bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulation Experiments for Meteorological Observing Systems for GARP1
Authors: Kasahara Akira 
Published: April 2018

The future observing system of the global atmosphere which has been contemplated for the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) is a combination of various observing subsystems including satellites, constant-level balloons, automatic ocean buoys, etc., as well as conventional upper-air and surface networks. All observing subsystems are neither perfect nor ideal. Numerical experiments (with global circulation models) are needed to evaluate the subsystems in terms of the accuracy, density, and frequency of observations. They are called Observing Systems Simulation Experiments (OSSE).
The purpose of this report is to describe the present activities in OSSE. Most useful up-to-date information was obtained from the oral presentation of papers at the International Symposium on Four-Dimensional Data Assimilation, Princeton, N. J., 19–22 April 1971.
Since a global circulation model is used as an integrator and analyzer of observed data in three-dimensional space and time taken from various observing subsystems, the question of error growth of the prediction model in relation to the accuracy of observation is discussed as the predictability experiment.
Another important property of the model atmosphere is the ability to adjust the model's variables for forced prescription of incomplete observed data. This adjustment property is used to assimilate observed data in four dimensions. The method of direct substitution is used to determine the basic data requirements for observation of wind, temperature, and surface pressure.
Various methods of four-dimensional data assimilation are reviewed for the purpose of optimum design for OSSE. Finally, questions concerning the reference level information are reviewed and results of some numerical experiments conducted at the National Center for Atmospheric Research are presented.
Problems of Large-Scale Kinetic Energy Balance—A Diagnostic Analysis in GARP
Authors: Kung Ernest C. , Smith Phillip J. 
Published: April 2018

Currently available diagnostic studies on kinetic energy balance in the general circulation are reviewed as one of the basic scientific problems in GARP.
The kinetic energy equation and several different approaches in the evaluation of energy variables are discussed in relation to real and modeled atmospheric data. Energy balance problems in the middle latitudes are examined in terms of linkages between processes from energy conversion to dissipation, balance within various systems of circulation, and interactions with sub-synoptic scale disturbances. The kinetic energy budget in large-scale disturbances and the general flow of the tropical circulation are contrasted with those in the middle latitudes.
By clarifying the current essential problems in the energetics of the middle latitudes and tropics, ongoing diagnostic studies at the University of Missouri—Columbia and Purdue University are identified in the context of the GARP.
Robert E. Horton Memorial Lecture
Authors: Bruce J. P. 
Published: April 2018

The field of hydrometeorology has always been a difficult one to define. For the present purposes, the term will be used to include those fields in which meteorologists and water specialists must interact closely to solve problems. Traditionally, these interactions have been on topics such as flood forecasting and determination of storm, flood, and drought frequency for water project design. Some of the most important needs of water managers for meteorological information and advice are emphasized here. Internationally, a growing recognition of the importance of hydrometeorology is attested to by the work programs of the World Meteorological Organization and of the U.N. Water Conference of March 1977.
Although flood and drought topics remain important in hydrometeorology, there are two subjects whose significance has gained recognition in recent years. One is the need for much greater collaboration on long-term climatic change between meteorologists and climatologists, on the one hand, and water scientists working in hydrology, glaciology, and lake sediments, on the other. Water planners are increasingly anxious to incorporate better estimates and predictions of longer-term climatic probabilities in project design. The second subject of increasing concern is the transport of contaminants and nutrients to water systems through the atmosphere. In some basins, such as the Upper Great Lakes, atmospheric sources of some contaminants and nutrients dominate the chemical budgets of the water system. Meteorological knowledge of cycling and transport of such substances will be an essential key to future water quality management programs.
Laser Atmospheric Studies: An Overview of Recent Work and Potential Contributions to the Atmospheric Sciences1
Authors: Grams Gerald W. 
Published: April 2018

