bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Views and practices of induced abortion among Australian Fellows and trainees of The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists: A second study
Authors: Cheng Hon Chuen , Black Kirsten , Woods Cindy , de Costa Caroline 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivesKnowledge of current practices of abortion is important for planning of health services in Australia and for future training.AimsTo conduct an online survey of the Fellows and specialist trainees of RANZCOG regarding their views and practices of induced abortion and compare these with results of a similar study from 2010.Methods and MaterialsA questionnaire was distributed to Australian Fellows and specialist trainees. Data collected were descriptively analysed and thematic analysis used for free comments.ResultsApproximately 25% of those emailed responded (632 of 2542); 13.7% reported total opposition to abortion on religious or conscientious grounds; the remainder did not. 83.5% believed that abortion should be part of general obstetric and gynaecological practice; 90% believed that education about abortion should be part of the curriculum for RANZCOG trainees. 92% supported public hospital provision of abortion services. A range of views was explored using thematic analysis.DiscussionWhile a majority of Fellows and trainees do not hold religious or conscientious objections to abortion a significant minority do; this has changed little since 2010. Many respondents distinguish between ‘medical’ and ‘social’ indications for abortion although definitions of ‘social’ appear variable. There was strong support for the inclusion of abortion in the Fellowship training curriculum.ConclusionAlthough the response rate was lower than for the 2010 survey participants expressed strong support for the provision of abortion services in the public sector in Australia, and for incorporation of information about abortion in the training curriculum for Fellowship of RANZCOG.
Eosinophil extracellular traps activate type 2 innate lymphoid cells through stimulating airway epithelium in severe asthma
Authors: Choi Youngwoo , Kim Young‐Min , Lee Hee‐Ra , Mun Jiyeong , Sim Soyoon , Lee Dong‐Hyun , Pham Duy Le , Kim Seung‐Hyun , Shin Yoo Seob , Lee Seung‐Woo , Park Hae‐Sim 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundActivated eosinophils release extracellular traps (EETs), which contribute to airway inflammation in severe asthma (SA). However, the role of EETs in innate immunity has not yet been completely determined. The present study aimed to demonstrate the mechanism of airway inflammation in SA mediated by EETs.MethodsPeripheral counts of EET+ eosinophils and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) were evaluated in patients with SA (n = 13), nonsevere asthma (NSA, n = 17), and healthy control subjects (HC, n = 8). To confirm the effect of EETs, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and adapted/innate immune responses were assessed in mice. Furthermore, the effects of anti‐IL‐33/TSLP antibody were tested.ResultsThe numbers of EET+ eosinophils and ILC2s were significantly elevated in SA, with a positive correlation between these two cells (r = .539, P < .001). When mice were injected with EETs, we observed significant increases in epithelium‐derived cytokines (IL‐1α, IL‐1β, CXCL‐1, CCL24, IL‐33, and TSLP) and eosinophil/neutrophil count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as well as an increased proportion of IL‐5‐ or IL‐13‐producing ILC2s in the lungs. When Rag1−/− mice receiving ILC2s were treated with EETs, increased AHR and IL‐5/IL‐13 levels in BALF were noted, which were effectively suppressed by anti‐IL‐33 or anti‐TSLP antibody.ConclusionEETs could enhance innate and type 2 immune responses in SA, in which epithelium‐targeting biologics (anti‐IL‐33/TSLP antibody) may have a potential benefit.
