bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2‐Electron Reduction of CO2 by Graphene Supported Ru Complexes – on the Role of Electron Donation.
Authors: Szyja Bartłomiej M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis work presents the theoretical activity of the graphene supported Ru‐CNC pincer complexes, Ru‐porphyrin in the electrocatalytic CO2 hydrogenation to FA, reduction to CO. The pathways with the formate, carboxyl intermediates are investigated to estimate the preferred pathway, the overpotential needed to overcome the thermodynamic limitations of the process. The effect of the electron donation from the supporting graphene sheet is discussed, based on the observed charge density difference. The results indicate the carboxyl intermediate as the more stable one„ the electron donation causes the additional stability of this intermediate, which in turn is likely to lead to the strongly bound carbonyl species.
Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed Dearomatized C−H Activation and Annulation Reaction of Vinylnaphthols with Alkynes: Access to Spiro‐Pentacyclic Naphthalenones
Authors: Duarah Gauri , Kaishap Partha P. , Sarma Bipul , Gogoi Sanjib 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe ruthenium(II)‐catalyzed annulation of vinylnaphthols and alkynes is described. The reaction proceeds through C−H activation, dearomatization, and alkyne insertion. This reaction affords spiro‐pentacyclic naphthalenones that have biological significance in good yields.
Efficiency of Air Filters at High Relative Humidity or Exposed to Water Droplets
Authors: König Claudia , Schmidt Frank , Engelke Thomas 
Published: May 2018

AbstractFiltermedien der Filterklasse E12 wurden im Labor mit NaCl‐Partikeln und Feuchte beaufschlagt und anschließend einer DEHS‐Effizienzmessung (DEHS: Di‐Ethyl‐Hexyl‐Sebacat) in Anlehnung an DIN EN 1822 Teil 3 unterzogen. Verglichen wurden Druckverluste und Fraktionsabscheidegrade in unterschiedlichen Beladungsstadien mit Ergebnissen des Ausgangszustands, um die Relevanz von Feuchte oder wasserlöslichen Verunreinigungen wie Salz auf die Filtrationsleistung zu erfassen. Im Anschluss wurden Aufnahmen mit einem Raster‐Elektronen‐Mikroskop gemacht, um ein besseres Verständnis für das Verhalten der abgeschiedenen Partikel in den unterschiedlichen Beladungsstadien zu erlangen. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Filtern aus dem Realbetrieb verglichen.
Potential Technical Approaches for Improving Low‐Temperature NOx Conversion of Exhaust Aftertreatment Systems
Authors: Braun Peter , Gebhard Jürgen , Matysik Frank‐Michael , Rabl Hans‐Peter 
Published: May 2018

AbstractLean‐burn engines, such as diesel engines, are widely used in mobile and stationary applications. Operation of lean‐burn engines leads to formation of distinct amounts of nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2). Efficient aftertreatment is mandatory to meet legal requirements, especially at low exhaust temperatures, as for the future a decline of the exhaust temperature level can be predicted due to improved engine efficiencies. Within this review, potential technical solutions to enhance the DeNOx‐aftertreatment efficiency at low exhaust temperatures are presented.
Synthesis of the Diverse Glycosides in Traditional Chinese Medicine
Authors: Zhu Dapeng , Yu Biao 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTraditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a huge treasure trove for the discovery and development of modern pharmaceuticals. Indeed, numerous biologically and pharmacologically significant molecules have been identified from TCM; among them, a considerable portion belongs to glycosides. These glycosides are extremely diverse in structures, consisting of a large variety of aglycones, glycans, as well as glycosidic linkages. In addition, these glycosides occur frequently as a complicated mixture of congeners in the nature sources. This micro‐heterogeneity leads to the isolation of a homogeneous glycoside in an appreciable amount a formidable task. Therefore, development of synthetic approaches toward these nature glycosides has received great attention. In this account, we summarize our twenty‐year efforts spent on this topic. Fifty five representative TCM‐relevant glycosides synthesized by our group are highlighted. Based on the aglycone structure, these glycosides are categorized into three groups, i.e., steroid glycosides, triterpene glycosides, and flavonoid and phenolic glycosides. Typical synthetic approaches are discussed, showing the demanding tactics for regio‐ and stereo‐controlled installation of glycans and overall manipulation of protecting groups. These expedient and scalable synthetic approaches have provided practical alternatives to the accessibility of these TCM components and thus opportunities for their in depth biological and pharmacological studies.
