bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells utilize the notch signaling pathway to induce apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells via NF-κB sensor
Authors: Lin Nan , Yao Zhicheng , Xu Linan , Xu Mingxin , Yuan Lin , Zhuang Haiyun , Lin Yang , Xu Ruiyun 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The present study aimed at evaluating the mechanism by which functionality of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is modulated by bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Induction of apoptosis in HSCs was found to be caused by directly co-culturing HSCs with BMSCs, where the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) increased significantly in HSCs, along with an increase in their proliferation rate. Additionally, expression of Hes1 and Notch1 in HSCs co-cultured with BMSCs increased significantly at both protein and mRNA levels. Blocking of the notch signaling pathway (NSP) either by Notch1 siRNA or by DAPT treatment increased the proliferation rate while decreasing apoptosis and led to activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in HSCs co-cultured with BMSCs. These effects were found to be reversed in HSCs overexpressing IκB S32/S36 mutants. The Notch signaling-mediated cell-cell contact was partially involved in the significant inhibition of proliferation of HSCs by BMSCs. Additionally, the NF-κB pathway was found to be responsible for NSP-mediated inhibition of growth of HSCs in the co-culture system. Thus, BMSCs might have a potential therapeutic significance in treating hepatic fibrosis.
Non-pharmacological management of gestational diabetes: The role of myo-inositol
Authors: Guardo Federica Di , Currò Jessica Marika , Valenti Gaetano , Rossetti Paola , Di Gregorio Luisa Maria , Conway Francesca , Chiofalo Benito , Garzon Simone , Bruni Simone , Rizzo Gianluca 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common metabolic disorder occurring in pregnancy.
GDM plays an important role in the current diabetes epidemic: exposure to a high glycemic environment during the early stages of development increases the risk of the fetus to develop type two diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in adult life.
Various cardiometabolic risk factors are linked to GDM. A thorough knowledge of the risk factors and genes involved in the development of GDM, along with an understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are crucial to properly identify patients at risk of developing this condition. There is growing evidence showing that myo-inositol, combined with an appropriate therapeutic regimen for GDM, can provide additional benefits to the patient. The aim of this review is to analyze the role of inositol isomers – especially myo-inositol (MYO-INS) – in the treatment of patients with GDM.
The crystal structure of (E)-4-((4-(diethylamino)benzylidene)amino)-N,N-diphenylaniline, C29H29N3
Authors: Liu Yue , Yang Zhou-Hua , Ni Jian-Jun , Liu Zhaod-Di 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
C29H29N3, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 10.677(4) Å, b = 11.325(4) Å, c = 21.530(8) Å, α = 88.026(5)°, β = 75.646(5)°, γ = 71.504(4)°, V = 2389.0(15) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0663, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.2002, T = 293(2) K.
Philosophical Theology and Evolutionary Anthropology
Authors: Breul Martin 
Published: September 2019

Summary
Being one of most influential anthropologists of contemporary times, Michael Tomasello and his groundbreaking evolutionary approach to a natural history of human beings are still to be received by theological anthropology. This article aims at evaluating the prospects and limitations of Tomasello’s natural history of human ontogeny from a philosophical and theological perspective. The major advantages of Tomasello’s approach are a new conceptual perspective on the mind-brain problem and a possible detranscendentalization of the human mind which leads to an intersubjectively grounded anthropology. At the same time, evolutionary anthropology struggles with the binding force of moral obligations and the human ability to interpret one’s existence and the world in a religious way. This article thus offers a first theological inventory of Tomasello’s account of evolutionary anthropology which praises its prospects and detects its limitations.
Theology and Philosophy of Care
Authors: Peltomäki Isto 
Published: September 2019

