bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Framework for High-Speed Passenger Train Wireless Network Radio Evaluations
Authors: Banerjee Subharthi , Hempel Michael , Albakay Naji , Ghasemzadeh Pejman , Sharif Hamid 
Published: July 2019

By 2030, the United States Federal Transit Administration (FTA) plans to have High Speed Train (HST) systems deployed that span over 12,000 miles across the US.
Given the rapidly accelerating growth in consumers demand for fast on-board Internet services, there is a need for a robust and dedicated railroad wireless network architecture for their onboard and Train-to-Ground (T2G) communication systems. And while there are several potential candidates for radio access technologies (RAT), a full understanding of the benefits and drawbacks of each is still missing.
We therefore have developed and studied a simulation framework that offers railroads the ability to perform an in-depth evaluation of capabilities for different RATs in terms of interoperability, throughput, handover and bit error rate for various user-driven scenarios. The framework is capable of studying and analyzing conditions such as network performance at different train velocities, base station spacing requirements, as well as analyzing US-specific geographical or track-related architectural scenarios. Our Past experiences in researching railroad wireless solutions have shown that wireless network performance varies widely in environments like tunnels, viaducts, bridges, stations, etc. The simulator offers the network designers significant flexibility in terms of defining parameters to create simulation scenarios and obtaining a detailed understanding of network performance.
The work has created a novel, flexible and adaptable simulation framework for high-speed passenger train wireless network evaluation. The simulation tool supports 220MHz-100GHz systems for simulating LTE and 5G-New Radio (5G-NR), and it can support other technologies such as 220MHz PTC, in a time-variant channel. In this paper we present the architecture and the capabilities of the simulator with a sample scenario evaluation. The developed framework aims to support HST wireless communication designers to conduct more detailed analyses and to make more informed decisions in optimizing system deployments.
Evaluating a Constant-Current Load Model Through Comparative Transient Stability Case-Studies of a Synchronous-Synchronous Rotary Frequency Converter-Fed Railway
Authors: Abrahamsson Lars , Laury John , Bollen Math 
Published: July 2019

This paper continues the pursuit of getting a deeper understanding regarding the transient stability of low-frequency AC railway power systems operated at 16 2/3 Hz synchronously to the public grid. The focus is set on the impact of different load models. A simple constant-current load model is proposed and compared to a previously proposed and studied load model in which the train’s active power is regulated.
The study and comparison is made on exactly the same cases as and grid as with the already proposed and more advanced load model. The railway grid is equipped with a low-frequency AC high-voltage transmission line which is subjected to a fault. The study is limited to railways being fed by different distributions of RFC (Rotary Frequency Converter) types. Both AT (auto transformer) and BT (booster transformer) catenaries are considered.
The RFC dynamic models are essentially Anderson-Fouad models of two synchronous machines coupled mechanically by their rotors being connected to the same shaft.
The differences in load behaviour between the proposed constant-current load model and the previously proposed and studied voltage-dependent active power load model are analyzed and described in the paper.
Estimating the Outer Ring Defect Size and Remaining Service Life of Freight Railcar Bearings Using Vibration Signatures
Authors: Montalvo Joseph , Tarawneh Constantine , Lima Jennifer , Cuanang Jonas , De Los Santos Nancy 
Published: July 2019

The railroad industry currently utilizes two wayside detection systems to monitor the health of freight railcar bearings in service: The Trackside Acoustic Detection System (TADS™) and the wayside Hot-Box Detector (HBD). TADS™ uses wayside microphones to detect and alert the conductor of high-risk defects. Many defective bearings may never be detected by TADS™ since a high-risk defect is a spall which spans more than 90% of a bearing’s raceway, and there are less than 20 systems in operation throughout the United States and Canada. Much like the TADS™, the HBD is a device that sits on the side of the rail-tracks and uses a non-contact infrared sensor to determine the temperature of the train bearings as they roll over the detector. These wayside detectors are reactive in the detection of a defective bearing and require emergency stops in order to replace the wheelset containing the defective bearing. These costly and inefficient train stoppages can be prevented if a proper maintenance schedule can be developed at the onset of a defect initiating within the bearing. This proactive approach would allow for railcars with defective bearings to remain in service operation safely until reaching scheduled maintenance.
Driven by the need for a proactive bearing condition monitoring system in the rail industry, the University Transportation Center for Railway Safety (UTCRS) research group at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV) has been developing an advanced onboard condition monitoring system that can accurately and reliably detect the onset of bearing failure using temperature and vibration signatures of a bearing. This system has been validated through rigorous laboratory testing at UTRGV and field testing at the Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI) in Pueblo, CO. The work presented here builds on previously published work that demonstrates the use of the advanced onboard condition monitoring system to identify defective bearings as well as the correlations developed for spall growth rates of defective bearing outer rings (cups). Hence, the system uses the root-mean-square (RMS) value of the bearing’s acceleration to assess its health. Once the bearing is determined to have a defective outer ring, the RMS value is then used to estimate the defect size. This estimated size is then used to predict the remaining service life of the bearing. The methodology proposed in this paper can prove to be a useful tool in the development of a proactive and cost-efficient maintenance cycle for railcar owners.
Prevalence, severity, and nature of preventable patient harm across medical care settings: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Panagioti Maria , Khan Kanza , Keers Richard N , Abuzour Aseel , Phipps Denham , Kontopantelis Evangelos , Bower Peter , Campbell Stephen , Haneef Razaan , Avery Anthony J , Ashcroft Darren M 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Objective
To systematically quantify the prevalence, severity, and nature of preventable patient harm across a range of medical settings globally.

