bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A bi‐level model to optimize road networks for a mixture of manual and automated driving: An evolutionary local search algorithm
Authors: Madadi Bahman , van Nes Rob , Snelder Maaike , van Arem Bart 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis paper presents a bi‐level model to optimize automated‐vehicle‐friendly subnetworks in urban road networks and an efficient algorithm to solve the model, which is relevant for the transition period with vehicles of different automation levels. We formulate the problem as a network design problem, define solution requirements, present an effective solution method that meets those requirements, and compare its performance with two other solution algorithms. Numerical examples for network of Delft are presented to demonstrate the concept and solution algorithm performances. Results indicate that our proposed solution outperforms competing ones in all criteria considered. Furthermore, our findings show that the optimal configuration of these subnetworks depends on the level of demand; lower penetration rates of automated vehicles call for less dense subnetworks, and thereby less investments. Nonetheless, a large proportion of benefits are already achievable with low‐density subnetworks. Denser subnetworks can deliver higher benefits with higher penetration rates.
Mycobiont contribution to tundra plant acquisition of permafrost‐derived nitrogen
Authors: Hewitt Rebecca E. , DeVan M. Rae , Lagutina Irina V. , Genet Helene , McGuire A. David , Taylor D. Lee , Mack Michelle C. 
Published: October 2019

Summary

As Arctic soils warm, thawed permafrost releases nitrogen (N) that could stimulate plant productivity and thus offset soil carbon losses from tundra ecosystems. Although mycorrhizal fungi could facilitate plant access to permafrost‐derived N, their exploration capacity beyond host plant root systems into deep, cold active layer soils adjacent to the permafrost table is unknown.

We characterized root‐associated fungi (RAF) that colonized ericoid (ERM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) shrub roots and occurred below the maximum rooting depth in permafrost thaw‐front soil in tussock and shrub tundra communities. We explored the relationships between root and thaw front fungal composition and plant uptake of a 15N tracer applied at the permafrost boundary.

We show that ERM and ECM shrubs associate with RAF at the thaw front providing evidence for potential mycelial connectivity between roots and the permafrost boundary. Among shrubs and tundra communities, RAF connectivity to the thaw boundary was ubiquitous. The occurrence of particular RAF in both roots and thaw front soil was positively correlated with 15N recovered in shrub biomass

Taxon‐specific RAF associations could be a mechanism for the vertical redistribution of deep, permafrost‐derived nutrients, which may alleviate N limitation and stimulate productivity in warming tundra.
Opioid‐sparing effects of 10 kHz spinal cord stimulation: a review of clinical evidence
Authors: Al‐Kaisy Adnan , Van Buyten Jean‐Pierre , Amirdelfan Kasra , Gliner Bradford , Caraway David , Subbaroyan Jeyakumar , Rotte Anand , Kapural Leonardo 
Published: October 2019

AbstractChronic pain is a common condition that affects the physical, emotional, and mental well‐being of patients and can significantly diminish their quality of life. Due to growing concerns about the substantial risks of long‐term opioid use, both governmental agencies and professional societies have recommended prioritizing the use of nonpharmacologic treatments, when suitable, in order to reduce or eliminate the need for opioid use. The use of 10 kHz spinal cord stimulation (10 kHz SCS) is one such nonpharmacologic alternative for the treatment of chronic, intractable pain of the trunk and limbs. This review examines published clinical data regarding the efficacy of 10 kHz SCS for decreasing chronic pain in patients and its potential to reduce or eliminate opioid usage. Multiple prospective and retrospective studies in patients with intractable pain demonstrated that 10 kHz SCS treatment provided ≥50% pain relief in >70% patients after at least 1 year of treatment. Pain relief with 10 kHz SCS therapy ranged from 54% to 87% in the studies. More importantly, the mean daily dose of opioids required by patients in these studies was reduced after 10 kHz SCS treatment, and on average over 60% patients in studies either reduced or eliminated opioids at the last follow‐up.
Tempestite facies variability and storm‐depositional processes across a wide ramp: Towards a polygenetic model for hummocky cross‐stratification
Authors: Jelby Mads E. , Grundvåg Sten‐Andreas , Helland‐Hansen William , Olaussen Snorre , Stemmerik Lars 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe hydrodynamic mechanisms responsible for the genesis and facies variability of shallow‐marine sandstone storm deposits (tempestites) have been intensely debated, with particular focus on hummocky cross‐stratification. Despite being ubiquitously utilized as diagnostic elements of high‐energy storm events, the full formative process spectrum of tempestites and hummocky cross‐stratification is still to be determined. In this study, detailed sedimentological investigations of more than 950 discrete tempestites within the Lower Cretaceous Rurikfjellet Formation on Spitsbergen, Svalbard, shed new light on the formation and environmental significance of hummocky cross‐stratification, and provide a reference for evaluation of tempestite facies models. Three generic types of tempestites are recognized, representing deposition from: (i) relatively steady and (ii) highly unsteady storm‐wave‐generated oscillatory flows or oscillatory‐dominated combined‐flows; and (iii) various storm‐wave‐modified hyperpycnal flows (including waxing–waning flows) generated directly from plunging rivers. A low‐gradient ramp physiography enhanced both distally progressive deceleration of the hyperpycnal flows and the spatial extent and relative magnitude of wave‐added turbulence. Sandstone beds display a wide range of simple and complex configurations of hummocky cross‐stratification. Features include ripple cross‐lamination and ‘compound’ stratification, soft‐sediment deformation structures, local shifts to quasi‐planar lamination, double draping, metre‐scale channelized bed architectures, gravel‐rich intervals, inverse‐to‐normal grading, and vertical alternation of sedimentary structures. A polygenetic model is presented to account for the various configurations of hummocky cross‐stratification that may commonly be produced during storms by wave oscillations, hyperpycnal flows and downwelling flows. Inherent storm‐wave unsteadiness probably facilitates the generation of a wide range of hummocky cross‐stratification configurations due to: (i) changes in near‐bed oscillatory shear stresses related to passing wave groups or tidal water‐level variations; (ii) multidirectional combined‐flows related to polymodal and time‐varying orientations of wave oscillations; and (iii) syndepositional liquefaction related to cyclic wave stress. Previous proximal–distal tempestite facies models may only be applicable to relatively high‐gradient shelves, and new models are necessary for low‐gradient settings.
The impact of recurrent cytomegalovirus infection on long‐term survival in solid organ transplant recipients
Authors: Gardiner Bradley J. , Chow Jennifer K. , Brilleman Samuel L. , Peleg Anton Y. , Snydman David R. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundCytomegalovirus (CMV) remains a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality following solid organ transplantation (SOT). While recurrent infection occurs in up to 30% of patients, its impact on mortality is unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between recurrent CMV infection and long‐term survival in SOT recipients.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study of SOT recipients who completed treatment for an episode of CMV infection. Patients were followed until death, loss to follow‐up or 10 years following CMV treatment completion. Univariable and multivariable hazard ratios (HR) were calculated, treating relapse and rejection following CMV as time‐varying.ResultsAbout 79 kidney, 52 heart, 34 liver, and 5 liver‐kidney transplant recipients were included. About 62/170 died, at a median of 3.8 years (IQR 0.8‐6.6 years). Median follow‐up among the 108 survivors was 7.4 years (IQR 3.7‐10 years). Recurrent CMV infection occurred in 49/170 (29%), 67% within 6 months of treatment completion. Mortality among those who relapsed was 39% (19/49) vs 36% (43/121) in those who remained relapse‐free (unadjusted HR 1.59, 95% CI 0.92‐2.75, P = .10). After adjusting for age and transplanted organ, findings were similar (HR 1.68, 95% CI 0.93‐3.04, P = .09).ConclusionsMortality following CMV remains high even in the valganciclovir era. Although our findings suggest a possible increased risk of death among patients with recurrent CMV, these did not reach statistical significance. The complex nature of these patients, multiple potential confounders, and limited statistical power made detection of small effects difficult. Larger prospective studies evaluating the clinical impact of strategies to reduce recurrence are needed.
Las cláusulas abusivas en el contrato de seguro: El camino emprendido para consolidar su debida identificación e interpretación en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano
Authors: Montenegro Molina Nathalia Andrea , Coronado Sabogal Diego Alejandro 
Published: October 2019

Bajo la categorización del contrato de seguro como un contrato de adhesión o tipo, se ha desatado un extenso análisis jurídico alrededor del equilibrio y desequilibrio contractual, la dinámica negocial y la posición económica de cada una de las partes, pues debido a su particular naturaleza y desarrollo de comercialización masiva, han sido el contexto propicio para la inserción de las denominadas cláusulas abusivas.
Motivados por este contexto, el ensayo ausculta los elementos que influyen en la identificación y posterior declaración de una cláusula como abusiva, al igual que explora su interpretación en el contrato de seguro en Colombia. Lo anterior, bajo el entendido que la normativa vigente y, en gran parte, la jurisprudencia, han acogido una postura clásica sobre la posición dominante que ostenta el asegurador, desconociendo situaciones en donde es precisamente la parte contraria quien impone condiciones por sus caracteristicas económicas.
En consecuencia, para llevar a cabo el mencionado examen propositivo, los autores realizan una breve reseña histórica sobre el surgimiento de lo que se ha considerado como cláusulas abusivas alrededor del mundo, así como la descripción del marco regulatorio vigente sobre las mismas en la República de Colombia. Posteriormente, se ocupa el texto de dilucidar la evolución de la jurisprudencia nacional hacia la construcción del concepto de cláusulas abusivas, los criterios de identificación de las mismas y su alcance en los pronunciamientos relacionados con el contrato de seguro.
La obligación de dar aviso oportuno del siniestro a la aseguradora en el seguro de responsabilidad civil
Authors: Álvarez Pérez Andrés Orión 
Published: October 2019

Establecen los diferentes ordenamientos jurídicos objeto de análisis comparativo, en términos generales, la obligación del asegurado de dar aviso oportuno a la aseguradora sobre la ocurrencia del siniestro. A renglón seguido, se establece la forma en que la Compañía puede deducir los perjuicios que se le causen por el incumplimiento de dicha obligación, carga o deber, en cada caso particular.
Se pretende entonces hacer un análisis crítico de la norma, profundizando más en el caso Colombiano, pero trayendo la normatividad de países como España, México, Bolivia, Argentina, y Brasil, para hacer una propuesta final, dadas las verdaderas implicaciones actuariales, presupuestales, de cálculo de prima, de asunción del riesgo, y demás circunstancias que analizaremos al respecto, para que la norma en realidad tenga fuerza coercitiva y vinculante, y objetivamente genere la atención y el cumplimiento en cabeza de los asegurados.
El seguro de desgravamen hipotecario: aspectos esenciales y función social
Authors: Claros Soria Nora Andreina 
Published: October 2019

La aparición de los seguros lleva implícita una función social traducida en la transferencia del riesgo a una entidad especializada, para que, ante una eventual afectación al patrimonio, a la integridad, a la salud o a la vida de una persona, se pueda otorgar al contratante o asegurado o a quien, revista la calidad de beneficiario, la prestación convenida. De esta forma el asegurado no deberá asumir con su propio patrimonio, los daños o el costo implicados en la ocurrencia del riesgo.

Muchos asegurados y en si los directos afectados, al contratar un Seguro de Desgravamen Hipotecario no prestan verdadera atención, ni otorgan la debida importancia a esta modalidad de seguro, que no tiene otra finalidad más que la protección del beneficiario real de la cobertura que otorga el seguro. El beneficiario debe ser entendido no como la entidad financiera que genera la fuente de repago del crédito otorgado, sino como la familia, que indistintamente de perder o ver disminuido en sus capacidades, a quien fungía como cabeza del ingreso económico del hogar, pueda quedarse tranquila y con el bien hipotecado liberado, frente al deceso ocurrido o la incapacidad presentada, en el titular del crédito.
Examining the Reliability of the Landing Error Scoring System With Raters Using the Standardized Instructions and Scoring Sheet
Authors: Everard Eoin , Lyons Mark , Harrison Andrew J. 
Published: October 2019

Context: Dynamic movement-based screens, such as the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS), are becoming more widely used in research and practical settings. Currently, 3 studies have examined the reliability of the LESS. These studies have reported good interrater and intrarater reliability. However, all 3 studies involved raters, who were founders of the LESS. Therefore, it is unclear whether the reliability reported reflects that which would be observed with practitioners without such specialized and intimate knowledge of the screen and only using the standardized set of instructions. Objective: To investigate the interrater and intrarater reliability of the final score and the individual scoring criteria of the LESS. Design: Reliability protocol. Setting: Controlled laboratory. Participants: Two raters scored 30 male participants (age = 21.8 [3.9] y; height = 1.75 [0.46] m; mass = 75.5 [6.6] kg) involved in a variety of college sports. Main Outcome Measure: Two raters using only the standardized scoring sheet assessed the interrater reliability of the total score and individual scoring criteria independently of each other. The principal author scored the videos again 6 weeks later for the intrarater reliability component of the study. Intervention: Participants performed a drop box landing from a 30-cm box was recorded with a video camera from the front and side views. Results: The intraclass coefficients interrater and intrarater reliability for the total scores were excellent (intraclass coefficients range = .95 and .96; SEM = 1.01 and 1.02). The individual scoring criteria of the LESS had between moderate and perfect agreement using kappa statistics (κ = .41–1.0). Conclusion: The final score and individual scoring criteria of the LESS have acceptable reliability with raters using the standardized scoring sheet. Practitioners using only the standardized scoring sheet should feel confident that the LESS is a reliable tool.
Patterns of Objectively and Self-Reported Sedentary Behavior in Children and Adolescents Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: The PositHIVe Health Study
Authors: da Costa Bruno G.G. , da Silva Kelly S. , da Costa Rafael M. , Petroski Edio L. , Back Isabela C. , Guerra Paulo H.A. , de Lima Luiz R.A. 
Published: October 2019

Purpose: Sedentary behavior (SB) has been shown to be associated with unhealthy outcomes in children, and it is not clear whether children living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) engage in different patterns of SB compared with healthy children. This cross-sectional study aimed to compare patterns of SB between children living with HIV and a healthy control group. Methods: A group of children with HIV and a paired control group wore accelerometers for 1 week and answered a questionnaire with items related to television viewing habits and computer usage. Accelerometer-derived and self-reported SB were compared between children living with HIV and controls and between treatment-based and viral load subgroups. Results: A total of 130 children (of which 53% are girls with a mean age of 12.1 y) participated in the study with 65 in each group. Children in the control group exhibited significantly more objectively measured SB daily when compared with the HIV group (515 vs 490 min/d, respectively), but no differences were found between the treatment-based and viral load subgroups. Children with HIV watched more television on weekdays, compared with the control group (P < .05). No other differences were found in comparisons of self-reported SB between the control and HIV and the treatment-based or viral load subgroups. Conclusion: Children living with HIV spend less time being sedentary than those in the healthy control group. Future studies are important for clarifying the causes and consequences of these differences.
Variation in responsiveness to warranted behaviour change among NHS clinicians: novel implementation of change detection methods in longitudinal prescribing data
Authors: Walker Alex J , Pretis Felix , Powell-Smith Anna , Goldacre Ben 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo determine how clinicians vary in their response to new guidance on existing or new interventions, by measuring the timing and magnitude of change at healthcare institutions.DesignAutomated change detection in longitudinal prescribing data.SettingPrescribing data in English primary care.ParticipantsEnglish general practices.Main outcome measuresIn each practice the following were measured: the timing of the largest changes, steepness of the change slope (change in proportion per month), and magnitude of the change for two example time series (expiry of the Cerazette patent in 2012, leading to cheaper generic desogestrel alternatives becoming available; and a change in antibiotic prescribing guidelines after 2014, favouring nitrofurantoin over trimethoprim for uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI)).ResultsSubstantial heterogeneity was found between institutions in both timing and steepness of change. The range of time delay before a change was implemented was large (interquartile range 2-14 months (median 8) for Cerazette, and 5-29 months (18) for UTI). Substantial heterogeneity was also seen in slope following a detected change (interquartile range 2-28% absolute reduction per month (median 9%) for Cerazette, and 1-8% (2%) for UTI). When changes were implemented, the magnitude of change showed substantially less heterogeneity (interquartile range 44-85% (median 66%) for Cerazette and 28-47% (38%) for UTI).ConclusionsSubstantial variation was observed in the speed with which individual NHS general practices responded to warranted changes in clinical practice. Changes in prescribing behaviour were detected automatically and robustly. Detection of structural breaks using indicator saturation methods opens up new opportunities to improve patient care through audit and feedback by moving away from cross sectional analyses, and automatically identifying institutions that respond rapidly, or slowly, to warranted changes in clinical practice.
Assessing the impact of rising child poverty on the unprecedented rise in infant mortality in England, 2000–2017: time trend analysis
Authors: Taylor-Robinson David , Lai Eric T C , Wickham Sophie , Rose Tanith , Norman Paul , Bambra Clare , Whitehead Margaret , Barr Ben 
Published: October 2019

ObjectiveTo determine whether there were inequalities in the sustained rise in infant mortality in England in recent years and the contribution of rising child poverty to these trends.DesignThis is an analysis of trends in infant mortality in local authorities grouped into five categories (quintiles) based on their level of income deprivation. Fixed-effects regression models were used to quantify the association between regional changes in child poverty and regional changes in infant mortality.Setting324 English local authorities in 9 English government office regions.ParticipantsLive-born children under 1 year of age.Main outcome measureInfant mortality rate, defined as the number of deaths in children under 1 year of age per 100 000 live births in the same year.ResultsThe sustained and unprecedented rise in infant mortality in England from 2014 to 2017 was not experienced evenly across the population. In the most deprived local authorities, the previously declining trend in infant mortality reversed and mortality rose, leading to an additional 24 infant deaths per 100 000 live births per year (95% CI 6 to 42), relative to the previous trend. There was no significant change from the pre-existing trend in the most affluent local authorities. As a result, inequalities in infant mortality increased, with the gap between the most and the least deprived local authority areas widening by 52 deaths per 100 000 births (95% CI 36 to 68). Overall from 2014 to 2017, there were a total of 572 excess infant deaths (95% CI 200 to 944) compared with what would have been expected based on historical trends. We estimated that each 1% increase in child poverty was significantly associated with an extra 5.8 infant deaths per 100 000 live births (95% CI 2.4 to 9.2). The findings suggest that about a third of the increases in infant mortality between 2014 and 2017 can be attributed to rising child poverty (172 deaths, 95% CI 74 to 266).ConclusionThis study provides evidence that the unprecedented rise in infant mortality disproportionately affected the poorest areas of the country, leaving the more affluent areas unaffected. Our analysis also linked the recent increase in infant mortality in England with rising child poverty, suggesting that about a third of the increase in infant mortality from 2014 to 2017 may be attributed to rising child poverty.