bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do central vestibular findings predict abnormal findings on magnetic resonance imaging?
Authors: Mankekar G , Jeha G , Erbele I , Klumpp M , Sevy A , Mehta R , Son L , Arriaga M A 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether central findings from vestibular tests predict abnormal findings on magnetic resonance imaging.MethodThis study was a retrospective case series at a tertiary referral centre. The main outcome measure of this diagnostic intervention study was the positive predictive value of central vestibular findings in relation to magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities.ResultsCentral vestibular findings had a 50.9 per cent positive predictive value for magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities across all age groups although they varied according to age group. Optokinetic nystagmus (p < 0.05) and abnormal findings on videonystagmography tests (p < 0.05) were the main predictors of magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities. White matter lesions constituted the bulk of the central lesions on magnetic resonance imaging followed by cortical and cerebellar atrophy.ConclusionCentral vestibular findings had a 50.9 per cent positive predictive value for magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities across all age groups. Magnetic resonance imaging is medically justified to further evaluate patients with central findings on vestibular studies. Therefore, it is reasonable to request magnetic resonance imaging in these patients.
Flying into extinction: Understanding the role of Singapore’s international parrot trade in growing domestic demand
Authors: ALOYSIUS SCOTT LI MENG , YONG DING LI , LEE JESSICA G. , JAIN ANUJ 
Published: June 2019

SummarySouth-East Asia’s bird trade is of global conservation concern as it has massively depleted wild populations of many species. Parrots (Order Psittaciformes) are especially vulnerable because they are the most heavily traded group of birds globally under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) appendices. Singapore’s involvement in the global pet bird trade as a transhipment hub is well documented, particularly for parrots. Yet, much less is known about the links between its domestic and international trade. We attempt to quantify this relationship by comparing bird trade data on the CITES database with past market surveys of pet shops, complemented with semi-structured interviews with 30 parrot owners in Singapore. We report a decline in total imports and exports of CITES-listed birds in Singapore from 2005 to 2016, consistent with global trends after the European Union trade ban on wild bird imports. However, parrots continue to make up the majority of total imports; and there was a yearly increase in the percentage of parrot imports out of total imports. In addition, we report a difference in imports and exports of 54,207 CITES I, II and III listed birds into Singapore i.e. birds imported but not re-exported. A substantial proportion of these birds were possibly channelled into the domestic pet trade or used as breeding stock. Interviews with parrot owners confirmed the growing demand and popularity of parrots and particularly of larger species. We conclude that the domestic demand for parrots may have been previously underestimated, and make recommendations to manage Singapore’s international and domestic pet bird trade such as implementing a licensing and records system to track the movement of birds.
Giant right pulmonary artery aneurysm in a systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt
Authors: Martínez-Quintana Efrén , Medina-Gil Jose M. , Marrero-Brito Jorge 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAneurysms of the pulmonary arteries and trunk are rare entities. The Waterston shunt is a palliative procedure for children with cyanotic CHD due to obstruction of the pulmonary outflow. Described complications are distortion of the pulmonary artery and pulmonary arterial hypertension. We report a patient with a giant right pulmonary artery aneurysm in relation to a Waterston shunt.
