bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Set of Bulk Standard Specifications Set to Reduce Cost and Delays in Offshore Oil & Gas Projects
Authors: Ellingsen H. P. , Lim Y. K. , Shin H. C. , Singh K. , Kang S. Y. , Kim Y. H. , Cho S. , Ok D. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
This paper describes measures to reduce the cost and delay of large offshore projects by use of new standard specifications for bulk items developed through a Joint Industry Project (JIP) initiated in 2015. The JIP has established several new standards specifications for structure, piping and Electrical and Instrumentation (E&I) with broad participation from fabricators, class societies, operators and engineering companies. The main objective of the JIP has been to reduce cost and increase predictability without compromising quality and safety by adopting industrial agreed standard components and equipment as well as procedures.
This paper outlines examples how and why the new standard specifications will reduce Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) and delay related to bulk items and the process applied in the JIP of aligning different standards and project specifications. A gap analysis method was applied to compare overlap and differences amongst standards and criteria for selection of standards were defined to select the most appropriate requirements and specifications. Business case templates have been established, documenting many examples causing delays and misunderstandings which would be addressed and eliminated through application of the new standard specifications.
The results cover the most common bulk items such as structural steel, outfitting, piping, cables, cable trays, instrument tubing, piping insulation and monorails. In some cases, the standard specifications bridge the gaps between existing international standards such as from International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and The American Petroleum Institute (API). In other cases, new requirements and specifications fill gaps in areas with lack of details in international standards or where no international standards and codes exists. The bulk standards will remove obstacles and streamline the fabrication process to the benefit for all stakeholders in engineering, procurement and construction. Although the new standard specifications are considered a quick win to save cost on bulk items in the short term, long term efforts are required to bring alignment amongst international standards such as ISO and API.
Following the design and material standardization, the next major step to be taken by the JIP and the industry is to create common coding and data formats of design and material. This step has the potential to make a big impact for CAPEX reduction and reduced time to first oil by creating a seamless interface between engineering and fabrication.
Large Umbilical Multibore Installation
Authors: Noone Richard 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The Vashishta and S1 fields development located on the east coast of India included a main umbilical of 183mm (7.2in) installed between the onshore terminal and the S1 Subsea Distribution Unit (SDU). The main umbilical consisted of three segments; a 3.3km (2mile) onshore terminal to land fall point umbilical, a 26.4km (16.4mile) land fall point to lower multi-bore umbilical, and a 4.8km (3miles) upper multibore to the Umbilical Termination Distribution Assembly (UTDA) umbilical in approximately 280m (918ft) water depth. The main umbilical included 28 hydraulic lines, six electricals cables, and six fiber optic lines. The multibore design was required to be large enough to accommodate all the umbilical components but compact enough to install.
The installation of the 26.4km (16.4mile) umbilical required a beach pull and the lower multibore was wet stored. The installation of the 4.8km (3mile) umbilical involved the retrieval of the lower multibore, mating the lower and upper multibores, and landing the UTDA on a pre-installed mounting base. A multibore was added between the land fall point to the S1 SDU main umbilical to allow two separate vessels to perform the installation. One vessel was for the beach pull and shallow water section of the umbilical, and a second was for the deep section and UTDA landing. The beach pull and laydown of the lower multibore was performed by the McDermott Derrick Barge 30 (DB30). The lower multibore retrieval, mating, testing and installation was carried out by the McDermott Lay Vessel North Ocean 102 (NO102).
The multibore solution is not a novelty for umbilical connection; however, due to the size of the umbilical and quantity of lines, this was a project specific developed solution with significant challenges in terms of testing and installation.
The purpose of this paper is to describe the factors involved in the decision making process to add a multibore connector to the main umbilical. Also, to present the challenges associated with the different phases of its development, from initial conception to final mating, testing, overboarding and landing on the seabed.
The End of Cool Down Testing
Authors: Alfredsson Henrik , Rolland Julien 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Cool Down Testing (CDT) used to be an integral part of project execution justified in order to verify the thermal performance of an insulated subsea production system. To combat cost and schedule risk a joint venture set out to qualify Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods to fully predict the thermal performance of any insulated subsea component and/or system without the need for future CDTs. This paper outlines the results from that work where CDT data compared to simulation results prove predictability within 1 °C accuracy for the subsea system product range.
Results from simulations and full scale cool down tests on Kaombo Subsea Production System (SPS) reveal the importance of a system approach where interaction between components enables a system including thermal weak links to adhere to some of the most extreme thermal requirements seen in subsea development to date. Utilizing this approach the thermal system can be wisely managed retaining heat where available and allowing for local cold spots which, treated individually, would never meet the thermal requirement. The CFD tool enables the system provider to predictively size the insulation for the whole SPS without the need for future cool down testing. The predictive CFD tool furthermore enables a reduced execution cost and schedule risk by cutting out future cool down testing. This is especially important for small to medium sized brown field developments where cool down test avoidance constitutes considerable savings in the SPS budget. Avoiding late project findings and insulation system over-sizing to combat uncertainties also help to considerably drive down execution cost and risk for insulated subsea production systems.
Solutions to Some Mysterious SCR Hydrodynamic Behaviors and their Applications for Improved SCR Design
Authors: Yue B. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Steel Catenary Riser (SCR) is the most cost effective option for numerous deep water field developments. Despite its structural simplicity, the design and analysis of SCR's can be complex especially due to the hydrodynamic forces. This paper selects three of the unexplained observations in SCR analyses, solves the mysteries analytically, and provides recommendations accordingly for improving riser design.
The three selected observations that are not well understood occur at three distinct locations along the SCR: the hang-off, the middle section, and the Touch Down Zone (TDZ). The riser maximum stress at the hang-off can be lower when the wave particle motion is considered in the dynamic simulation compared with using vessel motion time trace only. The TDZ fatigue damage is observed to be lower when background current is applied along riser in the motion fatigue analysis, even if the current direction is perpendicular to the riser motion direction. Finally, the motion fatigue response is observed to be better with a shorter strake length compared with that of the configuration wherein the strake coverage is extended to the seabed.
The first two phenomena are generally explained by the "damping" effect, however, how the damping works was never clearly demonstrated. The third observation is actually contradictive to the damping effect as less strake length results in smaller drag forces and thus less damping. All of the above phenomena are related to the hydrodynamic forces that are exerted onto the riser by the surrounding sea water. Those forces are calculated by Morison's equation which includes drag force and inertia forces. In this paper, a detailed analytical study using Morison's equation illustrates how the drag force or inertia forces will affect the riser motion, and which force is the dominating one, for each of the three observations aforementioned.
The understanding of these riser hydrodynamic behaviors leads to improved riser design. The applications of wave hydrodynamics and background currents present more realistic riser responses and reduce conservatism and thus cost. A riser with shorter strake length but more fatigue life will result in reduced cost too provided that adequate VIV fatigue life is preserved.
The Planning and Execution of the Tortue High Rate Gas Well DST in Offshore Deep Water Mauritania
Authors: Vu Hiep S. , Guerra Mike D. , Berry Paul A. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The Greater Tortue Ahmeyim (GTA) field offshore Mauritania and Senegal is a large, deep-water gas complex with two main reservoir sequences, the Lower Cenomanian and the Albian. The area was discovered by Kosmos Energy (Kosmos) in April 2015 by the Tortue-1 discovery well. Kosmos has since successfully confirmed three major fairways of the Senegal River Trend within the broader Mauritania and Senegal basin with the Guembeul-1A, Marsouin-1, Ahmeyim-2, Teranga-1, and Yakaar-1 wells. The outboard Cretaceous petroleum system offshore Mauritania and Senegal is potentially one of the largest petroleum systems ever opened along the Atlantic Margin.
Kosmos entered into a joint venture partnership with BP in respect of its interests in Mauritania and Senegal in December 2016. Dynamic production data was desired to further appraise the Lower Cenomanian reservoirs. A fast-track Drill Stem Test (DST) was conceived, planned, and conducted on the Tortue-1 discovery well beginning in June 2017 to assist in validating reservoir connectivity, productivity, original gas-in-place, and fluid quality. The DST, operated by Kosmos on behalf of the partnership, targeted two distinct reservoirs within the Lower Cenomanian sequence. The key information extracted from the well test has been used to support the Front End Engineering Design (FEED) currently underway, with a corresponding Final Investment Decision (FID) planned in late 2018.
This paper presents the objectives and design methodology, as well as the technical and operational challenges while conducting a dual-zone, high rate gas well test in ultra deep water within a compressed time schedule. This paper also presents the technology that Kosmos and BP selected to isolate the test intervals and gather pressure and temperature data during the extended flowing and buildup periods.
Finally, the key results of the DST are highlighted that underpin the development concept for the Tortue field.
Overview of the Malikai Project
Authors: Adrian E. , Wong S. H. 
Published: April 2018

