bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPUTABILITY THEORY, NONSTANDARD ANALYSIS, AND THEIR CONNECTIONS
Authors: NORMANN DAG , SANDERS SAM 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe investigate the connections between computability theory and Nonstandard Analysis. In particular, we investigate the two following topics and show that they are intimately related.(T.1) A basic property of Cantor space$2^ $ is Heine–Borel compactness: for any open covering of $2^ $, there is a finite subcovering. A natural question is: How hard is it to compute such a finite subcovering? We make this precise by analysing the complexity of so-called fan functionals that given any $G:2^ \to $, output a finite sequence $\langle f_0 , \ldots ,f_n \rangle $ in $2^ $ such that the neighbourhoods defined from $\overline {f_i } G\left( {f_i } \right)$ for $i \le n$ form a covering of $2^ $.(T.2) A basic property of Cantor space in Nonstandard Analysis is Abraham Robinson’s nonstandard compactness, i.e., that every binary sequence is “infinitely close” to a standard binary sequence. We analyse the strength of this nonstandard compactness property of Cantor space, compared to the other axioms of Nonstandard Analysis and usual mathematics.Our study of (T.1) yields exotic objects in computability theory, while (T.2) leads to surprising results in Reverse Mathematics. We stress that (T.1) and (T.2) are highly intertwined, i.e., our study is holistic in nature in that results in computability theory yield results in Nonstandard Analysis and vice versa.
Values in adolescent friendship networks
Authors: Kindschi Martin , Cieciuch Jan , Davidov Eldad , Ehlert Alexander , Rauhut Heiko , Tessone Claudio Juan , Algesheimer René 
Published: September 2019

AbstractValues—the motivational goals that define what is important to us—guide our decisions and actions every day. Their importance is established in a long line of research investigating their universality across countries and their evolution from childhood to adulthood. In adolescence, value structures are subject to substantial change, as life becomes increasingly social. Value change has thus far been understood to operate independently within each person. However, being embedded in various social systems, adolescents are constantly subject to social influence from peers. Thus, we introduce a framework investigating the emergence and evolution of value priorities in the dynamic context of friendship networks. Drawing on stochastic actor-oriented network models, we analyze 73 friendship networks of adolescents. Regarding the evolution of values, we find that adolescents’ value systems evolve in a continuous cycle of internal validation through the selection and enactment of goals—thereby experiencing both congruence and conflicts—and external validation through social comparison among their friends. Regarding the evolution of friendship networks, we find that demographics are more salient for the initiation of new friendships, whereas values are more relevant for the maintenance of existing friendships.
EndNote: Feature-based classification of networks
Authors: Barnett Ian , Malik Nishant , Kuijjer Marieke L. , Mucha Peter J. , Onnela Jukka-Pekka 
Published: September 2019

AbstractNetwork representations of systems from various scientific and societal domains are neither completely random nor fully regular, but instead appear to contain recurring structural features. These features tend to be shared by networks belonging to the same broad class, such as the class of social networks or the class of biological networks. Within each such class, networks describing similar systems tend to have similar features. This occurs presumably because networks representing similar systems would be expected to be generated by a shared set of domain-specific mechanisms, and it should therefore be possible to classify networks based on their features at various structural levels. Here we describe and demonstrate a new hybrid approach that combines manual selection of network features of potential interest with existing automated classification methods. In particular, selecting well-known network features that have been studied extensively in social network analysis and network science literature, and then classifying networks on the basis of these features using methods such as random forest, which is known to handle the type of feature collinearity that arises in this setting, we find that our approach is able to achieve both higher accuracy and greater interpretability in shorter computation time than other methods.
