bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acrostichus palmarum n. sp., a cryptic species separated from A. rhynchophori by molecular sequences and hybridisation tests
Authors: Kanzaki Natsumi , Giblin-Davis Robin M. 
Published: August 2018

SummaryA newAcrostichusspecies is described based upon molecular sequence profiles and hybridisation testing. The new species,A. palmarumn. sp., had been previously described as local isolates (strains) ofA. rhynchophori,i.e., an isolate recovered fromRhynchophorus cruentatusfrom South Florida (culture code RGD193) was designated as the type strain ofA. rhynchophori, and other Central and South American strains (RGD194-196), recovered fromR. palmarumwere considered as conspecific regional isolates. However, additional sequencing of ribosomal DNA loci (near full-length of small subunit, full length of internal transcribed spacer and D2-D3 expansion segments of large subunit) and partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene and hybridisation testing suggested the independent species status of RGD194-196. Furthermore, two strains ofA. palmarumn. sp., RGD194 and RGD195, showed partial reproductive isolation from each other,i.e., the fecundity of F1 progeny was obviously low, suggesting that geographical isolation within a widely-distributed species is occurring.
A Study of Pre-Warm Frontal Fog at Portland, Oregon*
Authors: Carpenter Archer B. 
Published: August 2018

Summary
The Portland Airport is located within the City of Portland, and subject to the usual city smoke. Prevailing winds are from the northwest and southeast due to its location on the Willamette River. Ocean air may reach Portland from the northwest, through the lower Columbia River gorge, and from the 3outh southwest through a gap in the Coast Range. It is also exposed to the interior climate of eastern Washington and Oregon, through the upper Columbia River gorge. At times the interplay of continental and ocean air may become delicately balanced for hours, with the continuation of pre-warm-frontal fog. It has been found that formation and duration of pre-warm frontal fog may be forecast within reasonable limits. When the precipitation at Portland is warmer than the surface air into which it is falling, formation of prewarm frontal fog is favored. Gradient winds of 20–30 mph are most favorable for light pre-warm-frontal precipitation. Duration of the fog depends on a continued supply of cold surface air, warm precipitation falling into the cold surface air, and light surface winds.
On the Occurrence of Dry, Stable Maritime Air in Equatorial Regions
Authors: Deppermann C. E. 
Published: August 2018

Summary
We wish to emphasize the fact that some types of maritime air, such as the South Pacific trade, though long in the equatorial regions, can remain quite dry and stable, not only while in such regions but also after leaving them for higher latitudes. It may well be that passage through a frontal zone, convergence from other causes such as Coriolis force or the pressure gradient surrounding continental heat lows, transit over warmer water surface, or even orographic effects may have much more to do with the wetness of some equatorial maritime air masses, like the true southwest monsoon of the Indian Ocean, than merely lengthy passage through the tropics aided only by local heat convection.
The Origin of Atmospheric Oxygen
Authors: Nichols Robert L. 
Published: August 2018

Summary
From the literature several theories of the origin of O2 in the atmosphere are quoted: Oxygen may have been an original constituent, or formed by impact of white hot planetesimals with water vapor (the hydrogen escaping from the earth's atmosphere, or green plants release O2 in photosynthesis, or volcanic vents emitted it (probably not an original source). The author then suggests 6 other possible sources: by meteors, stony meteorites, high temperatures, or penetrating radiations, in the high atmosphere; by lightning and by decomposition of chlorine from volcanic gases, in geologically past times. It is not possible to make very accurate estimates of the quantitative importance of many of these sources.
Some Possible Relationships of Planetary Configuration and Sunspots to World Weather
Authors: Mills C. A. 
Published: August 2018

Summary
Earth temperatures tend to fall as Mercury and Venus in turn pass around on the opposite side of the Sun, and to rise as each of these planets comes into the same heliocentric longitude as the earth.
Sunspot maxima visible to the earth tend to occur more often when Mercury (the only planet studied in this respect) is on the opposite side of the Sun, while sunspot minima are more frequent with Mercury on the same side as the earth.
Earth temperatures show a pronounced tendency to be above normal during falling or low phases of the 11-year sunspot cycles, and to be subnormal in the rising or high phases of these cycles.
A Stable Photoelectric Amplifier and Its Application in Ultraviolet and Ozone Studies
Authors: Stair R. , Hand I. F. 
Published: August 2018

