bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interpreting HIV Diagnostic Histories into Infection Time Estimates: Analytical Framework and Online Tool
Authors: Grebe Eduard , Facente Shelley N. , Bingham Jeremy , Pilcher Christopher D. , Powrie Andrew , Gerber Jarryd , Priede Gareth , Chibawara Trust , Busch Michael P. , Murphy Gary , Kassanjee Reshma , Welte Alex 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Background

It is frequently of epidemiological and/or clinical interest to estimate the date of HIV infection or time-since-infection of individuals. Yet, for over 15 years, the only widely-referenced infection dating algorithm that utilises diagnostic testing data to estimate time-since-infection has been the ‘Fiebig staging’ system. This defines a number of stages of early HIV infection through various standard combinations of contemporaneous discordant diagnostic results, using tests of different sensitivity.

Objective

To develop a new, more nuanced infection dating algorithm, we generalised the Fiebig approach to accommodate positive and negative diagnostic results generated on the same or different dates, and arbitrary current or future tests – as long as the test sensitivity is known. For this purpose, test sensitivity is conceptualised as the probability that a specimen will produce a positive result, expressed as a function of time since infection. This can be summarised as a median ‘diagnostic delay’ parameter, together with a measure of inter-subject variability.

Methods

The present work outlines the analytical framework for infection date estimation using subject-level diagnostic testing histories, and data on test sensitivity. We introduce a publicly-available online HIV infection dating tool that implements this estimation method, bringing together 1) curatorship of HIV test performance data, and 2) infection date estimation functionality, to calculate plausible intervals within which infection likely became detectable for each individual. The midpoints of these intervals are interpreted as infection time ‘point estimates’ and referred to as Estimated Dates of Detectable Infection (EDDIs).

Results

In many settings, including most research studies, detailed diagnostic testing data are routinely recorded, and can provide reasonably precise estimates of the timing of HIV infection. We present a simple logic to the interpretation of ‘diagnostic testing histories’ into ‘infection time estimates’, either as a point estimate (EDDI) or an interval (earliest plausible to latest plausible dates of detectable infection), along with a publicly-accessible online tool that supports wide application of this logic.

Conclusions

This tool, available at https://tools.incidence-estimation.org/idt/, is readily updatable as test technology evolves, given the simple architecture of the system and its nature as an open source project.
Perioperative Goal-Directed Hemodynamic Therapy: From Invasive Monitoring To Automated Physiological Closed-Loop Systems
Authors: Coeckelenbergh Sean , Zaouter Cedrick , Alexander Brenton , Rinehart Joseph , Duranteau Jacques , Linden Philippe Van der , Joosten Alexandre 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Perioperative goal-directed hemodynamic therapy (GDHT) has evolved from invasive “supra-physiological” maximization of oxygen delivery into minimally and non-invasively guided automated stroke volume optimization. Throughout this evolution, investigators have simultaneously developed novel monitors, updated strategies, and automated technologies to aid them in GDHT implementation. In particular, closed-loop systems have been created to both increase GDHT compliance and decrease physician workload. Currently, these automated systems offer an elegant approach to help the clinician optimize cardiac output and end-organ perfusion during the perioperative period. Most notably, automated fluid optimization guided by dynamic parameters of fluid responsiveness has shown its feasibility, safety, and impact. Making the leap into fully automated GDHT has been accomplished on a small scale, but there are considerable challenges that must be surpassed before integrating all hemodynamic components into an automated system during general anesthesia. In this review we will discuss the potential future of automated GDHT by covering the key events that paved the way from initially complex and time consuming approaches to simple yet effective hands-free strategies.
Induction techniques that reduce redistribution hypothermia: A prospective, randomized, controlled, single blind study.
Authors: Roth Jonathan , Braitman Leonard E , Hunt Lacy H. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
BACKGROUND
While much effort has been devoted to correcting intraoperative hypothermia, less attention has been directed to preventing redistribution hypothermia. In this study, we compared three different induction techniques to standard IV propofol inductions (control) in their effect on reducing redistribution hypothermia.
METHODS
Elective, afebrile patients, age 18 to 55 years, were randomly assigned to one of four groups (n=50 each). Group “INH/100” was induced with 8% sevoflurane in 100% oxygen, Group “INH/50” with 8% sevoflurane in 50% oxygen and 50% nitrous oxide, Group “PROP” with 2.2 mg/kg propofol, and Group “Phnl/PROP” with 2.2 mg/kg propofol immediately preceded by 160 mcg phenylephrine. Patients were maintained with sevoflurane in 50% nitrous oxide and 50% oxygen in addition to opioid narcotic. Forced air warming was used. Core temperatures were recorded every 15 minutes after induction for one hour. (Inhalation inductions only were also studied in patients age >55 years.)
RESULTS
Compared to control group PROP, the mean temperatures in groups INH/100, INH/50, and Phnl/PROP were higher 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after induction (p<0.0001 for all comparisons), averaging between 0.39oC and 0.54oC higher. In group PROP, 60% of patients had at least one temperature below 36.0oC in the first hour whereas only 16% did in each of groups INH/100, INH/50, and Phnl/PROP (p<0.0001 in each group compared to PROP). (Inhalation inductions were also effective in reducing redistribution hypothermia in patients age >55 years.)
CONCLUSIONS
Inhalation inductions with sevoflurane or prophylactic phenylephrine bolus prior to propofol induction reduced the magnitude of redistribution hypothermia by an average of 0.4 to 0.5°C in patients aged 18 to 55 years.

