bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diplomatic Protection: Taking Human Rights Extraterritorially
Authors: Karazivan Noura 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis article argues that states should have a limited obligation — and not only a privilege — to extend diplomatic protection to their nationals when they are facing violations of their most basic human rights abroad. The author addresses the current state of international law regarding diplomatic protection, with a focus on the International Law Commission's failed attempt to impose a duty on states to exercise protection in cases of jus cogens violations. A review of domestic case law, particularly in the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, and South Africa, shows that while some courts recognize legitimate expectations to receive diplomatic protection, all are reluctant to exercise judicial review of a denial of diplomatic protection. The author nevertheless examines whether adherence to international human rights treaties could entail a positive obligation for states to exercise diplomatic protection in order to protect the human rights of their nationals that are ill-treated abroad.
Canadian Cases in Public International Law in 2006–7 / Jurisprudence canadienne en matière de droit international public en 2006–7
Authors: van Ert Gibran 
Published: June 2019

Evidence — letters rogatory — public policy against extraterritorial applications of US lawMorgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP v. Gauthier (2006), 82 OR (3d) 189 (29 August 2006). Ontario Superior Court of Justice.The applicant MLB was a US law firm carrying on business principally in Philadelphia. It sought an order from the Ontario Superior Court of Justice giving effect to a letter of request issued by the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania. This court sought the assistance of the Ontario court in obtaining document production and testimony from the respondent, Claude Gauthier, a Canadian citizen resident in Ontario.
Objectivity and Statutory Interpretation: End Use in the Canadian Customs Tariff
Authors: Irish Maureen 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (Harmonized System) has been adopted by the major trading nations of the world, including Canada. Decisions of the European Court of Justice are influential for interpretation of the Harmonized System. According to these decisions, goods should be classified under the Harmonized System on the basis of their physical characteristics, while factors that relate to use after importation should be considered only if they are reflected in the physical characteristics. The author rejects this narrow approach and argues that interpretation will be successful only if it is done in light of the full commercial context, including use after importation, advertising, distribution, and market indicators such as price. The article reviews Canadian case law since implementation of the Harmonized System in 1988 as well as some decisions interpreting the pre-1988 Canadian nomenclature, which contained many tariff items that depended on the end use of goods after importation.
Civil Disobedience and International Law: Sketch for a Theoretical Argument
Authors: Mégret Frédéric 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis article argues that there is an increasing trend of civil society resorting to civil disobedience in relation to international legal values. International law, however, has not caught up with this trend. In fact, both international law and civil disobedience can gain much from a better understanding of their interaction. The article briefly traces the record of arguments drawn from international law in civil disobedience cases, highlights the theoretical constraints of the debate, and seeks to establish some basic foundations for an international legal theory of legitimate civil disobedience.
Khadr's Twist onHape: Tortured Determinations of the Extraterritorial Reach of the CanadianCharter
Authors: Currie John H. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis comment reviews the Supreme Court of Canada’s May 2008 decision inCanada (Justice) v. Khadr, in which the Court announced an exception to its June 2007 holding inR. v. Hape. Hapeheld, on international legal grounds, that application of theCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedomsto the acts of Canadian officials abroad is “impossible.”Khadrheld that this was not so if the acts of Canadian officials abroad amount to participation in a process that violates Canada’s international legal obligations. The author welcomes this partial retrenchment of theHapeprinciple, which, it is argued, is ill-founded in international law. However, the author is also critical of the Court’s failure to engage directly withHape's many flaws or to justify in any way the seemingly arbitrary exception to it propounded inKhadr. These failures, it is argued, serve only to deepen the legal and logical incoherencies that currently characterize, in the name of respect for Canada’s international legal obligations, the rules governing the extraterritorial applicability of theCharter.
Economic Sanctions in the International System
Authors: MacDonald R. ST. J. 
Published: June 2019

