bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Candida
,
Cryptococcus
, and Other Yeasts of Medical Importance
Authors: Borman Andrew M. , Johnson Elizabeth M. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Unicellular fungi which typically divide by budding have traditionally been referred to as yeasts. The rapidly expanding use of molecular identification strategies has permitted detailed phylogenetic analyses, allowing more accurate delineation of taxonomic boundaries and the reclassification of many yeast species and genera. Molecular identification approaches have also further added to the taxonomic complexity via the delineation of a number of cryptic species and species complexes in many traditional
Candida
species that can be separated only based on DNA sequencing analysis. The heterogeneous genus
Candida
belongs to the order Saccharomycetales within the ascomycetes.
Rhodotorula
spp. and species in the allied genus
Cystobasidium
share many similar physiologic and morphologic properties with
Cryptococcus
spp., as they are round to oval‐shaped, multilateral budding yeasts with capsules, although capsules, when present, are typically small. Carbohydrate antigens have provided useful targets for several commercial kits for the detection of disseminated candidiasis.
Curvularia, Exophiala, Scedosporium, Sporothrix,
and Other Melanized Fungi
Authors: Guarro Josep , Madrid Hugo , de Hoog Sybren 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

This chapter covers most of the agents of phaeohyphomycosis, chromoblastomycosis, and sporotrichosis, as well as a number of agents of superficial and cutaneous disease. Pleoanamorphism is particularly striking in members of the black yeasts and in the genera
Scedosporium
and
Triadelphia
. Members of the genus
Curvularia
usually produce elongated conidia that are inconspicuously distoseptate and often possess an intermediate, asymmetrically swollen cell that gives the conidia a typically curved appearance.
Exophiala
is the main genus of clinically relevant black yeasts.
Sporothrix brasiliensis
is highly virulent and has caused large epidemics in Brazil; transmission occurs particularly through stray cats. Dematiaceous fungi are able to cause superficial infections, such as those of the skin and nails. Some melanized phialidic fungi were segregated from
Phialophora
on molecular and morphological grounds; these fungi now constitute small islands of clinical significance in the order Calosphaeriales, which otherwise contains plant‐associated moulds.
Microsporidia
Authors: Weiss Louis M. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Microsporidia are found in invertebrates and vertebrates, infecting every major animal group. Microsporidia produce distinctive, environmentally resistant spores, and the shape and size of these spores vary depending on the species. This chapter summarizes microsporidia associated with human infection and related clinical manifestations. Encephalitozoon species including
E. intestinalis
,
E. hellem
,and
E. cuniculi
are widely distributed in mammals and have been identified in both immune‐competent and immune‐compromised humans. The successful sequencing of various microsporidia genomes has led to the application of molecular‐based techniques for the diagnosis of microsporidia infections in humans. Serologic assays such as carbon immunoassay, indirect immunofluorescence test, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and immunoblot assays have been used to demonstrate microsporidian‐specific antibodies in several species of animals.
Plasmodium
and
Babesia
Authors: Pritt Bobbi S. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Plasmodium
and
Babesia
are intraerythrocytic protozoan parasites that cause malaria and babesiosis, respectively. Both are transmitted through the bite of an infected arthropod and cause significant human morbidity and mortality worldwide. The
Plasmodium
parasite is transmitted primarily through the bite of an infected
Anopheles
mosquito, and competent mosquito vectors are found throughout the world. The antigens most commonly detected by the commercially available rapid diagnostic tests are pan‐ or species‐specific
Plasmodium
lactate dehydrogenase,
Plasmodium falciparum
histidine‐rich protein 2, and panspecific
Plasmodium
aldolase. Serologic testing plays only a small role in diagnosis of acute malaria, given that antibodies are frequently absent at the time of patient presentation. Members of the genus
Babesia
infect a wide range of wild and domestic animals worldwide using primarily ixodid tick vectors. Babesiosis due to
Babesia microti
and
Babesia duncani
/
B. duncani
‐like parasites can manifest as asymptomatic or mild infection to life‐threatening illness.
Arthropods of Medical Importance
Authors: Mathison Blaine A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Arthropods comprise a diverse group of invertebrate animals, united by a common body plan of a jointed, chitinous exoskeleton. Four major extant groups of arthropods have members of medical importance: hexapods (insects), arachnids, crustaceans, and myriapods (e.g., millipedes and centipedes). Arthropods are thought of by many in clinical settings with respect to their role as vectors, transmitters of infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, protozoans, helminths, and, in the case of
Dermatobia hominis
(the “human” botfly), other arthropods. There are five major groups of vectors: the Diptera (flies and mosquitoes), Hemiptera (kissing bugs), Siphonaptera (fleas), Psocodea (lice), and the order Acarina (ticks and mites). Arthropods that invade a host's body and cause disease include mites (scabies), fleas (tungiasis), fly larvae (myiasis), and pentastomes. Delusion of parasitosis can be a serious illness which can be treated by experienced mental health professionals.
One Micrometer Channel Length, Coplanar Polycrystalline InGaO Thin Film Transistors Exhibiting 85 cm2 V−1 s−1 Mobility and Excellent Bias Stabilities by Using Offset Engineering
Authors: Rabbi Md. Hasnat , Arnob MD Redowan Mahmud , Nahar Sabiqun , Tooshil Abul , Jang Jin 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe effect of N+ resistivity in the offset region, for ≈1 µm channel length coplanar, polycrystalline InGaO (PC‐IGO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) is studied. The room temperature deposited amorphous IGO is solid phase crystallized at 450 °C. The PC‐IGO TFT exhibits a maximum effective field‐effect mobility (µFE) of ≈86.69 cm2 V−1 s−1, a threshold voltage of ≈1.5 V, and a subthreshold swing of ≈300 mV decade−1, with remarkable stability under bias and temperature stress. The offset length (Loff) is varied from 1 to 3 µm and their electrical performances are analyzed. Upon increasing the Loff from 1 to 3 µm, the on current (Ion) and the µFE drops from 50.31 to 17.72 µA and 85.40 to 67.64 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively, which can be attributed to a greater voltage drop in the Loff, resulting in the reduction of effective VDS applied to the channel. Technology computer‐aided design simulations shows that at the sheet resistance of 14.5 Ω sq−1. in the N+ offset region, the Ion dependency disappears with the change in Loff, which is attributed to the negligible voltage drop. These results provide valuable insight into optimizing N+ doping, for high‐performance, short‐channel coplanar oxide TFTs.
Room‐Temperature‐Integrated Flexible Diffusive Oxide Memristors for Artificial Nociceptive Systems
Authors: Li Jia Cheng , Liu Zi Chun , Xia Yang Hui , Liu Xia , Yang Hui Xia , Ma Yuan Xiao , Wang Ye Liang 
Published: December 2024

AbstractNovel areas of human–computer interaction and intelligent robotics are rapidly boosted by flexible electronic devices, among which artificial nociceptors for pain perception are considered essential sensory devices. Recently, flexible diffusive memristors with volatile behavior are extensively studied to emulate biological synapses and neurons because of their rich threshold–switching dynamics, which are crucial for nociceptive functions. Herein, flexible diffusive memristors with an Ag/TaO1.8/TaO2.7/TaO1.8/Ag (ATTTA) structure are fabricated at room temperature, demonstrating a high switching ratio of 107, an ultra‐fast turn‐on speed of 40 ns, a long endurance up to 104 sweep cycles, low positive and negative threshold variation rates (6.7%/7.8%) for 50 devices, a good thermal stability at an 85 °C measurement temperature, and a high flexibility under an 8 mm bending radius. These high performances are attributed to the oxygen‐rich TaO2.7 layer, which can prevent the excessive migration of Ag atoms. Moreover, multiple biological nociceptor functions, including threshold firing, no adaptation, and sensitization, are successfully emulated in the flexible ATTTA diffusive memristor. Accordingly, the human–skin nociceptive system is successfully emulated by integrating ATTTA diffusive memristor array with force–sensing resistors (FSRs), which enables stereoscopic injury perception of inhomogeneous stimuli.
Implantable Biomaterials for Cancer Immunotherapies
Authors: Pechnikova Nadezhda A. , Aggeli Amalia , Latypova Anastasiia A. , Iaremenko Aleksandra V. , Domvri Kalliopi , Zubarev Ilya V. , Liu Chuang , Yaremenko Alexey V. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractCancer immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment by leveraging the immune system to target and eliminate tumor cells. Implantable biomaterials, such as hydrogels, sponges, scaffolds, implantable microdevice platforms, and macrobeads, offer localized and sustained release of immunomodulatory agents, improving the delivery of treatments such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines, and adoptive cell therapies like CAR‐T cells. This review examines the emerging role of these biomaterials in modulating the tumor microenvironment, enhancing immune cell recruitment, and reducing systemic side effects, positioning them as significant tools for treating solid tumors. Recent advances in material engineering are also discussed, including the integration of bioactive molecules and real‐time therapeutic adjustments based on patient‐specific immune responses, which offer new potential in personalized cancer treatments. However, challenges such as biocompatibility, high production costs, variability in patient response, and the necessity of surgical manipulations remain key obstacles. Nonetheless, ongoing research and technological advancements are steadily addressing these issues, paving the way for more effective and accessible cancer immunotherapies. Overall, this review highlights the promise of implantable biomaterials overcoming the current limitations of cancer immunotherapy and expanding the scope of effective, targeted cancer treatments.
On‐Chip Engineered Living Materials as Field‐Deployable Biosensing Laboratories for Multiplexed Detection
Authors: Xu Benfeng , Tian Hui , Li Xinrui , Hao Qiya , Ma Yuying , Liu Ling , Lei Chunyang , Chen Ye , Nie Zhou 
Published: December 2024

AbstractEngineered living materials (ELMs) harness engineered cells to fabricate functional materials with lifelike characteristics, offering unparalleled potential across various fields. Nonetheless, the deployment of ELM‐based biosensors beyond laboratory settings remains challenging. Herin, ELMs are explored as field‐deployable biosensing laboratories on a microfluidic chip (ELMlab‐on‐Chip) for the simultaneous detection of diverse analytes in the field. This approach engages a bottom‐up strategy that includes the molecular engineering of living biosensors, the construction of stimuli‐responsive ELMs, and the fabrication of an integrated biosensing device. Specifically, living biosensors are engineered with fine‐tuned sensitivity and response by designing chimeric receptors and precisely controlling receptor concentration. Integrating ionic and covalent cross‐linking strategies in manufacturing ELMs ensures good substance permeability and mechanical robustness. Moreover, a microfluidic chip is devised tailored for the orthogonally stimuli‐responsive ELMs, creating a spatially encoded sensor array with the output detected by a miniaturized smartphone‐based detection device. The integrated ELMlab‐on‐Chip platform has demonstrated its potential in the simultaneous analysis of multiple chemicals from a single environmental sample under field conditions, offering an effective strategy to expedite the real‐world application of living materials.
Hybrid Nanogenerator Harvesting Electric‐Field and Wind Energy for Self‐Powered Sensors on High‐Voltage Transmission Lines
Authors: Huang Xiaolong , Hu Dongyang , Wang Qianwang , Wu Zufen , Wang Ning , Chen Zehong , Xu Sixing , Chi Minghe , Chen She 
Published: December 2024

AbstractTriboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) show potential for powering distributed sensors in the smart grids. However, most studies on TENG's applications for energy harvesting from transmission lines primarily focus on vibration and wind energy, neglecting the abundant electric‐field energy from transmission systems. This study proposes a triboelectric‐electrostatic hybrid energy harvester (TEHEH) that integrates a triboelectric nanogenerator with an electric‐field energy harvester (EFEH) to simultaneously capture wind energy and electric‐field energy from the surroundings of transmission lines. The TENG and EFEH can generate open‐circuit voltages of 1280 and 2800 V, respectively, with output powers of 14.3 and 28.9 mW. Hybrid energy harvesting achieves an average power of 6.1 times that of TENG and 2.4 times that of EFEH, demonstrating its superiority. The dual‐channel energy management circuit, utilizing a gas discharge tube and the LTC‐3588, enables the hybrid nanogenerator to effectively power a wireless sensor node, demonstrating its practicality in the complex environments of power transmission lines. This work offers robust technical support for the development of self‐powered monitoring devices on high‐voltage transmission systems.
