bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variability in paediatric cardiac postoperative chest tube management
Authors: Taylor Anne C. , Bates Katherine E. , Kipps Alaina K. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractLimited evidence exists to guide chest tube management following cardiac surgery in children. We assessed chest tube practice variation by surveying paediatric heart centres to prepare for a multi-site quality improvement project. We summarised management strategies highlighting variability in criteria for chest tube removal between and within centres. This lack of standardisation provides an opportunity for quality improvement.
Timing of palliative care access and outcomes of advanced cancer patients referred to an inpatient palliative care consultation team in Brazil
Authors: Taniwaki Letícia , Serrano Usón Junior Pedro Luiz , Rodrigues de Souza Polianna Mara , Lobato Prado Bernard 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectiveLittle is known about the outcomes of cancer patients referred to palliative care (PC) teams in developing countries. Our aim was to examine the timing of PC access and outcomes of patients with advanced cancer referred to an inpatient PC consultation team in Brazil.MethodRetrospective study of consecutive patients with advanced cancer admitted to a tertiary care general hospital (April 2015–December 2016) and referred for the first time to an inpatient PC consultation team. Patients’ demographics, clinical features, time from first consult to death or discharge, and outcomes on medication use, clinical interventions, and end-of-life preferences were retrieved. An analysis was performed before and after PC.ResultOne hundred eleven patients were included. Median age was 68; 72% had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥3. The median timing of PC access was 9 days (first interquartile = 3, third interquartile = 19). The use of analgesics (from 75% to 85%, p = 0.001) and opioids (from 50% to 73%, p &lt; .001) increased. A lower proportion was receiving antibiotics (68% vs 48%, p &lt; 0.001), thromboprophylaxis (44% vs 26%, p &lt; 0.001), antihypertensives (28% vs 15%, p = 0.001), and antiemetic agents (64% vs 54%, p = 0.027). Chemotherapy use was lower (39–25%, p &lt; 0.001). More patients had an end-of-life preference (39% to 25%, p &lt; 0.001) and were not willing to receive intubation (32% vs 60%, p &lt; 0.001), intensive care treatment (30% vs 55%, p &lt; 0.001), cardiopulmonary resuscitation (35% vs 62%, p &lt; 0.001), and artificial nutrition (22% vs 34%, p &lt; 0.001).Significance of resultsAlthough PC referrals occurred exceedingly late during the cancer disease trajectory, positive changes were observed in medication profiles, clinical interventions use, and end-of-life preferences of patients with advanced cancer referred to a specialized inpatient PC consultation team in Brazil. Further efforts are needed to improve early palliative cancer care in developing countries.
An identity based on the generalised negative binomial distribution with applications in ruin theory
Authors: Dickson David C. M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this study, we show how expressions for the probability of ultimate ruin can be obtained from the probability function of the time of ruin in a particular compound binomial risk model, and from the density of the time of ruin in a particular Sparre Andersen risk model. In each case evaluation of generalised binomial series is required, and the argument of each series has a common form. We evaluate these series by creating an identity based on the generalised negative binomial distribution. We also show how the same ideas apply to the probability function of the number of claims in a particular Sparre Andersen model.
Contesting Islamophobia and Securing Collective Rights: Muslim American Advocacy in the 2016 Elections
Authors: Cury Emily 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis paper examines how Muslim American advocacy organizations have responded to recent spikes in anti-Muslim discrimination, particularly in the context of the 2016 elections. It asks how Muslim American interest groups have helped frame and communicate the policy interests of U.S. Muslims and, consequently, the collective claims of the group on whose behalf they claim to speak. Relying on political ethnography as the main method of inquiry, I conduct in-depth participant observation, qualitative interviews with Muslim American leaders, and an analysis of primary documents and social media communication produced by Muslim American organizations. This data was collected between June 2016 and July 2017, and transcribed and coded using Nvivo. Through this analysis, I find that being targeted as “other” has driven Muslim advocacy organizations to rely on constituent empowerment strategies, mobilize in demand of Muslim American group rights, defend their constitutional rights, and claim their place as an American minority.
