bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Triggered Lightning Spectroscopy: 2. A Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Walker T. Daniel , Christian Hugh J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn the mid 1960s, researchers laid the foundation for modern quantitative lightning spectroscopy. They were the first to acquire time‐resolved return stroke spectra and the first to use spectroscopy as a diagnostic technique to characterize the physical properties of the lightning channel (Orville, 1968a, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025<0827:AHSTRS>2.0.CO;2, 1968b, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025<0839:AHSTRS>2.0.CO;2, 1968c, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025<0852:AHSTRS>2.0.CO;2; Salanave, 1961, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.134.3488.1395; Uman, 1966, https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.1966.5217654). Now, almost 50 years later, technology, including high‐speed cameras, volume‐phase holographic gratings, and triggered lightning, has progressed to the point at which new studies in lightning spectroscopy are needed to verify and improve upon past measurements. In this study triggered lightning spectra were recorded at 673 kfps (1.5 μs per frame) with an exposure time of 1.1 μs. Temperature, number density, and pressure on a 1.5‐μs time scale are presented here for a five‐stroke‐triggered lightning flash. The analysis yields temperatures of the return stroke of greater than 40,000 K as well as electron number densities greater than 1019 cm−3 and peak pressures from 20–350 atm, significantly greater than previous studies. The analysis reveals that in the initial microseconds of the return stroke, the physical characteristics within the channel are rapidly changing and that submicrosecond resolution is needed to observe the initial ionized channel in greater detail.
Modeling Climate Change Impacts on an Arctic Polygonal Tundra: 2. Changes in CO2 and CH4 Exchange Depend on Rates of Permafrost Thaw as Affected by Changes in Vegetation and Drainage
Authors: Grant R. F. , Mekonnen Z. A. , Riley W. J. , Arora B. , Torn M. S. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractModel projections of future CO2 and CH4 exchange in Arctic tundra diverge widely. Here we used ecosys to examine how climate change will affect CO2 and CH4 exchange in troughs, rims, and centers of a coastal polygonal tundra landscape at Barrow, AK. The model was shown to simulate diurnal and seasonal variation in CO2 and CH4 fluxes associated with those in air and soil temperatures (Ta and Ts) and soil water contents (θ) under current climate in 2014 and 2015. During RCP 8.5 climate change from 2015 to 2085, rising Ta, atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Ca), and precipitation (P) increased net primary productivity (NPP) from 50–150 g C m-2 y-1, consistent with current biometric estimates, to 200–250 g C m−2 y−1. Concurrent increases in heterotrophic respiration (Rh) were slightly smaller, so that net CO2 exchange rose from values of −25 (net emission) to +50 (net uptake) g C m−2 y−1 to ones of −10 to +65 g C m−2 y−1. Increases in net CO2 uptake were largely offset by increases in CH4 emissions from 0–6 to 1–20 g C m−2 y−1, reducing gains in net ecosystem productivity. These increases in net CO2 uptake and CH4 emissions were modeled with hydrological boundary conditions that were assumed not to change with climate. Both these increases were smaller if boundary conditions were gradually altered to increase landscape drainage during model runs with climate change.
Efficient coupling of light from dielectric to HIMI plasmonic waveguide
Authors: Patel Virendra , Srivastava Kritarth , Sharma Prateeksha , Kumar V. Dinesh 
Published: March 2019

This is the first report on the investigation of a hybrid plasmonic tapered coupler injecting light efficiently from conventional dielectric waveguide to a hybrid insulator–metal–insulator (HIMI) plasmonic waveguide. The proposed structure gives high transmission efficiency and suppresses the reflection losses significantly. With this tapered coupling mechanism, maximum transmittance and return loss of 98% and 26 dB have been observed, respectively. The coupler also offers very good propagation length (274 μm) along with minimal mode propagation losses (0.016 dB/µm). Apart from that, it offers decent confinement of light in low dielectric regions up to 32%. The proposed structure is designed in an ultra‐short tapered length of 1.0 µm, and the entire structure occupies a footprint area of 1.4 × 2.4 μm2. Proposed hybrid waveguide coupler could be useful for several chip scale applications.
Gestationsdiabetes mellitus nach WHO-2013-Kriterien – Qualitätsanalyse von 1074 Einzelschwangerschaften aus einer Diabetes-Schwerpunktpraxis (prospektive Kohortenstudie 2012 – 2017)
Authors: Kleinwechter Helmut , Ratjen Ilka , Demandt Norbert , Nolte Andreas 
Published: March 2019

Zusammenfassung
Ziel Im Rahmen einer Qualitätsanalyse wurden von 2012 bis 2017 insgesamt 1074 konsekutive Einzelschwangerschaften mit Gestationsdiabetes als prospektive Kohortenstudie evaluiert. Ziele der Studie waren die Beschreibung des Therapieverlaufs aller Fälle und der Vergleich unserer Ergebnisdaten (Mütter N = 545, Neugeborene N = 552) mit der geburtshilflichen deutschen Hintergrundpopulation von 4,3 Mill. Fällen des gleichen Zeitraums sowie die Rate an Störungen des Glukosestoffwechsels der Mütter postpartal.
Patientinnen und Methoden Die Diagnose des Gestationsdiabetes wurde nach den IADPSG/WHO-2013-Kriterien gestellt. Die Betreuung erfolgte nach der 2011 publizierten deutschen S3-Leitlinie. Von den Schwangeren erhielten 11,7 % Insulin (Mutter-Kind-Paare: 14,9 %), davon 81,7 % als intensivierte konventionelle Insulintherapie. Ergebnisparameter der Mütter waren Geburtseinleitung, primäre Sectio, sekundäre Sectio, vaginal operative Geburt. Ergebnisparameter der Neugeborenen waren Geschlecht, Frühgeburt < 37 + 0 Schwangerschaftswochen, LGA (Large for Gestational Age), SGA (Small for Gestational Age), Apgar 5 min < 7, pH Nabelarterie < 7,1, Verlegung Kinderklinik, Fehlbildung, Atemnnotsyndrom.
Ergebnisse Statistisch signifikante Unterschiede zeigten sich bei den Geburtseinleitungen (28,6 vs. 21,8 %, p = 0,001) und den primären Sectio-Entbindungen (18,3 vs. 12,9 %, p = 0,00 018), bei den Neugeborenen gab es keine Unterschiede. Darüber hinaus wurde bei 4,5 % der Neugeborenen eine i. v.-Glukosetherapie wegen einer Hypoglykämie durchgeführt und 5,1 % der Neugeborenen erhielten eine Lichttherapie infolge einer Hyperbilirubinämie. Im Median 10 Wochen postpartal erschienen 498 Frauen (46,4 %) zum oralen Glukosetoleranztest (oGTT), der in 35,3 % einen auffälligen Befund ergab, meist eine gestörte Nüchternglukose (IFG, 31,7 %) und in 0,4 % einen Diabetes. Die multivariable, adjustierte Analyse ergab, dass Frauen mit Insulintherapie häufiger als Frauen ohne Insulintherapie (aOR 1,89; 95 %-KI: 1,28; 2,79, p = 0,0014) und Frauen mit präkonzeptioneller Adipositas seltener als Frauen mit Normgewicht zur Nachuntersuchung erschienen (aOR 0,72; 95 %-KI: 0,56; 0,94, p = 0,01).
Schlussfolgerung Diagnostik und Therapie des GDM zeigten vom Ergebnis her eine akzeptable Übereinstimmung mit der Hintergrundpopulation. Der Anteil postpartal gestörten Glukosestoffwechsels der Mütter war hoch. Frauen mit präkonzeptioneller Adipositas sollten gezielt zur Teilnahme an der postpartalen Nachuntersuchung motiviert werden.
Predicting future invaders and future invasions
Authors: Fournier Alice , Penone Caterina , Pennino Maria Grazia , Courchamp Franck 
Published: March 2019

Significance
Biological invasions are the second most severe threat affecting biodiversity worldwide with major economic and societal impacts. Yet, the multitude of species with the potential to be invasive makes it extremely difficult to anticipate invasions to develop efficient management plans. Predicting which species are likely to become invaders and where they are likely to invade even before their introduction outside their native range has always been a prime objective of invasion biology. Based on the example of ants, we provide a profiling method to predict future invaders and future invasions, and in this manner, we identify 18 ant species likely to become new invaders and regions at risk for these invasions.
Learning how to manage risk by hedging: the VOC insurance contract of 1613
Authors: Gelderblom Oscar , de Jong Abe , Jonker Joost 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
We examine an unusual contract which the Dutch East India Company (VOC) sold to investors in 1613. The firm was in a position as modelled by Froot, Scharfstein and Stein for modern corporations: facing heavy, strategic investment, about to reap the benefits, but unable to attract the necessary capital. Hedging or insurance then makes sense to safeguard continued operations. Understanding this, the VOC directors took out insurance on incoming cash from return cargoes. We analyze the contract’s price and underwriters and contrast the VOC’s single use of this peculiar instrument with the English East India Company’s later repeated application.
N-acetyl galactosamine-conjugated antisense drug to APOC3 mRNA, triglycerides and atherogenic lipoprotein levels
Authors: Alexander Veronica J , Xia Shuting , Hurh Eunju , Hughes Steven G , O’Dea Louis , Geary Richard S , Witztum Joseph L , Tsimikas Sotirios 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Aims
Elevated apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) levels are associated with hypertriglyceridaemia and coronary heart disease. AKCEA-APOCIII-LRx is an N-acetyl galactosamine-conjugated antisense oligonucleotide targeted to the liver that selectively inhibits apoC-III protein synthesis.

