bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
External cervical resorption: part 2 – management
Authors: Patel S. , Foschi F. , Condon R. , Pimentel T. , Bhuva B. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEffective management of external cervical resorption (ECR) depends on accurate assessment of the true nature and accessibility of ECR; this has been discussed in part 1 of this 2 part article. This aim of this article was firstly, to review the literature in relation to the management of ECR and secondly, based on the available evidence, describe different strategies for the management of ECR. In cases where ECR is supracrestal, superficial and with limited circumferential spread, a surgical repair without root canal treatment is the preferred approach. With more extensive ECR lesions, vital pulp therapy or root canal treatment may also be indicated. Internal repair is indicated where there is limited resorptive damage to the external aspect of the tooth and/or where an external (surgical) approach is not possible due to the inaccessible nature of subcrestal ECR. In these cases, root canal treatment will also need to be carried out. Intentional reimplantation is indicated in cases where a surgical or internal approach is not practical. An atraumatic extraction technique and short extraoral period followed by 2‐week splinting are important prognostic factors. Periodic reviews may be indicated in cases where active management is not pragmatic. Finally, extraction of the affected tooth may be the only option in untreatable cases where there are aesthetic, functional and/or symptomatic issues.
Prevotella strains and lactamic resistance gene distribution in different oral environments of children with pulp necrosis
Authors: de Lima B. R. , Nicoloso G. F. , Fatturi‐Parolo C. C. , Ferreira M. B. C. , Montagner F. , Casagrande L. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAimTo determine the presence of Prevotella species, the cfxA/cfxA2, blaZ and blaTEM genes associated with resistance to lactamic agents in different oral niches of children with pulp necrosis.MethodologyChildren with pulp necrosis in primary teeth had samples of saliva, supragingival, pulp chamber and root canal biofilms collected and tested for Prevotella species (P. intermedia, P. nigrescens, P. tannerae) and for beta‐lactam resistance genes (cfxA/cfxA2, blaZ and blaTEM). The presence of bacterial DNA was examined through PCR, with a specific primer directed to the 16S rRNA gene. Specific primers were used to detect the Prevotella species and beta‐lactam resistance genes. The chi‐square test was used to analyse associations between the presence of bacteria and clinical variables. The Cochran's Q test was used to assess whether the proportion of gene detection is the same between different sites.ResultsThirty‐two teeth were sampled from 27 patients with a mean age of 5.5 years (±1.76). The total detection rate of Prevotella strains was 29.1%, 25%, 21.8% and 32.29% in saliva, supragingival, pulp chamber and root canal samples, respectively. P. nigrescens was the most commonly detected species in all oral niches. The previous use of antibiotics was associated with detection of P. nigrescens in saliva (P = 0.03). Pain was associated with the presence of P. nigrescens (P = 0.04) and P. tannerae (P = 0.01) in pulp chamber biofilm. blaTEM was detected in the four oral niches, being more frequent (23.8%) in supragingival biofilm (Cochran's Q test, P = 0.04). The presence of P. intermedia in SB and PC was associated with the detection of blaTEM in saliva (P = 0.04). The cfxA/cfxA2 and blaZ genes were not detected in any of the four oral niches.ConclusionsThe oral cavity of children with pulp necrosis had a variable distribution of Prevotella strains in different niches. Saliva, supragingival biofilm, pulp chamber and root canals of primary teeth with necrotic pulps can harbour resistance genes to beta‐lactams agents.
Shared Leadership in Commercial Organizations: A Systematic Review of Definitions, Theoretical Frameworks and Organizational Outcomes
Authors: Sweeney Anne , Clarke Nicholas , Higgs Malcolm 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe importance of context has been well established in studies of leadership (Bryman, A. and Stephens, M. (1996). The importance of context: qualitative research and the study of leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 7, pp. 353–371; Pettigrew, A. and Whipp, R. (1991). Managing Change for Competitive Success. Oxford: Blackwell). However, recent reviews of shared leadership have tended to merge findings across commercial and non‐commercial settings, disregarding contextual differences in these distinctive domains. Acknowledging that the challenges of leadership may vary in different organizational contexts, this paper argues that a focused review of shared leadership in commercial organizations (COs) is needed. The authors thus systematically review findings from over twenty years of empirical research on the practice of shared leadership in commercial organizations, critically reviewing definitions, theoretical dispositions and measurement approaches adopted in the field, before evaluating the impact of shared leadership on performance in this context. Findings from commercial and non‐ commercial organizations are then compared, highlighting significant differences in the conceptualization of shared leadership in these distinct settings. Contributing to theory in this field, a framework is developed, mapping the landscape of current research in commercial contexts, revealing critical gaps in our present understanding of shared leadership processes. Consequently, a model summarizing a proposed research agenda for future studies is provided, highlighting the need for such research to focus on the interactions of individuals as they share in the leadership of their team.
