bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental context and contaminant biotransport by Pacific salmon interact to mediate the bioaccumulation of contaminants by stream‐resident fish
Authors: Gerig Brandon S. , Chaloner Dominic T. , Janetski David J. , Moerke Ashley H. , Rediske Richard R. , O'Keefe James P. , de Alwis Pitts Dilkushi A. , Lamberti Gary A. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

The extent to which environmental context mediates the bioaccumulation of biotransported contaminants by stream‐resident organisms is poorly understood. For example, it is unclear the extent to which contaminant type, instream characteristics or resident fish identity interact to influence the uptake of contaminants deposited by Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) during their spawning runs.

To address this uncertainty, we sampled four stream‐resident fish species from 13 watersheds of the Laurentian Great Lakes in locations with and without salmon runs across a gradient of instream and watershed characteristics. We determined the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and mercury (Hg) concentration along with the stable isotope ratios for salmon and stream‐resident fish.

We found that stream‐resident fish PCB concentrations were higher in reaches with salmon and were positively related to δ15N. In contrast, resident fish Hg concentrations were similar or lower in reaches with salmon compared with reaches lacking salmon and either exhibited a negative or no relationship with δ15N.

Based on AICc, resident fish exhibited species‐specific PCB concentrations that were positively related to salmon PCB flux. Hg burdens exhibited an interaction between fish length and salmon Hg flux—as salmon Hg inputs increased, Hg levels decreased with increasing resident fish length. Because salmon eggs are enriched in PCBs but depleted in Hg, contaminant loads of resident fish appear to be driven by consumption of salmon eggs. We found no support for models that included the mediating influence of instream or watershed factors.

Synthesis and applications. Our results highlight that contaminants bioaccumulate differently depending on contaminant type, species identity and the trophic pathway to contamination. Consequently, consideration of the recipient food web and route of exposure is critical to understanding the fate of biotransported contaminants in ecosystems. The transfer of contaminants by migratory organisms represents an understudied stressor in ecology. Effective management of biotransported contaminants will require the delineation of hotspots of biotransport and implementation of best management practices to reduce inputs of salmon‐derived pollutants.
Integration of speech and gesture in aphasia
Authors: Cocks Naomi , Byrne Suzanne , Pritchard Madeleine , Morgan Gary , Dipper Lucy 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundInformation from speech and gesture is often integrated to comprehend a message. This integration process requires the appropriate allocation of cognitive resources to both the gesture and speech modalities. People with aphasia are likely to find integration of gesture and speech difficult. This is due to a reduction in cognitive resources, a difficulty with resource allocation or a combination of the two. Despite it being likely that people who have aphasia will have difficulty with integration, empirical evidence describing this difficulty is limited. Such a difficulty was found in a single case study by Cocks et al. in 2009, and is replicated here with a greater number of participants.AimsTo determine whether individuals with aphasia have difficulties understanding messages in which they have to integrate speech and gesture.Methods & ProceduresThirty‐one participants with aphasia (PWA) and 30 control participants watched videos of an actor communicating a message in three different conditions: verbal only, gesture only, and verbal and gesture message combined. The message related to an action in which the name of the action (e.g., ‘eat’) was provided verbally and the manner of the action (e.g., hands in a position as though eating a burger) was provided gesturally. Participants then selected a picture that ‘best matched’ the message conveyed from a choice of four pictures which represented a gesture match only (G match), a verbal match only (V match), an integrated verbal–gesture match (Target) and an unrelated foil (UR). To determine the gain that participants obtained from integrating gesture and speech, a measure of multimodal gain (MMG) was calculated.Outcomes & ResultsThe PWA were less able to integrate gesture and speech than the control participants and had significantly lower MMG scores. When the PWA had difficulty integrating, they more frequently selected the verbal match.Conclusions & ImplicationsThe findings suggest that people with aphasia can have difficulty integrating speech and gesture in order to obtain meaning. Therefore, when encouraging communication partners to use gesture alongside language when communicating with people with aphasia, education regarding the types of gestures that would facilitate understanding is recommended.
