bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Granulopoietic progenitors in suspension culture: a comparison of stimulatory cells and conditioned media
Authors: Niho Y , Till JE , McCulloch EA 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Kinetic studies have been carried out to investigate the functional heterogeneity previously observed in populations of human marrow or peripheral blood cells separated by velocity sedimentation. The results obtained confirm the earlier results, in that slowly-sedimenting cells were found to stimulate both colony formation by granulopoietic progenitors and an increase in numbers of granulopoietic progenitors in suspension culture, while rapidly-sedimenting cells stimulated only colony formation and not increased progenitors in suspension cultures. Investigations of the properties of media conditioned by these two subpopulations of cells revealed no clear differences between them; both stimulated suspension cultures as well as colony formation, and both lost the former activity, but not the latter, after dialysis. The results contribute to the evidence that more than one process is regulated in cultures of granulopoietic progenitor cells.
MLC stimulatory capacity and production of blastogenic factor in patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia and Hodgkin's disease
Authors: Kasakura S 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The aim of the present study is to evaluate the stimulatory capacity of chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) and Hodgkin's disease (HD) lymphocytes in the one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and to investigate whether, in patients with these diseases, a correlation exists between the degree of stimulatory capacity and production of a blastogenic factor. These studies might help to resolve the controversy about the nature of the stimulating cells and to offer some insight into the mechanism of the stimulation in the MLR. The significant observations from this study are summarized as follows: (1) Stimulatory capacity of CLL lymphocytes was intact or increased, while their responding capacity was markedly depressed. (2) In our group of patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease, both stimulating and responding capacities were imparied. (3) In these patients a correlation existed between the degree of stimulatory capacity and production of a blastogenic factor. This observation would raise the possibility that the production of a blostogenic factor may in some way be involved in the stimulation of responding lymphocytes in mixed cultures. Our results, which show a dichotomy between MLC stimulatory and responding capacities of CLL lymphocyte, may suggest that different factors are involved in stimulation and response.
Effects of anaerobiosis and inhibitors on O2-production by human granulocytes
Authors: Curnutte JT , Babior BM 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A study was carried out on the effect of a number of inhibitors as well as of anaerobiosis on the production of superoxide (O2 minus) by human granulocytes. Several metabolic inhibitors, including bazide, cyanide, antimycin A, and 2,4-dinitrophenol had no effect on O2 minus production. Methimazole, which inhibits myeloperoxidase, was also without effect. The sulfhydryl reagents N-ethylmalemide and iodoacetamide greatly inhibited O2 minus production. O2 minus production did not take place under N2. Agents that affect cell motility were also examined. Colchicine and vinblastine, alkaloids which affect microtubule function, had little effect on granulycote O2 minus production. On the other hand, cytochalasin B, a fungal antimetabolite thought to affect microfilaments, inhibited O2 minus production by resting granulocytes and stimulated its production by cells incubated with bacteria. The mechanism and significance of this effect remain to be elucidated.
Hypothesis: differentiation of the human lymphoid system based on cell surface markers
Authors: Davis S 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Human lymphocytes can be separated into distinct populations based upon receptors on their cell surface. Thymus-derived (T-cell) lymphocytes can be identified by their ability to form rosetts with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC); bone marrow-derived (B-cell) lymphocytes bear characteristic surface markers for immunoglobulin, complement, and the Fc portion of IgG. Recently, populations of lymphocytes having either multiple markers or no detectable markers (null cells) have been observed. Based on studies of cell surface markers, a scheme is proposed that expands the known differentiation of the lymphod cell to include subpopulations which represent developmental stages. It is suggested that lymphocyte maturation involves alloantigenic changes in a circulating stem cell-drived nill cell, leading to a cell bearing markers for both T- and B-cells. It is from this latter cell that the classic T- and B-cells ultimately arise. Maturational defects which may explain the origin of primary lymphoproliferative diseases are discussed.
Content and thrombin-induced release of acid hydrolases in gel-filtered platelets from patients with storage pool disease
Authors: Holmsen H , Setkowsky CA , Lages B , Day HJ , Weiss HJ , Scrutton MC 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The levels of four acid hydrolases, beta-N-acetyl glucosaminidase, beta- glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, and acid phosphatase, and the extent of their release (release II) by thrombin was determined in platelets from nine normal subjects, nine patients with storage pool disease, and in normal platelets which had been exposed to aspirin. The levels of all four hydrolases were normal in patients with SPD. However, release of three of these hydrolases (acid phosphatase was an exception) by low concentrations of thrombin (0.015 and 0.04 U/ml) was decreased in the patients as a group, although considerable variation in the extent of release of each enzyme was noted. In contrast, aspirin failed to inhibit release II in normal platelets (except for a slight impairment in the release of beta-N-acetyl glucosaminidase), although release I (serotonin, ATP and ADP) was inhibited. All release defects could be overcome by using higher concentrations of thrombin (0.2 U/ml). The normal levels of acid hydrolases in the platelets of patients with SPD (who are deficient in the platelet dense granules) suggest that these enzymes are not normally stored in the dense granules, but rather in alpha-granules. The findings also support the conclusions of previous studies that the release reaction is impaired in SPD. This release defect appears to be different from that seen in normal platelets after exposure to aspirin.
