bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Representations of Knowledge in Complex Systems
Authors: Grenander Ulf , Miller Michael I. 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARY
Modern sensor technologies, especially in biomedicine, produce increasingly detailed and informative image ensembles, many extremely complex. It will be argued that pattern theory can supply mathematical representations of subject-matter knowledge that can be used as a basis for algorithmic ‘understanding’ of such pictures. After a brief survey of the basic principles of pattern theory we shall illustrate them by an application to a concrete situation: high magnification (greater than 15000×) electron micrographs of cardiac muscle cells. The aim is to build algorithms for automatic hypothesis formation concerning the number, location, orientation and shape of mitochondria and membranes. For this we construct a pattern theoretic model in the form of a prior probability measure on the space of configurations describing these hypotheses. This measure is synthesized by solving sequentially a jump–diffusion equation of generalized Langevin form. The jumps occur for the creation–annihilation of hypotheses, corresponding to a jump from one continuum to another in configuration (hypothesis) space. These continua (subhypotheses) are expressed in terms of products of low dimensional Lie groups acting on the generators of a template. We use a modified Bayes approach to obtain the hypothesis formation, also organized by solving a generalized Langevin equation. to justify this it is shown that the resulting jump-diffusion process is ergodic so that the solution converges to the desired probability measure. to speed up the convergence we reduce the computation of the drift term in the stochastic differential equation analytically to a curvilinear integral, with the random term computed almost instantaneously. The algorithms thus obtained are implemented, both for mitochondria and membranes, on a 4000 processor parallel machine. Photographs of the graphics illustrate how automatic hypothesis formation is achieved. This approach is applied to deformable neuroanatomical atlases and tracking recognition from narrow band and high resolution sensor arrays.
Asymptotically Unbiased Estimation in Generalized Linear Models with Random Effects
Authors: Kuk Anthony Y. C. 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARY
Obtaining estimates that are nearly unbiased has proven to be difficult when random effects are incorporated into a generalized linear model. In this paper, we propose a general method of adjusting any conveniently defined initial estimates to result in estimates which are asymptotically unbiased and consistent. The method is motivated by iterative bias correction and can be applied in principle to any parametric model. A simulation-based approach of implementing the method is described and the relationship of the method proposed with other sampling-based methods is discussed. Results from a small scale simulation study show that the method proposed can lead to estimates which are nearly unbiased even for the variance components while the standard errors are only slightly inflated. A new analysis of the famous salamander mating data is described which reveals previously undetected between-animal variation among the male salamanders and results in better prediction of mating outcomes.
Semiparametric Efficient Estimation of a Conditional Density with Missing or Mismeasured Covariates
Authors: Robins James M. , Hsieh Fushing , Newey Whitney 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARY
Pepe and Fleming, and Carroll and Wand have recently proposed estimators in a parametric model for the density of a random variable Y conditional on a vector of covariates (X, V) when data on one of the regressors X is missing for some study subjects. We propose a new class of estimators that remains consistent and asymptotically normal even when the probability that X is missing depends on the observed V and Y, includes an estimator whose asymptotic variance attains the semiparametric variance bound for the model and, when the data are missing completely at random, includes an estimator that is asymptotically equivalent to the inefficient estimators proposed by Pepe and Fleming and by Carroll and Wand. The optimal estimator in our class depends on the unknown probability law generating the data. When the vector V of non-missing regressors has at most two continuous components, we propose an adaptive semiparametric efficient estimator and compare the performance of the proposed semiparametric efficient estimator with the estimators proposed by Pepe and Fleming and Carroll and Wand in a small simulation study. When V has many continuous components, we propose an alternative class of adaptive estimators that should have high efficiency.
Sequential Changepoint Detection in Quality Control and Dynamical Systems
Authors: Lai Tze Leung 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARY
After a brief survey of a large variety of sequential detection procedures that are widely scattered in statistical references on quality control and engineering references on fault detection and signal processing, we study some open problems concerning these procedures and introduce a unified theory of sequential changepoint detection. This theory leads to a class of sequential detection rules which are not too demanding in computational and memory requirements for on-line implementation and yet are nearly optimal under several performance criteria.
Regression Models for Longitudinal Binary Responses with Informative Drop-Outs
Authors: Fitzmaurice Garrett M. , Molenberghs Geert , Lipsitz Stuart R. 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARY
This paper reviews both likelihood-based and non-likelihood (generalized estimating equations) regression models for longitudinal binary responses when there are drop-outs. Throughout, it is assumed that the regression parameters for the marginal expectations of the binary responses are of primary scientific interest. The association or time dependence between the responses is largely regarded as a nuisance characteristic of the data. The performance of the methods is compared, in terms of asymptotic bias, under mis-specification of the association between the responses and the missing data mechanism or drop-out process.