Psychiatric symptoms and risk of victimisation: a population-based study from Southeast London
Authors: Bhavsar V. , Dean K. , Hatch S. L. , MacCabe J. H. , Hotopf M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimsAlthough violence is a vital public health problem, no prospective studies have tested for subsequent vulnerability to violence, as a victim or witness, in members of the general population with a range of psychiatric symptoms, or evaluated the importance of higher symptom burden on this vulnerability.MethodsWe used successive waves of a household survey of Southeast London, taken 2 years apart, to test if association exists between psychiatric symptoms (symptoms of psychosis, common mental disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and personality disorder) and later victimisation, in the form of either witnessing violence or being physically victimised, in weighted logistic regression models. Statistical adjustment was made for prior violence exposure, sociodemographic confounders, substance/alcohol use and violence perpetration. Sensitivity analyses were stratified by violence perpetration, sex and history of mental health service use.ResultsAfter adjustments, psychiatric symptoms were prospectively associated with reporting any subsequent victimisation (odds ratio (OR) 1.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25–2.83), a two times greater odds of reporting witnessed violence (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.33–3.76) and reporting physical victimisation (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.01–3.06). One more symptom endorsed was accompanied by 47% greater odds of subsequent victimisation (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.16–1.86). In stratified analyses, statistical associations remained evident in non-perpetrators, and among those without a history of using mental health services, and were similar in magnitude in both men and women.ConclusionsPsychiatric symptoms increase liability to victimisation compared with those without psychiatric symptoms, independently of a prior history of violence exposure and irrespective of whether they themselves are perpetrators of violence. Clinicians should be mindful of the impact of psychiatric symptoms on vulnerability to victimisation, including among those with common psychiatric symptoms and among those who are not considered at risk of perpetrating violence.
Flexible and Scalable Particle‐in‐Cell Methods With Adaptive Mesh Refinement for Geodynamic Computations
Authors: Gassmöller Rene , Lokavarapu Harsha , Heien Eric , Puckett Elbridge Gerry , Bangerth Wolfgang 
Published: September 2018

AbstractParticle‐in‐cell (PIC) methods couple mesh‐based methods for the solution of continuum mechanics problems with the ability to advect and evolve properties on particles. PIC methods have a long history and numerous applications in geodynamic modeling. However, they are historically either implemented in sequential codes or in parallel codes with structured, statically partitioned meshes. Yet today's codes increasingly use adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) of unstructured coarse meshes, dynamic repartitioning, and scale to thousands of processors. Optimally balancing the work per processor for a PIC method in these environments is a difficult problem, and many existing implementations are not sufficient for this task. Thus, there is a need to revisit these algorithms for future applications. Here we describe challenges and solutions to implement PIC methods in the context of large‐scale parallel geodynamic modeling codes that use dynamically changing meshes. We also provide guidance for how to address bottlenecks that impede the efficient implementation of these algorithms and demonstrate with numerical tests that our algorithms can be implemented with optimal complexity and that they are suitable for large‐scale, practical applications. We provide a reference implementation in the Advanced Solver for Problems in Earth's ConvecTion (ASPECT), an open source code for geodynamic modeling built on the DEAL.II finite element library.
A 30‐Year Simulation of the Outer Electron Radiation Belt
Authors: Glauert S. A. , Horne R. B. , Meredith N. P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAs society becomes more reliant on satellite technology, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the radiation environment throughout the Van Allen radiation belts. Historically most satellites have operated in low Earth orbit or geostationary orbit (GEO), but there are now over 100 satellites in medium Earth orbit (MEO). Additionally, satellites using electric orbit raising to reach GEO may spend hundreds of days on orbits that pass through the heart of the radiation belts. There is little long‐term data on the high‐energy electron flux, responsible for internal charging in satellites, available for MEO. Here we simulate the electron flux between the outer edge of the inner belt and GEO for 30 years. We present a method that converts the >2‐MeV flux measured at GEO by the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites spacecraft into a differential flux spectrum to provide an outer boundary condition. The resulting simulation is validated using independent measurements made by the Galileo In‐Orbit Validation Element‐B spacecraft; correlation coefficients are in the range 0.72 to 0.88, and skill scores are between 0.6 and 0.8 for a range of L∗ and energies. The results show a clear solar cycle variation and filling of the slot region during active conditions and that the worst case spectrum overlaps that derived independently for the limiting extreme event. The simulation provides a resource that can be used by satellite designers to understand the MEO environment, by space insurers to help resolve the cause of anomalies and by satellite operators to plan for the environmental extremes.
