bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction of Paleoclimate and Environmental Fluctuations Since the Early Holocene Period Using Organic Matter and C:N Proxy Records: A Review
Authors: Lone Aasif , Fousiya A. A. , Shah Rayees , Achyuthan Hema 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT
In this review, the shifts in organic matter (OM) accumulation and C:N ratios in lake sediments to reconstruct paleoclimate and paleo-environmental changes since the early Holocene period are presented. The C:N proxy data of total OM reflect wet climatic conditions during early Holocene (10 to 8.2 kyrs BP) due to enhanced southwest monsoon. This was followed by intermittent arid conditions during the mid and late Holocene period (8.2 to 2.8 kyr BP). Enhanced values of C:N ratio during middle to late Holocene (7.8-2.3 kyrs B.P) indicate periods with lower lake levels and minimum precipitation, while decreased C:N ratio point to stronger SW monsoon and expansion of the lakes. Further, C:N and δ13C results from the lake sediments reveal a detailed and continuous paleo-environmental changes in the relative sources of OM (allochthonous vs autochthonous). Proxy records using such natural archives have also been utilized to reconstruct past extreme events and environmental changes around the lake systems, such as causes for lake desiccation, hydrographic changes, alternations between C3 and C4 vegetation and historical disturbances in the catchment area since the early-late Holocene period coupled with the Indian summer monsoon.
Copper Ore Identification using Spectral Similarity Measurement from Hyperion Image, Mapping of Porphyry Copper Mineralized Zone
Authors: Banerjee Krishnendu , Jain Manish Kumar 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT
This work illustrates the effectiveness of hyperspectal image spectroscopy and lab spectroscopy in identiûcation techniques of minerals in alteration zone of ore body. The adopted procedure involves testing of Hyperion image spectra, their processing for noise, spectral matching and spectral similarity measurement with selected library spectra. Average weighted spectral similarity; visual and statistical matching techniques were used to select end-members from image spectra. Minimum noise fraction and pixel purity index technique were used to retrieve end-member spectra from hyperion image. Hyperspectral image like hyperion has the capability to deliver laboratory standard spectroscopic result. This paper illustrates the capability of hyperion image spectra in copper ore identification and mapping of chalcopyrite outcrop. A systematic approach has been made in this paper. This approach describes how image end member spectra and laboratory spectra can be co-related to fetch accurate spectral form of chalcopyrite ores. Thus, statistical and graphical comparison has been carried out between image derived end member spectra and laboratory spectra of chalcopyrite for better accuracy. The visual measurements is satisfactory, R = 0.973 for fine and 0.976 for medium grained chalcopyrite ore. Excellent statistical signiûcance levels (90–97%) are found while comparing these spectra. There are many success stories of sub-pixel and N-dimensional feature space methods to separate the hydrothermal alteration zones from iron oxide mixed ore bodies. Thus, unmixing methods are very useful for mapping of most dominating mineral parts of a pixel from hyperspectral images which have coarse spatial resolution. Finally, mapping of mineralized zone has been achieved through sub-pixel based classifiers like spectral angle mapper (SAM), constrained energy minimization (CEM) and adaptive coherence estimator (ACE) techniques.
What Kenyan Youth Want and Why It Matters for Peace
Authors: King Elisabeth 
Published: February 2018

Abstract:The international aid community presents education and employment programs as the keys to mitigating youth participation in violence. Yet, existing evidence suggests that faith in such programs may be misplaced. This study investigates this disconnect between faith and evidence. It argues that education and employment programs are commonly built on an economically-focused “dominant discourse” that makes presumptions about youth and their interests. Based on qualitative research with youth in Nairobi, Kenya, it further argues that this dominant discourse overlooks self-identity and social connectedness factors that are crucial to youth, as well as the limitations imposed by governance and structural conditions.
