bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty in gridded precipitation products: Influence of station density, interpolation method and grid resolution
Authors: Herrera Sixto , Kotlarski Sven , Soares Pedro M. M. , Cardoso Rita M. , Jaczewski Adam , Gutiérrez José M. , Maraun Douglas 
Published: October 2018

This work analyses three uncertainty sources affecting the observation‐based gridded data sets: station density, interpolation methodology and spatial resolution. For this purpose, we consider precipitation in two countries, Poland and Spain, three resolutions (0.11, 0.22 and 0.44°), three interpolation methods, both areal‐ and point‐representative implementations, and three different densities of the underlying station network (high/medium/low density). As a result, for each resolution and interpolation approach, nine different grids have been obtained for each country and inter‐compared using a variance decomposition methodology.Results indicate larger differences among the data sets for Spain than for Poland, mainly due to the larger spatial variability and complex orography of the former region. The variance decomposition points out to station density as the most influential factor, independent of the season, the areal‐ or point‐representative implementation and the country considered, and slightly increasing with the spatial resolution. In contrast, the decomposition is stable when extreme precipitation indices are considered, in particular for the 50‐year return value.Finally, the uncertainty due to station sub‐sampling inside a particular grid box decreases with the number of stations used in the averaging/interpolation. In the case of spatially homogeneous grid boxes, the interpolation approach obtains similar results for all the parameters, excepting the wet day frequency, independently of the number of stations. When there is a more significant internal variability in the grid box, the interpolation is more sensitive to the number of stations, pointing out to a minimum stations’ density for the target resolution (six to seven stations).
The effect of resveratrol on the histologic characteristics of the cochlea in diabetic rats
Authors: Erkan Sanem O. , Tuhanioğlu Birgül , Gürgen Seren G. , Özdaş Talih , Taştekin Bora , Pelit Aykut , Görgülü Orhan 
Published: October 2018

Objectives/HypothesisThe aim of this study was to investigate changes in the cochlea and the potential dose‐dependent effects of resveratrol (RSV) against diabetes mellitus (DM) ototoxicity.Study DesignAnimal model.MethodsTwenty‐four male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. Baseline distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) measurements were evaluated. Group I was the control group, group II was made diabetic with single‐dose streptozotocin, and groups III and IV were rendered diabetic as group II and administered 10 and 20 mg RSV, respectively, intraperitoneally for 4 weeks. All animals were sacrificed after repeated DPOAE measurement. Apoptosis was investigated using caspase‐3, Bax (Bcl‐associated X protein), and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) staining.ResultsThe DPOAE values in the diabetic group were found to be significantly lower compared with the other groups at 5,714 Hz and 8,000 Hz (P < .05). No significant difference in otoacoustic emission was detected in the comparison of the RSV doses (P > .05). The histopathologic investigation using caspase‐3, Bax, and TUNEL staining showed that the mean rank of the diabetic group was significantly higher compared with the RSV10, RSV20, and control groups (DM > RSV10 > RSV20 > control) (P < .05).ConclusionsThese results imply that RSV administration offered statistically significant protection for the cochleas of rats against diabetes. This protective effect improved histologically with higher doses.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 129:E1–E6, 2019
Safety and feasibility of a novel recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring technique
Authors: Singer Michael C. 
