bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RACE, LEGAL CYNICISM, AND THE MACHINE POLITICS OF DRUG LAW ENFORCEMENT IN CHICAGO
Authors: Hagan John , McCarthy Bill , Herda Daniel 
Published: July 2018

AbstractUsing a wide array of official and unofficial data spanning two decades in the neighborhoods of Chicago, we explore connections between legal cynicism, the electoral regime of Mayor Richard M. Daley, and citizen calls for police assistance and police reports of drug crime. We find that the disproportionate concentration of legal cynicism about law enforcement in African American neighborhoods played a prominent and insufficiently understood role in building opposition to Mayor Daley’s political machine. This race linked legal cynicism was grounded in neighborhood concerns about effective prevention of and protection from drug crime. The more punitive than preventative and protective approach to drug law enforcement that characterized the politics of the Daley crime machine contributed to a legacy that foreshadowed the growing and ultimately explosive demands for new mechanisms of police accountability in Chicago.
Access to treatment and the constitutional right to health in Germany: a triumph of hope over evidence?
Authors: Ettelt Stefanie 
Published: July 2018

AbstractHealth technology assessment is frequently credited with making difficult resource allocation decisions in health care fairer, more rational and more transparent. In Germany, a constitutional ‘right to health’ allows patients to challenge decisions by sickness funds to withhold reimbursement of treatment excluded from public funding because of insufficient evidence of effectiveness. The ability to litigate was qualified by the Constitutional Court in its 2005 ‘Nikolaus decision’ that sets out criteria to be applied to these cases. Treatment must be made available if (1) the condition is life-threatening, (2) no alternative treatment is available and (3) there is an indication that the treatment could benefit the patient. This paper examines how courts struggled to apply these criteria based on an analysis of cases of patients who sought treatment for cancer between 2005 and 2015, and explores the implications of applying a constitutional ‘right to health’ to treatment decisions.
Gradual Transition From Net Erosional to Net Depositional Cyclic Steps Along the Submarine Distributary Channel Thalweg in the Rio Muni Basin: A Joint 3‐D Seismic and Numerical Approach
Authors: Li Lei , Gong Chenglin 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe integrated measurements of cyclic steps and bankfull hydraulic geometry to estimate turbidity flow properties, yielding two main observations. First, three net erosional cyclic steps were recognized along a distributary channel thalweg based on (1) closed topographic depressions, (2) less asymmetrical cross‐sectional morphologies, (3) disrupted and discontinuous internal architecture revealed from seismic data, (4) erosional basal contacts, (5) stronger up‐current migration, and (6) relatively higher U1 (flow velocity just before each hydraulic jump), Q1 (bankfull discharge before hydraulic jump), and ΔEL (energy loss of hydraulic jump) of formative turbidity currents. In contrast, six net depositional cyclic steps were identified based on (1) open topographic depressions, (2) more asymmetrical morphologies, (3) well‐bedded and continuous internal structures, (4) gradual basal contacts, (5) stronger vertical accretion, and (6) relatively lower U1, Q1, and ΔEL values. These observations may aid in distinguishing between net erosional and net depositional cyclic steps. Second, cross‐sectional asymmetries (Ay) and width‐to‐depth ratios of the trough (W1/h1) of cyclic steps systematically vary with distance along the distributary channel thalweg from the point of overflow initiation (Di) and can be fit by a single relation, which, together with the fact that the two types of topographic depressions separate along these relations, demonstrate a gradual transition from net erosional to net depositional cyclic steps. U1, Q1, and ΔEL are proportional to the stoss‐side slope angle of cyclic steps (а) but are inversely proportional to Ay and W1/h1, indicating that a progressive downstream decrease in U1, Q1, and ΔEL (i.e., decrease in sediment transport capacity) probably caused the gradual transition from net erosional to net depositional cyclic steps.
