bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reloger, mettre en attente et expulser les bidonvilles de Madrid : quand des politiques de résorption produisent de l’expulsion
Authors: Aguilera Thomas 
Published: May 2018

Des politiques de résorption des bidonvilles sont mises en œuvre depuis le début des années 1960 à Madrid. Depuis 1999 notamment, des milliers de familles ont été relogées dans du logement public au centre de la capitale. Pourtant, plus de 10 000 personnes résidaient encore en bidonvilles en 2015. Cette persistance, loin d’être le résultat d’une faillite de politique publique, provient de la combinaison de plusieurs stratégies d’acteurs, à plusieurs niveaux de gouvernement, mettant en place diverses procédures. Parmi celles-ci, l’expulsion constitue le pilier autour duquel s’organise le relogement des familles et la gestion de l’ordre public. Mais l’expulsion peut prendre plusieurs visages, bien au-delà des interventions poli­cières ou des vagues d’expulsion à des fins économiques : on observe des évictions plus discrètes par la mise en œuvre d’instruments sélectifs de relogement. De plus, l’expulsion résulte aussi de l’inaction publique : des pans entiers de territoires sont mis à distance de l’agenda gouvernemental pour constituer des réserves d’habitat informel capables d’accueillir des familles expulsées par ailleurs et ainsi de réguler les effets des expulsions à l’échelle régionale. Par une analyse des relations entre les acteurs, de leurs stratégies et des instruments mobilisés, l’article identifie les processus produisant de l’expulsion et leurs effets sur les populations et les territoires. D’une part les politiques de résorption produisent de l’expulsion. D’autre part, les procédures d’expulsion, aussi diverses soient-elles, constituent la base de toute politique de relogement. Cette analyse des trois faces du gouvernement des bidonvilles – résorption, inaction, expulsion – permet d’expliquer leur persistance.
Une agence au service d'une stratégie ministérielle
Authors: Ansaloni Matthieu , Smith Andy 
Published: May 2018

Résumé À partir de l'exemple de la décision de suspension de médicaments antidiabétiques, cet article pose la question de la capacité d'action autonome des agences de réglementation vis-à-vis de leur autorité ministérielle. Il montre que cette décision, prononcée formellement par l'Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé (AFSSAPS), fut imposée, dans les faits, par le ministre de la Santé et ses conseillers. Faire cette démonstration conduit à apporter un démenti au lieu commun académique selon lequel l'« agencification » est au fondement d'un « État fort ». L'article fait apparaître les conditions structurales au sein desquelles se sont déployées les stratégies de divers agents qui ont suscité l'intervention ministérielle. Au-delà, il pose quelques jalons pour saisir sociologiquement la façon dont les moments critiques favorisent une concordance de logiques d'action de fractions appartenant à des champs distincts, établissant un rapport de force dominant.
Clustering the mediators between the sales control systems and the sales performance using the AMO model: A narrative systematic literature review
Authors: Benet-Zepf Alejandro , Marin-Garcia Juan A. , Küster Ines 
Published: May 2018

Purpose: To identify all types of sales force control systems in the academic literature, and to cluster the mediators between these controls and the performances, according to the AMO model (abilities, motivations, and opportunities), analysing how each of these three groups of mediators are influenced by control systems, and how they impact on the sales performance, using a systematic literature review]Design/methodology/approach: Scientific papers published during the last 32 years, using as databases: Business Source Premier (EBSCO), Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Business, Management and Social Sciences were taken as selection fields. False positives identification, exclusions after reading the abstracts, and after reading the whole article, was performed by the authors by consensus. 114 articles of the initial selection of non-repeated references, together with 28 additional citations integrated the final selection.Findings: A new framework based on a grouping of mediators between the control systems and the performances, into abilities, motivations and capabilities is proposed. Originality/value: As academic result, the review highlights that all three groups from the AMO model evidence positive impacts on sales performance when a behavioral control system (mostly from the capability part) is in use, by enhancing salesperson’s skills, motivation, and organizational conditions and support, fostering as a result, a salesperson relational approach and a customer orientation, which generate the best outcomes in the long term. These findings suggest as a managerial contribution, that coaching and leading -rather than commanding- to be a more appropriate control attitude, especially when the salesperson is younger or unexperienced.
