bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dreaming is not an adaptation
Authors: Flanagan Owen 
Published: July 2002

The five papers in this issue all deal with the proper evolutionary function of sleep and dreams, these being different. To establish that some trait of character is an adaptation in the strict biological sense requires a story about the fitness enhancing function it served when it evolved and possibly a story of how the maintenance of this function is fitness enhancing now. My aim is to evaluate the proposals put forward in these papers. My conclusion is that although sleep is almost certainly an adaptation, dreaming is not.[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; revonsuo; Solms; Vertes & Eastman]
The rise of calypso feminism: gender and musical politics in the calypso
Authors: Mahabir Cynthia 
Published: July 2002

The sky is the limitWe rising, we rising, we woman rising,(Easlyn Orr, cited in Ottley 1992, p. 154)In February 1999, two women of Afro-Caribbean ancestry won their respective societies' highest musical honours. On 14 February, Singing Sandra was crowned Trinidad-Tobago's Calypso Monarch 1999 – the second woman ever to win this coveted title, a full twenty-one years after the country's first woman calypso monarch, Calypso Rose. Two weeks later in the USA, Lauryn Hill received five Grammy awards, the most in any single year for a female performer or a hip-hop artist. This trend continues in Great Britain, where ‘rude girl’ DJ Patra has a growing posse of fans, and in West Africa where the pop music stylings of Benin's Angelique Kidjo and Mali's Oumou Sangaré enjoy mass followings.
The paucity problem for simultaneous quadratic and biquadratic equations
Authors: TSUI W. Y. , WOOLEY T. D. 
Published: July 2002

The problem of constructing non-diagonal solutions to systems of
symmetric
diagonal equations has attracted intense investigation for centuries
(see [5, 6] for a
history of such problems) and remains a topic of current interest (see,
for example,
[2–4]). In contrast, the problem of bounding
the number of such non-diagonal
solutions has commanded attention only comparatively recently, the first
non-trivial
estimates having been obtained around thirty years ago through the sieve
methods
applied by Hooley [10, 11] and Greaves

[7] in their investigations concerning sums
of two kth powers. As a further contribution to the problem of
establishing the
paucity of non-diagonal solutions in certain systems of diagonal diophantine

equations, in this paper we bound the number of non-diagonal solutions
of a system
of simultaneous quadratic and biquadratic equations. Let
S(P) denote the number of
solutions of the simultaneous diophantine equationsformula herewith 0[les ]xi,
yi[les ]P(1[les ]i[les ]3),
and let
T(P) denote the corresponding number of
solutions with (x1, x2, x3)

a permutation of (y1, y2, y3).

In Section 4 below we establish the upper and lower bounds for
S(P)−T(P) contained in the following
theorem.
Understanding local people's use of time: a pre-condition for good co-management
Authors: COLFER CAROL J. PIERCE , WADLEY REED L. , VENKATESWARLU P. 
Published: July 2002

