bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypercoiled cord can cause a reversible abnormal Doppler in ductus venosus in cases of fetal growth restriction
Authors: Iwagaki Shigenori , Takahashi Yuichiro , Chiaki Rika , Asai Kazuhiko , Matsui Masako , Mori Takahiro , Kawabata Ichiro 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAimAlthough an absent or reversed a‐wave in ductus venosus (DV‐RAV) is reported to be the terminal finding of fetal growth restriction (FGR), we have seen DV‐RAV that disappears within a short span of time in some FGR cases with a hypercoiled cord. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between hypercoiled cord and reversible DV‐RAV in FGR.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of 499 FGR cases, including 14 with DV‐RAV. Transabdominal amnioinfusion (AI) was performed when oligohydramnios was severe (maximum vertical pocket <2 cm) and/or variable deceleration was detected. DV‐RAV that disappeared quickly was defined as ‘temporary DV‐RAV’. DV‐RAV that continued until delivery or fetal death (FD) was defined as ‘persistent DV‐RAV’. A hypercoiled cord was defined as one with an umbilical coiling index >0.6 antenatally or >0.3 postnatally. Clinical characteristics and clinical courses of the two types of DV‐RAV were compared.ResultsDV‐RAV disappeared after AI in all five cases in which temporary DV‐RAV was identified. The incidence of a hypercoiled cord was significantly higher among temporary DV‐RAV cases (100%) than among persistent DV‐RAV cases (14.3%; P = 0.015). The time from detection of DV‐RAV to delivery or FD was significantly longer among temporary DV‐RAV cases (4.5 weeks) than among persistent DV‐RAV cases (0.7 weeks; P = 0.027).ConclusionTemporary DV‐RAV is suspected to be related to the combination of a hypercoiled cord and oligohydramnios. DV‐RAV may not be always be a terminal finding in FGR with a hypercoiled cord.
Health professionals' experiences and barriers encountered when implementing hip surveillance for children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Willoughby Kate L , Toovey Rachel , Hodgson Jan M , Graham H Kerr , Reddihough Dinah S 
Published: July 2018

AimThis study aimed to explore health professionals' experiences of implementing hip surveillance for young people with cerebral palsy (CP) and to identify any barriers they encounter.MethodsA cross‐sectional web‐based survey of health professionals supporting children with CP was conducted. Responses were analysed through mixed methods. Responses to items presented as ordinal scales were analysed using descriptive statistics, and open‐ended responses through a qualitative approach to identify themes.ResultsA total of 32 paediatricians, 2 rehabilitation specialists and 50 physiotherapists completed the survey, with respondents working within both hospital‐ and community‐based settings. Barriers most frequently reported were inconsistency in radiology practice and reporting (35%), parent engagement (32%), limited communication between clinicians (31%), lack of clarity in lines of responsibility (27%) and forgetting to undertake surveillance (26%). Four major themes were identified through qualitative analysis: (i) recognition of the importance of clinical guidelines to hip surveillance; (ii) the value of each role in the team around a child; (iii) the challenge of sharing responsibility; and (iv) the importance of communication in facilitating collaboration.ConclusionsBarriers can be encountered at each phase of the hip surveillance process, but there are also factors that act as facilitators. Locally, the results will inform the development of an enhanced state‐wide approach to hip surveillance for all children with CP. The identified barriers do not appear unique to the local context, and the findings may be transferable to other settings. Awareness of the potential barriers and facilitators would be valuable to those implementing hip surveillance in other areas.
The global–local tension in medical education: turning ‘think global, act local’ on its head?
Authors: Prideaux David 
Published: July 2018