Published: October 2018

Objectives/HypothesisContinuous intraoperative nerve monitoring (CIONM) during thyroidectomy is promising technology that may reduce the incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injuries. However, the current technique for CIONM, in which a stimulating probe is placed on the vagus nerve, has not been widely adopted because of concerns regarding its invasiveness and safety. A new method with the lead positioned on the RLN may overcome these objections and promote greater adoption of CIONM. This study was conducted to serve as the first step in determining the safety and feasibility of an RLN‐based CIONM approach.Study DesignCase series with planned data collection.MethodsFifty patients scheduled to undergo thyroidectomy were enrolled. In all cases, after identification of the RLN, a lead designed for CIONM was placed on the nerve. The lead was then left in place for a minimum of 2 minutes, and CIONM data were recorded. Laryngeal electromyographic (EMG) characteristics were assessed just before the lead was placed on the RLN and after it was removed. Pre‐ and postoperative fiberoptic laryngoscopy was performed to assess vocal cord function in all patients.ResultsIn 49 patients (98%), the probe was successfully positioned on the RLN, and CIONM data were generated. On average, 1.4 attempts per patient were required to properly place the lead. No accidental dislodgements of the lead occurred during the experiments. No patients demonstrated significant EMG changes from baseline after manipulation and stimulation of the RLN. The average CIONM time was 175.7 s (range, 138–212 s), and the average CIONM amplitude and latency were 675.2 µV (range, 211.0–1405.2 µV) and 1.8 ms (1.25‐1.9), respectively. All patients had normal bilateral vocal cord function preoperatively and at the first postoperative visit.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the apparent safety and viability of a CIONM technique using a lead placed directly on the RLN. Future investigations are warranted of this promising method, which may promote more widespread adoption of CIONM during thyroidectomy to reduce RLN injuries.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 2018
Meta‐Analysis of Obstruction Site Observed With Drug‐Induced Sleep Endoscopy in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Lee Eun Jung , Cho Jae Hoon 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveTo perform a meta‐analysis on the distribution and characteristics of the obstructive site in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) using data from a variety of published studies that evaluated the obstruction with drug‐induced sleep endoscopy (DISE).MethodsA literature search was performed to identify studies in which DISE was used to identify the obstruction site in adult patients with OSA, and the obstruction site was described in sufficient detail. Four items were evaluated in the meta‐analysis: the obstruction site, closing direction of the soft palate, degree of closure, and percentage of single‐level obstructions.ResultsA total of 2,950 patients from 19 studies were included. In the two‐level classification system, the rate of obstruction was 91.6% for the soft palate and 58.0% for the tongue base. In the four‐level classification system, the rate of obstruction was 84.1% for soft palate, 32.8% for the tonsil, 51.6% for the tongue base, and 34.3% for the epiglottis. The soft palate closed in the anteroposterior direction at a rate of 44.4% and in the concentric direction at a rate of 46.5%. The rate of a closure of 75% or more was 69.3% for the soft palate and 56.8% for the hypopharynx. The percentage of single‐level obstructions was 42.5%.ConclusionThe soft palate is obstructed in most patients with OSA, and the tongue base is obstructed in half of the patients. In addition, multilevel obstructions including the tonsil, lateral pharyngeal wall, or epiglottis are common; thus, these areas must be checked carefully.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 129:1235–1243, 2019
Osseous Changes Over Time in Free Fibular Flap Reconstruction
Authors: Shokri Tom , Stahl Lauren E. , Kanekar Sangam G. , Goyal Neerav 
Published: October 2018

Objectives/HypothesisEvaluate bone resorption in free fibular grafts and document resorption behavior as compared to dentulous and edentulous autochthonous mandibular bone.Study DesignRetrospective Chart review.MethodsPostoperative computed tomography images were used to evaluate fibular graft resorption rates and corresponding sites of the dentulous or edentulous mandible. Bone height, width, and cortical thickness were measured.ResultsEighteen patients underwent fibula free flap reconstruction following resection of a primary head and neck cancer. Mandibular defects were classified using Jewer's classification. The average interval loss of osseous height was 0.23 ± 0.09 mm/yr for fibula flap, 0.55 ± 0.13 mm/yr for dentulous native mandible, and 0.98 ± 0.41 mm/yr in edentulous native mandible. Change in osseous width was 0.19 ± 0.08 mm/yr, 0.55 ± 0.33 mm/yr, and 0.73 ± 0.15 mm/yr, respectively. Rate of superior cortical resorption was 0.33 ± 0.34 mm/yr, 0.35 ± 0.13 mm/yr, and 0.53 ± 0.11 mm/yr in fibula flap, dentulous, and edentulous mandible, respectively. Inferior cortical resorption rates were quantified as 0.30 ± 0.11 mm/yr, 0.35 ± 0.08 mm/yr, and 0.51 ± 0.08 mm/yr.ConclusionsFibula free flap reconstruction of the mandible provides excellent functional results and allows for stable outcomes. Bone resorption is significantly lower in fibular graft compared with both edentulous and dentulous mandible. Edentulous bone displays significantly increased rates of atrophy in comparison to the dentulous mandible. This may have implications with regard to long‐term viability of both the fibular flap and native mandible. The role of dental restoration on overall osseous stability warrants further research.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 129:1113–1116, 2019
