bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responsible species description: A change of attitude is needed to facilitate and improve access to biological material
Authors: Smith Gideon F. , Figueiredo Estrela 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIt remains one of the primary responsibilities of taxonomists to describe and concomitantly disseminate information about the novelties they discover through their research efforts and associated herbarium and field work. However, given the present–day emphasis on benefit sharing concerning access to components of biodiversity, taxonomists should be much more circumspect when conducting field– and other work in foreign countries. It is imperative that project proposals submitted for consideration for support or funding take cognizance of the needs of taxonomists and biodiversity specialists in the countries in which fieldwork is to be conducted.
Molecular systematics and character evolution in Caryophyllaceae
Authors: Greenberg Anne K. , Donoghue Michael J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to infer a substantially larger, more evenly sampled, phylogenetic tree for Caryophyllaceae in order to more confidently resolve relationships within this clade. This would allow us to evaluate previous classification schemes and to infer the evolution of a number of characters that have figured prominently in higher–level taxonomic treatments. We have inferred a 630–tip phylogeny (ca. 30% of the 2200 species) using maximum likelihood analyses of data from the nuclear ribosomal ITS region and five chloroplast genes and intergenic spacers: matK, ndhF, trnL–trnF, trnQ–rps16, and trnS–trnfM. Our results confirm that subfamily Paronychioideae is paraphyletic at the base of Caryophyllaceae. Alsinoideae and Caryophylloideae together form a clade, within which neither subfamily is monophyletic. With only a few exceptions, our results support the tribal classification presented by Harbaugh & al. (2010). In agreement with other recent studies, it appears that many of the larger genera are not strictly monophyletic. Our results imply that the first Caryophyllaceae had stipules, free sepals, small apetalous flowers with few stamens, and single–seeded indehiscent or irregularly dehiscing utricles. Stipules were lost along the branch to the Alsinoideae–Caryophylloideae clade, and the evolution of a tubular calyx marks Caryophylloideae. The evolution of petals, 10 stamens, and capsule fruits is inferred to have taken place along the branch subtending a clade that includes Sperguleae (mostly containing former members of Paronychioideae) and the remainder of Caryophyllaceae. As this previously unnamed major group is both well–supported in molecular phylogenetic studies and marked by clear–cut apomorphies, we propose the name Plurcaryophyllaceae for this clade and provide a phylogenetic definition.
Late 17th century herbarium collections from the Canary Islands: The plants collected by James Cuninghame in La Palma
Authors: Santos-Guerra Arnoldo , Jarvis Charles E. , Carine Mark A. , Maunder Michael , Francisco-Ortega Javier 
Published: February 2019

AbstractJames Cuninghame (ca. 1665–1709) was the first person to explore, collect and send back to the West significant numbers of Chinese plants and animals. During his first voyage to the Far East, this distinguished Scottish surgeon and naturalist stopped at the island of La Palma (Canary Islands). Although we do not know the exact dates of his arrival and departure, it is clear that Cuninghame was on the island during January and February 1698. During his stay, Cuninghame collected plant specimens which are now preserved in three volumes of the Sloane Herbarium (BM–SL). A five–folio manuscript (deposited in the Sloane Manuscript collection of the British Library) listing 62 plant entries also survives, together with fragmentary lists of names prepared by James Petiver (ca. 1658–1718), the main recipient of Cuninghame's Canarian collection. These specimens comprise the earliest documented herbarium collection made in the Canary Islands and are one of the most important pre–Linnaean sources for the Macaronesian flora. A study of these specimens and documents shows that Cuninghame collected/recorded material of 154 taxa including one lichen, nine bryophytes, 15 ferns, two gymnosperms, and 127 flowering plants. We were able to identify all but 16 of the herbarium specimens and one of Cuninghame's manuscript names below the rank of genus, and all but three of the specimens below family level.
Neotypification of Catalpa speciosa (Bignoniaceae)
Authors: Kirkbride Joseph H. , Olsen Richard T. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe valid publication and typification of Catalpa speciosa are discussed. The valid publication of C. bignonioides var. speciosa is clarified. Its first apparent neotypification is shown to be invalid, and a neotype is designated here for the name.
Students' reasoning about chemical bonding: The lacuna of repulsion
Authors: Zohar Asnat R. , Levy Sharona T. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis article concerns a lacuna in chemistry students' reasoning about chemical bonding. Although chemistry students are familiar with the charges that make up the atom––both positive and negative––they refer only to the attraction between unlike charges. Specifically, they ignore the repulsion between the positive nuclei. We named this disregard of repulsion the lacuna of repulsion. Repulsion is a crucial component in the force‐based explanation of chemical bonding, presenting the bond as a dynamic equilibrium between attraction and repulsion electrical forces. We noticed this lacuna incidentally while interviewing chemistry students for a bigger project aimed at supporting students in understanding the force‐based explanation of chemical bonding. This article describes our systematic qualitative study of the lacuna of repulsion and its impact on mental models of 23 high school chemistry students. Our findings show that students use six mental models, most of them built upon each other. Beginning from a simple mental model that describes the chemical bond as electrons, continuing with the including attraction forces, and completing with repulsion and a dynamic view of the bond. Only when one considers both attraction and repulsion forces and understands the dynamic balance between them is it possible to build the force‐based dynamic mental model of chemical bonding.
