bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Third Molar Agenesis and Other Dental Anomalies
Authors: Gulati Stuti , Singla Divya , Mittal Sanjay , Bhullar Mandeep , Aggarwal Isha , Sharma Abhishek 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to find the prevalence of dental abnormalities in patients with third molar agenesis, and a comparison was made for the prevalence of those anomalies within the north Indian natives.
Materials and Methods Pretreatment records of 518 patients were collected. Out of 518 patients whose records were analyzed, 472 patient records were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion standards. Panoramic radiographs and dental casts were analyzed in patients who had an absence of at least one third molar in which absence of any other tooth, presence of supernumerary teeth, presence of impacted canines, and peg-shaped lateral incisors were further assessed. The prevalence of these anomalies was compared with a randomly selected group of patients with presence of third molars that served as controls. Statistical analysis was done using the chi-square test (p < 0.05) and odds ratio.
Results The incidence of third molar nondevelopment was found to be 19.2%. The presence of other anomalies was 39.5% in patients with third molar nondevelopment, and difference was statistically significant. The occurrence of impacted canines in patients with absence of third molars was 22%, and presence of third molars was 6.6%. The presence of other dental anomalies, that is, supernumerary teeth and tooth agenesis, was 7.7% in the agenesis group, which was also higher than that in the control group (3.3%) but was not statistically significant. The incidence of peg-shaped lateral incisors was similar in both the groups.
Conclusion Impacted canines and total dental anomalies are more often related with absence of third molars than with the presence of third molars.
A Novel Frameshift Mutation Associated with Hurler's Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Kamranjam Mana , Hosseini Seyedeh Maryam , Alaei Mohammadreza 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMucopolysaccharidosis 1 (MPS1) is a rare inherited lysosomal storage disorder resulting from the absence or reduction of lysosomal alpha-l-iduronidase due to mutations in the IDUA gene. Three major clinical manifestations have been established including Hurler's or severe type (OMIM 607914), Hurler–Scheie or intermediate type (MIM 607914) and Scheie's or attenuated type (MIM 607016). In the present study, a patient whose disease was diagnosed by biochemical and enzymatic assay was studied in our laboratory. Molecular analysis implemented by PCR-sequencing of all 14 exons and exon–intron junctions confirmed a novel deleterious mutation in a homozygous state. The result of this study has broadened the genotypic spectrum of MPS1 patients, assisting in a more effective approach for carrier testing and counseling.
Punishing and toxic neighborhood environments independently predict the intergenerational social mobility of black and white children
Authors: Manduca Robert , Sampson Robert J. 
Published: April 2019

Significance
Growing up in neighborhoods with concentrated violence, incarceration, and lead exposure predicts lower intergenerational income mobility and higher adult incarceration of poor black males, after accounting for commonly studied factors such as concentrated poverty and racial composition. Similar patterns emerge for the income mobility of poor white children and teenage birth among both poor black and poor white girls. In Chicago, harsh environments are also racially segregated, with little overlap in exposure rates for blacks and whites: virtually all majority black Census tracts are more exposed to hazards than any majority white tracts. This large difference in exposure rates plausibly accounts for a substantial portion of racial disparities in intergenerational inequality (20–60%).
Papain-like cysteine proteases prepare plant cyclic peptide precursors for cyclization
Authors: Rehm Fabian B. H. , Jackson Mark A. , De Geyter Ewout , Yap Kuok , Gilding Edward K. , Durek Thomas , Craik David J. 
Published: April 2019

