bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrous oxide is the main product during nitrate reduction by a novel lithoautotrophic iron(II)-oxidizing culture from an organic-rich paddy soil
Authors: Grimm Hanna , Lorenz Jennifer , Straub Daniel , Joshi Prachi , Shuster Jeremiah , Zarfl Christiane , Muehe E. Marie , Kappler Andreas 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACT

Microbial nitrate reduction coupled to iron(II) oxidation (NRFeOx) occurs in paddy soils due to high levels of dissolved iron(II) and regular application of nitrogen fertilizer. However, to date, there is no lithoautotrophic NRFeOx isolate or enrichment culture available from this soil environment. Thus, resulting impacts on greenhouse gas emissions during nitrate reduction (i.e., nitrous oxide [N
2
O]) and on toxic metalloid (i.e., arsenic) mobility can hardly be investigated. We enriched a lithoautotrophic NRFeOx culture, culture HP (Huilongpu paddy, named after its origin), from a paddy soil (Huilongpu Town, China), which was dominated by
Gallionella
(71%). The culture reduced 0.45 to 0.63 mM nitrate and oxidized 1.76 to 2.31 mM iron(II) within 4 days leading to N
2
O as the main N-product (62%–88% N
2
O-N of total reduced NO
3
−
-N). Nitrite was present as an intermediate at a maximum of 0.16 ± 0.1 mM. Cells were associated with, but mostly not encrusted by, poorly crystalline iron(III) minerals (ferrihydrite). Culture HP performed best below an iron(II) threshold of 2.5–3.5 mM and in a pH range of 6.50–7.05. In the presence of 100 µM arsenite, only 0%–18% of iron(II) was oxidized. Due to low iron(II) oxidation, arsenite was not immobilized. However, the proportion of N
2
O-N of total reduced NO
3
−
-N decreased from 77% to 30%. Our results indicate that lithoautotrophic NRFeOx occurs even in organic-rich paddy soils, resulting in denitrification and subsequent N
2
O emissions. The obtained novel enrichment culture allows us to study the impact of lithoautotrophic NRFeOx on arsenic mobility and N
2
O emissions in paddy soils.

IMPORTANCE

Paddy soils are naturally rich in iron(II) and regularly experience nitrogen inputs due to fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization increases nitrous oxide emissions as it is an intermediate product during nitrate reduction. Microorganisms can live using nitrate and iron(II) as electron acceptor and donor, respectively, but mostly require an organic co-substrate. By contrast, microorganisms that only rely on nitrate, iron(II), and CO
2
could inhabit carbon-limited ecological niches. So far, no isolate or consortium of lithoautotrophic iron(II)-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing microorganisms has been obtained from paddy soil. Here, we describe a lithoautotrophic enrichment culture, dominated by a typical iron(II)-oxidizer (
Gallionella
), that oxidized iron(II) and reduced nitrate to nitrous oxide, negatively impacting greenhouse gas dynamics. High arsenic concentrations were toxic to the culture but decreased the proportion of nitrous oxide of the total reduced nitrate. Our results suggest that autotrophic nitrate reduction coupled with iron(II) oxidation is a relevant, previously overlooked process in paddy soils.
Viral concentration method biases in the detection of viral profiles in wastewater
Authors: Cheshomi Naeema , Alum Absar , Smith Matthew F. , Lim Efrem S. , Conroy-Ben Otakuye , Abbaszadegan Morteza 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACT

Viral detection methodologies used for wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) studies have a broad range of efficacies. The complex matrix and low viral particle load in wastewater emphasize the importance of the concentration method. This study focused on comparing three commonly used virus concentration methods: polyethylene glycol precipitation (PEG), immuno-magnetic nanoparticles (IMNP), and electronegative membrane filtration (EMF). Influent and effluent wastewater samples were processed by the methods and analyzed by DNA/RNA quantification and sequencing for the detection of human viruses. SARS-COV-2, Astrovirus, and Hepatitis C virus were detected by all the methods in both sample types. PEG precipitation resulted in the detection of 20 types of viruses in influent and 16 types in effluent samples. The corresponding number of virus types detected was 21 and 11 for IMNP, and 16 and 8 for EMF. Certain viruses were unique to only one concentration method. For example, PEG detected three types of viruses in influent and six types in effluent compared to IMNP, which detected seven types in influent and one type in effluent samples. However, the EMF method appeared to be the least effective, detecting three types in influent and none in effluent samples. Rotavirus was detected in influent sample using IMNP method, whereas EMF and PEG methods failed to yield a similar outcome. Consequently, the potential false negative results pose a risk to the credibility of WBE applications. Therefore, implementation of a proper concentration technique is critical to minimize method biases and ensure accurate viral profiling in WBE studies.

