bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial and Temporal Water Quality Trends in Severn Sound, Georgian Bay, since the Introduction of Phosphorus Control Guidelines: Nutrients and Phytoplankton, 1973 to 1991
Authors: Gemza A.F. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Severn Sound continues to exhibit signs of eutrophication despite initial identification of the problem in 1969 and the construction of several sewage treatment plants since then. In general, improvements in trophic state indicators have been marginal, suggesting that the sewage treatment plants have had limited success in controlling phosphorus concentrations. These discharges likely contributed to the increased total phosphorus levels and consequently the higher phytoplankton densities of the nearshore waters. Phytoplankton biovolumes were on average one order of magnitude higher than in the open waters of Lake Huron with mean summer biovolumes as high as 8.0 mm/L. Algal biovolumes were most dense in Penetang Bay, which experienced limited exchange with the main waters of the sound. No significant long-term trends were observed. Water clarity was declining significantly, however, at a rate of -0.60 to -0.78 m/year throughout the sound except in Sturgeon Bay. Total phosphorus levels were highly variable from year to year; however, concentrations from a 20-year perspective were declining in the open waters at a rate of 0.70 µg/L/year, but response was limited in nearshore areas. In Sturgeon Bay, mean annual euphotic zone total phosphorus as well as soluble reactive phosphorus levels declined by as much as 50% following the construction of a sewage treatment plant with tertiary treatment. Phytoplankton genera typical of eutrophic waters continued to dominate the algal assemblage but members indicative of mesotrophic conditions have become apparent in some areas of the sound.
Abundance and Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Young-of-the-Year Fishes in an Altered Embayment of Lake Huron
Authors: Leslie J.K. , Timmins C.A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The ecology of young-of-the-year fishes in a small (318 ha) perturbed embayment in Severn Sound (Lake Huron) was studied for the period May to October from 1990 to 1993. Fishes were collected with a beach seine (0.3-mm mesh) and ichthyoplankton nets (0.5-mm mesh). The taxocene (17,500 specimens collected) consisted of 17 families and 31 taxa, and represented 9 ecological guilds. Most (24) taxa were found at the shore, whereas 12 taxa were collected in limnetic areas. Fish habitats were diverse and disjunctive; most fishes were associated with mixed submersed and emergent macrophytes. Relatively few fishes inhabited severely altered shoreline areas that lacked cover from predators. The assemblage may be considered as percid-centrarchid-cyprinid, with Alosa pseudoharengus sporadically co-dominant. The most common and abundant species were Lepomis gibbosus (30% of total catch) and Perca flavescens (24%).
Phosphorus and Metal Contaminant Transport in Two Southern Ontario Rivers: the Grand River and its Tributary, the Nith River
Authors: Mayer T. , Reyes E. Delos 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Water samples and suspended sediments from two southern Ontario rivers, the Grand River and its tributary, the Nith River, were analyzed to investigate the role of suspended sediments in the transport of phosphorus and metals from tributaries. Water samples were analyzed for total suspended solids, total phosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus, chloride and heavy metal concentrations. Suspended sediments were analyzed for forms of phosphorus, total and organic carbon, and heavy metals. Concentrations of total phosphorus and heavy metals in water were elevated during high flows (spring snowmelt and episodes of intensive rain events), which are characterized by high concentrations of suspended solids. On average, about half of the total phosphorus in the water (60 and 54% in the Grand and Nith rivers, respectively) was transported in the particulate form, of which about 20% is in a form that would be potentially available for biological utilization upon depletion of soluble P. Biologically inert apatite-P accounted for 25 and 19% of the total particulate P in suspended sediments from the Grand and Nith rivers, respectively, indicating that between one-fifth and one-quarter of the tributary particulate P flux is of little environmental significance. This form of particulate P showed positive correlation with discharge, indicating increased contribution of this form of P during high flows due to the channel scouring and bank erosion. This finding has important implications for the refinement of P load calculations, since it is during the wet years that P loads to the Great Lakes exceed target loads stipulated by the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, mainly because of increased tributary P contributions.
