bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can veterinarians reliably apply a whole horse ridden ethogram to differentiate nonlame and lame horses based on live horse assessment of behaviour?
Authors: Dyson S. , Thomson K. , Quiney L. , Bondi A. , Ellis A. D. 
Published: April 2019

SummaryA Ridden‐Horse‐Ethogram has been developed to differentiate between nonlame and lame horses, and lame horses before and after diagnostic analgesia has abolished musculoskeletal pain, based on video recordings. The objective of this prospective, observational study was to compare real‐time application of the Ridden‐Horse‐Ethogram with analysis of video recordings of the horses by a trained assessor and to determine whether veterinarians, after preliminary training, could apply the ethogram in real time in a consistent way and in agreement with an experienced assessor. Ten equine veterinarians (after preliminary training) and an experienced assessor applied the ethogram to 20 horse‐rider combinations performing a purpose‐designed dressage test (8.5 min). The horses were a convenience sample, in regular work, and capable of working ‘on the bit’. Video recordings of the test were analysed retrospectively by the experienced assessor. Lameness or abnormalities of canter, saddle fit, the presence of epaxial muscle tension/pain and rider skill level were determined by independent experts. The results were that 16 horses were lame; 11 had an ill‐fitting saddle; 14 had epaxial muscle tension/pain. The expert determined total scores of 3‐6/24 for the nonlame horses; two lame horses scored 3 and 6; 14 lame horses scored 8–16. There was no significant difference in real‐time scores and video‐based scores for the experienced assessor. There was good agreement between the expert's scores and the mean test observer scores. There was excellent consistency in overall agreement among raters (Intraclass correlation 0.97, P<0.001). There was a significant difference between ethogram scores according to lameness status for real‐time (P = 0.017) and video (P = 0.013) observations by the experienced assessor and for the test observers’ mean (P = 0.03). There was no effect of muscle pain, saddle fit or rider skill on behaviour. It was concluded that the ethogram was applied consistently by veterinarians with differentiation between nonlame and most lame horses. After appropriate training in its application, the ethogram may provide a useful tool for determining the presence of musculoskeletal pain in horses performing poorly.
Interactions between soil heterogeneity and freezing: Implications for grassland plant diversity and relative species abundances
Authors: Stover Holly J. , Henry Hugh A. L. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPlant stress resulting from soil freezing is expected to increase in northern temperate regions over the next century due to reductions in snow cover caused by climate change. Within plant communities, soil spatial heterogeneity can potentially buffer the effects of plant freezing stress by increasing the availability of soil microsites that function as microrefugia. Moreover, increased species richness resulting from soil heterogeneity can increase the likelihood of stress‐tolerant species being present in a community. We used a field experiment to examine interactions between soil heterogeneity and increased freezing intensity (achieved via snow removal) on plant abundance and diversity in a grassland. Patches of topsoil were mixed with either sand or woodchips to create heterogeneous and homogeneous treatments, and plant community responses to snow removal were assessed over three growing seasons. Soil heterogeneity interacted significantly with snow removal, but it either buffered or exacerbated the snow removal response depending on the specific substrate (sand vs. woodchips) and plant functional group. In turn, snow removal influenced plant responses to soil heterogeneity; for example, adventive forb cover responded to increased heterogeneity under ambient snow cover, but this effect diminished with snow removal. Our results reveal that soil heterogeneity can play an important role in determining plant responses to changes in soil freezing stress resulting from global climate change. While the deliberate creation of soil microsites in ecological restoration projects as a land management practice could increase the frequency of microrefugia that mitigate plant community responses to increased freezing stress, the design of these microsites must be optimized, given that soil heterogeneity also has the potential to exacerbate freezing stress responses.
Optimized microstructure with nano‐alumina and its effects on properties of corundum spinel castables
Authors: Zhu Hui , Li Xiangcheng , Chen Pingan , Zhu Boquan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe mechanical properties, thermal shock resistance, and microstructure evolution of corundum spinel castables with different nano‐alumina contents were investigated. The results show that the addition of nano‐alumina has advantages on the microstructure evolution and properties of castables. An optimum nano‐alumina amount is 2 wt%. When nano‐alumina addition changes from 0 to 2 wt%, the cold modulus of rupture (CMOR) and cold compressive strength (CCS) improved by 69.7% and 78.1% after firing at 1100°C, respectively. The CMOR and CCS increased by 42.5% and 35.2% after firing at 1500°C, respectively. Meanwhile, the hot modulus of rupture (HMOR) was enhanced by 21.5% to 13.4 MPa. The retained Young's modulus values of castables were improved from 49.6% to 59.6% after eight thermal shock cycles. Furthermore, the HMOR and the retained Young's modulus values of castables slightly reduced when nano‐alumina content up to 3 wt%. XRD, DSC, SEM, and EDS analyses revealed that the addition of nano‐alumina leads to the formation of calcium dialuminate (CaO·2Al2O3) at 1100°C and it is beneficial to the formation of more platelet hibonite (CaO·6Al2O3) at 1500°C. As a result of using nano‐alumina with large surface area, the solid phase sintering of the nanoscale particles can occur at lower temperatures. Moreover, the mechanical properties and thermal shock resistance of the castables were improved remarkably.
Factors associated with potentially inappropriate medication use in community-dwelling older adults in the United States: a systematic review†
Authors: Nothelle Stephanie K , Sharma Ritu , Oakes Allison , Jackson Madeline , Segal Jodi B 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use in older adults is a prevalent problem associated with poor health outcomes. Understanding drivers of PIM use is essential for targeting interventions. This study systematically reviews the literature about the patient, clinician and environmental/system factors associated with PIM use in community-dwelling older adults in the United States.

