bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quinoxaline and quinoxaline‐1,4‐di‐N‐oxides: An emerging class of antimycobacterials
Authors: Keri Rangappa S. , Pandule Sudam S. , Budagumpi Srinivasa , Nagaraja Bhari M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) is a highly dreaded, infectious, chronic, airborne disease affecting more than two million people all around the world, with more than eight million cases every calendar year. TB is the second leading infectious cause of death after HIV/AIDS. Over the past few decades, numerous efforts have been undertaken to develop new anti‐TB agents. The current frontline therapy for TB consists of administering three or more different drugs (usually isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol) over an extended period of time. But these drugs will take 6–12 months to cure TB, along with many side effects; hence, there is an urgent need to explore new anti‐TB agents. Quinoxaline derivatives are a class of compounds that show a spectrum of biological properties and the interest in these compounds is exponentially growing within the field of medicinal chemistry. Quinoxaline‐1,4‐di‐N‐oxide derivatives have shown to improve the biological results and are endowed with anti‐viral, anti‐cancer, anti‐bacterial, and anti‐protozoal activities with application in many other therapeutic areas. Since quinoxaline derivatives are regarded as a new class of effective anti‐TB candidates, their 1,4‐di‐N‐oxide analogues may show promising in vitro and in vivo anti‐TB activities and might be able to prevent the drug resistance to a certain extent. Therefore, the main aim of this review is to focus on important quinoxaline and quinoxaline‐1,4‐di‐N‐oxide analogues that have shown anti‐TB activities, and their structure–activity relationships for designing anti‐TB agents with better efficacies. The present review will be helpful in providing insights for rational designs of more active and less toxic quinoxaline‐based anti‐TB prodrugs.
Simultaneous confidence sets for several effective doses
Authors: Tompsett Daniel M. , Biedermann Stefanie , Liu Wei 
Published: April 2018

AbstractConstruction of simultaneous confidence sets for several effective doses currently relies on inverting the Scheffé type simultaneous confidence band, which is known to be conservative. We develop novel methodology to make the simultaneous coverage closer to its nominal level, for both two‐sided and one‐sided simultaneous confidence sets. Our approach is shown to be considerably less conservative than the current method, and is illustrated with an example on modeling the effect of smoking status and serum triglyceride level on the probability of the recurrence of a myocardial infarction.
ESLD: An efficient and secure link discovery scheme for software‐defined networking
Authors: Zhao Xin , Yao Lin , Wu Guowei 
Published: April 2018

SummarySoftware‐defined networking simplifies network management by decoupling the control plane from the data plane and centralizing it to the controller. As the brain of the network, the controller gains up‐to‐date holistic network visibility via topology discovery. However, as a key service of topology discovery, the link discovery service opens problems on efficiency and security. On the one hand, sending link discovery packets to all ports wastes not only the limited controller resources (such as CPU and memory) but also control channel bandwidth. On the other hand, attackers may use these packets to create fake links and perform link fabrication attack. Because of the centralized control paradigm, wasting controller resources may degrade network performance, and all the fake links may severely poison the network topology, even causing the denial of service or man‐in‐the‐middle attack. In this paper, we propose an efficient and secure link discovery scheme to improve link discovery performance and resist link fabrication attack caused by the software‐defined networking link discovery service. By adopting port classification technique and directionally transmitting packets to appropriate ports, our approach can reduce or eliminate redundant packets and improve link discovery performance. Meanwhile, we adopt the directional packet transmitting approach and the time‐marked hash‐based message authentication code authenticate scheme to resist the link fabrication attack. A prototype system is implemented on the basis of POX controller and Mininet simulator to evaluate our scheme. Simulation results demonstrate that our scheme can solve the link fabrication problems with less overload of both the control plane and the data plane.
Soluble Polystyrene‐b‐poly (ethylene/butylene)‐b‐polystyrene Based Ionomer for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Operating at 70 °C
Authors: Gupta G. , Scott K. , Mamlouk M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA soluble ionomer based on styrene‐ethylene/butylene‐styrene (SEBS) block polymer was synthesized with an ion exchange capacity (IEC) of 1.91 mmol g−1 and OH− ion conductivity at 100% relative humidity (RH) of 0.14 and 0.18 S cm−1 at 50 and 70 °C, respectively. The performance of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with SEBS ionomer was highest compared to polyvinyl benzyl chloride (PVBC) and Acta I2 ionomers at 0.5 V at both 50 °C (239 mW cm−2) and 70 °C (285 mW cm−2) using air and low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) membrane. This was largely due to the lower charge transfer resistance measured for the MEA using SEBS ionomer which is due to higher IEC, better water uptake and water retention properties. Ionomer water permeability is also critical for the back diffusion and the membrane where SEBS ionomer showed large advantage over PVBC ionomer.The long‐term testing of 50 h at 50 and 70 °C also showed better durability of the SEBS compared to the commercial Acta I2 ionomer with an average performance loss of 3 mA h−1 at 50 °C. The MEAs tested at 70 °C failed after 15 h (Acta I2) and 25 h (SEBS) due to pin‐hole formation in the membrane.
DCEUS‐based multiparametric perfusion imaging using pulse‐inversion Bubblet decorrelation
Authors: Wang Diya , Su Zhe , Zhang Yu , Zhao Xiaoyan , Wang Supin , Wan Mingxi 
Published: April 2018