Twenty-Five and Up (25Up) Study: A New Wave of the Brisbane Longitudinal Twin Study
Authors: Mitchell Brittany L. , Campos Adrian I. , Rentería Miguel E. , Parker Richard , Sullivan Lenore , McAloney Kerrie , Couvy-Duchesne Baptiste , Medland Sarah E. , Gillespie Nathan A. , Scott Jan , Zietsch Brendan P. , Lind Penelope A. , Martin Nicholas G. , Hickie Ian B. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe aim of the 25 and Up (25Up) study was to assess a wide range of psychological and behavioral risk factors behind mental illness in a large cohort of Australian twins and their non-twin siblings. Participants had already been studied longitudinally from the age of 12 and most recently in the 19Up study (mean age = 26.1 years, SD = 4.1, range = 20–39). This subsequent wave follows up these twins several years later in life (mean age = 29.7 years, SD = 2.2, range = 22–44). The resulting data set enables additional detailed investigations of genetic pathways underlying psychiatric illnesses in the Brisbane Longitudinal Twin Study (BLTS). Data were collected between 2016 and 2018 from 2540 twins and their non-twin siblings (59% female, including 341 monozygotic complete twin-pairs, 415 dizygotic complete pairs and 1028 non-twin siblings and singletons). Participants were from South-East Queensland, Australia, and the sample was of predominantly European ancestry. The 25Up study collected information on 20 different mental disorders, including depression, anxiety, substance use, psychosis, bipolar and attention-deficit hyper-activity disorder, as well as general demographic information such as occupation, education level, number of children, self-perceived IQ and household environment. In this article, we describe the prevalence, comorbidities and age of onset for all 20 examined disorders. The 25Up study also assessed general and physical health, including physical activity, sleep patterns, eating behaviors, baldness, acne, migraines and allergies, as well as psychosocial items such as suicidality, perceived stress, loneliness, aggression, sleep–wake cycle, sexual identity and preferences, technology and internet use, traumatic life events, gambling and cyberbullying. In addition, 25Up assessed female health traits such as morning sickness, breastfeeding and endometriosis. Furthermore, given that the 25Up study is an extension of previous BLTS studies, 86% of participants have already been genotyped. This rich resource will enable the assessment of epidemiological risk factors, as well as the heritability and genetic correlations of mental conditions.
Illuminating the Use of the Specificity Principle to Go Inside the Black Box of Programs
Authors: Tirrell Jonathan M. , Gansert Patricia K. , Dowling Elizabeth M. , Geldhof G. John , Lerner Jacqueline V. , King Pamela Ebstyne , Iraheta Guillermo , Williams Kate , Sim Alistair T. R. , Lerner Richard M. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract. The UN 2030 Agenda and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call for disaggregating results of program effectiveness within subgroups. Using the Bornstein (2017) specificity principle, involving within-group assessments regarding what specific youth prosper in what specific ways in what specific programs, we analyzed data from 888 Salvadoran youth (50% female), aged 9–15 years ( M = 11.60 years, SD = 1.7), participating in the Compassion International (CI) Study of Positive Youth Development (PYD). We compared CI-supported youth with non-CI-supported youth on nine variables related to PYD, intentional self-regulation, hopeful future expectations, and spirituality. Whereas tests of group averages indicated no meaningful differences, disaggregated results across 20 program sites indicated that 2 sites showed no group differences, 7 sites showed better CI-supported youth performance, 3 sites showed better non-CI-supported youth performance, and 8 sites showed a mixed pattern. We discuss the use of the specificity principle in future assessments of SDG indicators.
A Multiwavelength Retrieval Approach for Improved OSIRIS Aerosol Extinction Retrievals
Authors: Rieger L. A. , Zawada D. J. , Bourassa A. E. , Degenstein D. A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imaging System (OSIRIS) on board the Odin satellite has been used to provide vertically resolved aerosol extinction since 2001. The OSIRIS version 5.07 aerosol product has been used in numerous studies and now provides a 17‐year record of global stratospheric aerosol. This work presents the new version 7 OSIRIS aerosol extinction retrieval. A multiwavelength aerosol extinction algorithm has been developed to reduce measurement geometry biases and improve extinction retrieval in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The Chen et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1239-2016) cloud detection algorithm has been adapted for the OSIRIS wavelength range for improved cloud screening and polar stratospheric cloud detection, and comparisons after volcanic eruptions and with the CALIPSO‐GOCCP product show promising results. The version 7 product shows comparable agreement with version 5.07 when compared to coincident SAGE II and SAGE III measurements, and improved agreement with CALIPSO time series. The algorithm has been applied to the complete set of OSIRIS measurements, and the new data set is now publicly available.
