bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sparsity and locally low rank regularization for MR fingerprinting
Authors: Lima da Cruz Gastão , Bustin Aurélien , Jaubert Oliver , Schneider Torben , Botnar René M. , Prieto Claudia 
Published: February 2019

PurposeDevelop a sparse and locally low rank (LLR) regularized reconstruction to accelerate MR fingerprinting (MRF).MethodsRecent works have introduced low rank reconstructions to MRF, based on temporal compression operators learned from the MRF dictionary. In other MR applications, LLR regularization has been introduced to exploit temporal redundancy in local regions of the image. Here, we propose to include spatial sparsity and LLR regularization terms in the MRF reconstruction. This approach, so called SLLR‐MRF, further reduces aliasing in the time‐point images and enables higher acceleration factors. The proposed approach was evaluated in simulations, T1/T2 phantom acquisition, and in vivo brain acquisitions in 5 healthy subjects with different undersampling factors. Acceleration was also used in vivo to enable acquisitions with higher in‐plane spatial resolution in comparable scan time.ResultsSimulations, phantom, and in vivo results show that low rank MRF reconstructions with high acceleration factors (<875 time‐point images, 1 radial spoke per time‐point) have residual aliasing artifacts that propagate into the parametric maps. The artifacts are reduced with the proposed SLLR‐MRF resulting in considerable improvements in precision, without changes in accuracy. In vivo results show improved parametric maps for the proposed SLLR‐MRF, potentially enabling MRF acquisitions with 1 radial spoke per time‐point in approximately 2.6 s (~600 time‐point images) for 2 × 2 mm and 9.6 s (1750 time‐point images) for 1 × 1 mm in‐plane resolution.ConclusionThe proposed SLLR‐MRF reconstruction further improves parametric map quality compared with low rank MRF, enabling shorter scan times and/or increased spatial resolution.
Use of Active Workstations in Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review
Authors: Josaphat Kapria‐Jad , Kugathasan Thiffya Arabi , E.R. Reid Ryan , Begon Mickael , Léger Pierre‐Majorique , Labonté‐Lemoyne Elise , Sénécal Sylvain , Arvisais Denis , Mathieu Marie‐Eve 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveThis systematic review aims to collect existing literature and summarize the impact of active workstations on the health and work outcomes of participants with overweight or obesity.MethodsFive databases were examined (until March 2018), and the keywords “desk,” “workstation,” “work station,” and “work stations” were used with any one of the following terms: “active,” “bik*,” “cycling,” “height adjustable,” “stepping,” “stand up,” “standing,” “treadmill*,” “walk*,” “elliptical,” “bicycl*,” “pedaling,” “stability ball,” “stability balls,” “exercise ball,” “exercise balls,” “swiss ball,” “swiss balls,” “sit‐to‐stand,” and “sit stand.”ResultsNineteen studies (two with school‐aged children) were included in this review. Nine studies used treadmill, three used cycling, one used stepping, and twelve used standing desks. A decrease in sedentary time and an increase in physical activity level and energy expenditure were observed for most of the active workstations. Both the treadmill and the cycle desk improved glycemic control, but the treadmill desk was the only workstation for which improved work performance and help in body‐weight management (body fat percentage, body weight, waist and hip circumference) were reported.ConclusionsActive workstations are a promising solution for decreasing occupational sedentariness. Overall, active workstations have a positive impact on energy expenditure and physical activity in individuals with overweight and obesity.
