bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Metatheoretical Principles for Personality Neuroscience
Authors: McNaughton Neil , Smillie Luke D. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTheories in personality neuroscience must aim to be consistent with several levels of explanation. If we view personality traits as constructs located only at the psychological level, we must still make their explanations compatible with observations and theories at lower levels, particularly with what we know at the neural level. If we view personality traits as constructs located only at the neural level, we will still need to predict their emergent effects at the psychological level. Personality theory at present treats traits as psychological-level constructs, with even the recent neurally oriented Cybernetic Big Five Theory specified in terms of a “conceptual nervous system” and not requiring complete or immediate translation into neural mechanisms. Here, we argue for the existence of phylogenetically old, neural-level traits that are substantially conserved across many vertebrate species. We first ask what known mechanisms control trait-like properties of neural systems: Focusing on hormones, the GABAAreceptor, and amine neurotransmitter systems. We derive from what we know about these sources of neuronal modulation some metatheoretical principles to guide the future development of those aspects of personality theory, starting with neural-level trait constructs and drawing implications for higher-level trait psychology observations. Current descriptive approaches such as the Big Five are an essential precursor to personality neuroscience, but may not map one-to-one to the mechanisms and constructs of a neuroscience-based approach to traits.
Association between Toxoplasma gondii exposure and paediatrics haematological malignancies: a case–control study
Authors: Kalantari Narges , Rezanejad Javad , Tamadoni Ahmad , Ghaffari Salman , Alipour Jaber , Bayani Masomeh 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe possible association between Toxoplasma gondii infection and paediatric haematological malignancies in a group of patients and control subjects was evaluated in the present study. We performed an age-, gender- and residence frequency-matched case–control study of 101 blood cancer patients under 18 years of age, all of which were treated in Amirkola Pediatric Hospital. One hundred and thirty-eight control samples were gathered from the outpatient clinic in the hospital. All cases and controls were tested for the presence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies and then IgG-positive subjects were evaluated for IgM antibodies by enzyme-linked immunoassays. Anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies were found in 37 (36.6%) of the cases and 12 (8.7%) subjects in the control group (odds ratio 6.07, 95% confidence interval 2.963–12.437, P < 0.0001). The median and interquartile range (IQR) of IgG titre from case group (7.7 (IQR 0.25–13.5)) was higher than the control (0.2 (IQR 0.1–0.5)) (P < 0.0001). The frequency of anti-T. gondii antibodies (IgG) in lymphoblastic leukaemia (acute lymphoblastic leukaemia), Hodgkin's lymphoma and T–cell lymphoma were 33 (31.9%), 3 (50%) and 1(100%), respectively. Anti–T. gondii IgM was not detected in the IgG-positive patients in case group. In the case subjects, no significant difference was seen in the positive rates of T. gondii infection between genders (37.3% in male; 35.7% in female; P = 0.52) and ages groups (P = 0.31). This study demonstrated that T. gondii infection is prevalent in children with blood cancer. It also showed that toxoplasmosis may possibly be linked with an increased risk of childhood haematologic malignancies. Furthermore, these results may be helpful in research on blood neoplasia aetiology.
CHOSE, ITEM ET DISTINCTION : L’« HOMME VOLANT » D'AVICENNE AVEC ET CONTRE ABŪ HĀŠIM AL-ǦUBBĀ’Ī
Authors: Rashed Marwan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis article explores the intimate connection between Avicenna's “flying man” argument and the theory of modes in the school of Abū Hāšim al-Ǧubbā’ī (d. 933). It shows that Avicenna borrows arguments developed originally by Abū Hāšim in order to demonstrate that a definite mode belongs to the living being as a whole (ǧumla). He argues for the incorporeality of soul on the basis of this departure from Aristotelian and Neoplatonic psychology and modal ontology. Here one sees Avicenna's subtle engagement with a thinker to whose writings he reacted critically, yet whom he very likely saw as one of the greatest metaphysicians to write in Arabic.