14C Blank Assessment in Small-Scale Compound-Specific Radiocarbon Analysis of Lipid Biomarkers and Lignin Phenols
Authors: Sun Shuwen , Meyer Vera D , Dolman Andrew M , Winterfeld Maria , Hefter Jens , Dummann Wolf , McIntyre Cameron , Montluçon Daniel B , Haghipour Negar , Wacker Lukas , Gentz Torben , van der Voort Tessa S , Eglinton Timothy I , Mollenhauer Gesine 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTCompound-specific radiocarbon (14C) dating often requires working with small samples of < 100 µg carbon (µgC). This makes the radiocarbon dates of biomarker compounds very sensitive to biases caused by extraneous carbon of unknown composition, a procedural blank, which is introduced to the samples during the steps necessary to prepare a sample for radiocarbon analysis by accelerator mass spectrometry (i.e., isolating single compounds from a heterogeneous mixture, combustion, gas purification and graphitization). Reporting accurate radiocarbon dates thus requires a correction for the procedural blank. We present our approach to assess the fraction modern carbon (F14C) and the mass of the procedural blanks introduced during the preparation procedures of lipid biomarkers (i.e. n-alkanoic acids) and lignin phenols. We isolated differently sized aliquots (6–151 µgC) of n-alkanoic acids and lignin phenols obtained from standard materials with known F14C values. Each compound class was extracted from two standard materials (one fossil, one modern) and purified using the same procedures as for natural samples of unknown F14C. There is an inverse linear relationship between the measured F14C values of the processed aliquots and their mass, which suggests constant contamination during processing of individual samples. We use Bayesian methods to fit linear regression lines between F14C and 1/mass for the fossil and modern standards. The intersection points of these lines are used to infer F14Cblank and mblank and their associated uncertainties. We estimate 4.88 ± 0.69 μgC of procedural blank with F14C of 0.714 ± 0.077 for n-alkanoic acids, and 0.90 ± 0.23 μgC of procedural blank with F14C of 0.813 ± 0.155 for lignin phenols. These F14Cblank and mblank can be used to correct AMS results of lipid and lignin samples by isotopic mass balance. This method may serve as a standardized procedure for blank assessment in small-scale radiocarbon analysis.
Threat, Prejudice, and White Americans’ Attitudes toward Immigration and Syrian Refugee Resettlement
Authors: Nassar Rita 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe literature on immigration is divided between theories that highlight the importance of prejudice and theories that emphasize realistic threat as the primary driver of anti-immigration attitudes. This study examines how prejudice and realistic threat impact White Americans’ attitudes toward accepting refugees and immigrants in general. Using data from the 2016 American National Election Study and the 2016 Chicago Council Survey, I show that even though refugees differ from other immigrants in terms of their legal status and the rhetoric pertaining to them, attitudes toward immigration policies relating to both refugees and immigrants in general are primarily driven by prejudice.
Weighted estimates for the Calderón commutator
Authors: Chen Jiecheng , Hu Guoen 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this paper the authors consider the weighted estimates for the Calderón commutator defined by
\mathcal{C}_{m+1, A}(a_1,\ldots,a_{m};f)(x)={\rm p. v.} \displaystyle\int_{\mathbb{R}}\displaystyle\frac{P_2(A; x, y)\prod\nolimits_{j=1}^m(A_j(x)-A_j(y))}{(x-y)^{m+2}}f(y){\rm d}y,with P2(A;x, y) = A(x) − A(y) − A′(y)(x − y) and A′ ∈ BMO(ℝ). Dominating this operator by multi(sub)linear sparse operators, the authors establish the weighted bounds from $L^{p_1}(\mathbb {R},w_1) \times \cdots \times L^{p_{m+1}}(\mathbb {R},w_{m+1})$ to $L^{p}(\mathbb {R},\nu _{\vec {\kern 1pt w}})$, with p1, …, pm+1 ∈ (1, ∞), 1/p = 1/p1 + · · · + 1/pm+1, and $\vec {\kern 1pt w}=(w_1, \ldots , w_{m+1})\in A_{\vec {P}}(\mathbb {R}^{m+1})$. The authors also obtain the weighted weak type endpoint estimates for $\mathcal {C}_{m+1, A}$.