Spina bifida screening in the first trimester using ultrasound biparietal diameter measurement adjusted for crown‐rump length or abdominal circumference
Authors: Suresh Seshadri , Sudarshan Suresh , Rangaraj Arthi , Indrani Suresh , Cuckle Howard 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveCompare the performance of first trimester ultrasound biparietal diameter (BPD) screening for open spina bifida (OSB) when BPD is adjusted for crown‐rump length (CRL) or abdominal circumference (AC).MethodsFor 63 OSB and 24 265 unaffected pregnancies, BPD was expressed as multiple of the normal median (MoM) based on CRL and on AC, and as the ratio BPD/AC. Screening performance was assessed by the Mahalanobis distance, the observed detection rate with normal fifth and 10th percentile cut‐offs and the area under the receiver‐operator characteristic curve (AUC).ResultsMahalanobis distance for BPD MoM was considerably higher when based on AC than on CRL: 1.69 versus 1.14. Screening performance was also higher: using a fifth percentile cut‐off, the detection rate was 59% compared with 41%; using a 10th percentile cut‐off, the rates were 63% and 51%. Whilst the false‐positives rates were slightly higher too—5.3% versus 5.1% and 10.8% versus 9.9%—the AUC was statistically significantly higher: 0.872 (95% CI, 0.816‐0.928) compared with 0.735 (95% CI, 0.664‐0.806). BPD/AC had intermediate performance.ConclusionThe best results are obtained when AC, rather than CRL, is used to express BPD values in MoMs. First trimester OSB screening can detect half to two‐thirds of cases.
Efficient synthesis and properties of soluble aliphatic oligo(spiroorthocarbonate)s from pentaerythritol derivatives
Authors: Mori Yasuyuki , Sudo Atsushi , Endo Takeshi 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTA series of soluble oligo(spiroorthocarbonate)s (OSOCs) were synthesized by polycondensation of tetraethylorthocarbonate with pentaerythritol derivatives. The pentaerythritol derivatives used herein were synthesized from pentaerythritol by attaching substituents on it to improve the solubility of themselves and the resulting OSOCs. The structures of the OSOCs were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and MALDI‐TOF mass analysis. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 792–798
Structures and bonding of B4O5 and B4O5− clusters: Emergence of boroxol ring and competition between rhombic B2O2 and hexagonal B3O3 cores
Authors: Li Da‐Zhi , Feng Lin‐Yan , Pei Ling , Song Ming‐Zhi , Zhang Li‐Juan , Wang Hui , Zhai Hua‐Jin 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBoron oxide clusters are electron‐deficient species with novel structures and bonding, in which the emergence of rhombic and boroxol rings is of interest. We report on computational prediction of the global‐minimum structures for two boron oxide clusters: B4O5 and B4O5−. These structures differ distinctly, as established through global machine searches and electronic structure calculations at B3LYP and single‐point CCSD(T) levels. While B4O5 neutral cluster has a rhombic B2O2 core, the B4O5− anion features a boroxol B3O3 ring. One electron completely changes the potential landscapes. Bonding analyses show that the 4π electron‐counting is crucial for a rhombic BO cluster, in contrast to π sextet for a boroxol ring, which underlies the competition between rhombic and boroxol rings in B4O5/B4O5− clusters. A possible pathway for rhombic‐to‐hexagonal transformation is proposed based on intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations. Anion B4O5− cluster, a new member of the inorganic benzene family, is among the smallest BO species with a free‐standing boroxol ring, governed collectively by composition and electron‐counting.
Geographical traceability of Chinese green tea using stable isotope and multi‐element chemometrics
Authors: Liu Zhi , Yuan Yuwei , Zhang Yongzhi , Shi Yuanzhi , Hu Guixian , Zhu Jiahong , Rogers Karyne M. 
Published: February 2019

RationaleDeliberate and fraudulent origin mislabeling of Chinese green tea motivated by large price differences often brings significant food safety risks and damages consumer trust. Currently, there is no reliable method to verify the origin of green tea produced in China. Stable isotope and multi‐element analyses combined with statistical models are widely acknowledged as useful traceability techniques for many agro‐products, and could be developed to confirm the geographical origin of Chinese green tea and, more importantly, combat illegal green tea mislabeling and fraud.MethodsAn analytical strategy combining elemental analyzer/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA/IRMS) and inductively plasma coupled mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) with chemometrics tools was used to confirm the origin of green tea grown in the main tea production provinces around China. Stable C, N, H, O isotope ratios and twenty elements were measured to build mathematical discriminant models using unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) and supervised linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Two main problems: (i) tracing the origin of Chinese green tea from different tea growing provinces (Zhejiang, Shandong, and other provinces); (ii) authentication of high‐value Westlake Longjing tea from the Westlake region and surrounding areas in Zhejiang province, were investigated and assessed.ResultsThe results demonstrated that PCA and follow‐up LDA based on stable isotope and multi‐element signatures can verify the geographical origin of Chinese green tea from different provinces, and even localized zones in the same province could be distinguishable, with discrimination accuracies higher than 92.3% and 87.8%, respectively.ConclusionsGeochemical fingerprinting techniques coupled with chemometric tools offer an accurate and effective verification method for the geographical origin of Chinese green tea, providing a promising tool to combat fraudulent mislabeling of high‐value green tea.
