bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiation protection and personal dosimetry in a core facility for multimodal small animal imaging
Authors: Schildt Anna , Sänger Peter , Lütgens Matthias , Polei Stefan , Lappe Chris , Joksch Markus , Krause Bernd Joachim , Vollmar Brigitte , Weber Marc-André , Lindner Tobias 
Published: December 2024

AbstractClinical imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) in combination with computed tomography (CT) are increasingly being used in biomedical research involving small animal models. The handling of open radioactive substances (radiopharmaceuticals) necessary for PET imaging requires prior official authorization for handling, the application of radiation protection principles, and regular training. The overriding aim of radiation protection is to protect the personnel directly involved, other persons, and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation.This paper aims to provide an overview of the regulatory requirements of the Radiation Protection Act (StrlSchG), the Radiation Protection Ordinance (StrlSchV), and the associated standards and guidelines. Furthermore, their implementation in practical work in small animal imaging using PET/CT is shown. We will focus on the individual steps of the imaging process, from delivery of the radiopharmaceuticals to waste disposal. This should provide interested researchers with an initial overview of the safe and successful use of the method. In addition, exposure values from the last six years in the literature were analyzed. While personal dosimetric monitoring in clinical PET/CT imaging has been extensively published, there is no published data known to us for personnel for PET/CT research with small animals. The evaluation of the personal dosimetric monitoring of our small animal imaging facility with 7 employees over 4 years revealed an increased personal and finger dose normalized to the injected activity and compared to human PET/CT imaging. Nevertheless, the annual personal dose or annual finger dose in small animal imaging (Hp(10): 1.7 mSv, Hp(0.07): 64 mSv) is lower than for personnel performing human PET/CT imaging at the local University Department of Nuclear Medicine (Hp(10): 3.8 mSv, Hp(0.07): 156 mSv) or published values, and is well below the legally permissible maximum dose of 20 or 500 mSv per year.The increasing use of PET/CT in small animal research can be safely utilized if the radiation protection principles are implemented and continuously trained.
Exploring the Association between Allogenic Blood Transfusion and Postoperative Infection Risk Following Intracranial Surgery: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Analysis
Authors: Kadian Sakshi , Gupta Priyanka , Pathak Sharmistha , Kaushal Ashutosh , Goyal Nishant , Chakraborty Siddharth 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Background Neurosurgical procedures pose a heightened risk of bleeding, often necessitating blood or blood product transfusions. However, allogenic blood transfusion has various adverse consequences, including the transmission of blood-borne infection and immune consequences. While multiple studies have indicated an increased incidence of postoperative infections among patients receiving allogenic blood transfusions, these investigations have primarily focused on non-neurosurgical populations. Therefore, this retrospective study aimed to explore the relationship between blood transfusions and the occurrence of postoperative infections in patients undergoing intracranial surgery for tumors and cerebral aneurysms.
Methods All American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class I to III patients who underwent intracranial surgery (tumors—supratentorial and infratentorial, aneurysm—anterior and posterior circulation) during 3 years (January 2017–December 2020) were included in the study.
Results A total of 240 patients met the inclusion criteria. Perioperative blood transfusion was observed in 103 patients (42.9%). Postoperative infections were observed in 34 patients (14.16%). It was observed that the odds of developing a postoperative infection were 3.37 (p < 0.001) times higher if the patient received a blood transfusion.
Conclusion There exists a robust correlation between perioperative blood transfusion and the subsequent postoperative infection following craniotomy.
The “Opercular” Approach to Orbital Reconstruction after Orbital Exenteration Following Rhino-Orbital-Cerebral Mucormycosis: A Novel Method
Authors: Swain Bharatendu , Sampreethi A. Shalini , C. Shravya 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Background Rhino-orbital cutaneous mucormycosis (ROCM) leading to orbital exenteration can be debilitating functionally as well as psychosocially. Orbital reconstruction following exenteration for mucormycosis has centered on volume filling with local, regional, or free flaps. This case series is built on the original idea of a bilayered operculum at the orbital inlet.
Materials and Methods The opercular approach comprises an inner layer of hinged orbital mucosa and an outer layer of nasofacial flap in most cases, or alternatives, for lining or cover.
Results Eight cases of ROCM treated using the opercular approach are presented with satisfactory results and minimal complication. Four of the eight patients treated by this method remained free of complications after 1year.
Conclusion This technique is simple, does not require microsurgical expertise, and is less time-consuming and less expensive.
