bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Protocol to Promote Standardization of Basic Tinnitus Services by Audiologists
Authors: Henry James A. , Manning Candice 
Published: April 2019

Purpose
Clinical services for tinnitus are needed by millions of people annually. These services have not been standardized, and patients are vulnerable to receiving services that may appear legitimate but are not based on research evidence. The purpose of this clinical focus article is to promote standardization of tinnitus services by proposing an efficient clinical protocol for audiologists.

Method
The suggested clinical protocol is based primarily on research conducted at the National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research for the past 2 decades, with the focus on 2 randomized controlled trials completed recently that showed efficacy of an audiologic protocol involving hearing aids and brief tinnitus counseling. The protocol is mostly consistent with clinical practice guidelines that have been published.

Results
The two National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research randomized controlled trials revealed significant reduction of tinnitus functional effects for both hearing aids and “combination instruments” (hearing aids with a built-in sound generator), although there were no significant differences between devices. Existing clinical practice guidelines for tinnitus are summarized with respect to their common recommendations for assessment and intervention.

Conclusions

A defined clinical protocol is suggested for audiologists, which includes a case history, appropriate referral, audiologic assessment, use of the Tinnitus and Hearing Survey (
Henry, Griest, et al., 2015
), brief tinnitus counseling, hearing aids or combination instruments as warranted, follow-up assessment, and criteria for determining if further tinnitus-specific services are needed. Use of this protocol can help to promote standardization of tinnitus practice by audiologists.
Experimental study of recovery time of a bulk gallium arsenide avalanche semiconductor switch in low‐energy‐triggered mode
Authors: Hu Long , Wang Yaogong , Xu Ming 
Published: April 2019

The authors present an experimental study of recovery time of a bulk gallium arsenide (GaAs) avalanche semiconductor switch that operates in low‐energy‐triggered mode. The voltage‐biased bulk GaAs avalanche semiconductor switch is first triggered to be in a conducting state by a laser pulse, and then the other biased voltage is applied without laser triggering after a delay time. The self‐breakdown will be observed experimentally in the bulk GaAs avalanche semiconductor switch by reduction of the delay time, and the recovery time can be achieved accordingly. When the biased voltage of the 0.625 mm thickn switch decreases from 5.0 to 2.0 kV the recovery time reduces from ∼4.4 to ∼1.3 µs.
Sensitive/stable complementary fault identification scheme for overhead transmission lines
Authors: Zaki Mohamed I. , El Sehiemy Ragab A. , Amer Ghada M. , Abo El Enin Fathy M. 
Published: April 2019

This study proposes a complementary fault identification scheme for triple fed high‐voltage transmission lines (TFHVTLs). The current signals are captured from a single end measuring system of the TFHVTL. Then, the captured current signals are decomposed using wavelet multi‐resolution analysis technique. The proposed scheme is based on two criteria. The first criterion is dependent on the level of detail coefficients while the second one is dependent on the deviation of detail coefficients. The decision is obtained using an OR‐logic of the two criteria. Also, this study introduces the stability and sensitivity concepts for the fault identification process. In addition, a suggested fault identification sensitivity index is proposed to measure the efficacy of the proposed scheme. Also, different types of mother wavelets are assessed to show that the best mother wavelet, Haar, has high fault detection and classification performance. An ATP/EMTP package is used to simulate the tested part of the 500 kV Egyptian grid. The proposed scheme performance is corroborated under different operating conditions for load changes, fault locations, sampling frequencies of the monitored current, fault resistances, fault types, and inception angles. The proposed scheme is tested for series compensated TFHVTL at different compensation levels.
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: Weighing the Accomplishments, Hype, and Promise
Authors: Shortliffe Edward H. 
Published: April 2019

Introduction: Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (AIM) research is now 50 years old, having made great progress that has tracked the corresponding evolution of computer science, hardware technology, communications, and biomedicine. Characterized as being in its “adolescence” at an international meeting in 1991, and as “coming of age” at another meeting in 2007, the AIM field is now more visible and influential than ever before, paralleling the enthusiasm and accomplishments of artificial intelligence (AI) more generally.
Objectives: This article summarizes some of that AIM history, providing an update on the status of the field as it enters its second half-century. It acknowledges the failure of AI, including AIM, to live up to early predictions of its likely capabilities and impact.
Methods: The paper reviews and assesses the early history of the AIM field, referring to the conclusions of papers based on the meetings in 1991 and 2007, and analyzing the subsequent evolution of AIM.
Conclusion: We must be cautious in assessing the speed at which further progress will be made, despite today’s wild predictions in the press and large investments by industry, including in health care. The inherent complexity of medicine and of clinical care necessitates that we address issues of usability, workflow, transparency, safety, and formal clinical trials. These requirements contribute to an ongoing research agenda that means academic AIM research will continue to be vibrant while having new opportunities for more interactions with industry.
Low Plasma Sodium Concentration Predicts Perforated Acute Appendicitis in Children: A Prospective Diagnostic Accuracy Study
Authors: Almström Markus , Jacks Johannes , Malmquist Pia , Lönnqvist Per-Arne , Jensen Boye Lagerbon , Carlström Mattias , Krmar Rafael Tomas , Svensson Jan Fredrik , Norberg Åke , Fläring Urban , Lindestam Ulf 
Published: April 2019

