bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Productivities of Salmonids and Forest Stands in Northern California Watersheds
Authors: Frazey Sharon L. , Wilzbach Margaret A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Productivities of resident salmonids and upland and riparian forests in 22 small watersheds of coastal northern California were estimated and compared to determine whether: 1) upland site productivity predicted riparian site productivity; 2) either upland or riparian site productivity predicted salmonid productivity; and 3) other parameters explained more of the variance in salmonid productivity. Upland and riparian site productivities were estimated using Site Index values for redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and red alder (Alnus rubra), respectively. Salmonid productivity was indexed by back-calculated length at age 1 of the largest individuals sampled and by total biomass. Upland and riparian site indices were correlated, but neither factor contributed to the best approximating models of salmonid productivity. Total salmonid biomass was best described by a positive relationship with drainage area. Length of dominant fish was best described by a positive relationship with percentage of hardwoods within riparian areas, which may result from nutrient and/or litter subsidies provided by red alder. The inability of forest productivity to predict salmon productivity may reflect insufficient variation in independent variables, limitations of the indices, and the operation of other factors affecting salmonid production. The lack of an apparent relationship between upland conifer and salmonid productivity suggests that management of land for timber productivity and component streams for salmonid production in these sites will require separate, albeit integrated, management strategies.
Maximum Stand-Density Index of 40 Western Hemlock–Sitka Spruce Stands in Southeast Alaska
Authors: Poage Nathan J. , Marshall David D. , McClellan Michael H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Reineke's (1933) maximum stand-density index (SDImax) was determined for 40 unthinned, fully stocked, even-aged, hemlock-spruce stands in southeast Alaska. A nonlinear model was used to identify objectively the linear portions of the stands' self-thinning trajectories for analysis. The objectives of the present study were (1) to use the modeled slopes and intercepts to determine the mean SDImax of the stands and (2) to identify stand and site factors associated with the variability observed in SDImax. The mean SDImax of the 40 hemlock-spruce stands in southeast Alaska was 619. Individually, none of the stand or site factors examined accounted for >30% of the variability observed in SDImax when all 40 stands were analyzed together. Although the spruce proportion of total stand basal area of most stands increased over time and the hemlock proportion of total stand basal area of most stands decreased over time, SDImax was not related to species proportion or changes in species proportion over time.
Laminated Root Rot and Fumigant Injection Affect Survival and Growth of Douglas-Fir
Authors: Harrington Constance A. , Thies Walter G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Laminated root rot caused by Phellinus weirii is a significant disease of western conifers; it is important to understand the effects of the disease on tree growth and survival and, for some management objectives, to develop treatments that will reduce those effects. This study was conducted in a 47-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stand in northwest Oregon. First, we evaluated the effects of root system infection on diameter and height growth. Growth rates were lowest in trees with high infection levels; root infection level affected diameter growth more than height growth. Second, we evaluated the effects of fumigation treatments on tree growth. The nine treatments were as follows: three dosages of methylisothiocyanate (MITC), four dosages of chloropicrin (trichloronitromethane), one dosage of Vorlex [20% MITC, 80% chlorinated C3 hydrocarbons (v/v)], and a control. The fumigants were applied by inserting them into holes drilled into the base of live trees. After nine growing seasons, all three of the treatments applying different dosages of MITC and the treatment applying the lowest dosage of chloropicrin had higher tree survival rates than the untreated control, and the growth rates in those four fumigation treatments were not significantly different from growth in the surviving control trees.
Fungicidal Suppression of Swiss Needle Cast and Pathogen Reinvasion in a 20-Year-Old Douglas-Fir Stand in Oregon
Authors: Stone Jeffrey K. , Reeser Paul W. , Kanaskie Alan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Aerial applications of chorothalonil fungicide were carried out annually over 5 consecutive years, 1996–2000, on three sets of paired, 2-ha units in a Douglas-fir plantation affected by Swiss needle cast in the Oregon Coast Range. The effect of treatment on disease control was evaluated annually from 2001 to 2004. One- and 2-year-old foliage in the fungicide-treated units had fewer fruiting bodies of the pathogen Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii compared with the unsprayed units for foliage sampled in 2001. Total needle retention was also greater in the fungicide-treated units after five consecutive annual fungicide applications. Reduced P. gaeumannii infection in the fungicide-treated units persisted for foliage produced in 2001, which did not receive direct fungicide treatment. Reduced infection levels in the 2001 foliage cohort in the treated units was presumed to be due to the effect of disease control on inoculum production. At 4 years following the final treatment application, infection levels averaged over four foliage cohorts (2000–2003) remained significantly smaller for the fungicide-treated units. Trees in fungicide-treated units retained 10–50% of the 2000 needle cohort (4-year-old needles) and 25–60% of the 2001 cohort in May 2004. However, there was no detectable effect of treatment on infection for 2002 foliage sampled in 2003 or for 2003 foliage sampled in 2004 (1-year-old needles), suggesting that the duration of disease control was relatively brief.
