bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Impact of Adding Plan Reminders on Implementation Intentions to Support Behaviour Change
Authors: Wicaksono Adhi , Hendley Robert , Beale Russell 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe use of reminders in habit-formation apps could lead to dependency towards the reminders and hinder the automaticity of the behaviour. Implementation intentions (if–then plan) have been found to be an effective technique that can be used to support forming new habits/breaking unwanted habits. However, implementation intentions could suffer due to forgetfulness and lack of strong intention. In this study, we investigated how adding plan reminders could impact implementation intentions by conducting a 4-week study on daily mood report task. Our findings suggest that adding plan reminders leads to better compliance and better recall of the plan but not necessarily increased automaticity. We also discuss how plan reminders of implementation intentions can be improved.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSImplementation intentions are specific action planning that have been found to be powerful in supporting behaviour change by helping someone to break unwanted habits or form new habits. Implementation intentions could have a weak effect when there is no strong motivation to perform the intended behaviour. Existing habit formation/behaviour change apps focus on using reminders. This could lead to dependency towards the reminder. We propose an alternative approach by sending specific reminders of implementation intention (plan reminders) in advance before the actual action happens. Adding plan reminders on implementation intentions leads to better compliance, however, it is not necessarily the same in term of automaticity.
Purpose
Authors: Kakoullis Emily , Ikehara Yoshikazu 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 1 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). The article sets out the purpose of the CRPD and describes its target group. It enshrines a ‘paradigm shift’ in approach to the concept of ‘disability’ in international human rights law: a shift from an approach underpinned by a ‘medical model of disability’ that views persons with disabilities as ‘objects’ of medical treatment and in need of charity; to a ‘social model of disability’, which views persons with disabilities as ‘subjects’ with rights and focuses on the barriers persons with disabilities face that may hinder their societal participation.
Equality and Non-Discrimination
Authors: Corsi Jessica Lynn 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 5 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), which sets out the concepts of equality and non-discrimination. It explores the myriad advances embodied in Article 5 and analyses the legal import of each paragraph. It also considers the potential challenges to implementing Article 5, including clashes between the CRPD Committee’s interpretation and that of states parties, and conflicts between equality rights, such as the right to abortion and arguments that non-discrimination under the CRPD requires bans on aborting disabled foetuses. What emerges is a picture of equality and non-discrimination born of ‘a three-dimensional view of the reality of life as a person with a disability’.
Accessibility
Authors: Lawson Anna 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 9 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), which articulates rights to accessibility. The chapter is divided into three main sections in addition to the introduction. The first of these focuses on the Ad Hoc Committee debates that shaped Article 9. This will be organized thematically under four distinct headings so as to facilitate analysis of key recurring issues. The second and third sections deal with the current text of Article 9 (paragraphs 9(1) and 9(2) respectively), its implications, and the way in which it has been understood and applied, particularly by the CRPD Committee. Cross-cutting themes will be highlighted throughout as will any relevant domestic case law.
Equal Recognition before the Law
Authors: Nilsson Anna , Series Lucy 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). Article 12 of the CRPD is concerned with how legal systems enable and disable people as legal actors. In the view of the UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and many of those involved in negotiating Article 12, it introduces a new paradigm of ‘universal legal capacity’ that cannot be limited on grounds of disability or mental incapacity. The Committee maintains that this requires the abolition of all forms of substitute decision-making. This interpretation of Article 12 is contested in the literature, but for many involved in the disability movement, ending guardianship and other forms of substitute decision-making is central to wider advocacy goals of ending institutionalization, forced treatment, and loss of fundamental citizenship rights such as the ability to vote, marry, and own property.
Protection against Torture and Cruel or Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
Authors: Fennell Phil 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 15 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), which prohibits torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment (CIDTP), irrespective of the circumstances and the victim’s behaviour. Article 15 rights overlap with rights under other CRPD articles, including the right to legal capacity on an equal basis with others under Article 12; the right to liberty and security under Article 14; the right to protection against violence, exploitation and abuse under Article 16; the right to physical and mental integrity under Article 17 and; the right to health care on an equal basis with others and based on informed consent under Article 25.
Liberty of Movement and Nationality
Authors: Mute Lawrence 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 18 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), which establishes the rights of persons with disabilities to liberty of movement, residence, as well as to a nationality. These rights are cardinal to the full realization of the CRPD and play critical twin roles. Firstly, they establish actionable distinct rights while, secondly, they play indispensable facilitative functions for enabling persons with disabilities to have full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms. The chapter explains the principles and norms that informed the drafting of Article 18. It discusses the specific meanings of the various elements of the article. It also assesses how international and domestic jurisdictions have begun to interpret Article 18.
Personal Mobility
Authors: Kovudhikulrungsri Lalin , Hendriks Aart 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 20 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). Personal mobility is a prerequisite for inclusion in a society. According to the European Court of Human Rights, to be mobile and to have access to transport, housing, cultural activities, and leisure is a precondition for the ‘right to establish and develop relations with other human beings’, ‘in professional or business contexts as in others’. The CRPD does not establish new rights for persons with disabilities. It is merely thought to identify specific actions that states and others must take to ensure the effectiveness and inclusiveness of all human rights and to protect against discrimination on the basis of disability. However, the fact that there is no equivalent of the right to personal mobility in any other human rights treaty makes it particularly interesting to examine the genesis and meaning of this provision.
Reports by States Parties
Authors: Kanter Arlene 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 35 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), which sets out the requirements for reporting by states parties to the CRPD Committee. It begins with an overview of the background and travaux préparatoires of Article 35. Although the reporting requirements were discussed at several sessions of the Ad Hoc Committee, it was not until the sixth session, in August of 2005, when the Committee considered the substantive proposals related to Article 35. The following sections of the chapter discuss each paragraph of Article 35, including what constitutes a ‘comprehensive’ country report, as required under Article 35(4). The final section compares the language of Article 35 with the reporting requirements of other human rights treaties, followed by a conclusion.
The Secretary-General of the United Nations Shall Be the Depositary of the Present Convention
Authors: Bantekas Ilias 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 41 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). In accordance with article 76(1) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, the designation of the depositary of a treaty may be made by the negotiating states, either in the treaty itself or in some other manner. Practice, as is the case with Article 41 CRPD, suggests that depositories are designated in the body of the treaty. The depositary is expected to undertake certain functions and assume several powers under customary international law, none of which are explained in the depositary provisions of multilateral treaties. The functions and powers of the depositary should be distinguished from other functions and powers entrusted to the same entity under other provisions of the same treaty.
Accessible Format
Authors: Varney Eliza 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 49 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). The importance of Article 49 CRPD is threefold. Firstly, it facilitates the dissemination of the CRPD by requiring that the Convention be made available in accessible formats. Secondly, this provision has the potential to set a benchmark for the accessibility of the CRPD text, but also of CRPD-related materials, such as CRPD educational materials. Thirdly, the impact of this article has the potential to go beyond the CRPD and in the development of an accessibility standard for all treaties. The chapter explores these issues in more depth. It also discusses the connection between Article 49 CRPD and other provisions of the Convention, including Article 8 (awareness-raising), Article 9 (accessibility), Article 21 (freedom of expression and opinion and access to information), Article 24 (education), Article 29 (participation in political and public life), and Article 33 (national implementation and monitoring).
Evaluating a Real World Ban on Menthol Cigarettes: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis of Sales
Authors: Chaiton Michael , Schwartz Robert , Shuldiner Jennifer , Tremblay Gabrielle , Nugent Robert 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Menthol in cigarettes has been shown to increase regular cigarette smoking and nicotine dependence, and decrease success in smoking cessation. Owing to these reasons, in May 2015, the province of Ontario introduced a menthol ban on tobacco products that came into effect in January 2017 prior to a Federal Canadian Ban in October 2017. The objective of this article was to assess the effect of a provincial menthol ban on cigarette wholesale sales in Ontario.

