bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterisation of Municipal Sewage Sludge as a Soil Improver and a Fertilizer Product
Authors: Pöykiö Risto , Watkins Gary , Dahl Olli 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this study, we have determined the main important physical and chemical properties of municipal sewage sludge and compared them to the requirements of the Finnish Fertilizer Product Act and Fertilizer Product Decree in order to assess the potential utilization of this by-product as a fertilizer. Except for Hg (1.4 mg/kg d.m.), the total concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cr and As in our sewage sludge were lower that the Finnish maximum permissible heavy metal concentrations for sewage sludge used as a fertilizer products. However, the sewage sludge may be utilized as a soil improver, a growing media or as a fertilizer product in landfill sites (e.g. surface structures) or in other closed industrial areas, because the above mentioned Finnish limit values are not applied at these sites. If the sewage sludge is to be utilized in these kinds of areas, an environmental permit may be needed. According to BCR-extraction, the lowest release potential (solubility) from the sample matrix was observed for sulphur (58.4 %) and the highest for Cd (100 %).
Shot-by-shot stochastic modeling of individual tennis points
Authors: Floyd Calvin Michael , Hoffman Matthew , Fokoue Ernest 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIndividual tennis points evolve over time and space, as each of the two opposing players are constantly reacting and positioning themselves in response to strikes of the ball. However, these reactions are diminished into simple tally statistics such as the amount of winners or unforced errors a player has. In this paper, a new way is proposed to evaluate how an individual tennis point is evolving, by measuring how many points a player can expect from each shot, given who struck the shot and where both players are located. This measurement, named “Expected Shot Value” (ESV), derives from stochastically modeling each shot of individual tennis points. The modeling will take place on multiple resolutions, differentiating between the continuous player movement and discrete events such as strikes occurring and duration of shots ending. Multi-resolution stochastic modeling allows for the incorporation of information-rich spatiotemporal player-tracking data, while allowing for computational tractability on large amounts of data. In addition to estimating ESV, this methodology will be able to identify the strengths and weaknesses of specific players, which will have the ability to guide a player’s in-match strategy.
Globalizing Education in Times of Hyper-Nationalism, Rising Authoritarianism, and Shrinking Worldviews
Authors: Darian-Smith Eve 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWith the global political tide pushing increasingly narrow state-framed worldviews there is a retrenchment of how people understand their relational place in, and connection to, the world. This essay argues that precisely because of the rise of hyper-nationalism (and accompanying anti-democratic trends) there is an urgent need to pursue the globalizing of public education and the coproduction of global knowledge more generally. I suggest that the emerging field of Global Studies, which has been gaining ground in the United States and even more so around the world in recent decades, offers a pedagogical pathway to promoting critical interdisciplinary perspectives and fostering equality and respect for others. My basic claim is that Global Studies shares with liberal education a core mission to promote peace in a world of cultural diversity. But in calling for epistemological pluralism – and highlighting the American (western) epistemological underpinnings of the liberal arts that are deeply implicated in colonial histories of racism, oppression and silencing of non-western knowledge – Global Studies also highlights the inherent limitations of liberal education that as a new field of inquiry it seeks to overcome.
Bridging Connectionism and Relational Cognition through Bi-directional Affective-Associative Processing
Authors: Lowe Robert , Almér Alexander , Balkenius Christian 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Connectionist architectures constitute a popular method for modelling animal associative learning processes in order to glean insights into the formation of cognitive capacities. Such approaches (based on purely feedforward activity) are considered limited in their ability to capture relational cognitive capacities. Pavlovian learning value-based models, being not based purely on fully connected feedforward structure, have demonstrated learning capabilities that often mimic those of ‘higher’ relational cognition. Capturing data using such models often reveals how associative mechanisms can exploit structure in the experimental setting, so that ‘explicit’ relational cognitive capacities are not, in fact, required. On the other hand, models of relational cognition, implemented as neural networks, permit formation and retrieval of relational representations of varying levels of complexity. The flexible processing capacities of such models are, however, are subject to constraints as to how offline relational versus online (real-time, real-world) processing may be mediated. In the current article, we review the potential for building a connectionist-relational cognitive architecture with reference to the representational rank view of cognitive capacity put forward by Halford et al. Through interfacing system 1-like (connectionist/associative learning) and system 2-like (relational-cognition) computations through a bidirectional affective processing approach, continuity between Halford et al’s cognitive systems may be operationalized according to real world/online constraints. By addressing i) and ii) in this manner, this paper puts forward a testable unifying framework for system 1-like and system 2-like cognition.
FRTB – eine unendliche Geschichte mit Happy End?
Authors: Mössinger Carina , Pfingsten Andreas 
Published: October 2019

Zusammenfassung
Handelsaktive Kreditinstitute verfolgen aufmerksam die seit 2012 andauernde Überarbeitung des regulatorischen Rahmenwerks zur Eigenmittelunterlegung von Marktpreisrisiken im Handelsbuch durch den Basler Ausschuss für Bankenaufsicht. Durch die zunächst prognostizierten hohen Eigenmittelanstiege im Handelsbuch infolge der Umsetzung des Fundamental Review of the Trading Book (FRTB) sprach sich ein Großteil des Marktes für eine Entschärfung der vom Basler Ausschuss vorgeschlagenen Anforderungen aus, wodurch sich die Finalisierung zunehmend verzögerte. Der Basler Ausschuss ist dieser Forderung des Marktes mit der Veröffentlichung eines erneuten Konsultationspapiers im März 2018 schließlich gefolgt. Die scheinbar unendliche Entwicklungsgeschichte des FRTB soll nun mit der im Januar 2019 veröffentlichten Neufassung des Marktrisikorahmenwerks abgeschlossen werden. Ob die zunächst prognostizierten hohen Eigenmittelanstiege durch die Umsetzung des FRTB tatsächlich eintreten oder ob es doch noch zu einer Entschärfung der Anforderungen und damit zu einem „Happy End“ für Kreditinstitute kommt, soll im Folgenden analysiert sowie anhand eines Beispielportfolios verdeutlicht werden.
Junior High School Students’ Writing Mastery on English Decriptive and Recount Texts
Authors: Suci Febri Rama , Shalihah Maratus , Darmayenti Darmayenti 
Published: October 2019

This paper aimed at finding out and describe deeply the students’ writing skill and their mastery on descriptive and recount texts. This was a descriptive research type. There were 22 students at class VIII of Junior High School 2 Sintoga as respondents of the research. Writing tests on descriptive and recount texts were used to collect the data. The data were classified into excellent, good, fair, poor, and very poor by using Jacob’ theory and calculated the data on percentage by using formula Sudijono. It was found that the students got fair skill for both mean score of students based on component writing descriptive and recount texts (57.18 and 58.1). For the each component of genres, they got lower score on content, organization of text, vocabulary, and language use. On descriptive text, there were 16 students’ mastery on generic structure for beginning stage and 8 students for developing stage. Meanwhile, for generic structure of recount text 10 students were mastery on generic structure for beginning stage, 11 students for developing stage, and 1 student for consolidating stage. Most of students made the mistakes in orientation and events. Some students who did not give the information of the place (where), time (where), and the reason (why) clearly in the orientation. In the events, some students wrote their experience unchronologicaly. It is concluded that the students’ mastery on writing descriptive and recount texts are fair category. It implies that the students should improve their writing skill through building writing habit and English teacher should be able to find out effective techniques and strategies in teaching writing skills.
Clinical effectiveness of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion to treat cervical spondylosis using anterior cervical system
Authors: Kumar Prashant , Kumar Mohit , Rawat Pooja , Luthra Gaurav 
Published: October 2019

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Age related problems in the spinal segment bring about a degenerative course known as spondylosis. Hereditary, condition, and word related impacts may play a role. These spondylosis changes may bring about direct compressive and ischemic dysfunction of the spinal cord known as cervical spondylosis.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> In this examination 30 patients were selected with cervical spondylosis with, in the fundamental, myelography includes, and treated by anterior cervical discectomy and fusion using anterior cervical system (Apex plate) provided by Auxein Medical Pvt. Ltd. These patients are separated in two gatherings, one is male (12) and another female (18). Functional outcome of the patients was assessed by the visual analogue scale score at post-operative follow up at 1months, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 1 year.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The after effects of this clinically treatment have by and large been great and this is especially so in old patients with an alternate injury, for example, C1-C2, C2-C3, C3-C4, C4-C5, C5-C6 and C6-C7.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The finish of this examination is that the cervical spondylosis patients might be oversees effectively with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion utilizing anterior cervical system. Effectively clinical outcomes in regards to indications improvement and general fulfillment with the surgery were excellent with low rate of complications.</p>
Barriers from calling ambulance after recognizing stroke differed in adults younger or older than 75 years old in China
Authors: Li Shengde , Cui Li-Ying , Anderson Craig , Gao Chunpeng , Yu Chengdong , Shan Guangliang , Wang Longde , Peng Bin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background: As health behavior varies with increasing age, we aimed to examine the potential barriers in calling emergency medical services (EMS) after recognizing a stroke among 40–74- and 75–99-year-old adults.
Methods: Data were obtained from a cross-sectional community-based study (FAST-RIGHT) that was conducted from January 2017 to May 2017 and involved adults (age ≥40 years) across 69 administrative areas in China. A subgroup of residents (153675) who recognized stroke symptoms was analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression models were performed in the 40–74 and 75–99 age groups, separately, to determine the factors associated with wait-and-see behaviors at the onset of a stroke.
Results: In the 40–74 and 75–99 age groups, the rates of participants who chose “Self-observation at home” were 3.0% (3912) and 3.5% (738), respectively; the rates of “Wait for family, then go to hospital” were 31.7% (42071) and 33.1% (6957), respectively. Rural residence, living with one's spouse, low income (< 731 US $ per annum), having a single avenue to learn about stroke, and having friends with stroke were factors associated with waiting for one's family in both groups. However, unlike in the 40–74 age group, sex, number of children, family history, and stroke history did not influence the behaviors at stroke onset in the 75–99 age group.
Conclusions: Different barriers from recognizing stroke and calling an ambulance exist in the 40-74 and 75-99 age groups in this specific population. Different strategies that mainly focus on changing the “Wait for family” behavior and emphasize on immediately calling EMS are recommended for both age groups.
RNA-Seq reveals differential expression profiles and functional annotation of genes involved in retinal degeneration in Pde6c mutant Danio rerio
Authors: Saddala Madhu Sudhana , Lennikov Anton , Bouras Adam , Huang Hu 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases affect millions of people and represent the leading cause of vision loss around the world. Retinal degeneration has been attributed to a wide variety of causes, such as disruption of genes involved in phototransduction, biosynthesis, folding of the rhodopsin molecule, and the structural support of the retina. The molecular pathogenesis of the biological events in retinal degeneration is unclear; however, the molecular basis of the retinal pathological defect can be potentially determined by gene-expression profiling of the whole retina. In the present study, we analyzed the differential gene expression profile of the retina from a wild-type zebrafish and phosphodiesterase 6C (pde6c) mutant. The datasets were downloaded from the Sequence Read Archive (SRA), and adaptors and unbiased bases were removed, and sequences were checked to ensure the quality. The reads were further aligned to the reference genome of zebrafish, and the gene expression was calculated. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were filtered based on the false discovery rate (FDR) (±4) and p-values (p < 0.001). We performed gene annotation (molecular function [MF], biological process [BP], cellular component [CC]) and determined the functional pathways Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway for the DEGs. Our result showed 216 upregulated and 3,527 downregulated genes between normal and pde6c mutant zebrafish. These DEGs are involved in various KEGG pathways, such as the phototransduction (12 genes), mRNA surveillance (17 genes), phagosome (25 genes), glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (15 genes), adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes (29 genes), ribosome (20 genes), the citrate cycle (TCA cycle; 8 genes), insulin signaling (24 genes), oxidative phosphorylation (20 genes), and RNA transport (22 genes) pathways. Many more of all the pathway genes were downregulated, while fewer were upregulated in the retina of mutant zebrafish. Our data strongly indicate that, among these genes, the abovementioned pathways’ genes—as well as calcium-binding, neural damage, peptidase, immunological, and apoptosis proteins—are mostly involved in the retinal and neural degeneration that cause abnormalities in photoreceptors or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells.
