bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Utero Amniotic Fluid Stem Cell Therapy Protects Against Myelomeningocele via Spinal Cord Coverage and Hepatocyte Growth Factor Secretion
Authors: Abe Yushi , Ochiai Daigo , Masuda Hirotaka , Sato Yu , Otani Toshimitsu , Fukutake Marie , Ikenoue Satoru , Miyakoshi Kei , Okano Hideyuki , Tanaka Mamoru 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Despite the poor prognosis associated with myelomeningocele (MMC), the options for prenatal treatments are still limited. Recently, fetal cellular therapy has become a new option for treating birth defects, although the therapeutic effects and mechanisms associated with such treatments remain unclear. The use of human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs) is ideal with respect to immunoreactivity and cell propagation. The prenatal diagnosis of MMC during early stages of pregnancy could allow for the ex vivo proliferation and modulation of autologous hAFSCs for use in utero stem cell therapy. Therefore, we investigated the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of hAFSCs-based treatment for fetal MMC. hAFSCs were isolated as CD117-positive cells from the amniotic fluid of 15- to 17-week pregnant women who underwent amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis and consented to this study. Rat dams were exposed to retinoic acid to induce fetal MMC and were subsequently injected with hAFSCs in each amniotic cavity. We measured the exposed area of the spinal cord and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) levels at the lesion. The exposed spinal area of the hAFSC-treated group was significantly smaller than that of the control group. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated a reduction in neuronal damage such as neurodegeneration and astrogliosis in the hAFSC-treated group. Additionally, in lesions of the hAFSC-treated group, HGF expression was upregulated and HGF-positive hAFSCs were identified, suggesting that these cells migrated to the lesion and secreted HGF to suppress neuronal damage and induce neurogenesis. Therefore, in utero hAFSC therapy could become a novel strategy for fetal MMC. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2019;8:1170–1179
Correlated Cryo Super‐Resolution Light and Cryo‐Electron Microscopy on Mammalian Cells Expressing the Fluorescent Protein rsEGFP2
Authors: Tuijtel Maarten W. , Koster Abraham J. , Faas Frank G. A. , Sharp Thomas H. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSuper‐resolution light microscopy (SRM) enables imaging of biomolecules within cells with nanometer precision. Cryo‐fixation by vitrification offers optimal structure preservation of biological specimens and permits sequential cryo electron microscopy (cryoEM) on the same sample, but is rarely used for SRM due to various technical challenges and the lack of fluorophores developed for vitrified conditions. Here, a protocol to perform correlated cryoSRM and cryoEM on intact mammalian cells using fluorescent proteins and commercially available equipment is described. After cell culture and sample preparation by plunge‐freezing, cryoSRM is performed using the reversibly photoswitchable fluorescent protein rsEGFP2. Next, a super‐resolved image is reconstructed to guide cryoEM imaging to the feature of interest. Finally, the cryoSRM and cryoEM images are correlated to combine information from both imaging modalities. Using this protocol, a localization precision of 30 nm for cryoSRM is routinely achieved. No impediments to successive cryoEM imaging are detected, and the protocol is compatible with a variety of cryoEM techniques. When the optical set‐up and analysis pipeline is established, the total duration of the protocol for experienced cryoEM users is 3 days, not including cell culture.
Correlation power analysis and effective defense approach on light encryption device block cipher
Authors: Rai Vikash Kumar , Reddy Boreddy V. , Tripathy Somanath , Mathew Jimson 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRecently many works have shown that one of the weaknesses of cryptographic algorithms is power analysis attacks on its hardware implementation. This side channel analysis (SCA) is of interest because such attack can leak information of cryptographic algorithms. So, developing attack resistant mechanism is important for hardware security modules. This paper investigates the vulnerability of light encryption device (LED) block cipher, against correlation power analysis. LED is a lightweight block cipher targeted for compact hardware implementation to protect ubiquitous computing data. We use Chipwhisperer capture hardware to capture power traces during encryption of randomly generated plain texts using the same secret key. Our proposed attack successfully retrieves all 64 bits of secret key correctly using only 300 power traces and 256 key guesses. Furthermore, we propose a simple but effective mitigation technique to prevent such attacks.
Simplified optimal design of MDOF structures with negative stiffness amplifying dampers based on effective damping
Authors: Wang Meng , Sun Fei‐fei , Nagarajaiah Satish 
Published: August 2019

