bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of water security and source preferences in rural Tanzania
Authors: Ngasala Tula M. , Masten Susan J. , Phanikumar Mantha S. , Mwita Emiliana J. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The public health and well-being of people in many rural communities in developing countries suffer due to poor water resources management and undesirable agricultural practices. This study was conducted in a pastoral community in northern Tanzania. The objective was to identify the most reliable water source in terms of quality and access from three main water sources: surface water, shallow wells, and deep wells. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was used to assess the overall water quality and was determined to be 1,876, 875 and 157, respectively, for surface water, shallow wells, and deep wells (&lt;50 – excellent, &gt;300 – poor). A Water Poverty Index (WPI) tool was used to quantify five factors that limit access to water: (1) seasonal availability, (2) distance to water sources, (3) cost of purchasing water, (4) preference, and (5) water quality. WPI scores indicated that surface water has the highest score followed by shallow wells; deep wells had the lowest score. In conclusion, in terms of access and quantity, deep wells and shallow wells were the least reliable, and surface water although highly contaminated, is the most reliable. Improving water quality and access of existing water resources is critical to improving the well-being of rural populations.
Greenhouse gas emission from horizontal and vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands in tropical climate
Authors: Nutanong Siripoon , Chiemchaisri Chart , Chiemchaisri Wilai , Kantawanichkul Suwasa 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The aim of this study is to compare methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes from horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) and vertical subsurface flow (VF) systems treating municipal wastewater in tropical climates. The treatment performance from both systems was monitored simultaneously with CH4 and N2O fluxes to observe the relationships between them. Average CH4 fluxes of 5.4 mg·m−2·h−1 and 9.5 mg·m−2·h−1, and N2O fluxes of 0.32 and 0.21 mg·m−2·h−1 were measured from VF and HSSF systems, respectively. The average CH4 fluxes measured during the wet period were 63.5% and 44% less than those recorded during the dry period for HSSF and VF systems, respectively; those for N2O fluxes were 47% and 38% less than the dry period for these systems, respectively. The CH4 and N2O fluxes from both HSSF and VF dropped as a result of rainfall events and slowly increased after days with no rainfall. Influent total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations are found to be the dominant factors regulating the fluxes where significant correlations between CH4 and N2O with the influent TOC and TN concentrations were found in both systems.
Dificuldades encontradas durante o processo de legalização das agroindústrias no município de Santana do Livramento – RS
Authors: AGUIRRE Andressa Arigony , MARTINS Alessandra Machado , MENEZES Leonardo de Melo 
Published: April 2018

O presente estudo tem como linha de pesquisa o desenvolvimento territorial através da importância da consolidação das agroindústrias locais para o desenvolvimento dos municípios. A existência de agroindústrias permite maior agregação de produtos tidos como commodittes, e representam um importante papel na economia das cidades, tanto na produção de alimentos, quanto na geração de renda. Nesse contexto, realizou-se uma pesquisa nas agroindústrias de Santana do Livramento – RS, com o objetivo de definir, sob a perspectiva dos proprietários, quais foram as principais dificuldades encontrados durante o processo de legalização. Para tanto, foram aplicados junto à 49 agroindústrias locais, um questionário contendo perguntas fechadas e abertas. O estudo apontou a falta de legislação especifica para agroindústrias de pequeno porte ou familiares, e a burocracia, como sendo alguns dos principais entraves enfrentados durante o processo de legalização.
Novel Piperazine Amides of Cinnamic Acid Derivatives as Tyrosinase Inhibitors
Authors: Gür Zehra Tuğçe , Şenol Fatma Sezer , Shekfeh Suhaib , Orhan İlkay Erdoğan , Banoğlu Erden , Çalişkan Burcu 
Published: April 2018

Background:
A series of novel cinnamic acid piperazine amide derivatives has been
designed and synthesized, and their biological activities were also evaluated as potential tyrosinase
inhibitors.

Methods:
Compounds 9, 11 and 17 showed the most potent biological activity (IC50 = 66.5, 61.1
and 66 &#181;M, respectively). In silico docking simulation was performed to position compound 11 into
the Agaricus bisporus mushroom tyrosinase’s active site to determine the putative binding interactions.

