bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of menthol cigarette and other menthol tobacco product bans on tobacco purchases in the RTI iShoppe virtual convenience store
Authors: Guillory Jamie , Kim Annice E , Nonnemaker James M , Bradfield Brian , Taylor Nathaniel Harlan , Dutra Lauren , Feld Ashley 
Published: June 2019

ObjectiveTo test how a potential US ban of menthol products or replacement with ‘green’ products and ads could influence tobacco purchases.MethodsUS adult menthol smokers (N=1197) were recruited via an online panel and randomly assigned to complete a shopping task in one of four versions (experimental conditions) of the RTI iShoppe virtual store: (1) no ban, (2) replacement of menthol cigarettes and ads with green replacement versions, (3) menthol cigarette ban and (4) all menthol tobacco product ban. Logistic regressions assessed the effect of condition on tobacco purchases.ResultsParticipants in the menthol cigarette ban (OR=0.67, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.92) and all menthol product ban conditions (OR=0.60, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.83) were less likely to purchase cigarettes of any type than participants in the no ban condition. Participants in the green replacement (OR=1.74, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.70), menthol cigarette ban (OR=3.40, 95% CI 2.14 to 5.41) and all menthol product ban conditions (OR=3.14, 95% CI 1.97 to 5.01) were more likely to purchase a cigarette brand different from their usual brand than participants in the no ban condition.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that menthol bans could have great public health impact by reducing cigarette purchases. However, tobacco marketing strategies, such as creating green (or other replacement) versions of menthol cigarettes, may undermine public health benefits of a menthol ban by prompting purchases of non-menthol cigarettes. Our findings highlight the importance of taking tobacco marketing tactics into consideration in tobacco product regulation.
High-intensity interval training followed by postexercise cold-water immersion does not alter angiogenic circulating cells, but increases circulating endothelial cells
Authors: Magalhães Flávio de Castro , Aguiar Paula Fernandes , Tossige-Gomes Rosalina , Magalhães Sílvia Mourão , Ottone Vinícius de Oliveira , Fernandes Tiago , Oliveira Edilamar Menezes , Dias-Peixoto Marco Fabrício , Rocha-Vieira Etel , Amorim Fabiano Trigueiro 
Published: June 2019

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) induces vascular adaptations that might be attenuated by postexercise cold-water immersion (CWI). Circulating angiogenic cells (CAC) participate in the vascular adaptations and circulating endothelial cells (CEC) indicate endothelial damage. CAC and CEC are involved in vascular adaptation. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate postexercise CWI during HIIT on CAC and CEC and on muscle angiogenesis-related molecules. Seventeen male subjects performed 13 HIIT sessions followed by 15 min of passive recovery (n = 9) or CWI at 10 °C (n = 8). HIIT comprised cycling (8–12 bouts, 90%–110% peak power). The first and the thirteenth sessions were similar (8 bouts at 90% of peak power). Venous blood was drawn before exercise (baseline) and after the recovery strategy (postrecovery) in the first (pretraining) and in the thirteenth (post-training) sessions. For CAC and CEC identification lymphocyte surface markers (CD133, CD34, and VEGFR2) were used. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were performed pre- and post-training for protein (p-eNOSser1177) and gene (VEGF and HIF-1) expression analysis related to angiogenesis. CAC was not affected by HIIT or postexercise CWI. Postexercise CWI increased acute and baseline CEC number. Angiogenic protein and genes were not differently modulated by post-CWI. HIIT followed by either recovery strategy did not alter CAC number. Postexercise CWI increased a marker of endothelial damage both acutely and chronically, suggesting that this postexercise recovery strategy might cause endothelial damage. Novelty HIIT followed by CWI did not alter CAC. HIIT followed by CWI increased CEC. Postexercise CWI might cause endothelial damage.
The importance of forensic soil science and geology being connected to mainstream forensic science
Authors: Kobus Hilton , Robertson James 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Soil science and geology are specialist disciplines that can make a valuable contribution to forensic science investigations. Despite a resurgence in earth material examination associated with criminal investigations, its full potential has probably not been realized. This paper discusses some of the issues that impact on the effective participation of soil science and geology in a broad forensic science context and why it is important for meaningful partnerships between forensic science service providers and specialist soil science and geology institutions to be established.
Vestibular neurons with direct projections to the solitary nucleus in the rat
Authors: Gagliuso Amelia H. , Chapman Emily K. , Martinelli Giorgio P. , Holstein Gay R. 
Published: June 2019

