bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Converting Commercial Sewing Threads into High‐Performance and Flexible/Wearable Fiber‐Shaped Supercapacitors via Facile Vapor Deposition Polymerization
Authors: Gao Xue , Xiao Xinyu , Dong Bin , Hu Jing , Tang Sheng , Qi Wen , Zou Dechun 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFiber‐shaped supercapacitors (FSSCs) are expected to motivate the development of wearable electronics. However, their high cost and complex operations limit their industrial production. Herein, commercial sewing threads are utilized as fiber substrates to prepare FSSCs via facile methods. The sewing threads become conductive after poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) uniformly grew on the porous surface by in situ polymerization of vacuum‐deposited 2,5‐dibromo‐3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene. Then, MnO2 nanoflakes electrochemically grow on the conductive threads and the PEDOT layer uniformly wraps the flake surface, thereby improving the electrochemical performance. The FSSCs based on PEDOT/MnO2/PEDOT sandwich structure exhibit a high specific capacitance of 53.89 mF cm–1 (132.02 mF cm–2), an energy density of 3.07 μWh cm–1 (7.51 μWh cm–2), and a power density of 21.3 μW cm−1 (52.3 μW cm–2). Mild polymerization plays a vital role in converting the sewing threads into fiber electrodes with excellent properties. It confers electrodes with a robust adhesion ability, which results in excellent stability. The intrinsic knittability of sewing threads endows the FSSCs with outstanding flexibility. The low cost of the materials and facile preparation methods promote the large‐scale production and wide application of FSSCs. Moreover, these FSSCs based on sewing threads provide insight into the opportunity to develop smart and wearable electronics.
Enhancement of Mechanical and Structural Traits of Aluminum Using Low Energy Plasma Focus Device
Authors: Raza Hafiz Ahmad , Shafiq Muhammad , Naeem Muhammad , Naz Muhammad Yasin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractOwing to good machinability, low weight and high specific strength, aluminum is widely used in aerospace and automotive industries. However, low mechanical strength limits its wide spread use in mainstream industries. In this study, nitriding of aluminum was performed with a stream of low energy ions in 1.8 kJ Mather type dense plasma focus (DPF) device. The axial distance from the anode tip was varied in steps to study the effect of the stream length on structural and mechanical properties of the nitrided samples. XRD and Raman analysis confirmed the formation of aluminum nitride (AlN) on the plasma exposed surface. Williamson‐Hall (W−H) study revealed significant improvement in crystallinity and strain of the nitride samples. The most favorable results on mechanical and structural properties of the nitrided samples were obtained at an axial distance of 10 cm. The improved texture and maximum dislocation density for typical AlN (311) is obtained at the optimum distance. The micro‐hardness of the nitrided samples was measured ∼4.5 times higher than the base material.
Room‐Temperature Photocatalytic Decomposition of N2O over Nanobelt‐Like Bi2MoO6
Authors: Tan Junbin , Cheng Huifang , Liu Jixing , Sun Jinru , Li Yan , Wang Hong , Liu Jian , Zhao Zhen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA series of nanobelt‐like Bi2MoO6 photocatalysts were design and controllably constructed via a simple hydrothermal approach, and their catalytic performances were investigated for photocatalytic decomposition of N2O for the first time. It was found that Bi2MoO6 synthesized at 170 °C (BM‐170) exhibits the highest photocatalytic activity with 21.7% N2O conversion at 25 °C under UVA irradiation (λ=365 nm) for 12 h, and that the excellent activity should be attributed to its highest content of Oads, strongest absorption capacity for visible light, lowest recombination rate of photo‐generated electron‐hole pairs, and highest separation efficiency for photogenerated charge carriers. Therefore, this study shed new light on the understanding and application of Bi2MoO6 catalysts for photocatalytic decomposition of N2O.
