bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Waste Water Treatment at the WACKER CHEMIE Chemical-Petrochemical Plant, Burghausen, F.R.G.
Authors: Huber L. J. 
Published: May 2018

Waste water treatment in larger chemical and petrochemical plants affords the application of all available technologies for pollution abatement.
Elimination of conventional and priority pollutants down to low concentrations in the effluent is necessary in the F.R.G. for the protection of surface waters. Special care is directed at chlorinated hydrocarbons.
The WACKER-CHEMIE plant at Burghausen which produces especially chlorinated and organic silicon compounds uses a great number of in-plant measures, pretreatment steps and finally a two-stage biological purification to attain a high effluent quality. Important in-plant measures comprise the perchlorination of all significant chloro-hydrocarbon residues and the conversion to tetrachloroethylene and the reclamation of hydrogenchloride in the production of vinylchloride. Waste waters from the manufacture of chlorinated hydrocarbons are pre-treated by steam stripping or adsorbtion to macromolecular resins. Final treatment is effected by purification in a high rate activated sludge plant followed by an aerated lagoon.
Optimizing Nitrification in Aeration Basins with Surface Aerators
Authors: Maier W. , Krauth Kh 
Published: May 2018

The detailed evaluation of the data from the daily logbooks of municipal clarification plants led to the finding that the nitrification capability of the plants is in essence dependent on the BOD5- and nitrogen sludge load. The evaluation of the data showed that, above all, aeration units with surface aerators did not operate well in respect to nitrification. Comprehensive investigations of different clarification plants led to the identification of shortages in the oxygen content of the aeration basins as the main reason for these deficiencies.
The detailed examination of the results of these investigations shows clearly that in order to maintain low levels of ammonia nitrogen in the effluent, more attention must be paid to the factors influencing the oxygen concentration and distribution.
Variability of Toxic Trace Contaminants in Municipal Sewage Treatment Plants
Authors: Melcer Henryk , Monteith Hugh , Nutt Stephen G. 
Published: May 2018

The variability of toxic trace contaminants in influents and effluents at three full-scale municipal sewage treatment plants was measured by collecting grab samples of degritted raw wastewater and non-chlorinated secondary effluent at two hour intervals over eight consecutive days. The samples were analyzed for metals, conventional contaminants and a range of organic trace contaminants.
The metals and volatile organic compounds were the dominant contaminants found in the influents. In the effluents, organic concentrations were close to detectable levels and polyaromatic hydrocarbons were almost never detected. Some influent metal and organic contaminants varied diurnally while others appeared to fluctuate randomly with periodic spike inputs. The variability of most effluent trace contaminant concentrations was considerably attenuated in comparison to influent concentrations.
Natural Tracers to Determine the Origin of Sediments and Suspended Matter from the Elbe Estuary
Authors: Salomons W. , Schwedhelm E. , Schoer J. , Knauth H. 
Published: May 2018

The clay mineral composition, the concentrations of carbonates, the proportions of carbon and oxygen isotopes in carbonates and organic matter as well as the concentrations of different elements have been used to determine the origin of several grain size fractions of the sediment and the suspended matter from the Elbe estuary.
The clay mineral composition, especially the smectite-kaolinite proportion, demonstrated that solid material ≤µ* from the North Sea is transported up the river, about 50 km beyond the average position of the salt wedge. As far as the fraction 2-20µ is concerned, the upward transport of North Sea material was proved by the calcite concentration, the Ca:Sr proportion in total particulates and the isotopic composition of the carbonates, demonstrating a transport of at least 40 km beyond the marine water limit. The transport behavior of the grain size fraction 20-63µ could be determined by the Hf concentration. In this case, the distance of the transport beyond the salt wedge was around 30 km. The isotopic composition of the carbonates confirmed the landward transport of this fraction. The organic matter in the coarser fractions was partly derived from debris of marsh vegetation. Due to the contribution of sources within the estuary, information obtained from this tracer pertained to the origin of the organic matter only.
The results demonstrate the mixing between marine and fluvial sediments and transport of marine sediments past the salt wedge. This physical process occurs with chemical processes responsible for the observed decrease of pollutants concentrations in solid matter along the estuary. Additionally, the different amounts of the upstream transport distances of the investigated grain size fractions support the hypothesis of settling and scour lag induced particulate transport.
Microbial Transformations of Azaarenes in Creosote-Contaminated Soil and Ground Water: Laboratory and Field Studies
Authors: Pereira Wilfred E. , Rostad Colleen E. , Updegraff David M. , Bennett Jon L. 
Published: May 2018

