bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short-Term Impacts of Thinning Ponderosa Pine on Pandora Moth Densities, Pupal Weights, and Phenology
Authors: Ross Darrell W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Second-growth ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) stands with outbreak populations of the pandora moth (Coloradia pandora) were thinned from below removing about half of the basal area. Thinning had no effect on pandora moth pupal density or weight, or emerging adult density in the following generation. However, adult emergence and egg hatch occurred 7-10 days earlier in thinned plots compared with unthinned plots. Egg and larval densities on a foliage weight basis were not significantly different between thinned and unthinned plots. Thinning stands infested with pandora moth will not significantly affect the course of an outbreak for at least one generation. Timing of direct controls for the pandora moth should consider the effect of stand density on insect phenology. West. J. Appl. For. 10(3):91-94.
Visual Counts of Acorns of California Black Oak (Quercus kelloggii) as an Indicator of Mast Production
Authors: Garrison Barrett A. , Wachs Robin L. , Jones James S. , Triggs Matthew L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 1995, acorn production of California black oak(Quercus kelloggii) was measured on 20 mature trees located in two stands in Placer County, California. Acorn production of each tree was measured using three 0.8 m² cone traps and a single 30 sec visual count. Visual counts were compared with trap data to develop statistical relationships between the two methods because visual counts have some advantages over traps, and we desired an efficient measure of the amount of acorns available as food for wildlife. Visual counts were positively correlated (P < 0.020) with several trap measures including wet acorn weight, weight of sound acorns, dry acorn weight, and total number of sound acorns. Linear regression of square-root transformed data found that visual counts could be used to predict total weight of sound acorns and total weight of dry acorns (P < 0.003). These results indicate that visual counts are adequate surrogates for more detailed measures of acorn production. West. J. Appl. For. 13(1):27-31.
Fifteen-Year Provenance Tests of Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta) in North Dakota
Authors: Dow Beverly D. , Cunningham Richard A. , Krupinsky Jospeh M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
To determine the usefulness of lodgepole pine in windbreak plantings in the Northern Great Plains, seeds were collected from 25 locations in the western United States and Canada and planted at the Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory ( USDA-ARS) in Mandan, North Dakota. Survival, height, crown diameter, crown density, and Petrova damage were recorded over a 15 yr period. Once established, lodgepole pines were hardy and drought resistant, and there was no mortality after the first 6 yr. Average annual growth was 29 cm. Our results suggest that lodgepole pines may be selected for survival after 2 yr of growth in the field and selected for height after 5 yr. Seed sources from southwestern Montana, northern Idaho, and southern Canada had the best overall performance as measured by good survival, superior height, and narrow crowns. West. J. Appl. For. 13(1):5-11.
Infection of Young Western Larch by Larch Dwarf Mistletoe in Northern Idaho and Western Montana
Authors: Mathiasen Robert L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Six-hundred dwarf mistletoe-infected western larch (Larix occidentalis) ranging in age from 10-20 yr were sampled to determine the approximate age and height at which they were initially infected by larch dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium laricis). The age of each observable mistletoe infection was determined for each sapling, and the age and height of the trees when they were initially infected were estimated based on the age of the oldest mistletoe infection. Few of the young larch sampled were infected before they reached 7 yr old or 1.5 m in height. Most of the young larch, however, were infected before they were 14 yr old or 4 m in height. Initial age and height of infection were significantly influenced by the infection intensity of the overstory larch growing within 12 m of the infected saplings. Because parasitism by larch dwarf mistletoe can be extremely damaging to western larch, infected overstory larch should be removed or killed before nearby larch regeneration reaches 7 yr old or 1 m in height when minimizing infection of the regeneration is a management objective. West. J. Appl. For. 13(2):41-46.
Fuel Bed Characteristics of Sierra Nevada Conifers
Authors: Van Wagtendonk Jan W. , Benedict James M. , Sydoriak Walter M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A study of fuels in Sierra Nevada conifer forests showed that fuel bed depth and fuel bed weight significantly varied by tree species and developmental stage of the overstory. Specific values for depth and weight of woody, litter, and duff fuels are reported There was a significant positive relationship between fuel bed depth and weight. Estimates of woody fuel weight using the planar intercept method were significantly related to sampled values. These relationships can be used to estimate fuel weights in the field. West. J. Appl. For. 13(3):73-84.
