bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reproductive Ontogeny and the Evolution of Morphological Diversity in Conifers and Other Plants
Authors: Leslie A B , Losada J M 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBiologists often study morphological evolution through form and function relationships. But biological structures can perform multiple functional roles, complicating efforts to understand the evolutionary significance of any one relationship. Plant reproductive organs perform multiple roles in a sequence, however, which provides a unique opportunity to understand how structures evolve to meet multiple functional demands. Using conifers as a study group, we discuss how a shared developmental trajectory links the performance of sequential functional roles. Variation in development among lineages can underlie morphological diversity; pollination-stage seed cones in Pinaceae conifers function similarly but show diverse forms reflecting differences in developmental rate. As cones develop further, the morphologies that they use to perform later functional roles are influenced by the specific developmental patterns used to meet earlier demands, which may ultimately limit morphological diversity. However, we also show how selective pressures relating to the final functional stage (seed dispersal) may influence cone anatomy and morphology over all previous stages, highlighting the complex linkages among form, function, and development. We end by discussing the potential relationships between functional ontogeny and morphological disparity in plant reproductive structures more broadly, suggesting that the complex functional roles associated with seed plant reproduction probably underlie the high disparity in this group.
Defined contribution pension planning with a stochastic interest rate and mean-reverting returns under the hyperbolic absolute risk aversion preference
Authors: Chang Hao , Wang Chunfeng , Fang Zhenming , Ma Dan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The interest rate and the market price of risk may be stochastic in a real-world financial market. In this paper, the interest rate is assumed to be driven by a stochastic affine interest rate model and the market price of risk from the stock market is a mean-reverting process. In addition, the dynamics of the stock are simultaneously driven by random sources of interest rate and the stock market itself. In pension fund management, different fund managers may have different risk preferences. We suppose risk preference is described by the hyperbolic absolute risk aversion utility, which is a general utility function describing different risk preferences. Legendre transform-dual theory is presented to successfully obtain explicit expressions for optimal strategies. A numerical example illustrates the sensitivity of optimal strategies to market parameters. Theoretical results imply that the risks from stochastic interest rate and stochastic return may be completely hedged by adopting specific portfolios.
A new species of parasitic copepod (Siphonostomatoida: Lernaeopodidae: Neoalbionella Özdikmen, 2008) infecting the skin of a gulper shark, Centrophorus sp. (Squaliformes: Centrophoridae), in the Gulf of Mexico, with a key to species of Neoalbionella
Authors: Ruiz Carlos F , Bullard Stephen A 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe describe male and female specimens of a species of NeoalbionellaÖzdikmen, 2008 (Siphonostomatoida, Lernaeopodidae), Neoalbionella dannytangisp. nov., infecting the skin of a gulper shark Centrophorus sp. (Centrophoridae) in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Females of the new species most closely resemble those of Neoalbionella globosa (Leigh-Sharpe, 1918) but are unique among congeners by having the combination of 1) terminal endopodal segment of antenna with a reduced distal tubercle having a minute protuberance, 2) maxillule with a spinulose lateral palp and praecoxal endite, 3) maxilla with a swollen tip nearly parallel with the distal surface of the bulla, and 4) maxilliped with a sub-circular spinulose pad along the proximal myxal margin of the corpus maxillipedis. The male copepod was attached to the tip of a female’s posterior process and was assigned to Neoalbionella by having a cephalosome nearly equal in length to the trunk and tapered caudal rami directed posteroventrally (swollen and directed anterodorsally in males of Lernaeopoda von Nordmann, 1832). It was distinct from those of all other congeners by having 1) an antenna terminal endopodal segment and maxillule similar to that of the female, 2) a maxilla syncoxa with an anteromedial process having seven large, conical denticles, 4) a bifid mediative process approximately as wide as the length of the shortest lobe, and 5) a caudal ramus with a unique configuration and number of setae. This is the second report of a species of Neoalbionella from the Gulf of Mexico and the third nominal species of Neoalbionella reported from gulper sharks (Centrophorus spp.). We also provide keys to females and males of Neoalbionella.
