bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep Shaft High Rate Aerobic Digestion: Laboratory and Pilot Plant Performance
Authors: Tran F. , Gannon D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Deep Shaft process, originating from ICI Ltd. in the U.K., has been further developed by C-I-L Inc., Eco-Technology Division into an extremely energy efficient, high rate biological treatment process for industrial and municipal wastewaters. The Deep Shaft is essentially an air-lift reactor, sunk deep in the ground (100 - 160 m): the resulting high hydrostatic pressure together with very efficient mixing in the shaft provide extremely high oxygen transfer efficiencies (O.T.E.) of up to 90% vs 4 to 20% in other aerators. This high O.T.E. suggests real potential for Deep Shaft technology in the aerobic digestion of sludges and animal wastes: with conventional aerobic digesters an O.T.E. over 8% is extremely difficult to achieve. This paper describes laboratory and pilot plant Deep Shaft aerobic digester (DSAD) studies carried out at Eco-Research's Pointe Claire, Quebec laboratories, and at the Paris, Ontario pilot Deep Shaft digester.
An economic pre-evaluation indicated that DSAD had the greatest potential for treating high solids content primary or secondary sludge (3-7% total solids) in the high mesophilic and thermophilic temperature range (25-60°C) i.e. in cases where conventional digesters would experience severe limitations of oxygen transfer. Laboratory and pilot plant studies have accordingly concentrated on high solids content sludge digestion as a function of temperature.
Laboratory scale daily draw and fill DSAD runs with a 5% solids sludge at 33°C with a 3 day retention time have achieved 34% volatile solids reduction and a stabilized sludge exhibiting a specific oxygen uptake rate (S.O.U.R.) of less than 1 mgO2/gVSS/hour, measured at 20°C. This digestion rate is about four times faster than the best conventional digesters. Using Eco-Research's Paris, Ontario pilot scale DSAD (a 160 m deep 8 cm diameter u-tube), a 40% reduction in total volatile solids, (or 73% reduction of biodegradable VS) and a final SOUR of 1.2 mg02/gVSS/hour have been achieved for a 4.6% solids sludge in 4 days at 33°C, with loading rates of up to 7.9 kg VSS/m3-day.
Laboratory runs at thermophilic temperatures (up to 60°C) have demonstrated that a stabilized sludge (24-41% VSS reduction) can be produced in retention time of 2 days or less, with a resulting loading rate exceeding 10 kg VSS/m3-day.
Application of a Dispersion Model to Oil-Based Pollutants in the Strait of Canso, Nova Scotia
Authors: Aytimur T. , Chen B.H. , McMillan A.F. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A three-dimensional model of mass dispersion with advection was examined with regard to a potential discharge of a large amount of oil pollution in the Strait of Canso, Nova Scotia. A mathematical model of these calculations has been used (Cleary et al. 1973) to predict the temperature distribution in a river due to the heated effluent discharge from a power plant. With a source and an advective term, the three-dimensional diffusion equation for a rectangular channel has been employed with zero-gradient, i.e. impermeable, boundary conditions at the shores, bottom and the surface of the Strait. This system, which is suitable for treating heat and mass dispersion problems in a river, should give acceptable results for a closed channel such as the Canso Strait if we confined our attention to the region sufficiently far away from the Causeway, where the flow velocity is not affected by the Causeway boundary and hence remains constant with spatial variations, and where it is also most likely that an oil spill event may occur.
Treatment of Landfill Leachate by Anaerobic Filter: Part I: Laboratory Studies
Authors: Henry J.G. , Prasad D. , Sidhwa R. , Hilgerdenaar M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Widespread use of sanitary landfills for the disposal of solid waste and recognition of the serious pollution potential of leachate emanating from these landfills have forced municipalities to consider the treatment and safe disposal of this liquid waste. Limited studies conducted at relatively high temperatures (25-35°C) have established that the anaerobic filter process is more economical and effective for the treatment of leachate than other biological systems. However, there seems to be no information on the efficiency of anaerobic filters at lower temperature for the treatment of leachate.
