bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategic philanthropy in the post‐Cap‐and‐Trade years: Reviewing U.S. climate and energy foundation funding
Authors: Nisbet Matthew C. 
Published: May 2018

For several decades, philanthropists in the United States have played a behind‐the‐scenes role in framing climate change as a social problem. These foundations have defined climate change primarily as a pollution problem solvable by enacting a price on carbon and by shifting markets in the direction of renewable energy technologies and energy efficiency practices. Funding has favored “insider” groups that push for policy action by way of negotiation, coalition building, and compromise, rather than “outsider” groups that specialize in grassroots organizing. Philanthropists have also placed less priority on funding for other low‐carbon energy sources such as nuclear power, carbon capture and storage, or natural gas, nor have they invested in actions intended to boost societal resilience, protect public health, or to address questions of equity and justice. But in the years following the failure of the 2010 Federal cap and trade bill, a review of available grants from 19 major foundations indicates that philanthropists responded to calls for new directions. Funding shifted to focus on state‐ or municipal‐level mitigation and adaptation actions and to the needs of low‐income/minority communities. Significant funding was also devoted to mobilizing public opinion and to opposing the fossil fuel industry. Nearly a quarter of all funding, however, remained dedicated to promoting renewable energy and efficiency‐related actions with comparatively little funding devoted to other low‐carbon energy technologies. The review of past funding trends provides implications for assessing philanthropic strategy during the Donald J. Trump presidency and beyond.This article is categorized under:

Trans‐Disciplinary Perspectives > Regional Reviews
The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Policies, Instruments, Lifestyles, Behavior
Outcomes of Children with Severe Acute Malnutrition in a Tribal Daycare Setting
Authors: Prasad Vandana , Sinha Dipa , Chatterjee Priyanka , Gope Rajkumar 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Objective
To describe the nutritional outcomes of children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in a village-level intervention.

Methods
This observational longitudinal study on 179 children aged <3 years was conducted in seven tribal blocks of Central and Eastern India with SAM managed in a comprehensive day care program.

Results
76% children with SAM showed improvement over a 4-6 months period, with 37% shifting to normal anthrometric status. There was a significant shift in Z scores.

Conclusions
This community-based intervention showed fair results for management of children with SAM at village level.
School climate and physical adolescent relationship abuse: Differences by sex, socioeconomic status, and bullying
Authors: Jain Sonia , Cohen Alison K. , Paglisotti Taylor , Subramanyam Malavika A. , Chopel Alison , Miller Elizabeth 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTLittle is known about the association between school climate and adolescent relationship abuse (ARA). We used 2011–2012 data from surveys of California public school students (in the United States of America) who were in a dating relationship in the last year (n = 112 378) to quantify the association between different school climate constructs and physical ARA. Fifty‐two percent of students were female, and all students were in 9th or 11th grade (approximately ages 14–17). Over 11% of students reported experiencing physical ARA in the last year. Increased school connectedness, meaningful opportunities for participation, perceived safety, and caring relationships with adults at school were each significantly associated with lower odds of physical ARA. Increased violence victimization and school‐level bullying victimization were associated with higher odds of physical ARA. These school climate‐ARA associations were significantly moderated by student sex, school socioeconomic status, and school‐level bullying victimization. School climate interventions may have spillover benefits for ARA prevention.
Deep Dyspareunia and Sexual Quality of Life in Women With Endometriosis
Authors: Shum Leona K. , Bedaiwy Mohamed A. , Allaire Catherine , Williams Christina , Noga Heather , Albert Arianne , Lisonkova Sarka , Yong Paul J. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Introduction
Deep dyspareunia occurs in half of women with endometriosis, a condition present in 10% of reproductive-age women and associated with negative effects on sexual quality of life (SQoL). However, women with endometriosis can have other clinical factors (eg, superficial dyspareunia, other pelvic pains, and psychological or pain conditions) possibly affecting SQoL.

