bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in coronary plaque composition evaluated by coronary computed tomography angiography in newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes: association with low‐grade inflammation
Authors: Mrgan M. , Gram J. , Hecht Olsen M. , Dey D. , Linde Nørgaard B. , Gram J. , Rønnow Sand N. P. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimTo determine differences in coronary plaque composition and inflammatory biomarkers between men and women with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes without known cardiovascular disease.MethodsA total of 88 people with newly diagnosed (<1 year) Type 2 diabetes underwent contrast‐enhanced coronary computed tomography angiography. Advanced coronary plaque analysis was performed using semi‐automated software. Plasma concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers were determined.ResultsThere were no significant differences between men (n=60) and women (n=28) regarding age or cardiovascular risk factors (all P>0.05). The median (quartiles) serum levels of fibrinogen [10.9 (9.8–12.6) μmol/l vs 9.7 (8.8–10.9) μmol/l], fibrin d‐dimer [0.3 (0.2–0.4) mg/l vs 0.27 (0.2–0.4) mg/l] and C‐reactive protein [3.1 (1.1–5.2) mg/l vs (0.8–2.6) 1.6 mg/l] were significantly higher in women (all P<0.05). Overall, men more often had multi‐vessel involvement [28 men (47%) vs 4 women (14%)], and higher total plaque burden [median (quartiles) 11.6 (2.3–36.0)% vs 2.0 (0.4–5.4)%; both P<0.05]. The median (quartiles) total plaque volume [269.9 (62.6–641.9) mm3 vs 61.1 (7.6–239.9) mm3] and absolute calcified plaque volume [33.5 (8.3–148.3) mm3 vs 4.7 (0.9–17.3) mm3] were higher in men (both P<0.05). Women had a lower relative proportion of the calcified plaque component [median (quartiles) 7.8 (4.7–15.4)% vs 23.7 (8.4–31.1)%] and a higher relative proportion (median [quartiles]) of the non‐low‐density non‐calfied plaque component [77.6 (66.0–86.0)% vs 63.6 (54.0–72.9)%; both P<0.05].ConclusionsIn people with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes, women had lower absolute coronary plaque volumes but a more unfavourable plaque composition and enhanced systemic inflammation compared with men.
Impact of Aura and Status Migrainosus on Readmissions for Vascular Events After Migraine Admission
Authors: Velickovic Ostojic Lili , Liang John W. , Sheikh Huma U. , Dhamoon Mandip S. 
Published: June 2018

