bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ai Khanoum after 145 BC
Authors: Martinez-Sève Laurianne 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The attack that caused the ruin of Ai Khanoum around 145 BC was a key event of its history. This was the beginning of the so-called post-palatial period, which is often considered of short duration. The article intends to provide a general study of this last stage of the history of the city, taking into account the information already published, but also the new evidence resulting from the ongoing study of its main sanctuary (henceforth the Sanctuary). The few inhabitants of Ai Khanoum still living in the city after 145 BC reoccupied its private and public buildings and were engaged in the recovering of all the riches of the former Graeco-Bactrian capital. They exploited the stone materials, the metallic objects, the furniture and even reused the ceramics abandoned in the town. The Sanctuary remained in activity for a while, under the control of an authority who undertook maintenance operations, but the religious conceptions of the population underwent some major changes. This study also enables to review the common assumptions regarding the role played by nomadic people during this period.
Some Thoughts on Centring Pan-African Epistemic in the Teaching of Public International Law in African Universities
Authors: Fagbayibo Babatunde 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The teaching of public international law in Africa remains unresponsive to the imperative of decolonisation. The curriculum in many universities across the continent remain steeped in Eurocentric canons, and does little to disrupt hegemonic assumptions that place European thinkers at the heart of the development of international law. There is little attempt to provide a critical discussion around important epistemologies that emerged from diplomatic interactions between and among pre-colonial African Empires, and with Europeans and Asians; state building/state recognition measures; and negotiations and dispute settlement mechanisms regulating the activities of trade networks. In addition, the consideration of approaches such as the Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) that have exposed the non-neutral underpinnings of international law remains marginal or non-existent. In this respect, this article proposes ‘critical integrative approach’ as a viable ontological framework that should shape the inclusion of important pan-African epistemic in the teaching of public international law in African universities.
Rapid Audiovisual Temporal Recalibration Generalises Across Spatial Location
Authors: Ju Angela , Orchard-Mills Emily , van der Burg Erik , Alais David 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Recent exposure to asynchronous multisensory signals has been shown to shift perceived timing between the sensory modalities, a phenomenon known as ‘temporal recalibration’. Recently, Van der Burg et al. (2013, J Neurosci, 33, pp. 14633–14637) reported results showing that recalibration to asynchronous audiovisual events can happen extremely rapidly. In an extended series of variously asynchronous trials, simultaneity judgements were analysed based on the modality order in the preceding trial and showed that shifts in the point of subjective synchrony occurred almost instantaneously, shifting from one trial to the next. Here we replicate the finding that shifts in perceived timing occur following exposure to a single, asynchronous audiovisual stimulus and by manipulating the spatial location of the audiovisual events we demonstrate that recalibration occurs even when the adapting stimulus is presented in a different location. Timing shifts were also observed when the adapting audiovisual pair were defined only by temporal proximity, with the auditory component presented over headphones rather than being collocated with the visual stimulus. Combined with previous findings showing that timing shifts are independent of stimulus features such as colour and pitch, our finding that recalibration is not spatially specific provides strong evidence for a rapid recalibration process that is solely dependent on recent temporal information, regardless of feature or location. These rapid and automatic shifts in perceived synchrony may allow our sensory systems to flexibly adjust to the variation in timing of neural signals occurring as a result of delayed environmental transmission and differing neural latencies for processing vision and audition.
Imāmī Records of Divine Sayings: Some Thoughts on al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī’s al-Jawāhir al-saniyya fī-l-aḥādīth al-qudsiyya
Authors: Vilozny Roy 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This paper addresses the question of ḥadīth qudsī as an independent sub-category of ḥadīth within the Imāmī literary corpus. It focuses on al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī’s (d. 1104/1693) al-Jawāhir al-saniyya fī-l-aḥādīth al-qudsiyya which appears to be the earliest extant Shīʿī compilation entirely devoted to this sort of material. Of the various forms of ḥadīth qudsī in al-ʿĀmilī’s work special attention is paid to traditions in which an Imam cites God directly, without an intermediary in the form of a prophet or an angel. I argue that such traditions represent a more flexible perception of the Imam-Divine relationship than the one familiar to us from theological treatises starting from the Buwayhid period (334/945-447/1055).
Jewish Atheists in Foxholes?
Authors: Gutkowski Stacey 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
War and other forms of collective political violence raise existential questions for those touched by them. Recent advances in the study of ‘atheism in foxholes’ have been hitherto overlooked in the sociology of war. But they can further illuminate the relationship between war and existential questions. Bringing these literatures into conversation for the first time, this article analyses a sample of young, secular Jewish-Israelis (hilonim) interviewed in the aftermath of the 2014 Israel-Gaza War. It shows how speakers borrowed from both Jewish and Western secular formations to answer existential questions and ‘manage luck.’ Contributing to the theorization of war as social practice through a case study of ‘foxhole atheism’, the article also invites us to think of war as having a ‘secular’ ontology.
