bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Broth Microdilution Test
Authors: Gamage Dulini , Chandrasekaran Sukantha , Carpenter Darcie E. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

The broth microdilution MIC method is used to measure the
in vitro
activity of an antimicrobial agent against a bacterial isolate. A sterile multiwell plastic tray containing various concentrations of antimicrobialagents is inoculated with a standardized number of test bacteria. MICs obtained are interpreted as susceptible, susceptible dose‐dependent, intermediate, resistant, or nonsusceptible based on the criteria listed in the CLSI MIC standard. Infections caused by both staphylococci and streptococci with inducible clindamycin resistance may fail to respond to clindamycin therapy. Thymidine can interfere with performance of sulfonamides and trimethoprim. For
Streptococcus pneumoniae
with trimethoprim and sulfonamides Antagonists in the medium may allow some slight growth.
Detection of Inducible Clindamycin Resistance in
Staphylococcus
spp.,
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
, and
Streptococcus
spp. Beta‐Hemolytic Group
Authors: Bard Jennifer Dien 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Inducible clindamycin resistance (ICR) in staphylococci and streptococci can be detected by agar disk diffusion (D‐zone test) or broth microdilution methods. Prior to reporting clindamycin results, the CLSI recommends testing for ICR in all staphylococci,
Streptococcus pneumoniae
, and beta‐hemolytic streptococci that are resistant to erythromycin and susceptible or intermediate to clindamycin. Isolates with ICR should be reported as clindamycin resistant alongside a comment stating that the isolate is presumed to be resistant to clindamycin based on the presence of ICR, as determined by testing clindamycin in combination with erythromycin. It is best to perform the ICR test concurrently with individual tests for erythromycin and clindamycin, especially with the MIC method. The chapter covers proper quality control principles for analytical tests. With postanalytical considerations, it provides attention to common test limitations, interpretive challenges, and results reporting.
Fungal Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Authors: Lockhart Shawn R. , Wiederhold Nathan P. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Defining the rules for fungal taxonomy is an evolving process. Changes in nomenclature continue to have significant implications for understanding fungi in the environment, fungal disease, and the treatment of infections. Fungi differ from bacteria in that many of them are capable of undergoing a sexual cycle and multiplying through meiotic division. They can exist in two states: an asexual state that divides only through mitotic division, called the anamorph state, and a sexual state that divides by meiotic division, called the teleomorph state. As most fungal infections are caused by a single isolate, mating in the laboratory is rare and the anamorph state is most often identified. However, on rare occasions a homothallic fungus is isolated and the teleomorph state is identified. The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute is working on a standard for the incorporation of bacterial and fungal taxonomy in the clinical laboratory.
Biosafety in the Clinical Virology Laboratory
Authors: Cárdenas Ana María 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Laboratory biosafety is fundamental to protecting medical and public health laboratory workers and preventing unintentional exposures and acute infectious disease threats. Performing diagnostic testing and research‐related activities in the clinical virology laboratory requires special emphasis in defined areas. These areas include: general safety rules; biohazard signs and warning labels; specimen transportation, receipt, and storage; work area safety; personal protective equipment; laboratory equipment; biosafety related to virus cell cultures; biosafety considerations for virus antigen detection assays; biosafety related to molecular virology work areas; and so on. This procedure enables implementation of sustainable laboratory biosafety practices that are relevant to diagnostic virology laboratory circumstances and priorities. Facilities handling biological agents have an obligation to perform a risk assessment and implement appropriate risk control measures as well as putting into practice personnel competence and training plans to ensure continuous safe laboratory practices.
