bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Dowry Return Edict of R. Tam in Medieval Europe
Authors: Yahalom Shalem 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Adolescent marriage was the norm for the Jewish girls of medieval France. The frequency of death of these brides was high, which led R. Tam to decree that in the event of death during the first year of marriage all dowries shall be refunded. This edict contradicted Talmudic law that awarded the husband rights to his wife’s estate. Factors that led to the decree include personal tragedy, Palestinian custom, Roman law, and norms of royalty and feudal society. The edict of R. Tam was accepted in France and the Rhine Valley communities. However, East German communities rejected the decree by means of clever literary devices, including the invention of the author’s retraction. The conflict surrounding the Dowry Edict opens a portal to the spiritual world of the Eastern communities during their formation.
Marketing Views of Modernity, Evangelism and Print Specialization in the American Mission Press Catalogs (1884–1896)
Authors: Auji Hala 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Taking up an analysis of the materiality of the American Mission Press (AMP) bilingual catalogs printed from 1884 to 1896 in Ottoman Beirut, in this article I identify these booklets as publications that circulated among broad networks of books, journals and newspapers during the period of the Arab nahda. By examining these catalogs in terms of the wider historical significance of their materiality, specifically their organization, layout, typography and illustrations, in this essay I show how these booklets promoted the AMP and its mission’s entangled messages in an increasingly competitive publishing industry. On the one hand, the catalogs highlighted the AMP’s ‘western’ qualifications and strove to engage local readers’ interests in ‘modern’ culture, science and technology. On the other hand, these works marketed the mission’s universalist evangelical views. Thus, in this study I show how such ephemeral publications, when studied for their dynamic content, make evident nineteenth-century Arabic print commerce at work and also illustrate early examples of nascent advertising practices.
Erasmus and the War-Poets in 1513
Authors: Carlson David R. 
Published: June 2019

During Erasmus’ English residence 1509–1514, Henry viii invaded France, as part of the “Holy League,” and, in the English king’s absence, England was attacked by Scotland. The events engendered a great quantity of poetry, as well as other writing: analyzed herein particularly are the verse contributions of Erasmus himself, his amicus Andrea Ammonio, Pietro Carmeliano, Camillo Paleotti, and Bernard André (the poems of these last two being edited and translated in appendices). This poetry in its context of events, both literary and political, influenced the anti-war writings that Erasmus was conceiving at the time, though he only published them later.
“Primum graecissabant”
Authors: Zuliani Federico 
Published: June 2019

Starting with the two recent editions by Silvana Seidel Menchi, this article seeks to analyze a passage of the notorious dialogue Julius by Erasmus of Rotterdam which remains unclear, namely the short exchange between St. Peter and Julius II in which the late pope finds fault with the Venetian tendency to graecissare (“to imitate the Greeks”). The current article argues that the allusion might be a pun on the long standing request of the Venetian Greek community to be granted a church where it could hold ceremonies more graeco. The plea, supported by Venetian authorities, was finally granted by pope Leo X, the successor to Julius II. Moreover, the passage might also present a further allusion to Aldus Manutius and to his circle of friends and collaborators, among whom several first and second generation Greek émigrés living in Venice and worshiping at the Greek scuola have been identified. In particular, the passage may refer to their printing production as well as to the program of the “New Academy” founded by Aldus himself. Both possibilities are especially worthy of consideration on account of the multi-layered composition of the dialogue.
Erasmus’ Heritage
Authors: Frijhoff Willem 
Published: June 2019

The ironic but very readable dialogues on folk religion in Erasmus’ Colloquia were used as school books for two centuries. Though their influence on the battle against superstition is difficult to measure, they obviously reflect the practices and debates of their own time. This article confronts Erasmus’ dialogue on exorcism with the ideas and practices of folk religion in the sixteenth-century biconfessional duchy of Cleves under Duke William V. Two sources stand out in particular: the influential treatise De praestigiis daemonum (1563) of court physician Johan Wier, an admirer of Erasmus and opponent of magic and sorcery, and the vernacular treatise on magical agency by Jacob Vallick, Catholic parish priest of the village of Groessen, which was printed by Nicolaas Biestkens in 1559. Vallick’s practical and pastoral approach to these matters, though it greatly irritated Wier, nevertheless reflects the influence of Erasmianism in Cleves even among the lower clergy.
Analysis upon the Youth’s Absence from CVS: Based on a Survey of a Community in Beijing
Authors: Zhang Wangcheng , Chen Feng , Liu Xiaoyan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This article studies the community’s inappropriate volunteer structure. An examination of the questionnaire of a community in Beijing shows the youth are indeed absent from the voluntary service of their community, but it is not because the youth lack the will or motivation to join in the voluntary service. Actually, it is closely related to the insufficient supply of the voluntary service in the community, which is mainly attributable to the bureaucratization of the community committee. Under the precondition of keeping the current social management system unchanged, to spur more youth on to join in the volunteer team of their community has to rely on upgrading related social techniques to enhance the community’s voluntary service supply capability.