Te Araroa, New Zealand’s Long Path
Authors: Fu Shanshan , Carr Neil 
Published: December 2024

Summary
Te Araroa is the 3000 km long hiking trail that winds along the length of New Zealand. Opened in 2011, the trail is relatively young, but its popularity is fast rising. This case study provides an overview of Te Araroa, incorporating its evolution, characteristics, associated hiking activity, and trail management. Alongside Te Araroa’s growing reputation, multiple concerns have emerged, including hiker safety, environmental impacts, and the stress on trail infrastructure and management, which pose challenges to Te Araroa’s future well-being. Consequently, this case study seeks to promote understanding of Te Araroa and raise awareness amongst the public, students, and researchers regarding the challenges Te Araroa is facing. In doing so, the case study calls for increased efforts to ensure the trail’s sustainability.

Information
© The Authors 2024
TDLAS based gas absorption spectrum detection system for the college physics experimental teaching
Authors: Xu Linguang , Zhang Gang , Ge Qiang , Zhou Sheng , Li Jingsong 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Laser absorption spectroscopy, grounded in the Lambert–Beer law, stands out as a prevalent non-destructive testing method within optical gas sensing technology. It finds extensive applications across atmospheric environment monitoring, industrial process control, combustion diagnosis, and biomedicine. Within this study, a pioneering gas absorption spectrum detection system is introduced, leveraging LabVIEW programming and tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy. This system is tailored for college physics education, enabling undergraduates to grasp the fundamental workings of optical gas sensing technology. Methane (CH4) is selected as the target gas molecule for its relevance in environmental dynamics and the push towards carbon neutrality. Investigative experiments delve into diverse spectral line parameters impacting the gas absorption signal profile, as prescribed by the theoretical underpinnings of laser spectroscopy. The teaching methodology proposed herein blends theoretical concepts with hands-on experimentation, fostering a deep student interest in the exploration of gas sensing technologies within the college physics domain.
Quantum correlations dynamics in qubit–qutrit system under magnetic and dephasing field
Authors: Noman Muhammad , Shah Khushnood , Tenemeza Kenfack Lionel , cui Wei , ur Rahman Atta 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
We investigate a hybrid qubit–qutrit system exposed to both a magnetic field and classical dephasing noise. The quantum system’s characteristics encompass diverse parameters, including spin-exchange interaction, dephasing, and the magnetic field. To incorporate thermal effects, we employ the system’s Hamiltonian to generate an initial qubit–qutrit density matrix within the framework of the Gibbs density operator. Furthermore, we model dephasing effects on the initial thermal state of the system using an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process. We employ geometric discord, negativity, and entropic coherence functions to depict the quantum correlations across various parameter settings. Our results reveal that initially, quantum correlations attain non-maximal values, with their dynamics intricately reliant on the underlying system parameters. Specifically, when the system is primarily characterized by the magnetic field, we observe heightened levels of quantum correlations. Additionally, temperature-based characterization is found to have the most detrimental effect on the state. Geometric discord is observed to capture a higher degree of quantum correlations, albeit saturating rapidly at zero compared to entanglement and coherence. Finally, we investigated the effects of common environmental coupling and more pronounced non-Markovian dynamics in the system, revealing an enhanced preservation of quantum correlations. These modifications allow for prolonged coherence and entanglement, underscoring the potential of structured environmental interactions to mitigate decoherence effects and sustain quantum correlations over time.
A paradigm of microbe-mediated green nano-semiconductors and nano-metals
Authors: Khosla Ajit , Chaudhary Vishal , Zhang Hui 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Semiconducting and metallic nanomaterials are essential building blocks for developing modern-age technologies, and their demand is expanding exponentially with a growing population. However, their processing impacts the ecosystem and requires urgently sustainable solutions. This perspective underlines the emergence of microbe-mediated (bacteria, yeast, fungi, microalgae, viruses, cyanobacteria) green nanomaterials, including metal-based, carbon-based, organic and hybrid nanomaterials, with technical challenges of scalability, stability and cytotoxicity restricting their transition from lab-to-market. Besides, it discusses alternative solutions by integrating digital-age technologies like artificial intelligence to establish these green nano-semiconductors/metals for multidimensional applications and subsidizing the UN’s sustainable development goals and one health management.
Artifact identification and removal methodologies for intracranial pressure signals: a systematic scoping review
Authors: Bergmann Tobias , Vakitbilir Nuray , Gomez Alwyn , Islam Abrar , Stein Kevin Y , Sainbhi Amanjyot Singh , Silvaggio Noah , Marquez Izzy , Froese Logan , Zeiler Frederick A 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Objective. Intracranial pressure measurement (ICP) is an essential component of deriving of multivariate data metrics foundational to improving understanding of high temporal relationships in cerebral physiology. A significant barrier to this work is artifact ridden data. As such, the objective of this review was to examine the existing literature pertinent to ICP artifact management. Methods. A search of five databases (BIOSIS, SCOPUS, EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane Library) was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines with the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Review. The search question examined the methods for artifact management for ICP signals measured in human/animals. Results. The search yielded 5875 unique results. There were 19 articles included in this review based on inclusion/exclusion criteria and article references. Each method presented was categorized as: (1) valid ICP pulse detection algorithms and (2) ICP artifact identification and removal methods. Machine learning-based and filter-based methods indicated the best results for artifact management; however, it was not possible to elucidate a single most robust method. Conclusion. There is a significant lack of standardization in the metrics of effectiveness in artifact removal which makes comparison difficult across studies. Differences in artifacts observed on patient neuropathological health and recording methodologies have not been thoroughly examined and introduce additional uncertainty regarding effectiveness. Significance. This work provides critical insights into existing literature pertaining to ICP artifact management as it highlights holes in the literature that need to be adequately addressed in the establishment of robust artifact management methodologies.
