bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feasibility study of sugarcane stalks separation from trash using PCA based on color space of digital photos
Authors: Panduangnate Lalita , Saengprachathanarug Khwantri , Posom Jetsada , Phuphaphud Arthit , Chea Chanreaksa , Taira Eizo 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Percentage of trash in the harvested sugarcane is one of the key quality indicators and needed to be examined since it affects sugar production efficiency. Currently, in Thailand, measurements of trash are done by randomly sampling by labors, which leads to delay and high labor cost this article aims to study the possibility of using the Principle Component Analysis (PCA) on the digital photos to detect harvested cane out of the trash. The component values of 5 color spaces (RGB, HSV, LAB, XYZ, and YIQ) of sugarcane stalks and trash images were obtained and then analyzed using PCA. The thresholding equation of each space was determined and applied for detecting sugarcane stalk pixel. The results revealed that the quality percentage (QP) of detection of all 5 color spaces was in a range from 82.27% to 96.19%, while those of LAB and RGB were the best at 96.06% and 94.90% respectively.
Solutions of the Klein Gordon equation with generalized hyperbolic potential in D-dimensions
Authors: Okorie Uduakobong S , Ikot Akpan N , Edet C O , Rampho G J , Sever R , Akpan I O 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We solve the D- dimensional Klein–Gordon equation with a newly proposed generalized hyperbolic potential model, under the condition of equal scalar and vector potentials. The relativistic bound state energy equation has been obtained via the functional analysis method. We obtained the relativistic and non-relativistic ro-vibrational energy spectra for different diatomic molecules. The numerical results for these diatomic molecules tend to portray inter-dimensional degeneracy symmetry. Variations of the energy eigenvalues obtained with the potential parameters have been demonstrated graphically. Our studies will find relevant applications in the areas of chemical physics and high-energy physics.
Thin-film micro-concentrator solar cells
Authors: Alves Marina , Pérez-Rodríguez Ana , Dale Phillip J , Domínguez César , Sadewasser Sascha 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion of sunlight into electricity is now a well-established technology and a strong further expansion of PV will be seen in the future to answer the increasing demand for clean and renewable energy. Concentrator PV (CPV) employs optical elements to concentrate sunlight onto small solar cells, offering the possibility of replacing expensive solar cells with more economic optical elements, and higher device power conversion efficiencies. While CPV has mainly been explored for highly efficient single-crystalline and multi-junction solar cells, the combination of thin-film solar cells with the concentration approach opens up new horizons in CPV. Typical fabrication of thin-film solar cells can be modified for efficient, high-throughput and parallel production of organized arrays of micro solar cells. Their combination with microlens arrays promises to deliver micro-concentrator solar modules with a similar form factor to present day flat-panel PV. Such thin-film micro-concentrator PV modules would use significantly less semiconductor solar cell material (reducing the use of critical raw materials) and lead to a higher energy production (by means of concentrated sunlight), with the potential to lead to a lower levelized cost of electricity. This review article gives an overview of the present state-of-the-art in the fabrication of thin-film micro solar cells based on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorber materials and introduces optical concentration systems that can be combined to build the future thin-film micro-concentrator PV technology.
EU‐Wide Impacts of the 2013 CAP Direct Payments Reform: A Farm‐Level Analysis
Authors: Espinosa Maria , Louhichi Kamel , Perni Angel , Ciaian Pavel 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis paper analyzes the microeconomic effects of the 2013 reform of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). This is done using the EU‐wide individual farm model (IFM‐CAP). Simulation results show that although the reform succeeded to partially harmonize direct payments (DP) among farms and Member States, relatively strong differences in the distribution still remain in place. Around 62% of the farms increase their income, whereas the remaining 38% lose from the reform. The reform benefits small farms, while large farms lose out. As measured by the Gini coefficient, the 2013‐CAP reform only partially reduces the disparity in the distribution of DP and farm income among farms. The Gini decomposition shows that subsidies (in particular decoupled payments) contribute to a decrease in the inequality of total farm income. The future CAP reform needs to have a stronger overhaul of the DP system in order to achieve a substantial reduction in inequality in the distribution of payments among farms and regions in EU.
Invited Commentary: Social Cohesion, Depression, and the Role of Welfare States
