bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Animal welfare implications of treating wildlife in Australian veterinary practices
Authors: Orr B , Tribe A 
Published: November 2018

ObjectiveTo evaluate the extent, costs, demands and expectations of Australian veterinary practices in the treatment of wildlife, to identify potential risks to animal welfare based on the current situation and to propose recommendations for improvements.MethodsA survey was sent to all veterinary practices across Australia identified through the website Yellow Pages®. The survey was designed as a cross‐sectional study. Data were collected using an online self‐completed questionnaire and analysed using IBM SPSS 19.0.ResultsOf the 902 veterinary practices contacted, 132 (14.6%) completed the questionnaire. Most practices (82%) saw less than 10 wildlife patients per week, with birds and marsupials most commonly admitted. Vehicular trauma, trauma (other) and predation made up the majority (82%) of presentations. However, wildlife cases were only examined immediately upon presentation in 20% of practices, with 74% reporting they only attended to wildlife whenever they had spare time. The majority (90%) of veterinary practices never or rarely received reimbursement for their wildlife work, indicating most is performed pro bono. Several barriers to treatment were highlighted, including time and a lack of knowledge/skills.ConclusionPrivate veterinary practices play a more significant role in wildlife treatment than has been previously thought. The effect of perceived barriers on willingness to treat wildlife requires further research. Further investigation into educational resources to aid veterinary assessment of wildlife should also be considered.
Demographic studies of owned dogs in the Northern Peninsula Area, Australia, to inform population and disease management strategies
Authors: Hudson EG , Brookes VJ , Ward MP 
Published: November 2018

ObjectiveTo generate domestic dog demographic information to aid population and disease management in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities of the Northern Peninsula Area, Queensland, Australia.MethodsSight–resight surveys using standard and modified methods were conducted to estimate the free‐roaming dog population size. A cross‐sectional questionnaire of dog owners was used to gather dog demographic information and investigate owners’ dog management behaviours. A survey was also conducted to estimate the total dog population size.ResultsThe mean total dog population size was estimated to be 813 (range, 770–868). The roaming dog population was 430 or 542 (95% confidence interval (CI) 254–608; 95% CI 405–680, standard and modified methods, respectively). Therefore, the roaming population represents 52.8% or 66.7% of the total population based on the sight–resight methodology. We surveyed 65 dog owners who owned 165 dogs (1 : 1 ratio of male : female dogs). Only 14% (95% CI 9–19) of dogs were sterilised and significantly more males were entire (P = 0.02). Although most dogs were pets (65%), hunting dogs were significantly more likely to be taken outside of the resident community (P < 0.001). The birth rate was 2.4 puppies/dog‐owning house/year, which was higher than the death rate (1.7 dogs/dog‐owning house/year). In the previous 12 months, 90% of the 109 deaths were dogs aged 0–2 years old.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that most of the dog population in the NPA is free‐roaming and that the population has increased, likely because of a lack of population management strategies such as sterilisation. This information will be used to develop population and disease management strategies in the NPA.
Postoperative healing and behaviour when surgical swabs are applied to calf dehorning wounds
Authors: Fordyce G , McMillan H , McGrath N 
Published: November 2018

ObjectiveTo assess the effect on healing and pain‐associated behaviours of covering exposed sinuses after horn amputation under extensive production conditions in northern Australia.MethodsHorned, weaned Brahman‐cross heifers (n = 50) aged approximately 6 months were alternately allocated to have their dehorning wounds either patched with a dry, non‐sterile gauze swab or left untreated. Adherence of swabs and growth rates, healing and pain‐associated behaviour were monitored for 88 days post‐surgery.ResultsHalf of the patches were lost by 24 h post‐surgery, with most of the rest falling off 2–6 weeks later. Patching resulted in healing 5.5 days earlier (P = 0.018). Sealing of exposed frontal sinuses occurred in most heifers within 3 weeks and full healing occurred within 13 weeks. Patching reduced haemorrhage (P < 0.01) regardless of when the patches were dislodged, prevented insect invasion of the wound and reduced the incidence of secondary infection (P < 0.01). Wound patches did not affect behaviour in the weeks following surgery. In the days after surgery, the heifers did not eat and showed a high incidence of behaviours indicating pain. Behaviour was relatively normal by 2 weeks after surgery, although the heifers avoided social interaction with other unbranded calves for 4 weeks.ConclusionThe application of gauze swabs to dehorning wounds advanced healing, reduced the incidence of haemorrhage and secondary infections, and may reduce deaths. Efficacy is expected to improve if high rates of 24‐h retention of patches can be achieved. The prolonged time to healing and the pain‐associated behaviours highlight the need for better welfare of dehorned calves through improvements in analgesia, surgical procedures and post‐surgical care.
