bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Embryonic development of thecate hydrozoan Gonothyraea loveni (Allman, 1859)
Authors: Burmistrova Yulia A. , Osadchenko Boris V. , Bolshakov Fedor V. , Kraus Yulia A. , Kosevich Igor A. 
Published: September 2018

Progress of Evo‐Devo requires broad phylogenetic sampling providing the data for comparative analysis as well as new objects suitable for experimental investigation. Representatives of the early‐branching animal phylum Cnidaria and particularly hydrozoans draw great attention due to the high diversity of embryonic and post‐embryonic development and life‐cycles in general. Most detailed studies on embryonic development in hydrozoans were performed on the species shedding their gametes with subsequent embryo development in the water column. Widely distributed thecate hydrozoan Gonothyraea loveni broods its embryos within reduced medusae attached to the colony until development of a free‐swimming metamorphosis competent planula‐larva. In the current essay we present a detailed description of G. loveni embryonic development based on in vivo observations, histology, immuno‐cytochemistry, and electron microscopy. Starting from early cleavage, the embryo becomes a morula without any sign of blastocoele. Gastrulation proceeds as mixed delamination and ends with parenchymula formation. The first morphological sign of primary body axis appears only in the beginning of parenchymula‐preplanula transition. In mature metamorphosis competent planula only the cells of the oral two‐thirds of endoderm retain proliferative activity resulting in accumulation of great number of i‐cells and nematoblasts, which can be used during metamorphosis accompanied with essential reorganization of larval tissues. G. loveni demonstrates the diversity as well as evolutionary plasticity of hydrozoans development: in brooding hydrozoans embryonic and larval development is highly embryonized in comparison with the spawning species with free‐swimming embryos.
Seed predation by insects across a tropical forest precipitation gradient
Authors: Jeffs Christopher T. , Kennedy Patrick , Griffith Phoebe , Gripenberg Sofia , Markesteijn Lars , Lewis Owen T. 
Published: September 2018

1. Pre‐dispersal predation of seeds by insects can be an important source of plant mortality, with consequences for plant population dynamics and community diversity.2. The intensity and host‐specificity of natural enemies, including seed predators, is predicted to vary systematically across environmental gradients. These trends could contribute to large‐scale patterns in diversity, such as the widely observed positive relationship between plant species richness and precipitation. However, fundamental information on inter‐ and intraspecific seed predation is lacking at the landscape scale.3. We assessed the intensity of seed predation by insects at eight forest sites spanning a steep precipitation and plant species‐richness gradient in Panama. We dissected freshly abscised fruits and seeds of woody plants to measure rates of predation, and assessed host‐specificity by rearing insects from them.4. On average, 22.6% of dissected seeds were predated across 31 host species. Species‐specific and site‐level seed predation rates and the number of seed predator species reared per host were not significantly associated with annual rainfall or dry season water deficit.5. In total, 45 seed predator morphospecies were reared from seeds of 16 plant species. Host‐specificity was high, with 91% of seed predator morphospecies associated with just one plant species.6. Our results support evidence that pre‐dispersal insect seed predators are highly host‐specific and exhibit great intraspecific, interspecific and landscape‐scale (i.e. between‐site) variation in seed predation intensity. Host‐specific seed predators, particularly those causing moderate to high seed predation rates, could influence plant population dynamics and local community structure.
Temporal Scaling Analytical Method to Identify Multi‐Fractionality in Groundwater Head Fluctuations
Authors: Yuan Lin , Sun HongGuang , Zhang Yong , Zhang YouKuan , Gu Xiufen , Dawley Shawn 
Published: September 2018

