bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intacs Implantation With Sequential Collagen Cross-linking Treatment in Postoperative LASIK Ectasia
Authors: Kamburoglu Günhal , Ertan Aylin 
Published: April 2019

Purpose
To report the postoperative course and refractive results of each eye of a patient with postoperative LASIK ectasia for whom Intacs SK (severe keratoconus, Addition Technology Inc) implantation and collagen cross-linking (CXL) treatments were performed.

Methods
A 27-year-old man with postoperative LASIK ectasia with best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) of 20/60 and 20/80 in the right and left eyes, respectively, was operated for Intacs SK implantation for both eyes. Spherical equivalent refraction and mean keratometric values in the right and left eyes were −14.50 diopters (D) and −10.50 D and 56.20 D and 50.70 D, respectively. Following bilateral Intacs SK implantation, CXL was performed after 1 day in the left eye and 1 month in the right eye.

Results
During follow up, there was an improvement in visual acuity and decrease in manifest refraction and keratometric values in both eyes. A slight regression of these values was noted in the right eye 1 month after Intacs SK implantation, which was reversed by CXL. Eight months postoperatively, BSCVA was 20/25 and 20/25, manifest refractions were −1.50 ×170 and ×1.25 ×50, and mean keratometric values were 47.20 and 44.20 D in the right and left eyes, respectively.

Conclusions

Intacs SK implantation and subsequent CXL may be alternatived in the treatment of postoperative LASIK ectasia. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24: S726–S729.]
Cigarette Smoking is Negatively Associated With Keratoconus
Authors: Spoerl Eberhard , Raiskup-Wolf Frederik , Kuhlisch Eberhard , Pillunat Lutz E. 
Published: April 2019

Purpose
To investigate a correlation between cigarette smoking and keratoconus.

Methods
Patients with keratoconus who were treated with corneal collagen cross-linking from June 2006 to November 2007 were asked about their smoking habits. A person smoking a minimum of two cigarettes per day for more than 1 year was classified as a smoker.

Results

A total of 180 patients with keratoconus (mean age 28±9 years [range: 15 to 41 years]) were asked about their smoking habits. One hundred seventy-one (95%) were non-smokers and only 9 (5%) were smokers (95% confidence interval, 2.31 to 9.28). Using the chi-square test, a significant correlation was found between non-smokers and keratoconus (
P
<.001).

Conclusions

In this group of patients with keratoconus, few were smokers. Cigarette smoke contains toxic substances. Consequently, people are advised not to smoke. However, we speculate that the by-products of cigarette smoke may lead to cross-linking of collagen, which in the cornea, may prevent the development and progression of keratoconus. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24: S737–S740.]
Efficacy of epidural steroid injection in management of lumbar disc lesion
Authors: El-Ghait Hussein A.E.A. , Akar Ahmed I. , Hegazy Abdelazim A. , El-Maadawy Mahmoud A. 
Published: April 2019

Background and aim
Low back pain and radiculopathy are the main annoying complaints in patients with degenerative disc diseases. Epidural steroid injection (ESI) has a role to reduce pain and improve disability by decreasing inflammatory process at the nerve root caused by herniated disc. This study was done to evaluate the efficacy of lumbar ESI regarding the improvement of pain and functional outcome.

Patients and methods
This study was a prospective randomized study on 30 patients, aged between 30 and 65 years with low back pain and lumbar radiculopathy secondary to lumbar disc prolapse with no absolute indication for surgery. The patients were treated by lumbar epidural injection of steroids. Patients were divided randomly into two groups: group 1 included 15 patients subjected to lumbar interlaminar ESI, and group 2 included 15 patients subjected to lumbar transforaminal ESI. Patients were evaluated using visual analog scale (VAS) score for pain and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) for functional capacity. They were followed up after 4 weeks, and clinical and functional outcomes were assessed using the same tools for evaluation.

