bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extraction and Comparison of Spatial Statistics For Geometric Parameters of Sedimentary Layers from Static and Mobile Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data
Authors: Walton Gabriel , Fotopoulos Georgia , Radovanovic Robert 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is a surveying technology that has seen increasing use in the field of geosciences in recent years. One potential application for this technology is to aid in quantitative stratigraphy. Given a point cloud containing multiple lithologies, the points associated with a specific lithology can be analyzed to quantify the geometric characteristics of that lithology, such as apparent dip, thickness, and spacing. In this study, a semi-automated work flow to perform such a characterization is presented and applied to a case study from an oil sands pit mine in the Athabasca region of Alberta, Canada. The results obtained using data collected with mobile and static TLS systems are compared to evaluate the effects of the various measurements and resolutions on the resulting stratigraphic statistics. In addition, mobile data collected for a small portion of the pit that was actively being mined are compared over time to evaluate changes in sedimentary layering in the direction perpendicular to the pit face. This component of the study highlights the impact of data quality on the resulting interpretations and represents a potential methodology for enhancing three-dimensional quantitative spatial modeling in a sedimentary environment.
A Design Method For Landslide Surface Water Drainage Control
Authors: Haugen Benjamin D. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Infiltration of surface water increases pore water pressures in slopes and reduces their stability. Common landslide features such as tension cracks and sag ponds can act as preferential pathways for surface drainage and may increase infiltration and exacerbate pore pressure–induced instability. Surface water drainage control is likewise recommended by numerous authors as an effective and inexpensive landslide mitigation method and has been shown to reduce the risk of landslides. While robust design procedures for other geotechnical applications exist (e.g., slope reduction, subsurface drains), similar procedures for landslide surface water drainage control have remained largely ad hoc and vary among practitioners. The objective of this article is to summarize technical literature related to surface water drainage control and provide a coherent design procedure for landslides.
Consideration of the Validity of Debris-flow Bulking Factors
Authors: Brunkal Holly , Santi Paul 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Compilation of a database of debris-flow peak discharges (Q) allowed for a comparison with the expected basin discharge, as computed using the rational equation, Q=CIA. The observed values of Q for debris flows in unburned and burned areas were divided by the computed Q values of runoff using the rational method. This ratio is the bulking factor for that debris-flow event. Unburned and burned basins constitute two distinct populations; analysis shows that the bulking factors for burned areas are consistently higher than those for unburned basins. Previously published bulking factors for unburned areas fit the data set in about 50 percent of the observed cases in our compiled data set. Bulking factors for burned areas that were found in the published literature were well below the observed increases in peak discharge in over 50 percent of the cases investigated. If used for design purposes, these bulking factors would result in a significant underestimation of the peak discharge from a burned basin for the given rainfall intensity. Peak discharge bulking rates were found to be inversely related to basin area.
Deterministic Three-dimensional Rock Mass Fracture Modeling from Geo-radar Survey: a Case Study in a Sandstone Quarry in Italy
Authors: Elkarmoty Mohamed , Colla Camilla , Gabrielli Elena , Bonduà Stefano , Bruno Roberto 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Rock mass fractures adversely affect the production of ornamental stone quarries. Fractures cause natural rock blocks, which threaten extraction of the required commercial block size of ornamental stones. Accurate subsurface detection and modeling of fractures are required for pre-exploitation evaluation and planning. This paper introduces a new three-dimensional deterministic fracture modeling approach using ground penetrating radar (GPR) as a data acquisition tool. A case study was performed in a fractured bench of a sandstone quarry in Firenzuola, Italy, using a 400 MHz GPR antenna. To accurately detect fractures at true depth, an in situ calibration based on previous knowledge of the depth of a subsurface reference reflector allowed us to estimate a bulk dielectric constant of the rock mass during the time of data acquisition. A data interpretation tracing technique was developed to model fractures as 3-D surfaces in two forms, either irregular or planes. The modeled fractures were visualized through a multi-platform visualization software package (ParaView). A comparison between the orientations of the fractures measured by the traditional manual method and the orientations of the modeled fractures is presented as a possible geologic validation for the detection and interpretation of fractures. For the objective of pre-exploitation evaluation, a distribution analysis provided an evaluation-based fracture index for the bench in the case study.
