bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pluralism, Tolerance and Control: On the Millet System and the Question of Minorities
Authors: Cakal Ergun 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
State accommodation of plural identity has remained very much subject to the contestations of a majority/minority paradigm, through which autonomy and tolerance are still negotiated and filtered. These social reconfigurations, including those oriented towards internal self-determination and minority rights regimes, reveal glimpses of a dark neo-colonial underbelly to state rule. A comparison between the Ottoman millet system and the Israeli control system illustrates that imperial modes of ‘divide and rule’, or ‘segmented pluralism’, continue to operate, and are sometimes even enhanced, through the deployment of minority rights. Using a selective Marxist reading, this paper will initially explore the parallels between imperial and modern state rule in the face of pluralism before discussing the methods used for hegemony-maintenance, including: segmentation; dependence; and cooptation. Finally, a socio-legal discussion on the ways in which the forces of hegemony are heavily guised and sustained will follow.
Inks as Instruments of Writing
Authors: Raggetti Lucia 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA short treatise attributed to Ibn al-Ǧazarī (born Damascus 751/1351) deals with what was considered necessary knowledge about the art and craft of penmanship. Along with linguistic and antiquarian remarks, scribal practices, and social applications of writing, an entire section is devoted to the preparation of inks. The selection of recipes includes different ink typologies and technical approaches to ink making, with a preference for metallic compounds; the manipulation of metallic substances often absorbed technological aspects of alchemical practice. This article provides an edition and a commented English translation of the section on inks in the Book on the Art of Penmanship, as preserved by its unique manuscript witness, MS Berlin Sprenger 1918. A recipe for the distillation of an artificial golden ink has been replicated in order to better understand the interaction between the text and the chemical reality behind it.
‮قيد تفريغ الكتب نسخاً ومعارضة في مخطوطات علم الحديث في القرون من الخامس حتى السابع الهجرية‬‎
Authors: ‮الجوماني‬‎ ‮د. سعيد ضامن‬‎ 
Published: July 2019

