bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TMS as a pharmacodynamic indicator of cortical activity of a novel anti‐epileptic drug, XEN1101
Authors: Premoli Isabella , Rossini Pierre G. , Goldberg Paul Y. , Posadas Kristina , Green Louise , Yogo Noah , Pimstone Simon , Abela Eugenio , Beatch Gregory N. , Richardson Mark P. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectiveTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) produces characteristic deflections in the EEG signal named TMS‐evoked EEG potentials (TEPs), which can be used to assess drug effects on cortical excitability. TMS can also be used to determine the resting motor threshold (RMT) for eliciting a minimal muscle response, as a biomarker of corticospinal excitability. XEN1101 is a novel potassium channel opener undergoing clinical development for treatment of epilepsy. We used TEPs and RMT to measure the effects of XEN1101 in the human brain, to provide evidence that XEN1101 alters cortical excitability at doses that might be used in future clinical trials.MethodsTMS measurements were incorporated in this Phase I clinical trial to evaluate the extent to which XEN1101 modulates TMS parameters of cortical and corticospinal excitability. TEPs and RMT were collected before and at 2‐, 4‐, and 6‐hours post drug intake in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized, two‐period crossover study of 20 healthy male volunteers.ResultsConsistent with previous TMS investigations of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) targeting ion channels, the amplitude of TEPs occurring at early (15–55 msec after TMS) and at late (150–250 msec after TMS) latencies were significantly suppressed from baseline by 20 mg of XEN1101. Furthermore, the RMT showed a significant time‐dependent increase that correlated with the XEN1101 plasma concentration.InterpretationChanges from baseline in TMS measures provided evidence that 20 mg of XEN1101 suppressed cortical and corticospinal excitability, consistent with the effects of other AEDs. These results support the implementation of TMS as a tool to inform early‐stage clinical trials.
Brain lesion distribution criteria distinguish demyelinating diseases in China
Authors: Cai Meng‐Ting , Zhang Yin‐Xi , Zheng Yang , Yang Fan , Fang Wei , Shen Chun‐Hong , Ding Mei‐Ping 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo verify the utility of brain lesion distribution criteria in distinguishing multiple sclerosis (MS) from aquaporin‐4 (AQP4)‐immunoglobulin G (IgG)‐positive/‐negative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein IgG‐associated encephalomyelitis (MOG‐EM) in the Chinese population.MethodsA total of 253 patients with MS (80), NMOSD (129 AQP4‐IgG positive, 34 AQP4‐IgG negative), and MOG‐EM (10) were enrolled. Anonymized magnetic resonance imaging results were scored on the previous reported criteria of “at least one lesion adjacent to the body of the lateral ventricle and in the inferior temporal lobe; or the presence of a subcortical U‐fiber lesion; or a Dawson’s finger‐type lesion.” Chi‐squared test (or Fisher’s exact test) was used to analyze the data.ResultsThe distribution criteria were able to distinguish MS with a same sensitivity of 93.8% from all type of NMOSD and MOG‐EM, with a specificity of 89.7% from the whole NMOSD cohort, 89.1% from AQP4‐IgG‐positive NMOSD 91.2% from AQP4‐IgG‐negative NMOSD, and 70.0% from MOG‐EM. Dawson's finger‐type lesion was the most sensitive and specific feature, whereas the U‐fiber lesion was the least.ConclusionThe brain lesion distribution criteria were helpful in distinguishing MS from NMOSD and MOG‐EM in the Chinese population. Dawson's finger‐type lesion was highly suggestive of MS.
A Simple Way to Simultaneously Release the Interface Stress and Realize the Inner Encapsulation for Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wu Jionghua , Cui Yuqi , Yu Bingchen , Liu Kuan , Li Yiming , Li Hongshi , Shi Jiangjian , Wu Huijue , Luo Yanhong , Li Dongmei , Meng Qingbo 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe mixed halide perovskites have become famous for their outstanding photoelectric conversion efficiency among new‐generation solar cells. Unfortunately, for perovskites, little effort is focused on stress engineering, which should be emphasized for highly efficient solar cells like GaAs. Herein, polystyrene (PS) is introduced into the perovskite solar cells as the buffer layer between the SnO2 and perovskite, which can release the residual stress in the perovskite during annealing because of its low glass transition temperature. The stress‐free perovskite has less recombination, larger lattices, and a lower ion migration tendency, which significantly improves the cell's efficiency and device stability. Furthermore, the so‐called inner‐encapsulated perovskite solar cells are fabricated with another PS capping layer on the top of perovskite. As high as a 21.89% photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) with a steady‐state PCE of 21.5% is achieved, suggesting that the stress‐free cell can retain almost 97% of its initial efficiency after 5 days of “day cycle” stability testing.
