bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plucking Off the Mask of Mystery
Authors: Postema Gerald J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses Bentham's critique of Common Law theory and practice. Bentham's critique is of special interest because that criticism reflects the considerations and arguments that moved him to his positivist conception of law. This radical critique of both the practice and the theory of Common Law rests on the same set of principles and arguments, drawn from his social and political theory, in particular his conception of the primary tasks and functions of law, and the best or most efficient means of serving them. Thus, Bentham's defence of his conception of the nature of law rests not on normatively neutral, analytical, or conceptual considerations, but on his analysis of fundamental human and social needs, and the ways in which law can be used to meet them. Jurisprudence draws directly on political theory. His is a distinctively utilitarian positivism.
Utilitarian Adjudication within the Shadow of the Code
Authors: Postema Gerald J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The previous chapters traced the development of each of the central elements of Bentham's theories of law and adjudication. This chapter considers whether these elements can be stitched together into a coherent and systematic theory. Bentham's theory combines in one account both central elements of the codification movement and elements of the theory of equity. Bentham gave institutional expression to an essentially standard Aristotelian view of the role of equity. Burke expressed well the Aristotelian dictum which lies at the heart of Bentham's theory of adjudication: ‘As no legislators can regard the minima of equity, a law may in some instances be a just subject of censure without being at all an object of repeal’.
Afterword
Authors: Postema Gerald J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Bentham and the Common Law Tradition (BCLT) is a work of philosophical jurisprudence. Philosophical jurisprudence recognizes that, like law itself, reflective thinking about law is inescapably historical. This chapter considers the challenges to the interpretation of Bentham's legal theory advanced in BCLT. The most important challenge to BCLT concerns the author's interpretation of Bentham's view of judicial reasoning. The author argued that consistently throughout his life Bentham understood the principle of utility to be the sole ultimate decision principle, the principle structuring and guiding deliberations of all rational agents. Judges, rational practical agents like all others, reason in this distinctively utilitarian way as they work within the framework of the law. This is true whether the judge operates within shadow of Bentham's pannomion or outside it.
Normative Theory
Authors: Postema Gerald J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The ultimate ground of Bentham’s normative philosophy was the principle of utility. It functioned for Bentham as the fundamental evaluative and decision principle and principle of institutional design. The principle combines universal consequentialism (the ultimate aim of morality is to promote the overall good of the community) with impartial hedonism (that the good of the community must be understood in terms of the subjective well-being or happiness of each considered impartially). Bentham maintained that at bottom moral judgments are expressions of approval or disapproval that appeal beyond themselves to some public matters of fact and that appeal to pleasures and pains can only serve this purpose. This essential meta-ethical requirement of publicity of moral judgment supplied the basic elements for an indirect argument for the principle of utility and the foundation of his critique of natural rights. Justice, he argued, is not opposed to utility so understood, but rather is a species of utility.
Utility and Command
Authors: Postema Gerald J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Bentham located the foundations of his universal jurisprudence in two overlapping traditions. From the Epicurean tradition, he took his motto: “Utility is the mother of justice and equity.” From Hobbes, and the long thetic tradition before him, Bentham took his model: laws “are not Philosophy as is the Common-Law, and other disputable arts, but are Commands or Prohibitions.” These notions influenced thinking about law since classical times and inspired Bentham’s thinking. However, early in his career, Bentham discovered that, for his purposes, the received command model could not capture key features of law. These serious defects called for the model to be refined rather than abandoned; nevertheless, his refinements dramatically transformed the model.
Telling Revolutionary Lives
Authors: Jones Polly 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the Brezhnev-era ‘biography boom’, when biography was collected, consumed, and critiqued with extraordinary interest, thanks in part to ‘Fiery Revolutionaries’ as one of the most prominent and prolific biographical series. This biography boom grew out of the post-Stalinist shift to more private forms of reading and more psychologically sophisticated literature, and was supported by developed socialism’s unprecedented ideological focus on the individual personality (lichnost′) as multi-faceted. The series served as a laboratory of different models of ‘revolutionary’ selfhood, and as a forum for novelistic experimentation with biographical narrative that often exceeded contemporary developments in the genre in the West (as well as in other types of Soviet biography). However, this experimentation endured onerous suspicion and interference. The series’ texts were caught between traditional views of revolutionary identity and more innovative, even subversive, explorations of psychology and ethics. This helps to explain why the series consistently produced a significant quotient of much more conventional biographies, especially of Bolsheviks, complicating its identity for writers, critics, and readers.