By all accounts, Malikai is a marginal field – limited reserves in challenging reservoirs, remote from existing infrastructure and in 500m water depth. The field was discovered in 2004 and initial concepts based on a standalone development were not economically viable.
The fact that it is now a producing asset is a success story built on effective collaboration, innovation and discipline execution. Shell with its JV partners (Conoco Philips, PETRONAS Carigali) reviewed the original field development and made the key decision to have Malikai as a satellite development to their Kebabangan production hub. To further reduce capital investment, the project team had to look at fit-for-purpose technical solutions (e.g. use of single casing combo top tensioned risers, tender assisted drilling). The tendering strategy allowed for maximum input from the industry while maintaining a design that remains compliant to Shell's proven deepwater design guidelines. It goes without saying that staying to cost and schedule promises took on a much heavier emphasis. Management of Change was strictly enforced. Similarly, with contract management. Key resources from Shell's center of excellence in Gulf of Mexico were mobilised to lead and deliver key components (tendons, risers). Others were on hand to provide advice and technical assurance on critical activities (integration, offshore installation, etc.). Local content and technology transfer were always important differentiators to Shell's operating model in Malaysia. This is clearly demonstrated in the make-up of the project team including its leadership. Goal Zero is a watch word especially at the main fabrication yard. The project recorded 25 million man-hours without any serious, lost-time injury and thereby keeping well below the Company's set targets.

