bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Hardwood Seed Zones for Tennessee Using a Geographic Information System
Authors: Schlarbaum S.E. , Post Lisa S. , van Manen Frank , Cecich R.A. , Saxton A.M. , Schneider J.F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
For species that have no or limited information on genetic variation and adaptability to nonnative sites, there is a need for seed collection guidelines based on biological, climatological, and/or geographical criteria. Twenty-eight hardwood species are currently grown for reforestation purposes at the East Tennessee State Nursery. The majority of these species have had no genetic testing to define guidelines for seed collection location and can be distributed to sites that have a very different environment than that of seed origin(s). Poor survival and/or growth may result if seedlings are not adapted to environmental conditions at the planting location. To address this problem, 30 yr of Tennessee county precipitation and minimum temperature data were analyzed and grouped using a centroid hierarchical cluster analysis. The weather data and elevational data were entered into a Geographic Information System (GIS) and separately layered over Bailey's Ecoregions to develop a seed zone system for Tennessee. The seed zones can be used as a practical guideline for collecting seeds to ensure that the resulting seedlings will be adapted to planting environments. South. J. Appl. For. 27(3):172–175.
Broadcast Applications of Glyphosate Control Nutsedge at a South Georgia Forest Tree Nursery
Authors: Fraedrich Stephen W. , Dwinell L. David , Cram Michelle M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Nutsedge is a major weed problem in some southern forest tree nurseries. Although herbicides can control most weeds in nurseries, control of nutsedge is usually dependent on fumigation. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of broadcast applications of glyphosate for control of nutsedge. Single and multiple applications of glyphosate at 2.2 kg ai/ha greatly reduced the density of nutsedge shoots and viable tubers at a south Georgia forest tree nursery. The first application in June 1999 reduced nutsedge shoots by approximately 98%. Subsequent applications during September and October 1999 had no additional detectable effect. Although applications in August and September 2000 greatly reduced the amount of nutsedge in previously untreated areas, their effect did not appear to be as great as glyphosate applications during the first year. Rainfall before and after glyphosate applications, and plant age at the time of application may have influenced the level of nutsedge control in year two. Nutsedge shoots and viable tubers were reduced to near zero levels in plots treated over a 2 yr period. The use of broadcast applications of glyphosate may be of value in developing a more cost-effective management program for nutsedge control in southern forest tree nurseries. South. J. Appl. For. 27(3):176–179.
Economic Analysis of Pruning and Low-Density Management Compared to Traditional Management of Loblolly Pine Plantations in East Texas
Authors: Kronrad Gary D. , Huang Ching-Hsun 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Economic analyses were conducted to compare traditional loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) timber management to low-density management combined with pruning in East Texas. Soil expectation values were used to determine the financially optimal thinning and final harvesting schedules (including rotation length, and the timing, frequency and intensity of thinning). Two stumpage price assumptions were made: market price and premium price for pruned, clear sawlogs. Five site indices (50 to 90) and six real alternative rates of return (ARR) (2.5 to 15.0%) were employed. Results indicate that if the market price of sawtimber is $450/mbf, traditional management is more profitable for most landowners. However, if a premium price of $550/mbf is paid for pruned logs, low-density management is more profitable for most landowners. For low-density management, a $100/mbf price increase for sawtimber does not affect the optimal thinning and harvesting schedules in any recognizable pattern. South. J. Appl. For. 28(1):12–20.
Willingness to Pay for Hunting Leases in Alabama
Authors: Zhang Daowei , Hussain Anwar , Armstrong James B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study used a censored probit approach to estimate willingness to pay (WTP) for hunting leases in Alabama. Data were generated through a dichotomous choice contingent valuation (DCCV) survey conducted in spring 2002. After correcting for sample selection bias, we found that hunting experience, hunter's household income, number of dependents, and lack of game quality had significant impact on WTP, with lack of game quality having the largest marginal effect. The estimated WTP was $1.29/ac per hunter or $23/ac per hunting club, more than double the actual average payment of $0.52/ac per hunter or $9.36/ac per hunting club. These results suggested that landowners in Alabama could increase access fees for hunting leases. South. J. Appl. For. 28(1):21–27.
