bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Location-based density and diversity – adding attraction variables to space syntax
Authors: Marcus Lars , Berghauser Pont Meta , Stavroulaki Gianna , Bobkova Jane 
Published: July 2018

The central variables in any urban model are distance and attraction (Wilson 2000). Space syntax research has contributed to the development of new geometric descriptions and measures of distance that have proven successful when it comes to capturing pedestrian movement. However, the description and measurement of attractions has not been central to the field. An important exception is the development of Place Syntax analysis, which concerns new methodologies and software that opens for analysis not only of different kinds of accessibilities in the street network in itself, but also analysis of the accessibility within the network to different forms of attractions, for instance, residents or retail (Ståhle et al 2005). Place Syntax analysis is a generic form of analysis, why we may choose to analyse the accessibility to particular socio-economic attractions, but we may also conceive of a model of ‘pure’ spatial form – a kind of architectural model of the city. For instance, Place Syntax analysis has been applied in different kinds of density analysis, transforming density measures from area-based measures to location-based measures (Ståhle et al 2005). In this paper, we extend such spatial attraction to not only include the variable of density but also diversity and present results from an extensive empirical study including four European cities, paving the way towards a more complete architectural model of the city including both the analysis of distance and attractions.
Geometric and poliorcetic inertia in the fortified system vs urban morphological inflections in 18th-Century Barcelona.
Authors: Muñoz Corbalán Juan Miguel 
Published: July 2018

Keywords: military engineering, fortification, urban bastioned system, poliorcetics, city and territory Conference topics and scale: City transformations Abstract and referencesBetween the War of Nine Years and the Napoleonic invasion of 1808 Barcelona underwent a morphological transformation according to a progressive evolution that came along from a typical wall-constrained stronghold towards an urban structure where the primacy of the internal and external strategic control gave way to the socioeconomic, industrial and commercial detachment of the city. The warlike needs of the first quarter of the 18th century involved a series of explicit poliorcetic interventions that gradually made available other criteria related to the development of several infrastructures for peacetime and certain urban licenses. These improving processes that let transform the urban features later changed the sense of the vectors which settled the nexus between the intramural space and the territory beyond the bastioned perimeter. Starting from a predominantly centripetal structure where the city walls played a segregating role, they afterward tended to reinforce the creation of newborn civic spaces that appreciably reduced the strength of the suffocating perimeter and also established alternative centers of power. These procedures foreshadowed a further decline of the traditional values about the former city walls and allowed the take-off of the territory outside them as an expansion of the orthodox urban system essences and its outward projection. The confluence of both municipal government purposes and the Crown’s impositions eased the work of the military engineers who undertook the interventions directly dependent on their sphere of responsibility. Cortada i Colomer, L. (1998) Estructures territorials, urbanisme i arquitectura poliorcètics a la Catalunya preindustrial. 2 vol. (Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Barcelona). Fara, A. (1989) Il Sistema e la Città. Architettura fortificata dell’Europa moderna dai trattati alle realizzazioni 1464-1794 (Sagep, Genova). Galera, M., Tarragó S. and Roca F. (1982) Atlas de Barcelona (Col·legi Oficial d’Arquitectes de Catalunya, Barcelona). Història. Política, Societad y Cultura dels Països Catalans, vol. 5 ‘Desfeta política y embranzida econòmica. Segle XVIII’ (1995) (Enciclopèdia Catalana, Barcelona). López, M. and Grau R. (1971) ‘Barcelona entre el urbanismo barroco y la revolución industrial’, Cuadernos de arquitectura y urbanismo, 80, 28-40.
A Study of Chinese Traditional Wetland Island Settlement Combining Morphological and Narrative Analyses
Authors: Lei Dongxue , Lu Andong 
Published: July 2018