Schottky Barrier‐Controlled Black Phosphorus/Perovskite Phototransistors with Ultrahigh Sensitivity and Fast Response
Authors: Zou Xuming , Li Yuanzhe , Tang Guanqi , You Peng , Yan Feng 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPhototransistors are recognized as highly sensitive photodetectors owing to their high gain induced by a photogating effect. However, the response speed of a typical phototransistor is rather slow due to the long lifetime of trapped carriers in the channel. Here, a novel Schottky barrier‐controlled phototransistor that shows ultrahigh sensitivity as well as a fast response speed is reported. The device is based on a channel of few‐layer black phosphorous modified with a MAPbI3−xClx perovskite layer, whose channel current is limited by the Schottky barrier at the source electrode. The photoresponse speed of the device can be tuned by changing the drain voltage, which is attributed to a field‐assisted detrapping process of electrons in the perovskite layer close to the Schottky barrier. Under optimal conditions, the device exhibits a high responsivity of 106–108 A W−1, an ultrahigh specific detectivity up to 9 × 1013 Jones, and a response time of ≈10 ms.
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling, toxicity, and gene expression responses to mono‐methylchrysenes
Authors: Alqassim Ahmad Y. , Wilson Mark J. , Wickliffe Jeffrey K. , Pangeni Deepa , Overton Edward B. , Miller Charles A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) comprise a large family of toxic compounds that come from natural and anthropogenic sources. Chrysene is a PAH with multiple effects, but the toxic potentials of mono‐methylchrysenes are less characterized. A comparison of chrysene and six mono‐methylchrysenes was performed using assays for cytotoxicity, human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) reporter gene signaling, and AhR‐regulated target gene and protein expression. Sulforhodamine B and trypan blue dye binding assays revealed these chrysenes to be similar in their cytotoxic effects on HepG2 cells. A yeast‐based reporter assay detecting human AhR‐mediated gene expression identified 4‐methylchrysene as being six times more potent and 5‐methylchrysene about one‐third as potent as chrysene. Other methylchrysenes were more similar to chrysene in the ability to act as AhR ligands. The mono‐methylchrysenes all strongly induced CYP1A1 mRNA and protein and moderately induced CYP1B1 expression in HepG2 cells. Levels of CYP1A2 mRNA were induced at higher concentrations of the chrysenes, but protein expression was not significantly altered. The PCR‐based gene expression and immunoblotting analyses indicated induced expression differences across the chrysene members were similar to each other. Overall, the effects of methylated chrysenes were comparable to unsubstituted chrysene, suggesting members of this group may be considered approximately equivalent in their effects. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Indian Food Systems towards 2050: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Pingali Prabhu , Aiyar Anaka , Abraham Mathew , Rahman Andaleeb 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDespite India’s economic progress over the past two decades, regional inequality, food insecurity and malnutrition problems persist. Simultaneously, trends in overweight and obesity, along with micronutrient deficiency, portend a future public health crisis. In this book, we examine the interactions between India’s economic development, agricultural production and nutrition through the lens of a “food systems approach (FSA)”. We explore various challenges and opportunities to achieve a nutrition secure future. We bring together the latest data available on development processes in India to (1) highlight the nature of food system challenges, (2) identify trends and threats to progress, (3) emphasize policy and institutional interventions needed to address challenges and (4) set an agenda interlinking agricultural development, health and nutrition and economic development.
Managing Climate Change Risks in Food Systems
Authors: Pingali Prabhu , Aiyar Anaka , Abraham Mathew , Rahman Andaleeb 
Published: May 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the pathways through which climate change will impact food security is essential to creating robust food systems. First, we present scientific evidence to show that climate change will decrease crop and livestock productivity in India. Second, we show that climate change will impact health and labor productivity by increasing susceptibility to communicable and non-communicable diseases. Finally, we show that climate change will affect agricultural production and increase the vulnerability of poor regions and poor households, worsening inequities. We propose measures to actively cut down emissions, strengthen safety nets, increase policy commitment to tackle climate change and improve investments and access to technology to both mitigate its effects and increase scope for adaptation.
