bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using VA-Mycorrhizae to Enhance Seedling Root Growth in Compacted Soil
Authors: Simmons Gerry L. , Pope Phillip E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A greenhouse study was conducted to determine if the root growth of yellow-poplar and sweetgum seedlings grown in compacted soil could be enhanced by inoculating the seedlings with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus macrocarpum or G. fasciculatum. Root growth of both tree species was significantly reduced as bulk density increased. Inoculated yellow-poplar seedlings had greater root weight at each bulk density than noninoculated seedlings. Root length was not significantly influenced by mycorrhizal treatments at higher bulk densities, and fibrosity responses to mycorrhizal treatments varied at each bulk density. Mycorrhizal dependency, the degree to which a plant is dependent on the mycorrhizal association to produce its maximum growth, was the same for yellow-poplar seedlings inoculated with either fungal species. Results indicate that mycorrhizal colonization may not improve root growth of yellow-poplar at higher bulk densities. At each bulk density, sweetgum seedlings inoculated with G fasciculatum had the greatest root weight, length, and fibrosity, and the highest mycorrhizal dependency values, indicating that effects of compaction can be alleviated for sweetgum by inoculation with this mycorrhizal fungus.
North. J. Appl. For. 5:65-68, March 1988.
A Comparison of Three Methods for Naturally Reproducing Oak in Southern Michigan
Authors: Hill John P. , Dickmann Donald I. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Reproduction that had become established 14 years after clearcutting, shelterwood, and group selection cuttings in a mature mixed hardwood stand, composed primarily of oak, was examined. Substantial reproduction of red oaks was found only in the clearcut and shelterwood treatments, but most of it was being overtopped by black cherry, elm, sugar maple, and red maple. White oak reproduction was virtually nonexistent, even though this species was a major component of the original stand. These results indicate that oak reproduction can be obtained on good sites using shelterwood or clearcut systems, but subsequent competition control is necessary to keep it in the dominant class. North. J. Appl. For. 5:113-117, June 1988.
Incidence and Performance of Multiple-Leadered Seedlings of Black and White Spruce in Canadian Nurseries
Authors: Hofstra Gerry , McLeod Cathy M. , Ensing John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The incidence of multiple leaders in spruce seedlings was assessed in Ontario nurseries from 1980 to 1984 and in provincial nurseries across Canada in 1982. The occurrence of multiple-leadered seedlings averaged 30 to 40% and at times exceeded 50%. In northern Ontario nurseries, frosts and winter injury appeared responsible. Terminal bud injury resulted in 50 to 90% multiple leadering. In southern Ontario the formation of abnormal buds was the principle cause of multiple-leadered seedlings. The highest incidence of abnormal bud formation was most frequently found in 2 + 0 white spruce. Although 20 to 30% shorter, multiple-leadered seedlings of black and white spruce had the same total shoot weight and root collar diameter as normal seedlings. North. J. Appl. For. 5:99-103, June 1988.
Weight and Properties of Ohio Plantation-Grown White Pine
Authors: Brisbin Robert L. , Rast Everette D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
There has been increasing interest in using the plantation-grown white pine resource in Ohio. Potential uses include posts, poles, sawlogs, and pulp fiber. Estimates of specific gravity and weight prediction equations are needed to use this material effectively. Specific gravity or density is the simplest and most useful index to the suitability of wood for many important uses. It is a particularly important factor in the manufacture of pulp and paper because specific gravity largely determines the dry pulp yield from a given volume of wood. It is also directly related to strength and many of the working properties of wood. We found that the specific gravity of plantation-grown white pine is significantly lower than the published values for natural-grown white pine. This will affect the expected yields of dry pulp fiber and the strength of solid wood products. Equations are presented for predicting the weight of green wood, green bark, green wood plus bark, and dry wood and dry bark of the central stem from a 1-ft stump to a 2-in. dob top. North. J. Appl. For. 5:176-180, Sept. 1988
Where is the Optimum Height for Measuring Tree Diameter?
