bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Analysis of the Role of Terrestrial Water Storage in the Evapotranspiration Estimated from the Budyko Framework at Annual to Monthly Time Scales
Authors: Wu Chuanhao , Yeh Pat J.-F. , Wu Haichun , Hu Bill X. , Huang Guoru 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Recent studies have extended the applicability of the Budyko framework from the long-term mean to annual or shorter time scales. However, the effects of water storage change ΔS on the overall water balance estimated from the Budyko models (BM) at annual-to-monthly time scales were less investigated, particularly at the continental or global scales, due to the lack of large-scale ΔS data. Here, based on a 25-yr (1984–2008) global gridded terrestrial water budget dataset and by using an analytical error-decomposition framework, we analyzed the effects of ΔS in evapotranspiration (ET) predicted from BM at both grid and basin scales under diverse climates for the annual, wet-seasonal, dry-seasonal, and monthly time scales. Results indicated that the BM underperforms in the short dry (wet) seasons of predominantly humid (dry) basins, with lower accuracy under more humid climates (at annual, dry-seasonal, and monthly scales) and under more arid climates (at wet-seasonal scale). When the effects of ΔS are incorporated into BM, improvements can be found mostly at annual and dry-seasonal scales, but not notable at wet-seasonal and monthly scales. The magnitudes of ΔS are positively correlated with the errors in BM-predicted ET for most global regions at annual and monthly scales, especially under arid climates. Under arid climates, the variability of ET prediction errors is controlled mainly by the ΔS variability at annual and monthly time scales. In contrast, under humid climates the effect of ΔS on ET prediction errors is generally limited, particularly at the wet-seasonal scale due to the more dominant influences of other climatic factors (precipitation and potential ET) and catchment responses (runoff).
A Barotropic Vorticity Budget for the Subtropical North Atlantic Based on Observations
Authors: Alexander-Astiz Le Bras Isabela , Sonnewald Maike , Toole John M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTo ground truth the large-scale dynamical balance of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre with observations, a barotropic vorticity budget is constructed in the ECCO state estimate and compared with hydrographic observations and wind stress data products. The hydrographic dataset at the center of this work is the A22 WOCE section, which lies along 66°W and creates a closed volume with the North and South American coasts to its west. The planetary vorticity flux across A22 is quantified, providing a metric for the net meridional flow in the western subtropical gyre. The wind stress forcing over the subtropical gyre to the west and east of the A22 section is calculated from several wind stress data products. These observational budget terms are found to be consistent with an approximate barotropic Sverdrup balance in the eastern subtropical gyre and are on the same order as budget terms in the ECCO state estimate. The ECCO vorticity budget is closed by bottom pressure torques in the western subtropical gyre, which is consistent with previous studies. In sum, the analysis provides observational ground truth for the North Atlantic subtropical vorticity balance and explores the seasonal variability of this balance for the first time using the ECCO state estimate. This balance is found to hold on monthly time scales in ECCO, suggesting that the integrated subtropical gyre responds to forcing through fast barotropic adjustment.
The Benefits and Costs of Low and High Degree of Automation
Authors: Tatasciore Monica , Bowden Vanessa K. , Visser Troy A. W. , Michailovs Steph I. C. , Loft Shayne 
Published: August 2019

Objective The objective of this study is to examine the effects of low and high degree of automation (DOA) on performance, subjective workload, situation awareness (SA), and return-to-manual control in simulated submarine track management. Background Theory and meta-analytic evidence suggest that as DOA increases, operator performance improves and workload decreases, but SA and return-to-manual control declines. Research also suggests that operators have particular difficulty regaining manual control if automation provides incorrect advice. Method Undergraduate student participants completed a submarine track management task that required them to track the position and behavior of contacts. Low DOA supported information acquisition and analysis, whereas high DOA recommended decisions. At a late stage in the task, automation was either unexpectedly removed or provided incorrect advice. Results Relative to no automation, low DOA moderately benefited performance but impaired SA and non-automated task performance. Relative to no automation and low DOA, high DOA benefited performance and lowered workload. High DOA did impair non-automated task performance compared with no automation, but this was equivalent to low DOA. Participants were able to return-to-manual control when they knew low or high DOA was disengaged, or when high DOA provided incorrect advice. Conclusion High DOA improved performance and lowered workload, at no additional cost to SA or return-to-manual performance when compared with low DOA. Application Designers should consider the likely level of uncertainty in the environment and the consequences of return-to-manual deficits before implementing low or high DOA.
A Review of Individual Operational Cognitive Readiness: Theory Development and Future Directions
Authors: Crameri Luke , Hettiarachchi Imali , Hanoun Samer 
Published: August 2019

