bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Emerging Roles of Steroid Hormone Receptors in Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS) of the Breast
Authors: Villanueva Hugo , Grimm Sandra , Dhamne Sagar , Rajapakshe Kimal , Visbal Adriana , Davis Christel M. , Ehli Erik A. , Hartig Sean M. , Coarfa Cristian , Edwards Dean P. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-obligate precursor to most types of invasive breast cancer (IBC). Although it is estimated only one third of untreated patients with DCIS will progress to IBC, standard of care for treatment is surgery and radiation. This therapeutic approach combined with a lack of reliable biomarker panels to predict DCIS progression is a major clinical problem. DCIS shares the same molecular subtypes as IBC including estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) positive luminal subtypes, which encompass the majority (60–70%) of DCIS. Compared to the established roles of ER and PR in luminal IBC, much less is known about the roles and mechanism of action of estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) and their cognate receptors in the development and progression of DCIS. This is an underexplored area of research due in part to a paucity of suitable experimental models of ER+/PR + DCIS. This review summarizes information from clinical and observational studies on steroid hormones as breast cancer risk factors and ER and PR as biomarkers in DCIS. Lastly, we discuss emerging experimental models of ER+/PR+ DCIS.
Pioneering endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in a Sub Saharan African hospital: A case series
Authors: Michael Okello , Gerald Tumusiime , Viola Nabimanya , Steven Baguma , Ponsiano Ocama 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

Background and study aims:
Although endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was introduced in Europe, Asia and America over four decades ago, East Africa and Africa as a whole has been slow in taking up this very important minimally invasive procedure for the management of various hepatopancreaticobiliary conditions. This has led to reliance on open surgery for even simple benign biliary strictures, stones and malignant causes of biliary and pancreatic duct obstruction that can be treated endoscopically without a need for a morbid open surgical intervention. In Uganda, ERCP was introduced in January 2017 after obtaining training and equipment support from Senior Experten Service (SES), German. We therefore report the first six cases of ERCP performed at our endoscopy unit.

Patients and methods:
This is a case series report of six patients referred with yellowing of eyes and body itching as the main complaints. They predominantly had raised gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin and direct bilirubin. They also had different imaging investigations demonstrating hepatic ducts dilatation.

Results:
Four out of the six patients had complete post ERCP symptom resolution. One patient had partial symptom resolution and the other patient recovered after conversion to open surgery.

Conclusion:
Collaborative skills transfer made ERCP feasible in our institute and this marked the start of this specialised service in Uganda.

Highlights:
Development Process with the Aid of Automated Dissolution in Analytical Research and Development
Authors: Sadowitzs Jon P. 
Published: October 2018

The development of drugs in the generic pharmaceutical industry is a highly competitive arena of companies vying for the few drug products that are coming off patent. Companies that have been successful in this arena are those that have met or surpassed the critical timeline associated with trial formulation development, analytical method development and submission batch manufacturing and testing. Barr Laboratories has been successful in the Generic Pharmaceutical Industry for several reasons, one of which includes automation. The analytical research and development at Barr has employed the use of automated dissolution early in the lifecycle of a potential product. This approach has dramatically reduced the “Time To Market” on average for a number of products. The key to this approach is the network infrastructure of the formulation and analytical research and development departments. At Barr Laboratories Inc., our cooperative ability to work and communicate together has driven the departments to streamline and matrix their work efforts and optimize resources and time. The discussion will reference how Barr Laboratories Inc., has been successful with automation and give a case study of products that have moved with rapid pace through the development cycle.
Flexible and Scalable Automation Solutions for Scoring Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Using Rolling Circle Amplification
Authors: Ghouze Firman , Scozzafava Giuseppe , Oreo Ray , Hughes Barry , Roe Phyllida , Wheeler Claire , Howe Roland , Morris Stephen , Comley John 
Published: October 2018

A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) scoring assay that uses ligation-dependent Rolling Circle Amplification (RCA)† was transferred to a series of automated protocols addressing a range of throughput levels. The systems utilised various automation modules consisting of custom-made and off-the-shelf devices. Several system parameters were evaluated to ensure assay integrity and homogeneity. These included reagent carry over, liquid evaporation rates, thermal regulation of reactions and fluorescence reading capabilities. Data analysis software was developed in order to rapidly allocate SNP calls from data generated by the automated system. A modified fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm was employed to separate data points into groups associated with specific genotypes. Data were then presented graphically and within a summary table, which allowed easy and rapid organization and interpretation of data.
A Flexible and Robust Peer-to-Peer Architecture with XML-Based Open Communication for Laboratory Automation
Authors: McIntosh Roger L. , Yau Alfred 
Published: October 2018

