bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What, where and when: spatial foraging decisions in primates
Authors: Trapanese Cinzia , Meunier Hélène , Masi Shelly 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTWhen exploiting the environment, animals have to discriminate, track, and integrate salient spatial cues to navigate and identify goal sites. Actually, they have to know what can be found (e.g. what fruit), where (e.g. on which tree) and when (in what season or moment of the year). This is very relevant for primate species as they often live in seasonal and relatively unpredictable environments such as tropical forests. Here, we review and compare different approaches used to investigate primate spatial foraging strategies: from direct observations of wild primates to predictions from statistical simulations, including experimental approaches on both captive and wild primates, and experiments in captivity using virtual reality technology. Within this framework, most of these studies converge to show that many primate species can (i) remember the location of most of food resources well, and (ii) often seem to have a goal‐oriented path towards spatially permanent resources. Overall, primates likely use mental maps to plan different foraging strategies to enhance their fitness. The majority of studies suggest that they may organise spatial information on food resources into topological maps: they use landmarks to navigate and encode local spatial information with regard to direction and distance. Even though these studies were able to show that primates can remember food quality (what) and its location (where), still very little is known on how they incorporate the temporal knowledge of available food (when). Future studies should attempt to increase our understanding of the potential of primates to learn temporal patterns and how both socio‐ecological differences among species and their cognitive abilities influence such behavioural strategies.
Phenotype‐genotype relations in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy type 1
Authors: Mul Karlien , Voermans Nicol C. , Lemmers Richard J.L.F. , Jonker Marianne A. , van der Vliet Patrick J. , Padberg George W. , van Engelen Baziel G.M. , van der Maarel Silvère M. , Horlings Corinne G.C. 
Published: September 2018

To determine how much of the clinical variability in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy type 1 (FSHD1) can be explained by the D4Z4 repeat array size, D4Z4 methylation and familial factors, we included 152 carriers of an FSHD1 allele (23 single cases, 129 familial cases from 37 families) and performed state‐of‐the‐art genetic testing, extensive clinical evaluation and quantitative muscle MRI. Familial factors accounted for 50% of the variance in disease severity (FSHD clinical score). The explained variance by the D4Z4 repeat array size for disease severity was limited (approximately 10%), and varied per body region (facial muscles, upper and lower extremities approximately 30%, 15% and 3%, respectively). Unaffected gene carriers had longer repeat array sizes compared to symptomatic individuals (7.3 vs 6.0 units, P = 0.000) and slightly higher Delta1 methylation levels (D4Z4 methylation corrected for repeat size, 0.96 vs −2.46, P = 0.048).The D4Z4 repeat array size and D4Z4 methylation contribute to variability in disease severity and penetrance, but other disease modifying factors must be involved as well. The larger effect of the D4Z4 repeat array on facial muscle involvement suggests that these muscles are more sensitive to the influence of the FSHD1 locus itself, whereas leg muscle involvement seems highly dependent on modifying factors.
Sexual competitiveness of fertile and sterile, wild and mass‐reared males of Anastrepha obliqua
Authors: Gallardo‐Ortiz Uriel , Pérez‐Staples Diana , Liedo Pablo , Toledo Jorge 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAnastrepha obliqua (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae), commonly known as the West Indies fruit fly, is a pest species of mango, plum (both Anacardiaceae), and other commercial crops in various countries in the Neotropics, including Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean islands. Currently, the sterile insect technique (SIT) is used to control this pest. Here, the sexual competitiveness of mass‐reared sterile A. obliqua males was evaluated against wild males in field cages. In the first experiment, fertile mass‐reared males had similar sexual performance as fertile wild males reared on mango and tropical plum. In the second experiment, sterile mass‐reared males had better sexual performance than sterile wild males recovered from mango and tropical plum. In the third experiment, fertile wild males recovered from mango had better sexual performance than sterile mass‐reared males. The relative sterility index (RSI) was 0.32, indicating low acceptance of sterile males by wild females. The induced sterility index estimated by Fried's test produced a coefficient of 0.4, indicating that irradiation affected the sexual performance of the mass‐reared males, which had reduced sexual performance compared to wild males. We discuss our results in the context of mass‐rearing and sterilization as part of the SIT programs used to control A. obliqua.
