bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Movement ecology of Afrotropical birds: Functional traits provide complementary insights to species identity
Authors: Habel Jan Christian , Tobias Joseph A. , Fischer Christina 
Published: September 2019

AbstractEffects of anthropogenic activities on habitats and species communities and populations are complex and vary across species depending on their ecological traits. Movement ecology may provide important insights into species’ responses to habitat structures and quality. We investigated how movement behavior across a human‐modified landscape depends on species identity and species traits, with particular focus on habitat specialization, feeding guilds, and dispersal behavior. We tracked 34 individuals of nine Afrotropical bird species during three years in an anthropogenic riparian landscape of East Africa. We investigated whether species’ functional traits predicted their habitat use and movement behavior better than species’ identities. Our results indicate that habitat specialists mainly occur in dense riparian thickets, while habitat generalists do occur in agricultural land. Home‐ranges of omnivorous habitat generalists are larger than of frugivorous and insectivorous generalists and omnivorous and insectivorous specialists. Movement speed was highest in settlement areas for all species, with activity peaks during morning and afternoon for habitat specialists. Our results reveal that functional traits and species identity provide complementary insights into responses of organisms to habitat structures and habitat quality.
Cardiac safety of second‐generation H1‐antihistamines when updosed in chronic spontaneous urticaria
Authors: Cataldi Mauro , Maurer Marcus , Taglialatela Maurizio , Church Martin K. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe symptoms of chronic urticaria, be it chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) or chronic inducible urticaria (CindU), are mediated primarily by the actions of histamine on H1 receptors located on endothelial cells (the weal) and on sensory nerves (neurogenic flare and pruritus). Thus, second‐generation H1 antihistamines (sgAHs) are the primary treatment of these conditions. However, many patients are poorly responsive to licensed doses of antihistamines. In these patients, the current EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF/WAO guideline for urticaria suggests updosing of sgAHs up to fourfold. However, such updosing is off‐label and the responsibility resides with the prescribing physician. Therefore, the safety of the drug when used above its licensed dose is of paramount importance. An important aspect of safety is potential cardiotoxicity. This problem was initially identified some 20 years ago with cardiotoxic deaths occurring with astemizole and terfenadine, two early sgAHs. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms and assessments of potential cardiotoxicity of H1 antihistamines when updosed to four times their licensed dose. In particular, we have focused on the potential of H1 antihistamines to block hERG (human Ether‐a‐go‐go‐Related Gene) voltage‐gated K+ channels, also known as Kv11.1 channels according to the IUPHAR classification. Blockade of these channels causes QT prolongation leading to torsade de pointes that may possibly degenerate into ventricular fibrillation and sudden death. We considered in detail bilastine, cetirizine, levocetirizine, ebastine, fexofenadine, loratadine, desloratadine, mizolastine and rupatadine and concluded that all these drugs have an excellent safety profile with no evidence of cardiotoxicity even when updosed up to four times their standard licensed dose, provided that the prescribers carefully consider and rule out potential risk factors for cardiotoxicity, such as the presence of inherited long QT syndrome, older age, cardiovascular disorders, hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia, or the use of drugs that either have direct QT prolonging effects or inhibit sgAH metabolism.
Online psychoeducation with parent management training: Examining the contribution of peer support
Authors: Wilkerson David A. , Gregory Virgil L. , Kim Hea‐Won 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPsychoeducation is an empirically based intervention that is increasingly delivered online to individuals and groups. Low participation has been a problem for online designs that include peer support. New technology designs have been called for, and in response, we developed a model that synchronized the delivery of individual and group‐based psychoeducational activities for parent management training. We used a problem‐based learning strategy delivered to caregivers of youth demonstrating oppositional behaviours to encourage the development of helping processes and peer support. This mixed methods intervention study had high rates of participant retention and positive measurable changes for two of its three psychoeducational outcome measures. When we merged the study data, we observed that mutual aid—a frequently sought goal of group‐based interventions—contributed to participant outcomes.
