bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective Primary Alcohol Oxidation of Lignin Streams from Butanol‐Pretreated Agricultural Waste Biomass
Authors: Panovic Isabella , Lancefield Christopher S. , Phillips Darren , Gronnow Mark J. , Westwood Nicholas J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractChemically modified lignins are important for the generation of biomass‐derived materials and as precursors to renewable aromatic monomers. A butanol‐based organosolv pretreatment has been used to convert an abundant agricultural waste product, rice husks, into a cellulose pulp and three additional product streams. One of these streams, a butanol‐modified lignin, was oxidized at the γ position to give a carboxylic acid functionalized material. Subsequent coupling of the acid with aniline aided lignin characterization and served as an example of the flexibility of this approach for grafting side chains onto a lignin core structure. The pretreatment was scaled up for use on a multi‐kilogram scale, a development that enabled the isolation of an anomeric mixture of butoxylated xylose in high purity. The robust and scalable butanosolv pretreatment has been developed further and demonstrates considerable potential for the processing of rice husks.
Supercapacitive Properties of Micropore‐ and Mesopore‐Rich Activated Carbon in Ionic‐Liquid Electrolytes with Various Constituent Ions
Authors: Nguyen Quoc Dat , Patra Jagabandhu , Hsieh Chien‐Te , Li Jianlin , Dong Quan‐Feng , Chang Jeng‐Kuei 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIonic‐liquid (IL) electrolytes, characterized by large potential windows, intrinsic ionic conductivity, low environmental hazard, and high safety, are used for micropore‐ and mesopore‐rich activated‐carbon (ACmicro and ACmeso) supercapacitors. IL electrolytes consisting of various cations [1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium (EMI+), N‐propyl‐N‐methylpyrrolidinium (PMP+), and N‐butyl‐N‐methylpyrrolidinium (BMP+)] and various anions [bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TFSI−), BF4−, and bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI−)] are investigated. The electrolyte conductivity, viscosity, and ion transport properties at the ACmicro and ACmeso electrodes are studied. In addition, the capacitance, rate capability, and cycling stability of the two types of AC electrodes are systematically examined and post‐mortem material analyses are conducted. The effects of IL composition on the charge–discharge capacitances of the ACmicro electrodes are more pronounced than those for the ACmeso electrodes. The FSI‐based IL electrolytes, for which electrochemical properties are cation dependent, are found to be promising. Incorporating EMI+ with FSI− results in a low electrolyte viscosity and a fast ion transport, giving rise to optimized electrode capacitance and rate capability. Replacing EMI+ with PMP+ increases the cell voltage (to 3.5 V) and maximum energy density (to 42 Wh kg−1) of the ACmicro cell at the cost of cycling stability.
Asymmetrical gene flow of the recently delisted passerine black‐capped vireo (Vireo atricapilla) indicates source‐sink dynamics in central Texas
Authors: Hauser Samantha S. , Walker Lauren , Leberg Paul L. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractHabitat fragmentation can produce metapopulations or source‐sink systems in which dispersal in crucial for population maintenance. Our objective was to investigate connectivity among black‐capped vireo (Vireo atricapilla) populations in tandem with a demographic study (Biological Conservation, 2016, 203, 108–118) to elucidate if central Texas populations act as a source‐sink system. We genotyped 343 individuals at 12 microsatellite loci to elucidate the movement ecology of the black‐capped vireo in central Texas surrounding Fort Hood; the largest and most stable breeding population of black‐capped vireos inhabit Fort Hood. To gain insight into gene flow among populations, we analyzed genetic differentiation, migration rates, number of migrants, and parentage. We found statistically significant, but low levels of genetic differentiation among several populations, suggesting some limited restriction to gene flow. Across approaches to estimate migration, we found consistent evidence for asymmetrical movement from Fort Hood to the other central Texas sites consistent with source‐sink dynamics. Our results are complementary to black‐capped vireo demographic studies done in tandem showing that portions of Fort Hood are acting as a source population to smaller central Texas populations.
