bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Red Vienna, 1919–1934
Authors: Kadi Justin , Suitner Johannes 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
“Red Vienna” refers to a phase of urban development in Vienna, Austria, between 1919 and 1934. Inspired by ideas of municipal socialism, the Social Democratic Workers' Party implemented local social reforms to improve the living conditions of the working class. Policies were aimed particularly at the fields of housing, welfare, and healthcare, as well as education. While Red Vienna came to an end more than 80 years ago, the reforms continue to shape Vienna's urban development today. Moreover, Red Vienna remains a key reference point in contemporary debates about egalitarian and progressive modes of urban planning.
Regional Innovation
Authors: Coenen Lars 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Since the early 1990s, social scientists and policy‐makers have been paying increasing attention to regions as designated sites of innovation. The popularity of this argument can be traced back to a number of regional success stories such as Silicon Valley or the industrial districts in the Third Italy as well as Michael Porter's work on clusters. Regional innovation is generally defined as a localized learning process in which knowledge is commercialized into new products, processes, or services through interactions between firms and knowledge‐creating and ‐diffusing organizations. An important topic for studies on regional innovation is the (positive and negative) role of proximity for innovation. The regional innovation systems (RIS) approach has emerged as a unifying framework to analyze conditions for and processes of regional innovation. Empirical RIS studies developed various typologies that characterize and distinguish regions' uneven capacity to innovate. Future research is primarily taking shape along two (related) dimensions: first to move beyond a static and towards a more dynamic (evolutionary) perspective on regional innovation and, second, in light of an increasingly globalized economy, to unpack proximity effects on innovation beyond geographical proximity.
Rental Housing
Authors: Blanco Andres , Razu David 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
One out of five people across the world live in rental housing. Despite the existing bias of housing policies toward homeownership, the rental housing market is indispensable as for many households it represents the only affordable choice, and for many others it is the only option that fits their personal preferences. Besides catering for those needs, rental housing brings about social benefits as it tends to be located in central areas of cities and towns, thus reducing urban sprawl and its associated high infrastructural and environmental costs. Rental housing transactions happen in formal and informal submarkets and under different institutional and social environments that shape their dynamics. Although rental housing is almost always a more affordable choice than ownership, affordability is still an issue most governments are concerned about, so they have designed and implemented different models of social rental programs to address the problem. Finally, in the wake of the new schemes of the sharing economy, the rental housing market faces a relevant challenge as it will have to adapt to lowered transaction costs and the short‐term rental models that are increasingly having an impact on the feasibility of traditional rental arrangements.
Residential Choices
Authors: Cosacov Natalia 
Published: April 2019

AbstractResidential choices refer to the decision‐making process by which households choose among dwelling and location options. The concept highlights theneeds and preferences, theresources(both monetary and nonmonetary), and theconstraints(limits, pressures, and obstacles) that are at stake when households choose a place to live. Although these decisions occur at the household level, in explaining residential choices researchers have shown the influence not only of microlevel but also macrolevel factors such as housing market, labor market, housing policies, economic situation, institutional context, demographic circumstances, and the urban dynamics themselves. Residential choices are a way into understanding larger urban dynamics and configurations.
Residential Mobility
Authors: Roux Guillaume Le 
Published: April 2019

AbstractResidential mobility has been the subject of much research in various disciplines such as demography, economics, geography, history, and sociology. The meaning of this concept changes depending on the discipline, the date, and the national academic context. In its broadest sense, residential mobility can be defined as residence relocation regardless of the distance between the dwellings. The focus on the topic shifted from the measure of interregional migration to the study of individual behaviors in urban areas. In the meantime, the approaches diversified from a transversal perspective to a life‐course perspective, offering promising prospects of research.
RiodeJaneiro
Authors: Silvestre Gabriel 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBrazil's second largest metropolitan area and one of the world's largest megalopolises, Rio de Janeiro is known for the beauty of its natural settings, its cultural heritage, and as a center of the oil and gas industry. It was an important colonial city of the Portuguese empire and capital of Brazil for almost 200 years until the construction of Brasília. Its development trajectory is illustrative of the urbanization process of Brazil, marked by phases of accelerated growth, intense inward migration, and uneven development. Around 22 percent of the population live in favelas, making Rio a city marked by social inequality and spatial segregation. The hosting of the 2016 Olympic Games was envisioned as a watershed moment in urban development but the delivery of a global city agenda was plagued by difficulties. Political and economic instability have affected the country, region, and city since 2015 and the post‐Olympic development trajectory of Rio is unclear.
