bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constitutive mechanisms of UN Security Council practices: Precedent pressure, ratchet effect, and council action regarding intrastate conflicts
Authors: Gehring Thomas , Dörfler Thomas 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBased upon the current debate on international practices with its focus on taken-for-granted everyday practices, we examine how Security Council practices may affect member state action and collective decisions on intrastate conflicts. We outline a concept that integrates the structuring effect of practices and their emergence from interaction among reflective actors. It promises to overcome the unresolved tension between understanding practices as a social regularity and as a fluid entity. We analyse the constitutive mechanisms of two Council practices that affect collective decisions on intrastate conflicts and elucidate how even reflective Council members become enmeshed with the constraining implications of evolving practices and their normative implications. (1) Previous Council decisions create precedent pressure and give rise to a virtually uncontested permissive Council practice that defines the purview for intervention into such conflicts. (2) A ratcheting practice forces opponents to choose between accepting steadily reinforced Council action, as occurred regarding Sudan/Darfur, and outright blockade, as in the case of Syria. We conclude that practices constitute a source of influence that is not captured by the traditional perspectives on Council activities as the consequence of geopolitical interests or of externally evolving international norms like the ‘responsibility to protect’ (R2P).
Relativistic ponderomotive self-focusing of quadruple Gaussian laser beam in cold quantum plasma
Authors: Richa  , Aggarwal Munish , Kumar Harish , Mahajan Ranju , Arora Navdeep Singh , Gill Tarsem Singh 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn the present paper, we have investigated self-focusing of the quadruple Gaussian laser beam in underdense cold quantum plasma. The non-linearity chosen is associated with the relativistic mass effect that arises due to quiver motion of electron and electron density perturbation caused by ponderomotive force. The non-linearity modifies the plasma frequency in the dielectric function and hence the refractive index of the medium. The focusing/defocusing of the quadruple laser depends on the refractive index of the medium. We have set up non-linear differential equation that controls the beam width parameter by using well-known paraxial ray approximation and Wentzel–Krammers–Brillouin approximation. The effect of intensity parameter and electron temperature is observed on laser beam self-focusing in the presence of cold quantum plasma. From the results, it is revealed that electron temperature and the initial intensity of the laser beam control the profile dynamics of the laser beam.
Examining the validity of the ADHD concept in adults and older adults
Authors: Callahan Brandy L. , Plamondon André 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveIt is crucial to clarify the structure of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomatology in all age groups to determine how to best conceptualize this disorder across the lifespan. We tested the ADHD factor structure across adulthood and investigated independent associations with executive functions.MethodData from 645 adults aged 18–59 and 233 adults aged 60–85 were drawn from the Nathan Kline Institute Rockland Sample. Participants completed the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale and tests of executive functioning. Invariance of the ADHD factor structure was investigated using confirmatory factor analyses. Associations with cognition were explored using multiple linear regression.ResultsResults confirmed a bifactor model with 3 specific factors (inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity). Factor loadings and item intercepts were invariant across ages. Levels of hyperactivity and impulsivity were lower in older adults. Inattentive symptoms in young adults were positively related to cognitive flexibility. In older adults, ADHD symptoms predicted poorer working memory.ConclusionADHD symptoms manifest similarly across adulthood. The lack of robust associations between ADHD symptomatology and executive functions raises concerns about the usefulness of neuropsychological measures in diagnosing adult ADHD. These results support the validity of the ADHD concept in older adults but suggest a need for age-appropriate normative criteria.
The Yamanote Line as architecture: building on the ruination of urban limits
Authors: Blanciak François 
Published: October 2018

Infrastructure has become a relatively established field of inquiry in architectural academia over the last two decades, insofar as it builds on the rational and generative overtones of the term. However, the contrasting possibility that infrastructure might represent an obstacle for the city and its architecture has often been overlooked. Simultaneously, the idea that the city might be considered as a piece of architecture that can be comprehended, controlled, and eventually designed as a whole (whether from scratch or incrementally), has recently resurfaced, echoing Aldo Rossi's concept of ‘primary elements’. In his seminal book The Architecture of the City, Rossi described the way these elements ‘participate in the evolution of the city over time in a permanent way, often becoming identified with the major artefacts constituting the city’. But, he noted:
[p]rimary elements are not only monuments, just as they are not only fixed activities; in a general sense they are those elements capable of accelerating the process of urbanization in a city, and they also characterize the processes of spatial transformation in an area larger than the city.