Authors: Wiant Harry V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The optimum height for measuring diameter for volume determinations was greater than 4.5 ft for yellow-poplar and white oak trees. Dbh is used for convenience, not because it is best. North. J. Appl. For. 5:184-185, Sept. 1988.
PNIF Owner Attitudes in the Midwest: A Case Study in Missouri and Wisconsin
Authors: Marty Timothy D. , Kurtz William B. , Gramann James H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Studies in Missouri and Wisconsin reveal that similar owner types exist in each area but the distribution of types varies, possibly in relation to regional differences in timber markets. Land-owner attitudes and associated levels of forest management practice application offer directions for program development and delivery. A broad range of programs will be necessary to engage all PNIF owner types in timber management. North. J. Appl. For. 5:194-197, Sept. 1988.
Enrichment of Hardwood Regeneration on Contemporary Clearcuts by Transplanting White Ash Saplings
Authors: Lees John C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Enrichment of regeneration on contemporary hardwood clearcuts was achieved by transplanting large (2-3 m) white ash saplings. One- and 7-year-old clearcuts at Acadia Forest Experiment Station, N.B., were treated by spot scarification with a bulldozer blade, planting the ash saplings, and protecting them from deer with plastic netting. After 4 years, the ash was competitive with the red maple stump sprout regeneration on the older clearcut, and dominated the regeneration on the current clearcut. Seed source (family) height and diameter differences of up to 60 cm and 9 mm, respectively, persisted in 1986. North. J. Appl. For. 5:200-203, Sept. 1988.
An Interim Economic Comparison of Thinning Treatments in a High Site Quality Red Pine Plantation
Authors: Liechty Hal O. , Reed David D. , Mroz Glenn D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Harvesting costs for seven thinning treatments applied to a highly productive (site index 81 at base age 50) red pine stand (age 22) were calculated using machine productivity rates developed for loblolly pine. The economic value of each treatment 10 years after the initial thinning was determined using the calculated harvesting costs and current product prices. Plots thinned to 60 ft2 ba/ac, 30% height, and 120 ft2 ba/ac treatments had the highest returns regardless of whether pulpwood or pulpwood and sawtimber markets were used to determine returns. The superior economic returns from the 30% and 120 ft2 treatments reflected the higher overall product yields from these thinning strategies. However, the 60 ft2 treatment, which had the second lowest merchantable cubic-foot yields in the study, had returns similar to the higher yielding treatments. This was due to: (1) larger early returns from the initial heavy thinnings in the 60 ft2 treatment, and (2) the decreased harvesting costs related to increased stand diameter growth of the heavier thinned treatment. North. J. Appl. For. 5:211-215, Sept. 1988.
Marketing Forest Management to Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners: A Field Experiment
Authors: Rosen Barry Nathan , Kaiser H. Fred 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
To contact and influence forest landowners has been a major challenge for professional forestry. This study in New York found that the involvement of professional foresters in nonindustrial private timber management is limited in scope. However, in a multimedia field experiment, owners were responsive to an offer of information and assistance with timber management. The most effective communication medium was direct mail, followed by newspaper. Radio failed to elicit any responses. In both successful treatments, about 60% of the respondents wanted to begin a supervised forest management program while the remainder wanted information only. North. J. Appl. For. 5:240-245, December 1988.
Morphological Effects of Root Pruning and Wrenching White Spruce Transplants
Authors: Buse Lisa J. , Day Robert J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The principal objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of root pruning followed by wrenching on the morphological quality of 2 + 2 white spruce transplant stock during the final year on the nursery. In 1984, white spruce transplants were root pruned: (1) before shoot elongation; (2) during elongation; and (3) after elongation, followed by root wrenching at 28-day intervals until September (4, 3, and 2 times, respectively). In 1985, similar stock was root pruned before shoot elongation and (1) root wrenched at 21-day intervals (4 times), and (2) root wrenched periodically (twice). In both years, height and root collar diameter growth were monitored throughout the season. In the fall, morphological quality was assessed and bud samples were collected to determine the effects of root conditioning on primordia development. Root conditioning modified the morphology of stock in both years by reducing height and root collar diameter and inducing the development of a compact fibrous root system. Early season root pruning followed by wrenching at regular intervals throughout the growing season had the most effect on shoot and root morphology. Differences in results between years were attributed to environment. North. J. Appl. For. 5:245-247, December 1988.
