bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retention on ART and predictors of disengagement from care in several alternative community‐centred ART refill models in rural Swaziland
Authors: Pasipamire Lorraine , Nesbitt Robin C , Ndlovu Sindiso , Sibanda Gibson , Mamba Sipho , Lukhele Nomthandazo , Pasipamire Munyaradzi , Kabore Serge M , Rusch Barbarba , Ciglenecki Iza , Kerschberger Bernhard 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIntroductionA broad range of community‐centred care models for patients stable on anti‐retroviral therapy (ART) have been proposed by the World Health Organization to better respond to patient needs and alleviate pressure on health systems caused by rapidly growing patient numbers. Where available, often a single alternative care model is offered in addition to routine clinical care. We operationalized several community‐centred ART delivery care models in one public sector setting. Here, we compare retention in care and on ART and identify predictors of disengagement with care.MethodsPatients on ART were enrolled into three community‐centred ART delivery care models in the rural Shiselweni region (Swaziland), from 02/2015 to 09/2016: Community ART Groups (CAGs), comprehensive outreach care and treatment clubs. We used Kaplan–Meier estimates to describe crude retention in care model and retention on ART (including patients who returned to clinical care). Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine factors associated with all‐cause attrition from care model and disengagement with ART.ResultsA total of 918 patients were enrolled. CAGs had the most participants with 531 (57.8%). Median age was 44.7 years (IQR 36.3 to 54.4), 71.8% of patients were female, and 62.6% fulfilled eligibility criteria for community ART. The 12‐month retention in ART was 93.7% overall; it was similar between model types (p = 0.52). A considerable proportion of patients returned from community ART to clinical care, resulting in lower 12 months retention in care model (82.2% overall); retention in care model was lowest in CAGs at 70.4%, compared with 86.3% in outreach and 90.4% in treatment clubs (p < 0.001). In multivariate Cox regression models, patients in CAGs had a higher risk of disengaging from care model (aHR 3.15, 95% CI 2.01 to 4.95, p < 0.001) compared with treatment clubs. We found, however, no difference in attrition in ART between alternative model types.ConclusionsConcurrent implementation of three alternative community‐centred ART models in the same region was feasible. Although a considerable proportion of patients returned back to clinical care, overall ART retention was high and should encourage programme managers to offer community‐centred care models adapted to their specific setting.
Gaseous carbon and nitrogen losses during composting of carbonized and un‐carbonized agricultural residues in northern Ghana
Authors: Manka'abusi Delphine , Steiner Christoph , Haering Volker , Abubakari Abdul–Halim , Marschner Bernd , Buerkert Andreas 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAdding biochar to nutrient rich organic matter during composting reportedly reduces nitrogen (N) volatilization and carbonization of feedstock stabilized organic carbon (C). We studied the effects of biochar, produced from agricultural residue as compost additives, on CO2, N2O, and NH3 fluxes in northern Ghana. Three biochar types [from corn cobs (cCC), rice husks (cRH), and wood (cWO)] and their uncharred feedstocks (CC, RH, and WO), were co‐composted with poultry manure (15 vol.‐%) and rice straw (60 vol.‐%) in randomly allocated 1 m3 compost bins. Emissions were measured using a closed chamber system composed of a photo‐acoustic infrared gas analyser (INNOVA 1312‐5). Biochar amended composts showed higher CO2‐C emission rates during the initial composting phase. Maximum CO2‐C flux rates during the first week reached 15 g CO2‐C m−2 h−1 in cRH and 12 g CO2‐C m−2 h−1 for RH, while those from cCC were 19 g CO2‐C m−2 h−1 and from CC 14 g CO2‐C m−2 h−1. Respiration significantly dropped during the last week of composting and lower rates recorded with carbonized compared with the un‐carbonized feedstocks. Total CO2‐C losses were 12 kg m−2 34 d−1 for RH and 9 kg m−2 34 d−1 for cRH, resulting in a 29% reduction of CO2‐C. Emissions were 9 and 10 kg CO2‐C m−2 34 d−1 for cCC and CC, while cWO and WO emitted 7 and 8 kg CO2‐C m−2 34 d−1, respectively. Volatilization of NH3‐N was significantly lower in compost containing cWO (89 g N m−2 34 d−1) compared to WO (166 g N m−2 34 d−1), while N2O‐N emissions were lower in compost mixtures containing cRH (27%), cCC (7%), and cWO (16%) compared with their un‐carbonized feedstock.
