bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The educational programs for extrapyramidal disease and spinocerebellar degeneration patients and their families
Authors: Oki Takeshi , Sugawara Naohiko , Haruta Hiroyuki , Takanashi Jyunichi 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundExtrapyramidal disease and spinocerebellar degeneration patients and their families have less information about their diseases, which deteriorate the quality of life of these patients and increase the burdens on their families.AimWe designed our study for the purpose of improving the quality of life of these patients and decreasing the burdens on their families by giving enough information to them.MethodsWe conducted educational programs for these patients and their families, consisting of lectures on the symptoms and courses of the diseases, rehabilitation, social support, dysarthria, and dysphagia. To evaluate the efficacy of our programs, we administered the 36‐Item Short‐Form Health Survey to the patients and the Zarit Burden Interview to their families both before and after these programs.ResultsThirty‐three patients joined our programs with their families. Of these, 22 had Parkinson's disease, four had progressive supranuclear palsy, four had multiple system atrophy, two had spinocerebellar degeneration, and one had undiagnosed parkinsonism. The Physical Component Summary, the Mental Component Summary, the Role‐social Component Summary scores of the 36‐Item Short‐Form Health Survey, and the scores of the Zarit Burden Interview before and after the programs were 33.4 and 87.7, 55.5 and 48.5, 30.6 and 30.8, and, 19.7 and 19.1, respectively. There was no significant difference in Zarit Burden Interview and the 36‐Item Short‐Form Health Survey other than the subscales of physical functioning and vitality.ConclusionsOur programs could not improve the quality of life of the patients and could not also reduce the burdens on their families.
Sound isolation and music on the comfort of mechanically ventilated critical patients
Authors: Mateu‐Capell Marina , Arnau Anna , Juvinyà Dolors , Montesinos Jesús , Fernandez Rafael 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo assess the effect of sound isolation versus music on the comfort of mechanically ventilated patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) as a combined measurement of the hypnotic level, the level of sedation and the alteration of behaviour because of pain.IntroductionPatients admitted to the ICU who require mechanical ventilation are surrounded by an ambient noise level ranging from 60 to 90 dB, well above the 40 dB recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).MethodsThis was a randomized crossover clinical trial. Group A: sound isolation (1 h) followed by music (1 h); Group B: music (1 h) followed by sound isolation (1 h). Interventions were administered using noise‐cancelling headphones. The hypnotic level, the level of sedation and the alteration of behaviour because of pain was assessed using the bispectral index (BIS), the Ramsay scale and the behavioural pain scale (BPS), respectively. Statistical analysis of correlated data was performed using a generalized estimating equations (GEE) model.ResultsOf 130 patients assessed for eligibility, 82 were randomized to Groups A (n = 40) or B (n = 42). Mean age was 69 years (SD = 14), and 77·3% were men. A decrease of 4–5 points out of 100 during sound isolation and music therapy was recorded in BIS in both groups; the differences were not statistically significant compared with baseline scores. Likewise, no differences were observed in the scores obtained in the Ramsay scale and BPS.ConclusionsSound isolation and music intervention did not modify the comfort or physiological variables of mechanically ventilated critical patients from their respective baseline values.Relevance to clinical practiceMusic and sound isolation are potential strategies that could be used in nursing care to provide comfort to critical patients. Further studies should be undertaken to define the role of these new approaches and determine which groups of patients can benefit most from music or sound isolation.
Adverse events in radiation oncology: A case series from wake up safe, the pediatric anesthesia quality improvement initiative
Authors: Christensen Robert E. , Nause‐Osthoff Rebecca C. , Waldman Jeffrey C. , Spratt Daniel E. , Hearn Jason W. D. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundRadiation therapy in pediatric patients often requires anesthesia and poses environmental challenges. Monitoring must be done remotely to limit radiation exposure to the provider. Airway access can be limited by masks or frames. Care is often delivered in relatively inaccessible locations in the hospital. While individual institutions have reported their outcomes, this case series aims to review a multicenter registry of significant adverse events and make recommendations for improved care.MethodsWake Up Safe: The Pediatric Quality Improvement Initiative maintains a multisite, voluntary registry of pediatric perianesthetic significant adverse events. This was queried for reports from radiation oncology from January 1, 2010 to May 10, 2018. The database contained 3,379 significant adverse events from approximately 3.3 million anesthetics. All 33 institutions submitted data on a standardized form to a central data repository (Axio Research, Seattle Washington). Prior to each significant adverse events case submission, three anesthesiologists who were not involved in the event analyzed the event using a standardized root cause analysis method to identify the causal or contributing factor(s).ResultsSix significant adverse events were identified. In three, incorrect programming of a propofol infusion resulted in overdose. In case one, the 3‐year‐old female became hypotensive, requiring vasopressors and volume resuscitation. In the second, the 2‐year‐old female experienced airway obstruction and apnea requiring chin lift. In case three, the child suffered no consequences despite a noted overdose of propofol infusion. In case four, a 2‐year‐old female with recent respiratory infection suffered laryngospasm during an unmonitored transport to the recovery area. She developed profound oxygen desaturation with bradycardia treated with succinylcholine and chest compressions. In case five, a 6‐year‐old former premature child suffered laryngospasm at the conclusion of mask creation under general anesthesia with a laryngeal mask airway. The radiation mask delayed recognition of copious secretions. Finally, in case six, a 6‐year‐old undergoing stereotactic radiosurgery in a head halo suffered bronchospasm and unintended extubation during therapy which required multiple attempts at reintubation by multiple providers ultimately requiring cancellation of the treatment and transport to the intensive care unit.ConclusionThere were few radiation oncology significant adverse events, but analysis has led to the identification of several specific opportunities for improvement in pediatric anesthesia for radiation oncology.
Characteristics of Rare Earth Elements, Zr, and Hf in Ore‐Bearing Porphyries from the Western Awulale Metallogenic Belt, Northwestern China and their Application in Determining Metal Fertility of Granitic Magma
Authors: Liu Rui , Chen Genwen 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe western Awulale metallogenic belt in northwestern China hosts a number of small‐ to medium‐sized porphyry Cu deposits that are associated with albite porphyry. The common presence of plagioclase (albite) as phenocrysts and the absence of hydrous minerals (amphibole and biotite) indicate that the water content of albite porphyry is low. Trace‐element compositions of whole rocks and zircon grains from these ore‐bearing porphyries were measured. Zircon grains from albite porphyries exhibit Ce4+/Ce3+ ratios ranging from 7.75 to 95.1, which indicate that these porphyries have a low oxygen fugacity. Trace element compositions of ore‐bearing porphyries exhibit (La/Yb)N ratios ranging from 1.09 to 11.1 and Eu/Eu* ratios ranging from 0.10 to 0.66. These ore‐bearing porphyries have Zr values ranging from 171 to 707 ppm and Hf values ranging from 8.30 to 18.9 ppm. Combining these porphyries with other ore‐bearing porphyries that formed in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) and the Pacific Rim metallogenic belt, we found that the (La/Yb)N and Eu/Eu* ratios of ore‐bearing porphyries in western Awulale are low, while the Zr and Hf values are high. Specifically, REEs can be used to evaluate the degree of differentiation and degree of partial melting, and Zr and Hf can be used to evaluate the redox conditions and water content of magmatic rocks. Our findings indicate that ore‐bearing porphyries in western Awulale have a lower oxygen fugacity, degree of differentiation, and water content than do others in the CAOB and the Pacific Rim metallogenic belt. Compared to those of ore‐bearing porphyries with lower zircon Ce4+/Ce3+ ratios, the (La/Yb)N ratios of ore‐bearing porphyries in our study are low, and the Zr and Hf values are high. This finding indicates that, under reducing conditions, the degree of evolution and water content may have an important influence on the metal abundance in magmas. There is also a clear relationship between (La/Yb)N, Eu/Eu*, Zr, Hf, and the size of the deposits. Large‐ (>4 Mt Cu) and intermediate (1.5–4 Mt Cu)‐sized porphyry Cu deposits are associated with granitic intrusions that have higher (La/Yb)N and Eu/Eu* ratios and lower Zr and Hf values. This finding indicates that, in addition to oxygen fugacity, the degree of evolution and water content are controlling parameters for metal abundance in magmas, especially in low oxygen fugacity porphyry Cu deposits. Such a conclusion may be useful in the exploration for other concealed porphyry Cu deposits.
Isometric training and long‐term adaptations: Effects of muscle length, intensity, and intent: A systematic review
Authors: Oranchuk Dustin J. , Storey Adam G. , Nelson André R. , Cronin John B. 
Published: December 2018

