bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compliance program como herramienta en la lucha contra la corrupción en Ecuador
Authors: Miranda Cifuentes José Ignacio 
Published: February 2019

Los programas de cumplimiento normativo o compliance program tienen como objetivo evitar el cometimiento de delitos dentro de una organización determinada, por este motivo, frente a la problemática de la corrupción en nuestro paí­s, estos programas surgen como una opción justificada para identificar y sancionar las prácticas corruptas dentro de una organizacion. Sin embargo, en nuestro paí­s no se encuentra regulada la institución del compliance program, por lo que resulta menester implementar esta institución en nuestro ordenamiento jurí­dico para, desde una polí­tica de prevención eficaz, beneficiarnos de la práctica del compliance y sus efectos.
The Uptake of E-Commerce Services In Johannesburg
Authors: Worku Yohannes Bekele , Muchie Mammo 
Published: February 2019

The aim of study was to assess the pace of adoption and quality of E-Commerce services that are provided to customers in Johannesburg, South Africa. Data was collected from 180 E-Commerce enterprises operating in Fourways, Eastgate and Rosebank. A one-way multivariate analysis of variance model (MANOVA) with maximum likelihood estimation was used for comparing the three business districts of Johannesburg with regards to the average cost of services and the average length of time required for providing services to customers. The adequacy of E-Commerce services provided to customers was assessed based on criteria defined by Bonson et al. [1]. The study showed that there was no significant difference among the three business districts of Johannesburg with regards to both variables of comparison (cost and time). The results showed that the pace of adoption of E-Commerce services in the three business districts was significantly influenced by a combination of technological and organisational factors. The study has shown that E-Commerce enterprises in Johannesburg need assistance from the City of Johannesburg in areas related to infrastructure, economic incentives, skills-based training, and monitoring and evaluation.
EFECTO DE LA DIETA SOBRE LA MODULACIÓN DE LA MICROBIOTA EN EL DESARROLLO DE LA OBESIDAD
Authors: Suarez Dieguez Teodoro , Galvan Marcos , López Rodriguez G. , Olivo Diana , Olvera Nájera Mariza 
Published: February 2019

Hoy en día, la microbiota gastrointestinal se ha transformado en un tema de investigación dinámica para dilucidar su relación con la dieta y la salud metabólica del huésped. En los últimos años se ha reconocido que la microbiota intestinal presenta una interacción estrecha en la regulación de la homeostasis inmune humana y el metabolismo, esto con lleva a nuevas oportunidades para la prevención de la obesidad y las enfermedades metabólicas asociadas como la diabetes tipo 2, para generar estrategias en el tratamiento de enfermedades metabólicos y sobre todo en esclarecer la prevalencia de la obesidad. En recientes investigaciones se ha establecido elementos que permiten establecer a la microbiota intestinal como un mediador sobre el impacto de la dieta, el estado metabólico y el peso corporal del huésped. Los mecanismos que permite una relación de la microbiota del intestino con la obesidad son generados mediante la combinación de modelos con animales de experimentación y ensayos clínicos. El reto fundamental del tema es la capacidad en establecer la causalidad de la relación entre la nutrición, la microbiota y la salud del huésped, así como los factores que inciden sobre los cambios en el peso corporal del individuo. Palabras clave: microbiota, tratamiento dietético, obesidad. ABSTRACTToday, the gastrointestinal microbiota has been transformed into a dynamic research topic to elucidate its relationship with diet and metabolic health of the host. In recent years it has been recognized that the intestinal microbiota presents a close interaction in the regulation of human immune homeostasis and metabolism, leading to new opportunities for the prevention of obesity and associated metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, to generate strategies in the treatment of metabolic diseases and especially in clarifying the prevalence of obesity. Recent research has established elements that allow establishing the intestinal microbiota as a mediator on the impact of diet, metabolic status and body weight of the host. The mechanisms allowing a relationship of the intestinal microbiota with obesity are generated by combining models with experimental animals and clinical trials. The fundamental challenge of the subject is the ability to establish the causality of the relationship between nutrition, microbiota and the health of the host, as well as the factors that influence the changes in the individual's body weight. Keywords: microbiota, dietary treatment, obesity.
Cacat Yuridis dan Cacat Administrasi Dalam Pembatalan Sertifikat Hak Atas Tanah
Authors: Ikhwansyah Isis , . Djumardin 
Published: February 2019

Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk menjawab dua isu hukum utama yaitu : 1). Indikator apakah yang menjadi syarat adanya cacat yuridis dan cacat administrasi dalam proses penerbitan sertifikat hak atas tanah oleh Badan Pertanahan Nasional (BPN)? 2). Bagaimanakah implikasi yuridis legalitas sertifikat kepemilikan hak atas tanah yang mengandung cacad yuridis dan cacad administrasi?
Jenis penelitian yang digunakan yaitu penelitian hukum normatif Dengan menggunakan pedekatan, perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan kasus. Tekhnik pengumpulan bahan hukum dilakukan dengan cara penelitian kepustakaan dan analisis secara kualitatif dengan pola berpikir menggunakan metode kajian induktif.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : 1). Bahwa dengan mengacu pada Ketentuan Pasal 64 ayat (3) Perkaban No. 3 Tahun 2011 dapat disimpulkan bahwa pembatalan hak berdasarkan putusan pengadilan umum baik perdata maupun pidana dikategorikan sebagai pembatalan hak karena cacat administrasi dan hanya Putusan Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara yang dikategorikan sebagai cacat hukum karena hanya Putusan PTUN yang secara tegas memerintahkan pembatalan sertipikat hak atas. 2). Adanya Keputusan PTUN tidak secara otomatis merubah legalitas kepemilikan Hak atas tanah seseorang, melainkan dengan keputusan PTUN tersebut oleh para pihak dapat dijadikan alat bukti ketika mengajukan gugatan kepemilikan hak atas tanah ke Pengadilan Negeri. Sedangkan terhadap Putusan Pengadilan Negeri yang terkait dengan adanya cacad yuridis dalam proses penerbitan sertifikat dapat menjadi dasar bagi pemilik hak atas tanah untuk menindaklanjuti ke BPN untuk proses penerbitan sertifikat berdasarkan Putusan Pengadilan yang telah berkekuatan hukum tetap.
KEWAJIBAN INGKAR NOTARIS UNTUK MENJAGA KERAHASIAAN JABATAN DALAM PROSES PERADILAN
Authors: Rachmadani Ekaputri Andiny , Sesung Rusdiyanto 
Published: February 2019

Kewajiban Notaris dalam merahasiakan akta merupakan kewajiban ingkar bagi Notaris yang diatur dalam Undang-undang Jabatan Notaris pada Pasal 16 ayat (1) huruf f yang menjelaskan bahwa Notaris wajib Merahasian isi akta dan segala keterangan yang diperoleh dalam proses pembuatan akta kecuali ditentukan lain dalam Undang-undang. Menimbulkan 2 (dua) pertanyaan mendasar berkaitan dengan Batas – batas Notaris dalam memberikan keterangan agar tetap dapat menjaga kerahasiaan aktanya dalam Proses Peradilan dan Tanggung gugat Notaris atas kerugian yang diderita oleh para pihak akibat Kesaksian Notaris di Pengadilan. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa berdasarkan Peraturan Perundang – undangan,Notaris memiliki hak untuk merahasiakan semua yang diberitahukan kepadanya selaku notaris, sekalipun ada sebagian yang tidak dicantumkan dalam akta. Hal ini terkait dengan hak ingkar seorang notaris, hak dimana seorang notaris dapat mengingkari posisinya sebagai seorang saksi yang mana dibolehkan oleh undang-undang untuk membeberkan semua rahasia yang disimpannya, dalam keadaan tertentu. Notaris sebagai Warga Negara Indonesia berkewajiban memberikan keterangan dalam proses hukum dengan persetujuan Majelis Kehormatan Notaris. Hal tersebut diatur berdasarkan ketentuan dalam Pasal 66 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris.
PELUANG DAN TANTANGAN DALAM PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA ALAM DALAM RANGKA OPTIMALISASI PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH STUDI DI SAMOTA (SATONDA MOYO DAN TAMBORA)
Authors: - Kafrawi , Khair H. Abdul , Saleh M. , Sarkawi Sarkawi 
Published: February 2019

Penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah yang dilaksanakan berdasarkan asas otonomi dan tugas pembantuan sebagaimana telah diamanatkan dalam ketentuan Pasal 18 dalam UUD 1945 merupakan landasan konstitusional bagi daerah untuk membangun serta mengembangkan diri sesuai dengan prinsip otonomi daerah. Daerah diberikan keleluasaan dan kebebasan untuk mengatur dan mengurus segala urusan pemerintahan daerah menjadi urusan rumah tangga sendiri, sehingga dapat berinisiatif secara mandiri untuk merumuskan berbagai strategi kebijakan berdasarkan kebutuhan serta kepentingan yang dapat memberdayakan kehidupan masyarakat setempat. Pemerintahan daerah diberikan kemampuan (hak) untuk dapat berbuat serta tugas (kewajiban) yang harus dilakukan sesuai dengan ruang lingkup kewenangan sebagai daerah otonom. Bentuk tindakan nyata yang harus dimiliki oleh suatu daerah otonom adalah kemampuan untuk menggali serta mengembangkan potensi sumber daya alam menjadi Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) sebagai sumber penerimaan utama. PAD salah satu tolok ukur dan/atau persyaratan untuk dapat dikategorikan sebagai daerah otonom dalam konsep otonomi daerah. Kewajiban bagi unsur penyelenggara pemerintahan daerah optimalisasi dalam upaya memperkuat/memperbesar kemandirian daerah melalui PAD dengan intensifikasi maupun extensifikasi sumber penerimaan sebagai sendi utama dari esensi pelaksanaan otonomi daerah.
PENGATURAN KEPARIWISATAAN HALAL DI NUSA TENGGARA BARAT PASCA PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH KONSTITUSI NOMOR 137/PUU-XIII/2015
Authors: Jaelani Abdul Kadir , Ratun Hae , B Soeleman Djaiz 
Published: February 2019

Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh prolifersai kewenangan Pemerintahan Daerah dalam membentuk Peraturan Daerah sangat luas tidak diiringi oleh fungsi sinkronisasi dan harmonisasi peraturan perundang-undangan yang optimal. Masing-masing pihak memiliki argumen yang kuat dalam mempertahankan suatu peraturan bernuansa agama. Akibatnya melahirkan situasi hukum yang serba multitafsir, konfliktual dan tidak taat asas yang pada ujungnya menciptakan tidak harmonisnya antara satu peraturan dan peraturan yang lain. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Penelitian hukum normatif lebih mengutamakan studi pustaka (library research) dengan fokus kajiannya asas-asas hukum, sistematika hukum, sinkronisasi hukum dan sejarah hukum, penelitian ini juga bersifat deskriptif. Penelitian ini berkesimpulan bahwa, pertama, desentralisasi pengaturan kepariwisataan pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 137/PUU-XIII/2015 memberikan kewenangan kepada pemerintahan daerah dalam membentuk produk hukum sangat luas. Kedua, Pemerintahan Daerah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat kurang memperhatikan prinsip dan asas lex superior derogat legi inferiori dalam pembentukan Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat Nomor 2 Tahun 2016 tentang Pariwisata Halal, hal ini terlihat dari materi yang diatur dalam Perda tersebut bernuansa agama, padahal agama adalah urusan absolut pemerintah pusat.
Justiça reparativa e direito penal canônico: aspectos processuais
Authors: Arroba Conde Manuel Jesús 
Published: February 2019

Ao apresentar os aspectos processuais que encerram a teoria da justiça reparativa e sua possível aplicação nos processos penais canônicos, se oferece em primeiro lugar uma breve reflexão sobre a técnica da mediação e sobre os valores que nela encerram. Advirta-se para possibilidade de tê-las em conta, não somente como alternativas à celebração de um processo, mas também quando se coloca em prática. A reflexão conclusiva indica três problemas mais graves que comporta atual tendência a evitar a via judicial na aplicação das sanções.
Single-approach vertebral osteosynthesis in the treatment of spinal osteolysis by spondylodiscitis
Authors: Rustemi Oriela , Raneri Fabio , Alvaro Lorenzo , Gazzola Luca , Beggio Giacomo , Rossetto Ludovico , Cervellini Patrizio 
Published: February 2019

