bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Searching for a Model for the Development of Social Housing in the Post-war Transformation Period in Poland
Authors: Zadworny Mariusz 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The article deals with issues of social housing and designing of residential buildings, implemented as part of social programs. The general development of the concept of social housing in the post-war period - from 1945 up to modern times, is presented. Area limits are shrunk to Polish conditions. The scope of the research covered the primary, completed architectural objects created in the above-mentioned period. Such a time frame shows the dynamics of building development and presents the concept of social housing in the so-called “late industrialization” in Central and Eastern Europe and the specific housing development situation in this part of Europe. The results of the research lead to the formulation of the basic idea that, in Polish conditions, there is a significant shortage of housing designed for poorer sections of the population - easily accessible, meeting the criteria for flexibility of housing systems for different users. This is a necessary background to the contemporary understanding of this issue, especially in the countries undergoing political transformation after 1989, covering the area of Central and Eastern European countries, especially Poland. There are visible attempts to change the model of use of social, urban, residential and private space. The problems of social housing development in Poland are supplemented with knowledge about the activities of new entities for creating the organizational framework of this type of construction (such as: Social Building Societies – “TBS” and others appointed by municipalities, social organizations and associations in urban and extra-urban areas) Poland in 1996 - now. Their participation in the creation of this type of architecture implies design and organizational solutions for the implementation of desirable residential buildings. Attention is also paid to the environmental effects of the designed architecture and adaptation to local conditions. It is important to recognize the current state of development of the design of this type of residential buildings to generate the form of such architecture in the conditions of transformation (social, political and economic, etc.) The emphasis here is on understanding the principles and specificity of designing a residential social architecture. The article calls for a wider application of new technologies and methods for the use of renewable energy sources in Polish conditions for social housing solutions. This approach to the design of environmentally sensitive architecture, in which new technologies for obtaining energy for social purposes play a key role, are becoming desirable in Polish conditions. The question of eco-efficiency in social housing solutions in Polish conditions is raised as an inseparable mechanism of organizational, design and implementation activities. The buildings and social estates currently designed in Poland are an example of searching for a pattern adapted to the new conditions in the 21st century.
Analysis of the Impact of Filler in the Form of Shredded Ceramic Waste on Selected Properties of a High-Strength Concrete Composite
Authors: Halbiniak Jacek , Langier Bogdan , Major Maciej 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The paper presents the results of research of selected properties of high-strength concrete modified with a filler derived from the recycling of shredded ceramic flowerpots. The concrete features such as: air content in the concrete mix, consistency of the concrete mix, compressive strength and frost resistance were evaluated. Frost resistance tests were carried out by two methods: the first direct method for 150 cycles of freezing and thawing and the second by determining the structure characteristics of concrete porosity using automatic image analysis.
Damaged ceramic flowerpots were subjected to a mechanical treatment consisting on grinding them in a mill and then in a disintegrator. Powdered ceramic waste was added in amounts: 10, 20 and 30% of cement mass as a filler, simultaneously the same amount of mineral aggregate was reduced. In concretes made with the addition of shredded waste ceramics, mechanical features have been improved, which leaded to achieving higher average compressive strength compared to the reference concrete without this additive. Concretes with the addition of ceramics was also characterized with greater frost resistance. Frost resistance tests carried out with the help of automatic analysis of pore distribution in concrete proved to be an effective tool for assessing concrete resistance to cyclic freezing and thawing.
Landscape Architecture and Shapes
Authors: Lacerda Neto Filipe 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Nowadays, the word landscape is used to name very different realities and, frequently, very far from its original meaning, which is connected to the rural territory. The adjectives that are usually used with it help to define its meaning and to extend the conceptual framework in which the word landscape is integrated. Therefore, we can talk about the interior landscapes, musical landscapes, artistic landscapes, poetical landscapes or human landscapes. Creating contextual architecture means incorporating into the project data, guidelines or relations imprinted in the territory or a place of the intervention. This amounts to link the architectural work with the structures which define the area where it will be located. The new intervention becomes another layer of the process of transformation and it can be consistent or collide with what already exists, in terms of the form. This document aims to fulfil the primary need of pointing with precision the conceptual framework in which what has been defined as the Landscape Architecture and Shapes is integrated. It is a discipline that studies the analysis and assessment of the material, environmental and formal conditions of the landscape, but always oriented towards the production of open spaces through the project and the implementation of the specific techniques. This article intends to offer a broad and systematic perspective of the different aspects involved in the Landscape Architecture, with the support of relevant examples of the culture of the landscape.
