bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Soil Wetting Agent Concentration on Southern Pine Seed Germination
Authors: Barnett James P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A widely used soil wetting agent at the recommended rate (0.1 percent) reduced germination of longleaf, slash, loblolly, and shortleaf pine seeds. Germination varied by species and seed lot. The application rate may be lowered to 0.02 to 0.04 percent, which provides adequate wetting without reducing germination.
Performance of Unthinned Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations on Three Sites in South Carolina
Authors: Van Lear D. H. , Goebel N. B. , Williams J. G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The performance of adjacent unthinned plantations of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm.) on three sites in South Carolina was evaluated after 16 growing seasons. Sites ranged from a noneroded Piedmont soil to an excessively drained sandy soil of the Sandhills physiographic region. Growth and survival varied widely among sites, with greatest productivity occurring in the Piedmont and the lowest in the Congaree Sandhills. Despite the droughty nature of the latter site, survival after 16 growing seasons was over 80 percent for both species. On a volume basis, loblolly pine outperformed slash pine at the upper Pidemont and Aiken Plateau sites, while slash pine was superior on the dry Sandhills site. Incidence of fusiform rust was much higher for both species at the Aiken Plateau than at the other sites.
Estimating Timber Losses from a Town Ant Colony with Aerial Photographs
Authors: Moser John C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Aerial photographs were used to locate an individual nest of Atta texana (Buckley) and to estimate the area of damage in a plantation of lablolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Stumpage loss from the nest over a period of 30 years was estimated to be $653.
Site Index Equations for Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations on Non-Old-Fields in East Texas
Authors: Lenhart J. David , Hunt Ellis V. , Blackard Jock A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Equations to estimate site index (index age 25 years) for plantations of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) on non-old-fields in East Texas have been developed. The height-prediction curves were based on the Richards' growth function and track well within the range of the data (1-17 years).
South. J. Appl. For. 10:109-112, May 1986.
Individual Tree Basal Area Increment and Total Height Equations for Appalachian Mixed Hardwoods After Thinning
Authors: Harrison Wade C. , Burk Thomas E. , Beck Donald E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Growth response of various species to thinning in even-aged stands of Appalachian mixed hardwoods was predicted with species-specific regression equations. Periodic annual increment over a five-year period was expressed as a linear function of original tree basal area divided by breast height age and a thinning or competition index based on stand basal area. For most species, a combination of stand basal area before and after thinning served as the thinning index; for the five oak species studied, the index was simply stand basal area after thinning. Nonlinear regression equations were formulated to express total tree height as a function of dbh and average height of dominant and codominant white oak. The equations for tree basal area increment and total height may be applied to predict growth after thinning in Appalachian mixed hardwood stands.
South J. Appl. For. 10:99-104, May 1986
SPBCMP—A Program to Assess the Likelihood of Major Changes in the Distribution of the Southern Pine Beetle
Authors: Michaels Patrick J. , Sappington David E. , Stenger Philip J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A statistical model has been developed that relates percentage change in the large area coverage of southern pine beetle outbreaks (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) to temperature and moisture status indices. It is applicable over the entire range of epidemic outbreaks during the last quarter-century. The interactive computer program, SPBCMP, can be used to assess the likelihood of major changes in coverage several months prior to the period of maximum activity. SPBCMP requires only location and four easily accessed climatic parameters. Climatic data for these driving variables can be supplied by the user obtained from a file maintained on the University of Virginia Academic Computing System. The program instructs the user on how to access that data. An additional feature of SPBCMP is that it allows for sensitivity analyses based on weather scenarios for upcoming months. South. J. Appl. For. 10:158-61, Aug. 1986.