Selective Cleavage of C−O Bonds in Lignin Catalyzed by Rhenium(VII) Oxide (Re2O7)
Authors: Qi Zaojuan , Zhang Bo , Ji Jianwei , Li Xinxin , Dai Tao , Guo Haiwei , Wang Aiqin , Lu Lican , Li Changzhi 
Published: May 2018

AbstractInvited for this month's cover are the collaborating groups of Dr. Changzhi Li from Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, China, and Dr. Lican Lu, Xiangtan University, China. The cover picture shows the harvest of a renewable supply of aromatic compounds accessible from lignin model compounds and lignin feedstocks through the selective Re2O7‐catalyzed cleavage of lignin C–O bonds. This study paves the way towards the development of rhenium‐based catalysts for the reductive valorization of realistic lignin materials in a controlled manner. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cplu.201700547.
Market reactions to environmental policies: Evidence from China
Authors: Jiang Yan , Luo Le 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to investigate Chinese market reaction to environmental‐policy‐related announcements from the Chinese government in response to the Copenhagen Climate Summit from 2009 to 2011. Based on a market model with a newly developed bootstrapping significance testing methodology, we find that market reactions to these policy‐related announcements are significantly positive. Further, we test whether specific industry or firm characteristics can explain cross‐sectional variation in these market reactions. Our results show that market reactions are more significantly positive for high‐pollution industries than low‐pollution industries. The study contributes to the understanding of how investors respond to announcements related to the Copenhagen Climate Summit in the context of China. In contrast to prior studies that examine directly whether a firm's abnormal return or cumulative abnormal return is negatively affected by environmental regulations, we conduct this study in a distinct way in that our results show that an expectation of delayed carbon legislation will affect a firm's abnormal return positively, which indicates that the market is likely to respond negatively to an immediate implementation of carbon legislations.
Prevalence of chew and spit and its relation to other features of disordered eating in a community sample
Authors: Aouad Phillip , Hay Phillipa , Soh Nerissa , Touyz Stephen 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundUntil recently, research into Chew and Spit (CHSP) behavior has predominantly focused on clinical samples, and little is known of its prevalence in the community. The current study aimed to bridge this gap by exploring CHSP features in a representative sample of the general population. We hypothesized that the point‐prevalence of CHSP would be less than 1%; concurrent with other eating disorder symptomology, and associated with poorer health related quality of life (HRQoL).MethodologyUsing the 2016, respondent‐based, South Australian Health Omnibus Survey (HOS), data were collected on 3047 participants aged ≥15 years old. HRQoL was assessed with the Short‐Form health‐questionnaire‐v1 (SF‐12).ResultsCHSP point prevalence was 0.4% (95% CI .23 to .69%; n = 13), and was more prevalent in people with compensatory disordered eating behaviors. The median age of those with CHSP was 39, and both mental and physical HRQoL were reduced compared with the general population (Mdn: MHQoL = 49; HRQoL = 50), with MHQoL being significantly lower in those with symptoms of a clinically diagnosable ED and concurrently engaged in CHSP (z = –2.33, p = .020).ConclusionsDue to the low prevalence of CHSP, the reliability of inferential statistics may increase the chance of Type II errors, therefore, future studies should use larger samples. Although CHSP is not “common” in a wider community sample, its prevalence appears to be similar to other ED associated symptoms.
