bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insights into fuel start‐up and self‐sufficiency for fusion energy: The case of CFETR
Authors: Nie Baojie , Ran Guangming , Zeng Qin , Du Hongfei , Li Zaixin , Chen Yanjing , Zhu Zuolong , Zhao Xueli , Ni Muyi , Li Fengchen 
Published: February 2019

AbstractCommercial tritium resources available are too scarce to fully supply the future fusion reactors after International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). Tritium self‐sufficiency, ITER fails to fully validate, was regarded as one of the most important issues needed to be solved in the pathway of achieving fusion energy. After ITER, several concepts of fusion engineering test reactors and fusion demonstration reactors have been proposed worldwide, for example, Chinese Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR), Fusion Nuclear Science Facility (FNSF), DEMOnstration fusion reactor (DEMO) in European Union and Korea. CFETR is in the engineering design phase and would be hopefully completed around 2020. Tritium resources for the reactor start‐up and tritium self‐sufficiency are two primary issues besides the steady‐state operation for CFETR. The objectives of this work are as follows: (a) to introduce the preliminary fuel cycle concept and available tritium resources for CFETR, (b) to evaluate and discuss the tritium demand for CFETR start‐up (phase I: 200 MW) and the feasibility of DD start‐up, (c) to identify the possible pathways to tritium self‐sufficiency through sensitivity analysis based on the design baseline of CFETR, (d) to evaluate the consequences in case of failing tritium self‐sufficiency, and (e) to identify future R&D needed for tritium self‐sufficiency. It is expected to give insights into the question on how to start the reactor in a more economical way, into the feasibility of tritium self‐sufficiency, and into the question on what will happen in case of failing tritium self‐sufficiency.
A Bayesian structural model for predicting algal blooms
Authors: Sun Xinyu , Liu Tao , Wang Jiayin 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA Bayesian structural model with two components is proposed to forecast the occurrence of algal blooms, multivariate mean‐reverting diffusion process (MMRD), and a binary probit model with latent Markov regime‐switching process (BPMRS). The model has three features: (a) forecast of the occurrence probability of algal bloom is directly based on oceanographic parameters, not the forecasting of special indicators in traditional approaches, such as phytoplankton or chlorophyll‐a; (b) augmentation of daily oceanographic parameters from the data collected every 2 weeks is based on MMRD. The proposed method solves the problem of unavailability of daily oceanographic parameters in practice; (c) BPMRS captures the unobservable factors which affect algal bloom occurrence and therefore improve forecast accuracy. We use panel data collected in Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong, to validate the model. The model demonstrates good forecasting for out‐of‐sample rolling forecasts, especially for algal bloom appearing for a longer period, which severely damages fisheries and the marine environment.
Gi/o protein‐coupled receptors inhibit neurons but activate astrocytes and stimulate gliotransmission
Authors: Durkee Caitlin A. , Covelo Ana , Lines Justin , Kofuji Paulo , Aguilar Juan , Araque Alfonso 
Published: February 2019

AbstractG protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) play key roles in intercellular signaling in the brain. Their effects on cellular function have been largely studied in neurons, but their functional consequences on astrocytes are less known. Using both endogenous and chemogenetic approaches with DREADDs, we have investigated the effects of Gq and Gi/o GPCR activation on astroglial Ca2+‐based activity, gliotransmitter release, and the functional consequences on neuronal electrical activity. We found that while GqGPCR activation led to cellular activation in both neurons and astrocytes, Gi/oGPCR activation led to cellular inhibition in neurons and cellular activation in astrocytes. Astroglial activation by either Gq or Gi/o protein‐mediated signaling stimulated gliotransmitter release, which increased neuronal excitability. Additionally, activation of Gq and Gi/o DREADDs in vivo increased astrocyte Ca2+ activity and modified neuronal network electrical activity. Present results reveal additional complexity of the signaling consequences of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in astroglia‐neuron network operation and brain function.
