bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An optimized method for counting viral particles using electron microscopy
Authors: Zaitsev B. N. , Taranov O. S. , Rudometova N. B. , Shcherbakova N. S. , Ilyichev A. A. , Karpenko L. I. 
Published: May 2019

Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. When studying samples containing viruses, one confronts an unavoidable question of the quantitative determination of viral particles in the sample. One of the simplest and efficient approaches to quantitative determination of viral particles in preparation includes the use of electron microscopy; however, a high detection threshold is a significant limitation of this method (107 particles per ml). Usually, such sensitivity is insufficient and can result in error diagnosis. This study aims to develop a method making it possible to detect the number of viral particles more precisely and work with samples in which the concentration of particles is lower than 107/ml. The method includes a concentration of viral particles on the polyethersulfone membrane applied in centrifugal concentrators and subsequent calculation using an electron microscope. We selected env-pseudoviruses using a lentiviral system making it possible to obtain standardized samples of virus-like particles that are safer than a live virus. Suspension of viral particles (a volume of 20 ml) was placed into the centrifugal concentrator and centrifuged. After that, we took a membrane out of the centrifugal concentrator and evaluated the number of particles on the ultrathin section using an electron microscope. The number of viral particles on the whole surface of the filter (a square of 4 сm2) was 4×107 virions, the initial concentration of pseudoviruses in the sample was 2×106 per 1 ml (4×107 particles per 20 ml). As a result, the developed method enables one to evade the major disadvantage of quantitative determination of viruses using electron microscopy regarding a high detection threshold (concentration of particles 107/ml). Furthermore, the centrifugal concentrator makes it possible to sequentially drift a considerable volume of the suspension through the filter resulting in enhancement of test sensitivity. The developed approach results in increased sensitivity, accuracy, and reproducibility of quantitative analysis of various samples containing animal, plant or human viruses using electron microscopy.
Les Plans Simples de Gestion destinés à la production de bois-énergie en périphérie de Kinshasa : la participation et la restauration à l’épreuve du foncier
Authors: Péroches Adrien , Dubiez Emilein , Peltier Régis , Procès Pierre , Diowo Simon , Yamba-Yamba Timothée , Vermeulen Cédric 
Published: May 2019

En République démocratique du Congo, l’agriculture itinérante sur brulis et la production de bois-énergie sont les principales activités génératrices de revenus des populations périurbaines. Mais ces activités sont également les premières causes de déforestation, comme c’est le cas dans un rayon de 200 km autour de Kinshasa et autour des principales métropoles du pays. Afin d’améliorer la gestion des espaces périurbains et d’assurer l’alimentation durable en bois-énergie de Kinshasa, le projet UE Makala a co-construit avec douze communautés du plateau Batéké et du Kongo central des Plans simples de gestion des terroirs et du bois-énergie via une méthode participative. En complément, des itinéraires techniques (plantations agroforestières à Acacia auriculiformis et d’essences locales, régénération naturelle assistée) ont été proposés et testés avec les agriculteurs producteurs de bois-énergie de ces communautés. Après une période de 18 mois de mise en œuvre autonome des Plans simples de gestion, une évaluation de leur appropriation par Principes, critères, indicateurs et vérificateurs a été menée. Cette évaluation a montré que le niveau d’appropriation des Plans simples de gestion et des itinéraires techniques promus par le projet UE Makala est meilleur au Kongo central, où la forêt a quasiment disparu, qu’au plateau Batéké où des reliquats de forêts-galeries existent encore. De plus, il a été mis en évidence dans les deux zones que les activités collectives étaient peu appropriées alors que les activités individuelles, pour lesquelles la répartition du travail et des bénéfices était sans ambiguïtés, ont été plus largement appropriées. Cependant, à l’échelle individuelle, des différences notables d’appropriation ont été constatées en fonction du statut foncier des bénéficiaires. Les faibles superficies disponibles et l’accès au foncier sont les principaux facteurs limitant l’appropriation des itinéraires techniques agroforestiers.
Performances techniques et environnementales du four de carbonisation Green Mad Retort à Madagascar
Authors: Temmerman Michaël , Andrianirina Ravo , Richter Franck 
Published: May 2019