The morbidity of subthreshold pediatric bipolar disorder: A systematic literature review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Vaudreuil Carrie A. H. , Faraone Stephen V. , Di Salvo Maura , Wozniak Janet R. , Wolenski Rebecca A. , Carrellas Nicholas W. , Biederman Joseph 
Published: November 2018

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the morbidity of subthreshold pediatric bipolar (BP) disorder.MethodsWe performed a systematic literature search in November 2017 and included studies examining the morbidity of pediatric subthreshold BP. Extracted outcomes included functional impairment, severity of mood symptoms, psychiatric comorbidities, suicidal ideation and behaviors, and mental health treatment. We used meta‐analysis to compute the pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) for continuous measures and the pooled risk ratio (RR) for binary measures between two paired groups: subthreshold pediatric BP vs controls and subthreshold pediatric BP vs pediatric BP‐I.ResultsEleven papers, consisting of seven datasets, were included. We compared subthreshold pediatric BP (N = 244) to non‐BP controls (N = 1125) and subthreshold pediatric BP (N = 643) to pediatric BP‐I (N = 942). Subthreshold pediatric BP was associated with greater functional impairment (SMD = 0.61, CI 0.25‐0.97), greater severity of mood symptomatology (mania: SMD = 1.88, CI 1.38‐2.38; depression: SMD = 0.66, CI 0.52‐0.80), higher rates of disruptive behavior (RR = 1.75, CI 1.17‐2.62), mood (RR = 1.78, CI 1.29‐2.79) and substance use (RR = 2.27, CI 1.23‐4.21) disorders, and higher rates of suicidal ideation and attempts (RR = 7.66, CI 1.71‐34.33) compared to controls. Pediatric BP‐I was associated with greater functional impairment, greater severity of manic symptoms, higher rates of suicidal ideation and attempts, and higher rates of mental health treatment compared to subthreshold pediatric BP. There were no differences between full and subthreshold cases in the severity of depressive symptoms or rates of comorbid disorders.ConclusionsSubthreshold pediatric BP disorder is an identifiable morbid condition associated with significant functional impairment including psychiatric comorbidities and high rates of suicidality.
Patients with multiple needs for healthcare and priority to the worse off
Authors: Gustavsson Erik 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThere is a growing body of literature which suggests that decisions about healthcare priority setting should take into account the extent to which patients are worse off. However, such decisions are often based on how badly off patients are with respect to the condition targeted by the treatment whose priority is under consideration (condition‐specific severity). In this paper I argue that giving priority to the worse off in terms of condition‐specific severity does not reflect the morally relevant sense of being worse off. I conclude that an account of giving priority to the worse off relevant for healthcare priority setting should take into account how badly off patients are when all of their conditions are considered (holistic severity).