Traditional lab automation systems are highly centralized: dispatch and coordination of activities are mediated by a system controller, usually via a single, monolithic control procedure. This approach, while conceptually simple, makes changes to the system difficult; adding or removing instruments and functionality can be a daunting task. In addition, most automated systems are tied to particular development languages and protocols, making operation in heterogeneous environments (i.e., the real world) problematic, since instrument software comes in many different implementations. We present a peer-to-peer architecture for lab automation, using an XML-based communication protocol. The architecture consists of peer instrument servers, an XML communication layer, and an open control center. Each instrument peer can control, be controlled by, and communicate information to other instrument peers to fulfill the automation task. Our protocol is based on XML-RPC, a lightweight communication standard built atop HTTP. This provides an open and flexible means of peer-to-peer interfacing. The control center serves as a convenient, Web-based interface to manage the instruments. The automated procedure can be distributed across all available instrument peers (each instrument assigned a set of responsibilities); the controller implements a limited set of high-level instructions. The software components included in our prototype system are implemented in various programming languages, including Java, C/C++, Visual Basic, and LabVIEW. Our approach facilitates rapid development of laboratory automation systems.
The Thought Experimental Method: Avicenna's Flying Man Argument
Authors: ADAMSON PETER , BENEVICH FEDOR 
Published: October 2018

AbstractNo argument from the Arabic philosophical tradition has received more scholarly attention than Avicenna's ‘flying man’ thought experiment, in which a human is created out of thin air and is able to grasp his existence without grasping that he has a body. This paper offers a new interpretation of the version of this thought experiment found at the end of the first chapter of Avicenna's treatment of soul in theHealing. We argue that it needs to be understood in light of an epistemological theory set out elsewhere by Avicenna, which allows that all the constitutive properties of an essence will be clear to someone who understands and considers that essence. On our reading, this theory is put to work in the ‘flying man’: because the flying man would grasp that his own essence has existence without grasping that he has a body, connection to body cannot be constitutive of the essence.
Justice in theLaws, a Restatement: Why Plato Endorses Public Reason
Authors: DIRECTOR SAMUEL 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn theLaws, Plato argues that the legislator should attempt to persuade people to obey the laws voluntarily. This persuasion is accomplished through use of legislative preludes. In this essay, I argue that Plato's use of persuasive preludes shows that he endorses the core features of a public reason theory of political justification.
Prototype wireless sensors for monitoring subsurface processes in snow and firn
Authors: BAGSHAW ELIZABETH A. , KARLSSON NANNA B. , LOK LAI BUN , LISHMAN BEN , CLARE LINDSAY , NICHOLLS KEITH W. , BURROW STEVE , WADHAM JEMMA L. , EISEN OLAF , CORR HUGH , BRENNAN PAUL , DAHL-JENSEN DORTHE 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThe detection and monitoring of meltwater within firn presents a significant monitoring challenge. We explore the potential of small wireless sensors (ETracer+, ET+) to measure temperature, pressure, electrical conductivity and thus the presence or absence of meltwater within firn, through tests in the dry snow zone at the East Greenland Ice Core Project site. The tested sensor platforms are small, robust and low cost, and communicate data via a VHF radio link to surface receivers. The sensors were deployed in low-temperature firn at the centre and shear margins of an ice stream for 4 weeks, and a ‘bucket experiment’ was used to test the detection of water within otherwise dry firn. The tests showed the ET+ could log subsurface temperatures and transmit the recorded data through up to 150 m dry firn. Two VHF receivers were tested: an autonomous phase-sensitive radio-echo sounder (ApRES) and a WinRadio. The ApRES can combine high-resolution imaging of the firn layers (by radio-echo sounding) with in situ measurements from the sensors, to build up a high spatial and temporal resolution picture of the subsurface. These results indicate that wireless sensors have great potential for long-term monitoring of firn processes.
A Master Narrative for the History of Pakistan: Tracing the origins of an ideological agenda
Authors: QASMI ALI USMAN 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe demand for the creation of Pakistan was based on a historical narrative built around the centrality of the Muslim community in India and its distinctiveness in terms of religious beliefs, cultural traits, and historical traditions. A particular understanding of the past was, in other words, central to the idea of Pakistan. As a result, soon after independence in 1947, a group of eminent historians got together to set up the All Pakistan History Conference. It received official support and patronage as the new state was eager to shape a historical narrative that could strengthen the argument for a distinct Muslim identity. This article looks at the development of this historiography in Pakistan. Unlike existing studies on this topic, which simply point out the ‘flaws’ in the history textbooks used in Pakistan, I will argue that the dominant historical narrative to be found in these textbooks—or even in many scholarly works produced in Pakistan—is a form of master narrative that has a longer history that dates back to the colonial period. Drawing upon such sources as historical texts produced in Pakistan, recently declassified documents of the Cabinet Division, and proceedings of the All Pakistan History Conference, I will delineate the features of this master narrative, the intellectual history of ideas that shaped it from the colonial to the post-colonial period, and the political exegesis whereby it gained structural dominance in Pakistan that was replicated for intellectual, ideological, and statist projects.
Expériences naturelles et causalité en histoire économique: Quels rapports à la théorie et à la temporalité ?
Authors: Bourgeois-Gironde Sacha , Monnet Éric 
Published: October 2018

