bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Key role of streambed moisture and flash storms for microbial resistance and resilience to long‐term drought
Authors: Gionchetta Giulia , Oliva Francesc , Menéndez Margarita , Lopez Laseras Pilar , Romaní Anna M. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Spatial and temporal widening of drought periods together with occurrence of flash storm events are consequences of global change affecting temporary stream ecosystems. Streambed heterotrophic microbes and the key biogeochemical processes they carry on could be endangered by the strengthening of drought episodes.

Here, we performed a 165‐day experiment through 12 streambed sediment columns to study heterotrophic microbial functional and structural responses to long‐term drought. Two sediment depths (surface and hyporheic) and leaf litter were monitored under three treatments: control (maintained in wet, pool‐like conditions), dry (5 months of drought), and dry–storm (5 months of drought including two flash storms). All treatments were then followed by rewetting.

Surface sediment followed by leaf litter was the most affected by the long‐term drought as shown by the reduction of polysaccharidic enzyme activities and litter decomposition rate, although lignin decomposition was not affected. This resulted in a greater use of recalcitrant compounds which might be due to reduced labile organic matter sources and the greater resistance of fungi than bacteria to drought. Moreover, in surface sediment, bacterial viability and algal biomass were reduced while the production of extracellular polymeric substances was intensified with dryness, suggesting its potential role as survival strategy.

Hyporheic sediments appeared more resistant to long‐term drought, and this might be linked to its slightly higher water content (2.5%) than the surface (0.5%) during drying together with a greater content of fine material that allowed fungi and bacteria to survive and extracellular enzyme activities to be maintained.

Microbial resilience to long‐term drought in sediment and leaf litter was promoted by the flash storms as shown by the fast recovery of enzyme activities, bacterial viability and leaf litter decomposition rate in the dry–storm treatment, once rewetted. Storms might liberate previously occluded carbon sources that fuel the fast microbial reactivation as well as providing sediment moisture for microbial survival.

Our results highlight that long‐term drought may compromise stream biogeochemical processes linked to organic matter decomposition and that microbes are highly sensitive to minimal water content changes. Thus, long‐term drought consequences could be mitigated by occasional precipitations or by natural streambed moisture.
Direct and indirect interactions with vegetation shape crocodylian ecology at multiple scales
Authors: Somaweera Ruchira , Brien Mathew L. , Platt Steven G. , Manolis Charlie , Webber Bruce L. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

As one of the world's largest predators of freshwater environments, crocodylians play an important role in shaping their community. In turn, many aspects of crocodylian life histories are influenced and have been shaped by characteristics of their environment, especially vegetation. However, our understanding of just how vegetation impacts crocodylian life histories remains limited, particularly in regard to indirect interactions. Such interactions can be critical for understanding population dynamics and, therefore, for informing conservation management decisions.

We reviewed contemporary understanding of these plant–crocodylian interactions in peer‐reviewed journals and the grey literature, synthesising life history‐shaping dynamics against aspects of their ecology. We then conceptualised how global environmental change, including climate change, species invasions and land use change, may threaten these critical dependencies, and how future conservation plans need to account for these pressures.

We identified five primary aspects of crocodylian ecology—habitat selection, nesting ecology, communication, physiology, and feeding ecology—that are probably shaped by vegetation interactions at different spatial scales. These interactions include direct and indirect impacts, with both positive and negative outcomes from a crocodylian perspective.

