bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Prediction Equations for Estimating Inside Bark Diameters for Yellow-Poplar, Red Maple, and Red Pine in West Virginia
Authors: Brooks John R. , Jiang Lichun 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The ability to predict inside bark diameters was investigated using taper data for red maple, red pine and yellow-poplar from several stands in West Virginia. Inside bark estimates were based on Grosenbaugh's STX prediction equations, a segmented polynomial taper function fitted to inside bark diameter data, an existing polynomial prediction equation published for several hardwood species in this region and a nonlinear prediction equation fitted to the taper data. Grosenbaugh's STX is a computer program for processing tree measurements and includes three equations to allow flexibility and greater accuracy in predicting inside bark upper stem diameters. The nonlinear equation had the smallest overall prediction error in almost all cases investigated. The taper function had the largest error but does not require knowledge of the specific upper stem outside bark diameter. No single STX bark option was found to be optimal for all species or for a single species from two different geographic regions.
A Forest Manager's Guide to Butternut
Authors: Woeste Keith , Farlee Lenny , Ostry Michael , McKenna James , Weeks Sally 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Exotic insect pests and pathogens have dramatically reduced the quantity and quality of several trees species in North America. Butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) is one such species. This review discusses the identification of butternut, the current status of butternut, and thenature of the threats that influence its survival, all in the context of what forest managers need to know to make difficult choices they face when managing butternut. Options for encouraging regeneration are presented, as well the current status of recovery efforts.
Viability of Northern Pin and White Oak Reserve Trees in Wisconsin Scrub Oak Sites
Authors: Mujuri Elijah , Demchik Michael C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Retention of reserve trees can serve multiple objectives when harvests are conducted on scrub oak sites. The objective of the study was to determine the growth and vigor response of northern pin and white oak held as reserve trees from harvests occurring over a 15-year time period onscrub oak sites in Central Wisconsin. Reserve trees were evaluated for volume growth, epicormic branching, live crown ratio, and tree vigor. White oak maintained or improved in vigor and exhibited increased rates of volume growth with no measured mortality. Northern pin oak, although exhibitingincreased volume growth, tended to decline in vigor and experienced an overall annual mortality rate of 5.5%. For managers that are considering multiple objectives, white oak can provide a long-lived vigorous reserve tree while northern pin oak may survive but will experience decline and higherrates of mortality, which may contribute to a long-term goal of snag retention as an element of wildlife habitat.
Expected Rates of Value Growth for Individual Sugar Maple Crop Trees in the Great Lakes Region: A Comment
Authors: Wagner John E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Webster et al. (Webster et al. 2009. Expected rates of value growth for individual sugar maple crop trees in the Great Lakes region. North. J. Appl. For. 26:133‐140) discuss updated recommendations for marking individualsugar maple trees in the Great Lakes region within a selection silvicultural system based in part on current market information. They calculate the annual rate of value growth (RVG) of individual trees for a single 10-year period using an internal rate of return (IRR) formula. It is the authors'misinterpretation of the IRR and RVG as an interest or discount rate similar to that used in a net present value calculation that is the focus of this comment. The interest rate includes information not contained in the IRR and is used to estimate whether an investment (e.g., marking decisionsfor sugar maple trees) will increase (or decrease) an individual's wealth. The distinction between what the IRR or RVG describes and the interest or discount rate is critical for determining the economic and financial implications of management decisions.
Snag Longevity and Decay Class Development in a Recent Jack Pine Clearcut in Michigan
Authors: Corace R. Gregory , Seefelt Nancy E. , Goebel P. Charles , Shaw Heather L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
To better understand the factors that influence the longevity and decay class development of natural and girdled snags in jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) plantations managed for Kirtland's warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii Baird) breeding habitat in the northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan, we followed the fate of 335 jack pine and oak (Quercus spp.) snags. After 2.5 years, 41% of snags snapped or uprooted, with most snapping or uprooting occurring within the first year. Jack pine snags experienced higher rates of snapping or uprooting than oak or all other snags combined, regardless of whether natural or girdled. Girdling by itself or as an interaction term had no significant effect on snapping or uprooting for either jack pine or oak, but both diameter (P = 0.03) and height (P = 0.01) influenced snapping and uprooting in oak. Thirty months after treatment, the percentage of snags among decay classes differed between species of snag and snag types (natural-girdled), with snag height inversely related to snag decay class development. These results suggest that snag development will occur rapidly in recently clearcut jack pine stands and that higher densities of snags may be needed to be retained or created if management goals are to emulate more natural conditions.
