bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CRISPR‐Cas9: A cornerstone for the evolution of precision medicine
Authors: Razzouk Sleiman 
Published: July 2018

AbstractModern genetic therapy incorporates genomic testing and genome editing. It is the finest approach for precision medicine. Genome editing is a state‐of‐the‐art technology to manipulate gene expression thus generating a particular genotype. It encompasses multiple programmable nuclease‐based approaches leading to genetic changes. Not surprisingly, this method triggered internationally a wide array of controversies in the scientific community and in the public since it transforms the human genome. Given its importance, the pace of this technology is exceptionally fast. In this report, we introduce one aspect of genome editing, the CRISPR/Cas9 system, highlight its potential to correct genetic mutations and explore its utility in clinical setting. Our goal is to enlighten health care providers about genome editing and incite them to take part of this vital debate.
Improved Outcome in an Animal Model of Prolonged Cardiac Arrest Through Pulsatile High Pressure Controlled Automated Reperfusion of the Whole Body
Authors: Kreibich Maximilian , Trummer Georg , Beyersdorf Friedhelm , Scherer Christian , Förster Katharina , Taunyane Itumeleng , Benk Christoph 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe reperfusion period after extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation has been recognized as a key player in improving the outcome after cardiac arrest (CA). Our aim was to evaluate the effects of high mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulsatile flow during controlled automated reperfusion of the whole body. Following 20 min of normothermic CA, high MAP, and pulsatile blood flow (pulsatile group, n = 10) or low MAP and nonpulsatile flow (nonpulsatile group, n = 6) controlled automated reperfusion of the whole body was commenced through the femoral vessels of German landrace pigs for 60 min. Afterwards, animals were observed for eight days. Blood samples were analyzed throughout the experiment and a species‐specific neurologic disability score (NDS) was used for neurologic evaluation. In the pulsatile group, nine animals finished the study protocol, while no animal survived postoperative day four in the nonpulsatile group. NDS were significantly better at any given time in the pulsatile group and reached overall satisfactory outcome values. In addition, blood analyses revealed lower levels of lactate in the pulsatile group compared to the nonpulsatile group. This study demonstrates superior survival and neurologic outcome when using pulsatile high pressure automated reperfusion following 20 min of normothermic CA compared to nonpulsatile flow and low MAP. This study strongly supports regulating the reperfusion period after prolonged periods of CA.
Early gastric cancer successfully treated by endoscopic submucosal resection 1 year after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with duodenal‐jejunal bypass
Authors: Seki Yosuke , Kasama Kazunori , Tanaka Tatsuro , Baba Satoshi , Ito Masayoshi , Kurokawa Yoshimochi 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis case involved a 64‐year‐old female patient with a BMI of 35.3 kg/m2 and poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. Preoperative upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed chronic, atrophic gastritis. Helicobacter pylori antibody was negative. The patient underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with duodenal‐jejunal bypass as a metabolic surgery to treat obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. At 1 year postoperatively, routine endoscopy detected a flat elevated lesion at the distal gastric sleeve, near the posterior wall of the antrum; biopsy revealed adenocarcinoma. Endoscopic submucosal resection was performed without complication. This case shows the advantage of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with duodenal‐jejunal bypass in screening the excluded stomach as compared to laparoscopic Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass. Therefore, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with duodenal‐jejunal bypass can be a viable alternative to laparoscopic Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass for regions where gastric cancer is endemic.