Qualitative graphing in an authentic inquiry context: How construction and critique help middle school students to reason about cancer
Authors: Matuk Camillia , Zhang Jiayuan , Uk Irina , Linn Marcia C. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractInquiry instruction often neglects graphing. It gives students few opportunities to develop the knowledge and skills necessary to take advantage of graphs, and which are called for by current science education standards. Yet, it is not well known how to support graphing skills, particularly within middle school science inquiry contexts. Using qualitative graphs is a promising, but underexplored approach. In contrast to quantitative graphs, which can lead students to focus too narrowly on the mechanics of plotting points, qualitative graphs can encourage students to relate graphical representations to their conceptual meaning. Guided by the Knowledge Integration framework, which recognizes and guides students in integrating their diverse ideas about science, we incorporated qualitative graphing activities into a seventh grade web‐based inquiry unit about cell division and cancer treatment. In Study 1, we characterized the kinds of graphs students generated in terms of their integration of graphical and scientific knowledge. We also found that students (n = 30) using the unit made significant learning gains based on their pretest to post‐test scores. In Study 2, we compared students' performance in two versions of the same unit: One that had students construct, and second that had them critique qualitative graphs. Results showed that both activities had distinct benefits, and improved students' (n = 117) integrated understanding of graphs and science. Specifically, critiquing graphs helped students improve their scientific explanations within the unit, while constructing graphs led students to link key science ideas within both their in‐unit and post‐unit explanations. We discuss the relative affordances and constraints of critique and construction activities, and observe students' common misunderstandings of graphs. In all, this study offers a critical exploration of how to design instruction that simultaneously supports students' science and graph understanding within complex inquiry contexts.
Prediction of small‐for‐gestational‐age neonates at 35–37 weeks' gestation: contribution of maternal factors and growth velocity between 20 and 36 weeks
Authors: Ciobanu A. , Formuso C. , Syngelaki A. , Akolekar R. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo evaluate the performance of ultrasonographic estimated fetal weight (EFW) at 35 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks' gestation in the prediction of delivery of a small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) neonate and assess the additive value of, first, maternal risk factors and, second, fetal growth velocity between 20 and 36 weeks' gestation in improving such prediction.MethodsThis was a prospective study of 44 043 singleton pregnancies undergoing routine ultrasound examination at 19 + 0 to 23 + 6 and at 35 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks' gestation. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether addition of maternal risk factors and growth velocity, the latter defined as the difference in EFW Z‐score or fetal abdominal circumference (AC) Z‐score between the third‐ and second‐trimester scans divided by the time interval between the scans, improved the performance of EFW Z‐score at 35 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks in the prediction of delivery of a SGA neonate with birth weight < 10th and < 3rd percentiles within 2 weeks and at any stage after assessment.ResultsScreening by EFW Z‐score at 35 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks' gestation predicted 63.4% (95% CI, 62.0–64.7%) of neonates with birth weight < 10th percentile and 74.2% (95% CI, 72.2–76.1%) of neonates with birth weight < 3rd percentile born at any stage after assessment, at a screen‐positive rate of 10%. The respective values for SGA neonates born within 2 weeks after assessment were 76.8% (95% CI, 74.4–79.0%) and 81.3% (95% CI, 78.2–84.0%). For a desired 90% detection rate of SGA neonate delivered at any stage after assessment, the necessary screen‐positive rate would be 33.7% for SGA < 10th percentile and 24.4% for SGA < 3rd percentile. Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated that, in the prediction of a SGA neonate with birth weight < 10th and < 3rd percentiles, there was a significant contribution from EFW Z‐score at 35 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks' gestation, maternal risk factors and AC growth velocity, but not EFW growth velocity. However, the area under the receiver–operating characteristics curve for prediction of delivery of a SGA neonate by screening with maternal risk factors and EFW Z‐score was not improved by addition of AC growth velocity.ConclusionScreening for SGA neonates by EFW at 35 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks' gestation and use of the 10th percentile as the cut‐off predicts 63% of affected neonates. Prediction of 90% of SGA neonates necessitates classification of about 35% of the population as being screen positive. The predictive performance of EFW is not improved by addition of estimated growth velocity between the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Impact of placenta previa with placenta accreta spectrum disorder on fetal growth
