bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estrogen-alone therapy and invasive breast cancer incidence by dose, formulation, and route of delivery: findings from the WHI observational study
Authors: Shufelt Chrisandra , Bairey Merz C. Noel , Pettinger Mary B. , Choi Lydia , Chlebowski Rowan , Crandall Carolyn J. , Liu Simin , Lane Dorothy , Prentice Ross , Manson JoAnn E. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Objective:
Research on the relationships between different hormone therapy doses, formulation and routes of delivery, and subsequent breast cancer incidence has been limited. This study directly compared different estrogen doses, formulations, and route of delivery of estrogen alone among women with a hysterectomy in relation to invasive breast cancer incidence.

Methods:
The Women's Health Initiative Observational Study is a large multicenter prospective cohort study conducted at 40 US sites. Analyses included 26,525 postmenopausal women with a hysterectomy, aged 50 to 79 years, at study entry, recruited between September, 1993 and December, 1998, with annual follow-up through September 12, 2005.

Results:
Average follow-up was 8.2 years. For conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) users, no difference was observed between low-dose CEE (<0.625 mg) compared with conventional-dose CEE (0.625 mg) for breast cancer (hazard ratio [HR] 0.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65, 1.48)]. Compared with conventional-dose CEE, transdermal estrogen was associated with a nonsignificant lower risk of invasive breast cancer (HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.47, 1.19). The low prevalence of transdermal use likely limited power for this comparison, and for a comparison of oral estradiol to conventional-dose CEE (HR 1.20, 95% CI 0.84, 1.39).

Conclusion:
Our results indicate that invasive breast cancer risk did not differ appreciably in women with a hysterectomy using estrogen-alone when directly comparing different doses, formulations, and routes of delivery to the conventional oral CEE. These findings suggest that the lower breast cancer risk found in the WHI estrogen-alone trial may extend to lower doses of CEE. Additional research is needed to confirm these hypotheses.
Vasomotor symptoms in women over 60: results from the Data Registry on Experiences of Aging, Menopause, and Sexuality (DREAMS)
Authors: David Paru S. , Kling Juliana M. , Vegunta Suneela , Faubion Stephanie S. , Kapoor Ekta , Mara Kristin C. , Schroeder Darrell R. , Hilsaca Karla Frohmader , Kuhle Carol L. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Objective:
Frequency of vasomotor symptoms (VMS) in older women and the contributing factors are largely undefined. We measured the frequency of moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms (msVMS) in women ≥60 years of age and examined their characteristics to determine factors that may associate with VMS in older women.

Methods:
A cross-sectional survey was completed using the Menopause Health Questionnaire from the Data Registry on Experiences of Aging, Menopause, and Sexuality. Data were collected from women presenting for menopause consultation to Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, from January 1, 2006 to October 7, 2014. We created a binary variable where women were classified as having msVMS bother if they reported “quite a bit” or “extremely” compared with women reporting “not at all” or “a little bit.” Women with and without msVMS were evaluated by menopause type, self-rated heath, current tobacco, caffeine, and alcohol use, as well as pertinent medication use. Associations between participant characteristics and msVMS were evaluated using logistic regression and a multivariable model with age as a covariate. Interactions between participant characteristics and age were also assessed.

Results:
Of the 4,956 women presenting for menopause consultation, 921 (18%) were ≥60 years old. Of these, 379 (41.2%) reported msVMS bother. Women with msVMS were more likely to have a history of nonspontaneous menopause and report their health as fair, versus good or excellent. Women reporting current use of hormone therapy (HT) (21%) were less likely to report msVMS compared with those not taking HT (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
A substantial number of women seen in a specialty menopause clinic were over age 60 years and reported msVMS, highlighting that VMS may be disruptive in women over a decade past the natural age of menopause.
Endolymphatic Sac Decompression With Intra-Sac Dexamethasone Injection in Menière's Disease
Authors: Bojrab Dennis I. , LaRouere Michael J. , Bojrab Dennis I. , Babu Seilesh C. , Sargent Eric W. , Chan Eleanor Y. , Hong Robert S. 
Published: May 2018

Objective:
Endolymphatic sac decompression surgery (ELSD) may be used to treat patients who have Menière's 's disease refractory to medical therapy. In this study, we investigated whether or not the injection of steroid into the endolymphatic sac at the time of ELSD provides additional benefit to patient outcomes.

