bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What the Australian Public Knows About the High Court
Authors: Nielsen Ingrid , Smyth Russell 
Published: February 2019

AbstractExisting studies for the United States examine the extent to which the public is knowledgeable about US courts, arguing that knowledge of the courts is linked to public support for their role. We know little, though, about the Australian public’s awareness of the High Court of Australia. We report the results of a survey of a representative sample of the Australian adult population, administered in November 2017. We find that few Australians know the names of the Justices, the number of Justices on the Court, how the Justices are appointed or for how long they serve. Awareness of recent cases decided by the Court is mixed. We find that age and education are better predictors of awareness levels than is gender. Our findings are important because in the absence of awareness of the High Court, the potential exists for the public to see the Court as having a more overt political role than it has, which may lower esteem for the Court. The potential for this to occur is exacerbated if, and when, politicians attempt to drag the High Court into the political fray, by attributing political motives to it that it does not have.
A Step Too Far? Rethinking the Stepping Stone Approach to Officers’ Liability
Authors: Zhou Alice 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn recent years, the Australian Securities and Investments Commission has placed considerable emphasis on the stepping stone approach as a device to establish officers’ liability in respect of corporate contraventions of the law. The approach represents a novel interpretation of the general duties of officers under the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) (‘CA’). Despite the seriousness of the consequences for an officer that may follow from a finding of liability, the content and boundaries of the approach remain undefined. Critically, the courts’ heightened receptiveness to the approach and the judicial expansion of its scope departs from earlier judicial statements of caution sounded against using the general statutory duties as a mechanism to secure corporate compliance with the law. At a more fundamental level, it is doubtful whether the approach represents a legitimate interpretation of the general statutory duties, to the extent that it subverts several existing routes to officers’ liability and remedies under the CA. It is incumbent on the legislature to correct these inconsistencies by recalibrating the role envisaged for officers under the CA in line with contemporary expectations.
Metamorphoses of 1968: Latin America and the Israel-Palestine Question in Tomás Abraham’s La dificultad (2015)
Authors: Pridgeon Stephanie M. 
Published: February 2019

Throughout Tomás Abraham’s novel of ideas La dificultad, Judaism is revealed to be central to the protagonist’s understandings of revolutionary politics, philosophy, and his own identity. As is apparent in his affinity with Palestinian causes as a form of anti-imperialist solidarity, life experiences and politics are inseparable. That Abraham should have chosen to focus this autobiographical novel on the Hungarian-Argentine Jewish narrator’s experiences with the Paris student movements of 1968 suggests that revolutionary movements and the challenges to the global Jewish community continue to affect his identity as a Jew, an Argentine, and a philosopher. A lo largo de la novela de ideas de Tomás Abraham La dificultad, se revela el rol central del judaísmo en como el protagonista entiende la política revolucionaria, la filosofía y su propia identidad. Como es evidente en su afinidad con las causas palestinas como una forma de solidaridad antiimperialista, las experiencias de vida y la política son inseparables. El hecho de que Abraham eligió enfocar esta novela autobiográfica en las experiencias del narrador judío húngaro-argentino con los movimientos estudiantiles de París de 1968 sugiere que los movimientos revolucionarios y los desafíos a la comunidad judía global continúan afectando su identidad como judío, argentino y filósofo.
Computed Tomography Description of the Uncinate Process Angulation in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis and Comparison With Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia, Nasal Polyposis, and Controls
Authors: Hervochon Rémi , Teissier Natacha , Blondeau Jean-Robert , Remus Natacha , Bassinet Laurence , Canoui-Poitrine Florence , Van Den Abbeele Thierry , Prulière-Escabasse Virginie 
Published: February 2019

