bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energetics meets sexual conflict: The phenology of hibernation in Tasmanian echidnas
Authors: Nicol Stewart C. , Morrow Gemma E. , Harris Rachel L. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Echidnas are egg‐laying mammals found across Australia, and in Tasmania they hibernate, resulting in a most unusual mating system: males enter hibernation in late summer–early autumn and arouse in late autumn–early winter to mate, although females are still hibernating. Groups of males compete for matings and both males and females mate with multiple partners. Females that mate early return to hibernation even when pregnant, and males continue to mate with pregnant females. We asked to what extent can the bizarre combination of behavioural and physiological features that characterize reproduction of Tasmanian echidnas be attributed to their phylogeny, and how much is a consequence of their ecology?

To understand the interaction between energetics and the echidna mating system in determining the timing of echidna hibernation, we analysed data from an 18‐year study of a wild population of Tasmanian echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus setosus)

Males in best condition arouse earliest and seek out suitable females, and females that mate early in the mating season re‐enter hibernation while pregnant.

Competition between males drives early mating and while mating with males in the best condition could be advantageous for females and their young, egg‐laying in winter is potentially disadvantageous, and post‐mating hibernation by females is a means of delaying hatching of young until environmental conditions are more favourable. This post‐mating hibernation by females is usually disrupted by males which mate with them although they are already pregnant.

Comparisons with other echidna populations suggest that a decreased activity period due to hibernation has not increased male–male competition.

Similar competition between groups of males for access to females is seen in chlamyphorid armadillos, which occupy a similar ecological niche to echidnas.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
The Chinese Social Credit System: A Model for Other Countries?
Authors: Mac Síthigh Daithí , Siems Mathias 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMany countries know financial consumer credit ratings, and recent years have also seen a proliferation of rating systems in relation to online platforms and in the ‘sharing economy’, such as eBay, Uber and Airbnb. In the view of many Western observers, however, the emerging Chinese Social Credit System indicates a paradigm shift compared to these former rating systems as it aims for a comprehensive and uniform social rating based on penalty and award mechanisms. By contrast, this article suggests that the evolving forms of the Chinese system should be seen as a specific instance of a wider phenomenon. Thus, it develops a framework that compares different rating systems by reference to their drafters, users, aims, scoring systems, application, use of algorithms, enforcement and accountability; it identifies shortcomings of both low and high interventionist rating systems; and it discusses a range of regulatory approaches and emerging issues that law makers should consider.
Effect of Lower Third Molar Segmentations on Automated Tooth Development Staging using a Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Merdietio Boedi Rizky , Banar Nikolay , De Tobel Jannick , Bertels Jeroen , Vandermeulen Dirk , Thevissen Patrick Werner 
Published: September 2019

AbstractStaging third molar development is commonly used for age estimation in subadults. Automated developmental stage allocation to the mandibular left third molar in panoramic radiographs has been examined in a pilot study. This method used an AlexNet Deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) approach to stage lower left third molars, which had been selected by manually drawn bounding boxes around them. This method (bounding box AlexNet = BA) still contained parts of surrounding structures which may have affected the automated stage allocation performance. We hypothesize that segmenting only the third molar could further improve the automated stage allocation performance. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine and validate the effect of lower third molar segmentations on automated tooth development staging. Retrospectively, 400 panoramic radiographs were collected, processed and segmented in three ways: bounding box (BB), rough (RS), and full (FS) tooth segmentation. A DenseNet201 CNN was used for automated stage allocation. Automated staging results were compared with reference stages – allocated by human observers – overall and per stage. FS rendered the best results with a stage allocation accuracy of 0.61, a mean absolute difference of 0.53 stages and a Cohen's linear κ of 0.84. Misallocated stages were mostly neighboring stages, and DenseNet201 rendered better results than AlexNet by increasing the percentage of correctly allocated stages by 3% (BA compared to BB). FS increased the percentage of correctly allocated stages by 7% compared to BB. In conclusion, full tooth segmentation and a DenseNet CNN optimize automated dental stage allocation for age estimation.
Delayed complications following microwave ablation of lung tumours
Authors: Harvey James , Windsor Morgan N , Steinke Karin 
Published: September 2019

