bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extraction Optimization for Phenolic- and Withanolide-Rich Fractions from Withania somnifera Roots: Identification and Quantification of Withaferin A, 12-Deoxywithastromonolide, and Withanolide A in Plant Materials and Marketed Formulations Using a Reversed-Phase HPLC–Photodiode
Array Detection Method
Authors: Kumar Satyanshu , Singh Raghuraj , Gajbhiye Narendra , Dhanani Tushar 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Background: Both the roots and leaves of Withania somnifera are products of commerce. They contain active compounds of therapeutic value and mostly different withanolides. Several pharmacological activities of W. somnifera have links to one or more withanolides. The presence of phenolic compounds in extracts could play a vital role in the reduction of blood glucose levels in diabetic subjects. Objective: The present study was carried out for the selection of a solvent to prepare extracts rich in phenolics, withaferin A (WA), 12-deoxywithastromonolide (12WD), and withanolide A (WDA). A simple, rapid HPLC method was also developed for the identification and quantification of WA, 12WD, and WDA. Methods: The extraction efficiency of aqueous alcoholic solvents including hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol were compared for three selected withanolides and total phenolic content. The contents of WA, 12WD, and WDA and total phenolics were determined in the extracts. The quality of nine formulations containing W. sominfera were also compared in terms of the content of WA, 12WD, and WDA and total phenolics. Results: The maximum extract yield and the total withanolide and phenolic content were obtained from aqueous alcoholic compositions at 50:50 (v/v), 70:30 (v/v), and 100:0 (v/v), respectively. In the case of organic solvents, chloroform and ethyl acetate yielded the highest concentrations of phenolics and three withanolides, respectively. The total phenolic content in formulations was in the range of 1.84–3.13%, and total withanolide content showed wide variability. Conclusions: The outcome of the present investigation could be utilized for the selection of extraction solvents to prepare W. somnifera–enriched extracts and their quality monitoring by using the developed and validated HPLC-Photodiode array detection method. Highlights: A process for preparation of phenolics and withanolides (withaferin A, 12-deoxywithastramonolide and withanolide A) enriched extracts of Withania somnifera. Simple and rapid HPLC method was also developed and validated as per the ICH guidelines for identification and quantification of three major withanolides. The developed HPLC method was applied to analyze the quality of extracts and marketed herbal products (mono, as well as poly constituents). Optimized extraction process could be utilized for upscaling process development in preparation of enriched extracts from Withania somnifera, crop improvement, bio-prospection studies and quality control.
Recently Described and Clinically Important Entities in Testis Tumors: A Selective Review of Changes Incorporated Into the 2016 Classification of the World Health Organization
Authors: Ulbright Thomas M. 
Published: June 2018

Context.—In 2016 the World Health Organization published a revised classification of testicular neoplasms based upon advances in understanding their pathogenesis and molecular biology. The rationale for this revision and additional clinically relevant observations were the topics of a talk given to the Houston Society of Clinical Pathologists in April 2017. This paper summarizes that talk.Objective.—To summarize and explain the most important changes to the classification of testicular neoplasms in the World Health Organization 2016 revision.Data Sources.—Peer-reviewed published literature and contributions by individuals with expertise in this area that were also reviewed by genitourinary pathologists.Conclusions.—Most changes occurred in the germ cell tumor classification, including replacement of the terms intratubular germ cell neoplasia unclassified and carcinoma in situ by germ cell neoplasia in situ; subdivision of the tumors into 2 main categories, those derived from germ cell neoplasia in situ and those not derived from germ cell neoplasia in situ; distinction of germ cell neoplasia in situ from germ cells with delayed maturation and pre–germ cell neoplasia in situ; expansion of the trophoblastic tumor category to include epithelioid trophoblastic tumor and cystic trophoblastic tumor; and substitution of spermatocytic tumor for spermatocytic seminoma and its placement in the non–germ cell neoplasia in situ group. Other revisions included eliminating sclerosing Sertoli cell tumor as a distinct entity; the recognition of intratubular hyalinizing Sertoli cell tumor; and acceptance of the role of undifferentiated gonadal tissue in the pathogenesis of gonadoblastoma.
A interdisciplinaridade da profissão biólogo
Authors: Melo Larissa Leonilda Pereira , Carvalho Aluísio Vasconcelos , Guimarães Ana Paula Martins 
Published: June 2018