Environmental filtering along a broad‐scale acidity gradient shapes the structure of odonate communities
Authors: Arrowsmith Julie , Shivaprakash K. Nagaraju , Larrivée Maxim , Turgeon Julie , Lessard Jean‐Philippe 
Published: December 2018

AbstractHistorical, evolutionary, and ecological processes jointly shape the structure of communities, and the relative influence of such process may vary from one region to another. Nevertheless, much of community ecology focuses on one or several communities in a given region. To assess the relative importance and the context‐dependency of processes shaping communities, studies in community ecology must be conducted across regions and along broad‐scale environmental gradients. Regionally, historical colonization and extinction events, as well as diversification, can influence community structure by shaping the pool of potential community members (i.e., the regional species pool). Locally, a suite of deterministic and stochastic processes can influence community structure. We constructed a large time‐calibrated phylogenetic tree for North American odonates and used analyses of phylogenetic community structure with explicit species pool definitions to assess the predominant processes structuring assemblages along a north–south environmental gradient spanning two biomes and 8° of latitude in eastern Canada. Phylogenetic analyses of 39 lentic (i.e., lake) odonate communities revealed that co‐occurring species were on average more closely related than expected by chance, but only in the temperate biome. In addition, site‐to‐site variation in phylogenetic structure across the temperate and boreal biomes was most strongly related to variation in water pH. The most alkaline lakes were in the temperate biome and were also the most phylogenetically clustered, suggesting that water pH acts as a main environmental filter of odonate communities. An alternative explanation was that the recent radiation of damselflies increased the diversity of this group relative to that of dragonflies in the temperate species pool, thereby leaving a signature of clustering in that biome. However, our comparative null model analyses with explicit species pool definitions at least partially ruled out this explanation. Somewhat contrary to previous hypotheses regarding the assembly of odonate communities, our results suggest that stochastic processes alone cannot account for community structure in odonates and that deterministic, niche‐based processes have a strong influence.
A water acquisition strategy may regulate the biomass and distribution of winter forage species in cold Asian rangeland
Authors: Tanaka‐Oda Ayumi , Endo Izuki , Ohte Nobuhito , Eer Deni , Yamanaka Norikazu , Hirobe Muneto , Nachinshonhor G. U. , Koyama Asuka , Jambal Sergelenkhuu , Katsuyama Masanori , Nakamura Takashi , Matsuo Naoko , Jamsran Undarmaa , Okuro Toshiya , Yoshikawa Ken 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAboveground biomass is often restricted by water availability; therefore, water acquisition strategies have important roles in determining biomass volume and distribution under arid conditions. In cold Asian rangelands, the large tussock grass Achnatherum splendens is the most important forage for maintaining livestock under severe winter conditions. However, A. splendens distribution is restricted to the middle of the slopes of ephemeral streams, making it difficult to manage winter foraging. To understand the mechanisms behind the specific distribution and maintenance of a large A. splendens biomass under arid conditions, we established four typical vegetative plots along a riverside slope with different A. splendens density levels and elevations: river bottom with no A. splendens, riverbank with a large A. splendens community, upper slope with an isolated A. splendens community, and flat plain with no A. splendens. We measured the soil pH and electric conductivity (EC) of the plots and investigated the vertical biomass and root distribution of A. splendens. We also investigated the water source for the A. splendens communities using isotope techniques. The soil pH was not different among plots, while the soil EC was significantly higher in the river bottom because of salt accumulation. However, low soil EC levels were found under the A. splendens communities. In the ground below the A. splendens communities, plant stems were buried deeply. The belowground biomass and buried stem depths decreased at the sites of the isolated A. splendens communities in the upper slope. The aboveground biomass of A. splendens increased as the stem burial depths and, therefore, the adventitious roots depths increased. The water source of A. splendens was estimated to be at a depth of more than 30 cm. Thus, A. splendens prefers a habitat with a low level of soil salinity and a high level of water availability, which may increase with the sand burial depth because of the increasing accessibility of a substantial water source in the deeper soil layer. Sand burial may affect the water acquisition strategy and maintenance of large biomasses of tussock grass species that act as important winter forage in cold Asian rangelands.