Methods
Wholesale data submitted by tobacco manufacturers to Health Canada pursuant to the federal Tobacco Reporting Regulations from October 2012 to September 2017 were analyzed using interrupted time-series analysis. Changes in sales of cigarettes with and without menthol were estimated, using the province of British Columbia as a comparison. Analyses were seasonally adjusted.

Results
Sales of menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes increased from 2013 until the implementation of the 2017 provincial ban. Subsequently, a sharp decline of 55 million menthol cigarettes and 128 million total cigarettes was observed in Ontario. As a comparison, no significant changes were observed in British Columbia.

Conclusion
This study supports the conclusion that implementation of a menthol ban in Ontario was associated with significant reduction of menthol cigarette sales and total cigarettes sales, compared to British Columbia where there was no provincial menthol ban. This suggests that menthol regulations in jurisdictions with a larger percentage of menthol smokers are likely to be highly effective.

Implications
The 2017 menthol ban was associated with significant reduction of menthol cigarette sales and total cigarette sales suggesting that menthol regulations will have important effects on cigarette consumption.
Pharmacokinetic Profile of Spectrum Reduced Nicotine Cigarettes
Authors: Kamens Helen M , Silva Constanza P , Nye Russell T , Miller Carley N , Singh Nayantara , Sipko Joseph , Trushin Neil , Sun Dongxiao , Branstetter Steven A , Muscat Joshua E , Richie John P , Foulds Jonathan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Spectrum research cigarettes have been developed with varying nicotine content for use in studies evaluating the effects of a regulatory policy reducing the permissible nicotine content in cigarettes. This study aimed to characterize the nicotine pharmacokinetic profile of Spectrum cigarettes.

