bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factor‐biased public infrastructure and wage inequality
Authors: Pi Jiancai , Zhang Pengqing 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis paper analyzes how factor‐biased public infrastructure affects the skilled–unskilled wage inequality. In the basic model with a full employment economy, we find that when the weighted dependence of skilled labor and capital in the urban skilled sector on public infrastructure is large enough relatively to that of unskilled labor and capital in the urban unskilled sector, the wage inequality will be expanded. We also discuss labor‐biased and capital‐biased public infrastructure in our framework, and find that the relative dependences of relevant labor or capital on public infrastructure are important determinants of wage inequality. In the extended models, we analyze separately the issue of wage inequality in the economy with unemployment and the totally open capital market, and find the results of the basic model almost still hold.
Aging and inequality: The link and transmission mechanisms
Authors: Luo Zhi , Wan Guanghua , Wang Chen , Zhang Xun 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThere exists a shortage of rigorous empirical analyses that focus on the aging‐to‐inequality transmission mechanisms although both developed and some developing countries have been confronted with the challenge of population aging. Using cross‐country panel data covering the period of 1975 to 2015, this paper contributes to the literature by directly modeling the relationship between aging and inequality and exploring the transmission mechanisms. Our estimation results show that (1) Aging worsens income distribution; (2) This adverse impact is attributable to its negative correlation with the share of labor income that in general is more equally distributed than capital income; (3) The labor share‐reducing effect of aging can be further attributed to the significant and negative impact of aging on both labor input or supply and wage or labor productivity; and (4) Our findings are robust to changes in model specifications, use of different indicators of aging, different inequality and labor share data sources.
Aerodynamic grain‐size distribution of blown sand
Authors: Yang YanYan , Liu LianYou , Li XiaoYan , Shi PeiJun , Zhang GuoMing , Xiong YiYing , Lyu YanLi , Guo LanLan , Liang Bo , Zhao MengDi , Dai JiaDong , Zuo XiYang , Han XuJiao 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAeolian sand entrainment, saltation and deposition are important and closely related near surface processes. Determining how grains are sorted by wind requires a detailed understanding of how aerodynamic sand transport processes vary within the saltating layer with height above the bed. Grain‐size distribution of sand throughout the saltation layer and, in particular, how the associated flux of different grain size changes with variation in wind velocity, remain unclear. In the present study, a blowdown wind tunnel with a 50 cm thick boundary layer was used to investigate saltating sand grains by analyzing the weight percentage and transport flux of different grain‐size fractions and the mean grain size at different wind velocities. It was found that mean grain size decreases with height above the sand bed before undergoing a reversal. The height of the reversal point ranges from 4 to 40 cm, and increases with wind velocity following a non‐linear relationship. The content of the finer fractions (very fine and fine sand) initially increases above the sand bed and then decreases slightly with height, whereas that of the coarser fractions (medium and coarse sand) exhibits the opposite trend. The content of coarser grains and the mean grain size of sand in the saltation layer increase with wind velocity, indicating erosional selectivity with respect to grains in multi‐sized sand beds; but this size selectivity decreases with increasing wind velocity. The vertical mass flux structure of fine sand and very fine sand does not obey a general exponential decay pattern under strong wind conditions; and the coarser the sand grain, the greater the decrease rate of their transport mass with height. The results of these experiments suggest that the grain‐size distribution of a saltating sand cloud is governed by both wind velocity and height within the near‐surface boundary layer.
