bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Old and the New of Veterinary Science and Practice
Authors: Moore John 
Published: July 2019

The paper recalls how matters veterinary were regarded forty-six years ago, what has been achieved since, and future progress is reflected. The paper is divided into parts relating respectively to: ( a) medicine; ( b) surgery ( c) teaching and research; ( d) administration. Formerly, glanders and farcy, and rabies, though acknowledged as contagious and specific, were also believed to be of spontaneous origin. Experiences with regard to these two diseases, and the mallein test for glanders, are related. The discovery of the Bacillus anthracis led to the development of veterinary research, but for some time confusion existed. Tuberculosis was believed to be endogenous and the result of the absorption of caseous products of a previous inflammation. Treatment of “milk fever” in cows by udder inflation and biochemistry in relation to that disease are considered. The advance in veterinary surgery stands out most prominently; in canine practice, operations are now attempted which were never thought possible in the early days. Allusion is made to the recent formidable operations for the cure of “windsucking” in horses, and for traumatic pericarditis in bovines. The powers of observance of the old practitioners in diagnosing lameness, and some of the old methods of treatment for lameness, are supported. The great progress in veterinary research is referred to, also its advantages from an imperial point of view. The causative agents of those diseases which are at present ultravisible, particularly foot-and-mouth disease, will probably be found, and better methods of prevention result. In training, thorough instruction in animal physiology, animal nutrition and biochemistry is advocated, also affiliation of veterinary colleges to universities, the individuality of such colleges, and the one-portal system of qualification being maintained.
Post-Operative Acidosis
Authors: Lawrence R. D. 
Published: July 2019

A slight but real acidosis, involving a temporary decrease in alkaline reserve and increase in urinary acidity, occurs after all inhalation anæsthesias. Ketonuria is also present in 20 to 80 per cent. of cases. Local anæsthetics also produce these conditions, but less severely and less frequently.The acidosis seemed to depend on complex factors, but mainly on tissue anoxæmia produced by the upset of normal respiration and circulation during operative procedures. In the normal individual this acidosis is very slight, transient, causes no symptoms and is of no moment. It cannot be entirely prevented by previous administration of sodium bicarbonate, glucose and insulin, although high carbohydrate diet before operation minimizes the tendency to acidosis. Cases with acidosis before operation become worse afterwards and require treatment to prevent complications.The pre- and post-operative treatment of acidosis and ketosis in normals and diabetics, especially in emergency conditions, is discussed.
The Importance of Sugar in the Diet of the School Child
Authors: Osman A. Arnold 
Published: July 2019

For many years it has been customary to regard sugar, especially extra allowances in the form of “sweets” and “tuck,” as harmful to children, particularly with regard to the development and health of the teeth.Attention is drawn to the possibility that the child's natural desire for such substances has a physiological basis which can only be thwarted at considerable risk to the general health—that in fact a great deal of minor illness amongst children of school age, the nature of which is indicated, is due to a relative insufficiency of sugar in the diet.
Bronchoscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Post-Operative Lung Complications
Authors: Negus V. E. 
Published: July 2019

Lung complications calling for bronchoscopy are not frequent, because suitable precautions are taken by most anæsthetists and surgeons. A certain number of cases occur, however, sometimes diagnosed as pneumonia, but actually due to mechanical obstruction of a bronchus.Suspected cases require bronchoscopy for diagnosis and respond well to treatment by aspiration and direct medication.All cases due to foreign body can be cured, and most post-operative lung abscesses clear up quickly. Diffuse bronchitis is improved and its cessation prevents the subsequent development of multiple bronchiectasis. Acute massive collapse is in very many instances the result of occlusion of a bronchus by a plug of thick mucus, removal of which effects a cure.
The Relationship between Genito-Urinary Hæmorrhage and Diseases of the Vascular System
Authors: Morson A. Clifford 
Published: July 2019