Locating the 'missing wedge' artifacts from limited-angle CT reconstruction
Authors: Liu Jianhong , Guan Yong , Chen Liang , Bai Haobo , Wei Wenbin , Tian Yangchao , Liu Gang 
Published: August 2018

Abstract:'Missing wedge' problem exists in some kind of CT imaging situations, such as electron microscopy, x-ray nano-CT image, etc. Method such as iterative reconstruction algorithms, total variation based method were applied to improve the reconstruction quality, but the 'missing wedge' artifacts are still inevitable. In this paper, a method based on image processing technique was proposed to locate the 'missing wedge' artifacts in CT reconstruction. The result showed good performance on locating the artifacts, which also showed the potential in CT reconstruction and image analysis in nano-CT.
An iterative approach to precondition inference using constrained Horn clauses
Authors: KAFLE BISHOKSAN , GALLAGHER JOHN P. , GANGE GRAEME , SCHACHTE PETER , SØNDERGAARD HARALD , STUCKEY PETER J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe present a method for automatic inference of conditions on the initial states of a program that guarantee that the safety assertions in the program are not violated. Constrained Horn clauses (CHCs) are used to model the program and assertions in a uniform way, and we use standard abstract interpretations to derive an over-approximation of the set ofunsafeinitial states. The precondition then is the constraint corresponding to the complement of that set, under-approximating the set ofsafeinitial states. This idea of complementation is not new, but previous attempts to exploit it have suffered from the loss of precision. Here we develop an iterative specialisation algorithm to give more precise, and in some cases optimal safety conditions. The algorithm combines existing transformations, namely constraint specialisation, partial evaluation and a trace elimination transformation. The last two of these transformations perform polyvariant specialisation, leading to disjunctive constraints which improve precision. The algorithm is implemented and tested on a benchmark suite of programs from the literature in precondition inference and software verification competitions.
Top-down and Bottom-up Evaluation Procedurally Integrated
Authors: WARREN DAVID S. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper describes how the Logic Programming System XSB combines top-down and bottom-up computation through the mechanisms of variant tabling and subsumptive tabling with abstraction, respectively.It is well known that top-down evaluation of logical rules in Prolog has a procedural interpretation as recursive procedure invocation (Kowalski 1986). Tabling adds the intuition of short-circuiting redundant computations (Warren 1992). This paper shows how to introduce into tabled logic program evaluation a bottom-up component, whose procedural intuition is the initialization of a data structure, in which a relation is initially computed and filled, on first demand, and then used throughout the remainder of a larger computation for efficient lookup. This allows many Prolog programs to be expressed fully declaratively, programs which formerly required procedural features, such as assert, to be made efficient.
Proof-relevant Horn Clauses for Dependent Type Inference and Term Synthesis
Authors: FARKA FRANTIŠEK , KOMENDANTSKYA EKATERINA , HAMMOND KEVIN 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFirst-order resolution has been used for type inference for many years, including in Hindley-Milner type inference, type-classes, and constrained data types. Dependent types are a new trend in functional languages. In this paper, we show that proof-relevant first-order resolution can play an important role in automating type inference and term synthesis for dependently typed languages. We propose a calculus that translates type inference and term synthesis problems in a dependently typed language to a logic program and a goal in the proof-relevant first-order Horn clause logic. The computed answer substitution and proof term then provide a solution to the given type inference and term synthesis problem. We prove the decidability and soundness of our method.
Translating LPOD and CR-Prolog2into standard answer set programs
Authors: LEE JOOHYUNG , YANG ZHUN 
Published: August 2018

AbstractLogic Programs with Ordered Disjunction (LPOD) is an extension of standard answer set programs to handle preference using the construct of ordered disjunction, and CR-Prolog2is an extension of standard answer set programs with consistency restoring rules and LPOD-like ordered disjunction. We present reductions of each of these languages into the standard ASP language, which gives us an alternative way to understand the extensions in terms of the standard ASP language.
