bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tree defence and bark beetles in a drying world: carbon partitioning, functioning and modelling
Authors: Huang Jianbei , Kautz Markus , Trowbridge Amy M. , Hammerbacher Almuth , Raffa Kenneth F. , Adams Henry D. , Goodsman Devin W. , Xu Chonggang , Meddens Arjan J. H. , Kandasamy Dineshkumar , Gershenzon Jonathan , Seidl Rupert , Hartmann Henrik 
Published: September 2019

SummaryDrought has promoted large‐scale, insect‐induced tree mortality in recent years, with severe consequences for ecosystem function, atmospheric processes, sustainable resources and global biogeochemical cycles. However, the physiological linkages among drought, tree defences, and insect outbreaks are still uncertain, hindering our ability to accurately predict tree mortality under on‐going climate change. Here we propose an interdisciplinary research agenda for addressing these crucial knowledge gaps. Our framework includes field manipulations, laboratory experiments, and modelling of insect and vegetation dynamics, and focuses on how drought affects interactions between conifer trees and bark beetles. We build upon existing theory and examine several key assumptions: (1) there is a trade‐off in tree carbon investment between primary and secondary metabolites (e.g. growth vs defence); (2) secondary metabolites are one of the main component of tree defence against bark beetles and associated microbes; and (3) implementing conifer‐bark beetle interactions in current models improves predictions of forest disturbance in a changing climate. Our framework provides guidance for addressing a major shortcoming in current implementations of large‐scale vegetation models, the under‐representation of insect‐induced tree mortality.
TReSpire – a biophysical TRee Stem respiration model
Authors: Salomón Roberto L. , De Roo Linus , Oleksyn Jacek , De Pauw Dirk J. W. , Steppe Kathy 
Published: September 2019

Summary

Mechanistic models of plant respiration remain poorly developed, especially in stems and woody tissues where measurements of CO2 efflux do not necessarily reflect local respiratory activity.

We built a process‐based model of stem respiration that couples water and carbon fluxes at the organ level (TReSpire). To this end, sap flow, stem diameter variations, xylem and soil water potential, stem temperature, stem CO2 efflux and nonstructural carbohydrates were measured in a maple tree, while xylem CO2 concentration and additional stem and xylem diameter variations were monitored in an ancillary tree for model validation.

TReSpire realistically described: (1) turgor pressure to differentiate growing from nongrowing metabolism; (2) maintenance expenditures in xylem and outer tissues based on Arrhenius kinetics and nitrogen content; and (3) radial CO2 diffusivity and CO2 solubility and transport in the sap solution. Collinearity issues with phloem unloading rates and sugar–starch interconversion rates suggest parallel submodelling to close the stem carbon balance.

TReSpire brings a breakthrough in the modelling of stem water and carbon fluxes at a detailed (hourly) temporal resolution. TReSpire is calibrated from a sink‐driven perspective, and has potential to advance our understanding on stem growth dynamics, CO2 fluxes and underlying respiratory physiology across different species and phenological stages.
Why do entomologists and plant pathologists approach trophic relationships so differently? Identifying biological distinctions to foster synthesis
Authors: Raffa Kenneth F. , Bonello Pierluigi , Orrock John L. 
Published: September 2019

SummaryPlant interactions with herbivores and pathogens are among the most widespread ecological relationships, and show many congruent properties. Despite these similarities, general models describing how plant defenses function in ecosystems, and the prioritization of responses to emerging challenges such as climate change, invasive species and habitat alteration, often differ markedly between entomologists and plant pathologists. We posit that some fundamental distinctions between how insects and pathogens interact with plants underlie these differences. We propose a conceptual framework to help incorporate these distinctions into robust models and research priorities. The most salient distinctions include features of host‐searching behavior, evasion of plant defenses, plant tolerance to utilization, and sources of insect and microbial population regulation. Collectively, these features lead to relatively more diffuse and environmentally mediated plant–insect interactions, and more intimate and genetically driven plant–pathogen interactions. Specific features of insect vs pathogen life histories can also yield different patterns of spatiotemporal dynamics. These differences can become increasingly pronounced when scaling from controlled laboratory to open ecological systems. Integrating these differences alongside similarities can foster improved models and research approaches to plant defense, trophic interactions, coevolutionary dynamics, food security and resource management, and provide guidance as traditional departments increase collaborations, or merge into larger units.
Reduced fire blight susceptibility in apple cultivars using a high‐efficiency CRISPR/Cas9‐FLP/FRT‐based gene editing system
Authors: Pompili Valerio , Dalla Costa Lorenza , Piazza Stefano , Pindo Massimo , Malnoy Mickael 
Published: September 2019

