bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tropical Pacific SST and ITCZ Biases in Climate Models: Double Trouble for Future Rainfall Projections?
Authors: Samanta Dhrubajyoti , Karnauskas Kristopher B. , Goodkin Nathalie F. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe double Intertropical Convergence Zone bias remains a persistent problem in coupled general circulation model simulations. Due to the strong sea surface temperature (SST)‐convection relationship in the tropics, precipitation biases are sensitive to background SST. Using historical simulations of 24 coupled general circulation models and an atmospheric general circulation model, we show that cold equatorial SST biases at least exacerbate double Intertropical Convergence Zone biases in the Pacific. A linear regression model is used to demonstrate that improved predictability of precipitation trends is possible with such model‐dependent information as mean‐state SST biases accompanying projected SST trends. These results provide a better understanding of the root of the double Intertropical Convergence Zone bias and a possible path to reduced uncertainty in future tropical precipitation trends.
Resolving Seasonal Ice Velocity of 45 Greenlandic Glaciers With Very High Temporal Details
Authors: Vijay Saurabh , Khan Shfaqat Abbas , Kusk Anders , Solgaard Anne M. , Moon Twila , Bjørk Anders Anker 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSeasonal glacier ice velocities are important for understanding controlling mechanisms of ice flow. For many Greenlandic glaciers, however, these measurements are limited by low temporal resolution. We present seasonal ice velocity changes, melt season onset and extent, and ice front positions for 45 Greenlandic glaciers using 2015–2017 Sentinel‐1 synthetic aperture radar data. Seasonal velocity fluctuations of roughly half of the glaciers appear to be primarily controlled by surface melt‐induced changes in the subglacial hydrology. This includes (1) glaciers that speed up with the onset of surface melt and (2) glaciers with comparable late winter and early melt season velocities that show significant slowdown during most of the melt season and speedup during winter. In contrast, less than a quarter of the study glaciers show strong correspondence between seasonal ice speed and terminus changes. Our results pinpoint seasonal variations across Greenland, highlighting the variable influence of meltwater on year‐round ice velocities.
Background Conditions Influence the Estimated Cloud Radiative Effects of Anthropogenic Aerosol Emissions From Different Source Regions
Authors: Grandey Benjamin S. , Wang Chien 
Published: February 2019

AbstractUsing the Community Earth System Model, with the Community Atmosphere Model version 5.3, we investigate the cloud radiative effects of anthropogenic aerosols emitted from different source regions and global shipping. We also analyze aerosol burdens, cloud condensation nuclei concentration, liquid water path, and ice water path. Due to transboundary transport and sublinearity in the response of clouds to aerosols, the cloud radiative effects of emissions from a given source region are influenced by emissions from other source regions. For example, the shortwave cloud radiative effect of shipping is−0.39 ± 0.03W/m2when other anthropogenic emissions sources are present (the “present‐day background” assumption) compared with−0.60 ± 0.03W/m2when other anthropogenic emissions sources are absent (the “natural background” assumption). In general, the cloud radiative effects are weaker if present‐day background conditions are assumed compared with if natural background conditions are assumed. Assumptions about background conditions should be carefully considered when investigating the climate impacts of aerosol emissions from a given source region.
Initial Results From the GEM Challenge on the Spacecraft Surface Charging Environment
Authors: Yu Yiqun , Rastätter Lutz , Jordanova Vania K. , Zheng Yihua , Engel Miles , Fok Mei‐Ching , Kuznetsova Maria M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSpacecraft surface charging during geomagnetically disturbed times is one of the most important causes of satellite anomalies. Predicting the surface charging environment is one prevalent task of the geospace environment models. Therefore, the Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) Focus Group “Inner Magnetosphere Cross‐energy/Population Interactions” initiated a community‐wide challenge study to assess the capability of several inner magnetosphere ring current models in determining surface charging environment for the Van Allen Probes orbits during the 17 March 2013 storm event. The integrated electron flux between 10 and 50 keV is used as the metrics. Various skill scores are applied to quantitatively measure the modeling performance against observations. Results indicate that no model consistently perform the best in all of the skill scores or for both satellites. We find that from these simulations the ring current model with observational flux boundary condition and Weimer electric potential driver generally reproduces the most realistic flux level around the spacecraft. A simple and weaker Volland‐Stern electric field is not capable of effectively transporting the same plasma at the boundary toward the Earth. On the other hand, if the ring current model solves the electric field self‐consistently and obtains similar strength and pattern in the equatorial plane as the Weimer model, the boundary condition plays another crucial role in determining the electron flux level in the inner region. When the boundary flux spectra based on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model/empirical model deviate from the shape or magnitude of the observed distribution function, the simulation produces poor skill scores along Van Allen Probes orbits.
