bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Philosophical roots
Authors: Bevir Mark , Blakely Jason 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter explains the basic philosophical concepts and features of the interpretive turn, including: meaning holism, the hermeneutic circle, self-interpretation, the social background, and contingent causality. Sociologists, economists, political scientists, psychologists, and other social scientists can no longer afford to ignore philosophy. This is because philosophical reflection is needed in order to decide the concepts and forms of reasoning that are appropriate to a given domain of empirical study. Interpretive philosophy ought to govern the approach social scientists take to research and what kinds of study they favor. This will be contrasted with some of the fundamental philosophical assumptions found in naturalist approaches to social science.
Concept formation
Authors: Bevir Mark , Blakely Jason 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Concept formation is inescapable because social scientists cannot study political reality without making tacit assumptions about the basic relevant concepts. An anti-naturalist approach offers a distinctive form of concept formation, one that avoids naturalist distortions like essentialism, reification, and instrumentalism. In order to make this case, this chapter draws on some of the most influential political science methodology literature as well as top research programs of empirical political science (including critical discussions of voter behavior, the study of so-called “contentious politics,” democratic peace, and selectorate theory, to name a few). The chapter concludes by elaborating on the way that an interpretive social science forges concepts that are sensitive to meanings and human agency.
Methods
Authors: Bevir Mark , Blakely Jason 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter draws on the latest methodological literature in order to show how an anti-naturalist framework justifies multi-methods in social science research. Contrary to the widespread debate that pits “quantitative” versus “qualitative” methods, researchers are free to use methods from across the social sciences provided they remain aware of anti-naturalist concepts and concerns. Leading methods are analyzed in light of the latest social science, including: mass surveys, random sampling, regression analysis, statistics, rational choice modeling, ethnography, archival research, and long-form interviewing. A full-blown interpretive approach to the social sciences can make use of all the major methods and techniques for studying human behavior, while also avoiding the scientism that too often plagues their current deployment.
Public policy
Authors: Bevir Mark , Blakely Jason 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Readers are introduced to how an anti-naturalist framework can ground a distinctively deliberative and interpretive turn in public policy. Over the last three decades there has been an important shift among a minority of public policy scholars toward interpretive and deliberative modes that are critical of naturalism’s justification of rule by supposedly scientific experts of human behavior. Like the interpretive turn more generally, this deliberative remaking of public policy has drawn on a great diversity of philosophical sources, including phenomenology, discourse theory, Dewey’s pragmatism, and post-structuralism. While we embrace the fact that this transformation of policy discourse and practice can be reached by a variety of philosophical routes, we also argue that an anti-naturalist framework can clarify certain confusions that cloud these debates.
Augustine's Early Thought on the Redemptive Function of Divine Judgement
Authors: van Egmond Bart 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This work addresses the relationship between Augustine’s account of God’s judgement and his theology of grace in his early works. How does God, both personally and through his ‘agents’ on earth, use his law and the penal consequences of its trangression in the service of his grace? From different perspectives Augustine came to reflect upon this question. As a teacher and bishop he thought about the nature of discipline and punishment in the education of his pupils, fellow monks, and congregants. As a polemicist against the Manichaeans and as a biblical expositor, he had to grapple with issues regarding God’s relationship to evil in the world, the violence God displays in the Old Testament, and in the death of his own Son. Futhermore, Augustine meditated upon the way God’s judgement and grace related in his own life, both before and after his conversion. This study follows the development of Augustine’s early thought on judgement and grace from the Cassiacum writings to the Confessions. The argument is contextualized both against the background of the earlier Christian tradition of reflection on the providential function of divine chastisement, and the tradition of psychagogy that Augustine inherited from a variety of rhetorical and philosophical sources. Within the field of Augustine studies, this work intends to contribute to the ongoing scholarly discussion on the development of Augustine’s doctrine of grace, and to the conversation on the theological roots of his justification of coercion against the Donatists.
Introduction
Authors: van Egmond Bart 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter contextualizes the central question of this book from three perspectives. The first perspective is the anti-Gnostic Alexandrinian tradition, and its discourse on the pedagogical function of divine judgement. The book addresses the question of how Augustine’s developing thought on grace and judgement relates to this tradition. The second context in which the research is situated is the context of philosophical psychagogy. Augustine learned about this psychagogical tradition via Cicero and the Neoplatonists. How does he relate to this tradition when he speaks about the administration of divine and human discipline? A third context is that of Augustine research itself. First, the chapter briefly describes the discussion concerning the development of Augustine’s doctrine of grace. Second, it sketches the conversation on the historical and theological roots of Augustine’s justification of state-sponsored coercion against the Donatists.
Cassiciacum
Authors: van Egmond Bart 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The second chapter covers the period of Augustine’s stay on the estate Cassiciacum. It addresses three central themes. First, it describes how Augustine Christianizes the pagan idea of fortune, and its disciplinary function. A second theme covered in this chapter is the pedagogical meaning of the dialogues that Augustine organizes for his students at Cassiciacum. It describes how Augustine uses dialogue to confront them with the spiritual poverty of their own souls. The third central theme is Augustine’s view and experience of divine punishment on the road to the contemplation of God. He discovers that his experiences of being ‘pushed back’ on the road to contemplation should not just be seen as spiritual failures, but also as pedagogical means through which God makes Augustine aware of his dependence on God’s grace.
God’s Pedagogy of the Embodied Soul
Authors: van Egmond Bart 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter deals with Augustine’s thinking on the soteriological meaning of God’s judgement during his stay in Rome and Thagaste. In this period, Augustine starts to engage explicitly with the Manichaean view of evil in the world. Against the Manichees, he interprets the evil that we suffer as a corrective punishment of the Creator on the sinful soul. In continuity with the Alexandrian tradition, Augustine still believes that man by his free will is capable of making a good use of this divine incentive to return. The chapter also addresses God’s use of judgement in the history of salvation. It opposes the views of scholars who have argued that the early Augustine sees the history of salvation as a process of moral progress from the Old to the New Testament, which would imply that God ceased using earthly punishments to educate his people in the time of the New Testament. A final section treats Augustine’s experience of ordination. It argues that Augustine understood his ordination as divine chastisement for his own arrogance.