Since the early 1960s, the development of atmospheric probing instrumentation that incorporates lasers has led to a variety of techniques for observing the atmosphere. The number of laser atmospheric studies has steadily increased since the time in 1963 when Fiocco and Smullin at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology reported the first laser measurements of atmospheric properties—laser echoes from dust layers in the upper atmosphere. Since that time, tropospheric, stratospheric, and mesospheric dust concentrations, gaseous pollutant concentrations, cloud heights and thicknesses, and wind velocities are among the many characteristics of the atmosphere that have been observed quantitatively with laser probes.
This review will describe some of the laser-atmospheric interactions that have been exploited to measure specific atmospheric properties, the extent to which those concepts have been applied, and some views regarding future applications of laser probes for observing the atmosphere.
Polarized Response of East Asian Winter Temperature Extremes in the Era of Arctic Warming
Authors: Ma Shuangmei , Zhu Congwen , Liu Boqi , Zhou Tianjun , Ding Yihui , Orsolini Yvan J. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIt has been argued that fewer cold extremes will be expected to occur over most midlatitude areas, because of anthropogenic-induced global warming. However, East Asia repeatedly suffered from unexpected cold spells during the winter of 2015/16, and the low surface air temperature (SAT) during 21–25 January 2016 broke the previous calendar record from 1961. We hypothesize that cold extremes such as these occur because of Arctic amplification (AA) of global warming. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the changes of SAT variability in the winter season over East Asia. Our results show that the SAT variability (measured by the standard deviation of the winter season daily mean SAT) over East Asia has significantly increased in the era of AA during 1988/89–2015/16 and exhibits a polarization between warm and cold extremes, popularly dubbed as “weather whiplash.” This phenomenon is driven by both the thermodynamic effects of global warming and the dynamic effects of AA. Global warming favors a rising SAT and more frequent warm extremes. The AA phenomenon strengthens the wavy components of midlatitude circulation, leading to more frequent blockings over the Ural region and a stronger Siberian high in north Asia. This dynamic effect of AA enhances the intrusion of cold air from Siberia into East Asia and causes cold extremes. Because there is a comparable increase of frequency of both warm and cold extremes, the SAT variability significantly increases in unison with AA, but little change is observed in the seasonal mean SAT of East Asia. This implies increased risks of both cold and warm extremes over East Asia exist even during global warming.
Early years of East India Company rule in Chittagong: Violence, waste and settlement c. 1760–1790
Authors: Sen Anandaroop 
Published: April 2018

This article probes the production of the uplands of Chittagong in the early years of British East India Company (EIC)rule in Bengal and its eastern frontiers. The South Asian debates around the nature of agrarian property relations have largely skipped places like Chittagong uplands, consequently, the uplands appear in academic and popular discussions as an already constituted outside to this agrarian historiography. The history of the uplands then become easily separated and consumed as part of frontier studies. The article seeks to address the constitution of this outside. Narrating a story where the protagonists range from influential Bengali middlemen in EIC retinue, Company officers responsible for Chittagong administration to mobile Arakanese men called ‘Magh zamindars’, brought together in a swirl of forged documents and contending claims to ‘wastelands’, the article glimpses into the complex interlocking between upland and lowland networks of Chittagong. It frames this narrative by unpacking the revenue categories of sair and kapas mahal; the two categories used for Chittagong uplands during this period. Disaggregating them allows one to see how the uplands were created in the image of the commodity cotton: the people who produced it, the way it was exchanged and the violence that marked the process.
Are Patients with Spontaneous CSF Otorrhea and Superior Canal Dehiscence Congenitally Predisposed to Their Disorders?
Authors: Stevens Shawn M. , Hock Kiefer , Samy Ravi N. , Pensak Myles L. 
Published: April 2018

