bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance, combustion and exhaust emissions analysis of HCNG fuelled single cylinder diesel engine at different injection opening pressures
Authors: Quadri Syed Azam Pasha , Rentala Girish Srivatsa , Sarap Raghavendra 
Published: October 2018

Purpose
Over past decades, the fossil fuel reserves in the world have been decreasing at an alarming rate and a lack of crude oil is expected in the early decades of this century. Also, the eco-neutral pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrigen (NOx) and unburnt hydrocarbons (UHC) are also increasing. This calls for innovative research in non-conventional fuels to replace fossil fuels. Hydrogen is one such fuel which has an exceptional combustion property and appears to be proving itself as the best transportation fuel of the future. On the other hand, compressed natural gas(CNG) has already been credited as a remarkable fuel for its better emission characteristics and has been implemented as a transportation fuel in metros. Therefore, the use of hydrogen blended with natural gas seems to be a viable alternative to pure fossil fuels because of the expected reduction of the total pollutants and increase of efficiency. This paper aims to investigate this issue.

Design/methodology/approach
In the present experimental investigation, 10 and 20 per cent of hydrogen–CNG mixture(HCNG) by mass of fuel is inducted into the combustion chamber in conjunction with air in HCNG–diesel dual fuel mode. The variation in injection opening pressure is assessed to optimize the performance and emission characteristics.

Findings
Experiments were conducted at three different injection opening pressures, i.e. 200, 220 and 240 bar, at full-load condition and the performance characteristics were calculated. The effect of injection operating pressure(IOP) on emissions were measured and compared with pure diesel mode.

Originality/value
Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was increased by 1.2 per cent at 220 bar. Minimum BSFC of 0.2302 kg/kWh, 0.2114 kg/kWh was noticed for 220 bar with a changing ratio of 20 per cent of HCNG. It was noticed that CO and UHC decreased with variation in IOP and HCNG content in the blend. However, there was an increase in NOx emissions.
CEO Incentives, Takeover Protection and Corporate Innovation
Authors: Mazouz Khelifa , Zhao Yang 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis study examines the effects of CEO equity‐based compensation and anti‐takeover provisions on corporate innovation. Using a large sample of US firms over the period 1996–2014, we find that long‐term incentives have a stronger influence on innovation when combined with takeover threats. We also show that equity‐based compensation is more likely to spur innovation for small firms and firms in industries with high product market competition and innovation pressure. However, this effect is somewhat weaker in the presence of anti‐takeover provisions, suggesting that takeover protection encourages managerial shirking even when external competition is high. Finally, in addition to the existing evidence on the valuation effect of CEO equity‐based compensation, we identify innovation as an important channel through which managerial incentives can enhance firm value. Our results have potential implications for shareholders, managers and policymakers.
Investigative ignorance in international investigations: how United Nations Panels of Experts create new relations of power by seeking information
Authors: Niederberger Aurel 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHow do political investigations affect relations of power? Earlier studies have focused on the empowering effects of political knowledge – in contrast, I analyse how the pursuit of such knowledge makes the investigator dependent on others. I hypothesize that where the will to know empowers others, ignorance becomes a strategic alternative. This mechanism should play out strongly at the intersection of global governance and local political crises: here, global governance actors lack knowledge, investigations often constitute the first direct interaction between actors from both sides, and solidification of power (instead of empowering others) should be a central interest of global governance actors. I first explore the hypothesized mechanisms theoretically and develop a framework to analyse dependencies between investigators and their interlocutors. This framework then facilitates a within‐case comparison of investigative approaches of United Nations Panels of Experts. The results support and elucidate the hypothesized mechanisms. The study shows how the analysis of social interaction can create new views of the much‐studied relationship between knowledge and power.
