bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anticipated Task Difficulty Provokes Pace Conservation and Slower Running Performance
Authors: BRICK NOEL E. , FITZPATRICK BEN L. , TURKINGTON ROBIN , MALLETT JOHN C. 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT

Purpose
Models of self-paced endurance performance suggest that accurate knowledge of the exercise end-point influences pace-related decision making. No studies have examined the effects of anticipated task difficulty during equidistant endurance activities. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of anticipated task difficulty on pacing, psychological, and physiological responses during running time trials.

Methods
Twenty-eight trained runners completed three self-paced 3000-m time trials. The first was a baseline time trial completed on a 0% treadmill gradient. Time trials 2 and 3 were counterbalanced. Before a known incline time trial, anticipated to be more difficult, subjects were accurately informed that the gradient would increase to 7% for the final 800 m. Before an equivalent, unknown incline (UI) time trial subjects were deceptively informed that the gradient would remain at 0% throughout.

Results
Expressed relative to baseline, running speed was 2.44% slower (d = −0.47) over the first 2200 m during known incline (KI) time trial than UI time trial. Effort perception, affective valence, heart rate, and blood lactate did not differ between time trials. Initial running speed during KI was related to pretrial motivation, pretrial vigor, perceived effort, and affective valence (all r ≥ 0.382). No such relationships existed during UI. More subjects also reported a conscious focus on pacing during KI.

Conclusions
An anticipated increase in task difficulty provoked pace conservation during 3000 m running time trials. The reduced pace may have resulted from greater task uncertainty and consciously aware, effort- and affect-based decisions to conserve energy and maintain hedonic state during KI. The findings add to theoretical understandings of factors that influence pacing during endurance activity. Consequently, recommendations to minimize the potentially deleterious effects of anticipated increases in task difficulty are provided.
Declining racial and ethnic representation in clinical academic medicine: A longitudinal study of 16 US medical specialties
Authors: Lett Elle , Orji Whitney U. , Sebro Ronnie 
Published: November 2018

Objective
To evaluate trends in racial, ethnic, and sex representation at US medical schools across 16 specialties: internal medicine, pediatrics, surgery, psychiatry, radiology, anesthesiology, obstetrics and gynecology, neurology, family practice, pathology, emergency medicine, orthopedic surgery, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, physical medicine and rehabilitation, and dermatology. Using a novel, Census-derived statistical measure of diversity, the S-score, we quantified the degree of underrepresentation for racial minority groups and female faculty by rank for assistant, associate, and full professors from 1990–2016.

Methods
This longitudinal study of faculty diversity uses data obtained from the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC) Faculty Roster from US allopathic medical schools. The proportion of professors of racial minority groups and female faculty by rank was compared to the US population based on data from the US Census Bureau. The Roster includes data on 52,939 clinical medical faculty in 1990, and 129,545 in 2016, at the assistant professor level or higher.
The primary measure used in this study was the S-score, a measure of representation based on the probability of the observed frequency of faculty from a racial/ethnic group and sex, given the racial and ethnic distribution of the US. Pearson correlations and 95% confidence intervals for S-score with time were used to measure trends.

Results
Blacks and Hispanics showed statistically significant trends (p<0.05) towards increasing underrepresentation in most specialties and are more underrepresented in 2016 than in 1990 across all ranks and specialties analyzed, except for Black females in obstetrics & gynecology. White females were also underrepresented in many specialties and in a subset of specialties trended toward greater underrepresentation.