Water Issues in Urban Space on the Example of the City of Częstochowa
Authors: Solkiewicz-Kos Nina 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Searching for and creating new “places” in a narrow urban space has become a need to compensate for the space deficit. The attempt to redefine place often involves renewal and revitalization of cultural spaces. The author presents three elements of urban space, the common feature of which is the water factor. The example of park areas, riverside areas and the city square presents a different scale, function and approach to the use of water in creating space. Water element occurring in the discussed areas may be a direct result of local and natural conditions. It can also be the result of human activity and technologies used by them. The city of Częstochowa has so far used the potential of the river and water as an element of industrial infrastructure. The presence of water in the city was associated with its servile role in industry. When discussing selected areas, the author presents changes that have occurred over the years. It presents the evolution in the approach to the use of the water element when creating a recreational space. The current revitalization activities carried out within the city focus on the use of the potential of water, regardless of the scale of activities. An example may be the renovation of the area around the lagoon, the restoration of riverside areas near to the city or the modernization of city squares with enrichment by a water element. Urban spaces in the form of small squares, squares, riverside boulevards, riverside baths accumulate and unload the pace of life in the city, becoming its integral element. The urban planning activities in the inner city areas force the architects to develop innovative solutions in the way of managing tight intermingling spaces.
Profitability Analysis and Assessment of the Possibility of Applying Renovation and Modernization Measures to Improve the Utility Value of Public Buildings
Authors: Bucon Robert 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Utility building value depends, among other things, on the renovation and modernization activities undertaken at the maintenance stage. They result from a correct assessment of the building condition. Lack of appropriate methods, which in a comprehensive way, taking into account the utility requirements for these buildings, would allow to assess the condition of buildings is one of the main reasons for negligence in the proper maintenance of public buildings. With this in mind, the author carried out a study aimed at an in-depth analysis and assessment of the possibility of applying renovation and modernization measures in relation to the improvement of the utility value of the building and the cost of their implementation. As part of the research, a mathematical model was first developed, which was used to carry out the research. As part of the development of the model, a set of criteria relating to technical-utility, economic and environmental requirements was selected and a method for their evaluation was developed. Next, proposals of renovation and modernization activities were presented, the aim of which is to improve the utility value ratio of the building. For its evaluation the method based on the theory of fuzzy sets was used, which at the stage of inference uses expert knowledge included in the fuzzy rules database. The calculated utility value of the proposed renovation and modernization activities is the basis for further research analyses. Optimization tasks consisting in the selection of an appropriate repair variant are carried out by means of appropriate optimization methods. The adopted optimization objectives concerned both the possibility of improving the assumed increase in utility value and limitations in their financing. The assessment of utility value of public utility buildings, which has not been carried out yet, taking into account the current legal and utility requirements, will allow to determine the impact of renovation and modernization decisions taken on this basis on the adopted determinants determining the quality of the maintenance process, i.e. the increase in utility value and maintenance cost. The results of these studies may be important in expanding existing knowledge and the knowledge gained may contribute to changes in the way decisions are made and the improvement of the quality of building maintenance.
Rectangular Plates of a Trapezoidal Cross-Section Subjected to Thermal Load
Authors: Szymczak-Graczyk Anna 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The method to calculate rectangular tanks as a system of bi-directionally bent plates with the use of separated plates methodology is a widely known and currently most often used approach to verify numerical calculations obtained from computer software supporting the design process, in which spatial operation of tanks is taken into account. In these calculations, due to their static scheme, it is possible to distinguish supported plates, plates fixed on four edges and plates with one edge free and three fixed. The subject literature contains publications on plates or tanks with walls of a constant thickness, however, there are very few references on plates or tanks with walls of linearly variable thickness. The wall plate of a tank is subject to hydrostatic load or soil pressure and might be exposed to thermal load in the case of, i.e. filling it with hot liquid or during climate action. The article presents the results of static calculations for rectangular plates with a linearly variable thickness, a trapezoidal cross-section, three fixed edges and one edge free, subjected to permanent and thermal loads. Trapezoidal cross-section walls are optimal when used in structures where load distribution is triangular in shape (hydrostatic load). For tanks recessed in the ground, the load on walls increases along with the depth of foundations and obtains the highest value in the bottom part of the wall. Trapezoidal or triangular load distribution causes that the highest values of bending moments in the vertical cross-section occur at the point where a wall connects to the bottom, while the upper free edge of the tank takes zero value. The above statements lead to the conclusion that structural and economic considerations should determine the choice of walls with a thickness increasing along with the tank depth, since it is more economical in terms of material usage. The impact of thermal load is often neglected in the design process, which may cause operational problems and even pose a threat to the safety of use. In addition to the numerical analysis, the article presents the results of model tests for a plate with a linearly variable thickness made of resin, subjected to thermal load. The convergence of the obtained results proves the correctness of calculations and tests performed. This also contributes to the recognition of statics in rectangular plates of a trapezoidal cross-section.