Summary
Supplementary to an earlier paper in the Review of Scientific Instruments for August, 1940, this paper gives additional technical data on the construction and a discussion of important applications of a Wheatstone bridge type of balanced direct-current photoelectric amplifier adapted for use on 110-volt a-c commercial power lines. This instrument is especially adapted for use with the standard recorders now employed by the U. S. Weather Bureau in the study of Solar radiation. The determination of the amount and variation of ozone in the stratosphere, and of the total intensity of ultraviolet solar radiation in a definite wave band, are discussed as the important applications of the instrument. Performance tests indicate that the instrument is equivalent to the older battery type in sensitivity and precision. It is, furthermore, free from the disadvantages of requiring frequent voltage adjustments, sensitivity tests, and the continual attention of an experienced operator.
On the Mechanism of Thunderstorm Downdrafts
Authors: Kaplan Henry G. 
Published: August 2018

Synopsis
If a unit of air starts to descend in a region of the atmosphere characterized by a lepse rate between dry and saturated adiabatic, it becomes warmer than its surroundings and tends to return to its original position. Yet, in air where such a vertical temperature distribution exists, violent downdrafts are observed after the onset of a thunderstorm. Continuous cooling of the descending units of air by water and ice hydrometeors keeps them colder than the surrounding air. Thus a downdraft is maintained.
The cooling can be divided into several factors. The most important is the heat of vaporization of the heavy precipitation falling with or through the descending units. The precipitation keeps the downdraft practically saturated; so that a plot of the path of a descending unit of air on an adiabatic chart will follow a saturation adiabat.
The factor of next importance is the specific heat of the tremendous quantities of water and ice accompanying or passing through each unit of descending air. Although the ratio of heat of evaporation to specific heat of water is about five hundred to one, the specific heat factor is a more important cooling agent than this indicates. For, in estimating the relative cooling effects of these two factors one must remember that in descending from one level to another, an air parcel can only evaporate a limited amount of water. On the other hand the quantity of liquid and solid water involved in the specific heat transfer has no limitations.
The third factor, the one which does not have, the continuous cooling properties of the other two but is of tremendous importance in the regions where the downdraft acquires above freezing temperatures, is the melting of ice hydrometeors. Large quantities of melting ice tend to give the unit isothermal descent characteristics, rapidly increasing the area on the adiabatic chart between a plotting of this descent and the plotting of the original atmospheric sounding. In other words, this melting causes a large acceleration in descent.
Falling raindrops and ice hydrometeors, by compressing air ahead of them and rarefying air behind them, contribute to the downward motion of air. This factor, although not great, may be instrumental in initiating downdrafts.
The sum of these effects, each one having an importance depending on particular conditions, makes up the downdraft characteristics.
Downdrafts having a greater horizontal component than the accompanying precipitation, may leave the precipitation zone and continue to descend dry adiabatically until they acquire the same temperature (or better, the same density characteristics) of the surrounding air. Those leaving the precipitation at a low level may reach the earth as a cool wind unaccompanied by rain.
The understanding of the necessarily close relationship between thunderstorm downdrafts and precipitation should be of valuable aid to pilots flying in thunderstorm areas.
Shelf Cross-Shore Flows under Storm-Driven Conditions: Role of Stratification, Shoreline Orientation, and Bathymetry
Authors: Wu Xiaodong , Voulgaris George , Kumar Nirnimesh 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNumerical simulations are used to study the response of Long Bay, South Carolina, a typical coastal embayment with curved coastline located on the South Atlantic Bight, to realistic, climatologically defined, synoptic storm forcing. Synoptic storms, consisting of cold and warm fronts as well as tropical storms, are used as forcing under both mixed and stratified initial conditions. The analysis focuses on the development of cross-shore shelf circulation and the relative contributions of regionally defined cross-shore winds and alongshore bathymetric variation. The simulation results show that, under stratified conditions, the regionally defined offshore-directed wind component promotes upwelling during the developing stage of the cold front and enhances mixing during the decaying stage. No significant effect is found for warm front and tropical storm forcing conditions. Net cross-shore transports are induced at the southern and northern sides of the embayment that have opposing signs. Besides the surface and bottom Ekman transports, geostrophic transport due to alongshore shelf bed slope and horizontal advection are found to be important contributors to cross-shore flow development. Sea level variability along the curved coastline is driven by the regional alongshore wind, but a spatial variability is identified from the locally defined components of along- and cross-shore winds controlled by coastline orientation.
Using Tools to Help Us Think: Actual but Also Believed Reliability Modulates Cognitive Offloading
Authors: Weis Patrick P. , Wiese Eva 
Published: August 2018

