bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning to fly: integrating spatial ecology with unmanned aerial vehicle surveys
Authors: Baxter Peter W. J. , Hamilton Grant 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDespite the increasing importance of new survey tools such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), the implications of how their spatial deployment may interact with species detection errors have not yet been assessed. Acknowledging and incorporating these errors are crucial for accurate population estimation and improved management. To address this important gap in our knowledge, and to discover how flight plans should be selected to reduce overall error, we simulated contrasting UAV flight surveys over a range of population densities and dispersion patterns using different detection errors. We found that if a survey is carried out using an individual transect that low and slow flights consistently provide the best estimates of abundance and occupancy. However, the greater sampling area afforded by higher or faster flights resulted in more complex guidelines for estimates of abundance or occupancy over larger study areas. For highly clustered populations, especially those at low densities, a high and fast survey is preferable, as its greater area coverage best enables detection of local occupancy. The performance rankings of flight plans were sensitive to the underlying species detectability and, to a lesser extent, population density and aggregation. This suggests that UAV survey plans need to account for the spatial and movement ecology of target species, and that flight plans should adapt as an invasive species spreads, or a threatened species contracts. We encapsulate our results in a decision tree to guide flight planning for given survey objectives, detectability, and ecological context. Importantly, these findings provide guidance to other fields with transect‐based surveys such as manned aviation and road or ground transects that trade‐off sampling area and precision of estimates. Promising new technologies such as UAVs will be best utilized by ecologists if detection errors, and their interaction with the spatial ecology of the species, are carefully assessed.
Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction by Dopant‐free, Porous Graphene Aerogel
Authors: Choi Woojun , Azad Uday Pratap , Choi Jai‐Pil , Lee Dongil 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPorous graphene aerogel (GA) was prepared by the hydrothermal reduction of graphene oxide (GO). The prepared GA was characterized with the various analytical techniques. Its morphological and electrochemical properties were investigated and compared with those of GO and electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (erGO). Three glassy carbon (GC) electrodes modified with GO, erGO, and GA were employed to study the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The influence of GA porosity on the kinetic parameters of the ORR was also investigated. Whereas two‐electron transfer ORR was observed at the erGO‐ and GO‐modified electrodes, the GA‐modified electrode exhibited drastically enhanced electrocatalytic ORR activity. The remarkable electrocatalytic activity of GA can be attributed to the unique porous effect of GA. The porous GA offers confined spaces for ORR that would drastically increase the residence time of oxygen and thus enhance the contact frequency for the reduction of oxygen. Additional rotating disk electrode voltammetry corroborates that the porous GA facilitates efficient ORR.
Optimization of drying process and pressurized liquid extraction for recovery of bioactive compounds from avocado peel by‐product
Authors: Figueroa Jorge G. , Borrás‐Linares Isabel , Lozano‐Sánchez Jesús , Quirantes‐Piné Rosa , Segura‐Carretero Antonio 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to optimize the extraction of phenolic compounds in avocado peel using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with GRAS solvents. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on Central Composite Design 22 model was used in order to optimize PLE conditions. Moreover, the effect of air drying temperature on the total polyphenol content (TPC) and individual phenolic compounds concentration were evaluated. The quantification of individual compounds was performed by HPLC‐DAD‐ESI‐TOF‐MS. The optimized extraction conditions were 200°C as extraction temperature and 1:1 v/v as ethanol/water ratio. Regarding to the effect of drying, the highest TPC was obtained with a drying temperature of 85°C. Forty seven phenolic compounds were quantified in the obtained extracts, showing that phenolic acids found to be the more stables compounds to drying process, while procyanidins were the more thermolabiles analytes. To our knowledge, this is the first available study in which phenolic compounds extraction was optimized using PLE and such amount of phenolic compounds was quantified in avocado peel. These results confirm that PLE represents a powerful tool to obtain avocado peel extracts with high concentration in bioactive compounds suitable for its use in the food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical sector.