Development of management plans collaboratively with local people (e.g. co-management) is now an important means of protected area conservation. Yet formal protected area managers often need more specific information about the local people with whom they want to co-manage resources. We propose wider use of a method, which we describe, for studying time allocation, as an early step in the co-management of conservation areas. Use of time allocation data in co-management is illustrated from a conservation project in Danau Sentarum Wildlife Reserve (DSWR) in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Data from spot observations were analysed at three levels, namely those of 'macro-categories' (production, reproduction and leisure), an intermediate level (e.g. agriculture and food preparation), and that of individual activities (such as fishing, collection of forest foods and hunting).In the DSWR, the allocation of time differed according to gender, ethnicity and seasonality, throughout the year of the study. Our experience suggests that knowledge of such patterns of behaviour can help conservation area managers to understand local people's needs and desires better, improve managers' rapport with local people, and make better cooperative plans with local people.
Diet, activity patterns, foraging movement and responses to deforestation of the aquatic tenrec Limnogale mergulus (Lipotyphla: Tenrecidae) in eastern Madagascar
Authors: Benstead Jonathan P. , Barnes Kevin H. , Pringle Catherine M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe aquatic or web‐footed tenrec Limnogale mergulus is a semi‐aquatic lipotyphlan insectivore known only from stream habitats of eastern Madagascar. Limnogale is considered a high conservation priority because of its rarity, suspected vulnerability to habitat degradation, and unique ecological niche on the island. However, its ecology and behaviour remain poorly understood. Quantitative faecal analysis and radio‐tracking were used to study the diet and foraging activity of Limnogale in eastern Madagascar. Faecal pellet counts along forest and zero‐canopy streams were also conducted to examine the response of aquatic tenrec populations to catchment deforestation. Faecal analysis indicated that the diet of Limnogale consists mainly of larval and adult aquatic insects, larval anurans and crayfishes. The most important prey were Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Trichoptera larvae. Diets did not differ substantially between forest and zero‐canopy streams. Radio‐tracking of two individuals indicated that Limnogale is strictly nocturnal and remains in streamside burrows during daylight. Nocturnal movement was restricted solely to stream channels and consisted of active foraging by swimming and diving. Distance travelled per night ranged from 200 to 1550 m along the stream channel (means 1067 and 860 m, respectively). The total lengths of stream channel used by the two aquatic tenrecs during each radio‐tracking study were 1160 and 505 m, respectively. Faecal pellet counts along forest and zero‐canopy streams suggested that Limnogale was at least as abundant in zero‐canopy streams. This finding suggests that Limnogale is not an obligate forest species; however, it preys on benthic communities that are extremely vulnerable to sedimentation. Control of excessive sedimentation and maintenance of healthy benthic communities are essential to Limnogale conservation. We include an updated list of known sites for Limnogale and recommend the use of faecal pellet surveys to assess the current distribution of the species.
FUNCTIONAL PEARL Unfolding pointer algorithms
Authors: BIRD RICHARD S. 
Published: July 2002

A fair amount has been written on the subject of reasoning about pointer algorithms.
There was a peak about 1980 when everyone seemed to be tackling the formal
verification of the Schorr–Waite marking algorithm, including Gries (1979, Morris
(1982) and Topor (1979). Bornat (2000) writes: “The Schorr–Waite algorithm is the
first mountain that any formalism for pointer aliasing should climb”. Then it went
more or less quiet for a while, but in the last few years there has been a resurgence of
interest, driven by new ideas in relational algebras (Möeller, 1993), in data refinement
Butler (1999), in type theory (Hofmann, 2000; Walker and Morrisett, 2000), in novel
kinds of assertion (Reynolds, 2000), and by the demands of mechanised reasoning
(Bornat, 2000). Most approaches end up being based in the Floyd–Dijkstra–Hoare
tradition with loops and invariant assertions. To be sure, when dealing with any
recursively-defined linked structure some declarative notation has to be brought in to
specify the problem, but no one to my knowledge has advocated a purely functional
approach throughout. Mason (1988) comes close, but his Lisp expressions can be
very impure. Möller (1999) also exploits an algebraic approach, and the structure of
his paper has much in common with what follows.This pearl explores the possibility of a simple functional approach to pointer
manipulation algorithms.
Relating operational and denotational semantics for

input/output effects
Authors: CROLE ROY L. , GORDON ANDREW D. 
Published: July 2002

We study the longstanding problem of semantics for input/output (I/O) expressed using

side-effects. Our vehicle is a small higher-order imperative language, with operations for

interactive character I/O and based on ML syntax. Unlike previous theories, we present

both operational and denotational semantics for I/O effects. We use a novel labelled

transition system that uniformly expresses both applicative and imperative computation. We

make a standard definition of bisimilarity and prove bisimilarity is a congruence using

Howe's method.Next, we define a metalanguage [Mscr ] in which we may give a denotational semantics to

[Oscr ]. [Mscr ] generalises Crole and Pitts' FIX-logic by adding in a parameterised recursive datatype,

which is used to model I/O. [Mscr ] comes equipped both with an operational semantics and a

domain-theoretic semantics in the category [Cscr ][Pscr ][Pscr ][Oscr ] of cppos (bottom-pointed posets with

joins of ω-chains) and Scott continuous functions. We use the

[Cscr ][Pscr ][Pscr ][Oscr ] semantics to prove that [Mscr ]

is computationally adequate for the operational semantics using formal

approximation relations. The existence of such relations is based on recent work of

