bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
De Snowden-onthullingen en ongerichte interceptie onder de Wiv 2017
Authors: Koop Peter 
Published: March 2018

The Snowden disclosures and untargeted bulk interception under the new Dutch Intelligence and Security Services Act
This year, the new Dutch Intelligence and Security Services Act (Wiv 2017) will come into force. It’s most controversial part is the untargeted bulk interception of internet and telephone cables, where previously this was only allowed for wireless communication links. Since June 2013, the Snowden revelations led to a fear for mass surveillance of ordinary citizens by NSA and GCHQ. The original documents however show that their collection programs are actually focused at valid foreign intelligence targets. Where the British and Americans have online and realtime filtering systems, the Dutch will store the communications from untargeted cable interception for up to three years. Also the Dutch will lack the opportunity of XKEYSCORE to find anonymous internet communications, as they will select content just as targeted as is the case with traditional wiretaps. Therefore, the main improvement for Dutch intelligence appears to be a much greater access to metadata
De waarborgfunctie van het rechtspersonenrecht
Authors: Westenbroek W.A. 
Published: March 2018

De waarborgfunctie van het rechtspersonenrecht. Over de bewaarnemersrol van eerste- en tweedegraadsbestuurders en hun (ogenschijnlijk) verschillende processuele positie na het arrest Le Roux Fruit Exporters
Om het recht te begrijpen is het soms van belang stil te staan bij de vraag waarom dat recht bestaat. In deze wetenschappelijke bijdrage wordt daarom ingegaan op de zogenoemde waarborgfunctie van het rechtspersonenrecht. Het artikel onderbouwt de eerder door de auteur ingezette lijn dat het bestuurdersaansprakelijkheidsrecht aan herbezinning toe is.
Noot bij HR 22 september 2017, ECLI:NL:HR:2017:2452
Authors: Serraris F.T. 
Published: March 2018

Noot bij HR 22 september 2017, ECLI:NL:HR:2017:2452
In zijn arrest van 22 september 2017 onderstreept de Hoge Raad dat indien de civiele rechter in beroepsaansprakelijkheidszaken afwijkt van het oordeel van de tuchtrechter, hij dit oordeel voldoende begrijpelijk dient te motiveren. De auteur bespreekt dit arrest en – meer in het algemeen en in praktische zin – de verhouding tussen tucht- en civielrechtelijke uitspraken.
The untouchables
Authors: Lennarts M.L. 
Published: March 2018

The untouchables. Reactie op ‘Het lichaam van de niet-uitvoerende bestuurder’
De Roo verdedigde onlangs in dit tijdschrift de stelling dat tot nog toe niet is gebleken van overtuigende redenen om de vervulling van de niet-uitvoerende bestuurdersfuncties te beperken tot natuurlijke personen. In deze bijdrage plaatst de auteur een aantal kanttekeningen bij deze stelling en de onderbouwing daarvan. Daarbij stelt zij de wijze waarop de rechtspersoon-bestuurder thans in Nederland is geregeld ter discussie.
De inrichtingsvrijheid als uitzondering?
Authors: de Roo K.H.M. 
Published: March 2018

De inrichtingsvrijheid als uitzondering? Naschrift
Deze bijdrage is een naschrift bij de reactie van Lennarts op het pleidooi van de auteur voor de benoembaarheid van rechtspersonen als niet-uitvoerende bestuurder en als commissaris. De auteur bespreekt hoe Lennarts de rechtspersonenrechtelijke inrichtingsvrijheid miskent en hoe de door haar voorgestane inbreuk op de partijautonomie een sluitende rechtvaardiging mist.
