bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Hidden Face of Surat: Reflections on a Cosmopolitan Indian Ocean Centre, 1540-1750
Authors: Subrahmanyam Sanjay 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The great port of Surat in western India dominated accounts of Indian Ocean trade between the late sixteenth and mid eighteenth century. Consolidated first by an Ottoman notable, it became the Mughal Empire’s western window into the worlds of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. In this essay, I explore Surat’s other, less visible, aspect: namely as an intellectual centre, that brought together diverse and sometimes competing traditions. In turn, we shall see how this vibrant intellectual life was tied up both to certain structures of politics, and to commercial exchange at various scales.
Unsavoury Cosmopolitanism: Reflections on Sanjay Subrahmanyam’s “The Hidden Face of Surat”
Authors: Binbaş Evrim 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This article reflects on Sanjay Subrahmanyam’s article on early modern cosmopolitanism entitled “The Hidden Face of Surat: Reflections on a Cosmopolitan Indian Ocean Centre, 1540-1750,” and suggests that the cosmopolitan space was a political space where competing ideas of sovereignty clashed with each other. Therefore, the article argues that the study of political ideas and competing forms of constitutional programs should accompany the focus on life-style preferences of early modern cosmopolites when we study cosmopolitanism.
Beneath the Mustache: A Well-Trimmed History of Facial Hair in the Late Ottoman Era
Authors: Wishnitzer Avner 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Based on quantitative and qualitative analysis of visual representations and written texts, this study argues that officers, civil officials, and urban professionals who came of age in the late Hamidian era adopted the mustache as an expression of a generational identification and a related self-consciously modern masculinity that defined itself against the bearded, Hamidian order. After 1908, when the instigators of the revolution and their supporters climbed up the social and political hierarchies, the mustache rose with them and became the facial ornament of the most powerful people in the empire. Considering the common association of the mustache with youth, its adoption as a marker of identification hints at the unsettling of longtime ageist hierarchies but also, at the durability and adaptability of gender ones.
Varro of Atax in Lucan’s Gallic Catalog
Authors: Biggs Thomas 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAt Bellum civile 1.403-404, Lucan makes a subtle reference to Varro of Atax. Through this metapoetic gesture, he suggests that Varro’s Argonautae and Bellum Sequanicum are topics abandoned in favor of the civil war that the Bellum civile is bold enough to depict. This article first discusses the philological evidence for recognizing the reference and the implications of seeing Varro and the Argonautae in Lucan’s poem. The second section focuses on the idea of Varro’s Bellum Sequanicum and the distinctive dynamic of departure found in the catalog of Bellum civile 1. In particular, it suggests that the movement of Roman troops from Germany and Gaul into Italy represents the movement from textual Bella Gallica and Sequanica to Bellum civile. The qualities of ferocity and gentleness are also shown to play important roles in the metapoetics of the epic.
Comic-Book Superheroes and Prosocial Agency: A Large-Scale Quantitative Analysis of the Effects of Cognitive Factors on Popular Representations
Authors: Carney James , Carron Pádraig Mac 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
We argue that the counterfactual representations of popular culture, like their religious cognates, are shaped by cognitive constraints that become visible when considered in aggregate. In particular, we argue that comic-book literature embodies core intuitions about sociality and its maintenance that are activated by the cognitive problem of living in large groups. This leads to four predictions: comic-book enforcers should (1) be punitively prosocial, (2) be quasi-omniscient, (3) exhibit kin-signalling proxies and (4) be minimally counterintuitive. We gauge these predictions against a large sample of 19,877 characters that were derived from 72,611 comics using data scraping techniques. Our results corroborate the view that cognitive constraints exercise a selective effect on the transmission of popular culture.
Who Wants to Live Forever?
Authors: White Claire 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Around 30% of world cultures endorse reincarnation and 20% of contemporary Americans think that reincarnation is plausible. This paper addresses the question of why belief in reincarnation is so pervasive across geographically disparate contexts. While social scientists have provided compelling explanations of the particularistic aspects of reincarnation, less is known about the psychological foundations of such beliefs. In this paper, I review research in the cognitive science of religion to propose that selected panhuman cognitive tendencies contribute to the cross-cultural success of basic ideas in reincarnation. Together, this research suggests that extraordinary convictions, including those associated with postmortem survival, are underpinned by some of the same processes that govern mundane social cognition.
