bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Thrombotic Side Effects of II, VII, IX and X Concentrates
Authors: Johnson A. J. , Macdonald V. E. , Brandt D. , Middleton S. , Smith J. K. 
Published: June 2019

Well documented thrombotic side effects of II, VII, IX and X concentrates are thought to be due to spontaneous partial activation of one or more coagulation factors. Using the unactivated PTT method of Kingdon and the thrombin time as global assays of activation, we have confirmed this concept. It has been suggested that heparin should be added to the concentrate, but preparations vary in antithrombin content and activated factor. The amount of heparin for each preparation would have to be titrated in order to neutralize the activated factors without anticoagulating the patient. We sought to extend the range of added heparin without producing an anticoagulant effect, by adding heparin to the concentrates prior to use of the PEG fractionation method to remove the hepatitis antigen. Thus, heparin-activated antithrombin III can inhibit activated clotting factors while residual free heparin is removed by PEG fractionation. When 1 unit of heparin per mg of protein in the concentrate was added prior to PEG treatment, the final products from more than 80 runs on 15 batches (3 major manufacturers) were almost invariably neutral; neither anticoagulated nor activated. The thrombin clotting time, when measured, was 6-24 hours. The average yield with use of the PEG fractionation method was 85%; depending on the initial purity of the concentrate, the final product had an additional purification of 1.0-2.5 X that of the starting material.(Supported in part by USPHS Grant HL 15596 and HRC (N.Y.) 1-681.)
Improved Factor VIII Yield in Cryoprecipitate Using a Quick Thaw Technique
Authors: Davidson J. F. , McAdam J. H. , Mackenzie M. J. , Kavanagh M. L. 
Published: June 2019

Standard Cryoprecipitate was prepared from fresh citrate phosphatedextrose plasma by snap freezing at —70° C and then thawing at +4° C in air for 18 hours. In 143 experiments the yield of Factor VIII from the starting plasma was 42%.In 64 paired experiments the Factor VIII yield in Cryoprecipitate from fresh plasma was increased, from 43% in the standard method to 56% when a quick thaw of 50 minutes at +4° C in a liquid bath was introduced. In 10 other paired experiments the yield in the standard method was raised from 51% to 61% when 90 minutes of super-cooling at —6° C in a liquid bath was introduced prior to snap freezing. When, however, the quick thaw and super-cooling modifications were combined in 42 paired experiments, the yield was only 49% compared with 42% by the standard method.It is concluded that this simple quick thaw modification will produce a greater yield of Factor VIII in Cryoprecipitate and that the addition of the technically more demanding super-cooling modification does not give a significantly greater yield.It seems likely that the longer period at +4° C in the standard method leads to denaturation of a proportion of the Factor VIII and loss of activity. Factor VIII antigen, however, was not lost. In a smaller number of experiments approximately all the Factor VIII was recovered in the Cryoprecipitate and its supernatant. Furthermore, the relative proportions of Factor VIII antigen and procoagulant in the Cryoprecipitate were found to vary in concert suggesting that the Factor VIII molecule is not dissociated in the process of cryoprecipitation.
C1-Inactivator as a Determining Factor in Contact Activation of Fibrinolysis
Authors: Kluft C. 
Published: June 2019

The rate of contact activation of fibrinolysis is considered to reflect the activation rate of proactivator and Hageman factor. This study was undertaken to determine the role of Cl-inactivator in this process.Contact activation of fibrinolysis was performed according to Ogston et al. (1969), J. Clin. Invest. 48, 1786-1801. The rate of activity generation was measured in plasma with various levels of Cl-inactivator and appeared to be dependent on that level; i.e., a high level of Cl-inactivator corresponds with a slow rate of activity generation.It has recently been demonstrated that the fibrinolytic activity of euglobulin fractions is strongly inhibited by Cl-inactivator also present in this fraction. The activity generation of contact activation is found to be accompanied by a gradual decrease in functional Cl-inactivator in the euglobulin fraction. The fibrinolytic activity is set free by this disappearance of inhibition.It is concluded that the rate of contact activation of fibrinolysis must be interpreted in terms of the inactivation of Cl-inactivator rather than of the activation of proenzymes. All enzymes capable of inactivating Cl-inactivator can contribute to the process of contact activation of fibrinolysis. This mechanism might account for the observed defects in fibrinolysis in vitro in Fletcher Factor deficient patients.
Disappearance Rate ot the Anticoagulant Effect of Heparin
Authors: de Swart C.A.M. , Nijmeijer A. , Akkerman J. W. N. , Sixma J. J. 
Published: June 2019