PurposeThis study aimed to clarify the influences of composite dynamic contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (DCEUS) on multiparametric perfusion imaging (PPI) and to develop a novel PPI scheme through pulse‐inversion Bubblet decorrelation (PIBD) to improve its contrast and detailed discriminability.MethodIn in vivo perfusion experiments on rabbit kidneys, a pair of phase‐inverted “Bubblets” was constructed. Phase‐inverted raw radiofrequency echoes were reconstructed by using the maximum coefficients obtained from Bubblet decorrelation analysis and summed to form DCEUS loops. Nine perfusion parameters were estimated from these loops and color coded to create the corresponding PIBD‐based PPIs.ResultsIn addition to time‐related PPIs, the contrast and detailed discriminability quantified by the average contrast and information entropy of intensity‐ and ratio‐related PPIs were proportional to the microbubble detection sensitivity and microvascular discriminability evaluated by CTR in DCEUS techniques. Compared with the second harmonic, the CTR of DCEUS and the average contrast and information entropy of PPI were significantly improved by 9.03 ± 5.39 dB (P < 0.01), 6.39 ± 1.38 dB (P < 0.01), and 0.57 ± 0.15 (P < 0.05) in PIBD technique, respectively.ConclusionsAs a multiparametric functional imaging technique, these improvements in the proposed scheme can be beneficial to accurately quantify and depict the hemodynamic perfusion features and details of tumor angiogenesis, and further can also assist clinicians in making a confirmed diagnosis.
Parent and teacher perceptions of NAPLAN in a sample of Independent schools in Western Australia
Authors: Rogers S. L. , Barblett L. , Robinson K. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractStories appear frequently in the Australian media regarding parent and teacher perceptions and attitudes towards the National Assessment Program—Literacy and Numeracy. However, thorough empirical investigations of parent perceptions are sparse. This study presents a survey of 345 parents across Years 3 and 5 from a sample of Independent schools in Western Australia. A representative sample of teachers from these schools were also surveyed in order to compare and contrast parent and teacher perspectives about the transparency and accountability associated with testing, the usefulness of results for helping individual students, and the perceived clarity of communication of results. Findings reveal mixed positive and negative views that reside within an overall prevailing low opinion of the testing. Some ways for improving the perception of the testing with the general public are discussed.
Perspective féministe sur l’article 1974.1 du Code civil du Québec. Une protection efficace dans la vie des femmes locataires victimes de violences?
Authors: Laperrière Marie-Neige 
Published: April 2018

RésuméCet essai féministe s’intéresse aux violences vécues par les femmes locataires et plus spécifiquement à l’une des initiatives mises de l’avant par le législateur civiliste. Depuis 2006, l’article 1974.1 C.c.Q. autorise la résiliation unilatérale du bail lorsque la sécurité d’une locataire est menacée. Ce texte interroge l’efficacité de cette initiative législative. Il propose tout d’abord une analyse féministe matérialiste et radicale de la dichotomie privée/publique, laquelle est sous-jacente à l’organisation du droit du logement en droit civil. Cette division spatiale et législative suppose une qualification préalable et implicite des violences vécues à domicile comme appartenant à la sphère privée et individuelle, plutôt que sociale et collective. Dans cette structure légale, l’article 1974.1 C.c.Q. revêt un caractère réformiste. Ensuite, des résultats préliminaires sont présentés à propos de l’utilisation de cet article devant la Régie. Ils mettent en lumière quatre obstacles majeurs à son efficacité.
Control of a swept-wing boundary layer using ring-type plasma actuators
Authors: Shahriari Nima , Kollert Matthias R. , Hanifi Ardeshir 
Published: April 2018