Significance
Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides are natural products that hold great promise for a range of medical and biotechnological applications. However, the cost-effective heterologous production of these peptides is hampered by a poor understanding of their biosynthesis. Cyclotides, plant-derived, disulfide-knotted, head-to-tail cyclic peptides, exhibit exceptional stability and great amenability for amino acid substitutions and insertions. Although much effort has been invested toward understanding cyclotide biosynthesis, details of the key proteolytic step before cyclization remained elusive for two decades. We used an activity-guided approach to discover the enzymes involved. Our characterization of these enzymes will enable efficient approaches for heterologous cyclotide production.
Expression profile analysis of microRNAs during hair follicle development in the sheep foetus
Authors: Yang Han-Yu-Lu , Yang Hua , Shi Guo-Qing , Shen Min , Yang Jing–Quan , Yang Yong-Lin , Liu Xiao-Jun 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate the development and growth cycle of hair follicles (HFs). The molecular mechanism by which miRNAs determine the development of HFs in the sheep foetus remains elusive. In this study, the expression profiles of miRNAs at 11 development periods (45, 55, 65, 75, 85, 95, 105, 115, 125, 135 and 145 d) in sheep foetus skin were analysed by high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. A total of 72 conserved miRNAs, 44 novel miRNAs and 32 known miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed. qRT-PCR results for 18 miRNAs were consistent with the sequencing data. 85 d of foetal development was the starting point for secondary hair follicle (SF) development according to tissue morphology and cluster analysis. In SF development, the prolactin signalling pathway and platelet activation played important roles, and 10 miRNAs were potential candidate miRNAs in SF initiation.
Size and electron density of open-air plasmas diagnosed by optical imaging
Authors: Feng B W , Zhong X X , Zhang Q , Chen Y F , Sheng Z M , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken) 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
A method for accurate measurements of the size and electron density of open-air plasmas by optical imaging is developed. The plasma size is determined by the intensified charge coupled device (ICCD) imaging and is related to the plasma inductance. The plasma density is then derived from the plasma inductance in open air. The electron densities measured by the ICCD imaging agree well with the reliable Stark broadening method, in stark contrast with the commonly used current–voltage I–

method. These shortcomings of the I–

method arise because of its heavy reliance on electron mobility values which are uncertain in complex gas mixtures such as air. This work thus presents a new way of using the ICCD imaging to determine the plasma size and electron density and as such contributes to the development of next-generation plasma diagnostic methods.
Future prospects for elastocaloric devices
Authors: Engelbrecht Kurt 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Elastocaloric cooling (EC) is an alternative cooling technology that has been identified as having the potential to be more efficient than vapor compression systems. It is based on the elastocaloric effect, which is a change in temperature coupled to an applied uniaxial strain in materials such as NiTi alloys. Although EC is a promising technology for energy savings in the future, there are still challenges to be addressed if it is to be commercially successful. This paper gives a summary of the state of the art and recent developments in the area as well as perspectives on the most important challenges that must be met to make the technology commercial.
The Public’s Perception of Interventions for Migraine Headache Disorders: A
Crowdsourcing Population-Based Study
Authors: Shauly Orr , Gould Daniel J , Patel Ketan M 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Migraine disorders are a leading cause of morbidity and decreased economic productivity in the United States among both men and women. As such, it is important to consider patient opinions, and have an accurate representation of the burden and sentiment toward currently available interventions among those suffering from migraines.

Objectives
The aim of the study was to assess patient options regarding adverse outcomes of the various treatment options available for migraine headaches.

Methods
A prospective cross-sectional study of volunteers recruited through an internet crowdsourcing service, Amazon Mechanical Turk©, was conducted. Surveys were administered to collect patient-reported opinions regarding adverse outcomes of both surgical and nonsurgical treatment options for migraine headaches.

Results
The prevalence of migraine headache across all study participants was 15.6% and varied slightly across participant demographics. Individuals ages 35–44 (2.73 migraines per month) experienced the fewest migraine and with the lowest severity. Those individuals ages 45+ experienced the most severe headaches (Visual Analog Scale = 44.23 mm). Additionally, the greatest migraine frequency and severity existed among those households with yearly income of $75,000–$100,000. The lowest injection therapy utility scores were obtained for adverse outcomes of hematoma (47.60 mm) and vertigo (54.40 mm).

Conclusions
Migraine headaches remains a significant problem among the US population, with an overall prevalence of 15.6% (approximately 50 million Americans). Additionally, physicians interesting in offering minimally invasive or surgical treatment for migraine headaches should focus on mitigating patient fears regarding clinical outcomes and cost of care.
Prenatal exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and high-fat diet synergistically disrupts mouse fetal oogenesis and affects folliculogenesis†
Authors: Mirihagalle Supipi , You Tianming , Suh Lois , Patel Chintan , Gao Liying , Rattan Saniya , Qiao Huanyu 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a chemical that is widely used as a plasticizer. Exposure to DEHP has been shown to alter ovarian function in humans. Additionally, foods high in fat content, regularly found in the western diet, have been shown to be another potential disruptor of fetal ovarian function. Due to DEHP’s lipophilicity, high-fat foods can be easily contaminated. Therefore, exposure to DEHP and a high-fat diet are both health concerns, especially in pregnant women, and the effects of these exposures on fetal oocyte quality and quantity should be elucidated. In this study, our goal was to determine if there are synergistic effects of DEHP exposure at an environmentally relevant level (20 μg/kg body weight/day) and high-fat diet on oogenesis and folliculogenesis. Dams were fed with a high-fat diet (45 kcal% fat) or a control diet (10 kcal% fat) 1 week before mating and during pregnancy and lactation. The pregnant mice were dosed with DEHP (20 μg/kg body weight/day) or vehicle control from E10.5 to litter birth. We found that treatment with an environmentally relevant dosage of DEHP and consumption of high-fat diet significantly increases synapsis defects in meiosis and affects folliculogenesis in the F1 generation.
A method for filamentous fungal growth and sample preparation aimed at more consistent MALDI-TOF MS spectra despite variations in growth rates and/or incubation times
Authors: Reeve Michael A , Bachmann Denise 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser-desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry can be used for the characterization and identification of filamentous fungi, for which it is desirable to have a means of growth in which the resulting spectra remain as consistent as possible over time. To this end, we initially opted for growth in oil-overlaid small-volume liquid culture, using a medium (Czapek Dox) not containing significant amount of proteins or peptides, and with protein extraction from the entire culture volume. For both 3-week and 10-day time courses, however, we observed marked spectral changes over growth time, along with lower peak richness compared to agar-plate controls. Guided by the above, we next employed a more nutrient-rich MALDI-TOF MS-compatible liquid-culture medium, now used without an oil overlay. For a 10-day time course, we again observed marked spectral changes over growth time, along with lower peak richness compared to agar-plate controls. Finally, we opted for a method employing filter-paper-supported growth in the same MALDI-TOF MS-compatible rich medium within sealed 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes, again with protein extraction from the entire culture volume. Using this final method, while we observed significant spectral changes between 2 days and 3 days, from 3 days to 10 days the spectra remained very consistent, with comparable peak richness to agar-plate controls. This method gave slightly better identifications and lower spectral variance compared to agar-plate controls, and the use of this method for the construction of growth-time-point-specific databases for fungal identification is discussed.
Matched case–control data with a misclassified exposure: what can be done with instrumental variables?
Authors: Manuel Christopher M , Sinha Samiran , Wang Suojin 
Published: April 2019

Summary
Matched case–control studies are used for finding the association between a disease and an exposure after controlling the effect of important confounding variables. It is a known fact that the disease–exposure association parameter estimators are biased when the exposure is misclassified, and a matched case–control study is of no exception. Any bias correction method relies on validation data that contain the true exposure and the misclassified exposure value, and in turn the validation data help to estimate the misclassification probabilities. The question is what we can do when there are no validation data and no prior knowledge on the misclassification probabilities, but some instrumental variables are observed. To answer this unexplored and unanswered question, we propose two methods of reducing the exposure misclassification bias in the analysis of a matched case–control data when instrumental variables are measured for each subject of the study. The significance of these approaches is that the proposed methods are designed to work without any validation data that often are not available when the true exposure is impossible or too costly to measure. A simulation study explores different types of instrumental variable scenarios and investigates when the proposed methods work, and how much bias can be reduced. For the purpose of illustration, we apply the methods to a nested case–control data sampled from the 1989 US birth registry.
Selection of Oral Antifungals for Initial Maintenance Therapy in Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Tashiro Masato , Takazono Takahiro , Saijo Tomomi , Yamamoto Kazuko , Imamura Yoshifumi , Miyazaki Taiga , Kakeya Hiroshi , Ando Tsunehiro , Ogawa Kenji , Kishi Kazuma , Tokimatsu Issei , Hayashi Yuta , Fujiuchi Satoru , Yanagihara Katsunori , Miyazaki Yoshitsugu , Ichihara Kiyoshi , Mukae Hiroshi , Kohno Shigeru , Izumikawa Koichi 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
There are limited data for direct comparisons of the efficacy of oral itraconazole (ITCZ) and oral voriconazole (VRCZ) therapy in the treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA).