Aims
To determine whether deep dyspareunia is associated with SQoL in women with endometriosis, independent of potential confounders.

Methods
This study involved a prospective patient registry of women at a tertiary-level referral center for endometriosis and pelvic pain. Inclusion criteria were (i) referrals to the center recruited into the registry from January 2014 through December 2016 and (ii) subsequent surgery at the center with histologic confirmation of endometriosis. Exclusion criteria included menopausal status, age at least 50 years, never sexually active, or did not answer dyspareunia or SQoL questions. Bi-variable tests and multiple linear regression analysis were performed.

Main Outcome Measures
SQoL measured by the 5-item sexual intercourse subscale of the Endometriosis Health Profile-30 (EHP-30) modular questionnaire (0–100%, with higher scores indicating worse SQoL).

Results
Consent rate for the prospective registry was 87%; 277 women met the study criteria (mean age = 34.2 ± 7.1 years). Most women had stage I to II endometriosis at time of surgery (64%), with the remaining having stage III to IV endometriosis. Through regression analysis, worse SQoL (higher EHP-30 sexual intercourse subscale score) was independently associated with: more severe deep dyspareunia (P &lt; .0001), more severe superficial dyspareunia (P &lt; .0001), increased depression (P &lt; .001), higher pain catastrophizing (P = .04), bladder pain syndrome (P = .02), heterosexual orientation (P &lt; .001), and new referral status (P = .02).

