bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF SEVERE PRUNING ON THE NEW GROWTH OF TWO TREE SPECIES.
Authors: Rose Mary Ann , Kuhns Larry J. 
Published: February 2019

Large bare-root liners of Gleditsia triacanthos `Moraine' and Pyrus calleryana `Aristocrat' were planted in spring, 1989. Five trees of each species were pruned by removing 50% of the length of each shoot at planting; 5 control trees were not pruned. After 4 months the trees were harvested and the following measurements were taken on the season's new growth increment: total number of elongated shoots and unelongated shoots (< 1 cm in length), total and average length of elongated new shoots, stem and leaf dry weights.Growth responses of the 2 species to treatments were nearly identical. Pruned trees had fewer shoots than controls but a much higher proportion of elongated to unelongated shoots. This could be the result of a release of apical dominance. The average new shoot length of pruned trees was 2-3 times that of controls, and the total new shoot length was significantly greater. New stem dry weights of the pruned trees were also greater than the controls, but leaf dry weights were not significantly different. Total shoot weights (stems plus leaves) were not different. In this study there was no difference between treatments in the total seasonal growth increment as measured by weight. An equivalent amount of new growth was distributed on fewer, but more rapidly-elongating branches in the pruned trees.
NITROGEN ALLOCATION AND ESTIMATION OF NITROGEN CONTENT AND REMOVAL IN LEAVES AND FRUIT OF NITROGEN-FERTILIZED AND NITROGEN-DEFICIENT WALNUT TREE CANOPIES
Authors: Kelley K.M. , Weinbaum S.A. , Catlin P.B. , Muraoka T.T. 
Published: February 2019

Nitrogen (N) deficiency reduced biomass and altered N allocation within large walnut tree canopies (Juglans regia L. cv Serr). N-fertilized control trees contained 2.5 times more N in current year spurs, leaves and fruit than did those of N-deficient trees. The N content and biomass allocated to kernels was reduced in N-deficient canopies to a greater extent than was al location to current year shoots and foliage. N removal in abscised leaves and fruit was 3 times greater in canopies of fertilized trees than in N-deficient trees.A non-destructive method is described to calculate total spur, leaflet and fruit numbers. Calculations were based on ratios of fruit counts on selected scaffold limbs to total fruit number per tree. Dry weight and N content of representative spurs, leaflets and fruit permitted estimation of whole canopy biomass and N content in these organs. N contained in current year spurs and the N lost from the tree in fruit and leaf litter were calculated for both N-fertilized control and N-deficient trees.
ASSESSMENT OF THE LIMITATIONS OF SOMATIC HYBIDIZATION
Authors: Lee Cheol Hee , Paek Kee Yoeup , Power J. Brian , Cocking Edward C. 
Published: February 2019

This study was designed to assess the general limitations of somatic hybridization as one of the key technologies for genetic manipulation in plants. The limits of somatic hybridization against different taxonomic backgrounds, intraspecific to interfamilial, were also assessed. Protoplast culture studies provided essential information relating to the species cultural and morphogenetic capacity. several #elect Ion strategies for the recovery of somatic hybrid colonies/plants were developed and assessed using various combinations of protoplast sources and species in the genera Petunia, Nicotiana, Salpiglossis and Chrysanthemum. Morphological, cytological and biochemical analyses were performed to confirm the hybridity of plants or cell lines recovered following protoplasm fusion (using 4-5 methods) and selection.The somatic hybrid callus/plants were obtained at intraspecific to interfamilial levels by complementation to chlorophyll proficiency, together with media selection or complementation of nitrate reductase deficient mutants as follows; P. Hybrida var. Monsanto (+) P. hybrida cv. Blue Lace (intraspecific), P. hybrida var. Monsanto (+) P. inflata and P. parviflora (interspecific), P. parviflora (+) N. tabacum (intergeneric), S. sinuata (+) P. hybrida var. Monsanto, P. parodii and N. tabacum (intertribal), and C. morifolium (+) S. sinuata.From this study, it appeared that there were no taxonomic limits to the production and proliferation of somatic hybrid cell lines. However, obtaining morphologically normal hybrid plants met with limited success as the taxonomic relationships became more distant. The regeneration capacity of somatic hybrids seemed to be controlled by both parental species. Somatic incompatibility mechanism was also shown to operate on chromosome elimination. Such chromosome elimination may well be advantageous in plant improvement.
CHARACTERIZATION OF PEACH ROOTS UNDER SEMIARID CONDITIONS INFLUENCED BY IRRIGATION TIMING
Authors: Lasswell James L. , Worthington Josiah W. 
Published: February 2019