Calibration and Validation of Environmental Controls on Planktic Foraminifera Mg/Ca Using Global Core‐Top Data
Authors: Saenger Casey P. , Evans Michael N. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe Mg/Ca of planktic foraminifera is commonly assumed to be a univariate function of ocean temperature, but recent work suggests that nonthermal variables may have a secondary effect, thereby complicating an inverse approach for paleotemperature reconstructions. However, the significance of secondary variables has not been independently validated, and their inclusion may reflect statistical overfitting. Here we evaluate the significance of seven predictive variables on a global compilation (n = 1,124) of core‐top planktic foraminifera Mg/Ca spanning five species. An additive approach was used to construct models that included only variables with significant validation skill. Optimal models support the use of Mg/Ca as a paleothermometer but also find evidence for nonthermal variables: (a) Mg/Ca (N. pachy+incompta) = 0.186 ± 0.001 · exp(0.095 ± 0.002 · T) + 2.95E‐3 ± 5.4E‐6 · size; (b) Mg/Ca (G. ruber) = 0.685 ± 0.005 · exp(0.058 ± 0.001 · T) + 0.928 ± 0.02 · Omega(deep); (c); Mg/Ca (G. inflata) = 1.737 ± 0.007 · exp(0.065 ± 0.001 · T) · Omega(shallow)^‐0.734 ± 0.003; and (d) Mg/Ca (G. bulloides) = 0.623 ± 0.007 · exp(0.079 ± 0.001 · T) + 0.548 ± 0.007 · Omega(deep). Results highlight the importance of independent validation and suggest that Ω and size dependences may complicate univariate inversions for paleotemperature in some species. This is particularly true over timescales when secondary terms cannot be considered constant. Forward modeling is an attractive alternative, and improved Mg/Ca models may reduce bias in paleoceanographic data assimilation efforts. Salinity is absent from all relationships, suggesting that it may have a smaller influence than previously thought or may not vary sufficiently to be resolved at core‐top sites. The stepwise approach illustrated in this study is widely applicable, and validation exercises should be applied to the calibration of other paleoceanographic proxies.
Fine Structure of the 660‐km Discontinuity Beneath Southeastern China
Authors: Zhang Meng , Sun Daoyuan , Wang Yi , Wu Zhongqing 
Published: June 2019

AbstractImaging the structure of the 660‐km discontinuity is crucial to understanding the thermal and compositional states of the mantle transition zone. Here we study triplication data sampling beneath southeastern China and observe strong arrivals with rays turning at top of the lower mantle at an epicentral distance of 10°. Such strong arrivals indicate that the S velocity at the discontinuity increases by ~8.2±0.5% over less than 10 km. This sharp 660‐km discontinuity suggests that harzburgite enrichment exists at the bottom of the 660‐km discontinuity and the temperature near 660 km does not exceed 2000 K. Through comparisons with 1‐D models for other regions, we find that the seismic structure in the mantle transition zone below our study area is similar to that beneath oceanic regions. Thus, we suggest that the mantle near the 660‐km discontinuity beneath southeastern China is locally not affected by slab or plume.
Methane Bubble Escape From Gas Horizon in Muddy Aquatic Sediment Under Periodic Wave Loading
Authors: Katsman Regina 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEbullition of greenhouse methane (CH4) from the aquatic sediments is often observed at various hydrostatic pressure drops: at low tides, waves, and even at atmospheric pressure drops. It is especially pronounced at the different vent structures, for example, pockmarks, mud volcanoes, and cold seeps. The modeling conducted in the current study suggests that long timescale (glacial to centennial frequency) sea level drops may induce “stable” bubble ascent and control the position of the gas horizon in muddy aquatic sediment. Bubbles escape in the “dynamic” regime from the shallow gas horizon and subsequently to the water column is more feasible under shorter‐period waves of higher amplitude travelling in shallow water. These findings are illustrated by examples of various vent structures (e.g., pockmarks), pronounced in shallow straits and bays, described in the literature.
