bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perioperative Renal Protection
Authors: Shah Sapna , Lapsia Vijay 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious postoperative complication with significant implications on morbidity and mortality. Estimated to occur in 5% of all hospital admissions, postoperative AKI is the second most common cause of renal injury among all hospitalized patients. With the increasing incidence and prevalence of chronic kidney disease, it is therefore important to clearly understand risk prior to surgery through detailed risk assessment and preoperative laboratory testing. This chapter discusses preoperative risk factors contributing to AKI, presents strategies to prevent postoperative AKI, and considers available options to protect perioperative renal function to prevent acute complications and long-term renal injury.
Renal Protection in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Haines Ryan W. , Prowle John R. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Acute kidney injury complicates over 50% of critical care admissions and is associated with both increased short and long-term mortality and the development or acceleration of chronic kidney disease. While in certain settings, such as cardiac surgery, primary prevention of AKI is possible, in most cases AKI is present or evolving at intensive care unit admission and the main clinical focus is secondary prevention of further kidney injury. In the absence of evidence for specific AKI-targeted therapies, high quality supportive care to maximize hemodynamic stability and avoidance of secondary sources of kidney injury are the cornerstones of renal protection. Fluid overload is particularly associated with adverse outcomes in critical illness complicated by AKI. Continuous methods of renal replacement therapy may promote hemodynamic stability and have been associated with better longer term renal outcomes.
Tubulointerstitial Nephropathies
Authors: Koratala Abhilash , Singhania Girish , Ejaz A. Ahsan 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Tubulointerstitial nephropathies encompass diverse disease processes involving the part of the renal parenchyma that consists of the tubules and interstitium. Tubulointerstitial diseases can occur as primary or secondary (to a systemic disease) processes, and patients can present with either acute or chronic disease. Depending on the offending agent, the disease may have a particular predilection for the proximal tubules, the distal tubules, or both. Definitive diagnosis is by renal biopsy, which typically reveals variable degrees of cellular infiltration of the interstitium, tubular atrophy, and fibrosis, depending on the chronicity. There are several causes, including drugs, infections, environmental toxins, and immunologic processes. This chapter classifies tubulointerstitial nephropathies and briefly discusses the important individual entities. In addition, an approach for renoprotection in these cases based on the available data is suggested.
Overgrowth
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews information on disorders that cause large birth weight, macrosomia, and/or segmental overgrowth. The most common of these conditions is seen in infants of diabetic mothers. Abnormal dosage of growth regulating genes make chromosomal microarray abnormalities a relatively common cause of overgrowth. Particularly notable is the distinctive Pallister Killian syndrome (12p tetrasomy). Other common overgrowth syndromes include Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Sotos, Malan, and Weaver syndromes. The RASopathy syndromes including Noonan syndrome* and Costello syndrome are also often large at birth. Segmental overgrowth syndromes including Proteus and Klippel Trenaunay as well as PIK3CA related overgrowth (PROS) are discussed as well as their somatic mosaic origin in affected tissues. Clinical guidelines for evaluation and surveillance are outlined. The clinical case presentation features an infant with Sotos syndrome.
Self-consistent redshift estimation using correlation functions without a spectroscopic reference sample
Authors: Hoyle Ben , Rau Markus Michael 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT
We present a new method to estimate redshift distributions and galaxy-dark matter bias parameters using correlation functions in a fully data driven and self-consistent manner. Unlike other machine learning, template, or correlation redshift methods, this approach does not require a reference sample with known redshifts. By measuring the projected cross- and auto-correlations of different galaxy sub-samples, e.g. as chosen by simple cells in colour–magnitude space, we are able to estimate the galaxy-dark matter bias model parameters, and the shape of the redshift distributions of each sub-sample. This method fully marginalizes over a flexible parametrization of the redshift distribution and galaxy-dark matter bias parameters of sub-samples of galaxies, and thus provides a general Bayesian framework to incorporate redshift uncertainty into the cosmological analysis in a data-driven, consistent, and reproducible manner. This result is improved by an order of magnitude by including cross-correlations with the cosmic microwave background and with galaxy–galaxy lensing. We showcase how this method could be applied to real galaxies. By using idealized data vectors, in which all galaxy-dark matter model parameters and redshift distributions are known, this method is demonstrated to recover unbiased estimates on important quantities, such as the offset Δz between the mean of the true and estimated redshift distribution and the 68 per cent, 95 per cent, and 99.5 per cent widths of the redshift distribution to an accuracy required by current and future surveys.
Gamma-rays from SS433: evidence for periodicity
Authors: Rasul Kajwan , Chadwick Paula M , Graham Jamie A , Brown Anthony M 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT
In this paper we present our study of the gamma-ray emission from the microquasar SS433. Integrating over 9 yr of Fermi-LAT Pass 8 data, we detect SS433 with a significance of ∼13σ in the 200 to 500 MeV photon energy range, with evidence for an extension in the direction of the w1 X-ray ‘hotspot’. A temporal analysis reveals evidence for modulation of SS433’s gamma-ray emission with the precession period of its relativistic jet. This suggests that at least some of SS433’s gamma-ray emission originates close to the object rather than from the jet termination regions.
Widespread star formation inside galactic outflows