Growing-Space Relationships in Young Even-Aged Northern Hardwood Stands Based on Individual-Tree and Plot-Level Measurements
Authors: Ray David , Yanai Ruth D. , Nyland Ralph D. , McConnell Terry R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The amount of growing space occupied by trees of given sizes and species is traditionally assessed on a plot basis, using observations from groups of trees growing within an area of fixed size. Our study combines individual-tree with plot-based observations of upper-canopy trees representing a range of shade tolerance (Fagus grandifolia ≥ Acer saccharum > Betula alleghaniensis ≥ Fraxinus americana) in three young, fully stocked, even-aged northern hardwood stands. The amount of canopy growing space used by a stem of given size was described by the ratios of crown projection area and crown surface area to stem basal area. These variables were related to species, stand, and relative basal area using analysis of covariance. Both ratios were generally highest in the youngest (19 years) stand, intermediate in the mid-aged stand (24 years), and lowest in the oldest stand (29 years). A few differences were detected among species, with shade-tolerants having larger ratios. Allometric models were used in conjunction with plot density data to estimate canopy cover at the stand level. Considerable crown overlap was indicated among upper-canopy trees in all three stands. Estimates from tree-centered plots suggested that crowns occupied 1.81 ± 0.02 times the ground area in the youngest stand and 1.45 ± 0.03 times in the mid-aged and oldest stands; when corrected for sampling bias, these ratios were at least 1.30 and 0.96, respectively. Combining individual-tree with plot-level measurements afforded a comprehensive assessment of trends in growing-space occupancy not possible using either technique alone.
Financial and Wildlife Benefits from Crop Tree Release in Pole-Sized Central Hardwood Oak Stands
Authors: Morrissey Robert C. , Saunders Michael R. , Hoover William L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We simulated growth and development from 481 plots within 21 even-aged, mixed hardwood stands (21‐35 years old) under no treatment and crop tree release (CTR) treatments using the new Central States Variant of the US Forest Service Forest Vegetation Simulator. We assumed a multiobjective approach focused on financial returns (timber production) and wildlife benefits (provision of species that produce hard mast) in crop tree selection. We compared simulation results by age class, site variables, and species groups. All age classes showed returns on investment (ROI) of 7.8% or greater, but stands 26‐35 years old exhibited greater net present values (NPVs). CTR treatments across site, as delineated by aspect and slope positions, also exhibited higher NPVs, with ROI of 8.4% or greater. North and east aspects yielded higher NPVs than south and west aspects within both no-thinning and CTR treatments, and no strong patterns of NPV or ROI emerged among slope positions. CTR treatment delayed financial maturity by 5‐10 years because of increased growth rates and assumed higher quality stems. Desirable overstory mast trees for wildlife habitat, primarily oaks (Quercus spp.) and hickory (Carya spp.), increased in importance value, and mortality of crop trees declined with CTR in all age classes. Simulated CTR treatments indicated potential benefits to enhance financial and wildlife forest values in even-aged, mixed hardwood stands.
Logging Residue Volumes and Characteristics following Integrated Roundwood and Energy-Wood Whole-Tree Harvesting in Central Maine
Authors: Briedis Julia I. , Wilson Jeremy S. , Benjamin Jeffrey G. , Wagner Robert G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Integrated roundwood and energy-wood whole-tree, partial harvesting has become common in Maine over the past decade, yet there is limited information about the volume and characteristics of logging residues left behind on such harvest sites. To better inform forest managers about the downed woody material remaining after whole-tree partial harvesting, we measured downed wood volume and characteristics on 12 harvested sites in central Maine using line intersect sampling. All sites were harvested using mechanical systems (feller-bunchers and grapple skidders) within a year prior to sampling. The mean volume of downed wood across all sites was 726 ± 57 ft3/ac (±SE), 47% of which was residue generated by the harvest. The variability of residue volumes was higher within sites (coefficients of variation between 36 and 69%) than between sites (coefficient of variation, 27%). Coarse woody material between 3 and 6 in. in diameter at the large end dominated the postharvest debris, while logs greater than 10 in. in diameter were scarce. The majority of harvest-generated downed wood was in decay class 1, whereas preharvest debris consisted of mostly decay classes 2, 3, and 4. The volumes of downed wood remaining on the study sites were within the range of volumes found on other managed sites of similar forest types. However, further research is necessary to assess whether these amounts and characteristics are adequate for long-term maintenance of ecological processes.
Hybrid Aspen Response to Shearing in Minnesota: Implications for Biomass Production
Authors: Domke Grant M. , David Andrew J. , D'Amato Anthony W. , Ek Alan R. , Wycoff Gary W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
There is great potential for the production of woody biomass feedstocks from hybrid aspen stands; however, little is known about the response of these systems to silvicultural treatments, such as shearing. We sought to address this need by integrating results from more than 20 years of individual tree and yield measurements in hybrid aspen (Populus tremuloides Mich. × P. tremula L.) stands in north central Minnesota. Specifically, tree and stand-level responses are described in terms of sucker density, early diameter and height characteristics, volume, and biomass production. Overall, shearing treatments increased the density of hybrid aspen stems, relative to preshear densities at the same age. In addition, average stem diameter and volume as well as stand-level biomass were considerably greater in hybrid aspen stands relative to similarly aged native aspen stands also established via shearing treatment. These findings illustrate that coppice systems using hybrid aspen provide great potential to rapidly produce biomass feedstocks, with little management investment.