Simplified Physically Based Models for Pressurized Flow in Karst Systems
Authors: Basha H. A. , Zoghbi C. A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractMost karst aquifers behave as a dual‐flow system composed of a highly conductive karst conduit embedded in a low‐permeability rock matrix. Simplified physically based models suitable for such a karst system are presented herein. The physical processes consist of a pressurized flow in a conduit that is interacting laterally with the groundwater flow in the surrounding matrix. The conduit is subject to a concentrated recharge at its upstream end, while the groundwater aquifer is subject to a diffuse recharge over its contributing surface area. The resulting mathematical model is a coupled system of equations that describe one‐dimensional flow processes in a two‐dimensional domain. The governing differential equations are solved using the Laplace transform method after an appropriate linearization of the nonlinear coefficient. The derived spring discharge expressions are a function of three dimensionless parameters: the lumped conduit parameter γ, the aquifer parameter η, and the recharge parameter μ. The simulation results highlight the importance of the conduit‐matrix interaction on the functioning of the karst system, and the application of the flow models to various karst aquifers demonstrates their effectiveness in reproducing the observed spring hydrograph with parameter values within the acceptable range of observed field data.
Extracellular vesicles from pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells acquire a stromal modulatory proteomic pattern during differentiation
Authors: La Greca Alejandro , Solari Claudia , Furmento Veronica , Lombardi Antonella , Biani Maria Celeste , Aban Cyntia , Moro Lucia , García Marcela , Guberman Alejandra Sonia , Sevlever Gustavo Emilio , Miriuka Santiago Gabriel , Luzzani Carlos 
Published: September 2018

AbstractMesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) obtained from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) constitute an interesting alternative to classical MSCs in regenerative medicine. Among their many mechanisms of action, MSC extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a potential suitable substitute for MSCs in future cell-free-based therapeutic approaches. Unlike cells, EVs do not elicit acute immune rejection, and they can be produced in large quantities and stored until ready to use. Although the therapeutic potential of MSC EVs has already been proven, a thorough characterization of MSC EVs is lacking. In this work, we used a label-free liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry proteomic approach to identify the most abundant proteins in EVs that are secreted from MSCs derived from PSCs (PD-MSCs) and from their parental induced PSCs (iPSCs). Next, we compared both datasets and found that while iPSC EVs enclose proteins that modulate RNA and microRNA stability and protein sorting, PD-MSC EVs are rich in proteins that organize extracellular matrix, regulate locomotion, and influence cell–substrate adhesion. Moreover, compared to their respective cells, iPSCs and iPSC EVs share a greater proportion of proteins, while the PD-MSC proteome appears to be more specific. Correlation and principal component analysis consistently aggregate iPSCs and iPSC EVs but segregate PD-MSC and their EVs. Altogether, these findings suggest that during differentiation, compared with their parental iPSC EVs, PD-MSC EVs acquire a more specific set of proteins; arguably, this difference might confer their therapeutic properties.
TTK promotes mesenchymal signaling via multiple mechanisms in triple negative breast cancer
Authors: King Jamie L. , Zhang Baotong , Li Yixiang , Li Kathy P. , Ni Jianping J. , Saavedra Harold I. , Dong Jin-Tang 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAbnormal expression of TTK kinase has been associated with the initiation, progression, and therapeutic resistance of breast and other cancers, but its roles remain to be clarified. In this study, we examined the role of TTK in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), and found that higher TTK expression correlated with mesenchymal and proliferative phenotypes in TNBC cells. Pharmacologic inhibition and genomic silencing of TTK not only reversed the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in TNBC cells, but also increased the expression of KLF5, an effector of TGF-β signaling and inhibitor of EMT. In addition, TTK inhibition decreased the expression of EMT-associated micro-RNA miR-21 but increased the expression of miR-200 family members and suppressed TGF-β signaling. To test if upregulation of KLF5 plays a role in TTK-induced EMT, TTK and KLF5 were silenced simultaneously, which reversed the decreased EMT caused by loss of TTK. Consistently, the decrease in miR-21 expression and increase in miR-200 expression caused by TTK silencing were rescued by loss of KLF5. Altogether, this study highlights a novel role and signaling pathway for TTK in regulating EMT of TN breast cancer cells through TGF-β and KLF5 signaling, highlighting targetable signaling pathways for TTK inhibitors in aggressive breast cancer.