‮الملخص‬‎
‮يعرِض هذا المقال قيداً جديداً من قيود توثيق المخطوطات، وهو قيد تفريغ الكتب نسخاً ومعارضةَ. الذي تتمحور وظيفته في إثبات أصالة النسخة التي جاء عليها، وإثبات جزءٍ من نسب النسخ المتفرِعَة عنها، كما تمَّ في ثنايا البحث التفريق بين إجازتي السماع والقراءة مع تحديد سبل الكشف عنهما. وتتألف عينةُ الدراسة من مجاميع مكتبة المدرسة العمرية المحفوظة في المكتبة الوطنية بدمشق، والمتاحة على موقع الألوكة.‬‎
The Effect of Turbulence on the Accretional Growth of Graupel
Authors: Jost Alexander , Szakáll Miklós , Diehl Karoline , Mitra Subir Kumar , Hundertmark Anna , Klug Birte Salome , Borrmann Stephan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWind tunnel experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of turbulence on the collection kernel of graupel. The collection kernel defines the growth rate of a graupel accreting supercooled droplets as it falls through a cloud. The ambient conditions were similar to those occurring typically in the mixed-phase zone of convective clouds, that is, at temperatures between −7° and −16°C and with liquid water contents from 0.5 to 1.3 g m−3. Tethered spherical collectors with radii between 220 and 340 μm were exposed in a flow carrying supercooled droplets with a mean volume radius of 10 μm. The vertical root-mean-square fluctuation velocity, the dissipation rate, and the Taylor-microscale Reynolds number of the turbulent flow were determined as urms = 0.13 m s−1, ε = 0.13 m2 s−3, and Rλ = 48, respectively. The collection kernels of tethered graupel grown under laminar and turbulent conditions revealed no measurable difference, indicating that turbulence has no effect on the growth of graupel in the investigated size range. A comparison of laminar collection kernels to theoretically calculated values from a continuous growth model showed that graupel growth is strongly dominated by the fast increase of the radius due to the accretion of rime ice with low density. It is assumed that, compared to a water drop growing by collision and coalescence, this causes a fast increase in the swept volume overcompensating all other effects such as the self-induced stochastic movements due to surface roughness and latent heat release, as well as the possible influence of the flow’s small-scale turbulence.
Whitecap and Wind Stress Observations by Microwave Radiometers: Global Coverage and Extreme Conditions
Authors: Hwang Paul A. , Reul Nicolas , Meissner Thomas , Yueh Simon H. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWhitecaps manifest surface wave breaking that impacts many ocean processes, of which surface wind stress is the driving force. For close to a half century of quantitative whitecap reporting, only a small number of observations are obtained under conditions with wind speed exceeding 25 m s−1. Whitecap contribution is a critical component of ocean surface microwave thermal emission. In the forward solution of microwave thermal emission, the input forcing parameter is wind speed, which is used to generate the modeled surface wind stress, surface wave spectrum, and whitecap coverage necessary for the subsequent electromagnetic (EM) computation. In this respect, microwave radiometer data can be used to evaluate various formulations of the drag coefficient, whitecap coverage, and surface wave spectrum. In reverse, whitecap coverage and surface wind stress can be retrieved from microwave radiometer data by employing precalculated solutions of an analytical microwave thermal emission model that yields good agreement with field measurements. There are many published microwave radiometer datasets covering a wide range of frequency, incidence angle, and both vertical and horizontal polarizations, with maximum wind speed exceeding 90 m s−1. These datasets provide information of whitecap coverage and surface wind stress from global oceans and in extreme wind conditions. Breaking wave energy dissipation rate per unit surface area can be estimated also by making use of its linear relationship with whitecap coverage derived from earlier studies.
On the Forecast Sensitivity of MCS Cold Pools and Related Features to Horizontal Grid Spacing in Convection-Allowing WRF Simulations
Authors: Squitieri Brian J. , Gallus William A. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
While the implementation of convection-allowing models has improved the representation of convective features, a consensus is lacking regarding what horizontal grid spacing most appropriately resolves convective structures, is computationally feasible, and provides the most useful output to forecasters. The present study evaluates 14 simulated MCSs with 3-, 1- and 0.333-km horizontal grid spacing in order to understand sensitivity in simulated MCS forward propagation speeds and cold pool behavior with decreased grid spacing. MCS cold pools were found to be significantly larger in runs using finer grid spacing. In addition, a greater similarity in solutions occurred when grid spacing was refined to 1 km and less, with 1- and 0.333-km MCS cold pools more similar in magnitude, depth, length, and areal coverage, than 3-km cold pools. The 1-km simulations demonstrated a small increase in forecast skill for 3-h QPF throughout MCS evolution compared to 3-km runs. The 1-km MCS 9-h precipitation swaths were also better aligned with observations compared to 3-km simulations. When evaluating MCS forward propagation speeds, however, 3-km simulated MCS speeds were more similar to observations compared to 1 km.
Diagnostic Protocol for Detecting Otosclerosis on High-Resolution Temporal Bone CT
Authors: Brown Lisa A. , Mocan Burce Ozgen , Redleaf Miriam I. 
Published: July 2019