Conjugate Oblique-Extension Veins in Shear and Tensile Fracture Systems at the Komis Gold Mine and Mufferaw Gold Prospect, Northern Saskatchewan
Authors: LAFRANCE BRUNO 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Quartz veins at the Mufferaw gold prospect and Komis gold deposit, northern Saskatchewan, are examples of oblique-extension veins that crystallized in shear and tensile fractures, which propagated and then opened oblique to their walls during a single continuous deformation event. The Mufferaw gold prospect consists of an interlinked mesh of conjugate shear fractures, tensile fractures, and veins. Oblique-extension veins crystallized in conjugate shear fractures, which opened during dilation of intersecting tensile fractures under the same far-field stress system. At the Komis gold mine, tensile and dextral shear fractures cut across granodiorite dikes. The tensile fractures formed perpendicular to the dike margins during stress transfer from the less-competent country rocks to the more-competent dikes. During extension of the dikes oblique to the bulk extension direction in the country rocks, the tensile fractures were reactivated as sinistral shear fractures. The reactivated tensile fractures and dextral shear fractures opened oblique to their walls, parallel to the bulk extension direction, and were sealed by the deposition of oblique-extension veins during the same deformation event.
Use of Tri-Chloroacetic Acid /Acetone/polyethylene glycol for protein purification from HIV-1 infected human plasma
Authors: Barik Sushanta Kumar , Mohanty Keshar Kunja , Bisht Deepa , Mohanty Partha Sarathi , Patil Shripad , Joshi Beenu , Varshney Deepika , Tandon Rekha , Tripathy Srikanth Prasad , Singh Tej Pal , Jena Srikanta 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Human plasma contains high amount of abundant proteins like albumin and globulin. Normally, the proteins having potential for biomarkers are present in very low concentration in human plasma. To resolve the low concentration proteins in polyacrylamide gel, the removal of high abundant proteins from plasma are very essential. Polyethylene glycol is a nontoxic, water soluble synthetic polymer has several applications in chemical and biomedical industries. Various molecular variants of poly ethylene glycol is available and used in protein purification. The mechanism behind the use of high concentration of polyethylene glycol is it binds the molecule in more compact or interpenetrates forming a gel like network surrounding the molecule. Polyethylene glycol -6000 removes the high abundant proteins like Albumin and Globulin in the HIV -1 infected plasma samples and concentrates the low molecular weight proteins as the low molecular weight proteins are essential in biomarker study.
Use of organic solvents for protein purification from HIV-1 infected human plasma
Authors: Barik Sushanta Kumar , Mohanty Keshar Kunja , Bisht Deepa , Mohanty Partha Sarathi , Patil Shripad , Joshi Beenu , Varshney Deepika , Triptahy Srikanth Prasad , Singh Tej Pal , Tandon Rekha , Jena Srikanta 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Human plasma contains various high molecular and low molecular proteins like Albumin, Globulin, Lipoproteins, Glycoproteins etc. To get a pure protein of interest , the organic solvents are very useful in the plasma protein purification steps. To achieve a low cost and reliable purification, the organic solvents are best useful in laboratory practice. Tri-choloroacetic acid and Acetone removes the Albumin and Globulin while Chloroform, methanol, isopropanol removes the Glycoproteins and Lipoproteins and would give the protein of interest in HIV-1 infected human plasma.
Does Irrigated Corn Require Multiple Applications of Sulfur?
Authors: Kurbondski Andria J. , Kaiser Daniel E. , Rosen Carl J. , Sutradhar Apurba K. 
