bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding microbial ecology to improve management of drinking water distribution systems
Authors: Douterelo Isabel , Sharpe Rebecca L. , Husband Stewart , Fish Katherine E. , Boxall Joby B. 
Published: October 2018

Microorganisms in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS), and in particular the microbial communities that form biofilms on infrastructure surfaces, drive critical processes impacting water quality. This paper reviews knowledge, research approaches, and monitoring methods to consolidate understanding of the microbial ecology of DWDS. The review highlights how microbial characteristics and subsequent behavior can be broadly classified as common or complex. Common behavior relates to the ubiquitous and continual development of biofilms, consistent core communities, and mediated material accumulation. In contrast, the complex aspect relates to the shape, structure, and composition of the microbiome, defined by site‐specific properties such as supplied source water, pipe material, and hydraulic regimes. It is shown how the latest microbial tools and techniques can be applied to increase our understanding of DWDS ecology and how water utilities are starting to use this knowledge. This is not because of regulatory requirements, but in recognition that they provide valuable information facilitating proactive management and operation benefits to these critical yet aging systems, protecting water quality and public health in the process.This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water
Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems
Traumatic Minor Intracranial Hemorrhage: Management by Non‐neurosurgeon Consultants in a Regional Trauma Center is Safe and Effective
Authors: Khalayleh H. , Lin G. , Kadar Sfarad H. , Mostafa M. , Abu Abed N. , Imam A. , Zbar A. P. , Mavor E. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundThere is debate concerning the need for specialist neurosurgical transfer of patients presenting to Level II trauma centers with a minimal head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale ≥13) and a small non‐progressive intracranial bleeding (ICB).MethodsA retrospective chart analysis was performed assessing the outcomes of adult patients presenting with a minor traumatic ICB on initial CT scan (minimal subarachnoid hemorrhage; small‐width subdural hematoma without shift; punctate cerebral contusion). Patients with extradural hematomas and those patients on antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy were excluded from the protocol.ResultsOverall 291 cases were assessed (mean age 69.9 years) with 75% of cases presenting after a fall. There was deterioration of neurological status in 11 patients (3.8%) with 8 hospital transfers and 5 with an abnormal neurological examination (NE). Two patients with an abnormal INR and a worsening head CT were transferred without neurosurgical intervention. Of the 8 transferred cases there were 2 deaths (both >90 years of age with multiple comorbidities) with one craniotomy performed for a subdural hematoma (with full recovery). Three patients meeting transfer criteria were not transferred with one death (patient >90 years of age with severe dementia). The remaining 2 patients were discharged with normal neurological outcomes.ConclusionsPatients with a minimal traumatic brain injury and a non‐progressive minor ICB may be safely managed in a Level II trauma center by an acute care consultant with neurosurgical consultation but without the need for neurosurgical transfer.Level of evidenceRetrospective analysis: Level IV.
Honorary Authorships in Surgical Literature
Authors: Luiten J. D. , Verhemel A. , Dahi Y. , Luiten E. J. T. , Gadjradj P. S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIntroductionHonorary authorship (HA) is defined as an enlisted co‐author who did not make sufficient contributions to merit being included as a co‐author according to the ICMJE guidelines on authorship. It is unknown if HA is present in the surgical literature.MethodsWe analysed studies published in 2016 in five journals with the highest impact factor in general surgery. All original articles, reviews and clinical trials with more than one author were included. Corresponding authors of these manuscripts received an online survey by email. The survey consisted of three parts focussing on demographics, knowledge and application of the ICMJE guidelines, and deciding authorship.ResultsIn total, 320 of the 1037 surveys were completed (30.9%). Two hundred and seventy‐two (88.6%) of the corresponding authors were aware of the ICMJE authorship guidelines, and 203 (66.3%) were aware of the general issue of honorary authorship. One hundred and thirty‐five (44.0%) responders reported at least one co‐author who only performed tasks which should not merit actual authorship according to the ICMJE guidelines. Furthermore, only 46 (15.0%) of the responders believed that a co‐author listed for their article did not make sufficient contribution to merit being included as co‐author. No significant differences were found between the journals investigated.ConclusionDespite ICMJE guidelines to reduce HA, the prevalence may still exist to a higher level than preferable. The authors plead for more transparent authorship systems in which journal editors and senior department members take more responsibility into enforcement of the ICMJE guidelines.
