bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legal big data en wet- en regelgeving: perspectieven en uitdagingen
Authors: Leeuw F.L. 
Published: February 2019

Legal big data en wet- en regelgeving: perspectieven en uitdagingen
De idee dat big data voor het recht en de rechtswetenschap belangrijk zijn is niet nieuw en is in dit artikel toegespitst op het ontwikkelen, implementeren en evalueren van wet- en regelgeving. Na een inleiding over het niet vanzelfsprekend zijn van de aandacht voor big data van juristen (zie Susskinds disruptieve technologieën-vergelijking), worden verschillende (potentiële) bijdragen van big data voor het ontwikkelen van wet- en regelgeving geschetst, waarbij ook personalized legislation aan de orde komt. Bij het implementeren van wetgeving wordt o.a. ingegaan op legal logistics. Vervolgens wordt het evalueren van wet- en regelgeving geïllustreerd met voorbeelden. Aansluitend komt de vraag aan de orde hoe big data het wetgeven kan veranderen en wat dat betekent voor wetgevers en welke uitdagingen en zorgen daarmee samenhangen.
Digitaal verkeer met de overheid; verleden, heden en toekomst
Authors: Veltkamp B.M. 
Published: February 2019

Digitaal verkeer met de overheid; verleden, heden en toekomst
De digitaal werkende overheid wordt steeds belangrijker. Dit gaat gepaard met een groeiende behoefte aan het regelen ervan en met de wens tot een zekere mate van toekomstbestendigheid van die regels. Barbera Veltkamp schetst de belangrijkste ontwikkelingen rond regelgeving over de digitale overheid, en gaat in op de vraag of er, gelet op de instrumentele en de waarborgfunctie van wetgeving, voldoende instrumentarium voorhanden is om de huidige en toekomstige ontwikkelingen vorm te geven. Hierbij wijst ze erop dat de vraag in hoeverre het überhaupt nodig en nuttig is om digitalisering van de overheid in regelgeving te vatten, genuanceerd beantwoord moet worden.
Van wet naar loket: bedrijfsregels en agile werken voor een transparante wetsuitvoering
Authors: Lokin M.H.A.F. , van Kempen J.M. 
Published: February 2019