Science-Management Collaboration: Lessons from the Revision of the Tongass National Forest Plan
Authors: Mills Thomas J. , Everest Fred H. , Janik Phil , Pendleton Beth , Shaw Charles G. , Swantston Douglas N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The role of scientists in development of U.S. federal policy on various issues has been debated for decades and is documented in a large body of literature. No consensus on appropriate roles for scientists has yet been reached by either policymakers or the scientists themselves. Consequently, an opportunity remains for those working at the science-policy interface to contribute to resolution of the debate. Recent broad-scale federal land-use planning efforts in the western United States were completed through collaborative partner-ships between managers and scientists. The revision of the Tongass National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan, completed in May 1997, integrated Forest Service managers and scientists into one interdisciplinary planning team. This precedent-setting planning model produced a significant body of policy-relevant literature, a national forest plan that balances competing public desires for natural resources while providing for long-term sustainability of those resources, and planning decisions that are consistent with the best available scientific information. During the process, both scientists and managers faced numerous challenges and learned many lessons about collaborative partnerships. This paper describes critical challenges and lessons so that others undertaking similar efforts can benefit from our experiences. West. J. Appl. For. 13(3):90-96.
Site Productivity and Soil Conditions on Terraced Ponderosa Pine Sites in Western Montana
Authors: Zlatnik E. J. , DeLuca T. H. , Milner K. S. , Potts D. F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The USDA Forest Service built terraces on the Bitterroot National Forest in the 1960s and 1970s as a means of mechanical site preparation prior to machine-planting ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in clearcuts. We examined the influence of terracing on planted ponderosa pine and soil characteristics more than 20 yr after site treatment and planting. Replicated plots at three separate paired (terraced/unterraced) sites were measured for tree diameter at breast height (dbh), total tree volume, planted tree volume and height, and understory biomass. Soil samples were analyzed for total C, Bray-1 extractable P, exchangeable K, soil pH, soil water-holding capacity, and particle size distribution. Terraced sites had significantly higher tree volumes, heights, and dbh, and higher silt contents than unterraced sites. Two of the three terraced sites also had greater understory biomass than the unterraced sites. Soil C and nutrient concentrations on terraced and unterraced pairs were generally similar. West. J. Appl. For. 14(1):35-40.
Black Bear Damage to Forest Stands in Western Washington
Authors: Stewart William B. , Witmer Gary W. , Koehler Gary M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Cambium-feeding behavior by black bears (Ursus americanus), or bear damage, is a major reforestation problem in the Pacific Northwest. Historically, studies have measured the cumulative effects of damage over time, but few have viewed damage in the frame of one season. Bear damage occurring in 1996 was surveyed in areas of radio-marked bears in western Washington. Fresh damage occurred on 48% of bear location plots (n = 96). Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) (69%), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) (19%), and Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) (10%) with a mean dbh of 25.1, 29.5, and 30.7 cm, respectively, were most frequently damaged. Random plots were surveyed from mid-July to mid-August to measure habitat availability. Stand and site variables were measured on freshly damaged bear location plots, random plots, and nondamaged bear location plots. This study identified several variables that make forest stands vulnerable to bear damage: conifer dbh, conifer density, stand age, and canopy cover. Awareness of such stand characteristics can assist natural resource managers with animal damage prevention and control programs. West. J. Appl. For. 14(3):128-131.