Inclusion of host quality data improves predictions of herbivore phenology
Authors: Abarca Mariana , Larsen Elise A. , Lill John T. , Weiss Martha , Lind Eric , Ries Leslie 
Published: September 2018

AbstractUnderstanding the correspondence between ambient temperature and insect development is necessary to forecast insect phenology under novel environments. In the face of climate change, both conservation and pest control efforts require accurate phenological predictions. Here, we compare a suite of degree‐day models to assess their ability to predict the phenology of a common, oligophagous butterfly, the silver‐spotted skipper, Epargyreus clarus (Cramer) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). To estimate model parameters, we used development time of eggs and larvae reared in the laboratory at six constant temperatures ranging from 8 to 38 °C and on two host plants of contrasting quality (kudzu and wisteria). We employed three approaches to determine the base temperature to calculate degree days: linear regression, modified reduced major axis regression, and application of a generic base temperature value of 10 °C, which is commonly used in the absence of laboratory data. To calculate the number of degree days required to complete a developmental stage, we used data from caterpillars feeding on high‐ and low‐quality hosts, both in the field and in the laboratory. To test model accuracy, we predicted development time of seven generations of larvae reared in the field on the same host plants across 3 years (2014–2016). To compare performance among models, we regressed predicted vs. observed development time, and found that r2 values were significantly larger when accounting for host plant quality. The accuracy of development time predictions varied across the season, with estimates of the first two generations being more accurate than estimates of the third generation, when ambient temperatures dropped outside the range in which development rate and temperature have a linear relationship. Overall, we show that accounting for variation in host plant quality when calculating development time in the field is more important than the choice of the base temperature for calculating degree days.
Modulation of photosynthate supply by CO2 elevation affects the post‐head‐emergence frost‐induced grain yield loss in wheat
Authors: Li Xiangnan , Li Yafei , Zhu Xiancan , Liu Shengqun , Liu Fulai 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPost‐head‐emergence frost (PHEF) has a detrimental impact on grain yield of wheat, and an enhanced photosynthate supply could alleviate the negative impact. However, modulation of photosynthate availability at different growth stages may exert different effects on the plant physiology and grain yield. The objective of this study was to investigate the roles of the enhanced photosynthate supply by growing the plants at elevated [CO2] (800 ppm) during different growth stages on yield performance of wheat exposed to PHEF. The results showed that the PHEF caused a high grain yield loss in wheat, and an increase in photosynthate supply during the reproductive growth stage mitigated the negative impact, whereas that at vegetative growth stage exacerbated the negative impact of PHEF. The opposite effects exerted by the enhanced photosynthate supply at vegetative stage versus at reproductive stage on yield performance could be associated with its distinguished roles in influencing plant physiology at the two growth stages. The positive effect of the increased photosynthate supply at reproductive stage was due to an improved grain filling and regeneration of effective tillers upon recovery from frost, whereas the negative effects of the enhanced photosynthate supply at vegetative growth stage were primarily due to an accelerated early vegetative growth that increased the sensibility of the plants to PHEF.
Developing and validating learning domains, competencies, and evaluation items for global health clinical immersion practicums for graduate‐level nursing programs
Authors: Kelly Tracy , Lazenby Mark 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimTo develop and validate learning domains, competencies, and evaluation tool for graduate‐level experiential nursing global health programs.BackgroundStandard competencies have not been synthesized and delineated nor have evaluation tools been developed for global health programs at the graduate level.DesignA combination of a documentary literature review and expert consensus panel to validate results was used as a design for this study.MethodsThe NLM and CINAHL databases were searched for articles published between 2007 – 2017 relevant to graduate‐level global health nursing programs. Data were extracted and coded, from which themes regarding learning domains, competencies and evaluation items were derived. We then used a three‐step expert panel to refine and form a statistical representation (>0.78 agreement on importance, relevance and clarity) of the learning domains, competencies, and evaluation items.ResultsRelevant articles (N = 26) were included for the documentary review, 18 concerning learning domains of global health immersion programs and eight concerning interdisciplinary global health competencies specific to nursing. These learning relationships were then formatted into a table subdivided between learning categories for expert panel consensus. After expert panel review, a compendium of learning domains, competencies, and evaluation items resulted.ConclusionGlobal health clinical learning practicums are essential for graduate‐level preparation of nurses. Learning domains, competencies, and evaluation tools need to be adopted and empirically tested by international and national nursing associations. The results of this study need further testing to aid these associations.
