bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Depressive Symptoms are Associated with Heart Rate Variability Independently of Fitness: A Cross-Sectional Study of Patients with Heart Failure
Authors: Walter Fawn A , Gathright Emily , Redle Joseph D , Gunstad John , Hughes Joel W 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Depression is associated with reduced heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy and cardiac samples, which may be accounted for by physical fitness. In a small sample of cardiac patients, activity and fitness levels attenuated the relationship between HRV and depression. In the current study of heart failure (HF) patients, we hypothesized that depressive symptoms and HRV would be inversely related and physical fitness would attenuate this association.

Purpose
To determine if previous associations among depressive symptoms, physical fitness, and HRV would replicate in a sample of HF patients.

Methods
The sample consisted of HF patients (N = 125) aged 68.55 ± 8.92 years, 68.8% male, and 83.2% Caucasian. The study was cross-sectional and a secondary analysis of a nonrandomized clinical trial (Trial Identifier: NCT00871897). Depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)-II, fitness with the 2 min step test (2MST), and HRV during a 10 min resting laboratory psychophysiology protocol. The dependent variable in hierarchical linear regressions was the root mean square of successive differences.

Results
Controlling for sex, age, β-blocker use, hypertension, and diabetes, higher BDI-II scores significantly predicted lower HRV, β = −.29, t(92) = −2.79, p < .01. Adding 2MST did not attenuate the relationship in a follow-up regression.

Conclusion
Depressive symptoms were associated with lower HRV in HF patients, independent of physical fitness. Given the prevalence of depression and suppressed HRV common among HF patients, interventions addressing depressive symptoms and other predictors of poor outcomes may be warranted.
Use of continuous infusion ceftolozane–tazobactam with therapeutic drug monitoring in a patient with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Elizabeth Davis Sarah , Ham Jared , Hucks Jennifer , Gould Alyssa , Foster Rachel , Ann Justo Julie , Nicolau David P , Bookstaver P Brandon 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPurposeThe safe and effective use of ceftolozane–tazobactam delivered via continuous infusion in a cystic fibrosis (CF) patient with reduced body weight and presumed augmented renal clearance is reported.SummaryA 30-year-old woman with CF was admitted for acute pulmonary exacerbations with positive respiratory cultures for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. Susceptibility testing confirmed multidrug resistance, and the patient was transitioned to ceftolozane–tazobactam for definitive therapy. A novel strategy of administering ceftolozane–tazobactam 6 g by continuous i.v. infusion over 24 hours was initiated during hospitalization and continued at discharge for a total of 10 days. Therapeutic drug monitoring over the first 36 hours of the continuous infusion confirmed adequate exposure. The patient had clinical resolution with return to baseline of pulmonary function tests and no noted adverse drug events.ConclusionA continuous infusion regimen of ceftolozane–tazobactam was successfully used in a CF patient with augmented renal clearance.
Cost-reduction strategy for isoproterenol use in radiofrequency catheter ablation procedures
Authors: Parkin Scott R , Negrelli Jenna M , Van Gorder Charles M , Brooks Tyson W A 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Purpose
A cost-reduction strategy for isoproterenol use in radiofrequency catheter ablation procedures was evaluated.

Summary
A medication-use evaluation at a 454-bed tertiary medical center revealed that the cardiac catheterization laboratory was the highest user of isoproterenol. Isoproterenol was removed from all AcuDose-Rx machines Omnicell, Mountain View, CA, and compounding was performed by pharmacy personnel. It was initially provided to the cardiac catheterization laboratory as an 8-µg/mL concentration in 20-mL 0.9% sodium chloride injection syringes with a 24-hour beyond-use date. This resulted in an initial cost savings but with an unacceptably high rate of wastage. Isoproterenol was then compounded as a 4-µg/mL concentration in 30 mL 5% dextrose in water syringes with a 9-day beyond-use date after a thorough literature search supported longer stability with this admixture. After 12 months of our current process, isoproterenol use during radio frequency catheter ablations (RFCAs) in the cardiac catheterization laboratory was reduced by 85%, decreasing the number of ampules used from 11.15 to 1.66 per week.

Conclusion
A pharmacy-initiated process to mitigate an extraordinary increase in isoproterenol acquisition cost resulted in a reduction in usage in a tertiary care community hospital. Isoproterenol usage was reduced 85% after two different interventions were implemented, which is estimated to save $1,839 per procedure.
Sex-Specific Relationship Between Long-Term Maintenance of Physical Activity and Cognition in the Health ABC Study: Potential Role of Hippocampal and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Volume
Authors: Barha Cindy K , Best John R , Rosano Caterina , Yaffe Kristine , Catov Janet M , Liu-Ambrose Teresa 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Physical activity (PA) is a promising strategy for the promotion of brain health, although substantial variation exists in the effects of PA at the individual level. Given the greater prevalence and faster progression of Alzheimer’s disease in women compared to men, and known sex differences in brain architecture, analysis of sex differences in the relationship between PA, cognition, and brain region volumes is warranted.