IRB Becomes E&HR
Authors: Kaebnick Gregory E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn January 2019, under the new name Ethics & Human Research, The Hastings Center relaunched its forty‐year‐old journal that focuses on the ethical, regulatory, and policy issues related to research with humans. Formerly called IRB: Ethics & Human Research, E&HR has the same editorial team, led by the Hastings scholar Karen Maschke, and is meant to continue the work of IRB but will also feature a greater range of scholarship on issues in science and health care that have implications for research with humans. While E&HR is formally a continuation of IRB, it feels like a new journal. It is similar in design and format to its sister journal, the Hastings Center Report, and it has a closely linked channel for publication and distribution. Like HCR, it is published through John Wiley & Sons in both paper and electronic formats. Its home on the Wiley Online Library is https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/25782363.
Editorial Trends
Authors: Kaebnick Gregory E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractI was recently asked to report on editorial trends in the Hastings Center Report, past and future. What I reported is that HCR has been going in two seemingly contrasting directions. One has to do with moral decision‐making in clinical ethics—the core theme in bioethics for fifty years, but still developing. A second editorial trend is treatment of larger social and political issues that bear on health, such as public health interventions and access to health care. I could also have noted a continuing stream of pieces on emerging technologies, from whole‐genome screening for newborns to artificial intelligence in clinical diagnoses to the so‐called de‐extinction of extinct animals and plants through various genetic and reproductive tricks. This January‐February 2019 issue of HCR reflects all these trends.
North of Home: Obligations to Families of Undocumented Patients
Authors: Fins Joseph J. , Real de Asúa Diego 
Published: February 2019

AbstractUndocumented and undomiciled, Gustavo Jiménez had been in the United States for several years. He knew his leg wasn’t right when it began to swell and redden. After the cellulitis spread to his bloodstream, he was found unconscious on the street and admitted to the intensive care unit. He improved quickly and was soon able to tell a social worker his name and that he had family in Quito. Then his health took a turn for the worse, and he developed multisystem organ failure. His doctors believed his prognosis grave and further care futile. They wanted to invoke a provision under their state’s law that allows, at the discretion of at least two physicians, for the withdrawal of life‐sustaining therapy for isolated and decisionally incapacitated patients, but the social worker had ethical concerns about the doctors’ desire to make such a momentous decision without family input. She asked for a “time‐out to locate his family,” but one of the doctors asserted, “His family isn’t here, and you’ll never find them. Besides we need the bed. The ER is full of patients we can help.” What is owed a patient and family in such a situation?
An Ethical Obligation for Bioethicists to Utilize Social Media
Authors: Herron Patrick D. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn this issue of the Hastings Center Report, Mélanie Terrasse, Moti Gorin, and Dominic Sisti respond to recent efforts to address the “digital attention crisis,” arguing that “[b]ioethicists should make their voices heard in the debate on the responsibilities of social media companies toward their consumers and society at large.” I strongly agree. I have frequently been asked by my colleagues why I spend time on social media professionally, on top of all the competing demands associated with my work as a bioethicist and medical educator. There is sometimes a dismissive tone in these questions, a sense that attention to social media is beneath a bioethicist’s proper intellectual pursuits. Such perspectives overlook the extraordinary opportunities of social media and the important role for bioethics, as a field, in examining them.