Computerized Tomography Analysis of Young Children for Prevention of Aspiration Injuries
Authors: Milkovich Nicholas M. , Milkovich Scott M. , Harty Mary P. , Kecskemethy Heidi H. , Briddell Jenna W. , Levi Jessica R. , Reilly James S. 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveThe Small Parts Test Fixture (SPTF) (16 CFR 1501) was developed from cadavers of young children and foreign body (FB) data. Recent FB studies reveal that the SPTF misses outliers. Computerized tomography (CT) provides detailed dimensional data for young children. Our null hypothesis is that the SPTF (31.75 mm) is smaller than relevant portions of the aerodigestive tract.MethodsA 3‐year retrospective review (2011–2014) of head/neck CT data for infants and children (N = 106) aged 6 months to 6 years was completed. Six measurements (mm) were recorded: 1) maxillary incisors to posterior edge of hard palate (MI/HP); 2) posterior edge of hard palate to first cervical (C1) vertebra (HP/C1); 3) soft palate to posterior pharyngeal wall; and 4) interpalatine tonsillar distance; 5, 6) larynx diameter, and width. Two ratios were calculated: 1) ratio of lengths (hard palate to soft palate), and 2) laryngeal dimensional ratio.ResultsA linear trend of increasing dimensions with increased age was noted. The length measured MI/HP best correlates with known data of potential FBs causing injury or death. This MI/HP length can range from 33.8 to 45.8 mm for all children younger than 3 years of age and exceeds the SPTF diameter (31.75 mm). There were no statistical anatomical differences by gender in any of the age groups.ConclusionComputed tomography measurements appear larger than SPTF values developed from cadavers. These CT data support enlargement of the SPTF to enhance safety for choking hazards in children.Level of Evidence4Laryngoscope, 129:1468–1476, 2019
Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound With Perflubutane for Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping in Cutaneous Melanoma: A Pilot Study
Authors: Bertelsen Caitlin , King Kevin G. , Swanson Mark , Duddalwar Vinay , Pepper Jon‐Paul 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveTo study the feasibility of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for identification of SLN associated with cutaneous melanoma.Study DesignSingle arm pilot study in a swine animal model.MethodsOne milliliter of perflubutane (Sonazoid, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI) was injected into the peritumoral dermis in five swine with cutaneous melanoma. Ultrasonography was used to follow enhancing lymphatic channels to lymph nodes (LN). Intradermal injection of vital blue (VB) dye was used as a positive control. LN identified by either method were excised and examined histologically.ResultsThere were five primary cutaneous melanomas with mean area of 4.36 ± 4.75 cm2 and Breslow depth of 3.6 ± 1.5 mm. Six possible sentinel lymph node (SLN)s were identified with CEUS, and nine were identified with VB. SLN averaged 12.44 ± 6.15 cm from the primary tumor. Four of six (67%) SLNs identified by CEUS and four of nine (44%) candidate SLNs identified by VB contained histologically confirmed metastatic melanoma. All six CEUS‐identified SLNs were also identified with VB. Two LNs not containing melanoma were identified by CEUS; three were identified with VB. In all SLN with metastases, metastatic cells were scattered throughout the LN and not clustered in a discrete mass.ConclusionCEUS with perflubutane feasibly identifies SLN associated with cutaneous melanoma and may be a useful adjunct technology in facilitating precise SLN dissection. Our work supports a clinical trial investigating the use of CEUS for this application.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 129:1117–1122, 2019
Clinical Characteristics of Bilateral Meniere's Disease in a Single Asian Ethnic Group
Authors: Suh Michelle J. , Jeong Junhui , Kim Hyun Ji , Jung Jinsei , Kim Sung Huhn 
Published: October 2018

Objectives/HypothesisTo identify the clinical characteristics of patients with bilateral Meniere's disease (MD) in an Asian population.Study DesignCross‐sectional retrospective study.MethodsWe compared the clinical features of bilateral MD (BMD) and unilateral MD (UMD) in 320 Asian patients with single ethnicity. Demographic variables; age of onset; inner ear function; the coexistence of related disorders such as vestibular migraine, delayed MD, systemic autoimmune diseases, and familial MD; and prognoses were analyzed and compared.ResultsThe overall prevalence of BMD was 5.6%. The mean age of disease onset was 40.3 ± 14.8 and 47.0 ± 14.1 years for patients with BMD and UMD, respectively (P = .07). Demographic variables were not significantly different between patients with BMD and UMD (P > .05). Inner ear function, evaluated by hearing thresholds, caloric tests, and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials, was significantly more deteriorated in the first involved ear of patients with BMD than in the second involved ear or the affected side of patients with UMD (P < .05). Among the comorbid conditions, only the prevalence of delayed MD was significantly higher in patients with BMD than in patients with UMD. Systemic autoimmune disease was found in only three patients with UMD. There was no significant prognostic difference between patients with UMD and BMD (P > .05).ConclusionsA low prevalence of BMD, a higher frequency of delayed MD in BMD patients, and a low frequency of systemic autoimmune diseases in both UMD and BMD patients are significant findings in an Asian population.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 129:1191–1196, 2019
Loss of Microbial Niche Specificity Between the Upper and Lower Airways in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Pletcher Steven D. , Goldberg Andrew N. , Cope Emily K. 