The relative spatial distributions of CFUs and CFUc in the normal mouse femur
Authors: Lord BI , Testa NG , Hendry JH 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Femoral bone marrow was divided longitudinally into two groups of cells of varying size. By assaying CFU and CFU in the two zones of the marrow, their distributions across the diameter of the femur was determined. It is shown that the concentration of CFU increases from the femoral axis (15 CFU/105 bone marrow cells) to the bone surface (44 CFU/105 cells), obeying approximately a square-law relationship. The CFU concentration, on the other hand, increases from the femoral axis (32CFU/105 cells) to a peak value (260 CFU/105 cells) at about 330 um from the axis and thence falls off against to the bone surface (77 CFU/105 cells). Selective kinning cells in DNA synthesis using the tritiated thymidine suicide technique, in vivo, showed that CFU, near the bone surface are proliferating at a faster rate than those more distant from bone, but that CFU have a fast proliferation rate irrespective of their position in the distribution. Thus, bone marrow cell populations are shown to conform to a well-defined spatial organization corresponding to the chronologic relationships between marrow cells.
Bone marrow sinus cell packing: a determinant of cell release
Authors: Chamberlain JK , Weiss L , Weed RI 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Ultrastructural studies of erythropoietin effects on the bone marrow of control and hypertransfused (65 hct) mice revealed a decrease in adventitial cell cover of the sinus apertures in erythropoietin-treated animals. A more striking finding, however, was the marked inhibition of erythropoietin-induced reticulocytosis by hypertransfusion itself. Hypertransfusion of the erythropoietin-treated animals appeared to decrease the reticulocyte response by inhibiting reticulocyte response by marrow cords in addition to inhibiting erythroid proliferation. This inhibition of reticulocyte response was associated with clustering of reticulocytes around the marrow sinuses which were packed with red cells. Acute lowering of the hematocrit of erythropoietin-treated, hypertransfused animals to normal at the time of maximal reticulocyte response in control animals resulted in more than a twofold increase in reticulocytosis with 2 hr. It is suggested that (1) elevated levels of erythropoietin are associated with a diminution of the normal marrow- peripheral blood barrier, thereby contributing to the premature release of marrow elements and (2) the hematocrit is an important determinant of cell release from the marrow into the peripheral circulation.
Heckathorn's disease: variable functional dificiency of antihemophilic factor (factor VIII)
Authors: Ratnoff OD , Lewis JH 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A family is described in which a syndrome resembling moderately severe classic hemophilia was apparently inherited as an X chromosome-linked trait. In two affected individuals, the titer of functional antihemophilic factor varied dramatically from time to time, while the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin was impaired in no apparent relationship to AHF functional activity. A transfusion of 200 ml of fresh-frozen plasma did not correct the serum prothrombin times in either patient. In vitro, the additions of 10% of normal plasma or serum or washed plain or frozen platelets also did not normalize the serum prothrombin times. No inhibitor could be demonstrated in the blood of either patient. In one patient, RH, dissipation of infused cryoprecipitated AHF was abnormally slow, and, after an intensive course of transfusion of cryoprecipitate and whole blood, the titer of functional AHF remained at normal levels for at least 1 wk. The plasma of RH inhibited a human antibody against AHF in proportion to its titer of functional AHF (i.e., the defect was CRM-) despite the presence of relatively greater amounts of antigenic material recognized by heterologous antiserum. No qualitative abnormality of the AHF-like material in RH's plasma was identified. Inheritance of the abnormality appears superficially to be X chromosome-linked; on this assumption, three of four obligate carriers of the disorder were recognized by the presence of excess amounts of AHF-like antigens relative to AHF functional activity. This coagulation disorder has been designated Heckathorn's disease and may presage the discovery of other examples of hemophilia-related syndromes.