Summary
This paper explores pastoral care as a common task of all Christians in the light of theology and philosophy of love in contemporary Finnish Lutheran theology. Pastoral care is about taking care of one’s suffering neighbours, which theologically is about love. The so-called Finnish school of Luther studies considered Luther as a theologian of love. Finnish theological ethics has concentrated on interpretation of Luther’s theology. Luther’s concept of love has been reinterpreted by Risto Saarinen with the idea of gift and recognition. Following Saarinen, and Jaana Hallamaa’s ethical theory of agency, the paper illustrates how the Lutheran idea of love can be based on agency, gift giving and reciprocity and so be understood as praxis in terms of Christian life. To conclude, the question of what makes caring Christian in nature, or pastoral care in other words, is explored in the light of faith as trust.
Charles Dickens and the Rhetoric of Law in David Copperfield
Authors: Soccio Anna Enrichetta 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In the Victorian age, a period of rapid changes and social and cultural advancement, the preoccupation with modernizing the law system emerged as a concern for both law experts and ordinary people. However, it was the realist novel that drew particular attention to the inadequacy and inefficiency of a system that needed to be reformed. Charles Dickens was the Victorian novelist who, more than any of his fellow writers, never missed the opportunity to speak of law and justice, allowing his experience in the field to reveal the oddities and idiosyncrasies of the legal system. In David Copperfield, Dickens unmercifully criticizes laws and legal procedures but at the same time he proposes changes. In the middle of the century, the laws on marriage and divorce were frequently debated in the press and in Parliament. Dickens chooses his most autobiographical novel to give his own view on those matters as well as on the necessity to reform law courts at large.
Gentlemanliness, Status and Law in Anthony Trollope’s Lady Anna
Authors: Antinucci Raffaella 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Despite the little critical attention it has received, Lady Anna is exemplary in Trollope’s output as a novel in which contemporary ideas of Englishness, gentlemanliness and the law are not only questioned, but also complicated and conflated in various ways. Whereas the majority of scholars have focused their analyses on the legal intricacies of the dispute involving Lady Anna and occasionally on the reflection on true gentlemanliness, which indeed is the central concern of the novel (most often simply to ascertain whether the son of a tailor could be a gentleman or not), the present contribution intends to re-assess the paradigms of masculinities embodied by the male protagonists of Trollope’s novel, and to verify to what extent the gentlemanly status can also be granted to the law’s representatives, in particular to the Solicitor-General Sir William Patterson in both his private and public roles. The various and opposite criteria adopted by the different characters to judge and define a gentleman mirror the epistemological changes that had been re-shaping the debate on its figure, thus disclosing a social texture in which old and new notions of gentlemanliness co-existed.
Late-Victorian Experiences with Italian Legislation: Stories of Sex, Madness and Social Commitment
Authors: Bizzotto Elisa 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Given their love for Italy, which often represented for them a second home country, it was not unusual for late-Victorian writers and intellectuals to have direct experiences with Italian laws. The article presents four “case studies” of late-Victorian authors living in Italy and analyses their reactions to such diverse issues as homosexuality, madness and artistic heritage in relation to the Italian law system and by providing a comparative perspective with English legislation. The contribution also considers these authors’ narratives of their responses to Italian laws in both published and private writings that cover a variety of genres and evidence cultural differences and conflicts, though not always in an expected way.
Monetary Policy and Unnatural Low Interest Rates: Secular Stagnation or Financial Repression?
Authors: van Riet Ad 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMarket interest rates have been on a declining trend over the past 35 years in all advanced economies, even reaching negative territory in some European jurisdictions. This article reviews two competing explanations for the occurrence of unnatural low interest rates. The secular stagnation hypothesis of Keynesian origin maintains that persistent non-monetary factors have caused a structural excess of desired savings over planned investments which steadily pushed down the equilibrium real interest rate that is consistent with a balanced economy. Major central banks in turn failed to sufficiently lower their monetary policy rates to revive aggregate demand, leading to anaemic economic recoveries and hysteresis effects. By contrast, the financial repression doctrine argues that central banks pursued low interest rates to ease the government budget constraint and serve political objectives. The Austrian School of Economics states that this monetary easing bias sowed the seeds of repeated boom/bust cycles and created economic distortions that dragged down potential growth and the equilibrium real interest rate. The core of the debate appears to be the long-standing controversy about the desirable role for the state in guiding the economy on a higher potential growth path as opposed to relying on the efficiency of market processes in generating prosperity.
Semantic innocence and Kaplanian inferences
Authors: Valtonen Pasi 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe core of Christopher Hom and Robert May’s semantic innocence is the thesis that ethnic slurs have empty extensions. Thereby, a slurring term makes any non-negated slurring sentence false. At the same time, Hom and May emphasise that the most important task in the study of slurs is to explain non-xenophobic understanding of slurs. In this paper, I argue that there is a conflict between the two claims. I show this with Kaplanian inferences, which, in my view, are crucial for the non-xenophobic understanding. After all, slurs offend us because we understand them.
Evaluation ofTrichoderma atroviride and Trichoderma citrinoviride growth profiles and their potentials as biocontrol agent and biofertilizer
Authors: Gezgin Yüksel , Maral Gül Derya , Sözer Şenşatar Seçil , Kara Can Uraz , Sargın Sayit , Sukan Fazilet Vardar , Eltem Rengin 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Two Trichoderma species (T. atroviride and T. citrinoviride) were evaluated for their potential to have Trichoderma-based biological control agent and biofertilizer properties.

Materials and Methods
Eight Trichoderma spp. were identified by molecular methods. The mycoparasitic activities against different phytopathogenic fungi and their capacity to produce extracellular lytic enzymes were investigated. Furthermore, indole-3-acetic acid production and phosphate solubilization capabilities of Trichoderma spp. were evaluated together with the effect of some physical parameters and different carbon:nitrogen sources on mycelial growth and conidium production.

Results and Discussion
All strains exhibited lytic enzymes and indole-3 acetic acid production as well as phosphate solubility characteristics. Trichoderma citrinoviride demostrated more mycoparasitic activity against Fusarium oxysporium than T. atroviride whereas T. atroviride was found more effective against Rhizoctonia solani. In particular, at lower temperatures, conidium production of T. atroviride strains were significantly higher than T. citrinoviride strains. Both strains grew well on all carbon sources tested. The effect of organic nitrogen sources on growth were notably higher than inorganic nitrogen sources.

Conclusion
The results provided valuable insight in both the highest mycelial growth and conidia production conditions of these cultures for further similar studies related to development of Trichoderma-based new commercial biological control and biofertilizer formulations in different agro-climatic regions.
Sobre fontes para a história do português: testemunhos, edições e variantes
Authors: Brocardo Maria Teresa 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This paper deals with extant written records from Portuguese past stages (Medieval period) that are explored as sources for linguistic diachronic studies. Its objective is to argue that, complementarily to the retrieving of data from (smaller or larger) text corpora, the close analysis of an individual «witness» (as opposed to the somewhat vague concept of «text», in particular in the medieval domain) may enable the retrieving of relevant linguistic data. To support this claim, two types of examples are presented: the close analysis of some editorial corrections (in editions of late 13th century texts) and the comparison and description of variants from two witnesses of the same text (late 15th century). In both cases, the linguistic data which are described are only accessible in the editions’ critical apparatus, which leads to the discussion of how to eventually make this data accessible also in text corpora.
Clinical challenges of a co-secreting TSH/GH pituitary adenoma
Authors: Ng Hui Yi , Namboodiri Divya , Learoyd Diana , Davidson Andrew , Champion Bernard , Preda Veronica 
Published: September 2019

Summary
Co-secreting thyrotropin/growth hormone (GH) pituitary adenomas are rare; their clinical presentation and long-term management are challenging. There is also a paucity of long-term data. Due to the cell of origin, these can behave as aggressive tumours. We report a case of a pituitary plurihormonal pit-1-derived macroadenoma, with overt clinical hyperthyroidism and minimal GH excess symptoms. The diagnosis was confirmed by pathology showing elevated thyroid and GH axes with failure of physiological GH suppression, elevated pituitary glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit (αGSU) and macroadenoma on imaging. Pre-operatively the patient was rendered euthyroid with carbimazole and underwent successful transphenoidal adenomectomy (TSA) with surgical cure. Histopathology displayed an elevated Ki-67 of 5.2%, necessitating long-term follow-up.

Learning points:

Thyrotropinomas are rare and likely under-diagnosed due to under-recognition of secondary hyperthyroidism.

Thyrotropinomas and other plurihormonal pit-1-derived adenomas are more aggressive adenomas according to WHO guidelines.

Co-secretion occurs in 30% of thyrotropinomas, requiring diligent investigation and long-term follow-up of complications.
Pulsed intravenous methylprednisolone combined with oral steroids as a treatment for poorly responsive type 2 amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis
Authors: Campi Irene , Perego Giovanni B , Ravogli Antonella , Groppelli Antonella , Parati Gianfranco , Persani Luca , Fugazzola Laura 
Published: September 2019

Objectives
Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) affects up to 3% of treated patients. Type 2 AIT (AIT2) is a destructive thyroiditis and is usually treated with medium-high oral doses of prednisone. As AIT may worsen the underlying heart disease, a rapid control of thyroid function is desirable. We aimed to determine whether a combined intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) pulses therapy associated to prednisone in the interpulse period can represent an efficient and safe alternative to urgent total thyroidectomy in patients with AIT2 not responsive to prednisone alone.

Design and methods
Patients presenting with a severe AIT2 studied in a tertiary referral Center from August 2018 to April 2019. We included four patients requiring a rapid improvement of thyroid function for their underlying cardiac disorders. The baseline doses of oral prednisone (range: 5–12.5 mg/day) and IVMP (range: 250–500 twice a week) were determined according to the severity of the thyrotoxicosis and were titrated based on clinical response.

Results
Combined treatment was effective in all patients in the prompt restoration of euthyroidism and no major adverse events were reported during the follow-up. In all cases, FT4 and FT3 levels normalized at 3–5 weeks of treatment. A permanent hypothyroidism was observed in one patient, 3 months after the discontinuation of treatment.

Conclusions
We report for the first time that the combined intravenous and oral steroid therapy is effective in patients with AIT2. The treatment is well tolerated and leads to a rapid improvement of thyroid function, avoiding urgent total thyroidectomy and favoring a quick functional recovery and rehabilitation of cardiac patients.
Effect of insulin resistance on whole blood mRNA and microRNA expression affecting bone turnover
Authors: Razny Urszula , Polus Anna , Goralska Joanna , Zdzienicka Anna , Gruca Anna , Kapusta Maria , Biela Maria , Dembinska-Kiec Aldona , Solnica Bogdan , Malczewska-Malec Malgorzata 
Published: September 2019

Objective
To evaluate the effect of insulin resistance in obesity on the expression in whole blood of mRNA and miRNA affecting bone homeostasis as well as to estimate the influence of oral glucose load (OGTT) on serum osteocalcin concentration in obese individuals with and without insulin resistance.

Design
Cross-sectional study.

Methods
Carboxylated (cOC), undercarboxylated (ucOC) and total osteocalcin were measured by ELISA in the serum of obese subjects with insulin resistance (n = 41) and obese subjects without insulin resistance (n = 41) (control group) during OGTT. Analysis of gene expression (microarray) and miRNAs (real-time PCR) was performed in venous blood (representating samples) collected before OGTT from obese with insulin resistance and controls.

Results
Obese subjects with insulin resistance (higher HOMA-IR and lower oral glucose insulin sensitivity index) presented significantly increased expression of WNT signalling inhibitors (DKK1, DKK2, SOST, SFRP1) and downregulation of the key factor in WNT signalling – β catenin participating in osteoblasts differentiation. Expression of miRNA involved in osteoblastogenesis was also inhibited (miR-29b, miR-181a, miR-210, miR-324-3p). During OGTT, contrary to the control group, subjects with insulin resistance presented suppression of cOC and total OC decrease after 1 and 2 h of oral glucose load.

Conclusions
Obese subjects with insulin resistance may have defects in osteoblastogenesis that was demonstrated via key signalling molecules mRNA downregulation, and increased expression of WNT antagonists as well as inhibition of expression of miRNA participating in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation. Disturbed osteoblastogenesis in insulin-resistant subjects results in the suppression of blood carboxylated and total osteocalcin decrease during OGTT.
On the Old Icelandic Riddle Collection Heiðreksgátur
Authors: Vijūnas Aurelijus 
Published: September 2019

In this article, the language of the Old Icelandic riddle collection Heiðreksgátur is studied, paying attention to its tropes (kennings and heiti), humour, and narration techniques. In addition to this, also literary links with other poems of the Poetic Edda are discussed.
Ad hoc Taxonomies: A Baltic Parallel to the Scandinavian Absolute Positives
Authors: Holvoet Axel , Spraunienė Birutė 
Published: September 2019