Study of supercritical CO2 extraction of tamarillo (Cyphomandra Betacea) seed oil containing high added value compounds
Authors: Dorado Achicanoy Daniela , Hurtado Benavides Andrés , Martínez‐Correa Hugo A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn the present investigation, the extraction of tamarillo seed oil was conducted using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2), under different conditions of pressure (20–38.1 MPa) and temperature (40–64°C). In order to determine the effect that these extraction parameters have over the yield and composition of the oil, a central composite design was used. The optimum yield was 21.07% obtained at 38.1 MPa and 64°C. The fatty acids of the tamarillo seed oil obtained with SC‐CO2 were identified: linoleic (70.12%), oleic (16.18%), palmitic (9.68%), stearic (2.12%), linolenic (1.70%), and palmitoleic (0.23%). Other components, such as squalene (2.96–19.75 mg/mL), β‐sitosterol (2.05–3.68 mg/mL), cycloartenol (1,23–2.81 mg/mL) dihydrolanosterol (0.28–0.70 mg/mL) sterols and γ‐tocopherol (0.89–2.10 mg/mL) were also noted. The extraction kinetic was studied at 27.5 MPa −50°C and 38.1 MPa −64°C. The semi‐empirical model of Sovová et al. [24] described 99.21% of the experimental behavior of extraction kinetics. High yields of tamarillo seed oil, as well as its unique composition of unsaturated fatty acids and minor components, show the potential for its application in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.
Sample preparation in foodomic analyses
Authors: Martinović Tamara , Šrajer Gajdošik Martina , Josić Djuro 
Published: April 2018

AbstractRepresentative sampling and adequate sample preparation are key factors for successful performance of further steps in foodomic analyses, as well as for correct data interpretation. Incorrect sampling and improper sample preparation can be sources of severe bias in foodomic analyses. It is well known that both wrong sampling and sample treatment cannot be corrected anymore. These, in the past frequently neglected facts, are now taken into consideration, and the progress in sampling and sample preparation in foodomics is reviewed here. We report the use of highly sophisticated instruments for both high‐performance and high‐throughput analyses, as well as miniaturization and the use of laboratory robotics in metabolomics, proteomics, peptidomics, and genomics.
In situ growth of Zr‐based metal‐organic framework UiO‐66‐NH2 for open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Tang Pingxiu , Wang Rong , Chen Zilin 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe high stability and other properties of Zr(IV)‐based metal organic frameworks(MOFs) make it a promising choice for chromatographic separation, while the application in open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT‐CEC) separation has not been explored yet. Herein, we report the first example of the in‐situ growth of UiO‐66‐NH2 onto the capillary for open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography. UiO‐66‐NH2 consists of ZrCl4 and 2‐amino‐1,4‐benzenedicarboxylic acid, which is highly porous and stable in a variety of solvents. The prepared UiO‐66‐NH2 modified capillary was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT‐IR), and the results confirmed the successful growth of the UiO‐66‐NH2. The baseline separation of chlorobenzenes, phenoxyacids and two groups of phenols was achieved owing to the combined interaction of π‐π interaction, hydrophobic interaction, molecular sieve effect, electrophoretic migration and hydrogen‐bonding interaction etc. Besides, the prepared capillaries showed good reproducibility, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) for intra‐day, inter‐day and column‐to‐column runs in the range of 1.38–2.60%, 3.39–4.05%, and 3.47–5.03%, respectively. Our work indicates Zr(IV)‐based MOFs are promising materials as stationary phase in CEC separation.
Thread/paper‐ and paper‐based microfluidic devices for glucose assays employing artificial neural networks
Authors: Lee Wilson , Gonzalez Ariana , Arguelles Paolo , Guevara Ricardo , Gonzalez‐Guerrero Maria Jose , Gomez Frank A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper describes the fabrication of and data collection from two microfluidic devices: a microfluidic thread/paper based analytical device (μTPAD) and 3D microfluidic paper‐based analytical device (μPAD). Flowing solutions of glucose oxidase (GOx), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and potassium iodide (KI), through each device, on contact with glucose, generated a calibration curve for each platform. The resultant yellow‐brown color from the reaction indicates oxidation of iodide to iodine. The devices were dried, scanned, and analyzed yielding a correlation between yellow intensity and glucose concentration. A similar procedure, using an unknown concentration of glucose in artificial urine, is conducted and compared to the calibration curve to obtain the unknown value. Studies to quantify glucose in artificial urine showed good correlation between the theoretical and actual concentrations, as percent differences were ≤13.0%. An ANN was trained on the four‐channel CMYK color data from 54 μTPAD and 160 μPAD analysis sites and Pearson correlation coefficients of R = 0.96491 and 0.9739, respectively, were obtained. The ANN was able to correctly classify 94.4% (51 of 54 samples) and 91.2% (146 of 160 samples) of the μTPAD and μPAD analysis sites, respectively. The development of this technology combined with ANN should further facilitate the use of these platforms for colorimetric analysis of other analytes.