Pharmacology of natural radioprotectors
Authors: Mun Gil-Im , Kim Seoyoung , Choi Eun , Kim Cha Soon , Lee Yun-Sil 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the most efficient ways to treat cancer. However, deleterious effects, such as acute and chronic toxicities that reduce the quality of life, may result. Naturally occurring compounds have been shown to be non-toxic over wide dose ranges and are inexpensive and effective. Additionally, pharmacological strategies have been developed that use radioprotectors to inhibit radiation-induced toxicities. Currently available radioprotectors have several limitations, including toxicity. In this review, we present the mechanisms of proven radioprotectors, ranging from free radical scavenging (the best-known mechanism of radioprotection) to molecular-based radioprotection (e.g., upregulating expression of heat shock proteins). Finally, we discuss naturally occurring compounds with radioprotective properties in the context of these mechanisms.
Integration of the outcrop and subsurface geochemical data: implications for the hydrocarbon source rock evaluation in the Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan
Authors: Ahmad Sajjad , Ahmad Faizan , Ullah Abd , Eisa Muhammad , Ullah Farman , Kaif Khalid , Khan Suleman 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe present study details the hydrocarbon source rock geochemistry and organic petrography of the outcrop and subsurface samples of the Middle Jurassic Chiltan Formation and the Lower Cretaceous Sembar Formation from the Sann #1 well Central and Southern Indus Basin, Pakistan. The total organic carbon (TOC), Rock–Eval pyrolysis, vitrinite reflectance (Ro) % and Maceral analysis techniques were used and various geochemical plots were constructed to know the quality of source rock, type of kerogen, level of maturity and migration history of the hydrocarbons. The outcrop and Sann #1 well data on the Sembar Formation reveals poor, fair, good and very good quality of the TOC, type II–III kerogen, immature–mature organic matter and an indigenous hydrocarbon generation potential. The outcrop and Sann #1 well data on the Chiltan Formation show a poor–good quality of TOC, type II–III kerogen, immature–mature source rock quality and having an indigenous hydrocarbon generation potential. The vitrinite reflectance [Ro (%)] values and Maceral types [fluorescent amorphous organic matter, exinite, alginite and inertnite] demonstrate that maturity in both Sembar and the Chiltan formation at surface and subsurface fall in the oil and gas generation zone to cracking of oil to gas condensate zone. Recurrence of organic rich and poor intervals within the Sembar and Chiltan formation are controlled by the Late Jurassic thermal uplift preceding the Indo-Madagascar separation from the Afro-Arabian Plate and Early Cretaceous local transgressive–regressive cycles. From the current study, it is concluded that both Sembar and Chiltan formation can act as a potential hydrocarbon source rock in the study area.
Hypertension and obesity moderate the relationship between β‐amyloid and cognitive decline in midlife
Authors: Clark Lindsay R. , Koscik Rebecca L. , Allison Samantha L. , Berman Sara E. , Norton Derek , Carlsson Cynthia M. , Betthauser Tobey J. , Bendlin Barbara B. , Christian Bradley T. , Chin Nathaniel A. , Asthana Sanjay , Johnson Sterling C. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundThis study tested if central obesity, hypertension, or depressive symptoms moderated the relationship between β‐amyloid (Aβ) and longitudinal cognitive performance in late middle‐aged adults enriched for Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk.MethodsParticipants (n = 207; ages = 40–70 years; 73% parental AD) in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention study completed 3+ neuropsychological evaluations and a [11C]PiB positron emission tomography scan or lumbar puncture. Linear mixed‐effects regression models tested interactions of risk factor × Aβ × visit age on longitudinal Verbal Learning & Memory and Speed & Flexibility factor scores.ResultsThe relationship between Aβ and Verbal Learning & Memory decline was moderated by hypertension (χ2(1) = 3.85, P = .04) and obesity (χ2(1) = 6.12, P = .01); those with both elevated Aβ and the risk factor declined at faster rates than those with only elevated Aβ or elevated risk factors.ConclusionIn this cohort, hypertension and obesity moderated the relationship between Aβ and cognitive decline.
Machine learning the kinematics of spherical particles in fluid flows
Authors: Wan Zhong Yi , Sapsis Themistoklis P. 
Published: October 2018

Numerous efforts have been devoted to the derivation of equations describing the kinematics of finite-size spherical particles in arbitrary fluid flows. These approaches rely on asymptotic arguments to obtain a description of the particle motion in terms of a slow manifold. Here we present a novel approach that results in kinematic models with unprecedented accuracy compared with traditional methods. We apply a recently developed machine learning framework that relies on (i) an imperfect model, obtained through analytical arguments, and (ii) a long short-term memory recurrent neural network. The latter learns the mismatch between the analytical model and the exact velocity of the finite-size particle as a function of the fluid velocity that the particle has encountered along its trajectory. We show that training the model for one flow is sufficient to generate accurate predictions for any other arbitrary flow field. In particular, using as an exact model for trajectories of spherical particles, the Maxey–Riley equation, we first train the proposed machine learning framework using trajectories from a cellular flow. We are then able to accurately reproduce the trajectories of particles having the same inertial parameters for completely different fluid flows: the von Kármán vortex street as well as a two-dimensional turbulent fluid flow. For the second example we also demonstrate that the machine learned kinematic model successfully captures the spectrum of the particle velocity, as well as the extreme event statistics. The proposed scheme paves the way for machine learning kinematic models for bubbles and aerosols using high-fidelity DNS simulations and experiments.
Assessment of the nutrition environment in rural counties in the Deep South
Authors: Shikany James M. , Carson Tiffany L. , Hardy Claudia M. , Li Yufeng , Sterling Samara , Hardy Sharonda , Walker Cordie M. , Baskin Monica L. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe nutrition environment, including food store type, may influence dietary choices, which in turn can affect risk of obesity and related chronic diseases such as CHD, diabetes and cancer. The objective of the present study was to elucidate the extent to which healthy foods are available and affordable in various rural food outlets. A subset of the nutrition environment was assessed using the Nutrition Environment Measures Survey in Stores (NEMS-S). The NEMS-S instrument assessed the availability and price of healthy foods (e.g. low-fat/non-fat milk, lean meats and reduced-fat dinner entrées) compared with less healthy counterparts (e.g. whole milk, non-lean meats and regular dinner entrées). The NEMS-S also assessed the quality of fresh fruits and vegetables. Availability, prices and quality of healthy foods were compared between grocery stores (n 24) and convenience stores (n 67) in nine rural counties in Alabama. Mean availability subscale score (possible range 0 to 30; higher score indicates a greater number of healthier foods were available) for grocery stores was 22·6 (sd 8·1), compared with 6·6 (sd 5·2) in convenience stores (P < 0·0001); and mean price subscale score (possible range −9 to 18; higher score indicates that healthier options were less expensive than the less healthy options) for grocery stores was 2·4 (sd 2·7), compared with 0·7 (sd 1·2) in convenience stores (P = 0·0080). Mean total NEMS-S score (possible range −9 to 54) in grocery stores was 29·8 (sd 10·9) compared with 7·3 (sd 7·1) in convenience stores (P < 0·0001). Both grocery and convenience stores could be strategic points of intervention to improve the nutrition environment in the counties that were surveyed.
Effects of temperature onParamoeba peruransgrowth in culture and the associated microbial community
Authors: Benedicenti O. , Secombes C. J. , Collins C. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPopulation growth,in vitro, of threeParamoeba peruranscultures, one polyclonal (G) and two clonal (B8, CE6, derived from G), previously shown to differ in virulence (B8 > G > CE6), was compared at 10 and 15 °C. B8 showed a significantly higher increase in attached and in suspended amoebae over time at 15 and 10 °C, respectively. CE6 and G also had significantly higher numbers of suspended amoebae at 10 °C compared with 15 °C at experiment termination. However, in contrast to B8, numbers of attached amoebae were significantly higher at 10 °C in CE6 but showed a similar trend in G at the end of the experiment. Numbers of both suspended and attached amoebae were lower in B8 compared with CE6 and G. Significant differences in bacterial community composition and/or relative abundances were found, between cultures, between temperatures and between the same culture with and without amoebae, based on 16S rRNA Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Bacterial diversity was lower in B8 and CE6 compared with G, possibly reflecting selection during clonal isolation. The results indicate that polyclonalP. peruranspopulations may contain amoebae displaying different growth dynamics. Further studies are required to determine if these differences are linked to differences seen in the bacterial communities.
Neuroinflammation in schizophrenia: meta-analysis ofin vivomicroglial imaging studies
Authors: Marques Tiago Reis , Ashok Abhishekh H , Pillinger Toby , Veronese Mattia , Turkheimer Federico E. , Dazzan Paola , Sommer Iris E.C. , Howes Oliver D 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundConverging lines of evidence implicate an important role for the immune system in schizophrenia. Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system and have many functions including neuroinflammation, axonal guidance and neurotrophic support. We aimed to provide a quantitative review ofin vivoPET imaging studies of microglia activation in patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy controls.MethodsDemographic, clinical and imaging measures were extracted from each study and meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model (Hedge'sg). The difference in 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) binding between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls, as quantified by either binding potential (BP) or volume of distribution (VT), was used as the main outcome. Sub-analysis and sensitivity analysis were carried out to investigate the effects of genotype, ligand and illness stage.ResultsIn total, 12 studies comprising 190 patients with schizophrenia and 200 healthy controls met inclusion criteria. There was a significant elevation in tracer binding in schizophrenia patients relative to controls when BP was used as an outcome measure, (Hedge'sg= 0.31;p= 0.03) but no significant differences whenVTwas used (Hedge'sg= −0.22;p= 0.29).ConclusionsIn conclusion, there is evidence for moderate elevations in TSPO tracer binding in grey matter relative to other brain tissue in schizophrenia when using BP as an outcome measure, but no difference when VT is the outcome measure. We discuss the relevance of these findings as well as the methodological issues that may underlie the contrasting difference between these outcomes.
“The Fathers have eaten Sour Grapes, and the Children’s Teeth are set on Edge”: Differentiating the Emotional Experiences of Grima and Disgust
Authors: Schweiger Gallo Inge , Rodríguez Monter Miryam , Álvaro-Estramiana José Luis , Durán Juan Ignacio , Fernández-Dols José-Miguel 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe Spanish termgrimarefers to the aversive emotional experience typically evoked when one hears, for example, a scratch upon a chalkboard. Whereas Spanish speakers can distinguish between the concepts of grima and disgust, English and German speakers lack a specific word for this experience and typically label grima as disgust. In the present research, we tested the degree of differentiation between the two aversive experiences in Spanish speakers. Study 1 addressed whether Spanish speakers apply spontaneously the term grima rather than disgust to grima-eliciting experiences. Study 2 systematically addressed the constitutive features of both grima and disgust by mapping their internal structures. Results showed that the noise of a chulk on a blackboard and scraping fingernails on a blackboard, along with the physical manifestation of goose bumps, were the most typical features of the category. Whereas both grima and disgust were characterized as unpleasant sensations,t(193) = 1.21,ns, they differed with respect to their physiological signatures (e.g., producing shivers was characteristic of grima, as compared to disgust,t(194) = 12.02,p= .001,d= 1.72) and elicitors (e.g., a fractured bone was a characteristic elicitor of grima;t(193) = 5.78,p= .001,d= .83, whereas pederasts and pedophiles were the most characteristic elicitor of disgust,t(193) = 8.46,p= .001,d= 1.21). Thus, both grima and disgust are conceptually different experiences, whose shared features hold different degrees of typicality. The present research suggests that grima and disgust are two distinct emotion concepts.