Pitts (Pitts 1994b) for untyped languages, and uses the idea of minimal invariant objects due

to Freyd.A monadic-style textual translation into [Mscr ] induces a denotational semantics on

[Oscr ]. Our final result validates the denotational semantics: if the denotations of two

[Oscr ] programs are equal, then the [Oscr ] programs are in fact operationally equivalent.
VOICING THE LANGUAGE OF LITERATURE: JUDE’S OBSCURED LABOR
Authors: Cooper Andrew 
Published: July 2002

[Hardy] is too fond — and the practice has been growing on him through all his later books — of writing like a man “who has been at a great feast of languages and stole the scraps,” or, in plain English, of making experiments in a form of language which he does not seem clearly to understand, and in a style for which he was assuredly not born. (Mowbray Morris)No reader can fail to notice — and few critics have failed to deplore — the ponderous allusions to literature and art which strew with their initial capitals the pages of Hardy’s early novels. . . . The mark of the autodidact is perhaps to be found not so much in what he knows as in how he regards the world of knowledge. . . . Hardy may have known more than many a man with a university education, but he lacked the kind of intellectual as well as social assurance that such an education might have given him. (Thomas Hardy: His Career as a Novelist, Michael Millgate)DESPITE A GAP OF ONE HUNDRED YEARS between these two statements, they exhibit little difference with regard to an issue that has drawn critical comment since first publication of Thomas Hardy’s novels: the language of the texts. Morris and Millgate both disapprove of Hardy’s style because of its overt use of quotation, but behind this lies the view that good style depends upon correct language, and that the ability to use language correctly is the preserve of a select few by virtue of their class or education. In the one hundred years and more since Hardy wrote the novels, there are many instances of critics sharing this opinion. And yet, of course, from the early 1970s onwards, new theoretical approaches to language have increasingly dominated critical practice, changing rapidly the premises of literary interpretation. More specifically, the relationship between literature, language, and education has been theorized as an ideological matrix requiring precise historical and political analysis. The late nineteenth century in England, with its dramatic changes in State Education and the cultural crisis leading to fin-de-siècle decadence has proved fertile ground for investigations of these issues, which have indeed cited Hardy’s texts in the process.1 This article invokes that research in its focus upon Jude the Obscure — the novel by Hardy that most explicitly explores the links between education, literature, and language in the context of class.
Tetrad Analysis in Higher Plants. A Budding Technology
Authors: Copenhaver Gregory P. , Keith Kevin C. , Preuss Daphne 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTetrad analysis, the ability to manipulate and individually study the four products of a single meiotic event, has been critical to understanding the mechanisms of heredity. The Arabidopsis quartet (qrt) mutation, which causes the four products of male meiosis to remain attached, enables plant biologists to apply this powerful tool to investigations of gamete development, cell division, chromosome dynamics, and recombination. Here we highlight several examples of how qrt has been used to perform tetrad analysis and suggest additional applications including a genetic screen for gametophytic mutants and methods for investigating gene interactions by synthetic lethal analysis.
Laser irradiation of polyethylene oxide
Authors: Yang M. , Fang S. J. , Salovey R. , Allen S. D. 
Published: July 2002

The temperature profiles in polyethlene oxide (PEO) films on a soda lime glass substrate heated by scanning a continuous wave (cw) CO2 laser beam are calculated by finite element methods. The volumetric heating rate in the irradiated film depends on the total power of the laser, the radius of the illuminated spot and the scan rate, as well as film parameters such as absorption depth, density, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity (Ref. 1). The absorption depth in PEO at a wavelength of 10.6 μm is less than, but comparable to the thickness of the the PEO film (40 μm). Therefore, heat loss from the bottom surface of the polymer film cannot be neglected. The thickness of the glass substrate
is much greater than that of the PEO, so that heat loss from the bottom surface of the glass may be neglected. We use a coordinate system fixed in the material. The beam is parallel to the z axis and scans continuously along the x direction with velocity v (Fig. 1). A time dependent temperature profile on the surface, along the trajectory of the beam center, is shown in Fig. 2. Comparison of calculated temperature profiles and the shapes of PEO spherulites in the zone refined polymer enable us to elucidate melting, nucleation, and recrystallization under laser irradiation (Refs. 2 and 3).
Cold-wall ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition of doped and undoped Si and Si1−xGex epitaxial films using SiH4 and Si2H6
Authors: Li C. , John S. , Quinones E. , Banerjee S. 
Published: July 2002