Objective The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive and original review of the theoretical development of the individual operational cognitive readiness (OCR) theory. Background Cognitive readiness (CR) is a concept that has the potential to predict the performance of human individuals and teams prior to engaging in complex, dynamic, and resource-limited task environments. However, the current state of the literature is confusing and laborious, with heterogeneous views regarding the theoretical frameworks among leading researchers. Method This review (1) undertakes a systematic approach toward categorizing published CR literature into theoretical and measurement contributions across the different levels of CR, (2) carries a critical evaluation of the CR and OCR theoretical frameworks, and (3) provides directions for future research guided by gaps identified during the review process and other published literatures. Results Results from the categorization of published CR literature provide a new, valuable, synthesized CR library for researchers to consult to streamline their CR literature review process. Critical examination of the CR and OCR theoretical frameworks leads to positing that new components should be explored for OCR. Conclusion There are many possible directions for future research including evaluating domain-independent components of OCR and evaluating the relationship between biofeedback measures and performance in CR models. Application The Defense domain continues to be the focal application of CR. However, CR could be used by other application domains, such as sports and emergency services, that require their working personnel to engage in complex, uncertain, and dynamic task environments.
Safety Culture: An Integration of Existing Models and a Framework for Understanding Its Development
Authors: Bisbey Tiffany M. , Kilcullen Molly P. , Thomas Eric J. , Ottosen Madelene J. , Tsao KuoJen , Salas Eduardo 
Published: August 2019

Objective This study reviews theoretical models of organizational safety culture to uncover key factors in safety culture development. Background Research supports the important role of safety culture in organizations, but theoretical progress has been stunted by a disjointed literature base. It is currently unclear how different elements of an organizational system function to influence safety culture, limiting the practical utility of important research findings. Method We reviewed existing models of safety culture and categorized model dimensions by the proposed function they serve in safety culture development. We advance a framework grounded in theory on organizational culture, social identity, and social learning to facilitate convergence toward a unified approach to studying and supporting safety culture. Results Safety culture is a relatively stable social construct, gradually shaped over time by multilevel influences. We identify seven enabling factors that create conditions allowing employees to adopt safety culture values, assumptions, and norms; and four behaviors used to enact them. The consequences of these enacting behaviors provide feedback that may reinforce or revise held values, assumptions, and norms. Conclusion This framework synthesizes information across fragmented conceptualizations to clearly depict the dynamic nature of safety culture and specific drivers of its development. We suggest that safety culture development may depend on employee learning from behavioral outcomes, conducive enabling factors, and consistency over time. Application This framework guides efforts to understand and develop safety culture in practice and lends researchers a foundation for advancing theory on the complex, dynamic processes involved in safety culture development.
The ESCAPS study: a feasibility randomized controlled trial of early electrical stimulation to the wrist extensors and flexors to prevent post-stroke complications of pain and contractures in the paretic arm
Authors: Fletcher-Smith Joanna C , Walker Dawn-Marie , Allatt Kate , Sprigg Nikola , James Marilyn , Ratib Sonia , Boadu Janet , Richardson Carla , Pandyan Anand D 
Published: August 2019