Equivalence with Respect to a Control: Stepwise Tests
Authors: Bofinger Eve , Bofinger Mark 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARY
The problem of selecting those treatments which are equivalent (or bioequivalent) to a control treatment is investigated by using single-step, step-down and step-up multiple-testing procedures. For each of the tests considered the null hypothesis is that of non-equivalence and the hypotheses are rejected in either a single step or a stepwise fashion while controlling the family wise error rate. The single-step procedure is based on ‘expanded’ confidence intervals, as discussed by Bofinger, the step-down procedure is based on the method of Naik and the step-up procedure on the method of Dunnett and Tamhane. Almost all the critical constants used in the procedures are based on tables already published.
On the Comparison of Multinomial and Poisson Log-Linear Models
Authors: Lang Joseph B. 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARY
We introduce a method for comparing multinomial and Poisson log-linear models which affords an explicit description of their equivalences and differences. The method involves specifying the model in terms of constraint equations, rather than the more common freedom equations. The Poisson and multinomial large sample distributions of log-linear model parameter estimators are derived and compared within this constraint equation context; reparameterizations are thereby avoided. As a by-product, the method provides the practitioner with the adjustment that is necessary to make valid inferences about all multinomial log-linear parameters when, as a matter of convenience, the Poisson log-linear model is fitted. This implies that valid large sample inferences about the multinomial cell probabilities can be made directly by using the Poisson log-linear model. to illustrate the utility of this approach, several examples are considered.
Quasi-Likelihood and Generalizing the Em Algorithm
Authors: Heyde C. C. , Morton R. 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARY
This paper is concerned with situations in which there are missing or otherwise incomplete data and the full likelihood may not be available. Extensions of the EM algorithm are developed to deal with estimation via general estimating functions and in particular the quasi-score. The E-step is replaced by projecting the quasi-score and the M-step requires the solution of an estimating equation. The standard EM algorithm can be obtained as a particular case if the likelihood is available.
Pseudosplines
Authors: Hastie Trevor 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARY
We describe a method for constructing a family of low rank, penalized scatterplot smoothers. These pseudosplines have shrinking behaviour that is similar to that of smoothing splines. They require two ingredients: A basis and a penalty sequence. The smoother is then computed by a generalized ridge regression. The family can be used to approximate existing high rank smoothers in terms of their dominant eigenvectors. Our motivating example uses linear combinations of orthogonal polynomials to approximate smoothing splines, where the linear combination and the penalty sequence depend on the particular instance of the smoother being approximated. As a leading application, we demonstrate the use of these pseudosplines in additive model computations. Additive models are typically fitted by an iterative smoothing algorithm, and any features other than the fit itself are difficult to compute. These include standard error curves, degrees of freedom, generalized cross-validation and influence diagnostics. By using a low rank pseudospline approximation for each of the smoothers involved, the entire additive fit can be approximated by a corresponding low rank approximation. This can be computed exactly and efficiently, and opens the door to a variety of computations that were not feasible before.
An Approach to Bayesian Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Weiss Robert 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARY
This paper describes an approach to Bayesian sensitivity analysis that uses an influence statistic and an outlier statistic to assess the sensitivity of a model to perturbations. The basic outlier statistic is a Bayes factor, whereas the influence statistic depends strongly on the purpose of the analysis. The task of influence analysis is aided by having an interpretable influence statistic. Two alternative divergences, an L 1-distance and a χ2-divergence, are proposed and shown to be interpretable. The Bayes factor and the proposed influence measures are shown to be summaries of the posterior of a perturbation function.
Modeling the effects of corn and wheat resistant starch on texture properties and quality of resistant starch‐enrichment dough and biscuit
Authors: Pourmohammadi Kiana , Abedi Elahe , Farahmandi Shabnam , Mahmoudi Mohammad Reza , Hashemi Seyed Mohammad Bagher , Torri Luisa 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis work aimed to develop innovative dietary fiber‐enriched biscuits using resistant starch (RS Type III) from corn (CRS) and wheat (WRS) as wheat‐flour replacers at several ratios (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%). The effect of replacement on the physicochemical properties of dough and biscuits (moisture content, protein, amylose, resistant starch, specific volume), and their color, textural properties, microstructure, and sensory acceptability was investigated. The potential of multiple linear regression (MLR) to predict dough and biscuit properties was also assessed. Results showed that total resistant starch content was higher in biscuits containing WRS than in CRS samples, and that the chemical properties of flour had an important role in the formation of resistant starch after baking. Moisture content, protein, density, and textural characteristics reduced on increasing the resistant starch levels in both CRS and WRS samples compared with the control, while the sensory acceptability improved. Results also showed that MLR was suitable for modeling the response variables and predicting the effect of moisture and RS (before and after baking) content on texture, color, and overall liking of biscuits.Practical applicationsIndustries and researchers have long investigated the manufacture of dietary biscuits with low sugar content and no unfavorable aftertaste. Replacement of sugar with other sweeteners would lead to a vast effect on the sensory and structural properties of biscuits. Due to high starch content in flour, and starch hydrolysis into glucose in the human body, replacement of sugar with sugar replacers would not lead to a dietary product. Therefore, one of the suitable techniques for making biscuits with the most favorable dietary properties is the replacement of flour with resistant starch. The results of this study will be used to evaluate production methods of dietary fiber‐enriched biscuits using resistant starch.