Authors: Gallagher R , Maiolino R , Belfiore F , Drory N , Riffel R , Riffel R A 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Several models have predicted that stars could form inside galactic outflows and that this would be a new major mode of galaxy evolution. Observations of galactic outflows have revealed that they host large amounts of dense and clumpy molecular gas, which provide conditions suitable for star formation. We have investigated the properties of the outflows in a large sample of galaxies by exploiting the integral field spectroscopic data of the large MaNGA-SDSS4 galaxy survey. We find evidence for prominent star formation occurring inside at least 30 per cent of the galactic outflows in our sample, whilst signs of star formation are seen in up to half of the outflows. We also show that even if star formation is prominent inside many other galactic outflows, this may have not been revealed as the diagnostics are easily dominated by the presence of even faint active galactic nucleus and shocks. If very massive outflows typical of distant galaxies and quasars follow the same scaling relations observed locally, then the star formation inside high-z outflows can be up to several 100 $\rm M_{\odot }~yr^{-1}$ and could contribute substantially to the early formation of the spheroidal component of galaxies. Star formation in outflows can also potentially contribute to establishing the scaling relations between black holes and their host spheroids. Moreover, supernovae exploding on large orbits can chemically enrich in situ and heat the circumgalactic and intergalactic medium. Finally, young stars ejected on large orbits may also contribute to the reionization of the Universe.
Fermi-LAT observations of extreme spectral variability in IC 310
Authors: Graham Jamie A , Brown Anthony M , Chadwick Paula M 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
We investigate the physical mechanisms of high-energy gamma-ray emission from the TeV-emitting misaligned active galactic nucleus IC 310. 8 yr of data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT) between 100 MeV and 500 GeV are reduced and analysed to study the temporal and spectral characteristics of IC 310. Point spread function-partitioned instrument response functions are used to improve the resolvability of IC 310 from nearby NGC 1275. Systematic effects due to this choice of instrument response functions and the proximity of NGC 1275 are investigated. We find strong spectral variability and detect the hard flaring state of IC 310 along with a previously undiscovered soft state in quiescent periods, and the first detection with Fermi-LAT below 1 GeV. This represents a shift in peak Compton energy of more than 5 orders of magnitude. Possible interpretations are discussed, but we lack the instantaneous sensitivity with Fermi to probe the underlying physics.
A new method to probe the mass density and the cosmological constant using configuration entropy
Authors: Pandey Biswajit , Das Biswajit 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT
We study the evolution of the configuration entropy for different combinations of Ωm0 and ΩΛ0 in the flat Λ cold dark matter universe and find that the cosmological constant plays a decisive role in controlling the dissipation of the configuration entropy. The configuration entropy dissipates at a slower rate in the models with higher value of ΩΛ0. We find that the entropy rate decays to reach a minimum and then increases with time. The minimum entropy rate occurs at an earlier time for higher value of ΩΛ0. We identify a prominent peak in the derivative of the entropy rate whose location closely coincides with the scale factor corresponding to the transition from matter to Λ domination. We find that the peak location is insensitive to the initial conditions and only depends on the values of Ωm0 and ΩΛ0. We propose that measuring the evolution of the configuration entropy in the Universe and identifying the location of the peak in its second derivative would provide a new and robust method to probe the mass density and the cosmological constant.
Plasticity of Promoter-Core Sequences Allows Bacteria to Compensate for the Loss of a Key Global Regulatory Gene
Authors: Lamrabet Otmane , Plumbridge Jacqueline , Martin Mikaël , Lenski Richard E , Schneider Dominique , Hindré Thomas 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTranscription regulatory networks (TRNs) are of central importance for both short-term phenotypic adaptation in response to environmental fluctuations and long-term evolutionary adaptation, with global regulatory genes often being targets of natural selection in laboratory experiments. Here, we combined evolution experiments, whole-genome resequencing, and molecular genetics to investigate the driving forces, genetic constraints, and molecular mechanisms that dictate how bacteria can cope with a drastic perturbation of their TRNs. The crp gene, encoding a major global regulator in Escherichia coli, was deleted in four different genetic backgrounds, all derived from the Long-Term Evolution Experiment (LTEE) but with different TRN architectures. We confirmed that crp deletion had a more deleterious effect on growth rate in the LTEE-adapted genotypes; and we showed that the ptsG gene, which encodes the major glucose-PTS transporter, gained CRP (cyclic AMP receptor protein) dependence over time in the LTEE. We then further evolved the four crp-deleted genotypes in glucose minimal medium, and we found that they all quickly recovered from their growth defects by increasing glucose uptake. We showed that this recovery was specific to the selective environment and consistently relied on mutations in the cis-regulatory region of ptsG, regardless of the initial genotype. These mutations affected the interplay of transcription factors acting at the promoters, changed the intrinsic properties of the existing promoters, or produced new transcription initiation sites. Therefore, the plasticity of even a single promoter region can compensate by three different mechanisms for the loss of a key regulatory hub in the E. coli TRN.
Hearing Response Following Internal Auditory Canal Decompression in Neurofibromatosis Type 2
Authors: Bonne Nicolas-Xavier , Risoud Michaël , Hoa Michael , Lemesre Pierre-Emmanuel , Aboukais Rabih , Le Rhun Emilie , Dubrulle Frédérique , Baroncini Marc , Lejeune Jean-Paul , Vincent Christophe 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Hearing response following an osteodural decompression of the internal auditory canal (IAC) is controversial.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the course of auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and the early hearing response during the first year following IAC decompression for small to medium-sized vestibular schwannomas occurring in neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2).

