bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In search of historical roots of the meteorite impact theory: Franz von Paula Gruithuisen as the first proponent of an impact cratering model for the Moon in the 1820s
Authors: Racki Grzegorz , Koeberl Christian 
Published: March 2019

AbstractFranz von Paula Gruithuisen (1774–1852), the Bavarian medic, physician, and astronomer, enfant terrible of German science, is known for his insightful observations and many extravagant conceptions. However, since the seminal monograph of Baldwin (1949), he is also referenced for early contributions to the meteoritic origin concept of lunar craters. His most commonly cited paper of 1828 is analyzed here for the first time in some detail. For Gruithuisen, impact phenomena were only an outcome of a more general cosmogenic theory, which assumed planet and satellite growth by concentric shell‐like coalescence of the cosmic bodies. The aggregation theory thus defined was initiated in 1794 by Chladni, developed by the Bierberstein brothers and Anton Zach. Gruithuisen was notably the first person to formulate a nascent concept of lunar crater mechanics. This cratering process, as he thought, is based on an uneven gravitational subsidence of concentrically layered spherical impactors (=the solid core of comet) into the plastic sediments. Only the more resistant and heavy central portion of the body was submerging deeper, and therefore, the circular terrace‐like rim of the ring mountains was formed. Gruithuisen tried also to recognize terrestrial equivalents of large‐scale crater‐like mountains on the Moon, and speculated on other impact consequences, such as a catastrophic influence on the history of the biosphere and a cometary source of the terrestrial hydrosphere. These ideas found several conceptual followers in the vital German science of the last decades of 19th century. Thus, despite principal errors in the gravitationally penetrative cratering model, we confirm the claim of recognition of Gruithuisen as one of the founders of the impact hypothesis.
Museums, memory and meaning‐creation: (re)constructing the Tajik nation
Authors: Blakkisrud Helge , Kuziev Faruh 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTo overcome the traumas of the 1992–1997 civil war, the Tajik authorities have turned to history to anchor their post‐independence nation‐building project. This article explores the role of the National Museum of Tajikistan, examining how the museum discursively contributes to ‘nationalising’ history and cultural heritage for the benefit of the current Tajik nation‐building project. Three main discursive strategies for such (re)construction of Tajik national identity are identified: (1) the representation of the Tajiks as a transhistorical community; (2) implicit claims of the site‐specificity of the historical events depicted in the museum, by representing these as having taken place within the territory of present‐day Tajikistan, thereby linking the nation to this territory; and (3) meaning‐creation, endowing museum objects with meanings that fit into and reinforce the grand narrative promulgated by the museum. We conclude that the National Museum of Tajikistan demonstrates a rich and promising, although so far largely unexplored, repertoire of representing Tajik nationness as reflected in historical artefacts and objects of culture: the museum is indeed an active participant in shaping discursive strategies for (re)constructing the nation.
Rice OsDOF15 contributes to ethylene‐inhibited primary root elongation under salt stress
Authors: Qin Hua , Wang Juan , Chen Xinbing , Wang Fangfang , Peng Peng , Zhou Yun , Miao Yuchen , Zhang Yuqiong , Gao Yadi , Qi Yidong , Zhou Jiahao , Huang Rongfeng 
Published: March 2019