Azaarenes or aromatic nitrogen heterocycles are a class of compounds found in wood-preservative wastes containing creosote. The fate and movement of these compounds in contaminated aquifers is not well understood. Water-quality studies in an aquifer contaminated with creosote near Pensacola, Florida, indicated that ground water was contaminated with several azaarenes and their oxygenated and alkylated derivatives, suggesting that these oxygenated compounds may be products of microbial transformation reactions. Accordingly, laboratory studies were designed to investigate the fate of these compounds.
Under aerobic conditions, soil pseudomonads isolated from creosote-contaminated soil converted quinoline to 2(lH)quinolinone that subsequently was degraded to unknown products. A methanogenic consortium isolated from an anaerobic sewage digestor, in presence of ground-water and creosote-contaminated soil, converted quinoline, isoquinoline, and 4-methylquinoline to their respective oxygenated analogs. In addition, N-, C-, and O-methylated analogs of oxygenated azaarenes were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in anaerobic cultures. Under the experimental conditions, 2-methylquinoline was biorefractory. Presence of similar biotransformation products in anaerobic cultures and contaminated ground water from the Pensacola site provided further evidence that these compounds indeed were microbial transformation products.
Stable isotope labeling studies indicated that the source of the oxygen atom for this hydroxylation reaction under aerobic and anaerobic conditions was water. A mechanism was proposed for this hydroxylation reaction. Whereas parent azaarenes are biodegradable in both anaerobic and aerobic zones, oxygenated and alkylated analogs are more biorefractory and, hence, persistent in anaerobic zones of contaminated aquifers.
Enteric Virus: Risk Assessment of Ocean Disposal of Sewage Sludge
Authors: Gerba Charles P. , Goyal Sagar M. 
Published: May 2018

Densely populated coastal regions of the world generate large quantities of domestic sewage sludge which is often disposed into the marine environment. Present in these wastes are human pathogenic viruses which are capable of surviving for prolonged periods of time in the marine environment and transmitting disease to humans by a number of potential routes of which swimming and consumption of marine foods are the most significant.
Hepatitis A virus and Norwalk virus outbreaks associated with shellfish consumption continue to occur in the United States. Three separate epidemiological studies have also shown an association between shellfish consumption and increased risk of hepatitis A infection in consumers. An epidemiological association between non-A and non-B hepatitis has also been demonstrated.
A review of the risks of infection, clinical illness and mortality associated with enteroviruses suggests that the presence of these viruses in shellfish and bathing waters presents a significant risk to the consumer.
Management of Water Quality in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
Authors: Woodley Simon 
Published: May 2018

The Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef system in the world. It is recognised and appreciated worldwide as a unique environment and for this reason has been inscribed on the World Heritage List. The Reef is economically-important to Queensland and Australia, supporting substantial tourism and fishing industries. Management of the Great Barrier Reef to ensure conservation of its natural qualities in perpetuity is achieved through the establishment of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park.
The maintenance of water quality to protect the reef and the industries which depend on it is becoming an increasingly important management issue requiring better knowledge and possibly new standards of treatment and discharge.
Baroon Pocket Dam (Australia) Recreation Strategy: An Approach to a Plan
Authors: Wight W. V. 
Published: May 2018

Baroon Pocket Dam is a water supply reservoir being constructed by the Landsborough Maroochy Water Supply Board in the hinterland of the Sunshine Coast of Queensland.
Sinclair Knight and Partners was engaged to assess recreational opportunities and to prepare a management plan giving due regard to:the existing occupation of the catchmentthe picturesque nature of the localitythe current popularity of the locality for tourists and day trip visitors, andthe rare opportunity for “white water” recreation downstream.
Assessment of opportunities and constraints included adaptation of “Outdoor Recreational Opportunity Spectrum” techniques. As the stored water will require extensive treatment in any case, the nature and intensity of recreation was found to be constrained by factors other than water quality. Opinion gathered through public submissions and discussions with user groups was overwhelmingly opposed to motorised activity.
Tranquility and maintenance of the visual setting were valued highly. The retention of land in private ownership in close proximity to the ponded area imposed further constraints on recreation management.
A Review of Water Quality and Management Problems in Canal Estates in Western Australia
Authors: Atkins R. P. 
Published: May 2018

Canal estates are located on the Peel-Harvey Estuarine System, a nutrient enriched waterbody with excessive growths of both macroalgae and phytoplankton. Yunderup Canals have poor water quality exhibiting typical symptoms including frequent phytoplankton blooms, depressed oxygen levels, odour emissions and fish kills.
Water in Waterside Mandurah Canals is marginally poorer than that in the Peel Inlet Channel but within an acceptable range. The difference between developments is related to the proximity of the ocean and therefore tidal action. Canal water quality projections are made and several management options evaluated.
Rainfall Time Series for Storm Overflow Assessment
Authors: Henderson R. J. 
Published: May 2018