Published: October 2018

Objectives/HypothesisTo determine the relationship between mucosal‐associated sinus and bronchial microbiota in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients compared to non‐CF patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).Study DesignCase series.MethodsWe examined the microbial composition of 52 paired sinus and bronchial brushings from 26 patients with CRS. Paired airway samples from nine subjects with CF were compared with samples from 17 non–CF‐CRS disease control patients. The Illumina MiSeq platform was used to sequence the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Sequences were analyzed using QIIME 1.9.0.ResultsCF patients demonstrate increased severity of sinus inflammation (Lund‐Mackay score 16.3 vs. 12.4, P = .023) and diminished diversity of microbial communities in both the sinuses (Shannon diversity 0.98 vs. 3.3, P = .009) and lungs (Shannon diversity 2.2 vs. 4.0, P = .042) relative to non–CF‐CRS. Non–CF‐CRS sinus and lung microbiota were distinct and clustered by niche (sinus vs. lung, P = .004). However, CF airway microbiota demonstrated a loss of niche specificity (sinus vs. lung, P = .492). Two CF patients underwent lung transplantation at 4.5 and 9 months prior to sampling. Sinus and lung samples from these two patients demonstrated distinct microbial communities.ConclusionsPatients with CF undergoing surgery for CRS exhibit substantial bacterial community collapse in the sinuses and a loss of niche specificity between the upper and lower airways compared to non‐CF patients with CRS. These results extend previous studies elucidating the lower airway microbiome in cystic fibrosis and provide support for the concept of microbial translocation in the cystic fibrosis airways.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 129:544–550, 2019
On a motivic interpretation of primitive, variable and fixed cohomology
Authors: Peters Chris 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIf M is a smooth projective variety whose motive is Kimura finite‐dimensional and for which the standard Lefschetz Conjecture B holds, then the motive of M splits off a primitive motive whose cohomology is the primitive cohomology. Under the same hypotheses on M, let X be a smooth complete intersection of ample divisors within M. Then the motive of X is the sum of a variable and a fixed motive inducing the corresponding splitting in cohomology. I also give variants with group actions.
Systems with strong damping and their spectra
Authors: Jacob Birgit , Tretter Christiane , Trunk Carsten , Vogt Hendrik 
Published: October 2018

We establish a new method for obtaining nonconvex spectral enclosures for operators associated with second‐order differential equations
in a Hilbert space. In particular, we succeed in establishing the existence of a spectral gap, which is the first result of this kind since the seminal results of Krein and Langer for oscillations of damped systems. While the latter and other spectral bounds are confined to dampings D that are symmetric and dominated by A0, we allow for accretive D of equal strength as A0. To achieve these results, we prove new abstract spectral inclusion results that are much more powerful than classical numerical range bounds. Two different applications, small transverse oscillations of a horizontal pipe carrying a steady‐state flow of an ideal incompressible fluid and wave equations with strong (viscoelastic and frictional) damping, illustrate that our new bounds are explicit.
