bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synchronous reluctance six‐phase motor proved based EV powertrain as charger/discharger with redundant topology and ORS control
Authors: Herrera Danilo , Villegas Javier , Galván Eduardo , Carrasco Juan Manuel 
Published: March 2019

A six‐phase synchronous reluctance machine (SynRM) is designed for electrical vehicle (EV) powertrain applications. The SynRM in the charger mode is able to provide instantaneous power and high power density, high efficiency with two modes of charge, robust reliability, high safety and fault tolerance. The properties of the SynRM are 60 kW, 9000 rpm and 400 N m. The main objective of the SynRM powertrain used as a charger is proved electrically, thermically and to be fault tolerant using a specific test bench. The winding motor topology is galvanic isolated, making it possible to load directly from the single‐phase and three‐phase grid, enabling two ways of charging, which increases the reliability. For this reason, the back‐to‐back full‐converter and the SynRM as a charger are used. The main goal is to prove the utility as a charger and the great efficiency derived from the SynRM plus inverter topology for electric cars. This SynRM + inverter topology offers redundancy for all load modes.
Kinetic Resolution, Dynamic Kinetic Resolution and Asymmetric Desymmetrization by N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis
Authors: De Risi Carmela , Bortolini Olga , Di Carmine Graziano , Ragno Daniele , Massi Alessandro 
Published: March 2019

N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are now well-established organocatalysts for a large number of asymmetric and non-asymmetric transformations. In the last 15 years, there has been significant interest in using NHCs in kinetic resolution (KR), dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) and asymmetric desymmetrization reactions for the stereoselective synthesis of enantioenriched compounds, with diverse substrates and activation modes being adopted to this end. This short review brings into focus the progress made on NHC-catalyzed KR, DKR, and asymmetric desymmetrization from 2004 until December 2018. The literature discussed in this article is classified on the basis of the type of reaction involving the NHC catalyst.1	Introduction2	Acylation Strategies2.1	O-Acylation2.2	N-Acylation2.3	C-Acylation3	Aldol-Acylation Processes4	Benzoin Reactions5	Stetter Reactions6	Miscellaneous Approaches7	Conclusion
Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Foraminoplasty for Lumbar Foraminal Stenosis of Elderly Patients with Unilateral Radiculopathy: Radiographic Changes in Magnetic Resonance Images
Authors: Chung Jongchul , Kong Changbong , Sun Woosung , Kim Dohyung , Kim Hyungdong , Jeong Heungtae 
Published: March 2019

Background and Study Aims/Objective Clinical outcomes of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar foraminoplasty (PELF) performed for lumbar foraminal stenosis (LFS) have been reported in the literature. However, no study has reported the radiographic changes in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after surgery. This report presents the clinical outcome as well as radiographic changes in MRI after PELF for elderly patients with unilateral radiculopathy. We also describe detailed operative nuances to expand the foraminal space and mobilize the affected nerve root.
Material and Methods Between January 2015 and December 2016, 24 patients over 65 years of age underwent PELF to treat unilateral radiculopathy caused by LFS. The demographics, medical history, visual analog scale (VAS), and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were reviewed retrospectively. MRI radiographic data, cross-sectional area (CSA) of the affected foramen and nerve root, were evaluated before and after surgery.
Results Preoperative radiculopathy improved in 23 of 24 patients (96%). The VAS score significantly improved from 7.89 ± 1.8 to 2.57 ± 2.5 (67.4%). The ODI also significantly improved from 33.15 ± 9.2 to 10.24 ± 6.7 (69.1%). Foraminal width increased ∼ 1.67 mm (21.4%), foraminal height increased 5.00 mm (36.9%), and CSA increased about 55.27 mm2 (60.6%) (p < 0.001). The CSA and the shape of the affected nerve section also expanded, but these were not statistically significant.
Conclusion We performed PELF in elderly patients with LFS. There were considerable radiographic changes in MRI, and the patients also showed clinically relevant improvement. Thus PELF resulted in sufficient decompression of the nerve root in LFS.
The Risk of a Shod and Unshod Horse Kick to Create Orbital Fractures in Equine Cadaveric Skulls
Authors: Joss Rahel , Baschnagel Fabio , Ohlerth Stefani , Piskoty Gabor , Fürst Anton , Bischofberger Andrea S. 
Published: March 2019

