bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Retrospective Survey of Injuries Occurring in Dogs and Handlers Participating in Canicross
Authors: Whyle Caitlin , Lafuente Pilar 
Published: August 2018

Objectives Canicross is a popular canine and human cross-country sport. The purpose of this study was to identify the most common injuries, their severity, risk factors and the recovery.
Methods An internet-based retrospective survey design was used to examine the characteristics of injuries, demographic and competition information and associations with injury rate.
Results A total of 160 surveys were received and indicated that at the time of the survey 21.9% of dogs (35/160) had experienced at least one injury. Lacerations, abrasions and punctures were the most common injury type (22/49), most frequently occurring in the footpads of the forelimb (13/16). The majority of dogs (38/49) recovered from their injuries. Sixty-nine out of 147 of the human handlers experienced injuries while competing; ankle injuries (25/69) and bruises, cuts and grazes (20/69) were the most common injuries. Risk factors for injuries were being a purebred Labrador, dogs running with another dog and additionally competing in agility.
Conclusions Labradors, dogs running with another dog and dogs also participating in agility competitions were at higher risk for injury. Injuries of the footpads of the forelimb were the most common injuries in dogs. Most dogs had a complete recovery from their injuries.
Clinical Significance This is the first study that gives us insight into injuries occurring in dogs and handlers competing in canicross. This will help making recommendations for this sport as well as enable veterinarians to understand the risks and injuries.
Assay of Fletcher Factor (Plasma Prekallikrein) Using an Artificial Clotting Reagent and a Modified Chromogenic Assay
Authors: Soulier Jean-Pierre , Gozin Danielle 
Published: August 2018

SummaryAn artificial clotting reagent lacking in Fletcher factor (plasma prekallikrein, PPK) was made by mixing human plasma, activated by 5 mg/ml of celite, then kept 16 hours at 37° to destroy most of the plasma kallikrein, plus rabbit plasma (which is devoid of XII and Fletcher activity).Chromogenic assay using a tripeptide substrate was also modified to exclude the interference of the endogenous contact factors. Celite eluate was used instead of kaolin or dextran sulphate for the activation.Using both these methods, it is possible to distinguish between Fletcher trait (PPK deficiency) and other contact factors such as factor XII and HMWK deficiencies, which do not activate with kaolin or dextran sulphate. These simple clotting and enzymatic assays give specific and well correlated results for PPK estimation.
Intravascular Coagulation in Autopsy Cases with Liver Diseases
Authors: Oka Kazunari , Tanaka Kenzo 
Published: August 2018

Summary184 autopsy cases with liver diseases were examined clinicopathologically with special reference to the incidence and distribution of microthrombi and classic thrombi in various organs.Microthrombi and/or classic thrombi were found in one or more organs in 50.0% to 59.4% of the patients with various liver diseases. But only 4 among 184 patients had many microthrombi in more than three organs and the incidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation seemed to be low in autopsy cases with liver diseases. Incidence of microthrombi showed no significant difference in the groups with and without portal vein thrombosis.Hemorrhage in the upper alimentary tracts of the patients with liver cirrhosis did not seem to develop by disseminated intravascular coagulation. Consumption of clotting factors in liver diseases seemed to occur by thrombus formation in portal vein and esophageal varices and by hemorrhage in various organs.
Effect of Diuresis on Urokinase Excretion Rate
Authors: Matsuo Osamu , Kawaguchi Tomoko , Kosugi Tadayoshi , Mihara Hisashi , Kimura Takahiko 
Published: August 2018

SummaryUK excretion rate in the diuretic state was investigated in human and animal studies. Loading of water, beer or diuretics in man decreased the UK excretion rate as urine flow increased. A linear relation between UK excretion rate and urine specific gravity was observed. Simultaneous loading of water and exercise suppressed the decrease in UK excretion rate and the increase in urine flow. In animal studies, a null value for UK excretion rate was observed as a result of giving physiological saline and/or furosemide, and a remarkable increase in urine flow was induced. These results clearly suggest the existence of a relation between renal function and UK excretion rate.
SEM Observations on the Mechanism of Platelet Release from Megakaryocytes
Authors: Djaldetti Meir , Fishman Pnina , Bessler Hanna , Notti Ida 
Published: August 2018