Results and Conclusion:
The results indicated that compound 11 could serve as a promising lead
compound for further development of potent tyrosinase inhibitors.
A Rapid and Sensitive HPLC-FLD Method for the Determination of Retinol and Vitamin E Isomers in Human Serum
Authors: Yang Yi , Lu Dan , Yang Danni , Yin Shuo , Zhang Jing , Zheng Bo , Li Yongxin , Sun Chengjun 
Published: April 2018

Background:
Retinol and vitamin E are fat-soluble vitamins crucial for human health, yet
their isomers’ distributions in the human body are still known roughly. In order to figure out the physical
condition and evaluate the nutritional status of an individual, it is imperative to analyze retinol and
VE isomers in human serum.

Objective:
This work aims to establish a rapid and simple high-performance liquid chromatography
with fluorescence detection for simultaneous determination of retinol and vitamin E isomers in human
serum.

Methods:
Separation was accomplished on a common C18 column thermostated at 25 oC, using a simple
isocratic elution program of methanol/acetonitrile (85:15, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Fluorescence
detection was operated using excitation/emission wavelengths of 329 nm/472 nm for retinol and
294 nm/338 nm for VE isomers, respectively.

Results:
Rapid separation was achieved within 13 min. Linear ranges of the method were 0.020-50.0
µg/mL, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. Detection limits and the quantification limits
were 0.001-0.004 µg/mL and 0.003- 0.013 µg/mL, respectively. Mean recoveries were 84.1%- 98.2%,
with intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations less than 12.3% and 13.6%, respectively. This
method has been applied to the simultaneous determination of retinol and 8 VE isomers in human serum
samples with satisfactory results.

Conclusion:
A rapid, simple and robust method was developed for routine analysis of retinol and eight
vitamin E isomers in human serum, providing a useful tool for clinical diagnosis and nutritional evaluation.
Design and Discovery of Novel Quinoxaline Derivatives as Dual DNA Intercalators and Topoisomerase II Inhibitors
Authors: Eissa Ibrahim H. , El-Naggar Abeer M. , El-Sattar Nour E.A. Abd , Youssef Ahmed S. A. 
Published: April 2018

Backgroun/Methods: In attempt to develop new potent anti-tumor agents, a series of quinoxaline
derivatives was designed and synthesized. The novel compounds were tested in vitro for their anti-proliferative
activities against HePG-2, MCF-7 and HCT-116 cell lines. Additionally, DNA binding affinities as well as
DNA-top II inhibitory activities of the synthesized compounds were investigated as potential mechanism for
anticancer activity. Compounds 13, 15, 16 and 19 exhibited good cytotoxicity activities against the three cell
lines (IC50 ranging from 7.6 to 32.4 µM) comparable to that of doxorubicin (IC50 = 9.8 µM).

Results:
Interestingly, the results of DNA binding and DNA-top II inhibition assays were in agreement with
those of the cytotoxicity tests, where the most potent anticancer compounds showed good DNA binding affinities
(IC50 ranging from 25.1 to 32.4 µM) and DNA-top II inhibitory activities (IC50 ranging from 6.4 to 15.3
µM) comparable to those of doxorubicin (IC50 = 28.1 and 3.8 μM, respectively). Furthermore, molecular
docking studies were carried out for the new compounds in order to investigate their binding pattern with the
prospective target, DNA-top II complex (PDB-code: 3qx3).
Inhibition of Proliferation and Induction of Apoptosis by Thymoquinone via Modulation of TGF Family, p53, p21 and Bcl-2α in Leukemic Cells
Authors: Diab-Assaf Mona , Semaan Josiane , El-Sabban Marwan , Al Jaouni Soad K. , Azar Rania , Kamal Mohammad Amjad , Harakeh Steve 
Published: April 2018

Introduction:
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive form of malignancy caused by human T-
cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1). Currently, there is no effective treatment for ATL. Thymoquinone has
been reported to have anti-cancer properties.