Methods
PRISMA guidelines were followed when completing this review. PubMed and EMBASE were queried from January 2006 to September 2017. Our search was limited to English-language studies conducted in the United States that assessed factors associated with PIM use in adults ≥65 years who were community-dwelling. Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts. Reviewers abstracted data sequentially and assessed risk of bias independently.

Key findings
Twenty-two studies were included. Nineteen examined patient factors associated with PIM use. The most common statistically significant factors associated with PIM use were taking more medications, female sex, and higher outpatient and emergency department utilization. Only three studies examined clinician factors, and few were statistically significant. Fifteen studies examined system-level factors such as geographic region and health insurance. The most common statistically significant association was the south and west geographic region relative to the northeast United States.

Conclusions
Amongst older adults, women and persons on more medications are at higher risk of PIM use. There is evidence that increased healthcare use is also associated with PIM use. Future studies are needed exploring clinician factors, such as specialty, and their association with PIM prescribing.
Surface crystallized Mn‐doped glass‐ceramics for tunable luminescence
Authors: Morad Ibrahim , Liu Xiaofeng , Qiu Jianrong 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMonolithic luminescent glass‐ceramic is highly desirable for solid‐state lighting as it is stable and robust, while in practical light‐emitting devices only a thin luminescent layer is used for more efficient excitation and light extraction. In this paper, Mn2+‐doped glass and glass‐ceramic with the composition of 60SiO2‐8Na2O–20ZnO–12Ga2O3 were fabricated by the conventional melt‐quenching technique. We observe that the crystallization of α‐Zn2SiO4 nanocrystals takes place on the glass surface with controllable thickness after heat treatment. The glass samples show typical red emission peaking at λ = 620 nm that can be ascribed to the spin‐forbidden 4T1g(G) → 6A1g(S) transition of Mn2+ (d5) located in the octahedral coordination site of the glass host. After surface crystallization this red emission is retained and a new green emission at 528 nm is observed through the control of the crystallization temperature and duration, thus offering tunable emission characteristics promising for the lighting application. This change in the visible emission is interpreted in terms of the change of coordination state of Mn2+ from octahedral in a glass matrix to tetrahedral in the surface precipitated α‐Zn2SiO4 crystals.
The absorption and emission properties of highly transparent ZrO2‐doped Yb3+: Y2O3 ceramics
Authors: Liu Wei , Jin Lingling , Wang Shiwei 
Published: April 2019