Seedling Evaluation of Atlantic Coastal and Piedmont Sources of Loblolly Pine and Their Hybrids for Height Growth
Authors: McKeand Steven E. , Kegley Angelia J. , Li Bailian 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Seedlings of 60 loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) polycross families representing four populations, Atlantic Coastal (CxC), Piedmont (PxP), Coastal × Piedmont (CxP), and Piedmont × Coastal (PxC) were evaluated for first-year seedling height growth in an outdoor site in Raleigh, North Carolina. The CxP hybrids grew as well as the pure Coastal loblolly source, and the PxC hybrids were not significantly taller than the pure Piedmont population. The hybrid populations were intermediate between the parental populations and did not exhibit heterosis for height. However, the hybrids were 4–10% taller than the PxP population, which is the population currently used for forestation in the Piedmont region. There was an advantage for early seedling height growth in having the female parent from the Coastal plain, which appeared to be related to length of the growing season as measured by bud set time. There were strong family differences for seedling height within populations, indicating the potential for selecting the best families within the best populations. The implication is that the hybrid populations of CxP and PxC with improved growth may be better planting stock for the Piedmont than the pure Piedmont populations on some sites. Before implementing such a plan, cold-hardiness and long-term growth and adaptability should be evaluated. South. J. Appl. For. 28(2):83–90.
Harvesting System Simulation Using a Systems Dynamic Model
Authors: Visser Rien J. M. , McDonagh Kieran D. , Meller Russell D. , McDonald Timothy P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
To compete in the current work environment in the southeastern United States, forestry companies and logging contractors must manage their harvest systems to ensure efficient production. Efficiency in this case can be defined in terms of tons of wood produced per unit of system cost. Site and system factors affect the output from a stand and affect the efficiency of different harvesting systems. A model was developed that can simulate harvesting system production efficiency with changing stand and terrain parameters. Four common southeastern US harvesting systems were included in the model. The model includes functions, adjustable by the user, that quantify the efficiency of each harvest system is measured with respect to terrain parameters (slope and average extraction distance), as well as stand parameters (average tree diameter, stocking intensity, and harvest intensity). By adjusting any of these parameters, it is possible to compare the four harvest systems and to perform various sensitivity analyses. Result examples presented in the article include change in productivity with increasing tree size, productivity changes of a cut-to-length system in varied silvicultural conditions, as well as the associated evaluation of the cost of inefficiency of each system. South. J. Appl. For. 28(2):91–99.
Wet-Weather Timber Harvesting and Site Preparation Effects on Coastal Plain Sites: A Review
Authors: Aust W. Michael , Miwa Masato , Burger James A. , Patterson Steve C. , Carter Emily A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Increased interest in sustainable forestry has intensified the need for information on the interactions of forest soils, harvesting methods, site disturbances, and the efficacy of methods for ameliorating disturbances. On wet pine flats, such as those commonly found in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains, conditions such as frequent rainfall, low relief, and poor internal soil drainage often predispose forest soils to harvest disturbances and potential damage. Typical forest operations use heavy logging equipment, such as rubber-tired feller-bunchers and skidders. During dry soil conditions, these machines cause little soil disturbance, but under moist to saturated conditions, such operations may compact soils and interfere with normal soil drainage. Many studies have been conducted to characterize soil disturbance and site preparation effects on tree seedling survival and growth and to evaluate the amelioration effect of site preparation on disturbed soils. However, results are sometimes contradictory due to site specificity, and results have not been summarized in the context of pine plantation management. This article summarizes previous research results of the wet-weather harvesting and bedding effects on soil properties as related to loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) productivity for a variety of Coastal Plain region sites types. South. J. Appl. For. 28(3):137–151.
Economic Returns Model for Silvicultural Investments in Young Hardwood Stands
Authors: Siry Jacek P. , Robison Daniel J. , Cubbage Frederick W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Despite covering the majority of forestland in the southern United States, hardwoods continue to be grown primarily in natural, extensively managed stands. One reason has been that hardwood growth increases resulting from active management have been small in comparison with unmanaged stands. Recent studies indicate, however, that the productivity responses of very young (ages 1–15 years) natural even-aged hardwood stands to silvicultural treatments such as fertilization, herbicide release, or stocking control can yield large productivity increases, demonstrating the potential for faster timber growth of higher quality in shorter rotations. In determining the extent to which these productivity increases may justify investment in various silvicultural treatments, we have developed hardwood management scenarios representing productivity increases of up to 33%. Timber revenues have been estimated and rates of return compared across various management intensities. Results indicate that the assumed productivity increases would readily pay for treatments such as fertilization, herbaceous release, and stocking control while yielding rates of returns equal to or greater than those generated by untreated stands. South. J. Appl. For. 28(4):179–184.
