bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L’entrée en vigueur de la Convention de New York sur l’utilisation des cours d’eau internationaux : quel impact sur la gouvernance des bassins internationaux ?
Authors: Lasserre Frédéric , Vega Cárdenas Yenny 
Published: July 2018

Le XXIe siècle sera-t-il celui des guerres de l’eau ? Rareté croissante, surexploitation des ressources et changements climatiques constitueraient un mélange explosif, dont les effets déstabilisants commencent à se faire sentir en de nombreuses régions. La Convention de New York sur le droit relatif aux utilisations des cours d’eau internationaux est entrée en vigueur en 2014 et il paraît pertinent de s’interroger sur l’impact de celle-ci sur les différends et les approches en matière de gestion partagée des eaux. D’autres questions se posent à savoir si depuis l’ouverture à l’adhésion en 2012 de la Convention d’Helsinki sur la protection et l’utilisation des cours d’eau transfrontières et des lacs internationaux, aux pays autres que ceux de la zone de la Commission économique des Nations Unies pour l’Europe, le régime universel de gestion des ressources en eau transfrontières proposé par la Convention de New York est renforcé, ou si la présence de ces deux conventions se limitera à préciser un droit encore très dépendant de la bonne volonté des États. Pour tenter d’élucider ces questions, nous procéderons dans cet article à une analyse des principaux apports et limites de la Convention de New York, tant au plan juridique, qu’institutionnel et politique de la gestion des ressources hydriques internationales.
Le Traité germano-douala du 12 juillet 1884 : étude contemporaine sur la formation des contrats dans l’ordre juridique intemporel
Authors: Sandjè Rodrigue Ngando 
Published: July 2018

Les contrats passés entre les indigènes et les Européens ont produit des effets juridiques. Une question suit cette conclusion : dans quelle catégorie de droit pourrait-on ranger de tels contrats ? Le Traité germano-douala signé le 12 juillet 1884 entre deux firmes commerciales allemandes et deux chefs indigènes de la côte camerounaise entretient cette curiosité. Le moins qu’on puisse dire est qu’il sert de pendant au droit international public et au droit constitutionnel camerounais. Pour une part, il établit la qualité de sujets de droit international des acteurs sus-désignés à partir de la corrélation entre la « capacité d’agir et la personnalité internationale ». En cela, il permet de repenser la question des peuples autochtones proclamée dans l’ordre constitutionnel camerounais en 1996. D’autre part, le Traité de 1884 met en perspective les notions de souveraineté et de territoire qui ont été mobilisées par la légalité coloniale, durant l’administration internationale du pays et ensuite par le droit constitutionnel de la décolonisation. Ce double aspect subjectif et objectif décline les rapports de force qui ont présidé la formation des contrats dans l’ordre juridique intemporel et qui, partant de notre objet de recherche, présente le droit international relationnel comme redevable à l’éthique égalitaire qu’il est pourtant censé promouvoir.
La distinction entre la participation directe aux hostilités par les civils et la légitime défense des civils
Authors: Ouédraogo Touwendé Roland 
Published: July 2018

En période de conflit armé, lorsque la légitime défense est le fait des individus, elle peut se révéler difficile à circonscrire, voire à distinguer d’autres concepts voisins notamment celui de la participation directe aux hostilités. Celui-ci, bien que n’étant pas une prohibition expresse du droit international humanitaire (DIH), n’est pas non plus un droit des civils, tandis que la légitime défense peut être envisagée à certaines conditions comme un droit des civils. Dès lors, distinguer la participation directe aux hostilités de la légitime défense des civils et/ou d’autres concepts ne sera pas un exercice aisé, précisément sur le champ de bataille. Cela s’explique par le fait que la légitime défense s’exerce généralement et en principe dans un contexte de violence illégale, alors que la participation directe aux hostilités, notion de droit international humanitaire, a lieu dans un contexte de violence autorisée, sinon légale, du moins conforme au DIH, dans la plupart des cas. Alors, comment distinguer la légitime défense des civils de leur participation directe aux hostilités ? En partant de la notion de participation directe aux hostilités telle que définie par le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge dans son Guide interprétatif sur la notion de participation directe aux hostilités, et de la notion de légitime défense du Statut de Rome de la Cour pénale internationale, nous proposons quelques critères et une nouvelle catégorisation de l’action des civils au cours d’un conflit, après avoir relevé quelques difficultés de la distinction, lesquelles sont exacerbées par les controverses nourrissant les deux notions principales de notre analyse.
Au pays de l’avenir radieux
Authors: Liu Yuxi 
Published: July 2018

La Chine populaire est devenue un enjeu politique au Québec avec la mise sur pied des organisations maoïstes au cours de la première moitié des années 1970. Certains militants ont eu l’occasion d’effectuer un pèlerinage à Pékin sur l’invitation des autorités chinoises. Dans quelle mesure l’image qu’ils se faisaient de la Chine a-t-elle contribué à légitimer leur projet politique ? Leur admiration envers la Chine peut-elle s’expliquer simplement par l’aveuglement idéologique qu’on les accuse d’avoir manifesté ? Pour répondre à ces questions, nous proposons une comparaison des impressions livrées par des voyageurs québécois issus de milieux variés.
Les « web-mises en scène » des candidats aux élections québécoises de 2012 : entre discrétion et confession
Authors: Lalancette1 Mireille 
Published: July 2018

Cet article aborde les stratégies de personnalisation politique utilisées par les partis et leurs candidats sur le web lors de la campagne électorale législative québécoise de 2012. La personnalisation est souvent étudiée du point de vue des pratiques médiatiques et critiquée pour ses possibles effets pervers. Elle a cependant peu été étudiée du point de vue de la communication de campagne jusqu’à maintenant. Cette étude vise donc à faire ressortir les caractéristiques propres à la construction de l’éthos des politiciens en contexte électoral, à l’ère d’Internet. L’objectif poursuivi est de mieux comprendre comment les partis font la promotion de leurs candidats et de leur chef et comment ils mettent en récit leur parcours, leur personnalité et leurs compétences. L’accent sera-t-il mis sur les réalisations du candidat, sur sa vie privée ? Qu’est-ce que les partis choisiront de révéler à travers leurs discours ? Pour répondre à ces questions, une analyse de contenu quantitative et qualitative des pages biographiques disponibles sur les sites web officiels des principaux partis dans la course lors de l’élection législative québécoise de 2012 a été réalisée afin de mettre en valeur les différentes stratégies utilisées par les partis politiques. Nos analyses révèlent notamment que la manière de se mettre en scène sur le web pour se faire valoir varie selon les partis et leur idéologie. Nous illustrerons l’influence de la personnalisation sur la mise en récit du parcours politique et de la vie privée. Au final, les résultats liés à cette recherche sur les stratégies de personnalisation rejoignent les études sur le web politique et d’autres sur la personnalisation en ligne, qui illustrent le peu d’innovation ainsi que l’accent sur l’information unidirectionnelle diffusée par les partis sur leur site web, révélant plus d’information sur la carrière professionnelle que sur la vie privée.
Patterns of triclosan resistance in Vibrionaceae
Authors: Lydon Keri A. , Robertson Megan J. , Lipp Erin K. 
Published: July 2018

