bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mutual Assistance among Russian Peasants: Practices of Pomochi and Their Evolution in the Course of Modernisation
Authors: Davydova Irina 
Published: June 2018

Irina Davydova – PhD in Sociology, Unaffiliated Scholar, worked at Novosibirsk State University, Manchester University, Newcastle University. Address: Newcastle, Great Britain. E-mail: ira.davydova@gmail.com
Citation: Davydova I. (2018) Mutual Assistance among Russian Peasants: Practices of Pomochi and Their Evolution in the Course of Modernisation. Mir Rossii, vol. 27, no 3, pp. 107–129. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2018-27-3-107-129

This paper presents a study of pomochi as an example of the practices of mutual assistance among Russian peasants, and of the transformation of these practices in the course of modernisation. The study relies on various sources, including materials from ethnographic surveys conducted in the nineteenth century, and the archive of life-histories of villagers, recorded in 1991–2 in the Saratov region. The practices of mutual assistance are considered from the methodological position, which derives from works of Winch and Schutz, who emphasised the fundamental distinction between social conceptions, which are constitutive of social life, and sociological concepts, which are tools of sociologists and are constructed according to the rules of their academic discipline. This position assigns a subsidiary role to sociological concepts and theories, suggesting a pragmatic choice of those, and requires heightened sensitivity in the interpretation of data. Accordingly, the practices of mutual assistance have been considered in terms of Sahlins’ typology of reciprocities, as a relic of the ancient communal farming system, in terms of a broadly Marxist approach as a form of production cooperative, and in terms of Chayanov’s theory of peasant economy – each illuminating particular features of mutual assistance among peasants or certain aspects of peasant life in general. The study has shown how the practices of mutual assistance were an essential feature of the peasant way of life, and traced their gradual disintegration as that way of life was itself falling apart.
Challenging issues and recent R&D activities for enhancing nuclear safety in Korea
Authors: Song C.-H. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Recent nation-wide measures and actions taken in Korea after March 11, 2011 for enhancing nuclear safety and reducing public concerns are discussed by considering the lessons learned from the Fukushima Daiichi accidents as well as the amended National Safety Act, recently occurred historic earthquakes, and advanced light water reactor developments in Korea. In addition, recent R&D activities in the area of enhancing nuclear safety are introduced by focusing on the prevention and mitigation of severe accidents and the reduction of their environmental impact.
Comparison of heat transfer models with databank of supercritical fluid
Authors: Zhao M. , Liu X. , Badea A. , Feuerstein F. , Cheng X. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Because of the large variation of thermal–physical properties near pseudo-critical point, heat transfer of supercritical water shows abnormal behavior. Thus, an accurate prediction of heat transfer between the cladding and fluid plays a very important role. It is necessary to investigate the reliably of heat transfer models in the vicinity of the pseudo-critical point. In the frame of evaluating the present HT models and developing new reliable prediction models, databank of heat transfer of supercritical water flowing in tube were established by Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) with more than 35,000 experimental data. A thorough analysis and assessment was carried out, to give an insight into the characters of the database. Experimental data from different sources are compared to figure out the deviation between different sources and to present the reliability of the database.
Blankets – key element of a fusion reactor – functions, design and present state of development
Authors: Hesch K. , Boccaccini L. V. , Stieglitz R. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Blankets are key elements of a future fusion power reactor, as they breed the fusion fuel tritium, extract the heat from the reactor for power generation and contribute to the nuclear shielding of the plasma confining magnetic field coils. On the way to the engineering implementation of fusion, in particular the blanket design approach has changed substantially. Novel blanket designs require, already from the beginning, incorporating close coupling of plasma physics with engineering physics to develop robust solutions coping with thermal, mechanical and also electrodynamic loads – not only during the stationary operating phase, but also during transients. Simultaneously, nuclear licensing feasibility as well as component failure safety must be part of the design approach. This article describes advanced blanket design approaches undertaken in the past years by the example of the helium cooled pebble bed blanket (HCPB), aiming at an efficient blanket engineering design, starting from the development of modular integral reactor analysis tools, via design analysis and engineering validation of fabrication and interface performance, towards safety analysis on the reactor level.
Observations on the Handling of Bovine Prothrombin and Thrombin
Authors: Steichele Diethard F. , Mammen Eberhard F. , Hatta Yoshio , Seegers Walter H. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryIn the handling of thrombin activity is lost by freeze drying, and by dialysis of dilute solutions. Acetone drying can be done without loss of activity. Acetylated thrombin does not lose activity during freeze drying. Prothrombin activity is retained during freeze drying and during dialysis, but is lost with acetone drying and when dilute solutions are placed in ordinary glassware that is not lined with paraffin.
The Effect of Heparin on the Bleeding Time
Authors: Hjort P. F , Borchgrevink C. F , Iversen O. H , Stormorken H 
Published: June 2018

