bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UNDERSTANDING PER‐CAPITA INCOME GROWTH IN PREINDUSTRIAL EUROPE
Authors: Lagerlöf Nils‐Petter 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn a Malthusian environment, per‐capita incomes are stagnant, meaning they cannot exhibit sustained growth. However, they can still display volatility and persistence when hit by shocks. This article simulates a Malthusian model with realistic life‐cycle structure and stochastic and accelerating growth in land productivity. We find that differences across simulated economies are quantitatively similar to those found in recently compiled data over GDP per capita for several European countries before 1800. This speaks to the relevance of the Malthusian model for understanding preindustrial development in Europe, contrasting with contentions to the contrary in some of the existing literature.
Asymmetric contests with initial probabilities of winning
Authors: Baik Kyung Hwan , Jung Hanjoon Michael 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe study contests in which each player has an initial probability of winning the prize. First, we consider a model in which the impact parameter is exogenous. We find that neither the number of active players nor their identities nor the effort levels depend on the initial probabilities of winning. We find also that the possibility that the winner is determined by the initial probabilities of winning reduces prize dissipation, and tends to make most players better off, compared to the contest without this possibility. Then, considering a model in which the impact parameter is endogenous, we find that every player may expend zero effort.
Recovery‐oriented practice: Participant observations of the interactions between patients and health professionals in mental health inpatient settings
Authors: Waldemar Anna Kristine , Esbensen Bente Appel , Korsbek Lisa , Petersen Lone , Arnfred Sidse 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDespite an increasing attention towards recovery orientation in the mental health services, the provision of recovery‐oriented practice is challenged in the inpatient wards. Moreover, the existing research within this area is modest and we currently have limited knowledge of how recovery‐oriented practice is integrated into inpatient settings. A cornerstone of recovery‐oriented practice is the collaboration, patient involvement, and choices, particularly when deciding and planning treatment options. Thus, this ethnographic study aimed to explore how recovery‐oriented practice is reflected in the interactions between patients and health professionals around treatment in two mental health inpatient wards in Denmark. Participant observations were conducted in two mental health inpatient wards from November 2014 to January 2015. The Recovery Self‐Assessment scale inspired the observation guide and the initial data analysis. Field notes were analysed deductively and inductively using qualitative content analysis. One theme with four subthemes emerged showing that interactions were characterized by an ‘as‐if collaboration’ where ‘negotiating on limited grounds’ was an important feature of interactions, in which health professionals seemed to have superiority, acting on behalf of ‘competing demands’. Patients had to navigate in a field of ‘inconsistent guidance and postponed decisions’ and faced tendencies of ‘control and condescending communication’. The results suggest that recovery oriented values such as equal collaboration, choice and patients’ personal preferences are reflected rhetorically in the interactions between patients and health professionals. However, they are negotiated within organizational logics and often overruled by competing demands.
One Size Fits All? Monetary Policy and Asymmetric Household Debt Cycles in U.S. States
Authors: ALBUQUERQUE BRUNO 
Published: August 2018

AbstractI investigate the nonlinear effects of monetary policy through differences in household debt across U.S. states. After constructing a novel indicator of inflation for the states, I compute state‐specific monetary policy stances as deviations from an aggregate Taylor rule. I find that the effectiveness of monetary policy is curtailed during periods of large household debt imbalances. Moreover, a common U.S. monetary policy does not fit all; it may have asymmetric effects on the economic performance across states, particularly at times of high dispersion in the household debt imbalances, as it may have been the case around the Great Recession.