Doped and undoped silicon homoepitaxy and Si1−xGex-on-Si heteroepitaxy have been achieved by cold-wall ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition using disilane (Si2H6), silane (SiH4), digermane (Ge2H6), and germane (GeH4) as the reactant gases. Boron and phosphorus doping were achieved by flowing B2H6 and PH3 dopant gases, respectively, into the reactor. The growth mechanism and film quality of intrinsic Si, B/P-doped films, and Si1−xGex alloys using SiH4 and Si2H6 are comparatively studied in this article. The crystallinity of the films was examined by Nomarski microscopy after Schimmel etching, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and in situ reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED). The defect density of the intrinsic Si films grown by Si2H6 and SiH4 was found to be below the TEM detection limit (105/cm2). B-doped and P-doped single-crystal Si were deposited using Si2H6 or SiH4 with a partial pressure of 10 mTorr at substrate temperatures from 550 to 600 °C. The B- and P-doping concentrations were determined by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). From plan-view TEM analysis, it was found that the defect density of the B- and P-doped Si films grown using Si2H6 is lower than that grown using SiH4 at even lower substrate temperatures. It was also found that the phosphine (PH3) ‘‘poisoning effect’’ for growth rate reduction and crystallinity degradation in Si2H6 chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is not as serious as in SiH4 CVD.
A model for the PH3 poisoning effect was developed to explain the growth rate reduction in SiH4 CVD with high PH3 flux. The morphology of both P-doped and B-doped Si films using Si2H6 was found to be smoother than for those using SiH4, as indicated by plan-view TEM and by RHEED analysis. Si1−xGex alloys were deposited by using various reactant gases. The thickness of the Si1−xGex alloy films and the Ge mole fraction were measured by SIMS. A 50-period Si1−xGex–Si superlattice was grown using Si2H6 and GeH4. The transition layers were found to be extremely sharp and layer thickness control using Si2H6 was found to be excellent by cross-sectional TEM analysis. In this study, Si2H6 was found to be a better Si precursor compared to SiH4 under our growth conditions. From the growth rate study, the activation energies for the Si growth rate were found to be 1.47 and 1.60 eV for Si2H6 and SiH4, respectively. The activation energies for the Ge growth rate are 0.93 and 1.0 eV using Ge2H6 and GeH4, respectively. A growth kinetic model was developed to predict the growth rate of undoped Si for various reactant gas partial pressures and substrate temperatures. The adsorption rate preexponential constant for SiH4 was found to be about twice that of Si2H6. The model can also predict the Ge mole fraction in Si1−xGex alloys and B/P doping concentrations in the Si films.
Presence of Variations in Ribosomal Protein L16 Corresponding to Susceptibility of Enterococci to Oligosaccharides (Avilamycin and Evernimicin)
Authors: Aarestrup Frank Møller , Jensen Lars Bogø 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Fragments (414 bp) of the gene-encoding ribosomal protein L16 from
Enterococcus faecium
and
Enterococcus faecalis
that were resistant and susceptible to the oligosaccharide antibiotics avilamycin and evernimicin (SCH 27899) were sequenced and compared. The susceptible
E. faecalis
and
E. faecium
isolates had sequences that were similar to those of the type strains. All resistant
E. faecalis
isolates contained the same base pair variation [CGT (Arg-56) → CAT (His-56)]. The same variation and two additional variations [ATC (Ile-52) → ACC (Thr-52) and ATC (Ile-52) → AGC (Ser-52)] were found in the resistant
E. faecium
isolates. This study indicated that resistance to the oligosaccharides in enterococci is associated with variations in the ribosomal protein L16.
Susceptibilities of
Corynebacterium bovis
and
Corynebacterium amylocolatum
Isolates from Bovine Mammary Glands to 15 Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Watts Jeffrey L. , Rossbach Silvia 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Coryneform bacteria are frequently isolated from bovine mastitis and are associated with economic losses. Generally, the MICs of the 15 antimicrobial agents tested at which 90% of the isolates tested are inhibited for 46
Corynebacterium bovis
and 13
Corynebacterium amylocolatum
strains were low. These are the first quantitative antimicrobial susceptibility data available for coryneforms from bovine mastitis. Data from this study suggest that comparable corynebacteria from humans have a much higher level of antimicrobial resistance to a variety of antimicrobial agents.
Anaerobic Toluene Activation by Benzylsuccinate Synthase in a Highly Enriched Methanogenic Culture
Authors: Beller Harry R. , Edwards Elizabeth A. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
Permeabilized cells of a highly enriched, toluene-mineralizing, methanogenic culture catalyzed the addition of toluene to fumarate to form benzylsuccinate under anaerobic conditions. The specific in vitro rate of benzylsuccinate formation was >85% of the specific in vivo rate of toluene consumption. This is the first report of benzylsuccinate synthase activity in a methanogenic culture; the activity has previously been reported to occur in denitrifying, sulfate-reducing, and anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria.
Neisseria meningitidis
Expressing Transferrin Binding Proteins of
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Can Utilize Porcine Transferrin for Growth
Authors: Litt David J. , Palmer Helen M. , Borriello S. Peter 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Homologous recombination was used to generate a number of mutants of serogroup B
Neisseria meningitidis
B16B6 with the following characteristics: (i) an inability to bind human or porcine transferrin because of loss of both transferrin binding proteins (Tbp) A and B [strain B16B6(Str
r
)/tbpA
−
B
−
] and (ii) an ability to bind porcine transferrin but not human transferrin [strain B16B6(Str
r
)/tbpA
ap
B
ap
] due to replacement of the meningococcal Tbp with the Tbp of
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
. During construction of the B16B6(Str
r
)/tbpA
ap
B
ap
strain, transformants expressing only TbpA or TbpB of
A. pleuropneumoniae
were isolated [strains B16B6(Str
r
)/tbpA
ap
B
−
and B16B6(Str
r
)/tbpA
−
B
ap
]. Expression of the
A. pleuropneumoniae
Tbp in
N. meningitidis
B16B6 was iron regulated and expressed under the control of the meningococcal promoter. The relative abilities of the meningococcal transformants to bind porcine transferrin were in the order B16B6(Str
r
)/tbpA
ap
B
ap
> B16B6(Str
r
)/tbpA
ap
B
−
> B16B6(Str
r
)/tbpA
−
B
ap
. Of these transformants, only B16B6(Str
r
)/tbpA
ap
B
ap
could grow in the presence of porcine transferrin as the sole iron source, achieving a growth rate similar to that of the B16B6 parent strain in the presence of human transferrin.
Conservation and Heterogeneity of
vlsE
among Human and Tick Isolates of
Borrelia burgdorferi
Authors: Iyer Radha , Hardham John M. , Wormser Gary P. , Schwartz Ira , Norris Steven J. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

