bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and Synthesis of Waterborne Polyurethanes
Authors: Kang Soo‐Young , Ji Zhaoxia , Tseng Ling‐Fang , Turner Sara A. , Villanueva Dinara A. , Johnson Rhiannon , Albano Ariana , Langer Robert 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWaterborne polyurethanes (WBPUs) have attracted increasing attention in a wide range of industrial applications because of their versatile properties as well as ecofriendly nature. Although extensive research has been carried out on WBPU synthesis, the roles of some of the key synthesis components remain unclear. In this study, through systematically controlling and fine tuning the precursor compositions and reaction conditions, over 300 WBPUs are synthesized. This research enables the roles of several key components that govern WBPU physicochemical properties and ultimately the potential WBPU applications to be identified. Using hair styling as an example, it is demonstrated that only the WBPUs with an optimal range of properties (e.g., Young's modulus >150 MPa, elongation at break: 15–300%, moisture uptake <10%) can achieve strong styling performance. To further improve the natural‐feel sensory benefits in the final styling products, a number of fatty acids with different carbon chain lengths or unsaturation levels are incorporated into WBPUs. Among the ten fatty acids studied, linoleic acid is identified as the most preferred additive. Both in vitro and in vivo testing demonstrate that WBPUs with optimal properties are promising materials for developing strong, long‐lasting styling products with natural feel.
Manipulation and Steering of Hyperbolic Surface Polaritons in Hexagonal Boron Nitride
Authors: Dai Siyuan , Tymchenko Mykhailo , Yang Yafang , Ma Qiong , Pita‐Vidal Marta , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Jarillo‐Herrero Pablo , Fogler Michael M. , Alù Andrea , Basov Dimitri N. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractHexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is a natural hyperbolic material that supports both volume‐confined hyperbolic polaritons and sidewall‐confined hyperbolic surface polaritons (HSPs). In this work, efficient excitation, control, and steering of HSPs are demonstrated in hBN through engineering the geometry and orientation of hBN sidewalls. By combining infrared nanoimaging and numerical simulations, the reflection, transmission, and scattering of HSPs are investigated at the hBN corners with various apex angles. It is also shown that the sidewall‐confined nature of HSPs enables a high degree of control over their propagation by designing the geometry of hBN nanostructures.
Stretchable Triboelectric–Photonic Smart Skin for Tactile and Gesture Sensing
Authors: Bu Tianzhao , Xiao Tianxiao , Yang Zhiwei , Liu Guoxu , Fu Xianpeng , Nie Jinhui , Guo Tong , Pang Yaokun , Zhao Junqing , Xi Fengben , Zhang Chi , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSmart skin is expected to be stretchable and tactile for bionic robots as the medium with the ambient environment. Here, a stretchable triboelectric–photonic smart skin (STPS) is reported that enables multidimensional tactile and gesture sensing for a robotic hand. With a grating‐structured metal film as the bioinspired skin stripe, the STPS exhibits a tunable aggregation‐induced emission in a lateral tensile range of 0–160%. Moreover, the STPS can be used as a triboelectric nanogenerator for vertical pressure sensing with a maximum sensitivity of 34 mV Pa−1. The pressure sensing characteristics can remain stable in different stretching conditions, which demonstrates a synchronous and independent sensing property for external stimuli with great durability. By integrating on a robotic hand as a conformal covering, the STPS shows multidimensional mechanical sensing abilities for external touch and different gestures with joints bending. This work has first demonstrated a triboelectric–photonic coupled multifunctional sensing terminal, which may have great applications in human–machine interaction, soft robots, and artificial intelligence.
