bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unsupervised Learning of the Morphology of a Natural Language
Authors: Goldsmith John 
Published: July 2002

This study reports the results of using minimum description length (MDL) analysis to model unsupervised learning of the morphological segmentation of European languages, using corpora ranging in size from 5,000 words to 500,000 words. We develop a set of heuristics that rapidly develop a probabilistic morphological grammar, and use MDL as our primary tool to determine whether the modifications proposed by the heuristics will be adopted or not. The resulting grammar matches well the analysis that would be developed by a human morphologist.In the final section, we discuss the relationship of this style of MDL grammatical analysis to the notion of evaluation metric in early generative grammar.
Task-Dependent Modulation of Regions in the Left Inferior Frontal Cortex during Semantic Processing
Authors: Roskies A. L. , Fiez J. A. , Balota D. A. , Raichle M. E. , Petersen S. E. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
To distinguish areas involved in the processing of word meaning (semantics) from other regions involved in lexical processing more generally, subjects were scanned with positron emission tomography (PET) while performing lexical tasks, three of which required varying degrees of semantic analysis and one that required phonological analysis. Three closely apposed regions in the left inferior frontal cortex and one in the right cerebellum were significantly active above baseline in the semantic tasks, but not in the nonsemantic task. The activity in two of the frontal regions was modulated by the difficulty of the semantic judgment. Other regions, including some in the left temporal cortex and the cerebellum, were active across all four language tasks. Thus, in addition to a number of regions known to be active during language processing, regions in the left inferior frontal cortex were specifically recruited during semantic processing in a task-dependent manner. A region in the right cerebellum may be functionally related to those in the left inferior frontal cortex. Discussion focuses on the implications of these results for current views regarding neural substrates of semantic processing.
Functional Neuroanatomy of the Semantic System: Divisible by What?
Authors: Mummery C. J. , Patterson K. , Hodges J. R. , Price C. J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Studies of patients with brain damage suggest that specific brain regions may be differentially involved in representing/processing certain categories of conceptual knowledge. With regard to the dissociation that has received the most attention—between the domains of living things and artifacts—a debate continues as to whether these category-specific effects reflect neural implementation of categories directly or some more basic properties of brain organization. The present positron emission tomography (PET) study addressed this issue by probing explicitly for differential activation associated with written names of objects from the domains of living things or artifacts during similarity judgments about different attributes of these objects. Subjects viewed triads of written object names and selected one of two response words as more similar to a target word according to a specified perceptual attribute (typical color of the objects) or an associative attribute (typical location of the objects). The control task required a similarity judgment about the number of syllables in the target and response words. All tasks were performed under two different stimulus conditions: names of living things and names of artifacts. Judgments for both domains and both attribute types activated an extensive, distributed, left-hemisphere semantic system, but showed some differential activation-particularly as a function of attribute type. The left temporooccipito-parietal junction showed enhanced activity for judgments about object location, whereas the left anteromedial temporal cortex and caudate nucleus were differentially activated by color judgments. Smaller differences were seen for living and nonliving domains, the positive findings being largely consistent with previous studies using objects; in particular, words denoting artifacts produced enhanced activation in the left posterior middle temporal gyrus. These results suggest that, within a distributed conceptual system activated by words, the more prominent neural distinction relates to type of attribute.