First fossil crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura) from the Kerguelen Islands (Miocene) with exceptionally preserved gills
Authors: Robin Ninon , Van Bakel Barry W.M. , Blanc-Valleron Marie-Madeleine , Noël Pierre Y. , Lemaire Laurent , Charbonnier Sylvain 
Published: February 2018

AbstractKerguelen Islands are predominantly volcanic lands, thus fossil references are very uncommon. However, its Miocene fossils are of specific interest for understanding migration routes of some taxa during the Cenozoic, given the intermediary position of Kerguelen with various continents. Despite this fossil rarity, we studied herein hundreds of nodules corresponding to the sole known fossil brachyurans (and unique Decapoda) from Kerguelen both for their systematics and their preservation. Indeed, these crabs display some internal fragile structures that are rarely fossilized, such as the gills’ branchial lamellae, preserved in volume. The preservation of these gills and their diagenetic features were documented through traditional imagery (SEM), including morphological comparison to modern gills, and with petrographic and geochemical analyses (EDS, X-ray diffractometry). Some cheilostome bryozoans were observed as probable foulers of the crabs carcasses. The fossil material corresponds to a new cancrid crab (Romaleon franciscaen. sp.) and its occurrence may imply a novel route from South America westward for the geographic migration of the genusRomaleon, since its Cretaceous emergence. The cup-shape and the number and the organization of the gills in these fossil Cancridae specimens are similar to those observed in their extant representatives. Gill preservation in 3D is linked to very early phosphatization of the system during diagenesis, as shown by the nodule matrix, and likely to deposition of a thin clayey cover on the soft-tissues. The implication of intrinsic phosphorous in the differential phosphatization of the crabs’ anatomy remains difficult to determine.
Is There Convergence in National Alcohol Consumption Patterns? Evidence from a Compositional Time Series Approach
Authors: Mills Terence C. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractHolmes and Anderson (2017a) introduce two extensive data sets on world alcohol consumption and expenditure and with them investigate, among other things, the possible convergence of national alcohol consumption patterns using wine, beer, and spirit shares. Such share data define a composition, on which conventional statistical analysis using covariances and correlations is invalid. This note reanalyses the data using techniques appropriate for a composition and introduces a statistic that can validly track the variation in national shares around the global mean through time. This variability statistic shows that such convergence of national alcohol patterns has clearly taken place over the period 1961 to 2014 and thus confirms Holmes and Anderson's findings using a valid statistical approach. (JEL Classifications: C18, D12, L66)
EFFECTS OF FERTILIZATION ON POREWATER NUTRIENTS, GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS AND RICE PRODUCTIVITY IN A SUBTROPICAL PADDY FIELD
Authors: WANG WEIQI , SARDANS JORDI , WANG CHUN , TONG CHUAN , JI QINYANG , PEÑUELAS JOSEP 
Published: February 2018

SUMMARYSuitable fertilization is crucial for the sustainability of rice production and for the potential mitigation of global warming. The effects of fertilization on porewater nutrients and greenhouse-gas fluxes in cropland, however, remain poorly known. We studied the effects of no fertilization (control), standard fertilization and double fertilization on the concentrations of porewater nutrients, greenhouse-gas fluxes and emissions, and rice yield in a subtropical paddy in southeastern China. Double fertilization increased dissolved NH4+in porewater. Mean CO2and CH4emissions were 13.5% and 7.4%, and 20.4% and 39.5% higher for the standard and double fertilizations, respectively, than the control. N2O depositions in soils were 61% and 101% higher for the standard and double fertilizations, respectively, than the control. The total global warming potentials (GWPs) for all emissions were 14.1% and 10.8% higher for the standard and double fertilizations, respectively than the control, with increasing contribution of CH4with fertilization and a CO2contribution > 85%. The total GWPs per unit yield were significantly higher for the standard and double fertilizations than the control by 7.3% and 10.9%, respectively. The two levels of fertilization did not significantly increase rice yield. Prior long-term fertilization in the paddy (about 20 years with annual doses of 95 kg N ha−1, 70 kg P2O5ha−1and 70 kg K2O ha−1) might have prevented these fertilizations from increasing the yield. However, fertilizations increased greenhouse-gas emissions. This situation is common in paddy fields in subtropical China, suggesting a saturation of soil nutrients and the necessity to review current fertilization management. These areas likely suffer from unnecessary nutrient leaching and excessive greenhouse-gas emissions. These results provide a scientific basis for continued research to identify an easy and optimal fertilization management solution.