Rural Migrant to the City
Authors: Liu Ye , Liu Yuqi 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The growing flood of rural population to cities in the Global South has drawn much attention from social scientists. Rural migrants in the city are a socially heterogeneous group. Their migration to the city is relational between migrants, nonmigrants, and former migrants and situated within the economic, social, and cultural structures of both sending and receiving areas. Their decision to move is influenced by multifaceted and complex factors. The impacts of rural migrants' stay in the city on their well‐being and life chances are mixed. In the host city, they benefit from the improvement of life chances and economic well‐being, but they suffer from social exclusion as well as institutional discrimination. The concentration of rural migrants has both beneficial and detrimental effects on the host city. How to manage rural migrants is, therefore, a highly contested and politically controversial issue in most countries.
Rustbelt
Authors: Rich Meghan Ashlin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractRustbelt, a term that dates to the 1970s, originally refers to a geographic region of the USA, a swath encompassing the industrial manufacturing cities within the Midwest and Northeast. Economic restructuring, global competition, demographic shifts, and fiscal crises precipitated the steep decline of industrial cities. Cities in the manufacturing belt of the USA rose with the fortunes of industry in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. After World War II, a number of major shifts to the US economy led to the decline of rustbelt cities: the rise in importance of the automobile industry to the US economy, the federally subsidized suburbanization of the USA, and the expansion of an extensive interstate highway system. A unionized workforce became less attractive to major industries, facing pressure from shareholders as well as competitive global industries. Cities have attempted economic restructuring through nodal services, the creative economy, and the growth of immigrant communities.
Santiago
Authors: Oyarzun Fernando Pérez 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Santiago, capital city of the Republic of Chile, is located in a wide valley in the center of the country, which is crossed by the Mapocho and Maipo rivers. Pedro de Valdivia, a Spanish conquistador, founded it in 1541. Its population reached six million in 2010. Surrounded by a beautiful mountain landscape, it is considered an attractive location for international investment, due to its communication and financial systems. Administratively, it is divided into a large number of small municipalities; it does not have a central authority for the whole metropolitan area. Air pollution, due to lack of natural ventilation in winter, is one of its main shortcomings. The housing deficit has been confronted through intense social housing construction policies. However, the lack of good quality conditions in vulnerable neighborhoods remains significant.
Section 8/Housing Choice Voucher
Authors: McClure Kirk 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe federal government of the USA uses the Section 8 and Housing Choice Voucher programs to help poor renter households consume good quality, affordable housing. The Section 8 program contained both a production component and a voucher component. The production component has about 785,000 units in a rapidly shrinking portfolio. The Housing Choice Voucher program serves about 2.4 million households. Both programs help households whose income is very low, below 30 percent of the area median family income. The households receiving vouchers lease a unit that passes a physical inspection and has rents below a ceiling amount. The tenant pays about 30 percent of income toward the rent and utility costs, and the program pays the remainder. The voucher program has not produced the spatial mobility that was expected. Rather, participating households tend to remain in neighborhoods with high concentrations of poverty and few employment opportunities.
Sensing Cities
Authors: Davidson Joyce , Henderson Victoria L. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

The term
sensing cities
seeks to express something of the phenomenal, affective, and emotional ways city life is experienced. Instead of focusing on the city as a territorial unit or a technocratic articulation of modern political economy, it urges an appreciation of how urban modes of life are mediated through less quantifiable experiential forces and registers, often linked to particular
felt
understandings of the city as the pinnacle of modernity's “civilizing process.” The modern city binds strangers in relationships of utility, aesthetics, and ethics that require ongoing affective and emotional discipline, and the development and performance of urban(e)
sensibilities
.
Sexualities
Authors: Hubbard Phil 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Sexuality has been a relatively ignored dimension of urban and regional research until recent times. The emergence of “queer theory” in the social sciences, coupled with the rising visibility of “LGBT neighborhoods” in many Western cities, has changed this, and encouraged increasingly innovative investigations of the way urban and rural spaces are experienced by those with sexual identities that are Other to the dominant heterosexual norms present in society. But, in addition to focusing on LGBT experiences, studies have also examined the ways that heterosexuality intersects with gender, class, and ethnicity to create complex topographies of desire and disgust. Such studies make a strong case that sexuality is as fundamental to the production and consumption of space as other categories of identity, and challenge urban and regional scholars to address sexual matters that they might find difficult or even “squeamish.”
