bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical Treatment of Oral Cavity Nodular Fasciitis
Authors: Zhurakivska Khrystyna , Troiano Giuseppe , Montella Marco , Ronchi Andrea , Di Stasio Dario , Cicciù Marco , Laino Luigi 
Published: October 2019

Background:
Nodular fascitiis is a myofibroblastic neoplasm of the soft tissue that rarely affects oral cavity. With a broad pattern of presentation, sometimes Nodular Fascitiis can have a rapid growth and appear highly cellular with local aggressiveness on biopsies, thus simulating a sarcoma. The aim of this paper is to present a case of troublesome diagnosis of nodular fascitiis mimicking a Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma, with the purpose of alert clinicians and pathologists on the difficulties that can be met in the differential diagnosis between these 2 lesions. A 42-year-old male presented an exophytic lesion on the cheek. After the excisional biopsy, histological and immunohistochemical evaluations revealed a picture of doubtful significance. With a careful analysis, the diagnosis of nodular fasciitis was made and the patient was not further treated. At a 3-year follow-up, no recurrence was found. Differential diagnosis within myofibroblastic neoplasm can be a real challenge for both Clinicians and Pathologist. A coordinated team-work is mandatory to avoid clinical malpractice and unnecessarily aggressive treatment.
Maxillary Distraction Osteogenesis in a Patient With Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Authors: Kunkel Ryan , Kim Erinn , Tuncer Fatma Betul , Siddiqi Faizi , Gociman Barbu 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is characterized by brittle bones, premature hearing loss, blue sclera, dental abnormalities, and short stature. Maxillofacial pathology is marked in many OI patients and includes a high incidence of class III malocclusion secondary to a retrusive maxilla relative to both the mandible and cranial base.
Review of literature shows that most of the orthognathic surgeries performed in the setting of OI are double jaw surgeries, in the form of maxillary advancement and mandibular setback. However, severe maxillary hypoplasia is usually not correctable with single-stage maxillary advancement. Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a technique that relies on the normal healing process that occurs between controlled, surgically osteotomized bone segments and it is a relatively widely used technique in modern management of craniofacial conditions.
Distraction osteogenesis has been reported in only several patients with OI. There is only 1 previously documented case of maxillary distraction in the craniofacial literature. The authors present here the successful management of a patient with OI and severe class III malocclusion using LeFort I osteotomy and DO with an external rigid distractor.
At 12 months follow-up, the patient had no complications and maintained stable maxillary position with normal occlusion, improvement of facial appearance, obstructive airway symptoms, speech, and chewing.
This case serves to reinforce the safety and efficacy of DO in patients with OI. The authors did not significantly change our distraction protocol and did not have any complications, therefore the authors believe that DO should be the preferable treatment technique for severe malocclusion in OI patient population.
MetAP2 inhibition reduces food intake and body weight in a ciliopathy mouse model of obesity
Authors: Pottorf Tana S. , Fagan Micaella , Burkey Bryan , Cho David J. , Vath James E. , Tran Pamela V. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe ciliopathies Bardet-Biedl Syndrome and Alström Syndrome are genetically inherited pleiotropic disorders with primary clinical features of hyperphagia and obesity. Methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitors (MetAP2i) have been shown in preclinical and clinical studies to reduce food intake, body weight, and adiposity. Here we investigated the effects of MetAP2i administration in a mouse model of ciliopathy produced by conditional deletion of the Thm1 gene in adulthood (Thm1 cko). Thm1 cko mice show decreased hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin expression as well as hyperphagia, obesity, metabolic disease and hepatic steatosis. In obese Thm1 cko mice, two-week administration of MetAP2i reduced daily food intake and reduced body weight 17.1% from baseline (vs. 5% reduction for vehicle). This was accompanied with decreased levels of blood glucose, insulin and leptin. Further, MetAP2i reduced gonadal adipose depots and adipocyte size and improved liver morphology. This is the first report of MetAP2i reducing hyperphagia and body weight, and ameliorating metabolic indices in a mouse model of ciliopathy. These results support further investigation of MetAP2 inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy for ciliary-mediated forms of obesity.
