bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formamidinium Salts of Low Valent Metal Halide Anions MX3 – (M = Ge, Sn) and M2X6
2– (M = Ga, In)
Authors: Tian Xin , Pape Tania , Mitzel Norbert W. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Tetramethylformamidinium trichlorogermanite, [CH(NMe2)2][GeCl3], tetramethylformamidinium trichlorostannite, [CH(NMe2)2][SnCl3], bis-(tetramethylformamidinium hexaiododigallate, [CH(NMe2)2]2[Ga2I6] and bis-(tetramethylformamidinium hexachlorodiindate, [CH(NMe2)2]2[In2Cl6] have been prepared by the reactions between tetramethylformamidinium chloride, [CH(NMe2)2]Cl, and the corresponding low valent halides GeCl2 (as dioxane adduct), SnCl2, “GaI” and InCl. Their crystal structures have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. [CH(NMe2)2][GeCl3] aggregates in a centrosymmetric dimeric structure, in which two trigonal pyramidal GeCl3 units are connected together by two weak Ge···Cl bonds and each Ge atom is bonded to one cation by a weak Ge···N contact. Two sets of weak hydrogen bonds C-H···Cl are observed with bond lengths of 2.87(2) Å and 2.85(2) Å . In [CH(NMe2)2][SnCl3], the SnCl3 − units adopts a (3+3) coordination with three normal Sn-Cl bonds and three weak Sn···Cl contacts. [CH(NMe2)2]2[Ga2I6] and [CH(NMe2)2]2[In2Cl6] contain metal-metal bonded anions with distorted staggered ethane-like conformations. The metal-metal bond lengths are 2.423(1) Å (Ga-Ga) and 2.719(1) Å (In-In). Their Raman spectra contain intense bands at 118.7 cm−1(Ga-Ga) and 174.7 cm−1(In-In) associated with metal-metal stretching modes.
Organoaluminium and -gallium Lewis-Acid Adducts of Tetramethylmethylenediamine
Authors: Mitzel Norbert W. , Lustig Christian 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The compounds Me3Al-Me2NCH2NMe2-AlMe3 (1) and Me3Ga-Me2NCH2NMe2-GaMe3 (2) were prepared by reacting Me2NCH2NMe2 (TMMDA) with two equivalents of the metal trialkyls in hydrocarbon solutions.With the ether adduct Me3Ga·OEt2 Me2NCH2NMe2 reacts to give the monoadduct Me2NCH2NMe2-GaMe3 (3). These compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C and 27Al) and by elemental analyses. Crystal structure investigations show 1 and 2 to be monomeric and to a adopt a trans,trans-conformation for their M-N-C-N-M backbones. 3 is also monomeric in the solid state, but adopts a cis,trans-conformation. Tetramethylformamidinium chloride and also chlorotetramethylformamidinium chloride reacts with lithium aluminium hydride to give the mono-adduct [Me2NCH2NMe2-AlH3]2 (4), which is dimeric and can be regarded as a double TMMDA adduct to Al2H6 with five-coordinate Al atoms. Ab initio calculations on the MP2/6- 311G** level of theory have been performed for the model compound H3N-H2Al(μ-H)2AlH2-NH3 to obtain its molecular structure and vibrational spectrum for comparison with 4 and for the assignment of its vibrational spectrum.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Ti(III) Tris(tert-butoxy)siloxy Complexes
Authors: Lugmair Claus G. , Tilley T. Don 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Reaction of TiCl3(THF)3 with 3 equivalents of LiOSi(OtBu)3 produces the Ti(III) siloxide Ti[OSi(OtBu)3]3(THF)2 (1), and a 1:4 ratio of the same reagents gives {LiTi[OSi(OtBu)3]4}x. Upon heating to 95 °C, compound 1 converts via THF ring-opening to [(tBuO)3 SiO]3TiO(CH2)4Ti[OSi(OtBu)3]3. The pyridine adduct Ti[OSi(OtBu)3]3(pyr)2, and polymeric {Ti[OSi(OtBu)3]3(4,4’-bipyridine)}n, are also described. Electronic spectra for the Ti[OSi (OtBu)3]3L2 complexes indicate D3h symmetry, and similar results for the 4,4’-bipyridine adduct suggest a linear polymeric structure.
