bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fidaxomicin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in at-risk patients with inflammatory bowel disease, fulminant CDI, renal impairment or hepatic impairment: a retrospective study of routine clinical use (ANEMONE)
Authors: Vehreschild Maria J. G. T. , Taori Surabhi , Goldenberg Simon D. , Thalhammer Florian , Bouza Emilio , van Oene Joop , Wetherill Graham , Georgopali Areti 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Information is limited or lacking on fidaxomicin treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, fulminant or life-threatening CDI, severe renal impairment, moderate-to-severe hepatic impairment and pregnancy. The ANEMONE study investigated fidaxomicin use in a routine clinical setting, focusing on these medical conditions of specific interest (MCSIs). This retrospective, post-authorisation study reviewed hospital records from Austria, Germany, Spain and the UK (June 2012–June 2015), collecting data from hospital admission to 30 days after last fidaxomicin dose. The primary objective was to identify the proportion of fidaxomicin-treated patients with MCSIs. Secondary objectives were to describe 30-day mortality, changes in ECG and laboratory parameters, fidaxomicin exposure and CDI response (resolution of diarrhoea; 30-day recurrence). 45.3% (261/576) of patients had ≥ 1 MCSI. Thirty-day mortality (post-first dose) was 17.0% (98/576) in the total population and slightly higher (24.6–27.6%) in patients with fulminant CDI or severe renal impairment. 29.6% (24/81) deaths of known cause were attributable to CDI. Of changes in laboratory parameters or ECG findings, only a decrease in leucocyte counts appeared associated with fidaxomicin, consistent with a positive treatment response. Diarrhoea resolved in 78.0% (404/518) of treatment episodes; diarrhoea resolution was lowest in patients with fulminant CDI (investigator-defined, 67.5%, 56/88) and severe renal impairment (68.0%, 68/100). Thirty-day recurrence (18.8%, 79/420) was similar across MCSI subgroups. Although almost half of fidaxomicin-treated patients had ≥ 1 MCSI, the majority of patients in all subgroups had positive responses to treatment, and no particular safety concerns were identified.
Tolnaftate–graphene composite-loaded nanoengineered electrospun scaffolds as efficient therapeutic dressing material for regimen of dermatomycosis
Authors: Misra Shashi Kiran , Ramteke Pramod W. , Patil Sandip , Pandey Avinash C. , Pandey Himanshu 
Published: August 2018

AbstractGraphene “The novel carbon nano-trope” tailors auspicious platform for designing antimicrobial regimen by virtue of its conspicuous molecular interaction with the microorganism. In this work, Tolnaftate (Tf), an antifungal drug, was mingled with Graphene nanoplatelets (Gn) to develop composite (Tf–Gn) via the wet chemical route, embedded in a biocompatible polymeric blend of Eudragit RL100/Eudragit RS100 (EuRL100/EuRS100) and subjected to electrospinning to obtain nonwoven nanoengineered scaffolds (nanofibers) for enhanced anti-dermatophytic virtue. Pursuing cluster of optimization experiments, 20% w/v EuRL100/EuRS 100 was found to be adequate for formation of smooth, defect-free, and regular fibers. Field emission electron microscopy (FESEM) acknowledged zestfully fabrication of smooth, shiny, nano-range, and mesh-like architecture, comprising distinct pockets within their structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) conceded formation of the composite Tf–Gn, its physical compatibility with polymers, and improved thermal behavior. Exceptional swelling capacity, significant hydrophilicity, and immense drug entrapment efficiency were obtained of nanofibers fabricated from 3:1 ratio of EuRL100/EuRS100 polymers blend owing to relatively higher permeability which gratified essential benchmark for fabrication of nanofibrous scaffold to alleviate fungal infections caused by dermatophytes. In vitro drug release interpreted controlled liberation of Tf in dissolution media, following Korsmeyer–Peppas model kinetics, and suggested a diffusion-based mechanism. Microdilution broth method was performed for in vitro antifungal efficacy against extremely devastating dermatophytes, i.e., anthropophilic Trichophyton rubrum and zoophilic Microsporum canis, exhibited preeminent growth inhibition against T.rubrum and scanty for M.canis. Findings revealed the superior antifungal activity of Tf–Gn-loaded nanofibers as compared to Tf-loaded nanofibers and recommended potential dressing materials for an effective regimen of dermatomycosis.