Carboxylic acid production from ensiled crops in anaerobic solid‐state fermentation ‐ trace elements as pH controlling agents support microbial chain elongation with lactic acid
Authors: Sträuber Heike , Bühligen Franziska , Kleinsteuber Sabine , Dittrich‐Zechendorf Michael 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackground: For the production of carboxylic acid platform chemicals like medium‐chain fatty acids (MCFA) by anaerobic fermentation, pH control is required. However, adding buffer solutions is ineffective in leach‐bed reactors. Aim: In order to increase the MCFA production by maize silage fermentation and to engineer the process we investigated the effect of solid alkaline iron and manganese additives on the process performance and microbial community dynamics. Results: Without additives, the pH dropped to 3.9 and lactic acid bacteria were favored. Total product yields of 207 ± 5.4 g organic acids (C2‐C6) and alcohols per kg volatile solids were reached. The addition of trace elements increased the pH value and the product spectrum and yields changed. With a commercial iron additive, the product yields were higher (293 ± 15.2 g/kgvolatile solids) and supposedly clostridia used lactic acid for microbial chain elongation of acetic acid producing n‐butyric acid. With the addition of pure Fe(OH)3 or Mn(OH)2, the total product yields were lower than in the other reactors. However, increased production of MCFA and the occurrence of distinct bacterial taxa (Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Megasphaera) related to this metabolic function were observed.Conclusions: The application of alkaline trace metal additives as pH stabilizing agents can mitigate spatial metabolic heterogeneities when trace metal deficient substrates like specific crops or residues thereof are applied.
Development of a tunable friction pendulum system for semi‐active control of building structures under earthquake ground motions
Authors: Peng Pan , Dongbin Zhang , Yi Zeng , Yachun Tsai , Xin Nie 
Published: April 2018

SummaryThe Friction Pendulum System (FPS) isolator is commonly used as a base isolation system in buildings. In this paper, a new tunable FPS (TFPS) isolator is proposed and developed to act as a semi‐active control system by combining the traditional FPS and semi‐active control concept. Theoretical analysis and physical tests were carried out to investigate the behavior of the proposed TFPS isolator. The experimental and theoretical results were in good agreement, both suggesting that the friction force of the TFPS isolator can be tuned to achieve seismic isolation of the structure. A series of numerical simulations of a base‐isolated structure equipped with the proposed TFPS isolator and subjected to earthquake ground motions were also conducted. In the analyses, the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) method was adopted to control the friction force of the proposed TFPS, and the applicability and effectiveness of the TFPS in controlling the structure's seismic responses were investigated. The simulation results showed that the TFPS can reduce the displacement of the isolation layer without significantly increasing the floor acceleration and inter‐story displacement of the superstructure, confirming that the TFPS can effectively control a base‐isolated structure under earthquake ground motions.
