bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is Out of Sight out of Mind? Place Attachment among Rural Youth Out‐Migrants
Authors: Pedersen Helle Dalsgaard 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe article adds to the literature on youth migration within a rapidly changing rural society. Insights are presented on how multiple place attachment is reflected in the context of rural‐to‐urban migration in the lives of 14 Danish rural youth out‐migrants. Findings demonstrate that out‐migrants’ attachment to their rural childhood place must be considered ambivalent, in particular regarding how the young people identify with the places, as these are experienced as both nurturing and isolating and safe and restricted. This reveals the multidimensionality of the young people's relationship with place, as these contain both positive and negative elements, which are equally meaningful and contribute to place attachment. Further, the article contributes to the place attachment literature by offering insights into the significance of continuity in the context of migration, as old relationships and rural identities provide significant stability within the young people's lives and constitute important elements in their identities and multiple place attachment.
Economising the Rural: How New Markets and Property Rights Transform Rural Economies
Authors: Dobeson Alexander 
Published: March 2018

AbstractHow do new markets and property rights transform rural economies? Based on an ethnographic case study of the Icelandic fisheries, this article shows how the organisation of markets for fishing rights and fresh fish has transformed the rural periphery into a globally entangled site of investments, valuation and exchange. The empirical material shows, on one hand, how the economisation of the traditional small‐boat fisheries has disentangled locally bound fishers into independent market actors and investors; and on the other hand, how daily economic coping re‐entangles fishers into a new web of money‐mediated relations and debt that pushes them to economise their operations for the purpose of increasing profit‐making in order to stay afloat. While economisation has led to a general valorisation of small boats and the construction of a ‘quality’‐oriented market niche, fishing communities of the rural periphery maintain their struggle to survive in a new and volatile culture of liberal rural capitalism.
Developing a social functional account of laughter
Authors: Wood Adrienne , Niedenthal Paula 
Published: March 2018

AbstractLaughter is ubiquitous, universal, and variable. This article develops a social functional account to explain the many physical forms laughter takes and the many social contexts in which it occurs. In contrast to previous perspectives that emphasize the internal state of the producer or the eliciting context, the current social functional account distinguishes laughter according to the behavioral intentions it conveys and the behavioral response it elicits in the recipient. The general function of human and nonhuman laughter is to signal harmless intentions, and within this function, we identify 3 distinct social tasks accomplished by human laughter. We propose that the first social function of laughter, both evolutionarily and developmentally, is to reward the behavior of others and reinforce the ongoing interaction. The second task accomplished by laughter is the easing of social tension and signaling of affiliation and nonthreat. A third form of laughter nonconfrontationally enforces social norms, negotiates status, and corrects undesirable behavior in others by conveying dominance or superiority. We propose that the acoustic modulations that communicate these social intentions follow principles common to human and nonhuman vocal signaling.
Cytomegalovirus infection in heart transplantation: A single center experience
Authors: Echenique Ignacio A. , Angarone Michael P. , Rich Jonathan D. , Anderson Allen S. , Stosor Valentina 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundCytomegalovirus (CMV) infection remains a major complication after heart transplantation with varying prophylaxis strategies employed. We sought to determine the impact of valganciclovir (VGC) duration on the epidemiology of CMV infections after heart transplantation.MethodsWe performed a prospective cohort study of CMV donor (D) or recipient (R) seropositive heart transplant recipients from 2005 to 2012 who completed VGC prophylaxis, ranging from 3 to 12 months according to serostatus and induction immunosuppression. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed.ResultsAmong 159 heart transplant recipients during the study period, 130 (82%) were eligible for VGC prophylaxis. CMV D/R serostatus was as follows: 24% D+/R−, 30% D+/R+, and 29% D−/R+. 65% and 21% received basiliximab and thymoglobulin induction, respectively, followed by maintenance tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone. Twenty‐one (16%) recipients suffered CMV infection. There was no association with comorbidities including diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, or mechanical assist devices, nor were there associations with rejection, treatments of rejection, or mortality. When VGC prophylaxis duration was stratified by ≤6 vs ≥12 months, time from heart transplantation to CMV infection was delayed (median 247 vs 452 days, P = .002) but there was no difference in days from VGC discontinuation to onset of CMV infection (median 72 vs 83 days, P = .31). CMV infection occurred most frequently within 6‐16 weeks of VGC cessation, and 95% of infections occurred during the 6 months post‐prophylaxis period.ConclusionsRelative to ≤6 months, ≥12 months of VGC did not reduce incidence of CMV infection and only delayed time to onset. 95% of CMV infection occurs within 6 months after cessation of VGC.
Using dynamic clamp to quantify pathological changes in the excitability of primary somatosensory neurons
Authors: Takkala Petri , Prescott Steven A. 
Published: March 2018