Public Expression of Vulnerable Communities: Grassroots NGOs’ Policy Advocacy Actions and Strategies
Authors: Zhang Chao 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn Western countries, the grassroots NGO coalition plays a significant role in promoting the public expression of vulnerable communities. Grassroots NGO coalition has gradually become the leading actor of national policy advocacy by resources and scale of community members. However, China’s grassroots NGOs coalition face many restrictions regarding organizational resources and political opportunities structure. Firstly, the grassroots NGOs relatively lack professionalism, funding, and other critical organizational resources. Secondly, the grassroots NGOs themselves and their coalition have difficulty obtaining legal status and have no institutional channels for policy expression. This unfavorable situation requires them to innovate ‘alternative’ strategies for public expression. The article finds that the grassroots NGO coalition of vulnerable communities has built up the political legitimacy of advocacy action by absorbing powerful social and political elites. It has also cooperated with international NGO to make up for the lack of internal and external resources, which also can expand the social impact and public attention on policy advocacy. Then, the grassroots NGO coalition selects the existing institutional channel for individuals as an intermediary to contacting government officials, submitting policy proposals. Meanwhile, the grassroots NGO coalition adopts professional elites to build the professionalism and social legitimacy of proposals. National policy advocacy also expands the political opportunities structure of local advocacy by promoting local citizens and grassroots NGOs to conduct social surveys, providing policy templates, and communicating with daily virtual communities. The changing structure offers the possibility for continuous advocacy action.
The New Strengthened Regulations of INGOs in India and China: Comparative Analysis and Reflections
Authors: Zhang Wenjuan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWhile globalization creates an ambitious space for NGOs to play a large role in policy-making and problem-solving the concern about their accountability always remains there. As the biggest developing countries, India and China have attracted lots of international aid and INGOs’ attention. Recently, both have taken serious efforts to regulate or even to control INGOs’ influence in domestic context despite the difference of their political systems. It is worthy of comparative analysis in a nuanced way on their similarities and differences of why and how to regulate. As a reflection, it is also a good moment for relevant stakeholders to re-imagine the global governance and their relevant role.
A/B Type segregation in mixed-onset phonetic series is the key to early Chinese onset complexity
Authors: SMITH Jonathan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThere is still little agreement regarding the most important evidence for Old Chinese (OC) onset complexity—Middle Chinese (MC) mixed-onset phonetic series. This study explores a remarkable feature of this evidence first noticed by Sagart (1999). Within series such as those involving mixture of MC labials and velars with l-, x- with m-, velars with hj- (/y/), and d- with y- (/j/), MC onset and so-called A/B (syllable) Type fail to vary independently of one another. An unrecognized but inescapable implication of this association is that these MC onset results and A/B Type require a unified explanation in early Chinese. In light of the phonetic series material, I demonstrate that pre-OC Type involved two contrasting onset configurations. A number of phonetic specifications are conceivable; here, based on ideas of Ferlus (1998), I show how the data can be explained in terms of an early contrast between minor syllable forms **CǝR- (“Type A”) and tautosyllabic clusters **CR- (“Type B”) where R is a sonorant.
The Story and the Myth of the Igor’ Tale
Authors: Goldblatt Harvey 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Since its discovery in the 1790s and the publication of the editio princeps in 1800, the Igor’ Tale has been defined and examined in many different ways. The aim of the present study is to focus on the beginnings of literary reception (1800–1850) for this masterpiece of Old Rus’ verbal art. This study commences with the assertion that the history of the work’s interpretation serves a double purpose. This dual interpretive vision (1) is grounded in the twofold nature of literary history (i.e., in the distinction between literary history proper and literary reception), (2) obliges us to view the Igor’ Tale against a variety of cultural backdrops (including both medieval Western literary traditions and contemporary European thought), and (3) requires us to reflect on the importance of an emerging nationalist orientation and, in particular, of Herder’s underlying ideas of “national individuality” and “spirit of the people.” The present study treats the following interpretive motifs and their relevance for the analysis of the Igor’ Tale in the first half of the nineteenth century: (1) The Igor’ Tale as a Popular Song and Native Artistic Masterpiece; (2) Publication of the Igor’ Tale and its Reception by the Cultural Elite; (3) Interpretive Legacies of the Editio Princeps and the Place of N.M. Karamzin; and (4) From the Invented Tradition of Ossian to the National Spirit and Veneration of the Igor’ Tale.