Circularly polarized slot‐coupled square dielectric resonator antenna for WLAN applications
Authors: Kumari Reena , Gangwar Ravi Kumar 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn this article, an off‐centered microstrip line fed square slot‐coupled square dielectric resonator antenna (SDRA) with circular polarization characteristics for WLAN applications is reported. Two orthogonal modes and of SDRA are responsible for realizing the CP mechanism. To generate CP waves, the proposed off‐centered microstrip feedline is intersecting the square ring slot in two successive points for producing a path difference of
λ/4 (quarter‐wavelength) and a phase difference of 90°. The proposed configuration is shown that the measured −10‐dB |S11| and 3‐dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 9.25% and 7.94%, respectively and maximum total gain of 4 dB. The proposed antenna is designed, simulated and tested. Good agreement between measured and simulated results is achieved.
Level‐set topology optimization for robust design of structures under hybrid uncertainties
Authors: Zheng Jing , Luo Zhen , Jiang Chao , Wu Jinglai 
Published: October 2018

SummaryThis paper will develop a new robust topology optimization (RTO) method based on level sets for structures subject to hybrid uncertainties, with a more efficient Karhunen‐Loève hyperbolic Polynomial Chaos–Chebyshev Interval method to conduct the hybrid uncertain analysis. The loadings and material properties are considered hybrid uncertainties in structures. The parameters with sufficient information are regarded as random fields, while the parameters without sufficient information are treated as intervals. The Karhunen‐Loève expansion is applied to discretize random fields into a finite number of random variables, and then, the original hybrid uncertainty analysis is transformed into a new process with random and interval parameters, to which the hyperbolic Polynomial Chaos–Chebyshev Interval is employed for the uncertainty analysis. RTO is formulated to minimize a weighted sum of the mean and standard variance of the structural objective function under the worst‐case scenario. Several numerical examples are employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed RTO, and Monte Carlo simulation is used to validate the numerical accuracy of our proposed method.
Global Profiling of PknG Interactions Using a Human Proteome Microarray Reveals Novel Connections with CypA
Authors: Wu Fan‐Lin , Liu Yin , Zhang Hai‐Nan , Jiang He‐Wei , Cheng Li , Guo Shu‐Juan , Deng Jiao‐Yu , Bi Li‐Jun , Zhang Xian‐En , Gao Hua‐Fang , Tao Sheng‐Ce 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) serine/threonine kinase PknG plays an important role in the Mtb–host interaction by facilitating the survival of Mtb in macrophages. However, the human proteins with which the PknG interacts, and the underlying molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. In this study, a HuProt array is been applied to globally identify the host proteins to which PknG binds. In this way, 125 interactors are discovered, including a cyclophilin protein, CypA. This interaction between PknG and CypA is validated both in vitro and in vivo, and functional studies show that PknG significantly reduces the protein levels of CypA through phosphorylation, which consequently inhibit the inflammatory response through downregulation of NF‐κB and ERK1/2 pathways. Phenotypically, overexpression of PknG reduces cytokine levels and promotes the survival of Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm) in macrophages. Overall, it is expected that the PknG interactors identified in this study will serve as a useful resource for further systematic studies of the roles that PknG plays in the Mtb‐host interactions.
Two optimized models of life prediction based on luminance degradation for VFD under a conventional life test
Authors: Zhang Jianping , Zong Yu , Zhang Xing , Cheng Guoliang , Jin Beiwen 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFocusing on improving the accuracy of existing life prediction models for optoelectronic products, the three‐parameter Weibull right approximation method (TPWRAM) was employed to substitute exponential function based on the least square method in the analysis and two‐staged methods. Two optimized models were established (Model I and Model II), based on maximum likelihood estimation and the Monte Carlo method, respectively. One group of conventional life tests (CLTs) of vacuum fluorescent display (VFD) were conducted to collect luminance degradation data for each sample, and the two optimized models were applied to achieve VFD life prediction and obtain mean time to failure, median life, and confidence intervals. The results indicate that the CLT test design is correct and feasible, the amount of data on luminance degradation is large, and the test data selection method is reasonable. Model I and Model II optimized by TPWRAM both reflect the VFD luminance variation law well, and the predicted life approaches VFD service life from user feedback, proving that the two models are precise, and thus, can provide technical references for researchers and engineers regarding aspects of life prediction.