bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Electrochemical Study of Some Phenothiazines with Carbon Paste, Solid Carbon Paste and Glass-Like Carbon Electrodes
Authors: Sandulescu Robert V. , Mirel Simona M. , Oprean Radu N. , Lotrean Simion 
Published: July 2002

In order to obtain modified electrodes with phenothiazines and to develop electrochemical methods for their determination in pharmaceutical formulations, promazine maleate, promethazine maleate and levomepromazine, were studied by linear sweep voltammetry using different types of working electrodes: carbon paste, solid carbon paste and glass-like carbon electrodes. A comparative electrochemical study of the above mentioned pheno- thiazines was performed in aqueous-alcoholic solutions, investigating the influence of pH, ionic strength and concentration on the current-potential curves. Linear sweep voltammetry in potential range from -0.1 to +1.3 V revealed that the oxidation potential and the current, strongly depend on the type of electrode and pH, the best results being obtained in acid buffer (pH 1.0). The current intensity depending linearly on the concentration in the range of 2.5·10-5-5·10-4 M promazine maleate, 2.5·10-5-2.5·10-4 M promethazine maleate and 6.2·10-5-1.2·10-3 M levomepromazine permits the development of electroanalytical methods to determine these phenothiazines in pharmaceuticals. The electrochemical determination yielded results comparable with spectrophotometric methods. Linear sweep voltammetry of carbon paste electrodes modified by incorporation of phenothiazines opens the possibility to use them as mediators in the design of some enzyme selective electrodes.
The reliability and validity of the physical activity questions in the WHO health behaviour in schoolchildren (HBSC) survey: a population study
Authors: Booth M L , Okely A D , Chey T , Bauman A 
Published: July 2002

Objective—To assess the test-retest reliability and validity of the physical activity questions in the World Health Organisation health behaviour in schoolchildren (WHO HBSC) survey.Methods—In the validity study, the Multistage Fitness Test was administered to a random sample of year 8 (mean age 13.1 years; n = 1072) and year 10 (mean age 15.1 years; n = 954) high school students from New South Wales (Australia) during February/March 1997. The students completed the self report instruments on the same day. An independent sample of year 8 (n = 121) and year 10 (n = 105) students was used in the reliability study. The questionnaire was administered to the same students on two occasions, two weeks apart, and test-retest reliability was assessed. Students were classified as either active or inadequately active on their combined responses to the questionnaire items. Kappa and percentage agreement were assessed for the questionnaire items and for a two category summary measure.Results—All groups of students (boys and girls in year 8 and year 10) classified as active (regardless of the measure) had significantly higher aerobic fitness than students classified as inadequately active. As a result of highly skewed binomial distributions, values of kappa were much lower than percentage agreement for test-retest reliability of the summary measure. For year 8 boys and girls, percentage agreement was 67% and 70% respectively, and for year 10 boys and girls percentage agreement was 85% and 70% respectively.Conclusions—These brief self report questions on participation in vigorous intensity physical activity appear to have acceptable reliability and validity. These instruments need to be tested in other cultures to ensure that the findings are not specific to Australian students. Further refinement of the measures should be considered.
Impact of HIV infection on tuberculosis
Authors: Zumla Alimuddin , Malon Patrick , Henderson Jane , Grange John M 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Tuberculosis is increasing in prevalence in many countries and is now the leading infectious cause of death world wide, being responsible for three million deaths annually. Infection with HIV, likewise increasing in prevalence, has emerged as the most important predisposing factor for developing overt tuberculosis in people co-infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Owing to the widespread geographical overlap of these two infections, it is estimated that in 1999, HIV related tuberculosis will reach one million cases and will cause 30% of the expected 2.5 million AIDS related deaths. Tuberculosis in HIV infected individuals may have unusual clinical features and can cause diagnostic difficulties. Despite the effectiveness of modern short course treatment, the mortality of HIV related tuberculosis during and after treatment remains high, and this may be due to other HIV related infections. The “cursed duet” of infection with both HIV and M tuberculosis is generating a threat to human health of unparalleled proportions which, if not taken seriously by health workers and decision makers, could become totally unmanageable.
COMMENTS ON THE DEFORMED WN ALGEBRA
Authors: ODAKE SATORU 
Published: July 2002

We obtain an explicit expression for the defining relation of the deformed WN algebra, [Formula: see text]. Using this expression we can show that, in the q→1 limit, [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] reduces to the [Formula: see text]-version of the Lepowsky–Wilson's [Formula: see text]-algebra of level k, [Formula: see text]. In other words [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] can be considered as a q-deformation of [Formula: see text]. In the appendix given by H. Awata, S. Odake and J. Shiraishi, we present an interesting relation between [Formula: see text] and ζ-function regularization.
HYPERDECIDABLE PSEUDOVARIETIES AND THE CALCULATION OF SEMIDIRECT PRODUCTS
Authors: ALMEIDA JORGE 
Published: July 2002