Le folklore des Pays d’en haut au xixe siècle : le témoignage de Marie Caroline Watson Hamlin
Authors: Bénéteau Marcel 
Published: March 2018

À partir de l’oeuvre de Marie Caroline Watson Hamlin, cet article jette un nouvel éclairage sur le folklore français des Pays d’en haut auxxixeetxxesiècles. Les travaux des historiens des dernières décennies ont produit une meilleure compréhension de l’histoire des Pays d’en haut ainsi que des relations entre leurs populations européennes et amérindiennes. Cependant, nous en savons très peu au sujet du patrimoine immatériel que ces colons, marchands et voyageurs ont amené avec eux. Comment ce folklore a-t-il évolué à l’écart des centres de peuplement de la vallée laurentienne et face aux échanges culturels avec des voisins anglophones et autochtones ? Ce texte propose une étude du folklore de la région du Détroit – établissement relié à la fois aux centres canadiens-français plus à l’est et aux anciens territoires de l’intérieur de l’Empire français – pour reconstituer le folklore perdu des Pays d’en haut. L’ouvrage principal de Watson Hamlin,Legends of le Détroit(1884), se révèle une des sources les plus importantes pour accomplir cette tâche.
Identification of the Telomere elongation mutation in Drosophila
Authors: Reddy Hemakumar M. , Randall Thomas A. , Capkova Frydrychova Radmila , Mason James M. 
Published: March 2018

Background. Telomeres in Drosophila melanogaster are similar to those of other eukaryotes in terms of their function, although they are formed by non-LTR retrotransposons instead of telomerase-based short repeats. The length of the telomeres in Drosophila depends on the number of copies of these transposable elements. A dominant mutation, Tel1, causes a several-fold elongation of telomeres.
Methods. In this study we identified the Tel1 mutation by a combination of transposon-induced, site-specific recombination and next generation sequencing.
Results. Recombination located Tel1 to a 15 kb region in 92A. Comparison of the DNA sequence in this region with the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel of wild type genomic sequences delimited Tel1 to a 3 bp deletion inside intron 8 of Ino80.
Discussion. The mapped Tel1 mutation (3-bp deletion found in Ino80) did not appear to affect the quantity or length of the Ino80 transcript. Tel1 causes a significant reduction in transcripts of CG18493, a gene nested in an intron 8 of Ino80, which is expressed in ovaries and expected to encode a serine-type peptidase.
Carbon Dioxide Physiological Forcing Dominates Projected Eastern Amazonian Drying
Authors: Richardson T. B. , Forster P. M. , Andrews T. , Boucher O. , Faluvegi G. , Fläschner D. , Kasoar M. , Kirkevåg A. , Lamarque J.‐F. , Myhre G. , Olivié D. , Samset B. H. , Shawki D. , Shindell D. , Takemura T. , Voulgarakis A. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractFuture projections of east Amazonian precipitation indicate drying, but they are uncertain and poorly understood. In this study we analyze the Amazonian precipitation response to individual atmospheric forcings using a number of global climate models. Black carbon is found to drive reduced precipitation over the Amazon due to temperature‐driven circulation changes, but the magnitude is uncertain. CO2 drives reductions in precipitation concentrated in the east, mainly due to a robustly negative, but highly variable in magnitude, fast response. We find that the physiological effect of CO2 on plant stomata is the dominant driver of the fast response due to reduced latent heating and also contributes to the large model spread. Using a simple model, we show that CO2 physiological effects dominate future multimodel mean precipitation projections over the Amazon. However, in individual models temperature‐driven changes can be large, but due to little agreement, they largely cancel out in the model mean.
Coordinated Satellite Observations of the Very Low Frequency Transmission Through the Ionospheric D Layer at Low Latitudes, Using Broadband Radio Emissions From Lightning
Authors: Jacobson Abram R. , Holzworth Robert H. , Pfaff Robert , Heelis Roderick 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBoth ray theory and full‐wave models of very low frequency transmission through the ionospheric D layer predict that the transmission is greatly suppressed near the geomagnetic equator. We use data from the low‐inclination Communication/Navigation Outage Forecast System satellite to test this semiquantitatively, for broadband very low frequency emissions from lightning. Approximate ground‐truthing of the incident wavefields in the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide is provided by the World Wide Lightning Location Network. Observations of the wavefields at the satellite are provided by the Vector Electric Field Instrument aboard the satellite. The data set comprises whistler observations with the satellite at magnetic latitudes <26°. Thus, our conclusions, too, must be limited to the near‐equatorial region and are not necessarily predictive of midlatitude whistler properties. We find that in most broadband recordings of radio waves at the satellite, very few of the lightning strokes result in a detectable radio pulse at the satellite. However, in a minority of the recordings, there is enhanced transmission of very low frequency lightning emissions through the D layer, at a level exceeding model predictions by at least an order of magnitude. We show that kilometric‐scale D‐layer irregularities may be implicated in the enhanced transmission. This observation of sporadic enhancements at low magnetic latitude, made with broadband lightning emissions, is consistent with an earlier review of D‐layer transmission for transmission from powerful man‐made radio beacons.
