bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonequilibrium Green’s Functions
Authors: Morawetz Klaus 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe method of the equation of motion is used to derive the Martin–Schwinger hierarchy for the nonequilibrium Green’s functions. The formal closure of the hierarchy is reached by using the selfenergy which provides a recipe for how to construct selfenergies from approximations of the two-particle Green’s function. The Langreth–Wilkins rules for a diagrammatic technique are shown to be equivalent to the weakening of initial correlations. The quantum transport equations are derived in the general form of Kadanoff and Baym equations. The information contained in the Green’s function is discussed. In equilibrium this leads to the Matsubara diagrammatic technique.
Approximations for the Selfenergy
Authors: Morawetz Klaus 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe systematic expansion of the selfenergy is presented with the help of the closure relation of chapter 7. Besides Hartree–Fock leading to meanfield kinetic equations, the random phase approximation (RPA) is shown to result into the Lennard–Balescu kinetic equation, and the ladder approximation into the Beth–Uehling–Uhlenbeck kinetic equation. The deficiencies of the ladder approximation are explored compared to the exact T-matrix by missing maximally crossed diagrams. The T-matrix provides the Bethe–Salpeter equation for the two-particle correlation functions. Vertex corrections to the RPA are presented. For a two-dimensional example, the selfenergy and effective mass are calculated. The structure factor and the pair-correlation function are introduced and calculated for various approximations.
Assets, Gender, and Rural Livelihoods
Authors: Djurfeldt Agnes Andersson 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
In this chapter, cross-sectional data are used to assess changes in key assets and how this varies by sex of head of household using a regional perspective. Gender-based asset gaps vary regionally and also shift over time. Agricultural assets were generally biased against female farm managers. Changes in land size had a negative effect on female-managed farms (FMFs) when compared with male-managed farms. Gender biases with respect to land lie primarily in the size of cultivated areas, which is related to labour. The share of male labour is lower on FMFs. This is connected to smaller land sizes and lower use of particular irrigation techniques. Housing standard, consumer durables, and savings are less gender biased. Female farm managers in general command less male labour, and the land that they cultivate appears to be adjusted to their labour resources. Incomes generated by these households are invested in housing, consumer durables, and savings.
Agricultural Intensification Response to Agricultural Input Subsidies in Tanzania: A Spatial-Temporal and Gender Perspective, 2002–15
Authors: Msuya Elibariki E. , Isinika Aida Cuthbert , Dzanku Fred Mawunyo 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
In Tanzania, structural adjustment policies implemented during the 1980s removed all agricultural subsidies. However, declining productivity and production of maize and rice—the main food crops—forced the government to restore subsidies in 2003. This chapter examines the impact of the agricultural input subsidy programme, looking at farmers’ response to subsidized inorganic fertilizer and improved maize and rice seed—discerning gender and temporal impacts. Farmers in Iringa and Morogoro were highly responsive to the fertilizer and seed components of the input subsidy, and their response was sensitive to the magnitude of the subsidy. Farmers in Morogoro were less responsive to both technologies due to dominance of rice production. Adoption was lower for female-managed farms, with corresponding lower livelihood outcomes, attributed to lower resource endowment. It is therefore recommended that underperforming farmers, including female farm manages in lower wealth ranks, required initiative to improve their productivity and production.
Scalar field with λϕ4 interaction
Authors: Kachelriess Michael 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
The generating functionals Z[J] and W[J] for the λϕ4 theory are evaluated perturbatively and expressed through Feynman diagrams. The resulting Feynman rules are derived and the three basic one-loop diagrams of the λϕ4 theory are calculated. The main idea of renormalisation is illustrated using as example ϕϕ → ϕϕ scattering at O(λ2).
Global symmetries and Noether’s theorem
Authors: Kachelriess Michael 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Noethers theorem shows that continuous global symmetries lead classically to conservation laws. Such symmetries can be divided into spacetime and internal symmetries. The invariance of Minkowski space-time under global Poincaré transformations leads to the conservation of the four-momentum and the total angular momentum. Examples for conserved charges due to internal symmetries are electric and colour charge. The vacuum expectation value of a Noether current is shown to beconserved in a quantum field theory if the symmetry transformation keeps the path-integral measure invariant.
Introduction
Authors: Furst Eric M. , Squires Todd M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractGeneral concepts of rheology and microrheology are presented, including basic concepts of the microrheology measurement, the characteristics of soft materials, rheological functions and principles of conventional rheometric measurements, as well as several common rheological properties that will be encountered throughout the text. Microrheology encompasses a set of rheometric methods or techniques with unique capabilities|a part of the experimental toolbox for characterizing the rheological properties of materials to aid their understanding, or help in the design of new materials. There are limitations to microrheology that are important to understand from the outset. Colloidal particles are central to all microrheology measurements. Basic concepts of colloid science, including typical probe chemistries, colloidal stability, characterization, and preparation are presented.
Neuraxial Anesthesia in Obstetric Patients Receiving Thromboprophylaxis With Unfractionated or Low–Molecular-Weight Heparin: A Systematic Review of Spinal Epidural Hematoma
Authors: Leffert L.R. , Dubois H.M. , Butwick A.J. , Carvalho B. , Houle T.T. , Landau R. 
Published: February 2018

