bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gut Microbiome in Human Melioidosis: Composition and Resistome Dynamics from Diagnosis to Discovery
Authors: Chowdhury Soumi , Kullberg Robert F J , Haak Bastiaan W , Duran Claudio , Earny Venkat A , Eshwara Vandana K , Lawley Trevor D , Wiersinga W Joost , Mukhopadhyay Chiranjay 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
Melioidosis, attributable to the soil-dwelling bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, stands as a paramount global health challenge, necessitating extended courses of antibiotics. While murine studies identified the gut microbiota as a modulator of bacterial dissemination during melioidosis, the human intestinal microbiota during melioidosis remains uncharacterized. Here, we characterized gut microbiota composition and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes at diagnosis, during treatment, and postdischarge for melioidosis. We hypothesized that the gut microbiota of melioidosis patients would be extensively distorted.

Methods
In this prospective observational cohort, stool samples of patients with culture-confirmed melioidosis admitted to a tertiary care hospital in India were collected at diagnosis, 14 days after diagnosis, or discharge (whichever occurred first) and at 6 months postinfection. Family members or neighbors served as community controls. The gut microbiota and resistome were profiled by shotgun metagenomic sequencing.

Results
We longitudinally analyzed the gut microbiota of 70 fecal samples from 28 patients and 16 community controls. At diagnosis, the gut microbiota of patients differed from that of controls, characterized by high abundances of potentially pathogenic bacteria, a loss of butyrate-producing bacteria, and higher levels of AMR genes. Microbiota composition and resistome remained different from community controls at 6 months, driven by total antibiotic exposure. During hospitalization, gut microbiota profiles were associated with secondary Klebsiella pneumoniae infections.

Conclusions
This first study on gut microbiota composition and resistome in human melioidosis showed extensive disruptions during hospitalization, with limited signs of restoration 6 months postinfection. Given the adverse outcomes linked with microbiome perturbations, limiting microbiota disruptions or using microbiota-restorative therapies (eg, butyrate-producing probiotics) may be beneficial.
Religion and Liberty
Authors: Bazargan Mehdi 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Born into a devout family of merchants, Mehdi Bazargan (Iran, 1907-1995) was a Frenchtrained engineer, a lay Islamic scholar, and a long-time pro-democracy activist. A deputy prime minister when the nationalists came briefly to power in the early 1950s, Bazargan also participated with Ayatollah Mahmud T aleqani (chapter 3) and others in a reform movement in the early I 960s aimed at democratizing the Shi’i clerical establishment. Bazargan was imprisoned several times during the I 960s and 1970s for his nonviolent opposition to the shah of Iran through groups such as the Liberation Movement of Iran, which he cofounded in 1961, and the Iranian Human Rights Association, which he cofounded in 1977. When the shah was forced out of Iran by revolution in 1979, Imam Ruhollah Khomeini appointed Bazargan as provisional prime minister, but he resigned within a year, complaining that radical clerics were undermining his government. He continued to serve in the Iranian parliament for several years, harassed by his radical opponents, then lived in a sort of political limbo until his death in early 1995, a barely tolerated symbol of opposition to the radical-Islamic government.
Christian-Muslim Democracy
Authors: Pundato Dimasangcay A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Muslims are a minority of under IO percent in the Philippines, concentrated largely on the island of Mindanao. The Moro National Liberation Front, the largest organization representing the Muslims, has waged a war of independence since the 1970s. In 1982, the Reformist Group headed by Dimasangcay A. Pundato (Philippines, born 1947) broke from the front, objecting to the undemocratic internal structure of the movement and the socialist leanings of the movement’s leaders, and accepting autonomy rather than independence as the goal of the movement.1 In the mid-I 980s, the Reformist Group joined other pro-democracy forces in peaceful protest against the dictatorship. When the dictatorship fell in 1986, the Reformist Group, along with other Muslim groups such as the United Muslim Democrats of the Philippines, worked with the government to improve the position of Muslims in the Philippines, while the MNLF resumed its war of independence. In the speech and letter published here, Pundato explains his commitment to the democratic process and urges even closer cooperation among Christians and Muslims.