Cerebrovascular reactivity and cerebral perfusion of rats with acute liver failure: role of L‐glutamine and asymmetric dimethylarginine in L‐arginine‐induced response
Authors: Czarnecka Anna , Aleksandrowicz Marta , Jasiński Krzysztof , Jaźwiec Radosław , Kalita Katarzyna , Hilgier Wojciech , Zielińska Magdalena 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCerebral blood flow (CBF) is impaired in acute liver failure (ALF), however, the complexity of the underlying mechanisms has often led to inconclusive interpretations. Regulation ofCBFdepends at least partially on variations in the local brain L‐arginine concentration and/or its metabolic rate. InALF, other factors, like an increased concentration of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and elevated level of L‐glutamine, may contribute toCBFalteration. This study demonstrated strong differences in the reactivity of the middle cerebral arteries and their response to extravascular L‐arginine application between vessels isolated from rats with thioacetamide (TAA)‐inducedALFand control animals. Our results also showed the decrease in the cerebral perfusion inTAArats measured by arterial spin labeling perfusion magnetic resonance. Subsequently, we aimed to investigate the importance of balance between the concentration ofADMAand L‐arginine in theCBFregulation.In vivo, intraperitoneal L‐arginine administration inTAArats corrected: (i) decrease in cerebral perfusion, (ii) decrease in brain extracellular L‐arginine/ADMAratio and (iii) increase in brain L‐glutamine concentration. Our study implicates that impaired vascular tone of cerebral arteries is most likely associated with exposure to highADMAand L‐glutamine levels resulting in limited availability of L‐arginine and might be responsible for reduced cerebral perfusion observed inALF.image
Cathepsin C modulates myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein‐induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Durose Wilaiwan Wisessmith , Shimizu Takahiro , Li JiaYi , Abe Manabu , Sakimura Kenji , Chetsawang Banthit , Tanaka Kenji F. , Suzumura Akio , Tohyama Koujiro , Ikenaka Kazuhiro 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by immune‐mediated inflammation, which attacks the myelin sheath. MS pursues a relapsing and remitting course with varying intervals between symptoms. The main clinical pathological features include inflammation, myelin sheath destruction and plaque formation in the central nervous system (CNS). We previously reported that cystatin F (CysF) expression is induced in demyelinating lesions that are accompanied by active remyelination (referred to as shadow plaques) but is down‐regulated in chronic demyelinated lesions (plaques) in the spinal cord of MS patients and in several murine models of demyelinating disease. CysF is a cathepsin protease inhibitor whose major target is cathepsin C (CatC), which is co‐expressed in demyelinating regions in Plp4e/− mice, a model of chronic demyelination. Here, we report the time course of CatC and CysF expression and describe the symptoms in a mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model using CatC knockdown (KD) and CatC over‐expression (OE) mice. In myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)‐EAE, CatC positive cells were found to infiltrate the CNS at an early stage prior to any clinical signs, in comparison to WT mice. CysF expression was not observed at this early stage, but appeared later within shadow plaques. CatC expression was found in chronic demyelinated lesions but was not associated with CysF expression, and CatCKD EAE mouse showed delayed demyelination. Whereas, CatCOE in microglia significantly increased severity of demyelination in the MOG‐EAE model. Thus, these results demonstrate that CatC plays a major role in MOG‐EAE.
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Alterations in brain TREM2 and Amyloid‐β levels are associated with neurocognitive impairment in HIV‐infected persons on antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Fields Jerel Adam , Spencer Brian , Swinton Mary , Qvale Emma Martine , Marquine María J. , Alexeeva Arina , Gough Sarah , Soontornniyomkij Benchawanna , Valera Elvira , Masliah Eliezer , Achim Cristian L. , Desplats Paula 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNeuroinflammation is a common pathological correlate of HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) regulates neuroinflammation, clears extracellular Amyloid (A)‐β, surveys for damaged neurons, and orchestrates microglial differentiation. TREM2 has not been studied in HIV+ brain tissues. In this retrospective study, we investigated TREM2 expression levels and localization to microglia, Aβ protein levels, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α transcript levels in the frontal cortices of 52 HIV+ decedents. All donors had been on ART; 14 were cognitively normal (CN), 17 had an asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI), and 21 had a minor neurocognitive disorder (MND). Total TREM2 protein levels were increased in the soluble and decreased in the membrane‐enriched fractions of MND brain tissues compared to CN; however, brains from MND Hispanics showed the most robust alterations in TREM2 as well as significantly increased TNF‐α mRNA and Aβ levels when compared to CN Hispanics. Significant alterations in the expression of total TREM2 protein and transcripts for TNF‐α were not observed in non‐Hispanics, despite higher levels of Aβ in the non‐Hispanic CN group compared to the non‐Hispanic MND groups. These findings show that decreased and increased TREM2 in membrane‐bound fractions and in soluble‐enriched fractions, respectively, is associated with increased Aβ and neuroinflammation in this cohort of HIV+ brains, particularly those identifying as Hispanics. These findings suggest a role for TREM2 in the brain of HIV+ individuals may deserve more investigation as a biomarker for HAND and as a possible therapeutic target.Open science badgesThis article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Demographic and genetic approaches to study dispersal in wild animal populations: A methodological review
Authors: Cayuela Hugo , Rougemont Quentin , Prunier Jérôme G. , Moore Jean‐Sébastien , Clobert Jean , Besnard Aurélien , Bernatchez Louis 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDispersal is a central process in ecology and evolution. At the individual level, the three stages of the dispersal process (i.e., emigration, transience and immigration) are affected by complex interactions between phenotypes and environmental factors. Condition‐ and context‐dependent dispersal have far‐reaching consequences, both for the demography and the genetic structuring of natural populations and for adaptive processes. From an applied point of view, dispersal also deeply affects the spatial dynamics of populations and their ability to respond to land‐use changes, habitat degradation and climate change. For these reasons, dispersal has received considerable attention from ecologists and evolutionary biologists. Demographic and genetic methods allow quantifying non‐effective (i.e., followed or not by a successful reproduction) and effective (i.e., with a successful reproduction) dispersal and to investigate how individual and environmental factors affect the different stages of the dispersal process. Over the past decade, demographic and genetic methods designed to quantify dispersal have rapidly evolved but interactions between researchers from the two fields are limited. We here review recent developments in both demographic and genetic methods to study dispersal in wild animal populations. We present their strengths and limits, as well as their applicability depending on study objectives and population characteristics. We propose a unified framework allowing researchers to combine methods and select the more suitable tools to address a broad range of important topics about the ecology and evolution of dispersal and its consequences on animal population dynamics and genetics.