Energetic Electrons Below the Inner Radiation Belt
Authors: Selesnick R. S. , Su Yi‐Jiun , Sauvaud J.‐A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEnergetic electrons have occasionally been observed with high intensity in the low‐latitude quasi‐trapping region, below the inner radiation belt, where their intensity is normally low. During magnetic storms in November 2004 and July 2006, electrons reached magnetic drift shells with L<1.1. Data from the IDP electron spectrometer on the DEMETER satellite provide high energy resolution, while multiple NOAA/POES satellites provide local time coverage. After accounting for instrumental effects caused by the high intensity, electron kinetic energy is shown to reach at least 200 keV with generally softer spectra than are normally found in the stable trapping region. Electron injection from the inner belt by an enhanced convection electric field ∼5 mV/m may explain the observations. This could provide remote testing for models of global electrodynamics.
Diversity patterns of bacteriophages infecting Aggregatibacter and Haemophilus species across clades and niches
Authors: Szafrański Szymon P , Kilian Mogens , Yang Ines , Bei der Wieden Gesa , Winkel Andreas , Hegermann Jan , Stiesch Meike 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Aggregatibacter and Haemophilus species are relevant human commensals and opportunistic pathogens. Consequently, their bacteriophages may have significant impact on human microbial ecology and pathologies. Our aim was to reveal the prevalence and diversity of bacteriophages infecting Aggregatibacter and Haemophilus species that colonize the human body. Genome mining with comparative genomics, screening of clinical isolates, and profiling of metagenomes allowed characterization of 346 phages grouped in 52 clusters and 18 superclusters. Less than 10% of the identified phage clusters were represented by previously characterized phages. Prophage diversity patterns varied significantly for different phage types, host clades, and environmental niches. A more diverse phage community lysogenizes Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae strains than Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and “Haemophilus ducreyi”. Co-infections occurred more often in “H. ducreyi”. Phages from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans preferably lysogenized strains of specific serotype. Prophage patterns shared by subspecies clades of different bacterial species suggest similar ecoevolutionary drivers. Changes in frequencies of DNA uptake signal sequences and guanine–cytosine content reflect phage-host long-term coevolution. Aggregatibacter and Haemophilus phages were prevalent at multiple oral sites. Together, these findings should help exploring the ecoevolutionary forces shaping virus-host interactions in the human microbiome. Putative lytic phages, especially phiKZ-like, may provide new therapeutic options.
Regional influences on community structure across the tropical-temperate divide
Authors: White Alexander E. , Dey Kushal K. , Mohan Dhananjai , Stephens Matthew , Price Trevor D. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMany models to explain the differences in the flora and fauna of tropical and temperate regions assume that whole clades are restricted to the tropics. We develop methods to assess the extent to which biotas are geographically discrete, and find that transition zones between regions occupied by tropical-associated or temperate-associated biotas are often narrow, suggesting a role for freezing temperatures in partitioning global biotas. Across the steepest tropical-temperate gradient in the world, that of the Himalaya, bird communities below and above the freezing line are largely populated by different tropical and temperate biotas with links to India and Southeast Asia, or to China respectively. The importance of the freezing line is retained when clades rather than species are considered, reflecting confinement of different clades to one or another climate zone. The reality of the sharp tropical-temperate boundary adds credence to the argument that exceptional species richness in the tropics reflects species accumulation over time, with limited transgressions of species and clades into the temperate.
NCP activates chloroplast transcription by controlling phytochrome-dependent dual nuclear and plastidial switches
Authors: Yang Emily J. , Yoo Chan Yul , Liu Jiangxin , Wang He , Cao Jun , Li Fay-Wei , Pryer Kathleen M. , Sun Tai-ping , Weigel Detlef , Zhou Pei , Chen Meng 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPhytochromes initiate chloroplast biogenesis by activating genes encoding the photosynthetic apparatus, including photosynthesis-associated plastid-encoded genes (PhAPGs). PhAPGs are transcribed by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase (PEP), but how phytochromes in the nucleus activate chloroplast gene expression remains enigmatic. We report here a forward genetic screen in Arabidopsis that identified NUCLEAR CONTROL OF PEP ACTIVITY (NCP) as a necessary component of phytochrome signaling for PhAPG activation. NCP is dual-targeted to plastids and the nucleus. While nuclear NCP mediates the degradation of two repressors of chloroplast biogenesis, PIF1 and PIF3, NCP in plastids promotes the assembly of the PEP complex for PhAPG transcription. NCP and its paralog RCB are non-catalytic thioredoxin-like proteins that diverged in seed plants to adopt nonredundant functions in phytochrome signaling. These results support a model in which phytochromes control PhAPG expression through light-dependent double nuclear and plastidial switches that are linked by evolutionarily conserved and dual-localized regulatory proteins.