Anthropogenic impacts on environments via global environmental change drivers is causing unprecedented change to vegetation dynamics. What is often overlooked is how these changes impact large aquatic predators such as crocodylians. Our synthesis shows that while many impacts can be identified, their magnitude and mechanism are not well understood, making management driven mitigation challenging. We recommend that future studies prioritise quantifying how vegetation communities shape the suitability of crocodylian nest sites, and how to best detect the fingerprint of impacts caused by invasive alien plants on demographic change in crocodylians over longer durations. An improved understanding of the impact of vegetation impacts on crocodylians is essential for building effective conceptual frameworks and management agendas for the conservation of these iconic reptiles.
Novel microbial community composition and carbon biogeochemistry emerge over time following saltwater intrusion in wetlands
Authors: Dang Chansotheary , Morrissey Ember M. , Neubauer Scott C. , Franklin Rima B. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSea level rise and changes in precipitation can cause saltwater intrusion into historically freshwater wetlands, leading to shifts in microbial metabolism that alter greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon sequestration. Saltwater intrusion modifies soil physicochemistry and can immediately affect microbial metabolism, but further alterations to biogeochemical processing can occur over time as microbial communities adapt to the changed environmental conditions. To assess temporal changes in microbial community composition and biogeochemical activity due to saltwater intrusion, soil cores were transplanted from a tidal freshwater marsh to a downstream mesohaline marsh and periodically sampled over 1 year. This experimental saltwater intrusion produced immediate changes in carbon mineralization rates, whereas shifts in the community composition developed more gradually. Salinity affected the composition of the prokaryotic community but did not exert a strong influence on the community composition of fungi. After only 1 week of saltwater exposure, carbon dioxide production doubled and methane production decreased by three orders of magnitude. By 1 month, carbon dioxide production in the transplant was comparable to the saltwater controls. Over time, we observed a partial recovery in methane production which strongly correlated with an increase in the relative abundance of three orders of hydrogenotrophic methanogens. Taken together, our results suggest that ecosystem responses to saltwater intrusion are dynamic over time as complex interactions develop between microbial communities and the soil organic carbon pool. The gradual changes in microbial community structure we observed suggest that previously freshwater wetlands may not experience an equilibration of ecosystem function until long after initial saltwater intrusion. Our results suggest that during this transitional period, likely lasting years to decades, these ecosystems may exhibit enhanced greenhouse gas production through greater soil respiration and continued methanogenesis.
Pharmacy student and pharmacist perceptions of professional socialism and communication in a real-life clinical setting
Authors: McCloskey Alice P , Brown Joanne , Haughey Sharon , O'Hare Roisin 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Objectives
To determine the impact of authentic clinical tasks on student confidence in interprofessional communication and assess the perceptions of pharmacists and pharmacy undergraduate students on how their degree prepares them to communicate and integrate with other healthcare professionals.

Methods
Pharmacists completed a questionnaire regarding how their degree prepared them to communicate with other healthcare professionals. Third- and fourth-year pharmacy undergraduate students completed a modified questionnaire with questions relating to interprofessional learning and their experiences of reflective interprofessional communication tasks whilst on hospital placement. The questionnaires produced a combination of qualitative and quantitative data.

Key findings
Pharmacists (n = 36) and pharmacy students (n = 186) were in agreement that interprofessional training is important for undergraduate pharmacy students. Over 80% of student respondents viewed the interprofessional communication skills task as a useful method to develop communication skills with an increase in confidence following completion of the task. A variety of methods ranging from classroom- to practical-based sessions may be used to develop communication skills and professional socialism.

Conclusions
Interprofessional learning has an important role for all working within the multidisciplinary healthcare team and contributes to the development of collaborative working relationships. It should be introduced and reinforced throughout undergraduate studies and continued in the workplace.
The Developmental Origins of Gaze‐Following in Human Infants
Authors: Del Bianco Teresa , Falck‐Ytter Terje , Thorup Emilia , Gredebäck Gustaf 
Published: December 2018

During the first year of life, infants develop the capacity to follow the gaze of others. This behavior allows sharing attention and facilitates language acquisition and cognitive development. This article reviews studies that investigated gaze‐following before 12 months of age in typically developing infants and discusses current theoretical perspectives on early GF. Recent research has revealed that early GF is highly dependent on situational constraints and individual characteristics, but theories that describe the underlying mechanisms have partly failed to consider this complexity. We propose a novel framework termed theperceptual narrowing account of GFthat may have the potential to integrate existing theoretical accounts.
Psychometric properties of Authentic Leadership Self‐Assessment Questionnaire in a population‐based sample of Polish nurses
Authors: Panczyk Mariusz , Jaworski Mariusz , Iwanow Lucyna , Cieślak Ilona , Gotlib Joanna 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAimThe purpose of the study was to adapt and evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Polish language version of the Authentic Leadership Self‐Assessment Questionnaire intended for use among Registered Nurses.DesignA cross‐sectional study where the Authentic Leadership Self‐Assessment Questionnaire was administered to a representative group of 3,299 Polish Registered Nurses was carried out between September and November 2017.MethodsLinguistic–cultural adaptation of the ALSAQ was carried out according to the WHO guidelines. The following psychometric properties of the ALSAQ were evaluated: content validity (content validity index), theoretical relevance (exploratory and confirmative factor analysis), unidimensionality of subscales (principal component analysis), internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), test−retest reliability and criterion validity.FindingsThe content validity analysis revealed a need to reduce the original ALSAQ version from 16–23 items. The factor structure of ALSAQ differed from the original version. A three‐factor model was better fitted to the data than a four‐factor model. The three distinguished subscales (moral processing, self‐awareness, and relational transparency) were characterized by unidimensionality. ALSAQ has a good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.84) and test−retest analysis confirmed stability of the measurement for subscales and particular items. Moreover, the ALSAQ‐P criterion validity with external variables, being of key importance for shaping the leadership skills (self‐efficacy and universal moral foundations) was confirmed.ConclusionsAuthentic leadership skills in nursing practice are characterized by their individual specificity, which was indicated in the ALSAQ validation. The ALSAQ can be considered a reliable and valid tool for self‐assessment of leadership skills in a group of nursing practitioners. The identified standards help measuring strengths and weaknesses of authentic leadership.
Cardiorenal protective effect of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and mitochondrial function
Authors: Lee Hong Kyu 
Published: December 2018