As a result of all the efforts, Malikai registered its proud place in oil and gas records as the 1st TLP for Malaysia and Shell's 1st outside Gulf of Mexico.
Integration of Multi-Site Engineering, Procurement, Fabrication and Commissioning
Authors: Edwards S. C. , Fuller D. A. , Johnson M. K. , Nahas M. A. 
Published: April 2018

In November 2017, ExxonMobil Canada Properties (EM) started production from the world-class Hebron development located approximately 340 km offshore St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador (NL), Canada. The Hebron Platform is a standalone concrete single shaft Gravity Base Structure with an Offshore Loading System, Single Integrated Drill Rig, and Topsides production facilities capable of handling 150,000 barrels per day of crude oil.The Hebron Project was developed from Pre-FEED to Start-Up over the course of eight years in more than a dozen work sites. The project has achieved schedule commitments and liquidated more than 60 million work hours. A large contributor to success was the effective integration and management of engineering, fabrication and commissioning organizations at all work locations. This paper will explore the execution techniques which enabled the organization to successfully manage a complex scope divided amongst diverse work locations and contractors as well as describe some of the leadership and management techniques employed to create productive work behaviors across teams and work locations.
One Gulf Reaching 50 Billion Boe and Growing
Authors: Duncan Tim , Braathen Bjørn Inge , McCormack Niall , Stauble Martin , Campbell Lorna , Cizek Mark , Rasmussen Stein , Khurana Sandeep , Wilson Julie 
Published: April 2018