Conclusions
Current efforts to improve faculty diversity are inadequate in generating an academic physician workforce that represents the diversity of the US. More aggressive measures for faculty recruitment, retention, and promotion are necessary to reach equity in academia and healthcare.
Jia Zhangke and Chinese painting
Authors: Rist Peter 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This essay begins by reflecting on earlier research and writing conducted by the author on the relationship between Song (Sung) Dynasty landscape paintings and Chinese films, including the Fifth Generation work of Chen Kaige. Rist argues that one can also find echoes of ancient Chinese landscape painting in the films of ‘Sixth Generation’ director Jia Zhangke, including Platform (2000), Still Life (2006) and Mountains May Depart (2015), while one can also find visual connections between Jia’s films and more contemporary art, including propaganda posters and the large mural painting of his friend, Liu Xiaodong. Rist asks the reader to also recognize that Jia was an art student before he studied film, when he became enamoured with ‘realism’. In recent years Jia has become extremely interested in ecological issues that can be aligned with his cinematic treatment of the landscape.
Affective Diffusion Between Migrants and Inhabitants. Art Based on Migrant Movement
Authors: Dauksza Agnieszka 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The main objective of this essay is to consider Polish perception of the 21st-century European movement of migration and analyse the literary and artistic representations of this experience through the examples of Jarosław Mikołajewski’s A Great Surge, Krzysztof Wodiczko’s Guests, Anna Konik’s In the Same City, Under the Same Sky and Margot Sputo’s Who Where?. I relate these works to the latest international art, including projects by Ai Weiwei, E. B. Itso, Giacomo Sferlazzo, and look for common denominators. I claim that the common feature of many artistic projects is the creation of a substitute for contact between the viewer and refugees, appealing to other senses than sight, especially to the sense of touch. These works do not attempt to represent the experience of migrants as individuals, but point to the experience of migration in its elemental aspect-matter and physical contact, exposure to destruction, dependence, intimacy, confrontation with others. What’s more, art based on migrant movement-referring to the imagined experience of direct contact with migrants or their belongings-bypasses the process of identification and empathy. Instead, it relies on affective transmission. I propose a category of affective diffusion as a process that can occur not only between sentient individuals but also as a result of the material aspect of art and the contact with the viewer. The inspiration to create the concept of affective diffusion is the relationship between migrants and inhabitants described by Jarosław Mikołajewski in his essay Wielki Przypływ [A Great Surge] which shows aspects of migration through Lampedusa Island. Many inhabitants who are asked about migrants show intensive emotions like anger, fear and xenophobia. But the testimonies of people who see the living and the dead day after day suggest that these emotions get weaker under the influence of physical contact. It seems that the moment of two bodies getting in touch undermines the frozen system of ideas and emotions, stimulates feelings, opens up a new, ambiguous potential for understanding. This is because expressive emotions lose their importance with the activation of affective transmission. This physical contact gives rise to changes in the economy of feeling, thinking and judging.
Insulin resistance in children with familial hyperlipidemia
Authors: Terlemez Semiha , Bozdemir Erkin , Kalkan Uçar Sema , Kabaroğlu Ceyda , Habif Sara , Kayıkçıoğlu Meral , Çoker Mahmut 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Background
The aim of the study was to investigate whether there is insulin resistance in children with familial hyperlipidemia (FHL) and to determine the factors affecting insulin resistance.

Methods
Hyperlipidemic children aged between 4 and 18 years and followed up with an FHL diagnosis were included in the study. The children of adults followed up with an FHL diagnosis were also recruited after the screening period. The scanned children were divided into two groups as hyperlipidemic and normolipidemic. A total of 77 patients of whom 52 were hyperlipidemic and 25 were normolipidemic were assessed in the study. Insulin resistance was evaluated (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]) by performing the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).

Results
Of the patients, 36 were male and 41 were female; the average age was 11.6±3.9 years, and the body mass index (BMI) was established to be 20.3±4.4. In hyperlipidemic and normolipidemic patients, the following were determined: fasting insulin: 10.6 (±0.89) μU/mL, 4.9 (±0.45) μU/mL (p=0.000); 2-h insulin: 28.7 (±12.7) μU/mL, 18.9 (±10.5) μU/mL (p=0.000); and HOMA-IR: 1.9 (±0.17), 0.86 (±0.7) (p=0.000). No relationship was identified between lipid profiles and insulin resistance. Nevertheless, there was a positive correlation between insulin resistance and apolipoprotein B (Apo B) levels (0.52), and a negative correlation was determined in carnitine levels (−0.64).