Isometric training is used in the rehabilitation and physical preparation of athletes, special populations, and the general public. However, little consensus exists regarding training guidelines for a variety of desired outcomes. Understanding the adaptive response to specific loading parameters would be of benefit to practitioners. The objective of this systematic review, therefore, was to detail the medium‐ to long‐term adaptations of different types of isometric training on morphological, neurological, and performance variables. Exploration of the relevant subject matter was performed through MEDLINE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL databases. English, full‐text, peer‐reviewed journal articles and unpublished doctoral dissertations investigating medium‐ to long‐term (≥3 weeks) adaptations to isometric training in humans were identified. These studies were evaluated further for methodological quality. Twenty‐six research outputs were reviewed. Isometric training at longer muscle lengths (0.86%‐1.69%/week, ES = 0.03‐0.09/week) produced greater muscular hypertrophy when compared to equal volumes of shorter muscle length training (0.08%‐0.83%/week, ES = −0.003 to 0.07/week). Ballistic intent resulted in greater neuromuscular activation (1.04%‐10.5%/week, ES = 0.02‐0.31/week vs 1.64%‐5.53%/week, ES = 0.03‐0.20/week) and rapid force production (1.2%‐13.4%/week, ES = 0.05‐0.61/week vs 1.01%‐8.13%/week, ES = 0.06‐0.22/week). Substantial improvements in muscular hypertrophy and maximal force production were reported regardless of training intensity. High‐intensity (≥70%) contractions are required for improving tendon structure and function. Additionally, long muscle length training results in greater transference to dynamic performance. Despite relatively few studies meeting the inclusion criteria, this review provides practitioners with insight into which isometric training variables (eg, joint angle, intensity, intent) to manipulate to achieve desired morphological and neuromuscular adaptations.
Transactional links between adolescents’ and friends’ victimization during the first two years of secondary school: The mediating role of likeability and friendship involvement
Authors: Cantin Stéphane , Brendgen Mara , Dussault Frédéric , Vitaro Frank 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe goals of this study were to examine to what extent lower likeability at the group level and lower friendship involvement can explain the bidirectional links between adolescents’ own and their friends’ victimization over time. We tested these processes by applying a cross‐lagged path model to a sample of 621 adolescents. Data were collected at four time points over the two first years of secondary school. Participants were asked to identify same grade friends within their school; classroom peer nominations were used to assess participants’ likeability as well as participants’ and friends’ level of peer victimization. Results showed bidirectional associations between adolescents’ own and their friends’ victimization by peers within the first year of secondary school. Moreover, the relation between adolescents’ own victimization at the end of the first year and their friends’ victimization next year was mediated by decreased adolescents’ likeability at the group level. Inversely, their friends’ victimization at the end of the first year predicted lower levels of adolescents’ own likeability over time, which in turn predicted adolescents’ own subsequent levels of victimization. Friends’ victimization also predicted adolescents’ lower friendship involvement during the first year, which in turn predicted decreased likeability, and ultimately higher levels of victimization.
Editors’ Introduction and Review: An Appraisal of Surprise: Tracing the Threads That Stitch It Together
Authors: Munnich Edward L. , Foster Meadhbh I. , Keane Mark T. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThough the scientific study of surprise dates back to Darwin (), there was an upsurge in interest beginning in the 1960s and 70s, and this has continued to the present. Recent developments have shed much light on the cognitive mechanisms and consequences of surprise, but research has often been siloed within sub‐areas of Cognitive Science. A central challenge for research on surprise is, therefore, to connect various research programs around their overlapping foci. This issue has its roots in a symposium on surprise, entitled “Triangulating Surprise: Expectations, Uncertainty, and Making Sense,” at the 36th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (Quebec City, July 2014). Building on the interdisciplinary conversations that started at the symposium, this issue aims to draw attention to some promising empirical and modeling results and their theoretical implications. The present paper sets the stage for the issue by presenting a historical summary, discussing contrasting definitions of surprise, and then by tracing major threads that run through both this issue and the larger literature on surprise. Our aim is to develop broader, shared understandings of the main insights, theories, and findings regarding surprise, with a view to supporting future integration and progress.
An Integrated Working Memory Model for Time‐Based Resource‐Sharing
Authors: Glavan Joseph J. , Houpt Joseph W. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe time‐based resource‐sharing (TBRS) model envisions working memory as a rapidly switching, serial, attentional refreshing mechanism. Executive attention trades its time between rebuilding decaying memory traces and processing extraneous activity. To thoroughly investigate the implications of the TBRS theory, we integrated TBRS within the ACT‐R cognitive architecture, which allowed us to test the TBRS model against both participant accuracy and response time data in a dual task environment. In the current work, we extend the model to include articulatory rehearsal, which has been argued in the literature to be a separate mechanism from attentional refreshing. Additionally, we use the model to predict performance under a larger range of cognitive load (CL) than typically administered to human subjects. Our simulations support the hypothesis that working memory capacity is a linear function of CL and suggest that this effect is less pronounced when articulatory rehearsal is available.
Decisions of the Ethiopian Federal Supreme Court Cassation Division: Imprescriptible Invalidation of Contract of Land Sale
Authors: Berega Yirgalem Germu 
Published: December 2018