Field studies were conducted June 2, July 27, and October 15, 1988 to determine root concentrations within the dry and wetted soil of trickle-irrigated peach trees (Redglobe variety) in Windthorst fine sandy loam soil. Two “dryland” and four irrigation treatments (based on time of year irrigation initiated and previous irrigation history) were used. A single soil core sample 2.2 cm in diameter and 80 cm deep was taken 50 cm from trickle emitters on each of 8 trees per irrigation treatment and a single sample taken the same distance from the trunk on the “dry” side of the 8 trees in each dryland treatment. Each core was sectioned into 20-cm increments, washed, roots collected, separated (small, feeder roots; large suberized roots), dried and weighed.Analyses of data for the small, feeder roots showed a significant difference (0.01 level) in root density between treatments, between sample times (each treatment), and with depth (each treatment). Root concentrations were highest in soils that had received irrigation in previous years and also when irrigation was initiated early in the year. Root concentrations were also found to be highest in the top 20 cm of soil regardless of treatment.
INFLUENCE OF PREHARVEST IRRIGATION CUTOFF DURATION AND POSTHARVEST WATER DEPRIVATION IN ALMOND
Authors: Goldhamer David , Viveros Mario , Shackel Ken 
Published: February 2019

Previously well irrigated mature `Nonpareil' almond trees (Prunus dulcis) were subjected to varying periods of water deprivation prior to harvest and then to either full or no postharvest irrigation. Eight preharvest water deprivation (PWD) lengths ranging from 14 to 63 days were evaluated on a sandy loam soil with a rooting depth of about 1.5 m.Development of tree water deficits occurred rapidly following PWD. Predawn leaf water potential decreased to about -1.8 and -3.1 MPa after 10 and 20 days, respectively. Defoliation began about 30 days after PWD and trees subjected to more than 50 days completely defoliated. The rate of hull split was directly related to the PWD duration. With early cutoffs, the size of the hull split-arrested nuts at harvest was large compared with the same nut type in later cutoffs suggesting that as nuts develop, large nuts are preferential sinks for assimilates. Kernel size was only mildly reduced by PWD during the first study year. There was a trend toward lower total kernel yield with longer PWD as a result of smaller kernel girth but yield differences were not significant. The number of nuts remaining in the tree after shaking was not related to PWD. Bark strength increased after PWD with 10 to 14 days required to prevent shaker damage. Postharvest irrigation resulted in late season defoliation but no rebloom. Bloom density reductions in 1990 were related more to the lack of 1989 postharvest irrigation than to early PWD.
MANAGING ENVIRONMENT TO OPTIMIZE PRODUCTION AND MINIMIZE COSTS
Authors: Bates Maynard E. 
Published: February 2019

Increased production and reduced costs are goals of all plant growers. As a rule, introduction of computer-based control of the plant environment in a well-designed greenhouse will result in yield increases of thirty percent (30%) over other control techniques. A simple model will show how these changes impact profitability.New technologies in sensors, interfaces, computers, software, and plant growth knowledge are being applied to management of the crop environment. Examples of direct canopy temperature measurement, online plant weight measurement, integration and control of photosynthetic photon flux, and nutrition control will be presented. Integrated process control is replacing setpoint maintenance. Models are being developed for incorporation into environmental control systems. Examples for solar irradiance and crop growth will be demonstrated.Ultimately expert systems based on artificial intelligence technology will manage crop production in controlled environments. These systems will incorporate information on crop genome, local climate, cultural practices, pests and diseases, economics, and markets, in addition to environmental control. A possible configuration of the hardware and software for such a system will be discussed.
RESULTS OF A TWO-YEAR STUDY ON POINSETTIA RESPONSE TO IRRIGATION WITH WATER HIGH IN SODIUM
Authors: Griffin John D. , Gallagher Peter W. , Farrish Kenneth W. 
Published: February 2019

