bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A data‐efficient method for local noise power spectrum (NPS) estimation in FDK‐reconstructed 3D cone‐beam CT
Authors: Zeng Rongping , Torkaman Mahsa , Ning Holly , Zhuge Ying , Miller Robert , Myers Kyle J. 
Published: February 2019

PurposeFor computed tomography (CT) systems in which noise is nonstationary, a local noise power spectrum (NPS) is often needed to characterize its noise property. We have previously developed a data‐efficient radial NPS method to estimate the two‐dimensional (2D) local NPS for filtered back projection (FBP)‐reconstructed fan‐beam CT utilizing the polar separability of CT NPS. In this work, we extend this method to estimate three‐dimensional (3D) local NPS for feldkamp‐davis‐kress (FDK)‐reconstructed cone‐beam CT (CBCT) volumes.MethodsStarting from the 2D polar separability, we analyze the CBCT geometry and FDK image reconstruction process to derive the 3D expression of the polar separability for CBCT local NPS. With the polar separability, the 3D local NPS of CBCT can be decomposed into a 2D radial NPS shape function and a one‐dimensional (1D) angular amplitude function with certain geometrical transforms. The 2D radial NPS shape function is a global function characterizing the noise correlation structure, while the 1D angular amplitude function is a local function reflecting the varying local noise amplitudes. The 3D radial local NPS method is constructed from the polar separability. We evaluate the accuracy of the 3D radial local NPS method using simulated and real CBCT data by comparing the radial local NPS estimates to a reference local NPS in terms of normalized mean squared error (NMSE) and a task‐based performance metric (lesion detectability).ResultsIn both simulated and physical CBCT examples, a very small NMSE (<5%) was achieved by the radial local NPS method from as few as two scans, while for the traditional local NPS method, about 20 scans were needed to reach this accuracy. The results also showed that the detectability‐based system performances computed using the local NPS estimated with the NPS method developed in this work from two scans closely reflected the actual system performance.ConclusionsThe polar separability greatly reduces the data dimensionality of the 3D CBCT local NPS. The radial local NPS method developed based on this property is shown to be capable of estimating the 3D local NPS from only two CBCT scans with acceptable accuracy. The minimum data requirement indicates the potential utility of local NPS in CBCT applications even for clinical situations.
Effects of Riparian Timber Harvest on Southeast Alaska Stream Habitat after 30–40 Years: Insights for Management
Authors: Ross Jared A. , Infante Dana M. , Martin Douglas J. , Rey Mark 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Logging regulations in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska have evolved over time to alleviate the negative effects that historic harvest practices have had on stream habitat. While natural landscape factors largely control stream habitat, timber harvest can alter these influences, underscoring the importance of clarifying the effects of both for understanding and managing habitat in streams. We sampled areas in Southeast Alaska that had riparian zones harvested between 1980 and 1990, a period of less-restrictive timber harvest regulations. Relationships between geomorphic and riparian factors with stream habitat informed a comparison of habitat under differing timber management strategies 30–40 years after harvest. Pool, substrate, and large wood characteristics were related to stream size, channel gradient, and channel confinement, whereas wood-formed pools and large wood density were related to riparian factors. Pool characteristics in streams with harvested riparian zones were similar to those in streams with unharvested riparian zones. Large wood size distributions in streams with harvested riparian zones were also similar to those in streams with unharvested riparian zones and streams within forests managed for timber under contemporary regulations. These findings are likely due to legacy wood loads remaining and functioning to create habitat 30–40 years after harvest. Substrate size was related to timber management practices; streams with harvested riparian zones had smaller median particle sizes than unharvested streams. Wood loads remain and function instream decades after harvest, but the reduced supply of large-sized wood from young-growth riparian stands can result in declining habitat quality, especially in unconfined channels. Management strategies to enhance recovery of riparian stands with trees large enough to supply large-sized wood are recommended. Our approach proved useful in teasing out legacy effects of past timber harvest from the effects of natural drivers on stream habitat, and the results can be used to help prioritize efforts aimed at conserving or restoring stream and riparian habitats in the region.
Assessing a Threatened Fish Species under Budgetary Constraints: Evaluating the Use of Existing Monitoring Data
Authors: Gwinn Daniel C. , Todd Charles R. , Brown Paul , Hunt Taylor L. , Butler Gavin , Kitchingman Adrian , Koehn John D. , Ingram Brett 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Because of the high costs of collecting field data, many species recovery and management plans do not include a monitoring feedback component to measure the success of interventions and refine management strategies. Here, we demonstrate how leveraging existing monitoring data can provide broad-scale, cost-effective information about a threatened fish species, the Murray Cod Maccullochella peelii, which is of cultural and recreational importance in Australia. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model of abundance to Murray Cod catch data collected as part of broad-scale, general condition monitoring in the Murray–Darling Basin. The model uses replicated sampling at spatially independent sites to disentangle the confounding effects of detection probability and abundance on catch data. We demonstrate the reliability of the analysis for determining trends in abundance with a simulation study, and we show that basinwide abundance of Murray Cod declined by over 50% between 2010 and 2013. We found that detection probability of Murray Cod can vary substantially across space and through time, suggesting that accounting for variable detection will be important in any future evaluation of Murray Cod populations. This study highlights variable detection as an issue in monitoring regimes and demonstrates a method for the cost-effective use of existing monitoring data to evaluate species abundance trends.
Application of ground penetrating radar to detect tunnel lining defects based on improved full waveform inversion and reverse time migration
Authors: Zhang Fengkai , Liu Bin , Liu Lanbo , Wang Jing , Lin Chunjin , Yang Lei , Li Yao , Zhang Qingsong , Yang Weimin 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTGround penetrating radar is a popular approach to detect defects in tunnel lining. However, the interpretation is usually based on the original image, which is very different from the real shape of the lining defects. Full waveform inversion and reverse time migration are helpful to solve this problem. Full waveform inversion can invert the relative permittivity distribution and reverse time migration can migrate reflection events to their proper locations. Traditional full waveform inversion method is only applicable to cross‐hole ground penetrating radar data or surface multi‐offset ground penetrating radar data. We propose an improved full waveform inversion method which offers satisfactory inversion result for surface common‐offset radar. The forward modelled waveform and the objective function curve show that our new full waveform inversion method is much more accurate than traditional full waveform inversion for common‐offset radar. Traditional reverse time migration has weaker amplitude with increasing depth; we use an energy matrix to improve the imaging effect. Moreover, our reverse time migration is based on the relative permittivity distribution obtained from full waveform inversion, which provides more accurate imaging result. Through several numerical and engineering examples, we discuss the application of both methods in tunnel lining inspection. The results show that for tunnel lining without rebars, the combined methods can give satisfactory imaging results. But the image quality deteriorates rapidly when dealing with rebars.
Misuse of prescribed opioids in the United States
Authors: Mojtabai Ramin , Amin‐Esmaeili Masoumeh , Nejat Eleeka , Olfson Mark 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPurposeTo assess the prevalence and correlates of self‐reported misuse of prescribed‐opioid medications in the US general population.MethodIn 31 068 adult participants of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) 2015 and 2016 who reported using opioids in the past year, we assessed the prevalence and correlates of self‐reported misuse of prescribed opioids, defined as using a larger dose, more frequently, or longer than prescribed. Multivariable logistic‐regression models and the machine‐learning method of boosted regression were used to identify the correlates of misuse.ResultsOn the basis of weighted NSDUH estimates, of more than 89 million US adults who used prescription opioids every year, close to 3.9 million (4.4%) reported misused the prescribed medications. Prescribed‐opioid misuse was most strongly associated with co‐occurring misuse of opioids without a prescription, misuse of benzodiazepines, other drug‐use disorders, history of illegal activity, and psychological distress. Misuse of prescribed opioids was also strongly associated with prescription opioid–use disorder, especially among those who misused more potent opioids or started misusing opioids before the current year.ConclusionsMisuse of prescribed opioids is associated with other high‐risk behaviors and adverse health outcomes. The findings call for better monitoring of opioid prescription in clinical practice.
Proteomics in Drug Development: The Dawn of a New Era?
Authors: Frantzi Maria , Latosinska Agnieszka , Mischak Harald 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMass spectrometry offers the potential of acquiring high resolution data depicting the functional status of a group of healthy or diseased individuals, according to different conditions. As most of the drugs are currently targeting proteins, proteomics has a dual value, both in the discovery of new molecules as therapeutic targets, but also as a methodology to perform high throughput drug profiling. As there is an evident need for drugs to be improved in terms of efficacy, a mechanistic insight for downstream effectors can be valuable in order to predict side effects and resistance mechanisms. Recently developed assays, like thermal proteome profiling enables comprehensive drug target profiling and is, therefore, of high value in drug discovery. In this review, a systematic literature search is conducted and the most prominent proteomics studies as implicated in assisting drug discovery and development is presented. Focus is placed on investigations that are closer to implementation, therefore particular emphasis is given in studies conducted in human diseased population and further verified in vitro or in vivo.
