bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children
Authors: Mann Jake , Valenti Luca , Scorletti Eleonora , Byrne Christopher , Nobili Valerio 
Published: February 2018

AbstractNonalcoholic steatohepatitis, a progressive form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is one of the most common hepatic diseases in children who present with particular risk factors including obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and/or a predisposing genetic background. The worldwide prevalence of NAFLD in children is a worrying phenomenon because this disease is closely associated with the development of both cirrhosis and cardiometabolic syndrome in adulthood. To date, the etiopathogenesis of primary NAFLD in children is unknown. Understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms provides the basis to characterize early predictors of the disease and noninvasive diagnostic tools and to design novel specific treatments and possible management strategies. Despite a few clinical trials on the use of antioxidants combined with lifestyle intervention for NAFLD, no treatment exists for children with NAFLD. In this review, the authors provide an overview of current concepts in epidemiology, histological features, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of NAFLD in pediatric population.
Typ-2-Diabetes im Alter: Beispiel für eine Patienten-zentrierte medikamentöse Therapie
Authors: Müller-Wieland Dirk 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDiabetes in older adults has a high prevalence and is frequently associated with comorbidities of the cardiovascular system, dysfunction of cognition as well as depression and impaired mobility or increased frailty. Furthermore, impaired renal function, heart failure, risk for hypoglycemia and polypharmacy has to be considered in the decision about the diabetes treatment strategy. The goal of blood glucose management is driven by patient relevant issues and patient self-esteem, quality of life defined by the patient, preservation of physical and social mobility rather than potential long-term effects on reduction of cardio- and microvascular events in the future, which is limited by patient-inherent reduced life expectancy of the aged individual. Therefore, long-term diabetes medication should avoid hypoglycemia and prevent acute hyperglycemia or short-term complications on morbidity and clinical course of geriatric syndromes associated with regular blood glucose levels above 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l). The therapy should be safe, easy to handle for the patient and possibly affect co-morbidities positively. However, there are limited data available about efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of drugs in patients over 75 years of age or older. Since more than 5 % of the population in Germany is older than 80 years means that more than 1 million of these individuals suffer from diabetes. It is time to ask for data in these elderly subpopulations by policy makers in health care.
Knochensarkome
Authors: Hardes Jendrik , Gosheger Georg , Budny Timo 
Published: February 2018

ZusammenfassungKnochensarkome sind im Gegensatz zu den häufig auftretenden benignen Knochentumoren und tumorähnlichen Knochenläsionen sehr selten und verursachen daher häufig diagnostische und therapeutische Schwierigkeiten. Dieser Beitrag hat zum Ziel, dem Leser die Diagnostik und zumeist multimodale Therapie der häufigsten Knochensarkome wie Osteosarkom, Ewing-Sarkom und Chondrosarkom näherzubringen.
Heilkunst in der ganzheitlichen Tiermedizin
Authors: Hohmann Mima 
Published: February 2018

ZusammenfassungIn diesem Artikel werden die Begriffe Kunst und Heilkunst aus verschiedenen Sichtweisen beleuchtet. Hahnemann und Paracelsus werden zur Heilkunst zitiert. Einige GGTM-Mitglieder kommen ebenfalls zum Thema Heilkunst zu Wort.
The action dynamics of native and non-native speakers of English in processing active and passive sentences
Authors: Crossley Scott , Duran Nicholas D. , Kim YouJin , Lester Tiffany , Clark Samuel 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis study investigates processing of passive and active constructions between native speakers (NS) and non-native speakers (NNS) of English using traditional on-line mechanisms such as response time in conjunction with techniques that capitalize on the parallel activation of distributed mental representations during online syntactic processing. In the current study, hand motions captured by a mouse-tracking system were used to index listeners’ cognitive processes while making commitments to different choice alternatives during the processing of English passive and active structures. During data collection, 57 NNS and 43 NS carried out an aural forced-choice picture identification task. Data analysis indicated differences and similarities between NS and NNS participants such that NS participants are faster at responding to passive and active stimuli, travel less distance, and make fewer directional changes when compared to NNS participants. However, all participants showed similar trends for passive processing, suggesting comparable difficulties in processing passive constructions.
Neo-pragmatism, morality, and the specification problem
Authors: Gert Joshua 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA defender of any view of moral language must explain how people with different moral views can be be talking to each other, rather than past each other. For expressivists this problem drastically constrains the search for the specific attitude expressed by, say, ‘immoral’. But cognitivists face a similar difficulty; they need to find a specific meaning for ‘immoral’ that underwrites genuine disagreement while accommodating the fact that different speakers have very different criteria for the use of that term. This paper explains how neo-pragmatism deals with this issue while avoiding problems that arise with existing expressivist and cognitivist solutions.
What’s the frequency, Kenneth? Waves, quakes, and solitons
Authors: Goriely Alain 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Since we live in a world where interesting things happen both in time and space, the description of many natural phenomena requires the study of functions that depend on multiple variables. These laws can be expressed as partial differential equations. Just like ordinary differential equations, these equations are the natural mathematical tool for modelling because they express, locally, basic conservation laws such as the conservation of mass and energy. ‘What’s the frequency, Kenneth? Waves, quakes, and solitons’ introduces the wonder of partial differential equations by considering two generic spatiotemporal behaviours: wave propagation through linear waves on a string and earthquakes, and non-linear waves and the discovery of solitons, which behave like discrete particles.
Tractate Avodah Zarah (in the Talmud)
Authors: Gray Alyssa M. 
Published: February 2018

