bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Background Free‐Tropospheric Ice Nucleating Particle Concentrations at Mixed‐Phase Cloud Conditions
Authors: Lacher Larissa , DeMott Paul J. , Levin Ezra J. T. , Suski Kaitlyn J. , Boose Yvonne , Zipori Assaf , Herrmann Erik , Bukowiecki Nicolas , Steinbacher Martin , Gute Ellen , Abbatt Jonathan P. D. , Lohmann Ulrike , Kanji Zamin A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractClouds containing ice are vital for precipitation formation and are important in determining the Earth's radiative budget. However, primary formation of ice in clouds is not fully understood. In the presence of ice nucleating particles (INPs), the phase change to ice is promoted, but identification and quantification of INPs in a natural environment remains challenging because of their low numbers. In this paper, we quantify INP number concentrations in the free troposphere (FT) as measured at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch (JFJ), during the winter, spring, and summer of the years 2014–2017. INPs were measured at conditions relevant for mixed‐phase cloud formation at T = 241/242 K. To date, this is the longest timeline of semiregular measurements akin to online INP monitoring at this site and sampling conditions. We find that INP concentrations in the background FT are on average capped at 10/stdL (liter of air at standard conditions [T = 273 K and p = 1013 hPa]) with an interquartile range of 0.4–9.6/stdL, as compared to measurements during times when other air mass origins (e.g., Sahara or marine boundary layer) prevailed. Elevated concentrations were measured in the field campaigns of 2016, which might be due to enhanced influence from Saharan dust and marine boundary layer air arriving at the JFJ. The upper limit of INP concentrations in the background FT is supported by measurements performed at similar conditions, but at different locations in the FT, where we find INP concentrations to be below 13/stdL most of the time.
Impact of Ice Surface and Volume Scatterings on the Microwave Sea Ice Apparent Emissivity
Authors: Lee Sang‐Moo , Sohn Byung‐Ju , Shi Hoyeon 
Published: August 2018

AbstractEmissivity retrieval for sea ice from passive microwave measurements has been an important problem in climate/environmental research because of its link to various snow/ice variables. However, so far, it has been a difficult task because of the influences of surface and snow/ice induced volume scatterings. Here we examine the influences of scatterings on the ice emissivity from 10.65, 18.7, 23.8, and 36.5 GHz Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR)‐E brightness temperatures over the Arctic Ocean. In doing so, we use a two‐dimensional roughness parameterization, modified with surface facet orientations with an assumption that the facet emission follows the Fresnel relationship. Emitting layer temperature and refractive index retrieved from AMSR‐E 6.9 GHz brightness temperature measurements were used in this study and applied to other channels of interest. We demonstrated that the obtained roughness index has a strong linear relationship with the root‐mean‐square height measured by Atmospheric Terrain Mapper on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) P‐3 aircraft. The obtained roughness index showed that surface scattering on the emissivity is generally insignificant except for some first‐year ice regions in particular at higher frequencies. This fact implies that Fresnel relations can be applicable for most of sea ice at the low‐frequency microwave spectrum. By contrast, volume scattering is found to be significant in emissivity retrieval in case of multiyear ice. Nonetheless, volume scattering influence over first‐year ice appears to be minor. We suggest that Fresnel‐type emissivity can be estimated once a correction factor is used for removing surface scattering and volume scattering contributions from the apparent emissivity.
