bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Host diet mediates a negative relationship between abundance and diversity ofDrosophilagut microbiota
Authors: Erkosar Berra , Yashiro Erika , Zajitschek Felix , Friberg Urban , Maklakov Alexei A. , van der Meer Jan R. , Kawecki Tadeusz J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNutrient supply to ecosystems has major effects on ecological diversity, but it is unclear to what degree the shape of this relationship is general versus dependent on the specific environment or community. Although the diet composition in terms of the source or proportions of different nutrient types is known to affect gut microbiota composition, the relationship between the quantity of nutrients supplied and the abundance and diversity of the intestinal microbial community remains to be elucidated. Here, we address this relationship using replicate populations ofDrosophila melanogastermaintained over multiple generations on three diets differing in the concentration of yeast (the only source of most nutrients). While a 6.5‐fold increase in yeast concentration led to a 100‐fold increase in the total abundance of gut microbes, it caused a major decrease in their alpha diversity (by 45–60% depending on the diversity measure). This was accompanied by only minor shifts in the taxonomic affiliation of the most common operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Thus, nutrient concentration in host diet mediates a strong negative relationship between the nutrient abundance and microbial diversity in theDrosophilagut ecosystem.
Dermal mycobacteriosis and warming sea surface temperatures are associated with elevated mortality of striped bass in Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Groner Maya L. , Hoenig John M. , Pradel Roger , Choquet Rémi , Vogelbein Wolfgang K. , Gauthier David T. , Friedrichs Marjorie A. M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTemperature is hypothesized to alter disease dynamics, particularly when species are living at or near their thermal limits. When disease occurs in marine systems, this can go undetected, particularly if the disease is chronic and progresses slowly. As a result, population‐level impacts of diseases can be grossly underestimated. Complex migratory patterns, stochasticity in recruitment, and data and knowledge gaps can hinder collection and analysis of data on marine diseases. New tools enabling quantification of disease impacts in marine environments include coupled biogeochemical hydrodynamic models (to hindcast key environmental data), and multievent, multistate mark–recapture (MMSMR) (to quantify the effects of environmental conditions on disease processes and assess population‐level impacts). We used MMSMR to quantify disease processes and population impacts in an estuarine population of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in Chesapeake Bay from 2005 to 2013. Our results supported the hypothesis that mycobacteriosis is chronic, progressive, and, frequently, lethal. Yearly disease incidence in fish age three and above was 89%, suggesting that this disease impacts nearly every adult striped bass. Mortality of diseased fish was high, particularly in severe cases, where it approached 80% in typical years. Severely diseased fish also had a 10‐fold higher catchability than healthy fish, which could bias estimates of disease prevalence. For both healthy and diseased fish, mortality increased with the modeled average summer sea surface temperature (SST) at the mouth of the Rappahannock River; in warmer summers (average SST ≥ 29°C), a cohort is predicted to experience >90% mortality in 1 year. Regression of disease signs in mildly and moderately diseased fish was <2%. These results suggest that these fish are living at their maximum thermal tolerance and that this is driving increased disease and mortality. Management of this fishery should account for the effects of temperature and disease on impacted populations.
Changes in soil fungal communities and vegetation following afforestation with Pinus tabulaeformis on the Loess Plateau
Authors: Dang Peng , Vu Ngoc Ha , Shen Zhen , Liu Jinliang , Zhao Fei , Zhu Hailan , Yu Xuan , Zhao Zhong 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSoil fungi have important effects on plant performance and nutrient cycling. To understand the dynamics of the soil fungal community and their response to changes in understory plants and soil properties after afforestation, we investigated a cropland site (CL) and three Pinus tabulaeformis plantation sites with different ages (15, 30, and 45 yr) in the Ziwuling Mountains, Loess Plateau, China. Afforestation increased the soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), ‐N, and ‐N contents but decreased the available phosphorus (AP). The biomass and diversity of plants decreased in the herb layer with plantation age, and the biomass of plants increased in the shrub layer. Compared with cropland, the soil fungal diversity indices decreased significantly after afforestation. The soil fungal communities were dominated by Ascomycetes in CL and the 15‐year‐old plantation, whereas Basidiomycota dominated in the 30‐ and 45‐year‐old sites. Correlation analysis showed that the understory vegetation influenced the richness indices more than the diversity indices for the soil fungal community, and herb layer plants had stronger effects on the core soil fungal communities than the shrub layer plants. Soil organic carbon, TN, AP, C:P ratio, and N:P ratio were significantly correlated with the soil fungal communities. Moreover, the C:P ratio and N:P ratio increased as the forest age increased, thereby indicating that P was a crucial influence factor that affected the development of the soil fungal community in P. tabulaeformis plantations.
