bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cataract frequency and subtypes involved in workers assessed for their solar radiation exposure: a systematic review
Authors: Modenese Alberto , Gobba Fabriziomaria 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCataract is currently the primary cause of blindness worldwide, and one of its main risk factors is solar ultraviolet radiation exposure. According to the localization of lens opacities, three main subtypes of cataract are recognized: nuclear, cortical and posterior subcapsular cataract. One of the main determinants of individual long‐term solar radiation exposure is outdoor work. We systematically reviewed scientific literature from the last 20 years to update the recent development of research on the risk of cataract in outdoor workers and on the specific subtypes involved, also investigating the methods applied to evaluate the occupational risk. A total of 15 studies were included in the review, of which 12 showed a positive association. The studies confirm the relationship of long‐term occupational solar radiation exposure with cortical cataract and give new support for nuclear cataract, although no substantial new data were available to support a relation with the posterior subcapsular subtype. In most of the studies, the exposure assessment was not adequate to support a representative evaluation of the ocular risk; however, outdoor work is clearly a relevant risk factor for cataract. Further research providing a better evaluation of the relation between solar radiation exposure levels and lens damage in workers is needed and aimed to establish adequate occupational exposure limits and better preventive measures, studying also their effectiveness.
Effects of stocking density on growth performance, meat quality and tibia development of Pekin ducks
Authors: Zhang Ya Ru , Zhang Lu Shuang , Wang Zhong , Liu Yang , Li Fu Huang , Yuan Jian Min , Xia Zhao Fei 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis study was performed to investigate the effects of stocking density on performance, meat quality and tibia development in Pekin ducks reared on a plastic wire floor. A total of 372 healthy, 21‐day‐old, male ducks with similar body weight (BW) were randomly allotted to stocking densities of five (low), eight (medium) and 11 (high) birds/m2. Each group had six replicates. Results showed that compared with the low density group, medium and high stocking density caused a decrease in final BW at 42 days old, and in average daily gain, European performance index (p < .01) and meat pH at 45 min postmortem (p < .001), and an increase of meat drip loss (p < .01). High stocking density resulted in an increase of feed/gain ratio (p < .001), but a decrease of tibia calcium (p < .01) and phosphorus content (p < .05). Meat color, shear force values, tibia size (weight, length, and width) and breaking strength were not significantly influenced by stocking density. In conclusion, stocking density over eight birds/m2 negatively affects growth performance, but meat quality and tibia development are not dramatically influenced. Based on this study, the stocking density of male Pekin ducks should be adjusted between five and eight birds/m2.
Power Relations and Upgrading in the Cashew Value Chain of Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Bassett Thomas J. , Koné Moussa , Pavlovic Nathan R. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTDevelopment organizations are increasingly adopting market‐based approaches to reducing rural poverty and food insecurity in the global South. The value chain approach is particularly popular. Aid donors, governments and non‐governmental organizations are applying value chain concepts originally designed for promoting industrial production to smallholder agricultural production. Cashew development in Côte d'Ivoire illustrates this new approach to rural development in which ‘upgrading’ the production and processing links are top priorities. A core assumption informing this approach is that improvements in product quality at the producer level will yield higher producer prices and incomes. This article examines this assumed quality–price relationship through a comparative analysis of cashew quality and prices in Côte d'Ivoire. The research reveals a disconnect between nut quality and producer prices. The case study demonstrates that power relations are more important than quality in setting producer prices for raw cashew nuts.
Pragmatic and Paradoxical Philanthropy: Tatas’ Gift Giving and Scientific Development in India
Authors: Kumar Arun 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTDespite the growing interest in organized philanthropy from India, scholarship on the subject has remained thin. Existing literature argues that Indian philanthropy has been shaped by three, sometimes overlapping, narratives of managerialism, modernization and nationalism. Departing from such smooth and singular narratives, this article contends that modern Indian philanthropy has been shaped by colonialism, imperialism, managerialism, modernity, nationalism, nation building, neoliberalism and secularism. The particular ways in which it has been shaped can be understood as both pragmatic and paradoxical. The article draws on the history of philanthropy of the house of Tatas, India's leading corporate group, geared toward scientific development in the 20th century.