SummaryThe bacterium Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight disease in apple, triggers its infection through the DspA/E effector which interacts with the apple susceptibility protein MdDIPM4. In this work, MdDIPM4 knockout has been produced in two Malus × domestica susceptible cultivars using the CRISPR/Cas9 system delivered via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Fifty‐seven transgenic lines were screened to identify CRISPR/Cas9‐induced mutations. An editing efficiency of 75% was obtained. Seven edited lines with a loss‐of‐function mutation were inoculated with the pathogen. Highly significant reduction in susceptibility was observed compared to control plants. Sequencing of five potential off‐target sites revealed no mutation event. Moreover, our construct contained a heat‐shock inducible FLP/FRT recombination system designed specifically to remove the T‐DNA harbouring the expression cassettes for CRISPR/Cas9, the marker gene and the FLP itself. Six plant lines with reduced susceptibility to the pathogen were heat‐treated and screened by real‐time PCR to quantify the exogenous DNA elimination. The T‐DNA removal was further validated by sequencing in one plant line. To our knowledge, this work demonstrates for the first time the development and application of a CRISPR/Cas9‐FLP/FRT gene editing system for the production of edited apple plants carrying a minimal trace of exogenous DNA.
Long‐term renal follow up of preterm neonates born before 35 weeks of gestation
Authors: Horie Akiyoshi , Abe Yasuhiro , Koike Daisuke , Hirade Tomohiro , Nariai Akiyoshi , Ito Tomoko , Katou Fumihide 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe hypothesis of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease states that environmental factors during fetal and infantile life are risk factors for some chronic diseases in adulthood. Few studies, however, have confirmed this hypothesis early in childhood. Therefore, we assessed how premature birth and low‐birthweight (LBW) affect the renal function of Japanese children.MethodsThis retrospective study surveyed 168 patients who were born before 35 weeks of gestation and were cared for at the present neonatal intensive care unit. Follow‐up duration was >2 years. Serum creatinine (sCr) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) recorded in medical records were reviewed.ResultsThe eGFR at 2 years of age was significantly correlated with birthweight and gestational age (P < 0.01). Approximately 10.7% of the children had low eGFR (<90 mL/min/1.73 m2) without clinical symptoms or abnormal urine examination. These children had high sCr on day 7 after birth (P < 0.01) and delayed recovery of these levels during the first month after birth.ConclusionPremature gestational age and LBW directly affect renal function in young children. High sCr on day 7 after birth is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease in children. Careful follow up of renal function is therefore required for premature infants and infants with LBW beginning in early childhood to prevent renal dysfunction.
Co‐infection with distinct Trypanosoma cruzi strains induces an activated immune response in human monocytes
Authors: Magalhães Luísa M.D. , Passos Lívia S.A. , Chiari Egler , Galvão Lúcia M.C. , Koh Carolina C. , Rodrigues‐Alves Marina L. , Giunchetti Rodolfo C. , Gollob Kenneth , Dutra Walderez O. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAimsThe aim of the study was to evaluate the immune response triggered by the first contact of human monocytes with two T cruzi strains from distinct discrete typing units (DTUs) IV and V, and whether co‐infection with these strains leads to changes in monocyte immune profiles, which could in turn influence the subsequent infection outcome.Methods and resultsWe evaluated the influence of in vitro single‐ and co‐infection with AM64 and 3253 strains on immunological characteristics of human monocytes. Single infection of monocytes with AM64 or 3253 induced opposing anti‐inflammatory and inflammatory responses, respectively. Co‐infection was observed in over 50% of monocytes after 15 hours of culture, but this percentage dropped ten‐fold after 72 hours. Co‐infection led to high monocyte activation and an increased percentage of both IL‐10 and TNF. The decreased percentage of co‐infected cells observed after 72 hours was associated with a decreased frequency of TNF‐expressing cells.ConclusionOur results show that the exacerbated response observed in co‐infection with immune‐polarizing strains is associated with a decreased frequency of co‐infected cells, suggesting that the activated response favours parasite control. These findings may have implications for designing new Chagas disease preventive strategies.
A molecular signature for CD8+ T cells from visceral leishmaniasis patients
Authors: Singh Bhawana , Bhushan Chauhan Shashi , Kumar Rajiv , Singh Siddharth Sankar , Ng Susanna , Amante Fiona , de Labastida Rivera Fabian , Singh Om Prakash , Rai Madhukar , Nylen Susanne , Sundar Shyam , Engwerda Christian 
Published: September 2019