This note introduces the notion of a hyperdecidable pseudovariety. This notion appears naturally in trying to prove decidability of the membership problem of semi-direct products of pseudovarieties of semigroups. It turns out to be a generalization of a notion introduced by C. J. Ash in connection with his proof of the "type II" theorem. The main results in this paper include a formulation of the definition of a hyper-decidable pseudovariety in terms of free profinite semigroups, the equivalence with Ash's property in the group case, the behaviour under the operator g of taking the associated global pseudovariety of semigroupoids, and the decidability of V*W in case gV is decidable and has a given finite vertex-rank and W is hyperdecidable. A further application of this notion which is given establishes that the join of a hyperdecidable pseudovariety with a locally finite pseudovariety with computable free objects is again hyperdecidable.
BRONZE FORMATION AND THE MOTION OF MESOSCOPIC TIN CLUSTERS ON A COPPER SURFACE
Authors: SCHMID ANDREAS K. , BARTELT NORM C. , HWANG ROBERT Q. 
Published: July 2002

To study the dynamics of alloy phase transformations, we deposited submonolayer amounts of Sn onto Cu(111) surfaces. The subsequently observed formation of bronze alloy was found to be surprisingly complex. First, the Sn forms 2D clusters with a 2×2 structure and typical diameters of the order of 100 nm. Then the Sn clusters move across the Cu surface and shrink in size, leaving dilute bronze in their wake. The curious motion of the Sn clusters can be interpreted as an example of chemomechanical energy transduction on a surprisingly small length scale. Thus the Sn clusters are microscopic engines and one can discuss their fundamental mechanical properties. A speculative comparison of the self-propelled motion of the Sn clusters with other isothermal engines, such as molecular biological machines, is considered.
Analysis in the Computable Number Field
Authors: Aberth Oliver 
Published: July 2002

It is well known that real variable analysis is nonconstructive. For example, although it is asserted that every bounded monotone sequence converges to a limit, there is no algorithm for obtaining this limit.
This paper presents a constructive analysis which is restricted to a countable set of numbers, the field of computable numbers. These numbers are defined in a new way by employing the concept of “programmable functions.” The resultant analysis differs from real analysis in many important respects.
Homilies for humble standards
Authors: Ross Douglas T. 
Published: July 2002

At every standards meeting, in clear view on the table there should be a small plaque engraved: “Do it once, do it right, do it internationally.” The many contributions of Douglas Ross exemplify this directive. If, for example, you look at the ASCII standard, ANSI-X3.4-1968, you will find that D.T. Ross represented ACM on the ANSI X3 Committee at that time. This paper is part of an argument that well-founded standards go hand in hand with an effective systems methodology.
When first submitted for refereeing, “Homilies for Humble Standards” was oriented toward Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) applications. As it is now published, the context is elevated to consider all applications. In a similar manner, we can broaden the scope to show that it is the concern of all ACM members. Manufacturing is the application of tools and processes on materials to create a product. Languages are our tools; algorithms and procedures are our processes; data is our material. The product is an enhancement of the power and span of control of the customer.
I commend this paper for your reading as one of the relatively few in ACM publications which tell why ACM and its members should be “involved”; it discusses an unsolved problem, rather than a solution looking for a problem.
Execution characteristics of programs in a page-on-demand system
Authors: Boyse John W. 
Published: July 2002

h show the execution characteristics of two types of commonly used programs in a large-scale, time-shared computer system. A software monitoring facility built into the supervisor was used for data collection during normal system operation. These data were analyzed, and results of this analysis are presented for a Fortran compiler and an interactive line file editor.
Probability distribution functions and other data are given for such things as CPU intervals, I/O intervals, and the number of such intervals during execution. Empirical distributions are compared with simple theoretical distributions (exponential, hyperexponential, and geometric). Other data show paging characteristics of tasks as a function of the number of pages those tasks have in core.
Dynamic partitioning for array languages
Authors: Phillips J. Richard , Adams H. C. 
Published: July 2002