Compound‐specific 13C stable isotope probing confirms synthesis of polyhydroxybutyrate by soil bacteria
Authors: Mason‐Jones Kyle , Banfield Callum C. , Dippold Michaela A. 
Published: February 2019

RationaleMany bacteria synthesize carbon (C) and energy storage compounds, including water‐insoluble polyester lipids composed mainly or entirely of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB). Despite the potential significance of C and energy storage for microbial life and C cycling, few measurements of PHB in soil have been reported.MethodsA new protocol was implemented, based on an earlier sediment extraction and derivatization procedure, with quantification by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and 13C‐isotopic analysis by GC/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS).ResultsThe PHB content was 4.3 μg C g−1 in an agricultural soil and 1.2 μg C g−1 in a forest topsoil. This was an order of magnitude more PHB than obtained by the existing extraction method, suggesting that native PHB in soil has been previously underestimated. Addition of glucose increased the PHB content by 135% and 1,215% over 5 days, with the largest increase in the relatively nutrient‐poor forest soil. In the agricultural soil, 68% of the increase was derived from added 13C‐labeled glucose, confirming synthesis of PHB from glucose for the first time in soil.ConclusionsThe presence and responsiveness of PHB in both these contrasting soils show that PHB could provide a useful indicator of bacterial nutritional status and unbalanced growth. Microbial storage could be important to C and nutrient cycling and be a widespread strategy in the life of soil bacteria. The presented method offers new insight into the significance of this compound in soil.
Influenceof Vinyl Acetate Content on the Surface Hydrophobic Recovery of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer after Plasma Modification
Authors: Chen Xingxing , Huang Long , Dong Changji , Niu Lihui , Zhang Yong , Chen Zhe 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn this paper, two kinds of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA) with different vinyl acetate (VA) contents were modified by plasma technique. The surface hydrophobic recovery and the nanostructure of the samples were evaluated by water contact angle measurement and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, respectively. The water contact angle results indicated that higher VA content would result in faster hydrophobic recovery after plasma modification. The positron annihilation results indicated that two kinds of EVA samples exhibited similar o‐Ps lifetime, and EVA with higher VA content showed higher o‐Ps intensity. The results implied that the faster hydrophobic recovery after plasma modification should be contributed to the easier relaxation of chain segments for the EVA with higher VA content.
Sox2 Expression Marks Castration-Resistant Progenitor Cells in the Adult Murine Prostate
Authors: McAuley Erin , Moline Daniel , VanOpstall Calvin , Lamperis Sophia , Brown Ryan , Vander Griend Donald J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Identification of defined epithelial cell populations with progenitor properties is critical for understanding prostatic development and disease. Here, we demonstrate that Sox2 expression is enriched in the epithelial cells of the proximal prostate adjacent to the urethra. We use lineage tracing of Sox2-positive cells during prostatic development, homeostasis, and regeneration to show that the Sox2 lineage is capable of self-renewal and contributes to prostatic regeneration. Persisting luminal cells express Sox2 after castration, highlighting a potential role for Sox2 in cell survival and castration-resistance. In addition to revealing a novel progenitor population in the prostate, these data implicate Sox2 as a regulatory factor of adult prostate epithelial stem cells. Stem Cells 2019;37:690–700
Extracellular Vesicle-Educated Macrophages Promote Early Achilles Tendon Healing
Authors: Chamberlain Connie S. , Clements Anna E. B. , Kink John A. , Choi Ugeun , Baer Geoffrey S. , Halanski Matthew A. , Hematti Peiman , Vanderby Ray 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTendon healing follows a complex series of coordinated events, which ultimately produces a mechanically inferior tissue more scar-like than native tendon. More regenerative healing occurs when anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages play a more dominant role. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are able to polarize macrophages to an M2 immunophenotype via paracrine mechanisms. We previously reported that coculture of CD14+ macrophages (MQs) with MSCs resulted in a unique M2-like macrophage. More recently, we generated M2-like macrophages using only extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from MSCs creating “EV-educated macrophages” (also called exosome-educated macrophages [EEMs]), thereby foregoing direct use of MSCs. For the current study, we hypothesized that cell therapy with EEMs would improve in vivo tendon healing by modulating tissue inflammation and endogenous macrophage immunophenotypes. We evaluated effects of EEMs using a mouse Achilles tendon rupture model and compared results to normal tendon healing (without any biologic intervention), MSCs, MQs, or EVs. We found that exogenous administration of EEMs directly into the wound promoted a healing response that was significantly more functional and more regenerative. Injured tendons treated with exogenous EEMs exhibited (a) improved mechanical properties, (b) reduced inflammation, and (c) earlier angiogenesis. Treatment with MSC-derived EVs alone were less effective functionally but stimulated a biological response as evidenced by an increased number of endothelial cells and decreased M1/M2 ratio. Because of their regenerative and immunomodulatory effects, EEM treament could provide a novel strategy to promote wound healing in this and various other musculoskeletal injuries or pathologies where inflammation and inadequate healing is problematic. Stem Cells 2019;37:652–662
In this issue of Weather
Authors: Galvin Jim 
Published: February 2019

We begin the new year of Weather with a fascinating examination of oceanic salinity and its measurement from space in ‘Salinity from space’ by M Srokosz and C Banks. Most important in the process of oceanic circulation and analogous to humidity in the atmosphere, creating water masses with particular characteristics, is its salt content. The proportion and absolute amount of salt is variable, but until recently it has not been possible to sense this variation in near‐real time, the most readily available data being the system of Argo floats. This paper shows the value of the recently launched European Space Agency Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity satellites, which measure the salinity of all the world's oceans, every three days.On p. 8, Alan Hisscott describes the use of a microwave sensor of the lower troposphere on the Isle of Man to explore atmospheric characteristics and weather features in ‘Exploiting wind profiler information’ using seven examples of data from the instrument.Personal weather stations have become very popular in recent years and sharing the information gathered a useful adjunct to official weather observations. However, systems to allow this data to be seen on the Internet vary, as outlined by Michael Butler in ‘Personal weather stations and sharing weather data via the Internet’ on p. 22.On p. 30, we have the third in our irregular series of Climate Change Shorts, this one asking ‘How is sea ice in the Arctic and Antarctic changing?’ by Dan Jones, Emily Shuckburgh and Ed Hawkins.Our final paper this month looks at rainfall in north‐eastern India in ‘Spatial trends in rainfall seasonality: a case study in Jharkhand, India’ by Shonam Sharma and Prasoon Kumar Singh on p. 31.
Hunger and socioeconomic background additively predict impulsivity in humans
Authors: Allen C. , Nettle D. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractImpulsivity refers to the valuation of future rewards relative to immediate ones. From an evolutionary perspective, we should expect impulsivity to be sensitive to the current state of the organism (for example, hunger), and also its long-term developmental history. There is evidence that both current hunger and childhood socioeconomic deprivation are individually associated with impulsivity, but it is not known how these combine. For example, acute hunger might over-ride social gradients in baseline impulsivity, or alternatively, individuals who have experienced greater deprivation might respond more strongly to acute hunger. We aimed to investigate whether hunger and childhood socioeconomic deprivation act additively or interactively in three studies utilising delay discounting tasks. Childhood socioeconomic deprivation was measured using childhood postcode and a self-report measure. In two studies hunger was experimentally manipulated (n = 95 & n = 93 respectively), and in the third we simply measured natural variation. We employed a standard hypothetical delay discounting task in two studies, and a behavioural task with experienced delays in the third (n = 330). Although the individual studies varied in which predictors were statistically significant, when we meta-analysed them, a clear pattern emerged. Hunger predicted greater impulsivity; childhood socioeconomic deprivation predicted greater impulsivity; and these two effects were additive rather than interactive.
