bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Effects of Thinning and Pruning on the Quality, Quantity, and Value of Oak Lumber
Authors: Dwyer John P. , Lowell Kim E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
After 32 years, experimental plots established to examine thinning levels and pruning effects were harvested. Randomly selected trees in each treatment were felled and sawn into 4/4 lumber, and the lumber from each tree was tallied by grade. For black oak, the species that became largely relegated to the understory, thinning caused a significant increase in the total volume outturn with the greatest increase occurring in the lowest lumber grade (3B). For scarlet oak, the species that became primarily dominant and codominant, thinning increased the total lumber yield per tree with most of the increase accumulating in the lumber grades #1C and #2C. Pruning did not affect the quantity or quality of lumber outturn in either species. North. J. Appl. For. 5:258-260, December 1988.
Clearcutting Central New York Northern Hardwood Stands
Authors: Walters Russell S. , Nyland Ralph D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Clearcutting proved effective for regenerating central New York stands that were dominated by sugar maple along with American beech, black cherry, white ash, red maple, and basswood. Findings from five stands for periods of 7-13 years following clearcutting show densities equivalent to 2,400 to 9,400 saplings of commercial species per acre on 64-100% of the milacres sampled. In each stand, a minimum of 81% of the 6.6 ft radius sample plots were stocked with at least one sapling of a commercial species, suggesting that site occupancy will be fairly complete and uniform as these stands mature. All sites contained abundant regeneration of commercial species immediately after logging, ranging from 15,000 to 57,000 seedlings per acre, but as many as 90% of these were less than 1 ft tall. The species composition generally reflected the original forest with abundant sugar maple and American beech. However, large amounts of black cherry and white ash also appeared on some sites. Many bramble seedlings germinated during the first growing season after logging and developed into a dense uniform cover by the third year. However, the brambles declined as crown closure occurred in the new stands, and disappeared before the tenth year. Clearcutting should successfully regenerate stands of New York northern hardwoods having conditions similar to those of this study.
North. J. Appl. For. 6:75-78, June 1989.
Segmented Quadratic Taper Equations for Spruce and Fir in the Northeast
Authors: Solomon Dale S. , Droessler Terry D. , Lemin Ronald C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Segmented quadratic taper equations were developed from red spruce and balsam fir stem analysis data in the Northeast. Estimated diameters and volumes from the taper equations were compared with actual diameters and volumes in a validation data set, and were found to be precise and have negligible bias in prediction. The derived volume from the taper equation was also compared to existing total tree volume equations for spruce and fir. The error analyses showed the segmented taper equations provided an accurate and precise alternative to total tree volume equations.
North. J. Appl. For. 6:123-126, September 1989.
Costs of Growing Containerized Seedlings Using Different Schedules at Kingsclear, New Brunswick
Authors: Clements Stephen E. , Dominy Stephen W. J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study examines the relative costs of producing containerized black spruce seedlings under four production schedules, two of which are hypothetical. Using actual expenditure data for a three-crop per year schedule, the production costs for three, two-crop schedules (winter sowing dates of January 1, February 1, and March 1), were derived to examine the cost differences of postponing the sowing date of the winter crop. Average annual costs per thousand seedlings were at least $22 higher under a two-crop compared to a three-crop schedule. Among the two-crop schedules, a winter crop sowing on March 1st yielded the lowest overall cost, although annual savings were no more than $1 per thousand. This minimal difference reflects the high cost of heating greenhouses in the winter, even when empty. North. J. Appl. For. 7:73-76, June 1990.
Red-Breasted Nuthatches Detect Early Increases in Spruce Budworm Populations
Authors: Crawford Hewlette S. , Jennings Daniel T. , Stone Timothy L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Early suppression of increasing spruce budworm populations is essential to prevent epidemics; however, early changes in budworm numbers are difficult to detect. An effective and inexpensive method to detect early increases is needed. Red-breasted nuthatches eat more spruce budworm larvae and pupae as the insect increases in number. We estimated the number of large larvae in Maine and northern New Hampshire forest stands in 1982 and 1983 by determining the number of these larvae in the birds' stomachs. When the mean number of spruce budworm in the stomach approached 1.7, budworm populations were nearing high density and could be expected to cause severe defoliation the following year. North. J. Appl. For. 7:81-83, June 1990.
Keepability of Pennsylvania versus West Coast Grown Douglas-Fir Christmas Trees: Genotypic Variation in Relation to Subfreezing Temperatures
Authors: Kubiske Mark E. , Abrams Marc D. , Finley James C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Cut Douglas-fir Christmas trees grown in Pennsylvania from Rocky Mountain seed sources and coastal trees grown in the Pacific Northwest and shipped into Pennsylvania were compared for keepability. Following various cold treatments, the cut ends of trees were placed in water in an indoor display area. Coastal trees placed in a freezer at - 29°C for 24 h had 89 ± 5.1% (mean ± standard error) needle loss after one day of display, while Rocky Mountain origin trees exhibited only 3 ± 2.0% needle loss after 1 day and 50 ± 5.6% needle loss after 18 days. Coastal produced trees exposed to temperatures > - 12°C had 50 ± 9.8% needle loss at the end of the experiment, while Rocky Mountain trees ended with 22 ± 3.2% needle loss. Four additional treatments consisted of trees placed on an outdoor lot and periodically moved indoors to simulate Christmas tree market activity. Again, there was a significant difference between trees from coastal and Rocky Mountain sources, with 57.2 ± 4.3% and 11.8 ± 1.2% needle loss after 3 days, respectively. By the end of the 23 day experiment, the coastal trees were essentially devoid of needles, whereas Rocky Mountain trees had an average of only 20% needle loss. Coastal trees also exhibited a very noticeable loss of color and lustre. North. J. Appl. For. 7:86-89, June 1990.
Tax Reform and Christmas Tree Profits in the Lake States
Authors: Potter-Witter Karen , Leefers Larry A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Tax Reform Act of 1986 had a large impact on the profits of Christmas tree growers. Growers have significant costs for at least 7 years before they realize any returns. Prior to the Tax Reform Act, 60% of these returns were exempt from federal income tax if they qualified as long-term capital gains. Currently 100% of these returns are subject to taxation. Using a comprehensive survey of production costs of Michigan Christmas tree growers, this study found that after-tax rates of return dropped from 41% down to 31.6% for Scotch pine on an 8-year rotation. Other species and rotation showed corresponding decreases. North. J. Appl. For. 7:89-91, June 1990.
White Spruce Regeneration on a Blade-Scarified Alaskan Loess Soil1
Authors: Packee Edmond C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Following hardwood removal from a mixed spruce-birch-aspen forest stand, portions of the stand were blade-scarified to encourage natural white spruce regeneration. Six years after treatment the number and height of white spruce seedlings were significantly greater on scarified than on unscarified plots. Whereas 100% of scarified sample plots contained five or more seedlings, 73% of unscarified plots contained no seedlings. Exposure of mineral soil and removal of grass competition are essential for the satisfactory natural regeneration of white spruce. Detailed regeneration surveys should not be considered for white spruce until seedlings are 15 cm tall, typically the fifth or sixth year after site preparation. North. J. Appl. For. 7:121-123, September 1990.
An Aspen Bark Factor Equation for Michigan
Authors: Fowler Gary W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A multiple linear regression equation was developed to predict bark factor for aspen in Michigan as a function of tree height. Bark factors for bigtooth aspen were, in general, somewhat larger than bark factors for trembling aspen. Even though equations were developed for both species, the differences between the two equations were small, and not statistically significant, and a pooled equation based on both species is recommended. The pooled prediction equation yielded average relative errors from - 2.3 to 0.87% and - 1.02 to 3.83% at all tree heights for bigtooth and trembling aspen, respectively. For more accurate predictions of bark factor, the separate prediction equations for bigtooth and trembling aspen should be used. The new equations can be used to more accurately estimate tree and log wood volumes than when using a constant bark factor determined at breast height, which, in general, leads to underestimates of wood volumes. North. J. Appl. For 8(1):12-15.
Cable Yarding a Shelterwood Overstory in White Spruce Timber
Authors: Richmond Allen P. , Sampson George R. , Gasbarro Anthony F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A shelterwood overstory from a 1972 seed cutting was felled with chainsaws and cable yarded with a Clearwater yarder in March and April 1987. Daily and yarding cycle data were collected to determine productivity and costs. Felling and yarding costs ranged from $53 to $61 per mbf when only merchantable timber was yarded. The costs rose to $83 to $90 per mbf when unmerchantable tops were also yarded. The data presented in this study provide loggers and forest managers with an estimate of the costs involved when using the Clearwater yarder to harvest green spruce.
Type and Timing of Thinning Hybrid Poplar Coppice Affects Growth
Authors: Druck Norman , Strobl Silvia 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
To optimize the growth of a hybrid poplar coppice plantation, a thinning trial was established in eastern Ontario. Four treatments were investigated: (1) thinning stools to one dominant sprout with residuals clipped at a height of 1 m (to increase operational efficiency of thinning), (2) thinning to one dominant sprout with residuals completely removed, (3) thinning to three dominant sprouts with residuals completely removed, and (4) no thinning. All treatments were performed at the beginning of either the third or fifth growing seasons (timing treatment one and two, respectively). When the 7-yr-old data were analyzed (i.e., 5 growing seasons after timing treatment one and 3 growing seasons after timing treatment two), thinning did not increase dominant sprout growth and significantly larger quantities of wood fiber were produced with lower thinning intensities or no thinning because of the greater number of sprouts per stool. Results of this trial suggest there is no advantage to thinning hybrid poplar coppice after the beginning of the third growing season. North. J. Appl. For. 8(4):166-168.
Cavity-Nesting Bird Abundance in Thinned Versus Unthinned Massachusetts Oak Stands
Authors: Welsh Christopher J. E. , Healy William M. , DeGraaf Richard M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Cavity-nesting birds provide significant benefits to forest communities, but timber management techniques may negatively affect cavity-nesting species by reducing the availability of suitable nest and foraging sites. We surveyed cavity-nesting birds from transects in eight Massachusetts oak stands to examine the effect of thinning with retention of snag and wildlife trees on bird use of those stands. We found no difference (P > 0.05) in number of primary- and secondary-cavity nesters detected per km among thinned and unthinned stands when snag and wildlife trees were retained during thinning Our stands ranged from 13.0-51.9 ha and were surrounded by pole- and sawtimber-sized stands. Intermediate cuttings on areas of similar size can be conducted without reducing cavity-nesting bird abundance if forest managers include wildlife considerations when planning and marking stands for harvest. North. J. Appl. For. 9(1):6-9.
Determining Stocking, Forest Type, and Stand-Size Class From Forest Inventory Data
Authors: Hansen Mark H. , Hahn Jerold T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper describes the procedures used by North Central Forest Experiment Station's Forest Inventory and Analysis Work Unit (NCFIA) in determining stocking, forest type, and stand-size class. The stocking procedure assigns a portion of the stocking to individual trees measured on NCFIA 10-point field plots. Stand size and forest type are determined as functions of the stocking, size, and species of these trees and the physiographic classification of the site. One stand-size classification algorithm used in all states inventoried by NCFIA is described. Three separate forest type classification algorithms used in the Lake States (MI, MN, and WI), Plains States (KS, NE, ND, and SD) and Central States (IA, IL, IN, and MO) are presented. North. J. Appl. For. 9(3):82-89.
Natural Recovery of Compacted Soils in an Upland Hardwood Forest in Indiana
Authors: Reisinger Thomas W. , Pope Phillip E. , Hammond Sheldon C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Recovery of soils compacted from conventional ground-based logging operations was assessed on six upland oak-hickory timber sales in south central Indiana. Two areas were selectively harvested in each of the years 1984, 1986, and 1988. Mean bulk density of undisturbed forest soils ranged from 0.93 to 1.02 mg/m3 for the silt loam soils found on all six study areas. Even though soil disturbance averaged 18% of the total sale area immediately after harvesting, the visible amount of soil disturbance decreased to 2.0 and 2.5% for the areas sampled 2 and 4 years after logging, respectively. Compacted soils on secondary skid trails (i.e., 1.08 mg/m3) recovered to preharvest bulk density in 2 to 4 years, but primary skid trails and landings with higher bulk density values (i.e., 1.19 to 1.28 and 1.35 mg/m3) will require somewhat longer than 4 years to recover. North. J. Appl. For. 9(4):138-141.
3D RECONSTRUCTION OF INNER STRUCTURE OF RADIOACTIVE SAMPLES UTILIZING GAMMA TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Zoul David , Zháňal Pavel , Viererbl Ladislav , Kolros Antonín , Zuna Milan , Havlová Václava 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Unique 3D tomography apparatus was built and successfully tested in Research Centre Rez. The apparatus allows three-dimensional view into the interior of low-dimension radioactive samples with a diameter up to several tens of millimeters with a betterresolution then 1 mm3 and is designed to detect domains with different levels of radioactivity. Structural inhomogeneities such as cavities, cracks or regions with different chemical composition can be detected using this equipment. The SPECT scanner has been successfully tested on several samples composed of a 3-mm radionuclide source located eccentrically within homogeneous steel bushings. To detect fine cracks inside a small sample, an ultrafine scan of the sample was carried out in the course of 24 hours with a 0.5-mm longitudinal and transverse step and 18° angular step. The exact location and orientation of a fine crack artificially formed inside a sample has been detected.
Mycorrhizae Benefit Survival and Growth of Sweetgum Seedlings in the Nursery
Authors: Bryan William C. , Kormanik Paul P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In small plots where soil was fumigated with methyl bromide before sowing, roots of sweet-gum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) seedlings were non-mycorrhizal. When such soil was inoculated with naturalist occurring endomycorrhizal fungi, or with a pure culture of Glomus mosseae, 1-0 seedlings were thrifty, averaging eight times taller and approximately 80 times greater in ovendry top weight than the non-mycorrhizal controls.
Increasing Southern Pine Timber Production Through Tree Improvement
Authors: Zobel Bruce 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Increasing pressures on the pine timber supply in the South make it mandatory to find ways to increase the inventory. One effective way is through tree improvement. A major objective is to improve adaptability and maintain a broad genetic base, needed both for short-term development for marginal sites and for long-range breeding programs. Results have been good, with a number of specialty orchards already established. Accomplishments through tree improvement are: (1) volume increases varying from 10 to 30 percent for first-generation orchards, depending on selection intensity, roguing methods, and breeding strategy; (2) improvement in tree form, especially straightness; (3) proof that specific gravity of wood is strongly inherited; and (4) gains in fusiform rust resistance up to 40 percent in heavily infected areas.
Potential Mineral Release in Loblolly and Longleaf Pine Litter
Authors: Curtis Jack E. , Reeves Hershel C. , Halls Lowell K. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Litter in three loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands contains more calcium in longleaf pine (P. palustris Mill.) stands of the same age, but similar amounts of potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus.
Rooting of Cuttings from Mature Water Oak
Authors: Hare Robert C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Seventy-six percent of the cuttings taken from girdled shoots of 19 to 57-year-old water oaks rooted in one month; only 20 percent of the control cuttings, which were not girdled, rooted. Girdled shoots were treated with a rooting powder containing auxins, sucrose, and fungicide in early May, six weeks before cuttings were taken and inserted in a rooting medium. Control cuttings received the same powder just before insertion in the rooting medium. Girdling also increased the number of roots on and survival of rooted cuttings.
Analyzing Alternative Management Strategies for Unthinned Plantations
Authors: Pienaar L. V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
When a tract of land is used to produce timber by planting and clearcutting plantations of single species, the expected financial return will depend on the choice of species, planting density, and harvest age, as well as establishment and interest costs. An analytical procedure which will aid in these decisions, rather than provide an explicit optimum solution, is demonstrated for old-field slash pine plantations in the coastal region of Georgia.
