bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can We Improve Rater Performance?
Authors: Bracken David W. , Rotolo Christopher T. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
When raters in a 360 Feedback process do not perform as desired, the result can be highly skewed distributions: The data lose their utility, especially when they are to be used for decision-making. We use the ALAMO performance model [Performance = Alignment × (Ability × Motivation × Opportunity)] to dissect the causes and possible solutions for suboptimal rater performance. Using a systems model of 360 Feedback, we analyze three major factors that can determine the quality of 360 data (i.e., Instrument/Content, Process Features, and Rater Characteristics). No two 360 Feedback systems are the same. It follows that no two diagnoses or prescriptions will be the same across the dozens of decisions that must be made in the design and implementation of a given process. Some of those decisions can be guided by science, some by the unique organization and its leaders, and most by a combination of both. We strongly recommend that both groups of stakeholders (scientist practitioners and process owners) study this chapter prior to making those decisions.
Rater Congruency
Authors: Furnham Adrian 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the meaning of, and implications for, differences in 360 Feedback ratings among individual raters (e.g., self, peers, direct reports). This chapter looks at possible causes and consequences for high and low agreement and why it is important. A detailed discussion of the history of rating difference research is followed by an analysis of these differences. This chapter addresses a number of issues related to congruity in feedback ratings: What is rater congruence? Why does it matter? Is it mainly due to people overrating themselves? What are the business implications for high or low congruence? What are the recommendations to increase it? The importance of self-other rating agreement in 360 Feedback is discussed.
Reclaiming Land
Authors: Billiot Shanondora , Parfait Jessica 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Environmental changes are projected to have adverse impacts on marginalized populations through additional pressures placed on already struggling social systems. Indigenous communities, given their attachment to and dependence on the land, are especially vulnerable. Though indigenous peoples throughout the world contribute the least to changes in the environment, they are disproportionally affected. To date, there has been limited research on health impacts resulting from environmental changes, especially among indigenous peoples in the United States. This chapter presents a case study on how environmental change exposure (e.g., observations, frequency, threats) and indigenous-specific sensitivities (e.g., historical trauma, ethnic identity, discrimination) affect the likelihood of participation in adaptation activities by indigenous peoples living in a physically vulnerable coastal area of the United States. It connects these findings with themes arising within other indigenous communities experiencing environmental changes.
TRIPOD: Answer to the Seeds of Discontent
Authors: Kirchner Carl J. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The 1980s and the following decades brought confusion regarding appropriate education programs for deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students, especially related to inclusion. The movement for equal education using a visual approach came into existence, and research exploring the pros and cons of mainstreaming began. Sign language interpreting in the education setting emerged, along with individuals who did or did not believe it was needed. Many school districts/county offices were unprepared to adequately or appropriately serve the needs of DHH students. Even the parents of these students were lost in a maze of uncertainty. The seeds of discontent were being sown, and educational change was in the wind. It seemed that every aspect of the field, from educational choices, hiring practices, and financial concerns to administrative decisions, were up for review. TRIPOD, a program with a philosophy of co-enrollment, has provided a fruitful harvest from these seeds of discontent.
Conditions for Effective Co-Enrollment of Deaf and Hearing Students: What May Be Learned from Experiences in Belgium
Authors: Ghesquière Magaly , Meurant Laurence 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In a school in Namur, in the French-speaking part of Belgium, deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) pupils are co-enrolled in a mainstream school and are taught bilingually in French Belgian Sign Language (LSFB) and in French. This program has existed since 2000. It was initiated by the parents of a deaf child who took advantage of a decree that allowed the schools to organize teaching by immersion in a language other than French. After a presentation of the context in which this setting emerged and the way it is organized in practice, this chapter develops issues related to the pedagogical implications of welcoming all profiles of DHH learners, the search for an appropriate bilingual pedagogy, the co-teaching approach, and the complementarity between teachers and interpreters. It shows that these issues are essential conditions for ensuring that DHH pupils can benefit efficiently from the expected advantages of a co-enrollment setting.
Discourse Function
Authors: Fonteyn Lauren 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Taking a slightly different perspective on reference compared to the previous chapter, this chapter considers nominal and verbal gerunds in light of their discourse-functional behavior. It is argued that nouns and verbs have a different status as referents in discourse. Nouns (or nominals) serve as discourse participants, while verbs serve as relators between participants in the clauses they head. As a result, nominals tend to be anaphorically tracked in their entirety, while clauses are anaphorically accessed for their internal participants (e.g. Helping refugees is important. [It is the right thing to do] vs. [They need your help]). Nominal gerunds seem to increasingly resemble prototypical nominals in this respect, while verbal gerunds retain a clause-like internal accessibility.
