bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
مصادر تمويل الحقوق المالية لموظفي العقود الوزارية في ظل قانون الموازنات الاتحادية العراقية
Authors: عثمان هه وراس نظام 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
All budget laws, especially the Federal Budget Law in Iraq for the year 2023, addressed the sources of financing the financial rights of employees of ministerial contracts, such as financing the salaries of this important segment of employees, in addition to its main objective of financing sectors and developing various services in Iraq and others, and that the financing process in most countries of the world comes through taxes, government investments and loans, but in Iraq, oil is the main and vital sector through which budgets are financed. It is noted that Iraq has been exposed to many economic crises that led to the collapse of the Iraqi economy, which negatively affected financial financing in general. From this, we mention that the demonstrations and the Corona pandemic caused a clear collapse in crude oil, which, as we previously said, constitutes a major source of financial financing and the percentage of reliance on it reaches (95%) of the Iraqi state’s revenues. The collapse in oil also caused a clear deficit in the 2019 budget, and the government resorted to debt by resorting to internal borrowing in the years (2019 and 2020). The delay and failure to approve the Iraqi federal budget affected the entitlements of employees of ministerial contracts. The issuance of job grades for contractors led to a crisis in financing their salaries, but their financing was transferred to the ministries in which they were appointed. The ministries that do not have self-financing faced some difficulties, especially after the issuance of appointments and the transfer of salaried workers to contracts, and then their referral to the permanent staff.
Usaha Bisnis Hijab: Potensi Bisnis Berbasis Komunitas
Authors: Rahmadani Novita , Rahmadani Rara , Damayanti Siska , Asbari Masduki 
Published: December 2024

Tujuan dari presentasi ini adalah untuk meningkatkan pemahaman mahasiswa/i mengenai hijab, strategi pemasaran, proses produksi, Business Model canvas (BMC) termasuk jenis-jenis hijab, Analisa SWOT. Presentasi dilaksanakan pada tanggal 04 Juli 2024 di Kelas Manajemen 2C Universitas Insan Pembangunan Indonesia dengan audiens yang terdiri dari mahasiswa/I. Metode presentasi meliputi penggunanaan PowerPoint dan sesi tanya jawab. Materi yang disampaikan mencakup berbagai jenis hijab yang popular, tren gaya hijab terkini, serta proses produksi, strategi pemasaran. Tanggapan audiens sangat positif, menunjukkan peningkatan pemahaman dan pengurangan kesalahpahaman tentang hijab. diskusi yang terjadi selama sesi tanya jawab menunjukkan minat yang tinggi terhadap topik ini. Dengan adanya presentasi tema hijab “Seelwa.sc.fsn” sebagai produk lokal untuk mengembangkan kualitas hijab yang berkualitas. Agar mempermudah wanita muslim melakukan kegiatan sehari-hari. Selama Presentasi dilakukan dengan cara interaksi langsung yang mempermudah audiens untuk bertanya langsung. Teknik presentasi ini terbagi 2 sesi, sesi pertama melibatkan demonstrasi produk dan penyampaian materi oleh pembicara dan sesi kedua adalah diskusi dan tanya jawab antara audiens dan pembicara.
Fernand Ouellet (1926-2021). Portrait d’un historien. Première partie. Le pionnier iconoclaste (1926-1985)
Authors: Frenette Yves 
Published: December 2024

Pour sa huitième étude dans les Cahiers Charlevoix, Yves Frenette présente la première partie d’une synthèse sur le prolifique historien Fernand Ouellet, membre émérite de la Société Charlevoix, décédé le 28 juin 2021. Il retrace son parcours à partir de son Lac-Saint-Jean natal et le suit dans ses apprentissages d’archiviste et d’historien à Québec et à Paris ; il analyse ses travaux sur le Québec pré-industriel qui empruntent au départ à la psychologie collective avant de s’orienter vers l’histoire socio-économique et l’histoire des mentalités. Il s’arrête aussi sur deux événements qui ont profondément traumatisé Fernand Ouellet : ses démêlés judiciaires avec les descendantes de Louis-Joseph Papineau et son départ de Québec pour Ottawa au milieu de la décennie 1960. L’auteur fait voir combien ce critique mordant des écrits de ses contemporains fut aussi sévèrement critiqué. Pour mener à bien son étude sur l’homme et son oeuvre, notre confrère Frenette s’appuie sur les travaux d’un petit groupe d’historiographes de même que sur les nombreux écrits de l’historien, notamment ses deux ouvrages magistraux, l’Histoire économique et sociale du Québec 1760-1850 (1966) et Le Bas-Canada 1791-1840 (1976). En outre, il a eu accès à deux sources inédites : les riches conversations qu’il a tenues pendant un quart de siècle avec Fernand Ouellet et les mémoires que ce dernier a rédigés à la fin de sa vie.
Du « cochon qui pète » à « La Pucelle qui voulait voler en l’air ». Fabliaux et récits initiatiques contemporains de tradition orale
Authors: Pichette Jean-Pierre 
Published: December 2024