Target shape matching of a 1D lithium-ion battery actuator array
Authors: Gonzalez Cody , Shan Shuhua , Frecker Mary , Rahn Christopher 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Large volume change in Si anodes can be harnessed to produce lithium-ion (Li-ion) pouch cells that change shape when charged and discharged. In this paper, complex, tailorable three-dimensional shapes are modeled with multiple 1D Li-ion battery (LIB) actuators connected in parallel by a compliant membrane-like material. A shape matching, design optimization is conducted to match these multimorph actuators against complex three-dimensional target shapes. Three-dimensional shapes in LIBs might readily be used for mobile soft robot applications such as minimally invasive surgical tooltips, shape-morphing structural batteries, and active custom rehabilitative aids. This paper models the compliant, membrane-like material as springs that align and transmit force between the actuators. Three case studies are presented that optimize membrane interactions in multi-member actuators. Important results include the successful shape matching of a multi-member, bimorph actuator optimized to shape match a complex 3D shape with less than three percent error. In bimorph multi-actuators, shape error is reduced by enforcing design variable symmetry and implementing different state of charge (SOC) to further reduce the number of design variables. Thus, for design optimization of multi-actuator batteries, enforcement of symmetry is recommended with design variables to include both differential SOC (or equivalent actuation strain parameter) and active layer coating thickness to achieve complex, tailorable shapes with a LIB actuator array. Differential SOC is further discovered to allow for the decoupling of bending and SOC allowing for more tailorable battery actuator applications.
Protocols and methodologies for acquiring and analyzing critical-current versus longitudinal-strain data in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x wires
Authors: Cheggour Najib , Marks Emsley L 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In the literature on Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x
(Bi-2212) superconducting wires, it is evident that measurement protocols for transport critical-current I
c versus longitudinal strain ϵ and definitions of the so-called ‘strain limit’ are generally dissimilar. Yet, values obtained for the ‘strain limit’ are frequently assimilated to being those of the irreversible strain limit ϵ
irr, regardless of the I
c degradation-criterion used to define it. In effect, ϵ
irr should correspond specifically to the I
c(ϵ) irreversibility onset, where crack formation in Bi-2212 filaments presumably starts. Because I
c(ϵ) degradation remains progressive over a fairly wide strain range beyond ϵ
irr, the different I
c degradation-criteria in use do not yield to the same result and, thus, are not equivalent from metrology perspective. Indeed, in studying densified samples of a modern Bi-2212 round wire, we found ϵ
irr ≈ 0.4% and ϵ
5% ≈ 0.6% (ϵ
5% being the strain where I
c degrades by 5%). In this paper, we outline and suggest I
c(ϵ)-measurement protocols and data-analysis methodologies in the hope to converge the various approaches taken for studying Bi-2212 strain properties and, thus, remove related result discrepancies. A unified approach would enable more objective data comparisons among laboratories and among different Bi-2212 conductors. It would pave the way for more rigorous studies of effects potentially associated with wire design, powder, heat treatments, and other such parameters on the conductor’s strain properties.
Reply to Comment on ‘No circular birefringence exists in a chiral medium: an analysis of single-mode refraction’
Authors: Hu Zhi-Juan , Li Chun-Fang 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Based on their finding that the circularly polarized Beltrami fields are solutions to their eigenvalue equation (7), the authors of preceding Comment claim that the linearly polarized basis is inapplicable to light waves in an isotropic chiral medium. We show that the analysis is flawed. The reason is twofold. Firstly, we prove that the Beltrami fields are, by definition, not a polarization basis for both the electric and magnetic fields of light waves in the chiral medium. Secondly, we demonstrate that linearly polarized and circularly polarized waves in the chiral medium are on the same footing if the electric and magnetic fields, rather than the Beltrami fields, are considered.
