bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
My Correspondence with Milton Friedman about the Social Responsibilities of Business
Authors: Carson Thomas L. 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTIn 1992, I sent Milton Friedman a draft of my 1993 paper “Friedman's Theory of Corporate Social Responsibility.” He and I corresponded at length. My 1993 paper argues that Friedman's published formulations of his theory are not equivalent and that they prescribe different courses of action in many possible cases. In our correspondence, Friedman conceded that his two formulations of his theory are inconsistent and, at my suggestion, he endorsed a modified version of the view he presented in Capitalism and Freedom as the preferred version of his theory. This modified theory is an important formulation of his position. In one of his letters to me, Friedman writes: “I agree that corporate executives might have duties to the general public which sometimes outweigh their duties to the shareholders.” I argue that this creates major problems for his theory. I also answer Friedman's published response to one of my criticisms.
Putting the Pieces Back Together: Moral Intensity and Its Impact on the Four‐component Model of Morality
Authors: Moores Trevor T. , Smith H. Jeff , Limayem Moez 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTA large body of research has examined the relationship between moral intensity (MI) and the four‐component model of morality, typically, by separating MI into its constituent dimensions and regressing them individually against the four‐component model. This approach, however, violates the definition of MI as a single construct. To correct this problem, we develop and test a model of the impact of MI as a single, 6‐item formative construct. We find that when MI is taken into account, moral recognition is not significant. MI does, however, serve as a strong trigger for judgment. We also determine that splitting MI into multiple factors does not significantly affect the results, confirming the assertion that MI is a single, coherent construct.
Do Actions Speak Louder than Words? An Exploratory Study on CSR
Authors: Dare Julia 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTThis research investigates various firm motives for practicing corporate social responsibility (CSR). More precisely, it examines whether a firm's primary motive for undertaking CSR is related to the type of actions performed. Such exploratory research is overdue following more than 40 years of scholarly contention on the financial rewards of doing (and looking) good. By uncovering and measuring specific aspects of CSR, I offer an initial understanding of interactions within firm CSR operations. Theory on types of CSR have surfaced, yet empirical studies are few. In this research, I address this disparity by using original quantitative measures of both motive and type. The outcomes of this investigation challenge certain extant notions of CSR, while introducing a measure of objectivity in some long‐standing debates among scholars and corporate stakeholders.
Verizon Lecture: Why Is It So Difficult to Be an Ethical Leader?
Authors: Ciulla Joanne B. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn some ways it is more important to understand why it is difficult for leaders to be ethical than it is to understand how to be an ethical leader. By being aware of the common temptations and moral pitfalls of leadership, leaders are better able to avoid them. Like all areas of applied ethics, leadership has its own set of problems that stem from the roles leaders play and their relationship and responsibilities to followers and others. Moreover, leadership is ethically challenging because it and requires control of the self, the ego, and the use of power. This article examines some of the aspects of leadership that make it ethically difficult.
Workplace support and breastfeeding duration: The mediating effect of breastfeeding intention and self‐efficacy
Authors: Wallenborn Jordyn T. , Perera Robert A. , Wheeler David C. , Lu Juan , Masho Saba W. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundGiven the large proportion of mothers in the United States work force, understanding the implications of workplace support on breastfeeding outcomes is an important public health priority. The current study investigates if (a) workplace support directly influences the working mothers’ breastfeeding intention, self‐efficacy, and duration, and (b) workplace support indirectly influences breastfeeding duration through the mediating effect of breastfeeding intention and self‐efficacy.MethodsData from the longitudinal Infant Feeding Practices Survey II were analyzed. The main predictor variable, workplace support, was based on a Likert scale from “not at all supportive” to “very supportive.” Both mediators, exclusive breastfeeding intention and self‐efficacy, were dichotomized (yes; no) while the study outcome, breastfeeding duration, was continuous. Structural equation modeling was used to obtain direct and indirect effects of breastfeeding intention and confidence in attaining breastfeeding goals.ResultsAfter adjusting for confounders, there was a statistically significant direct effect between self‐efficacy, breastfeeding intention, and breastfeeding duration. A statistically significant indirect effect of workplace support on breastfeeding duration through self‐efficacy in attaining breastfeeding goals was also observed. The mediation ratios of the indirect effects showed that self‐efficacy in attaining breastfeeding goals accounted for 40.8% (P‐value=0.032) of the total effect; however, all other mediation ratios did not show statistical significance.ConclusionsSelf‐efficacy is an important predictor for breastfeeding duration. Workplaces may help bolster women's self‐efficacy by providing environments that are supportive to breastfeeding working mothers. Future research is needed to identify breastfeeding policies that boost self‐efficacy.