Sponge density increases with depth throughout the Caribbean
Authors: Lesser Michael P. , Slattery Marc 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMesophotic coral reefs (MCEs) are ecologically unique components of coral reef ecosystems that occur at depths from ~30 to 150 m where they support a high number of depth‐endemic species. One ecologically important taxonomic group that can, especially in the Caribbean basin, dominate these habitats are sponges where they occur throughout the shallow (<30 m) to mesophotic depth range. There are an increasing number of studies on MCEs generally, and sponges have become a focal area for many of these studies as they exhibit a number of ecological and functional traits that vary with increasing depth. Here, we use an analysis of both historical and contemporary data to test the recently described “sponges increase with depth” hypothesis. While this hypothesis has recently been rejected without benefit of any quantitative analysis, we show that the density or percent cover of sponges increases over the shallow to mesophotic depth range for multiple reef sites in the Caribbean, and also in the Pacific at selected sites. The proximate cause for this pattern appears to be the increasing availability of trophic resources, and the ability to differentially use those resources, with increasing depth. The increase in sponge density or percent cover with depth is potentially global in nature and results in diverse, and unique, sponge‐dominated communities at mesophotic depths.
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: comparison of patient characteristics and clinical outcomes within Asia and between Asia, Europe and the Americas
Authors: Dewan Pooja , Jhund Pardeep S. , Shen Li , Petrie Mark C. , Abraham William T. , Atif Ali M. , Chen Chen‐Huan , Desai Akshay S. , Dickstein Kenneth , Huang Jun , Kiatchoosakun Songsak , Kim Kee‐Sik , Køber Lars , Lai Wen‐Ter , Liao Yuhua , Mogensen Ulrik M. , Oh Byung‐Hee , Packer Milton , Rouleau Jean L. , Shi Victor , Sibulo Antonio S. , Solomon Scott D. , Sritara Piyamitr , Swedberg Karl , Tsutsui Hiroyuki , Zile Michael R. , McMurray John J.V. 
Published: December 2018

AimsNearly 60% of the world's population lives in Asia but little is known about the characteristics and outcomes of Asian patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) compared to other areas of the world.Methods and resultsWe pooled two, large, global trials, with similar design, in 13 174 patients with HFrEF (patient distribution: China 833, India 1390, Japan 209, Korea 223, Philippines 223, Taiwan 199 and Thailand 95, Western Europe 3521, Eastern Europe 4758, North America 613, and Latin America 1110). Asian patients were younger (55.0–63.9 years) than in Western Europe (67.9 years) and North America (66.6 years). Diuretics and devices were used less, and digoxin used more, in Asia. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist use was higher in China (66.3%), the Philippines (64.1%) and Latin America (62.8%) compared to Europe and North America (range 32.8% to 49.6%). The rate of cardiovascular death/heart failure hospitalization was higher in Asia (e.g. Taiwan 17.2, China 14.9 per 100 patient‐years) than in Western Europe (10.4) and North America (12.8). However, the adjusted risk of cardiovascular death was higher in many Asian countries than in Western Europe (except Japan) and the risk of heart failure hospitalization was lower in India and in the Philippines than in Western Europe, but significantly higher in China, Japan, and Taiwan.ConclusionPatient characteristics and outcomes vary between Asia and other regions and between Asian countries. These variations may reflect several factors, including geography, climate and environment, diet and lifestyle, health care systems, genetics and socioeconomic influences.
Medication dosing for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction — opportunities and challenges
Authors: Marti Catherine N. , Fonarow Gregg C. , Anker Stefan D. , Yancy Clyde , Vaduganathan Muthiah , Greene Stephen J. , Ahmed Ali , Januzzi James L. , Gheorghiade Mihai , Filippatos Gerasimos , Butler Javed 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMultiple drug classes have shown incremental benefits in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Most of these trials were designed to achieve specific doses of the investigational agent. Clinical practice guidelines recommend using the same target dosing of therapies, as tolerated. However, with the increasing number of available therapies, clinicians face the challenge of simultaneously using several drugs, achieving target doses, and managing side effects that are often overlapping. Blood pressure, renal function, hyperkalaemia, and other factors may impede achieving target doses of all medications, leaving clinicians with dilemmas as to how to sequence and dose these various classes of drugs. The guideline‐directed eligibility for certain drugs and devices requires stability on maximally tolerated doses of background therapies. However, significant variability exists in dosing achieved in clinical practice. We discuss the existing background data regarding the doses of heart failure medications in clinical trials and in practice, and provide recommendations on how to navigate this complex therapeutic decision‐making.