Key points
Primary somatosensory neurons normally respond to somatic depolarization with transient spiking but can switch to repetitive spiking under pathological conditions. This switch in spiking pattern reflects a qualitative change in spike initiation dynamics and contributes to the hyperexcitability associated with chronic pain.
Neurons can be converted to repetitive spiking by adding a virtual conductance using dynamic clamp. By titrating the conductance to determine how much must be added to cause repetitive spiking, we found that small cells are more susceptible to switching (i.e. required less added conductance) than medium–large cells.
By measuring how much less conductance is required to cause repetitive spiking when dynamic clamp was combined with other pathomimetic manipulations (e.g. application of inflammatory mediators), we measured how much each manipulation facilitated repetitive spiking.
Our results suggest that many pathological factors facilitate repetitive spiking but that the switch to repetitive spiking requires the cumulative effect of many co‐occurring factors.
AbstractPrimary somatosensory neurons become hyperexcitable in many chronic pain conditions. Hyperexcitability can include a switch from transient to repetitive spiking during sustained somatic depolarization. This switch results from diverse pathological processes that impact ion channel expression or function. Because multiple pathological processes co‐occur, isolating how much each contributes to switching the spiking pattern is difficult. Our approach to this challenge involves adding a virtual sodium conductance via dynamic clamp. The magnitude of that conductance was titrated to determine the minimum required to enable rheobasic stimulation to evoke repetitive spiking. The minimum required conductance, termed , was re‐measured before and during manipulations designed to model various pathological processes in vitro. The reduction in caused by each pathomimetic manipulation reflects how much the modelled process contributes to switching the spiking pattern. We found that elevating extracellular potassium or applying inflammatory mediators reduced whereas direct hyperpolarization had no effect. Inflammatory mediators reduced more in medium–large (>30 μm diameter) neurons than in small (⩽30 μm diameter) neurons, but had equivalent effects in cutaneous and muscle afferents. The repetitive spiking induced by dynamic clamp was also found to differ between small and medium–large neurons, thus revealing latent differences in adaptation. Our study demonstrates a novel way to determine to what extent individual pathological factors facilitate repetitive spiking. Our results suggest that most factors facilitate but do not cause repetitive spiking on their own, and, therefore, that a switch to repetitive spiking results from the cumulative effect of many co‐occurring factors.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Bacteria of Veterinary Origin
Authors: Watts Jeffrey L. , Sweeney Michael T. , Lubbers Brian V. 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is an essential tool to the veterinarian for selecting the most appropriate agent for treatment of bacterial diseases of animals. The availability of well-defined methods that incorporate the necessary quality controls coupled to clinical outcome data is foundational in providing relevant test results for clinical decisions. Since 1993, the Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute (CLSI) Subcommittee on Veterinary Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (VAST) has developed specific test methods and interpretive criteria for veterinary pathogens. This information has allowed for veterinarians to more effectively treat animal diseases thereby protecting both animal welfare and human food security. Moreover, the availability of standardized test methods for veterinary pathogens has allowed for the development of antimicrobial surveillance programs to detect the emergence of resistance among veterinary pathogens. Future work by the VAST and other groups will be critical to expanding the current test methods and interpretive criteria to more pathogen-antibacterial combinations, as well as, the incorporation of genomic information for routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing in the veterinary diagnostic laboratory.
Antimicrobial Resistance: a One Health Perspective
Authors: McEwen Scott A. , Collignon Peter J. 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT
One Health is the collaborative effort of multiple health science professions to attain optimal health for people, domestic animals, wildlife, plants, and our environment. The drivers of antimicrobial resistance include antimicrobial use and abuse in human, animal, and environmental sectors and the spread of resistant bacteria and resistance determinants within and between these sectors and around the globe. Most of the classes of antimicrobials used to treat bacterial infections in humans are also used in animals. Given the important and interdependent human, animal, and environmental dimensions of antimicrobial resistance, it is logical to take a One Health approach when addressing this problem. This includes taking steps to preserve the continued effectiveness of existing antimicrobials by eliminating their inappropriate use and by limiting the spread of infection. Major concerns in the animal health and agriculture sectors are mass medication of animals with antimicrobials that are critically important for humans, such as third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, and the long-term, in-feed use of medically important antimicrobials, such as colistin, tetracyclines, and macrolides, for growth promotion. In the human sector it is essential to prevent infections, reduce over-prescribing of antimicrobials, improve sanitation, and improve hygiene and infection control. Pollution from inadequate treatment of industrial, residential, and farm waste is expanding the resistome in the environment. Numerous countries and several international agencies have included a One Health approach within their action plans to address antimicrobial resistance. Necessary actions include improvements in antimicrobial use regulation and policy, surveillance, stewardship, infection control, sanitation, animal husbandry, and alternatives to antimicrobials. WHO recently has launched new guidelines on the use of medically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals, recommending that farmers and the food industry stop using antimicrobials routinely to promote growth and prevent disease in healthy animals. These guidelines aim to help preserve the effectiveness of antimicrobials that are important for human medicine by reducing their use in animals.
Measuring quality of life of people with predementia and dementia and their caregivers: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Landeiro Filipa , Walsh Katie , Ghinai Isaac , Mughal Seher , Nye Elsbeth , Wace Helena , Roberts Nia , Lecomte Pascal , Wittenberg Raphael , Wolstenholme Jane , Handels Ron , Roncancio-Diaz Emilse , Potashman Michele H , Tockhorn-Heidenreich Antje , Gray Alastair M 
Published: March 2018

IntroductionDementia is the fastest growing major cause of disability globally and may have a profound impact on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of both the patient with dementia and those who care for them. This review aims to systematically identify and synthesise the measurements of HRQoL for people with, and their caregivers across the full spectrum of, dementia from its preceding stage of predementia to end of life.Methods and analysisA systematic literature review was conducted in Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online , ExcerptaMedicadataBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effect, National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database and PsycINFO between January 1990 and the end of April 2017. Two reviewers will independently assess each study for inclusion and disagreements will be resolved by a third reviewer. Data will be extracted using a predefined data extraction form following best practice. Study quality will be assessed with the Effective Public Health Practice Project quality assessment tool. HRQoL measurements will be presented separately for people with dementia and caregivers by instrument used and, when possible, HRQoL will be reported by disease type and stage of the disease. Descriptive statistics of the results will be provided. A narrative synthesis of studies will also be provided discussing differences in HRQoL measurements by instrument used to estimate it, type of dementia and disease severity.Ethics and disseminationThis systematic literature review is exempt from ethics approval because the work is carried out on published documents. The findings of the review will be disseminated in a related peer-reviewed journal and presented at conferences. They will also contribute to the work developed in the Real World Outcomes across the Alzheimer’s disease spectrum for better care: multimodal data access platform (ROADMAP).Trial registration numberCRD42017071416.
Effect of levosimendan on mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock: a meta-analysis of randomised trials
Authors: Chang Wei , Xie Jian-Feng , Xu Jing-Yuan , Yang Yi 
Published: March 2018

ObjectiveWe aim to synthesise up-to-date randomised trials to investigate the effects of levosimendan on mortality and clinical outcomes in severe sepsis and septic shock.MethodsA collection of databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register and Web of Science were searched updated to August 2017. Randomised trials were included when they pertain to the use of levosimendan in severe sepsis or septic shock compared with any category of inotropes, or as an adjunct to standard therapy with mortality reported. The primary outcome was mortality, and the secondary outcomes were clinical performances including serum lactate, cardiac function, vasopressor requirement and fluid infusion.ResultsA total of 10 studies with 1036 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The results revealed that levosimendan could not reduce mortality significantly in severe sepsis and septic shock (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.16, P=0.39). Levosimendan use could reduce serum lactate more effectively, and enhance cardiac contractibility with increased cardiac index and left ventricular ejection fraction. However, its use could also increase fluid infusion but not reduce norepinephrine dose. No significant benefit in mortality could be observed of levosimendan versus dobutamine use, or in patients with proven cardiac dysfunction.ConclusionsCurrent evidence is not sufficient to support levosimendan as superior to dobutamine or as an optimal adjunct in severe sepsis and septic shock. More large-scale randomised trials are necessary to validate levosimendan use in sepsis.
Dentists’ intention to report suspected violence: a cross-sectional study in eight Arab countries
Authors: El Tantawi Maha , Gaffar Balgis , Arheiam Arheiam , AbdelAziz Wafaa , Al-Batayneh Ola B , Alhoti Mansur F , Al-Maweri Sadeq , Dama Mai A , Zaghez Mounir , Hassan Khalid Saddiq , Al-Sane Mona , AbdelSalam Maha , Sabbah Wael , Owais Arwa I , Abdelgawad Fatma , Aldhelai Thiyezen Abdullah , El Meligy Omar Abd El Sadek , AlHumaid Jehan , Al-Harbi Fahad 
Published: March 2018