Breeding Shortleaf × Loblolly Pine Hybrids for the Development of Fusiform Rust-Resistant Loblolly Pine
Authors: Kraus John F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A fusiform rust-resistant strain of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is being developed by interspecific hybridization with shortleaf pine (P. echinata Mill.). Backcrosses of the hybrid to loblolly pine have early height growth equal to loblolly pine and retain a high level of fusiform rust resistance. Previous breeding results are reviewed and updated, and new data from a developing hybrid seedling seed orchard are presented. Breeders are encouraged to develop their own hybrid programs for production of rust-resistant seedlings. South. J. Appl. For. 10:195-197, Nov. 1986.
Analysis of the Berger 25Y Swing Yarder in Western North Carolina1
Authors: Sherar James R. , Curtin Dennis T. , Koger Jerry L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Production rates, costs, and operating characteristics of the Berger 25Y Swing Yarder are determined for a 23.4-ac clearcut in western North Carolina. An average of 2.75 stems, containing 49.6 ft³, are harvested per cycle. Average cycle time, including cycle delays but excluding road and landing changes, is 5.51 min. Estimated yarding costs for the yarder and six-worker crew are $30.09 per cunit. South J. Appl. For. 10:197-201, Nov. 1986.
The Crossett Farm Forestry Forties After 41 Years of Selection Management
Authors: Baker James B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Timber management was initiated in 1937 on the Crossett Farm Forestry Forties in southern Arkansas to determine whether selection (uneven-aged) management could be used to rehabilitate understocked loblolly-shortleaf pine (Pinus taeda L.-P. echinata Mill.) stands while providing an income to the landowner. At that time, the Forties consisted of a cutover, understocked stand (Poor Forty), and a well-stocked stand (Good Forty). During the first years of management, all midstory and overstory hardwoods were removed from the stands, and light improvement cuts were made to promote the growth of the residual pines and the establishment of pine reproduction. Understory hardwoods were also controlled periodically. The improvement cuts removed only a portion of the annual growth from the Poor Forty; thus, stocking was increased. After 15 years of such management, the understocked stand reached full stocking and began producing sawlog growth in excess of 400 bd ft (Doyle)/ac/yr. Over the 41-year management period, this stand produced a sawlog volume of 16,300 bd ft (Doyle)/ac that was worth about $2,930, or $72/ac/yr. The Good Forty produced a sawlog volume of 16,900 bd ft/ac, a volume worth about $3,040, or $74/ac/yr. South. J. Appl. For. 10:233-237, Nov. 1986.
Effect of Felling Head Design on Shear-Related Damage in Southern Yellow Pine
Authors: McNeel Joseph , Czerepinski Frank 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Use of feller-buncher and directional shears has increased the productivity and efficiency of many logging operations in the South. When felling sawlog and chip'n' saw-sized timber, hydraulic shears can damage the butt portion of the tree. Butt logs of trees felled with shears are subjectto damage in the form of ring-shake, stump-pull, shatter, and splitting (Porter et al. 1984).
Logging equipment manufacturers have attempted to minimize shear-related damage through different felling head designs. Various designs have included ribbed blades, angled shear patterns, curved blades,modified blade angles, and modified shear speeds. Whereas a number of studies addressed the effect of a specific design on shear-related damage (Guimier 1981, Forrester 1980, Redman 1979, McLaucalan and Kusec 1974, Letkeman 1973, Johnson and St. Laurent 1970, McIntosh and Kerbes 1968), fewhave compared designs to determine the relative advantage of one over another in reducing shear-related damage.
This paper presents the results of a recent study comparing six feller-buncher and directional shear head designs to determine their relative abilities in reducing shear-relateddamage. The study also details a quick and inexpensive method of quantifying shear-related damage in butt logs. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):3-6.
Site-Preparation Techniques for Establishing Natural Pine Regeneration on Small Forest Properties
Authors: Cain M. D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Lightweight mechanical equipment, prescribed fire, herbicides, and handtools were used in various combinations to site-prepare small brush-filled openings within uneven-aged loblolly-shortleaf (Pinus taeda L.-P. echinata Mill.) pine stands in southern Arkansas. All treatments were effective in facilitating establishment of pine seedlings from natural seedfall when compared to untreated controls. Treatments tested in this study should have practical application on small forest properties. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):41-45.
Increase Longleaf Pine Seed Yields by Inhibiting Conelet Abortion
Authors: Hare Robert C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A single foliar spray with either antiethylene compounds or cytokinins shortly after anthesis reduced conelet abortion by half and doubled seed production. Spraying with boric acid plus Cytex® , a relatively economical form of cytokinin derived from seaweed, was equally effective,and addition of certain antiethylene compounds further improved seed yield. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):6-9.
The Effect of Thinning Methods on Soil Physical Properties in North-Central Mississippi
Authors: Karr B. L. , Hodges J. D. , Nebeker T. E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Soil disturbances created by thinning systems on a fine sandy loam and silty clay loam during wet and dry soil conditions were examined. The extent of areal disturbance, rutting, and bulk density increased and macroporosity decreased as soil moisture and trafficking increased. Schedulingthinning during dry weather and minimizing the crossing of planting beds with equipment reduced soil disturbance. South. J. Appl. For. 11(2):110-112.
Growth and Survival of Eastern Cottonwood in Kentucky
Authors: Stringer J. W. , Shain L. , Wittwer R. F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Nine clones of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) from different geographic sources were grown on two sites for height growth and survival percentage after 5 to 10 years. Several clones ranked as superior in Mississippi also performed well during the first 5 years of growthin Kentucky. The survival and diameter growth of some of these "superior" clones, however, was significantly less than others at 10 years. These same clones also exhibited low crown vigor and an abundance of stem cankers associated largely with Fusarium solani. Early growth induces must thereforebe used cautiously for determining long-term planting schedules. South. J. Appl. For. 11(2):73-76.
Using Residual Values to Analyze the Economics of Southern Pine Thinning
Authors: Hotvedt James E. , Straka Thomas J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Thinning options on southern pine plantations are often evaluated under the implicit assumption that forestland is treated as a profit center, with stumpage as the final product. Stumpage values might not adequately reflect the end-product content and value of trees, however. An indirectmethod, the residual value approach, is an alternative stumpage valuation technique and is illustrated in this paper. This approach values an end product of stumpage (e.g., lumber, sawlogs, or chips) and subtracts conversion and handling costs to arrive at an estimate of stumpage value. Consequently,residual values tend to be directly related to piece size. When timber management regimes are evaluated using residual values, optimal regimes are consistent with results using traditional, direct valuation approaches. Optimal management regimes will tend to have at least one thinning anda rotation age of around 30 years. Since the residual value approach employed in this study recognizes manufacturing, transportation, and harvesting costs, it may provide a more realistic valuation of thinning options, particularly as end products or processing and handling technologies andcosts change. South. J. Appl. For. 11(2): 99-106
Growth Impact of Pine Tip Moth on Loblolly Pine Plantations in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas
Authors: Cade Stephen C. , Hedden Roy L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Growth impact of pine tip moths (Rhyacionia spp.) in two 12-year-old Arkansas loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations was measured, and growth loss through rotation was projected. Two tip moth control treatments (azinphos-methyl foliar spray and carbofuran granules) were appliedto trees in the protected treatments at ages 3, 4, and 5, and growth was compared to unprotected trees at 2-year intervals. Trees in protected treatments had significantly greater average height (2.0 ft), dbh (0.35 in.), and total volume (182 ft³/ac) than did trees in the unprotectedtreatment. Volume losses at age 12 were proportional to tip moth infestation levels during the period of protection. Potential long-term impact of a tip moth was estimated using the results of this study as input to growth and yield models for thinned and unthinned stands. Projected gainsfrom early tip moth control in light to moderately infested stands were: unthinned, 2 to 6 cords/ac at age 30; thinned, 300 to 700 bf/ac of sawtimber and 1 to 3 cords/ac of pulpwood on a 35-year rotation. An economic analysis comparing the present value of growth benefits to the treatmentcosts showed tip moth control to be marginally cost effective only in the thinned, sawtimber regime. South J. Appl. For. 11(2):128-133
The Silvicultural Potential of Mixed Stands of Cherrybark Oak and American Sycamore: Spacing Is the Key
Authors: Clatterbuck W. K. , Oliver C. D. , Burkhardt E. C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The interaction of planted cherrybark oak (Quercus falcata var. pagodifolia Ell.) and American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) was investigated on a flood plain of a minor stream in Arkansas. Oaks growing 20 ft or more from a sycamore attained a dominant position by 24 years, butwere still smaller in diameter and height than dominant sycamores. Rapid height and diameter growth of sycamore tends to retard oaks growing close to the sycamores. After 24 years, height and diameter differences between dominant oaks and sycamores are beginning to narrow, suggesting thatoaks may become more prominent. South. J. Appl. For. 11(3):158-161.
Effects of Crown Scorch on Survival and Diameter Growth of Slash Pines
Authors: Johansen Ragnar W. , Wade Dale D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Slash pines (Pinus elliottii) planted 25 years earlier were prescribed burned during January 1982 under marginally severe burning conditions. Thirty percent of the trees, averaging 8 in. dbh and 60 ft in height, suffered total crown scorch but no consumption. Although all trees survived, growth loss in excess of 1-year's growth over the following two growing seasons was revealed from increment core analysis. Even slightly scorched trees showed a 15% loss of radial growth during the same period, but the reasons for this are less evident. South. J. Appl. For. 11(4):180-184.
Tree Volume and Taper of Loblolly Pine Varies by Stand Origin
Authors: Amateis Ralph L. , Burkhart Harold E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stem analysis data were used to examine volume, height-dbh, form and taper relationships for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees grown in unthinned old-field plantations, cutover-site plantations, and natural stands. Results showed significant differences in volume, height-dbh, tree form and taper relationships for loblolly pine grown in stands from these three origins. Thus, in order to accurately predict total and merchantable volumes as well as upper stem diameters and heights, forest managers should apply separate volume and taper equations for each stand class. South. J. Appl. For. 11(4):185-189.
Variability of Understory Sweetgum Biomass Relationships
Authors: Adams J. C. , Lockaby B. G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Understory sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) in three 40-50-yr-old stands of loblolly pine was sampled to estimate the total and component biomass encompassed by this species. Individual tree sweetgum equations (based on D²H) were developed for total tree and tree component biomass for each stand. Total stand estimates of 9.79, 8.38, 1.09, and 0 32 tons/ac were determined for total, stem, branch, and foliage dry weight, respectively. There were no statistical differences among stands for total tree and stem biomass equations, but differences were found among stands for foliage and branch equations. The differences among crown component equations are probably reflective of the understory growing conditions in the different stands. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):5-7.