Phylogenetic signal in tooth wear dietary niche proxies
Authors: Fraser Danielle , Haupt Ryan J. , Barr W. Andrew 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn the absence of independent observational data, ecologists and paleoecologists use proxies for the Eltonian niches of species (i.e., the resource or dietary axes of the niche). Some dietary proxies exploit the fact that mammalian teeth experience wear during mastication, due to both tooth‐on‐tooth and food‐on‐tooth interactions. The distribution and types of wear detectible at micro‐ and macroscales are highly correlated with the resource preferences of individuals and, in turn, species. Because methods that quantify the distribution of tooth wear (i.e., analytical tooth wear methods) do so by direct observation of facets and marks on the teeth of individual animals, dietary inferences derived from them are thought to be independent of the clade to which individuals belong. However, an assumption of clade or phylogenetic independence when making species‐level dietary inferences may be misleading if phylogenetic niche conservatism is widespread among mammals. Herein, we test for phylogenetic signal in data from numerous analytical tooth wear studies, incorporating macrowear (i.e., mesowear) and microwear (i.e., low‐magnification microwear and dental microwear texture analysis). Using two measures of phylogenetic signal, heritability (H2) and Pagel's λ, we find that analytical tooth wear data are not independent of phylogeny and failing to account for such nonindependence leads to overestimation of discriminability among species with different dietary preferences. We suggest that morphological traits inherited from ancestral clades (e.g., tooth shape) influence the ways in which the teeth wear during mastication and constrain the foods individuals of a species can effectively exploit. We do not suggest that tooth wear is simply phylogeny in disguise; the tooth wear of individuals and species likely varies within some range that is set by morphological constraints. We therefore recommend the use of phylogenetic comparative methods in studies of mammalian tooth wear, whenever possible.
Dietary choices are influenced by genotype, mating status, and sex in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Camus M. Florencia , Huang Chun‐Cheng , Reuter Max , Fowler Kevin 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMating causes many changes in physiology, behavior, and gene expression in a wide range of organisms. These changes are predicted to be sex specific, influenced by the divergent reproductive roles of the sexes. In female insects, mating is associated with an increase in egg production which requires high levels of nutritional input with direct consequences for the physiological needs of individual females. Consequently, females alter their nutritional acquisition in line with the physiological demands imposed by mating. Although much is known about the female mating‐induced nutritional response, far less is known about changes in males. In addition, it is unknown whether variation between genotypes translates into variation in dietary behavioral responses. Here we examine mating‐induced shifts in male and female dietary preferences across genotypes of Drosophila melanogaster. We find sex‐ and genotype‐specific effects on both the quantity and quality of the chosen diet. These results contribute to our understanding of sex‐specific metabolism and reveal genotypic variation that influences responses to physiological demands.
Genetic diversity and colony structure of Tapinoma melanocephalum on the islands and mainland of South China
Authors: Zheng Chunyan , Yang Fan , Zeng Ling , Vargo Edward L. , Xu Yijuan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAimTapinoma melanocephalum is listed as one of the most important invasive pest species in China. Information regarding the patterns of invasion and effects of geographic isolation on the population genetics of this species is largely lacking.LocationSouth China.MethodsTo address this problem, we genotyped 39 colonies (two colonies were collapsed due to genetic similarity) using microsatellite markers and mitochondrial DNA sequencing to compare colony genetic structure of T. melanocephalum on the mainland and islands of South China.ResultsAn analysis of the colony genotypes showed that the genetic diversity of the mainland population was slightly higher than that of the island populations but not significantly so. However, the observed heterozygosity on Shangchuan Island (SCD) was significantly lower than that of the other colonies. We also found six haplotypes in 111 mitochondrial DNA COI sequences. The relatedness (r) value between colonies of SCD was 0.410, higher than that of the other populations. The genetic clusters among colonies were not related to geographic locations and exhibited admixture likely due to frequent human‐mediated dispersal associated with trade between the mainland population and the islands. Pairwise FSTs between populations showed differentiation among mainland populations, while SCD displayed high levels of divergence (FST > 0.15) from most mainland populations. There was no significant isolation by distance among colonies. Most populations showed signs of a bottleneck effect.Main conclusionsOur study suggests that there was no significant difference in the genetic diversity among the islands and the mainland; however, the lower genetic diversity, the higher degree of genetic divergence from other colonies, and the higher relatedness among nestmates made the SCD population stand out from all the others.