Transmission of respiratory and gastrointestinal infections in German households with children attending child care
Authors: Schlinkmann K. M. , Bakuli A. , Karch A. , Meyer F. , Dreesman J. , Monazahian M. , Mikolajczyk R. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractTransmission of acute respiratory infections (ARI) and acute gastroenteritis (AGE) often occurs in households. The aim of this study was to assess which proportion of ARI and AGE is introduced and transmitted by children in German households with children attending child care. We recruited families with children aged 0–6 years in Braunschweig (Germany), for a 4 months prospective cohort study in the winter period 2014/2015. Every household member was included in a health diary and used nasal swabs for pathogen identification in case of ARI. We defined a transmission if two persons had overlapping periods with symptoms and used additional definitions for sensitivity analyses. In total, 77 households participated with 282 persons. We observed 277 transmission events for ARI and 23 for AGE. In most cases, the first infected person in a household was a child (ARI: 63%, AGE: 53%), and the risk of within-household transmission was two times higher when the index case was a child. In 26 ARI-transmission events, pathogens were detected for both cases; hereof in 35% (95% confidence interval (17–56%)) the pathogens were different. Thus, symptomatic infections in household members, apparently linked in time, were in 2/3 associated with the same pathogens.
Morphophysiological seed dormancy inHeptacodium
Authors: Geneve Robert L. , Kester Sharon T. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractHeptacodium miconiodesis an endangered, monotypic genus in the Caprifoliaceae endemic to China. Species within the Caprifoliaceae have been shown to have morphological or morphophysiological dormancy.Heptacodiumseeds had an underdeveloped embryo at the time of fruit dispersal with an embryo that occupied approximately 12% of the seed length. Cold (8 weeks at 5°C) and warm (8 weeks at 20°C) stratification was effective for dormancy release, but embryo growth prior to germination only occurred at warm temperatures (20°C). Gibberellic acid treatment partially substituted for cold stratification. Final seed germination percentage was not different after warm or cold stratification; however, seeds initially exposed to cold stratification germinated faster and more uniformly. Cold stratified seeds reached 50% final germination approximately 55 days sooner than warm stratified seeds. Prior to radicle emergence, embryos grew to fill approximately 60% of the seed through an endosperm channel that occupied the centre portion of the endosperm. Cells in the endosperm channel had thinner cell walls and fewer storage vesicles compared with other endosperm cells. Channel cells formed a dissolution zone ahead of embryo elongation assumed to be involved with enzymatic hydrolysis of storage reserves. Based on these results, it was concluded thatHeptacodiumdisplays the characteristics of seeds with non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy.
A Poetic Record of the Rajput Rebellion, c. 1680
Authors: TALBOT CYNTHIA 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThrough comparison of three poetic texts describing the career of Rana Raj Singh of Mewar (r. 1652–1680), this paper demonstrates how representations of Aurangzeb could vary dramatically even when they were produced for the same Rajput court. Much of the paper focuses on Rāj-vilās, a vernacular-language work with a lengthy account of conflict between Aurangzeb and the Rajput lords of Marwar and Mewar. Rāj-vilās is also noteworthy for its negative portrayal of the Mughal emperor, whom it castigates as a wicked killer of kin who was duplicitous and vengeful. Sometimes thought to be modern constructions, the criticisms of Aurangzeb found in Rāj-vilās reveal that certain ideas about Indian historical figures have continued to be deployed and repurposed over the centuries. Yet Rajput views during Aurangzeb's lifetime were not uniformly unfavourable, as the Sanskrit texts Rāja-ratnākara and Rāja-praśasti attest. Although these two works resembled Rāj-vilās in covering the reign of Rana Raj Singh and were written at roughly the same time, they cast Aurangzeb in a considerably more positive light. This difference can be attributed to the fluctuating political relationship between the Mughal empire and the Mewar kingdom in the decade between 1677 and 1687, underscoring the need to carefully identify the historical contexts within which representations of Aurangzeb were produced and circulated.