Addressing Animal Abuse: The Complementary Roles of Religion, Secular Ethics, and the Law
Authors: Frasch Pamela 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper examines the role that religious belief plays in societies' treatment of nonhuman animals, first asking two questions. Does religious belief continue to play a role today in societies' treatment of nonhuman animals, and should it? The paper discusses the interaction of (a) religion, (b) secular ethics, and (c) the law. As with a three-legged stool, each leg or component relies on the next for support. Religious values and claims, as features of the ethical framework by which many people live, have daily implications for nonhuman animals. On a sliding scale, negative to positive, a religious point of view may affect other animals in different ways. Beliefs - religious in nature and origin - about other animals sometimes stand behind the claims and ethical formulations of avowedly nonreligious people and institutions and may be of some interest to philosophers and historians. The paper concludes that only through consideration and involvement of the three separate, yet inter-connected, components can animal abuse be effectively addressed.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE MORPHOLOGY OF CENTROPAGES TYPICUS KReYER, 1849 (COPEPODA, CALANOIDA)
Authors: Corni M. Grazia , Vigoni Vanessa , Scanabissi Franca 
Published: July 2002

AbstractUltrastructural studies have been conducted on the male and female of Centropages typicus to analyze spermatophore transfer mechanisms. Careful observations have been made on the genital area of both sexes and of the mating appendages in the male. In particular, a detailed description of the first two somites of the female urosome is necessary to correctly interpret the strategies employed for positioning the spermatophore. Des etudes ultrastructurales ont ete menees sur des males et des femelles de Centropages typicus afin d'analyser les mecanismes de transfert des spermatophores. Des observations d etaillees ont ete faites sur l'aire genitale des deux sexes et sur les appendices utilis es pendant l'accouplement par le male. En particulier, une description detaillee des deux premiers somites de l'urosome de la femelle est necessaire pour interpreter correctement les strategies utilisees par les males pour fixer les spermatophores.
Interaction between glycine and Na-, Caand Cu-rich smectites
Authors: Benincasa E. , Brigatti M. F. , Lugli C. , Medici L. , Poppi L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe interactions between glycine and two Na-, Ca- and Cu-exchanged smectites with different layer-charge location were studied. The sorption of glycine depends on the nature of the interlayer cations (Ca < Na < Cu), and on the type of smectite. Sequential extraction procedures were carried out in order to test the possibility of removing metals and/or glycine from the smectite interlayer. By the end of the treatments, the release of the amino acid from the substrates, with the exception of Cu-rich smectite, was virtually complete. The thermal curves of glycine-smectites confirm the stronger bonding of the amino acid with Cu-exchanged samples, and FTIR spectra indicate that glycine is mainly sorbed in the zwitterionic form. The data obtained suggest that in investigations into mechanisms of the binding of metals by minerals and their subsequent mobilization, amino acids merit close attention.
Hydrothermal alteration of a saponitic bentonite: mineral reactivity and evolution of surface properties
Authors: Cuevas J. , Garralón A. , Ramírez S. , Leguey S. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSaponitic bentonite mined in the Magan deposit (Toledo, Spain), has been classified as a suitable clay barrier in the storage of high-level radioactive waste. Several hydrothermal alteration assays have been carried out in Teflon reactors at 45, 60, 90, 120, 175 and 200°C for periods of up to 1 y. The mineral components of bentonite are stable below 175°C. At and above this temperature, the accessory sepiolite transforms into a monomineral phase of saponitic composition. The texture of the clay also changes. A rise in temperature above 120°C causes a decrease in the proportion of the <2 μm size-fraction, a reduction of BET and total surface areas and an increase in the relative volume of micropores (<20 Å). This process has been interpreted as the formation of granular aggregates that preserve a micropore network. This new arrangement of the aggregates produces a significant reduction in the free swelling volume.
Smectite stability in acid salt solutions and the fate of Eu, Th and U in solution
Authors: Bauer A. , Schäfer T. , Dohrmann R. , Hoffmann H. , Kim J. I. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe alteration and transformation behaviour of Ceca smectite in two acid and saline solutions (NaCl and KCl) was studied in batch experiments. This type of smectite is proposed as potential backfill material for nuclear waste storage sites. The initial solution was enriched with 500 ppm of U, Th and Eu. The evolution of pH and solution concentrations were measured over a period of 25 months. The mineralogical and chemical evolution of the clays was also studied. X-ray diffraction revealed a significant loss of diffraction intensity and the clays became amorphous to Xrays with increasing reaction time. Deconvolution of the XRD data indicated a continuous collapse of the smectite layers but no illitization. Infrared spectroscopy revealed unchanged smectite spectra at the end of the experiment. Thorium precipitated as amorphous ThO2, but showed an incipient crystallization after 500 days. The Th, Eu and U were neither adsorbed onto the clays nor incorporated into a secondary phase.