Comparison of the Photocatalytic and Photoelectrocatalytic Decolorization of Methyl Orange on Sputtered TiO2 Thin Films
Authors: Su Yuh-Fan , Chou Tse-Chuan 
Published: August 2018

Correlations between the photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic decolorization of methyl orange, using TiO2 thin films sputtered under various conditions, were made. Three types of systems, namely: two photocatalytic systems, one with and one without a Pt counter electrode, and a third with a Pt counter electrode having an applied potential, were used to evaluate photocatalytic activity.
The crystal structure, morphology, bandgap energy, flatband potential, and the resistances of the TiO2 films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV/vis spectroscopy, a photocurrent method, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, respectively. The results showed that the decolorization of methyl orange only occurred on the anode of the TiO2/Ti electrode and that the decolorization rate increased 67% when the photocatalyst was coupled to a Pt electrode (0 V applied potential), and 275% when connected with the Pt cathode and 1 V vs. Ag/AgCl applied potential. The benefits of high crystallinity, a high quantity of the anatase, and a more negative flatband potential were found in the photocatalytic reaction, whereas the resistance of the film was the main factor affecting the photoelectrocatalytic activity.
N-(2,4,6-Trimethylborazinyl)-substituted Boron, Aluminum and Titanium Compounds
Authors: Gemünd Birgit , Günther Berndt , Knizek Jörg , Nöth Heinrich 
Published: August 2018

The N-lithioborazine LiH2N3B3Me3, 1, reacts with organoboron halides not only to the respective borazinyl organylboranes but also by Me/halogen exchange. (Me2N)2B-H2N3B3Me3 was obtained from 1 and (Me2N)2BCl. A new ten-membered B6N4 ring system, 5, results on treatment of Cl(Me2N)B-B(NMe2)Cl with 1. The B-N-borazinyl borazines 6 - 8 can be prepared from 1 and B-monohalo borazines. The synthesis of 2,4,6-trimethylborazinyl-aluminum and -titanium compounds is achieved only with mononuclear monohalides of Al(III) and Ti(IV). The 2,4,6-trimethylborazinyl- bis(piperidino)alane 9 and the tris(2,6-diisopropylphenoxo)-2,4,6-trimethylborazinyltitanium 10 were characterized by X-ray structure analysis.
The distortion of the borazine ring by B and N substitution is discussed. In case of the N-substituted borazines YH2N3B3Me3 the B-N bonds of the YNB2 units are elongated, e. g. for Y = PBr2 or (RO)3Ti, while N lithiation leads to a shortening of these B-N bond. These changes of bond lengths are also reflected by changes in the B1-N2 and B3-N3 bond lengths which become shorter in the presence of electron-withdrawing groups, but longer in case of Li substitution. Also, the bond angles B1-N2-B2 and B2-N3-B3 are affected by an increase of up to 128°.
New Carboxylic Acid Amides of the Pyrrole Series: Synthetic Routes and Biological Aspects
Authors: Walter Harald 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Complex II inhibitors play an important role in agrochemical fungicide research and have been known for more than 40 years. With the introduction of ortho-substituted heterocyclic amides, a breakthrough in activity level and spectrum within this class was achieved. In the meantime all major agrochemical companies have entered this field. In this paper, a special complex II subclass, the pyrrole carboxamides, will be introduced in more detail and the synthesis of selected compounds as well as a short biological SAR analysis of the pyrrole subclass will be discussed.
Aniline Exchange of 2-Aryl-4,5-diphenyl-substituted Isothiazolium Salts
Authors: Wolf Janine , Sieler Joachim , Schulze Bärbel 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
4,5-Diphenyl-substituted N-(R1-aryl)-isothiazolium salts 4 react with anilines 2 (R2) to form 4,5- disubstituted N-(R2-aryl)-isothiazolium salts 4. The influence of donor and acceptor substituents in the N-aryl ring of 4 and in the anilines 2 on the course of the exchange was studied. The structure of the salts 4 was confirmed by a crystal structure determination of 4i.
