bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use It or Lose It? Predicting Learning Transfer of Relationship and Marriage Education Among Child Welfare Professionals
Authors: Schramm David G. , Galovan Adam , Futris Ted G. , Kanter Jeremy B. 
Published: January 2019

ObjectiveFollowing a training in relationship and marriage education (RME), examine whether applying information at 2 months is associated with application at 6 months and how participants' confidence, utility, and self‐efficacy is associated with learning transfer and application at 2 months posttraining.BackgroundChild welfare professionals are required to receive numerous trainings each year with the expectation of understanding, retaining, and transferring this learning into practice.MethodWith a sample of 324 child welfare professionals across 5 states who completed a 1‐day training in RME, we used structural equation modeling with participant self‐efficacy, utility, and confidence as predictors of application of RME concepts at 2 months posttraining. We also assessed how application of RME concepts at 2 months predicted self‐efficacy, confidence, and application at 6 months.ResultsOnly the combined effect of both higher self‐efficacy and higher utility was related to applying concepts at 2 months. Those who apply the concepts at 2 months are more likely both to report higher confidence at 6 months and to apply the concepts at 6 months.ConclusionsEvaluations of trainings should move beyond measurement of immediate learning outcomes to better understanding how to motivate immediate learning transfer.ImplicationsIf participants do not feel like they have actually learned new skills and, more importantly, do not implement the skills with individuals or clients soon after a training, they will be much less likely to use them in the future. A combination of learning concrete principles and skills with confidence they can implement the materials may result in future implementation.
A catchment‐scale perspective of plastic pollution
Authors: Windsor Fredric M. , Durance Isabelle , Horton Alice A. , Thompson Richard C. , Tyler Charles R. , Ormerod Steve J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPlastic pollution is distributed across the globe, but compared with marine environments, there is only rudimentary understanding of the distribution and effects of plastics in other ecosystems. Here, we review the transport and effects of plastics across terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments. We focus on hydrological catchments as well‐defined landscape units that provide an integrating scale at which plastic pollution can be investigated and managed. Diverse processes are responsible for the observed ubiquity of plastic pollution, but sources, fluxes and sinks in river catchments are poorly quantified. Early indications are that rivers are hotspots of plastic pollution, supporting some of the highest recorded concentrations. River systems are also likely pivotal conduits for plastic transport among the terrestrial, floodplain, riparian, benthic and transitional ecosystems with which they connect. Although ecological effects of micro‐ and nanoplastics might arise through a variety of physical and chemical mechanisms, consensus and understanding of their nature, severity and scale are restricted. Furthermore, while individual‐level effects are often graphically represented in public media, knowledge of the extent and severity of the impacts of plastic at population, community and ecosystem levels is limited. Given the potential social, ecological and economic consequences, we call for more comprehensive investigations of plastic pollution in ecosystems to guide effective management action and risk assessment. This is reliant on (a) expanding research to quantify sources, sinks, fluxes and fates of plastics in catchments and transitional waters both independently as a major transport routes to marine ecosystems, (b) improving environmentally relevant dose–response relationships for different organisms and effect pathways, (c) scaling up from studies on individual organisms to populations and ecosystems, where individual effects are shown to cause harm and; (d) improving biomonitoring through developing ecologically relevant metrics based on contemporary plastic research.
Coagulation factor VIII is vital for increasing global coagulation after physical exercise
Authors: Ljungkvist Marcus , Olofsson Henric , Funding Eva , Berntorp Erik , Zetterberg Eva 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundIn a previous smaller study, we found evidence of a diminished global coagulation capacity after maximal exercise in patients with severe haemophilia A (HA).AimTo validate these results, we repeated the study in a larger cohort. We also examined if the exercise‐induced increased levels of von Willebrand factor (VWF) might prolong the effect of factor concentrate administered just before exercise.MethodsWe studied individual and global coagulation parameters after maximal physical exercise in 10 persons with severe HA and 10 healthy matched control subjects. Blood samples were taken before, 10 minutes, 60 minutes and 4 hours after exercise.ResultsRotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) and thrombin generation assay‐calibrated automated thrombogram (TGA‐CAT) showed significantly increased coagulation capacity after maximal exercise in healthy controls but not in patients with severe HA. VWF antigen and activity levels increased significantly in both groups, whereas FVIII:C only showed a significant increase in the control group. No statistically significant differences were seen between FVIII pharmacokinetic results obtained with and without exercise.ConclusionOur findings do not support the presence of a FVIII‐independent mechanism that increases global coagulation, but rather underscores the importance of FVIII in mediating the increased coagulation capacity seen after exercise. Our results could not support the hypothesis that exercise‐induced increased levels of VWF for patients with severe HA lead to a prolonged effect of factor concentrate administered just before exercise.