Introduction
Authors: Miller J. Michael 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Epidemiologic and infection control microbiology brings together the best of microbiology science and medical expertise, most often through a team of infection preventionists (IP) focused on preventing hospital‐associated infections and keeping patients safe. The role of the IP team includes providing surveillance and prevention of hospital‐acquired infections, continuing education to the staff, outbreak control using epidemiology skills, protecting employees and visitors, advising on new products and procedures, and engaging with antibiotic stewardship. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) hosts the National Healthcare Safety Network, which is the most widely used health care‐associated infection tracking network. This chapter features a description of the role of the CDC‐sponsored Antimicrobial Resistance Laboratory Network and its role in addressing the issue of current and emerging resistance of microbial pathogens.
Management of Infectious Waste
Authors: Relich Ryan F. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
For effective and efficient management of infectious wastes, a comprehensive waste management plan is essential for ensuring the safety of the employees handling wastes, compliance with various regulatory requirements, meeting the standards of The Joint Commission and the guidelines of other groups such as the CLSI, and implementation of cost‐effective strategies for waste disposal. Microbiology laboratories generate various types of wastes, including infectious waste, chemical waste (some of which is probably hazardous per Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 regulations), and wastes with mixed hazards, in addition to general trash and wastewater. Most laboratories in the United States use red‐colored sharps containers and biohazardous waste bags for disposal of infectious wastes that are treated and disposed of by specialized waste contractors. Soft wastes such as intact culture plates, gloves, and specimen bags can be discarded in color‐coded plastic bags marked with the international biohazard symbol and verbal warnings.
Novel Influenza Viruses and Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses
Authors: Loeffelholz Mike J. , Relich Ryan F. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Three viruses in the family
Orthomyxoviridae
cause influenza in humans: influenza virus types A and B, and influenza virus C. Influenza viruses are enveloped and have a segmented, single‐stranded, negative‐sense RNA genome. There are seven known human‐pathogenic coronaviruses, including the human coronaviruses (HCoV229E, HCoV‐NL63, HCoV‐OC43, and HCoV‐HKU1), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARSCoV or SARS‐CoV‐1) and SARSCoV‐2. In humans, coronaviruses primarily cause respiratory tract diseases that range from mild nasopharyngitis to severe, life‐threatening pneumonia; however, many of these viruses have been found to cause extrapulmonary diseases as well. The chapter covers safety considerations, specimen collection, and methods for preanalytical considerations. For analytical considerations, it provides specimen processing, incubation and examination of cultures, and culture identification. With postanalytical considerations, the chapter also provides attention to common test limitations, interpretive challenges, and results reporting.
A Review on Biomass‐Derived Carbon Quantum Dots: Emerging Catalysts for Hydrogenation Catalysis
Authors: Nayak Ripsa Rani , Khairun S. Hafila , Parveen Gazala , Garg Ayesha , Chumachenko Yulia A. , Shu Riyang , Gupta Navneet Kumar 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe circular economy and the depletion of Earth's resources highlight the need to transform waste into value‐added emerging materials like carbon quantum dots (CQDs), which show great promise in energy storage, catalysis, and other applications. The production of catalytically active CQDs from biomass garners significant attention due to their unique advantages, such as ease of availability, natural abundance, renewability, low cost, and environmental friendliness. This review addresses the synthesis of CQDs from biomass, the factors influencing their properties and performance, and their diverse applications in catalytic hydrogenation reactions, selective reduction of nitroaromatic compounds, and azo dyes. Recent studies demonstrate that biomass‐derived CQDs exhibit significantly improved catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability, effectively addressing the long‐standing challenges of low activity and poor stability in catalysts derived from conventional sources.
