bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid detection of Phytophthora nicotianae by simple DNA extraction and real‐time loop‐mediated isothermal amplification assay
Authors: Hieno Ayaka , Li Mingzhu , Afandi Auliana , Otsubo Kayoko , Suga Haruhisa , Kageyama Koji 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPhytophthora nicotianae is a phytopathogenic oomycete with a wide host range and worldwide distribution. Rapid detection and diagnosis at the early stages of disease development are important for the effective control of P. nicotianae. In this study, we designed a simple and rapid loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)‐based detection method for P. nicotianae. We tested three DNA extraction methods and selected the Kaneka Easy DNA Extraction Kit version 2, which is rapid and robust for LAMP‐based detection. The designed primers were tested using mycelial DNA from 35 species (81 isolates) of Phytophthora, 12 species (12 isolates) of Pythium, one isolate of Phytopythium and one isolate each from seven other soil‐borne pathogens. All of the 42 P. nicotianae isolates were detected by these primers, and no other isolates gave positive results. Three isolates were tested for the sensitivity of the reaction, and the lowest amounts of template DNA that could be detected were 10 fg for two isolates and 1 fg for the third. The target was detected within 25 min in all tested samples, including DNA extracted from both inoculated and naturally infected plants. In contrast, PCR assays with P. nicotianae‐specific primers failed or showed weakened detection in several samples. Thus, we found that the rapid DNA extraction and LAMP assay methods developed in this study can be used to detect P. nicotianae with high sensitivity, specificity and stability.
Weeds as a predominant food source: a review of the diet of common hamsters Cricetus cricetus in farmlands and urban habitats
Authors: Tissier Mathilde L. , Marchandeau Stéphane , Habold Caroline , Handrich Yves , Eidenschenck Julien , Kourkgy Charlotte 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

The common hamster Cricetus cricetus was long considered to be a pest species for crops, but its populations are now dramatically declining. The conservation of this species can only be achieved via an up‐to‐date knowledge of its ecology. However, its diet composition has never been exhaustively reviewed and the last peer‐reviewed publication on its feeding ecology in farmlands dates back to 1974.

This review of the literature aims to establish a list of plant and animal taxa consumed by common hamsters, providing knowledge to be applied to the conservation of hamsters and to identify the main avenues of future research.

Hamsters consume four main categories of food: crops, weeds, trees/shrubs and animals, including mammals, birds, herptiles and invertebrates. Vegetable foods are more diverse (114 taxa) than animal foods (11 taxa). Hamsters mainly consume animals and green parts of plants (flowers and leaves) in spring and summer, and store energy‐rich and non‐perishable foods for winter.

Weeds are the most diverse food category (61 taxa), followed by crops (31 taxa). However, diet shifts from crop products towards tree products in urban habitats, probably in response to a marked difference in availability.

