bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Reducing Sedentarity With Standing Desks Hinder Cognitive Performance?
Authors: Labonté-LeMoyne Elise , Jutras Marc-Antoine , Léger Pierre-Majorique , Sénécal Sylvain , Fredette Marc , Begon Mickael , Mathieu Marie-Ève 
Published: October 2019

Objective The goal of this study was to determine if using a standing desk would affect the productivity of workers, based on the type of work they perform. Background Standing desks are a promising new health intervention in the workplace, but users and employers often require more specific recommendations related to productivity, such as the type of work that is more suited for the standing desk. Method Thirty-seven young and healthy adults performed eight cognitive tasks in a 2 × 2 × 2 within-subject design of the following independent variables: posture (sitting/standing), task difficulty (easy/hard), and input device (computer mouse/tactile screen) in a counterbalanced order. Results Our results revealed that using a standing desk had no negative effect on performance or perception, but it did lead to increased brain activity in the alpha band for the parietal region (β = 0.186, p = .001). Conclusion We conclude that users of standing desks can freely stand for any level of task difficulty for work that involves working memory. However, more research is needed to generalize these results to other types of cognitive abilities and prolonged use of standing desks. Application Our results simplify recommendations for workers as they do not need to worry about the type of work they are performing when using a standing desk.
Toward a Better Understanding of In-Vehicle Auditory Warnings and Background Noise
Authors: Šabić Edin , Chen Jing , MacDonald Justin A. 
Published: October 2019

Objective The effectiveness of three types of in-vehicle warnings was assessed in a driving simulator across different noise conditions. Background Although there has been much research comparing different types of warnings in auditory displays and interfaces, many of these investigations have been conducted in quiet laboratory environments with little to no consideration of background noise. Furthermore, the suitability of some auditory warning types, such as spearcons, as car warnings has not been investigated. Method Two experiments were conducted to assess the effectiveness of three auditory warnings (spearcons, text-to-speech, auditory icons) with different types of background noise while participants performed a simulated driving task. Results Our results showed that both the nature of the background noise and the type of auditory warning influenced warning recognition accuracy and reaction time. Spearcons outperformed text-to-speech warnings in relatively quiet environments, such as in the baseline noise condition where no music or talk-radio was played. However, spearcons were not better than text-to-speech warnings with other background noises. Similarly, the effectiveness of auditory icons as warnings fluctuated across background noise, but, overall, auditory icons were the least efficient of the three warning types. Conclusion Our results supported that background noise can have an idiosyncratic effect on a warning’s effectiveness and illuminated the need for future research into ameliorating the effects of background noise. Application This research can be applied to better present warnings based on the anticipated auditory environment in which they will be communicated.
Game Theoretic Choices Between Corrupt Dictatorship Exit Emoluments and Nation-Building CDR Benefits: Is There a Nash Equilibrium?
Authors: Ridley Dennis , de Silva Aryanne 
Published: October 2019

Recent developments in economic theory have established that gross domestic product (GDP) is determined almost entirely by the institutions of capitalism, democracy, and rule of law (CDR). To raise GDP, a corrupt dictator-led country must raise its CDR index. Its corrupt ruler aims to maximize his personal wealth in what he perceives to be a zero sum game. He maximizes personal wealth from a certainty undeserved large share of low GDP versus a deserved small share of high GDP, the former share being larger than the latter in absolute value. We explore the question of how to pay off the corrupt dictator with an emolument, conditional on the dictator reforming or leaving the country, and replaced by a democratically elected government. A game is designed such that when played, it reveals the Nash equilibrium emolument that the reformed or exiting corrupt leader and the entering nation-builders will agree to.JEL Classifications: A20, A22
Australian local governments and affordable housing: Challenges and possibilities
Authors: Morris Alan , Beer Andrew , Martin John , Horne Sandy , Davis Catherine , Budge Trevor , Paris Chris 
Published: October 2019

