bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Red Prometheus
Authors: Augustine Dolores L. 
Published: January 2019

This analysis of the relationship between science and totalitarian rule in one of the most technically advanced countries in the East bloc examines professional autonomy under dictatorship and the place of technology in Communist ideology.
In Cold War-era East Germany, the German tradition of science-based technology merged with a socialist system that made technological progress central to its ideology. Technology became an important part of East German socialist identity—crucial to how Communists saw their system and how citizens saw their state. In Red Prometheus, Dolores Augustine examines the relationship between a dictatorial system and the scientific and engineering communities in East Germany from the end of the Second World War through the 1980s.
Drawing on newly opened archives and extensive interviews, Augustine looks in detail at individual scientists' interactions with the East German system, examining the effectiveness of their resistance against the party's totalitarian impulses. She explains why many German scientists and engineers who were deported to the Soviet Union after World War II returned to East Germany rather than defecting to the capitalist West, traces scientists' attempts to hold on to some aspects of professional autonomy, and describes challenges to their professional identity on the factory floor. Augustine examines the quality of science and technology produced under Communist rule, looking at failed research projects and clashing cultures of innovation. She looks at technological myth-building in science fiction and propaganda. She explores individual career strategies, including the role played by gender in high-tech professions, and the ways that both enterprises and individuals responded to increasing state and party control of research during the 1980s. We cannot understand the economic choices made by East Germany, Augustine argues, unless we understand the cultural values reflected in the East German belief in technology as indispensable to progress and industrial development.
The Configuration Space Method for Kinematic Design of Mechanisms
Authors: Sacks Elisha , Joskowicz Leo 
Published: January 2019

A novel algorithmic approach to mechanism design based on a geometric representation of kinematic function called configuration space partitions.
This book presents the configuration space method for computer-aided design of mechanisms with changing part contacts. Configuration space is a complete and compact geometric representation of part motions and part interactions that supports the core mechanism design tasks of analysis, synthesis, and tolerancing. It is the first general algorithmic treatment of the kinematics of higher pairs with changing contacts. It will help designers detect and correct design flaws and unexpected kinematic behaviors, as demonstrated in the book's four case studies taken from industry. After presenting the configuration space framework and algorithms for mechanism kinematics, the authors describe algorithms for kinematic analysis, tolerancing, and synthesis based on configuration spaces. The case studies follow, illustrating the application of the configuration space method to the analysis and design of automotive, micro-mechanical, and optical mechanisms. Appendixes offer a catalog of higher-pair mechanisms and a description of HIPAIR, an open source C++ mechanical design system that implements some of the configuration space methods described in the book, including configuration space visualization and kinematic simulation. HIPAIR comes with an interactive graphical user interface and many sample mechanism input files. The Configuration Space Method for Kinematic Design of Mechanisms will be a valuable resource for students, researchers, and engineers in mechanical engineering, computer science, and robotics.
Greening Berlin
Authors: Lachmund Jens 
Published: January 2019

How plant and animal species conservation became part of urban planning in Berlin, and how the science of ecology contributed to this change.
Although nature conservation has traditionally focused on the countryside, issues of biodiversity protection also appear on the political agendas of many cities. One of the emblematic examples of this now worldwide trend has been the German city of Berlin, where, since the 1970s, urban planning has been complemented by a systematic policy of “biotope protection”—at first only in the walled city island of West Berlin, but subsequently across the whole of the reunified capital. In Greening Berlin, Jens Lachmund uses the example of Berlin to examine the scientific and political dynamics that produced this change.
After describing a tradition of urban greening in Berlin that began in the late nineteenth century, Lachmund details the practices of urban ecology and nature preservation that emerged in West Berlin after World War II and have continued in post-unification Berlin. He tells how ecologists and naturalists created an ecological understanding of urban space on which later nature-conservation policy was based. Lachmund argues that scientific change in ecology and the new politics of nature mutually shaped or “co-produced” each other under locally specific conditions in Berlin. He shows how the practices of ecologists coalesced with administrative practices to form an institutionally embedded and politically consequential “nature regime.”
Lachmund's study sheds light not only on the changing place of nature in the modern city but also on the political use of science in environmental conflicts, showing the mutual formation of science, politics, and nature in an urban context.
Producing Power
Authors: Schmid Sonja D. 
Published: January 2019