Except for apatite-P in suspended sediments from the Grand River, no statistically significant intersite differences were found in water and sediment chemistry, suggesting that there are no important sources or sinks of available phosphorus and metals between the monitored sites. River inputs from sewage treatment plants and urban runoff appear to have little effect on water quality. The lack of significant site differentiation in suspended sediments chemistry also reflects the absence of any significant chemical and/or biological processing of particles in transit and the similarity of sediment sources.
Small Lake Water Chemistry in Southern Quebec
Authors: Papineau Madeleine 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Small lakes are an important resource both in terms of number and habitat for aquatic biota. A winter survey of 25 small lakes (&lt;5 ha) was carried out in the area northwest of Quebec City in December 1991 to assess the chemical status of these lakes in relation to acidic deposition. A large number (36%) of lakes in the &lt;5 ha size class have very little acid neutralizing capacity and usually relatively high concentrations of aluminum. The average concentration of hydrogen ions, sulfates, aluminum, colour and dissolved organic carbon is higher in the group of lakes in the &lt;5 ha size class than in a group of nearby lakes in the &gt; 5 ha size class. The addition of chemical information from lakes in the &lt;5 ha class to the estimates of number of lakes in different pH classes increases the proportion of lakes with a pH at or below 5.0 from 4 to 10% and that of lakes with a pH at or below 5.5 from 17 to 24%.
A Tier-Testing Strategy for Managing Programs of Environmental Effects Monitoring
Authors: Hodson P.V. , Munkittrick K.R. , Stevens R. , Colodey A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A good environmental effects monitoring program (EEM) provides answers to clear, well-defined questions. The answers should be quantitative and lead directly to decisions about the effluent being studied and about further EEM studies. Preliminary studies should trigger more in-depth monitoring only when predefined thresholds are exceeded. When in-depth work suggests that further studies are unnecessary, there should be a return to a lower level of effort. These criteria lead directly to a tiered strategy for managing EEM that defines the sequence and choice of studies through successive cycles. The benefits of a tiered approach are (1) rules that all stakeholders can understand and comply with; (2) monitoring limited to that which is essential; and (3) assurance that all appropriate elements are included, but only when necessary. Within the context of the new pulp and paper EEM program, tier testing is an efficient, logical and systematic strategy for managing monitoring.
Étude préliminaire sur l’utilisation d’essais biochimiques pour le suivi opérationnel d’une unité de biofiltration
Authors: Le Bihan Yann , Lessard Paul , Lavoie Marc C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
L’applicabilité de tests biochimiques a été évaluée pour une éventuelle utilisation dans le cadre du suivi d’un procédé par biofiltration. Les eaux de lavage, issues de biofiltres d’une usine de la Communauté urbaine de Québec, ont été échantillonnées puis analysées pour certains tests biochimiques (déshydrogé-nase, adénosine triphosphate et hydrolases) et caractétistiques physico-chimiques. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les déshydrogénases et hydrolases pourraient servir comme outil de suivi et d’opération d’un biofiltre; ce qui ne semble pas le cas pour l’adénosine triphosphate. Une relation entre l’activité déshydrogénase et la performance du procédé, évaluée par le pourcentage d’enlèvement de la demande biochimique en oxygène a pu être établie. Différents types d’hydrolases, dont la présence semble reliée à la détérioration des performances du procédé, ont également été identifiés soit les (β-Glucosidase, (β-Glucuronidase, α-Galactosidase et une Estérase (pour les composés à 4 carbones). De plus, les résultats obtenus indiquent qu’il serait possible d’établir une prédiction de la performance variant entre 2 et 4 jours suivant l’essai biochimique.