En ouvrant le « cabinet secret du folklore », illustré d’abord par le dépouillement de son enquête sur les tabous sexuels et naturels, Jean-Pierre Pichette a montré dans un essai précédent à quel point l’ignorance du mot juste et un contexte socioculturel rigoriste ont favorisé l’éclosion d’un langage crypté et coloré, d’une richesse inouïe, pour désigner l’appareil reproducteur des corps masculin et féminin. Il complète maintenant son étude en reliant les écrits littéraires des siècles passés avec les données contemporaines de terrain qu’il a recueillies et qui composent cette littérature de l’innommable. En observant comment ces dires convoquent la métaphore pour atténuer la description de l’activité sexuelle, il ordonne leur emploi dans une séquence évolutive, depuis les mots détournés pour éviter la réprobation (interdits sexuels et naturels) en passant par leur mise à l’essai risquée (comptines, jeux de mots, parodies) jusqu’à leur développement en récits licencieux (dits, chansons et contes équivoques). Il les interprète alors comme le passage de la puissance à l’acte : le folklore obscène des enfants, avec ses images à double sens, reproduit finalement la marche de la chaîne initiatique traditionnelle qui a jadis mené, par un cheminement parallèle, à la composition des fabliaux au Moyen Âge.
Lorsque le contrôle des migrations prend le pas sur la sauvegarde de la vie en
mer
Authors: Banos Arnaud , Vives Luna , Martel Camille , Hessek Elizabeth , Williams Kira 
Published: December 2024

Selon les conventions internationales régissant le sauvetage en mer, les
frontières maritimes ne doivent pas interférer avec les opérations de sauvetage en
mer, la sauvegarde de la vie en mer étant définie comme prioritaire. Pourtant,
depuis 2015 et dans le contexte spécifique des migrations par voie maritime, le
respect des conventions sur la recherche et le sauvetage maritimes (SAR) par les
États signataires passe souvent au second plan, supplanté par des enjeux de
souveraineté nationale focalisés sur le double contrôle des frontières et du flux
migratoire. Cette interférence des frontières avec les principes fondamentaux du
sauvetage en mer s’insère toutefois dans un processus plus large d’externalisation
des frontières et de militarisation du sauvetage en mer. L’objectif de cet article
est de préciser les transformations de ce dispositif complexe, à partir des exemples
de la mer d’Alboran, du détroit de Gibraltar et de la route des Canaries, pour
lesquels nous disposons de données géolocalisées de toutes les opérations de
sauvetage en mer réalisées par la Sociedad Estatal de Salvamento y Seguridad
Marítima (SASEMAR ; la compagnie publique responsable des opérations de sauvetage
dans la zone de responsabilité espagnole) sur la période 2015-2021. Sur cette base
empirique, nous montrons l’émergence progressive de la frontière dans les opérations
de sauvetage en mer menées dans ces deux zones maritimes et le rôle grandissant du
Maroc à partir de l’année 2018.
Crise migratoire et européanisation du contrôle frontalier
Authors: Kouloglou Nikolas , Hamzaoui Ouassim 
Published: December 2024

Les frontières extérieures de l’Union européenne (UE) semblent, à la
suite de ladite « crise des migrants » dont le climax est atteint au printemps 2015,
se trouver dans une situation sans précédent – ou du moins historique. Les flux
migratoires provoqués par les différents conflits et situations politiquement
instables au Proche- et au Moyen-Orient donnent une saillance toute particulière à
la question du trafic des migrants et à la stratégie d’« externalisation » du
contrôle des frontières européennes.

