bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An overview of state‐of‐the‐art image restoration in electron microscopy
Authors: ROELS J. , AELTERMAN J. , LUONG H.Q. , LIPPENS S. , PIŽURICA A. , SAEYS Y. , PHILIPS W. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryIn Life Science research, electron microscopy (EM) is an essential tool for morphological analysis at the subcellular level as it allows for visualization at nanometer resolution. However, electron micrographs contain image degradations such as noise and blur caused by electromagnetic interference, electron counting errors, magnetic lens imperfections, electron diffraction, etc. These imperfections in raw image quality are inevitable and hamper subsequent image analysis and visualization. In an effort to mitigate these artefacts, many electron microscopy image restoration algorithms have been proposed in the last years. Most of these methods rely on generic assumptions on the image or degradations and are therefore outperformed by advanced methods that are based on more accurate models. Ideally, a method will accurately model the specific degradations that fit the physical acquisition settings. In this overview paper, we discuss different electron microscopy image degradation solutions and demonstrate that dedicated artefact regularisation results in higher quality restoration and is applicable through recently developed probabilistic methods.
Formulating and Answering High‐Impact Causal Questions in Physiologic Childbirth Science: Concepts and Assumptions
Authors: Snowden Jonathan M. , Tilden Ellen L. , Odden Michelle C. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn this article, we conclude our 3‐part series by focusing on several concepts that have proven useful for formulating causal questions and inferring causal effects. The process of causal inference is of key importance for physiologic childbirth science, so each concept is grounded in content related to women at low risk for perinatal complications. A prerequisite to causal inference is determining that the question of interest is causal rather than descriptive or predictive. Another critical step in defining a high‐impact causal question is assessing the state of existing research for evidence of causality. We introduce 2 causal frameworks that are useful for this undertaking, Hill's causal considerations and the sufficient‐component cause model. We then provide 3 steps to aid perinatal researchers in inferring causal effects in a given study. First, the researcher should formulate a rigorous and clear causal question. We introduce an example of epidural analgesia and labor progression to demonstrate this process, including the central role of temporality. Next, the researcher should assess the suitability of the given data set to answer this causal question. In randomized controlled trials, data are collected with the express purpose of answering the causal question. Investigators using observational data should also ensure that their chosen causal question is answerable with the available data. Finally, investigators should design an analysis plan that targets the causal question of interest. Some data structures (eg, time‐dependent confounding by labor progress when estimating the effect of epidural analgesia on postpartum hemorrhage) require specific analytical tools to control for bias and estimate causal effects. The assumptions of consistency, exchangeability, and positivity may be especially useful in carrying out these steps. Drawing on appropriate causal concepts and considering relevant assumptions strengthens our confidence that research has reduced the likelihood of alternative explanations (eg bias, chance) and estimated a causal effect.
The Effect of Food‐Simulating Agents on the Bond Strength of Hard Chairside Reline Materials to Denture Base Resin
Authors: Fatemi Farzaneh Sadat , Vojdani Mahroo , Khaledi Amir Ali Reza 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the influence of food‐simulating agents on the shear bond strength between direct hard liners and denture base acrylic resin. In addition, mode of failure was evaluated.Materials and MethodsOne hundred fifty cylindrical columns of denture base resin were fabricated and bonded to three types of hard reline materials (Hard GC Reline, Tokuyama Rebase II Fast, TDV Cold Liner Rebase). Specimens of each reline material were divided into five groups (n = 10) to undergo 12‐day immersion in distilled water, 0.02 N citric acid aqueous solution, heptane, and 40% ethanol/water solution at 37°C. The control group was not immersed in any solution. The shear bond strength test was performed, and the failure mode was determined. Statistics were analyzed with two‐way ANOVA and chi‐square test (α = 0.05).ResultsSignificant interaction was found between the hard liners and food simulating agents (p < 0.001). The shear bond strength of Tokuyama in 40% ethanol and TDV in heptane decreased significantly (p = 0.001, p < 0.001 respectively); however, none of the solutions could significantly affect the shear bond strength of Hard GC Reline (p = 0.208). The mixed failure mode occurred more frequently in Hard GC Reline compared with the other liners (p < 0.001) and was predominant in specimens with higher bond strength values (p = 0.012).ConclusionsFood simulating agents did not adversely affect the shear bond strength of Hard GC Reline; however, ethanol and heptane decreased the bond strength of Tokuyama and TDV, respectively. These findings may provide support to dentists to recommend restricted consumption of some foods and beverages for patients who have to use dentures relined with certain hard liners.
Minimally Invasive Treatment of an Adult with Severe Pseudo Class III Malocclusion
Authors: Vahidi Farhad 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPseudo class III malocclusion is reverse anterior occlusion or anterior cross‐bite with first molars and canines in a class I relationship. It is very important to diagnose the pseudo class III from true skeletal class III. The combination of anterior displacement of the mandible, tooth wear, and loss of occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) in adults may result anterior cross‐bite. The key factor in diagnosis of this malocclusion is an interdisciplinary approach with an orthodontist. Cephalometric images are essential for diagnosis of pseudo class III mal‐occlusion. Most relevant publications on correcting this condition have recommended either full‐coverage restorations or extraction and placement of implants to correct this malocclusion. Advances of material and technology may help dental practitioners to restore tooth wear and OVD with a conservative approach without removing more tooth structures. This clinical report shows the treatment of pseudo class III with minimally invasive treatment using partial coverage restorations fabricated with lithium disilicate.
The effectiveness of an online training programme to prepare teachers to provide asthma first aid
Authors: Luckie Kate , Saini Bandana , Galstaun Vilma , Kritikos Vicky , Collins Jack C , Moles Rebekah J 
Published: June 2018