Este trabalho tem como objetivo discutir e analisar a partir de trabalhos já publicados acerca da profissão de biólogo. Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica baseada em artigos selecionados no Google Acadêmico. Os estudos encontrados sobre a profissão de biólogo constataram que devido à formação multidisciplinar do biólogo, este profissional tem encontrado cada vez mais espaço no mercado de trabalho, abrangendo várias áreas biológicas, que consequentemente concorrem com outros profissionais com formação mais específica, como biomédicos, bioquímicos e veterinários. Os biólogos constituem papel fundamental na sociedade em geral assumindo a responsabilidade de formadores de mentes críticas e no progresso da ciência desempenhando estudos e descobertas que auxiliem na manutenção da vida no ecossistema.
RÉFLEXION SUR LE « LIVING WILL » DE COMMON LAW DANS LE CONTEXTE DU DROIT CIVIL QUÉBÉCOIS
Authors: DUCHAINE Pierre 
Published: June 2018

Le droit des États-Unis d’Amérique assujettit le « living will » à un régime juridique fortement structuré. À l’inverse, le droit civil québécois ne fait qu’une timide allusion au « living will ». L’objectif visé du présent essai consiste à implanter, dans le droit civil du Québec, le concept de « living will » tel qu’il est actuellement en vigueur en droit américain.
Gadamer lecteur de Dilthey
Authors: Michel Johann 
Published: June 2018

L’article examine la manière dont Gadamer lit, interprète et critique Dilthey dansVérité et méthode. L’auteur se propose de reconstruire cette lecture, en la replaçant dans les débats herméneutiques contemporains, en fonction de trois « coupes » transversales : une « coupe » relative à la position de Dilthey dans l’histoire de l’herméneutique ; une « coupe » dans la critique de l’herméneutique méthodologique ; une « coupe » dans l’apport proprement diltheyen à une philosophie de la vie. La thèse consiste à montrer que le rapport de Gadamer à Dilthey n’est pas d’un seul tenant, même s’il est tout à fait central pour apprécier la portée deVérité et méthode. C’est un problème d’inspiration diltheyenne qui anime le projet même de l’ouvrage — à travers une interrogation sur le fondement des sciences de l’esprit — mais en lui donnant une réponse d’inspiration heideggérienne.
Nature pure, similitude substantielle, sujet identique et sujet unique anti-régressifs chez Boèce dans son Second commentaire sur l’Isagoge de Porphyre
Authors: Lafleur Claude , Carrier Joanne 
Published: June 2018

Thème majeur dans l’histoire de la philosophie, le problème des universaux a été transmis à l’Occident latin principalement par l’exégèse que, dans son Second commentaire sur l’Isagoge, Boèce a donnée du célèbre « Questionnaire de Porphyre sur les genres et les espèces ». Notre étude se penche sur la série de notions philosophiques clés, parfois difficiles à cerner, qui, dans ce commentaire séminal, forment la trame rédactionnelle, souvent mal saisie, de la Solution boécienne d’une Aporie qui prétend avoir démontré l’impossibilité de l’existence des genres et des espèces (entre autres par l’argument du regressus ad infinitum), ainsi que les vices rédhibitoires de leurs intellections (conformes ou non conformes). Chez Boèce, tout cela concerne fondamentalement le rapport entre la pensée et le réel.
La Unión Europea ante la gestión de la crisis de los refugiados || The European Union faces the refugee crisis
Authors: Payero López Lucía 
Published: June 2018

RESUMEN: Este artículo analiza la gestión de la denominada crisis de los refugiados por parte de la UE y sus Estados miembros. Partiendo del estudio de la política migratoria europea, se intenta demostrar que la respuesta ofrecida a ambos fenómenos, migración y asilo, se articula en función de las necesidades del mercado capitalista. Ello hace que, en época de crisis económica, se restrinja de manera drástica el número de personas admitidas. No sólo eso, para mantener la cohesión social dentro la comunidad nacional se culpa a los extranjeros –inmigrantes y refugiados– de los efectos de la crisis. El resultado es el fin del derecho de asilo. Las consecuencias negativas de semejante política no sólo afectan a los refugiados e inmigrantes, sino también a los ciudadanos de los países de la Unión y, especialmente, al propio proyecto europeo.