Objective The aim of this study was to compare the potential of an unshod and shod hoof to cause an orbital fracture in the event of a kick.
Materials and Methods Thirty-four equine cadaveric orbitae were exposed to a steel or horn impactor in a dropping test set-up. An impactor velocity of 7 m/s was used for both materials. Testing was repeated on the same orbit at a velocity of 10 m/s with the horn impactor if no damage occurred. A high-speed camera was used to analyse the impact process. Physical parameters (peak force and impact duration) were calculated based on quantitative video-tracking. Computed tomographic (CT) scans were generated and fracture configurations described.
Results At 7 m/s, the fracture probability was lower for horn (23.5%) than for steel impactors (70.6%, p = 0.015). On CT-images, damage of the frontal, temporal, zygomatic and lacrimal bones was detected. Furthermore, the orbital socket (17.2%), the supraorbital foramen (34.5%) and the temporomandibular joint (58.6%) were involved. The frequency of affected orbital bones was not significantly different between fractures generated by steel and horn impactors, but the fracture severity was subjectively greater when fractures were generated by steel impactors.
Clinical Significance The orbital fracture probability was significantly higher when a kick of a shod versus unshod horse was simulated. This indicates that keeping horses unshod would decrease the injury risk of neighbouring horses when considering group housing systems.
Gender stability, gender loss
Authors: Watts Sheila 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This paper investigates the factors which have led to the diachronic stability of gender as a three-way category in German. Old High German and Old English are contrasted to show how phonological, morphological and semantic changes contribute to a reinforcement of gender as a grammatical category in German, while in English it suffers attrition and loss. The early restructuring of the pronominal declension through analogical pattern generalization is shown to combine gender and case marking in ways which allow the three-way distinction to become more salient over time. The resulting cohesion within noun phrases and gender marking on targets, particularly through the interaction of gender and case marking in the high-frequency nominative and accusative cases, gives gender marking a role in communication. As a result the cognitive effort of acquiring gender pays off and the three-way distinction remains stable.
Stability and change in Icelandic weather verbs
Authors: Sigurdardottir Sigridur Saeunn , Eythórsson Thórhallur 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Contrary to previous claims, weather verbs in Icelandic are not “no-argument” predicates. Both in Old and Modern Icelandic they can appear with an NP either in nominative, accusative or dative case. It can be shown that in Modern Icelandic the NPs are subjects, and this is likely to have been the case in Old Icelandic. Diachronically, in addition to some changes in subject case marking (Nominative Substitution and Impersonalization), the main innovations in weather verbs involve the introduction of the “expletive” elements það and hann. On the whole, however, there is considerable stability in the use of weather verbs in the history of Icelandic. Not only are the lexical items nearly all the same, but a clear continuity in the syntax of weather expressions can be documented.
V1 clauses in Old Catalan
Authors: Pujol i Campeny Afra 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This paper explores verb initial clauses in Old Catalan, contributing to the debate surrounding Old Romance verb placement. Using data from El Llibre dels Feyts, a 13th century Catalan chronicle, it is established that analyses proposed for V1 clauses for other Old Romance languages do not generally hold for Old Catalan. Instead, V1 clauses from El Llibre dels Feyts behave like Modern Catalan V1 clauses, that is, like V1 clauses of an SVO language. V1 clauses are examined in relation to information structure and predicate types, and systematically compared to their Modern Catalan counterparts. Through this analysis it is established that the uses and structure of Catalan V1 clauses have remained stable through the centuries.
Competition, stability and change in the emergence of Brazilian Portuguese
Authors: Galves Charlotte 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses morphological variation in Brazilian Portuguese, namely the clitic/tonic pronoun alternation and the variation in the morphological realization of subject-verb agreement. We argue on diachronic and synchronic grounds that while the alternation between the clitic and tonic pronoun in the 3rd person is clearly a case of competition between the conservative European grammar and the innovative Brazilian grammar, the other cases of variation are produced by the latter. Both in the case of 1st and 2nd person clitics and in the case of verbal agreement, conservative forms have innovative uses. This supports the claim that they have been reanalyzed in the new system. Clitic doubling of tonic pronouns without a preposition suggests that there was a functional specialization of the 1st and 2nd person clitic forms. As for subject-verb agreement, the licensing and interpretation of null subjects shows that the inflection is too weak to referentially identify empty categories in subject position, even when person and number are overtly realized on the verb. We conclude that part of the morphological variation due to linguistic contact is indeed integrated to the innovative grammar, with morphological elements of the old grammar surviving in apparent, but not actual, competition with new forms.
Optimizing Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) Training for Nurses and Social Workers: Testing the Added Effect of Online Patient Simulation
Authors: O'Brien Kimberly H. McManama , Putney Jennifer M. , Collin Cali-Ryan R. , Halmo Rebekah S. , Cadet Tamara J. 
Published: March 2019

