bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Railroad Rails Containing Electrode-Induced Pitting From Pressure Electric Welding
Authors: Luck Blain R. , Vigilante Gregory N. , Ethier Christopher L. , Troiano Edward J. , Marquis Brian , Yu Hailing , Jeong David Y. 
Published: June 2018

The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) routinely conducts investigations of railroad accidents to determine causation and any contributing factors to help the railroad industry implement corrective measures that may prevent similar incidents in the future. Over the past decade, FRA has investigated multiple broken rail accidents in which fractures in the rail web were identified. The common features observed in the recovered rail fragments from these accidents included welds and spots or burn marks on the web, indicating that the rails were joined together by pressure electric welding.
Pressure electric welding uses a welding head that clamps around two opposing rail ends, pressing an electrode on each rail, then hydraulically pulling the rail ends together while arcing current through the electrodes into the rails, causing them to essentially melt together to form a continuous rail.
Based on the similarities observed in the web fractures, FRA rail integrity specialists hypothesized that stray (i.e. inadvertent and unwanted) arcing during pressure electric welding can result in the formation of burns or pits on the rail where it makes contact with the electrodes. Moreover, these electrode-induced pits behave as stress raisers (also referred to as stress concentrations). Fatigue cracks often develop at locations of stress concentration. Once a fatigue crack initiates, the localized stress encourages the growth of the crack, which may potentially lead to rail failure.
This paper describes the forensic evaluations of three railroad rails containing electrode-induced pitting. These evaluations include: magnetic particle inspection to nondestructively detect cracks emanating from the pitting; fractography to study the fracture surfaces of the cracks; metallography to study the microstructure; analysis of chemical composition; and measurements of tensile mechanical properties and fracture toughness of rail steel. Moreover, the results of these evaluations confirm the hypothesis postulated by FRA that stray arcing during pressure electric welding can cause electrode-induced pitting.
Providing Cyber Situational Awareness (CSA) for PTC Using a Distributed IDS System (DIDS)
Authors: Kolli Satish , Lilly Joshua , Wijesekera Duminda 
Published: June 2018

American Railroads are planning to complete implementation of their Positive Train Control (PTC) systems by 2020 with the primary safety objectives of avoiding inter-train collisions, train derailments and ensuring railroad worker safety. Under published I-ETMS specifications, the onboard unit (OBU) communicates with two networks; (1) the Signaling network that conveys track warrants to occupy blocks etc. and (2) the Wayside Interface Unit (WIU) network, a sensor network situated on tracks to gather navigational information. These include the status of rail infrastructure (such as switches) and any operational hazards that may affect the intended train path. In order to facilitate timely delivery of messages, PTC systems will have a reliable radio network operating in the reserved 220MHz spectrum, although the PTC system itself is designed to be a real-time fail safe distributed control systems. Both the signaling and the WIUs communicate their information (track warrants, speed restrictions, and Beacon status) using software defined radio networks. Given that PTC systems are controlled by radio networks, they are subjected to cyber-attacks.
We show a design and a prototype implementation of a PTC Cyber Situational awareness system that gathers information from WIU devices and Locomotives for the use of rail operators. In order to do so, we designed secure IDS components to reside on the On Board Units (OBU), signaling points (SP) and the WIUs that gather real-time status information and share them with the Back Office system to provide the cyber-security health of the communication fabric. Our system is able to detect and share information about command replay, hash breaking guessing and message corruption attacks.
Impaired cortical autonomic responses during sympathetic activation in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension characterized by postganglionic autonomic dysfunction
Authors: Baker Jacquie , Paturel Justin R. , Kimpinski Kurt 
Published: June 2018

Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (NOH) is a cardinal feature of autonomic dysfunction. The cortical autonomic network (CAN) is a network of brain regions associated with autonomic function. Therefore, our objective was to investigate whether impairment of CAN structures is involved in the pathophysiology of NOH. Fifteen controls (63 ± 13 yr) and 15 NOH patients (67 ± 6 yr; P = 0.2) with peripheral autonomic dysfunction completed standard tests of parasympathetic [deep breathing (DB)] and sympathetic [Valsalva maneuver (VM)] activation during a functional MRI. Blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrasts were obtained and contrasted. Compared with controls, patients had significantly smaller heart rate responses to DB (control: 15.23 ± 9.6 vs. NOH: 5.7 ± 2.1) and Valsalva ratios (control: 2.1 ± 0.47 vs. NOH: 1.2 ± 0.1; P < 0.001). NOH patients had absent adrenergic phases (late phase II and phase IV) during VM as per a qualitative analysis. During VM, controls had greater activation in the right hippocampus (T-value: 8.03), left posterior cingulate (TL: 7.6), and bilateral thalamus (TR: 7.41, TL: 8.45; P < 0.05). During phase IV, controls had greater activation in the right hippocampus (TR: 5.78l P < 0.05). Following subtraction analysis, no significant differences were evident during DB. In conclusion, NOH patients have significantly less CAN activation during sympathetic, but not parasympathetic, activation. Impaired CANs associated with sympathetic activation may be involved in the pathophysiology of NOH. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (NOH) is a cardinal feature of autonomic dysfunction characterized by failure of reflexive sympathetic activation. Our result reveal that patients with autonomic dysfunction caused by postganglionic sympathetic impairment also have impaired activation of structures within the cortical autonomic network. Impaired activation is evident during a test of sympathetic, but not parasympathetic, activation. Impaired cortical autonomic networks associated with sympathetic activation may be involved in the pathophysiology of NOH.
Patient HLA Germline Variation and Transplant Survivorship
Authors: Petersdorf Effie W. , Stevenson Philip , Malkki Mari , Strong Roland K. , Spellman Stephen R. , Haagenson Michael D. , Horowitz Mary M. , Gooley Ted , Wang Tao 
Published: June 2018

Purpose HLA mismatching increases mortality after unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation. The role of the patient’s germline variation on survival is not known. Patients and Methods We previously identified 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms within the HLA region as markers of transplantation determinants and tested these in an independent cohort of 1,555 HLA-mismatched unrelated transplants. Linkage disequilibrium mapping across class II identified candidate susceptibility features. The candidate gene was confirmed in an independent cohort of 3,061 patients. Results Patient rs429916AA/AC was associated with increased transplantation-related mortality compared with rs429916CC (hazard ratio [HR], 1.39; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.73; P = .003); rs429916A positivity was a proxy for DOA*01:01:05. Mortality increased with one (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.0 to 1.36; P = .05) and two (HR, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.41 to 4.45; P = .002) DOA*01:01:05 alleles. HLA-DOA*01:01:05 was a proxy for HLA-DRB1 alleles encoding FEY ( P < 10E-15) and FDH ( P < 10E-15) amino acid substitutions at residues 26/28/30 that influence HLA-DRβ peptide repertoire. FEY- and FDH-positive alleles were positively associated with rs429916A ( P < 10E-15); FDY-positive alleles were negatively associated. Mortality was increased with FEY (HR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.29 to 2.13; P = .00008) and FDH (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.93; P = .04), whereas FDY was protective (HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.98; P = .02). Of the three candidate motifs, FEY was validated as the susceptibility determinant for mortality (HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.67; P = .05). Although FEY was found frequently among African and Hispanic Americans, it increased mortality independently of ancestry. Conclusion Patient germline HLA-DRB1 alleles that encode amino acid substitutions that influence the peptide repertoire of HLA-DRβ predispose to increased death after transplantation. Patient germline variation informs transplantation outcomes across US populations and may provide a means to reduce risks for high-risk patients through pretransplantation screening and evaluation.
Increase in Adiponectin Level Prevents the Development of Type 2 Diabetes in Japanese Men With Low Adiponectin Levels
Authors: Kashiwagi Risa , Yamada Yuya , Ito Yoshito , Mitsui Yuto , Sakaue Takaaki , Iwamoto Ryuya , Saisho Kenji , Tamba Sachiko , Yamamoto Koji , Watanabe Takehiko , Fujimoto Takashi , Iwahashi Hiromi , Matsuzawa Yuji 
Published: June 2018

