bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L’introduction du tirage au sort dans les élections dans la République de Genève (1691)
Authors: Barat Raphaël 
Published: June 2019

À partir de 1691, le sort intervient à deux niveaux dans les élections des magistrats de la République de Genève. Au stade de la nomination en Petit Conseil, dans les élections des auditeurs, du procureur général et du trésorier général, on « retranche » au hasard un tiers des billets, qui sont brûlés avant le dépouillement. Pour les auditeurs, le sort intervient à nouveau au stade de la « rétention » finale des prétendants par le Conseil général : avant le vote des citoyens, deux des six prétendants sont « exclus par la boule noire ». Si la pratique du « retranchement » est abandonnée en 1700, le recours aux « boules noires » continue jusqu’à la Médiation de 1738. Si les sources existantes permettent difficilement d’évaluer l’effet du sort dans les élections, nous pouvons en revanche nous pencher sur la façon dont il a été justifié lors de son introduction en 1691, et sur les problèmes qu’a pu poser sa mise en place pour les différents acteurs. Il s’agit d’abord de décourager les brigues « en rendant la nomination incertaine ». Ce recours au sort s’inscrit aussi dans une réflexion plus large sur la difficulté de moraliser les élections, et constitue une réponse aux critiques de plus en plus nombreuses sur le manque d’efficacité des serments. Nous montrerons enfin quels problèmes posait la mise en scène du tirage au sort – recours à un enfant, exclusion en Petit Conseil ou « à la vue du peuple » ?
Représentation politique et usage du tirage au sort au Mexique 1808-1857
Authors: Serafín Castro Alexei Daniel , López-Rabatel Liliane 
Published: June 2019

Le présent article a pour objectif d’exposer l’usage du tirage au sort dans le domaine politique au Mexique durant la première moitié du xix e siècle, particulièrement durant la période allant de 1808 à 1857. En désaccord avec la majorité des opinions académiques, il émet l’hypothèse que le tirage au sort ne s’éteint pas totalement avec le triomphe du paradigme de la représentation politique des parlements modernes, mais qu’il survit dans la tradition hispanique et hispano-américaine. Nous exposons sommairement l’usage que l’on fit du tirage au sort politique au cours de la Révolution libérale de 1809 et 1810, en mettant particulièrement l’accent sur le procédé électoral qui fut mis en œuvre dans le Royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne. De la même façon, nous tentons d’analyser les usages du tirage au sort dans la Constitution de Cadix de 1812 et au Mexique, avant et après l’indépendance, et ce jusqu’en 1857. Nous proposons de qualifier l’usage que l’on fit du tirage au sort dans la période qui a suivi la Constitution de Cadix de « procédure de sortie du conflit politique ».
La nomination des fonctionnaires par tirage au sort en Chine à la fin de la période impériale (1594-1911)
Authors: Will Pierre-Étienne 
Published: June 2019

Le tirage au sort des affectations de fonctionnaires locaux par le ministère de la fonction publique a été institué en 1594, à la fin de la dynastie des Ming, dans un contexte d’affrontements politiques entre factions rivales. L’objectif était de mettre le choix des postes à pourvoir, dont certains étaient considérés comme plus désirables que d’autres, à l’abri des trafics d’influence et de la corruption. Saluée au départ pour son impartialité, la procédure a très vite été critiquée pour les trucages qu’elle encourageait et parce qu’elle rendait impossible la désignation de candidats adaptés aux spécificités des postes à pourvoir. L’article montre qu’en dépit de ces oppositions, le tirage au sort d’un nombre croissant de catégories de postes administratifs est resté la norme jusqu’à la fin de la dynastie des Qing en 1911. Il a en fait cessé d’être un objet de débat à partir du tournant du xviii e siècle, en partie parce que les décisions relatives aux postes les plus importants et les plus rémunérateurs ont été progressivement transférées aux gouverneurs de province. Si elle permettait effectivement de désigner des fonctionnaires ayant déjà fait leurs preuves, cette évolution n’a fait que déplacer vers les provinces le problème de la corruption. Pour sa part, le trône se réservait de pourvoir directement les postes considérés comme stratégiques.
Castoriadis, Rancière : quels apports pour une philosophie du tirage au sort en politique ?
Authors: Moreno Pestaña José Luis , López-Rabatel Liliane 
Published: June 2019