An Analysis of the Determinants of Inflation‐linked Bond Prices in Korea
Authors: Kang Jangkoo , Lee Soonhee 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe estimate term structure using Korean financial data such as nominal spot rates, monthly inflation rates, and a survey of inflation forecasts, and examine the factors affecting Korean inflation‐linked bond prices. Inflation‐linked bond market yields are higher than the model yields generated using the term structure and the market‐model yield differential is explained by the expected inflation rate, on‐the‐run/off‐the‐run spread, trading volume, and bond fund cash flows. This shows that inflation‐linked bond investors understand the additional benefit of the tax exemption on the notional amount increment caused by inflation that the term structure model ignores, and the inflation‐linked bond price is also affected by liquidity and supply–demand pressure.
Work of breathing influences muscle sympathetic nerve activity during semi‐recumbent cycle exercise
Authors: Dominelli Paolo B. , Katayama Keisho , Vermeulen Tyler D. , Stuckless Troy J.R. , Brown Courtney V. , Foster Glen E. , Sheel Andrew William 
Published: October 2018

AbstractReducing the work of breathing during exercise improves locomotor muscle blood flow and reduces diaphragm and locomotor muscle fatigue and is thought to be the result of a sympathetically mediated reflex.AimThe aim of this study was to assess muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) when the work of breathing is experimentally lowered during dynamic exercise.MethodsHealthy subjects (n = 12; age = 29 ± 9 years) performed semi‐recumbent cycling trials at 40%, 60%, and 80% of peak workload. Exercise trials consisted of spontaneous breathing, reduced work of breathing (proportional assist ventilator), followed by further spontaneous breathing (post‐ventilator). MSNA was recorded from the median nerve.ResultsThere was no difference in work of breathing between PAV and post‐PAV at 40% peak work. At 60% peak work, the ventilator significantly (P < 0.05) reduced work of breathing (103 ± 39 vs 144 ± 47 J min−1), sympathetic nerve activity (35 ± 5 vs 42 ± 8 burst min−1), and (2.4 ± 0.5 vs 2.6 ± 0.5 L min−1) without influencing ventilation (86 ± 9 vs 82 ± 10 L min−1; P > 0.05), for PAV and post‐PAV respectively. During 80% peak work (n = 8), the ventilator significantly (P < 0.05) reduced work of breathing (235 ± 110 vs. 361 ± 150 J min−1), MSNA (48 ± 7 vs 54 ± 11 burst min−1), and (2.9 ± 0.6 vs 3.2 ± 0.7 L min−1) but not ventilation (121 ± 20 vs 123 ± 20 L min−1; P > 0.05), for PAV and post‐PAV respectively. There was a significant relationship between MSNA and (P < 0.0001) with a significant interaction due to the ventilator (P < 0.05).ConclusionLowering the normally occurring work of breathing during exercise results in commensurate reductions in MSNA. Our findings provide evidence of a sympathetically mediated vasoconstrictor effect emanating from respiratory muscles during exercise.
Toll‐like receptors 2, 4 and 9 and hypoxia markers HIF‐1alpha and CAIX in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Leppänen Joni , Helminen Olli , Huhta Heikki , Kauppila Joonas H. , Isohookana Joel , Haapasaari Kirsi‐Maria , Karihtala Peeter , Parkkila Seppo , Saarnio Juha , Lehenkari Petri P. , Karttunen Tuomo J. 
Published: October 2018

Pancreatic cancer arises from precursor lesions called pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) characterized by inflammatory microenvironment. In pancreatic cancer, strong innate immunity and hypoxia responses are typical. Occurrence and relationship of these responses in human PanINs is unknown. We have studied the expression of toll‐like receptors (TLR) TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9, and hypoxia markers HIF‐1alpha and Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) in normal and inflamed pancreatic ducts, in PanINs and in cancers. The samples of 69 surgically resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients were stained using immunohistochemistry. We found TLR2, TLR9, HIF‐1alpha and CAIX to be prominently expressed in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Expression of TLR2 showed a linear increase from PanIN1 to PanIN3, while the highest TLR4 expression was detected in inflamed ducts, and TLR9 expression in PanIN1 lesions. Within the PanIN1‐group, nuclear HIF‐1alpha correlated with membranous and cytoplasmic TLR2 expression (ρ = 0.982 and 0.815; p < 0.001 and p = 0.025, respectively), and in the PanIN2‐group nuclear HIF‐1alpha correlated with nuclear TLR9 expression 0.636, p = 0.026). Our findings show that the expression of TLRs 2, 4 and 9, and hypoxia markers HIF‐1alpha and CAIX is abnormal in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia suggesting that both the innate immunity activation and hypoxia response are involved in early pancreatic carcinogenesis. However, these processes might be independent.