Les sites Internet des collectivités territoriales
Authors: Huron David , Spieth Grégory 
Published: May 2018

Cet article s’interroge sur la nature de l’information transmise sur le site Internet des collectivités territoriales françaises sur la politique de tri sélectif et leur traduction en termes de communication. Il s’agira entre autres de préciser le rôle du site Internet municipal dans la relation aux usagers en s’appuyant sur des travaux consacrés aux différentes approches théoriques de l’administration électronique. Pour illustrer le propos, une étude fondée sur des entretiens a été effectuée au sein des services de communication de quelques collectivités françaises de plus de 50 000 habitants.
Small Molecule Mimetics of α-Helical Domain of IRAK2 Attenuate the Proinflammatory Effects of IL-33 in Asthma-like Mouse Models
Authors: Li Jinghong , Saruta Kunio , Dumouchel Justin P. , Magat Jenna M. , Thomas Joanna L. , Ajami Dariush , Rebek Mitra , Rebek Julius , Bigby Timothy D. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
IL-33 and its receptor ST2 play important roles in airway inflammation and contribute to asthma onset and exacerbation. The IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway recruits adapter protein myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) to transduce intracellular signaling. MyD88 forms a complex with IL-R–associated kinases (IRAKs), IRAK4 and IRAK2, called the Myddosome (MyD88–IRAK4–IRAK2). The myddosome subsequently activates downstream NF-κB and MAPKs p38 and JNK. We established an asthma-like mouse model by intratracheal administration of IL-33. The IL-33 model has a very similar phenotype compared with the OVA-induced mouse asthma model. The importance of MyD88 in the IL-33/ST2 signaling transduction was demonstrated by the MyD88 knockout mice, which were protected from the IL-33–induced asthma. We synthesized small molecule mimetics of the α-helical domain of IRAK2 with drug-like characteristics based on the recent advances in the designing of α-helix compounds. The mimetics can competitively interfere in the protein–protein interaction between IRAK2 and IRAK4, leading to disruption of Myddosome formation. A series of small molecules were screened using an NF-κB promoter assay in vitro. The lead compound, 7004, was further studied in the IL-33–induced and OVA-induced asthma mouse models in vivo. Compound 7004 can inhibit the IL-33–induced NF-κB activity, disrupt Myddosome formation, and attenuate the proinflammatory effects in asthma-like models. Our data indicate that the Myddosome may represent a novel intracellular therapeutic target for diseases in which IL-33/ST2 plays important roles, such as asthma and other inflammatory diseases.
Regulation of the DNA Repair Complex during Somatic Hypermutation and Class-Switch Recombination
Authors: Kumar Anjani , Priya Anshu , Ahmed Tanzeel , Grundström Christine , Negi Neema , Grundström Thomas 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
B lymphocytes optimize Ab responses by somatic hypermutation (SH), which introduces point mutations in the variable regions of the Ab genes and by class-switch recombination (CSR), which changes the expressed C region exon of the IgH. These Ab diversification processes are initiated by the deaminating enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase followed by many DNA repair enzymes, ultimately leading to deletions and a high mutation rate in the Ab genes, whereas DNA lesions made by activation-induced cytidine deaminase are repaired with low error rate on most other genes. This indicates an advanced regulation of DNA repair. In this study, we show that initiation of Ab diversification in B lymphocytes of mouse spleen leads to formation of a complex between many proteins in DNA repair. We show also that BCR activation, which signals the end of successful SH, reduces interactions between some proteins in the complex and increases other interactions in the complex with varying kinetics. Furthermore, we show increased localization of SH- and CSR-coupled proteins on switch regions of the Igh locus upon initiation of SH/CSR and differential changes in the localization upon BCR signaling, which terminates SH. These findings provide early evidence for a DNA repair complex or complexes that may be of functional significance for carrying out essential roles in SH and/or CSR in B cells.
