bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mutational Epidemiology of Congenital Fibrinogen Disorders
Authors: Casini Alessandro , Blondon Marc , Tintillier Veronique , Goodyer Matthew , Sezgin Melike , Gunes Adalet , Hanss Michel , de Moerloose Philippe , Neerman-Arbez Marguerite 
Published: October 2018

Background Numerous mutations in FGA, FGB or FGG lead to congenital fibrinogen disorders (CFDs), but their epidemiology is not well characterized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the molecular epidemiology of CFD and to develop a genotyping strategy.
Methods Genetic data from 266 unrelated CFD patients genotyped at our laboratory and from a CFD open access database (n = 1,142) were evaluated. We developed a step-wise screening strategy for the molecular diagnosis of CFD and prospectively tested this strategy on 32 consecutive CFD probands.
Results We identified 345 mutated alleles overall, among 187 heterozygous, 63 homozygous and 16 compound heterozygous individuals. Afibrinogenemia was almost always caused by null mutations (98.6%), mainly in FGA (85%). Hypofibrinogenemia was mainly caused by missense mutations of FGB or FGG (54.2%). Dysfibrinogenemia was almost always caused by heterozygous missense mutations (99.3%) in FGA and FGG. Hotspot mutations were prevalent among quantitative (33.1%) and qualitative fibrinogen disorders (71.1%). The mutational cluster at our laboratory was similar with that reported in the CFD open access database. The proposed step-wise genetic screening strategy proved efficient in both the development and validation samples for CFD: the screening of FGA exons 2, 4, 5 and FGG exon 8 and search for the 11 kb deletion of FGA led to the identification of approximately 80% of mutated alleles, including 15 new mutations.
Conclusion The described molecular epidemiology of CFD is complex. The proposed step-wise genetic screening strategy may provide an efficient way to identify causative mutations analysing a minimal number of exons.
Ribonuclease activity of MARF1 controls oocyte RNA homeostasis and genome integrity in mice
Authors: Yao Qingqing , Cao Guangyi , Li Mingzhe , Wu Baixing , Zhang Xiaoyun , Zhang Teng , Guo Jing , Yin Hong , Shi Lanying , Chen Jiayi , Yu Xiang , Zheng Lina , Ma Jinbiao , Su You-Qiang 
Published: October 2018

Significance
Although MARF1 (meiosis regulator and mRNA stability factor 1) is an ancient protein, identification of its function in mammalian female germ cell development and fertility is recent. It is crucial for the progression of oocyte meiosis and defense against the ravages of retrotransposons, which can cause damage to the oocyte’s genome. These processes are dependent upon the ability of MARF1 to act alone both to bind RNA and to function as a ribonuclease during oogenesis. Here we reveal the molecular structure and functional mechanisms that enable MARF1 activity and provide insight into the complex posttranscriptional processes that shape the oocyte transcriptome.