A curious case of DBS radiofrequency programmer interference
Authors: Grewal Sanjeet S. , ReFaey Karim , Grassle Amy L. , Uitti Ryan J. , Wharen Robert E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDeep brain stimulation (DBS) systems frequently rely on radiofrequency (RF) transmission for patient programming. The potential exists for other devices to interfere with communication between the internal pulse generator (IPG) and the programming device. In this paper, we are reporting a case of programming interference between the IPG and the WaveID device.
Transcriptomic response of primary human airway epithelial cells to flavoring chemicals in electronic cigarettes
Authors: Park Hae-Ryung , O’Sullivan Michael , Vallarino Jose , Shumyatcher Maya , Himes Blanca E. , Park Jin-Ah , Christiani David C. , Allen Joseph , Lu Quan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe widespread use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes or e-cig) is a growing public health concern. Diacetyl and its chemical cousin 2,3-pentanedione are commonly used to add flavors to e-cig; however, little is known about how the flavoring chemicals may impair lung function. Here we report that the flavoring chemicals induce transcriptomic changes and perturb cilia function in the airway epithelium. Using RNA-Seq, we identified a total of 163 and 568 differentially expressed genes in primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells that were exposed to diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione, respectively. DAVID pathway analysis revealed an enrichment of cellular pathways involved in cytoskeletal and cilia processes among the set of common genes (142 genes) perturbed by both diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione. Consistent with this, qRT-PCR confirmed that the expression of multiple genes involved in cilia biogenesis was significantly downregulated by diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione in NHBE cells. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining showed that the number of ciliated cells was significantly decreased by the flavoring chemicals. Our study indicates that the two widely used e-cig flavoring chemicals impair the cilia function in airway epithelium and likely contribute to the adverse effects of e-cig in the lung.
Overexpression of UHRF1 promoted the proliferation of vascular smooth cells via the regulation of Geminin protein levels
Authors: Chen Xia , Zhou You-li , Liang Shi-yu , Shi Yan-chuan , Lin Shu , Shu Mao-qin 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Geminin is an inhibitor of DNA replication licensing and cell cycle. Our previous study demonstrates that Geminin plays an important role in regulating phenotypic diversity and growth of vascular smooth cells (VSMCs). Ubiquitin-like with PHD and RING Finger domains 1 (UHRF1) is an epigenetic coordinator, whose RING domain confers intrinsic E3 ligase activity, mediating the ubiquitination of several proteins and the protein–protein interaction. Aberrant expression of UHRF1 was related to aggressiveness of multiple human malignancies, where knockdown of UHRF1 led to decreased proliferation of cancer cells. However, it is unclear whether proper UHRF1 function is involved in aberrant proliferation and phenotypic switching of VSMCs via altering Geminin protein levels. In present study, in UHRF1-overexpressing A10 cells, 3H-thymidine and 5-ethynyl-20-deoxyuridine (EdU) and CCK8 were used to examine the proliferation of VSMCs. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses were performed to investigate whether UHRF1-mediated effects were achieved by altering Geminin expression in VSMCs. RNA-seq analysis was performed to dissect related mechanisms or signaling pathways of these effects. The results of in vitro experiments suggested that UHRF1 prompted proliferation and cell cycle of VSMCs via the down-regulation of Geminin protein levels with no change in Geminin mRNA expression. Besides, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was increased upon UHRF1 up-regulation. Our study demonstrated that overexpressing UHRF1 was involved in VSMCs proliferation through reducing inhibitory Geminin protein levels to promote cell cycle as well as activating PI3K-Akt signaling. This may provide key knowledge for the development of better strategies to prevent diseases related to VSMCs abnormal proliferation.
