bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of a Modified In-House HIV-1 Avidity Assay among a Cohort of Newly Diagnosed HIV-1 Infected Individuals and the Effect of ART on the Maturation of HIV-1 Specific Antibodies
Authors: Alex Diviya , Raj Williams Tennison Inba , Sachithanandham Jaiprasath , Prasannakumar Swaminathan , Demosthenes John Paul , Ramalingam Veena Vadhini , Victor Punitha John , Rupali Priscilla , Fletcher Gnanadurai John , Kannangai Rajesh 
Published: July 2019

Background:Viral kinetics impact humoral immune response to HIV; antibody avidity testing helps distinguish recent (<6 months) and long-term HIV infection. This study aims to determine the frequency of recent HIV-1 infection among clients attending ICTC (Integrated Counselling and Testing Centre) using a commercial EIA, to correlate it with a modified in-house avidity assay and to study the impact of ART on anti-HIV-1 antibody maturation.Method:Commercial LAg Avidity EIA was used to detect antibody avidity among 117 treatment naïve HIV-1 infected individuals. A second-generation HIV ELISA was modified for in-house antibody avidity testing and cutoff was set based on Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. Archived paired samples from 25 HIV-1 infected individuals before ART and after successful ART; samples from 7 individuals responding to ART and during virological failure were also tested by LAg Avidity EIA.Results:Six individuals (5.1%) were identified as recently infected by a combination of LAg avidity assay and HIV-1 viral load testing. The modified in-house avidity assay demonstrated sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 98.2%, respectively, at AI=0.69 by ROC analysis. Median ODn values of individuals when responding to ART were significantly lower than pre-ART [4.136 (IQR 3.437– 4.827) vs 4.455 (IQR 3.748–5.120), p=0.006] whereas ODn values were higher during virological failure [4.260 (IQR 3.665 – 4.515) vs 2.868 (IQR 2.247 – 3.921), p=0.16].Conclusion:This modified in-house antibody avidity assay is an inexpensive method to detect recent HIV-1 infection. ART demonstrated significant effect on HIV-1 antibody avidity owing to changes in viral kinetics.
Hafnium(IV) Chloride Catalyzes Highly Efficient Acetalization of Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Bonilla-Landa Israel , López-Hernández Emizael , Barrera-Méndez Felipe , Salas Nadia C. , Olivares-Romero José L. 
Published: July 2019

Background:
Hafnium(IV) tetrachloride efficiently catalyzes the protection of a variety of
aldehydes and ketones, including benzophenone, acetophenone, and cyclohexanone, to the corresponding
dimethyl acetals and 1,3-dioxolanes, under microwave heating. Substrates possessing acid-labile protecting
groups (TBDPS and Boc) chemoselectively generated the corresponding acetal/ketal in excellent yields.

Aim and Objective:
In this study. the selective protection of aldehydes and ketones using a Hafnium(IV)
chloride, which is a novel catalyst, under microwave heating was observed. Hence, it is imperative to find
suitable conditions to promote the protection reaction in high yields and short reaction times. This study was
undertaken not only to find a novel catalyst but also to perform the reaction with substrates bearing acid-labile
protecting groups, and study the more challenging ketones as benzophenone.

Materials and Methods:
Using a microwave synthesis reactor Monowave 400 of Anton Paar, the protection
reaction was performed on a raging temperature of 100°C ±1, a pressure of 2.9 bar, and an electric power of 50
W. More than 40 substrates have been screened and protected, not only the aldehydes were protected in high
yields but also the more challenging ketones such as benzophenone were protected. All the products were
purified by simple flash column chromatography, using silica gel and hexanes/ethyl acetate (90:10) as eluents.
Finally, the protected substrates were characterized by NMR 1H, 13C and APCI-HRMS-QTOF.

Results:
Preliminary screening allowed us to find that 5 mol % of the catalyst is enough to furnish the
protected aldehyde or ketone in up to 99% yield. Also it was found that substrates with a variety of
substitutions on the aromatic ring (aldehyde or ketone), that include electron-withdrawing and electrondonating
group, can be protected using this methodology in high yields. The more challenging cyclic ketones
were also protected in up to 86% yield. It was found that trimethyl orthoformate is a very good additive to
obtain the protected acetophenone. Finally, the protection of aldehydes with sensitive functional groups was
performed. Indeed, it was found that substrates bearing acid labile groups such as Boc and TBDPS,
chemoselectively generated the corresponding acetal/ketal compound while keeping the protective groups
intact in up to 73% yield.