Site Index Curves for Norway Spruce in Southern Ontario1
Authors: Gordon Andrew M. , Williams Peter A. , Taylor Edward P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Four dominant or codominant Norway spruce trees from each of 55 sites were destructively sampled and the annual height growth determined by stem analysis. The sampled sites were stratified by soil textural class (coarse, medium, and fine) and depth to distinct mottling (0-16, 16-40, and 40 in.). Two sets of an-amorphic site index curves were constructed using a total age of 30 years (SI30), and breast height age of 25 years (SIBH25) as base ages. The mean SI30 from Ontario (53 ft) was found to be 17.8% higher than the mean values published from Vermont (45 ft) and currently used in Ontario. SIBH25 values had a range of 34.6 to 74.8 ft with a mean of 55.3 ft. Analysis of variance showed significant differences in SIBH25 due to soil texture and drainage class, and in years to breast height (BH) due to drainage class. SIBH25 was highest on sites with loamy soils and distinct mottling at 16-40 in. It took an average of 6.5 years for seedlings to reach BH with a range of 3 to 12 years. Years to BH was lowest on sites with sandy soils and those with distinct mottling below 40 in. North. J. Appl. For. 6(1):23-26, March 1989.
An Evaluation of Statewide Forest Resource Planning in the Northeast1
Authors: Gray Gerald J. , Ellefson Paul V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Over the past decade, 18 of the 20 northeastern states have undertaken statewide forest resource planning programs. These programs were intended to address the use and management of forest resources on nonfederal lands. Despite significant federal and state investments in such programs, little is known about their effectiveness.
These first-generation planning programs were generally perceived to have been well conceived and to have provided many benefits to state forestry organizations and forestry communities at large. The greatest benefits to states in the Northeast were increased communication and coordination among forestry organizations, and a clearer sense of long-term direction. The study concludes that statewise forest resource planning can build greater support and be more effective by increasing program awareness and demonstrating planning's value to a wider range of constituents. North. J. Appl. For. 6:6-9, March 1989.
Assessing the Accuracy of TWIGS and STEMS85 Volume Predictions: A New Approach
Authors: Brand Gary J. , Holdaway Margaret R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Computer based growth projection systems can help foresters evaluate the effect of management prescriptions. However, using projection systems wisely requires information about how accurate they are. Both parts of accuracy, bias and precision, are estimated for volume predictions from a Lake States projection system using data from 822 remeasured plots. Volume tends to be underpredicted for four locations in the northern part of the Lake States but overpredicted for one location in Lower Michigan. The bias is large for dense stands and for northern hardwood and lowland hardwood stands in Lower Michigan. Forests are highly variable, however, and the precision of a projection system must be estimated as well as its bias. Prediction intervals are computed that help estimate the likely range for a given prediction. The interval that has a 90% probability of containing the true volume can be quite large.
North. J. Appl. For. 6:109-114, September 1989.
Screening Larch for Resistance to
Mycosphaerella Needlecast Disease
Authors: Ostry Michael E. , Nicholls Thomas H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Intensive management of larch in the north central and northeastern United States is receiving considerable interest because of the rapid growth of European and Japanese larch and the hybrids between these two species. A needlecast disease caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella laricina has the potential to reduce tree growth and kill highly susceptible trees. Research in Wisconsin and Iowa using six larch species and hybrids has provided data showing the importance of seed source selection in minimizing damage caused by this disease.
North. J. Appl. For. 6:172-174, December 1989.