A mechanistic path to maximize biomass productivity while maintaining diversity
Authors: Godoy Oscar , Gómez-Aparicio Lorena , Matías Luis , Pérez-Ramos Ignacio M. , Allan Eric 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWith ongoing biodiversity loss, it is important to understand how the mechanisms that promote coexistence relate to those that increase functioning in diverse communities. Both coexistence and biodiversity functioning research have unified their mechanisms into two classes. However, despite seeming similarities, theory suggests that coexistence and biodiversity mechanisms do not necessarily map onto each other, yet direct empirical evidence for this prediction is lacking. We coupled field-parameterized models of competition between 10 plants with a biodiversity-functioning experiment measuring biomass production, litter decomposition, and soil nutrient content under contrasting environmental conditions. We related biodiversity mechanisms (complementarity and selection effects), to coexistence mechanisms (niche and fitness differences). As predicted by theory, complementarity effects were positively correlated with niche differences and differences in selection effects were correlated with fitness differences. However, we also found that niche differences contributed to selection effects and fitness differences to complementarity effects. Despite this complexity more stably coexisting communities (i.e. those in which niche differences offset fitness differences) produced more biomass, particularly under drought. This relationship was weaker for litter decomposition rates and soil nutrient acquisition, showing that the mechanisms promoting plant coexistence may differ from those promoting high levels of functions that are less directly related to plant performance. We provide the first empirical evidence that the mechanisms promoting stable coexistence correlate with those driving high biomass production. These findings establish a link between stable coexistence and functioning, which could allow better predictions of how diversity loss induced by global change translates to changes in ecosystem function.
Demographic performance of European tree species at their hot and cold climatic edges
Authors: Kunstler Georges , Guyennon Arnaud , Ratcliffe Sophia , Rüger Nadja , Ruiz-Benito Paloma , Childs Dylan Z. , Dahlgren Jonas , Lehtonen Aleksi , Thuiller Wilfried , Wirth Christian , Zavala Miguel A. , Salguero-Gomez Roberto 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSpecies range limits are thought to result from a decline in demographic performance at range edges. However, recent studies reporting contradictory patterns in species demographic performance at their edges cast doubt on our ability to predict climate change demographic impacts. To understand these inconsistent demographic responses at the edges, we need to shift the focus from geographic to climatic edges and analyse how species responses vary with climatic constraints at the edge and species’ ecological strategy.Here we parameterised integral projection models with climate and competition effects for 27 tree species using forest inventory data from over 90,000 plots across Europe. Our models estimate size-dependent climatic responses and evaluate their effects on two life trajectory metrics: lifespan and passage time – the time to grow to a large size. Then we predicted growth, survival, lifespan, and passage time at the hot and dry or cold and wet edges and compared them to their values at the species climatic centre to derive indices of demographic response at the edge. Using these indices, we investigated whether differences in species demographic response between hot and cold edges could be explained by their position along the climate gradient and functional traits related to their climate stress tolerance.We found that at cold and wet edges of European tree species, growth and passage time were constrained, whereas at their hot and dry edges, survival and lifespan were constrained. Demographic constraints at the edge were stronger for species occurring in extreme conditions, i.e. in hot edges of hot-distributed species and cold edges of cold-distributed species. Species leaf nitrogen content was strongly linked to their demographic responses at the edge. In contrast, we found only weak links with wood density, leaf size, and xylem vulnerability to embolism.Synthesis. Our study presents a more complicated picture than previously thought with demographic responses that differ between hot and cold edges. Predictions of climate change impacts should be refined to include edge and species characteristics.