À partir d’une campagne d’entretiens semi-directifs conduits en 2022 et
en 2023 auprès d’acteurs de premier plan issus d’une part de la police et des
garde-côtes helléniques, et d’autre part d’agences européennes (Europol et Frontex),
l’article vise à montrer comment, par-delà la rhétorique de l’urgence, les
dispositions prises et les dispositifs mis en oeuvre lors de la « crise des
migrants » ont non seulement renforcé l’agencification européenne et conduit à un
alignement d’institutions et d’action publique de l’État grec sur le paradigme de
sécurisation migratoire promue par l’UE, mais ils ont également normalisé, dans les
dispositifs de contrôle que sont les hotspots, un partage de l’exercice de la
souveraineté sur la frontière, entre l’État grec et les agences européennes ; un
partage qui s’appuie sur — et produit notamment — un accroissement de l’intégration
informationnelle.
Rapports à la violence et subculture carcérale des détenus dits « violents » : une approche par la médiation narrative
Authors: Amadio Nicolas 
Published: December 2024

L’objectif de cet article est d’examiner l’existence d’une subculture de la violence partagée par les détenus incarcérés en unité pour détenus violents. Il s’inscrit dans une phénoménologie des subcultures carcérales analysant la façon dont les détenus perçoivent leur propre rapport à la violence plutôt que des formes spécifiques de violence. Les matériaux ont été recueillis à partir d’une médiation narrative qui articule observations et entretiens pour réaliser des récits qui s’expriment à travers des fables écrites avec trois détenus. L’analyse discute de l’existence d’une forme de subculture carcérale à partir de trois dimensions communes au rapport à la violence des détenus : un rapport instrumental à la violence, l’importance de la dimension collective des conflits, et la violence comme dynamique de résistance individuelle.
The history of the development of the ideas of the legal and social state and the practice of their implementation in foreign countries
Authors: Embulaeva Natalia , Kaushan Valeriya Evgen'evna 
Published: December 2024

The object of the study is public relations related to the formation and implementation of ideas of legal and social statehood. The subject of the research is the relations in the field of formation of the concepts of the legal and social state in the political and legal thought of the countries of Europe, America and Asia. The authors explore the issues of legislative consolidation of the principles of the legal and social state abroad. Special attention is paid to the specifics of the implementation of these concepts in various legal families. The problematic issues of the implementation of the principles of the rule of law are investigated. Attention is paid to the economic basis of the state as a necessary condition and prerequisite for the formation of a social state. The subject of the study is the influence of ideology on the practice of implementing social policy of the state. The interrelation of the legal and social state is substantiated. The research methodology is determined by the object and subject of the study. The key methods used are comparative methods: comparative legal, comparative historical; logical methods of cognition: analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction; as well as the formal legal method, which was used to analyze normative legal acts. The conducted research of the ideas of legal and social statehood and the practice of their implementation in various countries has allowed us to state that despite the presence of common features and the identification of common signs of these concepts, the implementation of these progressive views in real state-building faces significant difficulties. This is due to the presence of various legal systems, dominant ideologies, the degree of economic development and the social structure of society. The authors come to the conclusion that liberal ideology hinders the implementation of the concept of a social state, since by providing maximum economic freedom, the state fairly relieves itself of many social obligations. At the same time, in the countries of socialist law, the most favorable conditions are created for the practical implementation of the concept of a social state. The novelty of the conducted research also consists in substantiating the conclusion that the principles of legal statehood are fully implemented in countries with European legal systems. While in States with religious legal systems, it is difficult to consolidate the signs of a rule of law state.
Ivan the Terrible as a problem of Russian Philosophy of History
Authors: Gorokhov Pavel Aleksandrovich 
Published: December 2024

