bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of enteral nutrition with total parenteral nutrition for patients with locally advanced unresectable esophageal cancer harboring dysphagia in definitive chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Furuta Mitsuhiro , Yokota Tomoya , Tsushima Takahiro , Todaka Akiko , Machida Nozomu , Hamauchi Satoshi , Yamazaki Kentaro , Fukutomi Akira , Kawai Sadayuki , Kawabata Takanori , Onozawa Yusuke , Yasui Hirofumi 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
The nutritional status of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) harboring dysphagia is often poor. The efficacy and safety of enteral nutrition (EN) versus total parenteral nutrition (TPN) have not been addressed in patients with ESCC requiring nutritional support during definitive chemoradiotherapy (dCRT).

Methods
We performed a retrospective analysis of 51 locally advanced unresectable ESCC patients with dysphagia receiving EN (n = 28) or TPN (n = 23) during dCRT between 2009 and 2016.

Results
Patient characteristics in EN vs. TPN were as follows: median age (range), 67 (34 to 82) vs. 66 (57 to 83); ECOG performance status 0/1/2, 11/15/2 vs. 7/14/2; dysphagia score 2/3/4, 11/15/2 vs. 14/8/1; and primary tumor location Ce/Ut/Mt/Lt/Ae, 4/6/14/3/1 vs. 2/2/16/1/2. Median changes in serum albumin level one month after dCRT were +8.8% (−36 to 40) in EN and −12% (−64 to 29) in TPN (P = 0.00377). Weight, body mass index, and skeletal muscle area were not significantly different between the groups. Median durations of hospitalization were 50 days (18 to 72) in EN and 63 days (36 to 164) in TPN (P = 0.00302). Adverse events during dCRT in EN vs. TPN were as follows: catheter-related infection, 0 vs. 6 (27%); aspiration pneumonia, 3 (11%) vs. 2 (9%); mediastinitis, 3 (11%) vs. 1 (5%); grade ≥3 neutropenia, 6 (21%) vs. 14 (64%) (P = 0.00287); and febrile neutropenia, 0 vs. 6 (27%) (P = 0.00561).

Conclusions
EN may be advantageous for improving serum albumin level, and reducing hematological toxicity and duration of hospitalization compared with TPN during dCRT in ESCC patients.
Treatment results of 99 patients undergoing open partial hypopharyngectomy with larynx preservation
Authors: Shinozaki Takeshi , Hayashi Ryuichi , Okano Wataru , Tomioka Toshifumi , Higashino Takuya 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Objective
Hypopharyngeal cancers frequently go undetected until advanced stages. However, recent advances in endoscopic technology have enabled earlier detection of hypopharyngeal cancer. We evaluated the effectiveness of larynx-preserving surgery for hypopharyngeal cancer.

Methods
We retrospectively analyzed 99 patients with hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma who underwent partial hypopharyngectomy with larynx preservation between September 1992 and December 2009 at the National Cancer Center Hospital East. Of these, 91 patients underwent larynx-preserving surgery as initial treatment; eight patients underwent salvage surgery for recurrent disease after previous radiotherapy. Also, 9 of our patients had undergone previous radiotherapy in the head and neck for a different cancer. Before surgery, the TNM stage and tumor location was recorded. Free-flap reconstruction was performed in 60 patients, while the hypopharyngeal mucosa was closed without a free flap in 39 patients.

Results
The 5-year overall survival rate in our cohort was 66.9%, and 59 patients are currently alive without recurrence. Thirty-three patients died due to primary recurrence (n = 5), regional recurrence (n = 10), distant metastasis (n = 9), postoperative death (n = 1), and unrelated disease (n = 8). Laryngeal function could not be preserved in 19 patients, 2 of whom had undergone previous radiotherapy, and 7 of whom had undergone both previous radiotherapy and other salvage surgeries.