Geological Features and Evolution of Yardangs in the Qaidam Basin, Tibetan Plateau (NW China): A Terrestrial Analogue for Mars
Authors: Wang Jiang , Xiao Long , Reiss Dennis , Hiesinger Harald , Huang Jun , Xu Yi , Zhao Jiannan , Xiao Zhiyong , Komatsu Goro 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWind‐eroded ridges known as yardangs are common in most arid desert regions on Earth, as well as on other planets, notably in the Medusae Fossae Formation (MFF) and Gale Crater on Mars. However, the formation and evolution of these various yardangs are not well understood, which, therefore, requires further studies by more terrestrial analogues. Here we report a detailed investigation of the terrestrial yardang fields in the Qaidam Basin, northeastern Tibetan Plateau, China. Most of them are distributed in the northwestern and central eastern parts, with dominant orientations northwest to north‐northeast and approximately west to east, respectively. Based on their morphologies and distributions, yardangs within the Qaidam Basin have been classified into 11 different types out of four main groups. Wind is the dominant driver of yardang erosion, but water, salt, and mass wasting may also have played important roles in their formation and modification. A four‐step evolution model, including embryonic, adolescent, mature, and receding stages, is proposed to reveal their formation and evolution in the basin. Meanwhile, yardangs in the MFF and Gale Crater on Mars have morphologic and geometric characteristics that show striking similarities to those in the Qaidam Basin. The fact that some yardang fields in MFF on Mars also show overlapping relationships suggests that they possibly have experienced a multistage evolution, during which the evolution processes may have been interrupted at some stages due to differences in the competence of rocks and/or the changes of the environment.
Phosphorus Fractionation Responds to Dynamic Redox Conditions in a Humid Tropical Forest Soil
Authors: Lin Yang , Bhattacharyya Amrita , Campbell Ashley N. , Nico Peter S. , Pett‐Ridge Jennifer , Silver Whendee L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPhosphorus (P) is a key limiting nutrient in highly weathered soils of humid tropical forests. A large proportion of P in these soils is bound to redox‐sensitive iron (Fe) minerals; however, little is known about how Fe redox interactions affect soil P cycling. In an incubation experiment, we changed bulk soil redox regimes by varying headspace conditions (air versus N2 gas) and examined the responses of soil P and Fe species to two fluctuating treatments (4‐ or 8‐day oxic followed by 4‐day anoxic) and two static redox treatments (oxic and anoxic). A static anoxic headspace increased NaOH‐extractable inorganic P and ammonium oxalate‐extractable total P (AO‐Pt) by 10% and 38%, respectively, relative to a static oxic headspace. Persistent anoxia also increased NaHCO3‐extractable total P (NaHCO3‐Pt) toward the end of the experiment. Effects of redox fluctuation were more complex and dependent on temporal scales. Ammonium oxalate‐extractable Fe and Pt concentrations responded to redox fluctuation early in the experiment, but not thereafter, suggesting a depletion of reductant over time. Immediately following a switch from an oxic to anoxic headspace, concentrations of AO‐Pt, AO‐Fe, and HCl‐extractable Fe(II) increased (within 30 min) but fell back to initial levels by 180 min. Surprisingly, the labile P pool (NaHCO3‐Pt) decreased immediately after reduction events, potentially due to resorption and microbial uptake. Overall, our data demonstrate that P fractions can respond rapidly to changes in soil redox conditions, and in environments where redox oscillation is common, roots and microbes may benefit from these rapid P dynamics.
Assessment of the Simulation of Gravity Waves Generation by a Tropical Cyclone in the High‐Resolution WACCM and the WRF
Authors: Wu J. F. , Xue X. H. , Liu H. L. , Dou X. K. , Chen T. D. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNational Center for Atmospheric Research Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) with quasi‐uniform grid of ∼25‐km horizontal resolution can resolve gravity waves (GWs) with horizontal scales down to ∼250 km. In this study, the scale interactions between the GWs resolved by WACCM and those with smaller scales, its potential impact on the resolved waves, and the dependence of wave characteristics on spatial resolution are examined. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) simulations with five different spatial resolutions (25, 20, 15, 10, and 4 km) are performed, with the high‐resolution WACCM wind and temperature fields as initial and boundary conditions. Semicircular GWs excited by a tropical cyclone (TC) resolved by WACCM and WRF (25‐km resolution) are found at similar locations and have similar structures. In this study, the sensitivity of GW structure to the choice of model horizontal resolutions is examined. Although WRF is successful in generating semicircular GWs in each case, the simulation reveals more power at shorter horizontal wavelengths of GWs at finer resolutions. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of all these simulations in resolving GWs induced by the tropical cyclone (TGWs). The magnitude of the zonal momentum flux calculated from the high‐resolution WACCM is greater than the WRF‐25 simulation, in addition, the magnitude is comparable to the results from the WRF‐15 and WRF‐10 simulations.
