bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some peculiarities of students’ perception and observation in botany lessons
Authors: Kulvičienė A. 
Published: January 2019

The article discusses some peculiarities of perception and observation of students of 6th-8th grades in botany lessons.
In students’ assimilation of botany knowledge, a big role is played by perception and observation of perceptible features. The aim of the investigation is to find out how students create abstractions during direct perception (whether they are able to distinguish the most important parts, identify their similarities and differences during observation of plant views).
The results of investigation have shown that a significant part of 6th-7th grades students distinguish not all essential parts of plants but only some of them in the observed views.
Others wrote “forgot” in their answers. This shows that they either did not put any effort to observe the demonstrated views and distinguish their essential elements and relied solidly on previously acquired knowledge or were not able to do the analysis.
It was even more difficult for students to establish the similarities and differences. The more active thinking was required, the more mistakes the students made.
All this allows us making conclusion that the observation process of the students of 6th-7th grades has to develop further as active cognitive activity.
Certain issues in teacher advanced life lessons and the practice of building communism
Authors: Rajackas V. 
Published: January 2019

One of the most pressing issues teaching the humanities at this time is their relationship with life and building up communism.
The article primarily clarifies what is understood as humanities' relationship with life as well as questions the educational role of these disciplines. Underlines that it is important to equip our students with the necessary knowledge to be a member of society and make available the necessary life skills and abilities on the basis of material close at hand and understandable for students, using their experience.
Furthermore, the article draws attention to the literary and historical specifics and emphasizes the need to fight against vulgarization and the establishment of artificial life relationships.
The article gives specific examples of a variety of literary and historical teaching practices demonstrating the importance and the magnitude of the possibilities for teaching life lessons and the practice of building communism within the humanities. Students associate real life material easily and consciously embrace it. Such material makes it easier for students to turn knowledge into beliefs. A range of practical skills and abilities not only prepares students for life, but also helps them reinforce and consciously assimilate new knowledge.
The article discusses the independent development of students' thought as well as their empowerment issues.
Based on the outlined material, we can conclude that the humanitarian subjects' relationship with life is particularly important for the communist upbringing of the younger generation and preparation for creative work and active social activity, helps develop a positive attitude towards literature and history, such important things for a communist upbringing, and learning in general.
Overcoming negative emotional states in sports
Authors: Palaima J. 
Published: January 2019

Often enough in sports strong athletes don't perform to their full potential because they don't know how to get over negative emotions, so they get off track, give up, or just lose to weaker challengers.
The objective of the author's study was to ascertain how athletes struggle with negative emotions based on their experience. The interviewees were 300 athletes and coaches of different athletic fields and achievement levels. The author tries to ascertain a) what was the specific negative emotional impact that manifested itself during sports, b) what methods are applied by athletes in order to overcome the negative emotions and eliminate their impact on the course of combat sports, and c) what kind of training and education conditioning help athletes develop the ability to overcome negative states after losing a match.
The research results demonstrated that negative emotional states primarily manifest themselves when an athlete loses confidence; his tactical thinking dulls, he gets overly agitated, or the opposite, he gets apathetic and his will power diminishes.
The effort that the athletes make to overcome the effects of negative emotional states are primarily associated with a) self-confidence restoration, b) retreat from unpleasant experiences and thoughts, c) ascertaining reasons a failed action, d) self-persuasion that despite the failure, it is necessary to make every effort to win, or at least do as little damage to your own team as possible.
This article provides practical recommendations for coaches on how to develop athletes' ability to handle their own negative emotions during combat sports.
The problem of thinking in a foreign language
Authors: Jacikevičius A. 
Published: January 2019

The contemporary human psyche is more or less double or multifaceted. As a result we have the actual problem of the psychological relationship between the thought and language systems, i.e. thinking/speaking several languages.
Soviet psychology raises some essential issues here, including 1) the nature of the interfaces thought in a and language in the native language, 2) patterns of thought in a foreign language, 3) differences between thought in a in different languages, 4) polyglot multilingualism influence on the quality of thinking, 5) effects of the language teaching on the development of thinking in that language.
The article discussed the current status of research on thinking a foreign language; it demonstrated the need for further experimental research. The research is needed not only for multilingualism psychological development, but also for the rationalization of foreign language teaching methodologies in Soviet schools.
What high school students read in biology
Authors: Griniuvienė O. 
Published: January 2019