Isolation of senescent cells by iodixanol (OptiPrep) density gradient‐based separation
Authors: Kovacovicova Kristina , Vinciguerra Manlio 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjectivesChemotherapeutic drugs induce senescence in cancer cells but, unlike replicative senescence or oncogene‐induced senescence, do so rather inefficiently and depending on DNA damage. A thorough understanding of the biology of chemotherapy‐induced senescent cells requires their isolation from a mixed population of adjacent senescent and non‐senescent cancer cells.Materials and methodsWe have developed and optimized a rapid iodixanol (OptiPrep)‐based gradient centrifugation system to identify, isolate and characterize doxorubicin (DXR)‐induced senescent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells (HepG2 and Huh‐7) in vitro.ResultsAfter cellular exposure to DXR, we used iodixanol gradient‐based centrifugation to isolate and re‐plate cells on collagen‐coated flasks, despite their low or null proliferative capacity. The isolated cell populations were enriched for DXR‐induced senescent HCC cells, as confirmed by proliferation arrest assay, and β‐galactosidase and DNA damage‐dependent γH2A.X staining.ConclusionsAnalysing pure cultures of chemotherapy‐induced senescent versus non‐responsive cancer cells will increase our knowledge on chemotherapeutic mechanisms of action, and help refine current therapeutic strategies.
Teaching orthodontic emergencies using the “flipped classroom” method of teaching—A mixed methods RCT
Authors: Isherwood Grant , Taylor Kathryn , Burnside Girvan , Fitzgerald Rhian , Flannigan Norah 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIntroductionIn the United Kingdom, the General Dental Council requires newly graduated dentists to be competent in managing orthodontic emergencies. Undergraduate students typically receive limited exposure to orthodontics, with teaching primarily delivered via conventional lectures. Flipped teaching involves knowledge being acquired in students’ own time, with class time focussing on construction of meaning.MethodsA total of 61 undergraduate dental students were randomised into either a flipped or a conventional group. The conventional group (n = 30) attended a lecture describing the management of six common emergencies. The flipped group (n = 31) were given access to six videos via a virtual learning environment and later completed practical tasks related to the material. Both groups completed a single best answer assessment. Perceptions of flipped classroom teaching were explored via focus groups.ResultsFor questions on orthodontic emergencies, the conventional group had a mean examination result of 70.5% (SD 8.0%) compared with the flipped group of 72.8% (SD 12.9%). There was no significant difference between the groups (P = .532). For regular orthodontic questions, the conventional group had a mean examination result of 64.8% (SD: 19.9%) compared with 78.3% (SD: 21.7%). There was no significant difference between the groups (P = .083). Thematic analysis identified the following themes: ways in which videos encourages more effective learning, improved engagement, awareness of learning needs and proposed teaching/curriculum changes. The overarching theoretical perspective was facilitating an experiential learning cycle using flipped classroom teaching.ConclusionsIn the context of this investigation, the flipped classroom method of teaching resulted in comparable examination performance and improved levels of satisfaction.
WHO surgical safety checklist training: An alternative approach to training in local safety standards for invasive procedures
Authors: Wali Rana , Halai Tina , Koshal Sonita 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundDespite efforts to promote the effective use of the WHO surgical safety checklist, wrong tooth extractions have continued to occur within dentistry.MethodA training initiative combined methods of teaching comprising of a presentation, video and simulation to deliver LocSSIP training at an Oral Surgery Department of a UK dental hospital. Participant feedback was analysed to determine their perception of using combined methods to deliver the training.ResultOverall feedback was very positive with regard to relevance of the training, and its ability to meet the learning needs of all participants. Participants advocated that there should be regular re‐training and incorporation of this training into the local induction programme. Almost About 94% of staff members Strongly Agreed or Agreed that they would recommend this format of training to other departments.ConclusionEffective training is essential to maintain safe clinical practice within health care, and training methods that are inclusive of various learning styles are well received.