IMPORTANCE
In recent years, significant research efforts have been focused on the development of viral detection methodology for wastewater-based epidemiology studies, showing a range of variability in detection efficacies. A proper methodology is essential for an appropriate evaluation of disease prevalence and community health in such studies and necessitates designing a concentration method based on the target pathogenic virus. There remains a need for comparative performance evaluations of methods in the context of detection efficiencies. This study highlights the significant impact of sample matrix, viral structure, and nucleic acid composition on the efficacy of viral concentration methods. Assessing WBE techniques to ensure accurate detection and understanding of viral presence within wastewater samples is critical for revealing viral profiles in municipality wastewater samples.
The quality of SIV-specific fCD8 T cells limits SIV RNA production in Tfh cells during antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Takahama Shokichi , Washizaki Ayaka , Okamura Tomotaka , Kitamura Shingo , Nogimori Takuto , Satou Yorifumi , Yasutomi Yasuhiro , Yoshinaga Tomokazu , Yamamoto Takuya 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACT

The attack and defense of infected cells and cytotoxic CD8 T cells occur in germinal centers in lymphoid tissue in chronic persistent HIV/SIV infection. Latently infected cells, the therapeutic target of HIV infection, accumulate in follicular helper T (Tfh) cells in lymphoid tissue; the impact of HIV-specific follicular CD8 (fCD8) T cells in lymphoid tissue on the latently infected cells remains unknown. We infected 15 cynomolgus macaques with SIVmac239 and examined the contribution of SIV-Gag-specific fCD8 T cells, defined by activation-induced markers (AIMs), to SIV-infected cells. Eight out of the 15 infected macaques served as progressors; a chronic phase combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) model was established for the eight macaques (progressors) with chronic persistent infection status, wherein cART was started in the chronic phase and discontinued after 27 weeks. Seven macaques that naturally controlled the viremia served as natural controllers. The frequency of SIV-Gag-specific fCD8 T cells was inversely correlated with the amount of cell-associated SIV-
gag
RNA in the Tfh only under cART or in the controllers but not in untreated progressors. scRNA-seq of SIV-Gag-specific fCD8 T cells in various conditions revealed that the gene expression pattern of SIV-Gag-specific fCD8 T cells in the controllers was closer to that of those under cART than the untreated progressors. Comparing the SIV-Gag-specific fCD8 T cells of those under cART to the controllers revealed their more exhausted and immunosenescent nature under cART. Improving the HIV/SIV-specific fCD8 T cells under cART by targeting those pathways might contribute to the development of potential curative strategies.

IMPORTANCE
We infected cynomolgus macaques with SIVmac239 to establish an SIV-chronically infected cART model. We performed an in-depth characterization of Tfh and fCD8 T cells in three conditions—chronic stage of untreated, cART-treated, and natural controller cynomolgus macaques—by combining tissue section analysis and single-cell analyses of sorted cells. We revealed the inverse relationship between Tfh infection and SIV-Gag-specific fCD8 T cell frequencies as observed in HIV-infected individuals, thereby establishing the cynomolgus macaque as a relevant animal model to study the determinants of HIV/SIV persistence in lymphoid tissue. Additionally, scRNA-seq analysis of SIV-Gag-specific fCD8 T cells revealed an enrichment of exhausted or senescent transcriptomic signatures under cART. These data will provide the basic insights into virus-host CD8 T cell interactions, particularly within the follicular region, during latent HIV infection under ART.
Cardiovascular health and economic outcomes under improved air quality in China: a modelling study
Authors: Wang Siyuan , Jiang Yawen , Xu Zhiwei , Di Tanna Gian Luca , Lewis Sarah , Chen Mingsheng , Downey Laura , Jan Stephen , Si Lei 
Published: December 2024

