bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mocking the (Disabled) Dead: Seneca’s Claudius in theApocolocyntosis
Authors: Michalopoulos Andreas N. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn this paper I attempt to explore Seneca’s open references and pointed allusions to Claudius’s physical and mental infirmities in his Apocolocyntosis Diui Claudii. Claudius—in full Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus—was a unique case. A man with severe disabilities and impairments since childbirth, he became emperor of Rome at the age of fifty on the death of his nephew, Caligula, thanks to an extraordinary stroke of luck. Therefore, he is a very promising case study as regards the attitudes of his contemporaries towards the disabled. In this famous satire on the apotheosis of Claudius, the late emperor becomes the target of scorn and laughter. Seneca exploits the comic potential of Claudius’s bodily malfunctions and turns his physical and mental disturbances into comic material. I discuss Seneca’s bitter ridicule of Claudius’s defects and peculiarities, focusing on issues such as laughter as a mechanism of the damnatio memoriae, laughter as revenge, laughter as political commentary, and laughter as the release of surplus negative emotions against Claudius. Comparative treatment of passages from other authors, such as Tacitus, Suetonius, and Cassius Dio, who also refer to Claudius’s impairments, will shed light on Seneca’s particular treatment of disability and disease.
Aretaeus’s “Stomachic” Patients: Comic Features in a Medical Discussion?
Authors: Thumiger Chiara 
Published: March 2019

AbstractFood, eating, and the human drives and functions related to them are stock features of ancient comedy and comic discourse in general. Food and drink intake are also key areas of observation and therapy in ancient medicine; they lie at the center of the “regimen” which is so important in medical thought from the Hippocratics onwards. In this paper, I briefly contextualize the discussions about food in ancient medicine up to the beginning of our era, and then concentrate on a unique document, the discussion of the disease stomachikon by Aretaeus. This text contains many elements of parody, and even grotesque characterization, which are nowhere to be found in earlier sources. I present in detail these features of the text and their comic effects, and explore the questions of why such parodic elements are absent from classical medicine. I propose that Aretaeus’s unusually comic take on the disease sheds light on some crucial developments in medicine as a professional activity and as a technical literary genre during the first and second centuries C.E.
Laughing Matters: Chronic Pain and Bodily Fragmentation in Lucian’sPodagra
Authors: Petridou Georgia 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis paper discusses the themes of laughter, chronic pain, and bodily fragmentation in Podagra (Gout), Lucian’s tragicomic take on chronic but nonlethal gout. Particular diseases had, it seems, distinct comedic connotations and gout was one of them. Extra emphasis is placed on the recasting of chronic illness as an agonizing and yet worthwhile initiation into mystery rites of the highest order. In terms of methodology, this study draws inspiration from Adrienne Janus’s work on laughter in Beckett. By following closely the recurring themes of pain and fragmentation in Podagra, this paper argues that morbid laughter in a pure Beckettian sense, the risus purus, that is the body’s automatic audible response to the absurdity of pain and physical agony, is recommended in the play as the only effective coping mechanism against the suffering caused by the disease.
Cleansing the Palate: Vomit and Satire in Lucian’sLexiphanes
Authors: Martin Paul 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis article explores how Lucian’s satire is conceptualized in the Lexiphanes through analysis of the presentation of Lexiphanes’s illness and its diagnosis and cure. Lexiphanes is portrayed as suffering from melancholy, which is diagnosed and cured by Lycinus with the help of the doctor Sopolis. I argue that, by drawing on contemporary medical theory and practice, Lucian aligns himself with Lycinus and figures his satire as an emetic whose parrhesiastic force has a curative effect.
Screening for Lynch Syndrome by Immunohistochemistry of Mismatch Repair Proteins: Significance of Indeterminate Result and Correlation With Mutational Studies
Authors: Sarode Venetia R. , Robinson Linda 
Published: March 2019

