bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generation of a Simplified Brain Geometry for the Calculation of Local Cerebral Temperature using a 1D Hemodynamic Model
Authors: Daschner Rosa , Krames Lorena , Lutz Yannick , Loewe Axel , Dössel Olaf , Cattaneo Giorgio 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In Western countries, stroke is the third-most cause of death; 35- 55% of the survivors experience permanent disability. Mild therapeutic hypothermia (TH) showed neuroprotective effect in patients returning from cardiac arrest and is therefore assumed to decrease stroke induced cerebral damage. Recently, an intracarotid cooling sheath was developed to induce local TH in the penumbra using the cooling effect of cerebral blood flow via collaterals. Computational modeling provides unique opportunities to predict the resulting cerebral temperature without invasive procedures. In this work, we generated a simplified brain model to establish a cerebral temperature calculation using Pennes’ bio-heat equation and a 1D hemodynamics model of the cranial artery tree. In this context, we performed an extensive literature research to assign the terminal segments of the latter to the corresponding perfused tissue. Using the intracarotid cooling method, we simulated the treatment with TH for different degrees of stenosis in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and analyzed the resulting temperature spatialtemporal distributions of the brain and the systemic body considering the influence of the collaterals on the effect of cooling.
Plug-in circuit board for the Raspberry-Pi microcomputer to reproduce multi-channel original electrocardiograms
Authors: Haber Tobias , Striebel Pascal , Ismer Bruno , Melichercik Juraj 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Commercial simulators can only reproduce electrocardiograms (ECG) of the normal and diseased heart rhythm in a simplified waveform and with a low number of channels. With the presented project, the variety of digitally archived ECGs, recorded during electrophysiological examinations, should be made usable as original analogue signals for research and teaching purposes by the development of a special printed circuit board for the minicomputer “Raspberry-Pi “.
Establishment and initial characterization of a simple 3D wound healing model
Authors: Hensler Sabine , Kühlbach Claudia , Dawn Parente Jacquelyn , Moeller Knut , Mueller Margareta M. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Poor wound healing as consequence of malfunctions in the regulation of the healthy tissue repair response affects millions of people worldwide. The number of therapies available to successfully treat chronic wound is still very limited and their development is costly and time consuming. Therefore simple to use 3D systems, reflecting the in vivo tissue complexity, are urgently needed. We introduce a novel 3D organotypic model (OTC) containing the major cell components active during wound healing i.e. keratinocytes, fibroblasts and inflammatory cells that allows to determine the effects of different therapeutic approaches on wound closure, cell differentiation and cytokine secretion in chronic wounds. There are first reports on irradiation with visible light of different wave length (Low Level Light Therapy) as a means to enhance wound closure. However the mechanisms underlying this therapy as well as optimized irradiation wavelength and dose are not clear and were therefore analyzed using our 3D organotypic model. In the standardized OTC model we could demonstrate epithelial closure under control conditions as well as differential effects of red and blue light irradiation with respect to stability of the newly formed epithelium and time until epithelial closure. First results show differential cytokine profiles upon different wavelength irradiation e.g. high expression of TGF beta and IL-1 beta in red light irradiated cultures and increased GM-CSF expression in blue light irradiated and control cultures.
Influence of 12-bit and 16-bit CT values of metals on dose calculation in radiotherapy using PRIMO, a Monte Carlo code for clinical linear accelerators
Authors: Ese Zehra , Zylka Waldemar 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In this paper, the effect of computed tomography (CT) values of metals in 12-bit and 16-bit extended Hounsfield Unit (EHU) scale on dose calculations in radiotherapy treatment planning systems (TPS) were quantified. Dose simulations for metals in water environment were performed with the software PRIMO in 6MV photon mode. The depth dose profiles were analysed and the relative dose differences between the metals determined with 12-bit and 16-bit CT imaging, respectively, were calculated. Maximum dose differences of ΔAl = 3.0%, ΔTi = 4.5%, ΔCr = 6.2% and ΔCu = 11.6% were measured. In order to increase the accuracy of dose calculation on patients with implants, CT imaging in the EHU scale is recommended.