SUMMARYThis paper presents a study on multi‐degree‐of‐freedom (MDOF) structures equipped with a negative stiffness amplifying damper (NSAD). The NSAD not only preserves the negative stiffness feature of negative stiffness devices (NSDs) but also achieves prominent damping magnification effect, substantially reducing a NSD's requirement for high additional damping, which is used to contain the increased displacements resulting from the reduction in overall stiffness of a system. The dynamic equations of MDOF systems with NSADs are described in state–space representation, and the effective damping and frequencies are parametrically studied. Then, a simple optimization method is proposed. A study of the 20‐storey benchmark building shows that NSADs are the most efficient of supplemental devices in reducing interstorey drifts compared with viscous dampers (VDs) and viscoelastic dampers (VEDs) with the same supplemental damping coefficient. For instance, when compared with that of VEDs, the maximal peak interstorey of NSADs can be further reduced by about 30%. In terms of reducing acceleration responses, NSADs perform much better than VDs and VEDs owing to their negative stiffness feature. Partially arranged, NSADs are best implemented at the storeys that have smaller interstorey drift responses. This is because the negative stiffness preserved by NSADs significantly reduces the interstorey drift of storeys without NSADs.
Building service businesses in Africa: Introducing the business builder model
Authors: Aksoy Lerzan , Allerstorfer Peter , Cadet Fabienne , Cook Paul , Keiningham Timothy , Koser Manuel 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe success of Silicon Valley has served as a driving force for entrepreneurs and investors worldwide. Many have attempted to create their own version in developing markets by setting up Silicon Valley‐style tech incubators. In recent years, Africa has seen an influx of these start‐up incubators, which has resulted in an emergence of major tech hubs in different parts of the continent. These areas have taken on names synonymous with the booming tech industry: Cape Town in South Africa is known as the Silicon Cape, Nairobi in Kenya as the Silicon Savannah, and Lagos, Nigeria as the Silicon Lagoon. Despite the influx and success of some of these incubators, there is also a multitude of examples where success and longevity are rare. The lifespan of these start‐ups are short and they seldom realize any profit. Limited access to capital markets, poor infrastructure, and weak regulatory environment are just a few reasons cited for this. Although there is a multitude of articles and publications that feature success cases and reasons behind propelling success, there are far fewer that focus on failures. As such, with this article we aim to shed light on the various reasons why these businesses fail by analyzing the literature and demonstrating them with real‐world examples of both successes and failures in the market. Using the information analyzed, we then propose a solution for successfully investing in tech startups in the developing world, the business builder model.
Decoding pluripotency: Genetic screens to interrogate the acquisition, maintenance, and exit of pluripotency
Authors: Li Qing V. , Rosen Bess P. , Huangfu Danwei 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPluripotent stem cells have the ability to unlimitedly self‐renew and differentiate to any somatic cell lineage. A number of systems biology approaches have been used to define this pluripotent state. Complementary to systems level characterization, genetic screens offer a unique avenue to functionally interrogate the pluripotent state and identify the key players in pluripotency acquisition and maintenance, exit of pluripotency, and lineage differentiation. Here we review how genetic screens have helped us decode pluripotency regulation. We will summarize results from RNA interference (RNAi) based screens, discuss recent advances in CRISPR/Cas‐based genetic perturbation methods, and how these advances have made it possible to more comprehensively interrogate pluripotency and differentiation through genetic screens. Such investigations will not only provide a better understanding of this unique developmental state, but may enhance our ability to use pluripotent stem cells as an experimental model to study human development and disease progression. Functional interrogation of pluripotency also provides a valuable roadmap for utilizing genetic perturbation to gain systems level understanding of additional cellular states, from later stages of development to pathological disease states.This article is categorized under:
Developmental Biology > Stem Cell Biology and Regeneration
Developmental Biology > Developmental Processes in Health and Disease
Biological Mechanisms > Cell Fates
Base Platform Security Hardware Building Blocks
Authors: Cheruvu Sunil , Kumar Anil , Smith Ned , Wheeler David M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHistorically, the attacks on platforms have been transitioning from application-level software (SW) to user mode SW to kernel mode SW to firmware (FW) and now hardware (HW). The frequency of HW- and FW-level vulnerabilities increased substantially from 2003 to 2019 and therefore reinforces a concrete need for HW-based security to harden the platform. This is evident from the data cataloged in the National Vulnerability Database (NVD) organized as CVEs; more information about NVD can be found at