Owls, Climates, and Experts
Authors: Munroe Robert L. , Gauvain Mary 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The cognitive research of Atran and Medin (2008) plus preliminary cross-cultural inquiry about owls permitted the formulation of a hypothesis: Inhabitants of cold-climate societies were likely to be, in relative terms, “experts” on owls. Subsequent cross-cultural study (N = 56) affirmed that in cold-climate societies, in contrast to others, the habits and characteristics of owls were more frequently noted, these birds were more often used functionally (especially for feather-ornamentation), and the human inhabitants of cold-climate areas manifested fewer negative supernaturalistic interpretations of owl behavior. For the sample as a whole, however, some form of magico-religious belief — usually negative, such as association of owls with witchcraft — exceeded all other practices and concepts, including functional uses and ethnozoological descriptions of owls. The importance of taking affective factors into account in cross-cultural cognitive research was emphasized. Exploratory analysis also revealed that owls were of extraordinarily high interest to Native North Americans, and reasons for this regularity were considered. The paper concludes with discussion of the relation between ecological setting and cultural conceptions of the natural world.
Tunes and Tones: Music, Language, and Inhibitory Control
Authors: Graham Robert E. , Lakshmanan Usha 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
A debate is underway regarding the perceptual and cognitive benefits of bilingualism and musical experience. This study contributes to the debate by investigating auditory inhibitory control in English-speaking monolingual musicians, non-musicians, tone language bilinguals, and non-tone language bilinguals. We predicted that musicians and tone language bilinguals would demonstrate enhanced processing relative to monolinguals and other bilinguals. Groups of monolinguals (N = 22), monolingual musicians (N = 19), non-tone language bilinguals (N = 20) and tone language bilinguals (N = 18) were compared on auditory Stroop tasks to assess domain-transferable processing benefits (e.g. auditory inhibitory control) resulting from potentially shared underlying cognitive mechanisms (Patel, 2003; Bialystok & DePape, 2009). In one task, participants heard the words “high” and “low” presented in high or low pitches, and responded regarding the pitch of the stimuli as quickly as possible. In another task, participants heard the words “rise” or “fall” presented in rising or falling pitch contours, and responded regarding the contour of the stimuli as quickly as possible. Results suggest transferable auditory inhibitory control benefits for musicians across pitch and contour processing, but any possible enhanced processing for speakers of tone languages may be task-dependent, as lexical tone activation may interfere with pitch contour processing.
Cognition, Culture, and Social Simulation
Authors: Lane Justin E. , Shults F. LeRon 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe use of modeling and simulation (M&S) methodologies is growing rapidly across the psychological and social sciences. After a brief introduction to the relevance of computational methods for research on human cognition and culture, we describe the sense in which computer models and simulations can be understood, respectively, as “theories” and “predictions.” Most readers of JoCC are interested in integrating micro- and macro-level theories and in pursuing empirical research that informs scientific predictions, and we argue that M&S provides a powerful new set of tools for pursuing these interests. We also point out the way in which M&S can help scholars of cognition and culture address four key desiderata for social scientific research related to the themes of clarity, falsifiability, dynamicity, and complexity. Finally, we provide an introduction to the other papers that comprise this special issue, which includes contributions on topics such as the role of M&S in interdisciplinary debates, shamanism, early Christian ritual practices, the emergence of the Axial age, and the social scientific appropriation of algorithms from massively multiplayer online games.
Massively Multi-Agent Simulations of Religion
Authors: Bainbridge William Sims 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMassively multiplayer online (MMO) games are not merely electronic communication systems based on computational databases, but also include artificial intelligence that possesses complex, dynamic structure. Each visible action taken by a component of the multi-agent system appears simple, but is supported by vastly more sophisticated invisible processes. A rough outline of the typical hierarchy has four levels: (1) interaction between two individuals, each either human or artificial, (2) conflict between teams of agents who cooperate with fellow team members, (3) enduring social-cultural groups that seek to accomplish shared goals, and (4) large-scale cultural traditions, often separated into virtual geographic regions. In many MMOs, both magic and religion are represented, in ways that harmonize with a social-scientific theory that defines them in terms of specific versus general psychological compensators. This article draws empirical examples from five diverse MMOs: Dark Age of Camelot, Dungeons and Dragons Online, World of Warcraft, A Tale in the Desert and Gods and Heroes.
The Practice of Phenomenological Empathy Training
Authors: Englander Magnus 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This article provides concrete examples of a phenomenological approach to empathy training, which is a pedagogical method designed for higher education. First, the phenomenology of empathy and empathy training is briefly described. Second, excerpts from training sessions in higher education are provided as examples. The examples are meant as to concretize the purpose of the training in relation to the overall pedagogical process. In addition, some clarifications are made about how a phenomenological approach can facilitate university students’ deeper understanding of how empathy relate to interpersonal understanding in the we-relation.
