bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obesity Tissue: Composition, Energy Expenditure, and Energy Content in Adult Humans
Authors: Hwaung Phoenix , Bosy-Westphal Anja , Muller Manfred J. , Geisler Corinna , Heo Moonseong , Thomas Diana M. , Kennedy Samantha , Heymsfield Steven B. 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveChronic positive energy balance leads to obesity, and the “excess” weight is usually described as consisting solely of adipose tissue (AT) or its two components, fat and fat‐free mass (nonfat cell mass, extracellular fluid). This study aimed to clarify the nature of “obesity” tissue.MethodsA total of 333 adults had AT, skin, skeletal muscle, bone, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, brain, and residual mass measured or derived using magnetic resonance imaging and dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry. First, associations between these components and AT were examined by developing multiple regression models. Next, obesity‐tissue composition was developed by deriving mean component mass differences between participant groups with normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2) and those with obesity (BMI > 29.9 kg/m2); respective resting energy expenditures and metabolizable energy and protein contents were calculated.ResultsAT significantly predicted organ‐tissue mass in 17 of 18 multiple regression models. In addition to AT and skeletal muscle, the following associations were found: skin, liver, and bone were main contributors to obesity‐tissue composition; liver, kidneys, and heart to resting energy expenditure; and skin, liver, and bone to metabolizable energy and protein contents. A pronounced sexual dimorphism was present in all three models.ConclusionsObesity is characterized not only by excess AT but by increases in the masses of other “companion” organs and tissues and their related metabolic properties.
Performance enhancement of thin‐film composite membranes in water desalination process by wood sawdust
Authors: Azizi Namaghi Hamed , Haghighi Asl Ali , Pourafshari Chenar Mahdi , Hesampour Mehrdad , Pihlajamäki Arto , Mänttäri Mika 
Published: July 2019