Riparian Management Area Condition for Timber Harvests Conducted Before and After the 1994 Oregon Water Protection Rules
Authors: Hairston-Strang Anne B. , Adams Paul W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The 1994 Oregon Water Protection Rules introduced new and expanded requirements for streamside timber harvesting. Postharvest conditions in Riparian Management Areas (RMAs) were evaluated on 21 harvests throughout Oregon in 1995 and compared to results of 22 harvests from a study completed in 1993. Average conifer retention in these RMAs increased from 35% in 1993 to 75% in 1995, a desirable change for long-term supplies of large woody debris for fish habitat. Differences in distance from stream to harvest edge and percent of exposed mineral soil in the RMAs were not significant. Sites visited in 1995 averaged significantly more snags in RMAs than sites from the 1993 study, although snag diameters tended to be smaller, and greater numbers could be related to preharvest snag densities on sites. Although the RMA shade data were limited in this study, the 1994 Rules apparently provide at least as much shade as under the previous rules on most sites. West. J. Appl. For. 15(3):147-153.
Mortality of Mixed-Conifer Regeneration Surrounding Stumps Infected by Heterobasidion annosum 15–19 Years after Harvesting in Northeastern Oregon
Authors: Filip Gregory M. , Schmitt Craig L. , Parks Catherine G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 1989, a high frequency (89%) of Heterobasidion annosum, cause of annosus root disease, was found in true fir stumps cut 5 to 9 yr earlier in northeastern Oregon. Despite high stump infection levels, mortality of surrounding regeneration was very low (1.4%) in 1989 and even lower (0.7%) in 1999. High-elevation mixed-conifer stands in northeastern Oregon are often overstocked with regeneration. This regen-eration often includes H. annosum-susceptible species such as grand fir and subalpine fir and H. annosum-tolerant species such as Douglas-fir, Engelmann spruce, and western larch. The recommendation to treat true fir stumps with boron-containing products to prevent infection by H. annosum is discussed. West. J. Appl. For. 15(4):189–194.
Evaluation of Three Machines to Remove Armillaria- and Annosum-Infected Stumps
Authors: Omdal Daniel W. , Shaw Charles G. , Jacobi William R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Many root disease fungi survive as saprophytes in large roots and stumps, which is the primary means by which they persist on a site from one rotation to the next. A Vibro-Driver/Extractor (VDE) or backhoe excavator was used to remove root systems of 89 ponderosa pine infested with Armillaria ostoyae, and a bulldozer was used to remove root systems of 40 white fir infested with A. ostoyae, Heterobasidion annosum, or both. Based on direct measurements of extracted biomass and models to predict biomass remaining in the soil, all machines removed at least 83% of the belowground coarse root biomass. The VDE was the most powerful machine and was able to extract the largest stumps. The backhoe excavator was used on the smallest stumps, yet left the highest proportion of large root biomass in the ground. Residual biomass following excavations should not be a significant source of root disease fungi as 90% of broken roots were less than 5 cm dia. and would likely decay rapidly. West. J. Appl. For. 16(1):22–25.
Vegetation Management Using Polyethylene Mulch Mats and Glyphosate Herbicide in a Coastal British Columbia Hybrid Poplar Plantation: Four-Year Growth Response
Authors: Thomas K.D. , Reid W.J. , Comeau P.G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study was initiated in 1995 to gather information on the effectiveness of opaque polyethylene mats and glyphosate herbicide treatment on growth and yield of hybrid poplar plantations on south coastal British Columbia. Immediately after planting 40 cm tall hybrid poplar cuttings, 60 × 60 cm opaque polyethylene mats were installed. All treatment plots were mechanically cultivated in one direction twice yearly from 1995 to 1997. This practice left an uncultivated strip between trees running in the same direction as the cultivation. The uncultivated strip was approximately 1 m wide, and represented approximately one-third (0.04 ha) of the total plot area (0.13 ha). Glyphosate was applied at a rate of 2.1 kg active ingredient (ai)/ha in water to the uncultivated strips in the herbicide treatment plots in midsummer of the second and third growing seasons. The opaque polyethylene mats significantly improved poplar height growth only for the first growing season. After four growing seasons, hybrid poplars treated with glyphosate were significantly taller (983 cm) than those in either the mat (915 cm) or control treated plots (902 cm). Diameter at breast height (dbh) was also significantly greater in the herbicide treated plots (88 mm) than in either the mat (78 mm) or control (77 mm) treated plots. Total volume was also significantly greater in herbicide plots (23 ³/ha) than in either the mat (17 m³/ha) or control (17 m³/ha) plots. Basal area and total volume were 14% and 37%, respectively, greater in the herbicide plots than in the mat and control plots following the fourth growing season. West. J. Appl. For. 16(1):26–30.