Conclusion:
Hafnium(IV) chloride as a catalyst provides a simple, highly efficient, and general chemoselective
methodology for the protection of a variety of structurally diverse aldehydes and ketones. The major
advantages offered by this method are: high yields, low catalyst loading, air-stability, and non-toxicity.
Synthesis and Antitrypanosomal Profile of Novel Hydrazonoyl Derivatives
Authors: Santiago Natália N. , de Alcântara Giulianna P. , da Costa Juliana S. , Carvalho Samir A. , Barbosa Juliana M.C. , Salomão Kelly , de Castro Solange L. , Pereira Henrique M.G. , da Silva Edson F. 
Published: July 2019

Background:
Approximately, 5-7 million people are infected with T. cruzi in the world,
and approximately 10,000 people per year die of complications linked to this disease.

Method:
This work describes the construction of a new family of hidrazonoyl substituted derivatives,
structurally designed exploring the molecular hybridization between megazol and nitrofurazone.

Results and Discussion:
The compounds were evaluated for their in vitro activity against bloodstream
trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, etiological agent of Chagas disease, and for their
potential toxicity to mammalian cells.

Conclusion:
Among these hydrazonoyl derivatives, we identified the derivative (4) that showed
trypanocidal activity (IC50/24 h = 15.0 µM) similar to Bz, the standard drug, and low toxicity to
mammalian cells, reaching an SI value of 18.7.
Determination of Pyridostigmine Bromide in Presence of its Related Impurities by Four Modified Classical Least Square Based Models: A Comparative Study
Authors: Naguib Ibrahim A. , Abdallah Fatma F. , Emam Aml A. , Abdelaleem Eglal A. 
Published: July 2019

:
Quantitative determination of pyridostigmine bromide in the presence of its two related substances;
impurity A and impurity B was considered as a case study to construct the comparison.

Introduction:
Novel manipulations of the well-known classical least squares multivariate
calibration model were explained in detail as a comparative analytical study in this research work. In
addition to the application of plain classical least squares model, two preprocessing steps were tried,
where prior to modeling with classical least squares, first derivatization and orthogonal projection to
latent structures were applied to produce two novel manipulations of the classical least square-based
model. Moreover, spectral residual augmented classical least squares model is included in the present
comparative study.

Methods:
3 factor 4 level design was implemented constructing a training set of 16 mixtures with different
concentrations of the studied components. To investigate the predictive ability of the studied models;
a test set consisting of 9 mixtures was constructed.

Results:
The key performance indicator of this comparative study was the root mean square error of
prediction for the independent test set mixtures, where it was found 1.367 when classical least squares
applied with no preprocessing method, 1.352 when first derivative data was implemented, 0.2100 when
orthogonal projection to latent structures preprocessing method was applied and 0.2747 when spectral
residual augmented classical least squares was performed.

Conclusion:
Coupling of classical least squares model with orthogonal projection to latent structures
preprocessing method produced significant improvement of the predictive ability of it.
Ultrafiltration-based Extraction and LC-MS/MS Quantification of Phenylalanine in Human Blood Sample for Metabolite Target Analysis
Authors: Çelebier Mustafa , Reçber Tuba , Nemutlu Emirhan , Kır Sedef 
Published: July 2019

Background:
Phenylalanine is a significant biomarker for various diseases like phenylketonuria,
gastric cancers, and ischemic stroke according to recent studies.

Methods:
In the present study; a simple, sensitive, selective and novel analytical method was validated
by using an ultrafiltration-based extraction and LC-MS/MS quantification of phenylalanine in human
plasma using 13C phenylalanine heavy isotope. Amicon® Ultra Centrifugal Filter was used for ultrafiltration.
Parameters affecting LC separation and MS/MS detection were investigated and optimized.
Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC (100x4.6 mm, 5 μm) at a
column temperature of 40°C using a mobile phase of mixture of acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic
acid and water containing 0.1% formic acid (50:50 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.35 mL/min. The transitions
m/z 167→121 for 13C phenylalanine, m/z 166→120 for phenylalanine itself were monitored using the
MRM mode.