“Avodah Zarah” literally means “strange worship,” the worship of deities other than the God of Israel. The term has also been translated accurately (albeit nonliterally) as “forbidden worship” and “idolatry.” Avodah Zarah tractates are found in the Mishnah (c. 3rd century CE), Tosefta (2nd–3rd centuries CE), Palestinian Talmud (“Talmud Yerushalmi,” c. 5th century CE), and Babylonian Talmud (“Talmud Bavli,” c. 7th century CE). Tractate Avodah Zarah is the seventh tractate in the order Nezikin (“Damages”) of the Mishnah. The Avodah Zarah tractates in the Mishnah, Talmud Yerushalmi, and Talmud Bavli consist of five chapters, while that of the Tosefta consists of nine. The nine pericopes of Mishnah Avodah Zarah chapter 1 deal broadly with the topics of doing business with non-Jews on or around their festival days (1:1–4) and items that may or may not be sold or leased to non-Jews (1:5–9). Chapter 2 (seven pericopes) discusses prohibitions on secluding oneself or one’s animals with non-Jews and not assisting non-Jews as a midwife or wet-nurse (2:1), the related prohibition against utilizing the medical or barber services of a non-Jew (2:2), prohibited items of non-Jews from which a Jew may not (2:3–5) or may (2:6) derive some sort of ancillary benefit, and food items of non-Jews that are permissible to eat (2:7). Chapter 3 (10 pericopes) deals with whole or broken idolatrous images (3:1–3), the status of natural phenomena worshiped as deities (3:5, 8, 9, 10), houses built as, or beside, places of idolatrous worship (3:6–7), and an interesting fictitious dialogue between the sage R. Meir and a non-Jew (3:4). Chapter 4 discusses use by Jews of idolatrous spaces or items (including those abandoned despite having once been so used) and then pivots to a discussion of wine preparation (4:8–12), which is largely, but not entirely, the subject of the twelve pericopes in chapter 5. The portrayal of idolatry in the Avodah Zarah tractates reflects elements of traditional Roman religion refracted through the prism of rabbinic imagination. Christians and Christian beliefs are not identified explicitly, but they are not entirely absent. The Avodah Zarah tractates are fruitful sources for the study of rabbinic representations of economic and social relationships between Jews and non-Jews in Late Antiquity, the constructions by rabbis of Jewish identity and boundaries between Jews and “others,” Roman (and, to a lesser extent, Iranian) religion in Late Antiquity, overlapping discourses between rabbinic and late antique Christian interpretations of Torah, and rabbinic attitudes toward figural art. An interesting 21st-century development is the scholarly use of the Avodah Zarah tractates as tools with which to think through the theological implications of Jewish encounters with Eastern religions and, more broadly, to think through how human beings of all races and creeds are connected to each other, to sentient nonhuman life, and even to the inanimate objects of which our world is composed.
Large velocity dispersion of molecular gas in bars of strongly barred galaxies NGC 1300 and NGC 5383
Authors: Maeda Fumiya , Ohta Kouji , Fujimoto Yusuke , Habe Asao , Baba Junichi 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