Effect of Dwarf Mistletoe on Bole Taper and Volume in Young Douglas-Fir
Authors: Tinnin Robert O. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Boles of 210 residual understory Douglas-fir trees, ranging from uninfected to heavily infected with Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe, were measured for cylindrical form factor, Girard form class, height-to-diameter ratio, bole profile, and volume. Height-to-diameter ratio and Girard form class were significantly reduced by dwarf mistletoe across the range of infection classes. However, no effect due to infection by dwarf mistletoe was found on cylindrical form factor, and only a slight difference in bole profile between uninfected and heavily infected trees was found. These results suggest that dwarf mistletoe increases bole taper and affects the volume of younger Douglas-fir by affecting tree diameter and height but not by a substantive change in bole profile. West. J. Appl. For.16(1):5–8.
Height:Diameter Ratios and Stability Relationships for Four Northern Rocky Mountain Tree Species
Authors: Wonn Hagan T. , O'Hara Kevin L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Ratios of tree height to diameter have been used to predict susceptibility to storm damage for many years. In this study, individual trees damaged by recent snow and wind events in western Montana were sampled in 1997 and 1998 to determine their height:diameter ratios in comparison to nearby undamaged trees. Four species were sampled: ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), western larch (Larix occidentalis), interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca), and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia). Ratios of 80:1 (both measures in equal units) provided a stability threshold for all four species. Trees with higher ratios were more prone to damage than trees with lower ratios. Height:diameter ratios from trees grown in spacing trials were used to examine spacings that avoided development of unstable trees. Wide spacings or early thinnings provide the best means of avoiding major losses to snow and wind damage. The growth and yield model Prognosis was unable to predict height:diameter ratios for developing stands. West. J. Appl. For. 16(2):87–94.
Forest Type Definitions by Cluster Analysis
Authors: van Hees Willem W.S. , Dobelbower Kevin , Winterberger Kenneth 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A method is presented to develop forest type definitions by using cluster analysis of forest inventory data collected in southeast Alaska from 1995 through 1998. Species stocking levels were used as variables for cluster development. Pacific Northwest Research Station forest inventory staff could not compute forest type for some forested conditions in southeast Alaska using then existing forest type definitions. Forest type definitions developed by cluster analysis improved computed assignment of forest type. West. J. Appl. For. 16(3):101–105.
Little Response of True Fir Saplings to Understory Shrub Removal
Authors: Oliver William W. , Uzoh Fabian C.C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The ability of white fir and California red fir to become established, persist, and eventually dominate montane shrub fields is well known. When the firs have eventually dominated do the understory shrubs continue to inhibit growth? In a small study in the southern Cascade Range of northeastern California, we tested the growth response of a thinned stand of saplings to removal of a shrub understory. Also, we examined several commonly used predictors of the ability of saplings to respond to release. Results indicated a statistically significant increase in dbh and height growth following release that disappeared after 5 yr. The growth response that was probably too small to justify the cost of shrub removal was best predicted by the trees' height growth the 5 yr before release. West. J. Appl. For. 17(1):5–8.