Investigation of low molecular weight peptides (<1 kDa) in chicken meat and their contribution to meat flavor formation
Authors: Zhou Ruiyin , Grant Jennifer , Goldberg Erin M , Ryland Donna , Aliani Michel 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDLow molecular weight peptides (LMWPs) (<1 kDa) generated in meat during chilled conditioning can act as flavor precursors in the Maillard reaction with a potential contribution to key volatile organic compound (VOC) formation upon heating. Liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC/QTOF‐MS) successfully detected 44 LMWPs in chicken breast and thigh muscles stored at 4 °C for up to 6 days. Carnosine (350 mg per 100 g), glutathione (GSH, 20 mg per 100 g) (concentrations based on reported values in the literature) and cysteine glycine (Cys Gly, 5 mg per 100 g) (concentration based on results from LC/QTOF‐MS) were used in model systems containing ribose (25 mg per 100 g). The three model systems were heated at 180 °C for 2 h at pH 6.3. VOCs were measured by simultaneous distillation solvent extraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.RESULTSOf 33 VOCs detected, 26 were significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) between the three peptides. The majority of nitrogen‐containing volatiles, pyrazines and pyridines, dominated the carnosine mixture, while sulfur‐containing VOCs dominated the GSH and Cys Gly peptide mixtures.CONCLUSIONKnown key aroma compounds such as thiazole (meaty), 2‐methyl‐3‐furanthiol (beef and meat), 2‐furfurylthiol (roasted), dihydro‐2‐methyl‐3(2H)‐thiophenone (meaty), 2‐acetylthiazole (meaty and roasted) and pyrazine (meaty) were detected under conditions specific to aged and thermally treated chicken, suggesting a potential contribution to the overall sensory quality of cooked meat. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparation, characterization and physicochemical properties of novel low‐phosphorus egg yolk protein
Authors: Long Jie , Wang Fang , Jiao Aiquan , Xu Xueming , Xie Zhengjun , Jin Zhengyu 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn order to supply adequate dietary protein for chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients while simultaneously controlling phosphorus intake, a novel method was developed for the preparation of low‐phosphorus egg yolk protein (LPYP) using alkaline protease auxiliary dephosphorization. In addition, the physicochemical properties of LPYP were studied.RESULTSIn comparison with raw egg yolk protein (RYP) and defatted egg yolk protein (DFYP), LPYP was found to exhibit differences in amino acid (AA) composition, protein secondary structure, surface hydrophobicity, solubility and emulsion stability. It was observed that dephosphorization improved the AA composition, soluble protein content and dissolution stability of egg yolk protein. In addition, phosphate groups were found to impose a critical influence on the emulsion stability and particle size distribution. The final phosphorus to protein mass ratio (P/Pro) of LPYP was 5.64, which met the requirements of a protein diet for CKD patients. The FAO/WHO mode closeness and stability coefficient were 0.958 and 98.62% respectively.CONCLUSIONLPYP can be effectively obtained by alkaline protease hydrolysis and subsequent alkali dephosphorization. The prepared LPYP can be considered to be a type of safe and suitable protein resource for CKD patients. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Conversion from temperate secondary forests into plantations (Larix spp.): Impact on belowground carbon and nutrient pools in northeastern China
Authors: Yang Kai , Zhu Jiaojun , Xu Shuang , Zheng Xiao 
Published: September 2018

AbstractConversions from natural broad‐leaved forests into conifer plantations have been increasing over the past half century worldwide, especially in China. However, the impacts of plantation afforestation on macronutrient and micronutrient pools combined with litter, soil, and roots have not been well quantified. We compared macronutrient and micronutrient pools in litter, fine roots, and at 0‐ to 80‐cm soil depths of paired secondary forests and larch plantations. The results showed that compared with natural forest soils, plantation soils exhibited lower concentrations and stocks of C, as well as lower fine root biomass at 0‐ to 10‐cm depth. In contrast, the K, Fe, Mn, and Cu pools in the larch plantations were greater by 27–44% for the 20‐ to 40‐cm depth. Furthermore, soil N, P, Ca, and Mg pools and stoichiometry of C/N/P in litter, soil, and fine roots did not differ significantly in the larch plantation relative to secondary forests. These results suggest that the conversion from secondary forests to larch plantations only decreases soil C pools but does not lead to reductions in other nutrient pools. Our results also showed that there were less C and nutrients in roots and more C and nutrients accumulated in litter of larch plantations compared with secondary forests. In conclusion, converting secondary forests to larch plantations changed the vertical distribution of C and nutrient pools in litter, soil, and root. The results suggest that C and nutrient pools in soils should be considered at levels below 40 cm in depth when evaluating C and nutrient change with afforestation.
Tripling the Capacity of Optical Vortices by Nonlinear Metasurface
Authors: Li Zhi , Liu Wenwei , Li Zhancheng , Tang Chengchun , Cheng Hua , Li Junjie , Chen Xianzhong , Chen Shuqi , Tian Jianguo 
Published: September 2018

AbstractOptical vortices have emerged as a potential approach to enhance data capacity for its extra degree of freedom of orbital angular momentum. Although linear metasurfaces have been used to generate optical vortices, their capacity can be further increased by involving nonlinear frequency conversions, providing new channels for data storage. Here, by introducing second harmonic Pancharatnam–Berry phase, one linear and two second harmonic optical vortices with different topological charges focused into different focal lengths can be generated simultaneously from the proposed metasurface, which can store threefold optical vortices compared with the conventional linear geometric metasurfaces have been demonstrated. Besides, the 2D multifocal metalens with same strength for each focus emerged from the parabolic phase factor has been experimentally observed. This nonlinear optical vortex generation process represents a new strategy for enhancing the capacity of optical communications and multi‐channels integrated optical communications.
Split‐type octonion matrix
Authors: Bektaş Özcan 
Published: September 2018

The split and hyperbolic (countercomplex) octonions are eight‐dimensional nonassociative algebras over the real numbers, which are in the form
, where em's
have different properties for them. The main purpose of this paper is to define the split‐type octonion and its matrix whose inputs are split‐type octonions and give some properties for them by using the real quaternions, split, and hyperbolic (countercomplex) octonions. On the other hand, to make some definitions, we present some operations on the split‐type octonions. Also, we show that every split‐type octonions can be represented by 2 × 2 real quaternion matrix and 4 × 4 complex number matrix. The information about the determinants of these matrix representations is also given. Besides, the main features of split‐type octonion matrix concept are given by using properties of real quaternion matrices. Then, 8n × 8nreal matrix representations of split‐type octonion matrices are shown, and some algebraic structures are examined. Additionally, we introduce real quaternion adjoint matrices of split‐type octonion matrices. Moreover, necessary and sufficient conditions and definitions are given for split‐type octonion matrices to be special split‐type octonion matrices. We describe some special split‐type octonion matrices. Finally, oct‐determinant of split‐type octonion matrices is defined. Definitive and understandable examples of all definitions, theorems, and conclusions were given for a better understanding of all these concepts.
A regional bolus tracking and real‐time B1 calibration method for hyperpolarized 13C MRI
Authors: Tang Shuyu , Milshteyn Eugene , Reed Galen , Gordon Jeremy , Bok Robert , Zhu Xucheng , Zhu Zihan , Vigneron Daniel B. , Larson Peder E. Z. 
Published: September 2018

PurposeAcquisition timing and B1 calibration are two key factors that affect the quality and accuracy of hyperpolarized 13C MRI. The goal of this project was to develop a new approach using regional bolus tracking to trigger Bloch‐Siegert B1 mapping and real‐time B1 calibration based on regional B1 measurements, followed by dynamic imaging of hyperpolarized 13C metabolites in vivo.MethodsThe proposed approach was implemented on a system which allows real‐time data processing and real‐time control on the sequence. Real‐time center frequency calibration upon the bolus arrival was also added. The feasibility of applying the proposed framework for in vivo hyperpolarized 13C imaging was tested on healthy rats, tumor‐bearing mice and a healthy volunteer on a clinical 3T scanner following hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate injection. Multichannel receive coils were used in the human study.ResultsAutomatic acquisition timing based on either regional bolus peak or bolus arrival was achieved with the proposed framework. Reduced blurring artifacts in real‐time reconstructed images were observed with real‐time center frequency calibration. Real‐time computed B1 scaling factors agreed with real‐time acquired B1 maps. Flip angle correction using B1 maps results in a more consistent quantification of metabolic activity (i.e, pyruvate‐to‐lactate conversion, kPL). Experiment recordings are provided to demonstrate the real‐time actions during the experiment.ConclusionsThe proposed method was successfully demonstrated on animals and a human volunteer, and is anticipated to improve the efficient use of the hyperpolarized signal as well as the accuracy and robustness of hyperpolarized 13C imaging.