Expression of Metastatic Tumor Antigen 1 Splice Variant Correlates With Early Recurrence and Aggressive Features of Hepatitis B Virus–Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Li Yung‐Tsung , Wu Hui‐Lin , Kao Jia‐Horng , Cheng Huei‐Ru , Ho Ming‐Chih , Wang Chih‐Chiang , Chen Pei‐Jer , Chen Ding‐Shinn , Liu Chun‐Jen 
Published: February 2019

Overexpression of metastatic tumor antigen 1 (MTA1) was correlated with poor prognosis of hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV‐HCC). The aim of this study was to examine the clinical significance of the expression of MTA1 and its exon 4‐excluded form (MTA1dE4), the most abundant spliced variant of MTA1, in patients receiving curative resection for HBV‐HCC. We collected 102 patients with HBV‐HCC and received curative resection retrospectively and examined the expressions level of total MTA1/MTA1dE4 in their paired nontumor and tumor liver tissues by using RT‐qPCR. The association between MTA1/MTA1dE4 expression and various tumor features as well as tumor recurrence was analyzed. During the median follow‐up period of 4 years, 25 patients (24.5%) showed early recurrence (within 12 months postresection) and 42 (54.5%) showed late recurrence. In Kaplan‐Meier analysis, MTA1dE4 overexpression in tumor, but not MTA1, was associated with early recurrence (P = 0.0365), but not late recurrence. In multivariate analysis, only alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) ≥200 ng/mL (P = 0.006) and large tumor size (P = 0.027) were correlated with early recurrence. In the subgroup of patients with AFP <200 ng/mL, high MTA1dE4, but not total MTA1, expression could help predict early recurrence (P = 0.0195). In vitro, wound healing and invasion assays were performed in HCC cells, and MTA1dE4 was found to exhibit a higher ability in promoting migration and invasion of hepatoma cells than full‐length MTA1. Conclusion: MTA1dE4 expression is correlated with more aggressive tumor characteristics and might serve as a more sensitive marker for early recurrence of HBV‐HCC, especially for low‐AFP patients.
Hamilton Receptor‐Mediated Self‐Assembly of Orthogonally Functionalized Au and TiO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Ali Muhammad , Hasenöhrl Dominik H. , Zeininger Lukas , Müllner Alexander R. M. , Peterlik Herwig , Hirsch Andreas 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA new prototype of reversible self‐assembly between functionalized gold and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NPs) utilizing hydrogen bonding interactions was developed and established. The gold nanoparticles were functionalized with a Hamilton‐receptor functionality bearing a thiol moiety as anchoring group. The titanium dioxide nanoparticles were modified with cyanurate derivatives which contained phosphonic acids as anchoring groups. The host–guest type interaction between two functionalized nanoparticles yielded a highly integrated nanoparticle system in chloroform. Moreover, by presenting a competing ligand in an exchange reaction, the product of self‐assembly can be segregated into the individual soluble components of functionalized nanoparticles. The self‐assembly and the exchange reaction were followed and monitored in detail by UV/Vis spectroscopy. The structure of the self‐assembly product was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS).
Temporal analysis of dual phase‐lag double‐diffusive MHD flow within a porous microchannel with chemical reaction
Authors: Endalew Mehari Fentahun , Sarkar Subharthi 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA novel investigation is carried out to capture the transient effects of a dual phase‐lag (DPL) model for combined heat and mass transfer magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow within a porous microchannel in the presence of Dufour effects and homogenous first‐order chemical reaction. The governing equations for the fluid flow problem are solved using the Laplace transform method, which is a powerful technique for solving partial differential equations. Its inversion is done by using the INVLAP subroutine of MATLAB. The numerical values of fluid velocity, fluid temperature, and species concentration are demonstrated graphically and those of skin friction, heat transfer rate, and mass transfer rate are presented through tables. It is for the first time that the actual time gap between the DPL model, the Cattaneo‐Vernotte model, and the classical Fourierʼs model has been deciphered and the results unique to the DPL model are presented. We observe a clear difference between the DPL and the other two models at a dimensionless time , which gradually diminishes as time progresses, and all models coincide together at , that is, where a steady state temperature is reached. An important contribution of this study lies in discovering the time‐bound effects of the phase‐lag parameters of the DPL model on fluid temperature, species concentration, and fluid velocity and support them by physical justification. A similar discussion is provided for all other flow parameters. The results conveyed through this study would undoubtedly help researchers to advance the design of mechanical systems in microdevices involving MHD flow in porous media.