Internal Audit Outsourcing: A Literature Synthesis and Future Directions
Authors: Mubako Grace 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe internal audit function (IAF), which has traditionally been an in‐house function, is increasingly being outsourced to outside consultants, in line with global trends for other services. This study synthesises research on the outsourcing and co‐sourcing of internal audit services over the last three decades, and suggests directions for future research. It draws from professional and academic literature to highlight the nature of organisations that outsource the IAF, and the main reasons behind the outsourcing decision. The study further examines the financial impact of outsourcing, as well as its impact on financial reporting, internal audit quality and auditors’ independence. The study shows widespread adoption of outsourcing of internal auditing services, largely due to the perceived cost benefits as well as perceived improved access to specialised internal auditing resources. There are mixed findings on the impact of outsourcing of internal auditing services on quality, cost, independence and availability of resources. This study contributes to internal and external audit, corporate governance and outsourcing literature in general, by synthesising the existing research and providing a roadmap with which to understand the origins, development, present state and impact of outsourcing of internal auditing.
Do We Need to Know What We are Doing? Discovering Our ‘Working Model’ of Psychoanalytic Practice Using the Comparative Clinical Method
Authors: Spurling Laurence 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThere is now an extensive and highly developed literature within psychoanalysis on how best to understand the patients we work with, and their impact on the analyst or therapist, but far less on the mind of the clinician and how he or she thinks while working with the patient. One method for studying this, the Comparative Clinical Method developed by a group of European psychoanalysts, consists of a two‐step model: after a careful description of the interventions made by the analyst, an attempt is made to construct what is taken to be the analyst's implicit working model, the internal template which he or she tacitly employs to conduct the analysis. In this paper I describe this model, which I then illustrate by taking a piece of published clinical material to show what an approach based on the Comparative Clinical Method might look like. Finally I make some comments on applying this model to the work of psychoanalytic psychotherapists.
The global relevance of Canadian public administration? A bibliometric research note
Authors: Zeemering Eric S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis research note assesses the influence of Canadian public administration research on the global study of public administration. Citation data from the Web of Science database is used to assess the reach of the Canadian public administration literature outside Canada. The research analyzes citations of the journalCanadian Public Administrationby calculating an external citation ratio to explore articles cited heavily domestically and abroad. Scholars around the globe look to Canada for insights on topics including accountability and the performance of various government reforms; but, the global public administration community can benefit from a more careful reading of what Canada can tell us about federalism, capacity for policy analysis, and government reform. Article characteristics including age and foreign authorship are related to the scope of external citations. The inquiry advances our understanding of how scholarship in Canadian public administration is influencing the global dialogue on governance and public management.