Results
The mean VAS for the 30 patients improved by 58.33% (P<0.001), and the mean ODI for the 30 patients improved by 35.4% after 4 weeks following injection (P<0.001). In group 1, the mean VAS improved by 52% and the mean ODI improved by 31.13% after 4 weeks following injection (P<0.001). In group 2, the mean VAS improved by 64.66% and the mean ODI improved by 39.66% after 4 weeks following injection (P<0.001). We found that the mean improvement of VAS and ODI was more in group 2 than in group 1(P<0.026).

Conclusion
We found by the end of the study that the ESI is a safe and effective procedure in alleviating radicular pain and improvement of functional outcome, but the transforaminal approach gives better results than the interlaminar approach.
Mini-Workshop: Superexpanders and Their Coarse Geometry
Authors: Khukhro Ana , de Laat Tim , de la Salle Mikael 
Published: April 2019

It is a deep open problem whether all expanders are superexpanders. In fact, it was already a major challenge to prove the mere existence of superexpanders. However, by now, some classes of examples are known: Lafforgue’s expanders constructed as sequences of finite quotients of groups with strong Banach property (T), the examples coming from zigzag products due to Mendel and Naor, and the recent examples coming from group actions on compact manifolds. The methods which are used to construct superexpanders are typically functional analytic in nature, but also rely on arguments from geometry and combinatorics. Another important aspect of the study of superexpanders is their (coarse) geometry, in particular in order to distinguish them from each other.
The aim of this workshop was to bring together researchers working on superexpanders and their coarse geometry from different perspectives, with the aim of sharing expertise and stimulating new research.
Receptor modelling of both particle composition and size distribution from a background site in London, UK – a two-step approach
Authors: Beddows David C. S. , Harrison Roy M. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Some air pollution datasets contain multiple variables with a
range of measurement units, and combined analysis using positive matrix
factorization (PMF) can be problematic but can offer benefits through the
greater information content. In this work, a novel method is devised and the
source apportionment of a mixed unit dataset (PM10 mass and number size
distribution, NSD) is achieved using a novel two-step approach to PMF. In the
first step the PM10 data are PMF-analysed using a source apportionment
approach in order to provide a solution which best describes the environment
and conditions considered. The time series G values (and errors) of the
PM10 solution are then taken forward into the second step, where they are
combined with the NSD data and analysed in a second PMF analysis. This
results in NSD data associated with the apportioned PM10 factors. We
exemplify this approach using data reported in the study of Beddows et
al. (2015), producing one solution which unifies the two separate solutions
for PM10 and NSD data datasets together. We also show how regression of
the NSD size bins and the G time series can be used to elaborate the solution
by identifying NSD factors (such as nucleation) not influencing the
PM10 mass.
Exploring accumulation-mode H2SO4 versus SO2 stratospheric sulfate geoengineering in a sectional aerosol–chemistry–climate model
Authors: Vattioni Sandro , Weisenstein Debra , Keith David , Feinberg Aryeh , Peter Thomas , Stenke Andrea 
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Stratospheric sulfate geoengineering (SSG) could
contribute to avoiding some of the adverse impacts of climate change. We
used the SOCOL-AER global aerosol–chemistry–climate model to investigate 21
different SSG scenarios, each with 1.83 Mt S yr−1 injected either in
the form of accumulation-mode H2SO4 droplets (AM H2SO4),
gas-phase SO2 or as combinations of both. For most scenarios, the
sulfur was continuously emitted at an altitude of 50 hPa (≈20 km) in the
tropics and subtropics. We assumed emissions to be zonally and latitudinally
symmetric around the Equator. The spread of emissions ranged from
3.75∘ S–3.75∘ N to 30∘ S–30∘ N. In
the SO2 emission scenarios, continuous production of tiny nucleation-mode
particles results in increased coagulation, which together with gaseous
H2SO4 condensation, produces coarse-mode particles. These large
particles are less effective for backscattering solar radiation and have a
shorter stratospheric residence time than AM H2SO4 particles. On
average, the stratospheric aerosol burden and corresponding all-sky
shortwave radiative forcing for the AM H2SO4 scenarios are about
37 % larger than for the SO2 scenarios. The simulated stratospheric
aerosol burdens show a weak dependence on the latitudinal spread of
emissions. Emitting at 30∘ N–30∘ S instead of
10∘ N–10∘ S only decreases stratospheric burdens by about 10 %.
This is because a decrease in coagulation and the resulting smaller particle
size is roughly balanced by faster removal through
stratosphere-to-troposphere transport via tropopause folds. Increasing the
injection altitude is also ineffective, although it generates a larger
stratospheric burden, because enhanced condensation and/or coagulation leads
to larger particles, which are less effective scatterers. In the case of
gaseous SO2 emissions, limiting the sulfur injections spatially and
