bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utility of systematic TSHR gene testing in adults with hyperthyroidism lacking overt autoimmunity and diffuse uptake on thyroid scintigraphy
Authors: Patel Kashyap A. , Knight Bridget , Aziz Aftab , Babiker Tarig , Tamar Avades , Findlay Joanna , Cox Sue , Dimitropoulos Ioannis , Tysoe Carolyn , Panicker Vijay , Vaidya Bijay 
Published: October 2018

SummaryObjectivePatients with hyperthyroidism lacking autoimmune features but showing diffuse uptake on thyroid scintigram can have either Graves’ disease or germline activating TSH receptor (TSHR) mutation. It is important to identify patients with activating TSHR mutation due to treatment implication, but the overlapping clinical features with Graves’ disease make it difficult to discriminate these two conditions without genetic testing. Our study aimed to assess the potential of systematic TSHR mutation screening in adults with hyperthyroidism, showing diffuse uptake on thyroid scintigraphy but absence of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb) and clinical signs of autoimmunity.DesignA cross‐sectional study of Caucasian adults with hyperthyroidism, managed at three endocrine centres in the South West, UK, from January 2006 to April 2017.MethodsWe recruited 78 adult Caucasian patients with hyperthyroidism showing diffuse uptake on 99mTc‐pertechnetate thyroid scintigraphy but without TRAb and other autoimmune clinical features of Graves’ disease (such as thyroid‐associated ophthalmopathy or dermopathy). Genomic DNA of these patients was analysed for variants in the TSHR gene.ResultsGenetic analysis identified 11 patients with four variants in TSHR [p.(Glu34Lys), p.(Asp36His), p.(Pro52Thr) and p.(Ile334Thr)]. None of these variants were pathogenic according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guideline.ConclusionsActivating TSHR mutations are a rare cause of nonautoimmune adult hyperthyroidism. Our study does not support the routine genetic testing in adult patients with hyperthyroidism showing diffuse uptake on scintigraphy but negative TRAb and lacking extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves’ disease.
Nickel deposition and penetration into the stratum corneum after short metallic nickel contact: An experimental study
Authors: Ahlström Malin G. , Midander Klara , Menné Torkil , Lidén Carola , Johansen Jeanne D. , Julander Anneli , Thyssen Jacob P. 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundKnowledge about the skin deposition and penetration of nickel into the stratum corneum (SC) after short contact with metallic items is limited.ObjectiveTo quantify nickel skin deposition and penetration into the SC after short contact with metallic nickel.MethodsSixteen nickel‐allergic participants and 10 controls were exposed to 3 pure nickel discs and 1 aluminium disc on each volar forearm for 3 × 10 minutes. Before exposure, 1 forearm was irritated with 0.5% sodium lauryl sulfate under 24‐hour occlusion. Immediately, as well as 24 and 72 hours after metallic disc exposure, outer SC layers were removed with adhesive tapes and the nickel content was measured.ResultsNickel deposition and SC penetration capable of eliciting allergic nickel dermatitis were found immediately and after 24 hours. Significantly higher nickel amounts were found on normal skin and in the SC of nickel‐allergic participants than in controls both immediately and after 24 hours, and on irritated skin immediately after exposure.ConclusionsNickel deposition and SC penetration is considerable after nickel skin exposure of 3 × 10 minutes. Combined with the allergic responses resulting from the same exposures reported previously, this study highlights that short skin exposure to nickel‐releasing items may cause allergic nickel dermatitis.
Ecological fallacy as a novel risk factor for poor translation in neuroscience research: A systematic review and simulation study
Authors: Cragg Jacquelyn J. , Kramer John L. K. , Borisoff Jaimie F. , Patrick David M. , Ramer Matt S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundTranslational neuroscience is largely concerned with establishing causal links between biological processes and functional outcomes. Exciting new methods have emerged and top‐tier biomedical journals are placing increasingly high demand for experiments that link outcomes. One pitfall to making these connections is the “ecological fallacy”—establishing a relationship between outcomes based on aggregate (averaged) results (a distinct issue from correlation vs causation).MethodsTo showcase the ecological fallacy, we first used simulated data to define and demonstrate the problem. Next, we performed a systematic review to determine the prevalence of the fallacy in top‐tier biomedical journals (Science, Nature Medicine, Neuron, Nature, Nature Neuroscience, Cell). Based on our own research interests and specializations, we specifically focused on recent publications in the area of spinal cord injury and regenerative medicine.ResultsOf the articles reviewed which examined a relationship between central nervous system regeneration and a behavioural outcome, 100% (21/21) were subject to possible ecological fallacy.ConclusionsEcological fallacy is highly prevalent in neuroscience research and could partially account for translation failures in this field. Reporting guidelines for in vivo experiments should include subject‐level correlation analyses for the primary outcomes.
Correlates of ecological dominance withinPheidoleants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Tschá Marcel K. , Pie Marcio R. 
Published: October 2018