General practitioners cannot rely on reported weight and height of children
Authors: van Leeuwen Janneke , van Middelkoop Marienke , Paulis Winifred D. , Bindels Patrick J.E. , Koes Bart W. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAim: The aim of this study is to investigate the differences between reported and measured weight and height for underweight, normal-weight, and overweight children, particularly in a general practitioner setting. Background: Screening, signaling, and treatment of childhood obesity by the general practitioner depends on accurate weight and height measurements.Methods: Data on reported and measured weight and height from a cohort including 715 normal-weight and overweight children aged 2–17 were used. Means of reported and measured weight and height were compared using the paired T-test. Findings: Of the 715 included children, 17.5% were defined as being underweight, 63.2% normal-weight, and 19.3% overweight according to direct measured height and weight. In the age group 2–8 years, parents of underweight children reported a significantly higher weight than measured weight [mean differences (MD) 0.32 kg (0.02, 0.62)], whereas parents of overweight young children reported a significantly lower weight [MD −1.08 kg (−1.77, −0.39)]. In the age group 9–17 years, normal-weight [MD −0.51 kg (−0.79, −0.23)] and overweight children [MD −1.28 kg (−2.08, −0.47)] reported a significantly lower weight than measured weight. Conclusions: General practitioners cannot rely on reported weight and height measures from parents and children. In case of suspected under- or overweight in children, it should be advised to measure weight and height in general practice.
Quantifying Human‐Mediated Carbon Cycle Feedbacks
Authors: Jones Andrew D. , Calvin Katherine V. , Shi Xiaoying , Di Vittorio Alan V. , Bond‐Lamberty Ben , Thornton Peter E. , Collins William D. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractChanges in land and ocean carbon storage in response to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and associated climate change, known as the concentration‐carbon and climate‐carbon feedbacks, are principal controls on the response of the climate system to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Such feedbacks have typically been quantified in the context of natural ecosystems, but land management activities are also responsive to future atmospheric carbon and climate changes. Here we show that inclusion of such human‐driven responses within an Earth system model shifts both the terrestrial concentration‐carbon and climate‐carbon feedbacks toward increased carbon storage. We introduce a conceptual framework for decomposing these changes into separate concentration‐land cover, climate‐land cover, and land cover‐carbon effects, providing a parsimonious means to diagnose sources of variation across numerical models capable of estimating such feedbacks.
Physical Properties of Aerosol Internally Mixed With Soot Particles in a Biogenically Dominated Environment in California
Authors: Sharma Noopur , China Swarup , Bhandari Janarjan , Gorkowski Kyle , Dubey Manvendra , Zaveri Rahul A. , Mazzoleni Claudio 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAtmospheric soot particles are often internally mixed with organic aerosol. The geometric distribution of the mixing components affects the soot particles' radiative properties. Here we present an electron microscopy analysis of particles collected in a biogenically dominated environment to understand how the viscosity of secondary organic aerosol relates to various soot mixing configurations. The shape of particles impacting on a substrate deforms according to their viscosity. We use the aspect ratio of individual particles determined by tilt angle imaging to classify them into low, intermediate, and high viscosity groups. Ninety percent of the particles partially engulfing soot belong to the intermediate viscosity regime. In contrast, the highly viscous organic aerosol remains externally mixed with or attaches to the surface of soot particles. Our results link the viscosity of organic aerosol with the mixing configuration of soot‐containing particles. Including these findings in mixing state models could improve estimates of the soot radiative forcing.