Introduction Early differentiation between perforated and nonperforated acute appendicitis (AA) in children is of major benefit for the selection of proper treatment. Based on pilot study data, we hypothesized that plasma sodium concentration at hospital admission is a diagnostic marker for perforation in children with AA.
Materials and Methods This was a prospective diagnostic accuracy study, including previously healthy children, 1 to 14 years of age, with AA. Blood sampling included plasma sodium concentration, plasma glucose, base excess, white blood cell count, plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP), and C-reactive protein.
Results Eighty children with histopathologically confirmed AA were included in the study. Median plasma sodium concentration on admission in patients with perforated AA (134 mmol/L, [interquartile range 132–136]) was significantly lower than in children with nonperforated AA (139 mmol/L, [137–140]). The receiver operating characteristic curve of plasma sodium concentration identifying patients with perforated AA showed an area under the curve of 0.93 (95% confidence interval, 0.87–0.99), with a sensitivity and specificity of 0.82 (0.70–0.90) and 0.87 (0.60–0.98), respectively. Plasma sodium concentrations ≤136 mmol/L resulted in an odds ratio of 31.9 (6.3–161.9) for perforation. The association between low plasma sodium concentration and perforated AA was confirmed in a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Median plasma AVP on admission was higher in patients with perforated (8.6 pg/mL [5.0–14.6]) as compared with nonperforated AA (3.4 pg/mL [2.5–6.6]).
Conclusion In children with AA, there is a strong association between low plasma sodium concentration and perforation, a novel and not previously described finding.
Metaphors of plant cultivation and flowing liquid in German colonialist discourse (1871–1914)
Authors: Rash Felicity 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers a critical analysis of two major metaphor groups, plant cultivation and flowing liquids, using theories of conceptual metaphor alongside Zinken and Musolff’s premise that metaphor understanding in the real world is “a matter of engagement in debate” rather than solely a speedy and unconscious cognitive operation (Zinken & Musolff 2009: 4). A qualitative analysis of representative texts produced between 1879 and 1913 will show how metaphors of cultivation and flowing reflect German pro-colonialist ideology at the turn of the twentieth century: Wilhelm Hübbe-Schleiden’s Ethiopien, Friedrich Fabri’s Bedarf Deutschland der Colonien, Friedrich Ratzel’s Politische Geographie and Der Lebensraum. Frieda von Bülow’s Tropenkoller, Robert Streit’s Ein Opfer der Hottentotten, and, to a certain extent, Leo Frobenius’s Und Afrika Sprach show some of the less positive aspects of colonialist cultivation and flowing.
The meaning of state created through symbols and metaphors
Authors: Cepinskyte Agne 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter compares the role of symbols and metaphors in constructing the meaning of the state in its relation to the nation. Building on Paul Ricœur’s theory, it considers symbols and metaphors as two different discursive devices and applies this theoretical approach to the analysis of pre-Nazi German (1871–1933) and late imperial Russian (1860s–1917) political discourses as reflected in political speeches, policy documents, government records, correspondence, and other texts produced by political leaders and thinkers. The findings are that the symbol of the German Heimat and the metaphor of the Russian Motherland contributed significantly to the discursive development of two distinct types of state-to-nation relations: in Germany, the nation legitimized the state, while in Russia the state dominated the nation.
“The state of our Union is strong.” Metaphors of the nation in State of the Union addresses
Authors: Demata Massimiliano 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the metaphors of the nation used by the last four US presidents (Clinton, Bush, Obama, Trump) in their annual State of the Union addresses. It is argued that the two main metaphors of the nation used by the presidents, a nation is a building and a nation is a person, are key discursive elements which define the essential ideological characteristics of the nation and constitute a hegemonic concept of national identity. The chapter explains elements of continuity and variation in these metaphorical images in the presidential addresses in terms of the ritual nature of the address and the genre theory of the “New Rhetorics.”
How to do things with metaphors
Authors: Šarić Ljiljana 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the prison of nations metaphor in South Slavic online sources, focusing particularly on its use and functions in contemporary Croatian discourse as reflected in the Croatian Web Corpus hrWaC. Assuming that certain metaphors in discourse are used consciously and deliberately, and making use of the notions of metaphor recontextualization and recycling, the chapter examines the evaluative force of the metaphor and its strategic use. The metaphor is shown to have different local functions (e.g., persuasion and delegitimization) and to be a shared resource for enacting everyday nationalism within political discourse generally and in the discourse of the political Right in particular.
COOMET key comparison COOMET.PR-K1.b.1 spectral irradiance 200 nm to 350 nm. Final report
Authors: Khlevnoy B , Solodilov M , Sperfeld P , Pape S 
Published: April 2019