Recombination Losses Above and Below the Transport Percolation Threshold in Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Yazmaciyan Aren , Stolterfoht Martin , Burn Paul L. , Lin Qianqian , Meredith Paul , Armin Ardalan 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAchieving the highest power conversion efficiencies in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells requires a morphology that delivers electron and hole percolation pathways for optimized transport, plus sufficient donor:acceptor contact area for near unity charge transfer state formation. This is a significant structural challenge, particularly in semiconducting polymer:fullerene systems. This balancing act in the model high efficiency PTB7:PC70BM blend is studied by tuning the donor:acceptor ratio, with a view to understanding the recombination loss mechanisms above and below the fullerene transport percolation threshold. The internal quantum efficiency is found to be strongly correlated to the slower carrier mobility in agreement with other recent studies. Furthermore, second‐order recombination losses dominate the shape of the current density–voltage curve in efficient blend combinations, where the fullerene phase is percolated. However, below the charge transport percolation threshold, there is an electric‐field dependence of first‐order losses, which includes electric‐field‐dependent photogeneration. In the intermediate regime, the fill factor appears to be limited by both first‐ and second‐order losses. These findings provide additional basic understanding of the interplay between the bulk heterojunction morphology and the order of recombination in organic solar cells. They also shed light on the limitations of widely used transport models below the percolation threshold.
Soft, Highly Elastic, and Discharge‐Current‐Controllable Eutectic Gallium–Indium Liquid Metal–Air Battery Operated at Room Temperature
Authors: Liu Guicheng , Kim Ji Young , Wang Manxiang , Woo Jae‐Young , Wang Lei , Zou Dechun , Lee Joong Kee 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBased on a liquid metal (eutectic alloy with 90 wt% gallium and 10 wt% indium) anode, a soft, highly elastic, discharge‐current‐controllable, cable‐shaped liquid metal–air battery operated at 25 °C, with effective reactions of Ga − 3e− → Ga3+ and O2 + 2H2O + 4e− → 4OH− is presented. In the liquid metal electrode, indium is used not only to inhibit the corrosion of gallium in the alkaline electrolyte but also to maintain the liquid state of the anode at room temperature. Thus, the liquid anode can be easily injected into (or extracted from) the battery cavity, leading to an easily renewable anode. In addition, the cable‐shaped battery shows a pressure‐responsive discharge current, owing to the soft, deformable battery body. Due to the liquid anode and flexible carbon fiber‐based cathode, the battery is highly flexible (bending radius < 1 mm) and easily recovers from any degree of bending without electrochemical performance impairment. With its elastic polyacrylic acid‐based gel electrolyte, the battery shows high elasticity, stretching by up to 100% (from 12 to 24 cm), excellent shape recovery from stretched states, and a discharge performance retention of 98.87%. Moreover, this paper provides the possibility to develop a deformable battery based on the liquid metal material.
Yolk–Shell NiS2 Nanoparticle‐Embedded Carbon Fibers for Flexible Fiber‐Shaped Sodium Battery
Authors: Chen Qi , Sun Shuo , Zhai Teng , Yang Mei , Zhao Xiangyu , Xia Hui 
Published: March 2018

AbstractFiber‐shaped rechargeable batteries hold promise as the next‐generation energy storage devices for wearable electronics. However, their application is severely hindered by the difficulty in fabrication of robust fiber‐like electrodes with promising electrochemical performance. Herein, yolk–shell NiS2 nanoparticles embedded in porous carbon fibers (NiS2⊂PCF) are successfully fabricated and developed as high‐performance fiber electrodes for sodium storage. Benefiting from the robust embedded structure, 3D porous and conductive carbon network, and yolk–shell NiS2 nanoparticles, the as‐prepared NiS2⊂PCF fiber electrode achieves a high reversible capacity of about 679 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C, outstanding rate capability (245 mA h g−1 at 10 C), and ultrastable cycle performance with 76% capacity retention over 5000 cycles at 5 C. Notably, a flexible fiber‐shaped sodium battery is assembled, and high reversible capacity is kept at different bending states. This work offers a new electrode‐design paradigm toward novel carbon fiber electrodes embedded with transition metal oxides/sulfides/phosphides for application in flexible energy storage devices.