Objective: A distributed cognitive system is a system in which cognitive processes are distributed between brain-based internal and environment-based external resources. In the current experiment, we examined the influence of metacognitive processes on external resource use (i.e., cognitive offloading) in such systems. Background: High-tech working environments oftentimes represent distributed cognitive systems. Because cognitive offloading can both support and harm performance, depending on the specific circumstances, it is essential to understand when and why people offload their cognition. Method: We used an extension of the mental rotation paradigm. It allowed participants to rotate stimuli either internally as in the original paradigm or with a rotation knob that afforded rotating stimuli externally on a computer screen. Two parameters were manipulated: the knob’s actual reliability (AR) and an instruction altering participants’ beliefs about the knob’s reliability (believed reliability; BR). We measured cognitive offloading proportion and perceived knob utility. Results: Participants were able to quickly and dynamically adjust their cognitive offloading proportion and subjective utility assessments in response to AR, suggesting a high level of offloading proficiency. However, when BR instructions were presented that falsely described the knob’s reliability to be lower than it actually was, participants reduced cognitive offloading substantially. Conclusion: The extent to which people offload their cognition is not based solely on utility maximization; it is additionally affected by possibly erroneous preexisting beliefs. Application: To support users in efficiently operating in a distributed cognitive system, an external resource’s utility should be made transparent, and preexisting beliefs should be adjusted prior to interaction.
Level of pleural invasion effects on prognosis in lung cancer
Authors: Tanju Serhan , Erus Suat , Selçukbiricik Fatih , İliaz Sinem , Kapdağlı Murat , Bulutay Pınar , Sevinç Tolga Evrim , Mandel Nil Molinas , Dilege Şükrü 
Published: August 2018

Objective: To analyze the extent of visceral pleural invasion (VPI) and its effect on survival along with its place in determining the T descriptor in TNM staging in our patients. Methods: A total of 233 patients underwent lung resection. The data were retrospectively analyzed in terms of sex, age, histopathologic type, stage of the tumor, extent of VPI, and survival. Patients who had neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy, distant metastasis, parietal pleural invasion, and operative mortality were excluded. Results: The median follow-up was 59 months (range 4–126). The extent of VPI was PL0 in 119 (65.7%) patients, PL1 in 47 (26%) patients, and PL2 in 15 (8%) patients. The median survival rates were 65 (range 43–96) months for PL0, 54 (range 37–72) months for PL1, and 39 (range 12–69) months for PL2. The 5-year overall survival rates were 74.7% for PL0, 77.8% for PL1, and 53.3% for PL2. There were statistically significant differences in overall survival among PL0, PL1, and PL2 ( p = 0.03). In subgroup analysis, the difference was insignificant in PL0 vs PL1 ( p = 0.81), but significant in PL0 vs PL2 ( p = 0.02) and PL1 vs PL2 ( p = 0.04) groups. Conclusions: This study emphasizes that the presence of VPI is related with poor prognosis independent of lymph node positivity, histologic subtypes, and tumor size. As the study shows, PL0 and PL1 have similar survival rates and these two groups may be considered as VPI (−) patients whereas PL2 disease affects survival outcomes.
Variations in the Anatomic Morphology of the Lateral Distal Tibia: Surgical Implications for Distal Tibial Allograft Glenoid Reconstruction
Authors: Parada Stephen A. , Shaw K. Aaron , Moreland Colleen , Adams Douglas R. , Chabak Mickey S. , Provencher Matthew T. 
Published: August 2018

Background: Distal tibial allograft glenoid augmentation has been introduced as a viable treatment approach for glenoid bone loss in conjunction with shoulder instability. No previous study, however, has assessed the morphologic variation of the distal tibia at the incisura as it relates to graft dimensions for glenoid augmentation. Increased concavity at the lateral distal tibia necessitates removal of the lateral cortex to obtain a flat surface, which may have implications for the strength of surgical fixation. Purpose: To assess the morphologic variation of the distal tibia at the incisura as it relates to graft dimensions for glenoid augmentation. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Magnetic resonance images of the ankle were reviewed for morphology assessment of the appearance and depth of the distal tibia. A classification system was created reflecting the suitability for glenoid augmentation. Type A tibias contained a flat contour of the lateral tibia at the articular surface, indicative of an ideal graft. Type B tibias had slight concavity with a central depth <5 mm and were deemed acceptable grafts. Type C tibias had deep concavity with a central depth >5 mm and were deemed unacceptable. Statistical analysis was performed via univariate analyses to compare patient demographics against acceptable morphology for glenoid augmentation. Results: Eighty-five study patients met inclusion criteria (53 male, 32 female; mean age ± SD, 35.1 ± 10.3 years). Overall, 12 patients (14.1%) demonstrated type A morphology, with 61 patients (71.8%) having type B morphology for a total of 85.9% of acceptable grafts for glenoid augmentation. The interrater reliability was moderate to strong between observers (kappa value = 0.841). On univariate analysis, sex was the only variable significantly associated with an acceptable graft, with 100% of female patients having acceptable morphology, as compared with 77% of male patients ( P = .004). Conclusion: Variable morphology of the distal tibia at the incisura was found: 14.1% of patients demonstrated an ideal morphology for glenoid augmentation; an additional 71.8% were deemed suitable for graft usage; and 14.1% of tibias had unacceptable morphology. Sex was a significant factor for predicting acceptable grafts. Clinical Relevance: This information will assist surgeons in accepting or rejecting grafts based on the epidemiology of the distal tibial morphology as it relates to glenoid augmentation.
Readiness of Hong Kong secondary school teachers for teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation in schools: A questionnaire survey
Authors: Fan Min , Leung Ling-Pong , Leung Reynold , Hon Suet , Fan Kit Ling 
Published: August 2018