A bilateral comparison of the spectral irradiance in wavelengths range from 200 nm to 350 nm was carried out between VNIIOFI (Russia) and PTB (Germany) using 30W deuterium lamps as artefacts. The purpose of the comparison is to provide VNIIOFI a link to the results of the key comparison CCPR-K1.b. PTB was a link laboratory, but VNIIOFI served as a pilot. The degree of equivalence (DoE) of VNIIOFI, i.e. the difference of spectral irradiance values measured by VNIIOFI from the key comparison reference value (KCRV), varied from -2.5 % to 1.6 % and was within the standard uncertainty.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCPR, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Final report on supplementary comparison COOMET.M.M-S4 of multiples and submultiples of the kilogram
Authors: Shabiyeva Tamilla , Zuda Jaroslav 
Published: April 2019

This report describes the results of bilateral supplementary comparison COOMET.M.M-S4 (also known as COOMET 722/AZ/17). The comparison measurements between the two participants Czech Metrology Institute (CMI) (pilot laboratory) and Azerbaijan Institute of Metrology (AzMI) were started in December 2016 and finished in February 2017.
The transfer standards were OIML Class E2 standard weights with nominal mass values of 5 kg, 500 g, 20 g, 2 g and 100 mg. Agreement between the two participants is good.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Scattering of twisted light from a crystal
Authors: Peshkov A A , Fritzsche S , Surzhykov A 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Recent years have seen significant progress in the generation and application of twisted beams carrying orbital angular momentum. Here we study the elastic scattering of twisted Bessel light from a crystal and compare our predictions with the results for incident plane-wave radiation. Based on form-factor approximation our numerical calculations of the differential scattering cross sections have been carried out for a crystal of lithium at x-ray energies. It is shown that the use of twisted light can lead to a measurable change in the scattering cross section for the nanocrystals approaching a few nm in size.
Hadronization from color interactions *
Authors: Li Guang-Lei , Yang Chun-Bin 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
A quark coalescence model, based on semi-relativistic molecular dynamics with color interactions among quarks, is presented and applied to pp collisions. A phenomenological potential with two tunable parameters is introduced to describe the color interactions between quarks and antiquarks. The interactions drive the process of hadronization that finally results in different color neutral clusters, which can be identified as hadrons based on some criteria. A Monte Carlo generator PYTHIA is used to generate quarks in the initial state of hadronization, and different values of tunable parameters are used to study the final state distributions and correlations. Baryon-to-meson ratio, transverse momentum spectra, pseudorapidity distributions and forward-backward multiplicity correlations of hadrons produced in the hadronization process, obtained from this model with different parameters, are compared with those from PYTHIA.
Suitable resolution of EOS tables for neutron star investigations *
Authors: Chen Houyuan , Wen Dehua , Zhang Na 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Inasmuch as the hydrostatic structure of the interior of neutron stars uniquely depends on the equation of state (EOS), the inverse constraints on EOS from astrophysical observations have been an important method for revealing the properties of high density matter. Currently, most EOS for neutron star matter are given in tabular form, but these numerical tables can have quite different resolution. To guarantee both the accuracy and efficiency in computing the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equations, a concise standard for generating EOS tables with suitable resolution is investigated. It is shown that EOS tables with 50 points logarithmic-uniformly distributed in the supra-nuclear density segment [

], where

is the nuclear saturation density, correspond to the interpolation induced errors of ~0.02% for the gravitational mass

