bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial Characteristics and Controlling Factors of the Strike‐slip Fault Zones in the Northern Slope of Tazhong Uplift, Tarim Basin: Insight from 3D Seismic Data
Authors: HAN Xiaoying , TANG Liangjie , DENG Shang , CAO Zicheng 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe detailed characteristics of the Paleozoic strike‐slip fault zones developed in the northern slope of Tazhong uplift are closely related to hydrocarbon explorations. In this study, five major strike‐slip fault zones that cut through the Cambrian‐Middle Devonian units are identified, by using 3D seismic data. Each of the strike‐slip fault zones is characterized by two styles of deformation, namely deeper strike‐slip faults and shallower en‐echelon faults. By counting the reverse separation of the horizon along the deeper faults, activity intensity on the deeper strike‐slip faults in the south is stronger than that on the northern ones. The angle between the strike of the shallower en‐echelon normal faults and the principal displacement zone (PDZ) below them is likely to have a tendency to decrease slightly from the south to the north, which may indicate that activity intensity on the shallower southern en‐echelon faults is stronger than that on the northern ones. Comparing the reverse separation along the deeper faults and the fault throw of the shallower faults, activity intensity of the Fault zone S1 is similar across different layers, while the activity intensity of the southern faults is larger than that of the northern ones. It is obvious that both the activity intensity of the same layer in different fault zones and different layers in the same fault zone have a macro characteristic in that the southern faults show stronger activity intensity than the northern ones. The Late Ordovician décollement layer developed in the Tazhong area and the peripheral tectonic events of the Tarim Basin have been considered two main factors in the differential deformation characteristics of the strike‐slip fault zones in the northern slope of Tazhong uplift. They controlled the differences in the multi‐level and multi‐stage deformations of the strike‐slip faults, respectively. In particular, peripheral tectonic events of the Tarim Basin were the dynamic source of the formatting and evolution of the strike‐slip fault zones, and good candidates to accommodate the differential activity intensity of these faults.
Coalbed Methane Enrichment Regularity and Major Control Factors in the Xishanyao Formation in the Western Part of the Southern Junggar Basin
Authors: YUAN Yuan , SHAN Yansheng , TANG Yue , CAO Daiyong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThere are abundant coal and coalbed methane (CBM) resources in the Xishanyao Formation in the western region of the southern Junggar Basin, and the prospects for CBM exploration and development are promising. To promote the exploration and development of the CBM resources of the Xishanyao Formation in this area, we studied previous coalfield survey data and CBM geological exploration data. Then, we analyzed the relationships between the gas content and methane concentration vs. coal seam thickness, burial depth, coal reservoir physical characteristics, hydrogeological conditions, and roof and floor lithology. In addition, we briefly discuss the main factors influencing CBM accumulation. First, we found that the coal strata of the Xishanyao Formation in the study area are relatively simple in structure, and the coal seam has a large thickness and burial depth, as well as moderately good roof and floor conditions. The hydrogeological conditions and coal reservoir physical characteristics are also conducive to the enrichment and a high yield of CBM. We believe that the preservation of CBM resources in the study area is mainly controlled by the structure, burial depth, and hydrogeological conditions. Furthermore, on the basis of the above results, the coal seam of the Xishanyao Formation in the synclinal shaft and buried at depths of 700–1000 m should be the first considered for development.