AN APPROPRIATE APPROACH TO PRICING EUROPEAN-STYLE OPTIONS WITH THE ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD
Authors: KE ZIWIE , GOARD JOANNA , ZHU SONG-PING 
Published: February 2018

We study the numerical Adomian decomposition method for the pricing of European options under the well-known Black–Scholes model. However, because of the nondifferentiability of the pay-off function for such options, applying the Adomian decomposition method to the Black–Scholes model is not straightforward. Previous works on this assume that the pay-off function is differentiable or is approximated by a continuous estimation. Upon showing that these approximations lead to incorrect results, we provide a proper approach, in which the singular point is relocated to infinity through a coordinate transformation. Further, we show that our technique can be extended to pricing digital options and European options under the Vasicek interest rate model, in both of which the pay-off functions are singular. Numerical results show that our approach overcomes the difficulty of directly dealing with the singularity within the Adomian decomposition method and gives very accurate results.
Non-State Actors and the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention in Asia: Achievements, Problems, and Prospects
Authors: CHECHI Alessandro 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe philosophy underlying the UNESCO World Heritage Convention of 1972 [WHC] consists in promoting a system of international co-operation in the context of which the States Parties commit to preserving the cultural treasures of “outstanding universal value” located within their territories. However, it is a fact that today many properties inscribed on the List set under the WHC are endangered. This paper will focus on the role played by “non-state actors” in the enforcement of the WHC. It will thus dwell upon the relationships between public and private interests, on the one hand, and between international and domestic legal orders, on the other. Its purpose is to map out and discuss the most salient problems about the involvement of non-state actors—particularly non-governmental organizations [NGOs] and private companies—in the monitoring and implementation of the WHC.
Spin-orbit interaction of light induced by transverse spin angular momentum engineering
Authors: Shao Zengkai , Zhu Jiangbo , Chen Yujie , Zhang Yanfeng , Yu Siyuan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe investigations on optical angular momenta and their interactions have broadened our knowledge of light’s behavior at sub-wavelength scales. Recent studies further unveil the extraordinary characteristics of transverse spin angular momentum in confined light fields and orbital angular momentum in optical vortices. Here we demonstrate a direct interaction between these two intrinsic quantities of light. By engineering the transverse spin in the evanescent wave of a whispering-gallery-mode-based optical vortex emitter, a spin-orbit interaction is observed in generated vortex beams. Inversely, this unconventional spin-orbit interplay further gives rise to an enhanced spin-direction locking effect in which waveguide modes are unidirectionally excited, with the directionality jointly controlled by the spin and orbital angular momenta states of light. The identification of this previously unknown pathway between the polarization and spatial degrees of freedom of light enriches the spin-orbit interaction phenomena, and can enable various functionalities in applications such as communications and quantum information processing.
CryoEM structure of the human SLC4A4 sodium-coupled acid-base transporter NBCe1
Authors: Huynh Kevin W. , Jiang Jiansen , Abuladze Natalia , Tsirulnikov Kirill , Kao Liyo , Shao Xuesi , Newman Debra , Azimov Rustam , Pushkin Alexander , Zhou Z. Hong , Kurtz Ira 
Published: February 2018

AbstractNa+-coupled acid–base transporters play essential roles in human biology. Their dysfunction has been linked to cancer, heart, and brain disease. High-resolution structures of mammalian Na+-coupled acid–base transporters are not available. The sodium-bicarbonate cotransporter NBCe1 functions in multiple organs and its mutations cause blindness, abnormal growth and blood chemistry, migraines, and impaired cognitive function. Here, we have determined the structure of the membrane domain dimer of human NBCe1 at 3.9 Å resolution by cryo electron microscopy. Our atomic model and functional mutagenesis revealed the ion accessibility pathway and the ion coordination site, the latter containing residues involved in human disease-causing mutations. We identified a small number of residues within the ion coordination site whose modification transformed NBCe1 into an anion exchanger. Our data suggest that symporters and exchangers utilize comparable transport machinery and that subtle differences in their substrate-binding regions have very significant effects on their transport mode.
