bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data‐Sharing Methods
Authors: Mauthner Natasha S. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractData‐sharing is the practice of making research data available to other investigators or institutions for the purposes of social scientific research. Data‐sharing can occur through informal data exchange among researchers, and formal data exchange through data archives and repositories. Discussions of data‐sharing first appeared in the social scientific literature in the early 1960s in the context of two changes: the development of computational technologies for managing machine‐readable data and the increased use of sample surveys as a primary mode of data collection. Since the mid‐1980s, efforts have been made to institutionalize quantitative and qualitative data‐sharing as a normative practice on the grounds of its scientific, financial, public policy, and pedagogical benefits. Obstacles have hampered widespread uptake of data‐sharing, including technical, ethical, and cultural challenges particularly around risks for research participants and opportunity costs for researchers.
Fieldwork
Authors: Fife Wayne 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFieldwork involves long‐term research in which the investigator spends an intensive amount of time inquiring into the way of life of a specific human population. Used properly, it can result in extremely useful portraits of little‐known, misunderstood, or fully unknown ways of life. The main goal is to learn an inside point of view, or what it is like to live as a member of a specific sociocultural formation. Instead of relying on the statistical methods of quantitative research, fieldworkers gather information through a wide variety of ethnographic or qualitative methods. The reliability issue is dealt with through comparing information gathered through more than one research method and by analyzing information in relation to the broader context (e.g., economic, political, religious, institutional). Reliability may also be checked more formally through the use of simple counting schedules. Key methods include participant observation, several kinds of interviewing techniques, and self‐reporting methods. The researcher is always the first and primary research instrument of fieldwork. The key to fieldwork lies in the relationship of mutual trust established between the researcher and those with whom s/he is working. Without such a relationship, productive fieldwork is not possible.
Informal Employment and Women
Authors: McNeill Kristen 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWorldwide, women are disproportionately engaged in informal employment, or work occurring outside the legal and regulatory framework. Within the informal economy, women are concentrated in jobs that are traditionally feminized. Although this work can provide a chance for women to earn income where job opportunities are scarce and while fulfilling their domestic obligations, such jobs tend to be precarious and poorly paid, and reflect the barriers women face to entering the formal labor market.
Immaterial Labor
Authors: Fortunati Leopoldina 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Immaterial labor is labor that is done mainly with skills related to the mind, emotions, and sentiments, and thus with things that are intangible. Immaterial labor is analyzed by contrasting it with two other pairs of distinctive qualifications of labor: manual and nonmanual; simple and complex. Care and domestic work is introduced as a huge depository of immaterial labor. Contrary to Marx's evaluation, it is shown how postindustrial capitalism has expanded immaterial production considerably, provoking what is called the “dematerialization of reality.”
Book Town
Authors: Frank Jane 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
A book town is a small community on the geographical periphery that has experienced regeneration through a themed identity centered around secondhand and antiquarian bookselling; festival culture and events; writing and reading. The clustering of bookshops in book towns produces a multiplier effect that has been recognized by governments and development organizations for its capacity to enhance and sustain regional economies. A growing number of book towns around the world are evolving as sites of cultural diversity and platforms for artistic and cultural debate. As a result of this creative and cultural activity, social bonds in book towns are strengthened, and community development and empowerment is achieved. The success of book towns intersects with other contemporary social trends including the increased cultural mobility of individuals; the rise of travelers seeking slower, more meaningful connections with places, objects, and ideas; and a growing democratization of culture.
Boundaries (Racial/Ethnic)
Authors: Harold Joshua , Fong Eric 
Published: April 2018

AbstractScholarly inquiry into ethnic and racial boundaries has occupied a prominent place in social science research. Its intellectual roots can be traced largely to Fredrik Barth, who argued that understanding the construction and maintenance of ethnic groups should be accomplished by looking at the boundaries between groups. His insights have since been developed in the literature, with particular attention to institutional dynamics and cognitive processes in ethnic boundary development.
Buddhism
Authors: Schipper Janine 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The origins of Buddhism, its spread throughout India and Asia, and its impact on the west are examined. While similar to some western philosophies of self and reality, Buddhism emphasizes the importance of contemplative practices to achieve embodied understanding. Unique to the west is a secularized form of practice commonly called mindfulness. Buddhism is also examined with reference to symbolic interactionism, social construction of reality, Pitirim Sorokin's altruism spectrum, transcendentalism, Buddhist economics, Buddhist and positive psychology, and Buddhist sociology. Finally, social action is explored through a Buddhist lens.
Complexity and Emergence
Authors: Chesters Graeme 
Published: April 2018

AbstractComplexity theory is a unifying theory of the natural and social sciences that seeks to describe and account for the properties of complex adaptive systems in the material, biological, and social worlds. Examples of such systems include neural networks, languages, business organizations, the Internet, economic globalization, and social movements. These systems in turn are characterized by emergent properties that are irreducible to the sum of the systems' parts. Emergence is therefore evidenced by properties that are manifest at the systemic level, from a thought to a financial crisis or even a revolution, but which are not implicit within the elements comprising the system or through the addition of those elements or the relations between them. Complexity theory therefore represents a turn away from reductionist explanations of natural and social phenomena and a turn toward a dynamic and holistic approach where structure is inseparable from process.
Deviance, the Media and
Authors: Loh Renae Sze Ming , Lim Sun Sun 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe media frequently report on deviant activity because of its inherent newsworthiness. Fictional works in the form of visual, textual, audio, and video content often employ similar narratives as well. However, deviance is often sensationalized, and such extreme portrayals may trigger moral panics and public outrage. It is often claimed that extensive coverage of deviance may encourage further acts of deviance, yet such arguments ignore the active role audiences play in the consumption and interpretation of media representations.
Elites
Authors: Weeber Stan 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Elites are social groups that rank high in the systems that societies adopt to measure who has accumulated the greatest amount of the most valued possessions. Elites are identified by social, occupational, educational, income, and wealth benchmarks that differentiate such groups from other classes or categories of people. However, elitists do more than occupy prestigious social spaces in stratification systems: they run things by their abilities to shape and control events to their pleasing, even when others resist. They occupy top positions in governmental and economic institutions, which allow them to form policies and decisions that over the long term benefit their interests and secure their dominance over the rest of the economy and polity.
Foucault,Michel (1926–1984)
Authors: Smart Barry 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe work of Michel Foucault overflows the boundaries of conventionally established disciplinary fields. Foucault challenged the designation of his work as philosophy or history and chose “The History of Systems of Thought” for the title of his chair at the Collège de France. His wide‐ranging analyses have informed discussion and debate in a multiplicity of academic fields including anthropology, architecture, accountancy, business and cultural studies, education, feminism, film, literature, politics, and not least sociology.
High School Sports
Authors: Hartmann Douglas , August Amy 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Interscholastic high school sports are a large and essentially unparalleled set of athletic activities, practices, and programs. This entry provides an overview of the origins of American high school sports, as well as a perspective on their importance in both secondary education and the sport development system in the United States. It discusses the social and educational benefits associated with athletic participation for both individuals and at the school and community levels. It concludes by suggesting that the impacts of athletic participation, both positive and problematic, are shaped by the complicated and often unequal ways in which athletic participation is organized and sports programs themselves are designed and implemented.
Institutional Theory, New
Authors: Lang Thilo 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAlthough new institutional theory has turned into a widely accepted framework for actor‐centered studies dealing with organizations, state, and society, it lacks the qualities of a full‐fledged theory. Scholars refer to different disciplinary approaches and traditions in sociology, social psychology, economics, and political sciences with only a few common lines of argumentation. Nevertheless, new institutionalism offers a useful conceptual framework for organizational studies and for other fields in the social sciences, such as urban and regional studies or political studies. A clear problem of institutional theory is its simplified description of the way institutions work. Although many critical scholars see new institutionalism as a concept that is too abstract and too diverse to be directly translated into a clear analytical approach, new institutionalist research can open up a broad field for inductive investigations favoring a better understanding of how particular organizations work, focusing on issues of agency within specific institutional settings and constraints.
New Urbanism
Authors: Haas Tigran 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
New urbanism is considered to be the most influential urban‐planning and design movement, and a leading paradigm to emerge from the latter part of the twentieth century as a reaction to sprawl, post‐World War II rampant development, zoning, and automobile dependency. The idea behind the new urbanism design philosophy is to identify and deliver solutions that work in a twofold manner: in defining sustainable and identifiable urban forms and also in supporting and establishing a real sense of vibrant and livable communities. New urbanism employs different tools and techniques, and rests on “human scale and livable” prescriptions and ideals of town‐planning and urban design. New urbanism attempts to create a type of development as a byproduct of mixed use, mixed housing types, public transportation nodes, and increased density. Criticism focuses on type of style, spatial determinism, and lack of diversity.
Reliability Generalization
Authors: Miller Brian K. , Adair Elizabeth A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe reliability of scores on tests is subject to the influence of various characteristics of the scales utilized, the samples from which data are collected, and the design of studies from which scores were gathered. This entry provides a broad introduction to the concept ofreliability generalization(RG), a technique used to determine the mean or population reliability value of a particular test, along with the influential strength of scale, study, and sample characteristics on the test's score reliability. An RG study is a form of meta‐analysis in which the individual studies using the same test serve as observations on which the RG is performed.
Relationalism
Authors: Kivinen Osmo , Piiroinen Tero 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe term “relationalism” covers a variety of positions that emphasize the importance of some sort of relation in sociological theory or research. Many of these positions are ontological, but there are also epistemological and purely methodological relationalisms. Although they do not constitute a single unified school of thought, there are certain family resemblances between these positions, and there have been attempts to collaborate, even to start a movement for relationalism in sociology. Due to the many differences between the various positions, a few subgroups can be distinguished within relationalism.
Subculture
Authors: O'Connor Alan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractGangs were studied by urban sociologists in the 1920s, research that continues to the present. Radical criminologists from the 1950s and 1960s described deviance as a form of labeling by those powerful enough to make their labels stick. Outsiders developed their own subcultures. Research in cultural studies from the 1970s attempted to develop a class analysis of youth subcultures. This led to the criticism that most teens are not members of subcultures and that prominent subcultures actually include a diversity of positions.
War
Authors: Malešević Siniša 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWar is a protracted armed conflict involving widespread use of physical violence aiming to coerce one or more social organizations to comply with the demands of another social organization, resulting in significant social change. Sociological research shows that war has been one of the most significant generators of social change through the course of human history. The rise of states' organizational capacity and the proliferation of mass‐mobilization wars have generated unprecedented carnage, resulting in millions of human casualties and the unparalleled destruction of the environment. However, wars have also fostered intense social transformation that has brought about extraordinary social advancements in the formation of states, parliamentary systems, democratic institutions, reduced social inequalities, and transformed gender and ethnic relations.
Global exponential stability of antiperiodic solutions for impulsive discrete‐time Markovian jumping stochastic BAM neural networks with additive time‐varying delays and leakage delay
Authors: Sowmiya C. , Raja R. , Cao Jinde , Ravi G. , Li Xiaodi , Alsaedi A. , Tu Zhengwen 
Published: April 2018

SummaryThis paper presents a global exponential stability of antiperiodic solution for a class of impulsive discrete‐time Markovian jumping stochastic bidirectional associative memory neural networks with additive time‐varying delays and leakage delay. By utilizing the Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional and contraction mapping principle, several sufficient conditions and linear matrix inequalities are derived for verifying globally exponentially stable in the mean square. There is a new delay‐dependent criterion for checking the existence, uniqueness, and global stability for antiperiodic solution. Meantime, by using the numerically efficient MATLAB Toolbox, simulation examples are offered to show the effectiveness and usefulness of the obtained result.
Low‐Temperature Deposition of Layered SnSe2 for Heterojunction Diodes
Authors: Serna Martha I. , Hasan Syed M. N. , Nam S. , El Bouanani Lidia , Moreno Salvador , Choi Hyunjoo , Alshareef Husam N. , Minary‐Jolandan Majid , Quevedo‐Lopez Manuel A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTin diselenide (SnSe2) has been recently investigated as an alternative layered metal dichalcogenide due to its unique electrical and optoelectronics properties. Although there are several reports on the deposition of layered crystalline SnSe2 films by chemical and physical methods, synthesis methods like pulsed laser deposition (PLD) are not reported. An attractive feature of PLD is that it can be used to grow 2D films over large areas. In this report, a deposition process to grow stoichiometric SnSe2 on different substrates such as single crystals (Sapphire) and amorphous oxides (SiO2 and HfO2) is reported. A detailed process flow for the growth of 2D SnSe2 at temperatures of 300 °C is presented, which is substantially lower than temperatures used in chemical vapor deposition and molecular beam epitaxy. The 2D SnSe2 films exhibit a mobility of ≈4.0 cm2 V−1 s−1, and are successfully used to demonstrate SnSe2/p‐Si heterojunction diodes. The diodes show I
on/I
off ratios of 103–104 with a turn on voltage of <0.5 V, and ideality factors of 1.2–1.4, depending on the SnSe2 film growth conditions.
Photocatalysis: a “Solar Sail” to Drive Microscale Objects in Water
Authors: Zhang Jingtao , Yang Weiyi , Shang Jian Ku , Fang Feng , Gao Shuang , Li Qi 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe capability to drive micro/nanoscale objects is critical in the development of micro/nanomachines for various technical applications. To overcome the chemical fuel requirement limitation on mostly investigated chemical power–based approaches, external energy source–driven approaches are explored. However, they usually require that micro/nanoscale objects should have special properties for their driven motion. For the first time it is shown that light illumination can be utilized to drive various micro/nanoscale objects through the assistance of photocatalysis as a “solar sail” due to its continuous production of chemicals with the driving potential. This approach can eliminate the requirement of chemical fuels or objects with special properties in previous studies, and can have the potential for various technical applications upon its full development to provide precise motion manipulations.
Boron Trifluoride‐Mediated Trifluoromethylthiolation of N‐Acyliminiums
Authors: Maury Julien , Force Guillaume , Darses Benjamin , Lebœuf David 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHerein, we describe a hitherto unprecedented trifluoromethylthiolation of N‐acyliminiums promoted by boron trifluoride etherate to enable a convenient access to various α‐amino trifluoromethylthiolate derivatives in good yields. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions, relying on copper(I) trifluoromethylthiolate as a nucleophilic partner.magnified image
Alternative Perovskites for Photovoltaics
Authors: Jodlowski AlexanderD. , Rodríguez‐Padrón Daily , Luque Rafael , de Miguel Gustavo 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe discovery of unique optoelectronic properties of 3D ABX3 perovskites has produced a great impact on the field of photovoltaics. In the initial years after the breakthrough, interest has focused on a limited number of 3D ABX3 perovskite materials, including the archetypal CH3NH3PbI3 and its counterparts. Undoubtedly, the main limitation of perovskite devices is their low stability due the fast degradation of the perovskite layer; however, the high toxicity of Pb also poses a concern. Herein, the recent increasing number of articles reporting the theoretical modeling, synthesis, optoelectronic characterization, and implementation of alternative perovskite materials in solar devices is summarized. The extensive variety of perovskite derivatives is classified according to the material dimensionality and the crystal structure. The particular strengths and weaknesses for each novel material are discussed, and the device performance and potential stability enhancements are also highlighted.
Side‐Chain Optimization of Phthalimide−Bithiophene Copolymers for Efficient All‐Polymer Solar Cells with Large Fill Factors
Authors: Chen Jianhua , Qiu Fanglong , Liao Qiaogan , Peng Changliang , Liu Feng , Guo Xugang 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA series of phthalimide−bithiophene copolymers with various side‐chains have been used in bulk‐heterojunction all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) by blending with the well‐known n‐type polymer N2200. Variation in the side‐chains on the bithiophene and N‐imide groups afforded phthalimide polymers with tunable optoelectrical properties and different self‐assembly characteristics. Optimization of the fabrication conditions for the all‐PSCs resulted in a power‐conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.77 %, with a remarkable fill factor (FF) of 71.21 % for a cell with an active layer thickness of 100 nm. This FF is one of the highest values for all‐PSCs reported to date. Moreover, a greatly improved PCE of 4.7 %, with a good FF of 61.64 %, was obtained by increasing the film thickness to 120 nm. These results indicate that the FFs of all‐PSCs could approach those of polymer:fullerene cells, if a favorable blend film morphology can be realized and efficient charge‐transport/‐extraction can be achieved. These results demonstrate that phthalimide‐based polymers are promising donor semiconductors for the construction of efficient all‐PSCs and that their side‐chains are critical for performance enhancement, in addition to their polymer backbone.
Palladium‐Catalyzed C−H Iodination of N‐(8‐Quinolinyl)benzamide Derivatives Under Electrochemical and Non‐Electrochemical Conditions
Authors: Sano Katsuya , Kimura Naoki , Kochi Takuya , Kakiuchi Fumitoshi 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPalladium‐catalyzed ortho‐selective C−H iodination of N‐(8‐quinolinyl)benzamides proceeded using I2 under both electrochemical and non‐electrochemical conditions. The C−H iodination at 90 °C under base‐free conditions provided high yields of the iodination products. The use of anodic oxidation increased the efficiency of the iodination at sterically‐hindered positions.
Simulation study of a low‐tech and reliable identification coding method for mass casualties
Authors: Kato Soichiro , Tarui Takehiko , Yamaguchi Yoshihiro 
Published: April 2018

AimTo evaluate the ease of use, reliability, and duplication risks of a new identification (ID) coding method, which works for mass casualty events such as disaster scenes.MethodsThe new ID code consisted of 16 alphanumeric characters: seven characters for the responder's information and nine for the casualty, which can be created in a very low‐tech manner without using any electronic devices. A simulated triage was carried out for virtual causalities by students of the same grade at our university's medical school. Each participant was instructed to triage and create IDs for the same 10 virtual casualties. Eighty‐nine participants created a total of 890 IDs, which were examined for correct coding and ID duplication rates.ResultsDespite situations in which the risk of duplication might be considered high, complete duplication of IDs occurred in only one case (0.2%), and the other 888 IDs (99.8%) were unique. The simulation was done in a reasonable amount of time without any confusion.ConclusionsIn the mass casualty incident triage simulation, our new coding method proved easy and useful in creating IDs with an extremely low duplication rate. To develop this method for broader use, further evaluation is needed in more simulations and real disaster situations.