val:Lys ratio changed. Increasing the Val:Lys ratio resulted in no differences (2.66, 2.64, 2.76, 2.61, and 2.62 ± 0.08 kg; P > 0.10) in average daily litter gain. There were no differences in sow weight loss or subsequent total born across the dietary treatments. Overall, increasing levels of SID Val:Lys did not change sow reproductive performance or piglet growth rate.
Impaired plasmalogen synthesis dysregulates liver X receptor-dependent transcription in cerebellum
Authors: Honsho Masanori , Dorninger Fabian , Abe Yuichi , Setoyama Daiki , Ohgi Ryohei , Uchiumi Takeshi , Kang Dongchon , Berger Johannes , Fujiki Yukio 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Synthesis of ethanolamine plasmalogen (PlsEtn) is regulated by modulating the stability of fatty acyl-CoA reductase 1 (Far1) on peroxisomal membrane, a rate-limiting enzyme in plasmalogen synthesis. Dysregulation of plasmalogen homeostasis impairs cholesterol biosynthesis in cultured cells by altering the stability of squalene epoxidase (SQLE). However, regulation of PlsEtn synthesis and physiological consequences of plasmalogen homeostasis in tissues remain unknown. In the present study, we found that the protein but not the transcription level of Far1 in the cerebellum of the Pex14 mutant mouse expressing Pex14p lacking its C-terminal region (Pex14ΔC/ΔC) is higher than that from wild-type mouse, suggesting that Far1 is stabilized by the lowered level of PlsEtn. The protein level of SQLE was increased, whereas the transcriptional activity of the liver X receptors (LXRs), ligand-activated transcription factors of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is lowered in the cerebellum of Pex14ΔC/ΔC and the mice deficient in dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase, the initial enzyme for the synthesis of PlsEtn. These results suggest that the reduction of plasmalogens in the cerebellum more likely compromises the cholesterol homeostasis, thereby reducing the transcriptional activities of LXRs, master regulators of cholesterol homeostasis.
Genetically Predicted Levels of DNA Methylation Biomarkers and Breast Cancer Risk: Data From 228 951 Women of European Descent
Authors: Yang Yaohua , Wu Lang , Shu Xiao-Ou , Cai Qiuyin , Shu Xiang , Li Bingshan , Guo Xingyi , Ye Fei , Michailidou Kyriaki , Bolla Manjeet K , Wang Qin , Dennis Joe , Andrulis Irene L , Brenner Hermann , Chenevix-Trench Georgia , Campa Daniele , Castelao Jose E , Gago-Dominguez Manuela , Dörk Thilo , Hollestelle Antoinette , Lophatananon Artitaya , Muir Kenneth , Neuhausen Susan L , Olsson Håkan , Sandler Dale P , Simard Jacques , Kraft Peter , Pharoah Paul D P , Easton Douglas F , Zheng Wei , Long Jirong 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
DNA methylation plays a critical role in breast cancer development. Previous studies have identified DNA methylation marks in white blood cells as promising biomarkers for breast cancer. However, these studies were limited by low statistical power and potential biases. Using a new methodology, we investigated DNA methylation marks for their associations with breast cancer risk.

Methods
Statistical models were built to predict levels of DNA methylation marks using genetic data and DNA methylation data from HumanMethylation450 BeadChip from the Framingham Heart Study (n = 1595). The prediction models were validated using data from the Women’s Health Initiative (n = 883). We applied these models to genomewide association study (GWAS) data of 122 977 breast cancer patients and 105 974 controls to evaluate if the genetically predicted DNA methylation levels at CpG sites (CpGs) are associated with breast cancer risk. All statistical tests were two-sided.

Results
Of the 62 938 CpG sites CpGs investigated, statistically significant associations with breast cancer risk were observed for 450 CpGs at a Bonferroni-corrected threshold of P less than 7.94 × 10–7, including 45 CpGs residing in 18 genomic regions, that have not previously been associated with breast cancer risk. Of the remaining 405 CpGs located within 500 kilobase flaking regions of 70 GWAS-identified breast cancer risk variants, the associations for 11 CpGs were independent of GWAS-identified variants. Integrative analyses of genetic, DNA methylation, and gene expression data found that 38 CpGs may affect breast cancer risk through regulating expression of 21 genes.

Conclusion
Our new methodology can identify novel DNA methylation biomarkers for breast cancer risk and can be applied to other diseases.
