bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human cytomegalovirus hijacks the autophagic machinery and LC3 homologs in order to optimize cytoplasmic envelopment of mature infectious particles
Authors: Taisne Clémence , Lussignol Marion , Hernandez Eva , Moris Arnaud , Mouna Lina , Esclatine Audrey 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDuring its life cycle, Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) tightly modulates autophagy, a vesicular pathway allowing degradation and recycling of cellular components. To study the interplay between autophagy and the viral life cycle, we established various autophagy-deficient human fibroblastic cell lines. By knocking down the expression or activity of five autophagy-related proteins, we confirmed the proviral function that the autophagic machinery exerts on HCMV production. Using 3D reconstruction from confocal microscopy and electron microscopy, we demonstrated that lipidated LC3-positive vesicles accumulated at the viral assembly compartment (vAC). The vAC is a juxtanuclear ring-shaped structure containing several organelles and membranes, where assembly and final envelopment of HCMV particles occur. Two LC3 homologs, GABARAPL1 and GATE16, also accumulated during HCMV infection and were associated with the vAC, in proximity with fragmented Golgi stacks. Additionally, we observed the formation of a pre-assembly compartment (PrAC) in infected cells, which consists of a juxtanuclear structure containing both fragmented Golgi and LC3-positive vesicles. Finally, we showed that highly purified extracellular viral particles were associated with various autophagy proteins. Our results thus suggest that autophagy machinery participates to the final cytoplasmic envelopment of HCMV viral particles into the vAC and that autophagy-related proteins can be spotted in the virions.
Effects of soil nitrogen (N) deficiency on photosynthetic N-use efficiency in N-fixing and non-N-fixing tree seedlings in subtropical China
Authors: Tang Jingchao , Sun Baodi , Cheng Ruimei , Shi Zuomin , Da Luo  , Liu Shirong , Centritto Mauro 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSoil nitrogen (N) deficiencies can affect the photosynthetic N-use efficiency (PNUE), mesophyll conductance (gm), and leaf N allocation. However, lack of information about how these physiological characteristics in N-fixing trees could be affected by soil N deficiency and the difference between N-fixing and non-N-fixing trees. In this study, we chose seedlings of two N-fixing (Dalbergia odorifera and Erythrophleum fordii) and two non-N-fixing trees (Castanopsis hystrix and Betula alnoides) as study objects, and we conducted a pot experiment with three levels of soil N treatments (high nitrogen, set as Control; medium nitrogen, MN; and low nitrogen, LN). Our results showed that soil N deficiency significantly decreased the leaf N concentration and photosynthesis ability of the two non-N-fixing trees, but it had less influence on two N-fixing trees. The LN treatment had lower gm in D. odorifera and lower leaf N allocated to Rubisco (PR), leaf N allocated to bioenergetics (PB), and gm in B. alnoides, eventually resulting in low PNUE values. Our findings suggested that the D. odorifera and E. fordii seedlings could grow well in N-deficient soil, and adding N may increase the growth rates of B. alnoides and C. hystrix seedlings and promote the growth of artificial forests.
The neural basis of meta-volition
Authors: Nachev Parashkev , Roberts R. Edward , Husain Masud , Kennard Christopher 
Published: March 2019

AbstractVolition is the power to act beyond simple, automatic responses. We can act voluntarily because we can choose to act otherwise than immediate, external circumstances dictate. But we can also choose to allow ourselves to be led automatically by events around us. The neural basis of this higher power to suspend volition— which we term meta-volition—is unknown. Here we show that inter-individual differences in meta-volition are reflected in extensive, highly lateralised differences in right frontal white matter as indexed by diffusion tensor imaging. Paradoxically, participants with enhanced white matter optimality in these regions are less able to exercise meta-volition, finding it harder to suspend volition. This suggests volition is dependent less on any hierarchical system of meta-volitional control than on the extent to which an extensive network subserving higher volitional powers is competitively dominant over others. A fundamentally parallel neural organisation of human voluntary action at the highest level is thereby implied.
Perianal fistulas in adult patients with Crohn’s disease in Germany – a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of claims data from German sickness funds
Authors: Georgiadou Elena , Fanter Lena , Brandes Alina , Ratsch Boris , Friedel Heiko , Dignass Axel 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Introduction Perianal fistulas (PF) are presumably a frequent extraintestinal manifestation of Crohn’s disease (CD), causing significant functional impairment. This study aims to gain representative data on the prevalence, characteristics, and treatment of CD patients suffering from PF in Germany.
