bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In sight on olive oil maceration and supercritical CO2 in extracting rosemary essential oil
Authors: Soltan Maha Mohamed , Mahfouz Sabry , Motawe Fatma H. , Karam Eman A. , El-Hagrassi Ali 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe flavor, nutritional, and medicinal value of rosemary are well known. Hydrodistilled (HD) essential oil was prepared in the present study as a standard. Olive oil maceration (OM) and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) technology were separately applied to extract the essential oil of rosemary. The three obtained products, HD, OM, and SC-CO2, were compared concerning their main constituents using GC‒MS. Their antimicrobial properties were evaluated against eight microbes by the disc diffusion assay. Interestingly, both 1,8-cineol and camphor were the major compounds in the three oils. α-Pinene was also detected in large amounts in both HD and OM. Additionally, borneol was the third major component in SC-CO2. The antimicrobial results revealed differential effects against six microbes. However, HD oil also exhibited antifungal activity. Maceration is a green extraction procedure that is easy to perform in households, and attention must be paid to olive oil maceration as a complementary medicine that originated in pharaohs.
In-situ synthesis and integration of gold nanoparticles into 3D printed optical fiber probes
Authors: Chekkaramkodi Dileep , Turk Said El , Ali Murad , Butt Haider 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis work uses the polymeric reduction method to explore the in-situ synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) within 3D-printed optical fiber probes (OFPs). Digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing is employed to fabricate the OFPs using a resin consisting of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA). After printing, OFPs were immersed in a boiling gold precursor solution to facilitate the synthesis of AuNPs inside the polymer matrix. We produced single material (HEMA/PEGDA) and multimaterial (HEMA/PEGDA + Dentaclear) OFPs loaded with AuNPs at different concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed the effective distribution and dispersion of AuNPs within the polymer matrix. The optical properties, including reflection and transmission spectra, are comprehensively measured using customized setups. The localized surface plasmon resonance of the embedded AuNPs created a distinct dip in the 500–600 nm wavelength range. Higher AuNP concentrations and longer dipping times enhanced light absorption, reducing reflection and transmission intensities. Multimaterial OFPs also exhibited tunable wavelength filtering capabilities based on the AuNP concentration. The AuNP-loaded OFPs demonstrated stable optical performance across varying temperatures and pH environments, highlighting their potential for diverse applications.
Regulatory Effect of PDGF/PDGFR on Hematopoiesis
Authors: Liu Yong , Huang Junbin , Li Lindi , Duan Yifei , Chong Beng H. , Li Liang , Yang Mo 
Published: November 2024

AbstractPlatelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a critical cytokine with substantial regulatory effects on hematopoiesis. Recent research highlights the essential role of PDGF in the modulation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), megakaryocytes/platelets, and thrombopoietin (TPO) synthesis within the bone marrow microenvironment. PDGF directly stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of HSPCs while also inhibiting apoptosis. In addition, PDGF indirectly enhances the production of other growth factors, including granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factors. Further, PDGF regulates TPO production and influences the bone marrow milieu, thus impacting hematopoiesis and platelet formation. Mechanistically, PDGF binds to its receptor, PDGF receptor (PDGFR), thus activating the PDGF/PDGFR signaling pathway. This pathway subsequently activates phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B, leading to the activation of downstream cytokines, including c-Fos and NF-E2, while inhibiting caspase-3 activation. Collectively, these actions have prodifferentiation and antiapoptotic effects on megakaryocytes, thereby regulating platelet production. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory role of the PDGF/PDGFR axis in hematopoiesis, with a particular focus on platelet production, by summarizing all studies on PDGF/PDGFR from our group and globally.
Reassessment of the dipole in the distribution of quasars on the sky
Authors: Abghari Arefe , Bunn Emory F. , Hergt Lukas T. , Li Boris , Scott Douglas , Sullivan Raelyn M. , Wei Dingchen 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We investigate recent claims by Secrest et al. of an anomalously large amplitude of the dipole in the distribution of CatWISE-selected quasars on the sky. Two main issues indicate that the systematic uncertainties in the derived quasar-density dipole are underestimated. Firstly, the spatial distribution of the quasars is not a pure dipole, possessing low-order multipoles of comparable size to the dipole. These multipoles are unexpected and presumably caused by unknown systematic effects; we cannot be confident that the dipole amplitude is not also affected by the same systematics until the origin of these fluctuations is understood. Secondly, the 50 percent sky cut associated with the quasar catalogue strongly couples the multipoles, meaning that the power estimate at ℓ = 1 contains significant contributions from ℓ > 1. In particular, the dominant quadrupole mode in the Galactic mask strongly couples the dipole with the octupole, leading to a large uncertainty in the dipole amplitude. Together these issues mean that the dipole in the quasar catalogue has an uncertainty large enough that consistency with the cosmic microwave background (CMB) dipole cannot be ruled out. More generally, current data sets are insufficiently clean to robustly measure the quasar dipole and future studies will require samples that are larger (preferably covering more of the sky) and free of systematic effects to make strong claims regarding their consistency with the CMB dipole.
Revisiting flame spread: new problems, new tools, new opportunities
Authors: Hadden Rory M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Flame spread underpins a huge range of fire problems and encompasses some of the most complex aspects of fire science especially a strong coupling between gas and solid phase phenomena. Although there are many approaches to predict or model flame spread behaviour, many of these rely on empirical data and cannot be used in a predictive capacity. However, these models date from a time when the objectives of fire science were different from today with a strong emphasis on developing standardised testing methods and providing information to first responders. Advances in diagnostics and modelling in recent years along with changes in the needs of users of fire safety science means that there are significant new opportunities, and benefits, to enhancing our understanding of flame spread. These will be explored with emphasis given to furthering understanding of the fundamental processes underpinning flame spread, the challenges of the applications of flame spread and the tools that we might be able to adopt to answer these questions.
Methodology for the determination of the thermo-physical properties of densified wood over thermal decomposition
Authors: Bellamy G T , McKinnon M B 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The increased prevalence of timber construction and desire for increased fire resistance has prompted the need for novel materials, such as densified wood, to meet this growing need. In this study, a method is outlined for the determination of the thermo-physical properties of densified wood and related materials which spans the full range of temperatures experienced in typical fire scenarios. The assessment of the thermal stability and specific heat capacity of the material indicates a decomposition pattern typical for biomass and a heat capacity that is resolved as a function of both the instantaneous temperature and the maximum pyrolysis temperatures to which the material has been exposed. Coupling these data with dilatometry allows determination of all intermediate real- and pseudo-component densities which may be implemented into a computational fire model. The use of light flash analysis presents a method for direct determination of thermal conductivity of the densified wood and its char at relevant temperatures using results derived from the other instruments. The thermal conductivity of the char was found to be notably dependent on the maximum pyrolysis temperature and non-revertible, despite the lack of mass loss in this region, indicating morphological changes in the solid may be responsible.
Intermediate scale testing for ORS
Authors: Åström Joakim , Nilsson Marin , Van Hees Patrick 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In order to design an Oxygen Reduction System (ORS) the most important parameter is the limiting oxygen concentration (LOC). Currently there are a couple of different small scale test methods used to determine the LOC for specific materials. In small scale tests an external heat flux is applied, to account for parameters such as geometry that otherwise cannot be replicated, theoretically arriving at a sufficiently low LOC. Other methods have tried to take heat transfer and geometry into consideration to better replicate real world conditions. However, there are some discussions into the validity to some of these existing methods. To replicate real world conditions a large scale setup was designed and used to determine LOC for certain warehouse configurations. This large scale setup is costly to run and therefore there is a need to investigate the possibility of creating an intermediate scale setup that has the ability to make flame propagation assessments for varying fuels, geometries and ignition sources. In this paper a first attempt for an intermediate scale setup is examined, and preliminary findings are discussed.
Thermal conditions within the solid during opposed flow flame spread under a forced flow
Authors: Morrisset David , Hadden Rory M. , Law Angus 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Previous studies have identified a transition between a thermally driven and a kinetically driven regime for opposed flow flame spread. Identifying this transition has been traditionally achieved through the use of a Damköhler number (Da). While an elegant approximation, this characterization lacks an explicit link to the solid phase (e.g., thermal conditions in the solid) when describing the thermal and gas phase regimes. Experiments were conducted under forced flow conditions (0-1.5 m/s) to quantify the thermal conditions ahead of the flame front in PMMA for a range of conditions. Defining the thermal conditions in the solid provides a more explicit characterization of the competing thermal and gas-phase effects on the measured flame spread rate than relying on the (Da) alone; therefore providing a more explicit link between solid and gas-phase processes. Higher temperatures throughout the solid were observed at high flow rates, suggesting increased heat transfer through the solid. However, at these high flow rates, the flame spread rate was found to decrease, suggesting increasing effects of the reaction rate on the flame spread rate. Temperature measurements were also paired with a simple pyrolysis model to comment on the influence of both mixing and the reaction rate of the flame on the rate of spread.
Investigating the flammability of metal composite panels
Authors: MacLeod C E , Butterworth N , Law A 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Metal composite panels have been introduced into the built environment over the last 50 years, to combine weatherproofing, rigidity, energy efficiency, and aesthetics. However, the use of these composite panels has been brought about without a full understanding of their relevant fire hazards. This has been brought into the immediate attention due to the events of the Grenfell tower fire. The flammability and heat transfer behaviours of these panels need to be better understood in order to both better understand previous events, and potential future hazards. Experiments performed in the cone calorimeter have shown that the ignition and flammability parameters are controlled by a hierarchy of dominant heat transfer mechanisms. Local, where polymer layers are thick enough to not be significantly affected by the metal skins. Product, where the layers are acting as one bulk product, and are affected by the heat transfer through the depth. System, where system effects (i.e. thermal boundary conditions) affects the heat flow out from the product. This work shows that fire behaviour is typically dominated by either Local or System effects – with Product level behaviours playing a relatively minor role.
AI-Based Material Parameter Prediction from Cone Calorimeter Measurements
Authors: Punnoli Valayanad Swathikrishna , Arnold Lukas 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In pyrolysis simulation, methods such as inverse modelling are used to determine the material parameters from small-scale experiments. This often requires significant computational resources due to its iterative nature. This study investigates an artificial intelligence (AI)-based alternative approach, that can give instantaneous predictions for material parameters once trained. A dataset based on Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) simulation of a cone calorimeter experiment is used for training these AI models. Different AI models are trained to predict polymethyl methacrylate’s thermo-physical parameters using heat release rate (HRR) curves as input. AI models including Random Forest, 1D-convolution, and Recurrent Neural Networks showed the ability to predict the material parameters accurately with low mean squared error on the test dataset. These models were also able to recreate the HRR curves in FDS using their predictions, following the trend of the experimental HRR curve closely. Expanding the dataset to include materials with different behaviours and modelling different experiments could give these AI models broader applicability. However, FDS version dependence is a limitation for the AI models explored here because they were trained on a simulation-based dataset. Looking at the results, AI models in general can be used to predict material parameters required for pyrolysis modelling, potentially saving time and effort or, at the very least, used to complement the existing inverse modelling approaches.
Fire protection of nuclear waste: evaluation at reduced scale
Authors: Bourbigot Serge , Sanusi Olawale , Bachelet Pierre , Fontaine Gaëlle , Lemperière François 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Concrete containers are commonly used for storing and transporting nuclear waste. However, metals like aluminum cannot be directly conditioned in concrete due to their rapid and exothermic reactions with the alkalis present in the concrete. To address this issue, Orano DS investigates the use of Matrix Mortar of Resin (MMR), which embeds metal waste within a resin matrix (e.g. epoxy resin). The protective MMR is then stored in concrete containers. The French agency ANDRA oversees radioactive waste management and developed its own standards such as ET060, which evaluates fire behavior in waste packages. A bench-scale fire test mimicking ET060 was successfully developed in this work. Small containers were made to fit within the test and were instrumented with thermocouples. It was evidenced that the MMR was not degraded during the test (protection by the concrete shell) and that the conditions of the test were fulfilled.
Optimization of Flame Retardant Polypropylene via Machine Learning
Authors: Verret Eric , Collin Anthony , Duquesne Sophie 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In this study, we explore the application of Multi-Objective Bayesian Optimization (MOBO), a machine learning-based method, for the development of flame-retardant polypropylene (PP) formulations. This approach leverages the power of Gaussian Processes (GPs) to accurately model the behavior in the Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) flame test and uses the qNEHVI acquisition function for efficient design space exploration. We focus on a bi-objective optimization strategy, aiming to maximize LOI values while minimizing the content of flame retardant (FR) additives. Our research successfully navigates the complexities of optimizing material properties by proposing an optimal formulation within a constrained evaluation framework, comprising five iterations of three parallel evaluations with a total budget of 20 points. This work highlights MOBO’s potential as a transformative tool for advanced materials science, particularly in achieving high-performance flame-retardant materials.
Effect of Thermal Radiation in Porous Structures and Thermophysical Properties Variations in PVC Pyrolysis modelling: A Study Using Optimization Techniques.
Authors: Abdelhafiz Y , Amokrane A , Debenest G , Bourbigot S 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In this study, numerical simulations are performed using the Gpyro software to model the thermal decomposition of PVC filled with CaCO3 (FPVC) during a cone calorimeter experiment. For its kinetic behaviour, data are provided through TGA measurement, while the most important thermophysical properties in the virgin state before decomposition are obtained from dedicated measurements. Regarding the properties during the decomposition process, as no data is available, hypotheses are formulated and challenged: do the properties remain constant during decomposition or not? Additionally, a particular focus is placed on the consideration of thermal radiation within the pores. The ability of these two different hypotheses to reproduce the experimental behaviour is explored through inverse simulation. The radiative phenomenon is validated on additional experiments dedicated to the measurement of conductivity with temperature, as well as pores size measurement. The findings emphasize the indispensable role of incorporating radiative contributions within pores. Furthermore, by accounting for changes in thermophysical properties during decomposition, the simulations accuracy is enhanced.
Identifying the different processes occurring during the steady state charring of solids
Authors: Reep J , Torero J L , Spearpoint M , Hadden R M 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A revised means of controlling the Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA), enabling a constant mass loss rate (MLR), was used to assess effluent generated during the steady state pyrolysis and subsequent charring of polyisocyanurate (PIR) and phenolic insulation foams. The MLR for each foam was set (1 g s−1 m−2), with char formation being investigated under three differing oxidative environments (0, 10 and 20.9 % O2). The transition from pyrolysis into char formation was identified by the increased heat flux supplied by the FPA lamps whilst maintaining the constant MLR. Species detected in the effluent were found to be both material and process specific; hydrogen cyanide (HCN) was prominent in PIR effluent, whilst phenolic foam tended to favour carbon monoxide (CO) generation. Obtained yields of CO and HCN showed good correlation with the wide range of steady state tube furnace literature data, with an increase in the CO yield aligning with the observation of char formation. It is shown that the oxidative environment can impact the transition between differing combustion processes, thus care must be taken when generating representative effluent streams for emission sampling.
Representative elementary volume combustion calorimetry (RevCC): a bench-scale apparatus for measuring heat release rate & total heat release of composites
Authors: Ha K , Tranchard P , Bachelet P , Ramgobin A , Augé M-O , Cavalli P , Bourbigot S 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Microscale Combustion Calorimeter (MCC) is commonly utilized to assess the fire behaviour of polymers at the microscale. However, for highly heterogeneous composite materials, such as sandwich laminates commonly found in aircraft interiors, obtaining a representative sample in few milligrams is impossible. In this work, we developed the Representative Elementary Volume Combustion Calorimeter (RevCC), a mesoscale testing platform inspired by the MCC principle, to characterize the fire behaviour of our highly heterogeneous laminated materials. A comparison of results obtained from complex materials using both devices reveals that scaling influences the behavior of sandwich materials when subjected to high temperatures.
Large eddy simulations of weakly turbulent diffusion flames in a co-flow with reduced oxygen concentration
Authors: Moorthamers Y. , Snegirev A. , Maragkos G. , At Thabari J. , Merci B. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A novel sub-grid combustion model (SCM) recently proposed for weakly turbulent buoyant diffusion flames is applied to simulate 10 and 15 kW ethylene-fueled flames produced by a circular porous burner in the oxidizer co-flow with normal and reduced oxygen concentrations. The computational approach enables modeling soot production and radiative emission based on local resolved specie concentrations and temperature, thereby avoiding prescription of the soot yield and global radiative fraction as is conventional in engineering fire simulations. For oxygen mole fraction of 0.21 in the oxidizer co-flow, good agreement between the predicted and the measured spatial distributions of mean temperatures and soot volume fractions has been demonstrated, while considerable deviation is observed for the velocity profiles in the vicinity of the burner. At any oxygen concentration, the experimental combustion efficiency and radiative fraction are reasonably replicated by the simulations, and the limiting oxygen concentration causing complete flame extinguishment is predicted well by the SCM.
Towards predictive engineering-type simulations of upward flame spread in SBI scenarios
Authors: Maragkos Georgios , Snegirev Alexander , At Thabari Jeri , Moorthamers Youk , Merci Bart 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Focusing on advancing predictive modelling of upward flame spread using CFD, large eddy simulations using FireFOAM are presented. A fully dynamic approach with respect to turbulence, combustion and radiation, as well as modelling convective heat transfer based on Newton’s law with simplified correlations for natural convection, is considered. The thermal decomposition of the solid material is modelled using a 1D pyrolysis model combined with optimised model-effective material properties. For validation purposes, a series of medium-scale Single Burning Item (SBI) experiments using both inert (calcium silicate) and flammable walls (plywood) is considered. Separate validation of the gas (pool fires) and solid (anaerobic pyrolysis) phases is also reported. A comprehensive comparison between the CFD model predictions and available experimental data is performed. The modelling approach performs very satisfactorily with the predictions being rather grid-insensitive and resulting in maximum deviations in the predicted HRR, between the coarsest and finest grid size, on the order of 15%.