bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Industrial Waste on Venezuelan Marine Water
Authors: Roberts Frank , Guarino Carmen , Arias Marlene 
Published: May 2018

The Puerto Cabello-Morón coastal area of Venezuela is an ideal location for industries that require large land areas, water, marine transportation, minimum habitation, cooling water and waste disposal options both on land and sea. However, mercury spills between 1957 and 1976 have produced concern in the entire coastal zone from Puerto Cabello to Chichiriviche (70 kilometres of coastline) and the National Park area.
MARNR, the Ministry of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources in Venezuelarequested Bechtel to evaluate the impact of the majorindustries in this area.
Bechtel's investigation included chemical, biological and toxicity analysis of the rivers, and key locations along the coast and the sea and industrial effluents. In addition, a literature search was made of any previous work to assist in the evaluation and recommendations for any necessary corrective action.
The investigation identified negative impacts due to the effluent discharge of the major industries. Recommendations for wastewater management included installation of wastewater stabilization lagoons for treatment and ocean outfalls for final effluent disposal.
Developments in Industrial Effluent Control in the United Kingdom
Authors: Fisher T. J. 
Published: May 2018

Since 1974 controls on industrial effluent dischargers in the United Kingdom have increased significantly. The Water Act 1989 transferred the Water Industry in England and Wales to the private sector and created a National Rivers Authority. A mechanism to control the input of dangerous and harmful substances into the aquatic environment was established which requires Water Service Companies (WSCs) to refer to the Secretary of State for the Environment before granting consents for discharge to public sewer.
The Environmental protection Act 1990 (EPA) further increased regulation and established the principle of Integrated Pollution Control (IPC). Operators of industrial processes listed under the Act are required to obtain authorisation from Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Pollution (HMIP) (HMIPI in Scotland) before they can operate the process.
The complexity of legislation and regulation is described and practical difficulties experienced when implementing the controls are examined, as are the relationships between the main environmental regulators together with their relative responsibilities. Also discussed are the costs associated with licensing and effluent disposal.
Engineering aspects of supercritical water oxidation
Authors: Gloyna E. F. , Li L. , McBrayer R. N. 
Published: May 2018

This paper emphasizes the engineering aspects of supercritical water oxidation (SCWO), including organic destruction, inorganic solubility, corrosion, catalysis, heat transfer, and treatability studies. The development program involving a 2.5 liter-per-minute SCWO pilot-plant is described. Also, design considerations for the commercial SCWO processing facility, including materials of construction, reactor design, heat recovery, control strategy, safety requirements, and process integration are discussed.
The University of Texas at Austin (UT) and Eco Waste Technologies (EWT), respectively, are involved in research and development of SCWO technology. This R&D effort has resulted in the design and construction of a commercial SCWO processing facility for the Texaco Chemical Company located in Austin, Texas. The facility will become operational in early 1994.
SCWO technology relies on the unique properties of supercritical water to create a useful and effective reaction medium. The SCWO system is capable of operating as a totally enclosed treatment facility, providing complete destruction, and meeting regulatory effluent requirements. As such, this technology is an environmentally attractive, safe and economic wastewater treatment and sludge disposal option.
Biological Removal of Nitrogen in Toxic Industrial Effluents, High in Ammonia
Authors: Brønd Søren , Sund Christina 
Published: May 2018

Industrial wastewaters with high ammonia concentrations, high toxicity and/or unfavourable COD/N ratio call for special attention and concern with regard to design and operation of the wastewater treatment system. Two cases are described: wastewater from a rendering plant and from a coke oven plant.
The precondition for obtaining and maintaining a nitrification process in both a rendering plant and a coke oven plant is close control and regulation of pH in the process tanks. Both high and low values of pH cause inhibition of the nitrifiers. pH should be kept in the range 6.5-7.0.
The organic fraction at the rendering plant mainly consists of easily biodegradable organic acids. The BIO-DENITRO concept has been chosen for this application and proven to be very efficient to obtain low effluent values for (NH3 + NH4)-N due to the flexibility in adjusting the phase length under variation in loadings and wastewater composition. Complete denitrification could be obtained with COD/N ratio larger than 5.
Wastewater from a coke oven plant contains compounds that are extremely toxic to the nitrifiers as for example phenol, cyanide, thiocyanate, sulphide and ammonia. Sufficient upstream buffering is essential to prevent shock loads. In order to obtain complete denitrification at the coke oven plant by using an internal carbon source, it is necessary to have an efficient ammonia stripping and phenol must not be removed from wastewater. COD/N ratio must be larger than 8 to obtain complete denitrification.
On-line monitoring of anaerobic digestion: application of a device for continuous measurement of bicarbonate alkalinity
Authors: Hawkes Freda R. , Guwy Alan J. , Hawkes Dennis L. , Rozzi Alberto G. 
Published: May 2018