AbstractUltra‐highly transparent ZrO2‐doped Yb3+: Y2O3 ceramics were prepared by slip casting and vacuum pressureless sintering and the transmittance reached the highest value of 80.9% for the sample doped with 8.0 at% Yb3+. There are three main absorption peaks at 905, 950, and 976 nm, corresponding to the transition from the lowest level of field splitting of 2F7/2 crystal to every splitting energy levels of 2F5/2 crystal field. We analyzed the absorption and emission spectra of transparent Yb3+: Y2O3 from the energy level structure of Yb3+, and the transmission, absorption, and emission spectra were systematically studied. There are three main absorption peaks at 905, 950, and 976 nm and four emission peaks at 1076, 1031, 1013, and 977 nm, respectively. The emission peaks at 977 and 1013 nm broaden and vanish for 8.0 and 10.0 at% Yb3+‐doped Y2O3, which may be related to the change of Y2O3 crystal field caused by high concentration.
The value of DNA image cytometry combined with brush routine cytology in diagnosing indeterminate biliary strictures: A large sample size retrospective study
Authors: Yang Xia , Sun Liqi , Guo Jiefang , Gao Li , Qin Chengyong , Jin Zhendong 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackground and AimBrush cytology is widely applied to diagnosis indeterminate biliary stricture but suffer from low sensitivity. Changes in DNA content are a character of malignant cell and can be detected by DNA image cytometry (DNA‐ICM). The study aimed to estimate the value of routine cytology (RC), DNA‐ICM, and their combination in diagnosing indeterminate biliary strictures.MethodsA total of 362 patients who underwent both RC and DNA‐ICM tests were analysed. Their results were retrospectively applied to final diagnoses. Diagnostic values were compared among RC, DNA‐ICM, and their combination based on the location of strictures.ResultsThe DNA‐ICM and combination of two methods had higher diagnostic accuracy than RC in all strictures (63.3% vs 42.3%, P < 0.001, 64.36% vs 42.3%, P < 0.001) and in distal strictures (65.36% vs 42.81%, P < 0.001, 66.01% vs 42.81%, P < 0.001). But in proximal strictures, DNA‐ICM showed no superior (51.8% vs 42.81%, P = 0.184). Combination of two methods was not fully significant superior to RC in proximal strictures (55.36% vs 39.29%, P = 0.089). After classification of “suspicious for malignancy” as positive for malignancy, the diagnostic accuracy of DNA‐ICM was still higher than that of RC in all strictures (63.3% vs 51.9%, P = 0.002) and in distal strictures (65.36% vs 52.29%, P = 0.001). Combination of two methods was no superior to DNA‐ICM alone (64.36% vs 63.3%, P = 0.757). The utilization of DNA‐ICM was more accurate in distal strictures than in proximal strictures (65.36% vs 51.8%, P = 0.017).ConclusionDNA‐ICM is an objective and effective addition tool with RC, especially in distal strictures. The combination of DNA‐ICM and RC showed no superior to DNA‐ICM alone but could improve diagnostic accuracy to RC in proximal strictures although not fully significant.
Fractional CO2 laser versus combined platelet‐rich plasma and fractional CO2 laser in treatment of acne scars: Image analysis system evaluation
Authors: Galal Ola , Tawfik Abeer Attia , Abdalla Noha , Soliman Mona 
Published: April 2019