Distribution Features of the Nanhua‐Sinian Rifts and their Significance to Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Tarim Basin
Authors: BAI Zhongkai , CHENG Minghua , CHEN Cheng , HUO Junzhou , ZHANG Junfeng , ZHOU Xingui , GAO Yongjin , ZHAO Bo , QIU Haijun , HAN Miao , YANG Youxing , SUN Zhichao , MIAO Miaoqing , ZHANG Jinhu , LI Qingyao 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOn the basis of reprocessing 34 new two‐dimensional spliced long sections (20,191 km) in the Tarim Basin, the deep structure features of the Tarim Basin were analyzed through interpreting 30,451 km of two‐dimensional seismic data and compiling basic maps. Seismic interpretation and geological analysis conclude that the Nanhua‐Sinian strata are a set of rift‐depression depositional systems according to their tectonic and depositional features. The rift valley formed in the Nanhua Period, and the transformation became weaker during the late Sinian Period, which eventually turned into depression. From bottom to top, the deposited strata include mafic igneous, tillite, mudstone, and dolomite. Three major depocenters developed inside this basin during the rift stage and are distributed in the eastern Tarim Basin, the Awati area, and the southwestern Tarim Basin. Among them, the rift in the eastern Tarim Basin strikes in the near east‐west direction on the plane and coincides with the aeromagnetic anomaly belt. This represents a strong magnetic zone formed by upwelling basic volcanic rock along high, steep normal faults of the Nanhua Period. Controlled by the tectonic background, two types of sedimentary systems were developed in the rift stage and depression stage, showing two types of sequence features in the Sinian depositional stage. The Nanhua System appears as a wedge‐shaped formation, with its bottom in unconformable contact with the base. The rifting event has a strong influence on the current tectonic units in the Tarim Basin, and affects the distribution of source rock in the Yuertus Formation and reservoir beds in the Xiaoerbulake Formation in Lower Cambrian, as well as the gypseous cap rock in Middle Cambrian. The distribution features of the rifts have important and realistic significance for determining the direction of oil and gas exploration in the deep strata of the Tarim Basin. Comprehensive analysis suggests that the Tazhong region is the most favorable zone, and the Kalpin‐Bachu region is the optimal potential zone for exploring sub‐salt oil and gas in deep Cambrian strata.
Characteristics and Natural Gas Origin of Middle–Late Triassic Marine Source Rocks of the Western Sichuan Depression, SW China
Authors: SUN Tengjiao , LUO Xiaoping , QING Hairuo , KOU Xueling , SHENG Zhongming , XU Guosheng , ZUO Yinhui 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA scientific exploration well (CK1) was drilled to expand the oil/gas production in the western Sichuan depression, SW, China. Seventy‐three core samples and four natural gas samples from the Middle–Late Triassic strata were analyzed to determine the paleo‐depositional setting and the abundance of organic matter (OM) and to evaluate the hydrocarbon‐generation process and potential. This information was then used to identify the origin of the natural gas. The OM is characterized by medium n‐alkanes (nC15–nC19), low pristane/phytane and terrigenous aquatic ratios (TAR), a carbon preference index (CPI) of ∼1, regular steranes with C29 > C27 > C28, gammacerane/C30hopane ratios of 0.15–0.32, and δDorg of −132‰ to −58‰, suggesting a marine algal/phytoplankton source with terrestrial input deposited in a reducing–transitional saline/marine sedimentary environment. Based on the TOC, HI index, and chloroform bitumen “A,” the algal‐rich dolomites of the Leikoupo Formation are fair–good source rocks; the grey limestones of the Maantang Formation are fair source rocks; and the shales of the Xiaotangzi Formation are moderately good source rocks. In addition, maceral and carbon isotopes indicate that the kerogen of the Leikoupo and Maantang formations is type II and that of the Xiaotangzi Formation is type II–III. The maturity parameters and the hopane and sterane isomerization suggest that the OM was advanced mature and produced wet–dry gases. One‐dimensional modeling of the thermal‐burial history suggests that hydrocarbon‐generation occurred at 220–60 Ma. The gas components and C–H–He–Ar–Ne isotopes indicate that the oil‐associated gases were generated in the Leikoupo and Maantang formations, and then, they mixed with gases from the Xiaotangzi Formation, which were probably contributed by the underlying Permian marine source rocks. Therefore, the deeply‐buried Middle–Late Triassic marine source rocks in the western Sichuan depression and in similar basins have a great significant hydrocarbon potential.
Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the High‐Cr Podiform Chromitite from the Cuobuzha Ophiolite, Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone, Western Tibet, China: Implication for its Origin
Authors: ZHAO Hui , YANG Jingsui , LIU Fei , XIONG Fahui , LIAN Dongyang , YAO Hu 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe Cuobuzha high‐Cr chromitites in the western segment of Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone of Tibet are mainly hosted in the harzburgites as massive type, which are characterized by high concentrations of platinum group elements (PGE) ranging from 380 to 577 ppb, and low Pd/Ir ratios (<0.1). In mid‐ocean ridge basalts (MORB)‐normalized spidergrams, chromites of the Cuobuzha chromitites are depleted in Al, Ga, V, Mg and Zn, and enriched in Mn and Cr, sharing similar patterns with those of ophiolitic boninites in the Bonin and Thetford Mines. Approximately 20 platinum group mineral (PGM) grains were discovered from the samples, including laurite, erlichmanite, Os‐Fe alloy, cuproiridsite, and irarsite. The PGM assemblages indicate that sulfur fugacity was initially low enough to allow the precipitation of Os‐Fe alloy and increased thereafter, with the fall in temperature. Primary Fe‐Ni and Fe‐Cr alloys, which are stable in a highly reduced environment, occur as inclusions within chromites or clinopyroxenes. Calculated results show that the parental magma has an intimate affinity with boninites. Based on our observations, a model is proposed wherein the Cuobuzha chromitites contain high‐pressure and low‐pressure chromites. Low‐pressure chromites were formed via reaction between boninitic melts and peridotites, during which the high‐pressure chromites hosting highly reduced minerals were mobilized by melts and were reallocated to podiform chromitites.
Discovery of Cosmic Spherules from the Mesoproterozoic Strata and its Significance—in Case of the Ming Tombs Area, Beijing
Authors: SONG Tianrui , ZHENG Ning , LIU Yongqing , KUANG Hongwei , PENG Nan , LI Chao , TANG Jigang , YAN Qinggao , GAO Linzhi , ZHU Zhicai , XIA Xiaoxu , WANG Yuchong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study covers cosmic spherules derived from the Mesoproterozoic Dahongyu Formation in the Ming Tombs area, Beijing. The cosmic spherules include iron oxide cosmic spherules, carbonaceous chondrites, and atomic iron “steely bead”‐shaped cosmic spherules. The mineral assemblage of silicon carbide, forsterite, zircon, and glass spherules and fragments were picked from melt‐silicified carbonate of the Mesoproterozoic Dahongyu Formation (ca. 1625 Ma). Cosmic spherule assemblages are solely discovered from sedimentary rocks in China. Platinum group elements (PGE) were determined for the first time in cosmic spherules and associated minerals. PGE comparative observation between meteorite and cosmic spherules is presented in this study. It is recognized that an extraterrestrial meteorite impact event might have occurred in the Dahongyu Stage. The main evidence is a large number of iron cosmic spherules in silicified oncolitic limestone, and associated cosmic silicon carbide, glass spherules, and fragments, as well as the presence of forsterite. The impact‐volcanic crater is characteristic of a big black shale block dropped into the bended silicified limestone.
Adsorption Mechanism and Kinetic Characterization of Bituminous Coal under High Temperatures and Pressures in the Linxing‐Shenfu Area
Authors: TAO Chuanqi , WANG Yanbin , LI Yong , NI Xiaoming , GAO Xiangdong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe majority of coalbed methane (CBM) in coal reservoirs is in adsorption states in coal matrix pores. To reveal the adsorption behavior of bituminous coal under high‐temperature and high‐pressure conditions and to discuss the microscopic control mechanism affecting the adsorption characteristics, isothermal adsorption experiments under high‐temperature and high‐pressure conditions, low‐temperature liquid nitrogen adsorption‐desorption experiments and CO2 adsorption experiments were performed on coal samples. Results show that the adsorption capacity of coal is comprehensively controlled by the maximum vitrinite reflectance (Ro, max), as well as temperature and pressure conditions. As the vitrinite reflectance increases, the adsorption capacity of coal increases. At low pressures, the pressure has a significant effect on the positive effect of adsorption, but the effect of temperature is relatively weak. As the pressure increases, the effect of temperature on the negative effect of adsorption gradually becomes apparent, and the influence of pressure gradually decreases. Considering pore volumes of pores with diameters of 1.7–100 nm, the peak volume of pores with diameters 10–100 nm is higher than that from pores with diameters 1.7–10 nm, especially for pores with diameters of 40–60 nm, indicating that pores with diameters of 10–100 nm are the main contributors to the pore volume. The pore specific surface area shows multiple peaks, and the peak value appears for pore diameters of 2–3 nm, indicating that this pore diameter is the main contributor to the specific surface area. For pore diameters of 0.489–1.083 nm, the pore size distribution is bimodal, with peak values at 0.56–0.62 nm and 0.82–0.88 nm. The adsorption capability of the coal reservoir depends on the development degree of the supermicroporous specific surface area, because the supermicroporous pores are the main contributors to the specific pore area. Additionally, the adsorption space increases as the adsorption equilibrium pressure increases. Under the same pressure, as the maximum vitrinite reflectance increases, the adsorption space increases. In addition, the cumulative reduction in the surface free energy increases as the maximum vitrinite reflectance increases. Furthermore, as the pressure increases, the surface free energy of each pressure point gradually decreases, indicating that as the pressure increases, it is increasingly difficult to adsorb methane molecules.
Discontinuation due to immune‐related adverse events is a possible predictive factor for immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Komiya Kazutoshi , Nakamura Tomomi , Abe Tomonori , Ogusu Shinsuke , Nakashima Chiho , Takahashi Koichiro , Kimura Shinya , Sueoka‐Aragane Naoko 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundImmune‐related adverse events (irAEs) should be anticipated with treatment by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Although the relationship between irAEs and efficacy of ICI has been reported, it has not yet been clarified whether the benefit from ICI outweighs the low frequency of proceeding to subsequent therapies after discontinuation due to irAEs.MethodsThe study comprised 61 patients with non‐small cell lung cancer who underwent treatment with ICIs (nivolumab or pembrolizumab monotherapy) at the Saga University Medical School Hospital from December 2015 to January 2018. Therapeutic effect and progression‐free survival (PFS) were compared between the irAEs discontinuation group (AEg) and the group with discontinuation due to all causes other than irAEs (Non‐AEg).ResultsA total of 30% patients(18/61) had therapy discontinued due to irAEs: 22.5% (9/40) with nivolumab and 42.9% (9/21) with pembrolizumab. The response rate was 50.0% in the AEg and 8.1% in the on‐AEg (P = 0.001). The median PFS was significantly longer in the AEg (9.3 months; 95% CI 2.1–12.1) than in the non‐AEg (1.9 months; 95% CI 0.9–3.6): HR 0.45 (95%CI 0.20–0.89; log‐rank test P = 0.026). The prevalence of drug‐induced interstitial lung disease (ILD) was 6.1% (3/49) in cases without interstitial pneumonia (IP) as the underlying disease, whereas it was 50% (6/12) in cases with IP (P = 0.001).ConclusionDiscontinuation of treatment with ICIs due to irAEs predict a good response to ICIs and favorable outcome since their anti‐cancer effects continue even after discontinuation. However, the presence of IP as the underlying disease increases the risk of drug‐related ILD onset.
Film mulch with irrigation and rainfed cultivations improves maize production and water use efficiency in Ethiopia
Authors: Yuan Zi‐Qiang , Zhang Rong , Wang Bin‐Xian , Gao Ben‐Qiang , Ayana Getachew , Abera Dejene , Ashraf Muhammad , Li Feng‐Min 
Published: July 2019

AbstractImproving productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) and water use efficiency is of great significance for agriculture in Ethiopia. In this study, the effects of ridge‐furrow with film mulch cultivation were tested on maize yields in Melkassa, Ethiopia. Three field experiments (drip irrigation, furrow irrigation and rainfed) were conducted each with randomised complete block design with three replicates. The drip irrigation experiment was conducted in the dry season and constituted three film mulch methods (non‐mulch, transparent film mulch and black film mulch) with three irrigation levels (357, 435 and 515 mm). The furrow irrigation experiment was also conducted in the dry season and constituted two film mulches (non‐mulch and transparent film mulch) with three irrigation levels (484, 674 and 865 mm). The rainfed experiment was conducted in the rainy season and constituted three mulches (non‐mulch, transparent film mulch and black film mulch) with two farming methods (ridge‐furrow farming and flat farming). In the drip irrigation experiment, the highest maize yields (5.9 ± 0.6 t ha−1) and irrigation water use efficiency (9.6 ± 1 kg ha−1 mm−1) were recorded in the treatment using black film mulch with high irrigation, with increases of 68% and 68.4% compared to using non‐mulch treatment at that irrigation level. In the furrow irrigation experiment, maize yields and irrigation water use efficiency reached 7 (± 0.8) t ha−1 and 9.1 (± 1.9) kg ha−1 mm−1 in the treatment using transparent film mulch with medium irrigation (674 mm), with increases of 46% and 46.8% compared to that with non‐mulch treatment. In the rainfed experiment, the film mulch rather than farming method had positive effects on the maize yields and rainwater use efficiency. The average maize yield reached 8.5 (± 0.7) t ha−1 in the film mulch treatments, with an increase of 39% than using the non‐mulch treatment. Compared with that of non‐mulch treatment, the net income in the film mulch treatments increased by 94% in the furrow experiment and 31% in the rainfed experiment. Our results indicate that the ridge‐furrow with film mulch system can be recommended for water‐saving irrigation with low cost in dry seasons, and film mulch with flat farming can be recommended in rainy seasons for maize production in Ethiopia. This study provides strong evidence that maize productivity can be effectively improved in Ethiopia and other similar areas of the world using this simple and cost‐effective technology.