Persistence and stochasticity are key determinants of genetic diversity in plants associated with banded iron formation inselbergs
Authors: Byrne Margaret , Krauss Siegfried L. , Millar Melissa A. , Elliott Carole P. , Coates David J. , Yates Colin , Binks Rachel M. , Nevill Paul , Nistelberger Heidi , Wardell‐Johnson Grant , Robinson Todd , Butcher Ryonen , Barrett Matthew , Gibson Neil 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe high species endemism characteristic of many of the world's terrestrial island systems provides a model for studying evolutionary patterns and processes, yet there has been no synthesis of studies to provide a systematic evaluation of terrestrial island systems in this context. The banded iron formations (BIFs) of south‐western Australia are ancient terrestrial island formations occurring within a mosaic of alluvial clay soils, sandplains and occasional granite outcropping, across an old, gently undulating, highly weathered, plateau. Notably, these BIFs display exceptionally high beta plant diversity. Here, we address the determinants and consequences of genetic diversity for BIF‐associated plant species through a comprehensive review of all studies on species distribution modelling, phylogenetics, phylogeography, population genetics, life‐history traits and ecology. The taxa studied are predominantly narrowly endemic to individual or a few BIF ranges, but some have more regional distributions occurring both on and off BIFs. We compared genetic data for these BIF‐endemic species to other localised species globally to assess whether the unique history and ancestry of BIF landscapes has driven distinct genetic responses in plants restricted to this habitat. We also assessed the influence of life‐history parameters on patterns of genetic diversity. We found that BIF‐endemic species display similar patterns of genetic diversity and structure to other species with localised distributions. Despite often highly restricted distributions, large effective population size or clonal reproduction appears to provide these BIF‐endemic species with ecological and evolutionary resilience to environmental stochasticity. We conclude that persistence and stochasticity are key determinants of genetic diversity and its spatial structure within BIF‐associated plant species, and that these are key evolutionary processes that should be considered in understanding the biogeography of inselbergs worldwide.
Solid phase synthesis and self‐assembly of higher‐order siRNAs and their bioconjugates
Authors: Cultrara Christopher N. , Shah Sunil , Kozuch Stephen D. , Patel Mayurbhai R. , Sabatino David 
Published: November 2018

AbstractNew methods for the synthesis of higher‐order siRNA motifs and their bioconjugates have recently gained widespread attention in the development of new and improved gene therapeutics. Our efforts aim to produce new chemical tools and protocols for the generation of modified siRNAs that screen for important oncogene targets as well as silence their activity for effective gene therapy in cancer models. More specifically, we have developed an efficient solution‐phase synthesis for the production of a ribouridine branchpoint synthon that can be effectively incorporated by solid phase synthesis within higher‐order RNA structures, including those adopting V‐, and Y‐ and >‐< shape RNA templates. Self‐assembly of complementary RNA to the template strands produced higher‐order siRNA nanostructures that were characterized by a combination of PAGE, DLS, and TEM techniques. In an effort to extend the repertoire of functionally diverse siRNAs, we have also developed solid phase bioconjugation strategies for incorporating bio‐active probes such as fatty acid appendages and fluorescent reporters. Taken together, these methods highlight the ability to generate higher‐order siRNAs and their bioconjugates for exploring the influence of modified siRNA structure on anti‐cancer activity.
Determination of the binding mechanism of histone deacetylase inhibitors
Authors: Meyer‐Almes Franz‐Josef 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis article places its focus on methods and tools enabling the elucidation of the mechanism by which ligands, small‐molecule inhibitors, or substrates interact with zinc‐containing bacterial or human members of the histone deacetylase family (HDACs). These methods include biochemical and biophysical approaches and can be subdivided into equilibrium and kinetic methods. More information about the exact mode of action can be obtained by combining these methods with specific mutant variants of the enzymes and/or series of structural similar ligands. All available equilibrium and kinetic data including additional information from 3D structures of HDAC–ligand complexes can be beneficially combined in a data analysis procedure called Integrated Global‐Fit analysis eventually providing the most likely binding mechanism.