The antimicrobial additive triclosan has been used in personal care products widely across the globe for decades. Triclosan resistance has been noted amongVibriospp., but reports have been anecdotal and the extent of phenotypic triclosan resistance across the Vibrionaceae family has not been established.Here, triclosan resistance was determined for Vibrionaceae strains across nine distinct clades. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined for 70 isolates from clinical (n = 6) and environmental sources (n = 64); only two were susceptible to triclosan. The mean MIC for all resistant Vibrionaceae was 53 µg mL−1(range 3.1–550 µg mL−1), but was significantly different between clades (p < 0.001). The highest mean triclosan MIC was observed in the Splendidus clade (200 µg mL−1;n = 3). Triclosan mean MICs were 68.8 µg mL−1in the Damselae clade and 45.3 µg mL−1in the Harveyi clade. The lowest mean MIC was observed in the Cholerae clade with 14.4 µg mL−1, which was primarily represented by clinical strains. There were no significant differences in triclosan MIC among individual species or among environmental strains isolated from different locations. Overall, phenotypic triclosan resistance appears to be widespread across multiple clades of Vibrionaceae.
Protected areas’ effectiveness under climate change: a latitudinal distribution projection of an endangered mountain ungulate along the Andes Range
Authors: Riquelme Carlos , Estay Sergio A. , López Rodrigo , Pastore Hernán , Soto-Gamboa Mauricio , Corti Paulo 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundClimate change is one of the greatest threats to biodiversity, pushing species to shift their distribution ranges and making existing protected areas inadequate. Estimating species distribution and potential modifications under climate change are then necessary for adjusting conservation and management plans; this is especially true for endangered species. An example of this issue is the huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus), an endemic endangered deer from the southern Andes Range, with less than 2,000 individuals. It is distributed in fragmented populations along a 2,000 km latitudinal gradient, in Chile and Argentina. Several threats have reduced its distribution to <50% of its former range.MethodsTo estimate its potential distribution and protected areas effectiveness, we constructed a species distribution model using 2,813 huemul presence points throughout its whole distribution range, together with 19 bioclimatic layers and altitude information from Worldclim. Its current distribution was projected for years 2050 and 2070 using five different Global Climate Models estimated for scenarios representing two carbon Representative Concentration Routes (RCP)—RCP4.5 and RCP6.0.ResultsBased on current huemul habitat variables, we estimated 91,617 km2of suitable habitat. In future scenarios of climate change, there was a loss of suitable habitat due to altitudinal and latitudinal variation. Future projections showed a decrease of 59.86–60.26% for the year 2050 and 58.57–64.34% for the year 2070 according to RCP4.5 and RCP6.0, respectively. Protected areas only covered only 36.18% of the present distribution, 38.57–34.94% for the year 2050 and 30.79–31.94% for 2070 under climate change scenarios.DiscussionModeling current and future huemul distributions should allow the establishment of priority conservation areas in which to focus efforts and funds, especially areas without official protection. In this way, we can improve management in areas heavily affected by climate change to help ensure the persistence of this deer and other species under similar circumstances worldwide.
Meeting the Changing National Preparedness and Response Needs for the Public in a Crisis
Authors: Lloyd Anthony , Ott Gary , Walker Ann Hayward 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT
Today, 24/7 news and social media herald, “Another Disaster!” The gap widens between public expectations – what is wanted – and what government emergency responders can deliver. Further, public trust in government evaporates when individual stakeholders fan anger, fear and frustration, through social media blogs and other media. The authors analyze current U.S. policy guidance, IOSC papers, after-action reports, and practitioner experience to identify gaps where stronger guidance, connectivity, and effort could improve emergency response and preparedness. US efforts will be contrasted with international standards published and implemented in Europe. US Coast Guard incident management doctrine now requires engagement and coordination with the broad range of community and leadership stakeholders. Meeting the concerns of that broader set of stakeholders requires: 1) a significant commitment of resources by industry and government to address the needs of stakeholders, and 2) the development of skills in crisis responders, and their leaders, that can assure the confidence (trust) of their community. The authors' recommendations focus on improving shared responsibilities for successful collaboration in the following general areas: 1) the role of government, policy and regulation, to insure proper early actions during large incidents and spills of national significance; 2) the roles of leaders, their preparedness and capabilities to manage the incident in the role of the Incident Commander; 3) plans needed to meet information management demands of large complex organizations stood up during a catastrophic incident; and 4) the development of collaborative and coordination approaches to meet the needs of stakeholders both inside and outside of the response organization.
CyberKnife® fixed cone and Iris™ defined small radiation fields: Assessment with a high‐resolution solid‐state detector array
Authors: Biasi Giordano , Petasecca Marco , Guatelli Susanna , Martin Ebert A. , Grogan Garry , Hug Benjamin , Lane Jonathan , Perevertaylo Vladimir , Kron Tomas , Rosenfeld Anatoly B. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPurposeThe challenges of accurate dosimetry for stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) with small unflattened radiation fields have been widely reported in the literature. In this case, suitable dosimeters would have to offer a submillimeter spatial resolution. The CyberKnife® (Accuray Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA) is an SRT‐dedicated linear accelerator (linac), which can deliver treatments with submillimeter positional accuracy using circular fields. Beams are delivered with the desired field size using fixed cones, the InCise™ multileaf collimator or a dynamic variable‐aperture Iris™ collimator. The latter, allowing for field sizes to be varied during treatment delivery, has the potential to decrease treatment time, but its reproducibility in terms of output factors (OFs) and dose profiles (DPs) needs to be verified.MethodsA 2D monolithic silicon array detector, the “Octa”, was evaluated for dosimetric quality assurance (QA) for a CyberKnife system. OFs, DPs, percentage depth‐dose (PDD) and tissue maximum ratio (TMR) were investigated, and results were benchmarked against the PTW SRS diode. Cross‐plane, in‐plane and 2 diagonal dose profiles were measured simultaneously with high spatial resolution (0.3 mm). Monte Carlo (MC) simulations with a GEANT4 (GEometry ANd Tracking 4) tool‐kit were added to the study to support the experimental characterization of the detector response.ResultsFor fixed cones and the Iris, for all field sizes investigated in the range between 5 and 60 mm diameter, OFs, PDDs, TMRs, and DPs in terms of FWHM measured by the Octa were accurate within 3% when benchmarked against the SRS diode and MC calculations.ConclusionsThe Octa was shown to be an accurate dosimeter for measurements with a 6 MV FFF beam delivered with a CyberKnife system. The detector enabled real‐time dosimetric verification for the variable aperture Iris collimator, yielding OFs and DPs consistent with those obtained with alternative methods.
The Risk of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke in Patients With Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies: A Swedish Population‐Based Cohort Study
Authors: Moshtaghi‐Svensson John , Lundberg Ingrid E. , Von Euler Mia , Arkema Elizabeth V. , Holmqvist Marie 
Published: July 2018

ObjectiveTo study the occurrence of ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) compared to that in the general population and to investigate how it varies by sex, age, clinical subdiagnosis, and time since IIM diagnosis.MethodsAll patients in Sweden with newly diagnosed IIM were identified from the National Patient Register, and general population comparators were identified from the Total Population Register. The study population was followed prospectively until death, emigration, December 2013, or first incident stroke. Incidence rates, rate differences, and hazard ratios (HRs) comparing patients with IIMs to the general population were estimated and stratified by age, sex, type of IIM, and time since diagnosis. To account for the competing risk of death, the subdistribution HR was estimated using Fine and Gray models.ResultsWe observed 34 and 229 stroke events in 663 IIM patients and 6,673 comparators, respectively. The HR was elevated for ischemic stroke (HR 2.1 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.4, 3.0]). Few hemorrhagic stroke events were identified, but an increased risk was observed (HR 1.9 (95% CI 0.7, 5.5]). The association remained elevated for both outcomes when taking the competing risk of death into account. For ischemic stroke, the rate difference was highest in the oldest age group (≥68 years), while the HR was highest in the youngest age group (<56 years).ConclusionOur findings indicate that the risk of both ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke is increased in patients with IIMs, but it should be kept in mind that stroke is a rare event. Focus on prevention should be directed toward groups with the highest absolute risk, especially older patients.
FtsZ‐Induced Shape Transformation of Coacervates
Authors: Fanalista Federico , Deshpande Siddharth , Lau Anson , Pawlik Grzegorz , Dekker Cees 
Published: July 2018

AbstractRecently, both the cellular and synthetic biology communities have expressed a strong interest in coacervates, membrane‐less liquid droplets composed of densely packed multivalent molecules that form as a result of spontaneous phase separation. Here, it is studied how FtsZ, a protein that plays a key role in the bacterial division process, remodels coacervates made of polylysine (pLL) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP). It is shown that FtsZ strongly partitions at the surface of the coacervates and induces their disassembly due to the hydrolysis of GTP by FtsZ. Surprisingly, the coacervates are found to promote lateral interactions between FtsZ filaments, inducing the formation of an emanating network of FtsZ bundles that interconnect neighboring coacervates. Under mechanical stress, coacervates are shown to fracture, resulting in profound invaginations along their circumference. The results bring out the potential of coacervates for their use as membrane‐free scaffolds for building synthetic cells as well as are possibly relevant for coacervation in prokaryotic cells.
Fluorination of Black Phosphorus—Will Black Phosphorus Burn Down in the Elemental Fluorine?
Authors: Plutnar Jan , Šturala Jiří , Mazánek Vlastimil , Sofer Zdeněk , Pumera Martin 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBlack phosphorus (BP) represents a promising tunable bandgap alternative to graphene and other 2D materials in the field of semiconductors. However, its reactivity toward covalent modification of its surface (as a key to its bandgap adjustment) is scarcely reported. Here a method of covalent modification of BP involving reaction with fluorine is reported. Other allotropes of phosphorus are known to react violently with fluorine resulting in its complete burning down and formation of gaseous phosphorus pentafluoride. The results of our fluorination experiments conducted in analogy to the procedures used for fluorination of graphene indicate a successful binding of fluorine to BP. This route of modification of BP opens new possible ways toward covalent modification of the surface of this promising material.
On the Cycling Performance of Na‐O2 Cells: Revealing the Impact of the Superoxide Crossover toward the Metallic Na Electrode
Authors: Lin Xiaoting , Sun Qian , Yadegari Hossein , Yang Xiaofei , Zhao Yang , Wang Changhong , Liang Jianneng , Koo Alicia , Li Ruying , Sun Xueliang 
Published: July 2018

AbstractNa‐O2 batteries have attracted extensive attention as promising candidates for large‐scale energy storage due to their ultrahigh theoretical energy density. However, the poor cycling performance of Na‐O2 batteries is one of the major challenges facing its future development. A novel Na‐O2 battery using electrically connected carbon paper with Na metal as a protected anode is presented in this study. The O2− crossover from the cathode to anode partially contributes to the limited Coulombic efficiency, as well as the Na corrosion during the cycling process. For the cells with protected Na, the carbon paper maintains a pseudo‐equal potential with the Na metal and works as an artificial protective layer to suppress the detrimental side reactions caused by O2− and O2 crossover toward the Na electrode. Furthermore, the short‐circuiting issue caused by Na dendrite growth also can be completely resolved. Consequently, the Na‐O2 cells with protected Na exhibit two times higher discharge capacity and cycling stability compared with the cells using bare Na. These results indicate the crucial role of the Na anode in determining the overall cell performance and a rational design of anode can dramatically contribute to develop advanced Na‐O2 batteries with longer lifespans and better cycling performance.
Chemically Propelled Motors Navigate Chemical Patterns
Authors: Chen Jiang‐Xing , Chen Yu‐Guo , Kapral Raymond 
Published: July 2018

AbstractVery small synthetic motors that use chemical reactions to drive their motion are being studied widely because of their potential applications, which often involve active transport and dynamics on nanoscales. Like biological molecular machines, they must be able to perform their tasks in complex, highly fluctuating environments that can form chemical patterns with diverse structures. Motors in such systems can actively assemble into dynamic clusters and other unique nonequilibrium states. It is shown how chemical patterns with small characteristic dimensions may be utilized to suppress rotational Brownian motions of motors and guide them to move along prescribed paths, properties that can be exploited in applications. In systems with larger pattern length scales, domains can serve as catch basins for motors through chemotactic effects. The resulting collective motor dynamics in such confining domains can be used to explore new aspects of active particle collective dynamics or promote specific types of active self‐assembly. More generally, when chemically self‐propelled motors operate in far‐from‐equilibrium active chemical media the variety of possible phenomena and the scope of their potential applications are substantially increased.
Mitigating overbidding behavior in agribusiness and food marketing research: Results from induced value hybrid auction experiments
Authors: Ortega David L. , Shupp Robert S. , Nayga Rodolfo M. , Lusk Jayson L. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractExperimental auctions are a popular and useful tool in understanding demand for food and agricultural products. Bidding behavior often deviates from theoretical predictions in traditional Vickrey and Becker–DeGroot–Marschak (BDM) auction mechanisms. We propose and explore the bidding behavior and demand revealing properties of a hybrid first price‐Vickrey auction and a hybrid first price‐BDM mechanism. Results from a between‐sample, induced value experiment reveal that, relative to traditional mechanisms, the hybrid first price‐Vickrey auction and hybrid first price‐BDM mechanism significantly reduce participants’ likelihood of overbidding, and on average yield bids closer to true valuations. We discuss potential limitations to these hybrid mechanisms as well as implications for their use in eliciting homegrown values that are important for agribusiness and food marketing research. [EconLit citations: C8, C9, Q1, Q13]