Van wet naar loket: bedrijfsregels en agile werken voor een transparante wetsuitvoering
Geautomatiseerde besluitvorming is bij grote uitvoeringsorganisaties als DUO, SVB en Belastingdienst aan de orde van de dag. Om rechtmatige besluiten te nemen is een vertaalslag nodig van de relevante wetgeving naar specificaties voor de daarbij in te zetten ICT-systemen. Uitvoeringsorganisaties passen daarvoor steeds vaker bedrijfsregels toe. Die bieden een geformaliseerde, maar voor alle betrokkenen begrijpelijke weergave van de wettelijke regels en vormen de basis voor de softwarecode in de applicaties. Werken met bedrijfsregels kan een bijdrage leveren aan naleving van de transparantie-eisen die wetgeving en jurisprudentie aan geautomatiseerde besluitvorming stellen. In dit artikel wordt ingegaan op wat bedrijfsregels zijn, hoe ze transparantie kunnen dienen, en hoe een andere samenwerking tussen wetgever en uitvoerder dat nog verder zou kunnen verbeteren.
Geographical Variation in the Giant Freshwater Crayfish, Astacopsis gouldi: Deductions from a Large Opportunistic Database
Authors: Richardson Alastair , Walsh Todd 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
An on-going opportunistic tagging program marked almost 600 giant freshwater crayfish, Astacopsis gouldi, between 22-222 mm carapace length from 123 localities on 62 rivers in Tasmania since 1998. Eighty animals were recaptured once, 50 more than once, and the longest period between initial and latest capture was 8 years. These data were analysed to examine differences in size and growth between the sexes, between the disjunct eastern and western ranges of the species, and between catchments on nutrient-poor and nutrient-rich rocks. Male animals were heavier per unit length than females, as were animals from the western part of the range compared to the naturally disjunct eastern range. Males grew slightly faster than females. Animals from a catchment underlain by nutrient-poor quartzite rocks grew more slowly than those in a neighbouring catchment on richer dolerite. Individual growth histories varied considerably and suggest that there may be fast-growing and slow-growing animals within the population.
Sexual Dichromatism of “Rusty” Spots in a Population ofFaxonius rusticus(Girard)
Authors: Hartzell Sean 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSexual dichromatism is a common phenomenon among animal taxa and consists of differing coloration between sexes in a species. Specimens of the crayfish Faxonius rusticus (Girard) typically have a distinct “rusty” red spot on each side of the cephalothorax. These spots can display variation in both redness and size among specimens; however, little work appears to have been done examining variation in this trait. As a means of investigating possible sexual differences in the color and relative spot size (RSS) of the “rusty” spot in F. rusticus, this work utilized digital image analysis techniques to quantify the color and size of spots in a population of this species. Analyses revealed no difference in RSS between sexes; however, spots of females were significantly redder than those of males. Sexual dichromatism in the spot color of F. rusticus in this population could be relevant to mate discrimination during mating; however, this or other possible functions of this sexual color difference will need to be examined by behavioral studies.
Body Size in Freshwater Crayfish: An Intercontinental Comparison
Authors: Richardson Alastair 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Body sizes (overall length) of 125 Australian and 230 North American freshwater crayfish were extracted from the literature in order to compare the two major radiations of freshwater crayfish. The size distribution of Australian species is strongly skewed to the right and contains at least 13 species that exceed the maximum size of North American crayfish, however the median size class (74 mm) is the same for both faunas. When the burrowing habits of each species are overlain on the distribution, the Australian fauna is shown to have a higher proportion of primary burrowers, and these are significantly smaller than North American primary burrowers. These differences are discussed in terms of the perceived absence of large predators in Australia, and the long term drying and unpredictability of the Australian climate, but no firm causes can be deduced.
A second HD mating type sublocus of Flammulina velutipes is at least di-allelic and active: new primers for identification of HD-a and HD-b subloci
Authors: Wang Wei , Mukhtar Irum , Chou Tiansheng , Jiang Siyuan , Liu Xinrui , van Peer Arend F. , Xie Baogui 
Published: February 2019

Background
Sexual development in Flammulina velutipes is controlled by two different mating type loci (HD and PR). The HD locus contains homeodomain (Hd) genes on two separate HD subloci: HD-a and HD-b. While the functionality of the HD-b sublocus has been largely confirmed, the status and content of the HD-a sublocus has remained unclear.

Methods
To examine the function of the HD-a sublocus, genome sequences of a series of F. velutipes strains were analyzed and tested through series of amplification by specific primer sets. Furthermore, activity of di-allelic HD-a locus was confirmed by crossing strains with different combinations of HD-a and HD-b subloci.

Results
Sublocus HD-b contained a large variety of fixed Hd1/Hd2 gene pairs, while the HD-a sublocus either contained a conserved Hd2 gene or, a newly discovered Hd1 gene that was also conserved. Identification of whole HD loci, that is, the contents of HD-a and HD-b subloci in a strain, revealed that strains with similar HD-b subloci could still form normal dikaryons if the two genes at the HD-a sublocus differed. At least di-allelic HD-a sublocus, is thus indicated to be actively involved in mating type compatibility.

Conclusions
HD-a sublocus is active and di-allelic. Using the new information on the HD subloci, primers sets were developed that specifically amplify HD-a or HD-b subloci in the majority of F. velutipes strains. In this way, unknown HD mating types of F. velutipes can now be quickly identified, and HD mating type compatibility conferred by HD-a or HD-b can be confirmed by PCR.
Carbon Rich Mangrove Forests: An Overview for Strategic Management and Climate Change Mitigation
Authors: Shedage Swati , Shrivastava P. K. , Behara L. K. 
Published: February 2019