The classical process of partitioning an array into subarrays is extended to a more useful array language operation. Various modes of partitioning are defined for different types of arrays, so that subarrays may vary over the original array in a nearly arbitrary manner. These definitions are motivated with several realistic examples to illustrate the value of partitioning for array languages.
Of general interest is the data structure for partitioning. This consists of dynamic tree structures which are used to derive and maintain the array control information. These are described in sufficient detail to be of value in the design of other array languages. The description presented in this paper is implemented in a new array language, OL/2, currently under development at the University of Illinois.
Computer education in a graduate school of management
Authors: Ness D. N. , Green R. S. , Martin W. A. 
Published: July 2002

Several years of experience have led to the belief that the creative design and evaluation of management information systems requires a thorough understanding of the related computer technology. Concepts such as paging and priority interrupt systems can best be explained at the machine language level. Any machine used for exposition should fulfill several criteria. It should: (1) raise as few spurious issues as possible; (2) allow, without undue effort, the solution of interesting problems; (3) be capable of exposing all outstanding issues of significance, within the chosen machine; (4) be useful for pursuing issues in great depth when appropriate; (5) not be committed to the equipment provided by any manufacturer; (6) be able to provide the student with diagnostic aids to a great depth; (7) allow the student ready access to the machine; (8) be capable of extension to expose new issues as they come along.
We have constructed a simulated machine and its associated software which meets these criteria. This system, called the PRISM system, is documented by a primer and a reference manual.
Automated algebraic manipulation in celestial mechanics
Authors: Jefferys William H. 
Published: July 2002

In this paper we consider some of the applications of automated algebraic manipulation which have been made in celestial mechanics. Particular attention is paid to the use of Poisson series, and a typical problem in perturbation theory is described. The requirements of processors for use in celestial mechanics are considered and compared with those for general manipulation packages. Some future directions for research using these systems are briefly outlined.
To illustrate the relative simplicity of the algorithms required in celestial mechanics, a typical integration problem is considered in an appendix.
Information Retrieval: Easy English, a language for information retrieval through a remote typewriter console
Authors: Rubinoff M. , Bergman S. , Rapp F. , Cautin H. 
Published: July 2002

Easy English is a natural command language designed to simplify communication between man and machine through remote typewriter console. It has been developed for retrieval of documents from a computerized data base, the Moore School Information Systems Laboratory files. Requests are formulated in a standardized syntactical form (examples of which are presented), and this form is then transformed into an equivalent query expressed in the retrieval system's original Symbolic Command Language, which is briefly described.
Operation of Easy English is detailed by illustration of the transformations performed upon a sample request up to the point at which the request string is sent to the system. A macro flowchart of Easy English is included, and an Appendix provides the printout of a retrieval demonstration.
Estimation of heart parameters using skin potential measurements
Authors: Bellman R. , Collier C. , Kagiwada H. , Kalaba R. , Selvester R. 
Published: July 2002

A fundamental problem of vectorcardiography is the estimation of the state of the heart on the basis of skin potential measurements.
A mathematical model relating ventricular dipoles to surface potentials is sketched. Then it is shown that the inverse problem—that of determining electrical heart parameters on the basis of skin potential measurements—may be viewed as a nonlinear multipoint boundary value problem.
A feasible solution, employing quasilinearization and high-speed digital computers, is given.
Current status of IPL-V for the Philco 2000 computer (June 1962)
Authors: Shaffer Stuart S. 
Published: July 2002

The initial version of IPL-V for the Philco 2000 has been completed and is now operating on the computer. This model, IPLT-1, contains the loader, interpreter, output, housekeeping functions, and some of the primitives of the 7090 version.
This system was written mainly in JOVIAL, a procedure-oriented language, and was compiled to produce a Philco TAC binary operating deck. Certain portions were written in Philco TAC language to speed up the operation of the system during execution and to facilitate handling of primitives which in JOVIAL would have been uneconomical. These assembly-language coded sections constitute less than 3 percent of the system.
The present model assembles IPL program cards at the rate of 500 per minute in the listing mode. This compares favorably with the 7090 model, since System Development Corporation's configuration of the Philco computer operates at approximately one-fifth the speed of the 7090. Interpretation time also compares favorably with the 7090 model taking into account the difference in speeds of the two computers. The package of J primitives produced by H. A. Simon is being used and assembled with the IPL program. With listing suppressed, assembly time of these routines is only a few seconds. Input to the Philco 2000 is by card, and the system operates as a program executed in phase three of the SL Philco operating system. The J165, J166 dump and reload features are working, and this technique can be used to save an assembled IPL program on tape for later use. Unused region assignments are not returned to available space; therefore additional routines may be added with new data for reload and run from a dump tape. However, card input is extremely fast (2000 cards per minute) and normal operating procedure at SDC is card input.
Editorial
Authors: Apt Krzysztof R. , Kakas Antonis C. , Sadri Fariba 
Published: July 2002