Authors: Rostila Mikael 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this issue of the Journal, Baranyi et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2019;000(00):000–000) examine the longitudinal associations of perceived neighborhood disorder and social cohesion with depressive symptoms among persons aged 50 years or more in 16 different countries. An important contribution of their article is that they study how neighborhood-level social capital relates to depression in different welfare-state contexts. Although the authors provide empirical evidence for some significant differences between welfare states in the relationship between social capital and depression, they say little about potential explanations. In this commentary, I draw attention to welfare-state theory and how it could provide us with a greater understanding of Baranyi et al.’s findings. I also discuss the potential downsides of grouping countries into welfare regimes. I primarily focus on the associations between social cohesion and depression, as these associations were generally stronger than those for neighborhood disorder and depression. Finally, I provide some suggestions for future research within the field and discuss whether the findings could be used to guide policies aimed at increasing social cohesion and health.
The Longitudinal Associations of Perceived Neighborhood Disorder and Lack of Social Cohesion With Depression Among Adults Aged 50 Years or Older: An Individual-Participant-Data Meta-Analysis From 16 High-Income Countries
Authors: Baranyi Gergő , Sieber Stefan , Cullati Stéphane , Pearce Jamie R , Dibben Chris J L , Courvoisier Delphine S 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAlthough residential environment might be an important predictor of depression among older adults, systematic reviews point to a lack of longitudinal investigations, and the generalizability of the findings is limited to a few countries. We used longitudinal data collected between 2012 and 2017 in 3 surveys including 15 European countries and the United States and comprising 32,531 adults aged 50 years or older. The risk of depression according to perceived neighborhood disorder and lack of social cohesion was estimated using 2-stage individual-participant-data meta-analysis; country-specific parameters were analyzed by meta-regression. We conducted additional analyses on retired individuals. Neighborhood disorder (odds ratio (OR) = 1.25) and lack of social cohesion (OR = 1.76) were significantly associated with depression in the fully adjusted models. In retirement, the risk of depression was even higher (neighborhood disorder: OR = 1.35; lack of social cohesion: OR = 1.93). Heterogeneity across countries was low and was significantly reduced by the addition of country-level data on income inequality and population density. Perceived neighborhood problems increased the overall risk of depression among adults aged 50 years or older. Policies, especially in countries with stronger links between neighborhood and depression, should focus on improving the physical environment and supporting social ties in communities, which can reduce depression and contribute to healthy aging.
Granule Cell Ensembles in Mouse Dentate Gyrus Rapidly Upregulate the Plasticity-Related Protein Synaptopodin after Exploration Behavior
Authors: Paul Mandy H , Choi Myoung , Schlaudraff Jessica , Deller Thomas , Del Turco Domenico 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The plasticity-related protein Synaptopodin (SP) has been implicated in neuronal plasticity. SP is targeted to dendritic spines and the axon initial segment, where it organizes the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) into the spine apparatus and the cisternal organelle, respectively. Here, we report an inducible third localization of SP in the somata of activated granule cell ensembles in mouse dentate gyrus. Using immunofluorescence and fluorescence in situ hybridization, we observed a subpopulation of mature granule cells (~1–2%) exhibiting perinuclear SP protein and a strong somatic SP mRNA signal. Double immunofluorescence labeling for Arc demonstrated that ~ 75% of these somatic SP-positive cells are also Arc-positive. Placement of mice into a novel environment caused a rapid (~2–4 h) induction of Arc, SP mRNA, and SP protein in exploration-induced granule cell ensembles. Lesion experiments showed that this induction requires input from the entorhinal cortex. Somatic SP colocalized with α-Actinin2, a known binding partner of SP. Finally, ultrastructural analysis revealed SP immunoprecipitate on dense plates linking cytoplasmic and perinuclear ER cisterns; these structures were absent in granule cells of SP-deficient mice. Our data implicate SP in the formation of contextual representations in the dentate gyrus and the behaviorally induced reorganization of cytoplasmic and perinuclear ER.
Multicountry Distribution and Characterization of Extended-spectrum β-Lactamase–associated Gram-negative Bacteria From Bloodstream Infections in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Toy Trevor , Pak Gi Deok , Duc Trung Pham , Campbell James I , El Tayeb Muna Ahmed , Von Kalckreuth Vera , Im Justin , Panzner Ursula , Cruz Espinoza Ligia Maria , Eibach Daniel , Dekker Denise Myriam , Park Se Eun , Jeon Hyon Jin , Konings Frank , Mogeni Ondari D , Cosmas Leonard , Bjerregaard-Andersen Morten , Gasmelseed Nagla , Hertz Julian T , Jaeger Anna , Krumkamp Ralf , Ley Benedikt , Thriemer Kamala , Kabore Leon Parfait , Niang Aissatou , Raminosoa Tiana Mirana , Sampo Emmanuel , Sarpong Nimako , Soura Abdramane , Owusu-Dabo Ellis , Teferi Mekonnen , Yeshitela Biruk , Poppert Sven , May Jürgen , Kim Jerome H , Chon Yun , Park Jin Kyung , Aseffa Abroaham , Breiman Robert F , Schütt-Gerowitt Heidi , Aaby Peter , Adu-Sarkodie Yaw , Crump John A , Rakotozandrindrainy Raphaël , Meyer Christian G , Sow Amy Gassama , Clemens John D , Wierzba Thomas F , Baker Stephen , Marks Florian 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global health concern, yet, there are noticeable gaps in AMR surveillance data in regions such as sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to measure the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infections from 12 sentinel sites in sub-Saharan Africa.