Our special area is international law and organization and our particular concern is the process by which international public policy is enforced by international political organizations, especially through the media of economic modalities.It is a commonplace that much of the analytical philosophy of law of the last one hundred years controls and conditions, consciously or unconsciously, the thinking and, perhaps, the practice of law and modern affairs. This fact is of special importance to international lawyers because the analytical approach to law contains a bias in favour of domestic or national law. This is understandable, for legal philosophy was first propounded to explain domestic phenomena.
The UNCTAD Code of Conduct for the International Transfer of Technology: Problems and Prospects
Authors: Fairley H. Scott , Rowcliffe Peter J. 
Published: June 2019

The task … is to restructure existing relationships between suppliers and recipients of technology so as to facilitate the Third World’s access to the accumulated promise of mankind’s scientific and technological achievements.Developed countries have offered the example of industrial societies based upon technology and the fruits of technological endeavour. The result has been that the process of effectively transferring technology is now widely perceived as an indispensible element for improving the economic lot of less advantaged nations. Less developed countries (LDCs) have recognized that the existing legal mechanisms and practices for the transfer of technology, established predominantly by public and private actors in advanced economies, have not served their interests and, indeed, may have prejudiced their efforts to acquire an indigenous technological capability which would enable them to achieve their primary objective of independent economic development. Thus the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) has undertaken the negotiation and drafting of an International Code of Conduct with a view to redressing the apparent inequities of the system as presently constituted. With diplomatically phrased understatement, an early UNCTAD report on the task ahead observed that “transactions involving the transfer of technology have occurred in a manner which has not produced entirely satisfactory results for developing countries.”
Variations of Differences of Latitudes and of Mean Latitudes of Stations Located in the Vicinity of a Common Meridian
Authors: Kołaczek B. , Galas R. , Barlik M. , Dukwicz M. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryDifferences of latitudes and of mean latitudes of stations located along a common meridian were studied in order to find influences of local geophysical phenomena on their variations. Some correlation of variations of the mean latitude of Belgrade with the occurrence of earthquakes in the vicinity can be noticed as well as instabilities of the mean latitude of stations located near sea coasts. Some attempts at measurements of variations of the meridian component of the vertical and a discussion of spectral analysis of latitudes and of mean latitudes of considered stations are presented.
Molecular Clouds in Spiral Galaxies
Authors: Young Judith S. 
Published: June 2019

A large observational program investigating the 2.6 mm CO line in spiral galaxies is being conducted by myself and Nick Scoville using the 14 m telescope of the Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory (HPBW = 50″). Thus far we have observed 46 galaxies of types Sa, Sb, Sc and Irr, detected 31, and mapped 16. Our major findings are:
(1)In several late type spiral galaxies (IC 342, NGC 6946 and M51) the radial distribution of molecular gas out to 10 kpc follows the exponential blue luminosity profile of the disk within each galaxy (Young and Scoville 1982a, Scoville and Young 1983).(2)From a comparison of the CO and B luminosities of the central 5 kpc in a sample of Sc galaxies, we find that the blue luminosity is proportional to the first power of the CO content (Young and Scoville 1982b). We interpret this to mean that the star formation rate per H2in Sc galaxies (indicated by the B luminosity) is constant.(3)No molecular rings like the one in the Milky Way at radii 4 to 8 kpc were seen in the Sc galaxies.(4)We have found molecular rings in two Sb galaxies, NGC 7331 and NGC 2841, with peaks at radii of 4–5 kpc (Young and Scoville 1982c). The central holes in the CO distributions are possibly related to the presence of large nuclear bulges in these galaxies.
Average Variations of Photospheric FeI and FeII Line Parameters as Function of the Magnetic Filling Factor
Authors: Brandt P.N. , Steinegger M. 
Published: June 2019