Transition of Classic Decatungstate to Paratungstate: Synthesis, Structure and Luminescence Properties of Two Paratungstate-based 3-D Compounds
Authors: Yuan Ling , Qin Chao , Wang Xinlong , Li Yangguang , Wang Enbo 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Two new paratungstate-based compounds were isolated from the acetate buffer solution containing decatungstate [W10O32]4− at different reaction temperatures. The two compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and single crystal X-ray diffraction, and formulated as (H3O)3[{K(H2O)}2{Na2(H2O)8}2(Na0.5H2O)2(H2W12O2)] ・ 6H2O (1) and (H3O)2[{K(H2O)4}2{Na3(H2O)9}2(H2W12O42)]·2H2O (2). Compounds 1 and 2 exhibit different three-dimensional architectures with bridging sodium and potassium as countercations for the paratungstate anion. Compound 1 displays an intense blue luminescence in the solid state. The structural transformation from [W10O32]4− to [H2W12O42]10− in an acetate buffer provides a route for the synthesis of new paratungstate-based compounds.
Development of a Reference Electrode Chip for Application in Ion Sensor Arrays
Authors: Liao Wei-Yin , Chou Tse-Chuan 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
A reliable screen-printing technique for fabricating an Ag/AgCl reference electrode on a solid substrate in a simple two-step procedure, which allows the incorporation of four different ion-selective electrodes on a chip, is presented. A ‘sandwich’ composite structure, comprising the reference electrode and a chip, was fabricated as a junction polymer membrane having an inner electrolyte layer and an Ag/AgCl electrode supported on a ceramic substrate. The junction polymer membrane was composed of chloroprene rubber, and the electrolyte layer was formed from agar gel. The electrochemical characteristics and performance of the reference electrode when integrated into a chip were investigated. From the results, it was shown that the potential change at the reference electrode chip as a function of the chloride ion concentration and pH can be kept reliably small. Its potential was also independent of the presence of other, physiologically significant, ions such as Ca2+, K+ and Li+. The reference electrode, fabricated as a chip, can be used continuously for more than 60 h. Furthermore, its integration with four different ion-selective electrodes (potassium, sodium, ammonium, and calcium) on a substrate to form an ion sensor array chip was shown to be a facile process. The integration procedures and the sensing performances of the ion sensor array chip are also described.
Orthoamide und Iminiumsalze, LXXXVIII. Synthese N,N,N′,N′,N″,N″-persubstituierter Guanidiniumsalze aus N,N′-persubstituierten Harnstoff/Säurechlorid-Addukten**
Authors: Kantlehner Willi , Kreß Ralf , Mezger Jochen , Ziegler Georg 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

N,N,N′,N′,N″,N″-Hexamethylguanidinium chloride 9c was prepared by treating the reaction mixture formed from N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylurea (1a) and phthaloyl chloride (16) with dimethyltrimethylsilylamine 15. N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethyl-chloroformamidinium chloride (2a) is an intermediate in this synthesis. The chloroformamidinium chloride 2a can also be prepared by treating the urea 1a with thionyl chloride or phosphorus pentachloride, respectively. The guanidinium salt 9c can be obtained from the crude 2a thus prepared and the silylamine 15. From urea/phosphoryl chloride adducts and primary aromatic amines have been prepared guanidines 38, which are converted to N,N′-diaryl-N,N′,N″,N″-tetramethyl-guanidinium iodides 39 on treatment with methyl iodide. The N,N′,N″-trimethyl-N,N′,N″-triphenylguanidinium salt 44a was prepared from the chloroformamidinium salt 43 and N-methylaniline. The guanidinium salt 9c is the reaction product when the urea 1a/POCl3 adduct is treated with the silylamine 15.