Background Social workers and nurses are critical to the amelioration of substance misuse, making their training in evidence-based practices such as screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) particularly pertinent. Online patient simulation (OPS) is one training modality that allows students to develop and practice SBIRT skills that they might not obtain through didactic instruction, but it can be time and resource intensive. The aim of this study was to test the effect of OPS, over and above in-person training, on students’ SBIRT attitudes, knowledge, and perceived skills. Methods Social work and nursing students ( N = 308) were recruited from a college in the northeastern United States. Students in the study were randomly assigned to either training as usual (TAU), which included pre-coursework videos, in-person didactic instruction, and role-plays, or the experimental condition (EXP), consisting of TAU plus access to self-paced SBIRT skills practice using OPS by SIMmersion. The SBIRT Attitudes, Self-perception of Skills, and Knowledge (AKS) survey was delivered at baseline, immediately post-training, and at 30-day follow-up (post-30) to assess overall changes as well as changes in the specific domains of SBIRT confidence, importance, and attitudes. Paired t tests were conducted to determine differences in mean scores between time points for the entire sample. Independent-samples t tests were conducted to test differences between EXP and TAU on AKS scores at each time point and to test differences between high and low OPS use. Results Results showed a significant difference from pre- to post-training on composite AKS scores. There were no significant differences between TAU and EXP in composite scores or by AKS domain, and no differences within the EXP group for those with high and low use. Conclusions Participants in EXP did not have significantly increased AKS scores, demonstrating that access to OPS did not produce an additive effect on the acquisition of self-perceived SBIRT knowledge, attitudes, and skills.
Predicting Cigarette Initiation and Reinitiation among Active Duty United States Air Force Recruits
Authors: Little Melissa A. , Ebbert Jon O. , Krukowski Rebecca A. , Halbert Jennifer P. , Kalpinski Ryan , Patten Christi A. , Boothe Tina L. , Pasker Christin K. , Klesges Robert C. , Talcott Gerald W. 
Published: March 2019

Background The first year of military service in the United States Air Force (USAF) is a high-risk time for tobacco use. Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of a tobacco ban during Basic Military Training (BMT). However, no studies have examined the effect of increasing the protracted ban for an additional 4 weeks. Understanding the patterns of initiation and reinitiation following the protracted ban will inform future intervention and policy efforts. Methods The current study examines patterns of cigarette smoking among a sample of 2188 USAF personnel at baseline and after their first year of service. Results One year after BMT, we observed that 65.0% of USAF enlistees remained never smokers, 9.6% remained abstinence from cigarettes, 9.3% initiated cigarette smoking, and 16.1% reinitiated cigarette smoking. Despite the extended tobacco ban in BMT and Technical Training, 12.6% of individual who never smoked initiated cigarette smoking and 62.6% of individuals who formerly smoked reinitiated. Over half (54.2%) of Airmen who reported smoking cigarettes at follow-up reported initiating or reinitiating during Technical Training. Conclusions Our findings indicate that although the increased ban prevents additional individuals who smoked cigarettes prior to joining the Air Force from reinitiating, it has no effect on initiation among individuals who report never using prior to military service. Additional research is needed to understand what may be leading to these high rates of initiation and reinitiation in Technical Training following the ban.
On an inverse potential problem for a fractional reaction–diffusion equation
Authors: Kaltenbacher Barbara , Rundell William 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This paper considers an inverse problem for a reaction diffusion equation from overposed final time data. Specifically, we assume that the reaction term

