bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemistry of a newly detected circumbinary disk in Ophiuchus
Authors: Artur de la Villarmois Elizabeth , Kristensen Lars E. , Jørgensen Jes K. , Bergin Edwin A. , Brinch Christian , Frimann Søren , Harsono Daniel , Sakai Nami , Yamamoto Satoshi 
Published: February 2018

Context. Astronomers recently started discovering exoplanets around binary systems. Therefore, understanding the formation and evolution of circumbinary disks and their environment is crucial for a complete scenario of planet formation.
Aims. The purpose of this paper is to present the detection of a circumbinary disk around the system Oph-IRS67 and analyse its chemical and physical structure.
Methods. We present high-angular-resolution (0.′′4, ~60 AU) observations of C17O, H13CO+, C34S, SO2, C2H and c−C3H2 molecular transitions with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) at wavelengths of 0.8 mm. The spectrally and spatially resolved maps reveal the kinematics of the circumbinary disk as well as its chemistry. Molecular abundances are estimated using the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) radiative-transfer tool RADEX.
Results. The continuum emission agrees with the position of Oph-IRS67 A and B, and reveals the presence of a circumbinary disk around the two sources. The circumbinary disk has a diameter of ~620 AU and is well traced by C17O and H13CO+ emission. Two further molecular species, C2H and c−C3H2, trace a higher-density region which is spatially offset from the sources (~430 AU). Finally, SO2 shows compact and broad emission around only one of the sources, Oph-IRS67 B. The molecular transitions which trace the circumbinary disk are consistent with a Keplerian profile on smaller disk scales (≲200 AU) and an infalling profile for larger envelope scales (≳200 AU). The Keplerian fit leads to an enclosed mass of 2.2 M⊙. Inferred CO abundances with respect to H2 are comparable to the canonical ISM value of 2.7 × 10−4, reflecting that freeze-out of CO in the disk midplane is not significant.
Conclusions. Molecular emission and kinematic studies prove the existence and first detection of the circumbinary disk associated with the system Oph-IRS67. The high-density region shows a different chemistry than the disk, being enriched in carbon chain molecules. The lack of methanol emission agrees with the scenario where the extended disk dominates the mass budget in the innermost regions of the protostellar envelope, generating a flat density profile where less material is exposed to high temperatures, and thus, complex organic molecules would be associated with lower column densities. Finally, Oph-IRS67 is a promising candidate for proper motion studies and the detection of both circumstellar disks with higher-angular-resolution observations.
Combined Frontotemporal Transbasal Approach for the Resection of a Giant Rathke's Cleft Cyst: Operative Video and Technical Nuances
Authors: Liu James 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe present a case of a giant Rathke's cleft cyst with significant superior extension into the third and right lateral ventricles and lateral extension into the left Sylvian fissure and over the anterior clinoid process. An extended modification of the frontotemporal approach was performed using a combined frontotemporal transbasal approach. This allowed wide exposure to both transsylvian and subfrontal corridors to the retrochiasmatic space. This video atlas demonstrates the operative technique and surgical nuances of the skull base approach, microdissection of the tumor, and safe handling of the neurovascular structures. A gross total resection was achieved and the patient was neurologically intact with improved visual acuity. In summary, the combined frontotemporal transbasal approach is an important strategy in the armamentarium for the surgical management of giant Rathke's cleft cysts.The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/UjhnUZVi03I.
Die Beiträge des DDR-Sportmediziners und Nervenarztes Bernhard Schwarz (1918–1991) zum Boxen
Authors: Bart Katrin , Steinberg Holger 
Published: February 2018

