bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overcoming Hurdles to Accelerate Data-Centric Ways of Working in the Energy Industry
Authors: Anand Binay , Krishna Kiran 
Published: April 2019

Digitalization in the energy industry will substantially change engineering functions in the coming years and affect work on both capital projects and operating facilities. The focus of digitalization is not merely on the digital transformation, but on the use of digital technologies to create more value in core businesses while building the appropriate organizational capability and mindset. Underpinning use of digital technologies is the move to data-centric ways of working. This paper examines the preliminary challenges experienced in the move to data-centric ways of working and covers examples in three areas: People, Process and Technology.
Organizations have been digitizing for decades, but the digital revolution is only just beginning. There is mounting evidence that we are approaching a tipping point in the exponential advance of digital technology. However, the foundations on which these aspirations have been built are not that robust. The paper will focus on foundational aspects of the journey that, if done right, can accelerate the value capture of digitalization.
The following are some of the example issues covered in the paper in each area:
People: Restructuring organizational competencies, cultural change management and recognition and management of the generational continuum associated with the workforce.
Process: Complexity of project delivery across multiple organizations in the supply chain, the move from documents to data, and impact on business models that deliver document-based content.
Technology: Data standards and handover or transfer protocols, federated data repositories, plug-and-play tool integration and tool agnostic IT solutions.
The conclusion is a call-to-arms directed at the entire energy Industry, i.e., operators, EPCs, suppliers, construction firms, regulators, standards bodies, etc. to collaborate and set a robust foundation that is data-centric to accelerate the digitalization revolution.
Emerging Inspection Technologies – Enabling Remote Surveys/Inspections
Authors: Wen Feng , Pray Julie , McSweeney Kevin , Gu Hai 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Emerging inspection technologies, tools and platforms such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), robotic crawlers, and wearable/handheld devices are creating actionable data to help enable more informed decision making and improve process efficiency during survey and inspection related activities. This paper will discuss ABS’ initiatives to further understand and help define the use of and the integration of these tools and technologies to support the evolution of the maritime industry's transition to digitalization.
ABS, in conjunction with technology equipment manufacturers and service providers, has been conducting feasibility trials to evaluate the pragmatic application and implementation of these technologies to support Class surveys. These trials have focused on areas such as the detection of coating breakdowns using high-definition optics to aid in close-up visual inspections (CVI) and leveraging mobile platforms (wearable and handheld devices) in conjunction with a collaborative software platform to execute survey activities virtually in real-time (connected) or near real-time (disconnected), capturing data as required by Class Rules.
In support of these trials, ABS is actively involved in a joint development project (JDP) with academia focusing on the realization of image recognition (artificial Intelligence [AI]) into the survey decision-making process. As part of this JDP, an AI software was developed incorporating thousands of damaged structural coating images. These images were used for the training, testing and evaluation of the software's image recognition capabilities.
This paper discusses the results of the feasibility trials and the next steps in the digital evolution for Classification Society activities. Potential applications include but are not limited to: condition-based/remote surveys, evaluation of maintenance programs, development of 3D models with 3D scanning/image data capture, documentation auditing, and corrosion mapping of steel plates.
Digital Twin of Subsea Pipelines: Conceptual Design Integrating IoT, Machine Learning and Data Analytics
Authors: Bhowmik Subrata 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Digital Twin is a new paradigm combining multiphysics modelling together with data-driven analytics. In recent years, it draws considerable interest from the oil and gas field operators due to lower oil prices to reduce the downtime due to planned or unplanned preventive maintenance in production field which cost several million in the operational cost (OPEX). The digital twin is an integrated system with low-cost IoT sensors to gather system data, advanced data analytics to draw meaningful insights and predictive maintenance strategy based on the machine learning algorithm to reduce preventive maintenance cost. Overall the digital twin act as a digital replica of the field asset which is monitored and maintained based on actual sensor data from the physical field using machine learning.
This paper will demonstrate the conceptual design of a digital twin of subsea pipeline system integrating the computational model, field sensor data analytics and predictive maintenance based on the machine learning algorithm. The computational model is first developed in the finite element (FE) model and calibrated by the field sensor data installed on the physical system.
The computational model will be used to predict any change of pipe behaviour due to sudden changes in loading due to high pressure, slugging or leak etc. The proposed digital twin model will assist the oil and gas field operators in minimizing the OPEX with predictive maintenance schedule when it's needed to avoid failure in the pipeline system.
Advanced Mud Logging: Key to Safe and Efficient Well Delivery
Authors: Blue Duncan , Blakey Thuy , Rowe Mathew 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The high costs and high potential risks associated with drilling deepwater wells have prompted the development of an advanced computerized mud logging system. This paper highlights select technologies within the system and its application to three core areas of operation—circulating, making connections, and tripping—to provide early identification of fluid influxes and losses, thus helping ensure safe and efficient well delivery.
The advanced mud logging system includes a kick-detection system, flowback monitoring, trip monitoring software, and mud accounting software based on a new methodology. The kick-detection system uses advanced flowmeters to enable stricter control of the drilling process; fluid influxes or losses are detected by integrating the variance for predicted and measured flow and alarming, with as little as a barrel gained or lost. Flowback monitoring uses sophisticated algorithms in conjunction with the same high-accuracy flowmeters to monitor influxes while making connections. These algorithms drive a complex alarm system tuned to trigger on minimal flow variance, pit volumes, and the rate of modification of each compared to a historical baseline. Additionally, trip-monitoring software automates the tracking of pipe displacements in real time to warn of a well control event, instead of relying on spreadsheets or handwritten calculations. Mud accounting software tracks drilling fluid balance across the entire pit system for redundant influx and loss detection and accounts for volume changes based on circulating rates.
Application of the advanced mud logging system in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico (GOM) provided earlier detection of well control events—up to 10 minutes earlier than conventional well monitoring techniques. Flowback monitoring demonstrated the ability to identify minimal flow when making connections, which would be difficult to detect by visual inspection. The ability to trend flowback profiles consistently has allowed operators to reduce the pump's off time while making connections in less than 5 minutes, without jeopardizing the ability to confirm a static well.
Additionally, the advanced system enables drilling operations to proceed without increasing mud weight and exacerbating wellbore damage during a ballooning event.
This paper presents a case study in which the history of well control events documented in the literature was reviewed to help identify areas of improvement.
A Critical Appraisal of the Benefits of and Obstacles to Gaining Quality Data with Offshore Seismic CPT and P-S Logging.
Authors: Masters Toby Alexander , Juszkiewicz Patryk , Mandolini Alessandro , Christian Harold 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Soil stiffness is a key criterion in the design of OWT foundations. The necessity for the development of accurate in-situ small strain moduli profiles has led to an increased interest in using Seismic CPT (SCPT) and P-S Suspension logging. This paper describes both methods, weighs up the relative benefits (and limitations) and identifies the obstacles experienced in the data processing in order to gain reliable results. The accuracy of the techniques is evaluated through the site investigations for wind farm developments and compared against shear moduli derived from advanced laboratory tests on the soil element. The relative performance is made more complicated by the location of the investigation, often including placing additional equipment on the seafloor (in the case of SCPT) and having to work with heave compensated systems. P-S waves were found to be affected by the borehole conditions in terms of borehole diameter, irregularity of its walls (rugosity and/roughness), cavitation issues, fractures and ambient noises (especially at shallow depth), as well as borehole stability. The analysis of the results confirmed that both in-situ testing methods have promising potential in the evaluation of soil stiffness with higher characteristic values being derived than those by laboratory testing, leading to potential foundation cost reduction. There are distinct benefits achievable by performing seismic tests in-situ.
Implementation of XFEM for Fitness-For-Service Assessments in Life Extension and Damaged Structure Applications
Authors: Liu Meng-Lung , John Smarty Mathew , Lin Jessie , Massingill Amanda 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Fitness-for-service (FFS) assessments are critical to the integrity management of offshore and subsea assets. Decisions regarding continued service life or the need for corrective action for damaged structures pivot on accurate FFS assessment results. While FFS assessments using failure assessment diagrams (FAD) and finite element method (FEM) have been successfully implemented on simple and regular geometries, they are not suitable for structures with complex geometries, transition of failure modes, presence of residual stress, and nonlinear fracture toughness. Extended finite element method (XFEM), a fracture mechanics-based approach enriched by extra functions around a crack, is capable of considering the above mentioned scenarios and evaluating the crack behavior. This paper demonstrates the performance of XFEM and validates the results obtained from XFEM.
First, XFEM is implemented in assessing a stationary crack on ASTM Compact Test (CT) specimen to calculate the stress intensity factor (SIF) which the obtained results deviate from the analytical solution by less than 6% for various crack length cases. Following that, a cracked plate case treated with cold expansion technique is investigated. Its remaining fatigue life is obtained by simulating fatigue crack growth, under two sets of residual stresses generated by different mandrel diameters. The results are then compared to the crack arrest hole (CAH) approach.
Through these case studies, XFEM shows adequacy for FFS applications. XFEM facilitates the modeling of the crack surface, and eliminates the need to remesh for crack growth analysis. Arbitrary structure geometries and loading combinations can be directly used in XFEM since the stress and strain responses are calculated in a conventional FEM framework. This means that the presence of local corrosion and dents, as well as transition of failure modes can be accounted for. The residual stress effect can be accurately calculated and considered for SIF calculation. Although XFEM appears to be a good solution for FFS application, adequate caution should be given to the mesh size selection and mesh orientation because they may cause slight or noticeable fluctuation of results. Therefore, a mesh sensitivity study is recommended.
Wellbore Schematics to Structured Data Using Artificial Intelligence Tools
Authors: Kemajou Vanessa Ndonhong , Bao Anqi , Germain Olivier 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Wellbore schematics are essential to well planning and operations because they detail well design, completions, and sometimes the production mechanism. There are multiple formats and types of wellbore schematics; however, they generally consist of a well diagram accompanied by tables of annotations listing components and equipment details such as depths and diameters. Paper-based wellbore schematic reports are often distributed as the primary account of technical information concerning old wells after being acquired by oil and gas operators. Any intervention or further operation on those wells would require a thorough and manual interpretation of those reports, which can be lengthy and prone to errors. Therefore, to automatically convert the diagram and annotations into a readable database, a practical technique or tool has to be developed.
Artificial intelligence (AI)-powered image analysis addresses similar problems for other engineering disciplines and industries, and with the latest advances for software and computer hardware capabilities, it is possible to design specialized solutions for the oil and gas industry. Therefore, a methodology was defined and implemented to import the available machine learning technology for automating the interpretation and analysis of wellbore schematics. With this novel tool, scanning the paper-based wellbore schematic results in digital and easily shareable structured data that can be used to regenerate a digital wellbore schematic. This method analyzes the diagram and the annotations on the wellbore schematic file and then combines the analysis results by matching the diagram with the surrounding annotations and engineering constraints.
The methodology was tested on a set of wellbore schematic files, and digital schematics were regenerated. Fundamental components and equipment were detected that matched the original schematics in terms of depths and diameters. The designed tool saves considerable time and effort while providing accuracy and repeatability. These results highlight some of the benefits of applying multidisciplinary ideas for data management to the industry.
The object detection technique in image analytics is new to the oil and gas industry for identifying components in well schematics. Further, this project is comprehensive because it identifies the diagram and related annotations. Challenges and breakthroughs experienced in this research will be addressed.
Significance and Potential Benefits of Bulk Material Standardization for Offshore Projects
Authors: Singh Kanika , Jeon Hyun Buki , Ellingsen Hans Petter , Do Hyunsun , Son Jin Seong , Min Gi Eob , Jeong Byoung Min , Kim Dong Woo , Kang Do Wook , Shin Hyun Chang 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Oil and gas companies are focusing to solve the challenges of high-cost, high-risk and adverse market conditions in offshore production. These ongoing challenges and uncertainties with the fluctuating oil prices and increasing regulatory and safety requirements, have prompted oil and gas companies to explore ways to improve efficiency and productivity through standardization. Many of the offshore projects were analyzed before the launch of Unified Bulk Joint Industry Project (UBJIP) which has evolved in various phases. The main objective of the paper is to discuss the standard specification of Electrical and Instrument(E&I) components, Piping and Structure material. It is essential to state a defined significant purpose and benefit of the standardization work and assure that the actual efforts contribute to the overall savings.