Objectives: To present a systematic checklist to improve diagnosing otosclerosis (OS) on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the temporal bones and review this protocol’s efficacy in diagnosing OS on HRCT. Methods: A retrospective case series was performed at a University Referral Hospital in urban Chicago, Illinois. High-resolution computed tomographies of the temporal bone were reviewed including 17 ears in the test group with surgically confirmed OS and 21 ears in the control group surgically confirmed to not have OS. Preoperative HRCTs were evaluated by a single neuroradiologist using a systematic protocol created to assist in diagnosing OS. This looked for radiolucency at the fissula ante fenestram and pericochlear region, and new bone formation around the oval and round windows. Results: The radiologist accurately diagnosed OS in all 17 test group ears and ruled out OS in all 21 control group ears using the protocol. All 17 test ears were read to have lucency at the fissula ante fenestram, 9 (53.0%) to have new bone formation, and 8 (47.1%) to have cochlear lucency. The radiologist was more confident in diagnosing OS when cochlear lucency was present with the fissula ante fenestram lucency. Conclusions: This HRCT checklist is a highly accurate tool for evaluating the presence of OS when images are reviewed in the systematic fashion described. Imaging prior to surgery aids in counseling patients, preparing surgically, and excluding other pathologies.
Reassessing the Generational Disparity in Immigrant Offending: A Within-family Comparison of Involvement in Crime
Authors: Bersani Bianca E. , Pittman Adam W. 
Published: July 2019

Objective: This study reassesses the generational disparity in immigrant offending. Patterns and predictors of offending are compared using traditional peer-based models and an alternative within-family (parent–child dyad) model. Method: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979; NLSY79) and NLSY-Child and Young Adult (NLSY_CYA) data are merged to create an intergenerational data set to compare generational disparities in immigrant offending across peers and within families. Differences in self-reported offending (prevalence and variety) by immigrant generation are assessed using a combination of descriptive analyses (χ2 and analysis of variance) and regression models. Results: While NLSY_CYA children generally are at a greater risk of offending compared with the NLSY79 mothers, the difference in offending is greatest between first-generation mom and second-generation child dyads. Disparities in offending are driven in large part by exceedingly low levels of offending among first-generation immigrants. Conclusion: Although the factors driving an increase in offending between parent–child generations are not unique to immigrants, they are amplified in immigrant families. Whereas the second generation is remarkably similar to their U.S.-born counterparts in terms of their involvement in crime, suggesting a high degree of swift integration, the greater involvement in crime among the children of immigrants compared to their foreign-born mothers suggests a decline in well-being across successive generations.
From Hybrid Organizations to Social-purpose Hierarchies: Toward a Transaction Cost Economics of Social Enterprises
Authors: Agafonow Alejandro 
Published: July 2019

Building on Oliver E. Williamson’s work, this article lays the basis for a transaction cost theory of social enterprises. It is submitted that the more proprietary-centred the creation of value is, the lower the governance costs of economizing on bounded rationality to protect patrons from the hazard of opportunism. Since not all productive activities can be organized within the range of the lowest governance costs, a discrete structural analysis is developed, with different ranges of governance costs suitable for different purposes depending on the kinds of value creation intended and the class of patrons to be protected. Accepting higher governance costs is justified by preventing the exploitation of bargaining asymmetries at the expense of selected classes of patrons like disadvantaged customers and stakeholders at large, subject to what is feasible, or Williamson’s remediableness standard. JEL: D23, M14
Targeting CGRP via receptor antagonism and antibody neutralisation in two distinct rodent models of migraine-like pain
Authors: Christensen Sarah L , Petersen Steffen , Kristensen David Møbjerg , Olesen Jes , Munro Gordon 
Published: July 2019

Introduction Rodent disease models can play an indispensable role in drug development. Confirming that translationally-relevant disease mechanisms are engaged in such models is a crucial facet of this process. Accordingly, we have validated the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide signaling in a mouse model of glyceryl trinitrate-provoked migraine-like pain and a spontaneous rat model of migraine-like pain by assessing their pharmacological responsiveness to the small molecule calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist olcegepant, and the humanised monoclonal calcitonin gene-related peptide antibody ALD405. Methods Cutaneous sensitivity to hind paw, and periorbital mechanical stimulation were used as surrogate markers of activation of relevant pain pathways in each respective model. Separate experiments were performed to identify the time-course of treatment response to olcegepant (1 mg/kg i.p.) and ALD405 (10 mg/kg i.p.). Results Olcegepant and ALD405 significantly alleviated cutaneous mechanical hypersensitivity in both models compared with corresponding control treatments (saline and IgG control antibody respectively). As expected, the duration of anti-nociceptive action obtained with ALD405 was considerably longer than that associated with olcegepant. Surprisingly, in the spontaneous rat model the onset of action of ALD405 occurred within just 4 hours after administration. Discussion The current data clearly show that calcitonin gene-related peptide-mediated signaling is critically involved in the manifestation of cutaneous hypersensitivity in distinct rodent models of migraine-like pain and emphasise their translational relevance. Moreover, the unexpected rapidity of onset observed for ALD405 supports i) a probable site of action outside the blood-brain barrier, and ii) a potential clinical utility of specific monoclonal calcitonin gene-related peptide antibodies in the abortive treatment of migraine.
The Evolution of Subclinical Seizures in Children With Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Authors: de Groen Anne-Elise C. , Bolton Jeffrey , Bergin Ann Marie , Sahin Mustafa , Peters Jurriaan M. 
Published: July 2019