Study Design:
Randomized prospective single-blinded placebo-controlled study.

Setting:
Tertiary center.

Patients:
Patients with Menière's disease with poorly controlled vertigo despite medical therapy and serviceable hearing that were offered ELSD.

Intervention(s):
Patients randomized into two groups, with control group (n = 17) undergone ELSD without steroid injection and experimental group undergone ELSD with steroid injection (n = 18)

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Audiogram, dizziness handicap inventory, tinnitus handicap inventory, frequency of vertigo spells, functional level scale, and quality of life were obtained at multiple intervals from preoperatively to 24 months postoperatively.

Results:
ELSD resulted in a statistically significant improvement in vertigo control whether or not steroid was injected into the endolymphatic sac at the time of surgery. However, no additional benefit was observed with the addition of intra-sac steroid injection. No statistical difference in pure-tone average, tinnitus handicap inventory, dizziness handicap inventory, or quality of life was observed between the steroid and nonsteroid surgical groups up to 24 months postoperatively.

Conclusion:
ELSD is an effective treatment for Menière's disease refractory to medical therapy; however, the addition of intra-sac steroid injection at the time of surgery does not seem to result in a further improvement in patient outcomes.
Slowly Repeated Evoked Pain as a Marker of Central Sensitization in Fibromyalgia: Diagnostic Accuracy and Reliability in Comparison With Temporal Summation of Pain
Authors: de la Coba Pablo , Bruehl Stephen , Galvez-Sánchez Carmen María , Reyes del Paso Gustavo A. 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT

Objective
This study examined the diagnostic accuracy and test-retest reliability of a novel dynamic evoked pain protocol (slowly repeated evoked pain [SREP]) compared with temporal summation of pain (TSP), a standard index of central sensitization.

Methods
Thirty-five fibromyalgia (FM) patients and 30 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients completed, in pseudorandomized order, a standard mechanical TSP protocol (10 stimuli of 1-second duration at the thenar eminence using a 300-g monofilament with 1 second interstimulus interval) and the SREP protocol (9 suprathreshold pressure stimuli of 5-second duration applied to the fingernail with a 30-second interstimulus interval). To evaluate reliability for both protocols, they were repeated in a second session 4–7 days later.

Results
Evidence for significant pain sensitization over trials (increasing pain intensity ratings) was observed for SREP in FM (p < .001) but not in RA (p = .35), whereas significant sensitization was observed in both diagnostic groups for the TSP protocol (p < .008). Compared with TSP, SREP demonstrated higher overall diagnostic accuracy (87.7% versus 64.6%), greater sensitivity (0.89 versus 0.57), and greater specificity (0.87 versus 0.73) in discriminating between FM and RA patients. Test-retest reliability of SREP sensitization was good in FM (intraclass correlations = 0.80), and moderate in RA (intraclass correlations = 0.68).

Conclusions
SREP seems to be a dynamic evoked pain index tapping into pain sensitization that allows for greater diagnostic accuracy in identifying FM patients compared with a standard TSP protocol. Further research is needed to study mechanisms underlying SREP and the potential utility of adding SREP to standard pain evaluation protocols.
The Effect of Different Doses of Extracorporeal Shock Waves on Experimental Model Mandibular Distraction
Authors: Bereket Cihan , Çakir-Özkan Nilüfer , Önger Mehmet Emin , Arici Selim 
Published: May 2018