Design
Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data sources
Medline, PubMed, PsycINFO, Cinahl and Embase, WHOLIS, Google Scholar, and SIGLE from January 2000 to January 2019. The reference lists of eligible studies and other relevant systematic reviews were also searched.

Review methods

Observational studies reporting preventable patient harm in medical care. The core outcomes were the prevalence, severity, and types of preventable patient harm reported as percentages and their 95% confidence intervals. Data extraction and critical appraisal were undertaken by two reviewers working independently. Random effects meta-analysis was employed followed by univariable and multivariable meta regression. Heterogeneity was quantified by using the I
2
statistic, and publication bias was evaluated.

Results
Of the 7313 records identified, 70 studies involving 337 025 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence for preventable patient harm was 6% (95% confidence interval 5% to 7%). A pooled proportion of 12% (9% to 15%) of preventable patient harm was severe or led to death. Incidents related to drugs (25%, 95% confidence interval 16% to 34%) and other treatments (24%, 21% to 30%) accounted for the largest proportion of preventable patient harm. Compared with general hospitals (where most evidence originated), preventable patient harm was more prevalent in advanced specialties (intensive care or surgery; regression coefficient b=0.07, 95% confidence interval 0.04 to 0.10).

Conclusions
Around one in 20 patients are exposed to preventable harm in medical care. Although a focus on preventable patient harm has been encouraged by the international patient safety policy agenda, there are limited quality improvement practices specifically targeting incidents of preventable patient harm rather than overall patient harm (preventable and non-preventable). Developing and implementing evidence-based mitigation strategies specifically targeting preventable patient harm could lead to major service quality improvements in medical care which could also be more cost effective.
Sexual violence at each stage of human trafficking cycle and associated factors: a retrospective cohort study on Ethiopian female returnees via three major trafficking corridors
Authors: Gezie Lemma Derseh , Worku Alemayehu , Kebede Yigzaw , Gebeyehu Abebaw 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivesEvidence showed that the prevalence of sexual violence during the whole human trafficking period was high. However, the distribution of sexual violence along the stages of the trafficking cycle is unclear. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of sexual violence at each stage of trafficking and factors associated with it among Ethiopian trafficked females.DesignA retrospective cohort study was conducted to study trafficking returnees regarding their previous experiences at each stage of trafficking.SettingsData were collected at immigration offices in three border towns of Ethiopia located bordering Sudan, Kenya and Djibouti.ParticipantsSix hundred and seventy-one women who were trafficked from Ethiopia were recruited into the study consecutively. They were recruited when they came back home via the three border towns either by deportation or voluntary return.Outcome measureThe outcome variable was sexual violence.ResultsThe prevalence of sexual violence was estimated at 10% (95% CI 7.9 to 12.5) during predeparture, 35.0% (95% CI 31.5 to 38.7) travelling period, 58.1% (95% CI 54.2 to 61.8) at destination and 19.5% (95% CI 15.2 to 24.6) detention stages. The odds of sexual violence among returnees aged 14–17 years was about twofold when compared with that of women aged 26–49 years (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.97; 95% CI 1.11 to 3.52). Similarly, being smuggled initially (AOR=1.54; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.93), restricted freedom (AOR=1.45; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.86) and time spent at each stage of trafficking (AOR=1.028; 95% CI 1.024 to 1.033) were positively associated with sexual violence.ConclusionsThe prevalence of sexual violence at each stage of trafficking after departure was high. This could imply that victims might be affected by subsequent negative sexual health outcomes. Young age, initially being smuggled and time spent at each stage of the trafficking process were positively associated with the events of sexual violence. Efforts must be made on modifiable factors such as ‘smuggling’ to minimise subsequent sexual violence during trafficking.
Association between diabetes mellitus and the risk for major cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality in women compared with men: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Authors: Wang Hao , Ba Ying , Cai Run-Ce , Xing Qian 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivePrevious studies have reported sex differences in associations between diabetes mellitus (DM) and the risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke; however, the risk for cardiac death and all-cause mortality in women compared with men has not been reported. Therefore, this quantitative meta-analysis was performed to provide reliable estimates of sex differences in the effect of DM on major cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality, irrespective of DM type.DesignMeta-analysis.Data sourcesThe PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched in April 2018.Eligibility criteriaInvestigations designed as prospective cohort studies that examined the association between DM and major cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality stratified according to sex were included.Data extraction and synthesisData extraction and quality assessment were independently performed by 2 of the authors, and the relative risk ratio (RRR) obtained using a random effects model was used to measure sex differences in the associations of DM with major cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality.ResultsThirty prospective cohort studies that reported data from 1 148 188 individuals were included. The pooled women-to-men RRR suggested that female sex was associated with an increased risk for CHD (RRR 1.52(95% CI 1.32 to 1.76); p<0.001), stroke (RRR 1.23(95% CI 1.09 to 1.39); p=0.001), cardiac death (RRR 1.49(95% CI 1.11 to 2.00); p=0.009) and all-cause mortality (RRR 1.51(95% CI 1.23 to 1.85); p<0.001). In addition, sex differences for the investigated outcomes in the comparison between DM and non-DM patients were variable after stratification of studies according to publication year, country, sample size, assessment of DM, follow-up duration, adjustment for important cardiovascular risk factors and study quality.ConclusionsFindings of the present study suggested that women with DM had an extremely high risk for CHD, stroke, cardiac death and all-cause mortality compared with men with DM.
Patient characteristics related to the need for peer support in rehabilitation after acquired brain injury: a prospective cohort study in the Netherlands
Authors: Wobma Ruth , Nijland Rinske , Kwakkel Gert 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivePeer support facilitates patients and caregivers in adjusting to long-term disabilities. This study aimed to determine which patient characteristics are related to need for peer support during rehabilitation after acquired brain injury (ABI) and investigate factors that explain whether peer support is perceived as meaningful or not.DesignA prospective cohort study over a period of 17 months following patients with ABI during inpatient rehabilitation in the Netherlands. Multivariable logistic modelling was applied to identify patient and intervention characteristics that were related to (1) need for peer support and (2) whether or not peer support was perceived as meaningful. Additional information on duration and subjects of conversation was reported.SettingPeer support was provided during inpatient rehabilitation.Participants120 patients with ABI ≥18 years were included and assessed at admission, 94 patients were assessed at discharge. Seventy-three percent (n=88) expressed a need for peer support and at discharge 76.6% (n=72) perceived contact as meaningful.ResultsNon-Western and single patients perceived a significantly higher need for peer support. Patients younger than 60 and those with time between ABI and discharge of >3 months perceived their contact significantly more meaningful.ConclusionsResults provide more insight into characteristics of patients with ABI who may benefit from peer support during inpatient rehabilitation. Optimal dosage, length of contact, rehabilitation phase and strategy for the provision of peer support should be investigated as well as the effects for ABI survivors on outcomes such as coping, self-efficacy, depression and health-related quality of life.
Measuring the outcomes of volunteering for education: development and pilot of a tool to assess healthcare professionals’ personal and professional development from international volunteering
Authors: Tyler Natasha , Collares Carlos , Byrne Ged , Byrne-Davis Lucie 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveThe development and pilot of a self-report questionnaire, to assess personal and professional development of healthcare professionals gained through experiences in low-income and middle-income countries.DesignThe instrument was developed from a core set of the outcomes of international placements for UK healthcare professionals. Principal component analysis and multidimensional item response theory were conducted using results of a cross-sectional pilot study to highlight items with the best psychometric properties.SettingQuestionnaires were completed both online and in multiple UK healthcare professional events face-to-face.Participants436 healthcare professional participants from the UK (with and without international experience) completed a 110-item questionnaire in which they assessed their knowledge, skills and attitudes.MeasuresThe 110-item questionnaire included self-report questions on a 7-point Likert scale of agreement, developed from the core outcome set, including items on satisfaction, clinical skills, communication and other important healthcare professional knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviours. Item reduction led to development of the 40-item Measuring the Outcomes of Volunteering for Education-Tool. Internal consistency was evaluated by the Cronbach’s α coefficient. Exploratory analysis investigated the structure of the data using principal component analysis and multivariate item response theory.ResultsExploratory analysis found 10 principal components that explained 71.80% of the variance. Components were labelled ‘attitude to work, adaptability, adapting communication, cultural sensitivity, difficult communication, confidence, teaching, management, behaviour change and life satisfaction’. Internal consistency was acceptable for the identified components (α=0.72–0.86).ConclusionsA 40-item self-report questionnaire developed from a core outcome set for personal and professional development from international placements was developed, with evidence of good reliability and validity. This questionnaire will increase understanding of impact of international placements, facilitating comparisons of different types of experience. This will aid decision making about whether UK healthcare professionals should be encouraged to volunteer internationally and in what capacity.
Twenty Years of Military Prehospital Care in the Eastern Sovereign Base Area, Cyprus
Authors: Halle-Smith James Michael , Ahmad T , Mason G , Barlow A , Gout S 
Published: July 2019

IntroductionThe Medical Reception Station (MRS) in Dhekelia provides a prehospital emergency care (PHEC) service for the Eastern Sovereign Base Area and surrounding Cypriot towns. This service has been evaluated previously but some important aspects of care have not yet been measured. The primary aim of this study was to undertake the most comprehensive service evaluation of the demand for the PHEC service at MRS Dhekelia over a 12-month period. The secondary aim of this study was to compare findings in 2018 to those in 1995–1998 and 2013–2016.MethodsAll calls to the PHEC team between 01/07/2017 and 30/06/2018 were reviewed and compared with previously reported data from 1995 to 1998 and 2013 to 2016. Data were collected from the occurrence book, the logbook used by the PHEC team to record the details of each call.ResultsThere were 164 calls to the PHEC service during the current study period. The number of activations has decreased since the 2013–2016 period but remains greater than 1995–1998. In every month there was a call to a scene where more than one casualty was present, with the highest number being nine patients at one call. More calls were received during the day (55%). There were more calls because of trauma than medical complaints (55% vs 45%). Trauma calls have reduced over 20 years. The frequency of neurological and psychiatric complaints has increased over 20 years.ConclusionsThe PHEC service at MRS Dhekelia is frequently used. The team consistently face with scenes with more than one casualty. Trauma is becoming less frequent but psychiatric and neurological complaints are increasingly common. These findings are important for training and service provision.
Matching a set of digitized cadastral maps
Authors: Shmutter B. , Doytsher Y. 
Published: July 2019

Errors inherent in the digitizing process inevitably lead to variations in the locations of boundaries of neighboring cadastral blocks. It then becomes necessary to adjust the digitized data to compensate for discrepancies and discontinuities in the digitized cadastral information. For this purpose it is proposed that a procedure commonly used in aerial triangulation be adopted. Each map is regarded as an equivalent to a single photograph and a set of neighboring maps as a photogrammetric block. A system of appropriate equations is formed to adjust the “block”. Points lying on boundaries of adjacent cadastral blocks are the substitute for the transfer and tie points used in photogrammetry, and traverse or trigpoints available on the maps constitute the control data. The results of this procedure are: “orientation” data for each map to transform its content to the state plane coordinate system and adjusted coordinates of points positioned on boundaries shared by neighboring maps.
Problems in Land Registration and in Filing Environmental Data in Eastern Canada
Authors: Hamilton Angus C. 
Published: July 2019

The two basic problems in the deed registration system — the problem of title and the problem of description — are illustrated by eight case histories. The problem of title is aggravated because the registry office has no responsibility for the legal effect of the documents in its files. As there is, for the most part, no check on the correctness, or the validity, of the contents of documents, it frequently happens that incomplete or erroneous descriptions are filed and these become the cause of further errors and misinterpretations. The descriptions in the case histories and most of the descriptions in Eastern Canada are vitiated by the lack of a control survey system to which the point of commencement and the dimensions can be related and tested for errors. In New Brunswick alone, an estimated 30 man-years of lawyers’ time would be saved each year if the Torrens systein were used in place of the deed registration system. In the Canada Land Inventory system, the information on land use and land capability from some 3,000 map sheets is being transferred to computer files. At the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, the magnetic tape files containing all the information from the 1961 census are readily accessible in an operational system. Yet, the common denominator, the information on the boundaries of the parcels of land on which people live and on which they grow crops, is buried obscurely in land registration and land survey offices instead of being readily available on computer files comparable with those of CLl and DBS. It is concluded that a network of survey control stations and an improved system of land registration are prerequisites for the development of an integrated environmental data bank system. It is also concluded that serious dialogue on the objectives of such a system should begin as soon as possible.
Forest Resource Mapping in Canada
Authors: Madill R. J. , Aldred A. H. 
Published: July 2019

Maps of forest resources provide information for planning and management purposes. Forest cover maps may depict distributions of tree species, heights, density, health, as well as land information and planimetric detail. Scales range from 1:20 000 000 for an overview of Canada, to 1:5 000 for controlling ground operations in a specific area. Current methods for preparing forest maps have their origins in work performed during the 1920s. The process involves the preparation of base maps, acquiring aerial photographs, photo interpretation, transfer of photo information to the base maps, cartographic completion and the compilation of resource statistics. The future of forest mapping includes the continued development and application of orthophoto maps and digital computer maps.