is known but modified by a space-dependent coefficient

to obtain

. Thus the strength of the reaction can vary with location. The inverse problem is to recover this coefficient. Our technique is to use iterative Newton-type methods although we also use and analyse higher order schemes of Halley type. We show that such schemes are well defined and prove convergence results. Our assumption about the diffusion process is also more general in that we will extend the traditional parabolic equation paradigm to include the subdiffusion case based on non-local fractional order operators in time. The final section of the paper shows numerical reconstructions based on the above methods and compares our methodology to previous work based on the linear model with

as well as to the nonlinear case. We also show the interdependence between effective reconstruction of q and the coupling between the value of the final time of measurement and the subdiffusion parameter.
The Arctic-Boreal vulnerability experiment model benchmarking system
Authors: Stofferahn Eric , Fisher Joshua B , Hayes Daniel J , Schwalm Christopher R , Huntzinger Deborah N , Hantson Wouter , Poulter Benjamin , Zhang Zhen 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
NASA’s Arctic-Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE) integrates field and airborne data into modeling and synthesis activities for understanding Arctic and Boreal ecosystem dynamics. The ABoVE Benchmarking System (ABS) is an operational software package to evaluate terrestrial biosphere models against key indicators of Arctic and Boreal ecosystem dynamics, i.e.: carbon biogeochemistry, vegetation, permafrost, hydrology, and disturbance. The ABS utilizes satellite remote sensing data, airborne data, and field data from ABoVE as well as collaborating research networks in the region, e.g.: the Permafrost Carbon Network, the International Soil Carbon Network, the Northern Circumpolar Soil Carbon Database, AmeriFlux sites, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2, and the Soil Moisture Active Passive mission. The ABS is designed to be interactive for researchers interested in having their models accurately represent observations of key Arctic indicators: a user submits model results to the system, the system evaluates the model results against a set of Arctic-Boreal benchmarks outlined in the ABoVE Concise Experiment Plan, and the user then receives a quantitative scoring of model strengths and deficiencies through a web interface. This interactivity allows model developers to iteratively improve their model for the Arctic-Boreal Region by evaluating results from successive model versions. We show here, for illustration, the improvement of the Lund–Potsdam–Jena-Wald Schnee und Landschaft (LPJwsl) version model through the ABoVE ABS as a new permafrost module is coupled to the existing model framework. The ABS will continue to incorporate new benchmarks that address indicators of Arctic-Boreal ecosystem dynamics as they become available.
Research on Distribution Network “Low Voltage” Prediction Based on BP Neural Network
Authors: Wang Wenbin , Wang Yongyue , Fan Ruixiang , Li Qiong , Cao Bei , Wang Wenbin 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In order to solve the problem that the power consumption data of low-voltage users in the distribution network is difficult to obtain, under the premise of using the existing monitoring system to allocate limited data such as outlet voltage and power, the voltage prediction model of low-voltage distribution network is established, and a BP neural network based on BP neural network is proposed. The “low voltage” prediction method of distribution network realizes the “low voltage” prediction of low voltage users in distribution network, and provides an effective and accurate prediction method for “low voltage” management of distribution network.
Obesity and Fat Metabolism in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Individuals: Immunopathogenic Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
Authors: Godfrey Catherine , Bremer Andrew , Alba Diana , Apovian Caroline , Koethe John R , Koliwad Suneil , Lewis Dorothy , Lo Janet , McComsey Grace A , Eckard Allison , Srinivasa Suman , Trevillyan Janine , Palmer Clovis , Grinspoon Steven 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMetabolic complications relating to complex effects of viral and immune-mediated mechanisms are now a focus of clinical care among persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV), and obesity is emerging as a critical problem. To address knowledge gaps, the US National Institutes of Health sponsored a symposium in May 2018 entitled “Obesity and Fat Metabolism in HIV-infected Individuals.” Mechanisms relating to adipose dysfunction and fibrosis, immune function, inflammation, and gastrointestinal integrity were highlighted as contributors to obesity among PLHIV. Fibrotic subcutaneous adipose tissue is metabolically dysfunctional and loses its capacity to expand, leading to fat redistribution, including visceral obesity and ectopic fat accumulation, promoting insulin resistance. Viral proteins, including viral protein R and negative regulatory factor, have effects on adipogenic pathways and cellular metabolism in resident macrophages and T cells. HIV also affects immune cell trafficking into the adipose compartments, with effects on adipogenesis, lipolysis, and ectopic fat accumulation. Key cellular metabolic functions are likely to be affected in PLHIV by gut-derived cytokines and altered microbiota. There are limited strategies to reduce obesity specifically in PLHIV. Enhancing our understanding of critical pathogenic mechanisms will enable the development of novel therapeutics that may normalize adipose tissue function and distribution, reduce inflammation, and improve insulin sensitivity in PLHIV.
Integration of genetic and clinical information to improve imputation of data missing from electronic health records
Authors: Li Ruowang , Chen Yong , Moore Jason H 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Objective
Clinical data of patients’ measurements and treatment history stored in electronic health record (EHR) systems are starting to be mined for better treatment options and disease associations. A primary challenge associated with utilizing EHR data is the considerable amount of missing data. Failure to address this issue can introduce significant bias in EHR-based research. Currently, imputation methods rely on correlations among the structured phenotype variables in the EHR. However, genetic studies have shown that many EHR-based phenotypes have a heritable component, suggesting that measured genetic variants might be useful for imputing missing data. In this article, we developed a computational model that incorporates patients’ genetic information to perform EHR data imputation.

