bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reflections of a Torts Teacher on the Bench
Authors: Calabresi Guido 
Published: October 2018

AbstractI have been a judge for twenty-four years and have taught Torts for sixty years. What has all that taught me about Torts, about federal-state relations in this field, and about judges and judging? The first thing I learned is how important Torts and Torts reasoning are in many areas that we don’t think of as being traditionally Torts. The second thing I have come to realize is how significant federal preemption has become to the field. The third thing I have come to understand is why judges and judicial lawmaking are particularly important in Torts: the people who are active in pushing and resisting Torts “reforms” before legislatures are bound to be repeat players; courts, instead, are invoked by non-repeat parties. My fourth realization upon becoming a judge is a completely different one: there are situations in traditional Torts-negligence law that seem sufficiently rare to require little attention but are, in fact, central to areas of law that a federal judge sees all the time. My fifth point has to do with how little federal judges in general, and federal appellate judges in particular, know or understand about Tort law. My last reflections go to something of a totally other sort. And that is the difference I have come to see in the roles of scholars and of judges. It is often said of judges that they should “do justice though the heavens fall.” That is, of course, nonsense. A judge who truly risked causing the heavens to fall would be thrown off the bench in no time. The role of scholars is quite different. As scholars, our role is to tell and write the truth as we have come to see it, fully and courageously, though the heavens fall. Our job is to look in dark places, shine light on what we believe is really going on, and reveal what is actually occurring in the face of the human subterfuges and legal fictions that obscure the truth.
Sleep Profiles of Elite Swimmers During Different Training Phases
Authors: Walsh Joshua A. , Sanders Dajo , Hamilton David Lee , Walshe Ian 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Walsh, JA, Sanders, D, Hamilton, DL, and Walshe, I. Sleep profiles of elite swimmers during different training phases. J Strength Cond Res 33(3): 811–818, 2019—This study aims to describe the sleeping patterns during different training phases in competitive swimmers. Twelve national- and international-level swimmers (3 females and 9 males) were monitored during 4 different phases, consisting of a preparation training phase, a taper phase, a competition phase, and a rest phase. Sleep parameters were assessed using wrist activity monitors and self-reported sleep diaries. There was a moderately higher (d = 0.70–1.00) sleep onset latency during the competition phase compared with taper, train, and rest phases. Trivial to small differences were observed for total sleep time between phases (d = 0.05–0.40). Sleep efficiency was moderately higher (d = 0.60–0.75) in the training and taper phases compared with competition and rest. Restfulness and fragmentation index (FI) were lowest in the rest with differences between phases being small (d = 0.43–0.51) for restfulness and small to moderate (d = 0.43–0.62) for FI. Time in and out of bed was very largely later (d = 1.96–2.34) in rest compared with the other phases. Total nap time was moderately lower in rest (d = 1.13–1.18) compared with the training and competition phases, whereas there was a small difference (d = 0.46) compared with taper. To conclude, while there were trivial to small differences in sleep quantity between phases, there are small to moderate differences in other sleep parameters. Specifically, sleep onset latency was higher during the competition phase. In addition, this study highlights the substantial between-individual variations in sleep responses during different training phases.
Individualizing Acceleration in English Premier League Academy Soccer Players
Authors: Abbott Will , Brickley Gary , Smeeton Nicholas J. , Mills Stuart 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Abbott, W, Brickley, G, Smeeton, NJ, and Mills, S. Individualizing acceleration in English Premier League academy soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 32(12): 3512–3519, 2018—Global thresholds are typically used to band acceleration dependent on intensity. However, global thresholds do not account for variation in individual capacities, failing to quantify true intensity of acceleration. Previous research has investigated discrepancies in high-speed distance produced using global and individual speed thresholds, not yet investigated for acceleration. The current aim was to investigate discrepancies between global and individual thresholds when quantifying acceleration tasks. Acceleration data were