Cardiorenal protective effects of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors are difficult to explain. From the recent works by Takagi et al. and an expert consensus report, I suggest further works on the effects of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2inhibitors on mitochondrial function could help to understand this very interesting development.
Parenting behaviour and executive function in children with Down syndrome
Authors: Schworer E. , Fidler D. J. , Lunkenheimer E. , Daunhauer L. A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundParenting behaviours influence many domains of child development, and recent work has demonstrated the specific effects of parenting on the development of executive function (EF) abilities. The relationship between parent–child interaction patterns and EF has been examined in typically developing (TD) children but has not yet been examined in dyads where the child has a diagnosis of Down syndrome (DS).MethodThe current study examines the differences in patterns of parenting behaviours between DS dyads and dyads with TD children equated on nonverbal mental age. DS dyads (n = 42), child ages 59 to 118 months, and TD dyads (n = 28), child ages 30 to 49 months, participated in a modified version of the Parent–Child Challenge Task. Parent directive and teaching behaviours were coded, along with child compliance and noncompliance. Child participants also completed a laboratory measure of inhibition and working memory, and parents completed the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function‐Preschool.ResultsThere was a greater frequency of parenting directives and child compliance in the DS dyads, and parents of children with DS were more likely to follow child compliance with directives than parents of TD children. In both groups, parenting directive behaviour was a significant predictor of child EF laboratory performance.ConclusionsResults characterise the relationship between specific parenting behaviours and child EF in DS and TD dyads. The implications for parent training and intervention are discussed.
Physiological in vitro sacroiliac joint motion: a study on three‐dimensional posterior pelvic ring kinematics
Authors: Hammer Niels , Scholze Mario , Kibsgård Thomas , Klima Stefan , Schleifenbaum Stefan , Seidel Thomas , Werner Michael , Grunert Ronny 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is a well‐known source of low back and pelvic pain, of increasing interest for both conservative and surgical treatment. Alterations in the kinematics of the pelvis have been hypothesized as a major cause of SIJ‐related pain. However, definitions of both the range and the extent of physiological movement are controversial, and there are no clear baseline data for pathological alterations. The present study combined a novel biomechanical setup allowing for physiological motion of the lumbosacral transition and pelvis without restricting the SIJ movement in vitro, combined with optical image correlation. Six fresh human pelvises (81 ± 10 years, three females, three males) were tested, with bodyweight‐adapted loading applied to the fifth lumbar vertebra and both acetabula. Deformation at the lumbopelvises was determined computationally from three‐dimensional image correlation data. Sacroiliac joint motion under the loading of 100% bodyweight primarily consisted of a z‐axis rotation (0.16°) and an inferior translation of the sacrum relative to the ilium (0.32 mm). Sacroiliac joint flexion‐extension rotations were minute (< 0.02°). Corresponding movements of the SIJ were found at the lumbosacral transition, with an anterior translation of L5 relative to the sacrum of −0.97 mm and an inferior translation of 0.11 mm, respectively. Moreover, a flexion of 1.82° was observed at the lumbosacral transition. Within the innominate bone and at the pubic symphysis, small complementary rotations were seen around a vertical axis, accounting for −0.10° and 0.11°, respectively. Other motions were minute and accompanied by large interindividual variation. The present study provides evidence of different SIJ motions than reported previously when exerted by physiological loading. Sacroiliac joint kinematics were in the sub‐degree and sub‐millimeter range, in line with previous in vivo and in vitro findings, largely limited to the sagittal rotation and an inferior translation of the sacrum relative to the ilium. This given physiological loading scenario underlines the relevance of the lumbosacral transition when considering the overall motion of the lumbopelvis, and how relatively little the other segments contribute to overall motion.
Willingness to eat an insect based product and impact on brand equity: A global perspective
Authors: Castro Mauricio , Chambers Edgar 
Published: December 2018