Coastal Upwelling Off Southwest Nova Scotia Simulated With a High‐Resolution Baroclinic Ocean Model
Authors: Chegini Fatemeh , Lu Youyu , Katavouta Anna , Ritchie Harold 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA high‐resolution baroclinic coastal ocean model is applied to study seasonal circulation and upwelling off South West Nova Scotia (SWNS) based on 1 year simulations for 2010. The model reasonably reproduces tidal currents, seasonal hydrography, and circulation from multiyear observations, in consistence with the observed strong seasonal variations of these properties in the study area. The main physical processes affecting circulation are analyzed using numerical experiments, with focus on the effect of tidal and density induced currents on topographic upwelling. It is confirmed that the shoreward near‐bottom currents and associated upwelling are tidally induced and persistent throughout the year. It is revealed that these currents have seasonal variability, with cross‐isobath component being strong in summer throughout a large area, but weaker and confined to deeper regions in winter. The seasonal variability of Scotian Current is the dominant forcing affecting the variability of onshore bottom currents. Lagrangian particle tracking identifies two major pathways of source waters arriving at the SWNS upwelling region. A large proportion of particles come from the east with the Scotian Current, mostly from the surface layer; and a small portion of water parcels come from a mean depth exceeding 100 m from the Gulf of Maine and Northeast Channel.
Sea‐Level Trend Uncertainty With Pacific Climatic Variability and Temporally‐Correlated Noise
Authors: Royston Sam , Watson Christopher S. , Legrésy Benoît , King Matt A. , Church John A. , Bos Machiel S. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractRecent studies have identified climatic drivers of the east‐west see‐saw of Pacific Ocean satellite altimetry era sea level trends and a number of sea‐level trend and acceleration assessments attempt to account for this. We investigate the effect of Pacific climate variability, together with temporally‐correlated noise, on linear trend error estimates and determine new time‐of‐emergence (ToE) estimates across the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Sea‐level trend studies often advocate the use of auto‐regressive (AR) noise models to adequately assess formal uncertainties, yet sea level often exhibits colored but non‐AR(1) noise. Standard error estimates are over‐ or under‐estimated by an AR(1) model for much of the Indo‐Pacific sea level. Allowing for PDO and ENSO variability in the trend estimate only reduces standard errors across the tropics and we find noise characteristics are largely unaffected. Of importance for trend and acceleration detection studies, formal error estimates remain on average up to 1.6 times those from an AR(1) model for long‐duration tide gauge data. There is an even chance that the observed trend from the satellite altimetry era exceeds the noise in patches of the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans and the south‐west and north‐east Pacific gyres. By including climate indices in the trend analysis, the time it takes for the observed linear sea‐level trend to emerge from the noise reduces by up to 2 decades.
