bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ozone will remain a threat for plants independently of nitrogen load
Authors: Feng Zhaozhong , Shang Bo , Li Zhengzhen , Calatayud Vicent , Agathokleous Evgenios 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Elevated concentrations of ground‐level ozone (O3) and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition occur concurrently. The negative effects of elevated O3 on plants have been widely studied and are well understood nowadays. However, how the effects of elevated O3 on plants may be driven by N deposition remains an unsolved puzzle.

We conducted a meta‐analysis and showed that the negative effects of elevated O3 on photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, growth and biomass production of semi‐natural and natural vegetation may remain unchanged by N deposition in the coming future under realistic increases in O3 concentrations (+20 to 40 ppb) and N deposition (up to 60 kg ha−1 year−1). The negative effect of elevated O3 on chlorophyll content is offset by soil N addition; however, the negative effect on biomasses is not offset by soil N addition.

Across functional groups and O3 levels, N addition exacerbated O3 effects on root when N increased from 0–10 kg N ha−1 year−1 to 11–30 kg N ha−1 year−1. However, an analysis as per the plant functional group revealed that such a N‐dependent O3 effect was significant only in perennial non‐woody plants, and was non‐significant when only realistic increases in O3 concentrations were considered. Likewise, N addition appeared to exacerbate O3‐negative effects on photosynthesis of trees when N increased from 0–30 kg N ha−1 year−1 to >60 kg N ha−1 year−1; however, this effect was significant only when realistic increases in O3 concentrations were considered.

The results suggest potential error in the current estimates of the overall O3 impacts on plants due to no consideration of soil N availability, and encourage further studies on the interaction of O3 and N availability that will permit more robust analyses in the future. Elevated O3 will likely remain a persistent agricultural and ecological issue independently of N deposition.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Prescription drug monitoring programs: Assessing the association between “best practices” and opioid use in Medicare
Authors: Moyo Patience , Simoni‐Wastila Linda , Griffin Beth Ann , Harrington Donna , Alexander G. Caleb , Palumbo Francis , Onukwugha Eberechukwu 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the impact of implementing prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) best practices on prescription opioid use.Data Sources2007–2012 Medicare claims for noncancer pain patients, and PDMP attributes from the Prescription Drug Abuse Policy System.Study DesignWe derived PDMP composite scores using the number of best practices adopted by states (range: 0‐14), classifying states as either no PDMP, low strength (0 < score < median), or high strength (score ≥ median). Using generalized linear models, we quantified the association between the PDMP score category and opioid use measures—overall and stratified by disability/age. Sensitivity analyses assessed the general Medicare sample regardless of pain diagnoses, individual PDMP characteristics, and compared GEE model findings to models with state fixed effects.Principal FindingsCompared to non‐PDMP states, strong PDMP states had lower opioid cumulative doses (−296 mg; 95% CI: −512, −132), days supplied (−7.84; 95% CI: −10.6, −5.04), prescription fill rates (0.97; 95% CI: 0.95, 0.98), and mean daily doses (−2.31 mg; 95% CI: −3.14, −1.48) but greater prevalence of high opioid doses in disabled adults, whereas there was little or no change in older adults. Findings in states with weak PDMPs were substantively similar to those of strong PDMPs. Results from sensitivity analyses were mostly consistent with main findings except there was a null relationship with mean daily doses and high doses in models with state fixed effects.ConclusionsComprehensive or minimal adoption of PDMP best practices was associated with mostly comparable effects on Medicare beneficiaries’ opioid use; however, these effects were concentrated among nonelderly disabled adults.