Understanding Magnetic Cloud Structure From Shock/Discontinuity Analysis
Authors: Lin P. H. , Yang Y. H. , Chao J. K. , Feng H. Q. , Liu J. Y. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe reexamine the magnetic cloud (MC) event during the period of 21–23 May 2007. In this event, the axis of the MC has a high inclination to the ecliptic plane and the heliospheric current sheet happens to be on the ecliptic plane. Therefore, we can use the feature of zero north‐south component of interplanetary magnetic field to identify the MC boundaries. Inside the MC, there is an enhanced pressure/density region enclosed by two discontinuities. We verified these discontinuities through multiple spacecraft in situ observations. The front one is a forward fast shock, which is a quasi‐perpendicular shock at STEREO B but a quasi‐parallel shock at Wind location. The discontinuity at the rear part of the enhanced pressure region resembles a reverse slow shock. However, we verify it is a tangential discontinuity (TD) using multispacecraft observations. Furthermore, we analyze the successive TDs inside the MC based on the TD signature of no normal magnetic field component to estimate the magnetic field morphology along the spacecraft trajectories. A novel method to evaluate the uncertainties of those TDs in this study has been given. It is found that the errors of the TD normal are much smaller than that calculated by conventional methods.
Controls on Mid‐ocean Ridge Normal Fault Seismicity Across Spreading Rates From Rate‐and‐State Friction Models
Authors: Mark Hannah F. , Behn Mark D. , Olive Jean‐Arthur , Liu Yajing 
Published: July 2018

AbstractRecent seismic and geodetic observations have led to a growing realization that a significant amount of fault slip at plate boundaries occurs aseismically and that the amount of aseismic slip varies across tectonic settings. Seismic moment release rates measured along the fast‐spreading East Pacific Rise suggest that the majority of fault slip occurs aseismically. By contrast, at the slow‐spreading Mid‐Atlantic Ridge seismic slip may represent up to 60% of total fault displacement. In this study, we use rate‐and‐state friction models to quantify the seismic coupling coefficient, defined as the fraction of total fault slip that occurs seismically, on mid‐ocean ridge normal faults and investigate controls on fault behavior that might produce variations in coupling observed at oceanic spreading centers. We find that the seismic coupling coefficient scales with the ratio of the downdip width of the seismogenic area (W) to the critical earthquake nucleation size (h*). At mid‐ocean ridges, W is expected to increase with decreasing spreading rate. Thus, the relationship between seismic coupling and W/h* predicted from our models explains the first‐order variations in seismic coupling coefficient as a function of spreading rate.
Comment on “Ultrasonic Monitoring of Spontaneous Imbibition Experiments: Precursory Moisture Diffusion Effects Ahead of Water Front” by David et al. (2017)
Authors: Kovalyshen Yevhen 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis brief note presents an alternative explanation to the fact that in the imbibition experiments with active ultrasonic monitoring the amplitude of the recorded P waves detects imbibition front before any changes in the P wave velocities are observable. The model is based on P wave interaction with the imbibition front. The qualitative estimation is in agreement with previously published experimental data.
New Evidence of an Ancient Martian Ocean From the Global Distribution of Valley Networks
Authors: Chan Ngai‐Ham , Perron J. Taylor , Mitrovica Jerry X. , Gomez Natalya A. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe examine the connection between true polar wander (TPW) and the evidence for an ancient ocean on Mars. Previous studies have investigated the plausibility of a Mars ocean by examining the topography of possible ancient sea level markers on the planet's surface. One such study argued that features interpreted as ancient shorelines display long‐wavelength topographic variations consistent with postformational TPW (Perron et al., 2007, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05873). In contrast, a second study argued that the elevations of possible ancient deltaic deposits associated with an ocean on early Mars are not consistent with the TPW scenario (di Achille & Hynek, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo891). Herein we revisit this issue by examining another marker of ancient shorelines—fluvial valley networks observed on the surface of Mars. Our results support the existence of an ancient Martian ocean and that long‐wavelength deformation of related surface features (ancient shorelines and valley networks) was driven by some combination of TPW and surface loading associated with the formation of the Tharsis volcanic province.