Ten-Year Effect of Fertilization on Tree Growth and Mortality Associated with Armillaria Root Disease, Fir Engravers, Dwarf Mistletoe, and Western Spruce Budworm in Northeastern Oregon
Authors: Filip Gregory M. , Ganio Lisa M. , Oester Paul T. , Mason Richard R. , Wickman Boyd E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In October 1988, each of four randomly selected 4 ha plots within four 16 ha blocks in a mixed-conifer forest in northeastern Oregon received one of the following treatments by helicopter: (1) urea at 350 kg/ha of N, 2) 100 kg/ha N, 25 kg/ha P, 25 kg/ha K, 25 kg/ha S, and 3) 300 kg/ha N, 75 kg/ha P, 75 kg/ha K, 75 kg/ha S, or 4) untreated control. Ten years after treatment, grand fir mortality within plots averaged 37% (range 4 to 56%) of the sampled trees. Fir mortality was associated with fir engraver beetles, flatheaded fir borers, Armillaria root disease, and defoliation by western spruce budworm. Larch mortality ranged from zero for trees with no or low dwarf mistletoe infection to 56% in trees with severe infection. After 10 yr, there were no significant fertilizer effects on grand fir and western larch with respect to (1) incidence of mortality; (2) diameter increment; (3) vigor as assessed by cambial electrical resistance (CER); (4) live crown ratio; and (5) larch dwarf mistletoe severity rating (DMR). DMR significantly affected larch diameter increment, incidence of mortality, and CER regardless of treatment. Possible reasons why fertilization in this experiment did not have the same effects as fertilization in smaller studies are discussed. West. J. Appl. For. 17(3):122–128.
The Effect of Multinutrient Fertilization on Understory Vegetation Annual Production
Authors: VanderSchaaf Curtis L. , Moore James A. , Kingery James L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study quantified the effects of operational multinutrient fertilization on understory shrub, forb, and grass production in inland Northwest forests. Understory vegetation annual production increased at some sites while other sites showed no change or decreases following fertilizer treatments. The greatest understory response to fertilization occurred in low density, shade-intolerant, overstory-dominated stands. Understory vegetation response was lower under overstories dominated by more shade-tolerant conifers. Multinutrient fertilization produced increases in annual understory production of up to 2,400 lb/ac for combined understory growth forms over the entire growing season. West. J. Appl. For. 17(3):147–153.
Effect of Chemical and Manual Release on Live Oak Sprouts and Other Vegetation in a Ponderosa Pine Plantation on a Poor Site
Authors: McDonald Philip M. , Fiddler Gary O. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In their quest to increase vegetation management alternatives, managers continue to test new treatments and to apply old ones to different species. In this northern California study, the new treatment was undiluted Velpar applied with a spot-gun; the old treatments were Garlon 3A, Garlon 4, and manual release; and the different species was canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis). Principal categories of vegetation in the new plantation were hardwoods (mostly live oak root-crown sprouts), shrubs, forbs, and grasses. Planted 2-yr-old ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa) seedlings were part of the plant community. Eleven growing seasons after treatment (1988–1998), hardwood sprouts in the untreated control averaged 1,850/ac, combined shrubs over 3,600/ac, forbs 5,900/ac, and grasses more than 19,500/ac. Mean hardwood height in 1998 was significantly shorter when treated with Velpar and Garlon 4 than in the control. Significantly longer needles for pines in the Velpar and manual release treatments in 1989 forecast a significant difference among treatments that was realized in 1994, when mean stem diameter of pines at 12 in. above ground was significantly larger in all treatments than in the control. Stem height and diameter of pine did not differ significantly among treatments in 1998, but needle length again indicated that it would in the near future. Ten years may not be enough time to fully evaluate release treatments on poor sites with hard-to-control species. West. J. Appl, For. 18(1):22–28.
Tree Growth on Forested Wetlands of Southeastern Alaska Following Clearcutting
Authors: Julin Kent R. , D'Amore David V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Growth of forested wetlands was investigated in this southeast Alaskan study. Eighteen young, even-aged stands dominated by western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) rooted in wet, organic soils (Histosols) were sampled. The soils were Cryohemists and Cryosaprists ranging in depth from 38 cm to more than 2 m. The stands were naturally regenerated, densely stocked, and had wood-volume production ranging from 12 to 78 m3/ha for 15- and 46-yr-old stands, respectively. These production rates are consistent with those estimated using a regional growth and yield model and applied in Tongass National Forest planning. If observed rates of growth are sustained, these stands would produce wood volume at a level nearly double the USDA Forest Service minimum standard for commercial timberland at culmination of mean annual increment. West. J. Appl. For. 18(1):30–34.