Association between insulin and post‐caesarean resuscitation rates in infants of women with GDM: A retrospective study
Authors: Ng Aloysius , Liu Anthony , Nanan Ralph 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and caesarean deliveries independently increase the risk of postoperative complications. There are limited data on the influence of insulin use on the outcomes of neonates who were delivered via caesarean section. We sought to investigate the impact of insulin use in women with GDM on resuscitation rates of infants post caesarean delivery.MethodsA retrospective database review of women with singleton term (≥ 37 weeks) pregnancies who were on insulin for GDM delivering between January 2005 and December 2014 at a major metropolitan hospital in Sydney.ResultsOne thousand eight hundred and fifty‐seven women with GDM were identified. The mean age was 31.01 ± 5.63 years and mean gestational period of 39.07 ± 1.00 weeks. 31.0% received insulin treatment for GDM. Women who were on insulin were older (31.9 ± 5.7 vs 30.6 ± 5.6 years, P < 0.001), had a higher body mass index (BMI) (31.2 ± 7.7 vs 29.0 ± 7.4 kg/m2, P < 0.001), higher rates of preeclampsia (7.3% vs 4.1%, P = 0.004), lower rates of alcohol consumption (0.4% vs 1.7%, P = 0.014), and had infants with lower resuscitation rates (21.2% vs 28.6%, P = 0.001). Infants who required resuscitation had a lower gestational age, lower five‐minute APGAR score, and lower birth weight, length, and head circumferences. On multivariate analysis, women with GDM treated with insulin (odds ratio [OR] = 0.69, CI = 0.54‐0.89, P = 0.004), higher gestational age (OR = 0.88, CI = 0.78‐0.99, P = 0.032), higher maternal BMI (OR = 1.02, CI = 1.01‐1.04, P = 0.005), and emergency caesarean (OR = 2.33, CI = 1.74‐3.12, P < 0.001) independently predicted incidence of resuscitation.ConclusionsThe findings suggest a relationship between insulin use and reduced resuscitation rates of infants born from mothers with GDM. Further studies investigating the role, dosage, and criteria for insulin use in women with GDM are required.
Sampling and analysis frameworks for inference in ecology
Authors: Williams Byron K. , Brown Eleanor D. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractReliable statistical inference is central to ecological research, much of which seeks to estimate population attributes and their interactions. The issue of sampling design and its relationship to inference has become increasingly important due to rapid proliferation of modelling methodology (line transect modelling, capture‐recapture, estimation of occurrence, model selection procedures, hierarchical modelling) and new sampling approaches (adaptive sampling, other specialized designs). It is important for ecologists using these advanced methods to be aware of how the linkages between sample selection and data analysis can potentially affect inference.We examine design‐based and model‐based inference frameworks for ecological data collected randomly, purposively or opportunistically. We elucidate differences in the probability structures for data arising from these frameworks, clarify the assumptions that underlie them, and demonstrate their differences.Design based inference builds on a probability structure inherited from randomized data collection, whereas model‐based inference relies on an assumed stochastic model of the data. By itself, a design‐based approach is of limited value for inferences about causal hypotheses. In contrast, model‐based inference is dependent on a conditionality principle that can seldom be shown to be met for an ecological system. We describe the conditions under which one can safely ignore sampling design in model‐based analysis, along with inferential implications if these conditions are not met. The special case of opportunistic sampling is discussed.We present a combined framework that takes advantage of both approaches to inference, and provides a robust methodology that can deal with the modelling of sampling problems such as non‐detection and misclassification, as well as the exploration of causal hypotheses. The combined framework can be useful for identifying optimal sampling strategies.Each approach to inference has its strengths and weaknesses, and practitioners should be aware of these in order to tailor designs and analyses to specific questions. We use the approaches and their underlying rationales to provide guidelines for choosing designs and estimators for reliable inference.
Managerial characteristics and stock market investment: evidence from China
Authors: Yang Jingjing , Xin Yuan , Jun Xiao 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe examine the effect of managerial characteristics on investment in the stock market by listed firms in China. Our empirical findings suggest that higher levels of cash‐based compensation may increase both the propensity of investing in the stock market and the total amount of investment. On the other hand, managerial holdings discourage managers from investing in stock markets and also lead to a decrease in the amount of investment. This study sheds light on managerial risk‐taking incentives. Moreover, this study fills the gap in the literature by providing evidence for the determinants of listed firms’ stock market investment.