This paper focuses on the common specification in compliance with a cross-industry specification and includes details of the planning and execution of on-going standardization program. When standardizing, there are several considerations. The selection of bulk material is based on high-volume value and quality aspects which have significant impact when prioritizing among the components. The methodology adopted to develop the standard specifications of bulk items (for Electrical & Instrumentation, Piping and Structure) is identified by performing the gap analysis among local regulations, industry standards and major offshore project specifications. The developed standard specifications are based on evaluation and verification with prototype risk and business case studies.
The findings of this paper cover the new standardization specification for cable glands, cable terminations and penetrations, pipe supports, flange management systems and outfitting. In some cases, the lack of international standards and codes in some areas was identified where the gaps were filled with the new UBJIP standard specifications. The significance and benefit criteria for standardization focuses on cost, weight, construction efficiency, compatibility, safety requirements and operational maintenance.
The novel aspects of this paper address the challenges posed in design, materials, and procedures to meet a cross-industry specification, i.e. UBJIP IOSS (Integrated Offshore Standard Specification, soon to be incorporated into an ISO/IEC specification). The future steps and roadmap towards global standards are covered in this paper.
Utilizing 3D Optical and Acoustic Scanning Systems to Investigate Impacts from the Oil Spill on Historic Shipwrecks
Authors: Damour Melanie , Church Robert , Warren Daniel , Horrell Christopher 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) and Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) are required to consider the effects of their permitted actions on cultural resources, per the National Historic Preservation Act (1966). After the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, BOEM, BSEE, and study partners implemented a multidisciplinary approach to assess micro- to macro-scale impacts from the spill on a select number of previously investigated deepwater shipwrecks. The Gulf of Mexico Shipwreck Corrosion, Hydrocarbon Exposure, Microbiology, and Archaeology (GOM-SCHEMA) Project collected microbiological, geochemical, and archaeological data at wooden- and metal-hulled shipwrecks within and outside of the spill-impacted area for a comparative analysis. Archaeologists documented the selected shipwrecks’ post-spill state of preservation using 3D optical and acoustic scanning systems for comparison with existing geophysical and visual data collected prior to the spill.
Marine archaeologists are using 3D scanning systems as new tools for recording and interpreting shipwreck sites and analyzing site formation processes in the marine environment. The GOM-SCHEMA Project combined 3D laser data from an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) with 3D sonar data collected by a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) as a first step toward monitoring efforts that will inform BOEM and BSEE of the spill’s long-term impacts on deepwater shipwreck preservation. Employing microbial ecological analyses and laboratory-based corrosion experiments that identified micro-scale impacts, scientists gained a better understanding of how the spill affected the natural processes of metal corrosion and wood degradation. 3D imaging creates a permanent digital record that allows scientists to study minute details and also serves as an important outreach tool by allowing the public to virtually explore archaeological resources. By comparing 3D scans collected repeatedly at the same sites over time, especially the sub-centimeter-accurate 3D laser data, archaeologists can quantitatively analyze changes occurring on these sites as a result of enhanced corrosion or degradation. Collectively, these datasets can inform archaeologists and submerged cultural resource managers about site stability, formation processes such as sedimentation and scouring, and the long-term impacts of a major oil spill on submerged cultural resources.
Analyzing Swellable Packer Model Under Miscible Gas Differential Pressure Utilizing Computerized Tomography Scanning
Authors: Pounds Rob , Glaesman Chad 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this project was to confirm the occurrence of and to characterize hydrocarbon gas diffusion through a swollen reduced-scale packer of oil swellable material. The extent and origin of extrusion at the ends of the scaled packer is a key measurement. A quantitative and qualitative analysis was performed to determine if the miscible gas mixture damaged the structure or compromised the capability of the elastomer / swellable packer to hold pressure.
Two packers were swollen (separate fixtures) in diesel under conditions similar to downhole pressure and temperature. The test fixtures were limited to an internal pressure of 2000 psi. A 1900 psi differential pressure was applied across the two test samples using the swell fluid. A temperature of 72ºC was maintained for the test. A miscible hydrocarbon gas was then introduced (1900 psi) to one of the test samples to completely displace diesel from the high-pressure side of the test fixture. Pressure and temperature were maintained for approximately 35 days during which regular computed tomography scans were conducted to detect any changes in the density of the swellable rubber element.