bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Re-Examining the Middle Means Typical and the Left and Top Means First Heuristics Using Eye-Tracking Methodology
Authors: Höhne Jan Karem , Lenzner Timo , Neuert Cornelia E , Yan Ting 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWeb surveys are a common self-administered mode of data collection using written language to convey information. This language is usually accompanied by visual design elements, such as numbers, symbols, and graphics. As shown by previous research, such elements of survey questions can affect response behavior because respondents sometimes use interpretive heuristics, such as the “middle means typical” and the “left and top means first” heuristics when answering survey questions. In this study, we adopted the designs and survey questions of two experiments reported in Tourangeau, Couper, and Conrad (2004). One experiment varied the position of nonsubstantive response options in relation to other substantive response options and the second experiment varied the order of the response options. We implemented both experiments in an eye-tracking study. By recording respondents’ eye movements, we are able to observe how they read question stems and response options and we are able to draw conclusions about the survey response process the questions initiate. This enables us to investigate the mechanisms underlying the two interpretive heuristics and to test the assumptions of Tourangeau et al. (2004) about the ways in which interpretive heuristics influence survey responding. The eye-tracking data reveal mixed results for the two interpretive heuristics. For the middle means typical heuristic, it remains somewhat unclear whether respondents seize on the conceptual or visual midpoint of a response scale when answering survey questions. For the left and top means first heuristic, we found that violations of the heuristic increase response effort in terms of eye fixations. These results are discussed in the context of the findings of the original studies.
Mutational and Selective Processes Involved in Evolution during Bacterial Range Expansions
Authors: Bosshard Lars , Peischl Stephan , Ackermann Martin , Excoffier Laurent 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBacterial populations have been shown to accumulate deleterious mutations during spatial expansions that overall decrease their fitness and ability to grow. However, it is unclear if and how they can respond to selection in face of this mutation load. We examine here if artificial selection can counteract the negative effects of range expansions. We examined the molecular evolution of 20 mutator lines selected for fast expansions (SEL) and compared them to 20 other mutator lines freely expanding without artificial selection (CONTROL). We find that the colony size of all 20 SEL lines have increased relative to the ancestral lines, unlike CONTROL lines, showing that enough beneficial mutations are produced during spatial expansions to counteract the negative effect of expansion load. Importantly, SEL and CONTROL lines have similar numbers of mutations indicating that they evolved for the same number of generations and that increased fitness is not due to a purging of deleterious mutations. We find that loss of function mutations better explain the increased colony size of SEL lines than nonsynonymous mutations or a combination of the two. Interestingly, most loss of function mutations are found in simple sequence repeats (SSRs) located in genes involved in gene regulation and gene expression. We postulate that such potentially reversible mutations could play a major role in the rapid adaptation of bacteria to changing environmental conditions by shutting down expensive genes and adjusting gene expression.
Human activities aggravate nitrogen-deposition pollution to inland water over China
