bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
171 The effect of forage quality and protein supplementation source on digestibility of Tifton 85 Bermudagrass
Authors: Maia Fabio J , Lourenco Jeferson M , Seidel Darren , Intanoo Malinee , Callaway Todd R , Hancock Dennis W , Stewart Lawton 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
An in vitro experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of quality and supplementation (CON-control, no supplement, DDG-dried distillers grains, 29.32% CP, LFD-liquid feed, 56.45% CP) on IVDMD, NDF disappearance (NDFD) and ruminal fermentation parameters of Tifton 85 Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon). Forage was harvested at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wk over three growing seasons to simulate various forage management practices. Samples were analyzed by Near-infrared spectroscopy and stratified by relative forage quality (RFQ). Samples were selected to represent high (120), medium (100) and low (80) RFQ. The LFD was added at 5.4% of DMI, equivalent to 0.91 kg (as fed) per head per day. The DDG was included at equivalent of 16.99%, 14.36%, and 12.23% of total DM for the high, medium, and low low RFQ forages, respectively, to make the treatments isonitrogenous to the LFD treatments. Fermentations were carried out for 48 h on 3 d. The experiment was analyzed as a 3 x 3 factorial; arrangement with RFQ and type of supplement as factors. The IVDMD (46.9, 54.6, and 62.8%) and NDFD (41.7, 53.8, and 56.1%) increased (P < 0.001) as RFQ increased. Supplementation increased (P < 0.009) NDFD (39.7, 49.5, and 59.5%) but only the LFD increased IVDMD (52.7, 55.4 and 56.2%). An RFQ x supplement interaction was observed for IVDMD (P < 0.001) and NDFD (P < 0.007). No effects of supplementation were observed for high RFQ. For medium RFQ forage quality only LDF increased IVDMD and DDG was not different from CON or LDF; and no effect of supplementation was observed for NDFD. Supplementation increased IVDMD and NDFD for low RFQ forage. There was no effect of supplementation on total gas production or total VFA concentrations. Supplementation with LFD and DDG improves IVDMD and NDFD in low RFQ Bermudagrass, and LFD supplementation can enhance IVDMD in medium RFQ forage quality
169 Increasing levels of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles in feedlot diets: effects on nutrient digestibility, ruminal degradability and fermentation
Authors: Pancini Stefania , Simeone Alvaro , Bentancur Oscar , Mercadante Vitor R G , Beretta Virginia 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of increasing levels of sorghum dry distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in high concentrate feedlot diets in the nutrient digestibility (%), ruminal degradability (%), pH, NH4 (µg N-NH4/ml) and volatile fatty acid (VFA, mM/l) concentration. Four ruminally cannulated steers (450 ± 63 kg) were used in a 4x4 Latin square design, evaluating four treatments in four periods of 19 days each, with 14 days of adaptation and 5 days of measurements. Animals received a TMR, 92% concentrate (63% sorghum grain, 25% soybean meal, 4% mineral commercial premix), with DDGS (90% DM, 29% CP, 51% NDF, 9% EE) in increasing levels generating 4 treatments: 0, 15, 30, or 45%. Replacing a combination of sorghum grain and soybean meal to maintain diets isoproteic. The TMR was offered ad-libitum to each animal in individual pens. Greater levels of DDGS increased the consumption of NDF (P = 0.0001) and EE (P = 0.0004), and NDF total tract apparent digestibility (linear; P = 0.038), but it decreased quadratically EE total tract apparent digestibility (P = 0.017). The DM (84.2 ± 0.17) and the CP total tract apparent digestibility (85.3 ± 2.0) was not affected by increasing levels of DDGS. Nevertheless, the ruminal degradability of total DM (P = 0.01) and CP decreased linearly (P = 0.01), without affecting NDF degradability (65.6 ± 4.3). Increasing levels of DDGS did not change ruminal pH (5.6 ± 0.14), acetate (45.1 ± 6.3), propionate (24.8 ± 3.6), and butyrate (5.2 ± 0.7) concentration, but NH4 concentration decreased linearly (P < 0.0001) directly related to the decreased CP ruminal degradability. Increasing levels of DDGS inclusion in a high concentrate diet reduce the CP ruminal degradability, without changes in total CP digestibility, what indicates a change of the site of digestion.
