bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age, period and cohort effects in frequent cannabis use among US students: 1991–2018
Authors: Hamilton Ava D. , Jang Joy Bohyun , Patrick Megan E. , Schulenberg John E. , Keyes Katherine M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsAs the legal status of cannabis changes across the United States and modes of administration expand, it is important to examine the potential impact on adolescent cannabis use. This study aimed to assess changes in prevalence of frequent cannabis use in adolescents in the United States and how far this varies by age and cohort.DesignAnalysis of Monitoring the Future, a nationally representative annual survey of 8th‐, 10th‐ and 12th‐grade students in the United States conducted from 1991 to 2018.SettingIn‐school surveys completed by US adolescents.ParticipantsA total of 1 236 159 8th‐, 10th‐ and 12th‐graders; 51.5% female, 59.6% non‐Hispanic white, 12.3% non‐Hispanic black, 13.4% Hispanic and 14.7% other race/ethnicity.MeasurementsFrequent cannabis use (FCU), defined as six or more occasions in the past 30 days, stratified by sex, race/ethnicity and parental education.FindingsFCU among US adolescents increased over the study period; the peak in 2010–18 was 11.4% among 18‐year‐old students. This increase was best explained by both period and cohort effects. Compared with respondents in 2005, adolescents surveyed in 2018 had period effects in FCU that were 1.6 times greater. Adolescents in younger birth cohorts (those born > 1988) had a lower increase in FCU than those born prior to 1988. Results were consistent across sex, parent education and race/ethnicity, with period effects indicating increasing FCU after 2005 and cohort effects indicating a lower magnitude of increase in more recent birth cohorts. Age and parental education disparities in FCU have increased over time, whereas race/ethnicity differences have converged over time; black students were 0.67 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.64–0.70] times as likely to use cannabis frequently as white students from 1991 to 2000, and 1.03 (95% CI = 0.98–1.09) times as likely from 2011 to 2018 (P‐value for time interaction < 0.001).ConclusionsThe prevalence of frequent cannabis use (FCU) increased from 1991 to 2018 among older adolescents in the United States. Racial/ethnic differences in FCU converged, whereas parental education differences have diverged.
Silicon reduces herbivore performance via different mechanisms, depending on host–plant species
Authors: Frew Adam , Weston Leslie A. , Gurr Geoff M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThere is mounting evidence silicon (Si) can alter plant nutrient dynamics and is an important functional trait in plant defence and plant–insect ecology. Despite this, there remains a paucity in our understanding of how Si‐driven changes in nutritional quality can impact herbivore performance across different plant species. We investigated how Si alters plant nutritional quality and the concomitant effects on the performance of the Australian native generalist herbivore Helicoverpa punctigera feeding on three economically significant plant species of varying Si‐uptake ability: Brassica napus (non‐Si accumulator), Cucumis sativus (intermediate Si accumulator) and Sorghum bicolor (high Si accumulator). Si supplementation reduced the nutritional quality of B. napus but increased phosphorus concentrations in S. bicolor. Si reduced herbivore performance in all host–plant species, which correlated directly with Si concentrations in Si‐accumulating host plants C. sativus and S. bicolor. However, on B. napus, Si affected herbivore performance indirectly by reducing nutritional quality (foliar carbon:nitrogen ratio and phosphorus concentration). This suggests Si availability can affect herbivore performance directly via Si concentration on Si‐accumulating hosts, and indirectly via nutritional quality in a non‐Si accumulator. The resistance‐enhancing effects of Si on multiple species offer opportunity for agriculture to utilise this abundant element in sustainable management practices.
Populism and Conspiracy: A Historical Synthesis of American Countersubversive Narratives
Authors: Jessen Nathan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRecent public concern about political conspiracy theories and disinformation has led some to favor restrictions on free speech or call for greater government transparency. These proposals are likely to fail, as they are based upon the faulty assumption that belief in conspiracies is a product of ignorance. It is surprising that few scholars in recent years have focused on the special connection between conspiracy theories and the populist movements that commonly spawn them. Historically, the American system has restricted political action outside certain normal bounds, eventually encouraging frustrated citizens to develop new opposition movements. Populists then adopt conspiracy theories as tools to reshape political coalitions and forge unified organizations of their own. In light of the functional purpose of conspiracy theories and the oppositional critique of populist movements, conspiratorial narratives no longer appear to be the product of ignorance.
Populism in South America: Democratic Panacea or Pitfall?
