bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon‐Based Substrates for Highly Dispersed Nanoparticle and Even Single‐Atom Electrocatalysts
Authors: Chen Ya‐Nan , Zhang Xu , Zhou Zhen 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn recent decades, electrocatalysis has become an important research hotspot in energy storage and conversion technologies due to the persistently increasing energy and environmental issues. Nanostructured carbon materials with excellent electrical conductivity, competitive activity, and relatively high chemical stability are extensively studied as either electrocatalysts or substrates to support metal‐based catalysts. Especially, when used as supporting substrates for metal‐based catalysts, carbon‐based materials can not only effectively promote the dispersion of metals and even lead to single‐atom catalysts but also lead to prominent synergistic effects for enhanced activity. This review sheds light on state‐of‐the‐art carbon‐based materials employed as supporting substrates for selected electrocatalytic processes involving H2/O2/CO2/N2. By combining experimental explorations with theoretical computations, clear insight is elaborately afforded into the fundamental relationship between electrocatalytic activity and metal–substrate interaction, in order to disclose some clues for electrocatalyst design. Finally, the remaining challenges and perspectives are discussed for the future development of carbon‐supported electrocatalysts.
Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins Determines Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cell Fate in an Oxygen-Dependent Manner
Authors: Soubéran Aurélie , Cappaï Jessica , Chocry Mathieu , Nuccio Christopher , Raujol Julie , Colin Carole , Lafitte Daniel , Kovacic Hervé , Quillien Véronique , Baeza-Kallee Nathalie , Rougon Geneviève , Figarella-Branger Dominique , Tchoghandjian Aurélie 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In glioblastomas, apoptosis inhibitor proteins (IAPs) are involved in apoptotic and nonapoptotic processes. We previously showed that IAP inhibition induced a loss of stemness and glioblastoma stem cells differentiation by activating nuclear factor-κB under normoxic conditions. Hypoxia has been shown to modulate drug efficacy. Here, we investigated how IAPs participate in glioblastoma stem-like cell maintenance and fate under hypoxia. We showed that in a hypoxic environment, IAPs inhibition by GDC-0152, a small-molecule IAPs inhibitor, triggered stem-like cell apoptosis and decreased proliferation in four human glioblastoma cell lines. We set up a three-dimensional glioblastoma spheroid model in which time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analyses revealed a decrease in oxygen levels between the periphery and core. We observed low proliferative and apoptotic cells located close to the hypoxic core of the spheres and glial fibrillary acidic protein+ cells at their periphery. These oxygen-dependent GDC-0152 antitumoral effects have been confirmed on human glioblastoma explants. Notably, serine–threonine kinase activation analysis revealed that under hypoxic conditions, IAP inhibition activated ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein signaling. Our findings provide new insights into the dual mechanism of action of IAP inhibitors that depends on oxygen level and are relevant to their therapeutic application in tumors. Stem Cells 2019;37:731–742
In situ TREXS Observation of Surface Reduction Reaction of NiO Film with ∼2 nm Surface Sensitivity
Authors: Abe Hitoshi , Niwa Yasuhiro , Takeichi Yasuo , Kimura Masao 
Published: March 2019

AbstractX‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy is one of the most widely used methods at synchrotron radiation facilities. XAFS gives us information on chemical states and local structures. Fundamentally, XAFS is bulk sensitive, not surface sensitive. If a surface sensitive XAFS method was available, surface chemical reactions can be observed under realistic conditions. Here, we report the development and present status of a type of surface sensitive x‐ray spectroscopy, which is named total reflection x‐ray spectroscopy, TREXS.
