bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Child sexual offenders show prenatal and epigenetic alterations of the androgen system
Authors: Kruger Tillmann H. C. , Sinke Christopher , Kneer Jonas , Tenbergen Gilian , Khan Abdul Qayyum , Burkert Alexandra , Müller-Engling Linda , Engler Harald , Gerwinn Hannah , von Wurmb-Schwark Nicole , Pohl Alexander , Weiß Simone , Amelung Till , Mohnke Sebastian , Massau Claudia , Kärgel Christian , Walter Martin , Schiltz Kolja , Beier Klaus M. , Ponseti Jorge , Schiffer Boris , Walter Henrik , Jahn Kirsten , Frieling Helge 
Published: January 2019

AbstractChild sexual offending (CSO) places a serious burden on society and medicine and pedophilia (P) is considered a major risk factor for CSO. The androgen system is closely linked to sexual development and behavior. This study assessed markers of prenatal brain androgenization, genetic parameters of androgen receptor function, epigenetic regulation, and peripheral hormones in a 2 × 2 factorial design comprising the factors Offense (yes/no) and Pedophilia (yes/no) in analyzing blood samples from 194 subjects (57 P+CSO, 45 P−CSO, 20 CSO−P, and 72 controls) matched for age and intelligence. Subjects also received a comprehensive clinical screening. Independent of their sexual preference, child sexual offenders showed signs of elevated prenatal androgen exposure compared with non-offending pedophiles and controls. The methylation status of the androgen receptor gene was also higher in child sexual offenders, indicating lower functionality of the testosterone system, accompanied by lower peripheral testosterone levels. In addition, there was an interaction effect on methylation levels between offense status and androgen receptor functionality. Notably, markers of prenatal androgenization and the methylation status of the androgen receptor gene were correlated with the total number of sexual offenses committed. This study demonstrates alterations of the androgen system on a prenatal, epigenetic, and endocrine level. None of the major findings was specific for pedophilia, but they were for CSO. The findings support theories of testosterone-linked abnormalities in early brain development in delinquent behavior and suggest possible interactions of testosterone receptor gene methylation and plasma testosterone with environmental factors.
A validation of the diathesis-stress model for depression in Generation Scotland
Authors: Arnau-Soler Aleix , Adams Mark J. , Clarke Toni-Kim , MacIntyre Donald J. , Milburn Keith , Navrady Lauren ,   Generation Scotland,,   Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Hayward Caroline , McIntosh Andrew , Thomson Pippa A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDepression has well-established influences from genetic and environmental risk factors. This has led to the diathesis-stress theory, which assumes a multiplicative gene-by-environment interaction (GxE) effect on risk. Recently, Colodro-Conde et al. empirically tested this theory, using the polygenic risk score for major depressive disorder (PRS, genes) and stressful life events (SLE, environment) effects on depressive symptoms, identifying significant GxE effects with an additive contribution to liability. We have tested the diathesis-stress theory on an independent sample of 4919 individuals. We identified nominally significant positive GxE effects in the full cohort (R2 = 0.08%, p = 0.049) and in women (R2 = 0.19%, p = 0.017), but not in men (R2 = 0.15%, p = 0.07). GxE effects were nominally significant, but only in women, when SLE were split into those in which the respondent plays an active or passive role (R2 = 0.15%, p = 0.038; R2 = 0.16%, p = 0.033, respectively). High PRS increased the risk of depression in participants reporting high numbers of SLE (p = 2.86 × 10−4). However, in those participants who reported no recent SLE, a higher PRS appeared to increase the risk of depressive symptoms in men (β = 0.082, p = 0.016) but had a protective effect in women (β = −0.061, p = 0.037). This difference was nominally significant (p = 0.017). Our study reinforces the evidence of additional risk in the aetiology of depression due to GxE effects. However, larger sample sizes are required to robustly validate these findings.
Post-traumatic stress disorder affects fucose-α(1–2)-glycans in the human brain: preliminary findings of neuro deregulation using in vivo two-dimensional neuro MR spectroscopy
Authors: Quadrelli Scott , Tosh Nathan , Urquhart Aaron , Trickey Katie , Tremewan Rosanna , Galloway Graham , Rich Lisa , Lea Rodney , Malycha Peter , Mountford Carolyn 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is triggered by experiencing terrifying event(s) for which there is currently no objective test for a definitive diagnosis. We report a pilot study where two-dimensional (2D) neuro magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), collected at 3 T in a clinical scanner with a 64-channel head coil, identifies neuro deregulation in the PTSD cohort. The control subjects (n = 10) were compared with PTSD participants with minimal co-morbidities (n = 10). The 2D MRS identified statistically significant increases in the total spectral region containing both free substrate fucose and fucosylated glycans of 31% (P = 0.0013), two of multiple fucosylated glycans (Fuc IV and VI) were elevated by 48% (P = 0.002), and 41% (P = 0.02), respectively, imidazole was increased by 12% (P = 0.002), and lipid saturation was increased by 12.5% (P = 0.009). This is the first evidence of fucosylated glycans, reported in animals to be involved in learning and memory, to be affected in humans with PTSD.
Time-dependent assessment of stimulus-evoked regional dopamine release
Authors: Lippert Rachel N. , Cremer Anna Lena , Edwin Thanarajah Sharmili , Korn Clio , Jahans-Price Thomas , Burgeno Lauren M. , Tittgemeyer Marc , Brüning Jens C. , Walton Mark E. , Backes Heiko 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTo date, the spatiotemporal release of specific neurotransmitters at physiological levels in the human brain cannot be detected. Here, we present a method that relates minute-by-minute fluctuations of the positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand [11C]raclopride directly to subsecond dopamine release events. We show theoretically that synaptic dopamine release induces low frequency temporal variations of extrasynaptic extracellular dopamine levels, at time scales of one minute, that can evoke detectable temporal variations in the [11C]raclopride signal. Hence, dopaminergic activity can be monitored via temporal fluctuations in the [11C]raclopride PET signal. We validate this theory using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry and [11C]raclopride PET in mice during chemogenetic activation of dopaminergic neurons. We then apply the method to data from human subjects given a palatable milkshake and discover immediate and—for the first time—delayed food-induced dopamine release. This method enables time-dependent regional monitoring of stimulus-evoked dopamine release at physiological levels.
Author Correction: Single human B cell-derived monoclonal anti-Candida antibodies enhance phagocytosis and protect against disseminated candidiasis
Authors: Rudkin F. M. , Raziunaite I. , Workman H. , Essono S. , Belmonte R. , MacCallum D. M. , Johnson E. M. , Silva L. , Palma A. S. , Feizi T. , Jensen A. , Erwig L. P. , Gow N. A. R. 
Published: January 2019

