bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Clothing on Decomposition and Presence of Insects on Rabbit Carcasses
Authors: Mashaly Ashraf M , Mahmoud Ahmed , Ebaid Hossam 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The decomposition rate and insects attraction to carcasses are affected by a number of factors such as temperature, body mass, the presence of poisons, humidity, and insect activity. The present study was planned to investigate the influence of clothing on both the decomposition process and the presence of insects on rabbit carcasses. The study was performed in May 2016 and involved the use of 18 live mature rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.), which were euthanized by chloroform. Rabbit carcasses were divided into three replicates with six rabbits in each replicate. Rabbits in each replicate were further subdivided, so that three rabbits were wrapped with cloth, whereas the remaining three were left unclothed. Both clothed and unclothed carcasses reached the dry stage within 6 d. The results of this study showed that clothes neither affect the decomposition process nor the presence of insects (flies and beetles). The pattern of flies and beetles, however, did vary significantly in the different decomposition stages. In total, 2,849 insects, including 2,459 flies and 390 beetles, were collected and sorted during the decomposition process. Among the dominant species, flies were assigned to the families Calliphoridae and Muscidae, whereas beetles were assigned to the families Dermestidae and Histeridae. Lucilia sericata Meigen, Musca domestica L., Dermestes maculatus DeGeer, and Saprinus moyses Marseul were the most abundant species occurring on both the clothed and unclothed carcasses. In conclusion, this study emphasized that, the clothes have no effect when dealing with decay process and insect attraction to the carrions.
Stability of West Nile Virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) RNA in Mosquito Excreta
Authors: Ramírez Ana L , Hall-Mendelin Sonja , Hewitson Glen R , McMahon Jamie L , Staunton Kyran M , Ritchie Scott A , van den Hurk Andrew F 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Arbovirus surveillance is crucial for the implementation of vector-borne disease control measures. Recently, it has been demonstrated that mosquitoes with a disseminated arbovirus infection excrete viral RNA, which can be detected by molecular methods. Thereby, mosquito excreta has been proposed as a sample type that could be utilized for arbovirus surveillance. In this study, we evaluated if West Nile virus (Kunjin strain, WNVKUN) RNA in Culex annulirostris Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) excreta deposited on different substrates could be detected after storage for up to 2 wk at tropical conditions of high heat and humidity. No significant drop in relative quantity of WNVKUN RNA (determined by comparison of Ct values) in excreta deposited on Flinders Associate Technologies (FTA) cards was observed over 14 d, suggesting that RNA was stable for that time. There was no significant difference in relative quantity of WNVKUN RNA in excreta deposited on FTA cards or polycarbonate substrates after 24 h. However, after 7 and 14 d, there was a significant decline in the relative quantity of viral RNA in the excreta stored on polycarbonate substrates. For incorporation in arbovirus surveillance programs, we recommend the use of polycarbonate substrates for excreta collection in mosquito traps deployed overnight, and the integration of FTA cards in traps serviced weekly or fortnightly. Polycarbonate substrates facilitate the collection of the majority of excreta from a trap, and while FTA cards offer limited area coverage, they enable preservation of viral RNA in tropical conditions for extended periods of time.
Metachronous Contralateral Male Breast Cancer: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: O’Leary Thomas R , Shriver Craig D , Wind Gary 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMale breast cancer (MBC) is rare and consequently understudied. Here we present the case of contralateral breast cancer in a male patient nearly a quarter century following his initial breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. The epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, characterization, treatment, and prognosis of male breast cancer are reviewed. MBC accounts for &lt;1% of all breast cancer with an estimated incidence nearly 1.25 per 100,000 person years. Our patient tested positive for ATM mutation of undetermined significance. More commonly in males, a BRCA2 mutation confers a &gt;1 in 15 lifetime risk of breast cancer and is present in &gt;11% of MBC patients, while BRCA1 is present in an estimated &lt;1.5% of MBC patients. The risk of contralateral breast cancer developing in a male with a unilateral lesion is much higher than for a primary male breast cancer in the general population. Men tend to be diagnosed at a later age and stage than females. Prognosis for male and female breast cancer is similar considering both age of patient and stage of the tumor at diagnosis, and similar treatment paradigms have resulted in similar outcomes. Although lumpectomy with radiation therapy may have the same prognosis as mastectomy, the standard of care for male breast cancer continues to be simple mastectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy.
Simulated Casualty Evacuation Performance Is Augmented by Deadlift Peak Force
Authors: Poser Whitney M , Trautman Kara A , Dicks Nathan D , Christensen Bryan K , Lyman Katie J , Hackney Kyle J 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Introduction
The purpose of the current study was to examine if isometric peak force and rate of force development (RFD) were related to the ability to successfully perform a simulated casualty evacuation task in both unweighted and weighted conditions.