Coordinated Nanoscale Compositional and Oxidation State Measurements of Lunar Space‐Weathered Material
Authors: Burgess K. D. , Stroud R. M. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSpace weathering on airless bodies includes a number of processes, such as micrometeorite impacts and solar wind bombardment, which leads to a variety of microscale to nanoscale alteration features, including vapor deposited layers on grain and rock surfaces and creation of nanophase opaque inclusions. The nanophase inclusions cause reddening and darkening of the visible to near‐infrared spectra of space weathered material, features associated with increasing space exposure of many airless body regoliths. On the Moon, most nanophase inclusions are metallic iron (npFe0), but recent work using aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy has provided evidence of oxidized nanoparticles in space weathered lunar soil grains. We examined three different lunar soils in order to confirm the finding of oxidized nanophase inclusions and to provide detailed elemental and mineralogical information about the surrounding material. Our data show that substrate and rim composition are key factors in determining whether highly localized oxidation occurs; for example, nanophase inclusions in rims on low Fe substrates are more prone to oxidation. Detailed understanding of the phases and features present in these samples is necessary for the correct interpretation of remotely sensed data as well as extrapolation from processes on the lunar surface to those on other airless bodies.
Reproducible Aspects of the Climate of Space Weather Over the Last Five Solar Cycles
Authors: Chapman S. C. , Watkins N. W. , Tindale E. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractEach solar maximum interval has a different duration and peak activity level, which is reflected in the behavior of key physical variables that characterize solar and solar wind driving and magnetospheric response. The variation in the statistical distributions of the F10.7 index of solar coronal radio emissions, the dynamic pressure PDyn and effective convection electric field Ey in the solar wind observed in situ upstream of Earth, the ring current index DST, and the high‐latitude auroral activity index AE are tracked across the last five solar maxima. For each physical variable we find that the distribution tail (the exceedences above a threshold) can be rescaled onto a single master distribution using the mean and variance specific to each solar maximum interval. We provide generalized Pareto distribution fits to the different master distributions for each of the variables. If the mean and variance of the large‐to‐extreme observations can be predicted for a given solar maximum, then their full distribution is known.
Modeling the Evolution and Propagation of 10 September 2017 CMEs and SEPs Arriving at Mars Constrained by Remote Sensing and In Situ Measurement
Authors: Guo Jingnan , Dumbović Mateja , Wimmer‐Schweingruber Robert F. , Temmer Manuela , Lohf Henning , Wang Yuming , Veronig Astrid , Hassler Donald M. , Mays Leila M. , Zeitlin Cary , Ehresmann Bent , Witasse Olivier , Freiherr von Forstner Johan L. , Heber Bernd , Holmström Mats , Posner Arik 
Published: July 2018

AbstractOn 10 September 2017, solar energetic particles originating from the active region 12673 produced a ground level enhancement at Earth. The ground level enhancement on the surface of Mars, 160 longitudinally east of Earth, observed by the Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) was the largest since the landing of the Curiosity rover in August 2012. Based on multipoint coronagraph images and the Graduated Cylindrical Shell model, we identify the initial 3‐D kinematics of an extremely fast coronal mass ejection (CME) and its shock front, as well as another two CMEs launched hours earlier with moderate speeds. The three CMEs interacted as they propagated outward into the heliosphere and merged into a complex interplanetary CME (ICME). The arrival of the shock and ICME at Mars caused a very significant Forbush decrease seen by RAD only a few hours later than that at Earth, which was about 0.5 AU closer to the Sun. We investigate the propagation of the three CMEs and the merged ICME together with the shock, using the drag‐based model and the WSA‐ENLIL plus cone model constrained by the in situ observations. The synergistic study of the ICME and solar energetic particle arrivals at Earth and Mars suggests that to better predict potentially hazardous space weather impacts at Earth and other heliospheric locations for human exploration missions, it is essential to analyze (1) the eruption of the flare and CME at the Sun, (2) the CME kinematics, especially during their interactions, and (3) the spatially and temporally varying heliospheric conditions, such as the evolution and propagation of the stream interaction regions.