Nonsurgical and surgical management of metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint dorsal chip fracture in the Thoroughbred racehorse
Authors: Ramzan P. H. L. , Wylie C. E. 
Published: September 2019

SummaryBackgroundArthroscopy is considered the treatment of choice for dorsal osteochondral chip fractures of the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal (MCP/MTP) joints in the racehorse; however, there is no published research on non‐surgical management of this injury.ObjectivesTo compare clinical features, intra‐articular medication use and return to racing in Thoroughbred racehorses with non‐surgically (non‐SX) or surgically (SX) managed MCP/MTP dorsal chip fracture.Study designRetrospective observational study conducted between 2006 and 2014.MethodsRadiographs of Thoroughbred racehorses were reviewed to identify MCP/MTP dorsal osteochondral chip fractures. Clinical and intra‐articular medication data were obtained from veterinary records, and return to racing data from a public online resource.ResultsA total of 98 MCP/MTP horses with dorsal chip fractures were identified (70 non‐SX, 28 SX). Median age was 2 years (range 2–7 years). Osteochondral chip fractures predominantly involved the forelimbs (n = 92, 93.9%) and the majority were considered by the treating clinician to be clinically active (n = 85, 86.7%). Significantly more SX horses had a reported ongoing problem associated with the affected joint than non‐SX horses (P = 0.002), however there was no significant difference between non‐SX and SX horses in the number of intra‐articular medications of affected joint per month of follow‐up (P = 0.22). The proportion of horses racing post‐diagnosis was not significantly different between non‐SX (55/70; 78.6%, 95% CI 69.0, 88.2%) and SX horses (24/28; 85.7%, 95% CI 72.8, 98.73%) (P = 0.57). Median time to first start following diagnosis for non‐SX (106 days, range 1–326) was significantly shorter than for SX horses (203 days, range 9–559) (P = 0.002).Main limitationsManagement technique was not randomised or blinded, with few surgically managed horses.ConclusionsThe results contribute to the current evidence base used to guide management of osteochondral chip fractures of the MCP/MTP joints in the racehorse, and indicate that non‐surgical management may be a valid treatment option for some injuries.
Clinical, microbiological, immunological and imaging characteristics of tunnels and fistulas in hidradenitis suppurativa and Crohn’s disease
Authors: Jørgensen Astrid‐Helene Ravn , Thomsen Simon Francis , Karmisholt Katrine Elisabeth , Ring Hans Christian 
Published: September 2019

AbstractHidradenitis suppurativa (HS) tunnels and Crohn's disease (CD) fistulas are a challenge to treat. Although pathogenic similarities have been described between HS and CD, recent studies indicate that clinical, microbiological, immunological and imaging characteristics differ between these diseases. This review highlights the differences between HS tunnels and CD fistulas. Next‐generation sequencing studies demonstrate a microbiome in HS tunnels dominated by Porphyromonas spp., Prevotella spp. whereas no specific bacteria have been associated with cutaneous CD. Immunologically, TNF has been found upregulated in HS tunnels along with various interleukins (IL‐8, IL‐16, IL‐1α and IL‐1β). In CD fistulas, Th1, Th17, IL‐17, IFN‐ɤ, TNF and IL‐23 are increased. US imaging is an important tool in HS. US of HS tunnels depict hypoechoic band‐like structure across skin layers in the dermis and/or hypodermis connected to the base of a widened hair follicle. In CD, MR imaging of simple perianal fistulas illustrates a linear, non‐branching inflammatory tract relating to an internal opening in the anus or low rectum and an external opening to the skin surface. An increased awareness of the immediate potential differences between HS tunnels and CD fistulas may optimize treatment regimens of these intractable skin manifestations.