In this study, polysulfone/wood sawdust (PSf/WSD) mixed matrix membrane (MMM) was prepared as a novel substrate layer of thin‐film composite (TFC) membrane in water desalination. The main aim was to evaluate how different amounts of WSD (0‐5 wt%) and PSf concentrations (12‐16 wt%) in the porous substrate affect the properties of the final TFC membranes in the separation of organic and inorganic compounds. Morphological and wettability studies demonstrated that the addition of small amount of WSD (less than or equal to 1 wt%) in the casting solution resulted in more porous but similar hydrophobic substrates, while high loading (greater than or equal to 2 wt%) of WSD not only changed the substrate wettability and morphology but also increased and decreased the swelling and mechanical properties of substrate layer. Therefore, PA layer formed thereon displayed extensively varying film morphology, interfacial properties, and separation performance. Based on approximately stable permeate flux (ASPF) and apparent salt rejection efficiency (ASRE), the best TFC membrane was prepared over the substrate with 12 to 14 wt% of PSf and around 0.5 to 1 wt% of WSD. Although notable improvements in permeate flux were obtained by adding a small amount of sawdust, the results clearly indicate that the salt rejection mechanism of TFC membrane was different from the glycerin rejection mechanism. Furthermore, durability results of TFC membranes showed that in continuous operation for 30 days, TFC‐14/0.5 and TFC‐14/01 have the maximum plateau levels of stable permeate flux and salt rejection among the all TFC membranes.
The walking cane length influences the postural sway of community‐dwelling older women
Authors: Camara Camila Thais Pinto , de Freitas Sandra Maria Sbeghen Ferreira , Lima Camila Astolphi , Amorim César Ferreira , Prado‐Rico Janina Manzieri , Perracini Monica Rodrigues 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundMobility‐related problems in older people may be relieved by the use of walking canes. However, the influence of the cane length on the postural stability of cane users has not been explored.ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to examine the influence of a single‐point cane with different lengths on the postural sway of regular cane users, older women during two stance positions, with feet parallel and semi‐tandem stance.MethodsEighteen older women, who used a single‐point walking cane for at least 6 months, stood on a force plate with feet parallel or in semitandem position for 40 s. They always used a cane that was adjusted to one of three different lengths resulting from the distance between the wrist crease and the floor, named WF, or this distance plus 7.5 or 10 cm. Amplitude and speed of the centre of pressure (COP) and its components (rambling and trembling) in the anterior‐posterior and medial‐lateral directions and mean vertical force applied to the cane were compared across cane lengths.ResultsThe amplitude and velocity of COP, rambling and trembling increased with the cane length. This effect was observed for the anterior‐posterior with the feet parallel and in the medial‐lateral direction with the semi‐tandem position. More force was applied on the shorter cane (WF) in semitandem position.ConclusionLonger canes increased the postural sway in the older women and restricted the body weight loaded on the cane. Improper cane length influences the postural sway particularly in a semitandem stance of regular cane users. This may cause a negative impact on postural stability required in daily life activities. The current findings may contribute to the prescription of this assistive device for older adults.
Computational Insight Into the Enantioselectivity of Homoboroproline Catalyzed Asymmetric Aldol Reaction
Authors: Dulger Habibe , Sari Ozlem , Demirel Nadir , Erdem Safiye S. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractChiral amino boronic acids and their derivatives have a wide range of applications including enzyme inhibitors, anti‐cancer agents and molecular sensors. They also draw attention as effective catalysts. Recently, a new proline based amino boronic acid derivative, homoboroproline, was synthesized and demonstrated to be an efficient catalyst in an asymmetric aldol reaction. The reaction mechanism has been elucidated in the present study for the first time. Considering different orientations of the enamine intermediate and the aldehyde, potential alternative mechanisms were modeled with density functional theory (DFT) calculations via PCM/M06‐2X/6‐31G(d,p) method in acetone. The potential energy surface of each mechanism was explored to establish the rate‐determining and enantioselectivity‐determining steps. The calculated enantiomeric excess values (>99%) were found to be in agreement with the experimental values (93%, 95%). The detailed investigation of the transition state structures of the selectivity‐determining step has revealed that attractive interactions between boron and aldehyde oxygen are responsible for the selectivity confirmed by natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The results provide insight into the origin of enantioselectivity in asymmetric aldol reaction catalyzed by homoboroproline.
Three Component, One‐Pot Synthesis of Multifunctional Quinolinopyranpyrazoles via Catalyst‐Free Multicomponent Reaction
Authors: Bakthadoss Manickam , Vinayagam Varathan , Agarwal Vishal , Sharada Duddu S. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA novel and convenient protocol for the three component, one‐pot synthesis of multifunctional quinolinopyranpyrazole frameworks via multicomponent reaction is disclosed. This reaction was performed under solvent, catalyst and column chromatography free condition. The reaction is highly diastereoselective and successfully provided the tetracyclic quinolinopyranpyrazoles in excellent yields.
The Cost of Convenience
Authors: Edwards Lori 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWhen state legislatures mandate voting by mail and early voting in addition to Election Day voting, the cost of conducting an election disproportionately increases. Factors contributing to the cost of convenience include staffing, electronics, logistics, and materials. Since any voter may choose to vote by any mode at any time, duplicate preparation is needed to accommodate peak demand at all early voting sites, precincts, and Vote-by-Mail departments. Lawmakers often don’t have the financial data they need to consider when making election administration policy, and although there is immense cost involved, data suggests that more opportunities to vote do not increase voter participation.
Ghana’s 2012 General Election: Free, Fair, and Flawed?
Authors: Krawczyk Kelly Ann 
Published: July 2019

AbstractGhana has held credible, multi-party elections since 1992, with peaceful alternation of power in 2000, 2008, and 2016. Yet despite this strong democratic track record, Ghanaian elections are still regularly marred by allegations of fraud. This case study details the 2012 general election in Ghana, which was contested in the Supreme Court by the main opposition party, the New Patriotic Party (NPP). The case study highlights the use of mechanisms such as election observation and biometric technology in order to increase the credibility of the election and deter fraud. It also outlines the challenges stemming from the use of these tools, including major malfunction of biometric technology, and relocation of fraud to polling places without the presence of observers. An important conclusion we can draw from the Ghanaian experience of 2012 is that solutions employed to deter electoral fraud, such as the deployment of election observers and the implementation of biometrics, are valuable but insufficient solutions. In some cases, political parties still retain the incentive and ability to manipulate the operation of elections.
State Support for Local Election Offices
Authors: Augino Lori 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCooperation and coordination between state and local election offices is an integral part of election administration. Ensuing that the expertise of local government officials is integrated into decision-making processes is one of many ways to solidify a strong relationship between the state and local governments. Presented are the processes that are used in the state of Washington to ensure that the state election office is providing support to local election officials and implementing policies that enhance the administration of elections and the voter experience in the state.
How an Election Administration Student Evolved into an Election Professional
Authors: Evans Blake 
Published: July 2019