Summary and Conclusions1. Moderate doses of heparin often prolonged the bleeding time in men, rats and mice. The bleeding was wavelike, and a sensitive method was necessary to demonstrate the prolongation.2. Large doses gave a prolonged bleeding time, and the bleeding was often profuse and continuous.3. Heparin did not produce thrombocytopenia. Moderate doses probably prevent viscous metamorphosis and fibrin formation, resulting in large but inefficient platelet plugs. Large doses may also interfere with the aggregation of platelets, preventing the formation of platelet plugs.
Inhibition of Clotting as the Result of Plasminogen Activation by Streptokinase
Authors: Glas P , Beller F. K 
Published: June 2018

SummarySamples of an activation mixture, consisting of fibrinogen, streptokinase and plasma (source of pro-activator) were added to thrombin at intervals of 1 minute and subjected to lysis time determinations; the absence of clotting was noted after a certain period of incubation. At this point, the lysis time was no longer measurable.Inhibition of coagulation was not observed if either bovine fibrinogen or human plasma were incubated with streptokinase alone. If, however, human fibrinogen was used instead of bovine fibrinogen, this effect occurred even if only fibrinogen and streptokinase were incubated.The mechanism of the process described was investigated by varying the different streptokinase- and fibrinogen concentrations, using either undiluted or diluted plasma.It was evident that there is a relationship between the concentrations of fibrinogen and streptokinase on the one hand, and the degree of plasma dilution on the other.Fibrinogenolysis is caused by activation of the pro-enzyme contained in the fibrinogen preparations. During this process, fibrinogen is altered to a non-coagulable protein.
Neuronal Responses to a Postural Dual-Task With Differential Attentional Prioritizations: Compensatory Resource Allocation With Healthy Aging
Authors: Yu Shu-Han , Hwang Ing-Shiou , Huang Cheng-Ya 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Objectives
Restricted central processing in older adults prevents optimization of a dual task with a flexible prioritization strategy. This study investigated the neural mechanisms of task-priority in young and older adults when performing a posture-motor dual-task.

Method
Sixteen healthy young and 16 older adults performed a force-matching task on a mobile-platform under posture-focus (PF) and supraposture-focus (SF) conditions. The platform movement, force-matching performance, and event-related potentials in the preparatory period were recorded.

Results
For the elders, the postural stability and force-matching accuracy using the PF strategy were inferior to those using the SF strategy; whereas, the dual-task performances of the young adults were less affected by the prioritization. Only the elders exhibited the P1 wave, with the PF strategy associated with a smaller P1 and larger P1 than the SF strategy in the sensorimotor-parietal and right frontotemporal areas, respectively. The PF strategy also led to a larger P2 wave in the right frontotemporal area of elders, but a greater P2 wave in the sensorimotor-parietal area of young adults.