For an increasing proportion of Australian households, the Australian dream of home ownership is no longer an option. Neoliberal housing policy and the financialisation of housing has resulted in a housing affordability crisis. Historically, Australian housing policy has afforded only a limited role to local government. This article analyses the results of a nation-wide survey of Australian local governments’ perceptions of housing affordability in their local government area, the possibilities for their meaningful intervention, the challenges they face, the role of councillors and councils’ perceptions of what levels of government should take responsibility for housing. Almost all of the respondents from Sydney and Melbourne councils were clear that there is a housing affordability crisis in their local government area. We apply a framework analysing housing policy in the context of neoliberalism and the related financialisation of housing in order to analyse the housing affordability crisis in Sydney and Melbourne. We conclude that in order to begin resolving the housing crisis in Australia’s two largest cities there has to be an increasing role for local government, a substantial increase in the building of social and affordable housing and a rollback of policies that encourage residential property speculation. JEL Codes: R31, R21
Vascular endothelium damage from catheter-induced mechanical stimulation causes catheter sleeve formation in a rabbit model
Authors: Tanabe Hidenori , Takemura Naoto , Terao Hisako , Hagiwara Hitomi , Zushi Yasunobu , Murayama Ryoko , Abe-Doi Mari , Sanada Hiromi 
Published: October 2019

Background: Intravenous catheters are widely used but are often removed due to complications associated with catheter sleeve formation. A catheter sleeve can develop from a thrombus, and catheter-induced vascular endothelium damage may be a critical factor for thrombus formation. We investigated the effect of catheter-induced mechanical stimulation on venous endothelial cells and catheter sleeve formation and the efficacy of anti-thrombogenic technology for preventing catheter sleeve formation in vivo. Methods: We surgically implanted poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate)-coated and uncoated catheters with and without a stylet into the right external jugular vein of a rabbit model for 14 days. Catheter sleeve formation and the ratio of residual venous endothelial cells were compared using histological examination and immunostaining with an anti-CD31 antibody, respectively. Results: Stiffening an uncoated catheter with a stylet induced catheter sleeve formation along more than two-thirds of the length of the catheter. The ratios of residual venous endothelial cells at the tip of uncoated catheters with and without a stylet were 3% and 36%, respectively. While poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) coating also reduced the ratio of venous endothelial cells at the tip of the stiffened catheter (12%), it prevented external thrombus and catheter sleeve formation. Conclusion: High levels of mechanical stimulation can affect catheter-related thrombosis and promote catheter sleeve formation, and anti-thrombogenic technology such as a poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) coating reduces thrombus formation and can prevent catheter sleeve formation on stiffened catheters. Further studies are required to determine the maximum degree of venous endothelial cell damage before catheter sleeve formation and to compare other anti-thrombogenic technologies with poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) for preventing catheter sleeve formation.
Assessing the Translation of Research and Innovation into Dental Practice
Authors: Heft M.W. , Fox C.H. , Duncan R.P. 
Published: October 2019

Introduction: Over the past 100 y, there have been an unprecedented number of innovations that have improved oral health and functioning. Variations in lag times between discovery and clinical adoption are related to dentist education, the clinical availability of technology, and the perceived value of an innovation. Objectives: The purposes of this cross-sectional study were 1) catalogue research discoveries and innovations over the past 30 y and 2) from that list identify those which practicing dentists believe have maximally affected patient care. Methods: Thirty International Association for Dental Research leaders identified innovations over the past 30 y that have significantly affected dental care. The 30 most cited innovations were included in a questionnaire that was sent to a random sample of US dentists who graduated dental school during or before 1995 (before the recency of identified discoveries) and devoted ≥50% of their time to patient care. Eighty-two percent of respondents identified as general dentists and 18% as specialists. Respondents were asked to identify 5 to 7 items whose loss would have the most adverse effects on patient care. Results: The most cited advances were adhesive dental materials (74.5%), dental implants (71.9%), direct bonding systems (71.2%), dental loupes (54.7%), universal precautions for infection control (48.6%), and digital imaging (46.0%). There were differences in the ranking of responses between generalists and specialists. For the oral surgeons and periodontists (OMSPER, n = 51), top choices were dental implants (82%), cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging (74%), regenerative dentistry and tissue engineering (68%), universal precautions (58%), digital imaging (56%), and dental loupes (48%). Conclusions: There was agreement among generalists and specialists about the importance of dental implants, digital imaging, use of dental loupes, and universal precautions in improving patient care. However, generalists also cited the importance of adhesive dental materials and bonding, and OMSPER cited CBCT and biological-based tissue restoration as major advances. Knowledge Transfer Statement: Many advances in dental patient care capitalize on innovations and technologies that have emerged after dentists graduate from dental school. Adoption of new technologies is influenced by information acquired from professional journals, continuing education, industry marketing activities, and interactions with colleagues. The results of this study suggest that innovations that are directly related to clinical procedures were rated most impactful. Future research should consider cost-effectiveness and patient perceptions on the impact of innovations and technologies.
Early Pediatric Fractures in a Universally Insured Population within the United States
Authors: Wolfe Jared A. , Wolfe Heather , Banaag Amanda , Tintle Scott , Perez Koehlmoos Tracey 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundMusculoskeletal injury, including fracture, is one of the most common causes of morbidity in pediatric patients. The purpose of this epidemiologic study is to determine the prevalence and risk factors for fracture in a large cohort of pediatric patients under the age of 5.ResultsOf the 233,869 patients included in the study, 13,698 fractures were identified in 10,889 patients. The highest annual incidence was in the 4 year old age group with a rate of 24.2 fractures per 1000 children. The annual incidence within all age groups was 11.7 fractures per 1000 children. The two most common fractures were forearm and humerus fractures. Fracture incidence was increased in male children, patients who live outside the US, and in Caucasian patients. An increase in rate of fracture was also identified in children of officers when compared with children of enlisted service members. There were 35 abuse related fractures in our cohort, with 19 of them occurring in children less than 1 year old. Only three children in our cohort had Osteogenesis Imperfecta.ConclusionFractures are common injuries in young children with an incidence over the first 5 years of life of 5.86%. Multiple risk factors were also identified including age, race, geographic location and socioeconomic status. The results of this study are an important contribution to epidemiologic and public health literature and serve to characterize the incidence of and risk factors for sustaining an early childhood fracture.
Early-life DNA methylation profiles are indicative of age-related transcriptome changes
Authors: Hadad Niran , Masser Dustin R. , Blanco-Berdugo Laura , Stanford David R. , Freeman Willard M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Alterations to cellular and molecular programs with brain aging result in cognitive impairment and susceptibility to neurodegenerative disease. Changes in DNA methylation patterns, an epigenetic modification required for various CNS functions are observed with brain aging and can be prevented by anti-aging interventions, but the relationship of altered methylation to gene expression is poorly understood.