Platelet storage at 22 degrees C: role of gas transport across plastic containers in maintenance of viability
Authors: Murphy S , Gardner FH 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Containers constructed of polyvinylchloride (PVC) are used for the storage of platelet concentrates (PC) for transfusion, At 22 degrees C, pH often falls to such low levels (pH is less that 6.0) that viability is lost. Far lesser degrees of pH fall are observed in bags constructed of polyethylene (PE). In this study, pH, PO2, PCO2, platelet count, lactate concentration, microscopic morphology, and viability after 51- chromium labeling were evaluated during storage at 22 degrees C under a variety of circumstances. The results indicate that (1) pH falls because of the generation of lactic acid by platelet glycolysis and, under some circumstances, the retention of CO2. (2) Rate of pH fall is, therefore, roughly proportional to the platelet count. (3) PE is more permeable to gases, thereby allowing CO2 escape from and easier O2 entry into the stored PC; the higher O2 tensions suppress glycolysis by the Pasteur effect. (4) Adequate agitation and container size are critical if the beneficial effect of PE is to be obtained. (5) In general, platelets stored in PE containers have excellent viability in vivo although CO2 escape can result in elevations in pH which are deleterious. (6) Storage in a 10% CO2 atmosphere prevents these deletrrious pH elevations without otherwise impairing platelet viability; (7) Results similar to those achieved with PE can be achieved with PVC if this material is made thinner to allow easier penetration of gases.
Platelet size in man
Authors: Paulus JM 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The shape and parameters of platelet size distributions were studied in 50 normal persons and 97 patients in order to test the proposed thesis that platelet size heterogeneity results mainly from aging in the circulation. This thesis was contradicted (1) by size distributions of age-homogeneous, newly-born cell populations which were lognormal with increased (instead of decreased) dispersion of volumes and (2) by the macrothrombocytosis found in some populations with normal age distribution. For these reasons, thrombocytopoiesis appeared to play the major role in determining platelet size. A model was built in which the volume variation of platelet territories due to megakaryocyte growth and membrane demarcation at each step of maturation was a random proportion of the previous value of the volume. This model explains the lognormal shape of both newborn and circulating platelet size distributions. It also implies that (1) the mean and standard deviation of platelet logvolumes depend on the rates of volume change of the individual platelet territories (growth rate minus demarcation rate) as well as on megakaryocyte maturation time; (2) platelet hyperdestruction causes an increase in the mean and dispersion of the rates of territory volume change; (3) Mediterranean macrothrombocytosis and some hereditary macrothrombocytotic thrombocytopenias or dysthrombocytopoieses reflect a diminished rate of territory demarcation, and (4) platelet size heterogeneity is caused mainly by the variations in territory growth and demarcation and not by aging in the circulation.
The development of vertebral bone marrow of human fetuses
Authors: Chen LT , Weiss L 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The development of the bone marrow of the thoracic vertebrae in seven human fetuses ranging from 95 to 150 mm in crown-rump length (CRL) was studied using light and electron microscopy. In the 95-mm CRL, hypertrophy of the chondrocytes occurred in the central region of the vertebrae, and blood vessels penetrated there from dorsal and ventral sides of the vertebral body. The primary marrow was represented by liberated cartilage lacunnae, occupied by the thin-walled blood vessels and a few mesenchymal cells and mononuclear cells containing granules or vacuoles (GMC). In the 99-mm CRL, chondroclasts were active in removing the cartilage near the central region of the vertebrae. Consequently, a large cavity was formed and occupied by a dilated sinus. GMC were numerous. Osteoblasts and osteocytes were increased in number. Reticular cells with long processes containing large amounts of glycogen began to appear in the extravascular space and formed the loosely arranged cellular meshwork of the hematopoietic compartment. Bundles of collagen fibrils were scattered in the meshwork. Hematopoietic cells were recognizable only in the 105-mm-CRL fetus and increased in number in the 120-mm-CRL fetus. The sinus endothelium was very thin and continuous without apertures except where blood cells crossed the wall. The developing blood cells lying against the outside of the sinus endothelium indented it. At points, collagen fibrils attached to the outside of endothelial cells and appeared to function as the anchoring filaments of lymphatics. The physiologic implications of the association of stromal cells, vascular sinuses, and hematopoietic cells are discussed in relationship to the microhematopoietic environment of the bone marrow.
Defective polymorphonuclear leukocyte metabolism and function in canine cyclic neutropenia
Authors: Chusid MJ , Bujak JS , Dale DC 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Humans and grey collie dogs with cyclic neutropenia are known to suffer from an increased rate of bacterial infection. Because of the previously described microanatomic abnormalities of lysosome formation found in the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) of dogs with canine cyclic neutropenia, studies of these cells were undertaken. PMNs from grey collie dogs were found to have significant metabolic and functional abnormalities when compared with normal collie PMNs. These included abnormally increased postphagocytic C1-glucose oxidation, decreased iodination of trichloroacetic acid-precipitable protein in the resting and phagocytizing state, decreased levels of intracellular myeloperoxidase,and a bactericidal defect against a variety of bacteria. Phagocytosis was normal. These abnormalities appear to differ from those previously described in the PMNs of patients with chronic granulomatous disease of childhood and the Chediak-Higashi syndrome and more closely resemble those seen in hereditary myeloperoxidase deficiency. Thus, the studies reported here demonstrate defective PMN function in a disease state previously believed to be a model only of periodic hematopoiesis.
