bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increase in mortality rates from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in England and Wales 1968–1998
Authors: Taylor-Robinson S D , Toledano M B , Arora S , Keegan T J , Hargreaves S , Beck A , Khan S A , Elliott P , Thomas H C 
Published: July 2002

BACKGROUNDThe age standardised mortality rate per 100 000 population for all causes of liver tumours (International Classification of Disease 9 (ICD-9) 155) has almost doubled in England and Wales during the period 1979–1996. We further analysed the mortality statistics to determine which anatomical subcategories were involved.METHODSMortality statistics for liver tumours of ICD-9 155, 156, and subcategories, and for tumours of the pancreas (ICD-9 157), in England and Wales were investigated from the Office for National Statistics, London, from 1968 to 1996 inclusive. Data for 1997 and 1998 were also available on intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas.RESULTSThere has been a marked rise in age standardised mortality rates for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Since 1993, it represents the commonest recorded cause of liver tumour related death in England and Wales. This is evident in age groups older than 45 years. In contrast, mortality trends from other primary liver tumours, including hepatocellular carcinoma, were unremarkable.CONCLUSIONSThe observed increase in mortality from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma may represent better case ascertainment and diagnosis due to improved diagnostic imaging, use of image guided biopsies, or increased use of ERCP. However, the trend started before ERCP was introduced nationally, mortality rates have continued to increase steadily thereafter, and there is no clear evidence that diagnostic transfers easily explains the findings. Alternatively, these observations may represent a true increase in intrahepatic bile duct tumours. Epidemiological studies are required to determine whether there is any geographical clustering of cases around the UK.
Acute diquat poisoning with intracerebral bleeding
Authors: Saeed S A M , Wilks M F , Coupe M 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A case of severe diquat poisoning complicated by the development of aggressive behaviour, oliguric renal failure, and intracerebral bleeding is described. The patient was successfully managed and made a complete recovery. In this paper special attention has been given to the major clinical differences between diquat and paraquat intoxication.
Ozonation of kraft pulp mill effluents: process dynamics
Authors: El-Din M G , Smith Daniel W 
Published: July 2002

Pulp mill wastewater discharged from an aerated stabilization basin (ASB) of a kraft pulp mill was ozonated in an extra-coarse-bubble diffuser contactor. The ozonation process is dynamic. Therefore, modeling the reduction efficiencies of contaminants present in the pulp mill effluent and the ozone gas absorption process became more complex than the pure water situation. The ozonation-process-mitigated reduction of colour, absorbable organic halides (AOX), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC) were examined. Ozone was more effective in reducing the colour and AOX than in reducing the COD and TOC. At an ozone dose (ΔΔO3) of 230 mg L1, the maximum reduction efficiencies of colour, AOX, COD, and TOC were 86, 44, 22, and 15%, respectively. Ozonation was also very effective in increasing the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) of the pulp mill effluent. The biochemical oxygen demand increased by about 320% at ΔΔO3 of 230 mg L1. Ozone gas absorption dynamics were investigated by continuous monitoring of the feed-gas and off-gas ozone concentrations and flowrates. Owing to the occurrence of rapid reactions between ozone and some contaminants in the liquid phase, the mass transfer process was enhanced by an enhancement factor, E. The application of the well-known two-film theory and the assumption that the ozone reactions followed pseudo-first-order irreversible kinetics, the overall mass transfer coefficient, kLa, and the enhancement factor, E, were determined as functions of ΔΔO3. The induced reductions of pulp mill effluent contaminants and ozone gas absorption dynamics were compared to those obtained in other ozonation systems to investigate the effects of contactor design, configuration, operating conditions, and scale on the performance of the ozonation process. Key words: absorbable organic halides, chemical oxygen demand, colour, enhancement factor, mass transfer, ozonation process dynamics, total organic carbon.
COMBINATORIAL GROUP THEORY, INVERSE MONOIDS, AUTOMATA, AND GLOBAL SEMIGROUP THEORY
Authors: DELGADO MANUEL , MARGOLIS STUART , STEINBERG BENJAMIN 
Published: July 2002

This paper explores various connections between combinatorial group theory, semigroup theory, and formal language theory. Let G = <A|R> be a group presentation and ℬA, R its standard 2-complex. Suppose X is a 2-complex with a morphism to ℬA, R which restricts to an immersion on the 1-skeleton. Then we associate an inverse monoid to X which algebraically encodes topological properties of the morphism. Applications are given to separability properties of groups. We also associate an inverse monoid M(A, R) to the presentation <A|R> with the property that pointed subgraphs of covers of ℬA, R are classified by closed inverse submonoids of M(A, R). In particular, we obtain an inverse monoid theoretic condition for a subgroup to be quasiconvex allowing semigroup theoretic variants on the usual proofs that the intersection of such subgroups is quasiconvex and that such subgroups are finitely generated. Generalizations are given to non-geodesic combings. We also obtain a formal language theoretic equivalence to quasiconvexity which holds even for groups which are not hyperbolic. Finally, we illustrate some applications of separability properties of relatively free groups to finite semigroup theory. In particular, we can deduce the decidability of various semidirect and Mal/cev products of pseudovarieties of monoids with equational pseudovarieties of nilpotent groups and with the pseudovariety of metabelian groups.
An Algorithm for Subgraph Isomorphism
Authors: Ullmann J. R. 
Published: July 2002

