bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in survival of patients with stage I/II Burkitt lymphoma in the United States: A SEER database analysis
Authors: Liu Ze‐Long , Liu Pan‐Pan , Bi Xi‐Wen , Lei De‐Xin , Wang Yu , Li Zhi‐Ming , Jiang Wen‐Qi , Xia Yi 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe treatment strategy for management of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) has evolved during the past decades and the clinical outcome for this disease as a whole has also improved. Due to limited information reported on survival trends of patients with stage I/II (limited‐stage) BL, here we used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to conduct our study. The time period was divided into two eras (1983‐2001 and 2002‐2014) as the recent era reflected more intensive chemotherapy regimens, the availability of rituximab, the widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and improvements in supportive care. Patients with limited‐stage BL had a significantly better 5‐year overall survival (OS) in the 2002‐2014 era in both univariate analysis and multivariate analysis, compared with those in the 1983‐2001 era (64.1% vs 57.4%). However, clinical outcomes of elderly patients (≥60 years) and children patients (0‐19 years) did not significantly improve. Older age and race of black were correlated with poorer OS in multivariate analysis, whereas sex, primary sites, and application of radiotherapy did not significantly influence OS. In conclusion, the prognosis of patients with limited‐stage BL has improved in the 2002‐2014 era, but the outcome was still much poorer in elderly patients, which needs to be improved by identifying newly molecular‐targeted drugs and developing novel personalized therapeutic approaches.
Previtellogenic oocytes of South African largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides Lacépède 1802 (Actinopterygii, Perciformes) ‐ the Balbiani body, cortical alveoli and developing eggshell
Authors: Żelazowska Monika , Halajian Ali 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe ovaries of the largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, an alien and invasive species in South Africa, contain a germinal epithelium which consists of germline and somatic cells, as well as previtellogenic and late vitellogenic ovarian follicles. The ovarian follicle consists of an oocyte surrounded by follicular cells and a basal lamina; thecal cells adjacent to this lamina are covered by an extracellular matrix. In this article, we describe the Balbiani body and the polarization and ultrastructure of the cytoplasm (ooplasm) in previtellogenic oocytes. The nucleoplasm in all examined oocytes contains lampbrush chromosomes, nuclear bodies and several nucleoli near the nuclear envelope. The ultrastructure of the nucleoli is described. Numerous nuage aggregations are present in the perinuclear cytoplasm in germline cells as well as in the ooplasm. Possible roles of these aggregations are discussed. The ooplasm contains the Balbiani body, which defines the future vegetal region in early previtellogenic oocytes. It is comprised of nuage aggregations, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, complexes of mitochondria with nuage‐like material, and lysosome‐like organelles. In mid‐previtellogenic oocytes, the Balbiani body surrounds the nucleus and later disperses in the ooplasm. The lysosome‐like organelles fuse and transform into vesicles containing material which is highly electron dense. As a result of the fusion of the vesicles of Golgi and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the cortical alveoli arise and distribute uniformly throughout the ooplasm of late previtellogenic oocytes. During this stage, the deposition of the eggshell (zona radiata) begins. The eggshell is penetrated by canals containing microvilli and consists of the following: the internal and the external egg envelope. In the external envelope three sublayers can be distinguished.
What's cached is prologue: Reviewing recent web archives research towards supporting scholarly use
Authors: Maemura Emily 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTWeb archives are essential to support historical scholarship in the online age. Research on web archives spans many disciplines, often requiring domain‐specific expertise. The wide‐ranging nature of the literature makes it difficult to obtain a current overview of the field, but this view is needed to identify which core challenges define the field, and assess the different approaches taken to address them. This paper provides such a review of the current landscape of web archives research, focusing on addressing the common challenges faced to support scholarly use of archived web materials. The analysis describes three challenges and identifies key concepts and current approaches for each: (1) how to organize and select from web archives collections; (2) how to critically examine these sources; and (3) how to approach ethics and consent for using archived web materials. The discussion addresses open questions and tensions, highlighting the sociotechnical nature of these challenges and revealing opportunities to apply existing work from the body of knowledge of information studies. It concludes with several recommendations for future research directions to support scholarly use of web archives.
A comparative examination of factors that affect the credibility of health information on social media
Authors: Kim Heejun , Choi Bogeum 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research is to investigate factors affecting the perceived credibility of health information on social media and their varying effects on different platforms. We incorporated Elaboration Likelihood Model as a theoretical framework for our inductive content analysis. Then we conducted a correlation analysis and regression analyses to examine the relationship between the perceived credibility and identified factors. Our study discovered an extensive set of credibility factors and statistically significant effects made by platform‐specific factors.
Has local informational advantage disappeared?
Authors: Bernile Gennaro , Kumar Alok , Sulaeman Johan , Wang Qin 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis study examines how changes in the information environment affect the informational advantage of geographically proximate agents. The long‐term advantage of local agents disappeared at the turn of the millennium. This is accompanied by the reduction in local bias of institutional investors and equity analysts. However, institutional investors continue to trade local stocks disproportionately more often than non‐local stocks; moreover, their local trades outperform non‐local trades in the short term—even for large and liquid stocks. Our results are consistent with improvements in the information environment shortening the horizon of proximity‐based informational advantage.
On powers of likelihood functions of random walks on ℤͩ
Authors: Athreya Krishna B. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Let {Xi}i≥1 be independent, identically distributed random vectors in ℤd,d≥1. Let LLn(x)≡ℙ(Sn=x),n≥1,x∈ℤd, be the likelihood function for Sn=∑i=1nXi. For integers j≥2 and n≥1, let an(j)≡∑x∈ℤd(Ln(x))j. We show that if X1-X2 has a nondegenerate aperiodic distribution in ℤd and 𝔼(∥X1∥2)>∞, then limn→∞n(j-1)d∕2an(j)≡a(j,d) exists and 0<a(j,d)<∞. Some extensions and open problems are also outlined.
Forced synchronization and asynchronous quenching of periodic oscillations in a thermoacoustic system
Authors: Mondal Sirshendu , Pawar Samadhan A. , Sujith R. I. 
Published: February 2019

We perform an experimental and theoretical study to investigate the interaction between an external harmonic excitation and a self-excited oscillatory mode ($f_{n0}$) of a prototypical thermoacoustic system, a horizontal Rijke tube. Such an interaction can lead to forced synchronization through the routes of phase locking or suppression. We characterize the transition in the synchronization behaviour of the forcing and the response signals of the acoustic pressure while the forcing parameters, i.e. amplitude ($A_{f}$) and frequency ($f_{f}$) of forcing are independently varied. Further, suppression is categorized into synchronous quenching and asynchronous quenching depending upon the value of frequency detuning ($|\,f_{n0}-f_{f}|$). When the applied forcing frequency is close to the natural frequency of the system, the suppression in the amplitude of the self-excited oscillation is known as synchronous quenching. However, this suppression is associated with resonant amplification of the forcing signal, leading to an overall increase in the response amplitude of oscillations. On the other hand, an almost 80 % reduction in the root mean square value of the response oscillation is observed when the system is forced for a sufficiently large value of the frequency detuning (only for$f_{f}<f_{n0}$). Such a reduction in amplitude occurs due to asynchronous quenching where resonant amplification of the forcing signal does not occur, as the frequency detuning is significantly high. Further, the results from a reduced-order model developed for a horizontal Rijke tube show a qualitative agreement with the dynamics observed in experiments. The relative phase between the acoustic pressure ($p^{\prime }$) and the heat release rate ($\dot{q}^{\prime }$) oscillations in the model explains the occurrence of maximum reduction in the pressure amplitude due to asynchronous quenching. Such a reduction occurs when the positive coupling between$p^{\prime }$and$\dot{q}^{\prime }$is disrupted and their interaction results in overall acoustic damping, although both of them oscillate at the forcing frequency. Our study on the phenomenon of asynchronous quenching thus presents new possibilities to suppress self-sustained oscillations in fluid systems in general.
Camera-trapping successfully and non-invasively reveals the presence, activity and habitat choice of the Critically Endangered White-winged Flufftail Sarothrura ayresi in a South African high-altitude wetland
Authors: COLYN ROBIN B. , CAMPBELL ALASTAIR , SMIT-ROBINSON HANNELINE A. 
Published: February 2019

SummaryThe ‘Critically Endangered’ White-winged FlufftailSarothrura ayresiis regarded as one of the rarest and most threatened rallids in Africa. Due to the species’ low density, habitat preference, cryptic colouration, elusive behaviour and lack of auditory cues has resulted in it being one of the most challenging species to survey using traditional methods such as auditory surveys and rope dragging. Numerous data deficiencies exist regarding facets of the species’ ecology, distribution, habitat-use and population status. A stratified array of nine camera localities was used within high-altitude palustrine wetland habitat to ascertain if this non-invasive technique could successfully document the first estimate of site occupancy, fine scale habitat use and activity patterns of this very rare species. Our study accumulated a total of 626 camera days and eight independent sightings of White-winged Flufftail across the respective austral summer season. Furthermore, our study confirms the applicability of camera trapping to other rare and elusive rallid species. Our results confirm that White-winged Flufftail is a low-density habitat specialist species, with site occupancy influenced positively by basal and canopy vegetation cover and detection probability influenced negatively by water depth within associated wetland habitats. Activity pattern analyses displayed that peak activity occurred at dawn and dusk, which yielded the highest degree of activity overlap with the only other migratory rallid recorded, Spotted CrakePorzana prozana. Our study also recorded the first apparent territorial display behaviour noted for the species. Our study supports the need for conservation initiatives focused on securing contiguous sections of suitable wetland habitat in order to accommodate the persistence of this globally threatened species.
