bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Work, Human Rights, and Human Capabilities
Authors: Mantouvalou Virginia 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the value of work and the requirements of the content of work against two normative frameworks: first, human rights, and second, human capabilities. Its main question is whether working like a robot should be prohibited. The chapter identifies certain overlaps in the requirements imposed by the two frameworks, such as a duty to create opportunities to work and the prohibition of being forced to work. When it comes to the content of work, both frameworks prohibit workers’ exploitation, and both recognize the value of self-development in the workplace, up to a certain extent. The overlap is justified given that there are connections between human dignity and human flourishing, both values that are also linked to human rights. However, the chapter also suggests that capabilities theory, as a theory of human flourishing, requires the promotion of meaningful work for everyone. This requirement is more demanding than the duties imposed by human rights, which are primarily about identifying and addressing moral wrongs. Whether boring and monotonous jobs should be prohibited as a moral wrong, though, is not specifically addressed within capabilities theory. The lack of specificity as to the duties imposed is a weakness of the capabilities approach.
Impossible Desire and the Limits of Knowledge in Renaissance Poetry
Authors: Hyman Wendy Beth 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Impossible Desire and the Limits of Knowledge in Renaissance Poetry examines the limits of embodiment, knowledge, and representation at disregarded nexus: the erotic carpe diem poem in early modern England. These macabre seductions offer no compliments or promises, but instead focus on the lovers’ anticipated decline, and—quite stunningly given the Reformation context—humanity’s relegation not to a Christian afterlife but to a Marvellian “desert of vast Eternity.” In this way, a poetic trope whose classical form was an expression of pragmatic Epicureanism became, during the religious upheaval of the Reformation, an unlikely but effective vehicle for articulating religious doubt. Its ambitions were thus largely philosophical, and came to incorporate investigations into the nature of matter, time, and poetic representation. Renaissance seduction poetry invited their auditors to participate in a dangerous intellectual game, one whose primary interest was expanding the limits of knowledge. The book theorizes how Renaissance lyric’s own fragile relationship to materiality and time, and its self-conscious relationship to making, made it uniquely situated to conceptualize such “impossible” metaphysical and representational problems. Although attentive to poetics, Impossible Desire also challenges the commonplace view that the erotic invitation is exclusively a lyric mode. Carpe diem’s revival in post-Reformation Europe portends its radicalization, as debates between man and maid are dramatized in disputes between abstractions like chastity and material facts like death. Offered here is thus a theoretical reconsideration of the generic parameters and aspirations of the carpe diem trope, wherein questions about embodiment and knowledge are also investigations into the potentialities of literary form.
Introduction
Authors: Hyman Wendy Beth 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The Introduction, “The Limits of the Possible,” presents the problems with the conventional reading of carpe diem invitation poetry as a low-stakes, playful mode. These poems’ pretext of erotic enticement is often stunningly belied: by a morbid preoccupation with time and death (with ekphrases of decaying bodies used to incite love-making), by an abstruse fixation on the meaning of virginity (regularly interrogated on physiological, semiotic, and ontological terms), and by an anti-theist denial of Christian Providentialism (if there is no God to judge our actions, why not have sex now?). A brief look at the locus classicus of the motif in authors like Horace and Catullus reveals the philosophical stakes of the Renaissance revival, in which the secular hypothesis puts nothing less than an entire belief system on trial. This introduction shows both the world-making aspirations, but also the terrible constraints on a mode whose primary subject is, ultimately, the limits of human knowledge and existence. The introduction outlines my methodology, both archival and theoretical, for this full-scale re-evaluation of carpe diem as not merely a vaguely erotic commonplace, but also a medium and a mode of cognition.
How to Distinguish Populists from Non-Populists?
Authors: Pappas Takis S. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 discusses how to classify populist parties and clearly distinguish them from other types of parties they are often confused with. It begins by contrasting modern populism specifically with the variant of liberalism that developed in postwar Europe and the Americas, and then goes on to offer a rationalization of the need to study populism as one of only three available alternatives for organizing polity—the other two being liberalism and autocracy. Deriving from the minimal definition of populism as democratic illiberalism, the last two sections offer comprehensive classifications of parties that are populist and those that are not—the latter promptly being relegated to the distinct categories of antidemocratic, nativist, or regionalist and secessionist parties.
Who is the Populist Voter?
Authors: Pappas Takis S. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 considers the question: Who is the populist voter? Because of its essentially exploratory nature, analysis in this chapter leaves quite a few doors wide open for further research. It begins with a delineation of the populist voter’s worldview, key beliefs, and voting attributes, which, to a very large extent, are characterized by irrationality, biased judgment, and political irresponsibility. It then uses the six consecutive electoral contests (five general elections and one plebiscite), which took place in Greece between 2009 and 2015 to empirically exemplify populist voting in real action.