SummaryIn early seedlings, the primary root adapts rapidly to environmental changes through the modulation of endogenous hormone levels. The phytohormone ethylene inhibits primary root elongation, but the underlying molecular mechanism of how ethylene‐reduced root growth is modulated in environmental changes remains poorly understood.Here, we show that a novel rice (Oryza sativa)DOFtranscription factor OsDOF15 positively regulates primary root elongation by regulating cell proliferation in the root meristem, via restricting ethylene biosynthesis. Loss‐of‐function ofOsDOF15impaired primary root elongation and cell proliferation in the root meristem, whereasOsDOF15overexpression enhanced these processes, indicating that OsDOF15 is a key regulator of primary root elongation.This regulation involves the direct interaction of OsDOF15 with the promoter ofOsACS1, resulting in the repression of ethylene biosynthesis. The control of ethylene biosynthesis by OsDOF15 in turn regulates cell proliferation in the root meristem.OsDOF15transcription is repressed by salt stress, and OsDOF15‐mediated ethylene biosynthesis plays a role in inhibition of primary root elongation by salt stress.Thus, our data reveal how the ethylene‐inhibited primary root elongation is finely controlled by OsDOF15 in response to environmental signal, a novel mechanism of plants responding to salt stress and transmitting the information to ethylene biosynthesis to restrict root elongation.
Link between Brugada phenocopy and myocardial ischemia: Results from the International Registry on Brugada Phenocopy
Authors: Xu Grace , Gottschalk Byron H. , Pérez‐Riera Andrés , Barbosa‐Barros Raimundo , Dendramis Gregory , Carrizo Aldo G. , Agrawal Sahil , Bayés de Luna Antonio , Jastrzębski Marek , Tomcsányi János , Baranchuk Adrian 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundBrugada phenocopies clinical entities that have indistinguishable electrocardiographic (ECG) patterns from true congenital Brugada syndrome. However, they are induced by other clinical circumstances such as myocardial ischemia. The purpose of our study was to examine the clinical features and pathogenesis of ischemia‐induced Brugada phenocopy (BrP).MethodsData from 17 cases of ischemia‐induced BrP were collected from the International Registry (www.brugadaphenocopy.com). Data were extracted from these publications and authors were contacted to provide further insight into each case.ResultsOf the patients included in this study, 71% were male. Mean age was 59 ± 11 years (range: 38–76). Type‐1 Brugada ECG pattern occurred in 15/17 (88%) of the cases, while a type‐2 Brugada ECG pattern was observed in the other 2/17 (12%). In all cases, the Brugada ECG pattern resolved upon correction of the ischemia, indicating ischemia as the inducing circumstance. No arrhythmic events have been detected acutely or during the follow‐up. Reported time to resolution ranged from 2 minutes to 5 hours. Provocative challenges using sodium channel blocking agents were performed in 7/17 cases (41%), and all failed to induce a Brugada ECG pattern (BrP Class A). The remaining 10/17 cases (59%) did not undergo provocative testing due to various clinical reasons.ConclusionsMyocardial ischemia is a commonly reported etiology of BrP. Importantly, this study found no association between BrP induced by myocardial ischemia and sudden cardiac death or malignant ventricular arrhythmias.
Residents’ Reactions to Earthquake Early Warnings in Japan
Authors: Nakayachi Kazuya , Becker Julia S. , Potter Sally H. , Dixon Maximilian 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis article empirically examines the effectiveness of earthquake early warning (EEW) in Japan based on experiences of residents who received warnings before earthquake shaking occurred. In Study 1, a survey (N = 299) was conducted to investigate residents’ experiences of, and reactions to, an EEW issued in Gunma and neighboring regions on June 17, 2018. The main results were as follows. (1) People's primary reactions to the EEW were mental, not physical, and thus motionless. Most residents stayed still, not for safety reasons, but because they were focusing on mentally bracing themselves. (2) Residents perceived the EEW to be effective because it enabled them to mentally prepare, rather than take physical protective actions, before strong shaking arrived. (3) In future, residents anticipate that on receipt of an EEW they would undertake mental preparation as opposed to physical protective actions. In Study 2, a survey (N = 450) was conducted on another EEW issued for an earthquake offshore of Chiba Prefecture on July 7, 2018. Results were in line with those of Study 1, suggesting that the findings described above are robust. Finally, given people's lack of impetus to undertake protective action on receipt of an EEW, this article discusses ways to enhance such actions.
Risk and the Five Hard Problems of Cybersecurity
Authors: Scala Natalie M. , Reilly Allison C. , Goethals Paul L. , Cukier Michel 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis perspectives article addresses risk in cyber defense and identifies opportunities to incorporate risk analysis principles into the cybersecurity field. The Science of Security (SoS) initiative at the National Security Agency seeks to further and promote interdisciplinary research in cybersecurity. SoS organizes its research into the Five Hard Problems (5HP): (1) scalability and composability; (2) policy‐governed secure collaboration; (3) security‐metrics–driven evaluation, design, development, and deployment; (4) resilient architectures; and (5) understanding and accounting for human behavior. However, a vast majority of the research sponsored by SoS does not consider risk and when it does so, only implicitly. Therefore, we identify opportunities for risk analysis in each hard problem and propose approaches to address these objectives. Such collaborations between risk and cybersecurity researchers will enable growth and insight in both fields, as risk analysts may apply existing methodology in a new realm, while the cybersecurity community benefits from accepted practices for describing, quantifying, working with, and mitigating risk.
Variations of SOC and MBC observed in an incubated brown loam soil managed under different tillage systems for 12 years
Authors: Li Xiaosha , Han Huifang , Ning Tangyuan , Shen Ying , Lal Rattal 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTo assess changes in organic carbon pools, an incubation experiment was conducted under different temperatures and field moisture capacity (FMC) on a brown loam soil from three tillage practices used for 12 years: no‐till (NT), subsoiling (ST) and conventional tillage (CT). Total microbial respiration was measured for incubated soil with and without the input of straw. Results indicated that soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) under ST, NT and CT was higher in soil with straw input than that without, while the microbial quotient (MQ or MBC: SOC) and metabolic quotient (qCO2) content under CT followed the opposite trend. Lower temperature, lower moisture and with straw input contributed to the increases in SOC concentration, especially under NT and ST systems. The SOC concentrations under ST, with temperatures of 30 and 35°C after incubation at 55% FMC, were greater than those under CT by 28.4% and 30.6%, respectively. The increase in MBC was highest at 35°C for 55%, 65% and 75% FMC; in soil under ST, MBC was greater than that under CT by 199.3%, 50.7% and 23.8%, respectively. At 30°C, the lower qCO2 was obtained in soil incubated under NT and ST. The highest MQ among three tillage practices was measured under ST at 55% FMC, NT at 65% FMC and CT at 75% FMC with straw input. These data indicate the benefits of enhancing the MQ; the low FMC was beneficial to ST treatment. Under higher temperature and drought stress conditions, the adaptive capacity of ST and NT is better than that of CT.
Chronic granulomatous pneumonia and lung rupture secondary to aspiration of activated charcoal in a French Bulldog
Authors: Caudill Megan N. , Stilwell Justin M. , Howerth Elizabeth W. , Garner Bridget 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA 4‐year‐old, spayed female French Bulldog was presented for respiratory distress and suspected aspiration pneumonia after oral administration of activated charcoal for possible ingestion of a suspected toxic dose of trazodone. The patient had a moderate volume of pleural effusion, which contained free and intracellular black particulate matter consistent with charcoal. Due to presumed charcoal aspiration with subsequent lung rupture, the right middle and right caudal lung lobes were surgically removed. Histology revealed abundant black debris consistent with charcoal and severe granulomatous inflammation. Based on the clinical, gross, and histologic findings, a diagnosis of severe, chronic, locally extensive, aspiration pneumonia and lung rupture with secondary pleuritis and mediastinitis due to charcoal aspiration was made. Aspiration pneumonia is the main complication of activated charcoal administration, which can incite extensive, granulomatous inflammation in the respiratory tract. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report describing the cytologic and histologic findings associated with inadvertent charcoal aspiration in a veterinary species.
Top‐down or bottom up: decreased stimulus salience increases responses to predictable stimuli of auditory thalamic neurons
Authors: Kommajosyula Srinivasa P. , Cai Rui , Bartlett Edward , Caspary Donald M. 
Published: March 2019

Key points
Temporal imprecision leads to deficits in the comprehension of signals in cluttered acoustic environments, and the elderly are shown to use cognitive resources to disambiguate these signals.
To mimic ageing in young rats, we delivered sound signals that are temporally degraded, which led to temporally imprecise neural codes.
Instead of adaptation to repeated stimuli, with degraded signals, there was a relative increase in firing rates, similar to that seen in aged rats.
We interpret this increase with repetition as a repair mechanism for strengthening the internal representations of degraded signals by the higher‐order structures.
AbstractTo better understand speech in challenging environments, older adults increasingly use top‐down cognitive and contextual resources. The medial geniculate body (MGB) integrates ascending inputs with descending predictions to dynamically gate auditory representations based on salience and context. A previous MGB single‐unit study found an increased preference for predictable sinusoidal amplitude modulated (SAM) stimuli in aged rats relative to young rats. The results suggested that the age‐degraded/jittered up‐stream acoustic code may engender an increased preference for predictable/repeating acoustic signals, possibly reflecting increased use of top‐down resources. In the present study, we recorded from units in young‐adult MGB, comparing responses to standard SAM with those evoked by less salient SAM (degraded) stimuli. We hypothesized that degrading the SAM stimulus would simulate the degraded ascending acoustic code seen in the elderly, increasing the preference for predictable stimuli. Single units were recorded from clusters of advanceable tetrodes implanted above the MGB of young‐adult awake rats. Less salient SAM significantly increased the preference for predictable stimuli, especially at higher modulation frequencies. Rather than adaptation, higher modulation frequencies elicited increased numbers of spikes with each successive trial/repeat of the less salient SAM. These findings are consistent with previous findings obtained in aged rats suggesting that less salient acoustic signals engage the additional use of top‐down resources, as reflected by an increased preference for repeating stimuli that enhance the representation of complex environmental/communication sounds.
Late Paleoproterozoic granulite-facies metamorphism in the North Altyn Tagh area, southeastern Tarim craton: Pressure-temperature paths, zircon U-Pb ages, and tectonic implications
Authors: Wu Hailin , Zhu Wenbin , Ge Rongfeng 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Granulite occupies the root of orogenic belts, and understanding its formation and evolution may provide critical information on orogenic processes. Previous studies have mainly focused on garnet-bearing high-pressure and medium-pressure granulites, whereas the metamorphic evolution and pressure-temperature (P-T) paths of garnet-absent, low-pressure granulites are more difficult to constrain. Here, we present zircon U-Pb ages and mineral chemistry for a suite of newly discovered two-pyroxene granulites in the North Altyn Tagh area, southeastern Tarim craton, northwestern China. Conventional geothermobarometry and phase equilibrium modeling revealed that these rocks experienced a peak granulite-facies metamorphism at T = 790–890 °C and P = 8–11 kbar. The mineral compositions and retrograde symplectites record a clockwise cooling and exhumation path, possibly involving near-isothermal decompression followed by near-isobaric cooling. Zircon U-Pb dating yielded a ca. 1.97 Ga metamorphic age, which likely represents the initial cooling age, based on Ti-in-zircon thermometry. Combined with regional geological records, we interpret that these granulites originated from the basement rocks of a late Paleoproterozoic magmatic arc that was subsequently involved in a collisional orogen in the southern Tarim craton, presumably related to the assembly of the Columbia/Nuna supercontinent. The clockwise P-T paths of the granulites record crustal thickening and burial followed by crustal thinning and exhumation in the upper plate of the collisional orogen. Our data indicate that the initial exhumation of this orogen probably occurred no later than ca. 1.97 Ga, which is supported by widespread 1.93–1.85 Ga postorogenic magmatism in this area.
Wake up and smell the coffee: caffeine supplementation and exercise performance—an umbrella review of 21 published meta-analyses
Authors: Grgic Jozo , Grgic Ivana , Pickering Craig , Schoenfeld Brad J , Bishop David J , Pedisic Zeljko 
Published: March 2019