Discussion
For both prioritization strategies, older adults entailed a longer preparatory process than younger adults. Dual-task performance of older adults was more vulnerable to PF strategy, underlying compensatory resource allocation in the preparatory period for resolution of dual-task interference due to degenerated frontal function.
Nanomechanics of graphene
Authors: Wei Yujie , Yang Ronggui 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The super-high strength of single-layer graphene has attracted great interest. In practice, defects resulting from thermodynamics or introduced by fabrication, naturally or artificially, play a pivotal role in the mechanical behaviors of graphene. More importantly, high strength is just one aspect of the magnificent mechanical properties of graphene: its atomic-thin geometry not only leads to ultra-low bending rigidity, but also brings in many other unique properties of graphene in terms of mechanics in contrast to other carbon allotropes, including fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. The out-of-plane deformation is of a ‘soft’ nature, which gives rise to rich morphology and is crucial for morphology control. In this review article, we aim to summarize current theoretical advances in describing the mechanics of defects in graphene and the theory to capture the out-of-plane deformation. The structure–mechanical property relationship in graphene, in terms of its elasticity, strength, bending and wrinkling, with or without the influence of imperfections, is presented.
Balanced Crystalloids Versus Saline for Perioperative Intravenous Fluid Administration in Children Undergoing Neurosurgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Lima Mariana F. , Neville Iuri S. , Cavalheiro Sergio , Bourguignon Dafne C. , Pelosi Paolo , Malbouisson Luiz M.S. 
Published: June 2018

Background:
Balanced crystalloid solutions induce less hyperchloremia than normal saline, but their role as primary fluid replacement for children undergoing surgery is unestablished. We hypothesized that balanced crystalloids induce less chloride and metabolic derangements than 0.9% saline solutions in children undergoing brain tumor resection.

Methods:
In total, 53 patients (age range, 6 mo to 12 y) were randomized to receive balanced crystalloid (balanced group) or 0.9% saline solution (saline group) during and after (for 24 h) brain tumor resection. Serum electrolyte and arterial blood gas analyses were performed at the beginning of surgery (baseline), after surgery, and at postoperative day 1. The primary trial outcome was the absolute difference in serum chloride concentrations (post-preopΔCl−) measured after surgery and at baseline. Secondary outcomes included the post-preopΔ of other electrolytes and base excess (BE); hyperchloremic acidosis incidence; and the brain relaxation score, a 4-point scale evaluated by the surgeon for assessing brain edema.

Results:
Saline infusion increased post-preopΔCl (6 [3.5; 8.5] mmol/L) compared with balanced crystalloid (0 [−1.0; 3.0] mmol/L; P<0.001). Saline use also resulted in increased post-preopΔBE (−4.4 [−5.0; −2.3] vs. −0.4 [−2.7; 1.3] mmol/L; P<0.001) and hyperchloremic acidosis incidence (6/25 [24%] vs. 0; P=0.022) compared with balanced crystalloid. Brain relaxation score was comparable between groups.

Conclusions:
In children undergoing brain tumor resection, saline infusion increased variation in serum chloride compared with balanced crystalloid. These findings support the use of balanced crystalloid solutions in children undergoing brain tumor resection.
Dogs and Orthopaedic Injuries: Is There a Correlation With Breed?
Authors: Brice Joshua , Lindvall Eric , Hoekzema Nathan , Husak Lisa 
Published: June 2018

Objectives:
To identify the incidence of orthopaedic injuries secondary to dog bites, determine the responsible breeds, and assess the severity of injury by dog breed.

Design:
Retrospective.

Setting:
Single Level I trauma center.

Patients:
Ninety-five patients treated for a dog bite that resulted in an orthopaedic injury between January 2010 and July 2016.

Intervention:
Patients were treated according to their specific orthopaedic injury.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Dog breed and type of orthopaedic injury.

Results:
Thirty-nine percent of all dog bite–related emergency department visits resulted in an orthopaedic injury requiring specialist treatment. Of the 95 patients, 50% were the result of a pit bull terrier bite and 22% by a law enforcement dog. A total of 32% were attacked by multiple dogs. There was a 51% incidence of severe injury (amputation or fracture) with a significant association with breed.