Precipitation with polyethylene glycol followed by washing and pelleting by ultracentrifugation enriches extracellular vesicles from tissue culture supernatants in small and large scales
Authors: Ludwig Anna‐Kristin , De Miroschedji Kyra , Doeppner Thorsten R. , Börger Verena , Ruesing Johannes , Rebmann Vera , Durst Stephan , Jansen Sören , Bremer Michel , Behrmann Elmar , Singer Bernhard B. , Jastrow Holger , Kuhlmann Jan Dominik , El Magraoui Fouzi , Meyer Helmut E. , Hermann Dirk M. , Opalka Bertram , Raunser Stefan , Epple Matthias , Horn Peter A. , Giebel Bernd 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTExtracellular vesicles (EVs) provide a complex means of intercellular signalling between cells at local and distant sites, both within and between different organs. According to their cell‐type specific signatures, EVs can function as a novel class of biomarkers for a variety of diseases, and can be used as drug‐delivery vehicles. Furthermore, EVs from certain cell types exert beneficial effects in regenerative medicine and for immune modulation. Several techniques are available to harvest EVs from various body fluids or cell culture supernatants. Classically, differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, size‐exclusion chromatography and immunocapturing‐based methods are used to harvest EVs from EV‐containing liquids. Owing to limitations in the scalability of any of these methods, we designed and optimised a polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐based precipitation method to enrich EVs from cell culture supernatants. We demonstrate the reproducibility and scalability of this method and compared its efficacy with more classical EV‐harvesting methods. We show that washing of the PEG pellet and the re‐precipitation by ultracentrifugation remove a huge proportion of PEG co‐precipitated molecules such as bovine serum albumine (BSA). However, supported by the results of the size exclusion chromatography, which revealed a higher purity in terms of particles per milligram protein of the obtained EV samples, PEG‐prepared EV samples most likely still contain a certain percentage of other non‐EV associated molecules. Since PEG‐enriched EVs revealed the same therapeutic activity in an ischemic stroke model than corresponding cells, it is unlikely that such co‐purified molecules negatively affect the functional properties of obtained EV samples. In summary, maybe not being the purification method of choice if molecular profiling of pure EV samples is intended, the optimised PEG protocol is a scalable and reproducible method, which can easily be adopted by laboratories equipped with an ultracentrifuge to enrich for functional active EVs.
Event Study of the Crude Oil Futures Market: A Mixed Event Response Model
Authors: Karali Berna , Ye Shiyu , Ramirez Octavio A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe extend the distributional event response model (DERM) of Rucker, Thurman, and Yoder (2005) in two ways. First, we develop a mixed event response model (MERM) to allow for possible asymmetric effects, and second, we examine how volatility, in addition to return, changes surrounding an event. We apply our model to the crude oil futures market using 25 years of daily data. Our results show that among the 10 events considered, the 2008 global financial crisis had the largest impact in magnitude on both return and volatility. The location and duration of response patterns are also found to vary across different events, with the financial crises having long‐lasting impacts, while truly unanticipated events, such as the September 11 terrorist attacks, having short‐lived impacts. Results suggest that simply using an event‐day dummy variable would hinder discovering overall market responses to slowly evolving information events.
Engaging hospitalized patients with personalized health information: a randomized trial of an inpatient portal
Authors: Masterson Creber Ruth M , Grossman Lisa V , Ryan Beatriz , Qian Min , Polubriaginof Fernanda C G , Restaino Susan , Bakken Suzanne , Hripcsak George , Vawdrey David K 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effects of an inpatient portal intervention on patient activation, patient satisfaction, patient engagement with health information, and 30-day hospital readmissions.

Methods and Materials
From March 2014 to May 2017, we enrolled 426 English- or Spanish-speaking patients from 2 cardiac medical-surgical units at an urban academic medical center. Patients were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: 1) usual care, 2) tablet with general Internet access (tablet-only), and 3) tablet with an inpatient portal. The primary study outcome was patient activation (Patient Activation Measure-13). Secondary outcomes included all-cause readmission within 30 days, patient satisfaction, and patient engagement with health information.

Results
There was no evidence of a difference in patient activation among patients assigned to the inpatient portal intervention compared to usual care or the tablet-only group. Patients in the inpatient portal group had lower 30-day hospital readmissions (5.5% vs. 12.9% tablet-only and 13.5% usual care; P = 0.044). There was evidence of a difference in patient engagement with health information between the inpatient portal and tablet-only group, including looking up health information online (89.6% vs. 51.8%; P &lt; 0.001). Healthcare providers reported that patients found the portal useful and that the portal did not negatively impact healthcare delivery.

Conclusions
Access to an inpatient portal did not significantly improve patient activation, but it was associated with looking up health information online and with a lower 30-day hospital readmission rate. These results illustrate benefit of providing hospitalized patients with real-time access to their electronic health record data while in the hospital.

Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01970852.