METHODS
Retrospective chart review of middle fossa craniotomy for IAC osteodural decompression in NF2-related vestibular schwannomas.

RESULTS
Twelve NF2 patients were operated on from 2011 to 2016 for IAC decompression. All had NF2 according to the Manchester criteria. All had a progressive change of their ABRs documented from the diagnosis of NF2 over a mean period of 6.25 [0.36;10.9] yr. Treatment was proposed to stop hearing progression based on the speech discrimination scores (SDSs; n = 4) or for hearing maintenance (n = 8). In patients with prior hearing progression, hearing responses were observed in 3 of the 4 patients during the first year. One patient kept on progressing. In the hearing maintenance group, the SDSs remained stable. SDSs improved from 85% [20-100] to 92.5% [60-100] on average (n = 12) and from 55% [20-80] to 77.5% [50-100] in the hearing progression group (n = 4). ABRs improved in 4 patients following decompression.

CONCLUSION
IAC decompression allows early objective hearing responses in select patients. We suggest that the procedure should be offered to patients with hearing progression based on their SDSs and/or associated progressive increases in their wave III and V latencies on ABRs.
The Continued Role and Value of Imaging for Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Bonney Phillip A , Walcott Brian P , Singh Parampreet , Nguyen Peggy L , Sanossian Nerses , Mack William J 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Advances in neuroimaging in the last 2 decades have revolutionized the management of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Here we review the development of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modalities used to guide treatment of patients with AIS characterized by large vessel occlusion. In particular, we highlight recent randomized trials and their patient selection methodologies to detail the progression of these selection paradigms. With advanced imaging, distinction between at-risk penumbra and ischemic core in AIS may be performed using either CT or MRI. While limitations exist for methodologies to quantify core and penumbra, commercially available fully automated software packages provide useful information to guide treatment decisions. Randomized controlled trials implementing perfusion imaging to patient selection algorithms have demonstrated marked success in improving functional outcomes in patients with large vessel occlusions. As such, imaging has become a vital aspect of AIS treatment in selecting patients who may benefit from mechanical thrombectomy.
A systematic review of physical and psychological health and wellbeing of older women in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Mangipudi Sowmya , Cosco Theodore , Harper Sarah 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has the fastest growing proportion of older adults in the world, the majority of whom are women. Global health agendas, however, continue to deprioritise older women’s health issues, including the incidence of and mortality from non-communicable disease (NCDs). This is the first systematic review to address the health, wellbeing and healthcare utilization of older SSA women.

Methods
Studies with primary analysis of health, wellbeing and/or healthcare utilization outcomes for women over the age of 50 from SSA countries were included. Databases searched include EMBASE, Scopus and Psycinfo.

Findings
About 26 studies from six SSA countries met inclusion criteria. Studies regarding NCDs predominated (n = 12), followed by healthcare utilization (n = 4), disability (n = 4), wellbeing (n = 2), depression (n = 2) and HIV (n = 2). Every study indicated significantly lower self-rated health and wellbeing, higher rates of depression, hypertension, obesity, disability or weakness for women compared with men. The studies also indicated that older women use healthcare more often, and choose public over private facilities more often.

Interpretation
The studies in the review had large, diverse samples. This review demonstrates the need for more gender-specific studies to better understand the unique challenges older women face in managing NCDs in particular.
Differences in identification of patients’ deterioration may hamper the success of clinical escalation protocols
Authors: De Bie A J R , Subbe C P , Bezemer R , Cooksley T , Kellett J G , Holland M , Bouwman R A , Bindels A J G H , Korsten H H M ,   Crisis Checklist Collaborative, Barach Paul , Beaugrand Helene , Breen Dorothy , Byrne Declan , Chalmers Catriona , Cleaver Hayley , Croke Eilish , Davis Elinor , Donnelly Peter , Dunne Eímhín , Durham Lesley , Ellis Bryn , Goel Rohan , Hancock Chris , Hartin Jillian , Hinge Denise , Hueske-Kraus Dirk , Kennelly Sean , Lighthall Geoffrey , Lunn Rebecca , Müller Michael , O’Dwyer Clodagh , O’Mahony Kerian 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
Timely and consistent recognition of a ‘clinical crisis’, a life threatening condition that demands immediate intervention, is essential to reduce ‘failure to rescue’ rates in general wards.

Aim
To determine how different clinical caregivers define a ‘clinical crisis’ and how they respond to it.

Design
An international survey.

Methods
Clinicians working on general wards, intensive care units or emergency departments in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Denmark were asked to review ten scenarios based on common real-life cases. Then they were asked to grade the urgency and severity of the scenario, their degree of concern, their estimate for the risk for death and indicate their preferred action for escalation. The primary outcome was the scenarios with a National Early Warning Score (NEWS) ≥7 considered to be a ‘clinical crisis’. Secondary outcomes included how often a rapid response system (RRS) was activated, and if this was influenced by the participant’s professional role or experience. The data from all participants in all three countries was pooled for analysis.

Results
A total of 150 clinicians participated in the survey. The highest percentage of clinicians that considered one of the three scenarios with a NEWS ≥7 as a ‘clinical crisis’ was 52%, while a RRS was activated by <50% of participants. Professional roles and job experience only had a minor influence on the recognition of a ‘clinical crisis’ and how it should be responded to.

Conclusion
This international survey indicates that clinicians differ on what they consider to be a ‘clinical crisis’ and on how it should be managed. Even in cases with a markedly abnormal physiology (i.e. NEWS ≥7) many clinicians do not consider immediate activation of a RRS is required.
Local cooperation for innovation in ICT—Domestic groups with collaborations for innovation abroad and foreign subsidiaries
Authors: Holl Adelheid , Rama Ruth 
Published: February 2019

AbstractOn analysing a sample of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) firms, we ask whether domestic business groups that are engaged in international cooperation for innovation are likely to cooperate for innovation in the home market. We compare these companies with other types of ICT firms. The idea behind our inquiry is that domestic groups involved in international cooperation for innovation are exposed to international information, while they are also well embedded in the home economy. We find that these companies as well as foreign subsidiaries are more prone to cooperating for innovation with domestic partners than are other types of ICT companies, even when size and other characteristics of firms that may influence cooperation are taken into consideration. However, domestic groups with international cooperation for innovation show a systematically higher propensity than foreign subsidiaries to cooperate with domestic partners. These results may be useful regarding policies of foreign direct investment promotion and their alternatives.
Different Associations between Auditory Function and Cognition Depending on Type of Auditory Function and Type of Cognition
Authors: Danielsson Henrik , Humes Larry E , Rönnberg Jerker 
Published: February 2019

Objectives:
Previous studies strongly suggest that declines in auditory threshold can lead to impaired cognition. The aim of this study was to expand that picture by investigating how the relationships between age, auditory function, and cognitive function vary with the types of auditory and cognitive function considered.

Design:
Three auditory constructs (threshold, temporal-order identification, and gap detection) were modeled to have an effect on four cognitive constructs (episodic long-term memory, semantic long-term memory, working memory, and cognitive processing speed) together with age that could have an effect on both cognitive and auditory constructs. The model was evaluated with structural equation modeling of the data from 213 adults ranging in age from 18 to 86 years.

Results:
The model provided good a fit to the data. Regarding the auditory measures, temporal-order identification had the strongest effect on the cognitive functions, followed by weaker indirect effects for gap detection and nonsignificant effects for threshold. Regarding the cognitive measures, the association with audition was strongest for semantic long-term memory and working memory but weaker for episodic long-term memory and cognitive speed. Age had a very strong effect on threshold and cognitive speed, a moderate effect on temporal-order identification, episodic long-term memory, and working memory, a weak effect on gap detection, and nonsignificant, close to zero effect on semantic long-term memory.

Conclusions:
The result shows that auditory temporal-order function has the strongest effect on cognition, which has implications both for which auditory concepts to include in cognitive hearing science experiments and for practitioners. The fact that the total effect of age was different for different aspects of cognition and partly mediated via auditory concepts is also discussed.