Emerging paradigms for PilZ domain-mediated C-di-GMP signaling
Authors: Cheang Qing Wei , Xin Lingyi , Chea Rachel Yuen Fong , Liang Zhao-Xun 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
PilZ domain-containing proteins constitute a large family of bacterial signaling proteins. As a widely distributed protein domain for the binding of the second messenger c-di-GMP, the canonical PilZ domain contains a set of motifs that define the binding site for c-di-GMP and an allosteric switch for propagating local conformational changes. Here, we summarize some new insights gathered from recent studies on the commonly occurring single-domain PilZ proteins, YcgR-like proteins and PilZ domain-containing cellulose synthases. The studies collectively illuminate how PilZ domains function as cis- or trans-regulatory domains that enable c-di-GMP to control the activity of its cellular targets. Overall, the review highlights the diverse protein structure, biological function and regulatory mechanism of PilZ domain-containing proteins, as well as the challenge of deciphering the function and mechanism of orphan PilZ proteins.
Transcription initiation factor TBP: old friend new questions
Authors: Kramm Kevin , Engel Christoph , Grohmann Dina 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
In all domains of life, the regulation of transcription by DNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RNAPs) is achieved at the level of initiation to a large extent. Whereas bacterial promoters are recognized by a σ-factor bound to the RNAP, a complex set of transcription factors that recognize specific promoter elements is employed by archaeal and eukaryotic RNAPs. These initiation factors are of particular interest since the regulation of transcription critically relies on initiation rates and thus formation of pre-initiation complexes. The most conserved initiation factor is the TATA-binding protein (TBP), which is of crucial importance for all archaeal-eukaryotic transcription initiation complexes and the only factor required to achieve full rates of initiation in all three eukaryotic and the archaeal transcription systems. Recent structural, biochemical and genome-wide mapping data that focused on the archaeal and specialized RNAP I and III transcription system showed that the involvement and functional importance of TBP is divergent from the canonical role TBP plays in RNAP II transcription. Here, we review the role of TBP in the different transcription systems including a TBP-centric discussion of archaeal and eukaryotic initiation complexes. We furthermore highlight questions concerning the function of TBP that arise from these findings.
Terahertz fibre transmission link using resonant tunnelling diodes integrated with photonic‐crystal waveguides
Authors: Yu X. , Hosoda Y. , Miyamoto T. , Obata K. , Kim J.‐Y. , Fujita M. , Nagatsuma T. 
Published: February 2019

The authors present an expanded porous polytetrafluoroethylene terahertz fibre transmission link using resonant tunnelling diodes integrated with photonic‐crystal waveguides as a transmitter and a receiver. The measured coupling efficiency between the terahertz fibre and the photonic‐crystal waveguide integrated with a silicon tapered coupler is ∼30% with a 3 dB bandwidth of 50 GHz at the 0.3 THz band. Error‐free 10 Gbit/s transmission and uncompressed 4 K high‐definition video transmission have been successfully demonstrated using 1 m‐long terahertz fibre.
Low-metallicity massive single stars with rotation
Authors: Kubátová B. , Szécsi D. , Sander A. A. C. , Kubát J. , Tramper F. , Krtička J. , Kehrig C. , Hamann W.-R. , Hainich R. , Shenar T. 
Published: February 2019

Context. Metal-poor massive stars are assumed to be progenitors of certain supernovae, gamma-ray bursts, and compact object mergers that might contribute to the early epochs of the Universe with their strong ionizing radiation. However, this assumption remains mainly theoretical because individual spectroscopic observations of such objects have rarely been carried out below the metallicity of the Small Magellanic Cloud.
