bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A guide on empirical tests of the EMH
Authors: Peón David , Antelo Manel , Calvo Anxo 
Published: March 2019

PurposeThe efficient market hypothesis (EMH) states that asset prices in financial markets always reflect all available information about economic fundamentals. The purpose of this paper is to provide a guide as to which predictions of the EMH seem to be borne out by empirical evidence.Design/methodology/approachRather than following the classic three groups of tests for the different forms of EMH that are common in the literature, the authors consider how the two alternative definitions of the EMH and the joint hypothesis problem impact on the tests and leave the controversy unsolved. The authors briefly report the antecedents, the main theoretical and empirical contributions and recent literature on each type of tests.FindingsEventually, as a summary for each type of tests, the authors provide a critical view on the main sources of acrimony between the alternative schools of thought in understanding asset price formation.Originality/valueThe paper may be seen as an up-to-date introductory review for researchers on the different tests of the EMH performed, and for newcomers to understand the key sources of acrimony between rationalists and behaviorists.
First‐line pemetrexed/carboplatin or cisplatin/bevacizumab compared with paclitaxel/carboplatin/bevacizumab in patients with advanced non‐squamous non‐small cell lung cancer with wild‐type driver genes: A real‐world study in China
Authors: Chang Qing , Zhang Yanwei , Xu Jianlin , Zhong Runbo , Qiang Huiping , Zhang Bo , Han Baohui , Qian Jialin , Chu Tianqing 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundThe study was conducted to compare the effectiveness and safety of pemetrexed/carboplatin or cisplatin/bevacizumab (PemPBev) and paclitaxel/carboplatin/bevacizumab (PacCBev) as first‐line therapy for advanced non‐squamous non‐small cell lung cancer (NS‐NSCLC) patients with wild‐type driver genes in a real‐world setting.MethodsWe retrospectively collected the medical records of advanced NS‐NSCLC patients with wild‐type driver genes administered first‐line PemPBev or PacCBev therapy at Shanghai Chest Hospital between January 2014 and June 2016, and analyzed the differences in survival outcomes, efficacy, and safety between PemPBev and PacCBev treatment.ResultsA total of 390 patients were included in our analysis: 249 in the PemPBev group and 141 in the PacCBev group. Patients administered PemPBev experienced significantly improved progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) compared to those administered PacCBev (PFS 7.5 vs. 6.2 months, hazard ratio [HR] 0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.53–0.84, P < 0.001; OS:18.6 vs. 16.0 months, HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.52–0.90, P = 0.002). The objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) were similar between the groups (ORR 21.7% vs. 30.5%, P = 0.053; DCR 69.1% vs. 67.4%, P = 0.728). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events between the groups (64.7% vs. 68.8%; P = 0.407), but the incidence of peripheral neuropathy in the PacCBev group was higher than in the PemPBev group (7.8% vs. 2.4%; P = 0.012).ConclusionOur study shows that for advanced NS‐NSCLC patients with wild‐type driver genes, first‐line PemPBev might be a better treatment option compared to PacCBev.
Adverse Reactions to Medications: Concept Analysis and Development of a New Risk Nursing Diagnosis
Authors: Monteiro Mantovani Vanessa , Moorhead Sue , de Abreu Almeida Miriam , Rabelo‐Silva Eneida Rejane 
Published: March 2019

PURPOSETo analyze the concept of adverse reaction to medications and to develop the new nursing diagnosis Risk for Adverse Reactions to Medications.METHODSConcept analysis using Walker and Avant's eight step method.FINDINGSThirty‐three articles indexed in four databases were included. The components of the new nursing diagnosis were determined, including possible nursing outcomes and interventions.CONCLUSIONSThe concept analysis supported the development of the new nursing diagnosis Risk for Adverse Reactions to Medications, which may help nurses to evaluate and identify patients susceptible to adverse reactions.IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICEThe establishment of this nursing diagnosis will provide nurses an opportunity to implement interventions to anticipate and effectively intervene with patients at risk for this condition.
Comparison of Pentax Airway Scope and Macintosh laryngoscope for orotracheal intubation in children: A randomised non‐inferiority trial
Authors: Yi In Kyong , Kwak Hyun Jeong , Kim Kyung Mi , Ahn Soo Hwan , Lee Sook Young , Kim Jong Yeop 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundPentax Airway Scope (AWS) is a recently developed videolaryngoscope for use in both normal and difficult airways, yet its use in paediatric patients has not been established. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the Pentax AWS regarding intubation time, laryngeal view and ease of intubation in paediatric patients with normal airway, compared to Macintosh laryngoscope.MethodA total of 136 paediatric patients aged 1‐10 with American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status I or II undergoing general anaesthesia were randomly allocated into two groups: Macintosh laryngoscope (n = 68) and Pentax Airway Scope (n = 68). Primary outcome was intubation time. Cormack‐Lehane laryngeal view grade, application of optimal laryngeal external manipulation, intubation difficulty scale, intubation failure rate and adverse events were also measured.ResultNo significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding intubation time (P = 0.713). As for the laryngeal view grade, the Pentax group resulted in lower graded cases compared to the Macintosh group (P = 0.000). No optimal laryngeal external manipulation application was required in the Pentax group. Intubation difficulty scale resulted in lower values for Pentax group (P = 0.001). Failure rate was not different between the two groups (P = 0.619). There were significantly more teeth injury cases in the Pentax group than Macintosh group (P = 0.042).ConclusionPentax Airway Scope provided similar intubation time and success rate, while improving laryngeal view, compared to Macintosh laryngoscopy in children with normal airway. When using Pentax AWS in children, however, the risk of teeth injury may increase.
Subdissociative‐dose Ketamine Is Effective for Treating Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Pain
Authors: Lumanauw Debryna D. , Youn Sylvia , Horeczko Timothy , Yadav Kabir , Tanen David A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundSubdissociative‐dose ketamine (SDDK) is used to treat acute pain. We sought to determine if SDDK is effective in relieving acute exacerbations of chronic pain.MethodsThis study was a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial conducted May 2017 to June 2018 at a public teaching hospital (ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT02920528). The primary endpoint was a 20‐mm decrease on a 100‐mm visual analog scale (VAS) at 60 minutes. Power analysis using three groups (0.5 mg/kg ketamine, 0.25 mg/kg ketamine, or placebo infused over 20 minutes) estimated that 96 subjects were needed for 90% power. Inclusion criteria included age > 18 years, chronic pain > 3 months, and acute exacerbation (VAS ≥ 70 mm). Pain, agitation, and sedation were assessed by VAS at baseline and 20, 40, and 60 minutes after initiation of study drug. Telephone follow‐up at 24 to 48 hours used a 10‐point numeric rating scale for pain.ResultsA total of 106 subjects were recruited, with three excluded for baseline pain < 70 mm. After randomization, 35 received 0.5 mg/kg ketamine, 36 received 0.25 mg/kg ketamine, and 35 received placebo. Three subjects receiving 0.5 mg/kg withdrew during the infusion due to adverse effects, and one subject in each group had incomplete data, leaving 97 for analysis. Initial pain scores (91.9 ± 8.9 mm), age (46.5 ± 12.6 years), sex distribution, and types of pain reported were similar. Primary endpoint analysis found that 25 of 30 (83%) improved with 0.5 mg/kg ketamine, 28 of 35 (80%) with 0.25 mg/kg ketamine, and 13 of 32 (41%) with placebo (p = 0.001). More adverse effects occurred in the ketamine groups with one subject in the 0.25 mg/kg group requiring a restraint code for agitation. A total of 89% of subjects were contacted at 24 to 48 hours, and no difference in pain level was detected between groups.ConclusionKetamine infusions at both 0.5 and 0.25 mg/kg over 20 minutes were effective in treating acute exacerbations of chronic pain but resulted in more adverse effects compared to placebo. Ketamine did not demonstrate longer‐term pain control over the next 24 to 48 hours.
POST‐CHOLEDOCHOENTEROSTOMY ‘SUMP SYNDROME’
Authors: MIROS MICHAEL , KERLIN PAUL , STRONG RUSSELL , HARTLEY LIONEL , DICKEY DEREK 
Published: March 2019

The ‘sump syndrome’ is an uncommon, late complication of a side‐to‐side choledochoenterostomy. Five patients with this syndrome were encountered over a 5‐year period. Pain or cholangitis was the clinical presentation in four patients, whereas one patient presented with secondary septic arthritis and a hepatic abscess. Liver function tests were mildly abnormal in each patient. All patients had a stomal size of less than 1 cm as assessed by forward‐ or side‐viewing endoscopy. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography revealed either stones or debris in the distal common bile ducts of all patients. Four patients had a surgical clearance of their duct with concurrent closure of the choledochojejunostomy in three patients and the creation of a Rouxen‐Y end‐to‐side choledochojejunostomy in the fourth patient. The other patient had an endoscopic sphincterotomy performed. After 1–4 years of follow‐up, four patients have had a total resolution of symptoms. The other patient with follow‐up for 4 years has had one episode of cholangitis which resolved rapidly with antibiotic treatment.The pathogenesis and clinical spectrum of the sump syndrome are reviewed and current management strategies are discussed.
USE OF DESMOPRESSIN IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ASPIRIN‐RELATED AND INTRACTABLE HAEMORRHAGE AFTER CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS
Authors: CHARD R. B. , KAM C. A. , NUNN G. R. , JOHNSON D. C. , MELDRUM-HANNA W. 
Published: March 2019

Desmopressin (DDAVP) has been used both prophylactically and therapeutically in the management of excessive bleeding after cardiopulmonary bypass. A series of four consecutive cases is presented in which DDAVP was used to treat excessive bleeding, associated with aspirin antiplatelet therapy in three cases and after all other measures had failed in one. The therapeutic use of DDAVP in aspirin‐related bleeding after bypass has not been reported previously. There was no measured haemodynamic effect of the regimen used. Bleeding ceased promptly after administration of DDAVP in all cases. No morbidity was observed in any of the patients. The indications for use of DDAVP and postulated mechanisms of action are discussed.
Delivery outcome after trial of labor in nulliparous women 40 years or older—A nationwide population‐based study
Authors: Ankarcrona Victoria , Altman Daniel , Wikström Anna‐Karin , Jacobsson Bo , Brismar Wendel Sophia 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe number of women postponing childbirth until an advanced age is increasing. Our aim was to study the outcome of labor in nulliparous women ≥40 years, compared with women 25‐29 years, after both spontaneous onset and induction of labor.Material and methodsThe nationwide population‐based Swedish Medical Birth Register was used to study the perinatal outcome in nulliparous women with a singleton, term (gestational weeks 37‐44), live fetus in cephalic presentation and a planned vaginal delivery from 1992 to 2011. We included 7796 nulliparous women ≥40 years and 264 262 nulliparous women 25‐29 years. Prevalence and risk of intrapartum cesarean section, operative vaginal delivery, obstetric anal sphincter injury and a 5‐minute Apgar score <7 were calculated for women ≥40 years stratified for spontaneous onset and induction of labor, using women 25‐29 years as the reference in both strata. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated by unconditional logistic regression and presented with 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsOverall, 79% of women ≥40 years with a trial of labor reached a vaginal delivery. After spontaneous onset, intrapartum cesarean section was performed in 15.4% of women ≥40 years compared with 5.4% of women 25‐29 years (aOR 3.07, 95% CI 2.81‐3.35). Operative vaginal delivery was performed in 22.3% of women ≥40 years compared with 14.2% of women 25‐29 years (aOR 1.71, 95% CI 1.59‐1.85). After induction of labor, an intrapartum cesarean section was performed in 37.2% women ≥40 years compared with 20.2% women 25‐29 years (aOR 2.51, 95% CI 2.24‐2.81). Operative vaginal delivery was performed in 22.6% of women ≥40 years compared with 18.4% women 25‐29 years (aOR 1.45, 95% CI 1.28‐1.65). The risk of obstetric anal sphincter injury or a 5‐minute Apgar score <7 was not increased in women ≥40 years, regardless of onset of labor.ConclusionsTrial of labor ended in vaginal delivery in 79% of nulliparous women ≥40 years. The risks of intrapartum cesarean section and operative vaginal delivery were higher in women ≥40 years compared with women 25‐29 years, after both spontaneous onset and induction of labor. The risk of obstetric anal sphincter injury or a 5‐minute Apgar score <7 was not increased.
Long‐term prevention of capsular opacification after lens‐refilling surgery in a rabbit model
Authors: van Kooten Theo G. , Koopmans Steven A. , Terwee Thom , Langner Sönke , Stachs Oliver , Guthoff Rudolf F. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPurposeTo reduce capsular opacification by a peri‐surgical treatment of the lens capsule with drugs in an in vivo rabbit model. Lens‐refilling surgery is a potential therapeutic intervention to treat patients with a cataract lens. The lens material is replaced with an injectable (bio)polymer that retains the natural mechanical and optical lens properties, therewith allowing accommodation. The occurrence of capsular opacification mediated by lens epithelial cells negatively affects accommodation and vision and should be avoided in this lens restoration approach.MethodsAn in vivo rabbit animal model was used with lens replacement with a silicone‐based gel‐like polymer and concurrent treatment of the lens epithelium with drugs. A case‐study approach was applied as both drug combinations and implantation times were varied. The following drugs were investigated for their potential to prevent capsular opacification long‐term: actinomycin D, methotrexate, paclitaxel and Tween‐20. All were administered in a hyaluronic acid vehicle. The rabbits were clinically followed for periods up to 4 years postimplantation. Eyes, corneas and lenses were analysed post‐mortem using MRI and confocal microscopy.ResultsTreatment combinations containing actinomycin D generally led to the least appearance of capsular fibrosis. The use of Tween‐20 or paclitaxel without actinomycin D resulted in much earlier and pronounced fibrotic responses. The aspect of capsular opacification was highly variable in individual animals. Application of the drugs in a hyaluronic acid vehicle appeared to be a safe method that spared the corneal endothelium.ConclusionThe feasibility of long‐term prevention of fibrosis over a period of more than 4 years has been demonstrated in lens refilling in the rabbit model.
The Influence of Offender Race, Risk Level, and Participant Emotion on Juvenile Probation Case Judgments
Authors: Petty Taylor , Wiener Richard L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractResearch has consistently demonstrated minority youth are treated unfairly within the juvenile justice system, yet little research has explored the psychology of juvenile probation judgments and the ways they contribute to disparate treatment. This article reports on two experiments that explored the influence of participant fear on juvenile probation judgments by varying the offender's race (Black or White) and risk information across two studies which invoked fear, anger or no emotion in participants. In Study 1, fearful participants who received no risk information were more likely to recommend a control‐oriented supervision approach for a Black offender, but not a White offender. Fearful participants who received moderate risk information were not influenced by the offender's race. Study 2 increased the amount of risk information (Low, Moderate, High), such that all participants received some risk information. Participants relied on the risk information to make their decisions, and we found no biasing race or emotion effects.
Apelin peptides linked to anti‐serum albumin domain antibodies retain affinity in vitro and are efficacious receptor agonists in vivo
Authors: Read Cai , Yang Peiran , Kuc Rhoda E. , Nyimanu Duuamene , Williams Thomas L. , Glen Robert C. , Holt Lucy J. , Arulanantham Haren , Smart Andrew , Davenport Anthony P. , Maguire Janet J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe apelin receptor is a potential target in the treatment of heart failure and pulmonary arterial hypertension where levels of endogenous apelin peptides are reduced but significant receptor levels remain. Our aim was to characterise the pharmacology of a modified peptide agonist, MM202, designed to have high affinity for the apelin receptor and resistance to peptidase degradation and linked to an anti‐serum albumin domain antibody (AlbudAb) to extend half‐life in the blood. In competition, binding experiments in human heart MM202‐AlbudAb (pKi = 9.39 ± 0.09) bound with similar high affinity as the endogenous peptides [Pyr1]apelin‐13 (pKi = 8.83 ± 0.06) and apelin‐17 (pKi = 9.57 ± 0.08). [Pyr1]apelin‐13 was tenfold more potent in the cAMP (pD2 = 9.52 ± 0.05) compared to the β‐arrestin (pD2 = 8.53 ± 0.03) assay, whereas apelin‐17 (pD2 = 10.31 ± 0.28; pD2 = 10.15 ± 0.13, respectively) and MM202‐AlbudAb (pD2 = 9.15 ± 0.12; pD2 = 9.26 ± 0.03, respectively) were equipotent in both assays, with MM202‐AlbudAb tenfold less potent than apelin‐17. MM202‐AlbudAb bound to immobilised human serum albumin with high affinity (pKD = 9.02). In anaesthetised, male Sprague Dawley rats, MM202‐AlbudAb (5 nmol, n = 15) significantly reduced left ventricular systolic pressure by 6.61 ± 1.46 mm Hg and systolic arterial pressure by 14.12 ± 3.35 mm Hg and significantly increased cardiac contractility by 533 ± 170 mm Hg/s, cardiac output by 1277 ± 190 RVU/min, stroke volume by 3.09 ± 0.47 RVU and heart rate by 4.64 ± 2.24 bpm. This study demonstrates that conjugating an apelin mimetic peptide to the AlbudAb structure retains receptor and in vivo activity and may be a new strategy for development of apelin peptides as therapeutic agents.
Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the endoscopic endonasal sinus and skull base surgery questionnaire (EES‐Q) in a prospective cohort study
Authors: ten Dam Ellen , Korsten‐Meijer Astrid G.W. , Hoving Eelco W. , Kuijlen Jos M. , van der Laan Bernard F.A.M. , Feijen Robert A. , Krabbe Paul F.M. 
Published: March 2019

ObjectivesThe patients' perspective on health has become increasingly important when assessing treatment outcomes. Recently, the Endoscopic Endonasal Sinus and Skull Base Surgery Questionnaire (EES‐Q) was developed to determine the impact of endoscopic endonasal surgery on health‐related quality of life (HRQoL). The aim of this study was to evaluate the test‐retest reliability, construct validity and responsiveness of the EES‐Q.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingUniversity Medical Center Groningen, tertiary referral hospital, the Netherlands.ParticipantsOne hundred patients who underwent endoscopic endonasal surgery because of sinus or anterior skull base pathology.Main outcome measuresTest‐retest reliability, construct validity and responsiveness.ResultsThe EES‐Q domains exhibited good test‐retest reliability (ICC > 0.90). Construct validity was corroborated by significant positive and negative correlations between the EES‐Q and the Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test‐22 (SNOT‐22) and postoperative health status (P < 0.01) respectively. The correlation between the social EES‐Q domain and the ability to move and perform usual activities (EuroQol‐5D‐3L [EQ‐5D‐3L]) was significant positive (P < 0.01). In patients with paranasal sinus pathology, the EES‐Q was responsive to clinical change (Cohen's d = 0.6).ConclusionThe EES‐Q is a reliable and acceptable responsive disease‐specific HRQoL instrument. The expected construct validity of the EES‐Q is supported by the results in this study. Inconveniences in social functioning had the greatest negative impact on postoperative health status rating. This reflects the importance of a multidimensional HRQoL assessment after EES. The results indicate that the EES‐Q is a promising disease‐specific tool for the HRQoL assessment after endoscopic endonasal sinus or anterior skull base surgery.
A hierarchical recurrent approach to predict scene graphs from a visual‐attention‐oriented perspective
Authors: Gao Wenjing , Zhu Yonghua , Zhang Wenjun , Zhang Ke , Gao Honghao 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA scene graph provides a powerful intermediate knowledge structure for various visual tasks, including semantic image retrieval, image captioning, and visual question answering. In this paper, the task of predicting a scene graph for an image is formulated as two connected problems, ie, recognizing the relationship triplets, structured as <subject‐predicate‐object>, and constructing the scene graph from the recognized relationship triplets. For relationship triplet recognition, we develop a novel hierarchical recurrent neural network with visual attention mechanism. This model is composed of two attention‐based recurrent neural networks in a hierarchical organization. The first network generates a topic vector for each relationship triplet, whereas the second network predicts each word in that relationship triplet given the topic vector. This approach successfully captures the compositional structure and contextual dependency of an image and the relationship triplets describing its scene. For scene graph construction, an entity localization approach to determine the graph structure is presented with the assistance of available attention information. Then, the procedures for automatically converting the generated relationship triplets into a scene graph are clarified through an algorithm. Extensive experimental results on two widely used data sets verify the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Inner entanglements: Narrowing the search in classical planning by problem reformulation
Authors: Chrpa Lukáš , Vallati Mauro , McCluskey Thomas Leo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn the field of automated planning, the central research focus is on domain‐independent planning engines that accept planning tasks (domain models and problem descriptions) in a description language, such as Planning Domain Definition Language, and return solution plans. The performance of planning engines can be improved by gathering additional knowledge about specific planning domain models/tasks (such as control rules) that can narrow the search for a solution plan. Such knowledge is often learned from training plans and solutions of simple tasks. Using techniques to reformulate the given planning task to incorporate additional knowledge, while keeping to the same input language, allows to exploit off‐the‐shelf planning engines. In this paper, we present inner entanglements that are relations between pairs of operators and predicates that represent the exclusivity of predicate achievement or requirement between the given operators. Inner entanglements can be encoded into a planner's input language by transforming the original planning task; hence, planning engines can exploit them. The contribution of this paper is to provide an in‐depth analysis and evaluation of inner entanglements, covering theoretical aspects such as complexity results, and an extensive empirical study using International Planning Competition benchmarks and state‐of‐the‐art planning engines.