Different Effects of Two ENSO Types on Arctic Surface Temperature in Boreal Winter
Authors: Li Zhiyu , Zhang Wenjun , Stuecker Malte F. , Xu Haiming , Jin Fei-Fei , Liu Chao 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe present work investigates different responses of Arctic surface air temperature (SAT) to two ENSO types based on reanalysis datasets and model experiments. We find that eastern Pacific (EP) ENSO events are accompanied by statistically significant SAT responses over the Barents–Kara Seas in February, while central Pacific (CP) events coincide with statistically significant SAT responses over northeastern Canada and Greenland. These impacts are largely of opposite sign for ENSO warm and cold phases. During EP El Niño in February, the enhanced tropospheric polar vortex over Eurasia and associated local low-level northeasterly anomalies over the Barents–Kara Seas lead to anomalously cold SAT in this region. Simultaneously, the enhanced tropospheric polar vortex leads to enhanced sinking air motion and consequently reduced cloud cover. This in turn reduces downward infrared radiation (IR), which further reduces SAT in the Barents–Kara Seas region. Such a robust response cannot be detected during other winter months for EP ENSO events. During CP El Niño, the February SATs over northeastern Canada and Greenland are anomalously warm and coincide with a weakened tropospheric polar vortex and related local low-level southwesterly anomalies originating from the Atlantic Ocean. The anomalous warmth can be enhanced by the local positive feedback. Similar SAT signals as in February during CP ENSO events can also be seen in January, but they are less statistically robust. We demonstrate that these contrasting Arctic February SAT responses are consistent with responses to the two ENSO types with a series of atmospheric general circulation model experiments. These results have implications for the seasonal predictability of regional Arctic SAT anomalies.
Impact of North Atlantic Freshwater Forcing on the Pacific Meridional Overturning Circulation under Glacial and Interglacial Conditions
Authors: Kim Hyo-Jeong , An Soon-Il 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The Pacific meridional overturning circulation (PMOC) is not well known compared to the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), due to its absence today. However, considering PMOC development under different climate conditions shown by proxy and modeling studies, a better understanding of PMOC is appropriate to properly assess the past and future climate change associated with global ocean circulation. Here, the PMOC response to freshwater forcing in the North Atlantic (NA) is investigated using an Earth system model of intermediate complexity under glacial (i.e., Last Glacial Maximum) and interglacial [i.e., preindustrial with/without inflow through Bering Strait (BS)] conditions. The water hosing over NA led to the shutdown of the AMOC, which accompanied an active PMOC except for the preindustrial condition with the opening BS, indicating that the emergence of the PMOC is constrained by the freshwater inflow through the BS, which hinders its destabilization through enhancing ocean stratification. However, the closure of the BS itself could not explain how the sinking motion is maintained in the North Pacific. Here we found that various atmospheric and oceanic processes are involved to sustain the active PMOC. First, an atmospheric teleconnection associated with the collapsed AMOC encouraged the evaporation in the sinking region, causing buoyancy loss at the surface of the North Pacific. Second, the strengthened subpolar gyre transported saltier water northward, enhancing dense water formation. Finally, the vigorous upwelling in the Southern Ocean enabled a consistent mass supply to the sinking region, with the aid of enhanced westerlies.
Observed Kinematic and Thermodynamic Structure in the Hurricane Boundary Layer during Intensity Change
Authors: Ahern Kyle , Bourassa Mark A. , Hart Robert E. , Zhang Jun A. , Rogers Robert F. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The axisymmetric structure of the inner-core hurricane boundary layer (BL) during intensification [IN; intensity tendency ≥20 kt (24 h)−1, where 1 kt ≈ 0.5144 m s−1], weakening [WE; intensity tendency &lt;−10 kt (24 h)−1], and steady-state [SS; the remainder] periods are analyzed using composites of GPS dropwindsondes from reconnaissance missions between 1998 and 2015. A total of 3091 dropsondes were composited for analysis below 2.5-km elevation—1086 during IN, 1042 during WE, and 963 during SS. In nonintensifying hurricanes, the low-level tangential wind is greater outside the radius of maximum wind (RMW) than for intensifying hurricanes, implying higher inertial stability (I2) at those radii for nonintensifying hurricanes. Differences in tangential wind structure (and I2) between the groups also imply differences in secondary circulation. The IN radial inflow layer is of nearly equal or greater thickness than nonintensifying groups, and all groups show an inflow maximum just outside the RMW. Nonintensifying hurricanes have stronger inflow outside the eyewall region, likely associated with frictionally forced ascent out of the BL and enhanced subsidence into the BL at radii outside the RMW. Equivalent potential temperatures (θe) and conditional stability are highest inside the RMW of nonintensifying storms, which is potentially related to TC intensity. At greater radii, inflow layer θe is lowest in WE hurricanes, suggesting greater subsidence or more convective downdrafts at those radii compared to IN and SS hurricanes. Comparisons of prior observational and theoretical studies are highlighted, especially those relating BL structure to large-scale vortex structure, convection, and intensity.