Democracy and Shura
Authors: Sulaiman Sadek J. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Sadek Jawad Sulaiman (Oman, born 1933), like many Omanis who came of age before the oil era, left his country in the 1950s. He worked as a journalist in Kuwait prior to his return to Oman in 1973. From 1976 until 1983, he worked for Oman’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where he was director of political affairs ( 1977-1979) and ambassador to the United States ( 1979-1983). Since 1983, he has divided his time between Washington and Oman. This chapter was first presented as a talk in August 1996 at the al-Hiwar (Dialogue) Center in Washington, D.C., a discussion group of Arab intellectuals, diplo mats, and businessmen. Sulaiman’s comparison between the Qur’anic principle of shura and democracy as it has developed in the United States may at first appear unexpected. Sulaiman explains: “Many Arabs understand democracy as a slogan. Only by understanding it in history and practice does its compatibility with shuro emerge.” In the context of the Gulf states, Sulaiman’s argument-that the “logic of shuro, like the logic of democracy, does not accept hereditary rule, for wisdom and competence are never the monopoly of any one individual or family”-is bold and innovative.
Politics and the Muslim Woman
Authors: Bhutto Benazir 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Benazir Bhutto (Pakistan, born 1953), twice prime minister of Pakistan ( 1988-1990 and 1993-1996), is known more for her political activities than for her religious scholarship. Following the overthrow and execution of her father, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Benazir Bhutto adopted the leadership of his Pakistani People’s Party and opposed the Islamic regime of General Zia-ul-Haq. She spent years in jail, under house arrest, and in exile. As a political leader in an Islamic country, Bhutto has naturally been sensitive to charges that Islam prohibits women from holding such positions.1 In the speech excerpted here, from her period of exile, she argues that Islamic law does not treat women as inferior to men or incapable of leadership. have different interpretations with regard to the more secular aspects of the duties incumbent upon the Muslim.
Minorities in a Democracy
Authors: Kabir Humayun 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The partition of the British colonies in South Asia in 1947 left I 00 million Muslims in the newly independent nation of India, but Muslim Indians comprise only 12 percent of the population of India. The Muslims of India are therefore keenly interested in protection of the rights of minorities.1 This theme is prominent in the work of Humayun Kabir (India, 1906-1969), one of the premier political and intellectual leaders of the Muslim community of India. Born and raised in the West Bengal region and educated both in India and at Oxford University, Kabir supported the Indian nationalist movement and opposed Islamic demands for partition. After independence, he served in the Indian parliament for more than a decade, held a series of cabinet posts, and represented India at a variety of United Nations educational programs. At the same time, he wrote and lectured on Islam, developing a modernist and humanist interpretation that emphasized religious tolerance and cross-cultural communication. and there is harmony among them-the stronger the country. Where you have a completely homogeneous, monolithic society, the chances of survival of that society or community are always less than those of a heterogeneous society in which there are many centers of power, many ways of expression. The reason for this is easy to understand. Since society is changing, circumstances are changing, a monolithic society may not be able to react to a new situation with complete success.
Religious Liberty
Authors: Taibi Mohamed 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Mohamed Talbi (Tunisia, born 1921) received his doctorate in history from the Sorbonne in 1968. Now a professor emeritus at the University ofT unit, Talbi began teaching there in the late 1950s and served as dean of Arts and Sciences in the late I 960s. In his retirement. Talbi has turned from his professional focus on medieval Islamic history to an enthusiastic participation in interreligious dialogue. His contributions to a variety of European and North American conferences and journals argue that Islam allows freedom of religion and that the traditional death penalty for apostasy involves a misreading of the Qur’an. From Old Relations to a New Context Religious liberty, as a common human concern and international preoccupation, is relatively new. In the old ages the problem was irrelevant. During antiquity all people felt it natural to worship the deities of their city. It was the job of these deities to protect the house and to look after the family and the welfare of the state. The deities of Carthage were by nature the enemies of the deities of Rome. In that context refusal to worship the deities of the city was disloyalty to the state.