Conclusions:
Thirty-nine percent of all dog bite–related emergency department visits at our facility resulted in an injury requiring orthopaedic treatment. Pit bull terrier bites were responsible for a significantly higher number of orthopaedic injuries and resulted in an amputation and/or bony injury in 66% of patients treated, whereas bites from law enforcement dogs and other breeds were less associated with severe injuries.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Comparison of Outcomes in Patients With Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Treated With Radical Cystectomy Versus Bladder Preservation
Authors: Zhong Jim , Switchenko Jeffrey , Jegadeesh Naresh K. , Cassidy Richard J. , Gillespie Theresa W. , Master Viraj , Nieh Peter , Alemozaffar Mehrdad , Kucuk Omer , Carthon Bradley , Filson Christopher P. , Bilen Mehmet A. , Jani Ashesh B. 
Published: June 2018

Purpose:
Radical cystectomy currently remains the standard of care for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. However, surgery can be associated with considerable morbidity and mortality, including the removal of the bladder. An alternative strategy is to preserve the bladder through concurrent chemoradiation following a maximal transurethral resection of the tumor. National protocols using a bladder-preservation approach have demonstrated disease-specific outcomes comparable to radical cystectomy in selected patients, but these results have not been replicated in previously reported population-based series. Here, we describe an outcomes analysis of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with either radical surgery or bladder-preserving chemoradiation (BPCRT) for those patients meeting BPCRT criterion using the National Cancer Database (NCDB).

Materials and Methods:
Using the NCDB, patients with American Joint Commission on Cancer clinical T2-3, N0, M0 urothelial carcinoma diagnosed between 2004 and 2013 were included for analysis. Only patients treated with definitive intent with either radical cystectomy or concurrent chemotherapy and radiation after a maximal transurethral tumor resection were included. Propensity-score matching was used.

Results:
Among 8454 eligible patients, 7276 (86%) underwent radical cystectomy, and 1178 (14%) underwent BPCRT. Patients undergoing BPCRT were significantly older (median age, 77 vs. 68 y; P<0.001) and had higher Charlson-Deyo comorbidity scores (P=0.002). Using propensity-matched analysis, 1002 patients remained in each cohort, and there was no significant difference in survival found between the 2 cohorts (median overall survival, 2.7 vs. 3.0 y [P=0.20]; 4-year overall survival, 39.1% and 42.6% [P=0.15], for BPCRT and surgery, respectively). In addition, the hazard ratio (HR) of surgery versus BPCRT decreased over time, with an initial HR of 1.27 favoring BPCRT which decreased by a factor of 0.85 per year.

Conclusions:
From 2004 to 2013, ∼14% of patients from the NCDB who potentially met bladder-preservation criteria underwent the procedure. Our propensity-matched analysis is the only report of its kind to demonstrate similar survival outcomes with bladder preservation when patients are properly selected. This study is also the first to demonstrate a dynamic HR between radical surgery and BPCRT over time.
Minimally Invasive Left Ventricular Assist Device
Authors: Voorhees Hannah J. , Sorensen Erik N. , Pasrija Chetan , Boulos Francesca M. , Pham Si M. , Griffith Bartley P. , Kon Zachary N. 
Published: June 2018

Objective Several centers have presented minimally invasive surgical approaches to centrifugal left ventricular assist device implantation. Although minimally invasive implantation has been successfully performed by experienced surgeons, at large implanting centers, it is unknown whether these techniques are widely adoptable. We evaluated the experience of a surgeon early in his career with conventional and minimally invasive approaches to device implantation. Methods All consecutive left ventricular assist device implantations by a single surgeon in the first year of practice (2015–2016) were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were stratified by standard approach, conventional full sternotomy versus a minimally invasive approach, left anterior thoracotomy and upper hemisternotomy. Demographics, perioperative variables, and short-term outcomes were compared using Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Results Thirteen patients were identified: six performed via the standard approach and seven performed via the minimally invasive approach. Preoperative demographics were comparable in both groups. However, there was significantly more preoperative right ventricle dysfunction in the minimally invasive group ( P = 0.01). Although operative time was significantly longer in the minimally invasive cohort, there was a trend toward decreased cardiopulmonary bypass time. Six-month survival in both groups was 100%. Conclusions Compared with conventional sternotomy, minimally invasive ventricular assist device implantation, performed by a surgeon in his first year of practice, had similar perioperative outcomes and excellent survival. Based on these data, minimally invasive implantation may be a feasible strategy for device implantation even early in a surgeon's career.
Changes to Hearing Levels Over the First Year After Stapes Surgery: An Analysis of 139 Patients
Authors: Nash Robert , Patel Bhavesh , Lavy Jeremy 
Published: June 2018