recorded for 31 professional soccer players, using 10-Hz global positioning systems devices. Distances traveled performing low-, moderate-, and high-intensity acceleration were calculated for athletes using global and individual thresholds. Global acceleration thresholds for low-, moderate-, and high-intensity acceleration were classified as 1–2, 2–3, and >3 m·s−2, respectively, with individual thresholds classified as 25–50%, 50–75%, and >75% of maximum acceleration, respectively. Athletes were grouped low (LO), medium (ME), or high (HI) maximum accelerative capacity, determined using 3 maximal 40-m linear sprints. Two-way mixed-design analyses of variance were used to analyze differences in acceleration distances produced between analysis methods and athlete groups. No significant differences were identified between analysis methods for LO. For ME, no significant differences were demonstrated for low intensity. Moderate- and high-intensity acceleration distances were significantly higher for global compared with individual analysis method (p < 0.01). For HI, significantly higher acceleration distances were produced for all acceleration intensities using global thresholds (p < 0.01). Significant differences identified between analysis methods suggest practitioners must apply caution when using global thresholds. Global thresholds do not account for individual capacities and may provide an inaccurate representation of relative intensity of acceleration tasks.
Automated Strain Measurements in Uniaxial Testing via Computer Vision
Authors: Dipova Nihat 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn standard unconfined strength testing, only the axial strain is measured directly, and the radial strain is calculated based on the assumption of uniform deformation. Alternatively, there are other assumptions, such as parabola and conical frustum. In fact, soft clays lose cylinder geometry and deform in an irregular geometry. This study aims to determine strains directly through computer vision using a specially developed setup and a computer code. An image acquisition module was integrated to a traditional unconfined compression test device. The time lapse images of the soil sample, which were placed between the backlight and the camera, were digitally acquired. Dimensions of the traced sample are measured so that axial and radial strains are calculated in real-time. The experimental program was carried out on 15 different cylindrical cohesive soil samples prepared in different moisture contents. Stress-strain curves were drawn according to the standard method, parabola assumption, conical frustum assumption, and a newly developed technique. The results were evaluated and compared. Standard method and parabola assumption calculations overestimate the stress, whereas the conical frustum approach gave close results with computer vision method.
Storage Duration Effects on Soft Clay Samples
Authors: Amundsen Helene Alexandra , Thakur Vikas 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The effects of storage duration on the sample quality of 54-mm piston samples were investigated by an extensive laboratory study. A soft clay deposit in Central Norway was used as a research site—the Tiller site. The soft clay deposit consists of two types of leached marine clay, a low-sensitivity and high-sensitivity soft clay. In total, 21 boreholes were drilled, and four samples were retrieved from each borehole between 5 m and 11 m in depth, two samples from each layer. Immediately after the sampling, the thin-walled stainless steel sampling tubes were sealed airtight and stored at the temperature of 4°C, slightly lower than the ground temperature. The storage duration varied between 0 days to 603 days, and the laboratory testing was conducted periodically, using the same equipment and test procedures. Results indicate a reduction of undrained shear strength, preconsolidation pressure, and constrained modulus with increasing storage duration. The reduction in the material properties and sample quality is rapid for the high-sensitivity soft clay, but marginal for the low-sensitivity soft clay samples. The effects of storage duration seem to be caused by physical processes taking place within the sample, as no significant changes were observed in the measurements of the water content, Atterberg limits, remolded shear strength, and pore water chemistry during the storage of the samples. In light of the laboratory results and the existing literature, an attempt has been made to explain the cause of the observed changes of the material properties and sample quality during storage of soft clay samples.
Protective antioxidant effect of melanin against chemical burn-induced esophageal injury
Authors: Chornenka Natalia , Raetska Yana , Grebinyk Dmitro , Dranitsina Alevtina , Savchuk Olexiy , Beregova Tetiana , Ostapchenko Ludmila 
Published: October 2018

