bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of aliphatic polycarbonate middle block on mechanical and microstructural behaviour of triblock copolymers based on poly(l‐lactide) and polycarbonate
Authors: Konwar Debanga B , Satapathy Bhabani K , Jacob Josemon 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThree different ABA‐type triblock copolymers each containing biodegradable aliphatic polycarbonate as the middle block and poly(l‐lactide) as the outer blocks were synthesized and the influence of the methylene chain length of the aliphatic polycarbonate middle block on various properties of the triblock copolymers was evaluated. Differential scanning calorimetry and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction studies revealed that the incorporation of the outer blocks reduced the crystallinity of the middle aliphatic polycarbonate block. Variation of methylene chain length of the middle block led to a change in morphology from spherical to cylindrical as evidenced from atomic force microscopy studies. In addition, the mechanical properties of the block copolymers showed semi‐ductile to quasi‐brittle behaviour depending upon the composition of the middle block which was also confirmed using scanning electron microscopy. Dynamic mechanical analysis of the triblock copolymers indicated that storage modulus increased with a decrease in methylene chain length. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Solvent and Catalyst‐Free Synthesis of Silicon‐Protected Alcohols
Authors: Mittersteiner Mateus , Voigt Morgana A. , de Jesus Paulo C. , Brondani Patrícia B. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe protection reactions of alcohols (primary and secondary) were efficiently performed applying silyl chlorides (Me3SiCl, Et3SiCl, t‐BuMe2SiCl and t‐BuPh2SiCl) as protecting source, on grinding, without the use of a catalyst. The reactions proceeded smoothly, either at room temperature or at 40 °C, depending on the protecting group applied, and under solvent‐free conditions. In comparison with the classical reaction conditions, which employ, most of the times, solvent in anhydrous conditions (tetrahydrofuran or N,N‐dimethylformamide), this synthetic protocol exhibits the advantages of shorter reaction times, milder reaction conditions, higher yields and simpler purification steps. Under this method 21 examples could be obtained at short reaction times (5 – 10 min) and presenting up to 98% of yields. When the substrate was a diol bearing primary and phenolic hydroxyl moieties, the monoprotected or the diprotected product could be obtained as a sole product, in excellent yields.
Machine learning from crowds: A systematic review of its applications
Authors: G. Rodrigo Enrique , Aledo Juan A. , Gámez José A. 
Published: October 2018

Crowdsourcing opens the door to solving a wide variety of problems that previously were unfeasible in the field of machine learning, allowing us to obtain relatively low cost labeled data in a small amount of time. However, due to the uncertain quality of labelers, the data to deal with are sometimes unreliable, forcing practitioners to collect information redundantly, which poses new challenges in the field. Despite these difficulties, many applications of machine learning using crowdsourced data have recently been published that achieved state of the art results in relevant problems. We have analyzed these applications following a systematic methodology, classifying them into different fields of study, highlighting several of their characteristics and showing the recent interest in the use of crowdsourcing for machine learning. We also identify several exciting research lines based on the problems that remain unsolved to foster future research in this field.This article is categorized under:

Technologies > Machine Learning
Application Areas > Science and Technology
Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Key Design Issues in Data Mining
Designing for Mental Health: Psychiatry, Psychology and the Architectural Study Project
Authors: Ramsden Edmund 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
In 1953 the American Psychiatric Association established an Architectural Study Project in collaboration with the American Institute of Architects. The project brought together a wide range of experts from psychiatry and the behavioural sciences and the planning and design professions to provide solutions to the ailing mental hospital system in North America. They began to focus attention on various aspects of the hospital environment, such as light, colour and the creation of spaces for privacy and social contact, in ways that would go on to influence theories, methods and designs far beyond the walls of the institution. This paper will explore the contribution of the mental hospital, as both laboratory and field site, to the development of the new field of environmental psychology which attended to the function and design of a range of city spaces to prevent mental illness and promote mental health in a period of urban crisis.
Primary Minerals
Authors: Nanzyo Masami , Kanno Hitoshi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis chapter introduces the primary minerals that are relatively common in soils. It first presents the accepted views on the elemental compositions of the Earth’s crust, rocks, and minerals. Soils at the top of the Earth’s crust are also within the rock cycle. Silicate and silica minerals, which constitute more than 90% of the minerals in the Earth’ crust, are outlined. Samples of relatively un-weathered and weathered primary minerals were obtained from new volcanic ash and soils derived from granitic rocks, respectively. Quartz is highly resistant to weathering, whereas biotite in soil is altered in moist climates. The composition of primary minerals in soils is affected by the types of parent rocks, weathering, sorting, and other soil-forming factors, resulting in mineral compositions that deviate from the average mineral composition of the Earth’s crust.