Determining the impact of air-side cleaning for heat exchangers in ventilation systems
Authors: Abdul Hamid Akram , Johansson Dennis , Lempart Michael 
Published: May 2019

Cleaning coils can be an efficient way to reduce the need for reparations and maintain the functionality of a ventilation system. This study builds upon existing knowledge concerning the contamination of heat exchangers. Through field measurements on coils and heat-recovery units, a laboratory experiment on a coil, and a generic calculation example, this study determines the impact of sustained contamination on heat-recovery units with regards to energy use. Field measurements made before and after cleaning of heat exchangers show an average increase in the pressure drop by 12% and decrease in the thermal exchange efficiency by 8.1% due to mass deposited on the surface of the heat exchangers. Results from a laboratory test show a correlation between the mass deposited on a coil and (1) the increase in pressure drop over the coil, as well as (2) a diminishing heat exchange. Accumulating contamination on heat-recovery units in residential and commercial buildings (over time) is then linked to increasing pressure drop and diminishing thermal efficiency. With models based on these links, energy loss over time is calculated based on a generic calculation example in a realistic scenario. Practical application: The results from this study emphasize the need for maintenance of buildings with ventilation systems with coils, but more so those with heat-recovery units. The presented field measurements and laboratory study correlate energy loss with sustained accumulation of contaminants on coils and heat-recovery units. These results should serve as a recommendation to property owners considering maintenance of such units in their buildings.
Two-stage weaning strategy using veno-veno-arterial perfusion for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation following cardiogenic shock
Authors: Haldenwang Peter Lukas , Baumann Andreas , Elghannam Mahmoud , Schlömicher Markus , Buchwald Dirk , Klak Krzysztof , Strauch Justus Thomas 
Published: May 2019

Objectives: Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation represents the last therapy option in refractory cardiogenic shock. Successful weaning becomes difficult if the myocardial function recovers but pulmonary impairment persists. We present our experience with a new weaning strategy, using a stepwise mode-switch from veno-arterial to veno-veno-arterial and veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation setting for patients with primary cardiogenic shock and subsequent respiratory failure. Methods: From 81 patients treated with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation following acute cardiogenic shock between January 2014 and April 2018, eight patients with cardiac and pulmonary failure were identified to be treated using the following protocol: patients were put on veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, a second inflow cannula was inserted via the right jugular vein and cardiac weaning was performed via veno-veno-arterial support. Finally, patients were pulmonary weaned via veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation mode. Results: In the mode-switch group, etiologies of cardiogenic shock were cardiac arrest (12.5%), myocardial infarction (12.5%) and post-cardiotomic heart failure (75%). Mean time between onset of cardiogenic shock and start of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was 76 ± 117 min. At implantation, lactate and pH values were 9.5 ± 5.0 mmol/L and 7.2 ± 0.2. Total extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-time was 9.3 ± 4.7 days, with a mode-switch from veno-arterial to veno-veno-arterial after 3.9 ± 2.7 days. The weaning rate in the mode-switch group was 75% (vs. 41% in the entire cohort) and the 30-day survival was 50% (vs 32% in the cohort). 38% of the patients presented a favorable neurological outcome. Conclusion: Mode-switch from veno-arterial to veno-veno-arterial and weaning via veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation mode is feasible for combined cardiac and pulmonary failure, with promising results due to an optimized pre-pulmonary oxygenation.
