bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atom-Probe Microscopy LEAPs the Chasm to Mainstream Applications
Authors: Alvis Roger , Kelly Thomas F 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In the now classic marketing text, Crossing the Chasm, Geoffrey Moore describes the difficult transition every successful new technology must make as it evolves from laboratory curiosity to mainstream acceptance. Essentially the transition consists of a radical shift in focus, from exploring the possibilities that fill the minds of visionaries and innovators to satisfying the practical concerns of pragmatists and conservatives who are more interested in integration with existing technologies and return on investment. Initial development of the atom probe was motivated primarily by scientific curiosity and the desire to do novel research with a new microscopy technique. As the technology matured the focus of development efforts shifted to expanding the applications space and improving practical performance in areas such as sensitivity, fidelity, productivity, and ease of use.
Using EBSD to Map Domain Structures in Ferroelectrics
Authors: MacLaren Ian , Farooq Muhammad Umar , Villaurrutia Rafael 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) has undergone a rapid transformation in the past 15 years from a curiosity and a minority interest into an important part of our arsenal of microstructure characterisation techniques. In this time, it has been very widely applied in metallurgy, especially in understanding the influence of processing on local crystallographic textures and on boundary populations. More recently, it has been used in a diverse range of different fields including semiconductors, ceramics, geological materials and even palaeontology. In this article we will show how EBSD can yield invaluable information about domain structures in ferroelectrics.
Multicolor Contrast Effects by Monochromatic Astronomic Filters – Utilization in Light Microscopy and Photomicrography
Authors: Piper Jörg 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Several color filters have been developed for astronomic use in order to improve image quality in visual observations and astronomic photography. Various positive effects, which can be achieved in astronomic practice, have already been described by several authors, manufacturers and distributors [2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12]. Monochromatic narrow-band filters are widely used by astronomers. These filters are constructed as interference filters; they select small ranges within the spectrum of the visible light corresponding with characteristic radiation emitted by celestial nebula or the sun and its protuberances. This way, scattered terrestrial radiation caused by “light pollution” and non visible infrared or ultraviolet spectral components are blocked. Fundamental improvements of image quality will result from these filters when refractors or reflector telescopes are fitted with them.
Online Microscopy Lab Training Modules in an Academic Environment
Authors: Schierbeek K , Mikel A , Hill S E , Mills O P 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The Applied Chemical and Morphological Analysis Laboratory (ACMAL) is a multi-user, multi-disciplinary characterization laboratory. ACMAL houses two scanning electron microscopes (SEM and FE-SEM), a transmission electron microscope (TEM), focused ion beam milling system (FIB), four X-ray diffractometers, and an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. ACMAL operates as a recharge center where users absorb facility operation cost through an hourly use fee. As such, we are keenly interested in encouraging broad access to the facility by lowering obstacles to users. Facility training enhancements provide the best pathway to productive and responsible facility usage.
STORM Offers Super-Resolution in 3D!
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
For the first few centuries of microscopy, spatial resolution was limited by the diffraction barrier. Recently, this barrier has been broken using several different methods. Optical methods that provide better resolution than the diffraction barrier are referred to as super-resolution. Although these techniques have significantly improved resolution in two dimensions (x and y) or in the axial dimension (z), it has not been possible to achieve substantial improvement in all three dimensions simultaneously. A study by Bo Huang, Wenqin Wang, Mark Bates, and Xiaowei Zhuang demonstrated a breakthrough by achieving a spatial resolution that is 10 times better than the diffraction limit in all three dimensions without using sample or optical-beam scanning.
Novel Life Science Tensile Stage Integration with Cryo Dual-Beam FIB Technology
Authors: Sherman Debra M 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Soft and hydrated samples present unique challenges when determining structural integrity. Mechanical strength may be a critical factor in evaluating the sample in question. For example, genetic manipulation can change the chemical composition of plant cell walls. One goal would be producing strong plants whose stems and leaves lend themselves to easy break down for the production of ethanol. Arabidopsis is an ideal test sample for cell wall manipulation since the genetic strains are so well documented. However, these plants are quite small and mechanically testing the integrity of the walls can be problematic in the laboratory setting.
Progress In Design and Applications Of CCD Cameras For Electron Microscopy
Authors: Downing Kenneth H 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Over the last several years the long-awaited revolution in direct-digital readout systems has begun, with the introduction of efficient slow-scan CCD cameras. Earlier, the introduction of video cameras to electron microscopes had brought a quantum leap in the speed and efficiency of carrying out a host of operations. The high sensitivity of the video cameras provided the ability to see the image in much more detail and at a lower beam intensity than had been previously possible by viewing the fluorescent screen. The ability to assess, on line, characteristics such as specimen quality and image focus, even qualitatively, gave feedback to the operator that previously took hours to obtain. Due to the low resolution of these video systems, however, they were rarely useful for data recording.