Anterograde and retrograde tract tracing were combined with neurotransmitter and modulator immunolabeling to identify the chemical anatomy of vestibular nuclear neurons with direct projections to the solitary nucleus in rats. Direct, sparsely branched but highly varicose axonal projections from neurons in the caudal vestibular nuclei to the solitary nucleus were observed. The vestibular neurons giving rise to these projections were predominantly located in ipsilateral medial vestibular nucleus. The cell bodies were intensely glutamate immunofluorescent, and their axonal processes contained vesicular glutamate transporter 2, supporting the interpretation that the cells utilize glutamate for neurotransmission. The glutamate-immunofluorescent, retrogradely filled vestibular cells also contained the neuromodulator imidazoleacetic acid ribotide, which is an endogenous CNS ligand that participates in blood pressure regulation. The vestibulo-solitary neurons were encapsulated by axo-somatic GABAergic terminals, suggesting that they are under tight inhibitory control. The results establish a chemoanatomical basis for transient vestibular activation of the output pathways from the caudal and intermediate regions of the solitary nucleus. In this way, changes in static head position and movement of the head in space may directly influence heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, as well as gastrointestinal motility. This would provide one anatomical explanation for the synchronous heart rate and blood pressure responses observed after peripheral vestibular activation, as well as disorders ranging from neurogenic orthostatic hypotension, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, and vasovagal syncope to the nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Vestibular neurons with direct projections to the solitary nucleus utilize glutamate for neurotransmission, modulated by imidazoleacetic acid ribotide. This is the first direct demonstration of the chemical neuroanatomy of the vestibulo-solitary pathway.
How perceptual ambiguity affects response inhibition processes
Authors: Adelhöfer Nico , Chmielewski Witold X. , Beste Christian 
Published: June 2019

The ability to inhibit responses is a central requirement for goal-directed behavior but has been dominated by a top-down or cognitive control view. Only recently, the role of bottom-up perceptual factors were focused in research. However, studies usually use clearly distinguishable stimulus categories to trigger response execution or inhibition. In the current study, we present a novel Gabor patch Go/No-go task to induce perceptual ambiguity during response inhibition. To examine the neurophysiological processes in detail, we use EEG recordings and combined temporal EEG signal decomposition methods with source localization analyses. We show that perceptual similarity between Go and No-go trials compromises response inhibition performance. Interestingly, the EEG data show that this is due to a modulation of stimulus-response transition or decision processes, and not purely stimulus-related processes. This was possible by applying a temporal EEG decomposition method. We provide evidence that a prefrontal P2 (pP2) likely reflects decision processes on action execution using stimulus information. These processes were associated with superior and middle prefrontal regions (BA8). When these processes fail, occasions to execute a response become misinterpreted as occasions to inhibit a response. Successful and unsuccessful decisions to inhibit a response under high perceptual ambiguity seem to further depend on how well “what-decisions,” supported by neural mechanisms in BA19, can be processed. However, these what-decisions seem to be closely linked to the specification of the required action. Stimulus processing is closely linked to response programming so that response control is already informed when uncertainty with regard to stimulus identity is detected. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study introduces a novel Go/No-go paradigm and shows what neurophysiological subprocesses and functional neuroanatomical are involved during inhibitory control when ambiguous stimulus input is provided. The results show that bottom-up perceptual processes are important to consider during top-down controlled response inhibition. Stimulus processing is closely linked to response programming so that response control is already informed when uncertainty with regard to stimulus identity is detected.
Action potentials and subthreshold potentials of dorsal horn neurons in a rat model of myositis: a study employing intracellular recordings in vivo
Authors: Hoheisel Ulrich , Chacur Marucia , Treede Rolf-Detlef , Mense Siegfried 
Published: June 2019