The Gulf of Mexico (GOM) has gone through many waves of exploration and development, each time reinventing and pushing the boundaries. Finally, the realization of crossing boundaries and combining United States and Mexico GOM into "One GOM" commercially and technically is within reach. One GOM resource base - discovered remaining to be produced and prospective - is reaching 50 billion barrels of oil equivalent (BBOE). New plays in the U.S. GOM and the opening of the Mexican GOM, coupled with innovative technological and commercial models and increasing interest from the investment community, are poised to drive value and keep this resource base and production growing further.
This manuscript sets the stage for the panel discussion scheduled for 9.30am to 12.00pm, Thursday, May 3, 2018 at the Offshore Technology Conference (OTC). The panelists are oil company executives representing small to large independents and integrated oil companies along with service providers as follows:
Tim Duncan, President and CEO, Talos Energy LLC
Bjorn Inge Braathen, SVP Exploration, Statoil
Niall McCormack, Vice President Exploration, BHP Billiton Petroleum
Martin Stauble, Vice President Exploration, Shell
Lorna Campbell, Mexico Exploration Manager, ExxonMobil
Mark Cizek, Vice President, Williams
Stein Rasmussen, Chief Strategy Officer, SBM Offshore
Sandeep Khurana, Sr. Manager, Granherne (A KBR Company) and
Julie Wilson, Director, Wood Mackenzie
Forecasting experiments of a dynamical–statistical model of the sea surface temperature anomaly field based on the improved self-memorization principle
Authors: Hong Mei , Chen Xi , Zhang Ren , Wang Dong , Shen Shuanghe , Singh Vijay P. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. With the objective of tackling the problem of inaccurate long-term El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) forecasts, this paper develops a new dynamical–statistical forecast model of the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) field. To avoid single initial prediction values, a self-memorization principle is introduced to improve the dynamical reconstruction model, thus making the model more appropriate for describing such chaotic systems as ENSO events. The improved dynamical–statistical model of the SSTA field is used to predict SSTA in the equatorial eastern Pacific and during El Niño and La Niña events. The long-term step-by-step forecast results and cross-validated retroactive hindcast results of time series T1 and T2 are found to be satisfactory, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of approximately 0.80 and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of less than 15 %. The corresponding forecast SSTA field is accurate in that not only is the forecast shape similar to the actual field but also the contour lines are essentially the same. This model can also be used to forecast the ENSO index. The temporal correlation coefficient is 0.8062, and the MAPE value of 19.55 % is small. The difference between forecast results in spring and those in autumn is not high, indicating that the improved model can overcome the spring predictability barrier to some extent. Compared with six mature models published previously, the present model has an advantage in prediction precision and length, and is a novel exploration of the ENSO forecast method.
“A Different Kind of the Same Thing”: The Early One-Act Plays of Susan Glaspell and J. M. Synge
Authors: Ben-Zvi Linda 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Although critics have cited the influence of J. M. Synge's work on that of Eugene O'Neill and Djuna Barnes, his early one-act plays also influenced another Provincetown Player, Susan Glaspell. This article discusses the ways that Synge's diction, imagery, rhythms, pauses, and silences, as well as his poetic use of language in his plays In the Shadow of the Glen and Riders to the Sea are echoed in Glaspell's Trifles and The Outside.
“A Clannish Pride”: Eugene O'Neill's Eventual Embrace of His Irish Heritage
Authors: Farrell Herman Daniel 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The plays of Eugene O'Neill dramatize acts of loyalty and honesty among members of Irish American families, from the early works (The Straw and Beyond the Horizon) to the last plays (Long Day's Journey Into Night, A Touch of the Poet, and A Moon for the Misbegotten). These virtues were not only featured in O'Neill's canon but also lived in his personal relations with kith and kin. O'Neill's embrace of his Irish heritage developed and matured over the course of several decades, from his teen years until his mid-fifties. He befriended fellow Irish writers O'Casey and Yeats and became a staunch supporter of the Irish Free State and eventually the Republic of Ireland. Over this long life's journey, O'Neill came to understand and believe that those key character traits were passed on to him via his Irish heritage, thus, encouraging him to embrace his “Irishness” with a certain “clannish pride.”
Does Total Intravenous Anesthesia With Short-acting Spinal Anesthetics in Primary Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Facilitate Early Hospital Discharge?
Authors: Klavas Derek M. , Karim Azim , Lambert Bradley S. , Ferris Marley Sam , Delgado Domenica , Incavo Stephen J. 
Published: April 2018