SuperDARN Radar‐Derived HF Radio Attenuation During the September 2017 Solar Proton Events
Authors: Bland Emma C. , Heino Erkka , Kosch Michael J. , Partamies Noora 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTwo solar proton events in September 2017 had a significant impact on the operation of the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN), a global network of high‐frequency (HF) radars designed for observing F region ionospheric plasma convection. Strong polar cap absorption caused near‐total loss of radar backscatter, which prevented the primary SuperDARN data products from being determined for a period of several days. During this interval, the high‐latitude and polar cap radars measured unusually low levels of background atmospheric radio noise. We demonstrate that these background noise measurements can be used to observe the spatial and temporal evolution of the polar cap absorption region, using an approach similar to riometry. We find that the temporal evolution of the SuperDARN radar‐derived HF attenuation closely follows that of the cosmic noise absorption measured by a riometer. Attenuation of the atmospheric noise up to 10 dB at 12 MHz is measured within the northern polar cap, and up to 14 dB in the southern polar cap, which is consistent with the observed backscatter loss. Additionally, periods of enhanced attenuation lasting 2–4 hr are detected by the midlatitude radars in response to M‐ and X‐class solar flares. Our results demonstrate that SuperDARN's routine measurements of atmospheric radio noise can be used to monitor 8‐ to 20‐MHz radio attenuation from middle to polar latitudes, which may be used to supplement riometer data and also to investigate the causes of SuperDARN backscatter loss during space weather events.
LSPIV Measurements of Two‐Dimensional Flow Structure in Streams Using Small Unmanned Aerial Systems: 1. Accuracy Assessment Based on Comparison With Stationary Camera Platforms and In‐Stream Velocity Measurements
Authors: Lewis Quinn W. , Rhoads Bruce L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMeasuring two‐dimensional (2‐D) patterns of flow in rivers at high resolution over large areas is challenging using traditional velocity‐measurement methods, which provide data at specific locations or cross sections. Large‐scale particle image velocimetry (LSPIV) based on imagery obtained from fixed camera platforms can measure flow velocity on the surface of rivers and is generally accurate compared to near‐surface velocity measurements obtained by traditional methods. The proliferation of inexpensive small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS) equipped with high‐resolution cameras and onboard GPS has the potential to facilitate measurements of flow patterns in rivers using LSPIV, but few studies have assessed the accuracy of sUAS‐derived LSPIV compared to fixed‐platform LSPIV and in‐stream velocity measurements. This study assesses the accuracy of sUAS‐based LSPIV for measuring 2‐D mean surface velocities as well as quasi‐instantaneous 2‐D velocities obtained from successive image frames. For persistent 2‐D flow, mean velocities derived from sUAS‐based LSPIV match those obtained by stationary camera platforms, and velocities measured by both LSPIV methods agree with near‐surface velocities measured by an acoustic Doppler velocimeter. Quasi‐instantaneous velocities are degraded by camera movement and low pixel resolution, but capturing the evolution of 2‐D flow structures is possible in certain circumstances. The results confirm that sUAS‐derived LSPIV provides accurate, high‐resolution measurements of mean surface velocities over large spatial areas of persistent 2‐D flow and can characterize evolving 2‐D flow structures under favorable conditions. sUAS‐based LSPIV is a valuable new method for mapping of 2‐D patterns of surface flow in rivers—an issue explored in a companion paper.