Two copper(I) complexes of bi- (or tri-)pyrazolyl ligands featuring Cu3pz3 or Cu4pz4 motifs
Authors: Zhang Jin-Xue , Yan Ting-Ting , Kou Jun-Feng , Zhang Wen-Hua , Yang Guang 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The semirigid bipyrazolyl and tripyrazolyl ligands, namely 1,4-bis((3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-methyl)benzene (H2L1) and 1,3,5-tris((3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyl)benzene (H3L2), and their Cu(I) complexes (Cu2L1)
n
(1), Cu4(HL2)2 (2) have been prepared and structurally characterized. Single-crystal X-ray analysis demonstrates that 1 exhibits a 2D structure featuring cyclic trinuclear Cu3pz3 subunits. Complex 2 is a tetranuclear compound in which the tripyrazolyl ligand is partially deprotonated and acts as a μ
4 bridge connecting four Cu(I) atoms.
2,3-Dihydro-4,5-diisopropyl-1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-yliden und seine Chalkogenone
Authors: Göhner Martin , Kuhn Norbert , Maichle-Mößmer Cäcilia , Niquet Elke 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
2,3-Dihydro-4,5-diisopropyl-1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene (6) is prepared by reduction of the corresponding thion 7a with potassium. The selenium compound 7b is obtained from 6 and selenium. In the solid state, 7a and 7b exist as their isomers, as revealed by their crystal structures.
Syntheses and structural characterization of coordination polymers of Cu(II) and Zn(II) chlorobenzoates and bis(pyridin-4-yl)-substituted species
Authors: Mao Fu-Lin , Tao Jian-Qing , Dai Chun-Hua 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The reaction of Cu(II) nitrate with sodium 2-chlorobenzoate (NaL1) and (E)-1,2-di(pyridin-4-yl)ethene (dpe) yields a new complex [Cu(L1)2(dpe)(H2O)] (1). When Zn(II) nitrate reacts with sodium 4-chlorobenzoate (NaL2) and 1,2-di(pyridin-4-yl)ethane (dpa), [Zn(L2)2(dpa)]·CH3OH (2) is obtained. Complexes 1 and 2 have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, and elemental and thermogravimetric analyses. 1 shows a 3D CdS network structure with uninodal 4-connected (65.8) topology; complex 2 displays a chain structure.
Porphyrin substituent regiochemistry, conformation and packing – the case of 5,10-diphenylporphyrin
Authors: Senge Mathias O. , Dahms Katja , Holdt Hans-Jürgen , Kelling Alexandra 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
5,10-Disubstituted porphyrins are more recent additions to the family of meso-substituted porphyrins. A crystallographic comparison of 5,10-diphenylporphyrin with the regioisomeric 5,15-disubstituted system reveals striking differences in their conformation. In the free base porphyrins the former uses mainly out-of-plane distortion to alleviate steric strain while in-plane core elongation predominates in the latter. In contrast, the structure of the Cu(II) complex is planar and forms strong π-π aggregates with very small lateral shifts. Macroscopically, the packing is similar to that of porphyrin sponges of the 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin type.
Ternary aurides RE
4Mg3Au10 (RE=Y, Nd, Sm, Gd–Dy) and their silver analogues
Authors: Block Theresa , Johnscher Michael , Linsinger Stefan , Ch. Rodewald Ute , Pöttgen Rainer 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The ternary aurides RE
4Mg3Au10 (RE=Y, Nd, Sm, Gd–Dy) and their silver analogues were synthesized by induction melting of the elements in sealed niobium tubes. These intermetallic phases were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction. They crystallize with the Ca4In3Au10-type structure, which, from a geometrical point of view, is a ternary ordered version of Zr7Ni10 with the rare earth and magnesium atoms ordering on the four crystallographically independent zirconium sites. The structures of crystals from three differently prepared gadolinium samples were refined from single-crystal X-ray diffractometer data: Cmca, a=1366.69(3), b=998.07(4), c=1005.54(3) pm, wR2=0.0332, 1234 F
2 values, 46 variables for Gd4.43Mg2.57Au10, a=1378.7(1), b=1005.3(1), c=1011.2(1) pm, wR2=0.0409, 1255 F
2 values, 48 variables for Gd5.50Mg1.50Au10, and a=1350.2(5), b=995.5(1), c=1009.3(1) pm, wR2=0.0478, 1075 F
2 values, 48 variables for Gd5.61Mg1.39Au10. All crystals show substantial Mg/Gd mixing on two sites. The gold atoms form a pronounced two-dimensional substructure with Au–Au distances of 278 to 297 pm in Gd4.43Mg2.57Au10. These gold blocks are condensed via magnesium atoms (278–315 pm Mg–Au). The gadolinium atoms fill larger cavities within the three-dimensional networks. The magnesium vs. gadolinium site preference is a consequence of the different coordination numbers of the cation sites. All phases show homogeneity ranges RE
4+x
Mg3–x
Ag10 and RE
4+x
Mg3–x
Au10. The influence of the synthesis conditions is briefly discussed.
