bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Warming and Cooling of The Earth’s Climate and Their Causes
Authors: Boryczka Jerzy 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The progressing warming of the Earth’s climate is mainly caused by natural factors, that is, the increasing solar activity and the decreasing volcanic activity on the Earth. The aspects which testify to the predominance of natural factors include: synchronous changes in the average air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere in the years 1856-2002, the average consecutive 11-year Wolf numbers and the location of the mass centres of the four largest planets.
Natural causes of the climate warming are corroborated by the synchronicity of changes in the carbon dioxide concentration and paleotemperature in the last 450,000 years, revealed on the basis of an analysis of the ice core in Antarctica. Periods of climate warming occur every 100,000 years and are caused by an increased solar radiation in high latitudes, resulting from changes in the Earth’s orbit and the inclination of the Earth axis (according to the popular Milankovič theory).
Cyclic Temperature and Precipitation Fluctuations in Poland in the 19th-21st Centuries
Authors: Boryczka Jerzy , Stopa-Boryczka Maria 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The objective of the work is to determine the periodicity and trends of change in air temperature and precipitation in Poland in the time period of the 18th-20th centuries, together with the forecast for the 21st century. There are interesting diagrams of the temporal changes of solar activity and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) indicator, with the forecast reaching the year 2100. The forecasts were obtained on the basis of interpretations of the Wolf number and NAO indicator cycles, determined with the method of “regression sinusoids”. The fluctuations of the air temperature and precipitations during winter in Warsaw and in Cracow are closely correlated.
Pressure Field Over Europe and North Atlantic Favourable for The Occurrence of Clear and Cloudy Days in Poland
Authors: Żmudzka Elwira 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In this paper, results of research concerning circulation conditions favouring the occurrence of clear and cloudy days in Poland are presented. An analysis of the mean pressure field over North Atlantic and Europe on such days was performed, differences between the mean pressure on such days and the mean pressure from all the days of the period 1966-2000 were determined. The pressure field was characterised by mean daily values taken from grid nodes from the area with φ 30°–70°N and λ 40°W–60°E (NCEP/NCAR database). The relation between the amount of cloudiness over Poland and pressure was estimated by means of linear correlation coefficient.
Dangerous Weather Phenomena in Europe in The Year 2000 and their Dependence on Circulation
Authors: Grabowska Katarzyna 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In the paper the influence of atmospheric circulation on selected dangerous weather phenomena in Europe in the year 2000 has been presented. Dangerous weather phenomena include: 30 days with thunderstorms in Poland and 26 examples of such phenomena in Europe (tornados, strong winds, thunderstorms, torrential rains, floods, etc.).
The NAO index (North Atlantic Oscillation) served to determine the character of the circulation that influenced the occurrence of catastrophic phenomena in Western, Central and Southern Europe. The J. Lityński classification of circulation types was used to thunderstorms occurring in Poland only. Most catastrophic phenomena during the positive NAO phase (predominance of zonal circulation) happened in Western and Central Europe. During the negative NAO phase (predominance of meridional circulation) the regions of the Mediterranean Basin were more frequently affected. In the case of thunderstorms in Poland in the year under investigation (2000) their occurrence was related to the inflow of air masses from the northern sector.
The Influence of The North Atlantic Oscillations (NAO) on The Climate of Warsaw and Lviv
Authors: Boryczka Jerzy , Mucha Bohdan , Stopa-Boryczka Maria , Wawer Jolanta 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The objective of the work is to determine the periodicity and trends of change in air temperature in Warsaw and in Lviv during the 18th-20th centuries, together with the forecast for the years 2000-2100. There are interesting diagrams of temporal changes of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) indicator and air temperature, with the forecast reaching the year 2100. The forecasts were obtained on the basis of interpretations of the Sun activity and the NAO indicator cycles, determined with the method of “regression sinusoids”. The fluctuations of air temperature and North Atlantic Oscillation during winter in Warsaw and in Lviv are closely correlated.
Dependence of Air Quality Conditions in Cities in North-Western Poland on the Direction of Air Inflow
Authors: Kicińska Bożena 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This paper presents the dependence of air pollution with sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide on wind direction in Szczecin, Łeba, Elbląg and Zielona Góra in the period 1993-1999. It has been shown that the most disadvantageous air quality conditions in the cities listed above are on the days with air inflow from south-east, and the most advantageous on the days with advection from north-west. This dependence is particularly evident in the case of pollution with sulphur dioxide, especially in the cold half-year.