Application of ring-type plasma actuators for control of laminar–turbulent transition in a swept-wing boundary layer is investigated thorough direct numerical simulations. These actuators induce a wall-normal jet in the boundary layer and can act as virtual roughness elements. The flow configuration resembles experiments by Kim et al. (2016 Technical Report. BUTERFLI Project TR D3.19, http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/id/eprint/46529). The actuators are modelled by the volume forces computed from the experimentally measured induced velocity field at the quiescent air condition. Stationary and travelling cross-flow vortices are triggered in the simulations by means of surface roughness and random unsteady perturbations. Interaction of vortices generated by actuators with these perturbations is investigated in detail. It is found that, for successful transition control, the power of the actuators should be increased to generate jet velocities that are one order of magnitude higher than those used in the experiments by Kim et al. (2016) mentioned above.
Two new species ofNilssoniopteris(Bennettitales) from the Middle Jurassic of Sandaoling, Turpan-Hami Basin, Xinjiang, NW China
Authors: Zhao Yi , Deng Shenghui , Shang Ping , Leng Qin , Lu Yuanzheng , Fu Guobin , Ma Xueying 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTwo new species ofNilssoniopterisof the order Bennettitales,Nilssoniopteris hamiensisZhao and Deng, new species andNilssoniopteris crassiaxisZhao and Deng, new species, are established from the Xishanyao Formation (Middle Jurassic) of Sandaoling Coal Mine in Hami, Xinjiang, China, based on leaf macromorphology and cuticular features.Nilssoniopteris hamiensisn. sp. is characterized by its varied leaf shapes and trichome bases of 1–4 cells on the abaxial epidermis.Nilssoniopteris crassiaxisn. sp. is characterized by its broad midrib (especially near the leaf base) and trichome bases of 1–3 cells on the abaxial epidermis. Both species possess unique venation patterns that are not only simple and free, but also forked and merged to form closed loops. These anastomosing veins are even more complicated inN.crassiaxisn. sp. in that the veins can fork once, twice, or even three times, the forked veins can later merge with each other or with an adjacent vein to form a closed loop, which may later further disjoin. The generic diagnosis ofNilssoniopterisis thus accordingly emended, particularly in the venation pattern. In addition, the stratigraphic and geographical distributions of all 45 JurassicNilssoniopterisspecies worldwide have been summarized and analyzed to better understand their brief evolutionary history, indicating thatNilssoniopterismight be able to grow not only in subtropical regions as the living cycads are, but also in warm climatic regions.
Corporate personality: utilising trust law to invoke the application of the concealment principle
Authors: Allan Gregory , Griffin Stephen 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe landmark Supreme Court judgment in Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd provides a significant reassessment of the law relating to a court's ability to circumvent corporate personality. The Supreme Court considered that the application of ordinary legal principles (‘the concealment principle’) should ordinarily override a court's ability to apply an equitable veil-piercing doctrine (‘the evasion principle’). Whilst accepting the primacy of the concealment principle, this paper disputes the correctness of the Supreme Court's implied assertion that, in cases concerning ‘one-man type’ companies, the concealment principle should be advanced through application of agency-derived principles. Rather, this paper contends that the concealment principle should be progressed by adopting solutions derived from the law of constructive trusts and associated principles of equity. To an objective of providing a doctrinally sound framework for the development of the law in the post-Prest era, this paper further suggests that the constituent elements of the evasion principle could be consistent with the operation of a distinct species of constructive trust. Moreover, it is argued that, in future, this ‘evasion trust’ should, in complete abrogation of the equitable piercing doctrine, be developed so as to apply in all cases exhibiting intentional and fraudulent abuses of the incorporation process.
Seeing for ourselves: Insights into the development of moral behaviour from models of visual perception and misperception
Authors: Collerton Daniel , Perry Elaine 
Published: April 2018