Conclusion
Partial hypopharyngectomy can preserve laryngeal function in patients with pharyngeal cancer with careful patient selection.
Sex-biased dispersal and inbreeding avoidance in Hokkaido brown bears
Authors: Shirane Yuri , Shimozuru Michito , Yamanaka Masami , Tsuruga Hifumi , Nakanishi Masanao , Ishinazaka Tsuyoshi , Nose Takane , Kasai Shinsuke , Shirayanagi Masataka , Masuda Yasushi , Fujimoto Yasushi , Mano Tsutomu , Sashika Mariko , Tsubota Toshio 
Published: June 2019

AbstractNatal dispersal likely plays an important role in avoiding inbreeding among large carnivores. We tested the hypothesis that male-biased dispersal reduces close inbreeding by limiting the spatial overlap of opposite-sex pairs of close relatives in brown bears (Ursus arctos) in the Shiretoko Peninsula, Hokkaido, Japan. We genotyped 837 individuals collected in 1998–2017 at 21 microsatellite loci and performed parentage analysis. To calculate natal dispersal distance, we considered the site where the mother was identified as the birthplace of her offspring, and the site where the offspring were identified as their dispersed place. As predicted, we found that dispersal distances were significantly greater for males (12.4 km ± 1.0) than for females (7.7 km ± 0.9), and those for males increased from 3 years old, indicating that males begin to disperse around the time sexual maturation begins. Relatedness decreased with distance among pairs of females, and the mean relatedness was significantly higher between pairs of females than between pairs of males or between female–male pairs within 3 km. Closely related female–male pairs rarely (5–6%) resided in close proximity (< 3 km), compared with pairs of closely related females. Our study revealed that the potential for close inbreeding was low in Hokkaido brown bears because males are effective dispersers.
Star formation quenching imprinted on the internal structure of naked red nuggets
Authors: Martín-Navarro Ignacio , van de Ven Glenn , Yıldırım Akın 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
The formation and assembly process of massive galaxies is a combination of two phases: an initial in-situ-dominated one followed by an ex-situ-dominated evolution. Separating these two contributions is therefore crucial to understand the baryonic cycle within massive haloes. A recently discovered population of so-called naked red nuggets, galaxies that shortcut the ex-situ stage preserving their pristine properties, presents a unique opportunity to study in detail star formation in massive galaxies without the confounding effect of later accretion. We investigate the spatially resolved star formation histories of a sample of 12 naked red nuggets. We measure how their radial light distributions, star formation rates, and central densities evolved in time. We find that, while forming stars, red nuggets become gradually more concentrated, reaching a maximum concentration at quenching. After being quenched, they kept forming stars in a more discy-like configuration. Our measurements suggest that supermassive black holes and host galaxies grow their mass in a self-regulated way until a characteristic M•/Mhalo is reached. Once black holes are massive enough, red nuggets get quenched and depart from the star formation main sequence. While in the main sequence, red nuggets evolve at roughly constant star formation rate. This can explain up to ∼0.3 dex of the scatter of the star formation main sequence, as well as its higher normalization observed in the early Universe. Hence, our results suggest that the main sequence is composed of populations of galaxies at different evolutionary stages and that the scatter is therefore due to secular processes.
hiss, a new tool for H i stacking: application to NIBLES spectra
Authors: Healy J , Blyth S-L , Elson E , van Driel W , Butcher Z , Schneider S , Lehnert M D , Minchin R 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
H i stacking has proven to be a highly effective tool to statistically analyse average H i properties for samples of galaxies which may or may not be directly detected. With the plethora of H i data expected from the various upcoming H i surveys with the SKA Precursor and Pathfinder telescopes, it will be helpful to standardize the way in which stacking analyses are conducted. In this work we present a new python-based package, hiss, designed to stack H i (emission and absorption) spectra in a consistent and reliable manner. As an example, we use hiss to study the H i content in various galaxy sub-samples from the NIBLES survey of SDSS galaxies which were selected to represent their entire range in total stellar mass without a prior colour selection. This allowed us to compare the galaxy colour to average H i content in both detected and non-detected galaxies. Our sample, with a stellar mass range of $10^8 \lt {{ M}}_\star \, (\text{M}_\odot) \lt 10^{12}$, has enabled us to probe the H i-to-stellar mass gas fraction relationship more than half an order of magnitude lower than in previous stacking studies.
Unusual flare activity in the extreme-velocity −81 km s−1 water-maser feature in W49N
Authors: Volvach L N , Volvach A E , Larionov M G , MacLeod G C , Wolak P 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
We report the detection of significant flaring events of the water masers associated with W49N using the radio telescopes RT-22 (Simeiz) and RT-32 (Torun). Two flares were detected between 2017 September to 2018 November. The −81 km s−1 water-maser feature reached a maximum of ∼50 kJy during these flares. The correlation of the observed exponential growth in flux density with a decreasing line width is consistent with the expected behaviour of an unsaturated maser. Possible mechanisms producing energy releases sufficient to power the water-maser flares in W49N are discussed.
Short- and long-term outcomes after incident pneumonia in adults with chronic kidney disease: a time-dependent analysis from the Stockholm CREAtinine Measurement project
Authors: Su Guobin , Trevisan Marco , Ishigami Junichi , Matsushita Kunihiro , Stålsby Lundborg Cecilia , Carrero Juan Jesus 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
Little is known about the health sequelae of pneumonia in persons with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods
We studied adults with CKD in Stockholm during 2006–11, who not previously been diagnosed with lower respiratory tract infections. We used multivariable-adjusted Cox regression with pneumonia as a time-varying exposure to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] for the events of death, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), acute kidney injury (AKI), CKD progression or hospitalization for urinary tract infections (UTIs)/sepsis. Cataract and knee/joint replacement served as negative control outcomes.