User testing of the psychometric properties of pictorial-based disability assessment Longshi Scale by healthcare professionals and non-professionals: a Chinese study in Shenzhen
Authors: Wang Yulong , Guo Shanshan , Zheng Jiejiao , Wang Qing Mei , Zhang Yuling , Liang Zhenwen , Zhang Lihai , Yang Yi , Zhai Haohan , Chen Miaoling , Wang Yuzhen , Li Yawei , Lyu Xing , Li Xuhui , Geng Hongli , Zhu Xiaolong , Yu Fei , Yuan Jian , Zhou Jing , Liu Fang , Luo Haoming , Long Jianjun , Chen Wensheng , Li Hua , Fu Guanqi , Zhou Chunxiu , Zhang Jiehong , Wang Yao , Huo Yongyang , Ke Xiujun , Zeng Yuanyuan , Liu Jiayu , Xing Hailan , Xiao Huixiang , Jiao Rui , Wu Miao , Tang Qiang , Luo Xun 
Published: May 2019

Objective: The aim of this study was to validate a novel pictorial-based Longshi Scale for evaluating a patient’s disability by healthcare professionals and non-professionals. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Rehabilitation departments from a grade A, class 3 public hospital, a grade B, class 2 public hospital, and a private hospital and seven community rehabilitation centers. Subjects: A total of 618 patients and 251 patients with functional disabilities were recruited in a two-phase study, respectively. Main measures: Outcome measure: pictorial scale of activities of daily living (ADLs, Longshi Scale). Reference measure: Barthel Index. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to analyze the validity of Longshi Scale against Barthel Index. Results: In phase 1 study, from March 2016 to August 2016, the results demonstrated that the Longshi Scale was both reliable and valid (intraclass correlation coefficient based on two-way random effect (ICC2,1) = 0.877–0.974 for intra-rater reliability; ICC2,1 = 0.928–0.979; κ = 0.679–1.000 for inter-rater reliability; intraclass correlation coefficient based on one-way random effect (ICC1,1) = 0.921–0.984 for test–retest reliability and Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.836–0.899). In the second phase, in March 2018, results further demonstrated that the Longshi Scale had good inter-rater and intra-rater reliability among healthcare professionals and non-professionals including therapists, interns, and personal care aids (ICC1,1 = 0.822–0.882 on Day 1; ICC1,1 = 0.842–0.899 on Day 7 for inter-rater reliability). In addition, the Longshi Scale decreased assessment time significantly, compared with the Barthel Index assessment ( P < 0.01). Conclusion: The Longshi Scale could potentially provide an efficient way for healthcare professionals and non-professionals who may have minimal training to assess the ADLs of functionally disabled patients.
Individualized contrast agents injection protocol tailored to body surface area in coronary computed tomography angiography
Authors: Yu Yitong , Yin Weihua , Liao Kai , Liu Ting , Wang Ximing , Sun Kai , Lu Bin 
Published: May 2019

Background The degree of intravascular enhancement influences the diagnosis of plaque in coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA). Purpose To evaluate whether the protocol tailored to body surface area (BSA) achieving identical enhancement in different habitus patients receiving different concentration contrast agents (CA) in coronary CTA. Material and Methods Patients undergoing coronary CTA randomly received a different concentration of CA with a protocol adapted to BSA. Attenuation and standard deviation were measured at ascending aorta (AAo), left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), right coronary artery (RCA), paraspinal muscle and peri-coronary adipose tissue. Attenuation and Contrast-to-Noise-Ratio (CNR) were compared among CA groups and BMI-subgroups. Data were compared using ANOVA one-way test, paired Student t test, chi-square test and Kappa test. Results In different CA concentration groups, there were no significant differences in attenuation of AAo (477.72, 486.98, 474.50 HU, P = 0.29), LAD proximal (478.47, 487.50, 476.21 HU, P = 0.25) and distal portion (448.81, 451.94, 443.83 HU, P = 0.28), RCA proximal (463.11, 465.60, 479.66 HU, P = 0.09) and distal portion (438.90, 441.36, 448.49 HU, P = 0.27). The enhancement of coronary distal portion were lower than proximal portion (all P < 0.01). No significant differences in CNR of LAD (43.24, 47.37, 44.47, P = 0.12) and RCA (51.74, 50.86, 51.86, P = 0.77) were found among CA groups. There were no significant differences in vascular enhancement among BMI-subgroups (all P > 0.05). Overall subjective image quality and agreement were good. Conclusion With the CA injection protocol tailored to BSA, it is feasible to obtain consistent contrast enhancement and image quality in coronary CTA, regardless of CA concentration and patient habitus.
Evidence on compensation consultant fees and CEO pay
Authors: Grosse Matthew , Ma Nelson , Scott Tom 
Published: May 2019

Regulators and previous research have expressed concern about the effect of compensation consultants on CEO pay. We use the Australian setting, where fees for both compensation and other consulting services supplied by compensation consultants are mandated disclosures for all firms, to provide evidence on the role of compensation consultants on CEO pay. We find that the use of compensation consultants or remuneration advisers, fees for compensation services and positive residual compensation service fees are associated with higher CEO pay. In contrast, both the provision and the proportion of fees from other services provided by compensation consultants are not. Furthermore, these positive associations are not observed when a Big 4 accounting firm is the compensation consultant. JEL Classification: G38, M12, M48, M52