temporally in the form of point and pulsed emissions reduces the total
global annual nucleation, leading to less coagulation and thus smaller
particles with increased stratospheric residence times. Pulse or point
emissions of AM H2SO4 have the opposite effect: they decrease
the stratospheric aerosol burden by increasing coagulation and only slightly
decrease clear-sky radiative forcing. This study shows that direct emission
of AM H2SO4 results in higher radiative forcing for the same
sulfur equivalent mass injection strength than SO2 emissions, and that
the sensitivity to different injection strategies varies for different forms
of injected sulfur.
Compliance and port air quality features with respect to ship fuel switching regulation: a field observation campaign, SEISO-Bohai
Authors: Zhang Yanni , Deng Fanyuan , Man Hanyang , Fu Mingliang , Lv Zhaofeng , Xiao Qian , Jin Xinxin , Liu Shuai , He Kebin , Liu Huan 
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Since 1 January 2017, ships berthed at the core ports of three designated “domestic emission control
areas” (DECAs) in China should be using fuel with a sulfur content less than
or equal to 0.5 %. In order to evaluate the impacts of fuel switching, a
measurement campaign (SEISO-Bohai) was conducted from 28 December 2016 to
15 January 2017 at Jingtang Harbor, an area within the seventh busiest port
in the world. This campaign included meteorological monitoring, pollutant
monitoring, aerosol sampling and fuel sampling. During the campaign, 16 ship
plumes were captured by the on-shore measurement site, and 4 plumes indicated
the usage of high-SF (SF refers to the sulfur content of marine fuels).
The average reduction of the mean ΔNOx∕ΔSO2 ratio from high-sulfur
plumes (3.26) before 1 January to low-sulfur plumes (12.97) after 1 January
shows a direct SO2 emission reduction of 75 %, consistent with
the sulfur content reduction (79 %). The average concentrations of
PM2.5 (particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 µm),
NOx, SO2, O3 and CO during
campaign were 147.85 µg m−3,
146.93, 21.91, 29.68 ppb and 2.21 ppm, respectively, among
which NOx reached a maximum hourly concentration of 692.6 ppb, and
SO2 reached a maximum hourly concentration of 165.5 ppb.
The mean concentrations of carbonaceous and dominant ionic
species in particles were 6.52 (EC – elemental carbon), 23.10 (OC – organic carbon), 22.04 (SO42-), 25.95
(NO3-) and 13.55 (NH4+) µg m−3.
Although the carbonaceous species in particles were not significantly
affected by fuel switching, the gas and particle pollutants in the ambient air
exhibited clear and effective improvements due to the implementation of low-sulfur
fuel. Comparison with the prevailing atmospheric conditions and a wind map of
SO2 variation concluded a prompt SO2 reduction of 70 % in
ambient air after fuel switching. Given the high humidity at the study site, this
SO2 reduction will abate the concentration of secondary aerosols and improve
the acidity of particulate matter. Based on the enrichment factors of elements in
PM2.5, vanadium was identified as a marker of residual fuel ship
emissions, decreasing significantly by 97.1 % from 309.9 ng m−3 before fuel switching to 9.1 ng m−3 after regulation, which
indicated a crucial improvement due to the implementation of low-sulfur
fuels. Ship emissions were proven to be significantly influential both
directly and indirectly on the port environment and the coastal areas around Bohai
Bay, where the population density reaches over 650 people per square kilometer. The
results from this study report the positive impact of fuel
switching on the air quality in the study region and indicate
a new method for identifying the ship fuel type used by vessels in the area.
Implementation of the sectional aerosol module SALSA2.0 into the PALM model system 6.0: model development and first evaluation
Authors: Kurppa Mona , Hellsten Antti , Roldin Pontus , Kokkola Harri , Tonttila Juha , Auvinen Mikko , Kent Christoph , Kumar Prashant , Maronga Björn , Järvi Leena 
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Urban pedestrian-level
air quality is a result of an interplay between turbulent dispersion
conditions, background concentrations, and heterogeneous local emissions of
air pollutants and their transformation processes. Still, the complexity of
these interactions cannot be resolved by the commonly used air quality
models. By embedding the sectional aerosol module SALSA2.0 into the
large-eddy simulation model PALM, a novel, high-resolution, urban aerosol
modelling framework has been developed. The first model evaluation study on
the vertical variation of aerosol number concentration and size distribution
in a simple street canyon without vegetation in Cambridge, UK, shows good
agreement with measurements, with simulated values mainly within a factor of
2 of observations. Dispersion conditions and local emissions govern the
pedestrian-level aerosol number concentrations. Out of different aerosol
processes, dry deposition is shown to decrease the total number concentration
by over 20 %, while condensation and dissolutional increase the total
mass by over 10 %. Following the model development, the application of
PALM can be extended to local- and neighbourhood-scale air pollution and
aerosol studies that require a detailed solution of the ambient flow field.
De professionele voetballer en de beëindiging van zijn arbeidsovereenkomst
Authors: Branco Martins Roberto 
Published: April 2019