Shanghai
Authors: Chen Xiangming 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Shanghai's rise and transformations over the past 25 years have fascinated and intrigued the world. Many looking at Shanghai outside China accept the word “rise” as capturing the city's post‐1990 trajectory. Shanghai is also seen as a new global city that may soon rival Hong Kong and even London and New York in the future, although it was already one of the world's largest and most cosmopolitan cities in the 1920s. This entry suggests understanding Shanghai's post‐1990 rise and transformation through the lens of renaissance. Viewed this way, Shanghai's existing and envisioned roles in the twenty‐first century look remarkably similar to what they were earlier in the twentieth century, even though the underlying factors differ. Four salient themes are also identified as key elements that herald an emerging Shanghai school of urban studies: path dependency, the state's dilemma, migration and integration, the global–regional–local nexus.
Slums and Shanties
Authors: Gilbert Alan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractUntil the twentieth century, the slum was a problem of the Global North. Today, poor quality housing, a lack of services, and frequently overcrowding are confined mainly to the Global South. There the shelter problem is one less of homelessness than of quality – flimsy and unserviced structures house far too many people. Unlike the slums of the North, most of the poor quality shelter in the South has been built by the people themselves. Such self‐help housing can be highly problematic, particularly when it is built in dangerous places and where governments fail to provide essential infrastructure and services, but it is often a highly effective solution to rapid urban growth. Too many slums exist, but the vast bulk of shanty housing is capable of improvement and without it the Global South would face an even worse shelter crisis than it does today.
Shenzhen
Authors: Ross Benjamin David 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Shenzhen is an urban megalopolis of over 10 million people in southeastern China. As late as the 1970s it consisted of only two small urban hamlets and a smattering of fishing villages. Shenzhen is the preeminent example of the massive urbanization sparked by China's shift from a command to a market economy, beginning with the Deng Xiaoping reforms of 1978. It has thus provided fertile ground for urban scholars to study many of the issues relating to China's urbanization and political economy such as rural‐to‐urban migration, urban villages, and land rights.
S
mith,
N
eil
Authors: Dunn Kathleen 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Neil Smith (1954–2012) was an influential Marxist geographer known for his work on gentrification and the process of uneven development. His rent gap theory of gentrification argues that reinvestment in working‐class urban areas arises due to a gap between present and potential ground rent if redeveloped for a higher and better use. Smith characterized gentrification as a class project of revanchism, or revenge, of the upper classes to “take back” the city, a late‐twentieth‐century manifest destiny of urban “pioneering” for profit. He also developed an influential theory of uneven development, explicating how nature is produced from within the capitalist mode of production and offering a relational method for analyzing the production of space writ large. Smith also wrote extensively about the relationship between the discipline of geography, empire, and globalization, writing a widely lauded book on geographer Isaiah Bowman and a final shorter book on the ends of globalization. Born and raised in Scotland, Smith earned his doctorate degree as a student of David Harvey at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore and held positions at Columbia University, Rutgers University, and from 2000 to his death in 2012 was distinguished professor at the City University of New York Graduate Center, where he founded the Center for Place, Culture and Politics.
Social Innovation in Cities
Authors: Oosterlynck Stijn 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Social innovation refers to localized social initiatives that address unmet social needs through a transformation of social relationships that empowers people. The term has a long history, going back to utopian socialism and the New Left's concern with autonomy and self‐governance, and is more recently related to the critique of technological determinism in urban and regional development research. It attempts to develop an alternative mode of social regulation that grounds urban and regional development in an ontology of community and neighborhood development rather than economic competitiveness. Current research and theory in social innovation are concerned with the localized character of social innovation, the role of the state, transdisciplinary knowledge production, and the shifting model of social change.
Social Mix
Authors: Ruiz‐Tagle Javier 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
“Social mix” generally denotes the social diversity of a given geographic area, which could be economically, racially, ethnically, and/or culturally based. It is a long‐standing planning ideal, has been achieved through different means, has been proposed for a wide variety of goals, and has been used interchangeably to refer to concepts like “integration,” “mixed‐income communities,” “poverty deconcentration,” “balanced communities,” and so on. There has been abundant literature from the 1990s, to the extent that social mix is currently one of the most studied subjects in the field, with at least five special issues of prominent academic journals dedicated to the topic. Although the evidence on the effects of social mix is somewhat mixed, the problems of its conceptual foundations and the amount and variety of issues created when implemented have led the large majority of academia to oppose this idea.