Des essais de carbonisation d’eucalyptus issus de plantations au nord de Madagascar ont été menés sur le terrain dans des fours de carbonisation à chambre de combustion externe (Green Mad Retort ou GMDR). Les analyses d’une cinquantaine d’essais démontrent que des rendements massiques élevés (34 %) et très stables sont obtenus avec ces fours, même pour des charges à l’humidité élevée. L’étude confirme le lien direct entre augmentation du rendement massique et diminution des émissions de gaz à effet de serre liés à la carbonisation (CO2 et CH4). Il est également démontré, grâce à des mesures réalisées sur deux fours à des stades de développement différents, qu’il est possible et utile d’éliminer la majeure partie des émissions de méthane à la sortie de la chambre de carbonisation. Dans ce cas, les émissions de méthane sont de l’ordre de 4,3 kg par tonne de charbon de bois produite, ce qui est 5 à 17 fois moins élevé que les émissions publiées pour d’autres techniques de carbonisation, à l’exception des fours cornues industriels.
Derajat Penetasan dan Lama Waktu Menetas Embrio Ikan Betok (Anabas testudineus) yang Diinkubasi pada Media dengan pH Berbeda <br><i>[The Hatching Rate and Incubation Duration of Climbing Perch Embryo (Anabas testudineus) Incubated on Different pH of Medium]<i>
Authors: Violita Vina , Muslim Muslim , Fitrani Mirna 
Published: May 2019

AbstrakPenetasan telur ikan merupakan hasil dari embriogenesis hingga embrio keluar dari cangkangnya. Aktivitas embrio dipengaruhi oleh faktor dari luar dan dalam cangkang. Salah satu faktor dari luar yaitu pH air. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui derajat penetasan dan lama waktu menetas telur ikan betok (A. testudineus) yang diinkubasi pada media dengan pH berbeda. Penelitian ini telah dilakukan di Laboratorium Budidaya Perairan, Program Studi Budidaya Perairan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sriwijaya. Metoda penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan lima perlakuan dan tiga ulangan P1 (pH 5±0,2), P2 (pH 6±0,2), P3 (pH 7±0,2), P4 (pH 8±0,2) dan P5 (pH 9±0,2). Parameter yang diamati yaitu persentase telur menetas, lama waktu penetasan dan parameter kualitas air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada pH 7±0,2, pH 8±0,2 dan pH 9±0,2 memberikan hasil persentase telur menetas dan lama waktu penetasan telur yang tidak berbeda nyata.AbstractThe hatching of fish eggs is the result of embryogenesis until the embryo out from the shells. Embryos activities are influenced by external and internal factors. One of the external factors is the Power of Hydrogen (pH). The purpose of this study is to determine the hatching rate and incubation time of climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) incubated on different pH of the medium. The research had been conducted in Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, Agriculture Faculty, Sriwijaya University. The research method used a completely randomized design with five treatments and three replications. The treatments were P1 (pH 5±0.2), P2 (pH 6±0.2), P3 (pH 7±0.2), P4 (pH 8±0.2) and P5 (pH 9±0.2). Parameters that had been observed were the eggs percentage of hatching, incubation time and water quality parameters. The results showed that pH 7±0.2, pH 8±0.2 and pH 9±0.2 have no significant difference on hatching percentage and incubation time of climbing perch.
English as a second language: helping international students get ready for college in the U.S.
Authors: Kandidatov Petr 
Published: May 2019

Inglês como segunda língua: ajuda a estudantes estrangeiros a se prepararem para a universidade nos Estados Unidos
RESUMO. Descreve o programa de inglês como segunda língua (ESL) na Southern Arkansas University e seu sucesso em ajudar estudantes estrangeiros a aprimorar suas habilidades na língua inglesa e facilitar uma transição suave para os programas de graduação e pós-graduação da universidade. O artigo analisa todos os componentes do programa, concentrando-se principalmente em seu currículo e métodos instrucionais que abordam todas as principais habilidades linguísticas (ouvir, falar, ler e escrever) e outras habilidades relacionadas à gramática, vocabulário e pronúncia.
Palavras-chave: Inglês, Linguagem, Aprendizagem.