Graue Emissionen von Hochbaudeckensystemen – Praxis‐Umfrage und Hintergründe zur neuen DAfStb‐Richtlinie
Authors: Heckmann Michael , Glock Christian 
Published: December 2024

AbstractDeckenbauteile tragen mit einem Anteil von 35–45 % zu den Grauen Emissionen der Rohbaukonstruktion eines mehrgeschossigen Hochbaus bei. Ihre Optimierung kann folglich einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Reduktion der Treibhausgasemissionen eines Bauwerks leisten. Daher befasst sich auch die neue Richtlinie des Deutschen Ausschuss für Stahlbeton (DAfStb) „Treibhausgasreduzierte Tragwerke aus Beton, Stahlbeton oder Spannbeton“ in einem eigenen Teil 2 mit Deckensystemen. Bei der Entwicklung der neuen DAfStb‐Richtlinie wurde besonderes Augenmerk auf deren Praxistauglichkeit gelegt. Einen Baustein bildet eine Praxis‐Umfrage des DAfStb, anhand derer der Status quo in Bezug auf die Grauen Emissionen von Deckensystemen in Deutschland ermittelt werden sollte. Hierbei wurden statische Randbedingungen sowie Materialmengen und ‐eigenschaften von insgesamt 56 geplanten und/oder gebauten Deckensystemen erhoben. Neben der Harmonisierung und Analyse dieser Rohdaten wurden die Grauen Emissionen der Deckensysteme ermittelt und darauf aufbauend ein Referenzzustand bestimmt. Aufgrund der direkten Abhängigkeit der erforderlichen Materialmengen von den statischen Randbedingungen der Deckensysteme wird der Referenzwert in Form einer Benchmarkfunktion in Abhängigkeit von der Spannweite beschrieben. Durch die betrachteten Randbedingungen bei der Festlegung der Benchmarkfunktion werden Belastungen des üblichen Hochbaus implizit berücksichtigt.
Photoredox catalysis of acridinium and quinolinium ion derivatives
Authors: Fukuzumi Shunichi , Lee Yong‐Min , Nam Wonwoo 
Published: December 2024

AbstractPhotoredox catalysis has attracted increasing attention because of wide range of synthetic transformations and solar energy conversion applications. Reviews on photoredox catalysis have so far focused predominantly on the synthetic applications. This review highlights how organic photoredox catalysts were developed and how they function as efficient photocatalysts in mechanistic point of views. In particular, 9‐mesityl‐10‐methylactidinium (Acr+–Mes) has been highlighted as one of the best organic photoredox catalysts. Acr+–Mes was originally developed as a model compound of the photosynthetic reaction center to mimic the long lifetime of the charge‐separated state in which the energy is converted to chemical energy in photosynthesis. The reason why Acr+–Mes acts as one of the most efficient photoredox catalyst is clarified in terms of the one‐electron redox potentials and long lifetimes of the electron‐transfer state (Acr•–Mes•+) produced upon photoexcitation of Acr+–Mes in different solvents. The reason why the mesityl substituent at the 9‐position of the Acr+ moiety is essential for the efficient photoredox catalysis is discussed in comparison with acridinium ions with different substituents R (Acr+–R) including 10‐methylacridinium ion with no substituent (AcrH+). The mechanisms of photoredox catalysis of Acr+–Mes are discussed in various synthetic transformations and solar energy conversion reactions mimicking photosynthesis. Photoredox catalysis of quinolinium ion and its derivatives is also discussed in comparison with that of Acr+–Mes. Finally, immobilization of Acr+–Mes and quinolinium ions to form the composite catalysts with redox catalyst is discussed to improve the photoredox catalytic activity and stability.