Non-crystalline Inorganic Constituents of Soil
Authors: Nanzyo Masami , Kanno Hitoshi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractNon-crystalline inorganic constituents of soil, such as volcanic glasses, phytoliths, laminar opaline silica, allophane, and imogolite are introduced using optical and electron microscope images and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The Al-humus complex and Al-rich Sclerotia grains are also introduced. The volcanic glasses are formed from magma and can be categorized as primary. All of these non-crystalline inorganic constituents are found in volcanic ash soils. Among these, phytoliths can be found under vegetation in many other soils than volcanic ash soils. Formation of allophanic materials from fresh pumice is shown stepwise using polished sections to demonstrate microscopic distribution of elements and inorganic constituents. Allophane and imogolite are rich in Al whereas their parent material, volcanic ash, is silica-rich. Changes in morphological property and element concentration of volcanic ash or volcanic glass during the formation of these secondary non-crystalline constituents are discussed.
Role of Inorganic Soil Constituents in Selected Topics
Authors: Nanzyo Masami , Kanno Hitoshi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThree topics are introduced to exemplify the important roles of inorganic soil constituents—the effects of tsunami on soil in Japan in 2011, the dynamics of radiocesium in the soil environment, and phosphates related to a soil–plant system. With respect to tsunami inundation into paddy field soils, soil erosion by seawater flow, sedimentation of soil transported by the seawater flow, precipitation of evaporites, and sodification are discussed. Removal of the deposited sediments and soil washing by rain and irrigation water were effective for restoration of the salt-affected farmlands. Radiocesium was effectively trapped by soil, which regulated its transfer to agricultural products. Among inorganic soil constituents, weathered biotite has a high fixation capacity for radiocesium. The biotite might have been released from granitic rock and volcanic ash. Apatite is the key phosphate in both natural and farmland soils, although it is converted to more soluble forms in the fertilizer industry. Fixation of phosphate by active Al materials is so high in Andisols that the recovery of phosphate by agricultural crops is low, and phosphate accumulation in plow layer soil is continuing. Struvite plays a role in cycling phosphate in the soil–plant system of farmlands.
Measurement of corneal thickness, optic nerve sheath diameter and retinal nerve fiber layer as potential new non-invasive methods in assessing a risk of cerebral edema in type 1 diabetes in children
Authors: Jeziorny Krzysztof , Niwald Anna , Moll Agnieszka , Piasecka Katarzyna , Pyziak-Skupien Aleksandra , Waszczykowska Arleta , Baranska Dobromiła , Malachowska Beata , Szadkowska Agnieszka , Mlynarski Wojciech , Zmyslowska Agnieszka 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Aims
Some patients with diabetic ketoacidosis develop cerebral edema (CE) in the course of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), which may result in central nervous system disorders and high mortality. The imperfection of existing neuroimaging techniques for early recognition of CE forces us to search for the new and non-invasive methods. The aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of new methods (pachymetry, transorbital ultrasonography—USG, optical coherence tomography—OCT study) in the assessment of the risk of CE occurrence in children with newly diagnosed T1D.

Methods
The study group included 50 children with newly diagnosed T1D, 54 patients with long-term T1D as a reference group and 40 children without glucose tolerance disorders as controls. In all subjects, a corneal thickness (CCT) index with pachymeter, optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) using transorbital USG and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) during OCT study were measured and compared with selected clinical parameters of T1D.

Results
In patients from a study group at onset of T1D, the higher CCT (p < 0.001) and ONSD (p < 0.001) values were observed as compared to the results obtained after 48 h of metabolic compensation. The ONSD correlated negatively with pH value (r = − 0.64; p < 0.001), BE (r = − 0.54, p < 0.001) and HCO3− (r = − 0.50; p < 0.001). A positive correlation between RNFL and Na+ levels (r = 0.47; p < 0.005) was also observed.

Conclusions
Transorbital USG and pachymetry may serve as the potential promising methods for the non-invasive assessment of the increased risk of development of CE in patients with T1D.
Delivering information about retirement saving among Hispanic women: two Facebook experiments
Authors: BLANCO LUISA R. , RODRIGUEZ LUIS M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe conducted two Facebook experiments (the first one during July 21–25, 2016, and the second during April 22–25, 2018) to determine what type of message related to injunctive norms is more effective in getting Hispanic women interested in learning about financial planning for retirement. We also explore how social media tools could be used in future interventions to promote retirement saving among Hispanic women. In both experiments, we found that a message centered on peer influence may be more successful than a message centered on familism in getting Hispanic women interested in learning more about financial planning for retirement. When we disaggregate our data by age and state, we find that click-through rates were higher among Hispanic women between 45 and 55 years old, and the largest numbers of impressions were among Hispanic women in California and Texas. When we disaggregate our data by device, we find that most study participants were reached through an Android smartphone.