A Height Growth Model and Associated Growth Intercept Models for Estimating Site Index in Black Spruce (Picea mariana Mill. B.S.P.) Plantations in Northern Ontario, Canada
Authors: Kwiaton Martin M. , Wang Jian R. , Reid Douglas E.B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Site quality is a key component of growth and yield models because height growth rates are known to be influenced by available site resources. Accurate prediction of future growth and yield requires site quality information for both plantations and natural stands. The forest industry in northern Ontario relies on high-quality wood and fiber from black spruce (Picea mariana Mill. B.S.P.); therefore, these tools are essential to ensure sustainable forest management. Although there are site index (SI) models for natural-origin black spruce stands in northern Ontario, models for estimating site quality of young black spruce plantations have not been developed. We used stem analysis data collected from 62 plantations (>40 years of age) of pure black spruce across northern Ontario to develop height growth, SI, and variable growth intercept models. The distinct height growth patterns we observed may be attributed to early silvicultural treatments (site preparation and herbicide) in plantations allowing black spruce trees to attain breast height (1.3 m) faster than in fire-origin stands in northern Ontario. Our models can be used to estimate site quality of black spruce plantations, a key consideration for silviculture and forest management planning. We also compare our managed stand SI model to one we developed from a comparable subset of data from black spruce growing in unmanaged stands and propose a method to assign an SI with a common base age to pure upland black spruce stands regardless of origin.
Comparing the Performance of Two Northern Hardwood Growth Projection Systems
Authors: Crow Thomas R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Growth models are increasingly being applied in forest planning and in evaluating management options. With these uses, questions arise about reliability of estimates and limits of application. Two models available for northern forests, the Stand and Tree Evaluation and Modeling System (STEMS) and the Sugar Maple Projection System (SMPS), are evaluated and compared for estimating growth in stands dominated by sugar maple. Based on comparisons of predicted to actual net growth, the generalized model STEMS performed equally well as the specialized model SMPS. Estimates of ingrowth and mortality are less satisfactory for both models.
North. J. Appl. For. 3:28-32, Mar. 1986.
Methods for Estimating the Impact of the Red Pine Shoot Moth on Volume Growth of Red Pine
Authors: Hainze John H. , Benjamin Daniel M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two methods for estimating the impact of the red pine shoot moth on the volume growth of red pine are presented. The first method utilized radial and height growth measurements from individually dissected trees to determine volume growth on a per-tree basis. Potential volume growth was estimated using a site index equation for height growth and past radial growth patterns. The second method determined volume growth on a stand basis from field measurements in sample plots. Potential volume growth was estimated using a computerized growth-and-yield model, REDPINE. The first method estimated mean volume growth losses ranging from 4% to 12% in four red pine stands infested by the shoot moth in the central Wisconsin sand plains. The second method estimated total stand volume losses ranging from 14% to 16% in the same four stands. We conclude that the first method provides more accurate estimates. North. J. Appl. For. 3:60-63, June 1986.
Selecting a Tax Rate for Use in Analyzing Forest Industry Capital Investment
Authors: Hansen Bruce G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The tax rate utilized in capital budgeting studies has a substantial effect on investment performance as estimated by the net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR). Selecting the incorrect federal income tax rate can have a profound effect on investment decisions. Although there is currently considerable discussion in Congress about changing the present tax structure, the consequences of selecting an incorrect tax rate will prevail so long as there is a graduated schedule of any kind. North. J. Appl. For. 3:101-103, Sept. 1986.
Sugarbush Management in Young Stands: Effects of Crop Tree Thinning
Authors: Voorhis Nancy G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Three thinning intensities were tested in a sugar maple sapling stand in Vermont. The results were used to develop a guide for the efficient development of desirable sugarbush trees. The guide shows thinning intensity and timing alternatives. North. J. Appl. For. 3:106-108, Sept. 1986.
Opportunities and Constraints for Wildlife Habitat Management on Private Forests of the Northeast
Authors: Brooks Robert T. , Birch Thomas W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Northeastern Forest Inventory and Analysis unit has completed one full cycle of forestland ownership surveys. The results of 14 state surveys show the majority of forestland of the region to be controlled by a large, diverse population of nonindustrial private landowners. These people are from varied background and exhibit a wide range of interests and attitudes toward wildlife, wildlife habitat, and forest management. The demographic and additional characteristics of forest landowners, together with the structural characteristics of their forestland, creates opportunities for, and constraints upon, forest management favorable for wildlife habitat improvement. North. J. Appl. For. 3:109-113, Sept. 1986.