Writing fluency in patients with low‐grade glioma before and after surgery
Authors: Antonsson Malin , Johansson Charlotte , Hartelius Lena , Henriksson Ingrid , Longoni Francesca , Wengelin Åsa 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundLow‐grade glioma (LGG) is a type of brain tumour often situated in or near areas involved in language, sensory or motor functions. Depending on localization and tumour characteristics, language or cognitive impairments due to tumour growth and/or surgical resection are obvious risks. One task that may be at risk is writing, both because it requires intact language and memory function and because it is a very complex and cognitively demanding task. The most commonly reported language deficit in LGG patients is oral lexical‐retrieval difficulties, and poor lexical retrieval would be expected to affect writing fluency.AimsTo explore whether writing fluency is affected in LGG patients before and after surgery and whether it is related to performance on tasks of oral lexical retrieval.Methods & ProceduresTwenty consecutive patients with presumed LGG wrote a narrative and performed a copy task before undergoing surgery and at 3‐month follow‐up using keystroke‐logging software. The same tasks were performed by a reference group (N= 31). The patients were also tested using the Boston Naming Test (BNT) and word‐fluency tests before and after surgery. Writing fluency was compared between the patients and the reference group, and between the patients before and after surgery. Relationships between performance on tests of oral lexical retrieval and writing fluency were investigated both before and after surgery.Outcome & ResultsDifferent aspects of writing fluency were affected in the LGG patients both before and after surgery. However, when controlling for the effect of typing speed, the LGG group differed significantly from the reference group only in the proportion of pauses within words. After surgery, a significant decline was seen in production rate and typing speed in the narrative task, and a significant increase was seen in pauses before words. Strong positive relationships were found between oral lexical retrieval and writing fluency both before and after surgery.Conclusions & ImplicationsAlthough aspects of writing fluency were affected both before and after surgery, the results indicate that typing speed is an important factor behind the pre‐surgery differences. However, the decline in overall productivity and the increase in pauses before words after surgery could be related to a lexical deficit. This is supported by the finding that oral lexical‐retrieval scores were strongly correlated with writing fluency. However, further exploration is needed to identify the language and cognitive abilities affecting writing processes in LGG patients.
Stress‐induced pyruvate accumulation contributes to cross protection in a fungus
Authors: Zhang Xing , St. Leger Raymond J. , Fang Weiguo 
Published: February 2018

SummaryIt is commonly observed that microorganisms subjected to a mild stress develop tolerance not only to higher doses of the same stress but also to other stresses – a phenomenon called cross protection. The mechanisms for cross protection have not been fully revealed. Here, we report that heat shock induced cross protection against UV, oxidative and osmotic/salt stress conditions in the cosmopolitan fungus Metarhizium robertsii. Similarly, oxidative and osmotic/salt stresses also induced cross protection against multiple other stresses. We found that oxidative and osmotic/salt stresses produce an accumulation of pyruvate that scavenges stress‐induced reactive oxygen species and promotes fungal growth. Thus, stress‐induced pyruvate accumulation contributes to cross protection. RNA‐seq and qRT‐PCR analyses showed that UV, osmotic/salt and oxidative stress conditions decrease the expression level of pyruvate consumption genes in the trichloroacetic acid cycle and fermentation pathways leading to pyruvate accumulation. Our work presents a novel mechanism for cross protection in microorganisms.