Methods and results
The safety, tolerability, and efficacy of AKCEA-APOCIII-LRx was assessed in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation Phase 1/2a study in healthy volunteers (ages 18–65) with triglyceride levels ≥90 or ≥200 mg/dL. Single-dose cohorts were treated with 10, 30, 60, 90, and 120 mg subcutaneously (sc) and multiple-dose cohorts were treated with 15 and 30 mg weekly sc for 6 weeks or 60 mg every 4 weeks sc for 3 months. In the single-dose cohorts treated with 10, 30, 60, 90, or 120 mg of AKCEA-APOCIII-LRx, median reductions of 0, −42%, −73%, −81%, and −92% in apoC-III, and −12%, −7%, −42%, −73%, and −77% in triglycerides were observed 14 days after dosing. In multiple-dose cohorts of 15 and 30 mg weekly and 60 mg every 4 weeks, median reductions of −66%, −84%, and −89% in apoC-III, and −59%, −73%, and −66% in triglycerides were observed 1 week after the last dose. Significant reductions in total cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increases in HDL-C were also observed. AKCEA-APOCIII-LRx was well tolerated with one injection site reaction of mild erythema, and no flu-like reactions, platelet count reductions, liver, or renal safety signals.

Conclusion
Treatment of hypertriglyceridaemic subjects with AKCEA-APOCIII-LRx results in a broad improvement in the atherogenic lipid profile with a favourable safety and tolerability profile. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02900027.
On the Outlying Eigenvalues of a Polynomial in Large Independent Random Matrices
Authors: Belinschi Serban T , Bercovici Hari , Capitaine Mireille 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Given a selfadjoint polynomial $P(X,Y)$ in two noncommuting selfadjoint indeterminates, we investigate the asymptotic eigenvalue behavior of the random matrix $P(A_N,B_N)$, where $A_N$ and $B_N$ are independent Hermitian random matrices and the distribution of $B_N$ is invariant under conjugation by unitary operators. We assume that the empirical eigenvalue distributions of $A_N$ and $B_N$ converge almost surely to deterministic probability measures $\mu$ and $\nu$, respectively. In addition, the eigenvalues of $A_N$ and $B_N$ are assumed to converge uniformly almost surely to the support of $\mu$ and $\nu ,$ respectively, except for a fixed finite number of fixed eigenvalues (spikes) of $A_N$. It is known that almost surely the empirical distribution of the eigenvalues of $P(A_N,B_N)$ converges to a certain deterministic probability measure $\eta \ (\textrm{sometimes denoted}\ P^\square(\mu,\nu))$ and, when there are no spikes, the eigenvalues of $P(A_N,B_N)$ converge uniformly almost surely to the support of $\eta$. When spikes are present, we show that the eigenvalues of $P(A_N,B_N)$ still converge uniformly to the support of $\eta$, with the possible exception of certain isolated outliers whose location can be determined in terms of $\mu ,\nu ,P$, and the spikes of $A_N$. We establish a similar result when $B_N$ is replaced by a Wigner matrix. The relation between outliers and spikes is described using the operator-valued subordination functions of free probability theory. These results extend known facts from the special case in which $P(X,Y)=X+Y$.
Challenge of drug resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: clonal spread of NDM-1-positive ST-308 within a tertiary hospital
Authors: Chew Ka Lip , Octavia Sophie , Ng Oon Tek , Marimuthu Kalisvar , Venkatachalam Indumathi , Cheng Bernadette , Lin Raymond T P , Teo Jeanette W P 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectivesMDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a serious global threat to healthcare institutions. The mechanism by which drug resistance can be acquired is variable, but acquired carbapenemase production has been reported in P. aeruginosa. An investigation was performed to determine the rate and genomic epidemiology of New Delhi MBL (NDM) in β-lactam-non-susceptible isolates.MethodsP. aeruginosa isolates from a tertiary hospital in Singapore between January 2015 and February 2018 were investigated for the presence of NDM genes.ResultsOut of 298 pan-β-lactam-non-susceptible isolates, 31 were found to be NDM positive (10.4%). WGS demonstrated that all 31 NDM-positive isolates were clonal, belonging to ST-308. blaNDM was chromosomally inserted within an integrative and conjugative element (ICE), ICETn43716385. The NDM-P. aeruginosa isolates possessed an extensive repertoire of both cell-associated [flagella, pili, alginate/biofilm, LPS, type III secretion system (T3SS) and type VI secretion system (T6SS)] and secreted virulence factors. Antibiograms revealed higher rates of drug resistance in NDM-positive isolates compared with their non-NDM counterparts. The NDM isolates remained 100% susceptible only to colistin.ConclusionsThe combination of chromosomal mutations, acquired resistance genes and virulence factors likely facilitated the persistent and ongoing spread of the ST-308 clade of P. aeruginosa within the hospital. Our study illustrates the particular threat of NDM-positive P. aeruginosa in a tertiary hospital setting in the era of antimicrobial resistance.
A Case of Surreptitious Glargine Overdose Confirmed by Insulin Pharmacokinetic Time Curves
Authors: Barmanray Rahul , Chiang Cherie Ying , Yeoh Kim , Yates Christopher James 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Case
A 49-year-old man presented with recurrent altered conscious state suggestive of encephalitis. This was followed by an episode of severe hypoglycemia requiring protracted intravenous glucose administration. Comparing the pharmacokinetic time curves of serum insulin levels on two insulin immunoassays with different insulin analog cross-reactivity allowed the likely diagnosis of surreptitious glargine overdose to be made rapidly.

Discussion
The differing insulin analog cross-reactivity of serum insulin immunoassays, in this case the Abbott ARCHITECT and Roche Elecsys, allows the presence of insulin analog to be detected. Through comparison of time curves the characteristic signature of the specific causative insulin analog can be identified. This information confirms surreptitious insulin overdose in a timely manner, therefore avoiding the expensive and time-consuming investigations required to exclude alternate causes of severe hypoglycemia.
Preliminary Screening of Mosquito Spatial Distribution in Togo: With Special Focus on the Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) Species
Authors: Thabet Hala S , Fawaz Emadeldin Y , Badziklou Kossi , Tag ElDin Reham A , Kaldas Rania M , Fahmy Nermeen T , Tamekloe Tsidi Agbeko , Kere-Banla Abiba , Diclaro Joseph W 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Togolese Republic has a tropical and humid climate which constitutes an ideal environment for mosquitoes to breed and transmit diseases. The Aedes mosquito is known to transmit yellow fever (YF), dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses in West Africa. Togo has been suffering from YF virus transmission, despite vaccination efforts. Unfortunately, there is scarcity in the data that reflect mosquito spatial distribution in Togo, specifically possible YF vectors. In the current study, mosquito surveillance efforts targeted areas with confirmed YF cases between July and August 2012. Indoor mosquitoes were collected using knockdown insecticide spraying, whereas Biogents (BG) traps were used to collect outdoor mosquito adults. Mosquito larval surveillance was conducted as well. In total, 17 species were identified. This investigation revealed the presence of medically important vectors in Togo, especially the Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) which was collected in the four regions. Screening of all pools of female Aedes mosquitoes for YF, by real-time PCR, showed negative results. This is the first record for Coquillettidia flavocincta (Edwards) (Diptera: Culicidae) species in West Africa. This preliminary work serves as a baseline for further mosquito distribution studies in Togo.
Acupuncture Versus Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in Cancer Survivors: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Garland Sheila N , Xie Sharon X , DuHamel Kate , Bao Ting , Li Qing , Barg Frances K , Song Sarah , Kantoff Philip , Gehrman Philip , Mao Jun J 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundInsomnia is a common and debilitating disorder experienced by cancer survivors. Although cancer survivors express a preference for using nonpharmacological treatment to manage insomnia, the comparative effectiveness between acupuncture and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) for this disorder is unknown.MethodsThis randomized trial compared 8 weeks of acupuncture (n = 80) and CBT-I (n = 80) in cancer survivors. Acupuncture involved stimulating specific points on the body with needles. CBT-I included sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, relaxation training, and education. We measured insomnia severity (primary outcome), pain, fatigue, mood, and quality of life posttreatment (8 weeks) with follow-up until 20 weeks. We used linear mixed-effects models for analyses. All statistical tests were two-sided.ResultsThe mean age was 61.5 years and 56.9% were women. CBT-I was more effective than acupuncture posttreatment (P &lt; .001); however, both acupuncture and CBT-I produced clinically meaningful reductions in insomnia severity (acupuncture: −8.31 points, 95% confidence interval = −9.36 to −7.26; CBT-I: −10.91 points, 95% confidence interval = −11.97 to −9.85) and maintained improvements up to 20 weeks. Acupuncture was more effective for pain at the end of treatment; both groups had similar improvements in fatigue, mood, and quality of life and reduced prescription hypnotic medication use. CBT-I was more effective for those who were male (P &lt; .001), white (P = .003), highly educated (P &lt; .001), and had no pain at baseline (P &lt; .001).ConclusionsAlthough both treatments produced meaningful and durable improvements, CBT-I was more effective and should be the first line of therapy. The relative differences in the comparative effectiveness between the two interventions for specific groups should be confirmed in future adequately powered trials to guide more tailored interventions for insomnia.
Latitude, distance offshore and local environmental features as modulators of zooplankton assemblages across the NE Atlantic Shelves Province
Authors: Fanjul Alvaro , Iriarte Arantza , Villate Fernando , Uriarte Ibon , Artiach Miguel , Atkinson Angus , Cook Kathryn 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Contribution of latitude, distance offshore and environmental factors to variations in zooplankton assemblages across the Northeast Atlantic Shelves Province, from the Bay of Biscay [Bilbao 35 (B35) and Urdaibai 35 (U35)] to the English Channel (Plymouth L4; L4) and the North Sea (Stonehaven; SH), were assessed mainly by redundancy analysis. For coarse zooplankton groups latitude explained the main between-site differences, and meroplankton contributed more than holoplankton. Latitudinal differences were best indicated by contrasting abundances of cirripede larvae and doliolids (most abundant at the lowest latitude sites) and bryozoan and polychaete larvae (most abundant at the highest latitude site). Doliolids were best indicators of temperature-mediated latitudinal differences. The interaction between latitude and distance offshore or salinity and phytoplankton biomass explained smaller percentages of the variability. The main differences in copepod and cladoceran genera reflected the oceanic influence, with highest presence of Corycaeus and Oncaea at L4, likely related to the higher influence of off-shelf water intrusions, and neritic Acartia dominating at SH, U35 and B35. Podon and Evadne, which decreased from south to north, reflected latitude-related differences driven more by salinity than by temperature. Instances where a single species (e.g. Acartia clausi) dominated showed common relationships with temperature, consistent with a common thermal niche. Differences in co-generic species dominance between sites depicted the latitudinal gradient.
Short-term follow-up results of children with familial Mediterranean fever after cessation of colchicine: is it possible to quit?
Authors: Tanatar Ayşe , Karadağ Şerife Gül , Sönmez Hafize Emine , Çakan Mustafa , Aktay Ayaz Nuray 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Objective
To define the characteristics of children expressing the FMF phenotype under colchicine until it was ceased and to compare the clinical features of patients requiring colchicine again with the patients who did not need colchicine.

Methods
Sixty-four of 1786 children with FMF in whom colchicine was stopped by the physician or patients/parents were enrolled. These patients were grouped as children who were in need of colchicine due to attacks and/or elevated acute phase reactants after cessation of colchicine (group 1) and children in whom colchicine was not necessary and not restarted (group 2).

Results
Colchicine was stopped in 59.4% by the physician and in 40.6% by the patient/parents. It was ceased at a median of 10.6 years of age (range 2.1–20.5) and attack- and inflammation-free periods of 18.2 months (range 6–148). The median follow-up of 64 patients after colchicine cessation was 37.4 months (range 6.4–154.7). It was restarted in 17 patients due to attacks (n = 11) or elevated acute phase reactants (n = 6). The age at cessation of the colchicine was lower (P = 0.04) and the duration of colchicine treatment until its cessation was shorter (P = 0.007) in group 1 compared with group 2.

Conclusion
Life-long colchicine treatment may not be required in all FMF patients. There are no current guidelines to determine in which patients it is safe to stop colchicine. We found that younger age during cessation and shorter duration of colchicine treatment lead to a higher risk of needing to restart colchicine.