Aims. Here we explore the predictions of the state-of-the-art theories of stellar evolution combined with those of stellar atmospheres about a certain type of metal-poor (0.02 Z⊙) hot massive stars, the chemically homogeneously evolving stars that we call Transparent Wind Ultraviolet INtense (TWUIN) stars.
Methods. We computed synthetic spectra corresponding to a broad range in masses (20−130 M⊙) and covering several evolutionary phases from the zero-age main-sequence up to the core helium-burning stage. We investigated the influence of mass loss and wind clumping on spectral appearance and classified the spectra according to the Morgan-Keenan (MK) system.
Results. We find that TWUIN stars show almost no emission lines during most of their core hydrogen-burning lifetimes. Most metal lines are completely absent, including nitrogen. During their core helium-burning stage, lines switch to emission, and even some metal lines (oxygen and carbon, but still almost no nitrogen) are detected. Mass loss and clumping play a significant role in line formation in later evolutionary phases, particularly during core helium-burning. Most of our spectra are classified as an early-O type giant or supergiant, and we find Wolf–Rayet stars of type WO in the core helium-burning phase.
Conclusions. An extremely hot, early-O type star observed in a low-metallicity galaxy could be the result of chemically homogeneous evolution and might therefore be the progenitor of a long-duration gamma-ray burst or a type Ic supernova. TWUIN stars may play an important role in reionizing the Universe because they are hot without showing prominent emission lines during most of their lifetime.
Long-term spot monitoring of the young solar analogue V889 Herculis
Authors: Willamo T. , Hackman T. , Lehtinen J. J. , Käpylä M. J. , Ilyin I. , Henry G. W. , Jetsu L. , Kochukhov O. , Piskunov N. 
Published: February 2019

Context. Starspots are important manifestations of stellar magnetic activity. By studying their behaviour in young solar analogues, we can unravel the properties of their magnetic cycles. This gives crucial information of the underlying dynamo process. Comparisons with the solar cycle enable us to infer knowledge about how the solar dynamo has evolved during the Sun’s lifetime.
Aims. Here we study the correlation between photometric brightness variations, spottedness, and mean temperature in V889 Her, a young solar analogue. Our data covers 18 years of spectroscopic and 25 years of photometric observations.
Methods. We use Doppler imaging to derive temperature maps from high-resolution spectra. We use the Continuous Period Search method to retrieve mean V-magnitudes from photometric data.
Results. Our Doppler imaging maps show a persistent polar spot structure varying in strength. This structure is centred slightly off the rotational pole. The mean temperature derived from the maps shows an overall decreasing trend, as does the photometric mean brightness, until it reaches its minimum around 2017. The filling factor of cool spots, however, shows only a weak tendency to anti-correlate with the decreasing mean brightness.
Conclusions. We interpret V889 Her to have entered into a grand maximum in its activity. The clear relation between the mean temperature of the Doppler imaging surface maps and the mean magnitude supports the reliability of the Doppler images. The lack of correlation between the mean magnitude and the spottedness may indicate that bright features in the Doppler images are real.
The onsets of deconfinement and fireball of NA61/SHINE
Authors: Larsen Dag 
Published: February 2019

The NA61/SHINE experiment at the CERN SPS is pursuing a rich programme on strong interactions, covering the study of onset of deconfinement and aims to discover the critical point of strongly interacting matter by performing an energy and system-size scan at the full CERN SPS momentum range. These scans of p+p, p+Pb, Be+Be, Ar+Sc and Pb+Pb have been mostly completed with Xe+La last year (more Pb+Pb to to taken this year).
Results from the different reactions are now emerging. As a surprise, some measurements did not scale smoothly. In particular, for the K+/π+ ratio, Be+Be collisions behaved similarly to p+p (as superposition of nucleon collisions), while Ar+Sc was closer to Pb+Pb collisions. This step can not be explained by onset of deconfinement, and may indicate that there is also a onset of fireball in relativistic heavy ion collisions. A review of the results as well as possible interpretation will be presented. The theoretical models (SMES, PHSD) describe onset of deconfinement at the heaviest system relatively well. However, no model describes the behaviour of data at previously unmeasured collisions of light and intermediate size ions. The onset of fireball is not described by any model.