The Role of Historical Context in Understanding Past Climate, Pollution and Health Data in Trans‐disciplinary Studies: Reply to Comments on More et al., 2017
Authors: More Alexander F. , Spaulding Nicole E. , Bohleber Pascal , Handley Michael J. , Hoffmann Helene , Korotkikh Elena V. , Kurbatov Andrei V. , Loveluck Christopher P. , Sneed Sharon B. , McCormick Michael , Mayewski Paul A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractUnderstanding the context from which evidence emerges is of paramount importance in reaching robust conclusions in scientific inquiries. This is as true of the present as it is of the past. In a trans‐disciplinary study such as More et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GH000064) and many others appearing in this and similar journals, a proper analysis of context demands the use of historical evidence. This includes demographic, epidemiological, and socio‐economic data—common in many studies of the impact of anthropogenic pollution on human health—and, as in this specific case, also geoarchaeological evidence. These records anchor climate and pollution data in the geographic and human circumstances of history, without which we lose a fundamental understanding of the data itself. This article addresses Hinkley (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2018GH000105) by highlighting the importance of context, focusing on the historical and archaeological evidence, and then discussing atmospheric deposition and circulation in the specific region of our study. Since many of the assertions in Bindler (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2018GH000135) are congruent with our findings and directly contradict Hinkley (2018), this reply refers to Bindler (2018), whenever appropriate, and indicates where our evidence diverges.
Study on the Curvature and Gradient of the Magnetic Field in Earth's Cusp Region Based on the Magnetic Curvature Analysis Method
Authors: Xiao Chao , Liu Wenlong , Shen Chao , Zhang Hua , Rong Zhaojin 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis paper uses the multiple‐point magnetic measurements from the Cluster mission to investigate the curvature and gradient of the magnetic field as well as their relations with the current density inside the cusp region under different interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions. From two event studies, it is shown that the curvature radius of magnetic field line is on average 5.13 RE under southward IMF and 19.75 RE under northward IMF condition. The directional angle of curvature is more distributed in a wider range under southward condition. The gradient of the magnetic field strength B is larger with a larger standard deviation under southward IMF condition. These results imply that the cusp region has more complicated magnetic structures under southward IMF condition. Through the correlation analysis between the magnetic field parameters and the current density, it is found that the magnetic gradient has a strong relation with total current density jt and perpendicular current density j⊥ when the ratio of parallel component j// to jt decreases, possibly due to gradient B drift. Furthermore, we present a statistical study on the 19 cusp crossing events from July 2003 to September 2003. The results from the statistical study are consistent with the event studies.
An Evolutive Linear Kinematic Source Inversion
Authors: Sánchez‐Reyes H. S. , Tago J. , Métivier L. , Cruz‐Atienza V. M. , Virieux J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe present a new hierarchical time kinematic source inversion method able to assimilate data traces through evolutive time windows. A linear time domain formulation relates the slip rate function and seismograms, preserving the positivity of this function and the causality when spanning the model space: taking benefit of the time‐space sparsity of the rupture model evolution is as essential as considering the causality between rupture and each record delayed by the known propagator operator different for each station. This progressive approach, both on the data space and on the model space, does require mild assumptions on prior slip rate functions or preconditioning strategies on the slip rate local gradient estimations. These assumptions are based on simple physical expected rupture models we foresee. Successful applications of this method to a well‐known benchmark (Source Inversion Validation Exercise 1) and to the recorded data of the 2016 Kumamoto mainshock (Mw=7.0) illustrate the advantages of this alternative approach of a linear kinematic source inversion. This stabilized overparameterized optimization of a linear forward problem has a potential extension to stochastic inversion in a Bayesian framework in the future to assess uncertainties on kinematic source inversions, which is more difficult to investigate under nonlinear formulations.
Process‐Specific Contributions to Anomalous Java Mixed Layer Cooling During Positive IOD Events
Authors: Delman Andrew S. , McClean Julie L. , Sprintall Janet , Talley Lynne D. , Bryan Frank O. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNegative sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies associated with positive Indian Ocean Dipole (pIOD) events first appear in the seasonal upwelling zone along the southern coast of Java during May–July. The evolution of anomalous SSTs in this coastal region is analyzed by computing a temperature budget using output from a strongly eddy‐active ocean general circulation model. The seasonal cooling south of Java in May–July is driven by a reduction in incoming shortwave radiation and by vertical mixing, consistent with earlier studies in the region; however, the model budget also shows an advective contribution that drives anomalous cooling at the onset of pIOD events. To identify which process(es) are responsible for the anomalous advective cooling during pIOD events, a novel process index regression method is used to estimate the contributions of wind stress, equatorial Kelvin waves, mesoscale eddies, and Lombok Strait flow to anomalous cooling south of Java. Using this method, wind stress forcing along the west coast of Sumatra is found to make the most substantial contribution to anomalous cooling south of Java, with lesser contributions from equatorially sourced Kelvin waves and local wind stress. Mesoscale eddies redistribute heat from the Lombok Strait outflow, and have an anomalous warming effect on the eastern side of the upwelling region. The process‐specific temperature budget south of Java highlights the importance of wind stress forcing west of Sumatra relative to equatorial and local forcing, and explains most of the mixed layer temperature anomaly evolution associated with advection during pIOD events.