Effects of low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound on radiographic healing of tibial plateau leveling osteotomies in dogs: a prospective, randomized, double‐blinded study
Authors: Kieves Nina R. , Canapp Sherman O. , Lotsikas Peter J. , Christopher Scott A. , Leasure Christopher S. , Canapp Debra , Gavin Patrick R. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the influence of low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on radiographic healing and limb function after uncomplicated, stable osteotomies in dogs.Study designIn vivo, prospective, randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐control study.Sample population: Fifty client‐owned dogs.MethodsFifty client‐owned dogs with naturally occurring unilateral cranial cruciate ligament rupture were enrolled prior to tibial plateau leveling osteotomy. Dogs were assigned to an active (LIPUS) treatment group or a placebo control (SHAM) treatment group via block randomization on the basis of age, weight, and affected limb. Dogs in the LIPUS treatment group underwent LIPUS treatments for 20 minutes daily: 1.5‐MHZ ultrasound wave pulsed at 1 kHZ with a 20% duty cycle at an intensity of 30 mW/cm2 for the duration of the study (12 weeks). Radiographic evaluation was performed at 4, 8, 10, and 12 weeks postoperatively to evaluate bone healing. Limb function was assessed with temporal‐spatial gait analysis preoperatively and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks postoperatively by using a pressure‐sensitive walkway system.ResultsBoth groups had significant improvement in radiographic score and limb use over time. However, there was no significant difference in radiographic bone healing, or limb use as measured by objective gait analysis detected between the LIPUS treatment group and SHAM treatment group at any point in the study.ConclusionLIPUS treatment did not improve healing in this stable osteotomy model.Clinical significanceThis study does not provide evidence to support the clinical application of LIPUS to stimulate the healing of stable, uncomplicated osteotomies to accelerate bone healing.
FOULING MECHANISM OF MICELLE ENHANCED ULTRAFILTRATION WITH SDS SURFACTANT FOR INDIGOZOL DYE REMOVAL
Authors: Aryanti Nita , Saraswati Andya , Pratama Putra Rangga , Nafiunisa Aininu , Wardhani Dyah Hesti 
Published: May 2018

Membrane separation technology was proposed to confront the problem of inorganic dye pollutant treatment such as an indigosol dye. A modified ultrafiltration process known as micellar-enhance ultrafiltration (MEUF), was applied to remove three kinds of indigosol dye (Pink IR, Blue O4B, and vat brown). Surfactant at concentration above CMC was added to form micelle structure and solubilize the dye molecule in the feed solution. Maximum dye rejection was achieved by the MEUF of all three kinds of indigosol dye. The rejection of indigosol pink IR, blue O4B, and brown VAT1 were 94,27%, 95,49% and 99,15%, respectively. In this research, it was found that the MEUF system leads to higher membrane flux, compared to the ultrafiltration system as shown in flux profiles. The difference was expected due to different dye molecular structure. Blocking mechanism was predicted by a mathematical model based on Hermia’s model and depicted a mechanism of complete blocking on most UF process and cake formation on MEUF process. This result confirmed that the MEUF system certainly retained the dye molecule on membrane separation process. However, a comprehensive study is required to increase the membrane flux.
THERMODYNAMIC STUDY OF POLYMER ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANE PREPARATION BY NON-SOLVENT INDUCED PHASE SEPARATION
Authors: R Dyartanti Endah , Purwanto Agus , Widiasa I Nyoman , Susanto Heru 
Published: May 2018

The composition of both the polymer solution and the non-solvent determines the resulted membrane morphology during membrane preparation through non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method. In the porous polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs), a specified porosity and uniform pore membranes are required; therefore prediction of membrane morphology is essential. The Dimensional parameter of thermodynamic was determined to find the diffusional rate between DMAc solvent and Water nonsolvent during the membranes preparation. The influences of the addition of nano-clay as filler and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) addition as pore-forming agent on the thermodynamic parameter were investigated. The resulted nanocomposites were characterized by measuring their porosity and electrolyte uptake as well as by a scanning electron microscopy. The composition of non-solvent required to induce phase separation of the casting solution was determined by cloud point experiment. By adding the content of additives the binodal line shifts to polymer/solvent axis, moreover MG reduces and DSBC raises and the thermodynamic parameter increased. It was obtained that the solubility parameters (Di/j) between solvent-additive are DDMAc/nano-clay = 0.787 (MPa0.5), DPVP/DMAc = 5.536 (MPa0.5), and The Interaction parameters (c) are cDMAc/nano-clay = 1.661 (MPa0.5), cDMAc/PVP = 1.449 (MPa0.5).