SummaryNormal human bone marrow megakaryocytes were examined with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to clarify the mechanism of platelet release. Several types of megakaryocytes were detected according to their surface appearance, i. e. with wrinkles, ridges, villous formations, round blebs and cells with platelets still attached to the cell membrane. These observations are consistent with the concept that bleb formation is at least one of the mechanisms for platelet liberation.
Inhibition of Spontaneous Platelet Aggregation by Sulfinpyrazone
Authors: Nenci G G , Agnelli G , Berrettini M , Parise P , Ballatori E 
Published: August 2018

SummaryIn a randomized double-blind crossover study in 16 patients with enhanced in vitro spontaneous platelet aggregation, sulfinpyrazone proved to be effective in normalizing platelet aggregability within 4 days after initiation of therapy.
Platelet Malonyldialdehyde Formation: An Indicator of Platelet Hyperfunction
Authors: Stuart Marie J 
Published: August 2018

SummaryIn 25 normal controls (Group I) and in 23 patients (Groups II and III) platelet malonyldialdehyde formation in the presence of N-ethyl maleimide (NEM) or thrombin was evaluated as an indicator of enhanced platelet function. 12 patients (Group III) with diabetes mellitus, nephrotic syndrome, or acute lymphatic leukemia in remission either exhibited spontaneous platelet aggregation (6/12), or enhanced platelet aggregation to minimal concentrations of ADP and Epinephrine (6/12). In these same Group III patients platelet malonyldialdehyde formation was markedly increased (p <0.0005) when compared to the values in the Group I normal controls. Studies in the 12 abnormal subjects later revealed normal aggregation patterns in 6/12 on follow-up evaluation. Concomitant estimation of platelet malonyldialdehyde at this time revealed a decrease into the normal range for platelet malonyldialdehyde values in the presence of thrombin in these 6 patients. Although significantly decreased from initial levels, (p <0.0005) malonyldialdehyde estimation in the presence of NEM was still slightly above the normal range. In 11 patients (Group II) both platelet aggregation tracings and malonyldialdehyde formation was normal and similar to values in the control population. Platelet malonyldialdehyde is a byproduct of the platelet endoperoxides which are intermediaries in the sequence of platelet prostaglandin synthesis. These results, therefore, suggest that part of the phenomenon of platelet hyperaggregability is intrinsic to the platelet and may involve platelet prostaglandin synthesis. The estimation of platelet malonyldialdehyde is a simple technique which appears to detect platelet hyperfunction.
Platelet Aggregation: Newly Quantified Using NonEmpirical Parameters
Authors: Nichols Alan R , Bosmann H Bruce 
Published: August 2018

SummaryNew methodology for a quantitative description of adenosine diphosphate (ADP)- induced human blood platelet aggregation in vitro is presented. The method uses electronic particle size analysis to determine the relative amounts of and distribution of sizes among platelets and aggregates after rapid termination of the events of ADP-induced aggregation by glutaraldehyde. Glutaraldehyde is found to preserve the state of platelets and aggregates in suspension unchanged for up to 48 h.Descriptions of platelet aggregate sizes and amounts at many points during reversible and irreversible aggregation at 37° C as they occur in the Platelet Aggregometer are discussed. A new model of reversible platelet aggregation emerges revealing previously unrecognized details of both the aggregation and disaggregation phases of the phenomenon and establishing that disaggregation is not simply the ‘mirror image’ of aggregation. Furthermore, the reactive proportions of the platelet population under conditions of both ADP- induced reversible and irreversible aggregation are very similar, strongly suggesting that other factors are responsible for the observed large differences in aggregation rates and resulting aggregate sizes. Correlations between Platelet Aggregometer parameters and the aggregate size distributions are considered, and the first report of a correlation between the average platelet composition of particles in the aggregated suspensions and the absorbance change as recorded by the Aggregometer is made. Also, the relationship between particle concentration of a suspension of platelets and aggregates and the suspension absorbance is non-linear. Heretofore unrecognized limitations of the Platelet Aggregometer are revealed. Importantly, absorbance as measured by the Aggregometer does not uniquely represent the magnitude of formed aggregates.
Relationship Between Mepacrine-Labelled Dense Body Number, Platelet Capacity to Accumulate 14C-5-HT and Platelet Density in the Bernard-Soulier and Hermansky-Pudlak Syndromes
Authors: Rendu F , Nurden A T , Lebret M , Caen J P 
Published: August 2018