The diseases of the vascular system which cause hæmorrhage from the genito-urinary tract are:— (1) Those in which changes are noted in the blood and capillary endothelium, and (2) Those in which alterations of a pathological nature are taking place in the walls of both large and small blood-vessels, but in which there is no change in the blood itself. In the first group are the purpuras; in the second arteriosclerosis, hyperpiesis and atheroma. This paper is confined to a discussion of the latter group of diseases in relation to genito-urinary hæmorrhage. Little attention has been paid to sudden loss of blood from the kidney, bladder, or genitalia in support of a diagnosis of a vascular lesion, other than angioma. Hæmorrhage in these cases may be purely renal, vesical, or penile. Investigations consist of examination of the superficial arteries, estimation of the blood-pressure, examination of the blood and cystoscopy. Surgical lesions must be excluded by the usual well-known methods. A careful record has been kept of fifteen cases of arteriosclerosis in which hæmorrhage from the genito-urinary tract has been the predominant manifestation of the disease. Details are given of nine patients with renal, one with vesical and three with urethral hæmorrhage. Two cases of thrombosis of the penis are also included. From a study of the literature here the cases of urethral hæmorrhage and thrombosis of the penis, recorded as due to arterial disease, appear to be unique.
Demonstration-Lecture on X-ray Cinematography
Authors: Reynolds Russell J. 
Published: July 2019

The author describes a practical method of X-ray cinematography by which permanent records may be rapidly and inexpensively obtained. A photograph is taken of the screen-image by an ordinary cinematographic camera and by the use of continuous bands of positive film movements may be studied for any length of time. The advantage of this is specially obvious when examining such organs as the heart. These permanent records can be used for the following purposes:— 1. Diagnostic. 2. To compare with former records, in order to watch effects of treatment, or progress of a pathological condition. 3. For teaching purposes. 4. For transmission at home or abroad, so that they can be examined by other specialists who may wish to see what the former condition was. The process is simple enough to become routine practice in hospitals and institutions, and to be within the reach of every radiologist. The apparatus occupies only a small space, can be accommodated in any X-ray department, and can be operated by one person. The method is perfectly safe as far as the patient is concerned; that is to say there should be no difficulty in avoiding excessive exposure to radiation.
The Musculature of the Bladder-Neck of the Male in Health and Disease
Authors: MacAlpine J. B. 
Published: July 2019

Two muscles, one voluntary the other involuntary, and an inch or more apart, exist at the bladder-neck, both functioning as sphincters. This dual musculature is explained by the emergence of the ejaculatory ducts between them. If both these muscles are open when semen is discharged, secretion may escape into the bladder or to the exterior; also any urine in the bladder would flow out. The internal sphincter is usually tightly contracted during ejaculation. Instances are given in which the internal sphincter is paralysed or injured, e.g. after operation, in prostatic hypertrophy, and in certain nervous diseases. Two instances are reported of direct injury to this localized area, with the result, in all cases, that ejaculation failed. In prostatic hypertrophy the internal sphincter is dilated by the growing adenoma, and at operation it is further stretched and perhaps cut across. Continence then depends on the external sphincter. Two cases are reported in which the external sphincter had previously been paralysed, total incontinence resulting.Recent work on the trigonal muscle; its function in opening the internal sphincter. Influence of this muscle on prostatic enlargement.In central nervous disease the dilatation of the internal sphincter resulting in funnel-neck is very common. Series of cases of nervous disease examined in order to determine the frequency of this sign are reported. Other cases occurring apart from nervous disease are also reported.The part played by the sphincters in ejaculation is discussed and illustrated by reports of further cases of paralysis of the sphincter. It is shown that in the normal way the external sphincter weakens during coitus, and especially during ejaculation, but when the internal sphincter is paralysed no weakening is evident. Penile erection is associated with spasm of the internal sphincter, and spasm of the internal sphincter is produced by irritation, e.g. vesical stone may produce priapism.The varying types of adenoma bear different relationship to the internal sphincter. The view that submucosal glands give rise to prostatic enlargement is supported. The influence of prostatic enlargement on the internal sphincter is discussed.
Vesical Exclusion
Authors: Wade Henry 
Published: July 2019