ZusammenfassungDiese vorliegende Studie beschäftigt sich erstmals mit dem DDR-Sportmediziner und Nervenarzt Bernhard Schwarz. Es werden die von Schwarz zwischen 1953 und 1966 vorgelegten Arbeiten über den Boxsport und dessen gesundheitliche Folgen, insbesondere das Schädel-Hirn-Trauma, vorgestellt, analysiert und in den Kontext der heute hoch aktuellen Diskussion gestellt. Dabei zeigt sich, dass Schwarz, Lehrstuhlinhaber und Direktor der Klinik für Psychiatrie an der Universität Leipzig sowie Arzt der DDR-Boxnationalmannschaft, früh aufgrund eigener systematischer klinischer Reihenuntersuchungen auf die gesundheitlichen Gefahren dieses Sports hinwies. Durch eine engmaschige und geschulte Begleitung des Sportlers sowohl durch den Trainer als auch durch den Arzt, sowie durch Änderungen der Wettkampfbedingungen meinte er die Gefahren für den Sportler deutlich minimieren zu können und trat somit gegen ein Verbot des Boxens ein. Insbesondere griff Schwarz Vorschläge zur Prävention auf und erweiterte sie durch eigene Forderungen. Diese stimmen bemerkenswert in Vielem mit den heute gültigen Regularien zur Risikominimierung überein. Zu diesen Vorschlägen gehörte beispielsweise, dass der Ringarzt eine qualifizierte Ausbildung erhalten müsse, um Zustände einer Gefährdung zu erkennen. Eine auch in diesem Sinne zu erwerbende Lizenz ist heute Voraussetzung für den Arzt, um die Sportler betreuen zu dürfen. Des Weiteren verfolgte Schwarz das Konzept einer ganzheitlichen Medizin. Er forderte, dass die Boxer vielseitig zu trainieren hätten und bei Verletzungen umfassend zu behandeln seien. Dabei spielte für den Nervenarzt die Psychotherapie eine große Rolle. Der Rehabilitation maß er eine Schlüsselfunktion bei, deren therapeutisches Ziel erst erreicht sei, wenn die soziale und berufliche Wiedereingliederung des Patienten gelinge.
Brain-to-brain coupling during handholding is associated with pain reduction
Authors: Goldstein Pavel , Weissman-Fogel Irit , Dumas Guillaume , Shamay-Tsoory Simone G. 
Published: February 2018

Significance
The mechanisms that underlie social touch analgesia are largely unknown. Here, we apply a hyperscanning approach with real-life interaction of dyads to examine the association between brain-to-brain coupling and pain relief. Our findings indicate that hand-holding during pain increases the brain-to-brain coupling network that correlates with the magnitude of the analgesia and the observer’s empathic accuracy. These findings make a unique contribution to our understanding of physiological mechanisms of touch-related analgesia.
Interferometric mapping of material properties using thermal perturbation
Authors: Goetz Georges , Ling Tong , Gupta Tushar , Kang Seungbum , Wang Jenny , Gregory Patrick D. , Park B. Hyle , Palanker Daniel 
Published: February 2018

Significance
Rapid, accurate, and nondestructive mapping of material properties is of great interest in many fields, with applications ranging from detection of defects or other subsurface features in semiconductors to estimating temperature rise in various tissue layers during laser therapy. We demonstrate the speed and precision of two interferometric techniques, quantitative phase imaging and phase-resolved optical coherence tomography, in recording optical phase changes induced by energy deposition in various materials. Such phase perturbations can be used to infer sample properties, ranging from absorption and temperature maps to distribution of electric field or resistivity. We derive the theoretical sensitivity limits of such techniques and demonstrate their applicability to the mapping of absorption coefficients, temperature, and electric fields in synthetic and biological samples.
Social norm enforcement in ethnically diverse communities
Authors: Winter Fabian , Zhang Nan 
Published: February 2018

Significance
How does ethnic diversity influence the maintenance of social norms in complex, Western societies? We provide evidence from a natural field experiment examining reactions to norm violations in multiethnic German neighborhoods. We uncover asymmetric patterns of norm enforcement in interethnic encounters: “Native” Germans are more active in sanctioning norm violations, while ethnic minorities are more likely to be targeted for sanctions. We link these dynamics to prevailing status inequalities between minorities and natives in German society. We further show that, as a consequence of such asymmetries, social control tends to rise with ethnic diversity.
Direct observation of backbone planarization via side-chain alignment in single bulky-substituted polythiophenes
Authors: Raithel Dominic , Simine Lena , Pickel Sebastian , Schötz Konstantin , Panzer Fabian , Baderschneider Sebastian , Schiefer Daniel , Lohwasser Ruth , Köhler Jürgen , Thelakkat Mukundan , Sommer Michael , Köhler Anna , Rossky Peter J. , Hildner Richard 
Published: February 2018