Methods
We conducted a retrospective, follow-up, observational study of CPA patients enrolled in 2 previous multicenter trials.

Results
Of the 273 CPA patients, 59 and 101 patients started maintenance therapy with oral ITCZ and oral VRCZ, respectively, just after the end of acute intravenous therapy in each trial. At the end of the observation period in this follow-up study (median observation period, 731 days), the percentage of patients who showed improvement was lower in the ITCZ group than in the VRCZ group (18.2% vs 40.0%). However, after including stable patients, the percentages were 50.9% and 52.6%, respectively, in the ITCZ and VRCZ groups, which were not significantly different (P = .652). Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed no significant influence of the choice of initial maintenance treatment (ITCZ or VRCZ) on overall mortality as well as CPA-associated mortality. Multivariable logistic regression showed that oral ITCZ selection for initial maintenance therapy was an independent risk factor for hospital readmission and switching to other antifungal agents (odds ratio [OR], 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3–7.5 and OR, 5.7; 95% CI, 2.0–15.7, respectively).

Conclusions
Oral VRCZ for initial maintenance therapy showed better effectiveness than oral ITCZ for clinical improvement in CPA patients. There was no difference in crude mortality between initial maintenance therapy with VRCZ and ITCZ, especially in elderly CPA patients.

Clinical Trials Registration
UMIN000007055
Analysis of perioperative outcome and long-term survival rate of thoracic endovascular aortic repair in uncomplicated type B dissection: single-centre experience with 751 patients
Authors: Gao Hui-Qiang , Xu Shang-Dong , Ren Chang-Wei , Yang Sheng , Liu Chao-Liang , Zhen Jun , Liu Yong-Min , Zhu Jun-Ming , Huang Lian-Jun , Sun Li-Zhong 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
To study the perioperative outcomes and long-term survival rates in patients undergoing thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for uncomplicated type B dissection.

METHODS
A total of 751 patients with uncomplicated type B dissection who underwent TEVAR at our centre between May 2001 and December 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. The mean age of all patients (619 males and 132 females) was 52.8 ± 10.9 years. The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 170 months (median 70 months).