Irx3/5 Null Deletion in Mice Blocks Cochlea‐Saccule Segregation and Disrupts the Auditory Tonotopic Map
Authors: Fritzsch Bernd , Weng Xin , Yamoah Ebenezer N. , Qin Tianli , Hui Chi‐Chung , Lebrón‐Mora Laura , Pavlinkova Gabriela , Sham Mai Har 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTA gene cadre orchestrates the normal development of sensory and non‐sensory cells in the inner ear, segregating the cochlea with a distinct tonotopic sound frequency map, similar brain projection, and five vestibular end‐organs. However, the role of genes driving the ear development is largely unknown. Here, we show double deletion of the Iroquois homeobox 3 and 5 transcription factors (Irx3/5 DKO) leads to the fusion of the saccule and the cochlear base. The overlying otoconia and tectorial membranes are absent in the Irx3/5 DKO inner ear, and the primary auditory neurons project fibers to both the saccule and cochlear hair cells. The central neuronal projections from the cochlear apex‐base contour are not fully segregated into a dorsal and ventral innervation in the Irx3/5 DKO cochlear nucleus, obliterating the characteristic tonotopic auditory map. Additionally, Irx3/5 deletion reveals a pronounced cochlear‐apex‐vestibular “vestibular‐cochlear” nerve (VCN) bilateral connection that is less noticeable in wild‐type control mice. Moreover, the incomplete segregation of apex and base projections that expands fibers to connect with vestibular nuclei. The results suggest the mammalian cochlear apex is a derived lagena reminiscent of sarcopterygians. Thus, Irx3 and 5 are potential evolutionary branch‐point genes necessary for balance‐sound segregation, which fused into a saccule‐cochlea organization.
Operando Investigation of Zr Doping in NMC811 Cathode for High Energy Density Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Colalongo Mattia , Ali Basit , Vostrov Nikita , Ronovský Michal , Mirolo Marta , Vinci Valentin , Atzori Cesare , Martens Isaac , Kúš Peter , Sartori Andrea , Yao Lide , Jiang Hua , Schulli Tobias , Drnec Jakub , Kankaanpää Timo , Kallio Tanja 
Published: December 2024

AbstractLiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) is one of the most promising cathode materials for high energy density Li‐ion batteries (LiBs). However, NMC811 suffers from capacity fading during electrochemical cycling because of its structure instability at voltages >4.2 V vs Li|Li+ due to the known hexagonal H2→H3 phase transition. Zr doping has proven to be effective in enhancing electrochemical performances of the NMC811. In depth investigations are conducted through operando x‐ray diffraction (XRD) and ex situ x‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements to mechanistically understand the benefits of Zr‐doping in a NMC811 material when doped during the co‐precipitation step. Herein, Zr‐doping in NMC811 reduces the formation of the detrimental H3 phase and mitigates the transition metal dissolution upon cycling.
Circulating Proneurotensin Levels Predict Impaired Bone Mineralisation in Postmenopausal Women With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Barchetta Ilaria , Dule Sara , Cimini Flavia Agata , Sentinelli Federica , Oldani Alessandro , Passarella Giulia , Filardi Tiziana , Venditti Vittorio , Bleve Enrico , Romagnoli Elisabetta , Morano Susanna , Lenzi Andrea , Melander Olle , Baroni Marco Giorgio , Cavallo Maria Gisella 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTContextThe mechanisms underlying bone fragility and increased fracture risk observed in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are not yet fully elucidated. Previous research has suggested a role for neuropeptides in regulating bone metabolism; however, the contribution of the neuropeptide Neurotensin (NT), which is thoroughly implicated in T2D and cardiovascular disease, has not been investigated in this context.ObjectiveTo study the relationship between circulating levels of the NT precursor proneurotensin (proNT) and bone mineralisation in T2D women.Materials and MethodsThis is a cross‐sectional investigation with a longitudinal prospective phase, involving 126 women with T2D who underwent bone density scans and had proNT levels measured. Biomarkers of bone metabolism and inflammation were also assessed. Data on bone mineral density (BMD) after 12 months were available for 49 patients.Main Outcome MeasurePlasma proNT levels in relation to BMD.Results32% of the participants had osteopenia/osteoporosis and exhibited higher proNT than those with normal BMD (200.8 ± 113.7 vs. 161.6 ± 108.8 pg/mL; p = 0.013). ProNT inversely correlated with femur BMD and T‐score (p < 0.01) and was associated with degraded bone architecture (TBS, p = 0.02), and higher OPN, P1NP, TNF‐α and IL‐1β levels. Baseline proNT correlated with further BMD reduction at the 12‐month follow‐up, independently of potential confounders (p = 0.02).ConclusionsIn women with T2D, greater proNT levels are associated with impaired bone mineralisation and predict mineral density decline overtime. ProNT could potentially serve as a diagnostic tool for identifying patients at higher risk of osteopenia/osteoporosis, suggesting a significant connection between this neuropeptide and bone metabolism in diabetes.