The disappearance of the anticoagulant activity of a intravenously administered well-defined commercial heparin was followed in human and dogs utilizing a diluted activated partial thromboplastin time (Marder) and an anti-Xa-assay (Tin). The anticoagulant activity was followed after the injection of a large single dose. More accurate determination of the relation between heparin level and disappearance rate was achieved by continuous infusion with different heparin dosages. The anticoagulant effect was linearly related with dosage administered above a certain minimum threshold. This is in agreement with disappearance curves obtained after a single injection that can be described by the formula:(in which S represents the heparin activity, K1 and K2 represent constants and K3 is the integration constant).
References: Marder, V. J.: A simple technique for the measurement of plasma heparin concentration during anticoagulant therapy. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 24, 230–239, 1970.Yin, E. T., Wessler, S.: Plasma heparin: A unique, practical, submicrogram sensitive assay. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 81, 298-310, 1973.
Study of Haemostasis in Schoenlein-Henoch’s Syndrome
Authors: Boros Gy. , Sámik J. , Gofman Ljubov , Nagv Judit , Deák Gy. , Hámori A. 
Published: June 2019

Blood coagulation, thrombocyte function and capillary resistance were studied in 21 adult patients with Schoenlein-Henoch’s syndrome. 20 different tests were carried out at different stages of the disease. In 2 cases skin, in 1 mesocolon and in 10 kidneys were examined histologicaly (light microscopy, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy).Capillary permeability was increased at least once in every patient. All patients but 2 were characterized by hypercoagulability. In addition to thrombotic changes, an increase in labile fibrinogen was detected in the serum of 12 patients, and thrombin time was prolonged in 11 patients on 31 occasions. Plasma fibrinolytic activity was increased in 11 patients. Fibrin deposition was demonstrable in the skin of 2 in the mesocolon of 1 and in the kidneys of 7 patients.It is suggested that besides the capillaropathy a coagulation defect, resembling consumption coagulopathy is a characteristic of Schoenlein-Henoch’s syndrome.
Abnormal Blood Yield Stress as an Aetiological Factor in Postoperative Deep Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Humphreys W. V. , Walker A. , Charlesworth D. 
Published: June 2019

An elevated blood viscosity could lead to increased venous stasis and a higher incidence of post-operative deep vein thrombosis. Immediately preoperatively we have measured, using a Contraves low shear 2 viscometer, blood yield stress and viscosity at high and low shear rate in 28 general surgical patients. These patients were then screened by the standard I125 fibrinogen technique to detect the development of deep vein thrombosis post-operatively.13 patients developed a deep vein thrombosis. These patients had a significantly higher blood yield stress, corrected to a standard haemoerit of 45%, than the others (P < 0.01 students t). All other viscosity parameters were normal in these patients. Patients with malignant disease had a very high incidence of thrombosis (90%: 30%) and significantly higher yield stress values (mean 0.26 dynes/cm2: mean 0.194 dynes/cm2, P < 0.0005 students t) compared to patients with benign disease.We conclude that a high blood yield stress could be an important aetiological factor in thrombosis and the high values obtained in patients with malignant disease could partly explain the high incidence in these patients.
Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins Implicated in Ristocetin-Induced Aggregation
Authors: Jenkins C. S. P. , Phillips D. P. , Clemetson K. J. , Meyer Dominique , Larrieu Marie-José 
Published: June 2019