Regeneration of the Industrial Heritage in the Central Area of Oradea, Romania
Authors: Francesca Prada Ioana , Bungau Constantin , Zsak Ivett-Greta 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This paper addresses the phenomenon of topicality, the desire to recover the declining or abandoned urban areas. It focuses mainly on the central area of the cities, where industrial units of historical and cultural value have often been forgotten. The study refers to the context of Romania joining the European region, with perspective of the past period since it was under the influence of the Soviet Union, a period in which a rapid industrialization took place. The period of change of the 21st century favoured the decline of many large industries, producing nowadays buildings and enclosures awaiting for a change. The object of study consists of the industrial units and their premises situated in the central area of Oradea; considering a special situation in which the historical tissue intertwines with the residential and the fragmented former-industrial one. Urban regeneration is one of the most important strategies for cities with irregular development that want to survive the “urban sprawl” phenomenon. Sustainable development goals can be achieved by changing policies and the direction of development, while pursuing economic and social progress. In the case of industrial heritage, old abandoned structures can turn into strengths. These holes become opportunities for changing the rhythm and direction of the development, offering flexibility to a rigid tram. An analysis of the strategies applied to areas having characteristics as close as possible to the fragments of the proposed site has been carried out. Also examples of good practice having a favourable effect on society, economy and environment were considered. The aim of this paper is to emphasize the importance of preserving the industrial heritage and to present various methods by which it can be converted and used for the benefit of contemporary society, while preserving its character and identity.
Reducing Water Losses for Sustainable Urban Development
Authors: Popa-Albu Simona , Pisleaga Mihaela , Tenchea Adrian 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
From the point of view of water supply systems, and in particular of distribution networks, the environmental, social and economic criteria have had a significant role in the selection of urban water development decisions. In this respect, the article addresses the issue of reducing water losses in drinking water supply systems. Thus, there are presented the methods and technologies used and studied, currently, for the detection of damages on the pipes of the distribution networks. Continuous monitoring of the pipeline network has become an integral part of drinking water supply systems. Remote data transmission and the use of professional software allows for accurate loss detection in places where the probability of loss is maximum. The relocation method has the benefit of economies of time and money. In most developed countries, the percentage of water loss is significant. The article makes a theoretical analysis on the application of non-revenue water loss solutions (NRW) in Timisoara, Romania. At various points in the drinking water distribution network, measuring points are installed to measure the pressure, residual chlorine concentration, flow rate and flow direction. Measurement panels installed in underground fireplaces and sensors mounted directly on pipes transmit the measured data from sensors directly to the dispatcher via the GPRS data service. In addition to this information, the measurement point also generates alarms in the event of a home flood, unauthorized access, or lack of power from the grid. The results of the analysis highlight the fact that the loss reduction is quantified in water savings with positive effects on the reduction of pressure on the existing networks.
Design Problems of Tourism Infrastructure for People with Disabilities in Protected Landscape Areas in Poland
Authors: Maciejko Alicja , Wojtyszyn Boguslaw , Skrzypczak Agnieszka 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The article presents problems of designing the tourist infrastructure for disabled people in protected landscape areas. At the introduction, there is an analysis of current regulations and implementation practice from the designer’s point of view. Design problems were discussed on the example of a project realised in the Stołowe Mountains National Park in Poland and a vision of its implementation in the future, in terms of changing regulations and under the influence of increasing the social sensitivity to the problem of accessibility for the people with disabilities and also, which is the essence of the design in an area of unique natural values, responsibility for the quality of natural open spaces, protected landscapes. There are many studies discussing the problems of disabled people in the apartments, public spaces and buildings. Now, this issue is expanding into open landscape areas, tourist routes and areas of legal nature protection. However, the implementation of full accessibility, as well as making the protected landscape available for tourism, is conditioned by many limitations. Since 2012, the Stołowe Mountains National Park has been implementing a project of making its natural resources available to the tourists as well as in terms of accessibility for the disabled. It is being realised, on the basis of a design concept for the small architecture elements and the buildings of the ticket offices created by architects Alicja Maciejko and Mirosław Strzelecki, stylistically coherent for the whole area of the National Park. This project was awarded in the architectural competition for the best friendly public space in the Lower Silesian Voivodship in 2014. The article also presents an analysis of what actions can be taken and what areas can be designated for full and partial accessibility.