A series of 17 Fourier transform spectra taken at the McMath telescope near disk center in regions of different magnetic field strengths were analyzed. Applying a multi-variate regression analysis magnetic filling factors 0 < α ≥ 0.11 were determined. With α increasing from 0 to 0.11, line bisectors averaged over groups of lines of similar depth are found to show a blue shift decreasing from 0.35 km s–1 to nearly 0.1 km s–1, when referred to the MgI line λ5172.7å. The bisectors of FeII lines exhibit smaller blue shifts than FeI lines. The increase of bisector red shift near the continuum with increasing α, found earlier by Brandt and Solanki (1987), was confirmed and is tentatively interpreted as a manifestation of downdrafts in the vicinity of flux tubes (Deinzer et al., 1984).A significant increase of line width (typically between 3 and 8%, depending on line strength) and a decrease of line depth is found with increasing filling factor. For strong lines the equivalent width W shows no variation or a slight increase, while for the weaker lines a reduction of W between a few % and > 10% is found.
Solar Magnetoconvection
Authors: Nordlund Å. , Stein R. F. 
Published: June 2019

As a prelude to discussing the interaction of magnetic fields with convection, we first review some general properties of convection in a stratified medium. Granulation, which is the surface manifestation of the major energy carrying convection scales, is a shallow phenomenon. Below the surface, the topology changes to one of filamentary cool downdrafts, immersed in a gently ascending isentropic background. The granular downflows merge into more widely separated downdrafts, on scales of mesogranulation and super-granulation.The local topology and time evolution of the small scale, kilo Gauss, network and facular magnetic field elements are controlled by convection on the scale of granulation. The topology and time evolution of larger scale magnetic field concentrations are controlled by the hierarchical structure of the horizontal components of the large scale velocity field. In sunspots, the small scale magnetic field structure determines the energy balance, the systematic flows and the waves. Below the surface, the small scale structure of the magnetic field may change drastically, with little observable effect at the surface. We discuss results of some recent numerical simulations of sunspot magnetic fields, and some mechanisms that may be relevant in determining the topology of the sub-surface magnetic field. Finally, we discuss the role of active region magnetic fields in the global solar dynamo.
Summary Lecture
Authors: Rutten Robert J. 
Published: June 2019

I have found four models in the literature for doing conference summaries:
1.The Literal Summary.One summarizes all t h a t has been presented, preferably interspersed with comments as “of particular interest was…”.2.The Historical Perspective.One places all (or some) presentations within a historical background, preferably implying that science progresses smoothly in well-planned, orderly fashion.3.The Future Perspective.One points out the way to go, preferably in overly optimistic vein.4.The personal Impressions.One concedes lack of wisdom to forego balanced summarizing, prefering to discuss primarily one's own interests.
Which model to choose here? Literal summarizing seems superfluous for the oral presentations. They are printed in the preceding pages, each is effectively a summary of work published elsewhere, and many have an author's summary already. It won't be useful to summarize them here once more, but some perspective may be worthwhile.
WR Binaries: Theoretical Aspects
Authors: De Greve J.P. 
Published: June 2019

The different channels for the formation of WR-stars, as suggested in the literature, are investigated. The presently available tools, in terms of evolutionary recipies, are reviewed and the results investigated of the use of these tools, with respect to the WR-binaries.Two of the three basic formation channels, mentioned in the literature, may serve as ways to obtain the presently observed group of WR-binaries: stellar wind mass loss in O-stars during the pre-WR phase and mass transfer in a massive close binary system. Discrepancies with observations necessitated the incorporation of stellar wind in the binary scenario.Theoretical developments in the last years are reviewed and confronted with the observations. The necessity of mass transfer in the formation process is argued for a major fraction of the double-lined WR-binaries. Using specific evolutionary ingredients, the original parameters of the systems are calculated. We also discuss the appearance and disappearance of double-lined WR-systems as well as the existence of eccentric WR-systems after mass transfer. The evolution of a number of specific systems is discussed individually.
The Modernization of the Pulkovo Photographic (Photoelectric) Vertical Circle by a CCD Array
Authors: Goncharov G. A. , Bagildinsky B. K. , Kornilov E. V. , Polojentsev D. D. , Rumyantsev K. V. , Shkutov V. D. 
Published: June 2019