Establishment and Early Impact of Spathius galinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in the Northeastern United States
Authors: Duan Jian J , Van Driesche Roy G , Crandall Ryan S , Schmude Jonathan M , Rutledge Claire E , Slager Benjamin H , Gould Juli R , Elkinton Joseph S 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, a buprestid beetle native to Asia, has become a serious pest of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in North America since the early 2000s. Due to the impracticality of applying insecticides in natural forests, biocontrol is the most viable method to manage EAB in natural ecosystems. Here, we report the first evidence for the establishment and impact of Spathius galinae Belokobylskij & Strazenac, a larval parasitoid first released in North America in 2016 and 2017 at six mixed-hardwood forest sites, in Connecticut, New York, and Massachusetts. We also report current levels of abundance and parasitism of another introduced larval EAB parasitoid, Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), released in 2015 and 2016 in these same sites. Spathius galinae was recovered at all release sites in 2018, and its density in sampled trees had increased 1.5- to 20-fold (relative to the first postrelease sample year), reaching a final density of 2.3–14.3 broods/m2 of phloem area and causing 13.1–49.2% marginal rate of parasitism at four of the six sites. In contrast, T. planipennisi was only recovered in 2018 at four of the six release sites, and both its density (0.1–2.3 broods/m2 of phloem area) and parasitism (0.1–5.6%) were lower than that of S. galinae throughout the study at the four sites where recoveries were made. Our data fill a critical gap in the development of a biocontrol-based EAB management plan to protect surviving ash trees capable of reaching maturity and producing replacement trees.
Deep Learning Algorithms Improve Automated Identification of Chagas Disease Vectors
Authors: Khalighifar Ali , Komp Ed , Ramsey Janine M , Gurgel-Gonçalves Rodrigo , Peterson A Townsend 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Vector-borne Chagas disease is endemic to the Americas and imposes significant economic and social burdens on public health. In a previous contribution, we presented an automated identification system that was able to discriminate among 12 Mexican and 39 Brazilian triatomine (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) species from digital images. To explore the same data more deeply using machine-learning approaches, hoping for improvements in classification, we employed TensorFlow, an open-source software platform for a deep learning algorithm. We trained the algorithm based on 405 images for Mexican triatomine species and 1,584 images for Brazilian triatomine species. Our system achieved 83.0 and 86.7% correct identification rates across all Mexican and Brazilian species, respectively, an improvement over comparable rates from statistical classifiers (80.3 and 83.9%, respectively). Incorporating distributional information to reduce numbers of species in analyses improved identification rates to 95.8% for Mexican species and 98.9% for Brazilian species. Given the ‘taxonomic impediment’ and difficulties in providing entomological expertise necessary to control such diseases, automating the identification process offers a potential partial solution to crucial challenges.
Obligatory Irrelevance and the Computation of Ignorance Inferences
Authors: Buccola Brian , Haida Andreas 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn recent work, Fox (2016) has argued, on the basis of both empirical and conceptual considerations, that relevance (the set of propositions relevant in an utterance context) is closed under speaker belief: if $\phi $ is relevant, then it’s also relevant whether the speaker believes $\phi $. We provide a formally explicit implementation of this idea and explore its theoretical consequences and empirical predictions. As Fox (2016) already observes, one consequence is that ignorance inferences (and scalar implicatures) can only be derived in grammar, via a covert belief operator of the sort proposed by Meyer (2013). We show, further, that the maxim of quantity no longer enriches the meaning of an utterance, per se, but rather acts as a filter on what can be relevant in an utterance context. In particular, certain alternatives (of certain utterances) are shown to be incapable of being relevant in any context where the maxim of quantity is active — a property we dub obligatory irrelevance. We show that the resulting system predicts a quite restricted range of interpretations for sentences with the scalar item some, as compared to both neo-Gricean (Geurts, 2010; Horn, 1972; Sauerland, 2004) and grammatical (Chierchia et al., 2012; Fox, 2007; Meyer, 2013) theories of scalar implicature, and we argue that these predictions seem largely on the right track.
Stopping of porous projectiles in granular targets
Authors: Planes María Belén , Millán Emmanuel N , Urbassek Herbert M , Bringa Eduardo M 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
Using granular mechanics, we determine the stopping force acting on spherical granular projectiles impinging on a flat granular bed. We find that the stopping force is proportional to the impact energy, as in Poncelet’s law. For fixed velocity, it is proportional to the projectile cross-sectional area rather than to its volume. These dependences only hold in the early stages of stopping, before the projectile has been strongly fragmented. Analogies to the stopping of atomic clusters in compact matter are pointed out.
