bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les Observations sur la Coutume de Normandie : vers une unification aux inspirations normandes
Authors: Pigeon Jérôme 
Published: June 2018

En 1771, le chancelier Maupeou affirmait vouloir réunir la France « sous l’empire des mêmes lois, comme elle est réunie sous l’autorité du même prince ». Les Observations sur la coutume de Normandie, rédigées autour de l’année 1770, attestent que le chancelier, dans un contexte politique tendu, avait amorcé un véritable travail de fond afin de parvenir à l’unification des coutumes du royaume. Loin de vouloir y parvenir de manière brutale, Maupeou désirait au contraire procéder par étapes. L’analyse des Observations sur la coutume de Normandie témoigne de cette méthode. En effet, tout en tendant vers l’unification, la réforme proposée, largement inspirée des aspirations et réflexions normandes, laissait subsister les caractéristiques essentielles de la Coutume de Normandie. Travail empreint d’un réalisme certain dans un contexte politique pour le moins hostile, ces Observations doivent être appréhendées davantage comme un premier travail, une étape, vers la voie de l’unification plutôt que comme un projet de réforme définitivement abouti de la Coutume de Normandie.
Des premières amours aux secondes
Authors: Pahnke Jens 
Published: June 2018

Bien qu’Ernst Haeckel soit surtout connu comme zoologiste, il fit ses débuts scientifiques en botanique. Cet aspect de sa biographie scientifique est très méconnu. À la lumière du projet « Ernst Haeckel (1843-1919) : édition de la correspondance », les débuts de Haeckel en botanique ont suscité une attention croissante. Des lettres et journaux personnels inédits, ainsi que son herbier méconnu et deux articles de jeunesse, démontrent que la botanique joua un rôle déterminant dans sa formation de 1840 à 1854. Sous l’influence de Johannes Müller, il prit ensuite la décision de faire carrière dans la zoologie. Mais son amour des plantes ne disparut jamais complètement. On examine ici en profondeur le déroulement des études botaniques de Haeckel, on montre que les plantes tinrent une grande place dans les études naturalistes du jeune Haeckel et on pose la question des raisons de sa réorientation zoologique. Haeckel continua à collecter des plantes lors de ses divers voyages, sans même que cela fût dans un but scientifique. Sa botanique devint pour une bonne part une activité esthétique, donnant lieu à de nombreux dessins et à de vives descriptions de plantes, notamment tropicales. Ajoutés à son important herbier, ils donnent une image impressionnante des activités botaniques de Haeckel.
Le carrelage peint : imitation ou adaptation des carreaux de faïence ?
Authors: Bentz Bruno 
Published: June 2018

La découverte d’un carrelage peint dans un ancien pavillon bâti en 1711 pour la princesse de Conti, à Bougival, est mise en relation avec deux carrelages en faïence du château de Marly : celui des bains, aménagé en 1688, et celui des bassins, aménagé en 1712. Ainsi, le carrelage mural reproduit l’assemblage des carreaux de faïence de Saint-Cloud, posés sur les parois des bassins de Marly, tandis que le choix de ce motif permet d’évoquer la présence d’une salle de bains dans le pavillon de Bougival. Ces liens sont établis à partir du croisement des sources d’archives, des vestiges retrouvés lors de fouilles archéologiques et du décor conservé. La substitution du décor peint au décor en faïence est analysée comme une adaptation des moyens techniques qui n’altère pas la finalité décorative spécifique d’un carrelage.
Faire revenir à la vie
Authors: Wanecq Charles-Antoine 
Published: June 2018

Autour de 1960, le bouche-à-bouche et le massage cardiaque externe, dont la pertinence est d’abord mise en évidence aux États-Unis, sont reconnus par le corps médical français comme les deux méthodes les plus efficaces en situation de détresse vitale et adoptés pour standardiser l’enseignement des premiers secours. À partir de l’étude de la légitimation de ces procédés, cet article propose d’explorer le processus de construction scientifique et institutionnelle de la notion d’urgence médicale dans la France de l’après-guerre, à partir des dimensions techniques qui contribuent à sa définition.
La collection éclatée
Authors: Bru Thérèse 
Published: June 2018