Neighborhood Concentrated Disadvantage and Dating Violence among Urban Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Neighborhood Social Processes
Authors: Garthe Rachel C. , Gorman‐Smith Deborah , Gregory Joshua , E. Schoeny Michael 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe link between relationship violence and aspects of neighborhood concentrated disadvantage (e.g., percent of unemployed adults, percent of families below poverty level), has been established. However, the literature examining neighborhood social processes, including informal social control and social cohesion, in relation to adolescent dating violence has shown mixed results with a limited theoretical foundation and methodology. Using a social disorganization theoretical framework, this study examined the mediating role of these neighborhood social processes in the relation between concentrated disadvantage and adolescent dating violence within an urban context. Participants included 605 adult residents in 30 census tracts and 203 adolescents from neighborhoods on the West and South sides of Chicago. Neighborhood‐level concentrated disadvantage was measured via Census data, adult residents reported on neighborhood social processes, and youth reported on dating violence. Informal social control was negatively associated with dating violence, and social cohesion was positively associated with dating violence. A multilevel mediation model showed that concentrated disadvantage was related to higher levels of dating violence via lower levels of informal social control. These results extend social disorganization theory to dating violence within an urban context, while also highlighting the important role of neighborhood processes on relationship violence. Implications for research and intervention programming are discussed.
Cardiovascular conditions, hearing difficulty, and occupational noise exposure within US industries and occupations
Authors: Kerns Ellen , Masterson Elizabeth A. , Themann Christa L. , Calvert Geoffrey M. 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of occupational noise exposure, hearing difficulty and cardiovascular conditions within US industries and occupations, and to examine any associations of these outcomes with occupational noise exposure.MethodsNational Health Interview Survey data from 2014 were examined. Weighted prevalence and adjusted prevalence ratios of self‐reported hearing difficulty, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, and coronary heart disease or stroke were estimated by level of occupational noise exposure, industry, and occupation.ResultsTwenty‐five percent of current workers had a history of occupational noise exposure (14% exposed in the last year), 12% had hearing difficulty, 24% had hypertension, 28% had elevated cholesterol; 58%, 14%, and 9% of these cases can be attributed to occupational noise exposure, respectively.ConclusionsHypertension, elevated cholesterol, and hearing difficulty are more prevalent among noise‐exposed workers. Reducing workplace noise levels is critical. Workplace‐based health and wellness programs should also be considered.
Investigating global trends in paraquat intoxication research from 1962 to 2015 using bibliometric analysis
Authors: Zyoud Sa'ed H. 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundParaquat is considered to be the main pesticide involved in accidental and intentional poisoning, and is responsible for a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to present a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of paraquat intoxication‐related research.MethodsData was retrieved in March 2017 from the Scopus database. An overview of the research on paraquat intoxication was presented alongside the information related to several bibliometric indicators, such as research trends, countries with their h‐index, collaboration, hot issues, top‐cited publications, journals, and institutions.ResultsThere were 1971 publications related to paraquat intoxication in the Scopus database that were published between 1966 and 2015. There was increasing research output in the field of paraquat intoxication during the period 2006‐2015. The USA published the highest number of publications (n = 338), followed by Japan with 228 publications, and China with 159 publications. The USA and the UK achieved the greatest h‐index values (h‐index values of 49 and 31, respectively). The USA also achieved the highest number of publications involving international collaboration, with 55 publications, followed by the UK, with 18 publications. The most prevalent topics in this field were “acute paraquat intoxication,” “toxic effects of paraquat to the lung,” and “mechanism of paraquat toxicity.”ConclusionsAlthough a substantial amount of research has been produced on paraquat intoxication for most developed countries, there are research gaps regarding the international research agenda in this research area. The findings could be applied for prioritizing and organizing future research efforts related to paraquat toxicity.
Diaphyseal cross‐sectional geometry of the metatarsal bones in the Jomon population
Authors: Hagihara Yasuo , Nara Takashi 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate differences in the diaphyseal cross‐sectional geometry (CSG) of the metatarsal bones (MTs) between two populations with different habitual activities: the Jomon hunter‐gatherers and modern Japanese people.Materials and methodsWe evaluated the first through fifth MTs of 117 skeleton samples: 59 (33 men and 26 women) were obtained from Late and Final Jomon period archeological sites and 58 (31 men and 27 women) were from modern Japanese people. CSG properties were calculated at the mid‐shaft of the MTs and the relative values of the polar section modulus (Zp) of each second‐to‐fifth MTs to first MTs were calculated. These variables were compared according to population and sex.ResultsMany of the CSG properties of MTs, except first MTs, were higher in the Jomon population than in the modern Japanese population for both sexes. Additionally, the relative values of the Zp of the MTs were higher in Jomon men and women than in modern Japanese men and women. Moreover, the Jomon population had sex‐based differences in the ratio of the shape of third MTs and fourth MTs and the relative MTs value. Jomon women had elliptical third MTs and fourth MTs, and the relative Zp values of the third‐to‐fifth MTs to first MTs were higher in Jomon women than in Jomon men.DiscussionOur result suggests that the habitual activity of the Jomon population placed heavy loads on the forefoot. This finding possibly relates to mediolateral forefoot loading that appears to be related to traversing uneven terrain.