Fluid flow through clayey soils: stable isotope and mineralogical evidence
Authors: Doser L. S. , Ferrell R. E. , Longstaffe F. J. , Walthall P. M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe evaluation of clays as barriers to fluid movement can be improved by geochemical methods that provide ways to examine the reactivity and weathering of minerals in soils and sediments. X-ray radiography, X-ray powder diffraction, and stable isotope geochemistry provide new data from field locations in the Mississippi River Delta of Louisiana indicating that the clays are not effective barriers to the vertical migration of fluids in the shallow subsurface. Systematic changes in the mineral assemblages, the soil structure and the δD and δ18O values of time clay fractions can best be explained by an alteration sequence produced as the originally smectiterich clay mineral assemblage was kaolinized by percolating groundwater.
Diagenesis-very low-grade metamorphism of clastic Cambrian and Ordovician sedimentary rocks in the Iberian Range (Spain)
Authors: Bauluz B. , Fernandez-Nieto C. , Gonzalez Lopez J. M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCambrian and Ordovician pelites and greywakes from the Iberian Range were studied using XRD, EMPA and AEM/TEM techniques, lllite and chlorite are the main phases in Cambrian <2 µm fractions. Illites show crystallinities (IC) from 0.28 to 0.23°2θ the 2M1is almost the only polytype; they do not have expandable layers, and they are heterogeneous in composition. Chlorites show two compositional types, both containing variable proportions of smectite-like layers. Clinochtores growing over bedding surfaces are also present. An evolutionary trend from anchizone to near the anchizone-epizone limit has been proposed for Cambrian samples.In the Ordovician <2 µm fractions, illites are associated with minor chlorites and kaolinites. The ICs range from 0.68-0.28°2θ the 2M1polytype dominates over 1M, and it is associated with illitesmectite mixed-layering (R3 ordering). An evolutionary trend from diagenesis to low grade anchizone has been inferred.Chemical analyses of coarser detrital micas indicate muscovite and phengite compositions. The compositional heterogeneity exhibited by authigenic and detrital phases suggests that chemical equilibrium was not attained.
Origin of illite in the loess from the Luochuan area, Loess Plateau, Central China
Authors: Ji Junfeng , Chen Jun , Lu Huayu 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIllite, the predominant component of the clay fraction of the Chinese loess, has been studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) in 33 samples taken from the Holocene palaeosol (S0), the last glacial loess (L1) and the last interglacial palaeosol (S1) in the Louchuan loess section of the Loess Plateau in China. The XRD investigations indicate that it is mainly a 2M1 dioctahedral mineral with crystallinity values ranging from 0.23 to 0.36°Δ2θ (CIS Index). The 2M1 polytype illites with low IC values preclude a pedogenic formation of illites in the surface horizons of aridic and semi-aridic soils or deserts, and thus the clay mineral composition was largely determined by provenance. The illites are considered to be of detrital origin derived from pre-existing sediments and very low- to low-grade metamorphic rocks, eroded from the northern part of the Tibetan Plateau. The clay content of the loess and palaeosols was largely controlled by the strength of the winter monsoon, rather than by effects of in situ pedogenetic processes.
Graphite occurrences in the low-pressure/high-temperature metamorphic belt of the Sierra de Aracena (southern Iberian Massif)
Authors: Rodas M. , Luque F. J. , Barrenechea J. F. , Fernández-Caliani J. C. , Miras A. , Fernández-Rodríguez C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFour distinct associations of graphite have been identified in the low-pressure, high-temperature belt of the Sierra de Aracena (SW Spain). Syngenetic occurrences include: (1) stratiform graphite mineralization within a calc-silicate series; (2) disseminated graphite within a terrigenous sequence; and (3) ‘restitic’ graphite within anatectic tonalites and their enclaves. Epigenetic graphite occurs as (4) veins cross-cutting mafic granulites.Graphite in all types of occurrences is highly crystalline, with thecparameter close to 6.70 Å. Suchcvalues correspond to temperatures of formation of ∼800°C. The thermal properties of graphite are also typical of well-ordered graphite and provide DTA exothermic maxima ranging from 810 to 858°C depending on the mode of occurrence. The differences among the temperatures of formation estimated by graphite geothermometry, the position of the exothermic maximum in the DTA curves, and petrologic geothermometers are discussed in terms of the applicability of graphite geothermometry to granulite-facies rocks. Carbon isotope analysis yields δ13C values in the range from −31.6 to −21.4% for syngenetic graphite of types I, II and III attributable to biogenically-derived carbon. The heavier signatures for graphite in vein occurrences (δ13C= −17.7 to −18.3%) with respect to syngenetic graphites suggest that isotopically heavy carbonic species were incorporated into the metamorphic fluids (probably as a consequence of decarbonation reactions of the calc-silicate rocks) from which graphite precipitated into the veins. These fluids were strongly channelled through structural pathways.