Published: July 2019

Sulfur is applied to irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) grown on sandy soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sprinkler‐irrigated corn response to S. Treatments were a factorial combination of 0, 14, 28, and 42 kg S ha−1 as (NH4)2SO4 applied on the soil surface at four locations at planting and in season (V5). Tissue samples were collected at V8 and R2 and evaluated along with corn grain yield and soil pore water SO42––S concentration measured at 60 cm with suction tube lysimeters. Application of S increased V8 plant mass, V8 whole plant S concentration and S uptake, and R2 leaf S concentration but did not increase corn grain yield. Decreased V8 plant mass was a result of S deficiency and was only corrected when some S was applied at planting. A total of 28 kg S ha−1 was sufficient to ensure adequate plant growth and S uptake whether S was applied at planting, in‐season, or as a combination of the two timings. Concentrations of S were elevated in soil pore water from at planting and in‐season S application indicating a portion of the S applied were still available for most—and at the end of—the growing season. Sulfur fertilizer is crucial early in the growing season for irrigated corn to ensure optimal corn growth. Rate of application is more important than time of S application in irrigated corn production. Incidental applications of S may reduce the need of S fertilizer for irrigated corn.Core Ideas
Application of sulfur at planting is required to maximize early irrigated corn plant mass.
Delaying sulfur application to the V5 growth stage results in luxury uptake of S in corn.
Rate of sulfur applied is of greater importance than timing and number of applications.
Sulfur applied at planting will not fully leach from the root zone the year of application.
Sulfur fertilizer may not be required to achieve maximum grain yield for irrigated corn.
Sperrylite saturation in magmatic sulfide melts: Implications for formation of PGE-bearing arsenides and sulfarsenides
Authors: Bai Liping , Barnes Sarah-Jane , Baker Don R. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Sperrylite (PtAs2) is one of most common Pt minerals, but the processes whereby it forms are not clearly established. Most commonly it is associated with the major-component base metal sulfide minerals (pyrrhotite, pentlandite, and chalcopyrite), which are believed to have crystallized from magmatic sulfide melts. Hence, sperrylite is thought to have formed by crystallization from a sulfide melt or by exsolution from sulfide minerals. However, sperrylite is also found associated with silicate and oxide minerals where it is thought to have formed by crystallization from the silicate magma. To investigate the conditions under which sperrylite could crystallize from a magmatic sulfide melt we investigated sperrylite saturation in Fe-Ni-Cu-S sulfide melts under controlled fO2 and fS2 at 910–1060 °C and 1 bar. The As and Pt concentrations in the sulfide melt at sperrylite saturation increase from 0.23–0.41 to 2.2–4.4 wt% and from 0.36–0.65 to 1.9–2.8 wt%, respectively, as the iron concentration in the sulfide melt decreases from 50 to 36 wt% at 910–1060 °C. We show that transitional metal concentrations, particular iron and nickel, as well as sulfur and oxygen fugacities influence As and Pt concentrations in the sulfide melt at sperrylite saturation. These intensive variables appear to effect sperrylite solubility by influencing the oxidation state of As in the sulfide melt. The measured concentrations of As and Pt in sperrylite-saturated sulfide melts produced in our experiments are much higher than that in most natural sulfides, implying that arsenides and sulfarsenides will not reach saturation in natural magmatic sulfide melts at high temperatures unless the magma has been contaminated with an exceptionally As-rich rock. This suggests that the observed arsenides and sulfarsenides in natural sulfide ores were not formed by crystallization from unfractionated sulfide melts at high temperatures above 900 °C, but might form at low temperatures below 900 °C.