. The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) is a list of entries with the information that identifies a unique vulnerability or an exposure and is used in many cybersecurity products and services including the NVD; more information about CVE can be found at

. The NVD has been mined to derive the statistics and visualizations with pertinent search terms such as Firmware and Hardware. It is evident from Figure 3-1 (a) that the firmware-related CVEs have increased significantly and 2017–2018 saw the biggest jump when the hacker community started attaching the FW on the platforms. Similarly Figure 3-1 (b) shows that during the same time period, the HW-related CVEs also hit a peak. Please note that all these CVEs need to be investigated carefully for the impacted areas within a platform. But the trends are clearly pointing toward the HW as the last line of defense.
Europe’s Peat Fire: Intangible Heritage and the Crusades for Identity
Authors: van der Laarse Rob 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRob van der Laarse explores conflicts around the supposed ownness of intangible cultural heritage through examples from the recent (political) rediscovery of folklore in contemporary Europe. Recently, the promotion of, and identification with, national and regional folklore have been hijacked by European populist parties and movements. In their discourses, real and imaged folklore phenomena have been transformed into political means to foster territorial cultural identities and their “authenticity”. Through examples from the Netherlands and other European countries, the chapter critically discusses the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003) and its role in stimulating contestation of the ownership of heritage by enabling (political) actors to utilize the concept of intangible cultural heritage for cultural identity-building projects.
Contesting Cultural Heritage: Decolonizing the Tropenmuseum as an Intervention in the Dutch/European Memory Complex
Authors: van Huis Iris 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe chapter discusses how (post-)immigrant activism in the Netherlands currently impacts Dutch and European cultural heritage and their cultural archive and memory complex. The discussion focuses on the Tropenmuseum and the way postcolonial (post)immigrants carried out interventions there, resulting in new ways of visually and textually representing the colonial past. Though the end result is not a final ideal decolonized situation, it did evince de-essentializing processes in which intersectional perspectives are taken up. The interventions coincide with other national and international protests and processes, making it part of a project or movement that produces decolonial counter-narratives to ethno-nationalist discourses. The case indicates how heritage is sought to be transformed by demanding greater visibility for injustices from the colonial past, for the resistances against these injustices, and for their implications for the present.
Analysis of the short-term prognosis and risk factors of elderly acute kidney injury patients in different KDIGO diagnostic windows
Authors: Li Qinglin , Mao Zhi , Hu Pan , Kang Hongjun , Zhou Feihu 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background and aims
Follow-up observation was performed on elderly acute kidney injury (AKI) patients to analyze the short-term prognosis and risk factors of AKI patients in the 48-h diagnostic window and 7-day diagnostic window of the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines.

Methods
Inpatients aged ≥ 75 years in the geriatric ward of the People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, China, between January 2007 and December 2015 were selected as the research subjects. According to two diagnostic criteria in the KDIGO guidelines, patients were divided into a 48-h diagnostic window group and a 7-day diagnostic window group. The medical data of the patients were divided into the death group and the survival group for analysis based on the survival condition of the patients after 90 days of AKI. Factors that affected the 90-day survival of patients in the 48-h diagnostic window and 7-day diagnostic window groups were analyzed using multivariate Cox regression.