The Effect of Forward‐looking Criteria and IFRS on the Informativeness of Banks’ Loan Loss Allowances: Evidence from Korea
Authors: Lee Mi Joo , Hwang In Tae , Kang Sun Min 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis study analyses how forward‐looking criteria (FLC) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), as well as changes in accounting principles, affect the informativeness of banks’ loan loss allowances. The results indicate that although the relationship between non‐performing loans and loan loss allowances strengthened after the application of FLC, the relationship between non‐performing loans and loan loss allowances weakened and that between net charge‐offs and loan loss allowances strengthened after the application of IFRS, presumably because banks delayed the reflection of insolvent loans on loan loss allowances in the latter case. Moreover, the introduction of IFRS did not improve the ability to predict the future charge‐off scale using loan loss allowances, referred to as the ‘informativeness of loan loss allowances’. This result occurred because IFRS's incurred loss model does not incorporate the impact of macroeconomic situations into loan loss allowances in the early stage, although it does enhance the accuracy of loan loss allowances. By exploring the effect of accounting principles on the determinants of loan loss allowances, this study has implications for the assessment of loan loss allowances, capital adequacy and asset quality for stakeholders such as depositors, creditors, capital markets and financial supervisory authorities.
Antibiotics and lactation: An overview of relative infant doses and a systematic assessment of clinical studies
Authors: van Wattum Johannes J. , Leferink Thomas M. , Wilffert Bob , ter Horst Peter G. J. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBreastfeeding is important for the development of the child. Many antibiotics are considered safe during breastfeeding. The aim of the study was to assess the quality of lactation studies with antibiotics using the FDA and International Lactation Consultant Association quality guidelines for lactation studies. The secondary goal was to determine the exposure of the breastfed infant to antibiotics in relation to bacterial resistance and the developing microbiome. A literature search was performed and the included studies were scored on methodology, parameters concerning maternal exposure to antibiotics, maternal plasma and milk sampling. The infant exposure has been calculated and expressed as a percentage of a normal infant therapeutic dose. Sixty‐six studies were included in five antibiotic groups (broad‐spectrum penicillin, cephalosporins, macrolides and lincosamides, quinolones and sulphonamides). Cephalosporins were the most studied group of antibiotics (n = 21). Fifteen studies met all the criteria of “mother exposure to antibiotic”. Six studies met every criterion related to “plasma sampling”. Only one case report met all listed criteria for lactation studies. The correct calculation of infant exposure to antibiotics via the milk:plasma ratio (AUC) varies between 13% for macrolides and 38% for broad‐spectrum penicillin. The highest assessed exposure as a percentage of infant therapeutic dose was for metronidazole (11%). The studies meet to a limited extent with the quality standards for lactation research. The breastfed infants are exposed to a subtherapeutic concentration of antibiotics.
Medication adherence for resistant hypertension: Assessing theoretical predictors of adherence using direct and indirect adherence measures
Authors: Durand Hannah , Hayes Peter , Harhen Brendan , Conneely Ann , Finn David P. , Casey Monica , Murphy Andrew W. , Molloy Gerard J. 
Published: July 2018

ObjectivesThis study examined theoretical predictors of long‐term medication adherence (i.e., treatment‐related beliefs, coherence of beliefs from experience with medication, habit strength, and pill burden) for patients with apparent treatment‐resistant hypertension in primary care, using a composite adherence score derived from direct and indirect measures (i.e., prescription refill, self‐report, and bioanalytical assays of urine).DesignCross‐sectional study.MethodsIndividual patient records were screened for prescription refill adherence. Patients provided a urine sample for adherence screening and completed a battery of psychometric scales, including two self‐report adherence measures (N = 204). Convergence of adherence measures was assessed, a composite adherence score was calculated, and hierarchical multiple regression was used to examine the role of theoretical predictors of adherence.ResultsNon‐adherence estimates ranged from 20.3 to 41.1%, depending on the assessment method used. Associations among adherence measures were weak to moderate (ρ = .00–.53). Medication‐taking habit strength was the strongest predictor of adherence, explaining 19% incremental variance in adherence beyond treatment‐related beliefs. Beliefs and coherence did not predict adherence, even for patients with weaker habits. Pill burden was not associated with habit strength or adherence for this sample.ConclusionsAssociations among unique adherence measures were weak overall, providing further evidence that multiple measures are necessary to accurately assess adherence. Habit strength is a key predictor of adherence for chronic conditions. Both habit strength and pill burden represent important intervention targets for improving long‐term medication adherence. Longitudinal inception studies are needed to properly test Common‐Sense Model propositions and elucidate the role of beliefs, coherence, and habits in predicting adherence at various stages of the chronic illness trajectory.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Non‐adherence to antihypertensives is a leading cause of apparent treatment‐resistant hypertension (aTRH).