MRI Profile and Collateral Status in Patients with a Transient Ischemic Attack and an Intracranial Artery Occlusion
Authors: Ong Elodie , Eker Omer , Chamard Leila , Cho Tae Hee , Derex Laurent , Buisson Marielle , Mechtouff Laura , Berthezene Yves , Nighoghossian Norbert 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSETransient ischemic attack may rarely reveal an intracranial artery occlusion. We analyzed acute magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) patterns and early outcome after reperfusion therapy in these cases.METHODClinical and imaging data were taken retrospectively from our comprehensive stroke center registry. Two MRI patterns were determined. Pattern A: full mismatch with negative diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) and perfusion defect. Pattern B: large mismatch with positive DWI and perfusion defect. MRI‐derived collateral flow maps were automatically generated from the raw of dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI. Patients were treated either by recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) alone or in combination with mechanical thrombectomy.RESULTSFrom October 1, 2010 to May 15, 2016, 1,019 patients were admitted and treated by t‐PA within 4.5 hours of stroke onset of them; 14 had a transient ischemic attack (TIA) within the 6 hours preceding MRI. Perfusion imaging was performed in 11 patients. An arterial occlusion was found in all of them, 11 patients had a distal anterior circulation occlusion, whereas 3 patients (21%) had a proximal occlusion. According to MRI, 6 patients showed pattern A, whereas 5 patients had pattern B. Good collaterals were observed in 10 patients (6 patients with grade 3 and 4 patients with grade 4), whereas 1 patient had poor collaterals (grade 2). The day 1 National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale median was 0. Modified Rankin Scale median at 3 months was 0.CONCLUSIONTIAs may reveal acute intracranial artery occlusion. Acute MRI may able to assist in therapeutic decision.
Everybody but Me: Pluralistic Ignorance and the Masculinity Contest
Authors: Munsch Christin L. , Weaver Jonathan R. , Bosson Jennifer K. , O'Connor Lindsey Trimble 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe masculinity contest is a set of organizational norms that fosters competition, work devotion, strength, and dominance. Here, we explore pluralistic ignorance as a mechanism by which these norms persist. Pluralistic ignorance occurs when individuals privately reject a norm, but mistakenly believe others endorse it. This then discourages individuals from criticizing norms that perpetuate unpopular behavioral standards. Drawing on data from U.S. workers, we find masculinity contest norms are prone to pluralistic ignorance. Workers believe their coworkers’ endorsement of these norms exceeds their own private endorsement, although pluralistic ignorance levels differ by workers’ gender, parental status, and the sex composition of their job. Further, employees’ pluralistic ignorance about masculinity contest norms predicts decreased job satisfaction and engagement, decreased mental health, and increased relationship conflict. Discussion considers the implications of these findings for policies that may bring organizational norms into alignment with workers’ ideals.
Masculinity Contest Cultures in Policing Organizations and Recommendations for Training Interventions
Authors: Rawski Shannon L. , Workman‐Stark Angela L. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn the wake of the #BlackLivesMatter and #MeToo movements, police conduct has been increasingly scrutinized by the public, especially the use of excessive force, fatal shootings of unarmed civilians, and sexual harassment scandals within policing organizations. Through a review of the policing literature and data collected in a Canadian policing organization, we highlight how masculinity contest culture is related to police misconduct. All four masculinity contest culture dimensions can be observed in policing including: (1) “show no weakness,” (2) “strength and stamina,” (3) “put work first,” and (4) “dog‐eat‐dog.” Masculinity contest cultures lead to negative outcomes for both individual officers (e.g., harassment, discrimination, stress), policing organizations (e.g., lawsuits, turnover), and communities (e.g., officers’ use of excessive force). Training interventions are often suggested to prevent or remedy the negative effects of masculinity contest cultures in policing organizations. However, a review of the training literature suggests that training interventions are unlikely to be effective in contexts where organizational norms are at odds with the training content. Our analysis of police data, along with the literature review, conclude with a paradox—the very organizations that need training interventions the most (e.g., policing organizations that often promote and tolerate sexual harassment) are the least likely to benefit from those interventions. To address this paradox, we invoke the theory of social interactionism and reconceptualize training as an organizational sensegiving mechanism. This theoretical foundation offers new directions for future research on training in masculinity contest cultures and insights for practicing police administrators and public policy officials.
The Impact of Culture‐Based Protective Factors on Reducing Rates of Violence among African American Adolescent and Young Adult Males
Authors: Wallace Candice M. , McGee Zina T. , Malone‐Colon Linda , Boykin A. Wade 
Published: September 2018

AbstractRates of violence in the United States have steadily declined over the last decade. However, there continues to be a disproportionate number of homicides among African American young men compared to their race and gender counterparts. Among African American males between the ages of 15–24, homicide is the leading cause of death. This is a public health issue that seems very preventable and a plethora of research and interventions have explored psychosocial causes that might aid in reducing rates of violence. Although there have been a significant number of efforts to understand and reduce violence, few studies or interventions have explored the unique cultural factors that might serve as buffers against violence for African American males. This study examines the role of culture in reducing rates of violent behavior among adolescent and young adult males. Findings suggest that culture plays an important protective role in the likelihood of engaging in violence for this group.