Subgraph isomorphism can be determined by means of a brute-force tree-search enumeration procedure. In this paper a new algorithm is introduced that attains efficiency by inferentially eliminating successor nodes in the tree search. To assess the time actually taken by the new algorithm, subgraph isomorphism, clique detection, graph isomorphism, and directed graph isomorphism experiments have been carried out with random and with various nonrandom graphs.
A parallel asynchronous logic-in-memory implementation of a vital part of the algorithm is also described, although this hardware has not actually been built. The hardware implementation would allow very rapid determination of isomorphism.
Specification and implementation of exceptions in workflow management systems
Authors: Casati Fabio , Ceri Stefano , Paraboschi Stefano , Pozzi Guiseppe 
Published: July 2002

Although workflow management systems are most applicable when an organization follows standard business processes and routines, any of these processes faces the need for handling exceptions, i.e., asynchronous and anomalous situations that fall outside the normal control flow.
In this paper we concentrate upon anomalous situtations that, although unusual, are part of the semantics of workflow applications, and should be specified and monitored coherently; in most real-life applications, such exceptions affect a significant fraction of workflow cases. However, very few workflow management systems are integrated with a highly expressive language for specifying this kind of exception and with a system component capable of handling it.
We present Chimera-Exc, a language for the specification of exceptions for workflows based on detached active rules, and then describe the architecture of a system, called FAR, that implements Chimera-Exc and integrates it with a commercial workflow management system and database server. We discuss the main issues that were solved by our implementation, and report on the performance of FAR. We also discuss design criteria for exceptions in light of the formal properties of their execution. Finally, we focus on the portability of FAR on its unbundling to a generic architecture with detached active rules.
Computer rendering of stochastic models
Authors: Fournier Alain , Fussell Don , Carpenter Loren 
Published: July 2002

A recurrent problem in generating realistic pictures by computers is to represent natural irregular objects and phenomena without undue time or space overhead. We develop a new and powerful solution to this computer graphics problem by modeling objects as sample paths of stochastic processes. Of particular interest are those stochastic processes which previously have been found to be useful models of the natural phenomena to be represented. One such model applicable to the representation of terrains, known as “fractional Brownian motion,” has been developed by Mandelbrot.
The value of a new approach to object modeling in computer graphics depends largely on the efficiency of the techniques used to implement the model. We introduce a new algorithm that computes a realistic, visually satisfactory approximation to fractional Brownian motion in faster time than with exact calculations. A major advantage of this technique is that it allows us to compute the surface to arbitrary levels of details without increasing the database. Thus objects with complex appearances can be displayed from a very small database. The character of the surface can be controlled by merely modifying a few parameters. A similar change allows complex motion to be created inexpensively.
My Career in Molecular Biology
Authors: Davidson Norman 
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text] ▪ Abstract  Norman Davidson’s training as a physical chemist led him to make key early contributions to the chemistry of DNA. He described the details of DNA denaturation and renaturation, concepts that still form the basis for understanding hybridization. He also applied the single-molecule resolution of the electron microscope to describing the chemistry of circular DNA, mapping specific genes, and characterizing heteroduplexes. The latter became a dominant tool for the study of nucleic acids and contributed to our knowledge of transcription, polyadenylation, and retroviral structure. The advent of cDNA cloning and restriction enzymes enabled Davidson to describe the diversity of Drosophila actin genes and to isolate the gene encoding cAMP phosphodiesterase. Davidson then turned his attention to neuroscience and participated in cDNA cloning, oocyte expression, and structure-function studies of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, voltage-gated sodium channels, a GABA transporter, a G protein-gated potassium channel, and calcium channels. His interests also extended to synaptic plasticity, and he helped to define the role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and of trkB receptors. His final experiments concerned the role of protein kinase A in long-term potentiation. (The abstract was written posthumously by a colleague.)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCIENCE OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
Authors: Patrick Ruth 
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text] ▪ Abstract  Ruth Patrick's scientific career has been devoted to the study of freshwater organisms in water. It started with studies of diatoms. She found one could interpret the condition of water by studying diatoms. This study of the ecology of diatoms expanded into ecological studies of communities of organisms that live in streams. By shifts in the structure of communities she was able to show the effects of various types of pollution on the aquatic ecosystem. This was the first time an organized team of biologists had been used to study the effects of pollution in streams. Through this research she showed that freshwater ecosystems were characterized by large numbers of species with very different environmental requirements operating in each stage of nutrient and energy transfer in the food web. These species belonged to many different phylogenetic groups. This redundancy gives stability to the system.
FRANK LAMSON-SCRIBNER: Botanist and Pioneer Plant Pathologist in the United States
Authors: Hilty James W. , Peterson Jr Paul D. 
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text] ▪ Abstract  Frank Lamson-Scribner, in 1885, became the first scientist commissioned by the United States Department of Agriculture with the responsibility to study diseases of economic plants. His innovative approach established the foundation for applied plant pathology at the USDA. In an early international cooperative effort in plant pathology, he detailed the life history of the grape black rot pathogen. His early studies with the Bordeaux mixture introduced the American farmer to the modern era of chemical control. Scribner became the botanist and director of the University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station. He published the first book written on the subject of plant diseases in the United States, and described a new nematode disease of potato. He asserted that the practical value of plant pathology to farmers would only follow meticulous studies of the life history of pathogens.
Hard and Soft Law in International Governance
Authors: Abbott Kenneth W. , Snidal Duncan 
Published: July 2002