ContextMedical education has not been immune from forces for globalisation in the contemporary world. At the same time the social accountability of medical schools in addressing local health priorities has been emphasised. This paper explores the global–local tension in medical education through a careful selection of key overview papers.GlobalisationGlobalisation in medical education has taken two main forms: economic and altruistic. The former includes licensing curricula, recruiting internationally and establishing ‘offshore’ schools or campuses. Altruistic collaborations focus on the spread of learning and educational innovations. Both forms bring benefits but have been subject to critique for their differential impact and focus on educational inputs rather than outputs.Social AccountabilitySocial accountability requires medical schools to direct their activities to local priorities and to serving local health systems. Adoption of the principles of social accountability compels all medical schools to ask questions of their educational programmes and graduate outcomes. However, these are globally interdependent questions and are the intent of some well‐known social accountability collaborations. It is naïve to think that adoption of a social accountability agenda by all medical schools would necessarily reduce global health inequity. A recent Australian example shows that workforce maldistribution, for example, is resistant to even high‐level intervention.ConclusionsIt is yet too early to fully accept that ‘think global, act local can be turned on its head’. There is much research to be carried out, particularly on the outcomes and impacts of medical education. Establishing cause and effect is a challenge, as is determining whether globalisation or localisation can contribute to greater global health equity. If we are ever to resolve the global–local tension in medical education, we need more evidence on the outcomes of what we do, whether globally or locally inspired.
Bullying in Australian children and adolescents with food allergies
Authors: Fong Andrew Timothy , Katelaris Constance Helen , Wainstein Brynn Kevin 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundFood allergy is an increasing concern worldwide. The significant impact of food allergies on quality of life and bullying has been well described in international studies. No studies have yet investigated the occurrence of bullying in children and adolescents with food allergies in the Australian population. This study aimed to characterize and examine the frequency of bullying and describe those most responsible and the effects of the bullying on the victims.MethodsQuestionnaires were developed based on those used in previous studies and were distributed throughout paediatric allergy clinics. Children and adolescents aged 10‐19 with food allergies were recruited to complete the questionnaire independently, whilst parents completed the questionnaire on behalf of their children aged 5‐9 with food allergies. The data were tabulated and analysed using descriptive statistics.ResultsNinety‐three questionnaires were completed. Overall, 39 (42%) children experienced some form of bullying. This was higher in the older children and adolescent group, where 53% (18/34) were bullied. In addition, 23% (21/93) of the cohort were bullied or teased specifically because of their allergy. Food allergens had been used in the bullying in 24 cases, but no child reported being forced to eat foods to which they were allergic. Two adolescents experienced allergic reactions.ConclusionsThis study highlights that those with food allergy are subject to a high degree of bullying. This risk of bullying for children with food allergy indicates a significant social problem that requires addressing to positively assist these children.
Guidelines for pediatric anogenital examination: Insights from our vulvar dermatology clinic
Authors: Habeshian Kaiane , Fowler Kylie , Gomez‐Lobo Veronica , Marathe Kalyani 
Published: July 2018

AbstractTo our knowledge, there are no guidelines in the dermatology literature for performing anogenital examinations in prepubescent children. Based on experience in our joint pediatric dermatology‐gynecology vulvar clinic, we aim to provide a framework for conducting genital examinations in children, focusing on the vulvar examination. Our goal is to enhance confidence in the pediatric dermatologist's ability to perform thorough examinations by providing general principles as well as concrete “do's” and “don'ts” that will create a maximally comfortable and productive experience. These steps will help create a positive experience for the patient and family, encouraging further follow‐up and enhancing the overall well‐being of the child.
Genetic variants associated with skin photosensitivity in a southern European population from Spain
Authors: Hernando Barbara , Sanz‐Page Elena , Pitarch Gerard , Mahiques Laura , Valcuende‐Cavero Francisca , Martinez‐Cadenas Conrado 
Published: July 2018

SummaryBackground/PurposeRecent GWAS studies, mostly performed in populations of North European origin, have identified the genetic loci associated with pigmentation, sun sensitivity, freckling and skin cancer susceptibility. Here, we aimed at addressing the genetic determinants of sunlight sensitivity in Spain, a southern European population.MethodsNine SNPs located in 8 pigmentation‐related genes (IRF4, TYR, ASP, HERC2, OCA2, BNC2, SLC24A4 and SLC45A2) were genotyped in 456 Spaniards. Additionally, the complete sequence of the MC1R gene was obtained, testing each nonsynonymous mutation supported by the classification as R or r alleles. A standardised questionnaire was used to collect demographic characteristics, pigmentation and sun sensitivity traits, as well as sun exposure habits.ResultsMC1R R alleles and IRF4 rs12203592 were significantly associated with sunlight sensitivity at the Bonferroni‐corrected level (P‐value < 4.54 × 10−3). Genetic variants in SLC45A2 (rs16891982) and HERC2 (rs12913832) were also found to be significantly associated with skin photosensitivity in our Spanish sample. Interaction analysis using the MDR method revealed epistatic effects when these four variants were considered together.ConclusionMC1R, IRF4, HERC2 and SLC45A2 play a significant role in skin sensitivity to sunlight in the Spanish population. Moreover, interaction among these four loci seems to modulate the ability of the skin to respond to UV radiation.
Differences in caesarean rates across women's socio‐economic status by diverse obstetric indications: Cross‐sectional study
Authors: Adhikari Kamala , McNeil Deborah A. , McDonald Sheila , Patel Alka B. , Metcalfe Amy 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe existing inconsistent association between the caesarean rate and maternal socio‐economic status (SES) may be the result of a failure to examine the association across indications for caesarean. This study examined the variation in caesarean rates by maternal SES across diverse obstetric‐indications.MethodsData on demographics, education, insurance status, medical‐conditions, and obstetric characteristics needed to classify deliveries according to Robson's 10 obstetric‐groups were extracted from the 2015 US birth certificate data (n = 3 988 733). Multivariable log‐binomial regression was used to analyse the data adjusting for confounders.ResultsThe caesarean rate was 34.1% for women with high SES and 26.8% for those with low SES. After adjustment for confounders, the rate was similar between women with graduate degrees and those who did not complete high school (relative risk (RR) 1.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9, 1.1). However, different rates of caesareans across SES were observed for particular obstetric‐indications. Notably, women with graduate education compared to those who did not complete high school were more likely to have a caesarean (RR 3.0, 95% CI 2.9, 3.1) for a low‐risk condition (group 1: nulliparous women with single, cephalic, ≥37 gestational weeks, and spontaneous labour). Women with private insurance were more likely to have a caesarean in almost all obstetric groups, compared to those without private insurance or Medicaid.ConclusionExamining the overall caesarean rate obscures the relationship between SES and the use of caesarean for particular obstetric‐indications. The unequal utilisation of caesareans across SES highlights overuse and potential underuse of the caesareans among American women.
Honesty Speaks a Second Language
Authors: Bereby‐Meyer Yoella , Hayakawa Sayuri , Shalvi Shaul , Corey Joanna D. , Costa Albert , Keysar Boaz 
Published: July 2018

AbstractTheories of dishonest behavior implicitly assume language independence. Here, we investigated this assumption by comparing lying by people using a foreign language versus their native tongue. Participants rolled a die and were paid according to the outcome they reported. Because the outcome was private, they could lie to inflate their profit without risk of repercussions. Participants performed the task either in their native language or in a foreign language. With native speakers of Hebrew, Korean, Spanish, and English, we discovered that, on average, people inflate their earnings less when they use a foreign language. The outcome is explained by a dual system account that suggests that self‐serving dishonesty is an automatic tendency, which is supported by a fast and intuitive system. Because using a foreign language is less intuitive and automatic, it might engage more deliberation and reduce the temptation to lie. These findings challenge theories of ethical behavior to account for the role of the language in shaping ethical behavior.
Shedding Light on Keeping People in the Dark
Authors: Fallis Don 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe want to keep hackers in the dark about our passwords and our credit card numbers. We want to keep potential eavesdroppers in the dark about our private communications with friends and business associates. This need for secrecy raises important questions in epistemology (how do we do it?) and in ethics (should we do it?). In order to answer these questions, it would be useful to have a good understanding of the concept ofkeeping someone in the dark. Several philosophers (e.g., Bok, 1983; Carson, 2010; Mahon, 2009; Scheppele, 1988) have analyzed this concept (or, equivalently, the concept ofkeeping secrets) in terms of concealing and/or withholding information. However, their analyses incorrectly exclude clear instances of keeping someone in the dark. And more important, they incorrectly focus on possiblemeansof keeping someone in the dark rather than on what itisto keep someone in the dark. In this paper, I argue that you keep X in the dark about a proposition P if and only if you intentionally cause X not to have a true belief that P. In addition, I show how this analysis of keeping someone in the dark can be extended from a categorical belief model of epistemic states to a credence (or degree of belief) model.
Enabling Public Cameras to Talk to the Public
Authors: Cao Siyuan , Wang He 
Published: July 2018

This paper asks: Is it possible for cameras in public areas, say ceiling cameras in a museum, to send personalized messages to people without knowing any addresses of their phones? We define this kind of problem as Private Human Addressing and develop a real-time end-to-end system called PHADE to solve it. Unlike traditional data transmission protocols that need to first learn the destination's address, our cameras rely on viewing user's motion patterns, and use the uniqueness of these patterns as the address for communication. Once receiving the wireless broadcast from the cameras, the user's phone can locally compare the "motion address" of the packet against its own motion sensor data, and accept the packet upon a "good" match.
In addition to requiring no data from users, our system transforms the motion patterns into low-dimensional codes to prevent leakage of user's walking behaviors. Thus, a hacker who collects all the broadcast messages would still not be able to infer the motion patterns of users. Real-world experiments show that PHADE discriminates 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 people with 98%, 95%, 90%, 90%, 87% correctness and about 3 seconds constant delay. Since abundant and accurate information can be extracted from videos, PHADE would find applications in various contexts. Extended to localization system and audio guide, PHADE achieves a median error of 0.19m and 99.7% matching correctness, respectively. PHADE can also deliver messages based on human gestures. There is no need to deploy any extra infrastructures or to require users to rent any dedicated device.
Effect of quantity and quality of pre-exercise carbohydrate meals on central fatigue
Authors: Khong Teng Keen , Selvanayagam Victor S. , Hamzah Sareena Hanim , Yusof Ashril 
Published: July 2018