AimAsthma is prevalent in our primary (elementary) school population. Training in asthma management for school staff should be relevant and focused on the recognition and management of an acute severe exacerbation of asthma. Evidence suggests that online training can be as effective as face‐to‐face training for medical education; however, there is little information regarding the effectiveness of online asthma education.MethodsUniversity students in the final year of their primary education degree completed the asthma first aid (AFA) knowledge questionnaire before undertaking a 1‐h online training course in asthma management. After 3 weeks, participants underwent a second AFA knowledge questionnaire followed by an AFA scenario‐based skills assessment. This skills assessment required the student to describe and demonstrate how they would manage a child having a severe exacerbation of asthma using the AFA equipment provided. Skills scores were further analysed to establish AFA competency.ResultsAFA knowledge scores improved significantly after the asthma online training (64–79%), z = −6.11 (P < 0.001). The mean AFA skills score after the training was 20.5 (79%); however, the proportion of students who achieved a level of competency sufficient to save the life of a child having a severe exacerbation of asthma was only 29%.ConclusionThis research has revealed that online asthma management training was effective in increasing the knowledge needed for AFA. This knowledge did not translate into effective AFA skills, with only 29% of participants deemed competent to save the life of a child in an asthma emergency.
The potential of salivary biomarkers for predicting the sensitivity and monitoring the response to nonsurgical periodontal therapy: A preliminary assessment
Authors: Lee C.‐H. , Chen Y.‐W. , Tu Y.‐K. , Wu Y.‐C. , Chang P.‐C. 
Published: June 2018

Background and ObjectiveThe response to nonsurgical periodontal treatment varied among patients. This study assessed the potential of salivary biomarkers for predicting the sensitivity and monitoring the response to nonsurgical periodontal therapy.Material and MethodsThis study recruited 34 participants with severe chronic periodontitis (the test group) and 20 participants without periodontal destruction in any teeth (the control group) from September 6, 2013 to August 25, 2017. Participants in the test group received nonsurgical periodontal therapy and were further divided into 2 subgroups of 17 low responders and 17 high responders, based on probing depth reduction. Clinical periodontal parameters were recorded, and saliva samples were harvested before and after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Salivary biomarkers, including interleukin (IL)‐1beta (IL‐1β), IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1ra), IL‐6, IL‐8, platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB, vascular endothelial growth factor, MMP‐8, MMP‐9, C‐reactive protein, and lactoferrin were analyzed.ResultsCompared with participants in the control group, participants in the test group had significantly greater periodontal pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and salivary IL‐1β and MMP‐8 levels, and all of these parameters were significantly reduced after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. The pretreatment levels of IL‐1β, MMP‐8, and lactoferrin were significantly higher in participants of the high‐responder subgroup than participants of the low‐responder subgroup.Based on the analysis from a dichotomous table, MMP‐8 and lactoferrin showed odds ratios of 5.76, with 71% sensitivity and 71% specificity, and statistical significance (P = .02) for discriminating between the high‐ and low‐responder subgroups.ConclusionSalivary IL‐1β and MMP‐8 might be useful for diagnosing periodontitis and monitoring the recovery of periodontitis following nonsurgical periodontal therapy. MMP‐8 and lactoferrin showed potential for predicting the sensitivity to the treatment.
Epidemiology and risk factors of peri‐implantitis: A systematic review
Authors: Dreyer H. , Grischke J. , Tiede C. , Eberhard J. , Schweitzer A. , Toikkanen S. E. , Glöckner S. , Krause G. , Stiesch M. 
Published: June 2018