Context.—Immunohistochemical expression of mismatch repair (MMR) protein is a well-accepted method for routine screening for Lynch syndrome with relatively high sensitivity and specificity. Occasionally, however, immunohistochemistry (IHC) can yield an equivocal result with poor reproducibility and the potential for misdiagnosis.Objective.—To determine the frequency and significance of indeterminate MMR IHC expression in patients routinely screened for Lynch syndrome and correlation with germline mutation studies.Design.—Semiquantitative scoring of MMR IHC was performed by image analysis in 479 cases, of which 380 were colorectal and 99 endometrial cancer. Scores of 10% or more, less than 10%, and 0% were used as cutoffs for retained, indeterminate, and loss of expression, respectively. Negative and indeterminate IHC results were confirmed by mutational studies.Results.—Four hundred eighteen of 479 cases (87.2%) were reported as retained expression, 45 (9.3%) as loss of expression, and 16 (3.3%) as indeterminate expression. Fifteen of 45 (33.3%) and 8 of 16 (50%) with loss and indeterminate expression, respectively, were found to have Lynch syndrome by germline studies. The overall frequency of Lynch syndrome in our patient population was 4.8% (23 of 479), and 34.7% of these (8 of 23) were associated with indeterminate IHC expression. In the indeterminate group, MLH1 germline mutation was the most frequent (6 of 13; 46.2%), followed by MSH6 (4 of 13; 30.7%).Conclusions.—Our findings provide further evidence that indeterminate IHC should be further investigated for possible MMR germline mutation. Guidelines for interpretation of MMR IHC and the establishment of more objective criteria for defining indeterminate results are important to improve the sensitivity and specificity of the IHC assay.
Determination of Increased Mental Workload Condition From EEG by the Use of Classification Techniques
Authors: DURU Adil Deniz 
Published: March 2019

Extraction
of the information hidden in the brain electrical signal enhance the
classification of the current mental status.
In this study, 16 channel EEG data were collected from 15 volunteers under
three conditions. Participants were asked to rest with eyes open and eyes
closed states each with a duration of three minutes. Finally, a task has been
imposed to increase mental workload. EEG data were epoched with a duration of
one second and power spectrum was computed for each time window. The power
spectral features of all channels in traditional bands were calculated for all
subjects and the results were concatanated to form the input data to be used in
classification. Decision tree, K-nearest neighbor and Support Vector Machine
techniques were implemented in order to classify the one second epochs. The
accuracy value obtained from KNN was found to be 0.94 while it was 0.88 for decision
tree and SVM. KNN was found to outperform the two methods when all channel and
power spectral features were used. In can be concluded that, even with the use
of input features formed by concatanating all subject’s data, high
classification accuracies can be obtained in the determination of the increased
mental workload state.
Numerical Analysis and Experimental Validation of a Mono-block Natural Gas Burner
Authors: YILMAZ Barış , UZA Engin 
Published: March 2019

Fossil fuels are still one the
major sources of the energy production. Fuels, utilized in the power
generation, especially in industrial scale applications, are almost
hydrocarbons in gaseous, liquid or solid phases. In combustion of gaseous fossil
fuels, besides the several other emissions carbon monoxide and nitric oxide
which are identified as the main suspects of the environmental pollution are
produced.

In this study, the flow field
and the emission statistics of an industrial scale gas burner was investigated
numerically. The burner and the assembled combustion chamber have been modelled
using ANSYS-Fluent software. The standards for flue gas emissions of gas
burners defined in TSE EN 676:2000 Class-3 have been taken into account. One of
the most important emission of NOx level given in that standard, limited to be
less than 80 mg/kWh, has been initially
computed for the existing burner and then for the modified burner designs. Both the velocity and temperature fields are
calculated and represented in terms of contour plots. The emission results are
collected at the exit of the combustion chamber and the chamber wall
temperatures have been also computed. The numerical model results were validated
with the available experimental measurements obtained from on-site test
facilities.
Discursive Design
Authors: Tharp Bruce M. , Tharp Stephanie M. 
Published: March 2019