ABSTRACT: This article analyses the way in which the EU and its member states are dealing with the so-called refugee crisis. First of all, EU migration policy is assessed in order to show that capitalism and market needs establish the guidelines to be followed when tackling these two issues, migration and asylum. As a result, and in the context of an economic crisis, the number of people admitted into the EU has been dramatically reduced. Even more, foreigners –migrants and refugees– are blamed on the detrimental effects of crisis, and this is used as a strategy to maintain social cohesion within the national community. This policy has a negative impact not only on refugees and migrants, but also on EU citizens and the EU project itself.
Derecho a la salud de mujeres en contexto de prostitución en Sevilla (Andalucía) || Health as a right in women who are in context of prostitution in Sevilla (Andalucía). Beyond sexual health.
Authors: Barroso Pavía Rafael , Cordero Ramos Nuria 
Published: June 2018

RESUMEN: Con el presente trabajo intentaremos profundizar en cuál es la situación real del derecho a la salud en las mujeres que ejercen la prostitución en Sevilla (Andalucía). Para ello contextualizaremos la situación económico-social en la cual se encuentra nuestro país en este momento y la repercusión que ha tenido en el Derecho a la salud. A continuación, analizaremos la relevancia de la salud como instrumento de inclusión/exclusión social, para después hablar de la situación de salud y vulnerabilidad de las mujeres en contexto de prostitución en Sevilla. Finalmente, reflexionaremos sobre el camino a seguir.

ABSTRACT: This paper makes an approximation to the right to health in women who are practising prostitution in Sevilla (Andalucía). Firstly, we are going to contextualize the social and economic situation in Spain and how it has affected in the health right. Next, we are going to analyse the importance of this right as an instrument for social inclusion/exclusion and we will discuss the health situation and vulnerability of women in prostitution. Finally, we will present our opinion about the correct protection of this right for this group
Las características formales de la ley humana en Juan de Mariana || The formal characteristics of human law in Juan de Mariana
Authors: Centenera Sanchez Seco Fernando 
Published: June 2018

RESUMEN: Este trabajo centra la atención en las características formales de la ley humana en el pensamiento de Juan de Mariana. En él se ofrece una presentación general de aquellas, acompañada de algunas circunstancias de la época. A continuación se trata de determinar la intención del autor en sus desarrollos y se analizan sus aportaciones, tanto desde la perspectiva del pensamiento ilustrado como desde el iusfilosófico de nuestro tiempo. Todo ello evidencia puntos de encuentro, pero también diferencias relevantes. El estudio repara además en la aportación de los aspectos considerados en los ámbitos de la limitación al poder y la justicia.

ABSTRACT: This article considers the formal characteristics of human law in the thought of Juan de Mariana. After a general introduction to those characteristics, accompanied by some contextual background, an attempt is made to ascertain the author’s intentions as his thought developed and to analyse his particular contribution to the matter through the double optic of enlightenment thought on the one hand, and contemporary jusphilosophy on the other. Some points of connection are found, but also various significant differences. At the same time, the article also gives some thought to the contribution made by the various aspects under consideration in the fields of justice and of the restriction of power.
Derechos sociales y deuda. Entre capitalismo y economía de mercado. || Social rights and debt. Between capitalism and market economy
Authors: Ballesteros Jesús 
Published: June 2018

Resumen: Las finanzas pueden servir a los derechos sociales en una economía de mercado, porque en ella están subordinadas a la economía real, y tienen carácter limitado, pero no en el capitalismo porque en él las finanzas son autorreferenciales, no tienen término, y conducen a una sociedad indefinidamente endeudada, en la que las deudas son impagables.

