bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Providing Well Containment Equipment for HPHT Service
Authors: Cowan Bill , Kaculi Jim , Frazer G. Ross 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
It is instructive to think about the current state of subsea well system design in its historical context. That is especially true if you look first at the earliest years, then at the years following the 1969 Santa Barbara blowout and spill, and then at the years following the Macondo blowout and spill. These last two periods illustrate both important similarities and important differences in equipment design, standardization, and regulation.
This paper examines the advances in design, standardization, and regulation of subsea well control and well containment equipment. This progress has continued the conservative, step-wise advances that have characterized the history of the subsea drilling and well control industry. This paper uses as an example the recent project developing a new 20,000 psi/350F capping stack.
Offshore LNG Mega-Module Solution
Authors: Dimbour Jean-Philippe , Ferron Loic , Luquiau Eric , Laflotte Benoit 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Offshore floating LNG can offer an optimum CAPEX solution either for the development of large or stranded gas fields, including full processing functions, or as an enabler to oil production while monetizating associated gas.
The offshore LNG mega-module solution was developed to meet the challenge of producing competitive LNG offshore, leading to the next generation of floating LNG facilities.
This paper decribes the offshore LNG mega-module innovative solution of which the features are patent pending. The design features are highlighted, then the specifics of combining topsides with hull are presented, followed by the installation particulars. Finally, perspectives and savings in using this solution are presented.
Kaombo Start-Up Strategy: Together We Throve!
Authors: Rolland Julien , Bahabanian Olivier , Pena Lorena , Rouyer Sebastien 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The FPSO Kaombo Norte came on stream on July 27th offshore Angola. When both its FPSOs will be at plateau, Kaombo, the biggest deep offshore project in Angola will account for 15% of the country's oil production. It produces light oil from six fields scattered over an 800-square-kilometer area. Gindungo, Gengibre, and Caril fields are connected to the Norte FPSO while Mostarda, Canela, and Louro fields will be producing on FPSO Sul. The full development stands out for its subsea network size with more than 300 kilometers of lines on the seabed within 1500-2000m water depth, including subsea production wells more than 25km away from the production facility.
In order to secure a safe First-Oil and to smoothly start-up the production, a detailed and cross-functional study was carried out. The first step was to start from a clean slate by forgetting all previous startup scenarios: the three loops candidate to start-up hydrocarbon production were re-analyzed in depth to evaluate strengths and weaknesses. A task force composed of all involved disciplines, including contractors, was put in place in order to apply a cross-functional approach. Constraints from reservoir up to topsides were analyzed providing an overall picture and clear ranking to develop the start-up strategy. An ambitious planning of the commissioning activities combined with a relatively short-term reservoir management were crucial to lock production loop priorities with water injection and gas export systems readiness. The work jointly performed contributed to serene environment for a safe start-up and ramp-up.
Following the assessment, decision was made to start first the most "powerful" reservoir despite a challenging flowline. The relatively high initial pressure and oil undersaturation, the robust open-hole gravel-pack completions and high productivity wells were beneficial to stabilize the multiphase flow in the subsea network. Improvement of the production was rapidly made with the start-up of the second production loop only fifteen days after. Postponement of the water injection system and the availability of the riser base gas lift were judiciously calculated: the readiness of these systems arrived in due time to respectively slow down the natural depletion of the reservoirs and improve the wells eruptivity and stability of the flowlines. Our capacity to re-invent ourselves and leave behind individual priorities conducted to a collective success captured in the outstanding production levels since early days of field life.
Un-Locking Subsea Reserves Through a System-Based Approach for Tie-Back Solutions
Authors: Mikalsen Kristian , Loper Cobie 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Offshore developments must evolve if the industry is to unlock subsea reserves and increase recovery. A novel method of achieving these goals is through use of a systematic approach to subsea tiebacks that combines new technologies with minor modifications to the existing topsides equipment.
The tieback strategy is a system-based approach with a combination of qualified disruptive technologies and field-proven solutions that will improve costs, reduce the number of interfaces, minimize the modifications needed on the topsides, critical for platforms with space and weight limitations, and maximize the use of existing assets. Significant investment was made to qualify disruptive and groundbreaking technologies to make this possible. The following summarizes the main components of the subsea system: –Seabox subsea water treatment and injection provides higher quality water for reservoir injection and increased recovery–Subsea chemical storage that allows longer subsea tiebacks and mitigates weight and space limitations on topside structures; only power and communication are needed from the topside–Subsea treatment of produced water subsea for either discharge directly to sea or to re-inject–Subsea automatic pig launcher combined with a single pipeline that ensures continuous flow at a lower capex–All-electric controls and valves eliminate the need for utility pipelines and expensive umbilicals–Applying field-proven tie-in systems integrated with flexible pipe solutions and customized subsea structures
In addition to exploring the above components, this paper also explores combining the components into a comprehensive system. The system-based approach will unlock previously uneconomical reservoirs.