Future prospects of immune checkpoint blockade in cancer: from response prediction to overcoming resistance
Authors: Park Young-Jun , Kuen Da-Sol , Chung Yeonseok 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRecent advances in the understating of tumor immunology suggest that cancer immunotherapy is an effective treatment against various types of cancer. In particular, the remarkable successes of immune checkpoint-blocking antibodies in clinical settings have encouraged researchers to focus on developing other various immunologic strategies to combat cancer. However, such immunotherapies still face difficulties in controlling malignancy in many patients due to the heterogeneity of both tumors and individual patients. Here, we discuss how tumor-intrinsic cues, tumor environmental metabolites, and host-derived immune cells might impact the efficacy and resistance often seen during immune checkpoint blockade treatment. Furthermore, we introduce biomarkers identified from human and mouse models that predict clinical benefits for immune checkpoint blockers in cancer.
Fatostatin induces pro- and anti-apoptotic lipid accumulation in breast cancer
Authors: Brovkovych Viktor , Izhar Yasir , Danes Jeanne M. , Dubrovskyi Oleskii , Sakallioglu Isin T. , Morrow Lauren M. , Atilla-Gokcumen G. Ekin , Frasor Jonna 
Published: August 2018

AbstractGiven the dependence of cancers on de novo lipogenesis, we tested the effect of fatostatin, a small molecule thought to target this pathway by blocking activation of SREBP transcription factors, in breast cancer cell lines and xenograft tumors. We found that estrogen receptor (ER) positive cells were more sensitive to fatostatin than ER negative cells and responded with cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Surprisingly, we found that rather than inhibiting lipogenesis, fatostatin caused an accumulation of lipids as a response to endoplasmic reticulum stress rather than inhibition of SREBP activity. In particular, ceramide and dihydroceramide levels increased and contributed to the apoptotic effects of fatostatin. In addition, an accumulation of triacylglycerides (TAGs), particularly those containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), was also observed as a result of elevated diacylglycerol transferase activity. Blocking PUFA-TAG production enhanced the apoptotic effect of fatostatin, suggesting that these lipids play a protective role and limit fatostatin response. Together, these findings indicate that the ability of breast cancer cells to respond to fatostatin depends on induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and subsequent ceramide accumulation, and that limiting production of PUFA-TAGs may be therapeutically beneficial in specific tumor subtypes.
Seasonality of the gut microbiota of free-ranging white-faced capuchins in a tropical dry forest
Authors: Orkin Joseph D , Campos Fernando A , Myers Monica S , Cheves Hernandez Saul E , Guadamuz Adrián , Melin Amanda D 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Research on the gut microbiota of free-ranging mammals is offering new insights into dietary ecology. However, for free-ranging primates, little information is available for how microbiomes are influenced by ecological variation through time. Primates inhabiting seasonal tropical dry forests undergo seasonally specific decreases in food abundance and water availability, which have been linked to adverse health effects. Throughout the course of a seasonal transition in 2014, we collected fecal samples from three social groups of free-ranging white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus imitator) in Sector Santa Rosa, Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. 16S rRNA sequencing data reveal that unlike other primates, the white-faced capuchin monkey gut is dominated by Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus. Linear mixed effects models indicate that abundances of these genera are associated with fluctuating availability and consumption of fruit and arthropods, whereas beta diversity clusters by rainfall season. Whole shotgun metagenomics revealed that the capuchin gut is dominated by carbohydrate-binding modules associated with digestion of plant polysaccharides and chitin, matching seasonal dietary patterns. We conclude that rainfall and diet are associated with the diversity, composition, and function of the capuchin gut microbiome. Additionally, microbial fluctuations are likely contributing to nutrient uptake and the health of wild primate populations.