AbstractNatural dynamics such as groundwater head fluctuations may exhibit multi‐fractionality, likely caused by multi‐scale aquifer heterogeneity and other controlling factors, whose statistics requires efficient quantification methods. As a scaling exponent, the Hurst exponent can describe the temporal correlation or multifractal behavior in groundwater level fluctuation processes. However, the scaling behavior may change with time under natural conditions, likely due to the non‐stationary evolution of internal and external conditions, which cannot be characterized by traditional methods using a single or several scaling exponents for the complex features of the overall process. This methods note quantifies the multi‐fractionality using the timescale local Hurst exponent (TS‐LHE) and then proposes a systematic statistical method to analyze groundwater head fluctuations. Time series of daily groundwater level fluctuations from three wells located in the lower Mississippi valley are analyzed, after removing the seasonal cycle, which leads to transient TS‐LHE, implying multi‐fractionality and multifractal‐scaling behavior that changes with time and location. Therefore, the temporal scaling analysis proposed here may provide useful and quantitative information to understand the nature of dynamic hydrologic systems.
The rise of new Dalit women in Indian historiography
Authors: Paik Shailaja 
Published: September 2018

AbstractEspecially since the political turmoil of the 1990s, scholars have focused on the marginalized histories of Dalit (“Untouchable”) communities in India. Yet these investigations also concentrated exclusively on the male Dalit community. Only recently, however, scholars have focused their attention on Dalit women as “subjects” of study. Dalits are dominated and dominating at the same time. My article examines Dalit women's lifeworlds under double patriarchy in colonial and post‐colonial India to highlight the contributions of scholars in understanding how different Dalit women are negotiating, challenging, politicizing, and transforming conditions of their discriminated Dalit status: as sexed women and caste Dalit. I theorize and focus on ways “new” Dalit women engaged with the incremental intersecting technologies of caste, class, gender, sexuality, and community to carve out their subjectivity, agency, respectability, and honor in modern India. To this end, I dwell on a variety of themes—generative gender and “new” Dalit women, upper‐caste prejudice, community, patriarchy, honor, and formal education to illuminate the changing sociality and complexities of Dalit women's worlds. My review article demonstrates that Dalit women's universal perspectives and historical and political practices are deeply democratic and as such have the potential of engaging in inclusive and productive politics, building solidarities, and actually reshaping the larger fields of South Asian Studies, India Studies, Dalit Studies, and Gender Studies.
Recent advances on the crosstalk between neutrophils and B or T lymphocytes
Authors: Costa Sara , Bevilacqua Dalila , Cassatella Marco A. , Scapini Patrizia 
Published: September 2018

SummaryAn increasing body of literature supports a role for neutrophils as players in the orchestration of adaptive immunity. During acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, neutrophils rapidly migrate not only to sites of inflammation, but also to draining lymph nodes and spleen, where they engage bidirectional interactions with B‐ and T‐lymphocyte subsets. Accordingly, a relevant role of neutrophils in modulating B‐cell responses under homeostatic conditions has recently emerged. Moreover, specialized immunoregulatory properties towards B or T cells acquired by distinct neutrophil populations, originating under pathological conditions, have been consistently described. In this article, we summarize the most recent data from human studies and murine models on the ability of neutrophils to modulate adaptive immune responses under physiological and pathological conditions and the mechanisms behind these processes.
Colored amorphous silica‐based powder with TiN nanocrystals precipitated by ammonolysis of Ti–Si–O ternary glass
Authors: Sagawa Yuki , Masubuchi Yuji , Kikkawa Shinichi 
Published: September 2018