The Downhill Path andDefense, Not Surrender
Authors: Mahmutcehajic Rusmir 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Rusmir Mahmutcehajic (Yugoslavia-Bosnia, born 1948), a professor of electrical engineering, served in several cabinet posts in the first years of Bosnia-Herzegovina’s independence from Yugoslavia, 1991-1993. During this period, Bosnia’s Serb and Croat minorities-supported by the neighboring countries of Serbia (the dominant remaining segment of Yugoslavia) and Croatia-embarked on secessionist campaigns that involved the “ethnic cleansing” of Bosnian Muslims, who comprise almost 40 percent of the nation’s population, in areas under Serb and Croat control. The mass eviction, pillage, rape, and murder of Muslims drove the Bosnian government to adopt an increasingly strident Islamic identity. Mahmutcehajic and other Bosnian Muslims objected to this response as inconsistent with Bosnia’s destiny of “unity within diversity.” As he explains in the second excerpt here, Mahmutcehajic protested by resigning from the cabinet in 1993 and has turned to the historical study of Islam in Bosnia, particularly its Sufi traditions. While Mahmutcehajic defends multicultural pluralism, he appears to identify “democracy” with its most viru lent, xenophobic expressions, as exemplified for Mahmutcehajic by contemporary Serbia and Croatia.
Shari’a and Basic Human Rights Concerns
Authors: im ‘Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na’ 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
‘Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na’im (Sudan-United States, born 1946) is a legal scholar and human-rights activist. He was until recently head of Africa Watch, a human-rights organization in Washington, D.C. He received law degrees from the University of Khartoum in the Sudan and Cambridge University in England and a doctorate in law from the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. He has taught at law schools in the Sudan, Canada, and the United States. An-Na’im’s legal training may define his work less than his identity as a prominent follower of Mahmoud Mohamed Taha (see chapter 28), an innovative some would say heterodox-Islamic reformer, whose work An-Na’im has translated into English. He has focused his own contributions on the compatibility of Taha’s interpretation of Islam and Western notions of human rights.
The Problem of ‘Ulama’
Authors: Ajijola Alhaji Adeleke Dirisu 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Islamic reformers in Nigeria are divided in numerous factions, some of them liberal and most of them not The more moderate reformers tend to be members of the political elite, which has ruled Nigeria for much of the independence period through military dictatorship; their religious liberalism does not always carry over into their political beliefs.’ By contrast, Alhaji Adeleke Dirisu Ajijola (Nigeria, born 1932), an attorney and prolific author on Islamic themes, espouses reform in both the political and religious arenas. In this text, Ajijola forcefully defends the right of all Muslims to interpret religious doctrine, contesting the monopoly of the ‘ulama’ (religious scholars).
What’s Your Poison?
Authors: Hough Peter 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The global regulation of hazardous chemicals trading is based on the Rotterdam Convention and Prior Informed Consent (PIC), allowing the legal export of toxic substances so long as the importer is aware of what they receive. PIC represents a compromise between competing stakeholders. Chemical exporters are satisfied that their products are not being banned, whilst proponents of action to address the problem of human poisoning by toxic chemicals, from civil society and the UN system, are satisfied by greater transparency. However, this consensus has come to be strained by PIC being viewed as a ban rather than just an information exchange requirement, making chemical exporters less acquiescent. It appears that the apparent hardening of law can sometimes serve to undermine regulation. At the same time, though, the sheer existence of the Rotterdam Convention continues to influence the issue of hazardous chemical trading, showing the importance of normative force in governance.