The
vls
(variable major protein [VMP]-like sequence) locus of
Borrelia burgdorferi
encodes an antigenic variation system that closely resembles the VMP system of relapsing fever borreliae. To determine whether
vls
sequences are present consistently in low-passage, infectious isolates of
B. burgdorferi
, 22 blood and erythema migrans biopsy isolates from Lyme disease patients in Westchester County, New York, were examined by Southern blot and PCR analysis. Each of the strains contained a single plasmid varying in size from 21 to 38 kb that hybridized strongly with a
vlsE
probe based on the
B. burgdorferi
B31 sequence. In contrast, PCR products were obtained with only 10 of the 22 strains when primers corresponding to the 5′ and 3′ regions of the B31
vlsE
sequence outside the variable cassette region were used. Only 2 of 16
B. burgdorferi
-infected tick specimens yielded detectable PCR product. Eight of 10 strains that yielded a PCR product under these conditions were type 1 (a genotype with a high rate of dissemination), according to PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of intergenic rDNA sequences, whereas the isolates that did not yield
vlsE
PCR products were either type 2 or type 3. Comparison of the sequences of cloned PCR products from the patient isolates indicated a high degree of identity to the B31 sequence, with most of the differences restricted to the hypervariable regions known to undergo sequence variation. Taken together, these results both reinforce previous evidence that
vls
sequences are present consistently in low-passage Lyme disease spirochetes and indicate that both highly conserved and heterogeneous subgroups exist with regard to
vlsE
sequences.