Abstract: Finance can be useful for social rights in a market economy. This is due to the fact of the subordination of finance to real economy and due to its limited character. In contrast, finance in a capitalist economy is self-referential, are boundless and lead to a society in which debts are unpayable.
Feasibility, acceptability, and adoption of fingerprint scanning during contact investigation for tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda: A parallel-convergent, mixed-methods analysis
Authors: White Elizabeth B , Meyer Amanda J , Ggita Joseph M , Babirye Diana , Mark David , Ayakaka Irene , Haberer Jessica E , Katamba Achilles , Armstrong-Hough Mari , Davis J. Lucian 
Published: June 2018

Background: In resource-constrained settings, challenges with unique patient identification may limit continuity of care, monitoring and evaluation, and data integrity. Biometrics offer an appealing but understudied potential solution.
Methods: We conducted a mixed-methods study to understand feasibility, acceptability, and adoption of digital fingerprinting for patient identification in a study of household TB contact investigation in Kampala, Uganda. We tested associations between demographic, clinical, and temporal characteristics and failure to capture a digital fingerprint. We used generalized estimating equations and a robust covariance estimator to account for clustering. We evaluated clustering of outcomes by household and community health worker by calculating intra-class correlation coefficients. To understand determinants of intended and actual use of fingerprinting technology, we conducted fifteen in-depth interviews with community health workers and applied a widely used conceptual framework, the Technology Acceptance Model 2.
Results: Digital fingerprints were captured in 74% of participants, with extensive clustering by household (ICC = 0.99) arising from hardware (36%) and software (60%) failures. Clinical and demographic characteristics were not significantly associated with fingerprint capture. Community health workers successfully fingerprinted all contacts in 70% of households, with modest clustering of outcomes by CHW (ICC = 0.18). Fingerprinting success at the household level declined over time (Spearman’s rho = 0.30, P < 0.001). In interviews, CHWs reported that fingerprinting non-capture events lowered their own perception of the quality of the technology, threatened their social image, and made the technology more difficult to use.
Conclusions: We found digital fingerprinting to be feasible and acceptable for indvidual identification, but problems implementing the hardware and software led to a high failure rate. Although CHWs found fingerprinting to be acceptable in principle, their intention to use the technology was tempered by perceptions that it was inconsistent and of questionable value. We emphasize the need for routine process evaluation of biometrics and other digital technologies during implementation in resource-constrained settings.
Nectopsycheof Ecuador: a new species from the high Andean páramo and redescription ofNectopsyche spiloma(Ross) (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae)
Authors: Holzenthal Ralph W. , Rios-Touma Blanca 
Published: June 2018