Ristocetin induces aggregation of platelets in the presence of Willebrand Factor. Certain preparations of ristocetin when preincubated with washed normal platelets render the platelets less responsive to the addition of Willebrand Factor. It has been demonstrated that such preparations are contaminated with a proteolytic enzyme(s). Platelets treated in this way with different ristocetin preparations were analysed using disc gel electrophoresis. Membrane glycoproteins I and II were depleted only when using contaminated ristocetin preparations. Platelets labelled with 3H-adenine when treated with this ristocetin did not demonstrate leakage of 3H-labelled material, thus showing that the platelet membrane remained intact.Platelets were treated with proteolytic enzymes of known specificities and following further washing were tested in an aggregating system consisting of ristocetin and Willebrand Factor. The aggregation response was markedly reduced compared to control platelets. These results point to the glycoproteins of the platelet membrane being part of the receptor for the ristocetin-Willebrand Factor complex.
Low Dose Heparin Versus Oral Anticoagulants in the Prevention of Postoperative Venous Thrombosis in Gynecology
Authors: Schaer A. E. , Huber L. , Bader P. , Baertschi U. , Morf P. 
Published: June 2019

In a randomised trial involving 458 patients low dose heparin, peri- and postoperatively given subcutaneousely (Liquemin subcutan Roche) 2 × 5000 U twice daily for one week, was compared with oral anticoagulants. Deep vein thrombosis, diagnosed clinically and by the 125-J-fibrinogen test, was less frequent in the heparin group (2,3%/4,6%). However, the incidence of pulmonary embolism was rather high (6 cases in the heparin group, only one with oral anticoagulants). Mild postoperative hemorrhage occured more often with heparin, but the incidence of severe hemorrhage remained the same (4,5%).These results suggest to examine a combination of the two methods: low dose heparin perioperatively, oral anticoagulants in the postoperative course.
Heparin Precipitable Fraction (HPF, “Cryofibrinogen”) from Dermatological Patients
Authors: Fyrand O. , Kierulf P. , Solum N. O. 
Published: June 2019

Heparinized plasma from certain dermatological patients mainly with psoriasis arthropathica demonstrated a precipitable fraction (HPF) when left at 4° C for 12 hours. The yield of isolated HPF-protein was 1.5-6.5 mg per ml of plasma, the clottability being of about 50-85 per cent. HPF consisted of three main components, fibrinogen, albumin and an unidentified protein (X-component). SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol demonstrated the fibrinogen subunit chains to be of normal molecular weights. Quantitative N-terminal analysis demonstrated insignificant amounts of N-terminal glycine, indicating at most traces of soluble fibrin in the isolated HPF. Out of 21 patients with HPF 18 showed a negative ethanol gelation test in plasma, and 17 had no detectable FDP in serum.The X-component was separated from albumin, subsequent to the removal of fibrinogen by heat precipitation (56° C-10 min), as a precipiatating complex with concanavalin A and could be separated from this by a gel filtration on Sephadex G 150 after dissolution of the complex in 0.5 M α-methyl-D-glucoside/0.3 M NaCl.A possible interpretation is that HPF consists of a complex between essentially normal fibrinogen and the unidentified X-component with albumin as a main contaminant. The nature of the X-component and its quantitation in plasma in normal and pathological conditions are under study.
Thrombokinetic Study for Evaluation of Anti-Platelet Agents on Cardio-Vascular Disorders
Authors: Kuramoto A. , Ihara A. , Taketomi Y. , Uchino H. , Taguchi K. 
Published: June 2019