AbstractColoration of amorphous silica powder containing titania was investigated by nitridation in an ammonia flow. The oxide precursors were obtained by the hydrolysis of a mixture of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and tetrabutoxy titanium (TBT). The color changed with the amount of TBT in the mixture, the hydrolysis pH and the ammonolysis temperature. The original white color of the 8 mol% TBT powder hydrolyzed under basic pH conditions changed to pale goldenrod at 700°C, then to dark olive green at 800°C, and further darkened with increasing ammonolysis temperature. A steel‐blue color appeared at 900°C for the powder obtained with 3 mol% TBT, and increased in darkness at 1000°C. A similar bluish color was observed for powders obtained by acidic hydrolysis after ammonolysis above 900°C, and this was independent of the amount of titania, although the chroma decreased with increasing firing temperature for the powder with 3 mol% TBT. The ammonolysis powder products were characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe micro analysis (EPMA), transmission electron microscopy‐electron energy‐loss spectroscopy (TEM‐EELS), scanning transmission electron microscopy‐high‐angle annular dark‐field imaging (STEM‐HAADF) and Ti–K edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS). The color change was related to both precipitated TiN nanocrystals and residual titanium in the amorphous silica matrix. The TiN exhibited a goldish reflection and also plasmonic absorption from light blue to gray depending on the TiN crystallite size. The plasmonic absorption and resonance of nanocrystalline TiN will be useful similarly to that of gold in nanotechnology for various kinds of energy application.
Safety and efficacy of a 52‐mg levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine system in women with cardiovascular disease
Authors: Ueda Yusuke , Kamiya Chizuko A. , Horiuchi Chinami , Miyoshi Takekazu , Hazama Ryoichi , Tsuritani Mitsuhiro , Iwanaga Naoko , Neki Reiko , Ikeda Tomoaki , Yoshimatsu Jun 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimWe sought to examine the safety and efficacy of a 52‐mg levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine system (LNG‐IUS), and to evaluate the changes in biomarkers of infection, anemia and cardiovascular conditions after LNG‐IUS insertion in women with cardiovascular disease.MethodsWe prospectively followed women with a cardiovascular disease in whom a 52‐mg LNG‐IUS was inserted between 2009 and 2015. The primary outcome was the frequency of cardiovascular and gynecologic side effects due to the LNG‐IUS over the year after LNG‐IUS insertion. The secondary outcomes were the changes in menstrual blood loss and biomarkers, e.g., white blood cell count and the levels of C‐reactive protein, hemoglobin and brain natriuretic peptide. We also evaluated the 24‐month continuation rate of LNG‐IUS.ResultsA total of 34 women were prospectively followed‐up, including two women with pulmonary hypertension. No cardiovascular side effects were identified during the 1 year after LNG‐IUS insertion, other than one case of mild vasovagal reaction at insertion. Neither the white blood cell count nor the C‐reactive protein value increased after LNG‐IUS insertion. The menstrual blood loss was decreased in most subjects and the median hemoglobin levels increased significantly within 1 year after insertion (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002). Moreover, brain natriuretic peptide levels tended to decrease in correspondence with the hemoglobin elevation (P = 0.074). The 24‐month LNG‐IUS continuation rate was 97% (95% confidence interval 85–100).ConclusionNo clinically significant cardiovascular event was identified during the 1 year after 52‐mg LNG‐IUS insertion among women with cardiovascular disease. The 52‐mg LNG‐IUS may have specific favorable effects by decreasing the risk of iron deficiency anemia in these women.
Delinquency, School Context, and Risk Factors in India, Australia, and the United States: Implications for Prevention
Authors: Parks Michael J. , Solomon Renati J. , Solomon Shreeletha , Rowland Bosco C. , Hemphill Sheryl A. , Patton George C. , Toumbourou John W. 
Published: September 2018