The Origins of the Transitional Programme
Authors: Gaido Daniel 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe origins of the Transitional Programme in Trotsky’s writings have been traced in the secondary literature. Much less attention has been paid to the earlier origins of the Transitional Programme in the debates of the Communist International between its Third and Fourth Congress, and in particular to the contribution of its largest national section outside Russia, the German Communist Party, which had been the origin of the turn to the united-front tactic in 1921. This article attempts to uncover the roots of the Transitional Programme in the debates of the Communist International. This task is important because it shows that the Transitional Programme’s slogans are not sectarian shibboleths, but the result of the collective revolutionary experience of the working class during the period under consideration, from the Bolshevik Revolution to the founding conference of the Fourth International (1917–38).
High Tech, Low Growth: Robots and the Future of Work
Authors: Moody Kim 
Published: June 2019

AbstractFor decades futurists, academics and business experts have argued that automation, robots and other new technology would eliminate millions of jobs. Yet the workforce in the US has continued to grow, even if more slowly, to new heights. Work has changed, but the predicted ‘end of work’ failed to materialise even as technology has advanced, albeit unevenly. This article will argue that the answer to this apparent riddle is not to be found in analysing the technology itself, but in Marxist political economy. The progress of robots and related technology will be examined, but the argument is that the limits on technical progress in the actual production of goods and services lie in the turbulence of capitalism since the 1970s with its uneven profit rates.
Return of the Strike: A Forum on the Teachers’ Rebellion in the United States
Authors: Bhattacharya Tithi , Blanc Eric , Griffiths Kate Doyle , Weiner Lois 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBringing together leading observers of the 2018 teachers’ strikes in the United States, this forum surveys the origins, character, and trajectory of the rebellion as a whole. We examine the relations between union bureaucracies and the rank and file, the wider political context of the United States, the geography of the strike, immediate and longer-term grievances in the public-education sector, spontaneity and organisation, local cultural contexts and labour histories, strategies and tactics, social reproduction and gender, race and racism, and the potentialities and obstacles facing the movement in the near future.
The Forgotten Female Figurines of Elephantine
Authors: Cornell Collin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In spite of renewed scholarly interest in the religion of Judeans living on the island of Elephantine during the Persian period, only one recent study has addressed the religious significance of the fired clay female figurines discovered there. The present article seeks to place these objects back on the research agenda. After summarizing the history of research, it also makes a new appraisal of the role of these objects in the religious life of Elephantine Judeans. Two factors prompt this reevaluation: first, newly found examples of the same figurine types; and second, Bob Becking’s recent research on Elephantine Aramaic texts attesting the phenomenon of “lending deities.”
Francis Turretin and Jonathan Edwards on Compatibilism
Authors: Helm Paul 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe aim of this article is to show that the claim of Richard Muller in his recent book Divine Will and Human Choice: Freedom, Contingency, and Necessity in Early Modern Reformed Thought, that the Reformed Orthodox were not compatibilists in their view of freedom but held to the indeterminate freedom of the will, is false. The argument takes the reader through Turretin’s claim in his Institutes that freedom does not consist in indifference but in rational spontaneity. It assesses Muller’s argument that indeterminate freedom incorporates choices between two or more contraries and of none by showing that Edwards respected the same distinctions, and that Turretin and Edwards were agreed that God, the human nature of Christ, and the redeemed in heaven did not act from indifference. The article ends with remarks on Muller’s interpretation of Turretin’s position, that it involves ‘multiple potencies,’ arguing that this proposal meets serious difficulties.
Leave the Tensions
Authors: Shevel Kathryn 
Published: June 2019

AbstractJohn Calvin’s account of human agency has been criticized for its lack of a consistent intellectualist or voluntarist explanation of free will, and recent attempts have been made allegedly to smooth out Calvin’s inconsistencies. In response, I argue that the attempt to align Calvin’s theology with either an intellectualist construct or a voluntarist construct conceals all the nuances and difficulties of Calvin’s elaborate doctrine of free choice. Although Calvin upholds the primacy of the intellect as an ideal construct, his understanding of human agency is complex due to his account of the fall. Thus, I argue that the tensions in Calvin should remain, as his different accounts of freedom mirror the type of freedom Adam had in paradise and the disorder that the fall brought to the human faculties.
A Response to John Frame’s Presuppositional Approach to Faith and Reason
Authors: Loke Andrew Ter Ern 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPresuppositionalism is popular among certain groups of Reformed Christians today, and John Frame is one of its leading proponents. In contrast with the Evidential Approach concerning faith and reason, which affirms experiences and reason as starting points, Presuppositionalists assume the truth of scripture as starting point in their assessment of the truth-claims of Christianity. They appeal to Christians by emphasizing the authority of scripture, by criticizing autonomous human reason, and by highlighting the noetic effects of sin. I address these considerations, show that Frame’s approach is self-defeating and unacceptably circular, and answer his objections to the Evidential Approach.