SummaryThe majority of complications following microwave ablation (MWA) of lung tumours are immediately evident, however, delayed complications do occasionally occur. The radiologist plays a major role in identifying and in guiding the management of these complications. This pictorial essay explores the imaging appejmironce of several potentially life‐threatening delayed complications of pulmonary MWA.
Leveraging Asia's Financial Hubs for the AIIB: Hong Kong and Singapore
Authors: Li Yu‐wai Vic 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) appeared at its inception to be a Beijing‐led multilateral development bank that is focused on the financing of mega infrastructure projects. The role for meaningful participation by offshore financial centers such as Hong Kong and Singapore was less defined. This article maps the growing role and influence of these two city‐states within the ongoing development of the AIIB. It analyzes the respective and distinct motivations of Hong Kong and Singapore as members in the AIIB, and assesses how each city is positioning itself to make unique contributions to the new multilateral development bank.
Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), detections in Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Horwood Martin , Milnes Joshua M , Cooper W Rodney 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBrown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys Stål, 1855, is a polyphagous agricultural insect pest which causes serious production losses. BMSB also has human lifestyle impacts which arise from its habit of overwintering in homes. The invasiveness of BMSB and the harm it causes is making it a pest of increasing global importance. Over the past 30 years, the bug has spread from its native range in East Asia to North America and Europe. On November 2017 and January 2018, BMSBs were found at two Western Sydney locations in goods imported from northern Italy. While BMSB detections in imports are common in Australia, these encounters were significant because of sightings of bugs outside the infested premises, indicating possible spread into the local environment. Measures undertaken in Western Sydney to contain and eradicate BMSB included fumigation of infested goods, insecticide treatment of the warehouse site and surroundings and delimiting surveillance. Before commencing widespread surveillance, a vegetation survey was conducted to identify known host and potential BMSB host plants around the infested premises. ESRI Collector for ArcGIS™ was used to compile host plant location data which served as the basis for pheromone trap deployment and physical inspection. Surveillance continued until May 2018. No live BMSBs were detected. DNA analysis of dead BMSBs collected from infested goods discerned the presence of two different haplotypes (H): H1 (previously detected in North America, Europe and China) and H23 (North America and Japan).
A comprehensive biomedical variant catalogue based on whole genome sequences of 582 dogs and eight wolves
Authors: Jagannathan V. , Drögemüller C. , Leeb T. ,   Dog Biomedical Variant Database Consortium (DBVDC)
Published: September 2019

SummaryThe domestic dog serves as an excellent model to investigate the genetic basis of disease. More than 400 heritable traits analogous to human diseases have been described in dogs. To further canine medical genetics research, we established the Dog Biomedical Variant Database Consortium (DBVDC) and present a comprehensive list of functionally annotated genome variants that were identified with whole genome sequencing of 582 dogs from 126 breeds and eight wolves. The genomes used in the study have a minimum coverage of 10× and an average coverage of ~24×. In total, we identified 23 133 692 single‐nucleotide variants (SNVs) and 10 048 038 short indels, including 93% undescribed variants. On average, each individual dog genome carried ∼4.1 million single‐nucleotide and ~1.4 million short‐indel variants with respect to the reference genome assembly. About 2% of the variants were located in coding regions of annotated genes and loci. Variant effect classification showed 247 141 SNVs and 99 562 short indels having moderate or high impact on 11 267 protein‐coding genes. On average, each genome contained heterozygous loss‐of‐function variants in 30 potentially embryonic lethal genes and 97 genes associated with developmental disorders. More than 50 inherited disorders and traits have been unravelled using the DBVDC variant catalogue, enabling genetic testing for breeding and diagnostics. This resource of annotated variants and their corresponding genotype frequencies constitutes a highly useful tool for the identification of potential variants causative for rare inherited disorders in dogs.
Increasing the accuracy of genomic prediction in pure‐bred Limousin beef cattle by including cross‐bred Limousin data and accounting for an F94L variant in MSTN
Authors: Lee J. , Kim J.‐M. , Garrick D. J. 
Published: September 2019