Robust motion tracking of deformable targets in the liver using binary feature libraries in 4D ultrasound
Authors: Wulff Daniel , Kuhlemann Ivo , Ernst Floris , Schweikard Achim , Ipsen Svenja 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In radiation therapy of abdominal targets, optimal tumor irradiation can be challenging due to intrafractional motion. Current target localization methods are mainly indirect, surrogate-based and the patient is exposed to additional radiation due to X-ray imaging. In contrast, 4D ultrasound (4DUS) imaging provides volumetric images of soft tissue tumors in real-time without ionizing radiation, facilitating a non-invasive, direct tracking method. In this study, the target was defined by features located in its local neighborhood. Features were extracted using the FAST detector and the BRISK descriptor, which were extended to 3D. To account for anatomical variability, a feature library was generated that contains manually annotated target information and relative locations of the features. During tracking, features were extracted from the current 4DUS volume and compared to the feature library. Recognized features are used to estimate feature position and shape. The developed method was evaluated in 4DUS sequences of the liver of three healthy subjects. For each dataset, a target was defined and manually contoured in a training and a test sequence. Training was used for library creation, the test sequence for target tracking. The target estimations are compared to the annotations to quantify a tracking error. The results show that binary feature libraries can be used for robust target localization in 4DUS data of the liver and could potentially serve as a tracking method less sensitive to target deformation.
Comparison of approval procedures for medical devices in Europe and the USA
Authors: Vila Wagner Marcel , Schanze Thomas 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Important achievements such as the discovery of penicillin increased life expectancy in the 19th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, the influence of technical equipment and biomedical research led to a further leap in life expectancy. The use of computer devices with sophisticated software also improved the quality of life. This is linked to the fact that all these achievements have now led to the emergence of one of the largest import and export markets in the USA, alongside the european union (EU), which is an association of European states. In order to guarantee a uniform quality of this abundance of different products and therapies, there are worldwide corresponding regulations, to which all manufacturers must adhere. The entry into force of these regulations, with the associated approval and testing obligations for each individual medical device, ensures that a consistently high quality of products is used on patients. Of course, high quality as well as high functionality and safety levels of medical products are a must. However, the implementation of these regulations is realized differently in the various markets, as there is no global harmonization. This work focuses on approval procedures for medical devices in Europe (EU) and the USA and compares significant differences in the approval procedures, which are shown as a graphical comparison. An example is an approval of medical devices by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which is an US government agency. In Europe (EU) there is a manufacturer’s declaration of conformity for the approval.
Mobile compressed gas supply for active orthoses and exo-skeletons
Authors: Pott Peter P. , Schwenkel Laura , Janzen Swantje , Mühlbauer Pia 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In this study a basic principle for the gas supply of a pneumatic actuation for a mobile active knee joint orthosis is described. Instead of using a compressor or a bulky pressure reservoir, the system is supplied with pressurized gas directly from a thermodynamic process to reduce size and weight of the device. To achieve this goal a literature search was performed identifying chemical processes. These options were then analysed and evaluated considering the aspects energy density, safety, eco-friendliness, and technical feasibility of the construction. The expansion of liquified carbon dioxide with phase change achieves the best result due to its high level of safety and the simple technical feasibility of the system. However, CO2cools down considerably during the expansion, so heating up again to room temperature is necessary. Therefore, the technical construction includes a passive and an active heat exchanger.
Automated alignment detection of an additively manufactured Z-frame marker to process instrument targeting signals in interventional MRI
Authors: Odenbach Robert , Parsanejad Parisa , Friebe Michael 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
MRI-guided interventions (iMRI, e.g. prostate biopsy) are usually performed under a free-hand instrument targeting approach to guide and feed the instrument (e.g. biopsy needle) along the desired trajectory. However, this technique requires many iterative movements either from the interventionist or of the patient (with the MRI table) in and out of the MRI tunnel, which is cumbersome, time-consuming and expensive. To overcome these downsides, interventional MRI procedures can be facilitated with remotely controllable assistance systems for instrument alignment. Such systems require an accurate registration and tracking of the position and orientation of the instrument. Passive fiducial marker frames (e.g. additively manufactured Z-frame marker) are capable of providing full information about a device´s orientation within the image. In this paper, we present an automated alignment detection algorithm to track a Z-marker from system-independent screen-captured images. We evaluated the precision of the detection algorithm by analysing its computation results from schematic gold standard images in different marker orientations in comparison to MR-images with the same orientations. Our combined setup consists of a precise alignment system, an additively manufactured Z-frame marker and the related detection algorithm. It offers a fast, simple, independent and accurate automated instrument targeting for iMRI. For future work, we plan to conduct phantom targeting tests in combination with robotic alignment systems.