Conclusions
Insulin resistance was established to be higher in children with FHL compared to normolipidemic children. Insulin resistance was not related to lipid phenotypes, but to Apo B levels and carnitine levels. Insulin resistance should be a routine method of evaluation in the follow-up of children with FHL.
Doppler evaluation of the fetal pulmonary artery pressure
Authors: Sosa-Olavarria Alberto , Zurita-Peralta Jesús , Schenone Claudio V. , Schenone Mauro H. , Prieto Fernando 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Background
The Doppler effect has allowed the characterization of several vessels in maternal-fetal circulation that have been used for practical purposes. Our review of the literature showed a paucity of information about fetal pulmonary artery pressure (FMPAP) and its behavior in regard to gestational age (GA). The objectives of the study were to evaluate a formula to calculate the main FMPAP and its correlation with GA.

Methods
A total of 337 fetuses without obvious pathology were studied prospectively using Doppler evaluation of the FMPAP. Using the fetal main pulmonary artery Doppler acceleration time (FMPAT), we obtained the FMPAP using the following formula: FMPAP=90 – (0.62×FMPAT). Regression analyses, Pearson’s bivariate correlation and paired sample t-test were used when appropriate.

Results
FMPAT increases while FMPAP decreases with GA. Pearson’s correlation coefficient for FMPAP and GA was −0.544 (P-value<0.001) and for FMPAT and GA was 0.556 (P-value<0.001). FMPAP and FMPAT were highly correlated (R=−0.972; P<0.001).

Conclusion
Pulmonary artery pressure in the fetus decreases with GA.
Chemogenetic Manipulations of Ventral Tegmental Area Dopamine Neurons Reveal Multifaceted Roles in Cocaine Abuse
Authors: Mahler Stephen V. , Brodnik Zachary D. , Cox Brittney M. , Buchta William C. , Bentzley Brandon S. , Quintanilla Julian , Cope Zackary A. , Lin Edwin C. , Riedy Matthew D. , Scofield Michael D. , Messinger Justin , Ruiz Christina M. , Riegel Arthur C. , España Rodrigo A. , Aston-Jones Gary 
Published: November 2018

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons perform diverse functions in motivation and cognition, but their precise roles in addiction-related behaviors are still debated. Here, we targeted VTA DA neurons for bidirectional chemogenetic modulation during specific tests of cocaine reinforcement, demand, and relapse-related behaviors in male rats, querying the roles of DA neuron inhibitory and excitatory G-protein signaling in these processes. Designer receptor stimulation of Gqsignaling, but not Gssignaling, in DA neurons enhanced cocaine seeking via functionally distinct projections to forebrain limbic regions. In contrast, engaging inhibitory Gi/osignaling in DA neurons blunted the reinforcing and priming effects of cocaine, reduced stress-potentiated reinstatement, and altered behavioral strategies for cocaine seeking and taking. Results demonstrate that DA neurons play several distinct roles in cocaine seeking, depending on behavioral context, G-protein-signaling cascades, and DA neuron efferent targets, highlighting their multifaceted roles in addiction.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTG-protein-coupled receptors are crucial modulators of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neuron activity, but how this metabotropic signaling impacts the complex roles of dopamine in reward and addiction is poorly understood. Here, we bidirectionally modulate dopamine neuron G-protein signaling with DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) during a variety of cocaine-seeking behaviors, revealing nuanced, pathway-specific roles in cocaine reward, effortful seeking, and relapse-like behaviors. Gqand Gsstimulation activated dopamine neurons, but only Gqstimulation robustly enhanced cocaine seeking. Gi/oinhibitory signaling reduced some, but not all, types of cocaine seeking. Results show that VTA dopamine neurons modulate numerous distinct aspects of cocaine addiction- and relapse-related behaviors, and point to potential new approaches for intervening in these processes to treat addiction.
Individual Differences in Dopamine Are Associated with Reward Discounting in Clinical Groups But Not in Healthy Adults
Authors: Castrellon Jaime J. , Seaman Kendra L. , Crawford Jennifer L. , Young Jacob S. , Smith Christopher T. , Dang Linh C. , Hsu Ming , Cowan Ronald L. , Zald David H. , Samanez-Larkin Gregory R. 
Published: November 2018