An Enigmatic Cretaceous Beetle in Kachin Amber With Tentative Affinities to Pythidae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea)
Authors: Li Yan‐Da , Pollock Darren A. , Johnston M. Andrew , Huang Di‐Ying , Cai Chen‐Yang 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTTenebrionoids are not uncommon in late Mesozoic ambers, but their paleodiversity remains poorly explored, partly due to the insufficiently defined families of the extant fauna. Here, we describe and illustrate a new tenebrionoid beetle from mid‐Cretaceous Kachin amber, Glyphonotum hsiaoi gen. et sp. nov., which exhibits an unusual form of pronotal sulcus and tarsi. Based on morphological comparison and phylogenetic analyses, we tentatively place Glyphonotum in the extant family Pythidae, representing the first Mesozoic fossil of this family.
Does Climate Change Pose a Threat to the Guild Mimicry System of Australian Orchids?
Authors: Kolanowska Marta , Scaccabarozzi Daniela 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTGlobal warming is one of the biggest threats to global biodiversity causing not only changes in the patterns of precipitation and temperature but also disturbing ecological interactions. The aim of our study was to forecast the effect of climate change on the distribution of food‐deceptive orchid species whose pollination strategy relies on a strict association with pollinators and co‐occurring rewarding Faboideae plants. We used the ecological niche modeling approach to evaluate future overlap of the suitable niches of studied orchid species with the predicted distribution of their ecological partners. Models were made based on two different global circulation models (FIO, CNRM). CNRM projections predict expansion of orchids' geographical range. In contrast, FIO prediction is less optimistic, forecasting species range contraction. The studied Faboideae species showed different responses to predicted global warming with no consistent patterns in how their suitable niches might change. Most climate change projections and scenarios of the future modifications of temperature and precipitation patterns do not predict significant loss of suitable niches of Trichocolletes bees (Colletidae) pollinating Diuris species. However, global warming has the potential to disrupt interactions between the studied orchids and their co‐occurring pea plants by altering the overlap of their geographical ranges which can further disturb pollination success. CNRM projections predict an overall loss of Faboideae within the potential geographical range of Diuris brumalis. Conversely, FIO projections suggest a less extensive predicted divergence. Our simulations offer suggestions for conservation strategies of orchids and potentially for other species that have a similar pollination strategy. The areas indicated here as suitable in the future for the occurrence of all ecological partners can be important climate refugia to consider in local conservation plans. The approach used in our study can serve as a model for understanding the potential effects of climate change on the strength of the pollination system via food deception.
Resistance and resilience of soil microbiomes under climate change
Authors: Boyle Julia A. , Murphy Bridget K. , Ensminger Ingo , Stinchcombe John R. , Frederickson Megan E. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSoil microbiomes play key roles in plant productivity and nutrient cycling, and we need to understand whether and how they will withstand the effects of global climate change. We exposed in situ soil microbial communities to multiple rounds of heat, drought, or heat and drought treatments, and profiled microbial communities with 16S rRNA and ITS amplicon sequencing during and after these climatic changes. We then tested how domain and symbiotic lifestyle affected responses. Fungal community composition strongly shifted due to drought and its legacy. In contrast, bacterial community composition resisted change during the experiment, but still was affected by the legacy of drought. We identified fungal and bacterial taxa with differential abundance due to heat and drought and found that taxa affected during climate events are not necessarily the taxa affected in recovery periods, showing the complexity and importance of legacy effects. Additionally, we found evidence that symbiotic groups of microbes important to plant performance respond in diverse ways to climate treatments and their legacy, suggesting plants may be impacted by past climatic events like drought and warming, even if they do not experience the event themselves.