Respirometric Evaluation of Comparative Biodegradability of Municipal and Petroleum Refinery Wastewaters
Authors: Mahendraker V. , Viraraghavan T. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate and compare aerobic biodegradation of petroleum refinery (before API separator) and municipal wastewaters using an automatic laboratory respirometer. Seed activated sludge was acclimated with a small quantity of wastewater under study, in fill and draw type reactors. Relatively high initial substrate to seed biomass ratios of 20 and 15 were used to encourage growth conditions. Each wastewater sample was diluted to five concentrations, and oxygen uptake was recorded till the beginning of the endogenous phase. Oxygen uptake data were analyzed using Monod and Haldane kinetics. Results showed that the refinery wastewater was inhibitory and kinetic data followed only the Haldane equation. However, the municipal wastewater followed Monod kinetics, except when a higher substrate concentration was used. A comparison of the kinetics led to an assessment of relative biodegradability of the wastewaters, which will be useful in understanding the impact of refinery wastewater discharge to municipal wastewater treatment systems.
Biosorption of Chromium by Canola Meal
Authors: Al-Asheh Sameer , Duvnjak Zdravko 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Canola meal (CM) was tested for its ability to adsorb Cr3+ ions from solutions. It was noticed that a decrease in the CM concentration resulted in an increase of the metal ions adsorbed per unit weight of the meal. The meal adsorbed more metal when the metal concentrations in the solutions were higher. Chromium adsorption increased with temperature between 4 and 50°C. The pH values between 5 and 7 did not have much effect on the adsorption of metal by the meal. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models fit the equilibrium data of Cr3+ reasonably well.
Determination of Benzothiazole and Alkylphosphates in Water Samples from the Great Lakes Drainage Basin by Gas Chromatography/Atomic Emission Detection
Authors: Scott Brian F. , Sverko Edward , Maguire R. James 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Benzothiazole, tri-n-butylphosphate tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, tris((β-chloro-propyDphosphate and two isomers of this last chemical were detected in all archived water extracts collected from permanent sampling stations located at Fort Erie, Niagara-on-the-Lake and Wolfe Island. The archived samples initially extracted using a Goulden large sample extractor (GLSE) after centrifuging, were analyzed using gas chromatography/atomic emission detection (GC-AED) for P-, S-, and N-containing compounds. All samples also contained atrazine and metolachlor whose concentrations had previously been determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The concentration values of atrazine in the 38 archived samples as determined by the AED method were similar to those determined by the GC/MS method. However, the concentrations of metolachlor in the 38 archived samples calculated from the GC/AED generally differed by a factor of 2 relative to concentrations determined for the extracts by GC/MS. The atrazine and metolachlor concentrations determined by GC/AED were in the range 12-141 ng/L compared to 10-89 ng/L determined using GC/MS. The trialkylphosphate concentrations were in the range 5-23 ng/L and the benzothiazole concentrations were in the range 1-10 ng/L. Other archived samples from the St. Lawrence River above and below Montréal also contained the above five trialkylphosphates and benzothiazole, as did fresh samples from the eastern and western basins of Lake Erie. Nonpolar fractions from silica gel cleanup of the St. Clair River sample extracts contained none of the compounds of interest, but the compounds were found in the methanol eluates of the cleanup column material. One sample collected from the middle of Lake Huron contained tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate. Rain samples collected about Lake Ontario contained benzothiazole and the alkylphosphates.
Zebra Mussels as Biomonitors for Organic Contaminants in the Lower Great Lakes
Authors: Comba Michael E. , Metcalfe-Smith Janice L. , Kaiser Klaus L.E. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Zebra mussels were collected from 24 sites in Lake Erie, Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River between 1990 and 1992. Composite samples of whole mussels (15 sites) or soft tissues (9 sites) were analyzed for residues of organochlo-rine pesticides and PCBs to evaluate zebra mussels as biomonitors for organic contaminants. Mussels from most sites contained measurable quantities of most of the analytes. Mean concentrations were (in ng/g, whole mussel dry weight basis) 154 ΣPCB, 8.4 ΣDDT, 3.5 Σchlordane, 3.4 Σaldrin, 1.4 ΣBHC, 1.0 Σendosulfan, 0.80 mirex and 0.40 Σchlorobenzene. Concentrations varied greatly between sites, i.e., from 22 to 497 ng/g for ΣPCB and from 0.08 to 11.6 ng/g for ΣBHC, an indication that mussels are sensitive to different levels of contamination. Levels of ΣPCB and Σendosulfan were highest in mussels from the St. Lawrence River, whereas mirex was highest in those from Lake Ontario. Overall, mussels from Lake Erie were the least contaminated. These observations agree well with the spatial contaminant trends shown by other biomoni-toring programs. PCB congener class profiles in zebra mussels are also typical for nearby industrial sources, e.g., mussels below an aluminum casting plant contained 55% di-, tri- and tetrachlorobiphenyls versus 31% in those upstream. We propose the use of zebra mussels as biomonitors of organic contamination in the Great Lakes.