We conclude that hamsters have an opportunist diet that shows a high degree of plasticity, and that weeds make up an important part of their food supply. However, the studies published to date have considered diet composition without taking food availability into account, and therefore lack information on whether the hamsters select the foods consumed or simply consume them because other foods are not readily available. Research on food availability and selection is therefore needed. Moreover, we argue that there is a need for recent data on the feeding ecology of the hamster in relation to fitness. This would provide a crucial tool for the implementation of adapted conservation measures for this declining species of rodent.
Kierkegaard on Existential Kenosis and the Power of the Image: Fear and Trembling and Practice in Christianity
Authors: Becker‐Lindenthal Hjördis , Guyatt Ruby 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWhat is the role of the image in faith? How should we relate to Abraham and Christ? Through new readings of two of Kierkegaard’s rarely compared texts, this article locates the religious power of the image in its ability to cleanse the subject of received mis‐images of Christianity, and suggests that Kierkegaard was inspired by elements of Rheno‐Flemish mysticism. Kierkegaard not only identifies this inward existential kenosis as the correct form of imitation, he narratively induces this in his reader. As well as examining this textual performativity and the imagination’s role of kenotically preparing the subject for her subsequent upbuilding, this article identifies the movement of kenosis as constitutive of faith – a task that involves suffering, but a suffering that is always accompanied and tempered by love.
Loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for the identification of invasive Aedes mosquito species
Authors: Schenkel C. D. , Kamber T. , Schaffner F. , Mathis A. , Silaghi C. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractInvasive Aedes mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) are of public health concern in Europe because they are either recognized or potential vectors of pathogens. Loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a rapid and simple method for amplifying DNA with high specificity and efficiency, with the technique having potential for application in the field, including in high‐throughput format. Specific LAMP assays based on rDNA internal transcribed spacers 1 or 2 sequences, considering intraspecies variability at these loci, were developed for Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes japonicus, Aedes koreicus and the indigenous Aedes geniculatus. No such assays could be developed for Aedes atropalpus and Aedes triseriatus because both loci were too short to serve as target. The assays rely on the clearly visible colour change from violet to sky blue after successful amplification. Sensitivity of egg detection was confirmed with ratios of up to one mosquito egg in 99 other eggs. Simple sample preparation of adults or eggs by mechanical homogenization in water required an additional heat treatment or centrifugation step to avoid non‐specific colour changes. Thus, further technical improvements are needed to render these assays truly field‐applicable, which would greatly facilitate surveillance of these invasive mosquito species and allow for prompt implementation of control measures.
Radiographic prediction of mandibular third molar eruption and mandibular canal involvement based on angulation
Authors: Vranckx Myrthel , Ockerman Anna , Coucke Wim , Claerhout Elke , Grommen Bieke , Miclotte Annelie , Van Vlierberghe Martine , Politis Constantinus , Jacobs Reinhilde 
Published: February 2019

Structured AbstractObjectivesThe aim of our study was to identify and predict patients at risk of impeded mandibular third molar eruption and potential relation between the third molar roots and the mandibular canal, based on molar angulations in an early development stage.Setting and Sample PopulationA total of 1011 adolescent orthodontic patients were included in this longitudinal study.Materials and MethodsWe analysed pre‐eruptive rotational changes and root development of mandibular third molars on 2022 panoramic radiographs (two time‐points). Five variables were evaluated: third molar eruption level, development stage, risk of relation between the third molar and the mandibular canal, the molar angulations and orthodontic treatment. The relation between early third molar angulation and mean annual angulation change was assessed using a linear mixed model. Logistic regression was applied to investigate a potential correlation of the radiographic variables with the eruption potential and risk of developing a relation between the third molar and the mandibular canal.ResultsMandibular third molar follicles with an initial angulation exceeding 27.0° relative to the second molar tend to progressively increase their angulation during further development. A significant correlation was found between the hemimandibular molar angulations and the probability of eruption (P < 0.0001). The second to first molar angulation was predictive for potential development of a relation with the mandibular canal (P = 0.005).ConclusionFrom the present data, it appears that severely angulated mandibular third molars (>27.0°) have a minimal chance of future eruption and a maximal risk of developing a relation with the mandibular canal.
MicroRNA‐181a and microRNA‐155 are involved in the regulation of the differentiation and function of regulatory T cells in allergic rhinitis children
Authors: Zeng Qingxiang , Liu Wenlong , Luo Renzhong , Lu Gen 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundRegulatory T cells (Tregs) play central roles in limiting airway allergic inflammation and preventing inappropriate Th2 responses to environmental allergens. This study aims to evaluate the role of miR‐181a and miR‐155 in the regulation of the differentiation and function of Tregs through both in vivo and in vitro studies.MethodsThe CD4+ T cells and Tregs were purified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in allergic rhinitis (AR) children, respectively. The miR‐155/181a mimics and inhibitors were transfected into CD4+ T cells and Tregs. The differentiation and function of Tregs were evaluated by flow cytometry and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. AR mice models were established, and miR‐155/181a mimics or inhibitors were injected through tail vein. The Treg percentage and function from mice were compared among different groups.ResultsThe miR‐181a up‐regulated the release of interleukin (IL)‐10 and TGF‐β, whereas the miR‐155 promoted Treg differentiation in CD4+ T cells. Similarly, we also found that miR‐155 promoted Treg proliferation directly through suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) and sirtuin1 (SIRT1) signaling pathway, whereas miR‐181a up‐regulated mRNA expression of IL‐10 and TGF‐β through phosphatidylinositol 3‐OH kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. We also found that miR‐155/181a affect Treg percentage and function in mice model.ConclusionOur findings suggest that miR‐181a and miR‐155 were closely correlated with the proliferation and function of Tregs in AR, providing new potential treatment target.
The dependence of leaf senescence on the balance between 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate acid synthase 1 (ACS1)‐catalysed ACC generation and nitric oxide‐associated 1 (NOS1)‐dependent NO accumulation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Lv S.‐F. , Jia M.‐Z. , Zhang S.‐S. , Han S. , Jiang J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Ethylene and nitric oxide (NO) act as endogenous regulators during leaf senescence. Levels of ethylene or its precursor 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate acid (ACC) depend on the activity of ACC synthases (ACS), and NO production is controlled by NO‐associated 1 (NOA1). However, the integration mechanisms of ACS and NOA1 activity still need to be explored during leaf senescence.

