bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bayesian cosmic density field inference from redshift space dark matter maps
Authors: Bos E G Patrick , Kitaura Francisco-Shu , van de Weygaert Rien 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We present a self-consistent Bayesian formalism to sample the primordial density fields compatible with a set of dark matter density tracers after a cosmic evolution observed in redshift space. Previous works on density reconstruction did not self-consistently consider redshift space distortions or included an additional iterative distortion correction step. We present here the analytic solution of coherent flows within a Hamiltonian Monte Carlo posterior sampling of the primordial density field. We test our method within the Zel’dovich approximation, presenting also an analytic solution including tidal fields and spherical collapse on small scales. Our resulting reconstructed fields are isotropic and their power spectra are unbiased compared to the true field defined by our mock observations. Novel algorithmic implementations are introduced regarding the mass assignment kernels when defining the dark matter density field and optimization of the time-step in the Hamiltonian equations of motions. Our algorithm, dubbed barcode, promises to be specially suited for analysis of the dark matter cosmic web down to scales of a few megaparsecs. This large-scale structure is implied by the observed spatial distribution of galaxy clusters – such as obtained from X-ray, Sunyaev–Zel’dovich, or weak lensing surveys – as well as that of the intergalactic medium sampled by the Ly α forest or perhaps even by deep hydrogen intensity mapping. In these cases, virialized motions are negligible, and the tracers cannot be modelled as point-like objects. It could be used in all of these contexts as a baryon acoustic oscillation reconstruction algorithm.
Gaia Data Release 2 catalogue of extremely low-mass white dwarf candidates
Authors: Pelisoli Ingrid , Vos Joris 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
Extremely low-mass white dwarf stars (ELMs) are M &lt; 0.3 M⊙ helium-core white dwarfs born either as a result of a common-envelope phase or after a stable Roche lobe overflow episode in a multiple system. The Universe is not old enough for ELMs to have formed through single-star evolution channels. As remnants of binary evolution, ELMs can shed light onto the poorly understood phase of common-envelope evolution and provide constraints to the physics of mass accretion. Most known ELMs will merge in less than a Hubble time, providing an important contribution to the signal to be detected by upcoming space-based gravitational wave detectors. There are currently less than 150 known ELMs; most were selected by colour, focusing on hot objects, in a magnitude-limited survey of the Northern hemisphere only. Recent theoretical models have predicted a much larger space density for ELMs than estimated observationally based on this limited sample. In order to perform meaningful comparisons with theoretical models and test their predictions, a larger well-defined sample is required. In this work, we present a catalogue of ELM candidates selected from the second data release of Gaia (DR2). We have used predictions from theoretical models and analysed the properties of the known sample to map the space spanned by ELMs in the Gaia Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. Defining a set of colour cuts and quality flags, we have obtained a final sample of 5762 ELM candidates down to Teff ≈ 5000 K.
Ghostly haloes in dwarf galaxies: constraints on the star formation efficiency before reionization
Authors: Kang Hoyoung D , Ricotti Massimo 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
Stellar haloes observed around normal galaxies are extended and faint stellar structures formed by debris of tidally disrupted dwarf galaxies accreted overtime by the host galaxy. Around dwarf galaxies, these stellar haloes may not exist if all the accreted satellites are dark haloes without stars. However, if a stellar halo is found in sufficiently small mass dwarfs, the whole stellar halo is composed of tidal debris of fossil galaxies, and we refer to it as ghostly halo. Fossil galaxies are so called because they formed most of their stars before the epoch of reionization, and have been identified as the ultrafaint dwarf galaxies found around the Milky Way and M31.
In this paper, we carry out semi-analytical simulations to characterize the sizes and stellar masses of ghostly stellar haloes in dwarf galaxies as a function of their dark matter halo mass. By comparing the models to observations of six isolated dwarf galaxies in the Local Group showing evidence of extended stellar haloes, we are able to constrain the star formation efficiency in fossil galaxies. We find that at redshift z ∼ 6, dark matter haloes in the mass range 107–109 M⊙ have a mean star formation efficiency $f_* \equiv M_*/M_{\mathrm{ dm}} \sim 0.1\!-\!0.2\hbox{ per cent}$ nearly constant as a function of the dark matter halo mass.
coMethDMR: accurate identification of co-methylated and differentially methylated regions in epigenome-wide association studies with continuous phenotypes
Authors: Gomez Lissette , Odom Gabriel J , Young Juan I , Martin Eden R , Liu Lizhong , Chen Xi , Griswold Anthony J , Gao Zhen , Zhang Lanyu , Wang Lily 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Recent technology has made it possible to measure DNA methylation profiles in a cost-effective and comprehensive genome-wide manner using array-based technology for epigenome-wide association studies. However, identifying differentially methylated regions (DMRs) remains a challenging task because of the complexities in DNA methylation data. Supervised methods typically focus on the regions that contain consecutive highly significantly differentially methylated CpGs in the genome, but may lack power for detecting small but consistent changes when few CpGs pass stringent significance threshold after multiple comparison. Unsupervised methods group CpGs based on genomic annotations first and then test them against phenotype, but may lack specificity because the regional boundaries of methylation are often not well defined. We present coMethDMR, a flexible, powerful, and accurate tool for identifying DMRs. Instead of testing all CpGs within a genomic region, coMethDMR carries out an additional step that selects co-methylated sub-regions first. Next, coMethDMR tests association between methylation levels within the sub-region and phenotype via a random coefficient mixed effects model that models both variations between CpG sites within the region and differential methylation simultaneously. coMethDMR offers well-controlled Type I error rate, improved specificity, focused testing of targeted genomic regions, and is available as an open-source R package.
Tractography-Guided Deep Brain Stimulation of the Anteromedial Globus Pallidus Internus for Refractory Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Case Report
Authors: Azriel Amit , Farrand Sarah , Di Biase Maria , Zalesky Andrew , Lui Elaine , Desmond Patricia , Evans Andrew , Awad Mohammed , Moscovici Samuel , Velakoulis Dennis , Bittar Richard G 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling psychiatric disorder, mainly treated with psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Surgical intervention may be appropriate for patients with treatment-refractory OCD. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an alternative for previously common ablative surgical procedures. Tractography has been proposed as a method for individualizing DBS treatment and may have the potential to improve efficacy.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
We present a patient with treatment-refractory OCD previously treated with bilateral leucotomies, who underwent DBS surgery with targeting informed by tractography. Preoperative tractography to identify suitable DBS targets was undertaken. Structural images were also utilized for standard stereotactic surgical planning. The anteromedial globus pallidus internus (amGPi) was chosen as the target bilaterally after consideration of white matter projections to frontal cortical regions and neurosurgical approach. Bilateral amGPi DBS surgery was undertaken without adverse events. At 16-mo follow-up, there was a 48.5% reduction in OCD symptom severity as measured by the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale.