Fluorine-rich Clinohumite from Ambasamudram Marbles, Southern India: Mineralogical and Preliminary FTIR Spectroscopic Characterization
Authors: Satish-Kumar M. , Niimi Naoyuk 
Published: July 2002

AbstractHumite group minerals occur in the marbles of granulite grade at Ambasamudram, southern India. Detailed mineralogical and mineral chemical characterization indicate the mineral is a flourine-rich titanian-poor variety of clinohumite. AverageMTi/Si values of 2.22 with typical XRD pattern indicate the mineral to be clinohumite. Petrological constraints on the clinohumite formation shows a high temperature (>700°C) and lowaco2during its formation. The fluorine content of these clinohumites is the highest reported in any environment, with F/(F+OH) ratio reaching a value of 0.70. The high fluorine content reflect the highP-Tcondition of formation. The OH content of the clinohumites is around 0.59 mole fraction. Preliminary FTIR spectra of the clinohumites show eight sharp absorption peaks between wave numbers 3700 and 3400 cm−1and a broad absorption band with a peak at 3840 cm−1. The sharp peaks are due to OH in the clinohumite. The high fluorine content of the Ambasamudram clinohumites possibly resulted from the isochemical reactions involving (OH-F) silicates such as amphiboles or phlogopites. The internal fluid buffering is also supported by the stable isotope as well as the petrological studies of the marble assemblages.
Zirkelite from the Sebl'yavr carbonatite complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia: an X-ray and electron microprobe study of a partially metamict mineral
Authors: Bulakh A. G. , Nesterov A. R. , Williams C. T. , Anisimov I. S. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractZirkelite, a cubic mineral of general formula (Ti,Ca,Zr)O2−x occurs as an accessory mineral in phoscorites, carbonatites and associated rocks in the Sebl'yavr complex. After pyrochlore, it is the main mineral concentrating niobium in these rocks. Zirkelite forms platy crystals comprising polysynthetic octahedral twins, often having a complex skeletal internal structure within a cuboctahedral external morphology. The mineral is largely metamict, but after heating to 800°C it produces a cubic crystalline structure with ao = 5.157 ±0.006 Å. It is black to brownish-black in colour, VHN = 760−780 kg.mm−2, density = 4.27 g.cm−3, and reflectance = 12.5%.Chemically, zirkelite is relatively enriched in Nb2O5 (up to 14.5 wt.%) and ThO2 (up to 7.7 wt.%), and it displays four compositionally-distinct zones which probably formed during primary crystallisation processes. It is patchily altered where it is associated with an unidentified Ba, Ti, Nb, Zr silicate phase which partly replaces and pseudomorphs it. Under the current IMA-approved nomenclature scheme, non-crystalline (metamict) minerals of the composition described here would normally be given the general species name zirconolite, with the name zirkelite confined to the cubic mineral. However, at Sebl'yavr, the name zirkelite is used because the mineral displays a well-defined cubic crystal morphology and has a cubic structure after heating.
The granitic pegmatites of the Fregeneda area (Salamanca, Spain):
characteristics and petrogenesis
Authors: Roda Robles E. , Pesquera Perez A. , Velasco Roldan F. , Fontan F. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Pegmatites of the Fregeneda area, Salamanca, Spain, show a zonal
distribution, from barren to enrichment in Li, Sn, Rb, Nb>Ta, B and P. They
intrude pre-Ordovician metasediments which were metamorphosed to sillimanite-zone
conditions near the Lumbrales granite. Field, mineralogical and petrographic data
show the following zonal sequence from the granite outward: (1) barren pegmatites
(pegmatites T1, T2, T3 and T4) with quartz, K-feldspar > albite, muscovite,
tourmaline ± andalusite ± garnet; (2) intermediate pegmatites (types T5 and T6),
characterized by the occurrence of beryl and Fe-Mn-Li phosphates; and (3) fertile
pegmatites (dykes T7 and T8), with lepidolite, cassiterite, columbite, albite >
K-feldspar, montebrasite and spodumene.