From ward to washer: The survival of Clostridium difficile spores on hospital bed sheets through a commercial UK NHS healthcare laundry process
Authors: Tarrant Joanna , Jenkins Richard O. , Laird Katie T. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo quantify the survival of Clostridium difficile spores on hospital bed sheets through the United Kingdom National Health System (UK NHS) healthcare laundry process (Health Technical Memorandum (HTM) 01-04) in vitro and on bed sheets from patients with C. difficile through the commercial laundry.MethodsClostridium difficile spores were inoculated onto cotton sheets and laundered through a simulated washer extractor cycle using an industrial bleach detergent with sodium hypochlorite 15% and peracetic acid sour 14% (acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide; pH, 2–4). Spore survival on hospital sheets naturally contaminated with C. difficile was also assessed using a washer extractor plus drying and finishing cycles at a commercial laundry.PatientsNaturally contaminated C. difficile bed sheets were taken from beds of patients that had previously been diagnosed with C. difficile infection (CDI) and had received care on an isolated C. difficile ward.ResultsThe simulated washer extractor cycle, with an industrial detergent, demonstrated survival of 2 strains of C. difficile NCTC 11209 (0–4 colony-forming units [cfu] per 25 cm2) and ribotype 001/072 (0–9 cfu per 25 cm2). Before laundering, naturally contaminated bed sheets had an average spore load of 51 cfu per 25 cm2, and after washing, drying, and finishing, the spore load was 33 cfu per 25 cm2. Before and after washing, the C. difficile strain was identified as ribotype 001/072. Both the simulated and in-situ laundering processes failed the microbiological standards of no pathogenic bacteria remaining.ConclusionsClostridium difficile spores are able to survive laundering through a commercial washer extractor and may be contributing to sporadic outbreaks of CDI. Further research to establish exposure of laundry workers, patients, and the hospital environment to C. difficile spores from bed sheets is needed.
The Development of Students’ Engagement in School, Community and Democracy
Authors: Holbein John B. , Hillygus D. Sunshine , Lenard Matthew A. , Gibson-Davis Christina , Hill Darryl V. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis article explores the origins of youth engagement in school, community and democracy. Specifically, it considers the role of psychosocial or non-cognitive abilities, like grit or perseverance. Using a novel original large-scale longitudinal survey of students linked to school administrative records and a variety of modeling techniques – including sibling, twin and individual fixed effects – the study finds that psychosocial abilities are a strong predictor of youth civic engagement. Gritty students miss less class time and are more engaged in their schools, are more politically efficacious, are more likely to intend to vote when they become eligible, and volunteer more. Our work highlights the value of psychosocial attributes in the political socialization of young people.
THE SAXON REPUBLIC AND ANCIENT CONSTITUTION IN THE STANDING ARMY CONTROVERSY, 1697–1699
Authors: WALSH ASHLEY 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe pamphlet controversy caused by the proposal of William III to maintain a peacetime standing army following the Treaty of Ryswick (1697) tends to be understood as a confrontation of classicists and moderns in which the king's supporters argued that modern commerce had changed the nature of warfare and his opponents drew on classical republicanism to defend the county militia. But this characterization neglects the centrality of the Saxon republic and ancient constitution in the debate. English opponents of the standing army, including Walter Moyle, John Trenchard, and John Toland, went further than adapting the republicanism of James Harrington, who had rejected ancient constitutionalism during the Interregnum, to the restored monarchy. Their thought was more Saxon than classical and, in the case of Reverend Samuel Johnson, it was entirely so. However, the Scot, Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun, adapted neo-Harringtonian arguments to argue that modern politics could no longer be understood by their Gothic precedents. Above all, the king's supporters needed either to engage ancient constitutionalists on their own terms, as did one anonymous pamphleteer, or, as in the cases of John, Lord Somers, and Daniel Defoe, reject the relevance of ancient constitutionalism and Saxon republicanism completely.
The Second Slavery and World Capitalism: A Perspective for Historical Inquiry
Authors: Tomich Dale 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe concept of the second slavery radically reinterprets the relation of slavery and capitalism by calling attention to the emergence of extensive new zones of slave commodity production in the US South, Cuba, and Brazil as part of nineteenth-century industrialization and world-economic expansion. This article examines the conceptual framework and methodological procedures that inform this interpretation. It reformulates the concept of the capitalist world-economy by emphasizing the mutual formation and historical interrelation of global–local relations. This open conception of world-economy permits the temporal-spatial specification of the zones of the second slavery. In this way, it is possible both to distinguish the new zones of the second slavery from previous world-economic zones of slave production and to establish the ways in which they are formative of the emerging industrial world division of labor. From this perspective, analysis of sugar production in Jamaica, Guyana, and Cuba discloses spatial-temporal differences between what would otherwise be taken as apparently similar historical-geographical complexes. This comparison demonstrates how world-economic processes produce particular local histories and how such histories structure the world-economy as a whole. This approach locates the crisis of slavery during the nineteenth century in the differentiated response to processes of world accumulation, rather than the incompatibility of slave production with industrialization and open, competitive markets. More generally, it calls attention to the continuity of forms of forced labor in the historical development of the capitalist world-economy and to the ways that processes of capitalist development produce social-economic differentiation and hierarchy on a world scale.
The utility of an RDoC motor domain to understand psychomotor symptoms in depression
Authors: Walther S. , Bernard J.A. , Mittal V. A. , Shankman S.A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDespite the clinical impact of motor symptoms such as agitation or retardation on the course of depression, these symptoms are poorly understood. Novel developments in the field of instrumentation and mobile devices allow for dimensional and continuous recording of motor behavior in various settings, particularly outside the laboratory. Likewise, the use of novel assessments enables to combine multimodal neuroimaging with behavioral measures in order to investigate the neural correlates of motor dysfunction in depression. The research domain criteria (RDoC) framework will soon include a motor domain that will provide a framework for studying motor dysfunction in mood disorders. In addition, new studies within this framework will allow investigators to study motor symptoms across different stages of depression as well as other psychiatric diagnoses. Finally, the introduction of the RDoC motor domain will help test how motor symptoms integrate with the original five RDoC domains (negative valence, positive valence, cognitive, social processes, and arousal/regulation).
Commercialising thecúpla focal: New speakers, language ownership, and the promotion of Irish as a business resource
Authors: Brennan Sara , O'Rourke Bernadette 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis article draws on ethnographic fieldwork in two Irish towns to examine the mobilisation of the Irish language as a resource for business by new speakers of Irish. We examine how local community-level Irish language advocacy organisations have implemented initiatives to specifically promote the use of Irish in business, primarily as visual commercial engagement with the language paired with the use of thecúpla focal. The article explores how new speakers of Irish understand what might be perceived as the tokenistic mobilisation of Irish and what value they invest in their efforts to use thecúpla focal. We explore tensions over language ownership that emerge as more fluent proprietors of ‘bilingual businesses’ position themselves in relation to the ‘newness’ of these speakers. (Irish, commodification, language ownership, language advocacy, language policy, commercialisation, language in business, new speakers)*
C'est très théâtre, c'est-à-dire très faux.Les origines et le développement de la construction [Adverbedegré+ Nom]
Authors: LAUWERS PETER 
Published: October 2018

RÉSUMÉDans cette contribution, nous nous intéressons à l'origine et au développement de la construction [adverbe de degré + nom]:C'est très théâtre, c'est-à-dire très faux. De nos jours, cette construction se présente comme un puissant outil de recatégorisation contextuelle pour exprimer un rapport de ressemblance basé sur une analogie avec un concept nominal. Sur la base d'une recherche de corpus outillée, nous montrons que la construction-hôte [ADVdegré+ ADJ] a pu s'ouvrir à la catégorie nominale à partir d'un petit noyau dur de noms humains, en partie qualitatifs, tirant profit de certaines propriétés structurelles du français de l’époque. Par la suite, la construction s'est diversifiée vers d'autres classes sémantiques (noms inanimés, noms propres, etc.) et a progressivement attiré une gamme plus diversifiée de types lexicaux dans son orbite. Elle n'a cessé de gagner en productivité, tout en réduisant son fonds lexical d'origine à la portion congrue.
Seed heteromorphy influences seed longevity in Aegilops
Authors: Guzzon Filippo , Orsenigo Simone , Gianella Maraeva , Müller Jonas V. , Vagge Ilda , Rossi Graziano , Mondoni Andrea 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe genus Aegilops belongs to the secondary gene pool of wheat and has great importance for wheat cultivar improvement. As a genus with only annual species, regeneration from seeds in Aegilops is crucial. In several species in Aegilops, spikes produce different seed morphs, both in size and germination patterns. However, little is known about the ecology of seed germination, nor about the seed longevity in this genus. Here we investigated the germination phenology of Ae. neglecta under laboratory and field conditions and assessed longevity of different seed morphs of five additional Aegilops species using controlled ageing tests. Large seeds were short-lived and germinated faster than small seeds in most of the species. Field experiments with Ae. neglecta showed that large seeds of the dimorphic pair germinated 3 months after dispersal in contrast to 14 months for smaller seeds. Differences in longevity were detected not only in dimorphic seed pairs, but also among seeds from different positions on the spike. Our results indicate that different longevities in seed morphs of Aegilops may reflect a different soil seed bank persistence, with smaller seeds able to maintain a higher viability after dispersal than larger ones, thereby spreading seedling emergence over two years. Differences of seed germination and longevities between seed morphs in Aegilops may have important implications for ex situ seed conservation and reinforce the hypothesis of a bet-hedging strategy in the germination ecology of this genus.