AbstractContextLow serum adiponectin (Ad) level is an important risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).ObjectiveTo determine whether the changes in Ad in subjects with low baseline serum Ad levels can reduce the rate of development of T2DM.Design/Setting/ParticipantsWe performed a large-scale longitudinal study of 7052 healthy Japanese men who underwent general health checkups more than twice between April 2007 and May 2015 at the Physical Check up Center, Sumitomo Hospital. The participants were divided into quartile groups according to baseline Ad level. Subjects of the lowest baseline Ad group (≤5.2 μg/mL) were subdivided into quartile subgroups according to the percent change in Ad (%ΔAd) and into two subgroups according to endpoint Ad (&gt;5.2 and ≤5.2 μg/mL).Main Outcome MeasuresThe cumulative incidence rate of T2DM.ResultsThe cumulative incidence rate of T2DM of the lowest baseline Ad group (≤5.2 μg/mL) was significantly higher than the other quartile groups. The cumulative incidence rates of T2DM were significantly lower in the largest (≥21.5%) and the second largest (9.3% to 21.4%) %ΔAd-increased subgroups compared with the %ΔAd-decreased subgroup (P &lt; 0.001 and P = 0.005, respectively). The cumulative incidence rates of T2DM were significantly lower in the endpoint Ad &gt;5.2 μg/mL subgroup than in the ≤5.2 μg/mL subgroup (P &lt; 0.001).ConclusionsIncreases in serum Ad levels of at least ~10% or &gt;5.2 μg/mL can potentially reduce the risk of development of T2DM in Japanese men with low baseline Ad levels who are at a high risk of developing T2DM.
Biological treatment and ultrafiltration of woodchip pre-hydrolysis liquor from dissolving pulp mills
Authors: Condezo Castro Tatiana Aurora , Silva Claudio Mudadu , Colodette Jorge Luiz , Mounteer Ann H. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Dissolving pulps could be considered as the future biorefineries, which normally generate liquor during the wood chip pre-hydrolysis (PHL). PHL has high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Mills do not have efficient means for disposal of PHL, being in general burned in the recovery boiler with a high cost due to its low consistency. The objectives of this work were to evaluate i) the biotreatability of PHL and the effects it would have on a kraft mill effluent biological treatment plant and ii) the use of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane to treat the PHL prior to biological treatment. PHL was generated into lab with a hydrothermal process and was mixed with kraft pulp mill effluent in different proportions and added to sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). The SBRs achieved high rates of COD removal (>75 %). However, treated effluent COD increased with the increase in PHL dose. This treatment using UF membranes reduced the COD load. Biotreatability of the UF permeate was higher than that of PHL. UF retentate, with 28 % of the volume and a much higher solids content than the initial PHL, would have a significantly lower evaporation energy demand if sent to the black liquor evaporators.
Welche Fachpersonen zeigen sich in der Literatur zuständig für die spirituellen Bedürfnisse von Patientinnen und Patienten mit einer neuen Krebsdiagnose?
Authors: Zumstein-Shaha Maya , Alder Judith 
Published: June 2018

Zusammenfassung
Spiritualität und Spiritual Care sind vielfach diskutiert im Gesundheitswesen. Einerseits fördern die Vorgaben der Weltgesundheitsorganisation WHO die zunehmende Visibilität. Andererseits ist Spiritual Care in den Kompetenzkatalogen für die Ausbildung von ärztlichen und pflegerischen Fachpersonen verankert. Jedoch bestehen konkurrenzierende Definitionen zu Spiritualität und Spiritual Care. Außerdem spielen Spiritualität und Spiritual Care bei chronischen und anderen lebensbedrohlichen Erkrankungen vor allem am Lebensende eine Hauptrolle. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Bedeutsamkeit von Spiritualität und Spiritual Care für Menschen mit einer neuen Krebsdiagnose basierend auf einer Literaturübersicht darzustellen.Bereits mit der Krebsdiagnose wird Spiritualität für die Mehrheit der Betroffenen wichtig. Aufgrund der existenziellen Bedrohung durch die Krebserkrankung stellen sich Fragen zum Lebenssinn. Auf spirituelle Anliegen wird kaum eingegangen. Dabei wird das Wohlbefinden eingeschränkt oder es können sich Reaktionen bis zu Disstress oder Hadern einstellen. Bei spirituellen Anliegen kann Spiritual Care passende Antworten bieten und zur Erhaltung oder Förderung des Wohlbefindens beitragen. Es ist daher wichtig, dass bei Menschen mit einer neuen Krebserkrankung die spirituellen Bedürfnisse frühzeitig erhoben werden. Alle involvierten Fachpersonen sind aufgefordert, die spirituellen Bedürfnisse zu erfassen. Basierend auf diesen Angaben können schließlich passende unterstützende Spiritual Care Maßnahmen sowie Überweisungen an spezialisierte Fachpersonen angeboten werden.
An Online Study Based on Self-Perception of Electronic Devices and Media Platform Addiction
Authors: Banerjee Satyabrat , Gupta Neena 
Published: June 2018

Studies have shown strong association between electronic gadget users and their addiction, especially among mobile users with digital dependencies. The present study extended the research by exploring the contrivances underlying these associations.
Purpose: This study examines digital technology and human behaviour and its linkage with mobile and computer usage. Next, it closely examines its relationship to social media platforms. Finally, it focuses on how this affects mobile and media addiction or dependency towards its user.
Methods of Research: The questions were selected based on self-perception dependency scale and mobile addiction scale. Online Google form was used as a platform to prepare survey questionnaire. Students and teachers from Allahabad and Delhi-NCR region were selected for the pilot study. Ages ranged between 15 to 75 years. A total of 120 respondents were requested for participation of whom, 118 (98%) returned the filled questionnaire. The internal consistency as assessed by Cronbach’s alpha was 0.837 in this study using SPSS software.
Result: The use of electronic devices are becoming an eminent part of our lives, due to ever changing technology towards – touch screen, high definition resolution, faster processor ,increased memory and many more features; it makes the electronic devices convenient to perform day to day tasks at greater ease and speed. 56.8% respondents stated that they are dependent on electronic devices, since there are many forms of electronic devices present with an individual. One electronic device can be substituted for another for which reason there is dependency on electronic devices at any given point of time. The use of mobile is exponentially increasing in relation to other electronic gadgets. There is a higher frequency for checking mobile during incoming notification (34.7%); Checking mobile every 5- 15 minutes is mainly due to the ease of using mobile phone in our daily lives. Compared with laptop or desktop computer users; mobile phone users are more dependent and possessive towards their mobile as compared to other electronic devices.
Kitap Tanıtımı: Arapların Gözüyle Bizans
Authors: ÖZEL Cemal 
Published: June 2018

Temelini
Harvard Üniversitesi’nde savunulan bir doktora tezinin oluşturduğu bu çalışma,
Bizans hakkındaki Arap-İslam görüşünün yüzyıllar boyunca süren savaş, temas ve
karşılıklı alışveriş ile geçirdiği evrim sürecinin bölgesel-tarihsel gelişmeler
bağlamında izini sürmektedir. Kitap Giriş, Bizans’la karşılaşma, Bizans’ın karşısında
durmak, İslam savunmada ve Yeni bir gerçeklik: Bizans’ı yeniden
ziyaret başlıkları altında dört ana bölüm ve Sonuç kısmından
oluşmaktadır. Başlıklardan da anlaşılacağı üzere, dört ana bölümün her biri
nitelikleri belirgin dönemleri ele almaktadır. Bu yazıda da kitabın mevcut
sistematiğine uyularak her bir kısım ayrı ayrı ele alınmış, yazarın temel
iddiaları özetlenmiş, seçme örnekler verilmiş ve tüm bunlar değerlendirilmiştir.
Seçmeli Din Derslerini Seçen Öğrencilerin Seçmeli Din Dersleri Hakkındaki Değerlendirmeleri: Kırıkkale Örneği
Authors: YAZIBAŞI Muhammed 
Published: June 2018

2012-2013 eğitim
öğretim yılından itibaren haftalık ders çizelgeleri içerisine seçmeli dersler
ilave edilmiştir. Söz konusu seçmeli dersler içerisinde “din, ahlak ve
değerler” grubu içerisinde Hz. Muhammed’in Hayatı, Kur’an-ı Kerim ve Temel Dini
Bilgiler (I-II) dersleri de yer almaktadır.
Seçmeli din derslerini seçen öğrencilerin ders içerikleri, ders
kitapları, öğretmen yeterlilikleri gibi hususlarda öğrencilerin
değerlendirmelerini tespit etmeyi amaçlayan bu araştırma 2017-2018
eğitim-öğretim yılında Kırıkkale İl Milli Eğitim Müdürlüğüne bağlı beş farklı
okulda eğitim gören 413 öğrenci üzerinde yapılmıştır. Araştırmada tarama modeli
ve anket tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre; seçmeli din
derslerinde işlenen konular öğrencilerin günlük ihtiyaçlarına cevap vermektedir.
Öğrencilerin söz konusu dersleri seçmelerinde ailelerin etkisi bulunmaktadır.
Seçmeli din ders kitaplarının hazırlanmasına özen gösterilmemektedir. Seçmeli
derslerde okutulan ders kitaplarında yeteri kadar etkinliğe yer verilmemektedir.
Derslere giren öğretmenler öğrenciler tarafından yeterli görülmektedir. Özellikle
Kur’an-ı Kerim derslerinde sınıfların kalabalık olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

﻿
DİNDARLIK, SİBER ZORBALIK VE PROBLEMLİ İNTERNET KULLANIMI İLİŞKİSİNE DAİR NİCEL BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Authors: KORKMAZ Sezai , MEHMEDOĞLU Ali Ulvi 
Published: June 2018