Tolerance of Planed Hardwoods to Spring Flooding
Authors: Baker James B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Cuttings of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) and seedlings of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica), American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) were planted on a slackwater clay (Vertic Haplaquept) in western Mississippi in two consecutive years and inundated soon after foliation. During each of the two years, survival following flooding was consistently high for water tupelo, green ash, and sycamore, low for cottonwood, and intermediate for sweetgum. With the exception of green ash, however, all species lost their leaves and died back to the root collar during flooding. Thus trees, other than ash, that were living at the end of the growing season had originated from root collar sprouts.
Performance of Eastern White Pine and Competing Vegetation Following Two Methods of Stand Conversion
Authors: Freeman Phillip C. , Van Lear D. H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Growth and survival of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings planted beneath a residual hardwood overstory were compared for two growing seasons with seedlings in a clearcut area in the Piedmont of South Carolina. After two growing seasons, average diameter of white pine seedlings was significantly greater in the clearcut area. Seedling diameters in the clearcut were further increased by herbicide spraying, but not in the residual overstory plots where overstory competition inhibited sprout growth. Neither height growth nor survival (49 percent overall) of white pine seedlings was influenced by any treatment combination.
Lumber Yield and Grade Recovery from Southern Pine Sawtimber after Beetle Attack
Authors: Sinclair Steven A. , Ifju Gezu , Heikkenen H. J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Dead southern pine sawtimber previously attacked by bark beetles was harvested 12 months after foliage fade and converted into lumber. Lumber yield on a volume and grade basis was significantly less for the beetle-killed trees than for a similar set of normal green trees. Upper logs of the beetle-killed trees showed a more serious grade and volume loss than the lower logs. Decay and borer damage were the main causes of grade yield loss.
Forest Harvesting Equipment Ownership and Operating Costs in 1984
Authors: Werblow Dennis A. , Cubbage Frederick W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forest harvesting equipment purchase costs in 1984 were determined by a survey of equipment dealers and manufacturers operating in the South. Based on delivered purchase prices, fixed costs for equipment ownership were calculated using machine rate formulas. Equipment operating costs were estimated based on general guidelines, fuel consumption data, and historical records. The fixed and operating cost data can be used when considering equipment investments and analyzing actual or potential harvesting systems.
Survival and Growth of Outplanted Pine Seedlings after Mycorrhizae Were Inhibited by Use of Triadimefon in the Nursery
Authors: Rowan S. J. , Kelley W. D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Triadimefon (Bayleton®), applied as foliar sprays at recommended and higher rates to pine seedlings in nursery beds, inhibited development of mycorrhizal roots, but subsequent survival percentages and rates of growth of the seedlings in plantations were not affected.
Filter Strip Widths for Forest Roads in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Swift Lloyd W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Filter strip standards currently applied to forest roads in the southern Appalachian Mountains may specify greater widths than are necessary with prevailing construction practices. Measurements of the distance that sediment traveled downslope below newly constructed roads were less than previously reported. Distances were notably less if natural obstructions existed on the forest floor, brush barriers constructed at the edge of the right-of-way, road fills grass-covered, and roads outsloped and drained by broad-based dips. Discussion of management considerations lead to proposed revised guidelines for minimum filter strip widths for the southern mountains.
Area Foresters and Virginia Seed Tree Law Effectiveness
Authors: Graff John , Kaiser Fred 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An eight-county survey evaluated the effectiveness of the Seed Tree Law in Virginia. The survey revealed that reforestation activities occurred on 79% of the area harvested. The analysis also revealed that because they provided information on reforestation options to landowners, area foresters were key components to the success or failure of the Seed Tree Law.
Management Options for Poorly Stocked Stands in the South Central United States
Authors: Birdsey Richard A. , Pitcher J. A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the south central United States more than 22 million acres of timberland are now poorly stocked. Three-fourths of this poorly stocked timberland is in nonindustrial private forest ownership. Much of this acreage could be developed into satisfactory timber stands with additional treatment efforts. Opportunities to improve the quality, growth, and yield of partially stocked timberlands are often neglected. The control of competing vegetation to favor current growing stock must be assessed as an alternative to clearing and planting.
South. J. Appl. For. 10:73-77, May 1986.