A Study of Chinese Traditional Wetland Island Settlement Combining Morphological and Narrative Analyses Dongxue Lei¹, Andong Lu² School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing UniversityHankou Road 22#, Gulou District, Nanjing, ChinaE-mail: dxlei@outlook.com, andonglu@gmail.com Keywords (3-5): wetland island settlement, morphology, townscape, cognitive map Conference topics and scale: Tools of analysis in urban morphology The Lixiahe region, a low-lying wetland located to the eastern side of the Huaiyang section of the Grand Canal, is characterized by a complex hydrological environment and has changed slowly in the urbanization process. The historical town of Shagou, a representative case of island settlements in this region, has a recorded history of continuous morphological change over six hundred years. Regarding Shagou as a cultural-geographical entity, this article aims at combining morphological analysis and narrative-based cognitive mapping to revel the characteristic townscape that strongly depends on cultural-geographic complexity. Based on survey work, this article will first define distinguishable plan elements that underpins the spatial form of Shagou: 1) natural context; 2) streets system; 3) plots system, and then investigate diachronically different phases of the formation of its spatial structure. On the other hand, based on archiving and data analysis of the oral history study, this article will generate a narrative cognitive map, in terms of paths, nodes, landmarks and areas. In conjunction with fieldwork and documentary record, this study testifies that the method derived from the plan analysis developed by Conzon is applicable to the study of wetland island settlement form in China and that narrative spatial analysis provides important supplemental spatial information. A careful combination of these methods might be used for understanding culturally embedded settlement forms in China. References (100 words) Conzen, M. R. G. (1960) Alnwick, Northumberland: A Study in Town-plan Analysis (London, George Philip). Herman, D. (ed.) (2003) Narrative theory and the cognitive sciences (Center for the Study of Language and Information Publication). Whitehand, J. W. R. and Gu, K. (2007) ‘Extending the compass of plan analysis: a Chinese exploration’, Urban Morphology, 11(2), 91-109. Whitehand, J. W. R. and Gu, K. (2007) ‘Urban conservation in China: Historical development, current practice and morphological approach’, The Town Planning Review, 78(5), 643-670.
Evaluation of Generating Mechanism of Residential Building Patterns in Contemporary Cities – Case Study on Xi’an and Nanjing
Authors: Ding Wowo , Li Ruoyao , Tang Lian 
Published: July 2018

Ruoyao Li, Lian Tang, Wowo DingNanjing University School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 200093, ChinaE-mail: lilyhehua@163.com, tanglian@nju.edu.cn, dww@nju.edu.cnTelephone number:+86 13675149161,+86 13770849401,+86 25 83593020 Keywords: residential building pattern, generating mechanism, living behavior, floor area ratio, sunshine regulations Residential area occupies a large portion of urban land, so it is very important to understand the characteristics of the residential building patterns and how such patterns, normally parallel multi-story and high-rise slab apartments in various cities of China, are formed. The residential building patterns are according to the living behavior, climate consideration, environmental requirement and market demands. Our previous studies have shown that sunshine regulation is by far the most important factor in the generation of the residential building pattern since 1980. This paper attempts to make a comprehensive evaluation to see the generating mechanism of the residential morphological patterns. Ten residential plots from two cities located in different climate zones of Xi’an and Nanjing are evaluated. Five factors, namely, the type of the apartment, plot FAR, land coverage, sunshine regulations and spatial characteristics of plot pattern, will be used as comprehensive evaluation indicators in the comparison. The study reveals how these factors interplay in the generation of the observed plot patterns and which factor is most important in this process. If the sunshine regulations were the key factor, how different the plot patterns in different climate zones and latitudes would have varied. Through evaluating generating mechanism we could find out the key generating factors, which is useful as the references for design. References Standard for Assessment Parameters of Sunlight on Building (GB/T 50947-2014) Code for Design of Residential Buildings (GB 50096-2011) Quan Liu, Wowo Ding(2014) Morphological Study on the Unit of Urban Fabric of Contemporary Residential Plots in Yangtze River Delta, China Lina Zhang, Wowo Ding(2014) Density, Height Limitation, and Plot Pattern: Quantitative Description of the Residential Plots, Nanjing, China Jintang Chen, Sheng Yao, Yinsheng Tian (2014) Experiences from Researches about Residential Areas Employing Conzenian Approach
Identify Urban Spatial Patterns Based on the Plot Shapes and Building Setting in Downtown of Nanjing.
Authors: Ding Wowo , Gu Yusheng , Tang Lian 
Published: July 2018

Yusheng Gu, Lian Tang, Wowo DingSchool of Architecture &amp; Urban Planning, Nanjing University, No.22 Hankou Rd, Jiangsu 210093, P.R.ChinaE-mail: guyushengnju@163.com, tanglian@nju.edu.cn, dww@nju.edu.cnTel: +86 13951786797; +86 25 8359 7205Key words: Spatial Configuration, Building Pattern, Plot Pattern, Plot Boundary Line The geometric characteristics of modern cities have been difficult to describe that is important for urban design, which deserve to be further interpreted. Taking advantage of Conzen’s methodology, the building is tightly related with its plot, which means the certain building pattern can be described by examining the generation of the building arrangement within the plot. Simultaneously, the building pattern is highly affected by the plot pattern it is located. In view of these, plot patterns together with land property and site coding could be taken as the clue for understanding both building patterns and urban spatial configuration. 35 commercial blocks in Nanjing downtown areas are chosen as research samples. Firstly, the internal structure of the blocks will be studied by analyzing the patterns, functions and land utilities of its plots. Focusing on the site coding and regulation, the building arrangement could be clarified and mapped. The results will identify the urban spatial patterns in downtown of Nanjing by mapping the characteristics of plot size, shape, properties and boundary lines. Therefore, the method on describing urban spatial configuration in modern cities could be developed. References(70 words) Conzen, M.R.G.(1960) “Alnwick, Northumberland: A Study in Town Plan Analysis" , Institute of British Geographers. Conzen, Michael P. (2004) Thinking about urban form : papers on urban morphology, Peter Lang Publishing. Dongxue Wang(2016) The relationship between the space of block and the plot boundary-based on a general survey in Nanjing, Master's thesis of Nanjing University. Jingjing Jiang(2015)Commercial plots and building patterns analysis-based on a general survey in Nanjing, Master's thesis of Nanjing University.
From Global to Local: spontaneous consciousness and artisanal attitude in the self-built city in Latin America - San Martin de las Flores-Mexico’s self-built fabric. A perspective and tools for contemporary design.
Authors: Buongiorno Vincenzo 
Published: July 2018

In a world stressed by a cultural crisis, carachterised by excessive abstraction and virtuality (ex: R.Reich’s Symbolic-analysts or/and R. Florida’s Creatives), observing self built city constitute not an escape but an exploration to change our point of view and find a new path of development. Self building involves at any scale, a practical attitude and return to an psychosomatic interaction among inhabitants and built environment. Focusing in self-building can become a Slowskij’s “estragement” to reactivate different sensibilities, for a new philosophy in contemporary design. Morphological reading of self-built environments has a double importance: for self-built cities themselves, to give response to the need of social cohesion, for a restructuring that traduces these needs into building and transforms the plural individual needs into a collective urban structure; for the enrichment that this reading can give to the architectural community culture, a new panorama where we can search new path to go over the crisis; The paper focuses on the scales that goes from building and construction material scale to urban fabric scale. Starting from the observation of a brick’s furnace, through the observation of an original constructive system, up to the aggregation of each built organism in the urban fabric it will be possible to read and interpret the formative process and to evaluate, through design experience cases, some new path for the contemporary design that come from this interpretation of self-built: design as a formative process re-activation, artisanal-not authorial sensorial design; References G. Caniggia, G.L. Maffei, Composizione architettonica e tipologia edilizia: 1. Lettura dell’edilizia di base, Marsilio, Venezia 1979; Gianfranco Caniggia, G.L. Maffei, Composizione architettonica e tipologia edilizia: 2. Il progetto nell’edilizia di base, Marsilio, Venezia 1987; L. Pareyson, Estetica : teoria della formatività, Bompiani, Milano 2005; G. Strappa, L’architettura come processo. Il mondo plastico murario in divenire, Franco Angeli, Milano 2014; V. B. Šklovskij, Teoria della prosa, Einaudi, Torino 1976; R. Sennet, L’uomo artigiano, Feltrinelli, Milano 2008; J. F. C. Turner, Abitare come Verbo, in J. F. C. Turner, R. Fitcher (a cura di), Libertà di costruire, Il Saggiatore, Milano 1979;
Central Lancashire New Town: the hidden polycentric supercity
Authors: Jolley Victoria 
Published: July 2018

From 1962 Lancashire, in England, became the focus of a major renewal scheme: the creation of a ‘super-city’ for 500,000 people. The last and largest New Town designated under the 1965 Act, Central Lancashire New Town (CLNT) differed from other New Towns. Although influenced by the ideals and example of Garden City model, its master plan followed new and proposed infrastructure to connect the sub-region’s poly-centricity. By unifying and expanding existing towns and settlements it aimed to generate prosperity on a sub-regional scale using the New Towns Act, rather than creating a single new self-sufficient urban development. CLNT’s scale, poly-centricity and theoretical growth made it unique compared to other new town typologies and, although not realised, its planning can be traced across Lancashire’s urban and rural landscape by communication networks and city-scale public and civic buildings. With reference to diagrams for the British New Towns of Hook, Milton Keynes and Civilia, this paper will contextualize and evaluate CLNT’s theoretical layout and its proposed expansion based on interdependent townships, districts and ‘localities’. The paper will conclude by comparing CLNT’s theoretical diagram with its proposed application and adaptation to the sub-region’s topographical physical setting. Keywords (3-5): Lancashire, New Towns, urban centres and pattern Conference topics and scale: Reading and regenerating the informal city References (100 words) RMJM (1967) in Ministry of Housing and Local Government (1967). Central Lancashire: Study for a City: Consultants’ Proposals for Designation, HMSO. Ministry of Housing and Local Government (1967). Central Lancashire: Study for a City: Consultants’ Proposals for Designation, HMSO.
V. Eusa’s Intervention in the 2nd Expansion of Pamplona: The artistic transformation of a technical model.
Authors: Caballero Andrés 
Published: July 2018