Behaviour maintenance (vs. initiation) factors may be more predictive of long‐term adherence.

What does this study add?

Associations among direct and indirect measures of adherence are generally weak.

Habit strength is the strongest predictor of long‐term adherence for aTRH in primary care.

Inception studies are needed to further validate Common‐Sense Model propositions.
Families Created by Egg Donation: Parent–Child Relationship Quality in Infancy
Authors: Imrie Susan , Jadva Vasanti , Fishel Simon , Golombok Susan 
Published: July 2018

Increasing numbers of children are being born through egg donation and thus do not share a genetic relationship with their mother. Parent–infant relationship quality was examined in 85 egg donation families and a comparison group of 65 in vitro fertilization families (infant M = 11 months). Standardized interview and observational measures were used to assess mother–infant and father–infant relationship quality at the representational and behavioral levels. Few differences were found between family types in parents’ representations of the parent–infant relationship. Differences were found between family types in the observational assessment of mother–infant relationship quality, indicating less optimal interactions in egg donation families. Findings suggest that egg donation families function well in infancy overall, but there may be subtle yet meaningful differences in mother–infant interaction quality.
Blockade of receptors of advanced glycation end products ameliorates diabetic osteogenesis of adipose‐derived stem cells through DNA methylation and Wnt signalling pathway
Authors: Zhang Maorui , Li Yong , Rao Pengcheng , Huang Kui , Luo Daowen , Cai Xiaoxiao , Xiao Jingang 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectivesDiabetes mellitus‐related osteoporosis is caused by the imbalance between bone absorption and bone formation. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are considered a cause of diabetic osteoporosis. Although adipose‐derived stem cells (ASCs) are promising adult stem cells in bone tissue regeneration, the ability of osteogenesis of ASCs in diabetic environment needs to explore. This study aimed to investigate the influence of AGEs on the osteogenic potential of ASCs and to explore the signalling pathways involved in its effect.Materials and methodsASCs were isolated from inguinal fat and cultured in osteogenic media with or without AGEs and FPS‐ZM1, an inhibitor of receptor for AGEs (RAGE). Alizarin red‐S, Oil Red‐O and Alcian blue staining were used to confirm osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic potential of ASCs, respectively. Immunofluorescence, western blotting and real‐time PCR were used to measure changes in markers of osteogenic differentiation, DNA methylation and Wnt signalling.ResultsThe multipotentiality of ASCs was confirmed. Treated with AGEs, OPN and RUNX2 expressions of ASCs were reduced and there was a noticeable loss of mineralization, concomitant with an increase in the expression of RAGE, 5‐MC, DNMT1 and DNMT3a. AGEs treatment also led to a loss of Wnt signalling pathway markers, including β‐Catenin and LEF1, with an increase in GSK‐3β. Treatment with the RAGE inhibitor, FPS‐ZM1, rescued AGEs‐induced loss of osteogenic potential, modulated DNA methylation and upregulated Wnt signalling in ASCs.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that AGEs‐RAGE signalling inhibits the osteogenic potential of ASCs under osteoinductive conditions by modulating DNA methylation and Wnt signalling. FPS‐ZM1 can rescue the negative effects of AGEs and provide a possible treatment for bone tissue regeneration in patients with diabetic osteoporosis.
Malignancy in the tracheal bronchus: A case series and review of the literature
Authors: Levin Elina , Bowling Mark R. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackground/AimsThe tracheal bronchus is a rare congenital abnormality with incidence reported in a range of 0.1%‐2%. Infrequently, malignancy has been reported as occurring in the tracheal bronchus. In order to ascertain a relationship between malignancy and the tracheal bronchus, we performed a literature review and present a case series.MethodsWe reviewed 21 case reports of malignancy occurring in the tracheal bronchus.ConclusionAlthough the number of cases is limited, it appears that bronchoscopy is the most frequently utilized diagnostic tool. Surgery portends the best clinical results even in higher stages of malignancy. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of malignancy to occur in the tracheal bronchus.
