bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Convergence and the Rhetoric of Scientifilm
Authors: Telotte J. P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Abstract: Film, Francesco Casetti argues, provided a common “field of convergence for different dimensions” of the popular imagination in the early twentieth century. We can see evidence of the extent of that “convergence” in the sort of discourse that unfolded in various other internal features of the pulps. Editorials, readers’ letters, and film reviews converge to demonstrate a sense of enthusiasm about the ability of films to supplement the work of SF by visualizing or realizing the genre’s ideas for reshaping the world and the self. That enthusiasm would bring repeated calls for the film industry to produce more SF-themed films, even to adapt favorite stories from the pulps. But as reviews of SF films began to proliferate in the pulps, particularly in the late 1930s, they would increasingly attest to a frustration or dissatisfaction with the sense of reality that was being achieved by the SF film and point to a rift beginning between the films and the world of SF literature.
Introduction
Authors: Pollock Ethan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
For over a thousand years the banya has been a crucial institution to a wide variety of people: men and women, rich and poor, straight and gay, religious and atheist. The omnipresence of the banya makes it a lens through which to view many aspects of Russia history—hygiene, intimacy, sociability, the relationship of Russia to the West. The banya is full of contradictions. It can clean bodies and spread disease. It can purify and befoul. It can create community and provide a means of excluding others. The argument is based on thousands of sources ranging from archival documents and municipal regulations to idioms, films, art, cartoons, memoirs, diaries, songs, novels, poems, and plays. Inevitably, some aspects of Russia’s past come through stronger than others in these sources. But, taken together, they provide a brand new portrait of the institution of the banya and of the history of Russia.
Older Even Than the Tsar
Authors: Pollock Ethan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Banyas have been in the Russian region since before there were Russians. They appear in the first written records of Russian history and continued to remain relevant to belief and behavior though the Muscovite period and into the reign of Peter the Great. As bathing fell out of favor in Western Europe, the persistency of the banya struck outsiders as barbaric, titillating, and licentious. This chapter discusses the origins of the bania in Kievan Rus’, with an emphasis on everyday life, the law, and belief. The bania’s ambiguity as a place of healing and danger, rebirth and illicit behavior was evident from the beginning.
The Great Healer
Authors: Pollock Ethan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
As elites in Russia became more integrated into Western culture, going to the banya became more associated with the unreformed peasantry and lower classes. Most outsiders, like the astronomer Chappe D’Auteroche, who was in Russia to observe the transit of Venus, saw the banya as further indication of Russia’s backwardness and barbarity. Catherine the Great wrote a pamphlet, her famous “antidote,” to rebut his views in general and on the banya specifically. Meanwhile, the prominent medical doctor, Antonio Sanches, used his connections with Catherine and members of her court to systematically defend the banya not as a popular custom, but as a valuable tool of modern medicine. He used his connections with Western European intellectuals to promote the use of the banya there as well.
Here Nobody Is Naked, There Is No Need for Shame
Authors: Pollock Ethan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
During and after the Second World War, the older idea of the banya as a center of communal identity and a place to restore vitality re-emerged in parallel to the state’s continued emphasis on the utilitarian purpose of banyas. The state still built and maintained banyas to clean people and keep people healthy. And it still fell far short of its goals. But soldiers in battle and citizens in war-torn communities spoke of the banya, especially the rural banya, as a special place, conducive to close personal contact and Russian communal identities. Older notions of the banya as a place of transgressions and defilement re-emerged in the middle of the twentieth century as well, particularly in depictions of the Gulag banya.
The random walk: Universality and continuum limit
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The first chapter discusses the asymptotic properties at large time and space of the familiar example of the random walk. The universality of a large scale behaviour and, correspondingly, the existence of a macroscopic continuum limit emerge as collective properties of systems involving a large number of random variables whose individual distribution is sufficiently localized. These properties, as well as the appearance of an asymptotic Gaussian distribution when the random variables are statistically independent, are illustrated with the simple example of the random walk with discrete time steps. The emphasis here is on locality, universality, continuum limit, path integral, Brownian motion, Gaussian distribution and scaling. These properties are first derived from an exact solution and then recovered by renormalization group (RG) methods. This makes it possible to introduce all the RG terminology.
Critical phenomena: The field theory approach
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 describes how the perturbative renormalization group (RG) of quantum field theory has made it possible to derive universal properties of continuous macroscopic phase transitions. The RG initially emerged as a consequence of the necessity to cancel infinities that appear in the perturbative expansion (the renormalization procedure) and the possibility of defining the parameters of the renormalized theory at different momentum scales. Although the field theory RG is now understood to be an asymptotic form, it has made it possible to confirm the Wilson–Fisher fixed point and led to an understanding of universality for a large class of critical phenomena. In the framework of dimensional continuation, zeros of RG beta functions, which correspond to Wilson–Fisher’s fixed points, have made it possible to recover Wilson–Fisher’s epsilon expansion, proving scaling relations and calculating critical exponents. Series summation methods have then been used to generate precise values of exponents.