New radiocarbon dating and demographic insights into San Juan ante Portam Latinam, a possible Late Neolithic war grave in North‐Central Iberia
Authors: Fernández‐Crespo Teresa , Schulting Rick J. , Ordoño Javier , Duering Andreas , Etxeberria Francisco , Herrasti Lourdes , Armendariz Ángel , Vegas José I. , Bronk Ramsey Christopher 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectivesSan Juan ante Portam Latinam is one of a small number of European Neolithic sites meeting many of the archaeological criteria expected for a mass grave, and furthermore presents evidence for violent conflict. This study aims to differentiate between what is potentially a single episode of deposition, versus deposition over some centuries, or, alternatively, that resulting from a combination of catastrophic and attritional mortality. The criteria developed are intended to have wider applicability to other such proposed events.Material and MethodsTen new AMS 14C determinations on human bone from the site, together with previously available dates, are analyzed through Bayesian modeling to refine the site's chronology. This is used together with the population's demographic profile as the basis for agent‐based demographic modeling.ResultsThe new radiocarbon results, while improving the site's chronology, fail to resolve the question whether the burial represents a single event, or deposition over decades or centuries—primarily because the dates fall within the late fourth millennium BC plateau in the calibration curve. The demographic modeling indicates that the population's age and sex distribution fits neither a single catastrophic event nor a fully attritional mortality profile, but instead may partake of elements of both.DiscussionIt is proposed that San Juan ante Portam Latinam was used as burial place for the mainly adolescent and adult male dead of a particular or multiple violent engagements (e.g., battles), while previously or subsequently seeing use for attritional burial by other members of one or more surrounding communities dead over the course of a few generations. The overall bias towards males, particularly to the extent that many may represent conflict mortality, has implications for the structure of the surviving community, the members of which may have experienced increased vulnerability in the face of neighboring aggressors.
Hereditary angioedema education in otolaryngology residencies: survey of program directors
Authors: Patel Vijay A. , Siddique Laila , Stahl Lauren , Carr Michele M. 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundThe objective of this work was to assess resident education regarding contemporary management of hereditary angioedema using a web‐based survey.MethodsAn 11‐item, multiple‐choice, electronic questionnaire was sent to all 106 accredited otolaryngology training programs in November 2016. Questions focused on resident education, management principles, and formalized assessment.ResultsA total of 34 program directors responded, representing 32% of otolaryngology residences. Ninety‐seven percent believed otolaryngology residents should be knowledgeable in the management of hereditary angioedema due to C1 inhibitor deficiency (C1‐INH‐HAE). Specifically, 38% and 26% of program directors felt their residents were comfortable and very comfortable in C1‐INH‐HAE management, respectively. Of those surveyed, 18% have educational simulation activities and a protocol in place for C1‐INH‐HAE management. Forty‐seven percent of respondents felt their training program provided adequate education and exposure to C1‐INH‐HAE. Over the last 5 years, 45% felt residents were exposed to 1 to 5 cases of C1‐INH‐HAE. Sixty‐seven percent of residents were trained in the management of C1‐INH‐HAE through in‐person lectures. Seventy‐one percent of programs had no formal assessment of resident competency in C1‐INH‐HAE management.ConclusionThis study is the first to offer insight into C1‐INH‐HAE education and management principles in otolaryngology training programs. Surveyed program directors believe residents need a strong knowledge base in the management of C1‐INH‐HAE but less than half feel their trainees acquire the necessary exposure to this emergent disease process. Future research efforts in this area should aim to determine optimal educational activities as well as how to best incorporate this into otolaryngology residency curricula.