Objective: To establish feasibility of initiating electrical stimulation treatment of wrist extensors and flexors in patients early after stroke to prevent muscle contractures and pain. Design: Feasibility randomized controlled trial with economic evaluation. Setting: A specialist stroke unit in Nottinghamshire. Subjects: A total of 40 patients recruited within 72 hours post-stroke with arm hemiparesis. Interventions: Participants were randomized to receive usual care or usual care and electrical stimulation to wrist flexors and extensors for 30 minutes, twice a day, five days a week for three months. Initial treatment was delivered by an occupational therapist or physiotherapist who trained participants to self-manage subsequent treatments. Measures: Measures of feasibility included recruitment and attrition rates, completion of treatment, and successful data collection. Outcome data on wrist range of motion, pain, arm function, independence, quality of life, and resource use were measured at 3-, 6-, and 12-months post-randomization. Results: A total of 40 participants (of 215 potentially eligible) were recruited in 15 months (20 men; mean age: 72 (SD: 13.0)). Half the participants lacked mental capacity and were recruited by consultee consent. Attrition at three-month follow-up was 12.5% (death ( n = 2), end-of-life care ( n = 2), and unable to contact ( n = 1)). Compliance varied (mean: 65 (SD: 53)) and ranged from 10 to 166 treatments per patient (target dosage was 120). Data for a valid economic analysis can be adequately collected. Conclusion: Early initiation of electrical stimulation was acceptable and feasible. Data collection methods used were feasible and acceptable to participants. A large definitive study is needed to determine if electrical stimulation is efficacious and cost effective.
Role of spectral-detector CT in reduction of artifacts from contrast media in axillary and subclavian veins: single institution study in 50 patients
Authors: Laukamp Kai Roman , Gupta Amit , Große Hokamp Nils , Obmann Verena Carola , Graner Frank Philipp , Ho Vivian , Ros Pablo , Ramaiya Nikhil , Gilkeson Robert 
Published: August 2019

Background In CT imaging, a high concentration of iodinated contrast media in axillary and subclavian veins after brachial application can cause perivenous artifacts impairing diagnostic assessment of local vascular structures and soft tissue. Purpose To investigate reduction of perivenous hypo- and hyperattenuating artifacts of the axillary and subclavian veins using virtual monoenergetic images (VMI) in comparison to conventional CT images (CI), acquired on spectral-detector CT. Material and Methods 50 spectral-detector CT datasets of patients with perivenous artifacts from contrast media were included in this retrospective, institutional review board-approved study. CT images and virtual monoenergetic images (range 40–200 keV, 10-keV increments) were reconstructed from the same scans. Quantitative analysis was performed by region of interest-based assessment of mean attenuation (HU) and standard deviation in most pronounced hypo- and hyperdense artifacts and artifact-impaired arteries as well as muscle. Visually, artifact reduction, assessment of vessels, and surrounding soft tissue were rated on 5-point Likert-scales by two radiologists. Results In comparison to CT images, virtual monoenergetic images of ≥90 keV showed a significant reduction of hypo- and hyperattenuating artifacts (hypodense: CI -220.0±171.2 HU; VMI130keV -13.4±49.1 HU; hyperdense: CI 274.6±184.4 HU; VMI130keV 24.2±84.9 HU; P<0.001). Subjective analysis confirmed that virtual-monoenergetic images of ≥100 keV significantly reduced artifacts (hypodense: CI 2[1–3]; VMI130keV 5[4–5], hyperdense: CI 2[1–4]; VMI130keV 5[5–5], P<0.001) and improved diagnostic assessment. Best results for diagnostic assessment were noted for virtual monoenergetic images at 130 keV. Overcorrection of artifacts was observed at higher keV values. Interrater agreement was excellent for each evaluation and keV value (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.89). Conclusion Higher keV virtual monoenergetic images yielded significant reduction of contrast media artifacts and led to improved assessment of vessels and surrounding soft tissue. Recommended keV values for best diagnostic assessment are in the range of 100–160 keV.
Epidemiology of fetal cerebral ventriculomegaly and evaluation of chromosomal microarray analysis versus karyotyping for prenatal diagnosis in a Chinese hospital
Authors: Yi Jun-Ling , Zhang Wei , Meng Da-Hua , Ren Li-Jie , Yu Jin , Wei Yi-Liang 
Published: August 2019