The Higgs boson: A major discovery and a problem
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 12 describes the main steps in the construction of the electroweak component of the Standard Model of particle physics. The classical Abelian Landau–Ginzburg–Higgs mechanism is recalled, first introduced in the macroscopic description of a superconductor in a magnetic field. It is based on a combination of spontaneous symmetry breaking and gauge invariance. It can be generalized to non–Abelian gauge theories, quantized and renormalized. The recent discovery of the predicted Higgs boson has been the last confirmation of the validity of the model. Some aspects of the Higgs model and its renormalization group (RG) properties are illustrated by simplified models, a self–interacting Higgs model with the triviality issue, and the Gross–Neveu–Yukawa model with discrete chiral symmetry, which illustrates spontaneous fermion mass generation and possible RG flows.
Quantum chromodynamics: A non-Abelian gauge theory
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 13 is devoted to some aspects of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the part of the Standard Model of particle physics responsible for strong interactions and based on an SU(3) gauge symmetry (the colour group) and gluon gauge fields. First, the geometry of non–Abelian gauge theories, based on parallel transport, is recalled. This leads naturally to the construction of lattice gauge theories with link variables and a plaquette action. The lattice model gives a hint of confinement. QCD is quantized in the temporal of Weyl gauge. Its renormalization involves the BRST symmetry. Its renormalization group properties with asymptotic freedom are emphasized. The infinite degeneracy of the semi–classical ground state can be associated to a winding number. Barrier penetration effects, related to the existence of instantons, lead to the existence of theta vacua and the problem of strong CP violation. Other issues considered are chiral symmetry and axial anomaly.
From BRST symmetry to the Zinn-Justin equation
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 14 contains a general discussion of the quantization and renormalization of non–Abelian gauge theories. The quantization necessitates gauge fixing and introduces the Faddeev–Popov determinant. Slavnov–Taylor identities for vertex (one–particle–irreducible (1PI)) functions, the basis of a first proof of renormalizability, follow. The Faddeev–Popov determinant leads to a non–local action. A local form is generated by introducing Faddeev–Popov ghost fields. The new local action has an important new symmetry, the BRST symmetry. However, the explicit realization of the symmetry is not stable under renormalization. By contrast, a quadratic equation that is satisfied by the action and generating functional of 1PI functions, the Zinn–Justin equation, is stable and at the basis of a general proof of the renormalizability of non–Abelian gauge theories. The proof involves some simple elements of BRST cohomology. The renormalized form of BRST symmetry then makes it possible to prove gauge independence and unitarity.
Quantum field theory: Asymptotic safety
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 15 examines the conditions under which it is possible to define renormalized quantum field theories (QFTs) consistent on all scales (a property not necessary for effective QFTs and not shared by ‘trivial’ theories like quantum electrodynamics (the triviality issue)). It has been conjectured that a necessary and, perhaps, sufficient condition is the existence of ultraviolet fixed points, a property called asymptotic safety. Examples are “asymptotically free” theories like non–Abelian gauge theories (quantum chromodynamics, or QCD) in four dimensions or the non–linear sigma model in two dimensions. These theories are characterized by a crossover scale between universal infrared and large momentum behaviour behaviours. The non–linear sigma and Gross–Neveu models in dimensions greater than 2 are examined in detail. For example, the non–linear sigma model exhibits, below the critical temperature, a crossover between an infrared behaviour dominated by Goldstone modes and a universal, large momentum, critical behaviour.
Quantum anomalies: A few physics applications
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 17 exhibits various examples where classical symmetries cannot be transferred to quantum theories. The obstructions are characterized by anomalies. The examples involve chiral symmetries combined with currents or gauge symmetries, leading to chiral anomalies. In particular, anomalies lead to obstruction in the construction of theories. In particular, the structure of the Standard Model of particle physics is constrained by the requirement of anomaly cancellation. Other applications, like the relation between electromagnetic pi0 decay and the axial anomaly, are described. Anomalies are related to the Dirac operator index, leading to relations between anomaly and topology. To prove anomaly cancellation beyond perturbation theory, one can use lattice regularization. However, the definition of lattice chiral transformations is non–trivial. It is based on solutions of the Ginsparg–Wilson relation.