Pulsational mode stability in complex EiBI-gravitating polarized astroclouds with (r,q)-distributed electrons
Authors: Ray Dipankar , Karmakar Pralay Kumar 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The pulsational mode of gravitational collapse (PMGC) originating from the combined gravito-electrostatic interaction in complex dust molecular clouds (DMCs) is a canonical mechanism leading to the onset of astronomical structure formation dynamics. A generalized semi-analytic model is formulated to explore the effects of the Eddington-inspired Born-Infeld (EiBI) gravity, non-thermal (r,q)-distributed electrons, and dust-polarization force on the PMGC stability concurrently. The thermal ions are treated thermo-statistically with the Maxwellian distribution law and the non-thermal electrons with the (r,q)-distribution law. The constitutive partially ionized dust grains are modeled in the fluid fabric. A spherical normal mode analysis yields a generalized linear PMGC dispersion relation. Its oscillatory and propagation characteristics are investigated in a judicious numerical platform. It is found that an increase in the polarization force and positive EiBI parameter significantly enhances the instability, causing the DMC collapse and vice versa. The electron non-thermality spectral parameters play as vital stabilizing factors, and so on. Its reliability and applicability are finally outlined in light of astronomical predictions previously reported in the literature.
Quantum manipulation of asymmetric Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen steering in controllable dynamical Casimir arrays
Authors: Li 李 Ruinian 瑞年 , Long 龙 Yumei 玉梅 , Zhang 张 Xue 雪 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
We design dynamical Casimir arrays (DCA) consisting of giant atoms and coupled resonator waveguides (CRWs) to investigate the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) steering at finite temperatures. Our designed system exhibits an asymmetry in its structure, which is caused by the differences in the sizes and the coupling positions of the giant atoms. The system achieves different types of EPR steering and the reversal of one-way EPR steering by modulating parameters. Furthermore, the symmetry and asymmetry of the system structure, in their responses to parameter modulation, both reveal the asymmetry of EPR steering. In this process, we discover that with the increase in temperature, different types of steering can be transferred from Casimir photons to giant atoms. We also achieve the monogamy of the multipartite system. These results provide important assistance for secure quantum communication, and further intuitively validating the asymmetry of EPR steering from multiple perspectives.
Inverse rendering of fusion plasmas: inferring plasma composition from imaging systems
Authors: Öztürk E. , Akers R. , Pamela S. , Peers P. , Ghosh A. ,   The MAST Team
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In this work, we develop a differentiable rendering pipeline for visualising plasma emission within tokamaks, and estimating the gradients of the emission and estimating other physical quantities. Unlike prior work, we are able to leverage arbitrary representations of plasma quantities and easily incorporate them into a non-linear optimisation framework. The efficiency of our method enables not only estimation of a physically plausible image of plasma, but also recovery of the neutral Deuterium distribution from imaging and midplane measurements alone. We demonstrate our method with three different levels of complexity showing first that a poloidal neutrals density distribution can be recovered from imaging alone, second that the distributions of neutral Deuterium, electron density and electron temperature can be recovered jointly, and finally, that this can be done in the presence of realistic imaging systems that incorporate sensor cropping and quantisation.
The speed of sound in a binary gas mixture
Authors: Santosa I E , Paramita G , Limiansih K , Rinawathi G S 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This article measures the speed of sound in various gas mixtures. The chopping frequency of a CO2 laser-based photoacoustic detector has been scanned to obtain the resonance frequency. Next, the speed of sound is examined from the measured frequency and the wavelength. In this experiment, three mixtures, He, H2, and O2 in nitrogen at various concentrations, have been examined. The experiment results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Investigating melting point and crystal structure of Mg-Ca alloys using parallel molecular dynamics simulations: LAMMPS and OVITO approach
Authors: Maisun H B , Latifah E , Laksono Y A 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Mg-Ca alloys are widely used in industry as lightweight structural materials with good mechanical strength and biocompatible implant materials with excellent osteointegration characteristics in biomedical applications. Understanding the melting point of Mg-Ca alloys is crucial for manufacturing implants with optimal microstructure and mechanical properties. Controlling the crystal structure can enhance biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance. Investigating both crystal structure and melting point ensures long-term integrity for bone healing. This study used parallel molecular dynamics simulations with LAMMPS and OVITO to examine the melting point and crystal structure of Mg-Ca alloys. The LAMMPS code with the Modified Embedded Atomic Method (MEAM) potential was employed to model the interaction between Mg and Ca atoms. Simulations varied alloy composition and cube dimension size to assess their impact on the melting point. Results indicated that adding calcium lowers the alloy’s melting point. Structural analysis with OVITO revealed significant changes during melting, including forming non-standard crystal structures alongside the HCP (Hexagonal Close-Packed) phase for Mg and FCC (Face-Centered Cubic) phase for Ca. This study enhances understanding of Mg-Ca alloys’ thermal and structural properties, aiding the development of bone implants and new materials through advanced simulations.