Ce texte présente une étude des lectures de la démocratie athénienne que livrent Rancière et Castoriadis. L’objectif fondamental est de voir ce qu’ils peuvent nous apporter pour une philosophie contemporaine du tirage au sort en politique. Pour ce faire, on empruntera plusieurs voies. En premier lieu, on mènera une brève contextualisation historique de l’œuvre des deux auteurs et une réflexion sur les caractéristiques des analyses philosophiques de la démocratie athénienne. Dans un second temps, on définira l’analyse qu’ils présentent des assemblées démocratiques selon trois axes : le savoir requis pour y avoir accès, les modes d’incitation à la participation et enfin la nature des filtres moraux qui protègent les pratiques démocratiques.
La carrière militante de la référence à Bernard Manin dans les mouvements français pour le tirage au sort
Authors: Hayat Samuel 
Published: June 2019

Le livre Principes du gouvernement représentatif de Bernard Manin a joué un rôle crucial pour l’établissement d’un lien entre démocratie et tirage au sort, en théorie politique mais aussi dans le monde militant. Cet article retrace la carrière militante de cette référence. Si le tirage au sort a d’abord été défendu par des réformateurs, il devient, à partir de 2006, la revendication clé d’un mouvement citoyen animé par un partisan du « non » au Traité constitutionnel européen, Étienne Chouard. Néanmoins le livre de Manin joue plutôt un rôle légitimateur chez Chouard et plus encore les militants qui le suivent.
Prevalence of developmental delay in infants who are HIV positive
Authors: Potterton J. L. , Eales C. J. 
Published: June 2019

The presence of developmental delay in children who are HIV positive has been well described. International studies have identified 25 - 40% of HIV infected infants to have developmental delay. This study aimed to establish the prevalence of developmental delay in HIV positive infants in South Africa.The study was conducted at Coronation Hospital, Gauteng, South Africa. Infants under 12 months of age attending an out-patient follow-up clinic were assessed for developmental delay using the Neurodevelopment Assessment Score. Informed written consent was obtained from the caregivers prior to assessment. The results from 30 HIV positive and 30 HIV negative infants were analysed. Descriptive analyses were used to analyse most of the data. Data were summarised using means for continuous variables and frequencies and proportions for categorical variables. The two groups were well matched for age, weight and socio-economic status. Forty percent of the HIV positive sample presented with developmental delay compared to 13% of the HIV negative sample. The caregivers of the HIV infected children expressed a need for support groups and education on HIV and how to care for their infants. The results of this study support the findings of international studies on developmental delay in HIV infected infants.Furthermore, this study identifies the need for cost effective, innovative programmes to address the long term needs of HIV infected infants and their caregivers.
The safety of induced sputum collection in infants under the age of 18 months
Authors: Van Wyk H. , Jacquemard R. , Joubert G. 
Published: June 2019

The technique of sputum induction improves the yield of microbiological investigations for organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Pneumocystis carinii. The aim of the study was to determine the safety of this method in children under the age of 18 months. Heart rate and oxygen saturation were monitored during the procedure and compared with measurements obtained during the conventional method of sputum collection in the same patients. Patients were also observed for other possible side effects. Forty samples of sputa were obtained from 20 patients. No clinical differences in heart rate and oxygen saturation were found between the two methods. Overall, oxygen saturation measurements below 80% were recorded in three patients. Increased coughing and mild epistaxis did occur more frequently during the sputum induction method. It was concluded that sputum induction is safe in small children, but a larger sample size needs to be studied.
Comparison of effects of thrombolytic therapy and primary percutaneous coronary intervention in elderly patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction on in-hospital, six-month, and one-year mortality
Authors: Kocayigit Ibrahim , Yaylaci Selcuk , Osken Altug , Aydın Ercan , Sahinkus Salih , Can Yusuf , Genc Ahmed Bilal , Gunduz Huseyin 
Published: June 2019