Frequency ofToxocara canisantibodies in Mexican paediatric patients with epilepsy
Authors: Caballero-García M.d.L. , Simón-Salvador J. , Hernández-Aguilar J.C. , Reyes-Lopez A. , Nogueda-Torres B. , Jiménez-Cardoso E. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe relationship between epilepsy and the presence of visceral larva migrans caused byToxocara canisin Mexican children remains uncertain; however, this relationship needs to be elucidated because these parasite larvae can invade the human central nervous system. Accordingly, this study aimed to determine the frequency and specificity of anti-T. canisantibodies in the sera of children with epilepsy to determine the relationship between this parasite and epilepsy. The sera samples of 214 children were examined: 111 children diagnosed with epilepsy and 103 clinically healthy children without neurological disorders. In the sera of each group, the presence and specificity of anti-T. canisand anti-Ascaris lumbricoidesantibodies, as well as the cross-reactivity between them, were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting analysis. Among the children with epilepsy, 25.2% exhibited seropositivity toT. canis. Cross-reactivity against theA. lumbricoidesantigen was present in 46.8% of the children with epilepsy, whereas 11.7% of the children with epilepsy and anti-T. canisantibodies did not exhibit cross-reactivity against this antigen. The Western blotting analysis of the sera from the children with epilepsy demonstrated the presence ofT. canisproteins, with molecular weights of 24, 35, 55, 70, 120 and 210 kDa, andA lumbricoidesproteins with molecular weights of 70, 80 and 110 kDa. Our results revealed the presence of anti-T. canisantibodies in the children with epilepsy; furthermore, cross-reactivity tests withA. lumbricoidesshowed the importance of the presence of anti-T. canisantibodies in revealing the relationship between this parasite and epilepsy in children.
Cognitive bias modification to prevent depression (COPE): results of a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Basanovic Julian , Grafton Ben , Ford Andrew , Hirani Varsha , Glance David , MacLeod Colin , Almeida Osvaldo P. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundAlthough efficacious treatments for major depression are available, efficacy is suboptimal and recurrence is common. Effective preventive strategies could reduce disability associated with the disorder, but current options are limited. Cognitive bias modification (CBM) is a novel and safe intervention that attenuates biases associated with depression. This study investigated whether the delivery of a CBM programme designed to attenuate negative cognitive biases over a period of 1 year would decrease the incidence of major depression among adults with subthreshold symptoms of depression.MethodsRandomised double-blind controlled trial delivered an active CBM intervention or a control intervention over 52 weeks. Two hundred and two community-dwelling adults who reported subthreshold levels of depression were randomised (100 intervention, 102 control). The primary outcome of interest was the incidence of major depressive episode assessed at 11, 27 and 52 weeks. Secondary outcomes included onset of clinically significant symptoms of depression, change in severity of depression symptoms and change in cognitive biases.ResultsAdherence to the interventions was modest though did not differ between conditions. Incidence of major depressive episodes was low. Conditions did not differ in the incidence of major depressive episodes. Likewise, conditions did not differ in the incidence of clinically significant levels of depression, change in the severity of depression symptoms or change in cognitive biases.ConclusionsActive CBM intervention did not decrease the incidence of major depressive episodes as compared to a control intervention. However, adherence to the intervention programme was modest and the programme failed to modify the expected mechanism of action.
Meaning, Medicine, and Merit
Authors: Mogensen Andreas L. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractGiven the inevitability of scarcity, should public institutions ration healthcare resources so as to prioritize those who contribute more to society? Intuitively, we may feel that this would be somehow inegalitarian. I argue that the egalitarian objection to prioritizing treatment on the basis of patients’ usefulness to others is best thought of as semiotic: i.e. as having to do with what this practice would mean, convey, or express about a person's standing. I explore the implications of this conclusion when taken in conjunction with the observation that semiotic objections are generally flimsy, failing to identify anything wrong with a practice as such and having limited capacity to generalize beyond particular contexts.
Cabo Verde Egyptian VultureNeophron percnopteruson the brink: community perceptions, inferences and facts of an extreme population crash
Authors: FREITAS RUI , MONTEIRO CATELENE , RODRIGUES ISABEL , TAVARES ALEX , MONTEIRO GILDA , LÓPEZ PEDRO , MARTINS SAMIR , FERREIRA JOÃO , LIMA LIZA , TAVARES JOSÉ PEDRO , PALMA LUÍS 
Published: September 2019

SummaryThe Egyptian VultureNeophron percnopteruswas once an abundant species in the Cabo Verde Islands. Since the 1960s though, and especially during the 1980–1990s, it consistently declined to near extinction. Evidence collected indicates a remnant population of about a dozen pairs or less, scattered through the desert rangelands of only three islands. Extensive enquiry work revealed that this likely resulted from the concomitant effects of the rise in unnatural mortality due to the formerly widespread and long-lasting use of dangerous pesticides and the (still on-going) poisoning of stray dogs and other nuisance animals, and a decrease in food resources associated with factors linked with development, such as urbanisation, rural abandonment and better sanitation. Avoiding imminent extinction calls for emergency action against current threats to the remaining vultures, such as poisoning and electrocution, but also potential causes of impaired fecundity such as hazardous pesticides and shortage of food resources.