Conclusion
In women with endometriosis at a tertiary referral center, more severe deep dyspareunia was associated with worse SQoL, independent of superficial dyspareunia, psychological comorbidities, and other potential confounders.
Ice front change of marine-terminating outlet glaciers in northwest and southeast Greenland during the 21st century
Authors: BUNCE CHARLIE , CARR J. RACHEL , NIENOW PETER W. , ROSS NEIL , KILLICK REBECCA 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTThe increasingly negative mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) over the last ~25 years has been associated with enhanced surface melt and increased ice loss from marine-terminating outlet glaciers. Accelerated retreat during 2000–2010 was concentrated in the southeast and northwest sectors of the ice sheet; however, there was considerable spatial and temporal variability in the timing and magnitude of retreat both within and between these regions. This behaviour has yet to be quantified and compared for all glaciers in both regions. Furthermore, it is unclear whether retreat has continued after 2010 in the northwest, and whether the documented slowdown in the southeast post-2005 has been sustained. Here, we compare spatial and temporal patterns of frontal change in the northwest and southeast GrIS, for the period 2000–2015. Our results show near-ubiquitous retreat of outlet glaciers across both regions for the study period; however, the timing and magnitude of inter-annual frontal position change is largely asynchronous. We also find that since 2010, there is continued terminus retreat in the northwest, which contrasts with considerable inter-annual variability in the southeast. Analysis of the role of glacier-specific factors demonstrates that fjord and bed geometry are important controls on the timing and magnitude of glacier retreat.
Yeast derivatives and wheat germ in the adult diet modulates fecundity in a tephritid pest
Authors: Goane L. , Pereyra P.M. , Castro F. , Ruiz M.J. , Juárez M.L. , Segura D.F. , Vera M.T. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAnastrepha fraterculus(Wiedemann), a pest of great economic importance in South America, needs urgently to be controlled by environmentally friendly methods such as the sterile insect technique for which mass rearing of insects is required. Because oogenesis takes place during the adult stage, mass-rearing facilities should provide the females a diet that maximizes egg production at the lowest cost. Accordingly, we investigated the effect of artificial protein sources in the adult diet (yeast derivatives of different cost but with similar amino acids profiles, and the addition of wheat germ) on fecundity. Additionally, we evaluated different ratios of yeast derivatives or wheat germ on ovary maturation, fecundity, and fertility as well as their association with the nutrient content of females. Females fed hydrolyzed yeast and yeast extract attained the highest fecundity level, and those fed brewer's yeast the lowest. Reducing the amount of hydrolyzed yeast, an expensive protein source, in the diet negatively affected fecundity and ovary maturation. Increasing the amount of brewer's yeast, a low-cost protein source, did not favor fecundity. The addition of wheat germ in the adult diet improved fecundity regardless of the yeast derivate considered. Percentage of egg hatch was not affected by the diet. Nutrient content ofA. fraterculusfemales varied according to the adult diet provided and mating status. Our findings provide novel baseline information to understand the role of nutrition on reproductive performance ofA. fraterculusfemales and are discussed in the context of resource allocation. They also provide valuable advances in the search for cost-effective adult diets at fruit fly mass rearing facilities.
Effects of eprinomectin on the survival, reproduction and feeding activity of the dung beetles,Onthophagus lenziiHarold, and rare species,Copris ochusMotschulsky (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Ishikawa I. , Iwasa M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEffects of the antiparasitic drug eprinomectin were studied on the dung beetles,Onthophagus lenziiHarold and the rare species,Copris ochusMotschulsky by pour-on administrations (500 µg kg−1) in Japan. Eprinomectin was detected in cattle dung from 1 to 7 or 14 days after treatment, with a peak at 1 day after treatment in two experiments. InO. lenzii, adult survivals and numbers of brood balls constructed were significantly reduced in dung from eprinomectin-treated cattle at 1 and 3 days post-treatment in experiment 1, and adult emergence rates were extremely reduced in dung at 1, 3, and 7 days post-treatment. InC. ochus, adult survivals were significantly reduced in dung at 3 days post-treatment (experiment 1), and equivalent levels to the control were restored in dung at 7 and 14 days post-treatment (experiment 2). Numbers of brood balls ofC. ochuswere nil in dung at 3 days (experiment 1), and significantly reduced in dung at 7 days (experiment 2) post-treatment compared with control. Adult emergence rates ofC. ochuswere 100 and 71.6% in dung from control cattle in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. However, no oviposition was observed in dung at 3 days post-treatment, and all offspring died at egg or the first instar larval stage in dung from 7 and 14 days post-treatment. Feeding activities ofO. lenziiandC. ochuswere significantly inhibited in dung from treated cattle at 1–3 days and 3 days post-treatment, respectively, returning to levels of the control at 7 days post-treatment.
Cohomology of Flat Principal Bundles
Authors: Byun Yanghyun , Kim Joohee 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe invoke the classical fact that the algebra of bi-invariant forms on a compact connected Lie groupGis naturally isomorphic to the de Rham cohomologyH*dR(G) itself. Then, we show that when a flat connectionAexists on a principalG-bundleP, we may construct a homomorphismEA:H*dR(G)→H*dR(P), which eventually shows that the bundle satisfies a condition for the Leray–Hirsch theorem. A similar argument is shown to apply to its adjoint bundle. As a corollary, we show that that both the flat principal bundle and its adjoint bundle have the real coefficient cohomology isomorphic to that of the trivial bundle.
EFFECT OF MECHANICAL HARVESTING ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF TEA IN TANZANIA
Authors: RUTATINA S. , CORLEY R. H. V. 
Published: May 2018

