bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remission in diabetic foot infections: Duration of antibiotic therapy and other possible associated factors
Authors: Gariani Karim , Lebowitz Dan , von Dach Elodie , Kressmann Benjamin , Lipsky Benjamin A. , Uçkay Ilker 
Published: August 2018

AimTo determine the most appropriate duration of antibiotic therapy for diabetic foot infections (DFIs).MethodsUsing a clinical pathway for adult patients with DFIs (retrospective cohort analysis), we created a cluster‐controlled Cox regression model to assess factors related to remission of infection, emphasizing antibiotic‐related variables. We excluded total amputations as a result of DFI and DFI episodes with a follow‐up time of <2 months.ResultsAmong 1018 DFI episodes in 482 patients, we identified 392 episodes of osteomyelitis, 626 soft tissue infections, 246 large abscesses, 322 episodes of cellulitis and 335 episodes of necrosis; 313 cases involved revascularization. Patients underwent surgical debridement for 824 episodes (81%), of which 596 (59%) required amputation. The median total duration of antibiotic therapy was 20 days. After a median follow‐up of 3 years, 251 of the episodes (24.7%) were followed by ≥1 additional episode(s). Comparing patients with and without additional episodes, risk of recurrence was lower in those who underwent amputation, had type 1 diabetes, or underwent revascularization. On multivariate analysis including the entire study population, risk of remission was inversely associated with type 1 diabetes (hazard ratio [HR] 0.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.2‐0.6). Neither duration of antibiotic therapy nor parenteral treatment affected risk of recurrence (HR 1.0, 95% CI 0.99‐1.01 for both). Similarly, neither >3 weeks versus <3 weeks of therapy, nor >1 week versus <1 week of intravenous treatment affected recurrence. In stratified analyses for both soft tissue DFIs or osteomyelitis separately, we did not observe associations of antibiotic duration with microbiological or clinical recurrences of DFI. The HRs were 1.0 (95% CI 0.6‐1.8) for an antibiotic duration >3 weeks overall and 0.6 (95% CI 0.2‐1.3) for osteomyelitis cases only. Plotting of duration of antibiotic therapy failed to identify any optimal threshold for preventing recurrences.ConclusionsOur analysis found no threshold for the optimal duration or route of administration of antibiotic therapy to prevent recurrences of DFI. These limited data might support possibly shorter treatment duration for patients with DFI.
Constitutive exposure to the volatile methyl salicylate reduces per‐capita foraging efficiency of a generalist predator to learned prey associations
Authors: Vidal‐Gomez Ulianova , Rodriguez‐Saona Cesar , Kaplan Ian 
Published: August 2018

AbstractUnderstanding the factors that influence the ability of predators to find and kill herbivores is central to enhancing their impact on prey populations, but few studies have tested the impact of these factors on predation rates in realistic foraging environments. Using the tri‐trophic system consisting of tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae), hornworm caterpillars, Manduca sexta L. (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), and the predaceous stink bug Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), we measured the effects of associative learning and plant volatile camouflage on predator behavior and foraging efficiency in field enclosures. To do so, we compared experienced vs. naive individuals under varying environmental contexts. Experienced predators were those with prior exposure to induced volatiles from the tomato–caterpillar association, whereas naive predators had not experienced tomato, only prey (caterpillars). We varied their environmental foraging matrix using either (1) tomato surrounded by basil (Ocimum basilicum L.; Lamiaceae) or (2) tomato exposed to the synthetic volatile, methyl salicylate (MeSA). We found that (1) experienced predators were more efficient than naive predators, capturing 28% more prey; (2) the tomato–basil combination did not affect predator–prey interactions; and (3) constitutive emission of synthetic MeSA caused a 22% reduction in P. maculiventris predation rate. These differences corresponded with distinct shifts in predator foraging; for example, experienced individuals were less stationary and exhibited unique behaviors such as stylet extension. Taken together, these results suggest that it is possible to improve the function of generalist predators in suppressing prey by coupling odors with food. However, constitutive emission of volatiles to attract natural enemies may ultimately camouflage neighboring plants, reducing the benefits of orientation to learned stimuli such as induced volatiles.