What predicts anti‐Roma prejudice? Qualitative and quantitative analysis of everyday sentiments about the Roma
Authors: Orosz Gábor , Bruneau Emile , Tropp Linda R. , Sebestyén Nóra , Tóth‐Király István , Bőthe Beáta 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe present research focused on two primary goals: (a) identifying the content of sentiments about the Roma to which Hungarians are exposed during everyday family conversations, and (b) determining which types of everyday sentiments about the Roma most strongly predict Hungarian respondents’ anti‐Roma prejudice. Content analyzing open‐ended responses from a representative sample of Hungarians (N = 505), we found that more than 76% of the respondents reported being exposed to negative stereotypes about the Roma, 27% to threats posed by Roma, and 16% to overt dehumanization of Roma; additionally more than 20% reported hearing no positive sentiments about the Roma in everyday family conversations. We then examined which negative and positive sentiments most strongly predicted respondents’ anti‐Roma prejudice (using measures of social distance and modern racism). Higher social distance scores were predicted by a lack of positive sentiments, whereas lower social distance scores were most strongly predicted by unambiguously positive sentiments expressed during family conversations. Higher modern racism scores were further predicted by sentiments expressing dehumanization, threat, and violence against Roma. Together, these results attest to the extremity of anti‐Roma sentiments expressed regularly by Hungarians, and suggest how exposure to specific sentiments may foster anti‐Roma hostility. Moreover, these findings provide guidance regarding the specific negative anti‐Roma sentiments that should be combated to enhance the effectiveness of anti‐prejudice interventions.
Are you talking to the future me? The moderator role of future self‐relevance on the effects of aging salience in retirement savings
Authors: Marques Sibila , Mariano João , Lima Maria Luísa , Abrams Dominic 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIncreasing the salience of aging has been shown to be a promising strategy to promote young adults' interest in saving for retirement. However, the processes responsible for this effect are still largely unknown. We hypothesize that increased savings choices will only occur when participants are also engaged in self‐relevant thoughts about their own future. Participants were exposed to a fictitious website advertising financial products. Study 1 (n = 78; Mage = 20.87) primed age salience and future self‐relevance orthogonally and showed that priming aging only caused increases in retirement investment decisions when self‐relevance was also high. Study 2 (n = 91; Mage = 23.40) tested whether the effects of age priming were due specifically to age or to a broader focus on the future. The study confirmed that investment decision effects are specific to exposure to the aging prime and not merely priming the future. The effects were also specific to investment in retirement funds and not just depositing money in a checking account. These findings have both theoretical and practical implications for the psychology of aging and retirement planning.
Will growth bring more good than harm to my business? The role of regulatory focus in small business growth beliefs
Authors: Prasastyoga Bramesada , van Leeuwen Esther , Harinck Fieke 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe two studies presented in this paper investigated the psychological processes underlying small business growth beliefs (SBGBs) (i.e., expected consequences of small business growth) by focusing on the role of regulatory focus and perceived competence as predictors of SBGBs. We assessed participants' (students and small business owners) cognitive and emotional responses to anticipated business growth by means of online questionnaires. As predicted, individuals with a strong promotion focus expected predominantly positive consequences of small business growth, whereas individuals with a strong prevention focus expected predominantly negative consequences of small business growth. In addition, regardless of their regulatory focus, individuals who perceived themselves as competent to grow a business had positive growth beliefs, particularly growth beliefs concerning emotional consequences of business growth. These findings illuminate the importance of acknowledging individual differences in SBGBs. They also shed more light on the critical role of perceived competence, suggesting that empowerment is a key factor in promoting small business growth.
Hypertension control after an initial cardiac event among Medicare patients with diabetes mellitus: A multidisciplinary group practice observational study
Authors: Chaddha Ashish , Smith Maureen A. , Palta Mari , Johnson Heather M. 
Published: April 2018

Patients with diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease have a high risk of mortality and/or recurrent cardiovascular events. Hypertension control is critical for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. The objective was to determine rates and predictors of achieving hypertension control among Medicare patients with diabetes and uncontrolled hypertension after hospital discharge for an initial cardiac event. A retrospective analysis of linked electronic health record and Medicare data was performed. The primary outcome was hypertension control within 1 year after hospital discharge for an initial cardiac event. Cox proportional hazard models assessed sociodemographics, medications, utilization, and comorbidities as predictors of control. Medicare patients with diabetes were more likely to achieve hypertension control when prescribed beta‐blockers at discharge or with a history of more specialty visits. Adults ≥ 80 were more likely to achieve control with diuretics. These findings demonstrate the importance of implementing guideline‐directed multidisciplinary care in this complex and high‐risk population.