Emergence, Not Supervenience
Authors: Humphreys Paul 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
It is argued that supervenience is an inadequate device for representing relations between different levels of phenomena and that emergence is a better vehicle for interlevel relations. Various interpretations of supervenience relations are examined and they are found to be excessively thin compared to explainable emergence relations. A question is raised about the differences between `vertical’ and `horizontal’ determination relations. Some possible examples of emergence are given and six criteria are provided that emergent phenomena seem to satisfy. Using examples drawn from macroscopic physics, it is suggested that such emergent features may well be quite common in the physical realm.
Emergence
Authors: Humphreys Paul 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Retrospective reflections are provided on the papers “How Properties Emerge,” “Emergence, Not Supervenience,” “Synchronic and Diachronic Emergence,” and “Computational and Conceptual Emergence” by Paul Humphreys. Remarks are made on the respective merits of diachronic and synchronic approaches to emergence and it is noted that fusion emergence is a special case of the author’s more recent transformational emergence. An argument is given that holism should be imposed as a requirement for emergence only on synchronic accounts, and a reevaluation of the six conditions for emergence given in the author’s “Emergence, Not Supervenience” paper is provided. Elaborations of why features are conceptually emergent or inferentially emergent are given and brief remarks on theoretical approaches to emergence are provided. A clarification of the author’s position that introducing levels of properties is in many cases a methodological convenience rather than a recognition of ontological reality is given.
Some Considerations on Conditional Chances
Authors: Humphreys Paul 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Four interpretations of single-case conditional propensities are described, and it is shown that for each of these interpretations a version of what has been called "Humphreys' Paradox" reappears. This paradox is shown to be a formal paradox rather than simply an argument containing a surprising conclusion. Proposed solutions by Donald Gillies, Peter Milne, Christopher McCurdy, and David Miller are considered and are evaluated in the light of those interpretations. Each is shown to have not dissolved the paradox. A general conclusion that the standard theory of probability is not the correct theory for conditional propensities is drawn. Along the way, the role of causation and the temporal development of propensities are examined.
New directions since Meyendorff
Authors: Russell Norman 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the new directions taken since Meyendorff’s work in four fields: the edition of texts, historical research, philosophical investigation, and theological analysis. Ettore Perrella has made Palamas’ texts more widely available. Antonio Rigo and Ioannis Polemis have made fundamental contributions to our historical understanding. Much work has been done by scholars such as Demetracopoulos, Erismann, and Tollefsen on the philosophical structures of Palamas’ thinking. Our understanding of his theological perspective has been deepened by the work of, among others, Radović, Lison, and Yangazoglou. It is argued that a more nuanced Palamas has emerged from these studies, which has enabled us to understand better the context in which Palamas conducted his debates and the nature of the challenges facing him.
How is a participatory understanding of the divine mystery to be attained?
Authors: Russell Norman 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The next question concerns the nature of human participation in God. Participation implies duality, not identity, but the two terms are not commensurate, the one being finite, the other transcendent. Palamas’ solution to the problem of participation was his development of the essence–energies distinction based on Basil of Caesarea’s distinction between the divine essence and its attributes. Testimony to this distinction was sought in the gospel accounts of the transfiguration of Christ, which thus became the subject of detailed exegesis. This chapter discusses the distinctions Palamas sought to make, including one he hotly denied between a higher and a lower divinity, and concludes that the distinctions are not ontological but are intended to highlight the centrality of the experience of God.
A Positive View of Freedom?
Authors: Leiter Brian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the textual evidence that Nietzsche retains a positive conception of “freedom.” Interpretive proposals due to Gemes and Poellner are shown not to be borne out by the texts. The chapter concludes that Nietzsche offers a “persuasive definition” of freedom, attaching the term’s positive valence to a sense of freedom unfamiliar in the modern Humean or Kantian traditions, but having echoes in Spinoza: “freedom” as acting from one’s inner nature rather than from external influences, something one can only do if fated to do so. The Spinoza-type view is shown not to be a kind of Control view of free will, so not one that vindicates moral responsibility.
All About Internalism
Authors: Weatherson Brian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter goes into more detail about the varieties of, and motivations for, internalism in ethics. It argues that internalist theories have to, and typically do, deploy two distinct normative concepts, and discusses what those concepts might be. It then looks at three motivations for normative internalism: that only internalist norms can be guiding, that externalists endorse a bad kind of recklessness, and that only internalists treat factual and moral uncertainty symmetrically. It is argued that the last of these motivations is the strongest, and if this motivation is undercut, internalism will be undermotivated.