Depression is associated with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease among adults in the United States
Authors: Kim Donghee , Yoo Eric R. , Li Andrew A. , Tighe Sean P. , Cholankeril George , Harrison Stephen A. , Ahmed Aijaz 
Published: July 2019

SummaryBackgroundCurrently, the relationship between depression and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is not clearly defined.AimTo determine whether depression is associated with NAFLD and NAFLD‐related advanced fibrosis in a large population sample.MethodsWe performed a cross‐sectional analysis using the 2007‐2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database among adults (20 years or older) in the United States (US). Depression and functional impairment due to depression were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9). NAFLD was defined by utilising the US fatty liver index (USFLI), hepatic steatosis index (HSI) and the fatty liver index (FLI) in the absence of other causes of chronic liver disease. The presence and absence of advanced fibrosis in NAFLD were defined by Fibrosis‐4 score.ResultsOf the 10 484 subjects (mean age 47.0 years; 48.8% men), the prevalence of depression and functional impairment due to depression was higher in subjects with NAFLD than in those without. Compared to subjects without depression, those with depression were 1.6‐2.2‐fold more likely to have NAFLD. In our multivariate analyses, depression_med was associated with increased risk of NAFLD using USFLI (odds ratio [OR] 1.48 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17‐1.87), HSI (OR 1.51 95% CI 1.04‐2.19) and FLI (OR 2.01 95% CI 1.65‐2.48), respectively. The addition of diabetes, obesity and lipid profile to the model reduced the ORs for depression, but the significance persisted. Depression was not associated with NAFLD‐related advanced fibrosis.ConclusionsIn a nationally representative sample of US adults, depression was independently associated with NAFLD.
Treatment response and long term follow up in nineteen dogs diagnosed with chronic enteropathy in Australia
Authors: Dandrieux JRS , Martinez Lopez LM , Prakash N , Mansfield CS 
Published: July 2019

Chronic enteropathy (CE) in dogs is common worldwide, but little data is available from Australia. The aim of this study was to describe treatment response and long‐term outcome in a cohort of dogs with CE.Dogs were prospectively enrolled at Murdoch University and the University of Melbourne. After diagnostic investigation to rule out diseases other than CE, dogs underwent sequential therapeutic trials until achieving a clinical response (diet then antibiotics, and finally immunosuppressants). Success was defined as 75% reduction of clinical severity for a minimum of five weeks.A total of 21 dogs were enrolled, and 19 completed the study. One dog was euthanised for lack of response to treatment and one excluded for lack of owner compliance. Most dogs responded to diet (n = 10), followed by antibiotics (n = 7) and immunosuppressants (n = 2). Long‐term remission (median 21.1 months, [3.0‐44.7]) was achieved in eight out of ten dietary responders without additional treatment. In contrast, only two dogs with antibiotic response remained in long‐term remission, of which one needed on‐going antibiotic treatment. Longer term remission was achieved in the two dogs treated with immunosuppressants with on‐going low dose therapy.This study concludes that most dogs referred for CE in Australia respond to dietary treatment (even after previous dietary interventions), and remission is long‐term compared to dogs treated with an antibiotic. Furthermore, the need for long‐term antibiotics in some dogs to maintain response may lead to antibiotic resistance. This study supports adequate dietary trials for CE in dogs, and a need for alternative second‐line treatments.
Pedagogical moves and student thinking in technology‐mediated medical problem‐based learning: Supporting novice‐expert shift
Authors: Reilly Colby M. , Kang Stephanie Y. , Grotzer Tina A. , Joyal Julie A. , Oriol Nancy E. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTechnology‐mediated simulation is often used in medical problem‐based learning (PBL) approaches to offer authentic contexts and immersive engagement for learning. However, critiques argue that these approaches are lacking in the structure necessary to support productive learning—that they often result in mindless doing without the thinking processes needed that lead to deeper understanding and expertise. This paper presents data from a technology‐mediated simulation, called HMS MEDscience, to demonstrate: (1) that it effectively leads to greater expert reasoning—evident through responses in content knowledge and problem‐solving ability that more closely aligned with a rubric of expert responses to the same questions; (2) through a series of case studies, the implicit pedagogical moves the teachers make to support students' thinking processes. Significant pre‐ to posttest gains indicate more expert reasoning. In addition, classroom videos indicate shifts from novice toward more expert medical science reasoning and illustrate the fine‐grained supporting moves that teachers use to guide students' thinking toward more expert understanding of the problem space. This study highlights the importance of the thinking processes that students engage in as they participate in technology‐mediated PBL and the accompanying teacher attention to student thinking through supporting pedagogical moves.