Effects of different statin types and dosages on systolic/diastolic blood pressure: Retrospective analysis of 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure database
Authors: Presta Vivianne , Figliuzzi Ilaria , Citoni Barbara , Miceli Francesca , Battistoni Allegra , Musumeci Maria Beatrice , Coluccia Roberta , De Biase Luciano , Ferrucci Andrea , Volpe Massimo , Tocci Giuliano 
Published: April 2018

We previously demonstrated lower diastolic blood pressure (BP) levels under statin therapy in adult individuals who consecutively underwent 24‐hour ambulatory BP monitoring and compared their levels to untreated outpatients. Here we evaluated systolic/diastolic BP levels according to different statin types and dosages. 987 patients (47.5% female, age 66.0 ± 10.1 years, BMI 27.7 ± 4.6 kg/m2, clinic BP 146.9 ± 19.4/86.1 ± 12.1 mm Hg, 24‐hour BP 129.2 ± 14.4/74.9 ± 9.2 mm Hg) were stratified into 4 groups: 291 (29.5%) on simvastatin 10‐80 mg/d, 341 (34.5%) on atorvastatin 10‐80 mg/d, 187 (18.9%) on rosuvastatin 5‐40 mg/d, and 168 (17.0%) on other statins. There were no significant BP differences among patients treated by various statin types and dosages, except in lower clinic (P = .007) and daytime (P = .013) diastolic BP in patients treated with simvastatin and atorvastatin compared to other statins. Favorable effects of statins on systolic/diastolic BP levels seem to be independent of types or dosages, thus suggesting a potential class effect of these drugs.
Rethinking European Elections: The Importance of Regional Spillover Into the European Electoral Arena
Authors: Schakel Arjan H. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe European Union has developed into a multilevel electoral system in which elections take place at regional, national and European tiers of governance. Election scholars have taken up an interest in European and regional elections and the dominant approach to study these elections is the second‐order election model. This model has generated important insights but it also faces limitations. A multilevel party system perspective exposes several vertical and horizontal interactions between electoral arenas. An empirical analysis on second‐order effects in European elections held in 217 regions and 11 countries reveals that regional authority, regional identity and electoral timing of regional vis‐à‐vis European elections significantly alters the extent and way in which national politics flows into the European electoral arena. These results provide strong evidence that regionalization has significantly transformed European elections but this impact only comes to the fore once one adopts a multilevel party system perspective.
Enhancing antibacterial efficacy of nisin in pork by poly‐γ‐glutamic acid/poly‐l‐lysine nanoparticles encapsulation
Authors: Cui Haiying , Dai Yajie , Lin Lin 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn this study, a novel method of nisin encapsulation was developed by synthesizing electrostatic self‐assembled nanoparticles using poly‐γ‐glutamic acid (γ‐PGA) and poly‐l‐lysine (PLL). The prepared nisin encapsulated γ‐PGA/PLL nanoparticles were stable. Their encapsulation efficiency, average particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential were 52.56%, 451.1 nm, 0.334, and 30.8 mV, respectively. The effect of nisin encapsulated γ‐PGA/PLL nanoparticles on microbiological parameters, total volatile basic nitrogen values, and pH changes in pork meat at different storage temperatures (4°C for 14 days and 25°C for 7 days) were evaluated. Staphylococcal enterotoxin A was significant decreased in pork meat after the application of nisin‐loaded γ‐PGA/PLL nanoparticles.Practical applicationsNisin‐loaded poly‐γ‐glutamic acid/poly‐l‐lysine nanoparticles could effectively control the growth of Staphylococcal aureus in pork meat and does not have a negative effect on the quality of the pork meat samples. The concept in this study may be useful for the treatment of various infections caused by other bacteria and it have a broad prospect to be used in meat products preservation.
Net Neutrality, Network Capacity, and Innovation at the Edges
Authors: Choi Jay Pil , Jeon Doh‐Shin , Kim Byung‐Cheol 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe study how net neutrality regulations affect a high‐bandwidth content provider (CP)'s investment incentives to enhance its quality of services in content delivery to end users. We find that the effects crucially depend on whether the CP's entry is constrained by the Internet service provider's network capacity. If the capacity is relatively large, the prioritization reduces the investment as CP's investment and prioritization form substitutes. With limited capacity, however, they become complements and the prioritization can facilitate the entry of congestion‐sensitive content. Our analysis suggests that the optimal policy may call for potentially asymmetric regulations across mobile and fixed networks.
Role and mechanisms of autophagy in acetaminophen‐induced liver injury
Authors: Chao Xiaojuan , Wang Hua , Jaeschke Hartmut , Ding Wen‐Xing 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAcetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the most frequent cause of acute liver failure in the USA and many other countries. Although the metabolism and pathogenesis of APAP has been extensively investigated for decades, the mechanisms by which APAP induces liver injury are incompletely known, which hampers the development of effective therapeutic approaches to tackle this important clinical problem. Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular degradation pathway, which aims at recycling cellular components and damaged organelles in response to adverse environmental conditions and stresses as a survival mechanism. There is accumulating evidence indicating that autophagy is activated in response to APAP overdose in specific liver zone areas, and pharmacological activation of autophagy protects against APAP‐induced liver injury. Increasing evidence also suggests that hepatic autophagy is impaired in nonalcoholic fatty livers (NAFLD), and NAFLD patients are more susceptible to APAP‐induced liver injury. Here, we summarized the current progress on the role and mechanisms of autophagy in protecting against APAP‐induced liver injury.
