bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HEALTH FINANCING POLICIES
Authors: Dong Hengjin , Bogg Lennart , Rehnberg Clas , Diwan Vinod 
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To describe effects of health financing on
providers' opinions and prescribing behavior in rural China.Methods: A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select
county, township, and village health care facilities. A total of 1,064 health
care providers in county, township, and village health care facilities in six
counties in central China were randomly selected and surveyed during one week
by written questionnaire.Results: Patient's health financing systems (insurance or
out-of-pocket payment), financing methods for health facilities (general
budget or fee for service), and payment methods for providers (salary or
bonus) influenced provider prescribing. Bonuses could improve the quality of
health care, but could also be an incentive to prescribe more drugs or more
expensive drugs and other services. The providers were of the view that
patients' health financing and ability to pay were the main determinants
of the type of treatment. Insured patients could have more access to expensive
drugs, referred to specialized health care facilities, and have a higher cure
rate (according to the doctor's opinion) for tuberculosis. Most of the
clinical doctors said that they prescribed more expensive antibiotics for
insured patients and changed prescriptions according to patients'
demands, financial ability, and health financing systems in the treatment of
some diseases, such as chronic bronchitis, tuberculosis, and hypertension.Conclusion: The empirical data suggest that the main factor
influencing provider prescribing behavior is the economic incentives in
relation to health care financing for both health care providers and
consumers.
WOMEN, THE MEDIA, AND HEART DISEASE
Authors: Savoie Isabelle , Kazanjian Arminée , Brunger Fern 
Published: September 2019

Objective: To analyze the nature and presentation of print media
messages regarding cholesterol and heart disease in women. The hypothesis is
that print media messages about cholesterol and heart disease may encourage
and perpetuate the use of cholesterol-lowering drugs in women.Methods: A hand-search of the "seven sisters" of American
women's magazines and of two Canadian women's magazines. All print
material related to cholesterol and heart disease in women was photocopied and
the content analyzed qualitatively. The print media content was divided into
two categories: magazine articles and drug industry–sponsored
advertisements. Themes were identified and were analyzed for the messages they
contained about heart disease, cholesterol, and the use of
cholesterol-lowering drugs in women.Results: From the magazine articles, three main messages were
identified. First, heart disease is the number one killer of women. Second,
women must demand recognition of their high risk of heart disease and demand
equal access to prevention and treatment services for heart disease. Third,
lifestyles changes are not enough. Cholesterol-lowering drugs should be
considered. Drug advertisements also emphasize that postmenopausal women are
at high risk of heart disease and that lifestyle changes are inadequate or
insufficient to lower this risk. In both cases, high blood cholesterol is
considered not as a risk factor for heart disease but as the disease itself.Conclusions: Magazine articles and drug advertisements act
synergistically and may encourage and promote the use of cholesterol-lowering
drugs in women. Postmenopausal women not on hormone therapy are particularly
targeted.
How Fair is Patent Litigation in China? Evidence from the Beijing Courts
Authors: Zhang Chenguo , Cao Jin 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBy conducting field research and analysing judgments delivered in Beijing courts from 2004 to 2011, we find that the popular notion held by China's trade partners of the inadequacy of intellectual property protection is only partly supported by the empirical evidence. The likelihood of winning lawsuits is higher for foreign than domestic plaintiffs and the extremely low damages ruled by Chinese courts are due to particular causes. Courts lack consistent methods to calculate incurred losses in intellectual property right (IPR) infringements and consequently routinely apply the statutory damages whose upper limit is restricted by legislation. Efforts by Chinese legislators to enhance compensation by lifting the upper limit of awardable statutory damages in the Third Amendment of Chinese Patent Law (2008) did not seem to have an effect on our sample. Chinese policymakers should instead focus on the cause of the issue by providing more implementable guidelines for courts to calculate losses. Courts need to develop applicable conventions for calculating damages, based on objective criteria of how much compensation ought to be payable, which is also the basis of calculating reasonable statutory damages. Thus, the new provision of the “right of information” on pirated goods proposed by the ongoing Fourth Amendment provides a significant weapon to combat counterfeiting.
Burden on Caregivers of Adults with Multiple Chronic Conditions: Intersectionality of Age, Gender, Education level, Employment Status, and Impact on Social Life
Authors: Ghosh Sunita , Choi Won Yong , Williams Allison , Duggleby Wendy , Ploeg Jenny , Markle-Reid Maureen , Peacock Shelley 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTIntersectionality analysis is the study of overlapping or intersecting social identities. Intersecting social identities may have an impact on the perception of burden by family caregivers of older persons with multiple chronic conditions (MCC). The purpose of this study was to explore the interaction of social factors on the burden of caring for older adults with MCC. A total of 194 caregivers of older adults with MCC were recruited from Alberta and Ontario. Survey data were collected at two time points, six months apart. Additive and multiplicative models were analysed using a generalised linear model to determine the level of caregiver burden. Medium-high social interference (impact on social life) was associated with higher burden when adjusted for age, gender, education, and employment status. The overall results of the five-way interaction suggest that males in general had lower burden scores than females. Irrespective of their education and employment status, females had generally higher burden scores. These results add to the current body of literature, suggesting areas for further research to fill knowledge gaps, and promoting ideas for evidence-guided public health interventions that focus on caregivers.
The (W)Hole Picture: Responses to a Looted Landscape
Authors: Kersel Morag M. , Hill Austin (Chad) 
Published: September 2019