We examine why international actors—including states, firms, and activists—seek different types of legalized arrangements to solve political and substantive problems. We show how particular forms of legalization provide superior institutional solutions in different circumstances. We begin by examining the baseline advantages of “hard” legalization (that is, precise, legally binding obligations with appropriate third-party delegation). We emphasize, however, that actors often prefer softer forms of legalization (that is, various combinations of reduced precision, less stringent obligation, and weaker delegation). Soft legalization has a number of significant advantages, including that it is easier to achieve, provides strategies for dealing with uncertainty, infringes less on sovereignty, and facilitates compromise among differentiated actors.Although our approach is largely interest-based, we explicitly incorporate the normative elements that are central in law and in recent international relations theorizing. We also consider the important role of nonstate actors who, along with states, are central participants in contemporary international legalization. We illustrate the advantages of various forms of international legal arrangements with examples drawn from articles in this special issue and elsewhere.
Specialization of Neural Mechanisms Underlying Face Recognition in Human Infants
Authors: Haan Michelle de , Pascalis Olivier , Johnson Mark H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractNewborn infants respond preferentially to simple face-like patterns, raising the possibility that the face-specific regions identified in the adult cortex are functioning from birth. We sought to evaluate this hypothesis by characterizing the specificity of infants' electrocortical responses to faces in two ways: (1) comparing responses to faces of humans with those to faces of nonhuman primates; and 2) comparing responses to upright and inverted faces. Adults' face-responsive N170 event-related potential (ERP) component showed specificity to upright human faces that was not observable at any point in the ERPs of infants. A putative “infant N170” did show sensitivity to the species of the face, but the orientation of the face did not influence processing until a later stage. These findings suggest a process of gradual specialization of cortical face processing systems during postnatal development.
Auto-SOM: Recursive Parameter Estimation for Guidance of Self-Organizing Feature Maps
Authors: Haese Karin , Goodhill Geoffrey J. 
Published: July 2002

An important technique for exploratory data analysis is to form a mapping from the high-dimensional data space to a low-dimensional representation space such that neighborhoods are preserved. A popular method for achieving this is Kohonen's self-organizing map (SOM) algorithm. However, in its original form, this requires the user to choose the values of several parameters heuristically to achieve good performance. Here we present the Auto-SOM, an algorithm that estimates the learning parameters during the training of SOMs automatically. The application of Auto-SOM provides the facility to avoid neighborhood violations up to a user-defined degree in either mapping direction.Auto-SOM consists of a Kalman filter implementation of the SOM coupled with a recursive parameter estimation method. The Kalman filter trains the neurons' weights with estimated learning coefficients so as to minimize the variance of the estimation error. The recursive parameter estimation method estimates the width of the neighborhood function by minimizing the prediction error variance of the Kalman filter. In addition, the “topographic function” is incorporated to measure neighborhood violations and prevent the map's converging to configurations with neighborhood violations. It is demonstrated that neighborhoods can be preserved in both mapping directions as desired for dimension-reducing applications. The development of neighborhood-preserving maps and their convergence behavior is demonstrated by three examples accounting for the basic applications of self-organizing feature maps.
Completely Derandomized Self-Adaptation in Evolution Strategies
Authors: Hansen Nikolaus , Ostermeier Andreas 
Published: July 2002

This paper puts forward two useful methods for self-adaptation of the mutation distribution - the concepts of derandomization and cumulation. Principle shortcomings of the concept of mutative strategy parameter control and two levels of derandomization are reviewed. Basic demands on the self-adaptation of arbitrary (normal) mutation distributions are developed. Applying arbitrary, normal mutation distributions is equiv-alent to applying a general, linear problem encoding. The underlying objective of mutative strategy parameter control is roughly to favor previously selected mutation steps in the future. If this objective is pursued rigor-ously, a completely derandomized self-adaptation scheme results, which adapts arbitrary normal mutation distributions. This scheme, called covariance matrix adaptation (CMA), meets the previously stated demands. It can still be considerably improved by cumulation - utilizing an evolution path rather than single search steps. Simulations on various test functions reveal local and global search properties of the evolution strategy with and without covariance matrix adaptation. Their performances are comparable only on perfectly scaled functions. On badly scaled, non-separable functions usually a speed up factor of several orders of magnitude is ob-served. On moderately mis-scaled functions a speed up factor of three to ten can be expected.
Errors in Conventional and Input‐Output—based Life—Cycle Inventories
Authors: Lenzen Manfred 
Published: July 2002

SummaryConventional process‐analysis‐type techniques for compiling life‐cycle inventories suffer from a truncation error, which is caused by the omission of resource requirements or pollutant releases of higher‐order upstream stages of the production process. The magnitude of this truncation error varies with the type of product or process considered, but can be on the order of 50%. One way to avoid such significant errors is to incorporate input‐output analysis into the assessment framework, resulting in a hybrid life‐cycle inventory method. Using Monte‐Carlo simulations, it can be shown that uncertainties of input‐output– based life‐cycle assessments are often lower than truncation errors in even extensive, third‐order process analyses.
Taxonomic status of Trapelus ruderatus (Olivier) and T. persicus (Blanford), and validity of T. lessonae (De Filippi)
Authors: Rastegar-Pouyani Nasrullah 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe systematic status of the ground agamids (conventional) Trapelus ruderatus and Trapelus persicus is re-evaluated based on material collected by the author on the Iranian Plateau and material from various museum collections, including the type specimens of Trapelus ruderatus (Olivier), T. megalonyx Günther, T. lessonae (De Filippi), T. persicus (Blanford) and T. ruderatus baluchianus (Smith). In conclusion, the holotype of Trapelus ruderatus is a subadult (conventional) T. persicus and that of T. lessonae is a typical (conventional) T. ruderatus ruderatus. Furthermore, T. megalonyx is a well-established species and T. r. baluchianus is not a valid taxonomic entity, being a junior synonym of T. megalonyx. So, some major nomenclatural changes are inevitable: Since T. lessonae is the oldest available name, it is revived for all populations of the (conventional) T. r. ruderatus, and the specific name “ruderatus” is, in turn, assigned for all populations of the (conventional) T. persicus (because of priority). Thus, the specific name “persicus” comes under the synonymy of “ruderatus” and is no longer available.
Comparative studies on hemipenes of four species of Trimeresurus (sensu stricto) (Serpentes: Crotalinae)
Authors: Fuji Zhang , Peng Guo 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe hemipenes of four species of Chinese pit vipers, Trimeresurus albolabris, T. medoensis, T. stejnegeri, T. xiangchengensis, were described and illustrated. The results showed that the four species are notably different in hemipenial structures, and the hemipenes of four species can be clustered into three types. Furthermore, a comparison with the hemipenes of related species in the genus was conducted.
MALE-MALE COMPETITION AND INTERSEXUAL INTERACTIONS IN UNDERGROUND MATING OF THE FIDDLER CRAB UCA PARADUSSUMIERI
Authors: Koga Tsunenori , Murai Minoru , Yong Hoi-Sen 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We investigated inter-male competition for female mates and intersexual interactions in underground mating (UM) of the fiddler crab Uca paradussumieri . Males search for and then enter the burrows of females that are ready to ovulate ('pre-ovigerous'). In order to ensure their paternity, these males guard the female until she ovulates the following day. Thereafter the male leaves. Intruding male conspecifics attempt to reach the female. Guarding males either fight with them (N = 27), or use the flat-claw defence (N = 96) in which the male stands in the burrow shaft and blocks the entrance with his enlarged claw. The flat-claw was a very successful defence tactic (93% success), even when the intruder was larger than the guarding male. Pre-ovigerous females accepted the first male to enter her burrow, suggesting that female mate choice does not occur. Though males that succeeded to enter the burrow of pre-ovigerous female were larger than males that failed to do so, males that succeeded UM were not larger than males that failed UM. Males that succeeded UM by a take-over were not larger than either the males that were defeated or the males that succeeded in UM after their first entering. Early localization of pre-ovigerous females was important in male mating success, as was a male's ability to defend the female before she ovulated. However, some females that were not pre-ovigerous were guarded forcibly for 2 days by males that had failed to pair with a pre-ovigerous female that day. Prolonged guarding was less successful for males than guarding for one day, probably because the males had to fight with more intruders. In addition, prolonged guarding may not be adaptive for females because they lose feeding time and mate with males that lack competitive abilities.