The prognostic value of troponin T and N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide, alone and in combination, in heart failure patients with and without diabetes
Authors: Rørth Rasmus , Jhund Pardeep S. , Kristensen Søren L. , Desai Akshay S. , Køber Lars , Rouleau Jean L. , Solomon Scott D. , Swedberg Karl , Zile Michael R. , Packer Milton , McMurray John J.V. 
Published: December 2018

AimsWe examined the prognostic importance of N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) and troponin T (TnT) in heart failure patients with and without diabetes.Methods and resultsWe measured NT‐proBNP and TnT in the biomarker substudy of the Prospective Comparison of ARNI With ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure trial (PARADIGM‐HF). Of 1907 patients, 759 (40%) had diabetes. Median TnT in patients with diabetes was 18 (interquartile range 11–27) ng/L and 13 (9–21) ng/L in those without (P < 0.001). The TnT frequency‐distribution curve was shifted to the right in patients with diabetes, compared to those without diabetes. By contrast, NT‐proBNP did not differ between patients with and without diabetes. Diabetes and each biomarker were predictive of worse outcomes. Thus, patients with diabetes, an elevated TnT and a NT‐proBNP level in the highest tertile (9% of all patients) had an absolute risk of cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization of 265 per 1000 person‐years, compared to a rate of 42 per 1000 person‐years in those without diabetes, a TnT < 18 ng/L and a NT‐proBNP in the lowest tertile (16% of all patients). TnT remained an independent predictor of adverse outcomes in multivariable analyses including NT‐proBNP.ConclusionTnT is elevated to a greater extent in heart failure patients with diabetes compared to those without (whereas NT‐proBNP is not). TnT and NT‐proBNP are additive in predicting risk and when combined help identify diabetes patients at extremely high absolute risk.
One‐step Electrodeposition of Tris(hydroxymethyl) Aminomethane – Prussian Blue on Screen‐printed Electrode for Highly Efficient Detection of Glycosylated Hemoglobin
Authors: Shi Qianwei , Teng Yuanjie , Hu Zhenzhen , Zhang Yuchao , Liu Wenhan 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn this work, the modified Prussian blue (PB) film showed more stable performance in alkaline solution by one‐step electrodepositon of PB with tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Tris) on screen‐printed electrode (SPE). The morphology and structure of the modified Tris‐PB/SPE was characterized by scanning electronic microscopy, infra spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction. It was inferred that the Tris particles embedded in the PB deposit layer resulted in the change of PB structure and improve its stability in alkaline solution. And then, the modified Tris‐PB/SPE was applied in the detection of Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). The optimum experimental conditions are pH 7.5, 100 mV/s, 4 μL FAOD and 5 min reaction time. The linearship of HbA1c is i=22.90 C+101.9 in the range of 0.1–2 mmol/L. Comparing with PB/SPE, Tris‐PB/SPE shows better sensitivity and recovery.
The role of fork stalling and DNA structures in causing chromosome fragility
Authors: Kaushal Simran , Freudenreich Catherine H. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAlternative non‐B form DNA structures, also called secondary structures, can form in certain DNA sequences under conditions that produce single‐stranded DNA, such as during replication, transcription, and repair. Direct links between secondary structure formation, replication fork stalling, and genomic instability have been found for many repeated DNA sequences that cause disease when they expand. Common fragile sites (CFSs) are known to be AT‐rich and break under replication stress, yet the molecular basis for their fragility is still being investigated. Over the past several years, new evidence has linked both the formation of secondary structures and transcription to fork stalling and fragility of CFSs. How these two events may synergize to cause fragility and the role of nuclease cleavage at secondary structures in rare and CFSs are discussed here. We also highlight evidence for a new hypothesis that secondary structures at CFSs not only initiate fragility but also inhibit healing, resulting in their characteristic appearance.