Carbon dioxide (CO2) once emitted to the atmosphere, takes centuries for natural removal. Every 4 giga tones of carbon (GtC) emitted to the atmosphere results in a rise of one ppm of CO2 in the atmosphere. Mangroves growing near the coast play an important role in carbon sequestration by acting as sink for carbon, thereby receiving considerable international attention. In India Mangroves occupy 4740 sqkm, about 3 % of the world’s mangrove cover. Sundarbans in India is the largest mangrove site in the world, colonized with many threatened animal species. The paper attempts to highlight the Carbon storage in Mangrove living biomass and sediments particularly of South Asian and Indian regions. Reviews suggest that C storage in mangroves at different climatic regions, sites, stands and different depths of soils store more carbon per unit area. All the reviews suggest that mangroves are a globally significant contributor to the carbon cycle.
Analysis of Occupational Hazards and Poverty Profile among Cassava Processors in Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Adepoju A. A. , Oladeebo J. O. , Toromade A. S. 
Published: February 2019

The study examined effect of occupational hazards on poverty status of cassava processors in the study area. Specifically, the study profiled the cassava processors based on their poverty status and determined the factors influencing it. It identifies the general processing activities, the occupational hazard associated with cassava processing and safety measures used.
A multistage sampling technique was applied. Three local governments areas (LGAs) were purposively selected based on large cassava producers and processors in the area. Two wards each from the LGAs, forms the second stage and the processors were selected using. In all, 215 cassava processors from the study area were used for the study. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Ordinary least square regression analysis. The result showed that the mean age of the cassava processors is 48 years. It also revealed that majority of the cassava processor in the study area were women (86.51%) and married (77.21%). The mean household size in the study area was7 persons and it implies that the cassava processors had fairly large household size. The average years spent in school was 7 years. The regression analysis result revealed that poverty status of the cassava processors is influenced by household size (5%), work experience (10%), cost of treatment for eye irritation (5%) and general cut (1%). Inhalation of smoke ranked highest among the occupation hazard identified while the least rank in this category was damage done to the lungs due to inhaled smoke. The use of sun hats/ caps to prevent excessive heat ranked highest amongst the safety measure adopted to combat the occupational hazard. It was recommended that extension agent should further enlighten and orientate the processors on the importance of using safety guards such as foot wear so as to prevent snake bite, use of modern methods of processing cassava that will minimize or eradicate the identified hazards in the study area.
Artificial Intelligence: Opportunities, Issues and Applications in Banking, Accounting, and Auditing in Nigeria
Authors: Ukpong Eno Gregory , Udoh Imeofon Idongesit , Essien Iniabasi Thomas 
Published: February 2019

Artificial Intelligence (AI) could be a game-changer for business generally and professional services in particular. With the rapid developments in machine learning, data mining and cognitive computing, the next decade promises to see huge leaps forward. While the excitement over the potential applications of AI is understandable, there are issues related to adaptation and application in developing countries, particularly Africa and indeed, Nigeria. This paper reviews the nature of accounting and auditing problems and the need for application of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to the discipline. The discussion includes current accounting issues for which new AI development should be fruitful, particularly auditing. This research employed both a qualitative and quantitative research design. The study was carried out using a descriptive survey research design, employing secondary quantitative data. This study was conducted in Nigeria using stakeholders such as bank executives and university dons with majors in accounting and economics from Universities in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Purposive sampling was used to select 45 stakeholders to form part of the sample. The researchers’ development instrument titled “Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Accounting in Africa Questionnaire” was used for data collection. The frequency and Mean were used to answer the research questions. This paper concludes with future roles of banks going forward and the impacts AI could have on auditing systems.
Surveillance of Hepatitis B Biomarkers in Borno State, Nigeria
Authors: Oyinloye S. O. , Bukbuk D. N. , Sanda F. A. 
Published: February 2019