This special issue of the ACM Transactions on Computational Logic (TOCL) is dedicated to Robert A. Kowalski, or as he is better known, to Bob Kowalski, on the occasion of his 60th birthday. Throughout his distinguished research career Bob has been interested in various forms of logic-based reasoning from the computer science point of view. This novel view of logic has had an impact on a number of areas, including programming languages, databases, artificial intelligence, natural language processing, and more recently machine learning.
In the late sixties and early seventies Bob contributed to the development of the theory of resolution by proposing a number of modifications to the original proposal of Alan Robinson. One of the notions that withstood the test of time is his and Hayes concept of semantic trees. This research eventually led him to the seminal 1974 paper Predicate Logic as a Programming Language which is at the roots of the logic programming paradigm.
His early work with Maarten van Emden provided a direction for the subsequent research on procedural and declarative semantics of programming languages within the specific field of logic programming. In turn, his influential dictum "Algorithm+Logic=Control" has shaped our views on the essence of declarative programming within the logic programming framework and has had a large impact on the design of new control mechanisms for this approach to programming. His subsequent research revealed the rich potential of the logic programming paradigm. He showed how legal, metalevel, and commonsense reasoning can naturally be formalized by means of logic programs.
His work with Marek Sergot on the event calculus had a long-standing impact on the research effort of representing temporal knowledge and formalizing commonsense reasoning. His research on verification of integrity constraints for database systems became highly relevant in deductive and temporal databases, while his work on abductive reasoning and argumentation was influential for mechanized legal and diagnostic reasoning. More recently, his work on multiagent systems has helped shape new approaches to building intelligent distributed systems.
Several of these themes can be found in the collection of papers that constitute this special issue. All of these papers were solicited directly by the guest editors but, conforming to the high standards of TOCL, went through the usual rigorous refereeing process.
We would like to thank the authors of the contributed papers for their willingness and interest in contributing to this issue. We also thank the referees for their precious time in providing helpful reviews of the submissions.
And to Bob we extend our best wishes and hope he will agree with us that
this special issue shows, at least partly, the long-term impact of his research.
Problems for Judgment and Decision Making
Authors: Hastie R. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  This review examines recent developments during the past 5 years in the field of judgment and decision making, written in the form of a list of 16 research problems. Many of the problems involve natural extensions of traditional, originally rational, theories of decision making. Others are derived from descriptive algebraic modeling approaches or from recent developments in cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience.“Wir müssen wissen. Wir werden wissen.” (We must know. We will know.) David Hilbert, Mathematische Probleme ( 1900 )
Involuntary Motor Activity in Pianists Evoked by Music Perception
Authors: Haueisen Jens , Knösche Thomas R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Pianists often report that pure listening to a well-trained piece of music can involuntarily trigger the respective finger movements. We designed a magnetoencephalography (MEG) experiment to compare the motor activation in pianists and nonpianists while listening to piano pieces. For pianists, we found a statistically significant increase of activity above the region of the contralateral motor cortex. Brain surface current density (BSCD) reconstructions revealed a spatial dissociation of this activity between notes preferably played by the thumb and the little finger according to the motor homunculus. Hence, we could demonstrate that pianists, when listening to well-trained piano music, exhibit involuntary motor activity involving the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1).
A Model of Saccade Initiation Based on the Competitive Integration of Exogenous and Endogenous Signals in the Superior Colliculus
Authors: Trappenberg Thomas P. , Dorris Michael C. , Munoz Douglas P. , Klein Raymond M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Significant advances in cognitive neuroscience can be achieved by combining techniques used to measure behavior and brain activity with neural modeling. Here we apply this approach to the initiation of rapid eye movements (saccades), which are used to redirect the visual axis to targets of interest. It is well known that the superior colliculus (SC) in the midbrain plays a major role in generating saccadic eye movements, and physiological studies have provided important knowledge of the activity pattern of neurons in this structure. Based on the observation that the SC receives localized sensory (exogenous) and voluntary (endogenous) inputs, our model assumes that this information is integrated by dynamic competition across local collicular interactions. The model accounts well for the effects upon saccadic reaction time (SRT) due to removal of fixation, the presence of distractors, execution of pro-versus antisaccades, and variation in target probability, and suggests a possible mechanism for the generation of express saccades. In each of these cases, the activity patterns of “neurons” within the model closely resemble actual cell behavior in the intermediate layer of the SC. The interaction structure we employ is instrumental for producing a physiologically faithful model and results in new insights and hypotheses regarding the neural mechanisms underlying saccade initiation.