Objective—To estimate readmission rates for acute ischemic stroke (AIS), transient ischemic attack (TIA), subarachnoid hemorrhage, and intracerebral hemorrhage after an index admission for migraine, using nationally representative data.Methods—The Nationwide Readmissions Database was designed to analyze readmissions for all payers and uninsured, with data on >14 million US admissions in 2013. We used International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes to identify index migraine admissions with and without aura or status migrainosus, and readmissions for cerebrovascular events. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed for each outcome with aura and status migrainosus as main predictors, adjusting for age and vascular risk factors.Results—Out of 12,448 index admissions for migraine, 9972 (80.1%) were women, mean age was 45.5 ± 14.8 years, aura was present in 3038 (24.41%), and status migrainosus in 1798 (14.44%). The 30‐day readmission rate (per 100,000 index admissions) was 154 for ischemic stroke, 86 for TIA, 42 for subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 17 for intracranial hemorrhage. In unadjusted models, aura was significantly associated with TIA (hazard ratio 2.43, 95% CI 1.39‐4.24), but not AIS (1.26, 0.73‐2.18), intracranial hemorrhage (1.86, 0.45‐7.79) or subarachnoid hemorrhage (1.85, 0.44‐7.75). When adjusting for age and vascular risk factors, aura remained significantly associated with TIA (2.13, 1.22‐3.74). Status, in adjusted models, was significantly associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage readmission (4.83, 1.09‐21.42).Conclusions—In this large, nationally representative retrospective cohort study, migraine admission with aura was independently associated with TIA readmission, and status migrainosus was independently associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Further research would clarify the role of misdiagnosis and causal relationships underlying these strong associations.
ESTIMATING THE GAINS FROM TRADE IN THE MARKET FOR PATENT RIGHTS
Authors: Serrano Carlos J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe “market for patents”—the sale of patents—is an often discussed source of incentives to invest in R&D. This article presents and estimates a model of the transfer and renewal of patents that, under some assumptions, allows me to quantify the gains resulting from the transfer of patents. The gains from trade measure the private benefits of reallocating the ownership of a patent from the original patentee to a new owner for whom the patent has a higher value. In addition, I study the effect that lowering transaction costs has on the proportion of patents traded and the gains from trade.
The quality effect of intra‐firm bargaining with endogenous worker flows
Authors: Maury Tristan‐Pierre , Tripier Fabien 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe performance of the labor market depends not only on the quantity of jobs in the economy, but also on the quality of jobs. This paper proposes a new theoretical explanation of the job quality issue in search and matching models. We develop a matching and intra‐firm bargaining model in which large firms hire workers and decide to destroy low‐productivity job–worker matches. The sources of inefficiency include the well‐known quantitative effect of intra‐firm bargaining, namely, the excessive size of the firms concerned; and a new quality effect, namely, the poor quality of the job–worker matches selected by firms.
Emotional eating is learned not inherited in children, regardless of obesity risk
Authors: Herle M. , Fildes A. , Llewellyn C. H. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryBackgroundEmotional over‐eating (EOE) and emotional under‐eating (EUE) are common behaviours that develop in early childhood and are hypothesised to play a role in weight status. Data from a British twin cohort demonstrated that environmental, rather than genetic, factors shape individual differences in both behaviours in early childhood.ObjectiveThe aim of this current study was to replicate this finding in a subsample (n = 398) of 4‐year‐old twins selected for high or low risk of obesity from another population‐based cohort of British twins (the Twins Early Development Study).MethodsParental ratings of child EOE and EUE were analysed using genetic model fitting.ResultsGenetic influence was not significant, while shared environmental factors explained 71% (52–79%) of the variance in EOE and 77% (62–85%) in EUE. The two behaviours correlated positively (r = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.44, 0.61), and about two‐thirds of the shared environmental factors influencing EOE and EUE were the same (rC = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.51, 0.85).ConclusionsEmotional eating in childhood is shaped by the home family environment; parents are therefore promising intervention targets.
IMPACT OF NEW DEBT OFFERINGS ON EXISTING CORPORATE BONDHOLDERS
Authors: Chen Fan , Stock Duane R. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCorporate bondholders may be concerned about the value of their bonds when the firm issues more bonds. Using bond data from the Trade Reporting and Compliance Engine (TRACE) from 2005 to 2017, we study the impact of new bond issues and relative maturity on the price of existing bonds. We find negative and significant average abnormal returns for existing bonds over a three‐day event window. Consistent with the adverse consequences of relative maturity of the new issuance, existing bond market returns are more strongly negative when the newly issued bonds mature before existing bonds. A funded debt covenant attenuates the negative return.
Qualifying Change: A Method for Defining Clinically Meaningful Outcomes of Change Score Computation
Authors: Tractenberg Rochelle E. , Jin Shelia , Patterson Marian , Schneider Lon S. , Gamst Anthony , Thomas Ronald G. , Thal Leon J. 
Published: June 2018