To predict and establish the early prophylactic therapy in thrombogenic disorders, we applied 51Cr-labeled platelet survival study (Acta Haemat. Jap. 29, 809, 1966) along with body scanning, to detect early stage of platelet deposition (platelet adhesion) on the injured vascular endothelium and surface of artificial heart valve(s).In a case of diffuse thromboangitis, markedly decreased survival (T½ = 0.65 days) was noticed with increased platelet turn over (PTO), which reflected increased number of megakaryocyte in the bone marrow. In a case of diffuse skeletal haemangioma, 51Cr-labeled platelets were sequestered in the involoved bone, with short T½ (= 3.4 days) but minimal destruction in reticuloendothelial system. Eight cases under post operative observation after artificial valve replacement with high dose of dipyridamole, showed short survival (T½ = 3.48±0.75), slightly decreased recovery (40.67±16.7%), and two to three times increase of PTO. In two of them, we could forecast thrombotic episodes prior to clinical manifestation based on short survival (T½ = 2.3 and 2.6 days respectively), in spite of marked decrease of glass beads retension. The group under the therapy; e.g. dipyridamole and aspirin, are under investigation.
Fibrin Monomer Polymerization in Liver Disease
Authors: Green G. , Dymock I. W. , Thomson Jean M. , Poller L. 
Published: June 2019