Objective:Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is widely used treatment for the bone deformities. In addition extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is a new perspective on noninvasive modalities of management of the bone regeneration. We examined the effects of 2 different single doses of ESWT on the consolidation period of DO of the rabbit mandible using stereological, radiological and immunohistochemical methods in the present study.Methods:DO was performed unilaterally in the mandible of 18 New Zealand rabbits (6 months’ old, weighing between 2.5 and 3 kg). The distraction zone of the mandible has received no treatment as controls. Group 2 (ESWT 500) received ESWT (single dose of 500 impulses 0.19 mJ/mm2energy flux intensity and 2155 mJ totally) were applied on the first day of the consolidation. Group 3 (ESWT 1000) treated with ESWT (single dose of 1000 impulses0.19 mJ/mm2energy flux intensity and 4310 mJ totally) were applied on the first day of the consolidation period. After the sacrification, radiologically bone mineral density, new bone formation, new fibrous tissue, and new vessel formation were analyzed using unbiased stereological methods.Results:It was found a statistically significant difference between the study groups and control group in the bone mineral density measurements and the highest values were in the ESWT1000 group. In terms of stereological analysis, there was a significant difference between the study groups and control group (P = 0.00). The new capillary volume was highest in the E1000 group. Additionally, significant differences were found in point of the capillary volumes between the groups control and ESWT500 (P = 0.001), control and ESWT1000 (P = 0.000), ESWT500 and ESWT1000 (P = 0.040), respectively.Conclusions:A total of 1000 impulses ESWT may induce the growth factors to enhance the newly formed bone regeneration.
Surgical Management of the Recent Orbital War Injury
Authors: Riyadh Safaa , Abdulrazaq Saif Saadedeen , Zirjawi Ali Mhana Sabeeh 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Maxillofacial trauma affects sensitive and essential functions for the human being such as smell, breathing, talking, and the most importantly the sight. Trauma to the orbit may cause a vision loss especially if this trauma yields a high kinetic energy like that encountered during wars. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the surgical outcomes of the orbital war trauma, enriching the literature with the experience of the authors in this field. A total of 16 patients were injured, evacuated, and managed, between June 2014 and June 2017, from the fight between the Iraqi army and the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in different areas of Iraq. Two-stage protocol was adopted, that is debridement and reconstruction. There were 14 military patients and 2 civilians. The cause of trauma was either bullet or shrapnel from an explosion. In the battlefield, delayed evacuation of the casualties led to increase the morbidity and mortality. Wearing a protective shield over the eye during the war along with fast evacuation highly improved the survival rates.
The Comparison of Midazolam and Propofol in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Rongzan , Lu Quan , Wu Younong 
Published: May 2018

Introduction:
Midazolam and propofol are both used for sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of midazolam and propofol in gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Materials and Methods:
PubMed, EMbase, Web of science, EBSCO, and Cochrane library databases were systematically searched. Randomized controlled trials assessing the effect of midazolam versus propofol on sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy are included. Two investigators have independently searched for articles, extracted data, and assessed the quality of included studies. This meta-analysis was performed using the random-effect model.

Results:
Five randomized controlled trials involving 552 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, compared with midazolam sedation during gastrointestinal endoscopy, propofol sedation results in higher endoscopist satisfaction scores during gastrointestinal endoscopy than midazolam [standard mean difference (Std. MD)=−0.71; 95% confidence interval (CI)=−1.05 to −0.37; P<0.0001), but the comparison shows no remarkable influence on patient satisfaction scores between midazolam and propofol (Std. MD=−0.34; 95% CI=−0.88 to 0.20; P=0.21), procedure time (Std. MD=0.14; 95% CI=−0.13 to 0.42; P=0.31), hypoxia [risk ratio (RR)=0.86; 95% CI=0.53-1.38; P=0.53), and bradycardia (RR=1.05; 95% CI=0.54-2.06; P=0.89). In addition, propofol shows higher incidence of hypotension than midazolam (RR=0.58; 95% CI=0.34-0.99; P=0.04).