Orbital angular momentum at small x
Authors: Kovchegov Yuri V. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe determine the small Bjorkenxasymptotics of the quark and gluon orbital angular momentum (OAM) distributions in the proton in the double-logarithmic approximation (DLA), which resums powers ofαsln2(1/x) withαsthe strong coupling constant. Starting with the operator definitions for the quark and gluon OAM, we simplify them at smallx, relating them, respectively, to the polarized dipole amplitudes for the quark and gluon helicities defined in our earlier works. Using the small-xevolution equations derived for these polarized dipole amplitudes earlier we arrive at the following small-xasymptotics of the quark and gluon OAM distributions in the large-Nclimit:$$ {L}_{q+\overline{q}}\left(x,{Q}^2\right)=-\Delta \Sigma \left(x,{Q}^2\right)\sim {\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}^{\frac{4}{\sqrt{3}}\kern0.5em \sqrt{\frac{\alpha_s\kern0.5em {N}_c}{2\pi }}}, $$Lq+q¯xQ2=−ΔΣxQ2∼1x43αsNc2π,$$ {L}_G\left(x,{Q}^2\right)\sim \Delta G\left(x,{Q}^2\right)\sim {\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}^{\frac{13}{4\sqrt{3}}\kern0.5em \sqrt{\frac{\alpha_s\kern0.5em {N}_c}{2\pi }}}. $$LGxQ2∼ΔGxQ2∼1x1343αsNc2π.
Estimating the dynamic role of attention via random utility
Authors: Smith Stephanie M. , Krajbich Ian , Webb Ryan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWhen making decisions, people tend to look back and forth between the alternatives until they eventually make a choice. Eye-tracking research has established that these shifts in attention are strongly linked to choice outcomes. A predominant framework for understanding the dynamics of the choice process, and thus the effects of attention, is sequential sampling of information. However, existing methods for estimating the attention parameters in these models are computationally costly and overly flexible, and yield estimates with unknown precision and bias. Here we propose an estimation method that relies on a link between sequential sampling models and random utility models (RUM). This method uses familiar econometric tools (i.e., logistic regression) and yields estimates that appear to be unbiased and relatively precise compared to existing methods, in a small fraction of the computation time. The RUM thus appears to be a useful tool for estimating the effects of attention on choice.
Removal of ‘strip noise’ in radio-echo sounding data using combined wavelet and 2-D DFT filtering
Authors: Wang Bangbing , Sun Bo , Wang Jiaxin , Greenbaum Jamin , Guo Jingxue , Lindzey Laura , Cui Xiangbin , Young Duncan A. , Blankenship Donald D. , Siegert Martin J. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTRadio-echo sounding (RES) can be used to understand ice-sheet processes, englacial flow structures and bed properties, making it one of the most popular tools in glaciological exploration. However, RES data are often subject to ‘strip noise’, caused by internal instrument noise and interference, and/or external environmental interference, which can hamper measurement and interpretation. For example, strip noise can result in reduced power from the bed, affecting the quality of ice thickness measurements and the characterization of subglacial conditions. Here, we present a method for removing strip noise based on combined wavelet and two-dimensional (2-D) Fourier filtering. First, we implement discrete wavelet decomposition on RES data to obtain multi-scale wavelet components. Then, 2-D discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spectral analysis is performed on components containing the noise. In the Fourier domain, the 2-D DFT spectrum of strip noise keeps its linear features and can be removed with a ‘targeted masking’ operation. Finally, inverse wavelet transforms are performed on all wavelet components, including strip-removed components, to restore the data with enhanced fidelity. Model tests and field-data processing demonstrate the method removes strip noise well and, incidentally, can remove the strong first reflector from the ice surface, thus improving the general quality of radar data.
