bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Putting Foucault to work in tourism research
Authors: Wight A. Craig 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper reflects on Foucault's Archaeology of Knowledge as a methodological approach in tourism research. It offers lessons from recent research focused on critiquing heritage sites and museums as examples of destination discourse. The aim is to tackle an increasingly acknowledged reluctance to declare method when carrying out Foucauldian analysis. The paper reflects on the role of discourse analysis as a methodology in tourism research before considering Foucault's specific contribution. It then offers a synthesis of Foucault's methodological ideas and presents these as an adaptable discursive analytic that can be applied to a range of tourism research contexts. It considers the methodological limits that are associated with the deployment of Foucault before a conclusion considers the novel contribution of the paper, which is an adaptable discursive analytic for tourism researchers to contemplate when thinking about how to “do” Foucauldian discourse analysis.
Technologically achievable soil organic carbon sequestration in world croplands and grasslands
Authors: Batjes Niels H. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractReported potentials for sequestration of carbon in soils of agricultural lands are overly optimistic because they assume that all degraded cropland and grassland can be subjected to best management practices. Two approaches for estimating this potential are presented. Method 1 (M1) considers literature‐derived best estimates for annual soil organic carbon (SOC) gains (Mg C ha−1) by bioclimatic zone; Method 2 (M2) assumes an annual C increase of 3 to 5 promille with respect to present SOC mass (similar to the French ‘4 pour mille’ initiative). Four management scenarios are considered, capturing the varying level of plausibility of meeting the full technological potential. According to M1, achievable gains range from 0.05–0.12 Pg C yr−1 to 0.14–0.37 Pg C yr−1, with a technological potential of 0.32–0.86 Pg C yr−1. For M2, these are 0.07–0.12 Pg C yr−1, 0.21–0.35 Pg C yr−1, and 0.60–1.01 Pg C yr−1. Consideration of the technological potential only and use of a proportional annual increase in SOC (M2), rather than using best estimates for soil carbon gains by bioclimatic zone (M1), will provide too ‘bright a picture’ in the context of rehabilitating degraded lands and mitigating/adapting to climate change. Further, M2 assumes that possible C gains will be greatest where present SOC stocks are highest, which is counter‐intuitive. Although all measures aimed at increasing SOC content should be encouraged due to the creation of win‐win situations, it is important to create a realistic picture of the amount of SOC gains that are feasible based on bioclimatic and management implementation constraints.
Hydrologic controls on pCO2 and CO2 efflux in US streams and rivers
Authors: Liu Shaoda , Raymond Peter A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractStreams and rivers emit petagrams of CO2, yet there is little known about how discharge variability impacts stream CO2 at broad scales. This article analyzed changes of pCO2 and CO2 efflux with discharge in 813 conterminous US streams and rivers. Half of the streams and rivers (49%) showed positive pCO2–discharge responses, while significantly more (80%) showed positive CO2 efflux–discharge responses. More CO2 efflux therefore occurred at higher discharge. While CO2 efflux tended to increase with discharge at all stream orders, pCO2 tended to decrease with discharge in small rivers (stream order 1–6) and increase in large rivers (stream order 7–10). Small streams and rivers tended to release more CO2 at higher discharge due to highly responsive gas transfer velocity. While high CO2 efflux in small streams (stream order 1–3) pointed to strong terrestrial input, high CO2 responsiveness in large rivers was likely due to increased riverine metabolism and river–corridor exchanges.