V. Eusa’s Intervention in the 2nd Expansion of Pamplona: The artistic transformation of a technical model. Andrés Caballero Lobera Departamento de Arquitectura. Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de San Sebastián. Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU) Pza. Oñati, 2, 20018 Donostia. E-mail: ander.caballero@ehu.eus Keywords (3-5): Eusa; Pamplona; Ensanche; Sitte; Propileos. Conference topics: City transformations.It is inevitable to be disappointed when we consciously compare today’s city with yesterday’s. Territorial occupancy was an arduous task which confronted man and nature. It was a collective act, the cultural manifestation of a society that aspired to artistically represent itself in the cities it built, both in buildings and public spaces. The city of the past, so conceived, successfully raised through time, and even today we can appreciate, in the human affection it brings about, the plastic value of its buildings and the ambient quality of its public spaces. Currently the contemporary city is just incapable of meeting a profound spiritual demand if it does not pursues a practical goal. In the Ensanche, one of its most renowned examples, the idea of the city imposes a restriction to the artistic or monumental value of the historic city in favour of a technical efficiency that facilitates the economic and administrative management of the new city. The unidentified reticular mesh so characteristic of the urban morphology of the Ensanche evinces the distortion of the hippodamian model which in past ages and also throughout time probed its validity to provide magnificent examples of cities thought and built also from artistic principles. In the late example of the 2nd Ensanche of Pamplona, we attend to the solitary labour of an architect such as Victor Eusa Razquin, who knew how to transform with his buildings the “technical” uniformity of the Ensanche by transforming, qualifying and enriching it with the incrustation of architectural episodes of elevated artistic value. References COLLINS, George R. y Christiane C. Camillo Sitte y el nacimiento del urbanismo moderno. Barcelona: Editorial Gustavo Gili, 1980. LYNCH, Kevin. La imagen de la ciudad. Barcelona: Gustavo Gili, 1998. ORDEIG CORSINI, José María. Diseño y normativa en la ordenación urbana de Pamplona (1770-1960). Pamplona: Dpto. de Educación y Cultura. Dirección General de Cultura - Institución Príncipe de Viana, 1992. SICA, Paolo. Historia del urbanismo, siglo XIX. Madrid: I.E.A.L. 1981. SITTE, Camilo. “Introduction” en, L’art de batir les villes. L’urbanisme selon ses fondements artistiques. Paris: Livre et communication, 1990.
URBAN LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT
Authors: Capilla Vicente Collado , Gabaldón Sonia Gómez-Pardo 
Published: July 2018

URBAN LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT Vicente Collado Capilla1 and Sonia Gómez-Pardo Gabaldón21Servicio de Infraestructura Verde y Paisaje. Generalitat Valenciana. Ciutat Administrativa 9 D'Octubre-Torre 1, C/ Castán Tobeñas 77, 46018 Valencia; 2Servicio Territorial de Urbanismo. Provincia de Valencia. Generalitat Valenciana. Prop I, C/ Gregorio Gea, nº 27, 46009 Valencia. E-mail: vcc.arq@gmail.com sgpg.sgpg@gmail.com Key words: urban_landscape, streetcape, landscape_value, andscape_assessment, landscape_preferences. The urban landscape assesment as an important element in the quality of life and the sustainable development of the city constitutes an incipient field of investigation from a new perspective that adds meanings and values. An analysis of the different methodological developments and national and international experiences in the assessment of these landscapes will highlight its importance as a strategic element to improve the quality of the city. It starts from the concept of assessment as a system where tangible and intangible values ​​are considered by the population and the experts. These include among other formal, economic, environmental, social, cultural issues (…) and the relationships between them. Consideration of the opinions of experts from different points of view such as urbanism and architecture but also environment, economy, geography, history, archeology, sociology, social assistance, etc. Together with the preferences expressed by the population regarding the spaces they inhabit on a daily basis and their aspirations, strengthen the sense of belonging and the identity of the place as key elements in the perception of the urban landscapes that allows to contribute new qualities, integration criteria and ​​contemporary values to any type of intervention. These are strategies and intervention procedures that start from the complexity of the city as a system and incorporate the perception that citizens have or will have of their immediate environment. References: Czynska Klara and Pawel Rubinowicz (2015). ´Visual protection Surface method: Cityscape values in context of tall buildings´. SSS10 Proceedings of the 10 th International Space Syntax Symposium. Paquette Sylvain (2008). Guide de gestion des paysages au Québec. Université de Montréal Pallasmaa, Juhani (2005). The Eyes of the Skin. Architecture and the Senses. New York: John Wiley. Ministry of Environment and Energy The National Forest and Nature Agency (1997). International Survey of Architectural Values in the Environment. Denmark . The Landscape Institute and Institute of Environmental Management &amp; Assessment (2013). Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment. Third Edition, London: Routledge.