An exploration of differences in the scaling of life history traits with body mass within reptiles and between amniotes
Authors: Hallmann Konstantin , Griebeler Eva Maria 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAllometric relationships linking species characteristics to body size or mass (scaling) are important in biology. However, studies on the scaling of life history traits in the reptiles (the nonavian Reptilia) are rather scarce, especially for the clades Crocodilia, Testudines, and Rhynchocephalia (single extant species, the tuatara). Previous studies on the scaling of reptilian life history traits indicated that they differ from those seen in the other amniotes (mammals and birds), but so far most comparative studies used small species samples and also not phylogenetically informed analyses. Here, we analyzed the scaling of nine life history traits with adult body mass for crocodiles (n = 22), squamates (n = 294), turtles (n = 52), and reptiles (n = 369). We used for the first time a phylogenetically informed approach for crocodiles, turtles, and the whole group of reptiles. We explored differences in scaling relationships between the reptilian clades Crocodilia, Squamata, and Testudines as well as differences between reptiles, mammals, and birds. Finally, we applied our scaling relationships, in order to gain new insights into the degree of the exceptionality of the tuatara's life history within reptiles. We observed for none of the life history traits studied any difference in their scaling with body mass between squamates, crocodiles, and turtles, except for clutch size and egg weight showing small differences between these groups. Compared to birds and mammals, scaling relationships of reptiles were similar for time‐related traits, but they differed for reproductive traits. The tuatara's life history is more similar to that of a similar‐sized turtle or crocodile than to a squamate.
The puzzling phylogeography of the haplochromine cichlid fishAstatotilapia burtoni
Authors: Pauquet Gaëlle , Salzburger Walter , Egger Bernd 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAstatotilapia burtoniis a member of the “modern haplochromines,” the most species‐rich lineage within the family of cichlid fishes. Although the species has been in use as research model in various fields of research since almost seven decades, including developmental biology, neurobiology, genetics and genomics, and behavioral biology, little is known about its spatial distribution and phylogeography. Here, we examine the population structure and phylogeographic history ofA. burtonithroughout its entire distribution range in the Lake Tanganyika basin. In addition, we include severalA. burtonilaboratory strains to trace back their origin from wild populations. To this end, we reconstruct phylogenetic relationships based on sequences of the mitochondrialDNA(mtDNA) control region (d‐loop) as well as thousands of genomewide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from restriction‐associatedDNAsequencing. Our analyses reveal high population structure and deep divergence among several lineages, however, with discordant nuclear and mtDNAphylogenetic inferences. Whereas theSNP‐based phylogenetic hypothesis uncovers an unexpectedly deep split inA. burtoni, separating the populations in the southern part of the Lake Tanganyika basin from those in the northern part, analyses of the mtDNAcontrol region suggest deep divergence between populations from the southwestern shoreline and populations from the northern and southeastern shorelines of Lake Tanganyika. This phylogeographic pattern and mitochondrial haplotype sharing between populations from the very North and the very South of Lake Tanganyika can only partly be explained by introgression linked to lake‐level fluctuations leading to past contact zones between otherwise isolated populations and large‐scale migration events.
