bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Definition und Steuergrößen von (Hoch-)intensivem Intervalltraining in Bewegungstherapie & Gesundheitssport
Authors: Zinner Christoph , Sperlich Billy 
Published: April 2019

ZusammenfassungAufgrund ähnlicher und teilweise sogar höherer zentraler und periphererer Trainingsanpassungen im Vergleich zu niedrig-intensivem aerobem Ausdauertraining ist der Einsatz von Hochintensivem Intervalltraining (HIIT) seit einigen Jahren zum Standard in der Rehabilitation einiger Krankheitsbilder geworden. Welche Parameter zur Intensitätssteuerung während HIIT eingesetzt werden (können), hängt stark vom jeweiligen Krankheitsbild des Patienten ab. Klassische einfache physiologische Parameter sind die Herzfrequenz und die Herzfrequenzreserve. Hiermit wird das Training zumeist als % der maximalen Herzfrequenz bzw. Herzfrequenzreserve gesteuert. Kostengünstig einzusetzen sind Skalen des subjektiven Belastungsempfindens. Sollten diese einfachen Parameter nicht nutzbar sein, besteht die Möglichkeit, die maximale Leistung / Geschwindigkeit aus einem Stufentest als Orientierungsgröße zu nutzen.
Cholesterin – Baustein oder Risikofaktor?
Authors: Friedrichsen Hans-Peter 
Published: April 2019

ZusammenfassungCholesterin ist lebenswichtiger Baustein von Membranen und Ausgangspunkt vieler Syntheseleistungen des Körpers. Ein komplexes Regulationssystem sorgt für die Aufrechterhaltung der Cholesterinbalance im Körper. Sowohl Cholesterinmangel als auch erhöhte Werte beeinträchtigen die Gesundheit. Während der gesamten Lebensdauer ist Cholesterin von Bedeutung für Aufbau, Reparatur und ungestörte Funktion des Gehirns. Störungen des Metabolismus im Gehirn zählen zu den ursächlichen Faktoren neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen. Der lange Zeit propagierte direkte kausale Zusammenhang zwischen hoher Cholesterinaufnahme z. B. aus Eiern bzw. hohem LDL-Blutspiegel und kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen konnte in wissenschaftlichen Studien nicht zweifelsfrei nachgewiesen werden. Der steigende Einsatz von Statinen zur ungezielten Cholesterinsenkung ist somit nicht begründbar.
Knee Ultrasonography to Determine Risk for Noncontact Injuries in Collegiate American Football Players
Authors: Lewis Ryan A. , Cook Cristi R. , Smith Patrick A. , Stannard James P. , Sharp Rex L. , Blecha Kyle M. , Cook James L. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractKnee ultrasonography has been used effectively as a screening tool for determining risk for knee injuries in athletes. Ultrasonography may be a valuable screening tool for relative risk of noncontact knee injuries that occur over a typical playing career in collegiate American football players. In this prospective longitudinal study, we evaluated American football players (n = 48) in an academic institution affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletic program. Players underwent comprehensive ultrasonography of both knees prior to beginning their collegiate careers. Anatomic structures were evaluated for presence and severity of abnormalities. Noncontact lower extremity injuries sustained over the collegiate career of the subjects were documented. Data were analyzed for correlations, differences in proportions, and odds ratio (OR). Seventy-nine percent of the athletes had at least one ultrasonographic abnormality, with quadriceps tendon (47.9%) and patellar tendon (39.6%) abnormalities predominating. Seventy-nine percent of players had at least one noncontact lower extremity injury (23.5% involving the knee) during their careers with an average of 2.8 injuries per career. The majority of injuries occurred in the second and third playing years. There was a significantly higher likelihood of patellar tendon injury based on the presence of patellar tendon ultrasonographic pathology (p = 0.024; OR = 11x). There was a significantly higher likelihood of quadriceps muscle–tendon injury based on the presence of quadriceps tendon ultrasonography pathology (p = 0.0012; OR = 140x). All athletes sustaining meniscal injuries had preexisting joint effusion but no preexisting ultrasonographic meniscal pathology. Knee ultrasonography along with patient history and complete physical examination may help reduce injury risk through education, prevention, and training programs.
The place of the humanities in today’s knowledge society
Authors: Costa Rosário Couto 
Published: April 2019

AbstractOver the past four decades, the humanities have been subject to a progressive devaluation within the academic world, with early instances of this phenomenon tracing back to the USA and the UK. There are several clues as to how the university has generally been placing a lower importance on these fields, such as through the elimination of courses or even whole departments. It is worth mentioning that this discrimination against humanities degrees is indirect in nature, as it is in fact mostly the result of the systematic promotion of other fields, particularly, for instance, business management. Such a phenomenon has nonetheless resulted in a considerable reduction in the percentage of humanities graduates within a set of 30 OECD countries, when compared to other areas. In some countries, a decline can even be observed in relation to their absolute numbers, especially with regards to doctorate degrees. This article sheds some light on examples of international political guidelines, laid out by the OECD and the World Bank, which have contributed to this devaluation. It takes a look at the impacts of shrinking resources within academic departments of the humanities, both inside and outside of the university, while assessing the benefits and value of studying these fields. A case is made that a society that is assumed to be ideally based on knowledge should be more permeable and welcoming to the different and unique disciplines that produce it, placing fair and impartial value on its respective fields.
Synergy of topoisomerase and structural-maintenance-of-chromosomes proteins creates a universal pathway to simplify genome topology
Authors: Orlandini Enzo , Marenduzzo Davide , Michieletto Davide 
Published: April 2019

SignificanceVital biological processes such as gene transcription and cell division may be severely impaired by inevitable entanglements ensuing from the extreme length and confinement of the genome. The family of topoisomerase proteins has independently evolved in different organisms to resolve these topological problems, yet no existing model can explain how topoisomerase alone can reduce the topological complexity of DNA in vivo. We propose that a synergistic mechanism between topoisomerase and a family of slip-link–like proteins called structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) can provide a pathway to systematically resolve topological entanglements even under physiological crowding and confinement. Given the ubiquity of topoisomerase and SMC, we argue that the uncovered mechanism is at work throughout the cell cycle and across different organisms.
Coherent impurity transport in an attractive binary Bose–Einstein condensate
Authors: Edmonds M J , Helm J L , Busch Th 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
We study the dynamics of a soliton-impurity system modeled in terms of a binary Bose–Einstein condensate. This is achieved by ‘switching off’ one of the two self-interaction scattering lengths, giving a two component system where the second component is trapped entirely by the presence of the first component. It is shown that this system possesses rich dynamics, including the identification of unusual ‘weak’ dimers that appear close to the zero inter-component scattering length. It is further found that this system supports quasi-stable trimers in regimes where the equivalent single-component gas does not, which is attributed to the presence of the impurity atoms which can dynamically tunnel between the solitons, and maintain the required phase differences that support the trimer state.
Hospices and palliative care for children: converging stories
Authors: Hain Richard D W 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Children’s hospices offer support to children and their families according to a model that is quite different from adult hospices and has evolved in parallel with specialist paediatric palliative medicine services.

Sources of data
Published research, Together for Short Lives.

Areas of agreement
The services hospices offer are highly valued by families.

Areas of controversy
It is not always clear that hospices can be described as ‘specialist’, which can make it difficult for hospices to negotiate appropriate commissioning arrangements with the statutory sector.

Growing points
Children’s palliative care generally is poorly developed compared with the adult specialty, and local providers should work with hospices to help redress the inequity that children face in accessing specialist palliative care.

Areas timely for developing research
If hospices are to continue to be important providers of palliative care in children they must develop robust and fair relationships with local healthcare providers. That would be facilitated by development of a funding formula for children that properly acknowledges the part hospices already play in palliative care.
Lower carbohydrate diets and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a population-based cohort study and pooling of prospective studies
Authors: Mazidi Mohsen , Katsiki Niki , Mikhailidis Dimitri P , Sattar Naveed , Banach Maciej 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Aims
Little is known about the long-term association between low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs) and mortality. We evaluated the link between LCD and overall or cause-specific mortality using both individual data and pooled prospective studies.

Methods and results
Data on diets from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; 1999–2010) were analysed. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards were applied to determine the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality for each quartile of the LCD score, with the lowest quartile (Q1—with the highest carbohydrates intake) used as reference. We used adjusted Cox regression to determine the risk ratio (RR) and 95% CI, as well as random effects models and generic inverse variance methods to synthesize quantitative and pooled data, followed by a leave-one-out method for sensitivity analysis. Overall, 24 825 participants from NHANES study were included (mean follow-up 6.4 years). After adjustment, participants with the lowest carbohydrates intake (quartile 4 of LCD) had the highest risk of overall (32%), cardiovascular disease (CVD) (50%), cerebrovascular (51%), and cancer (36%) mortality. In the same model, the association between LCD and overall mortality was stronger in the non-obese (48%) than in the obese (19%) participants. Findings on pooled data of nine prospective cohort studies with 462 934 participants (mean follow-up 16.1 years) indicated a positive association between LCD and overall (RR 1.22, 95% CI 1.06–1.39, P &lt; 0.001, I2 = 8.6), CVD (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02–1.24, P &lt; 0.001, I2 = 11.2), and cancer mortality (RR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01–1.14, P = 0.02, I2 = 10.3). These findings were robust in sensitivity analyses.

Conclusion
Our study suggests a potentially unfavourable association of LCD with overall and cause-specific mortality, based on both new analyses of an established cohort and by pooling previous cohort studies. Given the nature of the study, causality cannot be proven; we cannot rule out residual bias. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to extend these important findings, which if confirmed, may suggest a need to rethink recommendations for LCD in clinical practice.
Population-based analysis of BAP1 germline variations in patients with uveal melanoma
Authors: Repo Pauliina , Järvinen Reetta-Stiina , Jäntti Johannes E , Markkinen Salla , Täll Martin , Raivio Virpi , Turunen Joni A , Kivelä Tero T 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Pathogenic germline variants in the BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) gene cause the BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome (BAP1-TPDS) with increased risk of several cancers, the most frequent of which is uveal melanoma (UM). Pathogenicity of loss-of-function (LOF) BAP1 variants is clear, as opposed to that of missense and regulatory region variants. We sequenced the coding, promoter, untranslated region (UTR) and intronic regions of BAP1 and analyzed copy number variations (CNVs). In this nationwide study, the cohort comprised UM patients diagnosed between 2010 and 2017. These included 432 of 520 consecutive Finnish UM patients, 16 of whom were familial, and one additional patient from a Finnish–Swedish family. Twenty-one different rare variants were found: seven exonic, seven intronic, four 3′ UTR and three promoter. We considered five variants likely to be pathogenic by effect on splicing, nuclear localization or deubiquitination activity. Intron 2 (c.67+1G>T) and exon 14 (c.1780_1781insT) LOF variants were presumed founder mutations, occurring in two and four families, respectively; both abolished nuclear localization in vitro. Intron 2, exons 5 (c.281A>G) and 9 (c.680G>A) missense variants markedly reduced deubiquitinating activity. A deep intronic 25 base pair deletion in intron 1 caused aberrant splicing in vitro. On the basis of functional studies and family cancer history, we classified four exon 13 missense variants as benign. No CNVs were found. The prevalence of pathogenic variants was 9/433 (2%) and 4/16 (25%) in Finnish UM families. Family cancer history and functional assays are indispensable when establishing the pathogenicity of BAP1 variants. Deep intronic variants can cause BAP1-TPDS.
Prevalence of Fistulizing Crohn’s Disease in the United States: Estimate From a Systematic Literature Review Attempt and Population-Based Database Analysis
Authors: Schwartz David A , Tagarro Ignacio , Carmen Díez Mary , Sandborn William J 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Fistulas may arise as a relevant complication of Crohn’s disease (CD). Despite their clinical significance and the substantial burden imposed on patients, limited data are available on the epidemiology of fistulizing CD in the United States.

Methods
A systematic literature review was conducted to identify data published between 1970 and 2017 on the epidemiology of fistulas in patients with CD, with the aim to estimate the number of prevalent cases in the United States. Retrieved titles and abstracts were screened by 2 independent researchers for inclusion criteria (US population-based studies reporting data on the epidemiology of fistulizing CD). To validate the literature-based estimate, data from a US claims database (Truven Health MarketScan database) were analyzed. This database has broad geographic coverage, with health care data for >60 million patients during the period of the analysis.

Results
The literature search retrieved 7 articles for full-text review, and only 1 met the criteria for inclusion. This study described the cumulative incidence of fistulas in a CD population from Minnesota over 20 years. From the reported data, the estimated number of prevalent cases with fistulizing CD in the United States was ~76,600 in 2017 (~52,900 anal, ~7400 rectovaginal, ~2300 enterocutaneous, and ~14,100 internal). Analysis from the US health care database resulted in an estimated number of ~75,700 patients, confirming the robustness of the original estimate from the literature.

Conclusions
Based on 2 separate analyses, the estimated number of patients with fistulizing CD in the United States is ~77,000 patients.
Transfer of primary care patients receiving chronic care: the next step in the continuum of care
Authors: Odayar Jasantha , Myer Landon 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe burden of chronic conditions is increasing rapidly in low- and middle-income countries. Chronic conditions require long-term and continuous care, including for patients transferring between facilities. Patient transfer is particularly important in the context of health service decentralization, which has led to increasing numbers of primary care facilities at which patients can access care, and high levels of migration, which suggest that patients might require care at multiple facilities. This article provides a critical review of existing evidence regarding transfer of stable patients receiving primary care for chronic conditions. Patient transfer has received limited consideration in people living with HIV, with growing concern that patients who transfer are at risk of poor outcomes; this appears similar for people with TB, although studies are few. There are minimal data on transfer of patients with non-communicable diseases, including diabetes. Patient transfer for chronic conditions has thus received surprisingly little attention from researchers; considering the potential risks, more research is urgently required regarding reasons for and outcomes of transfers, transfer processes and interventions to optimize transfers, for different chronic conditions. Ultimately, it is the responsibility of health systems to facilitate successful transfers, and this issue requires increased attention from researchers and policy-makers.
Temporarily Unavailable: Memory Inhibition in Cognitive and Computer Science
Authors: Tempel Tobias , Niederée Claudia , Jilek Christian , Ceroni Andrea , Maus Heiko , Runge Yannick , Frings Christian 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Inhibition is one of the core concepts in Cognitive Psychology. The idea of inhibitory mechanisms actively weakening representations in the human mind has inspired a great number of studies in various research domains. In contrast, Computer Science only recently has begun to consider concepts such as digital forgetting or suppression of irrelevant information to complement activation and highlighting of relevant information. Here, we review psychological research on inhibition in memory and link the gained insights with the current efforts and opportunities in Computer Science of incorporating inhibitory principles for reducing information overload and improving information retrieval in Personal Information Management. Four common aspects guide this review in both domains: (i) the purpose of inhibition to increase processing efficiency; (ii) its relation to activation; (iii) its links to contexts; (iv) its temporariness. In summary, the principle of suppressing information has been used by Computer Science for enhancing software in some ways already. Yet, we consider how novel methods for reducing information overload can be inspired by a more systematic involvement of the inhibition concept.
Epidemiology of MRSA CC398 in hospitals located in Spanish regions with different pig-farming densities: a multicentre study
Authors: Ceballos Sara , Aspiroz Carmen , Ruiz-Ripa Laura , Reynaga Esteban , Azcona-Gutiérrez José Manuel , Rezusta Antonio , Seral Cristina , Antoñanzas Fernando , Torres Luis , López Concepción , López-Cerero Lorena , Cercenado Emilia , Zarazaga Myriam , Torres Carmen ,   Study Group of clinical LA-MRSA, Leiva José , Ezpeleta Carmen , Martín Carmen , Castillo Javier , Arribas Jorge , Navarro Carmen , Betrán Ana , Hernández Jose Luis , Berdonces Pilar , de Benito Inés , Campo Ana Belén , Arias Antonina , Fortuño Blanca , Pereira Javier , Milagro Ana , Soria-Blanco Luis Miguel , Alonso Carla Andrea , Gimeno Carmen , Ulibarri Belén , Calleja Raquel , García Mercé , Navarro María , Vilamala Anna , Canut Andrés , Cordón Mª Luz , Álvarez Ledicia , Megías Gregoria , Gomáriz María , Calvo Jorge , Fernández Marina , López-Calleja Ana Isabel 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Tetracycline resistance (TetR) is a marker of livestock-associated MRSA of lineage CC398.

Objectives
To determine the MRSA CC398 prevalence among TetR-MRSA recovered in Spanish hospitals located in regions with different pig-farming densities, and the influence of pig density as a key risk factor for its acquisition.

Methods
TetR-MRSA isolates (n = 232) recovered from clinical and epidemiological samples during January–June 2016 in 20 hospitals in 13 regions with different pig-farming densities were analysed. MRSA CC398 identification, detection of spa types, methicillin resistance genes and immune evasion cluster (IEC) genes were performed by PCR/sequencing. Statistical analyses were performed to establish the relationships between MRSA CC398 prevalence and pig density.

Results
The global MRSA prevalence was 29.7% (6.9% TetR-MRSA/MRSA), with 137 CC398 isolates recovered, representing 4.1% of total MRSA and 59.1% of TetR-MRSA. Among MRSA CC398, 16 different spa types were recorded (t011: 72.3%), and all but two strains were IEC negative. Higher pig-density regions were associated with significant MRSA CC398 increases in hospitals located in adjacent regions (P < 0.001). Linear regression models explained the relationships between MRSA CC398 and pig density (P < 0.001), with an increase of 6.6 MRSA CC398 cases per 100 MRSA per increase of 100 pigs/km2 in a region.

Conclusions
High pig density leads to a significant increase in MRSA CC398 in hospitals in Spain, and its combination with a high human population could help its dissemination. In Spain, the prevalence of the zoonotic CC398 lineage is closely related to pig-farming density; therefore, specific tools could be implemented in order to detect its dissemination.
Ocean acidification alters thermal cardiac performance, hemocyte abundance, and hemolymph chemistry in subadult American lobsters Homarus americanus H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Decapoda: Malcostraca: Nephropidae)
Authors: Harrington Amalia M , Hamlin Heather J 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTIncreased anthropogenic input of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere has caused widespread patterns of ocean acidification (OA) and increased the frequency of extreme warming events. We explored the sublethal effects of OA on the hemolymph chemistry and physiological response to acute thermal stress in the American lobster (Homarus americanus H. Milne Edwards, 1837). We exposed subadult lobsters to current or predicted end-century pH conditions (8.0 and 7.6, respectively) for 60 days. Following exposure, we assessed hemolymph L-lactate and calcium concentrations (as indicators of oxygen carrying capacity), ecdysterone concentrations, total protein content, and total hemocyte counts (THCs) as an indicator of immune response. We also assessed cardiac performance in the context of an acute warming event using impedance pneumography. Calcium, total protein, and ecdysterone concentrations were not significantly altered (P ≥ 0.10) by OA exposure. Control lobsters, however, had significantly higher levels of L-lactate concentrations compared to acidified lobsters, suggesting reduced oxygen carrying capacity under OA. THCs were also 61% higher in control versus acidified lobsters, suggesting immunosuppression under chronic OA. Lobsters exposed to acidified conditions exhibited reduced cardiac performance under acute warming as indicated by significantly lower (P = 0.040) Arrhenius Break Temperatures compared to control lobsters. These results suggest that although some physiological endpoints of American lobster are not impacted by OA, the stress of OA will likely be compounded by acute heat shock and may present additional physiological challenges for this species in the face of future change.