Both the quantity and quality of pre-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) meals have been shown to improve endurance performance. However, their role in attenuating central fatigue (CF) is inconclusive. The use of neurophysiological techniques, such as voluntary activation (VA) and the central activation ratio (CAR), alongside maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and sustained MVC (sMVC) can provide information on CF. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of isocaloric pre-exercise meals: 1) a high versus low quantity of CHO and 2) a high quantity of CHO with a high versus low glycemic index (GI) on MVC, VA, and CAR following a 90-min run. The high and low quantity of CHO was 1.5 and 0.8 g/kg body wt, respectively, and high and low GI was ~75 and ~40, respectively. Blood insulin, serotonin, tryptophan, and gaseous exchange were also measured. High CHO preserved sMVC, VA, CAR, and serotonin postrunning with greater CHO oxidation and insulin response, whereas in low CHO, greater reductions in sMVC, VA, and CAR were accompanied by higher serotonin and fat oxidation with lower insulin response. These observations indicate central involvements. Meanwhile, high GI CHO better preserved force (sMVC), CAR, and tryptophan with greater CHO oxidation and insulin response compared with low GI. The findings of this study suggest that pre-exercise meals with varying quantity and quality of CHO can have an effect on CF, where greater CHO oxidation and insulin response found in both high CHO and high GI lead to attenuation of CF. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This paper examined the effects of carbohydrate interventions (high and low: quantity and quality wise) on central activity during prolonged exercise using mainly neurophysiological techniques along with gaseous exchange and blood insulin, serotonin, and tryptophan data.
Hydrological Modeling to Evaluate Climate Model Simulations and Their Bias Correction
Authors: Hakala Kirsti , Addor Nans , Seibert Jan 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Variables simulated by climate models are usually evaluated independently. Yet, climate change impacts often stem from the combined effect of these variables, making the evaluation of intervariable relationships essential. These relationships can be evaluated in a statistical framework (e.g., using correlation coefficients), but this does not test whether complex processes driven by nonlinear relationships are correctly represented. To overcome this limitation, we propose to evaluate climate model simulations in a more process-oriented framework using hydrological modeling. Our modeling chain consists of 12 regional climate models (RCMs) from the Coordinated Downscaling Experiment–European Domain (EURO-CORDEX) forced by five general circulation models (GCMs), eight Swiss catchments, 10 optimized parameter sets for the hydrological model Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV), and one bias correction method [quantile mapping (QM)]. We used seven discharge metrics to explore the representation of different hydrological processes under current climate. Specific combinations of biases in GCM–RCM simulations can lead to significant biases in simulated discharge (e.g., excessive precipitation in the winter months combined with a cold temperature bias). Other biases, such as exaggerated snow accumulation, do not necessarily impact temperature over the historical period to the point where discharge is affected. Our results confirm the importance of bias correction; when all catchments, GCM–RCMs, and discharge metrics were considered, QM improved discharge simulations in the vast majority of all cases. Additionally, we present a ranking of climate models according to their hydrological performance. Ranking GCM–RCMs is most meaningful prior to bias correction since QM reduces differences between GCM–RCM-driven hydrological simulations. Overall, this work introduces a multivariate assessment method of GCM–RCMs, which enables a more process-oriented evaluation of their simulations.
Effect of Assimilating Himawari-8 Atmospheric Motion Vectors on Forecast Errors over East Asia
Authors: Kim Dae-Hui , Kim Hyun Mee 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn this study, the effect of assimilating Himawari-8 (HIMA-8) atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) on forecast errors in East Asia is evaluated using observation system experiments based on the Weather Research and Forecasting Model and three-dimensional variational data assimilation system. The experimental period is from 1 August to 30 September 2015, during which both HIMA-8 and Multifunctional Transport Satellite-2 (MTSAT-2) AMVs exist. The energy-norm forecast error based on the analysis of each experiment as reference was reduced more by replacing MTSAT-2 AMVs with HIMA-8 AMVs than by adding HIMA-8 AMVs to the MTSAT-2 AMVs. When the HIMA-8 AMVs replaced or were added to MTSAT-2 AMVs, the observation impact was reduced, which implies the analysis–forecast system was improved by assimilating HIMA-8 AMVs. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the 500-hPa geopotential height forecasts based on the analysis of each experiment decreases more effectively when the region lacking in upper-air wind observations is reduced by assimilating both MTSAT-2 and HIMA-8 AMVs. When the upper-air radiosonde (SOUND) observations are used as reference, assimilating more HIMA-8 AMVs decreases the forecast error. Based on various measures, the assimilation of HIMA-8 AMVs has a positive effect on the reduction of forecast errors. The effects on the energy-norm forecast error and the RMSE based on SOUND observations are greater when HIMA-8 AMVs replaced MTSAT-2 AMVs. However, the effects on the RMSE of the 500-hPa geopotential height forecasts are greater when both HIMA-8 and MTSAT-2 AMVs were assimilated, which implies potential benefits of assimilating AMVs from several satellites for forecasts over East Asia depending on the choice of measurement.