Shared ways of thinking in Brazil about the science–practice interface in ecology and conservation
Authors: Bertuol‐Garcia Diana , Morsello Carla , N. El‐Hani Charbel , Pardini Renata 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe debate in the literature on the science–practice interface suggests a diversity of opinions on how to link science and practice to improve conservation. Understanding this diversity is key to addressing unequal power relations, avoiding the consideration of only dominant views, and identifying strategies to link science and practice. In turn, linking science and practice should promote conservation decisions that are socially robust and scientifically informed. To identify and describe the viewpoints of scientists and decision makers on how the science–practice interface should work in order to improve conservation decisions, we interviewed Brazilian scientists (ecologists and conservation scientists, n = 11) and decision makers (n = 11). We used Q methodology and asked participants to rank their agreement with 48 statements on how the science–practice interface should work in order to improve conservation decisions. We used principal component analysis to identify shared viewpoints. The predominant viewpoint, shared by scientists and decision makers, was characterized by valuing the integration of scientific and strategic knowledge to address environmental problems. The second viewpoint, held mostly by decision makers, was distinguished by assigning great importance to science in the decision‐making process and calling for problem‐relevant research. The third viewpoint, shared only by scientists, was characterized by an unwillingness to collaborate and a perception of scientists as producers of knowledge that may help decision makers. Most participants agreed organizations should promote collaboration and that actors and knowledge from both science and practice are relevant. Disagreements concerned specific roles assigned to actors, willingness to collaborate, and organizational and institutional arrangements considered effective to link science and practice. Our results suggest there is ample room for collaborations and that impediments lie mainly in existing organizations and formal institutional arrangements rather than in negative attitudes between scientists and decision makers.
A longitudinal evaluation of the Rural Clinical Placement Program at the University of Sydney Dental School
Authors: Johnson George , Wright Fredrick A. C. , Foster Kirsty 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIntroductionAustralia has a lack of dental practitioners in rural and remote regions. This study evaluates the impact of a Rural Clinical Placement Program (RCPP) offered to final year students at the University of Sydney (USYD) Dental School on the graduates working locations.Materials and MethodsUniversity of Sydney students who graduated between 2009 and 2013 (n = 404) were invited to complete a telephone interview. One hundred and thirty‐five graduates were interviewed, 90 RCPP participants and 45 non‐participants.ResultsThe majority of graduates interviewed were from a metropolitan background (87%), 47% were female, 77% worked full time, and 70% were employed in private practice. A higher proportion (33%) of the RCPP participants were working in rural Australia compared with 18% of the non‐participants. The graduates reported that the RCPP was a high‐quality program with excellent rural clinical supervisors, provided broad clinical dentistry; they met appreciative patients and enjoyed the rural lifestyle.ConclusionsThe RCPP was a valuable and positive experience with many considering it as a highlight of their dental education. A large proportion reported the program positively influenced their employment location choices, and a higher proportion of the RCPP participants were identified as working rurally, compared to the non‐participants.
The Dynamic Interplay Between Satisfaction With Intimate Relationship Functioning and Daily Mood in Low‐Income Outpatients
Authors: Brock Rebecca L. , Franz Molly R. , O'Bleness Jessica J. , Lawrence Erika 
Published: October 2018

Substantial research supports bidirectional links between intimate relationship discord and individual psychopathology, including depressive symptoms. However, few studies have utilized daily diary methods to capture the micro‐level processes underlying the association between couple discord and depression, particularly among populations that are at elevated risk for both interpersonal and individual dysfunction. To address this gap, we examined whether daily changes in satisfaction with relationship functioning were associated with daily changes in negative affect and positive affect over the span of 2 weeks among mental health outpatients of low socioeconomic status. Participants were 53 low‐income outpatients from community mental health clinics who completed a semi‐structured interview about the quality of their intimate relationships followed by 14 daily reports of positive and negative mood and satisfaction with relationship functioning across several domains. Growth curve analytic techniques revealed the hypothesized bidirectional relations. Decline in satisfaction with relationship functioning predicted escalation in negative affect and deterioration in positive affect over 2 weeks, and deterioration of mood predicted declining satisfaction with relationship functioning. This study extends existing knowledge about couple dysfunction and individual psychopathology by highlighting the immediate nature of this dynamic process as it unfolds over time.