An examination of how the technical choices, social hierarchies, economic structures, and political dynamics shaped the Soviet nuclear industry leading up to Chernobyl.
The Chernobyl disaster has been variously ascribed to human error, reactor design flaws, and industry mismanagement. Six former Chernobyl employees were convicted of criminal negligence; they defended themselves by pointing to reactor design issues. Other observers blamed the Soviet style of ideologically driven economic and industrial management. In Producing Power, Sonja Schmid draws on interviews with veterans of the Soviet nuclear industry and extensive research in Russian archives as she examines these alternate accounts. Rather than pursue one “definitive” explanation, she investigates how each of these narratives makes sense in its own way and demonstrates that each implies adherence to a particular set of ideas—about high-risk technologies, human-machine interactions, organizational methods for ensuring safety and productivity, and even about the legitimacy of the Soviet state. She also shows how these attitudes shaped, and were shaped by, the Soviet nuclear industry from its very beginnings.
Schmid explains that Soviet experts established nuclear power as a driving force of social, not just technical, progress. She examines the Soviet nuclear industry's dual origins in weapons and electrification programs, and she traces the emergence of nuclear power experts as a professional community. Schmid also fundamentally reassesses the design choices for nuclear power reactors in the shadow of the Cold War's arms race.
Schmid's account helps us understand how and why a complex sociotechnical system broke down. Chernobyl, while unique and specific to the Soviet experience, can also provide valuable lessons for contemporary nuclear projects.
The Future of the Curriculum
Authors: Williamson Ben 
Published: January 2019

An examination of curriculum innovations that are shaped by new ideas about digital media and learning.
Although ideas about digital media and learning have become an important area for educational research, little attention has been given to the practical and conceptual implications for the school curriculum. In this book, Ben Williamson examines a series of contemporary curriculum innovations in the United States, Great Britain, and Australia that reflect the social and technological changes of the digital age. Arguing that the curriculum is always both forward- and rearward-looking, Williamson considers how each of these innovations represents a certain way of understanding the past while also promoting a particular vision of the future.
The curriculum initiatives are all examples of what Williamson calls “centrifugal schooling,” expressing a vision of education and learning that is decentered, distributed, and dispersed, emphasizing networks and connections. In centrifugal schooling, a curriculum is actively assembled and improvised from a heterogeneous mix of people, groups, coalitions, and institutional structures. Participants in curriculum design and planning include local governments, corporations, foundations, charities, and nongovernmental organizations.
Among the curriculum innovations Williamson examines are High Tech High, a charter school network in San Diego that integrates technical and academic education; Opening Minds, a “competence-based” curriculum used in 200 British secondary schools; and Quest to Learn, a “school for digital kids” in New York City (with a sister school in Chicago). He also describes two major partnerships: the Partnership for 21st Century Skills, which advocates for “21st century readiness” for American students; and the Whole Education Alliance in Britain, a network of “third sector” educational organizations.
Unifying the Mind
Authors: Danks David 
Published: January 2019