The purpose of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to assess the prevalence, incidence and risk factors of peri‐implantitis in the current literature. An electronic search was performed to identify publications from January 1980 until March 2016 on 9 databases. The prevalence and incidence of peri‐implantitis were assessed in different subgroups of patients and the prevalences were adjusted for sample size (SSA) of studies. For 12 of 111 identified putative risk factors and risk indicators, forest plots were created. Heterogeneity analysis and random effect meta‐analysis were performed for selected potential risk factors of peri‐implantitis. The search retrieved 8357 potentially relevant studies. Fifty‐seven studies were included in the systematic review. Overall, the prevalence of peri‐implantitis on implant level ranged from 1.1% to 85.0% and the incidence from 0.4% within 3 years, to 43.9% within 5 years, respectively. The median prevalence of peri‐implantitis was 9.0% (SSA10.9%) for regular participants of a prophylaxis program, 18.8% (SSA8.8%) for patients without regular preventive maintenance, 11.0% (SSA7.4%) for non‐smokers, 7.0% (SSA7.0%) among patients representing the general population, 9.6% (SSA9.6%) for patients provided with fixed partial dentures, 14.3% (SSA9.8%) for subjects with a history of periodontitis, 26.0% (SSA28.8%) for patients with implant function time ≥5 years and 21.2% (SSA38.4%) for ≥10 years. On a medium and medium‐high level of evidence, smoking (effect summaryOR1.7, 95%CI1.25‐2.3), diabetes mellitus (effect summaryOR2.5; 95%CI1.4‐4.5), lack of prophylaxis and history or presence of periodontitis were identified as risk factors of peri‐implantitis. There is medium‐high evidence that patient’s age (effect summaryOR1.0, 95%CI0.87‐1.16), gender and maxillary implants are not related to peri‐implantitis. Currently, there is no convincing or low evidence available that identifies osteoporosis, absence of keratinized mucosa, implant surface characteristics or edentulism as risk factors for peri‐implantitis. Based on the data analyzed in this systematic review, insufficient high‐quality evidence is available to the research question. Future studies of prospective, randomized and controlled type including sufficient sample sizes are needed. The application of consistent diagnostic criteria (eg, according to the latest definition by the European Workshop on Periodontology) is particularly important. Very few studies evaluated the incidence of peri‐implantitis; however, this study design may contribute to examine further the potential risk factors.
Gait characteristics of vertical climbing in mountain gorillas and chimpanzees
Authors: Neufuss J. , Robbins M. M. , Baeumer J. , Humle T. , Kivell T. L. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBiomechanical analyses of arboreal locomotion in great apes in their natural environment are scarce and thus attempts to correlate behavioral and habitat differences with variations in morphology are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the gait characteristics of vertical climbing in mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in a natural environment to assess differences in the climbing styles that may relate to variation in body size. We investigated temporal variables (i.e., cycle duration, duty factors, and stride frequency) and footfall sequences (i.e., diagonal vs. lateral sequence gaits) during vertical climbing (both ascent and descent) in 11 wild mountain gorillas and compared these data to those of eight semi‐free‐ranging chimpanzees, using video records ad libitum. Comparisons of temporal gait parameters revealed that large‐bodied mountain gorillas exhibited a longer cycle duration, lower stride frequency and generally a higher duty factor than small‐bodied chimpanzees. While both apes were similarly versatile in their vertical climbing performance in the natural environment, mountain gorillas most often engaged in diagonal sequence/diagonal couplet gaits and chimpanzees most often used lateral sequence/diagonal couplet gaits. This study revealed that mountain gorillas adapt their climbing strategy to accommodate their large body mass in a similar manner previously found in captive western lowland gorillas, and that chimpanzees are less variable in their climbing strategy than has been documented in captive bonobos.
The Substitutional Analysis of Logical Consequence
Authors: Halbach Volker 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA substitutional account of logical validity for formal first‐order languages is developed and defended against competing accounts such as the model‐theoretic definition of validity. Roughly, a substitution instance of a sentence is defined as the result of uniformly substituting nonlogical expressions in the sentence with expressions of the same grammatical category and possibly relativizing quantifiers. In particular, predicate symbols can be replaced with formulae possibly containing additional free variables. A sentence is defined to be logically true iff all its substitution instances are satisfied by all variable assignments. Logical consequence is defined analogously. Satisfaction is taken to be a primitive notion and axiomatized.For every set‐theoretic model in the sense of model theory there exists a corresponding substitutional interpretation in a sense to be specified. Conversely, however, there are substitutional interpretations – in particular the ‘intended’ interpretation – that lack a model‐theoretic counterpart. The substitutional definition of logical validity overcomes the weaknesses of more restrictive accounts of substitutional validity; unlike model‐theoretic logical consequence, the substitutional notion is trivially and provably truth preserving. In Kreisel's squeezing argument the formal notion of substitutional validity naturally slots into the place of intuitive validity.
Genomic variations in the 3′‐termini of Rice stripe virus in the rotation between vector insect and host plant
Authors: Zhao Wan , Xu Zhongtian , Zhang Xiaoming , Yang Meiling , Kang Le , Liu Renyi , Cui Feng 
Published: June 2018

Summary

A large number of plant RNA viruses circulate between plants and insects. For RNA viruses, host alternations may impose a differential selective pressure on viral populations and induce variations in viral genomes. Here, we report the variations in the 3′‐terminal regions of the multiple‐segment RNA virus Rice stripe virus (RSV) that were discovered through de novo assembly of the genome using RNA sequencing data from infected host plants and vector insects.

The newly assembled RSV genome contained 16‐ and 15‐nt extensions at the 3′‐termini of two genome segments compared with the published reference RSV genome. Our study demonstrated that these extensional sequences were consistently observed in two RSV isolates belonging to distinct genetic subtypes in RSV‐infected rice, wheat and tobacco. Moreover, the de novo assembled genome of Southern rice black‐streaked dwarf virus also contained 3′‐terminal extensions in five RNA segments compared with the reference genome.

Time course experiments confirmed that the 3′‐terminal extensions of RSV were enriched in the vector insects, were gradually eliminated in the host plant and potentially affected viral replication.

These findings indicate that variations in the 3′‐termini of viral genomes may be different adaptive strategies for plant RNA viruses in insects and plants.
Methylene blue protects dopaminergic neurons against MPTP‐induced neurotoxicity by upregulating brain‐derived neurotrophic factor
Authors: Bhurtel Sunil , Katila Nikita , Neupane Sabita , Srivastav Sunil , Park Pil‐Hoon , Choi Dong‐Young 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe relatively old, yet clinically used, drug methylene blue (MB) is known to possess neuroprotective properties by reducing aggregated proteins, augmenting the antioxidant response, and enhancing mitochondrial function and survival in various models of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of MB in Parkinson's disease (PD) in vivo and in vitro models by using 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)/1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium (MPP+) with a focus on possible effects on induction of neurotrophic factors. Our results indicate that pretreatment with MB significantly attenuated MPTP‐induced loss of dopaminergic neurons, glial cell activation, and depletion of dopamine. We also found that MB upregulated brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and activated its downstream signaling pathways, suggesting that BDNF might be a contributor to MB‐associated neuroprotection. Specific inhibition of the BDNF receptor or extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (Erk) reversed the MB‐mediated protection against MPP+ toxicity, thus implying a role for BDNF and the Erk pathway in the neuroprotective effects. Taken together, our data suggest that MB protects neurons from MPTP neurotoxicity via induction of BDNF. Further study to determine whether MB preserves dopaminergic neurons in the brains of PD patients is warranted.
Recommendations on the most suitable quality‐of‐life measurement instruments for bariatric and body contouring surgery: a systematic review
Authors: de Vries C. E. E. , Kalff M. C. , Prinsen C. A. C. , Coulman K. D. , den Haan C. , Welbourn R. , Blazeby J. M. , Morton J. M. , van Wagensveld B. A. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryObjectiveThe objective of this study is to systematically assess the quality of existing patient‐reported outcome measures developed and/or validated for Quality of Life measurement in bariatric surgery (BS) and body contouring surgery (BCS).MethodsWe conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews and CENTRAL identifying studies on measurement properties of BS and BCS Quality of Life instruments. For all eligible studies, we evaluated the methodological quality of the studies by using the COnsensus‐based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments checklist and the quality of the measurement instruments by applying quality criteria. Four degrees of recommendation were assigned to validated instruments (A–D).ResultsOut of 4,354 articles, a total of 26 articles describing 24 instruments were included. No instrument met all requirements (category A). Seven instruments have the potential to be recommended depending on further validation studies (category B). Of these seven, the BODY‐Q has the strongest evidence for content validity in BS and BCS. Two instruments had poor quality in at least one required quality criterion (category C). Fifteen instruments were minimally validated (category D).ConclusionThe BODY‐Q, developed for BS and BCS, possessed the strongest evidence for quality of measurement properties and has the potential to be recommended in future clinical trials.
Potential cutaneous carcinogenic risk of exposure to UV nail lamp: A review
Authors: Shihab Nahla , Lim Henry W. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThe increased use of ultraviolet (UV) nail lamps in recent years has generated safety concerns of this device. A UV nail lamp is a source of artificial UVA radiation, often used to dry, harden, and cure the nails at home and in the salon. UVA radiation is known to be mutagenic and can cause damage to the DNA, resulting in cutaneous malignancy. Currently, there are only a few studies that have evaluated UV nail lamp irradiation and its potential carcinogenic risk. We review the literature on UV nail lamps, its safety, effect on nails and hands, and the potential role in increasing the risk of cutaneous malignancy. Based on available data, the carcinogenic risk is low; nonetheless, the use of a broad spectrum sunscreen with SPF >30 before UV nail lamp exposure is recommended.