CONCLUSION
The amGPi can be a successful DBS target for OCD. This is the first known case to report on DBS surgery postleucotomies for OCD and highlights the utility of tractography for surgical planning in OCD.
LAMOST J011939.222−012150.45: The most barium-enhanced CEMP-s turnoff star
Authors: Zhang Shilin , Li Haining , Zhao Gang , Aoki Wako , Matsuno Tadafumi 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We have performed chemical abundance analyses for a newly discovered metal-poor turn-off star (Teff = 6276 K, log g = 3.93, [Fe$/$H] = −2.93), LAMOST J011939.222−012150.45, based on high-resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio spectra in both optical and near-UV obtained by Subaru. Abundances have been derived for 20 elements, including 11 light elements such as C, N, Na, Mg, etc., and 9 neutron-capture elements from Sr to Pb. This object is a carbon-enhanced metal-poor star with a large carbon excess of [C$/$Fe] = +2.26. LAMOST J011939.222−012150.45 shows extreme enhancement in s-process elements, especially for Ba, La, and Pb ([Ba$/$Fe] = +3.16 ± 0.18, [La$/$Fe] = +2.29 ± 0.24, [Pb$/$Fe] = +3.38 ± 0.12). A very clear radial velocity variation has also been detected, providing evidence of the existence of a companion. Interestingly, even without any scaling, the observed abundance pattern from light to heavy neutron-capture elements agrees well with predictions of accretion from a companion asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star. Considering the evolutionary status of this object, its surface material is very likely to be completely accreted from its AGB companion and has been preserved until today.
Improving on nature’s shortcomings: evolving a lipase for increased lipolytic activity, expression and thermostability
Authors: Alfaro-Chávez Ana L , Liu Jian-Wei , Porter Joanne L , Goldman Adrian , Ollis David L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
An enzyme must be soluble, stable, active and easy to produce to be useful in industrial applications. Not all enzymes possess these attributes. We set out to determine how many changes are required to convert an enzyme with poor properties into one that has useful properties. Lipase Lip3 from Drosophila melanogaster had been previously optimised for expression in Escherichia coli. The expression levels were good, but Lip3 was mainly insoluble with poor activity. Directed evolution was used to identify variants with enhanced activity along with improved solubility. Five variants and the wild-type (wt) enzyme were purified and characterised. The yield of the wt enzyme was just 2.2 mg/L of culture, while a variant, produced under the same conditions, gave 351 mg. The improvement of activity of the best variant was 200 times higher than that of the wt when the crude lysates were analysed using pNP-C8, but with purified protein, the improvement observed was 1.5 times higher. This means that most of the increase of activity is due to increase in solubility and stability. All the purified variants showed increased thermal stability compared with the wt enzyme that had a T1/2 of 37°C, while the mutant with P291L of 42.2°C and the mutant R7_47D with five mutations had a value of 52.9°C, corresponding to an improvement of 16°C. The improved variants had between five and nine changes compared with the wt enzyme. There were four changes that were found in all 30 final round variants for which sequences were obtained; three of these changes were found in the substrate-binding domain.
Hedging Climate Change News
Authors: Engle Robert F , Giglio Stefano , Kelly Bryan , Lee Heebum , Stroebel Johannes 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We propose and implement a procedure to dynamically hedge climate change risk. We extract innovations from climate news series that we construct through textual analysis of newspapers. We then use a mimicking portfolio approach to build climate change hedge portfolios. We discipline the exercise by using third-party ESG scores of firms to model their climate risk exposures. We show that this approach yields parsimonious and industry-balanced portfolios that perform well in hedging innovations in climate news both in sample and out of sample. We discuss multiple directions for future research on financial approaches to managing climate risk.
The role of non-pharmacological interventions in the management of rheumatoid-arthritis-related fatigue
Authors: Cramp Fiona 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Non-pharmacological interventions may be beneficial in the management of rheumatoid arthritis related fatigue. A narrative review was undertaken, with a focus upon research published in the past 6 years. Seven studies were identified, four focusing upon physical activity, two on psychosocial interventions and one that investigated aromatherapy and reflexology. Findings supported previous evidence that physical activity and psychosocial interventions have potential to produce small to moderate reductions in fatigue related to rheumatoid arthritis. Reflexology and aromatherapy interventions also appeared promising. Limitations to the evidence included lack of consistency in fatigue measurement, and minimal data on long-term outcomes and cost effectiveness. The wide range of physical activity interventions prevent specific recommendations. For psychosocial interventions the strongest evidence is for group-based cognitive behavioural approaches. There was lack of consideration given to fatigue mechanisms and intervention design. Due to the complexity of fatigue, future research exploring personalized approaches is warranted.