Development and evaluation of calcium hydroxide‐coated, pericardium‐based biomembranes for direct pulp capping
Authors: Klein‐Júnior Celso A. , Reston Eduardo , Plepis Ana M. , Martins Virginia C. , Pötter Isabel C. , Lundy Fionnuala , Hentschke Guilherme S. , Hentschke Vítor S. , Karim Ikhlas El 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAimThe aim of the present study was to develop a bovine pericardium biomembrane (BPB) and to evaluate pulp response in vivo.MethodsA double‐layer bovine BPB/chitosan was manufactured, and the porous chitosan side was coated with calcium hydroxide. The microstructure of the matrices was evaluated with electron microscopy. To test pulp response, cavities were prepared on the occlusal surface of Wistar rats’ mandibular left first molars and capped with matrices, followed by appropriate adhesives/composite restorations. The animals were divided into three groups: group 1, calcium hydroxide alone; group 2, BPB without calcium hydroxide; and group 3, BPB coated with calcium hydroxide. Specimens were processed and histologically evaluated at 7, 14, and 30 days, postoperatively.ResultsElectron microscopy showed porous chitosan surface and a cohesive calcium hydroxide layer. Histological analysis showed that groups 1 and 3 had mild odontoblast layer disorganization, but normal pulp tissue appearance at 7, 14, and 30 days. At the same time points, group 2 showed a loss of general pulp tissue, pulp necrosis, and periapical abscess in some teeth.ConclusionCoated bovine pericardium‐based biomembranes resulted in favorable outcomes in cases of pulp exposure after a 30‐day observation period, and might protect against injuries caused by adhesive systems and composites.
Support for Tough Immigration Policy: Identity Defense or Concern for Law and Order?
Authors: Mukherjee Sahana , Adams Glenn , Molina Ludwin E. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAcross two studies, U.S. participants read a fictional transcript of a law enforcement officer who observed a speeding infraction and made a discretionary traffic stop. The car carried occupants who displayed either high or low fit with Anglocentric constructions of U.S. identity and were of presumptive Mexican (Studies 1 and 2), Canadian (Study 1), or Irish (Study 2) origin. The officer decided over the course of the traffic stop that the occupants’ behavior aroused “reasonable suspicion” about documentation status, so he asked them to produce identification documents and detained them when they failed to do so. Participants indicated their suspicion about occupants’ documentation status and rated the appropriateness of law enforcement actions. Results indicate effects of origin across both studies for all outcomes: participants considered occupants of Mexican origin (vs. Canadian or Irish) as more suspicious, and rated law enforcement actions related to traffic and immigration violations as more appropriate when the interaction involved occupants of Mexican origin (vs. Canadian or Irish). Results indicate effects of fit across both studies for all outcomes: participants considered occupants who showed low‐fit (vs. high‐fit) as more suspicious, and rated law enforcement actions related to traffic and immigration violations as more appropriate when occupants showed low‐fit (vs. high‐fit). Discussion focuses on how participant support for punitive anti‐immigration measures is less about neutral enforcement of law than about racialized exclusion to defend an Anglocentric construction of U.S. identity.
Salvianolic acid B inhibits the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy by suppressing autophagy and apoptosis
Authors: Wang Qian-qian , Zhai Cui , Wahafu Alafate , Zhu Yan-ting , Liu Yong-hui , Sun Lian-qing 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of SalB on high glucose (HG)-induced excessive autophagy and apoptosis in vitro.

Methods
The proliferation and apoptosis of RSC96 cells were determined using the MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Western blot analysis was performed to examine the expression of autophagy and apoptosis-related proteins. RT-PCR and flow cytometry were manipulated to examine the level of Bcl-2. The signals of autophagy markers were detected using immunofluorescence methods.

Key findings
We found that HG significantly reduced RSC96 cell's proliferation and induced apoptosis. What's more, HG increased the level of autophagy and apoptosis-related proteins. However, these effects were reversed by SalB. In addition, we also found that 3-MA decreased the expression of LC3A/B and Beclin1, while the JNK inhibitor SP600125 reduced the levels of phosphorylated JNK, LC3A/B and Beclin1.

Conclusions
High glucose not only induced apoptosis but also caused autophagic cell death by activating the JNK pathway. These effects prevented by SalB in an opposite manner.
Effects of Carvacrol, Thymol and essential oils containing such monoterpenes on wound healing: a systematic review
Authors: Costa Michelle Fonseca , Durço Aimée Obolari , Rabelo Thallita Kelly , Barreto Rosana de Souza Siqueira , Guimarães Adriana Gibara 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Objectives
The treatment of wounds accounts for a considerable fraction of health expenses as well as serious socioeconomic problems. The use of natural substances stands out as a source of new therapeutic discoveries for the wound healing. Thus, this review compiled scientific findings on the applicability of carvacrol and thymol, or essential oils containing at least one of these compounds, for the treatment of wounds.

Methods
This review was performed at PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science databases using keywords as wound healing, thymol/carvacrol and essential oils. Thirteen studies were selected for discussion.

Key findings
Thymol/carvacrol was able to act in the three phases of wound healing. In the first phase, they showed modulatory effect of the inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and antimicrobial power. In the second phase, they promoted re-epithelialization, angiogenesis and development of granulation tissue. Finally, in the third phase, they improve the collagen deposition and modulated the growth of fibroblasts and keratinocytes.

Conclusions
These compounds present a high potential for the development of new therapeutic for wound repair. However, dose, efficacy and safety of these compounds for the treatment of wounds, as well as the mechanisms by which those effects can be observed, are challenges for future studies.
Gene expression is more strongly associated with behavioural specialization than with age or fertility in ant workers
Authors: Kohlmeier Philip , Alleman Austin R. , Libbrecht Romain , Foitzik Susanne , Feldmeyer Barbara 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe ecological success of social insects is based on division of labour, not only between queens and workers, but also among workers. Whether a worker tends the brood or forages is influenced by age, fertility and nutritional status, with brood carers being younger, more fecund and more corpulent. Here, we experimentally disentangle behavioural specialization from age and fertility in Temnothorax longispinosus ant workers and analyse how these parameters are linked to whole‐body gene expression. A total of 3,644 genes were associated with behavioural specialization which is ten times more than associated with age and 50 times more than associated with fertility. Brood carers were characterized by an upregulation of three Vitellogenin (Vg) genes, one of which, Vg‐like A, was the most differentially expressed gene that was recently shown experimentally to control the switch from brood to worker care. The expression of Conventional Vg was unlinked to behavioural specialization, age or fertility, which contrasts to studies on bees and some ants. Diversity in Vg/Vg‐like copy number and expression bias across ants supports subfunctionalization of Vg genes and indicates that some regulatory mechanisms of division of labour diverged in different ant lineages. Simulations revealed that our experimental dissociation of co‐varying factors reduced transcriptomic noise, suggesting that confounding factors could potentially explain inconsistencies across transcriptomic studies of behavioural specialization in ants. Thus, our study reveals that worker gene expression is mainly linked to the worker's function for the colony and provides novel insights into the evolution of sociality in ants.
Snap shot view on anaemia in chronic kidney disease of uncertain aetiology
Authors: Fernando Warnakulasuriya B. N. T. , Hettiarachchi Thilini W , Sudeshika Thilini , Badurdeen Zeid , Abeysundara Hemalika , Ranasinghe Shirani , Rathnayake Manel P , Nanayakkara Nishantha 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTAimAnaemia is a well‐known complication of chronic kidney disease but there are no published studies on the pattern of anaemia in chronic kidney disease of uncertain aetiology (CKDu). This study aims to find out the prevalence, causes and associations of anaemia in CKDu to identify any unique features which are different from already described anaemia in chronic kidney disease.MethodAll (119) biopsy‐confirmed CKDu patients in two endemic clinics (Girandurukotte and Wilgamuwa) were selected as cases. Blood samples (10 mL) were collected from the peripheral veins into Potassium‐Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (K‐EDTA) tubes, plain tubes and Na‐citrated tubes. Serum was separated immediately by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 10 min. Spot urine samples were collected into empty, sterile, polypropylene urine containers. All analyses were performed in IBM spss statistics version 23 (IBM Corp, Armonk, New York).ResultsThe overall prevalence of anaemia in 119 non‐dialysis CKDu patients was 72.3% with the highest prevalence seen in females compared to males (P < 0.001). The prevalence of anaemia in CKDu patients with progression to renal failure was 66.7% – stage 1, 60% – stage 2, 50% – stage 3a, 95% – stage 3b, 79.2% – stage 4 and 100% – stage 5 (P = 0.005). Of CKDu patients, 44.3% had anaemia of chronic disease with iron deficiency. CKDu patients with anaemia had a high inflammatory score were seen in both early and late stages of CKDu. There were a similar proportion of patients with both early and late CKDu having unexplained anaemia.ConclusionThe current study showed a significant association of anaemia with disease severity among CKDu patients. Iron deficiency is a crucial aetiology factor of anaemia in CKDu and inflammation likely to effects adversely on anaemia of CKDu.