Machine‐Learning Enabled Biocompatible Capacitive‐Electromyographic Bimodal Flexible Sensor for Facial Expression Recognition
Authors: Gao Jianqiang , Niu Hongsen , Li Yuanyue , Li Yang 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSingle‐mode sensors suffer from poor robustness and insufficient data features in facial expression recognition, so fusing multi‐sensor signals is the key to improving the accuracy of expression recognition systems. Here, a biocompatible capacitive‐electromyographic dual‐mode sensor (CEDS) is presented, consisting of a capacitive pressure sensing unit and dry electrodes for electrophysiological signal monitoring, assembled in a 3D stacking fashion. A double‐coupled microstructure is prepared and the electrical double‐layer effect is realized by doping ionic liquid, which significantly improves the capacitive performance of the sensor. The application of dry electrodes effectively solves the problems of hydrogel electrodes that are prone to water loss and skin irritation. Besides, the good biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties of CEDS are verified through cytotoxicity and bacteriostatic tests. Based on the sensing of a single signal, a fatigue driving monitoring system and a manipulator control system are constructed respectively. By further integrating the capacitive and electrophysiological signal monitoring functions of CEDS, a 1D convolutional neural network‐assisted facial expression recognition system is constructed, which effectively improves the accuracy of expression recognition and demonstrates the great potential of facial expression monitoring systems based on flexible sensor technology in practical applications.
Phase‐Transition Microcapacitor Network in Organohydrogel for Absorption‐Dominated Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Multi‐Mode Intelligent Responsiveness
Authors: Fang Ming , Huang Liya , Cui Zhenrong , Yi Peng , Zou Haihan , Li Xufeng , Deng Gao , Chen Chunyan , Geng Zhi , He Junzhe , Sun Xin , Shui Jianglan , Yu Ronghai , Liu Xiaofang 
Published: December 2024

AbstractHydrogels/organohydrogels show promise for flexible, intelligent electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, yet simultaneously achieving absorption‐dominated shielding performance, excellent mechanical properties and multi‐mode intelligent responsiveness remains challenging. This study presents a microcapacitor network strategy as an alternative to the traditional conductive percolation network for EMI shielding materials. Paraffin‐nanoclay/MXene core‐shell microspheres are uniformly integrated into the hydrogel matrix via in situ polymerization, forming a microcapacitor network where the microsphere shells and hydrogel serve as capacitor plates and dielectric layers, respectively. Microcurrents and interfacial polarization at capacitor plates, along with dipole polarization within dielectric layer, significantly promote EM wave attenuation for absorption‐dominated EMI shielding (absorption coefficient >0.7). Meanwhile, the abundant hydrogen bonds and paraffin phase synergistically enhance mechanical strength (≈0.64 MPa) and stretchability (elongation at break > 1000%). Due to the solid‐liquid phase transition of the paraffin phase in microspheres, organohydrogel exhibits a unique ability to retain high‐temperature shielding performance at room temperature. This feature enhances room‐temperature shielding effectiveness and enables multi‐mode intelligent responsiveness. Under the same room‐temperature deformation mode, it exhibits programmable shielding performance regulation in response to different external stimuli, following room‐temperature changes or simulating high‐temperature changes.
Realizing a High Thermoelectric Conversion Efficiency in Zintl‐phase NaCdSb via Suppressing the Intrinsic Carrier Excitation
Authors: Liu Kejia , Chen Chen , Cheng Jinxuan , Ma Xiaojing , Li Juan , Bao Xin , Li Haiqi , Zhang Qian , Chen Yue 
Published: December 2024

AbstractZintl‐phase NaCdSb compound exhibits exceptional intrinsic thermoelectric performance. However, the low‐temperature carrier concentration of NaCdSb significantly deviates from the ideal, which greatly limits its thermoelectric efficiency. Herein, a stepwise strategy is proposed to enhance the thermoelectric performance of the NaCdSb‐based Zintl phase. This approach effectively improves the power factor while maintaining low lattice thermal conductivity. Consequently, the Na0.99Cd0.995Ag0.005Sb achieves a zT value of 1.41 at 673 K, with an average zT of 0.81 over the temperature range of 300–673 K. Furthermore, the NaCdSb‐based single‐leg device demonstrates a respectable conversion efficiency of ≈7% at a temperature difference of 373 K. These findings highlight the potential of 1‐1‐1 type Zintl‐phase NaCdSb as a high‐performance thermoelectric material. This breakthrough encourages further research into Zintl‐phase thermoelectric materials.
Embodiment of Light‐Mediated Main‐Chain Scissionable Functionality While Preserving the Structure of Conventional Photoimaging Copolymer
Authors: Eun Kyunghyun , Yoon Sangmin , Lee Changjae , Kim Gayoung , Yang Jaesung , Jung Byung Jun , Lee Jin‐Kyun , Kim Myungwoong 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe rational design and development of a main‐chain scissionable functional copolymer platform is reported by incorporating a photocleavable nitrobenzyl ester group into the middle of the copolymer backbone while fully preserving its overall structure and function for photopatterning applications on delicate organic semiconductor films. As a model system, a positive‐tone photoimaging fluoroalkyl copolymer is used containing a photoisomerizable spiropyranyl unit. The nitrobenzyl ester functionality degrades under UV light and enhances solubility modulation and photopatternability by reducing chain length. This behavior is systematically studied across copolymers with varying, yet narrowly distributed, molecular weights. To further improve the sensitivity of the photoimaging copolymer, it is demonstrated that minimal structural modification of the cleavable group, specifically altering the positions of the methoxy and nitro groups, are highly effective. Finally, a square array of a chemically susceptible organic electron transport material, suitable for organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), is fabricated using the copolymer through conventional lithography and pattern transfer processes. This work highlights the importance of rationally designing main‐chain scission‐type light‐sensitive materials that maintain the core structure of conventional materials, making them highly compatible and desirable for standard organic electronic device fabrication processes.
Probiotic‐Based Mineralized Living Materials to Produce Antimicrobial Yogurts
Authors: Ramírez‐Rodríguez Gloria B. , Sabio Laura , Cerezo‐Collado Laura , Garcés Víctor , Domínguez‐Vera Jose M. , Delgado‐López José M. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractMineralization of living cells represents an evolutionary adaptation that enhances cellular resilience to physicochemical stress. Inspired by this strategy, we have here developed hybrid living materials (HLMs), incorporating probiotics into mineralized collagen 3D matrices, with the aim of protecting and promoting the successful oral delivery of the bacteria. Collagen fibrils are simultaneously self‐assembled and mineralized in the presence of the probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus, La, was used as model), resulting in the integration of the probiotics into the hybrid matrix (i.e., bulk encapsulation). During this process, probiotics are also coated with a nanofilm of apatite mineral (single‐cell encapsulation), which provides them with extra protection and reinforces their viability and activity. In fact, the resulting HLM is metabolically active, and maintain the capacity to ferment milk into yogurt with antibacterial activity against the two major foodborne pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) and Staphylococcus aureus (Sa). Interestingly, the HLM provides probiotics an additional protection in the gastrointestinal environment (i.e., simulated gastric fluid), which is of special interest for healthcare materials for oral administration. The results pave the way for the creation of innovative healthcare materials with enhanced functionalities and the potential to produce probiotic foods with notable antimicrobial properties.
Temporary Nanoencapsulation of Human Intestinal Organoids Using Silk Ionomers
Authors: Wang Brooke , Hasturk Onur , Kumarasinghe Udathari , Rudolph Sara , Staii Cristian , Chen Ying , Kaplan David L. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractHuman intestinal organoids (HIOs) are vital for modeling intestinal development, disease, and therapeutic tissue regeneration. However, their susceptibility to stress, immunological attack, and environmental fluctuations limits their utility in research and therapeutic applications. This study evaluated the effectiveness of temporary silk protein‐based layer‐by‐layer (LbL) nanoencapsulation technique to enhance the viability and functions of HIOs against common biomedical stressors, without compromising their native functions. Cell viability and differentiation capacity are assessed, finding that nanoencapsulation significantly improved HIO survival under the various environmental perturbations studied without compromising cellular functionality. Post‐stress exposures, the encapsulated HIOs still successfully differentiated into essential intestinal cell types such as enterocytes, goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, and Paneth cells. Moreover, the silk nanocoatings effectively protected against environmental stressors such as ultraviolet (UV) light exposure, protease degradation, antibody binding, and cytokine‐induced inflammation. This nanoencapsulation technique shows promise for advancing HIO applications in disease modeling, drug testing, and potential transplantation therapies.