Background: Oxidative stress is the main cause of mortality in chemical burn-induced esophageal injury. Melanin, a natural antioxidant compound from yeast-like fungus Nadsoniella nigra strain X- 1, has been shown to decrease the content of lipid peroxidation products after burn. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of melanin in the treatment of esophageal injury after a chemical burn.
Methods: A alkali burn model was used to induce injury to the esophagus in immature rats. Changes in the levels of malondialdehyde, secondary products of lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), superoxidase dismutase, and catalase in the blood, as well as changes in the esophagus tissue, were examined.
Results: Melanin decreased the content of lipid peroxidation products following burn injury. Melanin increased the activity of superoxidase dismutase and reduced the activity of catalase, as well as reduced esophagus oxidative injury in our chemical burn model.
Conclusion: Melanin treatment may protect against chemical burninduced esophageal injury, possibly by inhibiting burn-induced oxidative stress.
Vizuális ingerek figyelemelterelő hatásának vizsgálata vezetést szimuláló feladat során
Authors: Horváth Mária Dóra , Szegedi Hallgató Emese , Csábi Eszter 
Published: October 2018

Háttér és célok: A közutak mentén észlelhető reklámok célja a potenciális vásárlók figyelmének felkeltése. Előfordulhat azonban, hogy ezek a reklámok túlzott mértékben elterelik a vezetők figyelmét, ezért jelen kutatásban azt vizsgáljuk, hogy különböző vizuális elterelő ingerek hogyan hatnak a figyelmi teljesítményre egy vezetési szimulációs feladatban.
Módszer: 68 vizsgálati személy vett részt a kutatásban, átlagéletkoruk 21,88 év (SD = 2,38). Touluse–Piéron- féle Figyelem Teszttel mértük a figyelmi teljesítményt, a Fordított Számterjedelem Teszttel pedig a komplex munkamemória teljesítményt. A vezetést szimuláló számítógépes feladatban a vizsgálatban részt vevő személyeknek közúti jelzőtáblákra kellett reagálniuk. A közúti jelzőtáblák mellett az esetek felében megjelentek vizuális elterelő ingerek is, ezeket az ingereket hat kategóriába soroltuk. A különböző elterelő ingerek megjelenésének hatását a személyek célingerre adott válaszainak reakcióidejéből számítottuk ki.
Eredmények: Egy elterelő ingertípus kivételével (élőlények: növények és állatok) mindegyiknek volt reakcióidő-lassító hatása, azonban az ingertípusok nem befolyásolták eltérő mértékben a résztvevők figyelmét.
Következtetés: Eredményeink hozzájárulhatnak annak megértéséhez, hogy milyen tényezők és hogyan játszanak szerepet a vizuális figyelem elterelésében vezetés közben, biztonságosabbá téve ezzel a közúti közlekedést.
Politikamentes félelemkeltő társadalmi célú reklámok hatásának vizsgálata
Authors: Nagy Luca , Balázs Katalin 
Published: October 2018

A vizsgálat célja, a különböző társadalmi problémákat megjelenítő, valamint eltérő mértékben félelemkeltő társadalmi célú reklámok (TCR-ek) megítélésének tanulmányozása volt. Elméleti keretének bázisát Kim Witte (1992) Kiterjesztett Párhuzamos Feldolgozási Modellje (EPPM) adja. A modellt korábban egészségügyi problémákhoz kapcsolódó viselkedés vizsgálatára hozták létre, így jelen megközelítés újszerűségét adja, hogy nemcsak az egészségmagatartással összefüggő meggyőző kommunikációra alkalmazzuk.
Két összetett, online formában kivitelezett kérdőíves vizsgálat eredményét összegezzük. A fiatal felnőtt korosztályból származó válaszadók (N = 140 és N = 158) az egyes reklámingerek megtekintésével párhuzamosan választ adtak az EPPM alapján készült Kockázatvállaló Viselkedés Diagnózis Skála (RBD Scale, Witte, McKeon, Cameron és Berkowitz, 1995) itemeire, melyek az énhatékonyságot, a válaszhatékonyságot, az észlelt fogékonyságot és az észlelt komolyságot vizsgálják.
Az eredmények arra engednek következtetni, hogy az egyének üzenetekben foglalt nehézségek megoldására vonatkozó észlelt énhatékonysága és fogékonysága kulcsfontosságú tényező a válaszviselkedés meghatározásában. Az adatok alapján úgy tűnik, hogy a személyek megjelenített problémákra és a meggyőző üzenetekre irányuló attitűdjeit a TCR-ekben feldolgozott társadalmi problémák énközelisége, megoldási lehetőségük közvetett vagy közvetlen volta, jelentősen befolyásolhatja.
Exorcism and sexuality: The “thick description” of an 18th-century Transylvanian catholic priest’s transgression
Authors: Bárth Dániel 
Published: October 2018