In the operation of vesical exclusion the urine stream is deviated from the urinary bladder into the colon, thereby forming a cloaca, or on to the surface of the skin, where a fistula discharging urine is created. The operation is indicated in all cases of complete or partial vesical exstrophy. It is successfully employed in treating severe cases of vesico-vaginal fistula, whether the result of obstetric injury or the delayed action of radium. In carcinoma of the urinary bladder, whether primary or secondary, it is practised, frequently preliminary to the operation of total cystectomy. In cases of persistent vesical systole and in intractable cystitis, it has also been occasionally done. The immediate operative mortality following transplantation of the ureters into the pelvic colon is largely dependent on the condition for which the operation is performed. In cases of malignant disease it is high: whereas in conditions that are non-malignant it is a relatively safe procedure. The establishment of a cloaca, particularly in the female, of itself produces no appreciable disability. If the operation has been performed for a congenital or an acquired deformity, and this has been skilfully and successfully carried out and the patient has become stabilized, the expectancy of life should not be appreciably diminished. The case of a patient, upon whom the operation had been performed twenty-nine years previously, is reviewed and particulars of others in which it was performed fourteen years ago, or later, are referred to. In the pre-operative preparation, in addition to the usual thorough clinical investigation, an examination by excretion urography is indicated, especially to determine the possible presence of a third ureter or a single functioning kidney. At this period it is also important, particularly in cases of obstetric injury, to be sure that the rectal sphincter is fully competent and that no hæmorrhoids are present. The operative technique was carried out under twilight sleep and spinal anæsthesia. The vital importance of careful post-operative treatment is emphasized. By the immediate post-operative administration of sodium sulphate, by intravenous injection and attention to other details, bilateral ureteral transplantation carried out in one stage could be safely embarked upon without the fear of anuria developing. A detailed record of 60 cases, in which the operation of vesical exclusion has been carried out by the author is given.
Immunity in Influenza: The Bearing of Recent Research Work
Authors: Andrewes C. H. 
Published: July 2019

The duration of immunity to influenza in man is difficult to assess from clinical data because of the difficulty of diagnosing the disease with certainty; two influenza-like attacks suffered by a patient within a short period may not have the same ætiology. Serological relationships amongst strains of influenza virus are complicated. It seems probable that strains cannot be rigidly classified into types but that several antigens are present, distributed amongst strains in varying proportions. The relationship of pandemic (1918–19) influenza to that of recent lesser epidemics is obscure. The supposed origin of swine-influenza in the U.S.A. in 1918 and the presence of antibodies to swine-influenza in the sera of most adult human beings have led to a suggestion that swine-influenza is a survival in the pig of 1918-'flu. The serological evidence for this view is now seen to be capable of other interpretations. Factors concerned in the immunity of experimental animals to influenza are discussed— degrees of immunity in the ferret; immunity of the nasal passages to big doses of virus; immunity of the lungs; immunity to contact infection. Active immunity runs parallel with titre of neutralizing antibodies so long as one is dealing with one strain of virus. Cross-tests amongst different strains complicate the picture. In planning vaccination of human beings we wonder:— Whether, on general epidemiological grounds, an attempt to vaccinate against influenza virus is likely to be profitable. Whether the production of a rise in antibodies in man will be a good guide to the immunity induced by a vaccine. Whether we are right in using killed virus and in fearing a live vaccine. What strains we ought to use in making a vaccine. When and how often we should vaccinate.
The Radiological Diagnosis of Neoplasms of the Urinary Tract
Authors: Williams Rohan 
Published: July 2019