Setting appropriate pain expectations: Lessons learned from a clinical trial
Authors: Bonati Lauren M. , Quatrano Nicola A. , Sadeghpour Mona , Arndt Kenneth A. , Dover Jeffrey S. 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveThis retrospective study compares subject‐reported pain levels and expectations set forth by industry and treating physicians during a clinical trial of an energy based device. The physiologic and emotional aspects of pain expectations are discussed and recommendations are made for strategic patient counseling.Materials and MethodsAverage and mode pain scores were collected from the records of a previously conducted clinical trial investigating a radiofrequency microneedling device at three different settings. The trial protocol and device manual were reviewed to ascertain language regarding procedural pain. Treating physicians were asked how they learned about procedural pain and how they described it to subjects. Subject‐reported pain scores and verbal pain descriptors from the device manual and trial protocol were translated onto validated pain scales, the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), and the Verbal Rating Scale (VRS), for comparison.ResultsA total of 90 procedural pain scores were collected from 30 subject charts. The average procedural pain scores for three different device settings were 5.3, 6.7, and 4.6 out of 10 and the mode pain score was 6 out of 10. This translated to a 5–6 and 7–8 on the NRS, respectively and classification as “painful but bearable” and “considerable pain” on the VRS. Industry sourced pain levels translated to a 2–4 on the NRS and classification as “little pain” on the VRS.ConclusionSubject‐reported pain scores were higher than those set forth by industry materials and personnel. Physicians should be wary of manufacturer materials or anecdotal evidence that might mislead patients and cause undue physiological or emotional stress. Lasers Surg. Med. 9999:XX–XX, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High frequency somatosensory stimulation in dystonia: Evidence fordefective inhibitory plasticity
Authors: Erro Roberto , Rocchi Lorenzo , Antelmi Elena , Liguori Rocco , Tinazzi Michele , Berardelli Alfredo , Rothwell John , Bhatia Kailash P. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTBackgroundApart from motor symptoms, multiple deficits of sensory processing have been demonstrated in dystonia. The most consistent behavioural measure of this is abnormal somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold, which has recently been associated with physiological measures of reduced inhibition within the primary somatosensory area. High‐frequency repetitive sensory stimulation is a patterned electric stimulation applied to the skin through surface electrodes that has been recently reported to shorten somatosensory temporal discrimination in healthy subjects and to increase the resting level of excitability in several different types of inhibitory interaction in the somatosensory and even motor areas.ObjectivesWe tested whether high‐frequency repetitive sensory stimulation could augment cortical inhibition and, in turn, ameliorate somatosensory temporal discrimination in cervical dystonia.MethodsSomatosensory temporal discrimination and a number of electrophysiological measures of sensorimotor inhibition and facilitation were measured before and after 45 minutes of high‐frequency repetitive sensory stimulation.ResultsAs compared with a group of healthy volunteers of similar age, in whom high‐frequency repetitive sensory stimulation increased inhibition and shortened somatosensory temporal discrimination, patients with cervical dystonia showed a consistent, paradoxical response: they had reduced suppression of paired‐pulse somatosensory evoked potentials, as well as reduced high‐frequency oscillations, lateral inhibition, and short interval intracortical inhibition. Somatosensory temporal discrimination deteriorated after the stimulation protocol, and correlated with reduced measures of inhibition within the primary somatosensory cortex.ConclusionsWe suggest that patients with dystonia have abnormal homeostatic inhibitory plasticity within the sensorimotor cortex and that this is responsible for their paradoxical response to high‐frequency repetitive sensory stimulation. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
The effects of augmentation cystoplasty and botulinum toxin injection on patient‐reported bladder function and quality of life among individuals with spinal cord injury performing clean intermittent catheterization
Authors: Myers Jeremy B. , Lenherr Sara M. , Stoffel John T. , Elliott Sean P. , Presson Angela P. , Zhang Chong , Rosenbluth Jeffery , Jha Amitabh , Patel DarshanP , Welk Blayne ,   for the Neurogenic Bladder Research Group (NBRG. org)
Published: October 2018

AimsClean intermittent catheterization (CIC) is recommended after spinal cord injury (SCI) because it has the least complications, however, CIC has a high discontinuation rate. We hypothesized that bladder botulinum toxin injection or augmentation cystoplasty may improve satisfaction with CIC.MethodsThe NBRG registry is a multicenter, prospective, observational study asking SCI participants about neurogenic bladder (NGB) related quality of life (QoL). In this study, participants performing CIC as primary bladder management were categorized into 3 groups: (1) CIC alone (CIC); (2) CIC with botulinum toxin (CIC‐BTX); and (3) CIC with augmentation cystoplasty (CIC‐AUG). Outcomes included primary: Neurogenic Bladder Symptom Score (NBSS) and SCI‐QoL Bladder Management Difficulties, and secondary: NBSS subdomains (Incontinence, Storage & Voiding, Consequences) and the NBSS final question (satisfaction with urinary function). Multivariable regression, controlling for multiple factors was used to establish differences between the three groups.ResultsEight hundred seventy‐nine participants performed CIC as primary bladder management and had the following characteristics: mean age 43.4 (±12.9) and years from injury 13.7 (±10.7), tetraplegia in 284 (32%), and 543 (62%) were men. Bladder management was CIC in 593 (67%), CIC‐BTX in 161 (19%), and CIC‐AUG in 125(15%). Primary outcomes: CIC‐AUG had associated improved total NBSS versus CIC(−3.2(−5.2 to −1.2), P = 0.001 and CIC‐BTX(−3.9(−6.3 to −1.6), P = 0.001), CIC‐AUG also had better SCI‐QoL Difficulties scores versus CIC(−4(−5.48 to −2.53, P < 0.001) and CIC‐BTX(−4.4(−6.15 to −2.65, P < 0.001). Secondary outcomes: CIC‐AUG had associated improved Incontinence and Satisfaction scores versus CIC and CIC‐BTX.ConclusionsCompared to patients performing CIC with or without botulinum toxin treatment, those with augmentation cystoplasty had associated better urinary function and satisfaction with their urinary symptoms.
Sloshing effects on supersonic flutter characteristics of a circular cylindrical shell partially filled with liquid
Authors: Zarifian Pourya , Ovesy Hamid Reza , Firouz‐Abadi Rouhollah Dehghani 
Published: October 2018

SummaryThis paper aims to revisit the effect of sloshing on the flutter characteristics of a partially liquid‐filled cylinder. A computational fluid‐structure interaction model within the framework of the finite element method is developed to capture fluid‐structure interactions arising from the sloshing of the internal fluid and the flexibility of its containing structure exposed to an external supersonic airflow. The internal liquid sloshing is represented by a more sophisticated model, referred to as the liquid sloshing model, and the shell structure is modeled by Sanders' shell theory. The aerodynamic pressure loading is approximated by the first‐order piston theory. The initial geometric stiffness due to prestresses in the initial configuration stemming from the fluid hydrostatic pressure, internal pressure, and axial compression load is also considered. The obtained results reveal that the sloshing of the internal fluid has little influence on the supersonic flutter boundary of a cylinder partially filled with liquid, at least for the case considered here. It is also shown that the critical freestream static pressure predicted by the sloshing model is negligibly larger than that calculated by the hydroelastic model of the internal fluid, which means that the sloshing of the internal fluid slightly overestimates the flutter boundary.
Decoding transcriptomic intra‐tumour heterogeneity to guide personalised medicine in ovarian cancer
Authors: Tan Tuan Zea , Heong Valerie , Ye Jieru , Lim Diana , Low Jeffrey , Choolani Mahesh , Scott Clare , Tan David Shao Peng , Huang Ruby Yun‐Ju 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe evaluation of intra‐tumour heterogeneity (ITH) from a transcriptomic point of view is limited. Single‐cell cancer studies reveal significant genomic and transcriptomic ITH within a tumour and it is no longer adequate to employ single‐subtype assignment as this does not acknowledge the ITH that exists. Molecular assessment of subtype heterogeneity (MASH) was developed to comprehensively report on the composition of all transcriptomic subtypes within a tumour lesion. Using MASH on 3431 ovarian cancer samples, correlation and association analyses with survival, metastasis and clinical outcomes were performed to assess the impact of subtype composition as a surrogate for ITH. The association was validated on two independent cohorts. We identified that 30% of ovarian tumours consist of two or more subtypes. When biological features of the subtype constituents were examined, we identified significant impact on clinical outcomes with the presence of poor prognostic subtypes (Mes or Stem‐A). Poorer outcomes correlated with having higher degrees of poor prognostic subtype populations within the tumour. Subtype prediction in several independent datasets reflected a similar prognostic trend. In addition, paired analysis of primary and recurrent/metastatic tumours demonstrated Mes and/or Stem‐A subtypes predominated in recurrent and metastatic tumours regardless of the original primary subtype. Given the biological and prognostic value in delineating individual subtypes within a tumour, a clinically applicable MASH assay using NanoString® technology was developed as a classification tool to comprehensively describe constituents of molecular subtypes. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In silico investigation of the coumarin‐based organic semiconductors for the possible use in organic electronic devices
Authors: Siddiqui Shamoon Ahmad 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFirst principle calculations were carried out to investigate the electron injection, electron coupling, electronic, and photophysical properties of two coumarin derivatives coumarin 102 and coumarin 153. The initial molecular geometries of both derivatives were optimized in the ground state using density functional theory in conjugation with B3LYP functional and 6‐31G(d,p) basis set. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of coumarin 102 and coumarin 153 were observed beneath the redox couple, whereas the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of both coumarin derivatives were observed above the conduction band of TiO2. The time‐dependent density functional theory has been used to calculate the excitation energies at PCM‐CAM‐B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p) level. Based upon the calculation of hole reorganization energy λh and electron reorganization energy λe, it has been observed that both coumarin 102 and coumarin 153 are hole transport materials. The electronic coupling constant, electron injection, and light harvesting efficiencies of these coumarin derivatives are higher than coumarin. This clearly indicates that these derivatives would be excellent photosensitizers. Finally, the effect of electric field on the dipole moment, HOMO, LUMO, and HOMO‐LUMO gap has been thoroughly observed to check the competency of these derivatives for the possible use in organic field effect transistors.
Photocrosslinked methacrylated poly(vinyl alcohol)/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite hydrogels with enhanced mechanical strength and cell adhesion
Authors: Zhou Ding , Dong Qi , Liang Kaili , Xu Weilin , Zhou Yingshan , Xiao Pu 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTPoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels with high water content, good load‐bearing property, low frictional behavior as well as excellent biocompatibility have been considered as promising cartilage replacement materials. However, the lack of sufficient mechanical properties and cell adhesion are two critical barriers for their application as cartilage substitutes. To address these problems, herein, methacrylated PVA with low degree of substitution of methacryloyl group has been synthesized first. Then, methacrylated PVA‐glycidyl methacrylate/hydroxyapatite (PVA‐GMA/Hap) nanocomposite hydrogels have been developed by the photopolymerization approach subsequently. Markedly, both pure PVA‐GMA hydrogel and PVA‐GMA/Hap nanocomposite hydrogels exhibit excellent performance in compressive tests, and they are undamaged during compressive stress–strain tests. Moreover, compared to pure PVA‐GMA hydrogels, 8.5‐fold, 7.4‐fold, and 14.2‐fold increase in fracture stress, Young's modulus and toughness, respectively, can be obtained for PVA‐GMA/Hap nanocomposite hydrogels with 10 wt % Hap nanoparticles. These enhancements can be ascribed to the intrinsic property of PVA‐GMA and strong hydrogen bonding interactions between PVA‐GMA chain and Hap nanoparticles. More interestingly, significant improvement in the cell adhesion can also be successfully achieved by incorporation of Hap nanoparticles. These biocompatible nanocomposite hydrogels have great potential to be used as cartilage substitutes. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 1882–1889
Modifying the morphology via employing rigid phenyl side chains achieves efficient nonfullerene polymer solar cells