Precisely Controlled Microsphere Design via Visible‐Light Cross‐Linking of Functional Prepolymers
Authors: Hooker Jordan P. , Feist Florian , Delafresnaye Laura , Barner Leonie , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA new strategy for particle synthesis is enabled by utilizing modern synthetic, polymer, and photochemical techniques to facilitate the synthesis of highly narrow–disperse multifunctional microspheres from visible‐light induced crosslinking of prepolymers in both a single and dual polymer system. The approach requires no stabilizers, bases, or initiators, and proceeds at ambient temperature to yield microspheres with a tunable size range (0.25–5 µm) in less than 4 h, depending largely on solvent composition, but also polymer concentration (2–10 mg mL−1), ratio, and irradiation intensity (3–20 W). Critically, the visible‐light induced dimerization reaction exploited herein enables simple functional particle syntheses via a single polymer system. Underpinned by an in‐depth kinetic analysis of the particle formation as well as a detailed small molecule study, the mechanism for particle formation is also elucidated. Importantly, inherent advantages of the system are exploited for surface functionalization of residual acrylate and hydroxyl groups (generating inherently fluorescent particles).
Nanowire Genome: A Magic Toolbox for 1D Nanostructures
Authors: He Zhen , Yang Yuan , Liang Hai‐Wei , Liu Jian‐Wei , Yu Shu‐Hong 
Published: October 2019

Abstract1D nanomaterials with high aspect ratio, i.e., nanowires and nanotubes, have inspired considerable research interest thanks to the fact that exotic physical and chemical properties emerge as their diameters approach or fall into certain length scales, such as the wavelength of light, the mean free path of phonons, the exciton Bohr radius, the critical size of magnetic domains, and the exciton diffusion length. On the basis of their components, aspect ratio, and properties, there may be imperceptible connections among hundreds of nanowires prepared by different strategies. Inspired by the heredity system in life, a new concept termed the “nanowire genome” is introduced here to clarify the relationships between hundreds of nanowires reported previously. As such, this approach will not only improve the tools incorporating the prior nanowires but also help to precisely synthesize new nanowires and even assist in the prediction on the properties of nanowires. Although the road from start‐ups to maturity is long and fraught with challenges, the genetical syntheses of more than 200 kinds of nanostructures stemming from three mother nanowires (Te, Ag, and Cu) are summarized here to demonstrate the nanowire genome as a versatile toolbox. A summary and outlook on future challenges in this field are also presented.
Rekindling RNAi Therapy: Materials Design Requirements for In Vivo siRNA Delivery
Authors: Kim Byungji , Park Ji‐Ho , Sailor Michael J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWith the recent FDA approval of the first siRNA‐derived therapeutic, RNA interference (RNAi)‐mediated gene therapy is undergoing a transition from research to the clinical space. The primary obstacle to realization of RNAi therapy has been the delivery of oligonucleotide payloads. Therefore, the main aims is to identify and describe key design features needed for nanoscale vehicles to achieve effective delivery of siRNA‐mediated gene silencing agents in vivo. The problem is broken into three elements: 1) protection of siRNA from degradation and clearance; 2) selective homing to target cell types; and 3) cytoplasmic release of the siRNA payload by escaping or bypassing endocytic uptake. The in vitro and in vivo gene silencing efficiency values that have been reported in publications over the past decade are quantitatively summarized by material type (lipid, polymer, metal, mesoporous silica, and porous silicon), and the overall trends in research publication and in clinical translation are discussed to reflect on the direction of the RNAi therapeutics field.
