bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical Evolution of Interstellar Methanol Ice Analogs upon Ultraviolet Irradiation: The Role of the Substrate
Authors: Ciaravella A. , Jiménez-Escobar A. , Cosentino G. , Cecchi-Pestellini C. , Peres G. , Candia R. , Collura A. , Barbera M. , Cicca G. Di , Varisco S. , Venezia A. M. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
An important issue in the chemistry of interstellar ices is the role of dust materials. In this work, we study the effect of an amorphous water-rich magnesium silicate deposited onto ZnSe windows on the chemical evolution of ultraviolet-irradiated methanol ices. For comparison, we also irradiate similar ices deposited onto bare ZnSe windows. Silicates are produced at relatively low temperatures exploiting a sol–gel technique. The chemical composition of the synthesized material reflects the forsterite stoichiometry. Si–OH groups and magnesium carbonates are incorporated during the process. The results show that the substrate material does affect the chemical evolution of the ice. In particular, the CO2/CO ratio within the ice is larger for methanol ices deposited onto the silicate substrate as a result of concurrent effects: the photolysis of carbonates present in the adopted substrate as a source of CO2, CO, and carbon and oxygen atoms; reactions of water molecules and hydroxyl radicals released from the substrate with the CO formed in the ice by the photolysis of the methanol ice; and changes in the structure and energy of the silicate surface by ultraviolet irradiation, leading to more favorable conditions for chemical reactions or catalysis at the grain surface. The results of our experiments allow such chemical effects contributed by the various substrate material components to be disentangled.
Innovation in the government-run Continuing Vocational Education and Training programme for unemployed in Catalonia (Spain): challenges and opportunities
Authors: Mara Liviu Catalin 
Published: May 2018

Purpose: This paper offers relevant insights from the activity of the network of Centres d’Innovació i Formació Ocupacional (CIFO), analyzing the development of innovation in a continuing education and training (CVET) programme for unemployed, in Catalonia (Spain). (Required field)Design/methodology/approach: This is a qualitative study, carried out using the communicative methodology approach and co-constructing knowledge with the heads of the centers. The data was collected through the realization of eight interviews with the heads of seven of the eight CIFO that compose the CIFO network in Catalonia plus the Coordinator of the network, who had been head of the other CIFO, and it consisted in identifying the barriers to innovation and the elements that help to overcome them within different dimensions of this programme, through the exclusionary and transfomative dimensions, specific to the communicative methodology. (Required field)Findings: Innovation at the CIFO has three main strands where we have identified many opportunities for the CIFO: methodological, pedagogical and technological. The methodological has to do with the actions derived from the ISO 9001 certification, which gives the centres the mission of continuous improvement and satisfying the needs of the people and enterprises in the territories they serve. Pedagogical innovation is related to the detection of the innovation and including it in the curriculum of the centre, organizing experimental training courses, using the project methodology, enhancing entrepreneurship, or introducing digital technologies in the classroom. Technological innovation is related to the use of the latest technologies and equipment in the market. (Required field)Social Implications: This study opens new venues for research in the area of VET, CVET and lifelong learning because of its implications in adjusting education and training to the requirements of the labor market and improving students’ employability and helping them develop or design their personal projects and professional trajectory. The processes described in this article could be transferred to other contexts and in all types of activiiesy or initiatives in lifelong learning.Originality/value: This study contributes to fill a gap in the scientific literature, because innovation in the area of continuing vocational and education training and even in lifelong learning is scarce. Another contribution of this article is the focus on innovation, which is one of the main priorities for the EU in the area of Education and Training, and aso in the US, because of its contribution to economic growth and competitivity. (Required field)
Agricultural Production Status of Hevsel Gardens
Authors: Kızıl Süleyman , Üzen Neşe 
Published: April 2018