Compensatory growth offsets poor condition in native trout populations
Authors: Al‐Chokhachy Robert , Kovach Ryan P. , Sepulveda Adam , Strait Jeffrey , Shepard Bradley B. , Muhlfeld Clint C. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Compensatory growth—when individuals in poor condition grow rapidly to catch up to conspecifics—may be a mechanism that allows individuals to tolerate stressful environmental conditions, both abiotic and biotic. This phenomenon has been documented fairly widely in laboratory and field experiments, but evidence for compensatory growth in the wild is scarce.

Cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii subsp.) are cold‐water specialists that inhabit montane streams in western North America where seasonal conditions can be harsh and growth rates vary greatly among seasons. Understanding if individuals compensate for periods of reduced growth and body condition will improve understanding of the requirements of fish throughout their life‐cycle and across freshwater habitats.

We quantified compensatory growth of juvenile cutthroat trout using extensive mark–recapture data from 11 stream populations (1,125 individuals) and two subspecies inhabiting a wide range of ecological settings in the northern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A. Our objectives were to determine how growth was linked across seasons and whether individuals behaviourally compensated for depressed body condition via emigration.

Fish in relatively poor condition consistently demonstrated compensatory growth in mass during subsequent seasons. In contrast, fish in relatively better condition responded with positive growth in length during the summer signalling these fish may be better suited to headwater environments; no compensatory growth in length was found during the winter. Furthermore, there was no evidence that individual condition mediated migration tendencies of fish to seek more favourable habitat.

Across a wide range of environmental conditions, we found consistent empirical support for compensatory growth in mass in the wild. A critical next step is to quantify how changing abiotic and biotic conditions influence the ability of stream fishes to compensate for locally or seasonally challenging conditions, thereby affecting long‐term resiliency, viability, and adaptation in the face of changing environmental conditions.
On the mismatch in the strength of competition among fossil and modern species of planktonic Foraminifera
Authors: Rillo Marina C. , Sugawara Mauro T. C. , Cabella Brenno , Jonkers Lukas , Baranowski Ulrike K. , Kučera Michal , Ezard Thomas H. G. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAimMany clades display the macroevolutionary pattern of a negative relationship between standing diversity and diversification rates. Competition among species has been proposed as the main mechanism that explains this pattern. However, we currently lack empirical insight into how the effects of individual‐level ecological interactions scale up to affect species diversification. Here, we investigate a clade that shows evidence for negative diversity‐dependent diversification in the fossil record and test whether the clade's modern communities show a corresponding signal of interspecific competition.LocationWorld's oceans.Time periodHolocene.Major taxa studiedPlanktonic Foraminifera (Rhizaria).MethodsWe explore spatial and temporal ecological patterns expected under interspecific competition. Firstly, we use a community phylogenetics approach to test for signs of local competitive exclusion among ecologically similar species (defined as closely related or of similar shell sizes) by combining species relative abundances in seafloor sediments. Secondly, we analyse whether population abundances of co‐occurring species covary negatively through time using sediment trap time‐series spanning 1–12 years.ResultsThe great majority of the assemblages are indistinguishable from randomly assembled communities, showing no significant spatial co‐occurrence patterns regarding phylogeny or size similarity. Through time, most species pairs correlated positively, indicating synchronous rather than compensatory population dynamics.Main conclusionsWe found no detectable evidence for interspecific competition structuring extant planktonic Foraminifera communities. Species co‐occurrences and population dynamics are likely regulated by the abiotic environment and/or distantly related species, rather than intra‐clade density‐dependent processes. This interpretation contradicts the idea that competition drives the clade's macroevolutionary dynamics. One way to better integrate community ecology and macroevolution is to consider that diversification dynamics are influenced by groups that interact ecologically even when distantly related.