Significance
Conjugated polymers are promising materials for flexible electronics and photovoltaics. Recent progress in polymer design led to a rise in device efficiency. Tailoring intramolecular interactions is a central design element, which allows fine-tuning of optical and electronic properties. However, prediction and measurement of intrinsic properties of newly synthesized polymers is challenging, as they are often hidden by ensemble effects. Single-molecule spectroscopy allows revelation of the intrinsic changes upon chemical modification, here specifically a variation of the side chains. Surprisingly, a more disordered, bulky side chain leads to a higher order and better conjugation within the electronically active backbone of a single chain. This study gives detailed insights into changes in photophysical properties and suggests new ideas for synthesis.
Reforestation can sequester two petagrams of carbon in US topsoils in a century
Authors: Nave Lucas E. , Domke Grant M. , Hofmeister Kathryn L. , Mishra Umakant , Perry Charles H. , Walters Brian F. , Swanston Christopher W. 
Published: February 2018

Significance
Forestland in the United States is a carbon (C) sink, offsetting ∼10% of annual greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change. Most of the C in forests is held in soils, and the capacity of forest soils to sequester C makes them a major component of the US forest C sink. Where reforestation is presently occurring, either through deliberate replanting after forestland is disturbed (e.g., burned), or where previously nonforested lands (e.g., cultivated) are converting to forestland, topsoils are accumulating C. However, these C accumulation rates are poorly constrained; quantifying them with empirical data are critical to accurately represent the role of reforestation in the US C budget and forecast the longevity of the US forest C sink.
Inorganic phosphate, arsenate, and vanadate enhance exonuclease transcript cleavage by RNA polymerase by 2000-fold
Authors: Gottesman Max E. , Mustaev Arkady 
Published: February 2018

Significance
To understand how RNA polymerase (RNAP) can synthesize or degrade RNA, and how these processes are regulated, it is necessary to elucidate the catalytic mechanisms of these reactions. Catalysis is sensitive to external factors that modulate the rate of polymerization or hydrolytic attack on the RNA. Here we report that a ubiquitous cellular metabolite, inorganic phosphate, stimulates RNAP exonuclease transcript cleavage activity nearly 2,000-fold. This finding represents a stunning example of how simple cellular molecules can reprogram an enzyme’s active center by providing functional groups and suggests an additional important role for inorganic phosphate in cell biology.
A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants
Authors: Palkopoulou Eleftheria , Lipson Mark , Mallick Swapan , Nielsen Svend , Rohland Nadin , Baleka Sina , Karpinski Emil , Ivancevic Atma M. , To Thu-Hien , Kortschak R. Daniel , Raison Joy M. , Qu Zhipeng , Chin Tat-Jun , Alt Kurt W. , Claesson Stefan , Dalén Love , MacPhee Ross D. E. , Meller Harald , Roca Alfred L. , Ryder Oliver A. , Heiman David , Young Sarah , Breen Matthew , Williams Christina , Aken Bronwen L. , Ruffier Magali , Karlsson Elinor , Johnson Jeremy , Di Palma Federica , Alfoldi Jessica , Adelson David L. , Mailund Thomas , Munch Kasper , Lindblad-Toh Kerstin , Hofreiter Michael , Poinar Hendrik , Reich David 
Published: February 2018

SignificanceElephantids were once among the most widespread megafaunal families. However, only three species of this family exist today. To reconstruct their evolutionary history, we generated 14 genomes from living and extinct elephantids and from the American mastodon. While previous studies examined only simple bifurcating relationships, we found that gene flow between elephantid species was common in the past. Straight-tusked elephants descend from a mixture of three ancestral populations related to the ancestor of African elephants, woolly mammoths, and present-day forest elephants. We detected interbreeding between North American woolly and Columbian mammoths but found no evidence of recent gene flow between forest and savanna elephants, demonstrating that both gene flow and isolation have been central in the evolution of elephantids.
Natural diamond formation by self-redox of ferromagnesian carbonate
Authors: Chen Ming , Shu Jinfu , Xie Xiande , Tan Dayong , Mao Ho-kwang 
Published: February 2018

Significance
The presence of extra reducer was thought to be essential for producing natural diamonds from reduction of carbonates. The present study of the Xiuyan meteoritic crater, however, finds natural diamond formation via a subsolidus self-redox of a ferromagnesian carbonate during shock compression to 25–45 GPa and 800–900 °C without melting, fluid, and another reductant. The ability of carbonate to produce diamond by itself implies that diamond would be a very common mineral in the lower mantle where the carbonates are abundant and pressures and temperatures are sufficiently high.
Effects of maturation on the conformational free-energy landscape of SOD1
Authors: Culik Robert M. , Sekhar Ashok , Nagesh Jayashree , Deol Harmeen , Rumfeldt Jessica A. O. , Meiering Elizabeth M. , Kay Lewis E. 
Published: February 2018