Reappropriating Paul and Exercising Discipline
Authors: van Egmond Bart 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The fourth chapter describes Augustine’s intellectual production and practice as presbyter of the Catholic congregation of Hippo Regius. It addresses his rereading of Paul against the Manichees, and describes the development of his thought on sin and free will (in relation to the Origenist tradition), his view of the salvific meaning of the Old Testament law, and his changing interpretation of the cross of Christ. Furthermore, the chapter describes the development of Augustine’s view of divine chastisement in the Christian life. A final series of sections deals with different aspects of fraternal correction and ecclesiastical discipline, and poses the question of how Augustine’s thought on these subjects relates to his later justification of coercion against the Donatists.
Confessions
Authors: van Egmond Bart 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The fifth chapter asks whether Augustine’s view of the relationship between judgement and grace, as it had developed until 396, returns in his theological autobiography, the Confessions. The conclusion is affirmative. Augustine’s life between the deferral of his baptism and its reception is described as God’s lawsuit with him, which finally leads to his surrender to God as Father. It is further argued that Augustine does not regard his conversion in the garden of Milan as the central moment of his conversion, but rather the moment of his baptism. After his conversion in the garden of Milan, he still had to learn at Cassiciacum—by divine chastisement—that the reign of sin in the Christian life is rather broken through the death of Christ (of which baptism assures the believer) than by the inward, spiritual strenght of the reborn heart.
Conclusions
Authors: van Egmond Bart 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In a concluding chapter the answers to the three subquestions in the Introduction are given. Augustine develops himself as a representative of the anti-Gnostic tradition. In the course of his development, he retains its theodicy, but breaks with its pedagogical understanding of divine grace. Further, Augustine clearly places himself in the classical pedagogical tradition. This becomes evident in the way he speaks about the educating meaning of fortuna and the pedagogy of dialogue. Having become presbyter, classic notions regarding ‘corrective friendship’ keep determining his thinking, but he increasingly Christianizes them. The research also shows that the debate about grace among Augustine scholars can be enriched with the insight that Augustine increasingly emphasizes the unique meaning of the death of Christ for man’s salvation. With regard to the discussion on Augustine’s justification of coercion, the research shows that there is no rupture in Augustine’s thinking, but, rather, an organic development.
Introduction: Nicaea in Context
Authors: Smith Mark S. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets out the core dilemma of the centrality of the idea of ‘Nicaea’ in fifth-century orthodox discourse, but also its inadequacy as a means to resolve the doctrinal questions raised by the Christological controversy. The idea of ‘Nicaea’ was both the ground of the church’s unity and the source of her strife. Nicaea’s capacity for flexible re-expression opened up ways for subsequent councils to associate (and even elide) their own work with its sacred authority, but also made possible the refutation of such construals on equally impeccable ‘Nicene’ grounds. The current state of scholarship on the issue is surveyed and critiqued. Wider implications for theories of doctrinal development are considered, and Rush’s account of ‘rejuvenating reception’ is commended.
The Idea of Nicaea in the Two Councils of Ephesus (431)
Authors: Smith Mark S. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter begins by arguing that the debate between Nestorius and Cyril (428–31) was characterized by a deep concern for the authentic interpretation of the Nicene Creed. As the controversy grew, it dramatically brought to the surface profound tensions in the inherited assumptions concerning the Nicene faith. This central Nicene theme is then traced through the complex conciliar events of 431. The two rival councils of Ephesus each developed mirroring strategies for defending their particular construal of the Nicene faith, and for portraying their opponents as heretical violators of its tenets. Particular emphasis is put on the way that both sides sought to employ carefully shaped conciliar documentation to advance their respective positions. This opened up new and fruitful discursive possibilities, especially in the attempts to show continuity between the events of 325 and 431.
The Idea of Nicaea at the Constantinopolitan Home Synod (448)
Authors: Smith Mark S. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The ecclesial convulsions of 448–51 involved the collision of the conflicting textual receptions of Ephesus 431. The late 440s saw a revival of the controversy over the idea of Nicaea, and the meaning of its Ephesine reception. Domnus, Flavian and Eusebius sought to make the Formula of Reunion (433) the primary locus of Nicaea’s authoritative confirmation, exploiting the reception of Ephesus to grant impeccable Nicene credentials to a strongly dyophysite Christology. The Constantinopolitan ‘Home Synod’ of 448 represented an attempt to enshrine this interpretation of Nicaea as alone authoritative, through the subtle textual shaping of the synodical acta. Eutyches, however, effectively undermined this strategy through his own shrewd counter-presentation of the Nicene faith, and was able to depict Flavian and Eusebius as heretically seeking to add to it.
The Idea of Nicaea at Chalcedon (451)
Authors: Smith Mark S. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The emperor Marcian sought at Chalcedon to solve the problem of Nicaea’s reception once and for all, by presenting his oecumenical council as not only the repetition, but also the completion, of Nicaea’s work—seen especially in his desire for the council to promulgate a new statement of faith. The chapter begins with several case studies from the Chalcedonian acta, which demonstrate how problematic the flexibility of ‘Nicaea’ as a cypher of orthodoxy had become by 451. The chapter then explores Marcian’s attempt to make his case for a new ‘Definition’ of the faith to the bishops at Chalcedon. For instance, by re-narrating the Nicene past to include the contribution of Constantinople 381, Marcian provided a precedent for further credal statements, and so blunted the force of ‘Canon 7’ (according to its construal at Ephesus II). The Chalcedonian acta, however, suggest that Marcian met with substantial episcopal opposition in his endeavour, precisely because he was seen as violating Nicaea’s unique status. The chapter then considers the Definition itself, and its earliest reception.
An Introduction to Burn Care
Authors: Hermans Michel H. E. 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT
Burns are a very specific type of injury and, particularly in the case of large and/or deep lesions, require highly specialized care. This article gives a basic overview of burns and burn care and is not intended to discuss overall burn care in detail.