English as a second language: helping international students get ready for college in the U.S.
ABSTRACT. Describes the English as a Second Language (ESL) program at Southern Arkansas University and its success in aiding international students in improving their English language skills and facilitating a smooth transition to the university’s degree programs. The paper looks at all the components of the program mainly focusing on its curriculum and methods of instruction that address all of the major language skills (listening comprehension, speaking, reading, and writing) and competences (grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation).
Keywords: English, Language, Learning.

Inglés como segunda lengua: ayuda a estudiantes extranjeros a prepararse para la universidad en los Estados Unidos de América
RESUMEN. Describe el programa de Inglés Como Segunda Lengua (ESL) en Southern Arkansas University y su éxito al ayudar a los estudiantes extranjeros a mejorar sus habilidades en el idioma inglés y facilitar una transición suave a los programas de pregrado y posgrado de la universidad. Analiza todos los componentes del programa, centrándose principalmente en su plan de estudios y métodos de instrucción que abordan todas las principales habilidades lingüísticas (comprensión auditiva, conversación, lectura y escritura) y competencias (gramática, vocabulario y pronunciación).
Palabras clave: Inglés, Lenguaje, Aprendizaje.
DAKWAH PRA KENABIAN: Reorientasi Dakwah melalui Pendekatan Historis
Authors: Rahman Haidir 
Published: May 2019

Nowadays, dakwah is perceived merely as a process of communicating Islamic teachings. If we take a closer look into the life of the Prophet Muhammad, we can safely assume that dakwah is more than just a process of communicating Islamic teachings from some person to others. Prophet Muhammad dedicated most of his life preparing for da’wa even though the moral state of his people at that time, the Arabs of Mecca was in dire need of guidance. This paper talks about several pre-prophethood events as narrated by many Muslim historians. Through historical approach and inductive reasoning, such events are analysed to reveal their relation with dakwah of the prophet. Findings in this paper reveal that the life of the prophet Muhammad before he became prophet constituted vital role for the dakwah he undertook later on. Prophet’s dakwah also focused more on issues of hereafter and less on issues of halal and haram. Keywords: Arabs, Da’wa, Pre-prophethood
Willingness to donate eyes among outpatients attending Muhimbili National Hospital
Authors: MUKAMANA FELICITE - , Mosenene Suzan Nstilane , Sanyiwa Anna John , Mafwiri Milka , Kisimbi John , Mhina Celina Joseph 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Background