Laboratory studies were carried out over a period of 6 months to evaluate the anaerobic filter process for the treatment of leachate (COD 2,000 mg/L, BOD/COD ratio 0.5) at low temperature (10 and 25°C) . Studies on the digestion of leachate were conducted in two separate units (vol. 6.0 L) at 10 and 25°C. The hydraulic detention times were 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hr.
Results indicated that partially stabilized leachate (i.e. from old landfills) can be treated anaerobically at low temperatures (10°C). Up to 90% of the influent COD was removed at 10°C with a 72-hr detention time and at 25°C with a 12-hr detention time. The average total gas production was 400 and 425 L/kg COD destroyed at 10 and 25°C, respectively.
Potato Processing Wastewater Treatment at Relatively High Loading Rates Using a Unified Anaerobic Fermenter-Filter
Authors: Landine R.C. , Brown G.J. , Cocci A.A. , Viraraghavan T. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A laboratory bench-scale study using a unified anaerobic fermenter-filter system (referred to as a BVF-HAF system) was conducted at room temperature over an 8 month period on potato processing wastewater for the purpose of verifying a proposed full-scale design concept. In addition to two-stage anaerobic treatment, the first stage anaerobic effluent (BVF effluent) was subjected to aerobic polishing in a simulated facultative aerated lagoon with a retention of 4 days. The basic design conditions entailed treatment of a clarified potato wastewater with a COD of 7600 mg/L and a retention of 4 d in the BVF (loading 1.71 kg/m3.d). After over-coming an upset condition believed due to toxicity of the vacuum filtrate feed, the model performed well achieving 78.9% COD removal in the BVF plus 5 3.4% in the HAF for a combined total of 90.2%. When the BVF effluent was aerated the combined BVF - aerated lagoon removal reached 94.8%.
Removal of Arsenic from Rural Water Supplies
Authors: Lutwick Gerald D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Diatomite impregnated with ferric hydroxide has been field tested for removal of arsenic from rural domestic waters. The waters tested covered the pH range of 6.5 to 8.2 and the total arsenic concentrations of 0.04 to 0.58 mg/L. As the water passes through the bed of ferric hydroxide ferric arsenate is formed, an insoluble salt.
Arsenic is present in ground waters as arsenite and arsenate. Arsenite is removed from water supplies by oxidizing the arsenite to arsenate with hypochlorite before passage through the bed of ferric hydroxide.
The units contain a bed at least 48 cm deep and 25 cm in diameter. The diatomite is 10 to 50 mesh and contains 3 to 4% ferric iron as the hydroxide. The unit was designed for a minimum contact time of one minute allowing a maximum flow rate of 36 litres per minute.
Production of Livestock Feed by Ensilage of Waste Activated Sludge
Authors: Monteith H.D. , Pike J.W. , Stickney A.R. , Rush R.J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Dewatered waste activated sludges (WAS's) from pollution control plants treating wastewaters from a combined municipal/vegetable processer, a vegetable canner, a dairy and a potato processor were each mixed with whole corn, a grain mixture, corn stover or wheat straw, and ensiled at 30°C for 30 days. [Blending ratios of WAS and each feedstuff were based on moisture content of the silage mixtures of 55-70%.]
Silages containing either whole corn or the grain mixtures ensiled better than mixtures with either straw or stover, based on lactic acid formation and pH depression. Indicator microorganisms (e.g. yeasts and molds, total and fecal coliforms, streptococci and salmonella) were greatly reduced in samples that ensiled successfully. Crude protein levels in the WAS silages were significantly higher than in conventional corn silages.
An inventory of quantities of WAS from both the Canadian food and beverage industry, and from municipal sewage treatment plants across Canada was established.
Investigation of the Love Canal Area of the Niagara River for the Presence of Unknown Organic Contaminants
Authors: Onuska F.I. , Terry K.A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A qualitative analysis of organic contaminants in the Niagara River water by high resolution wall coated open tubular column (WCOT) gas chromatography with selective mass spectrometric detection is described. Qualitative analysis of organic pollutants in water is rather a complex task. After the collection of a large Volume of a water sample, the sample is usually run through several extraction and separation steps before identification. During these manipulations, losses of compounds may occur or new impurities may be introduced with various solvents. Therefore, simplification of this procedure is required.