AbstractParallels from visual processing support Doris's cognitive architecture underlying moral agency. Unconscious visual processes change with conscious reflection. The sparse and partial representations of vision, its illusions, and hallucinations echo biases in moral reasoning and behaviour. Traditionally, unconscious moral processes are developed by teaching and reflection. Modern neuroscience could bypass reflection and directly influence unconscious processes, creating new dangers.
Another rescue mission: Does it make sense?
Authors: Patrzyk Piotr M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTwo misguided ideas dominate philosophical thinking on moral responsibility: (1) the idea that it obviously exists, and (2) the idea that even if it does not, it is nevertheless needed for the society to function properly. In his book, Doris (2015b) discusses the first illusion, while uncritically accepting the second. In this commentary, I question the utility of such endeavors.
To kill a bee: The aptness and moralistic heuristics of reactive attitudes
Authors: Viciana Hugo , Gaitán Antonio , Aguiar Fernando 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAlthough we are sensitive to the advantages of reactive attitudes as a starting point, we are concerned that confusion on the level of analysis can easily plague this type of account. We argue that what is needed here is a serious appraisal of the effects on the promotion of values of moralistic responses toward different types of agency.
Time-dependent memory transformation along the hippocampal anterior–posterior axis
Authors: Dandolo Lisa C. , Schwabe Lars 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWith time, memories undergo a neural reorganization that is linked to a transformation of detailed, episodic into more semantic, gist-like memory. Traditionally, this reorganization is thought to involve a redistribution of memory from the hippocampus to neocortical areas. Here we report a time-dependent reorganization within the hippocampus, along its anterior–posterior axis, that is related to the transformation of detailed memories into gist-like representations. We show that mnemonic representations in the anterior hippocampus are highly distinct and that anterior hippocampal activity is associated with detailed memory but decreases over time. Posterior hippocampal representations, however, are more gist-like at a later retention interval, and do not decline over time. These findings indicate that, in addition to the well-known systems consolidation from hippocampus to neocortex, there are changes within the hippocampus that are crucial for the temporal dynamics of memory.
Neues zur Diagnostik und Therapie der Riesenzellarteriitis
Authors: Czihal Michael , Lottspeich Christian , Hoffmann Ulrich 
Published: April 2018

Was ist neu?
Bildgebende Diagnostik Eine rein B-Bild-basierte Ultraschalldiagnostik kann die Akzeptanz und den breiten, zeitgerechten Einsatz des Ultraschalls in der Diagnostik der Riesenzellarteriitis befördern und so die Patientenversorgung verbessern. Der Kontrastmittelultraschall könnte einen Stellenwert in der bildgebenden Ad-hoc-Beurteilung der Vaskulitisaktivität bei Riesenzellarteriitis mit Beteiligung extrakranialer Arterien unter Therapie haben.
Therapie Mit dem Interleukin-6-Rezeptor-Antagonisten Tocilizumab steht eine effektive, explizit für die Riesenzellarteriitis zugelassene Therapie zur Verfügung.
Aktuelle Aspekte kardiologischer Therapien bei älteren Menschen
Authors: Müller-Werdan Ursula , Norman Kristina 
Published: April 2018

Was ist neu?
Herzinfarkt im Alter Auch der alte STEMI-Patient kann entscheidend von der Wiedereröffnung des verschlossenen Herzkranzgefäßes mit Stentimplantation profitieren. Blutungskomplikationen können bei Verwendung des radialen anstelle des femoralen Herzkatheterzugangs reduziert werden.
Statine beim älteren Menschen: Wann indiziert und wann nicht mehr indiziert? Ältere profitieren nicht weniger als Jüngere von einer Statintherapie. Die Zielwertstrategie ist der Strategie der festen Dosis vorzuziehen. Der Statinverzicht ist u. a. bei einer geschätzten Lebenserwartung < 3 Jahre gerechtfertigt.
Malnutrition im Alter – zu wenig beachtet und zu wenig therapiert Kachexie, Sarkopenie und Mikronährstoffdefizit können mit einer individualisierten Ernährungstherapie wirksam bekämpft werden.
TAVI auch bei mittlerem Operationsrisiko Die SURTAVI-Studie hat die Nicht-Unterlegenheit der TAVI im Vergleich zum operativen Aortenklappenersatz bei Patienten mit schwerer Aortenklappenstenose und nur mittelgradigem Operationsrisiko belegt.
Post-TAVI-Endokarditis: ein neues Krankheitsbild des betagten Patienten Diabetes mellitus und vorbestehende Aorteninsuffizienz erhöhen das Risiko. Enterokokken und S. aureus sind für jede zweite Post-TAVI-Endokarditis verantwortlich.
Treatment Standards and Individualized Therapy of Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Paul Urban Peter , Jacobi Christian , Jander Sebastian 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA wide range of established treatment options is currently available for myasthenia gravis. These include cholinesterase inhibitors for symptomatic treatment and a broad spectrum of immunosuppressive, immunomodulating or cell-depleting options to modify the underlying immunological process. Appropriate use allows the great majority of patients to lead a normal life. Specialized centers integrating outpatient and in-hospital resources as well as interdisciplinary competences offer important advantages for optimum individualized therapy.
Klinische Remission des Typ-2-Diabetes durch Diät und Lebensstilinterventionen
Authors: Martin Stephan 
Published: April 2018