Results
We identified 71 931 adults (mean age 79 years, 59% women), of whom 8379 (12%) were diagnosed with pneumonia during follow-up; incident pneumonia was associated with 10 times higher adjusted mortality risk during the first 90 days [HR = 10.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 9.5–10.5] and double the mortality beyond 90 days from pneumonia diagnosis (HR = 2.0; 95% CI 1.9–2.1). Incident pneumonia was similarly associated with higher adjusted risk of MACE (&lt;90 days: HR = 12.6; 95% CI 12.0–13.3; ≥90 days: HR = 1.5; 95% CI 1.4–1.6). The adjusted risk of CKD progression and UTI/sepsis hospitalization was highest within 90 days from pneumonia but remained elevated thereafter. For AKI, the association with incident pneumonia was only seen within 90 days. Neither cataract nor knee/joint replacement was related to pneumonia.

Conclusions
Incident pneumonia was associated with increased risks of MACE, CKD progression, severe UTI/sepsis and death, with risks highest soon after pneumonia diagnosis but extending beyond 90 days. Our findings highlight the susceptibility for adverse outcomes of CKD patients following pneumonia diagnosis, and may inform clinical decisions regarding vaccination strategies.
Economic insecurity and political stability: a case for growth-targeting systemic vote
Authors: Matakos Konstantinos , Xefteris Dimitrios 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we focus on the years before the Great Recession (1960–2007) and, after addressing possible issues of endogeneity, we study the effects of economic fluctuations on political stability. We find that when the economy is not in turmoil, there is a strong positive relationship between unemployment (i.e the major macroeconomic determinant of economic insecurity) and electoral support for systemic parties (i.e. parties with a serious aspiration to governing). That is, democratic politics respond to increasing economic insecurity by enhancing the prospects of political stability and, consequently, economic prosperity and growth.
A Phase I, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Study of CC-11050 in People Living With HIV With Suppressed Plasma Viremia on Antiretroviral Therapy (APHRODITE)
Authors: Boulougoura Afroditi , Gabriel Erin , Laidlaw Elizabeth , Khetani Vikram , Arakawa Ken , Higgins Jeanette , Rupert Adam , Gorelick Robert J , Lumbard Keith , Pau Alice , Poole April , Kibiy Angela , Kumar Princy , Sereti Irini 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Objective
Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors (PDE4i) are novel anti-inflammatory medications that have been approved for rheumatologic diseases and have been tested as host-directed therapy in tuberculosis. We examined the safety of CC-11050, a potent PDE4i in people living with HIV (PLWH) with suppressed HIV plasma viremia. We hypothesized that CC-11050 could be used to modulate HIV-related inflammation.