Authors: Nyenhuis Robert 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPopulism has become a buzz word in recent years, used widely by journalists, political pundits, and academics. Much of the discussion presents the global phenomenon as a recent one. However, one version or another has existed in South America for nearly a century. In this article, I put forth a political strategic definition of populism that includes an actor's political style, relationship with followers, political organization, and political history. Using this conceptualization, I score several presidential candidates’ campaign behavior during recent elections, between the years 2011 and 2015. I also consider the democratic consequences of two of the continents’ most visible and longest‐serving populists, Evo Morales in Bolivia and Rafael Correa in Ecuador. I examine the change over time in both countrie's political systems regarding the respect for civil liberties and political rights, changes in citizens’ attitudes towards the democratic quality of their respective countries, and the variation in socioeconomic inequality. I conclude with an assessment of each populist's democratic consequence and discuss potential for future research.
Populism and the Populists: The Incoherent Coherence of Coxey's March
Authors: Prout Jerry 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCoxey's March was a multidimensional spectacle reflecting the disparate social and intellectual strands that comprised an energetic late 19th‐century producer's movement. This well‐staged, though seemingly spontaneous, march was emblematic of a brand of grassroots populism that united producers from farm fields to factory floors. Their cause was propelled by an eclectic array of reformers whose distinct ideas to change the economic landscape were united only in their common vision of a more cooperative, rather than corporate, vision of the future. Coxey shared in that vision with his bold public works plan. In choosing a direct form of democratic expression, and then adorning it with religious and utopian symbols, his march to Washington reflected the essence of a progressive populism churning throughout the Gilded Age.
Phase lag entropy as a hypnotic depth indicator during propofol sedation
Authors: Ki S. , Kim K. M. , Lee Y. H. , Bang J. Y. , Choi B. M. , Noh G. J. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryPhase lag entropy, an electro‐encephalography‐based hypnotic depth indicator, calculates diversity in temporal patterns of phase relationship. We compared the performance of phase lag entropy with the bispectral index™ in 30 patients scheduled for elective surgery. We initiated a target‐controlled infusion of propofol using the Schnider model, and assessed sedation levels using the Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale every 30 s with each stepwise increase in the effect‐site propofol concentration. Phase lag entropy and bispectral index values were recorded. The correlation coefficient and prediction probability between phase lag entropy or bispectral index and the sedation level or effect‐site propofol concentration were analysed. We calculated baseline variabilities of phase lag entropy and bispectral index. In addition, we applied a non‐linear mixed‐effects model to obtain the pharmacodynamic relationships among the effect‐site propofol concentration, phase lag entropy or bispectral index and sedation level. As sedation increased, phase lag entropy and bispectral index both decreased. The prediction probability values of phase lag entropy and bispectral index for sedation levels were 0.697 and 0.700 (p = 0.261) and for the effect‐site concentration of propofol were 0.646 and 0.630 (p = 0.091), respectively. Baseline variability in phase lag entropy and bispectral index was 3.3 and 5.7, respectively. The predicted propofol concentrations, using the Schnider pharmacokinetic model, producing a 50% probability of moderate and deep sedation were 1.96 and 3.01 μg.ml−1, respectively. Phase lag entropy was found to be useful as a hypnotic depth indicator in patients receiving propofol sedation.
O‐GlcNAcylation as a regulator of the functional and structural properties of the sarcomere in skeletal muscle: An update review
Authors: Lambert Matthias , Claeyssen Charlotte , Bastide Bruno , Cieniewski‐Bernard Caroline 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAlthough the O‐GlcNAcylation process was discovered in 1984, its potential role in the physiology and physiopathology of skeletal muscle only emerged 20 years later. An increasing number of publications strongly support a key role of O‐GlcNAcylation in the modulation of important cellular processes which are essential for skeletal muscle functions. Indeed, over a thousand of O‐GlcNAcylated proteins have been identified within skeletal muscle since 2004, which belong to various classes of proteins, including sarcomeric proteins. In this review, we focused on these myofibrillar proteins, including contractile and structural proteins. Because of the modification of motor and regulatory proteins, the regulatory myosin light chain (MLC2) is related to several reports that support a key role of O‐GlcNAcylation in the fine modulation of calcium activation parameters of skeletal muscle fibres, depending on muscle phenotype and muscle work. In addition, another key function of O‐GlcNAcylation has recently emerged in the regulation of organization and reorganization of the sarcomere. Altogether, this data support a key role of O‐GlcNAcylation in the homeostasis of sarcomeric cytoskeleton, known to be disturbed in many related muscle disorders.