SummaryBackgroundFractional CO2 laser and platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) treatments have been used in the treatment of acne scars. However, an objective method of assessment has been lacking.ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of CO2 laser versus the combination of PRP and fractional CO2 laser in treatment of acne scar.Patients and methodsThirty patients with atrophic acne scar lesions were included in this study. Patients were randomized to receive fractional CO2 laser therapy to one side of the face while the other side of the face was treated with fractional CO2 laser followed by intradermal PRP injection. Follow‐up using the skin analysis camera system and photography was done for three months.ResultsA dramatic improvement was observed in the scar depth on both sides of the face. However, the combined fractional CO2 laser and PRP showed more significant improvement. Improvements in the scar appearance and skin texture were reported by the patients. Although 70% of our patients were of a dark skin type, no hyperpigmentation was reported.ConclusionThe combined use of fractional CO2 laser and PRP achieved better results. It reduced the downtime of the fractional CO2 laser. The use of the skin analysis camera provided an objective assessment of the results.
Review of sterility of reused stored dermal filler
Authors: Alharbi Mana 
Published: April 2019

SummaryObjectiveThis review is primarily focusing on the legitimate concern about bacterial contamination after reuse of stored filling syringes and its associated risk of infections.MethodsA comprehensive literature review was done through searching the PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate without setting a time limit. The following search terms were used soft tissue filler, hyaluronic acid, or calcium hydroxylapatite AND sterility, safety, retouch, touch up, or reuse.ResultImmediate replacing needles used in injection with a sterile substitute before storage was associated with no growth in one study (Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery, 11, 2009, 271) and growth in another study (Dermatologic Surgery, 2017, 43, 967). There was no reported infection in the only patient‐based study that examined the adverse events among patients injected with stored hyaluronic acid filler syringes.ConclusionAll published research showed that stored fillers are safe and do not increase the risk of biofilm formation.
Q‐switched double‐frequency Nd:YAG (532 nm) laser is an effective treatment for racial lip pigmentation
Authors: Alharbi Mana Abdullah 
Published: April 2019

SummaryIntroductionLip darkening is a relatively common condition, especially in the Middle East and Southeast Asia. It is well documented in the literature and generally considered to be multifactorial. The presentation can be physiologic or pathologic and caused by a variety of local or systemic factors.Case presentationA 32‐year‐old female with skin type IV presented to the clinic with concerns of darkening lips with no associated symptoms or history of disease. On examination, her lips were homogenously dark brown with the upper lip slightly darker than the lower lip.ObjectiveTo report effectivness of Q‐switched 532 nm laser for treatment of lip pigmentation.MethodTopical 2.5% lidocaine/prilocaine (EMLA) cream was applied 30 minutes prior to laser therapy. The region was treated with Q‐switched 532 nm laser (Medlite).ResultTwo weeks after laser treatment , threre was satisfying subjective and objective improvment in lip pigmnetation.ConclusionQ‐Switched 532 nm laser effectively reduces lip pigmentation after one session with minimal adverse effects and lasting results.
Does clean air increase the demand for the consumer city? Evidence from Beijing
Authors: Sun Cong , Zheng Siqi , Wang Jianghao , Kahn Matthew E. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCities offer a large menu of possible employment and leisure opportunities. The gains from such consumer city leisure are likely to be lower on more polluted days. We study the association between daily consumption activity and outdoor air pollution in China and find evidence in favor of the hypothesis that clean air and leaving one's home for leisure trips are complements. Given the high levels of air pollution in cities in the developing world, regulation induced improvement in environmental quality is likely to further stimulate demand for the consumer city.
Dynamics of genomic change during evolutionary rescue in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus
Authors: Rêgo Alexandre , Messina Frank J. , Gompert Zachariah 
Published: April 2019