Exploring how design can be used for good—prompting self-reflection, igniting the imagination, and affecting positive social change.
Good design provides solutions to problems. It improves our buildings, medical equipment, clothing, and kitchen utensils, among other objects. But what if design could also improve societal problems by prompting positive ideological change? In this book, Bruce and Stephanie Tharp survey recent critical design practices and propose a new, more inclusive field of socially minded practice: discursive design. While many consider good design to be unobtrusive, intuitive, invisible, and undemanding intellectually, discursive design instead targets the intellect, prompting self-reflection and igniting the imagination. Discursive design (derived from “discourse”) expands the boundaries of how we can use design—how objects are, in effect, good(s) for thinking.
Discursive Design invites us to see objects in a new light, to understand more than their basic form and utility. Beyond the different foci of critical design, speculative design, design fiction, interrogative design, and adversarial design, Bruce and Stephanie Tharp establish a more comprehensive, unifying vision as well as innovative methods. They not only offer social criticism but also explore how objects can, for example, be used by counselors in therapy sessions, by town councils to facilitate a pre-vote discussions, by activists seeking engagement, and by institutions and industry to better understand the values, beliefs, and attitudes of those whom they serve. Discursive design sparks new ways of thinking, and it is only through new thinking that our sociocultural futures can change.
International Relations in the Cyber Age
Authors: Choucri Nazli , Clark David D. 
Published: March 2019

A foundational analysis of the co-evolution of the internet and international relations, examining resultant challenges for individuals, organizations, firms, and states.
In our increasingly digital world, data flows define the international landscape as much as the flow of materials and people. How is cyberspace shaping international relations, and how are international relations shaping cyberspace? In this book, Nazli Choucri and David D. Clark offer a foundational analysis of the co-evolution of cyberspace (with the internet as its core) and international relations, examining resultant challenges for individuals, organizations, and states.
The authors examine the pervasiveness of power and politics in the digital realm, finding that the internet is evolving much faster than the tools for regulating it. This creates a “co-evolution dilemma”—a new reality in which digital interactions have enabled weaker actors to influence or threaten stronger actors, including the traditional state powers. Choucri and Clark develop a new method for addressing control in the internet age, “control point analysis,” and apply it to a variety of situations, including major actors in the international and digital realms: the United States, China, and Google. In doing so they lay the groundwork for a new international relations theory that reflects the reality in which we live—one in which the international and digital realms are inextricably linked and evolving together.
Extremism
Authors: Berger J. M. 
Published: March 2019

What extremism is, how extremist ideologies are constructed, and why extremism can escalate into violence.
A rising tide of extremist movements threaten to destabilize civil societies around the globe. It has never been more important to understand extremism, yet the dictionary definition—a logical starting point in a search for understanding—tells us only that extremism is “the quality or state of being extreme.” In this volume in the MIT Press Essential Knowledge series, J. M. Berger offers a nuanced introduction to extremist movements, explaining what extremism is, how extremist ideologies are constructed, and why extremism can escalate into violence. Berger shows that although the ideological content of extremist movements varies widely, there are common structural elements.
Berger, an expert on extremist movements and terrorism, explains that extremism arises from a perception of “us versus them,” intensified by the conviction that the success of “us” is inseparable from hostile acts against “them.” Extremism differs from ordinary unpleasantness—run-of-the-mill hatred and racism—by its sweeping rationalization of an insistence on violence. Berger illustrates his argument with case studies and examples from around the world and throughout history, from the destruction of Carthage by the Romans—often called “the first genocide”—to the apocalyptic jihadism of Al Qaeda, America's new “alt-right,” and the anti-Semitic conspiracy tract The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. He describes the evolution of identity movements, individual and group radicalization, and more. If we understand the causes of extremism, and the common elements of extremist movements, Berger says, we will be more effective in countering it.
How Change Happens
Authors: Sunstein Cass R. 
Published: March 2019