Conclusions:
When compared with midazolam sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy, propofol sedation results in higher endoscopist satisfaction scores, but may increase the incidence of hypotension.
Congenital Third Nerve Palsy Associated With Midbrain Hypoplasia Due to Bilateral Segmental Internal Carotid Artery Agenesis
Authors: Dhiman Rebika , Gorimanipalli Bhavya , Swamy Deepa R. , Sharma Sanjay , Garg Ajay , Saxena Rohit 
Published: May 2018

Abstract:
A 15-year-old girl, diagnosed with a partial right third nerve palsy, was found to have bilateral internal carotid artery agenesis. Neuroimaging with 3D-constructive interference in steady state scanning identified the possible etiology of the third nerve palsy as midbrain hypoplasia.
Effects of exposure to bodies of different sizes on perception of and satisfaction with own body size: two randomized studies
Authors: Bould Helen , Carnegie Rebecca , Allward Heather , Bacon Emily , Lambe Emily , Sapseid Megan , Button Katherine S. , Lewis Glyn , Skinner Andy , Broome Matthew R. , Park Rebecca , Harmer Catherine J. , Penton-Voak Ian S. , Munafò Marcus R. 
Published: May 2018

Body dissatisfaction is prevalent among women and associated with subsequent obesity and eating disorders. Exposure to images of bodies of different sizes has been suggested to change the perception of ‘normal’ body size in others. We tested whether exposure to different-sized (otherwise identical) bodies changes perception of own and others' body size, satisfaction with body size and amount of chocolate consumed. In Study 1, 90 18–25-year-old women with normal BMI were randomized into one of three groups to complete a 15 min two-back task using photographs of women either of ‘normal weight’ (Body Mass Index (BMI) 22–23 kg m
−2
), or altered to appear either under- or over-weight. Study 2 was identical except the 96 participants had high baseline body dissatisfaction and were followed up after 24 h. We also conducted a mega-analysis combining both studies. Participants rated size of others' bodies, own size, and satisfaction with size pre- and post-task. Post-task ratings were compared between groups, adjusting for pre-task ratings. Participants exposed to over- or normal-weight images subsequently perceived others' bodies as smaller, in comparison to those shown underweight bodies (
p
< 0.001). They also perceived their own bodies as smaller (Study 1,
p
= 0.073; Study 2,
p
= 0.018; mega-analysis,
p
= 0.001), and felt more satisfied with their size (Study 1,
p
= 0.046; Study 2,
p
= 0.004; mega-analysis,
p
= 0.006). There were no differences in chocolate consumption. This study suggests that a move towards using images of women with a BMI in the healthy range in the media may help to reduce body dissatisfaction, and the associated risk of eating disorders.
Specific Oxylipins Enhance Vertebrate Hematopoiesis via the Receptor GPR132
Authors: Lahvic Jamie L. , Ammerman Michelle , Li Pulin , Blair Megan C. , Stillman Emma , Robertson Anne L. , Christodoulou Constantina , Perlin Julie R. , Yang Song , Chiang Nan , Norris Paul C. , Daily Madeleine L. , Redfield Shelby E. , Chan Iris T. , Chatrizeh Mona , Chase Michael E. , Weis Olivia , Zhou Yi , Serhan Charles N. , Zon Leonard I 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEpoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are endogenous lipid signaling molecules with cardioprotective and vasodilatory actions. We recently showed that exogenous addition of 11,12-EET enhances hematopoietic induction and engraftment in mice and zebrafish. EETs are known to signal via a G-protein coupled receptor(s), and significant research supports the existence of a specific high-affinity receptor. Identification of a hematopoietic specific EET receptor would enable genetic interrogation of the EET signaling pathway and perhaps clinical use of this molecule. We developed a bioinformatic approach to identify the EET receptor based on the expression of GPCRs in cell lines with differential responses to EETs. We found 10 candidate EET receptors that are commonly expressed in three EET-responsive human cell lines, but not expressed in an EET-unresponsive line. Of these candidates, only GPR132 showed EET-responsivenessin vitrousing a luminescence-based assay for β-arrestin recruitment. Knockdown of zebrafishgpr132bprevented EET-induced hematopoiesis, and marrow from GPR132 knockout mice showed decreased long-term engraftment capability. In contrast to the putative high-affinity EET receptor, GPR132 is reported to have affinity for additional fatty acidsin vitro,and we found that these same fatty acids enhance hematopoietic stem cell specification in the zebrafish. We conducted structure-activity relationship analyses using bothin vitroandin vivoassays on diverse medium chain fatty acids. Certain oxygenated, unsaturated free fatty acids showed high activation of GPR132, while unoxygenated or saturated fatty acids had lower activity. Absence of the carboxylic acid moiety prevented activity, suggesting that this moiety is required for receptor activation. GPR132 responds to a select panel of polyunsaturated, oxygenated fatty acids to enhance both embryonic and adult hematopoiesis.