Field theory in a finite geometry: Finite size scaling
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Computer simulations of critical statistical systems or quantum field theory models are performed with systems where sizes are finite. In transfer matrix calculations, all sizes but one are also finite. In systems where the correlation length is large, it is thus important to understand how the infinite size limit is reached. This problem is investigated in Chapter 19. RG equations allow proving the properties of universality and of finite size scaling. When the correlation length is larger than the linear system size, a phenomenon of dimensional reduction is observed. With periodic boundary conditions, fields have a zero mode. A local expansion generates an effective field theory for the zero mode.
The weakly interacting Bose gas at the critical temperature
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 20 examines effects of weak repulsive interactions in a Bose–Einstein condensate and the transition from Bose–Einstein condensate to superfluid phase transition. Renormalization group methods are used and a universal amplitude is calculated by non–perturbative methods. After the discovery of the predicted Bose–Einstein condensation, which is a property of free bosons, an interesting issue was the effects of weak repulsive interactions. In this chapter, it is shown that, near the transition temperature, the initial non–relativistic field theory can be replaced by a relativistic effective Euclidean field theory known to describe a superfluid phase transition (a dimensional reduction). These theoretical considerations are illustrated by an evaluation of the universal variation of the transition temperature at weak coupling. For this purpose, the O(2) symmetry of the model is generalized to O(N) symmetry, and large N techniques are used.
From random walk to critical dynamics
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 22 studies stochastic dynamical equations, consistent with the detailed balance condition, which are generalized Langevin equations which describe a wide range of phenomena from Brownian motion to critical dynamics in continuous phase transitions. In the latter case, a dynamic action can be associated to the Langevin equation, which can be renormalized with the help of BRST symmetry. Dynamic renormalization group equations, describing critical dynamics, are then derived. Dynamic scaling follows, with a correlation time that exhibits critical slowing down governed by a dynamic exponent. In addition, Jarzinsky’s relation is derived in the case of a time–dependent driving force.
Renormalization group approach to matrix models
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 25 discusses how, in the mid–1980s, it was realized that some ensembles of random matrices in the large size and double scaling limit could be used as toy models for two–dimensional quantum gravity coupled to conformal matter and string theory, or as examples of critical statistical models (like the critical Ising model) on continuum random surfaces. The method is based on a perturbative expansion in terms of fat Feynman diagrams associated with tessalated surfaces, organized as a topological expansion. A tremendous development of random matrix theory followed, and a number of matrix models have been solved exactly. The solutions exhibit a universal behaviour with respect to changes of the matrix potential. Therefore, it is tempting to use renormalization group (RG) ideas to determine universal properties, without solving models explicitly. Approximate RG equations have been derived, yielding interesting results, but a strategy for systematic improvement is lacking.
Pestilence and the Body Politic in Latin Literature
Authors: Gardner Hunter H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Lucretius, Vergil, and Ovid developed important conventions of the Western plague narrative as a response to the breakdown of the Roman res publica in the mid-first century CE and the reconstitution of stabilized government under the Augustan Principate (31 BCE–14 CE). Relying on the metaphoric relationship between the human body and the body politic, these authors use largely fictive representations of epidemic disease to address the collapse of the social order and suggest remedies for its recovery. Plague as such functions frequently in Roman texts to enact a drama in which the concerns of the individual must be weighed against those of the collective. In order to understand the figurative potential of plague, this book evaluates the reality of epidemic disease in Rome, in light of twentieth-century theories of plague discourse, those of Artaud, Foucault, Sontag, and Girard, in particular. Pestilence and the Body Politic in Latin Literature identifies consistent features of the outbreaks described by Roman epic poets, charting the emergence of Golden-Age imagery, emphasis on bodily dissolution, and poignant accounts of broken familial bonds. Such features are expressed through Roman idioms that provocatively recall the discourse of civil strife that characterized the last century of the Roman Republic. The final chapters examine key moments in the resurgence of Roman plague topoi, beginning with early imperial poets (Lucan, Seneca, and Silius Italicus), and concluding with discussion of late antique Christian poetry, paintings of the late Italian Renaissance, and Anglo-American novels and films.