Regenerating Northern Red Oak: Three Successful Case Histories
Authors: Johnson Paul S. , Jacobs Rodney D. , Martin A. Jeff , Godel Edwin D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This report documents the histories and present status of three young northern red oak stands in southwestern Wisconsin. Two of the stands, one 11 and one 17 years old, originated under two variations of the shelterwood system; the third, an 11-year-old stand, originated from a clearcut that was treated with an herbicide before final harvest. Among the three stands, the herbicide-treated clearcut had the greatest stocking of red oak with nearly 1,000 stems/ac 1 in. dbh and larger; the two shelterwoods averaged less than half that number. Nevertheless, each stand currently appears to be stocked with enough northern red oak to eventually dominate the stand. The abundance of red oak in the herbicide-treated clearcut suggests that the key to regenerating red oak may be competition control and not necessarily a long regeneration period.
North. J. Appl. For. 6:174-178, December 1989.
Field Performance of Five Species in Four Different Containers in Maine
Authors: Maass David I. , Colgan Andrea N. , Cochran N. Lynn , Haag Carl L. , Hatch James A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Long-term performance of container-grown seedlings in Maine was unknown in the late 1970s. A study was established to test the performance of five conifer species: Norway, white and black spruce, and red and jack pine, grown in four containers of similar volume: Can-Am Multipot #1, Multipot #2, Japanese Paperpot FH408, and Styroblock 4. Seven years after outplanting, stem heights of jack pine and red pine were significantly greater for trees started in Multipot #2 containers. Three spruce species with the greatest growth were started in Multipot #1 containers. Paperpot seedlings ranked second in height for pines, Norway spruce, and white spruce; Styroblock 4's ranked last for all species.
North. J. Appl. For. 6:183-185, December 1989.
Evidence for the Reserve Shelterwood System for Managing Quaking Aspen
Authors: Ruark Gregory A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The extent to which inter- and intra-specific competition may limit the nutrition of crop trees over the length of a rotation is quantified for a quaking aspen ecosystem. The accepted clearcutting management regime for aspen often regenerates dramatically overstocked stands. Consequently, half way into a 40-year rotation only 36% of the aspen aboveground woody biomass production was being added to what would eventually be harvestable stems. The allocation of large amounts of woody production onto non-crop trees is inefficient for fiber production and displaces nutrient capital from crop trees. The amounts of P, K, and Mg residing in understory plant tissues represented 14, 24, and 13% of the total plant available ecosystem pools, respectively. The data indicate that individual aspen trees would have higher concentrations of all macronutrients in woody tissues, provided the competition among aspen stems and between aspen and understory were reduced. An alternative strategy for managing aspen, based on manipulation of ecosystem nutrient storage pools and the specific biology of the species, is proposed. This method relies on leaving some dominant trees uncut to suppress the initial restocking levels, thereby focusing more of the early rotation production onto potential crop trees. North. J. Appl. For. 7:58-62, June 1990.
Decision Matrices and Weighting Summation Valuation in Forest Land Planning
Authors: Canham Hugh O. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Decision matrices offer a useful way of displaying the effects of alternative plans for an area of forest, or other land. When combined with the weighting summation method of valuation, analysts and decision-makers can compare alternative plans more objectively than with many other techniques. The method is explained with the use of a hypothetical example. North. J. Appl. For. 7:77-79, June 1990.
Models for Estimating DBH from Stump Diameter for Southern Indiana Oaks
Authors: Johnson Paul S. , Weigel Dale R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Nonlinear regression estimates of DBH based on stump diameter outside bark 6 in. above ground are presented for northern red oak, and the white oak-scarlet oak and black oak-chestnut oak species groups in southern Indiana. Model estimates were compared to those from models developed for other regions. DBH estimates obtained from the new models and some previously reported models can be used to recontruct preharvest volume, value, and structure of harvested oak stands in southern Indiana. North. J. Appl. For. 7:79-81, June 1990.