Scan‐specific robust artificial‐neural‐networks for k‐space interpolation (RAKI) reconstruction: Database‐free deep learning for fast imaging
Authors: Akçakaya Mehmet , Moeller Steen , Weingärtner Sebastian , Uğurbil Kâmil 
Published: September 2018

PurposeTo develop an improved k‐space reconstruction method using scan‐specific deep learning that is trained on autocalibration signal (ACS) data.TheoryRobust artificial‐neural‐networks for k‐space interpolation (RAKI) reconstruction trains convolutional neural networks on ACS data. This enables nonlinear estimation of missing k‐space lines from acquired k‐space data with improved noise resilience, as opposed to conventional linear k‐space interpolation‐based methods, such as GRAPPA, which are based on linear convolutional kernels.MethodsThe training algorithm is implemented using a mean square error loss function over the target points in the ACS region, using a gradient descent algorithm. The neural network contains 3 layers of convolutional operators, with 2 of these including nonlinear activation functions. The noise performance and reconstruction quality of the RAKI method was compared with GRAPPA in phantom, as well as in neurological and cardiac in vivo data sets.ResultsPhantom imaging shows that the proposed RAKI method outperforms GRAPPA at high (≥4) acceleration rates, both visually and quantitatively. Quantitative cardiac imaging shows improved noise resilience at high acceleration rates (rate 4:23% and rate 5:48%) over GRAPPA. The same trend of improved noise resilience is also observed in high‐resolution brain imaging at high acceleration rates.ConclusionThe RAKI method offers a training database‐free deep learning approach for MRI reconstruction, with the potential to improve many existing reconstruction approaches, and is compatible with conventional data acquisition protocols.
Functional tractography of white matter by high angular resolution functional‐correlation imaging (HARFI)
Authors: Schilling Kurt G. , Gao Yurui , Li Muwei , Wu Tung‐Lin , Blaber Justin , Landman Bennett A. , Anderson Adam W. , Ding Zhaohua , Gore John C. 
Published: September 2018

PurposeFunctional magnetic resonance imaging with BOLD contrast is widely used for detecting brain activity in the cortex. Recently, several studies have described anisotropic correlations of resting‐state BOLD signals between voxels in white matter (WM). These local WM correlations have been modeled as functional‐correlation tensors, are largely consistent with underlying WM fiber orientations derived from diffusion MRI, and appear to change during functional activity. However, functional‐correlation tensors have several limitations. The use of only nearest‐neighbor voxels makes functional‐correlation tensors sensitive to noise. Furthermore, adjacent voxels tend to have higher correlations than diagonal voxels, resulting in orientation‐related biases. Finally, the tensor model restricts functional correlations to an ellipsoidal bipolar‐symmetric shape, and precludes the ability to detect complex functional orientation distributions (FODs).MethodsWe introduce high‐angular‐resolution functional‐correlation imaging (HARFI) to address these limitations. In the same way that high‐angular‐resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) techniques provide more information than diffusion tensors, we show that the HARFI model is capable of characterizing complex FODs expected to be present in WM.ResultsWe demonstrate that the unique radial and angular sampling strategy eliminates orientation biases present in tensor models. We further show that HARFI FODs are able to reconstruct known WM pathways. Finally, we show that HARFI allows asymmetric “bending” and “fanning” distributions, and propose asymmetric and functional indices which may increase fiber tracking specificity, or highlight boundaries between functional regions.ConclusionsThe results suggest the HARFI model could be a robust, new way to evaluate anisotropic BOLD signal changes in WM.