Background: Subclinical seizures are electrographic seizures that present without subjective or objective clinical symptoms. In tuberous sclerosis complex, it is not known whether subclinical seizures occur alone, forewarn, or coexist with clinical seizures. To address this knowledge gap, we studied the prevalence and evolution of subclinical seizures in tuberous sclerosis complex. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed electroencephalography (EEG) data from our tuberous sclerosis complex clinic with subclinical seizures and clinical seizures in a blinded fashion. Based on EEG location and ictal pattern, subclinical seizures were classified as having a clinical counterpart from the same epileptogenic region (match) or not (no match). Results: Of 208 children with tuberous sclerosis complex, 138 had epilepsy and available EEG data. Subclinical seizures were detected in 26 of 138 (19%) children. Twenty-four children had both subclinical seizures and clinical seizures captured on EEG. In 13 of 24, subclinical seizures were detected as a novel, not previously recorded seizure type. In these children, subclinical seizures preceded matching clinical seizures in 4 (31%) within a median time of 4.5 months (range 2-14), whereas 9 (69%) never had any matching clinical seizure. In 11 of 24 children, subclinical seizures were not novel and could be matched to a previously recorded clinical seizure. Matching seizure types were focal (n = 10, 67%), tonic (n = 2), epileptic spasms (n = 2), and status epilepticus (n = 1). Conclusions: Subclinical seizures occur in one-fifth of children with tuberous sclerosis complex and epilepsy, and match with clinical seizures in a small majority. In a third of patients presenting with a novel subclinical seizure, matching clinical seizures follow.
Healthcare staff's experiences of implementing one to one contact in nursing homes
Authors: Helgesen Ann Karin , Fagerli Liv Berit , Grøndahl Vigdis Abrahamsen 
Published: July 2019

Background: Person-centred care is often described as an ideal way of preserving vulnerable persons’ wellbeing and dignity and an essential component of quality-care delivery. However, the staff find that making the care dignified is the most challenging issue, often because of effectivity, everyday stress and overload. In the interests of making the care more person-centred, systematic intervention involving ‘one-to-one contact’ (resident – carer) was trialled for 30 min twice a week over 12 months in two units in a nursing home in Eastern Norway. Objectives: The aim of the study was to elicit healthcare staff’s experiences of implementing ‘one-to-one contact’ between residents and carers in nursing homes. Methods: The study has a grounded-theory inspired design. Two groups of health care staff were each interviewed three times. Data were collected over an 18-month period. Ethical considerations: The study was approved by the Data Protection Official for Research under the auspices of the Norwegian Social Science Data Services. Findings: The core category is ‘One-to-one contact’ at a nursing home is possible, but requires open-mindedness. The core category indicates that open-mindedness is required, since it does not take much for scepticism to take over and cause reversion to habitual practices. The category Expectant but Sceptical describes staff thoughts and experiences before the implementation phase got underway. The category Positive but Undecided describes staff experiences 6 months into the intervention and after 12 months. Conclusions: This study has revealed that systematic ‘one-to-one contact’ between resident and carer in nursing home is achievable, and that such a simple action might be an important step towards achieving more person-centred care as the resident is seen more as a person. However, in order to make a more person-centred and dignified approach to care constant attentiveness and awareness is required, as there were ongoing factors counteracting it.
Development of “Predict ME,” an online classifier to aid in differentiating diabetic macular edema from pseudophakic macular edema
Authors: Hecht Idan , Achiron Ran , Bar Asaf , Munk Marion R , Huf Wolfgang , Burgansky-Eliash Zvia , Achiron Asaf 
Published: July 2019