A note on logics of essence and accident
Authors: Gilbert David R , Venturi Giorgio 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
In this paper, we examine the logics of essence and accident and attempt to ascertain the extent to which those logics are genuinely formalizing the concepts in which we are interested. We suggest that they are not completely successful as they stand. We diagnose some of the problems and make a suggestion for improvement. We also discuss some issues concerning definability in the formal language.
Pharmacokinetics of First-Line Drugs Among Children With Tuberculosis in Rural Tanzania
Authors: Justine Museveni , Yeconia Anita , Nicodemu Ingi , Augustino Domitila , Gratz Jean , Mduma Estomih , Heysell Scott K , Kivuyo Sokoine , Mfinanga Sayoki , Peloquin Charles A , Zagurski Theodore , Kibiki Gibson S , Mmbaga Blandina , Houpt Eric R , Thomas Tania A 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundDosing recommendations for treating childhood tuberculosis (TB) were revised by the World Health Organization, yet so far, pharmacokinetic studies that have evaluated these changes are relatively limited. We evaluated plasma drug concentrations of rifampicin (RIF), isoniazid (INH), pyrazinamide (PZA), and ethambutol (EMB) among children undergoing TB treatment in Tanzania when these dosing recommendations were being implemented.MethodsAt the end of intensive-phase TB therapy, blood was obtained 2 hours after witnessed medication administration to estimate the peak drug concentration (C2h), measured using high-performance liquid chromatography or liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry methods. Differences in median drug concentrations were compared on the basis of the weight-based dosing strategy using the Mann–Whitney U test. Risk factors for low drug concentrations were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis.ResultsWe enrolled 51 human immunodeficiency virus–negative children (median age, 5.3 years [range, 0.75–14 years]). The median C2hs were below the target range for each TB drug studied. Compared with children who received the “old” dosages, those who received the “revised” WHO dosages had a higher median C2h for RIF (P = .049) and PZA (P = .015) but not for INH (P = .624) or EMB (P = .143); however, these revised dosages did not result in the target range for RIF, INH, and EMB being achieved. A low starting dose was associated with a low C2h for RIF (P = .005) and PZA (P = .005). Malnutrition was associated with a low C2h for RIF (P = .001) and INH (P = .001).ConclusionsAmong this cohort of human immunodeficiency virus–negative Tanzanian children, use of the revised dosing strategy for treating childhood TB did not result in the target drug concentration for RIF, INH, or EMB being reached.
Inner bars also buckle. The MUSE TIMER view of the double-barred galaxy NGC 1291
Authors: Méndez-Abreu J , de Lorenzo-Cáceres A , Gadotti D A , Fragkoudi F , van de Ven G , Falcón-Barroso J , Leaman R , Pérez I , Querejeta M , Sánchez-Blazquez P , Seidel M 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Double bars are thought to be important features for secular evolution in the central regions of galaxies. However, observational evidence about their origin and evolution is still scarce. We report on the discovery of the first Box/Peanut (B/P) structure in an inner bar detected in the face-on galaxy NGC 1291. We use the integral field data obtained from the MUSE spectrograph within the TIMER project. The B/P structure is detected as bi-symmetric minima of the h4 moment of the line-of-sight velocity distribution along the major axis of the inner bar, as expected from numerical simulations. Our observations demonstrate that inner bars can follow a similar evolutionary path as outer bars, undergoing buckling instabilities. They also suggest that inner bars are long-lived structures, thus imposing tight constraints to their possible formation mechanisms.
The History of Food and Public Health
Authors: Contois Emily , Day Anastasia 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Economic, political, and social changes prompted the evolution of our current food system. Studying the historical context of these changes helps us to better understand and devise nutrition policy and programs today. This chapter begins with the roots of the modern U.S. food system at the dawn of the 20th century, isolating four key aspects that have shaped nutrition and public health: food production, processing, and consumption, along with state nutritional policy. To begin, government subsidies, in tandem with shifts in farming demographics and business models, have significantly determined what food is available to consumers at what prices. Next, an examination of food processing complicates this story, exploring the growing number of intermediaries between farmers and consumers over the 20th century. In addition, federal dietary advice and resources have sought to guide what and how people eat. At the same time, the consumer culture has influenced eaters through cookbooks, home economics, advertising, and a host of food media, from magazines and radio to blogs and social media. The Example in Practice addresses the history of the National School Lunch Program, combining the themes of production, processing, consumption, and policy in a single case study. This chapter provides readers with key landmarks and a basic historical context to understand the origins of and potential futures for today’s food, nutrition, and public health policy problems.
