bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A systematic knowledge synthesis on the spatial dimensions of Q fever epidemics
Authors: De Rooij Myrna M. T. , Van Leuken Jeroen P. G. , Swart Arno , Kretzschmar Mirjam E. E. , Nielen Mirjam , De Koeijer Aline A. , Janse Ingmar , Wouters Inge M. , Heederik Dick J. J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractFrom 2007 through 2010, the Netherlands experienced the largest Q fever epidemic ever reported. This study integrates the outcomes of a multidisciplinary research programme on spatial airborne transmission of Coxiella burnetii and reflects these outcomes in relation to other scientific Q fever studies worldwide. We have identified lessons learned and remaining knowledge gaps. This synthesis was structured according to the four steps of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA): (a) Rapid source identification was improved by newly developed techniques using mathematical disease modelling; (b) source characterization efforts improved knowledge but did not provide accurate C. burnetii emission patterns; (c) ambient air sampling, dispersion and spatial modelling promoted exposure assessment; and (d) risk characterization was enabled by applying refined dose–response analyses. The results may support proper and timely risk assessment and risk management during future outbreaks, provided that accurate and structured data are available and exchanged readily between responsible actors.
Sex differences in risk factors for myocardial infarction: cohort study of UK Biobank participants
Authors: Millett Elizabeth R C , Peters Sanne A E , Woodward Mark 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate sex differences in risk factors for incident myocardial infarction (MI) and whether they vary with age.DesignProspective population based study.SettingUK Biobank.Participants471 998 participants (56% women; mean age 56.2) with no history of cardiovascular disease.Main outcome measureIncident (fatal and non-fatal) MI.Results5081 participants (1463 (28.8%) of whom were women) had MI over seven years’ mean follow-up, resulting in an incidence per 10 000 person years of 7.76 (95% confidence interval 7.37 to 8.16) for women and 24.35 (23.57 to 25.16) for men. Higher blood pressure indices, smoking intensity, body mass index, and the presence of diabetes were associated with an increased risk of MI in men and women, but associations were attenuated with age. In women, systolic blood pressure and hypertension, smoking status and intensity, and diabetes were associated with higher hazard ratios for MI compared with men: ratio of hazard ratios 1.09 (95% confidence interval 1.02 to 1.16) for systolic blood pressure, 1.55 (1.32 to 1.83) for current smoking, 2.91 (1.56 to 5.45) for type 1 diabetes, and 1.47 (1.16 to 1.87) for type 2 diabetes. There was no evidence that any of these ratios of hazard ratios decreased with age (P>0.2). With the exception of type 1 diabetes, the incidence of MI was higher in men than in women for all risk factors.ConclusionsAlthough the incidence of MI was higher in men than in women, several risk factors were more strongly associated with MI in women compared with men. Sex specific associations between risk factors and MI declined with age, but, where it occurred, the higher relative risk in women remained. As the population ages and the prevalence of lifestyle associated risk factors increase, the incidence of MI in women will likely become more similar to that in men.
Learning to shape virtual patient locomotor patterns: internal representations adapt to exploit interactive dynamics
Authors: Hasson Christopher J. , Goodman Sarah E. 
Published: November 2018

This work aimed to understand the sensorimotor processes used by humans when learning how to manipulate a virtual model of locomotor dynamics. Prior research shows that when interacting with novel dynamics humans develop internal models that map neural commands to limb motion and vice versa. Whether this can be extrapolated to locomotor rehabilitation, a continuous and rhythmic activity that involves dynamically complex interactions, is unknown. In this case, humans could default to model-free strategies. These competing hypotheses were tested with a novel interactive locomotor simulator that reproduced the dynamics of hemiparetic gait. A group of 16 healthy subjects practiced using a small robotic manipulandum to alter the gait of a virtual patient (VP) that had an asymmetric locomotor pattern modeled after stroke survivors. The point of interaction was the ankle of the VP’s affected leg, and the goal was to make the VP’s gait symmetric. Internal model formation was probed with unexpected force channels and null force fields. Generalization was assessed by changing the target locomotor pattern and comparing outcomes with a second group of 10 naive subjects who did not practice the initial symmetric target pattern. Results supported the internal model hypothesis with aftereffects and generalization of manipulation skill. Internal models demonstrated refinements that capitalized on the natural pendular dynamics of human locomotion. This work shows that despite the complex interactive dynamics involved in shaping locomotor patterns, humans nevertheless develop and use internal models that are refined with experience.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study aimed to understand how humans manipulate the physics of locomotion, a common task for physical therapists during locomotor rehabilitation. To achieve this aim, a novel locomotor simulator was developed that allowed participants to feel like they were manipulating the leg of a miniature virtual stroke survivor walking on a treadmill. As participants practiced improving the simulated patient’s gait, they developed generalizable internal models that capitalized on the natural pendular dynamics of locomotion.
Obesity-associated Breast Inflammation among Hispanic/Latina Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Greenlee Heather , Shi Zaixing , Hibshoosh Hanina , Giri Dilip D. , Ahmed Aqeel , Williams Samantha , Falcone Domenick J. , Winston Lisle A. , Zhou Xi K. , Hudis Clifford A. , Hershman Dawn L. , Dannenberg Andrew J. , Iyengar Neil M. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Breast white adipose tissue inflammation (BWATi) is associated with obesity and higher breast cancer risk among non-Hispanic white women. Obesity is prevalent in Hispanic/Latina patients with breast cancer, and the occurrence of BWATi in this population is not well-characterized. The association between BWATi and body mass index (BMI) was evaluated in Hispanic/Latina patients with breast cancer who underwent mastectomy. BWATi was defined as the presence of crown-like structures of the breast (CLS-B), detected by CD68 IHC in nontumor breast tissue. BWATi severity was quantified as number of CLS-B/cm2. Adipocyte diameter was measured using hematoxylin and eosin-stained breast tissue sections. Preoperative BMI (within 1 week prior to mastectomy) was categorized as normal (18.5–&lt;25.0 kg/m2), overweight (25.0–&lt;30.0 kg/m2), class I obesity (30.0–&lt;35.0 kg/m2), and class II–III obesity (35.0 kg/m2 or above). Patient charts were abstracted to record clinicopathologic features and liver function tests &lt;90 days before mastectomy. The study included 91 women (mean age 69 years; range 36–96 years). Prevalence of BWATi increased with BMI (24% in normal weight, 34% in overweight, 57% in class I obesity, and 65% in class II–III obesity; Ptrend &lt;0.01). Severe BWATi (&gt;0.27 CLS-B/cm2) was associated with higher BMI (Ptrend = 0.046) and greater adipocyte diameter (P = 0.04). Adjusting for BMI, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and elevated alanine aminotransferase were associated with severe BWATi, and current smoking was associated with mild BWATi (all P &lt; 0.05). BWATi was associated with higher BMI in Hispanic/Latina patients with breast cancer, consistent with previously described associations in other populations.
What Explains Counterterrorism Effectiveness? Evidence from the U.S. Drone War in Pakistan
Authors: Mir Asfandyar 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
For years, the U.S. government has been waging counterterrorism campaigns against al-Qaida and other armed groups in safe havens and weak states. What explains the effectiveness of such campaigns? The variation in effectiveness may result from differences in select tactical, organizational, and technological capabilities of the counterterrorism state and its local partner, captured by the concept of the Legibility and Speed-of-Exploitation System (L&S). Empirical studies, including novel fieldwork data, on the U.S. drone war in Pakistan's Waziristan region from 2004 to 2014 reveal the influence of the L&S on targeted groups. From 2004 to 2007, a lack of U.S. counterterrorism capabilities aligning with the L&S allowed both al-Qaida and the Pakistan Taliban to build their operational infrastructure, expand their bases, engage in extensive recruitment drives, and broker important local alliances. In contrast, as the United States made substantial improvements in the L&S from 2008 to 2014, the campaigns against both groups became increasingly effective. Both al-Qaida and the Pakistan Taliban experienced sustained reductions in operational capabilities, losses of bases, and high desertion rates; they also faced growing political challenges, including from within their own organizations. These findings contrast with the view that counterterrorism offers short-term gains at best and is counterproductive at worst.
Would U.S. Leaders Push the Button? Wargames and the Sources of Nuclear Restraint
Authors: Pauly Reid B.C. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Why since 1945 have nuclear weapons not been used? Political scientists have cited five basic reasons: deterrence, practicality, precedent, reputation, and ethics. Scholars attempting to weight these factors face a dearth of empirical data. Declassified records of political-military wargames played by U.S. policymakers, however, open up new avenues for theory testing. An investigation of the willingness of U.S. “strategic elites”—experts with experience in diplomatic or military strategy—to use nuclear weapons in a sample of twenty-six political-military wargames reveals that elite players were reluctant to cross the nuclear threshold against both nuclear-armed and nonnuclear-armed adversaries. The only uses of nuclear weapons in the sample occurred in two wargames with nuclear adversaries. Players’ arguments for restraint in the wargames invoked reputational aversion: decisionmakers feared the opprobrium they would face if they used nuclear weapons. Wargame records also strongly support the power of deterrence and basic practicality—whether conventional weapons could accomplish the same goals—as reasons for widespread hesitation to use nuclear weapons. Precedent and ethical aversions to using nuclear weapons were less common. Finally, players also demonstrated some conformity to what they thought the president expected of them.
Niche sharing and spatial distribution in intertidal decapods on the rocky shores of Easter Island
Authors: De los Ríos Patricio , Ibáñez Arancibia Eliana 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The coastal marine ecosystems on Easter Island have been poorly studied, and the main studies were isolated species records based on the collections of scientific (primarily faunistic/floristic) expeditions. The aim of the present study was to apply a niche-sharing null model analysis on field observations of intertidal marine decapods on the rocky shores of Easter Island. The dominant species found were the decapods Planes minutus and Leptograpsus variegatus. The results of the null model analysis revealed that the species reported did not share an ecological niche, obviously corresponding to the absence of within-niche competition, and for P. minutus showed an aggregated pattern and negative binomial distribution, whereas L. variegatus had a uniform pattern and a binomial distribution. These results would agree with other, similar information about the littoral and sub-littoral fauna on Easter Island.
The Life and Letters of William Sharp and “Fiona Macleod”
Authors: Halloran William F. 
Published: November 2018

William Sharp (1855-1905) conducted one of the most audacious literary deceptions of his or any time. Sharp was a Scottish poet, novelist, biographer and editor who in 1893 began to write critically and commercially successful books under the name Fiona Macleod. This was far more than just a pseudonym: he corresponded as Macleod, enlisting his sister to provide the handwriting and address, and for more than a decade "Fiona Macleod" duped not only the general public but such literary luminaries as William Butler Yeats and, in America, E. C. Stedman.
Sharp wrote "I feel another self within me now more than ever; it is as if I were possessed by a spirit who must speak out". This three-volume collection brings together Sharp’s own correspondence – a fascinating trove in its own right, by a Victorian man of letters who was on intimate terms with writers including Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Walter Pater, and George Meredith – and the Fiona Macleod letters, which bring to life Sharp’s intriguing "second self".
With an introduction and detailed notes by William F. Halloran, this richly rewarding collection offers a wonderful insight into the literary landscape of the time, while also investigating a strange and underappreciated phenomenon of late-nineteenth-century English literature. It is essential for scholars of the period, and it is an illuminating read for anyone interested in authorship and identity.
Development and Evaluation of a Pan-European Multimodel Seasonal Hydrological Forecasting System
Authors: Wanders Niko , Thober Stephan , Kumar Rohini , Pan Ming , Sheffield Justin , Samaniego Luis , Wood Eric F. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Hydrological forecasts with a high temporal and spatial resolution are required to provide the level of information needed by end users. So far high-resolution multimodel seasonal hydrological forecasts have been unavailable due to 1) lack of availability of high-resolution meteorological seasonal forecasts, requiring temporal and spatial downscaling; 2) a mismatch between the provided seasonal forecast information and the user needs; and 3) lack of consistency between the hydrological model outputs to generate multimodel seasonal hydrological forecasts. As part of the End-to-End Demonstrator for Improved Decision Making in the Water Sector in Europe (EDgE) project commissioned by the Copernicus Climate Change Service (ECMWF), this study provides a unique dataset of seasonal hydrological forecasts derived from four general circulation models [CanCM4, GFDL Forecast-Oriented Low Ocean Resolution version of CM2.5 (GFDL-FLOR), ECMWF Season Forecast System 4 (ECMWF-S4), and Météo-France LFPW] in combination with four hydrological models [mesoscale hydrologic model (mHM), Noah-MP, PCRaster Global Water Balance (PCR-GLOBWB), and VIC]. The forecasts are provided at daily resolution, 6-month lead time, and 5-km spatial resolution over the historical period from 1993 to 2012. Consistency in hydrological model parameterization ensures an increased consistency in the hydrological forecasts. Results show that skillful discharge forecasts can be made throughout Europe up to 3 months in advance, with predictability up to 6 months for northern Europe resulting from the improved predictability of the spring snowmelt. The new system provides an unprecedented ensemble of seasonal hydrological forecasts with significant skill over Europe to support water management. This study highlights the potential advantages of multimodel based forecasting system in providing skillful hydrological forecasts.
Characterizing a Sample of Chinese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Selected Health Outcomes
Authors: Ji Meihua , Ren Dianxu , Gary-Webb Tiffany L. , Dunbar-Jacob Jacqueline , Erlen Judith A. 
Published: November 2018

Purpose The purpose of the study is to describe the characteristics and selected health outcomes of a sample of Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and to examine gender differences based on social cognitive theory. There is limited study in theory-driven research conducted in China and a lack of evidence in collectively examining the associated factors among Chinese patients with T2DM based on a theory, especially among those living in a suburban area. Methods Following a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 207 patients (50.2% women; mean age, 56.1 years) with T2DM from an outpatient clinic in a suburban area of Beijing, China. Participants completed a survey, and clinical values were retrieved from the patients’ medical records. Results Of the participants, more than half had suboptimal glycemic control; only a small proportion had recommended levels in performing self-management behaviors. A large proportion had metabolic syndrome and were overweight or obese. Compared with men, women demonstrated poorer health literacy and problem solving, received less social support, and presented with more depressive symptoms. Conclusion Glycemic control and self-management were suboptimal in this sample, and a large proportion of the sample was at risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Gender differences exist regarding health literacy, depressive symptoms, problem solving, and social support. Social cognitive theory may provide a lens for addressing factors that are important in improving health outcomes among Chinese patients with T2DM. This evidence will help health care providers to identify pertinent factors through a multifactorial approach, therefore providing tailored care for Chinese patients with T2DM.
Production of Cantonese classifiers in young heritage speakers and majority language speakers
Authors: Kan Rachel TY 
Published: November 2018

Aims and Objectives: This study investigated the production of classifiers in two groups of bilingual speakers: young heritage speakers of Cantonese in the USA and peers in Hong Kong, where Cantonese is the majority language. The role of language background factors in the heritage speakers’ performance was also examined. Methodology: The participants included 72 heritage speakers (3;10–11;3) and 61 majority language speakers (5;3–12;4). A picture-naming task was used to elicit the production of noun phrases containing six different target classifiers. A language background questionnaire was administered. Data and Analysis: The participants’ production was scored in terms of whether a classifier was produced in each obligatory context, and whether an appropriate form of classifier was used. The scores were analysed using multiple regression. Findings: Both groups were able to produce a classifier where required, but the heritage speakers were less accurate in selecting the appropriate classifier. There was a large range of abilities among the heritage speakers, and those with more Cantonese experience and a later age of arrival obtained higher scores. Originality: This study found both similarities and differences between heritage speakers and majority language speakers, and identified a potential trend of development in heritage speakers after age 10. Significance/Implications: This study showed that the classifier is acquired in heritage speakers, but its functional scope was narrowed to cover only grammatical function.
Inhibition of Mastermind-like 1 alleviates liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats
Authors: Zheng Shaoping , Chen Yixiong , Zheng Shaojiang , He Zhihui , Weng Zhihong 
Published: November 2018

Mastermind-like 1 (MAML1) functions in critical transcriptional coactivation in Notch and Wnt/β-catenin signal pathways, which participate in hepatic fibrosis. This study is aimed to reveal the potential role of MAML1 in liver fibrosis and identify its underlying mechanism. In present research, the enhanced expression of MAML1 was found in the fibrotic liver tissues in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats, and MAML1 expression increased gradually during the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) isolated from the normal rat. Further studies showed that blocking MAML1 expression efﬁciently decreased the expression of α-SMA and collagen I (Col1a1) in HSCs. Interestingly, MAML1 may modulate HSCs activation via interrupting both Notch and Wnt/β-catenin signal transductions, and the inhibition of MAML1 by a recombinant adeno-associated virus type 1 vector carrying shRNA targeting MAML1 alleviated CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. These findings suggest that the selective regulation of MAML1 expression may be a feasible therapeutic approach to reverse liver fibrosis. Impact statement Liver fibrosis is a common wound-healing response to all kinds of liver injuries. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation is the key event during liver fibrogenesis. Thus, the elucidation of mechanisms for regulating HSCs activation is helpful for identifying novel anti-fibrotic targets and strategies. MAML1, an important component of Notch signal, functions in critical transcriptional coactivation in the Notch and Wnt/β-catenin signal pathways. In the present study, we investigated the potential function of MAML1 during hepatic fibrogenesis in rats. Our results demonstrated that MAML1 participates in liver fibrosis through modulating HSCs activation via interrupting both the Notch and Wnt/β-catenin signal transductions. Additionally, the inhibition of MAML1 markedly attenuated CCl4-induced hepatic fibrogenesis in rats. Our results shed a light for the exploitation of a new therapeutic strategy for hepatic fibrosis via targeting MAML1.
An analysis of demographic and pregnancy outcome data to explain non-attendance for postpartum glucose testing in women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Castling Zora A , Farrell Tom 
Published: November 2018

Objectives To identify significant differences in the demographic and pregnancy factors for women with gestational diabetes mellitus who attended or failed to attend for postpartum glucose testing. Study design A database of 1052 patients with gestational diabetes mellitus was reviewed. The sample was divided into those who attended for postpartum glucose testing and those who did not. Demographic and obstetric outcomes for the two groups were compared. Results Seventy-four per cent of patients who did not attend for postpartum glucose testing were in the two most deprived quintiles. Smokers, unemployed, younger women, those of higher parity and those who did not breast feed were less likely to attend. Conclusions Failure to attend for postpartum glucose testing is associated with demographic factors reflective of deprivation. The opportunity to afford lifestyle changes and diabetes screening in these groups of women has been missed. Targeted patient education and accessible postpartum testing may improve compliance.
A novel FAS mutation with variable expressivity in a family with unicentric and idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease
Authors: Baker Turner S. , Gambino Kristyne J. , Schriefer Lawrence , Lim Jung-Yeon , Steinberg Karyn Meltz , Fajgenbaum David C. , Martín García-Sancho Alejandro , Byun Minji 
Published: November 2018

Key Points
FAS can be mutated in individuals diagnosed with unicentric and idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease. Defective lymphocyte apoptosis may be a pathological mechanism shared between Castleman disease and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome.