bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A legacy of geo‐climatic complexity and genetic divergence along the lower Colorado River: Insights from the geological record and 33 desert‐adapted animals
Authors: Dolby Greer A. , Dorsey Rebecca J. , Graham Matthew R. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAimTo review the histories of the Colorado River and North American monsoon system to ascertain their effects on the genetic divergence of desert‐adapted animals.LocationLower Colorado River region, including Mojave and Sonoran deserts, United States.MethodsWe synthesized recent geological literature to summarize initiation phases of lower Colorado River evolution, their discrepancies, and potential for post‐vicariance dispersal of animals across the river. We simulated data under geological models and performed a meta‐analysis of published and unpublished genetic data including population diversity metrics, relatedness and historical migration rates to assess alternative divergence hypotheses.ResultsThe two models for arrival of the Colorado River into the Gulf of California impose east‐west divergence ages of 5.3 and 4.8 Ma, respectively. We found quantifiable river‐associated differentiation in the lower Colorado River region in reptiles, arachnids and mammals relative to flying insects. However, topological statistics, historical migration rates and cross‐river extralimital populations suggest that the river should be considered a leaky barrier that filters, rather than prevents, gene flow. Most markers violated neutrality tests. Differential adaptation to monsoon‐based precipitation differences may contribute to divergence between Mojave and Sonoran populations and should be tested.Main ConclusionsRivers are dynamic features that can both limit and facilitate gene flow through time, the impacts of which are mitigated by species‐specific life history and dispersal traits. The Southwest is a geo‐climatically complex region with the potential to produce pseudocongruent patterns of genetic divergence, offering a good setting to evaluate intermediate levels of geological‐biological (geobiological) complexity.
A prognostic 10‐lncRNA expression signature for predicting the risk of tumour recurrence in breast cancer patients
Authors: Tang Jianing , Ren Jiangbo , Cui Qiuxia , Zhang Dan , Kong Deguang , Liao Xing , Lu Mengxin , Gong Yan , Wu Gaosong 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBreast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies and a leading cause of cancer death among females. Multiple molecular alterations are observed in breast cancer. LncRNA transcripts were proved to play important roles in the biology of tumorigenesis. In this study, we aimed to identify lncRNA expression signature that can predict breast cancer patient survival. We developed a 10‐lncRNA signature‐based risk score which was used to separate patients into high‐risk and low‐risk groups. Patients in the low‐risk group had significantly better survival than those in the high‐risk group. Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that this signature exhibited excellent diagnostic efficiency for 1‐, 3‐ and 5‐year disease‐relapse events. Moreover, multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that this 10‐lncRNA signature was an independent risk factor when adjusting for several clinical signatures such as age, tumour size and lymph node status. The prognostic value of risk scores was validated in the validation set. In addition, a nomogram was established and the calibration plots analysis indicated the good performance and clinical utility of the nomogram. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that this 10‐lncRNA signature effectively grouped patients at low and high risk of disease recurrence.
Sex increases the probability of evolutionary rescue in the presence of a competitor
Authors: Petkovic Nikola , Colegrave Nick 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe explanation for the continued existence of sex, despite its many costs, remains one of the major challenges of evolutionary biology. Previous experimental studies have demonstrated that sex increases the rate of adaptation in novel environments relative to asexual reproduction. Whereas these studies have investigated the impact of sex on adaptation to stressful abiotic environments, the potential for biotic interactions to influence this advantage of sex has been largely ignored. Species rarely exist in isolation in natural conditions, so the impact of sex on adaptation to a stressful abiotic environment may be altered by the interactions between coexisting species. To investigate the interplay of sex and competition on adaptation to deteriorating conditions, we allowed populations of the unicellular alga (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) to evolve in an environment to which they were initially poorly adapted. We manipulated both their mode of reproduction and the presence of a competitor, and monitored population size and proportion of evolutionary rescue events for each mode of reproduction. The results indicate that sex may be the beneficial strategy in the presence of the competitor. Sexual populations had highest probability of evolutionary rescue irrespective of the presence of the competitor. The overall advantage of sex was also manifested through higher level of adaptedness of survived sexual populations relative to asexual populations. Since competitive interactions are commonplace in nature, one of the explanations for the maintenance of sex by natural selection may be the increased rate of adaptation of sexual populations both in the presence and absence of competitors.
Design, analysis, power, and sample size calculation for three‐phase interrupted time series analysis in evaluation of health policy interventions
Authors: Zhang Bo , Liu Wei , Lemon Stephenie C. , Barton Bruce A. , Fischer Melissa A. , Lawrence Colleen , Rahn Elizabeth J. , Danila Maria I. , Saag Kenneth G. , Harris Paul A. , Allison Jeroan J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo discuss the study design and data analysis for three‐phase interrupted time series (ITS) studies to evaluate the impact of health policy, systems, or environmental interventions. Simulation methods are used to conduct power and sample size calculation for these studies.MethodsWe consider the design and analysis of three‐phase ITS studies using a study funded by National Institutes of Health as an exemplar. The design and analysis of both one‐arm and two‐arm three‐phase ITS studies are introduced.ResultsA simulation‐based approach, with ready‐to‐use computer programs, was developed to determine the power for two types of three‐phase ITS studies. Simulations were conducted to estimate the power of segmented autoregressive (AR) error models when autocorrelation ranged from −0.9 to 0.9 with various effect sizes. The power increased as the sample size or the effect size increased. The power to detect the same effect sizes varied largely, depending on testing level change, trend changes, or both.ConclusionThis article provides a convenient tool for investigators to generate sample sizes to ensure sufficient statistical power when three‐phase ITS study design is implemented.
Membrane and calcium clock mechanisms contribute variably as a function of temperature to setting cardiac pacemaker rate in zebrafish Danio rerio
Authors: Marchant James L. , Farrell Anthony P. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHere, we show that heart rate in zebrafish Danio rerio is dependent upon two pacemaking mechanisms and it possesses a limited ability to reset the cardiac pacemaker with temperature acclimation. Electrocardiogram recordings, taken from individual, anaesthetised zebrafish that had been acclimated to 18, 23 or 28°C were used to follow the response of maximum heart rate (fHmax) to acute warming from 18°C until signs of cardiac failure appeared (up to c. 40°C). Because fHmax was similar across the acclimation groups at almost all equivalent test temperatures, warm acclimation was limited to one significant effect, the 23°C acclimated zebrafish had a significantly higher (21%) peak fHmax and reached a higher (3°C) test temperature than the 18°C acclimated zebrafish. Using zatebradine to block the membrane hyperpolarisation‐activated cyclic nucleotide–gated channels (HCN) and examine the contribution of the membrane clock mechanisms to cardiac pacemaking, f
Hmax was significantly reduced (by at least 40%) at all acute test temperatures and significantly more so at most test temperatures for zebrafish acclimated to 28°C vs. 23°C. Thus, HCN channels and the membrane clock were not only important, but could be modified by thermal acclimation. Using a combination of ryanodine (to block sarcoplasmic calcium release) and thapsigargin (to block sarcoplasmic calcium reuptake) to examine the contribution of sarcoplasmic reticular handling of calcium and the calcium clock, f
Hmax was again consistently reduced independent of the test temperature and acclimation temperature, but to a significantly lesser degree than zatebradine for zebrafish acclimated to both 28 and 18°C. Thus, the calcium clock mechanism plays an additional role in setting pacemaker activity that was independent of temperature. In conclusion, the zebrafish cardiac pacemaker has a limited temperature acclimation ability compared with known effects for other fishes and involves two pacemaking mechanisms, one of which was independent of temperature.
Development of β‐carotene aerosol formulations using a modified spray dryer
Authors: Lavanya Malur Narayanaswamy , Dutta Sayantani , Moses Jeyan Arthur , Chinnaswamy Anandharamakrishnan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe objective of this study was to develop β‐carotene inhalable powders through a modified spray drying process. The conventional spray dryer nozzle was replaced with a nebulizer. The core (β‐carotene) to wall (HPβCD) ratio was varied (1:10, 1:25, and 1:50) to determine its effect on physical properties, aerosolization, and morphology of the powders. Scanning electron microscopy images of particles confirmed the formation of spherical particles with porous surface, with geometric diameters ranging from 2.9 to 3.8 μm. The particles exhibited low density and excellent flowability. Core to wall ratios showed a narrow range of mass median aerodynamic diameters of 3.02, 2.82, and 2.85 μm for 1:10, 1:25, and 1:50, respectively. Around 73–81% of powder was emitted from the dry powder inhaler for all core to wall ratios. The in vitro release of β‐carotene inhalable powder was studied with TRIS buffer for 12 h; it was found that in 1:50 formulation powders, the release was slow and sustained as compared to other formulations, and the release was found to be via diffusion. This approach can be used for developing a range of bioactive inhalable powders for dry powder inhalation applications.Practical Applications
Development of β‐carotene inhalable powder by modified spray dryer is helpful in achieving the required aerodynamic properties.
By using this method nutrients can be supplemented through lungs in the form of aerosol for effective absorption of the same in blood.
This approach can be used for developing a range of bioactive inhalable powders for dry powder inhalation applications.
Effects of a home‐based nursing intervention programme among adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Gürkan Kübra Pınar , Bahar Zühal , Böber Ece 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAims and objectiveTo investigate the effects of a home‐based nursing intervention programme established based on the Health Promotion Model on the health outcomes of adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.BackgroundAfter diagnosed with diabetes, it is necessary to ensure that nursing care is not limited to the hospital setting but continues at home.DesignA quasi‐experimental design with a pre‐ and post‐test control group was used. The researchers have complied with the guidelines of TREND Checklist in presenting this study.MethodThis study was conducted in İzmir, Turkey, with 71 adolescents (35 in an intervention group and 36 in a control group) diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus who were registered at the paediatric endocrinology outpatient clinics of two hospitals and were selected using the convenience sampling method between June–December 2017. A home‐based nursing intervention programme (5 week) was provided to the intervention group while standard care was provided to the control group. Data were collected at the baseline, and 3 and 6 months after a 5‐week home‐based nursing intervention. Multi‐way and one‐way analysis of variance, the Bonferroni correction, regression analysis, t test, chi‐squared analysis and a structural equation model were used for data analysis of the iterative measurements.ResultsAt the end of the home‐based nursing intervention programme, the HbA1c mean scores significantly decreased, while self‐efficacy perception, frequency of managing diabetes and taking responsibility in managing diabetes increased in the intervention group compared to those in the control group. Frequency of admission to the hospital and average costs were lower in the intervention group than in control group. The home‐based nursing intervention programme using structural equation modelling increased the frequency of managing diabetes and taking responsibility in managing diabetes and decreased HbA1c levels.ConclusionThe home‐based nursing intervention programme was effective in decreasing HbA1c levels, increasing the frequency of diabetes management and taking responsibility in managing diabetes, and improving the self‐efficacy of the adolescents.Relevance to clinical practiceThe home‐based nursing intervention programme can be applied by nurses to ease the transition of adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus and their parents to healthy daily life practices and ensure their glycemic controls after being discharged.
Fracture Resistance of Additively Manufactured Zirconia Crowns when Cemented to Implant Supported Zirconia Abutments: An in vitro Study
Authors: Zandinejad Amirali , Methani Mohammad Mujtaba , Schneiderman Emet D. , Revilla‐León Marta , BDS Dean Morton 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPurposeTo compare the fracture resistance of implant‐supported milled zirconia, milled lithium disilicate, and additively manufactured zirconia crowns.Materials and MethodsMaxillary cast with a dental implant replacing right second bicuspid was obtained. Custom abutments and full‐contour crowns for milled zirconia, milled lithium disilicate, and additively manufactured zirconia crowns (n = 10/group) were digitally designed and fabricated. The crowns were cemented to implant‐supported zirconia abutments and mounted onto polyurethane blocks. Fracture resistance was determined by vertical force application using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/minute. Kruskal‐Wallis test was used to analyze data and failure mode was determined for all the groups.ResultsMilled zirconia crowns demonstrated the highest median fracture resistance (1292 ± 189 N), followed by milled lithium disilicate (1289 ± 142 N) and additively manufactured zirconia (1243.5 ± 265.5 N) crowns. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in fracture resistance between the groups (p = 0.4). All specimens fractured at the implant‐abutment interface.ConclusionAdditively manufactured zirconia crowns demonstrated similar fracture resistance to milled ceramic crowns, when cemented to implant supported zirconia abutments. The results of this in vitro study signify the promising potential of additive manufacturing for the fabrication of all ceramic zirconia crowns.
Who provides open‐ended comments? Assessing item nonresponse bias in Medicaid surveys of members and dentists
Authors: Reynolds Julie C. , McKernan Susan C. , Sukalski Jennifer M. C. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectivesThis aim of this study was to examine factors associated with survey item nonresponse to open‐ended items in mailed surveys.MethodsData sources include two surveys conducted in Iowa in 2016 – one to a random sample of Medicaid dental program members and one to private practice dentists. Item nonresponse bias for open‐ended comments was examined by comparing differences between commenters and noncommenters. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses examined differences based on demographic characteristics, attitudes, and experiences with the program, and survey mode.ResultsAmong members, respondents who were Black, older, unemployed, had a recent dental visit, rated the plan poorly, and completed the survey on paper were significantly more likely to provide comment. Among dentists, those who participated in the plan and those who completed the survey online were significantly more likely to provide comment.ConclusionsMembers and dentists with direct experiences with the Medicaid dental program were more likely to provide open‐ended survey comments, whereas we found inconsistent results between members and dentists with regard to the impact of demographic characteristics, survey mode, and attitude toward the plan.
The two stories of the habitus/structure relation and the riddle of reflexivity: A meta‐theoretical reappraisal
Authors: Bouzanis Christoforos , Kemp Stephen 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis article argues that two key puzzles arising from the theories of Bourdieu are inter‐related. One is the question of how Bourdieu analyses the relationship between structure and habitus, and the other is the place of reflexivity in Bourdieu's work. We contend that it is only by carefully analysing Bourdieu's theoretical structure to grasp the relationship between these elements that one can understand whether or not his work offers useful resources for analysing the relation between routine action and self‐reflection. This paper argues that there are two narrations of the structure/habitus relation in Bourdieu's work, and that the concept of self‐reflective subjectivity is a residual element of the first narration and does not appear in the second. We then contend that this residual and under‐developed concept of self‐reflective subjectivity should not be confused with Bourdieu's analysis of epistemic reflexivity. These moves allow us to contribute to ongoing debates about the relation between routine action and self‐reflection by arguing that the concept of the “reflexive habitus” – which some have argued is characteristic of social agents in high/late modernity – is both conceptually confused and is not a logical extension of Bourdieu's theories. In this way we try to clear the ground for more productive ways of thinking about routine action and self‐reflection.
