bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do lakes feel the burn? Ecological consequences of increasing exposure of lakes to fire in the continental United States
Authors: McCullough Ian M. , Cheruvelil Kendra Spence , Lapierre Jean‐François , Lottig Noah R. , Moritz Max A. , Stachelek Jemma , Soranno Patricia A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWildfires are becoming larger and more frequent across much of the United States due to anthropogenic climate change. No studies, however, have assessed fire prevalence in lake watersheds at broad spatial and temporal scales, and thus it is unknown whether wildfires threaten lakes and reservoirs (hereafter, lakes) of the United States. We show that fire activity has increased in lake watersheds across the continental United States from 1984 to 2015, particularly since 2005. Lakes have experienced the greatest fire activity in the western United States, Southern Great Plains, and Florida. Despite over 30 years of increasing fire exposure, fire effects on fresh waters have not been well studied; previous research has generally focused on streams, and most of the limited lake‐fire research has been conducted in boreal landscapes. We therefore propose a conceptual model of how fire may influence the physical, chemical, and biological properties of lake ecosystems by synthesizing the best available science from terrestrial, aquatic, fire, and landscape ecology. This model also highlights emerging research priorities and provides a starting point to help land and lake managers anticipate potential effects of fire on ecosystem services provided by fresh waters and their watersheds.
Drought decreases incorporation of recent plant photosynthate into soil food webs regardless of their trophic complexity
Authors: Chomel Mathilde , Lavallee Jocelyn M. , Alvarez‐Segura Nil , de Castro Francisco , Rhymes Jennifer M. , Caruso Tancredi , de Vries Franciska T. , Baggs Elizabeth M. , Emmerson Mark C. , Bardgett Richard D. , Johnson David 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTheory suggests that more complex food webs promote stability and can buffer the effects of perturbations, such as drought, on soil organisms and ecosystem functions. Here, we tested experimentally how soil food web trophic complexity modulates the response to drought of soil functions related to carbon cycling and the capture and transfer below‐ground of recent photosynthate by plants. We constructed experimental systems comprising soil communities with one, two or three trophic levels (microorganisms, detritivores and predators) and subjected them to drought. We investigated how food web trophic complexity in interaction with drought influenced litter decomposition, soil CO2efflux, mycorrhizal colonization, fungal production, microbial communities and soil fauna biomass. Plants were pulse‐labelled after the drought with13C‐CO2to quantify the capture of recent photosynthate and its transfer below‐ground. Overall, our results show that drought and soil food web trophic complexity do not interact to affect soil functions and microbial community composition, but act independently, with an overall stronger effect of drought. After drought, the net uptake of13C by plants was reduced and its retention in plant biomass was greater, leading to a strong decrease in carbon transfer below‐ground. Although food web trophic complexity influenced the biomass of Collembola and fungal hyphal length,13C enrichment and the net transfer of carbon from plant shoots to microbes and soil CO2efflux were not affected significantly by varying the number of trophic groups. Our results indicate that drought has a strong effect on above‐ground–below‐ground linkages by reducing the flow of recent photosynthate. Our results emphasize the sensitivity of the critical pathway of recent photosynthate transfer from plants to soil organisms to a drought perturbation, and show that these effects may not be mitigated by the trophic complexity of soil communities, at least at the level manipulated in this experiment.
Plant phylogenetic diversity stabilizes large‐scale ecosystem productivity
Authors: Mazzochini Guilherme G. , Fonseca Carlos R. , Costa Gabriel C. , Santos Rubens M. , Oliveira‐Filho Ary T. , Ganade Gislene 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimGlobal carbon cycle models do not incorporate the stabilizing effect of biodiversity on productivity despite this phenomenon has been widely described in several local scale manipulative experiments. The reason is a lack of evidence supporting the importance of biodiversity on spatial scales at which climate models are built. Here, we test the hypothesis that diversity enhances productivity stability at a large scale.LocationSouth American dryland known as Caatinga (~830,000 km2).Time period2001–2010.Major taxa studiedWoody plants.MethodsWe used the enhanced vegetation index of Caatinga vegetation remnants, from 2001 to 2010, to calculate vegetation productivity stability across years. We used occurrence records of 606 woody species from floristic surveys to derive species richness and phylogenetic diversity at ~5 km and ~55 km (0.5°) resolution. Climate data were obtained from global databases.ResultsPlant phylogenetic diversity has a strong positive correlation with productivity stability even after controlling for several climatic variables, such as rainfall, temperature and cloudiness, at both resolutions. Species richness was not significant when climatic variables were included.Main conclusionsThis result expands by several orders of magnitude the spatial scale of the evidence that biodiversity strengths the resilience of key ecosystem functions. We highlight that, by incorporating plant phylogenetic diversity, regional and global climate models can generate more accurate predictions about future ecosystem functioning and services that are critical to humankind.