In Search of the Debtera: An Intimate Narrative on Good and Evil in Ethiopia Today
Authors: de Ménonville Siena 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article aims to illustrate through a social narrative the role and function of the debtera and their affiliation with the sacred and the profane in the Christian Orthodox regions of Ethiopia today. The article argues that though the debtera are subject to moral opprobrium, they are able to breach both the sacred and the profane because of their close relationship to knowledge and money.
Are Liberals Winning? A Longitudinal Study of Clergy Churchmanship
Authors: Randall Kelvin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Surveys indicate a growing liberal consensus within British churches as well as in British society. Is this because each succeeding generation is more liberal than the previous one. Or is it that individuals as they grow older become more liberal? In a longitudinal study of churchmanship among Anglican clergy in England and Wales, the results indicate that individual clergy, male and female, older and younger, are becoming less Conservative and more Liberal.
Exploring Single and Multiple Religious Belonging
Authors: Berghuijs Joantine , Schilderman Hans , van der Braak André , Kalsky Manuela 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This contribution studies the notion of single and multiple religious belonging in a sample of 265 Dutch respondents. We will first focus on modalities of religious belonging and subsequently compare those who claim to draw from just one religion (the monoreligious) with those who indicate that they combine elements from different religious traditions (the multireligious) in terms of their intensities and styles of belonging, loyalty and mobility, and motivations for belonging. In general, multireligious respondents are characterized by their larger flexibility in religious matters as they tend to focus on similarities and common elements in different religions, and less on boundaries between them. By being loyal to themselves in the first place, they feel free to adopt and to leave behind religious beliefs and communities. Emotional and institutional bonds for each religion appear to be less strong than for monoreligious individuals in relation to their single religion.
The Relationship of Personality and Spirituality to Empathy
Authors: Stewart Chris , Lawrence Shawn , Burg Mary Ann 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This empirical study sought to explore the relationship of personality, spirituality and empathy. Specifically, the possible additional predictive ability of spirituality for empathy when also including personality was examined. Multidimensional measures of spirituality (Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale) and personality (Big Five Inventory) were utilized with a sample of both undergraduate, graduate students and practitioners from two disciplines. Data was collected from several sites, including three universities. Results demonstrated that most spiritual dimensions were not significantly correlated with empathy. One spirituality dimension (Spiritual Perspective) however added significantly to a regression model that also included personality dimensions.
International Regulation of Heavy Fuel Oil Use by Vessels in Arctic Waters
Authors: Sun Zhen 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The use and carriage of heavy fuel oil (HFO) as fuel by vessels in Arctic waters present unique challenges to the fragile marine environment and vulnerable Arctic communities. Discussions on the regulation of HFO use in Arctic waters have undergone several transformations, from strong resistance by several states before and during the negotiations of the Polar Code, to stalemate, to reluctant evaluation of options, before the emergence of a potential mandatory ban. An HFO ban is expected to be adopted by the International Maritime Organization in 2021 at the earliest. This article examines the formation, development and application of the ban on HFO use by vessels in Arctic waters, and discusses the potential effectiveness of the ban.
The Native Women Healers of Turkmen-Sahra in Iran
Authors: Maghsudi Manijeh 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe native healers are spread all across Iran and belong to various geographical regions and cultural areas. In this study the healing techniques of a number of Turkmen women are introduced. Having a macro vision towards their patients, each of the healers uses a set of various techniques that are special and unique in their own range. Healing has left a direct effect on the personality of the women healers. The variety in techniques is much wider among women than men healers. The treatment manner of the latter is mostly based on a method, which resembles Shamanistic techniques. The healing methods in the rural society are more original and intact, than in the urban centres. According to the statements made by the healers, the healing methods (at least in the macro vision form of it) can neither be taught nor be learned. Only unique individuals endowed with special abilities in completely exceptional conditions can be selected for performing the healing.
Auf den Spuren der Panta-Birne Ein "grenzüberschreitender" Fruchtname im östlichen Pontos
Authors: Bläsing Uwe 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis contribution deals with the geographical distribution and the history of a wild pear&#0146s regional name. This kind of pear, the so-called panta-pear, is typical for the Eastern Pontic area. The issues concerning the place of the fruit and its name in the local population's daily life and folklore, as well as in the toponymy of the Turkish-Georgian boarder zone are also elucidated.