Introduction
Authors: Jones Polly 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the ‘Fiery Revolutionaries’ (Plamennye revoliutsionery) series of over 150 biographies and historical novels, published by Politizdat throughout late socialism until the Soviet collapse. It contextualizes the decision to create the series, and to target sophisticated literary and historical writers regardless of their ‘official’ reputations, within the party’s urgent and persistent post-Stalinist demands for more emotionally and intellectually engaging revolutionary propaganda. At the same time, it suggests that this ‘historical turn’ was not just a top-down initiative, by highlighting the passionate interest in historical investigation and reflection shared by many post-Stalinist writers and ordinary Soviet readers. It also introduces key conceptual frameworks to understand the series’ operations within Politizdat, Soviet publishing, and the Soviet (and unofficial) literary worlds: ‘niches’ and ‘oases’ within official institutions; ‘in between’ and ‘grey zone’ literature; and the complex ‘circuit’ of Soviet writing, publishing, and reading.
How Significant is the Use/Mention Distinction?
Authors: Moore A.W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
It is argued that the use/mention distinction, if it is to be a clear-cut one, cannot have the significance that it is usually thought to have. For that significance attaches to the distinction between employing an expression in order to draw attention to, or to talk about, some aspect of the world, as determined by the expression’s meaning, and employing it in order to draw attention to, or to talk about, the expression itself—and this distinction is not a clear-cut one. In the final section of the essay this argument is extended to cast doubt on a rather glib appeal to the use/mention distinction that is frequently made in the philosophy of language.
The Underdetermination/Indeterminacy Distinction and the Analytic/Synthetic Distinction
Authors: Moore A.W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Two of Quine’s most familiar doctrines are: that there is a distinction between underdetermination and indeterminacy; and that there is no distinction between analytic and synthetic truths. An argument is given that these two doctrines are incompatible. In terms wholly acceptable to Quine and based on the underdetermination/indeterminacy distinction, an exhaustive and exclusive distinction is drawn between two kinds of true sentences, which, it is argued, corresponds to the traditional analytic/synthetic distinction. An appendix is used to develop one aspect of the underdetermination/indeterminacy distinction, as construed here, and to discuss, in passing, some of Quine’s more general views on truth.
Transcendental Idealism in Wittgenstein, and Theories of Meaning
Authors: Moore A.W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This essay involves exploration of certain repercussions of Bernard Williams’ view that there is, in Wittgenstein’s later work, a transcendental idealism akin to that found in the Tractatus—sharing with it the feature that it cannot be satisfactorily stated. It is argued that, if Williams is right, then Wittgenstein’s later work precludes a philosophically substantial theory of meaning; for such a theory would force us to try to state the idealism. In a postscript written for the reprint of the essay, reasons are given for thinking that Williams is not right: Wittgenstein’s later work actually helps us to repudiate as ill-conceived all those questions whose answers invite us to embrace any such idealism. But the main thesis of the essay remains intact. Indeed the idea that Wittgenstein’s later work precludes a philosophically substantial theory of meaning is reinforced.
The Metaphysics of Perspective:
Authors: Moore A.W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This essay first appeared as a contribution to a symposium on Barry Stroud’s book The Quest for Reality. Stroud is deeply sceptical in that book about whether we can successfully undertake what he calls ‘the philosophical quest for reality’. This essay is an attempt to defend the idea that we can successfully undertake such a quest. One way of doing this, it is proposed, would be by arguing that any fact can be represented from no point of view. The essay exploits various analogies between tense and colour—among other resources—to rebut reservations that Stroud might be expected to have about this proposal.
Being, Univocity, and Logical Syntax
Authors: Moore A.W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The focus of this essay is the idea of the univocity of being, championed by Duns Scotus and given prominence more recently by Gilles Deleuze. Although one concern of the essay is with how this idea can be established, its primary concern is with something more basic: how the idea can even be properly thought. This issue is explored with the aid of some ideas about logical syntax borrowed from Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. One incidental benefit of the exercise is to indicate how there can be dialogue between analytic philosophers and those of other traditions.
Ineffability and Nonsense
Authors: Moore A.W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Criteria of ineffability are presented which, it is claimed, preclude the possibility of truths that are ineffable, but not the possibility of other things that are ineffable—not even the possibility of other things that are non-trivially ineffable. Specifically, they do not preclude the possibility of states of understanding that are ineffable. This, it is argued, allows for a reappraisal of the dispute between those who adopt a traditional reading of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus and those who adopt the new reading recently championed by Cora Diamond, James Conant, and others. By maintaining that what the nonsense in the Tractatus is supposed to convey is ineffable understanding, rather than ineffable truth, we can do considerable justice to each of these readings. We can also do considerable justice to the Tractatus.