Tourmaline from different pegmatites shows significant compositional
variations. Trace element variations in mica and K-feldspar suggest that the
origin of the different pegmatitic bodies may be explained by three different
paths of fractional crystallization of melts generated by partial melting of
quartzo-feldspathic rocks.
Mitoxantrone is superior to doxorubicin in a multiagent weekly regimen for patients older than 60 with high-grade lymphoma: results of a BNLI randomized trial of PAdriaCEBO versus PMitCEBO
Authors: Mainwaring Paul N. , Cunningham David , Gregory Walter , Hoskin Peter , Hancock Barry , Norton Andrew J. , MacLennan Ken , Smith Paul , Hudson Gillian Vaughan , Linch David 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA prospective, multicenter, randomized trial was undertaken to compare the efficacy and toxicity of adriamycin with mitoxantrone within a 6-drug combination chemotherapy regimen for elderly patients (older than 60 years) with high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma (HGL) given for a minimum of 8 weeks. A total of 516 previously untreated patients aged older than 60 years were randomized to receive 1 of 2 anthracycline-containing regimens: adriamycin, 35 mg/m2intravenously (IV) on day 1 (n = 259), or mitoxantrone, 7 mg/m2 IV on day 1 (n = 257); with prednisolone, 50 mg orally on days 1 to 14; cyclophosphamide, 300 mg/m2 IV on day 1; etoposide, 150 mg/m2 IV on day 1; vincristine, 1.4 mg/m2 IV on day 8; and bleomycin, 10 mg/m2 IV on day 8. Each 2-week cycle was administered for a minimum of 8 weeks in the absence of progression. Forty-three patients were ineligible for analysis. The overall and complete remission rates were 78% and 60% for patients receiving PMitCEBO and 69% and 52% for patients receiving PAdriaCEBO (P = .05, P = .12, respectively). Overall survival was significantly better with PMitCEBO than PAdriaCEBO (P = .0067). However, relapse-free survival was not significantly different (P = .16). At 4 years, 28% of PAdriaCEBO patients and 50% of PMitCEBO patients were alive (P = .0001). Ann Arbor stage III/IV, World Health Organization performance status 2-4, and elevated lactate dehydrogenase negatively influenced overall survival from diagnosis. In conclusion, the PMitCEBO 8-week combination chemotherapy regimen offers high response rates, durable remissions, and acceptable toxicity in elderly patients with HGL.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase–dependent translocation of phospholipase Cγ2 in mouse megakaryocytes is independent of Bruton tyrosine kinase translocation
Authors: Bobe Régis , Wilde Jonathan I. , Maschberger Petra , Venkateswarlu Kanamarlapudi , Cullen Peter J. , Siess Wolfgang , Watson Steve P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractActivation of the collagen receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI) by a collagen-related peptide (CRP) induces stimulation of platelets and megakaryocytes through the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase–dependent pathway leading to activation of Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) and phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2). Here, we present evidence that both proteins undergo PI 3-kinase–dependent translocation to the plasma membrane on CRP stimulation that is markedly inhibited by wortmannin and LY294002. Translocation of PLCγ2 but not Btk is also seen in megakaryocytes from X-linked immunodeficiency mice, which have a mutation that reduces the affinity of the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of Btk for PI 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI 3,4,5-P3). Activation of PC12 cells by epidermal growth factor (EGF) results in increased PI 3-kinase activity and high PI 3,4,5-P3 levels that trigger translocation of the green fluorescent protein (GFP)–labeled PH of Btk, but not the GFP-labeled PH and tandem Src homology 2 (SH2) domains of PLCγ2. In contrast to the results with CRP, the G protein–coupled receptor agonist thrombin stimulates PI 3-kinase–independent translocation of Btk but not PLCγ2. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that in mouse megakaryocytes, CRP leads to PI 3-kinase–dependent translocation of PLCγ2 and Btk that are independent of one another, whereas thrombin only induces translocation of Btk through a pathway that is independent of PI 3-kinase activity.