Methods
To address this, we conducted secondary analyses of data from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study. To determine whether longitudinal changes in PA over 10 years predicted declines in global cognitive functioning and executive functions and processing speed differently in males and females, latent growth curve modeling was utilized. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed at year 10, and the hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were identified as regions of interest.

Results
Maintaining PA over 10 years predicted less declines in executive functions and processing speed in females but not males. Maintaining PA over 10 years was significantly associated with greater volume of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a brain region involved in executive functions, in year 10 in females only. Maintaining physical activity was associated with better global cognitive function in both males and females, and also predicted volume of the left hippocampus, albeit in different directions with females showing a negative relationship and males showing a positive relationship.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that the relationship of PA with cognition and its neurobiological correlates differ by sex, with females apparently benefiting from PA to a greater extent than males. Development of personalized, tailored exercise recommendations to promote healthy brain aging should account for sex differences.
Forms of selenium in vitamin-mineral mixes differentially affect serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and serum albumin and blood urea nitrogen concentrations, of steers grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue
Authors: Jia Yang , Son Kwangwon , Burris Walter R , Bridges Phillip J , Matthews James C 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that sodium selenite (ISe), SEL-PLEX (OSe), vs. a 1:1 blend (MIX) of ISe and OSe in a basal vitamin-mineral mix would differentially affect serological and hepatic parameters of growing steers grazing toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue-mixed forage pasture. Predominately Angus steers (BW = 183 ± 34 kg) were randomly selected from herds of fall-calving cows grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue-mixed pasture and consuming vitamin-mineral mixes that contained 35 ppm Se as ISe, OSe, and MIX forms. Steers were weaned, depleted of Se for 98 d, and subjected to summer-long common grazing of an endophyte-infected tall fescue-mixed pasture (0.51 ppm total ergovaline + ergovalinine; 10.1 ha). Steers were assigned (n = 8 per treatment) to the same Se form treatments upon which they were raised. Se treatments were administered by daily top-dressing 85 g of vitamin-mineral mix onto 0.23 kg soyhulls, using in-pasture Calan gates. The PROC MIXED procedure of SAS was used to assess the effect of Se form treatments on serum parameters at day 0, 22, 43, 64, and 86. After slaughter, the effect of Se treatment on hepatic alkaline phosphatase (tissue nonspecific isoform, TNALP) mRNA, protein, and albumin protein content was assessed using the PROC GLM procedure of SAS. Fisher’s protected LSD procedure was used to separate treatment means. Partial correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship among whole blood Se concentration and serum parameters, accounting for the effect of time. Across periods, MIX steers had more (P ≤ 0.04) serum albumin than OSe and ISe steers, respectively. However, the relative hepatic bovine serum albumin protein content was not affected (P = 0.28) by Se treatments. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was greater (P ≤ 0.01) in MIX and OSe steers. Similarly, hepatic TNALP protein content in MIX steers was greater (P = 0.01) than ISe steers. Partial correlation analysis revealed that serum albumin, blood urea nitrogen, and alkaline phosphatase activity were correlated (r ≥ 0.23, P ≤ 0.02) with whole blood Se concentration. In summary, consumption of 3 mg Se/d as OSe or MIX forms of Se in vitamin-mineral mixes increased serum albumin concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity, the reduction of which is associated with fescue toxicosis. We conclude that the organic forms of Se ameliorated the depression of 2 of known serological biomarkers of fescue toxicosis.
Effects of Hypoxia on Acoustic Activity of Two Stored-Product Pests, Adult Emergence, and Grain Quality
Authors: Njoroge Anastasia W , Mankin Richard W , Smith Bradley , Baributsa Dieudonne 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Modified atmospheres such as hermetic storage are widely used for the control of stored grain insect pests. To improve their effectiveness, there is need to better understand insect responses to low-oxygen environments. Adult Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) on cowpea and Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on wheat were exposed to hypoxia treatments consisting of 1, 3, and 5% oxygen levels for 14 d. Acoustic activity was monitored during the experiment, and insect mortality and grain quality were examined immediately after the hypoxia treatments. Adult emergence was assessed 45 d post-treatment. All three hypoxia treatments eliminated acoustic activity of both species within 4 d. There was neither insect survival for both species nor significant grain damage immediately after 14-d exposure to hypoxia treatments. No adult insects emerged 45 d post-exposure on grains maintained at 1% oxygen level for 14 d. However, at 3 and 5% oxygen levels, there were eggs on cowpea, holes in wheat, and emerging adults for both insect species 45 d post-exposure. Although insect activity ceased within 4 d when hypoxia was maintained below 5%, there is need to explore exposure beyond 14 d for 3 and 5% oxygen levels, to ensure to avoid potential adult emergence from eggs and other insect life stages post-treatments. Maintaining 3–5% hypoxia conditions for a longer duration would ensure insufficient oxygen is available for progeny development.