SummaryWe have used the mepacrine-labelling procedure to measure the dense body (serotonin storage organelle) content of the platelets of 2 hereditary disorders where abnormalities in dense body number were suspected. The platelets were incubated with mepacrine and examined by fluorescence microscopy. A mean number of 5.4 ± 0.8 (SD) dense bodies per platelet was calculated from the data obtained using platelets isolated from 40 normal human subjects. In contrast the platelets of 2 patients with the Bernard-Soulier syndrome contained an average of 14 and 17 labelled granules. This increase was associated with a much greater capacity of the platelets to accumulate 14C-5-HT. The opposite result was obtained using the platelets from 2 patients with the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome which contained few granules labelled by mepacrine and took up less 14C-5-HT than normal human platelets. Centrifugation of the patients’ platelets on discontinuous sucrose gradients showed that the platelets of the 2 Bemard-Soulier patients were much denser than normal whereas a high proportion of low density platelets was observed in the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. These results further define the platelet abnormalities in the two syndromes and suggest that dense body number may be one of the factors governing platelet density.
Effects of Tsetse (Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw.) (Diptera: Glossinidae) Salivary Gland Homogenate on Coagulation and Fibrinolysis
Authors: Parker Kenneth R , Mant Michael J 
Published: August 2018

SummaryThe saliva of the tsetse, Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood, has antithrombin anticoagulant activity and inhibits thrombin’s esterolytic activity. It has no other detectable anticoagulant properties. The anticoagulant elutes in a single peak on Sephadex fraction, is immediately acting, heat and storage stable, and has a molecular weight of 11-13,000. Unlike heparin it is not neutralized by protamine sulphate or toluidine blue and does not require the co-factor, antithrombin III, for optimal anticoagulant activity. It has similar properties to hirudin, but does not elute with a protein peak upon Sephadex fractionation and has a slightly different molecular weight. Salivary gland homogenates contained neither a plasminogen activator nor fibrinolytic activity. The sera of rabbits used to maintain tsetses, which contained precipitating antibodies against saliva, did not neutralize the salivary anticoagulant in vitro. The properties of this anticoagulant suggest that it might be a potentially useful antithrombotic agent in man.
Inhibition of ADP-Induced Platelet Aggregation by Dipyrone in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Weinberger Itzhak , Joshua Henry , Friedmann Jacov , Rahamim Saadia , Agmon Jacob 
Published: August 2018

SummaryADP induced platelet aggregation was investigated in 48 patients within three days of the first signs of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Thirty six of them received 1 gram of dipyrone. Twelve patients who did not receive dipyrone served as controls.Platelet aggregation was found severely inhibited in 11 patients who had received dipyrone up to 12 hours before investigation and moderately inhibited among 25 patients who were given the drug 12-24 hours prior to the investigation.All the patients with AMI who did not receive dipyrone, exhibited a state of hyper- aggregability evidenced by the presence of a second phase of aggregation even with 0.5 μM ADP.The inhibitory activity of dipyrone on the second phase of platelet aggregation resembles that of other non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
A Simple Enzyme-Immunoassay (EIA) Test for Factor VIII-Related Antigen (VIIIAGN)
Authors: Ness Paul M , Perkins Herbert A 
Published: August 2018

SummaryAn enzyme immunoassay (EIA) system has been developed to measure factor VIII- related antigen (VIIIAGN). This assay gives similar results to the commonly used Laurell electroimmunodiffusion (EID) assay for VIIIAGN as shown by comparison of both techniques with samples from healthy controls, patients with hemophilia A, and patients with von Willebrand’s disease. The assay also has a greater precision than the EID technique as demonstrated by multiple assays of aliquots of a single sample. The use of this EIA test for VIIIAGN is simple and employs inexpensive reagents and equipment. The use of expensive antisera is minimized. EIA for VIIIAGN has the advantage of increased sensitivity compared to Laurell EIA.
Crosslinking of Monomeric Fibrin by Factor XIIIa
Authors: Dardik Beatriz N , Shainoff John R 
Published: August 2018

