bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nexus between Socio-Economic Environment and Recurrence of Inter-Ethnic Conflicts In Nyakach and Sigowet Sub-Counties of Western Kenya
Authors: Juma James Omondi , Iteyo Prof. Crispinous , Simiyu Dr. Ruth 
Published: April 2018

The recurrence of inter-ethnic conflicts is mainly attributed the socio-economic constraints and deprivations that make disgruntled communities turn against one another in the efforts to get the kind of services they believe that they deserve. This is a common phenomenon globally and also in Kenya. There are a number of social and economic issues surrounding inter-ethnic conflicts in Nyakach and Sigowet Sub-counties of Western Kenya that have made communities get involved in the conflicts regularly. The study investigated the nexus between the socio-economic environment and the recurrence of inter-ethnic conflicts in Nyakach and Sigowet Sub-counties of Western Kenya. The paper aim at examining the relationship between the socio-economic environment and the recurrent inter-ethnic conflicts in area of study. The results therefore show the connection between following socio-economic factors and conflicts the socio-economic activities, distribution of economic resources and opportunities, Politicization of ethnicity and political exclusion, socio-cultural perceptions and Stereotypes, and the socio-economic drivers of conflicts including poverty, youth unemployment, ethnic mistrust and land and boundary issues.
Key words: Recurrence of conflict, Socio-economic environment, Inter-ethnic conflicts
Plunger Lift Optimization
Authors: JPT staff _ 
Published: April 2018