Migraine Age of Onset and Association With Ischemic Stroke in Late Life: 20 Years Follow‐Up in ARIC
Authors: Androulakis X. Michelle , Sen Souvik , Kodumuri Nishanth , Zhang Tianming , Grego John , Rosamond Wayne , Gottesman Rebecca F. , Shahar Eyal , Peterlin B. Lee 
Published: January 2019

Background and PurposeTo evaluate the association between cumulative exposure to migraine and incidence of ischemic stroke in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.MethodsIn this ongoing, prospective longitudinal community‐based cohort, participants were interviewed to ascertain migraine history at the third visit (1993–1995), followed for ischemic stroke incidence over 20 years. We performed a post hoc analysis to evaluate the association between the age of migraine onset and ischemic stroke.ResultsWe identified 447 migraineurs with aura (MA) and 1128 migraineurs without aura (MO) among 11,592 black and white participants. There was an association between the age of MA onset ≥50 years old (average duration = 4.75 years) and ischemic stroke when compared to no headache group (multivariable adjusted HR = 2.17, 95% CI [1.39–3.39], P < .001). MA onset <50 years old (average duration = 28.17 years) was not associated with stroke (multivariable adjusted HR = 1.31, 95% CI [0.86–2.02], P = .212). These results were consistent with our logistic regression model. MO was not associated with increased stroke regardless of the age of onset. The absolute risk for stroke in migraine with aura is 37/447 (8.27%) and migraine without aura is 48/1128 (4.25%).ConclusionAs compared to the no headache participants, increased stroke risk in late life was observed in participants with late onset of MA. In this cohort, longer cumulative exposure to migraine with visual aura, as would be expected with early onset of migraine, was not associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke in late life. This study underscores the importance of the age of onset of MA in assessing stroke risk in older migraineurs.
European Society of Endodontology position statement: Management of deep caries and the exposed pulp
Authors:   European Society of Endodontology (ESE) developed by:, Duncan H. F. , Galler K. M. , Tomson P. L. , Simon S. , El‐Karim I. , Kundzina R. , Krastl G. , Dammaschke T. , Fransson H. , Markvart M. , Zehnder M. , Bjørndal L. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis position statement on the management of deep caries and the exposed pulp represents the consensus of an expert committee, convened by the European Society of Endodontology (ESE). Preserving the pulp in a healthy state with sustained vitality, preventing apical periodontitis and developing minimally invasive biologically based therapies are key themes within contemporary clinical endodontics. The aim of this statement was to summarize current best evidence on the diagnosis and classification of deep caries and caries‐induced pulpal disease, as well as indicating appropriate clinical management strategies for avoiding and treating pulp exposure in permanent teeth with deep or extremely deep caries. In presenting these findings, areas of controversy, low‐quality evidence and uncertainties are highlighted, prior to recommendations for each area of interest. A recently published review article provides more detailed information and was the basis for this position statement (Bjørndal et al. 2019, International Endodontic Journal, doi:10.1111/iej.13128). The intention of this position statement is to provide the practitioner with relevant clinical guidance in this rapidly developing area. An update will be provided within 5 years as further evidence emerges.
ENHANCING EFFORT SUPPLY WITH PRIZE‐AUGMENTING ENTRY FEES: THEORY AND EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Hammond Robert G. , Liu Bin , Lu Jingfeng , Riyanto Yohanes E. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractEntry fees are widely observed in contests. We study the effect of a prize‐augmenting entry fee on expected total effort in an all‐pay auction setting where the contestants' abilities are private information. An entry fee reduces equilibrium entry but can enhance the entrants' effort supply. Our theoretical model demonstrates that the optimal entry fee is strictly positive and finite. In a laboratory experiment, we empirically test the effect of entry fees on effort supply. Our results provide strong support for the notion that a principal can elicit higher effort using an appropriately set entry fee to augment the prize purse.
Preparation and characterisation of novelty food preservatives by Maillard reaction between ε‐polylysine and reducing sugars
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Hong , Zeng Xin‐An , Brennan Charles S. , Ma Haile , Aadil Rana Muhammad 
Published: January 2019

SummaryIn order to enhance the application scope and usage effect of ε‐polylysine, it was modified by Maillard reaction through endowing antioxidant activity. Characterisations of different type of reaction systems were investigated. Results showed that with increased heating treatment time at constant 90 °C and UV‐Vis absorbance at 294 and 420 nm, fluorescence intensity of modified products were increased. DPPH radical scavenging activity of modified products from D‐glucose (D‐Glc), D‐fructose (D‐Fru) and D‐xylose (D‐Xyl) was increased to 40.5%, 44.0% and 69.4%, and the reducing power was increased to 0.9, 1.0 and 1.3 respectively (P < 0.05). Moreover, compared with ε‐polylysin, three types of modified products have similar antibacterial property. In addition, three types of modified products showed low cytotoxicity against the cultured human HepG2 cells in vitro. Therefore, the modified products derived from ε‐polylysine model could be used as potential food preservatives.
