bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flexible and Biofouling Independent Salinity Sensor
Authors: Kaidarova Altynay , Marengo Marco , Marinaro Giovanni , Geraldi Nathan , Duarte Carlos M. , Kosel Jürgen 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSalinity is one of the most relevant parameters in oceanography used to study properties of the oceans as well as the effects of climate change. Salinity measurements are challenging, due to the harsh environment that leads to corrosion and biofouling. In the context of animal monitors, salinity sensors should also be minimally intrusive and have a long lifetime. Here, a conductivity cell for salinity sensing is presented based on a single‐step laser irradiation process on flexible polyimide substrate. The sensors are characterized by lightweight, flexibility, low power consumption and low fabrication costs. A two‐electrode cell is used to measure the impedance, and thereby the conductivity, of the water in the MHz frequency range. It offers an accuracy of ±0.5 psu, which is not affected by sensor deformation. Deployment of the sensors in the Red Sea revealed that the materials are corrosion resistant and can withstand the harsh environment. While biofouling is strongly affecting commonly employed low frequency conductivity measurements, in the MHz frequency range, it acts like a short‐circuited capacitance. Hence, biofouling independent salinity sensing can be achieved using a two‐electrode impedance measurement at a frequency of 1 MHz.
Successive Protonation of an N‐Heterocyclic Imine Derived Carbonyl: Superelectrophilic Dication Versus Masked Acylium Ion
Authors: Loh Ying Kai , Ángeles Fuentes M. , Vasko Petra , Aldridge Simon 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCarbonyl cations are among the most commonly invoked reactive intermediates in organic synthesis. While Olah pioneered superacids to provide a “stable ion” environment for their study in situ, isolated examples are rare. Here, we disclose successive protonation of an N‐heterocyclic imine (NHI) derived carbonyl compound (IDippN)2CO, 2, to the monocation [(IDippN)(IDippNH) CO]+, [3]+, and the doubly protonated dication [(IDippNH)2CO]2+, [4]2+. [3]+ represents a rare example of an N‐protonated carbonyl cation and [4]2+ the first example of a superelectrophilic carbonyl dication. All three compounds have been characterized by X‐ray crystallography and IR spectroscopy, revealing stepwise strengthening of the C=O bond on protonation. The unique stability of these systems is attributed to the enhanced basicity and steric profile provided by the NHI substituents. In addition, we report the related singly NHI‐stabilized cation [IDippNCO]+, [5]+. Crystallographic and DFT analyses provide insight into the interaction between the carbonyl fragment and the NHI, which reveals that the [CNCO]+ unit (isoelectronic to CCCO) can be described as an acylium cation “masked” as a cumulene.
Integration of Lanthanide–Transition‐Metal Clusters onto CdS Surfaces for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Chen Rong , Yan Zhi‐Hao , Kong Xiang‐Jian , Long La‐Sheng , Zheng Lan‐Sun 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHeterometallic lanthanide–transition‐metal (4f–3d) clusters with well‐defined crystal structures integrate multiple metal centers and provide a platform for achieving synergistic catalytic effects. Herein, we present a strategy for enhanced hydrogen evolution by loading atomically precise 4f–3d clusters Ln52Ni56 on a CdS photoabsorber surface. Interestingly, some Ni2+ ions in the clusters Ln52Ni56 were exchanged by the Cd2+ to form Ln52Ni56−xCdx/CdS composites. Photocatalytic studies show that the efficient synergistic multipath charge separation and transfer from CdS to the Eu52Ni56−xCdx cluster enable high visible‐light‐driven hydrogen evolution at 25 353 μmol h−1 g−1. This work provides the strategy to design highly active photocatalytic hydrogen evolution catalysts by assembling heterometallic 4f–3d clusters on semiconductor materials.
A New Perspective on Borane Chemistry: The Nucleophilicity of the B−H Bonding Pair Electrons
Authors: Zhao Qianyi , Dewhurst Rian D. , Braunschweig Holger , Chen Xuenian 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA number of recently discovered nucleophilic boron compounds, such as boryl anions and borylenes, are breaking the rules regarding boron and boron‐containing compounds and their reputation as Lewis acids/electrophiles. In a similar fashion, the B−H bonding pair electrons in boranes also show nucleophilicity which is ascribed to the lower electronegativity of boron relative to that of hydrogen. However, this nucleophilicity of the B−H bond has received far less attention. Explorations of the nucleophilicity of the B−H bonding pair electrons have led to the formation of B−H−B bonded units and B−H⋅⋅⋅H−Y dihydrogen bonds, based on which new chemistry has been uncovered, including the elucidation of the mechanism of formation of aminodiborane (ADB), the diammoniate of diborane (DADB), and lithium or sodium salts of octahydrotriborates (B3H8−), as well as the development of more convenient and straightforward synthetic routes to these reagents. Moreover, the recognition of the nucleophilic properties of the B−H bonding pair electrons will also help to more deeply understand the different mechanisms operating in hydroboration reactions.
Amino Acid Coordination Driven Self‐Assembly for Enhancing both the Biological Stability and Tumor Accumulation of Curcumin
Authors: Li Yongxin , Zou Qianli , Yuan Chengqian , Li Shukun , Xing Ruirui , Yan Xuehai 
Published: October 2018

AbstractClinical translation of curcumin has been highly obstructed by the rapid degradation and poor tissue absorption of this agent. Herein, we report on the generation of supramolecular curcumin nanoagents through amino acid coordination driven self‐assembly to simultaneously increase the biological stability and tumor accumulation of curcumin. The biological stability of curcumin was significantly improved both through coordination and through molecular stacking. The sizes of these nanoagents can be readily manipulated to facilitate tumor accumulation. These favorable therapeutic features, together with high drug‐loading capacities and responses to pH and redox stimuli, substantially enhanced the antitumor activity of curcumin without discernible side effects. Hence, supramolecular curcumin nanoagents may hold promise in moving forward the clinical application of curcumin as an effective anticancer drug.
Imaging and Quantification of Secreted Peroxynitrite at the Cell Surface by a Streptavidin–Biotin‐Controlled Binding Probe
Authors: Chung Tzu‐Hsuan , Wu Yung‐Peng , Chew Chee Ying , Lam Chak Hin , Tan Kui‐Thong 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe ability to detect and image secreted peroxynitrite (ONOO−) along the extracellular surface of a single cell is biologically significant, as ONOO− generally exerts its function for host defense and signal transductions at the plasma membrane. However, as a result of the short lifetime and fast diffusion rate of small ONOO−, precise determination of the ONOO− level at the cell surface remains a challenging task. In this paper, the use of a membrane‐anchored streptavidin–biotin‐controlled binding probe (CBP), ONOO‐CBP, to determine quantitatively the ONOO− level at the cell surface and to investigate the effect of different stimulants on the production of ONOO− along the plasma membrane of macrophages is reported. Our results revealed that the combination of NO synthase (iNOS) and NADPH oxidase (NOX) activators was highly effective in inducing ONOO− secretion, achieving more than a 25‐fold increase in ONOO− relative to untreated cells. After 1 h of phorbol‐12‐myristate‐13‐acetate (PMA) stimulation, the amount of ONOO− secreted by RAW264.7 macrophages was similar to the condition treated with 25 μm 3‐morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN‐1), which was estimated to release about 20 μm of ONOO− into Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) in 1 h. This novel approach should open up new opportunities to image various reactive oxygen and nitrogen species secreted at the plasma membrane that cannot be simply achieved by conventional analytical methods.
Photoinducible Oncometabolite Detection
Authors: Kulkarni Rhushikesh A. , Briney Chloe A. , Crooks Daniel R. , Bergholtz Sarah E. , Mushti Chandrasekhar , Lockett Stephen J. , Lane Andrew N. , Fan Teresa W.‐M. , Swenson Rolf E. , Marston Linehan W. , Meier Jordan L. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDysregulated metabolism can fuel cancer by altering the production of bioenergetic building blocks and directly stimulating oncogenic gene‐expression programs. However, relatively few optical methods for the direct study of metabolites in cells exist. To address this need and facilitate new approaches to cancer treatment and diagnosis, herein we report an optimized chemical approach to detect the oncometabolite fumarate. Our strategy employs diaryl tetrazoles as cell‐permeable photoinducible precursors to nitrileimines. Uncaging these species in cells and cell extracts enables them to undergo 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions with endogenous dipolarophile metabolites such as fumarate to form pyrazoline cycloadducts that can be readily detected by their intrinsic fluorescence. The ability to photolytically uncage diaryl tetrazoles provides greatly improved sensitivity relative to previous methods, and enables the facile detection of dysregulated fumarate metabolism through biochemical activity assays, intracellular imaging, and flow cytometry. Our studies showcase an intersection of bioorthogonal chemistry and metabolite reactivity that can be applied for biological profiling, imaging, and diagnostics.
Silica Support‐Enhanced Pd‐Catalyzed Allylation Using Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Motokura Ken , Ikeda Marika , Kim Minjune , Nakajima Kiyotaka , Kawashima Sae , Nambo Masayuki , Chun Wang‐Jae , Tanaka Shinji 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe front cover artwork for issue 20/2018 is provided by Dr. Ken Motokura at Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan) and collaborators. The image illustrates the concerted catalysis of a Pd complex and silanol on a mesoporous silica surface for the efficient activation of allylic alcohol in the allylation of nucleophiles. See the Full Paper itself at https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201801097.
Chiral AuI‐ and AuIII‐Isothiourea Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization and Application
Authors: Gasperini Danila , Greenhalgh Mark D. , Imad Rehan , Siddiqui Shezaib , Malik Anum , Arshad Fizza , Choudhary Muhammad Iqbal , Al‐Majid Abdullah M. , Cordes David B. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Nolan Steven P. , Smith Andrew D. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDuring an investigation into the potential union of Lewis basic isothiourea organocatalysis and gold catalysis, the formation of gold‐isothiourea complexes was observed. These novel gold complexes were formed in high yield and were found to be air‐ and moisture stable. A series of neutral and cationic chiral gold(I) and gold(III) complexes bearing enantiopure isothiourea ligands was therefore synthesized and fully characterized. The steric and electronic properties of the isothiourea ligands was assessed through calculation of their percent buried volume and the synthesis and analysis of novel iridium(I)‐isothiourea carbonyl complexes. The novel gold(I)‐ and gold(III)‐isothiourea complexes have been applied in preliminary catalytic and biological studies, and display promising preliminary levels of catalytic activity and potency towards cancerous cell lines and clinically relevant enzymes.
Single‐Crystalline MFI Zeolite with Sheet‐Like Mesopores Layered along the a Axis
Authors: Zhang Yunjuan , Shen Xuefeng , Gong Zheng , Han Lu , Sun Huai , Che Shunai 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDesigning a templating strategy for directing mesopore growth along different crystallographic directions is essential for fabricating two‐ or three‐dimensional single‐crystalline mesoporous zeolites. However, so far, mesopores formed in MFI zeolites by soft templates have mostly been generated by disrupting growth along the b axis; generating mesopores by disrupting growth along the a axis is rare. Herein, a single‐crystalline mesoporous MFI zeolite (SCMMZ) with sheet‐like mesopores layered along the a and b axes was synthesized using a triply branched surfactant with diquaternary ammonium groups connected to 1,3,5‐triphenylbenzene by a six‐ and eight‐carbon alkyl chain (TPB‐6 and 8). The sheet‐like mesopores were embedded in the MFI framework and were retained even after calcination. Molecular mechanics calculations provided evidence of low binding energy configurations of the surfactant that directed the growth of straight and zigzag channels along the b and a axes, respectively. The formation of nanosheets was attributed to the geometric matching of the arrangement of the aromatic groups to the zeolite framework.
HKUST‐1 Derived Hollow C‐Cu2−xS Nanotube/g‐C3N4 Composites for Visible‐Light CO2 Photoreduction with H2O Vapor
Authors: Hu Cheng‐Ying , Zhou Jie , Sun Chun‐Yi , Chen Meng‐meng , Wang Xin‐Long , Su Zhong‐Min 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAs the main component of syngas, reducing CO2 to CO with high selectivity through photocatalysis could provide a sustainable way to alleviate energy shortage issues. Developing a photocatalytic system with low cost and high performance that is environmentally friendly is the ultimate goal towards CO2 photoreduction. Herein, an efficient and economic three‐component heterojunction photocatalyst is designed and fabricated for converting CO2 to CO in the absence of organic sacrificial agents. The heterojunction is made of Cu2−xS nanotubes coated with a carbon layer (C‐Cu2−xS) and g‐C3N4. By using the classical MOF material HKUST‐1 as a precursor, hollow tubular‐like metal sulfides (C‐Cu2−xS) with carbon coating were synthesized and further loaded on g‐C3N4, forming a three‐component heterojunction C‐Cu2−xS@g‐C3N4. The carbon coat in C‐Cu2−xS@g‐C3N4 acts as an electron reservoir, which facilitates electron–hole pair separation. The optimized C‐Cu2−xS@g‐C3N4 acted as a photocatalyst in CO2 reduction with a high reactivity of 1062.6 μmol g−1 and selectivity of 97 %. Compared with bare g‐C3N4 (158.4 μmol g−1) and C‐Cu2−xS, the reactivity is nearly 7 and 23‐fold enhanced and this CO generation rate is higher than most of the reported Cu2S or g‐C3N4 composites under similar conditions. The prominent activity may result from enhanced light adsorption and effective charge separation. This work might open up an alternative method for the design and fabrication of high‐performance and low‐cost photocatalysts for efficiently and durably converting CO2 to CO with high selectivity.
HPV test result monitoring of different Bethesda categories in gynaecologic cytology: A valuable quality assurance measure
Authors: Goyal Abha , Street Jessica , Alperstein Susan A. , Siddiqui Momin T. 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundHigh‐risk human papillomavirus (HPV) test ordering has evolved since the 2006 ASCCP guidelines. In light of the availability of the HPV test results for most women ≥30 y, regardless of the Pap test diagnosis; we examined their value in assessing the overall performance of cytopathologists (CPs).MethodsData were derived for six CPs for Pap test interpretations over 4 y. HPV positivity rates for atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC‐US) and for patients ≥30 y for negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM) and squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) (inclusive of low grade SIL (LSIL), high grade SIL (HSIL), and carcinoma) categories were retrieved for individual CPs. ASC/SIL ratios were analysed overall and separately for patient groups <30 y and ≥30 y. Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to assess correlation between HPV positivity rates for ASC‐US, NILM and SIL, and ASC/SIL ratios.ResultsThe overall ASC‐US HPV positivity rate was 41%‐49% for patients <30 y, 32% for patients ≥30 y. Stratifying by patient age group, ASC‐US HPV positivity rate, and ASC/SIL ratio showed a negative correlation. Excluding an outlier, the NILM HPV positivity rate and ASC/SIL ratio showed a strong negative correlation.ConclusionOur study shows that ASC‐US HPV positivity rate is dependent on the age of the population that is tested. Monitoring of the HPV positivity rates for NILM and SIL categories can serve as an additional objective measure to assess the performance of CPs. Based on the patient population, the laboratory can establish an initial baseline for these rates and use it to adjust interpretive thresholds in ensuring the diagnostic sensitivity of the test and the quality of the interpretation.
CIC‐DUX4 sarcoma diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration cytology: A case report
Authors: Tang Sherry , Dodd Leslie G. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe CIC‐DUX4 sarcoma is a small round blue cell sarcoma which presents like extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma, but is negative for the EWSR1 gene translocation. The recognition of CIC‐DUX4 sarcomas as an aggressive sarcoma may be challenging in fine needle aspirates or small needle core biopsies. We present a case of a 13‐year‐old female with a fine needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy (CNB) of a thigh mass showing CIC‐DUX4 sarcoma. Cytologic findings include tumor cells with high nuclear to cytoplasmic (N:C) ratio, eccentric nuclei and small nucleoli. The tumor cells were arranged in sheets and singly dispersed with background necrosis. Mitotic figures and apoptosis were present. These findings are similar to cases previously reported. Other reported findings of spindled nuclei, clear cell change and lobular growth pattern were not seen in our case. Immunohistochemical stains showed tumor cells positive for CD99, WT1, vimentin and negative for pancytokeratin, desmin and myogenin, which is the pattern similar to cases previously reported. However, our case was also positive for BCL‐2. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was negative for EWSR1 and SS18 (SYT) rearrangements and positive for CIC gene rearrangement. On balance, if the following features are seen: (1) a small round blue cell tumor with histomorphology more atypical than that of Ewing sarcoma, (2) cytoplasmic CD99 staining, nuclear WT1 positivity, negative keratin, desmin and myogenin; and (3) EWSR1 rearrangement negative by FISH, then molecular testing for CIC‐DUX4 sarcoma should be considered.