Predicting Homogeneous Bubble Nucleation in Rhyolite
Authors: Hajimirza Sahand , Gonnermann Helge M. , Gardner James E. , Giachetti Thomas 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBubble nucleation is the critical first step during magma degassing. The resultant number density of bubbles provides a record of nucleation kinetics and underlying eruptive conditions. The rate of bubble nucleation is strongly dependent on the surface free energy associated with nucleus formation, making the use of bubble number density for the interpretation of eruptive conditions contingent upon a sound understanding of surface tension. Based on a suite of nucleation experiments with up to >1016 bubbles per unit volume of melt, and using numerical simulations of bubble nucleation and growth during each experiment, we provide a new formulation for surface tension during homogeneous nucleation of H2O bubbles in rhyolitic melt. It is based on the Tolman correction with a Tolman length of δ = 0.32 nm, which implies an increase in surface tension of bubbles with decreasing nucleus size. Our model results indicate that experiments encompass two distinct nucleation regimes, distinguishable by the ratio of the characteristic diffusion time of water, τdiff, to the decompression time, td. Experiments with >1013 m−3 bubbles are characterized by τdiff/td≪ 1, wherein the nucleation rate predominantly depends on the interplay between decompression and diffusion rates. Nucleation occurs over a short time interval with nucleation rate peaks at high values. For experiments with comparatively low bubble number density the average distance between adjacent bubbles and the diffusion timescale is large. Consequently, τdiff/td≫ 1 and nucleation is nearly unaffected by diffusion and independent of decompression rate, with bubbles nucleating at an approximately constant rate until the sample is quenched.
An Advanced Model of Lightning M‐Component
Authors: Tran M. D. , Rakov V. A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAn advanced nonlinear and nonuniform distributed circuit (RLCG) model of lightning M‐component has been developed. The model accounts for the variation of the series resistance R of M‐component channel due to its heating by the transient current and its subsequent cooling, longitudinal voltage drop along the channel due to the background continuing current, ohmic losses in the channel corona sheath (represented by shunt conductance G), and variation of series inductance L and shunt capacitance C of the channel with height above ground. The model was tested against the channel‐base current and corresponding close electric fields measured for seven M‐components in negative lightning triggered using the rocket‐and‐wire technique. Detailed sensitivity analysis was performed for one M‐component. The influences of height‐varying series inductance and shunt capacitance and the length of in‐cloud channel (representing the excitation source) on the computed current and field waveforms were found to be relatively insignificant, while the influences of ohmic losses in the channel corona sheath and voltage drop along the grounded channel were significant. The effects of background continuing current level and grounding resistance were significant for M‐field, but not for M‐current. Model‐predicted overall power and current profiles below the cloud base are consistent with the observed M‐component luminosity profiles and are drastically different from the observed downward leader/upward return stroke profiles. The characteristic feature of M‐components, the time shift between the current onset and close electric field peak (essentially absent for leader/return stroke sequences), was well reproduced by our model.
Patterns in Soil Chemical Weathering Related to Topographic Gradients and Vegetation Structure in a High Andean Tropical Ecosystem
Authors: Molina Armando , Vanacker Veerle , Corre Marife D. , Veldkamp Edzo 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAlthough climate exerts a major control on mineral weathering and soil formation processes, the combined effect of vegetation and topography can influence the rate and extent of chemical weathering at the hillslope scale. In this paper, we examined spatial patterns in volumetric strain and soil weathering extent associated with topographic gradients and vegetation patterns. In a high Andean catchment, we selected 10 soil toposequences on andesitic flows: 5 under tussock grasses, 3 under cushion forming plants, and 2 under native forest. Along each toposequence, one pit was excavated at the shoulder, backslope, and toeslope resulting in 30 soil profiles. Depth‐weighted total soil porosity of the 30 soil profiles averaged 64 ± 6%. The association between volumetric strain and soil organic C indicates that biotic agents can be effective in dilating the regolith during weathering. The young, postglacial volcanic soils were depleted in mono‐divalent and divalent cations, with total mass losses ranging between 793 and 1610 kg/m2. The accumulation of Al‐humus complexes in the soil matrix plays an essential role in chemical transformation of the nonallophanic soils. Beyond the marginally significant topographic control on chemical weathering extent, our data show highly significant differences in chemical weathering extent between vegetation communities with total mass losses in forest soils being, respectively, 19% and 22% higher than in grasslands and cushion‐forming plants. The vegetation mosaic in alpine ecosystems might therefore provide essential clues to understand soil chemical weathering patterns caused by spatially varying soil particle and water residence times.