Effects of lifestyle change interventions for people with intellectual disabilities: Systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Willems Mariël , Waninge Aly , Hilgenkamp Thessa I. M. , van Empelen Pepijn , Krijnen Wim P. , van der Schans Cees P. , Melville Craig A. 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundPromotion of a healthy lifestyle for people with intellectual disabilities is important; however, the effectiveness of lifestyle change interventions is unclear.AimsThis research will examine the effectiveness of lifestyle change interventions for people with intellectual disabilities.Methods and ProceduresRandomized controlled trials (RCTs) of lifestyle change interventions for people with intellectual disabilities were included in a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Data on study and intervention characteristics were extracted, as well as data on outcome measures and results. Internal validity of the selected papers was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk bias tool.Outcomes and ResultsEight RCTs were included. Multiple outcome measures were used, whereby outcome measures targeting environmental factors and participation were lacking and personal outcome measures were mostly used by a single study. Risks of bias were found for all studies. Meta‐analysis showed some effectiveness for lifestyle change interventions, and a statistically significant decrease was found for waist circumference.Conclusion and ImplicationsSome effectiveness was found for lifestyle change interventions for people with intellectual disabilities. However, the effects were only statistically significant for waist circumference, so current lifestyle change interventions may not be optimally tailored to meet the needs of people with intellectual disabilities.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in long noncoding RNA, ANRIL, are not associated with severe periodontitis but with adverse cardiovascular events among patients with cardiovascular disease
Authors: Schulz S. , Seitter L. , Werdan K. , Hofmann B. , Schaller H.‐G. , Schlitt A. , Reichert S. 
Published: May 2018

Background and ObjectiveBiological plausibility of an association between severe periodontitis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been proven. Genetic characteristics play an important role in both complex inflammatory diseases. Polymorphisms (single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) in the long noncoding RNA, antisense noncoding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL), were shown to play a leading role in both diseases. The primary objectives of the study were to assess, among cardiovascular (CV angiographically proven ≥50% stenosis of a main coronary artery) patients, the impact of ANRIL SNPs rs133049 and rs3217992 on the severity of periodontitis and the previous history of coronary events, as well as on the occurrence of further adverse CV events.Material and MethodsThe prevalence of severe periodontitis was analyzed in 1002 CV patients. ANRIL SNPs rs133049 and rs3217992 were genotyped. The prognostic value of both ANRIL SNPs for combined CV endpoint (stroke/transient ischemic attack [TIA], myocardial infarction, death from a CV‐related event, death from stroke) was evaluated after a 3‐year follow‐up period. Hazard ratios (HRs) were adjusted for established CV risk factors applying Cox regression.ResultsANRIL SNPs rs133049 and rs3217992 were not associated with severe periodontitis or history of CVD in CV patients. In the Kaplan‐Meier survival curve including the log rank‐test (P = .036) and Cox regression (hazard ratio = 1.684, P = .009) the AA genotype of rs3217992 was shown to be an independent predictor for adverse CV events after 3 years of follow‐up.ConclusionSNPs in ANRIL are not risk modulators for severe periodontitis and history of CVD in CV patients. The AA genotype of ANRIL SNPs rs3217992 possesses prognostic power for further CV events within 3 years of follow‐up.
Identification, Characterization, and Evaluation of Polymorphic Microsatellite Markers for Parentage Assignment in Pinctada fucata
Authors: Zhu Kecheng , Yu Wenbo , Zhang Dianchang , Guo Huayang , Zhang Nan , Jiang Shigui 
Published: May 2018

AbstractParentage analysis is a useful tool for establishing pedigree relationships in selective breeding. In this study, 31 microsatellite markers were tested, and 13 loci were subsequently used to identify parenthood in Pinctada fucata. According to simulation analysis, the power of nine loci to exclude false parents was 99.94%, and that of 10 loci was 99.95%. Moreover, using 10 loci and known parental and filial information, the cumulative assignment success rate to one true parental pair was as high as 99%. Of the 120 progeny tested, 93.3% were exclusively assigned to their parental pairs in mixed pedigrees. These results suggested that these microsatellite markers can be used for rapid and effective parentage assignment and contribute to the selective breeding of P. fucata.