There is a dearth of research on delinquency, school context, and risk factors across developed and developing nations. Using representative samples and matched surveys, we examined delinquency among cohorts in Mumbai, India (N = 3,717); Victoria, Australia (N = 1,842); and Washington State (WA), United States (N = 1,828). We used multivariate Poisson hierarchical linear modeling. Risk factor and delinquency levels varied across sites. Delinquency clustered within certain schools, particularly in Mumbai. Community disorganization exhibited an association with delinquency as a school‐level context effect in Mumbai and Victoria. Peer delinquency, sensation seeking, and poor family management exhibited cross‐nationally consistent associations with delinquency. Programs that target schools, the clustering of problem behaviors, and cross‐nationally consistent risk factors should be considered internationally.
Choroid plexus is an additional source of melatonin in the brain
Authors: Quintela Telma , Gonçalves Isabel , Silva Marco , Duarte Ana C. , Guedes Paula , Andrade Késsia , Freitas Flávia , Talhada Daniela , Albuquerque Tânia , Tavares Sara , Passarinha Luis A. , Cipolla‐Neto José , Santos Cecília R. A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe cerebrospinal fluid melatonin is released from the pineal gland, directly into the third ventricle, or produced de novo in the brain from extrapineal melatonin sources leading to a melatonin concentration gradient in the cerebrospinal fluid. Despite the interest on this topic, the brain areas capable of producing melatonin are not yet clear. Bearing this in mind, we hypothesized that the choroid plexus (CP) could be one of these melatonin sources. We analyzed and confirmed the presence of the four enzymes required for melatonin synthesis in rat CP and demonstrated that arylalkylamine N‐acetyltransferase shows a circadian expression in female and male rat CP. Specifically, this enzyme colocalizes with mitochondria in rat CP epithelial cells, an organelle known to be involved in melatonin function and synthesis. Then, we demonstrated that melatonin is synthesized by porcine CP explants, although without a circadian pattern. In conclusion, our data show that the CP is a local source of melatonin to the central nervous system, probably contributing to its high levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. We believe that in the CP, melatonin might be regulated by its endogenous clock machinery and by the hormonal background.
Change in injecting behaviour among people treated for hepatitis C virus: The role of intimate partnerships
Authors: Malaguti Amy , Sani Fabio , Stephens Brian P. , Ahmad Farsana , Dugard Pat , Dillon John F. ,   on behalf of the ERADICATE‐C Study Group
Published: September 2018

SummaryInjecting behaviour in people who inject drugs is the main risk factor for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Psychosocial factors such as having a partner who injects drugs and living with other drug users have been associated with increases in injecting risk behaviour. This study aimed to investigate changes in injecting behaviour during treatment for HCV infection whilst exploring the role of psychosocial factors on patients’ injecting behaviour. Eradicate‐C was a single‐centred clinical trial (ISRCTN27564683) investigating the effectiveness of HCV treatment within the injecting drug‐using population between 2012 and 2017. A total of 94 participants completed up to 24 weeks of treatment, with social and behavioural measures taken at different intervals throughout treatment. Data for 84 participants were analysed retrospectively to explore mechanisms of potential behavioural changes which had occurred during treatment. Injecting frequency reduced significantly between baseline (week 1) and every 4‐weekly interval until week 26. Not being on opiate substitution therapy (OST) was associated with a statistically significant decrease in injecting frequency, χ2 (1) = 10.412, P = 0.001, as was having a partner who also used drugs, in particular when that partner was also on treatment for HCV infection, Z = −2.312, P = 0.021. Treating a hard‐to‐reach population for HCV infection is not only possible, but also bears health benefits beyond treatment of HCV alone. Enrolling couples on HCV treatment when partners are sero‐concordant has shown enhanced benefits for reduction in injecting behaviour. Implications for practice are discussed.
Recombinant identification, molecular classification and proposed reference genomes for hepatitis delta virus
Authors: Miao Zhijiang , Zhang Shaoshi , Ma Zhongren , Hakim Mohamad S. , Wang Wenshi , Peppelenbosch Maikel P. , Pan Qiuwei 
Published: September 2018

SummaryHepatitis delta virus (HDV), as a defective sub‐virus that co‐infects with hepatitis B virus, imposes an emerging global health burden. However, genetic characteristics and molecular classification of HDV remain under investigated. In this study, we have systematically retrieved and analysed a large set of HDV full‐length genome sequences and identified novel recombinants. Based on phylogenetic and genetic analyses, we have established an updated classification system for HDV when recombinants were excluded. Furthermore, we have mapped the global distribution of different genotypes and subtypes. Finally, we have compiled a complete set of reference genomes for each subtype and proposed criteria for future identification of novel genotypes and subtypes. Of note, the global distribution map indicates that currently available HDV genetic data remain limited, and thus our proposed classification will likely evolve as future epidemiological data will accumulate. These results will facilitate the future research on the diagnosis, screening, epidemiology, evolution, prevention and clinical management of HDV infection.
Differential escape of HCV from CD8+ T cell selection pressure between China and Germany depends on the presenting HLA class I molecule
Authors: Xia Youchen , Pan Wen , Ke Xiaoyu , Skibbe Kathrin , Walker Andreas , Hoffmann Daniel , Lu Yinping , Yang Xuecheng , Feng Xuemei , Tong Qiaoxia , Timm Jörg , Yang Dongliang 
Published: September 2018