IntroductionChina faces the dual challenge of high air pollution and an increasing burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to estimate the healthcare costs associated with CVD and the quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) under scenarios of improved air quality in China.MethodsA health prediction model was developed to estimate 10-year CVD-related costs and QALY associated with PM2.5 levels in 2015, as well as two hypothetical improved air quality scenarios: (1) the China national PM2.5 target of 35 µg/m³, and (2) the World Health Organization’s (WHO) PM2.5 guideline of 5 µg/m³. Population CVD risks were estimated from the 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Hazard ratios from WHO risk curves were subsequently applied to baseline cardiovascular risks to predict national 10-year estimates of ischaemic stroke and coronary heart disease-related healthcare expenditures and QALYs for individuals aged 45–85 under the three air quality scenarios.ResultsUnder PM2.5 levels in 2015, we estimated a cumulative 10-year incidence of 35.40 million CVD events, resulting in healthcare costs of US$96.12 billion and 4.44 billion QALYs. Under the national target of 35 µg/m³, the projected 10-year CVD incidence was 31.92 million cases, resulting in cost savings of US$9.29 billion and 3.43 million QALY gains compared with 2015 levels. If PM2.5 concentration levels meet the WHO’s guideline of 5 µg/m³, the projected number of CVD events would decrease to 24.18 million, translating to cost savings of approximately US$30.10 billion and gains of 11.29 million QALYs.ConclusionOur findings indicate that achieving the WHO recommended PM2.5 concentration level of 5 µg/m³ could lead to over threefold greater health and economic benefits than those achievable under national standards of 35 µg/m³. This underscores the potential need for stricter future national PM2.5 standards. Our findings also inform other low- and middle-income countries in establishing effective long-term PM2.5 targets.
Drug-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents for intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Gong Haozhi , Luo Jichang , Xu Wenlong , Wang Jie , Yang Renjie , Yang Bin , Ma Yan , Wang Tao , Jiao Liqun 
Published: December 2024

BackgroundIn-stent restenosis (ISR) is the primary cause of stroke recurrence after intracranial stenting. Drug-eluting stents (DES) have recently shown great potential for reducing restenosis. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DES compared with bare-metal stents (BMS) for intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS).MethodsWe systematically searched the MEDLINE (Ovid), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase (Ovid) and Web of Science databases for studies published from inception through 10 October 2023, comparing DES with BMS for the treatment of symptomatic severe ICAS. We included randomised controlled trials and cohort studies that compared DES and BMS in adult patients with ICAS. The primary outcomes were stroke or death within 30 days and ISR within 1 year. Secondary outcomes included procedure-related adverse events, technical success, functional evaluation findings, restenosis degree and other safety endpoints within 1 year. Subgroup analyses were conducted across different study types.ResultsA total of 510 participants fulfilling all eligibility criteria were enrolled in four studies. DES had a similar rate of any stroke or death within 1 month (3 studies, 476 participants: risk ratio (RR): 1.00; 95% CI: 0.46 to 1.11; p=1.00; I2=31%) to that of the BMS group and had a significantly lower rate of ISR within 1 year (4 studies, 429 participants: RR: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.41; p<0.001; I2=0%). Moreover, a lower rate of stroke recurrence within 1 year was reported (3 studies, 436 participants: RR: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.88; p=0.02; I2=52%) in the DES group.ConclusionThis review demonstrates that the application of DES for intracranial stenting is safe and can significantly reduce the rates of ISR and recurrent ischaemic events. Further research is required to validate these results.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42022338178.
Clinical characteristics and diagnostic accuracy of preliminary diagnoses in adults with infections in Danish emergency departments: a multicentre combined cross-sectional and diagnostic study
Authors: Skjøt-Arkil Helene , Cartuliares Mariana B , Heltborg Anne , Lorentzen Morten Hjarnø , Hertz Mathias Amdi , Kaldan Frida , Specht Jens Juel , Graumann Ole , Lindberg Mats Jacob Hermansson , Mikkelsen Patrick Asbjørn , Nielsen SL , Jensen Janne , Røge Birgit Thorup , Rosenvinge Flemming S , Mogensen Christian Backer 
Published: December 2024