Inclusive sound and music serious games in a large‐scale responsive environment
Authors: Mandanici Marcella , Altieri Federico , Rodà Antonio , Canazza Sergio 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn the last years, applications based on large‐scale responsive environments have risen up as a convincing aid for learning simple as well as complex concepts in a playful way. The full‐body interaction that characterizes these environments supports different learning styles and it is particularly fit for inclusion of participants with disabilities, due to its richness in emotional engagement and ease of use. This paper contains a short review of some serious games developed on a large‐scale responsive environment and devoted to music teaching and training of blind children. Authors present technology‐enhanced learning activities with the employment of three experimental applications: Harmonic Walk for teaching tonal harmony and melody harmonization; Jazz Improvisation for music re‐composition and score parts listening; and Following the Cuckoo Sound for helping blind children to walk straight. Quantitative and qualitative results report a great user engagement and a satisfying amount of successful records in formal task activities, which encourage further research to enhance education through large‐scale responsive environments applications and full‐body interaction. Moreover, the experience gained with blind children emphasizes the inclusive opportunities of these environments for the training and rehabilitation of disabled people.
Knockdown of HIF‐1α impairs post‐ischemic vascular reconstruction in the brain via deficient homing and sprouting bmEPCs
Authors: Liu Yang , Ran He , Xiao Yaping , Wang Hongjin , Chen Yi , Chen Weihai , Xu Xiaoyu 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAlthough the critical role of hypoxia inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) in cerebral neovascularization after stroke has been well characterized, the details regarding the regulation of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC)‐dependent neovascularization by HIF‐1α are not completely understood. Using lentiviral shRNA to knockdown HIF‐1α, we showed that HIF‐1α plays a central role in bone marrow‐derived EPC (bmEPC) homing and sprouting in the post‐acute stage of ischemic Sprague Dawley (SD) rat brains. First, knockdown of HIF‐1α decreased the homing of both endogenous and exogenous bmEPCs to the ischemic brain. Additionally, the knockdown impaired the incorporation and sprouting of bmEPCs in the ischemic brain. In vitro, knockdown of HIF‐1α inhibited the spheroid sprouting and tube formation of bmEPCs. Mechanically, the HIF‐1α‐dependent recruitment of bmEPCs to the ischemic brain was relative to the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis and HMGB1, which were relative to astrocytes. In addition, the loss of HIF‐1α resulted in deficient expression levels of VEGF‐A, Flk‐1, NRP1, and Dll4 in the ischemic brains, bmEPCs, and astrocytes. These findings suggested that HIF‐1α implicates in bmEPC homing via CXCL12/CXCR4 and HMGB1 and that it promotes bmEPC sprouting via VEGF‐A/flk1‐NRP1/Dll4.