Libra Extended Well Test - An Innovative Approach to De-Risk a Complex Field Development
Authors: Moczydlower Bruno , Figueiredo Junior Fernando Pacifico , Pizarro Jorge Oscar Sant’Anna 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This paper addresses the innovative appraisal strategy applied to the Libra project; located in ultra-deep waters offshore Brazil. It details the key role of the Extended Well Test (EWT) Program, within the field overall Risk Mitigation Plan, as well as its interfaces with additional appraisal activities. The Value of Information (VoI) for the main acquired data is described, highlighting the associated impacts for the full field development and validation of the enhanced recovery strategy.
A case study approach details how the whole EWT project maximized the acquired information, mainly from a reservoir point of view. Although the EWT approach is not new to Petrobras in the offshore environment, this is the first one with simultaneous oil production and gas reinjection. Several reasons justify the use of the industry’s first dedicated offshore EWT system with this capability. Gathering data on the main dynamic parameters of the field was critical to speed-up the development, with an acceptable risk level. The incorporation of these data in the reservoir models and the impacts in the most relevant development decisions are also described.
The chosen methodology brought many opportunities, as well as challenges to interpret the data and to incorporate them in the reservoir models. Furthermore, the capability to produce without continuous gas flaring makes it possible to apply such approach anywhere else in the world.
An Overview and Awareness Briefing for Offshore Renewable Energy, Wind, Wave, Flow, Hydrokinetic and Thermal Convertors
Authors: Osborne Roger 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In recent years much progress has been made getting Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE), wind, wave and current/flow harnessed for use in electrical supply.
This paper is aimed at giving the newcomer to ORE, both wind and Marine Hydro Kinetic (MHK) devices, an awareness and understanding of the basics. This includes what is needed to garner energy from natural offshore resources, what some of the issues/challenges are, and what some of the currently proposed solutions are and where they are in their maturity. Also included is a resource and reference list where further information may be obtained.
This is not a definitive dialogue of everything that is happening in the ORE arena, but more an overview, orientation and guideline for the early entrant.
This paper is focused on the physical and technical issues and does not endeavor to get into details regarding the financial and economics questions and details. The economic and financial element of this emerging industry is a very complex issue with many variables and deserves its own focus.
IL-21 Enhances the Development of Colitis-Associated Colon Cancer: Possible Involvement of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Expression
Authors: Araki Akemi , Jin Lianjin , Nara Hidetoshi , Takeda Yuji , Nemoto Nobuhito , Gazi Md Yeashin , Asao Hironobu 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases are known to be the origin of colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC). We previously reported that dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–induced colitis is exacerbated in mouse-IL-21-isoform transgenic (Tg) mice. In this study, we assessed the CAC development induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and DSS in our Tg mice. AOM-DSS–induced tumor development was dramatically increased in the Tg mice compared with wild-type mice. IL-21 is known to enhance activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) expression in B cells and induce Ab class switching. In contrast, the AID expression in cells other than B cells initiates tumor development in many tissues. Therefore, we investigated whether IL-21 induces the AID expression in the large intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) during CAC development. AID gene and protein expression was increased in the IECs of AOM-DSS– or DSS-treated Tg mice compared with those of wild-type mice. Furthermore, we confirmed IL-21 induced AID gene expression in the purified IECs ex vivo. The present study also showed IL-21R gene expression in unstimulated wild-type mouse IECs, and this gene expression was augmented by TNF-α stimulation. The IL-21R expression and IL-21–induced AID gene activation were further confirmed in the Colon-38 cell line. Taken together, IL-21 may be involved in increasing the risk of CAC by enhancing the AID expression in IECs.
Strain-Specific Manifestation of Lupus-like Systemic Autoimmunity Caused by Zap70 Mutation
Authors: Matsuo Takashi , Hashimoto Motomu , Sakaguchi Shimon , Sakaguchi Noriko , Ito Yoshinaga , Hikida Masaki , Tsuruyama Tatsuaki , Sakai Kaoru , Yokoi Hideki , Shirakashi Mirei , Tanaka Masao , Ito Hiromu , Yoshifuji Hajime , Ohmura Koichiro , Fujii Takao , Mimori Tsuneyo 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
A defect in TCR-proximal signaling is a major characteristic of CD4 T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus; however, it is not fully known how defects in TCR signaling lead to lupus-like systemic autoimmunity characterized by germinal center development and autoantibody production against nuclear Ags. In this study, we show that SKG mice, which develop autoimmune arthritis in a BALB/c background due to defective TCR signaling by a Zap70 mutation, develop lupus-like systemic autoimmune disease in the C57BL/6 (B6) background (B6SKG mice). B6SKG mice showed multiorgan inflammation with immune complex deposition and anti-dsDNA Ab production. Follicular helper T cells (Tfh), which help germinal center formation, were spontaneously expanded in B6SKG mice. Th cells secreting IFN-γ or IL-17 and regulatory T cells were also increased in B6SKG mice compared with wild-type B6 mice, with the regulatory T cell subpopulation losing the expression of CD25. Among the factors related to Tfh differentiation, the number of dendritic cells and the expression levels of the costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, and ICOSL in dendritic cells but not in B cells were specifically increased in wild-type B6 mice compared with BALB/c mice. The inhibition of these costimulatory molecules suppressed Tfh development and lupus-like autoimmunity. Thus, a defect in TCR-proximal signaling leads to lupus-like systemic autoimmunity under the specific genetic background that facilitates Tfh development.
Prática extensionista no terceiro setor: capacitação para a comunicação na mídia social digital Facebook
Authors: Lutz Kássia Nadine , Machado Jones 
Published: April 2019

O projeto de extensão “Formação de Multiplicadores em Mídias Digitais para Organizações do Terceiro Setor” foi desenvolvido no ano de 2017, em Frederico Westphalen (RS), na Apae, Cufa e Feira do Produtor. Sabendo que a midiatização modifica as relações sociais, principalmente no ambiente digital, o objetivo do projeto foi capacitar gestores e voluntários de ONGs para uma atuação planejada em mídias digitais, contribuindo para a comunicação organizacional e para a missão das entidades. Diante disso e levando em conta as premissas da extensão universitária e das Relações Públicas no Terceiro Setor, realizou-se entrevista aberta com os gestores das organizações e observação não-participante de suas fanpages para o diagnóstico da comunicação digital. Em seguida, foi planejado o conteúdo das oficinas, elaborado o material didático e a cartilha de presença e atuação em mídias digitais. Após o desenvolvimento das ações, percebeu-se que foi apenas o começo da “formação de multiplicadores”, pois o nível de conhecimento sobre mídias digitais nas entidades ainda é básico.
Development of an incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometer for measurements of ambient glyoxal and NO2 in a polluted urban environment
Authors: Liang Shuaixi , Qin Min , Xie Pinhua , Duan Jun , Fang Wu , He Yabai , Xu Jin , Liu Jingwei , Li Xin , Tang Ke , Meng Fanhao , Ye Kaidi , Liu Jianguo , Liu Wenqing 
Published: April 2019

Abstract. We report the development of an instrument for
simultaneous fast measurements of glyoxal (CHOCHO) and NO2 based on
incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (IBBCEAS) in
the 438–465 nm wavelength region. The highly reflective cavity mirrors
were protected from contamination by N2 purge gas. The reduction of the
effective cavity length was calibrated by measuring collision-induced oxygen
absorption at ∼477 nm of pure oxygen gas input with and
without the N2 mirror purge gas. The detection limits of the developed
system were evaluated to be 23 parts per trillion by volume (pptv, 2σ) for CHOCHO and 29 pptv (2σ) for NO2 with a 30 s acquisition
time. A potential cross-interference of NO2 absorption on
accurate CHOCHO measurements has been investigated in this study, as the
absorption of NO2 in the atmosphere could often be several hundred-fold
higher than that of glyoxal, especially in contaminated areas. Due to
non-linear spectrometer dispersion, simulation spectra of NO2 based on
traditional convolution simulation did not match the measurement spectra
well enough. In this work, we applied actual NO2 spectral profile
measured by the same spectrometer as a reference spectral profile in
subsequent atmospheric spectral analysis and retrieval of NO2 and
CHOCHO concentrations. This effectively reduced the spectral fitting
residuals. The instrument was successfully deployed for 24 d of
continuous measurements of CHOCHO and NO2 in the atmosphere in a
comprehensive field campaign in Beijing in June 2017.
Comprehensive characterization of an aspen (Populus tremuloides) leaf litter sample that maintained ice nucleation activity for 48 years
Authors: Vasebi Yalda , Mechan Llontop Marco E. , Hanlon Regina , Schmale III David G. , Schnell Russell , Vinatzer Boris A. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Decaying vegetation was determined to be a potentially important source of
atmospheric ice nucleation particles (INPs) in the early 1970s. The bacterium
Pseudomonas syringae was the first microorganism with ice nucleation
activity (INA) isolated from decaying leaf litter in 1974. However, the ice
nucleation characteristics of P. syringae are not compatible with
the characteristics of leaf litter-derived INPs since the latter were found
to be sub-micron in size, while INA of P. syringae depends on much
larger intact bacterial cells. Here we determined the cumulative ice
nucleation spectrum and microbial community composition of the historic leaf
litter sample 70-S-14 collected in 1970 that conserved INA for 48 years. The
majority of the leaf litter-derived INPs were confirmed to be sub-micron in
size and to be sensitive to boiling. Culture-independent microbial community
analysis only identified Pseudomonas as potential INA.
Culture-dependent analysis identified one P. syringae isolate, two
isolates of the bacterial species Pantoea ananatis, and one fungal
isolate of Mortierella alpina as having INA among 1170 bacterial
colonies and 277 fungal isolates, respectively. Both Pa. ananatis
and M. alpina are organisms that produce heat-sensitive sub-micron
INPs. They are thus both likely sources of the INPs present in sample 70-S-14
and may represent important terrestrial sources of atmospheric INPs, a
conclusion that is in line with other recent results obtained in regard to
INPs from soil, precipitation, and the atmosphere.
A synthesis of three decades of hydrological research at Scotty Creek, NWT, Canada
Authors: Quinton William , Berg Aaron , Braverman Michael , Carpino Olivia , Chasmer Laura , Connon Ryan , Craig James , Devoie Élise , Hayashi Masaki , Haynes Kristine , Olefeldt David , Pietroniro Alain , Rezanezhad Fereidoun , Schincariol Robert , Sonnentag Oliver 
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Scotty Creek, Northwest Territories (NWT), Canada, has
been the focus of hydrological research for nearly three decades. Over this
period, field and modelling studies have generated new insights into the
thermal and physical mechanisms governing the flux and storage of water in
the wetland-dominated regions of discontinuous permafrost that characterises
much of the Canadian and circumpolar subarctic. Research at Scotty Creek
has coincided with a period of unprecedented climate warming, permafrost
thaw, and resulting land cover transformations including the expansion of
wetland areas and loss of forests. This paper (1) synthesises field and
modelling studies at Scotty Creek, (2) highlights the key insights of these
studies on the major water flux and storage processes operating within and
between the major land cover types, and (3) provides insights into the rate
and pattern of the permafrost-thaw-induced land cover change and how such
changes will affect the hydrology and water resources of the study region.
De Europese vakbeweging en de vormgeving van sociaal beleid
Authors: Boumans Saskia 
Published: April 2019

The European trade union movement and social Europe
The European project currently faces not only an economic crisis, but a moral one as well. The economic growth model of social justice combined with market-oriented policies, also referred to as the European social model has lost much of its meaning after ten years of austerity and financial calamities. In 2012 ECB President Draghi says in the Wall Street Journal that the European social model is “gone”, a thing of the past. While only a couple of years later the European Pillar of Social Rights is put in place. What is happening with ‘Social Europe’? And how do trade unions, as a historical motor of social policy in the member states, relate to the European social model, especially since the financial crisis. This article deals with the position of trade unions vis-à-vis European social policy and the European institutions. The European social model, economic governance and the collective bargaining system are discussed as examples of post-crisis European social policy. It will be argued that although the European Commission gives institutional space to social policy and to a role for trade unions, it has always been subordinate to economic integration. And moreover that the recent economic crisis is used at the European level to obtain almost complete control over social policy in the member states.
De schuldencrisis in de eurozone: oorzaken, aanpak en implicaties
Authors: Overbeek Henk 
Published: April 2019

The Eurozone crisis
Ten years ago, now, the Eurozone began to shake on its foundations. This article traces the genesis of the crisis and the present state of affairs. As to the causes of the global financial crisis in 2008, I argue that contrary to common understanding, the financial crisis had its deeper causes in a decades old tendency towards crisis in the real economy, produced by the continuous overaccumulation of capital which can only return profits by undertaking speculative short-term investments (a phenomenon known as ‘financialisation’). I then trace how the global financial crisis morphed into a crisis of public deficits and debt in 2010-2011, particularly in the Eurozone. Three factors are shown to be responsible: financialization, design faults in the European monetary union, and the neo-mercantilist strategy of especially Germany and the Netherlands. The paper next looks at the five main traits of the policy responses in the Eurozone: bailing out governments and banks through creating emergency funds; imposition of austerity and budget discipline for member state governments; attempting to create and complete a Eurozone banking union; subsequently the European Central Bank engaged on an unprecedented scale in ‘quantitative easing’; and finally, institutional reform in an attempt to repair the most pressing design faults of the EMU. The paper concludes that the underlying structural factors leading up to the crisis have only been addressed incompletely: the overaccumulation of capital continues, the completion of the banking union is in an impasse, quantitative easing has mostly just intensified financialization by pushing up asset prizes, and institutional reform has taken the form of a fundamentally undemocratic attempt at monetary and political union by stealth. The broader legitimacy of the European project has been substantially undermined, and Europe is not in a better position than eight years ago in case of a new global crisis.