Life stage‐specific, stochastic environmental effects overlay density dependence in an Atlantic salmon population
Authors: Honkanen Hannele M. , Boylan Patrick , Dodd Jennifer A. , Adams Colin E. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAtlantic salmon populations appear to fluctuate stochastically through time. It is suspected that both density‐dependent and density‐independent factors cause these fluctuations but the relative importance of each, and the life stages at which they operate, is not well known. In this study, a long‐term data set on Atlantic salmon migrants returning to the Foyle catchment, Ireland, was used to determine the role of density‐dependent and life stage‐specific environmental factors regulating population size. A Ricker density‐dependent model showed that spawning adult population size significantly predicted variation in the resultant filial generation; however, a large amount of variation (ca. 68%) remained unexplained. It was shown that environmental factors were significant in explaining some of the remaining variance and that these influences were linked to specific life stages. Three life stages—spawning and incubation, fry emergence and marine survival—were shown to have significant environmental effects that resulted in changes in the returning cohort strength. It is concluded that these life stage‐specific environmental effects are likely to contribute to the stochastic variation in population size resulting from the application of traditional stock–recruitment models. The identification and quantification of these effects should allow improved model accuracy.
How well‐being and involvement fit into the commitment to children’s rights
Authors: Laevers Ferre , Declercq Bart 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe theme of children’s rights is receiving more attention than ever procedures. Although the manifest on this topic was universally agreed decades ago, it is obvious that the ambitions expressed in it are far from being implemented. In this article, we explore how the experiential approach can contribute to the process of clarification and operationalisation for children between birth and the age of six. The central idea is that well‐being and involvement as process variables can provide a measure for the degree to which children’s rights are met, especially in educational settings. The scanning and screening are highlighted as procedures to assess levels of well‐being and involvement. The data yielded provide a rich source for interventions both at the individual and group level. Next, we review what we can learn from research where these process‐variables have been observed, that is their levels and the factors in the (learning) environment that determine them. In the closing discussion, we hold the insights on well‐being and involvement against the light of “children’s rights” and articulate implications for practice, research and policy.
Arterial thrombosis in unusual sites: A practical review
Authors: O’Donnell Matthew , Shatzel Joseph J. , Olson Sven R. , Daughety Molly M. , Nguyen Khanh P. , Hum Justine , DeLoughery Thomas G. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWhile cardiovascular disease is common, occasionally hematologists and other practitioners will encounter patients with arterial thrombosis/infarction in unusual sites, without clear cause or obvious diagnostic and treatment paradigms. Contrary to the more commonly encountered cerebrovascular accident and cardiovascular disorders, the various infarctions outlined in this review have unique presentations, pathophysiology, workup, and treatments that all hematologists should be aware of. This review outlines the current literature on arterial thrombosis, with consideration given to anatomic sources and hypercoagulable associations, while focusing on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, provoking factors, and current recommended treatments for intracardiac thrombus, primary aortic mural thrombus, visceral infarctions, and cryptogenic limb ischemia to provide a useful and practical review for the practitioner.
The impact of type 2 diabetes and body mass index on cerebral structure is modulated by brain reserve
Authors: Walsh E. I. , Shaw M. , Sachdev P. , Anstey K. J. , Cherbuin N. 
Published: August 2018

Background and purposeBody mass index (BMI), hyperglycaemia and type 2 diabetes and their interactive effects are associated with brain volume atrophy in ageing. It remains to be established if these risk factors are particularly concerning in individuals with high or low brain volumes.MethodsDemographics, venous blood and magnetic resonance imaging data were collected for 494 healthy community‐living adults aged 53–78 (mean 65) years, as part of the Personality and Total Health Through Life study. Associations between BMI, blood glucose, diabetes status and brain volume (whole brain, grey matter, white matter and subcortical structures) were investigated using quantile regression.ResultsQuantile regression revealed vulnerability to BMI × glucose interactions particularly in lower volumes and significant main effects for type 2 diabetes particularly in higher volumes. Diabetes was most strongly associated with brain volumes. The association between BMI, blood glucose and diabetes was not consistent across the full range of brain volumes.ConclusionExplicit investigation of the upper and lower boundaries of brain volume distributions was valuable. We found evidence of protective reserve from higher brain volumes and that a combination of high BMI and higher blood glucose was particularly concerning for individuals with lower brain volumes.