OBJECTIVESTo identify clinically meaningful change in longitudinal assessment.DESIGNA novel approach that qualifies item‐level change over time by the degree to which it is clinically meaningful.SETTINGThe classification method was tested by applying it to changes over 12 months in the frequency ratings of the items of a behavioral assessment instrument that is used commonly in clinical trials with Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients.PARTICIPANTSResponses from a cohort of 235 well characterized, community‐dwelling subjects with AD were analyzed by this method.MEASUREMENTSThe approach allowed us to describe the proportions of items that emerged, ceased, worsened, and improved between the baseline and 12‐month visits.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSOne‐year change in the behavioral symptoms of persons with AD was used to exemplify the methodology. This approach can he used in other populations and with other measurements and was designed for analyses of clinical trial data. This method uses item‐level changes to generate global impressions of clinically meaningful change; it also facilitates the definition of change that can be used in the clinical setting.
Historicising nationalism in Africa
Authors: Larmer Miles , Lecocq Baz 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis paper proposes rethinking nationalism as a political ideology and force in Africa outside the boundaries of the postcolonial African state. It argues against national histories and for histories of the construction of African nationalisms. In analysing the anti‐colonial basis of nationalism globally, it argues that the basis for African nationalism is similar to and not distinct from dominant nationalist processes elsewhere. The paper analyses the problematic historiography of African nationalism, arguing that the focus on political outcomes – the independent nation‐state – has distorted and distracted from a necessary historical focus on process, best understood as involving competing and contested nationalisms before and after national independence. Having identified a wave of recent literature that analyses such competing nationalisms across the continent, the paper sets out a research agenda for systematic historical analysis of African nationalism.
The ATP‐binding protein FgArb1 is essential for penetration, infectious and normal growth of Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Yin Yanni , Wang Zhihui , Cheng Danni , Chen Xiang , Chen Yun , Ma Zhonghua 
Published: June 2018

Summary

ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters act mainly to transport compounds across cellular membranes and are important for diverse biological processes. However, their roles in pathogenesis have not been well‐characterized in Fusarium graminearum.

Sixty F. graminearum ABC protein genes were functionally characterized. Among them, FgArb1 regulates normal growth and importantly is essential for pathogenicity. Thus, the regulatory mechanisms of FgArb1 in pathogenicity were analyzed in this study.

FgArb1 interacts with the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) FgSte7, and partially modulates plant penetration by regulating the phosphorylation of FgGpmk1 (the downstream kinase of FgSte7). The FgArb1 mutant exhibited dramatically reduced infective growth within wounded host tissues, likely resulting from its increased sensitivity to oxidative stresses, defective cell wall integrity and reduced deoxynivalenol (DON) production. FgArb1 also is important for the production of sexual and asexual spores that are important propagules for plant infection. In addition, FgArb1 is involved in the regulation of protein biosynthesis through impeding nuclear export of small ribosomal subunit. Finally, acetylation modification at sites K28, K65, K341 and K525 in FgArb1 is required for its biological functions.

Taken together, results of this study provide a novel insight into functions of the ABC transporter in fungal pathogenesis.
Basin‐scale predictive models of alluvial architecture: Constraints from the Palaeocene–Eocene, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA
Authors: Owen Amanda , Hartley Adrian J. , Ebinghaus Alena , Weissmann Gary S. , Santos Maurício G. M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBasin‐scale models are required to interpret ancient continental sedimentary successions, and reduce uncertainty in assessing geological resources in basins. Recently, modern studies show distributive fluvial systems to comprise a substantial proportion of modern sedimentary basins, but their role in ancient basin fills has yet to be quantitatively documented at the basin scale. This study analysed key fluvial characteristics to construct a detailed basin‐wide model of the Palaeogene Fort Union and Willwood formations (Bighorn Basin, Wyoming), using observations from modern studies, and ancient system scale studies of distributive fluvial systems, to guide interpretations. Mapping showed these formations to be highly heterogeneous with channel‐body proportion (from 12 to 81%) and geometry types (large amalgamated bodies to isolated channels), grain size (silt to conglomerate), average channel‐body thickness (4 to 20 m) and average storey thickness (3 to 10 m) varying significantly across the basin. Distributive fluvial systems in the form of alluvial and fluvial fans in transverse configurations were recognized as well as a wide axial system, with heterogeneity in the formations being closely aligned to these interpretations. Furthermore, numerous individual depositional systems were identified within the formations (Beartooth Absaroka, Washakie, Owl Creek and axial). Predicted downstream distributive fluvial system trends (i.e. downstream decrease in channel proportion, size and grain size) were identified in the Beartooth, Absaroka and Owl Creek systems. However, predicted trends were not identified in the Washakie system where intrabasinal thrusting disturbed the sequence. Importantly, a wide axial fluvial system was identified, where reverse downstream distributive fluvial system trends were present, interpreted to be the result of the input of transverse systems of variable size. This study provides a new level of detail in the application of basin‐scale models, demonstrating their usefulness in trying to understand and predict alluvial architecture distribution and heterogeneity, with important implications for economic resources and palaeogeographic reconstructions.
Disagreement and Conceptual Understanding
Authors: Rattan Gurpreet 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDoes the epistemology of disagreement have significant consequences for theories of conceptual understanding? I argue that it does. I argue that the epistemology of disagreement manifests the existence of a special kind of concept,perspectival modes of metarepresentation, a kind of concept instances of which figure in the thinking about thoughts that occurs indeep disagreement. These perspectival modes of metarepresentation arede remodes of presentation of thoughts themselves – hencede remodes ofmetarepresentation– in which one and the same thought is presented to higher‐order thinking about thoughts in different ways. These modes or ways arede reand perspectival because they are individuated by facts about whether the thought being thought about is thegraspedorunderstoodpropositional object ofone's ownoranother'sthinking. I outline a broadly Fregean framework for theorizing conceptual understanding and draw out three significant consequences of the existence of perspectival modes of metarepresentation for theories of conceptual understanding: they (1) constitute a new philosophical motivation for a restricted fragment of what Terence Parsons calls a “libertine” hierarchy of Fregean sense; (2) provide, against David Chalmers, examples ofa prioriequivalences that are nevertheless cognitively significant; and (3) constitute a novel and pervasive example of Kripkean ‘Paderewski’‐type designators.
Case Studies in Exercise and Sport Sciences: A Powerful Tool to Bridge the Science–Practice Gap
Authors: Halperin Israel 
Published: June 2018