Threatened efficiency not autonomy: Prescriber perceptions of an established pediatric antimicrobial stewardship program
Authors: Szymczak Julia E. , Kitt Eimear , Hayes Molly , Chiotos Kathleen , Coffin Susan E. , Schriver Emily R. , Patton Ashley M. , Metjian Talene A. , Gerber Jeffrey S. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackground:Implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) can be challenging due to prescriber resistance. Although barriers to implementing new ASPs have been identified, little is known about how prescribers perceive established programs. This information is critical to promoting the sustainability of ASPs.Objective:To identify how prescribers perceive an established pediatric inpatient ASP that primarily utilizes prior authorization.Methods:We conducted a cross-sectional survey administered from February through June 2017 in a large children’s hospital. The survey contained closed- and open-ended questions. Descriptive statistics and thematic content analysis approaches were used to analyze responses.Results:Of 394 prescribers invited, 160 (41%) responded. Prescribers had an overall favorable impression of the ASP, believing that it improves the quality of care (92.4% agree) and takes their judgment seriously (73.8%). The most common criticism of the ASP was that it threatened efficiency (26.0% agreed). In addition, 68.7% of respondents reported occasionally engaging in workarounds. Analysis of 133 free-text responses revealed that prescribers perceived that interacting with the ASP involved too many phone calls, caused communication breakdowns with the dispensing pharmacy, and led to gaps between approval and dispensing of antibiotics. Reasons given for workarounds included not wanting to change therapy that appears to be working, consultant disagreement with ASP recommendations, and the desire to do everything possible for patients.Conclusions:Prescribers had a generally favorable opinion of an established ASP but found aspects to be inefficient. They reported engaging in workarounds occasionally for social and emotional reasons. Established ASPs should elicit feedback from frontline prescribers to optimize program impact.
Acoustic modes in jet and wake stability
Authors: Martini Eduardo , Cavalieri André V. G. , Jordan Peter 
Published: March 2019

Motivated by recent studies that have revealed the existence of trapped acoustic waves in subsonic jets (Towneet al.,J. Fluid Mech., vol. 825, 2017, pp. 1113–1152), we undertake a more general exploration of the physics associated with acoustic modes in jets and wakes, using a double vortex-sheet model. These acoustic modes are associated with eigenvalues of the vortex-sheet dispersion relation; they are discrete modes, guided by the vortex sheet; they may be either propagative or evanescent; and under certain conditions they behave in the manner of acoustic-duct modes. By analysing these modes we show how jets and wakes may both behave as waveguides under certain conditions, emulating ducts with soft or hard walls, with the vortex-sheet impedance providing effective ‘wall’ conditions. We consider, in particular, the role that upstream-travelling acoustic modes play in the dispersion-relation saddle points that underpin the onset of absolute instability. The analysis illustrates how departure from duct-like behaviour is a necessary condition for absolute instability, and this provides a new perspective on the stabilising and destabilising effects of reverse flow, temperature ratio and compressibility; it also clarifies the differing symmetries of jet (symmetric) and wake (antisymmetric) instabilities. An energy balance, based on the vortex-sheet impedance, is used to determine stability conditions for the acoustic modes: these may become unstable in supersonic flow due to an energy influx through the shear layers. Finally, we construct the impulse response of flows with zero and finite shear-layer thickness. This allows us to show how the long-time wavepacket behaviour is indeed determined by interaction between Kelvin–Helmholtz and acoustic modes.
The effect of over 50 years of liming on soil aluminium forms in a Retisol
Authors: Kryzevicius Z. , Karcauskiene D. , Álvarez-Rodríguez E. , Zukauskaite A. , Slepetiene A. , Volungevicius J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of long-term (56 years) liming on changes in soil pH and aluminium (Al) forms in the soil profile compared with an unlimed soil in a sandy moraine loam of a Dystric Glossic Retisol. Long-term liming had a significant influence on soil acidity of the whole profile, causing increased pH values in the following horizons to 120 cm depth: the ploughing horizon (Ahp), where humus accumulates; the eluvial horizon (E), from which clay particles are leached; a horizon having retic properties and predominantly coarser-textured albic material (E/B); and a horizon with retic properties and predominantly finer-textured argic material (B/E). In the solid phase, non-crystalline Al in limed soil decreased in the Ahp horizon; meanwhile a decrease in total organically bound Al (Alp) and organo–Al complexes of low to medium stability was detected in the deeper El and ElBt horizons. High-stability Al complexes with organic matter were the predominant form of Alp in the unlimed and limed whole soil profile. The concentration of total water-soluble Al ranged from 0.61 to 0.80 mg/l in the limed soil profile but 0.62–1.15 mg/l in the unlimed soil. The highest concentration of exchangeable Al was determined in the upper horizons of the unlimed soil profile and the concentration decreased significantly in the same horizons of the limed soil profile. Long-term liming promoted changes in Al compounds throughout the soil profile.
Is theory of mind a prerequisite for social interactions? A study in psychotic disorder
Authors: Schneider Maude , Myin Erik , Myin-Germeys Inez 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundA dominant idea is that impaired capacities for theory of mind (ToM) are the reasons for impairments in social functioning in several conditions, including autism and schizophrenia. In this paper, we present empirical evidence that challenges this influential assumption.MethodsWe conducted three studies examining the association between ToM and social functioning in participants diagnosed with a non-affective psychotic disorder and healthy individuals. We used both the experience sampling method, a structured diary technique collecting information in daily-life, and a standardised questionnaire to assess social functioning. Analysed data are part of Wave 1 and Wave 3 of the Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) study.ResultsResults were highly consistent across studies and showed no significant association between the two constructs.ConclusionsThese findings question the leading assumption that social cognition is a prerequisite for social functioning, but rather suggest that social cognition is possibly a result of basic social interactive capacities.
Social relationship adversities throughout the lifecourse and risk of loneliness in later life
Authors: Ejlskov Linda , Bøggild Henrik , Kuh Diana , Stafford Mai 
Published: March 2019

AbstractUnderstanding how social experiences throughout life shape later loneliness levels may help to identify how to alleviate loneliness at later lifestages. This study investigates the association between social relationship adversities throughout the lifecourse and loneliness in later life. Using prospective data from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development (N = 2,453), we conducted multivariable analyses to investigate independent, cumulative and moderated effects between the number of social relationship adversities experienced in childhood, mid-adulthood and later adulthood and the feeling of loneliness at age 68. We examined interactions between social relationship adversities and current quantity and quality aspects of social relationships. We found evidence of a step-dose response where greater exposure to social relationship adversities experienced at three earlier lifestages predicted higher loneliness levels in later life with more recent social relationship adversities more strongly related to loneliness. The results also demonstrated support for exacerbation and amelioration of earlier adverse social relationship experiences by current social isolation and relationship quality, respectively. This study suggests that social relationship adversities experienced throughout the lifecourse continue to influence loneliness levels much later in life. A key finding is that adverse social relationship experiences in earlier life may explain why otherwise socially similar individuals differ in their levels of loneliness. Implications for policy and research are discussed.
Mind and gut: Associations between mood and gastrointestinal distress in children exposed to adversity
Authors: Callaghan Bridget L. , Fields Andrea , Gee Dylan G. , Gabard-Durnam Laurel , Caldera Christina , Humphreys Kathryn L. , Goff Bonnie , Flannery Jessica , Telzer Eva H. , Shapiro Mor , Tottenham Nim 
Published: March 2019

AbstractGastrointestinal and mental disorders are highly comorbid, and animal models have shown that both can be caused by early adversity (e.g., parental deprivation). Interactions between the brain and bacteria that live within the gastrointestinal system (the microbiome) underlie adversity–gastrointestinal–anxiety interactions, but these links have not been investigated during human development. In this study, we utilized data from a population of 344 youth (3–18 years old) who were raised with their biological parents or were exposed to early adverse caregiving experiences (i.e., institutional or foster care followed by international adoption) to explore adversity–gastrointestinal–anxiety associations. In Study 1, we demonstrated that previous adverse care experiences were associated with increased incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms in youth. Gastrointestinal symptoms were also associated with concurrent and future anxiety (measured across 5 years), and those gastrointestinal symptoms mediated the adversity–anxiety association at Time 1. In a subsample of children who provided both stool samples and functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain (Study 2, which was a “proof-of-principle”), adversity was associated with changes in diversity (both alpha and beta) of microbial communities, and bacteria levels (adversity-associated and adversity-independent) were correlated with prefrontal cortex activation to emotional faces. Implications of these data for supporting youth mental health are discussed.