Derivation of cutoffs for the Elecsys® amyloid β (1–42) assay in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Shaw Leslie M. , Waligorska Teresa , Fields Leona , Korecka Magdalena , Figurski Michal , Trojanowski John Q. , Eichenlaub Udo , Wahl Simone , Quan Marian , Pontecorvo Michael J. , Lachno D. Richard , Talbot Jayne A. , Andersen Scott W. , Siemers Eric R. , Dean Robert A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIntroductionAn Elecsys® Amyloid β (Aβ [1–42]) immunoassay cutoff for classification of patients with Alzheimer's disease was investigated.MethodsCerebrospinal fluid samples collected from patients with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease were analyzed by Elecsys® immunoassays: (1) Aβ (1–42), (2) total tau, and (3) phosphorylated tau. Cutoffs (Aβ [1–42] and ratios with tau) were estimated by method comparison between AlzBio3 (n = 206), mixture modeling (n = 216), and concordance with florbetapir F 18 imaging‐based classification (n = 75).ResultsA 1065‐pg/mL (95% confidence interval: 985–1153) Elecsys® Aβ (1–42) cutoff provided 94% overall percentage agreement with AlzBio3. Comparable cutoff estimates (95% confidence interval) were derived from mixture modeling (equally weighted: 1017 [949–1205] pg/mL; prevalence weighted: 1172 [1081–1344] pg/mL) and concordance with florbetapir F 18 imaging (visual read: 1198 [998–1591] pg/mL; automated: 1198 [1051–1638] pg/mL).DiscussionBased on three approaches, a 1100‐pg/mL Elecsys® Aβ (1–42) cutoff is suitable for clinical trials with similar populations and preanalytical handling.
Machine learning of neuroimaging for assisted diagnosis of cognitive impairment and dementia: A systematic review
Authors: Pellegrini Enrico , Ballerini Lucia , Hernandez Maria del C. Valdes , Chappell Francesca M. , González‐Castro Victor , Anblagan Devasuda , Danso Samuel , Muñoz‐Maniega Susana , Job Dominic , Pernet Cyril , Mair Grant , MacGillivray Tom J. , Trucco Emanuele , Wardlaw Joanna M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIntroductionAdvanced machine learning methods might help to identify dementia risk from neuroimaging, but their accuracy to date is unclear.MethodsWe systematically reviewed the literature, 2006 to late 2016, for machine learning studies differentiating healthy aging from dementia of various types, assessing study quality, and comparing accuracy at different disease boundaries.ResultsOf 111 relevant studies, most assessed Alzheimer's disease versus healthy controls, using AD Neuroimaging Initiative data, support vector machines, and only T1‐weighted sequences. Accuracy was highest for differentiating Alzheimer's disease from healthy controls and poor for differentiating healthy controls versus mild cognitive impairment versus Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment converters versus nonconverters. Accuracy increased using combined data types, but not by data source, sample size, or machine learning method.DiscussionMachine learning does not differentiate clinically relevant disease categories yet. More diverse data sets, combinations of different types of data, and close clinical integration of machine learning would help to advance the field.
Is the incidence of anaplastic thyroid cancer increasing: A population based epidemiology study
Authors: Janz Tyler A. , Neskey David M. , Nguyen Shaun A. , Lentsch Eric J. 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveTo provide an understanding of the incidence of anaplastic thyroid cancer within the United States.MethodsPatients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were included from 1973 to 2014 based on a diagnosis of anaplastic thyroid cancer using ICD O‐3 codes. Patients were categorized into cohorts based on their year of diagnosis.Results1527 patients were diagnosed with anaplastic thyroid cancer within the SEER 18 registries. The age‐adjusted incidence rate was 0.2 per 1,000,000 people (95% CI: 0.0–0.5) in 1973 and was 1.2 per 1,000,000 people (95% CI: 0.8–1.6) in 2014 (average annual percent change: 3.0% [95% CI: 2.2%–3.7%]). Patients tended to be of older age (mean age: 70.5 [range 15.0–102.0]), of female sex (62.8%), and Caucasian (81.1%). Finally, survival over time remained the same, as median disease specific survival months was 4.00 (95% CI: 2.26–5.74) from 1995 to 1999 and 4.00 (95% CI: 3.26–4.74) from 2010 to 2014.ConclusionsThe incidence rate of anaplastic thyroid cancer has increased from 1973 to 2014. Interestingly, median survival in months did not greatly change overtime. Based on this increasing incidence, physicians must act appropriately to identify patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer as it possesses a high morbidity and mortality.Level of evidence4.