Practitioner NotesWhat is already known about this topic

Technology‐mediated problem‐based learning (PBL) can invite an immersive experience for learners to engage with authentic problems.
Broad framing for effective PBL includes features such as structured group work, a tutorial process for structuring knowledge and action plans, constructive investigation, and cognitive mentorship.
The results on PBL have been mixed depending upon how it is enacted. It typically takes very skilled teachers and additional inherent structure.
What this paper adds

It demonstrates that novice‐expert shifts are possible in high school students' reasoning about technology‐supported, medical‐based problem solving.
It reveals six nuanced thinking scaffolds that teachers used to support students' shift toward the more expert conceptions.
It identifies seven thinking moves that students engaged in during the problem‐solving context.
Implications for practice and/or policy

It alerts practitioners to the need to attend to the pedagogical moves that they employ to support student thinking.
It demonstrates the importance of the thinking processes that students engage in as they participate in technology‐mediated PBL.
It demonstrates that successful learning in technology‐mediated PBL contexts is accompanied by teacher attention to student thinking and supporting pedagogical maneuvers.
‘Please sort these voice recordings into 2 identities’: Effects of task instructions on performance in voice sorting studies
Authors: Lavan Nadine , Merriman Siobhan E. , Ladwa Paayal , Burston Luke F.K. , Knight Sarah , McGettigan Carolyn 
Published: July 2019

We investigated the effects of two types of task instructions on performance on a voice sorting task by listeners who were either familiar or unfamiliar with the voices. Listeners were asked to sort 15 naturally varying stimuli from two voice identities into perceived identities. Half of the listeners sorted the recordings freely into as many identities as they perceived; the other half were forced to sort stimuli into two identities only. As reported in previous studies, unfamiliar listeners formed more clusters than familiar listeners. Listeners therefore perceived different naturally varying stimuli from the same identity as coming from different identities, while being highly accurate at telling apart the stimuli from different voices. We further show that a change in task instructions – forcing listeners to sort stimuli into two identities only – helped unfamiliar listeners to overcome this selective failure at ‘telling people together’. This improvement, however, came at the cost of an increase in errors in telling people apart. For familiar listeners, similar non‐significant trends were apparent. Therefore, even when informed about correct number of identities, listeners may fail to accurately perceive identity further highlighting that voice identity perception in the context of natural within‐person variability is a challenging task. We discuss our results in terms of similarities and differences to findings in the face perception literature and their importance in applied settings, such as forensic voice identification.
Expanding the Swiss‐Norwegian chironomid training set with Polish data
Authors: Kotrys Bartosz , Płóciennik Mateusz , Sydor Paweł , Brooks Stephen J. 
Published: July 2019

The Swiss‐Norwegian training model established in 2011 has been used across Europe to infer past mean July air temperatures using Chironomidae subfossils. It combines reference sites from Norway and the Swiss Alps but lacks representative localities from the central European plains belt. This gap complicates reconstructions from temperate European latitudes, and thus, a Polish training set (TS) was developed. Data from 102 lakes, mainly from Pomerania and the Masurian Lakelands, as well as the Polish Plain, the Sudetes, and the Carpathian Mountains were included. After selecting and merging suitable chironomid taxa, the Swiss‐Norwegian‐Polish TS includes 357 lakes and 134 chironomid morphotypes, and it has a mean July air temperature range of 3.5 to 20.0 °C. The weighted averaging‐partial least squares (WA‐PLS) and artificial neural network (ANN) transfer function based on the extended TS performs well: R2jack = 0.91/0.95 and root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) = 1.39 °C/1.34 °C, respectively. The transfer function applied to the Żabieniec Lake sequence (central Poland) reveals higher summer temperatures (2.5–4.0 °C) for the Lateglacial and for the Holocene (1.0 °C) compared to the Swiss‐Norwegian model. The reconstruction based on the Swiss‐Norwegian TS shows an increasing trend from the Bølling‐Allerød Interstadial to the Meghalayan period, whereas the new model reconstruction shows no increasing trend when using WA‐PLS and a slightly decreasing trend when using ANN. Summer temperatures in the Lateglacial in Żabieniec inferred using the Swiss‐Norwegian TS are consistent with other temperature reconstructions for 50–55°N in Europe, while those based on the Swiss‐Norwegian‐Polish TS (SNP TS) show closer affinity to more western sites than the eastern European ones. Despite being uncommon, the application of ANN can be a good equivalent of the WA‐PLS technique especially in situations where the available database is limited to fewer than a few hundred variables.