Clonal Spread of Candida glabrata Bloodstream Isolates and Fluconazole Resistance Affected by Prolonged Exposure: a 12-Year Single-Center Study in Belgium
Authors: Goemaere Berdieke , Lagrou Katrien , Spriet Isabel , Hendrickx Marijke , Becker Pierre 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT

Candida glabrata
is a major cause of candidemia in immunocompromised patients and is characterized by a high-level of fluconazole resistance. In the present study, the acquisition of antifungal resistance and potential clonal spread of
C. glabrata
were explored at a single center over a 12-year period by analyzing 187 independent clinical
C. glabrata
bloodstream isolates. One strain was found to be micafungin resistant due to a mutation in the
FKS2
gene. Fluconazole resistance remained stable throughout the period and was observed in 20 (10.7%) of the isolates. An analysis of the antifungal consumption data revealed that recent prior exposure to fluconazole increased the risk to be infected by a resistant strain. In particular, the duration of the treatment was significantly longer for patients infected by a resistant isolate, while the total and mean daily doses received did not impact the acquisition of resistance in
C. glabrata
. No link between genotype and resistance was found. However, multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analyses indicated a potential intrahospital spread of some isolates between patients. These isolates shared the same genetic profiles, and infected patients were hospitalized in the same unit during an overlapping period. Finally, quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that, unlike that for other ABC efflux pumps, the expression of CgCDR1 was significantly greater in resistant strains, suggesting that it would be more involved in fluconazole (FLC) resistance. Our study provides additional evidence that the proper administration of fluconazole is required to limit resistance and that strict hand hygiene is necessary to avoid the possible spreading of
C. glabrata
isolates between patients.
Complexities of Viral Mutation Rates
Authors: Peck Kayla M. , Lauring Adam S. 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT
Many viruses evolve rapidly. This is due, in part, to their high mutation rates. Mutation rate estimates for over 25 viruses are currently available. Here, we review the population genetics of virus mutation rates. We specifically cover the topics of mutation rate estimation, the forces that drive the evolution of mutation rates, and how the optimal mutation rate can be context-dependent.
Role of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Viroporins E, 3a, and 8a in Replication and Pathogenesis
Authors: Castaño-Rodriguez Carlos , Honrubia Jose M. , Gutiérrez-Álvarez Javier , DeDiego Marta L. , Nieto-Torres Jose L. , Jimenez-Guardeño Jose M. , Regla-Nava Jose A. , Fernandez-Delgado Raul , Verdia-Báguena Carmina , Queralt-Martín Maria , Kochan Grazyna , Perlman Stanley , Aguilella Vicente M. , Sola Isabel , Enjuanes Luis 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT
Viroporins are viral proteins with ion channel (IC) activity that play an important role in several processes, including virus replication and pathogenesis. While many coronaviruses (CoVs) encode two viroporins, severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) encodes three: proteins 3a, E, and 8a. Additionally, proteins 3a and E have a PDZ-binding motif (PBM), which can potentially bind over 400 cellular proteins which contain a PDZ domain, making them potentially important for the control of cell function. In the present work, a comparative study of the functional motifs included within the SARS-CoV viroporins was performed, mostly focusing on the roles of the IC and PBM of E and 3a proteins. Our results showed that the full-length E and 3a proteins were required for maximal SARS-CoV replication and virulence, whereas viroporin 8a had only a minor impact on these activities. A virus missing both the E and 3a proteins was not viable, whereas the presence of either protein with a functional PBM restored virus viability. E protein IC activity and the presence of its PBM were necessary for virulence in mice. In contrast, the presence or absence of the homologous motifs in protein 3a did not influence virus pathogenicity. Therefore, dominance of the IC and PBM of protein E over those of protein 3a was demonstrated in the induction of pathogenesis in mice.

IMPORTANCE
Collectively, these results demonstrate key roles for the ion channel and PBM domains in optimal virus replication and pathogenesis and suggest that the viral viroporins and PBMs are suitable targets for antiviral therapy and for mutation in attenuated SARS-CoV vaccines.