1. In any group of organisms, one can almost invariably find some species that are ecologically dominant (i.e. disproportionately more abundant and widespread), whereas others are comparatively less prevalent. Understanding of the causes of variation in ecological dominance has been elusive, particularly given that dominant and subordinate species often lack obvious features that could predict their abundance in nature.2. In this study, physiological, behavioural, morphological, and phylogenetic information is integrated in an effort to understand the mechanisms underlying ecological dominance in ants using the hyperdiverse ant genusPheidole(Formicidae: Myrmicinae) as a model system. Field estimates of the relative abundance of 10Pheidolespecies were compared with potential correlates, which included behavioural (walking velocity), physiological (tolerance to high and low temperatures and desiccation), and morphological traits (body size and degree of dimorphism in the worker caste). A molecular phylogeny of the tested species was also generated to account for potential confounding effects of phylogenetic non‐independence.3. DominantPheidolespecies were characterised by higher environmental tolerance with respect to temperature and humidity, as well as faster walking speeds. On the other hand, no morphological correlates of ecological dominance were detected. Interestingly, subordinate species showed no evidence of trade‐off in performance, being both more fragile to environmental challenges and slower in their walking speeds.4. These results provide important insights into the mechanisms involved in local species coexistence inPheidole.
Interregional metabolic connectivity of 2‐deoxy‐2[18F]fluoro‐D‐glucose positron emission tomography in vagus nerve stimulation for pediatric patients with epilepsy: A retrospective cross‐sectional study
Authors: Yu Rita , Park Hae‐Jeong , Cho Hojin , Ko Ara , Pae Chongwon , Oh Maeng‐Keun , Kang Hoon‐Chul , Kim Heung Dong , Park Eun‐Kyung , Shim Kyu‐Won , Kim Dong Suk , Lee Joon Soo 
Published: October 2018