De professionele voetballer en de beëindiging van zijn arbeidsovereenkomst
Contractstabiliteit in het internationale voetbal versus de vergoeding bij de eenzijdige beëindiging van de arbeidsovereenkomst door de voetballer. De auteur gaat in op de eigenaardigheden van dit onderwerp en concludeert dat een intro van een objectieve rekenmethode de gelijkheid tussen werkgever en werknemer meer in balans brengt.
Yazılı Basında Mülteci Haberleri Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir İnceleme: The Guardian ve Hürriyet Örneği / A Comparative Study on Refugee News in Press: Example of The Guardian and Hürriyet
Authors: Kasap Fevzi , Dolunay Ayhan , İneci Özcan 
Published: April 2019

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>With the invention of writing around BC 3000 and the invention of the printing in 1450s, developments occurred in culture, art, science and communication fields and the human beings started to communicate and interact with each other. The immigration phenomenon, which can date back as far as the human history also developed and continued to increase with the globalization and the developments in communication tools. These two important facts developed and increased parallel with each other and they became the most important subjects of the world in recent times. The refugee and asylum-seeker movements form the world agenda nowadays and it continues to be in the agenda due to press and media organisations following the subject closely and creating a public opinion. The growing refugee crisis gained speed and continued to increase especially with the protests and civil wars called “The Arab Spring”, happening in the Arabic peninsula, and became the most emphasized topic by the media and the press agencies of many countries. In this study, six days’ news coverage on the topic of refugees in The Guardian in England and the Hürriyet newspaper in Turkey were analysed and compared. The study will try to explain and focus on the similarities and differences between these news contents, from what perspective the refugee problems are looked at and how they are reported in the news.</p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>M.Ö 3000’li yıllarda yazının bulunması ve 1450’li yıllarda matbaanın bulunmasıyla kültür, sanat, bilim ve iletişim alanında gelişmeler meydana gelmiş, insanlar birbirleriyle iletişim ve etkileşime geçmeye başlamışlardır. İnsanlık tarihi kadar eski olan göç olgusu da aynı şekilde küreselleşme ve iletişim araçlarına koşut olarak gelişim göstermiştir. Bahse konu olgular, günümüz dünyasında, yüksek önemi haiz yapıdadır. Bu çeçervede, mülteci ve sığınmacı hareketleri, basın yayın kuruluşlarının konuyu yakından takip edip kamuoyu oluşturmalarıyla, dünya gündeminde yer bulmayı sürdürmektedir. Özellikle Arap yarımadasındaki “Arap Baharı” olarak adlandırılan, protesto ve iç savaşlarla hız kazanan ve artarak devam eden mülteci krizi birçok ülkenin basın yayın kuruluşları tarafından önemle üzerinde durulan bir konu haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada İngiltere’deki The Guardian ve Türkiye’deki Hürriyet gazetelerinin mülteci konusu hakkında yapmış oldukları altı günlük haberleri incelenip karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu haberler arasındaki benzerlik ve farklılıklar üzerinde durularak haberlerde mülteci sorunlarına hangi açıdan bakıldığı ve değinildiği, haberlerin içerikleri incelenerek açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır.</p>
Preparation of mitochondria to measure superoxide flashes in angiosperm flowers
Authors: Zhang Chulan , Sun Fengshuo , Xiong Biao , Zhang Zhixiang 
Published: April 2019