The Sedimentation Processes in Włocławek Reservoir
Authors: Bogucka Małgorzata , Magnuszewski Artur 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The study discusses accumulation and erosion processes which occurred in the bowl of Włocławek Reservoir in the period 1971-1992, and were analysed using digital batimetric maps. It also provides the results of the work of other authors concerning the assessment of the river sediments accumulated in the reservoir.
Analysis of digital batimetric maps has shown that the material deposited in Włocławek Reservoir in the years 1971-1992 totalled about 18.3 million m3, which corresponds to approximately 0.87 million m3 of sediments per annum, and means a 4.5% loss of the reservoir’s storage capacity. The volume of accumulation and erosion, assessed in this manner, approximates the earlier calculations performed using different research methods; it corroborates the fact that accumulation prevails in the balance of the sediments.
The Role of Morphogenetic and Anthropogenic Processes in The Development of Gullies and Methods of Their Prevention (On The Example of The Vicinity of Kazimierz Dolny)
Authors: Kalińska Edyta 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The vicinity of Kazimierz Dolny is characterised by the occurrence of large denivelations and thick loess covers. Due to that, as well as to the characteristic properties of loess and frequent occurrences of torrential rains, the region is marked by numerous dissections by valleys. Not without importance is agriculture, whose intensification brought about the creation of new relief forms. Gully erosion is a serious threat for the inhabitants of the region; on the other hand, it is impossible to eliminate it. For that reason it is necessary to use modern anti-erosion measures.
Methods of Examining The Nature-Man Relationship in Warsaw Regional Geography
Authors: Walewski Andrzej 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Several methods applied in the Department of Regional Geography of Warsaw University in research on the relationship between the natural environment and man were presented: chi-squared test, class diversification method, correlation methods, regression analysis. Their merits and limitations were described. The usefulness for research of different aspects of the nature-man relationship was discussed. New possibilities of applying thus obtained results (e.g. for delimitation of regions of the nature-man relationship) were identified.
Possibilities of Balancing of Anthropogenic Changes of Relief and Water Conditions in The Tatra Mountains
Authors: Radziewicz Tomasz 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
During its entire utilisation history – lasting several hundred years – the area of the Tatra Mountains underwent multidirectional anthropopressure. As the result, all components of their natural environment have been transformed, including relief and water conditions.The analysis of the literature on this topic conducted by the author, as well as his observations performed in the area, confirmed the assumption that transformations caused by human actions developed with varying intensity and admitted various forms depending on the area of action and the magnitude of means applied.
The transformation scale presented here estimates the influence of anthropopressure on the stability of the catchment area systems of larger Tatra streams, partial catchment areas of their confluents and selected slope surfaces.
In systems, where the limits of persistence were not exceeded, stability was ensured by natural processes compensating for the consequences of anthropopressure. In systems where stability was disturbed, planned preventive measures are necessary.
City Parks in Europe
Authors: Szumacher Iwona 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The goal of this paper is to present European parks form the point of view of their natural environment and ecological functions which they fulfill in the city. Parks situated in valley landscapes have been used as the object of study, since these types of parks predominate in Europe. These are: Hyde Park in London, Clara Zetkin Park in Leipzig, Tiergarten in Berlin and Łazienki in Warsaw.
The Natural Environment and Changes in Population Distribution
Authors: Skotnicki Maksymilian 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
A search for interrelations between natural conditions and changes in population distribution may be a significant subject of regional geography research. It is especially promising to explore this issue as exemplified by France, where we have specific statistical data from censuses carried out in administrative units which have remained unchanged for years. The paper discusses methods of searching for such interrelations on the basis of chosen examples.
Desertification: On Significance of The Term and Research of The Phenomenon
Authors: Plit Florian 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
First elaborations on desertification come from the Renaissance, but the term was used for the first time by Aubréville in 1949. In later years, many significantly varying in meaning definitions were elaborated.
In later periods, researchers’ attention concentrated on different areas. At the turn of the XIXth century, interest was mainly focused on Asia, later on the peripheries of the Sahara, in recent years on desertification in post-soviet Central Asia, China and Mongolia.
Social and Occupational Changes in Small Towns in The Swiętokrzyskie Voivodship During the Transformation of the Political System
Authors: Mularczyk Mirosław 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The objective of the paper is to present social and occupational changes in small towns in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodship in regard to their accessibility to communication with larger towns in the examined area. Because of the availability of statistic data for the analysis, the time period from 1995 to 2004 was selected.