Observations of Time‐Dependent Bedform Transformation in Combined Wave‐Current Flows
Authors: Wengrove M. E. , Foster D. L. , Lippmann T. C. , de Schipper M. A. , Calantoni J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAlthough combined wave‐current flows in the nearshore coastal zone are common, there are few observations of bedform response and inherent geometric scaling in combined flows. Our effort presents observations of bedform dynamics that were strongly influenced by waves, currents, and combined wave‐current flow at two sampling locations separated by 60 m in the cross shore. Observations were collected in 2014 at the Sand Engine mega‐nourishment on the Delfland coast of the Netherlands. The bedforms had wavelengths ranging from 14 cm to over 2 m and transformed shape and orientation within, at times, as little as 20 min and up to 6 hr. The dynamic set of observations was used to evaluate a fully unsteady description of changes in the bedform growth with the sediment transport continuity equation (Exner equation), relating changes in bedform volume to bedload sediment transport. Analysis shows that bedform volume was a function of the integrated transport rate over the bedform development time period. The bedform development time period (time lag of bedform growth/adjustment) is important for estimating changes in bedform volume. Results show that this continuity principle held for wave, current, and combined wave‐current generated bedforms.
All-optical forward-viewing photoacoustic probe for high-resolution 3D endoscopy
Authors: Ansari Rehman , Zhang Edward Z. , Desjardins Adrien E. , Beard Paul C. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA miniature forward-viewing endoscopic probe that provides high-resolution 3D photoacoustic images is demonstrated. The probe is of outer diameter 3.2 mm and comprised of a transparent Fabry-Pérot (FP) polymer-film ultrasound sensor that is located at the distal end of a rigid optical fiber bundle. Excitation laser pulses are coupled simultaneously into all cores of the bundle and are transmitted through the FP sensor to provide wide-field tissue illumination at the distal end. The resulting photoacoustic waves are mapped in 2D by sequentially scanning the input end of the bundle with an interrogation laser beam in order to individually address different points on the FP sensor. In this way, the sensor acts as a high-density ultrasound array that is comprised of 50,000 individual elements, each of which is 12 µm in diameter, within the 3.2 mm diameter footprint of the probe. The fine spatial sampling that this affords, along with the wide bandwidth (f-3dB = 34 MHz) of the sensor, enables a high-resolution photoacoustic image to be reconstructed. The measured on-axis lateral resolution of the probe was depth-dependent and ranged from 45-170 µm for depths between 1 and 7 mm, and the vertical resolution was 31 µm over the same depth range. The system was evaluated by acquiring 3D images of absorbing phantoms and the microvascular anatomies of a duck embryo and mouse skin. Excellent image fidelity was demonstrated. It is anticipated that this type of probe could find application as a tool for guiding laparoscopic procedures, fetal surgery and other minimally invasive interventions that require a millimeter-scale forward-viewing 3D photoacoustic imaging probe.
Vav1 mutations identified in human cancers give rise to different oncogenic phenotypes
Authors: Shalom Batel , Farago Marganit , Pikarsky Eli , Katzav Shulamit 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Vav1 is physiologically active as a GDP/GTP nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) in the hematopoietic system. Overexpression of Vav1 in multiple tumor types is known to enhance oncogenicity, yet whether or not Vav1 is a bona fide oncogene is still a matter of debate. Although mutations in Vav1 were recently identified in human cancers of various origins, the functional activities of these mutants are not known. We tested the transforming potential of three mutations identified in human lung adenocarcinoma: E59K, D517E, and L801P. Results from several assays indicative of transforming activities such as rate of proliferation, growth in agar, and generation of tumors in NOD/SCID mice clearly indicated that E59K and D517E are highly transforming but L801P at the SH3 domain is not. The acquired oncogenic activity of these mutants can be attributed to their enhanced activity as GEFs for Rho/Rac GTPases. Deciphering of the mechanisms leading to overactivity of the tested mutants revealed that the E59K mutation facilitates cleavage of a truncated protein that is uncontrollably active as a GEF, while D517E generates a highly stable overexpressed protein that is also more active as a GEF than wild-type Vav1. These findings support the classification of Vav1 as a bona fide oncogene in human cancer.
Elevated expression of a minor isoform of ANK3 is a risk factor for bipolar disorder
Authors: Hughes Timothy , Sønderby Ida E. , Polushina Tatiana , Hansson Lars , Holmgren Asbjørn , Athanasiu Lavinia , Melbø-Jørgensen Christian , Hassani Sahar , Hoeffding Louise K. , Herms Stefan , Bergen Sarah E. , Karlsson Robert , Song Jie , Rietschel Marcella , Nöthen Markus M. , Forstner Andreas J. , Hoffmann Per , Hultman Christina M. , Landén Mikael , Cichon Sven , Werge Thomas , Andreassen Ole A. , Le Hellard Stephanie , Djurovic Srdjan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAnkyrin-3 (ANK3) is one of the few genes that have been consistently identified as associated with bipolar disorder by multiple genome-wide association studies. However, the exact molecular basis of the association remains unknown. A rare loss-of-function splice-site SNP (rs41283526*G) in a minor isoform of ANK3 (incorporating exon ENSE00001786716) was recently identified as protective of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. This suggests that an elevated expression of this isoform may be involved in the etiology of the disorders. In this study, we used novel approaches and data sets to test this hypothesis. First, we strengthen the statistical evidence supporting the allelic association by replicating the protective effect of the minor allele of rs41283526 in three additional large independent samples (meta-analysis p-values: 6.8E–05 for bipolar disorder and 8.2E–04 for schizophrenia). Second, we confirm the hypothesis that both bipolar and schizophrenia patients have a significantly higher expression of this isoform than controls (p-values: 3.3E–05 for schizophrenia and 9.8E–04 for bipolar type I). Third, we determine the transcription start site for this minor isoform by Pacific Biosciences sequencing of full-length cDNA and show that it is primarily expressed in the corpus callosum. Finally, we combine genotype and expression data from a large Norwegian sample of psychiatric patients and controls, and show that the risk alleles in ANK3 identified by bipolar disorder GWAS are located near the transcription start site of this isoform and are significantly associated with its elevated expression. Together, these results point to the likely molecular mechanism underlying ANK3´s association with bipolar disorder.
Disrupted alternative splicing for genes implicated in splicing and ciliogenesis causes PRPF31 retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Buskin Adriana , Zhu Lili , Chichagova Valeria , Basu Basudha , Mozaffari-Jovin Sina , Dolan David , Droop Alastair , Collin Joseph , Bronstein Revital , Mehrotra Sudeep , Farkas Michael , Hilgen Gerrit , White Kathryn , Pan Kuan-Ting , Treumann Achim , Hallam Dean , Bialas Katarzyna , Chung Git , Mellough Carla , Ding Yuchun , Krasnogor Natalio , Przyborski Stefan , Zwolinski Simon , Al-Aama Jumana , Alharthi Sameer , Xu Yaobo , Wheway Gabrielle , Szymanska Katarzyna , McKibbin Martin , Inglehearn Chris F. , Elliott David J. , Lindsay Susan , Ali Robin R. , Steel David H. , Armstrong Lyle , Sernagor Evelyne , Urlaub Henning , Pierce Eric , Lührmann Reinhard , Grellscheid Sushma-Nagaraja , Johnson Colin A. , Lako Majlinda 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMutations in pre-mRNA processing factors (PRPFs) cause autosomal-dominant retinitis pigmentosa (RP), but it is unclear why mutations in ubiquitously expressed genes cause non-syndromic retinal disease. Here, we generate transcriptome profiles from RP11 (PRPF31-mutated) patient-derived retinal organoids and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), as well as Prpf31+/− mouse tissues, which revealed that disrupted alternative splicing occurred for specific splicing programmes. Mis-splicing of genes encoding pre-mRNA splicing proteins was limited to patient-specific retinal cells and Prpf31+/− mouse retinae and RPE. Mis-splicing of genes implicated in ciliogenesis and cellular adhesion was associated with severe RPE defects that include disrupted apical – basal polarity, reduced trans-epithelial resistance and phagocytic capacity, and decreased cilia length and incidence. Disrupted cilia morphology also occurred in patient-derived photoreceptors, associated with progressive degeneration and cellular stress. In situ gene editing of a pathogenic mutation rescued protein expression and key cellular phenotypes in RPE and photoreceptors, providing proof of concept for future therapeutic strategies.
An expression atlas of variant ionotropic glutamate receptors identifies a molecular basis of carbonation sensing
Authors: Sánchez-Alcañiz Juan Antonio , Silbering Ana Florencia , Croset Vincent , Zappia Giovanna , Sivasubramaniam Anantha Krishna , Abuin Liliane , Sahai Saumya Yashmohini , Münch Daniel , Steck Kathrin , Auer Thomas O. , Cruchet Steeve , Neagu-Maier G. Larisa , Sprecher Simon G. , Ribeiro Carlos , Yapici Nilay , Benton Richard 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThrough analysis of the Drosophila ionotropic receptors (IRs), a family of variant ionotropic glutamate receptors, we reveal that most IRs are expressed in peripheral neuron populations in diverse gustatory organs in larvae and adults. We characterise IR56d, which defines two anatomically-distinct neuron classes in the proboscis: one responds to carbonated solutions and fatty acids while the other represents a subset of sugar- and fatty acid-sensing cells. Mutational analysis indicates that IR56d, together with the broadly-expressed co-receptors IR25a and IR76b, is essential for physiological responses to carbonation and fatty acids, but not sugars. We further demonstrate that carbonation and fatty acids both promote IR56d-dependent attraction of flies, but through different behavioural outputs. Our work provides a toolkit for investigating taste functions of IRs, defines a subset of these receptors required for carbonation sensing, and illustrates how the gustatory system uses combinatorial expression of sensory molecules in distinct neurons to coordinate behaviour.
Diverging importance of drought stress for maize and winter wheat in Europe
Authors: Webber Heidi , Ewert Frank , Olesen Jørgen E. , Müller Christoph , Fronzek Stefan , Ruane Alex C. , Bourgault Maryse , Martre Pierre , Ababaei Behnam , Bindi Marco , Ferrise Roberto , Finger Robert , Fodor Nándor , Gabaldón-Leal Clara , Gaiser Thomas , Jabloun Mohamed , Kersebaum Kurt-Christian , Lizaso Jon I. , Lorite Ignacio J. , Manceau Loic , Moriondo Marco , Nendel Claas , Rodríguez Alfredo , Ruiz-Ramos Margarita , Semenov Mikhail A. , Siebert Stefan , Stella Tommaso , Stratonovitch Pierre , Trombi Giacomo , Wallach Daniel 
Published: October 2018

AbstractUnderstanding the drivers of yield levels under climate change is required to support adaptation planning and respond to changing production risks. This study uses an ensemble of crop models applied on a spatial grid to quantify the contributions of various climatic drivers to past yield variability in grain maize and winter wheat of European cropping systems (1984–2009) and drivers of climate change impacts to 2050. Results reveal that for the current genotypes and mix of irrigated and rainfed production, climate change would lead to yield losses for grain maize and gains for winter wheat. Across Europe, on average heat stress does not increase for either crop in rainfed systems, while drought stress intensifies for maize only. In low-yielding years, drought stress persists as the main driver of losses for both crops, with elevated CO2 offering no yield benefit in these years.
Convergent evolution of complex genomic rearrangements in two fungal meiotic drive elements
Authors: Svedberg Jesper , Hosseini Sara , Chen Jun , Vogan Aaron A. , Mozgova Iva , Hennig Lars , Manitchotpisit Pennapa , Abusharekh Anna , Hammond Thomas M. , Lascoux Martin , Johannesson Hanna 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMeiotic drive is widespread in nature. The conflict it generates is expected to be an important motor for evolutionary change and innovation. In this study, we investigated the genomic consequences of two large multi-gene meiotic drive elements, Sk-2 and Sk-3, found in the filamentous ascomycete Neurospora intermedia. Using long-read sequencing, we generated the first complete and well-annotated genome assemblies of large, highly diverged, non-recombining regions associated with meiotic drive elements. Phylogenetic analysis shows that, even though Sk-2 and Sk-3 are located in the same chromosomal region, they do not form sister clades, suggesting independent origins or at least a long evolutionary separation. We conclude that they have in a convergent manner accumulated similar patterns of tandem inversions and dense repeat clusters, presumably in response to similar needs to create linkage between genes causing drive and resistance.