ObjectiveRapid and accurate infection diagnosis is a prerequisite for appropriate antibiotic prescriptions in an ED. Accurately diagnosing acute infections can be difficult due to nonspecific symptoms and limitations of diagnostic testing. The accuracy of preliminary diagnoses, established on the initial clinical assessment, depends on a physician’s skills and knowledge. It has been scarcely studied, and knowledge of how infected patients present at EDs today is needed to improve it. Based on expert reference diagnoses and a current ED population, this study aimed to characterise adults presenting at EDs with suspected infection to distinguish between infections and non-infections and to investigate the accuracy of the preliminary infection diagnoses.DesignThis study was multicentre with a design that combined a cross-sectional study and a diagnostic study with a prospective enrolment.SettingMulticenter study including EDs at three Danish hospitals.ParticipantsAdults admitted with a preliminary diagnosis of an infectious disease.Outcome measuresData were collected from medical records and participant interviews. The primary outcome was the reference diagnosis made by two medical experts on chart review. Univariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with infectious diseases.ResultsWe included 954 patients initially suspected of having an infection, with 81% later having an infectious disease confirmed by experts. Parameters correlating to infection were fever, feeling unwell, male sex, high C-reactive protein, symptoms onset within 3 days, high heart rate, low oxygen saturation and abnormal values of neutrophilocytes and leucocytes. The three main conditions were community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) (34%), urinary tract infection (UTI) with systemic symptoms (21%) and cellulitis (10%). The sensitivity of the physician’s preliminary infection diagnoses was 87% for CAP, 74% for UTI and 77% for other infections.ConclusionsFour out of five patients with a preliminary infection diagnosis, established on initial clinical assessment, were ultimately confirmed to have an infectious disease. The main infections included CAP, UTI with systemic symptoms and cellulitis. Physicians’ preliminary infection diagnoses were moderately in accordance with the reference diagnoses.Trial registration numberNCT04661085,NCT04681963,NCT04667195.
Intracerebral arterial blood pressure in the vasculature distal to large vessel occlusions in patients with ischemic stroke: correlation with clinical and imaging parameters
Authors: Umhau Moritz , Schmitt Niclas , Jesser Jessica , Hilgenfeld Tim , Chen Min , Ringleb Peter A , Möhlenbruch Markus A , Breckwoldt Michael O , Bendszus Martin , Vollherbst Dominik F 
Published: December 2024

IntroductionMechanical thrombectomy is a highly effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) caused by large vessel occlusions (LVO). However, our understanding of the pathophysiology of AIS is still limited, particularly regarding the ischemic microenvironment distal to the occlusion.AimTo investigate the relationship between the intracerebral blood pressure (BP) distal to an LVO and clinical and imaging parameters.MethodsIn this single-center prospective study, intracerebral BPs proximal and distal to the occluding clot were measured during thrombectomy in patients with AIS of the anterior circulation caused by LVO. BPs were correlated with imaging parameters and clinical data using Spearman’s rank correlation and linear regression.Results25 patients were included. A significant correlation was found between the mean arterial pressure (MAP) distal to the occlusion and the baseline Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (Spearman r=0.503, P=0.014) and baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (r=−0.439, P=0.036). No significant correlation was observed between the MAP distal to the occlusion and collateral scores (eg, MAP vs American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology/Society of Interventional Radiology score (r=0.307, P=0.165) or modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score (pre-mRS vs 90-day mRS; r=0.013, P=0.952)). Systemic MAPs did not correlate with the MAP distal to the clot (eg, R2=0.029, P=0.593).ConclusionThe intracerebral BP measured in the ischemic vasculature distal to the LVO correlates with the extent of the ischemic core and the clinical severity at baseline, but not with collateral scores, systemic BPs, or functional outcome. These results shed light on the pathophysiology of BP mechanisms in AIS and can be the basis for further research in this field.
Preferences for online or in-person STI testing vary by where a person lives and their cultural background: a survey of young Australians
Authors: Cardwell Ethan T , Walsh Olivia , Chang Shanton , Coombe Jacqueline , Fairley Christopher K , Hocking Jane S , Kong Fabian Yuh Shiong , Ludwick Teralynn 
Published: December 2024