Materials and Methods
We used the individual single nucleotide polymorphism’s association with phenotype variables in the EHR as input to construct a genetic risk score that quantifies the genetic contribution to the phenotype. Multiple approaches to constructing the genetic risk score were evaluated for optimal performance. The genetic score, along with phenotype correlation, is then used as a predictor to impute the missing values.

Results
To demonstrate the method performance, we applied our model to impute missing cardiovascular related measurements including low-density lipoprotein, heart failure, and aortic aneurysm disease in the electronic Medical Records and Genomics data. The integration method improved imputation's area-under-the-curve for binary phenotypes and decreased root-mean-square error for continuous phenotypes.

Conclusion
Compared with standard imputation approaches, incorporating genetic information offers a novel approach that can utilize more of the EHR data for better performance in missing data imputation.
Effects of Pheromone Dose and Trap Height on Capture of a Bast Scale of Pine, Matsucoccus thunbergianae (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) and Development of a New Synthesis Method
Authors: Lee Sung-Chan , Kwon Jun Hyeong , Cha Deok Jea , Kim Dong-Soo , Lee Dong Ha , Seo Seon-Mi , Lee Hyo-Rim , Huh Min-Jung , Jung Myunghee , Park Il-Kwon 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Matsuone is a well-known sex pheromone of the genus Matsucoccus (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), including species Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kuwana), Matsucoccus resinosae Bean & Goldwin, and Matsucoccus thunbergianae Miller & Park. In this study, we investigated the effects of matsuone dose and trap height on the capture of M. thunbergianae and developed an alternative synthesis of racemic matsuone. In field trapping experiments, M. thunbergianae males showed dose-dependent attraction to (6R,10R/S)-matsuone from 100 μg up to an approximate saturation level of 1,600 μg per rubber septum lure. Traps baited with (6R,10R/S)-matsuone and installed 50 cm above ground level attracted more males than traps 100 and 150 cm above ground level. To reduce synthesis procedures, time, and labor, we developed a new synthetic route to racemic matsuone and conducted field experiments with the product. Although traps baited with the racemic matsuone were less attractive than traps baited with (6R,10R/S)-matsuone synthesized by a previously reported method, the new synthetic route could be an economically favorable alternative to the previous method used in production of lures for field application.