Identification of Cellular Sources of IL-2 Needed for Regulatory T Cell Development and Homeostasis
Authors: Owen David L. , Mahmud Shawn A. , Vang Kieng B. , Kelly Ryan M. , Blazar Bruce R. , Smith Kendall A. , Farrar Michael A. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The cytokine IL-2 is critical for promoting the development, homeostasis, and function of regulatory T (Treg) cells. The cellular sources of IL-2 that promote these processes remain unclear. T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) are known to make IL-2 in peripheral tissues. We found that T cells and DCs in the thymus also make IL-2. To identify cellular sources of IL-2 in Treg cell development and homeostasis, we used Il2FL/FL mice to selectively delete Il2 in T cells, B cells, and DCs. Because IL-15 can partially substitute for IL-2 in Treg cell development, we carried out the majority of these studies on an Il15−/− background. Deletion of Il2 in B cells, DCs, or both these subsets had no effect on Treg cell development, either in wild-type (WT) or Il15−/− mice. Deletion of Il2 in T cells had minimal effects in WT mice but virtually eliminated developing Treg cells in Il15−/− mice. In the spleen and most peripheral lymphoid organs, deletion of Il2 in B cells, DCs, or both subsets had no effect on Treg cell homeostasis. In contrast, deletion of Il2 in T cells led to a significant decrease in Treg cells in either WT or Il15−/− mice. The one exception was the mesenteric lymph nodes where significantly fewer Treg cells were observed when Il2 was deleted in both T cells and DCs. Thus, T cells are the sole source of IL-2 needed for Treg cell development, but DCs can contribute to Treg cell homeostasis in select organs.
Participation de la France à la lutte contre le virus aphteux S.A.T. 1 au Moyen-Orient
Authors: Santucci J. 
Published: May 2018

Pour se prémunir contre l’entrée éventuelle du virus aphteux de type S.A.T. 1 sur son territoire ainsi que pour participer à la lutte contre ce virus dans les régions d’Asie et d’Europe où il s’est déjà manifesté, le Ministère de l’Agriculture et le Ministère des Affaires Étrangères français se sont mis, dans le cadre de la Coopération Technique, d’accord avec les gouvernements iranien et turc pour procéder en commun à l’étude du virus et à la mise au point d’un vaccin au Moyen-Orient.
Des expériences faites en Turquie ont montré la haute sensibilité du bétail français soumis à la vaccination obligatoire annuelle contre les virus d’Europe O.A.C. et confirmé le bien fondé des craintes de la France.
Des essais faits en Iran à l’Institut Razi ont amené une équipe française à réaliser en collaboration avec les spécialistes iraniens de la fièvre aphteuse, l’adaptation de la souche S.A.T. 1 à la culture Frenkel et la production industrielle du vaccin spécifique.
Actuellement la France dispose d’un stock de vaccin en Iran. Une première livraison de vaccin à d’autre part été faite à la F. A. O. pour la campagne de vaccination de l’année en cours en Turquie.
Predicting the glass transition temperature and viscosity of secondary organic material using molecular composition
Authors: DeRieux Wing-Sy Wong , Li Ying , Lin Peng , Laskin Julia , Laskin Alexander , Bertram Allan K. , Nizkorodov Sergey A. , Shiraiwa Manabu 
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) accounts for a large fraction of submicron
particles in the atmosphere. SOA can occur in amorphous solid or semi-solid
phase states depending on chemical composition, relative humidity (RH), and
temperature. The phase transition between amorphous solid and semi-solid
states occurs at the glass transition temperature (Tg). We have
recently developed a method to estimate Tg of pure compounds
containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (CHO compounds) with molar mass
less than 450 g mol−1 based on their molar mass and atomic O : C
ratio. In this study, we refine and extend this method for CH and CHO
compounds with molar mass up to ∼ 1100 g mol−1 using the number
of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. We predict viscosity from the
Tg-scaled Arrhenius plot of fragility (viscosity vs.