Histamine up‐regulates oncostatin M expression in human M1 macrophages
Authors: Mommert Susanne , Hüer Marius , Schaper‐Gerhardt Katrin , Gutzmer Ralf , Werfel Thomas 
Published: July 2019

Background and PurposeHuman monocyte‐derived M1 macrophages develop in relation to growth factors, bacterial products, and cytokines in a local micro‐environment. M1 macrophages produce pro‐inflammatory mediators, in particular, oncostatin M (OSM), which is secreted from the cells in response to the active complement component C5a. As C5a also releases histamine from human mast cells and shows immune modulatory functions similar to histamine in regulating expression of the IL‐12 cytokine family, we investigated the effects of histamine on OSM expression in human M1 macrophages.Experimental ApproachCytokine expression was analysed by real‐time quantitative PCR and elisa techniques. Normal human epidermal keratinocytes were stimulated with supernatants from activated M1 macrophages, and phosphorylation of STAT3 was assessed by flow cytometry.Key ResultsOSM mRNA expression was highly up‐regulated by histamine and agonists targeting the histamine H1 H2, and H4 receptors in human M1 macrophages and by C5a, which was used as control stimulus. Protein levels of OSM and IL‐6 were up‐regulated by histamine. Supernatants from histamine‐stimulated, fully differentiated M1 macrophages were able to phosphorylate STAT3 in normal human epidermal keratinocytes.Conclusions and ImplicationsThe up‐regulation of OSM expression in response to histamine and C5a shown in this study provides further evidence that histamine and C5a, acting through their GPCRs, have almost equal functional effects in cells of the monocyte lineage. Both mediators OSM and IL‐6 have the capability to activate human keratinocytes. This effect may have an influence on the course of inflammatory skin diseases.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on New Uses for 21st Century. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.3/issuetoc
A systematic review of randomized and case‐controlled trials investigating the effectiveness of school‐based motor skill interventions in 3‐ to 12‐year‐old children
Authors: Eddy Lucy H. , Wood Megan L. , Shire Katy A. , Bingham Daniel D. , Bonnick Emma , Creaser Amy , Mon‐Williams Mark , Hill Liam J.B. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundResearch suggests that children identified with impaired motor skills can respond well to intensive therapeutic interventions delivered via occupational and physical therapy services. There is, however, a need to explore alternative approaches to delivering interventions outside traditional referral‐based clinic settings because limited resources mean such health services often struggle to meet demand. This review sets out to systematically assess the evidence for and against school‐based interventions targeted at improving the motor skills of children aged between 3 and 12 years old.MethodFive electronic databases were searched systematically (AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane, Medline, and PsycINFO) for peer‐reviewed articles published between January 2012 and July 2018. Studies were eligible if they implemented a school‐based motor skill intervention with a randomized or case‐controlled trial design that objectively measured motor skills as an outcome, which were not specific to an athletic or sporting skill. Participants had to be aged between 3 and 12 years old and free from neurological disorders known to affect muscle function. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool.ResultsTwenty‐three studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies encompassed interventions targeted at training: fundamental movement skills, handwriting, fine, and global motor skills. The majority of these studies reported beneficial impact on motor function specifically, but some interventions also assessed subsequent impacts on activity and participation (but not well‐being). A number of the studies had methodological shortcomings that means these results need to be interpreted with caution.ConclusionsSchools appear to be an effective setting for motor skill interventions, but the extent of benefit likely depends on the type of intervention. Moreover, confirmation is needed as to whether benefits extend beyond motor function into everyday activities, participation, and well‐being. Future research should include follow‐up measures to assess the longer term efficacy of school‐based interventions.