Endocannabinoid regulation of homeostatic feeding and stress‐induced alterations in food intake in male rats
Authors: Sticht Martin A , Lau David J , Keenan Catherine M , Cavin Jean‐Baptiste , Morena Maria , Vemuri Venkata Kiran , Makriyannis Alexandros , Cravatt Benjamin F , Sharkey Keith A , Hill Matthew N 
Published: July 2018

Background and PurposeStress is known to reduce food intake. Many aspects of the stress response and feeding are regulated by the endocannabinoid system, but the roles of anandamide (AEA) and 2‐arachidonoyl glycerol (2‐AG) in stress‐induced anorexia are unclear.Experimental ApproachEffects of acute restraint stress on endocannabinoids were investigated in male Sprague–Dawley rats. Systemic and central pharmacological inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) or monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) was used to assess the effects of elevated AEA and 2‐AG on homeostatic feeding and on food consumption after stress. Animals were pretreated with the FAAH inhibitor, PF‐04457845, or the MAGL inhibitor, MJN110, before 2 h acute restraint stress or 2 h homecage period without food.Key ResultsRestraint stress decreased hypothalamic and circulating AEA, with no effect in the gastrointestinal tract, while 2‐AG content in the jejunum (but not duodenum) was reduced. PF‐04457845 (30 μg), given i.c.v., attenuated stress‐induced anorexia via CB1 receptors, but reduced homeostatic feeding in unstressed animals through an unknown mechanism. On the other hand, systemic administration of MJN110 (10 mg·kg−1) reduced feeding, regardless of stress or feeding status and inhibited basal intestinal transit in unstressed rats. The ability of MAGL inhibition to reduce feeding in combination with stress was independent of CB1 receptor signalling in the gut as the peripherally restricted CB1 receptor antagonist, AM6545 did not block this effect.Conclusions and ImplicationsOur data reveal diverse roles for 2‐AG and AEA in homeostatic feeding and changes in energy intake following stress.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on 8th European Workshop on Cannabinoid Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.10/issuetoc
In vitro and in silico analysis of the effects of D2 receptor antagonist target binding kinetics on the cellular response to fluctuating dopamine concentrations
Authors: de Witte Wilhelmus E A , Versfelt Joost W , Kuzikov Maria , Rolland Solene , Georgi Victoria , Gribbon Philip , Gul Sheraz , Huntjens Dymphy , van der Graaf Piet Hein , Danhof Meindert , Fernández‐Montalván Amaury , Witt Gesa , de Lange Elizabeth C M 
Published: July 2018

Background and PurposeTarget binding kinetics influence the time course of the drug effect (pharmacodynamics) both (i) directly, by affecting the time course of target occupancy, driven by the pharmacokinetics of the drug, competition with endogenous ligands and target turnover, and (ii) indirectly, by affecting signal transduction and homeostatic feedback. For dopamine D2 receptor antagonists, it has been hypothesized that fast receptor binding kinetics cause fewer side effects, because part of the dynamics of the dopaminergic system is preserved by displacement of these antagonists.Experimental ApproachTarget binding kinetics of D2 receptor antagonists and signal transduction after dopamine and D2 receptor antagonist exposure were measured in vitro. These data were integrated by mechanistic modelling, taking into account competitive binding of endogenous dopamine and the antagonist, the turnover of the second messenger cAMP and negative feedback by PDE turnover.Key ResultsThe proposed signal transduction model successfully described the cellular cAMP response for 17 D2 receptor antagonists with widely different binding kinetics. Simulation of the response to fluctuating dopamine concentrations revealed that a significant effect of the target binding kinetics on the dynamics of the signalling only occurs at endogenous dopamine concentration fluctuations with frequencies below 1 min−1.Conclusions and ImplicationsSignal transduction and feedback are important determinants of the time course of drug effects. The effect of the D2 receptor antagonist dissociation rate constant (koff) is limited to the maximal rate of fluctuations in dopamine signalling as determined by the dopamine koff and the cAMP turnover.
Early adversities, family support, and child well‐being: The moderating role of environmental sensitivity
Authors: Scrimin Sara , Osler Gabriele , Pozzoli Tiziana , Moscardino Ughetta 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundChildren's well‐being in terms of physical, emotional, social, and academic outcomes is largely influenced by environmental characteristics, with the presence of childhood adversities constituting a risk factor, and support provided by the family working as a protective factor. Yet the role of individual differences in children's sensitivity to environmental influences in these relations is still underexplored; following the differential susceptibility model, it could be a potential moderator.MethodsParticipants were 227 children (mean age 7.05 years) and their parents, who were interviewed on the number of experienced childhood adversities and family supportive resources, as well as on child well‐being and environmental sensitivity.ResultsPath analysis showed that, as expected, the number of family adversities was negatively associated with children's physical and emotional comfort and perceived academic performance, whereas supportive resources provided by the family were positively related to child well‐being. Of importance, children's environmental sensitivity moderated these associations emphasizing the negative effects of a stressful environment on physical and social functioning and increasing the positive effect of a supportive environment on children's social performance.ConclusionsThe present data lend support to a diathesis–stress model, with highly sensitive children being more susceptible to both negative and positive environmental influences in relation to well‐being. Interventions may focus on providing clinical support to these children in the context of particularly aversive environments.