SummaryObjectiveWith the recognition of epilepsy as a network disease that disrupts the organizing ability of resting‐state brain networks, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) may control epileptic seizures through modulation of functional connectivity. We evaluated preoperative 2‐deoxy‐2[18F]fluoro‐D‐glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) in VNS‐implanted pediatric patients with refractory epilepsy to analyze the metabolic connectivity of patients and its prognostic role in seizure control.MethodsPreoperative PET data of 66 VNS pediatric patients who were followed up for a minimum of 1 year after the procedure were collected for the study. Retrospective review of the patients’ charts was performed, and five patients with inappropriate PET data or major health issues were excluded. We conducted an independent component analysis of FDG‐PET to extract spatial metabolic components and their activities, which were used to perform cross‐sectional metabolic network analysis. We divided the patients into VNS‐effective and VNS‐ineffective groups (VNS‐effective group, ≥50% seizure reduction; VNS‐ineffective group, <50% reduction) and compared metabolic connectivity differences between groups using a permutation test.ResultsThirty‐four (55.7%) patients showed >50% seizure reduction from baseline frequency 1 year after VNS. A significant difference in metabolic connectivity evaluated by preoperative FDG‐PET was noted between groups. Relative changes in glucose metabolism were strongly connected among the areas of brainstem, cingulate gyrus, cerebellum, bilateral insula, and putamen in patients with <50% seizure control after VNS.SignificanceThis study shows that seizure outcome of VNS may be influenced by metabolic connectivity, which can be obtained from preoperative PET imaging. This study of metabolic connectivity analysis may contribute in further understanding of the mechanism of VNS in intractable seizures.
Affective Scholarship: Doing Anthropology with Epistemic Affects
Authors: Stodulka Thomas , Selim Nasima , Mattes Dominik 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis article discusses the potential of fieldworkers’ affects as epistemic processes. It showcases lessons from long‐term fieldwork in diverse geographical locations (Indonesia, Germany, and Tanzania) and insights from our affective inquiries into coming of age on the streets, Sufism, and antiretroviral HIV‐therapy. Inspired by ethnographic writings relating to psychological anthropology and the “affective turn,” we propose epistemic affects as a core analytical means for venturing into a nuanced understanding of the processes, situations, persons, communities, and places we study (with). The article defines epistemic affect, situates it in contemporary debates on how to make affect epistemologically productive, and offers several field episodes to illustrate how affects might open up empirically robust ways of knowing. Finally, it introduces the broader idea of affective scholarship, which advocates systematic explorations of anthropologists’ relational engagements with interlocutors, the practices they study, and the things and places they encounter. [affect, emotion, epistemology, ethnography, fieldwork, method]
2017 Richard G. Condon Prize Essay “I Will Not Die on This Street:” Thinking Things Over in Conflicted Belfast
Authors: McCoy Matthew 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis article lets unfold a disquieting day in the life of an individual who resides in a predominately Irish Republican and Catholic social housing estate in east Belfast, Northern Ireland. Since the signing of the 1998 Belfast/Good Friday Peace Agreement, this tight‐knit working‐class community, which continues to be deeply affected by the colonial and ethnonationalist conflict dubbed “the Troubles,” has faced an unbundling of shared practices, identities, and concepts. Through ethnographic description and phenomenological interpretation, this article explores the ways in which the familiar world solicits this individual into reflecting about his sense of self amidst existential uncertainty. Through familiarity, I suggest, unseen marginal possibilities—past futures—may solicit us into concernful and engaged reflection about our existence. During an intimate and precipitating conversation with an old friend, this individual becomes solicited into an altered understanding of his way of life and his place in the community.
Generic solutions for data‐limited fishery assessments are not so simple
Authors: Dowling Natalie A. , Smith Anthony D. M. , Smith David C. , Parma Ana M. , Dichmont Catherine M. , Sainsbury Keith , Wilson Jono R. , Dougherty Dawn T. , Cope Jason M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe majority of the world's fisheries, by number, are data‐poor/limited, and there is a growing body of literature pertaining to approaches to estimate data‐limited stock status. There are at least two drivers for assessing the status of data‐limited fisheries. The first is to try to understand and report on the global or regional status of fisheries across many stocks. The second is to attempt to assess individual data‐limited stocks, for status reporting and/or guiding management decisions. These drivers have led to attempts to find simple, generic, low‐cost solutions, including the broad application of generically parameterised models, and the blanket application of a single, or limited number of possible, analytical approach(es). It is unclear that generic methods function as intended, especially when taken out of their original design context or used without care. If the intention is to resolve individual stock status for the purposes of management, there is concern with the indiscriminate application of a single method to a suite of stocks irrespective of the particular circumstances of each. We examine why caution needs to be exercised, and provide guidance on the appropriate application of data‐limited assessment methods (DLMs). We recommend: (a) obtaining better data, (b) using care in acknowledging and interpreting uncertainties in the results ofDLMs, (c) embeddingDLMs in harvest strategies that are robust to the higher levels of uncertainty in the output ofDLMs by including precautionary management measures or buffers and (d) selecting and applyingDLMs appropriate to specific species’ and fisheries’ data and context.
Wood addition in the hatchery and river environments affects post‐release performance of overwintering brown trout
Authors: Watz Johan , Calles Olle , Carlsson Niclas , Collin Teemu , Huusko Ari , Johnsson Jörgen , Nilsson Per Anders , Norrgård Johnny , Nyqvist Daniel 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Habitat structural complexity affects the behaviour and physiology of individuals, and responses to the environment can be immediate or influence performance later in life through delayed effects.