The Zverev photographic vertical circle (PVC) of the Pulkovo observatory is in the process of modernization. The features of the vertical circle are:
a)Maksutov mirror-lens optical system with small aberrations and wide passband: aperture: 20 cm, focal length: 200 cm, focal scale: 103 arcsec/mm.b)Very compact instrument: 140 cm total length, 60 cm — tube.c)Wide field: 25 × 25 mm = 40′ × 40′. Wide-field imaging can be combined with meridian observations.d)Easily-reversible instrument: reversing takes less than 30 seconds.e)Two divided vertical circles of glass. Photoelectric circle reading microscopes.f)Photographic micrometer in focal plane. This will be changed with a CCD micrometer.
A New Ocular Micrometer for the MAHIS
Authors: Kirian T. R. , Korepanov V. S. , Grozdilov V. M. 
Published: June 2019

A working model of an ocular micrometer has been designed for the MAHIS (Meridian Automated Horizontal Instrument by Sukcharev). An optical scheme of the micrometer includes the following devices:
a)Artificial light marks in the focal plane of the objective. The marks have an increased sharpness and have a stable scale factor under defocusing. An amplitude-phase grid illuminated by coherent light from the second main point of the objective is used to make the marks.b)The observed stars and artificial marks are imaged on the CCD chip by means of an additional objective. This objective also corrects chromatic aberations of the main objective.c)A concentric meniscus is used to compensate for the chromatic refraction of the atmosphere. The meniscus center of curvature coincides with the center of the system's pupil image. In this case the compensation is equal at all points of the field of view.d)The possibility of measuring the normal attitude of the flat mirror relative to the main instrumental plane during each observation is discussed. For these purposes there needs to be a holographic grid on the mirror surface, an artificial zenith or nadir horizon and an autocollimated source of light in the focal plane.e)Laboratory investigations of a working model of a CCD camera are being carried out and the basic software is being developed. This work is planned to be finished in the autumn of 1994. The CCD matrix ISD 011A (NPO “Electron”, St. Petersburg, Russia) 512 × 512 pixels, with pixel size of 16 × 16 mkm is used. The noise is 5 electrons/pixel/sec when the temperature is −40° C (thermoelectric cooler).
Current Sheets in Solar Flares
Authors: Priest E. R. 
Published: June 2019

Until recently magnetic reconnection in solar flares was discussed simplistically in terms of either a spontaneous tearing mode instability or a driven Petschek mode. Now the subtle relationship between these two extremes is much better understood. Current sheets may form and reconnection may be initiated in many different ways. There are also a variety of nonlinear pathways from a reconnection instability and several types of driven reconnection.In solar flares current sheets may be important as new flux emerges from below the photosphere and also as a magnetic arcade closes down after being blown open by an eruptive instability. Numerical simulations of these sheets will be described, including new features such as the presence of a fast shock in Petschek's mechanism and impulsive bursty reconnection due to secondary tearing and coalescence.
Tycho Astrometry and Photometry
Authors: Høg E. 
Published: June 2019

The HIPPARCOS Star Mappers were designed to determine the satellite attitude by observation of stars with known positions. ESA has now enhanced them so that the continuous photon counts from two photo multipliers with B and V response will be recorded. The records will be used to derive an astrometric and photometric catalogue, the TYCHO Catalogue, complete to about B=11 mag and thus containing about 500 000 stars. The positions, annual proper motions and parallaxes will have an accuracy of about 0.03 arcsec and the magnitudes one of 0.03 mag.The instrument is described and some aspects of the data reduction are discussed, namely the evaluation of a photon record by means of numerical filters, and the use of a TYCHO Input Catalogue.
Magnetic Fields in Disks and Halos of Spiral Galaxies
Authors: Beck Rainer 
Published: June 2019