Diverging shifts in spring phenology in response to biodiversity loss in a subtropical forest
Authors: Du Yanjun , Yang Bo , Chen Si‐Chong , Ma Keping 
Published: August 2019

AbstractQuestionsDespite our increased understanding of how climate change influences plant phenology, it remains poorly understood whether diversity loss could alter phenology as well. Here we investigated the following: (a) do changes in plant diversity affect leaf‐out and flowering dates for woody species; (b) which group of variables are more important in influencing leaf‐out and flowering dates, abiotic variables (soil variables) or biotic variables (plant diversity)?Study siteA subtropical forest in the Biodiversity–Ecosystem Functioning Experiment of China, located in Jiangxi Province, China.MethodsSpecies were planted in various combinations to create plots with varying tree richness: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 or 24 species. We monitored leaf‐out and flowering dates of eight randomly selected species in 17 plots in 2018. A linear model was used to test whether species diversity was a predictor of leaf‐out/flowering times for each species. We then fit linear mixed‐effects models to assess the combined influence of species diversity, soil Total Carbon and Total Nitrogen on the overall community.ResultsIn the low‐diversity plots, we found two species leafing out earlier, one leafing out later and four showing no significant difference. Leaf‐out date advanced an average of 0.3 days per species lost. Of all the biotic and abiotic predictor variables, Total Nitrogen was the only one significantly correlated with leaf‐out date. No significant correlation was found between species diversity and flowering date for any of the species.ConclusionsOur study provides the first empirical evidence concerning the effects of biodiversity loss on plant spring phenology for woody species. Our findings illustrate that fluctuation in plant diversity could alter the timing of leaf‐out and that abiotic variables may be more important than biotic variables in determining leaf‐out dates in subtropical forest. Overall, declining diversity may exacerbate the phenological changes attributed to rising global temperatures.
Chronological distribution of the tiger Panthera tigris and the Asiatic lion Panthera leo persica in their common range in Asia
Authors: Schnitzler Annik , Hermann Luc 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Highly mobile creatures with remarkable exploratory behaviour, the modern tiger Panthera tigris and the modern Asiatic lion Panthera leo persica colonised Eurasia during the Late Pleistocene (from 126000 ± 5000 to 11700 years before present, BP) and the Holocene (from 11700 BP to the present day). Their respective ranges have overlapped several times but we tend to ignore the extent to which they have really coexisted because this situation has not occurred in recent times.

We provide a state‐of‐the‐art review of all the data covering their chronological distribution, in order to evaluate the extent to which they have coexisted. We include new data from petroglyph analysis in Central Asia.

The data set covers two major biogeographical regions: the Palearctic Biogeographic Realm (western Asia and Central Asia) and the Indo‐Malaysian Biogeographic Realm in Monsoon Asia.

Lions and tigers shared space with a large variety of medium‐sized carnivores. We can hypothesise that, due to the plentiful prey and the diversity in habitats within their common range, they lived in sympatry there during the Holocene (although in local allopatry), as long as human interference was low.

The Indo‐Malaysian Biogeographic Realm offered the best habitats for coexistence due to the tropical climate, the variety of habitats, and the great diversity in prey. In temperate Asia, the carrying capacity was naturally lower due to cold winters and dry summers, except along the coasts. Suitable habitats were limited, in Central Asia, to the tugais of the alluvial valleys and the adjacent steppes. In this region, lions were particularly sensitive to stresses, due to their low adaptability to harsh winters, the long distance to their main population sources, and the likelihood that they were pushed into the steppes by tigers, where they were killed by humans, for symbolic or pragmatic reasons.
Field Independence Associates with Mathematics and Science Performance in 5‐ to 10‐Year‐Olds after Accounting for Domain‐General Factors
Authors: Morris Su , Farran Emily K. , Dumontheil Iroise 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTField independence describes the extent to which individuals are influenced by context when trying to identify embedded targets. It associates with cognitive functioning and is a predictor of academic achievement. However, little is known about the neural and cognitive underpinnings of field independence that lead to these associations. Here, we investigated behavioral associations between two measures of field independence (Children's Embedded Figures Test [CEFT] and Design Organization Test [DOT]) and performance on tests of mathematics (reasoning and written arithmetic) and science (reasoning and scientific inquiry) in 135 children aged 5–10 years. There were strong associations between field independence and mathematics and science, which were largely explained by individual differences in age, intelligence, and verbal working memory. However, regression analyses indicated that after controlling for these variables, the CEFT explained additional variance on the mathematical reasoning and science tests, whereas the DOT predicted unique variance on the written arithmetic test.