Background: There is a medial bulging of the lateral nasal wall in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Aims: Uncinate process (UP) angulation measurements in patients and controls to objectify this bulging. Materials and Methods: Thirty CF, 17 primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), 13 chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps (CRSwp), and 30 controls were included. Angles were measured bilaterally on computed tomography (CT) scans: A, B, C on coronal sections, D and E on axial sections. Angle A was between the UP and the orbit inner wall, whereas the others were between UP and midline. Results: There was no significant difference between controls, PCD, and CRSwp. However, CF had 3 statistically different angles with controls, 5 with CRSwp, and 4 with PCD. Angle A average value was 126° (±16°) in patients with CF, 138° (±19°) in controls ( P = .007), 145° (±15°) in PCD ( P = .001), and 138° (±14°) in CRSwp ( P = .001). Angle E average value was 35° (±10°) in patients with CF, 20° (±6°) in controls ( P < .001), 21° (±4°) in PCD ( P < .001), and 22° (±6°) in CRSwp ( P < .001). Conclusion: Uncinate process’s anatomy is only modified in CF: Angle between UP and inner wall of orbit is closed, and angles between UP and midline are opened. Significance: These measures quantify the medial bulging of lateral nasal wall and support nasofibroscopic observations.
Low-dose etomidate for the management of severe hypercortisolaemia in different clinical scenarios: a case series and review of the literature
Authors: Łebek-Szatańska Agnieszka , Nowak Karolina M. , Zgliczyński Wojciech , Baum Elżbieta , Żyłka Agnieszka , Papierska Lucyna 
Published: February 2019

Background: Severe Cushing’s syndrome (SCS) is associated with acute cardiovascular, metabolic and infectious complications. It is considered an emergency, requiring an immediate diagnosis, together with a broad spectrum of supportive and hypocortisolaemic treatments. Surgical intervention, aimed at removing the source of cortisol or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), is the optimal treatment in most cases of Cushing’s syndrome. However, in hypercortisolaemic states, surgical intervention has high rates of perioperative mortality and morbidity. Oral adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitors, even if more effective in combination, are not always efficient enough or well tolerated. Despite their common use, a more potent, parental, immediate, and thus life-saving, therapy is necessary. Methods: The authors present three different clinical scenarios of etomidate treatment in patients hospitalized in the third reference endocrinological centre in Poland between 2016 and 2017. Results: Patients with Cushing’s disease, ectopic Cushing’s syndrome and adrenocortical carcinoma presented with severe hypercortisolaemia and exacerbated cortisol-dependent comorbidities. In these three cases, etomidate acted as an accurate, well tolerated and effective cortisol-lowering drug for several days or even months. Patients were monitored in a general ward setting, and no side effects of the therapy were observed. Conclusions: In doses far lower than those used for anaesthesia, etomidate works as a useful cortisol-lowering therapy in patients intolerant to or unable to take oral medications. Additionally, if urgent, the most potent and effective medical intervention is necessary, and clinicians should be aware of such a therapeutic option.
3D gravity inversion with optimized mesh based on edge and center anomaly detection
Authors: Yang Min , Wang Wanyin , Kim Welford J. , Farquharson Colin G. 
Published: February 2019