A fully automated deep learning pipeline for high-throughput colony segmentation and classification
Authors: Carl Sarah H. , Duempelmann Lea , Shimada Yukiko , Bühler Marc 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundAdenine auxotrophy is a commonly used non-selective genetic marker in yeast research. It allows investigators to easily visualize and quantify various genetic and epigenetic events by simply reading out colony color. However, manual counting of large numbers of colonies is extremely time-consuming, difficult to reproduce and possibly inaccurate.ResultsUsing cutting-edge neural networks, we have developed a fully automated pipeline for colony segmentation and classification, which speeds up white/red colony quantification 100-fold over manual counting by an experienced researcher.ConclusionsOur approach uses readily available training data and can be smoothly integrated into existing protocols, vastly speeding up screening assays and increasing the statistical power of experiments that employ adenine auxotrophy.
Root trait responses to drought depend on plant functional group
Authors: Lozano Y.M. , Aguilar-Trigueros C.A. , Flaig I.C. , Rillig M.C. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTDrought can strongly modify plant diversity and ecosystem processes. As droughts are expected to intensify in the future, it is important to better understand plant responses to drought. We expect that roots traits constitute an overlooked but powerful predictor of plant responses as roots are in direct contact with the soil environment, taking up nutrients and water.Here, we determine which root traits are sensitive to drought, the magnitude of that response, whether their predictive power and relationships with shoot biomass are affected by drought and whether all these responses depend on plant functional group. To do so, we conducted a glasshouse experiment with 24 plant species grown in pots (10 replicates per species), which represent three different functional groups: grasses, herbs and legumes. All replicates were well watered during the first month and then half of the replicates were kept under drought (30 % water holding capacity (WHC)) with the other half serving as control (kept at 70% WHC). After two months of the treatment, leaf and root traits were measured.Leaf traits had a strong but more uniform response to drought compared to root traits. Root trait response was variable and differed by plant functional group. Most grasses had increased root diameter, specific root surface area (SRSA) while decreased root tissue density (RTD) with drought. Production of thicker roots with a low tissue density could allow grasses to achieve greater nutrient and water acquisition through mycotrophy and would be linked to an increase in the reserve of non-structural carbohydrates needed for osmoregulation. Herbs had decreased SRSA and specific root length (SRL) while increase root carbon allocation. Reduction of root elongation or sacrifice of fine roots would be compensated by an increase in root carbon allocation, which allow herbs to improve water uptake. Legumes did not alter root morphological traits but promote an early flowering in order to scape drought.Our results identify changes in root morphological traits as mechanisms to likely face drought, a response that is species-specific and differed among functional groups.
Bacteria primed by antimicrobial peptides develop tolerance and persist
Authors: Rodríguez-Rojas Alexandro , Baeder Desiree Y. , Johnston Paul , Regoes Roland R. , Rolff Jens 
Published: October 2019

SUMMARYAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are key components of innate immune defenses. Because of the antibiotic crisis, AMPs have also come into focus as new drugs. Here, we explore whether prior exposure to sublethal doses of AMPs increases bacterial survival and abets the evolution of resistance. We show thatEscherichia coliprimed by sublethal doses of AMPs develop tolerance and increase persistence by producing curli or colanic acid. We develop a population dynamic model that predicts that priming delays the clearance of infections and fuels the evolution of resistance. The effects we describe should apply to many AMPs and other drugs that target the cell surface. The optimal strategy to tackle tolerant or persistent cells requires high concentrations of AMPs and fast and long-lasting expression. Our findings also offer a new understanding of non-inherited drug resistance as an adaptive response and could lead to measures that slow the evolution of resistance.
