bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adjective Meaning and Scales
Authors: Solt Stephanie 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe topics of adjective meaning and scalarity offer a prime example of the benefits of experimental research in formal semantics. This chapter presents a series of case studies illustrating how experimental approaches have been productively applied at various stages in the process of developing and evaluating theories of scalar meaning: (i) to support introspectively sourced judgements on which formal theories are based; (ii) to generate theoretically relevant data beyond that which is accessible to introspection and intuition; and (iii) to map out the empirical landscape, as a step towards formulating research questions and hypotheses. The article ends with a discussion of methodological issues, with a view to developing a body of best practices for experimental research in this area.
Prosody and Meaning
Authors: Tonhauser Judith 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe prosody of an utterance plays a significant role in determining the meaning of the utterance. Studying the contributions of prosody to meaning is complicated by several factors: (i) prosody has multiple components in the speech signal, some with continuous expression, (ii) utterances with the same meaning can differ in their prosodic realizations, and (iii) there is cross-linguistic prosodic variation. Concentrating on information-structural focus, this chapter illustrates how experimental investigations advance our understanding of the intricate relationship between prosody and meaning. The chapter discusses how focus is prosodically realized in different languages, how listeners perceive and interpret prosodically realized focus and how prosodically realized focus interacts with contextual information about focus. Different methods used to explore prosodically realized focus and its perception and interpretation are covered. The chapter concludes by considering research on the prosody of semantic/pragmatic phenomena related to focus, such as contrastive topic and presupposition.
Politeness
Authors: Holtgraves Thomas M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis chapter reviews the major experimental approaches to politeness and considers the theoretical implications of these approaches for the domains of semantics and pragmatics. After a brief overview of the major theoretical orientations to politeness, a detailed review of empirical research on Brown & Levinson’s (B&L) politeness theory, as well as the issues raised by this research, is provided. Major critiques of the B&L model, and alternative situated and interactional models, are then noted. The implications of politeness for more recent research examining the role of politeness in reasoning and the communication of uncertainty is considered, followed by a review of the cognitive and neural processes involved in the processing of politeness.
Quantifier Spreading
Authors: Brooks Patricia J. , Parshina Olga 
Published: May 2019

AbstractChildren often exhibit difficulties restricting the scope of a universal quantifier in contexts where sets of entities are in partial one-to-one correspondence (e.g. children incorrectly answer the question Are all the cars in a garage? in a situation where there is an extra empty garage). Quantifier spreading occurs across truth-value judgement, picture-choice, sentence-picture verification, and syllogistic reasoning tasks. Errors have been attributed to immature syntax, lack of exposure to relevant input, shallow sentence processing, and pragmatic factors, including infelicitous testing conditions. Errors persist in school-age children and occur in second language learners, deaf individuals, and adults with low educational attainment. Eye-tracking studies have identified a signature pattern of visual attention associated with quantifier spreading, which suggests that errors may reflect cognitive overload in sentence processing.
Constraint-Based Pragmatic Processing
Authors: Degen Judith , Tanenhaus Michael K. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractProcessing language requires integrating information from multiple sources, including context, world knowledge, and the linguistic signal itself. How is this information integrated? A range of positions on the issue is possible, spanned by two extreme positions: extreme informational privilege—certain types of information are processed earlier in online processing and weighted most heavily in the resulting utterance interpretation; and extreme parallelism—all information is processed in parallel and weighted equally in the resulting interpretation. In reviewing the current empirical landscape on scalar implicature processing, the chapter argues for a constraint-based approach to pragmatic processing, which is closer in spirit to the parallelism account than the informational privilege account. The approach is also extended to other pragmatic phenomena.
Stress, Skilled Performance, and Expertise
Authors: Matthews Gerald , Wohleber Ryan W. , Lin Jinchao 
Published: May 2019

AbstractExperts must often execute cognitive and motor skills in demanding, potentially stressful environments. Broadly, stress impairs attention and working memory, increasing vulnerability to cognitive overload. Theories of attentional resources and cognitive skill acquisition suggest a Standard Capacity Model (SCM) of expertise and stress vulnerability. However, the SCM has several deficiencies including neglect of contextual factors and the complexities of stress. Theoretical challenges are compounded by methodological issues including the choice of stress measure, and individual differences in response. The interplay between stress and expertise is explored across four domains: test anxiety, sports performance, surgery, and vehicle driving. In each domain, stress is sometimes associated with overload, consistent with the SCM, such that expertise buffers stressor impacts. However, expert performance is also subject to domain-specific influences beyond cognitive capacity, including strategies for emotional regulation, choking under pressure, and aggressive behaviors. Thus, relationships between stress and expertise must be understood contextually.
Expertise in Law Enforcement
Authors: Suss Joel , Boulton Laura 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of expertise research in law enforcement and guidance for those planning on conducting research themselves. The chapter begins by describing conceptualizations of expertise in law enforcement, and offers a working definition. The chapter then identifies challenges facing researchers interested in conducting expertise research in law enforcement, and advises how to overcome those challenges. Next, concrete examples are provided of how research in this domain has been conducted. In doing so, the chapter covers a broad range of methods and highlights the subtleties that researchers new to the domain should consider when designing and conducting expertise research. Following that, key insights from the literature are described, covering the spectrum of expertise in law enforcement. Finally, directions for future research are suggested.
Rhetoric and Argumentation in the Letters of Paul
Authors: Thurén Lauri 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPaul of Tarsus is considered one of the greatest communicators in history and perhaps the most influential thinker in early Christianity. His persuasive skills enabled him to successfully present novel religious ideas. The theology in Paul’s epistles has generated interest among biblical scholars for centuries, and his rhetoric is also drawing renewed attention. This article examines Paul’s rhetoric and argumentation, offering several examples of his persuasive techniques and strategies. It first discusses the benefits of studying Paul’s rhetoric and argumentation, followed by a brief critical survey of the history of the research. It then considers rhetoric as a historical and a heuristic tool and outlines a foundation for studying Paul and for understanding his epistles from a rhetorical perspective. Finally, the article offers some practical guidelines for future studies.
Paul and Jesus
Authors: Thompson Michael B. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article examines the relation of Jesus to his apostle Paul. It begins with a discussion of Paul’s knowledge of Jesus and his reference to Jesus in his letters, as well as the lack of explicit tradition about Jesus in Paul. It then explains how Paul’s own sense of apostolic authority as one commissioned by the risen Christ gave him the confidence to give pastoral direction without the need to footnote that direction with reference to Jesus. It also considers the sources through which Paul had access to traditions about Jesus, the centrality of the cross and resurrection in his concern with respect to the earthly Jesus, and factors indicating that Paul would have valued, needed, and sought information about Jesus. Furthermore, it highlights the role of the book of Acts as evidence about Paul’s preaching of traditions about Jesus as the Messiah.
Qatar financial centre foundations
Authors: Jolk Christophe , Russell David 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Like other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) jurisdictions, the Qatar Financial Centre (QFC) Foundation has very favourable private wealth and estate planning aspects, since it picks some of the best features in the common and civil law models and blends them into a single legal framework. One of the advantages of a QFC Foundation over a trust, for instance, is its legal personality and ability to own assets. Similar to other foundation laws within the GCC area, the QFC Foundation does not require a ‘dedicated fund appropriated to a specified purpose’ and also has a specific ‘firewall’ provision securing the asset dedications and benefits granted. Overall, the QFC Foundation is a favourable legal regime for estate planning and pretty standard compared to what other GCC foundations regimes offer. Settling for a specific jurisdiction and legal form should nevertheless be assessed on a case by case basis.
Physiological adaptations of leaf litter microbial communities to long-term drought
Authors: Malik Ashish A. , Swenson Tami , Weihe Claudia , Morrison Eric , Martiny Jennifer B. H. , Brodie Eoin L. , Northen Trent R. , Allison Steven D. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDrought represents a significant stress to soil microorganisms and is known to reduce microbial activity and organic matter decomposition in Mediterranean ecosystems. However, we still lack a detailed understanding of the drought stress adaptations of microbial decomposers. We hypothesised that drought causes greater microbial allocation to stress tolerance relative to growth pathways. Here we present metatranscriptomic and metabolomic data on the physiological response ofin situmicrobial communities on plant leaf litter to long-term drought and pulse wetting in Californian grass and shrub ecosystems. Wetting litter after a long dry summer caused only subtle shifts in gene expression. On grass litter, communities from the decade-long ambient and reduced precipitation treatments had distinct functional profiles. The most discernable physiological adaptations to drought were production or uptake of compatible solutes to maintain cellular osmotic balance, and synthesis of capsular and extracellular polymeric substances as a mechanism to retain water. The results show a clear functional response to drought in grass litter communities with greater allocation to survival relative to growth that could affect decomposition under drought. In contrast, communities on chemically more diverse and complex shrub litter had smaller physiological differences in response to long-term drought but higher investment in resource acquisition traits across treatments, suggesting that the functional response to drought is constrained by substrate quality. Our findings suggest, for the first time in a field setting, a trade-off between microbial drought stress tolerance, resource acquisition and growth traits in leaf litter microbial communities.
Landscape and regulation of m6A and m6Am methylome across human and mouse tissues
Authors: Liu Jun’e , Li Kai , Cai Jiabin , Zhang Mingchang , Zhang Xiaoting , Xiong Xushen , Meng Haowei , Xu Xizhan , Huang Zhibin , Fan Jia , Yi Chengqi 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARYN6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most abundant internal mRNA modification, andN6,2’-O-dimethyladenosine (m6Am), found at the first-transcribed nucleotide, are two examples of dynamic and reversible epitranscriptomic marks. However, the profiles and distribution patterns of m6A and m6Am across different human and mouse tissues are poorly characterized. Here we report the m6A and m6Am methylome through an extensive profiling of 42 human tissues and 16 mouse tissue samples. Globally, the m6A and m6Am peaks in non-brain tissues demonstrates mild tissue-specificity but are correlated in general, whereas the m6A and m6Am methylomes of brain tissues are clearly resolved from the non-brain tissues. Nevertheless, we identified a small subset of tissue-specific m6A peaks that can readily classify the tissue types. The number of m6A and m6Am peaks are partially correlated with the expression levels of their writers and erasers. In addition, the m6A- and m6Am-containing regions are enriched for single nucleotide polymorphisms. Furthermore, cross-species analysis of m6A and m6Am methylomes revealed that species, rather than tissue types, is the primary determinant of methylation. Collectively, our study provides an in-depth resource for dissecting the landscape and regulation of the m6A and m6Am epitranscriptomic marks across mammalian tissues.
A grey-based DEMATEL model for building collaborative resilience in supply chain
Authors: Aggarwal Shikha , Srivastava Manoj Kumar 
Published: May 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the phenomenon of collaborative resilience through in-depth case study research in India. This study endeavours to identify and model the critical success factors of collaborative resilience.Design/methodology/approachEight critical success factors of collaborative resilience were identified through literature search. Modelling and analysis of these factors was conducted using grey-based DEMATEL method. Data were collected from supply chain experts in Indian industries.FindingsIt was found that organizational factors like top management commitment and resilience system design exhibit highest causality on the entire system. Also, co-adaptive transformation and resilience goal alignment are most important for managers. Overall, this research provides a guideline and mechanism to build collaborative resilience in supply chains.Practical implicationsThrough the identification of eight critical success factors, this research has related and grounded the concept of collaborative resilience into pre-exiting supply chain practices and concepts. Through rigorous quantitative modelling and analysis of these factors, this research provides a guideline to managers for building collaborative resilience in supply chains.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that has proposed the concept of collaborative resilience in supply chain and has conducted empirical research on the phenomenon in India.
Developing a two-phase QFD for improving FMEA: an integrative approach
Authors: Shaker Fatemeh , Shahin Arash , Jahanyan Saeed 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to propose an integrative approach for improving failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA).

Design/methodology/approach
An extensive literature review on FMEA has been performed. Then, an integrative approach has been proposed based on literature review. The proposed approach is an integration of FMEA and quality function deployment (QFD). The proposed approach includes a two-phase QFD. In the first phase, failure modes are prioritized based on failure effects and in the second phase, failure causes are prioritized based on failure modes. The proposed approach has been examined in a case example at the blast furnace operation of a steel-manufacturing company.

Findings
Results of the case example indicated that stove shell crack in hot blast blower, pump failure in cooling water supply pump and bleeder valves failed to operate are the first three important failure modes. In addition, fire and explosion are the most important failure effects. Also, improper maintenance, over pressure and excess temperature are the most important failure causes. Findings also indicated that the proposed approach with the consideration of interrelationships among failure effects, failure mode and failure causes can influence and adjust risk priority number (RPN) in FMEA.

Research limitations/implications
As manufacturing departments are mostly dealing with failure effects and modes of machinery and maintenance departments are mostly dealing with causes of failures, the proposed model can support better coordination and integration between the two departments. Such support seems to be more important in firms with continuous production lines wherein line interruption influences response to customers more seriously. A wide range of future study opportunities indicates the attractiveness and contribution of the subject to the knowledge of FMEA.

Originality/value
Although the literature indicates that in most of studies the outcomes of QFD were entered into FMEA and in some studies the RPN of FMEA was entered into QFD as importance rating, the proposed approach is a true type of the so-called “integration of FMEA and QFD” because the three main elements of FMEA formed the structure of QFD. In other words, the proposed approach can be considered as an innovation in the FMEA structure, not as a data provider prior to it or a data receiver after it.
The maturation process of incorporating sustainability in universities
Authors: Vargas Luis , Mac-Lean Claudia , Huge Jean 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
In the past few decades, sustainability in higher education has become ever more prevalent, although the diversity in pace of adoption and the wide range of interpretations and practices is huge. The purpose of this study is to present recent research on organizational change processes in universities.

Design/methodology/approach
The methodological approach applied corresponds to the social issue maturation framework, to identify, describe and assess patterns of change across higher education institutions. The maturation of sustainability in universities can be divided into four stages: emergence, popularization, formalization and maturity.

Findings
The findings indicate that sustainability processes often begin as ad hoc processes which grow and mature over time as a range of different actors join in. However, sustainability in universities is increasingly connected with sustainability in the private sector and with other public actors. Moreover, there is a growing acknowledgement of the interactions between society, industry and academia.

Originality/value
The value of the paper is to provide a critical assessment of the potential of living lab projects initiated in Belgium (Brussels) and Chile (Santiago de Chile) to anchor sustainability firmly both in the functioning of the university and in the interactions with the neighborhood. The authors reflect on the requirements and the implementation of these initiatives as a strong indication of mature sustainability integration in, and by way of, universities.
Lock-ins and opportunities for sustainability transition
Authors: Deleye Maarten , Van Poeck Katrien , Block Thomas 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
This study aims to provide an overview of sustainability in Flemish higher education (HE) by using the multi-level perspective (MLP) on sustainability transitions for a comprehensive empirical analysis of how sustainability is embedded in Flemish HE.

Design/methodology/approach
MLP was used as analytical framework to study the case and allow a focus on the interplay between innovative experiments in niche-practices, the characteristics of the prevailing regime (dominant structures, cultures and practices) and macro-trends at the landscape level. The data were collected through document analyses, surveys, in-depth interviews and a focus group. The empirical analysis was complemented with an extensive literature study.

Findings
In all, 9 landscape trends, 21 regime characteristics and 5 types of niches are identified. Furthermore, the multi-level analysis revealed 5 important lock-ins in the dominant regime that impede the upscaling of sustainable niches, 5 internal contradictions that destabilise the regime and can thus create windows of opportunity for niches to become viable alternatives and 16 opportunities for further embedding sustainability in HE.

Originality/value
The paper gives an original insight into the complexities of integrating sustainability in HE, highlights the important role of policy entrepreneurs to grasp emerging opportunities and offers them insight into how to create momentum and identify and fruitfully address windows of opportunity for a sustainability transition. It shows the potential and limits of the MLP for research on HE and outlines prospects for future research.
Automated generators of examples and problems for studying computer algorithms
Authors: Lui Andrew Kwok-Fai , Poon Maria Hiu Man , Wong Raymond Man Hong 
Published: May 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate students’ decisions in example-based instruction within a novel self-regulated learning context. The novelty was the use of automated generators of worked examples and problem-solving exercises instead of a few handcrafted ones. According to the cognitive load theory, when students are in control of their learning, they demonstrate different preferences in selecting worked examples or problem solving exercises for maximizing their learning. An unlimited supply of examples and exercises, however, offers unprecedented degree of flexibility that should alter the decisions of students in scheduling the instruction.Design/methodology/approachASolver, an online learning environment augmented with such generators for studying computer algorithms in an operating systems course, was developed as the experimental platform. Students’ decisions related to choosing worked examples or problem-solving exercises were logged and analyzed.FindingsResults show that students had a tendency to attempt many exercises and examples, especially when performance measurement events were impending. Strong students had greater appetite for both exercises and examples than weak students, and they were found to be more adventurous and less bothered by scaffolding. On the other hand, weak students were found to be more timid or unmotivated. They need support in the form of procedural scaffolding to guide the learning.Originality/valueThis study was one of the first to introduce automated example generators for studying an operating systems course and investigate students’ behaviors in such learning environments.