Economic Growth, Agriculture and Food Systems: Explaining Regional Diversity
Authors: Pingali Prabhu , Aiyar Anaka , Abraham Mathew , Rahman Andaleeb 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDespite India’s per capita GDP doubling over the last decade, states like Goa compare to countries in Latin America, while states like Uttar Pradesh compare to low-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa in terms of their development outcomes. In this chapter, we identify that comparative advantages that arise due to resource availability, agro-climatic conditions, investments in human capital and the differential growth of the non-agricultural sector explain this subnational divergence. We show that states that continue to develop economic sectors in which they have no comparative advantages will remain locked into a low growth equilibrium. Reorienting agriculture based on comparative advantages in agricultural production, reducing entry barriers into the urban labor market and upskilling the rural and urban workforce are keys to develop equitable food systems for the future.
Reimagining Safety Net Programs
Authors: Pingali Prabhu , Aiyar Anaka , Abraham Mathew , Rahman Andaleeb 
Published: May 2019

AbstractExisting safety net programs in India provide income and nutritional assistance during different stages of an individual’s life. Critics have pointed out to inefficiencies in the design and delivery mechanisms which reduce the effectiveness of these programs in benefiting the targeted population. In this chapter, we argue that safety nets should account for the changing economic structure, demographic transitions and shifting livelihood patterns. As India urbanizes, focusing on urban poor, diversifying away from staple grain-focused policy is essential. Use of tools such as ICTs to curb corruption and leakages from the safety nets is essential. Finally, we highlight the complementary role of essential public goods provision together with the expansion of safety nets for reducing vulnerability and structural poverty.
Agricultural Technology for Increasing Competitiveness of Small Holders
Authors: Pingali Prabhu , Aiyar Anaka , Abraham Mathew , Rahman Andaleeb 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAgricultural technology plays a vital role in building viable and sustainable food systems. The green revolution (GR) is a landmark example of how scale-neutral technology transformed agricultural production. However, one of the limitations of GR technologies was that it was concentrated to a few crops and to high potential regions where irrigation was readily available. Newer approaches to technological interventions need to help increase yields while limiting environmental externalities. In this chapter, we identify that biotechnology will be critical in productivity increase, improving resilience to climate change and reducing environmental impact. For this, there is a need for India to have more forward-looking biotechnology policy to bolster innovation towards climate change mitigation and adaptation.
Scientific modelling with diagrams
Authors: Stegmann Ulrich E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDiagrams can serve as representational models in scientific research, yet important questions remain about how they do so. I address some of these questions with a historical case study, in which diagrams were modified extensively in order to elaborate an early hypothesis of protein synthesis. The diagrams’ modelling role relied mainly on two features: diagrams were modified according to syntactic rules, which temporarily replaced physico-chemical reasoning, and diagram-to-target inferences were based on semantic interpretations. I then explore the lessons for the relative roles of syntax, semantics, external marks, and mental images, for justifying diagram-to-target inferences, and for the “artefactual approach” to scientific models.
Reassessing truth-evaluability in the Minimalism-Contextualism debate
Authors: Fisher Sarah A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe debate between Semantic Minimalism and Radical Contextualism is standardly characterized as concerningtruth-evaluability—specifically, whether or not sentences require rich contextualization in order to express complete, truth-evaluable contents. In this paper, I examine the notion of truth-evaluability, considering which kinds of mappings it might require from worldly states of affairs to truth-values. At one end of the spectrum, an exhaustive notion would require truth-evaluable contents to mapallpossible states of affairs to truth-values. At the other end, a liberal notion would require only that truth-evaluable contents mapat least onepossible state of affairs toat least onetruth-value. I show that both Minimalists and Radical Contextualists rely on some intermediate, moderately strict notion of truth-evaluability, falling between these two poles. I consider four ways in which such a notion could be defined. However, I argue that each of these is ultimately implausible, giving us no reason to favour a moderately strict notion of truth-evaluability over the liberal alternative. This suggests that the debate must shift to more moderate ground; rather than concerning thein principle possibilityof truth-evaluable contents, it fundamentally hinges on theirexplanatory value. More generally, paying close attention to the notion of truth-evaluability allows us to tease apart distinct strands in the Minimalism-Contextualism debate, and gain a better appreciation of what is at stake.