Protecting tropical forests from the rapid expansion of rubber using carbon payments
Authors: Warren-Thomas Eleanor M. , Edwards David P. , Bebber Daniel P. , Chhang Phourin , Diment Alex N. , Evans Tom D. , Lambrick Frances H. , Maxwell James F. , Nut Menghor , O’Kelly Hannah J. , Theilade Ida , Dolman Paul M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractExpansion of Hevea brasiliensis rubber plantations is a resurgent driver of deforestation, carbon emissions, and biodiversity loss in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian rubber extent is massive, equivalent to 67% of oil palm, with rapid further expansion predicted. Results-based carbon finance could dis-incentivise forest conversion to rubber, but efficacy will be limited unless payments match, or at least approach, the costs of avoided deforestation. These include opportunity costs (timber and rubber profits), plus carbon finance scheme setup (transaction) and implementation costs. Using comprehensive Cambodian forest data, exploring scenarios of selective logging and conversion, and assuming land-use choice is based on net present value, we find that carbon prices of $30–$51 per tCO2 are needed to break even against costs, higher than those currently paid on carbon markets or through carbon funds. To defend forests from rubber, either carbon prices must be increased, or other strategies are needed, such as corporate zero-deforestation pledges, and governmental regulation and enforcement of forest protection.
Genomic evidence of speciation reversal in ravens
Authors: Kearns Anna M. , Restani Marco , Szabo Ildiko , Schrøder-Nielsen Audun , Kim Jin Ah , Richardson Hayley M. , Marzluff John M. , Fleischer Robert C. , Johnsen Arild , Omland Kevin E. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMany species, including humans, have emerged via complex reticulate processes involving hybridisation. Under certain circumstances, hybridisation can cause distinct lineages to collapse into a single lineage with an admixed mosaic genome. Most known cases of such ‘speciation reversal’ or ‘lineage fusion’ involve recently diverged lineages and anthropogenic perturbation. Here, we show that in western North America, Common Ravens (Corvus corax) have admixed mosaic genomes formed by the fusion of non-sister lineages (‘California’ and ‘Holarctic’) that diverged ~1.5 million years ago. Phylogenomic analyses and concordant patterns of geographic structuring in mtDNA, genome-wide SNPs and nuclear introns demonstrate long-term admixture and random interbreeding between the non-sister lineages. In contrast, our genomic data support reproductive isolation between Common Ravens and Chihuahuan Ravens (C. cryptoleucus) despite extensive geographic overlap and a sister relationship between Chihuahuan Ravens and the California lineage. These data suggest that the Common Raven genome was formed by secondary lineage fusion and most likely represents a case of ancient speciation reversal that occurred without anthropogenic causes.
Resource acquisition and reproductive strategies of tropical forest in response to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Authors: Detto Matteo , Wright S. Joseph , Calderón Osvaldo , Muller-Landau Helene C. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the largest source of interannual climate variability in much of the tropics. We hypothesize that tropical plants exhibit interannual variation in reproduction and resource acquisition strategies driven by ENSO that mirrors their seasonal responses. We analyze the relationship of leaf and seed fall to climate variation over 30 years in a seasonally dry tropical forest in Panama where El Niño brings warm, dry, and sunny conditions. Elevated leaf fall precedes the onset of El Niño, and elevated seed production follows, paralleling associations with dry seasons. Our results provide evidence of a shift in allocation from leafing to fruiting in response to a warming phase of ENSO. This shift may enable plants to take advantage of higher light availability, while coping with higher atmospheric water demand and lower water supply. These findings might be an indicator of adaptive strategies to optimize reproduction and resource acquisition.