Effect of Acupuncture on Lung Cancer-Related Fatigue: Study Protocol for a Multi-center Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Wang Zhaoqin , Li Shanshan , Wu Luyi , Qi Qin , Liu Huirong , Jin Xiaoming , Tian Jianhui , Zhang Ming , Ma Xiaopeng , Sun Deli , Xu Shifen , Wu Huangan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background Fatigue is one of the primary symptoms of lung cancer patients, with a prevalence of 88.0% in cancer survivors, and even higher post resection surgery. Effective fatigue control after lung cancer surgery is important for patient recovery and quality of life. Some studies have shown that acupuncture might be effective in treating cancer-related fatigue, however, randomized controlled trials of suitable sample size are limited. Method/Design This is a multi-center, patient-blind, randomized controlled trial (RCT). A total of 320 eligible patients will be recruited in four centers (Shanghai Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital and LongHua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine) and randomly assigned to either the acupuncture group or the sham acupuncture group in a 1:1ratio. Treatment will be given twice per week for 12 sessions. Treatment will consist of acupoints GV20, GV29, CV12, CV6, CV4, and bilateral LI4, LR3, SP6, ST36. The primary outcome will be assessed using the Chinese version of Brief Fatigue Inventory-Chinese (BFI-C), the secondary outcomes will be measured by European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30), and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD). The primary outcome will be assessed at all main points (baseline, the 3rd week, the 6th week and follow-ups), the secondary outcomes will be assessed at baseline and the 6th week. Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis will be used in this RCT. Discussion This trial protocol provides an example of clinical application for the management of lung cancer-related fatigue using acupuncture treatment. If the acupuncture treatment protocol confirms that acupuncture is an effective and safe option for lung cancer-related fatigue, it can be adopted as a standardized treatment.
Kawasaki Disease In Infants Less Than One Year Of Age: An Italian Cohort From A Single Center
Authors: Mastrangelo Greta , Cimaz Rolando , Calabri Giovan Battista , Simonini Gabriele , Lasagni Donatella , Resti Massimo , Trapani Sandra 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background and aims Few data are currently available for Kawasaki disease (KD) below 12 months especially in Caucasians. This study aims to analyze clinical and laboratory features of KD among an Italian cohort of infants. Methods A retrospective chart review of KD children aged less than one year at time of disease onset between January 2008-December 2017 was performed. Clinical data, laboratory parameters, instrumental findings, treatment and outcome were collected in a customized database. Results Among 113 KD patients, 32 (28.3%) were younger than 1 year. Nineteen patients aged below 6 months, and three below 3 months. The median age was 5.7 ±2.7 months. The mean time to diagnosis was 7±3 days and was longer in the incomplete forms (8 ± 4 vs 6 ± 1 days). Conjunctival injection was present in 26 patients (81.2%); rash in 25 (78.1%); extremity changes in 18 (56.2%); mucosal changes in 13 (40.6%,) and lymphadenopathy only in 7 (21.8%). Mucosal changes were the least common features in incomplete forms (18.2%). Twenty-two patients (68.7%) had incomplete KD. Nineteen (59.4%) had cardiac involvement, of whom 13 (59.0%) had incomplete form. ESR, PCR and platelet values were higher in complete KD; especially, ESR resulted significantly higher in complete forms (80 ± 25.7 mm/h vs 50 ± 28.6 mm/h; p = 0.01). Conversely, AST level was statistically significant higher in patients with incomplete forms (95.4 ± 132.7 UI/L vs 29.8 ± 13.2 UI/L; p = 0.03). All patients received IVIG. Response was reported in 26/32 patients; 6 cases needed a second dose of IVIG and one required a dose of anakinra. Conclusion In our cohort, incomplete disease was commonly found, resulting in delayed diagnoses and poor cardiac prognosis. Infants with incomplete KD seem to have a more severe disease and a greater predilection for coronary involvement than those with complete KD. AST was significantly higher in incomplete forms, thus AST levels might be a new finding in incomplete forms’ diagnosis. Eventually, we highlight a higher resistance to IVIG treatment. To our knowledge this is the first study involving an Italian cohort of patients with KD below 12 months.