Hypoalbuminaemia at time of surgery is associated with an increased risk for overall graft loss after kidney transplantation
Authors: Anderson Benjamin , Khalil Khalid , Evison Felicity , Nath Jay , Sharif Adnan 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTAimThe aim of this retrospective cohort study was to investigate whether pre‐operative hypoalbuminaemia (<35 g/L) is associated with adverse outcomes post‐kidney transplantation.MethodsOur retrospective, single‐centre analysis included all patients who received their kidney transplant between 2007 and 2017, with documented admission albumin levels prior to surgery. Survival analyses were undertaken to explore the relationship of pre‐transplant hypoalbuminaemia versus other baseline variables upon post‐transplant outcomes.ResultsWe analysed 1131 kidney allograft recipients transplanted at our centre (2007–2017), with median follow‐up 746 days (interquartile range 133–1750 days). Kidney transplant recipients with pre‐operative hypoalbuminaemia were more likely older, female, recipients of deceased‐donor kidneys and to have longer cold ischaemic times. Recipients with pre‐operative hypoalbuminaemia had longer hospital admissions post‐operatively but no difference in delayed graft function rates. There was no difference in 1 year creatinine but recipients with hypoalbuminaemia had reduced risk for cellular rejection. We observed significantly worse patient survival (83.2% vs 90.7%, P < 0.001) and overall graft survival (72.5% vs 82.0%, P < 0.001) for recipients with hypoalbuminaemia vs normal albumin levels, respectively, but no difference in death‐censored graft survival. In a Cox regression model, adjusted for baseline pre‐operative variables, hypoalbuminaemia was independently associated with an increased risk for overall graft loss after kidney transplantation (hazard ratio 1.468, 95% confidence interval 1.087–1.982, P = 0.012).ConclusionPre‐operative hypoalbuminaemia is an independent risk factor for overall graft loss after kidney transplantation. Further work is warranted to investigate the underlying pathophysiology to determine what supportive measures can be undertaken to attenuate adverse post‐transplant outcomes.
TWI1 regulates cell‐to‐cell movement of OSH15 to control leaf cell fate
Authors: Cui Xuean , Zhang Zhiguo , Wang Yanwei , Wu Jinxia , Han Xiao , Gu Xiaofeng , Lu Tiegang 
Published: August 2018

Summary

Cell pattern formation in plant leaves has attracted much attention from both plant biologists and breeders. However, in rice, the molecular mechanism remains unclear.

Here, we describe the isolation and functional characterization of TWISTED‐LEAF1 (TWI1), a critical gene involved in the development of the mestome sheath, vascular bundle sheath, interveinal mesophyll and sclerenchyma in rice leaves. Mutant twi1 plants have twisted leaves which might be caused by the compromised development and disordered patterning of bundle sheath, sclerenchyma and interveinal mesophyll cells.

Expression of TWI1 can functionally rescue these mutant phenotypes. TWI1 encodes a transcription factor binding protein that interacts with OSH15, a class I KNOTTED1‐like homeobox (KNOX) transcription factor.

The cell‐to‐cell trafficking of OSH15 is restricted through its interaction with TWI1. Knockout or knockdown of OSH15 in twi1 rescues the twisted leaf phenotype. These studies reveal a key factor controlling cell pattern formation in rice leaves.