Global landscape of mouse and human cytokine transcriptional regulation
Authors: Carrasco Pro Sebastian , Dafonte Imedio Alvaro , Santoso Clarissa Stephanie , Gan Kok Ann , Sewell Jared Allan , Martinez Melissa , Sereda Rebecca , Mehta Shivani , Fuxman Bass Juan Ignacio 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCytokines play a central role in immune development, pathogen responses, and diseases. Cytokines are highly regulated at the transcriptional level by combinations of transcription factors (TFs) that recruit cofactors and the transcriptional machinery. Here, we review three decades of studies to generate a comprehensive database reporting 843 and 647 interactions between TFs and cytokines genes, in human and mouse respectively (http://cytreg.bu.edu). We provide a historic perspective on cytokine regulation discussing research trends and biases. More importantly, by integrating this comprehensive database with other functional datasets, we determine general principles governing the transcriptional regulation of cytokine genes. In particular, we show a correlation between TF connectivity and immune phenotype and disease, we discuss the balance between tissue-specific and pathogen-activated TFs regulating each cytokine gene, and cooperativity and plasticity in cytokine regulation. Finally, we illustrate the use of our database as a blueprint to study TF-cytokine regulatory axes in autoimmune diseases.
Evolutionary emergence of infectious diseases in heterogeneous host populations
Authors: Chabas Hélène , Lion Sébastien , Nicot Antoine , Meaden Sean , Houte Stineke van , Moineau Sylvain , Wahl Lindi M. , Westra Edze R. , Gandon Sylvain 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEmergence and re-emergence of pathogens are notoriously difficult to predict. The erratic nature of those events is reinforced by the stochastic nature of pathogen evolution during the early phase of an epidemic. For instance, mutations allowing pathogens to escape host resistance may boost pathogen spread and promote emergence. Yet, the ecological factors that govern such evolutionary emergence remain elusive both because of the lack of ecological realism of current theoretical frameworks and the difficulty of experimentally testing their predictions. Here we develop a theoretical model to explore the effects of the heterogeneity of the host population on the probability of pathogen emergence, with or without pathogen evolution. We show that evolutionary emergence and the spread of escape mutations in the pathogen population is more likely to occur when the host population contains an intermediate proportion of resistant hosts. We also show that lower pathogen inoculum size and higher diversity of host resistance decrease the probability of evolutionary emergence. Crucially, we present experimental confirmations of these predictions using lytic bacteriophages infecting their bacterial hosts containing diverse CRISPR-Cas immune defenses. We discuss the implications of these results for cross-species spillover and for the management of emerging infectious diseases.Significance statementCan we predict the emergence of infectious diseases? The probability that an epidemic breaks out is highly dependent on the ability of the pathogen to acquire new adaptive mutations and to induce evolutionary emergence. Forecasting pathogen emergence thus requires a good understanding of the interplay between epidemiology and evolution taking place at the onset of an outbreak. Here, we provide a comprehensive theoretical framework to analyze the impact of host population heterogeneity on the probability of pathogen evolutionary emergence. We use this model to predict the impact of the fraction of susceptible hosts, the inoculum size of the pathogen and the diversity of host resistance on pathogen emergence. Our experiments using lytic bacteriophages and CRISPR-resistant bacteria support our theoretical predictions.
CleanRecomb, a quick tool for recombination detection in SNP based cluster analysis
Authors: Østerlund Mark , Kiil Kristoffer 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe present CleanRecomb, a tool to quickly filter a SNP matrix for likely recombination events.MethodThe method evaluates segments with identical SNP profiles over the genome, based on the assumption that SNPs in the absense of recombination events are uniformly distributed across the genome. The method is evaluated on a set of 9 ST200 E. coli genome sequences.ResultsThe detected recombination events coincide with regions of elevated SNP density.