Understanding Tacit Security Regimes
Authors: Siniver Asaf , Lucas Scott 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMore than three decades after the concept of international regimes was introduced, the study of why and how states may choose to cooperate, particularly around security, remains contested. While the field has evolved considerably over that time, there remain significant puzzles in the literature concerning the emergence of different types of security regimes. We aim to address these issues by developing the concept of a tacit security regime (TSR) literature. We define a TSR as an interest-based, limited, and informal mechanism of cooperation between states for the purpose of deconflicting their respective interests over a specific security issue. We illustrate the usefulness of our concept in the two contemporary cases of Russian-Israeli and Russian-Turkish security cooperation over the Syrian crisis (2015–2018).
Estimation of Underreporting in Diary Surveys: An Application Using the National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey
Authors: Hu Mengyao , Kirlin John A , West Brady T , He Wenyi , Ong Ai Rene , Zhang Shiyu , Zhang Xingyou 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Diary surveys are used to collect data on a variety of topics, including health, time use, nutrition, and expenditures. The US National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey (FoodAPS) is a nationally representative diary survey, providing an important data source for decision-makers to design policies and programs for promoting healthy lifestyles. Unfortunately, a multiday diary survey like the FoodAPS can be subject to various survey errors, especially item nonresponse error occurring at the day level. The FoodAPS public-use data set provides survey weights that adjust only for unit nonresponse. Due to the lack of day-level weights (which could possibly adjust for the item nonresponse that arises from refusals on particular days), the adjustments for unit nonresponse are unlikely to correct any bias in estimates arising from households that initially agree to participate in FoodAPS but then fail to report on particular days. This article develops a general methodology for estimating the extent of underreporting due to this type of item nonresponse error in diary surveys, using FoodAPS as a case study. We describe a methodology combining bootstrap replicate sampling for complex samples and imputation based on a Heckman selection model to predict food expenditures for person-days with missing expenditures. We estimated the item nonresponse error by comparing weighted estimates according to only reported expenditures and both reported expenditures and predictions for missing values. Results indicate that ignoring the missing data would lead to consistent overestimation of the mean expenditures and events per person per day and underestimation of the total expenditures and events. Our study suggests that the household-level weights, which generally account for unit nonresponse, may not be entirely sufficient for addressing the nonresponse occurring at the day level in diary surveys, and proper imputation methods will be important for estimating the size of the underreporting.
Dialect borders—political regions are better predictors than economy or religion
Authors: Derungs Curdin , Sieber Christian , Glaser Elvira , Weibel Robert 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe impact of geography on language and dialect variation has been subject to a vast number of studies in linguistics, as well as the broader humanities. Most quantitative research concerning dialectology has focused on the relationship between spatial distance and change of dialects. Hypotheses regarding the impact of other geographic, cultural, and social factors have been put forth for many years but have rarely been examined with quantitative methods. In this article, we compare dialect variation in Swiss German morphosyntax with three types of social and cultural variation, namely variation in religion, administration, and economy. These different types of variation have contrasting temporal origins. Religion is, for instance, represented by the borders between Christian denominations, which are a result of the Reformation in the 16th century. In order to compare different types of spatial information in one statistical model, we introduce an approach that is robust for spatial dependencies. On one hand, our results are largely in agreement with previous studies. Spatial distance, for instance, proves to be the most important predictor of dialect variance, with distance measures that more realistically represent the potential for social contact, explaining a higher proportion of variance. On the other hand, most interestingly, we find evidence that administrative borders (i.e. political regions) more profoundly impact Swiss dialects than religion or economy. This opens the floor for the hypothesis that possibly both Swiss dialects and political regions have common origins in ancient migration movements and medieval borders between Alemannic territories.
The redshift-space momentum power spectrum – I. Optimal estimation from peculiar velocity surveys
Authors: Howlett Cullan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Low redshift surveys of galaxy peculiar velocities provide a wealth of cosmological information. We revisit the idea of extracting this information by directly measuring the redshift-space momentum power spectrum from such surveys. We provide a comprehensive theoretical and practical framework for estimating and fitting this from data, analogous to well-understood techniques used to measure the galaxy density power spectrum from redshift surveys. We formally derive a new estimator, which includes the effects of shot noise and survey geometry; we evaluate the variance of the estimator in the Gaussian regime; we compute the optimal weights for the estimator; we demonstrate that the measurements are Gaussian distributed, allowing for easy extraction of cosmological parameters; and we explore the effects of peculiar velocity (PV) measurement errors. We finish with a proof-of-concept using realistic mock galaxy catalogues, which demonstrates that we can measure and fit both the redshift-space galaxy density and momentum power spectra from PV surveys and that including the latter substantially improves our constraints on the growth rate of structure. We also provide theoretical descriptions for modelling the non-linear redshift-space density and momentum power spectrum multipoles, and forecasting the constraints on cosmological parameters using the Fisher information contained in these measurements for arbitrary weights. These may be useful for measurements of the galaxy density power spectrum even in the absence of peculiar velocities.