Registered on clinical-trials.gov as NCT02331108, November 20, 2014.
Rosai-Dorfman Disease – A Case Report
Authors: Medek Oldřich , Kašparová Petra , Bartoš Michael , Krůpa Petr , Klimova Blanka , Vališ Martin 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Background: The aim is to discuss a case of a meningeal form of Rosai-Dorfman disease, is a rare haematological disease, primarily affecting lymph nodes, but it can also affect most organ systems of the human body, including the central nervous system. So far, there have been over 650 cases of this disease described in literature. Case presentation: This report deals with a young, 40-year-old man with a negative history of disease, who observed a loss of smell and taste, without a history of anxiety or an injury. The patient was hospitalized and completely examined. Consequently, a navigational biopsy of the brain was indicated. The findings showed that the patient suffered from Rosai-Dorfman disease with reactive gliosis in adjacent tissue without evidence of amyloid. Conclusions: In January, March, and then in May 2018, the patient was checked for the magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, according to which there was a significant regression of the finding, and according to the outpatient reports of the same year, the taste and vision of the left eye are gradually being adjusted. The patient was treated with new corticosteroids, which proved to be effective.
Design of water distribution systems using an intelligent simple benchmarking algorithm with respect to cost optimization and computational efficiency
Authors: Shende Sachin , Chau K. W. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The increasing stress on the water distribution network (WDN) considering demand satisfaction with minimum cost has inspired designers to apply various optimization techniques to meet the consequent challenges. The traditional way of using optimization methods, e.g. stochastic meta-heuristic algorithms, have come along with various constraints to explore an optimum solution. In this study, a newly developed meta-heuristic algorithm called the Simple Benchmarking Algorithm (SBA) is used to optimize pipe size. A modified approach with SBA having interfaces with the EPANET 2.0 hydraulic simulation model is used to compute the minimum cost of the two-loop network and the Hanoi benchmark WDN. Results show that SBA is more efficient in obtaining the least possible cost with fast convergence.
Does intermittent aeration and/or an influent distributary affect nitrogen removal and nitrous oxide emission of an ecological soil wastewater infiltration system?
Authors: Zhao Yue , Zhang Zhiyu , Li Ziqi , Wang Shiyao , Tan Chaoquan , Fan Linlin , Pan Jing 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The effect of intermittent aeration and an influent distributary on NH4+-N removal, total nitrogen (TN) removal, nitrous oxide (N2O) emission and the abundances of nitrogen removal and N2O emission functional genes in four types of ecological soil wastewater infiltration systems (ESWISs) (which were conventional ESWIS 1 (operated without aeration and influent distributary), ESWIS 2 (operated with intermittent aeration), ESWIS 3 (operated with influent distributary) and ESWIS 4 (operated with intermittent aeration and influent distributary)) were studied. Intermittent aeration in ESWIS 2 and 4 created aerobic conditions above 50 cm depth of the matrix and anoxic or anaerobic conditions in the lower matrix (below 80 cm depth). ESWIS 4 improved NH4+-N (to 90.1%) and TN (to 87.8%) removal efficiencies and increased the abundances of eight nitrogen removal and N2O emission functional genes (amoA, nxrA, narG, napA, nirS, nirK, qnorB and nosZ) in contrast with other ESWISs. The combination of intermittent aeration and influent distributary achieved the lowest N2O emission rate of 34.7 mg/(m2 d) in ESWIS 4. Intermittent aeration combined with influent distributary was recommended for ESWISs to enhance nitrogen removal and reduce N2O emission.
Analysis of carbon sink effects for saline constructed wetlands vegetated with mangroves to treat mariculture wastewater and sewage
Authors: Yang Lei , Yuan Chung-Shin 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In this study, two saline mangrove artificial wetlands, Datang Saline Constructed Wetland (DSCW) created for treating mariculture wastewater and sewage, vegetated with Avicennia marina, and Mangrove Wetland Park (MWP) created for mangrove conservation, vegetated with Rhizophora stylosa, were selected for assessment of carbon sequestration and carbon budget based on measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and net primary productivities. The average GHG flux and net carbon sequestration flux as carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 eq.) were measured. The results showed that the GHG flux emitted from DSCW and MWP were 2,128 and 2,148 g CO2 eq./m2-yr, respectively, while the flux of net sequestered carbon was 2,909 and 3,178 g CO2 eq./m2-yr, respectively, which achieved carbon budget values of −676 and −230 g CO2 eq./m2-yr, respectively, exhibiting carbon source effects. Some amounts of N2O, with a high global warming potential of 265, emitted from both artificial wetland systems might cause high GHG flux as CO2 eq. emitted from the wetland systems. It was concluded that both the nitrogenous contents and environmental conditions suitable for microbial production of N2O might be the main factors to change the wetland systems from carbon sinks to carbon sources.
Gene Expression in Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts Under Microgravity Conditions: A Systematic Review
Authors: Chatziravdeli Vasiliki , Katsaras George N. , Lambrou George I. 
Published: April 2019