Here, we investigated how structural enrichment, both pre‐release in the hatchery rearing environment and post‐release in the wild, influenced winter growth and site fidelity of brown trout stocked into side channels of a regulated river.

Experiencing structural enrichment in the rearing environment during 3 months in autumn had no pre‐release effect on growth, but a delayed positive effect after release during the subsequent winter. Moreover, trout recaptured in wood‐treated sections of the side channels had grown more than trout recaptured in control sections. Wood enrichment in the side channels also increased overwinter site fidelity.

These results show that adding structure during a relatively short period may alter growth trajectories, and adding wood to side channels is a cost‐effective method to enhance winter habitat carrying capacity for juvenile salmonids in regulated rivers.
Nitrous oxide emissions from inland waters: Are IPCC estimates too high?
Authors: Maavara Taylor , Lauerwald Ronny , Laruelle Goulven G. , Akbarzadeh Zahra , Bouskill Nicholas J. , Van Cappellen Philippe , Regnier Pierre 
Published: October 2018

AbstractNitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from inland waters remain a major source of uncertainty in global greenhouse gas budgets. N2O emissions are typically estimated using emission factors (EFs), defined as the proportion of the terrestrial nitrogen (N) load to a water body that is emitted as N2O to the atmosphere. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has proposed EFs of 0.25% and 0.75%, though studies have suggested that both these values are either too high or too low. In this work, we develop a mechanistic modeling approach to explicitly predict N2O production and emissions via nitrification and denitrification in rivers, reservoirs and estuaries. In particular, we introduce a water residence time dependence, which kinetically limits the extent of denitrification and nitrification in water bodies. We revise existing spatially explicit estimates of N loads to inland waters to predict both lumped watershed and half‐degree grid cell emissions and EFs worldwide, as well as the proportions of these emissions that originate from denitrification and nitrification. We estimate global inland water N2O emissions of 10.6–19.8 Gmol N year−1 (148–277 Gg N year−1), with reservoirs producing most N2O per unit area. Our results indicate that IPCC EFs are likely overestimated by up to an order of magnitude, and that achieving the magnitude of the IPCC's EFs is kinetically improbable in most river systems. Denitrification represents the major pathway of N2O production in river systems, whereas nitrification dominates production in reservoirs and estuaries.
Combining sampling techniques aids monitoring of tropical butterflies
Authors: Checa Maria F. , Donoso David A. , Rodriguez Jacqueline , Levy Elisa , Warren Andrew , Willmott Keith 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

We compared the performance of three common techniques for sampling butterflies in order to better understand any bias associated with each method. This information is still scarce for the Neotropics where butterfly diversity reaches a peak.
These techniques included use of hand nets, carrion traps with fermented shrimp, and fruit traps with fermented bananas. We examined which taxonomic groups were sampled by each technique and determined the intra‐annual and inter‐annual (two continuous years) differences in the collection of butterflies from each approach.
Surveys of butterflies were taken every 2 months, in dry and wet seasons, over a 2‐year period, and were carried out in two forests (one wet and one dry) in western Ecuador.
A total of 2289 butterflies of 231 species were collected. Hand‐netting collected the most species (57% and 60% of total species in the dry and the wet forest, respectively), followed by carrion traps (24% and 23%), and then fruit traps (19% and 16%). Methods differed with respect to the butterfly species they collected most frequently. Moreover, each sampling technique resulted in significant differences in species composition across seasons and years.
Because our sampling techniques differed in their performance, our study suggests that implementing all the methods together can improve estimates of species diversity and result in more accurate characterisation of butterfly communities.
While budget and logistics might constraint the utilisation of multiple techniques, minimally we recommend using both carrion and fruit baits to alleviate the bias of each bait.
Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on the structure, physicochemical and functional properties of protein isolates from cumin (Cuminum cyminum) seeds
Authors: Chen Jingwang , Mu Taihua , Zhang Miao , Goffin Dorothée 
Published: October 2018