Extreme Differences in Recombination Rate between the Genomes of a Solitary and a Social Bee
Authors: Jones Julia C , Wallberg Andreas , Christmas Matthew J , Kapheim Karen M , Webster Matthew T 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSocial insect genomes exhibit the highest rates of crossing over observed in plants and animals. The evolutionary causes of these extreme rates are unknown. Insight can be gained by comparing recombination rate variation across the genomes of related social and solitary insects. Here, we compare the genomic recombination landscape of the highly social honey bee, Apis mellifera, with the solitary alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata, by analyzing patterns of linkage disequilibrium in population-scale genome sequencing data. We infer that average recombination rates are extremely elevated in A. mellifera compared with M. rotundata. However, our results indicate that similar factors control the distribution of crossovers in the genomes of both species. Recombination rate is significantly reduced in coding regions in both species, with genes inferred to be germline methylated having particularly low rates. Genes with worker-biased patterns of expression in A. mellifera and their orthologs in M. rotundata have higher than average recombination rates in both species, suggesting that selection for higher diversity in genes involved in worker caste functions in social taxa is not the explanation for these elevated rates. Furthermore, we find no evidence that recombination has modulated the efficacy of selection among genes during bee evolution, which does not support the hypothesis that high recombination rates facilitated positive selection for new functions in social insects. Our results indicate that the evolution of sociality in insects likely entailed selection on modifiers that increased recombination rates genome wide, but that the genomic recombination landscape is determined by the same factors.
Nicholas Ray’s We Can’t Go Home Again
Authors: Pisters Patricia 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the film We Can’t Go Home Again (1972–1976), which the American director Nicholas Ray realized in collaboration with a class of students he taught at the State University of New York in Purchase. The film exemplifies the ability of cinema to provide access to an “elsewhere” and “elsewhen,” analyzed by Anne Friedberg in her book Window Shopping: Cinema and the Postmodern. This chapter claims that the film’s use of multiscreen projection can be illuminated through Friedberg’s notion of the virtual window, developed in The Virtual Window: From Alberti to Microsoft. Thanks to the collaboration on the film of video artist Nam June-Paik and the employment of techniques associated with the contemporaneous practice of “expanded cinema,” We Can’t Go Home Again is an important precursor to contemporary digital media.
The Eisenstein Effect
Authors: Vidler Anthony 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the confluence in thinking about cinematic and architectural montage in the work of the Russian filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein and the Swiss architect Le Corbusier. It describes their encounter in Moscow in 1928 and their shared admiration for the French architectural historian Auguste Choisy, whose description of spatial passage through the Athenian Acropolis is a key point of reference in the accounts the filmmaker and the architect develop of the role of narrative, movement, and editing in the apprehension of space. Although Le Corbusier’s promenade architecturale is the manipulation of a body moving through actual space according to precise calculations of a visual sequence, the cinematic version, as staged by Corbusier and Chenal, faced the viewer with a surrogate or avatar body moving through space, but never presented the viewer with the scenes viewed by this body: an invisible, one might say ineffable merging of architecture with the image of an invisible architecture as a projection of a static viewer. Architecture in this sense achieves the status desired of the modernist machine universe, but in the process has been reduced to two dimensions, without perspective. Eisenstein, for his part, was in this sense able to “build” an architecture in film—not the imperfect static forms that one had to walk through or work hard to imagine their ecstatic movement, but through the moving image itself understood as the highest technological achievement of modernism, thus achieving the (ecstatic) dissolution, in image, of modernist architecture.