Background
Mitochondria are the center of energy metabolism and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS production results in a burst of “superoxide flashes”, which is always accompanied by depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential. Superoxide flashes have only been studied in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana using a complex method to isolate mitochondria. In this study, we present an efficient, easier method to isolate functional mitochondria from floral tissues to measure superoxide flashes.

Method
We used 0.5 g samples to isolate mitochondria within <1.5 h from flowers of two non-transgenic plants (Magnolia denudata and Nelumbo nucifera) to measure superoxide flashes. Superoxide flashes were visualized by the pH-insensitive indicator MitoSOX Red, while the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ m) was labelled with TMRM.

Results
Mitochondria isolated using our method showed a high respiration ratio. Our results indicate that the location of ROS and mitochondria was in a good coincidence. Increased ROS together with a higher frequency of superoxide flashes was found in mitochondria isolated from the flower pistil. Furthermore, a higher rate of depolarization of the ΔΨ m was observed in the pistil. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the frequency of superoxide flashes is closely related to depolarization of the ΔΨ m in petals and pistils of flowers.
Genome-wide analysis of maize OSCA family members and their involvement in drought stress
Authors: Ding Shuangcheng , Feng Xin , Du Hewei , Wang Hongwei 
Published: April 2019

Background
Worldwide cultivation of maize is often impacted negatively by drought stress. Hyperosmolality-gated calcium-permeable channels (OSCA) have been characterized as osmosensors in Arabidopsis. However, the involvement of members of the maize OSCA (ZmOSCA) gene family in response to drought stress is unknown. It is furthermore unclear which ZmOSCA gene plays a major role in genetic improvement of drought tolerance in Maize.

Methods
We predicted the protein domain structure and transmembrane regions by using the NCBI Conserved Domain Database database and TMHMM server separately. The phylogeny tree was built by Mega7. We used the mixed linear model in TASSEL to perform the family-based association analysis.

Results
In this report, 12 ZmOSCA genes were uncovered in the maize genome by a genome-wide survey and analyzed systematically to reveal their synteny and phylogenetic relationship with the genomes of rice, maize, and sorghum. These analyses indicated a relatively conserved evolutionary history of the ZmOSCA gene family. Protein domain and transmembrane analysis indicated that most of the 12 ZmOSCAs shared similar structures with their homologs. The result of differential expression analysis under drought at various stages, as well as the expression profiles in 15 tissues, revealed a functional divergence of ZmOSCA genes. Notably, the expression level of ZmOSCA4.1 being up-regulated in both seedlings and adult leaves. Notably, the association analysis between genetic variations in these genes and drought tolerance was detected. Significant associations between genetic variation in ZmOSCA4.1 and drought tolerance were found at the seedling stage. Our report provides a detailed analysis of the ZmOSCAs in the maize genome. These findings will contribute to future studies on the functional characterization of ZmOSCA proteins in response to water deficit stress, as well as understanding the mechanism of genetic variation in drought tolerance in maize.