Cost analysis of combining congenital cardiac catheterization and electrophysiology procedures in an outpatient setting
Authors: Bansal Manish , Molian Vaelan A. , Maldonado Jennifer R. , Aldoss Osamah , Ochoa Luis A. , Law Ian H. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundPatients with congenital heart disease require multiple procedures over their lifetime. These procedures increase cost and time commitment. Previous studies in the field of medicine have shown that combining procedures is an effective method to reduce cost and time. There has been no such study to evaluate the cost and efficiency of combining pediatric cardiac procedures.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to compare the cost and time commitment of combined cardiac catheterization (cath) and electrophysiology (EP) outpatient procedures against separate cath and EP procedure.MethodsOutpatient combination procedures performed in the pediatric cardiac cath lab from 2013 to 2016 were matched to a control population of two or three similar single outpatient procedures from 2009 to 2016 for patients of similar age and cardiac anatomy. Procedure duration, recovery duration, length of stay, equipment charges, physician charges, all other hospital charges, and total admission charges were analyzed. The two groups were compared using an unpaired t‐test.ResultsA total of 92 subjects, 32 study subjects and 60 control subjects, were included in this study. Study group procedures had a significantly shorter recovery duration (P = 0.04) and length of stay (P = 0.01). Study group procedure duration trended shorter on average but statistically insignificant (P = 0.20). The total median savings for patients undergoing combined procedures in the study group was $13,181 (interquartile range $423.8–$26710).ConclusionsCombining cath and EP outpatient procedures reduces the time commitment and provides some economic advantage.
DictyonemaHall and its importance for the evolutionary history of the Graptoloidea
Authors: Maletz Jörg 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDictyonema retiformehas been regarded as the benthic ancestor to the planktic Graptoloidea, represented by the earliest plankticRhabdinopora flabelliformisand its descendants. The revision of the type material ofDictyonema retiforme, the type species of the genusDictyonema, from the Silurian of New York State shows compound stipes formed by the complexly growing and overlapping tubular thecae of acanthograptid type. The connections between adjacent stipes are formed by thecal tubes or thecal bridges and not by dissepiments. Thus, the species has to be transferred to the Acanthograptidae and cannot be regarded as being related to the early planktic Graptoloidea. The tubarium meshwork ofDictyonemais phylogenetically unrelated to the meshwork of the plankticRhabdinopora, and represents a case of convergent evolution. The origins of the planktic graptoloids lie among members of middle to upper Cambrian Dendrograpidae, as can be seen from the thecal style and the triad budding patterns with regularly developed bithecae in this group.
Incidence and magnitude of post‐transplant cardiovascular disease after pediatric kidney transplantation: Risk factor analysis of 1058 pediatric kidney transplants at the university of Minnesota
Authors: Serrano Oscar K. , Bangdiwala Ananta S. , Vock David M. , Chinnakotla Srinath , Dunn Ty B. , Finger Erik B. , Kandaswamy Raja , Pruett Timothy L. , Najarian John S. , Matas Arthur J. , Chavers Blanche 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundKT recipients have increased the risk of CVD. The incidence of post‐transplant CVEs among pediatric recipients has not been well‐characterized.Patients and MethodsBetween 1963 and 2015, 884 pediatric (age: 0‐17 years old) recipients received 1058 KTs at our institution. The cumulative incidence of CVEs was analyzed. Statistical models were used to estimate risk factors for developing post‐transplant CVEs.ResultsOverall median patient survival was 33 years (IQR: 18.7‐47). A total of 362 CVEs occurred in 161 (18.3%) patients at a median age of 20.5 years. Arrhythmias (18%) were most common. Cumulative risk of post‐transplant CVEs was 9% at 10 years, 17% at 20 years, 25% at 30 years, and 36% at 40 years. Development of post‐transplant CVEs was associated with increased mortality (HR 2.25 [95% CI 1.61‐3.14]); of those who developed a CVE and died, 22/51 (43.1%) died of CVD. Multivariable risk factors for post‐transplant CVEs included a history of pretransplant CVD (aHR 1.92 [1.18‐3.13] and graft failure (4.57 [3.13‐6.67]).DiscussionA pretransplant history of CVD and a failed graft are significant risk factors for the development of post‐transplant CVE. CVD increases the risk of post‐transplant death or graft loss.
Afro‐descendants in Peru: Do beauty and race matter in the labor market?
Authors: Galarza Francisco B. , Yamada Gustavo 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis is a first study about labor discrimination against Afro‐descendants in Peru. We randomly assigned Afro‐Peruvian and white surnames and photographs (subjectively beautiful, homely looking, or not photos) to 3,828 fictitious résumés, sent for unskilled, technical, and professional occupations. We find an unprecedented, sizeable beauty premium in unskilled occupations (232.5 percent), no effect of looks in technical occupations, and a beauty penalty in professional occupations (–71.3 percent). Overall, whites receive 19.37 percent more callbacks than similarly qualified Afro‐Peruvians; this racial discrimination affects only Afro‐Peruvian females, and particularly those employed in technical occupations. These results remain unaltered when we restrict the sample to those markedly “Afro” surnames. Our findings unveil different dynamics of discrimination across job categories, which tend to be overlooked by the existing literature.