In many parts of Ethiopia, land is the base for economic resources and prestige, as provided under the Constitution of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia this valuable asset is exclusively vested in the State and the peoples of Ethiopia. Land is a common property of the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia and shall not be subject to sale or to other means of exchange. Concerning contractual agreement, sale of land is made imprescriptible by the decision of the Federal Supreme Court Cassation Division. The problem of this decision is that the civil code of the state provides ten years of period of limitation for invalidation of contract, made no clear exception for that matter, and the Cassation Division is empowered to only interpret the law of the state, not making a new law. Based on the problem narrated, the following questions are posed: whether the decision of the division falls under the ambit of its mandate or not and what is the practical value of the ruling? The questions are addressed via consultation of legal instruments of the state, the decisions of the cassation division and scholarly materials on the area.
Bayesian inference of a dynamical model evaluating Deltamethrin effect on Daphnia survival
Authors: Diouf Abdoulaye , Camara Baba Issa , Ngom Diene , Toumi Hela , Felten Vincent , Masfaraud Jean-Francois , Ferard Jean-Francois 
Published: December 2018

The toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic models (TK-TD) are very well-known for their ability, at both the individual and the population level, toВ accurately describe life cycles such as the growth, reproduction and survival of sentinel organisms under the influence of an ecological biomarker.В Being dynamics, the consistent inference of life history and environmental traits parameters that engender them is sometimes very complexВ numerically, especially as these parameters vary from oneВ individual to another. In this paper, we estimate the parameters of a survival modelВ TK-TD already applied and validated by the implementation of the R package GUTS (the General Unified Threshold Model of Survival) by anotherВ coding applied to another very recent implementation of Bayesian inference with the R package deBInfer in order to evaluate the survival effectsВ of our ecotoxicological biomarker called Deltamethrin on our Daphnia sample.В The study allowed us to evaluate from a population point of viewВ especially the threshold concentration not to be exceeded to observe a survival effect commonly known NEC (No effect Concentration) and possiblyВ determine the correlations between different variables of life history and the environment traits.
Effects of environmental and genetic risk factors for salt sensitivity on blood pressure in northern China: the systemic epidemiology of salt sensitivity (EpiSS) cohort study
Authors: Qi Han , Liu Bin , Guo Chunyue , Liu Zheng , Cao Han , Liu Kuo , Sun Weiping , Zhang Ling 
Published: December 2018