The article deals with the topic of extra-curricular reading of biology; the data was collected from 23 Lithuanian SSR schools and 4 children's libraries. It examines the period of 1960-1962. The objective of the article is to help biology teachers choose extra-curricular reading.
The majority of students (65%) were determined to receive books from the school library. The 5-7 grades students use children's libraries, while older students use massive libraries; 77% of students have personal libraries, but only 1.2% have biology books in therein. Some of the children (2-8%) do not use libraries at all.
School libraries have few biology books, on average 2.3% of the books. Book collections grow slowly and without a plan. Biology teachers have little interest in libraries.
Students read few biology books. Only 5% of books checked out of the library are bio books, which is not even one per student per year.
About 30% of all 5th-9th grade students don't read any bio literature at all. The others do read some, but the rates are higher in 5th-7th grades than in 8th-9th. There's a great variety in the reading levels within schools and even within a grade. It depends on how well extra-curricular reading is managed by biology teachers.
Students' interests are very different depending on age, reading, education, interests, and individual character, so management of reading requires individualization.
Students’ answers showed that they do not always correctly understand what they read.
Everything mentioned above suggests that the main biology extracurricular literary reading manager must be the biology teacher.
Some theoretical issues regarding the ability of students to make career choices
Authors: Jovaiša L. 
Published: January 2019

These issues are covered in the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers theses: school life and the strengthening of communication, how schools must acquaint students with different types of work in society, as well as help them figure out their own inclinations and consciously choose a profession.
These issues are linked to many pedagogical and psychological problems, such as what the psychological peculiarities of the choice of profession are, the pedagogical grounds for preparation of professional organization, the concept of vocational orientation, etc. Some of these problems have been successfully solved by Soviet educators and psychologists. Much work has been done investigating professional interests (K. Ariskina, M. Bieliajevas, L. Blagonadežina, V. Bobrova, M. Chomutova, A. Esaulovas, A. Ivaščenka, S. Kregždė, N. Levitovas, B. Stonys, L. Ziubinas, etc.), and some pedagogical and psychological orientation issues are being addressed (J. Averičevas, M. Vinogradova, A. Volkovskis, V. Čebyševa, A. Izmailovas, A. Šestelis, etc.). However, there is work that specially deals with the theoretical problems of vocational orientation. Therefore, the article intends to answer some theoretical questions regarding the principle and organization of the system of vocational orientation at an eight-year school.
The article examines school-vocational orientation as a pedagogical activity that brings a learner to professional work, introduces a variety of professions, and teaches them to redirect their inclinations and strength, which allows students to consciously choose a profession that suits them and benefits society. The vocational orientation was carried out two different ways eight-year school, i.e., vocational guidance and career counseling.
A profession is understood as a social activity, based on calling, carried out according to specialty and designed for the entire nation for the creation of material and spiritual goods.
A calling should be considered as a strong affinity to certain spheres of work, a sense that the chosen profession is suitable and has a meaning in life. A calling is encouraged. A specialty is a skilled knowledge, abilities, and skills system related to a particular field of work.
The last part of the article examines the psychological aspects of conscious choice of profession: the nature and importance of constant professional interests, inclination, and professional suitability. Professional suitability is physical, mental, and moral power to effectively develop the chosen vocation in useful work for the high quality benefit of society.
The theoretical problem solving in this article is based on a dialectic materialistic social cultural development and the concept of human personality, Soviet and with foreign literature, but also some of our own research.
On some features of shape perception in time deficit
Authors: Rimkutė E. 
Published: January 2019

The article attempts to analyze the developmental features of contour visual image and ascertain some perceptual features when the material appears very shortly.
Study variables included fixation time and object form. The results of experiment showed that the most significant change in perception appeared between the fixations with durations of 0.02 and 0.05 second. The extension of exposure time from 0.15 second did not have a greater influence of accuracy.
The influence of form manifested by the fact that straight and arc-shaped lines were perceived more easily. The most mistakes were made in reproducing the parts of bent shape parts. The measuring and correcting eye-movements fail to be done on time, therefore the subject perceives the structural elements of a figure correctly, but one fails to correctly identify the in spatial terms.
The organization of enviroment protection in Lithuanian SSR schools
Authors: Šapokienė E. 
Published: January 2019

