Ultra Heavy Oil Production Experience in China
Authors: Zhu Jianying , Shi Changlin , Dong Changrun , Hu Guoheng , Wang Tianyou , Yao Yongjun , Zhang Junbo 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Production of ultra-heavy oils is economically and technically challenging due to the very high viscosity of heavy oils, sharp viscosity increase over a small temperature drop and high operating costs. Reservoir oil can't even be mobilized by steam stimulation only due to inadequate reservoir energy. Even after the oils flow to the wellbore, the viscosity of the oils may exponentially increase when transported towards the wellhead due to the geothermal temperature decrease. The liquid oil could naturally turn into solid bitumen at any point where the temperature drops. The longer the travelling distance to surface for the oil, the bigger temperature drop, the greater the oil viscosity, and the more severe production challenges.
This paper presents the challenges associated with the production of ultra heavy oil in deep reservoirs in China. Operational difficulties widely exist in mobilization of in-situ oil, flow of oil from formation to wellbore, lifting of produced fluids from wellbore to surface, and surface processing and transportation of hydrocarbons. The sandstone reservoirs, sitting at a depth from 1600 to 1800 meters and having no support of any aquifer, contain approximate 4 million metric tons of 1.02∼1.05g/cm3 heavy oil reserve. The oil-bearing formations have an average porosity of 27∼29%, an average permeability of 1 Darcy and an original reservoir pressure of 16∼17.5MPa. The oil viscosity at reservoir conditions (80°C) ranges from 6000 to 10000 centipoises (cP). Always keeping oil at a relatively low viscosity for feasible pumping is the theme topic with the thermal oil production in this type of reservoirs.
To find fit-for-purpose solutions, challenges had been analyzed in details for each part of the entire oil producing process covering the oil flow from the reservoirs to surface. The oil viscosity change with temperatures, the impact of oil viscosity reducers on the mobility of oil compounded with steam stimulation and CO2 injection for providing the initial energy to mobilize the heated oil, optimization of horizontal wells, screening of suitable wellbore lifting technology including wellbore heating and insulation and suitable chemicals for reducing the oil-water interfacial tension, and the steam stimulation optimization had been studied carefully prior to well drilling.
So far, 26 horizontal wells were drilled with an average of 130 meters horizontal section. Production data showed daily liquid rates at 800 tons at 55% water cut for all 26 producers after one year. The average peak oil production, the average cycle oil production capacity, the average cycle cumulative oil production of a single well was 25 metric tons per day, 14 metric tons per day and 2130 metric tons respectively. The average oil-steam ratio was 1.46 with a maximum oil-steam ratio of 5.26. The technologies discussed in this paper had been proved effective to produce ultra heavy oil from 1600 to 1800 meters formations with oil viscosity at 50°C conditions ranging from 180,000 to 260,000 cP.