Adherence towards good pharmacy practice of community pharmacists in central Visayas, Philippines
Authors: Cristuta S M N , Cesar J H A 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Community pharmacists play a pivotal role in bridging gaps in the delivery of health care services and for taking the roles of ensuring the rational use of medicines. With the advent of Good Pharmacy Practice, it is essential that there be an established national framework of quality standards and guidelines; however, there is dearth in the evaluation of GPP implementation in the country. Philippine community pharmacist's practices are expected to exhibit expertise in medications nonetheless, their practices often diverge significantly from these expectations. In this literature study, community pharmacists grapple with consultation roles due to lack of clinical guidelines, training, skills, and patient self-selection behavior.

Aim
The aim of the study was to assess the adherence towards Good Pharmacy Practice among community pharmacists in Central Visayas, Philippines and proposed a policy brief formulated based on the findings to gain a better understanding of the country's existing approach to community pharmacy practice.

Methods
The study used a quantitative descriptive cross-sectional research design to scrutinize community pharmacist practices in the Philippines, specifically in FDA-registered independent and chain pharmacies in Bohol, Cebu, Negros Oriental, and Siquijor provinces. Ethics approval was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Review Committee and four experts validated the instrument, resulting in a high and acceptable S-CVI and a reliability index of .893, indicating good reliability. The selection process involved stratified random sampling and a modified closed ended questionnaire from Badro et al. (2020) tallying 321 respondents. Data was recorded as 1 for Yes responses and 0 for No. The GPP adherence levels were categorized as poor adherence for &lt;50% or good adherence for &gt;75%.

Results
The demographic profile of the respondents indicates that the majority belongs to the Millennial generation aged 27- 45 years old. These respondents are predominantly female community pharmacists, mostly in Cebu. They hold a BS Pharmacy degree, having 3 years to less than 6 years of practice. Their work schedule typically exceeds 40 hours per week, and they operate within independent pharmacy. Findings revealed that the majority of community pharmacists in Central Visayas, Philippines have a poor adherence to the GPP indicators on data management and data recording with 69.8% (224), services and facilities with 94.7% (304), dispensing, preparation, administration and distribution of medicines with 96.2% (309) but good adherence to storage with 75.4% (242). The most significant challenges identified were time restrictions, a lack of understanding, a lack of training and resources. Additionally, time constraints, excessive workload, workforce shortage, lack of support from employers and other colleagues were recognized. But the majority shows compliance to FDA storage regulations and standards as a minimum requirement to continue the establishment and pharmacists operate in the community setting. Therefore, a three-pronged strategy is likely necessary: increasing the number of trained pharmacy staff, engaging in professional development and regulatory advocacy.

Conclusion
The majority of respondents demonstrated good adherence to storage indicators and poor adherence to data management, services and facilities and dispensing indicators. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions and tailored strategies to elevate standards.

References
1. Babar, Z., & Scahill, S. (2014). Barriers to effective pharmacy practice in low- and middle-income countries. Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice, 3, 25-27. https://doi.org/10.2147/IPRP.S35379
2. Babar, Z. U. D. (2021). Ten recommendations to improve pharmacy practice in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and practice, 14(6). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-020-00288-2
3. Badro, D. A., Sacre, H., Hallit, S., Amhaz, A., & Salameh, P. (2020). Good pharmacy practice assessment among community pharmacies in Lebanon. Pharmacy Practice, 18(1), 1745. https://doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.1.1745