Spiral galaxies host interstellar magnetic fields of 4-15 μG total strength. A significant fraction of the field lines shows large-scale structures. At face-on or moderately inclined view, the field lines run generally parallel to the spiral arms, either with uniform direction with respect to azimuthal angle (axisymmetric spiral, ASS), with one reversal along azimuthal angle (bisymmetric spiral, BSS), or with spiral orientation without dominating direction.At edge-on view, the field is concentrated in a thin disk, often surrounded by a thick radio disk with field lines mostly parallel to the plane, similar to the quadrupole-type dynamo field. Radio polarization data from NGC891 indicate that the thermal gas seen in Hα is responsible for Faraday depolarization. The required scaleheight of the field of ~4 kpc is comparable to the value expected in case of energy equipartition between magnetic fields and cosmic rays. The interacting edge-on galaxy NGC 4631 shows a much larger radio halo with field lines perpendicular to the disk, possibly driven by a strong galactic wind or the result of a dipole-type halo field.Field lines bending out of the plane are also visible in face-on galaxies as regions with high rotation measures and low star-formation activity. The resemblance to the phenomenon of the solar corona suggests to call them “galactic coronal holes”.
Splitting of Periodic Comets
Authors: Forti Giuseppe 
Published: June 2019

Among the comets that were observed to break in two or more fragments, only a few of them are periodic. So far the dynamic study of the relative motion of a secondary nucleus with respect to the primary has supposed that a cometary fragment is subject to a small and continuousradialnongravitational force after separation at rest. This force acts against the solar attraction and varies according to an inverse square law. A small impulse at break up may also be invoked in some case. A different approach is followed in this paper when dealing with a fragment of a periodic comet: after separation the motion of a secondary nucleus is characterized by nongravitational forces which vary according to the sameg(r) law currently used for the primary.Results of the study of comets P/Biela and P/du Toit-Hartley show that the motion of their fragments after separation is characterized by nongravitational parameters which are larger than those of the parent bodies. Both fragments lasted for about 2 full revolutions and three returns.
A New Sample of Faint Halo B Stars
Authors: Mitchell Kenneth J. , Saffer Rex A. , Howell Steve B. 
Published: June 2019

This poster reports the isolation of a new, complete sample of 24 faint halo B stars. These B stars were selected as blue- and ultraviolet-excess objects in the US survey at high Galactic latitudes (Usher and Mitchell 1990), and were given preliminary classifications using low-resolution spectrophotometry. The new sample is complete over 206 square degrees of sky to faint magnitude completeness limits in the range B = 16.5 and B = 18.3.Stromgren color indices for the US B stars have been derived from the spectrophotometry through numerically convolved filters (Howell 1986). The colors have been used to help define the red completeness limit of the sample at (b – y) = −0.01, at the B9.5/A0 classification boundary. In addition, surface gravity and temperature estimates useful for separating the hotter B stars from sdB stars have been provided by atmospheric model fitting to the existing spectra (cf. Saffer et al. 1994).
The RS Canum Venaticorum Stars
Authors: Rodonò Marcello 
Published: June 2019

The picture emerging from recent studies of RS CVn-type systems indicates the presence of very active stars showing typical solar-like activity phenomena, such as spots and flares, and possibly mutual interactions. The binary nature of RS CVns is certainly important in enforcing high stellar rotation rates, but the actual clue to the understanding of the intrinsic variability of the component stars resides in their internal structure, where the appropriate physical conditions are met for the generation and intensification of strong magnetic fields, as prescribed by the αω-dynamo models. The most significant results have been derived from multi-wavelength, coordinated observations and long-term monitoring programs.Recent highlights include: a) the mapping of compact atmospheric structures at various temperature regimes by light curve modelling and spectral (Doppler) imaging techniques; b) clear evidence of long-term activity cycles on RS CVn and other types of interacting binaries; c) the detection and measurement of surface magnetic fields, as derived from the differential Zeeman splitting of spectral lines.These results clearly demonstrate that the study of RS CVn stars can play a very fundamental role in the understanding of basic stellar physics, as well as in interpreting the characteristic variability of interacting binaries.