Results
During the follow-up period, a total of 652 patients were enrolled in this study. Among them, 623 cases were men, accounting for 95.6% of the patients. The median age was 87 (84–91) years. According to the KDIGO staging criteria, there were 308 (47.2%) cases in AKI stage 1, 164 (25.2%) cases in stage 2, and 180 (27.6%) cases in stage 3. Among the 652 patients, 334 (51.2%) were diagnosed with AKI based on the 48-h diagnostic criteria window, and 318 (48.8%) were diagnosed with AKI based on the baseline 7-day diagnostic criteria. The 90-day mortality of AKI patients was 42.5% in the 48-h diagnostic window and 24.2% in the 7-day diagnostic window. The multivariate Cox analysis results showed that low mean arterial pressure (HR = 0.966; P < 0.001), low serum prealbumin level (HR = 0.932; P < 0.001), infection (HR = 1.448; P = 0.047), mechanical ventilation (HR = 1.485; P = 0.038), high blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level (HR = 1.026; P < 0.001), blood magnesium level (HR = 2.560; P = 0.024), and more severe AKI stage (stage 2: HR = 3.482; P < 0.001 and stage 3: HR = 6.267; P < 0.001) were independent risk factors affecting the 90-day mortality of elderly patients in the 48-h diagnostic window, whereas low body mass index (HR = 0.851; P < 0.001), low mean arterial pressure (HR = 0.980; P = 0.036), low serum prealbumin level (HR = 0.950; P = 0.048), low serum albumin level (HR = 0.936; P = 0.015), high BUN level (HR = 1.046; P < 0.001), and more severe AKI stage (stage 2: HR = 4.249; P = 0.001 and stage 3: HR = 9.230; P < 0.001) were independent risk factors affecting the 90-day mortality of elderly patients in the 7-day diagnostic window.

Conclusions
The clinical differences of AKI and risk factors for 90-day mortality in elderly AKI individuals vary depending on the definition used. An increment of Scr ≥ 26.5 μmol/L in 48 h (48-h KDIGO window) alone predicts adverse clinical outcomes.
CONTINUITY OF UNIVERSALLY MEASURABLE HOMOMORPHISMS
Authors: ROSENDAL CHRISTIAN 
Published: August 2019

Answering a longstanding problem originating in Christensen’s seminal work on Haar null sets [Math. Scand. 28 (1971), 124–128; Israel J. Math. 13 (1972), 255–260; Topology and Borel Structure. Descriptive Topology and Set Theory with Applications to Functional Analysis and Measure Theory, North-Holland Mathematics Studies, 10 (Notas de Matematica, No. 51). (North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam–London; American Elsevier Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1974), iii+133 pp], we show that a universally measurable homomorphism between Polish groups is automatically continuous. Using our general analysis of continuity of group homomorphisms, this result is used to calibrate the strength of the existence of a discontinuous homomorphism between Polish groups. In particular, it is shown that, modulo

$\text{ZF}+\text{DC}$

, the existence of a discontinuous homomorphism between Polish groups implies that the Hamming graph on

$\{0,1\}^{\mathbb{N}}$

has finite chromatic number.
A comparison of the accuracy of two electronic hand hygiene monitoring systems
Authors: Doll Michelle E. , Masroor Nadia , Cooper Kaila , Trimmer Trina , Pryor Rachel , Auricchio Joseph , Armstrong-Novak Jo Dee , Stevens Michael P. , Bearman Gonzalo 
Published: August 2019