Revisiting the Beyşehir Occupation Phase: Land-Cover Change and the Rural Economy in the Eastern Mediterranean During the First Millennium AD
Authors: Roberts Neil 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The latter part of the Beyşehir Occupation Phase (BOP) corresponds in space and time to the Late Roman empire in the eastern Mediterranean. The emphasis on tree crops in pollen records, particularly olive trees, implies long-term investment, stable trade networks and regional economic integration. The onset of the BOP was time-transgressive, starting between the Bronze Age and Hellenistic times in different localities. During the mid 1st millennium AD, the BOP came to an end, often abruptly, with a marked decline in agricultural indicators and an increase in forests, implying partial landscape re-wilding. This termination is most commonly dated to the 7th c. AD, coinciding with Arab attacks on Byzantine territory, and this, rather than climate change, seems the most likely explanation for the regional collapse of the rural agrarian system. The end of the BOP marks the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Medieval era, a transition which appears to have been notably later in date and more dramatic than elsewhere in the Mediterranean.
Invisible Environmental History: Infectious Disease in Late Antiquity
Authors: Harper Kyle 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This study argues that the biological environment is properly a part of environmental history. The microorganisms— bacteria, viruses, protozoa—that cause infectious disease were the principal cause of mortality in ancient societies, but the particular array of pathogens was both locally specific and unstable over time. Pathogenic microbes are ecologically sensitive, so the background of local climate, and the influence of climate variability and climate change, determined patterns of disease and mortality. The connections between climate variability and climate change, on the one hand, and the disease profile of a population, on the other, are complex, and this paper traces some of the main pathways of influence, with specific reference to a few of the best known diseases and epidemic events in the later Roman period.
Adapting Watercourse Agreements to Developments in International Law
Authors: Gwynn Maria A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UN Watercourses Convention) recommends that states apply and adapt their watercourse agreements to the provisions of the UN Watercourses Convention. To explore the advantages of abiding to crucial developments in international water law, environmental law, and climate change law, this monograph will analyze the most important hydroelectric energy treaty in the South American region, the Itaipu Treaty. The monograph will argue that adapting watercourse agreements to developments in international law provides a way to foster sustainable development for the treaty parties, the countries sharing the watercourse ecosystem, as well as the international community as a whole.
National Styles in Science, Diplomacy, and Science Diplomacy: a Case Study of the United Nations Security Council P5 Countries
Authors: Krasnyak Olga 
Published: June 2019

AbstractScience diplomacy is becoming an important tool by which states can more effectively promote and secure their foreign policy agendas. Recognising the role science plays at national and international levels and identifying a state's national diplomatic style can help to construct a ‘national style' in science diplomacy. In turn, understanding science diplomacy can help one evaluate a state's potential for global governance and to address global issues on a systematic scale. By using a Realist framework and by testing proposed hypotheses, this study highlights how different national styles in science diplomacy affect competition between major powers and their shared responsibility for global problems. This study adds to our general understanding of the practice of diplomacy as it intersects with the sciences.
Anthologizing Race
Authors: Muenchrath Anna 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This article reads the introductions of two anthologies of Harlem Renaissance poetry published in the Weimar Republic in 1929 and 1932 respectively. Taking into account the history of the concept of Volk and its changing connotations in the interwar years, I argue that both editors problematically and subversively interpret the Harlem Renaissance as an American Volk tradition for their German readers. I contend that this act of interpretation questions and critiques the limits of not only the linguistic meaning of Volk, but also the limits of the concept of political belonging that the word represents in the German inter-war years. The article argues, concomitantly, for closer attention to anthologies of world literature and the paratexts of translations.
Artisans’ Signatures from Pre-Mongol Iranian Metalwork. An Epigraphic and Palaeographic Analysis
Authors: Laviola Valentina 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The paper focuses on Iranian and Eastern Iranian artisans who signed metalwork datable up to the Mongol period. An updated list gathers 37 names, for the most already known but scattered in many different publications. The epigraphic and palaeographic analysis, supported by drawings of signatures, highlights general rules and specific exceptions.
Making Tools for Transmission: Mamluk and Ottoman Cairo’s Papermakers, Copyists and Booksellers
Authors: Quickel Anthony T. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
A growing body of scholarship regarding the nature of book production and ownership has greatly aided in advancing understandings of the intellectual and cultural history of the Middle East. The majority of these studies, however, focuses on the technical and art historical aspects of book production. This article seeks to take such scholarship a step further and explore the nature of the actual places where books were obtained in Mamluk and Ottoman Cairo. Using chronicles and annalistic sources, it will show that the traditionally understood paper markets had a far more extensive role in book production. Furthermore, the article will show that multiple centers in medieval Cairo were engaged in various tasks related to the creation of texts. A discussion of the extant corpus of secondary literature will be offered on the basis of these conclusions.