Effects of experimental N addition on plant diversity in an old‐growth temperate forest
Authors: Lai Mengying , He Shanchuan , Yu Shuang , Jin Guangze 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTemperate forest ecosystems have experienced mounting negative effects due to increasing levels of nitrogen (N) deposition. We examined the effects of experimental N addition on plant diversity in an old‐growth temperate forest to test the following hypothesis: Long‐term excessive N addition decreases plant diversity by affecting the growth of plants, which results from changes in the soil nutrient content and a decrease in the soil pH in temperate forests. Experimental N additions were administered at the following levels since 2008: control (0 kg N ha−1 year−1), low N (30 kg N ha−1 year−1), medium N (60 kg N ha−1 year−1), and high N (120 kg N ha−1 year−1). Additionally, plant diversity was studied from 2014 to 2016. The results showed that the experimental N additions had significant effects on plant diversity and soil properties in an old‐growth temperate forest. The high‐N treatment decreased the density, cover, and diversity of understory plants, and some herbs even appeared to undergo premature aging, whereas the species diversity of herbs and ferns in the low‐N treatment plots showed a slight increasing tendency. This may have been because the old‐growth temperate forest is an N‐limited ecosystem, so the moderate N input did not show a large influence on plant diversity. However, the long‐term high‐N treatment ultimately reduced plant diversity by changing the soil nutrient contents, decreasing the pH values, and damaging plant growth. Our results suggested that the long‐term excessive N addition negatively affected the forest ecosystem in an N‐limited temperature forest.
The unrealized potential of herbaria for global change biology
Authors: Meineke Emily K. , Davis Charles C. , Davies T. Jonathan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPlant and fungal specimens in herbaria are becoming primary resources for investigating how plant phenology and geographic distributions shift with climate change, greatly expanding inferences across spatial, temporal, and phylogenetic dimensions. However, these specimens contain a wealth of additional data, including nutrients, defensive compounds, herbivore damage, disease lesions, and signatures of physiological processes, that capture ecological and evolutionary responses to the Anthropocene but which are less frequently utilized. Here, we outline the diversity of herbarium data, global change topics to which they have been applied, and new hypotheses they could inform. We find that herbarium data have been used extensively to study impacts of climate change and invasive species, but that such data are less commonly used to address other drivers of biodiversity loss, including habitat conversion, pollution, and overexploitation. In addition, we note that fungal specimens are under‐explored relative to vascular plants. To facilitate broader application of plant and fungal specimens in global change research, we consider the limitations of these data and modern sampling and statistical tools that may be applied to surmount challenges they present. Using a case study of insect herbivory, we illustrate how novel herbarium data may be employed to test hypotheses for which few data exist. With the goal of positioning herbaria as hubs for global change research, we suggest future research directions and curation priorities.
Low Temperature and Controllable Formation of Oxygen Vacancy SrTiO3‐x by Loading Pt for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Peng Shaoqin , Gan Chao , Yang Yang , Ji Shengfu , Li Yuexiang 
Published: May 2018

AbstractOxygen vacancy plays a key role in the photocatalytic processes of oxide semiconductors. However, it usually needs high hydrogenation temperature to form oxygen vacancy for SrTiO3. To decrease the temperature, Pt was preloaded on SrTiO3 to transform H2 into the active hydrogen through hydrogen spillover. As a result, the surface oxygen vacancy of Pt/SrTiO3‐x forms at low temperature to 150 °C. Without Pt loading, the defects of SrTiO3 cannot occur even at 400 °C. As the hydrogenation temperature increases, the surface oxygen vacancy of Pt/SrTiO3‐x rises, and a thin disorder overlayer on the facet loaded with metal Pt appears at 400 °C; whereas at 600 °C, besides the disorder overlayer, the surface defects at the facets without Pt and bulk defects are produced, indicating the controllable formation of oxygen vacancies. With the increasing of hydrogenation temperature, the activity of Pt/SrTiO3‐x enhances, and reaches the maximum at 400 °C. The produced H2 amount of Pt/SrTiO3‐x prepared at 400 °C is about 3 times as high as that of Pt/SrTiO3. The activity of Pt/SrTiO3‐x obtained at 600 °C is significantly lower than that at 400 °C. The surface oxygen vacancies are responsible for the enhanced activity; while the decreased specific surface and bulk defects produced at high hydrogenation temperature reduce the activity.