bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimized Vortex-Assisted Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Coupled with Spectrofluorimetry for Determination of Aspirin in Human Urine: Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Tamiji Zahra , Salahinejad Maryam , Niazi Ali 
Published: October 2018

Background:
A Vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (VA-DLLME)
method is presented for the determination of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) in human urine by spectrofluorimetry.

Objective:
To determine trace levels of aspirin in biologic samples by using green and low-cost method
development.

Methods:
For the microextraction procedure, chloroform and acetonitrile were used as extraction and
disperser solvent, respectively. The factors affecting the efficiency of extraction such as volume of chloroform,
volumes of acetonitrile, ionic strength, sample pH, centrifuging time, and extraction time were
investigated. Then significant variables were optimized by the response surface method using the Box-
Behnken design.

Results:
Under the optimum extraction conditions, a linear calibration curve in the range of 0.1 to 130
ng mL-1 with a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.998 was obtained. The limits of detection (LOD) and
limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.031 and 0.103 ng mL-1, respectively. The relative standard deviations
(RSD) were less than 4%.

Conclusion:
Enrichment factor and recoveries were achieved for the extraction of aspirin in human
urine. This method gives a rapid, simple, sensitive and environmentally friendly for the measurement of
trace amount aspirin.
Gene Subset Selection for Leukemia Classification Using Microarray Data
Authors: Fajila Mohamed Nisper Fathima 
Published: October 2018

Background:
Cancer subtype identification is an active research field which helps in
the diagnosis of various cancers with proper treatments. Leukemia is one such cancer with various
subtypes. High throughput technologies such as Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid (DNA) microarray are
highly active in the field of cancer detection and classification alternatively.

Objective:
Yet, a precise analysis is important in microarray data applications as microarray
experiments provide huge amount of data. Gene selection techniques promote microarray usage in
the field of medicine. The objective of gene selection is to select a small subset of genes, which are
the most informative in classification.
associations while known disease-lncRNA associations are required only.

Method:
In this study, multi-objective evolutionary algorithm is used for gene subset selection in
Leukemia classification. An initial redundant and irrelevant gene removal is followed by multiobjective
evolutionary based gene subset selection. Gene subset selection highly influences the
perfect classification. Thus, selecting the appropriate algorithm for subset selection is important.

Results:
The performance of the proposed method is compared against the standard genetic
algorithm and evolutionary algorithm. Three Leukemia microarray datasets were used to evaluate
the performance of the proposed method. Perfect classification was achieved for all the datasets
only with few significant genes using the proposed approach.

Conclusion:
Thus, it is obvious that the proposed study perfectly classifies Leukemia with only
few significant genes.</P>
What Makes Species Productive of Anti-Cancer Drugs? Clues from Drugs’ Species Origin, Druglikeness, Target and Pathway
Authors: Li Xiaofeng , Li Xiaoxu , Li Yinghong , Yu Chunyan , Xue Weiwei , Hu Jie , Li Bo , Wang Panpan , Zhu Feng 
Published: October 2018

Background:Despite the substantial contribution of natural products to the FDA drug approval list, the discovery of anti-cancer drugs from the huge amount of species on the planet remains looking for a needle in a haystack. Objective: Drug-productive clusters in the phylogenetic tree are thus proposed to narrow the searching scope by focusing on much smaller amount of species within each cluster, which enable prioritized and rational bioprospecting for novel drug-like scaffolds. However, the way anti-cancer nature-derived drugs distribute in phylogenetic tree has not been reported, and it is oversimplified to just focus anti-cancer drug discovery on the drug-productive clusters, since the number of species in each cluster remains too large to be managed.Objective:Drug-productive clusters in the phylogenetic tree are thus proposed to narrow the searching scope by focusing on much smaller amount of species within each cluster, which enable prioritized and rational bioprospecting for novel drug-like scaffolds. However, the way anti-cancer nature-derived drugs distribute in phylogenetic tree has not been reported, and it is oversimplified to just focus anti-cancer drug discovery on the drug-productive clusters, since the number of species in each cluster remains too large to be managed.Methods:In this study, 260 anti-cancer drugs approved in the past 70 years were comprehensively analyzed by hierarchical clustering of phylogenetic distribution.Results:207 out of these 260 drugs were derived from or inspired by the natural products isolated from 58 species. Phylogenetic distribution of those drugs further revealed that nature-derived anti-cancer drugs originated mostly from drug-productive families that tend to be clustered rather than scattered on the phylogenetic tree. Moreover, based on their productivity, drug-producing species were categorized into productive (CPS), newly emerging (CNS) and lessproductive (CLS). Statistical significances in druglikeness between drugs from CPS and CLS were observed, and drugs from CNS were found to share similar drug-like properties to those from CPS.Conclusion:This finding indicated a great raise in drug approval standard, which suggested us to focus bioprospecting on the species yielding multiple drugs and keeping productive for long period of time.
Hydroxyl Group Difference between Anthraquinone Derivatives Regulate Different Cell Death Pathways via Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Shuttling of p53
Authors: Kamil Mohd , Haque Ejazul , Mir Snober S. , Irfan Safia , Hasan Adria , Sheikh Saba , Alam Shamshad , Ansari Kausar M. , Nazir Aamir 
Published: October 2018

Background:Despite a number of measures having been taken for cancer management, it is still the second leading cause of death worldwide. p53 is the protein principally being targeted for cancer treatment. Targeting p53 localization may be an effective strategy in chemotherapy as it controls major cell death pathways based on its cellular localization. Anthraquinones are bioactive compounds widely being considered as potential anticancer agents but their mechanism of action is yet to be explored. It has been shown that the number and position of hydroxyl groups within the different anthraquinones like Emodin and Chrysophanol reflects the number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds which affect its activity. Emodin contains an additional OH group at C-3, in comparison to Chrysophanol and may differentially regulate different cell death pathways in cancer cell.Objective:The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of two anthraquinones Emodin and Chrysophanol on induction of different cell death pathways in human lung cancer cells (A549 cell line) and whether single OH group difference between these compounds differentially regulate cell death pathways.Methods:The cytotoxic effect of Emodin and Chrysophanol was determined by the MTT assay. The expression of autophagy and apoptosis marker genes at mRNA and protein level after treatment was checked by the RT-PCR and Western Blot, respectively. For cellular localization of p53 after treatment, we performed immunofluorescence microscopy.Results:We observed that both compounds depicted a dose-dependent cytotoxic response in A549 cells which was in concurrence with the markers associated with oxidative stress such as an increase in ROS generation, decrease in MMP and DNA damage. We also observed that both compounds up-regulated the p53 expression where Emodin causes nuclear p53 localization, which leads to down-regulation in mTOR expression and induces autophagy while Chrysophanol inhibits p53 translocation into nucleus, up-regulates mTOR expression and inhibits autophagy.Conclusion:From this study, it may be concluded that the structural difference of single hydroxyl group may switch the mechanism from one pathway to another which could be useful in the future to improve anticancer treatment and help in the development of new selective therapies.
Phage Display Technology and its Applications in Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Wang Yicun , Gao Shuohui , Lv Jiayin , Lin Yang , Zhou Li , Han Liying 
Published: October 2018

Background:Phage display is an effective technology for generation and selection targeting protein for a variety of purpose, which is based on a direct linkage between the displayed protein and the DNA sequence encoding it and utilized in selecting peptides, improving peptides affinity and indicating protein-protein interactions. Phage particles displaying peptide have the potential to apply in the identification of cell-specific targeting molecules, identification of cancer cell surface biomarkers, identification anti-cancer peptide, and the design of peptide-based anticancer therapy.Method/Results:Literature searches, reviews and assessments about Phage were performed in this review from PubMed and Medline databases.Conclusion:The phage display technology is an inexpensive method for expressing exogenous peptides, generating unique peptides that bind any given target and investigating protein-protein interactions. Due to the powerful ability to insert exogenous gene and display exogenous peptides on the surface, phages may represent a powerful peptide delivery system that can be utilized to develop rapid, efficient, safe and inexpensive cancer therapy methods.
Biological Activity and Physicochemical Properties of Dipeptidyl Nitrile Derivatives Against Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells
Authors: Quilles Jr José C. , Bernardi Murillo D.L. , Batista Pedro H.J. , Silva Samelyn C.M. , Rocha Camila M.R. , Montanari Carlos A. , Leitão Andrei 
Published: October 2018

Background:
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive types with high mortality in patients. Therefore,
studies to discover new drugs based on cellular targets have been developed to treat this disease. Due to the
importance of Cysteine Protease (CP) to several cellular processes in cancer cells, CP inhibitors have been studied as
novel alternative approaches for pancreatic cancer therapy.

Objective:
The cytostatic potential of new CP inhibitors derived from dipeptidyl nitriles is analyzed in vitro using
pancreatic cancer (MIA PaCa-2) cells.

Methods:
The cytotoxic and cytostatic activities were studied using MTT colorimetric assay in 2D and 3D cultures.
Colony formation, migration in Boyden chamber and cell cycle analysis were applied to further study the cytostatic
activity. The inhibition of cysteine proteases was evaluated with Z-FR-MCA selective substrate, and ROS evaluation
was performed with DCFH-DA fluorophore. Permeability was investigated using HPLC-MS to obtain log kw. Combination
therapy was also evaluated using the best compound with gemcitabine.

Results:
The inhibition of intracellular CP activity by the compounds was confirmed, and the cytostatic effect was
established with cell cycle retention in the G1 phase. CP inhibitors were able to reduce cell proliferation by 50% in
the clonogenic assay, and the same result was achieved for the migration assay, without any cytotoxic effect. The
Neq0554 inhibitor was also efficient to increase the gemcitabine potency in the combination therapy. Physicochemical
properties using an artificial membrane model quantified 1.14 ≥ log Kw ≥ 0.75 for all inhibitors (also confirmed
using HPLC-MS analysis) along with the identification of intra and extracellular metabolites. Finally, these dipeptidyl
nitrile derivatives did not trigger the formation of reactive oxygen species, which is linked to genotoxicity.

Conclusion:
Altogether, these results provide a clear and favorable picture to develop CP inhibitors in pre-clinical
assays.
Vitamin D Status in Egyptian Adolescent Females with Iron Deficiency Anemia and Its Correlation with Serum Iron Indices
Authors: EL-Adawy Eman H. , Zahran Fawkia E. , Shaker Gehan A. , Seleem Amal 
Published: October 2018

Background:In Egypt, it seems that adolescent girls are a candidate for Vitamin D Deficiency (VDD), mostly due to inadequate sun exposure as a result of the culture and social dress codes and dietary factors. Currently, there is growing evidence that VDD is associated with Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA).Aim:To investigate the frequency of VDD in adolescent females with IDA in comparison to healthy control and demonstrate whether VD level was correlated with serum iron indices.Subjects and Methods:Forty adolescent females with known cases of IDA (group 1) and 30 healthy females matched for age as a control (group 2) were selected. We compared the differences between the two groups to determine the degree of VD level; where VDD was defined as 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] ≤20 ng/mL, vitamin D insufficiency (VDI) as 25(OH) D of 20-30 ng/mL, and vitamin D sufficiency (VDS) as 25(OH)D >30 ng/mL. Body mass index (BMI), complete blood count (CBC), serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), serum ferritin, serum creatinine, ionized calcium and 25(OH)D were measured for all participants.Results:We found that subnormal vitamin D (VDD and VDI) was more frequent in the IDA group (75%) than control (40%), (p = 0.025); where 19 adolescent female patients (47.5%) were VDD, 11 (27.5%) were VDI and 10 (25%) were VDS, while in the control group, VDD was present in 4 (20%), VDI in 4 (20%) and VDS in 12 (60%) respectively. There was not any significant correlation between serum VD and serum iron indices (r =0.168, p < 0.05) and Hb (r = 0.360, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in serum hemoglobin level between IDA patients with subnormal VD and those with VDS. The mean level of serum 25(OH) D was significantly lower in winter months than summer in both groups; (16.87 vs. 31.57 mg/dL, p < 0.001) and (31.9 vs. 35.04 mg/dL, p < 0.001) respectively. BMI, Iron, TIBC and seasonal variation were not predictors of 25(OH) D levels in adolescent girls with IDA.Conclusion:VDD has a higher frequency in Egyptian adolescent females with IDA than healthy control. However, vitamin D levels were not significantly correlated with iron indices. Our result might direct the attention for measuring vitamin D level in patients with IDA with the possibility of VD supplementation with iron.
Experimental Study of the Contamination Effects of Gachsaran Formation Fluid on the Heavy-weight Drilling Fluid
Authors: Majid Naeimavi , Fereydoon Khazali , Mohammad Abdideh , Saadati Zohreh 
Published: October 2018

Introduction:Gachsaran Formation is the cap rock of Asmari oil reservoir located in southwestern of Iran. The formation consists of halite, anhydrite, and tachyhydrite, The most important feature of this formation is the presence of high-pressure fluid.Method:Drilling companies have to use heavy-weighted mud to drill the high-pressure formation. Sometimes the weight of drilling fluid is used, up to 2.65(gr/cm3). Although heavy-weight mud prevents formation fluid to flow into the well, it is difficult to maintain and control its properties. If the hydrostatic pressure is insufficient, the formation connate fluid penetrates into the drilling mud and contaminates it.Result:The study found that the symptoms of this contamination lead to an increase in calcium, magnesium, carbonates, and bicarbonates levels, as well as a decrease in pH. The drilling fluid rheology also affected by the contamination.Discussion:Then, method of curing this event is discussed. Prevention, the best treatment for this event was introduced. It was also found that, as soon as contamination signs appear, immediately increase the drilling fluid weight as much as possible, and then adjust the pH between 10.5 and 11.5. The maintain method described is continued until section drilling ends.
Energy Saving Using Green Computing Approach for Internet of Thing (IoT) Based Tiny Level Computational Devices
Authors: Ooruchintala Obulesu , Munisekhar Mahendra , Kallam Suresh , Madda Rajasekharababu 
Published: October 2018

Background:
It is important to minimize energy consumption that improves battery life,
system reliability and other environmental concerns and energy optimization is turning into a very
important in the tiny devices in Internet of Things (IoT) research area with the increasing demand for
battery operated devices. IoT need battery life improvement in tiny device, so power optimization is
significant.

Methods:
In this paper an Experimental Design (ED) is proposed for the performance improvement
in terms of energy and run time. Among the many sutras of optimizations, by using the Green computing
the products are work with limited battery. This proposed technique results in reduce power
conumption.

Results:
The result shows that the proposed Energy saving on tiny devices based on IoT are the energy
consumed and run time by the code after applying optimization techniques, which is the minimum
among all four. Besides reduction in energy and runtime, reduction in the number of executed
instructions is also achieved.

Conclusion:
This paper comprehensively describes the. Its average performance percentage reached
91.1 % for energy, the performance reduction in energy and runtime, reduction in the number of executed
instructions is also achieved. The performance holds better for Common subexpression elimination.
So, we can say the proposed Experimental Design (ED) is effective in reduction of energy
consumption and runtime of the program.
Social Media and the New Newsreel
Authors: Levin Erica 
Published: October 2018

The online circulation of raw footage from live streams, cell phones, and police dash-cams has fueled much political dissent in recent years, from Occupy Wall Street to the protests surrounding the deaths of Michael Brown, Eric Garner, Sandra Bland, and others. This essay looks at experimental moving image works made in response to these contemporary dynamics of protest. It offers a comparative analysis of short digital videos by Jem Cohen and Alex Johnson, both of whom embrace the newsreel as a radical genre, making direct reference to earlier generations of filmmakers who did the same. Cohen’s Gravity Hill Newsreels (2011) offer a series of immersive observational studies of the Occupy demonstrations and Zuccotti Park encampment. In a more directly referential mode, Johnson’s Now! Again! (2014) appropriates Santiago Alvarez’s Now! (1965), a Cuban newsreel made by animating photographs depicting the civil rights struggle. Johnston juxtaposes this imagery with media coverage of protests in Ferguson, Missouri after the death of Michael Brown in August 2014.
Fifty years ago, radical filmmakers of Alvarez’s generation urged newsreel audiences to recognize themselves as a social body, sharing a stake in the struggles depicted on screen. Today, the currency of “newsreel” as a political mode of experimental media is less certain. Although the experimental videos at issue here could be read as nostalgic for conditions of cinematic exhibition long since eclipsed by the dominance of social media, I argue instead that they engage the current mediation of political unrest in order to explore the indeterminacy of the social body to which it gives rise. Calling attention to rifts in the visual field and the seams that bind one historical moment to another, these works are guided by a desire to grasp the historicity of newsreel as a form enlisted to play a participatory role in social protest. In each case, newsreel provides new forms for responding to urgent events that cut against the temporality and visual codes of social media, opening up new space to share the world differently.
Landscapes of Absence
Authors: Bauer Brandon 
Published: October 2018