We carried out $\sf ^{12}$CO(J = 1–0) observations toward bar and arm regions of the strongly barred galaxies NGC 1300 and NGC 5383 with the Nobeyama 45 m radio telescope (beam size of 1–2 kpc in the galaxies). The aim of the observations is to qualitatively examine a new scenario for the suppression of star formation in bars based on recent high-resolution numerical simulations: higher speed collisions between molecular clouds in the bar region compared with the arm region suppress the massive star formation. CO emissions were detected from all the regions, indicating the presence of molecular gases in the strong bars without associating clear H II regions. In both galaxies, the velocity width of the CO line profile tends to be larger in the bar region than in the arm region, which is qualitatively consistent with the new scenario.
Novel nitrite-embedded packaging improves surface redness of dark-cutting longissimus steaks
Authors: Ramanathan Ranjith , Mitacek Rachel M , Billups Sabra D , Jadeja Ravi , Pfeiffer Morgan M , Mafi Gretchen G , VanOverbeke Deborah L 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
The objective of this research was to determine the effects of nitrite-embedded/FreshCase packaging on lean color of dark-cutting beef. Eight dark-cutting (pH &gt; 6.0) and eight USDA Low Choice (normal-pH; mean pH = 5.6) beef strip loins (longissimus lumborum) were selected 3 day after harvest. Each dark-cutting loin was sliced into five 2.5-cm thick steaks and randomly assigned to 1) dark-cutting steak packaged in polyvinyl chloride film (PVC) overwrap, 2) dark-cutting steak packaged in nitrite-embedded film, 3) dark-cutting steaks dipped in 0.2% rosemary solution and packaged in nitrite-embedded film, and 4) dark-cutting steak dipped in deionized water and packaged in nitrite-embedded film. The fifth dark-cutting steak was used to determine pH and proximate composition. Normal-pH choice loins were used as a control and each loin was randomly assigned to either PVC overwrap for retail display or to determine pH and proximate composition. Packages were placed in coffin-style retail display cases under continuous fluorescent lighting for 3 days. A HunterLab MiniScan XE Plus spectrophotometer was utilized to characterize steak color every 24 h. There was a significant treatment × storage time interaction (P &lt; 0.05) for a* values and nitric oxide myoglobin formation. On days 1, 2, and 3 of the display, nitrite-embedded treatment improved (P &lt; 0.05) redness compared to other dark-cutting steaks in PVC. A 45% increase in redness (P &lt; 0.05) was observed for nitrite-embedded rosemary treatment over dark-cutting steak in PVC on day 3 of display. Nitric oxide myoglobin formation on day 0 was less for all dark-cutting steaks in nitrite-embedded packaging. Metmyoglobin content was greater (P &lt; 0.05) on day 0 for dark-cutting steaks packaged in nitrite-embedded treatments than dark-cutting steaks in PVC. However, metmyoglobin level in dark-cutting steaks packaged in nitrite-embedded treatments decreased (P &lt; 0.05) on day 1 compared with day 0. Dark-cutting steaks packaged in PVC had greater (P &lt; 0.05) L* values on day 0 than other dark-cutting steaks in nitrite-embedded packaging. Conversely, on days 1, 2, and 3, there were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) in L* values between dark-cutting treatments. Dark-cutting steaks in nitrite-embedded packaging had lower total plate count (P &lt; 0.05) than dark-cutting steak packaged in PVC. The current research indicated that nitrite-embedded packaging has the potential to improve surface color of dark-cutting beef.
De-escalation treatment of human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: an evidence-based review for the locally advanced disease
Authors: Stock Gustavo T. , Bonadio Renata R.C. Colombo , de Castro Gilberto 
Published: February 2018