Background:
Stapes surgery is performed for hearing restoration in patients with otosclerosis. Results from stapes surgery are good, although a small proportion will have a persistent conductive hearing loss and will consider revision surgery. The timing of such surgery depends on expected changes to hearing thresholds during the postoperative period.

Methods:
We performed a retrospective case series analysis of a database of outcomes from stapes surgery performed between July 26, 2013 and March 11, 2016 at one center. Hearing outcomes over the year subsequent to surgery were recorded.

Results:
There was a significant improvement in hearing outcomes between the postoperative visit at 6 weeks (mean air-bone gap 6.0 dB) and the hearing outcome at 6 months (mean air-bone gap 3.3 dB) (p < 0.01). This improvement was maintained at 12 months (mean air-bone gap 3.1 dB), although there were individual patients whose hearing outcome improved or deteriorated during this period. Improvements in air conduction thresholds mirrored improvements in air-bone gap measurements.

Conclusion:
Patients with an initial suboptimal or poor result after stapes surgery may observed improvement in their hearing thresholds in the year after surgery. These patients may have large preoperative air-bone gaps, and have a trend to have obliterated footplates. Revision surgery should not be considered until at least 6 months after primary surgery.
Beyond Sentence Recognition in Quiet for Older Adults: Implications for Cochlear Implant Candidacy
Authors: Zhang Emily , Coelho Daniel H. 
Published: June 2018

Objective:
To study postoperative hearing outcomes in older adult cochlear implant recipients who did not meet Medicare candidacy criteria by sentence testing in quiet.

Study Design:
Case Control Series.

Setting:
University Based Tertiary Referral Cochlear Implant Center.

Patients:
Fifty-four patients age 60 or greater with bilateral moderate to profound sensorineural hearing loss who underwent cochlear implantation. Patients were divided into three groups by preoperative testing scores: 1) sentence recognition in quiet and monosyllabic word recognition scores ≤40%, 2) sentence recognition in quiet scores >40% and sentence recognition in noise scores ≤40%, and 3) sentence recognition in quiet scores >40% and monosyllabic word recognition scores ≤40% in the ear to be implanted.

Intervention(s):
Cochlear implantation.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Pre- versus postoperative sentence and word recognition scores.

Results:
All three groups received a statistically significant benefit from their cochlear implant as measured by both postoperative sentence and word recognition. When comparing postoperative sentence recognition scores between groups, there were no statistically significant differences (Group 1: mean 83.1%, SD ± 17.4%; Group 2: mean 90.1%, SD ± 8.0%; Group 3: mean 90.6%, SD ± 6.9%). When comparing postoperative monosyllabic word recognition scores, there were no statistically significant differences between groups (Group 1: mean 60.3%, SD ± 19.6%; Group 2: mean 66.8%, SD ± 20.0%; Group 3: mean 70.0%, SD ± 18.8%).

Conclusion:
Results of this study demonstrate that older patients who do not meet current Medicare candidacy criteria derive significant long-term benefit from cochlear implantation when either sentence in noise or monosyllabic word recognition in quiet ≤40% is used to determine candidacy. Further research and greater numbers are needed to better characterize the role of monosyllabic word recognition in cochlear implant candidacy.