bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing and improving the acceptability of a web-based platform for collective intelligence to improve diagnostic accuracy in primary care clinics
Authors: Fontil Valy , Radcliffe Kate , Lyson Helena C , Ratanawongsa Neda , Lyles Courtney , Tuot Delphine , Yuen Kaeli , Sarkar Urmimala 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Usable tools to support individual primary care clinicians in their diagnostic processes could help to reduce preventable harm from diagnostic errors. We conducted a formative study with primary care providers to identify key requisites to optimize the acceptability of 1 online collective intelligence platform (Human Diagnosis Project; Human Dx).

Materials and Methods
We conducted semistructured interviews with practicing primary care clinicians in a sample of the US community-based clinics to examine the acceptability and early usability of the collective intelligence online platform using standardized clinical cases and real-world clinical cases from the participants’ own practice. We used an integrated inductive-deductive qualitative analysis approach to analyze the interview transcripts.

Results and Discussion
Perceived usefulness, perceived accuracy, quality assurance, trust, and ease of use emerged as essential domains of acceptability required for providers to use a collective intelligence tool in clinical practice. Participants conveyed that the collective opinion should: (1) contribute to their clinical reasoning, (2) boost their confidence, (3) be generated in a timely manner, and (4) be relevant to their clinical settings and use cases. Trust in the technology platform and the clinical accuracy of its collective intelligence output emerged as an incontrovertible requirement for user acceptance and engagement.

Conclusion
We documented key requisites to building a collective intelligence technology platform that is trustworthy, useful, and acceptable to target end users for assistance in the diagnostic process. These key lessons may be applicable to other provider-facing decision support platforms.
Economic Causes of Female Suicide Terrorism: Perceived Versus Actual
Authors: Choi Seung-Whan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractCommon belief holds that economic misery motivates more people to commit acts of suicide terrorism. The existing literature, however, fails to find an empirical linkage between these two phenomena. This study offers a novel theoretical perspective and statistical evidence on the economy and terrorism connection. I argue that Muslim women decide to engage in acts of suicide terrorism because of their perception of the national economy, rather than actual economic conditions such as gross domestic product per capita or the Gini index. Based upon a statistical analysis of 4,495 incidents of suicide terrorism during the period from 1981 to 2015, the study shows that, when Muslim women perceive their national economy to be unfavorable, they are more likely to commit acts of suicide terrorism.
Who Should We Blame for Healthcare Failings? Lessons from the French Tainted Blood Scandal
Authors: Kazarian MéLinée 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Many well-known cases of ‘medical manslaughter’ have shown that systemic issues play a significant role in contributing to fatal errors in healthcare institutions. The most prominent NHS scandal, Mid Staffordshire, demonstrated that wrongful prioritization of resources and staff shortages had contributed to the deaths of between 400 and 1200 patients due to appalling care by nursing staff and doctors between 2005 and 2009. Following the scandal, the Trust was prosecuted and convicted of a criminal offence under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 in 2014 and 2015. In contrast, in a scandal of comparable scale across the Channel, ‘the HIV-contaminated blood scandal’, individual decision-makers were subject to criminal convictions. Learning from features of the French criminal process, and the aftermath of the 1980s French tainted blood scandal, this article argues that the criminal process can only be a useful response to healthcare systemic failings if higher-level decision-makers are also included in the scope of criminal liability when they have recklessly endangered patients. When no individual reckless fault is found on the part of decision-makers, corporate criminal liability is a suitable alternative to individual criminal liability, if it is focused on ensuring safety and offering justice to patients who have been harmed as a result of healthcare systemic failings.
The Potential Impact of “Take the Volume Pledge” on Outcomes After Carotid Artery Stenting
Authors: Lopez Ramos Christian , Brandel Michael G , Rennert Robert C , Hirshman Brian R , Wali Arvin R , Steinberg Jeffrey A , Santiago-Dieppa David R , Flagg Mitchell , Olson Scott E , Pannell J Scott , Khalessi Alexander A 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The “Volume Pledge” aims to centralize carotid artery stenting (CAS) to hospitals and surgeons performing ≥10 and ≥5 procedures annually, respectively.

OBJECTIVE
To compare outcomes after CAS between hospitals and surgeons meeting or not meeting the Volume Pledge thresholds.

METHODS
We queried the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for CAS admissions. Hospitals and surgeons were categorized as low volume and high volume (HV) based on the Volume Pledge. Multivariable hierarchical regression models were used to examine the impact of hospital volume (2005-2011) and surgeon volume (2005-2009) on perioperative outcomes.

RESULTS
Between 2005 and 2011, 22 215 patients were identified. Most patients underwent CAS by HV hospitals (86.4%). No differences in poor outcome (composite endpoint of in-hospital mortality, postoperative neurological or cardiac complications) were observed by hospital volume but HV hospitals did decrease the likelihood of other complications, nonroutine discharge, and prolonged hospitalization. From 2005 to 2009, 9454 CAS admissions were associated with physician identifiers. Most patients received CAS by HV surgeons (79.2%). On multivariable analysis, hospital volume was not associated with improved outcomes but HV surgeons decreased odds of poor outcome (odds ratio [OR] 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.59-0.97; P = .028), complications (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.46-0.71, P < .001), nonroutine discharge (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.57-0.87; P = .001), and prolonged hospitalization (OR 0.52, 95% 0.44-0.61, P < .001).

CONCLUSION
Most patients receive CAS by hospitals and providers meeting the Volume Pledge threshold for CAS. Surgeons but not hospitals who met the policy's volume standards were associated with superior outcomes across all measured outcomes.
(Mis)Measuring Sensitive Attitudes with the List Experiment
Authors: Kramon Eric , Weghorst Keith 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
List experiments (LEs) are an increasingly popular survey research tool for measuring sensitive attitudes and behaviors. However, there is evidence that list experiments sometimes produce unreasonable estimates. Why do list experiments “fail,” and how can the performance of the list experiment be improved? Using evidence from Kenya, we hypothesize that the length and complexity of the LE format make them costlier for respondents to complete and thus prone to comprehension and reporting errors. First, we show that list experiments encounter difficulties with simple, nonsensitive lists about food consumption and daily activities: over 40 percent of respondents provide inconsistent responses between list experiment and direct question formats. These errors are concentrated among less numerate and less educated respondents, offering evidence that the errors are driven by the complexity and difficulty of list experiments. Second, we examine list experiments measuring attitudes about political violence. The standard list experiment reveals lower rates of support for political violence compared to simply asking directly about this sensitive attitude, which we interpret as list experiment breakdown. We evaluate two modifications to the list experiment designed to reduce its complexity: private tabulation and cartoon visual aids. Both modifications greatly enhance list experiment performance, especially among respondent subgroups where the standard procedure is most problematic. The paper makes two key contributions: (1) showing that techniques such as the list experiment, which have promise for reducing response bias, can introduce different forms of error associated with question complexity and difficulty; and (2) demonstrating the effectiveness of easy-to-implement solutions to the problem.
‘Problems of Today and Tomorrow’: Prevention and the National Health Service in the 1970s
Authors: Clark Peder 
Published: February 2019

Summary
A consensus developed around prevention in the early 1970s as a response to epidemiological studies that had highlighted smoking, diet and physical inactivity as risk factors for chronic disease, especially heart disease. This reaction was catalysed by the financial pressures the National Health Service (NHS) was experiencing, the 1974 reorganisation of the service and international awareness of the Lalonde report. Such widespread interest resulted in three different but contemporaneous reports on prevention in 1976 and 1977. All three emphasised, to varying degrees, personal responsibility and lifestyle as important tenets of prevention. This article focuses on Prevention and Health: Everybody’s Business, a 1976 discussion paper published by the four governments of the UK, to explore this preoccupation with disease prevention throughout the decade, and what it reveals about public health in Britain, political attitudes to the NHS and the changing relationship between citizenship and the welfare state.
Oliguria and Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Children: Implications for Diagnosis and Outcomes*
Authors: Kaddourah Ahmad , Basu Rajit K. , Goldstein Stuart L. , Sutherland Scott M. 
Published: February 2019

Objectives:
Consensus definitions for acute kidney injury are based on changes in serum creatinine and urine output. Although the creatinine criteria have been widely applied, the contribution of the urine output criteria remains poorly understood. We evaluated these criteria individually and collectively to determine their impact on the diagnosis and outcome of severe acute kidney injury.

Design and Setting:
Post hoc analysis of Assessment of Worldwide Acute Kidney Injury, Renal Angina, and Epidemiology study—a prospective international observational multicenter study.

Patients:
Critically ill children enrolled in Assessment of Worldwide Acute Kidney Injury, Renal Angina and, Epidemiology database.

Measurement:
To assess the differential impact of creatinine and urine output criteria on severe acute kidney injury (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes stage ≥ 2). Patients were divided into four cohorts: no-severe acute kidney injury, severe acute kidney injury by creatinine criteria only, severe acute kidney injury by urine output criteria only, and severe acute kidney injury by both creatinine and urine output criteria.

Results:
Severe acute kidney injury occurred in 496 of 3,318 children (14.9%); 343 (69.2%) were creatinine criteria only, 90 (18.1%) were urine output criteria only, and 63 (12.7%) were both creatinine and urine output criteria. Twenty-eight–day mortality for creatinine criteria only and urine output criteria only patients was similar (6.7% vs 7.8%) and higher than those without severe acute kidney injury (2.9%; p < 0.01). Both creatinine and urine output criteria patients had higher mortality than creatinine criteria only and urine output criteria only patients (38.1%; p < 0.001). Compared with patients without severe acute kidney injury, the relative risk of receiving dialysis increased from 9.1 (95% CI, 3.9–21.2) in creatinine criteria only, to 28.2 (95% CI, 11.8–67.7) in urine output criteria only, to 165.7 (95% CI, 86.3–318.2) in both creatinine and urine output criteria (p < 0.01).

Conclusions:
Nearly one in five critically ill children with acute kidney injury do not experience increase in serum creatinine. These acute kidney injury events, which are only identified by urine output criteria, are associated with comparably poor outcomes as those diagnosed by changes in creatinine. Children meeting both criteria had worse outcomes than those meeting only one. We suggest oliguria represents a risk factor for poorer outcomes among children who develop acute kidney injury. Application of both the creatinine and urine output criteria leads to a more comprehensive epidemiologic assessment of acute kidney injury and identifies a subset of children with acute kidney injury who are at higher risk for morbidity and mortality.
Characteristics and Outcomes of Critical Illness in Children With Feeding and Respiratory Technology Dependence
Authors: Heneghan Julia A. , Reeder Ron W. , Dean J. Michael , Meert Kathleen L. , Berg Robert A. , Carcillo Joseph , Newth Christopher J. L. , Dalton Heidi , Tamburro Robert , Pollack Murray M. 
Published: February 2019

Objectives:
Children with dependence on respiratory or feeding technologies are frequently admitted to the PICU, but little is known about their characteristics or outcomes. We hypothesized that they are at increased risk of critical illness–related morbidity and mortality compared with children without technology dependence.

Design:
Secondary analysis of prospective, probability-sampled cohort study of children from birth to 18 years old. Demographic and clinical characteristics were assessed. Outcomes included death, survival with new morbidity, intact survival, and survival with functional status improvement.

Setting:
General and cardiovascular PICUs at seven participating children’s hospitals as part of the Trichotomous Outcome Prediction in Critical Care study.

Subjects:
Children from birth to 18 years of age as part of the Trichotomous Outcome Prediction in Critical Care study.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Children with technology dependence composed 19.7% (1,989/10,078) of PICU admissions. Compared with those without these forms of technology dependence, these children were younger, received more ICU-specific therapeutics, and were more frequently readmitted to the ICU. Death occurred in 3.7% of technology-dependent patients (n = 74), and new morbidities developed in 4.5% (n = 89). Technology-dependent children who developed new morbidities had higher Pediatric Risk of Mortality scores and received more ICU therapies than those who did not. A total of 3.0% of technology-dependent survivors (n = 57) showed improved functional status at hospital discharge.