The male and female of a new species of long-horned caddisfly,Nectopsyche paramo, are described from the high Andes of Ecuador. The new species was found above 4,000 m, representing the highest recorded elevation for a species in the genus. The larval stage of the species is also described. Only a total of 13 larvae were collected during a 17-month sampling program and 11 adults, suggesting that the species is rare. Larvae were found mainly in leaf packs. A male and female were observed in a mating swarm ca. 3 m above a stream during late afternoon. In addition, we redescribe the adult male ofNectopsyche spiloma (Ross), previously known from Ecuador from unsubstantiated literature records.
Influence of residents’ cognition of their local environment on evacuation behavior from tsunamis: A case study of Onjuku, Chiba prefecture
Authors: Isagawa Teruyuki , Ohno Ryuzo 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis paper focuses on the effects of residents’ cognition of their local environment on evacuation behavior in the event of a tsunami. We conducted questionnaire surveys and a sketch map survey in the coastal area of Onjuku, Chiba Prefecture. The results revealed the following: (i) evacuation implementation was influenced by cognition of the terrain around their home (the elevation from sea level and/or the distance from the sea) although it was not always correct; (ii) although reasons for choosing evacuation place were different from place to place, main reasons were the location (proximity and ground height) and the sense of safety; and (iii) some improper evacuation route choices (approached the sea, crossed rivers or decreased in elevation) were caused by “distorted” cognitive maps. These results suggest that understanding residents’ cognition is important in developing effective mitigation measures against tsunamis. The tsunami evacuation planning should include informing residents of the actual structure of the town and the appropriate direction for evacuation.
Recommendation of fiducial marker implantation for better target tracking using MV imager in prostate radiotherapy
Authors: Ma Tianjun , Kilian‐Meneghin Joshua , Kumaraswamy Lalith K. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to develop a model that optimizes the fiducial marker locations in the prostate to increase detectability of the markers in the projected EPID images during VMAT treatments.Methods and MaterialsThe fiducial marker tracking capability for each arc was evaluated through a proposed formula. The output of the formula, a detectability score, was calculated with the in‐house developed software written in MATLAB (The Mathworks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA). Three unique weighting factors were added to penalize the detectability score. The detectability scores of four different patterns containing 40 combinations of simulated fiducial marker locations were evaluated with 101 previously treated prostate treatment plans (containing 202 individual arcs). The results were analyzed for each pattern group and each marker separation distance on the transverse plane.ResultsThe maximum detectability of the markers occurred when they were placed between 10 and 15 mm from the center of the prostate in the transverse plane and 6–13 mm in the superior–inferior direction. The detectability decreased when the markers were placed beyond 20 mm in both directions.ConclusionsThe fiducial marker‐based detectability score can be used to predict the real‐time tracking capability. Suggestions for optimal insertion locations were given to improve prostate motion management using MV imaging.
Narrative skill and testimonial accuracy in typically developing children and those with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Brown Deirdre A. , Brown Emma‐Jayne , Lewis Charlie N. , Lamb Michael E. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryChildren must describe maltreatment coherently for their testimony to be influential in court. We know little about how well children with intellectual disabilities (CWID) describe their experiences relative to typically developing (TD) children, despite CWID's vulnerability to maltreatment. We investigated children's reports of an experienced event and compared coherence in CWID (mild to moderate impairment: 7–11 years) with TD children matched for mental (4–10 years) or chronological age (7–11 years). All children included important markers of narrative coherence in their reports. Children with lower mental ages, particularly those with an intellectual disability, included fewer markers of narrative coherence in their reports than children with higher mental ages. Individual markers of narrative coherence, particularly recall of content, predicted accuracy of testimony and resistance to suggestion even when disability and mental age were taken into account. These findings highlight the importance of helping children to describe their experiences coherently.
Dark‐Field Sensors based on Organometallic Halide Perovskite Microlasers
Authors: Wang Kaiyang , Li Gang , Wang Shuai , Liu Shuai , Sun Wenzhao , Huang Can , Wang Yujie , Song Qinghai , Xiao Shumin 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe detection of nanoscale objects is essential for homeland security, environmental monitoring, and early‐stage diagnostics. In the past few years, optical sensors have mostly been developed with passive devices such as microcavity and plasmonic nanostructures, which require external laser sources to operate and significantly increase the costs and bulks of sensing systems. To date, the potential of their active counterparts in optical sensors has not been well explored. Herein, a novel and robust mechanism to detect nanoscale objects with lead halide perovskite microlasers is demonstrated. Nanoparticles can be simply detected and sized by measuring the intensity of scattered laser light. In principle, the proposed concept is also applicable to electrically driven microlasers and it could find applications in portable point‐of‐care devices.
Exceptionally Ductile and Tough Biomimetic Artificial Nacre with Gas Barrier Function
Authors: Eckert Alexander , Rudolph Tobias , Guo Jiaqi , Mang Thomas , Walther Andreas 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSynthetic mimics of natural high‐performance structural materials have shown great and partly unforeseen opportunities for the design of multifunctional materials. For nacre‐mimetic nanocomposites, it has remained extraordinarily challenging to make ductile materials with high stretchability at high fractions of reinforcements, which is however of crucial importance for flexible barrier materials. Here, highly ductile and tough nacre‐mimetic nanocomposites are presented, by implementing weak, but many hydrogen bonds in a ternary nacre‐mimetic system consisting of two polymers (poly(vinyl amine) and poly(vinyl alcohol)) and natural nanoclay (montmorillonite) to provide efficient energy dissipation and slippage at high nanoclay content (50 wt%). Tailored interactions enable exceptional combinations of ductility (close to 50% strain) and toughness (up to 27.5 MJ m−3). Extensive stress whitening, a clear sign of high internal dynamics at high internal cohesion, can be observed during mechanical deformation, and the materials can be folded like paper into origami planes without fracture. Overall, the new levels of ductility and toughness are unprecedented in highly reinforced bioinspired nanocomposites and are of critical importance to future applications, e.g., as barrier materials needed for encapsulation and as a printing substrate for flexible organic electronics.