SummaryThe acceleration of crosslinking that accompanies transformation of fibrinogen to fibrin has been suggested to arise from the aggregation of the fibrinogen rather than a change in affinity for the crosslinking enzyme, factor Xllla. A test of the importance of aggregation has been obtained from studies on the effect of removing fibrinopeptide B from fibrinogen. Specific removal of fibrinopeptide B through reaction of human fibrinogen with copperhead venom procoagulant enzyme at low temperatures yields fibrin which dissolves on warming to 37° C and dissociates fully into monomers on dilution to a concentration below 0.2 mg/ml. When this fibrin and a fibrin lacking both fibrinopeptides A and B were compared at high concentrations above 2 mg/ml which favored a high degree of aggregation of both forms, they underwent crosslinking at similar rates that were approximately thirty two (25 ± 0.5) times faster than crosslinking of fibrinogen. However, at concentrations below 0.2 mg/ml, the fibrin lacking B alone underwent crosslinking at only one sixty-fourth of the rate of fibrin lacking both fibrinopeptides A and B. The relatively slow crosslinking in dilute solutions of the fibrin lacking fibrinopeptide B appeared due to the unique dissociation of this fibrin into monomers at low concentrations. As judged from both the rate of stable clot formation and the rate of formation of dimeric y-chains, crosslinking of the monomers did not differ from that of fibrinogen.
Comparative Histochemical Studies on Fibrinolysis in Whole Organs and Isolated Tissue Layers
Authors: Smokovitis Athanasios 
Published: August 2018

SummaryUsing Todd’s technique for the detection of plasminogen activator and Noordhoek Hegt and Brakman’s method for inhibitors of fibrinolysis, rat tissues were studied, both in sections of whole organs and as separated tissue layers. Whole organ preparations showed less fibrinolytic activity and poorer localisation of inhibitor, because of a widespread diffusion of the inhibitor from tissue layers rich in inhibitor during the histochemical procedures.It is concluded that when using histochemical methods both agents are best studied in separated layers of the organ to avoid the masking effects of diffused inhibitor.
Outcome of Ventral Fusion of Two or Three Cervical Vertebrae with a Locking Compression Plate for the Treatment of Cervical Stenotic Myelopathy in Eight Horses
Authors: Fürst Anton , Ranninger Elisabeth , Suárez Sánchez-Andrade José , Kümmerle Jan , Kühnle Christoph 
Published: August 2018

Objectives It was recently shown that biomechanical stability achieved with a locking compression plate (LCP) for ventral cervical fusion in horses is similar to the commonly used Kerf cut cylinder. The advantages of the LCP system render it an interesting implant for this indication. The goal of this report was to describe surgical technique, complications and outcome of horses that underwent ventral fusion of two or three cervical vertebrae with an LCP.
Methods Medical records of eight horses were reviewed for patient data, history, preoperative grade of ataxia, diagnostic imaging, surgical technique and complications. Follow-up information was obtained including clinical re-examination and radiographs whenever possible.
Results Two (n = 5) or 3 (n = 3) cervical vertebrae were fused in a mixed population with a median age of 9 months, median weight of 330 kg and median grade of ataxia of 3/5. A narrow 4.5/5.0 LCP (n = 6), a broad 4.5/5.0 LCP (n = 1) and a human femur 4.5/5.0 LCP (n = 1) were applied. Two horses were re-operated due to implant loosening. Six patients developed a seroma. Long-term complications included ventral screw migration in four, spinal cord injury in one and plate breakage in two horses at 720 to 1116 days after surgery. Outcome was excellent in three, good in four, poor in one patient.
Clinical Significance The use of an LCP for ventral cervical vertebral fusion is associated with good clinical results. However, a careful surgical technique is required to further reduce the complication rate.
Evaluation of Modified Techniques for Toggle Pin Repair of Coxofemoral Luxation in Dogs: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Bugbee Suzanne , Strasberg Jason , Franklin Samuel , Helmick Jacob 
Published: August 2018