The US Wars in Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan
Authors: Lebovic James H. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Because overarching policy goals are distant and open to interpretation, policy makers yield to cognitive bias by constructing policies around visible elements (salient referents). US wartime policy makers thus defined US goals in Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan first to serve proximate goals; then to serve disjoined tasks; eventually to serve available US (political, economic, and military) resources; and finally to serve a fixed-exit schedule, at which point leaving became the primary objective. In consequence, they exaggerated the benefits of preferred policies, ignored their accompanying costs and requirements, and underappreciated the benefits of available alternatives. These non-rational tendencies, though pervasive in decision-making, become disabling problems in the complex environment of asymmetric conflicts. With their many interdependent parts, these demanding environments confound planning and tax resources. The result was shortsighted, suboptimal policies that failed to live up to ever-diminishing expectations.
The Vietnam War, 1965–1973
Authors: Lebovic James H. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The Vietnam War followed a biased decisional pattern. The Johnson administration, with Robert McNamara as secretary of defense, committed early to a military solution. It extended the US mission to include a full-blown air war (Rolling Thunder) that was true to neither a political nor a military strategy, and the administration fought a full-blown ground war without concern for the war’s critical political dimension. Then, when reaching its limit, the administration sought mainly to manage the US mission’s costs, despite the apparent success of a pacification strategy. Finally, when victory proved elusive, Richard Nixon and his national security adviser, Henry Kissinger, escalated the war by invading Cambodia, supporting the invasion of Laos, and initiating the Linebacker bombing campaigns over North Vietnam. They nonetheless prioritized an exit from the conflict, as registered in the terms of the 1973 Paris Peace Accord.
The West’s Belated Response
Authors: Orenstein Mitchell A. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Western leaders and institutions did not fully realize that they were under attack from Russia between 2007 and 2012. Yet when they slowly realized that Russia had launched an all-out hybrid war against Western institutions, a determined response emerged. The United States and EU imposed several rounds of economic sanctions on Russia, punishing key individuals and sectors of the economy. The EU also sought to prevent Russia from using energy blackmail against its member states. It took measures to reduce Gazprom’s influence by ending discriminatory contract provisions and building interconnectors between countries. NATO shored up its defenses in Eastern Europe to prevent another Russian invasion. All the while, the EU and NATO continued the project of creating a “Europe whole and free,” including the lands in between, setting the stage for a deepening geopolitical confrontation with Russia.
The Contest for Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Orenstein Mitchell A. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
While many thought that the eleven Central and Eastern European countries that exited communism and joined the European Union in the 2000s had made an irrevocable “civilizational choice,” Russia has sought to extend its influence into this unexpected new battleground. Though Russia has fewer tools of influence than in the lands in between, it has used energy politics, disinformation, support for extremist parties, business relations, and a variety of covert methods to cause Central and Eastern European governments and politicians to re-evaluate their allegiances. Central and Eastern European countries have experienced growing extremism, increasing polarization, and the rise of cynical power brokers who wish to accommodate Moscow, while also benefiting from EU ties and funds. Political leaders such as Viktor Orbán of Hungary have blazed this path, making gas and energy deals with Russia while undermining democratic politics at home and challenging the European Union from within.
The History of the Concept of Religious Awakening in German Protestantism
Authors: Kloes Andrew 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The concept of religious “awakening” was central to the identity of certain German Protestants in the early nineteenth century. However, those Protestants whose activities constituted the Awakening movement did not create this concept. Quite to the contrary, their notions of religious awakening came from how the words Erweckung, erwecken, and erweckt had been used in a wide range of Protestant texts during the preceding three hundred years. This chapter analyzes how the concept of religious awakening developed within German Protestantism. It establishes the origins of this concept in the early writings of Martin Luther. Next, it tracks how the meaning of awakening developed further through subsequent sixteenth-, seventeenth-, and early eighteenth-century texts. It then considers how the concept of awakening changed through what many contemporary commentators described as a period of momentous religious turmoil and transition in the second half of the eighteenth century.
The Awakening and New Religious Societies for Evangelism
Authors: Kloes Andrew 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how the Awakening became a modern, popular religious movement through the foundation of hundreds of new religious voluntary societies to support evangelistic initiatives. Awakened Protestants throughout Germany envisioned these new organizations as the means to join with like-minded Christians in working for shared evangelistic goals. They were motivated by concern over theological rationalism within their churches, indifference toward religion in their society, and the spiritual condition of non-Christian peoples. Awakened Protestants founded four main types of extra-ecclesial organizations: voluntary societies for the distribution of Bibles and religious literature in Germany and voluntary societies for sending missionaries to non-Christian regions and Jewish communities in Europe. Their presence established a new sphere of religious activity between the individual Christian and the institutional churches. In establishing these new religious societies, awakened Protestants rationalized the task of evangelism through their creation of administrative bureaucracies to operate their religious societies.