Significance
Copper, zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) is an enzyme involved in free radical scavenging in the cell. Despite the high stability of the mature protein, mutations, covalent modifications, and increased populations of immature forms result in instability and misfolding of SOD1 that is neurotoxic. Here, we study how the structure and dynamics of SOD1 change as a function of maturation. We find that as SOD1 progresses to its final active conformation, the free-energy landscapes for each successive state along the maturation pathway appear to become smoother with less exploration of higher energy conformations. Our results suggest that maturation may occur via a series of steps in which the transiently populated structures of preceding states successively become the dominant conformations.
Host biotin is required for liver stage development in malaria parasites
Authors: Dellibovi-Ragheb Teegan A. , Jhun Hugo , Goodman Christopher D. , Walters Maroya S. , Ragheb Daniel R. T. , Matthews Krista A. , Rajaram Krithika , Mishra Satish , McFadden Geoffrey I. , Sinnis Photini , Prigge Sean T. 
Published: February 2018

Significance
Malaria parasites require certain host nutrients for growth and survival. In this project, we examined the role of the human vitamin biotin in all stages of the malaria life cycle. We cultured blood- and liver-stage malaria parasites in the absence of biotin and found that, whereas blood-stage replication was unaffected, liver-stage parasites deprived of biotin were no longer capable of establishing a blood-stage infection. Interestingly, biotin depletion resulted in more severe developmental defects than the genetic disruption of parasite biotin metabolism. This finding suggests that host biotin metabolism also contributes to parasite development. Because neither the parasite nor the human host can synthesize biotin, parasite infectivity may be affected by the nutritional status of the host.
Re/constructing politics through social & online media
Authors: Krzyżanowski Michał , Tucker Joshua A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn recent years, the connection between online and in particular social media and politics has become one of the central ones in contemporary societies, and has been explored very widely in political research and media and communication studies. Against such growing body of research, this Special Issue foregrounds the role of language as a key carrier of political ideologies and practices on social and online media. It aims to advance the scholarly understanding of contemporary political and democratic dynamics by postulating the need for a broader, problem-driven look at how political practices and ideologies are articulated on social and online media. It illustrates the value of a cross-disciplinary take that allows overcoming both the classic (e.g. qualitative vs. quantitative) and the more recent (e.g. small vs. big data) divides in explorations of the language of online and politics.
Examining the role of cross-generational attrition in the development of Spanish as a heritage language
Authors: Pascual y Cabo Diego 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe goal of this article is to contribute to the literature on heritage speaker bilingualism by weighing in on the current debate regarding the source(s) of heritage speaker linguistic differences. Focusing on Spanish dative experiencers -gustar-like verbs-, I report on production and comprehension data from heritage speaker children and adults, from monolingual children and adults, as well as from adult bilingual immigrants. The results show (i) comprehension differences from expected outcomes for all heritage groups but not for the adult monolingual and bilingual control groups, and (ii) significant variation in the adult bilingual immigrant group’s production of the dative marker ‘a’ in obligatory contexts. I posit that this variation is at least in part responsible for the heritage speaker outcomes observed.
Relative clauses in Persian
Authors: Abdollahnejad Elias , Marefat Hamideh 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
This study is a corpus-based investigation of Persian relative clauses (RCs) used in written mode. 535 instances of RCs occurring in 1634 sentences in 40 editorials of four newspapers published in Iran were spotted and analyzed to determine the frequency of each RC type and the occurrence of certain features including complementizer ke, object marker râ, different representations of the relativised element in the modifying clause, and the status of gap and resumptive pronoun in the RC. The results indicated that subject RCs are the most frequent types. The tendency to use object marker râ before the modifying RC (Karimi, 2001) was confirmed. Besides, some tokens were witnessed contrasting Taghvaipour’s (2005) proposals on the ungrammaticality of resumption in Persian subject ordinary and object free RCs and the necessity of prefix hær- ‘ever’ in all Persian free RCs.
Are superordinates such asfurnitureandbelongingscollective nouns?
Authors: Gardelle Laure 
Published: February 2018