Three cultivars of Poinsettia (Annette Hegg Lady, V-14 Pink, and Topwhite) were each treated with the same three concentrations of Na and Ca, plus a Tap water and Distilled Water Control. Plants were evaluated for the following parameters: quality (bract diameter, height, foliar blemishes), dry weights (root and shoot), and Na and Ca contents (root and shoot). Postharvest keeping quality was evaluated in a subsequent study with the same cultivars and treatments.
It was found that high levels of Na reduced bract size, height, and overall quality. Root tissue did accumulate Na, but only to a certain level (approx. 300 g/kg). Shoot tissue continued to accumulate Na as concentration of Na increased in the irrigation water. Na accumulation in shoot tissue was approx. doubled in Topwhite when compared to V-14 Pink and Annette Hegg Lady. Postharvest keeping quality was not reduced by increased Na concentrations in irrigation water.
ECONOMIC COMPARISONS OF TWO HIGH-DENSITY CLING PEACH TRAINING SYSTEMS.
Authors: Asai Wesley K. 
Published: February 2019

In an effort to maximize early return on investment and labor efficiency, cling peach growers in California are using two different types of high-density plantings; the perpendicular-V (1.8m × 4.8m = 930 Trees/ha), and the cordon (2.4m × 4.2m = 925 Trees/ha). The V has the advantage of being more traditional in its establishment, where the cordon has the advantage of higher yields and no need for wires, props or ladders to prune, thin and pick.
This study evaluated the cultural and economic considerations of the two systems with respect to their yields during the orchards' establishment years.The cumulative labor costs, specific to the style of training for the first 3 years was $1258 and $901 per hectare for the cordon and V respectively.
Cumulative yields were 40.4 tons/ha for the cordon and 22.0 tons/ha for the V. When contrasting the net returns per hectare, the cordon, in spite of its higher labor input (due largely to higher thinning and harvest costs), had a net profit advantage of $3362.50 per hectare during the first 3 years of establishment.
CONSUMER MARKETING PREFERENCES OF NURSERY STOCK
Authors: Khatamian Houchang , Stevens Alan 
Published: February 2019

The main purpose of this study was to determine consumer preferences as influenced by type of packaging, size of container, and price when purchasing ornamental plants. From February to May 1991 over 1000 questionnaires were completed through personal on site interviews conducted at Flower/Garden shows and Garden Centers.
Forty one percent of participants preferred to purchase their trees as balled in burlap form and 47% chose to buy their shrubs in containers. Shoppers purchased 60% of their nursery plants from Garden Centers followed by 22% at discount outlets such as K-mart.
The most important factors in purchasing nursery stock were the price and quality of the plants followed by its size. Packing was an important factor but ranked much lower than price and quality.
KENAF PITH AS A VERMICULITE SUBSTITUTE IN PEAT-BASED MEDIA.
Authors: Hawcroft Brad B. , Newman Steven E. 
Published: February 2019

Kenaf is an alternative fiber crop being evaluated in Mississippi. Kenaf, primarily grown in Asia, can be used in the manufacture of paper, fiber board, acoustical tiles and compost. The bark is the source of the fiber used, leaving the fiber core or pith for use as a paper additive, poultry litter, or is discarded. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential use of kenaf fiber core as a vermiculite substitute in a sphagnum peat moss-based medium.
Plugs of Celosia argentea, Viola × wittrockiana, and Impatiens wallerana were transplanted into 10 cm pots containing 5 different sphagnum peat moss-based media modified with the milled fiber core (pith) of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) and/or vermiculite. The media were as follows: 5 peat: 0 kenaf : 5 vermiculite (v/v/v); 5 peat : 1 kenaf : 4 vermiculite (v/v/v); 5 peat : 2 kenaf : 3 vermiculite (v/v/v); 5 peat : 3 kenaf : 2 vermiculite (v/v/v); 5 peat : 4 kenaf : 1 vermiculite (v/v/v); and 5 peat : 5 kenaf: 0 vermiculite (v/v/v). Water holding capacity, pore space, pH and media shrinkage were monitored throughout the study along with plant growth and plant quality.
ALLEVIATION OF CHILLING INJURY OF PONKAN DURING AND AFTER LOW-TEMPERATURE QUARANTINE TREATMENT BY USING SUCROSE FATTY ACID ESTERS
Authors: Murata Takao , Yamawaki Kazuki 
Published: February 2019

