bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moderate‐ to high‐intensity exercise does not modify cortical β‐amyloid in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Frederiksen Kristian S. , Madsen Karine , Andersen Birgitte B. , Beyer Nina , Garde Ellen , Høgh Peter , Waldemar Gunhild , Hasselbalch Steen G. , Law Ian 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIntroductionAnimal models of Alzheimer's disease show that exercise may modify β‐amyloid (Aβ) deposition. We examined the effect of a 16‐week exercise intervention on cortical Aβ in patients with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease.MethodsThirty‐six patients with Alzheimer's disease were randomized to either one hour of aerobic exercise three times weekly for 16 weeks or usual care. Pre and post intervention, 11Carbon‐Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography was carried out to assess cortical Aβ, and quantified using standardized uptake value rations (SUVRs).ResultsThe intervention showed no effect on follow‐up SUVRs in a covariance analysis with group allocation, baseline intervention SUVR, age, sex, and baseline Mini–Mental State Examination as predictors. Change in SUVRs did not correlate with changes in measures of physical or aerobic fitness.DiscussionThe present findings do not support an effect of exercise on Aβ. However, the relatively short intervention period may account for a lack of efficacy. Further studies should test earlier and longer interventions.
Regulation of inflammation by selenium and selenoproteins: impact on eicosanoid biosynthesis
Authors: Mattmiller S. A. , Carlson Bradley A. , Sordillo L. M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractUncontrolled inflammation is a contributing factor to many leading causes of human morbidity and mortality including atherosclerosis, cancer and diabetes. Se is an essential nutrient in the mammalian diet that has some anti-inflammatory properties and, at sufficient amounts in the diet, has been shown to be protective in various inflammatory-based disease models. More recently, Se has been shown to alter the expression of eicosanoids that orchestrate the initiation, magnitude and resolution of inflammation. Many of the health benefits of Se are thought to be due to antioxidant and redox-regulating properties of certain selenoproteins. The present review will discuss the existing evidence that supports the concept that optimal Se intake can mitigate dysfunctional inflammatory responses, in part, through the regulation of eicosanoid metabolism. The ability of selenoproteins to alter the biosynthesis of eicosanoids by reducing oxidative stress and/or by modifying redox-regulated signalling pathways also will be discussed. Based on the current literature, however, it is clear that more research is necessary to uncover the specific beneficial mechanisms behind the anti-inflammatory properties of selenoproteins and other Se metabolites, especially as related to eicosanoid biosynthesis. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in Se-mediated regulation of host inflammatory responses may lead to the development of dietary intervention strategies that take optimal advantage of its biological potency.
Reactive lysine content in commercially available pet foods
Authors: van Rooijen Charlotte , Bosch Guido , van der Poel Antonius F. B. , Wierenga Peter A. , Alexander Lucille , Hendriks Wouter H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe Maillard reaction can occur during processing of pet foods. During this reaction, the ε-amino group of lysine reacts with reducing sugars to become unavailable for metabolism. The aim of the present study was to determine the reactive lysine (RL; the remaining available lysine) to total lysine (TL) ratio of commercial pet foods and to evaluate whether RL levels meet minimal lysine requirements (MLR). Sixty-seven extruded, canned and pelleted commercially available dog and cat foods for growth and maintenance were analysed for proximate nutrient composition, TL and RL. RL was expressed on a metabolisable energy basis and compared with the MLR for maintenance and growth. In dog foods, average RL:TL ratios were 0·87 (se0·02) for extruded, 0·97 (se0·02) for canned and 0·85 (se0·01) for pelleted foods, with the lowest ratio of 0·77 in an extruded diet for growing dogs. In extruded and canned cat foods, the average ratio was 0·91 (se0·02) and 0·90 (se0·03), respectively, with the lowest ratio being 0·67 in an extruded diet for growing cats. Variation in the RL:TL ratio between and within processing type indicate that ingredients rather than processing might be the key factor influencing RL content in pet foods. Eight dry foods for growing dogs had RL contents between 96 and 138 % of MLR, indicating that RL has to be between 62 and 104 % digestible to meet the MLR. Considering the variability in RL digestibility, these foods could be at risk of not meeting the MLR for growing dogs. Ingredients and pet foods should be characterised with respect to the RL content and digestibility, to avoid limitations in the lysine supply to growing dogs.
Energy requirements for racing endurance sled dogs
Authors: Loftus John P. , Yazwinski Molly , Milizio Justin G. , Wakshlag Joseph J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEndurance sled dogs have unique dietary energy requirements. At present, there is disparity in the literature regarding energy expenditure and thus energy requirements of these dogs. We sought to further elucidate energy requirements for endurance sled dogs under field conditions. Three sled dog teams completing the 2011 Yukon Quest volunteered to provide diet history. Nutritional content was evaluated and a mock meal was analysed for each team. Race data were obtained fromwww.yukonquest.com. Dogs were weighed at the start of the race in Whitehorse Yukon (WH), a mid-way checkpoint in Dawson Yukon (DS) and at the finish in Fairbanks Alaska. Data are average value per dog or per dog per d. Linear regression compared average weight loss to average kcal/dog consumed daily. Diets and feeding regimes were similar for all three teams. The average daily energy intake and nutrient content was similar for all diets. During leg one (WH to DS), team 1 gained weight overall, whereas the other two teams experienced weight loss. Linear regression revealed 37 638 kJ/dog/d (8995 kcal/dog/d) was required for weight maintenance. During leg two (DS to Fairbanks Alaska), average weights decreased for all three teams. The extrapolated kcal requirement was approximately 57 734 kJ/dog/d (13 799 kcal/dog/d). The carbohydrate contents of these diets also suggest that presumed fat intake for endurance sled dogs may be slightly less than previously thought. Finally, these data support the concept that dietary energy requirements vary substantially with additional variables such as load pulled, terrain and ambient temperature.
Prediction of crude protein digestibility of animal by-product meals for dogs by the protein solubility in pepsin method
Authors: Kawauchi Iris M. , Sakomura Nilva K. , Pontieri Cristiana F. F. , Rebelato Aline , Putarov Thaila C. , Malheiros Euclides B. , Gomes Márcia de O. S. , Castrillo Carlos , Carciofi Aulus C. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAnimal by-product meals have large variability in crude protein (CP) content and digestibility. In vivo digestibility procedures are precise but laborious, and in vitro methods could be an alternative to evaluate and classify these ingredients. The present study reports prediction equations to estimate the CP digestibility of meat and bone meal (MBM) and poultry by-product meal (PM) using the protein solubility in pepsin method (PSP). Total tract CP digestibility of eight MBM and eight PM samples was determined in dogs by the substitution method. A basal diet was formulated for dog maintenance, and sixteen diets were produced by mixing 70 % of the basal diet and 30 % of each tested meal. Six dogs per diet were used to determine ingredient digestibility. In addition, PSP of the MBM and PM samples was determined using three pepsin concentrations: 0·02, 0·002 and 0·0002 %. The CP content of MBM and PM ranged from 39 to 46 % and 57 to 69 %, respectively, and their mean CP digestibility by dogs was 76 (2·4) and 85 (2·6) %, respectively. The pepsin concentration with higher Pearson correlation coefficients with the in vivo results were 0·0002 % for MBM (r 0·380; P = 0·008) and 0·02 % for PM (r 0·482; P = 0·005). The relationship between the in vivo and in vitro results was better explained by the following equations: CP digestibility of MBM = 61·7 + 0·2644 × PSP at 0·0002 % (P = 0·008; R2 0·126); and CP digestibility of PM = 54·1 + 0·3833 × PSP at 0·02 % (P = 0·005; R2 0·216). Although significant, the coefficients of determination were low, indicating that the models were weak and need to be used with caution.
Association of signalment parameters with activity of pet dogs
Authors: Michel Kathryn E. , Brown Dorothy C. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractActivity monitors are increasingly being used to quantify the activity of pet dogs. The aim of the present study was to investigate associations between signalment and activity of free-living pet dogs. Healthy pet dogs were recruited to wear an Actical activity monitor on their collars continuously for 2 weeks in their home environment. At least fifteen dogs were enrolled in each of the following weight ranges: <10, 10–20, 21–30, 31–40, >40 kg and their age, sex and reproductive status recorded. Each dog's intensity of activity for each minute of recording was classified using the total counts for that minute and our pre-established cut-points. The percentage of time dogs spent in sedentary, light or moderate/vigorous activity each day was calculated. Median total daily activity counts and median percentages of time dogs spent in activities of differing intensity were used for the analysis. Associations between signalment characteristics and activity parameters were evaluated with the Mann–Whitney test, the Kruskal–Wallis test and Spearman rank correlations. Ninety-eight dogs were enrolled with ≥17 dogs in each weight category. Time that dogs were sedentary correlated positively with age (r 0·50, uncorrected P < 0·001), while the median total daily activity count (r −0·47, uncorrected P < 0·001), time spent in light (r −0·46, uncorrected P < 0·001) and more vigorous activity (r −0·50, uncorrected P < 0·001) were negatively associated with age. No other significant associations between signalment and activity parameters were found. The lack of differences in activity across weight categories may reflect the impact of lifestyle negating any potential behavioural differences across breeds.
Glossina swynnertoni, Austen, in Relation to various Vegetation Types
Authors: Vicars-Harris N. H. 
Published: June 2019

The writer took over the Shinyanga fly-rounds in November 1934 from Mr. W. H. Potts, Senior Entomologist, under whose charge they had been since June 1932. The Maswa fly-rounds were not taken over until April 1935, when some of them had been in progress for a few months.The Shinyanga area, its climate, topography, game and vegetation, have been described by Mr. H. M. Lloyd (1935), by Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton (1923 and 1936), and by Mr. W. H. Potts in an hitherto unpublished paper, and no further general account is necessary. Table I gives in summarised form a synopsis of the seasons. The Maswa fly-belt lies to the east of the Shinyanga belt, separated from it by the Sukuma Cultivation Steppe, and was, until recently, part of the main G. swynnertoni belt that stretches from the bottom of the Serengeti Plains to Arusha and Moshi. As the result of reclamation measures carried out by the Tsetse Research Department during recent years, this belt has been severed from the main fly-belt, and the south-eastern section of this severed portion has again been cut off from the remainder by clearings. In this small isolated block of some 150 square miles an experiment in the exclusion of grass fires as a control measure against the tsetse was initiated in 1934, and fly-rounds were started in that area in order that a control might be kept on the progress of the experiment. Owing to administrative difficulties the experiment had to be discontinued in mid-1935, but the writer decided to continue the fly-rounds and to increase them by two additional rounds in the hopes of producing information, complementary and supplementary, to that from the Shinyanga rounds. The results of the fly-rounds from these two areas appear to throw light upon the vegetational preferences of G. swynnertoni and form the subject of this paper.
The Breeding Media of some common Flies
Authors: Thomsen Mathias , Hammer Ole 
Published: June 2019

When studying the biology of the house-fly or any other fly annoying to man and domestic animals with a view to practical control, it is obvious that a correct knowledge of the breeding-places of the species is perhaps the most important problem which the investigator has to solve. As to the common house-fly (Musca domestica, L.) it is generally held that this problem has been completely cleared up by several workers years ago, but recent observations in Denmark have convinced the writers that this is not the case. We have arrived at conclusions regarding the chief breeding-places of the house-fly differing from those generally found in text-books.Our work has not been limited to Musca domestica, for we have as far as possible studied the breeding-places of other flies occurring in houses or connected with domestic animals, first and foremost the stable-fly (Stomoxys calcitrans, L.). The knowledge of the biology of the stable-fly in Europe is surprisingly meagre, though the practical interest of this species as a tormentor of cattle and horses and a possible vector of infectious diseases is generally recognised.As our observations may be of some interest to workers in other countries we have collected them in this paper, which constitutes the third of a series containing the main results of our investigations into the fly problem started under the auspices of the Health Organisation of the League of Nations and the Danish Committee of Rural Hygiene and with the support of the Danish Ministry of Agriculture and several private funds.
A Method of testing Oils and other Chemical Agents for Killing Mosquito Larvae
Authors: Cauchi J. , Sellers W. , Bunkall J. D. 
Published: June 2019

In 1933, the late Dr. Drysdale Anderson made a series of laboratory experiments at Onitsha, Southern Nigeria, to study the mosquito larva-killing properties of a number of mineral oils and of some mixtures of these oils. For the experiments he used fresh fourth instar larvae of Anopheles costalis, Giles, which is the most common malaria-carrying species in Nigeria; these larvae he obtained from two temporary pools in the bush, which produced large numbers of larvae in wet weather but dried up after a period of 48 hours without rain.For his experiments Dr. Anderson used plates marked at a diameter of 19-5 cm. (giving a depth of fluid of 2-5 cm.) with 20 to 30 larvae for each plate and one observer for every 3 plates. An experiment consisted of an average of 200 larvae. The oil was applied by discharging 0·65 cc. from a pipette.It was suggested that confirmatory experiments in the field were required to check the results of these laboratory experiments. This led to the methods described below being devised by us for testing the efficiency of larvicides under conditions as nearly natural as practicable.To ensure comparability of results we dug our own breeding-pits, each approximately 2 feet by 2 feet square, on low-lying ground where the ground water is very near the surface. The pits were made of such a depth as to contain 8–12 inches of water and are kept under observation for breeding, and when this occurs its intensity is recorded by measuring out a definite number of dips taken along the four sides of the pit and by counting the larvae captured.For this “dipping” we made our own rectangular dishes of zinc sheeting with sloping sides 2 inches from rim to bottom, 9 inches by 5½ inches in area at rim level, and 8 inches by 4½ inches in area at the bottom. In practice, such dishes collect about 30 fluid ounces at each complete dip.
On the Relation ofPhlebotomus papatasiito the Temperature and Humidity of the Environment
Authors: Theodor Oskar 
Published: June 2019

The bionomics of sandflies (Phlebotomus: Psychodidae) have been studied mainly in relation to the diseases they transmit. Comparatively little experimental work has yet been undertaken on the physiology ofPhlebotomusin the laboratory. In the present paper experiments are described on the thermal limits ofPhlebotomus, on the influence of temperature and humidity on the length of life of adult sandflies and on the loss of water in larvae and pupae. The problem of loss of water in sandflies is of particular interest, since adjustment to a varying humidity under natural conditions appears to be an important factor in the transmission of diseases by these insects.For the study of sandflies in the laboratory an ample supply of insects raised under uniform conditions is required. In a previous publication (1934) a breeding method has been described which provides any desired number of sandflies. If overcrowding of the breeding pots is prevented the flies are relatively uniform.The species used in the experiments wasPhlebotomus papatasii, the common sandfly of the Mediterranean, which is the most suitable species for laboratory work; it is comparatively easy to breed and to handle and feeds readily in captivity. The sandflies used in the experiments were bred from females caught in October in Jerusalem. The pots containing the larvae were wrapped in moist cottonwool and survived the transport to London without any damage. The work was commenced, and parts of it completed, in the Department of Entomology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, where I held the Avebury Studentship. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the help received from Professor P. A. Buxton and the valuable collaboration of Mr. J. D. Gillett. The work was completed in Jerusalem.
The Problem of Black Scale (Chrysomphalus Ficus, Ashm.) in Palestine
Authors: Schweig C. , Grunberg A. 
Published: June 2019

The work which is described in this paper was undertaken owing to the conflicting results of standard fumigation practice in Palestine as it existed up to 1932, so that it became evident that the response of the Black Scale to Palestine conditions called for investigation.Owing to the difference in climate between the Northern Coastal Plain and the Jordan Valley a series of parallel investigations had to be initiated, with the interesting results which Dr. Schweig and Mr. Grunberg have set forth.There seems little doubt that the growers in the Jordan Valley will have to change from summer to winter fumigation and that in Acre Sub-District even if the double fumigation now under trial is not practicable (and there is no reason wh y it should not be) fumigation will have to be completed by the end of July—otherwise the fruit of the last fumigated groves will be infested before the gangs can reach them. With regard to biological control, this would be pf more value for keeping down the Black Scale population on alternative hosts, such as Eucalyptus groves and roadside trees. Negotiations for the importation of Comperiella bifasciata are in progress, and if this proves possible it will be given a trial in the Jordan Valley and the Coastal Plain.It is unfortunate that the pressure of other demands on the time of a small staff precluded the investigation of the behaviour of the Black Scale in Jaffa Sub-District, but general observations show that it tends to react more in the manner of the Jordan Valley race than of that of the Northern Coastal Plain.All the orange-groves between Jaffa and Haifa are heavily infested with Aonidiella aurantii, and it will be interesting to see, in view of the observations on mutual tolerance contained in this paper, whether Black Scale spreading from Jaffa will drive out the Red Scale or fail to make headway agaipst it.
The Bâle and Leyden Scholia to Thucydides
Authors: Powell J. Enoch 
Published: June 2019

The remarks I wish to make upon the Thucydides scholia in Bâle University MS. no. E III 4 will be clearer if prefaced by an outline history of the scholia to Thucydides in general.The editio princeps (Aldine, May 1502) contained no scholia. They made their first appearance in the following year as an appendix to the Aldine Gemistius and Herodian. The same scholia were then reprinted in the Juntine edition (Florence 1526) as a frame to the text. In the Hervagian edition of Camerarius (Bâle 1540) they were relegated to the end, and Camerarius claims in his prefatory epistle to have expended some trouble in emending them. Henceforward the same corpus of scholia, unchanged save for occasional emendation, passes on from edition to edition, either framing the text, as in Stephanus ([Geneva] 1564), or beneath it, as in Stephanus ([Geneva] 1588), Hudson (Oxford 1696), Duker (Amsterdam 1731), Gottleber-Bauer-Beck (Leipzig 1790–1804).
Textual and Linguistic Problems of the Book of Psalms
Authors: Driver G. R. 
Published: June 2019

The present article contains notes and discussions designed to discover the sense of or to obtain sense from a number of difficult passages in the Hebrew Psalter.12.8: אתה־יהןח תשמרם תצךנו. Only the Pesh. agree with the M. T. in its very difficult confusion of persons; the LXX and the Eth. Vs. both have the plural first person and the Targ. has the singular third person. As the first person comes in rather abruptly, the third person may be accepted; moreover, it involves the least alteration of the text, as תשמרם can then be taken as the remnant of an unmodernized תשמרמו ‘thou wilt keep him,’ since this suffix often has a singular sense. The antecedent is of course the man described as יפיח לו ‘him at whom one puffs' in v. 6, and the obscurity of this expression may be responsible for the half-hearted attempt to change the suffix from the third to the first person.
Some observations on inverse probability including a new indifference rule
Authors: Perks Wilfred 
Published: June 2019

‘If the first button is buttoned wrongly, the whole vest sits askew’The main object of this paper is to propound and discuss a new indifference rule for the prior probabilities in the theory of inverse probability. Being invariant in form on transformation, this new rule avoids the mathematical inconsistencies associated with the classical rule of ‘uniform distribution of ignorance’ and yields results which, particularly in certain critical extreme cases, do not appear to be unreasonable. Such a rule is, of course, a postulate and is not susceptible of proof; its object is to enable inverse probability to operate as a unified principle upon which methods may be devised of allowing a set of statistics to tell their complete and unbiased story about the parameters of the distribution law of the population from which they have been drawn, without the introduction of any knowledge beyond and extraneous to the statistics themselves. The forms appropriate for the prior probabilities in certain other circumstances are also discussed, including the important case where the unknown parameter is a probability, or proportion, for which it is desired to allow for prior bias. Before proceeding to the main purpose of the paper, however, it is convenient to provide some background to the subject. Reference is first made to certain modern writers to indicate how the problem with which inverse probability is concerned occupies a central place in the foundations of scientific method and in modern philosophy. In quoting from these writers I am not to be taken as suggesting that they necessarily support the inverse probability approach to the problem. The next section of the paper contains some brief comments on the direct statistical methods which have been devised in recent times to side-step induction and inverse probability, and this is followed by a few remarks on the various definitions of probability.