Objectives The primary objective was to assess acetabular articular cartilage damage when an acetabular tunnel is drilled by passing the drill bit through the femoral tunnel. The second objective was to assess the success rate of passing the toggle through the femoral and acetabular tunnels in a single manoeuvre using a toggle delivery device.
Methods Open bilateral coxofemoral luxations in 16 canine cadavers were repaired by toggle pin technique by a surgical resident (n = 8) and a diplomate surgeon (n = 8). In one hip of each cadaver, the acetabular tunnel was drilled through the femoral tunnel and the toggle was passed in a single manoeuvre using the delivery device. In the contralateral hip, the tunnels were drilled separately, and the toggle was passed through each tunnel separately (resident) or in a single manoeuvre (surgeon). Pelves were examined for acetabular cartilage damage and toggle placement.
Results Cartilage damage did not occur with independent drilling of the acetabulum but occurred in 6/16 hips in which the acetabulum was drilled via the femoral tunnel. Successful deployment of the toggle was obtained in 24/24 hips in which the toggle was passed through the femoral and acetabular tunnels simultaneously using the delivery device, regardless of how the acetabular tunnel was drilled.
Clinical Significance Drilling the acetabular tunnel through the femoral tunnel risks damaging the acetabular cartilage. Success was consistently obtained when passing the toggle through the femoral and acetabular tunnels simultaneously using the toggle delivery device.
Specific oxylipins enhance vertebrate hematopoiesis via the receptor GPR132
Authors: Lahvic Jamie L. , Ammerman Michelle , Li Pulin , Blair Megan C. , Stillman Emma R. , Fast Eva M. , Robertson Anne L. , Christodoulou Constantina , Perlin Julie R. , Yang Song , Chiang Nan , Norris Paul C. , Daily Madeleine L. , Redfield Shelby E. , Chan Iris T. , Chatrizeh Mona , Chase Michael E. , Weis Olivia , Zhou Yi , Serhan Charles N. , Zon Leonard I. 
Published: August 2018

SignificanceSmall-molecule enhancers of hematopoietic stem cell transplant could improve the safety of this treatment and expand the pool of eligible patients. We previously showed that the lipid 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) enhanced transplant in zebrafish and mice. We use a bioinformatic approach to identify candidate EET receptors and demonstrate that EET activates GPR132. We find that this receptor is important in zebrafish and mouse hematopoiesis, and we further show that GPR132 has responsiveness to additional oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids such as EET. Thus, GPR132 receives lipid-derived signals to regulate hematopoiesis and is a therapeutic target for enhancing HSC transplant.
Choosing from the field of competitors
Authors: Simmons Leigh W. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
There is now unequivocal evidence for Darwin’s long-rejected suggestion that females choose among potential mates based on their secondary sexual traits. This has shifted attention from the question of whether females exercised mate choice, to why they should exhibit the mating preferences they do. ‘Choosing from the field of competitors’ gives a contemporary view of mate choice and its occurrence in a wide variety of animal species, along with some examples of what females are choosing and why parasites and disease may play a role in the evolution of extravagant secondary sexual characteristics. Several theoretical models are discussed along with the role of sexual selection in the evolution of humans.
Sexual conflict
Authors: Simmons Leigh W. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The reproductive interests of males and females will almost always differ, for example over whether to mate and how often, when to produce offspring and how many, or how much to invest in each offspring. Whenever the reproductive interests of males and females differ, opposing selection on males and females to achieve their preferred outcome will generate sexually antagonistic selection. Such sexual conflict is reflected in differences in the appearance and behaviour of the sexes as each evolves to gain the advantage in a fitness ‘arms race’. ‘Sexual conflict’ explores the evolutionary consequences of these arms races in the context of sexual selection as it occurs both before and after mating.
Stephanie Kwolek’s new polymer: from labs to riches
Authors: Dodgson Mark , Gann David 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Innovation usually involves the combination of ideas derived from many different places. Innovation is also affected by wider social, cultural, political, and economic factors. These include contributions made by cities and regions, government policies, and the ‘systems of innovation’ organizations belong and contribute to. ‘Stephanie Kwolek’s new polymer: from labs to riches’ considers the various contributors to innovation: entrepreneurs and venture capitalists, research and development departments, customers and suppliers, collaborative partners, universities, and relationships with government. The case of Stephanie Kwolek and her product Kevlar epitomizes the corporate R&D department’s contribution to innovation, but also highlights its shortcomings; the polymer took eighteen years to develop.