Using mineral equilibria to estimate H2O activities in peridotites from the Western Gneiss Region of Norway
Authors: Kang Patricia , Lamb William M. , Drury Martyn 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe Earth’s mantle is an important reservoir of H2O, and even a small amount of H2O has a significant influence on the physical properties of mantle rocks. Estimating the amount of H2O in rocks from the Earth’s mantle would, therefore, provide some insights into the physical properties of this volumetrically dominant portion of the Earth. The goal of this study is to use mineral equilibria to determine the activities of H2O (aH2O) in orogenic mantle peridotites from the Western Gneiss Region of Norway. An amphibole dehydration reaction yielded values of aH2O ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 for these samples. Values of fO2 of approximately 1 to 2 log units below the FMQ oxygen buffer were estimated from a fO2-buffering reaction between olivine, orthopyroxene, and spinel for these same samples. These results demonstrate that the presence of amphibole in the mantle does not require elevated values of aH2O (i.e., aH2O≈1) nor relatively oxidizing values of fO2 (i.e., >FMQ).It is possible to estimate a minimum value of aH2O by characterizing fluid speciation in C-O-H system for a given value of oxygen fugacity (fO2). Our results show that the estimates of aH2O obtained from the amphibole dehydration equilibrium are significantly lower than values of aH2O estimated from this combination of fO2 and C-O-H calculations. This suggests that fluid pressure (Pfluid) is less than lithostatic pressure (Plith) and, for metamorphic rocks, implies the absence of a free fluid phase.Fluid absent condition could be generated by amphibole growth during exhumation. If small amounts of H2O were added to these rocks, the formation of amphibole could yield low values of aH2O by consuming all available H2O. On the other hand, if the nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs) contained significant H2O at conditions outside of the stability field of amphibole they might have served as a reservoir of H2O. In this case, NAMs could supply the OH necessary for amphibole growth once retrograde P-T conditions were consistent with amphibole stability. Thus, amphibole growth may effectively dehydrate coexisting NAMs and enhance the strength of rocks as long as the NAMs controlled the rheology of the rock.
Rancang Bangun Pengelolaan Dan Penggunaan Dana Desa Sistem Terpadu Dengan Metode Berorientasi Objek
Authors: Rasminto Hendri , Siswanto Siswanto , Danang Danang 
Published: July 2019

The Village Fund Budget is a revenue-sharing fund between the District and Village Governments for the welfare of the community. The budget obtained is managed by the village government for community development and welfare. Budget management by the Village Government has been regulated in the Semarang Regent Regulation Number 8 of 2016 concerning Village Financial Management that that Changes to the Village Revenue and Expenditure Budget are stipulated by Village Regulations. Budgeting that has to create a new form in Microsoft Excel will increase the length of work time and must understand excel logic. The absence of databases and security systems that are not yet available is a balance between the need for an information system for managing village expenditure expenditure budgets that will make time more effective in budgeting. This information system uses Visual Basic 6.0 with the MySQL database. The research method used is R & D which was developed by Borg and Gall (1983) through the following stages: Research and information collecting, Planning, Develop prelminary form of product, Prelminary field testing, Main product revision, Main field testing. Designing a system that will produce a prototype product that will be tested by internal and external experts who will assess the design is valid or not. If the design is valid, it will produce a Accounting Information System prototype product of the Village Revenue and Expenditure Management (APBDes) that can be used, but if the product is not valid, it will be repaired according to expert instructions until the product is declared valid and usable. After being declared valid by the expert, it will produce a prototype product that can be used. The purpose of the village income and expenditure budget management information system in the Kaliwungu village is expected to be able to assist in the preparation of village income and expenditure budgets so that the time needed to prepare the report is quite effective and not too late. With the distribution of access rights and security systems, the information system for managing village income and expenditure budgets is expected to be safer
Human Toxocara Infection: Allergy and Immune Responses
Authors: Zibaei Mohammad , Shayesteh Zahra , Moradi Najmeh , Bahadory Saeed 
Published: July 2019

Background:
Toxocariasis is a cosmopolitan infection that occurs in various
regions worldwide, more frequently in developing countries. Chronic infections with Toxocara
species in humans are associated with the production of high levels of specific and
non-specific antibodies of all isotypes and IgG subclasses and a cytokine response characterized
by the production of Th2 cytokines including IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 by Peripheral
Blood Monocytes (PBMCs) and Leukocytes (PBLs) in whole blood cultures. Other Th2 effector
responses are also prominent during infection, reflected by elevated numbers of peripheral
blood eosinophils and increased expression of eosinophil degranulation products.