Absence of one component of spectrin adenosine triphosphatase in hereditary spherocytosis
Authors: Kirkpatrick FH , Woods GM , La Celle PL 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The stimulation by calcium and magnesium of ATPase activity of isolated ghosts, of water-soluble protein (spectrin), and of residual vesicles, derived from normal erythrocytes and from hereditary spherocytes (H.S.), has been measured. The ATPase activity found in normal water- soluble protein (WSP) at low levels of calcium (0.1–2.0 mM) is essentially absent in H.S. water-soluble protein, but the ATPase activity with magnesium and with high levels of calcium (60-100 mM) is the same in H.S. and normal WSP. Compared to normal, H.S. ghosts have increased Mg2+-stimulated activity. This increased activity is retained by the sedimentable vesicles (“residue”) after extraction of the ghosts with 0.025 mM EDTA. The Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase associated with the calcium pump is not significantly different in H.S.
Erythropoiesis-inhibiting factor(s) (EIF): methodologic studies
Authors: Lindemann R 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Erythropoiesis-inhibiting factors (EIF) have been demonstrated in plasma from hypertransfused animals and from polycythemic individuals during periods of hyperoxia, but there is a decided discrepancy in the data published. In the present paper methodologic variations of a bioassay for demonstrating the erythropoiesis-inhibiting factor are discussed. In these studies no inhibitor of erythropoiesis could be demonstrated in plasma from hypoxia-induced polycythemic mice (HPM) on posthypoxic day 5. Injections of RBC or an equal amount of hemolyzed RBC were capable of suppressing the stimulatory effects of ESF, indicating that a red cell constituent may be responsible for the inhibitory effect observed. Transfusion-induced polycythemic mice (TPM) were therefore considered to be less suitable for demonstrating erythropoiesis inhibitors. Our results from testing several doses of a urinary EIF in normal mice, TPM and HPM, indicated that the HPM provided the most sensitive assay system. A similar effect was obtained with hypoxia-induced polycythemic rats. The most marked effect was seen in HPM when the EIF was injected shortly before administering the ESF, while the effect was less pronounced when the EIF was injected 24 hr before or after the ESF.
The fate of thymic radioactivity after local labeling with 125iododeoxyuridine
Authors: Laissue JA , Chanana AD , Cottier H , Cronkite EP , Joel DD 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The thymic cortex was locally labeled with 125Iododeoxyuridine (125IUdR) in young adult mice in an attempt to provide a simple quantitative assessment of the fate of cortical thymocytes. Similarly operated and nonoperated mice given 125IUdR intravenously were used for comparison. Analogous experiments were performed in adrenalectomized animals. More than 90% of thymic activity present 1 day after labeling had been lost by day 8. That proportion of radioactivity contributed to a given organ by accumulation of labeled thymic migrants was estimated by comparison of values obtained after local labeling with those acquired after systemic labeling. Thymic cell accumulation was apparent in the intestine, spleen, mesenteric lymph node, and femurs of locally labeled mice; however, only a few per cent of the total activity lost from the thymus was accounted for in these lymphoid organs. The pattern of fecal and urinary elimination of 125I did not markedly differ in the various experimental groups, the bulk of the activity being recovered in the urine. The intestine could not be ruled out as a major site of thymocyte loss. Since significant radiation or pharmacologic toxicity was unlikely with the doses of 125IUdR used, the data indicated that the vast majority of newly formed thymocytes dies after a short life and only a small fraction of thymic migrants is longer lived.
Central nervous system complications in patients with diffuse histiocytic and undifferentiated lymphoma: leukemia revisited
Authors: Bunn PA Jr , Schein PS , Banks PM , DeVita VT Jr 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Fifteen of 52 patients (29%) with diffuse histiocytic and undifferentiated pleomorphic lymphoma developed central nervous system (CNS) complications, primarily leptomeningeal lymphoma. Lumbar puncture with cerebrospinal fluid cytology was the most useful test for diagnosis, and for following the response to therapy. Leptomeningitis developed during all stages of the patients' clinical course: at time of diagnosis, during progression of systemic disease, and most importantly as the initial site of relapse within 7 mo of attaining a complete clinical remission. Patients with bone marrow involvement are at high risk for the development of leptomeningeal lymphoma. Pathologic findings suggest that entry into the leptomeninges involves extension from the medullary bone marrow cavity along perforating vessels through dura into the arachnoid space. The leptomeningeal lymphoma has been successfully controlled in all patients receiving intensive central nervous system therapy consisting of a combination of intrathecal drug administration and radiotherapy. The high frequency of this syndrome and the success in its control suggest that a controlled trial of prophylactic CNS therapy be instituted in patients with these histologic types of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.