Severity of corrosion under insulation (CUI) to structures and strategies to detect it
Authors: Eltai Elsadig O. , Musharavati Farayi , Mahdi El-sadig 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This review paper considers the research conducted in the past 30 years in the field of corrosion under insulation (CUI). CUI is a significant challenge in many industries for reasons of high cost and risk because it proceeds undetected under insulation. CUI is an unavoidable problem which may potentially cause personnel injury or even fatalities. Presently, CUI counts for as much as 40 to 60% of pipeline-repairing cost. The use of coating under the insulation has been shown very efficient in the mitigation of CUI. Moisture and ion penetration, particularly chlorides, through the insulation and coating may produce stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steels. The process of applying insulating materials on metal surfaces and the precautions that need to be taken are explained. Beside visual inspection, techniques such as neutron backscatter, capacitive imaging and pulsed eddy current can be used to detect the presence of CUI. The strength and limitations of the available commercial detection techniques are evaluated. A comprehensive list of industrial standards dealing with CUI is provided.
Clinical evidence of the effect of bisphosphonates on pregnancy and the infant
Authors: Machairiotis Nikolaos , Ntali Georgia , Kouroutou Paraskevi , Michala Lina 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BPs) are potent inhibitors of osteoclast mediated bone resorption. These drugs are widely used in the management of osteoporosis and other diseases, characterized by high bone turnover. The effect of BPs on gestation and lactation, when they are used as therapeutic agents in premenopausal women, is yet unknown. We conducted a detailed literature review and identified the cases of BPs use in young women, as well as, the effects of this therapy on the gestation and the embryo. The published data, regarding the use of BPs in premenopausal women and their effects on the pregnancy outcome, are limited. However, we could identify the outcomes of 40 pregnant women, who had received BPs prior to or during pregnancy, that have been documented in the literature. All women had valid indications to receive BPs for serious bone metabolism conditions. We could not identify any prospective trials, which focus on pregnancy outcomes following after the in-utero exposure to BPs. In total, no serious adverse effects were reported. Problems related to the offspring, such as hypocalcemia and a tendency for low body weight (LBW), were self-resolving. In addition, no serious adverse outcomes were reported for women having completed pregnancy. Nevertheless, follow-up was limited for both outcomes suggesting the necessity of national and international registries.
Effectiveness of different methods of health education on knowledge and attitude regarding palliative care among college students in urban Puducherry: a pre-post intervention study
Authors: Radhika Semwal , Tanveer Rehman , Adinarayanan S. , Sarkar Sonali , Suresh Kumar , Vetri Selvan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
The World Health Organization estimates that around 6 million people need palliative care in India but not even 1% of the patients have access to it.

Objective
To find the prevalence of knowledge on palliative care and compare the effectiveness of different methods of health education on attitude regarding palliative care among urban college students in southern India.

Subjects
A pre-post intervention study was conducted in three different arts, science and commerce colleges in urban Pondicherry in August 2017.

Methods
Data regarding attitude change towards palliative care by three different modes of intervention in the three colleges: health talk (Group A), health talk with video (Group B) and health talk and interaction with a patient’s caregiver (Group C) – before and after intervention – were collected using a predesigned pretested structured questionnaire.

Results
Among the 65, 75 and 67 participants in Groups A, B and C, respectively – the majority belonged to urban nuclear families; the mean age was 19.5 (0.9) years and Group C had only female students. The prevalence of knowledge about palliative care was found to be 9.2%. There was a difference in attitude scores among the three groups (p = 0.02) with Group C having the highest change of a score with a median of 2 (−1,5).

Conclusion
Awareness about palliative care is very low among non-medical undergraduate college students of urban Pondicherry. The best method of health education in changing the attitude towards palliative care was interaction with patient’s caregiver.
Aspirin, a potential GLUT1 inhibitor in a vascular endothelial cell line
Authors: Hu Yabo , Lou Xiaohan , Wang Ruirui , Sun Chanjun , Liu Xiaomeng , Liu Shuochuan , Wang Zibing , Ni Chen 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Recent epidemiological and preclinical studies have revealed that aspirin possesses antitumor properties; one of the mechanisms results from inhibition of angiogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms of such action remain to be elucidated, in particular, the effect of aspirin on glucose metabolism of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) has not yet been reported. Herein, we demonstrate that glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), a main glucose transporter in ECs, can be down-regulated by aspirin. Exposure to 4-mM aspirin significantly decreased GLUT1 at the mRNA and protein level, resulting in impaired glucose uptake capacity in vascular ECs. In addition, we also showed that exposure to 4-mM aspirin led to an inhibition of intracellular ATP and lactate synthesis in vascular ECs, and a down-regulation of the phosphorylation level of NF-κB p65 was observed. Taken together, these findings indicate 4-mM aspirin inhibits glucose uptake and glucose metabolism of vascular ECs through down-regulating GLUT1 expression and suggest that GLUT1 has potential to be a target for aspirin in vascular ECs.