Hevsel gardens date back to the foundation of the city of Diyarbakir and has an important role in feeding of local people. These gardens remind us of a rich past agricultural history that binds us to the future along with role of women in agriculture marketing of these products in local markets. This study reports land structure of Hevsel gardens, state of land use and heavy metals status of these soils, irrigation water used in agricultural production and some crops growing in the area. This study also evaluates socio economic conditions of farmers working in these gardens and determines some economic characteristics. The results obtained from this study, showed nominal amount of heavy metal contents in soil, water and plants that are below threat level for human consumption, however these analyses should be repeated regularly. It would be useful to promote cultivation of ornamental plants, seedlings/saplings production nurseries and building greenhouses in the area.
Capitalisme vert: Les populations locales sur les marchés mondiaux
Authors: Ribeiro Magda dos Santos 
Published: May 2018

Cet article vise à décrire et à réfléchir aux récents accords signés entre les peuples amazoniens et les grandes entreprises brésiliennes et transnationales. Pour cela, le texte s'appuie sur deux sources distinctes: a) les descriptions ethnographiques, documents et articles publiés par des chercheurs brésiliens, et b) le travail sur le terrain dans la communauté São Francisco do Iratapuru, située dans l'état d'Amapá, dans l'Amazonie brésilienne, avec ses habitants castanheiros, qui ont depuis plus de 10 ans des accords commerciaux avec la plus grande entreprise de cosmétiques au Brésil, Natura S/A. L'article met l'accent sur le fait qu'une telle relation ne peut pas être comprise par la seule critique de l'avancement du modèle capitaliste d'échange et d'exploitation, mais doit tenir compte d'autres aspects tout aussi importants. L'incorporation de l'altérité amazonienne et l'imaginaire de la durabilité deviennent des éléments essentiels dans la production de valeur pour le soi-disant capitalisme vert.
Le clip vidéo et ses contextes : musiques populaires et postmodernité dans les années 1980
Authors: Straw Will 
Published: April 2018

Les premières analyses journalistiques ou universitaires du phénomène des clips vidéo se souciaient des effets possibles de l’image sur la pureté ou l’authenticité de la musique. Lorsque ce format parvint au succès à la fin des années 1980, une vague plus exclusivement scientifique d’écrits s’en servit comme prisme pour interpréter le postmodernisme. Selon ces travaux, le postmoderne se caractérisait par le caractère fragmentaire et collagiste des textes culturels ; ils sacrifiaient la profondeur au profit d’un flux d’images ne fonctionnant qu’au niveau de la surface. Cet article soutient que, plutôt que d’avoir été simplement incorporés à la musique par le biais de logiques télévisuelles, les clips du début des années 1980 participèrent à un recentrement de la pop sur la chanson (au détriment de l’album), le transitoire (au détriment du travail durable et de la stabilité de l’auctorité) et des stratégies de citation (au détriment de l’expression de la personnalité auctoriale). De même, alors que les textes postmodernes étaient souvent conçus comme un mélange de fragments culturels remettant en cause les frontières entre formes culturelles, cet article défend l’idée que les premiers clips vidéo adoptèrent ces cadres, dans la mesure où la musique pop pouvait y trouver de nouvelles façons de s’ancrer dans une histoire des formes de divertissement.
Le clip comme forme d’expression musico-visuelle : pour une esthétique de la relation musique-images
Authors: Gaudin Antoine 
Published: April 2018