ARD1/NAA10 in hepatocellular carcinoma: pathways and clinical implications
Authors: Lee Danbi , Jang Myoung-Kuk , Seo Ji Hae , Ryu Soo Hyung , Kim Jeong A. , Chung Young-Hwa 
Published: July 2018

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a representative example of a malignancy with a poor prognosis, is characterized by high mortality because it is typically in an advanced stage at diagnosis and leaves very little hepatic functional reserve. Despite advances in medical and surgical techniques, there is no omnipotent tool that can diagnose HCC early and then cure it medically or surgically. Several recent studies have shown that a variety of pathways are involved in the development, growth, and even metastasis of HCC. Among a variety of cytokines or molecules, some investigators have suggested that arrest-defective 1 (ARD1), an acetyltransferase, plays a key role in the development of malignancies. Although ARD1 is thought to be centrally involved in the cell cycle, cell migration, apoptosis, differentiation, and proliferation, the role of ARD1 and its potential mechanistic involvement in HCC remain unclear. Here, we review the present literature on ARD1. First, we provide an overview of the essential structure, functions, and molecular mechanisms or pathways of ARD1 in HCC. Next, we discuss potential clinical implications and perspectives. We hope that, by providing new insights into ARD1, this review will help to guide the next steps in the development of markers for the early detection and prognosis of HCC.
Carbon losses from deforestation and widespread degradation offset by extensive growth in African woodlands
Authors: McNicol Iain M. , Ryan Casey M. , Mitchard Edward T. A. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractLand use carbon fluxes are major uncertainties in the global carbon cycle. This is because carbon stocks, and the extent of deforestation, degradation and biomass growth remain poorly resolved, particularly in the densely populated savannas which dominate the tropics. Here we quantify changes in aboveground woody carbon stocks from 2007–2010 in the world’s largest savanna—the southern African woodlands. Degradation is widespread, affecting 17.0% of the wooded area, and is the source of 55% of biomass loss (−0.075 PgC yr−1). Deforestation losses are lower (−0.038 PgC yr−1), despite deforestation rates being 5× greater than existing estimates. Gross carbon losses are therefore 3–6x higher than previously thought. Biomass gains occurred in 48% of the region and totalled +0.12 PgC yr−1. Region-wide stocks are therefore stable at ~5.5 PgC. We show that land cover in African woodlands is highly dynamic with globally high rates of degradation and deforestation, but also extensive regrowth.
Pseudo-spin–valley coupled edge states in a photonic topological insulator
Authors: Kang Yuhao , Ni Xiang , Cheng Xiaojun , Khanikaev Alexander B. , Genack Azriel Z. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPseudo-spin and valley degrees of freedom engineered in photonic analogues of topological insulators provide potential approaches to optical encoding and robust signal transport. Here we observe a ballistic edge state whose spin–valley indices are locked to the direction of propagation along the interface between a valley photonic crystal and a metacrystal emulating the quantum spin–Hall effect. We demonstrate the inhibition of inter-valley scattering at a Y-junction formed at the interfaces between photonic topological insulators carrying different spin–valley Chern numbers. These results open up the possibility of using the valley degree of freedom to control the flow of optical signals in 2D structures.