The article analyzes the situation in Lithuanian SSR schools in the field of environment protection, based on 7th grade student knowledge and practical activity in 9 schools in the republic. It is described how 50 schools organized various massive tools in order to educate the appreciation for nature. The data was acquired by questionnaires in 19-63-1964. The goal of this article is to help the biology teachers to convey the environment protection knowledge more effectively.
The analysis showed that student knowledge on environment protection is poor. The students know least about fostered natural flora in Lithuania and rare plants that are protected by the laws. The students also know very little about the examples of acclimatization and nature reserves. About 44.9% of the students do not know anything about the importance of the protective forest lines. That is, lessons, as the major form of teaching, are not used efficiently in order to convey the knowledge about environment protection.
In practice, most of the students take part in fostering the animals – 92.5% and planting the trees – 84%. The students take very little part in fighting against plant illnesses and parasites – 5.9%. It is concluded that practical activity as well as the knowledge are better on animals than on plants. Therefore it is important to consider this.
On the dynamics and stages of search under aggravated circumstances
Authors: Rimkutė E. 
Published: January 2019

The article aims to demonstrate the dynamics and stages of aggravated search (and finding). For this purpose some stages of complex search activities have been distinguished.
Figure exclusion (formation) is regarded as the first stage. Comparison of the excluded figure against the given gauge is the second stage. Different displays of this operation (unconscious and conscious comparison), their place and functions in the search process have been discussed. The third stage is making the final decision regarding the compared figure.
Expression of the connections between interlocutors in society within intonation incentives (experimental research)
Authors: Elijošiūtė S. 
Published: January 2019

An experimental twenty-six incentive intonation structure investigation demonstrated that according to a series of acoustic features some incentives group into two zones. Juxtaposition of incentives going into opposite zones demonstrated that they are characterized by different the connections between interlocutors in society (in a specific act of communication). Consequently, a number of intonation incentive structure attributes are this communication condition's indicators within the intonation incentives.
This article indicates factors of determining the connections between interlocutors in society (in a specific act of communication) as one of the conditions where there is incentivized communication. This communication condition's representation in incentives is particularly important in terms of their efficacy. Man, as a social being, really needs public activity, including actions encouraging evaluation.
Professional orientation theory and practice development in the Lithuanian SSR
Authors: Kregzdė S. 
Published: January 2019

Shortly after the First World War, theoretical research and practical professional guidance activity was begun; they were terminated during the German occupation. Due to a succession of objective and subjective reasons, they were renewed only in the last decade. Since 1957, a string of sociological psychological research has been conducted demonstrating students' professional interests and inclinations relative to national economic needs, the knowledge-based validity of students' professional self-determination, i.e. medical and psychological requirements, as well as the nature of a profession. Significant discrepancies were disclosed.
Based on this data as well as overall school experience and analysis of teaching plans, much pedagogical research was carried out using pedagogical experiment and eight-year schools 7th-8th grade leaders' professional guidance
Systems were created. Research work intensified practical activity (professional information, professional consultation), which was set up to coordinate the Interdepartmental Council of Students Professional Guidance of the Republic. The Council includes the planning organs of Education and Higher and Secondary Specialized Education Ministries, the Committee on Vocational-technical education, health care, the press, radio and television, as well as research institutes and university department representatives.
Further professional guidance work aims to closely link with research work: the high and mid-level qualified specialist professional guidance is set up in an effort to select special secondary and higher education establishments with existing professional interests and inclinations; also, professional guidance effectiveness is determined.
The link between psychological-social stress and life style
Authors: Šidlauskaitė Ieva 
Published: January 2019

The purposes of this work was to state the connection between psychological-social stress (PS stress) and life style's features, such as: nicotine use; alcohol use; drugs use; nutrition and physical activity. To state the connection between psychological-social stress level and quantity of nicotine, alcohol, drugs use; tendency to change habits in the direction of healthier life style. Research has been carried according to health questionnaire (translated by A. Gostautas, 2000). For data analysis we used results from common research with 616 youngsters (form 18 till 22 years).Conclusions are following:• Youngsters with higher PS stress level use more cigarettes, alcohol and drugs comparing with youngsters with lover PS stress level.• Youngsters with higher PS stress level are liable not to change using of nicotine, alcohol and drugs, comparing with youngsters with lover PS stress level.• Higher PS stress level is related with unhealthier life style.
The interaction of judge’s behavior and judge’s decision prognosis in the procedural justice judgments
Authors: Laurinavičius Alfredas 
Published: January 2019