Methods
Data were generated during the Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP), in which standardized blood cultures were performed on febrile patients attending 12 health facilities in 9 sub-Saharan African countries between 2010 and 2014. Pathogenic bloodstream isolates were identified at the sites and then subsequently confirmed at a central reference laboratory. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, detection of ESBL production, and conventional multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for genes encoding for β-lactamase were performed on all pathogens.

Results
Five hundred and five pathogenic Gram-negative bloodstream isolates were isolated during the study period and available for further characterization. This included 423 Enterobacteriaceae. Phenotypically, 61 (12.1%) isolates exhibited ESBL activity, and genotypically, 47 (9.3%) yielded a PCR amplicon for at least one of the screened ESBL genes. Among specific Gram-negative isolates, 40 (45.5%) of 88 Klebsiella spp., 7 (5.7%) of 122 Escherichia coli, 6 (16.2%) of 37 Acinetobacter spp., and 2 (1.3%) of 159 of nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) showed phenotypic ESBL activity.

Conclusions
Our findings confirm the presence of ESBL production among pathogens causing bloodstream infections in sub-Saharan Africa. With few alternatives for managing ESBL-producing pathogens in the African setting, measures to control the development and proliferation of AMR organisms are urgently needed.
Occurrence of Typhoid Fever Complications and Their Relation to Duration of Illness Preceding Hospitalization: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Cruz Espinoza Ligia María , McCreedy Ellen , Holm Marianne , Im Justin , Mogeni Ondari D , Parajulee Prerana , Panzner Ursula , Park Se Eun , Toy Trevor , Haselbeck Andrea , Seo Hye Jin , Jeon Hyon Jin , Kim Jong-Hoon , Kwon Soo Young , Kim Jerome H , Parry Christopher M , Marks Florian 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Complications from typhoid fever disease have been estimated to occur in 10%–15% of hospitalized patients, with evidence of a higher risk in children and when delaying the implementation of effective antimicrobial treatment. We estimated the prevalence of complications in hospitalized patients with culture-confirmed typhoid fever and the effects of delaying the implementation of effective antimicrobial treatment and age on the prevalence and risk of complications.

Methods
A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed using studies in the PubMed database. We rated risk of bias and conducted random-effects meta-analyses. Days of disease at hospitalization (DDA) was used as a surrogate for delaying the implementation of effective antimicrobial treatment. Analyses were stratified by DDA (DDA <10 versus ≥10 mean/median days of disease) and by age (children versus adults). Differences in risk were assessed using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity and publication bias were evaluated with the I2 value and funnel plot analysis, respectively.