Leibniz's Naturalized Philosophy of Mind
Authors: Jorgensen Larry M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA systematic reappraisal of Leibniz’s philosophy of mind. The main argument of this book is easy to state:Leibniz offers a fully natural theory of mind. In today’s philosophical climate in which much effort has been put into discovering a naturalized theory of mind Leibniz’s efforts to reach a similar goal three hundred years earlier will provide a critical stance from which we can assess our own theories. But while thegoals might be similar thecontent of Leibniz’s theory significantly diverges from the majority of today’s theories. Leibniz’s philosophy of mind meets the standards of whathe would regard as a fully natural theory. Perhaps surprisingly Leibniz’s theological commitments yield a thoroughgoing naturalizing methodology: the properties of an object are explicable in term of the object’snature. This book argues that Leibniz pursued his philosophy of mind with this methodology in hand. If we keep this commitment to a naturalizing project in mind then we will find in Leibniz a rich and interesting philosophy of mind. This book provides an account of Leibniz’s naturalizing constraints and traces them through Leibniz’s philosophy of mind. It covers issues relating to mental representation perception sensation consciousness memory and moral identity.
Moral Identity and the Appearance of the Self
Authors: Jorgensen Larry M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis chapter considers Leibniz’s theory of moral identity, focusing on the aspects of moral identity that connect with Leibniz’s theory of consciousness and reflection. Rather than focusing on the conditions of identity over time, I intend to focus on what Leibniz calls the appearance of the self. What, exactly, is the content of the appearance and how does it occur? This chapter argues that the internal appearance of moral identity consists in the action of a substance on itself. The first section of this chapter distinguishes moral identity from other sorts of identity one will find in Leibniz’s writings. Then this chapter argues for the necessity of the appearance of moral identity to moral identity itself. Finally, this chapter provides an analysis of the content of the appearance that Leibniz describes as an appearance of moral identity.
Inclusive Positivism and the Arguments from Authority
Authors: Himma Kenneth Einar 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the various tensions that might be thought to arise between the Incorporation Thesis and practical authority. The Incorporation Thesis states that there is a conceptually possible legal system with moral criteria of validity. In such a legal system, the properties that constitute a norm as legally valid include properties having to do with whether its content satisfies certain moral standards. This chapter begins with a general discussion of the differences between practical and epistemic authority. The chapter then articulates the various theses associated with the so-called service conception of authority and concludes with a summary of the arguments for the claim that this conception of authority is inconsistent with the Incorporation Thesis.
Restraint of Trade and Freedom
Authors: Saprai Prince 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that on the republican view of contract law, freedom resides not in absence of interference per se (the liberal position), but rather in the absence of arbitrary interference or dominium by others. It claims that the restraint of trade doctrine protects this kind of republican freedom by preventing the promisee from using contract law to constitute a relationship of dominium over the promisor. Such contracts or contract clauses involve a subversion of the true purpose of contract law which is to structure intrinsically valuable relationships between the parties based on trust, equality, and cooperation. To explain the invalidity of clauses in restraint of trade, it is necessary to reach beyond promise to this constitutive purpose.
Migrant-Hostile Policing
Authors: Mutsaers Paul 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis chapter opens with three arrest cases that shed light on the non-modular constitution of present-day policing. Modularity is here understood as the segmentation of social life into separate and relatively independent spheres. The three vignettes show what happens when policing becomes non-modular: private and public considerations are blurred in the operations that police officers undertake. The rest of the chapter adds ethnographic materials collected in various settings to argue that this organizational development turns racial profiling, and migrant-hostile policing more broadly, into an everyday affair. One conclusion is emphasized repeatedly: police discrimination is a public issue that concerns the entire organization rather than an outcome of the private troubles of the individuals it employs.