Background:Microgravity (µG) negatively influences bone metabolism by affecting normal osteoblast and osteoclast function. µG effects on bone metabolism has been an extensive field of study in recent years, due to the challenges presented by space flight.Methods:We systematically reviewed research data from genomic studies performed in real or simulated µG, on osteoblast and osteoclast cells. Our search yielded 50 studies, of which 39 concerned cells of the osteoblast family and 11 osteoclast precursors.Results:Osteoblastic cells under µG show a decreased differentiation phenotype, proved by diminished expression levels of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and Osteocalcin (OCN) but no apoptosis. Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand (RANKL)/ Osteoprotegerine (OPG) ratio is elevated in favor of RANKL in a time-dependent manner, and further RANKL production is caused by upregulation of Interleukin- 6 (IL-6) and the inflammation pathway. Extracellular signals and changes in the gravitational environment are perceived by mechanosensitive proteins of the cytoskeleton and converted to intracellular signals through the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase pathway (MAPK). This is followed by changes in the expression of nuclear transcription factors of the Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) family and in turn of the NF-κB, thus affecting osteoblast differentiation, cell cycle, proliferation and maturation. Pre-osteoclastic cells show increased expression of the marker proteins such as Tryptophan Regulated Attenuation Protein (TRAP), cathepsin K, Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) under µG conditions and become sensitized to RANKL.Conclusion:Suppressing the expression of fusion genes such as syncytine-A which acts independently of RANKL, could be possible future therapeutic targets for microgravity side effects.
Demographic and Clinical Evaluation of Patients with Pancreatic Cancer in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences During 2002-2013
Authors: Rad Mina A. , Fanipakdel Azar , Vossoughinia Hassan , Dadgarmoghaddam Maliheh , Esmaeili Benyamin , Jafarian Amir H. , Salari Masoumeh , Firoozi Abdollah 
Published: April 2019

