bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discussions on Stakeholder Requirements for Space Weather‐Related Models
Authors: Shprits Yuri Y. , Zhelavskaya Irina S. , Green Janet C. , Pulkkinen Antti A. , Horne Richard B. , Pitchford David , O’Brien T. Paul , Glover Alexi 
Published: April 2018

AbstractParticipants of the 2017 European Space Weather Week in Ostend, Belgium, discussed the stakeholder requirements for space weather‐related models. It was emphasized that stakeholders show an increased interest in space weather‐related models. Participants of the meeting discussed particular prediction indicators that can provide first‐order estimates of the impact of space weather on engineering systems.
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Fear Learning
Authors: Stjepanović Daniel , LaBar Kevin S. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Fear learning provides organisms with the ability to use signals from their environment to predict potential danger and to recruit defensive behavior. Fear conditioning has long been studied as a model of fear learning in animals and, with the advent of functional brain imaging, has proven critical in translating the neurocircuitry underlying fear learning in animals to humans. This chapter provides an overview of the cognitive neuroscience of fear learning by focusing on key findings from animal and human work that shed light on how fears are acquired and subsequently diminished. Recent advances that highlight the flexibility of the fear learning system are also discussed, focusing on how contexts influence learning and extinction, how fear is generalized beyond initial learning, and the neural mechanisms that make it possible to acquire fear from others without direct experience. Finally, future directions for the field, focusing on variation at the genetic and individual levels, are presented.
Memory and Future Imagining
Authors: Szpunar Karl K. , Schacter Daniel L. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
In this chapter we present an overview of emerging research on the cognitive and neural bases of episodic or future event simulation—imagining a specific experience in one's personal future—and its relation to memory. The review is presented from the perspective of providing a useful reference for those interested in developing their own work on the topic. In the context of discussing key findings, we focus on standard approaches to evoking future event simulations, methods for collecting and analyzing details associated with simulated events and for inferring their structure, and issues unique to studying the neural correlates of future event simulation. We conclude by considering broader issues for the study of simulation.
Inhibition in Memory
Authors: Raaijmakers Jeroen G. W. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
In the past 20 years, a new approach to forgetting has been proposed, based on the notion of inhibition. According to this view forgetting is partly due to a process of inhibitory control. In this chapter, I review the current status of this account, discussing the evidence that has been proposed as well as the counterarguments that have been made. I show that the paradigms that are likely to generate the best evidence for inhibition are the retrieval‐induced forgetting paradigm and the think/no‐think paradigm. Other paradigms, such as directed forgetting and part‐list cuing, seem to be better explained using other memory principles. I conclude that there is a need for a consistent and preferably formalized model that combines inhibition and competition as principal factors in forgetting.
Item and Associative Memory Decline in Healthy Aging
Authors: Dennis Nancy A. , McCormick‐Huhn John M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis chapter reviews the behavioral and neuroimaging literature examining age differences in item and associative memory. Furthermore, when possible the review breaks down differences at the encoding and the retrieval phases of memory. With respect to behavioral findings, age‐related differences in memory performance are discussed in terms of encoding support, resource allocation, and testing format. Age‐related benefits from contextual support and semantic processing strategies are also outlined. With respect to the neuroimaging findings, the review focuses on age‐related differences in activation and recruitment of the medial temporal lobe and the prefrontal cortex. When possible, these differences are discussed in the context of methods that may mitigate age deficits in neural recruitment. Differences in neural processes for associative memory are described in terms of decreased frontal activation and the impact of various encoding strategies on these neural activations. We conclude with future directions that would support a more nuanced understanding of the described age differences.
Working Memory
Authors: Nee Derek Evan , D'Esposito Mark 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Working memory is a system responsible for the online maintenance and processing of information central for higher‐level cognition. Here, we review historical and ongoing progress in the neuroscientific study of working memory. We detail how classical demonstrations of stable, elevated firing in the prefrontal cortex presumed to form the neural basis of working memory have been supplemented by a variety of neural coding schemes involving virtually the entire brain. The encompassing nature of working memory underscores its importance for cognition. We suggest that future progress in understanding working memory will require precise documentation of the demands that engage different neural circuits and codes. Furthermore, we propose that the dynamic nature of working memory will require investigation at multiple levels spanning macro levels of network interactions to molecular levels of synaptic processes.
Eyewitness Science in the 21st Century
Authors: Davis Deborah , Loftus Elizabeth F. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
This chapter reviews the nature and findings of eyewitness science with the help of expert testimony on eyewitness performance. Eyewitness scientists have investigated a number of factors that render the task of encoding the target's features more difficult, including characteristics of the target or perpetrator, those of the circumstances of their encounter, and those of the witness. Three characteristics of the target have been most commonly investigated. These include the distinctiveness of appearance, the available view of target features, and the similarity of the target to the witness in race, age, and gender. The own‐race bias (ORB) or cross‐race effect (CRE) refers to impairment in identification performance regarding targets of a different race relative to those of one's own race. Important goals have been to influence public policy: to encourage the adoption of police practices that minimize the likelihood of eyewitness errors, and to educate judges and juries about the factors that influence witness accuracy.
Audition
Authors: McDermott Josh H. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAudition is the process by which organisms use sound to derive information about the world. This chapter aims to provide a bird's‐eye view of contemporary audition research, spanning systems and cognitive neuroscience as well as cognitive science. I provide brief overviews of classic areas of research as well as some central themes and advances from the past 10 years. The chapter covers the sensory transduction of the cochlea, subcortical and cortical functional organization, amplitude modulation and its measurement in the auditory system, the perception of sound sources (with a focus on the classic research areas of location, loudness, and pitch), and auditory scene analysis (including segregation, streaming, texture, and reverberation perception).
Olfaction
Authors: Mainland Joel D. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTo detect and organize trillions of possible volatile molecules, the human olfactory system deploys approximately 3% of the genes in the human genome as olfactory receptors. Our understanding of how the olfactory system organizes the resulting information has many gaps, and relative to other sensory systems, our current ability to measure and reproduce smells is poor. Here we cover the anatomy, circuitry, and psychophysics of olfaction, with an emphasis on the gaps that prevent us from measuring an odor, representing it digitally, and reproducing a perceptual target from a set of sensory primaries.
Attention
Authors: Nobre Anna C. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAttention refers to the set of ever‐present functions that prioritize and select information to guide adaptive behavior. As such, it is fundamental to almost all aspects of cognition. In this chapter, we review the psychological and neuroscientific literatures concerned with understanding its principles and mechanisms. We chart the scientific advances that have brought us to the appreciation that all levels of information processing are continuously, proactively, and dynamically modulated according to our goals, motivations, and memories.
Motion Perception
Authors: Park Woon Ju , Tadin Duje 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMotion perception is a key visual modality implicated in a wide range of critical functional roles. In addition to our ability to perceive moving objects, motion processing is involved in guiding locomotion, extracting object shape, figure‐ground segregation, capturing attention, and interpreting actions of our conspecifics. Here, we review advancements in our understanding of visual motion perception. We begin by describing the basic properties of motion, along with the computational challenges underlying detection and integration of motion signals. Next, we review more complex motion processes, discussing global motion perception, higher‐order motion, motion adaptation, motion in three dimensions, and biological motion. An important focus of this chapter is on interactions between motion perception and other sensory and cognitive modalities, including position, learning, attention, awareness, working memory, and multisensory processing. We also review notable examples of atypical motion processing in aging, cortical blindness, akinetopsia, amblyopia, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorder. For these topics, we cover key evidence from psychophysics, neurophysiology, neuroimaging, and computational modeling with an aim to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie our remarkable ability to take advantage of motion signals in the world. Finally, we highlight potentially interesting future directions in motion research.
Visual Search
Authors: Wolfe Jeremy M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn visual search tasks, observers typically look for one or more target items among distracting items. Visual search lies at an important intersection between vision and attention. It is impossible to fully process everything in the visual scene at once. Most acts of visual object recognition require that resources be directed to one (or a very few) items. Visual selective attention is used to restrict processing for this purpose. Explaining visual search behavior involves explaining how visual selective attention is deployed to get this done. This chapter reviews why we search, how search experiments have been conducted in the lab, and what the resulting data can (and cannot) tell us. Attention is guided by a limited set of stimulus attributes. The candidates for these attributes are discussed here. The chapter also considers how attention is guided by scene structure and the interaction of attentional mechanisms with long‐term and working memory.
The Interface Theory of Perception
Authors: Hoffman Donald D. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractOur perceptual capacities are products of evolution and have been shaped by natural selection. It is often assumed that natural selection favors veridical perceptions, namely, perceptions that accurately describe those aspects of the environment that are crucial to survival and reproductive fitness. However, analysis of perceptual evolution using evolutionary game theory reveals that veridical perceptions are generically driven to extinction by equally complex nonveridical perceptions that are tuned to the relevant fitness functions. Veridical perceptions are not, in general, favored by natural selection. This result requires a comprehensive reframing of perceptual theory, including new accounts of illusions and hallucinations. This is the intent of the interface theory of perception, which proposes that our perceptions have been shaped by natural selection to hide objective reality and instead to give us species‐specific symbols that guide adaptive behavior in our niche.
The Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Speech Production
Authors: McClain Rhonda , Goldrick Matthew 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe study of how a speaker produces meaningful utterances is a vital research topic in psychology and cognitive neuroscience, offering a window into not only language itself but also cognition more broadly. We review neurocognitive and behavioral evidence that supports a common set of principles for theories of the processes underlying speech production: independent levels of representation/processing; parallel activation and (limited) interaction; and structure‐sensitive selection and sequencing. We then examine the interaction between speech production and other domains of cognition, reviewing research on monitoring, executive control and attention, and the intention to communicate. This work reveals how production is highly integrated with other domains of cognition, suggesting a number of interesting avenues for future research.
Sentence Processing
Authors: Kim Albert E. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSentence processing is the study of the cognitive and neural processes that allow humans to comprehend multi‐word linguistic messages by combining the meanings of individual words compositionally into an interpretation that typically extends beyond the meanings of the individual words of the sentence. This process is arguably the signature property of human language; without this ability, we would possess merely an ability to send and receive one‐word signals, something that is not unusual in the animal world. This chapter reviews the essential theoretical assumptions and challenges of the field of sentence processing research, along with classic and recent findings concerning the cognitive and neural mechanisms that serve sentence processing.
Semantic Memory
Authors: Yee Eiling , Jones Michael N. , McRae Ken 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHow is it that we know what a dog and a tree are, or, for that matter, what knowledge is? Our semantic memory consists of knowledge about the world, including concepts, facts, and beliefs. This knowledge is essential for recognizing entities and objects, and for making inferences and predictions about the world. In essence, our semantic knowledge determines how we understand and interact with the world around us. In this chapter, we examine semantic memory from cognitive, sensorimotor, cognitive neuroscientific, and computational perspectives. We consider the cognitive and neural processes (and biases) that allow people to learn and represent concepts, and discuss how and where in the brain sensory and motor information may be integrated to allow for the perception of a coherent “concept.” We suggest that our understanding of semantic memory can be enriched by considering how semantic knowledge develops across the life span within individuals.
Embodiment and Grounding in Cognitive Neuroscience
Authors: Matheson Heath E. , Barsalou Lawrence W. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractResearch in embodied and grounded cognition is defined by the types of hypotheses researchers pursue, with specific emphasis on the ways in which the body, brain, and environment interact to give rise to intelligent behavior. In cognitive neuroscience, it is hypothesized that simulations in modality‐specific representations, situated and embedded in a behavioral context, underlie our ability to plan actions, discuss our thoughts, and coordinate our activities with each other. In this framework, representations are powerful, predictive constructs, and integrate the brain (i.e., neural networks), body, and immediate environment. Overall, the grounded perspective encourages us to think deeply about our cognitive ontology, cognition's relation to the brain, and the dynamic processes that underlie our most complex behaviors. In this way, embodied and grounded perspectives promise to shape research in cognitive neuroscience in highly productive ways.
Moral Reasoning
Authors: Tsoi Lily , Young Liane 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Understanding people's minds is essential for effectively navigating our social world. This chapter focuses on the capacity to attribute and reason about one's own mind and the minds of others (referred to as
theory of mind
, or
ToM
) and its role in moral cognition. The section on moral judgment focuses on the circumstances in which people rely on mental states for moral judgments and how ToM may differ depending on the moral domain. We provide a functional explanation for these patterns of mental‐state reasoning that contrasts the need to regulate interpersonal relations with the need to protect the self. The section on moral behavior focuses on interactions with moral agents (e.g., friends, foes, ingroups, outgroups). We examine how ToM is deployed in two fundamental social contexts (i.e., cooperation and competition) and elaborate on the circumstances in which people fail to consider the minds of others. We end by providing some evidence that ToM can improve interpersonal and intergroup relations.