The original version of this Article contained errors in the author affiliations. Please see the associated correction for the full list of errors. These errors have been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Parent-of-origin effects on quantitative phenotypes in a large Hutterite pedigree
Authors: Mozaffari Sahar V. , DeCara Jeanne M. , Shah Sanjiv J. , Sidore Carlo , Fiorillo Edoardo , Cucca Francesco , Lang Roberto M. , Nicolae Dan L. , Ober Carole 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe impact of the parental origin of associated alleles in GWAS has been largely ignored. Yet sequence variants could affect traits differently depending on whether they are inherited from the mother or the father, as in imprinted regions, where identical inherited DNA sequences can have different effects based on the parental origin. To explore parent-of-origin effects (POEs), we studied 21 quantitative phenotypes in a large Hutterite pedigree to identify variants with single parent (maternal-only or paternal-only) effects, and then variants with opposite parental effects. Here we show that POEs, which can be opposite in direction, are relatively common in humans, have potentially important clinical effects, and will be missed in traditional GWAS. We identified POEs with 11 phenotypes, most of which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Many of the loci identified are characteristic of imprinted regions and are associated with the expression of nearby genes.
Design and test of a new kind of coupling mechanical HVDC circuit breaker
Authors: Liu Liming , Yuan Zhao , Xu Hui , Chen Lixue , He Junjia , Pan Yuan , Cen Yishun 
Published: January 2019

In this paper, a new kind of coupling mechanical high‐voltage direct current (HVDC) circuit breaker topology based on pulse transformer is proposed and its working principle is analysed in detail. On the basis of the requirement of 160 kV rated voltage, and 9 kA breaking current, the varying trend and design principle of parameters are given by the theoretical calculation. The prototype design of 160 kV HVDC circuit breaker is completed and type test passes. Results prove that the prototype of 160 kV HVDC circuit breaker has natural bi‐directional breaking capacity. It can interrupt the current below 9 kA and withstand transient interruption voltage 272 kV. The breaking time is <5 ms.
Energy analysis of products and processes in a sanitary landfill
Authors: Pereira Nascimento Dayse , Menezes Valeska L. , Carvalho Monica , Chacartegui Ricardo 
Published: January 2019