Rule Emission: A Possible Variable for Improved Therapeutic Practice
Authors: Vargas-de la Cruz Ivette , Pardo-Cebrián Rebeca , Martínez Sánchez Héctor , Froján-Parga María Xesús 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIt has been suggested that achieving greater effectiveness in psychotherapeutic treatment requires analyzingwhattherapists actuallydoand say,howthey do this andwhenit is done. Based on this approach, in this study we focused on the rules emitted by therapists, since providing rules is thought to be of fundamental importance in promoting effective and efficient clinical change. Specifically, we sought to determine whether the experience level of therapists and the brevity of therapy would be related to patterns of therapist rule emission as categorized by the Category System of Rules emitted by the Therapist (SISC-RULES-T) (Vargas-de la Cruz & Pardo-Cebrián, 2014). Greater therapist experience and shorter therapy duration were found to be reliably predictive of more rule emissions across most rule categories (Zvalues between:Z= –3.68 andZ= –2.05;pvalues:p< .05 andp< .001). These variables were also predictive of more emissions of rules that specified all three operant contingency elements (situation, behavior, and consequence) rather than fewer elements (Z= –2.59,p< .05;Z= –2.26,p< .05). In the expert therapists and therapist with shorter cases, there was a nonsignificant tendency for the emission of general and conceptual rules to increase over sessions whereas emissions of concrete and particular rules tended to decrease; the explicitness of the three contingency elements also tended to decrease as treatment progressed. These findings may help to identify verbal characteristics of therapists that could lead to improved therapeutic practice.
The Pernicious Effects of Malicious versus Benign Envy: Perceived Injustice, Emotional Hostility and Counterproductive Behaviors in the Workplace
Authors: Navarro-Carrillo Ginés , Beltrán-Morillas Ana M. , Valor-Segura Inmaculada , Expósito Francisca 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDespite the fact that literature regarding the implications of envy in the work environment has generated growing interest in recent years, the role of malicious and benign envy in the workplace has scarcely been studied. Therefore, the present study, using an experimental design,N= 213 (140 female and 73 male;Mage= 31.05,SD= 10.01; range from 18 to 68), aims to examine the effects of malicious (vs. benign) envy on perceived injustice, negative emotions, and the individual tendency to express counterproductive work behaviors. The results obtained showed that the mere activation of malicious envy (vs. benign envy) leads to an increased perceived injustice (p< .001, ηp2=.15), and to higher levels of negative emotions (p< .001, ηp2=.18) and counterproductive (harmful) behaviors toward the envied co-worker (p< .001, ηp2=.16). Additionally, we found that perceptions of injustice and negative emotions mediated the effect of malicious (vs. benign) envy on the inclination to express counterproductive work behaviors (Indirect Effect (IE) = .227,SE= .064, 95% CI [.127, .386]. Finally, these findings and their possible implications are discussed.
Polish Economists in Nehru's India: Making Science for the Third World in an Era of De-Stalinization and Decolonization
Authors: Mazurek Małgorzata 
Published: October 2018

Between 1956–68 economic expertise became Poland's key export product in the decolonizing world. India, a broker of social science in the Cold War, became a geopolitical gateway for Polish economists’ spread of developmental thinking that revived heterodox Marxism and peasant studies. In this article, Małgorzata Mazurek investigates epistemic and intellectual effects of Polish – Indian encounters and how they evolved separately from Soviet Third World politics. Mazurek argues that during de-Stalinization and decolonization, failures and obstacles to planning and land reforms came to be seen as a common ground between eastern Europe and South Asia. This shared perception also revived the historical legacy of central and east European social science, which was internationalized in new ways both because, and in spite, of the Cold War.