Objective:

The aim of this study is to investigatthe effects of TQ on proliferation, apoptosis induction and the
underlying mechanism of action in both HTLV-1 positive (C91-PL and HuT-102) and HTLV-1 negative (CEM
and Jurkat) malignant T-lymphocytes.

Materials and Methods:
Cells were incubated with different thymoquinone concentrations for 24h. Cell cytotoxicity
was assayed using the CytoTox 96® Non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay Kit. Cell proliferation was determined
using CellTiter 96® Non-Radioactive Cell Proliferation. Cell cycle analysis was performed by staining
with propidium iodide. Apoptosis was assessed using cell death ELISA kit. The effect of TQ on p53, p21, Bcl-2
protein expression was determined using Western blot analysis while TGF mRNA expression was determined
by RT-PCR.

Results:
At non-cytotoxic concentrations of TQ, it resulted in the inhibition of proliferation in a dose dependent
manner. Flow cytometric analysis revealed a shift in the cell cycle distribution to the PreG1 phase which is a
marker of apoptosis. Also TQ increase DNA fragmentation. TQ mediated its anti-proliferative effect and apoptosis
induction by an up-regulation of TGFβ1, p53 and p21 and a down-regulation of TGF-α and Bcl-2α.

Conclusion:
Thymoquinone presents antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in ATL cells. For this reason,
further research is required to investigate its possible application in the treatment of ATL.
Monoamine Involvement in the Antidepressant-Like Effect of β-Caryophyllene
Authors: de Oliveira Danillo Ramos , da Silva Dayane Moreira , Florentino Iziara Ferreira , de Brito Adriane Ferreira , Fajemiroye James Oluwagbamigbe , da Silva Daiany Priscilla Bueno , da Rocha Fabio Fagundes , Costa Elson Alves , Galdino Pablinny Moreira 
Published: April 2018

Background:
Major depressive disorder is a psychiatric disorder that affects 4.4% of the
population worldwide. Although the majority of antidepressant drugs ameliorate depressive symptoms,
there is still a need for safer and more effective antidepressant.

Objective:
Evaluate the antidepressant-like activity of sesquiterpene compound β-caryophyllene (BCP)
for the possible contribution of the monoamine and hippocampal levels of brain-derived neurotrophic
factor (BDNF).

Methods:
Male albino Swiss mice were subjected to the forced swimming test after acute treatment
and to the tail suspension test after repeated treatment. Hippocampal levels of BDNF were assayed by
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results:
The anti-immobility effect of BCP was reverted by pretreatment with an inhibitor of
catecholamine synthesis α-methyl-p-tyrosine (100 mg/kg, i.p.), α2-adrenergic antagonist yohimbine (1
mg/kg, i.p.), and β-adrenergic antagonist propranolol (2 mg/kg, i.p.), but not by pretreatment with
either α1-adrenergic antagonist prazosin (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or 5-HT1A antagonist NAN-190 (0.5 mg/kg,
i.p.), thereby suggesting the involvement of α2 and β-adrenergic receptors, but not of the α1-adrenergic
and 5-HT1A serotonergic receptors, in BCP's antidepressive-like activity. Furthermore, BCP increased
BDNF levels in the hippocampus after 14 days of treatment. No treatments in this study altered locomotor
activity in the open field test.

Conclusion:
This study provides a new mechanism of BCP-induced antidepressant-like effect mediated
by some sub-types of catecholaminergic neurotransmitter system that could be a candidate for
clinical tests of new treatments for depressive disorders.
It's Not my Fault! Insights into Subordinate Auditors' Attributions and Emotions Following Audit Review
Authors: Andiola Lindsay M. , Bedard Jean C. , Westermann Kimberly D. 
Published: April 2018