SummaryThe effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment on the structure, physicochemical and functional properties of cumin protein isolate (CPI) was investigated. More aggregates, pores, irregular conformations and bigger particle size were observed for HHP‐treated CPI. HHP resulted in an increase in α‐helix, a decrease in β‐strand and fluorescence intensity of CPI. Surface hydrophobicity (Ho) of CPI significantly increased after HHP treatment, from 343.35 for native CPI to 906.22 at 600 MPa (P < 0.05). HHP treatment at 200 MPa reduced zeta‐potential and solubility of CPI, while had little effect at 400 and 600 MPa. Emulsifying activity and stability of CPI decreased after HHP treatment, of which droplet size of emulsions significantly increased (P < 0.05). HHP‐treated CPI could form heat‐induced gelation at lower temperature (68.5 °C) and improved storage modulus (G′) comparing to native one (80.6 °C), suggesting that CPI might be potential protein resources as gelation substitute in food system.
Phytochemical compounds and biological activity in Asparagus roots: a review
Authors: Zhang Hongxia , Birch John , Pei Jinjin , Ma Zheng Feei , Bekhit Alaa El‐Din 
Published: October 2018

SummaryAsparagus roots (AR) contain many bioactive compounds and their use in Chinese and Indian traditional medicines is well documented. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated AR extracts act as antidiabetic, antioxidant and hypolipidaemic and depict anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anticarcinogenic activities and also improve cardiovascular and oral health. The physiological effects against wide range of pathologies are due to the wide range of phytochemicals found in AR including polyphenols, saponins and polysaccharides. The aim of this review is to present an overview of the functional, medical and physiological properties of AR bioactives. This review considers the roots of several asparagus species and provides up‐to‐date information on Asparagus officinalis that has not been extensively reviewed before.
Monitoring and CEO Contractual Incentive Pay
Authors: Yu Fan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper finds that a CEO who is better monitored tends to have smaller wealth‐performance sensitivity (WPS). The results are consistent with the optimal contracting view and are robust to different measures of WPS. The findings suggest caution in drawing conclusions when researchers use WPS as an observable outcome of monitoring to test the effectiveness of monitoring. The association of monitoring and WPS is not necessarily positive, as assumed by prior corporate governance research.
Drought and heat stress reduce yield and alter carbon rhizodeposition of different wheat genotypes
Authors: Bakhshandeh Shiva , Corneo Paola E. , Yin Liming , Dijkstra Feike A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDrought and high temperature are major environmental stress factors threatening wheat production during grain filling stage resulting in substantial yield losses. Four wheat genotypes (Suntop, IAW2013, Scout and 249) were planted under two temperature levels (25 and 30°C) and two water levels (15% and 25% soil moisture content). Wheat yield, leaf δ13C, plant rhizodeposition, shoot biomass and root traits were examined. Low moisture (drought stress) and high temperature (heat stress) decreased the grain yield of all wheat genotypes, in particular 249, while combined drought and temperature stresses had the most pronounced negative effect on plant biomass and grain yield. Decreasing soil water availability decreased the allocation of plant‐derived C to soil organic carbon (SOC) and to microbial biomass through rhizodeposition. Leaf δ13C decreased with increased yield, suggesting that higher yielding genotypes were less water stressed and allocated less C to SOC and microbial biomass through rhizodeposition. Wheat genotypes with lower root/shoot ratios and thinner roots were more efficient at assimilating C to the grain, while genotypes with higher root/shoot ratios and thicker roots allocated more C belowground through rhizodeposition at the expense of producing higher yield. Therefore, improving these traits for enhanced C allocation to wheat grain under variable environmental conditions needs to be considered.