Imaging and radiation of laminar jet diffusion flames with low coflow air velocity in microgravity
Authors: Zhang Dan , Li Sen 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe present imaging results and radiation measurements from laminar jet diffusion flames burning in coflowing air conditions. Color and pseudocolor flames are obtained and used to analyze flame brightness and shape, which show that flames under normal gravity are brighter than in microgravity. The longer residence times for microgravity flames result in increased radiative loss, which leads to local extinction and low temperature at the flame tip. Flame radiation fractions for microgravity flames are larger than those in normal gravity for C2H
4 and CH
4. The velocity of coflowing air has a much more pronounced effect on radiation from microgravity flames compared to those in normal gravity. The radiation fractions from ethylene‐fueled flames in microgravity are large, leading to local extinction at the flame tip. We also analyzed the flame radiation fraction.
Understanding subgrid variability of snow depth at 1‐km scale using Lidar measurements
Authors: He Siwei , Ohara Noriaki , Miller Scott N. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIt is well known that snow plays an important role in land surface energy balance; however, modelling the subgrid variability of snow is still a challenge in large‐scale hydrological and land surface models. High‐resolution snow depth data and statistical methods can reveal some characteristics of the subgrid variability of snow depth, which can be useful in developing models for representing such subgrid variability. In this study, snow depth was measured by airborne Lidar at 0.5‐m resolution over two mountainous areas in south‐western Wyoming, Snowy Range and Laramie Range. To characterize subgrid snow depth spatial distribution, measured snow depth data of these two areas were meshed into 284 grids of 1‐km × 1‐km. Also, nine representative grids of 1‐km × 1‐km were selected for detailed analyses on the geostatistical structure and probability density function of snow depth. It was verified that land cover is one of the important factors controlling spatial variability of snow depth at the 1‐km scale. Probability density functions of snow depth tend to be Gaussian distributions in the forest areas. However, they are eventually skewed as non‐Gaussian distribution, largely due to the no‐snow areas effect, mainly caused by snow redistribution and snow melt. Our findings show the characteristics of subgrid variability of snow depth and clarify the potential factors that need to be considered in modelling subgrid variability of snow depth.
Possible soil tension controls on the isotopic equilibrium fractionation factor for evaporation from soil
Authors: Gaj Marcel , McDonnell Jeffrey J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen (δ2H and δ18O) are useful conservative tracers for tracking the movement of water in soil. But although the tracking of water infiltrating through the soil profile and its movement as run‐off and groundwater recharge are well developed, water movement through the soil can also include evaporative fractionation. Soil water fractionation factors have, until now, been largely empirical. Unlike open water evaporation where temperature, humidity, and vapour pressure gradient define fractionation, soil water evaporation includes fractionation by soil matrix effects. These effects are still poorly characterized. Here, we present preliminary results from a simple laboratory experiment with four soil admixtures with grain sizes that range from sand to silt and clay. Our results show that soil tension seems to control the isotope fractionation of resident soil water. The relationship between soil tension and equilibrium fractionation appears to be independent of soil texture and appears well supported by thermodynamic theory. Although these results are preliminary, they suggest that future work should go after soil tension effects as a possible explanatory factor of soil water and water vapour fractionation.