Here, using experimental techniques, such as physiological and molecular detection, liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry and fluorescence measurement, we investigated the relevant mechanisms.

Our observations showed that the loss‐of‐function acs1‐1 mutant ameliorated age‐ or dark‐induced leaf senescence syndrome, such as yellowing and loss of chlorophyll, that acs1‐1 reduced ACC accumulation mainly in mature leaves and that acs1‐1‐promoted NOA1 expression and NO accumulation mainly in juvenile leaves, when compared with the wild type (WT). But the leaf senescence promoted by the NO‐deficient noa1 mutant was not involved in ACS1 expression. There was a similar sharp reduction of ACS1 and NOA1 expression with the increase in WT leaf age, and this inflection point appeared in mature leaves and coincided with the onset of leaf senescence.

These findings suggest that NOA1‐dependent NO accumulation blocked the ACS1‐induced onset of leaf senescence, and that ACS1 activity corresponds to the onset of leaf senescence in Arabidopsis.
Concurrent antipsychotic use in older adults treated with antidepressants in Asia
Authors: Dong Min , Zeng Liang‐Nan , Zhang Qinge , Ungvari Gabor S. , Ng Chee H. , Chiu Helen F. K. , Si Tian‐Mei , Sim Kang , Avasthi Ajit , Grover Sandeep , Chong Mian‐Yoon , Chee Kok‐Yoon , Kanba Shigenobu , Lee Min‐Soo , Yang Shu‐Yu , Udomratn Pichet , Kallivayalil Roy A. , Tanra Andi J. , Maramis Margarita M. , Shen Winston W. , Sartorius Norman , Mahendran Rathi , Tan Chay‐Hoon , Shinfuku Naotaka , Xiang Yu‐Tao 
Published: February 2019