Perturbation of Growth and Metabolism in Candida albicans by 4-Bromobenzyl Isothiocyanate and Iodoacetate
Authors: Hasilik A. 
Published: August 2018

The inhibition by PBBI of growing Candida albicans was studied; additional information was obtained from the analysis of regeneration. The type of the growth inhibition depended on the cell suspension. At more than 107 cells per ml, the inhibition was transient; the inhibitor was taken up rapidly by the cells to a limit of 37 nmoles per mg dry wet. At higher doses, the growth was inhibited permanently, and then, and only then, a lethal effect was observed. At sublethal doses of the inhibitor, the following effects were observed: Inhibition of respiration without apprecciable .change in R.Q., of incorporation of labelled precursors into proteins and nucleic acids, and of eight of fourteen enzymes studied; the level of total free thiol groups was lowered; and a cross- over between hexose monophosphates and fructose diphosphate was induced. The original activities of the enzymes and metabolic processes inhibited were restored coincidentally with the reappearance of growth of the cells. Inhibition of G-6-PDH, PFK and of an early step in the oxidation of NAD(P)H appeared to be determinative for the growth.
In the cells inhibited transiently by iodocetate, GAPDH and ADH were the most sensitive enzymes. The activity of the latter but not of the former was readily restored. The R.Q. was lowered, and was restored later than growth. The cells which recovered from the inhibition by iodoacetate appeared to be physiologically different from the control.
Flavonoide von Larrea tridentata / Flavonoids of Larrea tridentata
Authors: Chirikdjian Jean Jacques 
Published: August 2018

The presence of 20 flavonoids has been detected in herbs of Larrea tridentata. Six pigments were isolated and characterized by chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods (shifts with several reagents), acid hydrolytic and alkaline cleavage and finally by comparison with authentic samples.
The structure of this compounds has been established as: quercetin-3-rhamnoglucoside, quercetin-3-glucoside, kaempferol-3-methyl ether, quercetin-31-methyl ether, kaempferol and quercetin.
Zur Chemotaxonomie der Rabenvögel. Zusammensetzung der Bürzeldrüsensekrete der Dohle (Coloeus monedula), Raben- (Corvus corone corone) und Nebelkrähe (Corvus corone cornix) / Chemotaxonomy of Corvidae. The Uropygial Gland Fat from the Jackdaw (Coloeus monedula), Carrion Crow (Corvus corone corone) and the Hooded Crow (Corvus corone corvix)
Authors: Jacob Jürgen , Grimmer Gernot 
Published: August 2018

The uropygial gland fat from the jackdaw, the carrion and the hooded crow are shown to be ester waxes. Chemotaxonomically the latter two are undiscernible. Their uropygial waxes consist of 4- and 6-monomethyl-, 4.6-, 4.8-, and 4.10-dimethyl- and 4.6.10- and 4.6.12-trimethyl- substituted fatty acids and n- (59.7%) as well as monomethyl-branched alkanols with branches in 4-, 6-, 10-, and 14-position. In contrast to the jackdaw they show no relation to the earlier investigated rook.
The uropygial gland fat from the jackdaw is composed of n- (35.7%) and 2-methyl-substituted fatty acids (64.3%) and w-(87.5%) and 2 methyl-substituted alkanols (12,5).
Abbau und Toxizität von Hexachlorbicyclo [2.2.1]-hept-5-en- Derivaten (Cyclodien-Insektizide) / Structural Aspects of Biological Conversion and Toxicity of Hexachloro-norbornene Derivatives (Cyclodiene-Insecticides)
Authors: Rückert W. , Ballschmiter K. 