Authors: Gao Yang , Zhou Feng , Ciais Philippe , Miao Chiyuan , Yang Tao , Jia Yanlong , Zhou Xudong , Klaus Butterbach-Bahl , Yang Tiantian , Yu Guirui 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn the past three decades, China has built more than 87 000 dams with a storage capacity of ≈6560 km3 and the total surface area of inland water has increased by 6672 km2. Leaching of N from fertilized soils to rivers is the main source of N pollution in China, but the exposure of a growing inland water area to direct atmospheric N deposition and N leaching caused by N deposition on the terrestrial ecosystem, together with increased N deposition and decreased N flow, also tends to raise N concentrations in most inland waters. The contribution of this previously ignored source of  N deposition to freshwaters is estimated in this study, as well as mitigation strategies. The results show that the annual amounts of N depositions ranged from 4.9 to 16.6 kg · ha−1 · yr−1 in the 1990s to exceeding 20 kg · ha−1 · yr−1 in the 2010s over most of regions in China, so the total mass of ΔN (the net contribution of N deposition to the increase in N concentration) for lakes, rivers and reservoirs change from 122.26 Gg N · yr−1 in the 1990s to 237.75 Gg N · yr−1 in the 2010s. It is suggested that reducing the N deposition from various sources, shortening the water-retention time in dams and decreasing the degree of regulation for rivers are three main measures for preventing a continuous increase in the N-deposition pollution to inland water in China.
Solar-wind–magnetosphere energy influences the interannual variability of the northern-hemispheric winter climate
Authors: He Shengping , Wang Huijun , Li Fei , Li Hui , Wang Chi 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Solar irradiance has been universally acknowledged to be dominant by quasi-decadal variability, which has been adopted frequently to investigate its effect on climate decadal variability. As one major terrestrial energy source, solar-wind energy flux into Earth's magnetosphere (Ein) exhibits dramatic interannual variation, the effect of which on Earth's climate, however, has not drawn much attention. Based on the Ein estimated by 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulations, we demonstrate a novelty that the annual mean Ein can explain up to 25% total interannual variance of the northern-hemispheric temperature in the subsequent boreal winter. The concurrent anomalous atmospheric circulation resembles the positive phase of Arctic Oscillation/North Atlantic Oscillation. The warm anomalies in the tropic stratopause and tropopause induced by increased solar-wind–magnetosphere energy persist into the subsequent winter. Due to the dominant change in the polar vortex and mid-latitude westerly in boreal winter, a ‘top-down’ propagation of the stationary planetary wave emerges in the Northern Hemisphere and further influences the atmospheric circulation and climate.
Suzaku observation of Jupiter’s X-rays around solar maximum
Authors: Numazawa Masaki , Ezoe Yuichiro , Ishikawa Kumi , Ohashi Takaya , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Kimura Tomoki , Uchiyama Yasunobu , Shiota Daikou , Branduardi-Raymont Graziella 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
We report on results of imaging and spectral studies of X-ray emission from Jupiter observed by Suzaku. In 2006, Suzaku found diffuse X-ray emission in 1–5 keV associated with Jovian inner radiation belts. It has been suggested that the emission is caused by the inverse-Compton scattering by ultra-relativistic electrons (∼50 MeV) in Jupiter’s magnetosphere. To confirm the existence of this emission and to understand its relation to the solar activity, we conducted an additional Suzaku observation in 2014 around the maximum of the 24th solar cycle. As a result, we successfully found the diffuse emission around Jupiter in 1–5 keV again, and also found point-like emission in 0.4–1 keV. The luminosity of the point-like emission, which was probably composed of solar X-ray scattering, charge exchange, or auroral bremsstrahlung emission, increased by a factor of ∼5 with respect to the findings from 2006, most likely due to an increase of the solar activity. The diffuse emission spectrum in the 1–5 keV band was well-fitted with a flat power-law function (Γ = 1.4 ± 0.1) as in the past observation, which supported the inverse-Compton scattering hypothesis. However, its spatial distribution changed from ∼12 × 4 Jovian radius (Rj) to ∼20 × 7 Rj. The luminosity of the diffuse emission increased by the smaller factor of ∼3. This indicates that the diffuse emission is not simply responding to the solar activity, which is also known to cause little effect on the distribution of high-energy electrons around Jupiter. Further sensitive study of the spatial and spectral distributions of the diffuse hard X-ray emission is important to understand how high-energy particles are accelerated in Jupiter’s magnetosphere.