Objective To evaluate the efficiency and incremental value of chromosomal microarray analysis as compared with standard karyotyping for the identification of genomic abnormalities in fetal DNA. Methods This retrospective study enrolled female patients with ultrasonographically diagnosed fetal ventriculomegaly. The prevalence, associated anomalies and clinical outcomes of ventriculomegaly were evaluated based on data from a single maternal and child health hospital in southwest China. Results A total of 943 cases of ventriculomegaly were analysed in this study, which were diagnosed at a mean ± SD gestational age of 23.8 ± 8.2 weeks. Non-isolated ventriculomegaly cases had a significantly higher maternal age than isolated cases (29.6 ± 5.5 versus 27.9 ± 4.2 years, respectively) and were also associated with a larger proportion of bilateral (56.1% versus 46.7%, respectively) and severe (12.8% versus 3.7%, respectively) ventriculomegaly. There were 97 cases detected by both karyotyping and microarray analysis. All apparent chromosome abnormalities identified upon karyotyping were detected with the use of microarray analysis. Microarray analysis also reported genetic abnormalities in 20 additional cases not detected by karyotyping. Of these additional 20 cases, 9.3% of pregnancies reported standard genetic variants for clinically relevant information, whereas 11.3% reported uncertain genetic abnormalities. Conclusion Chromosomal microarray analysis is an efficient tool, significantly increasing the diagnostic power for prenatal diagnosis.
The Association Among Trunk Rotation, Ball Velocity, and the Elbow Varus Moment in Collegiate-Level Baseball Pitchers
Authors: Cohen Andrew D. , Garibay Erin J. , Solomito Matthew J. 
Published: August 2019

Background: The incidence of upper extremity injuries in baseball pitchers is increasing. Over the past decade, research has attempted to elucidate the cause of these injuries, focusing mainly on pitching arm mechanics with little examination of other important segments, such as the trunk. This is surprising, as trunk motion has been shown to have significant effects on pitching mechanics. Purpose: To determine the associations between trunk rotation, ball velocity, and the moments about the elbow joint. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Data collected using 3-dimensional motion analysis techniques from 99 collegiate pitchers (18.0-24.8 years) were analyzed. A random intercept mixed-effects regression model was used to determine if significant associations existed between trunk rotation and ball velocity or elbow varus moment. Results: Significant associations were found between trunk rotation angle at ball release and elbow varus moment ( P = .019, β = 0.254) as well as ball velocity ( P = .016, β = 0.060). For every 10° increase over the average trunk rotation angle at ball release, the elbow varus moment increased by 2.54 N·m and the ball velocity increased by 0.60 m/s. Additionally, the maximum rotational velocity of the trunk was positively associated with elbow varus moment ( P < .001, β = 0.029) and ball velocity ( P < .001, β = 0.007). For every 100 deg/s increase over the average maximum rotational velocity of the trunk, the elbow varus moment increased by 2.90 N·m and the ball velocity increased by 0.70 m/s. Conclusion: In collegiate pitchers, trunk rotation angle at ball release was significantly associated with ball velocity and elbow varus moment. Also, an increase in maximum rotational velocity of the trunk was significantly associated with an increase in the ball velocity and elbow varus moment. This work demonstrates the importance of trunk mechanics in the kinetic chain of the pitch cycle. Clinical Relevance: Pitching coaches and trainers can use the results to stress the importance of trunk mechanics in pitching, specifically, combining adequate core function with increased trunk rotational velocity in an effort to increase pitching velocity without increasing elbow joint stress.
Clinical Impact of a Comprehensive Medication Management Service in Primary Health Care
Authors: Santos Bruna Damázio , Nascimento Mariana Martins Gonzaga do , de Oliveira Grazielli Cristina Batista , Nascimento Yone de Almeida , Mambrini Juliana Vaz de Melo , Cid Annaline Stiegert , Piovesan Taíza Graziele Costa , Fernandes Laura Barbosa , Martins Ursula Carolina de Morais , Neves Carina de Morais , da Silva Danielle Fernandes , de Oliveira Djenane Ramalho 
Published: August 2019