186 The effect of breeding program on cow maintenance requirement and efficiency of calf growth
Authors: Andresen Claire , Wiseman Aksel , McGee Adam , Lalman David 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
With genetic tools available today, it is possible to select for traits within breed to achieve similar production phenotypes. Our hypothesis was that biological efficiency of preweaning calf growth would be improved with crossbreeding when dams were selected for similar mature frame size, weight, growth, and milk production. The objective of this study was to determine maintenance energy requirements and efficiency of calf growth through weaning for Angus and Hereford x Angus crossbred cows selected for similar mature BW, growth, and milk production potential. Fifty-nine Angus (n = 32) and Hereford x Angus (n = 27) cow/ calf pairs were assigned to four pen replicates per breed. Cows and calves were limit-fed for a 21-d adaptation period followed by an 84-d experimental period to achieve BW and BCS stasis. Calves did not have access to cow’s feed and daily calf feed allotment was adjusted biweekly to provide 1.25% of previous week’s mean BW. There were no differences due to breed in cow hip height, BW, milk yield (P > 0.31),or cow maintenance energy requirement (P = 0.54). Milk from Hereford-sired cows was slightly more concentrated in energy (P = 0.05) and Hereford-sired cows had greater BCS and ultrasound rib fat and rump fat (P < 0.05) throughout the experiment. Calves from Angus dams were heavier (P 0.01) at the initiation of the experiment, although there were no differences in ADG, final BW, or adjusted weaning BW (P ≥ 0.24). Efficiency of calf growth was not different when expressed as calf BW gain to calf feed and milk energy consumed or as cow/calf pair feed intake or energy intake per unit of calf BW gain (P ≥ 0.31). While the crossbreeding system did not improve biological efficiency of calf growth, more research is necessary to determine if increased cow BCS is advantageous
194 Libido and semen quality in intact and altered (short scrotum and castrated) post-pubertal male dairy sheep lambs
Authors: O’Brien Dahlia , Wildeus Stephan , Schoenian Susan , Semler Jeff , David Gordon , Bennett Mary Beth , Anderson Chris , Travis Ashley 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Short-scrotum (induced cryptorchid) rams can retain growth and performance characteristics of intact-rams while making them sterile and facilitating co-grazing with ewe-lambs. East Friesian x Lacaune male lambs left intact (n = 19; IN), rendered short-scrotum (n = 17; SS) or neutered (n = 25; WE) by 10 d of age, were used to evaluate libido and semen quality at 7-mo old. Lambs were managed as one group on a forage-based diet supplemented with a grain mixture (barley and soybean meal at 0.7 kg/d). Four CIDR-treated estrus-induced ewes were placed two/pen in adjacent 2.5x2.5 m pens for libido testing. Males were introduced individually to ewe pens for 5 min and reproductive behaviors recorded (anogenital sniffs, foreleg kicks, flehmen, false mounts, and service). Semen was collected from 6 random IN and SS lambs via artificial vaginas using estrus-induced ewes as teasers. Volume was recorded, and ejaculate extended in milk/egg yolk, packaged into straws, and stored at 5°C for analysis with a CASA system the following day. Behavior measurements were compared between types using PROC GLM. Ejaculate characteristics are presented as mean±SD due to insufficient sperm concentrations of SS ejaculates. Anogential sniffs, foreleg kicks, and mounts were similar in IN and SS, and higher (P < 0.05) than in WE (7.44 and 6.34 vs. 4.76; 1.72 and 1.60 vs. 0.17; 1.78 and 2.05 vs. 0.22; respectively). Number of services were higher (P < 0.001) in IN than SS (1.11 vs. 0.53), but time to service (112 sec) was not different. Ejaculate volume was similar in IN and SS (0.51 mL), but SS ejaculates were essentially devoid of sperm. Ejaculates from IN lambs had 0.69x109±0.48 x109 sperm, with 68.9±12.5% progressive motility, 81.8±6.1% viability and 87.1±6.1% morphologic normality. Ram lambs rendered short-scrotum by 10 d of age had reproductive behavior similar to intact post-pubertal rams, but ejaculate characteristics showed them to be sterile
44 Comparison of physiological responses to exercise in horses on a conditioning regimen versus inactive horses receiving a yucca and fenugreek dietary supplement