Urinary biomarkers of dietary intake: a review
Authors: Clarke Erin D , Rollo Megan E , Pezdirc Kristine , Collins Clare E , Haslam Rebecca L 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDietary intakes are commonly assessed by established methods including food frequency questionnaires, food records, or recalls. These self-report methods have limitations impacting validity and reliability. Dietary biomarkers provide objective verification of self-reported food intakes, and represent a rapidly evolving area. This review aims to summarize the urinary biomarkers of individual foods, food groups, dietary patterns, or nutritional supplements that have been evaluated to date. Six electronic databases were searched. Included studies involved healthy populations, were published from 2000, and compared measured dietary intake with urinary markers. The initial search identified 9985 studies; of these, 616 full texts were retrieved and 109 full texts were included. Of the included studies, 67 foods and food components were studied, and 347 unique urinary biomarkers were identified. The most reliable biomarkers identified were whole grains (alkylresorcinols), soy (isoflavones), and sugar (sucrose and fructose). While numerous novel urinary biomarkers have been identified, further validation studies are warranted to verify the accuracy of self-reported intakes and utility within practice.
South Africa
Authors: Boutros Andrew 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The South African legal regime recognizes the role of international law and treaties, and much of South Africa’s anti-corruption legislation has been enacted to give effect to various international conventions and treaties. Accordingly, this chapter will discuss and detail the material developments in respect of bribery and anti-corruption legislation and further consider the interplay between applicable South African legislation and international conventions. This chapter will further, inter alia, cover legal issues relating to certain presumptions applicable to statutory offenses, the nature of what is referred to as “facilitation payments,” how “gifts, gratuities and hospitality” are dealt with in terms of applicable legislation, whistle-blower protection, international cooperation and extradition agreements, and the South African corporate practice regarding the foregoing. Where one is in breach of certain anti-corruption legislation, it should be noted that one may inadvertently also be in breach of South African anti-trust legislation, and these issues will be further considered and detailed herein.
Investigations, Privacy and Data Security Issues
Authors: Boutros Andrew 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
When conducting internal investigations, it is critical to understand and consider various U.S. and international privacy and data protection laws. Some of the key laws investigators must consider include the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. In addition, Sarbanes-Oxley in the United States and privacy and data security regimes in other countries and regions, for example Australia and the European Union, contain critical data security provisions, of which internal investigators must be aware. This chapter also includes discussion of other laws pertaining to the subject, such as the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act, the Communications Act, and the Driver’s Privacy Protection Act.
Afro-Electric Counterpoint
Authors: Scherzinger Martin 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Using Electric Counterpoint as a central reference, this chapter outlines the constitutive role played by audible cultures of the non-West in shaping the distinctive sound of Steve Reich’s music. Reich’s involvement with African music, in particular, extends beyond the common historical narrative of “influence” (construed as mostly confirmation and encouragement for an already formed style). Electric Counterpoint draws on a host of African musical strata—ranging from literal quotations and paraphrases to the application of techniques and principles—derived from local expressive cultures, ritual traditions, biospiritual practices, and musical cosmologies from Ghana, Nigeria, Central African Republic, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Uganda, and Mozambique. The project tracks the way music and sound circulates within different regimes of meaning, mediation, and value, with a particular interest in retrieving the often tributary and ephemeral phenomena found in geographically remote cultures that, for complex reasons, are systematically written out of world history.
Can Animals Be Persons?
Authors: Rowlands Mark 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
According to the standard conception of persons, an individual qualifies as a person if it satisfies four conditions, broadly construed. First, the individual is conscious, in the sense that there is something it is like to be it. Second, it is rational, in the sense that it can execute at least some rational inferences and possesses the required materials for such inferences, such as beliefs and desires. Third, the individual must be self-aware, aware of itself as an individual persisting through time. Finally, it must be other-aware, aware of the mindedness of others. This book argues that many animals can satisfy all of these conditions and so qualify as persons. Unlike recent debates that concern whether we should extend personhood as far as the great apes, it is argued that personhood extends quite widely through the animal kingdom.
The Three Pillars of Radicalization
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Gunaratna Rohan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This book identifies the three major determinants of radicalization that progresses into violent extremism, the three Ns of radicalization. The first determinant is the need: Individuals’ universal desire for personal significance. The second determinant is the narrative. Because significance is conferred by members of one’s group, the group’s narrative guides members in their quest for significance. The third determinant is the network: membership of one’s group who validate the narrative and who dispense rewards (respect and veneration) to members who implement it. The quest for significance is activated in one of three major ways: (a) through a loss of significance occasioned by personal failure or affront to one’s social identity (e.g., ethnicity, religion, race), (b) through a threat of significance loss if one failed to respond to a challenge or to defend one’s group values, and/or (c) through an opportunity for a significance gain (e.g., becoming a hero or a martyr) by selflessly defending one’s group values. In groups that see their values (e.g., religion, sovereignty, culture) under threat from some (real or imagined) actor, the narrative often justifies violence against the detractor and portrays it as a supreme road to significance. Especially where violence is contrary to the norms of the mainstream society, validation of the violence–significance link by the local network is particularly important. The present 3N model of radicalization and the varied empirical evidence that supports it are leveraged to interpret prior theories of radicalization and to address major issues in the domains of deradicalization and recidivism.