The different ways that social change happens, from unleashing to nudging to social cascades.
"Sunstein's book is illuminating because it puts norms at the center of how we think about change."—David Brooks, The New York Times
How does social change happen? When do social movements take off? Sexual harassment was once something that women had to endure; now a movement has risen up against it. White nationalist sentiments, on the other hand, were largely kept out of mainstream discourse; now there is no shortage of media outlets for them. In this book, with the help of behavioral economics, psychology, and other fields, Cass Sunstein casts a bright new light on how change happens.
Sunstein focuses on the crucial role of social norms—and on their frequent collapse. When norms lead people to silence themselves, even an unpopular status quo can persist. Then one day, someone challenges the norm—a child who exclaims that the emperor has no clothes; a woman who says “me too.” Sometimes suppressed outrage is unleashed, and long-standing practices fall.
Sometimes change is more gradual, as “nudges” help produce new and different decisions—apps that count calories; texted reminders of deadlines; automatic enrollment in green energy or pension plans. Sunstein explores what kinds of nudges are effective and shows why nudges sometimes give way to bans and mandates. Finally, he considers social divisions, social cascades, and “partyism,” when identification with a political party creates a strong bias against all members of an opposing party—which can both fuel and block social change.
Discrete Choice Theory of Product Differentiation
Authors: Anderson Simon P. , de Palma Andre , Thisse Jacques-Francois 
Published: March 2019

This important study shows that an understanding of product differentiation is crucial to understanding how modern market economies function and that differentiated markets can be analyzed using discrete choice models of consumer behavior.
Product differentiation - in quality, packaging, design, color, and style - has an important impact on consumer choice. It also provides a rich source of data that has been largely unexplored because there has been no generally accepted way to model the information available. This important study shows that an understanding of product differentiation is crucial to understanding how modern market economies function and that differentiated markets can be analyzed using discrete choice models of consumer behavior. It provides a valuable synthesis of existing, often highly technical work in both differentiated markets and discrete choice models and extends this work to establish a coherent theoretical underpinning for research in imperfect competition.The discrete choice approach provides an ideal framework for describing the demands for differentiated products and can be used for studying most product differentiation models in the literature. By introducing extra dimensions of product heterogeneity, the framework also provides richer models of firm location. Discrete Choice Theory of Product Differentiation introduces students and researchers to the field, starting at the beginning and moving through to frontier research. The first four chapters detail the consumer-theoretic foundations underlying choice probability systems (including an overview of the main models used in the psychological theory of choice), while the next four chapters apply the probabilistic choice approach to oligopoly models of product differentiation, product selection, and location choice. The final chapter suggests various extensions of the models presented as well topics for further research.
Modeling and Analysis of Communicating Systems
Authors: Groote Jan Friso , Mousavi Mohammad Reza 
Published: March 2019