Results
Paired analysis of the hippocampal methylome and transcriptome with aging of male and female mice demonstrates that age-related differences in methylation and gene expression are anti-correlated within gene bodies and enhancers. Altered promoter methylation with aging was found to be generally un-related to altered gene expression. A more striking relationship was found between methylation levels at young age and differential gene expression with aging. Highly methylated gene bodies and promoters in early life were associated with age-related increases in gene expression even in the absence of significant methylation changes with aging. As well, low levels of methylation in early life were correlated to decreased expression with aging. This relationship was also observed in genes altered in two mouse Alzheimer’s models.

Conclusion
DNA methylation patterns established in youth, in combination with other epigenetic marks, were able to accurately predict changes in transcript trajectories with aging. These findings are consistent with the developmental origins of disease hypothesis and indicate that epigenetic variability in early life may explain differences in aging trajectories and age-related disease.
Extensive transcriptomic study emphasizes importance of vesicular transport in C9orf72 expansion carriers
Authors: Dickson Dennis W. , Baker Matthew C. , Jackson Jazmyne L. , DeJesus-Hernandez Mariely , Finch NiCole A. , Tian Shulan , Heckman Michael G. , Pottier Cyril , Gendron Tania F. , Murray Melissa E. , Ren Yingxue , Reddy Joseph S. , Graff-Radford Neill R. , Boeve Bradley F. , Petersen Ronald C. , Knopman David S. , Josephs Keith A. , Petrucelli Leonard , Oskarsson Björn , Sheppard John W. , Asmann Yan W. , Rademakers Rosa , van Blitterswijk Marka 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe majority of the clinico-pathological variability observed in patients harboring a repeat expansion in the C9orf72-SMCR8 complex subunit (C9orf72) remains unexplained. This expansion, which represents the most common genetic cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and motor neuron disease (MND), results in a loss ofC9orf72expression and the generation of RNA foci and dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins. The C9orf72 protein itself plays a role in vesicular transport, serving as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that regulates GTPases. To further elucidate the mechanisms underlyingC9orf72-related diseases and to identify potential disease modifiers, we performed an extensive RNA sequencing study. We included individuals for whom frontal cortex tissue was available: FTLD and FTLD/MND patients with (n = 34) or without (n = 44) an expandedC9orf72repeat as well as control subjects (n = 24). In total, 6706 genes were differentially expressed between these groups (false discovery rate [FDR] < 0.05). The top gene wasC9orf72(FDR = 1.41E-14), which was roughly two-fold lower inC9orf72expansion carriers than in (disease) controls. Co-expression analysis revealed groups of correlated genes (modules) that were enriched for processes such as protein folding, RNA splicing, synaptic signaling, metabolism, and Golgi vesicle transport. Within our cohort ofC9orf72expansion carriers, machine learning uncovered interesting candidates associated with clinico-pathological features, including age at onset (vascular endothelial growth factor A [VEGFA]),C9orf72expansion size (cyclin dependent kinase like 1 [CDKL1]), DPR protein levels (eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase [EEF2K]), and survival after onset (small G protein signaling modulator 3 [SGSM3]). Given the fact that we detected a module involved in vesicular transport in addition to a GTPase activator (SGSM3) as a potential modifier, our findings seem to suggest that the presence of aC9orf72repeat expansion might hamper vesicular transport and that genes affecting this process may modify the phenotype ofC9orf72-linked diseases.
Management of anesthesia and complications in children with Tracheobronchial Foreign Body Aspiration
Authors: Karaaslan Erol , Yıldız Turan 
Published: October 2019

Objectives: Delayed diagnosis and treatment of tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration (FBA) in children may lead to morbidity and mortality. Our objective was to evaluate the anesthetic management, peri- and post-operative complications, and predisposing factors for postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) admission in children undergoing rigid bronchoscopy due to tracheobronchial FBA.
Methods: This retrospective study included 81 children who underwent rigid bronchoscopy between January 2010 to July 2018 at Inonu University, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Turkey. Data regarding demographic characteristics, anesthetic management, length of ICU and hospital stays, and peri- and post-operative complications were retrieved from the hospital database.
Results: The patients included 54 (66.7%) boys and 27 (33.3%) girls with a mean age of 29.6±31.2 months. The most common presenting symptom was the suspicion of FBA, followed by acute-onset cough, cyanosis, wheezing and respiratory distress. Mean duration of anesthesia was 44.40±14.72 min. Of the 81 patients, 18 (22.2%) were transferred to ICU and 63 (77.8%) patients were transferred to the ward postoperatively. Of the patients transferred to the ICU, 5 of them required mechanical ventilation. Some peri and postoperative complications, desaturation (n=16; 19.7%; p=0.001), mucosal bleeding (n=6; 7.4%; p=0.02), laryngeal edema (n=11; 13.6%; p<0.001), laryngospasm (n=13; 16.3%; p<0.001), were affected the frequency of intensive care transfer.
Conclusion: Bronchoscopy with general anesthesia remains the golden standard for the management of tracheobronchial FBA. In such patients, a combination consisting of a detailed preoperative clinical evaluation of the patient, selection of short-acting anesthetic agents with minimal side effects for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia, and the administration of controlled ventilation can be recommended. Additionally, early diagnosis of peri- and post-operative complications, prediction of postoperative ICU requirement, and a close cooperation of anesthesiologists and surgeons are highly important.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.6.1225
How to cite this:Karaaslan E, Yildiz T. Management of anesthesia and complications in children with Tracheobronchial Foreign Body Aspiration. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(6):1592-1597. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.6.1225
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Predictive value of C-Reactive Protein/Albumin ratio in patients with chronic complicated diabetes mellitus
Authors: Bayrak Muharrem 
Published: October 2019

Objective: To investigate the relationship between serum C-reactive protein (CRP)/albumin (ALB) ratio and complication occurrence in patients with Type-II diabetes mellitus with at least one chronic complication.
Methods: The CAR, demographic characteristics, and other parameters of 108 patients with at least one chronic diabetic complication who attended to the internal medicine outpatient clinic between January 1, 2017, and September 1, 2018, were retrospectively evaluated. Healthy control subjects who did not have any systemic or infectious diseases were also included in the study. I compared the CAR, demographics, and other blood parameters between the two groups were compared.
Results: The mean CAR levels were significantly higher in diabetic patients with at least one complication compared to the control group (0.15 [0.07 - 0.29] vs 0.07 [0.07 - 0.07], respectively, p<0.001). There was no significant correlation between CAR and diabetic complications, including neuropathy, nephropathy, coronary artery disease, and retinopathy in the patient group (p>0.05 for all). In the receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis, there was no significant cut-off point for CAR predicting diabetic complications.
Conclusions: Although serum CAR levels were significantly higher in complicated diabetic patients compared to controls, any validated CAR value for predicting diabetic complications were not observed.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.6.618
How to cite this:Bayrak M. Predictive value of C-Reactive Protein/Albumin ratio in patients with chronic complicated diabetes mellitus. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(6):1616-1621. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.6.618
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.