Authors: Miller Rachel , Bedore Jessica Suagee , Thompson Kelsey , McFarland Lynsey , Thomson Timber , Stutts Kyle , Anderson Mark , Wagner Ashley , Girard Ivan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Yucca and fenugreek are purported to reduce inflammation and improve metabolic response to exercise. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of a dietary supplement (DigestaWell NRG) in unconditioned horses completing an exercise challenge test. In this study, 10 unfit horses were assigned to receive exercise (EXC; n = 5) or the dietary supplement (SUP; n = 5). Horses assigned to EXC were ridden daily at a walk, trot, and canter. Horses assigned to SUP were ridden once per week at a walk and slow trot, but received no other exercise. Horses underwent a 14-min standardized exercise test (5 min walk, 5 min trot, 4 min canter) prior to (Period1) and after a 4-wk treatment period (Period2). Heart rate, respiration rate, blood lactate concentrations, and thermal images of six muscle groups were obtained prior to, immediately after, and 2 hr post-test. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. During Period1, similar (P > 0.05) post-exercise increases in heart rate, respiration rate, blood lactate, and thermal images were observed regardless of treatment group. During Period2, SUP horses had lower (P < 0.001) lactate concentrations than EXC horses at 2 hr post exercise, and it is possible that these lower concentrations are responsible for lower peripheral temperatures. Infrequently exercised horses may benefit from yucca and fenugreek supplementation due to the observed effect of these herbs to reduce post-exercise lactate concentrations and peripheral temperatures.
49 Effects of Different Stages of Processing Newly Hatched Chicks on Body Temperature
Authors: Timbrook Tiffany , Hoefler William C , Rainey Malcolm 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of different stages of hatchery processing on body temperature of newly hatched chicks on seven-day mortality. To evaluate these effects, rectal body temperatures were taken from 10 chicks per broiler farm at hatching (hatcher) using a Fluke 52ii Thermocouple Thermometer. Additional chick body temperatures were taken in the separator and chick rooms. Measurements were taken for six consecutive weeks beginning in October (fall) and repeated in March (spring) and July (summer) to examine seasonal effects on processing. Since there was a significant (PoC) means will be reported by season. During the fall, chick temperatures at the sorter were higher (40.6, P.05) in chick temperatures between the hatcher and chick room (40.16 and 40.17) respectively. When chick temperatures in the spring were evaluated, chick temperatures at the sorter were higher (40.71, P.05) in chick temperatures between the hatcher and chick room (40.16 and 40.37) respectively. During the summer sampling period, there were no differences (P > .05) among the hatcher, sorter and chick room (40.02, 40.05, and 40.44, respectively). Based on the results from this study, the trend was for chick temperatures to be higher during the sorting process compared to the hatcher or chick room.
1 Using RFID in Animal Management and More
Authors: Brown-Brandl Tami M 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Animal facilities are increasing in size while the availability of skilled workers is decreasing, making it difficult for farm laborers to ensure the health and well-being of all animals under their care. Systems that apply technology to the animal system can not only improve animal care, but also give researchers and engineers an understanding of the animal’s use of the facilities. This insight can lead to new engineering designs. In addition, these systems create an individual data stream that can be used to create unique animal phenotypes. Radio Frequency Identification is used in many different applications including store inventory, timing of races, attendee tracking, toll roads, and animal identification. There are different types of RFID systems each has unique attributes that create advantages or challenges to different situations. Both active and passive systems will be discussed, along with the three common passive frequency ranges: low frequency, high frequency, and ultra-high frequency. The advantages and disadvantages to each of the frequency ranges determine which type of system should be used for a given application. Typical uses of RFID tags include animal population tracking and animal data base monitoring. RFID systems have also been used for monitoring of animal activities such as eating and drinking behavior. Placement of the antennae and strength of the antenna field is critical to behavior monitoring. The behavior data streams have been used to determine potential illness, heat tolerance, and potential social interactions.