Role of cytology and immunochemistry in diagnosis of metastatic malignancies in the lung: A critical appraisal
Authors: Manucha Varsha , Hansen Jeffery T. , Gonzalez Maria F. , Akhtar Israh 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundLung is one of the most common sites for primary and metastatic malignancies and a challenging site to diagnose primary versus a metastatic origin of the tumor on cytology. Pathologic diagnosis of the site of origin of cancer has major implications in the management and staging purposes and may have to be followed by testing for predictive/prognostic markers. The clinical history of a known extrapulmonary primary and the radiologic findings of multiple nodules in the lung are useful in arriving at the right diagnosis but is not always available. Rarely pulmonary metastasis may be the first manifestation of an extrapulmonary tumor or may even present as a single nodule.MethodIn this study, we reviewed cytomorphologic features of tumors metastatic to the lung (2014‐2017) in conjunction with immunochemistry and evaluation of needle core biopsy when available. The review of the slides was performed with an emphasis on our ability to identify the site of origin in the tumors.ResultsWe identified 47 cases of metastatic tumors in the lung diagnosed on cytology. Clinical history was available in 83% cases and with aid of immunostains, a definitive diagnosis on the origin of the tumor was made in all these cases. In the remaining 8 cases, a primary origin could only be suggested. The use of immunochemistry facilitated the diagnosis but could be misleading.ConclusionThe approach to the diagnosis of metastatic tumors in the lung on cytology should be largely guided by the previous clinical history and comparison with previous tissue/cellular material if available.
Human papillomaviruses other than 16, 18 and 45 are the major high risk HPV genotypes amongst women with abnormal cervical smear cytology residing in Kuwait: Implications for future vaccination strategies
Authors: Mallik Mrinmay K. , Alramadhan Bashayer , Dashti Hawraa , Al‐Shaheen Azza , Al Juwaiser Ahlam , Das Dilip K. , George Sara S. , Kapila Kusum 
Published: October 2018

ObjectivesThe study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of different high risk HPV (HR‐HPV) genotypes amongst women residing in Kuwait with epithelial abnormalities in cervical smears and to detect any difference in the distribution of these genotypes between Kuwaiti and Non‐Kuwaiti women or between the cytological diagnosis groups.Materials and methodsThinprep specimens from women with epithelial abnormalities on cervical smears were subjected to Aptima HR‐HPV assay and those found to be HR‐HPV positive were genotyped using the Aptima HPV genotyping assay into three groups (i) HPV 16, (ii) HPV 18/45 and (iii) others.ResultsHR‐HPV was found in 229 (30.57%) of the 749 cases with epithelial abnormalities. Of the 116 cases subjected to further genotyping, the non‐16, 18, 45 genotype accounted for the most prevalent group accounting for 62.93% of the cases, followed by HR‐HPV 16 (31.04%) cases and HPV 18/45 (6.03%) of cases. There was no significant difference between Kuwaiti and non‐Kuwaiti women nor was any difference noted between the various cytological diagnosis group.ConclusionMost HR‐HPV infections amongst women residing in Kuwait with epithelial abnormalities are due to HPV types other than the 16, 18 and 45. As HPVs 16 and 18 are considered to be the most prevalent HR‐HPV genotypes worldwide, causing invasive cancer, the findings of this study is significant from an epidemiological standpoint. It should also be taken into account before undertaking any HPV vaccination program since the available HPV vaccines protect against HR‐HPVs 16 and 18 only.
Eosinophilic effusions: A clinicocytologic study of 12 cases
Authors: AbdullGaffar Badr 
Published: October 2018

ObjectivesOur aim is to study the prevalence of eosinophilic effusions (EEs) in our institution, to highlight their cytologic patterns, potential interpretation pitfalls, diagnostic importance, and to investigate their possible causes and clinical associations.Materials and MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review study for over 13 years. We retrieved all of the cytology reports of pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal effusions with eosinophils. We reviewed and screened the cytology slides looking for eosinophils that constitute >10% of the cells. We extracted the clinical, radiologic, and laboratory findings and follow‐up data for each patient.ResultsWe found 12 patients (0.7%) with EEs. They included five pleural, five peritoneal, and two pericardial fluids. The age range was between 16 and 75 with a mean age of 36.5 years. The male to female ratio was 3:1. We have recognized three cytomorphologic patterns; purely eosinophilic, dominantly eosinophilic, and mixed inflammatory infiltrate that correlated with peripheral blood eosinophilia. Two cases demonstrated extracellular and intracellular Charcot–Leyden crystals. Certain cellular and crystal features are potential cytologic pitfalls. EEs were associated with miscellaneous specific and non‐specific medical conditions. None was associated with tuberculosis, malignancy, drugs, or parasites.ConclusionsEEs are uncommon. They mostly occur in young adult males. There are three cytomorphologic patterns that correlate with peripheral eosinophilia. Etiologies are diverse or obscure. EEs with a very high eosinophilia are less likely malignant, tuberculous, parasitic, and seldom associated with drugs. Cytopathologists should be aware of certain potential diagnostic pitfalls. Correct cytologic recognition is clinically important since some causes are treatable.