Relationship of sensation seeking with the neural correlates of appetitive conditioning
Authors: Tapia León Isabell , Kruse Onno , Stark Rudolf , Klucken Tim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Previous research has linked sensation seeking with a heightened risk for drug abuse and other risk-taking behavior. As appetitive conditioning presents a model for the etiology and maintenance of addictive behavior, investigating sensation seeking in a classical conditioning paradigm might elucidate possible pathways toward addiction within this model. Furthermore, the theoretical concept underlying sensation seeking proposes a negative relationship between reward processing and sensation seeking in only moderately arousing situations, which has been neglected by previous research.
This study aimed to investigate this inverse relationship in moderately stimulating situations entailing reward processing using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects (N = 38) participated in a classical conditioning paradigm in which a neutral stimulus (CS+) was repeatedly paired with a monetary reward, while another neutral stimulus (CS−) was not.
Imaging results revealed a negative relationship between sensation seeking and neural responses in the insula, amygdala and nucleus accumbens during the early phase and in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex during the late phase of conditioning. These findings suggest reduced reward learning and consequently diminished processing of outcome expectancy in appetitive conditioning in subjects with high sensation seeking scores. The results are discussed with respect to clinical implications.
Vesicular Antipsychotic Drug Release Evokes an Extra Phase of Dopamine Transmission
Authors: Walters Seth H , Levitan Edwin S 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Many psychiatric drugs are weak bases that accumulate in and are released from synaptic vesicles, but the functional impact of vesicular drug release is largely unknown. Here, we examine the effect of vesicular release of the anxiolytic antipsychotic drug cyamemazine on electrically evoked striatal dopamine responses with fast scan cyclic voltammetry. Remarkably, in the presence of nanomolar extracellular cyamemazine, vesicular cyamemazine release in the brain slice can increase dopamine responses 30-fold. Kinetic analysis and multiple stimulation experiments show that this occurs by inducing delayed emptying of the releasable dopamine pool. Also consistent with increased dopamine release, an antagonist (dihydro-β-erythroidine) implicates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which can directly cause dopamine release, in the vesicular cyamemazine effect. Therefore, vesicular release of cyamemazine can dramatically enhance dopaminergic synaptic transmission, possibly by recruiting an excitatory cholinergic input to induce an extra phase of release. More generally, this study suggests that synaptic drug release following vesicular accumulation by acidic trapping can expand psychiatric drug pharmacodynamics.
When is it appropriate to withhold a trust deed from a beneficiary? Disclosure of trust documents in the New Zealand Supreme Court
Authors: Thompson Stephanie 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Disputes over beneficiaries’ access to trust documents are increasingly common, particularly as a prelude to hostile litigation. This article examines one of the latest offerings on this subject, Erceg v Erceg [2017] NZSC 28, in which the New Zealand Supreme Court refused to permit a discretionary beneficiary access to trust deeds. The extreme facts of Erceg demonstrate the importance of courts and trustees retaining a discretion to refuse disclosure of even basic trust documents. The decision also clarifies several points of principle about the court’s supervisory jurisdiction, and gives detailed consideration to the factors the court should take into account.
Lamivudine vs placebo or no treatment in preventing the transmission of hepatitis B virus during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zhao Peng , Qian Xueqian , Su Chang , Yang Xiaofu , Bai Xiaoxia 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a severe health problem, especially in developing countries. Almost 45% of the population lives in highly endemic areas, where the most common form of transmission is mother to child transmission (MTCT). Administration of antiviral therapy has been established. Nevertheless, its efficacy still remains controversial.