This paper describes the detection of all of the major compounds by gas Chromatographic separation combined with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS). A major advantage is the minimum requirement for cleanup and the injection of a particular fraction extract onto the WCOT column. Dedicated mass Chromatograms of preselected masses at the mass range of the total ion current profile have been used for comparative measurements and identification. For the detection of trace pollutants, a preliminary separation into acidic, neutral, and basic fractions results in simplification of the analysis.
Potential Effects of Metals on Benthic Organisms After Liming Acid Stressed Lake
Authors: Wren C.D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Severe reductions of fish populations in lakes affected by acid precipitation have been documented in both Canada (Beamish and Harvey 1972; Beamish 1976) and Scandinavia (Grahn 1980; Bengtsson 1980). The addition of a base compound, usually lime, to acid stressed lakes has been suggested as a possible method of restoring some of the buffering capacity and raising the pH of these lakes. It is recognized, however, that liming of lakes is not a solution to the problem, but may represent a feasible stop-gap amelioration technique. The Swedish government has adopted a policy to lime acid stressed lakes in that country, with hundreds of lakes being treated annually (Bengtsson 1980). Canada, on the other hand, has adopted a more cautious approach to the situation, and began experimental liming projects in the Sudbury, Ontario area in 1974 (Scheider et al. 1975; Yan et al. 1977). Ontario and Quebec have adopted a policy to continue liming a limited number of lakes on an experimental basis.
The Continuous Induced Air Flotation of Highly Stabilized Oil in Water Emulsions
Authors: Behie Leo A. , Hanumanth Gurumkonda S. , Svrcek William Y. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The performance of a 12 L induced air flotation (IAF) cell has been evaluated for the continuous separation of highly stabilized oil in water (o/w) emulsions. Emulsions created for test purposes had stability rate constants (Ks) less than 0.06 h-1 and narrow droplet size distributions with mean diameters less than 20 um. Removal efficiences were expressed in terms of both total organic carbon (TOC) and oil removed. In addition, a solvent extraction/spectrophometric analysis enabled residual surfactant concentrations in the cell effluent to be determined. The main variables that affected the flotation cell operation were the following: air superficial velocity (O.5-4.O cm/s), liquid residence time (3-15 min), de-emulsifier concentration (0-160 mg solution/L), and gas distributor design. Under the best continuous operating conditions, the flotation cell removed oil droplets above 2.0 um giving oil removal rates greater than 95 percent. On the other hand, improper control of the independent variables resulted in poor cell performance with separations as low as 20 percent.
The Effects of Short-Term Storage and Elevated Temperatures on the Flocculation Activity of Aqueous Polymer Solutions
Authors: Gehr R. , Kalluri R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Polyelectrolytes applied to water and waste treatment processes are generally assumed to be totally adsorbed to the sludge or solid phase. However it has previously been found that significant quantities of polyelectrolyte may appear in the effluent or liquid phase. This study developed a sensitive method, specifically a polystyrene latex test suspension, to detect trace concentrations of unmodified polyelectrolytes in distilled water as well as process effluents. A colloid titration method, as well as the test suspension were then used to assess the effects of storage at ambient and elevated temperatures.
Both methods indicated that storage of polyelectrolyte at ambient and elevated temperatures could significantly reduce the effective charge (as measured by the colloid titration method) and the effective flocculating ability (as measured by the test suspension).
Composition chimique des eaux de la Rivière Sainte-Marguerite en période de fonte
Authors: Lachance M. , Brouard D. , Van Coillie R. , Dutil J.D. 
Published: March 2019

Résumé
La présente étude fait partie d'une recherche visant à évaluer la sensibilité à l'acidification de quatre rivières à saumons de la Côte-Nord du Saint-Laurent, à savoir: les rivières Petit Saguenay, Sainte-Marguerite, des Escoumins et des Petits Escoumins. Une description des principales caractéristiques chimiques des eaux des quatre rivières a permis d'évaluer la représentativité de la rivière Sainte-Marguerite et sa haute sensibilité à l'acidification. Les analyses effectuées à la fois dans la neige au sol et dans la pluie ont fait ressortir d'une part que les apports atmosphériques en sulfates, en nitrates et en ions H+ sont importants, et d'autre part que la migration des ions dans la neige au sol est importante, les concentrations de sulfates, de nitrates, d'ammonium et d'ions H+ dans la pluie étant plus élevées que dans la neige d'un facteur 5 à 10.