The launch and evolution of a technology‐based economy: The case of Austin Texas
Authors: Gibson David , Oden Michael 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper uses the lens of institutional theory to explain the launch and evolution of Austin, Texas's technology‐based economy. The case underscores the importance of context, contingency, and the evolution of key local development organizations in explaining how regional economic development trajectories can change and evolve. The case history provides insights into how economic development networks form and operate to “set off” processes of industrial specialization and agglomeration and how they can promote successful adaptation to change in technology and industrial structure. The Austin story further suggests a “stage” process of regional technology‐based evolution where the development of industrial agglomerations linked to a substantial local research base is seen as a necessary precursor to increasing endogenous innovation and start‐up activity. Successfully navigating these stages is bolstered by the formation of institutions and networks that are durable, strategic, and adaptive, and which, at the right time, recognize and support entrepreneurial firm development to help sustain technology‐based growth.
Detection of Helicobacter pylori with clarithromycin resistance‐associated mutations using peptide nucleic acid probe‐based melting point analysis
Authors: Nahm Ji Hae , Kim Won Kyu , Kwon Yujin , Kim Hyunki 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundDetection of Helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsy is important for appropriate treatment and prevention of gastric carcinoma and lymphoma. A novel peptide nucleic acid probe (PNA)‐based real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was developed for detection of H pylori and A2142G/A2143G mutation of the 23S rRNA gene, which is associated with clarithromycin resistance.MethodsTo evaluate the performance of the PNA probe‐based PCR method, a total of 409 gastric biopsy samples were analyzed by PNA probe‐based PCR and compared with other H pylori detection methods, including hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Warthin‐Starry (WS) staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC). A2142G/A2143G mutation of the 23S rRNA gene was tested by dual priming oligonucleotide (DPO)‐based PCR and Sanger sequencing to evaluate PNA probe‐based PCR.ResultsAmong 271 cases that were positive for H pylori on IHC which was considered as a standard method, 264 cases (97.4%) and 259 cases (95.6%) were positively detected by HE/WS and PNA probe‐based qPCR, respectively. Of 100 H pylori‐positive patients tested by IHC, H pylori was detected in 93 cases (93.0%) by PNA probe‐based PCR, 86 cases (86.0%) by DPO‐based PCR, and 93 cases (93.0%) by conventional PCR. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of PNA probe‐based qPCR were 93.0%, 94.9%, 93.9%, 94.9%, and 93.0%, respectively, which were all higher than those of DPO‐based PCR. When Sanger sequencing was determined as a standard method to detect A2142G/A2143G mutations, the sensitivity of the PNA‐ and DPO‐based methods was 100% and 94.4%, respectively, and the specificity was 100% for both methods.ConclusionPNA probe‐based qPCR is an appropriate method for detecting H pylori and the clarithromycin resistance‐associated mutation type.