The potential energy uses of landfill gas (LFG) are investigated herein, focusing on electricity generation and leachate evaporation. LFG generation is estimated with the application of the GasSim method, using real data on the municipal solid waste disposal at the Metropolitan Sanitary Landfill of João Pessoa (Northeast Brazil). The results show significant LFG generation, with an estimated peak production of 11,277.28 t in 2028, and LFG generation until 2042. Commercially available biogas‐operated equipment were analysed for electricity production in situ, considering production and operation restrictions at the landfill. It was verified that after 2018, a cogeneration facility can generate electricity and the available heat is sufficient to evaporate leachate. Positive net economic results are obtained, with an internal rate of return over 30% after 26 years, demonstrating that the cogeneration facility is profitable and self‐sustainable.
High breakdown voltage AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with a dipole layer for microwave power applications
Authors: Du Jiangfeng , Li Xiaoyun , Bai Zhiyuan , Liu Yong , Yu Qi 
Published: January 2019

A novel high breakdown voltage AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor with a dipole layer (GaN DL‐HEMT) is proposed in this work. The dipole layer (DL) is formed by AlGaN which is attached to the AlGaN barrier and located in the passivation layer between drain and gate electrodes. DL can improve significantly the breakdown voltage (BV) by modulating the distribution of electric field along the channel. The proposed GaN DL‐HEMT exhibits a high BV of 1130 V, which increased from 496 V of conventional GaN HEMT with gate–drain distance of 5 μm, while on‐state resistance keeps 0.48 Ω.mm and FOM at a high level of 2.67 GW/cm2 is obtained. Meanwhile, the cutoff frequency maintains a large value as high as 32.4 GHz, which increases by 74% compared with GaN with a gate field plate. The novel GaN DL‐HEMT shows great prospects in microwave power applications.
Trans‐scale precision positioning stage without guideway based on inertial stick–slip driving
Authors: Zhong Bowen , Zhu Jie , Jin Ziqi , He Haidong , Wang Zhenhua , Sun Lining 
Published: January 2019

In this work, a trans‐scale precision positioning stage without guideway based on the inertial stick–slip driving is proposed, which can provide nano‐scale resolution ratio and output long‐range motion. The stage consists of an encapsulated piezoelectric actuator, a connection block, a base, a pair of ceramic bars, and magnets, and the volume is 25 mm × 17 mm × 13.5 mm. The structure and the principle are introduced in detail. To investigate the locomotion characteristics, a prototype is manufactured, and a series of experiments are carried out. The velocity can reach 13 mm/s when the driving frequency is 2.5 kHz and the resolution is 2 nm. The experimental results confirm that the prototype based on the inertial stick–slip driving is valid through magnets. The good linear relationships exist between the displacement curves and time under various driving voltages and frequencies.
Machbarkeit und Auswirkungen von Badeanwendungen mit einer verdünnten fossilen Sole auf Blutdruck, Gefäßregulation und autonome Funktion
Authors: Lechleitner P , Widemair O 
Published: January 2019

Zusammenfassung
Fragestellung Untersucht wurde in einer Machbarkeitsstudie die Durchführbarkeit von Messungen bei Badeanwendungen mit einer verdünnten fossilen Sole (Deferegger Heilwasser) und deren Einfluss auf Blutdruck, Gefäßregulation und Funktion des autonomen Nervensystems
Methode 42 Probanden führten 10 konsekutive Badeanwendungen a 45 Min mit 5 Liter Heilwasserzusatz durch. Vor und nach der Badeserie wurden Blutdruck, endotheliale Funktion (mittels Endo-PAT), autonome Nervenfunktion mittels Herzfrequenzvariabilität und Befindlichkeit (EBF-24 Fragebogen) inklusive Schlafqualität gemessen.
Ergebnisse Nach der Badeserie zeigte sich der Blutdruck (Abfall von 123/74 auf 119/72 mmHg; p<0,005), die parasympathische Aktivität (pNN50-Anstieg von 2,8 auf 3,9%; p<0,05) und – bei Probanden mit initial eingeschränktem Hyperämieindex (LnRHI) – die endotheliale Funktion (LnRHI-Anstieg von 0,37 auf 0,56; p<0,02) signifikant verbessert. 11 von 12 Befindlichkeitsitems (insgesamt wurden 7 Belastungs- und 5 Erholungsitems erhoben) inklusive Schlafqualität zeigten sich nach den Badeanwendungen tendenziell verbessert.
Diskussion Ursächlich für Blutdrucksenkung und Verbesserung der endothelialen Funktion dürfte der Anstieg der parasympathischen Aktivität sein, welche im Wesentlichen auf hydrotherapeutische Effekte zurückzuführen sein dürfte.
Schlussfolgerung Die Badeanwendungen haben sich als sicher – auch bei Probanden mit gestörter Gefäßregulation – erwiesen und können somit auch bei stabilen kardiovaskulären Risikopatienten angewendet werden. Die Machbarkeitsstudie über 10 konsekutive Badeanwendungen mit einer verdünnten Sole aus fossilem Wasser ergab Hinweise auf eine günstige Beeinflussung der Regulationsfähigkeit des Kreislauf- und autonomen Nervensystems. Weiterführende Untersuchungen sind gerechtfertigt.
Sepsis-Update: Definition und Epidemiologie
Authors: Bracht Hendrik , Hafner Sebastian , Weiß Manfred 
Published: January 2019