AbstractCD8+ T‐cell function is compromised in chronic diseases such as visceral leishmaniasis (VL). However, little is known about the changes in gene expression that cause CD8+ T‐cell dysfunction during VL. We used targeted transcriptional profiling of peripheral blood CD8+ T cells from VL patients pre‐ and post‐anti‐parasitic drug treatment, and compared them with the same cell population from healthy endemic controls to assess their activation, differentiation and functional status during disease. We found a predominance of downregulated immune genes in CD8+ T cells from VL patients. However, genes encoding several notable immune checkpoint molecules, including LAG‐3, TIM‐3 and CTLA‐4, cytolytic molecules, such as granzymes A, B and H and perforin, as well as SOCS3, STAT1, JAK2 and JAK3 cytokine signalling genes were found to be increasingly expressed by VL patient CD8+ T cells. Additional studies confirmed increased expression of the inhibitory receptors LAG3 and TIM3 on VL patient CD8+ T cells, thereby identifying these molecules as potential targets to improve antigen‐specific CD8+ T‐cell responses during disease.
Positive Messages as a Motivator for Seeking Information about Candidates
Authors: Lee Jongho , Boeckelman Keith , Hardy Richard J. , Davis Kyle 
Published: September 2019

What, if anything, will motivate people to seek information about candidates during campaigns? Our study tackles this question drawing on data from a survey experiment conducted with a total of 1,421 college student subjects. Study participants were randomly divided into four groups, each of which was asked to read one of four brief statements about the candidacy of either Hillary Clinton or Carly Fiorina written in an either positive or negative tone. Study subjects were then asked if they would like to learn more about the candidate. The study reveals that those who were exposed to positive information about the presidential candidates or already had positive emotions toward either of them were more likely to express their desire to learn more about the candidates. The findings are consistent with the “broaden‐and‐build theory of positive emotions,” which predicts an individual tendency to broaden their “thought‐action repertoires” when experiencing positive stimuli.Related ArticlesCraig, Stephen C., and Paulina S. Rippere. 2014. “Political Trust and Negative Campaigns: Two Tests of the Figure‐Ground Hypothesis.” Politics & Policy 42 (5): 693‐743. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12091Nielson, Lindsay. 2017. “Ranked Choice Voting and Attitudes toward Democracy in the United States: Results from a Survey Experiment.” Politics & Policy 45 (4): 535‐570. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12212Stokes‐Brown, Atiya Kai, and Melissa O. Neal. 2008. “Give ‘Em Something to Talk about: The Influence of Female Candidates’ Campaign Issues on Political Proselytizing.” Politics & Policy 36 (1): 32‐59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2008.00093.xRelated MediaDanielsen, Shelby. 2014. “Political Ads: Negative vs. Positive.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5neWR6ZzTlMHughes, Andrew. 2016. “Negative vs. Positive Political Advertising.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUyypda7PNsKrasa, Sandra. 2014. “Social Media and Political Campaigns – Youth Voting; Positive Messaging.” Interview with David Painter. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rxE2OGYhVvo
A loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay based on unique markers derived from genotyping by sequencing data for rapid in planta diagnosis of Panama disease caused by Tropical Race 4 in banana
Authors: Ordóñez N. , Salacinas M. , Mendes O. , Seidl M. F. , Meijer H. J. G. , Schoen C. D. , Kema G. H. J. 
Published: September 2019