Non–High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Guidelines for Cholesterol Lowering in Recent History
Authors: Levinson Stanley S 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) released guidelines for treating cholesterol in 1988, 1994, and 2002. After a hiatus, the guidelines were released again in 2013, 2016, 2017, and 2018.MethodsIn this article, I review these guidelines, factors that affected their release, how they evolved, and why recommended treatment targets are reasonable. Also, to aid reader understanding, I briefly discuss biochemical mechanisms and the pathophysiology of beta-lipoproteins, focusing on the importance on non–high-density cholesterol (non-HDLC) in assessing risk and as a target for treatment. The concepts discussed are important to laboratory clinicians because those workers inscribe target values on the reports and may consult with medical staff members.ConclusionsThe newest recommendations, released in 2018, are an extension of the 2017 guidelines that defined non-HDLC as equivalent to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC). For the reasons discussed herein, non-HDLC has advantages over LDLC. Laboratories reporting cholesterol results should include non-HDLC values and cutoffs in their reports.
Application of High-Resolution Melting PCR to Detect the Genomic Fungal ITS 2 Region
Authors: Nawar Nada N , Behiry Iman K , Yousef Reham H A , Emara Mohamed A 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundInvasive fungal infections (IFIs) are a main cause of morbidity and mortality. High-resolution melting polymerase chain reaction (HRM PCR) is promising for the identification of fungal species via the detection of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2).ObjectivesTo assess the sensitivity and specificity of HRM PCR in diagnosing IFIs, compared with blood culture.MethodsOur study included 100 patients who were suspected of having IFIs; we analyzed their specimens via blood culture and HRM PCR.ResultsBlood culture results were positive in 57 cases and negative in 43 cases. HRM PCR results were positive in 14 cases and negative in 86 cases. The 14 cases with positive results included 4 with Candida tropicalis, 4 with Candida glabrata, and 6 with Candida krusei. HRM PCR sensitivity was 24.6%, specificity was 100%, positive predictive value (PPV) was 100%, and negative predictive value (NPV) was 50%.ConclusionsHRM PCR is specific but not sensitive. Blood culture is more sensitive and cannot be replaced by HRM PCR.
Health teaching and behavioural change
Authors: Lankester Ted 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses health information and raising health awareness. It explains how these feed into behavioural change, both in individuals and in communities, as a key to improving health. It describes ways in which behavioural change can be brought about, starting with transformation in our own attitudes. It outlines materials, equipment, and preparations needed to teach and to improve heath at community level. It describes methods of raising health awareness, such as group discussions, personal teaching at the point of need, flashcards, flipcharts, flannel boards, stories and songs, roleplay, drama, puppets, live examples, still images (slides and digital photographs), moving images (video, DVD, and films), CD-ROMs and the Internet, radio, and TV. It finishes with a section on how to measure the impact of health teaching.
Initial tasks
Authors: Lankester Ted 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores how the community and the health programme can work together in selecting and training appropriate health team members at different levels of expertise. It identifies situations that require caution and understanding, and describes the project cycle. It outlines how to set up a project base, house staff, and identify security needs. It describes options for transport, how transport may be perceived by the local community, and includes questions that should be asked when considering buying a vehicle. It describes methods for ordering supplies, equipment vital to the project, and medicines that should be considered. Finally, it gives a range of ideas on how to fund a project, both from internal and external sources, and provides examples of each.
Learning with the community
Authors: Lankester Ted 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes basic principles of the Participatory Appraisal (PA), including techniques such as focus groups, semi-structured interviews, and mapping. It describes how to triangulate and analyse this information. It goes into detail about types of community surveys, why they should be done, and who can best do them. It gives practical suggestions on preparing survey materials, training the survey team, carrying out the survey, and the use of technology in data collection. It discusses the concept of community diagnosis and how to tally and tabulate results in order to present findings to a variety of audiences.
The community health worker (CHW)
Authors: Lankester Ted 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores current thinking about community health workers (CHWs), their roles, functions, and how they are selected. It gives details on CHW training, including course duration, training locations, curriculum, trainers, supervision, and personal development aspects. It describes the CHW’s health kit, its use, and record keeping. It describes the importance and variety of support systems, including how to work most effectively with the community. The chapter explores how CHWs are increasingly seen by governments as part of the national health system, in addition to their ongoing role in civil society organizations. In this context it compares the advantages and disadvantages of payment. The chapter outlines the increase in the CHW’s role, which, while still including maternal and child health, now includes new priorities, e.g. disability, mental health, and non-communicable diseases (NCDs).
Monitoring and evaluating the health programme
Authors: Lankester Ted 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the meaning, purpose, and benefits of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) and explains their specific meanings. It discusses who should carry them out, pitfalls to avoid, and practical steps in choosing the most effective and practical indicators. It outlines the advantages and methods in which both so called ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ indicators can be used to paint the most accurate picture. It gives a sample M and E chart, and outlines how to use it. The chapter then describes how to analyse the results and the steps needed to be taken by the programme and others stakeholders in response to the findings.
Managing personnel and finance
Authors: Lankester Ted 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes how to manage personnel, outlining the differences between management and leadership and the most appropriate styles of leadership in community-based healthcare (CBHC). It lists ways of encouraging the health team and also attitudes and practices that discourage them. It highlights the importance of understanding personal and financial pressures on team members. It outlines the process of selecting and inducting new team members, how to carry out appraisals, resolve conflict, manage change, and delegate responsibilities. It outlines basic financial management, including how to keep accounts, prepare budgets, estimate cash flow, and develop a reserves policy. It gives a detailed checklist to help monitor how well finances are being managed. Finally, it looks in some detail at governance issues, emphasizing that the best programmes can fail through poor governance or inaccurate accounting.
Using medicines correctly
Authors: Lankester Ted 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter talks about the dangers of misusing medicines, including fake supplies, expiry dates, incorrect storage, the extent and dangers of overuse, and incorrect prescribing of medicines and polypharmacy. It covers the expectations of local communities of injections and antibiotics that are unnecessary. It explains a rational drugs policy and Essential Drugs List for both adults and children, as compiled by the World Health Organization. It discusses poor access to life-saving medicines, as well as the differences between health care and medical care. It describes how to train the health team and the community about the appropriate use of medicines.
Setting up and improving a community health clinic
Authors: Lankester Ted 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores how to set up and develop community health clinics which not only treat illness but become a focus for health promotion and community involvement. It encourages programmes to use or strengthen existing primary health centres or health posts and to work in collaboration with the government. It discusses types of clinic, who might use the clinic, and clinic capacity and location. It works through practical aspects such as when the clinic should start, centre design, setting up clinic stations, and keeping and transferring records. It describes systems of payment, affordability, and the welcome and affirmation of those attending. It describes referral systems and preparing for serious illness and accidents. It mentions the value of mobile clinics as an integral part of a community-based system.
Preventing and treating childhood malnutrition
Authors: Lankester Ted 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains why adequate nutrition in childhood is essential for good health. It explores different aspects of poor nutrition, including severe acute malnutrition, micronutrient deficiency, and the increasing problem of childhood obesity. It describes the wide variety of causes of malnutrition and how to tackle them. The chapter describes ways of measuring children’s nutrition status, including mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and weight. It lists the six rules of good nutrition and gives strong emphasis and advice on breastfeeding. It describes special feeding programmes in emergency situations, encouraging micro-enterprise, setting up home kitchen gardens, and mass deworming. It also describes ways to evaluate nutrition programmes.
Dealing with childhood illnesses
Authors: Lankester Ted 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses diseases that commonly kill children. It covers, causes, priorities, and community-based and clinic programmes, including immunization and the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI). It emphasizes ways in which diarrhoea, pneumonia, and malaria can be managed at community and family level. It highlights the dangers and types of diarrhoea, its causes, and treatment. It includes a detailed section on dehydration and oral rehydration therapy (ORT and ORS), appropriate rehydrating foods, and how these can be embedded into use by families. It describes acute respiratory infection (ARI), its causes, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Importantly, it describes how community health workers (CHWs) and community members can assess ARI severity and how it can be best treated, including the careful use of community-based and home-based antibiotics in remoter areas. Finally, the chapter addresses malaria diagnosis and treatment, particularly how a community can set up a step-by-step control programme.
Setting up a maternal and newborn health programme
Authors: Lankester Ted 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses causes of death and disability from preventable causes in both mothers and newborns. It outlines what can be done to maximize the health of pregnant women, mothers, and newborns through preparing the community, encouraging birth plans, and setting up antenatal, neonatal, and postnatal care. It describes the ongoing value of traditional birth attendants (TBAs) and midwives in remote areas when carefully trained, while emphasizing the need for facility-based delivery when available and the need to ensure that patients are treated with dignity and understanding. As in other chapters, it summarizes ways to keep records and evaluate the programme.