Magnetic field-induced ferroelectricity in S = 1/2 kagome staircase compound PbCu3TeO7
Authors: Yoo Kyongjun , Koteswararao B. , Kang Jeonghun , Shahee Aga , Nam Woohyun , Balakirev Fedor F. , Zapf Vivien S. , Harrison Neil , Guda Alexander , Ter-Oganessian Nikita , Kim Kee Hoon 
Published: September 2018

AbstractNi3V2O8 is an archetypical multiferroic material with a kagome staircase structure of S = 1 (Ni2+) spins whose complex interplay between spin ordering and ferroelectricity has been studied for more than a decade. Here, we report a new kagome staircase compound PbCu3TeO7 with Cu2+ (S = 1/2) spins that exhibits two Néel temperatures at TN1 = 36 K and TN2 = 24 K, and a magnetic field (H)-induced electric polarization (P) below TN2. Pyroelectric and magnetoelectric current measurements in magnetic fields up to 60 T reveal that for H||c of ~ 8.3 T, a spin-flop transition induces a transverse P||a with a magnitude of 15 µC/m2 below TN2. Furthermore, for a parallel configuration with P//H//a, two spin-flop transitions occur, the first at ~ 16 T with P//a of 14 µC/m2, and the second at ~ 38 T, where P disappears. Monte Carlo simulations based on 12 major exchange interactions uncover that a sinusoidal amplitude modulation of the spins occurs along the b-axis below TN1 and an incommensurate, proper screw-type spin order occurs in the ac-plane below TN2. The simulation results show that P//a under H//c stems from a spin-flop transition facilitating an ab-plane-type spiral order, while the two successive spin-flop transitions for H//a result in spiral spin orders in the ab- and bc-planes. Based on the experimental and theoretical results, we establish field-induced magnetic and electric phase diagrams for the two H directions, demonstrating that the distorted kagome staircase structure with competing intra–interlayer interactions and lifted frustration creates a plethora of different noncollinear spin textures of S = 1/2 spins that in turn induce electric polarization.
The mechanical principles behind the golden ratio distribution of veins in plant leaves
Authors: Sun Zhi , Cui Tianchen , Zhu Yichao , Zhang Weisheng , Shi Shanshan , Tang Shan , Du Zongliang , Liu Chang , Cui Ronghua , Chen Hongjie , Guo Xu 
Published: September 2018

AbstractTree leaves are commonly composed of thin mesophyll, carrying out photosynthesis under sunlight, and thick veins. Although the role of leaf veins in water transportation has been known for a long time, their role in providing structural support and guaranteeing large sunlighted area was rarely studied and remains elusive. Here, with use of a novel inverse optimization approach, we aim for uncovering the material design principle behind the unique pattern of venation. It is intriguing to observe that an almost Golden Ratio (GR) distribution of leaf veins always provides optimized structural behavior. Specifically, our research reveals, for the first time, that this unique GR distribution of relatively strong vein material is helpful for maximizing the bending stiffness and leading to a large sunlighted area which is vital for the photosynthesis process of a leaf. Moreover, the GR distribution of leaf veins is also observed in a wide class of plant leaf geometries (i.e., shape, thickness), where experimental evidence is provided for the optimized results. Therefore, our findings can not only serve to explain the mystery of veins GR distribution but also provide widely applicable guidelines on designing soft structures with exceptional mechanical performances.
Individualisierte Therapie der chronischen lymphatischen Leukämie
Authors: von Tresckow Julia , Hallek Michael , Eichhorst Barbara 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBecause of the excellent prognosis in early asymptomatic stage of the disease all patients outside clinical trial should undergo “watch & wait” independently of their individual risk profile. Prognostic markers and scoring systems, as the CLL international prognostic index (CLL-IPI), help predicting the individual prognosis. In advanced stage disease standard frontline therapy in patients without high risk factors is still the combination of chemotherapy and CD20-antibody. However, particularly elderly patients with unfavorable prognostic factors may alternatively be treated with the Btk-inhibitor. Novel targeted agents are the treatment of choice in presence of high risk prognostic factors as well as in most relapsed situations. They are currently tested in currently ongoing trials in frontline.