Regional changes in ∆FosB expression in rat brain following MDMA self‐administration predict increased sensitivity to effects of locally infused MDMA
Authors: van de Wetering Ross , Schenk Susan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRepeated exposure to drugs produces a plethora of persistent brain changes, some of which underlie the development of drug addiction. An important objective of addiction research is to identify the brain changes that might mediate the transition from drug use to drug misuse. The persistent accumulation of the transcription factor, ∆FosB, following repeated drug exposure provides a means of achieving this objective. Experiments were conducted on sexually mature male Sprague‐Dawley rats. The effects of extensive 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) self‐administration on immunohistochemical measurements of ∆FosB accumulation in 12 brain regions was compared with a matched, drug‐naive, control group. Other groups were pretreated with MDMA (0.0 or 10.0 mg/kg, ip, once daily for 5 days), and the locomotor‐activating effect of MDMA (200 μg/side) microinjected bilaterally into brain regions selected on the basis of the ∆FosB results was subsequently determined. MDMA self‐administration significantly increased ∆FosB expression in the nucleus accumbens core, ventromedial and dorsomedial caudate‐putamen, anterior cingulate, prelimbic, infralimbic, and orbitofrontal cortex, and both the central and basolateral amygdala, but not in the ventrolateral or dorsolateral caudate‐putamen. Increases in the nucleus accumbens shell were substantial but were not significant following statistical correction for multiple comparisons. MDMA pretreatment enhanced MDMA‐produced hyperactivity only when administered into the nucleus accumbens or the medial, but not the lateral, caudate‐putamen, mirroring the ∆FosB results. These data compare favorably to results following repeated exposure to other drugs of abuse and support the idea of common neuroplastic changes following repeated drug exposure.
Dysregulation of the histone demethylase KDM6B in alcohol dependence is associated with epigenetic regulation of inflammatory signaling pathways
Authors: Johnstone Andrea L. , Andrade Nadja S. , Barbier Estelle , Khomtchouk Bohdan B. , Rienas Christopher A. , Lowe Kenneth , Van Booven Derek J. , Domi Esi , Esanov Rustam , Vilca Samara , Tapocik Jenica D. , Rodriguez Keli , Maryanski Danielle , Keogh Michael Christopher , Meinhardt Marcus W. , Sommer Wolfgang H. , Heilig Markus , Zeier Zane , Wahlestedt Claes 
Published: August 2019

AbstractEpigenetic enzymes oversee long‐term changes in gene expression by integrating genetic and environmental cues. While there are hundreds of enzymes that control histone and DNA modifications, their potential roles in substance abuse and alcohol dependence remain underexplored. A few recent studies have suggested that epigenetic processes could underlie transcriptomic and behavioral hallmarks of alcohol addiction. In the present study, we sought to identify epigenetic enzymes in the brain that are dysregulated during protracted abstinence as a consequence of chronic and intermittent alcohol exposure. Through quantitative mRNA expression analysis of over 100 epigenetic enzymes, we identified 11 that are significantly altered in alcohol‐dependent rats compared with controls. Follow‐up studies of one of these enzymes, the histone demethylase KDM6B, showed that this enzyme exhibits region‐specific dysregulation in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of alcohol‐dependent rats. KDM6B was also upregulated in the human alcoholic brain. Upregulation of KDM6B protein in alcohol‐dependent rats was accompanied by a decrease of trimethylation levels at histone H3, lysine 27 (H3K27me3), consistent with the known demethylase specificity of KDM6B. Subsequent epigenetic (chromatin immunoprecipitation [ChIP]–sequencing) analysis showed that alcohol‐induced changes in H3K27me3 were significantly enriched at genes in the IL‐6 signaling pathway, consistent with the well‐characterized role of KDM6B in modulation of inflammatory responses. Knockdown of KDM6B in cultured microglial cells diminished IL‐6 induction in response to an inflammatory stimulus. Our findings implicate a novel KDM6B‐mediated epigenetic signaling pathway integrated with inflammatory signaling pathways that are known to underlie the development of alcohol addiction.
The immediate efficacy of inhaled nitric oxide treatment in preterm infants with acute respiratory failure during neonatal transport
Authors: Garrido Felipe , Gonzalez‐Caballero Juan Luis , Lomax Rachel , Dady Ian 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAimThe aim of our review was to describe the clinical response to inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) in a series of preterm babies in respiratory failure during uplift transfers to a neonatal intensive care unit.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of critical newborns with gestational age <34+0 weeks transferred from January 2013 to December 2018. Data were extracted from our Clinical Information System for transport. The primary measure of this review was to assess whether a significant improvement in the oxygenation saturation index (OSI) occurred following the use of iNO.ResultsThirty preterm babies <34+0 weeks were included in our review. OSI, as a measure of oxygenation, did not statistically improve as an immediate response to iNO from referral to receiving hospital (17.1 vs 16.4; P = .7). We found that pH (7.15 vs 7.29; P = .004) and pCO2 (8.1 vs 6.3; P = .05) significantly improved probably based on ventilation management.ConclusionFollowing the recommendations of the American Academy of Paediatrics and other organizations, iNO should not routinely be used during the neonatal transfer of preterm babies <34+0 in respiratory failure. We need to conduct further studies to establish which selected preterm patients would benefit from being treated with iNO.
Barrier damaging effects of n‐propanol in occlusion‐modified tandem repeated irritation test: Modulation by exposure factors and atopic skin disease
Authors: Angelova‐Fischer Irena , Soltanipoor Maryam , Stilla Tasja , Fischer Tobias W. , Kezic Sanja , Jakasa Ivone 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundRecent studies provide evidence for significant and previously underestimated barrier damaging effects of repeated exposure to 60% n‐propanol in healthy skin in vivo.ObjectivesTo investigate further the cumulative effects of a range of n‐propanol concentrations relevant at the workplace in healthy and atopic dermatitis (AD) individuals, and study the modulation of the outcomes by co‐exposure and host‐related factors.MethodsHealthy adult and AD volunteers were exposed to n‐propanol concentrations from 30% to 75% in occlusion‐modified tandem repeated irritation test with measurements of erythema, transepidermal water loss, capacitance, and the natural moisturizing factor (NMF) levels at baseline and after 96 hours.Resultsn‐Propanol exerted significant barrier damaging effects even at the lowest concentration in both groups. Exposure to all n‐propanol concentrations significantly reduced the NMF levels. Preceding low‐grade trauma by occlusion/water exposure reduced the skin irritation threshold in both groups. The differences in the severity of the barrier function impairment after exposure to the same concentrations under the same conditions between the AD and control groups were significant.ConclusionsThe negative effects of cumulative exposure to n‐propanol in healthy and atopic skin shown in the study suggest the need for critical re‐evaluation of its irritant properties in vivo.