Short interval intracortical inhibition as measured by TMS-EEG
Authors: Rawji Vishal , Kaczmarczyk Isabella , Rocchi Lorenzo , Rothwell John C. , Sharma Nikhil 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) relies on involvement of both upper (UMN) lower motor neurons (LMN). Yet, there remains no objective marker of UMN involvement, limiting early diagnosis of ALS. This study establishes whether TMS combined with EEG can be used to measure short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) via TMS evoked potentials (TEP) in healthy volunteers - an essential first step in developing an independent marker of UMN involvement in ALS.We hypothesised that a SICI paradigm would result in characteristic changes in the TMS-evoked EEG potentials that directly mirror the changes in MEP.TMS was delivered to the left motor cortex using single-pulse and three inhibitory stimulation paradigms. SICI was present in all three conditions. TEP peaks were reduced predominantly under the SICI 70 protocol but less so for SICI 80 and not at all for SICI 90. There was a significant negative correlation between MEPs and N45 TEP peak for SICI 70 (rho = −0.54, p = 0.04). In other words, as MEPs becomes inhibited the N45 increases. The same trend was maintained across SICI 80 and 90 (SICI 80, rho = −0.5, p = 0.06; SICI 90, rho = −0.48, p = 0.07). Additional experiments suggest these results cannot be explained by artefact.We establish that motor cortical inhibition can be measured during a SICI 70 protocol expanding on previous work. We have carefully considered the role of artefact in TEPs and have taken a number of steps to show that artefact cannot explain these results and we suggesting the differences are cortical in origin. TMS-EEG has potential to aid early diagnosis and to further understand central and peripheral pathophysiology in MND.
Distinct spatiotemporal mechanisms underlie extra-classical receptive field modulation in macaque V1 microcircuits
Authors: Henry Christopher A. , Jazayeri Mehrdad , Shapley Robert M. , Hawken Michael J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractComplex scene perception depends upon the interaction between signals from the classical receptive field (CRF) and the extra-classical receptive field (eCRF) in primary visual cortex (V1) neurons. While much is known about V1 eCRF properties, it remains unknown how the underlying mechanisms map onto the cortical microcircuit. We probed the spatio-temporal dynamics of eCRF modulation using a reverse correlation paradigm, and found three principal eCRF mechanisms: tuned-facilitation, untuned-suppression, and tuned-suppression. Each mechanism had a distinct timing and spatial profile. Laminar analysis showed that the timing, orientation-tuning, and strength of eCRF mechanisms had distinct signatures within magnocellular and parvocellular processing streams in the V1 microcircuit. The existence of multiple eCRF mechanisms provides new insights into how V1 responds to spatial context. Modeling revealed that the differences in timing and scale of these mechanisms predicted distinct patterns of net modulation, reconciling many previous disparate physiological and psychophysical findings.
Aβ oligomers induce sex-selective differences in mGluR5 pharmacology and pathophysiological signaling in Alzheimer mice
Authors: Abd-Elrahman Khaled S. , Albaker Awatif , de Souza Jessica M. , Ribeiro Fabiola M. , Schlossmacher Michael G. , Tiberi Mario , Hamilton Alison , Ferguson Stephen S. G. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTSex is a key modifier of the prevalence and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). β- Amyloid (Aβ) deposition is a pathological hallmark of AD and aberrant activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) by Aβ has been linked to AD progression. We find that mGluR5 exhibits distinct sex-dependent pharmacological profiles. Specifically, endogenous mGluR5 from male mouse cortex and hippocampus binds with high-affinity to Aβ oligomers whereas, female mGluR5 exhibits no affinity to Aβ oligomers. The binding affinity of mGluR5 to Aβ oligomer is dependent on its interaction with cellular prion protein (PrPC) as mGluR5 co-immunoprecipitates with PrPCfrom male, but not female, mouse brain. Aβ oligomers also bind with high-affinity to human mGluR5 in male, but not female, cortex. The mGluR5/Aβ oligomer/PrPCternary complex is essential to elicit mGluR5-dependent pathological signaling and as a consequence mGluR5-regulated GSK3β/ZBTB16 autophagic signaling is dysregulated in male, but not female, primary neuronal cultures. These sex-specific differences in mGluR5 signaling translate into in vivo differences in mGluR5-dependent pathological signaling between male and female AD mice. We show that the chronic inhibition of mGluR5 using a mGluR5-selective negative allosteric modulator reactivates GSK3β/ZBTB16-regulated autophagy, mitigates Aβ pathology and reverses cognitive decline in male, but not female, APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice. Thus, it is evident that, unlike male brain, mGluR5 does not contribute to Aβ pathology in female AD mice. This study highlights the complexity of mGluR5 pharmacology and Aβ oligomer-activated pathological signaling and emphasizes the need for clinical trials redesign and analysis of sex-tailored treatment for AD.
