bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of meibomian gland morphology by noncontact infrared meibography in Shih Tzu dogs with or without keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Authors: Kitamura Yasunari , Maehara Seiya , Nakade Tetsuya , Miwa Yukihiro , Arita Reiko , Iwashita Hiroko , Saito Akihiko 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate meibomian gland (MG) morphology by noncontact infrared meibography in Shih Tzu dogs with or without keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS).ProceduresFourteen eyes of 12 Shih Tzu dogs (mean age of 10.7 years, range of 7‐13 years) presented to Yakumo Animal Hospital or Triangle Animal Eye Clinic from 2011 to 2017 with clinical signs and a Schirmer tear test (STT) result consistent with KCS (<10 mm/min) were examined. Twenty‐eight eyes of 16 Shih Tzu dogs (mean age of 12.4 years, range of 8 to 15 years) with a STT > 15 mm/min served as healthy controls. Both groups of dogs underwent routine slitlamp biomicroscopy followed by noncontact infrared meibography of the upper eyelid with both desktop‐type and mobile‐type systems.ResultsMeibography revealed morphological abnormalities of MGs in 13 eyes of 11 dogs with KCS. The abnormalities included gland shortening in 64% and gland dropout in 64% of the 14 eyes in the KCS group. Morphological changes were also observed in MGs of 16 eyes of 10 dogs in the control group. These changes included shortening in 46% and dropout in 17.8% of the 28 eyes in the control group. Dropout was significantly more common in eyes with KCS than in control eyes (P < 0.01).ConclusionsThe frequency of MG abnormalities is increased in Shih Tzus with KCS compared with control animals. A reduced quality of the tear film associated with increased evaporation and reduced retention of tear fluid likely exacerbates the effects of a reduced tear volume in animals with aqueous deficiency.
Experimental Characterization and Finite Element Prediction of Large Strain Spring-Back Behavior of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)
Authors: Mathiesen D. , Kakumani A. , Dupaix R. B. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Spring-back of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) at large strains, various embossing temperatures, and release temperatures below glass transition is quantified through modified unconfined recovery tests. Cooling, as well as large strains, is shown to reduce the amount of spring-back. Despite reducing the amount of spring-back, these experiments show that there is still a substantial amount present that needs to be accounted for in hot embossing processes. Spring-back is predicted using finite element simulations utilizing a constitutive model for the large strain stress relaxation behavior of PMMA. The model's temperature dependence is modified to account for cooling and focuses on the glass transition temperature region. Spring-back is predicted with this model, capturing the temperature and held strain dependence. Temperature assignment of the sample is found to have the largest effect on simulation accuracy. Interestingly, despite large thermal gradients in the PMMA, a uniform temperature approximation still yields reasonably accurate spring-back predictions. These experiments and simulations fill a substantial gap in knowledge of large strain recovery of PMMA under conditions normally found in hot embossing.
Compliance with ethical standards in the reporting of donor sources and ethics review in peer-reviewed publications involving organ transplantation in China: a scoping review
Authors: Rogers Wendy , Robertson Matthew P , Ballantyne Angela , Blakely Brette , Catsanos Ruby , Clay-Williams Robyn , Fiatarone Singh Maria 
Published: February 2019

ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to investigate whether papers reporting research on Chinese transplant recipients comply with international professional standards aimed at excluding publication of research that: (1) involves any biological material from executed prisoners; (2) lacks Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval and (3) lacks consent of donors.DesignScoping review based on Arksey and O’Mallee’s methodological framework.Data sourcesMedline, Scopus and Embase were searched from January 2000 to April 2017.Eligibility criteriaWe included research papers published in peer-reviewed English-language journals reporting on outcomes of research involving recipients of transplanted hearts, livers or lungs in mainland China.Data extraction and synthesisData were extracted by individual authors working independently following training and benchmarking. Descriptive statistics were compiled using Excel.Results445 included studies reported on outcomes of 85 477 transplants. 412 (92.5%) failed to report whether or not organs were sourced from executed prisoners; and 439 (99%) failed to report that organ sources gave consent for transplantation. In contrast, 324 (73%) reported approval from an IRB. Of the papers claiming that no prisoners’ organs were involved in the transplants, 19 of them involved 2688 transplants that took place prior to 2010, when there was no volunteer donor programme in China.DiscussionThe transplant research community has failed to implement ethical standards banning publication of research using material from executed prisoners. As a result, a large body of unethical research now exists, raising issues of complicity and moral hazard to the extent that the transplant community uses and benefits from the results of this research. We call for retraction of this literature pending investigation of individual papers.
Neuropsychiatric Genetics of African Populations-Psychosis (NeuroGAP-Psychosis): a case-control study protocol and GWAS in Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa and Uganda
Authors: Stevenson Anne , Akena Dickens , Stroud Rocky E , Atwoli Lukoye , Campbell Megan M , Chibnik Lori B , Kwobah Edith , Kariuki Symon M , Martin Alicia R , de Menil Victoria , Newton Charles R J C , Sibeko Goodman , Stein Dan J , Teferra Solomon , Zingela Zukiswa , Koenen Karestan C 
Published: February 2019