Housing
Authors: Mehdipanah Roshanak , Eisenberg Alexa K. , Schulz Amy J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Urban areas concentrate large numbers of people in a relatively small geographic area. This makes the provision of safe, affordable housing a sentinel urban challenge. In countries where the pace of urbanization is fastest, provision of suitable, affordable housing for millions has become one of the sentinel challenges for rapidly emerging economies. In more established urban areas in high-income countries, the provision of affordable housing is often a flash point of political discord. At the same time, innovations in housing are emerging, showing the way to sustainable urban living. This chapter discusses housing as a determinant of health in urban areas, including how housing represents both a challenge and an opportunity for cities.
“Not in My Front Yard”
Authors: Makse Todd , Minkoff Scott , Sokhey Anand 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, we explore the variety of ways that people react to yard signs. First, we examine how citizens perceive signs and the act of displaying a sign in general, testing common beliefs about signs, such as the idea that people find signs informative, aesthetically displeasing, and indicative of political division. Second, we examine how citizens perceive norms favoring or opposing campaign signs—or rules prohibiting them—to paint a picture of neighborhood environments across the country. Third, we examine emotional reactions to yard signs, noting that a sizable number of people react to signs with pride, anxiety, and anger. Finally, we address whether citizens share the skepticism of many pundits about the impact of signs, viewing signs through the lens of political efficacy. Throughout the chapter we find substantial differences in attitudes between sign displayers and non-displayers, but also differences across social contexts.
Lower Stakes
Authors: Makse Todd , Minkoff Scott , Sokhey Anand 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, we revisit some of the themes from earlier chapters, but we turn our focus to signs for nonpresidential races, including House and Senate races, races for statewide offices, races for the state legislature and local office, and state and local ballot initiatives. First, we discuss how sign displaying might be different for down-ballot contests and describe similarities and differences between households that display down-ballot signs and those that display presidential signs. Second, we compare individual-level models of down-ballot displaying with the models presented in earlier chapters, exploring both household and individual-level traits. Finally, we utilize the clustering and joint clustering tests to examine whether down-ballot signs exhibit patterns of clustering that are similar to those we observed with respect to presidential contests. While we find differences in who displays down-ballot signs, the spatial patterns we observe are highly consistent with those in presidential races.
Taking Aim at Attack Advertising
Authors: Fridkin Kim , Kenney Patrick 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This book develops and tests the “tolerance and tactics theory of negativity.” The theory argues that citizens differ in their tolerance of negative campaigning. Also, candidates vary in the tactics used to attack their opponents, with negative messages varying in their relevance to voters and in the civility of their tone. The interplay between citizens’ tolerance of negativity and candidates’ negative messages helps clarify when negative campaigning will influence citizens’ evaluations of candidates and their likelihood of voting. A diverse set of data sources was collected from U.S. Senate elections (e.g., survey data, experiments, content analysis, focus groups) across several years to test the theory. The tolerance and tactics theory of negativity receives strong empirical validation. First, people differ systematically in their tolerance for negativity, and their tolerance changes over the course of the campaign. Second, people’s levels of tolerance consistently and powerfully influence how they assess negative messages. Third, the relevance and civility of negative messages consistently influence citizens’ assessments of candidates competing for office. That is, negative messages focusing on relevant topics and utilizing an uncivil tone produce significant changes in people’s impressions of the candidates. Furthermore, people’s tolerance of negativity influences their susceptibility to negative campaigning. Specifically, relevant and uncivil messages are most influential for people who are least tolerant of negative campaigning. The relevance and civility of campaign messages also alter people’s likelihood of voting, and the impact of negative messages on turnout is more consequential for people with less tolerance of negativity.
The Value of a Psychological Approach
Authors: Juslin Patrik N. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Psychology is commonly defined as the study of mental processes and behaviour. The main focus is on describing and explaining how people sense the world (perception), how they think (cognition), feel (emotion), and behave (action). Music psychology focuses on mental processes and behaviours that occur in connection with music: it aims to observe, and develop theories about, the processes involved in composing, performing, and listening to music. This chapter argues that at its core, the study of music and emotion is concerned with relationships between ‘musical events’ and ‘emotional responses’.The interface between them consists of psychological processes in the human mind. Thus, psychology is key to understanding how and why a listener goes from ‘sound’ to ‘significance’.