OBJECTIVEBoth spontaneous and iatrogenic spondylodiscitis are becoming ever more frequent, yet there are no definite treatment guidelines. For many years the treatment protocol was conservative medical management or surgical debridement with patients immobilized or bedridden for weeks and often resulting in spinal deformity. The eventual development of spinal deformity can be difficult to treat. Over the last few years, the authors have preferred a single-approach instrumented arthrodesis when spondylolysis that evolves in deformity from somatic wedging occurs.METHODSThe authors retrospectively reviewed the clinical, radiological, and surgical records of 11 patients treated over the past 3 years for spondylodiscitis with osteosynthesis.RESULTSOverall, the authors treated 11 patients: 3 cases with tuberculous spondylodiscitis (1 dorsal, 2 lumbar); 6 cases with Staphylococcus aureus spondylodiscitis (1 cervical, 2 dorsal, 2 lumbar, 1 dorsolumbar); 1 spondylodiscitis with postsurgical lumbar deformity; and in 1 dorsolumbar case the germ was not identified. Surgical approaches were chosen according to spinal level: In 8 dorsolumbar cases a posterior osteosynthesis was achieved. In 1 cervical case an anterior approach was performed with autologous bone graft from iliac crest. In 2 thoracolumbar cases a posterolateral costotransversectomy was needed. In 1 lumbosacral case iliac somatic grafting was used. Ten patients received adequate antibiotic treatment with clinical remission, and 1 case is in initial follow-up. No complications due to instrumentation were recorded. Spinal deformity was prevented in 10 cases, whereas preexisting spinal deformity was partially corrected in 1 case. In all cases, arthrodesis achieved vertebral stability.CONCLUSIONSThis study has the limitations of a retrospective review with a limited number of patients. Instrumentation does not appear to hamper healing from infection. Moreover, spinal stabilization, which is assisted by the infectious process even in the absence of bone graft, allows early mobilization. Instrumented osteosynthesis should be preferred for spondylodiscitis with osteolysis and spinal instability because it allows early mobilization and rehabilitation whenever necessary. It prevents spinal deformity and does not hamper healing of infections.
Insights into complication rates, reoperation rates, and healthcare utilization associated with use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein–2 in patients with spine infections
Authors: Sharma Mayur , Dietz Nicholas , Alhourani Ahmad , Ugiliweneza Beatrice , Wang Dengzhi , Drazin Doniel , Boakye Maxwell 
Published: February 2019

OBJECTIVEUse of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein–2 (rhBMP-2) in patients with spine infections is controversial. The purpose of this study was to identify long-term complications, reoperations, and healthcare utilization associated with rhBMP-2 use in patients with spine infections.METHODSThis retrospective study extracted data using ICD-9/10 and CPT codes from MarketScan (2000–2016). Patients were dichotomized into 2 groups (rhBMP-2, no rhBMP-2) based on whether rhBMP-2 was used during fusion surgery for spinal infections. Outcomes of interest were reoperation rates (index level, other levels), readmission rates, discharge disposition, length of stay, complications, and healthcare resource utilization at the index hospitalization and 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months following discharge. Outcomes were compared using nonparametric 2-group tests and generalized linear regression models.RESULTSThe database search identified 2762 patients with > 24 months’ follow-up; rhBMP-2 was used in 8.4% of their cases. The patients’ median age was 53 years, 52.43% were female, and 15.11% had an Elixhauser Comorbidity Index ≥ 3. Patients in the rhBMP-2 group had higher comorbidity indices, incurred higher costs at index hospitalization, were discharged home in most cases, and had lower complication rates than those in the no–rhBMP-2 group. There was no statistically significant between-groups difference in complication rates 1 month following discharge or in reoperation rates at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months following the procedure. Patients in the no–rhBMP-2 group incurred higher utilization of outpatient services and medication refill costs at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months following surgery.CONCLUSIONSIn patients undergoing surgery for spine infection, rhBMP-2 use was associated with lower complication rates and higher median payments during index hospitalization compared to cases in which rhBMP-2 was not used. There was no significant between-groups difference in reoperation rates (index and other levels) at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after the index operation. Patients treated with rhBMP-2 incurred lower utilization of outpatient services and overall payments. These results indicate that rhBMP-2 can be used safely in patients with spine infections with cost-effective utilization of healthcare resources and without an increase in complications or reoperation rates.
The increasing frequency of intravenous drug abuse–associated spinal epidural abscesses: a case series
Authors: DiGiorgio Anthony M. , Stein Rachel , Morrow Kevin D. , Robichaux Jared M. , Crutcher Clifford L. , Tender Gabriel C. 
Published: February 2019