Les biologistes du xviiie siècle n’ont pas seulement fait face à un accroissement exponentiel du nombre des espèces découvertes à travers le globe, notamment à partir des circumnavigations des années 1760. Ils ont été aussi confrontés au problème de la dispersion et de la recomposition incessante des collections de spécimens et de matériaux de travail. L’éclatement des collections, aux mains d’une multitude d’acteurs privés comme d’institutions nationales et de sociétés scientifiques, représente un défi pour l’établissement de classifications et de taxonomies fiables sur lesquels est construite toute l’architecture technique d’analyse du vivant. Une part importante des correspondances en sciences naturelles confronte ainsi des données venant de collections personnelles éclatées et vise à éviter l’émergence de doublons dans la littérature scientifique. La collection suit la forme du graphe et en a l’étendue : c’est la notion même de collection qui est recomposée au prisme de la circulation des données, tandis que les réseaux d’échange scientifiques deviennent un dispositif technique essentiel à l’exploitation des stocks de matériaux et d’échantillons disponibles.
À la recherche du conservatoire industriel genevois (1834-1888)
Authors: Wenger Sylvain 
Published: June 2018

Des diverses institutions à vocation éducative établies par la Société des arts de Genève (1776), le conservatoire industriel, actif entre 1836 et 1888, demeure encore presque méconnu. Cette contribution propose des éclairages sur les principaux jalons historiques de ce dispositif et suggère que l’enrichissement de sa collection répond au besoin éprouvé par ses responsables de faciliter l’acquisition et la mise à disposition de savoirs industriels développés à l’échelle locale et à l’étranger.
La mort est mon métier de Robert Merle l’œuvre à contre-courant
Authors: Wattel Anne 
Published: June 2018

Dans sa préface à l’édition de 1972, Robert Merle qualifie son second roman, La mort est mon métier, de roman « à contre‑courant ». L’œuvre est certes décalée et ce à plus d’un titre : temporellement, face à une doxa dominante, et par le choix de donner voix au bourreau. Publiée en 1952, elle n’est en effet plus conforme aux attentes de la période : en pleine ère de l’amnésie, l’œuvre, qui entend témoigner d’un passé que l’on veut mettre entre parenthèses, est politiquement incorrecte. Elle se heurte par ailleurs à des « interdits » majeurs : l’interdit de la poésie après Auschwitz ; le rejet d’une fictionnalisation des camps ; le refus de tout discours qui n’émanerait pas d’un témoin survivant. Elle relève également d’une logique de scandale en offrant une voix au bourreau : inédit, inouï.
La Déclaration Balfour
Authors: Charbit Denis 
Published: June 2018

La Déclaration Balfour est un des textes clés de l'histoire diplomatique du Moyen- Orient : même si son adoption par le gouvernement britannique relève de la conjoncture propre à la Première Guerre mondiale, ses implications ont eu un impact décisif sur cette partie du Moyen‑Orient. Elle s'inscrit dans la continuité des grandes manœuvres diplomatiques destinées à peser sur l'avenir du Moyen‑Orient dans la perspective du démantèlement de l'Empire ottoman après la Première Guerre mondiale. La Déclaration entérinée par la SDN fournit au mouvement sioniste la légitimité internationale indispensable pour poursuivre son action en Palestine, tandis qu'il fut rejeté pour cette raison-là même par le nationalisme arabe palestinien.
Using Gemba Boards to Facilitate Evidence-Based Practice in Critical Care
Authors: Bourgault Annette M. , Upvall Michele J. , Graham Alison 
Published: June 2018

Background
Tradition-based practices lack supporting research evidence and may be harmful or ineffective. Engagement of key stakeholders is a critical step toward facilitating evidence-based practice change. Gemba, derived from Japanese, refers to the real place where work is done. Gemba boards (visual management tools) appear to be an innovative method to engage stakeholders and facilitate evidence-based practice.

Objectives
To explore the use of gemba boards and gemba huddles to facilitate practice change.

Methods
Twenty-two critical care nurses participated in interviews in this qualitative, descriptive study. Thematic analysis was used to code and categorize interview data. Two researchers reached consensus on coding and derived themes. Data were managed with qualitative analysis software.

Results
The code gemba occurred most frequently; a secondary analysis was performed to explore its impact on practice change. Four themes were derived from the gemba code: (1) facilitation of staff, leadership, and interdisciplinary communication, (2) transparency of outcome data, (3) solicitation of staff ideas and feedback, and (4) dissemination of practice changes. Gemba boards and gemba huddles became part of the organizational culture for promoting and disseminating evidence-based practices.