Starting Age Overshadowed: The Primacy of Differential Environmental and Family Support Effects on Second Language Attainment in an Instructional Context
Authors: Pfenninger Simone E. , Singleton David 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDespite contrary research findings, many laypeople still claim that starting second language (L2) instruction early yields linguistic advantages. This assertion is again undermined by a 5‐year longitudinal study conducted in Switzerland testing the English language skills of 636 secondary‐school students who had all learned Standard German and French at primary school, but only half of whom had learned English from age 8, the remainder having started English 5 years later. The results suggest that age‐related attainment effects are overshadowed by other effects, yielding diverse outcomes according to individual differences and contextual effects mediating L2 outcomes. An earlier age of learning proved beneficial only for children raised as biliterate simultaneous bilinguals receiving substantial parental support, as opposed to monolinguals and nonbiliterate bilinguals (simultaneous or sequential). These issues require studies that explore what underlies age effects in L2 learning and investigate how learning contexts shape processes of L2 development.
What ish my network? Introducing MACMORRIS: Digitising cultural activity and collaborative networks in early modern Ireland
Authors: Baker David , Maley Willy , Palmer Patricia 
Published: September 2018

AbstractEarly modern Ireland is one of the most dynamic literary and political spaces in Renaissance Europe. It is the site of vibrant writing in English, Irish, and Latin and of translation from Latin, Spanish, and Italian into English and Irish. While it has received extensive critical attention from historicists, cultural materialists, feminists, and new‐British historians over the past three decades, their focus has been the colonial context of the English Renaissance (and writers like Edmund Spenser) rather than the Gaelic and Old English cultures and communities thrown into crisis by the Tudor conquest (ignoring, thereby, writers like, say, Eochaidh Ó hEoghusa or Richard Stanihurst). MACMORRIS is a digital‐humanities project designed to correct that lopsided focus by mapping cultural activity across the island in all languages. Working in an interdisciplinary and comparative framework, it will identify every significant cultural figure working in Ireland between, roughly, 1569 and 1641 and trace their nodal points and networks.
The role of governance in privatisation reforms: A European analysis
Authors: Peña‐Miguel Noemí , Cuadrado‐Ballesteros Beatriz 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study analyses the role of regulatory and institutional context, denoted as governance, on privatisation reforms. Governance is represented by the Worldwide Governance Indicators and privatisation data are provided by the Privatization Barometer project. We found empirical evidence on a sample of 22 European countries over the period 2002–2013, through estimating several econometric equations that control endogeneity. Our findings suggest that privatisation is shaped by the quality of regulation and institutions. More specifically, privatisation reforms in modern Europe tend to be more relevant when governance quality is reduced, while results suggest the contrary effect in the case of transitional economies.
Can Economists Beat Sport Experts? Analysis of Medal Predictions for Sochi 2014
Authors: Otamendi F. Javier , Doncel Luis Miguel 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveThe predictive power of expert knowledge and econometric modeling is analyzed using predictions of results at the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympic Games.MethodForecasts by five sport experts and three sport‐agnostic economists are compared at the country level by medal color and by sport. Success ratios and correlation coefficients are used to make these comparisons.ResultsExperts beat economists, although both indicators are always above 75 percent at the country level and 60 percent at the medal‐color and sport levels. Indicators are below 40 percent when predicting individual winners and 20 percent when predicting athlete and medal color.ConclusionsExpert predictions can help bettors. Econometric models can help design long‐term sport policies.
Transfusion knowledge of medical and surgical specialty board residents: a cohort study
Authors: Al‐Riyami A. Z. , Al‐Nomani I. , Panchatcharam S. M. , Wadsworth L. , Al‐Khabori M. , Al‐Farsi K. , Al‐Sabti H. 
Published: September 2018

SUMMARYObjectivesThis study was conducted to assess transfusion knowledge between different specialty board residents and to identify areas of need for further education.BackgroundPhysicians' knowledge of transfusion medicine (TM) is critical for patients' safety. Many clinicians who are involved in day‐to‐day transfusion practice have little or no formal training in TM. There are no studies to assess physician's TM knowledge locally.MethodsA comprehensive anonymous survey was developed to assess baseline TM knowledge of all the residents. The survey is composed of different sections, including a questionnaire on resident's demographics, resident's self‐reflection on their TM knowledge and 30 multiple choice questions addressing basic and clinical TM knowledge in two major domains: component selection and transfusion practice and transfusion safety and transfusion reactions. Finally, the residents' opinion on educational needs was assessed.ResultsA total of 130 residents were surveyed. The lowest score obtained among the two major domains assessed was in the transfusion safety and transfusion reaction domain, with a mean score of 4·34 of 15 (SD ± 3·27). The mean score obtained on component selection and transfusion practice was 7·1 of 15 (SD ± 3·74). A substantial proportion of the residents (74·7%) admitted minimal baseline knowledge in the field of TM. Finally, 94·5% of the residents admitted the need for more education during residency, whereas 49·5% thought additional education is required during the first year of practice.ConclusionThis survey shows serious TM knowledge deficiency and indicates the need for additional education among all physicians during training.