AbstractElection administration is an opportunity to serve citizens by ensuring they are equipped with the tools needed to express their voices through voting. The field of election administration is rapidly evolving to require specialty skills from a variety of professionals. An educational background in election administration can contribute greatly to the success of election administration professionals. This case examines the details of a county-level election administrator’s education, and discusses how election-oriented college experiences can influence early career professionals.
The Role of Professional Associations in Supporting Election Administration
Authors: Mattice Tim 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe creation of professional education programs for election administrators requires not only a thorough understanding of the varying structures and administrative responsibilities for election administration across the United States but also an understanding of approaches for adult education. As many election officials come to the field with limited, if any, formal education in election administration, providing opportunities not only for education but also for networking is essential to creating a more professional cohort of administrators. This case focuses on the creation of the first professional association and education program for election administrators in the United States.
The Road to Election Administration Professionalization: Follow the Bottom Line
Authors: Chapin Doug 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThere is a growing recognition in the field that professionalization of election administration is a vital need for the entire election community. And yet, despite ever-increasing numbers of educational programs and opportunities—not to mention evidence that such programs lead to better outcomes for voters—states have been slow to require professional training for their election officials. One reason may be the lack of a connection between professionalization and states’ bottom lines: that is, a linkage between an increase in training and cost-related election outcomes like reducing errors, more effective spending, and increased cost efficiency. Accordingly, the field needs to find a way to gather information on election costs and link it to the presence or absence of professional election administration training. Quite simply, professionalization advocates need to help policymakers “follow the money.”
The Value of the Election Administration and Voting Survey
Authors: Greene Sean 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis case study examines the implementation of the Election Administration and Voting Survey (EAVS). EAVS is the only national survey to capture data related to the voting and elections process in every state and generates a phenomenal amount of data. Of course, the numbers most people care about are the results—how many votes the candidate they support receives. But beyond the results is a wealth of data related to how elections are run, from how many citizens are registered to vote to how many people cast ballots during early voting, to the number of provisional ballots cast, counted, and rejected. The EAVS captures this data and tells the story of the nuts and bolts of the voting process for both the voters and the election officials charged with administering elections. The importance of this type of data collection, what goes into administering a survey of this scope, the challenges in collecting this vast amount of data, and the potential for improvement will be discussed.
Protecting Election Infrastructure: A View from the Federal Level
Authors: Masterson Matthew 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSecuring elections and democracy in the United States requires adaptation and innovation in the field. The adoption and implementation of new strategies and procedures is not without risk. Ensuring the system is solvent and secure, once viewed solely under the purview of states and local governments, the security of elections in the United States has evolved to be an issue of concern and investment at all levels of government. The increased involvement of federal agencies in the administration of elections in the United States has created new opportunities for the development of intergovernmental relationships and resources. Discussed in this case is the role of the Department of Homeland Security in election administration, as experienced by one election administration expert.
Investigating the mediating effect of working memory on intentional forgetting in dysphoria
Authors: Noreen Saima , Cooke Richard , Ridout Nathan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOur aim was to determine if deficits in intentional forgetting that are associated with depression and dysphoria (subclinical depression) could be explained, at least in part, by variations in working memory function. Sixty dysphoric and 61 non-dysphoric participants completed a modified version of the think/no-think (TNT) task and a measure of complex working memory (the operation span task). The TNT task involved participants learning a series of emotional cue–target word pairs, before being presented with a subset of the cues and asked to either recall the associated target (think) or to prevent it from coming to mind (no think) by thinking about a substitute target word. Participants were subsequently asked to recall the targets to all cues (regardless of previous recall instructions). As expected, after controlling for anxiety, we found that dysphoric individuals exhibited impaired forgetting relative to the non-dysphoric participants. Also as expected, we found that superior working memory function was associated with more successful forgetting. Critically, in the dysphoric group, we found that working memory mediated the effect of depression on intentional forgetting. That is, depression influenced forgetting indirectly via its effect on working memory. However, under conditions of repeated suppression, there was also a direct effect of depression on forgetting. These findings represent an important development in the understanding of impaired forgetting in depression and also suggest that working memory training might be a viable intervention for improving the ability of depressed individuals to prevent unwanted memories from coming to mind.
The complexity of prioritising patching
Authors: Roytman Michael , Jacobs Jay 
Published: July 2019

As American journalist and essayist HL Mencken once wrote: “For every complex problem there is a solution that is concise, clear, simple, and wrong.” Anyone working in or around vulnerability remediation knows the apparently ‘simple’ task of applying a patch is anything but. The vulnerability lifecycle is filled with pitfalls and deceptively complex tasks. Anyone working in or around vulnerability remediation knows that the apparently ‘simple’ task of applying a patch is anything but. The vulnerability lifecycle is filled with pitfalls. The time and effort needed to remediate any single vulnerability across an entire enterprise are often underestimated. This creates an obvious and urgent demand for prioritisation, which requires we understand more about the world of vulnerabilities. Michael Roytman of Kenna Security and Jay Jacobs at the Cyentia Institute explore what the open vulnerability landscape looks like and investigate multiple factors contributing to the remediation efforts.
Positioning for success: building capacity in academic competencies for early-career researchers in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Merritt C. , Jack H. , Mangezi W. , Chibanda D. , Abas M. 
Published: July 2019

Background.
Capacity building is essential in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to address the gap in skills to conduct and implement research. Capacity building must not only include scientific and technical knowledge, but also broader competencies, such as writing, disseminating research and achieving work–life balance. These skills are thought to promote long-term career success for researchers in high-income countries (HICs) but the availability of such training is limited in LMICs.