Effect of Foliar-Applied Gibberellin A3 on Male and Female Strobilus Production and Cone and Seed Quality in Western Redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn)
Authors: Russell J.H. , Hak O. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn) foliar-applied gibberellin A3 (GA3) induction trials were performed over a 4-year period at a number of different seed orchards in coastal British Columbia. The effects of GA3 timing, concentration, and frequency on male and female strobilus production, as well as timing on seed quality, were studied. Male and female strobili were induced over the complete span of shoot elongation from May to August, indicative of a less-precise induction period than species in the Pinaceae family. Female strobilus production was correlated with shoot increment, such that maximum cone production was associated with maximum shoot elongation. In addition, seed quality decreased with decreasing shoot increments in August. For operational efficiency, a one-time foliar application of 200 mg/l GA3 is sufficient for adequate female strobilus production. To increase the female-to-male strobilus ratio, a two-time foliar application of GA3 mid-May and mid-July, concentrating on vigorous shoots, is recommended. Results are discussed in relation to seed orchard management techniques that may potentially influence selfing rates.
Broad-Scale Classification and Mapping of Tree Size and Density Attributes in Productive Old-Growth Forests in Southeast Alaska's Tongass National Forest
Authors: Caouette John P. , DeGayner Eugene J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The forest classification and mapping system currently used in managing the Tongass National Forest (NF) is based largely on an economic forest measure, net board foot volume per acre. Although useful for timber economic modeling, this forest measure poorly differentiates old-growth forest types in a way that is meaningful to ecological and social concerns. In 2005, we published an article presenting a proposed tree size and tree density mapping model for the Tongass NF. We claimed the model would provide better information on the structural patterns in old-growth forests than did the current mapping models based on net board foot volume per acre. We also stated that further testing of our proposed model is required before it can be fully integrated into forest management plans and landscape analysis. In this article, we used independent field data to evaluate our proposed tree size and density model and better define its accuracy. Results showed differences among mapping classes similar to differences observed in the development stages of the model. Results also showed mapping accuracy estimates between 60 and 80%. We used the model in a forest management application by comparing the representation of old-growth forest types within a landscape to the representation within a management-defined subset of that landscape.
Technical Note: Evaluating the Forest Stewardship Coached Planning Course in Washington State
Authors: Baumgartner David , Cohn Patricia , Grotta Amy , Perleberg Andy , Hanley Donald , Bergstrom Arno 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
From 1992 to 2005, over 1,100 family forest owners in Washington State participated in a Forest Stewardship Coached Planning (FSCP) course conducted by Washington State University Extension and the Washington State Department of Natural Resources. The course provides forest stewardship education and assists private forest landowners in writing their own forest stewardship management plans with guidance and “coaching” by natural resource professionals. A survey of past course participants conducted in 2006 had a 60% response rate. As a result of the course, 96% of the respondents believed they had a better understanding about management options, and 73% had implemented a practice they would not have done otherwise. Management planning is prevalent among the respondents, with nearly 70% having some type of management plan. Implementation of new management practices through the FSCP approach in Washington exceeds the rates reported in the national Forest Stewardship Program national survey.
Maintaining Soil Productivity during Forest or Biomass-to-Energy Thinning Harvests in the Western United States
Authors: Page-Dumroese Deborah S. , Jurgensen Martin , Terry Thomas 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forest biomass thinnings, to promote forest health or for energy production, can potentially impact the soil resource by altering soil physical, chemical, and/or biological properties. The extent and degree of impacts within a harvest unit or across a watershed will subsequently determine if site or soil productivity is affected. Although the impacts of stand removal on soil properties in the western United States have been documented, much less is known on periodic removals of biomass by thinnings or other partial cutting practices. However, basic recommendations and findings derived from stand-removal studies are also applicable to guide biomass thinnings for forest health, fuel reduction, or energy production. These are summarized as follows: (1) thinning operations are less likely to cause significant soil compaction than a stand-removal harvest, (2) risk-rating systems that evaluate soil susceptibility to compaction or nutrient losses from organic or mineral topsoil removal can help guide management practices, (3) using designated or existing harvesting traffic lanes and leaving some thinning residue in high traffic areas can reduce soil compactionon a stand basis, and (4) coarse-textured low fertility soils have greater risk of nutrient limitations resulting from whole-tree thinning removals than finer textured soils with higher fertility levels.
Use of Financial and Economic Analyses by Federal Forest Managers for Woody Biomass Removal
Authors: Morgan Todd A. , Brandt Jason P. , Baldridge John D. , Loeffler Dan R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study was sponsored by the Joint Fire Science Program to understand and enhance the ability of federal land managers to address financial and economic (F&E) aspects of woody biomass removal as a component of fire hazard reduction. Focus groups were conducted with nearly 100 federal land managers throughout the western United States. Several issues and information disconnects were identified in two major areas: the F&E analysis process and the tools and information used for F&E analyses. The most prevalent disconnects appeared to be between managers' knowledge versus acceptance and use of F&E tools developed by research entities. Most managers also tended to focus on financial rather than economic analysis. Findings suggest needs for continually updated local timber and biomass market information; training with F&E tools and methods currentlyused; ongoing technical support for tools currently used; and closer communication among forest management, research, and administrative personnel as new F&E tools or administrative processes are developed and implemented.
Thirteen-Year Height and Diameter Growth of Douglas-Fir Seedlings under Alternative Regeneration Cuts in Pacific Northwest
Authors: Lam Tzeng Yih , Maguire Douglas A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Interest in managing Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) forests in the Pacific Northwest under silvicultural systems other than traditional clearcutting has prompted research on the efficacy of alternative systems for successful regeneration and sustained timber productivity of Douglas-fir. The College of Forestry Integrated Research Project, implemented by Oregon State University, was established to compare various ecosystem responses and public perceptions among treatments implemented under clearcutting, shelterwood-with-reserves, and group selection silvicultural systems. The objective of this analysis was to quantify the following three responses of planted Douglas-fir seedlings to initial regeneration cuts: cumulative 13-year height growth (H13yr; 1992–2004), cumulative 13-year diameter growth (D13yr; 1992–2004), and most recent 5-year height growth (ΔH5yr; 2000–2004). Differences in variability of overstory density at the treatment level led to significant differences in the variance of understory growth responses. After accounting for heterogeneous variance, analysis of variance indicated significant treatment effects for all three responses. Treatment effects were explained by the decline in H13yr, D13yr, and ΔH5yr with increasing overstory competition as represented by basal area of residual trees immediately after harvesting (initial basal area). Predicted height:diameter ratio of Douglas-fir seedlings increased as IBA increased. Under regeneration methods that retain a portion of the overstory, a residual overstory with basal area <80 ft2/ac allows establishment, growth, and continued survival of Douglas-fir regeneration during the 13 years following harvest.
Using Airborne Light Detection and Ranging as a Sampling Tool for Estimating Forest Biomass Resources in the Upper Tanana Valley of Interior Alaska
Authors: Andersen Hans-Erik , Strunk Jacob , Temesgen Hailemariam 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Airborne laser scanning, collected in a sampling mode, has the potential to be a valuable tool for estimating the biomass resources available to support bioenergy production in rural communities of interior Alaska. In this study, we present a methodology for estimating forest biomass over a 201,226-ha area (of which 163,913 ha are forested) in the upper Tanana valley of interior Alaska using a combination of 79 field plots and high-density airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) collected in a sampling mode along 27 single strips (swaths) spaced approximately 2.5 km apart. A model-based approach to estimating total aboveground biomass for the area is presented. Although a design-based sampling approach (based on a probability sample of field plots) would allow for stronger inference, a model-based approach is justified when the cost of obtaining a probability sample is prohibitive. Using a simulation-based approach, the proportion of the variability associated with sampling error and modeling error was assessed. Results indicate that LiDAR sampling can be used to obtain estimates of total biomass with an acceptable level of precision (8.1 ± 0.7 [8%] teragrams [total ± SD]), with sampling error accounting for 58% of the SD of the bootstrap distribution. In addition, we investigated the influence of plot location (i.e., GPS) error, plot size, and field-measured diameter threshold on the variability of the total biomass estimate. We found that using a larger plot (1/30 ha versus 1/59 ha) and a lower diameter threshold (7.6 versus 12.5 cm) significantly reduced the SD of the bootstrap distribution (by approximately 20%), whereas larger plot location error (over a range from 0 to 20 m root mean square error) steadily increased variability at both plot sizes.
Using Nomograms for Evaluating Plant Morphological and Physiological Data
Authors: Haase Diane L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Simple, graphical techniques are available to plant professionals to evaluate morphological and physiological data. The most commonly used graphs show only one variable at a time. However, plotting two variables into a simple coordinate system and adding diagonal lines to show relationships between those two variables greatly enhances the interpretive possibilities available to the plant practitioner by facilitating simultaneous comparisons of multiple variables. This easy-to-use nomogram is useful for evaluating and comparing plant responses to treatments and environments, plant development over time, and stock quality among species, genotypes, and other factors. This article describes how to construct this type of graph, the kind of data for which this technique is most useful, and how it can be applied to operational and research activities.
Distribution of Arsenic in Lodgepole Pines Treated with MSMA
Authors: Maclauchlan L. E. , Borden J. H. , D'Auria J. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fifteen mature lodgepole pines, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann, were treated with either 1/8-, ¼- or ½-strength monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA) applied to axe-frills around the base of the bole. Using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, we determined the arsenic concentration in the phloem, sapwood, and foliage of MSMA-treated and control trees. The highest accumulation of arsenic was in the phloem, near the point of application, and in the foliage. Residual arsenic concentration in the tissues of treated trees averaged <5 ppm above 2 m for all treatment strengths, a concentration probably too low to kill attacking bark beetles or their brood. In addition, the levels of MSMA in the bole tissues of treated trees is well below the 10% safety limit for sawmills stated by the British Columbia Workman's Compensation Board Industrial Health and Safety Regulations. West. J. Appl. For. 3(2):37-40, April 1988.
Black Bear Damage to Thinned Timber Stands in Northwest Montana
Authors: Mason Andrew C. , Adams David L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Bear damage was at least five times higher in thinned blocks than in adjacent unthinned blocks of western larch (Larix occidentalis), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) on the Kootenai National Forest in northwest Montana. Western larch suffered the greatest damage (63% of all trees damaged and 92% of the trees killed). Damaged larch ranged from 4 to 13 in. dbh; the 4 to 8-in. dbh class accounted for 85% of the damage. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), western redcedar (Thuja plicata), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), western white pine (Pinus monticola), and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) were not damaged. Stand projections showed up to a 17% reduction in board-foot yield from bear damage, after 50 years, compared with hypothetical undamaged stands. West. J. Appl. For. 4(1):10-13, January 1989.
Comparison and Development of Height Growth and Site Index urves for Douglas-Fir in the Inland Northwest
Authors: Vander Ploeg James L. , Moore James A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stem analysis data from Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) collected throughout the inland Northwest were used for testing height growth and site index equations. The equations performed well in northern and central Idaho, northeast Oregon, and northeast Washington on vegetative types similar to those sampled in model development. However, if the equations were applied on drier sites outside the original geographic study area, overestimates of height growth and under-estimates of site index could result. Therefore, revised height growth and site index equations are presented for western Montana and central Washington. West. J. Appl. For. 4(3):85-88, July 1989.
Survival and Growth of Ponderosa Pine and Douglas-Fir Stocktypes on a Dry Low-Elevation Site in Southwest Oregon
Authors: Helgerson Ole T. , Tesch Steven D. , Hobbs Stephen D. , McNabb D. H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two stocktypes (1 + 0 container-grown plugs and 2 + 0 nursery grown bareroots) of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and of Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were planted on a hot, droughty, low-elevation site in southwest Oregon (Interior Valley Zone) to assess the potential for reforesting this type of site. After five growing seasons, bareroots survived (98%) significantly (P < 0.05) better than plugs (89%); survival did not differ significantly by species. Douglas-fir was taller than pine, pine was larger in diameter, and the two species had approximately equal stem volumes. Bareroots were consistently larger than plugs. These species and stocktypes can provide good reforestation after 5 years on an Interior Valley Zone site when seedlings are of good quality, are planted properly, and are given good weed control. West. J. Appl. For. 4(4):124-128, October 1989.
Extending Strategies for Optimal Bucking to Harvesting and Site Preparation
Authors: Olsen Eldon D. , Pilkerton Steve , Garland John J. , Sessions John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Optimal bucking strategies can be implemented in the field with powerful handheld computers, not only for matching market needs with logs cut but for addressing other management decisions within the bucking context. Weight limits for various harvesting systems and conditions can be included to assure feasible log sizes. The bucking optimization program can incorporate different cost functions for determining optimal equipment selection for various logging systems. Decisions about which portion of the tree to leave or to remove at harvest time can also be made with the optimal bucking algorithms. Knowledge of the harvesting cost of various levels of slash removal aids in planning slash treatments. West. J. Appl. For. 5(1):12-15.