Revealing the Cooperative Relationship between Spin, Energy, and Polarization Parameters toward Developing High‐Efficiency Exciplex Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Wang Miaosheng , Huang Yi‐Hsuan , Lin Kai‐Siang , Yeh Tzu‐Hung , Duan Jiashun , Ko Tzu‐Yu , Liu Shun‐Wei , Wong Ken‐Tsung , Hu Bin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractExperimental studies to reveal the cooperative relationship between spin, energy, and polarization through intermolecular charge‐transfer dipoles to harvest nonradiative triplets into radiative singlets in exciplex light‐emitting diodes are reported. Magneto‐photoluminescence studies reveal that the triplet‐to‐singlet conversion in exciplexes involves an artificially generated spin‐orbital coupling (SOC). The photoinduced electron parametric resonance measurements indicate that the intermolecular charge‐transfer occurs with forming electric dipoles (D+•→A−•), providing the ionic polarization to generate SOC in exciplexes. By having different singlet‐triplet energy differences (ΔEST) in 9,9′‐diphenyl‐9H,9′H‐3,3′‐bicarbazole (BCzPh):3′,3′″,3′″″‐(1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4,6‐triyl)tris(([1,1′‐biphenyl]‐3‐carbonitrile)) (CN‐T2T) (ΔEST = 30 meV) and BCzPh:bis‐4,6‐(3,5‐di‐3‐pyridylphenyl)‐2‐methyl‐pyrimidine (B3PYMPM) (ΔEST = 130 meV) exciplexes, the SOC generated by the intermolecular charge‐transfer states shows large and small values (reflected by different internal magnetic parameters: 274 vs 17 mT) with high and low external quantum efficiency maximum, EQEmax (21.05% vs 4.89%), respectively. To further explore the cooperative relationship of spin, energy, and polarization parameters, different photoluminescence wavelengths are selected to concurrently change SOC, ΔEST, and polarization while monitoring delayed fluorescence. When the electron clouds become more deformed at a longer emitting wavelength due to reduced dipole (D+•→A−•) size, enhanced SOC, increased orbital polarization, and decreased ΔEST can simultaneously occur to cooperatively operate the triplet‐to‐singlet conversion.
Nanomedicine‐Based Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Cancer Metastasis
Authors: Zhang Pengcheng , Zhai Yihui , Cai Ying , Zhao Yuliang , Li Yaping 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMetastasis is the leading cause of cancer‐associated death, with poor prognosis even after extensive treatment. The dormancy of metastatic cancer cells during dissemination or after colony formation is one major reason for treatment failure, as most drugs target cells of active proliferation. Immunotherapy has shown great potential in cancer therapy because the activity of effector cells is less affected by the metabolic status of cancer cells. In addition, metastatic cells out of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) are more susceptible to immune clearance, although these cells can achieve immune surveillance evasion via strategies such as platelet and macrophage recruitment. Since nanomaterials themselves or their carried drugs have the capability to modulate the immune system, a great amount of focus has been placed on nanomedicine strategies that leverage immune cells participating the metastatic cascade. These nanomedicines successfully inhibit the tumor metastasis and prolong the survival of model animals. Immune cells that are involved in the metastasis cascade are first summarized and then recent and inspiring strategies and nanomaterials in this growing field are highlighted.
Engineered Fibrillar Fibronectin Networks as Three‐Dimensional Tissue Scaffolds
Authors: Jordahl Stacy , Solorio Luis , Neale Dylan B. , McDermott Sean , Jordahl Jacob H. , Fox Alexandra , Dunlay Christopher , Xiao Annie , Brown Martha , Wicha Max , Luker Gary D. , Lahann Joerg 
Published: October 2019

AbstractExtracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, and most prominently, fibronectin (Fn), are routinely used in the form of adsorbed pre‐coatings in an attempt to create a cell‐supporting environment in both two‐ and three‐dimensional cell culture systems. However, these protein coatings are typically deposited in a form which is structurally and functionally distinct from the ECM‐constituting fibrillar protein networks naturally deposited by cells. Here, the cell‐free and scalable synthesis of freely suspended and mechanically robust three‐dimensional (3D) networks of fibrillar fibronectin (fFn) supported by tessellated polymer scaffolds is reported. Hydrodynamically induced Fn fibrillogenesis at the three‐phase contact line between air, an Fn solution, and a tessellated scaffold microstructure yields extended protein networks. Importantly, engineered fFn networks promote cell invasion and proliferation, enable in vitro expansion of primary cancer cells, and induce an epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition in cancer cells. Engineered fFn networks support the formation of multicellular cancer structures cells from plural effusions of cancer patients. With further work, engineered fFn networks can have a transformative impact on fundamental cell studies, precision medicine, pharmaceutical testing, and pre‐clinical diagnostics.