Alkalinity or pH buffering capacity in anaerobic digesters is chiefly a function of bicarbonate levels, and should be within 10 to 50 mM for stable operation. A novel on-line instrument for measuring bicarbonate alkalinity has been developed, independent of titration techniques.
Using a 10 litre anaerobic filter digester operating on ice-cream wastewater, on-line measurements were made of bicarbonate alkalinity, pH, gas production and % CO2 and hydrogen concentration in the biogas during periods of organic overload. The bicarbonate alkalinity monitor was shown to be an effective instrument for monitoring instability of anaerobic digestion, and a useful tool for early warning of overloading. Moreover, in digesters fed with wastewaters containing low potential alkalinity, it allows indirect on-line determination of variations in volatile fatty acid concentration. Finally, used in conjunction with a sensor that measures CO2 in the gas, it allows an indirect but accurate determination of pH in those solutions where fouling of electrodes is severe.
Anaerobic filter and DSFF reactors in anaerobic treatment of tuna processing wastewater
Authors: Veiga M. C. , Méndez R. , Lema J. M. 
Published: May 2018

An anaerobic filter (AF) and a downflow stationary fixed film (DSFF) reactor were used for the treatment of a tuna processing wastewater. Start-up of the anaerobic reactors was improved using lactose as co-substrate. The AF removed up to 75% of the influent COD concentrations at organic loading rates (OLR) of 11-13 kg COD m−3 d−1, whereas the DSFF reactor removed 70% at 3 kg COD m−3 d−1.
Based on these results it appears that anaerobic treatment systems are applicable to tuna processing industry wastewaters and that the AF shows a much better performance, allowing higher organic loadings and COD removal efficiencies than the DSFF reactor.
Optimization of Storage/Treatment Scheme for Combined Sewer Overflows
Authors: Ashamalla Adel , Bowering Ted , Parente Mario 
Published: May 2018

The evaluation of various schemes to eliminate Combined Sewer Overflows (CSO) from the City of Toronto to the lower Don River and the shores of Lake Ontario resulted in the selection of a storage tunnel system, from which flows are pumped to a treatment facility before discharge to the receiving waters. This paper discusses the procedure used and the results obtained to optimize the combination of the storage volume and treatment rate to meet the required objectives.
To analyze the effectiveness of this scheme in reducing the number of overflow events and the total volume of the CSO, long term simulations were carried out. The City's Quantity-Quality Simulation model (QQS model, developed by Dorsch Consult) was calibrated and run for four years of rainfall record. These years were selected as two average precipitation years, a dry year and a wet year representing the last twenty years of precipitation record.
The model was used to predict the frequency of overflows resulting from different storage volumes (represented by tunnel sizes) and different treatment rates (represented by pumping rates from the tunnel). A family of curves was plotted using the QQS results, to present the relationship between the storage volume and the treatment rate vs. the effectiveness of the scheme presented by the resulting number of CSO events per year, and the percentage reduction in the overall annual CSO volume. To optimize the scheme the total cost of the storage and treatment was estimated, and a family of curves was produced among alternative schemes consisting of combinations of storage sizes and treatment rates, their effectiveness and their overall cost. The curves were plotted to present the effectiveness in the entire waterfront area, as well as the effectiveness in separate areas, since different water quality objectives were set up according to the water use activities in those areas. The procedure then identified the most cost effective combination of tunnel sizes and treatment capacity to meet the objectives in the different areas.
Anaerobic and Aerobic Treatment for AOX Removal
Authors: Ferguson John F. 
Published: May 2018