Sociospatial Differentiation
Authors: Li Zhigang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSociospatial differentiation refers to the process or outcome of spatial division between different social groups. The dynamics of sociospatial differentiation is attributed to various social, economic, cultural, and political factors at both macro and micro levels. There are different mechanisms of sociospatial differentiation across various contexts. In Western contexts, for instance, it is often attributed to such determinants as socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and lifestyle. In transitional countries, such as China, it is largely determined by the lasting impacts of institutional factors such as residential registration, property rights, and so on. In the early twenty‐first century sociospatial differentiation has been exacerbated along with rising social inequality in both the Global North and the Global South. Direct discrimination in housing access has decreased but subtle practices of geographic steering, information restriction, and differential fees still persist.
Spatial Consciousness
Authors: Galland Daniel , Grønning Marius 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSpatial consciousness may refer to individual or collective awareness about real‐world spatial phenomena and processes. This entry begins by framing the “spatial” while linking it with the realm of the “conscious” by proposing a conceptual articulation that differs between three distinct but interrelated perspectives on consciousness in relation to space, namely phenomenal, representational, and intentional. The entry then elaborates an account of spatial consciousness from the perspective of planning as a spatial discipline, departing from the early experiences of planning as a modern project, followed by contemporary understandings and illustrative examples. On the basis of these respectively conceptual and applied accounts, the entry finally reflects on the role of spatial consciousness in practice and in the expanding canon of academic planning literature, from its Western tenets to a postcolonial, global perspective, and considers a series of theoretical and practical implications.
Spatial Pioneers
Authors: Christmann Gabriela B. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Spatial pioneers are individuals who enter unpopulated areas (greenfield sites), and especially populated areas, both urban and rural, appropriating and changing them in new ways. The appropriations of spatial pioneers are implemented through new uses of spaces, creative changes of spatial–material arrangements, and – not to be neglected – by the attribution of new meanings to places. Spatial pioneers tend to be artists or creative or alternative types, but also include civil society actors and microentrepreneurs in the creative industries. Some pioneers specifically go to places that are not used (temporarily) by their owners (e.g., vacant lots, abandoned buildings) and are therefore devalued. These types of spatial pioneers are also called temporary users. It has been repeatedly shown that creative uses and symbolic transformations by spatial pioneers ultimately add value to places. Due to this observed higher valuation, urban and regional planning stakeholders have been taking advantage of the creative actions of spatial pioneers since the 1990s, not only in many European countries (mainly the UK, the Netherlands, and Germany), but throughout the world (e.g., in the USA).
Spatial Segregation
Authors: Rasse Alejandra 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The notion of spatial segregation refers to the distribution of social groups, infrastructure, activities, or any other element in space. Urban studies typically analyze segregation across different groups (socioeconomic, racial, ethnic), defined as the degree of separation among social groups in a city space. The causes of spatial segregation encompass sociocultural, institutional, and economic factors. Central aspects to consider include the role of the state, through urban regulations and housing policy, and the role of the land market in urban organization. There are diverse forms of segregation with wide‐ranging consequences for those subject to it. Although the emergence of enclaves may be positive, there is consensus that large segregated zones, inhabited almost entirely by people from disadvantaged backgrounds, lead to negative repercussions for these groups. The link between detrimental consequences and certain types of segregation has prompted the development of urban desegregation policies.
Sprawl
Authors: Hanlon Bernadette 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA typical description of sprawl is a pattern of scattered low density peripheral urban development. The general consensus among commentators is that sprawl has at least one or more of the following characteristics: low density of buildings that results in an overconsumption of land and open space; little infrastructure for walking and public transit use but instead a reliance on the automobile and a large network of highways; a lack of traditional town centers; and the separation of residential settlements from workplaces and retail spaces. Sprawl is considered by many to be inefficient from the perspective of infrastructure and public service provision and, in addition, scholars suggest sprawl causes social and environmental problems. For instance, sprawl is said to encourage driving, exacerbate commute times, and thus create air pollution.
Studentification
Authors: Smith Darren P. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This entry outlines the main conceptual hallmarks of studentification. It shows that studentification is a term that is used globally to conceptualize urban changes tied to high concentrations of university students in distinct local neighborhoods. It reveals that studentification is a highly dynamic process of change, moving into new frontiers within towns and cities, and preceding processes of destudentification in some locations.