Effect of low‐dose dexamethasone on patients with elevated early follicular phase progesterone level and pregnancy outcomes in IVF‐ET treatment: A randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Liu Shan , Shi Lin , Wang Tao , Shi Juanzi 
Published: July 2018

SummaryObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of low‐dose dexamethasone on patients with elevated early follicular progesterone levels in IVF‐ET treatment.DesignRandomized controlled trial.SettingIn vitro fertilization (IVF) centre.Patient(s)A total of 459 patients undergoing a first IVF/ICSI cycle.Intervention(s)If progesterone concentration exceeded 1.9 nmol/L on days 3‐4 of ovarian stimulation, the patients in dexamethasone (DEX) group were treated with oral dexamethasone 0.75 mg/d, and the patients in control group received no extra treatment.Main outcome measureThe cumulative live‐birth rate (per cycle started) in 2 years.ResultsThe total dose of gonadotropins (1987 ± 536 IU in DEX group vs 2135 ± 701 IU in control group, P = 0.009) and the serum concentrations of progesterone on human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) day (3.1 ± 1.4 nmol/L in DEX group vs 4.0 ± 1.3 nmol/L in control group, P < 0.001) were both significantly lower in DEX group than that in control. No significant differences between the two groups were observed in the number of oocytes, two pronuclear (2PN) embryos and clinical pregnancy rate. In addition, the cumulative live‐birth rate was significantly higher in the DEX group than that in controls (70.0% vs 61.1%, P = 0.029, 95% confidence interval: 1.01‐2.19).Conclusion(s)Progesterone secretion can be suppressed by dexamethasone, and dexamethasone may sensitize the ovary to gonadotropin stimulation in IVF treatment. In addition, the cumulative live‐birth rate was significantly higher in the DEX group than in controls, and the obstetric and neonatal outcomes support the safety of DEX treatment in IVF.
A comparison of physical activity from Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometers worn on the dominant and non‐dominant wrist
Authors: Buchan Duncan S. , McSeveney Fiona , McLellan Gillian 
Published: July 2018

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the agreement between several activity measures using raw acceleration data from accelerometers worn concurrently on the dominant and non‐dominant wrist. Fifty‐five adults (31·9 ± 9·7 years, 26 males) wore two ActiGraph GT3X+ monitors continuously for 1 day, one on their non‐dominant wrist and the other on their dominant wrist. Paired t‐tests were undertaken with sequential Holm‐Bonferroni corrections to compare wear time, moderate‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA), time spent in 10‐min bouts of MVPA (MVPA10 min) and the average magnitude of dynamic wrist acceleration (ENMO). Level of agreement between outcome variables from the wrists was examined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC, single measures, absolute agreement) with 95% confidence intervals and limits of agreement (LoA). Time spent across acceleration levels in 40 mg resolution were also examined. There were no significant differences between the non‐dominant and dominant wrist for ENMO, wear time, MVPA or MVPA10 min. Agreement between wrists was strong for most outcomes (ICC ≥0·92) including wear time, ENMO, MVPA, MVPA10 min and the distribution of time across acceleration levels. Agreement was strong in the low acceleration bands (ICC = 0·970 and 0·922) with a mean bias of 3·08 min (LoA −55·18 to 61·34) and −5·43 (LoA −43·47 to 32·62). In summary, ENMO, MVPA, MVPA10 min, wear time and the distribution of time across acceleration levels compared well at the group level. The LOA from the two lowest acceleration levels suggest further work over a longer monitoring period is needed to determine whether outputs from each wrist are comparable.