Effect of Sodium Alginate on the Morphology and Properties of High Energy Insensitive Explosive TKX‐50
Authors: Dong Wenbo , Chen Shusen , Jin Shaohua , Chen Minglei , Yan Bo , Chen Yu 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDihydroxylammonium 5,5′‐bistetrazole‐1,1′‐diolate (TKX‐50) is an energetic ion salt with high energy and low mechanical sensitivity. However, its poor morphology and low binding ability with conventional binders have significantly limited its application. In the present work, we reported a novel strategy to improve the morphology and surface properties of TKX‐50 using sodium alginate (SA) as the modifier by the anti‐solvent method. The results of imaging characterization indicated that SA greatly affected both crystal habit and morphology of TKX‐50, resulting in modified TKX‐50 granulars with low aspect ratios. The formation mechanism was explored by the molecular dynamics simulation. The XPS and SEM characterizations also revealed that SA adhered onto TKX‐50 surface to form a coating layer. The non‐isothermal kinetic parameters were calculated from DSC results. Our work has provided a new strategy to improve the morphology and surface properties of TKX‐50 for its practical applications.
Drug‐related teratogenic and pathologic causes of birth defects in a tertiary hospital in Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Offor Ifeanyichukwu , Awodele Olufunsho , Oshikoya Kazeem A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBirth defects are important causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. A good understanding of the etiology is a vital step toward developing improved treatment and preventive strategies. We conducted an audit of medical records of newborns with birth abnormalities in a tertiary hospital over a 10‐year period, using a Pro forma designed to collect information on obstetric history, antenatal history, sociodemographics of parents, and the type of birth abnormality. Of the 180 medical records reviewed, female babies were 92 (51.1%) and male babies were 86 (47.8%). The mean age of the fathers was 38.2 + 6.2, and mothers 31.8 + 4.9. Majority 115 (63.9%) of the mothers had records of acute illnesses, and 23 (12.8%) chronic illnesses during pregnancy. Unspecified febrile illness 44 (38.3%), malaria 40 (34.8%), typhoid 8 (6.9%), hypertension 13 (56.5%), pregestational diabetes 4 (17.4%), and HIV 3 (13.0%) were the commonest maternal pathologies. Most of the documented birth abnormalities were Down's syndrome 34 (15.2%); congenital hydrocephalus 32 (14.3%); acyanotic congenital heart defect 30 (13.4%); deformity of the digits 26 (11.6%); and ventricular septal defect 20 (8.9%). The prevalence of maternal pathologies calls for concern, as these may be implicated in birth defects, therefore should be further investigated in future studies.
p‐Nitrophenylcarbonates: A New Class of Compounds for Chemodosimetric Colorimetric Fluoride Anion Sensing Detectable by the Naked Eye
Authors: Yadav Amit Kumar , Chilukuri Harsha , Kumari Linthoinganbi Raj , Karthikeyan Muthukumarasamy , Fernandes Moneesha 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA new class of compounds containing the p‐nitrophenylcarbonate motif is reported, that can selectively sense fluoride anions over other halide anions with a detection limit ranging from 0.29 to 0.48 μM. The fluoride ion acts as nucleophile, leading to the liberation of p‐nitrophenol, that is easily detectable and quantifiable colorimetrically.
Weak and Reversible Binding of Alkali Metal Ions (Na+/K+) by an Aza‐Oxa Cryptand
Authors: Gupta Mayank , Tomar Kapil , Pandey Sarvesh K. , Bharadwaj Parimal K. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA laterally asymmetric cryptand incorporating amino N and ethereal O was utilized to bind the hard alkali metal ions (Na+ and K+) in aqueous medium. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction studies revealed that both Na+ and K+ ions were included inside the cryptand cavity. However, the trapped metal ions were weakly bound and could be released from the cavity of the cryptand. This cryptand had been used as a column chromatographic material for trapping Na+ and K+ ions from water as the trapped metal ion could be released back into water to extract the cryptand in its free state. Metal binding capability of the cryptand was evaluated using computational studies that revealed lower binding energy (B.E.) for the Na+ and K+ ions compared to first row transition metal ions.
S4: A Spatially Continuous, Individual‐Based Model of Salmonid Redd Superimposition
Authors: Dudley Peter N. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSuperimposition is one of the earliest risks faced by salmonids during their life cycle and can cause substantial egg mortality. Because habitat area is a determining factor in superimposition risk, agencies allocate large amounts of resources to spawning habitat restoration. Due to the superimposition mortality risk and the funding of spawning habitat restoration, freely available, user‐friendly models that accurately predict superimposition could be useful for strategic management. This paper presents an individual‐based model, the Salmonid Spawning Superimposition Simulator (S4), which is a spatially continuous spawning model with a daily temporal resolution and heterogeneous habitat. I used S4 to analyze the effects of spawning behavior, available habitat, habitat heterogeneity, and changing size and reproductive life span over the spawning season. Salmon may prefer to spawn on previously established redds, and this behavior increased superimposition risk at low spawning densities but had less of an effect as spawner density increased. Decreasing the density of spawners reduced the superimposition risk quickly down to a density threshold of 0.03 spawners/m2, below which there was less than a 5% change in the number of eggs killed. There were small effects from changing spawner length and reproductive life span over the spawning season. Finally, as the difference in habitat quality between patches increased, the effect of changing the percentage of superior‐quality habitat on the number of eggs killed became more peaked and asymmetric. This model and the associated findings can help managers to determine effective levels of spawning gravel additions, understand the causes of observed superimposition mortality, and assess the effects of restoration on superimposition risk.
Combinatoriality in the vocal systems of nonhuman animals
Authors: Engesser Sabrina , Townsend Simon W. 
Published: February 2019

A key challenge in the field of human language evolution is the identification of the selective conditions that gave rise to language's generative nature. Comparative data on nonhuman animals provides a powerful tool to investigate similarities and differences among nonhuman and human communication systems and to reveal convergent evolutionary mechanisms. In this article, we provide an overview of the current evidence for combinatorial structures found in the vocal system of diverse species. We show that considerable structural diversity exits across and within species in the forms of combinatorial structures used. Based on this we suggest that a fine‐grained classification and differentiation of combinatoriality is a useful approach permitting systematic comparisons across animals. Specifically, this will help to identify factors that might promote the emergence of combinatoriality and, crucially, whether differences in combinatorial mechanisms might be driven by variations in social and ecological conditions or cognitive capacities.This article is categorized under:
Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition
Linguistics > Evolution of Language
Adjoint orbits, generalised parallelisable spaces and consistent truncations
Authors: Anderson Louise 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe aim of this note is to present some new explicit examples ofO(d,d)generalised Leibniz parallelisable spaces arising as the normal bundles of adjoint orbits$$ \mathcal{O} $$Oof some semi-simple Lie groupG. Using this construction, an explicit expression for a generalised frame is given in the case when the orbits are regular, but subtleties arise when they become degenerate. In the case of regular orbits, the resulting space is a globally flat fiber bundle over$$ \mathcal{O} $$Owhich can be made compact, allowing for a generalised Scherk-Schwartz reduction. This means these spaces should admit consistent supergravity truncations. For degenerate orbits, the procedure hinges on the existence of a suitable metric, allowing for a consistent normalisation of the generalised frame.
Thulium fiber laser: the new player for kidney stone treatment? A comparison with Holmium:YAG laser
Authors: Traxer Olivier , Keller Etienne Xavier 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Purpose
To compare the operating modes of the Holmium:YAG laser and Thulium fiber laser. Additionally, currently available literature on Thulium fiber laser lithotripsy is reviewed.

Materials and methods
Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched for articles relating to the operating modes of Holmium:YAG and Thulium fiber lasers, including systematic review of articles on Thulium fiber laser lithotripsy.

Results
The laser beam emerging from the Holmium:YAG laser involves fundamental architectural design constraints compared to the Thulium fiber laser. These differences translate into multiple potential advantages in favor of the Thulium fiber laser: four-fold higher absorption coefficient in water, smaller operating laser fibers (50–150 µm core diameter), lower energy per pulse (as low as 0.025 J), and higher maximal pulse repetition rate (up to 2000 Hz). Multiple comparative in vitro studies suggest a 1.5–4 times faster stone ablation rate in favor of the Thulium fiber laser.

Conclusions
The Thulium fiber laser overcomes the main limitations reported with the Holmium:YAG laser relating to lithotripsy, based on preliminary in vitro studies. This innovative laser technology seems particularly advantageous for ureteroscopy and may become an important milestone for kidney stone treatment.
Trust: from the Philosophical to the Commercial
Authors: Tallant Jonathan , Donati Donatella 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis is a paper about trust, with a specific focus on the ways in which trust is investigated in the business literature and the commercial sector. The lens through which the topic is approached is distinctively philosophical. We use philosophical tools to demonstrate the paucity of some of the accounts of trust that are given in the business and management literature, as well as the empirically informed literature that has flowed from them. We close with a discussion of some work on trust drawn from the commercial sector that would, as we shall demonstrate, benefit from a clearer understanding of the nature of trust. We take this to be important. Trust is a key moral and ethical component of transactional relationships. Without a clear understanding of the notion, we will be missing a central concept in our attempts to understand the commercial world that we inhabit. The paper proceeds in four parts. In the first part of the paper we introduce some reasonably standard philosophical distinctions between different kinds of trust, as well as saying a little more about our methods. In the second, we demonstrate that a reasonably widely held account of trust in the business and management literature fails to capture the nuance reflected by the philosophical literature. On the basis of this, in the third section, we suggest that various pieces of empirical work require reassessment. In the final part of the paper we explore some non-academic discussions of trust drawn from the commercial sector arguing that, there too, we require a more precise understanding of trust. In short, though, our overarching argument is simply this: if we can give a more precise analysis of trust, it follows that both our empirical research and current commercial activity can be improved.