SummaryExplicitly fitting effects for major genes or QTL that account for a large percentage of variation in a whole genomic prediction model may increase prediction accuracy. This study compared approaches to account for a major effect of an F94L variant in the MSTN gene within the genomic prediction using bovine whole‐genomic SNP markers. Among the beef cattle breeds, Limousin have been known to have an F94L variant that is not present in Angus. The reference population in this study consisted of 3060 beef cattle including pure‐bred Limousin (PL), cross‐bred Limousin with Angus (LF) and pure‐bred Angus, genotyped using a BovineSNP50 BeadChip and directly for the MSTN‐F94L variant. We compared prediction accuracies in PL animals using the three datasets from only the PL population, admixed PL and LF (AL) or multibreed analysis using all of the PL, LF and Angus (MB) population according to four‐fold cross‐validation after K‐means clustering. The MSTN‐F94L variant was the most strongly associated with five traits (birth weight, calving ease direct, milk, weaning weight and yield grade) among the 13 measured traits in PL and AL populations. Fitting the MSTN‐F94L variant as a random effect, the genomic prediction accuracies for birth weight increased by 2.7% in PL, by 2.2% in AL and by 3.2% in MB. Prediction accuracies for five traits increased in the MB analysis. Fitting MSTN‐F94L as a fixed effect in PL, AL and MB analyses resulted in increased prediction accuracy in PL for eight traits. Prediction accuracies can be improved by including a causal variant in genomic evaluation compared with simply using whole‐genome SNP markers. Fitting the causal variant as a fixed effect along with markers fitted as random effects resulted in greater prediction accuracies for most traits. Causal variants should be genotyped along with SNP markers.
Plasma steroid hormone concentrations and their relationships in Suffolk ewes during gestation and parturition
Authors: Miura Hiroshi , Yamazaki Tatsuya , Kikuchi Motohiro , Sakaguchi Minoru 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this study, we measured plasma concentrations of progesterone, pregnenolone, estradiol, estrone, estrone sulfate, and cortisol and analyzed the correlations between these hormones during gestation in 13 Suffolk ewes, the main breed in Japan. Progesterone increased during gestation and decreased a few days before parturition; however, this pattern was different in samples with high progesterone concentrations (P4 spike samples). This P4 spike was associated with a high pregnenolone concentration. Apart from the P4 spike, the progesterone change was similar to that in other sheep breeds. Pregnenolone increased during gestation and decreased after parturition. A significant correlation between progesterone and pregnenolone was observed a few days before parturition. Estrone sulfate and estradiol concentrations increased during gestation, but estrone did not. They increased shortly before parturition, and then decreased immediately after parturition. At parturition, the correlation between estrone and estrone sulfate was significantly stronger. Moreover, a strong correlation between estrone sulfate and estradiol was observed after parturition. Cortisol did not change during gestation and increased shortly before parturition. The results showed steroid hormone dynamics in normal pregnant Suffolk ewes, which were mostly in line with those of other sheep breeds. It should be noted that high progesterone concentrations altered the typical patterns.
Corneal refractive surgery combined with simultaneous corneal cross‐linking: Indications, protocols and clinical outcomes—A review
Authors: Ma Jiaonan , Wang Yan , Jhanji Vishal 
Published: September 2019

AbstractCorneal refractive surgery is one of the most common approaches for correction of refractive errors. Combined corneal refractive surgery and corneal cross‐linking (CXL) has been proposed as a method to achieve better refractive stability and to prevent iatrogenic corneal ectasia. However, there are concerns regarding its indications, surgical safety, standardization of protocols and long‐term effect on corneal tissue. This review article aims to discuss the current knowledge and recent updates on combination of CXL and refractive surgery.
Enhanced gaze‐following behavior in Deaf infants of Deaf parents
Authors: Brooks Rechele , Singleton Jenny L. , Meltzoff Andrew N. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractGaze following plays a role in parent–infant communication and is a key mechanism by which infants acquire information about the world from social input. Gaze following in Deaf infants has been understudied. Twelve Deaf infants of Deaf parents (DoD) who had native exposure to American Sign Language (ASL) were gender‐matched and age‐matched (±7 days) to 60 spoken‐language hearing control infants. Results showed that the DoD infants had significantly higher gaze‐following scores than the hearing infants. We hypothesize that in the absence of auditory input, and with support from ASL‐fluent Deaf parents, infants become attuned to visual‐communicative signals from other people, which engenders increased gaze following. These findings underscore the need to revise the ‘deficit model’ of deafness. Deaf infants immersed in natural sign language from birth are better at understanding the signals and identifying the referential meaning of adults’ gaze behavior compared to hearing infants not exposed to sign language. Broader implications for theories of social‐cognitive development are discussed. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://youtu.be/QXCDK_CUmAI
Trends in antidiabetic drug utilization and expenditure in Denmark: A 22‐year nationwide study
Authors: Bang Camilla , Mortensen Martin B. , Lauridsen Kasper G. , Bruun Jens M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAimsTo examine the nationwide trends in antidiabetic drug utilization and expenditure in Denmark over the past 22 years.MethodsData on antidiabetic use and expenditure from 1996 to 2017 were retrieved from the Register of Medicinal Product Statistics. Antidiabetic drug use is reported as defined daily dose (DDD) in total counts and per 1000 inhabitants/d. Expenditure is reported as volume sold in total counts per 1000 inhabitants and as annual mean expenditure.ResultsThroughout the study period, the total use of antidiabetic drugs increased from 16.4 to 55.8 DDDs per 1000 inhabitants/d, while total expenditure increased from €59 to €286 m. The introduction of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs), dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors has, since 2005, led to considerable variation in the proportional use of the different drug classes. Use of insulin and insulin analogues accounted for the majority of the cost of antidiabetic drugs, peaking at 75% in 2008; however, its proportional impact on overall antidiabetic drug expenditure decreased to ~44% in 2017. In contrast, a steep increase in GLP‐1RA expenditure was observed from 2010 to 2017, reaching an annual cost of €85 m (~29% of all antidiabetic expenditure).ConclusionAntidiabetic drug utilization and cost in Denmark has increased considerably over the last 22 years, in accordance with the increased incidence of type 2 diabetes and changes in treatment guidelines. The release of several novel antidiabetic drugs seems to be responsible for the increase in antidiabetic drug expenditure.
Congenital atresia of the left main coronary artery: Imaging feature in children
Authors: Luo Xianghong , Li Zhaojun 
Published: September 2019

AbstractCongenital left main coronary atresia (LMCA) is a rare coronary anomaly associated with myocardial ischemia and sudden death. Echocardiography is an important tool for diagnosis of LMCA. The results of echocardiography and relevant clinical signs were retrospectively analyzed in 3 children with LMCA. Echocardiographic examination showed the signs of LMCA: in left coronary sinus no opening of left coronary artery (LCA), retrograded blood flow in LCA, abound blood flow in ventricular wall, and mild widen RCA.
Association of CD204+ macrophages with poor outcomes of malignant lymphomas not in remission treated by allogeneic HCT
Authors: Kawajiri Akihisa , Kitano Shigehisa , Maeshima Akiko Miyagi , Inamoto Yoshihiro , Tajima Kinuko , Takemura Tomonari , Tanaka Takashi , Ito Ayumu , Okinaka Keiji , Kurosawa Saiko , Kim Sung‐Won , Taniguchi Hirokazu , Ogawa Chitose , Izutsu Koji , Yamamoto Noboru , Fukuda Takahiro 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjectiveCD204+ tumor‐associated macrophages are associated with adverse outcomes of various malignancies. We performed a study to elucidate the role of CD204+ macrophages in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allogeneic HCT).MethodsIn a total of 81 patients who received allogeneic HCT for non‐remission malignant lymphoma, immunohistochemical staining of CD204 using specimens preserved before allogeneic HCT was performed. According to the average number of CD204+ macrophages in a high‐power field, patients were categorized into three groups: low (<25th percentile), intermediate (≥25th percentile and <50th percentile), and high (≥50th percentile).ResultsThe B‐cell lymphoma proportion was higher in the low group, while T‐cell lymphoma and adult T‐cell leukemia proportions were higher in the high group. The 3‐year overall survival (OS) was poorest in the high group; low vs intermediate vs high = 83.3% vs 43.7% vs 20.2% (P < .01). The 3‐year cumulative incidences of relapse were significantly higher in the high group than the intermediate and low groups: 67.0% vs 38.1% vs 18.2% (P < .01). In multivariate analyses, the numbers of CD204+ macrophages were independent risk factors of poorer OS and cumulative incidences of relapse.ConclusionsCD204+ macrophages might be associated with poorer prognosis in allogeneic HCT for malignant lymphomas.
House dust mite‐treated PAR2 over‐expressor mouse: A novel model of atopic dermatitis
Authors: Smith Leila , Gatault Solene , Casals‐Diaz Laura , Kelly Pamela A. , Camerer Eric , Métais Charles , Knaus Ulla G. , Eissner Günther , Steinhoff Martin 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex skin disease involving causative effects from both intrinsic and extrinsic sources. Murine models of the disease often fall short in one of these components and, as a result, do not fully encapsulate these disease mechanisms.ObjectiveWe aimed to determine whether the protease‐activated receptor 2 over‐expressor mouse (PAR2OE) with topical house dust mite (HDM) application is a more comprehensive and clinically representative AD model.MethodsFollowing HDM extract application to PAR2OE mice and controls, AD clinical scoring, itching behaviour, skin morphology and structure, barrier function, immune cell infiltration and inflammatory markers were assessed. Skin morphology was analysed using haematoxylin and eosin staining, and barrier function was assessed by transepidermal water loss measurements. Immune infiltrate was characterised by histological and immunofluorescence staining. Finally, an assessment of AD‐related gene expression was performed using quantitative RT‐PCR.ResultsPAR2OE mice treated with HDM displays all the characteristic clinical symptoms including erythema, dryness and oedema, skin morphology, itch and inflammation typically seen in patients with AD. There is a significant influx of mast cells (P < .01) and eosinophils (P < .0001) into the dermis of these mice. Furthermore, the PAR2OE + HDM mice exhibit similar expression patterns of key differentially expressed genes as seen in human AD.ConclusionThe PAR2OE + HDM mouse presents with a classic AD pathophysiology and is a valuable model in terms of reproducibility and overall disease representation to study the condition and potential therapeutic approaches.