Adolescent Intermittent Ethanol Increases the Sensitivity to the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol and the Expression of Select Cholinergic and Dopaminergic Genes within the Posterior Ventral Tegmental Area
Authors: Hauser Sheketha R. , Knight Christopher P. , Truitt William A. , Waeiss Robert Aaron , Holt Ian S. , Carvajal Gustavo B. , Bell Richard L. , Rodd Zachary A. 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundAlthough not legally allowed to consume alcohol, adolescents account for 11% of all alcohol use in the United States and approximately 90% of adolescent intake is in the form of an alcohol binge. The adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) model developed by the NADIA consortium produces binge‐like EtOH exposure episodes. The current experiment examined the effects of AIE on the reinforcing properties of EtOH and genetic expression of cholinergic and dopaminergic factors within the posterior ventral tegmental area (pVTA) in Wistar male and female rats and in male alcohol‐preferring (P) rats.MethodsRats were exposed to the AIE or water during adolescence, and all testing occurred during adulthood. Wistar control and AIE rats were randomly assigned to groups that self‐administered 0 to 200 mg% EtOH. Male P rats self‐administered 0 to 100 mg%.ResultsThe data indicated that exposure to AIE in both Wistar male and female rats (and male P rats) resulted in a significant leftward shift in dose–response curve for EtOH self‐administration into the pVTA. TaqMan array indicated that AIE exposure had divergent effects on the expression of nicotinic receptors (increased a7, reduction in a4 and a5). There were also sex‐specific effects of AIE on gene expression; male only reduction in D3 receptors.ConclusionBinge‐like EtOH exposure during adolescence enhances the sensitivity to the reinforcing properties of EtOH during adulthood which could be part of biological sequelae that are the basis for the deleterious effects of adolescent alcohol consumption on the rate of alcoholism during adulthood.
Trajectories of injection drug use among people who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada, 1996–2017: growth mixture modeling using data from prospective cohort studies
Authors: Dong Huiru , Hayashi Kanna , Singer Joel , Milloy Michael John , DeBeck Kora , Wood Evan , Kerr Thomas 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackground and aimsInjection drug use patterns are known to change over time, although such long‐term changes have not been well described. We sought to characterize longitudinal trajectories of injection drug use and identify associated factors.DesignData were derived from the Vancouver Injection Drug Users Study and AIDS Care Cohort to evaluate the Exposure to Survival Services study, two prospective cohorts involving people who inject drugs in Vancouver, Canada between 1996 and 2017. Growth mixture modeling was applied to identify distinct injection drug use trajectories. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify baseline factors associated with each trajectory.SettingCanada.ParticipantsA total of 2057 participants who reported having used illicit drugs via injection in the past 6 months at the baseline visit were included in the study. The median time since first injection drug use at baseline was 14.8 years (quartile 1–quartile 3: 6.5–24.3).MeasurementsInformation regarding self‐reported injection drug use during the past 6 months was collected at baseline and semi‐annually thereafter via interviewer‐administered questionnaires.FindingsParticipants were followed for a median of 113.4 months (quartile 1–quartile 3: 63.4–161.7). Five trajectories were identified: persistent high frequency injection (507, 24.6%); high frequency injection with late decrease (374, 18.2%); gradual cessation (662, 32.2%); early cessation with late relapse (227, 11.0%); and early cessation (287, 14.0%). Factors found to be associated with distinct trajectories included: daily heroin injection, binge injection drug use, age, not being in a stable relationship and year of study enrollment.ConclusionsPeople who used drugs in Vancouver, Canada from 1996 to 2017 appeared to follow five drug use trajectories, ranging from persistent high frequency use to early cessation. Almost 25% of participants remained high‐frequency injectors over the study period.