Introduction
Authors: Moore A.W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The introduction begins with an overview of all the essays in the collection. It highlights a tension among them: a thesis that surfaces at various points in the essays in Part I is that some things are ineffable, while a thesis that surfaces at various points in the essays in Part II is that nothing is ineffable. The essays in Part III, deriving their inspiration from the early work of Wittgenstein, indicate how this tension is to be resolved. We can construe the first of these theses as a thesis about states of knowledge or understanding, and the second as a thesis about facts or truths. An outline is then given of the contribution that each essay makes to this Keywords
Predicting the effects of climate change on bird population dynamics
Authors: Sæther Bernt-Erik , Engen Steinar , Gamelon Marlène , Grøtan Vidar 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Climate variation strongly influences fluctuations in size of avian populations. In this chapter, we show that it is difficult to predict how the abundance of birds will respond to climate change. A major reason for this is that most available time series of fluctuations in population size are in a statistical sense short, thus often resulting in large uncertainties in parameter estimates. We therefore argue that reliable population predictions must be based on models that capture how climate change will affect vital rates as well as including other processes (e.g. density-dependences) known to affect the population dynamics of the species in question. Our survey of examples of such forecast studies show that reliable predictions necessarily contain a high level of uncertainty. A major reason for this is that avian population dynamics are strongly influenced by environmental stochasticity, which is for most species, irrespective of their life history, the most important driver of fluctuations in population size. Credible population predictions must therefore assess the effects of such uncertainties as well as biases in population estimates.
Changes in migration, carry-over effects, and migratory connectivity
Authors: Ambrosini Roberto , Romano Andrea , Saino Nicola 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Studies of the timing (phenology) of bird migration provided some of the first evidence for the effects of climate change on organisms. Since the rate of climate change is uneven across the globe, with northern latitudes experiencing faster warming trends than tropical areas, animals moving across latitudes are subject to diverging trends of climate change at different stages of their annual life cycle, and, consequently, they can become mistimed with the local ecological conditions, with potentially negative effects on population size. This chapter reviews the modifications induced by climate change in different migration traits, like the timing of migration events, the distribution of organisms, and the direction and the speed of movements. It also considers the effects of ecological carry-over effects and migratory connectivity on the response of birds to climate change.
Projected population consequences of climate change
Authors: Iles David , Jenouvrier Stéphanie 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
To anticipate the future state of avian populations in a changing climate, forecasts must rigorously account for uncertainty in future climate and population processes. This requires fusing IPCC-class climate projections with population models. In this chapter, we review the steps for developing climate-dependent population forecasts, while highlighting key biological considerations and methodological challenges. Throughout, we use examples from a long-term study of emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) to illustrate key points. We then conduct a literature review to compile a list of studies that have linked IPCC climate models with avian population models. At present, only a handful of studies have fused IPCC climate projections with avian population models, and generalities across systems thus remain elusive. Yet, the increasing availability and sophistication of climate models, coupled with new population modelling methods, hold promise for reducing forecast uncertainties and improving the relevance of population forecasts for policy.
Lectures on the holographic duality of gauge fields and strings
Authors: Semenoff Gordon W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter gives a pedagogical review of the holographic duality between string theory and quantum field theory. The main focus is on the duality of maximally supersymmetric Yang–Mills gauge theory in four dimensions with string theory in asymptotically anti-de Sitter backgrounds. This duality is motivated using the large N expansion in the rank of the gauge group, as well as the D-brane solution for the AdS string theory background. The computation of Wilson loops on both sides of the duality is given as an example.
Integrability in sigma-models
Authors: Zarembo K. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The following topics are covered in this chapter: (1) Homogeneous spaces, (2) Classical integrability of sigma-models in two dimensions, (3) Topological terms, (4) Background-field method and beta-function, (5) S-matrix bootstrap in the O(N) model, (6) Supersymmetric coset models and strings on AdS(d) x X.
Applications of integrable models in condensed matter and cold atom physics
Authors: Essler Fabian H.L. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter starts with a discussion of approximate physical realizations of 1+1-dimensional integrable models in solids and systems of ultra-cold trapped atoms. It then turns to local properties of energy eigenstates away from the edges of the spectrum. In generic models these states are thermal, while in integrable models non-thermal states with finite entropy densities coexist with thermal states. It discusses how to construct these atypical states by means of the Bethe Ansatz in the Heisenberg model. Finally, it outlines the crucial role these states play in describing the stationary states reached at late times after quantum quenches to integrable theories.