Signatures of the Solar Transient Disturbances Over the Low Latitude Ionosphere During 6 to 8 September 2017
Authors: Bagiya Mala S. , Thampi Smitha V. , Hui Debrup , Sunil A. S. , Chakrabarty D. , Choudhary R. K. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractLow latitude ionospheric behavior during solar transient disturbances of solar flares and storm time penetrating electric fields comprises an important part of the Earth's space weather. The flares enhance the electron density of the sunlit ionosphere by supplying excess solar radiation. However, the degree of these density changes is subjective if a geomagnetic storm persists simultaneously. The present case study addresses the ionospheric variations over the Indian longitudes under the combined effects of the solar flares and a geomagnetic storm during 6 to 8 September 2017 and probably the first of its kind in delineating the effects of these two over the low latitude ionosphere. The X9.3 class flare of 6 September, which occurred during non‐storm conditions, produced an intense E region ionization (~500% over the ambient). However, the total electron content response to this flare was comparatively weak. The flares on 7 and 8 September occurred during the 7–8 September geomagnetic storm. Though the 8 September flare occurred with higher intensity (M8.1) and early in local time compared to the flare of 7 September (M7.3), the equatorial electrojet current enhancement was lesser on 8 September (~75% over the ambient) than that of 7 September (~110% over the ambient). This aspect is discussed in view of the storm time convection effects over the low latitudes during 7–8 September storm. The total electron content did not respond to the flares of 7 and 8 September. This behavior is attributed to the varying center‐to‐limb distance of the solar active region 12673 during this period.
The Distribution of Two Flapping Types of Magnetotail Current Sheet: Implication for the Flapping Mechanism
Authors: Gao J. W. , Rong Z. J. , Cai Y. H. , Lui A. T. Y. , Petrukovich A. A. , Shen C. , Dunlop M. W. , Wei Y. , Wan W. X. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFlapping motion of the current sheets of planetary magnetotails is a common dynamic phenomenon. Previous studies of the Earth's magnetotail suggest that its flapping motion has two forms, that is, kink‐like flapping that can propagate as waves toward both flanks and steady flapping that moves up and down but does not propagate. Although some models have been proposed to explain the kink‐like flapping, its mechanism remains unclear. This paper surveys 87 flapping events statistically with respect to their flapping types, using the multipoint measurements of Cluster. The statistical results show that the up‐down steady flapping events tend to occur around the midnight region, and the kink‐like flapping events tend to occur near both flanks of the magnetotail. Thus, we propose that kink‐like flapping motion is causally related to steady flapping motion; that is, the up and down motion of steady flapping around the midnight region induces kink‐like flapping waves, which propagate toward both flanks of the magnetotail.
Application of Machine Learning to Classification of Volcanic Deformation in Routinely Generated InSAR Data
Authors: Anantrasirichai N. , Biggs J. , Albino F. , Hill P. , Bull D. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRecent improvements in the frequency, type, and availability of satellite images mean it is now feasible to routinely study volcanoes in remote and inaccessible regions, including those with no ground‐based monitoring. In particular, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar data can detect surface deformation, which has a strong statistical link to eruption. However, the data set produced by the recently launched Sentinel‐1 satellite is too large to be manually analyzed on a global basis. In this study, we systematically process >30,000 short‐term interferograms at over 900 volcanoes and apply machine learning algorithms to automatically detect volcanic ground deformation. We use a convolutional neutral network to classify interferometric fringes in wrapped interferograms with no atmospheric corrections. We employ a transfer learning strategy and test a range of pretrained networks, finding that AlexNet is best suited to this task. The positive results are checked by an expert and fed back for model updating. Following training with a combination of both positive and negative examples, this method reduced the number of interferograms to ∼100 which required further inspection, of which at least 39 are considered true positives. We demonstrate that machine learning can efficiently detect large, rapid deformation signals in wrapped interferograms, but further development is required to detect slow or small deformation patterns which do not generate multiple fringes in short duration interferograms. This study is the first to use machine learning approaches for detecting volcanic deformation in large data sets and demonstrates the potential of such techniques for developing alert systems based on satellite imagery.