Cell-type-specific interrogation of CeA Drd2 neurons to identify targets for pharmacological modulation of fear extinction
Authors: McCullough Kenneth M. , Daskalakis Nikolaos P. , Gafford Georgette , Morrison Filomene G. , Ressler Kerry J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBehavioral and molecular characterization of cell-type-specific populations governing fear learning and behavior is a promising avenue for the rational identification of potential therapeutics for fear-related disorders. Examining cell-type-specific changes in neuronal translation following fear learning allows for targeted pharmacological intervention during fear extinction learning, mirroring possible treatment strategies in humans. Here we identify the central amygdala (CeA) Drd2-expressing population as a novel fear-supporting neuronal population that is molecularly distinct from other, previously identified, fear-supporting CeA populations. Sequencing of actively translating transcripts of Drd2 neurons using translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) technology identifies mRNAs that are differentially regulated following fear learning. Differentially expressed transcripts with potentially targetable gene products include Npy5r, Rxrg, Adora2a, Sst5r, Fgf3, Erbb4, Fkbp14, Dlk1, and Ssh3. Direct pharmacological manipulation of NPY5R, RXR, and ADORA2A confirms the importance of this cell population and these cell-type-specific receptors in fear behavior. Furthermore, these findings validate the use of functionally identified specific cell populations to predict novel pharmacological targets for the modulation of emotional learning.
Sensorineural hearing loss and mild cardiac phenotype caused by an EYA4 mutation
Authors: Abe Satoko , Takeda Hidehiko , Nishio Shin-ya , Usami Shin-ichi 
Published: August 2018

AbstractEYA4 is a member of the vertebrate eya gene family of transcriptional activators and plays several roles in both embryonic and inner ear development. The majority of EYA4 gene mutations are associated with autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss (DFNA10). In addition, some mutations in this gene cause autosomal dominant syndromic hearing loss with dilated cardiomyopathy. EYA4 is a rare cause of sensorineural hearing loss, and only a limited number of papers regarding mutations in this gene have been published. Thus, detailed clinical features remain unclear.We conducted next-generation sequencing of a Japanese individual with progressive sensorineural hearing loss and identified an EYA4 pathogenic variant. Pure-tone audiometry revealed bilateral, nearly symmetric, moderate sensorineural hearing loss in the low and middle frequencies. Minor abnormalities were observed on the patient’s electrocardiogram and echocardiography without any apparent symptoms. Next-generation sequencing is effective in elucidating the etiology of hearing loss, and the present findings suggested the possible phenotypic expansion of deafness caused by EYA4 gene mutations.
Phosphorylation of ULK1 affects autophagosome fusion and links chaperone-mediated autophagy to macroautophagy
Authors: Wang Chenyao , Wang Huafei , Zhang Deyi , Luo Wenwen , Liu Ruilong , Xu Daqian , Diao Lei , Liao Lujian , Liu Zhixue 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1) complex plays a central role in the initiation stage of autophagy. However, the function of ULK1 in the late stage of autophagy is unknown. Here, we report that ULK1, a central kinase of the ULK1 complex involved in autophagy initiation, promotes autophagosome–lysosome fusion. PKCα phosphorylates ULK1 and prevents autolysosome formation. PKCα phosphorylation of ULK1 does not change its kinase activity; however, it decreases autophagosome–lysosome fusion by reducing the affinity of ULK1 for syntaxin 17 (STX17). Unphosphorylated ULK1 recruited STX17 and increased STX17′s affinity towards synaptosomal-associated protein 29 (SNAP29). Additionally, phosphorylation of ULK1 enhances its interaction with heat shock cognate 70 kDa protein (HSC70) and increases its degradation through chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Our study unearths a key mechanism underlying autolysosome formation, a process in which the kinase activity of PKCα plays an instrumental role, and reveals the significance of the mutual regulation of macroautophagy and CMA in maintaining the balance of autophagy.
Evaluating intrinsic and non-intrinsic cancer risk factors
Authors: Wu Song , Zhu Wei , Thompson Patricia , Hannun Yusuf A 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDiscriminating the contribution of unmodifiable random intrinsic DNA replication errors (‘bad luck’) to cancer development from those of other factors is critical for understanding cancer in humans and for directing public resources aimed at reducing the burden of cancer. Here, we review and highlight the evidence that demonstrates cancer causation is multifactorial, and provide several important examples where modification of risk factors has achieved cancer prevention. Furthermore, we stress the need and opportunities to advance understanding of cancer aetiology through integration of interaction effects between risk factors when estimating the contribution of individual and joint factors to cancer burden in a population. We posit that non-intrinsic factors drive most cancer risk, and stress the need for cancer prevention.