Removal of water‐surface reflection effects with a temporal minimum filter for UAV‐based shallow‐water photogrammetry
Authors: Partama I GD Yudha , Kanno Ariyo , Ueda Motoyasu , Akamatsu Yoshihisa , Inui Ryutei , Sekine Masahiko , Yamamoto Koichi , Imai Tsuyoshi , Higuchi Takaya 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe recent development of structure‐from‐motion (SfM) and multi‐view stereo (MVS) photogrammetry techniques has enabled semi‐automatic high‐resolution bathymetry using aerial images taken by consumer‐grade digital cameras mounted on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). However, the applicability of these techniques is sometimes limited by sun and sky reflections at the water surface, which render the point‐cloud density and accuracy insufficient. In this research, we present a new imaging technique to suppress the effect of these water‐surface reflections. In this technique, we order a drone to take a short video instead of a still picture at each waypoint. We then apply a temporal minimum filter to the video. This filter extracts the smallest RGB values in all the video frames for each pixel, and composes an image with greatly reduced reflection effects. To assess the performance of this technique, we applied it at three small shallow‐water sites. Specifically, we evaluated the effect of the technique on the point cloud density and the accuracy and precision of the photogrammetry. The results showed that the proposed technique achieved a far denser point cloud than the case in which a randomly chosen frame was used for each waypoint, and also showed better overall accuracy and precision in estimating water‐bottom elevation. The effectiveness of this new technique should depend on the surface wave state and sky radiance distribution, and this dependence, as well as the applicability to large areas, should be investigated in future research. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluative Thinking in Practice: The National Asthma Control Program
Authors: Fierro Leslie A. , Codd Heather , Gill Sarah , Pham Phung K. , Grandjean Targos Piper T. , Wilce Maureen 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAlthough evaluative thinking lies at the heart of what we do as evaluators and what we hope to promote in others through our efforts to build evaluation capacity, researchers have given limited attention to measuring this concept. We undertook a research study to better understand how instances of evaluative thinking may present in practice‐based settings—specifically within four state asthma control programs funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Asthma Control Program. Through content analyses of documents as well as interviews and a subsequent focus group with four state asthma control programs’ evaluators and program managers we identified and defined twenty‐two indicators of evaluative thinking. Findings provide insights about what practitioners may wish to look for when they intend to build evaluative thinking and the types of data sources that may be more or less helpful in such efforts.
Thermal analysis of polymer ignition
Authors: Lyon Richard E. , Safronava Natallia , Crowley Sean 
Published: April 2018

SummaryGas phase criteria for the onset of flaming combustion of solids in fires are used to locate a critical temperature Tcr in a nonisothermal analysis (TA) experiment that corresponds to the surface temperature of the solid at ignition in a fire test, Tign. This critical TA temperature occurs at low conversion of solid to gaseous fuel so it is independent of the heating rate in the test or the thermal decomposition reaction model. However, Tcr depends on the thermal properties of the polymer and the conditions of the fire test in which the gas phase criteria were measured. Nonisothermal analysis data in nitrogen and air were obtained for 20 polymers by thermogravimetric analysis and microscale combustion calorimetry. The critical temperatures Tcrs obtained from TA experiments compared favorably with analytic results for a simple polymer ignition model and finite element simulations and were in qualitative agreement with ignition temperatures measured in standardized fire tests.
Protein–lipid co‐oxidation in emulsions stabilized by microwave‐treated and conventional thermal‐treated faba bean proteins
Authors: Gürbüz Göker , Liu Chang , Jiang Zhong‐qing , Pulkkinen Marjo , Piironen Vieno , Sontag‐Strohm Tuula , Heinonen Marina 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe course of protein–lipid co‐oxidation was investigated in oil‐in‐water emulsions stabilized with proteins extracted from microwave‐treated (MWT) and conventional thermal‐treated (CTT) faba beans stored at 37°C for 7 days. Emulsions prepared with proteins from untreated (UT) faba beans and soy protein isolate (SP) were monitored for comparison. Lipid oxidation was detected through formation of primary and secondary oxidation products while protein oxidation was examined via tryptophan fluorescence degradation in interface and aqueous phase. Oxidation of proteins was more emphasized in the interfacial layers of MWT, CTT, and SP emulsions than in UT emulsions due to the prominence of radical chain‐driven co‐oxidation mechanism while lipoxygenase (LOX) activity in UT and MWT emulsions resulted in high amounts of hydroperoxides and abundance in lipid oxidation volatiles. Conventional thermal treatment provided better oxidative stability than microwave treatment reflected in lower levels of hydroperoxides and relative lack of diversity in lipid volatiles. Among detected volatiles, formation of ketones was more distinguished in MWT, CTT, and SP emulsions while UT emulsions contained a more diverse range of alkenals and alkanals. Ketones are known to form mainly through radical recombination reactions which combined with the results of protein oxidation supports that radical transfer reactions between proteins and lipids were the driving force behind oxidation in MWT, CTT, and SP emulsions. Treatments of faba beans resulted in increased oxidative stability of emulsified lipids and lower degradation of aqueous phase proteins.