Methods.
This paper presents the contextualisation and implementation of the Academic Competencies Series (ACES). ACES is an early-career researcher development programme adapted from a UK university. Through consultation between HIC and LMIC partners, an innovative series of 10 workshops was designed covering themes of self-development, engagement and writing skills. ACES formed part of the African Mental Health Research Initiative (AMARI), a multi-national LMIC-led consortium to recruit, train, support and network early-career mental health researchers from four sub-Saharan African countries.

Results.
Of the 10 ACES modules, three were HIC-LMIC co-led, four led by HIC facilitators with LMIC training experience and three led by external consultants from HICs. Six workshops were delivered face to face and four by webinar. Course attendance was over 90% and the delivery cost was approximately US$4500 per researcher trained. Challenges of adaptation, attendance and technical issues are described for the first round of workshops.

Conclusions.
This paper indicates that a skills development series for early-career researchers can be contextualised and implemented in LMIC settings, and is feasible for co-delivery with local partners at relatively low cost.
Turning an invasive hardwood into an asset: Inoculating Ligustrum lucidum logs with a medicinal mushroom, Trametes versicolor, accelerates wood decomposition under field conditions
Authors: O’Donnell Lisa , Moulton Laurel L. , Stack Jimm 
Published: July 2019

AbstractGlossy privet (Ligustrum lucidumW. T. Aiton) is a highly aggressive tree that has become globally invasive in a wide range of habitats and can quickly form dense thickets, shading and outcompeting native vegetation. Slowly decomposing slash following removal of dense infestations can create additional management challenges, including fire risk concerns, which curtailed planned invasive plant removal projects on certain tracts within the Balcones Canyonlands Preserve near Austin, TX. This prompted a pilot study to explore whether wood-decaying fungi could be used to hasten the recycling ofL. lucidumlogs back into the forest ecosystem. We inoculated 25 freshly cutL. lucidumlogs withTrametes versicolor(Fr.) Pilat at two study sites and monitored the inoculated logs and 5 untreated control logs over a 3-yr period (February 2015 to March 2018). We found that inoculation significantly accelerated wood decay. By the end of our study, 100% of logs with &gt;3 inoculation points were in advanced stages of decay, while only one of the control logs showed noticeable signs of decay. Inoculating logs in the field was easy and suitable for novices, requiring little or no previous experience to achieve successful results. An added benefit of usingT. versicoloris its medicinal properties and potential for bioremediation. We have continued to inoculate logs with comparable success and are integrating them into forest restoration projects. Applied on a larger scale, these wood-decaying fungi have the potential to transform nonnative deadwood from a threat to an asset.
Russian-olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) genetic diversity in the western United States and implications for biological control
Authors: Gaskin John F. , Andrés Jose A. , Bogdanowicz Steven M. , Guilbault Kimberly R. , Hufbauer Ruth A. , Schaffner Urs , Weyl Philip , Williams Livy 
Published: July 2019

AbstractInvasions can be genetically diverse, and that diversity may have implications for invasion management in terms of resistance or tolerance to control methods. We analyzed the population genetics of Russian-olive (Elaeagnus angustifoliaL.), an ecologically important and common invasive tree found in many western U.S. riparian areas. We found three cpDNA haplotypes and, using 11 microsatellite loci, identified three genetic clusters in the 460 plants from 46 populations in the western United States. We found high levels of polymorphism in the microsatellites (5 to 15 alleles per locus; 106 alleles total). Our native-range sampling was limited, and we did not find a genetic match for the most common cpDNA invasive haplotype or a strong confirmation of origin for the most common microsatellite genetic cluster. We did not find geographic population structure (isolation by distance) across the U.S. invasion, but we did identify invasive populations that had the most diversity, and we suggest these as choices for initial biological control–release monitoring. Accessions from each genetic cluster, which coarsely represent the range of genetic diversity found in the invasion, are now included in potential classical biological control agent efficacy testing.