IntroductionSchizophrenia and bipolar disorder account for a large proportion of the global burden of disease. Despite their enormous impact, little is known about their pathophysiology. Given the high heritability of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, unbiased genetic studies offer the opportunity to gain insight into their neurobiology. However, advances in understanding the genetic architecture of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have been based almost exclusively on subjects of Northern European ancestry. The Neuropsychiatric Genetics of African Populations-Psychosis (NeuroGAP-Psychosis) project aims to expand our understanding of the causes of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder through large-scale sample collection and analyses in understudied African populations.Methods and analysisNeuroGAP-Psychosis is a case-control study of 34 000 participants recruited across multiple sites within Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa and Uganda. Participants will include individuals who are at least 18 years old with a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder (‘psychosis’) or those with no history of psychosis. Research assistants will collect phenotype data and saliva for DNA extraction. Data on mental disorders, history of physical health problems, substance use and history of past traumatic events will be collected from all participants.DNA extraction will take place in-country, with genotyping performed at the Broad Institute. The primary analyses will include identifying major groups of participants with similar ancestry using the computation-efficient programme single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) weights. This will be followed by a GWAS within and across ancestry groups.Ethics and disseminationAll participants will be assessed for capacity to consent using the University of California, San Diego Brief Assessment of Capacity to Consent. Those demonstrating capacity to consent will be required to provide informed consent. Ethical clearances to conduct this study have been obtained from all participating sites. Findings from this study will be disseminated in publications and shared with controlled access public databases, such as the database of Genotypes and Phenotypes, dbGaP.
Trends in investigations of abuse or neglect referred by hospital personnel in Ontario
Authors: Fallon Barbara , Filippelli Joanne , Joh-Carnella Nicolette , Miller Steven P , Denburg Avram 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundThere is a dearth of literature surrounding mandated reporters to child welfare services in the Canadian context. This paper examines 20 years of reporting patterns from hospitals, which represent 5% of all referrals to child welfare services in Ontario.MethodsThe Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (OIS) is a representative study that has taken place every 5 years since 1993. The OIS is a multistage cluster sample design, intended to produce an estimate of reported child abuse and neglect in the year the study takes place.ResultsThere have been significant changes in referral patterns over time. Hospital referrals in 2013 are more likely to involve a concern of neglect, risk of maltreatment or exposure to intimate partner violence. In 1993, children were more likely to be referred from a hospital for a concern of physical abuse. Between 1993 and 1998, there was a significant drop in the number of sexual abuse investigations referred from a hospital. Hospitals have low rates of substantiation across all of the OIS cycles.ConclusionThis is the first study to examine hospital-based referral patterns in Canada. The relatively low percentage of hospital referrals across the cycles of the OIS is consistent with the extant literature. The findings warrant further discussion and research. This study is foundational for future research that can assist in identifying and developing responses across sectors that meet the complex needs of vulnerable families and that ultimately promote children’s safety and well-being.
Healing experience for family caregivers after an intensive care unit death
Authors: DeSanto-Madeya Susan , Willis Dan , McLaughlin Julie , Boslet Aristotle 
Published: February 2019

ObjectivesFamily caregivers suffer a high burden of emotional and psychological distress following the death of a loved one in the intensive care unit and often struggle to heal in the weeks following their loss. The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to describe and interpret the experience of healing for family caregivers six weeks following the death of a loved one in the ICU.MethodsSemi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of twenty-four family caregivers six weeks following the death of their loved ones in the ICU. Qualitative analysis techniques were used to identify common themes central to the experience of healing across all interviews.ResultsSeven themes were interpreted from the data: searching for clarity from a time of uncertainty; riding an emotional rollercoaster; seeking peace in one’s decisions; moving forward with each new day; taking comfort in the memories; valuing layers of support; and discovering life on one’s own.ConclusionBy identifying and gaining an understanding of healing following the death of a loved one in the ICU, nursing and other healthcare providers have an opportunity to promote healing and positively impact family caregiver’s bereavement.
Epidemiology of genital warts in the British population: implications for HPV vaccination programmes
Authors: Sonnenberg Pam , Tanton Clare , Mesher David , King Eleanor , Beddows Simon , Field Nigel , Mercer Catherine H , Soldan Kate , Johnson Anne M 
Published: February 2019

ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of, and describe risk factors for, genital warts (GWs) in the British population, following the introduction of the bivalent (human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18) vaccination programme in girls, and prior to the switch to quadrivalent (HPV-6/11/16/18) vaccine (offering direct protection against GWs) and compare this with GW diagnoses in the prevaccination era.MethodsNatsal-3, a probability sample survey in Britain, conducted in 2010–2012, interviewed 9902 men and women aged 16–44. Natsal-2, conducted in 1999–2001, surveyed 11 161 men and women aged 16–44. Both surveys collected data on sexual behaviour and sexually transmitted infection diagnoses using computer-assisted interview methods.ResultsIn Natsal-3, 3.8% and 4.6% of sexually experienced men and women reported ever having a diagnosis of GWs, with 1.3% of men and 1.7% of woman reporting a GWs diagnosis in the past 5 years. GWs were strongly associated with increasing partner numbers and condomless sex. Diagnoses were more frequent in men who have sex with men (MSM) (11.6% ever, 3.3% past 5 years) and in women reporting sex with women (10.8% ever, 3.6% past 5 years). In the age group who were eligible for vaccination at the time of Natsal-3 (16–20 years), a similar proportion of same-aged women reported a history of GWs in Natsal-2 (1.9%, 1.1–3.4) and Natsal-3 (2.6%, 1.5–4.4).ConclusionsThese data provide essential parameters for mathematical models that inform cost-effectiveness analyses of HPV vaccination programmes. There was no evidence of population protection against GWs conferred by the bivalent vaccine. Even with vaccination of adolescent boys, vaccination should be offered to MSM attending sexual health clinics.
Pseudomonas aeruginosastimulates nuclear sphingosine-1-phosphate generation and epigenetic regulation of lung inflammatory injury
Authors: Ebenezer David L , Berdyshev Evgeny V , Bronova Irina A , Liu Yuru , Tiruppathi Chinnaswamy , Komarova Yulia , Benevolenskaya Elizaveta V , Suryadevara Vidyani , Ha Alison W , Harijith Anantha , Tuder Rubin M , Natarajan Viswanathan , Fu Panfeng 
Published: February 2019

IntroductionDysregulated sphingolipid metabolism has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various pulmonary disorders. Nuclear sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) has been shown to regulate histone acetylation, and therefore could mediate pro-inflammatory genes expression.MethodsProfile of sphingolipid species in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and lung tissue of mice challenged withPseudomonas aeruginosa(PA) was investigated. The role of nuclear sphingosine kinase (SPHK)2 and S1P in lung inflammatory injury byPAusing genetically engineered mice was determined.ResultsGenetic deletion ofSphk2, but notSphk1, in mice conferred protection fromPA-mediated lung inflammation.PAinfection stimulated phosphorylation of SPHK2 and its localisation in epithelial cell nucleus, which was mediated by protein kinase C (PKC) δ. Inhibition of PKC δ or SPHK2 activity reducedPA-mediated acetylation of histone H3 and H4, which was necessary for the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α. The clinical significance of the findings is supported by enhanced nuclear localisation of p-SPHK2 in the epithelium of lung specimens from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF).ConclusionsOur studies define a critical role for nuclear SPHK2/S1P signalling in epigenetic regulation of bacterial-mediated inflammatory lung injury. Targeting SPHK2 may represent a potential strategy to reduce lung inflammatory pulmonary disorders such as pneumonia and CF.
The effect of radiographic emphysema in assessing lung cancer risk
Authors: Yong Patrick C , Sigel Keith , de-Torres Juan Pablo , Mhango Grace , Kale Minal , Kong Chung Yin , Zulueta Javier J , Wilson David , Brown Stacey-Ann Whittaker , Slatore Christopher , Wisnivesky Juan 
Published: February 2019

PurposeLung cancer risk models optimise screening by identifying subjects at highest risk, but none of them consider emphysema, a risk factor identifiable on baseline screen. Subjects with a negative baseline low-dose CT (LDCT) screen are at lower risk for subsequent diagnosis and may benefit from risk stratification prior to additional screening, thus we investigated the role of radiographic emphysema as an additional predictor of lung cancer diagnosis in participants with negative baseline LDCT screens of the National Lung Screening Trial.MethodsOur cohorts consist of participants with a negative baseline (T0) LDCT screen (n=16 624) and participants who subsequently had a negative 1-year follow-up (T1) screen (n=14 530). Lung cancer risk scores were calculated using the Bach, PLCOm2012 and Liverpool Lung Project models. Risk of incident lung cancer diagnosis at the end of the study and number screened per incident lung cancer were compared between participants with and without radiographic emphysema.ResultsRadiographic emphysema was independently associated with nearly double the hazard of lung cancer diagnosis at both the second (T1) and third (T2) annual LDCT in all three risk models (HR range 1.9–2.0, p<0.001 for all comparisons). The number screened per incident lung cancer was considerably lower in participants with radiographic emphysema (62 vs 28 at T1 and 91 vs 40 at T2).ConclusionRadiographic emphysema is an independent predictor of lung cancer diagnosis and may help guide decisions surrounding further screening for eligible patients.
Música brasileira no Japão
Authors: Gurgel Dani 
Published: February 2019