The project and exhibition Landscapes of Absence by Brandon Bauer explores ethical issues around the use of ISIS propaganda images within the media. In particular, the project examines the use of propaganda images in the absence of reliable and journalistically objective images, since the brutal beheadings of western journalists has made it too dangerous to report from areas under control of the self-proclaimed Islamic State. The project uses images drawn from eight beheading incidents disseminated through ISIS media outlets. In the works in the exhibition, the dehumanized image of the victims has been erased, leaving only the landscape and the absence of image as a metaphor for the larger issue of the absence of reliable reporting.
Effects of the Potassium-Binding Polymer Patiromer on Markers of Mineral Metabolism
Authors: Bushinsky David A. , Spiegel David M. , Yuan Jinwei , Warren Suzette , Fogli Jeanene , Pergola Pablo E. 
Published: October 2018

Background and objectives
Patiromer is a sodium-free, nonabsorbed, potassium-binding polymer that uses calcium as the counter-exchange ion and is approved for treatment of hyperkalemia. The 4-week TOURMALINE study in patients with hyperkalemia previously demonstrated that patiromer administered once daily reduces serum potassium similarly when given with or without food. We report a prespecified exploratory efficacy analysis as well as a post hoc efficacy and safety analysis of the TOURMALINE study on circulating markers of mineral metabolism.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Adults with hyperkalemia (potassium >5.0 mEq/L) were randomized to once-daily patiromer 8.4 g without/with food for 4 weeks, with doses adjusted to achieve and maintain serum potassium 3.8–5.0 mEq/L. Baseline and week 4 serum and 24-hour urine markers of mineral metabolism are reported for all patients combined (evaluable for efficacy, n=112; evaluable for safety, n=113). P values were calculated using a paired t test for change from baseline, unless otherwise specified.

Results
Mean (SD) baseline eGFR was 41±26 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Mean (SD) changes from baseline to week 4 were 0.0±0.5 mg/dl (P=0.78; n=100) for albumin-corrected serum calcium, −0.2±0.2 mg/dl (P<0.001; n=100) for serum magnesium, and −0.1±0.7 mg/dl (P=0.47; n=100) for serum phosphate. Median (quartile 1, quartile 3) changes in 24-hour creatinine-normalized urine calcium and phosphate from baseline to week 4 were 2.5 (−11.5, 23.7) mg/24 h (P=0.10; n=69) and −43.0 (−162.6, 35.7) mg/24 h (P=0.004; n=95), respectively. Median (quartile 1, quartile 3) changes in intact parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D from baseline to week 4 were −13 (−31, 4) pg/ml (P<0.001; n=97) and −2 (−9, 3) pg/ml (P=0.05; n=96), respectively. There were no changes in fibroblast growth factor-23 or 25-hydroxyvitamin D. In patients (n=16) with baseline serum phosphate >4.8 mg/dL, the mean (SD) changes in serum and 24-hour creatinine-normalized urine phosphate from baseline to Week 4 were −0.6±0.8 mg/dl (n=13) and −149.1±162.6 mg/24hr (n=9), respectively.

Conclusions
Patiromer lowered urine phosphate in all patients, and lowered both serum and urine phosphate in a small subset of patients with hyperphosphatemia. Intact parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D decreased, with no change in serum calcium.