Establishment of mouse androgenetic embryonic stem cells by double sperm injection and differentiation into beating embryoid body
Authors: Lei Lei , Hu Lili , Li Tong , Shen Xinghui , Liang Xiao , Chen Yajun , Feng Xiuqing , Yang Zhiwen , Shan Zhiyan 
Published: September 2019

SummaryAndrogenetic embryonic stem (AgES) cells offer a possible tool for patient-specific pluripotent stem cells that will benefit genomic imprinting studies and clinic applications. However, the difficulty in producing androgenetic embryos and the unbalanced expression of imprinted genes make the therapeutic applicability of AgES cells uncertain. In this study, we produced androgenetic embryos by injecting two sperm into an enucleated metaphase II (MII) oocyte. By this method, 88.48% of oocytes survived after injection, and 20.24% of these developed to the blastocyst stage. We successfully generated AgES cell lines from the androgenetic embryos and assayed the expression of imprinted genes in the cell lines. We found that the morphological characteristics of AgES cells were similar to that of fertilized embryonic stem cells (fES), such as expression of key pluripotent markers, and generation of cell derivatives representing all three germ layers followingin vivoandin vitrodifferentiation. Furthermore, activation of paternal imprinted genes was detected,H19,ASC12andTss3in AgES cell activation levels were lower while other examined genes showed no significant difference to that of fES cells. Interestingly, among examined maternal imprinted genes, onlyMestandIgf2were significantly increased, while levels of other detected genes were no different to that of fES cells. These results demonstrated that activation of some paternal imprinted genes, as well as recovery of maternal imprinted genes, was present in AgES cells. We differentiated AgES cells into a beating embryoid bodyin vitro, and discovered that the AgES cells did not show significant higher efficiency in myocardial differentiation potential.
Iron deficiency during pregnancy and lactation modifies the fatty acid composition of the brain of neonatal rats
Authors: Rees William D. , Hay Susan M. , Hayes Helen E. , Stevens Valerie J. , Gambling Lorraine , McArdle Harry J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIron deficiency is common in pregnant and lactating women and is associated with reduced cognitive development of the offspring. Since iron affects lipid metabolism, the availability of fatty acids, particularly the polyunsaturated fatty acids required for early neural development, was investigated in the offspring of female rats fed iron-deficient diets during gestation and lactation. Subsequent to the dams giving birth, one group of iron-deficient dams was recuperated by feeding an iron-replete diet. Dams and neonates were killed on postnatal days 1, 3 and 10, and the fatty acid composition of brain and stomach contents was assessed by gas chromatography. Changes in the fatty acid profile on day 3 became more pronounced on day 10 with a decrease in the proportion of saturated fatty acids and a compensatory increase in monounsaturated fatty acids. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the n-6 family were reduced, but there was no change in the n-3 family. The fatty acid profiles of neonatal brain and stomach contents were similar, suggesting that the change in milk composition may be related to the changes in the neonatal brain. When the dams were fed an iron-sufficient diet at birth, the effects of iron deficiency on the fatty acid composition of lipids in both dam’s milk and neonates’ brains were reduced. This study showed an interaction between maternal iron status and fatty acid composition of the offspring’s brain and suggests that these effects can be reduced by iron repletion of the dam’s diet at birth.