ALGEBRAIC NEW FOUNDATIONS
Authors: GORBOW PAUL K. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis paper consists in the formulation of a novel categorical set theory, MLCat, which is proved to be equiconsistent to New Foundations (NF), and which can be modulated to correspond to intuitionistic (denoted with an “I” on the left) or classical NF, with atoms (denoted with a “U” on the right) or not:
Estimating effective population size for a cestode parasite infecting three-spined sticklebacks
Authors: Strobel Hannah M. , Hays Sara J. , Moody Kristine N. , Blum Michael J. , Heins David C. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractRemarkably few attempts have been made to estimate contemporary effective population size (Ne) for parasitic species, despite the valuable perspectives it can offer on the tempo and pace of parasite evolution as well as coevolutionary dynamics of host–parasite interactions. In this study, we utilized multi-locus microsatellite data to derive single-sample and temporal estimates of contemporaryNefor a cestode parasite (Schistocephalus solidus) as well as three-spined stickleback hosts (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in lakes across Alaska. Consistent with prior studies, both approaches recovered small and highly variable estimates of parasite and hostNe. We also found that estimates of hostNeand parasiteNewere sensitive to assumptions about population genetic structure and connectivity. And, while prior work on the stickleback–cestode system indicates that physiographic factors external to stickleback hosts largely govern genetic variation inS. solidus, our findings indicate that stickleback host attributes and factors internal to the host – namely body length, genetic diversity and infection – shape contemporaryNeof cestode parasites.
Very Strong Atmospheric Methane Growth in the 4 Years 2014–2017: Implications for the Paris Agreement
Authors: Nisbet E. G. , Manning M. R. , Dlugokencky E. J. , Fisher R. E. , Lowry D. , Michel S. E. , Myhre C. Lund , Platt S. M. , Allen G. , Bousquet P. , Brownlow R. , Cain M. , France J. L. , Hermansen O. , Hossaini R. , Jones A. E. , Levin I. , Manning A. C. , Myhre G. , Pyle J. A. , Vaughn B. H. , Warwick N. J. , White J. W. C. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAtmospheric methane grew very rapidly in 2014 (12.7 ± 0.5 ppb/year), 2015 (10.1 ± 0.7 ppb/year), 2016 (7.0 ± 0.7 ppb/year), and 2017 (7.7 ± 0.7 ppb/year), at rates not observed since the 1980s. The increase in the methane burden began in 2007, with the mean global mole fraction in remote surface background air rising from about 1,775 ppb in 2006 to 1,850 ppb in 2017. Simultaneously the13C/12C isotopic ratio (expressed as δ13CCH4) has shifted, now trending negative for more than a decade. The causes of methane's recent mole fraction increase are therefore either a change in the relative proportions (and totals) of emissions from biogenic and thermogenic and pyrogenic sources, especially in the tropics and subtropics, or a decline in the atmospheric sink of methane, or both. Unfortunately, with limited measurement data sets, it is not currently possible to be more definitive. The climate warming impact of the observed methane increase over the past decade, if continued at >5 ppb/year in the coming decades, is sufficient to challenge the Paris Agreement, which requires sharp cuts in the atmospheric methane burden. However, anthropogenic methane emissions are relatively very large and thus offer attractive targets for rapid reduction, which are essential if the Paris Agreement aims are to be attained.
Climate‐Induced Changes in the Risk of Hydrological Failure of Major Dams in California
Authors: Mallakpour Iman , AghaKouchak Amir , Sadegh Mojtaba 
Published: February 2019

AbstractExisting major reservoirs in California, with average age above 50 years, were built in the previous century with limited data records and flood hazard assessment. Changes in climate and land use are anticipated to alter statistical properties of inflow to these infrastructure systems and potentially increase their hydrological failure probability. Because of large socioeconomic repercussions of infrastructure incidents, revisiting dam failure risks associated with possible shifts in the streamflow regime is fundamental for societal resilience. Here we compute historical and projected flood return periods as a proxy for potential changes in the risk of hydrological failure of dams in a warming climate. Our results show that hydrological failure probability is likely to increase for most dams in California by 2100. Noticeably, the New Don Pedro, Shasta, Lewiston, and Trinity Dams are associated with highest potential changes in flood hazard.