IntroductionThis study aims to evaluate the effect of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and thrombolytic therapy (TT) on the in-hospital adverse events, in-hospital and long-term mortality in patients over 65 years of age with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).Material and methodsA total of 111 retrospectively screened patients (73 males, mean age: 73.4 ±5.9 years) over 65 years of age with STEMI, who underwent TT or primary PCI, were included in the study. Patients’ characteristics, in-hospital outcomes, and 6-month and 1-year mortalities were recorded.ResultsOur study was conducted with 111 patients over 65 years of age with STEMI (73 males, 38 females). Of the patients, 66 (59.5%) were treated with thrombolytics, and 45 (40.5%) patients underwent primary PCI. Door-to-needle time was 25.9 ±7.8 min in the TT group, whereas door-to-balloon time was 84.4 ±20.0 min in the PCI group. Time from symptom onset to hospital admission was 213.6 ±158.4 min in the thrombolytic group, and 166.8 ±112.8 min in the PCI group. Rescue PCI was performed in 7 (10.6%) patients in the TT group due to lack of reperfusion. Recurrent infarction was observed in 5 (7.6%) patients in the TT group and in 2 (4.4%) patients in the PCI group. Non-haemorrhagic stroke was observed in 1 (1.5%) patient in the thrombolytic-administered group and in 4 (8.9%) patients in the PCI group. No intracranial haemorrhage was observed in any patient. Major haemorrhage was observed in 4 (6.1%) patients in the TT group and in 4 (8.9%) patients in the PCI group. Six-month and 1-year mortalities were present in 15 (22.7%) patients and 19 patients in thrombolytic group, and 8 (17.8%) and 8 (17.8%) patients in the PCI group, respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that the patient’s age was the only predictor for 1-year mortality (odds ratio (OR) = 1.1, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.019–1.188, p = 0.015).ConclusionsConsidering the in-hospital adverse outcomes, in-hospital mortality, and 6-month mortality rates, TT and primary PCI have similar effects in STEMI patients aged 65 years and over according to the results of our study. Although 1-year mortality was higher in the TT group, it was not statistically significant.
Epidemiology of hypertensive heart disease in Poland: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
Authors: Miazgowski Tomasz , Kopec Jacek , Widecka Katarzyna , Miazgowski Bartosz , Kaczmarkiewicz Anna 
Published: June 2019

IntroductionHypertension may cause target organ damage leading to hyper­tensive heart disease (HHD). The burden caused by HHD in Poland has not been studied systematically. The purpose of this study was to describe the burden of HHD in Poland in terms of prevalence, mortality, disabilityadjusted life years lost (DALY) and key risk factors.Material and methodsData were obtained from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors (GBD) Study database. The GBD uses a wide range of data sources and complex statistical methods to estimate disease burden for all countries by age, sex, and year. HHD was defined by ICD-9 codes 402-402.91 and ICD-10 codes I11-I11.9. From the GBD 2016 estimates, we extracted data for Poland between 1990 and 2016.ResultsHypertensive heart disease is the fourth most important cause of cardio- and cerebrovascular death, after ischemic heart disease, stroke and cardiomyopathy. In 2016, there were about 180 000 people diagnosed with HHD in Poland and close to 5000 HHD-related deaths. HHD prevalence increased from 0.29% in 1990 to 0.47% in 2016 and was higher in women, while mortality increased from 11.2 to 12.7 per 100 000, largely due to population aging. Age-standardized death and DALY rates declined between 1990 and 2016 and were lower than in Central Europe but higher than in Western Europe.ConclusionsOur data suggest a need for national initiatives to improve the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension, slow the progression of HHD, and reduce the related risks and premature deaths.
The association of platelet counts with development and treatment for retinopathy of prematurity – is thrombocytopenia a risk factor?
Authors: Choręziak Aneta , Szpecht Dawid , Chmielarz-Czarnocińska Anna , Pawłowska Irmina , Gotz-Więckowska Anna 
Published: June 2019

IntroductionThrombocytes may regulate the activity of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), limiting neovascularization in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The aim of this study was to examine the role of platelet counts, thrombocytopenia, and infections in the pathogenesis of ROP.Material and methodsThe study included 163 preterm infants diagnosed with ROP, comparing 76 patients who required treatment with 87 patients in whom ROP resolved spontaneously (control group). Further analysis concerned 52 patients in whom a first line treatment was sufficient to stop ROP progression, and 24 patients who required re-treatment.ResultsA statistically significant difference was found in the occurrence of thrombocytopenia (p = 0.015), platelet counts before the diagnosis of ROP (p = 0.008), and the presence of late-onset infection (p = 0.007). The ROC curve analysis showed that the value of platelets above 232 × 109/l may stimulate spontaneous resolution of ROP. A significant difference between patients once treated and patients that required re-treatment was found in platelet count before the diagnosis of ROP (p = 0.017), platelet count before the first intervention (p = 0.013), and the number of transfusions (p = 0.042).ConclusionsThe results of the study confirm the association between ROP development and its severity with thrombocytopenia. While there were no differences in the occurrence of thrombocytopenia right after the birth, its episode before the diagnosis of ROP seems to be significant for ROP development. The deficiency of platelets prior to a treatment intervention may be associated with necessity of re-treatment.
New particle formation events observed at King Sejong Station, Antarctic Peninsula – Part 1: Physical characteristics and contribution to cloud condensation nuclei
Authors: Kim Jaeseok , Yoon Young Jun , Gim Yeontae , Choi Jin Hee , Kang Hyo Jin , Park Ki-Tae , Park Jiyeon , Lee Bang Yong 
Published: June 2019

Abstract. The physical characteristics of aerosol particles during
particle bursts observed at King Sejong Station in the Antarctic Peninsula from
March 2009 to December 2016 were analyzed. This study focuses on the seasonal
variation in parameters related to particle formation such as the occurrence,
formation rate (FR) and growth rate (GR), condensation sink (CS) and source
rate of condensable vapor. The number concentrations during new particle
formation (NPF) events varied from 1707 to 83 120 cm−3, with an
average of 20 649 ± 9290 cm−3, and the duration of the NPF
events ranged from 0.6 to 14.4 h, with a mean of 4.6±1.5 h. The NPF
event dominantly occurred during austral summer period (∼72 %). The
measured mean values of FR and GR of the aerosol particles were 2.79±1.05 cm−3 s−1 and 0.68±0.27 nm h−1, respectively,
showing enhanced rates in the summer season. The mean value of FR at King
Sejong Station was higher than that at other sites in Antarctica, at
0.002–0.3 cm−3 s−1, while those of growth rates were relatively similar to the results observed by previous studies, at 0.4–4.3 nm h−1. The derived average
values of CS and source rate of condensable vapor were (6.04±2.74)×10-3 s−1 and (5.19±3.51)×104 cm−3 s−1, respectively. The contribution of particle
formation to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration was also
investigated. The CCN concentration during the NPF period increased
by approximately 11 % compared with the background concentration. In
addition, the effects of the origin and pathway of air masses on the
characteristics of aerosol particles during a NPF event were determined. The
FRs were similar regardless of the origin and pathway, whereas the GRs of
particles originating from the Antarctic Peninsula and the Bellingshausen
Sea, at 0.77±0.25 and 0.76±0.30 nm h−1, respectively, were
higher than those of particles originating from the Weddell Sea (0.41±0.15 nm h−1).
Editorial: The publication of geoscientific model developments v1.2
Authors:   GMD executive editors
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Version 1.1 of the editorial of Geoscientific Model Development (GMD),
published in 2015 (GMD Executive Editors, 2015), introduced clarifications to the policy on publication
of source code and input data for papers published in the journal. Three
years of working with this policy has revealed that it is necessary
to be more precise in the requirements of the policy and in the narrowness of
its exceptions. Furthermore, the previous policy was not specific in the
requirements for suitable archival locations. Best practice in code and
data archiving continues to develop and is far from universal among scientists. This has
resulted in many manuscripts requiring improvement in code
and data availability practice during the peer-review process. New
researchers continually start their professional lives, and it remains the case
that not all authors fully appreciate why code and data publication
is necessary. This editorial provides an opportunity to explain this in the context of GMD. The changes in the code and data policy are summarised as follows:
The requirement for authors to publish source code, unless this
is impossible for reasons beyond their control, is clarified. The
minimum requirements are strengthened such that all model code must
be made accessible during the review process to the editor and to
potentially anonymous reviewers. Source code that can be made public
must be made public, and embargoes are not permitted. Identical
requirements exist for input data and model evaluation data sets in
the model experiment descriptions. The scope of the code and data required to be published is
described. In accordance with Copernicus' own data policy, we now
specifically strongly encourage all code and data used in any
analyses be made available. This will have particular relevance
for some model evaluation papers where editors may now strongly
request this material be made available. The requirements of suitable archival locations are specified, along
with the recommendation that Zenodo is often a good choice.
In addition, since the last editorial, an “Author contributions”
section must now be included in all manuscripts.
Predicting ocean waves along the US east coast during energetic winter storms: sensitivity to whitecapping parameterizations
Authors: Allahdadi Mohammad Nabi , He Ruoying , Neary Vincent S. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract. The performance of two methods for quantifying whitecapping
dissipation incorporated in the Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) wave model is evaluated for waves
generated along and off the US east coast under energetic winter storms
with a predominantly westerly wind. Parameterizing the whitecapping effect
can be done using the Komen-type schemes, which are based on mean spectral
parameters, or the saturation-based (SB) approach of van der Westhuysen (2007), which is based on local wave parameters and the saturation level
concept of the wave spectrum (we use “Komen” and “Westhuysen” to denote
these two approaches). Observations of wave parameters and frequency spectra
at four National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoys are used to evaluate simulation results. Model–data
comparisons show that when using the default parameters in SWAN, both Komen
and Westhuysen methods underestimate wave height. Simulations of mean wave
period using the Komen method agree with observations, but those using the
Westhuysen method are substantially lower. Examination of source terms shows
that the Westhuysen method underestimates the total energy transferred into
the wave action equations, especially in the lower frequency bands that
contain higher spectral energy. Several causes for this underestimation are
identified. The primary reason is the difference between the wave growth
conditions along the east coast during winter storms and the conditions used
for the original whitecapping formula calibration. In addition, some
deficiencies in simulation results are caused along the coast by the
“slanting fetch” effect that adds low-frequency components to the 2-D wave
spectra. These components cannot be simulated partly or entirely by
available source terms (wind input, whitecapping, and quadruplet) in models
and their interaction. Further, the effect of boundary layer instability
that is not considered in the Komen and Westhuysen whitecapping wind input
formulas may cause additional underestimation.
Algunas visiones sobre la disciplina, práctica y concepto de la salud pública
Authors: Sarmiento Julio 
Published: June 2019

Las definiciones de Salud Pública son múltiples, la OMS establece que son las acciones colectivas e individuales del estado y la sociedad civil, dirigidas a mejorar la salud de la población, pero otros autores han acentuado de manera distinta ciertos aspectos de acuerdo a su contexto político y social. En el siguiente estudio se investigan algunas visiones sobre la salud pública en la Escuela de Salud Pública Dr. Salvador Allende de la Universidad de Chile, con una metodología cualitativa a través de entrevistas en profundidad a siete académicos. Se recogieron aportes de gran diversidad, muy influidos por sus vivencias. Destacaron la necesidad de entender la salud pública vinculada a la comunidad, comprometida con sus problemáticas y orientada hacia los cambios sociales. Señalan además los efectos de la dictadura y dejan ver problemáticas en torno a las consecuencias de la industria de los medicamentos, el mercado de la enfermedad, la influencia de éste sobre los contenidos de la investigación, las limitaciones para el trabajo interdisciplinario, carencias de la Escuela y la concordancia con la formación que se entrega en el pregrado y el discurso institucional.
He dejado de ser costarricense. Escritores y migración en la Costa Rica de los siglos XIX y XX
Authors: Molina Jiménez Iván 
Published: June 2019

This article explores how the experience of migration (temporary or definitive) is a differentiating process among those who have dedicated themselves to Costa Rican literature. With this purpose, the nationalist literary controversy of 1894 is reconsidered from the perspective of the cultural market problematic and its transnational dimension. The main trends are also identifiedin relation to writers of both sexes who for various reasons left Costa Rica from the end of the 19th century and throughout the 20th. Finally, the particular cases of Manuel González Zeledón, Luis Barrantes Molina and Yolanda Oreamuno Unger are analyzed to investigate how the displacement impacted their identity, their literary production and their deliberate memorial undertakings.
Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 152, 2018: 125-145