Objectives(1) Compare lateral skull base (LSB) height/thickness in patients with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea (CSF), superior canal dehiscence (SCD), acoustic neuromas (AN), and otosclerosis (OTO). (2) Perform correlations between age, body mass index (BMI), sex, and LSB height/thickness.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary referral center.Subjects and MethodsPatients with CSF, SCD, AN, and OTO diagnosed from 2006 to 2016 were included if they had high‐definition temporal bone computed tomography (CT) and absence of trauma, radiation, chronic ear disease, and/or congenital anomaly. CT‐based measurements included LSB height/thickness and pneumatization rates overlaying the external auditory canal (EAC), tegmen tympani (TgT), perigeniculate region (PG), and internal auditory canal (IAC). LSB height/thickness, age, sex, and BMI were statistically correlated. In total, 256 patients and 493 ears (109 CSF, 115 SCD, 269 AN/OTO) were measured.ResultsPatients with CSF had significantly higher BMIs than the other groups (P <. 001). Patients with CSF and SCD had similar radiographic LSB phenotypes at most measured locations. Both groups exhibited a significantly lower LSB height compared to the AN and OTO groups (mean, 3.9‐4.2 mm vs 4.9‐5.6 mm; P <. 001). Patients with CSF and SCD also demonstrated significantly lower pneumatization rates, as low as 17% to 23% overlaying the PG and IAC (P <. 001). There were no statistically significant correlations found between age, sex, BMI, and LSB height/thickness at any measurement location in any group.ConclusionsPatients with CSF and SCD exhibit similar radiographic LSB phenotypes. Age, sex, and BMI do not significantly correlate with LSB height/thickness. These data support the theory that CSF and SCD arise via similar congenital pathoetiologic mechanisms.
Natural History of Sporadic Vestibular Schwannoma: A Volumetric Study of Tumor Growth
Authors: Lees Katherine A. , Tombers Nicole M. , Link Michael J. , Driscoll Colin L. , Neff Brian A. , Van Gompel Jamie J. , Lane John I. , Lohse Christine M. , Carlson Matthew L. 
Published: April 2018

Objective(1) Assess 3‐dimensional volumetric growth of untreated sporadic vestibular schwannomas (VSs) in a large cohort of patients treated with conservative observation. (2) Compare volumetric and conventional linear diameter measurements for detecting tumor growth.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary skull base referral center.Subjects and MethodsPatients with sporadic VS who elected initial conservative treatment with at least 2 serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were included. Tumor volume was determined with 3‐dimensional segmentation of MRI sequences. The volumetric threshold for tumor growth was an increase ≥20% from baseline tumor volume. Tumor size based on linear diameter was assessed with the 1995 American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Foundation guidelines for VS outcome reporting, with growth defined as an increase ≥2 mm.ResultsA total of 361 patients were included with a median radiologic follow‐up of 4.1 years (interquartile range [IQR], 2.5‐6.8). At diagnosis, 232 VSs (64%) were purely intracanalicular, and 129 (36%) extended into the cerebellopontine angle. The median baseline tumor volume was 0.161 cm3 (IQR, 0.054‐0.418). Overall, 69% of tumors demonstrated volumetric growth at a median of 1.1 years (IQR, 0.6‐2.1) after initial MRI. In contrast, based on linear measurement assessment, 48% of tumors demonstrated growth at a median of 1.8 years (IQR, 0.8‐3.1) from first MRI scan. Disequilibrium, facial hypoesthesia, aural fullness, initial tumor size, and nonincidental diagnosis were associated with tumor growth.ConclusionThree‐dimensional volumetric assessment of VS provides a more sensitive measure of tumor growth when compared with linear diameter assessment. Through volumetric analysis, the current study revealed that a significant proportion of VSs demonstrate growth during observation.
Risk of Postoperative Complications in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea following Skull Base Surgery
Authors: Huyett Phillip , Soose Ryan J. , Schell Amy E. , Fernandez‐Miranda Juan C. , Gardner Paul A. , Snyderman Carl H. , Wang Eric W. 
Published: April 2018

ObjectivesObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) presents several challenges in skull base surgery, including increased intracranial pressure, worsened OSA with nasal packing, and avoidance of positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy postoperatively. The objective of this study was to examine the risk of postoperative complications in a skull base population with OSA in which PAP therapy is withheld.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingTertiary care hospital.Subjects and MethodsMedical records of 414 adult patients undergoing anterior skull base procedures between January 1, 2014, and January 7, 2017, were retrospectively reviewed. Revision surgeries, skull base infections, sinus surgery, and orbital cases were excluded.ResultsFifty‐four (13.0%) patients with a diagnosis of OSA were identified. While the known patients with OSA were more likely to require postoperative supplemental oxygen (odds ratio [OR], 4.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.38‐7.75; P <. 001), there was no increased risk of serious respiratory events or cerebrospinal fluid leak (CSF). To address the likely underdiagnosis of OSA in this cohort, subgroup analyses were performed of patients at high risk for OSA (body mass index >30 kg/m2 and hypertension) and demonstrated an increased risk of serious respiratory events (OR, 4.41; 95% CI, 1.24‐15.7; P =. 034) and CSF leak (13.6% vs 4.7%; P =. 018).ConclusionsSkull base patients with known OSA can be successfully managed with diligent care in the perioperative period when PAP therapy is withheld. However, OSA is likely underdiagnosed in the skull base population, and patients at high risk for undiagnosed OSA may be at the greatest risk for respiratory complications and CSF leak. Increased presurgical awareness and implementation of a perioperative management algorithm is needed.
Follow‐up and Time to Treatment in an Urban Cohort of Children with Sleep‐Disordered Breathing
Authors: Harris Vandra C. , Links Anne R. , Kim Julia M. , Walsh Jonathan , Tunkel David E. , Boss Emily F. 
Published: April 2018

ObjectiveTo evaluate follow‐up and timing of sleep‐disordered breathing diagnosis and treatment in urban children referred from primary care.Study DesignRetrospective longitudinal cohort analysis.SettingTertiary health system.Subjects and MethodsPediatric outpatients with sleep‐disordered breathing, referred from primary care for subspecialty appointment or polysomnography in 2014, followed for 2 years. Timing of polysomnography or subspecialty appointments, loss to follow‐up, and sleep‐disordered breathing severity were main outcomes. Chi‐square and t‐test identified differences in children referred for polysomnography, surgery, and loss to follow‐up. Logistic regression identified predictors of loss to follow‐up. Days to polysomnography or surgery were evaluated using the Kaplan‐Meier estimator, with Cox regression comparing estimates by polysomnography receipt and disease severity.ResultsOf 216 children, 188 (87%) had public insurance. Half (109 [50%]) were lost to follow‐up after primary care referral. More children were lost to follow‐up when referred for polysomnography (50 [76%]) compared with subspecialty evaluation (35 [32%]; P <. 001). Children referred to both polysomnography and subspecialty were more likely to be lost to follow‐up (odds ratio = 2.73, 95% confidence interval = 1.29‐5.78; P =. 009). For children who obtained polysomnography, an asymmetric distribution of obstructive sleep apnea severity was not observed (P =. 152). Median time to polysomnography and surgery was 75 and 226 days, respectively. Obstructive sleep apnea severity did not influence time to surgery (P =. 410).ConclusionIn this urban population, half of the children referred for sleep‐disordered breathing evaluation are lost to follow‐up from primary care. Obstructive sleep apnea severity did not predict follow‐up or timeliness of treatment. These findings suggest social determinants may pose barriers to care in addition to the clinical burden of sleep‐disordered breathing.
Lymph Nodes of the Perimandibular Area and the Hazard of the Hayes Martin Maneuver in Neck Dissection
Authors: Tirelli Giancarlo , Marcuzzo Alberto Vito 
Published: April 2018

ObjectiveTo provide an anatomic description of submandibular nodes at risk of being left undissected during neck dissection (ND) and to assess whether the Hayes Martin maneuver is a safe procedure in oncologic surgery of level IB nodes.Study DesignProspective study.SettingAcademic medical center.Subjects and MethodsWe recruited 62 patients who were candidates for level IB ND. Perifacial nodes (PFNs) were identified and their characteristics noted. The Hayes Martin maneuver was simulated, and its oncologic safety was tested.ResultsThe study included 63 NDs. PFNs were identified in 84% of cases: their number ranged from 0 to 5, and their mean greatest diameter was 12.45 mm. Anterior PFNs were found to be in direct contact with the marginal mandibular nerve. In 59% of NDs, the Hayes Martin maneuver would have failed to remove all PFNs.ConclusionsThe PFNs were identified in 84% of cases and ranged in number from 0 to 5. In some cases, the distinction between retro‐ and preglandular nodes and PFNs is not useful. The Hayes Martin maneuver may not be oncologically sound for complete treatment of level IB nodes.
Prospective Observational Evaluation of Sedation and Pain Management Guideline Adherence Across New Jersey Intensive Care Units
Authors: Brophy Alison , Cardinale Maria , Andrews Liza B. , Kaplan Justin B. , Adams Christopher , Opsha Yekaterina , Brandt Kimberly A. , Dixit Deepali , Nerenberg Steven F. , Saleh Julie A. 
Published: April 2018