AbstractInterest in electronic hand hygiene monitoring systems (EHHMSs) is now widespread throughout the infection control community. We tested 2 types of EHHMS for accuracy. The type B EHHMS captured more HH events with superior accuracy. Hospitals considering an EHHMS should assess the technology’s ability to accurately capture HH performance in the clinical workflow.
Between-group attack and defence in an ecological setting: Insights from nonhuman animals
Authors: Radford Andrew N. , Schindler Susanne , Fawcett Tim W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Attempts to understand the fundamental forces shaping conflict between attacking and defending groups can be hampered by a narrow focus on humans and reductionist, oversimplified modelling. Further progress depends on recognising the striking parallels in between-group conflict across the animal kingdom, harnessing the power of experimental tests in nonhuman species and modelling the eco-evolutionary feedbacks that drive attack and defence.
The attack and defense mechanisms: Perspectives from behavioral economics and game theory
Authors: Chowdhury Subhasish M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This commentary complements the article by De Dreu and Gross (2019) from the perspectives of behavioral economics and game theory. It aims to provide a bridge between psychology/neuroscience research and economics research in attack-and-defense by stipulating relevant literature, clarifying theoretical structures, and suggesting improvements in experimental designs and possible further investigations.
Reasons to strike first
Authors: Buckner William , Glowacki Luke 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
De Dreu and Gross predict that attackers will have more difficulty winning conflicts than defenders. As their analysis is presumed to capture the dynamics of decentralized conflict, we consider how their framework compares with ethnographic evidence from small-scale societies, as well as chimpanzee patterns of intergroup conflict. In these contexts, attackers have significantly more success in conflict than predicted by De Dreu and Gross's model. We discuss the possible reasons for this disparity.
Functional sex differences and signal forms have coevolved with conflict
Authors: Becker D. Vaughn , Dubbs Shelli L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Evolutionary theory makes further predictions about conflict. It predicts sex differences in the proclivity to attack and defend. It further suggests complementary biases in what we expect of the sexes. Finally, it suggests that the forms of human facial expressions of anger and happiness may have coevolved with the regularity of conflict as a means of signaling, bluffing, and defusing attack.
Asymmetric conflict: Structures, strategies, and settlement
Authors: De Dreu Carsten K. W. , Gross Jörg 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Our target article modeled conflict within and between groups as an asymmetric game of strategy and developed a framework to explain the evolved neurobiological, psychological, and sociocultural mechanisms underlying attack and defense. Twenty-seven commentaries add insights from diverse disciplines, such as animal biology, evolutionary game theory, human neuroscience, psychology, anthropology, and political science, that collectively extend and supplement this model in three ways. Here we draw attention to the superordinate structure of attack and defense, and its subordinate means to meet the end of status quo maintenance versus change, and we discuss (1) how variations in conflict structure and power disparities between antagonists can impact strategy selection and behavior during attack and defense; (2) how the positions of attack and defense emerge endogenously and are subject to rhetoric and propaganda; and (3) how psychological and economic interventions can transform attacker-defender conflicts into coordination games that allow mutual gains and dispute resolution.
Social-cognitive mechanisms in the cycle of violence: Cognitive and affective theory of mind, and externalizing psychopathology in children and adolescents
Authors: Heleniak Charlotte , McLaughlin Katie A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractChildren who are victims of interpersonal violence have a markedly elevated risk of engaging in aggressive behavior and perpetrating violence in adolescence and adulthood. Although alterations in social information processing have long been understood as a core mechanism underlying the link between violence exposure and externalizing behavior, scant research has examined more basic social cognition abilities that might underlie this association. To that end, this study examined the associations of interpersonal violence exposure with cognitive and affective theory of mind (ToM), core social-cognitive processes that underlie many aspects of social information processing. In addition, we evaluated whether difficulties with ToM were associated with externalizing psychopathology. Data were collected in a community-based sample of 246 children and adolescents aged 8–16 who had a high concentration of exposure to interpersonal violence. Violence exposure was associated with lower accuracy during cognitive and affective ToM, and the associations persisted after adjusting for co-occurring forms of adversity characterized by deprivation, including poverty and emotional neglect. Poor ToM performance, in turn, was associated with externalizing behaviors. These findings shed light on novel pathways that increase risk for aggression in children who have experienced violence.