Natural and experimental structural evolution of dispersed organic matter in mudstones: The Shimanto accretionary complex, southwest Japan
Authors: Nakamura Yoshihiro , Hara Hidetoshi , Kagi Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2019

AbstractStructural changes induced by thermal maturation of dispersed organic matter (OM) in the Shimanto accretionary complex, southwest Japan, were investigated using micro‐Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and micro‐Raman spectroscopy. Natural dispersed OM exhibits systematic structural changes inferred from D1‐ and G‐band FWHM values, Raman band separation (RBS), and intensity ratios of the D1‐ and G‐bands (ID1/IG ratio) from diagenetic zone to anchizone (IC values: 0.75–0.30). Infrared spectra indicate a loss of aliphatic CH
x, aromatic CH
x, and oxygen‐containing structures as temperature increases. These changes are consistent with discontinuities in thermal structures bounded by out‐of‐sequence thrusts. Kinetic pyrolysis experiments indicate that the ID1/IG ratio of synthesized OM has a power law relationship with heat treatment time. Kinetic models of temperature dependence were fitted using the ID1/IG ratio, and an effective activation energy of 106 ±17 kJ/mol was estimated using an Arrhenius equation. The activation energies estimated by power law rate and Avrami models have a least‐square correlation coefficient of 0.93, indicating the temperature dependence of carbonization. The estimated effective activation energy is consistent with that of coal, lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose during thermal degradation. On the other hand, RBS, and D1‐ and G‐band FWHM values of OM display more complex changes with increasing heating temperature and time, and it is difficult to constrain rate parameters during pyrolysis experiments. Our data indicate that the ID1/IG ratio is controlled by a simple thermally activated process, whereas RBS and D1‐ and G‐band FWHM values can be affected by lithostatic pressure, fluid activity, hydrogen index, and host lithology, as well as temperature. Structural evolution of dispersed OM in mudstones differs between natural and anhydrous closed experimental systems. Natural carbonization based on micro‐Raman spectroscopy should be applied for a limited indicator of thermal maturation, especially for dispersed OM in diagenetic zone.
From Zero to Hero? An analysis of the human rights protections within the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM)
Authors: Guild Elspeth , Basaran Tugba , Allinson Kathryn 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article examines the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM) from three perspectives: First, while the GCM is not legally binding, the human rights obligations of states which underpin the GCM are. The application of international human rights law to everyone, including migrants, has led to frictions in the inter‐governmental negotiation process, with some states declining to sign the GCM. States cannot relieve themselves of the human rights obligations to which they are already, voluntarily, bound by refusing to sign the GCM. Second, the GCM asserts the human rights of migrants, and by implication condemns state practices contrary thereto, but it also yields to political sensitivities. Thus, we encounter a Compact that defends existing human rights standards, but concurrently submits to political will and tolerates conditions of vulnerability. Third, the GCM’s implementation depends upon, as yet undefined, partnerships with non‐State actors and monitoring against human rights standards.
High‐entropy, phase‐constrained, lanthanide sesquioxide
Authors: Tseng Kuo‐Pin , Yang Qun , McCormack Scott J. , Kriven Waltraud M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOxides can experience structural transformations resulting from variations in cation oxidation states or coordination geometry upon thermal treatment. Whether such structural distortions can affect the stability of high‐entropy oxides has not been studied. In this research, a new, high‐entropy, lanthanide sesquioxide, Gd0.4Tb0.4Dy0.4Ho0.4Er0.4O3 solid solution having a single phase, cubic‐bixbyite structure was synthesized, with no phase transformation from room temperature to 1650°C. The phase stability was examined via both in situ and ex situ, high‐temperature, synchrotron, X‐ray powder diffraction. This high‐entropy oxide could inhibit the phase transformations occurring in constituent monocation sesquioxides, Tb2O3 and Gd2O3, via random arrangement of multications.
Hypertension and patients with acute coronary syndrome: Putting blood pressure levels into perspective
Authors: Konstantinou Konstantinos , Tsioufis Costas , Koumelli Areti , Mantzouranis Manos , Kasiakogias Alexandros , Doumas Michalis , Tousoulis Dimitris 
Published: July 2019

AbstractArterial hypertension is a well‐established cardiovascular risk factor, and blood pressure (BP) control has largely improved the prognosis of hypertensive patients. A number of studies have assessed the role of BP levels in the prognosis of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Pathophysiologic links of hypertension to acute myocardial infarction (MI) include endothelial dysfunction, autonomic nervous system dysregulation, impaired vasoreactivity, and a genetic substrate. A history of hypertension is highly prevalent among patients presenting with MI, and some, but not all, studies have associated it with a worse prognosis. Some data support that low levels of admission and in‐hospital BP may indicate an increased risk for subsequent events. Risk scores used in patients with MI have, therefore, included BP levels and a history of hypertension in their variables. Of note, good long‐term BP control, ideally initiated prior to discharge, should be pursued in order to improve secondary prevention.
MicroRNA‐125b in vascular diseases: An updated systematic review of pathogenetic implications and clinical applications
Authors: Chao Chia‐Ter , Yeh Hsiang‐Yuan , Yuan Tzu‐Hang , Chiang Chih‐Kang , Chen Huei‐Wen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractEpigenetic changes, particularly non‐coding RNAs, have been implicated extensively in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Specific miRNAs are involved in the differentiation, phenotypic switch, proliferation, apoptosis, cytokine production and matrix deposition of endothelial cells and/or vascular smooth muscle cells. MicroRNA‐125b has been studied in depth for its role in carcinogenesis with a double‐edged role; that is, it can act as an oncogene in some cancer types and as a tumour suppressor gene in others. However, cumulative evidence from the use of advanced miRNA profiling techniques and bioinformatics analysis suggests that miR‐125b can be a potential mediator and useful marker of vascular diseases. Currently, the exact role of miR‐125b in vascular diseases is not known. In this systematic review, we intend to provide an updated compilation of all the recent findings of miR‐125b in vascular diseases, using a systematic approach of retrieving data from all available reports followed by data summarization. MiR‐125b serves as a pathogenic player in multiple vascular pathologies involving endothelia and vascular smooth muscle cells and also serves as a diagnostic marker for vascular diseases. We further provide a computational biologic presentation of the complex network of miR‐125b and its target genes within the scope of vascular diseases.
Adalimumab for nail psoriasis: efficacy and safety over 52 weeks from a phase‐3, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Elewski B.E. , Baker C.S. , Crowley J.J. , Poulin Y. , Okun M.M. , Calimlim B. , Geng Z. , Reyes Servin O. , Rich P.A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundFew clinical trials have evaluated long‐term treatment of nail psoriasis with biologics.ObjectiveSafety and efficacy of adalimumab [ADA; Humira AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, IL, USA)] long‐term treatment (52 weeks) was evaluated in a phase‐3, randomized trial in patients with moderate‐to‐severe plaque psoriasis and concomitant moderate‐to‐severe fingernail psoriasis. Results from the first 26 weeks (Period A) have been reported.MethodsPatients receiving 40 mg ADA every other week or placebo in Period A, continued with or switched to 40 mg ADA every‐other‐week treatment in the subsequent 26‐week open‐label extension (OLE) period. Main efficacy evaluations were ≥75% improvement in total‐fingernail modified Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (mNAPSI 75) and achievement of Physician's Global Assessment for Fingernail Psoriasis of clear or minimal disease (PGA‐F 0/1) with a ≥2‐grade improvement from baseline, across the trial for patients who continued ADA from Period A through the OLE (Continuous‐ADA Population). Safety was evaluated during the OLE and for patients receiving ADA at any time during the study (All‐ADA Population).ResultsOf the 217 patients initially randomized in Period A, 188 (86.6%; 94 in each treatment group) entered the OLE after completion of or early escape from Period A. For the Continuous‐ADA Population (N = 109), endpoint achievement rates improved from OLE entry (Week 26) to Week 52, including total‐fingernail mNAPSI 75 (47.4–54.5%); PGA‐F 0/1 (51.1–55.6%) and total‐fingernail mNAPSI = 0 (6.6–17.9%). Serious adverse event and serious infection rates for the All‐ADA Population (N = 203) were 6.9% and 3.4%, respectively.ConclusionsIn this population of psoriasis patients with concomitant, moderate‐to‐severe nail psoriasis, long‐term efficacy and improvement in signs and symptoms of nail disease were demonstrated after every‐other‐week ADA treatment, including incremental improvements in rate of total clearance of nail disease. No new safety risks were identified for patients receiving at least one ADA dose across 52 weeks.