Erfassung der Humanexposition mit organischen Verbindungen in Innenraumumgebungen
Authors: Salthammer Tunga , Zhang Yinping , Mo Jinhan , Koch Holger M. , Weschler Charles J. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDie Rolle von Chemikalien in Innenraumumgebungen ist seit langem Gegenstand der Forschung. Die meisten der potenziellen Zielsubstanzen sind leichtflüchtige, flüchtige und schwerflüchtige organische Verbindungen (VVOCs, VOCs und SVOCs). In Abhängigkeit von ihren physikalischen Eigenschaften und Stoffübergangsbedingungen verteilen sie sich in oder zwischen der Gasphase, der Partikelphase, dem Hausstaub, Oberflächenfilmen, der Kleidung und anderen Textilien sowie Haut und Haaren der Bewohner. Demzufolge müssen Inhalation, Ingestion und dermale Aufnahme als relevante Wege für die Expositions‐Charakterisierung im Wohnbereich berücksichtigt werden. Die Exposition mit VVOCs, VOCs und SVOCs kann durch Messung ihrer Konzentrationen in den jeweiligen Innenraumkompartimenten oder durch Bestimmung der Zielverbindungen und/oder ihrer Metaboliten im Urin oder Blut erfasst werden. Die verschiedenen Expositionswege erfordern oft die Kombination eines komplexen und interdisziplinären theoretischen Hintergrunds mit experimentellen Methoden. Demzufolge bedarf es einer engen Kommunikation und Zusammenarbeit zwischen Chemikern und Expositionsforschern, um ein besseres Verständnis der Humanexposition mit chemischen Substanzen in verschiedenen Innenraumumgebungen zu erlangen. Eingebettet in den toxikologischen Kontext ist dies die Grundlage für die Erfassung von Gesundheitsrisiken und die Bestimmung von Kontrollstrategien oder ‐ansätzen zur Begrenzung solcher Risiken.
Tuning the Size of Nanoassembles: A Hierarchical Transfer of Information from Dendrimers to Polyion Complexes
Authors: Amaral Sandra P. , Tawara Maun H. , Fernandez‐Villamarin Marcos , Borrajo Erea , Martínez‐Costas José , Vidal Anxo , Riguera Ricardo , Fernandez‐Megia Eduardo 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe generation of dendrimers is a powerful tool in the control of the size and biodistribution of polyion complexes (PIC). Using a combinatorial screening of six dendrimers (18–243 terminal groups) and five oppositely charged PEGylated copolymers, a dendrimer‐to‐PIC hierarchical transfer of structural information was revealed with PIC diameters that increased from 80 to 500 nm on decreasing the dendrimer generation. This rise in size, which was also accompanied by a micelle‐to‐vesicle transition, is interpreted according to a cone‐ to rod‐shaped progression in the architecture of the unit PIC (uPIC). This precise size tuning enabled dendritic PICs to act as nanorulers for controlled biodistribution. Overall, a domino‐like control of the size and biological properties of PIC that is not attainable with linear polymers is feasible through dendrimer generation.
[1+1+3] Annulation of Diazoenals and Vinyl Azides: Direct Synthesis of Functionalized 1‐Pyrrolines through Olefination
Authors: Kanchupalli Vinaykumar , Katukojvala Sreenivas 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA dirhodium carboxylate catalyzed [1+1+3] annulation reaction of diazoenals and vinyl azides that gives synthetically important enal‐functionalized 1‐pyrroline derivatives was developed. The reaction involves a novel rhodium‐catalyzed olefination of diazoenals with vinyl azides via electrophilic enal carbenoids, resulting in a new class of enal acrylates. The annulation reaction was used for the direct synthesis of valuable deuterated 1‐pyrrolines. Structural diversification of the enal‐functionalized 1‐pyrrolines resulted in the biologically important pyrrolidine‐fused oxaziridine, amino acid derivatives, and a 6‐azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane motif present in polycyclic alkaloids.