Juvenile melanocytic acral nevus: A comparative study between MANIAC and non‐MANIAC nevus and its clinicopathological characteristics
Authors: García‐Rabasco Ana , Roselló‐Añón Alejandro , De‐Unamuno‐Bustos Blanca , Ferrer‐Guillén Blanca , Alegre De Miquel Víctor 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundMelanocytic acral nevi have a series of distinguishing features, including their location, patient age at onset, clinical progression, and histological findings. In particular, histopathological analysis often reveals a melanocytic acral nevus with intraepidermal ascent of cells (MANIAC nevus), which in some cases can be mistaken for atypia or malignancy.AimThis study describes the clinicopathological characteristics of acral nevi in patients under 18 years old and contrasts the clinical and histological features between MANIAC vs non‐MANIAC nevi.MethodsThis was a retrospective observational study, performed in our department in the decade between January 2007 and January 2017. We included patients younger than 18 years of age who were subjected to the removal of melanocytic acral nevi.ResultsA total of 70 patients were studied. 54.2% (38/70) were females and 45.8% (32/70) were males. With regard to the type of nevus, 34 were compound, 27 were junctional, and 9 were predominantly intradermal lesions. We identified a total of 41 MANIAC nevi and 29 non‐MANIAC nevi. Statistically significant differences between these two groups were identified in nevus size (larger in MANIAC) and the frequency of compound nevi (higher in the MANIAC group), but not in the remainder of the histological parameters studied.
The behavioural and social sciences as hidden curriculum in UK dental education: A qualitative study
Authors: Neville Patricia , Zahra Jez , Pilch Katie , Jayawardena Dasna , Waylen Andrea 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe behavioural and social sciences (BeSS) are an integral part of dental curricula, helping students become holistic, patient‐centred practitioners. Nevertheless, UK studies document that dental undergraduates struggle to see the relevance of BeSS to their training. Using the concept of hidden curriculum, this study explored dental studentsâ€™ perceptions of and attitudes towards BeSS in one dental school in the UK. Material and methodsSix focus groups were conducted with 37 dental students from years 1 to 5. Thematic analysis was conducted revealing five themes: student attitudes towards BeSS, teaching culture, learning culture, curricular issues and student culture.ResultsMany students recognised how BeSS contributed to their communication and patient management skills. Nevertheless, the study revealed a dental student cohort who have a strained relationship with BeSS. This negative attitude became more apparent from year 3 onwards, when the clinical phase of studies begins. It was perpetuated and legitimated by the existence of a strong student culture that openly critiqued BeSS among and between student year groups.Discussion and conclusion(s)In UK dental education there is a hidden curriculum related to BeSS. By underestimating the utility of BeSS, students are failing to recognise the biopsychosocial dimensions relevant to oral health and dental practice. All UK dental schools should review their relationship with BeSS and assess whether they are perpetuating a hidden curriculum about BeSS within their curricula.
Self‐reported confidence and anxiety over endodontic procedures in undergraduate students—Quantitative and qualitative study
Authors: Luz Luciana Batista , Grock Camila Hélen , Oliveira Vanessa Farias , Bizarro Lisiane , Ardenghi Thiago Machado , Ferreira Maria Beatriz Cardoso , Montagner Francisco 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPurposeThe current literature shows a growing interest to assess the feelings and perceptions of students associated with the performance of elective endodontic procedures. This study aimed to evaluate the students' anxiety and self‐perceptions related to performing such treatments.MethodsForty‐five students participated in the research (G1 = 22 beginners students; G2 = 23 senior students). Demographic data, STAI‐State and Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for pre‐operative anxiety were completed before the appointment with patient. The STAI‐Trait; NRS for post‐operative anxiety; previous experiences in endodontics; and level of confidence in each stage of endodontic treatments were collected after appointment. Focal groups for qualitative data collection were performed on separate occasion.ResultsBoth groups showed higher scores in STAI‐State than for STAI‐Trait scale. G1 showed higher levels of anxiety in the pre‐operative, compared with post‐operative moment in the NRS scale. G2 reported feeling more confidence to insert intracanal medication and to restore teeth between appointments than G1. In both focus groups, participants reported insecurity in performing endodontic procedures due to difficulty in visualisation and to anatomic complexities. G1 reported that all the confidence they had was based in pre‐clinical experience, and G2 mentioned concern about the end of graduation.ConclusionThe participants' anxiety diminishes as they gain more experience in performing endodontic procedures. However, as they approach the end of the course anxiety levels increase. Greater availability of elective courses in endodontics could be a valuable alternative to provide students with more exposure to and experience with these procedures.