The purpose of the article is to consider the historiosophical ideas about the personality of Ivan IV the Terrible and his role in the history of the Russian state. To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been solved: 1) the assessments of the largest historians and philosophers, whose works formed historiosophical ideas about the figure of Ivan the Terrible and, thereby, influenced the historical consciousness and memory of Russian society, are studied; 2) the images of Ivan the Terrible in fiction are considered; 3) the contribution of artists and sculptors to the historiosophical assessment of Ivan the Terrible is considered. Historians, philosophers and public opinion mutually influenced each other, dialectically shaping the image of Tsar Ivan the Terrible in an effort to create the most objective representation of him. The role of literature and fine arts is significant, but writers and artists draw images of the past and give them a historiosophical assessment based on the works of historians and philosophers. The methodological basis of this research is historical-philosophical and comparative-historical analysis, as well as a cultural approach. The figure of Ivan the Terrible is considered through the prism of public consciousness and some works of Russian literature and art. Due to the vastness of the topic, the author used the most characteristic and significant examples illustrating the evolution of historiosophical ideas on the figure of Ivan the Terrible. Even during the life of Ivan the Terrible, there were three main assessments of his personality and deeds that continue to live to this day: 1) impartial and accusatory, 2) uncritical and glorifying, and 3) neutral and objective. Through the personality of Ivan the Terrible, historians and philosophers considered such important historiosophical problems as the relationship between the people and state power, politics and morality, the role of personality in the historical process. The assessment of Ivan the Terrible largely depends on the historiosophical approach to the problem of the role of personality in history, which is followed by historians, philosophers, writers or artists.
CONSIDERAÇÕES ACERCA DO TRATAMENTO CIRÚRGICO DE FRATURA DE CONDILO MANDIBULAR: RELATO DE CASO
Authors: Viana Mariana Vitória Gomes , De Souza Ravelle Silva , Brandão Tagna de Oliveira , Rodrigues Rafael Drummond , Dultra Fátima Karoline Araujo Alves 
Published: December 2024

RESUMO
As fraturas de mandíbula têm a segunda maior prevalência entre as fraturas que acometem a face. Dentre estas, as fraturas condilares possuem elevada incidência, em consequência da maior projeção mandibular em relação a face e da menor resistência do colo mandibular. Em relação ao seu agente etiológico, as quedas, agressões físicas, acidentes de trânsito e esportivos, são os mais comuns. Objetivo: O presente artigo tem como objetivo relatar um caso clínico de fratura de côndilo mandibular com deslocamento lateral associada a fratura de sínfise mandibular, tratada por abordagem cirúrgica. Descrição do caso: Paciente sexo masculino, 38 anos, compareceu ao ambulatório do Serviço de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial do Hospital Geral do Estado - HGE, com queixa de dor e limitação de abertura bucal após acidente ciclístico. Após realização de exame físico e avaliação de exame tomográfico de face, observou-se sinais sugestivos de fratura de sínfise e côndilo mandibular esquerdo com deslocamento para medial, sendo instituído procedimento cirúrgico como tratamento dos cotos ósseos fraturados. Considerações finais: Fraturas faciais necessitam de diagnóstico e tratamento precisos e individualizados, evitando morbidade e devolvendo estética e função adequadas. Apesar da controvérsia no tratamento das fraturas mandibulares, percebe-se que quando bem indicado, tanto a redução aberta quanto a redução fechada apresentam resultados satisfatórios.
Atomic‐Scale Insights into the Low‐Temperature Oxidation of Methanol over a Single‐Atom Pt1‐Co3O4 Catalyst
Authors: Jiang Zeyu , Feng Xiangbo , Deng Jianlin , He Chi , Douthwaite Mark , Yu Yanke , Liu Jian , Hao Zhengping , Zhao Zhen 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHeterogeneous catalysts with single‐atom active sites offer a means of expanding the industrial application of noble metal catalysts. Herein, an atomically dispersed Pt1‐Co3O4 catalyst is presented, which exhibits an exceptionally high efficiency for the total oxidation of methanol. Experimental and theoretical investigations indicate that this catalyst consists of Pt sites with a large proportion of occupied high electronic states. These sites possess a strong affinity for inactive Co2+ sites and anchor over the surface of (111) crystal plane, which increases the metal–support interaction of the Pt1‐Co3O4 material and accelerates the rate of oxygen vacancies regeneration. In turn, this is determined to promote the coadsorption of the probe methanol molecule and O2. Density functional theory calculations confirm that the electron transfer over the oxygen vacancies reduces both the methanol adsorption energy and activation barriers for methanol oxidation, which is proposed to significantly enhance the dissociation of the CH bond in the methanol decomposition reaction. This investigation serves as a solid foundation for characterizing and understanding single‐atom catalysts for heterogeneous oxidation reactions.
Discovery of Superconductivity in 2M WS2 with Possible Topological Surface States
Authors: Fang Yuqiang , Pan Jie , Zhang Dongqin , Wang Dong , Hirose Hishiro T. , Terashima Taichi , Uji Shinya , Yuan Yonghao , Li Wei , Tian Zhen , Xue Jiamin , Ma Yonghui , Zhao Wei , Xue Qikun , Mu Gang , Zhang Haijun , Huang Fuqiang 
Published: June 2019