Rigorous theory and real-world applications for modeling and analysis of the behavior of complex communicating computer systems
Complex communicating computer systems—computers connected by data networks and in constant communication with their environments—do not always behave as expected. This book introduces behavioral modeling, a rigorous approach to behavioral specification and verification of concurrent and distributed systems. It is among the very few techniques capable of modeling systems interaction at a level of abstraction sufficient for the interaction to be understood and analyzed. Offering both a mathematically grounded theory and real-world applications, the book is suitable for classroom use and as a reference for system architects.
The book covers the foundation of behavioral modeling using process algebra, transition systems, abstract data types, and modal logics. Exercises and examples augment the theoretical discussion. The book introduces a modeling language, mCRL2, that enables concise descriptions of even the most intricate distributed algorithms and protocols. Using behavioral axioms and such proof methods as confluence, cones, and foci, readers will learn how to prove such algorithms equal to their specifications. Specifications in mCRL2 can be simulated, visualized, or verified against their requirements. An extensive mCRL2 toolset for mechanically verifying the requirements is freely available online; this toolset has been successfully used to design and analyze industrial software that ranges from healthcare applications to particle accelerators at CERN. Appendixes offer material on equations and notation as well as exercise solutions.
Clinicopathological characteristics, treatment and survival of pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: a SEER population-based study
Authors: Cao Ling , Li Zhi-wen , Wang Min , Zhang Ting-ting , Bao Bo , Liu Yun-peng 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundThis study was designed to investigate the clinicopathological characteristics, treatment and survival of patients with pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC).MethodsThe Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database was utilized to identify patients diagnosed with pulmonary LCNEC between 2004 and 2013. Kaplan–Meier analysis was conducted to determine the overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) rate. Univariate survival analysis along with log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards model were employed to detect independent prognostic factors.ResultsPulmonary LCNEC accounted for 0.58% (2972/510607) of the total number of lung and bronchus carcinoma. And a total of 1,530 eligible cases were identified, with the median follow-up time of 11 months. To be specific, the 3-, 5-year OS and CSS rates were 22.8%, 16.8% and 26.5%, 20.8% respectively. Generally, pulmonary LCNEC was commonly detected in the elderly (72.2%), males (55.9%), the upper lobe (62.0%) and advanced AJCC stage (65.5%). Multivariate analysis revealed that elderly [(≥60 and <80 years) HR:1.203, 95% CI [1.053–1.375],P= 0.007; (≥80 years) HR:1.530, 95% CI [1.238–1.891],P< 0.001] and advanced AJCC stage [(stage III) HR:2.606, 95% CI [2.083–3.260],P< 0.001; (stage IV) HR:4.881, 95% CI [3.923–6.072],P< 0.001] were independent unfavorable prognostic factors, and that female (HR:0.845, 95% CI [0.754–0.947],P= 0.004)), surgery [(Segmentectomy/wedge resection) HR:0.526, 95% CI [0.413–0.669],P< 0.001; (Lobectomy/Bilobectomy) HR:0.357, 95% CI [0.290–0.440],P< 0.001;(Pneumonectomy) HR:0.491, 95% CI [0.355–0.679],P< 0.001] , chemotherapy (HR:0.442, 95% CI [0.389–0.503],P< 0.001) and radiation (HR:0.837, 95% CI [0.738–0.949],P= 0.005) were independent favorable prognostic factors.ConclusionTo sum up, age at diagnosis, sex, AJCC 8th edition stage, surgery, chemotherapy and radiation were significantly associated with OS of patients with pulmonary LCNEC.
Development of a student grading rubric and testing for interrater agreement in a doctor of chiropractic competency program
Authors: Ward Krista , Kinney Kathy , Patania Rhina , Savage Linda , Motley Jamie , Smith Monica 
Published: March 2019

Objective:
Clinical competency is integral to the doctor of chiropractic program and is dictated by the Council of Chiropractic Education accreditation standards. These meta-competencies, achieved through open-ended tasks, can be challenging for interrater agreement among multiple graders. We developed and tested interrater agreement of a newly created analytic rubric for a clinical case-based education program.

Methods:
Clinical educators and research staff collaborated on rubric development and testing over four phases. Phase 1 tailored existing institutional rubrics to the new clinical case-based program using a 4-level scale of proficiency. Phase 2 tested the performance of the pilot rubric using 16 senior intern assessments graded by four instructors using pre-established grading keys. Phases 3 and 4 refined and retested rubric versions 1 and 2 on 16 and 14 assessments, respectively.

Results:
Exact, adjacent, and pass/fail agreements between six pairs of graders were reported. The pilot rubric achieved 46% average exact, 80% average adjacent, and 63% pass/fail agreements. Rubric version 1 yielded 49% average exact, 86% average adjacent, and 70% pass/fail agreements. Rubric version 2 yielded 60% average exact, 93% average adjacent, and 81% pass/fail agreements.

Conclusion:
Our results are similar to those of other rubric interrater reliability studies. Interrater reliability improved with later versions of the rubric likely attributable to rater learning and rubric improvement. Future studies should focus on concurrent validity and comparison of student performance with grade point average and national board scores.