The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation compared to standard bupropion for the treatment of tobacco dependence: A randomized sham-controlled trial
Authors: Ghorbani Behnam Shahram , Mousavi Seyed Abbas , Emamian Mohammad Hassan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackground:Current treatments for smoking cessation are not effective for most smokers. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on smoking cessation.Methods:In this randomized, sham-controlled trial study, tobacco-dependent (by DSM-5) male participants were recruited from the general public invitation. Participants were randomly allocated to 5 groups; (A), treatment with 300mg bupropion for 8 weeks; (B), active tDCS (20 sessions for 4 weeks); (C), sham for group B ; (D), active tDCS (20 sessions for 12 weeks), and (E), sham for group D. The electrode montage was anode F3 and cathode F4. Study outcomes include salivary cotinine, Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, and smoked cigarette per day, were examined on three time points. Repeated-measures analysis of variances and the generalized estimation equation (GEE) model were employed for data analysis.Results:Among 210 volunteers, 170 participants completed the study. Mean age of participants was 42.9 years, ranging from 21 to 64 years. The 6-month point abstinence rates in groups A, B and D were 20%, 7% and 25.7%, and in C, D sham groups were 3.1% and 3% respectively. Results of the GEE model showed that although group D was not different from group A in abstinence rate, i.e., salivary cotinine >4 (p = 0.266), nicotine dependency by Fagerstrom test was lower in this group compared to group A (p = 0.019).Conclusions:The 12-week tDCS had a clinically good therapeutic effect on smoking cessation and its dependency. It may be a substitute for bupropion treatment.
Child consultation and the law in the Northern Territory of Australia
Authors: Kendall-Hall Danielle 
Published: May 2019

AbstractConsultation with children is a delicate art, and consultation with vulnerable children, even more so. Experienced clinicians believe best practice in undertaking such work requires tertiary studies in social work or psychology combined with extensive supervised clinical experience. The current pathways to becoming a children’s lawyer in the Northern Territory do not involve mandatory training in child well-being, and yet lawyers are asked to consult with highly traumatised children and bring the voices of children into the courtroom. Lawyers for young children are additionally required to provide an opinion as to what they believe to be in the best interests of the child, without a social work or psychology-based qualification, training or in-depth guidelines to support their position. This article looks at what the law says about child consultation, what child development research says about child consultation and child consultation in practice in a Northern Territory child protection setting. At its conclusion, the author discusses potential pathways forward for lawyers and clinicians to work together in safe practices of child consultation.
Returning aggregate results of clinical trials: Empirical data of patient preferences
Authors: Aldinger Carmen E. , Ligibel Jennifer , Shin Im Hee , Denninger John W. , Bierer Barbara E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIntroduction:The purpose of this research was to understand the preferences of patients receiving integrative medicine services for return of aggregate study results.Methods:A brief online survey (survey 1) was sent to 341 cancer patients receiving integrative medicine interventions; subsequently, a minimally revised survey (survey 2) was sent to 812 individuals with various medical conditions who had been either research participants in integrative medicine studies (n = 446) or patients (n = 346) of mind–body medicine.Results:Feedback to a model plain language summary was elicited from survey 1 and survey 2 respondents. Seventy-seven survey recipients (23%) responded to survey 1, and 134 survey recipients (17%) responded to survey 2. The majority of respondents to the surveys were female and 51–70 years of age. Ninety percent of responders to survey 1 and 89% of responders to survey 2 indicated that researchers should share overall results of a study with participants. In terms of the means of result distribution, 37%–47% preferred email, while 22%–27% indicated that, as long as the results are shared, it did not matter how this occurred. Of 38 survey 1 respondents who had previously participated in a clinical trial, 37% had received the results of their study. In survey 2, 63 individuals indicated that they previously participated in clinical trials, but only 16% recalled receiving results.Conclusions:These results confirm that the majority (89%–90%) of integrative medicine patients are interested in receiving the results of clinical trials. The majority (82%–94%) of respondents felt the model plain language summary of results provided was helpful.