The Parody Exception in Copyright Law
Authors: Jacques Sabine 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Parodies have been created throughout times and cultures. A glimpse at the judicial latitude generally afforded to parodies, satires, caricatures, and pastiches demonstrates the social and cultural value of this particular form of artistic expression. With the advent of technologies and the evolution of copyright legislation, creative endeavours in the form of parody were rejuvenated but became unlawful. While copyright law grants exclusive rights to right-holders, these rights are not absolute. Legislation includes specific exceptions, which preclude right-holders from exercising their prerogatives in particular cases which foster creativity and cultural diversity within that society. The parody exception pertains to this ultimate objective by permitting users to reproduce copyright-protected materials for the purpose of parody. To understand the meaning and scope of the parody exception, this book examines and compares five jurisdictions which differ in their protection of parodies: France, Australia, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. It is concerned with finding an appropriate balance between the protection awarded to right-holders and the public interest. This is achieved by analysing the parody exception to the economic rights of right-holders, the preservation of moral rights, and the interaction of the parody exception with contract law. As parodies constitute an artistic expression protected under the right to freedom of expression, this book also considers the influence of freedom of expression on the interpretation of this specific copyright exception. Furthermore, this book aims at providing guidance on how to resolve disputes where fundamental rights are in conflict.
Four Models of Clemency
Authors: Pascoe Daniel 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 provides the theoretical framework for a comparative study of clemency in death penalty cases. It begins by clarifying the terminology used throughout the book, including the local terms used in Southeast Asian legal systems for executive ‘clemency’. Then, drawing in particular from the work of Douglas Hay et al (1975), Leslie Sebba (1977a; 1977b); Kathleen Dean Moore (1989), Daniel Kobil (1991; 2003; 2007), Elizabeth Rapaport (1998–2000; 2001), and Austin Sarat (2005; 2008), Chapter 2 suggests four models of clemency in death penalty cases, based upon the previous academic literature: (1) ‘mercy from the sovereign’ granted solely for the ruler’s benefit; (2) retributivist clemency; (3) redemptive clemency; and (4) clemency for political benefit or utilitarian reasons. Finally, Chapter 2 also summarizes the results of the few multi-jurisdictional studies on capital clemency conducted in the past (e.g. Turrell 2000; Pascoe 2017b; Sebba 1977b; Baumgartner and Morris 2001; The Parliamentary Monitoring Group 2004; Dascalu 2012; Novak 2015; Strange 1996; Tait 2000–1), together with factors that the theoretical literature suggests may contribute to clemency frequency or scarcity. In summary, the theoretical and empirical literature points to the following potential determinants of death penalty clemency: political regime, separation of powers, clemency decision-making structure, structural opportunities for leniency at earlier phases, procedural idiosyncrasies in the criminal justice system, time spent on death row, and predominant religion.
Conclusion: Clemency’s Place
Authors: Pascoe Daniel 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The Conclusion, after briefly summarizing the respective country positions and restating the three-part hypothesis outlined in Chapter 7, considers what Southeast Asia’s ‘natural experiment’ on clemency means for policymakers, NGO staff, and legal practitioners working on death penalty cases in the region. The four national case studies, together with Chapter 7’s comparative hypothesis, suggest various practical means of boosting each Southeast Asian jurisdiction’s clemency rate within finalized capital cases. The Conclusion also considers what implications the comparative findings outlined in Chapter 7 have for the broader criminal justice literature in other parts of the world (particularly concerning the relationship between discretion exercised at different stages of a criminal case, the relationship between extrajudicial and judicial sanctions, the impact of democratization on criminal justice policies, and the influence of delay on criminal justice decision-making). Finally, the Conclusion suggests a future research agenda, including quantitative studies to ‘test’ the accuracy of the book’s three-part hypothesis in other parts of the retentionist world. The chapter ends with several predictions regarding the future of capital clemency in the four Southeast Asian jurisdictions under analysis (Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia).
Tyres
Authors: Limebeer David J. N. , Massaro Matteo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractChapter 3 focuses on modern tyre modelling. While classical two-dimensional nonholonomic- constraint models work reasonably well at very low speeds, these models are not acceptable in realistic applications. This chapter aims to explain the mechanisms and modelling issues related to the generation of tyre forces and moments. Physical models such as the brush and string models are used to clarify the basic concepts. Building upon these findings, the empirical models widespread in vehicle dynamics analyses are discussed. An overview of some of the advanced models currently used in the industry is also given.
Precursory Vehicle Modelling
Authors: Limebeer David J. N. , Massaro Matteo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractChapter 4 considers a number of precursory car and bicycle models, as well as an important oscillatory phenomenon commonly referred to as shimmy. The chapter begins by considering a classical single-track car model that will be used to analyse such things as yaw stability, the effects of acceleration and braking, and some of the influences of cornering. After that, the Timoshenko–Young bicycle model that has steering and rolling freedoms is considered. Bicycle stability is then considered with the help of a point-mass bicycle model. Shimmy, including gyroscopic shimmy, is discussed in the concluding part of the chapter. The reader will also be introduced to the fundamental notions of oversteer and understeer.