Abstract:How do archaeologists, governments, law enforcement, and a local non-governmental organization react to a hole in the ground—a hole that is the direct result of archaeological site looting? Whatever the response, the aim is the same: the protection of Jordanian cultural heritage through a curtailing of archaeological looting. New to the standard suite of responses are unpiloted aerial vehicles (UAVs). A comprehensive approach to the landscape, which includes UAV flyovers, ground truthing, oral interviews, collaborative efforts with the Jordanian Department of Antiquities and local cultural heritage organizations, is essential to safeguarding and documenting what remains of a series of Early Bronze Age sites (3600–2000bc) along the Dead Sea Plain in Jordan. This is an examination of the (w)hole picture—individual and institutional responses to looters’ holes—diverse reactions with the common goal of preserving and protecting Jordanian cultural heritage.
Small Finds, Big Values: Cylinder Seals and Coins from Iraq and Syria on the Online Market
Authors: Topçuoǧlu Oya , Vorderstrasse Tasha 
Published: September 2019

Abstract:Discussions about looted antiquities often focus on large, culturally and monetarily valuable items. Nevertheless, it is clear that mundane small finds, which sell for relatively small amounts, account for a large portion of the global market in antiquities. This article highlights two types of small artifacts—namely, cylinder seals and coins, presumed to come from Syria and Iraq and offered for sale by online vendors. We argue that the number of cylinder seals and coins sold on the Internet has increased steadily since 2011, reaching a peak in 2016–17. This shows that the trade in Iraqi and Syrian antiquities has shifted from big-ticket items sold in traditional brick-and-mortar shops to small items readily available on the Internet for modest prices. The continuing growth of the online market in antiquities is having a devastating effect on the archaeological sites in Iraq and Syria as increasing demand fuels further looting in the region.
A Large Deviation Result on the Number of Small Subgraphs of a Random Graph
Authors: VU VAN H. 
Published: September 2019

Fix a small graph H and let YH denote the number of copies of H
in the random graph G(n, p). We investigate the degree of concentration of
YH around its mean, motivated by the following questions.[bull ] What is the upper tail probability Pr(YH [ges ]
(1 + ε)[ ](YH))?[bull ] For which λ does YH have sub-Gaussian behaviour, namely(formula here)where c is a positive constant?[bull ] Fixing λ = ω(1) in advance, find a reasonably small tail
T = T(λ) such that(formula here)We prove a general concentration result which contains a partial answer to each of these questions. The heart of the
proof is a new martingale inequality, due to J. H. Kim and the present author [13].
China's fiscal decentralization and environmental quality: theory and an empirical study
Authors: Hao Yu , Chen Yu-Fu , Liao Hua , Wei Yi-Ming 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAs a wide-reaching institutional reform, China's fiscal decentralization was launched in the early 1980s to encourage provincial economic growth by granting more financial autonomy to provincial governments. In this paper, the impact of fiscal decentralization on China's environmental quality is investigated both theoretically and empirically. A neoclassical model is developed based on the primary characteristics of China's fiscal decentralization. Using provincial panel data for the period 1995-2015, a two-equation regression model is employed to empirically verify the three propositions of the theoretical model: (1) there exists an inverted-U shaped relationship between fiscal decentralization and GDP per capita; (2) fiscal decentralization is positively related to GDP per capita at the steady state; (3) there is an inverted-U shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve relationship between pollution emissions and economic growth.
Cultural adaptations of CBT: a summary and discussion of the Special Issue on Cultural Adaptation of CBT
Authors: Naeem Farooq 
Published: September 2019

AbstractCognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in its current form might not be acceptable to service users from a variety of backgrounds. Therefore, it makes sense to adapt CBT when working with diverse populations. Contributors to this special issue of theCognitive Behaviour Therapisthave tackled the issues around the cultural adaptation of CBT from various perspectives, using a variety of methods, and have addressed topics ranging from cultural adaptation to improving access to CBT. Here, I briefly summarize and discuss the papers in this special issue. I start with a systematic review of CBT for social anxiety across cultures. Seven articles cover aspects of adaptation of therapies for people from different backgrounds. Three papers discuss the issues of gender and sexuality when using CBT, while another three papers focus on refugees, asylum seekers and the homeless, and two papers describe the application of CBT with religious populations. Finally, there are seven papers on issues related to service delivery, practice and training and supervision when working with a diverse population. Collectively, papers in this special issue provide us with sufficient evidence that cultural considerations play a vital role when using CBT, offer practical suggestions for improving cultural competence and most importantly, can catalyse future research. However, the full potential of culturally adapted interventions will not be realized until and unless access to CBT is improved. