bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evaluation of word‐learning abilities in people with developmental language disorder: a scoping review
Authors: Jackson Emily , Leitão Suze , Claessen Mary , Boyes Mark 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe ability to learn new words is critical in the development of oral and written language, and significantly impacts engagement in social, academic and vocational situations. Many studies have evaluated the word‐learning process in people with developmental language disorder (DLD). However, methodologies for assessment are heterogeneous, creating difficulties in synthesizing findings and identifying gaps in the knowledge base.AimsTo scope systematically the literature and identify key methodological parameters considered in evaluations of word learning in people with DLD; and to identify gaps in the literature to guide further research in this area.Methods & ProceduresTwelve databases were searched and a total of 70 studies that met eligibility criteria were identified. The studies were evaluated according to key parameters that researchers varied in their word‐learning methodologies.Main contributionMost research has focused on word learning in the oral modality, and specifically in children with DLD. Fewer studies have explored word learning in adults and adolescents with DLD, and in the written modality. Depending on the research question and theoretical perspective driving the investigation, methodologies for assessing word learning considered a range of parameters, including words being learned, learning context and cues to support learning in the tasks.Conclusions & ImplicationsThis review aggregates a variety of methods used previously to assess word learning. Findings highlight the need for further research to explore areas such as: the learning of varied word types (e.g., adjectives and adverbs); learning in the written modality; and word learning (both oral and written) in adolescents and adults with DLD.
Oral vinorelbine plus cisplatin with concomitant radiotherapy as induction therapy for stage III non‐small cell lung cancer: Results of a single‐arm prospective cohort study
Authors: Hsu Ping‐Chih , Chang John Wen‐Chang , Wang Chun‐Chieh , Wu Chen‐Te , Lin Yu‐Ching , Wang Chih‐Liang , Lin Tin‐Yu , Li Shih‐Hong , Wu Yi‐Chen , Kuo Scott Chih‐Hsi , Yang Cheng‐Ta , Liu Chien‐Ying , Chen Chih‐Hung 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundConcurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) is an optimal recommended treatment for stage III non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Herein, we aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of oral vinorelbine plus cisplatin with concomitant radiotherapy for stage III NSCLC.MethodsThis prospective, open‐label, single‐arm, observational cohort study was performed between January 2010 and September 2016. Patients were treated with two cycles of chemotherapy with 60 mg/m2 intravenous cisplatin on day 1 and 50 mg/m2 oral vinorelbine on days 1, 8, and 15; radiotherapy was administered concurrently from day 1 when chemotherapy was initiated. A total dose of 66–70 Gy radiotherapy was delivered in daily fractions of 2 Gy for 6.5–7 consecutive weeks. The tumor response was assessed after completing concomitant treatment.ResultsA total of 58 patients were enrolled and analyzed; 31 patients had stage IIIA NSCLC and 27 had stage IIIB NSCLC. After induction CCRT, 31 patients achieved an objective response (complete response in one and partial response in 30; the response rate was 53.4%). The median progression‐free survival was 6.73 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.42–7.91), duration of response was 12.30 months (95% CI, 5.59–19.01), and overall survival was 24.83 months (95% CI, 19.26–30.21). No treatment‐related mortality was observed, and neutropenia was the most common grade 3 and 4 treatment‐related toxicity (11 patients; 18.9%).ConclusionsCCRT with the weekly regimen of oral vinorelbine plus triweekly cisplatin was effective and safe for stage III NSCLC.
Applications for deep learning in ecology
Authors: Christin Sylvain , Hervet Éric , Lecomte Nicolas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

A lot of hype has recently been generated around deep learning, a novel group of artificial intelligence approaches able to break accuracy records in pattern recognition. Over the course of just a few years, deep learning has revolutionized several research fields such as bioinformatics and medicine with its flexibility and ability to process large and complex datasets. As ecological datasets are becoming larger and more complex, we believe these methods can be useful to ecologists as well.

In this paper, we review existing implementations and show that deep learning has been used successfully to identify species, classify animal behaviour and estimate biodiversity in large datasets like camera‐trap images, audio recordings and videos. We demonstrate that deep learning can be beneficial to most ecological disciplines, including applied contexts, such as management and conservation.

We also identify common questions about how and when to use deep learning, such as what are the steps required to create a deep learning network, which tools are available to help, and what are the requirements in terms of data and computer power. We provide guidelines, recommendations and useful resources, including a reference flowchart to help ecologists get started with deep learning.

We argue that at a time when automatic monitoring of populations and ecosystems generates a vast amount of data that cannot be effectively processed by humans anymore, deep learning could become a powerful reference tool for ecologists.
External validation of the Simplified Mortality Score for the Intensive Care Unit (SMS‐ICU)
Authors: Granholm Anders , Perner Anders , Krag Mette , Marker Søren , Hjortrup Peter Buhl , Haase Nicolai , Holst Lars Broksø , Collet Marie Oxenbøll , Jensen Aksel Karl Georg , Møller Morten Hylander 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundThe Simplified Mortality Score for the Intensive Care Unit (SMS‐ICU) is a clinical prediction model, which estimates the risk of 90‐day mortality in acutely ill adult ICU patients using 7 readily available variables. We aimed to externally validate the SMS‐ICU and compare its discrimination with existing prediction models used with 90‐day mortality as the outcome.MethodsWe externally validated the SMS‐ICU using data from 3282 patients included in the Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis in the Intensive Care Unit trial, which randomised acutely ill adult ICU patients with risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding to prophylactic pantoprazole or placebo in 33 ICUs in Europe. We assessed discrimination, calibration and overall performance of the SMS‐ICU and compared discrimination with the commonly used and more complex SAPS II and SOFA scores.ResultsMortality at day 90 was 30.7%. The discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) for the SMS‐ICU was 0.67 (95% CI: 0.65‐0.69), as compared with 0.68 (95% CI: 0.66‐0.70, P = 0.35) for SAPS II and 0.63 (95% CI: 0.61‐0.65, P < 0.001) for the SOFA score. Calibration (intercept and slope) was 0.001 and 0.786, respectively, and Nagelkerke's R2 (overall performance) was 0.06. The proportions of missing data for the SMS‐ICU, SAPS II and SOFA scores were 0.2%, 8.5% and 6.8%, respectively.ConclusionsDiscrimination for 90‐day mortality of the SMS‐ICU in this cohort was poor, but similar to SAPS II and better than that of the SOFA score with markedly less missing data.
Identifying priority conservation areas for a recovering brown bear population in Greece using citizen science data
Authors: Bonnet‐Lebrun A.‐S. , Karamanlidis A. A. , de Gabriel Hernando M. , Renner I. , Gimenez O. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the processes related to wildlife recoveries is not only essential in solving human – wildlife conflicts, but also for identifying priority conservation areas and in turn, for effective conservation planning. We used data from a citizen science program to study spatial aspects of the demographic and genetic recovery of brown bears in Greece and to identify new areas for their conservation. We visually compared our data with an estimation of the past distribution of brown bears in Greece and used a point process approach to model habitat suitability. We then compared our results with the current distribution of brown bear records and with that of protected areas. Our results indicate that in the last 15 years bears may have increased their range by as much as 100%, by occupying mainly anthropogenic landscapes and areas with suitable habitat that are currently not legally protected, thus creating a new conservation reality for the species in Greece. This development dictates the re‐evaluation of the national management and conservation priorities for brown bears in Greece by focusing in establishing new protected areas that will safeguard their recovery. Our conservation approach is a swift and cheap way of identifying priority conservation areas, while gaining important insights on spatial aspects of population recovery. It will help prioritize conservation actions for brown bears in Greece and may serve as a model conservation approach to countries facing similar financial and logistic constraints in the monitoring of local biodiversity or facing challenges in managing rapid population recoveries. Our conservation approach appeared to be particularly suited to identifying priority areas for conservation in areas with recovering wildlife populations and may therefore be used as an ‘early‐warning’ conservation system.
Effect of host plant species of cotton whiteflyBemisia tabaciMiddle East‐Asia Minor 1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on the development, survival and reproduction of its predaceous ladybeetleSerangium japonicum(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Tian Mi , Pumhan Netnapa , Liu Tong‐Xian , Zhang Shi‐Ze 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe ladybeetleSerangium japonicumhas great potential to control the invasive pestBemisia tabaciGennadius Middle East‐Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) in China. However, whether and how the host plant species ofB. tabaciMEAM1 affectS. japonicumremains largely unexplored.The present study investigated the influence of five host plant species ofB. tabaciMEAM1, namely tobacco, cucumber, cotton, tomato and eggplant, on the pre‐imaginal development, survival of immature stages, adult weight, adult acquired rate and fecundity ofS. japonicumunder laboratory conditions.The results obtained indicate that the developmental time from first instar to adult eclosion inS. japonicumwas shortest when fed onB. tabaciMEAM1 reared on cotton and longest on cucumber. The survival rate of immature stages and the adult acquired rate were highest for cotton and tomato and lowest for tobacco. The fresh weight of adults and the number of eggs laid byS. japonicumwere highest for cucumber and lowest for tobacco. The egg hatch rate was lowest for tobacco and highest for tomato.These findings support suggest that host plant species should be factored into integrated pest management to maximize control efficiency when utilizingS. japonicumto controlB. tabaciMEAM1.
Measurement of extravascular lung water to diagnose severe reperfusion lung injury following pulmonary endarterectomy: a prospective cohort clinical validation study
Authors: Butchart A. G. , Zochios V. , Villar S. S. , Jones N. L. , Curry S. , Agrawal B. , Jenkins D. P. , Klein A. A. 
Published: July 2019

SummaryThe measurement of extravascular lung water is a relatively new technology which has not yet been well validated as a clinically useful tool. We studied its utility in patients undergoing pulmonary endarterectomy as they frequently suffer reperfusion lung injury and associated oedematous lungs. Such patients are therefore ideal for evaluating this new monitor. We performed a prospective observational cohort study during which extravascular lung water index measurements were taken before and immediately after surgery and postoperatively in intensive care. Data were analysed for 57 patients; 21 patients (37%) experienced severe reperfusion lung injury. The first extravascular lung water index measurement after cardiopulmonary bypass failed to predict severe reperfusion lung injury, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.59 (95%CI 0.44–0.74). On intensive care, extravascular lung water index correlated most strongly at 36 h, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.90 (95%CI 0.80–1.00). Peri‐operative extravascular lung water index is not a useful measure to predict severe reperfusion lung injury after pulmonary endarterectomy, however, it does allow monitoring and measurement during the postoperative period. This study implies that extravascular lung water index can be used to directly assess pulmonary fluid overload and that monitoring patients by measuring extravascular lung water index during their intensive care stay is useful and correlates with their clinical course. This may allow directed, pre‐empted therapy to attenuate the effects and improve patient outcomes and should prompt further studies.
4 The Phenomenology of Neighborhoods in the Early Historic Period of the Indian Subcontinent (3rd Century BCE – 4th Century CE)
Authors: Smith Monica L. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTNeighborhoods are places of social interdependence expressed in material forms of proximity represented by closely packed households, pathways, and open spaces. Archaeological remains provide the opportunity to analyze neighborhoods as the physical locale of urban residence that included daily routines of eating, sleeping, and self‐care; regular acquisition of provisions; and interactions with other people. However, the experiences of neighborhood interaction were not unique to the urban form. In the Indian subcontinent in the mid‐first millennium BCE, there were three configurations that brought people together into crowded physical and social spaces, each of which provided the opportunity for repeated, standardized, and routinized mutual interdependence: urban settlements, religious pilgrimage centers, and army encampments.
5 Bridging House to Neighborhood: The Social Dynamics of Space in Burkina Faso, West Africa
Authors: Dueppen Stephen 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTImportant aspects of the social, economic, and political lives of large villages, towns, and cities are spatially situated within neighborhoods. In ethnohistoric central West Africa, identities derived from multi‐family social “houses” with large membership frequently intersected neighborhood identities. Drawing from archaeological and ethnohistoric examples, this chapter explores how transformations in the nature of houses over time enabled the development of neighborhoods and wards in the region. At the long‐lived settlement of Kirikongo, Burkina Faso (ca. 100–1700 CE), changing house identities were fundamental to a major sociopolitical transformation from a hierarchically organized community to a more egalitarian one. The restructured and now larger settlement was integrated through the physical and social opening of houses to the greater community, including the establishment of crosscutting practices and institutions. The resulting community was rooted in equitable economic interdependence between houses and characterized by a presence of a stronger spatial identity at the settlement level. As these are also typical of ethnohistoric settlements with neighborhoods and wards, the Kirikongo case study provides an example of the potential pathways by which settlements may have successfully combined the strong identities of multi‐family houses into larger, spatially oriented units. In some cases, these changes may have been critical elements for the development of urbanism.
6 Gated Communities, Neighborhoods, and Modular Living at the Early Horizon Urban Center of Caylán, Peru
Authors: Chicoine David , Whitten Ashley 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the shift to enclosed forms of residence and modular living in the context of emerging urbanism during the Early Horizon in the Nepeña Valley, north‐central coast of Peru. During the local Nepeña phase (800–450 cal BCE), complex agrarian groups living in the lower portion of the coastal drainage interrupt constructions at ceremonial centers of the Chavín and Cupinisque religious traditions and relocate on the valley margins, most notably at Caylán (800–1 cal BCE). Regional data suggest that religio‐political turmoil and increased conflicts played a significant role in the nucleation of human groups. Indeed, the following Samanco phase (450–150 cal BCE) is associated with the construction of extensive defensive structures and the relocation of human populations. Architectural data point to the existence of more than 40 gated complexes at Caylán. Based on preliminary excavation data, those are interpreted as multifunctional residences. This paper offers an empirical case study to evaluate the usefulness and flexibility of the concept of neighborhood in the context of co‐resident gated communities. By examining the layout and planning of the Caylán settlement, and the architecture and spatial variability of its multifamily compounds, we consider potential forms of household, community, and neighborhood organizations. Based on excavation data and demographic estimations we explore the heuristic value of the concept of neighborhood to understand face‐to‐face interactions between members of the different gated communities. We suggest that those communities might be comparable to the house societies of anthropological literature. Regional data, meanwhile, suggest that groups merging at Caylán maintained hinterland connections including with agrarian and maritime communities.
7 The Mutable Neighborhoods of the Late Moche Period in the Jequetepeque Valley, Peru
Authors: Swenson Edward 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTAn investigation of Late Moche hamlets, hillside ceremonial sites, and large monumental centers in the Jequetepeque Valley (650–850 CE) reveals that neighborhood‐like groupings were tied to rural and kin‐based communities. However, the diversity of settlement types and the non‐fixed nature of Jequetepeque “neighborhoods” reveal that North Coast political landscapes defy reduction to an Asiatic mode of urbanism or related village‐state models. Instead, the distinctive neighborhood configurations are best explained in terms of historically specific religious and political ideologies. In contrast to the permanently occupied cities of Huacas de Moche and Pampa Grande, traditional neighborhoods, understood as spatially bounded social units, poorly describe the densely populated but pulsating political landscape of the Jequetepeque region. Nevertheless, the archaeological evidence indicates that intra‐settlement sociopolitical associations, transcending familial or household allegiances, were consciously maintained and materialized in specific settlements, even when occupation was ephemeral and seasonal. The construction of such (imagined) communities, both within and between different settlements of the Jequetepeque Valley, was determined in large part by rituals of commensality and the sharing of food with tutelaryhuacas.
9 Elements of Cahokian Neighborhoods
Authors: Betzenhauser Alleen , Pauketat Timothy R. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTAmerican Indian neighborhoods were very much under construction during the late‐eleventh century at Cahokia in the American Bottom region of southwestern Illinois. A social order that transcended pre‐Mississippian village life may now be defined based on large‐scale excavations at East St. Louis and Cahokia proper. Architectural patterns and craft production debris within the greater central complex indicate possible religious, if not political or ethnic, divisions that did not form organically. At least some of this architecture was built specifically for sheltering and engaging other animate beings. The central problems in this analysis are distinguishing residential neighborhoods from other kinds of occupational zones and human neighbors from other‐than‐human residents. To this end, we generate new measures of architectural diversity, density, and positioning to identify the elements of Cahokian neighborhoods and examine how they were created and reconfigured.
12 Pathways through the Archaeology of Neighborhoods
Authors: Wernke Steven A. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTFor such a ubiquitous urban form, neighborhoods have been subject of relatively sparse systematic archaeological scrutiny or theorization. This collection starts with first principles about social vectors of cooperation, and how neighborhoods emerge not only as durable manifestations of cooperation, but as human‐nonhuman assemblages for the production and dissolution of cooperation and community. Much as in the case of “community”, neighborhoods derive their social efficacy and ethos of belonging both through their seemingly irreducible affordances of quotidian interaction and through more or less self‐conscious rituals or habits of affiliation. These both produce and are products of the material remains of neighborhoods that archaeologists study. With this generative view of neighborhood materiality in mind, this essay surveys the landscape of the archaeology of communities, and seeks pathways through the theoretical and methodological challenges it poses, as presented in the contributions to this volume.
Histopathological spectrum of hypersensitivity pneumonitis with clinico‐radiologic correlation
Authors: Mitra Suvradeep , Dhooria Sahajal , Agarwal Ritesh , Das Ashim , Garg Mandeep , Bal Amanjit 
Published: July 2019

There is no consensus on the classification of the diagnostic certainty of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) based on the histopathological findings. This retrospective study aimed to describe the clinical and histopathological spectrum of HP. Herein, we also propose different grades of diagnostic certainty. Based on the histology, the cases were classified as: ‘definite HP’, ‘probable HP’, and ‘possible HP’. Of the 47 subjects screened, 30 cases of histologically diagnosed HP (mean age 48.4 years; 50% women) were included. The findings of cellular bronchiolitis, interstitial pneumonia, interstitial granuloma, isolated interstitial multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs), airspace granulomas, isolated airspace MNGCs, and organizing pneumonia were present in 96.7%, 80%, 46.7%, 50%, 10%, 63.3%, and 16.7% cases, respectively. Based on the various combinations of histopathological findings, the cases were classified as ‘definite’, ‘probable’, and ‘possible’ HP in 56.7%, 33.3%, and 10%, respectively. Chronic HP was diagnosed in 56.7% cases based on the presence of fibrosis on histopathology. The histopathological diagnosis of subacute or chronic HP did not corroborate with the disease duration, and 17.6% of the subjects with duration of symptoms of <6 months had evidence of fibrotic disease on histopathology.