RESULTS
Five patients died during the perioperative period (mortality rate 0.7%). Four patients (0.5%) developed retrograde type A dissection. Two patients (0.3%) developed paraplegia and 1 patient developed incomplete paralysis (0.1%). There were no postoperative cerebral infarctions. The 5- and 10-year survival rates were 96.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) 95.0–98.0%] and 83.0% (95% CI 77.9–88.4%), respectively. The 5- and 10-year reintervention rates were 4.6% (95% CI 3.0–6.2%) and 7.9% (95% CI 5.3–10.5%), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
Although the application of TEVAR for patients with uncomplicated dissection is still under debate, many patients who have undergone TEVAR have benefitted substantially from the treatment. Our data showed that TEVAR had low mortality and complication rates both in the short- and long-term follow-up periods. TEVAR may be considered as a first choice for patients with uncomplicated type B dissection.
The Fine-Scale Landscape of Immunity and Parasitism in a Wild Ungulate Population
Authors: Albery Gregory F , Becker Daniel J , Kenyon Fiona , Nussey Daniel H , Pemberton Josephine M 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Spatial heterogeneity in susceptibility and exposure to parasites is a common source of confounding variation in disease ecology studies. However, it is not known whether spatial autocorrelation acts on immunity at small scales, within wild animal populations, and whether this predicts spatial patterns in infection. Here we used a well-mixed wild population of individually recognized red deer (Cervus elaphus) inhabiting a heterogeneous landscape to investigate fine-scale spatial patterns of immunity and parasitism. We noninvasively collected 842 fecal samples from 141 females with known ranging behavior over 2 years. We quantified total and helminth-specific mucosal antibodies and counted propagules of three gastrointestinal helminth taxa. These data were analyzed with linear mixed models using the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation, using a Stochastic Partial Differentiation Equation approach to control for and quantify spatial autocorrelation. We also investigated whether spatial patterns of immunity and parasitism changed seasonally. We discovered substantial spatial heterogeneity in general and helminth-specific antibody levels and parasitism with two helminth taxa, all of which exhibited contrasting seasonal variation in their spatial patterns. Notably, Fasciola hepatica intensity appeared to be strongly influenced by the presence of wet grazing areas, and antibody hotspots did not correlate with distributions of any parasites. Our results suggest that spatial heterogeneity may be an important factor affecting immunity and parasitism in a wide range of study systems. We discuss these findings with regards to the design of sampling regimes and public health interventions, and suggest that disease ecology studies investigate spatial heterogeneity more regularly to enhance their results, even when examining small geographic areas.
Three-dimensional printing, muscles, and skeleton: mechanical functions of living wood
Authors: Thibaut Bernard 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWood is well defined as an engineering material. However, living wood in the tree is often regarded only as a passive skeleton consisting of a sophisticated pipe system for the ascent of sap and a tree-like structure made of a complex material to resist external forces. There are two other active key roles of living wood in the field of biomechanics: (i) additive manufacturing of the whole structure by cell division and expansion, and (ii) a ‘muscle’ function of living fibres or tracheids generating forces at the sapwood periphery. The living skeleton representing most of the sapwood is a mere accumulation of dead tracheids and libriform fibres after their programmed cell death. It keeps a record of the two active roles of living wood in its structure, chemical composition, and state of residual stresses. Models and field experiments define four biomechanical traits based on stem geometry and parameters of wood properties resulting from additive manufacturing and force generation. Geometric parameters resulting from primary and secondary growth play the larger role. Passive wood properties are only secondary parameters, while dissymmetric force generation is key for movement, posture control, and tree reshaping after accidents.
Calcium modulates leaf cell-specific phosphorus allocation in Proteaceae from south-western Australia
Authors: Hayes Patrick E , Clode Peta L , Guilherme Pereira Caio , Lambers Hans 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Over 650 Proteaceae occur in south-western Australia, contributing to the region’s exceptionally high biodiversity. Most Proteaceae occur exclusively on severely nutrient-impoverished, acidic soils (calcifuge), whilst only few also occur on young, calcareous soils (soil-indifferent), higher in calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). The calcifuge habit of Proteaceae is explained by Ca-enhanced P toxicity, putatively linked to the leaf cell-specific allocation of Ca and P. Separation of these elements is essential to avoid the deleterious precipitation of Ca-phosphate. We used quantitative X-ray microanalysis to determine leaf cell-specific nutrient concentrations of two calcifuge and two soil-indifferent Proteaceae grown in hydroponics at a range of Ca and P concentrations. Calcium enhanced the preferential allocation of P to palisade mesophyll (PM) cells under high P conditions, without a significant change in whole leaf [P]. Calcifuges showed a greater PM [P] compared with soil-indifferent species, corresponding to their greater sensitivity. This study advances our mechanistic understanding of Ca-enhanced P toxicity, supporting the proposed model, and demonstrating its role in the calcifuge distribution of Proteaceae. This furthers our understanding of nutrient interactions at the cellular level and highlights its importance to plant functioning.