GENERAL PURPOSE:
The purpose of this learning activity is to provide an overview about burns and current burn care.

TARGET AUDIENCE:
This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES:
After completing this continuing education activity, you should be better able to:1. List factors affecting the types, size, and depth of burns.2. Propose first aid and treatment for various burns.
Graduating Fellows’ Procedural Comfort Level With Pulmonary Critical Care Procedures
Authors: Knox Daniel B. , Wong William W. 
Published: December 2018

Background:
Graduating fellows from pulmonary and critical care programs are expected to independently perform bronchoscopy and common medical procedures in the intensive care unit. Given variable exposure and learning opportunities at different training programs, little is known about how comfortable graduating fellows are with these procedures.

Methods:
A survey concerning the ACGME required procedures for pulmonary and critical care fellowship was sent to graduating fellows and program directors at all ACGME accredited subspecialty fellowship programs in pulmonary, critical care, and combined pulmonary critical care medicine.

Results:
Critical care fellows performed the most intubations, paracenteses, arterial lines, central venous catheter insertions, and cardioversions, but did not perform as many bronchoscopy related procedures as the other subgroups. Pulmonary and combined pulmonary/critical care fellows performed and felt confident in most procedures. Program directors from all specialties agreed with the fellows overall about the procedural confidence gained during training. There also appeared to be a correlation between number of procedures performed and the confidence of the proceduralist. There appears to be a certain threshold number of successful completions to achieve confidence for independent practice for each surveyed procedure.