AbstractRapid adaptation can prevent extinction when populations are exposed to extremely marginal or stressful environments. Factors that affect the likelihood of evolutionary rescue from extinction have been identified, but much less is known about the evolutionary dynamics (e.g., rates and patterns of allele frequency change) and genomic basis of successful rescue, particularly in multicellular organisms. We conducted an evolve‐and‐resequence experiment to investigate the dynamics of evolutionary rescue at the genetic level in the cowpea seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus, when it is experimentally shifted to a stressful host plant, lentil. Low survival (~1%) at the onset of the experiment caused population decline. But adaptive evolution quickly rescued the population, with survival rates climbing to 69% by the F5 generation and 90% by the F10 generation. Population genomic data showed that rescue likely was caused by rapid evolutionary change at multiple loci, with many alleles fixing or nearly fixing within five generations of selection on lentil. Selection on these loci was only moderately consistent in time, but parallel evolutionary changes were evident in sublines formed after the lentil line had passed through a bottleneck. By comparing estimates of selection and genomic change on lentil across five independent C. maculatus lines (the new lentil‐adapted line, three long‐established lines and one case of failed evolutionary rescue), we found that adaptation on lentil occurred via somewhat idiosyncratic evolutionary changes. Overall, our results suggest that evolutionary rescue in this system can be caused by very strong selection on multiple loci driving rapid and pronounced genomic change.
Response of plasmodesmata formation in leaves of C4 grasses to growth irradiance
Authors: Danila Florence R. , Quick William Paul , White Rosemary G. , von Caemmerer Susanne , Furbank Robert T. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractRapid metabolite diffusion across the mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cell interface in C4 leaves is a key requirement for C4 photosynthesis and occurs via plasmodesmata (PD). Here, we investigated how growth irradiance affects PD density between M and BS cells and between M cells in two C4 species using our PD quantification method, which combines three‐dimensional laser confocal fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The response of leaf anatomy and physiology of NADP‐ME species, Setaria viridis and Zea mays to growth under different irradiances, low light (100 μmol m−2 s−1), and high light (1,000 μmol m−2 s−1), was observed both at seedling and established growth stages. We found that the effect of growth irradiance on C4 leaf PD density depended on plant age and species. The high light treatment resulted in two to four‐fold greater PD density per unit leaf area than at low light, due to greater area of PD clusters and greater PD size in high light plants. These results along with our finding that the effect of light on M‐BS PD density was not tightly linked to photosynthetic capacity suggest a complex mechanism underlying the dynamic response of C4 leaf PD formation to growth irradiance.
Post-Selection Estimation and Testing Following Aggregate Association Tests
Authors: Heller Ruth , Meir Amit , Chatterjee Nilanjan 
Published: April 2019

SummaryThe practice of pooling several individual test statistics to form aggregate tests is common in many statistical applications where individual tests may be underpowered. Although selection by aggregate tests can serve to increase power, the selection process invalidates inference based on the individual test statistics, making it difficult to identify those that drive the signal in follow-up inference. Here, we develop a general approach for valid inference following selection by aggregate testing. We present novel powerful post-selection tests for the individual null hypotheses which are exact for the normal model and asymptotically justified otherwise. Our approach relies on the ability to characterize the distribution of the individual test statistics after conditioning on the event of selection. We provide efficient algorithms for computation of the post-selection maximum likelihood estimates and suggest confidence intervals which rely on a novel switching regime for good coverage guarantees. We validate our methods via comprehensive simulation studies and apply them to data from the Dallas Heart Study, demonstrating that single-variant association discovery following selection by an aggregate test is indeed possible in practice.
Oral health care for patients with Alzheimer's disease: An update
Authors: Marchini Leonardo , Ettinger Ronald , Caprio Thomas , Jucan Adina 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAlzheimer's disease and related disorders (ADRD) are among the age‐associated chronic conditions that are most challenging to health care systems around the globe, as patients with dementia require full‐time, intensive care for multiple years. Oral health care is negatively impacted by cognitive decline, and consequently poor oral health is common among people with ADRD. Poor oral health status is linked with many undesirable consequences for the well‐being of people with ADRD, from excruciating local pain to life‐threatening conditions, as aspiration pneumonia. In this paper, the authors provide an update on the most current concepts about Alzheimer's disease epidemiology, etiology, and management, current oral health care for patients with Alzheimer's disease, oral health promotion strategies for this population, as well as current research and future direction for improving oral health care for patients with Alzheimer's disease. It concludes that oral health care should be included in the patient's routine health care as early as possible in the progression of Alzheimer's disease for preventing rapid oral health deterioration. Establishing oral hygiene routines and providing dental treatment that is customized to the patients’ individual needs and disease stage are important to achieve good oral health outcomes and prevent quality of life decline.