RPS3A positively regulates the mitochondrial function of human periaortic adipose tissue and is associated with coronary artery diseases
Authors: Tang Yan , He Yi , Li Chen , Mu Wenjuan , Zou Ying , Liu Conghui , Qian Shuwen , Zhang Fuchuang , Pan Jiabao , Wang Yina , Huang Haiyan , Pan Dongning , Yang Pengyuan , Mei Ju , Zeng Rong , Tang Qi-qun 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPericardial adipose tissue, which comprises both epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and paracardial adipose tissue (PAT), has recently been recognized as a novel factor in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, especially coronary artery disease (CAD). The goal of this study was to evaluate differences in the brown-like characteristic and proteome among human EAT, PAT, and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) to identify candidate molecules causing CAD. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) and other brown-related proteins were highly expressed in pericardial adipose tissue but was weakly expressed in SAT from the same non-CAD patient. Moreover, pericardial adipose tissues displayed a higher thermogenesis than SAT. However, brown-related genes were lower in CAD pericardial fat. Remarkably, there were lower levels of metabolic enzymes involved in glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and fatty acid metabolism in pericardial adipose tissues of CAD. EAT is an organ adjacent to aortic root without anatomy barriers, which differs from PAT. We found that the expression of ribosomal protein S3A (RPS3A) was decreased in human EAT as well as in mouse perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT). Knockdown of RPS3A significantly inhibited adipocyte differentiation in preadipocytes and impaired the function of mitochondria in mature adipocytes. Moreover, RPS3A knockdown in mouse periaortic adipose tissue impaired browning of PVAT, accelerated vascular inflammation, and atherosclerosis progression. Mechanistically, RPS3A can migrate to the mitochondria to maintain the function of brown adipocytes. These findings provide compelling evidence that RPS3A was a key factor for modulating the brown fat-specific gene UCP-1 and carbon metabolic enzymes in EAT for preventing CAD.
Quantitative Analysis of Agrammatism in Agrammatic Primary Progressive Aphasia and Dominant Apraxia of Speech
Authors: Tetzloff Katerina A. , Utianski Rene L. , Duffy Joseph R. , Clark Heather M. , Strand Edythe A. , Josephs Keith A. , Whitwell Jennifer L. 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
The aims of the study were to assess and compare grammatical deficits in written and spoken language production in subjects with agrammatic primary progressive aphasia (agPPA) and in subjects with agrammatism in the context of dominant apraxia of speech (DAOS) and to investigate neuroanatomical correlates.

Method
Eight agPPA and 21 DAOS subjects performed the picture description task of the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) both in writing and orally. Responses were transcribed and coded for linguistic analysis. agPPA and DAOS were compared to 13 subjects with primary progressive apraxia of speech (PPAOS) who did not have agrammatism. Spearman correlations were performed between the written and spoken variables. Patterns of atrophy in each group were compared, and relationships between the different linguistic measures and integrity of Broca's area were assessed.

Results
agPPA and DAOS both showed lower mean length of utterance, fewer grammatical utterances, more nonutterances, more syntactic and semantic errors, and fewer complex utterances than PPAOS in writing and speech, as well as fewer correct verbs and nouns in speech. Only verb ratio and proportion of grammatical utterances correlated between modalities. agPPA and DAOS both showed greater involvement of Broca's area than PPAOS, and atrophy of Broca's area correlated with proportion of grammatical and ungrammatical utterances and semantic errors in writing and speech.

Conclusions
agPPA and DAOS subjects showed similar patterns of agrammatism, although subjects performed differently when speaking versus writing. Integrity of Broca's area correlates with agrammatism.