Sensitive to Proton Rhizotoxicity1 Regulates Salt and Drought Tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana through Transcriptional Regulation of CIPK23
Authors: Sadhukhan Ayan , Enomoto Takuo , Kobayashi Yuriko , Watanabe Toshihiro , Iuchi Satoshi , Kobayashi Masatomo , Sahoo Lingaraj , Yamamoto Yoshiharu Y , Koyama Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The transcription factor sensitive to proton rhizotoxicity 1 (STOP1) regulates multiple stress tolerances. In this study, we confirmed its involvement in NaCl and drought tolerance. The root growth of the T-DNA insertion mutant of STOP1 (stop1) was sensitive to NaCl-containing solidified MS media. Transcriptome analysis of stop1 under NaCl stress revealed that STOP1 regulates several genes related to salt tolerance, including CIPK23. Among all available homozygous T-DNA insertion mutants of the genes suppressed in stop1, only cipk23 showed a NaCl-sensitive root growth phenotype comparable to stop1. The CIPK23 promoter had a functional STOP1-binding site, suggesting a strong CIPK23 suppression led to NaCl sensitivity of stop1. This possibility was supported by in planta complementation of CIPK23 in the stop1 background, which rescued the short root phenotype under NaCl. Both stop1 and cipk23 exhibited a drought tolerant phenotype and increased abscisic acid-regulated stomatal closure, while the complementation of CIPK23 in stop1 reversed these traits. Our findings uncover additional pleiotropic roles of STOP1 mediated by CIPK23, which regulates various ion transporters including those regulating K+-homeostasis, which may induce a trade-off between drought tolerance and other traits.
Ethylene Inhibits Methyl Jasmonate-Induced Stomatal Closure by Modulating Guard Cell Slow-Type Anion Channel Activity via the OPEN STOMATA 1/SnRK2.6 Kinase-Independent Pathway in Arabidopsis
Authors: Munemasa Shintaro , Hirao Yukari , Tanami Kasumi , Mimata Yoshiharu , Nakamura Yoshimasa , Murata Yoshiyuki 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Signal crosstalk between jasmonate and ethylene is crucial for a proper maintenance of defense responses and development. Although previous studies reported that both jasmonate and ethylene also function as modulators of stomatal movements, the signal crosstalk mechanism in stomatal guard cells remains unclear. Here, we show that the ethylene signaling inhibits jasmonate signaling as well as abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in guard cells of Arabidopsis thaliana and reveal the signaling crosstalk mechanism. Both an ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and an ethylene-releasing compound ethephon induced transient stomatal closure, and also inhibited methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-induced stomatal closure as well as ABA-induced stomatal closure. The ethylene inhibition of MeJA-induced stomatal closure was abolished in the ethylene-insensitive mutant etr1–1, whereas MeJA-induced stomatal closure was impaired in the ethylene-overproducing mutant eto1–1. Pretreatment with ACC inhibited MeJA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as well as ABA-induced ROS production in guard cells but did not suppress ABA activation of OPEN STOMATA 1 (OST1) kinase in guard cell-enriched epidermal peels. The whole-cell patch-clamp analysis revealed that ACC attenuated MeJA and ABA activation of S-type anion channels in guard cell protoplasts. However, MeJA and ABA inhibitions of Kin channels were not affected by ACC pretreatment. These results suggest that ethylene signaling inhibits MeJA signaling and ABA signaling by targeting S-type anion channels and ROS but not OST1 kinase and K+ channels in Arabidopsis guard cells.
How can we achieve impact from public health research? A meta-ethnography of case studies
Authors: Gentry S V , Milden L , Kelly M P 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
Generation of public health impact from research is challenging. Research of similar quality often has differential uptake and there is considerable lag time between initiation and uptake of research. Improving understanding of how research impact can be achieved may identify areas stakeholders could target.

Methods
This work uses meta-ethnography to synthesize 21 case studies exploring how researchers have generated public health policy impact.

Results
Eight constructs were identified: expertise; motivation; practical solutions to important problems; support structure and funding; collaboration; wide dissemination and use of media to contribute ideas to the wider narrative; understanding the policy realm; and models of impact. The constructs were combined in a lines-of-argument synthesis, producing a model that seeks to illustrate the diffuse, complex and dynamic nature of the process of generating impact from research.

Conclusion
Achieving research impact involves seeking to shape wider debates, building relationships with policy makers, becoming a trusted collaborator and being available to provide relevant and practical solutions to questions of concern to policy makers at the appropriate time.
Modified Babenko’s Equation For Periodic Gravity Waves On Water Of Finite Depth
Authors: Dinvay E , Kuznetsov N 
Published: June 2019

Summary
A new operator equation for periodic gravity waves on water of finite depth is derived and investigated; it is equivalent to Babenko’s equation considered in Kuznetsov and Dinvay (Water Waves, 1, 2019). Both operators in the proposed equation are nonlinear and depend on the parameter equal to the mean depth of water, whereas each solution defines a parametric representation for a symmetric free surface profile. The latter is a component of a solution of the two-dimensional, nonlinear problem describing steady waves propagating in the absence of surface tension. Bifurcation curves (including a branching one) are obtained numerically for solutions of the new equation; they are compared with known results.
Health-related quality of life in systemic sclerosis before and after autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplant—a systematic review
Authors: Puyade Mathieu , Maltez Nancy , Lansiaux Pauline , Pugnet Grégory , Roblot Pascal , Colmegna Ines , Hudson Marie , Farge Dominique 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Objectives
In severe rapidly progressive SSc, autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) allows significant improvements in overall and event-free survival. We undertook this study to identify, appraise and synthesize the evidence on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) before and after AHSCT for SSc.

Methods
We performed a systematic review of the literature, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, in PubMed and ScienceDirect from database inception to 1 February 2019. All articles with original HRQoL data were selected.

Results
The search identified 1080 articles, of which 8 were selected: 3 unblinded randomized controlled trials [American Scleroderma Stem Cell versus Immune Suppression Trial (ASSIST), Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation International Scleroderma, Scleroderma: Cyclophosphamide or Transplantation), 3 uncontrolled phase I or II trials and 2 cohort studies. HRQoL data from 289 SSc patients treated with AHSCT and 125 treated with intravenous CYC as a comparator with median 1.25–4.5 years follow-up were included. HRQoL was evaluated with the HAQ Disability Index (HAQ-DI; 275 patients), the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36; 249 patients) and the European Quality of Life 5-Dimensions questionnaire (EQ-5D; 138 patients). The quality of the studies was moderate to low. AHSCT was associated with significant improvement in the HAQ-DI (P = 0.02–&lt;0.001), SF-36 Physical Component Summary score (P = 0.02–&lt;0.0001) and EQ-5D index-based utility score (P &lt; 0.001). The SF-36 Mental Component Summary score improved in the ASSIST (n = 19) and one small retrospective cohort (n = 30 patients, P = 0.005) but did not improve significantly in 2 randomized controlled trials (n = 200 patients, P = 0.1–0.91).

Conclusion
AHSCT in severe SSc patients is associated with significant and durable improvement in physical HRQoL.
Individual differences in resting-state connectivity and giving social support: implications for health
Authors: Inagaki Tristen K , Meyer Meghan L 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
There is a growing appreciation for the health benefits of giving support, though variability in such behavior exists. Based on the possibility that the dorsomedial (DMPFC) default network subsystem is associated with social thinking and behavior, integrity of this subsystem may facilitate giving support to others. The current study tested associations between DMPFC subsystem connectivity at rest and tendencies related to giving support. During a functional magnetic resonance imaging session, 45 participants completed an emotional social cues task, a resting-state scan and self-report measures of social support. Supportive behavior during the month following the scan was also assessed. Greater DMPFC subsystem connectivity at rest was associated with greater support giving (though not receiving or perceiving support) at the time of the scan and one month later. Results held after adjusting for extraversion. In addition, greater resting-state DMPFC subsystem connectivity was associated with attenuated dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula and amygdala activity to others’ negative emotional social cues, suggesting that DMPFC subsystem integrity at rest is also associated with the dampened withdrawal response proposed to facilitate care for others in need. Together, results begin to hint at an additional role for the ‘default’ social brain: giving support to others.
Development and validation of a clinical risk calculator for mortality after colectomy for fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis
Authors: Abou Khalil Maria , Bhatnagar Sahir Rai , Feldman Liane , Longtin Yves , Vasilevsky Carol-Ann , Carignan Alex , Morin Nancy , Boutros Marylise 
Published: June 2019

BACKGROUND

Clostridium difficile colitis is an increasingly important cause of morbidity and mortality. Fulminant C. difficile colitis (FCDC) is a severe form of the colitis driven by a significant systemic inflammatory response, and managed with a total abdominal colectomy. Despite surgery, postoperative mortality rates remain high. The aim of this study was to develop a bedside calculator to predict the risk of 30-day postoperative mortality for patients with FCDC.