Tg∕T) as a function of the fragility parameter D. We compiled
D values of organic compounds from the literature and found that D
approaches a lower limit of ∼ 10 (±1.7) as the molar mass
increases. We estimated the viscosity of α-pinene and isoprene SOA as
a function of RH by accounting for the hygroscopic growth of SOA and applying
the Gordon–Taylor mixing rule, reproducing previously published experimental
measurements very well. Sensitivity studies were conducted to evaluate
impacts of Tg, D, the hygroscopicity parameter (κ), and
the Gordon–Taylor constant on viscosity predictions. The viscosity of
toluene SOA was predicted using the elemental composition obtained by
high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), resulting in a good agreement with
the measured viscosity. We also estimated the viscosity of biomass burning
particles using the chemical composition measured by HRMS with two different
ionization techniques: electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure
photoionization (APPI). Due to differences in detected organic compounds and
signal intensity, predicted viscosities at low RH based on ESI and APPI
measurements differ by 2–5 orders of magnitude. Complementary measurements
of viscosity and chemical composition are desired to further constrain
RH-dependent viscosity in future studies.
Biodiversity and trophic ecology of hydrothermal vent fauna associated with tubeworm assemblages on the Juan de Fuca Ridge
Authors: Lelièvre Yann , Sarrazin Jozée , Marticorena Julien , Schaal Gauthier , Day Thomas , Legendre Pierre , Hourdez Stéphane , Matabos Marjolaine 
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Hydrothermal vent sites along the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the north-east
Pacific host dense populations of Ridgeia piscesae tubeworms that
promote habitat heterogeneity and local diversity. A detailed description of
the biodiversity and community structure is needed to help understand the
ecological processes that underlie the distribution and dynamics of deep-sea
vent communities. Here, we assessed the composition, abundance, diversity and
trophic structure of six tubeworm samples, corresponding to different
successional stages, collected on the Grotto hydrothermal edifice (Main
Endeavour Field, Juan de Fuca Ridge) at 2196 m depth. Including
R. piscesae, a total of 36 macrofaunal taxa were identified to the
species level. Although polychaetes made up the most diverse taxon, faunal
densities were dominated by gastropods. Most tubeworm aggregations were
numerically dominated by the gastropods Lepetodrilus fucensis and
Depressigyra globulus and polychaete Amphisamytha carldarei. The highest diversities were found in tubeworm aggregations
characterised by the longest tubes (18.5 ± 3.3 cm). The high
biomass of grazers and high resource partitioning at a small scale
illustrates the importance of the diversity of free-living microbial
communities in the maintenance of food webs. Although symbiont-bearing
invertebrates R. piscesae represented a large part of the total
biomass, the low number of specialised predators on this potential food
source suggests that its primary role lies in community structuring. Vent
food webs did not appear to be organised through predator–prey
relationships. For example, although trophic structure complexity increased
with ecological successional stages, showing a higher number of predators in
the last stages, the food web structure itself did not change across
assemblages. We suggest that environmental gradients provided by the biogenic
structure of tubeworm bushes generate a multitude of ecological niches and
contribute to the partitioning of nutritional resources, releasing
communities from competition pressure for resources and thus allowing species
to coexist.
The competing impacts of climate change and nutrient reductions on dissolved oxygen in Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Irby Isaac D. , Friedrichs Marjorie A. M. , Da Fei , Hinson Kyle E. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The Chesapeake Bay region is projected to experience changes in temperature,
sea level, and precipitation as a result of climate change. This research
uses an estuarine-watershed hydrodynamic–biogeochemical modeling system
along with projected mid-21st-century changes in temperature, freshwater
flow, and sea level rise to explore the impact climate change may have on
future Chesapeake Bay dissolved-oxygen (DO) concentrations and the potential
success of nutrient reductions in attaining mandated estuarine water quality
improvements. Results indicate that warming bay waters will decrease oxygen
solubility year-round, while also increasing oxygen utilization via
respiration and remineralization, primarily impacting bottom oxygen in the
spring. Rising sea level will increase estuarine circulation, reducing
residence time in bottom waters and increasing stratification. As a result,
oxygen concentrations in bottom waters are projected to increase, while
oxygen concentrations at mid-depths
(3 < DO < 5 mg L−1) will typically decrease.
Changes in precipitation are projected to deliver higher winter and spring
freshwater flow and nutrient loads, fueling increased primary production.