SUMMARYHand plucking of tea is labour intensive, and with rising labour costs mechanical harvesting (MH) is of increasing interest. However, effects of MH on yield and quality of tea remain unclear. We harvested two tea clones for eight years with a small, wheeled machine, to investigate effects of different cutting heights on yield and quality. The harvest interval for machine plots was 40% longer than for hand plucking in the first three years and 100% longer thereafter. The yield response, relative to hand plucking, depended on cutting height. Provided that increase in bush height (table rise) was 6 cm per year or less, yields were 15–21% higher than with hand plucking and increased yield was still being maintained after eight years. The increase in yield appeared to be mainly attributable to the longer harvest interval for machine plots, so that larger shoots were harvested. There was no increase in the number of shoots harvested per year, despite more intensive plucking with the machine. In less intensively harvested plots, where table rise was 11–14 cm per year, yield was reduced compared to hand plucking, and shoot number was nearly 30% lower. Dry matter production was greatest under the least intensive harvesting, but greater intensity gave higher harvest index and yield. In plots with no table rise, but not in other plots, a large amount of die-back of plucked points was observed. This may indicate source limitation of shoot numbers. We conclude that, with an extended harvest interval and careful management of cutting height, the yield of tea can be maintained under MH. There was a reduction in green leaf quality, with coarser shoots and increased mature leaf, but a limited number of taster evaluations of quality of the black tea showed significant differences for only one clone.
Fermented camel milk prevents carbon tetrachloride induced acute injury in kidney of mice
Authors: Hamed Houda , Gargouri Manel , Boulila Salha , Chaari Fatma , Ghrab Ferdaws , Kallel Rim , Ghannoudi Zied , Boudawara Tahia , Chaabouni Semia , Feki Abdelfattah El , Gargouri Ahmed 
Published: May 2018

Fermented milk is known to possess potent antioxidant activity. The present study was undertaken to assess the preventive effect of fermented camel milk (FCM) prepared usinglactococcus lactis subsp. cremorisagainst CCl4induced kidney damage in mice. Nephrotoxicity was induced in mice by a single dose of CCl4(10 ml/kg 0·3% olive oil, ip). Female mice were pretreated daily with FCM for 15 d. Renal damage was associated with an increase in oxidative stress parameters (lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl and changes in antioxidant enzyme activities and non-enzymatic antioxidant) and nephropathology markers.The renal injury induced by CCl4was confirmed by the histological study of the CCl4-intoxicated mice. Pretreatment with FCM significantly prevented renal dysfunction by reducing oxidative stress, while mice recovered normal kidney histology. Moreover, FCM prevented toxicity biomarker changes by reducing creatinine, urea, uric acid, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and electrolytes levels in plasma. These data indicate that FCM is efficient in inhibiting oxidative stress induced by CCl4, and suggests that the administration of this milk may be helpful in the prevention of kidney damage.
Focusing on fatty acid profile in milk from different species after in vitro digestion
Authors: Santillo Antonella , Figliola Lucia , Ciliberti Maria G , Caroprese Mariangela , Marino Rosaria , Albenzio Marzia 
Published: May 2018