Are China's Exports Crowding Out or Being Crowded Out? Evidence from Japan's Imports
Authors: Liu Yan , Shi Xunpeng , Laurenceson James 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPrevious studies have investigated whether Chinese exports have crowded out those from other countries. However, what has yet to be considered is the evidence based on different quality varieties. Using the most detailed Harmonized System 9‐digit product‐level data, the present paper provides evidence of crowding‐out and crowded‐out effects across different product quality segments and across manufacturing sectors by quality segments. The empirical evidence presented in this paper shows that the crowding‐out effects of Chinese exports have been greatest at the lower end of the quality spectrum but less significant at the higher quality spectrum. Moreover, since 2007, China's own exports of lower quality manufactured goods have been increasingly crowded out. The key policy implication is that China's export path is in line with that taken by other Asian economies in previous decades; the crowded‐out effect could achieve win–win outcomes for countries involved; and lower income countries would do well to be open to receive those relocated low value‐added industries from China. However, the relocation policy in China is best implemented gradually as climbing up the product quality ladder takes time.
Intra‐provincial Revenue Sharing and the Subnational Government's Fiscal Capacity in China: The Case of Zhejiang Province
Authors: Qian Tao , Zhang Qi 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis study investigates whether the tax‐sharing system has deteriorated the fiscal capacity of subnational governments by analyzing how fiscal revenues are divided between provincial and sub‐provincial governments. Our study of county‐level fiscal data from Zhejiang Province in China during 1994–2007 shows that intra‐provincial revenue‐sharing rules favor county governments in two ways: (i) they improve county governments ‘fiscal autonomy in terms of using their own revenues; and (ii) they enhance county governments ‘fiscal capacity through province‐to‐county general transfers. In addition, we find that intra‐provincial fiscal revenue‐sharing rules and transfers reduce fiscal disparity between counties.
Enhanced Special Drawing Rights: How China Could Contribute to a Reformed International Monetary Architecture
Authors: Harrison Matthew , Xiao Geng 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSince the end of the Bretton Woods era, the world has operated on a de facto system of free‐floating exchange rates, with the US dollar as the dominant international currency. The system, characterized by large pro‐cyclical capital flows and chronic imbalances, is inherently unstable, and has contributed to repeated crises, recessions and geopolitical tensions. One potentially “least‐difficult” line of reform would be to allow the evolution of a multi‐currency system, underpinned by an expanded role for Special Drawing Rights (SDRs). Attempts to promote wider use of the SDR have foundered on the liquidity premium. However, for Chinese corporations and institutions, at present restricted in their capital account activities, the SDR liquidity premium would appear less daunting. The Chinese authorities could provide policy encouragement for the use of SDRs by their institutions. This initiative, supported by China's Special Administrative Region Hong Kong, would kick‐start an international SDR ecosystem, and encourage even broader use of SDRs, to the benefit of international monetary stability.