Variability of Surface Heat Fluxes and Its Driving Forces at Different Time Scales Over a Large Ephemeral Lake in China
Authors: Zhao Xiaosong , Liu Yuanbo 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPoyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China. It is considered as an ephemeral lake—experiencing dynamic seasonal transitions ranging from a lake surface to wetland conditions. The influence of the seasonal water level transition on lake‐atmosphere energy exchange can have important consequences for local climate and water resource management. Here we study the dynamics of surface‐atmosphere energy exchange and examine the hydrological and meteorological controls on its partitioning for the period August 2013 to July 2016. Change in the water depth (WD) directly impacts water surface contribution and the inundated duration. The latent heat (LE) and sensible heat (H) fluxes showed an unimodal diurnal pattern in the wetland‐covered period and changed to an irregular pattern during the lake‐covered period when water surface contribution exceeded a value of 62%. The Bowen ratio (H/LE) was large/small in the wetland‐/lake‐covered period and decreased significantly with increasing WD. On a diurnal and daily timescale, the LE and H showed less dependence on wind speed (U) and water vapor or temperature gradient and greater dependence on net radiation when transitioning from the lake‐covered period to wetland‐covered period, respectively. On a monthly timescale, both the LE and H were mainly controlled by the net radiation. However, the interannual variations in LE and H were significantly correlated with the inundated duration and WD over Poyang Lake. The decreasing trend in Poyang Lake level, therefore, has potential to reduce lake evaporation and local precipitation and further amplify regional hydrometeorological droughts.
A Multigrid Nonlinear Least Squares Four‐Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation Scheme With the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting Model
Authors: Zhang Hongqin , Tian Xiangjun 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe motions of the atmosphere have multiscale properties in space and/or time, and the background error covariance matrix (Β) should thus contain error information at different correlation scales. To obtain an optimal analysis, the multigrid three‐dimensional variational data assimilation scheme is used widely when sequentially correcting errors from large to small scales. However, introduction of the multigrid technique into four‐dimensional variational data assimilation is not easy due to its strong dependence on the adjoint model, which has high computational costs in data coding, maintenance, and updating, especially for large‐scale, complex problems. In this study, the multigrid technique was introduced into the nonlinear least squares four‐dimensional variational assimilation (NLS‐4DVar) method, which is an advanced four‐dimensional ensemble‐variational method that can be applied without invoking the adjoint models. The multigrid NLS‐4DVar (MG‐NLS‐4DVar) scheme uses the number of grid points to control the scale, with doubling of this number when moving from coarser to finer grid levels. Furthermore, the MG‐NLS‐4DVar scheme not only retains the advantages of NLS‐4DVar but also sufficiently corrects multiscale errors to achieve a highly accurate analysis. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed MG‐NLS‐4DVar scheme were evaluated by one group of single‐observation experiments and one group of comprehensive evaluation experiments using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting Model. MG‐NLS‐4DVar outperformed NLS‐4DVar, with a lower computational cost.
Intercomparison Between VIIRS and CrIS by Taking Into Account the CrIS Subpixel Cloudiness and Viewing Geometry
Authors: Gong Xinya , Li Zhenglong , Li Jun , Moeller Christopher C. , Cao Changyong , Wang Wenhui , Menzel W. Paul 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe Cross‐track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) onboard the Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership (SNPP) has high radiometric accuracy, which can be used to intercompare and understand the radiometric performance of the thermal emissive bands of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) onboard the same platform. Previous studies usually selected uniform scenes to avoid potential uncertainties due to geolocation errors. This study focuses on all scenes (including nonuniform scenes), as well as CrIS subpixel cloudiness, local zenith angle and surface type, and their impacts on VIIRS/CrIS intercomparisons. A geolocation error correction scheme is applied to mitigate the geolocation mismatch between CrIS and VIIRS. Intercomparison results of three days from 19 to 21 September 2016, a quarterly warm up/cool down calibration period, show overall good agreement in terms of radiance biases (less than 0.2 K in terms of brightness temperature) between VIIRS and CrIS, for scene temperatures between 220 and 300 K; however, larger biases are evident outside of this range. The three factors—CrIS subpixel cloudiness, local zenith angle, and surface type—show weak impacts on VIIRS radiance biases. Both clear‐sky and overcast conditions have slightly different radiance biases from other partially cloudy conditions because of more contributions from colder or warmer scenes. The time series show the impact of warm up/cool down and the effectiveness of the correction algorithm for reprocessing VIIRS M15 and M16 data sets. The methods and tools can be applied to monitor and validate other infrared imager/sounder duos onboard the same platform.