Published: August 2018

The aspects of molecular-structure and biological conversion have been studied for 12 derivatives of the endosulfan ether 1 [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8- hexachloro- 1, 3, 3a, 4, 7, 7a- hexahydro- 4, 7-methanoisobenzofuran]. Adults of a normal house-fly strain (Musca domestica) have been used in the assay.
Derivatives of 1 monosubstituted in position I are found to be converted substantially faster than products disubstituted in position I and 3, respectively. Metabolism is inhibited for all compounds studied after application of piperonyl butoxide as a synergist. Besides proving that on oxidative metabolism has to be discussed and in fact could be proved for some derivatives, the intrinsic toxicity of the compounds studied shows up under these conditions. Some derivatives known to be metabolites of the pesticide Endosulfan® show a high intrinsic toxicity to houseflies if the oxidative metabolism is inhibited.
Effect of Irradiation on Amino Acid in vitro Incorporation in the Course of Liver Regeneration
Authors: Tasheva Bistra , Markov George , Tsanev Roumen 
Published: August 2018

The in v itro incorporation of 14C-leucine by rat liver microsomes is studied under four different physiological states: 1. Norm al liver of adult rats (N L), 2. irradiated (4 000 rads) liver (IL), 3. liver after partial hepatectomy (RL) and 4. regenerating liver in preirradiated rats (IRL) 2, 5, 12, and 24 hours after treatment.
Both irradiation and partial hepatectomy, when applied separately, stimulate the endogenous activity of microsomes, whereas preirradiation abolishes the stimulatory effect in the early hours after partial hepatectomy.
The results are in agreement with the concept that irradiation stimulates the operating synthetic programme of the cell and inhibits cellular reprogramming.
Interaction of Bilirubin with Human Serum Albumin and Cationic Detergents
Authors: Lou Jørgen , Birdi K. S. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Bilirubin shows a red-shift in the visual spectra on binding to albumin. In bilirubin-cationic detergent systems a similar spectral change was observed. These comparisons allow one to deduce that the environment of the binding site in albumin is most likely apolar than when bilirubin is solubilized by the cationic detergents.
Oscillatory Oxidation of Malonic Acid by Bromate 3. CO2 and BrO3
--Titration
Authors: Bornmann L. , Busse H. , Hess B. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The reaction of malonic acid and bromate in the presence of catalytic amounts of cerious ion under oscillating conditions in sulphuric acid was investigated. After two hours reaction time 26 mM bromate were consumed and 42 mM CO2 produced. No formic acid was detected. Furthermore, 14C-tracer experiments suggest that malonic acid is first brominated and subsequently decarboxylated.
Landing Reaction of Musca domestica , III: Dependence on the Luminous Characteristics of the Stimulus
Authors: Taddei-Ferretti Cloe , de Talens Antonio Fernandez Perez 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
1. The house fly shows landing reaction to an expanding visual stimulus or to a decrement of the environmental light level. The quantitative relationship between the dependence of landing reaction on expansion and on light level decrement is analyzed. 2. The different properties of the reactions at different light levels may be correlated with the two visual systems in Diptera and may be explained by the existence of an alterting mechanism that weighs stimuli for landing reaction at low illumination levels. 3. The landing reaction resembles the optomotor reaction with respect to the influence of the contrast of the stimulating pattern. The landing reaction appears to be invariant to the phase relations between the spatial components of the periodic patterns used in the present experiments. Introduction
Measurements on the pH Dependence of Metarhodopsin Reactions in Sonicated Rod Outer Segments
Authors: Stieve Hennig , Wilms Manfred , Noll Gottfried 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The kinetics of rhodopsin photolysis in sonicated suspensions of rod outer segments (ROS), unsonicated ROS suspensions and rhodopsin detergent solutions were compared. No significant kinetic differences were detected ; however, the energy of activation for the metarhodopsin I to metarhodopsin II reaction was somewhat higher in sonicated ROS suspensions than in the unsonicated suspensions. While the sonicated preparations contained glycerol, it was not possible to show a chemical influence of glycerol on the reactions of the rhodopsin decay. An often assumed effect that the ROS outer membrane acts as a barrier toward diffusion of protons could not be confirmed.