Intracellular in vivo recordings from rat dorsal horn neurons were made to study the contribution of microglia to the central sensitization of spinal synapses induced by a chronic muscle inflammation. To block microglia activation, minocycline was continuously administered intrathecally during development of the inflammation. The aim was to test whether an inflammation-induced sensitization of dorsal horn neurons is mediated by changes in synaptic strength or other synaptic changes and how activated microglia influence these processes. Intracellular recordings were used to measure subthreshold excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and suprathreshold action potentials (APs). The muscle inflammation significantly increased the proportion of dorsal horn neurons responding with APs or EPSPs to electrical stimulation of the muscle nerve from 27 to 56% ( P < 0.01) and to noxious muscle stimulation (3 vs. 44%, P < 0.01). Neurons showing spontaneous ongoing AP or EPSP activity increased from 28 to 74% ( P < 0.01). Generally, the increases in suprathreshold AP responses did not occur at the expense of subthreshold EPSPs, because EPSP-only responses also increased. Intrathecal minocycline prevented the inflammation-induced increase in responsiveness to electrical (24%, P < 0.02) and mechanical stimulation (14%, P < 0.02); the effect was stronger on suprathreshold APs than on subthreshold EPSPs. The increase in ongoing activity was only partly suppressed. These data suggest that the myositis-induced hypersensitivity of the dorsal horn neurons to peripheral input and its prevention by intrathecal minocycline treatment were due to both an increase in the number of active synapses and an increased synaptic strength. NEW & NOTEWORTHY During a chronic muscle inflammation (myositis), activated microglia controls both the increase in the number of active synapses and the increase in synaptic strength.
Directional interconnectivity of the human amygdala, fusiform gyrus, and orbitofrontal cortex in emotional scene perception
Authors: Frank David W. , Costa Vincent D. , Averbeck Bruno B. , Sabatinelli Dean 
Published: June 2019

The perception of emotionally arousing scenes modulates neural activity in ventral visual areas via reentrant signals from the amygdala. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) shares dense interconnections with amygdala and has been strongly implicated in emotional stimulus processing in primates, but our understanding of the functional contribution of this region to emotional perception in humans is poorly defined. In this study we acquired targeted rapid functional imaging from lateral OFC, amygdala, and fusiform gyrus (FG) over multiple scanning sessions (resulting in over 1,000 trials per participant) in an effort to define the activation amplitude and directional connectivity among these regions during naturalistic scene perception. All regions of interest showed enhanced activation during emotionally arousing, compared with neutral scenes. In addition, we identified bidirectional connectivity between amygdala, FG, and OFC in the great majority of individual subjects, suggesting that human emotional perception is implemented in part via nonhierarchical causal interactions across these three regions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Due to the practical limitations of noninvasive recording methodologies, there is a scarcity of data regarding the interactions of human amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Using rapid functional MRI sampling and directional connectivity, we found that the human amygdala influences emotional perception via distinct interactions with late-stage ventral visual cortex and OFC, in addition to distinct interactions between OFC and fusiform gyrus. Future efforts may leverage these patterns of directional connectivity to noninvasively distinguish clinical groups from controls with respect to network causal hierarchy.
Geoquímica fluvial e balanço de denudação em Tinguaítos de Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais
Authors: Sardinha Diego De Souza , Godoy Letícia Hirata , Conceição Fabiano Tomazini da , Spatti Júnior Eder Paulo , Fernandes Alexandre Martins , Victal Fernando André De Castro Alves , Costa Danilo Augusto Toledo 
Published: June 2019

A Bacia do Córrego da Ariranha, Caldeira Vulcânica de Poços de Caldas, é formada por rochas alcalinas tinguaítos (fonólitos intrusivos). Como não há estudos associados à evolução do relevo em regiões com esse tipo de rocha, o presente trabalho visou à avaliação do balanço de denudação nessa bacia hidrográfica. Para isso, foram realizadas coletas e avaliados os seguintes parâmetros durante um ano hidrológico: vazão (m3/s), precipitação (mm), pH, condutividade elétrica (μS/cm), oxigênio dissolvido (mg/L), sólidos totais dissolvidos (STD) e em suspensão (STS) (mg/L). A média para vazão e temperatura foi de 0,12 m3/s e 20,80ºC, respectivamente. Os valores de pH situaram-se próximos à neutralidade (6,4), a condutividade elétrica variou entre 30 e 78 μS/cm e as concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido, entre 5,4 e 7,9 mg/L. Um total de 15,5 t/km2/ano de material dissolvido foi transportado pelas águas superficiais e um aporte atmosférico de 6,0 t/km2/ano, obtendo-se um fluxo anual de material removido pela alteração química das rochas alcalinas tinguaítos de 9,5 t/km2/ano com uma taxa de alteração de 3,6 m/Ma. Quanto ao material suspenso, aproximadamente 9,9 t/km2/ano foram transportadas pelas drenagens, com um aporte pluvial de 1,2 t/km2/ano. Isso indica um fluxo anual de material removido associado à denudação dos solos da bacia de 8,7 t/km2/ano ou aproximadamente 200 mil anos para alterar 1 metro de solo nas condições climáticas atuais.
Cardiac Afferent Denervation Abolishes Ganglionated Plexi and Sympathetic Responses to Apnea
Authors: Tavares Liliana , Rodríguez-Mañero Moisés , Kreidieh Bahij , Ibarra-Cortez Sergio H. , Chen Jiexiao , Wang Sufen , Markovits Judit , Barrios Roberto , Valderrábano Miguel 
Published: June 2019

Background:
The autonomic nervous system response to apnea and its mechanistic connection to atrial fibrillation (AF) are unclear. We hypothesize that sensory neurons within the ganglionated plexi (GP) play a role. We aimed to delineate the autonomic response to apnea and to test the effects of ablation of cardiac sensory neurons with resiniferatoxin (RTX), a neurotoxic TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 1) agonist.

Methods
Sixteen dogs were anesthetized and ventilated. Apnea was induced by stopping ventilation until oxygen saturations decreased to 80%. Nerve recordings from bilateral vagal nerves, left stellate ganglion, and anterior right GP were obtained before and during apnea, before and after RTX injection in the anterior right GP (protocol 1, n=7). Atrial effective refractory period and AF inducibility on single extrastimulation were assessed before and during apnea, and before and after intrapericardial RTX administration (protocol 2, n=9). GPs underwent immunohistochemical staining for TRPV1.

Results:

Apnea increased anterior right GP activity, followed by clustered crescendo vagal bursts synchronized with heart rate and blood pressure oscillations. On further oxygen desaturation, a tonic increase in stellate ganglion activity and blood pressure ensued. Apnea-induced effective refractory period shortening from 110.20±31.3 ms to 90.6±29.1 ms (
P
<0.001), and AF induction in 9/9 dogs versus 0/9 at baseline. After RTX administration, increases in GP and stellate ganglion activity and blood pressure during apnea were abolished, effective refractory period increased to 126.7±26.9 ms (
P
=0.0001), and AF was not induced. Vagal bursts remained unchanged. GP cells showed cytoplasmic microvacuolization and apoptosis.

Conclusions:
Apnea increases GP activity, followed by vagal bursts and tonic stellate ganglion firing. RTX decreases sympathetic and GP nerve activity, abolishes apnea’s electrophysiological response, and AF inducibility. Sensory neurons play a role in apnea-induced AF.
Renal Effects of Intensive Volume Removal in Heart Failure Patients With Preexisting Worsening Renal Function
Authors: Rao Veena S. , Ahmad Tariq , Brisco-Bacik Meredith A. , Bonventre Joseph V. , Wilson F. Perry , Siew Edward D. , Felker G. Michael , Anstrom Kevin K. , Mahoney Devin D. , Bart Bradley A. , Tang W.H. Wilson , Velazquez Eric J. , Testani Jeffrey M. 
Published: June 2019

Background:
The relationship between intensive volume removal in acute decompensated heart failure patients with preexisting worsening renal function (WRF) and renal tubular injury, postdischarge renal function, and clinical outcomes is unknown.

Methods and Results:

We used data from the multicenter CARRESS-HF trial (Cardiorenal Rescue Study in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure) that randomized patients with acute decompensated heart failure and preexisting WRF to intensive volume removal with stepped pharmacological therapy or fixed rate ultrafiltration. Patients in the urinary renal tubular injury biomarker substudy (NAG [N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase], KIM-1 [kidney injury molecule-1], and NGAL [neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin]) were evaluated (N=105). The severity of prerandomization WRF was unrelated to baseline renal tubular injury biomarkers (
r
=0.14;
P
=0.17). During randomized intensive volume removal, creatinine further worsened in 53% of patients. Despite a small to moderate magnitude increase in creatinine in most of these patients, postrandomization WRF was strongly associated with worsening in renal tubular injury biomarkers (odds ratio, 12.6;
P
=0.004). This observation did not differ by mode of volume removal (stepped pharmacological therapy versus ultrafiltration,
P
interaction
=0.46). Increase in renal tubular injury biomarkers was associated with a higher incidence of hemoconcentration (odds ratio, 3.1;
P
=0.015), and paradoxically, better recovery of creatinine at 60 days (
P
=0.01).