Preexisting hippocampal network dynamics constrain optogenetically induced place fields
Authors: McKenzie Sam , Huszár Roman , English Daniel F. , Kim Kanghwan , Yoon Euisik , Buzsáki György 
Published: October 2019

SummaryNeuronal circuits face a fundamental tension between maintaining existing structure and changing to accommodate new information. Memory models often emphasize the need to encode novel patterns of neural activity imposed by “bottom-up” sensory drive. In such models, learning is achieved through synaptic alterations, a process which potentially interferes with previously stored knowledge 1-3. Alternatively, neuronal circuits generate and maintain a preconfigured stable dynamic, sometimes referred to as an attractor, manifold, or schema 4-7, with a large reservoir of patterns available for matching with novel experiences 8-13. Here, we show that incorporation of arbitrary signals is constrained by pre-existing circuit dynamics. We optogenetically stimulated small groups of hippocampal neurons as mice traversed a chosen segment of a linear track, mimicking the emergence of place fields 1,14,15, while simultaneously recording the activity of stimulated and non-stimulated neighboring cells. Stimulation of principal neurons in CA1, but less so CA3 or the dentate gyrus, induced persistent place field remapping. Novel place fields emerged in both stimulated and non-stimulated neurons, which could be predicted from sporadic firing in the new place field location and the temporal relationship to peer neurons prior to the optogenetic perturbation. Circuit modification was reflected by altered spike transmission between connected pyramidal cell – inhibitory interneuron pairs, which persisted during post-experience sleep. We hypothesize that optogenetic perturbation unmasked sub-threshold, pre-existing place fields16,17. Plasticity in recurrent/lateral inhibition may drive learning through rapid exploration of existing states.
Exogenous supply of Hsp47 triggers fibrillar collagen deposition in skin cell cultures in vitro
Authors: Khan Essak S , Sankaran Shrikrishnan , LLontop Lorena , del Campo Aránzazu 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundCollagen is a structural protein that provides mechanical stability and defined architectures to skin. In collagen-based skin disorders like Epidermolysis bullosa, EDS the ability to offer such stability is lost either due to mutations in collagens or defect in the chaperones involved in collagen assembly, which leads to chronic wounds, skin fragility, and blisters. Existing approaches to study and develop therapy against such conditions are the use of small molecules like 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) or growth factors like TGF-β. However, these approaches are not collagen specific resulting in unsolicited responses. Therefore, a collagen specific booster is required to guide the correct folding and deposition of collagen in a highly regulated manner. Hsp47 is a chaperone with a major role in collagen biosynthesis. Expression levels of Hsp47 correlate with collagen production. This article explores the stimulation of collagen deposition by exogenously supplied Hsp47 (collagen specific chaperone) in skin cells, including specific collagen subtypes quantification.ResultsHere we quantify the collagen deposition level and the type of deposited collagens by different cell types from skin tissue (fibroblasts NHDF, L929 and MEF, keratinocytes HaCat and endothelial cells HDMEC) after Hsp47 stimulation. We find upregulated deposition of fibrillar collagen subtypes I, III and V after Hsp47 delivery. Network collagen IV deposition was enhanced in HaCat and HDMECs and fibril-associated collagen XII were not affected by the increased Hsp47 intracellular levels. The deposition levels of fibrillar collagen were cell-dependent i.e. Hsp47-stimulated fibroblasts deposited significantly higher amount of fibrillar collagen than Hsp47-stimulated HaCat and HDMECs.ConclusionsA 3-fold enhancement of collagen deposition was observed in fibroblasts upon repeated dosage of Hsp47 within the first 6 days of culture. Our results provide fundamental understanding towards the idea of using Hsp47 as therapeutic protein to treat collagen disorders.