Characterizing and Modeling Seasonality in Extreme Rainfall
Authors: Iliopoulou Theano , Koutsoyiannis Demetris , Montanari Alberto 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA comprehensive understanding of seasonality in extreme rainfall is essential for climate studies, flood prediction, and various hydrological applications such as scheduling season‐specific engineering works, intra‐annual management of reservoirs, seasonal flood risk mitigation, and stormwater management. To identify seasonality in extreme rainfall and quantify its impact in a theoretically consistent yet practically appealing manner, we investigate a data set of 27 daily rainfall records spanning at least 150 years. We aim to objectively identify periods within the year with distinct seasonal properties of extreme rainfall by employing the Akaike information criterion. Optimal partitioning of seasons is identified by minimizing the within‐season variability of extremes. The statistics of annual and seasonal extremes are evaluated by fitting a generalized extreme value distribution to the annual and seasonal block maxima series. The results indicate that seasonal properties of rainfall extremes mainly affect the average values of seasonal maxima and their variability, while the shape of their probability distribution and its tail do not substantially vary from season to season. Uncertainty in the estimation of the generalized extreme value parameters is quantified by employing three different estimation methods (maximum likelihood, method of moments, and least squares), and the opportunity for joint parameter estimation of seasonal and annual probability distributions of extremes is discussed. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme for seasonal characterization and modeling is highlighted when contrasted to results obtained from the conventional approach of using fixed climatological seasons.
Water Sector Assumptions for the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways in an Integrated Modeling Framework
Authors: Graham Neal T. , Davies Evan G. R. , Hejazi Mohamad I. , Calvin Katherine , Kim Son H. , Helinski Lauren , Miralles‐Wilhelm Fernando R. , Clarke Leon , Kyle Page , Patel Pralit , Wise Marshall A. , Vernon Chris R. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) were developed without explicit assumptions for the future of the water sector; therefore, projections of future water demands based on the SSPs often lack a treatment of water technology assumptions that is consistent with the SSP storylines. This study has developed a set of qualitative and quantitative assumptions for future water sector technological advancements in the agricultural, electricity, manufacturing, and municipal sectors within the SSPs and then applied the resulting scenarios to an integrated assessment model to permit analysis of future water demand in a water‐constrained world. These scenarios are then compared to another set that excludes the adoption of water‐efficient technologies. Water demand impacts of individual SSP assumption categories are analyzed to determine scenario‐by‐scenario changes. By 2100, global annual water demands range from 3,560 to 6,600 km3. The results show that (1) technological change in the water sector can act to reduce water demand in a water limited world by up to 32% in 2100 in the SSP scenarios, (2) the most sustainable scenario produces end‐of‐century water withdrawals lower than 2010 values, (3) low‐income regions will likely be one of the largest drivers of future water demands and exhibit the greatest sensitivity to highly‐efficient water technologies, and (4) nonwater sector SSP assumptions have significant and differing impacts on demands across SSP scenarios that act to alter global water demands.
Wearable energy harvesters generating electricity from low-frequency human limb movement
Authors: Li Keli , He Qisheng , Wang Jiachou , Zhou Zhiguo , Li Xinxin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA wearable energy harvester technology is developed for generating electricity from the movement of human joints. A micro-electroplated ferromagnetic nickel cantilever is integrated with a piezoelectric element and bonded on a flexible substrate. Based on the magnetic interaction between the magnetized cantilever and a magnet on the substrate, a novel vertical-vibration frequency-up-conversion (FUC) structure is formed to generate stable amounts of electric energy per cycle from the horizontal substrate stretching/rebounding. The two ends of the flexible substrate are attached on both sides of a limb joint to transform joint rotation into substrate stretching. During limb movement, the flexible substrate is horizontally stretched and rebounded, causing the cantilever to vertically release from and return to the magnet, thereby exciting the piezoelectric cantilever into resonant generation. Since the horizontal low-frequency limb movement is perpendicular to the vertical high-frequency resonance, the stretch has little influence on the resonance of the cantilever. Thus the generated energy is always stable within a wide frequency range of limb movements. The performance of the novel harvester is experimentally verified using a stretching/rebounding movement cycle, where the cycle corresponds to the frequency range of 0.5–5.0 Hz. Within one stretching/rebounding movement cycle, the generated electric energy is stable in the approximate range of 0.56–0.69 μJ for the whole frequency range. Two flexible harvesters are worn on the human elbow and knee for a body kinetic energy harvesting test. Considerable power can always be generated under typical low-frequency limb movements, such as squatting, walking, jogging, and fast running, where the peak-to-peak generated voltages are always approximately 4.0 V. Additionally, energy harvesting under two-directional area stretching is also realized by adjusting the FUC structure layout. The flexible-substrate harvester is promising for various wearable applications.