A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018-2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend
Authors: Sévellec Florian , Drijfhout Sybren S. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn a changing climate, there is an ever-increasing societal demand for accurate and reliable interannual predictions. Accurate and reliable interannual predictions of global temperatures are key for determining the regional climate change impacts that scale with global temperature, such as precipitation extremes, severe droughts, or intense hurricane activity, for instance. However, the chaotic nature of the climate system limits prediction accuracy on such timescales. Here we develop a novel method to predict global-mean surface air temperature and sea surface temperature, based on transfer operators, which allows, by-design, probabilistic forecasts. The prediction accuracy is equivalent to operational forecasts and its reliability is high. The post-1998 global warming hiatus is well predicted. For 2018–2022, the probabilistic forecast indicates a warmer than normal period, with respect to the forced trend. This will temporarily reinforce the long-term global warming trend. The coming warm period is associated with an increased likelihood of intense to extreme temperatures. The important numerical efficiency of the method (a few hundredths of a second on a laptop) opens the possibility for real-time probabilistic predictions carried out on personal mobile devices.
A phase-stable dual-comb interferometer
Authors: Chen Zaijun , Yan Ming , Hänsch Theodor W. , Picqué Nathalie 
Published: July 2018

AbstractLaser frequency combs emit a spectrum with hundreds of thousands of evenly spaced phase-coherent narrow lines. A comb-enabled instrument, the dual-comb interferometer, exploits interference between two frequency combs and attracts considerable interest in precision spectroscopy and sensing, distance metrology, tomography, telecommunications, etc. Mutual coherence between the two combs over the measurement time is a pre-requisite to interferometry, although it is instrumentally challenging. At best, the mutual coherence reaches about 1 s. Computer-based phase-correction techniques, which often lead to artifacts and worsened precision, must be implemented for longer averaging times. Here with feed-forward relative stabilization of the carrier-envelope offset frequencies, we experimentally realize a mutual coherence over times approaching 2000 s, more than three orders of magnitude longer than that of state-of-the-art dual-comb systems. An illustration is given with near-infrared Fourier transform molecular spectroscopy with two combs of slightly different repetition frequencies. Our technique without phase correction can be implemented with any frequency comb generator including microresonators or semiconductor lasers.
Differences in age-specific mortality between wild-caught and captive-born Asian elephants
Authors: Lahdenperä Mirkka , Mar Khyne U. , Courtiol Alexandre , Lummaa Virpi 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWild-capture of numerous species is common for diverse purposes, including medical experiments, conservation, veterinary interventions and research, but little objective data exists on its consequences. We use exceptional demographic records on Asian elephants from timber camps in Myanmar to investigate the long-term consequences of wild-capture during 1951–2000 on their mortality (N = 5150). We show that captured elephants have increased mortality compared to captive-born elephants, regardless of their capture method. These detrimental effects of capture are similar for both sexes but differ substantially according to age. Elephants captured and tamed at older ages show a higher increase in mortality after capture than elephants captured and tamed young. Moreover, the increased mortality risk following capture and taming is still perceived several years after capture. Our results are timely given the continued capture of elephants and other wild animals to supplement captive populations despite the alarming declines of wild populations globally.
Spontaneous Hall effect in the Weyl semimetal candidate of all-in all-out pyrochlore iridate
Authors: Ueda Kentaro , Kaneko Ryoma , Ishizuka Hiroaki , Fujioka Jun , Nagaosa Naoto , Tokura Yoshinori 
Published: July 2018

AbstractTopological quantum states of matter, characterized by geometrical features of electronic band structures, have been extensively studied. Among them, the topological electronic state with magnetic order remains elusive because of a scarce number of examples. Here we present experimental observations proving that the pyrochlore iridate, when electronically tuned, can be a topological Weyl semimetal as predicted by recent theories. We observe a sizable spontaneous Hall conductivity with minimal magnetization only within a few Kelvin below the all-in all-out magnetic ordering temperature. Our theoretical calculation, which is quantitatively consistent with the observation, suggests that the presence of linearly-dispersing crossing points (Weyl points), acting as a source/sink of a quantized magnetic flux, potentially gives rise to such an enormous effect. The manifestation of the salient Hall response provides one important example of topological states, which promotes a better understanding of Weyl semimetal and indicates the new research direction for the topological-materials design.