Results
The pooled prevalence of complications estimated among hospitalized typhoid fever patients was 27% (95% CI, 21%–32%; I2 = 90.9%, P < .0001). Patients with a DDA ≥ 10 days presented higher prevalence (36% [95% CI, 29%–43%]) and three times greater risk of severe disease (OR, 3.00 [95% CI, 2.14–4.17]; P < .0001) than patients arriving earlier (16% [95% CI, 13%– 18%]). Difference in prevalence and risk by age groups were not significant.

Conclusions
This meta-analysis identified a higher overall prevalence of complications than previously reported and a strong association between duration of symptoms prior to hospitalization and risk of serious complications.
The Monitoring and Evaluation of a Multicountry Surveillance Study, the Severe Typhoid Fever in Africa Program
Authors: Mogeni Ondari D , Cruz Espinoza Ligia María , Im Justin , Panzner Ursula , Toy Trevor , Pak Gi Deok , Haselbeck Andrea , Ramani Enusa , Schütt-Gerowitt Heidi , Jacobs Jan , Metila Octavie Lunguya , Adewusi Oluwafemi J , Okeke Iruka N , Ogunleye Veronica I , Owusu-Dabo Ellis , Rakotozandrindrainy Raphaël , Soura Abdramane Bassiahi , Teferi Mekonnen , Roy Keriann Conway , Macwright William , Breiman Robert F , Kim Jerome H , Mogasale Vittal , Baker Stephen , Park Se Eun , Marks Florian 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
There is limited information on the best practices for monitoring multicountry epidemiological studies. Here, we describe the monitoring and evaluation procedures created for the multicountry Severe Typhoid Fever in Africa (SETA) study.

Methods
Elements from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) recommendations on monitoring clinical trials and data quality, respectively were applied in the development of the SETA monitoring plan. The SETA core activities as well as the key data and activities required for the delivery of SETA outcomes were identified. With this information, a list of key monitorable indicators was developed using on-site and centralized monitoring methods, and a dedicated monitoring team was formed. The core activities were monitored on-site in each country at least twice per year and the SETA databases were monitored centrally as a collaborative effort between the International Vaccine Institute and study sites. Monthly reports were generated for key indicators and used to guide risk-based monitoring specific for each country.

Results
Preliminary results show that monitoring activities have increased compliance with protocol and standard operating procedures. A reduction in blood culture contamination following monitoring field visits in two of the SETA countries are preliminary results of the impact of monitoring activities.

Conclusions
Current monitoring recommendations applicable to clinical trials and routine surveillance systems can be adapted for monitoring epidemiological studies. Continued monitoring efforts ensure that the procedures are harmonized across sites. Flexibility, ongoing feedback, and team participation yield sustainable solutions.
The Severe Typhoid Fever in Africa Program Highlights the Need for Broad Deployment of Typhoid Conjugate Vaccines
Authors: Carey Megan E , Steele A Duncan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe Typhoid Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP) and the Severe Typhoid Fever in Africa (SETA) program have refined our understanding of age and geographic distribution of typhoid fever and other invasive salmonelloses in Africa and will help inform future typhoid control strategies, namely, introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines.
The Severe Typhoid Fever in Africa Program: Study Design and Methodology to Assess Disease Severity, Host Immunity, and Carriage Associated With Invasive Salmonellosis
Authors: Park Se Eun , Toy Trevor , Cruz Espinoza Ligia Maria , Panzner Ursula , Mogeni Ondari D , Im Justin , Poudyal Nimesh , Pak Gi Deok , Seo Hyeongwon , Chon Yun , Schütt-Gerowitt Heidi , Mogasale Vittal , Ramani Enusa , Dey Ayan , Park Ju Yeong , Kim Jong-Hoon , Seo Hye Jin , Jeon Hyon Jin , Haselbeck Andrea , Conway Roy Keriann , MacWright William , Adu-Sarkodie Yaw , Owusu-Dabo Ellis , Osei Isaac , Owusu Michael , Rakotozandrindrainy Raphaël , Soura Abdramane Bassiahi , Kabore Leon Parfait , Teferi Mekonnen , Okeke Iruka N , Kehinde Aderemi , Popoola Oluwafemi , Jacobs Jan , Lunguya Metila Octavie , Meyer Christian G , Crump John A , Elias Sean , Maclennan Calman A , Parry Christopher M , Baker Stephen , Mintz Eric D , Breiman Robert F , Clemens John D , Marks Florian 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Invasive salmonellosis is a common community-acquired bacteremia in persons residing in sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is a paucity of data on severe typhoid fever and its associated acute and chronic host immune response and carriage. The Severe Typhoid Fever in Africa (SETA) program, a multicountry surveillance study, aimed to address these research gaps and contribute to the control and prevention of invasive salmonellosis.