Community engagement in patient-centered outcomes research: Benefits, barriers, and measurement
Authors: Sprague Martinez Linda , Carolan Kelsi , O’Donnell Arden , Diaz Yareliz , Freeman Elmer R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIntroduction:This study employed the Delphi method, an exploratory method used for group consensus building, to determine the benefits and challenges associated with community engagement in patient-centered outcomes research.Methods:A series of email surveys were sent to the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)-funded researchers (n = 103) in New England. Consensus was achieved through gathering themes and engaging participants in ranking their level of agreement over three rounds. In round one, participant responses were coded thematically and then tallied. In round two participants were asked to state their level of agreement with each of the themes using a Likert scale. Finally, in round three, the group was asked to rank the round two themes based on potential impact.Results:Results suggested the greatest benefit of community engagement is that it brings multiple perspectives to the table, with 92% ranking it as the first or second most important contribution. Time was ranked as the most significant barrier to engaging community. Strategies to overcome barriers to community engagement include engaging key stakeholders early in the research, being kind and respectful and spending time with stakeholders. The most significant finding was that no researchers reported having specific measures to evaluate community engagement.Conclusion:Community engagement can enhance both research relevance and methodology when researchers are engaged in meaningful collaborations. Advancing the science of community engagement will require the development of evaluation metrics to examine the multiple domains of partnership.
An example of medical device-based projection of clinical trial enrollment: Use of electrocardiographic data to identify candidates for a trial in acute coronary syndromes
Authors: Selker Harry P. , Kwong Manlik , Ruthazer Robin , Gorman Sheeona , Green Giuliana , Patchen Elizabeth , Udelson James E. , Smithline Howard A. , Baumann Michael R. , Harris Paul A. , Shah Rashmee U. , Nelson Sarah J. , Cohen Theodora , Jones Elizabeth B. , Barnewolt Brien A. , Williams Andrew E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackground:To identify potential participants for clinical trials, electronic health records (EHRs) are searched at potential sites. As an alternative, we investigated using medical devices used for real-time diagnostic decisions for trial enrollment.Methods:To project cohorts for a trial in acute coronary syndromes (ACS), we used electrocardiograph-based algorithms that identify ACS or ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) that prompt clinicians to offer patients trial enrollment. We searched six hospitals’ electrocardiograph systems for electrocardiograms (ECGs) meeting the planned trial’s enrollment criterion: ECGs with STEMI or > 75% probability of ACS by the acute cardiac ischemia time-insensitive predictive instrument (ACI-TIPI). We revised the ACI-TIPI regression to require only data directly from the electrocardiograph, the e-ACI-TIPI using the same data used for the original ACI-TIPI (development set n = 3,453; test set n = 2,315). We also tested both on data from emergency department electrocardiographs from across the US (n = 8,556). We then used ACI-TIPI and e-ACI-TIPI to identify potential cohorts for the ACS trial and compared performance to cohorts from EHR data at the hospitals.Results:Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve areas on the test set were excellent, 0.89 for ACI-TIPI and 0.84 for the e-ACI-TIPI, as was calibration. On the national electrocardiographic database, ROC areas were 0.78 and 0.69, respectively, and with very good calibration. When tested for detection of patients with > 75% ACS probability, both electrocardiograph-based methods identified eligible patients well, and better than did EHRs.Conclusion:Using data from medical devices such as electrocardiographs may provide accurate projections of available cohorts for clinical trials.