Materials and methods A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of claims data from several German company health insurance funds included adult patients with CD and PF in 2015. The dataset comprised in- and outpatient services with diagnoses, drug prescriptions, and other patient data. It is representative for age, gender, and region and allows extrapolation to the total German statutory health insurance (SHI) population. A systematic literature review was conducted to discuss these results in the international context.
Results A CD prevalence of 299 per 100 000 and a PF prevalence in CD patients of 3.4 % was observed in this cross-sectional study. PF are most prevalent in young age groups (< 24 to 39). One-third of patients with PF received biologics and surgery. Surgical procedures were performed in 31.3 % of PF patients in the inpatient setting and in 4.4 % of PF patients in the outpatient setting. All complicated perianal fistula patients received at least 1 inpatient surgery and 44.8 % received biologic therapy.
Discussion This claims data analysis in German patients estimates a CD prevalence in the SHI population that corresponds well to previously reported data. The prevalence rate for PF in CD patients is comparable with a previous cross-sectional German claims data analysis but is markedly lower than cumulative risks reported in longitudinal cohort studies. PF patients are young and treatment intensive with one-third requiring biologic treatment or inpatient surgery.
Effects of Supraphysiological Doses of Steroids on the Left Ventricle of Sedentary Mice: Morphometric Analysis
Authors: de Souza Érika Larissa Poscidônio , Dias Rodrigo Leandro , Rios Raíssa Santiago , Vieira Tânia Martins , Damião Bruno , Rossi Wagner Costa , Esteves Alessandra 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAnabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic compounds derived from testosterone, which are widely used in supraphysiological doses by people seeking an aesthetic effect. The objective of the present experiment was to evaluate the possible morphometric changes in the cardiac left ventricle caused by the administration of supraphysiological doses of the anabolic steroids testosterone cypionate and stanozolol in the hearts of young sedentary mice, to serve as a comparative parameter with young mice that were submitted to exercise. We have used 60 hearts of sedentary young Swiss mice, aged ∼ 90 days old (young-adult), with a body weight between 40 and 50 g. The animals were divided into three groups: the control group, the testosterone cypionate group, and the stanozolol group. For the analysis, 10 distinct sections of the apex, of the middle region, and of the base of the heart were selected, followed by an optical microscope measurement with a 2.5x magnification. The results obtained show an increase in both myocardial thickness and left ventricular cavity diameter in the two groups of male animals in relation to the control group; however, in females, an increase in the thickness of the left ventricular myocardium was observed only for the stanozolol group. These results suggest that the cardiac alterations observed in the present study may be directly related to some signs and symptoms already described in the literature, such as hypertension, arrhythmias, infarction, sudden death, and other cardiovascular diseases.
Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations of Immune Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Kohli Rahil , Chaturvedi Shruti 
Published: March 2019

AbstractImmune thrombocytopenia (ITP) occurs with an incidence rate of 1.6 to 3.9 per 100,000 patient-years, which increases with age and has a slight female preponderance. ITP is termed acute, persistent or chronic when its duration is <3 months, 3 to 12 months and >12 months, respectively. In this narrative review, we discuss the clinical manifestations of ITP in children and adults. ITP is asymptomatic in some patients; however, when present, bleeding is the most common symptom and can be mild as in petechiae, purpura and epistaxis, or severe and even life threatening in cases of intracranial haemorrhage, and massive gastrointestinal or urinary tract bleeding. A platelet count <10–20 × 109/L, advanced age and prior minor bleeding are risk factors for major bleeding, which is also more common in the months following a new diagnosis of acute ITP. Fatigue and impaired health-related quality of life are also manifestations of ITP that often improve with treatment and improvement in platelet counts. Over long-term follow-up, ITP is also associated with an increased risk of venous and arterial thromboembolism, haematologic malignancy and overall mortality than the general population.
Enhanced critical current density in BaFe2(As0.66P0.33)2 nanocomposite superconducting films
Authors: Miura Masashi , Tsuchiya Go , Harada Takumu , Tanabe Keiichi , Kiuchi Masaru , Matsushita Teruo 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The high upper critical field and low anisotropy of the 122-type iron-based superconductor BaFe2As2 makes it promising for use in superconducting high field magnets. However, its critical current density (J
c) in high magnetic fields needs to be further improved. Here we show that for the film prepared by pulsed laser deposition method by controlling the deposition parameters (higher substrate temperature and lower growth rate), the crystallinity of BaFe2(As0.66P0.33)2 (Ba122:P) matrix is improved while maintaining a high density of incoherent BaZrO3 (BZO) nanoparticles (NPs) which together lead to significantly increased self field J
c. Our Ba122:P nanocomposite films also exhibit increased in-field J
c, reduced angular anisotropy of J
c and reduced detrimental effects of thermal fluctuations (creep rate) over a wide range of temperatures and magnetic field strength. The BZO NP doped Ba122:P films show high in-field J
c over 2.1 MA cm−2 even at 4 K and 9 T (μ
0
H∣∣c), which is significantly higher than that of standard Ba122:P films and conventional alloy superconducting wires. To understand the contribution of the various pinning centers, we applied a simple model, which was developed for cuprates, to Ba122:P film with all the parameters used derived by fitting to a limited set of experimental data (no free parameters) such that temperature, angle and field properties at other experimental conditions are then calculated. This simple model fits very well to the experimental results in these two very different material systems. We discuss the effectiveness of natural defect and BZO NPs on the ratio of J
c to the depairing current density. The superconducting properties for 122-type iron-based superconductors obtained through this work are considered promising for high-field applications.