Some people are more willing to make immediate, risky, or costly reward-focused choices than others, which has been hypothesized to be associated with individual differences in dopamine (DA) function. In two studies using PET imaging, one empirical (Study 1:N= 144 males and females across 3 samples) and one meta-analytic (Study 2:N= 307 across 12 samples), we sought to characterize associations between individual differences in DA and time, probability, and physical effort discounting in human adults. Study 1 demonstrated that individual differences in DA D2-like receptors were not associated with time or probability discounting of monetary rewards in healthy humans, and associations with physical effort discounting were inconsistent across adults of different ages. Meta-analytic results for temporal discounting corroborated our empirical finding for minimal effect of DA measures on discounting in healthy individuals but suggested that associations between individual differences in DA and reward discounting depend on clinical features. Addictions were characterized by negative correlations between DA and discounting, but other clinical conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, obesity, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, were characterized by positive correlations between DA and discounting. Together, the results suggest that trait differences in discounting in healthy adults do not appear to be strongly associated with individual differences in D2-like receptors. The difference in meta-analytic correlation effects between healthy controls and individuals with psychopathology suggests that individual difference findings related to DA and reward discounting in clinical samples may not be reliably generalized to healthy controls, and vice versa.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDecisions to forgo large rewards for smaller ones due to increasing time delays, uncertainty, or physical effort have been linked to differences in dopamine (DA) function, which is disrupted in some forms of psychopathology. It remains unclear whether alterations in DA function associated with psychopathology also extend to explaining associations between DA function and decision making in healthy individuals. We show that individual differences in DA D2 receptor availability are not consistently related to monetary discounting of time, probability, or physical effort in healthy individuals across a broad age range. By contrast, we suggest that psychopathology accounts for observed inconsistencies in the relationship between measures of DA function and reward discounting behavior.
The Role of Maternal HP1a in Early Drosophila Embryogenesis via Regulation of Maternal Transcript Production
Authors: Park Ah Rume , Liu Na , Neuenkirchen Nils , Guo Qiaozhi , Lin Haifan 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Heterochromatin protein 1a (HP1a) is a highly conserved and versatile epigenetic factor that can both silence and activate transcription. However, the function of HP1a in development has been underinvestigated. Here, we report the role of maternal HP1a in producing maternal transcripts that drive early Drosophila embryogenesis. Maternal HP1a upregulates genes involved in translation, mRNA splicing, and cell division, but downregulates genes involved in neurogenesis, organogenesis, and germline development, which all occur later in development. Our study reveals the earliest contribution of HP1a during oogenesis in regulating the production of maternal transcripts that drive early Drosophila embryogenesis.
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Infants With Birth Weight ≤500 g at 3 Years of Age
Authors: Inoue Hirosuke , Ochiai Masayuki , Sakai Yasunari , Yasuoka Kazuaki , Tanaka Koichi , Ichiyama Masako , Kurata Hiroaki , Fujiyoshi Junko , Matsushita Yuki , Honjo Satoshi , Nonaka Kazuaki , Taguchi Tomoaki , Kato Kiyoko , Ohga Shouichi ,   on behalf of the Neonatal Research Network of Japan
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES:
To determine neurodevelopmental outcomes at 3 years of age in children born with a birth weight (BW) of ≤500 g.

METHODS:
Infants who were born with a BW of ≤500 g from 2003 to 2012 in the Neonatal Research Network of Japan and survived to discharge from the NICU were eligible in this study. The study population consisted of 460 children (56.7% of 811 surviving infants) who were evaluated at 36 to 42 months of age. Neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) was defined as having cerebral palsy, visual impairment, hearing impairment, or a developmental quotient score of &lt;70.