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGSämtliche wissenschaftliche Leitlinien zur Behandlung des Typ-2-Diabetes sehen als Basistherapie eine Änderung des Lebensstils vor. Jedoch wird diese Therapieoption in der klinischen Praxis aus verschiedenen Gründen nur habherzig verfolgt. Zwei aktuelle Studien, die englische DiRECT und die deutsche TeLiPro, haben nun diese Basistherapie in radikaler Form umgesetzt und ganz erstaunliche Ergebnisse erzielt. In DiRECT gelang es, fast 50 % der Studienteilnehmer mit einer mittleren Diabetesdauer von 3 Jahren in eine klinische Remission zu bringen. In TeLiPro wiederum wurde bei einer 11-jährigen Diabetesdauer der HbA1c-Wert um 0,8 % gesenkt, obwohl gleichzeitig die antidiabetische Therapie reduziert wurde. Diese neuen Befunde sind gesundheitspolitisch eine neue Option, die kontinuierlich steigenden Ausgaben für Diabetesmedikamente zu begrenzen. TeLiPro wird in Deutschland bereits von privaten, aber auch gesetzlichen Krankenkassen ihren Versicherten angeboten und erstattet.
Prophylaxe und Therapie der Malaria: aktuelle Empfehlungen
Authors: Vinnemeier Christof , Rolling Thierry 
Published: April 2018

Was ist neu?
Epidemiologie Weltweit sind die Malaria-Inzidenzen rückläufig. Die Zahl der nach Deutschland importierten Fälle blieb zuletzt auf hohem Niveau stabil. Von größter Bedeutung ist es gut bekannte Risikogruppen mit Beratungsangeboten zu erreichen, z. B. Reisende auf Verwandtenbesuch in Endemiegebieten.
Prophylaxe Mefloquin steht seit 2013 in Deutschland nur noch als Einzelimport zur Verfügung, bleibt jedoch für bestimmte Personengruppen weiter ein wichtiges Prophylaktikum. Die notfallmäßige Selbsttherapie der Malaria, die gängige Praxis für Reisende in Länder mit niedrigem und mittlerem Übertragungsrisiko ist, wird in der Reisemedizin zunehmend kritisiert und sollte zielgerichteter eingesetzt werden.
Therapie der Malaria tropica Patienten mit einem höheren Körpergewicht müssen nach einer Therapie engmaschig nachbeobachtet werden, da sie ein höheres Risiko einer Rekrudeszenz haben. Artesunat ist Mittel der Wahl zur Therapie der komplizierten Malaria tropica. Auch hier ist eine konsequente Kontrolle nach Therapieende notwendig, um eine mit Artesunat assoziierte hämolytische Anämie frühzeitig zu erfassen.
Malaria tertiana Seit 2014 gab es in Deutschland eine Zunahme von Patienten mit einer Malaria tertiana, insbesondere bei Migranten aus Eritrea. Aufgrund der unzureichenden Gesundheitsversorgung der Flüchtenden haben nicht alle Patienten die bei Plasmodium vivax notwendige Rezidivprophylaxe mit Primaquin erhalten.
Pulmonale tumorthrombotische Mikroangiopathie bei einer Patientin mit metastasierendem Magenkarzinom
Authors: Zomorodbakhsch Bijan , Shaforostova Inna , Fiedler Robert 
Published: April 2018

Zusammenfassung
Anamnese und klinischer Befund Eine 53-jährige Patientin mit einem Rezidiv eines multimodal vorbehandelten Magenkarzinoms musste 6 Monate nach Therapieabschluss mit akuter Atemnot stationär aufgenommen werden.
Untersuchungen Tachykardie und Tachypnoe lagen vor. D-Dimere und LDH waren erhöht, die Blutgase noch unauffällig. In der Computertomografie (CT) konnte eine Lungenarterienembolie (LAE) und eine Pneumonie ausgeschlossen werden. Die Echokardiografie blieb unauffällig. Neu nachweisbar war ein maligner Pleuraerguss links.
Diagnose Im Verlauf bestätigte sich die Diagnose einer pulmonalen tumorthrombotischen Mikroangiopathie (PTTM) im Rahmen eines Magenkarzinomrezidivs.
Therapie und Verlauf Wegen einer progredienten respiratorischen Insuffizienz musste die Patientin auf die Intensivtherapiestation verlegt werden. Echokardiografisch zeigte sich eine neu aufgetretene, ausgeprägte Rechtsherzbelastung. Unter dem Verdacht auf eine fulminante LAE erfolgte aus vitaler Indikation eine Lysetherapie ohne klinischen Erfolg. Die CT zeigte Veränderungen, die mit einer PTTM vereinbar waren. Die Patientin starb nach wenigen Tagen.
Folgerung Die PTTM ist eine seltene tumorassoziierte pulmonale Komplikation mit häufig fatalem Verlauf.