The socio‐economic impact of Fusarium odoratissimum, which is colloquially called tropical race 4 (TR4), is escalating as this fungal pathogen spreads to new banana‐growing areas. Hence, the development of simple, reliable and rapid detection technologies is indispensable for implementing quarantine measures. Here, a versatile loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay has been developed that is applicable under field and laboratory conditions. DNA markers unique to TR4 isolates were obtained by diversity arrays technology sequencing (DArTseq), a genotyping by sequencing technology that was conducted on 27 genotypes, comprising 24 previously reported vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) and three TR4 isolates. The developed LAMP TR4 assay was successfully tested using 22 TR4 isolates and 45 non‐target fungal and bacterial isolates, as well as on infected plants under greenhouse and field conditions. The detection limit was 1 pg µL−1 pure TR4 DNA or 102 copies plasmid‐localized TR4 unique sequence (SeqA) per reaction, which was not affected by background DNA in complex samples. The LAMP TR4 assay offers a powerful tool for the routine and unambiguous identification of banana plants infected with TR4, contributing to advanced diagnosis in field situations and monitoring of fusarium wilt.
Depletion of endogenous germ cells in striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) by heat–chemical treatments
Authors: Majhi Sullip Kumar , Maurya Pradip Kumar , Kumar Santosh , Mohindra Vindhya , Lal Kuldeep Kumar 
Published: September 2019

AbstractGerm cell (GC) transplantation (GCT) is a proven powerful reproductive technique to enhance the production efficiency of domesticated animals and aid to the recovery of endangered germ lines. In mammals, several methods have been adopted for the eradication of GCs such as treatment with cytotoxic drugs, irradiation, cold ischaemia and hyperthermic treatment. Some of these methods have also been tried in fishes, and conditions for sterilization of gonads have been established. Here, we report the production of GC‐depleted male striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus in 12 weeks by the combination of heat and chemical treatments. The cytotoxic drug busulphan (40 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected into the animals at 2‐week intervals (six doses in total) and maintained in water at 38°C between weeks 1 and 12. The effectiveness of the treatment was assessed using gonadal index and histology. At the end of 12 weeks, very severe gonadal degeneration was observed in fish treated with the heat–chemical combination, and 100% of sampled fish (n = 5) were found devoid of endogenous GCs. On contrary, high temperature alone caused minor gonadal degeneration. Results obtained in this study suggest that endogenous GCs of large‐bodied fish such as P. hypophthalmus can also be sterilized by heat and chemical treatments within a considerably short period.
Testing the preservation potential of early diagenetic dolomites as geochemical archives
Authors: Mueller Mathias , Igbokwe Onyedika A. , Walter Benjamin , Pederson Chelsea L. , Riechelmann Sylvia , Richter Detlev K. , Albert Richard , Gerdes Axel , Buhl Dieter , Neuser Rolf D. , Bertotti Giovanni , Immenhauser Adrian 
Published: September 2019