Immunsuppression beim nierentransplantierten Patienten über 65 Lebensjahre
Authors: Reshetnik Alexander 
Published: September 2018

ZusammenfassungÄltere Patienten stellen eine zunehmende Population unter den Transplantierten. Leider sind die empirischen Daten zur immunsuppressiven Therapie in diesem
Kollektiv bislang begrenzt. Die vorhandene Evidenz deutet jedoch darauf hin, dass verfügbare moderne Immunsuppressionsprotokolle unter Beachtung spezieller
Besonderheiten bei älteren Patienten auch in dieser Klientel problemlos eingesetzt werden können. Dennoch sollten zukünftige randomisierte Studien ältere
Empfänger einschließen, um die Empirik in dieser zunehmend größeren Population zu erweitern.
Isolated Congenital Absence of Cranial Nerves: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Agarwal Vivek , Dhawan Sumeet , Sankhyan Naveen , Vyas Sameer 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIsolated cranial nerve absence is a rare condition that can be diagnosed using high-resolution cranial nerve magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Thorough clinical examination with proper knowledge of the course of cranial nerves may help diagnose this rare condition. We describe two cases, one each of, isolated congenital absence of the third and seventh cranial nerve with their clinical presentation. High-resolution T2-weighted MR imaging was done in both patients which revealed absence of cisternal segment of the right-sided third nerve and cisternal with canalicular segment of the right-sided facial nerve.
ErbB-Familie Angriffspunkt bei Plattenepithelkarzinomen
Authors: Krome Susanne 
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung
Die Identifikation onkogener Treiber und die zielgerichtete Therapie mit Tyrosinkinase-Inhibitoren (TKI) haben die Prognose von fortgeschrittenen Adenokarzinomen der Lunge verbessert. Bei Plattenepithelkarzinomen wurden molekulare Ziele gefunden, deren Blockade aber nur mit geringen Response- und Überlebensraten assoziiert war. Anders bei ErbB-Mutationen: Die Familie von Rezeptortyrosinkinasen weist eine hohe Homologie zum EGF-Rezeptor auf; ihre Inhibition mit Afatinib verbesserte das progressionsfreie und Gesamtüberleben.
Management von Lymphknotenmetastasen
Authors: Freye Reimund 
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung
Über die Themen, wie mit Lymphknoten-Metastasen beim Prostatakarzinom (PCa) umzugehen sei und welche Therapieoptionen dem Arzt dafür zur Verfügung stehen, diskutierte eine Expertenrunde auf dem Deutschen Krebskongress 2018 in Berlin. Dabei standen die Effekte einer radikalen Prostatektomie ebenso im Fokus wie eine neue strahlengeführte Lymphadenektomie und neue Verfahren zur Radiotherapie, für die aber noch keine entsprechenden Daten vorliegen.
Update der S3-Leitlinie Magenkarzinom
Authors: Schmale Ine 
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung
Unter der Federführung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Verdauungs- und Stoffwech-selkrankheiten wurde im Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie die neue S3-Leitlinie Magen-karzinom vorgestellt. Die wichtigsten Neuerungen in der Leitlinie wurden von Prof. Markus Möhler, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, auf dem Deutschen Krebskongress vorgestellt.
Upfront-Chirurgie im asymptomatischen Stadium IV ohne Nutzen
Authors: Krome Susanne 
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung
Neuroendokrine Tumoren des Dünndarms (SI-NET) verlaufen in der Regel indolent und befinden sich bei der Diagnose oft in einem fortgeschrittenen Stadium. Bei Patienten im Stadium IV sind lokoregionale Operationen (LRS) meistens nicht kurativ. Die prophylaktische Chirurgie soll bei asymptomatischen Erkrankten intestinale Obstruktionen, Ischämien, Perforationen und Blutungen reduzieren. In einer retrospektiven Kohortenstudie hatte die vorbeugende Upfront-Chirurgie bei Patienten, die verzögert oder gar nicht operiert wurden, aber keine Vorteile.