Using contemporary documents, the study presents the story of a scandalous exorcism that took place in 1726-27. At the heart of the Csíkszentgyörgy (Ciucsângeorgiu) case is the local parson and a non-local “possessed” woman. The supreme church authority sought to figure out the details of the months-long case retroactively through testimonies and the correspondence of the priests involved. The demonically possessed woman upset the entire village community. In many respects, the priest became “obsessed” with the case and the woman. For his exorcism, he used methods found in alternative European manuals that were by then banned in the Church. The woman’s prophecies and reports of the afterlife were taken seriously not only by the priest, but also by the wider village community. The sexual fervor of the woman did not leave the young men guarding her at night – as well as the parson himself – unaff ected. The Church authorities ultimately sought to clarify the circumstances of the woman’s pregnancy, and especially the priest’s role in it. Although there is no judgment to be found in church sources, all traces of the Padre later disappear.
In keeping with the trends of narrative history, beyond the “thick description” of the case, the author undertakes less contextualization than usual. The case is undoubtedly edifying in terms of the history of Roman Catholic exorcism in Hungary; it presents significant documentation of contemporary religious and folk demonology, contains the early traces of subsequent folk beliefs, and raises a number of cultural-historical issues (in regard to sexuality and love).
Prevalence of enterotoxin-encoding genes among diverse Shigella strains isolated from patients with diarrhea, southwest Iran
Authors: Moosavian Mojtaba , Seyed-Mohammadi Sakineh , Sheikh Ahmad Farajzadeh , Khoshnood Saeed , Dezfuli Aram Asarehzadegan , Saki Morteza , Ghaderian Gholamreza , Shahi Fatemeh , Abdi Mahtab , Abbasi Fariba 
Published: October 2018

Shigella spp. are a major cause of bacillary dysentery, particularly among children in developing countries such as Iran. This study aimed to investigate the presence of two important Shigella enterotoxins (ShET-1 and ShET-2), encoded by the set and sen genes, respectively, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay among Shigella species isolated from children affected by shigellosis in Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. In this cross-sectional study, from June 2016 to April 2017, altogether 117 Shigella isolates were collected from fecal specimens of children aged <15 years with diarrhea in Ahvaz, southwest Iran. All isolates were identified by standard microbiological and molecular methods. The presence of enterotoxin genes was determined by PCR. The most prevalent isolate was Shigella flexneri (47.9%), followed by Shigella sonnei (41%) and Shigella boydii (11.1%), respectively. Shigella dysenteriae was not detected in patients’ samples. The frequencies of set1A, set1B, and sen genes were 5.1% (6/117), 15.4% (18/117), and 76.9% (90/117), respectively. This study provides initial background on the prevalence and distribution of the Shigella enterotoxin genes in Shigella isolates in southwest of Iran. In addition, this study revealed a high prevalence of sen enterotoxin gene in Shigella species.
Antistaphylococcal potential and application of autochthonous enterococci and lactobacilli in pilot cheese production
Authors: Čanžek Majhenič A. , Mohar Lorbeg P. 
Published: October 2018