Novel, diverse RNA viruses from Mediterranean isolates of the phytopathogenic fungus, Rosellinia necatrix: insights into evolutionary biology of fungal viruses
Authors: Arjona‐Lopez Juan Manuel , Telengech Paul , Jamal Atif , Hisano Sakae , Kondo Hideki , Yelin Mery Dafny , Arjona‐Girona Isabel , Kanematsu Satoko , Lopez‐Herrera Carlos José , Suzuki Nobuhiro 
Published: February 2018

SummaryTo reveal mycovirus diversity, we conducted a search of as‐yet‐unexplored Mediterranean isolates of the phytopathogenic ascomycete Rosellinia necatrix for virus infections. Of seventy‐nine, eleven fungal isolates tested RNA virus‐positive, with many showing coinfections, indicating a virus incidence of 14%, which is slightly lower than that (approximately 20%) previously reported for extensive surveys of over 1000 Japanese R. necatrix isolates. All viral sequences were fully or partially characterized by Sanger and next‐generation sequencing. These sequences appear to represent isolates of various new species spanning at least 6 established or previously proposed families such as Partiti‐, Hypo‐, Megabirna‐, Yado‐kari‐, Fusagra‐ and Fusarividae, as well as a newly proposed family, Megatotiviridae. This observation greatly expands the diversity of R. necatrix viruses, because no hypo‐, fusagra‐ or megatotiviruses were previously reported from R. necatrix. The sequence analyses showed a rare horizontal gene transfer event of the 2A‐like protease domain between a dsRNA (phlegivirus) and a positive‐sense, single‐stranded RNA virus (hypovirus). Moreover, many of the newly detected viruses showed the closest relation to viruses reported from fungi other than R. necatrix, such as Fusarium spp., which are sympatric to R. necatrix. These combined results imply horizontal virus transfer between these soil‐inhabitant fungi.
Ascorbic Acid‐Based Oxygen Scavenger in Active Food Packaging System for Raw Meatloaf
Authors: Lee Jung‐Soo , Chang Yoonjee , Lee Eun‐Sil , Song Hong‐Geon , Chang Pahn‐Shick , Han Jaejoon 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA nonferrous oxygen scavenger (NFOS) comprising activated carbon and sodium l‐ascorbate was developed to enhance the preservative efficacy of raw meatloaves. To determine the optimum formulation of activated carbon and sodium l‐ascorbate, NFOSs with varying ratios of components (1:1, 1:1.2, 1:1.4, 1:1.6, 1:1.8, and 1:2, w/w) were prepared and their oxygen‐scavenging volumes were measured over 4 d at 25 °C. Assays of oxygen‐scavenging capacities indicated that the optimum NFOS formulation of activated carbon and sodium l‐ascorbate was achieved at a ratio of 1:1.6 (w/w). Finally, the optimal NFOS sachet was applied to packaging of raw meatloaves and its oxygen‐scavenging capacity was periodically analyzed. Moreover, microbiological changes (including total aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and yeasts and molds) and an effect on lipid oxidation during the storage were examined at 4 °C for 4 d. The meatloaves packaged with NFOS sachet had lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and microbiological changes than control meatloaves, indicating the practical utility in the food packaging industry.Practical ApplicationOxygen‐scavenging sachets containing iron powder have been generally used although those have several problems. Therefore, to solve them, an ascorbic acid‐based oxygen scavenger composed of activated carbon and sodium l‐ascorbate was newly developed. It did not only inhibit lipid oxidation but also reduce microbial growth in meatloaves. It could be used as a promising packaging material to protect meat products from lipid oxidation and microbial contamination.