Conclusions:
Children with feeding and respiratory technology dependence composed approximately 20% of PICU admissions. Their new morbidity rates are similar to those without technology dependence, which contradicts our hypothesis that children with technology dependence would demonstrate worse outcomes. These comparable outcomes, however, were achieved with additional resources, including the use of more ICU therapies and longer lengths of stay. Improvement in functional status was seen in some technology-dependent survivors of critical illness.
A real-time multiplexed microbial growth intervalometer for capturing high resolution growth curves
Authors: Vuono David C. , Lipp Bruce , Staub Carl , Loney Evan , Grzymski Joseph J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBatch cultures are a low maintenance and routine culturing method used in anaerobic microbiology. Automated tools that measure growth curves from anaerobic microorganisms grown in traditional laboratory glassware, such as Balch-type tubes, are not commercially available. Here we present a new MicrobiAl Growth Intervalometer (MAGI) that captures microbial growth curves through photo conductivity of the medium using a diffused light pattern of specified frequency, rather than photo-attenuation of collimated light used in traditional systems, and is configured with an offset photodetector/emitter to minimize direct impingement of light from the source to improve the resolution of the solution’s density. MAGI is operated by software-driven automation and offers investigators a low noise/high gain instrument with capabilities for remote visualization and data acquisition. MAGI is a low maintenance, low cost, and robust platform primarily for anaerobic cultivation and growth monitoring. We demonstrate the utility of this device by first showing that growth rates and generation times inEscherichia coliK-12 are reproducible to previously published results. We then tested MAGI to measure growth curves of an environmental organism,Intrasporangium calvum, under various media compositions. Our results demonstrate that MAGI is a versatile platform to measure growth curves in media under various redox conditions (microaerobic and anaerobic), complex mediums such as Luria-Bertani (LB) broth and minimal media, and for resolving diauxic growth curves whenI. calvumis grown on a disaccharide. Lastly, we demonstrate that the device can resolve growth curves for μM concentrations of resources that yield low biomass. This research advances the tools available to microbiologist aiming to monitor growth curves in a variety of disciplines, such as environmental microbiology, clinical microbiology, and food sciences.
GIFT – A Global Inventory of Floras and Traits for macroecology and biogeography
Authors: Weigelt Patrick , König Christian , Kreft Holger 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTo understand how traits and evolutionary history shape the geographic distribution of plant life on Earth, we need to integrate high-quality and global-scale distribution data with functional and phylogenetic information. Large-scale distribution data for plants are, however, often restricted to either certain taxonomic groups or geographic regions. For example, range maps only exist for a small subset of all plant species and digitally available point-occurrence information is strongly biased both geographically and taxonomically. An alternative, currently rarely used resource for macroecological and botanical research are regional Floras and checklists, which contain highly curated information about the species composition of a clearly defined area, and which together virtually cover the entire global land surface. Here we report on our recent efforts to mobilize this information for macroecological and biogeographical analyses in the GIFT database, the Global Inventory of Floras and Traits. GIFT integrates plant distributions, functional traits, phylogenetic information, and region-level geographic, environmental and socioeconomic data. GIFT currently holds species lists for 2,893 regions across the whole globe including ~315,000 taxonomically standardized species names (i.e. c. 80% of all known land plant species) and ~3 million species-by-region occurrences. In addition, GIFT contains information about the floristic status (native, endemic, alien and naturalized) and takes advantage of the wealth of trait information in the regional Floras, complemented by data from global trait databases. Based on a hierarchical and taxonomical derivation scheme, GIFT holds information for 83 functional traits and more than 2.3 million trait-by-species combinations and achieves unprecedented coverage in categorical traits such as woodiness (~233,000 spp.) or growth form (~213,000 spp.). Here we present the structure, content and automated workflows of GIFT and a corresponding web-interface (http://gift.uni-goettingen.de) as proof of concept for the feasibility and potential of mobilizing aggregated biodiversity data for global macroecological and biogeographical research.