Local adaptation of trees at the range margins impacts range shifts in the face of climate change
Authors: Solarik Kevin A. , Messier Christian , Ouimet Rock , Bergeron Yves , Gravel Dominique 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimThe ability of tree species to track their climatic niche at rates comparable to global warming is of concern, particularly if they are constrained by local adaptation. If a species is locally adapted at its range margin, it could be beneficial for range expansion because it ensures that the genotypes colonizing new areas are the fittest, given that environmental conditions are more similar to the current ones. In trees, local adaptation can slow range expansion when climate change happens much faster than their ability to migrate.LocationQuébec, Canada.Time period2013–2015.Major taxa studiedTrees.MethodsWe investigate experimentally a series of factors thought to constrain the seedling phase at the leading edge of the distribution of a dominant tree species, sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall.). We established a seed transplant experiment using six provenances, representing the latitudinal species range, and transplanted them to 12 sites within, at and beyond the current northern species range margin.ResultsAt present, northern provenances provide the best opportunity for establishment beyond the current range, where climatic conditions are more similar than those of the warmer central or southern portions of the species range. Establishment was highest within the species range, but survival rates were comparable to those at the range margin and beyond, regardless of provenance. We also found that the local climate was the most influential factor for early seedling establishment and survival; however, a lack of suitable microsites also significantly constrained recruitment.Main conclusionsOur study highlights the complex interaction between provenance, climate and microsite conditions that is required to ensure successful seedling recruitment. Although sugar maple is currently displaying evidence for local adaptation to facilitate range shifts, it could risk maladaptation in the future if the local climate warms beyond a threshold required to ensure seed germination and a lack of favourable microsite conditions beyond the range.
The converting sea: Religious change and cross‐cultural interaction in the early modern Mediterranean
Authors: Clines Robert John 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis review article explores conversion, construed as any change that fundamentally recalibrated the religious, political, and cultural landscape of the early modern Mediterranean. By expanding the concept of conversion to include shifts in collective identity construction, institutional anxieties, literary culture, intellectual traditions, and the visual arts, we can approach a more lucid understanding of the processes of religious change, acculturation, and cross‐cultural interaction in the early modern Mediterranean. We can then speak of the early modern Mediterranean as a converting sea: one that shaped the lives of its inhabitants who in turn shaped the cultural landscape of the Middle Sea itself.
Validation of ‘ItchApp©’ in Poland and in the USA: multicentre validation study of an electronical diary for the assessment of pruritus
Authors: Schnitzler C. , Rosen J. , Szepietowski J.C. , Reich A. , Yosipovitch G. , Reszke R. , Nattkemper L.A. , Osada N. , Pihan D. , Ständer S. , Zeidler C. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundAlthough chronic pruritus affects a large part of the population, its reliable assessment remains difficult. Electronical diaries (eDiaries) are often used in multicentre clinical trials. The ItchApp© for Android was developed to assess itch intensity and course and was validated for the German language in 2017.ObjectiveTo validate ItchApp© for the use in the Polish and US English languages.MethodsFifty‐three subjects in Poland and thirty subjects in the USA with chronic pruritus completed the paper‐based and app‐based questionnaires. These questionnaires contained items for measuring the itch intensity, including a numerical rating scale (NRS) and verbal rating scale (VRS), and for detecting the change of pruritus since the beginning of treatment.ResultsThe ItchApp© showed a high level of test–retest reliability [Intraclass correlation, Kappa and Kendall‐Tau B coefficients: 0.915–1.000 (Poland) and 0.863–1.000 (USA)]. The convergent validity showed strong correlation between the itch intensity scales on the ItchApp© (Items II‐IV = VRS mean, NRS mean and NRS worst) and the paper‐based itch intensity scales (mean and worst: VRS, NRS, VAS) [Spearman‐Rho and Pearson correlation coefficients: 0.710–0.987 (Poland) and 0.646–0.954 (USA)]. The ItchApp© items moderately correlated with the ItchyQol scores [Spearman‐Rho and Pearson correlation coefficients: 0.303–0.554 (Poland) and 0.275–0.447 (USA)]. After completing the ItchApp© questionnaire, a feasibility questionnaire was completed and showed that subjects feel the app is well suited for assessing pruritus.ConclusionWe provide evidence for the ItchApp© as a validated eDiary for the assessment of pruritus in Polish and US English languages, enabling its use in multicentre international clinical trials.