Purpose of review
Oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) incidence is increasing worldwide, especially in developed countries where it seems to be etiologically related to the elevating rates of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Considered a distinct disease because of its weak correlation with the traditional risk factors (tobacco use and alcohol), it has different patterns of survival outcomes, locoregional and distant failure, generally with better prognosis independently of the treatment. The standard therapeutic approach for locally advanced (LA) OPCs includes radiation therapy with concurrent chemotherapy, resulting in severe toxicities with negative impacts in quality of life (QoL). Considering this, efforts emerged to de-intensify treatment modalities in selected patients and achieve less morbidity while maintaining the favorable outcome.

Recent findings
Several de-escalated treatment strategies for HPV-related OPCs have been proposed to date with some of them being assessed in ongoing clinical trials. The main approaches encompass: minimally invasive surgery and reduced adjuvant treatment; antiepidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as alternative to chemotherapy concurrent with radiation therapy; adjusted radiation therapy dose intensity in responders to induction chemotherapy; reduced-dose radiation therapy.

Summary
There is still a lack of evidence to support de-intensification treatment for HPV-positive LA-OPC in clinical practice, and it remains investigational. Ongoing trials based on risk stratification might identify subgroups with greatest benefits of de-escalation strategies, reducing treatment morbidity without constituting the favorable prognosis.
Damage control resuscitation in pediatric trauma
Authors: Gilley Meghan , Beno Suzanne 
Published: February 2018

Purpose of review
Damage control resuscitation is an overall management strategy used in trauma patients to rapidly restore physiologic stability, while mitigating hypothermia, coagulopathy and acidosis. We review the evidence and current practice of damage control resuscitation in pediatric trauma patients with a specific focus on fluid management.

Recent findings
There have been a number of studies over the last several years examining crystalloid fluid resuscitation, balanced blood product transfusion practice and hemostatic agents in pediatric trauma. Excessive fluid resuscitation has been linked to increased number of ICU days, ventilator days and mortality. Balanced massive transfusion (1 : 1 : 1 product ratio) has not yet been demonstrated to have the same mortality benefits in pediatric trauma patients as in adults. Similarly, tranexamic acid (TXA) has strong evidence to support its use in adult trauma and some evidence in pediatric trauma.