This article is a synopsis of paper SPE 29455, "Optimum Plunger Lift Operation." by J.O.A. Baruzzi and F.J.S. Alhanati. Petrobras, originally presented at the 1995 SPE Production Operations Symposium, Oklahoma City, OK, April 2-4. Please read the full-length paper for additional detail, illustrations, and references.
Plunger lift is one of the best options for low-productivity, high gas/liquid ratio (GLR) wells. Advantages are zero input energy and efficient removal of paraffin and scale depositions. The main disadvantage is a greater requirement for continuous monitoring.
A well producing by conventional plunger lift (Fig. 1) operates cyclically. During the buildup period, the flowline is kept closed. Liquid accumulates at the bottom of the well, and wellhead pressures continuously increase as gas accumulates in the tubing and annulus. After a set time, the flowline opens and a liquid slug, driven by gas expansion below the plunger, is produced to the surface. The main role of the plunger is to mitigate liquid fallback to the bottom of the well. Several electronic controllers for plunger-lift wells are available on the market. Usually, their logic consists of adjusting the buildup and afterflow times on the basis of the measurement of plunger rise velocity However, this may not always be the best approach.
Good estimates of possible well production rates are very important when considering lift alternatives for a particular well. Several prediction models have been suggested. None, however, accurately account for all the phenomena involved. Points of controversy include liquid accumulation at the bottom of the well during buildup and the flow of fluids around the plunger during slug production.
To study several aspects of plunger-lift operation, a small-scale experimental facility was built and a simple hydrodynamic model was developed. This paper discusses the results obtained, pointing out important factors that have been neglected in the past. An extensive literature review determined that neither the possibility nor the consequences of liquid accumulation in the tubing below the plunger or in the annulus during buildup have been addressed. Afterflow time is also an important parameter for well optimization but has not been considered in the dynamic models developed. This work attempts to clarify some of these points.
Mitigating thermal and water stress in lentils via cultivar selection and phosphorus fertilization
Authors: Theologidou Georgia S. , Baxevanos Demetrios , Tsialtas Ioannis T. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Climate change affects the Mediterranean region stressing lentil crops during flowering and seed set. Early maturation and drought tolerance are desirable traits in these conditions. Phosphorus (P) is considered to enhance early flowering, maturity and thus yields. Four P rates (0, 30, 60, 90 kg P2O5 ha−1) were applied on four cultivars (Samos, Thessaly, Flip, Ikaria) during two seasons. Growing degree-days (GDD) were calculated for vegetative (V4–5, V7–8) and reproductive stages (R1, R2, R4, R6, R8). At R2 (full bloom) carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) was used to assess water-use efficiency. At R8 (full maturity), the seed weight (SW) was determined by harvest. Cultivars, P and the P × cultivar and P × growth season interactions affected the earliness in reproductive stages; P had no effect on GDD of vegetative stages. Phosphorus both induced earliness (Flip, Thessaly) and delayed maturity (Samos, Ikaria). GDD and SW were negatively correlated for the P × cultivar interaction at R1 (first bloom), R2, R4 (flat pod) and R6 (full pod filling) stages; being the strongest at R1. Negative correlations were evident for the P × growth season interaction at R2, R4 and R6 stages; being the strongest at R4. Cultivars and P did not affect Δ. A proper combination of cultivar and P rate can mitigate lentil yield losses under changing Mediterranean climate.
Incorporating carbon emissions from landfills and wastewater treatment into a household emission inventory for systematically analysing household behaviour
Authors: Jia Junsong , Gong Zhihai , Chen Chundi , Gu Zhongyu , Xie Dongming 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
In this paper, taking Nanchang, China, as an example, we first systematically divided household behaviour into three components: entrance (eight lifestyles), kernel (energy uses and private vehicles) and outlet, which was a concern of few scholars and contained the carbon emissions (CEs) of domestic wastewater treatment and landfills. The CEs of entrance were calculated by consumer lifestyle approach and others by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The results showed all the CEs of entrance, kernel and outlet had increasing trend from 1998 to 2014. They were 172.65 × 104, 22.19 × 104 and 9.18 × 104 t CO2 in 1998 and increased to 283.10 × 104, 78.83 × 104 and 23.03 × 104 t CO2 in 2006 and to 458.43 × 104, 206.82 × 104 and 33.55 × 104 t CO2 in 2014. Their shares were 66%–85%, 11%–30% and 4–6%, respectively. Although the CE shares of wastewater treatment and landfills are currently modest, they will become increasingly greater in the future. Thus, it is significant to construct this new accounting frame, especially for analysing sustainable household consumption behaviour. Finally, some attributes of the new frame are clarified, and related policy implications are put forward.
Uranium natural levels in soil, rock and water: assessment of the quality of drinking water in Singida Urban District, Tanzania
Authors: Kaishwa S. J. , Marwa E. M. , Msaky J. J. , Mwakalasya W. N. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
An analytical study was carried out to determine the level of uranium in the soil and rock and associate it with the levels in surface and underground water, which are the main sources of drinking water in Singida Urban District, Tanzania. Fifteen water samples, 12 soil samples and nine rock samples were collected in Singida Urban District in February 2016. Water samples were analysed by the Government Chemist Laboratory Agency using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) (2007) and analyses for soil and rock samples were carried out through total X-ray fluorescence (XL3 ANALYSER) at Sokoine University of Agriculture in the Department of Soil and Geological Sciences. Uranium levels in the soils and rocks samples found ranged from 3.744 to 8.754 mg kg−1, SE ± 0.849 and P-value &lt;0.001 for soil and 20.01–31.57 mg kg−1, SE ± 2.474 and P-value 0.077 for rocks respectively. The levels in soil and rock influences the levels in surface and underground water which were between 0.087 and 1.097 mg L−1 for surface water and &lt;0.01–0.46 mg L−1 for underground water, respectively. Singida Urban District has higher uranium levels in the soil and rock with a consequence of high levels in drinking water sources.
Treatment and reuse of coalmine wastewater in Vietnam: application of microfiltration
Authors: Dang H. T. T. , Tran H. D. , Tran S. H. , Sasakawa M. , Narbaitz R. M. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Due to stringent local regulations and adverse environmental impacts, Vietnamese coal mining industries are under pressure to reuse the large volume of wastewater they produce. To this end, the aim of this study was to add microfiltration (MF) membranes after the conventional Vietnamese coalmine wastewater treatment systems (coagulation/sedimentation/filtration) to assess the feasibility of effluent reuse. The pilot-scale test was performed at a coalmine plant located in Quang Ninh province, Vietnam. Results indicate that precipitation with slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) followed by sand filtration are important pre-treatment steps, prior to microfiltration. To achieve high Mn removals the sand in the filter had to be replaced by a KMnO4 coated sand. The MF membrane produced a stable and high quality effluent that meets the Vietnamese National Technical Regulations for Drinking Water quality (Fe &lt; 0.5 mg/L, Mn &lt; 0.3 mg/L, hardness &lt;350 mg/L as CaCO3). Complete membrane recovery was achieved by sequential 24 h soakings in NaOCl, citric acid and a surfactant.
Risk Factors Associated With Musculoskeletal Injury: A Prospective Study of British Infantry Recruits
Authors: Sharma Jagannath , Heagerty Robert , Dalal S , Banerjee B , Booker T. 
Published: April 2018

Background:Musculoskeletal Injury (MSKI), a common problem in both military and physically active civilian populations, has been suggested to result from both extrinsic and intrinsic factors.Objective:To investigate prospectively whether gait biomechanics, aerobic fitness levels and smoking status as well as entry military selection test variables can be used to predict MSKI development during recruit training.Methods:British infantry male recruits (n = 562) were selected for the study. Plantar pressure variables, smoking habit, aerobic fitness as measured by a 1.5 mile run time and initial military selection test (combination of fitness, Trainability score) were collected prior to commencement of infantry recruit training. Injury data were collected during the 26 week training period.Results:Incidence rate of MSKI over a 26 week training period was 41.28% (95 % CI: 37.28 - 45.40%). The injured group had a higher medial plantar pressure (p < 0.03), shorter time to peak heel rotation (p < 0.02), current smoking status (p < 0.001) and a slower 1.5 mile run time (p < 0.03). In contrast, there were no significant differences (p > 0.23) in lateral heel pressure, age, weight, height, BMI and military selection test. A logistic regression model predicted MSKI significantly (p= 0.03) with an accuracy of 34.50% of all MSK injury and 76.70% of the non-injured group with an overall accuracy of 69.50%.Conclusion:The logistic regression model combining the three risk factors was capable of predicting 34.5% of all MSKI. A specific biomechanical profile, slow 1.5 mile run time and current smoking status were identified as predictors of subsequent MSKI development. The proposed model could include evaluation of other potential risk factors and if validated then further enhance the specificity, sensitivity and applicability.
Venezuela: el ocaso de una democracia
Authors: Romero Carlos A. , Benayas Grecia 
Published: April 2018

Este artículo plantea la tesis de que, para su estudio, la actual política exterior venezolana debe relacionarse con dos importantes cambios observados en lo doméstico y en lo internacional, entendidos como driving forces. En primer lugar, la creciente erosión de la democracia y el fortalecimiento de regímenes iliberales en el mundo y, en segundo lugar, la transformación geopolítica del orden internacional. Basándonos en los principios del neorrealismo, la jerarquía y el balance de poder en un sistema internacional donde la concepción clásica de la soberanía y de la discrecionalidad diplomática están cambiando, se concluye que Venezuela se ha convertido en un interesante caso para conocer más sobre esos procesos.
Evaluation of characteristics of the craniofacial complex and dental maturity in girls with central precocious puberty
Authors: Lee Hee-Kyung , Choi Sung-Hwan , Fan Dong , Jang Kyung-Mi , Kim Min-Seon , Hwang Chung-Ju 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

Objectives:
To identify unique characteristics of the craniofacial complex and dental maturity in girls with central precocious puberty (CPP).

Materials and Methods:
This study included 34 Korean girls with idiopathic CPP (mean age, 8.6 ± .5 years) and 28 normal healthy girls of the same chronological age. An initial evaluation of the growth pattern of the craniofacial complex and dental maturity was conducted by analyzing lateral cephalometric and panoramic radiographs.

Results:
The mandibular ramus height (44.4 ± 4.1 mm) and total mandibular length (10.8 ± 4.3 mm) (P = .004 and .021, respectively) were greater and the lower anterior facial height was lesser (63.2 ± 2.4 mm) (P = .040) in the CPP group than in the reference group. In addition, the gonial angle (12.9 ± 6.1°; P = .045) and the mandibular plane angle (34.9 ± 4.8°; P = .012) were smaller in girls with CPP than in normal healthy girls. All the mandibular teeth were more mature in girls with CPP (P &lt; .001). A strong positive correlation was observed between the mandibular tooth formation stages and the presence of CPP in girls (r = .756 to .957; P &lt; .001).