4 Effects of cooled floor pads and cooled drinking water on behavior of lactating sows under heat stress
Authors: Li Yuzhi , Lou Maria , Reese Michael , Buchanan Eric , Johnston Lee J 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate whether cooled floor pads and cooled drinking water could alleviate negative impacts of heat stress on lactating sows. Sows (n = 32; parity=1 to 6) farrowed in individual stalls in two rooms. In the treatment room, a cooling pad (56 cm×56 cm×5 cm deep) was embedded in the floor of each stall where the sow’s shoulder or chest rested while lying. The pad and water in the drinker were cooled to about 16°C and 15°C, respectively. The control room was identical except cooling pads were not operating and drinking water was at room temperature. Room temperatures were controlled at 29.4°C (0700h to 1900h) and 23.9°C (1900h to 0700h) in both rooms. Sixteen focal sows (8 per room) were video-recorded during farrowing, and days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 after farrowing. Videos were viewed continuously to register birth time of each piglet. Number of drinking bouts and duration of each bout were registered for 2 h (1530h to 1730h) each video-recording day. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Number of piglets born was used as a covariate for analysis of farrowing behaviors. No significant difference was detected for litter size born (14.1 for control vs. 15.1 piglet/litter for treatment, SE=1.33; P = 0.61), still birth (0.6 vs. 1.1 piglets/litter, SE=0.28; P = 0.31), or birth interval (14.6 vs. 14.8 min, SE=1.78; P = 0.95). Frequency of drinking bouts (2.8 for control vs. 4.2 drinks/2h for treatment, SE=0.50; P = 0.12) and duration of drinking bouts (10.5 vs. 12.0 sec/bout, SE=0.84; P = 0.21) were not affected by treatment across observation days. However, cooled sows reduced rectal temperature (39.3 vs. 39.6 °C, SE=0.11; P = 0.04) compared to control sows, suggesting cooled sows may have experienced less heat stress. These results indicate that cooled floor pads combined with chilled drinking water could be effective in reducing heat stress in lactating sows
6 Effect of method of drying piglets at birth on rectal temperature over the first 24 hours after birth
Authors: Vande Pol Katherine D , Cooper Naomi , Tolosa Andres , Ellis Michael , Shull Caleb M , Brown Katie , Alencar Stephan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Piglets are born wet, and evaporation of that moisture decreases body temperature, increasing the mortality risk. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of 2 commercially-applicable piglet drying methods on rectal temperature over 24 h after birth. The study was carried out at a commercial sow facility using a CRD with 3 treatments: Control (piglets not dried); Desiccant (piglets dried at birth using a cellulose-based desiccant); Paper Towel (piglets dried at birth using paper towels). Piglets were weighed at birth and individually identified with a numbered ear tag. Rectal temperature was measured at 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 1440 min (24 h) after birth. Sows and litters were randomly allotted to treatments. Data were analyzed using a repeated measures model with PROC MIXED of SAS. Litter was the experimental unit and piglet was a subsample of the litter; the model included the fixed effects of treatment and repeated time, and the interaction. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of treatment on rectal temperature at birth, or at 10 min or 24 h after birth. The Desiccant and Paper Towel treatments had greater (P < 0.05) temperatures than the Control at all times of measurement from 20 to 120 min after birth. Piglets on the Desiccant treatment had greater (P < 0.05) temperatures than those on the Paper Towel treatment between 30 and 120 min after birth. In conclusion, drying piglets at birth with either a desiccant or paper towels increases rectal temperatures between 20 and 120 minutes after birth, with the greatest effect being for the desiccant. Further research is needed to compare other methods of increasing piglet temperature and to determine if drying of piglets impacts pre-weaning mortality. This research was funded by the National Pork Board.