ZusammenfassungSepsis ist eine häufige Erkrankung auf den Intensivstationen weltweit, die mit einer relevanten Morbidität und Mortalität einhergeht. Bis heute gibt es keine spezifische Therapie der Sepsis – allein die frühe Diagnosestellung und schnellstmögliche therapeutische Intervention können das Outcome der Patienten verbessern. Daher ist eine Definition des Krankheitsbildes der Sepsis mit hoher diagnostischer Sensitivität und Spezifität unabdingbar.
Diagnostik der Sepsis – Teil 1: allgemeine Diagnostik und Fokussuche-/sanierung
Authors: Richter Daniel , Heininger Alexandra , Schmidt Karsten , Schmoch Thomas , Bernhard Michael , Mayer Philipp , Weigand Markus , Brenner Thorsten 
Published: January 2019

ZusammenfassungDie Sepsis ist ein medizinischer Notfall mit weiterhin hoher Sterblichkeit. Die Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) gibt für die Diagnostik und die Gabe eines adäquaten Breitspektrumantibiotikums ein Zeitfenster von max. 1 h nach Stellen der Verdachtsdiagnose „Sepsis“ vor. Aktuell wird dieses sog. 1 h-Maßnahmenbündel kritisch diskutiert. Als Kernaspekt der Fokussuche orientiert sich die Art der Bildgebung am vermuteten Fokus und dem Patientenkollektiv. Bei kritisch kranken Patienten ist die kontrastmittelverstärkte Computertomografie häufig Mittel der Wahl. Die Erregerdetektion erfolgt meist kulturbasiert. Daher sind mikrobiologische Proben aus einfach zugänglichen Kompartimenten, mindestens aber die Entnahme von 2 Blutkultursets, obligat und sollten vor der Gabe eines Antibiotikums erfolgen. Von herausragender Bedeutung sind vor allem intraoperative Abstriche aus sonst sterilen Kompartimenten. Suspekte Katheter (z. B. zentralvenöse Katheter, Dialysekatheter) oder potenziell infizierte implantierte Medizinprodukte (z. B. Schrittmacher, Defibrillatoren) sollten – wenn vertretbar – zügig entfernt und einer mikrobiologischen Aufarbeitung zugeführt werden. Generell sollten alle notwendigen Maßnahmen zur Fokussanierung/-kontrolle so schnell wie medizinisch/logistisch möglich, mindestens aber innerhalb von 6(– 12)h nach Beginn der Sepsis, erfolgt sein. Es existiert bislang kein spezifischer Biomarker für das Krankheitsbild der Sepsis. Biomarker wie das Procalcitonin (PCT) und das C-reaktive Protein (CRP) spielen im Kontext der Sepsis beim infektiologischen Management und Therapiemonitoring auf der Intensivstation eine wichtige Rolle. Vielversprechende Biomarker wie das midregionale Pro-Adrenomedullin (MR-proADM) oder das Presepsin werden außerhalb von Studien noch nicht in der klinischen Routine eingesetzt. Als Marker von Mikrozirkulationsstörungen und eines gestörten Metabolismus spielt das Laktat (bzw. die Laktat-Clearance) als prognostischer Parameter der Sepsis eine große Rolle.
Ernährung und Bewegung: Die Bedeutung der Lebensführung für Krebs
Authors: Kleeberg Ulrich 
Published: January 2019