Methods
Twelve daily smokers attended four sessions and had blood nicotine, exhaled carbon monoxide, and subjective effects measured before and after smoking either a single cigarette of their preferred brand or high (10.9 mg/cigarette), medium (3.2 mg/cigarette), or low (0.2 mg/cigarette) nicotine content Spectrum research cigarettes, in a double-blind design with order counterbalanced.

Results
The boost in blood nicotine concentration was dose-dependent, with a boost of 0.3, 3.9, and 17.3 ng/mL for low-, medium-, and high-nicotine content Spectrum cigarettes. The high dose Spectrum had a similar nicotine boost to the “preferred brand” cigarettes (19 ng/mL). Subjects took longer puffs on the low nicotine cigarettes, but smoked these cigarettes faster than other cigarette types. High nicotine Spectrum cigarettes reduced the urge to smoke more than other cigarette types.

Conclusions
This study shows that Spectrum research cigarettes produce blood nicotine absorption in a dose-dependent manner, and therefore, are appropriate for use in studies of nicotine reduction in cigarettes.

Implications
This is the first study to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of Spectrum reduced nicotine content research cigarettes following an overnight abstinence. These data could provide evidence to regulatory agencies about the effects of reduced nicotine cigarettes when considering regulations on tobacco reduction.
FOREST Unbiased Galactic Plane Imaging Survey with the Nobeyama 45 m telescope (FUGIN). V. Dense gas mass fraction of molecular gas in the Galactic plane
Authors: Torii Kazufumi , Fujita Shinji , Nishimura Atsushi , Tokuda Kazuki , Kohno Mikito , Tachihara Kengo , Inutsuka Shu-ichiro , Matsuo Mitsuhiro , Kuriki Mika , Tsuda Yuya , Minamidani Tetsuhiro , Umemoto Tomofumi , Kuno Nario , Miyamoto Yusuke 
Published: March 2019

AbstractRecent observations of the nearby Galactic molecular clouds indicate that the dense gas in molecular clouds has quasi-universal properties on star formation, and observational studies of extra-galaxies have shown a galactic-scale correlation between the star formation rate (SFR) and the surface density of molecular gas. To reach a comprehensive understanding of both properties, it is important to quantify the fractional mass of dense gas in molecular clouds, fDG. In particular, for the Milky Way (MW) there are no previous studies resolving fDG disk over a scale of several kpc. In this study, fDG was measured over 5 kpc in the first quadrant of the MW, based on the CO J = 1–0 data in l = 10°–50° obtained as part of the FOREST Unbiased Galactic plane Imaging survey with the Nobeyama 45 m telescope (FUGIN) project. The total molecular mass was measured using 12CO, and the dense gas mass was estimated using C18O. The fractional masses, including fDG, in the region within ±30% of the distances to the tangential points of the Galactic rotation (e.g., the Galactic Bar, Far-3 kpc Arm, Norma Arm, Scutum Arm, Sagittarius Arm, and inter-arm regions) were measured. As a result, an averaged fDG of $2.9^{+2.6}_{-2.6}$% was obtained for the entirety of the target region. This low value suggests that dense gas formation is the primary factor in inefficient star formation in galaxies. It was also found that fDG shows large variations depending on the structures in the MW disk. In the Galactic arms, fDG was estimated to be ∼4%–5%, while in the bar and inter-arm regions it was as small as ∼0.1%–0.4%. These results indicate that the formation/destruction processes of the dense gas and their timescales are different for different regions in the MW, leading to differences in Star formation efficiencies.
A Brief Mindfulness Intervention for Medically Hospitalized Patients with Acute Pain: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Miller-Matero Lisa R , Coleman Joseph P , Smith-Mason Christine E , Moore David A , Marszalek Deanna , Ahmedani Brian K 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjective. Mindfulness interventions may be beneficial for patients with chronic pain; however, the effects for acute pain are not understood. The purpose of this study was to pilot test a brief mindfulness intervention for acute pain and stress for patients in an inpatient medical setting. Design. Pilot randomized clinical trial. Setting. An inpatient Acute Care Surgery service at an urban hospital. Subjects. Sixty patients with acute pain were randomly selected and agreed to participate. Methods. Interested patients consented to the study and were randomized to the 10-minute intervention (i.e., mindfulness strategy) or comparison group (i.e., education on the Gate Control Theory of Pain). Participants completed pre- and post-assessment measures on pain severity and stress. Results. Preliminary results showed that within the intervention and comparison groups, participants experienced decreases in pain from pre- to post-intervention (P = 0.002 and 0.005, respectively). Within the intervention group, there was a significant decrease in stress from pre- to post-intervention (P = 0.001). There were no significant changes for stress within the comparison group (P = 0.32). There were no significant differences between the intervention and comparison groups for pain (P = 0.44) or stress (P = 0.07) at post-intervention, although Cohen’s d effect sizes were small to medium for pain and stress, respectively. Conclusions. A brief mindfulness intervention for medically hospitalized patients with acute pain may decrease pain and stress. Future research should examine this intervention with a fully powered, larger sample to examine efficacy.
People With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Have Low Physical Fitness and Can Be Predisposed to Inactive and Sedentary Lifestyles
Authors: Harmsen Wouter J , Khajeh Ladbon , Ribbers Gerard M , Heijenbrok-Kal Majanka H , Sneekes Emiel , van Kooten Fop , Neggers Sebastian , van den Berg-Emons Rita J 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyles, and low functional outcome are thought to impact the level of physical fitness in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (a-SAH). However, changes in fitness over time and associated factors have not been studied in a-SAH.