Roman Pestilence
Authors: Gardner Hunter H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the tradition of plague writing in antiquity and outlines the innovations that Roman epic poets have made within the discourse. It observes a distinction between eyewitness accounts of plague and the relatively fictive representations of epidemic disease in Lucretius’ De Rerum Natura, Vergil’s Georgics, and Ovid’s Metamorphoses. The plague narrative experiences a revival in the late Roman Republic, prompting an investigation into the ideological work such narratives perform: why did the Romans of this period favor epidemic disease as a way of illustrating the collapse of the social order? How were epic accounts of plague informed not only by political rhetoric tethering the language of pestis (“plague”) to the chaos of the late Republic, but also by epidemic diseases discussed in medical writers, didactic treatises, and historical anecdotes? After identifying characteristics that accompany notices of “real” plague in the late Republic, the chapter examines twentieth-century theorists whose work addresses those characteristics: Artaud (1958), Foucault (2003), Sontag (1988), and Girard (1974). While no single theory explains the features of Latin plague, collectively these thinkers address bodily decay and liquefaction, the opportunities for state intervention in the context of an outbreak, and the friction between individual and collective concerns that define Roman treatments of epidemic disease. Perhaps most significantly, the work of these theorists underscores the alternatingly corrosive and purifying power of plague, which gestures toward a new order, while also dwelling on the aftermaths and remainders of the old.
Human and Civic Corpora in Lucretius’ Athenian Plague
Authors: Gardner Hunter H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Lucretius’ treatment of the Athenian plague uses imagery of corpora (“bodies”) to close his poem, underscoring the futility of Athenian citizens clinging to the material remnants of personal identity, as they struggle over the corpses of their kin (rixantes potius quam corpora desererentur, 6.1286). At the same time, the poet’s sensitivity to kinship within the community reconstitutes corpora as individuals whose humanity is expressed through their roles and relationships as parents and children (6.1256–8). Despite his general antipathy toward metaphors, the poet transfers the physical suffering brought about by plague not only to the moral condition of its victims, but also to the moral condition of the unenlightened human race. While links between the plague and civil strife are less explicit in Lucretius than in his successors, recent analysis of the language of contemporary political struggles woven throughout the poem has dated its completion to 49 bce, at the commencement of civil war between Pompey and Caesar. By describing the symptoms of the Athenian plague in language that echoes earlier polemic in De Rerum Natura against desire for honores among Rome’s political elite, the poet primes pestis for further figurative use in addressing destructive competition undertaken to augment individual gloria.
Ovid’s Origin of the Myrmidons and the New Augustan Order
Authors: Gardner Hunter H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We can better understand Vergil’s equivocations toward plague and its remedies as a solution to civil war by turning to Ovid’s account of plague in Metamorphoses 7.490–660: in Ovid’s narrative the citizens of Aegina, nearly eradicated from a pestilence sent by Juno, are replaced by ant-born men, the Myrmidons, characterized in a manner reminiscent of collectively oriented, uniform apian community in the Georgics. I argue that the episode should be read as a reflection of Ovid’s cynical attitude toward Augustus’ attempt to restore a war-depleted population by replacing it with a new generation of loyalists. The ant-born population of Myrmidons, bound to serve as soldiers in the war between Athens and Crete, constitute a new citizenry dreamt into existence by king Aeacus after he receives signs from Jupiter in the form of ants filing up a nearby oak tree. The privileges (grants of land) and functions (serving in war) awarded to this new population effectively sort out the confused heaps of those rotting cadavera of kin and acquaintances left in the wake of contagion. The poet’s narrative of recovery thus broaches the political utility of pestilence, in such a way that not only confronts the open-ended post-apocalyptic visions of his predecessors, but also questions the rigorous mechanisms of recovery, often in the form of population controls, implemented by the Augustan Principate.
The Conversable Intellect
Authors: Milnes Tim 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Hume’s rhetorical concerns underscore the ways in which the pragmatic turn in British counter-Enlightenment thought is also, in a broad sense, a linguistic turn. His understanding of the necessity of trust in sustaining the fictions of belief necessary for communication undermines the conception of meaning as representation in ways that enable thinkers like Reid and Bentham to model human thought around the pragmatics of communication. Nonetheless, Hume’s linking of truth and the social conventions of language divides common-sense thinkers like Reid and Stewart (who interpret such indispensable conventions as first principles) from materialists such as Bentham and John Horne Tooke (who see Hume’s fictions of belief as, at best, pragmatically necessary). What unites Hume, Tooke, and Bentham is their vision of language as the source of what Bentham calls ‘logical fictions’, fictions that are at once philosophically unjustifiable and necessary for coherent thought.
From Possible to Impossible Worlds
Authors: Berto Francesco , Jago Mark 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Possible worlds are ways things might have been. They find applications in analysing possibility and necessity; propositions; knowledge and belief; information; and indicative and counterfactual conditionals. But possible worlds semantics faces the issue of hyperintensionality, generated by concepts that require distinctions between logical or necessary equivalents. The problems of distinguishing equivalent propositions, of logical omniscience, of information overload, of irrelevant conditionals, and of counterpossible conditionals, are all instances of the general issue. Adding impossible worlds promises to help with these puzzles. But can we genuinely think about the impossible? It is argued that we can.