AbstractEarly marine diagenetic dolomite is a rather thermodynamically‐stable carbonate phase and has potential to act as an archive of marine porewater properties. However, the variety of early to late diagenetic dolomite phases that can coexist within a single sample can result in extensive complexity. Here, the archive potential of early marine dolomites exposed to extreme post‐depositional processes is tested using various types of analyses, including: petrography, fluid inclusion data, stable δ13C and δ18O isotopes, 87Sr/86Sr ratios, and U‐Pb age dating of various dolomite phases. In this example, a Triassic carbonate platform was dissected and overprinted (diagenetic temperatures of 50 to 430°C) in a strike‐slip zone in Southern Spain. Eight episodes of dolomitization, a dolostone cataclasite and late stage meteoric/vadose cementation were recognized. The following processes were found to be diagenetically relevant: (i) protolith deposition and fabric‐preservation, and marine dolomitization of precursor aragonite and calcite during the Middle–Late Triassic; (ii) intermediate burial and formation of zebra saddle dolomite and precipitation of various dolomite cements in a Proto‐Atlantic opening stress regime (T ca 250°C) during the Early–Middle Jurassic; (iii) dolomite cement precipitation during early Alpine tectonism, rapid burial to ca 15 km, and high‐grade anchizone overprint during Alpine tectonic evolution in the Early Eocene to Early Miocene; (iv) brecciation of dolostones to cataclasite during the onset of the Carboneras Fault Zone activity during the Middle Miocene; and (v) late‐stage regression and subsequent meteoric overprint. Data shown here document that, under favourable conditions, early diagenetic marine dolomites and their archive data may resist petrographic and geochemical resetting over time intervals of 108 or more years. Evidence for this preservation includes preserved Late Triassic seawater δ13CDIC values and primary fluid inclusion data. Data also indicate that oversimplified statements based on bulk data from other petrographically‐complex dolomite archives must be considered with caution.
Progress in interleukin‐2 therapy for rheumatic immune diseases by regulating the immune balance of T cells
Authors: Shao Qin , Gao Hongyan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBreaking the balance between effector T cells, including Th17 (T helper cell 17) cells, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) is a key link in the pathogenesis of rheumatic immune diseases, which lead to a new concept of regulating immune balance in the treatment of rheumatic immune diseases. Interleukin (IL)‐2 can effectively regulate the differentiation, development and functional activity of regulatory T cells, thus restoring the immune balance between regulatory T cells and effector T cells. Therefore, low‐dose IL‐2 has been used in the treatment of rheumatic immune diseases, and it has become a promising new choice to achieve therapeutic purpose by regulating the immune balance of T cell. Here, we discuss the role of T cells immune imbalance in the pathogenesis of rheumatic immune diseases and the mechanism of IL‐2 in the treatment of rheumatic immune diseases by regulating T cells immune balance and summarize the relevant clinical trials.
Calf muscle strain injuries in elite Australian Football players: A descriptive epidemiological evaluation
Authors: Green Brady , Lin Monica , Schache Anthony G. , McClelland Jodie A. , Semciw Adam I. , Rotstein Andrew , Cook Jill , Pizzari Tania 
Published: September 2019

BackgroundCalf muscle strain injuries (CMSI) show consistent rates of prevalence and re‐injury in elite Australian Football players. An epidemiological evaluation is warranted to better understand the clinical presentation and recovery of CMSI.PurposeFirst, to describe the epidemiology of CMSI in elite Australian Football players. Second, to determine if recovery following injury is different according to: (a) injury type (index vs re‐injury); (b) muscle injured (soleus vs gastrocnemius); and (c) mechanism of injury (running‐related activity vs non running‐related activity).Study designDescriptive epidemiological.MethodsData retrieved from the Soft Tissue injury Registry of the Australian Football League were analyzed. Sixteen clubs submitted data on CMSI from 2014 to 2017. Data included: player characteristics, training and match history at the time of injury, MRI, and the time to reach recovery milestones.ResultsOne hundred and eighty‐four CMSI were included (149 index injuries; 35 re‐injuries). Soleus injuries were most prevalent (84.6%). Soleus injuries took 25.4 ± 16.2 days to return to play, whereas gastrocnemius injuries took 19.1 ± 14.1 days (P = .097). CMSI sustained during running‐related activities took approximately 12 days longer to recover than injuries sustained during non running‐related activities (P = .001). Compared to index injuries, re‐injuries involved older players (P = .03) and significantly more time was taken to run at >90% of maximum speed, return to full training, and return to play (P ≤ .001). Almost all of the observed re‐injuries involved soleus (91.4%).ConclusionSoleus injuries are more prevalent than gastrocnemius injuries in elite Australian Football players. Prognosis appears to be influenced by clinical factors, with CMSI sustained during running‐related activities and re‐injuries needing more time to recover.