We report the fatty acid profile of raw milk and of the corresponding digested milk from different sources (human milk, formula milk and donkey, bovine, ovine and caprine milk) to gain information on the nutritional quality of different milk sources in infant nutrition.Short chain fatty acids (SC-FA) were higher in bovine and caprine milk, intermediate in ovine and donkey and lower in human and formula milk. Medium chain fatty acids (MC-FA) showed the highest values for bovine and caprine milk and the lowest for donkey and formula milk, whereas long chain fatty acids (LC-FA) were the highest in donkey and formula milk and intermediate in human milk.The percentage distribution of fatty acids liberated after in vitro digestion did not reflect the patterns found in the corresponding milk sources. In particular, MC free fatty acids (MC-FFA) showed the highest and the lowest values in donkey and in formula milk, LC-FFA showed the highest value in human milk. The total FFA was highest in human milk, lowest in formula milk and intermediate in donkey, bovine, ovine, and caprine milk.
Writing Bahian Identity: Crafting New Narratives of Blackness in Salvador, Brazil, 1940s–1950s
Authors: ROMO ANADELIA A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis article studies the intersections between race and regional identity in the 1940s and 1950s in Salvador, Bahia, a critical site for the African diaspora. It examines how tourist guides produced for domestic consumption, first by Jorge Amado and later by intellectuals Odorico Tavares and José Valladares, sought to frame the city in new ways around blackness. Grounding the production of such guides in national trends for mobility and travel, the article proposes that they provided a foundational site for the crafting of a regional identity. Critically, these texts established early links between a commodified black culture and tourism in ways that would prove exceptionally long-lasting.
Dressing down up north: DRESS-lowering and /l/ allophony in a Scottish dialect
Authors: Holmes-Elliott Sophie , Smith Jennifer 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis study reports on a sociophonetic investigation ofdress-lowering in a rural dialect in northeast Scotland. Previous analyses have indicated that this change is ongoing in a number of varieties worldwide, propelled by a combination of linguistic constraints and favorable associations with Anglo urban Californian varieties. In this paper we examine whether these influences play out in a relic dialect previously resistant to more supralocal changes. Through an analysis of a range of acoustic correlates, we track the progress of this change across three generations of speakers. Analysis of the constraints suggests that in this variety the change is driven by internal pressures, where it is significantly constrained by phonetic environment, specifically, following laterals. Further analysis of this environment reveals increasing distinction on the F2-F1 spectrum, where /l/s have become lighter in onsets and darker in codas. Our analyses reveal that these changes may be viewed as complementary, as they share the same acoustic correlates, suggesting that system-internal pressures are the primary driving force ofdress-lowering in this variety.
Changes in socio-economic level and their impact on nutritional status: a follow-up study among young Chilean adults
Authors: Amigo Hugo , Vásquez Alejandra , Bustos Patricia 
Published: May 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo verify the association between changes in socio-economic level (SEL) and nutritional status of Chilean adults over a 10-year period.DesignConcurrent cohort study.Setting/SubjectsIndividuals born from 1974 to 1978 in the Valparaíso Region of Chile were evaluated between 2000 and 2002 (n 1232) and again between 2010 and 2012 (n 796). SEL was characterized according to the occupation and educational level of the head of household. Nutritional status was based on measurement of BMI and waist circumference (WC).ResultsBetween the first and second evaluation there was a 13 % reduction in the number of individuals classified as poor and a 12 % increase in those classified in the medium high SEL. Increases in BMI were found among women who remained in the low SEL (β=2·2, 95 % CI 0·16, 2·87) compared with women who maintained the same SEL (and whose SEL was above low over the 10-year period). Women who remained in the low SEL increased their WC (β=4·10, 95 % CI 0·27, 7·93). There were no associations between nutritional status and SEL among males.ConclusionsIn the period studied, the SEL of the study population improved between the third and fourth decade of life, but BMI and WC also increased among women, with the lowest socio-economic group experiencing the greatest changes. Meanwhile, among males we found no association between anthropometric measurements and changes in SEL.
Anticolonial Constitutionalism: The Case of Hồ Chi Minh
Authors: BUI SON NGOC 
Published: May 2018

AbstractHow is modern constitutionalism related to anticolonialism? This Article takes into account this question with a special reference to the case of Hồ Chi Minh. It argues that modern constitutionalism offers a powerful ideational and discursive weapon for the colonized people to struggle against colonialism. To understand this, the Article introduces the concept of ‘anticolonial constitutionalism’, defined as a form of political discourse in which anticolonialists employ the language and ideas of modern constitutionalism to combat the predatory colonial government and to express the aspirations to a constitutional government. Anticolonial constitutionalism emerges under three conditions, namely exploitatory and arbitrary colonialism, anticolonialism, and constitutional enlightenment. The case of Hồ Chí Minh illustrates this phenomenon well. When Vietnam was under French colonialism as a part of French Indochina during the first half of the twentieth century, Vietnamese anticolonialism was vehement, and different anticolonialists employed the language and ideas of constitutionalism to oppose the colonial government. One of them was Hồ Chí Minh, considered by many Vietnamese as the father and icon of the nation. A tremendously influential anticolonialist, he was enlightened with constitutionalist knowledge and employed key ideas of modern constitutionalism, namely a written constitution, the rule of law, popular sovereignty, and fundamental rights to struggle against French colonialism and to express such aspirations to a constitutional government in Vietnam. This study has implications for the trajectory of constitutionalism in contemporary Vietnam given the continuing influence of Hồ Chí Minh's constitutionalist discourse in the country nowadays. More generally, this study has implications for the relationship between constitutionalism and anticolonialism.