11 Immobilized Catalysts for Asymmetric Reactions
Authors: Itsuno S. , Ullah M. S. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractRecent applications of polymer-immobilized catalysts for asymmetric reactions are described in this chapter. The chiral catalysts covered include organocatalysts, Lewis acid catalysts, and transition-metal catalysts. Preparation of these chiral polymer-immobilized catalysts and their use in asymmetric reactions are described. The polymer-immobilized catalysts are insoluble in the solvent used for asymmetric reactions and are easily separated from the reaction mixture; the recovered polymeric catalysts can be reused many times without any loss of the catalytic performance. Some of these polymeric catalysts have been used in continuous-flow systems, potentially providing a powerful tool for the synthesis of optically active fine chemicals.
Perception metaphors in cognitive linguistics
Authors: Ibarretxe-Antuñano Iraide 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents an up-to-date retrospective on the study of perception metaphors in cognitive linguistics. After a brief introduction to some of the main theoretical tools for the analysis of conceptual metaphor, three main areas are discussed: the scope of perception metaphors, the motivation for perception metaphors, and the lexicalisation of perception metaphors. The chapter ends with some indications for future work in this area.
Metaphors and perception in the lexicon
Authors: Strik-Lievers Francesca , De Felice Irene 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Polysemy patterns in the sensory lexicon have been the subject of many studies, mostly synchronically oriented. This paper investigates whether the regularities observed for the intrafield and transfield polysemy of sensory lexemes can also be noted in the semantic changes that the lexemes undergo over time. Based on lexicographic resources, we analyse the sense(s) of Classical Latin sensory adjectives and “follow” them until Contemporary Italian. Our findings indicate that semantic shifts that occurred over time largely conform to the patterns that emerge from synchronic analyses: if some change in meaning occurs, the semantic shift tends to go from a “lower” to a “higher” sensory modality, or from perceptual to cognitive or abstract senses.
Synaesthetic metaphors are neither synaesthetic nor metaphorical
Authors: Winter Bodo 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Speakers often use metaphor when talking about the contents of perception. For example, a word such as sweet can be used to talk metaphorically about sensory impressions that are not directly related to taste, as in so-called “synaesthetic metaphors” such as sweet fragrance and sweet melody. In this chapter, I present arguments against the synaesthetic and metaphorical nature of such expressions. First, a look at the neuropsychological literature reveals that the phenomenon commonly called “synaesthesia” bears little resemblance to the metaphors investigated by linguists. Moreover, in contrast to synaesthesia as a neuropsychological phenomenon, most “synaesthetic” metaphors involve mappings between highly similar and perceptually integrated sensory modalities, such as taste and smell. Finally, combinations of words that involve dissimilar sensory modalities, such as sweet melody, appear to perform largely evaluative functions. Thus, evaluation might be driving the use of these terms, more so than “synaesthetic” perception. I will then compare my analyses to the idea that many metaphors are grounded in primary metaphors and/or metonymies. All in all, this paper suggests that many and perhaps most “synaesthetic metaphors” are neither synaesthetic nor metaphorical. From a broader perspective, the case study of synaesthetic metaphors presented here fleshes out the way language and perception are related and how sensory content is encoded in the lexicon of human languages.
Approaching perceptual qualities
Authors: Ryzhova Daria , Rakhilina Ekaterina , Kholkina Liliya 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The paper examines the properties of heavy as a perceptual concept, based on evidence from 11 languages. We demonstrate that the semantics of this concept is heterogeneous; lexemes of this field can be used in situations of at least three types: Lifting, Shifting and Weighing. These situations are either lexicalised as separate words, or they converge in a single lexeme in various combinations following certain strategies. We also argue that different metaphorical extensions correspond to different situation types; this allows us to use analysis of metaphoric shifts as an additional instrument to establish the semantic structure of direct meanings.