Objective
The objective was to evaluate the level of physical fitness in the first year after a-SAH and explore longitudinal relations with physical activity, sedentary behavior, and functional outcome. Additionally, we evaluated whether physical fitness could be predicted by disease-related characteristics (ie, severity of a-SAH, location of the aneurysm, treatment procedure, pituitary dysfunction, and complications).

Design
This was a prospective 1-year follow-up study.

Methods
Fifty-two participants performed exercise testing at 6 and 12 months after a-SAH. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and isokinetic dynamometry were applied to determine the peak oxygen uptake $({\rm{\dot{V}}}{{\rm{o}}_{2{\rm{peak}}}})$ and the peak torque of the knee extensors (PText) and flexors (PTflex). In addition, physical activity and sedentary behavior were evaluated by accelerometer-based activity monitoring. The functional outcome was assessed by the Functional Independence Measure and Functional Assessment Measure. Disease-related characteristics were collected at hospital intake.

Results
At both 6 and 12 months, all fitness parameters were lower compared with predicted values (ranging from 18% to 28%). Physical activity is related to both ${\rm{\dot{V}}}{{\rm{o}}_{{\rm{2peak}}}}$ and PTflex. The Functional Independence Measure and Functional Assessment Measure scores was related to PText and PTflex. Further, participants who underwent surgical clipping had lower ${\rm{\dot{V}}}{{\rm{o}}_{{\rm{2peak}}}}$ and PTflex.

Limitations
Longitudinal observations cannot confirm causality.

Conclusions
Levels of physical fitness remain low over the first year after a-SAH. Participants who were physically more active had higher levels of physical fitness, whereas participants with impaired functional outcome or who were treated with surgical clipping were at risk of low physical fitness. Exercise interventions are warranted and should focus on the promotion of physical activity and target patients with impaired functional outcome or those who have been treated with surgical clipping.
MAGNETO-THERAPY IN PHYSIOTHERAPY UNITS: INTRODUCTION OF QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURE DUE TO LACK OF MAINTENANCE
Authors: Koutsojannis Constantinos , Andrikopoulos Andreas , Seimenis Ioannis , Adamopoulos Adam 
Published: March 2019

AbstractRehabilitation practice for many patients consisting of a combined use of magneto therapy resulting emission of low frequency magnetic fields to the patient, elicit concerns about occupational exposure to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) for the operators. The time extended use of the device periodically leads to mechanical failures or troubleshooting of the machine which, in most cases, are not perceived by the operator of the device. All device’s efficient functionality have a major impact on the completion of the treatment procedure in a large percentage of specific clinical conditions. If the device’s operating condition is technically out of order or in a mode of over-activity, operators are mainly seeking solutions by reviewing the clinical case of the patient. This eliminates their contribution during the primary therapeutic plan or increases the treatment sessions. In this work, an extended survey is presented including 75 physiotherapy centres concerning usability and maintenance issues of magneto therapy devices throughout Greek territory combined with extended measurements of Electromagnetic Radiation in the unit room were performed. Physiotherapists’ perceptions revealed lack of technical support, maintenance and safe use of magneto therapy devices that extract auxiliary observations upon their clinical practice routines. Additionally safety measurements have not revealed field strengths over International Reference Levels which could result health risks for users and coexisting patients. The pilot survey that conducted in Attica and Western Greece confirms that magnetic fields strength that are measured are in accordance with the statutory legislation but will, at the same time, revealed lack of maintenance of the devices. Deficiency in topics such as proper equipment function will necessitate the creation of quality safety protocols, concerning the use of magneto-therapy, with the main aim the improvement of treatment procedures for the higher performance of therapeutic rehabilitation services to patients. Finally in this work, the proposal of a QC protocol for magnetotherapy devices is proposed for evaluation.