AimDepressive disorders are common in old age. Antipsychotics (APs) are often used as an adjunctive treatment with antidepressants (ADs) in this population but its patterns of use in Asia are not known. This study explored the rate of combination of APs and ADs in older adult psychiatric patients in Asia.MethodsThis is a secondary analysis of the database of a multicentre study which recorded participants’ basic demographical and clinical data in standardised format in 10 Asian countries and territories. The data were analysed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.ResultsA total of 955 older adult psychiatric in‐ and outpatients were included in this study. The proportion of concurrent AP and AD use was 32.0%, ranging from 23.3% in Korea to 44.0% in Taiwan. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that younger age, inpatient status and diagnosis of schizophrenia, anxiety and other mental disorders were significantly related to a higher proportion of concurrent use of APs and ADs.ConclusionAround a third of older adult psychiatric patients had concurrent AP and AD use in the Asian countries/regions surveyed. Considering the uncertain effectiveness and questionable safety of the AP and AD combination in this patient population, such should be cautiously used.
Conceptualisations on home care for pressure ulcers in Spain: perspectives of patients and their caregivers
Authors: García‐Sánchez Francisco José , Martínez‐Vizcaíno Vicente , Rodríguez‐Martín Beatriz 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundPressure ulcers represent an important worldwide public health problem, which substantially decrease the quality of life of those affected. Yet, few studies to date have analysed the perceptions regarding home care for pressure ulcers.AimsTo explore the conceptualisations regarding home care of pressure ulcers from the perspective of affected patients and their caregivers.MethodsA qualitative study design based on Grounded Theory. In‐depth interviews were conducted on a theoretical sample of 10 people currently suffering from a pressure ulcer, or who had experienced one in the past, and 15 caregivers of patients who had suffered from this pathology, all of whom came from the four health districts of Puertollano (Ciudad Real, Spain).FindingsTwo categories emerged to explain the conceptualisations regarding pressure ulcers: (a) Cause of the pressure ulcer with three subcategories (unavoidable injuries, caregiver's lack of knowledge and painful wounds) and (b) Preferences regarding caring for pressure ulcers with two subcategories (home care as the best approach to treatment and noninstitutionalisation).ConclusionsThis research provides a novel perspective on the specific problems surrounding home care for pressure ulcers, including the perceptions of both patients and their caregivers. It is important to give a voice to patients and their caregivers as this will help understand their needs and improve the care provided. Further studies are required to improve current treatment protocols and clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of this pathology.
Politics as Unusual? Exploring Issues and the 2016 Presidential Vote*
Authors: Gibson Nadine S. , Shaw Daron R. 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveIn this article, we examine the correlation between voters' opinions on relevant issues and vote choice, as well as where they located Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton in the competitive issue space. We are particularly interested in the extent to which anti‐politics attitudes, nativist attitudes, and social issue attitudes structured the way voters perceived the candidates.MethodsUsing principal components analysis of feeling thermometer ratings of presidential candidates in the 2016 general election, we are able to identify two major dimensions structuring voters’ perceptions of political figures.ResultsData from national surveys suggest that anti‐politics attitudes were prevalent in 2016, but that the major party candidates were only marginally effective at tapping into this sentiment.ConclusionRelative to other Republican presidential candidates, Trump was more effective in tapping into anti‐political feelings prior to the Republican Convention. By the general election, issue perceptions of Trump were similar to those we see for most Republican presidential candidates. Feelings toward third‐party candidates, however, were more strongly structured by an anti‐politics dimension.
Learning, Memory, and Syntactic Bootstrapping: A Meditation
Authors: Lidz Jeffrey 
Published: February 2019

AbstractLila Gleitman's body of work on word learning raises an apparent paradox. Whereas work on syntactic bootstrapping depends on learners retaining information about the set of distributional contexts that a word occurs in, work on identifying a word's referent suggests that learners do not retain information about the set of extralinguistic contexts that a word occurs in. I argue that this asymmetry derives from the architecture of the language faculty. Learners expect words with similar meanings to have similar distributions, and so learning depends on a memory for syntactic environments. The referential context in which a word is used is less constrained and hence contributes less to the memories that drive word learning.
Treatment of wastewater in sewer by Spirogyra sp. green algae: effects of light and carbon sources
Authors: Amiri Roonak , Ahmadi Mojtaba 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe aim of this study is to evaluate the use of Spirogyra sp. green algae for wastewater treatment process in sewer. The effects of light and carbon sources were investigated on growth of the algae Spirogyra sp, removal of nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and pH changes. Samples 1 & 4 were grown in autotroph form, while samples 2 & 5 and 3 & 6 were grown in media containing 100 and 200 mg/L of glucose, respectively. Samples 1 up to 3 were grown in cycling light but samples 4 up to 6 were grown in continuous light. Results indicated that algal growth, levels of nitrites and pH and removal of nitrate and phosphate were increased in continuous illumination and carbon sources availability (100 and 200 mg/L of glucose). It can be recommended to apply Spirogyra sp. for wastewater treatment process in sewer collection system.
The importance of reduced light intensity on the growth and development of six weed species
Authors: Yasin M , Rosenqvist E , Jensen S M , Andreasen C 
Published: February 2019