METHODS
After institutional review board approval, the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database (2005–2015) was used to include adult patients who underwent emergency surgery for FCDC. A priori preoperative predictors of mortality were selected from the literature: age, immunosuppression, preoperative shock, intubation, and laboratory values. The predictive accuracy of different logistic regression models was measured by calculating the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve. A cohort of 124 patients from Québec was used to validate the developed mortality calculator.

RESULTS
A total of 557 patients met the inclusion criteria, and the overall mortality was 44%. After developing the calculator, no statistically significant differences were found in comparison with the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program probability of mortality available in the database (area under the receiver operating curve, 75.61 vs. 75.14; p = 0.79). External validation with the cohort of patients from Quebec showed an area under the curve of 74.0% (95% confidence interval, 65.0–82.9).

CONCLUSION
A clinically applicable calculator using preoperative variables to predict postoperative mortality for patients with FCDC was developed and externally validated. This calculator may help guide preoperative decision making.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Prognostic and epidemiological study, level III.
Patients with acute cholecystitis should be admitted to a surgical service
Authors: Lu Ning , Pahang Joshuel A. , Zhang Guangxiang , Loengard Anna , Wong Linda L. , Biffl Walter L. 
Published: June 2019

BACKGROUND
In bowel obstruction and biliary pancreatitis, patients receive more expedient surgical care when admitted to surgical compared with medical services. This has not been studied in acute cholecystitis.

METHODS
Retrospective analysis of clinical and cost data from July 2013 to September 2015 for patients with cholecystitis who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a tertiary care inpatient hospital. One hundred ninety lower-risk (Charlson-Deyo) patients were included. We assessed admitting service, length of stay (LOS), time from admission to surgery, time from surgery to discharge, number of imaging studies, and total cost.

RESULTS
Patients admitted to surgical (n = 106) versus medical (n = 84) service had shorter mean LOS (1.4 days vs. 2.6 days), shorter time from admission to surgery (0.4 days vs. 0.8 days), and shorter time from surgery to discharge (0.8 days vs. 1.1 days). Surgical service patients had fewer CT (38% vs. 56%) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (5% vs. 16%) studies. Cholangiography (30% vs. 25%) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (3 vs. 8%) rates were similar. Surgical service patients had 39% lower median total costs (US $7787 vs. US $12572).

CONCLUSION
Nonsurgical admissions of patients with cholecystitis are common, even among lower-risk patients. Routine admission to the surgical service should decrease LOS, resource utilization and costs.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic/care management, level IV.
Increasing the efficiency of long-read sequencing for hybrid assembly with k-mer-based multiplexing
Authors: Dilthey Alexander , Meyer Sebastian A. , Kaasch Achim J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHybrid genome assembly has emerged as an important technique in bacterial genomics, but cost and labor requirements limit large-scale application. We present Ultraplexing, a method to improve per-sample sequencing cost and hands-on-time of Nanopore sequencing for hybrid assembly by at least 50%, compared to molecular barcoding while maintaining high assembly quality (Quality Value; QV ≥ 42). Ultraplexing requires the availability of Illumina data and uses inter-sample genetic variability to assign reads to isolates, which obviates the need for molecular barcoding. Thus, Ultraplexing can enable significant sequencing and labor cost reductions in large-scale bacterial genome projects.
Sperm DNA damage causes genomic instability in early embryonic development
Authors: Middelkamp Sjors , van Tol Helena T.A. , Spierings Diana C.J. , Boymans Sander , Guryev Victor , Roelen Bernard A.J. , Lansdorp Peter M. , Cuppen Edwin , Kuijk Ewart W. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractGenomic instability is common in early embryo development, but the underlying causes are largely unknown. Here we examined the consequences of sperm DNA damage on the embryonic genome by single-cell genome sequencing of individual blastomeres from bovine embryos produced with sperm damaged by radiation. Sperm DNA damage caused fragmentation of chromosomes and segregation errors such as heterogoneic cell divisions yielding a broad spectrum of genomic aberrations that are similar to those frequently found in human embryos. The mosaic aneuploidies, mixoploidy, uniparental disomies and de novo structural variation induced upon sperm DNA damage may compromise health and lead to rare genomic disorders when embryos escape developmental arrest.One Sentence SummaryDNA damage in sperm cells leads to genomic defects in embryos