Policy Efforts Supporting Healthy Diets for Adults and Children
Authors: Parks Courtney A. , Calloway Eric E. , Smith Teresa M. , Yaroh Amy L. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Policy-level influences are impactful strategies to improve dietary behaviors, with the ability to strengthen food environments and with a broad population-level effect. Policies can alter the “choice architecture,” which may lead individuals to make healthier decisions by means of making the healthier option the default option. Policy levers such as taxation and regulation of businesses that influence the food environment are mechanisms through which positive change can be made. Specific legislation discussed in this chapter includes the Healthy Hunger Free Kids Act of 2010, the farm bill, and more recent proposals such as sugar-sweetened beverage taxation and labeling of genetically modified organisms. Finally, this chapter outlines ideas for how public health professionals can get involved and influence the political process.
What We’re Looking For
Authors: Batson C. Daniel 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Whether a search for altruism is worth pursuing depends on what is meant by altruism. In recent years, seven different things have been called altruism. Four refer to specific forms of behavior, not to our motivational concern: (a) helpful behavior, (b) helping behavior, (c) high-cost helping, and (d) moral behavior. Three refer to motivation rather than behavior, but the first two of these view altruism as a special case of egoism: (e) helping in order to gain internal rather than external rewards and (f) helping in order to reduce one’s own distress caused by witnessing another’s distress. The altruism we’re looking for is (g) a motivational state with the ultimate goal of increasing another’s welfare. Altruism in this sense is juxtaposed to egoism, a motivational state with the ultimate goal of increasing one’s own welfare. This last definition is the only one that focuses on the human–nature question raised in Chapter 1.
The Pleasure of Empathic Joy
Authors: Batson C. Daniel 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Kyle Smith, Jack Keating, and Ezra Stotland proposed the empathic–joy hypothesis, which claims that people feeling empathic concern help to get the pleasure of sharing vicariously in the joy that the target of empathy feels when his or her need is removed. They predicted that if those feeling high empathy for a person in need don’t anticipate feeling empathic joy, they will help no more than those feeling low empathy. Smith and colleagues conducted an experiment to test this prediction and claimed support. However, this claim relied on turning away from their experimental manipulation of empathy to a (probably inappropriate) assessment of self-reported empathic concern minus distress. Three additional experiments conducted to test the empathic–joy hypothesis found no support. Results instead consistently patterned as predicted by the empathy–altruism hypothesis. Again, it seemed time to accept the altruism hypothesis, but again acceptance was premature. Others researchers suggested three new possibilities.
Premature Release of the Prime
Authors: Batson C. Daniel 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The third new possibility returned attention to the first egoistic hypothesis: remove–empathy. Perhaps people feeling high empathy think that even if they escape physical exposure to the need, they will continue to feel empathic concern. If so, psychological escape is still difficult, and the results previously reported (see Chapter 4) are as consistent with remove–empathy as with the empathy–altruism hypothesis. Contrary to this possibility, some research suggested physical escape did provide psychological escape in the experiments in Chapter 4. Further, Eric Stocks conducted two experiments that manipulated psychological escape directly, and results of each supported the empathy–altruism hypothesis, not remove–empathy. Based on these data, it was necessary to reject the last of the three new possibilities. Left with no plausible egoistic account of the empathy–helping relationship—this time, nobody else had one either—there was no alternative but to conclude that empathic concern produces altruistic motivation. Our search was over.