Ponkan (Citrus reticulata Blanco), that is chilling sensitive, must undergo a quarantine treatment to disinfest fruit fly before export to Japan from Taiwan. Pitting caused by chilling injury tends to induce a poor fruit quality in a market.
The alleviation of chilling injury of ponkan during and after low temperature disinfestation (at 1° ± 0.2°C, for 15-16 days) was investigated by treatment with 0.35% sucrose fatty acid esters (C- 10:0, 12:0, 14:0, 16:0, 18:0 and 18:1 acid esters).
Development of pitting on the fruit surface after transfer to 20°C from low temperature quarantine treatment was suppressed significantly by the treatment with the sucrose fatty acid esters. Sucrose myristate ester (C- 14:0, M-1695) was most effective among the used esters to inhibit the occurrence of pitting. In addition, the treatment with esters influenced fruit quality and weight loss. However, the treatment did not affect respiratory rate of the fruit.
DEGRADATION OF A BARK STORAGE PROTEIN IN POPLAR.
Authors: Englert John M. , Coleman Gary D. , Chen Tony H.H. , Fuchigami Leslie H. 
Published: February 2019

A 32kDa bark storage protein (BSP) which accumulates in the fall and is degraded in the spring has been identified in Populus deltoides bark. The BSP gene has been shown to be regulated by short day (SD) photoperiod (8 h). The physiological condition of the plant and the environmental factors necessary for the degradation and retranslocation of BSP are of considerable interest for determining the role of this protein in the remobilization of nitrogen in trees.
Poplar plants were placed in a SD growth chamber for 4 or 7 weeks to induce growth cessation (bud set) or dormancy, respectively. BSP accumulated to high levels in bark tissues after 3 weeks SD and remained high through 7 weeks SD. Plants in which growth had stopped (4 weeks SD), or in which dormancy (7 weeks SD) was broken with hydrogen cyanamide (0.5 M) or chilling (4 weeks 0C) broke bud within 1 week of being placed into long day (LD) conditions. Dormant plants which were not chilled broke bud after 3 weeks LD. BSP levels decreased around the time of budbreak, suggesting that the degradation of BSP is dependent on the need for a nitrogen sink, ie. budbreak and new shoot growth.
(164) Effect of a Non-leguminous Cover Crop, Tillage Practices, and Inorganic Nitrogen on Aboveground Biomass Production and Yields of Southernpea
Authors: Whitehead Wayne F. , Singh Bharat P. 
Published: February 2019

The objective of this study was to examine how a non-leguminous cover crop, three tillage practices, and two synthetic nitrogen rates influence aboveground biomass, and yields of southernpea. The following fall–spring fertility treatments were applied using randomized complete-block design with four replications: 1) fall-0 N+abruzzi rye; spring-conventional till+0 N; 2) fall-0 N+abruzzi rye; spring-strip till+0 N; 3) fall-0 N+abruzzi rye; spring-No till+0 N; 4) fall-0 N+abruzzi rye; spring-conventional till+30 kg×ha–1 N; 5) fall-0 N+abruzzi rye; spring-strip till+30 kg×ha–1 N; 6) fall-0 N+ abruzzi rye; spring-No till+30 kg×ha–1 N. In Spring 2004, `Mississippi Purple' southernpea was drill planted in all plots. Pod yields were harvested at the fresh-market mature green stage and dry pod stage, while total vegetative dry matter was collected at the mature green stage. Optimal aboveground biomass (32.7 g/plant) was produced by fall-0 N+abruzzi rye; spring-strip till+30 kg×ha–1 N treatment, while maximum fresh-market pod yield (4.9 Mg×ha–1) and dry pod yield (2.2 Mg×ha–1) were produced by fall-0 N+abruzzi rye; spring-strip till+0 N. Minimum aboveground biomass (15.6 g/plant), fresh-market pod yield (2.6 Mg×ha–1) and dry pod yield (0.9 Mg×ha–1) were produced by fall-0 N+ abruzzi rye; spring-conventional till+0 N treatment. Spring-strip till at 0 N produced fresh-market pod yield, dry pod yield, and plant biomass similar to spring-strip till at 30 kg×ha–1 N. Results suggest strip-till provided adequate tilth and nitrogen fertilizer was not needed for producing southernpea in middle Georgia.
The Effect of Repeated Short-term Flooding on Mycorrhizal Survival in Snap Bean Roots
Authors: Sah Seema , Reed Stewart , Jayachandran Krishnaswamy , Dunn Christopher , Fisher Jack B. 
Published: February 2019