Initial Effects of Prescribed Fire on Quality of Soil Solution and Streamwater in the Southern Appalachian Mountains
Authors: Elliott Katherine J. , Vose James M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Prescribed burning is being used in the Conasauga River Watershed in southeastern Tennessee and northern Georgia by National Forest managers to restore degraded pine/oak communities. The purpose of these burns is to restore shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Miller)/mixed-oak forestswith more diverse understories, which include native bluestem grasses (Andropogon gyrans Ashe and Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash). Although burning might be an effective tool for restoring these stands to a shortleaf pine/mixed-oak/bluestem grass community type, it isnot known whether these restoration burns will have a negative impact on water quality. Six subwatersheds (similar in vegetation, soil type, stream size and location, and disturbance history) were located within the Conasauga River Watershed. Four of the sites were burned in Mar. 2001, andtwo sites were designated as controls. To evaluate initial effects of prescribed burning on water quality, we measured soil solution and streamwater nutrient concentrations and streamwater sediment concentration (TSS; total suspended solids) weekly over a 10-month period. Consistent with goalsof the land managers, all the prescribed fires resulted in low- to moderate-intensity and low-severity fires. Soil solution and streamwater NO−3-N and NH+4-N did not increase after burning on any of the sites. We found no differences inTSS between burn and control streams in any of the sample periods. In addition, we found no detectable differences between control and burned sites for concentrations of PO3−4, SO2−4, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+,or pH in soil solution or streamwater. Thus, these prescribed restoration fires did not have a significant effect on soil solution and stream chemistry or stream sediment (TSS) concentrations. Our results suggest that low-intensity, low-severity fires, such as those in this study, could beused as a tool to restore vegetation structure and composition in these mixed pine-hardwood ecosystems without negatively impacting water quality. South. J. Appl. For. 29(1):5–15.
What is Ahead for Intensive Pine Plantation Silviculture in the South?
Authors: Lee Allen H. , Fox Thomas R. , Campbell Robert G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The southeastern United States produces more industrial timber than any other region of the world from a forest base that includes almost one-half of the world's industrial forest plantations. Although current growth rates are substantially lower than in many other forest plantation areas in the world, growth rates exceeding 10 tons/acre/year are biologically possible and financially attractive in the region. Dramatic gains in growth and value became possible as we recognized that intensive plantation silviculture is like agriculture: Both the plant and the soil need to be actively managed to optimize value. Optimizing value starts with planting high-quality seedlings or plantlets from the best families of the right species to a site where competing vegetation has been suppressed and where the soil may have been tilled and/or fertilized to improve early tree growth. In most cases, these treatments will need to be followed by competing vegetation suppression, repeated nutrient additions, thinning, and pruning – treatments that provide needed resources to the appropriate number of quality crop trees. Several challenges remain to implement the silvicultural systems needed to fully realize the potential value of our plantations in a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable manner; however, looking into the future, we see clonal plantations, whole rotation resource management regimes, use of spatially explicit spectral reflectance data as a major information source, active management to minimize insect and disease losses, and more attention to growing wood for specific products. South. J. Appl. For. 29(2):62–69.
Influence of Precommercial Thinning and Fertilization on Total Stem Volume and Lower Stem Form of Loblolly Pine
Authors: Haywood James D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two cultural treatments were applied in an overstocked loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.)plantation (2,900 trees/ha after eight growing seasons): precommercial thinning (Yes or No) to 747 trees/ha after the eighth growing season and broadcast fertilization (Yes or No) with diammonium phosphate (150 kg/ha of P and 135 kg/ha of N) early in the ninth growing season. Total height and diameter at breast height (dbh) measurements were taken periodically through the 14th growing season. Fertilization increased tree volume more than thinning in the 9th through 10th growing seasons, but thinning was most effective by the 13th growing season. Over the 6-year period, thinning was the most effective cultural practice: check, 110 dm3; fertilized only, 135 dm3; thinned only, 165 dm3; and thinned and fertilized, 220 dm3/loblolly pine tree. After the 14th growing season, the first 5 m of bole was divided into five sections beginning at a 15-cm stump height: 15–30, 30–60, 60–125, 125–250, and 250–500 cm, and the volume for each section was calculated. Outside-bark volume per section increased consistently with thinning and fertilization; therefore, cultural practices did not change stem form in the lower bole. South. J. Appl. For. 29(4):215–220.
Seed Handling Practices for Southern Pines Grown in Containers
Authors: Pawuk William H. , Barnett James P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Costs of producing container-grown seedlings increase when containers are not fully stocked. Best use of containers requires high seed viability and low losses of newly germinated seedlings. Seed handling practices before and after sowing affect germination and seedling survival. This is a summary of seed preparation, sowing rates, disease control, and seed germination for container-grown southern pines.
Rootstock Affects Susceptibility of Slash Pine Scions To Fusiform Rust
Authors: Hollis C. A. , Smith J. E. , Kok H. R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The use of susceptible slash pine families for root-stock causes a significant increase in fusiform rust incidence in resistant scion material of slash pine and could result in costly losses of superior genetic material from advanced generation seed orchards due to stem breakage and roguing of heavily infected trees.
Nitrogen Fertilization Decreases Yellow-Poplar Wood Density
Authors: Ross Donald , Buckner Edward , Core Harold , Woods Frank 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of nitrogen fertilization on the relative wood density and growth of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) were studied over two growth periods. Transmitted gamma rays were used to measure relative wood density. A small but significant decrease in relative wood density was accompanied by diameter, height, basal area, and cubic volume increases of much greater magnitude. These results suggest a small wood quality loss relative to the volume gain from nitrogen fertilization of yellow-poplar on deficient sites.
Effect of Soil Type and Site-Preparation Method on Growth and Yield of Flatwoods Slash Pine Plantations
Authors: Shiver Barry D. , Fortson James C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Analysis of measurements from slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantations in the flatwoods of Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina showed that plantations located on areas where debris had been moved (KG, bulldozed, rootraked, etc.) had significantly higher site indices than plantations located on comparable areas where debris had not been moved. Plantations located on spodic soils had significantly lower site indices than plantations located on nonspodic soils. While these differences were statistically significant, they were generally less than 2 feet at age 25. Neither volume nor percent survival was significantly affected by site-preparation classes or soils groups.
Stump Sprouts of Swamp and Water Tupelo Produce Viable Seeds
Authors: Priester David S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stump sprouts of both swamp (Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora (Walt.) Sarg.) and water (N. aquatica L.) tupelo can produce seeds two years after sprouting. For both species, seeds of tree origin are heavier and shoots of resulting seedlings are initially taller than those of sprout origin, but after one year seedlings of the two origins are not significantly different in shoot length and total weight. Thus, if seed crops are poor or fail to germinate after harvesting, stump sprouts can provide a suitable seed source within two years.
Containerized Shortleaf Pine Seedlings Show Superior Growth and Ectomycorrhizal Development with Mist Foliar Fertilization
Authors: Dixon R. K. , Garrett H. E. , Cox G. S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal shortleaf pine seedlings were grown in book planters in a greenhouse for 11 weeks. Fertilizer mixtures composed of nitrogen-zinc or nitrogen-magnesium were applied as a mist to the foliage of the seedlings or as a solution to their rooting media. Significant increases in ectomycorrhizal development and total seedling dry weight resulted from foliar fertilization. Fertilization with nitrogen-magnesium caused a significant increase in the number of ectomycorrhizal lateral roots as compared to fertilization with nitrogen-zinc.
Inoculation of Nursery Seedbeds with Pisolithus Tinctorius Spores Mixed with Hydromulch Increases Ectomycorrhizae and Growth of Loblolly Pines
Authors: Marx Donald H. , Mexal John G. , Morris William G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Different methods of introducing basidiospores (4/5 oz. spores/100 linear ft. of nursery bed) of Pisolithus tinctorius into fumigated soil at Weyerhaeuser's nursery in Oklahoma were tested to determine their effectiveness in forming ectomycorrhizae on loblolly pine seedlings. Two of five methods proved significantly effective. Nearly three-fourths of seedlings treated with spores mixed in hydromulch and applied after sowing formed Pisolithus ectomycorrhizae. The result was 25 percent larger seedlings and 15 percent fewer culls. In plots where spores were dusted onto the soil at sowing, one-third of the seedlings formed Pisolithus ectomycorrhizae, resulting in 12 percent larger seedlings and 13 percent fewer culls.
Predicting Root Biomass of Burned and Unburned White Oak Advance Reproduction from Diameter and Height
Authors: Knapp Benjamin O. , Wang G. Geoff , Van Lear David H. , Walker Joan L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The size, especially the root size, of advance oak (Quercus spp.) reproduction provides the best indication of the growth potential after release or top-kill. This study examined the relationship between the size of the root system and various diameter/height measurements for small (<60 cm) white oak (Q. alba L.) seedlings. Diameters measured at the top of the litter and humus layers and at the root collar were tested for their ability to predict root biomass on burned and unburned sites. Despite their close physical proximity, separate equations were required for burned and unburned sites when predicting root biomass from diameters measured at the humus and root collar locations, as well as height and diameter/height combinations. On burned sites, all diameter measures were good predictors, accounting for 75 to 86% of the total variance of root biomass. On the unburned site, the best predictor was the diameter measured at the root collar, accounting for 85% of the total variance of root biomass. Diameter at the litter level accounted for only 55% of the total variance of root biomass whereas diameter at the top of the humus layer accounted for 53%. When dealing with stands of unknown disturbance history, the diameter measured at the root collar should be used to predict root biomass for small seedlings.South. J. Appl. For. 30(1):40–45.