Background: Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation can improve the survival rate of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation in schools by teachers is one of the ways to increase the number of bystanders who can perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Nevertheless, there have been no studies on the readiness of teachers in Hong Kong to teach cardiopulmonary resuscitation in their schools. Objective: To assess whether secondary school teachers are prepared to teach their students cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Methods: This was a questionnaire survey. Teachers from 22 local secondary schools were recruited. The questionnaires were designed with questions covering their knowledge about cardiopulmonary resuscitation and attitudes towards teaching their students cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A knowledge score and attitude score were calculated. Result: 557 teachers completed the questionnaires. Most had never witnessed a cardiac arrest and over half of them had never been trained cardiopulmonary resuscitation or use of an automated defibrillator. About 25% of them answered all questions on knowledge wrong. Only 25% supported teaching cardiopulmonayr resuscitation in schools and 32% were willing to teach it. Legal liability was a major concern. Conclusion: Local teachers’ readiness for teaching students cardiopulmonary resuscitation in secondary schools is likely poor. More efforts are required to raise their knowledge level on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and instill a positive attitude towards cardiopulmonary resuscitation education in schools.
Homicidal Violence Among National Football League Athletes
Authors: Cummings Peter , Harbaugh Allen G. , Farah George 
Published: August 2018

Given the concerns regarding chronic traumatic encephalopathy and its potential association with violent behavior in football players, we investigated the rates of deaths and arrests related to homicide among the National Football League (NFL) population. In order to accomplish this, we performed a retrospective analysis of the 27 155 individuals who had played, or are currently playing, professional football since its inception in 1920. The number of observed homicides in this cohort was compared to the number of expected homicides using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention annual tables. Information regarding player cause of death was obtained from web-based sources. We identified 17 (0.27%) homicides among the 6356 NFL player deaths. The average age of individuals dying as the result of homicide was 31.4 years (range 24-50 years). Gunshot wound was the leading cause of death. The standardized mortality ratio for death by homicide was historically below 5%. As compared to the general US population, there were about 70% fewer deaths by homicide in the NFL population than would be expected. Our study also found only 0.04% of the NFL player population has ever been the focus of a homicide investigation, with only 0.02% of the NFL player population having been convicted. Our findings suggest homicidal violence among NFL players is rare, as NFL players have substantially lower rates of dying and being arrested as a consequence of homicidal violence compared to the general US population.
Three-Dimensional Morphometric Modeling Measurements of the Calcaneus in Adults with Stage IIB Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction: A Pilot Study
Authors: Walley Kempland C. , Roush Evan P. , Stauch Christopher M. , Kunselman Allen R. , Saloky Kaitlin L. , King Jesse L. , Lewis Gregory S. , Aynardi Michael C. 
Published: August 2018

Background: The pathophysiology of adult-acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) is not fully explained by degeneration of the posterior tibial tendon alone. While a shortened or dysplastic lateral column has been implicated in flatfoot deformity in pediatrics, there is no study that has quantified the degree of dysplasia in adults with a stage IIb flatfoot deformity, or if any exists at all. Methods: An institutional radiology database was queried for patients with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) who had computed tomography (CT) performed. Controls were patients receiving CT scan for an intra-articular distal tibia fracture without preexisting foot or calcaneal pathology. Clinical notes, physical examination, and weightbearing radiographs were used to find patients that met clinical criteria for stage IIb PTTD. Morphometric measurements of the calcanei were performed involving the length of the calcaneal axis (LCA), height of the anterior process (HAP), and length of the anterior process (LAP). All measurements were performed independently by separate observers, with observers blinded to group assignment. We considered a difference of ±4 mm as our threshold. Results: 7 patients and 7 controls were available for reconstruction and analysis. On average, the LCA was 3.1 mm shorter in patients with stage IIb PTTD compared with controls ( P < .05). The LAP was shorter in PTTD patients compared with controls 3.4 mm ( P < .001). Conclusions: Our results support the hypothesis that the calcaneus of adult patients with stage IIb AAFD is dysplastic when compared with healthy controls, which further supports the utility of lateral column lengthening. Levels of Evidence: Level III: Case-control study