This study was undertaken to prepare tailor-made starter culture (TMSC) for Karst ewe’s cheese production. Therefore, basic technological characteristics (growth ability in milk, acid production, and proteolytic activity) and antistaphylococcal potential were assessed for autochthonous enterococci and lactobacilli. Beside good growth in milk with numbers as high as 8 log CFU ml–1, certain enterococci and lactobacilli also reduced pH below 5.0 and showed proteolytic activity. In antistaphylococcal testing, only pure strains of enterococci and lactobacilli were moderately antagonistic, but not in coagulated milks and coagulated milk extracts. Enterococci and lactobacilli with most relevant technological/antistaphylococcal properties were combined and tested as TMSC.
In control (C) cheese-making, milk was inoculated with TMSC, while staphylococci (SC) cheese-making included contamination with staphylococci. In C trials, high logarithmic counts per g of cheese for enterococci (8.07–8.80) and lactobacilli (7.49–9.98) throughout the ripening period were found, and their authenticity was monitored by RAPD method. Furthermore, cheese extracts failed to inhibit pure cultures of staphylococci, while cheese pieces inhibited Staphylococcus sp. ST17. In SC trials, population dynamics of enterococci (7.81–9.04) and lactobacilli (7.98–9.63) corroborated the results in milk and in C trials, with staphylococci still present at the end of the ripening period but at lower counts than in fresh cheese.
Spanish validation of the Sexual Addiction Screening Test
Authors: Castro-Calvo Jesús , Ballester-Arnal Rafael , Billieux Joel , Gil-Juliá Beatriz , Gil-Llario María Dolores 
Published: October 2018

Background and aims
Sexual addiction is a pathological behavior characterized by a combination of excessive sexual desire and impaired ability to control it. Its incidence ranges between 1.2% and 32.2%, although this number may vary depending on the screening tool used. This wide variability is largely due to the use of non-validated instruments (e.g., structural validity relying on exploratory analyses, instruments translated without an additional validation process, or instruments validated in another format). To deal with these limitations, this study tested the psychometric properties of the Spanish paper-and-pencil and online versions of the Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST).

Methods
A total of 2,528 participants (1,163 males) completed the Spanish version of the SAST, along with other instruments assessing sexual compulsivity (1,585 = paper-and-pencil, 943 = online).

Results
The exploratory factor analysis yielded a four-factor structure explaining 57.39% of the variance for the SAST paper-and-pencil version. This factor structure was then verified for the online version through the use of confirmatory factor analysis [χ2(264) = 441.59; χ2/df = 1.66; RMSEA = 0.02; CFI = 0.94; IFI = 0.94]. This methodology was also used to support measurement invariance (configural, metric, and scalar invariance) according to gender. The reliability of the total score ranged from .82 to .85. Similarly, correlations with related scales were positive and significant (r between .22 and .71). Temporal stability 1 year after the first application was 0.65 (paper-and-pencil format) and 0.60 (online version).

Conclusion
These results, together with the absence of questionnaires translated into Spanish to assess this construct, justify the use of the SAST in the evaluation of sexual addiction in Spanish-speaking countries.
Relationship between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and problem gambling: A mediation analysis of influential factors among 7,403 individuals from the UK
Authors: Jacob Louis , Haro Josep Maria , Koyanagi Ai 
Published: October 2018

Background and aims
Our goal was to examine the association between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and gambling problems, and to identify potential mediating factors of this association.

Methods
This study used cross-sectional, community-based data from 7,403 people aged ≥16 years who participated in the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007. ADHD symptoms were assessed using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) Screener. Problem gambling was assessed using a questionnaire based on the 10 DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling. Respondents were classified as having no problem, at-risk, or problem gambling. Logistic regression and mediation analyses were conducted to analyze the association between ADHD symptoms (i.e., ASRS score ≥14) and problem gambling and the role of several variables in this association.

Results
The prevalence of at-risk (5.3% vs. 2.4%) and problem gambling (2.4% vs. 0.6%) was higher in individuals with ADHD symptoms than in those without ADHD symptoms. ADHD symptoms were significantly associated with both at-risk (OR = 2.15; 95% CI = 1.22–3.79) and problem gambling (OR = 3.57; 95% CI = 1.53–8.31) when adjusted for age, sex, and ethnicity. Common mental disorders (CMDs; i.e., depression and anxiety disorders) (mediated percentage = 22.4%), borderline personality disorder (BPD) traits (22.1%), stressful life events (13.2%), stress at work or home (12.6%), alcohol dependence (11.8%), and impulsivity (11.2%) were significant mediators in the ADHD–gambling association.

Discussion and conclusions
Overall, ADHD symptoms were positively associated with problem gambling. CMDs, BPD traits, and stressful life events were important mediators in this relationship.