Neuromedia and the Epistemology of Education
Authors: Pritchard Duncan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper explores the implications of a technological revolution that many in the industry think is likely soon to come to pass: neuromedia. In particular, the paper is interested in how this will constitute an especially persuasive kind of extended cognition, and thereby will facilitate extended epistemic states. This will in turn have ramifications for how we understand the epistemic goals of education. The paper argues that the challenges posed by neuromedia remind us that the overarching epistemic goal of education is not orientated towards facilitating a body of knowledge (or the development of mere cognitive skills) but rather is concerned with the development of intellectual character, where this in turn essentially involves the cultivation of intellectual virtues, character traits that are not amenable to extended cognition.
An Eye on Particulars with the End in Sight: An Account of Aristotelian Phronesis
Authors: Silvia Vaccarezza Maria 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper focuses on Aristotelian phronesis and aims at highlighting its nature as an eye on particulars with general ends in sight. More specifically, it challenges the particularistic interpretation of phronesis and Aristotelian ethics in order to argue for a “qualified generalism.” After sketching a radical Particularistic Reading (PR), the paper defends an interpretation it calls the Priority of Particulars Reading (PPR). First, it shows how PPR effectively accounts for the Aristotelian priority assigned to practical perception while at the same time counterbalancing that priority by means of two interpretive strategies. Then it offers further support to PPR by appealing to its own reading of Aristotle's phronesis. It aims to show that it is possible to defend a legitimate form of PPR without ending in holding PR, and that Aristotle's own theory and work ground the moderate reading. Finally, it draws some implications by analyzing educational practice.
Connecting Virtues: Introduction
Authors: Croce Michel , Vaccarezza Maria Silvia 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis article introduces the special issue “Connecting Virtues,” which aims to advance virtue theory by bringing into a conversation works on the virtues in epistemology, ethics, and political philosophy. The collection covers several key themes within virtue theory. It includes ground‐breaking articles offering original solutions to long‐standing issues in virtue theory, such as the plausibility of different lists of virtues, the relationship between virtues and their opposing vices and the connection between moral and intellectual virtues. In addition, the collection offers insights into cutting‐edge fields of application of the topic of virtue, such as the role of intellectual virtues in an age of neuromedia, virtuous dispositions related to social epistemology, and the role of some neglected virtues for political philosophy.
A Fast Detection Method via Region‐Based Fully Convolutional Neural Networks for Shield Tunnel Lining Defects
Authors: Xue Yadong , Li Yicheng 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTunnel lining defects are an important indicator reflecting the safety status of shield tunnels. Inspired by the state‐of‐the‐art deep learning, a method for automatic intelligent classification and detection methodology of tunnel lining defects is presented. A fully convolutional network (FCN) model for classification is proposed. Information about defects, collected using charge‐coupled device cameras, was used to train the model. The model's performance was compared to those of GoogLeNet and VGG. The best‐set accuracy of the proposed model was over 95% at a test‐time speed of 48 ms per image. For defects detection, image features were computed from large‐scale images by the FCN and then detected using a region proposal network and position‐sensitive region of interest pooling. Some indices (detection rate, detection accuracy, and detection efficiency, locating accuracy) were used to evaluate the model. The comparisons with faster R‐CNN and a traditional method were conducted. The results show that the model is very fast and efficient, allowing automatic intelligent classification and detection of tunnel lining defects.
Noncoding RNAs in ischemic stroke: time to translate
Authors: Kaur Harpreet , Sarmah Deepaneeta , Saraf Jackson , Vats Kanchan , Kalia Kiran , Borah Anupom , Yavagal Dileep R. , Dave Kunjan R. , Ghosh Zhumur , Bhattacharya Pallab 
Published: April 2018

AbstractStroke is devastating and a major cause of morbidity and mortality around globe. Current interventions for ischemic stroke include thrombolytics, clot retrieval devices and/or intravenous tissue plasminogen activators (tPA), the latter two becoming the first line of treatment. Owing to the limitations of tPA to elicit therapeutic benefits in a narrow time window, new pharmacological interventions are needed. Exploring noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) may be a promising option for stroke treatment. ncRNAs are endogenous molecules that play key roles in the pathophysiology of many functions and diseases, including during ischemic stroke. Small ncRNAs such as microRNAs, Piwi‐interacting RNAs, and long ncRNAs affect the genetic machinery at molecular levels. These small ncRNAs, along with their target genes and RNA transcripts, are involved in repair and recovery mechanisms after stroke. The potential of ncRNAs to regulate physiological processes highlights their potential therapeutic importance. Here, we enumerate the details and roles of different types of ncRNAs as biomarkers and targets for future stroke intervention.