Pilot-Scale Demonstration of DARAMEND Enhanced Bioremediation of Sediment Contaminated with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Hamilton Harbour
Authors: Bucens Paul , Seech Alan , Marvan Igor 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In 1992, GRACE Dearborn, Inc. was contracted by Environment Canada to conduct a field-scale demonstration of the DARAMEND bioremediation technology under the auspices of the Great Lakes Cleanup Fund's Contaminated Sediment Treatment Technology Program. The demonstration on approximately 150 tonnes of sediment dredged from Hamilton Harbour was completed by January 1994. Two distinct batches of sediment were treated. One batch of 90 tonnes of sediment, dredged directly from the harbour without any pretreatment, is the focus of this paper. Sediment was received in October 1992 and was treated through to December 1993. Treatment was conducted in an high-density polyethylene-lined treatment cell that was covered by a steel framed greenhouse. The treatment involved amending, tilling and closely controlling the sediment water content. In approximately 300 days of treatment, the level of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination was reduced from approximately 1,000 µg/g to 100 µg/g, corresponding to a destruction and removal efficiency of approximately 90%. Notably, the high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (containing 4 to 6 benzene rings) were effectively degraded to concentrations below the Ministry of the Environment and Energy’s Soil Placement Guideline for controlled fill (MOEE 1992). The trend in the data suggest that following addition of DARAMEND amendment and several months of active management, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons would continue to biodegrade as a result of the DARAMEND amendment even without active management of the sediment.
Water Quality Trends in Hamilton Harbour: 1987 to 1995
Authors: Charlton Murray N. , Le Sage Robin 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A series of water samples and Secchi depth measurements were conducted in Hamilton Harbour between 1987 and 1995. The data indicate little recent improvement in the harbour generally. Detection of real improvements may require high frequency sampling and a more extensive sample grid once a cause for improvement is in place. Some measures, such as chlorophyll and Secchi depth, approach RAP initial goals sometimes during recent years, but algal blooms still occur, which prevent attainment of satisfactory average conditions. The cause of aesthetic improvements in water clarity reported in the media was investigated with sampling along an inshore-offshore transect and intense Secchi measurements in the LaSalle Park area. The data are consistent with a transient clarifying effect of zebra mussels on structures near shore. The need to reduce nutrient loads as recommended in the Remedial Action Plan continues.
Surficial Sediments of Hamilton Harbour: Physical Properties and Basin Morphology
Authors: Rukavina N.A. , Versteeg J.K. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Studies of surficial sediments of Hamilton Harbour over the past decade have established the sediment-distribution pattern and its temporal and spatial variation. Data are now available for 226 sites sampled during 10 surveys between 1984 and 1993. They include particle size, particle density, water content, shear strength, magnetic susceptibility and sedimentation rate. The basic sediment pattern consists of inshore sands along the undeveloped north and east coasts, disturbed sandy muds along the industrial south shore, and uniform silty sediments in basin depths of 5–25 m. Sediment grain size is dependent upon both water depth and position in the basin, and grain-size statistics for the past decade indicate that the size pattern has been stable over that time span. Limited data on other physical properties give some idea of their scale but not of their areal or temporal trends. Modern sedimentation rates from 210Pb dating range from 0.067 to 0.222 g cm-2 y-1. The average rate is about five times the presettlement rate from radiocarbon dating of long piston cores and is in agreement with sediment-loading data. Reliable data on rates are difficult to obtain because of extensive disturbance of the southern half of the harbour by shipping, dredging and dumping.