With increasing emphasis on the polluting effects of combined sewer overflows the engineer needs to be able to quantify the frequency, rates, volumes and durations of overflow discharge during day to day rainfall conditions. The performance of an existing combined sewer and its associated overflows may now be assessed using a simulation model of the system, together with recently developed rainfall time series representing a typical year of rainfall for a number of UK regions.
This paper reviews potential applications of the series and describes the development and practical use of the series with the WASSP-SIM sewer flow model. A technique is outlined which allows assessment of pollutant loadings to waters receiving storm overflow discharges.
Practical Performance of Various Systems for Small-Scale Waste Water Treatment during a Two-Year Field Test
Authors: van der Graaf Jaap H. J. M. , Fastenau Frits A. , van Bergen Annette H. M. 
Published: May 2018

Diffuse pollution, caused by direct discharges from individual houses or groups of houses for which connection to central waste water treatment systems is not feasible, may be significantly reduced by on-site treatment. The performances of 14 different systems for on-site treatment in the range of 5-200 population equivalents (p.e.) in the Netherlands were tested over a two-year period of field research.
Treatment results showed reasonably comparable removal percentages in relation to large systems, the effluent quality however may not be as good due to higher influent concentrations. Significant differences in treatment, operation and maintenance aspects were recorded, causing some systems to be preferred to others. A further evaluation involving costs is currently being carried out.
The feasibility of wide-spread application of small treatment plants may depend more on financial, management and organizational aspects than on technological aspects.
Behaviour and Modelling of NTA Degradation in Activated Sludge Systems
Authors: Siegrist H. , Alder A. , Gujer W. , Giger W. 
Published: May 2018

The general model for single-sludge wastewater treatment systems of the IAWPRC task group (Henze et al., 1987) was extended to describe the biological degradation of NTA and adsorption of NTA onto activated sludge based on literature studies and experiments undertaken at the Glatt wastewater treatment plant (waste water discharge: Q = 55 - 60 000 m3/d, 110 000 inhabitants) for the city of Zurich. During two days, the behaviour and diurnal load variation of nitrilotriacetate (NTA), zinc, lead and copper were analyzed on one lane (volume = 1 812 m3, Q = 14 700 m3/d) of the four parallel lanes used in secondary treatment.
The plant had a sludge age of about 3.6 days and was partly nitrifying (wastewater temperature = 10-11 °C). The average daily load of NTA for the investigated lane was 14 kg NTA/d, corresponding to 0.5 g NTA/person.d. The influent concentration varied between 300 and 1 500 µg NTA/l. NTA was biologically degraded up to 97 %.
Between 12 am and 2 pm of the second day 17 kg NTA (120 % of the daily load of one lane) had been added to the primary effluent. During 4 to 5 hours the biological NTA degradation was saturated and four times more than the daily average of NTA was degraded. Zinc and lead did increase in the secondary effluent during the NTA shock loading.
Hydraulic Performance and Control of Pollutants Discharged from a Combined Sewer Storage Overflow
Authors: Saul A. J. , Thornton R. C. 
Published: May 2018

The development of the Wallingford Procedure WASSP (1981) and the MOSQITO (Moys 1987) models will provide the sewerage engineer with design tools to assess the quantitative and qualitative performance of sewer systems. As part of the development of such a quality model, the University of Manchester, financed by the Water Research centre and North West Water, have undertaken a fieldwork program of research to monitor the hydraulic performance and the temporal variation of pollutants in the inflow and the overflow at five combined sewage overflows in the North West of England. These projects are integrated into the program of research co-ordinated by the River Basin Management group at WRc Engineering.
This paper describes the instrumentation used at a typical field site and illustrates the monitored temporal variation of pollutants for a number of storm events. These results show the complexity of the monitored pollutographs and highlight the large number of variables which influence combined sewer quality. Using data monitored in 1986, it is hypothesised that the long term impact of combined sewer discharges on receiving waters may be estimated from the flow retention performance and some estimate of annual average pollutant concentration. To predict the short term impact on river quality it is necessary to consider the complex processes associated with combined sewer flow and to include the separation performance of the overflow structure.
The Application of a Water Quality Index to River Management
Authors: Tyson J. M. , House M. A. 
Published: May 2018

River water quality in the United Kingdom is categorised within a five class system developed in 1978 (NWC). This system suffers from problems of subjectivity, reproducibility and sensitivity which limit its value in identifying benefits of management practice. It was expected, in North West Water Authority (NWWA), that use of the Water Quality Index (WQI) developed by House (1986) would meet information requirements for the management of river water quality.
Application of the WQI to data, drawn from a selection of river reaches typifying a range of river qualities, has shown that the Index fulfils many of the requirements of operational managers and adds to the overall information derived.
Impact of Further Impoundments on the Oxygen Balance and Water Quality of the Danube in Germany
Authors: Müller D. , Kirchesch V. 
Published: May 2018