A novel proposal that the unified nature of our cognition can be partially explained by a cognitive architecture based on graphical models.
Our ordinary, everyday thinking requires an astonishing range of cognitive activities, yet our cognition seems to take place seamlessly. We move between cognitive processes with ease, and different types of cognition seem to share information readily. In this book, David Danks proposes a novel cognitive architecture that can partially explain two aspects of human cognition: its relatively integrated nature and our effortless ability to focus on the relevant factors in any particular situation. Danks argues that both of these features of cognition are naturally explained if many of our cognitive representations are understood to be structured like graphical models.
The computational framework of graphical models is widely used in machine learning, but Danks is the first to offer a book-length account of its use to analyze multiple areas of cognition. Danks demonstrates the usefulness of this approach by reinterpreting a variety of cognitive theories in terms of graphical models. He shows how we can understand much of our cognition—in particular causal learning, cognition involving concepts, and decision making—through the lens of graphical models, thus clarifying a range of data from experiments and introspection. Moreover, Danks demonstrates the important role that cognitive representations play in a unified understanding of cognition, arguing that much of our cognition can be explained in terms of different cognitive processes operating on a shared collection of cognitive representations. Danks's account is mathematically accessible, focusing on the qualitative aspects of graphical models and separating the formal mathematical details in the text.
Cheap and Clean
Authors: Ansolabehere Stephen , Konisky David M. 
Published: January 2019

How Americans make energy choices, why they think locally (not globally), and how this can shape U.S. energy and climate change policy.
How do Americans think about energy? Is the debate over fossil fuels highly partisan and ideological? Does public opinion about fossil fuels and alternative energies divide along the fault between red states and blue states? And how much do concerns about climate change weigh on their opinions? In Cheap and Clean, Stephen Ansolabehere and David Konisky show that Americans are more pragmatic than ideological in their opinions about energy alternatives, more unified than divided about their main concerns, and more local than global in their approach to energy.
Drawing on extensive surveys they designed and conducted over the course of a decade (in conjunction with MIT's Energy Initiative), Ansolabehere and Konisky report that beliefs about the costs and environmental harms associated with particular fuels drive public opinions about energy. People approach energy choices as consumers, and what is most important to them is simply that energy be cheap and clean. Most of us want energy at low economic cost and with little social cost (that is, minimal health risk from pollution). The authors also find that although environmental concerns weigh heavily in people's energy preferences, these concerns are local and not global. Worries about global warming are less pressing to most than worries about their own city's smog and toxic waste. With this in mind, Ansolabehere and Konisky argue for policies that target both local pollutants and carbon emissions (the main source of global warming). The local and immediate nature of people's energy concerns can be the starting point for a new approach to energy and climate change policy.
“ANTÍPODAS DAS ESPERANÇAS DE POLANYI”: CONTRARRAZÕES ÀS TEORIAS DO TRABALHO IMATERIAL
Authors: Azevedo Adriane Karina Amin , Sousa Ana Lúcia de 
Published: January 2019

<p>Busca-se, neste artigo, realizar uma breve discussão sobre a categoria marxiana trabalho, como foi apropriada ideologicamente pelas teorias do trabalho imaterial para justificar a exploração da força de trabalho no contexto das transformações tecnológicas do pós-guerra, sobretudo, no contexto da reestruturação produtiva das décadas de 1970/1980. Para isso, discorremos sobre o caráter ontológico do trabalho como valor de uso, o trabalho produtivo gerador de mais-valia, as teorias do trabalho imaterial e as mudanças no/do mundo do trabalho que refutam as teorias do trabalho imaterial e sua crítica à categoria marxiana.</p><p align="center"><strong>"ANTÍPODAS DE LAS ESPERANZAS DE POLANYI": CONTRARAZONES A LAS TEORÍAS DEL TRABAJO INMATERIAL</strong></p><p>Se busca, en este artículo, realizar una breve discusión sobre la categoría marxiana trabajo cómo fue apropiada ideológicamente por las teorías del trabajo inmaterial para justificar la explotación de la fuerza de trabajo en el contexto de las transformaciones tecnológicas de la posguerra, sobre todo, en contexto de la reestructuración productiva de las décadas de 1970/1980. Para ello, discordamos sobre el carácter ontológico del trabajo como valor de uso, el trabajo productivo generador de plusvalías, las teorías del trabajo inmaterial y los cambios en el mundo del trabajo que refuta las teorías del trabajo inmaterial y su crítica a la categoría marxiana trabajo.</p><p align="center"><strong>"ANTIPODES OF POLANYI'S HOPES": CONTRAREASONS TO THE THEORIES OF IMMATERIAL LABOR</strong></p><p>This article seeks to make a brief discussion about the work category marxian and how it was appropriated ideologically by the theories of immaterial labor to justify the exploitation of the labor force in the context of post - war technological transformations, especially in the context of productive restructuring of the 1970s and 1980s. For this, we discuss the ontological character of work as value of use, productive work generating surplus value, theories of immaterial labor and changes in the world of work that refute the theories of immaterial work and its critique of the category Marxian work.</p><p align="center"><strong><br /></strong></p>
AS CONTRIBUIÇÕES DA PEDAGOGIA HISTÓRICO-CRÍTICA PARA O ENSINO DE GEOGRAFIA
Authors: Teixeira Lucas André 
Published: January 2019

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: ";Garamond";,";serif";;">O presente ensaio apresenta algumas contribuições da pedagogia histórico-crítica para o ensino de geografia, cujas reflexões visam problematizar como este ensino se insere na educação escolar no contexto do neoliberalismo. Partindo da h</span><span style="font-family: ";Garamond";,";serif";; mso-fareast-font-family: ";Times New Roman";;">ipótese de que o esvaziamento do ensino de geografia na educação escolar é um reflexo das políticas educacionais brasileiras que se inserem no contexto do neoliberalismo, pretende-se caracterizar a diluição da perspectiva crítica nesta área do conhecimento e apresentar as contribuições da pedagogia histórico-crítica no enfrentamento e superação da ordem vigente, destacando os fundamentos necessários para a efetivação de um ensino que contribua para a construção de uma outra sociedade.</span></p>
“Reluctant to Assess Pain”: A Qualitative Study of Health Care Professionals’ Beliefs About the Role of Pain in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Lee Rebecca Rachael , Rashid Amir , Thomson Wendy , Cordingley Lis 
Published: January 2019

ObjectiveReducing pain is one of the main health priorities for children and young people with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA); however, some studies indicate that pain is not routinely assessed in this patient group. The aim of this study was to explore health care professionals’ (HCPs) beliefs about the role of pain and the prioritization of its assessment in children and young people with JIA.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were conducted with HCPs who manage children and young people with JIA in the UK (including consultant and trainee pediatric rheumatologists, nurses, physical therapists, and occupational therapists). Data were analyzed qualitatively following a framework analysis approach.ResultsTwenty‐one HCPs participated. Analyses of the data identified 6 themes, including lack of training and low confidence in pain assessment, reluctance to engage in pain discussions, low prioritization of pain assessment, specific beliefs about the nature of pain in JIA, treatment of pain in JIA, and undervaluing pain reports. Assessment of pain symptoms was regarded as a low priority and some HCPs actively avoided conversations about pain.ConclusionThese findings indicate that the assessment of pain in children and young people with JIA may be limited by knowledge, skills, and attitudinal factors. HCPs’ accounts of their beliefs about pain in JIA and their low prioritization of pain in clinical practice suggest that a shift in perceptions about pain management may be helpful for professionals managing children and young people with this condition.
Sex‐specific plasticity of reproductive allocation in response to water depth in a clonal, dioecious macrophyte
Authors: Li Lei , Barrett Spencer C. H. , Song Zhiping , Chen Jiakuan 
Published: January 2019