The effect of providing prescribing recommendations on appropriate prescribing: A cluster‐randomized controlled trial in older adults in a preoperative setting
Authors: Boersma Marijke Nynke , Huibers Corlina Johanna Alida , Drenth‐van Maanen Anna Clara , Emmelot‐Vonk Mariëlle Henriëtte , Wilting Ingeborg , Knol Wilma 
Published: May 2019

AimsThe Systematic Tool to Reduce Inappropriate Prescribing is a method to assess patient's medication and has been incorporated into a clinical decision support system: STRIP Assistant. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of recommendations generated using STRIP Assistant on appropriate prescribing and mortality in a preoperative setting.MethodsThis cluster‐randomized controlled trial was carried out at the preoperative geriatric outpatient clinic. Residents who performed a comprehensive geriatric assessment were randomized to the control group and intervention group in a 1:1 ratio. Visiting patients aged 70 years or older on 5 or more medications were included. Intervention: prescribing recommendations were generated by a physician using STRIP Assistant and given to the resident. Control group residents performed a medication review according to usual care.Primary outcome: number of medication changes made because of potential prescribing omissions (PPOs), potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs), and suboptimal dosages according to the prescribing recommendations. Secondary outcome: 3‐month postoperative mortality.Results65 intervention and 59 control patients were included, attended by 34 residents. Significantly more medication changes because of PPOs and PIMs were made in the intervention group than in the control group (PPOs 26.2% vs 3.4%, odds ratio 0.04 [95% confidence interval 0.003–0.46] P < .05; PIMS 46.2% vs 15.3% odds ratio 0.14 [95% confidence interval 0.07–0.57] P < .005). There were no differences in dose adjustments or in postoperative mortality.ConclusionPrescribing recommendations generated with the help of STRIP Assistant improved appropriate prescribing in a preoperative geriatric outpatient clinic but did not affect postoperative mortality.
Antibiotic resistance as a tragedy of the commons: An ethical argument for a tax on antibiotic use in humans
Authors: Giubilini Alberto 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTo the extent that antibiotic resistance (ABR) is accelerated by antibiotic consumption and that it represents a serious public health emergency, it is imperative to drastically reduce antibiotic consumption, particularly in high‐income countries. I present the problem of ABR as an instance of the collective action problem known as ‘tragedy of the commons’. I propose that there is a strong ethical justification for taxing certain uses of antibiotics, namely when antibiotics are required to treat minor and self‐limiting infections, such as respiratory tract infections, in otherwise healthy individuals. Taxation would allow a reduction in consumption (given certain behavioural economics assumptions) and/or ensure that individuals internalize or compensate for their contribution to the erosion of the common good of antibiotic effectiveness. I suggest that revenue from the tax could be used to fund conservation and innovation strategies. Taxation might be a coercive policy, especially for certain individuals, but the ethical case for coercive policies is very strong when the good to be preserved is important enough and when they force individuals to do something they have a moral obligation to do anyway. I argue that, in the case of mild and self‐limiting infections, individuals have a moral duty of easy rescue and a moral duty of fairness to make their contribution to the preservation of the common good of antibiotic effectiveness by foregoing antibiotics. I also suggest that taxing antibiotics in such cases is an all things considered ethically justified policy even if it would introduce inequalities in access to healthcare.
Semiparametric Frailty Models for Zero-Inflated Event Count Data in the Presence of Informative Dropout
Authors: Diao Guoqing , Zeng Donglin , Hu Kuolung , Ibrahim Joseph G. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Recurrent events data are commonly encountered in medical studies. In many applications, only the number of events during the follow-up period rather than the recurrent event times is available. Two important challenges arise in such studies: (a) a substantial portion of subjects may not experience the event, and (b) we may not observe the event count for the entire study period due to informative dropout. To address the first challenge, we assume that underlying population consists of two subpopulations: a subpopulation nonsusceptible to the event of interest and a subpopulation susceptible to the event of interest. In the susceptible subpopulation, the event count is assumed to follow a Poisson distribution given the follow-up time and the subject-specific characteristics. We then introduce a frailty to account for informative dropout. The proposed semiparametric frailty models consist of three submodels: (a) a logistic regression model for the probability such that a subject belongs to the nonsusceptible subpopulation; (b) a nonhomogeneous Poisson process model with an unspecified baseline rate function; and (c) a Cox model for the informative dropout time. We develop likelihood-based estimation and inference procedures. The maximum likelihood estimators are shown to be consistent. Additionally, the proposed estimators of the finite-dimensional parameters are asymptotically normal and the covariance matrix attains the semiparametric efficiency bound. Simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed methodologies perform well in practical situations. We apply the proposed methods to a clinical trial on patients with myelodysplastic syndromes.