Conclusions
Unit-based, publicly located gemba boards and huddles have become key components of evidence-based practice culture. Gemba is both a tool and a process to engage team members and the public to generate clinical questions and to plan, implement, and evaluate practice changes. Future research on the effectiveness of gemba boards to facilitate evidence-based practice is warranted.
Length-based variations in deposition of chitin in the exoskeleton of Penaeus monodon and P. indicus
Authors: Wickramasinghe Bimba R. , Cumaranatunga P. Ruchira T. 
Published: June 2018

Shrimp waste produced at the processing factories is a burden to the environment. Nevertheless, it is a raw material for extraction of chitin which is with more commercial uses. In this study chitin was extracted from shrimp waste collected from three different length ranges (5-10cm, 10-15cm, 15-20cm) of Penaeus monodon and P. indicus from a local small-scale processing factory, to determine the most suitable length class of shrimps to obtain a higher chitin yield. Dried shrimp waste was preconditioned by soaking in acetic acid, demineralized by treating with HCl and deproteinized by treating with NaOH. Extracted chitin was odourless, and pinkish white and off-white in P. monodon in P. indicus respectively. Highest chitin yield was from the largest size range of both species, P. monodon (30.5%) and P. indicus (27.86%). Ash, moisture, fat and nitrogen of extracted chitin were 0.98%, 5.80% and 6.16 % in P. monodon and 0.98%, 5.72% and 6.22% in P. indicus of dry weight respectively, which were matched with the moisture content (5.5%), ash (0.3%) and nitrogen (6.9%) of chitin available in the market. The chitin extracted from P. indicus of 5-10 cm length range had a moisture content of 5.72% and a nitrogen content of 6.22%, which were the closest to the moisture and crude nitrogen in the pure commercial chitin. Ash content (0.98%) of all the extracted chitin were comparable to those of pure chitin. This indicates that chitin extracted from shrimp waste in the processing industry is comparable to commercially available chitin and therefore shrimp waste is a suitable source for extraction of chitin for commercial purposes.
HLA-DQA1, -DQB1, and -DRB1 Alleles Associated with Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis in a Chinese Population: A Single-Center Cohort Study
Authors: Jia Yan , Su Tao , Gu Yanghui , Li Cui , Zhou Xujie , Su Jianqun , Sun Pingping , Tang Jiawei , Yang Liu , Liu Gang , Yang Li 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN) is a common cause of acute kidney injury with various origins. HLA-DQA1, -DQB1, and -DRB1 have been associated with development of tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome in case reports and small case series, but information about HLA genetic susceptibility to drug hypersensitivity–related ATIN (D-ATIN) or other types of ATIN is limited. In this article, we genotyped 154 patients with ATIN of different causes and 200 healthy controls at HLA-DQA1, -DQB1, and -DRB1 loci. We found that there was no difference between patients with D-ATIN and TINU in the carrier’s frequency of HLA-DQA1, -DQB1, or -DRB1. Patients with Sjogren’s syndrome–ATIN and IgG4-related ATIN presented a different pattern of tested HLA alleles. HLA-DQA1*0104 (p value corrected by false discovery rate method [Pc] = 4.72 × 10−22, odds ratio [OR] = 13.81), -DQB1*0503 (Pc = 1.95 × 10−14, OR = 9.51), and -DRB1*1405 (Pc = 8.06 × 10−19, OR = 12.80) were significant risk alleles for the occurrence of D-ATIN and TINU. There were no significant associations between tested HLA alleles and ATIN induced by other causes. Patients with D-ATIN/TINU carrying HLA-DQA1*0104/DQB1*0503/DRB1*1405 had higher peak serum creatinine and more severe renal tubulointerstitial inflammatory impairment. They also had significantly higher levels of tubular HLA-DR and HLA-DQ expression, which were correlated with the numbers of interstitial CD4+ T lymphocytes (r = 0.975, p &lt; 0.001 and r = 0.832, p = 0.005, respectively) and monocytes/macrophages (r = 0.721, p = 0.004 and r = 0.615, p = 0.02, respectively). In conclusion, patients with D-ATIN or TINU have genetic susceptibility in HLA-DQA1, -DQB1, and -DRB1 alleles. HLA-DQA1*0104/DQB1*0503/DRB1*1405 serves as a significant risk haplotype for development of D-ATIN and TINU, which might facilitate renal tubulointerstitial inflammation by enhancing Ag-presenting capacity of renal tubular cells.
Exacerbated Staphylococcus aureus Foot Infections in Obese/Diabetic Mice Are Associated with Impaired Germinal Center Reactions, Ig Class Switching, and Humoral Immunity