Introduction to integrability and one-point functions in N=4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory and its defect cousin
Authors: de Leeuw Marius , Ipsen Asger C. , Kristjansen Charlotte , Wilhelm Matthias 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter gives a basic introduction to N 7equals; 4 SYM theory and the integrability of its planar spectral problem as seen from the perspective of a recent development, namely the AdS/dCFT correspondence and the application of integrability to the study of one-point functions in a defect CFT version of the theory.
Communal Contributions and Racial Hierarchies
Authors: Hassett Dónal 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyses the place of the Great War in the rhetoric of the extreme-right movements that played a central role in the politics of interwar Algeria. It argues that the visions of the Great War that they promoted reflected an intrinsically racial understanding of Algeria’s wartime contribution. It examines the rhetoric these organizations developed around the participation of the Jewish, Muslim, and European communities, considering how these organisations’ evocation of the war embodied their wider aspirations for the reshaping of colonial society in line with imagined racial hierarchies. It also explores how those who resisted these exclusionary visions of Algeria’s past, present, and future mobilized their own counter-narratives of the colony’s contribution to the First World War in the struggle against the extreme right. In doing so, the chapter demonstrates both the potential positives and the potential pitfalls for political movements who mobilized the memory of the Great War in Algeria.
Cumberland
Authors: Crisp Roger 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the views on self-interest and morality of Richard Cumberland (1631–1718). Cumberland’s view that it is a natural necessity that human beings act always to advance their own self-interest (this view being a form of psychological egoism) is explained, along with his claim that ultimate moral motivation is possible, despite the fact that agents can never do what they believe will be worse for them overall. His utilitarian natural law ethics is described. His arguments for utilitarianism—based on preservation, sanctions, human make-up, agreement, and maximization—are critically interpreted.
Clarke
Authors: Crisp Roger 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the views on self-interest and morality of Samuel Clarke (1675–1729), the most important Newtonian philosopher of his day. Clarke’s views on ‘fittingness’ are explained, along with his idea that there are three ‘great branches’ of ethics: piety, righteousness, and sobriety. His broad welfarism in ethics is described, along with his commitment to the existence of certain absolute evils. His view of the afterlife is discussed, along with his use of the notion to resolve tensions between the elements in his ethical theory as well as between self-interest and morality. A problem for his view on morality and the afterlife is raised.
Reid
Authors: Crisp Roger 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the views on self-interest and morality of the Scottish ‘common-sense’ philosopher Thomas Reid (1710–96). The influence of Joseph Butler on Reid’s conception of human nature is explained, and the similarities and differences between their positions elucidated. Reid’s arguments against rational egoism are discussed. His view that virtue is a component of well-being is outlined, and it is suggested that his position on the pleasures of virtue may be said to be somewhat exaggerated. Reid’s appeal to the afterlife to guarantee complete overlap between self-interest and morality is explained.
Hume
Authors: Crisp Roger 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the views on self-interest and morality of the Scottish empiricist philosopher David Hume (1711–76). The view that Hume’s ethics is purely anthropological or descriptive is criticized. Hume’s deontological ethics of action is compared with his utilitarian ethics of motive. It is shown that his utilitarianism is a view about rather than within morality: morality itself is a device for the promotion of happiness, so that non-utilitarian or deontological moral views may be conceptually confused. Hume’s conception of impartiality is explained, and finally his dualism of the practical reason, which allows for the rationality of self-sacrifice as well as that of immorality, depending on circumstances.
Smith
Authors: Crisp Roger 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the views on self-interest and morality of the Scottish Enlightenment philosopher Adam Smith (1723–90). Smith’s theory of sympathy is explained. The notion of the impartial spectator is discussed, in connection with both propriety and utility, and it is shown how the view of the spectator itself incorporates certain aspects of the human point of view. Smith is claimed to be a deontologist, at least concerning human ethics. His version of the dualism of practical reason is outlined, and the difficulties of combining a utilitarian conception of God with the notion of divine retribution are noted.
Price
Authors: Crisp Roger 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the views on self-interest and morality of the Welsh dissenting minister, theologian, probability theorist, and philosopher, Richard Price (1723–91). Price’s deontological pluralism is described, and his distinction between practical and abstract virtue elucidated. Price’s volitionalism is compared with the views of Adam Smith. The question of whether Price believes partial virtue sufficient for virtue is discussed. Price’s view of supererogation, and his opposition to rational egoism are explained. Price’s identification of the truth about duty with God is elucidated, along with its implications for any conflict between morality and self-interest.