Epigenetic control of T-DNA during transgenesis and pathogenesis
Authors: Roca Paixao Joaquin Felipe , Déléris Angélique 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Mobile elements known as T-DNAs are transferred from pathogenic Agrobacterium to plants and reprogram the host cell to form hairy roots or tumors. Disarmed nononcogenic T-DNAs are extensively used to deliver transgenes in plant genetic engineering. Such T-DNAs were the first known targets of RNA silencing mechanisms, which detect foreign RNA in plant cells and produce small RNAs that induce transcript degradation. These T-DNAs can also be transcriptionally silenced by the deposition of epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation and the dimethylation of lysine 9 (H3K9me2) in plants. Here, we review the targeting and the roles of RNA silencing and DNA methylation on T-DNAs in transgenic plants as well as during pathogenesis. In addition, we discuss the crosstalk between T-DNAs and genome-wide changes in DNA methylation during pathogenesis. We also cover recently discovered regulatory phenomena, such as T-DNA suppression and RNA silencing-independent and epigenetic-independent mechanisms that can silence T-DNAs. Finally, we discuss the implications of findings on T-DNA silencing for the improvement of plant genetic engineering.
A Concrete Construction of a Topological Operator in Factorization Algebras
Authors: Kawahira Masashi 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Factorization algebras play a central role in the formulation of quantum field theories given by Kevin Costello and Owen Gwilliam. In this paper, we propose a concrete construction of a topological operator using their formulation. We focus on a shift symmetry of a 1D massless scalar theory and discuss its $\mathbb {Z}$-gauging, i.e. compact scalar theory and its $\theta$-vacuum.
Addressing vaccine hesitancy and misinformation amidst Japan’s self-amplifying mRNA COVID-19 vaccine rollout
Authors: Hakariya Hayase , Ohashi Rio 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
As of 1 October 2024, Japan implemented a revised coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination strategy, shifting from a fully publicly funded model to one where costs are partially or fully borne by recipients. This new annual program targets individuals aged 65 and above, and those aged 60–64 at higher risk of severe illness, requiring them to cover some vaccination expenses. For others, the vaccine remains voluntary and self-funded. Notably, this program includes the world’s first self-amplifying mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, zapomeran (Kostaive®, Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd.) approved on 28 November 2023. This vaccine’s innovative self-amplifying feature has ignited debates across media platforms, with widespread public division and confusion. The new vaccine encodes replicase proteins and the spike protein antigen, allowing for reduced doses of 5 µg compared to traditional mRNA vaccines that require 30 µg. However, concerns have been raised, primarily around four misconceptions: shedding, perpetual mRNA replication, integration into human DNA, and its non-approval situation outside Japan. Despite these scientifically unfounded concerns, they have fueled vaccine hesitancy, influenced by misleading information spreading rapidly on social media. Alarmingly, biased statements from an academic university and an academic society aggravate this hesitancy. Japan’s history has experienced vaccine hesitancies in human papillomavirus and diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis vaccination cases. To prevent a public health crisis, it is crucial that governmental bodies and academic groups actively counter misinformation, advocating for evidence-based understanding and encouraging vaccination among those most at risk.
Recording of non-musculoskeletal manifestations, comorbidities and safety outcomes in European spondyloarthritis registries: a survey
Authors: Ahmadzay Zohra F , Heberg Jette , Jørgensen Jacob B , Ørnbjerg Lykke M , Østergaard Mikkel , Møller-Bisgaard Signe , Michelsen Brigitte , Loft Anne Gitte , Jones Gareth T , Hellamand Pasoon , Scherer Almut , Nissen Michael J , Pavelka Karel , Závada Jakub , Laas Karin , Vorobjov Sigrid , Nordström Dan , Sokka-Isler Tuulikki , Regierer Anne C , Reich Andreas , Gudbjornsson Bjorn , Thorarinsdottir Katrin , Iannone Florenzo , Favalli Ennio Giulio , van de Sande Marleen , Provan Sella Aarrestad , Kvien Tore K , Rodrigues Ana Maria , Gonçalves Cátia F , Codreanu Catalin , Mogosan Corina , Rotar Ziga , Prikmajer Katja Perdan , Castrejon Isabel , Otero-Varela Lucía , Di Giuseppe Daniela , Wallman Johan K , Ciurea Adrian , Möller Burkhard , Kenar-Artın Gökçe , Yıldırım Tuba Demirci , Macfarlane Gary J , Rotariu Ovidiu , Glintborg Bente , Hetland Merete Lund 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Real-world evidence is needed to inform treatment strategies for patients with PsA and axial SpA (axSpA) who have non-musculoskeletal manifestations (NMMs), various risk factors and comorbidities. International collaboration is required to ensure statistical power and to enhance generalizability. The first step forward is identifying which data are currently being collected. Across 17 registries participating in the European Spondyloarthritis Research Collaboration (EuroSpA), we aimed to map recording practices for NMMs, comorbidities and safety outcomes in patients with PsA and axSpA.