Twins Early Development Study: A Genetically Sensitive Investigation into Behavioral and Cognitive Development from Infancy to Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Rimfeld Kaili , Malanchini Margherita , Spargo Thomas , Spickernell Gemma , Selzam Saskia , McMillan Andrew , Dale Philip S. , Eley Thalia C. , Plomin Robert 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe Twins Early Development Study (TEDS) is a longitudinal twin study that recruited over 16,000 twin-pairs born between 1994 and 1996 in England and Wales through national birth records. More than 10,000 of these families are still engaged in the study. TEDS was and still is a representative sample of the population in England and Wales. Rich cognitive and emotional/behavioral data have been collected from the twins from infancy to emerging adulthood, with data collection at first contact and at ages 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 21, enabling longitudinal genetically sensitive analyses. Data have been collected from the twins themselves, from their parents and teachers, and from the UK National Pupil Database. Genotyped DNA data are available for 10,346 individuals (who are unrelated except for 3320 dizygotic co-twins). TEDS data have contributed to over 400 scientific papers involving more than 140 researchers in 50 research institutions. TEDS offers an outstanding resource for investigating cognitive and behavioral development across childhood and early adulthood and actively fosters scientific collaborations.
Engineering crystalline quasi-two-dimensional polyaniline thin film with enhanced electrical and chemiresistive sensing performances
Authors: Zhang Tao , Qi Haoyuan , Liao Zhongquan , Horev Yehu David , Panes-Ruiz Luis Antonio , Petkov Petko St. , Zhang Zhe , Shivhare Rishi , Zhang Panpan , Liu Kejun , Bezugly Viktor , Liu Shaohua , Zheng Zhikun , Mannsfeld Stefan , Heine Thomas , Cuniberti Gianaurelio , Haick Hossam , Zschech Ehrenfried , Kaiser Ute , Dong Renhao , Feng Xinliang 
Published: September 2019

AbstractEngineering conducting polymer thin films with morphological homogeneity and long-range molecular ordering is intriguing to achieve high-performance organic electronics. Polyaniline (PANI) has attracted considerable interest due to its appealing electrical conductivity and diverse chemistry. However, the synthesis of large-area PANI thin film and the control of its crystallinity and thickness remain challenging because of the complex intermolecular interactions of aniline oligomers. Here we report a facile route combining air-water interface and surfactant monolayer as templates to synthesize crystalline quasi-two-dimensional (q2D) PANI with lateral size ~50 cm2 and tunable thickness (2.6–30 nm). The achieved q2D PANI exhibits anisotropic charge transport and a lateral conductivity up to 160 S cm−1 doped by hydrogen chloride (HCl). Moreover, the q2D PANI displays superior chemiresistive sensing toward ammonia (30 ppb), and volatile organic compounds (10 ppm). Our work highlights the q2D PANI as promising electroactive materials for thin-film organic electronics.
Daylight affects human thermal perception
Authors: Chinazzo Giorgia , Wienold Jan , Andersen Marilyne 
Published: September 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the factors that affect human thermal responses is necessary to properly design and operate low-energy buildings. It has been suggested that factors not related to the thermal environment can affect thermal responses of occupants, but these factors have not been integrated in thermal comfort models due to a lack of knowledge of indoor factor interactions. While some studies have investigated the effect of electric light on thermal responses, no study exists on the effect of daylight. This study presents the first controlled experimental investigation on the effect of daylight quantity on thermal responses, combining three levels of daylight illuminance (low ~130 lx, medium ~600 lx, and high ~1400 lx) with three temperature levels (19, 23, 27 °C). Subjective and objective thermal responses of 84 participants were collected through subjective ratings on thermal perception and physiological measurements, respectively. Results indicate that the quantity of daylight influences the thermal perception of people specifically resulting in a cross-modal effect, with a low daylight illuminance leading to a less comfortable and less acceptable thermal environment in cold conditions and to a more comfortable one in warm conditions. No effect on their physiological responses was observed. Moreover, it is hypothesised that a warm thermal environment could be tolerated more whenever daylight is present in the room, as compared to the same thermal condition in a room lit with electric lights. Findings further the understanding of factors affecting human thermal responses and thermal adaptation processes in indoor environments and are relevant for both research and practice. The findings suggest that daylight should be considered as a factor in thermal comfort models and in all thermal comfort investigations, as well as that thermal and daylight illuminance conditions should be tuned and changed through the operation and design strategy of the building to guarantee its occupants’ thermal comfort in existing and future structures.