(Anesth Analg. 2017;125(1):223–231)
National guidelines stipulate that pregnant women at risk for venous thromboembolism, such as women undergoing cesarean delivery (4-fold increased risk compared with vaginal delivery), receive thromboprophylaxis via mechanical means, low–molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and or unfractionated heparins (UFHs). Because of a limited number of studies addressing the boundaries for safe use of neuraxial anesthesia in obstetric patients receiving thromboprophylaxis, or anticoagulated patients, the authors of the present review report on all cases of spinal epidural hematoma (SEH) after neuraxial blockade in this population of obstetric patients.
Syphilis During Pregnancy: A Preventable Threat to Maternal-fetal Health
Authors: Rac M.W. , Revell P.A. , Eppes C.S. 
Published: February 2018

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216(4):352–363)
Even with an available cure, syphilis remains a growing, global health concern for women during pregnancy. Between 2012 and 2014 there was a 38% increase in the rate of congenital syphilis. Syphilis presents a clear danger as stillbirths occur in about 25% of pregnancies along with other adverse outcomes. While syphilis in pregnant women in several counties has been eliminated through a World Health Organization initiative, rates in the United States have increased. African American women have a 10 times higher rate of congenital infection than white women. Syphilis infection rates have increased in all geographical areas. Lack of prenatal care, lack of diagnostic screening, and lack of treatment are the primary issues. Syphilis has significant effects on the infants born to infected mothers. More than 50% of infants may be infected and adverse outcomes are seen in as many as 75% of untreated pregnancies.
Pregnancy-related Mortality in the United States, 2011 to 2013
Authors: Creanga A.A. , Syverson C. , Seed K. , Callaghan W.M. 
Published: February 2018

(Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130(2):366–373)
A pregnancy-related death is defined as the death of a woman during or within 1 year ofpregnancy that was caused by a pregnancy complication, a chain of events initiated by pregnancy, or the aggravation of an unrelated condition by the physiologic effects of pregnancy. In the United States, the pregnancy-related mortality ratio has increased from 10 deaths per 100,000 live births in the 1990s to 16 deaths per 100,000 live births in the aggregate period of 2006 to 2010. Reasons for this increase are not entirely clear. Therefore, in this observational study, the authors examined pregnancy-related mortality, causes of death, and populations at risk in the United States for the time period between 2011 and 2013.
A National Survey of Neurological Monitoring Practice After Obstetric Regional Anaesthesia in the UK
Authors: Roderick E. , Hoyle J. , Yentis S.M. 
Published: February 2018

(Anaesthesia. 2017;72:755–759)
Neuraxial anaesthesia is widely used for both labor analgesia and cesarean delivery in the United Kingdom. The risk of neurological complications with these procedures is very low in the obstetric population. However, when they do occur, early detection and management are especially important as their consequences could be critical to the patient. The Third National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists recommended that local guidelines be put in place that provide recommendations for patient monitoring to identify early signs and symptoms as well as a process for involving anesthesiologists when problems are identified. National guidelines have been developed that address postoperative monitoring of non-obstetric patients who have received neuraxial anesthesia. However, those guidelines intentionally exclude parturients, and national guidelines specific to the obstetric population still do not exist.
Relationship Between Labor and Delivery Unit Management Practices and Maternal Outcomes
Authors: Plough A.C. , Galvin G. , Li Z. , Lipsitz S.R. , Alidina S. , Henrich N.J. , Hirschhorn L.R. , Berry W.R. , Gawande A.A. , Peter D. , McDonald R. , Caldwell D.L. , Muri J.H. , Bingham D. , Caughey A.B. , Declercq E.R. , Shah N.T. 
Published: February 2018

(Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130(2):358–365)
The specific management practices of labor and delivery units and their sensitivity to operational pressures have not been well assessed in the context of improved patient outcomes. In the present review, the authors assessed whether or not labor and delivery unit management practices that proactively mitigated unit challenges were independently associated with lower risk of primary cesarean delivery, prolonged length of stay, and adverse maternal outcomes in low-risk patients.
Double-balloon Catheter Versus Prostaglandin E2 for Cervical Ripening and Labour Induction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Du Y.M. , Zhu L.Y. , Cui L.N. , Jin B.H. , Ou J.L. 
Published: February 2018