Analyzing the semantic space of the Hippocratic Oath
Authors: Hanák Přemysl B. , Ivanová Kateřina , Chráska Miroslav 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The Hippocratic Oath is the foundation for the moral ideals and goals of Western medicine. We aimed to develop a research tool to determine the perception among diverse groups of physicians and to determine the current perception of the Hippocratic Oath.
We used the semantic differential to map the connotative meaning of the Oath. We selected 34 research articles with abstracts from a literature search. The attributes (adjectives) used to describe the Oath were added to adjectives from a semi-structured questionnaire filled in at the Olomouc military hospital. We modified the factors and selected 8 scales by optimizing the semantic differential.
Overall, Czech physicians perceived the Oath highly positively based on the factor of evaluation. Negative and even neutral viewpoints were rare. The strongest factor– progressivity–revealed that the topicality of the Hippocratic Oath is very important to physicians. A statistically significant difference was found between female physicians and their male counterparts, with women rating the Oath’s progressivity higher than men, as well as perceiving the Oath generally more positively than men.
Our analysis confirmed the importance and success of continuing education. The standardized methodology can be used in medical education to analyze the semantic space of the Hippocratic Oath.
Definition of the chalcogen bond (IUPAC Recommendations 2019)
Authors: Aakeroy Christer B. , Bryce David L. , Desiraju Gautam R. , Frontera Antonio , Legon Anthony C. , Nicotra Francesco , Rissanen Kari , Scheiner Steve , Terraneo Giancarlo , Metrangolo Pierangelo , Resnati Giuseppe 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This recommendation proposes a definition for the term “chalcogen bond”; it is recommended the term is used to designate the specific subset of inter- and intramolecular interactions formed by chalcogen atoms wherein the Group 16 element is the electrophilic site.
Effects of Soil Conditioning on Tool Wear for Earth Pressure Balance Shield Tunneling in Sandy Gravel Based on Laboratory Test
Authors: Wei Ying-Jie , Yang Yu-You , Qiu Tong 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Soil conditioning plays an important role in reducing soil abrasivity and wear of cutting tools in earth pressure balance shield tunneling, leading to service life extension of cutting tools. In this article, an experimental study to assess the abrasivity of conditioned soil with different conditioners, namely foam and slurry, was carried out using a soil abrasion tester. The abrasive characteristics of the tested soil samples were quantitatively assessed through the measurement of weight loss of the steel cubes fixed on the propeller. Preliminary test results indicate that both foam and slurry can modify the sandy gravel to a suitable state according to slump test and decrease soil abrasivity significantly. The torque, which reflects the interaction between the propeller and tested materials, is used to provide insights into the soil-tool contact. Potential relationships between tool wear and tool position are also investigated.
Removal of the Potassium Chloride Co-Transporter from the Somatodendritic Membrane of Axotomized Motoneurons Is Independent of BDNF/TrkB Signaling But Is Controlled by Neuromuscular Innervation
Authors: Akhter Erica Tracey , Griffith Ronald W. , English Arthur W. , Alvarez Francisco J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe potassium-chloride cotransporter (KCC2) maintains the low intracellular chloride found in mature central neurons and controls the strength and direction of GABA/glycine synapses. We found that following axotomy as a consequence of peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs), KCC2 protein is lost throughout the somatodendritic membrane of axotomized spinal cord motoneurons after downregulation ofkcc2mRNA expression. This large loss likely depolarizes the reversal potential of GABA/glycine synapses, resulting in GABAergic-driven spontaneous activity in spinal motoneurons similar to previous reports in brainstem motoneurons. We hypothesized that the mechanism inducing KCC2 downregulation in spinal motoneurons following peripheral axotomy might be mediated by microglia or motoneuron release of BDNF and TrkB activation as has been reported on spinal cord dorsal horn neurons after nerve injury, motoneurons after spinal cord injury (SCI), and in many other central neurons throughout development or a variety of pathologies. To test this hypothesis, we used genetic approaches to interfere with microglia activation or deletebdnffrom specifically microglia or motoneurons, as well as pharmacology (ANA-12) and pharmacogenetics (F616A mice) to block TrkB activation. We show that KCC2 dysregulation in axotomized motoneurons is independent of microglia, BDNF, and TrkB. KCC2 is instead dependent on neuromuscular innervation; KCC2 levels are restored only when motoneurons reinnervate muscle. Thus, downregulation of KCC2 occurs specifically while injured motoneurons are regenerating and might be controlled by target-derived signals. GABAergic and glycinergic synapses might therefore depolarize motoneurons disconnected from their targets and contribute to augment motoneuron activity known to promote motor axon regeneration.