Sarcopenic obesity in cirrhosis—The confluence of 2 prognostic titans
Authors: Eslamparast Tannaz , Montano‐Loza Aldo J. , Raman Maitreyi , Tandon Puneeta 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSarcopenia and obesity are 2 major health conditions with a growing prevalence in cirrhosis. The concordance of these 2 conditions, sarcopenic obesity, is associated with higher rates of mortality and impact on the metabolic profile and physical function than either condition alone. To date, there is little consensus surrounding the diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia, obesity or as a result, sarcopenic obesity in patients with cirrhosis. Cross‐sectional imaging, although the most accurate diagnostic technique, has practical limitations for routine use in clinical practice. Management strategies are focused on increasing muscle mass and strength. The present review provides an overview of the diagnosis, pathophysiology, prognostic implications and management strategies available for sarcopenic obesity in cirrhosis. We also discuss the associated condition myosteatosis, the pathological accumulation of fat in skeletal muscle. Much work needs to be done to advance both clinical care and research in this area. Future directions require consensus definitions for sarcopenia, obesity and sarcopenic obesity, an expansion of our understanding of the complex pathogenesis of the muscle‐liver‐adipose tissue axis in cirrhosis and evidence to support management recommendations for nutrition, exercise and pharmacological therapies.
Transmission electron microscopy of impact‐generated platinum group element alloys from Barberton spherule layers: New clues to their formation
Authors: Mohr‐Westheide T. , Greshake A. , Wirth R. , Reimold W. U. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe oldest known large bolide impacts onto Earth are represented by approximately 3.47–3.2 Ga old Archean spherule layers of the Barberton Greenstone Belt (BGB) in South Africa and the Pilbara craton in West Australia. These layers were recognized as impact deposits by their excessively high platinum group element (PGE) contents that are indicative of an extraterrestrial component. This was followed by measurements of extraterrestrial Cr isotopic ratios, in some cases. Recently, the extraterrestrial PGE signature in Archean spherule layers from the BGB was localized and positively associated with the presence of submicrometer PGE alloy micronuggets associated with Ni,Cr‐rich spinel. The actual formation of these platinum group mineral (PGM) phases has, however, not yet been resolved. Primary meteoritic particles from the impacting body, the products of impact melting, or condensation from impact vapor plumes have all been proposed as possible genetic process. Resolving this requires detailed microanalytical investigation of the internal microchemical and microstructural compositions, textural characteristics, and crystallographic relationships between the different phases. Here, we report the results of a first transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study of six such PGE microparticles enclosed in Ni‐Cr spinel or occurring in groundmass of Barberton spherule layers from the BARB5 ICDP drill core and from the CT3 exploration core. Results include a variety of chemical and structural PGM compositions that are difficult to explain by a single process, leading to the conclusion that several processes may have been involved in the formation of PGMs in Archean spherule layers from the BGB. There is evidence supporting formation of these PGMs by exsolution from the spinel host phase, precipitation from a melt phase, and condensation from a gas phase (of the impact vapor plume).
Plasticity and local adaptation explain lizard cold tolerance
Authors: Card Daren C. , Schield Drew R. , Castoe Todd A. 
Published: May 2018

How does climate variation limit the range of species and what does it take for species to colonize new regions? In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Campbell‐Staton et al. () address these broad questions by investigating cold tolerance adaptation in the green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis) across a latitudinal transect. By integrating physiological data, gene expression data and acclimation experiments, the authors disentangle the mechanisms underlying cold adaptation. They first establish that cold tolerance adaptation in Anolis lizards follows the predictions of the oxygen‐ and capacity‐limited thermal tolerance hypothesis, which states that organisms are limited by temperature thresholds at which oxygen supply cannot meet demand. They then explore the drivers of cold tolerance at a finer scale, finding evidence that northern populations are adapted to cooler thermal regimes and that both phenotypic plasticity and heritable genetic variation contribute to cold tolerance. The integration of physiological and gene expression data further highlights the varied mechanisms that drive cold tolerance adaptation in Anolis lizards, including both supply‐side and demand‐side adaptations that improve oxygen economy. Altogether, their work provides new insight into the physiological and genetic mechanisms underlying adaptation to new climatic niches and demonstrates that cold tolerance in northern lizard populations is achieved through the synergy of physiological plasticity and local genetic adaptation for thermal performance.
The Big Breakfast Study: Chrono‐nutrition influence on energy expenditure and bodyweight
Authors: Ruddick‐Collins L. C. , Johnston J. D. , Morgan P. J. , Johnstone A. M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA growing body of evidence highlights the importance of the biological clock as a modulator of energy balance and metabolism. Recent studies in humans have shown that ingested calories are apparently utilised more efficiently in the morning than in the evening and this is manifest through improved weight loss, even under iso‐energetic calorie intake. The mechanisms behind this enhanced morning energy metabolism are not yet clear, although it may result from behavioural adaptations or circadian driven variations in physiology and energy metabolism. A major objective of the newly funded Big Breakfast Study therefore is to investigate the mechanistic basis of this amplified morning thermogenesis leading to enhanced weight loss, by exploring behavioural and physiological adaptations in energy expenditure alongside the underlying circadian biology. This report briefly discusses the current research linking meal timing, circadian rhythms and metabolism; highlights the research gaps; and provides an overview of the studies being undertaken as part of the Medical Research Council‐funded Big Breakfast Study.