(BJOG. 2017;124:891–899)
Induction of labor is occurring more frequently, and many studies have been performed to determine the most effective and safest induction techniques. An important component of successful labor induction is effective cervical ripening. Both mechanical and pharmacologic methods of cervical ripening have been used. One of the mechanical techniques involves the use of a double-balloon catheter specifically designed for this use. In this systematic review and meat-analysis, the effectiveness of the double-balloon catheter was compared with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to achieve cervical ripening and successful labor induction.
Vaginal Birth After Cesarean: Neonatal Outcomes and United States Birth Setting
Authors: Tilden E.L. , Cheyney M. , Guise J.M. , Emeis C. , Lapidus J. , Biel F.M. , Wiedrick J. , Snowden J.M. 
Published: February 2018

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216(4):403.e1–403.e8)
Many hospitals are not willing to let a woman try to deliver vaginally if she has previously had a cesarean delivery (CD). As a result, women with prior CDs who want to avoid a second CD increasingly seek to have vaginal deliveries in free standing birthing centers or at home. This retrospective analysis of records for US births from 2007 to 2010 compared vaginal births occurring in a hospital setting with those occurring outside of hospitals in women who had previously had a CD. Statistical analysis was limited to singleton, full term live births with vertex presentation. Unadjusted, absolute and relative risk differences for different birth settings were calculated, and multivariate regression analyses were performed.
Neuraxial Opioids for Postcesarean Delivery Analgesia: Can Hydromorphone Replace Morphine? A Retrospective Study
Authors: Marroquin B. , Feng C. , Balofsky A. , Edwards K. , Iqbal A. , Kanel J. , Jackson M. , Newton M. , Rothstein D. , Wong E. , Wissler R. 
Published: February 2018

(Int J Obstet Anesth. 2017;30:16–22)
Previous small-scale studies have investigated the use of neuraxial hydromorphone in place of morphine for pain relief following cesarean delivery with some success. Generally, the results suggested similar efficacy. However, no large studies comparing neuraxial hydromorphone to morphine for postcesarean analgesia have been conducted. Because of a shortage of preservative-free morphine in 2012, the University of Rochester Medical Center switched to using neuraxial hydromorphone from March to November of 2012 for pain relief after cesarean delivery. This retrospective study was therefore undertaken to compare the effectiveness and side effects of neuraxial hydromorphone to morphine.
Interprofessional Communities of Practice in Continuing Medical Education for Promoting and Sustaining Practice Change: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Barker Megan , Lecce Julia , Ivanova Anna , Zawertailo Laurie , Dragonetti Rosa , Selby Peter 
Published: February 2018

Introduction:
Standard knowledge delivery formats for CME may have limited impact on long-term practice change. A community of practice (CoP) is one tool that may enhance competencies and support practice change. This study explores the utility of an interprofessional CoP as an adjunct to a CME program in tobacco addiction treatment (Training Enhancement in Applied Counselling and Health [TEACH] Project) to promote and sustain practice change.

Methods:
A prospective cohort design was utilized to examine the long-term impact of the TEACH CoP on practice change. An online survey was administered to TEACH-trained practitioners to assess perceived feasibility, importance, and confidence related to course competencies, involvement in TEACH CoP activities, engagement in knowledge transfer (KT), and implementation of new programming. Chi-square tests were used to detect differences in KT and program development associated with CoP participation. Course competency scores from immediate postcourse surveys and long-term follow-up surveys were compared.

Results:
No significant differences in participant characteristics were found between those who did (n = 300) and did not (n = 122) participate in the TEACH CoP. Mean self-perceived competency scores were greater immediately after course than at long-term follow-up; however, self-ratings of competency in pharmacological interventions and motivational interviewing were higher at follow-up. TEACH CoP participation was associated with significantly greater engagement in KT and implementation of new programming after training.

Discussion:
The findings from this evaluation suggest the value of interprofessional CoPs offered posttraining as a mechanism to enhance practice. CME providers should consider offering CoPs as a component of training programs to promote and sustain practice change.
Scarless Breast Reconstruction: Indications and Techniques for Optimizing Aesthetic Outcomes in Autologous Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Dec Wojciech 
Published: February 2018