A New Method of Physics‐Based Data Assimilation for the Quiet and Disturbed Thermosphere
Authors: Sutton Eric K. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe ability to accurately track and predict satellite locations is of paramount importance to space‐faring nations. In the low Earth orbit satellite environment, atmospheric drag is by far the dominant error associated with orbit propagation. Nowcasts of thermospheric density are routinely accomplished through calibration of semiempirical models using recent data, yet forward predictions degrade quickly as lead time increases. Physics‐based approaches offer a great forecasting potential but one that has yet to be realized due to a lack of robust data assimilation schemes. In an effort to account for the driver/response characteristics of the thermosphere‐ionosphere system, a new data assimilative technique is developed. Abandoning the ensemble Kalman filter framework in favor of a variational technique, iterative model reinitialization is applied self‐consistently to estimate a time history of effective solar and geophysical drivers. The current implementation of this technique, referred to as Iterative Reinitialization, Driver Estimation and Assimilation, works by ingesting neutral mass density measurements from low‐Earth orbiting accelerometers. A long‐term simulation is carried out during 2003, a period consisting of a wide range of solar and geomagnetic activity levels. The new technique is shown to greatly reduce RMS errors of the physics‐based model relative to ingested observations from the Challenging Mini‐Satellite Payload (CHAMP) satellite as well as to an independent validation data set from the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite. This work is the first such demonstration of an accurate and robust physics‐based method capable of specifying neutral density during both quiet and disturbed times and offers a promising outlook for improving density forecasting capabilities.
Effects of Geographic Diversification on Risk Pooling to Mitigate Drought‐Related Financial Losses for Water Utilities
Authors: Baum Rachel , Characklis Gregory W. , Serre Marc L. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAs the costs and regulatory barriers to new water supply development continue to rise, drought management strategies have begun to rely more heavily on temporary conservation measures. While these measures are effective, they often lead to intermittent and unpredictable reductions in revenues that are financially disruptive to water utilities, raising concerns over lower credit ratings and higher rates of borrowing for this capital intensive sector. Consequently, there is growing interest in financial risk management strategies that reduce utility vulnerabilities. This research explores the development of financial index insurance designed to compensate a utility for drought‐related losses. The focus is on analyzing candidate hydrologic indices that have the potential to be used by utilities across the US, increasing the potential for risk pooling, which would offer the possibility of both lower risk management costs and more widespread implementation. This work first analyzes drought‐related financial risks for 315 publicly operated water utilities across the country and examines the effectiveness of financial contracts based on several indices both in terms of their correlation with utility revenues and their spatial autocorrelation across locations. Hydrologic‐based index insurance contracts are then developed and tested over a 120 year period. Results indicate that risk pooling, even under conditions in which droughts are subject to some level of spatial autocorrelation, has the potential to significantly reduce the cost of managing financial risk.
Quantifying Surface Water, Porewater, and Groundwater Interactions Using Tracers: Tracer Fluxes, Water Fluxes, and End‐member Concentrations
Authors: Cook Peter G. , Rodellas Valentí , Stieglitz Thomas C. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractTracer approaches to estimate both porewater exchange (the cycling of water between surface water and sediments, with zero net water flux) and groundwater inflow (the net flow of terrestrially derived groundwater into surface water) are commonly based on solute mass balances. However, this requires appropriate characterization of tracer end‐member concentrations in exchanging or discharging water. Where either porewater exchange or groundwater inflow to surface water occur in isolation, then the water flux is easily estimated from the net tracer flux if the end‐member is appropriately chosen. However, in most natural systems porewater exchange and groundwater inflow will occur concurrently. Our analysis shows that if groundwater inflow (Qg) and porewater exchange (Qp) mix completely before discharging to surface water, then the combined water flux (Qg + Qp) can be approximated by dividing the combined tracer flux by the difference between the porewater and surface water concentrations, (cp – c). If Qg and Qp do not mix prior to discharge, then (Qg + Qp) can only be constrained by minimum and maximum values. The minimum value is obtained by dividing the net tracer flux by the groundwater concentration, and the maximum is obtained by dividing by (cp – c). Dividing by the groundwater concentration gives a maximum value for Qg. If porewater exchange and groundwater outflow occur concurrently, then dividing the net tracer flux by (cp – c) will provide a minimum value for Qp. Use of multiple tracers, and spatial and temporal replication should provide a more complete picture of exchange processes and the extent of subsurface mixing.