Cet article propose une réflexion sur la spécificité expressive du vidéoclip musical. À partir de l’analyse de quatre clips, il déploie les enjeux liés à la « primauté » chronologique et compositionnelle de la musique sur les images à l’intérieur de ce secteur de création. Au-delà de sa contribution sur le plan épistémologique (comment pourrait-on approfondir l’approche esthétique de l’objet-clip ?), il vise ainsi une meilleure compréhension de l’expérience sensible et signifiante que les clips font vivre à leurs audio-spectateurs. Il encourage donc à ne pas analyser les clips seulement à l’aide des catégories mobilisées pour les autres formes audiovisuelles (cinéma, télévision, etc.), mais aussi et surtout à adopter une méthodologie d’ensemble respectueuse de leur singularité musico-visuelle.
Secondary organic aerosol production from pinanediol, a semi-volatile surrogate for first-generation oxidation products of monoterpenes
Authors: Ye Penglin , Zhao Yunliang , Chuang Wayne K. , Robinson Allen L. , Donahue Neil M. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract. We have investigated the production of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from
pinanediol (PD), a precursor chosen as a semi-volatile surrogate for
first-generation oxidation products of monoterpenes. Observations at the
CLOUD facility at CERN have shown that oxidation of organic compounds such
as PD can be an important contributor to new-particle formation. Here we
focus on SOA mass yields and chemical composition from PD photo-oxidation in
the CMU smog chamber. To determine the SOA mass yields from this
semi-volatile precursor, we had to address partitioning of both the PD and
its oxidation products to the chamber walls. After correcting for these
losses, we found OA loading dependent SOA mass yields from PD oxidation that
ranged between 0.1 and 0.9 for SOA concentrations between 0.02 and 20 µg m−3, these mass yields are 2–3 times larger than typical of
much more volatile monoterpenes. The average carbon oxidation state measured
with an aerosol mass spectrometer was around −0.7. We modeled the chamber
data using a dynamical two-dimensional volatility basis set and found that a
significant fraction of the SOA comprises low-volatility organic compounds
that could drive new-particle formation and growth, which is consistent with
the CLOUD observations.
An Empirical Examination of the Compensation-Dividend Relation to Compare Conflict Resolution Strategies at Public versus Private Firms
Authors: Yurko Amy J. N. 
Published: May 2018

While agency theory predicts that the unification of ownership and control of private family firms reduces agency concerns, some prior studies suggest that the complex family relationships of private, family firms increases agency conflicts. To investigate these conflicting predictions, this study empirically examines with regression analysis how executive total compensation levels relate to dividends at public versus private firms to compare the conflict resolution strategies of public versus private firms. For public firms, this study finds a positive compensation-dividend relation, indicating that public firms increase total compensation levels to reward executives for supporting firms’ dividend policies and realign the interests of owners and managers from the conflict created by dividends. Drawing from special access to Forms 1120, this study examines a large sample of privately held U.S. firms. For private firms, this study finds a negative compensation-dividend relation, indicating that private, family firms do not use compensation to realign the interests of owners and managers and overcome the conflict created by dividends. This new evidence suggests that the ownership structure of private, family firms systematically mitigates agency concerns to some degree. On a practical level, this study indicates that firms can provide compensation arrangements that support firms’ dividend policies, and that regulatory agencies should continue to focus on public firms where the great dispersion of ownership systematically increases agency concerns.
Design Consistency Index for Two-lane Roads based on Continuous Speed Profiles
Authors: Almeida Raul , Vasconcelos Luís , Bastos Silva Ana 
Published: May 2018

It is well known that road accidents tend to be more frequent in locations where a sudden change in road characteristics violates the driver's expectations. Most methods used to assess the design consistency are based on simplified speed profiles that give a coarse description of the vehicle dynamics along the road. This paper presents a new approach to quantify the road design consistency, based on continuous operating speed profiles. These profiles are based on the Gipps’ car-following equations, adapted to simulate the driver behaviour in the vicinity of horizontal curves under free-flow conditions. A methodology to calibrate and validate the Gipps’ behavioural parameters from field data is presented and applied to predict the speed profiles of three drivers for a set of rural road segments. The calibration is based on trajectory data collected with an instrumented vehicle and it follows an automated procedure that aims to minimize the differences between the predicted and observed speed profiles. The new consistency index is based on the deceleration distances and it allows to overcome some limitations of the existing methods.
International Law and Diplomacy
Authors: Lesaffer Randall 
Published: May 2018

Traditional historiography of international law is both state‐ and Eurocentric. It has reduced “the history of international law” to that of the law of the sovereign states system of Europe which allegedly emerged at the end of the Middle Ages and was exported over the globe through the double device of colonization and decolonization. In recent decades, a commencement has been made with expanding the narrative of the history of international law into a pluralist and global one, which includes developments in different regions of the world. Nevertheless, this turn is in its early stages and has yet failed to offer an alternative grand narrative. Moreover, it remains to be seen whether a global history of international law will drive European history prior to the mid‐nineteenth century completely from the center in any narrative which traces the origins of modern international law.This entry briefly covers the major developments in five fields of international law with which diplomacy directly related through history: treaty‐making, trade, dispute settlement, justification of war and peacemaking. While it indicates some major commonalities and differences between the historic regional systems of international law, the focus is on the development of the law of nations in late medieval (eleventh–fifteenth centuries) and early modern (sixteenth–eighteenth centuries) Europe, as well as on modern global international law (nineteenth–twenty‐first centuries).
Anglo‐German Naval Race
Authors: Menning Ralph 
Published: May 2018