SummaryCrops limit light for photosynthesis and growth of weeds. We studied the effect of reduced light on performance of six weed species [one invasive species (Amsinckia micrantha), three common species (Veronica persica, Capsella bursa‐pastoris, Viola arvensis) and two less common weeds (Anagallis arvensis and Scleranthus annuus)]. In two glasshouse experiments, six light levels were achieved aiming at 0%, 20%, 50%, 80%, 90% and 95% reduction of light and corresponding with daily light integrals (DLI) of 12.4, 9.63, 7.13, 2.74, 0.95 and 0.69 mol m−2 day−1 in experiment 1 and 21.2, 18.0, 10.7, 3.71, 1.64 and 1.20 mol m−2 day−1 in experiment 2. The number of leaves was strictly controlled by DLI. Chlorophyll content index, maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), stomatal conductance, flowering and dry matter were strongly reduced when DLI was reduced to 0.69–3.71 mol m−2 day−1 for all species. Threshold DLI for flowering was ca. 3.71 mol m−2 day−1 for S. annuus, V. arvensis, A. arvensis and V. persica, while C. bursa‐pastoris deviated by flowering at DLI of 0.95 mol m−2 day−1. This may explain why C. bursa‐pastoris is common in the seedbank of Danish arable soils in spite of intensive farming with well‐fertilised and dense crops.
Promising potentials of Tibetan macaques in xenotransplantation
Authors: Zheng Hanrui , Liu Ting , Lei Tiantian , Girani Lea , Wang Yi , Deng Shaoping 
Published: February 2019

AbstractOrgan transplantation is a crucial medical procedure, as it is often the only treatment for patients suffering from end‐stage organ failure. Unfortunately, the shortage of donor organs limits the number of patients whose lives can be saved. Carrying out research on xenotransplantation with the aim of eventually replacing human organ transplants with those of animals is very promising, as it could effectively bridge the shortfall in donor organs. Thanks to the success of cloned pigs and to the emergence of gene‐editing techniques, genetically modified pigs have come to be considered ideal animal donors for human xenotransplantation and have been widely used in basic research. Such research focuses on pig‐to‐nonhuman primates transplantation, as the recipients are suitable for preclinical studies because both their genes and organ sizes are similar to those of humans. Chinese transplantation scientists have carried out several experiments on Tibetan macaques, including successful preclinical transplants of material from genetically modified pigs, as well as research on such topics as intraocular pressure, Parkinson's disease, advanced cancer, islet transplantation, and liver transplantation. This article reviews basic and applied research on Tibetan macaques in xenotransplantation, as well as the issues of immune rejection and ethical concerns. We aim to demonstrate the various advantages of Tibetan macaques as transplant recipients compared to other nonhuman primate species and to provide a perspective for the future establishment of Tibetan macaques as principal recipients in preclinical studies of xenotransplantation.
Exploring the human factors of prescribing errors in paediatric intensive care units
Authors: Sutherland Adam , Ashcroft Darren M , Phipps Denham L 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveTo explore the factors contributing to prescribing error in paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) using a human factors approach based on Reason’s theory of error causation to support planning of interventions to mitigate slips and lapses, rules-based mistakes and knowledge-based mistakes.MethodsA hierarchical task analysis (HTA) of prescribing was conducted using documentary analysis. Eleven semistructured interviews with prescribers were conducted using vignettes and were analysed using template analysis. Contributory factors were identified through the interviews and were related to tasks in the HTA by an expert panel involving a PICU clinician, nurse and pharmacist.ResultsPrescribing in PICU is composed of 30 subtasks. Our findings indicate that cognitive burden was the main contributory factor of prescribing error. This manifested in two ways: physical, associated with fatigue, distraction and interruption, and poor information transfer; and psychological, related to inexperience, changing workload and insufficient decision support information. Physical burden was associated with errors of omission or selection; psychological burden was linked to errors related to a lack of knowledge and/or awareness. Social control through nursing staff was the only identified control step. This control was dysfunctional at times as nurses were part of an informal mechanism to support decision making, was ineffective.ConclusionsCognitive burden on prescribers is the principal latent factor contributing to prescribing error. This research suggests that interventions relating to skill mix, and communication and presentation of information may be effective at mitigating rule and knowledge-based mistakes. Mitigating fatigue and standardising procedures may minimise slips and lapses.