Introduction:
Pancreatic cancer consists of 10% of digestive tract tumors, and while
rare, it is associated with high mortality. In this study, we collected the patients’ data including
tumor location, metastasis, pathology type, demographic factors, risk factors, and clinical and
laboratory profile at the time of diagnosis to find the relation between these factors and disease
progression.

Methods:
This study includes all data from real charts of patients with a definitive diagnosis of
pancreatic cancer, admitted to Ghaem, Imam Reza, and Omid hospitals from 2002 to 2013. All
the data which were available in lab results, exams, and patient files, were used accordingly.

Results:
348 pancreatic cancer patients entered the study. About 61.5% of the subjects were men.
Mean age was 59.67±14.37 years. Main complaints were abdominal pain (42.53%), jaundice
(13.79%) or both (37.07%). We found a positive history of cancer in the first-degree relatives of
3.7% of patients, with the most prevalent being gastric cancer (46.1%). Cigarette smoking
(P<0.001), tobacco smoking (cigarette or hookah) (P<0.001), opium use (P<0.001), and alcohol
consumption (P=0.01) were significantly higher in men rather than women. However, hookah
smoking was significantly higher in women (P=0.003). The most prevalent comorbidities were
diabetes mellitus (33%) and hypertension (27.8%). The most common location of pancreatic
cancer was head of the pancreas (85.3%). The most common pancreatic tumor pathology was
adenocarcinoma (92.8%) with the same quiet prevalence in both genders. (P=0.5), It occurred significantly
more in patients over 45 years old (P<0.001). Also, 45.7% of these patients had distant
metastasis and liver was the most common metastatic site (69.8%).

Conclusion:
The age range was between 40 and 80 years old. The most common chief complaints
were jaundice and abdominal pain. The most common tumor location was head of the pancreas.
Adenocarcinoma was the most common pathology. The liver was the most common metastasis
site.
Removal of Pb (II) from Aqueous Medium by Nanostructured Mesoporous Material MCM-48: Studies on Equilibrium, Isotherm, Kinetics and Thermodynamics
Authors: Zhai Qing-Zhou 
Published: April 2019

Background:
In recent years, with the progress of human civilization, environmental pollution
is aggravating. Among them, heavy metal pollution is one of the greatest harmful water pollution
problems. As a global pollution problem, heavy metal pollution, such as lead, has been given more attention
by scientists. How to solve this problem, is an interesting issue.

Objective:
The aims of the current study are to develop the optimized adsorption conditions of Pb2+ by
an MCM (Mobil Composition of Matter)-48 mesoporous molecular sieve material and study the properties
of this adsorption.

Method:
First, an MCM-48 mesoporous molecular sieve was prepared by the hydrothermal method
by using cetyltrimethylammonium as the template and tetraethyl orthosilicate as the silica source. The
prepared sample was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.
Then, a harmful heavy metal Pb2+ was adsorbed by MCM-48. Effects of acidity, contact time, temperature,
the initial concentration of lead(II) and the dosage of adsorbent on the rates of adsorption were
studied, and the optimum adsorptive conditions were obtained.

Results:
The results show that when pH value was 4.5, the temperature was 18 ± 1°C, contact time
was 40 min and m(MCM-48): m(Pb2+) = 2.5 (mass ratio), the adsorptive effect was the best, the adsorption
rate was 96.71% and the adsorptive capacity was 386.84 mg/g. After the kinetic calculation,
it was known that the process of the adsorption of Pb2+ by MCM-48 conforms to the pseudo-secondorder
kinetic equation. Thermodynamic calculation shows that the adsorption is an exothermic process.
The adsorption obeys the Freundlich adsorption isotherm equation. Nitric acid, hydrochloric acid
and acetic acid were used to study the effects of desorption, indicating that the desorptive effect was
the best using 0.1 mol/L of nitric acid as a desorptive agent. At the time of desorption 6 h, its desorptive
ratio was the highest and reached 71.11%.

Conclusion:
This method is an alternative for removing harmful substances containing lead, which
has a potential for application in processing lead-polluted waters.
Flow Management in a Double-Offset, Transitional Twin Air-Intake at Different Inflow Conditions
Authors: Rajnath Yadav K.K. , Paul Akshoy R. , Jain Anuj 
Published: April 2019

Background:Transitional twin air-intake is a vital component of the air-induction system of single-engine combat aircraft. Combat aircraft do not always fly at steady, uniform flow conditions. But in some cases, it operates at different asymmetric flow conditions, which cause a change in aerodynamic performance of aircraft components like compressor and combustor.Objective:In order to improve the air quality at the outlet of air-intake- called Aerodynamic Inlet Plane (AIP) of this twin air-intake and to improve its aerodynamic performance for wide ranges of inflow conditions, slotted synthetic jets are used.Methods:Computational studies are carried out using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software for various types of skewed turbulent velocity profiles at inlet-2 with skewness number (ξ = 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7), while an average uniform velocity of 20m/s at inlet-1. Based on this analysis, worst case is selected and a pair of slotted synthetic jets is used just before the inflexion plane of the twin air-intake using transition SST turbulence model.Results:The flow behaviour of transitional twin air-intake becomes more complex with the increase in skewness number, thereby decreasing the aerodynamic performance of the air-intakes. With the use of slotted synthetic jets, an improvement in static pressure recovery and decrement in total pressure loss coefficient, distortion in coeffient swirl coefficient and secondary flow non-uniformity are observed which is a great sign of improved aerodynamic performance for the twin air-intakes.Conclusion:It is proved in this study that synthetic jet can be used effectively in twin air-intake to control the flow features leading to better flow uniformity and increased overall performance at the AIP without increasing the net-mass flow rate, thereby reducing the chance of stall/surge in the aeroengines. Hybrid flow control technique (synthetic jet coupled with vortex generator array) or newer flow control technique (plasma jet) are being explored for its possible use in engine air-intakes as revealed from recent patents filed/published in this area.
Design and Analysis of TCSC Performance for 1200 kV UHVAC Transmission System
Authors: Bharti Satyadharma , Dubey Satya P. 
Published: April 2019

Background:
Technical feasibility of Ultra High Voltage (UHV) Transmission system is
proven through many UHV projects worldwide and research is going on to make it commercially
viable. The rapid development of Power Electronics in the field of UHV AC power system has resulted
in the economic and efficient transmission of bulk power over long distances.

Methods:
In order to improve the voltage profile of the transmission system, power transfer capability,
transient and dynamic stability; Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices have been
introduced at UHV level. The present paper focuses on the design and evaluation of TCSC system
for the Indian UHVAC system for its Wardha Aurangabad Line, which is at present operating at 400
kV but will be upgraded soon to 1200 kV. A flow chart is prepared for the determination of the values
of TCSC inductor and capacitor.

Result:
PSCAD/ EMTDC Software-Simulation based study is carried out to analyze the behavior
of the UHV transmission line with TCSC. The effect of improvement in power transfer capability,
with and without the use of TCSC scheme; through Constant- Current mode, closed-loop control has
been investigated for a healthy line and a faulty line.

Conclusion:
With the use of TCSC, an increase of 52% is observed in the power transfer capability of
the line, which is raised from about 5000 MW to 7777 MW. The paper will prove a milestone for
academicians, researchers, and design engineers in the field of Power Electronics and Power Systems.