AbstractOne area of debate as to the boundaries of the class of “collective nouns” concerns non-count singular nouns such asfurniture, which are typically used for several units of different kinds. Arguments for and against inclusion have been put forward, but ultimately, what has been noted is a number of similarities and differences compared with count collective nouns. This makes both positions as legitimate, especially as collective nouns are a partly heterogeneous class (e.g. only those denoting humans, or sometimes animals, license plural override:the committee were…vs.*the bouquet were…). The present paper addresses the issue from a different angle, comparingfurniturenouns not just with other singular nouns (whether collective or superordinate), but with count nouns in the plural (e.g.toys). This new angle enables us to propose thatfurniturenouns are superordinate hyperonyms ofplural, rather than singular, categories. This notion accounts for all the similarities and differences noted betweenfurniturenouns and count collective nouns, and leads to the conclusion thatfurniturenouns are clearly not collective nouns. The analysis is then extended to non-count plural nouns that denote units (e.g.belongings), which have been neglected, or sometimes rejected on arbitrary grounds. The present study shows that they are not collective nouns either, and that they, too, are superordinates, some of them hyperonyms of plural categories.
On the length spectrum Teichmüller spaces of Riemann surfaces of infinite type
Authors: Kinjo Erina 
Published: February 2018

On the Teichmüller space

T
(

R
0

)

T(R_0)

of a hyperbolic Riemann surface

R
0

R_0

, we consider the length spectrum metric

d
L

d_L

, which measures the difference of hyperbolic structures of Riemann surfaces. It is known that if

R
0

R_0

is of finite type, then

d
L

d_L

defines the same topology as that of Teichmüller metric

d
T

d_T

on

T
(

R
0

)

T(R_0)

. In 2003, H. Shiga extended the discussion to the Teichmüller spaces of Riemann surfaces of infinite type and proved that the two metrics define the same topology on

T
(

R
0

)

T(R_0)

if

R
0

R_0

satisfies some geometric condition. After that, Alessandrini-Liu-Papadopoulos-Su proved that for the Riemann surface satisfying Shiga’s condition, the identity map between the two metric spaces is locally bi-Lipschitz.

In this paper, we extend their results; that is, we show that if

R
0

R_0

has bounded geometry, then the identity map

(
T
(

R
0

)
,

d
L

)
→
(
T
(

R
0

)
,

d
T

)

(T(R_0),d_L) \to (T(R_0),d_T)

is locally bi-Lipschitz.
Optimal Schedule for Assessing Home BP Variability: The Finn-Home Study
Authors: Juhanoja Eeva P , Johansson Jouni K , Puukka Pauli J , Jula Antti M , Niiranen Teemu J 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Current guidelines make no recommendations on the optimal timing or number of measurements for assessing home blood pressure variability (HBPV). Our aim was to elucidate the optimal schedule for measuring HBPV in relation to cardiovascular risk.

METHODS
In total, 1,706 Finnish adults (56.5 ± 8.5 years; 54% women) self-measured their home blood pressure (HBP) twice in the morning and evening during 7 consecutive days. The participants were followed up for cardiovascular events. We examined the association between HBPV (coefficient of variation based on 2 through 7 measurement days) and cardiovascular events using Cox regression models adjusted for HBP and other cardiovascular risk factors.

RESULTS
During a follow-up of 11.8 ± 3.1 years, 216 cardiovascular events occurred. Systolic morning HBPV based on three (hazard ratio [HR], 1.039; 95% confidence interval, 1.006–1.074, model c statistic 0.737) through seven (HR, 1.057; 95% confidence interval, 1.012–1.104, model c statistic 0.737) measurement days was significantly associated with cardiovascular events. Agreement in classification to normal vs. increased morning day-to-day HBPV between consecutive measurement days became substantial (κ = 0.69 for systolic and κ = 0.68 for diastolic) after the fourth measurement day. The associations of diastolic HBPV, evening HBPV, all-day HBPV, and variability based on first measurements of each measurement occasion, with cardiovascular outcomes were nonsignificant or remained significant only after the sixth measurement day.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest systolic HBP should be measured twice in the morning for at least 3 days when assessing HBPV. Increasing the number of measurement days from 3 to 7 results in marginal improvement in prognostic accuracy.