Comparison of transvaginal repair versus laparoscopic repair of lower‐segment cesarean scar defects
Authors: Zhang Duoduo , Liang Shuo , Zhu Lan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate transvaginal repair versus laparoscopic repair of cesarean scar defects (CSDs).MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted among 67 symptomatic women with CSDs who attended a tertiary hospital in Beijing, China, between July 1, 2013, and March 31, 2017. The participants underwent either transvaginal repair (n=31) or laparoscopic repair (n=36). Medical costs, perioperative outcomes, and surgical outcomes were compared.ResultsNo statistically significant between‐group differences were found at baseline. The mean thickness of the residual myometrium increased from 1.71 ± 0.67 mm before surgery to 4.41 ± 2.09 mm after surgery in the transvaginal repair group (P<0.001), and from 1.81 ± 0.93 to 4.68 ± 1.96 mm in the laparoscopic repair group (P<0.001). The duration of menses after surgery was less than 10 days in both the transvaginal repair group (n=30, 96.3%) and the laparoscopic repair group (n=30, 83.9%; P=0.113). Operative time and medical costs were both lower in the transvaginal repair group than in the laparoscopic repair group (P<0.001). Conception rates for the two groups were similar among women who desired fertility.ConclusionTransvaginal repair of CSD was associated with reduced operative times and medical costs when compared with laparoscopic repair.
Gaussian probability bi‐histogram equalization for enhancement of the pathological features in medical images
Authors: Kuo Chung‐Feng Jeffrey , Wu Han‐Cheng 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn order to enhance the pathological features of medical images and aid the medical diagnosis, the image enhancement is a necessary process. This study presented the Gaussian probability model combining with bi‐histogram equalization to enhance the contrast of pathological features in medical images. There are five different bi‐histogram equalizations, namely, bi‐histogram equalization (BBHE), dualistic sub‐image histogram equalization (DSIHE), bi‐histogram equalization with a plateau limit (BHEPL), bi‐histogram equalization median plateau limit (BHEPL‐D), and bi‐histogram equalization with modified histogram bins (BHEMHB). The entropy, contrast, absolute mean brightness error (AMBE), and skewness difference are used to quantize the enhancement results. From the experimental result, it is observed that the entropy and contrast of the images can be effectively enhanced by using Gaussian probability bi‐histogram equalizations, and the Gaussian probability bi‐histogram equalization median plateau limit (GPBHEPL‐D) has the best enhanced result. The proposed GPBHEPL‐D method is effective in strengthening the pathological features in medical images, so as to increase the efficiency of doctors' diagnoses and computer‐aided detection.
Assessment of dose capping in phenytoin loading practices in the emergency department and the impact of an emergency medicine pharmacist
Authors: Holder Martina C. , Bailey Abby M. , Baum Regan A. , Justice Stephanie B. , Weant Kyle A. 
Published: February 2019

ObjectivesPhenytoin is a common anticonvulsant used for the acute treatment of seizures in the emergency department (ED). Certain patient populations, such as the obese, have been shown to present dosing challenges. Often doses are arbitrarily “capped” for fear of overdosing. Emergency medicine pharmacists (EPhs) have been shown to optimize the care of patients receiving phenytoin therapy in other settings, demonstrating reductions in seizure activity, duration of therapy, and cost.MethodsRecords of patients presenting to the ED that were at least 18 years old and were prescribed intravenous phenytoin were reviewed. Patients weighing 100 kg or more were compared with those less than 100 kg. To evaluate the impact of an EPh, intravenous phenytoin orders placed during the EPh's hours were compared with those placed outside of those hours.ResultsA total of 117 patients were included, 42 (36%) weighed 100 kg or more. No significant difference was found in the achievement of target (10‐20 μg/mL) postload concentrations between the two groups (P = 0.795). Patients weighing 100 kg or more received significantly lower weight‐based phenytoin doses (16.0 vs 18.6 mg/kg, P = 0.0001). Those 100 kg or more who received less than 15 mg/kg were found to have significantly lower postload concentrations than those that received 15 mg/kg or more regardless of total dose (11.5 vs 16.5 μg/mL; P = 0.003). The presence of an EPh was found to result in significantly higher rates of postload concentrations within the therapeutic range across all groups (72.4% vs 53.7%; P = 0.04).ConclusionsThe available data suggest that artificial total dose limitations in patients yield significantly lower postload concentrations, potentially delaying seizure control in the acute setting. The presence of EPhs at the bedside increases the success of initial phenytoin dosing strategies in this population.