Caring community and relationship centred care on an end-stage dementia special care unit
Authors: Allison Theresa A , Balbino Rafael T , Covinsky Kenneth E 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundof the estimated 1.4 million residents of US nursing homes, over half have dementia. In the final stages of dementia, caregiving is complicated by the inability of care recipients to speak intelligibly or express their needs.Aimto examine the ways in which a nursing home end-stage dementia special care unit (SCU) functioned as a caring community for people near the end of life.Research design and methodsa qualitative, ethnographic case study was conducted in a highly-regarded SCU. Over 175 hours of scheduled activity observations were completed over 2 years, bolstered by 30 hours of caregiving observations on the end-stage dementia unit and 19 interviews with SCU carers. Inductive coding was completed independently by two researchers, emerging themes reconciled by consensus, and qualitative analysis conducted iteratively until the endpoint of thematic saturation.Findingson the SCU, employees and volunteers fostered relationships based upon a model of family. They formed a caring community that included professionals, volunteers, friends and family. Relationships were supported through (1) the use of reminiscence to evoke intact long-term memories, (2) the use of verbal communication long after care-recipients could no longer speak and (3) the use of intentional nonverbal communication, including daily music, pet visits, and sensory stimulation.Conclusionsthrough detailed examination of daily life, this study identified articulated beliefs and observable behaviour through which to develop relationship-centred care in the context of end-stage dementia. The caring community offers primary source data for the development of mid-level theory and the generation of new hypotheses.
Familial Hypercholesterolemia With Coexisting Renovascular Stenosis and Premature Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Mehta Ojas H , Cameron James D , Mirzaee Sam 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common hereditary lipid disorder associated with substantial risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. We report an interesting newly diagnosed index case of FH in a 31-year-old man who presented to the hospital with an ST-elevated myocardial infarction. He had a background of inadequately treated hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Further investigations raised the possibility of secondary hypertension after the identification of renal artery stenosis, in addition to other areas of mesenteric arterial stenoses. Our patient’s case highlights that early-onset hypertension and hypercholesterolemia in a young individual may be an early manifestation of FH requiring high clinical vigilance and awareness.
Antibiotic Therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bloodstream Infections: How Long Is Long Enough?
Authors: Fabre Valeria , Amoah Joe , Cosgrove Sara E , Tamma Pranita D 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In a multicenter, observational, propensity-score–weighted cohort of 249 adults with uncomplicated Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia, patients receiving short-course (median, 9 days; interquartile range [IQR], 8–10) therapy had a similar odds of recurrent infection or death within 30 days as those receiving longer courses (median, 16 days; IQR, 14–17).
Determining the Commission of Genocide in Myanmar
Authors: Van Schaack Beth 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In August 2018, what appears to be a draft statement to be delivered by United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo on the persecution of the Rohingya minority in Myanmar was leaked to the press. The text suggests that the State Department was considering whether there are grounds to believe that genocide has been, or is being, committed in Myanmar and whether the State Department should issue a statement to this effect. This article surveys the major human rights documentation efforts, academic literature, relevant jurisprudence emanating from the international criminal tribunals, statements of United Nations entities and other states, the results of the State Department’s recent empirical investigation, party and amicus curiae briefs filed before the International Criminal Court, and journalistic accounts of events in Myanmar, Bangladesh, and elsewhere in the region with an eye towards understanding the dynamics of violence against the Rohingya — deemed by many to be ‘the most persecuted minority in the world’. The article layers the facts as we know them against established legal principles to conclude that a genocide is in fact underway in Myanmar through genocidal acts committed by discrete sets of actors (including various state organs, the Tatmadaw-Army, regional and local officials, and Rakhine civilians) and also by way of a genocide writ large against the Rohingya within Rakhine State involving the central authorities working in collusion with, and through, regional actors. This article closes with a discussion of the methodological question of the level of certainty that should be met before a non-judicial entity makes such a determination with reference to the various standards employed by commissions of inquiry and courts (both criminal and civil) that find themselves making analogous determinations.