AbstractRecently the metastable 1T′‐type VIB‐group transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted extensive attention due to their rich and intriguing physical properties, including superconductivity, valleytronics physics, and topological physics. Here, a new layered WS2 dubbed “2M” WS2, is constructed from 1T′ WS2 monolayers, is synthesized. Its phase is defined as 2M based on the number of layers in each unit cell and the subordinate crystallographic system. Intrinsic superconductivity is observed in 2M WS2 with a transition temperature Tc of 8.8 K, which is the highest among TMDs not subject to any fine‐tuning process. Furthermore, the electronic structure of 2M WS2 is found by Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations and first‐principles calculations to have a strong anisotropy. In addition, topological surface states with a single Dirac cone, protected by topological invariant Z2, are predicted through first‐principles calculations. These findings reveal that the new 2M WS2 might be an interesting topological superconductor candidate from the VIB‐group transition metal dichalcogenides.
Supraparticles with a Magnetic Fingerprint Readable by Magnetic Particle Spectroscopy: An Alternative beyond Optical Tracers
Authors: Müssig Stephan , Fidler Florian , Haddad Daniel , Hiller Karl‐Heinz , Wintzheimer Susanne , Mandel Karl 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMarking and identification of materials is becoming increasingly important due to complex global resource and supply chains. Luminescent particle‐based markers have come to the forefront due to their small dimensions and their ability to be integrated in diverse materials. However, light‐absorbing materials can hardly be marked by these particles, thus leading to insufficient recycling rates of, e.g., black plastics. In this work, microparticles with a unique magnetic fingerprint are tailored by modification of their nanoparticle building blocks. This fingerprint tailoring is achieved either by combination of magnetic building blocks with nonmagnetic ones in the supraparticles or, alternatively, by surface modification of the building blocks. An easy‐to‐use device, based on the principle of magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS), is established to resolve the magnetic fingerprint information. This facilitates the employment of magnetic supraparticles as markers for product tracking and identification. As a proof of concept, it is shown that such particles enable the marking of black plastic.
Polyrotaxane Nanocarriers Can Deliver CRISPR/Cas9 Plasmid to Dystrophic Muscle Cells to Successfully Edit the DMD Gene
Authors: Emami Michael R. , Young Courtney S. , Ji Ying , Liu Xiangsheng , Mokhonova Ekaterina , Pyle April D. , Meng Huan , Spencer Melissa J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractGene editing with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR‐associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) has shown promise in models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD); however, nonviral strategies to deliver CRISPR to muscle have not been widely explored or optimized. Most studies have relied on viral vectors, which are likely limited to single dosing due to their immunogenicity, thus reducing their therapeutic potential. Therefore, there is a need to develop nonviral approaches that allow for delivery and repeat dosing of CRISPR/Cas9 therapies to skeletal muscle. Here, biocompatible multi‐arm polyrotaxane (PRX) nanocarriers, are iteratively optimized for packaging large plasmid DNA for delivery to muscle cells. The PRXs are optimized by addition of a disulfide‐responsive linker that enhances plasmid release. Furthermore, conjugation of peptides leads to quicker uptake and improved transfection efficiency in humanized dystrophic muscle cells in vitro. Finally, in vitro delivery of PRXs complexed with a CRISPR/Cas9 platform demonstrates effective deletion of DMD exons 45–55, a therapeutic strategy with potential to restore the reading frame for half of DMD patients. This work represents the first PRX platform that is optimized and designed for delivery of large plasmid DNA, such as CRISPR/Cas9, to dystrophic muscle cells.