Summary
Attention to establishing rapid vascular access and correcting hypothermia and acidosis is essential. A judicious approach to crystalloid resuscitation in the bleeding pediatric trauma patient with early use of blood products in keeping with an organized approach to massive hemorrhage is recommended. The ideal crystalloid volumes and/or blood product ratios in pediatric trauma patients have yet to be determined.
Oral Supplementation With Bovine Colostrum Prevents Septic Shock and Brain Barrier Disruption During Bloodstream Infection in Preterm Newborn Pigs
Authors: Brunse Anders , Worsøe Päivi , Pors Susanne E. , Skovgaard Kerstin , Sangild Per T. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT
Preterm infants have increased risk of neonatal sepsis, potentially inducing brain injury, and they may benefit from early initiation of enteral milk feeding. Using preterm pigs as models, we hypothesized that early provision of bovine colostrum to parentally nourished newborns protects against sepsis and neuroinflammation during bloodstream infection. Preterm newborn pigs were administered 109 CFU/kg of intra-arterial Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE, an opportunistic pathogen often causing sepsis in preterm infants), followed by administration of total parenteral nutrition (TPN, SE + TPN, n = 15) or oral provision of bovine colostrum with supplementary parenteral nutrition (SE + COL, n = 14), and compared with uninfected, TPN-nourished controls (CON + TPN, n = 11). SE-infected animals showed multiple signs of sepsis, including lethargy, hypotension, respiratory acidosis, internal organ hemorrhages, cellular responses (leukopenia, thrombocytopenia), brain barrier disruption, and neuroinflammation. At 24 h, colostrum supplementation reduced the SE abundance in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, both P < 0.05). Furthermore, colostrum feeding normalized arterial blood pressure (38.5 ± 1.20 vs. 30.6 ± 3.79 mmHg), pH (7.37 ± 0.02 vs. 7.10 ± 0.07), and lactate (1.01 ± 0.11 vs. 4.20 ± 1.20 mM, all P < 0.05), and increased motor activity, to levels in controls (P < 0.001). Finally, colostrum-fed animals showed reduced blood–CSF barrier permeability and CSF leukocyte levels, and this was accompanied by normalized gene expression of tight junction proteins (Occludin, Claudin-5, both P < 0.05) and reduced expression of leukocyte chemoattractants (CXCL9-11, all P < 0.01). Early oral supplementation with bovine colostrum prevents septic shock and ameliorates brain barrier disruption and neuroinflammation during bloodstream infection in preterm pigs. Bovine colostrum supplementation may improve resistance against systemic infection in immature, immune-compromised preterm infants.
Meta-analysis reveals host-dependent nitrogen recycling as a mechanism of symbiont control inAiptasia
Authors: Cui Guoxin , Liew Yi Jin , Li Yong , Kharbatia Najeh , Zahran Noura I , Emwas Abdul-Hamid , Eguiluz Victor M , Aranda Manuel 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe metabolic symbiosis with photosynthetic algae of the genusSymbiodiniumallows corals to thrive in the oligotrophic environments of tropical seas. Many aspects of this relationship have been investigated using transcriptomic analyses in the emerging model organismAiptasia. However, previous studies identified thousands of putatively symbiosis-related genes, making it difficult to disentangle symbiosis-induced responses from undesired experimental parameters. Using a meta-analysis approach, we identified a core set of 731 high-confidence symbiosis-associated genes that reveal host-dependent recycling of waste ammonium and amino acid synthesis as central processes in this relationship. Combining transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses, we show that symbiont-derived carbon enables host recycling of ammonium into nonessential amino acids. We propose that this provides a regulatory mechanism to control symbiont growth through a carbon-dependent negative feedback of nitrogen availability to the symbiont. The dependence of this mechanism on symbiont-derived carbon highlights the susceptibility of this symbiosis to changes in carbon translocation, as imposed by environmental stress.
Cytokinin perception in potato: New features of canonic players
Authors: Lomin Sergey N. , Myakushina Yulia A. , Kolachevskaya Oksana O. , Getman Irina A. , Arkhipov Dmitry V. , Savelieva Ekaterina M. , Osolodkin Dmitry I. , Romanov Georgy A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPotato is the most economically important non-cereal food crop. Tuber formation in potato is regulated by phytohormones, cytokinins (CKs) in particular. The present work was aimed to study CK signal perception in potato. The sequenced potato genome of doubled monoploid Phureja was used for bioinformatic analysis and as a tool for identification of putative CK receptors from autotetraploid potato cv. Désirée. All basic elements of multistep phosphorelay (MSP) required for CK signal transduction were identified in Phureja genome, including three genes orthologous to three CK receptor genes (AHK 2-4) of Arabidopsis. As distinct from Phureja, autotetraploid potato contains at least two allelic isoforms of each receptor type. Putative receptor genes from Désirée plants were cloned, sequenced and expressed, and main characteristics of encoded proteins, firstly their consensus motifs, structure models, ligand-binding properties, and the ability to transmit CK signal, were determined. In all studied aspects the predicted sensor histidine kinases met the requirements for genuine CK receptors. Expression of potato CK receptors was found to be organ-specific and sensitive to growth conditions, particularly to sucrose content. Our results provide a solid basis for further in-depth study of CK signaling system and biotechnological improvement of potato.
SMARTcleaner: identify and clean off-target signals in SMART ChIP-seq analysis
Authors: Zhao Dejian , Zheng Deyou 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundNoises and artifacts may arise in several steps of the next-generation sequencing (NGS) process. Recently, a NGS library preparation method called SMART, orSwitchingMechanismAt the 5’ end of theRNATranscript, is introduced to prepare ChIP-seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation and deep sequencing) libraries from small amount of DNA material. The protocol adds Ts to the 3’ end of DNA templates, which is subsequently recognized and used by SMART poly(dA) primers for reverse transcription and then addition of PCR primers and sequencing adapters. The poly(dA) primers, however, can anneal to poly(T) sequences in a genome and amplify DNA fragments that are not enriched in the immunoprecipitated DNA templates. This off-target amplification results in false signals in the ChIP-seq data.ResultsHere, we show that the off-target ChIP-seq reads derived from false amplification of poly(T/A) genomic sequences have unique and strand-specific features. Accordingly, we develop a tool (called “SMARTcleaner”) that can exploit the features to remove SMART ChIP-seq artifacts. Application of SMARTcleaner to several SMART ChIP-seq datasets demonstrates that it can remove reads from off-target amplification effectively, leading to improved ChIP-seq peaks and results.ConclusionsSMARTcleaner could identify and clean the false signals in SMART-based ChIP-seq libraries, leading to improvement in peak calling, and downstream data analysis and interpretation.