Authors: Jauniaux E. , Dimitrova I. , Kenyon N. , Mhallem M. , Kametas N. A. , Zosmer N. , Hubinont C. , Nicolaides K. H. , Collins S. L. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo evaluate fetal growth in pregnancies complicated by placenta previa with or without placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorder, compared with in pregnancies with a low‐lying placenta.MethodsThis was a multicenter retrospective cohort study of singleton pregnancies complicated by placenta previa with or without PAS disorder, for which maternal characteristics, ultrasound‐estimated fetal weight and birth weight were available. Four maternal–fetal medicine units participated in data collection of diagnosis, treatment and outcome. The control group comprised singleton pregnancies with a low‐lying placenta (0.5–2 cm from the internal os). The diagnosis of PAS and depth of invasion were confirmed at delivery using both a predefined clinical grading score and histopathological examination. For comparison of pregnancy characteristics and fetal growth parameters, the study groups were matched for smoking status, ethnic origin, fetal sex and gestational age at delivery.ResultsThe study included 82 women with placenta previa with PAS disorder, subdivided into adherent (n = 35) and invasive (n = 47) PAS subgroups, and 146 women with placenta previa without PAS disorder. There were 64 controls with a low‐lying placenta. There was no significant difference in the incidence of small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) (birth weight ≤ 10th percentile) and large‐for‐gestational age (LGA) (birth weight ≥ 90th percentile) between the study groups. Median gestational age at diagnosis was significantly lower in pregnancies with placenta previa without PAS disorder than in the low‐lying placenta group (P = 0.002). No significant difference was found between pregnancies complicated by placenta previa with PAS disorder and those without for any of the variables. Median estimated fetal weight percentile was significantly lower in the adherent compared with the invasive previa–PAS subgroup (P = 0.047). Actual birth weight percentile at delivery did not differ significantly between the subgroups (P = 0.804).ConclusionsNo difference was seen in fetal growth in pregnancies complicated by placenta previa with PAS disorder compared with those without and compared with those with a low‐lying placenta. There was also no increased incidence of either SGA or LGA neonates in pregnancies with placenta previa and PAS disorder compared with those with placenta previa with spontaneous separation of the placenta at birth. Adverse neonatal outcome in pregnancies complicated by placenta previa and PAS disorder is linked to premature delivery and not to impaired fetal growth. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Evaluation of the extent of neoplastic infiltration in small intestinal tumours in dogs
Authors: Morrice Michael , Polton Gerry , Beck Sam 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThere is currently a lack of evidence‐based guidance when determining surgical margins for small intestinal tumours in dogs. The purpose of this study is to help the surgeon make informed clinical decisions about margins when confronted with a small intestinal mass. Twenty‐seven canine small intestinal tumours were histologically diagnosed and then had further histological assessment at every centimeter from the edge of the palpable tumour to the surgical margin in oral, aboral and mesenteric directions. In all 10 carcinomas a 3 cm tissue margin in oral, aboral and mesenteric directions would have resulted in complete tumour resection. In all 11 sarcomas a 2 cm tissue margin in oral, aboral and mesenteric directions would have resulted in complete tumour resection. Five of the six intestinal lymphomas would have required tissue margins of 4 cm or more for complete resection. Of the 21 non‐lymphoma tumours assessed in this study, complete resection was achieved in all 21 (100%) with tissue margins at 3 cm from the palpable edge of the mass, 20 (95%) with tissue margins at 2 cm from the palpable edge of the mass, and 16 (76%) with tissue margins at 1 cm from the palpable edge of the mass in oral and aboral directions. All non‐lymphoma canine small intestinal masses will be completely resected when tissue margins are 3 cm from the palpable edge of the mass in oral and aboral directions after fixation in formalin.