Yield Comparisons from Even-Aged and Uneven-Aged Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Stands
Authors: Guldin James M. , Baker James B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Empirical yields for a 36-year management period are presented for seven long-term studies on similar sites in loblolly-shortleaf pine (Pinus taeda L.-P. echinata Mill.) stands on the upper southern coastal plain of southern Arkansas and northern Louisiana. Total merchantable cubic-foot yields are highest for conventionally managed even-aged plantations; sawtimber cubic-foot yields are highest for intensively managed even-aged plantations and intensively managed uneven-aged stands. However, uneven-aged stands have higher board-foot sawtimber yields than the most productive even-aged stands, particularly in comparisons using the Doyle log rule. It is hypothesized that the even-aged plantations have higher cubic-foot yields because they are more fully stocked with trees of merchantable size. Conversely, the uneven-aged stands have higher board-foot yields because of the greater proportion and continuous supply of sawtimber basal area, especially in stems of large size, which can be developed using the uneven-aged selection method. South J. Appl. For. 12(5):107-114
Forestry Projects, Modern Portfolio Theory, and Discount Rate Selection
Authors: Zinkhan F. Christian 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
According to modern portfolio theory, only that portion of risk that cannot be diversified away by investors is relevant. Given this assumption, this paper illustrates that timberland investments can offer substantial risk-reduction benefits for investors holding diversified portfolios. With the opportunity for these benefits, it is found that the current required rate of return on an investment in southern timberland is less than the rate on U.S. Treasury bills. Utilizing one of the foundations of modern portfolio theory, an approach is presented for selecting a discount rate for long-term forestry projects undertaken either by individuals with diversified portfolios or by corporations with shareholders owning diversified portfolios. South J. Appl. For. 12(2):132-135
Pine Growth-Rate Changes in the Southeast: A Summary of Key Issues for Forest Managers
Authors: Lucier Alan A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forest inventory data collected by the USDA Forest Service shows that pine forests in the Southeast have changed in many ways since the 1950s. The average age and density of natural stands has increased substantially over the past 30 years, perhaps reflecting the maturation of a large number of stands established between 1945 and 1965. Growth rates of some classes of trees and stands have decreased, but it is not known whether increases in age and density are largely responsible. The existence of growth reductions in natural stands is an expected consequence of the documented changes in stand conditions. The magnitude of the growth reductions, however, cannot be objectively defined as normal or abnormal on the basis of existing data. Researchers are attempting to define the contributions of stand conditions, drought, land-use patterns, atmospheric pollutants, and other factors to observed growth reductions. There is at present no demonstrated link between air pollutants and growth reductions in natural pine stands and no evidence of growth reductions on intensively managed forest industry lands. South. J. Appl. For. 12(2):84-89.
Techniques for Assessing the Economic Contributions of Forest Soils Information in Timberland Management
Authors: Blake John , Caulfield Jon , Fisher Richard , Lea Russ 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forest soils information can be very useful in helping forest landowners achieve specific objectives. Major factors that should be considered in the evaluation of forest soils information include the management decision level at which it is utilized, the frequency of use, and the type of control process in which the information functions. In principle, information essential in formulating strategic plans is normally of greater value than information that is needed to control operational or "on the ground" activities, however significant exceptions occur. Because of the long time frame needed to adequately evaluate growth responses on lands actually treated, soils information generally functions through control processes that are predictive in nature. A marginal risk-benefit approach for discriminating between alternative management options can be used to identify useful information. Several techniques can be used in determining the potential utility of soils information, such as the mean-variance rule, stochastic efficiency analysis, and the expected value of perfect information. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):147-152.
Southern Pine Beetle: Factors Associated with Spot Occurrence and Spread in Young Plantations
Authors: Cameron R. Scott , Billings Ronald F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An inventory of 167,316 ac of 5- to 15-year-old plantations of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) or loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) or both in east Texas revealed that infestations (spots) of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm., occurred in plantations of all ages greater than 5 years. Infestation frequency ranged from 0.1 spots/1000 ac for 6-year-old plantations to 6 to 8 spots/1000 ac for 12- to 15-year-old plantations in 1985. Analyses of subsets of plantation inventories revealed that spots were more frequent in loblolly pine plantations than in slash pine plantations, and more frequent in plantations that had been prescribed-burned. An intensive study of 34 individual spots showed that spot initiation was often associated with stand disturbance but not with intraplantation variations in stand parameters. In turn, regression analyses revealed that the initial number of active trees (spot size) was directly correlated with pine basal area/ac. Rate of summer spot growth in uncontrolled infestations was most strongly correlated with number of active (brood) trees and weakly correlated with tree height and pine basal area/ac. Spots tended to grow faster in loblolly plantations than in those with slash pine. Mean spot growth rates were markedly less within young plantations than rates documented in earlier studies for natural pulpwood and sawtimber stands. A field guide for setting control priorities for beetle infestations in young plantations is provided. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):208-214.