Gravity inversion is inherently nonunique. Minimum-structure inversion has proved effective at dealing with this nonuniqueness. However, such an inversion approach, which involves a large number of unknown parameters, is computationally expensive. To improve efficiency while retaining the advantages of a minimum-structure-style inversion, we have developed a new method, based on edge detection and center detection of geologic bodies, to help to focus the spatial extent of meshing for gravity inversion. The chosen method of edge detection, normalized vertical derivative of the total horizontal derivative, helps to outline areas to be meshed by approximating the edges of key geophysical bodies. Next, the method of center detection, normalized vertical derivative of the analytic signal amplitude, helps to confirm the center of the areas to be meshed, then a binary mesh flag is generated. In this paper, the binary mesh flag, restricting the spatial extent of meshing, is first undertaken using the two methods, and it is shown to dramatically reduce the number of grid cells from 574,992 for the whole research volume to 170,544 for the localized mesh by the same size of cell, which is decreased by almost 70%. Second, gravity inversion is performed using the spatially restricted mesh. The recovered model constructed using the binary mesh flag is similar to the model obtained using the mesh spanning the whole volume and saves approximately 80% of the CPU time. Finally, a real gravity data example from Olympic Dam in Australia is successfully used to test the validity and practicability of this proposed method. The geologic source bodies are resolved between 250 and 750 m depth. Overall, the combination of edge detection and center detection, and our binary mesh flag, succeed in reducing the number of cells and saving the CPU time and computer storage required for gravity inversion.
Reirradiation for Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Carcinomas: Experience From an Academic Tertiary Center in a Low- to Middle-Income Country
Authors: Agas Ryan Anthony F. , Yu Kelvin Ken L. , Sogono Paolo G. , Co Lester Bryan A. , Jacinto J.C. Kennetth M. , Bacorro Warren R. , Mejia Michael Benedict A. 
Published: February 2019

PURPOSE The objectives of this study were to report the oncologic outcomes and the treatment-related toxicities after reirradiation (re-RT) for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (rNPC) at our institution and to apply a recently published prognostic model for survival in rNPC in our cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-two patients with rNPC treated at the authors' institution with re-RT were retrospectively reviewed. Treatment modalities for re-RT were intensity-modulated radiotherapy (n = 14), three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (n = 9), single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (n = 6), fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (n = 2), and high dose rate intracavitary brachytherapy (n = 1). Twenty-seven patients received re-RT with curative intent, whereas five patients were treated palliatively. RESULTS Median follow-up time was 15.5 months (range, 1 to 123 months) for the entire cohort and 20 months (range, 3 to 123 months) for patients treated with curative intent. For the entire cohort, median locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRRFS) was 14 months, with actuarial 1- and 2-year LRRFS estimates of 67.5% and 44.0%, respectively. Median overall survival (OS) time was 38 months, with actuarial 1- and 2-year estimates of 74.2% and 57.2%, respectively. For patients treated with curative intent, median LRRFS was not reached. Actuarial 1- and 2-year LRRFS estimates were 68.2% and 54.5%, respectively. Median OS time after curative intent re-RT was 42 months, with actuarial 1- and 2-year estimates of 75.4% and 63.8%, respectively. One- and 2-year OS estimates based on risk stratification were 68.6% for high risk compared with 80.8% for low risk and 34.3% for high risk compared with 70.7% for low risk, respectively ( P = .223). Three patients (9.4%) developed symptomatic temporal lobe necrosis. There was no reported grade 5 treatment-related toxicity. CONCLUSION Results of the study suggest that re-RT is an effective and safe salvage treatment strategy for rNPC. Re-RT to a maximum equivalent dose in 2-Gy fractions of 60 Gy may yield good LRRFS and translate to prolonged OS.
Early assessment of antiretroviral efficacy is critical to prevent the emergence of resistance mutations in HIV-tuberculosis coinfected patients: a substudy of the CARINEMO-ANRS12146 trial
Authors: Baudin Elisabeth , Bhatt Nilesh , Rouzioux Christine , Serafini Micaela , Molfino Lucas , Jani Ilesh , Taburet Anne-Marie , Bonnet Maryline , Calmy Alexandra ,   CARINEMO Study Group
Published: February 2019