A journey through follow‐up for neurodevelopmentally at‐risk infants—A qualitative study on views of parents and professionals in Liverpool
Authors: Komoriyama Ayuko , Paize Fauzia , Littlefair Esme , Dewhurst Chris , Gladstone Melissa 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundWith improving neonatal intensive care, more preterm babies or those with hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy are surviving the newborn period. These babies are at high risk of neurodevelopmental delay. No studies to date have looked at the views of parents and professionals in relation to the processes of follow‐up for these infants.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative study in order to understand the views of parents of preterm babies or those with hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy as well as the views of professionals who manage and support these families. Parents were recruited through general neonatal follow‐up clinics, neonatal nurse liaison services and community child health clinics and professionals through the neonatal unit and neurodevelopmental paediatrics services. We conducted in‐depth interviews using an open‐ended topic guide, which were audio recorded, transcribed and coded. We conducted a thematic content analysis where themes were inductively highlighted and grouped by consensus in order to conclude on major themes and subthemes.ResultsThree major themes were identified for parents and professionals. These were the following: (a) What is the future, (b) What is the journey and (c) Who can help me? Parents wanted better information earlier about the prognosis and diagnoses through face to face, honest consultations with follow‐up information available on the Internet. The most important requirements for follow‐up clinics were honesty, reassurance, consistent pathways of follow‐up and the need for a lead professional in the process. Alongside the follow‐up process, there was a need for support groups and psychological supportConclusionsThis study highlights the desire by parents for early information on the likely long‐term outlook for their babies but the need to ensure that the information and support, which is given, is provided appropriately and with consideration in order to provide the best care of the whole family.
Individually dosed omalizumab facilitates peanut oral immunotherapy in peanut allergic adolescents
Authors: Brandström Josef , Vetander Mirja , Sundqvist Ann‐Charlotte , Lilja Gunnar , Johansson S. G. O. , Melén Erik , Sverremark‐Ekström Eva , Nopp Anna , Nilsson Caroline 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundPeanut oral immunotherapy (pOIT) has showed good short‐term outcomes, but allergic reactions may prevent effective up‐dosing and is a major cause of stopping OIT. In placebo‐controlled trials, omalizumab has been shown to facilitate allergen immunotherapy and increase tolerance to peanut.ObjectiveWe hypothesized that by combining omalizumab with pOIT, and monitor treatment effects with basophil allergen threshold sensitivity tests (CD‐sens), peanut allergic patients could safely initiate pOIT and thereafter slowly withdraw omalizumab.MethodsThis is the 2nd part of a one‐armed open phase‐2 study where peanut allergic adolescents (n = 23) started pOIT after an individualized omalizumab treatment. The pOIT dose was increased from 280 to 2800 mg peanut protein in 8 weeks followed by an individualized step‐wise withdrawal of omalizumab, based on clinical symptoms and CD‐sens levels. pOIT continued for 12 weeks followed by an open peanut challenge. Peanut CD‐sens and allergen‐binding activity (ABA) and IgE‐ab, IgG‐ab and IgG4‐ab to peanut and its components were measured during the study.ResultsAll 23 patients successfully reached the 2800 mg maintenance dose. Moderate/systemic allergic reactions were rare while receiving full‐dose omalizumab. Eleven of 23 (48%) successfully continued with pOIT after omalizumab was stopped. Compared to treatment failures, median baseline IgE‐ab to peanut components Ara h 1‐3 and CD‐sens to peanut were significantly lower among successfully treated patients and IgG4‐ab to peanut, Ara h 2 and 6 increased significantly more during treatment.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThis study indicates that omalizumab is an effective adjunctive therapy for initiation and rapid up‐dosing of pOIT; however, adverse events from pOIT become more frequent as omalizumab doses are decreased.Clinical trials registration: ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT02402231. EudraCT; 2012‐005625‐78.