Este estudo aborda o espaço para a música brasileira no Japão, em especial quanto a estilos de nicho, como música instrumental e de canções que não têm espaço na programação das rádios nacionais. O trabalho surgiu da necessidade de melhor compreender as observações empíricas de turnês anuais realizadas ao país desde 2013 pela autora, todas na posição dupla de artista e empresária musical do grupo Dani & Debora Gurgel Quarteto. Pela união de dados de pesquisas sobre a indústria musical e entrevistas com jornalistas japoneses e artistas, empresário e diplomata brasileiros, é tecida uma análise sobre o crescimento da geração musical conhecida como Novos Compositores e a importância da colaboração entre artistas para o desbravamento dos mercados artísticos internacionais.
Evaluation of Numerical Weather Model–Based Satellite Precipitation Adjustment in Tropical Mountainous Regions
Authors: Zhang Xinxuan , Anagnostou Emmanouil N. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe study evaluated a numerical weather model (WRF)-based satellite precipitation adjustment technique with 81 heavy precipitation events that occurred in three tropical mountainous regions (Colombia, Peru, and Taiwan). The technique was applied on two widely used near-real-time global satellite precipitation products—the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH) and the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation project (GSMaP)—for each precipitation event. The WRF-adjusted satellite products along with the near-real-time and gauge-adjusted satellite products as well as the WRF simulation were evaluated by independent gauge networks at daily scale and event total scale. Results show that the near-real-time precipitation products exhibited severe underestimation relative to the gauge observations over the three tropical mountainous regions. The underestimation tended to be larger for higher rainfall accumulations. The WRF-based satellite adjustment provided considerable improvements to the near-real-time CMORPH and GSMaP products. Moreover, error metrics show that WRF-adjusted satellite products outperformed the gauge-adjusted counterparts for most of the events. The effectiveness of WRF-based satellite adjustment varied with events of different physical processes. Thus, the technique applied on satellite precipitation estimates of these events may exhibit inconsistencies in the bias correction.
Book Review
Authors: Southall Roger 
Published: February 2019

Michael Bratton (2014), Power Politics in Zimbabwe, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, ISBN 978186914 3114, 280 pp. David Coltart (2016), The Struggle Continues: 50 Years of Tyranny in Zimbabwe, Auckland Park: Jacana Media, ISBN 9781431423187, 646 pp.
Sir Owen Dixon's Theory of Federalism
Authors: Zines Leslie 
Published: February 2019

The Engineers' Case was regarded by many at the time as establishing a standard of interpretation for the Constitution that did not involve aresort to implications-or at any rate made it less likely that the Court would resort to implications. The ‘implications’ with which the judgments in the Engineers’ Case were concerned involved two distinct but connected doctrines—(a) the reserved powers of the States.(b) the immunity of instrumentalities (Commonwealth and State).
Notes and Comments
Authors: Sharwood Robin L. 
Published: February 2019

In Fishwick v. Cleland, one of the contentions put by counsel for the plaintiff was that the Papua and New Guinea Act 1949-1957 was invalid as inconsistent with the Charter of the United Nations and the Trusteeship Agreement—The power of the Commonwealth to pass [the Act] depends either upon s. 51 (xxix) of the Constitution or upon s. 122.3 Section 51 (xxix) does not grant power to pass legislation inconsistent with or contrary to a validly existing treaty.... Even if s. 122 does apply, the powers granted by that section are limited by the purposes and prohibitions of the Trusteeship Agreement in the same way as those granted by s. 51 (xxix).... [I]f the Commonwealth relies upon the external affairs power, and relies upon a treaty as feeding that power, it must confine itself, broadly, to carrying the treaty into effect.
Australia and the Development of International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Starke J. G. 
Published: February 2019

International humanitarian law is a subject of universal importance and relevance. Since 1974, the problems of restatement and development have engaged the attention of the Geneva Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts.In this article, Professor J. G. Starke, Q.C. surveys developments in international humanitarian law over the last quarter century and examines in detail Australia's contribution to those developments. The process by which the idea of “laws of war” has come to be superseded by the concept of international humanitarian law is outlined, while reference is also made to the principal sources of international humanitarian law. Australia's interest in international humanitarian law since World War II is discussed, as is the background to the present continuing Geneva Conference and proceedings at its first three sessions in 1974, 1975 and 1976. The contribution of Australia to the work of the Geneva Conference is thoroughly examined. In particular, the stance of the Australian government on various issues before the Conference is set forth in detail. The article also assesses Australia's contribution to the development of international humanitarian law.