Methods
We conducted the current study to fully evaluate the effectiveness of lamivudine in preventing the MTCT of HBV based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Four English electronic databases and four Chinese electronic databases were searched from the inception of each database to 26 September 2017. Studies were included if they (1) were human RCT studies, (2) indicated exposure to lamivudine, (3) explicitly indicated control to placebo or no treatment, (4) indicated the participants were pregnant women infected with HBVand (5) compared the outcome of interest as the MTCT. Extracted data were tabulated and analyzed using Review Manager.

Results
Eleven RCTs were included and analyzed. Compared with controls (placebo or no treatment), lamivudine significantly reduced the probability of MTCT, as indicated by newborn HBsAg seropositivity (RR=0.44, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.74, I2=41%), HBeAg seropositivity (RR=0.66, 95% CI 0.36 to 1.19, I2=0%) and HBV DNA seropositivity (RR=0.29, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.4`6, I2=0%) within 24 h after birth. Similar results were noted pertaining to infant HBsAg seropositivity and HBV DNA seropositivity within 6–7 and 12 mo.

Conclusions
Lamivudine can significantly reduce the MTCT of HBsAg and HBV DNA of neonates during the third trimester of pregnancy without severe adverse events.
Does Disordered Sleep Moderate the Relationship Between Pain, Disability and Downstream Health Care Utilization in Patients With Low Back Pain?
Authors: Rhon Daniel I. , O’Hagan Edel , Mysliwiec Vincent , Lentz Trevor A. 
Published: July 2019

Study Design.
Prospective cohort.

Objective.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of disordered sleep on the relationship between pain and health care utilization (HCU) and pain-related disability and HCU in individuals with low back pain (LBP).

Summary of Background Data.
Disordered sleep and pain influence LBP outcomes, but their relationship with health care seeking after an episode of LBP has not been investigated and could help identify who is at risk for long-term medical care.

Methods.
This study included patients with LBP participating in a self-management class at a large US military hospital between March 1, 2010 and December 4, 2012. Pain intensity, disability (Oswestry Disability Index), and sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale) were captured at baseline. Medical visits for a sleep disorder in the 12 months before the class and LBP-related healthcare utilization for the 12 months following the class were abstracted from the Military Health System Data Repository. Separate multivariate analyses evaluating pain intensity and disability as predictors of HCU were developed, with sleepiness and the presence of a sleep disorder as potential moderators. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, history of back pain, and mental health comorbidities.

Results.
A total of 757 consecutive participants were included, with 195 (26.8%) diagnosed with a subsequent sleep disorder. Sleepiness was not a significant predictor of HCU. The main effects of disability, pain intensity, and presence of a sleep disorder were significant across all analyses, with higher disability, pain intensity, and presence of a sleep disorder associated with higher predicted visits and costs for LBP. The presence of a sleep disorder was not a significant moderator in any model.

Conclusion.
Higher pain intensity and disability predicted higher pain-related HCU in the year following a LBP self-management class. The presence of a sleep disorder diagnosis, as recorded in medical records, had a significant independent effect on LBP-related health care visits and costs beyond the influences of pain intensity, disability, and other key demographic and health-related characteristics, but did not moderate these relationships.

Level of Evidence: 3