Objective: To evaluate the clinical impact of a comprehensive medication management (CMM) service in a Brazilian primary health-care setting. Methods: A quasi-experimental study has been carried out between July 2014 and November 2016 with patients who received the service in the primary care setting of a Brazilian city (n = 1057). Factors associated with drug therapy problems (DTP) detection in the initial assessment were evaluated by performing univariate and multivariate analyzes. To evaluate the impact of the CMM service, a linear regression model was constructed from the difference between the initial and final values of the clinical and laboratory parameters adjusted by multiple variables. Results: A total of 1642 DTPs was identified, the most prevalent one being “nonadherence” (31.9%) and the “need for additional drug therapy” (22.9%). The use of 5 or more medications and the presence of 3 or more diseases were positively associated with the identification of 3 or more DTPs during the initial assessment. Even after multiple adjustments, a statistically significant reduction has been observed in the values of glycated hemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, low-density cholesterol, and total cholesterol. Conclusion: The CMM service contributed to the resolution of DTP and showed positive clinical impact in primary health care in the studied setting.
Clinician engagement in research as a path toward the learning health system: A regional survey across the northwestern United States
Authors: Ciemins Elizabeth L , Mollis Brenda L , Brant Jeannine M , Hassell Laurie A , Albritton Sandra , Amoroso Paul , Lloyd Angela , Smith Jodi M , Pflugeisen Bethann M , Tuttle Katherine R , Baldwin Laura-Mae 
Published: August 2019

Introduction Increased research engagement of frontline, community-based clinicians could result in greater research relevancy, increased likelihood of implementation into practice, and improved health care for patients. Establishment of learning health systems within health-care organizations may facilitate this process. Methods In 2016, the U.S. Northwest Participant and Clinical Interactions Network conducted a region-wide survey in four community-based health systems to identify barriers to clinician involvement in research and understand clinician interest and levels of engagement. Results Survey responses indicated broad interest in research’s value to patients (77% of respondents), contribution to clinical evidence (79%), and fulfillment of intellectual curiosity (77%). Engagement was not always correlated with interest. Top barriers included time (65%), support (34%), and getting started (32%). Conclusion In community health systems in the northwestern United States, clinician interest in research exists but with several significant barriers. Leveraging the learning health system movement may be one way to increase focus on research and address identified barriers.
Belimumab alters transitional B-cell subset proportions in patients with stable systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Benitez A , Torralba K , Ngo M , Salto L M , Choi K S , De Vera M E , Payne K J 
Published: August 2019

Objective We evaluated the effects of the B-cell activating factor (BAFF)-targeting antibody Belimumab on human nonmemory B-cell pools. Human B-cell pools were identified using surface markers adapted from mouse studies that specifically assessed reductions in immature B cells due to BAFF depletion. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have high levels of both BAFF and immature B cells. Mechanistic mouse studies provide a framework for understanding human responses to therapies that target B cells. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from healthy donors and SLE patients on Belimumab or standard-of-care therapy (SCT). Cells were stained for flow cytometry to identify B-cell subsets based on CD21/CD24. Differences in subset proportions were determined by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test. Results Patients treated with Belimumab show alterations in the nonmemory B-cell pool characterized by a decrease in the Transitional 2 (T2) subset ( p = 0.002), and an increase in the proportion of Transitional 1 (T1) cells ( p = 0.005) as compared with healthy donors and SCT patients. The naïve B-cell compartment showed no significant differences between the groups ( p = 0.293). Conclusion Using a translational approach, we show that Belimumab-mediated BAFF depletion reduces the T2 subset in patients, similar to observations in mouse models with BAFF depletion.