Factors Influencing the Light Environment in Cootes Paradise, Hamilton Harbour, and Other Coastal Marshes of Lake Ontario
Authors: Sager Eric P.S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A common characteristic in many degraded coastal marshes of the Great Lakes is the absence of a submersed macrophyte community. A poor light environment due to high levels of turbidity is one factor which has been implicated in inhibiting their recovery. The overall purpose of this study was to examine the relative impacts of suspended materials on the light environment in turbid areas during the critical period of macrophyte germination and growth and causal factors. It also addresses the components of turbidity, partitioning these into three different types: algae (as measured by chlorophyll a), detritus and inorganic material. Through the use of least squares multiple regression, it was found that suspended inorganic material was playing the largest role in increasing light attenuation at all four sites over the course of the study. It was also found that the majority of suspended solids was made up of inorganic material. The sources of this material are discussed.
Loadings, Dynamics and Response Time of Seven Metals in Hamilton Harbour: Results of a Mass Balance Study
Authors: Diamond Miriam , Ling-Lamprecht Helen W. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Steady-state and unsteady-state mass balance models based on the QWASI fugacity/aquivalence model (Mackay 1991; Mackay and Diamond 1989) are used to describe the fate of lead, zinc, copper, cadmium, chromium, arsenic and nickel in Hamilton Harbour. To examine the effect of sediment “hot spots” on chemical dynamics in the harbour, a steady-state model with two sediment segments was developed. Model results indicate that the major contamination sources are land-based; sediments are of secondary importance as a source, and Lake Ontario can play a relatively important role as a diluent in some cases. The correspondence between measured and observed water and sediment concentrations obtained with the steady-state model suggests that average sediment concentrations are supported by present inputs rather than historical loadings. We suggest that a 20% annual loading reduction can decrease the average sediment concentrations of Zn, Cr and Cu to below the “severe effect level” of the provincial sediment quality guidelines in 2 to 6 years. The “lowest effect level” can be achieved within 10 years for As and Ni, and more than 20 years for the remaining chemicals at this loading rate. The results of the two-sediment model are illustrative since input values are uncertain, but are consistent with our understanding of harbour dynamics: the central zone accumulates more chemical and is slower to loose chemical, whereas chemical is lost from the nearshore sediment more rapidly.
Toxicity of Halifax Harbour Sediments: an Evaluation of the Microtox® Solid-Phase Test
Authors: Cook Nancy H. , Wells Peter G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Subtidal sediments were collected in Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, in July and August, 1992, to study sediment toxicity and hazards near the proposed location of a sewage treatment plant and outfall. A set of 110 samples from eight stations was evaluated. Interstitial water from surface (0-2 cm) and subsurface (2-4 cm) sediments was analyzed by the Microtox® 100% toxicity test protocol. The sediment particles were analyzed using the Microtox® solid-phase test. Interstitial water from surface and subsurface sediments from all stations was usually non-toxic, compared to a phenol standard. The mean 5 min-EC50 of surface sediments (n=57) was 5,433mg/L; the mean 5 min-EC50 of subsurface sediments (n=50) was 804 mg/L. Toxicity thresholds for the harbour sediments were compared with National Research Council marine analytical sediment reference materials and a selection of natural sediments, and ranked. An experiment with the marine reference sediments (certified for PAHs and trace metals) and their mixtures showed the ability of the solid-phase test to discriminate among different levels of contaminated sediments. Intra- and inter-sample variability in toxicity at different locations in relation to time, sediment depth, sediment properties, and types and concentrations of contaminants was evaluated by multivariate and PCA tech-niques. This laboratory-field study provided insights into the sensitivity, repro-ducibility, significance and discriminatory ability of the Microtox® solid-phase bioassay and its value in the study of complex natural sediment mixtures.