Methods
Through a survey with 4,420 questionnaire items, we explored the recording practices of 58 pre-defined conditions (i.e. NMMs, comorbidities and safety outcomes) covering 10 disease areas. In all registries we mapped for each condition whether it was recorded, the recording procedure and the potential to identify it through linkage to other national registries.

Results
Conditions were generally recorded at entry into the registry and clinical follow-up visits using a pre-specified list or a coding system. Most registries recorded conditions within the following disease areas: NMMs (number of registries, n = 15–16), cardiovascular diseases (n = 10–14), gastrointestinal diseases (n = 12–13), infections (n = 10–13) and death (n = 14). Nordic countries had the potential for data linkage and generally had limited recording of conditions in their registry, while other countries had comprehensive recording practices.

Conclusion
A wide range of conditions were consistently recorded across the registries. The recording practices of many conditions and disease areas were comparable across the registries. Our findings support the potential for future collaborative research.
Formal authorship in the wake of uncertain futures: the narrative of publish or perish in the humanities
Authors: Knöchelmann Marcel 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Publish or Perish has a variety of meanings. Most often, the term is understood as a reference to the material requirements of publishing relentlessly in order to make or advance a career in contemporary academia. In this article, I show that Publish or Perish is also a cultural narrative that appears to provide a formal rationalistic solution to the uncertainty of early career scholars. Funds are scarce, competition is fierce, the individual future within academia is unknown—the Publish or Perish narrative claims that if you just keep publishing, you can overcome these obstacles. This narrative is perpetuated among aspiring scholars and creates peer pressure where it exerts its power to a certain extent regardless of material requirements, especially in the humanities. Based on extensive discussion of literature and data from a qualitative study with humanities scholars in Germany and the UK, employing a cultural sociological approach, I trace the meaning of Publish or Perish as this narrative. I look at how it is passed on among early career scholars, and how senior scholars respond to it in situations of mentorship and supervision. This perspective emphasizes the importance of everyday situations that trigger anxiety, as well as the importance of mentorship as a crucial means of reducing this anxiety. This is pertinent to reforms of evaluation practices that tend to abstract from such mundane situations. The notion of the slippery slope (Hartmut Rosa) helps comprehend this anxiety.
Evolution of Large Eyes in Stromboidea (Gastropoda): Impact of Photic Environment and Life History Traits
Authors: Irwin Alison R , Roberts Nicholas W , Strong Ellen E , Kano Yasunori , Speiser Daniel I , Harper Elizabeth M , Williams Suzanne T 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Eyes within the marine gastropod superfamily Stromboidea range widely in size, from 0.2 to 2.3 mm—the largest eyes known in any gastropod. Despite this interesting variation, the underlying evolutionary pressures remain unknown. Here, we use the wealth of material available in museum collections to explore the evolution of stromboid eye size and structure. Our results suggest that depth is a key light-limiting factor in stromboid eye evolution; here, increasing water depth is correlated with increasing aperture width relative to lens diameter, and therefore an increasing investment in sensitivity in dim light environments. In the major clade containing all large-eyed stromboid families, species observed active during the day and the night had wider eye apertures relative to lens sizes than species observed active during the day only, thereby prioritizing sensitivity over resolution. Species with no consistent diel activity pattern also had smaller body sizes than exclusively day-active species, which may suggest that smaller animals are more vulnerable to shell-crushing predators, and avoid the higher predation pressure experienced by animals active during the day. Within the same major clade, ancestral state reconstruction suggests that absolute eye size increased above 1 mm twice. The unresolved position of Varicospira, however, weakens this hypothesis and further work with additional markers is needed to confirm this result.