SummaryAdaptation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) to CD8+ T cell selection pressure is well described; however, it is unclear if HCV differentially adapts in different populations. Here, we studied HLA class I‐associated viral sequence polymorphisms in HCV 1b isolates in a Chinese population and compared viral substitution patterns between Chinese and German populations. We identified three HLA class I‐restricted epitopes in HCV NS3 with statistical support for selection pressure and found evidence for differential escape pathways between isolates from China and Germany depending on the HLA class I molecule. The substitution patterns particularly differed in the epitope VTLTHPITK1635‐1643, which was presented by HLA‐A*03 as well as HLA‐A*11, two alleles with highly different frequencies in the two populations. In Germany, a substitution in position seven of the epitope was the most frequent substitution in the presence of HLA‐A*03, functionally associated with immune escape and nearly absent in Chinese isolates. In contrast, the most frequent substitution in China was located at position two of the epitope and became the predominant consensus residue. Moreover, substitutions in position one of the epitope were significantly enriched in HLA‐A*11‐positive individuals in China and associated with different patterns of CD8+ T cell reactivity. Our study confirms the differential escape pathways selected by HCV that depended on different HLA class I alleles in Chinese and German populations, indicating that HCV differentially adapts to distinct HLA class I alleles in these populations. This result has important implications for vaccine design against highly variable and globally distributed pathogens, which may require matching antigen sequences to geographic regions for T cell‐based vaccine strategies.
Differential Roles of Shame and Guilt in L2 Learning: How Bad Is Bad?
Authors: TEIMOURI YASSER 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis article aims to introduce shame and guilt from social psychology into second language acquisition (SLA), to validate their psychometric measurement, and to examine their effects on second language (L2) learners’ motivation and language achievements. In Study 1, the prevalence of shame and guilt reactions in L2 settings was explored. Moreover, the Second Language Test of Shame and Guilt Affect (L2‐TOSGA) was developed and validated to measure L2 learners’ individual differences in terms of proneness to shame and guilt during L2 learning. The results of qualitative and quantitative analyses evidenced the pervasiveness of shame and guilt in an L2 context, and attested to the reliability, stability, and validity of L2‐TOSGA subscales. In Study 2, the effects of learners’ shame and guilt reactions on their motivation and language achievements were probed. The results showed that shame strongly but negatively affected L2 learners’ motivation and language achievements, whereas guilt had positive effects on their motivation and language achievements.
Coupled ecohydrology and plant hydraulics modeling predicts ponderosa pine seedling mortality and lower treeline in the US Northern Rocky Mountains
Authors: Simeone Caelan , Maneta Marco P. , Holden Zachary A. , Sapes Gerard , Sala Anna , Dobrowski Solomon Z. 
Published: September 2018

Summary

We modeled hydraulic stress in ponderosa pine seedlings at multiple scales to examine its influence on mortality and forest extent at the lower treeline in the northern Rockies.

We combined a mechanistic ecohydrologic model with a vegetation dynamic stress index incorporating intensity, duration and frequency of hydraulic stress events, to examine mortality from loss of hydraulic conductivity. We calibrated our model using a glasshouse dry‐down experiment and tested it using in situ monitoring data on seedling mortality from reforestation efforts. We then simulated hydraulic stress and mortality in seedlings within the Bitterroot River watershed of Montana.

We show that cumulative hydraulic stress, its legacy and its consequences for mortality are predictable and can be modeled at local to landscape scales. We demonstrate that topographic controls on the distribution and availability of water and energy drive spatial patterns of hydraulic stress. Low‐elevation, south‐facing, nonconvergent locations with limited upslope water subsidies experienced the highest rates of modeled mortality.

Simulated mortality in seedlings from 2001 to 2015 correlated with the current distribution of forest cover near the lower treeline, suggesting that hydraulic stress limits recruitment and ultimately constrains the low‐elevation extent of conifer forests within the region.