Conclusions:
In acute decompensated heart failure patients with preexisting WRF, intensive volume removal resulted in a further worsening of creatinine approximately half of the time, a finding associated with a rise in tubular injury biomarkers. However, decongestion and renal function recovery at 60 days were superior in patients with increased tubular injury markers. These data suggest that the benefits of decongestion may outweigh any modest or transient increases in serum creatinine or tubular injury markers that occur during intensive volume removal.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00608491.
Mortality From Ischemic Heart Disease
Authors: Nowbar Alexandra N. , Gitto Mauro , Howard James P. , Francis Darrel P. , Al-Lamee Rasha 
Published: June 2019

Background:
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) has been considered the top cause of mortality globally. However, countries differ in their rates and there have been changes over time.

Methods and Results:
We analyzed mortality data submitted to the World Health Organization from 2005 to 2015 by individual countries. We explored patterns in relationships with age, sex, and income and calculated age-standardized mortality rates for each country in addition to crude death rates. In 5 illustrative countries which provided detailed data, we analyzed trends of mortality from IHD and 3 noncommunicable diseases (lung cancer, stroke, and chronic lower respiratory tract diseases) and examined the simultaneous trends in important cardiovascular risk factors. Russia, United States, and Ukraine had the largest absolute numbers of deaths among the countries that provided data. Among 5 illustrative countries (United Kingdom, United States, Brazil, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine), IHD was the top cause of death, but mortality from IHD has progressively decreased from 2005 to 2015. Age-standardized IHD mortality rates per 100 000 people per year were much higher in Ukraine (324) and Kazakhstan (97) than in United States (60), Brazil (54), and the United Kingdom (46), with much less difference in other causes of death. All 5 countries showed a progressive decline in IHD mortality, with a decline in smoking and hypertension and in all cases a rise in obesity and type II diabetes mellitus.

Conclusions:
IHD remains the single largest cause of death in countries of all income groups. Rates are different between countries and are falling in most countries, indicating great potential for further gains. On the horizon, future improvements may become curtailed by increasing hypertension in some developing countries and more importantly global growth in obesity.
Electronic Cigarette Use and Myocardial Infarction Among Adults in the US Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health
Authors: Bhatta Dharma N. , Glantz Stanton A. 
Published: June 2019

Background

E‐cigarettes are popular for smoking cessation and as an alternative to combustible cigarettes. We assess the association between e‐cigarette use and having had a myocardial infarction (
MI
) and whether reverse causality can explain the observed cross‐sectional association between e‐cigarette use and
MI
.

Methods and Results

Cross‐sectional analysis of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Wave 1 for association between e‐cigarette use and having had and
MI
. Longitudinal analysis of Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Waves 1 and 2 for reverse causality analysis. Logistic regression was performed to determine the associations between e‐cigarette initiation and
MI
, adjusting for cigarette smoking, demographic and clinical variables. Every‐day (adjusted odds ratio, 2.25, 95%
CI
: 1.23–4.11) and some‐day (1.99, 95%
CI
: 1.11–3.58) e‐cigarette use were independently associated with increased odds of having had an
MI
with a significant dose‐response (
P
<0.0005). Odds ratio for daily dual use of both products was 6.64 compared with a never cigarette smoker who never used e‐cigarettes. Having had a myocardial infarction at Wave 1 did not predict e‐cigarette use at Wave 2 (
P
>0.62), suggesting that reverse causality cannot explain the cross‐sectional association between e‐cigarette use and
MI
observed at Wave 1.

Conclusions
Some‐day and every‐day e‐cigarette use are associated with increased risk of having had a myocardial infarction, adjusted for combustible cigarette smoking. Effect of e‐cigarettes are similar as conventional cigarette and dual use of e‐cigarettes and conventional cigarettes at the same time is risker than using either product alone.