Intergovernmental Organizations and Nongovernmental Organizations
Authors: Aylward Erin 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This article traces the origins, evolution, and effects of LGBT advocacy by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in global forums. In particular, the article focuses on LGBT advocacy in intergovernmental organizations such as the United Nations. The first section provides a historical overview and traces the rise of LGBT NGOs—as well as the transnational networks linking them—from the interwar period to the present day. In doing so, this section discusses the strategies that such organizations have leveraged to gain clout and highlights how LGBT issues have gained salience and have generated contestation within UN human rights bodies and mechanisms. The second section provides a conceptual overview of how advocates have advanced LGBT issues and discusses how the frames of sexual and reproductive health rights, public health and HIV/AIDS, and, increasingly, LGBT human rights have been leveraged by NGOs to legitimize and to further propel LGBT advocacy. Finally, the third section discusses some of the challenges facing global LGBT advocacy. In particular, this section highlights North–South power inequalities in shaping and driving a global advocacy agenda and the tensions arising from limited emphasis on non-Western notions of sexual and gender diversity. This section concludes with a discussion of new directions in LGBT advocacy, highlighting in particular the increased efforts to combine human rights advocacy with inclusive development policy.
Immigration Dynamics and Changing Constructions of Jewish Nativeness in Israel
Authors: Zawdu Adane , Willen Sarah S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A fundamental building block of the Zionist vision is the claim of a primordial link between modern-day Jews and the people and territory of ancient Israel. This claim, which has proven remarkably durable despite its changing form and its tension with understandings of Palestinian indigeneity, continues to inform conceptions of nativeness in the modern-day state of Israel. This chapter explores how constructions of Jewish nativeness in Israel have changed in relation to successive immigration processes. Taking sociocultural and political dynamics as its focus, the chapter examines the cultural and institutional practices through which the notion of Jewish nativeness, its boundaries, and its logics of inclusion and exclusion were constructed and enforced in four historical periods. In each period, an increase in ethnic and religious heterogeneity challenged established notions of Jewish nativeness and membership in new ways. Although conceptions of Jewish nativeness have changed over time, they continue to shape social boundaries by signaling, and qualifying, membership in the Israeli collective.
The History of the Neuropsychology of Emotion
Authors: Teague Ella B. , Meltzer Erica P. , Stafford Remington , Twaite Jamie T. , Filangieri Carole , Borod Joan C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The chapter outlines philosophical and prescientific ideas regarding emotion, as well as early physiological and psychological discoveries that formed the basis upon which modern neuropsychology rests. In addition, to elucidate developments throughout the history of the neuropsychological study of emotion, the chapter discusses important theoretical considerations in emotion research. The central focus of the chapter, however, is on neuropsychological studies beginning in the mid-twentieth century. These studies are organized into important areas in the study of emotion, such as laterality, emotional expression, emotional perception, and emotional experience. Finally, the chapter provides information regarding the measurement of emotion via neuropsychological test batteries.
Patient preferences for rheumatoid arthritis treatment
Authors: Hsiao Betty , Fraenkel Liana 
Published: March 2019

Purpose of review
To provide an overview of recent articles discussing patient preferences for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment.

Recent findings
Recent studies examined patient preferences for RA treatment in several populations, finding that most participants were willing to accept certain risks of adverse effects to gain potential benefits. Perspectives regarding cannabis were studied, with patients describing medical marijuana as an alternative therapy to be used with prescription medications or as means of tapering off these medications. Treatment preferences for different RA therapies were explored using a conjoint analysis survey and five distinct preference phenotypes emerged, with members of the largest group most concerned with the cost of medications. Other discrete choice studies demonstrated route of administration as an important attribute influencing treatment preferences, with patients expressing preference for various modes in different studies. Patient preferences for route of administration have demonstrated preference for newer autoinjectors over prefilled syringes as well as currently marketed autoinjectors. Incorporating patient preferences in clinical practice recommendations was described in the development of the 2015 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) RA treatment guidelines as well as the 2017 ACR/American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons guidelines for perioperative management of antirheumatic medications. In addition, other studies explored preferences with regard to predictive testing, medication intensification and tapering, treatment goals, and psychological support.

Summary
Our review of recent studies show variability in patient preferences for RA treatment, highlighting the importance of incorporating patient input into the treatment approach.