Escherichia coliO157:H7 responds to phosphate starvation by modifying LPS involved in biofilm formation
Authors: Vogeleer Philippe , Vincent Antony T. , Chekabab Samuel M. , Charette Steve J. , Novikov Alexey , Caroff Martine , Beaudry Francis , Jacques Mario , Harel Josée 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTIn open environments such as water, enterohemorrhagicEscherichia coliO157:H7 responds to inorganic phosphate (Pi) starvation by inducing the Pho regulon controlled by PhoB. The phosphate-specific transport (Pst) system is the high-affinity Pi transporter. In the Δpstmutant, PhoB is constitutively activated and regulates the expression of genes from the Pho regulon. InE. coliO157:H7, the Δpstmutant, biofilm, and autoagglutination were increased. In the double-deletion mutant ΔpstΔphoB, biofilm and autoagglutination were similar to the wild-type strain, suggesting that PhoB is involved. We investigated the relationship between PhoB activation and enhanced biofilm formation by screening a transposon mutant library derived from Δpstmutant for decreased autoagglutination and biofilms mutants. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) genes involved in the synthesis of the LPS core were identified. Transcriptomic studies indicate the influence of Pi-starvation andpstmutation on LPS biosynthetic gene expression. LPS analysis indicated that the O-antigen was deficient in the Δpstmutant. Interestingly,waaH, encoding a glycosyltransferase associated with LPS modifications inE. coliK-12, was highly expressed in the Δpstmutant ofE. coliO157:H7. Deletion ofwaaHfrom the Δpstmutant and from the wild-type strain grown in Pi-starvation conditions decreased the biofilm formation but without affecting LPS. Our findings suggest that LPS core is involved in the autoagglutination and biofilm phenotypes of the Δpstmutant and that WaaH plays a role in biofilm in response to Pi-starvation. This study highlights the importance of Pi-starvation in biofilm formation of E. coli O157:H7, which may affect its transmission and persistence.IMPORTANCEEnterohemorrhagicEscherichia coliO157:H7 is a human pathogen responsible for bloody diarrhea and renal failures. In the environment, O157:H7 can survive for prolonged periods of time under nutrient-deprived conditions. Biofilms are thought to participate in this environmental lifestyle. Previous reports have shown that the availability of extracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi) affected bacterial biofilm formation; however, nothing was known about O157:H7 biofilm formation. Our results show that O157:H7 membrane undergoes modifications upon PhoB activation leading to increased biofilm formation. A mutation in the Pst system results in reduced amount of the smooth type LPS and that this could influence the biofilm composition. This demonstrates how theE. coliO157:H7 adapts to Pi starvation increasing its ability to occupy different ecological niches.
Semi-synthetic Cinnamodial Analogues: Structural Insights into the Insecticidal and Antifeedant Activities of Drimane Sesquiterpenes Against the Mosquito Aedes aegypti
Authors: Manwill Preston K. , Kalsi Megha , Wu Sijin , Cheng Xiaolin , Piermarini Peter M. , Rakotondraibe Harinantenaina L. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe Aedes aegypti mosquito serves as a major vector for viral diseases, such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, which are spreading across the globe and threatening public health. In addition to increased vector transmission, the prevalence of insecticide-resistant mosquitoes is also on the rise, thus solidifying the need for new, safe and effective insecticides to control mosquito populations. We recently discovered that cinnamodial, a unique drimane sesquiterpene dialdehyde of the Malagasy medicinal plant Cinnamosma fragrans, exhibited significant larval and adult toxicity to Ae. aegypti and was more efficacious than DEET – the gold standard for insect repellents – at repelling adult female Ae. aegypti from blood feeding. In this study several semisynthetic analogues of cinnamodial were prepared to probe the structure-activity relationship (SAR) for larvicidal, adulticidal and antifeedant activity against Ae. aegypti. Initial efforts were focused on modification of the dialdehyde functionality to produce more stable active analogues and to understand the importance of the 1,4-dialdehyde and the α,ß-unsaturated carbonyl in the observed bioactivity of cinnamodial against mosquitoes. This study represents the first investigation into the SAR of cinnamodial as an insecticide and repellent against the medically important Ae. aegypti mosquito.