Background: The practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium (PAD) from the Society of Critical Care Medicine shifted from primarily focusing on the treatment of anxiety in 2002 to the treatment of pain in 2013. Objective: This prospective, observational, multicenter study aimed to assess the degree of practice adherence to the PAD guidelines for ventilated patients in New Jersey intensive care units (ICUs). Methods: Pharmacist investigators at 8 centers designated 4 days at least 10 days apart to evaluate all patients on mechanical ventilation. The primary outcomes included adherence to 4 guideline recommendations: treatment of pain before sedation, use of nonnarcotic analgesic medications, use of nonbenzodiazepine sedative medications, and use of goal-directed sedation. Results: Of 138 patients evaluated, 50% had a primary medical diagnosis (as opposed to surgical, cardiac, or neurological diagnosis), and the median Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score was 7. Pain was treated prior to administration of sedatives in 55.4% of subjects, with fentanyl being the primary analgesic used. In addition, 19% received no analgesia, and 11.5% received nonopioid analgesia. Sedative agents were administered to 87 subjects (48 nonbenzodiazepine and 39 benzodiazepine). Of those receiving benzodiazepines, 22 received intermittent bolus regimens and 16 received continuous infusions, of which 5 were for another indication besides sedation. Validated scales measuring the degree of sedation were completed at least once in 56 (81.6%) patients receiving sedatives. Conclusions: Current sedation practices suggest that integration of evidence-based PAD guidelines across New Jersey adult ICUs is inconsistent despite pharmacist involvement.
Huntington’s disease: Managing neuropsychiatric symptoms in Huntington’s disease
Authors: Loi Samantha M , Walterfang Mark , Velakoulis Dennis , Looi Jeffrey CL 
Published: April 2018

Objectives:This clinical update review focuses on the management of the neuropsychiatric manifestations of Huntington’s disease (HD). The review highlights current issues regarding pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment, putative therapeutics and recent relevant research findings in this area.Conclusions:Neuropsychiatric symptoms may precede the classic motor clinical symptoms of HD (prodromal HD) by decades and cause significant functional impairment. Early recognition and comprehensive non-pharmacological, usually in combination with pharmacological, treatment is essential.
Tumor Cell–Accelerated Senescence Is Associated With DNA-PKcs Status and Telomere Dysfunction Induced by Radiation
Authors: Zhang Miaomiao , Guo Xiaopeng , Gao Yue , Lu Dong , Li Wenjian 
Published: April 2018

Whether telomere structure integrity is related to radiosensitivity is not well investigated thus far. In this study, we investigated the relation between telomere instability and radiation-induced accelerated senescence. Partial knockdown of DNA-dependent catalytic subunit of protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) in human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was established by small interfering RNA. Radiosensitivity of control and DNA-PKcs knockdown MCF-7 cells was analyzed by clonogenetic assay. Cell growth was measured by real-time cell electronic sensing. Senescence and apoptosis were evaluated by β-galactosidase histochemical staining and fluorescence-activated cell sorting, respectively. DNA damage was determined by long polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Telomere length and integrity were analyzed by real-time PCR and cytogenetic assay, respectively. DNA-PKcs knockdown MCF-7 cells were more sensitive to X-irradiation than control cells. Further investigation revealed that accelerated senescence is more pronounced than apoptosis in cells after radiation, particularly in DNA-PKcs knockdown cells. The cytogenetic assay and kinetics of DNA damage repair revealed that the role of telomere end-capping in DNA-PKcs, rather than DNA damage repair, was more relevant to radiosensitivity. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that DNA-PKcs plays an important role in radiation-induced accelerated senescence via maintenance of telomere integrity in MCF-7 cells. These results could be useful for future understanding of the radiation-induced genome instability and its consequences.