Methods
A prospective healthcare facility–based surveillance with active screening of enteric fever and clinically suspected severe typhoid fever with complications was performed using a standardized protocol across the study sites in Burkina Faso, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Ethiopia, Ghana, Madagascar, and Nigeria. Defined inclusion criteria were used for screening of eligible patients for enrollment into the study. Enrolled patients with confirmed invasive salmonellosis by blood culture or patients with clinically suspected severe typhoid fever with perforation were eligible for clinical follow-up. Asymptomatic neighborhood controls and immediate household contacts of each case were enrolled as a comparison group to assess the level of Salmonella-specific antibodies and shedding patterns. Healthcare utilization surveys were performed to permit adjustment of incidence estimations. Postmortem questionnaires were conducted in medically underserved areas to assess death attributed to invasive Salmonella infections in selected sites.

Results
Research data generated through SETA aimed to address scientific knowledge gaps concerning the severe typhoid fever and mortality, long-term host immune responses, and bacterial shedding and carriage associated with natural infection by invasive salmonellae.

Conclusions
SETA supports public health policy on typhoid immunization strategy in Africa.
The Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program: Geospatial Sampling Frames for Household-based Studies: Lessons Learned From a Multicountry Surveillance Network in Senegal, South Africa, and Sudan
Authors: Baker Stephen , Ali Mohammad , Deerin Jessica Fung , Eltayeb Muna Ahmed , Cruz Espinoza Ligia Maria , Gasmelseed Nagla , Im Justin , Panzner Ursula , Kalckreuth Vera V , Keddy Karen H , Pak Gi Deok , Park Jin Kyung , Park Se Eun , Sooka Arvinda , Sow Amy Gassama , Tall Adama , Luby Stephen , Meyer Christian G , Marks Florian 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Robust household sampling, commonly applied for population-based investigations, requires sampling frames or household lists to minimize selection bias. We have applied Google Earth Pro satellite imagery to constitute structure-based sampling frames at sites in Pikine, Senegal; Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; and Wad-Medani, Sudan. Here we present our experiences in using this approach and findings from assessing its applicability by determining positional accuracy.

Methods
Printouts of satellite imagery combined with Global Positioning System receivers were used to locate and to verify the locations of sample structures (simple random selection; weighted-stratified sampling). Positional accuracy was assessed by study site and administrative subareas by calculating normalized distances (meters) between coordinates taken from the sampling frame and on the ground using receivers. A higher accuracy in conjunction with smaller distances was assumed. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn multiple pairwise comparisons were performed to evaluate positional accuracy by setting and by individual surveyor in Pietermaritzburg.

Results
The median normalized distances and interquartile ranges were 0.05 and 0.03–0.08 in Pikine, 0.09 and 0.05–0.19 in Pietermaritzburg, and 0.05 and 0.00–0.10 in Wad-Medani, respectively. Root mean square errors were 0.08 in Pikine, 0.42 in Pietermaritzburg, and 0.17 in Wad-Medani. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn comparisons indicated significant differences by low- and high-density setting and interviewers who performed the presented approach with high accuracy compared to interviewers with poor accuracy.

Conclusions
The geospatial approach presented minimizes systematic errors and increases robustness and representativeness of a sample. However, the findings imply that this approach may not be applicable at all sites and settings; its success also depends on skills of surveyors working with aerial data. Methodological modifications are required, especially for resource-challenged sites that may be affected by constraints in data availability and area size.