Perinatal probiotic intervention prevented allergic disease in a Caesarean‐delivered subgroup at 13‐year follow‐up
Authors: Kallio Sampo , Kukkonen Anna Kaarina , Savilahti Erkki , Kuitunen Mikael 
Published: November 2018

SummaryBackgroundThe long‐term effects of probiotic intervention for primary prevention of allergic diseases are not well known. We previously reported less eczema until 10 years in our probiotic intervention trial.ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of early probiotic intervention on the prevalence of allergic diseases up to 13 years of age.MethodsPregnant women (n = 1223) carrying a child at a high risk of allergy (at least one parent with allergic disease) were randomized to receive a mixture of probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosusGG and LC705, Bifidobacterium breve Bb99 and Propionibacterium freudenreichii) or placebo in a double‐blind manner from 36 weeks of gestation until birth. Their infants received the same product for the first six months (registration number NCT00298337). At 13‐year follow‐up, the participants were requested to return a questionnaire and to provide a blood sample.ResultsA questionnaire was returned by 642 participants (63.1% of intention‐to‐treat infants), and 459 provided a blood sample. In the whole cohort, there were no statistically significant differences in doctor‐diagnosed allergic disease (55.2% and 59.0%, probiotic and placebo group, respectively) or allergic disease (47.9% and 51.6%) based on the ISAAC questionnaire data. Inhalant‐specific IgE sensitization (>0.7 kU/L) was 59.3% in the probiotic group and 49.8% in the placebo group (P = 0.040). In a post hoc analysis made in Caesarean‐delivered subgroup, allergy was reported in 41.5% of the probiotic group and 67.9% of the placebo group (P = 0.006), and eczema in 18.9% and 37.5%, respectively (P = 0.031). In the whole cohort, 8.5% of the probiotic group had suffered from wheezing attacks during the previous 12 months vs 14.7% in the placebo group (P = 0.013). There were no statistically significant differences discovered between the characteristics of the participating group and the dropout group.ConclusionsProbiotic intervention protected Caesarean‐delivered subgroup from allergic disease and eczema, but not the total cohort.
Higher circulating androgens and higher physical activity levels are associated with less central adiposity and lower risk of cardiovascular death in older men
Authors: Chasland Lauren C. , Knuiman Matthew W. , Divitini Mark L. , Murray Kevin , Handelsman David J. , Flicker Leon , Hankey Graeme J. , Almeida Osvaldo P. , Golledge Jonathan , Ridgers Nicola D. , Naylor Louise H. , Green Daniel J. , Yeap Bu B. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectiveLow endogenous sex hormones and low physical activity (PA) levels have been associated with CVD risk. Whether these interact to influence CVD outcomes remains unclear. We assessed whether sex hormone concentrations and PA were additively associated with lower central adiposity and CVD risk.Patients3351 community‐dwelling men, mean age 77 years.MeasurementsBaseline testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and oestradiol (E2) were assayed. Levels of PA were ascertained by questionnaire. Men were stratified using median splits into high hormone + high PA (H/H), high hormone + low PA (H/L); low hormone + high PA (L/H) and low hormone + low PA (L/L) groups.ResultsA total of 865 CVD events and 499 CVD deaths occurred during 10‐year mean follow‐up. Men with higher T, DHT or SHBG and higher PA had the lowest BMI, waist circumference and risk of metabolic syndrome. Men with higher T had the lowest risk of incident CVD events, irrespective of PA level. Men with higher T or DHT and higher PA had the lowest risk of dying from CVD (eg, hazard ratios for T/PA H/H 0.76 P = 0.031; H/L 0.85 P = 0.222; L/H 0.80 P = 0.075; L/L 1.00).ConclusionHigher circulating androgens and higher PA were associated with less central adiposity at baseline and fewer CVD deaths during follow‐up. These findings are consistent with a potential additive effect of androgens and PA on cardiometabolic outcomes in older men.
891. NICOTIANA OCCIDENTALIS SUBSPECIES OBLIQUA
Authors: Chase Mark W. , Christenhusz Maarten J. M. 
Published: November 2018

SummaryNicotiana occidentalis subsp. obliqua is a highly glandular and scented tobacco widespread in Australia. It is illustrated from plants collected along the Gascoyne River and cultivated at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Its ecology, cytology and horticultural use are discussed.