Together, these multiple climate impacts will lower DO throughout the
Chesapeake Bay and negatively impact progress towards meeting water quality
standards associated with the Chesapeake Bay Total Maximum Daily Load.
However, this research also shows that the potential impacts of climate
change will be significantly smaller than improvements in DO expected in
response to the required nutrient reductions, especially at the anoxic and
hypoxic levels. Overall, increased temperature exhibits the strongest control
on the change in future DO concentrations, primarily due to decreased
solubility, while sea level rise is expected to exert a small positive impact
and increased winter river flow is anticipated to exert a small negative
impact.
How dynamic are ice-stream beds?
Authors: Davies Damon , Bingham Robert G. , King Edward C. , Smith Andrew M. , Brisbourne Alex M. , Spagnolo Matteo , Graham Alastair G. C. , Hogg Anna E. , Vaughan David G. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Projections of sea-level rise contributions from West Antarctica's
dynamically thinning ice streams contain high uncertainty because some of
the key processes involved are extremely challenging to observe. An
especially poorly observed parameter is sub-decadal stability of ice-stream
beds, which may be important for subglacial traction, till continuity and
landform development. Only two previous studies have made repeated
geophysical measurements of ice-stream beds at the same locations in
different years, but both studies were limited in spatial extent. Here, we
present the results from repeat radar measurements of the bed of Pine Island
Glacier, West Antarctica, conducted 3–6 years apart, along a cumulative
∼ 60 km of profiles. Analysis of the correlation of bed picks
between repeat surveys shows that 90 % of the bed displays no significant
change despite the glacier increasing in speed by up to 40 % over the last
decade. We attribute the negligible detection of morphological change at the
bed of Pine Island Glacier to the ubiquitous presence of a deforming till
layer, wherein sediment transport is in steady state, such that sediment is
transported along the basal interface without inducing morphological change
to the radar-sounded basal interface. Given the precision of our
measurements, the upper limit of subglacial erosion observed here is 500 mm a−1,
far exceeding erosion rates reported for glacial settings from
proglacial sediment yields, but substantially below subglacial erosion rates
of 1.0 m a−1 previously reported from repeat geophysical surveys in
West Antarctica.
On the need for a time- and location-dependent estimation of the NDSI threshold value for reducing existing uncertainties in snow cover maps at different scales
Authors: Härer Stefan , Bernhardt Matthias , Siebers Matthias , Schulz Karsten 
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Knowledge of current snow cover extent is
essential for characterizing energy and moisture fluxes at the Earth's
surface. The snow-covered area (SCA) is often estimated by using optical
satellite information in combination with the normalized-difference snow
index (NDSI). The NDSI thereby uses a threshold for the definition if a
satellite pixel is assumed to be snow covered or snow free. The
spatiotemporal representativeness of the standard threshold of 0.4 is
however questionable at the local scale. Here, we use local snow cover maps
derived from ground-based photography to continuously calibrate the NDSI
threshold values (NDSIthr) of Landsat satellite images at two
European mountain sites of the period from 2010 to 2015. The
Research Catchment Zugspitzplatt (RCZ, Germany) and Vernagtferner area
(VF, Austria) are both located within a single Landsat scene. Nevertheless, the
long-term analysis of the NDSIthr demonstrated that the
NDSIthr at these sites are not correlated (r = 0.17) and different
than the standard threshold of 0.4. For further comparison, a dynamic and locally
optimized NDSI threshold was used as well as another locally optimized
literature threshold value (0.7). It was shown that large uncertainties in
the prediction of the SCA of up to 24.1 % exist in satellite snow cover
maps in cases where the standard threshold of 0.4 is used, but a newly
developed calibrated quadratic polynomial model which accounts for
seasonal threshold dynamics can reduce this error. The model minimizes the
SCA uncertainties at the calibration site VF by 50 % in the evaluation
period and was also able to improve the results at RCZ in a significant way.
Additionally, a scaling experiment shows that the positive effect of a locally adapted
threshold diminishes using a pixel size of 500 m or larger,
underlining the general applicability of the standard threshold at larger scales.