Authors: Zhong Yaqian , Liu Deyu , Zhang Kaili , Li Yonghai , Sun Mingliang , Yu Liangmin , Li Feng , Liu Huizhou , Yang Renqiang 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTAs a promising electron‐deficient (acceptor) unit, fluorinated benzotriazole (TAZ) was used widely to construct wide bandgap polymers for nonfullerene polymer solar cells (NF‐PSCs). However, due to the S…F noncovalent interaction, the unit show good planarity and strong aggregation, which was not beneficial for the blend with the elongated nonfullerene acceptors. Here, we tried to choose new donor polymers to match with TAZ unit, which was expected to destroy the interchain aggregation of polymer and form favorable morphology of blends. Two new wide‐bandgap polymers PBDTsPhPh‐T1 and PBDTsThPh‐T1 based on the unsymmetrical benzodithiophene (BDT) units with a benzene ring as lever arms were synthesized. As a result, these two polymers blend well with nonfullerene acceptor (ITIC). And then, PBDTsPhPh‐T1 and PBDTsThPh‐T1‐based devices exhibit the decent photovoltaic properties with high power conversion efficiencies of 8.85 and 9.34%, respectively. The work demonstrates that the unsymmetrical BDT units could be outstanding for building donor materials toward high‐performance NF‐PSCs. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 2762–2770
Preventive maintenance policy of single‐unit systems based on shot‐noise process
Authors: Qiu Qingan , Cui Lirong , Dong Qinglai 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper develops reliability and maintenance models for a single‐unit system subject to hard failures under random environment of external shocks. Motivated by the observations of shot‐noise process in practice, the impact of shock damage on system failure behavior is characterized by random hazard rate increments. To remove such negative impact, imperfect preventive repair is performed periodically, and preventive replacement is performed after several repairs. Considering the joint effects of both random shocks and imperfect repair on the system hazard rate, we derive recursive equations for the system reliability function. Furthermore, we investigate the optimal maintenance policy that minimizes the expected cost per unit time of the system. The applicability of the reliability and maintenance model is validated by a case study on a wind turbine system.
Star‐Shaped CuS Flat Nanoflakes Reinforced Ni(OH)2 Nanosheets for Enhanced Capacitance
Authors: Reddy B. Narsimha , Gupta Govind , Ingole Pravin P. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractEnhanced electrochemical capacitance of 2D‐nanosheets of Ni(OH)2 via reinforcement of star‐shaped CuS flat nanoflakes synthesized using in‐situ hydrothermal root is presented. Microscopic and structural characterization suggest the inclusion of CuS nanoflakes in the films. Reinforced CuS nanoflakes offer high surface area resulting into open‐sheet morphologies for Ni(OH)2@CuS films; contrasting with the folded sheet structures attained for the neat Ni(OH)2 films. The remarkably high bulk (10−3 S cm−1) conductivity of CuS enhances the conductivity and enable facile electron transport in the composites. Asymmetric supercapacitors constructed using Ni(OH)2@CuS and graphite as the electrodes is noted to show specific capacitances of 642 Fg−1 at current density of 1 Ag−1, good rate capability and excellent cycling stability (86% capacitance retention at the end of 1000 cycles) relative to the neat Ni(OH)2 based supercapacitor cells that shows specific capacitance of 142 Fg−1 at the same current density. The direct contact of Ni(OH)2 with the conductive CuS nanoflakes and highly porous structures of Ni(OH)2@CuS electrodes doubles the power densities of the Ni(OH)2@CuS supercapacitors than Ni(OH)2 cells due to the low ion‐diffusion resistances for charging by ions from the electrolyte, afforded by the short diffusion pathways in the composites.
Detailed Mechanistic Study of Radical Mediated Chemoselective Phosphination of Aryl Halide
Authors: Kosar Naveen , Mahmood Tariq , Hafeez Farhan , Ayub Khurshid 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPhosphines play important role in organic synthesis, since they are important ligands for transition metals catalysis. Moreover, phosphines are important building blocks of supramolecular architectures, and are used in advanced material sciences. An important reaction to make phosphines is the phosphination of organic halides. In this report, the mechanistic details of radical initiated phosphination of organic halides are studied theoretically for complete reaction cycle. The mechanistic studies are performed with an accurate method (ωB97XD), which we established for similar reactions through a benchmark study. The mechanistic studies are performed with aryl bromide and aryl iodide. The results show that overall reaction follows SH2 pathway, and all steps are thermodynamically and kinetically favorable. The mechanistic outcomes of the research are in nice agreement with the recent experimental observations.