Despite the progress made by the scientific exercise community in collaborating and communicating with nonscientist coaches, there is room for improvement. Coaches find research difficult to understand, feel that their interests are not being addressed by exercise research, and rely on peer discussion to further their coaching knowledge base while consuming few peer-reviewed articles. One useful strategy to bridge the science–practice gap is with case studies. In addition to furthering our understanding of the physiology, psychology, and training schedules of elite athletes, case studies can serve (1) as a useful communication channel with coaches if presented as narratives and (2) to establish and strengthen relationships between scientists and coaches, leading to fruitful research collaborations. The purpose of this invited commentary is to discuss these 2 less-recognized benefits of case studies and propose a way to incorporate case studies more frequently alongside group-based studies.
Arginine and Citrulline Catabolic Pathways Encoded by the
arc
Gene Cluster of Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 367
Authors: Majsnerowska Maria , Noens Elke E. E. , Lolkema Juke S. 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT

High concentrations of
l
-arginine or
l
-citrulline in the growth medium provided the wine bacterium
Lactobacillus brevis
with a significant growth advantage. The arginine deiminase pathway (ADI)
arc
gene cluster of
Lactobacillus brevis
contains three genes—
arcD
,
arcE1
, and
arcE2
—encoding putative
l
-arginine/
l
-ornithine exchangers. Uptake experiments with
Lactococcus lactis
cells expressing the genes showed that all three transported
l
-ornithine with affinities in the micromolar range. Similarly, ArcD and ArcE2 transported
l
-arginine, while ArcE1 transported
l
-citrulline, an intermediate of the ADI pathway. Chase experiments showed very efficient exchange of
l
-arginine and
l
-ornithine by ArcD and ArcE2 and of
l
-citrulline and
l
-ornithine by ArcE1. Low affinities (millimolar range) combined with low translocation rates were found for ArcD and ArcE2 with
l
-citrulline and for ArcE1 with
l
-arginine. Resting cells of
Lactobacillus brevis
grown in the presence of
l
-arginine and
l
-citrulline rapidly consumed
l
-arginine and
l
-citrulline, respectively, while producing ammonia and
l
-ornithine. About 10% of
l
-arginine degraded was excreted by the cells as
l
-citrulline. Degradation of
l
-arginine and
l
-citrulline was not subject to carbon catabolite repression by glucose in the medium. At a high medium pH,
l
-citrulline in the medium was required for induction of the
l
-citrulline degradation pathway. Pathways are proposed for the catabolic breakdown of
l
-arginine and
l
-citrulline that merge at the level of ornithine transcarbamylase in the ADI pathway.
l
-Arginine uptake is catalyzed by ArcD and/or ArcE2,
l
-citrulline by ArcE1.
l
-Citrulline excretion during
l
-arginine breakdown is proposed to be catalyzed by ArcD and/or ArcE2 through
l
-arginine/
l
-citrulline exchange.