Premise of the StudySex‐specific differences in reproductive investment contribute to sexual dimorphism in dioecious plants. Along environmental gradients, males and females may plastically adjust reproductive allocation differently because of contrasting reproductive costs. In dioecious macrophytes, variation in water depth is likely to influence reproductive allocation but has not been investigated in detail.MethodsVallisneria spinulosa was grown in aquatic mesocosms at water depths of 50, 100 and 150 cm for 14 weeks. Plasticity in allocation was measured to investigate whether sexual dimorphism in reproductive allocation and vegetative growth changed in response to varying water depths.Key ResultsFemales invested a higher fraction of resources to sexual reproduction than males across all water depths and decreased proportional allocation to sexual structures in shallow and deep water compared to intermediate water depth. In contrast, males maintained similar sexual allocation across all water depths. Females displayed larger vegetative size than males, despite greater sexual investment, but decreased vegetative biomass more than males in shallow or deep water. The sexes invested similarly in clonal propagation by tubers at all water depths, but a trade‐off with sexual reproduction was only evident in females.ConclusionsOur results suggest that females of V. spinulosa have mechanisms to compensate for the costs of sexual reproduction in heterogeneous environments. Compared to males, females expressed greater plasticity in biomass allocated to sexual reproduction and vegetative growth in response to water depth variation. Environmental variation in underwater light availability probably caused the sex‐specific allocation strategies found in V. spinulosa.
An Insight into molecular structure and properties of flexible amorphous polymers: A molecular dynamics simulation approach
Authors: Saha Subhabrata , Bhowmick Anil K. 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTVisualization of polymer molecules by molecular dynamics simulation remains a challenging area in molecular modeling, as it involves a number of factors like type of force field, simulation time, simulation steps, and so forth. In our present study, we have used the condensed‐phase optimized molecular potentials for atomistic simulation studies (COMPASS) force field, which is specific for polymers and organic molecules, in order to visualize the macromolecular chains of various flexible amorphous polymers: natural rubber, polybutadiene rubber, styrene–butadiene rubber, nitrile rubber, polychloroprene rubber, and fluoroelastomer. The study covered a wide range from nonpolar rubbers to polar rubbers, and the COMPASS force field was promising to understand the local structure and the packing of the chains inside the simulation box. The distance between different adjacent pairs of carbon atoms within the polymer chains was discussed in detail from intramolecular radial distribution function and represented pictorially in the polymer chains. Various bond angles were also examined for further details. In addition, interchain contacts, glass‐transition temperature, and solubility parameter were predicted and compared with the experimental values. The diffusive characteristic of the chains was assessed by mean square displacement which in turn described the polymer chain mobility. In essence, the present study is expected to aid in the vivid conceptualization of molecular orientation of various polymers and would help in predicting various physical properties. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47457
New strategy for preparation of LLDPE nanocomposites through tandem catalytic system
Authors: Mohamadnia Zahra , Azimnavahsi Leila 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTTandem catalytic system composed of the ethylene trimerization catalyst CrCl3/bis(2‐butylsulfanyl‐ethyl)amine) (SNS) (I) and the ethylene copolymerization catalyst zirconocene dichloride (II) has been introduced for preparation of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE). The catalytic behavior of the novel catalyst (I) activated by modified methyl aluminoxane was tested that afforded 1‐hexene (1‐C6) with the activity of 141,370 g 1‐C6/mol‐Cr h. The butyl branches in the polymers prepared by tandem catalysis method were determined utilizing Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for the first time. The higher Cr/Zr molar ratio led to increasing the butyl content within the prepared copolymer up to 10.38 butyl branches per 1000 C in the polymer chain. LLDPE nanocomposites having different types of nanofillers (TiO2, Santa Barbara Amorphous‐15, and Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles) were prepared and analyzed by FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Increasing the sonication time up to 60 min enhanced the nanoparticles dispersion in the polymeric matrix. SEM images of the nanocomposites with various amounts of nanofillers, showed the best dispersion of the nanofillers in the presence of 50 mg nanofiller in toluene solvent. The presence of the nanofillers also increased the hydrophilicity of the polymer surface. Antibacterial activity against Gram‐negative bacteria was also observed for the prepared nanocomposites. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47497.