Objective
To systematically review, summarise and appraise findings of published meta-analyses that examined the effects of caffeine on exercise performance.

Design
Umbrella review.

Data sources
Twelve databases.

Eligibility criteria for selecting studies
Meta-analyses that examined the effects of caffeine ingestion on exercise performance.

Results
Eleven reviews (with a total of 21 meta-analyses) were included, all being of moderate or high methodological quality (assessed using the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2 checklist). In the meta-analyses, caffeine was ergogenic for aerobic endurance, muscle strength, muscle endurance, power, jumping performance and exercise speed. However, not all analyses provided a definite direction for the effect of caffeine when considering the 95% prediction interval. Using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation criteria the quality of evidence was generally categorised as moderate (with some low to very low quality of evidence). Most individual studies included in the published meta-analyses were conducted among young men.

Summary/conclusion
Synthesis of the currently available meta-analyses suggest that caffeine ingestion improves exercise performance in a broad range of exercise tasks. Ergogenic effects of caffeine on muscle endurance, muscle strength, anaerobic power and aerobic endurance were substantiated by moderate quality of evidence coming from moderate-to-high quality systematic reviews. For other outcomes, we found moderate quality reviews that presented evidence of very low or low quality. It seems that the magnitude of the effect of caffeine is generally greater for aerobic as compared with anaerobic exercise. More primary studies should be conducted among women, middle-aged and older adults to improve the generalisability of these findings.
Clinical evaluation of education relating to nutrition and skeletal loading in competitive male road cyclists at risk of relative energy deficiency in sports (RED-S): 6-month randomised controlled trial
Authors: Keay Nicola , Francis Gavin , Entwistle Ian , Hind Karen 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveTo clinically evaluate education to improve eating behaviour and skeletal loading exercise in male cyclists at risk of poor bone health and impaired performance due to relative energy deficiency in sports.MethodsEarly race season, 50 competitive male road cyclists were matched, in pairs, based on Z-scores for lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD). One member of each pair was randomly allocated to receive educational interventions. After the season, 45 cyclists returned for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans and blood tests. Least significant change was applied to identify clinically meaningful BMD changes. Cyclists completed a follow-up sport-specific questionnaire and clinical interview to ascertain adherence to the interventions.ResultsThe questionnaire and clinical interview categorised behaviour changes as positive, negative or unchanged. Positive changes in nutrition and skeletal loading were associated with a statistically significant increase of 2.0% in lumbar spine BMD; 7 of 11 cyclists’ increases were clinically meaningful. Negative changes in both behaviours were associated with a significant decrease of 2.7% in lumbar BMD; all nine cyclists’ BMD decreases were clinically meaningful. Regarding performance, taking account of functional threshold power, changes in nutritional behaviour accounted for gains or losses of 95 British Cycling racing points. Cyclists reported psychological barriers to change in behaviours, specifically fear of negatively impacting performance.ConclusionsEducational nutritional and skeletal loading interventions can improve bone health, well-being and race performance in male cyclists over a 6-month race season. Psychological support may be required to help some athletes change behaviour.
Resilience in medical doctors: a systematic review
Authors: McKinley Nicola , Karayiannis Paul Nicholas , Convie Liam , Clarke Mike , Kirk Stephen J , Campbell William Jeffrey 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIntroductionResilience can be difficult to conceptualise and little is known about resilience in medical doctors.AimsThis systematic review discusses the existing literature on influences on resilience levels of medical doctors.MethodsThe bibliographic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO were searched from 2008 to November 2018 using keyword search terms resilience* AND (“medical physician*” OR doctor* OR surgeon* OR medical trainee* or clinician*).ResultsTwenty-four studies were deemed eligible for inclusion. A narrative synthesis was performed. The following influences on resilience in doctors were identified: demographics, personality factors, organisational or environmental factors, social support, leisure activities, overcoming previous adversity and interventions to improve resilience.ConclusionsResilience is not limited to a doctor’s own personal resource. Published studies also highlight the influence of other modifiable factors.