ZusammenfassungDie Lebensumstände (exogene Faktoren), Konstitution und Alter sind entscheidend für die Inzidenz und Progredienz maligner Erkrankungen. Sozio-ökonomische Faktoren beeinflussen die Lebensführung maßgeblich, Übergewicht und Trägheit fördern malignes Wachstum. Wachstumsfaktoren (WF) exokrin (Wirt) & autokrin (Tumor) promovieren Krebs, Fettgewebe und Muskulatur sind aktive endokrine Organe: Weißes Fettgewebe (WAT) ist Hauptproduzent tumor-stimulierender, inflammatorischer WF. Die Bildung dieser WF wird durch Bewegung gemindert, wodurch Krebswachstum gehemmt wird.Körperliche Aktivität und Reduktion von Übergewicht wirken antientzündlich. Gewichtsabnahme bei Übergewicht mindert Krebsinzidenz und -progredienz. Bewegung und Ernährung beeinflussen die Prognose signifikant. Gesundheitspolitik hat die Verpflichtung zu konzertierten präventiven Initiativen. Lebensführung ist die zentrale Aufgabe tertiärer Prävention für Nachsorge, gemäß dem modernen Konzept zu Survivorship. Entscheidend sind nachhaltige Anleitungen zu täglicher Bewegung von wöchentlich mindestens 3 bis 5 Stunden, entsprechend 9 metabolisch äquivalenten Aufgaben (MET) und einer obst- und gemüsereichen sowie fett- und fleischarmen Ernährung.
Endoscopic balloon dilatation is an effective management strategy for caustic-induced gastric outlet obstruction: a 15-year single center experience
Authors: Kochhar Rakesh , Malik Sarthak , Reddy Yalaka , Mallick Bipadabhanjan , Dhaka Narendra , Gupta Pankaj , Sinha Saroj , Manrai Manish , Kochhar Suman , Wig Jai , Gupta Vikas 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Background and study aims There is sparse data on the endoscopic management of caustic-induced gastric outlet obstruction (GOO). The present retrospective study aimed to define the response to endoscopic balloon dilatation (EBD) in such patients and their long-term outcome.
Patients and methods The data from symptomatic patients of caustic-induced GOO who underwent EBD at our tertiary care center between January 1999 and June 2014 were retrieved. EBD was performed using wire-guided balloons in an incremental manner. Procedural success and clinical success of EBD were evaluated, including complications and long-term outcome.
Results A total of 138 patients were evaluated of whom 111 underwent EBD (mean age: 30.79 ± 11.95 years; 65 male patients; 78 patients with isolated gastric stricture; 33 patients with both esophagus plus gastric stricture). The initial balloon diameter at the start of dilatation, and the last balloon diameter were 9.6 ± 2.06 mm (6 – 15 mm) and 14.5 ± 1.6 mm (6 – 15 mm), respectively. Procedural and clinical success was achieved in 95 (85.6 %) and 108 (97.3 %) patients, respectively, requiring a mean (SD) of 5.3 (2.6) and 7.21 (3.86) sessions, respectively. Patients with isolated gastric obstruction had a better response than those with combined esophagus and gastric stricture. Minor complications such as self-limited pain or bleeding were seen in 18 (16.2 %) and 16 (14.4 %), respectively. Perforation occurred in two patients. Over a follow-up period of 98 months, there were no recurrences.
Conclusion Caustic-induced GOO can be successfully managed using EBD with 97.3 % clinical success.
Parotidektomie: Komplikationen analysiert
Authors: Frese Knut Arvid 
Published: January 2019

Fiacchini G et al. Frey Syndrome, First Bite Syndrome, great auricular nerve
morbidity, and quality of life following parotidectomy. Eur Arch
Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 275: 1893–1902
Eine Parotidektomie kann zu zahlreichen Komplikationen führen, die die
Lebensqualität einschränken. Zu diesen Komplikationen zählen Verletzungen
des Nervus facialis, Asymmetrie des Gesichtsprofils, Keloide,
Speicheldrüsenfistel, Frey-Syndrom (FS), First Bite Syndrom (FBS) und
Hypästhesie der Haut. Ärzte der Universität von Pisa untersuchten die
Inzidenz von Komplikationen nach Parotidektomie und deren Auswirkungen auf
die Lebensqualität.
Leitlinien: Was ist das und wie ist der Weg zur klinischen Entscheidungsfindung?
Authors: Jung B. , Blödt Susanne 
Published: January 2019

ZusammenfassungDer folgende Artikel gibt einen kurzen Überblick zum Thema Leitlinien. Es werden Grundlagen besprochen, Begrifflichkeiten geklärt und der Weg zur klinischen Entscheidungsfindung näher beleuchtet.
COPD: Umgang mit Exazerbationen – Diagnostik, Therapie und Nachsorge
Authors: Leo Fabian , Menger Heike 
Published: January 2019

AbstractExacerbations are major events in the disease process in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They have a negative effect on the quality of life and the progression of the disease. Frequent exacerbations are associated with increased mortality. In addition to the optimal therapy, the prevention of further exacerbations and the attention to concomitant diseases are prognostically crucial for the patients. In this review article, current recommendations for the diagnosis, therapy and follow-up care of COPD exacerbations are summarized.