Against Symmetry
Authors: Weatherson Brian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that there are a host of intuitive asymmetries between moral uncertainty and factual uncertainty, and these are enough to undermine the symmetry-based motivation for internalism. Our reactive attitudes to our own past failings are different if the failings were caused by factual rather than moral ignorance. Factual ignorance can motivate taking a safe but known to be suboptimal outcome; moral ignorance cannot. And unlike factual ignorance, moral ignorance can only lead to bad action if it is paired with a motivation we should not have: namely a motivation to do what is right whatever that is. Various attempts to argue that this is a good motivation are considered and mostly rejected; the attempts that are plausible do not support popular forms of normative internalism.
Meat and Evil
Authors: Halteman Matthew C. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In a world where meat is often a token of comfort, health, hospitality, and abundance, one can be forgiven for raising an eyebrow at the conjunction “meat and evil.” From another perspective, the problem is obvious: meat—the flesh of slaughtered animals taken for food—is the remnant of a feeling creature who was recently alive and whose death was premature, violent, and often gratuitous. The truth is that meat has a checkered history in the west. From its origin-story in Abrahamic religion to its industrial production today, meat is well-marbled with evil and its minions: sin, violence, injustice, destruction, suffering, and death. My aim is to consider meat’s fitness for a place in the Western history of evil by reflecting on its outsized roles at the bookends of this narrative: meat’s primeval history in Genesis, and its contribution today to ethical and environmental problems of arguably apocalyptic proportions.
Calvinism and the Demonic in the Divine
Authors: Pereboom Derk 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Many of John Calvin’s followers took him to be advocating a supralapsarian view of salvation history according to which God has decided, from all eternity, what will happen, who will be elected, and who will be damned. This raises obvious questions about divine goodness—or, put another way, this brand of Calvinism raises questions about the extent to which there is a streak of the diabolical even in the heart of the divine. Such a view of the divine tends to provoke a strong reaction, which we see in Horace Mann’s turn to a view of the divine that foregrounds kindness and ethical integrity.
Is Don Giovanni Evil?
Authors: Sisman Elaine 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Although Mozart’s librettist for Don Giovanni, Lorenzo Da Ponte, explicitly invoked Dante’s Inferno as a source of his inspiration, both text and music tell a much more ambivalent story. The parts of the action familiar to its first audiences (the night-time escape and duel, the country maid, the statue of the dead Commander coming to dinner) were complicated by Don Giovanni’s persuasive, even heroic music and the hyper-dramatic self-justifications by his would-be conquests. Chronicling the Don’s last day, the opera focuses on his behaviors both nonchalant and impassioned as well as the inability of patriarchal norms and punishments to contain him. The opening scene, the episodic introduction of the women, and the serenade in Act II are seen here as telling examples of Mozart and Da Ponte’s desire—as in their other two collaborations, Le nozze di Figaro and Così fan tutte—to accommodate a serious moral tale to the poignant delights of comic opera. They reveal a vision of the Don beyond good and evil.
Evil in Classical German Philosophy
Authors: Wood Allen 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter compares the accounts of evil will and evil moral psychology in Kant, Fichte, and Kierkegaard. For Kant, evil is the result of a free but ultimately incomprehensible choice on the part of rational agents to prefer self-advantage over the moral law when encountering others in society. For Fichte, evil may involve improperly giving in to natural drives, but it can also involve the giving oneself over to the pure drive to self-sufficiency. Both forms of evil manifest a self-deceptive obscurity and willful complacency that Fichte calls despair. Kierkegaard appropriates this notion of despair and incorporates it into his own more traditional (and less rationalist) picture of sin and redemption.
Leopardi
Authors: Toffoli Silvia De 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Giacomo Leopardi, a major Italian poet of the nineteenth century, was also an expert in evil to whom Schopenhauer referred as a “spiritual brother.” Leopardi wrote: “Everything is evil. That is to say, everything that is, is evil; that each thing exists is an evil; each thing exists only for an evil end; existence is an evil.” These and other thoughts are collected in the Zibaldone, a massive collage of heterogeneous writings published posthumously. Leopardi’s pessimism assumes a polished form in his literary writings, such as Dialogue between Nature and an Islander (1824)—an invective against nature and the suffering of creatures within it. In his last lyric, Broom, or the flower of the desert (1836), Leopardi points to the redeeming power of poetry and to human solidarity as placing at least temporary limits on the scope of evil.
Evil, Natural Science, and Animal Suffering
Authors: Martin Eric , Watkins Eric 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter investigates how historical developments within the natural sciences—specifically, the emergence of mathematical physics in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and of evolutionary biology in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries—shaped European thought about evil. The chapter also considers how the problem of evil takes on different forms and elicits different responses as a result. The first section describes how laws of nature became fundamental to science in the early modern period and then shows how that development influenced conceptions of both moral and natural evil. The second section turns to evolutionary biology and describes the evolutionary problem of evil in its terms. The third section considers Charles Darwin’s position on the problem before examining broadly Darwinian theodicies in the fourth section.