“From Shahristān to Medina” Revisited
Authors: Whitcomb Donald 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe title is taken from an article published in 2006 by Hugh Kennedy that is an examination of the Sasanian city. This subject is re-examined with a presentation of archaeological information on Sasanian cities in Fars province and the city of Jundi Shapur in Khuzistan. The urban form and key institutions are presented with consideration of changes introduced with the Islamic period. In contrast to the Classical polis, the problem is limited information on urban element in Sasanian cities and some of these elements are described.
Medieval Lexicography on Arabic and Persian Terms for City and Countryside
Authors: Mottahedeh Roy P. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMedieval Arabic to Persian dictionaries are a relatively untapped source for the conceptual world in the time of their authors. This essay closely examines four such dictionaries from the late fifth/eleventh century to the seventh/thirteenth century written in eastern Iran. These dictionaries are quite rich in terminology for cities, towns, farmland, pasture and desert. They also describe architectural features of buildings. They offer scant but valuable information on markets and social structure. The information from these dictionaries combined with the rich detail available in the Islamic geographers of the third/ninth and fourth/tenth century allows us to form a more perfect picture of medieval Iranian society.
One yajña, Many Rituals
Authors: Ferrara Marianna 
Published: June 2019

Sacrifice is a keyword in religious studies. Yajña is a governing concept of Vedic literature. On the basis of the major theories of rituals that flourished between the 18th and the 19th centuries, yajña has been referred to as a perfect example of sacrificial pattern in Vedic tradition. However, while ‘sacrifice’ as a category has been widely discussed among scholars from different fields, the equivalence between ‘sacrifice’ and yajña has been tacitly assumed in the notion of ‘Vedic sacrifice’.
Focusing on the rise of Indology as a discipline, this article explores the success of ‘sacrifice’ as a category in the history of scholarship in 18th- and 19th-century Europe. The main argument is that the equivalence between ‘sacrifice’ and yajña has developed at the crossroads between Indology and the socio-anthropological studies, while the Vedic notion of yajña is, indeed, strictly related to the semantic field that has developed around the root yaj-, of which it is proposed to maintain the etymological meaning “to honour, offer, dedicate”. As a result, it is suggested that the translation of yajña as ‘sacrifice’ may be rejected by three types of arguments: linguistic, theoretical, and historical.
Idols and Idolatry in the Legendary Maġāzī Literature
Authors: Bellino Francesca 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This article aims at analyzing idolatry inasmuch it appears as a literary motif in legendary maġāzī literature, a large and varied corpus of narratives, spread mostly in the post-Classical period (15th–19th centuries), which recount in fictional way the early Muslim military expeditions that took place during Muḥammad’s lifetime (Ar. ġazawāt, sing. ġazwa). Within this genre, it considers primarily those ġazawāt in which direct references to idolatry appear, either as references to the general concept or as references to individual idols. Regarding the latter, it provides an overview, accompanied by textual examples, of all the idols mentioned by name in the ġazawāt, divided into those that are also attested in the historical sources, and the fictitious ones invented by the narrators for narrative purposes.
Sociolinguistic Factors Affecting Vowel Devoicing in Spontaneous Japanese: A Preliminary Corpus-based Analysis
Authors: Pappalardo Giuseppe 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Maekawa and Kikuchi (2005) used the Corpus of Spontaneous Japanese (CSJ) to analyse the frequency of vowel devoicing in different phonological environments. According to their analysis, the devoicing rate is highest when a fricative is followed by a stop and lowest when an affricate is followed by a fricative. Moreover, the results of their study suggest that devoicing also occurs in atypical environments, as in non-close vowels and in contexts where a vowel is followed by a voiced consonant. However, the frequency of devoicing is conditioned not only by phonological factors but, at a certain extent, also by extra-linguistic and sociological factors such as age, gender and speech style. This paper aims to analyse the sociolinguistic variation of vowel devoicing in spontaneous Japanese using the CSJ-Core consisting of about 45 hours of speech, all of which have been (sub-)phonemically segmented. Age, gender and speech style variation has been analysed for different phonological environments. Particular attention will be given to atypical environments which showed a higher rate of variability.
Note di lessicografia mandaica: l’espressione dell’afflizione
Authors: Criscuolo Alfredo 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The lexical material handed down in the Mandaic literature is the result of composite and stratified processes that make its analysis difficult, especially as regards etymologies and semantics. The most valuable reference tool in Mandaic lexicography (Drower, Macuch 1963) is not more conform to the modern needs of Aramaic lexicography. The present article is a first attempt of analysis in the lexicographical field of grief and pain in Classical Mandaic.