Economic Impact of Decay on Black Walnut
Authors: Hart John H. , Baughan Rebecca , Jennings Neal E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Total volume, volume loss caused by decay, total value, and value loss to decay were determined for 920 black walnut trees during harvest in Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Sale units (total 37) ranged from 3 to 198 trees. Total volume was 133,000 bf (Doyle); total merchantable volume lost due to decay was 7450 bf, or 6%. Value of trees at the landing if they had had no decay totaled $87,600; value loss caused by decay was $11,235, or 13%. Less than 15% value loss was recorded for 28 sale units, but over 40% for 5 sale units. High levels of decay in a sale unit were often associated with previous livestock grazing, particularly swine. Other factors important in predisposing trees to decay were lightning, flooding, and mechanical injury of an undetermined nature. Guidelines are provided for reducing injuries, decay, and value losses in black walnut. North. J. Appl. For. 3:116-118, Sept. 1986.
Stocking Guides Made Dynamic
Authors: Leary Rolfe A. , Stanfield David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stocking guides have become important tools for making stand level management decisions. As presently constructed, they are used primarily for assessing the need for thinning and partial cuts given the current state of the stand. When a direction field is added to the coordinate system in which stocking guides are plotted, the guides may be used for anticipating future stand development, as well as the need for stand treatment. North. J. Appl. For. 3:139-142, Dec. 1986.
Minnesota's Logging Equipment Show: An Evaluation and Economic Impacts
Authors: Reed A. Scott , Blinn Charles R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Logging and sawmill equipment shows are held in many states to view and compare new machinery. After 30 years of such a show in Minnesota its sponsors sampled the more than 2000 attendees and 80 equipment exhibitors to characterize the people involved and to measure the 1984 event's local economic impacts. Nearly 40% of attendees were loggers, 30% spectators, and less than 10% each sawmillers or foresters. Viewing logging equipment and observing live loading competition were the top reasons cited for attendance. Direct mail was the most effective promotional technique. The average attendee spent about $60 to attend the show, while equipment exhibitors averaged nearly $860 per exhibit. Total expenditures related to the show were nearly $190,000, about 62% of which was spent by attendees. Considering the economic multiplier effect, the ultimate impact of the show on the local economy was more than a quarter of a million dollars. North. J. Appl. For. 3:163-166, Dec. 1986
Hooking Rules Increase Cable Yarder Productivity
Authors: Baumgras John E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Hooking rules designed to increase average turn volume by limiting the minimum volume yarded per turn were tested with a small skyline cable yarder. The test was conducted on a steep-slope Appalachian hardwood site, harvesting fuelwood from logging residue. Average volume per turn yarded increased from 10.0 to 12.3 ft3, increasing yarder production from 121 to 156 ft3 per hour, and reducing yarding cost from $22.74 per hundred ft3 to $17.75 per hundred ft3. These results demonstrate the feasibility of applying a simple set of hooking rules to improve the efficiency of smallwood harvesting operations. North. J. Appl. For. 4:33-35, March 1987.
Green Lumber Grade Yields from Sugar Maple and Basswood Factory Grade Logs
Authors: Yaussy Daniel A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Multivariate regression models were developed to predict green board-foot yields for the common factory-lumber grades processed from sugar maple and basswood factory grade logs. These models use the standard log measurements of grade, scaling diameter, log length, and proportion of scaling defect. Any combination of lumber grades (such as 1 Common and Better) or total yield can be predicted with these models. The coefficients presented here can be used in computer programs related to sawmill simulations, economic modeling, or log-yard inventory systems. North. J. Appl. For. 4:154-157, Sept. 1987.
Wood Borer Distribution and Damage in Decked White Spruce Logs
Authors: Post Karen E. , Werner Richard A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Densities of wood-boring beetle larvae were measured in decked white spruce logs in a clearcut and a thinned stand of white spruce in interior Alaska. Differences in borer activity and behavior were evaluated between the two sites and between log positions in the decks. Populations of the white-spotted sawyer, Monochamus scutellatus, a cerambycid, and buprestids were higher in the clearcut area where the bark of decked logs contained less moisture. Two other cerambycids, Tetropium spp., were more abundant in the partially shaded, thinned stand. The white-spotted sawyer was more abundant on the south sides and the buprestids were more common on the top sides of decked logs in the clearcut. Because the white-spotted sawyer caused the greatest damage in decked logs, we recommend locating log decks in shaded areas away from the cutting area.
North. J. Appl. For. 5:49-51, March 1988.