Conclusion:
There is a correlation between a fellow’s procedural comfort with independent practice and the number of successful attempts by a graduating fellow. There are no universal guidelines that outline the appropriate number of successful attempts needed for independent practice, and our data strongly suggests that there is a threshold for each procedure across these three subspecialties.
Effect of hand washing and personal hygiene on hand food mouth disease
Authors: Guo Nana , Ma Huilai , Deng Jian , Ma Yanxia , Huang Liang , Guo Ruiling , Zhang Lijie 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThere are no specific treatment drugs and vaccine for Hand Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD). Taking effective preventive measures is particularly important for control of HFMD infection. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of intervention of intensive education on hand hygiene on HFMD.We randomized 64 villages into intervention and control groups in Handan, Hebei province, China. Parents and caregivers of children 6 to 40 months age group in intervention villages received intensive education on hand hygiene. Control group received general education. The intervention period was from April 1 to July 31, 2011 and April 1 to July 31, 2012. We measured and compare the knowledge and incidences of HFMD between 2 groups.We collected 6484 questionnaires, including 3583 in the intervention group [response rate: 96% (3583/3726)] and 2901 in the control group [response rate: 90% (2901/3224)]. We observed that hand washing habit of children and parent, knowledge of HFMD of parents, children's daily cleaning habits scores improved in the intervention group and higher than that in the control group at both the end of year 1 (April 1–July 31, 2011)and year 2 (April 1–July 31, 2012). The incidence of HFMD (2.1%) in intervention group was significantly lower than that in control group (4.2%) at year 2 (χ2 = 22.138,P <.001). The positive percent of coli-form on the hand swabs in intervention group (2.00%) were significantly lower than that in control group (9.45%) at the end of year 2.The intervention of intensive education on hand hygiene effectively improved the personal hygiene both of children and parents, as well as reduced the incidence of HFMD. We suggested expanding the intervention measures in community to prevent HFMD.
Sudden cardiac death due to the Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome
Authors: Qiu Mingjie , Lv Bin , Lin Wei , Ma Jing , Dong Hongmei 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Rationale:
The Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome (WPW) is a benign heart disease with accessory pathways, which can result in cardiac arrhythmias. The purpose of this case report is to introduce a rare case of sudden cardiac death (SCD) with a mild myocardial bridge and a history of WPW.

Patient concerns:
A 25-year-old man with known WPW syndrome died at night while sleeping.

Diagnoses:
Diagnosis of WPW syndrome is based on typical electrocardiogram findings with a documented dysrhythmia before the victim's death.

Interventions:
At autopsy, no traumatic injury or common poisons were found, only a slight myocardial bridge was detected. We performed whole exome sequencing and identified several genetic variations related to SCD.

Outcomes:
We considered that the cause of death in this case was SCD in which arrhythmia might play an important role.

Lessons:
This case highlights SCD can occur in WPW patients with mild or unrecognized structural abnormality. Postmortem genetic examination can assist the diagnosis of sudden cardiac death, especially when no lethal structural abnormality is found in the decedent.
Calcifying fibrous tumor of the terminal ileum mesentery
Authors: Prucker Johannes , Salaheddin-Nassr Yarub , Leidl Stefan 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Rationale:
Calcifying fibrous tumors (“CFT”) are recognized as extremely rare mesenchymal tumors with benign biological behavior and low rates of recurrence are seen after removal. The first case of a CFT was reported in 1988 as a possibly inflammatory triggered pseudotumor in deep soft tissue of children. Histologically, the tumor is typically composed of dense hyalinized collagen with paucicellular infiltration of lymphocytes and fibroblasts as well as psammomatous or dystrophic calcifications. It can affect soft tissue in very different anatomical locations, also intrathoracic and intra-abdominal, mimicking various different diagnoses. The etiology is understood to be unclear. Asymptomatic CFTs can be found incidentally on medical images.

Patient concerns:
We present the case of a calcifying tumorous lesion found incidentally in the mesentery of the terminal ileum of a 34-year-old male patient in February 2016 undergoing a computed tomography for a urinary tract infection.

Diagnosis:
Histopathological and immunhistochemical examination after surgery revealed a CFT.

Interventions:
Our patient underwent lower abdominal median laparotomy for tumorectomy.

Outcomes:
Two years after surgery the patient is free of a recurrence.

Lessions:
We add another case of intra-abdominal CFT to medical literature to provide more information about this very seldom tumor. While the etiology of CFT should be further investigated, diagnosis and therapy seem clarified. CFT should be kept in mind as a rare differential diagnosis of calcifying tumors also in the abdominal cavity. Immunohistological work-up is important for finding the diagnosis and may also help solving pathogenetical questions.