Methods
Eighteen male participants from Army Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) completed a maximum isometric deadlift on a force plate (IRB#HE16227). Isometric peak force and RFD were calculated from ground reaction force. Two simulated casualty evacuation performance trials were then completed. The unweighted trial consisted of lifting and carrying a 75 kg dummy as quickly as possible for 50 m. The weighted trial was similar except 9 kg vests were added to both the simulation dummy and the participant to represent 18 kg of duty gear. Independent sample t-tests and Pearson correlations were performed to compare the characteristics of those who passed and failed the weighted trial.

Results
All of the participants (n = 18) completed the unweighted casualty evacuation trial, while 72% (n = 13) were able to complete the weighted casualty evacuation trial. The participants that successfully completed the weighted evacuation trial had significantly (p &lt; 0.05) greater isometric peak force (1420 ± 165 vs. 1076 ± 256 N) and lean mass (74.18 ± 3.89 vs. 65.34 ± 3.89 kg) when compared to participants (n = 5) that could not complete the weighted evacuating task trial. Additionally, greater Army Physical Fitness Test scores (288 ± 13 vs. 269 ± 16 arbitrary units) and significantly faster (30.34 ± 4.41 vs. 44.92 ± 10.62 seconds) unweighted evacuation trial times were observed in participants that could complete the weighted evacuation task. Peak force was also significantly correlated with lean mass (r = 0.51, p &lt; 0.05). There was no relationship between RFD and performance of the unweighted or weight trial.

Conclusion
Isometric deadlift peak force represents an important determinant for the success of a simulated casualty evacuation task and may be a useful marker to include in periodic fitness evaluations of military personnel.
Ionization-driven intrinsic absorption line variability of BAL quasars in the Stripe 82 region
Authors: Vivek M 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
We investigate the connection between the intrinsic C iv absorption line variability and the continuum flux changes of broad absorption line (BAL) quasars using a sample of 78 sources in the Stripe 82 region. The absorption trough variability parameters are measured using the archival multi-epoch spectroscopic data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), and the continuum flux variability parameters are estimated from the photometric light curves obtained by the SDSS and the Catalina Real-Time Survey surveys. We find evidence for weak correlations (ρs ∼ 0.3) between the intrinsic C iv absorption line variability and the quasar continuum variability for the final sample of 78 BAL quasars. The correlation strengths improve (ρs ∼ 0.5) for the ‘high-signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)’ sample sources that have higher spectral SNR. Using two subsets of the high-SNR sample differing on the absorption trough depth, we find that the shallow-trough subset shows an even stronger correlation (ρs ∼ 0.6), whereas the deep-trough subset does not show any correlation between the absorption line variability and the continuum variability. These results point to the important role of saturation effects in the correlation between the absorption line variability and the continuum variability of BAL quasars. Considering other effects that can also smear the correlation, we conclude that the actual correlation between the absorption line and continuum variability is even stronger.
Predictions of the pseudo-complex theory of Gravity for EHT observations – II: theory and predictions
Authors: Hess P O , Boller Th , Müller A , Stöcker H 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
We present a resumé on the modified theory of gravity, called pseudo-complex General Relativity (pc-GR). It is the second in a series of papers, where the first one (Boller et al. 2019; referred to as Paper I) discussed the observational consequences of pc-GR. In this paper, we concentrate on the underlying theory. PC-GR involves an algebraic extension of the standard theory of GR and it depends on two phenomenological parameters. An element included in pc-GR that is not present in standard GR is the energy–momentum tensor corresponding to an anisotropic ideal fluid, which we call dark energy. The two parameters are related to the coupling of mass to the dark energy and its fall-off as a function of r. The consequences and predictions of this theory will be discussed in the context of the observational results of the Even Horizon Telescope, expected soon. Our main result is that due to the accumulation of dark energy near a large mass, the modified theory predicts a dark ring followed by a bright ring in the emission profile of the accretion disc. We also discuss the light ring in the equatorial plane.
Electron-positron pairs in hot plasma of accretion column in bright X-ray pulsars
Authors: Mushtukov Alexander A , Ognev Igor S , Nagirner Dmitrij I 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The luminosity of X-ray pulsars powered by accretion on to magnetized neutron stars covers a wide range over a few orders of magnitude. The brightest X-ray pulsars recently discovered as pulsating ultraluminous X-ray sources reach accretion luminosity above $10^{40}\, {\rm erg\ \rm s^{-1}}$ which exceeds the Eddington value more than by a factor of 10. Most of the energy is released within small regions in the vicinity of magnetic poles of accreting neutron star - in accretion columns. Because of the extreme energy release within small volume accretion columns of bright X-ray pulsars are one of the hottest places in the Universe, where the internal temperature can exceed 100 keV. Under these conditions, the processes of creation and annihilation of electron-positron pairs can be influential but have been largely neglected in theoretical models of accretion columns. In this Letter, we investigate properties of a gas of electron--positron pairs under physical conditions typical for accretion columns. We argue that the process of pair creation can crucially influence both the dynamics of the accretion process and internal structure of accretion column limiting its internal temperature, dropping the local Eddington flux and increasing the gas pressure.
EFFECTS OF ACTIVATED-CARBON-FABRIC PARAMETERS ON RESPONSE OF A NEW POLYCARBONATE-BASED INDIVIDUAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RADON MONITOR
Authors: Sohrabi M , Ebrahiminezhad F 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
A new multi-purpose polycarbonate track detector (PCTD)/activated-carbon-fabric (ACF) radon monitor has been recently developed in our laboratory, a basic design of which was used for parametric studies. One 500 μm thick PCTD (3 cm x 3 cm) is used bare for detecting alphas from radon and progeny directly from air and another PCTD (3 cm x 3 cm) covered by an ACF layer (PCTD/ACF) to enhance the PCTD response by radon adsorption on its carbon active sites. The PCTDs were processed by 50 Hz−2 kV electrochemical etching method. The ACF/PCTD sensitivity was enhanced in respect to the PCTD/bare with an amplification factor (AF) defined as ratio of track density on PCTD under ACF to that of PCTD bare. Many ACF-related parameters studied affect the PCTD/ACF response among them thermal annealing of ACF, ACF thickness and distance of ACF layer to the PCTD are reported and discussed in this paper.
Phylogenetic incongruence and homoplasy in the appendages and bodies of arthropods: why broad character sampling is best
Authors: Brinkworth Andrew R , Sansom Robert , Wills Matthew A 
Published: April 2019

AbstractNotwithstanding the rapidly increasing sampling density of molecular sequence data, morphological characters still make an important contribution to our understanding of the evolutionary relationships of arthropod groups. In many clades, characters relating to the number and morphological specialization of appendages are ascribed particular phylogenetic significance and may be preferentially sampled. However, previous studies have shown that partitions of morphological character matrices often imply significantly different phylogenies. Here, we ask whether a similar incongruence is observed in the appendage and non-appendage characters of arthropods. We apply tree length (incongruence length difference, ILD) and tree distance (incongruence relationship difference, IRD) tests to these partitions in an empirical sample of 53 published neontological datasets for arthropods. We find significant incongruence about one time in five: more often than expected, but markedly less often than in previous partition studies. We also find similar levels of homoplasy in limb and non-limb characters, both in terms of internal consistency and consistency relative to molecular trees. Taken together, these findings imply that sampled limb and non-limb characters are of similar phylogenetic utility and quality, and that a total evidence approach to their analysis is preferable.
Efficacy of Nail Braces for Acute and Chronic Ingrown Toenails: A Prospective Study
Authors: Wang Hsiao-Han , Yang Ting-Hua , Liu Che-Wei , Tsai Tsung-Yu , Huang Yu-Chen 
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUND
Nail braces are an alternative treatment for ingrown toenails.

OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to prospectively examine the efficacy of nail braces for treatment of acute inflamed (AI)-type and chronic dystrophic–type ingrown toenails.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The authors conducted a prospective study of patients with ingrown toenails treated at Wan Fang Hospital between January 1, 2017, and July 31, 2018. Evaluation using physician global assessment scores and patient satisfaction questionnaires was performed at 1, 3, and 6 months after the start of treatment and during the final visit. Patient demographics, treatment courses, and outcomes were compared between the 2 types of ingrown toenails.

RESULTS
Chronic dystrophic–type and AI-type ingrown toenails were observed in 25 (61 sides) and 28 patients (35 sides), respectively. Of the affected sides, 80.9%, 94.9%, and 100% achieved an excellent or fair result at 1, 3, and 6 months, respectively. Treatment duration and follow-up period were 179.2 ± 96.8 days and 281.6 ± 120.9, respectively. The recurrence rate was 7.4%. The treatment course and response were different between the 2 types of ingrown toenails.

CONCLUSION
Ingrown toenails could be effectively treated with nail braces with excellent outcomes, favorable patient satisfaction, and low recurrence rates.
Optimal Timing for Surgical Excision of Nevus Sebaceus on the Scalp: A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Kong Sook Hyun , Han Seok Hyun , Kim Ji Hyun , Oh Yong Woo , Park Hyang Joon , Suh Ho Seok , Choi Yu Sung 
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUND
Treatment of nevus sebaceus (NS) on the scalp is usually surgical excision, but the optimal timing is debatable. The scalp presents significant challenges to the reconstructive surgeon because the lack of elasticity of the scalp makes the repair of defects difficult.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to investigate the optimal timing for surgical excision of NS on the scalp through postoperative outcomes.

METHODS
The authors retrospectively reviewed the postoperative cosmetic results of patients with a follow-up period of 12 to 15 months. The variables analyzed were patient demographics, preoperative tumor size, location, operative time, cosmetic results, and complications.

RESULTS
This study enrolled 62 patients, including 30 adults and 32 children. The main complications were hair loss, hypertrophic scar, and widening of the scar. The overall complication rate was 17.7%, and the complication rate in children (9/32, 28.1%) was higher than that in adults (2/30, 6.7%) (p < .05). Tumor location, shape, and size showed no association with complications.

CONCLUSION
Complications after surgical excision of NS on the scalp are more likely to occur in children than in adults. On the basis of these findings, surgical excision of NS on the scalp can be delayed until after childhood.
The Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS): what have we learned?
Authors: Miller Virginia M. , Naftolin Fredrick , Asthana Sanjay , Black Dennis M. , Brinton Eliot A. , Budoff Matthew J. , Cedars Marcelle I. , Dowling N. Maritza , Gleason Carey E. , Hodis Howard N. , Jayachandran Muthuvel , Kantarci Kejal , Lobo Rogerio A. , Manson JoAnn E. , Pal Lubna , Santoro Nanette F. , Taylor Hugh S. , Harman S. Mitchell 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Objective:
The Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS) was designed to address gaps in understanding the effects of timely menopausal hormone treatments (HT) on cardiovascular health and other effects of menopause after the premature termination of the Women's Health Initiative.

Method:
The KEEPS was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial to test the hypothesis that initiation of HT (oral conjugated equine estrogens [o-CEE] or transdermal 17β-estradiol [t-E2]) in healthy, recently postmenopausal women (n = 727) would slow the progression of atherosclerosis as measured by changes in carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT).

Results:
After 4 years, neither HT affected the rate of increase in CIMT. There was a trend for reduced accumulation of coronary artery calcium with o-CEE. There were no severe adverse effects, including venous thrombosis. Several ancillary studies demonstrated a positive effect on mood with o-CEE, and reduced hot flashes, improved sleep, and maintenance of bone mineral density with both treatments. Sexual function improved with t-E2. There were no significant effects of either treatment on cognition, breast pain, or skin wrinkling. Variants of genes associated with estrogen metabolism influenced the age of menopause and variability in effects of the HT on CIMT. Platelet activation associated with the development of white matter hyperintensities in the brain.

Conclusions:
KEEPS and its ancillary studies have supported the value and safety of the use of HT in recently postmenopausal women and provide a perspective for future research to optimize HT and health of postmenopausal women. The KEEPS continuation study continues to pursue these issues.
Implementation and Experiences of Participating in a Neurologic Service Learning Clinic in a Physical Therapist Entry-Level Program: An Educational Case Report
Authors: Danzl Megan , Ulanowski Elizabeth , Carta Taylor , Bridges Ylice , Conway Devin , Vessels Lexi 
Published: April 2019

Background and Purpose.
The integration of service learning (SL) in physical therapist entry-level education is a way of serving the community while also meeting curricular demands. Educational programs have successfully implemented service learning clinics (SLCs) while positively affecting the development of professionalism. Research examining specialized SLCs in programs is only just emerging. This case report describes the implementation and experiences of participating in a neurologic-specific SLC.

Case Description.
Through a partnership between the program and a local hospital, faculty, students, and members of the hospital rehabilitation leadership developed and implemented a neurologic SLC. Over the first year, 37 first- and second-year students participated. Twice a week, student dyads (first- and second-year pairs) treated patients with a neurologic diagnosis. Student reflection papers were qualitatively examined to understand the students' experiences.

Outcomes.
Three themes emerged: 1) “Find my ‘PT Self’”: Professional Growth, 2) “Out of my comfort zone”: Challenges for Novices, and 3) “Out of the books and into the real world”: Bringing Curriculum to Life.

Discussion and Conclusion.
The SLC afforded students the opportunity to treat individuals with neurological disorders, reinforce coursework, and further prepare for patient care in a neurological setting. Data regarding the value of student learning and the perceived challenges for novices will inform other programs interested in integrating SL into the curriculum, particularly a neurologic-specific experience.
Growth and Late Detection of Post-Operative Cholesteatoma on Long Term Follow-Up With Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DWI MRI): A Retrospective Analysis From a Single UK Centre
Authors: Pai Irumee , Crossley Eleanor , Lancer Hannah , Dudau Cristina , Connor Stephen 
Published: April 2019

Objective:
To evaluate the growth rate and late detection of residual cholesteatoma on long-term follow-up with diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI MRI) in clinically stable ears following definitive surgery, in order to define surveillance imaging protocols.

Study Design:
Retrospective case review.

Setting:
Tertiary referral center.

Patients:
Patients who underwent DWI MRI at our institution between February 2007 and May 2013 for postoperative cholesteatoma follow-up.

Intervention:
Non-echo planar imaging (non-EPI) Half-Fourier Acquisition Single-shot Turbo spin Echo (HASTE) DWI MRI.

Main outcome measures:
Intervals between the definitive surgery and the first and subsequent DWI MRI, the maximum coronal dimension of the lesion on DWI and length of follow-up.

Results:
The study evaluated 152 postoperative DWI studies performed for 88 patients. In 12 cases, DWI was initially negative but became positive on repeat imaging after a mean interval of 3.8 years from the initial cholesteatoma surgery (median 3.7 years, range 1.6–7.9). Of these, 3/12 had more than one negative/indeterminate DWI before disease was eventually detected on imaging; in this subgroup, the mean interval between surgery and positive DWI was 3.2 years (median 2.6 years, range 2.3–4.2). 39 DWI positive foci with serial imaging demonstrated a mean growth rate of 4 mm/year (median 2 mm, range 0–18).

Conclusions:
After negative initial DWI, it is proposed that interval imaging should be considered for a minimum of 5 years in stable ears following definitive cholesteatoma surgery. In view of the marked variability in growth rate, an additional interval scan between 2 and 3 years postoperatively is indicated.