Method
Thirty PLWH on antiretroviral therapy (ART) ≥ 1 year with suppressed HIV viremia were enrolled and randomized 2:1 to 12 weeks of CC-11050 200mg twice daily or placebo with follow-up at weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16. Primary endpoint was safety. Secondary endpoints were the effect of CC-11050 on cytokines, monocyte, and T-cell activation and potential pharmacokinetic interaction between CC-11050 and Efavirenz (EFV).

Results
At baseline, median age was 49.5 years and CD4 count 459 cells/µL. Most frequent adverse events (grade 1 and 2 only) in CC-11050 group were headache, diarrhea, nausea, cough, nasal congestion, and restlessness. Over a 12-week period, the CC-11050 group had lower level of IL-8, adjusted for baseline level, group, and week (0.72-fold, P = .02), lower percentage of NK cells (0.87-fold, P = .02) and higher IL-6 level (1.48-fold, P = .03) compared to placebo (0.87-fold, P = .02). CC-11050 and EFV co-administration did not reveal any pharmacokinetic interaction.

Conclusions
CC-11050 was well tolerated in PLWH, without affecting CD4 counts or plasma viremia, and led to a decrease in NK cells and plasma IL-8 level after 12-weeks of administration. Further study will be needed to elucidate the efficacy of CC-11050 as potential anti-inflammatory adjuvant strategy in HIV.
Dengue Underestimation in Guangzhou, China: Evidence of Seroprevalence in Communities With No Reported Cases Before a Large Outbreak in 2014
Authors: Jing Qinlong , Li Yilan , Liu Jianhua , Jiang Liyun , Chen Zongqiu , Su Wenzhe , Birkhead Guthrie S , Lu Jiahai , Yang Zhicong 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Objective
Dengue has become a serious public health problem in southern China particularly with a record-breaking outbreak in 2014. Serological evidence from areas with no known dengue cases reported prior to 2014 could provide information on possible unrecognized circulation of dengue virus (DENV) before this outbreak.

Method
Between March and May 2015, we performed a cross-sectional serosurvey using a stratified random sampling method among individuals aged 1–84 years-old in 7 communities in Guangzhou with no reported dengue cases before 2014. Sera of subjects were initially screened with the indirect DENV IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and positive samples were further tested by the indirect immunofluorescence assay to identify specific serotypes.

Results
A total of 850 subjects had complete information available. The overall seroprevalence against DENV was 6.59% (56 of 850; 95% CI, 4.92%–8.26%). The seroprevalence increased with age in general (3.86%, 4.58%, 8.72%, 7.22%, and 10.69% among participants in ≤14, 15–29, 30–44, 45–59 and ≥60 years age group, respectively). Living in rural or peri-urban communities and longer years of residence therein were risk factors for higher seroprevalence, whereas wearing long sleeves and pants when outdoors was associated with lower seroprevalence. Of the total subjects, 55.36% (31 of 56) sera were successfully identified with specific serotypes, with 12.90% (4 of 31) being coinfected with 2 serotypes.