SUMMARY
This study utilizes attribution theory to guide an exploration of how subordinate auditors understand, rationalize, and internalize recollections of their actual experiences (both worst and best) with audit review. Respondents externally rationalize worst review experiences as the fault of an inattentive or incompetent supervisor, a flawed engagement review process, or familiar stressors of the audit environment. Worst reviews evoke frustration, invisibility, and powerlessness that can demotivate subordinates. We also find that respondents relationally attribute their best review experiences to reciprocal relationships and effective communication with their supervisor. Best reviews produce feelings of appreciation and a sense of control for subordinates that inspires comradery and a desire to work hard. Respondents' insights raise a number of concerns regarding the effectiveness of review as a quality control mechanism and for shaping auditors, but highlight that a positive role model and effective supervisor-subordinate interactions can help the subordinate grow as a reflexive professional.
Survey Nonresponse in the Auditing Profession: Trends and Recommendations
Authors: Nkansa Porschia , Bailey Charles D. 
Published: April 2018

SUMMARY
Researchers have anecdotally noticed the decline in response rates from accounting professionals (particularly auditors) across time. We document the extent of this decline and analyze the trends and the correlated situational and demographic variables. We conduct our analysis of articles published in Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory and Current Issues in Auditing from 1981 to 2016 and gather data on 75 articles that report response rates. The analysis shows a noticeable and statistically significant decrease in the response rates for auditors. Overall, the analysis illustrates a decline in the response rates from auditors that should be of concern to both the academic and auditing practitioner communities. We examine key drivers of the response rate and offer recommendations for improving the survey response of auditors.
A Legal Analysis of State Tax Policy for Online Sales: The Recipe from Direct Marketing
Authors: Walker A. Kelly , Bueltel Brett L. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT
The growth of e-commerce has changed the way people shop. The changing business environment is a strain on state governments due to their inability to collect sales and use tax on most internet-based transactions. While the U.S. Supreme Court, for the first time in almost 30 years, is reviewing a state's ability to collect sales and use tax from out-of-state sellers in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc., a potential solution to increase sales and use tax collection may already exist. In 2016, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a Colorado notification law that could provide a blueprint for states to capture tax revenue from online companies and out-of-state retailers. In this paper, we review the constitutional complexities of the taxation of online sales. We also analyze state requirements for informational reporting of sales and use tax and recommend policy to increase potential sales and use tax collection.
Conservative Treatment of a Complicated Crown-root Fracture Using Adhesive Fragment Reattachment and Composite Resin Restoration: Two Year Follow-up
Authors: Martins AV , Albuquerque RC , Lanza LD , Vilaça ÊL , Silva NRFA , Moreira AN , da Silveira RR 
Published: April 2018

SUMMARY
Crown-root fracture is one of the most challenging fracture types in the dental traumatology literature. Traumatized anterior teeth require quick functional and esthetic repair. In the case of a complex crown fracture of the maxillary left central incisor, requiring endodontic treatment, a fiber-reinforced post was used to create a central support stump to restore the dental morphology. This report describes the clinical procedures involved in the treatment. After two years of follow-up, the clinical and radiographic findings demonstrated that the adopted clinical protocol was successful and yielded healthy periodontal tissues with no signs of periradicular pathology.
Determination of Caries Lesion Activity: Reflection and Roughness for Characterization of Caries Progression
Authors: Ando M , Shaikh S , Eckert G 
Published: April 2018

SUMMARY
Caries lesion progression is difficult to determine with visual and tactile examinations. The hypothesis of this study was that reflection and roughness measurements could determine caries progression. Ground/polished sound human enamel specimens were analyzed at baseline (sound) and after two four-day demineralization periods for reflection using optical reflectometry (ORef) and for roughness using optical surface profilometry (SPro). Specimens were demineralized using a microbial–Streptococcus mutans aries model. Comparisons among the periods for ORef and SPro were performed using repeated measures analysis of variance. Two-sample t-tests were used for differences in transverse microradiography. The integrated mineral loss and depth of the four-day demineralization period were significantly smaller than those for the eight-day demineralization period (p&lt;0.01). With increased demineralization time, reflection was significantly decreased and roughness was significantly increased (p&lt;0.01). Correlation between ORef and SPro was moderate (r=−0.63). Both reflection and roughness can be characterized for nondestructive longitudinal assessment of caries lesion progression.
Mechanical and Surface Properties of Monolithic Zirconia
Authors: Candido LM , Miotto LN , Fais LMG , Cesar PF , Pinelli LAP 
Published: April 2018