Maternal High‐Fat Diet Effects on Adaptations to Metabolic Challenges in Male and Female Juvenile Nonhuman Primates
Authors: True Cadence , Dean Tyler , Takahashi Diana , Sullivan Elinor , Kievit Paul 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to determine whether maternal high‐fat diet (HFD) consumption in nonhuman primates alters the ability of offspring to adapt metabolically to nutrient and caloric challenges.MethodsOffspring from Japanese macaque dams fed either a control (CTR) diet or HFD were weaned onto a CTR diet creating two groups: maternal HFD (mHFD, n = 18) and maternal CTR (mCTR) diet (n = 12). Male and female offspring were exposed to a 5‐day 30% calorie restriction and to a 35‐day HFD challenge (HFDC), at 16 and 24 months of age, respectively. Caloric intake, body weight, and energy expenditure were measured.ResultsOffspring from both groups showed similar body weight, food intake, and metabolic adaptations to a 5‐day calorie restriction. mHFD offspring demonstrated increased food intake and early weight gain in response to a 35‐day HFDC; however, group differences in weight dissipated during the challenge. Unlike mCTR animals, the mHFD group had a significant increase in fasting insulin after acute HFD exposure.ConclusionsThe current findings indicate that offspring exposed to an mHFD show metabolic adaptations to calorie restriction that are largely similar to those of offspring exposed to a mCTR diet but show delayed adaptation upon exposure to an acute HFDC.
Weight‐Related Terms Differentially Affect Self‐Efficacy and Perception of Obesity
Authors: Hopkins Christina M. , Bennett Gary G. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectiveLittle work has explored the effect of weight‐related terms on treatment initiation; only one study has investigated weight‐related terms and the psychological constructs associated with treatment uptake. The present study examines the effects of four common weight‐related terms on treatment initiation and the moderating effect of weight bias internalization.MethodsAdult participants with overweight and obesity (n = 436) were recruited online and asked to read three vignettes describing clinical encounters; the weight‐related term (i.e., “weight,” “BMI,” “obesity,” or “fat”) was varied randomly. Participants then reported self‐efficacy, cognitive and emotional illness beliefs about obesity (i.e., illness perception), and interest in a weight loss program.ResultsThe term “obesity” resulted in the greatest self‐efficacy and perceived control over obesity. “Fat” resulted in the least illness coherence (i.e., understanding of obesity). Weight bias internalization did not moderate the effect of term on self‐efficacy, nor did it moderate illness perception. No differences in weight loss program enrollment were observed.ConclusionsUse of the term “obesity” may promote patients’ perceived control and self‐efficacy. Use of “fat” should be avoided. Results suggest that, despite patient and clinician preference for euphemistic weight terms, use of clinical language such as “obesity” may perform better in provider intervention.
Effects of Chronic NAD Supplementation on Energy Metabolism and Diurnal Rhythm in Obese Mice
Authors: Roh Eun , Myoung Kang Gil , Young Gil So , Hee Lee Chan , Kim Seongjun , Hong Dugu , Hoon Son Gi , Kim Min‐Seon 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveAdequate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) content in hypothalamic neurons is critical for the maintenance of normal energy balance and circadian rhythm. In this study, the beneficial metabolic effects of chronic NAD supplementation on diet‐induced obesity and obesity‐related disruption of diurnal rhythms were examined.MethodsC57BL/6 mice were fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks and received an intraperitoneal injection of either saline or NAD (1 mg/kg/day) for the last 4 weeks. The control mice were fed a chow diet and injected with saline for the same period. Body weights were monitored daily. Daily rhythms of food intake, energy expenditure, and locomotor activity were measured at the end of NAD treatment. The effect of NAD treatment on the clock gene Period 1 (PER1) transcription was also studied.ResultsChronic NAD supplementation significantly attenuated weight gain in HFD‐fed obese mice. Furthermore, NAD treatment recovered the suppressed rhythms in the diurnal locomotor activity patterns in obese mice. In addition, exogenous NAD supply rescued cellular NAD depletion‐induced suppression of PER1 transcriptional activity in hypothalamic neuron cells as well as blunted daily fluctuations of hypothalamic arcuate nucleus PER1 expression in obese mice.ConclusionsNAD supplementation showed therapeutic effects in obese mice with altered diurnal behaviors.