IMPORTANCE
Lactobacillus brevis
, a bacterium isolated from wine, as well as other food environments, expresses a catabolic pathway for the breakdown of
l
-citrulline in the medium that consists of the
l
-citrulline
/l
-ornithine exchanger ArcE1 and part of the catabolic arginine deiminase (ADI) pathway enzymes. The proposed pathways for
l
-arginine and
l
-citrulline breakdown provide a mechanism for
l
-citrulline accumulation in fermented food products that is the precursor of the carcinogen ethyl carbamate.
Synthetic Biology of Small RNAs and Riboswitches
Authors: Villa* Jordan K. , Su* Yichi , Contreras Lydia M. , Hammond Ming C. 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT

In bacteria and archaea, small RNAs (sRNAs) regulate complex networks through antisense interactions with target mRNAs in trans, and riboswitches regulate gene expression in
cis
based on the ability to bind small-molecule ligands. Although our understanding and characterization of these two important regulatory RNA classes is far from complete, these RNA-based mechanisms have proven useful for a wide variety of synthetic biology applications. Besides classic and contemporary applications in the realm of metabolic engineering and orthogonal gene control, this review also covers newer applications of regulatory RNAs as biosensors, logic gates, and tools to determine RNA-RNA interactions. A separate section focuses on critical insights gained and challenges posed by fundamental studies of sRNAs and riboswitches that should aid future development of synthetic regulatory RNAs.
Using facilitator–receiver peer dyads matched according to socioeconomic status to promote behaviour change in overweight adolescents: a feasibility study
Authors: Saez Laura , Legrand Karine , Alleyrat Camille , Ramisasoa Serge , Langlois Johanne , Muller Laurent , Omorou Abdou Yacoubou , De Lavenne Rozenn , Kivits Joëlle , Lecomte Edith , Briançon Serge 
Published: June 2018

ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility of an innovative peer intervention promoting healthy eating and physical activity, which purposefully selected peer facilitators according to socioeconomic status to target less-advantaged overweight receivers.SettingNine high schools, two middle schools.ParticipantsOne hundred and fifty-six adolescents were approached to become facilitators, of whom 18 were trained. Thirty-two of 56 potential receivers agreed to participate.InterventionThe peer intervention was carried out in 2013–2014 and embedded in a larger trial: PRALIMAP-INÈS (Promotion de l’ALIMentation et l’Activité Physique-INEgalité de Santé). Facilitanoators were selected and trained to organise weight-control activities with specific peer receivers participating in the programme.Primary and secondary outcome measuresDifferent types of data were collected to assess demand, acceptability, implementation and practicality of the intervention. For the facilitators, this included 6 training sessions, 11 mid-programme interviews, 4 end-of-programme sessions, telephone notes and text message exchanges. All six potential receivers in one school were also interviewed. Sociodemographic and health characteristics were also analysed.ResultsAgreeing to participate was more likely when asked by a peer compared with a professional (51.2% discordant pairs; p<0.02). Twelve activities, mostly based on physical activity and implemented during weekends or holidays, were carried out. The mean age of active receivers was 16 and their body mass index was higher than other participants. For both facilitators and active receivers, there were more participating girls. Qualitative analysis reveals key implementation challenges for facilitators. Interviews with the receivers highlight social difficulties, with most feeling bad about their appearance and wanting to lose weight. Those who participated in peer activities were very positive about the experience especially social support.ConclusionsThe present study suggests the peer intervention is feasible provided organisational difficulties are addressed. Good practice recommendations are formulated, including a longer training session, organising a joint meeting with the facilitators and receivers, matching dyads on place of residence and multiplying modes of contact.Trial registration numberNCT01688453.