Conclusions
Dengue transmission in the study communities had occurred prior to the 2014 massive outbreak, possibly for many years, but went undiagnosed and unreported. A proportion of the study population experienced secondary infection as different serotypes of DENV increased the risk for severe diseases. Active surveillance and education of both healthcare providers and the general population should be conducted in areas at risk for dengue emergence in order to better reduce disease burden.
Spectropolarimetry of the superwind filaments of the starburst galaxy M 82 II: Kinematics of the dust surrounding the nuclear starburst
Authors: Yoshida Michitoshi , Kawabata Koji S , Ohyama Youichi , Itoh Ryosuke , Hattori Takashi 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
We performed deep spectropolarimetric observations of the prototypical starburst galaxy M 82 with the Subaru Telescope in order to study the kinematics of the dust outflow. We obtained optical polarized emission-line spectra up to ∼4 kpc away from the nucleus of the galaxy along three position angles, 138°, 150°, and 179° within the conical outflowing wind (superwind). The Hα emission line in the superwind is strongly polarized and the polarization pattern shows dust scattering of central light sources, being consistent with the previous works. The intensity weighted polarization degree of the Hα line reaches ∼30% at maximum. There are at least two light sources at the central region of the galaxy; one is located at the near-infrared nucleus and the other resides at one of the peaks of the 3 mm radio and molecular gas emission. The outer (&gt;1 kpc) dust is illuminated by the former, whereas the inner dust is scattering the light from the latter. We also investigated the dust motion from the velocity field of the polarized Hα emission line. The dust is accelerated outward on the northwest side of the nucleus. A simple bi-conical dust outflow model shows that the outflow velocity of the dust reaches ≳ 300–450 km s−1 at ∼4 kpc from the nucleus, suggesting that some portion of the dust escapes from the gravitational potential of M 82 into the intergalactic space. At some regions on the southeast side, in particular along the position angle of 138°, the dust has a radial velocity that is slower than the systemic velocity of the galaxy, apparently suggesting inflowing motion toward the nucleus. These components are spatially consistent with a part of the molecular gas stream, which is kinematically independent of the outflow gas; thus the apparent inflow motion of the dust reflects the streaming motion associated with the molecular gas stream.
Fluctuation of the background sky in the Hubble Extremely Deep Field (XDF) and its origin
Authors: Matsumoto Toshio , Tsumura Kohji 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
We performed a fluctuation analysis of the Hubble Extremely Deep Field (XDF) at four optical wavelength bands and found large fluctuations that are significantly brighter than those expected for ordinary galaxies. Good cross-correlations with flat spectra are found down to ${0{^{\prime\prime}_{.}}2}$, indicating the existence of a spatial structure even at the ${0{^{\prime\prime}_{.}}2}$ scale. The detected auto- and cross-correlations provide a lower limit of 24 nW m−2 sr−1 for the absolute sky brightness at 700–900 nm, which is consistent with previous observations. We searched for candidate objects to explain the detected large fluctuation using the catalog of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (UDF), and found that the surface number density of faint compact objects (FCOs) rapidly increases toward the faint end. Radial profiles of FCOs are indistinguishable from the point spread function (PSF), and the effective radius based on de Vaucouleur’s law is estimated to be smaller than ${0{^{\prime\prime}_{.}}02}$. The spectral energy densities (SEDs) of FCOs follow a power law at optical wavelengths, but show greater emission and structure at $\lambda \gt 1\, \mu$m. Assuming that the FCOs are the cause of the excess brightness and fluctuations, the faint magnitude limit is 34.9 mag for the F775W band, and the surface number density reaches 2.6 × 103 arcsec−2. Recent γ-ray observations require that the redshift of FCOs must be less than 0.1, if FCOs are the origin of the excess optical and infrared background. Assuming that FCOs consist of missing baryons, the mass and luminosity of a single FCO range from 102 to 103 solar units, and the mass-to-luminosity ratio is significantly lower than 1.0 solar unit. The maximum effective radius of an FCO is 4.7 pc. These results and the good correlation between the near-infrared and X-ray background indicate that FCOs could be powered by the gravitational energy associated with black holes.
Reflections on Responsibility and the Prospect of a Long Life
Authors: MacKay Kathryn 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn this commentary on Brown and colleagues’ paper, entitled ‘Against Moral Responsibilisation of Health: Prudential Responsibility and Health Promotion’, I highlight the tension between individual responsibility—even when this is prudential and not moral—and systemic factors that impact people's health. Brown and colleagues and I agree that individuals are frequently held inappropriately responsible for health-related behaviours or diseases that have become associated with the so-called ‘lifestyle’ diseases. We further agree that health is an instrumental value to people, allowing them to achieve their goals or plans. However, while Brown and colleagues argue that health promotion is justified in providing education campaigns that highlight the pragmatic reasons people have for improving their health-related behaviours, I argue that this amounts to the same inaction on systemic issues as holding individuals morally responsible. Further, without action on systemic issues such as the social determinants of health, some people lack the kinds of future-oriented pragmatic reasons that Brown and colleagues place at the centre of their argument. Rather, for some groups, the pragmatic thing is to enjoy current pleasures even if unhealthy, rather than to forego them for the sake of health in a mythical future.