The pre‐World War I Anglo‐German naval rivalry can be seen variously as arms race, as refracting political culture, as newspaper histrionics and media feeding frenzy, as a morality play wherein larger‐than‐life personalities come to the defense of the homeland, as a chapter in the rise of the military‐industrial complex, as domestic crisis and exercise in transnational history, as a diplomatic issue figuring prominently in the origins of the First World War, or even as historiography.The naval hysteria subsided after 1912, when it became clear that Britain would outbuild Germany; thus, the naval race was more an indirect than a direct cause of the First World War.
Zn‐Catalyzed Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Dearomative [3+2] Cycloaddition Reaction of 2‐Nitroindoles and 2‐Nitrobenzothiophenes
Authors: Zhao Jian‐Qiang , Zhou Xiao‐Jian , Chen Yong‐Zheng , Xu Xiao‐Ying , Zhang Xiao‐Mei , Yuan Wei‐Cheng 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAn efficient asymmetric dearomative [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of 2‐nitroindoles and 2‐nitrobenzothiophenes with 3‐isothiocyanato oxindoles was developed by using a chiral Zn(OTf)2/bis(oxazoline) complex as a catalyst. With the developed protocol, a range of enantioenriched complex heterocyclic compounds containing three contiguous stereocenters, one of which is spirocyclic center, could be obtained in quantitative yields with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities. The potential utility of this method was showcased by the diverse transformations of the products.magnified image
Boronsäuren als bioorthogonale Sonden für zentrenselektives Protein‐Labeling
Authors: Akgun Burcin , Hall Dennis G. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn den vergangenen zwei Jahrzehnten hat sich die bioorthogonale Chemie zu einem beliebten Hilfsmittel entwickelt, um zentrenselektive Modifikationen an Proteinen zu erzielen. Dennoch sind nur einige wenige bioorthogonale Reaktionen bekannt, die zudem Limitierungen aufweisen können, wie etwa geringe Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten, die Verwendung instabiler oder zytotoxischer Reagenzien und das Auftreten von Nebenreaktionen. Folglich besteht ein großes Interesse an der Erweiterung der Methodik in der bioorthogonalen Chemie. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden kürzlich Boronsäuren in den Bereich der bioorthogonalen Chemie eingeführt, welche in drei verschiedenen Strategien zum Einsatz kommen: 1) Bildung eines Boronsäureesters zwischen der Boronsäure und einem 1,2‐cis‐Diol; 2) Bildung eines Iminoboronates zwischen 2‐Acetyl‐/Formyl‐Arylboronsäure und Hydrazin‐/Hydroxylamin‐/Semicarbazid‐Derivaten; 3) Verwendung einer Boronsäure als Transfergruppe in einer Suzuki‐Miyaura‐Kreuzkupplung oder einer anderen Reaktion, in deren Verlauf die Boronylgruppe das Intermediat verlässt. In diesem Aufsatz fassen wir die Fortschritte der Anwendung von Boronsäuren in der bioorthogonalen Chemie zusammen, welche das zentrenspezifische Labeling von Proteinen ermöglicht, und vergleichen diese Methoden mit den gängigsten bioorthogonalen Reaktionen.
Highly Luminescent Inks: Aggregation‐Induced Emission of Copper–Iodine Hybrid Clusters
Authors: Chen Chen , Li Rui‐Han , Zhu Bai‐Sheng , Wang Kun‐Hua , Yao Ji‐Song , Yin Yi‐Chen , Yao Ming‐Ming , Yao Hong‐Bin , Yu Shu‐Hong 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAggregation‐induced emission (AIE) is an attractive phenomenon in which materials display strong luminescence in the aggregated solid states rather than in the conventional dissolved molecular states. However, highly luminescent inks based on AIE are hard to be obtained because of the difficulty in finely controlling the crystallinity of AIE materials at nanoscale. Herein, we report the preparation of highly luminescent inks via oil‐in‐water microemulsion induced aggregation of Cu–I hybrid clusters based on the highly soluble copper iodide‐tris(3‐methylphenyl)phosphine (Cu4I4(P‐(m‐Tol)3)4) hybrid. Furthermore, we can synthesize a series of AIE inks with different light‐emission colors to cover the whole visible spectrum range via a facile ligand exchange processes. The assemblies of Cu–I hybrid clusters with AIE characteristics will pave the way to fabricate low‐cost highly luminescent inks.
Dissecting the conformational determinants of chitosan and chitlac oligomers
Authors: Esteban Carmen , Donati Ivan , Pantano Sergio , Villegas Myriam , Benegas Julio , Paoletti Sergio 
Published: May 2018

AbstractChitosan and its highly hydrophilic 1‐deoxy‐lactit‐1‐yl derivative (Chitlac) are polysaccharides with increasing biomedical applications. Aimed to unravel their conformational properties we have performed a series of molecular dynamics simulations of Chitosan/Chitlac decamers, exploring different degrees of substitution (DS) of lactitol side chains. At low DS, two conformational regions with different populations are visited, while for DS ≥ 20% the oligomers remain mostly linear and only one main region of the glycosidic angles is sampled. These conformers are (locally) characterized by extended helical “propensities”. Helical conformations 32 and 21, by far the most abundant, only develop in the main region. The accessible conformational space is clearly enlarged at high ionic strength, evidencing also a new region accessible to the glycosidic angles, with short and frequent interchange between regions. Simulations of neutral decamers share these features, pointing to a central role of electrostatic repulsion between charged moieties. These interactions seem to determine the conformational behavior of the chitosan backbone, with no evident influence of H‐bond interactions. Finally, it is also shown that increasing temperature only slightly enlarges the available conformational space, but certainly without signs of a temperature‐induced conformational transition.
Simultaneous determination of multicomponent of acetylkitasamycin and kitasamycin by LC–MS/MS in swine plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Pan Yuanhu , Zhang Heying , Xi Chenglong , Huang Lingli , Xie Shuyu , Chen Dongmei , Tao Yanfei , Liu Zhenli , Yuan Zonghui 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA simple and reliable LC–MS/MS method was established for simultaneous determination of 12 components from acetylkitasamycin and kitasamycin in swine plasma. The analytes were separated on a Shim‐pack VP‐ODS column with a 25 min gradient elution using 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate and acetonitrile as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Identification and quantification were accomplished by electrospray ionization) in positive mode using multiple reaction monitoring. The limits of quantitation of acetylkitasamycin A1A3, A13 and kitasamycin A3, A13 were 3 μg/L, and that of the other eight components was 5 μg/L. The mean recoveries of kitasamycin and acetylkitasamycin ranged from 85.3 to 103.5%. The developed method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in swine after intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administration of acetylkitasamycin. The result showed that the plasma concentrations of acetylkitsamycin components were much higher than that of kitasamycin in swine after i.v. and p.o., in which acetylkitsamycin A4A5 was the highest component at each time point.
Liquid chromatographic–tandem mass spectrometry assay for the quantification of MDT‐637 in human nasal wash
Authors: Karnik Shane C. , Cook Robert , Gorman Steve H. , Bakhtiar Ray 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMDT‐637 is a new chemical entity that shows potent and selective antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus. As part of the new drug development program, a method for quantitating MDT‐637 in nasal wash collected from human subjects was required. This article describes the method development and validation and application of a bioanalytical assay for MDT‐637 in human nasal wash using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Sample pretreatment utilized supported liquid extraction and final extracts were injected onto an Agilent Poroshell 120 EC‐C18 column and eluted under isocratic conditions of 65:35 (v/v) 10 mm ammonium formate in water and acetonitrile Detection was performed on an API 5000 tandem mass spectrometer operating in negative electrospray ionization mode applying multiple reaction monitoring. The assay was validated in accordance with the US Food and Drug Administration guidance on bioanalytical method validation and was applied in support of a Phase IIa human safety and tolerability study.