Plasmonic Pt Superstructures with Boosted Near‐Infrared Absorption and Photothermal Conversion Efficiency in the Second Biowindow for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Wang Qishun , Wang Huan , Yang Yang , Jin Longhai , Liu Yang , Wang Ying , Yan Xiangyu , Xu Jing , Gao Ruoqian , Lei Pengpeng , Zhu Junjie , Wang Yinghui , Song Shuyan , Zhang Hongjie 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPhotothermal therapy triggered by near‐infrared light in the second biowindow (NIR‐II) has attracted extensive interest owing to its deeper penetration depth of biological tissue, lower photon scattering, and higher maximum permissible exposure. In spite of noble metals showing great potential as the photothermal agents due to the tunable localized surface plasmon resonance, the biological applications of platinum are rarely explored. Herein, a monocomponent hollow Pt nanoframe (“Pt Spirals”), whose superstructure is assembled with three levels (3D frame, 2D layered shells, and 1D nanowires), is reported. Pt Spirals exhibit outstanding photothermal conversion efficiency (52.5%) and molar extinction coefficients (228.7 m2 mol−1) in NIR‐II, which are much higher than those of solid Pt cubes. Simulations indicate that the unique superstructure can be a significant cause for improving both adsorption and the photothermal effect simultaneously in NIR‐II. The excellent photothermal effect is achieved and subsequently verified in in vitro and in vivo experiments, along with superb heat‐resistance properties, excellent photostability, and a prominent effect on computed tomography (CT) imaging, demonstrating that Pt Spirals are promising as effective theranostic platforms for CT imaging‐guided photothermal therapy.
Room Temperature Detection of NO2 at ppb Level and Full Recovery by Effective Modulation of the Barrier Height for Titanium Oxide/Graphene Schottky Heterojunctions
Authors: Falak Attia , Tian Yi , Yan Lanqin , Zhao Min , Zhang Xianfeng , Dong Fengliang , Chen Peipei , Wang Hanfu , Chu Weiguo 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSimultaneous achievement of high response, high sensitivity, low detection limit, and full recovery at room temperature (RT) is quite challenging for gas sensors. Herein, ultrathin titanium oxide/graphene Schottky heterojunction sensors (SHS) are fabricated with varying junction areas. Increasing junction area favors the sensing performance. A change of 11.822 meV in Schottky barrier height (SBH) is induced by 3 ppm NO2 exposure, accompanied by a change of −36.54% in current, ≈18 and 36 times that for bare titanium oxide and graphene sensors at RT, respectively. A high sensitivity of 10.430% ppm−1, low detection limit of 28 ppb, and complete recovery for 100 ppb NO2 are simultaneously achieved at RT. 100 ppm NH3 can be detected with full recovery as well. The superior performance of SHS is predominantly attributed to the effective modulation of SBH (exponential change in current) by gas adsorption and the charge transfer to interfaces enhanced by the presence of ultrathin continuous oxide layers. The sensing mechanism can be understood via energy band diagrams. This study proposes an idea of designing SHS with ultrathin n‐metal oxides and p‐graphene to simultaneously achieve high sensitivity, low detection limit, and full recovery for NO2 and other gases at RT.
Rationalization of Diversity in Spinel MgFe2O4 Surfaces
Authors: Guo Haoyue , Marschilok Amy C. , Takeuchi Kenneth J. , Takeuchi Esther S. , Liu Ping 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSpinel magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4) is a prospective anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Here, using density functional theory the first systematic study of diverse MgFe2O4 surfaces is reported in three types of spinel structures: normal, mixed, inverse, which can have significant impact on the initial lithiation. The results show that the faceting and therefore the shape of MgFe2O4 crystals strongly depend on the bulk structures. Upon going from normal, mixed to inverse spinel, the energetically preferred facets of MgFe2O4 vary from the combination of (1 0 0) and (3 1 1), soly {1 0 0} to a combination of (1 0 0), (0 0 1), (1 1 1), and (3 1 1), respectively, depending on the distribution of Mg2+ in the spinel structure. However, there is one common descriptor to the stable surfaces among all three MgFe2O4 systems: high density of Mg2+ exposed to the surface. This study rationalizes the essential effect of the substitution of Zn2+ for Mg2+ in ferrites and provides new insights on how to control the shape of ferrite materials and thus tune the performances of LIBs.