Phytochemicals and syneresis of osmo‐dried mulberry incorporated yoghurt
Authors: Sigdel Aliza , Ojha Pravin , Karki Tika B. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe research was aimed to study the effect of the addition of Osmo‐air‐dried mulberry (TSS 29.33%) in yoghurt on syneresis and a bioactive component of yoghurt. Two types of yoghurts, with or without Osmo‐dried mulberry, were developed using standard culture (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus), and changes at refrigerated temperature (<5°C) were studied. Fruit yoghurt showed high total soluble solids (TSSs) and low‐fat content (dry basis) (17.67% and 11.84%) compared with normal yoghurt (9.5% and 17.21%). The addition of fruits increased the ascorbic acid (0.77 to 5.96 mg/100 g yoghurt), anthocyanins content (0 to 7.9 mg/100 g yoghurt), total phenol content (TPC) (6.63 to 68.03 mg GAE/100 g yoghurt), and antioxidant activity (20.73% to 47.6% radical scavenging activity) in yoghurt. During 18 days of storage at refrigerated condition (<5°C), the acidity of all samples increased, while pH decreased. Syneresis increased with a storage period in control samples while fruit incorporated yoghurt showed decreased syneresis with time. The viability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count went on decreasing at similar rates for both with and without the Osmo‐dried mulberry incorporated yoghurt. There is an ample opportunity for utilization of Osmo‐air‐dried mulberry in yoghurt to prevent syneresis during storage with increased bioactive components.
Ultrasound‐induced changes in structural and physicochemical properties of β‐lactoglobulin
Authors: Ma Shuang , Yang Xu , Zhao Changhui , Guo Mingruo 
Published: April 2018

AbstractEffect of ultrasound treatment on the physicochemical properties and structure of β‐lactoglobulin were investigated. β‐Lactoglobulin was treated with ultrasound at different amplitudes, temperatures, and durations. The surface hydrophobicity and free sulfhydryl group of β‐lactoglobulin were significantly increased after ultrasound treatment (p < .05). The maximal surface hydrophobicity and free sulfhydryl group were 5,812.08 and 5.97 μmol/g, respectively. Ultrasound treatment changed the physicochemical properties of β‐lactoglobulin including particle size (from 1.21 ± 0.05 nm to 1.66 ± 0.03 nm), absolute zeta potential (from 15.47 ± 1.60 mV to 27.63 ± 3.30 mV), and solubility (from 84.66% to 95.17%). Ultrasound treatment increased α‐helix and β‐sheet structures of β‐lactoglobulin. Intrinsic fluorescence intensity of ultrasound‐treated β‐lactoglobulin was increased with shift of λmax from 334 to 329 nm. UV absorption of β‐lactoglobulin was decreased with shift of λmax from 288 to 285 nm after ultrasound treatment. There were no significant changes in high‐performance liquid chromatography and protein electrophoretic patterns. These findings indicated that ultrasound treatment had high potential in modifying the physiochemical and structural properties of β‐lactoglobulin for industrial applications.
On continuum limits of heterogeneous discrete systems modelling cracks in composite materials
Authors: Lauerbach Laura , Schäffner Mathias , Schlömerkemper Anja 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn this paper we consider a periodic heterogeneous chain of atoms with nearest neighbour interactions of Lennard‐Jones type that allow for cracks. We are interested in the continuum limit of the corresponding energy functional as the number of atoms tends to infinity. Therefor we combine variational techniques for passages from discrete to continuous systems with techniques for passages from heterogeneous to homogeneous systems extending earlier work on interaction potentials with polynomial growth to potentials of Lennard‐Jones type.The limiting energy, which is obtained by the method of Γ‐convergence, contains a homogenization formula which captures the underlying heterogeneous structure. Moreover, we consider a rescaled energy functional which provides information about cracks also in the continuum limit. In this case, the limiting energy is a Griffith type energy consisting of a quadratic integral term and a jump contribution, which again show a dependence on the underlying heterogeneity.