Modeling Transfer of Vibrio Parahaemolyticus During Peeling of Raw Shrimp
Authors: Xiao Xingning , Pang Haiying , Wang Wen , Fang Weihuan , Fu Yingchun , Li Yanbin 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis study aimed to qualify the transfer of Vibrio parahaemolyticus during the shrimp peeling process via gloves under 3 different scenarios. The 1st 2 scenarios provided quantitative information for the probability distribution of bacterial transfer rates from (i) contaminated shrimp (6 log CFU/g) to non‐contaminated gloves (Scenario 1) and (ii) contaminated gloves (6 log CFU/per pair) to non‐contaminated shrimp (Scenario 2). In Scenario 3, bacterial transfer from contaminated shrimp to non‐contaminated shrimp in the shrimp peeling process via gloves was investigated to develop a predictive model for describing the successive bacterial transfer. The range of bacterial transfer rate (%) in Scenarios 1 and 2 was 7% to 91.95% and 0.04% to 12.87%, respectively, indicating that the bacteria can be transferred from shrimp to gloves much easier than that from gloves to shrimp. A Logistic (1.59, 0.14) and Triangle distribution (−1.61, 0.12, 1.32) could be used to describe the bacterial transfer rate in Scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. In Scenario 3, a continuously decay patterning with fluctuations as the peeling progressed has been observed at all inoculation levels of the 1st shrimp (5, 6, and 7 log CFU/g). The bacteria could be transferred easier at 1st few peels, and the decreasing bacterial transfer was found in later phase. Two models (exponential and Weibull) could describe the successive bacterial transfer satisfactorily (pseudo‐R2 > 0.84, RMSE < 1.23, SEP < 10.37). The result of this study can provide information regarding cross‐contamination events in the seafood factory.Practical ApplicationThis study presented that Vibrio parahaemolyticus cross‐contamination could be caused by gloves during the shrimp peeling process. The bacterial transfer rate distribution and predictive model derived from this work could be used in risk assessment of V. parahaemolyticus to ensure peeled shrimp safety.
Shelf to Health: Does Product Innovation Change National Estimates of Dietary Impacts?
Authors: Taylor Christopher A. , Watowicz Rosanna P. , Spees Colleen K. , Hooker Neal H. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis paper presents a simulation process to augment nutrition surveillance in the United States which incorporates product innovation data. Traditional point‐estimates of nutritional quality in a food category are compared to those based on distributions of nutrient compositions using product‐level variability seen in the market. Nationally representative consumption patterns provide dietary intakes. Cookies are used as an example food category. Nutrient composition data from Global New Product Database (GNPD) for 5259 cookies launched 2005 to 2012 were matched to dietary intakes from 2005 to 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) over the 2 y cycles of NHANES for 8284 cookie consumers. Average dietary intakes from traditional NHANES and GNPD‐based estimations produced similar mean values for energy, carbohydrates, sugars, total fat, and protein. Saturated fat, fiber and cholesterol contributions using new product compositions were significantly higher than traditional NHANES approaches, estimates of sodium were significantly lower. These differences become pronounced when comparing adult and child consumption patterns and over time. This process also simulated trans fat consumption estimates not traditionally available within NHANES. On average cookies contributed 0.3 g/d (range 0 to 4.1 g/d). Much variability in food composition is seen in the market which is shown to influence estimates of the national diet.Practical ApplicationNumerous factors drive changes in the food supply, including health trends, firm strategic choices, and food policy. This evolution presents a challenge for dietary assessments and nutrition monitoring. The public health impact of variability in nutritional composition, subpopulation consumption patterns and market dynamics are particularly difficult to evaluate and are shown to influence estimates of the national diet.
Comparative safety and efficacy of topical mometasone furoate with other topical corticosteroids
Authors: Spada Fabrizio , Barnes Tanya M , Greive Kerryn A 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDerivatives of hydrocortisone, such as mometasone furoate, a (2′) furoate‐17 ester with chlorine substitutions at positions 9 and 21, have been designed to improve efficacy and reduce the incidence of adverse effects. An extensive literature search of MEDLINE, Embase and other databases was conducted to review the safety and efficacy of various formulations of topical mometasone furoate. Mometasone furoate exhibits high potency with greater anti‐inflammatory activity and a longer duration of action than betamethasone. In clinical trials, mometasone furoate shows comparable or significantly better efficacy, depending on the comparator, in all indications studied in both adults and children. It is well tolerated with only transient, mild to moderate local adverse effects. It is characterised by low systemic availability due to its high lipophilicity, low percutaneous absorption and rapid hepatic biotransformation, and consequently has no significant effect on the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis. The molecular biotransformation of mometasone furoate in the skin results in a lower affinity with dermal cells than epidermal cells, which contributes to its low atrophogenicity. Sensitisation to mometasone furoate is low. Overall, mometasone furoate is a highly efficacious potent corticosteroid with a low risk of both local and systemic adverse effects.