A comparison between the Disposcope endoscope and fiberoptic bronchoscope for nasotracheal intubation-A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Yu Junma , Hu Rui , Wu Lining , Sun Peng , Zhang Zhi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background: Nasotracheal intubation (NTI) is frequently performed in oral and maxillofacial surgeries. This study evaluated whether NTI is easier when guided by Disposcope endoscopy or fibreoptic bronchoscopy. Methods: Sixty patients (30 per group) requiring NTI were randomly assigned to undergo fibreoptic bronchoscopy-guided (fibreoptic group) or Disposcope endoscope-guided (Disposcope group) NTI. Then, the NTI time, which was deﬁned as the time from when the fibreoptic bronchoscope or aseptic suction catheter was inserted into the nasal cavity to the time at which the tracheal tube was correctly inserted through the glottis, was recorded. Epistaxis was recorded using direct laryngoscopy ﬁve minutes after completing NTI and was scored as one of four grades according to the following modiﬁed criteria: no epistaxis, mild epistaxis, moderate epistaxis, and severe epistaxis. Results: The time to complete NTI was significantly longer in the fibreoptic group than that in the Disposcope group (38.4 sec vs 24.1 sec; mean difference, 14.2 sec; 95% confidence interval (CI), 10.4 to 18.1). In addition, mild epistaxis was observed in 8 patients in the fibreoptic group and in 7 patients in the Disposcope group (26.7% vs 23.3%, respectively; relative risk, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.4 to 3.9). No moderate or severe epistaxis occurred in either group. Furthermore, no obvious nasal pain was reported at any time point after extubation in the two groups (P = 0.74). Conclusion: NTI can be completed successfully using either fibreoptic bronchoscopy or a Disposcope endoscope as a guide without any severe complications. However, compared to fibreoptic bronchoscopy, the Disposcope endoscope requires less execution time (the NTI time).
Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in general population of Myanmar via Nation wide study
Authors: Kyaw Yi Yi , Lwin Aye Aye , Aye Khin Saw , Thu Hlaing Myat , Htun Moh Moh , Soe Hnin Ohmar , Aye Kay Thi , Thant Kyaw Zin , Hwang Hyeon Jeong , Cheong JaeHun 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a severe health concern worldwide. HBV is a DNA virus with a rapid rate of mutation. Based on the heterogeneity of the HBV nucleotide sequence, the HBV strains are divided into ten genotypes, A to J, with a characteristic geographical distribution. Identifying and tracking the changes of HBV genotypes is important in epidemiological and transmission studies, predicting the risk for the development of severe liver disease and response to antiviral treatment. The present study was conducted to detect HBV genotypes and sub-genotypes in general population of different states and regions in Myanmar. Methods A total of 5,547 general adult population who residing at seven states, seven regions and Nay Pyi Taw Union Territory were screened for Hepatitis B Surface antigen (HBsAg) by Immunochromatgraphic test (ICT) in 2015. Of 353 HBsAg positive samples, HBV DNA were detected by using polymerase chain reactions (PCR) targeting the DNA sequences encoding the Pre-S region. A total of 153 PCR positive samples were preceded for genotyping by partial genome sequencing of both directions. The resulting sequences were then edited, aligned and compared with reference sequences using National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) web based genotyping tool. Results Three HBV genotypes; HBV/ C, HBV/ D and HBV/ B were detected in Myanmar, in which genotype HBV/ C (66.7%) was the most prevalent genotype followed by HBV/ D (32%) and HBV/ B (1.3%) respectively. Sub-genotyping revealed a total of 7 sub-genotypes within genotypes B, C and D: two (B4 and B5) in HBV/ B, three (C1, C5 and C7) in HBV/C and two (D3 and D6) in HBV/ D. Conclusion Genotype HBV/C, sub-genotype C1 was the most predominant genotype distributed in all states and regions of Myanmar. This study was first report on Nation- wide distribution of HBV genotype and sub-genotypes in Myanmar and the findings will be a huge support for hepatitis disease surveillance programme which is the one of the National Priority Diseases in Myanmar.