Customizable Nonplanar Printing of Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yu Xiaowei , Liu Yangtao , Pham Hiep , Sarkar Susmita , Ludwig Brandon , Chen I‐Meng , Everhart Wesley , Park Jonghyun , Wang Yan , Pan Heng 
Published: October 2019

AbstractLithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in consumer electronics due to their rechargeability and high energy density. Commercial LIBs are fabricated in fixed geometries such as cylinder, coin, and pouch. However, for specialized applications such as wearable electronics and on‐device power systems, customizable LIBs with arbitrary geometry on three‐dimensional (3D) structures need to be developed. For this purpose, aerosol printing is uniquely suitable due to its flexible working distance, allowing deposition on nonplanar substrates with multiscale surface topologies. Aerosol printing of LiFePO4 cathodes and Li4Ti5O12 anodes for LIBs is presented. Electrodes with an arbitrary geometry, tailorable thickness and on nonplanar substrates can be realized. The highest areal capacity achieved is ≈7.1 mAh cm−2, which is at least twice that of conventional electrodes. Furthermore, to package the printed electrodes, 3D enclosures are fabricated via fused deposition modeling of polyvinylidene fluoride. The printed electrodes packaged in 3D enclosures exhibit 78.4% capacity retention after 30 cycles. With the two additive manufacturing processes, customizable LIBs on targeted objects can be realized. A nonplanar LIB conformably covering the edge of a block with specific capacity of 135 mAh g−1 is demonstrated.
Ultrastretchable Hybrid Electrodes of Silver Nanowires and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Realized by Capillary‐Force‐Induced Welding
Authors: Wang Yangyang , Zhang Liang , Wang Dongrui 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe paucity of soft materials with both high electrical conductivity and the capability to maintain their superior conductance under large and complex mechanical deformations is a crucial barrier hindering the development of stretchable electronics toward practical applications. A type of ultrastretchable hybrid electrodes composed of silver nanowires (AgNWs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are reported, which show sheet resistance as low as 7.1 Ω sq.−1 and a small resistance increase of only 42% when uniaxially stretched to a strain of 580%. The hybrid electrodes can also withstand equibiaxial stretching, showing a resistance increase of 100% at a strain of 200%, and survive at least 1500 stretching/releasing cycles with negligible resistance change. The key to such performance is welding the loosely stacked AgNWs and CNTs into one integrated network with the aid of capillary force. When coated onto both sides of a polyacrylate‐based elastomer, VHB, the AgNW/CNT hybrid films can serve as excellent compliant electrodes of a dielectric elastomer actuator, causing a maximum actuated areal strain of 190% with a relatively low starting electric field of 11.6 V µm−1. These ultrastretchable AgNW/CNT electrodes will pave the way for the rapid development of high‐end stretchable electronics.
CD4+ T Cell‐Released Extracellular Vesicles Potentiate the Efficacy of the HBsAg Vaccine by Enhancing B Cell Responses
Authors: Lu Jian , Wu Jing , Xie Feiting , Tian Jie , Tang Xinyi , Guo Hongye , Ma Jie , Xu Ping , Mao Lingxiang , Xu Huaxi , Wang Shengjun 
Published: October 2019

AbstractT cells secrete bioactive extracellular vesicles (EVs), but the potential biological effects of CD4+ T cell EVs are not clear. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of CD4+ T cell–derived EVs on B cell responses and examine their role in antigen‐mediated humoral immune responses. In this study, CD4+ T cell EVs are purified from activated CD4+ T cells in vitro. After immunization with the Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) vaccine, CD4+ T cell EVs‐treated mice show stronger humoral immune responses, which is indicated by a greater Hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) level in serum and a greater proportion of plasma cells in bone marrow. In addition, it is found that EVs released from activated CD4+ T cells play an important role in B cell responses in vitro, which significantly promote B cell activation, proliferation, and antibody production. Interestingly, antigen‐specific CD4+ T cell EVs are found to be more efficient than control EVs in enhancing B cell responses. Furthermore, it is shown that CD40 ligand (CD40L) is involved in CD4+ T cell EVs‐mediated B cell responses. Overall, the results have demonstrated that CD4+ T cell EVs enhance B cell responses and serve as a novel immunomodulator to promote antigen‐specific humoral immune responses.