A two-year study has focused on AOX removal from bleaching wastewaters in anaerobic and aerobic biological treatment, using bench scale bioreactors operated in parallel and in series. Significantly higher removals have been found in anaerobic than in aerobic treatment. Earlier work with dilute kraft bleaching wastes has been extended in additional laboratory tests and at a nearby kraft mill. 50-75% fractions of bleaching wastes were treated. Toxicity in the anaerobic process was encountered at 85% bleach waste fractions.
Total AOX removal experienced in aerobic treatment is 30-35%, in anaerobic treatment 40-45%, and in an anaerobic/aerobic sequence 50-55%. Percentage removals were not sensitive to the fraction of bleaching wastewater. Several process modifications were attempted to try to obtain higher removals with only marginal success. Studies at a kraft mill confirmed the AOX removals that had been found in lab studies.
AOX removal occurs by several mechanisms. There is a very significant chemical or abiotic degradation that occurs after neutralization, perhaps enhanced by reductants or other inorganic salts. Biological processes are much more significant in anaerobic than in aerobic treatment. Anaerobic reductive dehalogenation affects specific chlorinated compounds and catalyzed AOX degradation is facilitated by reduced coenzymes that are produced by bacteria. Removal by sorption or insolubilization is relatively minor in aerobic and anaerobic processes.
Advanced Treatment of Paper Mill Wastewaters
Authors: Möbius Christian H. , Cordes-Tolle Maria 
Published: May 2018

Improved external treatment of wastewater has become necessary for an increasing number of paper mills in view of stringent regulations governing the protection of receiving waters. Some of these advanced treatment processes have been shown to be useful after conventional primary treatment of wastewater with low concentrations of organics resulting from wood free paper production. For more contaminated wastewaters these state of the art techniques can also be used to supplement regular treatment like activated sludge processes. In these cases the advanced treatment processes are the final stage of a chain of mechanical, physico-chemical and biological treatment steps.
The equipment and processes used for advanced treatment are sand filters, biofilters, low-capacity trickling filters, flocculation and precipitation with inorganic salts in combination with filtration or flotation. These procedures are designed mainly for a reduction in concentrations of suspended solids, COD, and phosphorus.
Examples of the technical operation of these processes are presented. Compared to the results of standard treatment processes the results of the advanced treatment are a significant improvement As requirements for effluent quality will be maximized in industrialized countries in the near future - if this has not already been done - these processes will be needed, even if the costs are high.
Combined Anaerobic/Aerobic Treatment of Peroxide Bleached TMP Mill Effluent
Authors: Driessen W. J. B. M. , Wasenius C.-O. 
Published: May 2018

In this paper combined anaerobic/aerobic treatment is illustrated by two examples at integrated pulp and paper mills with peroxide bleached TMP pulp production.
The concept of combined biological treatment is to treat the more polluted effluents from the TMP pulp mill in an anaerobic reactor and subsequently to mix them with the less concentrated effluent, for treatment by an aerobic process.
Extensive pilot research was done to confirm the feasibility of anaerobic treatment of peroxide bleached TMP mill effluent COD removal efficiencies of 55-60% were achieved at volumetric loading rates of up to 20 kg/m3/d. Possible toxic effects from peroxide could easily be neutralized by removal in a preacidification tank.
Long term full scale experience proved that combined anaerobic aerobic treatment is an attractive and reliable method for treatment of peroxide bleached TMP mill effluent.
Anaerobic 35°C and 55°C Treatment of a BCTMP/TMP Effluent: Sulphur Management Strategies
Authors: Stephenson R. J. , Branion R. M. R. , Pinder K. L. 
Published: May 2018

Pulp manufacture uses sulphur in a variety of forms and these sulphur compounds ultimately end up in the effluent. Under anaerobic conditions, sulphite and sulphate are reduced to sulphide, presenting problems of toxicity, odour, corrosion, and reduced methane yields and treatment efficiencies. The fate of these inorganic sulphur compounds in a bleached chemi-thermomechanical pulp/thermomechanical pulp (BCTMP/TMP) effluent mixture was examined in two phase anaerobic reactors at 35°C and 55°C. The following sulphur management strategies were investigated: 1) controlling the pH of the acidogenic reactor, 2) inhibiting the sulphur reducing bacteria via molybdenum addition to the feed tank, and 3) stripping the hydrogen sulphide dissolved in the methane phase reactor liquor by recycling hydrogen sulphide-free off gas. The laboratory scale experimental apparatus consisted of upflow anaerobic sludge bed pre-treatment or acidogenic reactors followed by hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge bed/fixed film methanogenic reactors.
At 35°C, controlling the pH of the acidogenic reactors with sodium carbonate from 5.5 (uncontrolled) to 8.0 in order to shift the formed sulphide species to the less toxic ionic form appeared to be ineffective in promoting wastewater treatment efficiency. Molybdenum addition to the wastewater at levels from 0.1 to 1.0 mM was effective at 1.0 mM in retarding sulphate reduction or sulphide formation. Hydrogen sulphide stripping, using ferric chloride scrubbed and recycled off gas, appeared to be the most effective means of sulphur management for this type of wastewater under these conditions.
Tbermophilic 55°C anaerobic treatment was also studied using the same effluent, inocula and sulphur management strategies. Overall, both the treatment efficiency and the sulphate reduction were lower for the thermophilic runs compared to the mesophilic runs. Raising the acidogenic phase reactor pH from 7.0 to 7.5 to 8.0 appeared to have no significant effect on organic carbon removal efficiency or on sulphate reduction. Molybdenum inhibition of sulphur reduction was not as marked as for the 1.0 mM level at 35°C, perhaps due to the already low baseline sulphate reduction efficiency at 55°C. Stripping hydrogen sulphide from the reactor liquor helped to promote the treatment efficiency and lowered the sulphide and sulphate levels. Similar to the 35°C study, sulphide removal by gas stripping appeared to be the most effective means of sulphur management
Upgrading and nitrification by submerged bio-film reactors - experiences from a large scale plant
Authors: Lessel T. H. 
Published: May 2018

The upgrading and nitrification was a requirement in 1986 for the conventional sewage treatment plant Geiselbullach, west of Munich, Germany, designed for 250 000 inhabitants equivalents. The possibility was tested to use submerged bio-film reactors in the aeration tanks to increase the MLSS concentration. Half-scale experiments were undertaken with three different reactor types. A rope type material, called Ring-laceR was selected for the large-scale application, because it did not produce anaerobic sludge deposits, as the other tested reactor types did. The design criteria had to be developed. The process operation started in January 1988; a few months later the phosphorus removal by chemical precipitation was also put into operation. After stable conditions were assured the concentration of the MLSS could be increased to about 10 g/l, due to sludge volume indices of about 50, formerly 180 to 300. A nearly complete nitrification was achieved, which could even be continued in winter times at water temperatures of 8 to 10 °C.
Many highly developed microorganisms in the sessile sludge occurred (nematodes, tubifex…), which grew excessively under certain conditions and reduced the normal bacteria to unacceptable low quantities. A worm cure could reduce the worms to acceptable counts. Problems with the longtime stability of the material arose and were investigated.
Recombinant plasmid retention and expression in bacterial biofilm cultures
Authors: Bryers James D. , Ching-Tsan Huang 
Published: May 2018

Any exposure of plasmid recombinant microorganisms to an open system environment, either inadvertently or intentionally, mandates research into those fundamental organism:plasmid processes that influence plasmid retention, transfer and expression. In open environmental systems a majority of the microbial activity occurs associated with an interface, within thin biological layers consisting of the cells and their insoluble extracellular polymer, layers known as biofilms. Thus any study regarding the fate of recombinant DNA sequences in an open system must consider processes that affect plasmid retention and expression in a biofilm culture.
Biofilm cultures were cultivated in a parallel-plate flow cell reactor using E. coli DH5α which contained a recombinant plasmid with a plasmid stability factor, parB, (pTKW106) or without (pMJR1750). Using β-galactosidase as inducible reporter protein, plasmid retention and gene expression of pMJR1750 and pTKW106, in suspended versus biofilm cultures, were studied under different carbo to nitrogen ratios and plasmid induction levels. Recombinant biofilm formation under these environmental conditions was also investigated. Biofilm net accumulation rate of E. coli DH5α (pTKW106) decreases with increasing induction levels. The β-galactosidase production and ratios of β-galactosidase to total protein increase with increasing induction levels. Synthesis rates of total RNA, β-galactosidase mRNA and rRNA in biofilm cultures of E. coli DH5α (pTKW106) increase after induction by IPTG.
Application of the EU bathing water directive to the design of marine sewage disposal systems
Authors: Christoulas D. G. , Andreadakis A. D. 
Published: May 2018

A mathematical model for the design of marine sewage disposal systems in accordance with the criteria of the EU Bathing Water Directive is developed and applied to the design of the outfall of the sewage from Athens, Greece. The model calculates the reduction of fecal coliforms due to initial and subsequent dilutions and die-off due to the effect of solar radiation and predicts the concentrations of fecal coliforms at the bathing area for specific hours and current velocities. A combination of these results with the probability distribution of the velocity of the sea currents results in a frequency distribution of fecal coliform concentrations at the bathing area, thus enabling evaluations with respect to conformity to the statistical criteria of the EU Directive.
The application of the model to the disposal system for the sewage of Athens shows that conformity, without the use of effluent disinfection, can be achieved for the nearest bathing area, located at a distance of 3.4 km from the outfall, irrespective of the definition of the bathing hours (8 am-8 pm or 24 hrs) and for a sufficiently conservative mortality rate. These results indicate that under Mediterranean or similar conditions, with typical wind induced currents, a sewage field travel distance of a few kilometres is sufficient to ensure bathing areas against infection, without the need for sewage disinfection. It should, however, be stressed that these conclusions are valid on the assumption that the sampling procedures outlined in the EU Directive refer to uniformly distributed sampling throughout the bathing period of the day or season.
Sedimentation of particles from jets discharged by ocean outfalls: a theoretical and laboratory study
Authors: Neves M. J. , Fernando H. J. S. 
Published: May 2018

Usually, ocean outfalls dispose of wastewater by means of jets discharged by multiport diffusers. Although depending on the process of pre-treatment, the effluent contains particles that may settle in the vicinity of the diffuser, originating banks of sediments with undesirable environmental impacts.
This paper reports a study with theoretical and experimental components, on the sedimentation of particles from vertical round jets. It might be considered fundamental research, because it is expected to contribute for a better understanding of two-phase flows, but many practical applications can be referred, for instance, design of ocean outfalls, industrial chimneys, studies of sedimentation in lakes, volcanoes, etc.
The study provides practical criteria to predict the distance that particles will travel before settling, as well as their concentration on the ground.
The Üsküdar and Baltalimani sea outfalls of the Istanbul sewerage project: A construction case history
Authors: Sayinli Teoman , Yigit Selahattin 
Published: May 2018

The Baltalimani (BL) and Üsküdar (Ü) Sea Outfalls are situated on two coasts of the Bosphorus and are 2×300 m and 270 m long with nominal diameter ⌈ 1727 mm and ø 1219 mm, respectively. These outfalls were constructed by the Alarko Company for ISKI in the years 1988-1993 to discharge the pretreated or treated waste waters to the bottom current of the Bosphorus.
The submarine pipelines have been installed by a) bottom pulling in the dredged trench, b) short launch-way (L/W) very close to the shore, c) pulling from the same coast via an anchored pulley in Ü, and d) pulling from the other coast of the Bosphorus in BL. Preparation of the pipes, comprising of corrosion coating, cathodic protection, assembly and concrete weight coating, was performed at the Kadìköy Site. Following dredging of the offshore trenches, bedding material was laid. Meanwhile the L/Ws were fabricated and erected. Installations of the pipelines were executed by placing the pipe sections on the L/Ws, making the field joints and pulling towards the sea into the trench. After testing, the submarine pipelines were covered; first with a layer of gravel then with a layer of armour stone and connected to the landline. Ü outfall was put into operation satisfactorily immediately upon completion.