North Korea's 2017 Test and its Nontectonic Aftershock
Authors: Liu J. , Li L. , Zahradník J. , Sokos E. , Liu C. , Tian X. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSeismology illuminates physical processes occurring during underground explosions, not all yet fully understood. The thus‐far strongest North Korean test of 3 September 2017 was followed by a moderate seismic event (mL 4.1) after 8.5 min. Here we provide evidence that this aftershock was a nontectonic event which radiated seismic waves as a buried horizontal closing crack. This vigorous crack closure, occurring shortly after the blast, is studied in the North Korea test site for the first time. The event can be qualitatively explained as rapid destruction of an explosion‐generated cracked rock chimney due to cavity collapse, although other compaction processes cannot be ruled out.
Discovery of a Powerful, Transient, Explosive Thermal Event at Marduk Fluctus, Io, in Galileo NIMS Data
Authors: Davies A. G. , Davies R. L. , Veeder G. J. , de Kleer K. , de Pater I. , Matson D. L. , Johnson T. V. , Wilson L. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAnalysis of Galileo Near‐Infrared Mapping Spectrometer observations of Marduk Fluctus, a volcano on the Jovian moon Io, reveals a style of volcanic activity not previously seen there—a powerful thermal event lasting only a few minutes in 1996. The thermal emission rapidly fades, suggesting extremely rapid cooling of small clasts. The duration and evolution of the explosive eruption are akin to what might be expected from a strombolian or vulcanian explosion. The presence of such events provides an additional volcanic process that can be imaged by future missions with the intent of determining lava composition from eruption temperature, an important constraint on the internal composition of Io. These data promise to be of particular use in understanding the mechanics of explosive volcanic processes on Io.
COMP report: CPQR technical quality control guidelines for low‐dose‐rate permanent seed brachytherapy
Authors: Beaulieu Luc , Radford Dee‐Ann , Eduardo Villarreal‐Barajas J. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe Canadian Organization of Medical Physicists (COMP), in close partnership with the Canadian Partnership for Quality Radiotherapy (CPQR) has developed a series of Technical Quality Control (TQC) guidelines for radiation treatment equipment. These guidelines outline the performance objectives that equipment should meet in order to ensure an acceptable level of radiation treatment quality. The TQC guidelines have been rigorously reviewed and field tested in a variety of Canadian radiation treatment facilities. The development process enables rapid review and update to keep the guidelines current with changes in technology. This article contains detailed performance objectives and safety criteria for low‐dose‐rate (LDR) permanent seed brachytherapy.
Clinical acceptance testing and scanner comparison of ultrasound shear wave elastography
Authors: Long Zaiyang , Tradup Donald J. , Song Pengfei , Stekel Scott F. , Chen Shigao , Glazebrook Katrina N. , Hangiandreou Nicholas J. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBecause of the rapidly growing use of ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE) in clinical practices, there is a significant need for development of clinical physics performance assessment methods for this technology. This study aims to report two clinical medical physicists’ tasks: (a) acceptance testing (AT) of SWE function on ten commercial ultrasound systems for clinical liver application and (b) comparison of SWE measurements of targets across vendors for clinical musculoskeletal application. For AT, ten GE LOGIQ E9 XDclear 2.0 scanners with ten C1‐6‐D and ten 9L‐D transducers were studied using two commercial homogenous phantoms. Five measurements were acquired at two depths for each scanner/transducer pair by two operators. Additional tests were performed to access effects of different coupling media, phantom locations and operators. System deviations were less than 5% of group mean or three times standard deviation; therefore, all systems passed AT. A test protocol was provided based on results that no statistically significant difference was observed between using ultrasound gel and salt water for coupling, among different phantom locations, and that interoperator and intraoperator coefficient of variation was less than 3%. For SWE target measurements, two systems were compared — a Supersonic Aixplorer scanner with a SL10‐2 and a SL15‐4 transducer, and an abovementioned GE scanner with 9L‐D transducer. Two stepped cylinders with diameters of 4.05–10.40 mm were measured both longitudinally and transaxially. Target shear wave speed quantification was performed using an in‐house MATLAB program. Using the target shear wave speed deduced from phantom specs as a reference, SL15‐4 performed the best at the measured depth. However, it was challenging to reliably measure a 4.05 mm target for either system. The reported test methods and results could provide important information when dealing with SWE‐related tasks in the clinical environment.