Belatacept for maintenance immunosuppression in cardiothoracic transplantation: The potential frontier
Authors: Ensor Christopher R. , Goehring Kimberly C. , Iasella Carlo J. , Moore Cody A. , Lendermon Elizabeth A. , McDyer John F. , Morrell Matthew R. , Sciortino Christopher M. , Venkataramanan Raman , Wiland Anne M. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractCurrent immunosuppressive regimens with calcineurin inhibitors have improved the management of patients after transplantation. However, their adverse effects are linked to increased morbidity and limit the long‐term survival of heart and lung transplant recipients. Belatacept, a costimulation inhibitor interfering with the interaction between CD28 on T cells and the B7 ligands on antigen presenting cells, has shown success and is currently approved for use in renal transplant recipients. Furthermore, it lacks many of the cardiovascular, metabolic, neurologic, and renal adverse of effects of calcineurin inhibitors that have the largest impact on long‐term survival in cardiothoracic transplant. Additionally, it requires no therapeutic drug monitoring and is only administered once a month. Limitations to belatacept use have been observed that must be considered when comparing immunosuppression options. Despite this, maintenance immunosuppression with belatacept has the potential to improve outcomes in cardiothoracic transplant recipients, as it has with kidney transplant recipients. However, no large clinical trials investigating belatacept for maintenance immunosuppression in heart and lung transplant recipients exist. There is a large need for focused research of belatacept in cardiothoracic transplantation. Belatacept is a viable treatment option for maintenance immunosuppression, and it is reasonable to pursue more evidence in cardiothoracic transplant recipients.
Short‐term outcomes of multicenter prospective cohort study of gastric endoscopic resection: ‘Real‐world evidence’ in Japan
Authors: Suzuki Haruhisa , Takizawa Kohei , Hirasawa Toshiaki , Takeuchi Yoji , Ishido Kenji , Hoteya Shu , Yano Tomonori , Tanaka Shinji , Endo Masaki , Nakagawa Masahiro , Toyonaga Takashi , Doyama Hisashi , Hirasawa Kingo , Matsuda Mitsuru , Yamamoto Hironori , Fujishiro Mitsuhiro , Hashimoto Satoru , Maeda Yuki , Oyama Tsuneo , Takenaka Ryuta , Yamamoto Yoshinobu , Naito Yuji , Michida Tomoki , Kobayashi Nozomu , Kawahara Yoshiro , Hirano Masaaki , Jin Mario , Hori Shinichiro , Niwa Yasumasa , Hikichi Takuto , Shimazu Taichi , Ono Hiroyuki , Tanabe Satoshi , Kondo Hitoshi , Iishi Hiroyasu , Ninomiya Motoki ,   Ichiro Oda for J‐WEB/EGC group
Published: July 2018

ObjectivesA Japanese multicenter prospective cohort study examining endoscopic resection (ER) for early gastric cancer (EGC) has been conducted using a Web registry developed to determine the short‐term and long‐term outcomes based on absolute and expanded indications. We hereby present the short‐term outcomes of this study.MethodsAll consecutive patients with EGC or suspected EGC undergoing ER at 41 participating institutions between July 2010 and June 2012 were enrolled and prospectively registered into the Web registry. The baseline characteristics were entered before ER, and the short‐term outcomes were collected at 6 months following ER.ResultsNine thousand six hundred and sixteen patients with 10 821 lesions underwent ER (endoscopic submucosal dissection [ESD]: 99.4%). The median procedure time was 76 min, and R0 resections were achieved for 91.6% of the lesions. Postoperative bleeding and intraoperative perforation occurred in 4.4% and 2.3% of the patients, respectively. Significant independent factors correlated with a longer procedure time (120 min or longer) were as follows: tumor size >20 mm, upper‐third location, middle‐third location, local recurrent lesion, ulcer findings, gastric tube, male gender, and submucosa. Histopathologically, 10 031 lesions were identified as common‐type gastric cancers. The median tumor size was 15 mm. Noncurative resections were diagnosed for 18.3% of the lesions. Additional surgery was performed for 48.6% (824 lesions) of the 1695 noncurative ER lesions with a possible risk of lymph node (LN) metastasis. Among them, 64 (7.8%) exhibited LN metastasis.ConclusionsThis multicenter prospective study showed favorable short‐term outcomes for gastric ESD.