Introduction:
Our study assessed the effect of total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with short-acting spinal anesthesia and aggressive day-of-surgery postoperative day 0 physical therapy (POD#0 PT) on hospital length of stay (LOS) in patients who underwent primary total joint arthroplasty.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review compared the hospital LOS of 116 patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty with TIVA and short-acting spinal blockade (“Updated protocol group”) with that of the control group of 228 patients who were under standard anesthesia (“Traditional protocol group”).

Results:
Both total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty patients in the Updated protocol group had markedly reduced LOS compared with those in the Traditional protocol group (1.5 ± 0.1 days versus 2.4 ± 0.1 days; P < 0.05 and 1.4 ± 0.1 days versus 2.3 ± 0.1 days; P < 0.05). A higher proportion of patients in the Updated protocol group received at least 1 POD#0 PT session compared with those in the Traditional protocol group.

Conclusion:
Total intravenous anesthesia combined with short-acting spinal anesthetics provided the following benefits for patients who underwent primary total joint arthroplasty: more day-of-surgery PT sessions and earlier discharge by nearly 1 full day.

Level of Evidence:
III.
Gynecologic Serous Carcinoma: An Immunohistochemical Analysis of Malignant Body Fluid Specimens
Authors: Ren Shuyue , Klump William 
Published: April 2018

Context.—
Evaluation of fluid specimens involved by serous carcinoma might potentially include PAX8, GATA3, Uroplakin II, SOX2, and SALL4 antibodies. Those markers are commonly employed for diagnosing carcinomas of various types, including urothelial malignancies and germ cell tumors. There have been no comprehensive immunohistochemical studies, to our knowledge, for those markers on fluid specimens involved by serous carcinoma.

Objective.—
To evaluate immunohistochemical markers PAX8, GATA3, SOX2, uroplakin II, and SALL4 in the diagnosis of high-grade serous carcinoma in fluid specimens.

Design.—
We examined 113 fluids (96 ascites specimens and 17 pleural fluid specimens) that were positive for carcinoma. Most (94 cases; 83.2%) consisted of high-grade serous carcinoma of Müllerian origin. Nineteen cases of non–high-grade serous carcinoma (including one case of low-grade serous carcinoma) of gynecologic origin were also included as anecdotal data.

Results.—
In 113 fluid specimens with positive results for carcinoma, including nonserous types, 99 (87.6%) had positive results for PAX8, 19 (16.8%) for GATA3; 19 (16.8%) for SOX2, 23 (20.4%) for uroplakin II, and 8 (7.1%) for SALL4. Of 94 fluids (83.2%) involved with high-grade serous carcinoma, 84 (89.4%) had positive results for PAX8, 18 (19.1%) for GATA3, 17 (18.1%) for SOX2, 22 (23.4%) for uroplakin II, and 8 (8.5%) for SALL4. Some of these specimens showed reactivity for more than one immunohistochemical marker.

Conclusions.—
Most fluids involving high-grade serous carcinoma showed positive results for PAX8, and some cases expressed GATA3, SOX2, uroplakin II, and SALL4. Serous carcinoma in fluids may be positive for immunohistochemical markers not thought of traditionally as associated with gynecologic malignancy, an important consideration in avoiding misdiagnosis.