Summary:
Breast reconstruction that leaves no visible scars on the breast is possible for a subset of patients. This article reviews a cohort of 10 patients who underwent 14 autologous breast reconstructions. To achieve a reconstruction without visible breast scars, the mastectomy and autologous reconstruction are carried out through a periareolar incision. At the completion of the reconstruction, a small skin paddle is externalized through the mastectomy incision and in a subsequent stage entirely incorporated into a nipple areola reconstruction. Following completion of the breast and nipple areola reconstruction, a tattoo is performed that extends beyond the perimeter of the reconstructed areola and conceals all scars on the breast mound. The ideal candidate for this technique has a small or medium size breast, which is non- or minimally ptotic, and a donor site that can yield a flap larger than the volume of the native breast. In properly selected patients, this technique consistently yields high-quality results, which match or even surpass the aesthetics of the original breast.
What Does the Implementation of Peer Care Training in a U.K. Prison Reveal About Prisoner Engagement in Peer Caregiving?
Authors: Stewart Warren 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT
The number of aging and chronically ill prisoners continues to rise within the United Kingdom prison demography; consequentially, many institutions face health and social care crises of immense proportions. The needs of this group are both complex and costly, and in the United Kingdom, this is set to a backdrop of overcrowding, increasing violence, and public spending cuts in line with government austerity targets. In this context, the development of prisoner peer caregiving is proposed as an approach to mitigating the effects of aging, disability, and illness. A qualitative study was implemented to design, deliver, and evaluate a peer care training intervention within a U.K. prison. The perceptions of six prisoner peer caregivers are represented in this article. Thematic analysis of interview transcripts identified challenges experienced by peer caregivers in practice as well as recommended practical solutions. The social processes underpinning prisoner peer caregiving are discussed, including individual and organizational impediments to the fulfillment of their role. Practice theory, social learning theory, and criminological sensitivities were used as theoretical lenses to analyze the findings.
Similarities and Differences Between Physician Assistant Program and Medical School Mission Statement Themes
Authors: Orcutt Venetia L. , James Kassidy , Bradley-Guidry Carolyn , Jones P. Eugene 
Published: February 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to examine the concordance of US physician assistant (PA) program mission statements with those of US public- and private-sponsored medical schools. With the exception of a broader medical school focus on research, the authors hypothesized that little difference in mission statement congruence would be found in a comparison of medical schools and PA programs.

Methods
Mission statements of 209 of the 210 accredited US PA programs as of May 2016 were obtained and analyzed. Keywords and phrases were identified, coded, and analyzed using NVivo. Themes that previously reported medical school mission statement analyses (including education, research, service, primary care, diversity, prevention, provider distribution, and cost control) were examined. Additional themes of evidence-based medicine (EBM), interprofessional care, patient safety, and quality improvement were included in the analyses.

Results
Analyses revealed similar emphasis in both PA programs and medical schools on themes of education, prevention, and cost control, with dissimilar emphases on themes of research, service, primary care, diversity, and provider distribution. Physician assistant programs were more likely to emphasize interprofessional care than EBM, patient safety, or quality improvement.

Conclusions
In the comparison of mission statements of medical schools and PA programs, much less congruence was found than had been hypothesized. Although this study examined the similarities and differences between the mission statements of US medical schools and PA programs, it did not examine the extent to which programs succeeded in meeting the stated missions. Additional research is necessary to understand the factors that determine whether mission statements are actualized in measurable deliverables.
Safety Outcomes in Endoscopic Versus Open Repair of Metopic Craniosynostosis
Authors: Braun Tara L. , Eisemann Bradley S. , Olorunnipa Olushola , Buchanan Edward P. , Monson Laura A. 
Published: February 2018

Background:
Premature fusion of the metopic suture leads to a range of clinical presentations, with more severe patients presenting characteristically with trigonocephaly. Endoscopic-assisted correction of craniosynostosis is emerging as an alternative to the gold-standard open cranial vault remodeling. While there are several documented benefits of endoscopic correction, the management of craniosynostosis varies widely in the literature with little consensus as to the preferred timing and surgical technique for repair. The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety outcomes of endoscopic versus open surgery at our institution.

Methods:
This retrospective cohort study included all patients diagnosed with metopic craniosynostosis who underwent open or closed surgical management and received at least 6 months of follow-up. Data extraction was performed via chart review and included demographic information and safety outcome variables.

Results:
During the study period, 17 patients who met our inclusion criteria were treated by the multidisciplinary craniofacial team at our institution. Eight patients underwent endoscopic surgery and 9 underwent open surgery. The mean age at surgery was significantly higher in the open surgery group than the endoscopic surgery group (13.7 months versus 2.3 months, respectively). Estimated blood loss, percent estimated blood volume lost, transfusion volume, procedure length, hospital length of stay, and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay were all significantly higher in the open surgery group compared with the endoscopic group.

Conclusions:
In our patient population, endoscopic surgery for metopic craniosynostosis had an improved safety profile versus open surgery based on reduced procedure length, estimated blood loss, volume of blood transfusion, and length of stay in the ICU and hospital.