Conclusions:
CPP had an effect on the anteroposterior growth of the mandible in the craniofacial complex and the rotation of the mandibular plane angle. Early maturation of the mandibular teeth was observed in girls with CPP.
IDENTIFICATION OF AQUIFER USING RESISTIVITY GEOELECTRIC METHOD IN REGIONAL OF BEBANDEM, KARANG ASEM, BALI
Authors: Santoso Budy 
Published: April 2018

Bungaya Kangin Village, Bebandem District, Karangasem Regency, Bali Province consists of paddy fields and settlements, required therefore a water source / aquifer that can meet all these needs. One of the Geophysical Methods that can identify the aquifer is the Geoelectric Method. Geoelectric method used in this research is Resistivity Method. Data acquisition using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) Methods. VES method is a method of measurement to determine the variation of resistivity vertically at one point. Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) method is a method of measuring resistivity on soil surface / rock by using many electrode (51 electrode), to obtain sub-surface resistivity variation lateraly and verticaly, to obtain sub-surface image. The equipment used for geoelectric measurements is Resistivity Meter of Naniura NRD 300 Hf which has been equipped with a switchbox to adjust the displacement of 51 electrodes. Based on the resistivity modeling results, the aquifers in the study area were found in rough sandstones with resistivity values : (49 - 100) Ohm.m.
Okul öncesi eğitim alan çocukların ve bulundukları sınıf ortamının yaratıcılık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkisinin incelenmesi
Authors: Yuvacı Züleyha , Dağlıoğlu Hacer Elif 
Published: April 2018

Bu çalışmada, Kayseri ili merkez ilçelerinde (Melikgazi, Kocasinan, Talas) bulunan altı yaş çocuklarına sunulan yaratıcı sınıf ortamlarının, çocukların yaratıcı düşünme becerileriyle ilişkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, 51 öğretmen ve bu öğretmenlerin sınıflarında bulunan 357 çocuk oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak öğretmenlere sınıflarındaki yaratıcı ortamı kaydetmeleri için “Okul Öncesi Yaratıcı Sınıf Ortamı Ölçeği” ve çocukların yaratıcılık düzeylerini belirlemek için “Hibrit Yaratıcılık Testi” uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları; çocukların yaratıcılıklarının orta düzeyde, öğretmenlerin görüşlerine dayalı olarak sınıf ortamının yaratıcılık düzeyinin ise oldukça yüksek düzeyde olduğunu göstermiştir. Sınıf ortamının yaratıcılık düzeyine ilişkin elde edilen sonucun öğretmenlerin ortamın yaratıcılık düzeyini yapay bir olumlulukla yüksek görmeye eğilimli olmalarından kaynaklandığı söylenebilir. Ayrıca okul öncesi eğitim kurumunda bulunan sınıfların ortamlarının yaratıcılık düzeyi ile çocukların yaratıcılık düzeyi arasında pozitif yönde ancak düşük düzeyde ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu bulgu, öğretmenlerin okul ortamını çocukların ilgi, yetenek, beceri ve gereksinimleri doğrultusunda gerekli yaratıcı özellikler taşıyacak şekilde düzenleyemediklerini ya da çocukların yaratıcılıklarını ortaya koymalarını sağlayacak özellikte etkinlikler organize etmede zorlandıklarını düşündürmüştür.
RELAÇÃO PROFESSOR-ALUNO: INTERAÇÕES MEDIADAS PELOS RECURSOS TECNOLÓGICOS DE COMUNICAÇÃO
Authors: Buzetto Angela Maria Frias Gonçalez , Fiamenghi-Jr Geraldo Antônio , Silva Marjorie Cristina Rocha 
Published: April 2018

O objetivo foi analisar as percepções de aprendizagem dos alunos e as possíveis interferências nas formas de relação professor-aluno mediadas pelos recursos tecnológicos de comunicação. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário em uma Faculdade Particular de São Paulo, em 46 alunos do primeiro ano de um curso superior, de ambos os sexos, entre 19 a 25 anos de idade. A aplicação grupal durou aproximadamente 50 minutos. Segundo a análise de conteúdo, destacaram-se situações em sala de aula cujas relações entre professores e alunos foram essenciais pelo vínculo afetivo estabelecido. Embora os participantes utilizem o celular continuamente, afirmam preferir as conversas ‘cara a cara’, por serem mais pessoais, permitirem perscrutar os estados emocionais e reações do outro, constituírem mais sigilosas e prazerosas. Essa temática é importante, pois as mudanças nas formas de interação demandam um novo olhar para o processo de ensino e aprendizagem.
Palavras-chave: aprendizagem, novas gerações, novas tecnologias, psicanálise, relacionamento interpessoal.
Performance enhancement of Echo Cancellation Using a Combination of Partial Update ( PU) Methods and New Variable Length LMS (NVLLMS) Algorithm
Authors: Jamel Thamer M. , Hammood Faez Fawzi 
Published: April 2018

In this paper, several combination algorithms between Partial Update LMS (PU LMS) methods and previously proposed algorithm (New Variable Length LMS (NVLLMS)) have been developed. Then, the new sets of proposed algorithms were applied to an Acoustic Echo Cancellation system (AEC) in order to decrease the filter coefficients, decrease the convergence time, and enhance its performance in terms of Mean Square Error (MSE) and Echo Return Loss Enhancement (ERLE). These proposed algorithms will use the Echo Return Loss Enhancement (ERLE) to control the operation of filter's coefficient length variation. In addition, the time-varying step size is used.The total number of coefficients required was reduced by about 18% , 10% , 6%, and 16% using Periodic, Sequential, Stochastic, and M-max PU NVLLMS algorithms respectively, compared to that used by a full update method which is very important, especially in the application of mobile communication since the power consumption must be considered. In addition, the average ERLE and average Mean Square Error (MSE) for M-max PU NVLLMS are better than other proposed algorithms.
Performance Evaluation of Plant Produced Warm Mix Asphalt
Authors: Albayati Amjad H. 
Published: April 2018

Warm mix asphalt (WMA) is relatively a new technology which enables the production and compaction of asphalt concrete mixtures at temperatures 15-40 °C lower than that of traditional hot mix asphalt HMA. In the present work, six asphalt concrete mixtures were produced in the mix plant (1 ton each) in six different batches. Half of these mixes were WMA and the other half were HMA. Three types of fillers (limestone dust, Portland cement and hydrated lime) were used for each type of mix. Samples were then taken from these patches and transferred to lab for performance testing which includes: Marshall characteristics, moisture susceptibility (indirect tension test), resilient modulus, permanent deformation (axial repeated load test) and fatigue characteristics (third point flexural beam test). The obtained results indicated that the performance of WMA is enhanced when using the hydrated lime as filler in comparison with the limestone dust and Portland cement fillers. Better fatigue life was obtained for WMA using hydrated lime filler in comparison with HMA. Regardless the filler type, the Marshall properties of WMA satisfy the requirement of local specification, other properties of WMA were relatively lower than the HMA.
Long term Urological complications in patients with Spinal cord injury
Authors: Thapa Bikash Bikram , Shrestha Dhan Bahadur , Thapa Naryan , Bhandari Bharat Bahadur 
Published: April 2018

Introduction: Neurogenic bladder (NGB) is common in daily urological practice; however, information on types of urological complications encountered in army and veterans are not under strict surveillance and little is known to them about the best way to manage the condition. This observational study aimed to determine the types of urological complications encountered in regular soldiers and veterans with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) with NGB, and the usage of bladder management programs to deal with NGB.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts and records of interviewed patients with SCI in our urology clinic. Demographic data collected included: age, gender, mode of injury and level of spinal injury. Also noted were episodes of urinary tract infection (UTI), renal lesions, and bladder program followed.Results: The mean age of our study sample (N= 63) was 40± 10.8 years and all were male. Age at onset of injury was 33.8 ± 16.6 years and duration since SCI insult was 90.6 ± 54 months. Symptomatic urinary tract infection (75%), chronic cystitis (53.3%), hydro-nephrosis (36.5%) and urinary bladder calculi (33.3%) were the common urological lesion observed. Indwelling Foley’s catheterization methods of urinary bladder management in 54% study population where urinary tract infection is more common (p<0.05).Conclusion: Urinary tract infection, hydro-nephrosis and Urinary bladder calculi were the most common urological complications encountered in army and veterans with NGB. Indwelling Foley’s catheter was the most frequently used bladder management program with the higher risk for UTI.