Answers to the following question were looked for in the paper:
– is there an interdependence between the directions of the occurring social and occupational changes (a change in the number of inhabitants, changes in internal migrations, changes in the employment structure) in small towns of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodship and their accessibility to communication with larger towns (exceeding five thousand inhabitants) in the examined area.
A network of towns in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodship, in the form in which it functions since 1999 is examined.
Development and Distribution of Private Microfirms in Mid-Size Polish Towns During the Transformation Period
Authors: Kamińska Wioletta , Mularczyk Mirosław 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The objective of the paper is to present the development and distribution of microfirms in mid-size Polish towns during the years of transformation of the political system. Research comprised towns with a population numbering from 20 thousand to 100 thousand inhabitants. According to the Central Office of Statistics reporting standards it is recognized that micro enterprises are economic entities employing up to nine people. Research has shown that a dynamic growth of microfirms took place during the transformation period in mid-size Polish towns. Majority of them came into being in towns with high tourism values located near border crossing points, along the main communication routes, on the edge of great urban-industrial agglomerations and towns located within special economic zones. On the other hand, the least number of microfirms were recorded in towns with less than 50 thousand inhabitants, usually peripherally located in a given voivodship.
Depopulation of the Russian far East. Magadan Oblast: A Case Study
Authors: Wites Tomasz 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The paper presents spatial differentiation and causes of depopulation processes that began in Magadan Oblast in the Russian Far East after the fall of the Soviet Union. In the region under investigation, depopulation is very intensive. The analysis of changes in population in the lower-lever administrative units allows for showing the differences in spatial distribution of depopulation in individual regions [“rayons”]. During the research surveys, allowing for a fuller understanding of the conditions and the process of depopulation, were conducted.
Western European Retail Chains in The Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia – Similarities and Differences
Authors: Wilk Waldemar 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The paper deals with an analysis the growing presence of international retail enterprises in the Central European countries of the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia. Results of the research show that there are differences between the Polish market and the remaining two. The differences are in the scale of investments, the investors’ geographic origin, the number of stores within the network of the so called modern distribution channels (hyper- and supermarkets and discount stores). The diversity of location strategies used by Western European retail enterprises in the Central European markets is also shown, beginning with the methods of entering new markets (organic growth, acquisition of existing chains, franchising) and ending on the degree of concentration of retail stores in the largest cities of the three countries.
Warsaw Metropolitan Area in an International Relations Network
Authors: Grochowski Mirosław , Fuhrmann Magdalena , Madurowicz Mikołaj , Pieniążek Marek , Wilk Waldemar , Zegar Tomasz 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
International relations of the Warsaw Metropolitan Area are presented in the paper. International relations, their extent (number and range), character and intensity reflect on the degree to which the metropolitan area (the central city and the remaining component units) has been included into an economic and socio-political relations network. Research was carried out, taking advantage of a broad base of available information sources, general economic, cultural, scientific, transport, tourist relations as well as cooperation of international self-government units1.
Transformation of Rural Communities in Las Huastecas Region in Mexico. Preliminary Field Research Report.
Authors: Lisocka-Jaegermann Bogumiła , Skoczek Maria , Martínez Joaquín Roberto González 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The article contains preliminary report of field study conducted in February 2006 in Las Huastecas Region in Mexico by members of the Department of Regional Studies on Latin America at the Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies of Warsaw University. The aim of the research was to determine changes in socio-economic patterns of Las Huastecas rural areas, as well as to grasp the way local inhabitants perceived them. Open and semi-structured interviews were held with local authorities and inhabitants, in many cases with the same persons that were interviewed during the previous research trip in 2001. Conclusions deal with such aspects of Las Huastecas reality, as further improvement in social and technical infrastructure, intensification of diversification of revenues including short and medium temporal migration to big cities in northern parts of Mexico as well as seasonal migration of rural labor to agribusiness sector. Some limited new initiatives related to small scale tourism, preservation of cultural heritage and aquaculture were also observed. The local inhabitants perceived their actual situation as more difficult than 5 years ago, but we have impression that many of social actors have been more active during this period.
Perspectives of Development of Ecotourism in West Africa – Examples from Niger, Mali and The Ivory Coast
Authors: Kulczyk Sylwia 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Ecotourism, understood as a form of leisure conforming with the principles of environmental protection and promoting its natural and cultural values, is dynamically developing in almost all parts of the world. Properly carried out, ecotourism projects may be an essential instrument of regional development. Problems of ecotourism development in four areas of West Africa, i.e. the Comoé National Park (Ivory Coast), the Dogon Country (Mali), the northern Dallol Boss Region and Kouré (Niger), and the Äir and Ténéré Natural Reserves (Niger) are discussed in the article.