The production of IFN-γ by PBMCs/PBLs stimulated with Toxocara-secreted proteins is
not prominent in toxocariasis but IL-10 production may be increased in infected individuals.
The relationship between Toxocara species with allergic reactions was reported in the
recent century. Experimental and epidemiological investigations revealed that toxocariasis
with this parasite led to the development of allergic symptoms, such as asthma. However,
the findings are conflicting since in other investigations no association between these two
immunopathologies has been reported.

Conclusion:
The present review endeavours to summarize the data on Toxocara species
and findings from studies on the relationship of toxocariasis with symptoms and signs of
allergy. Furthermore, the mechanisms of immune responses and the factors associated between
allergy and Toxocara infection are discussed.
Distopías en la cocina: un análisis de los orígenes de la puertorriqueñidad a través del discurso culinario en las Crónicas de Indias
Authors: Ortiz María Inés 
Published: July 2019

<p>Cuando nos remontamos a la tradición de las Crónicas de Indias abrimos las puertas a un pasado donde la imposición de los ideales eurocéntricos muestra cómo el coloniaje tomó control de la vida diaria en todos los niveles, trasplantando viejos esquemas en este nuevo y a veces “exótico” espacio de las Américas. En Puerto Rico, muchos aspectos de la “vieja” y la “nueva” cultura chocarían, múltiples ideas serían refutadas, despreciadas, otras se esfumarían,<br />muchas quedarían en el silencio del derrotado, mientras que otras se transformarían y se asimilarían para dar paso a lo que eventualmente se revelaría como los indicios de la idea de una identidad propia. Siguiendo el caso de los Cronistas de Indias y su manifestación literaria que surge de la experiencia en la vida diaria en la Isla de San Juan Bautista, nos aproximamos a esa distopía de la idea de lo puertorriqueño visto desde el discurso culinario durante el régimen español. Estudiamos secciones del controversial Diario de Colón, además de inmiscuirnos en las letras de Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, Fray Damián López de Haro y Fray Íñigo Abbad y Lasierra. Se considera la gran paradoja literaria donde la retórica gastronómica es clave para entender la distopía que se devela en la lectura de los textos de estos cronistas, mientras al mismo tiempo son cruciales elementos de propaganda donde se trata de clamar un sentido de normalidad en el aparente mundo de caos del salvaje noble.</p>
Sobre el lento crecimiento económico de México. Una explicación estructural
Authors: Loría Eduardo 
Published: July 2019

Existe un amplio consenso con relación a que la economía mexicana experimentó una estrategia de crecimiento muy exitosa durante el periodo 1945-1970 y que desde fines de los años sesenta comenzaron a aparecer graves problemas estructurales que avisaban sobre el agotamiento del modelo de sustitución de importaciones. Fueron el incremento del endeudamiento externo (1970-1976) y luego el auge petrolero (1978-1981) los factores que recuperaron transitoriamente las tasas de crecimiento de las décadas anteriores. La crisis de balanza de pagos de 1982-1983 resultó ser el elemento final que definió una nueva estrategia de crecimiento basada principalmente en la privatización de la actividad productiva y en la apertura internacional (comercial y financiera) irrestrica. En el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 1983-1988 (De la Madrid 1983) se planteó la necesidad de realizar las reformas estructurales necesarias que favorecieran la exportación de manufacturas y se convirtieran así en un motor del crecimiento.
The Impact of Globalization on the Security Environment
Authors: Cîrdei Ionuț Alin 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Globalization is a particularly complex phenomenon that marked the twentieth century and the beginning of the 21st century, bringing about transformations at the level of the entire human society. This phenomenon produces profound, and sometimes irreversible, changes in all areas and imposes an alert rhythm for the existence of all mankind, which must keep pace with globalization in order to maintain its chances of development in an increasingly competitive world. In the last decades, we witness the manifestation of the effects of globalization in the field of individual and collective security, with great implications on the relations between different actors of the security environment. Globalization creates new opportunities, but at the same time it gives rise to new vulnerabilities and allows the emergence of new threats that, once materialized, can have a major impact at a regional or even global level.