Evaluation of the suitability of the World Health Organization International Reference Reagent for Hb A2 quantitation (89/666) for continued use
Authors: De la Salle Barbara , Stephens Adrian D. , Wild Barbara J. , Harteveld Cornelis L. , Hyde Keith 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe accurate determination of Hb A2 is a key marker when screening for a β‐thalassaemia carrier. Data from external quality assessment (EQA) exercises have shown a lack of alignment of Hb A2 quantitation both within and between methods. The only reference material available for Hb A2 quantitative assay at the time of writing is the World Health Organization International Reference Reagent (89/666; WHO IRR) prepared in the 1980s and not validated for all current methodologies.MethodThe WHO IRR was analysed for Hb A2 concentration by 52 laboratories using a representative range of high‐performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis analysers. The results of the analysis were compared to those of a whole blood EQA specimen of similar Hb A2 concentration, distributed in the same week.ResultsThe mean Hb A2 value obtained for the WHO IRR was 5.17%, compared to the assigned value of 5.3%. The range of results returned was wide (4.0%‐6.2%), with differences in the results observed by between and within analyser groups. A similar range of results was seen with the whole blood sample, although the bias observed between analyser types was different from that seen with the WHO IRR.ConclusionThe results may indicate a lack of commutability of the WHO IRR material, resulting from deterioration, matrix effects or changes in reagent formulation or calibration parameters. Further examination of the suitability of the WHO IRR (89/666) for continued use is required.
The combined influence of Mg and Ca on microstructural evolution of alumina
Authors: Moshe Ruth , Kaplan Wayne D. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe solubility limits of Ca and Mg co‐doped in alumina at 1600°C were determined by equilibrating alumina saturated with Ca and Mg. This resulted in the formation of MgAl2O4 (Mg spinel), CaO·6Al2O3 (CA6), Ca2Mg2Al28O46 (CAM‐II), and alumina grains saturated with Mg and Ca. Under these conditions, the amount of Ca and Mg in the alumina grains represents the solubility limits. The solubility limits were measured using a fully standardized wavelength dispersive spectrometer mounted on a scanning electron microscope. In the co‐doped state, the solubility limit of Ca in alumina was 32 ± 13 ppm, and the solubility limit of Mg in alumina was 210 ± 43 ppm. The presence of Ca results in an increase of the solubility limit of Mg in alumina from 132 to 210 ppm, suggesting that the increased Mg in solution results in more Mg excess at the alumina grain boundaries, thus contributing to a decreased grain‐boundary mobility by solute‐drag.
Effect of fluorine and CaO/Al2O3 mass ratio on the viscosity and structure of CaO–Al2O3‐based mold fluxes
Authors: Shao Hanqing , Gao Erzhuo , Wang Wanlin , Zhang Lei 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe effect of CaO/Al2O3 mass ratio (C/A) and fluorine content on the viscosity and structure of CaO–Al2O3‐based mold fluxes has been researched in this paper. The viscosity results indicated that increasing fluorine only slightly decreases the viscosity of the slag melt, and higher C/A is also observed to decrease the viscosity of molten slag when the C/A changes from 1.3 to 1.7. Structural analysis of the as‐quenched fluxes using the Raman spectroscopy showed that the amounts of Al–O0 and Si–O–Al structural units all decrease with higher fluorine content and C/A, indicating that a depolymerization of the molten structure is occurring. The results of 27Al and 19F magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance showed that fluorine tends to participate in the network structure and coordinate with Al3+ ions to form complex ionic clusters. The results suggested that the role of fluorine in the CaO–Al2O3‐based slag system is different from the traditional slag system in which fluorine only acts as a diluent, thus reducing the effect of fluorine on lowering the viscosity. In addition, the coordination environment of Al3+ ions can be simplified by higher C/A through promoting the generation of [AlO4]− tetrahedral structures. Besides, the free O2− ions provided by excess CaO would break the Al–O0 bonds and further depolymerize the network structure, thereby decrease the viscosity.