A common characteristic of the chosen areas are their significant natural and cultural values and the occurrence of tourist activeness allowing to qualify them as ecotouristic sites. The analysis of both external and internal success factors in ecotourism leads to the conclusion that, in the discussed regions, ecotourism development is a positive phenomenon. It should, however, be accompanied by continuous supervision of environmental conditions and ecological education of the local population.
Methods of Assessment of The Natural Environment in Examining the Relationship Between its Diversity, Values and Tourism in Western Australia’s National Parks
Authors: Bednarek Małgorzata 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In 2004, the author studied the impact of the diversity of the environment and natural values in national parks of Western Australia on the number of tourists visiting them. The research indicates that the highest correlation is between natural values and number of tourists, a smaller one is between the diversity of the environment and natural values and the lowest correlation is between the diversity of the environment and the number of tourists. Such studies require proper methods for evaluation of the natural environment. This paper discusses differences between the two main methods. The first, which describes diversity of the environment in national parks, is based on the evaluation made for the whole continent, where six main features of the environment were measured in the grid of squares. The natural values were studied with a greater accuracy on the basis of the descriptions and maps concerning the parks’ territory. Attractiveness in respect to natural values is presented by the sum of points. Each park received from 0 to 2 points for each of the 18 natural values.
Economic Significance of Tourism in The Lesser Antilles
Authors: Piraszewska Katarzyna 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The objective of the article is an attempt to assess the economic significance of tourism in chosen islands of the Lesser Antilles. Diversification of the significance of tourism in economy between particular islands of the Lesser Antilles is very extensive. The economy of islands such as the British Virgin Islands, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda is highly dependent on tourism. On the other hand, islands such as Martinique and Curaçao derive small profits from tourism. The tourism satellite account method was used to show to what a degree each of the Lesser Antilles islands is dependent on tourism and what profits are derived from it. The account considers both direct and indirect outlays on tourism. The selected countries are divided into groups according to the intensity of tourism, the size of the GDP generated per one inhabitant as well as the share of employment in tourism per total employment. A group of countries and dependent territories deriving greater and lesser economic benefits from tourism than might appear from the intensity of tourism is identified.
The Role of Didactic Trails in Geographical Education in Poland
Authors: Angiel Joanna 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The paper presents the goals of creation of various kinds of didactic trails in Poland. Various methods of presenting information and of conducting geographical field trips on such trails are described. Thanks to that, it is possible not only to broaden the students’ knowledge about the given area but also to develop numerous skills and attitudes leading to the awareness of the geographical environment and its value in human life. The paper contains also a procedure for creating one’s own didactic trail in the nearest area.
Evolution of Sozological Maps in Poland
Authors: Siwek Jerzy 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The beginnings of sozological cartography in Poland go back to the second half of 1960s. Since those times many maps showing both relatively small areas and entire voivodships as well as the whole country have been published. A large range of territories corresponds to an equally large variation of the scale: from 1:10 000 and 1:25 000 scales to small scales in school atlases. The content of the individual maps exhibits a large differentiation — from the monothematic approaches to the richest in content, comprehensive 1:50 000 scale Sozological Map of Poland, published since the early 1990s. The state of the natural environment of Poland, presented on many detailed maps, still awaits a synthesis in form of general regional maps, thus of medium-scale maps.
Modern Methods of Use of Geographic Maps in Field Research for Localisation of Objects
Authors: Macioch Andrzej 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In the paper the author described briefly modern technical possibilities of supporting the use of maps in field research and presented methods of map use in localisation of objects. In his description of the methods the author presented the differences in the approach to the problem depending on the features of the maps, both paper and digital ones. He also stressed the issue of adjustment of the features related to the cartometricity of the maps in use to the coordinate system in which the data required for the field projects are obtained and processed.
Differentiation Between Forms of Urban Development Using The Object-Oriented Classification Method with Central Warsaw as The Example
Authors: Zaremski Karol 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The aim of the paper is to present automated methods of discrimination of urban development forms using object-oriented classification in high-resolution images taken by the Ikonos satellite. The object-oriented classification makes possible to describe individual classes using not only the spectral reflection values but also the shapes, textures and topology of objects. The classification process as such is based on the theory of fuzzy sets.
The research covered an area of 25 km, situated in central Warsaw. As a result of object-oriented classification, five classes of development typical of large cities were distinguished and described.