How to investigate and adjust for selection bias in cohort studies
Authors: Nohr Ellen A , Liew Zeyan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractLongitudinal cohort studies can provide important evidence about preventable causes of disease, but the success relies heavily on the commitment of their participants, both at recruitment and during follow up. Initial participation rates have decreased in recent decades as have willingness to participate in subsequent follow ups. It is important to examine how such selection affects the validity of the results. In this article, we describe the conceptual framework for selection bias due to nonparticipation and loss to follow up in cohort studies, using both a traditional epidemiological approach and directed acyclic graphs. Methods to quantify selection bias are introduced together with analytical strategies to adjust for the bias including controlling for covariates associated with selection, inverse probability weighting and bias analysis. We use several studies conducted in the Danish National Birth Cohort as examples of how to quantify selection bias and also understand the underlying selection mechanisms. Although women who chose to participate in this cohort were typically of higher social status, healthier and with less disease than all those eligible for study, differential selection was modest and the influence of selection bias on several selected exposure–outcome associations was limited. These findings are reassuring and support enrolling a subset of motivated participants who would engage in long‐term follow up rather than prioritize representativeness. Some of the presented methods are applicable even with limited data on nonparticipants and those lost to follow up, and can also be applied to other study designs such as case–control studies and surveys.
Associations between parity and maternal BMI in a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Iversen Ditte S. , Kesmodel Ulrik S. , Ovesen Per G. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIntroductionWe aimed to investigate the change in prevalence of overweight and obesity in pregnant Danish women from 2004 to 2012, and investigate whether increasing parity was associated with a change in body mass index (BMI) prevalence.Material and methodsWe obtained a population‐based cohort from the Danish Medical Birth Registry consisting of all Danish women giving birth in 2004–2012 (n = 572 321). This registry contains information on 99.8% of all births in Denmark. We calculated the overall change in prepregnancy BMI status among pregnant women in Denmark, and a multiple linear regression model with adjustment for several potential confounders was used to examine the change in prepregnancy BMI with increasing parity.ResultsIn 2004, the prevalence of prepregnancy overweight and obesity (BMI ≥ 25) and obesity alone (BMI ≥ 30) was 31.9 and 11%, respectively. In 2012, the prevalence had reached 34.2 and 12.8%. The mean BMI increased for every additional parity from 23.80 (95% CI 23.77–23.82) in parity group 1 to 26.70 (26.52–26.90) in parity group 5+. A multiple linear regression adjusted for potential confounders showed that women on average gained 0.62 (0.58–0.65) BMI units after every additional birth.ConclusionsThis study showed a 7.2% increase in overweight and obesity (BMI ≥ 25) and a 16.4% increase in obesity alone (BMI ≥ 30) for pregnant women in Denmark from 2004 to 2012. In addition, an increase in interpregnancy BMI was seen at every additional delivery, suggesting that obesity is an increasing challenge in obstetrics.
Observational study found that even small variations in light can wake up very preterm infants in a neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Zores Claire , Dufour André , Pebayle Thierry , Dahan Ilana , Astruc Dominique , Kuhn Pierre 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAimThis prospective observational study evaluated the behavioural responses of very preterm infants to spontaneous light variations.MethodsWe measured spontaneous light variations in the incubators of 27 very preterm infants, with a median gestational age of 28 weeks (range 26–31 weeks), over 10 hours. All of them had been admitted to the neonatal care unit of the Strasbourg University Hospital, France, between April 2008 and July 2009. Two independent raters examined changes in the infants' behavioural states using video recordings. The percentage of awakenings was recorded when there were light variations and during control periods with no changes.ResultsWe analysed 275 periods following light variations and 275 control periods. The overall percentage of awakenings was greater during periods following a change in light than during control periods (16.3% vs 11%, p = 0.03). The extent of light protection affected the percentage of awakenings. In mild light protection, there were more awakenings following changes in light than in control periods (25.6% vs 6.7%, p = 0.01). This difference was not found in high light protection.ConclusionVery preterm infants can be woken up by small variations in light, when the light protection in their incubator is insufficient.