Background: In the CARINEMO ANRS 12146 clinical trial, HIV-tuberculosis co-infected patients in Mozambique were randomized to nevirapine (NVP) or to efavirenz (EFV)-based antiretroviral therapy to compare these two non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in treatment naïve patients. Methods: In this sub study, we explored the relationship of NNRTI concentrations with virological escape and the possible emergence of resistance mutations at week 48. The virological escape was defined as an HIV-RNA above 400 copies/m at week 48. Results: Among the 570 randomized patients, 470 (82%) had an HIV-RNA result at week 48; 54 (12.1%) patients had a viral escape and 35 patients had at least one major resistance mutation detected. Low drug concentration at weeks 12 and 24 (below the 10th percentile) were independently associated with virologic escape at week 48 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=2.9; 95% CI: 1.1 -7.2; p=0.0312 and aOR=4.2; 95% CI: 1.8-9.8; p=0.0019, respectively), and independently associated with an increased risk of emergence of resistance mutation (aOR=4.5; 95% CI: 1.8-14.6; p=0.009 at week 12; aOR=5.1; 95% CI: 1.8-14.6 at week 24). Receiver operating characteristic curves analyses indicated a better predictability of the mid-dose concentration and of the HIV-1 RNA values on resistance mutations in contrast to virological escape. Conclusions: Very low drug plasma concentrations early after treatment initiation (week 12) were predictive factors of virological escape and the emergence of resistance mutations at week 48, and early monitoring of drug intake may prevent the occurrence of late virological escape and the selection of vial resistance mutations.
Sustainable food security in low-income and developing countries
Authors: Bouchakour Radhia , Belghait Bachir , Bersali Mohamed Nabil 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The developing world has witnessed a significant growth in population and consumption demand. This growth, which is expected to continue for decades, would entail increasing pressure to overexploit natural resources and the inevitable limitation of people’s ability to produce food. Other threats abound. Climate change, political instability and poverty are but a few. Yet, despite being endowed with more natural resources, the developing countries have not yet ensured sustainable food security. This article explores the impact of various inhibiting and promoting factors on food security in general and whether these factors have a differential impact in low-income and developing countries. It also discusses the main policy implications of our empirical results.
Effective management of an internationalization strategy: A case study on Egyptian–British universities’ partnerships
Authors: Adel Heba Mohamed , Zeinhom Ghada Aly , Mahrous Abeer A. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Despite the abundance of researches that have explored the importance of internationalization in higher education, there is a paucity of research that has analysed the effective management of the internationalization process – in terms of strategy formulation, implementation and evaluation – in an emerging Egyptian–British universities’ partnership. This article adds to the contemporary management research by integrating the literature of the internationalization of higher education, education management and strategic management in an interdisciplinary practice-based manner. Specifically, this study analyses the main elements of the internationalization strategy in addition to the different phases of the effective management of its process in a higher educational institution and its international partners. The current article uses a strategic management perspective to analyse the internationalization processes carried out by an emerging university in Egypt and its international partners in the United Kingdom. A qualitative practice-based case study approach was chosen through conducting in-depth interviews and focus groups with the subject matter experts (i.e., academics and leaders) working in the internationalization processes of this Egyptian–British universities’ partnership in Egypt and United Kingdom. The findings of the current study have various implications in the area of higher education management for the academics/managers/leaders who are coordinating activities related to the management of the internationalization processes at their universities. Furthermore, the study recommends different developmental practices to be adopted for the purpose of quality enhancement at the academic and managerial levels, thus sustaining a process of continuous improvement.
Dwudziestolecie Zakładu i Katedry Historii Wychowania w Uniwersytecie Szczecińskim (1992–2012)
Authors: Jankowski Robert 
Published: February 2019

The History of Education, one of the courses offered at teacher education studies at the University of Szczecin, has been taught since the 1960’s. It was then when Teacher Education College in Szczecin was set up as a branch of Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań. In 1973 Teacher Education College was transformed into an independent unit – Pedagogy Academy. The establishment of the University of Szczecin in 1985 marked a new chapter in the process of the development of the history of education as a course offered at pedagogical studies. History of Education Department was set up in 1992 and professor Danuta Koźmian was chair of the department throughout its existence. Scientific and didactic work of professor Danuta Koźmian first at Teacher Education College, through Pedagogy Academy and the University of Szczecin has been crucial for the development of the history of education as a course taught at teacher education studies in Szczecin. In 2008 professor Danuta Koźmian retired and the Council of the Faculty of Humanities at the University of Szczecin established the Chair for the History of Education appointing professor Wiesław Andrukowicz, Ph.D its head.
In vitro and in vivo toxicity assessment of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles from Elaeodendron croceum
Authors: Odeyemi S. W. , De La Mare J. , Edkins A. L. , Afolayan A. J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
The cytotoxic properties of nanoparticles have attracted a great deal of attention in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology due to their small size and ability to penetrate cellular membranes.

Methods
The silver nanoparticles were synthesized using Elaeodendron croceum stem bark and characterized. The oral acute toxicity studies were carried out by administration of 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg body weight to Wister rats in respective groups. An in vitro cytotoxicity assay was evaluated in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells using the WST-1 Cell Proliferation assay. The percentage of cell viability after treatment with aqueous extracts of Elaeodendron croceum (ECE) and Elaeodendron croceum silver nanoparticles (ECAgNPs) was compared with that of paclitaxel.

Results
The in vivo studies revealed that the LD50 was higher than 2000 mg/kg and there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the treatment groups compared with the control group for mean organ-to-body weight ratio except in the liver and in all hematological parameters except WBC and hematocrit. Similarly, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) for serum electrolytes (Na+, Mg2+ K+, Cl−, and Ca2+), total protein, urea, ɣ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin, total and conjugated bilirubin between the treatment and the control group. However, there were changes in creatinine, urea, and cholesterol. In the in vitro assays, ECE and ECAgNPs showed IC50 values of 70.87±2.99 and 138.8±3.98 µg/mL respectively against MDA-MB-231 cells compared to paclitaxel, which showed an IC50 value of 80 ng/mL.

Conclusion
The results showed that the LD50 of the ECE and ECAgNPs in Wister rats was determined to be greater than 2000 mg/kg body weight. The aqueous extract also showed more cytotoxic than the ECAgNPs suggesting that the toxic compounds in aqueous extract were involved in the capping of the AgNPs.
Numerical Analysis of Optical Properties Using Octagonal Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber
Authors: Rashed Ahmed Nabih Zaki , Tabbour Mohammed Salah F. , Vijayakumari P. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
In this paper, we propose a design of octagonal photonic crystal fiber with relevant parameters such as effective mode index, propagation constant, second-order dispersion and field distribution of fundamental mode (LP01). The measured parameters can be applied for generating supercontinuum, and also this model is used especially for generating vortex modes and OAM modes in space division multiplexing (SDM) applications. Highly negative dispersion is achieved at −800 ps/nm.km at wavelength of 1.1 μm, and second-order dispersion profile leads to study about the nonlinearity as well as broadband spectrum of the proposed model.
Mechanism of amyloid protein aggregation and the role of inhibitors
Authors: Linse Sara 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Inhibition of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) aggregation is an important goal due to the connection of this process with Alzheimer’s disease. Traditionally, inhibitors were developed with an aim to retard the overall macroscopic aggregation. However, recent advances imply that approaches based on mechanistic insights may be more powerful. In such approaches, the microscopic steps underlying the aggregation process are identified, and it is established which of these step(s) lead to neurotoxicity. Inhibitors are then derived to specifically target steps involved in toxicity. The Aβ aggregation process is composed of at minimum three microscopic steps: primary nucleation of monomers only, secondary nucleation of monomers on fibril surface, and elongation of fibrils by monomer addition. The vast majority of toxic species are generated from the secondary nucleation process: this may be a key process to inhibit in order to limit toxicity. Inhibition of primary nucleation, which delays the emergence of toxic species without affecting their total concentration, may also be effective. Inhibition of elongation may instead increase the toxicity over time. Here we briefly review findings regarding secondary nucleation of Aβ, its dominance over primary nucleation, and attempts to derive inhibitors that specifically target secondary nucleation with an aim to limit toxicity.