Background: Hepatitis B virus infection is a major global health problem of public health importance. The World Health Organization (WHO) African Region has reported an approximately 100 million people with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and Nigeria has been classified as endemic.
Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the prevalence of hepatitis B infection (ii) the immune status to hepatitis B among patients (iii) the susceptibility rate.
Methods: A total of four hundred and ten (410) sera were collected at random from patients attending various hospitals in Borno state. A self-structured questionnaire was used to obtained demographic data which included age and sex, social status (e.g. trader, farmer, civil servant or student), pregnancy status, blood donor type. Sera samples were obtained for qualitative detection of HBsAg using rapid chromatographic immunoassays with test kits from Qingdao Hightop Biotech Co., China having sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 99%, 97% and 98.5% respectively.
Results: This is a first-phase result of a surveillance of hepatitis B biomarkers in Borno state Nigeria. The proportion of male (248:60.5%) was higher than female (162:39.5%). Out of the 410 samples assayed, overall prevalence of 7.1%, 2%, 0%, 47.1% and 45.6% for HBsAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen), HBsAb (anti-HBs), HBeAg (Hepatitis B envelop antigen), HBeAb (Anti-HBe) and HBcAb (Anti-HBcore) respectively were obtained. A total of 24.1% (7/29) of the HBsAg positives were negative for all other biomarkers suggesting new cases in the acute phase. The later comprise of 2 pregnant women, 1 blood donor, 3 farmers and 1 civil servant. Sixteen (3.9%) of the 410 samples were negative for all the biomarkers. Of these, 11(68.8%) were pregnant women, 1 private blood donor and 2 students and 2 civil servants. Gender-based prevalence of HBsAg among male was 8.5% (21/248) and 4.9% (8/162) among female. Out of 29/410 (7.1%) HBsAg positives, 89.7% (26/29) were between 15–34 years old. Out of 150 blood donors, the prevalence of HBsAg was 8.7% (13/150) while among 50 pregnant women it was 8% (4/50). HBsAg positivity proportion was (10/29) among students; civil servants (7/29); traders (6/29) and farmers (6/29).
Conclusion: Hepatitis B infection continues to be a public health hazard due to existence of susceptible individuals and emerging new cases as observed in this study. Therefore, routine vaccinations at all levels should be invigorated while continuous surveillance of the infection is maintained until population immunity can be achieved.
Nematicidal Properties of Moringa oleifera, Chromolaena odorata and Panicum maximum and their Control Effects on Pathogenic Nematodes of Yam
Authors: Mainoo Anthony A. , Banful Ben K. 
Published: February 2019

A field study was conducted at Atonsu, Sekyere Central District, Ghana from 2013 to 2014, to (i) determine the effects of Moringa oleifera, Chromolaena odorata and Panicum maximum as ex-situ mulches, on soil nematodes population after two years of yam cropping and (ii) assess the effects of the soil nematodes on the yield and physical tuber quality of yam. The field experiment was a 3x3 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was ex-situ mulch types at three levels; Panicum maximum (farmers’ choice), Chromolaena odorata and Moringa oleifera. The second factor was natural fallow aged systems at three levels: 3, 5, and 7 years old. Data collected included nematode population changes, total tuber yield of yam and tuber physical quality assessment. Generally, Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp., and Scutellonema spp. were the nematode genera identified. However, Scutellonema spp. was found to be the most pathogenic nematode affecting yam tuber yield and physical quality. Chromolaena and Moringa mulches suppressed Scutellonema spp. populations by 80.7% and 76.2% respectively as compared to the Panicum maximum mulch. The suppressed Scutellonema spp. population significantly contributed to higher tuber yields and good tuber physical quality under the M. oleifera and C. odorata mulches in comparison to the P. maximum mulch.
Comparative Study on the Effect of Matricaria chamomile and Achillea millefolium Capsules on Primary Dysmenorrhea Intensity of Dormitory Students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, 2018
Authors: Radfar Shiva , Shahoie Roonak , Noori Bijan , Jalilian Fereshteh , Nasab Leila Hashemi 
Published: February 2019