RESULTS:
The overall proportion of NDI was 59.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 54.6%–63.5%). The trend revealed no significant change during the study period. In a multivariate modified Poisson regression analysis, NDI was associated with severe intraventricular hemorrhage (adjusted risk ratio [RR]: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.19–1.68; P &lt; .01), cystic periventricular leukomalacia (adjusted RR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.13–1.73; P &lt; .01), severe necrotizing enterocolitis (adjusted RR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.07–1.60; P &lt; .01), surgical ligation for patent ductus arteriosus (adjusted RR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.09–1.54; P &lt; .01), and male sex (adjusted RR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.01–2.40; P = .04).

CONCLUSIONS:
This cohort showed that neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants with a BW of ≤500 g have not improved from 2003 to 2012. Multivariate analysis revealed that severe intracranial hemorrhage and cystic periventricular leukomalacia were the strongest risk factors for NDIs. Our data suggested that measures aimed at reducing neurologic morbidities will be important for improving outcomes of infants with a BW of ≤500 g.
Términos de Intercambio, cuenta capital y el modelo de crecimiento restringido por la balanza de pagos: un análisis empírico
Authors: Médici Florencia 
Published: November 2018

Este artículo se enmarca en los estudios del crecimiento económico restringido por el sector externo en economías con estructuras heterogéneas. Siguiendo el trabajo reciente de Médici y Panigo (2015), se busca brindar evidencia empírica sobre la existencia de efectos omitidos de los términos de intercambio (TDI) en la balanza de pagos de economías concentradas en la explotación de recursos naturales. Según este modelo, la mejora de los TDI no solo tiene efectos positivos al relajar la restricción externa por la cuenta corriente, sino también efectos negativos mediante la salida de divisas por la cuenta capital.
Biomedical Scent Detection Dogs: Would They Pass as a Health Technology?
Authors: Reeve Catherine , Koivusalo Mirkka 
Published: November 2018

Biomedical scent detection dogs identify the scent profiles of diseases, such as cancer, diabetes or pathogenic micro-organisms. What the field of biomedical scent detection has been lacking, however, is the assessment of the method from the point of view of a health technology. All health technologies undergo a thorough evaluation of safety, clinical effectiveness and costs, as well as ethical, social, organizational and legal evaluations in some cases. Passing these regulatory controls is a pre-requisite before a technology is approved for use in decision-making about patient outcomes. Biomedical scent detection has a lot of attractive qualities, such as the sensitivity and specificity of the dogs’ noses, safety and relative cost-effectiveness. But the method also has various challenges, in particular regarding its clinical effectiveness. The most pertinent issues to address before the dogs would pass as a health technology are standardization the training techniques, both intra- and inter-dog reproducibility, and generalization of the detection task to early stages of disease progression. We suggest setting realistic goals in terms of what the dogs can and cannot do and a collaborative approach between clinicians and animal psychophysicists.
Diabetes Association with Liver Diseases: An Overview for Clinicians
Authors: Hamed Abd Elkhalek , Elwan Nadia , Naguib Mervat , Elwakil Reda , Esmat Gamal , El Kassas Mohamed , Abd-Elsalam Sherief , Moussa Shorouk 
Published: November 2018

Background:There is a strong association between liver diseases and diabetes (DM) which is higher than expected by a correlation between two very common diseases. Liver diseases may occur as a result of diabetes, and the reverse is true as well.Aim:To review the etiology of this association between liver diseases and diabetes and how to diagnose it.Methods:Studies that identified this association between liver diseases and diabetes and how to diagnose it was reviewed.Results:his association can be divided into the following categories: liver disease related to diabetes (Diabetic hepatopathy), hepatogenous diabetes (HD), and liver diseases that occur in conjunction with Diabetes mellitus. Two hours after glucose loading is the best screening test for HD. HbA1c may neither be suitable for diagnosis nor monitoring of diabetes that links liver disease.Conclusion:NAFLD, hepatogenous diabetes, glycogenic hepatopathy and diabetic hepatosclerosis are the most important association between liver diseases and diabetes. The criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes associating liver disease are the same for primary diabetes. Two hours post glucose load is the best screening test for HD due to the fact that fasting glucose can be normal early in the disease. The tool used for diabetes monitoring depends on stage and severity of liver condition.