The Cadillac Pilot Project: A Test Case for Coordination of Services to Nonindustrial Private Forest Owners
Authors: West Patrick C. , Fly J. Mark , Drake William 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper evaluates the effectiveness of interorganizational coordination efforts in a hardwood management project for nonindustrial private forest owners in a 14 county region in northern lower Michigan. By various measures the coordination effort was judged to be a success. There were a number of factors and strategies that contributed to the success of the interorganizational coordination effort including: (1) prior cooperation in the region; (2) moving from informal cooperation to formal coordination; (3) moving from interpersonal to institutional linkages; (4) conditions of mutual dependency; (5) the coordinator's role strategies; and (6) common professional cultures. An understanding of these factors and strategies will be useful in facilitating similar coordination projects elsewhere, but it is stressed that the social conditions in different regions may be different and therefore necessitate a modification of these strategies to fit these differing conditions. North. J. Appl. For. 7:105-109, September 1990.
Cutting Disturbance on New England Timberlands
Authors: Gansner David A. , Birch Thomas W. , Arner Stanford L. , Zarnoch Stanley J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Recently completed forest inventories and woodland owner surveys for each of the six New England states have given us insight into contemporary harvesting activities in the region. About half of the private woodland owners have harvested timber from their holdings at some time in the past. Still, timber harvesting continues to be a fairly concentrated activity. Remeasured plot data indicate that only 30% of the timberland had cutting disturbance between the last two inventories. And two-thirds of the cutting took place on one-tenth of the timberland. Economics more than textbook silviculture determines the kind of cutting that takes place. The good housekeeping associated with better silviculture could result in dramatic improvements in production. Even so, New England's woodlands have held their own and appear to be in relatively good shape. Physical supplies of timber reveal a potential opportunity for significant expansion in wood use. North. J. Appl. For. 7:118-120, September 1990.
Site Index of Red Pine in Relation to Soils and Topography in the Allegheny Plateau of Ohio
Authors: Brown James H. , Duncan Charles A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Multiple regression equations using topographic and soil factors were developed for predicting height growth and site index for red pine planted on old-field sites in the unglaciated Western and Central Allegheny Plateau Regions of Ohio. Regression equations containing slope position and aspect combined with tree age accounted for 58% of the variation in heights of trees. Height growth increased with A soil horizon thickness, and adding that variable to equations increased the variation explained to 61%; conversely, growth decreased as clay content of the B soil horizon increased and adding that factor further increased the variation accounted for to 66%. North. J. Appl. For. 7:129-133, September 1990.
Using Direct Mail in Extension Programming for Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners
Authors: Rom Ellen A. , Finley James C. , Grace James R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Four pilot direct mail programs for nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners were conducted in northwestern Pennsylvania. The programs varied in method of contact (targeting versus self-selection) and in type of information (economic versus multiple-use). The programs established contact with many landowners who had not been reached by past extension efforts. Type of information was not related to audience size, audience makeup, or program impact. Targeting reached more landowners than did the self-selection method, but self-selection maintained a greater percentage of these contacts. More of the landowners who selected themselves into the program than those who did not, and more of those who did not "drop out" of the targeted program than those who did, had past educational opportunities in woodland management. Direct mail was effective in increasing landowner knowledge of woodland management but less effective in developing landowner intent to manage woodland. North. J. Appl. For. 7:171-174, December 1990.
Container Growing Pitch Pine: Germination, Soil pH, and Outplanting Size
Authors: Helm Curtis W. , Kuser John E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Pitch pine cones may be picked when green, 2 weeks to 1 month before apparent ripeness, in order to avoid rodent predation. The resulting seedlings grow as well as those from cones picked later. The mean number of germinants per cone for 46 test families from Cape Cod, Fire Island, and New Jersey was 45.5 when seeds were planted in Leach tubes and started in a greenhouse. Seedlings growing in peat/vermiculite/sand (1:1:1) and amendments at pH 4.8 were significantly larger in volume than seedlings growing at higher or lower pH, and they suffered less damping off than those at higher pH. Seedlings should be grown to minimum stem diameter of 3.0 mm before outplanting. There is evidence of ecotypic differentiation between populations on dissimilar sites at Cape Cod. North. J. Appl. For. 8(2):63-68.