Background: Menstrual pain is the most common pain and one of the main causes of referral to a doctor among young women. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Achillea millefolium (Yarrow) and Matricaria chamomile plants to treat menstrual pain.
Methods: This double-blind randomized controlled trial study was performed on 50 female students of Kurdistan Medical Sciences residing in dormitory in 2018. Individuals were randomly divided into two groups of chmomile and yarrow using sealed envelopes. Twenty for people received 250 mg chamomile capsules every 8 hours and 26 people received 150 mg hydroalcoholic capsules of yarrow every 8 hours during the first three days of menstruation in two menstrual cycles. The data collection tool was a questionnaire and the severity of pain was assessed using visual analogue scale for the pain (VAS).
Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of pain severity and duration of pain before taking the drug (p > 0.05). The average pain severity in the first menstrual cycle in the two groups decreased significantly (p< 0.05), which was more noticeable in the yarrow group. However, the average pain severity in the yarrow capsule group was lower than that of the chamomile capsule group, but this difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: Both capsules of yarrow and chamomile reduce the severity of pain, but the yarrow capsule, with its long-lasting sedative effect, proved more helpful to reduce the severity of menstrual pain and could be effective in solving one of the issues among women.
Fuzzy adaptive control of a class of nonlinear systems with unmodeled dynamics
Authors: Shen Qikun , Shi Peng , Wang Shuoyu , Shi Yan 
Published: February 2019

SummaryThis paper investigates the tracking control problem for a class of pure‐feedback systems with unmodeled dynamics. The useful properties of the fuzzy basis functions and membership are explored to be used for stability analysis, and an alternative Lyapunov function depending on both control input and system state is utilized. Then, an adaptive fuzzy controller is designed to ensure that the tracking error is within a small adjustable neighborhood of the origin, where some conventional assumptions imposed on the unmodeled dynamics have been relaxed. Finally, simulation results are given to validate the theoretical results.
Electrical and Mechanical Self‐Healing in High‐Performance Dielectric Elastomer Actuator Materials
Authors: Zhang Yan , Ellingford Christopher , Zhang Runan , Roscow James , Hopkins Margaret , Keogh Patrick , McNally Tony , Bowen Chris , Wan Chaoying 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDielectric elastomers are of interest for actuator applications due to their large actuation strain, high bandwidth, high energy density, and their flexible nature. If future dielectric elastomers are to be used reliably in applications that include soft robotics, medical devices, artificial muscles, and electronic skins, there is a need to design devices that are tolerant to electrical and mechanical damage. In this paper, the first report of self‐healing of both electrical breakdown and mechanical damage in dielectric actuators using a thermoplastic methyl thioglycolate–modified styrene–butadiene–styrene (MGSBS) elastomer is provided. The self‐healing functions are examined from the material to device level by detailed examination of the healing process, and characterization of electrical properties and actuator response before and after healing. It is demonstrated that after dielectric breakdown, the initial dielectric strength can be recovered by up to 67%, and after mechanical damage, a 39% recovery can be achieved with no degradation of the strain–voltage response of the actuators. The elastomer can also heal a combination of mechanical and electrical failures. This work provides a route to create robust and damage tolerant dielectric elastomers for soft robotic and other applications related to actuator and energy‐harvesting systems.
Elaborately Modified BiVO4 Photoanodes for Solar Water Splitting
Authors: Kim Jin Hyun , Lee Jae Sung 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPhotoelectrochemical (PEC) cells for solar‐energy conversion have received immense interest as a promising technology for renewable hydrogen production. Their similarity to natural photosynthesis, utilizing sunlight and water, has provoked intense research for over half a century. Among many potential photocatalysts, BiVO4, with a bandgap of 2.4–2.5 eV, has emerged as a highly promising photoanode material with a good chemical stability, environmental inertness, and low cost. Unfortunately, its charge transport properties are modest, at most a hole diffusion length (Lp) of ≈70 nm. However, recent rapid developments in multiple modification strategies have elevated it to a position as the most promising metal oxide photoanode material. This review summarizes developments in BiVO4 photoanodes in the past 10 years, in which time it has continuously broken its own performance records for PEC water oxidation. Effective modification techniques are discussed, including synthesis of nanostructures/nanopores, external/internal doping, heterojunction fabrication, surface passivation, and cocatalysts. Tandem systems for unassisted solar water splitting and PEC production of value‐added chemicals are also discussed.