and ~0.2% for the tidal deformability

.
Intensification of precipitation extremes in the world’s humid and water-limited regions
Authors: Donat Markus G , Angélil Oliver , Ukkola Anna M 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Changes in precipitation totals and extremes are among the most relevant consequences of climate change, but in particular regional changes remain uncertain. While aggregating over larger regions reduces the noise in time series and typically shows increases in the intensity of precipitation extremes, it has been argued that this may not be the case in water-limited regions. Here we investigate long-term changes in annual precipitation totals and extremes aggregated over the world’s humid, transitional, and dry regions as defined by their climatological water availability. We use the globally most complete observational datasets suitable for the analysis of daily precipitation extremes, and data from global climate model simulations. We show that precipitation totals and extremes have increased in the humid regions since the mid-20th century. Conversely, despite showing tendencies to increase, no robust changes can be detected in the drier regions, in part due to the large variability of precipitation and sparse observational coverage particularly in the driest regions. Future climate simulations under increased radiative forcing indicate total precipitation increases in more humid regions but no clear changes in the more arid regions, while precipitation extremes are more likely to increase than to decrease on average over both the humid and arid regions of the world. These results highlight the increasing risk of heavy precipitation in most regions of the world, including water-limited regions, with implications for related impacts through flooding risk or soil erosion.
The practices of Methodism
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Methodists operate with the classical means of grace represented by baptism and the Lord’s Supper, supplemented by a host of prudential means of grace that serve multiple purposes. These means of grace teach the faith, give occasion for repentance, make possible fresh commitment to God, provide encouraging forms of fellowship, and the like. ‘The practices of Methodism’ considers these practices and how the system has been updated over time with various experiments. The difficulty in the present situation is that there is no theological consensus on what to teach and what to do in order to make disciples who make a real difference in the world.
Utility of Histologic and Histochemical Screening for 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Sequencing of Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissue for Bacterial Endocarditis
Authors: Solomon Isaac H , Lin Chieyu , Horback Katharine L , Kanjilal Sanjat , Rojas-Rudilla Vanesa , Brigl Manfred , Laga Alvaro C , Lindeman Neal I , Padera Robert F 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Objectives
16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing is a powerful but expensive tool for the identification of bacteria in culture-negative endocarditis. Histologic criteria to screen formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens for testing are evaluated.

Methods
Sixty-eight cases of infective endocarditis and controls were histologically reviewed and analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.

Results
Sequencing identified a specific pathogenic organism in 33 (49%) of 68 cases with acute inflammation and in 0 of 10 controls (P = .004). Visualization of organisms by Gram or Grocott methenamine silver stains had the strongest association with positive sequencing, while antibiotic treatment effect and acid decalcification decreased sensitivity. Molecular identifications were concordant with blood culture results in 90% of the cases, and a positive sequencing result was obtained in approximately half of the cases with negative valve cultures.

Conclusions
Histologic screening criteria are extremely helpful for identifying cases likely to be positive by molecular testing and can provide significant cost savings in filtering out low-yield specimens.
Altered C10 domain in cardiac myosin binding protein-C results in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Kuster Diederik W D , Lynch Thomas L , Barefield David Y , Sivaguru Mayandi , Kuffel Gina , Zilliox Michael J , Lee Kyoung Hwan , Craig Roger , Namakkal-Soorappan Rajasekaran , Sadayappan Sakthivel 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Aims
A 25-base pair deletion in the cardiac myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C) gene (MYBPC3), proposed to skip exon 33, modifies the C10 domain (cMyBP-CΔC10mut) and is associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and heart failure, affecting approximately 100 million South Asians. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of cMyBP-CΔC10mutin vivo are unknown. We hypothesized that expression of cMyBP-CΔC10mut exerts a poison polypeptide effect leading to improper assembly of cardiac sarcomeres and the development of HCM.

Methods and results
To determine whether expression of cMyBP-CΔC10mut is sufficient to cause HCM and contractile dysfunction in vivo, we generated transgenic (TG) mice having cardiac-specific protein expression of cMyBP-CΔC10mut at approximately half the level of endogenous cMyBP-C. At 12 weeks of age, significant hypertrophy was observed in TG mice expressing cMyBP-CΔC10mut (heart weight/body weight ratio: 4.43 ± 0.11 mg/g non-transgenic (NTG) vs. 5.34 ± 0.25 mg/g cMyBP-CΔC10mut, P < 0.05). Furthermore, haematoxylin and eosin, Masson’s trichrome staining, as well as second-harmonic generation imaging revealed the presence of significant fibrosis and a greater relative nuclear area in cMyBP-CΔC10mut hearts compared with NTG controls. M-mode echocardiography analysis revealed hypercontractile hearts (EF: 53.4%±2.9% NTG vs. 66.4% ± 4.7% cMyBP-CΔC10mut; P < 0.05) and early diastolic dysfunction (E/E′: 28.7 ± 3.7 NTG vs. 46.3 ± 8.4 cMyBP-CΔC10mut; P < 0.05), indicating the presence of an HCM phenotype. To assess whether these changes manifested at the myofilament level, contractile function of single skinned cardiomyocytes was measured. Preserved maximum force generation and increased Ca2+-sensitivity of force generation were observed in cardiomyocytes from cMyBP-CΔC10mut mice compared with NTG controls (EC50: 3.6 ± 0.02 µM NTG vs. 2.90 ± 0.01 µM cMyBP-CΔC10mut; P < 0.0001).

Conclusion
Expression of cMyBP-C protein with a modified C10 domain is sufficient to cause contractile dysfunction and HCM in vivo.