A stochastic implementation of the APCI model for mortality projections
Authors: Richards S. J. , Currie I. D. , Kleinow T. , Ritchie G. P. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe Age-Period-Cohort-Improvement (APCI) model is a new addition to the canon of mortality forecasting models. It was introduced by Continuous Mortality Investigation as a means of parameterising a deterministic targeting model for forecasting, but this paper shows how it can be implemented as a fully stochastic model. We demonstrate a number of interesting features about the APCI model, including which parameters to smooth and how much better the model fits to the data compared to some other, related models. However, this better fit also sometimes results in higher value-at-risk (VaR)-style capital requirements for insurers, and we explore why this is by looking at the density of the VaR simulations.
The Role of Thermodynamic Phase Shifts in Cloud Optical Depth Variations With Temperature
Authors: Tan Ivy , Oreopoulos Lazaros , Cho Nayeong 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe present a novel method that identifies the contributions of thermodynamic phase shifts and processes governing supercooled liquid and ice clouds to cloud optical depth variations with temperature using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer observations. Our findings suggest that thermodynamic phase shifts outweigh the net influence of processes governing supercooled liquid and ice clouds in causing increases in midlatitudinal cold cloud optical depth with temperature. Cloud regime analysis suggests that dynamical conditions appear to have little influence on the contribution of thermodynamic phase shifts to cloud optical depth variations with temperature. Thermodynamic phase shifts also contribute more to increases in cloud optical depth during colder seasons due to the enhanced optical thickness contrast between liquid and ice clouds. The results of this study highlight the importance of thermodynamic phase shifts in explaining cold cloud optical depth increases with temperature in the current climate and may elucidate their role in the cloud optical depth feedback.
Compensating Biases and a Noteworthy Success in the CMIP5 Representation of Antarctic Sea Ice Processes
Authors: Holmes C.R. , Holland P.R. , Bracegirdle T.J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCoupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) climate models simulate a wide range of historical sea ice areas. Even models with areas close to observed values may contain compensating errors, affecting reliability of their projections. This study focuses on the seasonal cycle of sea ice, including analysis of model concentration budgets. Many models have insufficient autumn ice growth, leading to large winter biases. A subset of models accurately represent sea ice evolution year‐round. However, comparing their winter ice concentration budget to observations reveals a range of behaviors. At least one model has an accurate ice budget, which is only possible due to realistic ice drifts. The CMIP5 generation of model physics and resolution is therefore structurally capable of accurately representing processes in Antarctic sea ice. This implies that substantially improved projections of Antarctic dense ocean water formation and ice sheet melting are possible with appropriate subsetting of existing climate models.
Intraseasonal Variability of Surface Salinity in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Associated With Mesoscale Eddies
Authors: Hasson Audrey , Farrar John Thomas , Boutin Jacqueline , Bingham Frederick , Lee Tong 
Published: March 2019

AbstractStrong variability in sea surface salinity (SSS) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETPac) on intraseasonal to interannual timescales was studied using data from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity, Soil Moisture Active Passive, and Aquarius satellite missions. A zonal wave number‐frequency spectral analysis of SSS reveals a dominant timescale of 50–180 days and spatial scale of 8°–20° of longitude with a distinct seasonal cycle and interannual variability. This intraseasonal SSS signal is detailed in the study of 19 individual ETPac eddies over 2010–2016 identified by their sea level anomalies, propagating westward at a speed of about 17 cm/s. ETPac eddies trap and advect water in their core westward up to 40° of longitude away from the coast. The SSS signatures of these eddies, with an average anomaly of 0.5‐pss magnitude difference from ambient values, enable the study of their dynamics and the mixing of their core waters with the surroundings. Three categories of eddies were identified according to the location where they were first tracked: (1) in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, (2) in the Gulf of Papagayo, and (3) in the open ocean near 100°W–12°N. They all traveled westward near 10°N latitude. Category 3 is of particular interest, as eddies seeded in the Gulf of Tehuantepec grew substantially in the vicinity of the Clipperton Fracture Zone rise and in a region where the mean zonal currents have anticyclonic shear. The evolution of the SSS signature associated with the eddies indicates the importance of mixing to their dissipation.