Relationships between functional fitness and cognitive impairment in Chinese community-dwelling older adults: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Yang Mei , Guo Yan , Gong Jie , Deng Mengyao , Yang Niannian , Yan Yaqiong 
Published: May 2018

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the associations between each functional fitness (FF) domain and cognitive impairment (CI) in Chinese community-dwelling older adults.DesignA community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted.SettingParticipants were selected by multistage stratified random sampling in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, Central China, during December 2015–May 2016.ParticipantsA total of 2096 (1031 male and 1065 female) adults older than 65 years were included in our study. Exclusion criteria were age <65 years, losing self-living ability, previously diagnosed with dementia by a neurological physician, severe physical pain, congestive heart failure, dizziness and uncontrolled hypertension (exceeding 160/100 mm Hg).Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe Senior Fitness Test and the Mini-Mental State Examination were used to measure FF (including 30 s chair stand, 30 s arm curl, 2 min step, 8 foot up-and-go, chair sit-and-reach and back scratch) and screen CI, respectively. Activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living questionnaires were administered to evaluate functional status (FS).Results32.16% were classified as the CI group. The results showed that the CI group had significantly lower frequency of 30 s chair stand, 30 s arm curl and 2 min step, and longer time to complete the 8 foot up-and-go, shorter chair sit-and-reach and back scratch distance than the non-CI adults (p<0.05). Except for back scratch, older adults with moderate and high levels of FF were less likely to have CI than those with low levels, adjusted by sociodemographics, chronic disease, health condition, health behaviour and FS (p<0.05).ConclusionsThe relationship between FF and CI was independent of FS decline in Chinese community-dwelling older people.
Adolescent self-consent for vaccinations: protocol for a mixed methods systematic review
Authors: Fisher Harriet , Hickman Matthew , Macleod John , Audrey Suzanne 
Published: May 2018

IntroductionThe recent global expansion of routine adolescent vaccination programmes has the potential to protect young people against the acquisition of infectious disease and improve their health. Although in many countries the legal framework supports young people to provide consent for medical interventions if they are considered competent, written parental consent can act as a barrier to uptake as it is frequently a condition of adolescent vaccination programmes. The aim of this systematic review protocol is to document the methods which will be used to identify, appraise and synthesise the available qualitative and quantitative evidence to address: (1) whether implementation of adolescent self-consent procedures can increase vaccination uptake and (2) the barriers and facilitators to implementation of adolescent self-consent procedures.Methods and analysisComprehensive search strategy of all relevant electronic databases for both qualitative and quantitative studies using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. At least two authors will independently review titles and abstracts, extract data and assess the methodological quality of eligible primary studies, resolving disagreements by consensus. Quantitative studies will be reported narratively and where possible pooled in a meta-analysis using a random-effects model. The findings of qualitative primary studies will be extracted, interpreted and synthesised to identify overarching themes as well as similarities and differences within those themes.Ethics and disseminationAs this systematic review involves analysis of secondary data, the study does not require ethical approvals. We will use our findings to assess whether the evidence supports the hypothesis that self-consent procedures can increase coverage of adolescent vaccination programmes. We will identify barriers and facilitators to the implementation of adolescent self-consent for vaccination and make recommendations for policy makers and practitioners in relation to consent procedures within vaccination programmes for young people.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017084509.