Royal College of Psychiatrists Liaison Faculty & Joint British Diabetes Societies (JBDS): guidelines for the management of diabetes in adults and children with psychiatric disorders in inpatient settings
Authors: Price H. C. , Ismail K. ,   the Joint British Diabetes Societies (JBDS) for Inpatient Care
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe Royal College of Psychiatrists Liaison Faculty & Joint British Diabetes Societies (JBDS) for Inpatient Care guidelines for the management of diabetes in adults and children with psychiatric disorders in inpatient settings are available in full at: www.diabetes.org.uk/joint-british-diabetes-society and https://abcd.care/joint-british-diabetes-societies-jbds-inpatient-care-group. This article summarizes the guidelines and recommendations. Commissioners are urged to ensure that the needs of people with diabetes and severe mental illness are specifically addressed in contracts with providers of inpatient care, and to avoid financial or other barriers to cross‐organizational working and to ensure that patient‐structured education is commissioned to meets the complex needs of people with diabetes and severe mental illness. Acute trusts are asked to develop joint pathways with mental health providers and facilitate multidisciplinary working and to screen for mental ill health in those admitted with acute complications of diabetes whose aetiology is unclear or not medically explained. Mental health trusts should create a diabetes register, screen for diabetes, particularly in those prescribed second‐generation antipsychotics and ensure that staff are trained in managing and avoiding hypoglycaemia, and the safe use of insulin. Finally, clinical teams should ensure that all staff can access training in diabetes and mental health to support them to care for people with both diabetes and severe mental illness, develop local pathways for joint working and ensure best practice tariff criteria are met for diabetic ketoacidosis and hypoglycaemia, and for children and young people with diabetes.
Simple models combining competition, defence and resource availability have broad implications in pelagic microbial food webs
Authors: Våge Selina , Bratbak Gunnar , Egge Jorun , Heldal Mikal , Larsen Aud , Norland Svein , Lund Paulsen Maria , Pree Bernadette , Sandaa Ruth‐Anne , Skjoldal Evy Foss , Tsagaraki Tatiana M. , Øvreås Lise , Thingstad T. Frede 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn food webs, interactions between competition and defence control the partitioning of limiting resources. As a result, simple models of these interactions contain links between biogeochemistry, diversity, food web structure and ecosystem function. Working at hierarchical levels, these mechanisms also produce self‐similarity and therefore suggest how complexity can be generated from repeated application of simple underlying principles. Reviewing theoretical and experimental literature relevant to the marine photic zone, we argue that there is a wide spectrum of phenomena, including single cell activity of prokaryotes, microbial biodiversity at different levels of resolution, ecosystem functioning, regional biogeochemical features and evolution at different timescales; that all can be understood as variations over a common principle, summarised in what has been termed the ‘Killing‐the‐Winner’ (KtW) motif. Considering food webs as assemblages of such motifs may thus allow for a more integrated approach to aquatic microbial ecology.
Mosaics, mixtures, rotations or pyramiding: What is the optimal strategy to deploy major gene resistance?
Authors: Rimbaud Loup , Papaïx Julien , Barrett Luke G. , Burdon Jeremy J. , Thrall Peter H. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractOnce deployed uniformly in the field, genetically controlled plant resistance is often quickly overcome by pathogens, resulting in dramatic losses. Several strategies have been proposed to constrain the evolutionary potential of pathogens and thus increase resistance durability. These strategies can be classified into four categories, depending on whether resistance sources are varied across time (rotations) or combined in space in the same cultivar (pyramiding), in different cultivars within a field (cultivar mixtures) or among fields (mosaics). Despite their potential to differentially affect both pathogen epidemiology and evolution, to date the four categories of deployment strategies have never been directly compared together within a single theoretical or experimental framework, with regard to efficiency (ability to reduce disease impact) and durability (ability to limit pathogen evolution and delay resistance breakdown). Here, we used a spatially explicit stochastic demogenetic model, implemented in the R package landsepi, to assess the epidemiological and evolutionary outcomes of these deployment strategies when two major resistance genes are present. We varied parameters related to pathogen evolutionary potential (mutation probability and associated fitness costs) and landscape organization (mostly the relative proportion of each cultivar in the landscape and levels of spatial or temporal aggregation). Our results, broadly focused on qualitative resistance to rust fungi of cereal crops, show that evolutionary and epidemiological control are not necessarily correlated and that no deployment strategy is universally optimal. Pyramiding two major genes offered the highest durability, but at high mutation probabilities, mosaics, mixtures and rotations can perform better in delaying the establishment of a universally infective superpathogen. All strategies offered the same short‐term epidemiological control, whereas rotations provided the best long‐term option, after all sources of resistance had broken down. This study also highlights the significant impact of landscape organization and pathogen evolutionary ability in considering the optimal design of a deployment strategy.