Despite a few reports of abnormal fibrin monomer polymerization in liver disease, particularly primary hepatoma, the true incidence of this phenomenon remains to be determined. The unexplained frequency of prolongation of the thrombin-fibrinogen and reptilase times in such patients suggest it is more common than previously suspected.Over a hundred patients with hepatocellular dysfunction or jaundice have been screened for evidence of abnormal fibrinogen polymerization by a calorimetric method utilizing reptilase. The results have been compared with normal controls and patients with diverse diseases but normal liver function.Of the patients with primary hepatocellular disease such as cirrhosis and acute liver damage over a quarter exhibited abnormal fibrinogen polymerization. In addition these same patients had prolonged thrombin-fibrinogen and reptilase times, this latter test being the most reliable single index of the presence of abnormal polymerization.In patients with jaundice due to extra-hepatic biliary obstruction abnormal fibrin monomer polymerization was not observed.These findings may have important implications in the aetiology of the coagulation defect of liver disease.
Emerging Factors Implicated in Fibrotic Organ–Associated Thrombosis: The Case of Two Organs
Authors: Leiva Orly , Bekendam Roelof H. , Garcia Brenda D. , Thompson Cristal , Cantor Alan , Chitalia Vipul , Ravid Katya 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThrombosis is at the heart of cardiovascular complications observed in specific diseases. A heightened thrombosis risk above that in general population in diseases such as myelofibrosis and chronic kidney disease implicates disease-specific mediators of thrombosis. This relative lack of information regarding the mechanisms of thrombosis in specific organ pathologies hitherto has remained limited. Evolving literature implicates some soluble factors in the blood of patients with discrete disorders, inflicting fundamental changes in the components of thrombosis. In this era of precision medicine, integrating these disease-specific factors in a comprehensive thrombotic risk assessment of patients is imperative in guiding therapeutic decisions. A complex network of mechanisms regulates each organ pathology and resultant thrombotic phenotypes. This review surveys different effectors of thrombogenicity associated with two pathologically fibrotic organs used as model systems, the bone marrow and kidney, as well as focuses attention to a common inducer of fibrosis and thrombosis, lysyl oxidase.
Comparing executive functions in monolinguals and bilinguals
Authors: Whitford Veronica , Luk Gigi 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Research on bilingualism and executive functions has primarily focused on the presence or absence of an advantage, based on group comparisons between monolinguals and bilinguals. This research rests on two assumptions: first, that participant groups are mutually exclusive, and second, that important statistical practices are upheld. These assumptions, however, are linked to participant-related characteristics and data diagnostic procedures, which are often underreported. Importantly, bilingualism is a dynamic experience, reflecting how individuals interact with their environment through different languages. This interactional experience is essential for grouping participants within studies, and for drawing comparisons across studies. This paper addresses why claims based on between-group investigations of bilingualism and executive functions are insufficient, particularly when research contexts are not considered, and proposes future research directions for the field.
Referring expressions and executive functions in bilingualism
Authors: Sorace Antonella 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Recent research has shown that the bilingual experience has positive effects on non-linguistic cognition (Bialystok, 2009; Costa & Sebastian-Gallés, 2014) but also negative effects on language, for example on vocabulary size and lexical fluency (Pearson et al., 1993). While most of the linguistic ‘disadvantages’ of bilingualism have been discussed in the lexical domain, this question is scaled up here to the sentence level and a novel theoretical framework is proposed which explicitly connects psychological and linguistic research. It is suggested that the bilingual experience may (a) affect the reciprocal interactions between language and general cognition, and (b) modulate the relation between components of executive functions. These effects may in turn influence the processing of particular linguistic structures, such as anaphoric expressions, and lead to bilingual-monolingual differences that could be regarded as ‘disadvantages’ but are in fact the result of normal adaptive changes due to the bilingual experience. Future experimental research validating this proposal may benefit both linguistic models of anaphora resolution and psychological models of cognitive control in monolinguals and bilinguals.
Effects of dense code-switching on executive control
Authors: Hofweber Julia , Marinis Theodoros , Treffers-Daller Jeanine 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Bilingualism is reported to re-structure executive control networks, but it remains unknown which aspects of the bilingual experience cause this modulation. This study explores the impact of three code-switching types on executive functions: (1) alternation, (2) insertion, and (3) dense code-switching or congruent lexicalization. Current models hypothesize that different code-switching types challenge different aspects of the executive system because they vary in the extent and scope of language separation. Two groups of German-English bilinguals differing in dense code-switching frequency participated in a flanker task under conditions varying in degree of trial-mixing and resulting demands to conflict monitoring. Bilinguals engaging in more dense code-switching showed inhibitory advantages in the condition requiring most conflict monitoring. Moreover, dense code-switching frequency correlated positively with monitoring skills. This suggests that dense code-switching is a key experience shaping bilinguals’ executive functioning and highlights the importance of controlling for participants’ code-switching habits in bilingualism research.
Putting together bilingualism and executive function
Authors: Valian Virginia 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Three important issues bear on understanding the connection between bilingualism and executive function. The first is the absence of a fine-grained task analysis for executive functions and other cognitive processes. The second is the absence of a theory of the cognitive mechanisms underlying the deployment of two or more languages and thus the absence of a solid basis on which to make predictions about what domain-general performances, if any, bilinguals should excel in. The third is the relation between neural and behavioral consequences of bilingualism. These three issues must be taken in account in trying to understand the variability among findings showing benefits of bilingualism for executive function.
Interactions among speed of processing, cognitive control, age, and bilingualism
Authors: Marton Klara , Gazman Zhamilya 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Bilingual children often exhibit superior speed of processing compared to monolingual peers in cognitive control tasks (e.g., Bialystok, 2010). In this chapter, we focus on the interactions among processing speed, cognitive control, age, and bilingualism. Individual differences in speed of processing reflect variation in participants’ skills and in task complexity. The more complex a task, the more cognitive control is involved (Cepeda, Blackwell, & Munakata, 2013). Age also interacts with speed of processing and cognitive control; the same speed of processing task may require more and/or different cognitive control processes at different ages. Furthermore, in bilingual children, speed of processing and cognitive control are associated with different components of their bilingual experience, such as language proficiency and age of acquisition. The cognitive control account (Cohen, 2017) provides a useful framework for studying information processing in bilingual children because it emphasizes the flexibility and adaptation of the cognitive system in response to changing contexts.
Teasing apart factors influencing executive function performance in bilinguals and monolinguals at different ages
Authors: Gathercole Virginia C. Mueller , Thomas Enlli Mon , Viñas Guasch Nestor , Kennedy Ivan , Prys Cynog , Young Nia , Roberts Emily J. , Hughes Emma K. , Jones Leah 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This study attempts to tease apart a variety of factors that may contribute to performance on executive function tasks. Data from the Simon task are re-examined to determine the contributions of age, SES, language proficiency/vocabulary, general cognitive performance, and bilingualism on performance. The results suggest influence from a variety of factors, with major contributions from relative age and from language proficiency, as measured by vocabulary. Bilingualism showed some effect in relation to older adults’ accuracy of performance, in both congruent and incongruent conditions, but not to reaction time.