Since arbuscular–mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are aerobic, symbiosis was not considered significant under flooded conditions. However, AM colonization of wetland plants is now believed more common than previously thought. In the humid tropics, storms that result in standing water for 24 hours or less are common. Short-term floods, especially on sandy soils, may leach banded fertilizer, reducing uptake efficiency. Crops planted in flood prone areas are not normally enhanced with mycorrhizal mixes. However, mycorrhizal associations tolerant to wet conditions may improve nutrient uptake as plants recover from short-term flooding. Greenhouse studies were initiated to determine the effects of frequent short-term floods (two to four events) on mycorrhizal colonization and subsequent development in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. Flooding produced no obvious long-term physical effects on plant shoots. In the first study, flooding did not affect survival of colonies established before the first flood event. Percent root colonization in flooded vs. nonflooded treatments was not significantly different at either 31 or 50 days after planting (DAP). As root length increased there was a concomitant increase in colonization so that percent colonization remained approximately the same in both flooded and nonflooded treatments. In the second study, three weekly floods beginning 13 DAP (cotyledon leaf open only) did not inhibit initial mycorrhizal colonization. Mycorrhizal associations should form with snap bean under conditions subject to short-term flooding. Additional research is needed to determine the efficacy of different mycorrhizal mixes under short-term flooded conditions in the field.
Adventitious Shoot Regeneration from In Vitro Leaves of Formosan Sweetgum (Liquidambar formosana L.)
Authors: Xu L. , Liu G.F. , Bao M.Z. 
Published: February 2019

Plantlets were regenerated from in vitro-grown leaf explants of five genotypes of Liquidambar formosana on WPM basal medium supplemented with different concentrations of TDZ and NAA. With the addition of 0.27 μm NAA, regeneration efficiency was increased by 2- to 4-fold over that with TDZ alone. Lower concentrations of TDZ (0.45–2.27 μm) were beneficial for regenerating shoot clusters. Four genotypes (P2, P6, P9, and P11) showed high regeneration rates (up to 90%), whereas genotype P13 showed a low capability for shoot regeneration on all media tested (<35%). For all five genotypes, the optimum medium for inducing adventitious shoots was WPM supplemented with 1.14 μm TDZ and 0.27 μm NAA, on which regeneration rate ranged from 72.6% to 89.5% and adventitious shoot clusters per regenerating leaf explant ranged from 2.63 to 3.11 in four genotypes (P2, P6, P9, and P11), while for P13, the regeneration rate and number of shoot clusters per regenerating explant were 23% and 1.39, respectively. Transfer of shoot clusters to WPM basal medium containing 0.54 μm NAA, 2.22 μm BA, and 1.44 μm GA3, resulted in shoot elongation. All the elongated shoots were rooted on WPM supplemented with 9.84 μm IBA, and plantlets were transplanted to soil successfully.
Chemical names used: 6-benzyladenine (BA), gibberellic acid (GA3), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), plant growth regulator (PGR), thidiazuron (TDZ), woody plant medium (WPM).
Selective Removal of Creeping Bentgrass from Kentucky Bluegrass with Sulfosulfuron
Authors: Jones Marcus A. , Christians Nick E. , Weisenberger Daniel , Reicher Zachary J. 
Published: February 2019

Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) is well adapted to golf course greens, tees, and fairways but may become a weed in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) roughs and lawns. The objectives of this study were to determine effects of sulfosulfuron rate and application date on control of creeping bentgrass and safety on Kentucky bluegrass. Field experiments were initiated in 2003 and 2004 in Ames, IA, and West Lafayette, IN. Single applications of sulfosulfuron at 0.011 or 0.022 kg·ha−1 were applied over a 9-week period during the fall of each year. Phytotoxicity on Kentucky bluegrass was recorded weekly and control of creeping bentgrass was determined in the spring after fall treatments. No treatment provided greater than 31% control, and there were few differences in control between the two rates of sulfosulfuron. In West Lafayette, late fall applications were the most effective providing up to 31% control of creeping bentgrass. Sulfosulfuron provided less than 18% control in Ames in either year. Kentucky bluegrass was tolerant of all sulfosulfuron applications. Late fall applications of sulfosulfuron may be useful in partially removing creeping bentgrass from a heavily contaminated sward of Kentucky bluegrass.
Chemical names used: 1-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-3-(2-ethylsulfonylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)urea (sulfosulfuron)