14 Effect of implant status and non-hormone treated cattle status on sale price of beef calves-Superior Livestock Video Auction
Authors: McCabe Esther D , King Mike E , Fike Karol E , Smith Maggie J , Hill Kevin L , Rogers Glenn M , Odde Kenneth G 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective was to determine the sale prices of beef calf lots enrolled in the non-hormone treated cattle (NHTC) program and those that received implants, sold through summer video auctions from 2010 through 2018. Data analyzed were collected from 67 summer livestock video auctions from 2010 through 2018. There were 40,941 lots of beef calves used in the analyses. All lot characteristics that could be accurately quantified or categorized were used to develop multiple regression models that evaluated the effects of independent factors on sale price each year using a backwards selection procedure. A value of P < 0.05 was used to maintain a factor in the final models. The NHTC program is a USDA-approved program created in 1999, when the European Union and the United States agreed to control measures for trade of non-hormone treated beef. By definition, these cattle could not receive growth-promoting implants. The percentage of lots enrolled in the NHTC program grew from 5.2% to 23.8% from 2010 through 2018 (Table 1). The largest increase was 8 percentage points from 2017 to 2018. For seven of the nine years, premiums were associated with NHTC lots. The added value for a lot of beef calves enrolled in the NHTC program ranged from $1.02/45.36 kg in 2013 to $4.04/45.36 kg in 2014. In the nine years of analysis, implant status did not result in price reduction in any year. While the percentage of NHTC lots grew, we did not see a corresponding decline in the value of implanted lots.
26 Defining a robust sow: How increases in sow productivity impact the biology of reproduction, lactation and body composition
Authors: See M Todd 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Considerable emphasis has been placed on genetic selection for increased litter size, number of pigs weaned and quality and size of piglets weaned. Concurrently, selection goals have also focused on improved GF and kg of pork produced. Productivity of sows and the total U.S. pork production system has continued to improve annually. Data from USDA-ERS and summarized by the National Pork Board (2018) for the years 2001 to 2017 showed an annual linear increase of 0.12 pigs born (R2 = 0.95), pigs slaughtered per breeding animal increased 0.29 head annually (R2 = 0.92) and kg of pork produced per breeding animal showed an annual linear increase of 37.5 kg (R2 = 0.96). It has also been shown that overtime genetic selection, feeding programs and management have resulted in increased ADG, gain:feed and lean efficiency while changes in ADFI were not reported (Fix et al., 2010). Genetic improvement has increased the metabolic demand on sows requiring an increased focus on the management of sow weight and condition. These competing demands require today’s sow to be more robust, as an individual sow’s increased productivity can negatively influence body weight loss, body composition, follicle and oocyte development, and lactation yield.
28 The functional annotation of the sheep genome project
Authors: Murdoch Brenda M 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Reference genomes for some agricultural animals have been available for almost a decade; however, the annotation of these genomes remain an ongoing process. As a result, a detailed understanding of gene and gene product regulation that impart biological traits and physiological systems remains elusive. Through the Functional Annotation of ANimal Genomes (FAANG) consortium, coordinated efforts of the international scientific community are addressing this deficiency. The overarching goal of the Ovine FAANG project is to generate comprehensive transcriptome and chromatin state data sets from a large variety of adult tissues to accurately map functional elements of the ovine genome. In total, 100 tissues were collected (snap & slow frozen) from Benz 2616, the new reference genome, Oar_rambouillet_v1.0. Three methods of RNA sequencing have been utilized to fully understand tissue specific gene expression profiles. Transcript sequencing using poly-A+ messenger RNA has been completed for 60 tissues, whereas small microRNA as well as long read Iso-Sequencing data have been generated in a subset of these tissues. To further complement the gene expression data and to identify active promoters and confirm transcription start sites, Cap Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE) has been completed. Histone modifications are being examined through Chromatin Immuno-precipitation (ChIP) sequencing to define different regulatory features. We are capitalizing on the knowledge that H3K4me3 and H3K27ac are enriched at transcription start sites and H3K4me1 at enhancer sites of actively transcribed genes, whereas H3K27me3 represses gene transcription. To determine chromatin accessibility, ATAC-seq is being performed for the 60 highest priority tissues. DNA methylation assays, specifically whole genome bisulfite and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing, are being performed on these tissues. This project will provide the first detailed understanding of tissue-specific gene regulatory signals and gene products, imparting a greater understanding of the mechanisms for genome to functional phenotype variation within sheep.