Moving in and out of vulnerability: Interrogating migration as an adaptation strategy along a rural–urban continuum in India
Authors: Singh Chandni , Basu Ritwika 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMigration is a key livelihood strategy to diversify incomes, reduce risks associated with rainfed agriculture and the effects of climate change, and meet personal aspirations. Drawing on life history interviews with migrant and non‐migrant families, we explore the role of migration and commuting in addressing livelihood vulnerability along a rural–urban continuum in Karnataka, India. We find that labelling migration as an adaptation strategy or not does not necessarily capture the breadth of experiences and implications for livelihoods that migrants and their families face. At an intra‐household level, migration and commuting can alleviate vulnerability for some family members while exacerbating vulnerability of others. At a larger scale, migration that is adaptive at a household scale can be maladaptive at a system scale, where cities are unable to provide for or absorb migrants who often live in highly vulnerable conditions. Finally, on a temporal scale, migration and commuting affect livelihood trajectories and choices beyond the migrants alone, and understanding how these strategies affect household vulnerability over time is crucial for adaptation research. We also highlight the use of life histories as a methodological tool that complements current econometric approaches exploring migration and allows for in‐depth and temporally sensitive inquiry into the drivers and consequences of migration.
KINDERTRANSPORT MEMOIRS: BETWEEN FORMULATING KNOWLEDGE OF A PAINFUL PAST AND CONTAINING TRAUMATIC IMPACT
Authors: Homer Stephanie 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTKindertransport memoirs are an invaluable resource providing an insight into the world of child refugees who faced upheaval when separated from their family and friends in 1938/9. This article examines the representation of trauma in memoirs by Vera Gissing (1988), Martha Blend (1995), Edith Milton (2005), and Marion Charles (2013). Investigating the limits of language and the constraints that traumatic memory places upon representation, this article addresses the question of how a traumatic event, which seems to exceed the limits of understanding and even of language, can be represented by the author. An examination of these memoirs reveals how children of the Kindertransport attempt to formulate knowledge and a narrative of their past – a requirement of the literary memoir genre – yet are simultaneously challenged by the unrepresentable nature of traumatic experience. This article illuminates how memoirists attempt to convey their upsetting childhood and construct a personal narrative of trauma by containing traumatic impact.
BEYOND UNSPEAKABILITY: CONFIGURATIONS OF ‘TRAVELLING TRAUMA’ IN CONTEMPORARY GERMAN‐LANGUAGE LITERATURE ABOUT THE HOLOCAUST
Authors: Roca Lizarazu Maria 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTThis article examines two novels by seminal German‐language Jewish authors, Benjamin Stein's Die Leinwand (2010) and Eva Menasse's Quasikristalle (2013), to shed light on major shifts in Holocaust memory since the turn of the millennium. I argue that developments such as the disappearance of the eyewitness generation, coupled with the increasing hypermediation and globalisation of Holocaust memories, force us to reconsider certain conceptions of trauma which for a long time have dominated engagements with the Holocaust and its representation. Instead of approaching Holocaust trauma as unspeakable and inherently inaccessible, I propose to read the novels’ engagements with the Holocaust through the lens of Terri Tomsky's concept of ‘travelling trauma’, which allows us to conceive of the Holocaust as a culturally mediated signifier that moves transgenerationally, transmedially, and transnationally through various discursive networks. The novels by Stein and Menasse furthermore enable us to examine critically certain manifestations of ‘travelling trauma’ and the current state of Holocaust representation in a way that Tomsky's more descriptive approach does not.
‘I BELIEVE THAT MY EXPERIENCE BEGAN IN THE WOMB AND WAS LATER ABSORBED THROUGH MY MOTHER'S MILK’: SECOND GENERATION TRAUMA NARRATIVES
Authors: Hammel Andrea 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTThis contribution analyses texts written by the descendants of Holocaust survivors and former refugees who have contributed to the newsletter of the Second Generation Network based in Britain. Examination of this material demonstrates how these postmemory trauma narratives add to our understanding of Holocaust and Refugee Studies. The ongoing impact of the Holocaust on subsequent generations descended from survivors and refugees suggests that it should be considered an integral part of British history that continues to reverberate in twenty‐first century society in the UK.