Cinematic Evil
Authors: Uidhir Christy Mag 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Prior to the enforcement of the Motion Picture Production Code in 1934, Hollywood films were infamous for featuring violence, sexuality, profanity, drug use, and all manner of moral turpitude. Despite this, it wasn’t until the middle of the century that what might be called “pure” or “intrinsic” evil became a prominent theme in American film. In this chapter, I investigate the varieties of evil on display in American cinema and conclude that perhaps the relatively late appearance of “pure” evil depicted cinematically may have had to do with the very sorts of very real evils occurring in the very actual world in the middle of the twentieth century.
Medicaid Expansion during the Trump Presidency: The Role of Executive Waivers, State Ballot Measures, and Attorney General Lawsuits in Shaping Intergovernmental Relations
Authors: Richardson Lilliard E 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article assesses developments in the first two years of the Trump presidency regarding implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), with a focus on Medicaid policy. Trump administration officials relied on executive actions to chip away at various elements of the ACA and encouraged and granted state requests for waivers allowing work-requirements and other personal-responsibility rules for Medicaid beneficiaries. Governors and state attorneys general were actively involved in lawsuits that led to several federal court rulings blocking implementation of Medicaid work requirements as well as a ruling that re-opened the legitimacy of the entire ACA. Citizens and interest groups had a major impact at the ballot box by approving several ballot measures that expanded Medicaid in states where expansion was opposed by elected officials. These developments demonstrate how policy adjustments and disputes are worked out in the U.S. federal system in a polarized era, with Congress essentially a bystander and other institutions and actors coming to the fore and resulting in variable speed federalism characterized by different partisan trajectories of state implementation of national policies.
Broad range shuttle vector construction and promoter evaluation for the use of Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 as a microbial engineering platform
Authors: Spangler Joseph R , Caruana Julie C , Phillips Daniel A , Walper Scott A 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAs the field of synthetic biology grows, efforts to deploy complex genetic circuits in nonlaboratory strains of bacteria will continue to be a focus of research laboratories. Members of the Lactobacillus genus are good targets for synthetic biology research as several species are already used in many foods and as probiotics. Additionally, Lactobacilli offer a relatively safe vehicle for microbiological treatment of various health issues considering these commensals are often minor constituents of the gut microbial community and maintain allochthonous behavior. In order to generate a foundation for engineering, we developed a shuttle vector for subcloning in Escherichia coli and used it to characterize the transcriptional and translational activities of a number of promoters native to Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1. Additionally, we demonstrated the use of this vector system in multiple Lactobacillus species, and provided examples of non-native promoter recognition by both L. plantarum and E. coli strains that might allow a shortcut assessment of circuit outputs. A variety of promoter activities were observed covering a range of protein expression levels peaking at various times throughout growth, and subsequent directed mutations were demonstrated and suggested to further increase the degree of output tuning. We believe these data show the potential for L. plantarum WCFS1 to be used as a nontraditional synthetic biology chassis and provide evidence that our system can be transitioned to other probiotic Lactobacillus species as well.
Epidemiological profile and outcomes of snakebite injuries treated in emergency departments in South Korea, 2011–2016: a descriptive study
Authors: Senek Mohd Zaki Fadzil , Kong So Yeon , Shin Sang Do , Sun Kyong Min , Kim Jungeun , Ro Young Sun 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Snakebite is a global public health crisis, but there are no nationwide data on snakebite in South Korea. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological profile and outcomes of snakebite cases in South Korea seasonally.

Methods
The selected subjects were patients of all ages with a chief complaint of snakebite who presented to participating emergency departments (EDs) between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2016.

Results
A total of 1335 patients were eligible for the study. There were an average of 223 snakebite cases reported each year. Most snakebites occurred during the summer months (55.9%) in patients aged 40–59 y (36.3%) and males (61.5%). Snakebites occurred most frequently on Mondays (22.9%) between 12:00 and 17:59 h (42.0%) outdoors (57.9%) and in farm areas (20.7%). Over 82% of the bites were by venomous snakes across all seasons, and 66% of the patients visited EDs without using emergency medical services. Based on the excess mortality ratio-adjusted injury severity score, 88, 9.2 and 2.8% had mild, moderate and severe injuries, respectively. There were 10 fatalities during the study period.

Conclusion
This study provides essential information to understand and assess the burden and distribution of snakebites in South Korea and provides valuable information for developing appropriate prevention and control interventions to address it.