Moving towards engaged learning in STEM domains; there is no simple answer, but clearly a road ahead
Authors: de Jong Ton 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWhat is the best approach to educating students is, evidently, the pivotal question in educational research. In the general debate on this question, clear positions are often taken―for example, whether teacher‐led instruction or more student‐directed approaches should be followed. In the current narrative review, this central question and the different stances taken are explored for a specific field of learning, STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) domains. The current article starts with an argument as to why the traditional, more directive teacher‐led educational approach to STEM learning may not always lead to deep conceptual knowledge and proposes exploring more engaged forms of learning. More specifically, a particular arrangement for engaged learning, inquiry learning, is taken as an example in this exploration. It is argued that the effects of educational methods are influenced by a multitude of (interacting) factors related to student and teacher characteristics, context, domain, frequency of use, timing, and probably more. Therefore, this article tries to outline a more nuanced and balanced stance towards choosing educational approaches. A picture is presented to show that adopting and combining different approaches, at both the lesson and the curricular levels, may be necessary to reach optimal levels of learning. Existing and upcoming technologies may play a decisive role in realizing this more complex, but also more realistic view of learning in STEM.
Canagliflozin, a sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, normalizes renal susceptibility to type 1 cardiorenal syndrome through reduction of renal oxidative stress in diabetic rats
Authors: Kimura Yukishige , Kuno Atsushi , Tanno Masaya , Sato Tatsuya , Ohno Kouhei , Shibata Satoru , Nakata Kei , Sugawara Hirohito , Abe Koki , Igaki Yusuke , Yano Toshiyuki , Miki Takayuki , Miura Tetsuji 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAims/IntroductionType 2 diabetes mellitus is a risk factor of acute kidney injury after myocardial infarction (MI), a form of cardiorenal syndrome. Recent clinical trials have shown that a sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor improved both cardiac and renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, but effects of an SGLT2 inhibitor on cardiorenal syndrome remain unclear.Materials and MethodsType 2 diabetes mellitus (Otsuka Long‐Evans Tokushima Fatty rats [OLETF]) and control (Long‐Evans Tokushima Otsuka rats [LETO]) were treated with canagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, for 2 weeks. Renal tissues were analyzed at 12 h after MI with or without preoperative fasting.ResultsCanagliflozin reduced blood glucose levels in OLETF, and blood β‐hydroxybutyrate levels were increased by canagliflozin only with fasting. MI increased neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin and kidney injury molecule‐1 protein levels in the kidney by 3.2‐ and 1.6‐fold, respectively, in OLETF, but not in LETO. The renal messenger ribonucleic acid level of Toll‐like receptor 4 was higher in OLETF than in LETO after MI, whereas messenger ribonucleic acid levels of cytokines/chemokines were not significantly different. Levels of lipid peroxides, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX)2 and NOX4 proteins after MI were significantly higher in OLETF than in LETO. Canagliflozin with pre‐MI fasting suppressed MI‐induced renal expression of neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin and kidney injury molecule‐1 in OLETF, together with reductions in lipid peroxides and NOX proteins in the kidney. Blood β‐hydroxybutyrate levels before MI were inversely correlated with neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin protein levels in OLETF. Pre‐incubation with β‐hydroxybutyrate attenuated angiotensin II‐induced upregulation of NOX4 in NRK‐52E cells.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that SGLT2 inhibitor treatment with a fasting period protects kidneys from MI‐induced cardiorenal syndrome, possibly by β‐hydroxybutyrate‐mediated reduction of NOXs and oxidative stress, in type 2 diabetic rats.
Associations of nutrient intakes with obesity and diabetes mellitus in the longitudinal medical surveys of Japanese Americans
Authors: Sugihiro Takafumi , Yoneda Masayasu , Ohno Haruya , Oki Kenji , Hattori Noboru 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAims/IntroductionOur previous survey of two Japanese populations, with different lifestyles but identical genetic dispositions, showed that Japanese Americans had different dietary intakes and higher prevalences of obesity and diabetes mellitus, compared with the native Japanese population. The present study examined whether Westernized dietary habits could affect the development of obesity or diabetes.Materials and methodsThis study included 765 individuals with normal glucose tolerance at baseline medical examinations (1986 or 1989 in Los Angeles and in 1988 or 1992 in Hawaii) who subsequently completed follow‐up medical examinations several years later. The participants were categorized at baseline as “lean” (576 individuals, body mass index of <25 kg/m2) or “obese” (189 individuals, body mass index of ≥25 kg/m2). Nutrient intakes were analyzed for associations with the development of obesity or diabetes using Cox's proportional hazard model.ResultsA total of 41 lean participants developed diabetes, which was not associated with any nutrient intakes (mean follow up 10.8 ± 6.6 years). A total of 36 obese participants developed diabetes, which was positively associated with intakes of animal protein, animal fat and saturated fatty acid (mean follow up 10.7 ± 6.3 years). A total of 85 lean participants became obese, which was positively associated with intakes of simple carbohydrates, sugar and fructose, as well as inversely associated with intakes of vegetable protein and complex carbohydrates (mean follow up 10.4 ± 6.5 years).ConclusionsIn the Japanese Americans, different nutrient intakes affected the development of obesity and diabetes. Furthermore, the associations of nutrient intakes with diabetes development varied according to the presence or absence of obesity.