Purpose: Differentiating the underlying pathology of macular edema in patients with diabetic retinopathy following cataract surgery can be challenging. In 2015, Munk and colleagues trained and tested a machine learning classifier which uses optical coherence tomography variables in order to distinguish the underlying pathology of macular edema between diabetic macular edema and pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. It was able to accurately diagnose the underlying pathology in 90%–96% of cases. However, actually using the trained classifier required dedicated software and advanced technical skills which hindered its accessibility to most clinicians. Our aim was to package the classifier in an easy to use web-tool and validate the web-tool using a new cohort of patients. Methods: We packaged the classifier in a web-tool intended for use on a personal computer or mobile phone. We first ensured that the results from the web-tool coincide exactly with the results from the original algorithm and then proceeded to test it using data of 14 patients. Results: The etiology was accurately predicted in 12 out of 14 cases (86%). The cases with diabetic macular edema were accurately diagnosed in 7 out of 7 cases. Of the pseudophakic cystoid macular edema cases, 5 out of 6 were correctly interpreted and 1 case with a mixed etiology was interpreted as pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. Variable input was reported to be easy and took on average 7 ± 3 min. Conclusion: The web-tool implementation of the classifier seems to be a valuable tool to support research into this field.
A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials Utilizing Telemedicine for Improving Heart Failure Readmission: Can a Realist Approach Bridge the Translational Divide?
Authors: Gonzalez Garcia Manuel , Fatehi Farhad , Bashi Nazli , Varnfield Marlien , Iyngkaran Pupalan , Driscoll Andrea , Neil Christopher , Hare David L , Oldenburg Brian 
Published: July 2019

Background: Telemedicine and digital health technologies hold great promise for improving clinical care of heart failure. However, inconsistent and contradictory findings from randomized controlled trials have so far discouraged widespread adoption of digital health in routine clinical practice. We undertook this review study to summarize the study outcomes of the use of exploring the evidence for telemedicine in the clinical care of patients with heart failure and readmissions. Methods: We inspected the references of guidelines and searched PubMed for randomized controlled trials published over the past 10 years on the use of telemedicine for reducing readmission in heart failure. We utilized a modified realist review approach to identify the underlying contextual mechanisms for the intervention(s) in each randomized controlled trial, evaluating outcomes of the intervention and understanding how and under what conditions they worked. To provide uniformity, all extracted data were synthesized using adapted domains from the taxonomy for disease management created by the Disease Management Taxonomy Writing Group. Results: A total of 12 papers were eligible, 6 of them supporting and 6 others undermining the use of telemedicine for improving heart failure readmission. In general terms, those studies not supporting the use of telemedicine were multicentre, publicly funded, with large amount of participants, and long duration. The patients had also better rates of treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blocker and beta-blockers, and telemonitoring and automatic transmission of vital signs were less utilized, in comparison with the studies in which telemedicine use was supported. The analysis of the environment, intensity, content of interventions, method of communication, quality of the underlying model of care and the ability, capability, and interest from health workers can help us to envisage probabilities of success of telemedicine use. Conclusions: A realist lens may aid to understand whom and in which circumstances the use of telemedicine can add any substantial value to traditional models of care. Wider outcome criteria beyond major adverse cardiovascular events, for example, cost efficacy, should also be considered as appropriate for effecting guidelines on care delivery when robust prognostic therapeutics already exist.