Polycentricity in the water–energy nexus: A comparison of polycentric governance traits and implications for adaptive capacity of water user associations in Spain
Authors: Villamayor‐Tomas Sergio 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper assesses the merits of polycentricity by looking at the water–energy nexus in the Spanish irrigation sector. In the last few decades, the Spanish electricity and water governance systems have transitioned from relatively monocentric, top‐down arrangements to arrangements that exhibit traits of polycentricity. This paper characterizes both governance systems against a series of polycentricity traits and provision and production activities. It then assesses the merits of the systems against the capacity of water user associations (WUAs) to adapt to water and electricity supply dynamics. The study relies on quantitative and archival data collected from a set of 38 irrigation systems located in north‐east Spain as well as secondary data from the broader water, energy and irrigation sectors. As illustrated in the analysis, WUAs can play a key role in integrating the management of water and electricity. They do so locally, via a diversity of institutional and operational adaptations. This role, however, requires sufficient levels of autonomy, clear rules that shape the interactions between WUAs and other water and electricity actors, and a relatively competitive environment.
Exploring LTE‐V link‐level performance under V‐CPS by geometry enhanced winner II channel model
Authors: Gong Yi , Wang Shengchu , Zhang Yupeng , Luo Feng , Zhang Lin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe reliable and efficient simulation of a Long‐Term Evolution‐vehicle requires a channel model that considers practical features of vehicle ad hoc networks, such as large‐scale and small‐scale fading effects from static and mobile objects. However, existing vehicle‐to‐vehicle (V2V) channel models seldom consider vehicle ad hoc networks. In this paper, we propose a geometry‐enhanced WINNER II V2V channel model, which simulates channel responses among vehicles in arbitrary locations with detailed geographical information (eg, placement of buildings). After exploiting the outlines of vehicles and buildings, line‐of‐sight/nonline‐of‐sight links are evaluated. In addition, multiple‐interaction reflections and diffractions are calculated. Then, signal variations and multilink time delays are generated. Therefore, it reflects practical communication conditions, are more reliable than existing Long‐Term Evolution V2V channel models. The model is applied to our developed link‐level simulator, which conforms to the Third‐Generation Partnership Project Release 14, and is compared with two other common channel models. Results validate the importance of the surrounding geometry compared with models with simple large‐scale and small‐scale propagation paths.
Low‐complexity networking based on joint energy efficiency in ultradense mmWave backhaul networks
Authors: Tan Zhenjie , Qu Hua , Zhao Jihong , Ren Gongye , Wang Wenjie 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAs operation cost and energy consumption problems deteriorate with network densification toward 5G, traditional radio resource management and networking strategies must be upgraded. It is observed that when the access network is dealing with a large amount of user traffic, the backhaul (BH) network turns out to be the new bottleneck hindering the cellular system from further increasing its capacity and efficiency. Although wired transmission technologies, such as passive optic fiber networks, are generally available between base stations, the resulting capital expenditure and operational expenditure are prohibitive in an ultradense deployment scenario. To redesign the BH network in 5G, multihop millimeter‐wave transmission is considered as a cost‐efficient and well‐performing candidate. In this paper, we propose a low‐complexity method based on millimeter‐wave transmission to minimize the energy consumption from both the access network and the BH network through joint admission‐power‐traffic control. Concretely, a self‐organizing heuristics is created through which the access and backhaul joint energy efficiency of both the base station and the whole system is maximized under the assumption of predefined user rate requirements. Simulation results show that our proposed method achieves significant reduction (∼95%) in algorithm execution time compared with the branch‐and‐bound search at the expense of little extra energy cost (∼7%). In addition, our proposed method satisfies the quality‐of‐service requirements of user equipment in the system with a lower transmission delay in terms of hops than that of the branch‐and‐bound search. A baseline algorithm called MR‐MPF (maximum reference signal receiver power admission control with minimum power flooding) is also compared to demonstrate our algorithm's superiority in energy saving.
Health Star Ratings: What's on the labels of Australian beverages?
Authors: Brownbill Aimee L. , Braunack‐Mayer Annette , Miller Caroline 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIssue addressedThe Health Star Rating (HSR) System provides a useful tool to communicate health and nutrition messages to consumers. Given the large contribution from sugar‐containing beverages to sugar intake in the Australian diet and the adverse health outcomes associated with frequent consumption, it is important to investigate how the HSR System is displayed on beverages. Our research measured and compared the presence of the HSR System on the labels of sugar‐containing and sugar‐free beverages in Australia.MethodsWe conducted a survey of the labels on 762 ready‐to‐drink (≤600 mL) nondairy/nonalcoholic beverages, sampled from 17 South Australian supermarkets in late 2016. We measured the presence of a star rating icon or an energy‐only icon (which is an option of the HSR System for beverages).ResultsThe HSR System was observed on 35.3% of beverages, with only 6.8% displaying a star rating icon and 28.5% displaying an energy‐only icon. When present (n = 52), star rating icons were almost universally 5 stars (94.2%), and of these, they were predominantly displayed on 100% juices (85.7%). Almost all beverages with a star rating contained high amounts of sugar; only three sugar‐free beverages displayed a star rating.ConclusionWe found that there are low uptake and limited use of the HSR System on beverages.So what?The HSR System on beverages could better achieve its objectives if the energy‐only icon were removed from the graphic options, the algorithm were adjusted so that 100% juices cannot display a 5‐star rating, and the System were made mandatory.
Risk factors for delayed social‐emotional development and behavior problems at age two: Results from the All Our Babies/Families (AOB/F) cohort
Authors: McDonald Sheila W. , Kehler Heather L. , Tough Suzanne C. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackground and AimsSocial‐emotional delays and behavioral problems at preschool age are associated with negative outcomes at school age, including ongoing behavior problems, poorer social functioning, and academic difficulties. Understanding modifiable risk factors for suboptimal development requires consideration of contemporary family circumstances to determine areas for effective early intervention to optimize development. This study aimed to identify risk factors for delayed social‐emotional development and behavior problems at age two among participants of the All Our Babies/Families cohort study.MethodsMothers (N = 1596) completed five comprehensive questionnaires spanning midpregnancy to 2 years postpartum. At child age two, behavior and competence outcomes were measured using the Brief Infant‐Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment. Chi square analysis and multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to identify key risk factors for suboptimal child outcomes. Predicted probabilities for adverse outcomes in the presence of risk were calculated.ResultsRisk factors for possible delayed social‐emotional development in children included maternal depression at 2 years postpartum (OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.63, 3.72), lower parenting self‐efficacy at 2 years postpartum (OR 2.76, 95% CI 1.51, 5.06), non‐daily play‐based interaction when child was 1 and 2 years old (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.02, 1.99), child delayed sleep initiation at 2 years of age (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.05, 2.37), and playgroup non‐attendance between 1 and 2 years postpartum (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.03, 1.99). Risk factors for possible behavior problems included lower maternal optimism during pregnancy (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.36, 2.99), maternal depression at 2 years postpartum (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.46, 3.27), difficulty balancing responsibilities at 2 years postpartum (OR 2.32 95% CI 1.55, 3.47), child second language exposure at 2 years of age (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.37, 2.58), child delayed sleep initiation at 2 years of age (OR 1.55 95% CI 1.06, 2.26), child frequent night wakings at 2 years of age (OR 2.95 95% CI 2.13, 4.10), and more screentime exposure at 2 years of age (OR 1.85 95% CI 1.34, 2.54).ConclusionsThis study suggests that addressing maternal mental health and promoting parenting strategies that encourage play‐based interaction, limiting screen time, preventing sleep problems, and engagement in informal playgroups would reduce the risk of behavior and social‐emotional problems.
Women offenders' emotional experience of crime
Authors: Ciesla Kayley , Ioannou Maria , Hammond Laura 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe main aim of the study was to examine the emotional experiences of crime amongst women offenders. With a mean age of 36.40 years (SD = 11.12), 128 women offenders completed a questionnaire exploring emotions they had experienced whilst committing a crime. Participants included incarcerated individuals as well as those in community‐based projects. Smallest space analysis of the emotions highlighted four key themes; depression, distress, elation, and calm. Results reflected the circumplex model of emotions but highlighted strong distinction between pleasure and displeasure. Overall, the majority of women reported negative emotional experiences of crime. Understanding how individuals felt during their crime commission offers alternative perspectives of criminal behaviour and a framework for future explorations. Results offer crucial insights for policy makers, criminal investigations, and therapeutic treatment options.
Memory responses by natural killer cells
Authors: Beaulieu Aimee M 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
NK cells are important mediators of immunological defense against pathogens and cancer, owing in part to their ability to directly kill infected and malignant host cells. Although historically considered cells of the innate immune system, a growing body of literature indicates that NK cells have the capacity to mount immune responses with features of immunological memory, including enhanced recall responses that are long-lived and Ag-specific. Anamnestic NK cell responses in mice have now been described in a broad range of immunological settings, including viral and bacterial infections, hapten-induced contact hypersensitivity (CHS) reactions, and alloantigen responses. Memory-like NK cell populations have also been identified in humans, most notably in the context of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Here, an overview of these studies is provided with discussion of the molecular, transcriptional, and epigenetic pathways that regulate adaptive NK cell responses.
Review on notable examples of memory immune responses by NK cells in humans and mice, and description of the molecular pathways that regulate such responses.
The impact of sex hormones on BCG-induced trained immunity
Authors: de Bree L C J , Janssen Robine , Aaby Peter , van Crevel Reinout , Joosten Leo A B , Benn Christine Stabell , Netea Mihai G 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The anti-tuberculosis vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a well-known immune modulator that induces nonspecific protective effects against heterologous infections through induction of innate immune memory, also termed “trained immunity.” In randomized trials in low weight newborns, BCG vaccination reduced neonatal mortality due to decreased incidence of sepsis and respiratory infections. In many studies, sex-differential nonspecific effects of vaccines have been observed, but the mechanisms behind these differential effects are unknown. We investigated whether the important sex hormones estrogen and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) influence BCG-induced trained immunity in human primary monocytes. Although addition of estradiol and DHT to BCG inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines after direct stimulation of human monocytes, they did not influence the induction of trained immunity by BCG. In addition, estradiol or DHT did not induce training or tolerance in monocytes themselves. We conclude that these important sex hormones are unlikely to explain the sex-differential effects after BCG vaccination. Future studies should focus on the investigation of alternative mechanisms as an explanation for sex-differential nonspecific effects of BCG vaccination.
Application of super‐resolution track‐density technique: Earlier detection of aging‐related subtle alterations than morphological changes in corpus callosum from normal population?
Authors: Wang Dan , Chen Yu‐Jie , Li Yue‐Hua 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundThere are rare quantitative fiber density measurement techniques based on voxel measure changes of each corpus callosum (CC) subsegment with age.PurposeTo observe the regularity of corpus callosum development in normal aging from subvoxel to macroscopic volume.Study TypeRetrospective.SubjectsIn all, 131 healthy volunteers divided into six age groups.Field Strength/Sequence3T MR with 32‐channel head coil T1‐3D and diffusion‐weighted imaging with six b‐values in a 30 directions sequence.AssessmentTrack‐density imaging (TDI) was used to visualize the complexity and the differences occurring in corpus callosum (CC) with age. TDI were reconstructed with a higher spatial voxel resolution of 0.1 mm subvoxel; TDI values are recognized as a subvoxel metric of real tract density. We reconstructed track density maps by using probabilistic streamline tractography combined with constrained spherical deconvolution. The CC was segmented into five subregions, and TDI, volume, and fractional anisotropy (FA) of each subregion in all the groups were measured using T1W‐3D images and compared.Statistical TestPolynomial regression was done to between age and (CC1, CC2, CC3, CC4, CC5) of TDI/volume/FA. Multiple comparisons test two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the differences between different age groups and sex groups in each subregion. Fisher's least significant difference test was used for the correction of the multiple comparisons.ResultsFrom the 20–70 age groups, TDI values of CC2, CC3, and CC4 increased until 40 years, when they were highest, and then decreased. CC2 (7.35556, 7.56587, 8.06036, 7.53841, 6.6956, 6.56494), CC3 (7.75372, 8.41447, 9.13178, 8.72605, 7.50106, 5.69513), CC4 (8.63414, 9.1518, 9.22451, 9.03154, 8.11556, 7.1967). There was a significant difference in the CC3 TDI between the 50/60 years groups and the 60/70 years groups (P = 0.03853 and 0.00285, respectively). The volumes of CC2, CC3, and CC4 increased between 30 and 50 years and decreased between 50 and 60 years, CC2 (0.06557, 0.07244, 0.08062, 0.07353, 0.08576, 0.06294), CC3 (0.03421, 0.03867, 0.03891, 0.03916, 0.03058, 0.03658), CC4 (0.0242, 0.01948, 0.02445, 0.02887, 0.01938, 0.01956). FA of CC2, CC3, and CC4 decreased between years 40 and 60.CC2 (0.45981, 0.47392, 0.45654, 0.45702, 0.39982, 0.35767), CC3 (0.4628, 0.49056, 0.49701, 0.46667, 0.44795, 0.36799), CC4 (0.46599, 0.52887, 0.4971, 0.53257, 0.42861, 0.43158).Data ConclusionTDI had high sensitivity for the detection of age‐related CC differences.Level of Evidence: 4Technical Efficacy: Stage 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:164–175.
Calcium Chloride and Calcium Gluconate in Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition Solutions with Added Cysteine: Compatibility Studies Using Laser Light Obscuration Methodology
Authors: Huston Robert K. , Christensen J. Mark , Alshahrani Sultan M. , Mohamed Sumeia M. , Heisel Carl F. , Stout Kim N. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundParenteral nutrition (PN) solutions containing calcium gluconate (CaGlu) and cysteine have elevated particle counts when analyzed using laser light obscuration (LO) as recommended by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). There are no compatibility studies for solutions compounded with cysteine and containing calcium chloride (CaCl2) using LO. The purpose of this study was to conduct compatibility testing for neonatal PN solutions containing CaCl2 and CaGlu with cysteine.MethodsSolutions of amino acids (2.5%), containing either CaCl2 or CaGlu plus potassium phosphate, were compounded with 50 and 100 mg/dL cysteine. Solutions were analyzed for particle counts using LO. Maximum concentrations tested were 20 mmol/L calcium and 15 mmol/L phosphate. Three solutions containing CaCl2 (144 total solutions) and 2 containing CaGlu (96 total solutions) and the same concentration of additives were compounded. If the average particle count of replicates exceeded USP guidelines, the solution was incompatible.ResultsAll solutions containing CaGlu had particle counts that exceeded USP guidelines for particle counts ≥10 μm (range, 86–580 particles/mL). For CaCl2, 90 of 144 solutions were compatible (range of particle counts for all solutions, 3–121 particles/mL). Maximum compatible concentrations of CaCl2 and potassium phosphate were 15 mmol/L and 12.5 mmol/L, respectively, for solutions containing both 50 and 100 mg/dL cysteine.ConclusionThis study found that neonatal PN solutions containing CaGlu with added cysteine have significantly higher particle counts, exceeding USP guidelines for compatibility, than those containing CaCl2.