March1-dependent modulation of donor MHC II on CD103+ dendritic cells mitigates alloimmunity
Authors: Borges Thiago J. , Murakami Naoka , Machado Felipe D. , Murshid Ayesha , Lang Benjamin J. , Lopes Rafael L. , Bellan Laura M. , Uehara Mayuko , Antunes Krist H. , Pérez-Saéz Maria José , Birrane Gabriel , Vianna Priscila , Gonçalves João Ismael B. , Zanin Rafael F. , Azzi Jamil , Abdi Reza , Ishido Satoshi , Shin Jeoung-Sook , Souza Ana Paula D. , Calderwood Stuart K. , Riella Leonardo V. , Bonorino Cristina 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn transplantation, donor dendritic cells (do-DCs) initiate the alloimmune response either by direct interaction with host T cells or by transferring intact donor MHC to host DCs. However, how do-DCs can be targeted for improving allograft survival is still unclear. Here we show CD103+ DCs are the major do-DC subset involved in the acute rejection of murine skin transplants. In the absence of CD103+ do-DCs, less donor MHC-II is carried to host lymph nodes, fewer allogenic T cells are primed and allograft survival is prolonged. Incubation of skin grafts with the anti-inflammatory mycobacterial protein DnaK reduces donor MHC-II on CD103+DCs and prolongs graft survival. This effect is mediated through IL-10-induced March1, which ubiquitinates and decreases MHC-II levels. Importantly, in vitro pre-treatment of human DCs with DnaK reduces their ability to prime alloreactive T cells. Our findings demonstrate a novel therapeutic approach to dampen alloimmunity by targeting donor MHC-II on CD103+DCs.
Modelling of free-form conformal metasurfaces
Authors: Wu Kedi , Coquet Philippe , Wang Qi Jie , Genevet Patrice 
Published: August 2018

AbstractArtificial electromagnetic surfaces, metasurfaces, control light in the desired manner through the introduction of abrupt changes of electromagnetic fields at interfaces. Current modelling of metasurfaces successfully exploits generalised sheet transition conditions (GSTCs), a set of boundary conditions that account for electric and magnetic metasurface-induced optical responses. GSTCs are powerful theoretical tools but they are not readily applicable for arbitrarily shaped metasurfaces. Accurate and computationally efficient algorithms capable of implementing artificial boundary conditions are highly desired for designing free-form photonic devices. To address this challenge, we propose a numerical method based on conformal boundary optics with a modified finite difference time-domain (FDTD) approach which accurately calculates the electromagnetic fields across conformal metasurfaces. Illustrative examples of curved meta-optics are presented, showing results in good agreement with theoretical predictions. This method can become a powerful tool for designing and predicting optical functionalities of conformal metasurfaces for new lightweight, flexible and wearable photonic devices.
High-performance artificial nitrogen fixation at ambient conditions using a metal-free electrocatalyst
Authors: Qiu Weibin , Xie Xiao-Ying , Qiu Jianding , Fang Wei-Hai , Liang Ruping , Ren Xiang , Ji Xuqiang , Cui Guanwei , Asiri Abdullah M. , Cui Ganglong , Tang Bo , Sun Xuping 
Published: August 2018

AbstractConversion of naturally abundant nitrogen to ammonia is a key (bio)chemical process to sustain life and represents a major challenge in chemistry and biology. Electrochemical reduction is emerging as a sustainable strategy for artificial nitrogen fixation at ambient conditions by tackling the hydrogen- and energy-intensive operations of the Haber–Bosch process. However, it is severely challenged by nitrogen activation and requires efficient catalysts for the nitrogen reduction reaction. Here we report that a boron carbide nanosheet acts as a metal-free catalyst for high-performance electrochemical nitrogen-to-ammonia fixation at ambient conditions. The catalyst can achieve a high ammonia yield of 26.57 μg h–1 mg–1cat. and a fairly high Faradaic efficiency of 15.95% at –0.75 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, placing it among the most active aqueous-based nitrogen reduction reaction electrocatalysts. Notably, it also shows high electrochemical stability and excellent selectivity. The catalytic mechanism is assessed using density functional theory calculations.