Fabrication and characterisation of cellulose nanocrystals from microcrystalline cellulose by esterification and ultrasound treatment
Authors: Jiang Longwei , Yang Jingde , Wang Qian , Ren Lili , Zhou Jiang 
Published: August 2018

In the present work, needle‐shaped cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were prepared from commercial microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) through esterification and ultrasound treatment. The prepared CNCs were characterised by using Fourier transform infrared, degree of substitution (DS), dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The results revealed that the ultrasound disintegration of MCC was significantly improved after the esterification with maleic anhydride and the ultrasound treatment did not affect DS of the CNCs. With increasing power of the ultrasound treatment, smaller CNCs with narrower size distribution could be obtained. Average diameter and length of the CNCs could reach ∼14 and ∼180 nm, respectively. Furthermore, the crystal structure of cellulose was not changed during the esterification and ultrasound treatment and crystallinity of the CNCs increased comparing with MCC.
Acute effects of aerobic exercise performed with different volumes on strength performance and neuromuscular parameters
Authors: Ribeiro Natalia , Ugrinowitsch Carlos , Panissa Valéria Leme Gonçalves , Tricoli Valmor 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate the acute effect of the aerobic exercise volume on maximum strength and strength‐endurance performance; and possible causes of strength decrements (i.e. central and peripheral fatigue). Twenty‐one moderately trained men were submitted to a maximal incremental test to determine anaerobic threshold (AnT) and maximum dynamic strength (1RM) and strength‐endurance (i.e. total volume load [TV]) tests to determine their baseline strength performance. Following, subjects performed six experimental sessions: aerobic exercise sessions (continuous running at 90% AnT) with different volumes (3 km, 5 km or 7 km) followed by 1RM or strength‐endurance test in the 45° leg press exercise. Maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), voluntary activation (VA) level, contractile properties, and electromyographic activity (root mean square [RMS]) of the knee extensor muscles were assessed before and after aerobic exercises and after strength tests. TV was lower after 5 km and 7 km runs than in the control condition (12% and 22%, respectively). Additionally, TV was lower after 7 km than 3 km (14%) and 5 km (12%) runs. MVIC, VA, RMS, and contractile properties were reduced after all aerobic exercise volumes (∼8%, ∼5%, ∼11% and ∼6–14%, respectively). Additionally, MVIC, VA, and contractile properties were lower after strength tests (∼15%, ∼6%, ∼9–26%, respectively). In conclusion, strength‐endurance performance is impaired when performed after aerobic exercise and the magnitude of this interference is dependent on the aerobic exercise volume; and peripheral and central fatigue indices could not explain the different TV observed.
A National Profile of Functional Limitations Among Asian Indians, Chinese, and Filipinos
Authors: Sharma Andy 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Objectives
Asian Americans are the fastest-growing minority group in the United States, yet little is known about their functional mobility. To overcome such a gap, this study examined the association between demographic/economic characteristics and functional limitations for middle-aged and older Asian Indians, Chinese, and Filipinos.

Method
This study utilized microdata from the National Health Interview Survey pooled sample (2010–2016 IPUMS NHIS with a sample size of 6,767 Asians). Logit regressions were used to examine factors associated with functional limitations. Measures include age, gender, currently married, education (categorized as less than high school, high school, some college, college, advanced degree), birth and citizenship status, household income, home ownership, types of health insurance (e.g., Medicaid, Medicare, private), and geographic region (i.e., Northeast, Midwest, South, and West).

Results
Chinese (odds ratio [OR] 0.57, p &lt; .01) and Filipinos (OR 0.74, p &lt; .05) had lower odds for any functional limitations relative to Asian Indians. Currently married and individuals with a higher income were also associated with reduced odds for limitations in the overall analysis. As for the subgroup analysis, there was a positive association between age and the presence of any functional limitations for Asian Indians (OR 1.05, p &lt; .01), Chinese (OR 1.08, p &lt; .01), and Filipinos (OR 1.03, p &lt; .01). In terms of gender, Asian Indian men were less likely (OR 0.51, p &lt; .01), whereas Filipino men were more likely to have limitations (OR 1.09, p &lt; .05).

Discussion
Asian Indians appeared to have a poorer health profile for limitations in dressing, eating, walking, or working when compared with Chinese and Filipinos. A pronounced difference at older ages was also apparent for Asian Indians by gender and the likelihood of having any limitations increased much faster for Asian Indian women. For Chinese, there was a dramatic increase in functional limitations after age 75 (particularly for women) and the predicted probability for this subgroup approximated 20%. For Filipinos, men were more likely to have limitations. These findings raise interesting questions about the on-set of disability by age and gender for Asian subgroups.