PurposeThe systemic epidemiology of salt sensitivity (EpiSS) study aims to combine molecular biology, epidemiology and bioinformatics methods to discover the potential causes of salt sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) using single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the genome and non-coding RNAs in the transcriptome to uncover both the genetic and environmental factors of SSBP.ParticipantsBetween July 2014 and July 2016, we enrolled adults from 11 study centres in Beijing and Liaoning Province; participants were of the Han population and were 35–70 years of age. We collected blood samples, spot urine samples and 24-hour urine samples, in addition to baseline data on demographics, health-related lifestyle factors, chronic diseases, family history of illness and anthropometric information through face-to-face interviews using a standardised questionnaire. EpiSS uses the modified Sullivan’s acute oral saline load and diuresis shrinkage test (MSAOSL-DST) to evaluate the effects of salt on blood pressure.Findings to dateIn total, 2163 participants were included in the EpiSS, of which 2144 participants completed the questionnaire, 2120 (98.0%) completed the MSAOSL-DST and 2083 (96.3%) provided a 24-hour urine sample. A total of 2057 participants (1501 women and 556 men) completed all the steps of the investigation and were included in the analysis. Among them, 583 (28.3%) subjects were classified as having salt sensitivity of blood pressure, and 1061 (51.6%) had hypertension.Future plansThe next step of our study is to evaluate the incidence of cardiovascular disease in the participants. Biennial follow-up, including face-to-face questionnaire surveys, laboratory measurements of blood, urinary creatinine, glomerular filtration rate and anthropometric measurements, will occur two additional times. DNA and RNA will be collected for subsequent genetic biomarker studies. We plan on screening the salt-sensitive-related gene loci and non-coding RNAs based on relative environmental risk factors.Trial registration numberChiCTR-EOC-16009980; Pre-results.
Canagliflozin and Stroke in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Zhou Zien , Lindley Richard I. , Rådholm Karin , Jenkins Bronwyn , Watson John , Perkovic Vlado , Mahaffey Kenneth W. , de Zeeuw Dick , Fulcher Greg , Shaw Wayne , Oh Richard , Desai Mehul , Matthews David R. , Neal Bruce 
Published: December 2018

Background and Purpose—
This study reports the detailed effects of canagliflozin on stroke, stroke subtypes, and vascular outcomes in participants with and without cerebrovascular disease (stroke or transient ischemic attack) at baseline from the CANVAS (Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study) Program.

Methods—
The CANVAS Program, comprising 2 similarly designed and conducted clinical trials, randomly assigned 10 142 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and high cardiovascular risk to canagliflozin or placebo. Its primary outcome was a composite of major adverse cardiovascular events. The main outcome of interest for this report was fatal or nonfatal stroke. Additional exploratory outcomes were stroke subtypes and other vascular outcomes defined according to standard criteria.

Results—

There were 1 958 (19%) participants with prior stroke or transient ischemic attack at baseline. These individuals were older, more frequently women, and had higher rates of heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and microvascular disease (all
P
<0.001) compared with those without such a history. There were 309 participants with stroke events during follow-up (123 had prior stroke or transient ischemic attack at baseline and 186 did not), at a rate of 7.93/1000 patient-years among those assigned canagliflozin and 9.62/1000 patient-years among placebo (hazard ratio, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.69–1.09). Analysis of stroke subtypes found no effect on ischemic stroke (n=253, hazard ratio, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.74–1.22), a significant reduction for hemorrhagic stroke (n=30, hazard ratio, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.20–0.89) and no effect on undetermined stroke (n=29, hazard ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.48–2.22). Effects on other cardiovascular outcomes were comparable among participants with and without stroke or transient ischemic attack at baseline.

Conclusions—
There were too few events in the CANVAS Program to separately define the effects of canagliflozin on stroke, but benefit is more likely than harm. The observed possible protective effect for hemorrhagic stroke was based on small numbers but warrants further investigation.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifiers: NCT01032629 and NCT01989754.