Islam as Public Philosophy
Authors: Bamyeh Mohammed A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Surveying the structure of Islamic public philosophy over 100 years, this chapter identifies two major approaches: instrumental reason and hermeneutics. The instrumentalists present Islam as an instrument to solve problems. The hermeneuts, by contrast, present Islam as an educational project designed to elevate the intellectual capacities of humanity. The instrumentalists argue that humans should be capable of knowing god’s intentions, whereas the hermeneuts argue that this knowledge is not available to humans with certainty. Overall, whereas the instrumentalists see the proper role of the pious person to consist in applying god’s law, the hermeneuts see that role to consist of interpreting god’s intention. One approach sees divinity as external to the self, whereas the other see it as existing in dialectical relation to it. The chapter charts out the genealogies of each school in various countries, and analyzes the relationship of each to competing secular discourses, including anti-colonial nationalism and the debates on the character of the modern state.
Raskolnikov Beyond Good and Evil
Authors: Havas Randall 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Crime and Punishment is, among other things, a long meditation on the authority of the moral law. In insisting that his main character, Raskolnikov, is guilty of a heinous crime, however, Dostoevsky does not take that authority for granted. At the beginning of the story, Raskolnikov is portrayed as a kind of skeptic about morality, indeed about humanity, who thinks that moral imperatives are binding on us only as a matter of convention or of mere calculation and that the exceptional person is free to “step beyond” them altogether. As the novel progresses, however, it becomes clear that the authority of morality is, in Dostoevsky’s view, a function of a particular kind of human community. His skepticism, then, is a failure of a certain kind of desire, not simply an intellectual error; but it is a failure to which Dostoevsky thinks his reader is prone. Although Raskolnikov’s talk of stepping beyond morality may appear to resemble Nietzsche’s injunction to the “higher man” to live beyond good and evil, I will argue that Dostoevsky and Nietzsche actually agree on the necessity of an antecedent mutuality as a foundation for morality.
Bakhtin’s Radiant Polyphonic Novel, Raskolnikov’s Perverse Dialogic World
Authors: Emerson Caryl 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
When queried at the end of his life, Mikhail Bakhtin (1895–1975) identified himself not as a literary scholar but as a philosopher—or more precisely, as a “thinker” (myslitel’). Bakhtin’s book on Dostoevsky (1929, rev. 1963) introduced the potent concepts of dialogism versus monologism, the “fully-weighted idea-hero,” double-voiced discourse, and novelistic polyphony. But even as these concepts began to leak into and then dominate our critical vocabulary, reservations were raised. Bakhtin’s philosophy of dialogue seemed to omit a great deal of Dostoevsky’s texture and wisdom. This essay discusses the virtues and drawbacks of a Bakhtinian reading of Crime and Punishment. It incorporates recent scholarship on Bakhtin’s notion of author–hero relations, and on the possibility of our real and fictive “outsideness” to one another, and on the corruptions to which word and image are prone. It ends with a hypothesis about polyphony, most relevant to Dostoevsky’s first and last great murder novels, which attaches the concept not to literature but to medieval philosophies of music. In so doing it reconciles the linear thrust of dialogue (melody) with two other virtues Bakhtin saw equally present in Dostoevsky’s art: simultaneity and coexistence.
The Brain and Its Functions Prior to Gall
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: May 2019

AbstractVery little was known about the brain, its structural organization, and its functions when Gall began his dissections of animals, autopsies on people, and studies of individuals with congenital or acquired brain damage. In particular, the cerebral cortex had been either ignored or looked upon as a unified organ with a single function, such as memory. Emanuel Swedenborg was the only person prior to Gall to conclude with supportive evidence that it must be comprised of a number of distinct functional areas. Swedenborg’s insights from the mid-1700s were based on cases of brain damage, anatomy, and logic, but remained unknown to scientists and physicians when Gall began formulating his own ideas in the rapidly changing Zeitgeist at the end of the century.
Of Animal Heads and Animal Tales
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAnimals played significant roles in Gall’s research program, in which he viewed humans as merely having more complex and better developed brains. Studying lowly animals, barnyard animals, wild animals, and pets helped reveal what makes us human, both behaviorally and with regard to brain development, while providing a natural backdrop on which life can be viewed on a continuum (i.e., a Great Chain of Being, albeit one devoid of supernatural entities). Gall even compared animals to humans with brain injuries and diseases. Further, he was an animal lover who always had pets around him, and he did not hesitate to mention how observing animals, including his pet dogs, birds, and monkeys, helped him discover particular faculties and their locations. He also did everything he could to encourage people to send him stories of exceptional animals and, ideally, their heads or skulls when they died. He did not, however, look favorably on brain lesion experiments with animals, railing against such mutilations as having so many problems that they could not convey clear and reliable information. Nonetheless, he did conduct a few experiments of his own to see if the findings of others, including Pierre Flourens, could be verified.