The responsibilities of the radiologist in the diagnosis of urinary tract neoplasms are discussed: a strong plea is made for the routine use of pyelography in all cases in which renal tumour is suspected, and it is suggested that too much reliance is placed on the excretion method alone. From the radiological viewpoint, renal tumours may be considered in the following three groups: (1) Parencymal tumours. (2) Tumours of renal pelvis. (3) Extrarenal tumours resembling renal tumours on clinical examination. The radiological signs which may be found in each group are described in detail, including the signs from plain radiography, instrumental pyelography, and excretion urography. The significance of non-excretion in small renal tumours receives attention. It is suggested that this is a sign of renal vein neoplastic thrombosis. The characteristics of osseous metastases from carcinoma of the kidney are considered with illustrative examples. Neoplasms of the ureter and their differential diagnosis are considered.
The Effect of the Inclination of the Pelvic Brim and the Shape and Inclination of the Upper Sacrum on the Passage of the Head through the Upper Pelvis
Authors: Malpas Percy , Hamilton C. J. K. 
Published: July 2019

Engagement of the Head does not depend only on the size and shape of the brim, but also on the angle of inclination of the brim. The methods of determining this inclination are considered and the angle between the plane of the brim and the front of the body of the 5th lumbar vertebra is found to furnish the best index of the inclination. Analysis of a series of cases shows that this angle varies considerably. Its postural range is demonstrated. When the inclination is high the head does not easily engage although the measurements may be normal, and a high inclination is one of the commonest causes of unexpected dystocia. Because these cases are usually selected for a “trial of labour”, criteria are necessary to select the cases suitable. Success or failure of trial labour in these cases depends on the amount of room in the upper pelvis. A part from the actual size of the true conjugate the amount of room is shown to depend both on the sacral inclination, a method of measuring which is described, and the shape of the upper sacrum, which shows considerable vriation. A common type of pelvis causing dystocia is one in which the inclination of the brim is high and the upper sacrum is relatively vertical and convex. Pelves of this type do not always fit into any of the standard classifications. The uses and limitations of postural treatment of these cases are discussed.
Failure in Hospitals — Success in General Practice [Abridged]
Authors: Fry A 
Published: July 2019

Dr A Fry describes the types of case which can be dealt with successfully in general practice, when treatment in hospital is often a failure. Dr Ian Gregg describes research on chronic bronchitis and asthma, which he considers are distinct conditions. He found measurement of peak expiratory flow valuable in the diagnosis of early chronic bronchitis. He suggests the most important factor in the development of both diseases is structural damage to the bronchial airways. Dr E Tuckman describes an investigation into the families of children who are backward readers. He found a greater degree of maladjustment in the families of backward readers than in control families, and suggests that psychotherapy to the mothers may be more useful than treating the children.
Review of Points at Which Drugs Can Interact
Authors: MacGregor Alastair G 
Published: July 2019

The prescribing of mixtures is unfortunately traditional and has a psychological appeal, which is being encouraged by many manufacturers. Doctors must have a sound working knowledge of the mode of action of modern drugs in order to use them effectively and safely, particularly when they are used together. In this context ‘drug’ means any biologically active substance. Interaction between drugs can be inapparent (if equal and opposite), antagonistic or synergistic. This includes summation and potentiation. Interaction between drugs can arise in a variety of ways: directly; in the intestine or other absorptive site; in transit; at the receptor or at another site in the same biological system; by accelerating or slowing drug metabolism; or by influencing excretion. Most of these mechanisms are considered in detail in this Symposium. With greater understanding of underlying mechanisms many of the untoward interactions now being increasingly reported might be foreseen and avoided.
Clinicopathological presentations and surgical outcomes of esophageal melanoma
Authors: Urabe Masayuki , Haruta Shusuke , Ohkura Yu , Inoshita Naoko , Yago Akikazu , Koga Shuhei , Tanaka Tsuyoshi , Ueno Masaki , Udagawa Harushi 
Published: July 2019