Some Good News
Authors: Batson C. Daniel 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Empathy-induced altruism provides benefits for (a) the person in need, (b) other similar people, and (c) the person feeling empathic concern. Specifically, there is evidence that it can produce the following: more and better help for those in need; less aggression toward them; less derogation and blaming of victims of injustice; increased cooperation in conflict situations (business negotiations, political conflicts, and tensions between students in school); less negative attitudes toward stigmatized groups; increased willingness to help these groups; more sensitive and responsive care in close relationships; increased happiness and self-esteem; less stress; more meaning in life; and greater longevity. The list of benefits of empathy-induced altruism for which there is at least preliminary evidence is impressive. Although not a panacea, it can be a powerful force for good.
The Cartography of Culture Zones
Authors: Sykes Jim 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis chapter criticizes the “cartography of culture zones”—the standard way cultural history is described in Sri Lanka—which locates traditional cultures in ethnically defined, regionally based culture zones. First, the chapter expands on the book’s previous exploration of Sinhala and Tamil musics by introducing the musics of Sri Lankan Muslims (an ethnic and religious category), Christians (a heterogenous religious category), Burghers (Eurasians), Kaffirs (Sri Lankans of African descent), and Väddas (the indigenous population). The chapter argues that scholars tend to adopt the European-derived idea that music belongs distinctly to humans with cultural histories rigidly demarcated along ethnic, religious, and regional lines. The chapter then traces histories of musical connection between Sri Lankan communities and culture zones. All the same, the chapter avoids debunking Sinhala Buddhist music as “Hindu” in character (a mistake of colonial era scholarship). The chapter respects difference while arguing for the importance in the Sri Lankan public sphere of recognizing connections.
Epistemic Crisis
Authors: Benkler Yochai , Faris Robert , Roberts Hal 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter describes the contours of the epistemic crisis in media and politics that threatens the integrity of democratic processes, erodes trust in public institutions, and exacerbates social divisions. It lays out the centrality of partisanship, asymmetric polarization, and political radicalization in understanding the current maladies of political media. It investigates the main actors who used the asymmetric media ecosystem to influence the formation of beliefs and the propagation of disinformation in the American public sphere, and to manipulate political coverage during the election and the first year of the Trump presidency, , including “fake news” entrepreneurs/political clickbait fabricators; Russian hackers, bots, and sockpuppets; the Facebook algorithm and online echo chambers; and Cambridge Analytica. The chapter also provides definitions of propaganda and related concepts, as well as a brief intellectual history of the study of propaganda.
The Origins of Asymmetry
Authors: Benkler Yochai , Faris Robert , Roberts Hal 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the origins of asymmetry in the American public sphere by charting the rise of second-wave right-wing media. Taking a political economy approach, this chapter investigates how institutions, politics, culture, and technology combine to explain why Rush Limbaugh, televangelism, and Fox News were able to emerge as mass media when they did, rather than remaining, as first-generation right-wing media after World War II had, small niche players. The chapter also considers how the emergence of the online right-wing media ecosystem followed the offline media ecosystem architecture because of the propaganda feedback loop. It shows that asymmetric polarization precedes the emergence of the internet and that even today the internet is highly unlikely to be the main cause of polarization, by comparison to Fox News and talk radio.
Cartesian coordinates
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter introduces Euclidean geometry, which provides the mathematical framework in which the laws of Newtonian physics are formulated. It first discusses how the concepts of ‘space’ and ‘relative, apparent, and common’ place are represented by a mathematical ensemble of points—the ‘absolute’ space ε3. A Cartesian frame of absolute space is materialized in ‘relative, apparent, and common’ space by a reference frame. Specifically, this reference frame is a solid trihedral—that is, an ensemble of physical objects whose relative distances are invariable in time and for which an orientation of the axes has been chosen. This chapter postulates that if the labeling of the points of ε3 is changed, the distance between two points remains unchanged. It then goes on to explain further the various associated formulas associated with Cartesian coordinates.