L'évolution temporelle sur la rivière Sainte-Marguerite, du calcium, des sulfates, des nitrates et des ions H+ a permis d'expliquer les principaux phénomènes qui régissent le comportement physico-chimique des eaux en période de fonte. Au tout début de la fonte, on observe d'abord un important pic de concentration de calcium qui serait le résultat de la libération massive et soudaine des ions H+ contenus dans la neige au sol et de leur échange avec le calcium lorsque l'eau de fonte vient en contact avec le sol. L'augmentation de la concentration en ions H+ se produit seulement lorsque le niveau de calcium est redevenu faible. On observe également une augmentation relativement importante de la teneur en sulfates pendant la fonte, ce qui met en évidence l'importance des apports atmosphériques en sulfates. Les nitrates deviennent relativement importants dans la composition chimique des eaux de surface en période de fonte. Le rapport nitrates/sulfates qui avoisine 0,40 en hiver s'élève alors et dépasse parfois l'unité.
Ultraviolet Disinfection of Secondary Wastewater
Authors: Palmateer Garry , Cook Walter G. , Whitby G. Elliott , Maarschalkerweerd Jan , Huber Doug , Flood Ken 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A full-scale study involving the disinfection of secondarily treated wastewater with ultraviolet light was initiated to determine the efficacy of an ultraviolet device designed and engineered specifically for this purpose when operated in parallel with chlorine disinfection. Results consistently demonstrated the ability of the UV device to reduce pollution indicator bacterial levels to well below 2500 and 200 total and fecal coliforms, respectively per 100 ml as well as the more disinfectant resistant Clostridium perfringens. In caged fish-toxicity assays, no significant mortality was observed in the stream following UV disinfection; however, within 24 hours 100% mortality resulted from the chlorinated effluents.
Comparison of the Characteristics of an Acidic Eutrophic, and an Acidic Oligotrophic Lake Near Halifax, Nova Scotia
Authors: Kerekes J. , Freedman B. , Howell G. , Clifford P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The chemical and biological characteristics of two lakes near Halifax, N.S., are reported. Both lakes have been acidified as a result of the oxidation of exposed sulfide minerals in their drainage basins. Little Springfield Lake (mean pH = 3.6) is oligotrophic, with low concentrations of dissolved nutrients, high concentrations of metals, clear water, and relatively depauperate plant and animal communities. In contrast, Drain Lake (mean pH = 4.0) receives domestic sewage and is eutrophic, with high concentrations of phosphorus, low transparency, and relatively rich and productive plant and animal communities, including the anomalous occurrences of many taxa that are usually restricted to higher-pH waters. An important implication of this study is that fertilization may be a useful management technique to reverse the oligotrophication that generally occurs in acidified waters.
Tributary Effects on the Mainstream Suspended Sediment Chemistry
Authors: Ongley Edwin D. , Blachford Diane P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The relative impact of tributaries on suspended sediment (organic + mineral particulate matter) chemistry below a confluence can be evaluated using suspended sediment concentration and particulate elemental concentrations from each of the two Inputs and from a mixed sample below the confluence. Although suspended sediment chemistry below a confluence is a product of mixing of mainstream and tributary inputs, variability in chemical data in field samples is caused by inhomogeneities in the sampled medium and by limitations inherent to sampling and analytical procedures. This study assesses data variability typical of a Canadian Plains' river during a period of substantial discharge, large suspended sediment transport, and turbulent mixing conditions. Using particulate elemental concentration from each of the two streams contributing to a confluence, element concentration below the confluence is predicted. Variance between observed and predicted element concentrations permits an assessment of analytical error for each element. We demonstrate that substantial variations in input chemistry cause small and predictable changes in downstream suspended sediment chemistry.
Neutralisation and Clean-Up of a 3,600 Tonnes Sulphuric Acid Spill
Authors: Moulins L.J. , Pannell D.G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
During the week-end of the 5th and 6th June, 1982, the rupture of a drain valve allowed some 3|600 tonnes of 93 % sulphuric acid to escape from a 10,000 tonne capacity reservoir. The spill found its way, via a municipal effluent treatment plant, to the first of two water holding lakes forming a part of the Mines Gaspé mining complex. The overflow from the second lake is the source of one of the tributaries of a salmon river, the York River.
An extensive neutralisation operation was successfully undertaken to protect this natural resource. The normal pH of the York River was maintained and the majority of the dissolved metals were precipitated in the second holding lake.
The ecological impact was limited to the upper part of the river. In the fall, the adult salmon spawned in sufficient numbers to ensure good natural reproduction.
Triated Water Uptake and Desorption Kinetics in a Primary Producer: Chlorella Pyrenoidosa
Authors: Dunstall Thomas G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chlorella pyrenoidosa, grown in batch culture under chronic exposure to tritiated water, was used to model behavior of tritium at the primary producer level of an aquatic food chain. The ratio of organically-bound tritium to tritium in the medium increased during initial growth, eventually reaching an asymptotic value of 0.59 after seven cell doublings. Loss of previously formed organically-bound tritium from cells transferred to tritium-free media averaged less than 5% for exponential growth phase cultures after three cell doublings. Over a comparable time period, organically-bound tritium lost from senescent cells averaged 13% which was attributed to increased degradative metabolism in stationary growth phase cultures. The concentration of tritium in organically-bound form may exceed environmental concentrations of tritium in water under dynamic conditions in which a pulse of tritiated water to the environment is dissipated over time.
Evaluation of Drinking Water Treatment Alternatives for Taste and Odour Reduction
Authors: Fok N. , Huck P.M. , Walker G.S. , Smith D.W. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The City of Edmonton draws its drinking water from the North Saskatchewan River. Periodic taste and odour episodes have been related to organic compounds from urban runoff draining into the river. This paper describes the testing of 3 water treatment processes to reduce taste and odour. Chlorine dioxide, ozone and granular activated carbon were evaluated at pilot scale. Ethyl benzene was spiked into the water as a surrogate for taste and odour to permit quantitative comparisons. Under the conditions tested, ozone provided better removals than chlorine dioxide. GAC provided effective removals as well.
Ground Water Flow Velocity Derived from Tritium Measurements at the Gloucester Landfill Site, Gloucester, Ontario
Authors: Michel F.A. , Kubasiewicz M. , Patterson R.J. , Brown R.M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Ground water contaminated by organic compounds from a special waste disposal area at the Gloucester Landfill site is migrating through a confined glaciofluvial aquifer toward water supply wells. The distribution of tritium in ground water samples, collected in October 1982, indicates that tritium has originated from two distinct sources: atmospheric nuclear weapons testing in the 1950's and 60's and on-site waste disposal. By comparing the tritium concentration pattern in ground waters to the 1953 to 1982 record for tritium in precipitation at Ottawa, broad zones of the aquifer corresponding to different recharge periods may be defined. Based on the distribution of these zones, an average groundwater velocity of 5.5 cm/day is estimated. A zone of high tritium concentration immediately below the waste disposal compound is attributed to the disposal of tritiated wastes.
137Cs, 226Ra and Total U in Fish from Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron and Superior during 1976-1982
Authors: Joshi S.R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Fish from Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron, and Superior, collected during 1976-82, are analysed for 1137Cs, 226Ra, and total U. The results suggest that 137Cs and 226Ra concentrations in these fish are declining. The bioaccumulation of U is found to be very low. Limited data available on the concentrations of these radionuclides and of 90Sr and 40K preclude application of the concept of biodiscrimination in any significant detail. Internal dose rates due to incorporated alpha and β-particle emitting radionuclides are estimated to be very low. Most of the dose received by the fish results from naturally-occurring radionuclides. It is concluded that the highest dose estimate of about 100 mrad/y is unlikely to produce any measurable genetic or somatic effects in Great Lakes fish.