Result:
The assay was linear concentration range of 0.0025 μg/mL to 1.20 μg/mL (R2=0.999). The developed
method was validated according to FDA guidelines. The method was found linear, sensitive,
precise, accurate, and selective.
Effect of Contamination, Damage and Barriers on the Light Output of Light-Curing Units
Authors: Suliman Abdulhaq A. , Abdo Ahmad A. , Elmasmari Hussein A. 
Published: July 2019

Background:
Light-curing is a crucial step during the application of composite resin restorations. The clinical success of composite depends on the Light-Curing Units (LCU) to deliver adequate light energy to polymerize the resin. However, light-curing usually does not receive the proper awareness it deserves.

Objective:
This study aims to evaluate the effect of contamination and debris of the LCU’s tip on its light output. Determine the effect of damage to the LCU’s tip such as chipping, dents and scratches. Additionally, it evaluates the effect of plastic barrier sleeves.

Methods:
Sixty LED LCUs were tested using MARC™ Resin Calibrator (BlueLight Analytic Inc., Halifax, Canada) to measure their irradiance and energy before and after cleaning their tips. They were also tested with and without a clear plastic barrier. Additionally, four damaged LCUs received new tips and were tested again. Kruskal-Wallis H and One-Way ANOVA tests were used for statistical analysis.

Results:
Cleaning the LCUs’ tips showed significant improvement, an average increase of 8.2%. However, some units increased by up to 47% in irradiance and energy values. Replacing the damaged tip with a new one significantly improved the output of the LCUs, increasing light energy by up to 73%. The barrier used in this study caused 7% reduction in the energy delivered by the LCUs. The statistical analysis showed that cleaning the LCUs and replacing their damaged tips resulted in a significant increase in energy (p<0.05).

Conclusion:
Unclean or damaged LCUs’ tips can drastically reduce the light output of the LCUs, reducing the quality of the composite restorations. Clinicians are strongly recommended to regularly monitor, clean and maintain their curing lights.
Immunosuppressive Effect of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells is Enhanced by IL-1α from Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Morimoto-Ito Hiroe , Mizuno-Kamiya Masako , Umemura Naoki , Inagaki Yoshinori , Takayama Eiji , Kawaki Harumi , Muramatsu Yasunori , Sumitomo Shinichiro , Kondoh Nobuo 
Published: July 2019

Background:
We have already reported that mouse Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cells (OSCCs) Sq-1979 specifically enhance the immunosuppressive activity of mesenchymal 10T1/2 cells via the functional soluble factor (s).

Objective:
In this report, we attempted to identify soluble factor(s) mediating the immunosuppression of Sq-1979 cells.

Methods:
L5-11 cells are a variant established from the metastatic lymph nodes of Sq-1979-implanted mice. Unlike parental Sq-1979 cells, however, L5-11 cells lack promotion of immunosuppressive activity in 10T1/2 cells. In order to identify cytokine mRNAs specifically expressed in Sq-1979 cells but not in L5-11 cells, cDNA microarray was performed. Conditioned medium from Sq-1979 cells (CM) was absorbed by several different neutralizing antibodies (abs) against the corresponding cytokines. The absorbed CM was then co-cultured with 10T1/2 cells and anti-CD3 antibody-stimulated mouse spleen cells. The Interferon (IFN) -γ producing capability of the stimulated spleen cells was evaluated using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). By using a specific cytokine product instead of CM in this co-culture system the source of the immunosuppressive effect was identified.

Results:
The expression of Ccl2, Ccl7, Il1-α, IL1f6 and Il6 mRNAs was specifically elevated in Sq-1979 cells compared to L5-11 cells. The suppression of the IFN-γ producing capability of stimulated spleen cells in the co-culture system was specifically alleviated by absorbing the CM with anti-IL-1α ab. We further demonstrated that the immunosuppressive effect of CM in the co-culture system could be completely substituted by IL-1α protein (50 pmol/ ml).

Conclusion:
The immunosuppressive function of 10T1/2 cells is specifically promoted by IL-1α, secreted by Sq-1979 cells.
Dynamic Consolidation of Virtual Machine: A Survey of Challenges for Resource Optimization in Cloud Computing
Authors: Kani A.M. Serma , Paulraj D. 
Published: July 2019

Background::
Virtualization is an efficient technology that accelerates available data center to
support efficient workload for the application. It completely based on guest operating system which keeps
track of infrastructure that keeps track of real time usage of hardware and utilization of software.