Severe outcomes associated with respiratory viruses in newborns and infants: a prospective viral surveillance study in Jordan
Authors: Khuri-Bulos Najwa , Lawrence Lindsey , Piya Bhinnata , Wang Li , Fonnesbeck Christopher , Faouri Samir , Shehabi Asem , Vermund Sten H , Williams John V , Halasa Natasha B 
Published: May 2018

ObjectiveTo assess virus-specific hospitalisation rates, risk factors for illness severity and seasonal trends in children hospitalised with acute respiratory infections (ARI).DesignProspective cohort study.SettingA government hospital serving low-income and middle-income population in Amman, Jordan.ParticipantsChildren under 2 years of age hospitalised with fever and/or respiratory symptoms (n=3168) from 16 March 2010 to 31 March 2013. Children with chemotherapy-associated neutropenia and newborns who had never been discharged after birth were excluded from the study.Outcome measuresHospitalisation rates and markers of illness severity: admission to intensive care unit (ICU), mechanical ventilation (MV), oxygen therapy, length of stay (LOS) and death.ResultsOf the 3168 subjects, 2581 (82%) had at least one respiratory virus detected, with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) being the most predominant pathogen isolated. During admission, 1013 (32%) received oxygen therapy, 284 (9%) were admitted to ICU, 111 (4%) were placed on MV and 31 (1%) children died. Oxygen therapy was higher in RSV-only subjects compared with human rhinovirus-only (42%vs29%, p<0.001), adenovirus-only (42%vs21%, p<0.001) and human parainfluenza virus-only (42%vs23%, p<0.001) subjects. The presence of an underlying medical condition was associated with oxygen therapy (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.95, 95% CI 1.49 to 2.56), ICU admission (aOR 2.51, 95% CI 1.71 to 3.68), MV (aOR 1.91, 95% CI 1.11 to 3.28) and longer LOS (aOR1.71, 95% CI 1.37 to 2.13). Similarly, younger age was associated with oxygen therapy (0.23, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.31), ICU admission (aOR 0.47, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.74), MV (0.28, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.53) and longer LOS (aOR 0.47, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.59). Pneumonia was strongly associated with longer LOS (aOR 2.07, 95% CI 1.65 to 2.60), oxygen therapy (aOR 2.94, 95% CI 2.22 to 3.89), ICU admission (aOR 3.12, 95% CI 2.16 to 4.50) and MV (aOR 3.33, 95% CI 1.85 to 6.00). Virus-specific hospitalisation rates ranged from 0.5 to 10.5 per 1000 children.ConclusionRespiratory viruses are associated with severe illness in Jordanian children hospitalised with ARI. Prevention strategies such as extended breast feeding, increased access to palivizumab and RSV vaccine development could help decrease hospitalisation rates and illness severity, particularly in young children with underlying medical conditions.
Associations of egg consumption with cardiovascular disease in a cohort study of 0.5 million Chinese adults
Authors: Qin Chenxi , Lv Jun , Guo Yu , Bian Zheng , Si Jiahui , Yang Ling , Chen Yiping , Zhou Yonglin , Zhang Hao , Liu Jianjun , Chen Junshi , Chen Zhengming , Yu Canqing , Li Liming 
Published: May 2018

ObjectiveTo examine the associations between egg consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD), ischaemic heart disease (IHD), major coronary events (MCE), haemorrhagic stroke as well as ischaemic stroke.MethodsDuring 2004–2008, over 0.5 million adults aged 30–79 years were recruited from 10 diverse survey sites in China. Participants were asked about the frequency of egg consumption and were followed up via linkages to multiple registries and active investigation. Among 461 213 participants free of prior cancer, CVD and diabetes, a total of 83 977 CVD incident cases and 9985 CVD deaths were documented, as well as 5103 MCE. Stratified Cox regression was performed to yield adjusted hazard ratios for CVD endpoints associated with egg consumption.ResultsAt baseline, 13.1% of participants reported daily consumption (usual amount 0.76 egg/day) and 9.1% reported never or very rare consumption (usual amount 0.29 egg/day). Compared with non-consumers, daily egg consumption was associated with lower risk of CVD (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.87 to 0.92). Corresponding multivariate-adjusted HRs (95% CI) for IHD, MCE, haemorrhagic stroke and ischaemic stroke were 0.88 (0.84 to 0.93), 0.86 (0.76 to 0.97), 0.74 (0.67 to 0.82) and 0.90 (0.85 to 0.95), respectively. There were significant dose-response relationships of egg consumption with morbidity of all CVD endpoints (P for linear trend <0.05). Daily consumers also had an 18% lower risk of CVD death and a 28% lower risk of haemorrhagic stroke death compared to non-consumers.ConclusionAmong Chinese adults, a moderate level of egg consumption (up to <1 egg/day) was significantly associated with lower risk of CVD, largely independent of other risk factors.