Decreased regional cerebral blood flow in patients with diphenylarsinic acid intoxication
Authors: Ishii K. , Nemoto K. , Iwasaki N. , Takeda T. , Masuda T. , Shibata Y. , Tamaoka A. 
Published: August 2018

Background and purposeDiphenylarsinic acid (DPAA) intoxication caused by drinking contaminated well water was found in Kamisu, Japan. The symptoms indicated cerebellar–brainstem and temporo‐occipital involvement. However, it remains unclear how it affects the human brain. To elucidate the effect of DPAA on the human brain, we analyzed cerebral blood flow (CBF) data after the drinking of DPAA‐contaminated water was stopped and investigated the correlation between DPAA exposure level and CBF by single‐photon emission computed tomography (CBF‐SPECT).MethodsThe DPAA‐exposed inhabitants (n = 78) were divided into 35 symptomatic and 43 asymptomatic subjects and compared with 38 healthy controls. The DPAA concentration in nails or hair and well water was measured using a high‐performance liquid chromatography system and coupled plasma mass spectrometry after adequate extraction treatment. CBF‐SPECT data, obtained within 1 year after the drinking of contaminated well water was stopped, were analyzed by statistical parametric mapping. We also examined the relationship between variations in CBF‐SPECT signals and variations in DPAA concentrations in the hair or nails of the subjects.ResultsCompared with control subjects, CBF in symptomatic DPAA‐exposed subjects was significantly lower in the occipital lobe, including the cuneus and inferior occipital gyri. The DPAA concentration in the nails or hair of subjects was inversely and significantly related to their CBF.ConclusionThese data suggest that CBF‐SPECT may be useful as a clinical marker to infer the effect of accumulated DPAA on the brain.
Encephalitis is an important clinical component of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody associated demyelination: a single‐center cohort study in Shanghai, China
Authors: Wang L. , ZhangBao J. , Zhou L. , Zhang Y. , Li H. , Li Y. , Huang Y. , Wang M. , Lu C. , Lu J. , Zhao C. , Quan C. 
Published: August 2018

Background and purposeBesides a distinct spectrum of demyelinating syndromes, encephalitis was observed in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies (MOG‐abs).MethodsThe clinical records of 690 patients with idiopathic demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system seen in our center from June 2015 to December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. All underwent serum aquaporin 4 antibody (AQP4‐ab) and MOG‐ab detection by cell‐based assays as a routine diagnostic approach. Patients with MOG‐abs or AQP4‐abs who had ever experienced an encephalitis‐like illness during the disease course were identified. Whether diagnoses of possible or definite autoimmune encephalitis could be reached with regard to these particular episodes of encephalitis was determined. The incidence and clinical features of encephalitis in anti‐MOG disease are described in detail and compared with those in anti‐AQP4 disease.ResultsAmongst the 690 patients, 87 were MOG‐ab‐positive whilst 140 were AQP4‐ab‐positive. 20.7% (18/87) of the MOG‐ab‐positive patients had typical presentations of encephalitis. Unique cortical lesions (72.2%, 13/18) were observed; fever (55.6%), intracranial hypertension (41.2%) and cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis (64.7%) were common during MOG‐ab‐associated encephalitis. Sixteen of the 18 patients fulfilled the criteria of definite autoimmune encephalitis (specific disease with MOG‐ab) during encephalitis, and five patients overlapped with anti‐N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate‐receptor encephalitis (NMDARE). Only 3.6% (5/140) of the AQP4‐ab‐positive patients had encephalitis, and none overlapped with NMDARE. The Expanded Disability Status Scale scores and the Cerebral Functional System Scores at last follow‐up were lower in patients with MOG‐ab‐associated encephalitis than in those with AQP4‐ab‐associated encephalitis.ConclusionsEncephalitis should be recognized as an important clinical component in anti‐MOG diseases.
Impact of increased wood pellet demand on biodiversity in the south‐eastern United States
Authors: Duden Anna S. , Rubino Matthew J. , Tarr Nathan M. , Verweij Pita A. , Faaij Andre P. C. , van der Hilst Floor 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIncreasing wood pellet exports from the United States are projected to lead to changes in land use and timberland management, including a shift from natural timberland to pine plantations. These projected changes may impact biodiversity. This study aims to quantify potential biodiversity impacts of increased wood pellet demand in the south‐eastern United States in a spatially explicit manner. We determined differences according to an index of potential species richness (for total, threatened and endemic species and four taxonomic groups) between scenarios of high and low demand for wood pellets, while taking into account potential developments in other wood markets and other land uses. Increased demand for wood pellets was projected to cause both positive and negative biodiversity impacts. Negative shifts in total potential species richness were projected for areas in Florida, coastal Virginia and North Carolina, and parts of the Gulf Coast. Positive shifts in total potential species richness were projected in parts of Oklahoma and Arkansas. In some locations, the direction of change differed per taxonomic group, highlighting the importance of analysing different taxonomic groups. Shifts in potential species richness due to increased wood pellet demand were considerably smaller compared to the changes due to other drivers, such as urbanization and increased timber demand. Biodiversity impacts due to wood pellet demand should therefore be considered in the context of other drivers of land‐use change and biodiversity loss. Our results provide information that allows policymakers, industry and NGOs to focus on areas of concern and take appropriate mitigation measures to limit negative biodiversity impacts and promote positive impacts. The spatially explicit approach presented in this study can be applied to different regions and drivers of land‐use change, to show how projected demand for an internationally traded commodity may lead to impacts on land use and biodiversity in the procurement region.
Oral health and dental care of older persons—A systematic map of systematic reviews
Authors: Ástvaldsdóttir Álfheiður , Boström Anne‐Marie , Davidson Thomas , Gabre Pia , Gahnberg Lars , Sandborgh Englund Gunilla , Skott Pia , Ståhlnacke Katri , Tranæus Sofia , Wilhelmsson Hanna , Wårdh Inger , Östlund Pernilla , Nilsson Mikael 
Published: August 2018

ObjectivesTo examine the current knowledge on oral health status and dental care of older persons through a systematic mapping of systematic reviews of low or moderate risk of bias.BackgroundGeriatric dentistry covers all aspects of oral health and oral care of older persons. Oral health is part of general health and contributes to a person's physical, psychological and social wellbeing.MethodsA literature search was performed in three different databases (PubMed, The Cochrane Library and Cinahl) within 12 domains: Dental caries, periodontitis, Orofacial pain and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain, mucosal lesions, oral motor function, dry mouth, halitosis, interaction between oral status and other medical conditions, ability to interrelate and communicate, quality of life, ethics and organisation of dental care for older persons. Systematic reviews were identified and scrutinised, highlighting scientific knowledge and knowledge gaps.ResultsWe included 32 systematic reviews of which 14 were judged to be of low/moderate risk of bias. Most of the domains lack systematic reviews with low or moderate risk of bias. In two of the domains evidence was identified; in institutionalised people aged 65 or older, effective oral hygiene can prevent pneumonia. Furthermore, there is an evidence of a relationship between malnutrition (protein energy‐related malnutrition, PEM) and poor appetite and edentulousness.ConclusionsThere is an urgent need for further research and evidence‐based knowledge within most domains in geriatric dentistry and in other fields related to oral health and dental care for older persons striving for multi‐disciplinary research programmes.