RésuméUn courant récent et influent, porté principalement par des économistes, propose de renouveler l'analyse historique à partir des notions d'expérience naturelle et de causalité. Il a la double ambition d'unifier diverses disciplines autour d'une acception commune de la causalité afin de réinterroger des grandes questions historiques (comme le rôle de la colonisation, des régimes politiques ou de la religion dans le développement économique) et de rendre l'analyse de l'histoire plus scientifique. La définition de la causalité qu'il promeut – de type interventionniste – vise à traiter les événements historiques comme un protocole d'expérience de laboratoire. Celle-ci s'articule avec une perspective néo-institutionnaliste visant à mesurer les effets dans la longue durée de certains changements institutionnels passés, considérés comme exogènes. Dans un premier temps, cet article présente les ambitions, les apports, les méthodes et les hypothèses (implicites et explicites) de ce courant de recherche, avant de montrer comment il se différencie de l'histoire économique quantitative plus traditionnelle, et de le resituer dans le contexte des récents tournants empirique et néo-institutionnaliste de la discipline économique. Dans un second temps, cet article fait état des critiques – souvent virulentes – formulées par des historiens ou des économistes à l'encontre de cette méthode et de ses objectifs. Enfin, nous insistons sur les difficultés de cette approche à prendre en compte l'historicité des phénomènes, à produire des énoncés généraux à partir de cas particuliers, et à proposer une définition complète et cohérente de la causalité en histoire.
Ethics in humanitarian efforts: when should resources be allocated to paediatric heart surgery?
Authors: Fenton Kathleen N. , Cardarelli Marcelo , Molloy Frank , Novick William M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundIn countries with ample resources, no debate exists as to whether heart surgery should be provided. However, where funding is limited, what responsibility exists to care for children with congenital heart defects? If children have a “right” to surgical treatment, to whom is the “duty” to provide it assigned? These questions are subjected to ethical analysis.MethodsExamination is initially based on the four principles of medical ethics: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. Consideration of beneficence and justice is expanded using a consequentialist approach.ResultsSocial structures, including governments, exist to foster the common good. Society, whether by means of government funding or otherwise, has the responsibility, according to the means available, to assure health care for all based on the principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. In wealthy countries, adequate resources exist to fund appropriate treatment; hence it should be provided to all based on distributive justice. In resource-limited countries, however, decisions regarding provision of care for expensive or complex health problems must be made with consideration for broader effects on the general public. Preliminary data from cost-effectiveness analysis indicate that many surgical interventions, including cardiac surgery, may be resource-efficient. Given that information, utilitarian ethical analysis supports dedication of resources to congenital heart surgery in many low-income countries. In the poorest countries, where access to drinking water and basic nutrition is problematic, it will often be more appropriate to focus on these issues first.ConclusionEthical analysis supports dedication of resources to congenital heart surgery in all but the poorest countries.
Voluntary industry initiatives to promote healthy diets: a case study on a major European food retailer
Authors: von Philipsborn Peter , Stratil Jan Marcel , Heise Thomas Leonhard , Landgraf Rüdiger , Hauner Hans , Rehfuess Eva Annette 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo analyse the scope and content of the nutrition pledge announced by Lidl.DesignWe applied the approach recommended by the private-sector module of the INFORMAS (International Network for Food and Obesity Research, Monitoring and Action Support) food environment monitoring framework and qualitative content analysis to Lidl’s nutrition pledge.SettingGlobal.SubjectsThe nutrition pledge of Lidl, Europe’s largest food retailer.ResultsLidl pledges to reduce the average sales-weighted content of added sugar and added salt in its own-brand products by 20 % until 2025, using 2015 as a baseline, starting in Germany. Moreover, it vows to reduce the saturated and trans-fatty acid contents of its own-brand products, without specifying targets or timelines. To achieve these targets, it pledges to apply a number of approaches, including reformulation, promotion of healthier products, reduction of package and portion sizes, and provision of nutrition information and education. Strengths of Lidl’s pledge are its extensive scope, the quantification of some targets, and its partially evidence-based approach to the selection of targets and interventions. Key limitations include the vagueness of many targets, a lack of transparency and the absence of independent monitoring and evaluation.ConclusionsLidl’s pledge, while commendable for its scope, does not meet current best practice guidelines. Given their current limitations, industry initiatives of this kind are likely to fall short of what is needed to improve population-level nutrition.
Extracting Induced and Remanent Magnetizations From Magnetic Data Modeling
Authors: Liu Shuang , Fedi Maurizio , Hu Xiangyun , Baniamerian Jamaledin , Wei Bangshun , Zhang Dalian , Zhu Rixiang 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTo investigate the crustal magnetic structure, it is important to assess the susceptibility and remanence properties of rocks and ores. In this paper, we propose a method to extract the contributions of induced and remanent magnetization from modeling of magnetic anomalies. We first estimate the direction of the total magnetization vector by studying the reduced‐to‐pole anomaly and its correlation with different magnitude magnetic transforms. Then we invert the magnetic data to obtain the volumetric distribution of the magnetization intensity. As the third step, based on a priori information about the Koenigsberger ratio derived from petrophysical measurements, we extract the distributions in the source volume of the induced and remanent magnetization intensities, based on a generalized relationship involving the total and remanent magnetizations, and the true susceptibility. In this way, we are able to produce separate maps of the anomaly fields attributed to the physical magnetic source parameters: remanent and induced magnetization. After validating the method with synthetic data, we analyze the data relative to the Mesozoic and Cenozoic igneous rocks in Yeshan region, eastern China. The analysis of the separated magnetization components reveals that the intrusion of dioritic and basaltic rocks occurred at different geological periods, and the basaltic rocks were magnetized by a reversed geomagnetic field. The uncertainty analysis shows that a larger Koenigsberger ratio is beneficial to extract more reliable remanence and susceptibility information.
Regional‐Scale Precipitation Anomalies in Northern China During the Holocene and Possible Impact on Prehistoric Demographic Changes
Authors: Li Jianyong , Yan Hong , Dodson John , Xu Qinghai , Sun Aizhi , Cheng Bo , Li Chunhai , Ni Jian , Zhang Xiaojian , Lu Fengyan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSensitive changes in precipitation influence the stability of semiarid ecosystem, rain‐fed agriculture, and densely populated society in northern monsoonal China (NC). However, shortage of regional‐scale quantitative syntheses imposes restrictions on investigating long‐term relationships among precipitation dynamics, possible climatic forces, and prehistoric demographic fluctuations. Herein, we contribute a regionally compiled anomaly record for Holocene annual mean precipitation (PANN) relative to its modern‐day values in NC. The Holocene PANN variations in NC may be essentially determined by changing thermal gradients of continental land‐ocean and west‐east equatorial Pacific, profoundly affecting strength and location of West Pacific Subtropical High that may principally modulate intensity of East Asian summer monsoon and resultant rainfall in NC. Importantly, variation partitioning analysis quantitatively demonstrates that the overall changes of precipitation (43.3%) may play a more important role than temperature (3.2%) and their shared effects (0.8%) in independently accounting for long‐term variation of regional‐scale Holocene population fluctuations in NC.
Climate‐Driven Change in the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans Can Greatly Reduce the Circulation of the North Sea
Authors: Holt Jason , Polton Jeff , Huthnance John , Wakelin Sarah , O'Dea Enda , Harle James , Yool Andrew , Artioli Yuri , Blackford Jerry , Siddorn John , Inall Mark 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe demonstrate for the first time a direct oceanic link between climate‐driven change in the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans and the circulation of the northwest European shelf seas. Downscaled scenarios show a shutdown of the exchange between the Atlantic and the North Sea and a substantial decrease in the circulation of the North Sea in the second half of the 21st century. The northern North Sea inflow decreases from 1.2–1.3 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3/s) to 0.0–0.6 Sv with Atlantic water largely bypassing the North Sea. This is traced to changes in oceanic haline stratification and gyre structure and to a newly identified circulation‐salinity feedback. The scenario presented here is of a novel potential future state for the North Sea, with wide‐ranging environmental management and societal impacts. Specifically, the sea would become more estuarine and susceptible to anthropogenic influence with an enhanced risk of coastal eutrophication.
A Simple Model for Deglacial Meltwater Pulses
Authors: Robel Alexander A. , Tsai Victor C. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractEvidence from radiocarbon dating and complex ice sheet modeling suggests that the fastest rate of sea level rise in Earth's recent history coincided with collapse of the ice saddle between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets during the last deglaciation. In this study, we derive a simple, two‐equation model of two ice sheets intersecting in an ice saddle. We show that two conditions are necessary for producing the acceleration in ice sheet melt associated with meltwater pulses: the positive height‐mass balance feedback and an ice saddle geometry. The amplitude and timing of meltwater pulses is sensitively dependent on the rate of climate warming during deglaciation and the relative size of ice sheets undergoing deglaciation. We discuss how simulations of meltwater pulses can be improved and the prospect for meltwater pulses under continued climate warming.