Children’s scale errors are a natural consequence of learning to associate objects with actions: A computational model
Authors: Grzyb Beata J. , Nagai Yukie , Asada Minoru , Cattani Allegra , Floccia Caroline , Cangelosi Angelo 
Published: November 2018

AbstractYoung children sometimes attempt an action on an object, which is inappropriate because of the object size—they make scale errors. Existing theories suggest that scale errors may result from immaturities in children's action planning system, which might be overpowered by increased complexity of object representations or developing teleofunctional bias. We used computational modelling to emulate children's learning to associate objects with actions and to select appropriate actions, given object shape and size. A computational Developmental Deep Model of Action and Naming (DDMAN) was built on the dual‐route theory of action selection, in which actions on objects are selected via a direct (nonsemantic or visual) route or an indirect (semantic) route. As in case of children, DDMAN produced scale errors: the number of errors was high at the beginning of training and decreased linearly but did not disappear completely. Inspection of emerging object–action associations revealed that these were coarsely organized by shape, hence leading DDMAN to initially select actions based on shape rather than size. With experience, DDMAN gradually learned to use size in addition to shape when selecting actions. Overall, our simulations demonstrate that children's scale errors are a natural consequence of learning to associate objects with actions.
Conditional cash transfers: A critical review
Authors: Ladhani Sheliza , Sitter Kathleen C. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMotivationIn areas of the world where poverty and inequality are deep and pervasive and social protection systems comparatively fragile, cash transfers are becoming commonplace and often promoted by international institutions and aid agencies as a viable instrument for social protection. Particularly, conditional cash transfers (CCTs) are being looked to as a means of reducing poverty while also investing in human capital.PurposeTo capture some of the main critiques of CCTs from conception to evaluation, while identifying both gaps and opportunities for research and consideration for the future of CCTs.MethodsA rapid review process was used. The initial search was conducted using a number of online peer‐reviewed databases. The initial search process yielded 993 sources, results were then limited to full‐text, English language, and to sources published between 2008 and 2017. Sources were then screened. Finally, 44 articles were chosen for in‐depth review.FindingsThis review captures some of the main critiques of CCTs from conception to evaluation, while identifying both gaps and opportunities for research and consideration for the future of CCTs.Policy implicationWe discuss responsibilities and implications for social work professionals who may be involved in the design, implementation or evaluation of CCT programmes domestically or internationally.
Satisfaction with shortening the palatal extension of a mouthguard for water polo players: A randomized crossover study
Authors: Gómez‐Gimeno Àngel , Zamora‐Olave Carla , Cordobés‐Navarro Marina , Willaert Eva , Martinez‐Gomis Jordi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackground/aimApproximately 50% of water polo players have suffered orofacial injuries. However, fewer than 8% of players wear a mouthguard. A more comfortable mouthguard design is therefore needed to increase compliance. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of reducing the palatal extension of a custom‐made mouthguard on the degree of satisfaction with a mouthguard among water polo players.Materials and MethodsEighteen elite water polo players participated in this randomized crossover trial. Two custom‐made mouthguards were fabricated for each participant using 4‐mm‐thick ethyl vinyl acetate foils, defined by the extension of the palatal margin from the cervical line: conventional (6 mm) and shortened (2 mm). The mouthguards were worn during all training sessions and matches, in a randomized sequence (one mouthguard type for the first and fourth weeks and the other for the second and third weeks). Mouthguards were evaluated on 10‐point scales for discomfort, interference with oral functions, protection, and general satisfaction after each training session or match.ResultsPlayers evaluated the shortened mouthguard as having less interference with speech (Effect 1.30; P < 0.001), breathing (Effect 0.98; P = 0.004), swallowing (Effect 1.30; P < 0.001), and athletic performance (Effect 0.61; P = 0.03) compared with the conventional mouthguard. The perceived degree of protection was similar among participants when wearing each type of mouthguard. Overall, players were more satisfied with the shortened mouthguard (Effect 0.64; P = 0.03).ConclusionsReducing the palatal extension of a custom‐made mouthguard from 6 to 2 mm improves the overall satisfaction of elite water polo players without affecting the perceived degree of protection.