Lipid moiety of glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored proteins contributes to the determination of their final destination in yeast
Authors: Yoko‐o Takehiko , Umemura Mariko , Komatsuzaki Akiko , Ikeda Kazutaka , Ichikawa Daisuke , Takase Kumiko , Kanzawa Noriyuki , Saito Kazunobu , Kinoshita Taroh , Taguchi Ryo , Jigami Yoshifumi 
Published: August 2018

AbstractYeasts have two classes of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored proteins; one is transferred to the cell wall, whereas the other is retained on the plasma membrane. The lipid moieties of the GPI in Saccharomyces cerevisiae consist of either phosphatidylinositol (PI) or inositolphosphorylceramide (IPC). Cwh43p is involved in the remodeling of lipid from PI to IPC. We found that the GPI lipid moiety of Cwp2p in wild‐type cells is PI. To elucidate the physiological role of the lipid remodeling by Cwh43p, we investigated the distribution of Gas1p and Cwp2p by immunoblotting and found that Gas1p with the PI‐form GPI lipid moiety in cwh43∆ mutant cells tends to be localized to the cell wall, suggesting that the IPC species in the GPI lipid moiety contributes to the retention of GPI‐anchored proteins on the plasma membrane. We also found that CWH43 is genetically related to TED1, which encodes a protein involved in the removal of the ethanolamine phosphate from the second mannose residue in GPI glycan moieties. We propose possible models for the physiological function of Cwh43p and Ted1p in the transfer of GPI‐anchored proteins from the plasma membrane to the cell wall.
Reducing Prison Sentencing Through Pre‐Sentence Reports? Why the Quasi‐Market Logic of ‘Selling Alternatives to Custody’ Fails
Authors: TATA CYRUS 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA central aim of successive generations of penal reformers and governments has been to reduce the use of imprisonment in relatively less serious cases. In their various guises, pre‐sentence reports (PSRs) have been a key vehicle to promote non‐custodial ‘alternatives’ to the judicial sentencer. Yet, after decades of pursuing this strategy, a significant reduction in prison sentencing remains elusive. This article suggests that the failure of this policy strategy is, at least in part, rooted in its quasi‐market logic. It tends to construct the judicial sentencer as a metaphorical consumer in a penal marketplace, to whom the report writer must convincingly ‘sell alternatives’ to custody. Applying and developing theories of consumption as a cultural practice, it is proposed that, by its very nature, a consumerist model is bound to fail to deliver penal reduction.
The Benefits of Social Capital for the Wrongfully Convicted: Considering the Promise of a Resettlement Model
Authors: HOYLE CAROLYN , TILT LAURA 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe Miscarriages of Justice Support Service (MJSS) is the only source of support and assistance provided by the State for the wrongfully convicted. Drawing on original data, this article demonstrates that while its aftercare provision has successfully met the practical needs of the wrongfully convicted, clients have emotional, psychological, and social needs that are not attended to. While the ‘rightfully’ convicted will be offered services following release from prison to help them to reintegrate into society, those released after the Court of Appeal has found their convictions to be unsafe do not receive such support. Drawing on literature that adopts a resettlement framework for ex‐prisoners, the authors argue that such an approach could better respond to the needs of the wrongfully convicted. In particular, this may help the wrongfully convicted to reconnect with social networks, to take advantage of social capital and to thereby rebuild their spoiled identities.
Effect of a single‐tufted toothbrush on the control of dental biofilm in orthodontic patients: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Cunha Luana Dias da , Peruzzo Daiane Cristina , Costa Luciana Artioli , Pereira Alex Luiz Pozzobon , Benatti Bruno Braga 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the effect of a single‐tufted toothbrush combined or not with a conventional toothbrush to control dental biofilm in healthy orthodontic patients.Materials and MethodsTwenty orthodontic patients were randomly assigned to receive three different treatments: Group 1—conventional toothbrush; Group 2—single‐tufted toothbrush and Group 3—combination of single‐tufted and conventional toothbrushes. Stained plaque index (SPI), visible plaque index (VPI) and gingival bleeding index (GBI) were recorded. The data were analysed by Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test. Wilcoxon test was used for intragroup comparison and Friedman test for the intergroup comparison (α = 5%).ResultsIntragroup analysis showed that VPI and SPI significantly decreased (P < 0.05) after 72 hour in Group 3. Anterior and posterior teeth did not show any significant statistical differences after 72 hour (P > 0.05), but VPI values in the labial surfaces were different to Group 3 (P < 0.05) in comparison with the other groups after 72 hour. Group 3 showed a statistically significant reduction (P < 0.05) for SPI in the interproximal surfaces when compared with Group 1.ConclusionThe combination of single‐tufted and conventional toothbrushes was effective for controlling dental biofilm formation in orthodontic patients.