SUMMARYPurpose:This study compared monolithic zirconia with conventional ones based on mean roughness (Ra), Vickers hardness (VHN), topography, transmittance, grain size, flexural strength (FS), Weibull modulus, and fractographic behavior.Methods and Materials:One monolithic (Prettau Zircon [PR group]) and two conventional (ICE Zirkon Transluzent [IZ group] and BloomZir [BL group]) zirconias were used. Specimens were tested using a profilometer, a microhardness tester, a scanning electron microscope, a spectrophotometer, and a Universal Testing Machine (EMIC DL 2000). Ra, VHN, grain size, and transmittance were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test associated with Dunn test (α=0.05). FS was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance with the Tukey honestly significant difference test (α=0.05).Results:Means and standard deviations of roughness, after sintering (Ra, in μm) and VHN, were, respectively, 0.11 ± 0.01, 1452.16 ± 79.49, for the PR group; 0.12 ± 0.02, 1466.72 ± 91.76, for the IZ group; and 0.21 ± 0.08, 1516.06 ± 104.02, for the BL group. BL was statistically rougher (p&lt;0.01) than PR and IZ. Hardness was statistically similar (p=0.30) for all groups. Means and standard deviations of FS (in MPa) were 846.65 ± 81.97 for the PR group, 808.88 ± 117.99 for the IZ group, and 771.81 ± 114.43 for the BL group, with no statistical difference (p&gt;0.05). Weibull moduli were 12.47 for the PR group, 7.24 for the IZ group, and 6.31 for the BL group, with no statistical differences. The PR and BL groups had higher transmittance values and grain sizes than the IZ group (p&lt;0.05). Although the BL group had some fractures that originated in the center of the tensile surface, fractographic analyses showed the same fracture pattern.Conclusions:All tested zirconia showed similar VHN, and the monolithic zirconia had similar roughness compared to one of the conventional zirconias. In addition, the monolithic zirconia showed similar flexural strength and Weibull modulus compared to the others even though its mean grain size was larger. The total transmittance of monolithic zirconia was higher than only one of the conventional zirconias tested.
Effect of Bleaching Gel Viscosity on Tooth Whitening Efficacy and Pulp Chamber Penetration: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Kwon SR , Pallavi FNU , Shi Y , Oyoyo U , Mohraz A , Li Y 
Published: April 2018

SUMMARY

Objectives:
Whitening efficacy has been related to hydrogen peroxide (HP) diffusion into tooth structure. However, little information is available relating rheological properties to whitening efficacy. The purpose was to evaluate the whitening efficacy and HP penetration level of a 10% HP gel at three different viscosities and to compare them to a strip delivery system.

Methods and Materials:
Extracted molars (n=120) were randomly assigned into five groups (n=24/ group): NC_MED (negative control; median): medium viscosity gel without HP; LOW: 10% HP gel (low viscosity experimental gel, Ultradent Products Inc); MED: 10% HP gel (medium viscosity experimental gel, Ultradent); HIGH: 10% HP gel (high viscosity gel, Ultradent); and CWS: Crest 3D Whitestrips 1-Hour Express (Procter & Gamble). All teeth were subjected to five 60-minute whitening sessions. Instrumental color measurements were performed at baseline (T0), and 1-day after each application (T1-T5), and 1-month after whitening (T6). HP penetration was estimated with leucocrystal violet and horseradish peroxidase. A Kruskal-Wallis test and post hoc Bonferroni test were performed to assess the difference in tooth color change and HP penetration among the groups (α=0.05).

Results:
Hydrogen peroxide penetration levels and overall color changes at T6 were 0.24 μg/mL / 2.80; 0.48 μg/mL / 8.48; 0.44 μg/mL / 7.72; 0.35 μg/mL / 8.49; 0.36 μg/mL / 7.30 for groups NC, LOW, MED, HIGH, and CWS, respectively. There was a significant difference for HP penetration, while there was no significant difference among the four experimental groups for tooth color change.

Conclusion:
Rheological properties should be considered when developing new whitening formulations.