Tourism Infrastructure Providing Access to Areas of Protected Landscape and Nature in Poland. Selected Examples
Authors: Maciejko Alicja , Wojtyszyn Boguslaw 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The article presents design problems of tourist infrastructure in protected landscape and nature areas in Poland. They concern discrete regulation of the intensity and course of leisure and tourist traffic towards and within protected areas. Such regulation can only be carried out on the basis of the structure of accessibility of areas covered by protection and spatial development plans, shaped in accordance with environmental conditions. The quality of access to protected areas is also significantly influenced by the architecture of tourist infrastructure objects presented in the article. It concerns selected objects of small wooden architecture designed in areas with special landscape and natural requirements, which have been implemented in Poland in recent years. These objects are small elements, e.g. signposts, information and educational boards, benches, tables, waste bins, rest shelters, objects at entrances to protected areas (gates), ticket offices, as well as impressive engineering structures built in difficult terrain conditions, e.g. terraces, platforms and observation towers. These issues will be presented on the basis of many years of research and design works concerning protected areas in Lower Silesia (arch. Bogusław Wojtyszyn) and original designs (arch. Alicja Maciejko and arch. Mirosław Strzelecki) realised on the tourist routes of the Stolowe Mountains National Park in Poland, shaping tourism and recreation accessibility for all users including disabled people in protected landscape and nature areas.
Effects of Road Infrastructure on Pedestrian Safety
Authors: Budzynski Marcin , Guminska Lucyna , Jamroz Kazimierz , Mackun Tomasz , Tomczuk Piotr 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Pedestrians represent more than 30% of all of Poland’s road traffic fatalities. This is much higher than the EU average (about 20%). Pedestrian accidents are usually the result of a complex situation and a number of contributing factors involving road users, the road and roadside and the vehicle. Pedestrian accidents are caused by road user error (drivers and pedestrians) and wrong planning and design. Poorly maintained road infrastructure is also a very frequent cause. The objective of the work was to identify risks for pedestrians that involve road infrastructure and roadside and to define how selected elements of geometry and traffic layout affect driver behaviour (speed on approaching pedestrian crossings). The results have helped to formulate recommendations on pedestrian crossing design. The research included an analysis of 2013-2017 statistics to identify the circumstances and causes of pedestrian accidents. Field work at about 2, 000 unsignalized pedestrian crossings was the basis for assessing the safety of these crossings. Assessment criteria were selected and a safety classification was made with specific recommendations made for possible treatments. More field work was designed to measure speeds near pedestrian crossings in three cases: no pedestrians in the crossing area, a pedestrian is approaching a crossing, a pedestrian is waiting to cross the road. The study was conducted in different areas (city, transit roads passing through small towns, non-built-up areas) for different cross-sections (one carriageway and two lanes – 1x2, two carriageways with two or three lanes each – 2x2, 2x3, one carriageway and four lanes – 1x4). The study also looked at speed limits – 50 and 70 km/h. The share of drivers giving way to pedestrians waiting to cross was also assessed. Pedestrians were surveyed and asked about how safe they feel crossing the road. The survey also asked drivers about driver behaviour and use of speed management measures. Statistical analyses show the circumstances and causes of pedestrian accidents. These include driving across a pedestrian crossing illegally, pedestrians stepping onto the road abruptly, night-time, excessive speed and others. Pedestrian crossings are the site of more than 30% pedestrian fatalities which shows the need for treatments. By assessing the hazards caused by road infrastructure near and at pedestrian crossings, the following hazards could be identified: limited sight-distance, poor illumination, excessive speed and no means of speed management, wrong geometry (length of crossing, number of traffic lanes), technical condition of the road and signage. Speed tests near pedestrian crossings show that some 40% of drivers do not observe the speed limits in built-up areas (especially on sections of transit roads passing through small towns and on dual carriageways in urban areas) and 30% do not observe the speed limits on rural roads.