﻿Bu araştırmada, siber
zorbalık/mağduriyet, problemli internet kullanımı ve dindarlıkla ilişkili
alanyazın incelenmiş ardından cinsiyet ve yaşa göre grup farklılıkları ve
değişkenlerin birbirleri arasındaki korelasyon ilişkileri ortaya konulmaya
çalışılmıştır. Araştırma, 16-55 yaş arasındaki 1130 kişiden oluşan
katılımcılardan elde edilen veriler üzerine yapılmıştır. Çalışmada Kişisel
Bilgi Formu, Yenilenmiş Siber Zorbalık Envanteri, Genellenmiş Problemli
İnternet Kullanımı-2 Ölçeği ve iki farklı Dindarlık Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre cinsiyet ve yaşa
göre siber zorbalık, problemli internet kullanımı ve dindarlıkta gruplar
arasında istatistiki olarak anlamlı düzeyde farklılaşma olduğu görülmüştür. Dindarlık
ile siber zorbalık/mağduriyet ve problemli internet kullanımı arasında negatif
yönde anlamlı ilişkiler bulunmuştur.
Travmatik Beyin Yaralanmasıda Magnezyum Sülfat Tedavisinin İyileşme Üzerine Etkisinin Araştırılması
Authors: ÖZDÖL Çağatay 
Published: June 2018

Amaç Travmatik beyin yaralanmalarına bağlı sakat kalma ve ölüm oranı yüksektir. Ancak bu yaralanmaların zararlı sonuçlarına karşı koruma sağlamak için kesin olarak kanıtlanmış farmakolojik tedaviler bulunmamaktadır. Magnezyumun travmatik beyin yaralanmasının patofizyolojisinde merkezi bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu yaralanmalarda magnezyum sülfat seviyelerinde düşme olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bu araştırmada travmatik beyin yaralanmalarında Magnezyum Sülfat tedavisinin etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.Yöntem ve Gereçler Kasım 2008 ve Kasım 2016 arasında Antalya Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi yoğun bakım ünitesine kabul edilen travmatik beyin yaralanması olan 18 yaş ve üzeri 60 hasta geriye dönük olarak incelendi. BulgularÇalışmaya 60 hasta alındı. (ortalama yaş 35.6±17.6, 53 erkek, 7 kadın). GKS skorları Magnezyum Sülfat grubu ve kontrol grubunda başvuruda 5, taburculuk sırasında 7, iki ayın sonunda Magnezyum Sülfat grubunda 12, kontrol grubunda 9 tespit edildi (P&lt;0.05). Hastaların yoğun bakımda kalış süresi her iki grupta da ortalama 7 gündü. Magnezyum Sülfat alan hastaların 6’ sına (%20), kontrol grubu hastaların ise 8’inin (%26,6) cerrahi olarak dekompresyon yapıldı. Magnezyum sülfat verilen hastalarda 2 ay sonunda iyileşme üzerine anlamlı etki saptandı(p&lt;0.05). Magnezyum Sülfat alan 1 (%3.33) hastanın ve kontrol grubu olan 3 (%10) hastanın taburcu olduktan sonra takipleri sırasında öldüğü tespit edildi. Tartışma ve Sonuç Travmatik beyin yaralanmasını takiben 12 saat içerisinde başlanan ve idame ettirilen Magnezyum Sülfat verilmesinin nöroprotektif etki oluştuduğu görüşündeyiz.
Exploring Physician-Older Patient Communication. A Qualitative Analysis of Communication between Older Patients and General Practitioners
Authors: Daba-Buzoianu Corina , Cârtiță-Buzoianu Cristina , Amalancei Brîndușa Mariana 
Published: June 2018

An great body of research has been carried out to study physician-patient communication and its impact on quality of care, patient satisfaction, treatment and health. Good physician-patient communication is proved to increase patient’s health. Most of the existent literature on the field has been done on younger patients and only a small part of the studies conducted took into consideration the older patients’ communication and relationship with their doctors. We depart from the idea that age has an important role in doctor-patient interaction, as age moderates the relationship between the style of interaction and patient satisfaction.
This study aims to explore the physician-older patient communication by analyzing the way elders experience the relationship with the general practitioner. By doing so, the current study looks at the way elders perceive their relationship with the general practitioner and the level of their satisfaction. Elements like tone of voice, forms of address, topics, explanations given, motifs of the visit have been considered in the present study in order to explore de doctor-older patient communication.