Authors: Farnsworth Christopher W. , Schott Eric M. , Benvie Abigail , Kates Stephen L. , Schwarz Edward M. , Gill Steven R. , Zuscik Michael J. , Mooney Robert A. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are at an increased risk of foot infection, with impaired immune function believed to be a critical factor in the infectious process. In this study, we test the hypothesis that humoral immune defects contribute to exacerbated foot infection in a murine model of obesity/T2D. C57BL/6J mice were rendered obese and T2D by a high-fat diet for 3 mo and were compared with controls receiving a low-fat diet. Following injection of Staphylococcus aureus into the footpad, obese/T2D mice had greater foot swelling and reduced S. aureus clearance than controls. Obese/T2D mice also had impaired humoral immune responses as indicated by lower total IgG levels and lower anti–S. aureus Ab production. Within the draining popliteal lymph nodes of obese/T2D mice, germinal center formation was reduced, and the percentage of germinal center T and B cells was decreased by 40–50%. Activation of both T and B lymphocytes was similarly suppressed in obese/T2D mice. Impaired humoral immunity in obesity/T2D was independent of active S. aureus infection, as a similarly impaired humoral immune response was demonstrated when mice were administered an S. aureus digest. Isolated splenic B cells from obese/T2D mice activated normally but had markedly suppressed expression of Aicda, with diminished IgG and IgE responses. These results demonstrate impaired humoral immune responses in obesity/T2D, including B cell–specific defects in Ab production and class-switch recombination. Together, the defects in humoral immunity may contribute to the increased risk of foot infection in obese/T2D patients.
Strong impacts on aerosol indirect effects from historical oxidant changes
Authors: Karset Inger Helene Hafsahl , Berntsen Terje Koren , Storelvmo Trude , Alterskjær Kari , Grini Alf , Olivié Dirk , Kirkevåg Alf , Seland Øyvind , Iversen Trond , Schulz Michael 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Uncertainties in effective radiative forcings through aerosol–cloud
interactions (ERFaci, also called aerosol indirect effects)
contribute strongly to the uncertainty in the total
preindustrial-to-present-day anthropogenic forcing. Some forcing estimates of
the total aerosol indirect effect are so negative that they even offset the
greenhouse gas forcing. This study highlights the role of oxidants in
modeling of preindustrial-to-present-day aerosol indirect effects. We argue
that the aerosol precursor gases should be exposed to oxidants of its era to
get a more correct representation of secondary aerosol formation. Our model
simulations show that the total aerosol indirect effect changes from
−1.32 to −1.07 W m−2 when the precursor gases in the preindustrial
simulation are exposed to preindustrial instead of present-day oxidants. This
happens because of a brightening of the clouds in the preindustrial
simulation, mainly due to large changes in the nitrate
radical (NO3). The weaker oxidative power of the preindustrial
atmosphere extends the lifetime of the precursor gases, enabling them to be
transported higher up in the atmosphere and towards more remote areas where
the susceptibility of the cloud albedo to aerosol changes is high. The
oxidation changes also shift the importance of different chemical reactions
and produce more condensate, thus increasing the size of the aerosols and
making it easier for them to activate as cloud condensation nuclei.
Comparison of the optical depth of total ozone and atmospheric aerosols in Poprad-Gánovce, Slovakia
Authors: Hrabčák Peter 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. The amount of ultraviolet solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface is significantly affected by atmospheric ozone along with aerosols. The present paper is focused on a comparison of the total ozone and atmospheric aerosol optical depth in the area of Poprad-Gánovce, which is situated at the altitude of 706 m a. s. l.  in the vicinity of the highest mountain in the Carpathian mountains. The direct solar ultraviolet radiation has been measured here continuously since August 1993 using a Brewer MKIV ozone spectrophotometer. These measurements have been used to calculate the total amount of atmospheric ozone and, subsequently, its optical depth. They have also been used to determine the atmospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD) using the Langley plot method. Results obtained by this method were verified by means of comparison with a method that is part of the Brewer operating software, as well as with measurements made by a Cimel sun photometer. Diffuse radiation, the stray-light effect and polarization corrections were applied to calculate the AOD using the Langley plot method. In this paper, two factors that substantially attenuate the flow of direct ultraviolet solar radiation to the Earth's surface are compared. The paper presents results for 23 years of measurements, namely from 1994 to 2016. Values of optical depth were determined for the wavelengths of 306.3, 310, 313.5, 316.8 and 320 nm. A statistically significant decrease in the total optical depth of the atmosphere was observed with all examined wavelengths. Its root cause is the statistically significant decline in the optical depth of aerosols.
Climate and marine biogeochemistry during the Holocene from transient model simulations