ObjectivesThis study assessed dentists’ intention in eight Arab countries to report suspected exposure to violence among patients and factors associated with this intention based on the theory of planned behaviour.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016 including a convenience sample of dentists practising in public, private and academic sectors in Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Palestine, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Respondents answered a self-administered questionnaire collecting information about personal and professional background and perceived ability to identify victims of violence. The questionnaire assessed (on a scale from 1 to 10 using six negative statements) dentists’ perception of healthcare system mandated reporting of suspected violence. Six statements were used to assess professional attitude towards reporting suspected violence. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between intention to report suspected violence and perceived ability, perception and attitude adjusting for confounders.ResultsThe response rate was 65.2% (n=2936/4506) from general practitioners (70.9%) of mean age=31 years with 56.7% women. Of those, 68.8% intended to report and 52.2% considered themselves able to identify violence victims. The mean (SD) negative perception score=5.3/10 (2.1) and the mean (SD) professional attitude score=7.5/10 (1.9). In multivariate regression, intention to report was associated with professional attitude (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.14), ability to identify violence victims (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.45 to 2.12) and negative perception that reporting is not mandated (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.85 to 0.94). Significant differences existed among countries in intention to report.ConclusionMost dentists intended to report suspected violence and their intention could be explained by the theory of planned behaviour which offers a framework for professional development to support violence victims. Sharing of training resources, policies and guidelines is needed to ensure that practices similar to international guidelines are consistently adopted by dentists across Arab countries.
Protocol for the mixed-methods process and context evaluation of theTB & Tobaccorandomised controlled trial in Bangladesh and Pakistan: a hybrid effectiveness–implementation study
Authors: Boeckmann Melanie , Nohavova Iveta , Dogar Omara , Kralikova Eva , Pankova Alexandra , Zvolska Kamila , Huque Rumana , Fatima Razia , Noor Maryam , Elsey Helen , Sheikh Aziz , Siddiqi Kamran , Kotz Daniel 
Published: March 2018

IntroductionTuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health problem in South Asia. Tobacco use increases the risks of TB infection and TB progression. TheTB& Tobaccoplacebo-controlled randomised trial aims to (1) assess the effectiveness of the tobacco cessation medication cytisine versus placebo when combined with behavioural support and (2) implement tobacco cessation medication and behavioural support as part of general TB care in Bangladesh and Pakistan. This paper summarises the process and context evaluation protocol embedded in the effectiveness–implementation hybrid design.Methods and analysisWe are conducting a mixed-methods process and context evaluation informed by an intervention logic model that draws on the UK Medical Research Council’s Process Evaluation Guidance. Our approach includes quantitative and qualitative data collection on context, recruitment, reach, dose delivered, dose received and fidelity. Quantitative data include patient characteristics, reach of recruitment among eligible patients, routine trial data on dose delivered and dose received, and a COM-B (‘capability’, ‘opportunity’, ‘motivation’ and ‘behaviour’) questionnaire filled in by participating health workers. Qualitative data include semistructured interviews with TB health workers and patients, and with policy-makers at district and central levels in each country. Interviews will be analysed using the framework approach. The behavioural intervention delivery is audio recorded and assessed using a predefined fidelity coding index based on behavioural change technique taxonomy.Ethics and disseminationThe study complies with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethics approval for the study and process evaluation was granted by the University of Leeds (qualitative components), University of York (trial data and fidelity assessment), Bangladesh Medical Research Council and Bangladesh Drug Administration (trial data and qualitative components) and Pakistan Medical Research Council (trial data and qualitative components). Results of this research will be disseminated through reports to stakeholders and peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.Trial registration numberISRCTN43811467; Pre-results.