ObjectivesThe objectives are to explore the acceptability of online sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing services among young Australians (16–29 years) and how this may vary between sociodemographic populations.MethodsA cross-sectional, online survey (using both closed and open-ended questions) of Australians aged 16–29 years. Of 905 participants, 781 (86%) responded to the question on preference for online versus in-person STI testing and are included in this analysis. Logistic regression was used to identify sociodemographic factors associated with STI testing preferences (online vs in-person). Adjusted ORs (AOR) are reported for each sociodemographic factor. Content analysis was used to code open-ended responses explaining the reasons for the participant’s testing preference.ResultsAmong the participants, 75% (588/781) preferred online testing over in-person testing. 677 (87%) provided reasons for their preference in an associated, open-ended question. Multivariable analysis found that the odds of preferring online services were significantly increased for those living in rural compared with metropolitan areas (AOR=1.7, 1.0–2.9). The odds of preferring online testing over in-person testing were significantly decreased for those of Asian descent (AOR=0.4, 0.2–0.6) and for those who reported having previously tested for an STI (0.6, 0.4–0.9). Convenience and privacy were key factors from the content analysis underlining preferences for online testing services but tended to be voiced by participants with certain sociodemographic characteristics (ie, men who have sex with men and older participants). Factors related to trust and convenience underscored preferences related to in-person testing.ConclusionsIt is clear that there is considerable interest among young people in using online STI testing, but it may not be right for all individuals. Understanding what factors associated with online testing are valued by young users can help inform marketing strategies that highlight these value propositions in their messaging. Further research is needed to engage young people and develop a high-quality, usable online service.
High-intensity interval training with blood-flow restriction enhances sprint and maximal aerobic power in male endurance athletes
Authors: Bourgeois Hubert , Paradis-Deschênes Pénélope , Billaut François 
Published: December 2024

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) can improve endurance performance. We investigated the concurrent impact of HIIT and blood-flow restriction (BFR) as a novel approach to further enhance maximal aerobic and anaerobic physiology and performances in trained athletes. In a randomized controlled trial, eighteen endurance-trained males ([Formula: see text]O2peak 65.6 ± 5.1 mL.min−1.kg−1) included three sessions of HIIT per week (sets of 15 s efforts at 100% maximal aerobic power, interspersed by 15 s recovery) into their usual training for 3 weeks, either with restriction imposed on both lower limbs at 50%–70% of arterial occlusion pressure (BFR group, n = 10) or without (CTL group, n = 8), and were tested for sprint and endurance exercise performance. The total mechanical work developed during a 30 s Wingate test increased only in BFR (3.6%, P = 0.02). During the Wingate, changes in near-infrared spectroscopy-derived vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation (Δ(deoxy[Hb + Mb]), % arterial occlusion) were attenuated after BFR training (−8.8%, P = 0.04). The maximal aerobic power measured during an incremental cycling test increased only in BFR (4.5%, P = 0.0004), but there was no change in [Formula: see text]O2peak among groups. Both groups improved 5 km cycling time trial performance, but BFR displayed a concomitant greater elevation in [H+] (11%, P = 0.02). Changes in other blood variables (e.g., pH, lactate, bicarbonate and potassium ion concentration, and hemoglobin) were not different between groups. Combining short-duration HIIT performed at 100% aerobic power with BFR elicited greater changes in sprint performance and maximal aerobic power in endurance athletes, associated with locomotor muscle metabolic adaptations but no meaningful effect on cardiorespiratory fitness.
Polarizabilities from kaon Compton scattering
Authors: Stamen Dominik , Dammann Jan Luca , Korte Yannis , Kubis Bastian 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The polarizabilities of light pseudoscalar mesons can be extracted from differential cross sections for Compton scattering near threshold. While this has been accomplished for charged pions employing Primakoff reactions, a corresponding measurement for kaons will be affected by the presence of the

$$K^*(892)$$

K
∗

(
892
)

resonance not too far from threshold. We propose a method to extend the energy range serviceable for this purpose by reconstructing the

$$K^*(892)$$

K
∗

(
892
)

contribution model-independently from its

$$K\pi $$

K
π

intermediate state, using dispersion theory. We point out that, in contrast to the charged-pion analog, there is likely no strong hierarchy between sum and difference of electric and magnetic dipole polarizabilities; we discuss the sensitivity to disentangling both by improved experimental angular coverage.