Determination of drying kinetics, some physical, and antioxidant properties of papaya seeds undergoing microwave vacuum drying
Authors: Bualuang Oraporn , Onwude Daniel I. , Uso Aneesah , Peerachaakkarachai Kankulnat , Mora Pimpalak , Dulsamphan Suphak , Sena Pairot 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe effects of microwave power (MP, 100–600 W) on the drying kinetics, as well as the physical and antioxidant properties of papaya seeds dried under microwave vacuum drying (MVD) were investigated. The results found that moisture diffusivity increased in the order of 10−8 with an increase in MP. Shrinkage increased from 1.2 to 4.9% and bulk density decreased from 3,441 to 1,091 kg/m3, respectively, while the moisture content decreased. The antioxidant contents of all of the MVD samples were higher than those of the samples dried under ambient air ventilation. An increase in MP decreased the total phenolic content from 14.69 to 10.66 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram dry weight (DW), increased both the β‐carotene and the total flavonoid content in the ranges of 0.2–0.35 mg β‐carotene equivalent per gram DW and 20.71 to 23.51 mg catechin equivalent per gram DW, respectively. Higher values of antioxidant activity were obtained at higher MP. The results have shown that the use of novel MVD technique in appropriate conditions can improve the overall drying efficiency and enhance the total yield of antioxidant content.Practical ApplicationsPapaya seeds have great potential for use as a source of antioxidants. However, the best novel techniques for retaining high values of antioxidant compounds, and therefore recouping value from the wasted seeds, has not been widely reported on. This study has found that combined microwave vacuum drying (MVD) is a very beneficial drying method for the preservation of antioxidant content. A better antioxidant yield from dried papaya seeds was obtained using MVD at a higher MP of 600 W. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity of seeds dried using MVD was 27.62% higher than the samples dried using ambient air ventilation.
Loss of Community‐Dwelling Status Among Survivors of High‐Acuity Emergency General Surgery Disease
Authors: Smith Jason W. , Knight Davis Jennifer , Quatman‐Yates Catherine C. , Waterman Brittany L. , Strassels Scott A. , Wong Jen D. , Heh Victor K. , Baselice Holly E. , Brock Guy N. , Clark Brian C. , Bridges John F.P. , Santry Heena P. 
Published: July 2019

OBJECTIVESTo examine loss of community‐dwelling status 9 months after hospitalization for high‐acuity emergency general surgery (HA‐EGS) disease among older Americans.DESIGNRetrospective analysis of claims data.SETTINGUS communities with Medicare beneficiaries.PARTICIPANTSMedicare beneficiaries age 65 years or older hospitalized urgently/emergently between January 1, 2015, and March 31, 2015, with a principal diagnosis representing potential life or organ threat (necrotizing soft tissue infections, hernias with gangrene, ischemic enteritis, perforated viscus, toxic colitis or gastroenteritis, peritonitis, intra‐abdominal hemorrhage) and an operation of interest on hospital days 1 or 2 (N = 3319).MEASUREMENTSDemographic characteristics (age, race, and sex), comorbidities, principal diagnosis, complications, and index hospitalization disposition (died; discharged to skilled nursing facility [SNF], long‐term acute care [LTAC], rehabilitation, hospice, home (with or without services), or acute care hospital; other) were measured. Survivors of index hospitalization were followed until December 31, 2015, on mortality and community‐dwelling status (SNF/LTAC vs not). Descriptive statistics, Kaplan‐Meier plots, and χ2 tests were used to describe and compare the cohort based on disposition. A multivariable logistic regression model, adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities, complications, and discharge disposition, determined independent predictors of loss of community‐dwelling status at 9 months.RESULTSA total of 2922 (88%) survived index hospitalization. Likelihood of discharge to home decreased with increasing age, baseline comorbidities, and in‐hospital complications. Overall, 418 (14.3%) HA‐EGS survivors died during the follow‐up period. Among those alive at 9 months, 10.3% were no longer community dwelling. Initial discharge disposition to any location other than home and three or more surgical complications during index hospitalization were independent predictors of residing in a SNF/LTAC 9 months after surviving HA‐EGS.CONCLUSIONOlder Americans, known to prioritize living in the community, will experience substantial loss of independence due to HA‐EGS. Long‐term expectations after surviving HA‐EGS must be framed from the perspective of the outcomes that older patients value the most. Further research is needed to examine the quality‐of‐life burden of EGS survivorship prospectively. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2289–2297, 2019