Background Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus is a rare tumor with a poor prognosis; the optimal treatment strategy has yet to be established. This study aimed to clarify clinical features, courses, and outcomes of patients undergoing surgical resection of primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus. Methods Six patients with primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus, in whom the absence of other primary melanomas had been confirmed, were selected from the medical database maintained in Toranomon Hospital. Their clinicopathological characteristics and long-term outcomes were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. Results All 6 patients (five males and one female) underwent radical esophagectomy with three-field regional lymphadenectomy, and none received neoadjuvant therapy. Tumor invasion was classified into T1 in 5 (83%) cases and T3 in one (17%). Four (67%) patients had nodal metastases (one N1, one N2 and two N3). No distant metastatic lesions were detected preoperatively in any of our cases. Postoperative surveillance revealed recurrence in all 6 patients, and 5 (83%) died of the disease. The median overall survival was 24 months. One patient with a T3N3M0 tumor was treated after surgery with a dacarbazine-nimustine-vincristine regimen followed by irradiation for bone recurrence and survived for 87 months postoperatively. Another patient with a T1N3M0 tumor who survived for 27 months after liver and bone recurrence was treated with nivolumab, ipilimumab, and dacarbazine. Conclusion Although the courses of patients with primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus were consistently unfavorable, surgical resection with multidisciplinary therapeutic modalities may prolong survival in some cases.
Adherence to a DASH-style diet and cardiovascular disease risk: The 10-year follow-up of the ATTICA study
Authors: Bathrellou Eirini , Kontogianni Meropi D , Chrysanthopoulou Evaggelia , Georgousopoulou Ekavi , Chrysohoou Christina , Pitsavos Christos , Panagiotakos Demosthenes 
Published: July 2019

Background: Recent findings suggest a protective role of the DASH dietary pattern on cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and mortality. Aim: In this direction, we aimed at investigating the relationship between adherence to a DASH-style diet and CVD risk in a Greek cohort. Methods: This sub-sample from the ATTICA epidemiological study consisted of 669 adults with a complete dietary profile at baseline, adequate to calculate DASH-diet score, and complete 10-year follow-up (2002–2012). Demographic, clinical and lifestyle parameters were thoroughly assessed at baseline and CVD incidence was recorded upon medical records at follow-up. Adherence to the DASH-style diet was assessed by a DASH-style diet score developed for the study (range 9–45). Results: Mean value (SD) of the DASH-diet score was 27.1 (5.1) (range 13–41). Adherence to a DASH-style diet was associated neither with the 10-year CVD risk nor with baseline clinical parameters. Multiple regression analysis revealed that, after appropriate adjustments, only age (46% increase per 5-life-years) and BMI (9.7% increase per unit of BMI) were associated with 10-year CVD events. Conclusions: In this small cohort of a Mediterranean population, a cardioprotective effect of a DASH-style diet was not detected.
The relationship between early-onset chondromalacia and the position of the patella
Authors: Özel Deniz 
Published: July 2019

Background There are many underlying accelerator factors for chondromalacia and one of the well-known factors is patellar malalignment. Purpose To evaluate the relationship between early-onset chondromalacia and patellar position; and, second, to evaluate the value of patellar malalignment criteria. Material and Methods Patients aged 18–40 years with advanced chondromalacia were included. For comparison, a control group was defined with the same number of individuals of the same mean age. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sagittal view with the greatest patellar length was used to obtain the patellar height measurement with the Insall-Salvati index. For the remaining three indices—modified Insall-Salvati, Caton-Deschamps, and Blackburne-Pell—a sagittal view with the greatest patellar articular surface was used. Discordance was defined as contradiction with the measured index and the other three indices. Results Both patella alta and baja were found to be predisposing factors for chondromalacia. Modified Insall-Salvati index was the most concordant measurement to define patella alta. Conclusion Both patella alta and patella baja were found to predispose to chondromalacia. Patella baja is rare, which may explain why it is not often mentioned as a predisposing factor. The modified Insall-Salvati index ratio was the best patella alta indicator that showed chondral status, more than patellar placement, and was more concordant with the other indices. Blackburne-Pell had the second highest number and ratio of discordance. BP cannot be optimally calculated because deciding the location of the tibial plateau seems to be problematic since it is a three-dimensional and complicated structure.