Driving after Upper or Lower Extremity Orthopaedic Surgery
Authors: MacKenzie James S. , Bitzer Alexander M. , Familiari Filippo , Papalia Rocco , McFarland Edward G. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractOrthopaedic procedures can affect patients' ability to perform activities of daily living, such as driving automobiles or other vehicles that require coordinated use of the upper and lower extremities. Many variables affect the time needed before a patient can drive competently after undergoing orthopaedic surgery to the extremities. These variables include whether the patient underwent upper or lower extremity surgery, the country in which the patient resides, whether the right or left lower extremity is involved, whether the dominant arm is involved, whether the extremity is in a cast or brace, whether the patient has adequate strength to control the steering wheel, and whether the patient is taking pain medication. The type and complexity of the procedure also influence the speed of return of driving ability. Few studies provide definitive data on driving ability after upper or lower extremity surgery. Patients should be counseled not to drive until they can control the steering wheel and the pedals competently and can drive well enough to prevent further harm to themselves or to others. This review discusses the limited recommendations in the literature regarding driving motorized vehicles after upper or lower extremity orthopaedic surgery.
3 Separation and Purification in the Continuous Synthesis of Fine Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals
Authors: O’Mahony M. , Ferguson S. , Stelzer T. , Myerson A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractOf use to both chemists and chemical engineers working in flow synthesis, this chapter provides a summary of separation and purification operations that can be applied to flow synthesis reaction streams. Both single and biphasic separations for the liquid phase are detailed. Separation and purification by continuous crystallization of a solid phase is covered. Continuous solid–liquid separation and drying technologies for the isolation of a fine-chemical or pharmaceutical product are also reviewed.
7 Very Fast Reactions and Extreme Conditions
Authors: Kim H. , Yoshida J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMicroreaction technology represents a powerful and unique tool for the control of extremely fast reactions and reactions under extreme conditions. In this chapter, fast flow reactions such as Swern–Moffatt oxidations, diisobutylaluminum hydride reductions, reactions involving organolithiums and organomagnesiums, and Friedel–Crafts alkylations are presented. Moreover, this chapter also covers examples of reactions performed under extreme reaction conditions of high temperature and high pressure, which cannot be easily conducted in flasks.
14 Continuous-Flow Syntheses of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Authors: Beingessner R. L. , Longstreet A. R. , McTeague T. A. , Kelly L. P. , Seo H. , Tran T. H. , Wicker A. C. , Jamison T. F. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis chapter describes synthetic strategies and technologies used to perform multistep flow syntheses of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The APIs or potential drug candidates highlighted are efavirenz, imatinib, (–)-oseltamivir, ibuprofen, rolipram, methylphenidate hydrochloride, and rufinamide.
13 The Controlled Synthesis of Carbohydrates
Authors: Moon S. , Gilmore K. , Seeberger P. H. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWhile the formation of the glycosidic bond is the key transformation in the synthesis of polysaccharides, a dominant class of biopolymer, the reaction is poorly understood and remains highly challenging to perform reliably and selectively in a laboratory setting. This is due to the numerous intermediates and competing mechanistic pathways present, all of which are extremely sensitive to the environmental conditions of the reaction. This sensitivity and irreproducibility is an excellent opportunity to take advantage of the inherent control over reaction conditions achievable in micro- and meso-flow reactors. In this chapter, the range of transformations performed under continuous-flow conditions related to the synthesis of carbohydrates, including glycosidic bond formation, functional-group manipulations, and multistep synthesis, are presented and discussed. The advantages gained in flow are highlighted and, where available, directly compared to the respective batch process.
Parrots, peccaries, and people
Authors: Overall Simon E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe western margin of the Amazon basin near the modern-day border between Ecuador and Peru is an area of notable linguistic and ethnic diversity, but the indigenous cultures also show considerable similarities, thanks to a long history of contact and mutual influence. One of the cultural traits of the area is a genre of “magic” songs used to ensure success in all kinds of activities, but especially romantic pursuits, hunting (for men), and gardening (for women). These songs are distinguished musically from other song types, the lyrics are rich in imagery and metaphor (especially relating to birds and animals) and allusions to mythology, and they use a lexicon that includes both archaisms and innovative loanwords from neighbouring languages. This paper focuses on the magic songs (calledanɨnoranen) of the Aguaruna or Awajún, an indigenous group of north Peru. I describe the formal and poetic properties of these songs and their significance within the context of Aguaruna oral tradition and traditional culture, and then ask what these songs can tell us about the social and linguistic history of the region.