Convergent eusocial evolution is based on a shared reproductive groundplan plus lineage-specific plastic genes
Authors: Warner Michael R. , Qiu Lijun , Holmes Michael J. , Mikheyev Alexander S. , Linksvayer Timothy A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEusociality has convergently evolved multiple times, but the genomic basis of caste-based division of labor and degree to which independent origins of eusociality have utilized common genes remain largely unknown. Here we characterize caste-specific transcriptomic profiles across development and adult body segments from pharaoh ants (Monomorium pharaonis) and honey bees (Apis mellifera), representing two independent origins of eusociality. We identify a substantial shared core of genes upregulated in the abdomens of queen ants and honey bees that also tends to be upregulated in mated female flies, suggesting that these genes are part of a conserved insect reproductive groundplan. Outside of this shared groundplan, few genes are differentially expressed in common. Instead, the majority of the thousands of caste-associated genes are plastically expressed, rapidly evolving, and relatively evolutionarily young. These results emphasize that the recruitment of both highly conserved and lineage-specific genes underlie the convergent evolution of novel traits such as eusociality.
The pore structure of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin
Authors: Savva Christos G. , Clark Alice R. , Naylor Claire E. , Popoff Michel R. , Moss David S. , Basak Ajit K. , Titball Richard W. , Bokori-Brown Monika 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEpsilon toxin (Etx), a potent pore forming toxin (PFT) produced by Clostridium perfringens, is responsible for the pathogenesis of enterotoxaemia of ruminants and has been suggested to play a role in multiple sclerosis in humans. Etx is a member of the aerolysin family of β-PFTs (aβ-PFTs). While the Etx soluble monomer structure was solved in 2004, Etx pore structure has remained elusive due to the difficulty of isolating the pore complex. Here we show the cryo-electron microscopy structure of Etx pore assembled on the membrane of susceptible cells. The pore structure explains important mutant phenotypes and suggests that the double β-barrel, a common feature of the aβ-PFTs, may be an important structural element in driving efficient pore formation. These insights provide the framework for the development of novel therapeutics to prevent human and animal infections, and are relevant for nano-biotechnology applications.
A Lévy expansion strategy optimizes early dune building by beach grasses
Authors: Reijers Valérie C. , Siteur Koen , Hoeks Selwyn , van Belzen Jim , Borst Annieke C. W. , Heusinkveld Jannes H. T. , Govers Laura L. , Bouma Tjeerd J. , Lamers Leon P. M. , van de Koppel Johan , van der Heide Tjisse 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLifeforms ranging from bacteria to humans employ specialized random movement patterns. Although effective as optimization strategies in many scientific fields, random walk application in biology has remained focused on search optimization by mobile organisms. Here, we report on the discovery that heavy-tailed random walks underlie the ability of clonally expanding plants to self-organize and dictate the formation of biogeomorphic landscapes. Using cross-Atlantic surveys, we show that congeneric beach grasses adopt distinct heavy-tailed clonal expansion strategies. Next, we demonstrate with a spatially explicit model and a field experiment that the Lévy-type strategy of the species building the highest dunes worldwide generates a clonal network with a patchy shoot organization that optimizes sand trapping efficiency. Our findings demonstrate Lévy-like movement in plants, and emphasize the role of species-specific expansion strategies in landscape formation. This mechanistic understanding paves the way for tailor-made planting designs to successfully construct and restore biogeomorphic landscapes and their services.