Size control in mammalian cells involves modulation of both growth rate and cell cycle duration
Authors: Cadart Clotilde , Monnier Sylvain , Grilli Jacopo , Sáez Pablo J. , Srivastava Nishit , Attia Rafaele , Terriac Emmanuel , Baum Buzz , Cosentino-Lagomarsino Marco , Piel Matthieu 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDespite decades of research, how mammalian cell size is controlled remains unclear because of the difficulty of directly measuring growth at the single-cell level. Here we report direct measurements of single-cell volumes over entire cell cycles on various mammalian cell lines and primary human cells. We find that, in a majority of cell types, the volume added across the cell cycle shows little or no correlation to cell birth size, a homeostatic behavior called “adder”. This behavior involves modulation of G1 or S-G2 duration and modulation of growth rate. The precise combination of these mechanisms depends on the cell type and the growth condition. We have developed a mathematical framework to compare size homeostasis in datasets ranging from bacteria to mammalian cells. This reveals that a near-adder behavior is the most common type of size control and highlights the importance of growth rate modulation to size control in mammalian cells.
Symmetry breakdown of 4,4″-diamino-p-terphenyl on a Cu(111) surface by lattice mismatch
Authors: Zhong Qigang , Ebeling Daniel , Tschakert Jalmar , Gao Yixuan , Bao Deliang , Du Shixuan , Li Chen , Chi Lifeng , Schirmeisen André 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSite-selective functionalization of only one of two identical chemical groups within one molecule is highly challenging, which hinders the production of complex organic macromolecules. Here we demonstrate that adsorption of 4,4″-diamino-p-terphenyl on a metal surface leads to a dissymmetric binding affinity. With low temperature atomic force microscopy, using CO-tip functionalization, we reveal the asymmetric adsorption geometries of 4,4″-diamino-p-terphenyl on Cu(111), while on Au(111) the symmetry is retained. This symmetry breaking on Cu(111) is caused by a lattice mismatch and interactions with the subsurface atomic layer. The dissymmetry results in a change of the binding affinity of one of the amine groups, leading to a non-stationary behavior under the influence of the scanning tip. Finally, we exploit this dissymmetric binding affinity for on-surface self-assembly with 4,4″-diamino-p-terphenyl for side-preferential attachment of 2-triphenylenecarbaldehyde. Our findings provide a new route towards surface-induced dissymmetric activation of a symmetric compound.
Biased genome editing using the local accumulation of DSB repair molecules system
Authors: Nakade Shota , Mochida Keiji , Kunii Atsushi , Nakamae Kazuki , Aida Tomomi , Tanaka Kohichi , Sakamoto Naoaki , Sakuma Tetsushi , Yamamoto Takashi 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSelective genome editing such as gene knock-in has recently been achieved by administration of chemical enhancer or inhibitor of particular DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways, as well as overexpression of pathway-specific genes. In this study, we attempt to enhance the efficiency further to secure robust gene knock-ins, by using the local accumulation of DSB repair molecules (LoAD) system. We identify CtIP as a strong enhancer of microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ) repair by genetic screening, and show the knock-in-enhancing effect of CtIP LoADing. Next-generation sequencing reveals that CtIP LoADing highly increases the frequency of MMEJ-mediated integration. Selection-free, simultaneous triple gene knock-ins are also achieved with the CtIP-LoADing strategy. Moreover, by replacing the LoADing molecules and targeting strategies, this system can be applied for other specific genome engineering purposes, such as introducing longer deletions for gene disruption, independently introducing multiple mutations without chromosomal deletion, and efficiently incorporating a single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide donor.