AbstractRapid population growth is creating the need to find new and sustainable food sources. Insect‐based products could satisfy this high priority necessity while incorporating important nutrients in the human diet such as protein, vitamins, and minerals. This research provides a global overview of the willingness to try a new product that contains insect powder and determine the impact of adding insect‐based products to a brands portfolio. An international survey was conducted in 13 different countries (n = 630 consumers per country, total 7,800 consumer) with consumers who represented diverse demographic backgrounds. Eight of the 13 countries could be classified as “disgust” countries where most respondents said they would not be willing to try a familiar product containing insect powder. Nine countries fell into the “impact” category where participants would be more likely to stop buying other products from this company knowing that they have used insect powder in another product from the same brand. The reasons why participants would not consider eating foods containing insect powder were religion, the perception that insects carry diseases and cause allergic reactions. Only the disease‐carrying perception was significant in most of the countries.Practical applicationsThe results from this study showed that most consumers from most countries studied are not willing to try insect‐based products at this time. However, there was a segment of the population in each country that was willing to try such products. There is a great opportunity for companies to create new products for countries where the disgust factor was not a barrier and to test those new concepts and products. This could help provide information to educate consumers about all the benefits of insect protein and implement. It is key to remember that new brands probably are necessary for such products because of the potential damage to brand equity of introducing products containing insect powder.
CHARACTERIZATION OF UPPER PALAEOZOIC ORGANIC‐RICH UNITS IN SVALBARD: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PETROLEUM SYSTEMS OF THE NORWEGIAN BARENTS SHELF
Authors: Nicolaisen J. B. , Elvebakk G. , Ahokas J. , Bojesen‐Koefoed J. A. , Olaussen S. , Rinna J. , Skeie J. E. , Stemmerik L. 
Published: December 2018

Recent discoveries of hydrocarbons along the western margin of the Norwegian Barents Shelf have emphasised the need for a better understanding of the source rock potential of the Upper Palaeozoic succession. In this study, a comprehensive set of organic geochemical data have been collected from the Carboniferous – Permian interval outcropping on Svalbard in order to re‐assess the offshore potential. Four stratigraphic levels with organic‐rich facies have been identified: (i) Lower Carboniferous (Mississippian) fluvio‐lacustrine intervals with TOC between 1 and 75 wt.% and a cumulative organic‐rich section more than 100 m thick; (ii) Upper Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) evaporite‐associated marine shales and organic‐rich carbonates with TOC up to 20 wt.%; (iii) a widespread lowermost Permian organic‐rich carbonate unit, 2–10 m thick, with 1–10 wt. % TOC; and (iv) Lower Permian organic‐rich marine shales with an average TOC content of 10 wt.%.Petroleum can potentially be tied to organic‐rich facies at formation level based on the gammacerane index, δ13C of the aromatic fraction and/or the Pr/Ph ratio. Relatively heavy δ13C values, a low gammacerane index and high Pr/Ph ratios characterize Lower Carboniferous non‐marine sediments, whereas evaporite‐associated facies have lighter δ13C, a higher gammacerane index and lower Pr/Ph ratios.
The Mosaic of Muslim Religiosity and Social‐Political Attitudes in Kyrgyzstan: A Gender‐Based Exploration
Authors: Faranda Regina D. , Nolle David B. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis research explores the diversity of Islam in post‐Soviet Kyrgyzstan and the implications of that diversity for social‐political attitudes. Our hypotheses are (1) Kyrgyzstani Muslims can be categorized into gender‐based religious groupings defined by various religious indicators and (2) membership in these groupings influences social‐political attitudes. Using a 2011 nationwide survey in Kyrgyzstan and applying statistical clustering, we identify three groups of religiosity within each gender. Looking at four issues such as preferences for Islam in politics and for religious versus civil law, we find significant differences among the religious groups even after region, urbanity, and ethnicity are controlled. These findings suggest that narratives treating Muslims as a single, unified community or simply contrasting Muslims and non‐Muslims need to be expanded to capture meaningful variations. Our findings are consistent with the theoretical notion that more devout Muslims form a subculture that seeks to extend Islamic values into secular realms.