The article deals with the extension of definite markers into the domain of indefinite NPs in Scandinavian and Baltic. Definite articles evolving further down the grammaticalization path typically become markers of specificity (Greenberg 1978, Himmelmann 1998), but the development of definite markers in Baltic and Scandinavian languages (formally divergent as Baltic uses definite adjectives as the principal grammatical means of marking definiteness whereas Scandinavian employs definite articles for this purpose) has taken a different direction. After a brief discussion of the different types of extension of definite markers beyond their core domain in Baltic and Scandinavian, we focus on a specific construction in Scandinavian, the so-called ‘absolute positives’. We suggest that this construction is parallelled by certain Latvian constructions with definite adjectives, the effect being, in both cases, that of evoking ad hoc taxonomies. Finally, we present some considerations on the possible origin of the constructions discussed.
Are the Scandinavian Gods of Indo-European Heritage?
Authors: Liberman Anatoly 
Published: September 2019

The origin of Germanic deities poses the question familiar from the study of phonemes, grammatical forms, and syntactic constructions: Indo-European heritage or local descent? Since from medieval Germania only Scandinavian mythology has come down to us, discussion centers around Othin, Thor, Týr, Baldr, etc. None of them has ascertainable roots in Indo-European, even when etymology points in that direction. Nor has George Dumézil succeeded in showing that the Indo-European and the Scandinavian pantheon, with their alleged tripartite division, are a good match, but from the nature of the case the question remains open.
The Study of The Validity of The Surface Structure of Holy Quran
Authors: Rezaei Esmaeil 
Published: September 2019

The validity of the surface structure of the Holy Qur'an is one of the most important Qur'anic debates, which also affects the issues of Islamic law. The meaning of surface structure of the Qur'an is that the surface structure of the Qur'an is understandable to every reader and listener, as well as any human text, and that which man understands the surface structure of the Qur'an by means of verbal and illogical indications. The current paper examines the validity of the surface structure of the Holy Quran, following expanding the conceptual subject of the research. Given the thematic documents presented, this is a descriptive-analytical paper with library sources data collection tool. The findings indicate that: The most important reason for believing in the validity of the Holy Qur'an surface structure is that this holy scripture includes the plan of human happiness in the world and the Hereafter. Therefore, if the surface structure of the Holy Quran is not justified, how one can use its surface structure to answer difficult questions that limited human reason is incapable of answering. In addition, the Holy Qur'an, although revelation and has been revealed by God, but because it is revealed in the form of words, it is governed by the principles and rules governing all languages, among which are the validity of their surface structure for those familiar with the language. Keabsahan struktur permukaan Al-Qur'an adalah salah satu perdebatan Al-Qur'an yang paling penting karena mempengaruhi masalah hukum Islam. Makna struktur permukaan Al-Qur'an adalah bahwa struktur permukaan Al-Qur'an dapat dipahami oleh setiap pembaca dan pendengar, serta teks manusia mana pun, dan apa yang dipahami manusia oleh struktur permukaan Al-Qur'an dengan cara indikasi verbal dan tidak logis. Penelitian ini meneliti validitas struktur permukaan Al-Qur'an, dengan memperluas subjek konseptual penelitian. Mengingat dokumen tematik yang disajikan, pendekatan deskriptif-analitis dengan alat pengumpulan data sumber perpustakaan. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa: alasan paling penting untuk percaya pada validitas struktur permukaan Al-Qur'an adalah bahwa kitab suci ini mencakup rencana kebahagiaan manusia di dunia dan akhirat. Karena itu, jika struktur permukaan Al-Qur'an tidak benar, bagaimana seseorang dapat menggunakan struktur permukaannya untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan sulit yang membatasi akal manusia. Selain itu, Alquran, meskipun wahyu dari Allah, tetapi karena diturunkan dalam bentuk kata-kata, diatur oleh prinsip dan aturan yang mengatur semua bahasa, di antaranya adalah validitas struktur permukaan untuk mereka yang terbiasa dengan bahasa.