A Statistical Study of Inertia Gravity Waves in the Lower Stratosphere Over the Arctic Region Based on Radiosonde Observations
Authors: Huang Kai Ming , Yang Zun Xun , Wang Rui , Zhang Shao Dong , Huang Chun Ming , Yi Fan , Hu Fei 
Published: May 2018

AbstractRelative to many investigations of inertial gravity waves (IGWs) in the Antarctic, IGW activity in the Arctic region was paid less attention to. We use radiosonde observations at the Ny‐Alesund station (78.9°N, 11.9°E) from April 2012 to June 2016 to study the IGW characteristics in the lower stratosphere over the Arctic. The observation reveals a prevailing eastward zonal background wind below 20 km and an obvious annual cycle of the background temperature from the troposphere to the lower stratosphere, which is different from the results in the middle and low latitudes. By combining Lomb‐Scargle spectrum and hodograph technique, case study demonstrates that the lower stratospheric IGWs exhibit a feature of freely propagating waves. Statistical analysis indicates that the IGWs have dominant horizontal (vertical) wavelength of 50–1,050 km (1–4 km) and ratio (1–2.5) of the intrinsic to inertia frequencies. Wave energy exhibits an annual oscillation with the maximum in winter and the minimum in summer. In winter, the downward propagating waves increase to about 20% due to polar stratospheric vortex. Because of the lower atmospheric filtering, the IGWs display a dominant direction of westward propagation, thus have a mean vertical flux of −0.647 mPa for the zonal momentum, which indicates that the IGWs can put a westward drag on the atmospheric wind field over the Arctic as they break and dissipate. All the vertical wavenumber spectra have spectral slopes from −2.23 to −2.99 close to the universal spectrum index of −3.
Attributing the Carbon Cycle Impacts of CMIP5 Historical and Future Land Use and Land Cover Change in the Community Earth System Model (CESM1)
Authors: Lawrence Peter J. , Lawrence David M. , Hurtt George C. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractHistorical global land use and land cover change (LULCC) emissions of 160 PgC represent a third of all human CO2 emissions from 1850 to 2010. Future land management decisions will have large impacts on the global carbon cycle, with scenarios ranging from continued deforestation and wood harvest to mitigation scenarios that reduce total emissions through afforestation and conversion to bioenergy. Here we present a systematic assessment of Community Earth System Model (CESM1) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) historic and projection simulations, with and without LULCC. For the historical period, CESM produced a Net LULCC flux of 123 PgC to the atmosphere, removing −130 PgC from ecosystems while increasing wood product pools by 7 PgC. Historical LULCC fluxes were equally divided between conversion and wood harvest fluxes. For the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 afforestation scenario CESM produced a Net LULCC flux of 53 PgC to the atmosphere, removing −58 PgC out of the ecosystem and increasing wood product pools of 5 PgC. The afforestation offsets the Direct LULCC flux of 153 PgC with a negative Indirect LULCC flux of −94 PgC. For the RCP 8.5 high LULCC scenario, CESM produced a Net LULCC flux of 211 PgC, removing −227 PgC from ecosystems and increasing wood product pools of 15 PgC. The LULCC of the future RCP scenarios was dominated by wood harvest fluxes, which is a process that was not included in many of the CMIP5 models. The analysis framework also allowed the attribution of Indirect and Prior LULCC fluxes that offset the Direct LULCC fluxes in many cases.
Threshold Effects for the Decrepitation and Stretching of Fluid Inclusions
Authors: Campione M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMinerals embedding fluids in the form of microinclusions are recurrent in xenoliths and exploited for inferring the characteristics of magma dynamics in relation to volcanism. Xenolith migration from mantle conditions to Earth surface might trigger failure transformations known as decrepitation and stretching. The former is a fairly recognizable transformation, corresponding to the brittle failure of the host mineral nearby the inclusion. The latter is a more intriguing transformation, corresponding to the plastic expansion of the cavity, that is, without fracture formation. Both transformations bring about a decrease of the fluid inclusion density, preventing to assess the original depth level of the xenolith. Here decrepitation and stretching are analyzed in the framework of an elastic‐plastic model providing a thorough tool to interpret experimental density data. Both phenomena are shown to be governed by threshold effects, establishing a net boundary between preserved and failed matrixes in terms of cavity size, internal, and confining pressure. A common feature of stretched systems emerges in the concept of the limiting pressure, influencing the maximum value of the inclusion pressure one might expect for a specific matrix, and the inferred depth of magma storage levels.