Raman spectroscopy quantification of eumelanin subunits in natural unaltered pigments
Authors: Galván Ismael , Araujo‐Andrade Cuauhtemoc , Marro Mónica , Loza‐Alvarez Pablo , Wakamatsu Kazumasa 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEumelanins are large polymers composed of 5,6‐dihydroxyindole (DHI) and 5,6‐dihydroxyindole‐2‐carboxylic acid (DHICA). Reactive oxygen species generation is higher during the synthesis of DHI than during the synthesis of DHICA; thus, the production of eumelanins with high relative DHI contents may compromise the viability of cells and organisms. Here, we show that dispersive Raman spectroscopy allows a noninvasive direct detection and quantification of DHI and DHICA in unaltered eumelanins that can be applied to the analysis of natural pigments in biological tissues. Using synthetic eumelanins purely composed of DHI or DHICA, we develop a model to determine the differential contribution of these subunits to the Raman spectra of mixed eumelanins, and exemplify the predictive capacity of the model with natural eumelanins deposited in black and gray feathers of fowl. We found that the wavenumber ranges of 550–1,200 and 1,650–2,300 cm−1 are significant to predict the DHI:DHICA ratio in unknown samples.
Differences Between Florida and the Rest of the United States in Response to Local Transmission of the Zika Virus: Implications for Future Communication Campaigns
Authors: Winneg Kenneth M. , Stryker Jo Ellen , Romer Daniel , Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: May 2018

AbstractFor those at risk for Zika virus infection, prevention requires an approach that includes individual, interpersonal, and community‐level support for behavior change. In August 2016, the announcement of local Zika transmission in Florida provided an opportunity to determine whether Zika‐related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors might be affected differentially in Florida compared to the rest of the nation. From August 8–October 3, 2016, we conducted nationally representative weekly surveys (N = 12,236), oversampling Florida residents, measuring Zika virus news exposure, knowledge about transmission and prevention of the infection, and attitudes and behaviors toward prevention. We tested two classes of models: those focused on individual Zika risk perceptions (e.g., protection motivation theory) and one focused on community action beyond those directly at risk (social consensus model). Analyses assessed differences between Florida and the rest of the nation by survey week. Consistent with both models, Floridians demonstrated significantly higher levels of perceived susceptibility and knowledge, more positive attitudes toward Zika virus prevention, and higher likelihood of engaging in protective behavior than non‐Floridians. Consistent with theories of individual risk perception, response was greater among respondents who saw themselves at risk of infection. However, consistent with the SCM, irrespective of personal risk, response was greater among Floridians. Nevertheless, more than half of the public took no direct action to prevent the spread of Zika. Communities at increased risk for a novel infection such as Zika may quickly acquire Zika‐related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior, but large‐scale community‐wide response might be difficult without further community‐level public education.
Characterization of friction and moisture of porcine lingual tissue in vitro in response to artificial saliva and mouthwash solutions
Authors: Zundel J. , Ansari S. A. , Trivedi H. M. , Masters J. G. , Mascaro S. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this research is to characterize the effects of mouthwash solutions on oral friction and moisture using a quantitative in vitro approach.Materials and methodsThe frictional coefficient of in vitro porcine tongue samples was measured using a magnetic levitation haptic device equipped with a custom tactor designed to mimic human skin. A commercially available moisture meter was used to measure moisture content of the samples. Tongue samples were first tested before treatment, then after application of saliva (either human or artificial), and again after application of 1 of 11 different mouthwash solutions.ResultsThe data indicate that the samples treated with artificial saliva vs real saliva have comparable friction coefficient and moisture content. Furthermore, the moisture and friction coefficient remain relatively constant for up to 60 minutes after exposure to ambient conditions. Samples treated with artificial saliva have an average friction coefficient in the range of 0.70‐0.80. Application of mouthwash solutions produced an average friction coefficient of 0.39‐0.49 but retained the high moisture content of the artificial salivary layer. Several mouthwash solutions resulted in statistically significant differences in the friction coefficient relative to each other.ConclusionThe results of this study demonstrate that a magnetic levitation device can be an effective tool for in vitro oral tribology and that artificial saliva is an effective substitute for real saliva in extended in vitro experiments. The application of mouthwash generally reduces the coefficient of friction of the tongue samples while preserving a relatively high moisture level, and some mouthwashes reduce friction significantly more than others.