Comparative analysis of the lactate and urea changes in the athletes-archers urine under different physical and psychological loads
Authors:   Ivan Bobersky Lviv State University of Physical Culture, Sybil M. , Svyshch Ya ,   Ivan Bobersky Lviv State University of Physical Culture, Vynogradskyi A. ,   Ivan Bobersky Lviv State University of Physical Culture, Bura M. ,   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Pervachuk R. ,   Ivan Bobersky Lviv State University of Physical Culture
Published: November 2024

The qualified athletes training includes, in addition to physical training, also the improvement of the psychological state aimed at the formation of the athlete’s state of the readiness for competitive activity. Considering this, the search for non-invasive assessment methods for monitoring the physical and psychological activity of athletes is very urgent. Understanding this condition can help create methods and tools to adaption to the extreme conditions of such activities. According to the “clogging” theory, fatigue is an overtime accumulation of various metabolites (in particular, lactic acid, urea, etc.) in the body’s bio­logical fluids. Therefore, the study was aimed at evaluating the impact of a specialized self-training technique under different psychological (training and official competitions) and physical (before and after physical exertion) states on the changes in urinary metabolite excretion of the archers. In the study, 16 young athletes (5 masters of archery and 11 candidates for master of sports) participated. Athletes were randomly divided by age and qualification into two groups: control (worked out according to the standard protocol) and experimental (auto-training methods were additionally used). The research was conducted under different physical (before and after training) and psychological (training (rest stage) and official competitions (start stage)) conditions. The subject of biochemical monitoring was the metabolites lactate and urea, which were determined in urine samples of archers taken according to the protocol before and after physical exertion during regular training and official competitions. The lactic acid concentration, as well as urea, in the urine of archers did not change during training sessions of sportsmen after performing physical activity of the usual type. That is, the use of the auto-training technique during regular training sessions does not affect the accumulation of the studied metabolites in the urine, which is probably due to the short-term use (one week) of the technique itself. With help of two-way ANOVA analysis, it was established that changes of the lactic acid concentration in urine are mainly due to physical (80 %) and psychological (3.6 %) loadings of athletes, and urea changes – the unaccounted factors (88.8 % on average). At the official competitions stage, after the auto-training method systematic application, a concentration of the lactate significant decreased by 9.7±0.4 % (р>0.95) in the urine of archers compared to controls after the usual physical exercises implementation. Under these conditions, the lactic acid level in the urine of athletes is mainly determined by the using of auto-training technique (68.2 %) and the psychological (6.4 %) load. It should be noted that the share of influence of the unaccounted factors for both athlete’s groups was moderate and amounted to 20.4 % on average. The urea level in the urine insignificant increased after training in both athlete groups, both during training sessions and during official competitions, and was also independent of the athletes’ use of auto-training technique. At the official competitions stage, after the systematic application of the auto-training technique, the concentration of lactate in the urine of archers significant decreased by 9.7±0.4 % (р>0.95) compared to the control group after performing the usual physical exercises implementation. Under these conditions of the Start stage, changes of the lactic acid concentration in the urine of athletes depend mainly by the using of auto-training technique (68.2 %) and psychological load of archers (6.4 %). It should be noted that the share of influence of unaccounted factors for both groups of athletes was moderate and amounted to 20.4 % on average. The urea level in the urine insignificant increased after training in both athlete groups, both during training sessions and during official competitions, and was also independent of the athletes’ use of auto-training technique.