The Neurocognitive Bases of Numerical Cognition
Authors: Sella Francesco , Hartwright Charlotte , Cohen Kadosh Roi 
Published: April 2018

AbstractNumerical cognition describes the processes that one uses to assimilate, ascribe, and manipulate numerical information. This chapter is organized into two sections. The first draws heavily on data from developmental and cognitive psychology. We use this to outline core findings related to numerical‐information processing in humans. In particular, we describe the trajectory of the acquisition of basic numerical skills. Starting in early infancy, we outline the processes that are believed to underlie nonsymbolic representation. Next, we summarize core studies that examine the representation of symbolic quantities (Arabic system). Lastly, we briefly report on the relationship between basic numerical processing and mathematical achievement. The second part of the chapter explores evidence from neuropsychology and neuroscience. The core methodological approaches used are briefly outlined with signposting to relevant literature. Next, we examine data from early lesion studies, followed by a short review of one of the most influential models in the study of numerical cognition, the triple‐code model. Lastly, we look at the neurocognitive features of number, such as different modes of representation and the processing of quantity. Throughout, the core literature plus recent advances are summarized, giving the reader a thorough grounding in the neurocognitive bases of numerical cognition.
Development of Visual Attention
Authors: Oakes Lisa , Amso Dima 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the development of visual attention processes and in particular describes the development of alerting, orienting, and executive visual attention. Researchers have used a variety of tasks, including spatial cuing, visual search, and anti‐saccade to behaviorally index the development of distinct visual attention processes. Behavioral data have often been combined with eye tracking, electroencephalograms/event‐related potentials, and neuroimaging methods to garner precision in measurement from even the youngest participants. Broadly, data suggest that visual attention processes are present at birth and undergo significant developmental change during the first several postnatal months. Alerting and orienting processes are stable and adult‐like by early childhood, whereas executive attention continues to develop into adolescence. The neural systems supporting visual attention also undergo rapid change, with evidence for increasing frontoparietal engagement and connectivity with development. We end with a discussion of an emerging literature on attention/memory interactions and methodological advances for visual attention research.
Category Learning and Conceptual Development
Authors: Sloutsky Vladimir M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMany abilities reflect remarkable intelligences of humans: People make inferences, develop and use scientific theories, make laws, create, preserve, and pass knowledge on to new generations, write fiction, reason about past and future, and form counterfactual arguments. These abilities require sophisticated conceptual knowledge, much of which has to be acquired. Therefore, one of the most interesting and exciting challenges in the study of human cognition is to understand how people acquire this knowledge in the course of development and learning. This chapter addresses this challenge and reviews research on conceptual development that contributes to our understanding of these issues.
Development of Cognitive Control across Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Zanolie Kiki , Crone Eveline A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis chapter describes recent progress in understanding the development of cognitive control in relation to brain development. Across childhood and adolescence, individuals learn to control thought and actions for the purpose of obtaining future goals. These changes in cognitive control have been linked to structural and functional changes of the prefrontal and parietal cortex. In this chapter, we describe the implications of these changes in three domains. The first domain concerns cognitive and adaptive control of thought and actions, with a focus on working memory, inhibition, and performance monitoring. The second domain describes the role of cognitive control in affective decision making, with a focus on delay of gratification. The third domain focuses on social decision making, specifically how the development of control allows children and adolescents to consider fairness and reciprocity. Together, the findings are summarized in the context of current models of child and adolescent brain development.
Development of Scientific Thinking
Authors: Zimmerman Corinne , Klahr David 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFor almost a century, psychologists interested in cognitive development have devised empirical investigations to uncover the trajectory of scientific thinking, and they have explored a variety of methods for enriching children's understanding of scientific procedures and concepts. Topics have ranged from the origins of early childhood curiosity, through the development of everyday understanding of scientific phenomena, to the practices necessary to advance our knowledge about the natural world. In this chapter, we review the empirical research that has informed us about the ways in which the child is—and is not —like a scientist and the ways in which scientific thinking needs to be fostered and supported via educational, social, and cultural scaffolds. We define scientific thinking by drawing on two relatively distinct lines of inquiry, present a taxonomy to categorize these lines of inquiry and the cognitive skills involved, describe illustrative examples of experimental studies of scientific thinking, and then summarize what has been learned about the similarities and differences between children's scientific thinking and mature scientific thinking.