Psychological research shows a big importance of procedural justice in dispute resolution. Perception of procedural justice affects evaluations of the performance of legal institutions and authorities, evaluations of legal decisions and outcomes, satisfaction with encounters with the legal system, support for legal institutions and compliance with law. According to K. van den Bos and E. A. Lind people are more affected by variation in fairness when they feel uncertain. Participants’ expectations about judge’s possible decision can moderate relationship between procedure and subjective evaluation of procedural justice. 3 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted: 3 (expectation of the possible decision: certainly positive, certainly negative, uncertain)× 2 (decision: positive vs. negative) × 2 (procedure: fair vs. unfair). The experiment was conduced in 2 Vilnius universities, participation was voluntary, participants were not paid. Data of 330 students (men and women) were analyzed. There were between 22 and 36 participants per cell. A scenario method was applied in the experiment. Participants were given a description of legal dispute of non material harm compensation. Participants were asked to imagine themselves as being defendant and evaluated a possibility of positive and negative decision. Participants were shown one of two videotapes with excerpts from litigation session. After watching the excerpt (fair treatment or unfair treatment) they received judge’s final decision (favorable or unfavorab le) and completed the questionnaire. Dependents variables in this experiment were participants’ evaluations of distributive justice, procedural justice, perceived voice, neutrality, trust in benevolence, status recognition and support for courts.A 2 × 2 × 3 ANOVA revealed significant interactions between Expectation and Procedure on perceived voice F (2,318) = 4.513, p < .05, η² = .028, neutrality F (2,318) = 3.413, p < .05, η² = .021 and support for courts F (2,318) = 3.084, p < .05, η² = .019. No interactions were found for distributive justice, procedural justice, trust in benevolence, status recognition. A significant effect of Expectation was found on distributive justice judgments F (2,317) = 5.02, p < .05, η² = .031. Those expected negative decision rated distributive justice more positively.The presented research shows that expectation of judge’s decision can moderate some procedural justice judgments and support for courts judgments. Variation of procedure had biggest effect on evaluation of perceived voice, neutrality and support for courts in condition when participant was expecting negative decision. It seems that expectation of negative decision makes people more sensitive to procedural issues. Being certain about positive decision decreases a role of procedure on those ratings.
Linking friendship quality and peer group acceptance in adolescence
Authors: Pakalnienė Edita , Barkauskienė Rasa 
Published: January 2019

Peer acceptance and and friendships are different but related aspects of social relationships in adolescence (Bukowski at al., 1996). Friendship quality is considered as an essential element that describes friendship and it is easy to assess empirically. According to J. G. Parker and S. R. Asher (1993) it is defined as a complex of the six components: validation and care, conflict and betrayal, companionship and recreation, help and guidance, intimate exchange and confict resolution. This article deals with the relationship between peer group acceptance and friedship quality in adolescents. The aim of the study presented in this article was to examine the different aspects of friendship quality in young adolescents and delineate gender differences in
the association between the sociometric status and friendship quality. The sample consisted of 225 adolescents aged 12 to 14. According to the J.D. Coie and K. A. Dodge (1983) technique of sociometric research the sample was divided into three subgroups: high, average and low accepted adolescents by peer group. All adolescents filled in the Frienddship Quality Questionnaire (Parker and Asher, 1989) as well as two additional questions that assess the friendship satisfaction. The results revealed different friendship quality patterns among low accepted and high-average accepted adolescents. Rejected adolescents showed low scores on Intimate exchange and Help and quidance subscales but other subscales’ scores did not differ significantly. The overal satisfaction with friendship was also significantly lower among rejected adolescents. Gender differences analysis revealed girls’ friendship quality scores being higher on all subscales. The more detailed analysis of gender differences in three subgroups according the sociometric status showed no differences among high, average and low accepted boys. However, low accepted girls showed lower scores on two subscales – Companionship and recreation and Help and guidance. Also, general satisfaction with their best friendship was lower when compared to average and high accepted girls. The results obtained are discussed in comparison with the findings of other uathors as well as interpreted within a framework of psychological characteristics that distinguish among adolescents with differing status in a peer group.