Linear mixed models for association analysis of quantitative traits with next‐generation sequencing data
Authors: Chiu Chi‐yang , Yuan Fang , Zhang Bing‐song , Yuan Ao , Li Xin , Fang Hong‐Bin , Lange Kenneth , Weeks Daniel E. , Wilson Alexander F. , Bailey‐Wilson Joan E. , Musolf Anthony M. , Stambolian Dwight , Lakhal‐Chaieb M'Hamed Lajmi , Cook Richard J. , McMahon Francis J. , Amos Christopher I. , Xiong Momiao , Fan Ruzong 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe develop linear mixed models (LMMs) and functional linear mixed models (FLMMs) for gene‐based tests of association between a quantitative trait and genetic variants on pedigrees. The effects of a major gene are modeled as a fixed effect, the contributions of polygenes are modeled as a random effect, and the correlations of pedigree members are modeled via inbreeding/kinship coefficients. ‐statistics and
χ
2 likelihood ratio test (LRT) statistics based on the LMMs and FLMMs are constructed to test for association. We show empirically that the ‐distributed statistics provide a good control of the type I error rate. The ‐test statistics of the LMMs have similar or higher power than the FLMMs, kernel‐based famSKAT (family‐based sequence kernel association test), and burden test famBT (family‐based burden test). The ‐statistics of the FLMMs perform well when analyzing a combination of rare and common variants. For small samples, the LRT statistics of the FLMMs control the type I error rate well at the nominal levels and . For moderate/large samples, the LRT statistics of the FLMMs control the type I error rates well. The LRT statistics of the LMMs can lead to inflated type I error rates. The proposed models are useful in whole genome and whole exome association studies of complex traits.
Geochemical and geological characteristics of the granitic batholith and Yuku concealed Mo–W deposit at the southern margin of the North China Craton
Authors: Guo Bo , Yan Changhai , Zhang Shouting , Han Jiangwei , Yun Hui , Tan Heyong , Song Qinchang , Meng Fanxue 
Published: December 2018

Integrated gravity and magnetic prospecting in the Luanchuan ore cluster by the Henan Institute of Geological Survey has led to the recent discovery of the Yuku concealed porphyry Mo–W deposit. This research focuses on the geological, geochemical, and chronological features of the Yuku deposit, and it discusses the genesis of the deposit and its associated concealed granitic batholith. Skarn and/or hornfels occur in the contact zone between the granitic batholith and the wall rocks. The Mo mineralization is mostly hosted in porphyritic granites, whereas the large Mo–W deposits of the area (e.g., the Nannihu–Sandaozhuang Mo–W deposit) are mostly hosted in the skarn and hornfels. The laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) zircon U–Pb dating constrained three episodes of magmatic emplacement: (a) the porphyritic biotite monzogranite at 153.1 ± 1.2 Ma, (b) the ore‐causative porphyritic syenogranite at 147.1 ± 1.3 to 148.0 ± 1.6 Ma, and (c) the last porphyritic monzogranite at 130.0 ± 1.3 Ma. The granitic batholiths have high contents of SiO2, Al2O3, and K2O + Na2O, obvious fractionation between the light and heavy rare earth elements [(La/Yb)N = 17.3–37.3], a negative Eu anomaly (δEu = 0.62–0.84), enrichment in Rb, Th, U, and Sr, and depletion of P and Ti. These features indicate the fractionation of plagioclase, amphibole, garnet, and rutile from the primary magmas or as residues in the source. The εHf(t) isotopic values of the zircons are concentrated between −21 and −13, with corresponding two‐stage model ages (tDM2) between 2.1 and 1.7 Ga. The above characteristics indicate that the granitic batholiths were derived from the partial melting of the thickened lower crust during the Mesozoic to Cenozoic. The ore‐forming fluids emplaced in the contact zone between the batholith and the wall rocks resulted in the metasomatic alteration and the deposition of Mo–W mineralization.