bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Red flags for appropriate referral to the gastroenterologist and the rheumatologist of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and spondyloarthritis
Authors: Felice C , Leccese P , Scudeller L , Lubrano E , Cantini F , Castiglione F , Gionchetti P , Orlando A , Salvarani C , Scarpa R , Vecchi M , Olivieri I , Armuzzi A 
Published: December 2018

SummaryCollaboration between gastroenterologists and rheumatologists is recommended for the correct management of patients with associated spondyloarthritis (SpA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We aimed to establish the appropriateness of several red flags for a prompt specialist referral. A systematic review of the literature was performed using the GRADE method to describe the prevalence of co-existing IBD-SpA and the diagnostic accuracy of red flags proposed by a steering committee. Then, a consensus among expert gastroenterologists and rheumatologists (10 in the steering committee and 13 in the expert panel) was obtained using the RAND method to confirm the appropriateness of each red flag as ‘major’ (one sufficient for patient referral) or ‘minor’ (at least three needed for patient referral) criteria for specialist referral. The review of the literature confirmed the high prevalence of co-existing IBD-SpA. Positive and negative predictive values of red flags were not calculated, given the lack of available data. A consensus among gastroenterology and rheumatology specialists was used to confirm the appropriateness of each red flag. Major criteria to refer patients with SpA to the gastroenterologist included: rectal bleeding, chronic abdominal pain, perianal fistula or abscess, chronic diarrhoea and nocturnal symptoms. Major criteria to refer patients with IBD to the rheumatologist included: chronic low back pain, dactylitis, enthesitis and pain/swelling of peripheral joints. Several major and minor red flags have been identified for the diagnosis of co-existing IBD-SpA. The use of red flags in routine clinical practice may avoid diagnostic delay and reduce clinic overload.
Thigh and abdominal adipose tissue depot associations with testosterone levels in postmenopausal females
Authors: Ofori Emmanuel K. , Conde Alonso Sonia , Correas‐Gomez Lorena , Carnero Elvis A. , Zwygart Karin , Hugues Henry , Bardy Daniel , Hans Didier , Dwyer Andrew A. , Amati Francesca 
Published: December 2018

SummaryObjectiveResearch findings on the relationship between serum androgens and adipose tissue in older females are inconsistent. We aimed to clarify the relationship using state‐of‐the‐art techniques to evaluate associations between body fat distribution and plasma testosterone (T) levels in older postmenopausal women.DesignObservational, cross‐sectional study of healthy, community dwelling postmenopausal women.Patients and MeasurementsPostmenopausal women (60‐80 years old) were included in this study. Overall body composition was evaluated by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Abdominal and thigh fat depots were measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Circulating T concentrations were analysed by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry.ResultsThirty‐five women (66.6 ± 0.8 years) participated in this study. T levels were positively associated with clinical proxy measures of adiposity including weight (ρ = 0.39), BMI (ρ = 0.43) and waist circumference (ρ = 0.39) (all P < 0.05). Fat mass and % body fat were correlated with T levels (ρ = 0.42 and 0.38 respectively, both P < 0.05). T correlated with overall and superficial abdominal fat (ρ = 0.34 and 0.37 respectively, both P < 0.05) but not with visceral adipose tissue. T increased with greater thigh fat (ρ = 0.49, P < 0.05) in both superficial and deep depots (ρ = 0.50 and 0.35 respectively, both P < 0.05).ConclusionOur results suggest that postmenopausal women with higher circulating T levels have both higher regional and overall body adiposity. These findings underscore the sexual dimorphism in the relationship between serum androgen levels and adiposity.
Termitariophily: expanding the concept of termitophily in a physogastric rove beetle (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)
Authors: Pisno Raul M. , Salazar Karen , Lino‐Neto José , Serrão José E. , DeSouza Og 
Published: December 2018