Surgical Considerations for Pediatric Snake Bites in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries
Authors: Hernandez Matthew C. , Traynor Michael , Bruce John L. , Bekker Wanda , Laing Grant L. , Aho Johnathon M. , Kong Victor Y. , Klinkner Denise B. , Zielinski Martin D. , Clarke Damian L. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundSnake envenomation is associated with major morbidity especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries and may require fasciotomy. We determined patient factors associated with the need for fasciotomy after venomous snake bites in children located in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa.MethodsSingle institutional review of historical data (2012–2017) for children (<18 years) sustaining snake envenomation was performed. Clinical data, management, and outcomes were abstracted. Syndromes after snake bite were classified according to Blaylock nomenclature: progressive painful swelling (PPS), progressive weakness (PW), or bleeding (B), as it is difficult to reliably identify the species of snake after a bite. Comparative and multivariable analyses to determine factors associated with fasciotomy were performed.ResultsThere were 72 children; mean age was 7 (±3) years, 59% male. Feet were most commonly affected (n = 27, 38%) followed by legs (n = 18, 25%). Syndromes (according to Blaylock) included PPS (n = 63, 88%), PW (n = 5, 7%), and B (n = 4, 5%). Eighteen patients underwent fasciotomy, and one required above knee amputation. Nine patients received anti‐venom. Few patients (15%) received prophylactic beta‐lactam antibiotics. Hemoglobin < 11 mg/dL, leukocytosis, INR >1.2, and age‐adjusted shock index were associated with fasciotomy. On regression, age‐adjusted shock index and hemoglobin concentration < 11 mg/dL, presentation >24 h after snake bite, and INR >1.2 were independently associated with fasciotomy. Model sensitivity was 0.89 and demonstrated good fit.ConclusionsPatient factors were associated with the fasciotomy. These factors, coupled with clinical examination, may identify those who need early operative intervention. Improving time to treatment and the appropriate administration of anti‐venom will minimize the need for surgery.Level of evidenceIII
New synergistic co-culture of Corylus avellana cells and Epicoccum nigrum for paclitaxel production
Authors: Salehi Mina , Moieni Ahmad , Safaie Naser , Farhadi Siamak 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Paclitaxel is a main impressive chemotherapeutic agent with unique mode of action and broad-spectrum activity against cancers. Hazel (Corylus avellana) is a paclitaxel-producing species through bioprospection. Endophytic fungi have significant roles in plant paclitaxel production. This study evaluated the effect of co-culture of C. avellana cells and paclitaxel-producing endophytic fungus, Epicoccum nigrum strain YEF2 and also the effect of elicitors derived from this fungal strain on paclitaxel production. The results clearly revealed that co-culture of C. avellana cells and E. nigrum was more effective than elicitation of C. avellana cells by only cell extract or culture filtrate of this fungal strain. Co-culture of C. avellana cells and E. nigrum surpassed monocultures in terms of paclitaxel production designating their synergistic interaction potential. Fungal inoculum amount, co-culture establishment time and co-culture period were important factors for achieving the maximum production of paclitaxel in this co-culture system. The highest total yield of paclitaxel (404.5 µg L−1) was produced in co-culture established on 13th day using 3.2% (v/v) of E. nigrum mycelium suspension, which was about 5.5 and 136.6 times that in control cultures of C. avellana cells and E. nigrum, respectively. This is the first report on positive effect of co-culture of paclitaxel-producing endophytic fungus and non-host plant cells for enhancing paclitaxel production.

Graphical abstract
A Comprehensive Analysis of Macrosegregation Formation During Twin-Roll Casting
Authors: Rodrigues Christian M. G. , Ludwig Andreas , Wu Menghuai , Kharicha Abdellah , Vakhrushev Alexander 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
A two-phase Eulerian–Eulerian volume-averaged model is used to predict the formation of macrosegregation during the twin-roll casting of inoculated Al-4 wt pct Cu alloys. For low solid fractions, the equiaxed crystals are modeled according to the submerged object approach. However, above a given transition limit, they are assumed to behave like a viscoplastic material. This means that the solid phase behaves as a coherent structure that can influence the motion of the liquid. Such approach allows one to take into account the flow dynamics arising from the occurrence of both solidification and hot rolling simultaneously, which usually occurs in twin-roll casting. Therefore, it is possible to explain the origin of the macrosegregation patterns obtained in the simulations based on the relative motion between the phases. Compression-induced expulsion of segregated melt is observed as a result of the deformation of the solidifying shells. Such occurrence leads to a negative macrosegregation region in the outer part of the as-cast strip. Then, because the solute-enriched melt is squeezed out toward adjacent regions, two positively segregated bands can be found near the center of the domain. Furthermore, it is shown how solidification-induced feeding weakens the absolute value of the negative and positive segregation bands.
A Significant Find of a Low Grade Copper Resource of Nanagwas Block, Nimkathana Copper Belt, Rajasthan: A Promising Future Resource
Authors: Mondal Bulbul , Debnath Sanjoy , Dewangan Supriya 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Neemka Thana copper belt of north Delhi fold belt is known for its unique copper mineralization. This belt is unique as it is the only copper silver mineralised belt, where bornite occurs as predominant copper ore mineral followed by chalcopyrite. Bornite and chalcopyrite dominated Nanagwas block is a high tonnage low grade copper resource of Nimka Thana copper belt within north Delhi fold belt, Rajasthan. The copper mineralization which is mainly restricted within carbonates of Ajabgarh Group of rocks of the Delhi Supergroup (DSG) has been emplaced partly by sedimentary process and partly by the epigenetic process during the second deformation in the area. Nanagwas block has got huge potential to produce a high grade concentrate that could be used for blending with the low grade copper concentrates produced by some of the operating plants in India.