Objective::
To address the issues with Virtualization this paper analyzed various virtualization terminology
for treating best effective way to reduce IT expenses while boosting efficiency and deployment
for all levels of businesses.

Methods:
This paper discusses about the scenarios where various challenges met by Dynamic VM
consolidation. Dynamic conclusion of virtual machines has the ability to increase the consumption
of physical setup and focus on reducing power utilization with VM movement for stipulated period.
Gathering the needs of all VM working in the application, adjusting the Virtual machine and suitably
fit the virtual resource on a physical machine. Profiling and scheduling the virtual CPU to another
Physical resource. This can be increased by making live migration with regards to planned schedule
of virtual machine allotment.

Results::
The recent trends followed in comprehending dynamic VM consolidation is applicable either
in heuristic-based techniques which has further approaches based on static as well as adaptive
utilization threshold. SLA with unit of time with variant HOST adoption (SLATAH) which is dependent
on CPU utilization threshold with 100% for active host.

Conclusion::
The cloud provider decision upon choosing the virtual machine for their application also
varies with their decision support system that considers data storage and other parameters. It is
being compared for the continuous workload distribution as well as eventually compared with
changing demands of computation and in various optimization VM placement strategies.
The Effect of Proteinuria on Antinuclear Antibody Assay Results in Patients with Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Sarfaraz Sabahat , Anis Sabiha , Ahmed Ejaz , Muzaffar Rana 
Published: July 2019

Background:Glomerulonephritis mostly results from dysregulated immune system. Impaired immune mechanisms can be primary or secondary to an autoimmune disorder. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are hallmark of autoimmunity and are frequently present at high titer (≥ 1: 160). ANA are characterized via anti-double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) and antiextractable nuclear antigen (ENA) antibodies for the identification of underlying autoimmune disease. Heavy proteinuria can affect assessment of autoantibodies hence special attention is required for the definitive diagnosis in such cases.Objective:Our aim was to determine impact of heavy proteinuria on ANA titer, anti-dsDNA and anti-ENA antibodies in glomerulonephritis patients.Methods:150 glomerulonephritis patients were enrolled in this study. All had antinuclear antibodies, samples were tested for anti-dsDNA and anti-ENA. ANA titer of ≥1:160 was taken significant. Proteinuria was assessed by spot protein/creatinine ratio. Data was analyzed using SPSS software version. 20Results:Heavy proteinuria was present in 119(79%) patients. Low ANA titer(≤1:80) was present in 37(25%) patients. Of 33 patients with heavy proteinuria and low ANA titer, ANA was characterized in 11 patients. These include anti-dsDNA(two), anti-SSA(four), anti-Sm (one), antihistones( one), anti-RNP(two), anti-Pm-Scl(one) and anti-ribosomal P protein (two).There was no significant difference in the prevalence of various autoantibodies in patients with high or low ANA titer with heavy proteinuria.Conclusion:This study highlights the importance of low ANA titer in glomerulonephritis patients in the setting of heavy proteinuria. Significant protein loss may alter actual titer of autoantibodies. Hence in this scenario clinically correlation along with ANA characterization via specific autoantibodies is required for adequate patient management.
Designed of Automatic Egg Incubator Based on Atmega328p Microcontroller
Authors: Fauzi Fauzi 
Published: July 2019

Telah berhasil dilakukan sebuah perancangan ruangan penetas telur otomatis dengan memanfaatkan sensor DHT-11 yang berbasis mikrokontroler ATMega328p. Sistem ini dirancang sehingga suhu dan kelembaban ruangan pentetas tersebut dapat diatur secara otomatis. Otomatisasi pengontrolan sistem ini cukup kompleks dan membutuhkan berbagai komponen terintegrasi dengan kemampuan pembacaan masukan, pemrosesan data dan pengontrolan keluaran secara bersamaan dan terprogram. Sistem ini nantinya akan diaplikasikan untuk keperluan industri peternakan unggas. Penelitian ini berguna bagi peternak untuk melakukan proses pengontrolan penetasan dimana suhu dan kelembaban ruangan penetas secara otomatis akan diatur suhu dan kelembaban dengan sendirinya sehingga memudahkan peternak sebab tidak memerlukan pengamatan khusus terhadap suhu ruang dan kelembabannya. Sistem utama pada mesin penetas telur otomatis ini adalah sensor DHT-11 untuk mendapatkan nilai suhu dan kelembabannya dan data dari sensor tersebut akan diproses oleh sebuah mikrokontroler lalu ditampilkan nilainya pada LCD. Ketika suhu terlalu tinggi, maka kipas akan menyala dan lampu akan mati, sedangkan jika suhu lebih rendah dari set point maka lampu menyala kembali dan kipas akan mati. An automatic egg hatching room has been successfully designed by using the DHT-11 sensor based on the ATMega328p microcontroller. The system is designed so that the temperature and humidity of the plant room can be adjusted automatically. Automation of controlling this system is quite complex and requires various integrated components with the ability to read input, data processing and controlling output simultaneously and programmed. The system will later be applied to the needs of the poultry farming industry. This research is useful for farmers to carry out the hatching control process where the temperature and humidity of the incubator will automatically be regulated by temperature and humidity by itself so as to make it easier for farmers because it does not require special observations on the room temperature and humidity. The main system in this automatic egg incubator is the DHT-11 sensor to get the value of temperature and humidity and the data from the sensor will be processed by a microcontroller and displayed on the LCD. When the temperature is too high, the fan will turn on and the light will turn off, whereas if the temperature is lower than the set point, the light will turn on again and the fan will turn off. Keywords: ATMega328p, Sensor suhu, Adruino Uno, PentetasTelur.
Participatory budgeting in Portugal: development prospects
Authors: Gavrilova N. V. 
Published: July 2019

Introduction. The relevance of the study is caused by the spread of participatory budgeting practices in Russia and abroad. In 2017 the joint project ‘Development of initiative budgeting in the Russian Federation’ of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and the World Bank has been launched. More than 50 Russian regions are involved in this project today. In March 2018 the need to develop citizen engagement was reflected in state program of the Russian Finance Ministry ‘Public Finance Management and Regulation of Financial Markets’. Since citizen participation in the budget process is still new, scholars and practitioners take interest in foreign experience, in particular, in the mechanisms used in European countries. Portugal is of a particular interest because the only nationwide practice of participatory budgeting is being implemented there.Materials and methods. The article is based on the comparative historical analysis and case-study method. Academic articles, thematic books and monographs, official websites of the state and local authorities of Portugal, specialized online-participation portals, reports of foreign experts at the Moscow Financial Forum 2018 were involved as sources. The author also relied on oral information received from the representatives of the Branding and Communication Department of Lisbon during an in-person meeting at the City Hall in June, 2018.Results. The historical and political context of the development of modern mechanisms of direct democracy in Portugal was identified. The nationwide program, national programs of school and youth participatory budgeting are analyzed. The specificity of the projects, the target audience and the results within each of the directions are described. Special attention is paid to the city of Lisbon, in which several crowdsourcing and participatory practices are implemented.Discussion and conclusions. The most original approaches that are interesting from the point of view of the procedures used for engaging citizens or specifics of local issues that are presented for discussion in the framework of participatory practices are identified.
PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN, HUBUNGAN KERJA DAN LINGKUNGAN KERJA FISIK TERHADAP DISIPLIN KERJA KARYAWAN
Authors: Sugiantara I Wayan , Ardana I Komang 
Published: July 2019

Business competition in the field of tourism accommodation causes corporate leaders and employees, especially lodging places, are required to always act professionally. The purpose of this study are (1) to determine the leadership style, work relationship and physical work environment simultaneously have a significant effect on employee work discipline, (2) to know the leadership style, work relationship and physical work environment partially have a significant effect on employee work discipline , (3) to find out the leadership style, work relationship and physical work environment dominantly have a significant influence on employee work discipline. This research was conducted in Alam Kulkul Boutique Resort Kuta-Bali which is engaged in tourism accommodation using census method (total sampling) in determining a sample of 65 respondents, through multiple linear regression analysis techniques. The results of the analysis prove that leadership, work relationships and physical work environment simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on employee work discipline. Leadership, work relations and physical work environment partially have a positive and significant effect on employee work discipline. The work environment has a dominant and significant positive effect on employee work discipline.
Keywords: leadership, work relationships, physical work environment and work discipline