1. Termitophily in some rove beetles is commonly attributed to the striking termite worker resemblance that is provided by the beetles' hypertrophic (‘physogastric’) abdomen. However, a termite nest may offer to a termitophile additional benefits, such as a continuously repaired shelter.2. This could apply toCorotoca melantho(Aleocharinae: Corotocini), a viviparous obligatory termitophile staphylinid beetle species. While conferring morphological congruence to its host worker termites, its physogastry may impair mobility, leading to vulnerability and the need for a secure environment. It seems plausible to hypothesise that physogastry inC. melanthowould imply in interactions between this termitophile and its host termites as well as its host termitarium.3. This study provides evidence to build such a hypothesis by inspecting the morpho‐anatomical reproductive traits of this termitophile. It was found that a gradient of growth stages of embryos and larvae in the oviduct explains physogastry in females while pointing to iteroparity. The asynchronous development of oocytes in females, combined with a full developing sequence of sperm cells indicative of continuous spermatogenesis in males, suggests frequent matings.4. While improving guest–host similarity, physogastry and flightlessness should confer vulnerability to pregnant females, forcingC. melanthoto seek close and sheltered environments. These could facilitate the frequent male–female contacts demanded by iteroparity. It is possible, therefore, that physogastry inC. melanthois not only associated with the termites themselves but also with the physical structure of the termitarium. Thus,C. melanthocan be hypothesised to be a termitariophile in addition to being a termitophile.
Automatic detection of violations of statistical regularities in the periphery is affected by the focus of spatial attention: A visual mismatch negativity study
Authors: File Domonkos , Czigler István 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe investigated the effect of spatial attention on an event‐related potential signature of automatic detection of violations of statistical regularities, namely, the visual mismatch negativity (vMMN). To vary the task‐field and the location of vMMN‐related stimulation, in the attentional field the stimuli of a tracking task with a steady and a moving (target) bar were presented. The target stimuli of the task appeared either relatively close or far from a passive (task‐irrelevant) oddball or equiprobable sequence at the lower part of the screen. Stimuli of the oddball sequence were shapes tilted either 45° (standard, p = 0.8) or 135° (deviant, p = 0.2), while the equiprobable sequence consisted of additional three shapes with identical number of lines to the oddball stimuli. Deviant stimuli in close proximity to a continuously attended field elicited larger vMMN than similar stimuli farther away from the stimulus field. In the condition with a smaller distance between the field of the tracking task and the vMMN‐related field, the deviant stimuli and the vMMN was followed by a posterior positivity. According to these results, spatial attention modulates vMMN and is capable of initiating further processing of the deviant stimuli.
One strategy does not fit all: determinants of urban adaptation in mammals
Authors: Santini Luca , González‐Suárez Manuela , Russo Danilo , Gonzalez‐Voyer Alejandro , von Hardenberg Achaz , Ancillotto Leonardo 
Published: December 2018

AbstractUrbanisation exposes wildlife to new challenging conditions and environmental pressures. Some mammalian species have adapted to these novel environments, but it remains unclear which characteristics allow them to persist. To address this question, we identified 190 mammals regularly recorded in urban settlements worldwide, and used phylogenetic path analysis to test hypotheses regarding which behavioural, ecological and life history traits favour adaptation to urban environments for different mammalian groups. Our results show that all urban mammals produce larger litters; whereas other traits such as body size, behavioural plasticity and diet diversity were important for some but not all taxonomic groups. This variation highlights the idiosyncrasies of the urban adaptation process and likely reflects the diversity of ecological niches and roles mammals can play. Our study contributes towards a better understanding of mammal association to humans, which will ultimately allow the design of wildlife‐friendly urban environments and contribute to mitigate human‐wildlife conflicts.
Infections and risk of epilepsy in children and young adults: A nationwide study
Authors: Ahlers Frederik S. , Benros Michael E. , Dreier Julie W. , Christensen Jakob 
Published: December 2018

SummaryObjectiveThe development of epilepsy has been linked to infections of the central nervous system, but recently also to infections and inflammation outside of the central nervous system. Thus we investigated the association between infections and the risk of subsequent epilepsy.MethodsThis was a Danish nationwide population‐based cohort study comprising a total of 1 938 555 individuals born between 1982 and 2012. Individuals were followed from birth until December 31, 2012, death, disappearance, emigration, or epilepsy diagnosis, whichever came first (28 512 666 person‐years of follow‐up). The exposure was hospital contacts for infection and the outcome was a diagnosis of epilepsy as recorded in the Danish National Hospital Register. Hazard ratios were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, sex, calendar period, Apgar score, gestational age, birth weight, and parental history of epilepsy.ResultsA total of 25 825 individuals received an epilepsy diagnosis during the study period, among whom 8235 (32%) had a previous hospital contact for infection. A hospital contact for infection was associated with a 78% increase in the risk of subsequently receiving an epilepsy diagnosis (hazard ratio 1.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.73‐1.83) compared with those without infection. The highest risk was observed after central nervous system infections (hazard ratio 4.97, 95% CI 4.42‐5.59), but increased risks were identified across all infected organ systems and types of pathogens. The risk of receiving an epilepsy diagnosis was correlated with the temporal proximity of the infection (P < 0.001) and increased with the number of hospital contacts for infection (P < 0.001) and with the severity of infection (P < 0.001).SignificanceThe risk of receiving an epilepsy diagnosis was increased after a wide range of infections, suggesting that systemic inflammatory processes may be involved in the development of epilepsy.
Habitat use and hybridisation between the Rocky Mountain sculpin (Cottussp.) and slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus)
Authors: Rudolfsen Tyana , Ruppert Jonathan L. W. , Taylor Eric B. , Davis Corey S. , Watkinson Douglas A. , Poesch Mark S. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAnthropogenic factors such as land‐use change, pollution, and climate change can cause fragmentation and reduce the amount of habitat by altering preferred conditions. This process can also bring about novel species interactions and, in some cases, create or alter levels of hybridisation between closely related species. We assessed the threat of hybridisation to the persistence of the Rocky Mountain sculpin (Cottussp.) and the slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) in the Flathead River, British Columbia, Canada.Individuals collected from 95 sites provided 731 genetic samples that were genotyped at 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci and mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase sequences, to assess: (a) if there are differences in the distribution of Rocky Mountain sculpin between contemporary and historical (35 years ago) records, (b) if hybridisation is symmetrical in terms of sex‐specific parental contributions, and (c) if habitat preferences contribute to the distribution of pure parental and hybrid populations.We identified three hybrid locations and that Rocky Mountain sculpin have an altitudinal distribution (1,200–1,902 m) that exceeds the range limit reported 35 years ago (1,200–1,372 m). Additionally, hybrid mating appears to involve similar proportions of parents of both sexes from each species. Lastly, elevation, turbidity, and sediment type are significant factors predicting the presence of parental species. Further, elevation and water conductivity are significant factors to predicting hybrid presence.The contrasting associations of parental species with different habitat types appear to influence the extent and distribution of hybridisation. Our results suggest that Rocky Mountain sculpin (a species of conservation concern) do not appear to be at risk due to hybridisation, but that this is a system in flux. Given the importance of environmental conditions to hybridisation, there is a need to quantify how environmental changes may disrupt current hybridisation and potential population viability.
Watershed‐level brook trout genetic structuring: Evaluation and application of riverscape genetics models
Authors: Nathan Lucas R. , Welsh Amy B. , Vokoun Jason C. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Stream connectivity promotes resilience and population viability of aquatic organisms. Landscape genetic approaches, traditionally applied to terrestrial systems, may reveal important watershed‐level dynamics that influence connectivity. Additional validation would improve understanding of how the models perform when gene flow is constrained to dendritic networks. The objectives of this study were to use simulations to assess the utility of landscape genetics analyses in dendritic stream networks and investigate riverscape variables influencing gene flow among brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis populations in headwater streams.

We used an individual‐based simulation program to simulate different dispersal scenarios and used combinations of landscape genetic models, model selection methods, and genetic metrics to determine the best combination for riverscape systems. We also sampled brook trout from 76 headwater streams in two watersheds (c. 1,000 km2) in Connecticut, U.S.A. to assess connectivity and riverscape influences on genetic structuring.

Gravity models with Bayesian information criterion (BIC) selection were the most accurate (>85%) landscape genetic models that consistently identified the correct simulated gene flow barrier. However, all models performed poorly when unidirectional barriers were simulated without a distance‐based dispersal limitation. Excluding this scenario, model accuracy for the gravity models using BIC selection was >90% across multiple genetic metrics, validating the application of landscape genetic models to riverscape systems.

We found highly variable levels of brook trout genetic connectivity (FST range 0.01–0.19) at the watershed level (5–15 river km). Gravity models identified increases in upstream impervious surfaces and decreases in riparian tree canopy cover as riverscape variables associated with increases in genetic differentiation in one watershed, while the other watershed was consistent with an isolation by distance pattern.

In this study we used demogenetic (i.e. combined demographic and genetic) simulations to demonstrate the utility of landscape genetics techniques in dendritic river networks. Our empirical genetic study documented gene flow among headwater populations of brook trout at the watershed level and also suggested connectivity can be limited by watershed development. Incorporating the heterogeneity of riverscapes into connectivity‐focused conservation planning is essential to the development of effective restoration actions, and landscape genetics approaches can be useful tools to identify watershed‐level connectivity in stream systems.
Hydrographic correlates of within‐river distribution and population genetic structure in two widespread species of mountain galaxias (Teleostei, Galaxiidae) in southern Australia
Authors: Cook Benjamin D. , Kennard Mark J. , Adams Mark , Raadik Tarmo A. , Real Kathryn , Bunn Stuart E. , Hughes Jane M. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Closely related species may have different patterns of distribution and spatial population structure in common landscapes, which can have implications for conservation of the species if they are vulnerable. The Australian mountain galaxias species complex has recently been split into 15 described species, 11 of which are threatened. In this study, we assessed the distribution and landscape genetic structure of two mountain galaxias species (Galaxias olidus and Galaxias oliros) in the Goulburn–Broken catchment (Murray–Darling Basin) in relation to hydrographic descriptors of river terrain, network and hydrology. We also assessed small‐scale population structure in juvenile G. oliros in tributary streams of the Goulburn River (the Granite Creeks).

Analyses of distribution revealed that G. olidus mostly occurs in smaller streams at high elevations with steep valley slopes and high stream gradients downstream, whereas G. oliros mostly occurs in larger downstream waterways with higher magnitude and variability of stream flow.

Population genetic structure in G. olidus was much greater than for G. oliros, with 17 of the 19 sampled locations resolved as genetically distinct populations for G. olidus, but only a single population revealed for G. oliros. Results for both species did not reflect the expectations of the stream hierarchy model or isolation‐by‐distance model. However, small‐scale spatial population structure in juvenile G. oliros in the Granite Creeks reflected the expectations of both stream hierarchy and isolation‐by‐distance models, suggesting that population structure of juveniles of this species reflects some level of spatial aggregation of closely related individuals that probably diminishes as the population ages.

Higher landscape genetic structure in G. olidus was correlated with steeper stream and valley slopes, whereas no population genetic correlations were significant for G. oliros. Genetic diversity in G. olidus was higher in areas of greater hydrological variability, suggesting that populations in hydrologically variable areas function as a metapopulation and have a more diverse gene pool than populations in areas with lower hydrological variability. In contrast, genetic diversity in G. olidus was lower in higher elevation areas with steep valley slopes, suggesting that smaller but more stable populations occur in high elevation streams with high perenniality and low interannual variability of flows.

Our results are consistent with other studies that highlight the importance of supporting natural hydrological regimes and natural patterns of hydrological connectivity for conservation of vulnerable freshwater fish.
Soil organic carbon stability in forests: Distinct effects of tree species identity and traits
Authors: Angst Gerrit , Mueller Kevin E. , Eissenstat David M. , Trumbore Susan , Freeman Katherine H. , Hobbie Sarah E. , Chorover Jon , Oleksyn Jacek , Reich Peter B. , Mueller Carsten W. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractRising atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased interest in the potential for forest ecosystems and soils to act as carbon (C) sinks. While soil organic C contents often vary with tree species identity, little is known about if, and how, tree species influence the stability of C in soil. Using a 40 year old common garden experiment with replicated plots of eleven temperate tree species, we investigated relationships between soil organic matter (SOM) stability in mineral soils and 17 ecological factors (including tree tissue chemistry, magnitude of organic matter inputs to the soil and their turnover, microbial community descriptors, and soil physicochemical properties). We measured five SOM stability indices, including heterotrophic respiration, C in aggregate occluded particulate organic matter (POM) and mineral associated SOM, and bulk SOM δ15N and ∆14C. The stability of SOM varied substantially among tree species, and this variability was independent of the amount of organic C in soils. Thus, when considering forest soils as C sinks, the stability of C stocks must be considered in addition to their size. Further, our results suggest tree species regulate soil C stability via the composition of their tissues, especially roots. Stability of SOM appeared to be greater (as indicated by higher δ15N and reduced respiration) beneath species with higher concentrations of nitrogen and lower amounts of acid insoluble compounds in their roots, while SOM stability appeared to be lower (as indicated by higher respiration and lower proportions of C in aggregate occluded POM) beneath species with higher tissue calcium contents. The proportion of C in mineral associated SOM and bulk soil ∆14C, though, were negligibly dependent on tree species traits, likely reflecting an insensitivity of some SOM pools to decadal scale shifts in ecological factors. Strategies aiming to increase soil C stocks may thus focus on particulate C pools, which can more easily be manipulated and are most sensitive to climate change.
Trade and indeterminacy revisited
Authors: Iwasa Kazumichi , Nishimura Kazuo , Yano Makoto 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe consider a dynamic two‐country model of trade with production externalities with an emphasis on the possibility of global indeterminacy, which means that the distribution of capital stocks in each country in the long run depends on households’ expectations. Opening trade yields expectation‐driven fluctuations. Global indeterminacy may occur around the free trade steady states even when the autarkic steady states are saddle points in both countries, and it must happen when local indeterminacy occurs around the autarkic steady states in both countries.
Bacteremia complicating urinary tract infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Mortality risk factors
Authors: Kitagawa Koichi , Shigemura Katsumi , Yamamichi Fukashi , Osawa Kayo , Uda Atsushi , Koike Chihiro , Tokimatsu Issei , Shirakawa Toshiro , Miyara Takayuki , Fujisawa Masato 
Published: December 2018

ObjectivesTo examine the clinical risk factors for death within 30 days of diagnosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa‐causing bacteremia after a urinary tract infection.MethodsA total of 62 patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from both urine and blood at the same episode from January 2009 to December 2016 were enrolled in the present study. We retrospectively investigated clinical risk factors for death by comparison between surviving patients and those who died within 30 days after diagnosis of P. aeruginosa bacteremia. The comparison for risk factors for bacteremia‐related death included 31 categories, such as age, laboratory data, underlying diseases, clinical history, history of surgery, care in the intensive care unit, P. aeruginosa susceptibility to the antibiotics used at the time of bacteremia diagnosis and consultation with urological department.ResultsThe study included 48 men and 14 women aged 71.3 ± 10.4 years. Nine patients (14.5%) died of P. aeruginosa bacteremia. Statistical analysis showed that non‐survivors had significantly lower albumin levels than survivors (2.07 ± 0.62 vs 2.62 ± 0.65; P = 0.023). The non‐survivors had significantly higher rates of ventilator use, history of heart disease, septic shock and lower rates of consultation with urological departments after diagnosis (P < 0.05).ConclusionsPatients with bacteremia complicating urinary infection by P. aeruginosa have a low death rate. Earlier intervention by urologists might improve patients’ outcome. Lower albumin levels, ventilator use, history of heart disease and septic shock are factors associated with higher mortality rate.