Willingness to donate eyes and other organs in general is still unsatisfactory worldwide, specifically in low income countries including Sub-Saharan Africa where the awareness about eye and other organs donation is still low. Factors like religion may also affect people’s decision making in terms of organ donation. Therefore, it is difficult to have enough tissues for transplant and sustainable local eye banks.
Cultural determinants of sanitation uptake and sustainability: local values and traditional roles in rural Bali, Indonesia
Authors: Dwipayanti Ni Made Utami , Rutherford Shannon , Chu Cordia 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
There is a wealth of literature indicating that socio-cultural understanding is crucial in the implementation of sanitation programmes. However, in Indonesia, the exploration and response to this understanding in regard to sanitation uptake and sustainability remain weak. This study aims to gain an understanding of the cultural determinants underpinning sanitation issues across all sanitation stages in one part of Indonesia in order to address both uptake and sustainability. A qualitative exploratory study in two rural communities in Bali identified some cultural values and traditional roles that can affect sanitation uptake and sustainability. A set of values relating to harmony and purity, and community and individual roles defined by culture appears to modify the perception of risks and barriers, and sets priorities for resources and commitment. The paper also discusses how to translate the understanding of local values and roles into action strategies in order to improve sanitation uptake and sustainability.
Assessment of the impact of pit latrines on groundwater contamination in Hopley Settlement, Harare, Zimbabwe
Authors: Ndoziya Alfonse Tapera , Hoko Zvikomborero , Gumindoga Webster 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A study was conducted to assess the water quality of the groundwater sources and possible impacts of pit latrines on the groundwater for selected boreholes and wells. The City of Harare's peri-urban settlement of Hopley predominantly uses pit latrines for excreta disposal. This puts groundwater at risk to contamination thereby threatening human health. Pit latrine density around groundwater points was assessed using a Geographical Information System (GIS). The pit latrine density ranged from 0 to 5 latrines in a 15 m radius to 3–63 latrines in a 100 m radius. From the analysis of the water samples, it was observed that on average, only 63% and 48% of samples met drinking water quality standards set by the World Health Organization guidelines and Standards Association of Zimbabwe limits. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that only three components had an eigenvalue of over 1 that explained 76.9% of the total cumulative variance of the observed variable. From the PCA, key parameters in groundwater contamination were nitrates, electrical conductivity, chlorides, ammonia, and thermotolerant coliforms. The spatial variation of the selected water quality parameters suggests that water points at the lowest end of the settlement had the poorest water quality. The point-of-use treatment is recommended for wells.
Applied multivariate analysis on annual rainfall in the northeast of Algeria
Authors: Mrad D. , Dairi S. , Boukhari S. , Djebbar Y. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn recent times, there has been a growing interest in understanding precipitation variability and its predictability for periods of a few months to several years. Our work consisted of studying climatic changes in the northeastern region of Algeria based on multivariate analysis of the annual rainfall. Variability of annual rainfall was analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and non-hierarchical classification (cluster method). For spatial rainfall variability, due to the complexity of the region, we used the method inverse distance weighted cartography modeling. Results indicate PCA represented the accumulated yearly rainfall of correlated fields on an annual scale, only the years 1971, 1985, 1995, and 2002 had a rather high degree of correlation, translating the homogeneity of annual distribution of precipitation. Cluster method demonstrated the certainty of three groups. The first group was characterized by regions of distinguishable climatic types, such as Mediterranean climate. The second group was characterized by the Tellian Atlas, while the third group was characterized by high plateaus. Spatial analysis of average decade rainfall shows that the isohyet curves of 750 mm in the center of the study region are shifting to the south, and that the Mediterranean regime rainfall affects all the northern region.
Optimization of Dissolution Conditions During Fractionation of Corn-cob in ZnCl2.4H2O/Urea Solvent System: A Statistical Approach
Authors: Ejekwu Olayile , Ayeni Augustine Omoniyi , Daramola Michael Olawale 
Published: May 2019

Background and Objectives:
The choice of a suitable pretreatment method and the adjustment of the pretreatment parameters for efficient conversion of biomass to value-added products is crucial to a successful biorefinery concept. Pretreatment of corn cob using ZnCl2.4H2O/ Urea was carried out and optimized in this study.

Methods:
Effect of pretreatment conditions on cellulose recovery, hemicellulose recovery during the pretreatment of corn cob using ZnCl2.4H2O/ Urea was investigated via response surface methodology approach and optimized in this study. Experimental results were analysed and appropriate predictive empirical linear models were developed for each response.

Results:
For cellulose recovery, time and temperature, and solvent concentration were significant factors. Hemicellulose recovery in the liquid fraction is impacted by time and solvent concentration, while lignin recovery is affected by time and temperature. Using numerical optimization by desirability function, optimum pretreatment conditions obtained were: 90 min, 120°C and concentration of 71.32%/28.68 (w/w) ZnCl2.4H2O/ Urea. At these conditions, the predicted recovery for cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were 99.03%, 27.18% and 72.43%, respectively, with a desirability of 0.902. The actual recovery was 91%, 29% and 68% for cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, respectively, at the same conditions.

Conclusion:
These results indicate that the investigated variables have pronounced effect on the pretreatment of corn cob. Therefore, optimum conditions are required for recovery of desired composition before conversion to value-added products.
Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis Treatment Adherence and Associated Factors Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Exposed Children in Public Hospitals in Ilubabor Zone, Southwest Ethiopia, 2018
Authors: Nigatu Dessalegn , Dinegde Negalign Getahun , Sendo Endalew Gemechu 
Published: May 2019

Introduction:
Africa is the most affected region by HIV/AIDS in the world with about 26 million people living with HIV, of whom 2.3 million are children under the age of 15 years in 2015. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) related estimates and projections for Ethiopia in 2017 revealed that 57,132 under 15 years

children were
living with HIV with about 1,276 children newly infected. Therefore, this study assessed cotrimoxazole prophylaxis treatment adherence and associated factors among HIV exposed children in public hospitals in Ilubabor zone, Southwest Ethiopia, 2018.

Methods:
The study design was a facility based, both a retrospective and descriptive study that involves a review of the records of children from PMTCT register books over the past 2 years, and the interview of health care workers and parents/guardian of all children at the follow up clinic. The study included a random sample of children born from HIV infected

mothers
and enrolled in the PMTCT follow up clinic. The total sample size was 293 and 99 for children (parents/guardian interviewed) and health workers, respectively, and the children’s antiretroviral therapy (ART) registration books in each health facility were reviewed.

The collected
data was entered into the Epi-data software version 3.1 and then exported to SPSS version 20 for further statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression were used for analysis.

Results:
Among the total participants, a considerable number (83.3%) of them

did
not

confirm their
HIV status, and the majority (88.8%) of participants indicated that they had indeed suffered from one or more opportunistic infections. The common obstacles encountered in accessing care at the health facility were: lack of drugs (33.8%), long procedures in getting drugs (31.4%), unfriendly hospital staff (26.3%), and long distance to the health facility (8.5%). The study showed a significant association between compliance to cotrimoxazole prophylaxis and unfriendly health worker (OR=0.14, CI=0.03-0.78), follow-up (OR= 0.22, CI = 0.06-0.87) and the long

procedure of
getting drugs (OR= 0.08, CI= 0.01-0.45).

Conclusion:
The study revealed that a remarkable number of the participants were found to adhered
to cotrimoxazole prophylactic treatment. Unfriendly health

workers,
follow-up and the long procedure

of
getting drugs were significantly and independently associated with compliance to cotrimoxazole prophylaxis.
Separating Monitoring from Control in SDN to Mitigate DDoS Attacks in Hybrid Clouds
Authors: Sobh Tarek S. 
Published: May 2019

Background & Objective:
Detecting and mitigating Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS)
attacks is a serious problem. In addition, new features and network deployments such as Software-
Defined Networking (SDN) may open the door for new threats that did not previously exist.

:
Recent publications and patent are reviewed to find new techniques developed for integrating different
mechanisms to secure networks against DDoS.

Methods:
This work presents a simple model for integrating different mechanisms to secure both
SDN and legacy network in a hybrid cloud environment, it is called FocusON. It aims at mitigating
DDoS attacks of a victim network. In addition, separating network monitoring from its control aims
at mitigating DDoS attacks of a victim network. Traffic pattern analysis is apart from attack detection
mechanism that gives a conceptual representation of a specific kind of DDoS attacks. DDoS detection
is a completely automated process. Once called, for the reaction, the active response will be taken
against the real IP source of the attacker.

:
The communication time overhead was tested in order to evaluate the remote server response time in
case of deploying our proposed model mechanisms and without our proposed model.

:
Here we introduce a response mechanism that consists of an analysis of event logs, traffic patterns,
and IP traceback. The proposed model categorizes the underlying network according to the location
into a victim network and the source of attack (public cloud).

Results & Conclusion::
The proposed model implemented in a hybrid cloud environment using the
network of SDN and legacy network. The experimental setup was built using our network lab connected
to the Amazon public cloud.