OBJECTIVEFew studies have been published specifically examining intravenous drug abuse (IVDA)–associated spinal epidural abscesses (SEAs), an unfortunate sequela of the opioid crisis in the United States. Here, the authors examined a series of patients with IVDA-associated SEAs in order to shed light on this challenging disease entity.METHODSThis study is a retrospective chart review of patients presenting with IVDA-associated SEAs at the authors’ institution from 2013 to 2018, spanning the statewide implementation of opioid-prescribing restrictions.RESULTSA total of 45 patients presented with IVDA-associated SEAs; 46.5% presented with a neurological deficit. Thirty-one patients underwent surgery for neurological deficit, failure of medical therapy, or both. Nineteen surgical patients underwent a fusion procedure along with decompression. The complication rate was 41.9%, and the mortality rate was 6.7%. The average length of stay was 27.6 days. Patients who underwent surgery within 24 hours of onset of neurological symptoms trended toward more improvement in their American Spinal Cord Association Impairment Scale grade than those who did not (0.5 vs −0.2, p = 0.068). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was isolated as the causative pathogen in 57.8% of patients. Twenty-three patients (51.5%) kept their scheduled clinic follow-up appointments. Of the fusion patients with adequate follow-up, 5 showed bony arthrodesis and 3 had pseudarthrosis. The rate of IVDA-associated SEAs increased after opioid-prescribing restrictions were put in place, from 0.54 cases per month to 1.15 cases per month (p = 0.017).CONCLUSIONSPatients with IVDA-associated SEAs are challenging to treat, with high complication rates and poor follow-up. This disease is increasing in frequency, and opioid-prescribing restrictions did not slow that rise. Community outreach to promote prevention, early medical attention, and medication compliance would benefit this largely publicly funded patient population.
CNS inflammation and neurodegeneration: sequelae of peripheral inoculation with spinal cord tissue in rat
Authors: Schneider Lonnie , Reichert Ethan , Faulkner Jenna , Reichert Brielle , Sonnen Joshua , Hawryluk Gregory W. J. 
Published: February 2019

OBJECTIVERecent research demonstrates that victims of spinal cord injury (SCI) are at increased risk for dementia and that encephalitis can occur as a consequence of isolated SCI. We theorize that autoimmunity to the central nervous system (CNS) could explain these phenomena and undertook this study to determine whether peripheral inoculation with spinal cord homogenate on 1 or 2 occasions is associated with CNS-directed autoimmunity and neurodegeneration in a rat model.METHODSRats were subcutaneously inoculated with saline or 75 mg of allogeneic spinal cord tissue on 1 or 2 occasions. Animals underwent Morris Water Maze testing, and serial serum samples were collected. Animals were sacrificed 8 weeks following the first inoculation. Autoantibody titers to myelin antigens MAG and GM1 were measured in serum. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify autoantibodies targeting NeuN-labeled neurons and CC1-labeled oligodendrocytes. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blotting were performed for pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and the cell death marker caspase 3 as well as the neurodegenerative proteins tau and β-amyloid in both brain and spinal cord. Fluoro-Jade B was used to stain degenerating neurons, facilitating counting.RESULTSAnimals inoculated with spinal cord homogenate exhibited increased titers of autoantibodies to MAG and GM1 and autoantibodies binding to neurons and oligodendrocytes. Double-inoculated animals demonstrated a significant increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain (TNF-α, p = 0.016; IL-6, p = 0.009) as well as the spinal cord (TNF-α, p = 0.024; IL-6, p = 0.002). The number of degenerating neurons was significantly increased in the brain and spinal cord of inoculated animals (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.028, respectively). Elevated expression of tau and β-amyloid was seen in brain of double-inoculated animals (p = 0.003 and p = 0.009, respectively). Inflammatory marker expression in the brain was positively correlated with anti-myelin autoimmune antibody titers and with tau expression in the brain. Inoculated animals showed impaired memory function in Morris Water Maze testing (p = 0.043).CONCLUSIONSThe results of these experiments demonstrate that peripheral exposure to spinal cord antigens is associated with CNS-directed autoimmunity and inflammation in the brain and spinal cord as well as degeneration of CNS cells, memory impairment, and production of neurodegenerative proteins particularly when this exposure is repeated. These data support CNS autoimmunity as a candidate mechanism for the dementia that can follow SCI and perhaps other posttraumatic dementias such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy.