bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurological Effects in the Offspring After Switching From Tobacco Cigarettes to E-Cigarettes During Pregnancy in a Mouse Model
Authors: Nguyen Tara , Li Gerard E , Chen Hui , Cranfield Charles G , McGrath Kristine C , Gorrie Catherine A 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Maternal smoking is currently a public health concern and has been associated with a number of complications in the offspring. E-cigarettes are gaining popularity as a “safer” alternative to tobacco cigarettes during pregnancy, however, there are a limited number of studies to suggest that it is actually “safe.” Balb/C female mice were exposed to ambient air (n = 8; Sham), or tobacco cigarette smoke (n = 8; SE) before gestation, during gestation and lactation. A third group was exposed to cigarette smoke before gestation followed by e-cigarette aerosols during gestation and lactation (n = 8; Switch). Male offspring (12-week old, n = 10–14/group) underwent behavioral assessments to investigate short-term memory, anxiety, and activity using the novel object recognition and elevated plus maze tests. Brains were collected at postnatal day (P)1, P20, and Week 13 for global DNA methylation, epigenetic gene expression, and neuronal cell counts. The offspring from mothers switching to e-cigarettes exhibited no change in exploration/activity but showed a decrease in global DNA methylation, Aurora Kinase (Aurk) A and AurkB gene expression and a reduction in neuronal cell numbers in the cornu ammonis 1 region of the dorsal hippocampus compared with the SE group. Continuous tobacco cigarette smoke exposure during pregnancy resulted in marked neurological deficits in the offspring. Switching to e-cigarettes during pregnancy reduced these neurological deficits compared with cigarette smoke exposure. However, neurological changes were still observed, so we therefore conclude that e-cigarette use during pregnancy is not advised.
Transitional Hypoglycaemia Management in Small for Gestational Age Neonates with Sucrose Enriched Expressed Breastmilk in Resource Poor Setting
Authors: Bora Reeta , Deori Sumon 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Aim
To find out if oral sucrose is as efficacious as intravenous dextrose (IVDx) in treating hypoglycaemia in small for gestational age (SGA) neonates and to compare risk of feed intolerance (FI) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in oral therapy with IVDx therapy.

Methods
Eighty SGA haemodynamically stable hypoglycaemic [blood sugar (BS) &lt; 40 mg/dl] neonates of ≥32 to ≤36 week gestational age were randomized to receive oral sugar enriched expressed breastmilk (EBM; Group A) or IV dextrose therapy (Group B; 40 in each group) in similar calculated doses. BS at 6 h after treatment, incidence of recurrence of hypoglycaemia, FI and NEC were compared.

Results
Mean BS level at 6 h after treatment in oral supplementation group was 63.53 ± 22.12 mg/dl [3.52 ± 1.22 mmol/l (IQR 49.2–82 mg/dl, 2.7–4.5 mmol/l) vs. 71.28 ± 31.76 mg/dl [3.96 ± 1.76 mmol/l (IQR 48.5–73 mg/dl, 2.69–4 mmol/l) in IVDx group, p = 0.209. Relative risk (RR) of recurrence of hypoglycaemia in oral vs. IV treatment was 1.5 with 95% CI 0.4578–4.9151. Incidence of FI (p = 0.49, RR 1, 95%CI 0.3–3.1) and NEC (p = 0.4, RR 0.2, 95%CI 0.01–4.2) was comparable

Conclusion
In resource poor setting in haemodynamically stable hypoglycaemic SGA neonates, EBM enriched with calculated dose of sucrose given orally maintains euglycaemia (BS 40–125mg/dl, 2.2–6.9 mmol/l) without increased incidence of FI and NEC. This method also prevents lactational failure.
Anticoagulation Therapy Using rh-Thrombomodulin and/or Antithrombin III Agent is Associated With Reduction in in-Hospital Mortality in Septic Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation: A Nationwide Registry Study
Authors: Tanaka Keiko , Takeba Jun , Matsumoto Hironori , Ohshita Muneaki , Annen Suguru , Moriyama Naoki , Nakabayashi Yuki , Aibiki Mayuki 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
We analyzed the Nationwide Registry database on sepsis to examine the effects of an anticoagulation therapy, especially with rh-thrombomodulin (rh-TM) and/or antithrombin (AT) III agent, in septic disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) patients. In 3,193 patients enrolled after the exclusion, we investigated the association with in-hospital mortality using Cox proportional hazards models. DIC was diagnosed using the Japanese Association of Acute Medicine (JAAM) and the International Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis (ISTH) criteria. To analyze the separate treatment effects of rh-TM and/or AT III, we excluded the data of 345 patients treated with all available anticoagulation treatments (rh-TM and/or AT III plus “other anticoagulants”: protease inhibitors and heparin/heparinoids). The DIC criterion populations were as follows: JAAM DICs, n = 1,891 and ISTH DICs (overt DIC), n = 1,002. Septic DIC patients were divided into 3 groups: Group 1, no anticoagulation therapy for DIC; Group 2, received rh-TM and/or AT III; and Group 3, received only “other anticoagulants.” In JAAM DIC patients, Group 2 did not show an independent association with a reduced risk of in-hospital mortality (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.73–1.01]) as compared with Group 1. However, in ISTH DIC patients, Group 2 showed an inverse association with the risk of in-hospital mortality (HR 0.74; 95% CI: 0.60–0.92) as compared with Group 1, but the same was not true for Group 3 (HR 0.73; 95% CI: 0.47–1.14). The present results support previous findings of the beneficial effects of anticoagulation therapies in septic DIC, also expands the importance of using rh-TM and/or AT agent for septic overt DIC.
Germline genome editing versus preimplantation genetic diagnosis: Is there a case in favour of germline interventions?
Authors: Ranisch Robert 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCRISPR is widely considered to be a disruptive technology. However, when it comes to the most controversial topic, germline genome editing (GGE), there is no consensus on whether this technology has any substantial advantages over existing procedures such as embryo selection after in vitro fertilization (IVF) and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Answering this question, however, is crucial for evaluating whether the pursuit of further research and development on GGE is justified. This paper explores the question from both a clinical and a moral viewpoint, namely whether GGE has any advantages over existing technologies of selective reproduction and whether GGE could complement or even replace them. In a first step, I review an argument of extended applicability. The paper confirms that there are some scenarios in which only germline intervention allows couples to have (biologically related) healthy offspring, because selection will not avoid disease. In a second step, I examine possible moral arguments in favour of genetic modification, namely that GGE could save some embryos and that GGE would provide certain benefits for a future person that PGD does not. Both arguments for GGE have limitations. With regard to the extended applicability of GGE, however, a weak case in favour of GGE should still be made.
The activating p.Ser466Arg change in STAT1 causes a peculiar phenotype with features of interferonopathies
Authors: Stellacci Emilia , Moneta Gian M. , Bruselles Alessandro , Barresi Sabina , Pizzi Simone , Torre Giuliano , De Benedetti Fabrizio , Tartaglia Marco , Insalaco Antonella 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSignal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1) is a DNA‐binding signal transducer that regulates transcription of specific genes in response to IFNγ and IFNα/β stimulation. Loss‐of‐function mutations impairing STAT1 activity are known to confer susceptibility to intracellular bacterial and viral diseases. Conversely, the few known activating mutations of STAT1 allow predisposition to chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis disease, and occur in patients with combined immunodeficiency and defective Th1 and Th17 responses. Here, we report on a de novo gain‐of‐function (GoF) STAT1 mutation (c.1398C>G, p.Ser466Arg) identified by exome sequencing in an individual with brain calcification, arthritis, recurrent pericarditis, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and low C3 levels, a phenotype resembling an interferonopathy. The Ser466Arg change affects a highly conserved residue located in the DNA binding domain of the protein and the amino acid substitution was documented to have an activating role both in vitro and in vivo. Altogether, clinical features and functional studies are compatible with hyperactivation of the Interferon pathways, highlighting a role of STAT1 GoF mutation in clinical phenotypes fitting interferonopathies.
Role Models or Gateways to Resources?: Contemporary Confusions in Mentoring Practice
Authors: TOLLAND HEATHER , MALLOCH MARGARET 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMentoring has become increasingly popular in recent years in the criminal justice system, presented across the UK and internationally as a service that can address the specific ‘needs’ of women. This article draws on original qualitative research with mentors and mentees to explore their experiences and to establish the aims and processes of mentoring. The rhetoric of mentoring offered by mentors and staff suggested that mentoring was based on an individualistic approach that contained responsibilising strategies. In practice, however, mentors were helping women to resolve issues related to the welfare system and other services outwith the criminal justice system. If positive outcomes of mentoring are viewed by policymakers to be the result of an individualistic approach aimed at fostering ‘prosocial’ interventions, rather than the result of attempts to mitigate wider structural failures then this takes responsibility away from the State and distracts from the deeper effects of criminalising processes.
Why Punish?
Authors: CANTON ROB , PADFIELD NICOLA 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThree ways of understanding the question ‘Why punish?’ are distinguished. Answers commonly invoke three purposes and justifications – that punishment is the way to reduce offending, that it rights the wrong, and that it vindicates the victim. All these accounts are challenged. There is particular attention to the concept of rehabilitation and an explication of what this analysis entails for the work of probation. It is concluded that there is a need to develop a broader philosophy of responding to wrongdoing with attention to the implementation of punishment and to the ‘end state’ where the wrongful act may be considered resolved.
Multifunctional cellulase enzymes are ancestral in Polyneoptera
Authors: Shelomi M. , Wipfler B. , Zhou X. , Pauchet Y. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMany hemimetabolous insects produce their own cellulase enzymes from the glycoside hydrolase family 9, first observed in termites and cockroaches. Phasmatodea have multiple cellulases, some of which are multifunctional and can degrade xylan or xyloglucan. To discover when these abilities evolved, we identified cellulases from the Polyneoptera sampled by the 1000 Insect Transcriptome and Evolution (1KITE) project, including all cockroach and termite transcriptomes. We hoped to identify what role enzyme substrate specificities had in the evolution of dietary specification, such as leaf‐feeding or wood‐feeding. Putative cellulases were identified from the transcriptomes and analysed phylogenetically. All cellulases were amplified from an exemplar set of Polyneoptera species using rapid amplification of cDNA ends PCR and heterologously expressed in an insect cell line, then tested against different polysaccharides for their digestive abilities. We identified several multifunctional xyloglucanolytic enzymes across Polyneoptera, plus a large group of cellulase‐like enzymes found in nearly all insect orders with no discernible digestive ability. Multifunctional xylanolytic cellulases remain unique to Phasmatodea. The presence or absence of multifunctional enzymes does not impact dietary specification, but rather having multiple, multifunctional cellulase genes is an ancestral state for Polyneoptera and possibly Insecta. The prevalence of multifunctional cellulases in other animals demands further investigation.
Impacts of Bt maize inoculated with rhizobacteria on development and food utilization of Mythimna separata
Authors: Li Zhuo , Wang Xiao‐Hui , Saurav Pokharel Sabin , Li Chun‐Xu , Zhao Ming , Xin Shu‐Rong , Parajulee Megha N. , Chen Fa‐Jun 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe current trend of increasing proportion of cultivation of transgenic Bt crops is pushing towards dramatic destabilization of the agroecosystem, thus raising severe concerns about the sustainability of transgenic Bt crops as an effective management tool for the control of target insect pests in the future. Rhizobacteria is the key biological regulator to ameliorate soil‐nitrogen utilization efficiency of crop plants, especially transgenic Bt crops. A laboratory study quantified the impacts of transgenic Bt maize (Line IE09S034 with Cry1Ie vs. non‐Bt maize cv. Xianyu335) inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense (AB) and Azotobacter chroococcum (AC) on the growth, development and food utilization of a target lepidopteran insect, Mythimna separata. The results showed that the inoculation of rhizobacteria significantly prolonged the larval lifespan and pupal duration, increased RCR and AD, reduced pupal weight, pupation rate, fecundity, RGR, ECD and ECI, and shortened adult longevity of M. separata fed on transgenic Bt maize, while exact opposite trends were found in these measured indexes of growth, development and food utilization for M. separata fed on non‐Bt maize inoculated with AB and AC compared with the buffer control in both years. Thus, the results clearly depicted that the inoculation of rhizobacteria had opposite influences on the growth, development and food utilization of M. separata fed on transgenic Bt maize. Presumably, rhizobacteria inoculation can be used to stimulate plant–soil‐nitrogen uptake and promote plant growth for transgenic Bt maize and non‐Bt maize, simultaneously increasing Bt toxin production and enhancing resistance efficiency against target lepidopteran pests for transgenic Bt maize.
Tooth whitening: From the established treatments to novel approaches to prevent side effects
Authors: Rodríguez‐Martínez Jorge , Valiente Manuel , Sánchez‐Martín María‐Jesús 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe aim is to review the most important aspects about tooth whitening treatments, their side effects, and the new emerging approaches to overcome them.OverviewThis review is focused on origin of tooth stains, the whitening systems and their chemistry, their side effects, and the new approaches. The search of bibliography of the period 1965‐2018 has been analyzed.ConclusionsTooth whitening has become one of the most requested dental treatments by the public. Tooth stains are classified according to their origin into two categories: intrinsic and extrinsic. The whitening systems are generally organized into two classes: in‐office and at‐home products. Most of the whitening systems use hydrogen peroxide as the active oxidative agent to degrade the organic compounds that cause stains. The concentration ranges depending on the treatment, and it may be applied directly or produced in a chemical reaction from carbamide peroxide that is more stable. Besides its popularity, tooth whitening still has some side effects being tooth hypersensitivity the most common. In order to decrease these side effects, new treatments are constantly in renewal processes.Clinical SignificanceDespite all the data and new strategies known about tooth whitening, there are many aspects that are not totally fully understood and methodologies that are not completely effective. Therefore, the development of effective, efficient, and long‐lasting whitening treatments is still necessary.
Health Insurance and Disparities in Mortality among Older Survivors of Critical Illness: A Population Study
Authors: Philpotts Yoland F. , Ma Xiaoyue , Anderson Michaela R. , Hua May , Baldwin Matthew R. 
Published: August 2019

ObjectivesThe 1.5 million Medicare beneficiaries who survive intensive care each year have a high post‐hospitalization mortality rate. We aimed to determine whether mortality after critical illness is higher for Medicare beneficiaries with Medicaid compared with those with commercial insurance.DesignA retrospective cohort study from 2010 through 2014 with 1 year of follow‐up using the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System database.SettingA New York State population‐based study of older (age ≥65 y) survivors of intensive care.ParticipantsAdult Medicare beneficiaries age 65 years or older who were hospitalized with intensive care at a New York State hospital and survived to discharge.InterventionNone.MeasurementMortality in the first year after hospital discharge.ResultsThe study included 340 969 Medicare beneficiary survivors of intensive care with a mean (standard deviation) age of 77 (8) years; 20% died within 1 year. There were 152 869 (45%) with commercial insurance, 78 577 (23%) with Medicaid, and 109 523 (32%) with Medicare alone. Compared with those with commercial insurance, those with Medicare alone had a similar 1‐year mortality rate (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI] = .99‐1.04), and those with Medicaid had a 9% higher 1‐year mortality rate (aHR = 1.09; 95% CI = 1.05‐1.12). Among those discharged home, the 1‐year mortality rate did not vary by insurance coverage, but among those discharged to skilled‐care facilities (SCFs), the 1‐year mortality rate was 16% higher for Medicaid recipients (aHR = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.12‐1.21; P for interaction <.001).ConclusionsOlder adults with Medicaid insurance have a higher 1‐year post‐hospitalization mortality compared with those with commercial insurance, especially among those discharged to SCFs. Future studies should investigate care disparities at SCFs that may mediate these higher mortality rates. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2497–2504, 2019
Building a “Fortress Europe” in the air: A critical review of the European customs enforcement of IPRs
Authors: Briatta Marion 
Published: August 2019

AbstractFor several decades now, the European Union (EU) has been promoting the strengthening of enforcement measures of intellectual property rights (IPRs). The reinforcement of border measures aimed at blocking the importation of infringing goods has been under particular scrutiny in this respect. Since the adoption of the Trade‐Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights agreement, the EU has adopted numerous customs regulations specifically designed to curtail the flow of counterfeits entering the European market. In this paper, we argue this regulatory inflation is problematic considering the ambiguous construction of European border measures against counterfeiting. We suggest that EU law has imperfectly transplanted the American customs regulation reformed in the 70s which has allowed customs authorities to seize imported goods which were infringing IPRs in the United States. To fulfill their new mission, American customs was granted with the ability to assess such infringement at the border. Although required to fulfill the same mission, European member states' customs authorities have not been granted with such a quasijudicial competence. As a result, the action of European customs authorities regarding infringing goods is based on an ambiguous “conditional prohibition” which can easily lead to abuses as the international dispute regarding in‐transit generic medicines has shown.
24‐hour multi‐pH recording of the postprandial acid pocket and the nocturnal acid distribution at the esophagogastric junction in healthy volunteers
Authors: Moonen An , Aguilera‐Lizarraga Javier , Bisschops Raf , Moonen Peter , Tack Jan , Boeckxstaens Guy E. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundPostprandial stationary pH monitoring studies have identified the acid pocket. To what extent a similar pool of acid is present in the fasting state or at night remains however unclear.MethodsThe study was performed in 9 HV without a hiatal hernia. A pH‐impedance‐pressure catheter was positioned at the Z‐line. First, the presence of the acid pocket was monitored under stationary conditions during 2 hours after ingestion of a standardized meal. Thereafter, the equipment was connected to an ambulatory monitoring device for 24‐hour recording.ResultsUnder stationary conditions, a postprandial acid pocket was present in 7 of the 9 HV, from 9 ± 7 minutes after meal onwards during 47 ± 8 minutes. During ambulatory 24‐hour monitoring, postprandial acid pockets emerged significantly later, but no differences in duration or position were detected. During nighttime, an acid pool was detected with its proximal border at the level of the cardia, which at later, time points gradually moved to a more distal position. This led to a gradual decrease in nocturnal acid exposure from proximal to distal, a phenomenon that was preceded by a bust of gastric contractions. Nocturnal reflux originated from the cardiac region, and was more acidic in the early compared with late nocturnal period.ConclusionThe acid pocket is present in the postprandial period under both stationary and ambulatory conditions. Of interest, at night, a pool of acid can be demonstrated which is periodically shifted more distally. This pool of acid represents the reservoir from which nocturnal reflux originates.
Testing Ricardian Equivalence with the Narrative Record on Tax Changes
Authors: Haug Alfred A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe Ricardian equivalence hypothesis is tested empirically with a subcategory of the narrative measures of US tax shocks developed by Romer and Romer (in, American Economic Review 2010;100:763). The present value of tax increases motivated solely by concerns for improving the fiscal health of the government is used. These tax news represent a switch from debt to tax financing that should have no effects on real output and consumption. For the post‐1982:IV period, fiscal anticipation plays an important role as many of the tax increases are implemented with substantial delays. Anticipated tax hikes increase economic activity in the delay period. Ricardian equivalence is rejected.
Microcystic lymphatic malformation in a child and his mother
Authors: Gupta Aastha , Sardana Kabir , Arora Pooja , Garga Umesh C. , Malhotra Purnima 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA 3‐year‐old boy presented to us with swelling of the right upper lip and the surrounding perioral area with the multiple clear fluid‐filled grouped vesicles on the mucosal surface. The patient's mother had a similar swelling located at the same anatomic location extending to the cheek and the ala of nose on the same side. Magnetic resonance imaging and histopathological examination were suggestive of microcystic lymphatic malformation (LM) in both mother and child. Although an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern has been reported for isolated cystic hygromas, no familial case of microcystic LM has been reported previously.