Synthesis of novel tanshinone derivatives for treatment of castration‐resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Xu Defeng , Hu Hang , Guan Jing , Da Jun , Xie Yipeng , Liu Yalin , Kong Ren , Song Guoqiang , Zhou Huan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractProstate cancer is the second leading cause of death in USA and has developed serious resistance to current drugs. Thus, development of new drugs for the treatment of castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is urgently needed. In this study, 25 novel derivatives of tanshinone IIA as potential androgen receptor (AR) suppression reagents for the treatment of CRPC have been synthesized. The inhibition on DHT‐mediated AR transactivation and cell viability assay were performed to test the synthesized compounds. The results showed that among 25 new compounds, seven methoxy‐substituted tanshinone IIA derivatives showed significant inhibition effect on DHT‐mediated AR transactivation. In particular, TAN‐24 that contains three methoxy groups showed the strongest inhibition effect on DHT‐mediated AR transactivation. In addition, TAN‐24 also suppressed DHT‐AR transactivation more effectively than those of tanshinoneIIA and enzalutamide. In cytotoxicity against human prostate cancer cell lines assay, TAN‐24 exhibited the most potent in vitro cytotoxicity against LNCaP and CWR22Rv1 cells, with IC50 values 20‐ and 19‐times lower than those of tanshinone IIA and comparable to enzalutamide. TAN‐24 reported in the present work represents a novel and effective AR suppression drug, showing great potential for the treatment of CRPC.
The inhibitory effect of tachyplesin I on thrombosis and its mechanisms
Authors: Li Huimin , Liu Bin , Wu Jun , Yu Huajun , Huang Hui , Chen Xi , Chen Baoan , Wu Shang , Ma Jingyao , Liu Wen , Chen Xiaoyi , Lan Liubo , He Zhan , Zhang Haitao 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThrombotic diseases are major cause of cardiovascular diseases. This study was designed to investigate the effect of tachyplesin I on platelet aggregation and thrombosis. Platelet aggregation was analysed with a whole blood aggregometer. The mice were employed to investigate the effect of tachyplesin I on thrombosis in vivo. Tachyplesin I inhibited thrombin‐induced platelet aggregation in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, tachyplesin I significantly reduced thrombosis in carrageenan‐induced tail thrombosis model by intraperitoneal injection (0.1, 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg) or intragastric administration (15, 30 or 60 mg/kg). Tachyplesin I also prolonged the bleeding time (BT) and clotting time (CT). The results revealed that tachyplesin I inhibited platelet aggregation and thrombosis by interfering the PI3K/AKT pathway. Tachyplesin I did not show significantly toxicity to mice under 300 mg/kg via intravenous injection. The results show that tachyplesin I inhibits thrombosis and has low toxicity. It is suggested that tachyplesin I has the potential to develop a new anti‐thrombotic drug.
Encouraging performance monitoring promotes proactive control in children
Authors: Hadley Lauren V. , Acluche Frantzy , Chevalier Nicolas 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMonitoring progression towards one's goals is essential for efficient cognitive control. Immature performance monitoring may contribute to suboptimal cognitive control engagement in childhood, potentially explaining why children engage control reactively even when proactive control would be more effective. This study investigated whether encouraging children to actively monitor their performance results in more mature control engagement. Electroencephalography data were collected while children and adults performed a flanker task in three conditions in which they were provided no feedback, standard feedback, or were asked to estimate their own feedback. Both age groups accurately estimated their own feedback. Critically, feedback estimation promoted online performance monitoring and proactive engagement of attention and inhibition during the flanker period in children. These findings indicate that proactive control engagement in childhood can be effectively supported by encouraging performance monitoring.
Sexual differences in the behavioural response to a variation in predation risk
Authors: Grignolio Stefano , Brivio Francesca , Sica Nicoletta , Apollonio Marco 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPredators may influence their prey populations not only through direct lethal effects, but also by causing behavioural changes. The natural expansion of the wolf (Canis lupus) into the Alps provided the rare opportunity to monitor the responses of a prey species to the return of a large predator. Density effects have rarely been considered in the study of antipredator strategies. We examined the effects of wolf recolonisation and density modifications on group size and use of safe areas by Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) in Gran Paradiso National Park (Italy), where no large terrestrial predator has been present for about a century. We documented that, in a few years, the variation in the factors affecting the landscape of fear caused significant modifications in ibex behavioural patterns that could not be accounted for by density changes only. Male groups decreased in size and moved closer to safer areas. The distance of female groups from refuge sites, instead, was not affected, and their propensity to live in groups was scarcely modified. Behavioural modifications likely caused a reduction in nutrient intake in adult male ibex, as they necessarily used lower‐quality feeding patches. Our results showed that male and female ibex, which are characterised by a strong dimorphism, adopted different strategies to solve the conflicting demands of foraging efficiently and avoiding predators.