The construction of two or three impounding dams in the remaining freely flowing reach (73 km) of the Danube is under discussion. The purpose of these impoundments is to guarantee a minimum navigable depth of 3 m needed for modern cargo ships and to produce electric power. The impact of these developments is discussed on the basis of experience with similar impoundments further upstream and of the results from water quality model calculations. The mathematical model used is of the deterministic type, calculating the growth of slowly-growing organisms (nitrifying bacteria, algae and zooplanktons) according to MONOD and MICHAELIS-MENTEN.
Compared with impoundments on other German rivers or the Iron Gate impoundments on the Danube, the effect of the impoundments under discussion on water quality parameters is likely to be fairly small, reflecting the slight changes in morphology which would be necessary for attaining the water depth required. Therefore, the more important effects of these developments would be the changes in the ecologic situation at the river bed and near the banks of the river.
Water Quality of the Danube in Hungary and its Major Determining Factors
Authors: Varga P. , Abraham M. , Simor J. 
Published: May 2018

Three District Water Authorities cover the whole Hungarian stretch of the Danube. Since the formation of the monitoring network fifteen years ago, the water quality has been observed at fifteen sampling points. Throughout this time, sampling has been performed under different hydrometeorological conditions.
Based on these investigations, it was found that the quality of the river was influenced equally by the local and the hydrometeorological conditions. Major pollution sources are: the sewage from Bratislava, Györ and Budapest; the paper pulp, chemical, and sugar beet factories in the Slovakian catchment; the Hungarian chemical, petro-chemical, and food industries; and non-point source pollution from agriculture. The effects of these sources depend on the degree of wastewater treatment, and on the mixing rate. The waste loads provide a continuous source of nutrients, giving rise to bacterial proliferation. The organic nitrate and phosphorus loads are increasing, which is compensated for by biodegradation.
In the winter, when the water temperature falls below 10°C and solar radiation is low, saprobic conditions characterize the water quality. In the summer, when solar radiation and temperature increase, trophic conditions determine the water quality. Thus, in winter the ammonia content increases, but in the spring, nitrification starts to improve and, especially in the lower reaches, algal overproduction can be detected. This situation changes during flood periods, when the concentration of polluting material is decreased by dilution, and at the same time, the high level of suspended solids inhibits the growth of organisms needing solar radiation. The most unfavourable water quality conditions occur in the winter low-flow period, when problems may occur in drinking water supply if the water is chlorinated.
Impacts of River Training on the Quality of Bank-Filtered Waters
Authors: László F. , Homonnay Zs , Zimonyi M. 
Published: May 2018

The impacts of river training and gravel dredging on the quality of bank filtered waters are considered along the Danube sections upstream and downstream of Budapest, where important sources of drinking water are situated.
Case studies are presented to show that training structures and dredging operations affect the hydraulic conditions in the river that are conducive to silting in areas with reduced flow velocities. Adverse hydrochemical changes occur in the silted filter layer, especially the dissolution of iron and manganese,and higher concentrations of ammonium-ion are observable. Dredging tends to disrupt the biologically active filter layer, while the ensuing bed degradation causes changes in the inflow ratio, increasing the proportion of polluted groundwater from the background areas in the wells.
Sedimentation in the Reservoir of the Altenwoerth Hydropower Plant
Authors: Nachtnebel H. P. , Summer W. , Mueller H. , Schwaighofer B. 
Published: May 2018

This paper addresses two objectives. The first objective is to describe the sedimentation process in the reservoir of the hydropower scheme Altenwoerth. It is located on the Austrian part of the Danube about 60 km upstream from Vienna. Starting in 1976 the aggradation of the river bed has been monitored annually to estimate the sedimentation rate along a longitudinal section in the reservoir. Further, cores were taken over the whole sediment layer to analyse the grain size distribution, the bulk density, the mineralogic structure of the sediment and the heavy metal concentrations in the layer. It was found that the annual average sedimentation of suspended material amounts to 390 000 m3/a. The grain size of the samples vary from well sorted sands to poorly sorted, clay rich sediments. The heavy metal concentrations refer to the fraction less than 20 µ m. In comparison to the guidelines for sewage sludge disposal the observed heavy metal content of zn and Pb is slightly above the respective limits.
The second objective is to demonstrate the application of a one dimensional sedimentation model which describes the accumulation over the operation period from 1976 to 1985. The model is related to the unit stream power concept and is based on the transport capacity equation of Engelund and Hansen. The model yields satisfying results for both the quantity of the sediment and also its gradation.