Authors: Segschneider Joachim , Schneider Birgit , Khon Vyacheslav 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Climate and marine biogeochemistry changes over the Holocene are investigated
based on transient global climate and biogeochemistry model simulations over
the last 9500 years. The simulations are forced by accelerated and
non-accelerated orbital parameters, respectively, and atmospheric
pCO2, CH4, and N2O. The analysis focusses on key
climatic parameters of relevance to the marine biogeochemistry, and on the
physical and biogeochemical processes that drive atmosphere–ocean carbon
fluxes and changes in the oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). The simulated global
mean ocean temperature is characterized by a mid-Holocene cooling and a late Holocene warming, a common
feature among Holocene climate simulations which, however, contradicts a
proxy-derived mid-Holocene climate optimum. As the most significant result,
and only in the non-accelerated simulation, we find a substantial increase in
volume of the OMZ in the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) continuing into the
late Holocene. The concurrent increase in apparent oxygen utilization (AOU)
and age of the water mass within the EEP OMZ can be attributed to a weakening
of the deep northward inflow into the Pacific. This results in a large-scale
mid-to-late Holocene increase in AOU in most of the Pacific and hence the
source regions of the EEP OMZ waters. The simulated expansion of the EEP OMZ
raises the question of whether the deoxygenation that has been observed over
the last 5 decades could be a – perhaps accelerated – continuation of an
orbitally driven decline in oxygen. Changes in global mean biological
production and export of detritus remain of the order of 10 %, with
generally lower values in the mid-Holocene. The simulated atmosphere–ocean
CO2 flux would result in atmospheric pCO2 changes of
similar magnitudes to those observed for the Holocene, but with different
timing. More technically, as the increase in EEP OMZ volume can only be
simulated with the non-accelerated model simulation, non-accelerated model
simulations are required for an analysis of the marine biogeochemistry in the
Holocene. Notably, the long control experiment also displays similar
magnitude variability to the transient experiment for some parameters. This
indicates that also long control runs are required when investigating
Holocene climate and marine biogeochemistry, and that some of the Holocene
variations could be attributed to internal variability of the
atmosphere–ocean system.
Wind tunnel experiments on wind turbine wakes in yaw: effects of inflow turbulence and shear
Authors: Bartl Jan , Mühle Franz , Schottler Jannik , Sætran Lars , Peinke Joachim , Adaramola Muyiwa , Hölling Michael 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. The wake characteristics behind a yawed model wind turbine exposed to different customized inflow conditions are
investigated. Laser Doppler anemometry is used to measure the wake flow in two planes at x∕D = 3 and
x∕D = 6, while the turbine yaw angle is varied from γ=-30∘ to 0∘ to +30∘. The objective is to assess
the influence of grid-generated inflow turbulence and shear on the mean and turbulent flow components. The wake flow is observed to be asymmetric with respect to negative and positive yaw angles. A counter-rotating vortex
pair is detected creating a kidney-shaped velocity deficit for all inflow conditions. Exposing the rotor to non-uniform
highly turbulent shear inflow changes the mean and turbulent wake characteristics only insignificantly. At low inflow
turbulence the curled wake shape and wake center deflection are more pronounced than at high inflow turbulence. For
a yawed turbine the rotor-generated turbulence profiles peak in regions of strong mean velocity gradients, while the
levels of peak turbulence decrease at approximately the same rate as the rotor thrust.
Special Edition: Discourses of Hate - Guest Editors' Introduction
Authors: Perry Barbara , Mason Gail 
Published: June 2018

Hate flourishes in an enabling environment; it is nourished by broadly circulating narratives of hostility and demonisation. This has become painfully clear in the aftermath of Donald Trump’s election as President of the United States in 2016, where the ongoing xenophobic commentary embedded in his Twitter feeds, public speeches, and even policy initiatives has generated increased hostility directed toward Others throughout the nation. This special edition of the International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy aims to provide insights and analyses into public discourses of hate as found in political speech, popular expression, and media representations, inter alia. These narratives resonate with existing public sentiment around race, religion, gender, immigration, and an array of other flash points.
To access the full text of the introducton to this special issue on discourses of hate, download the accompanying PDF file.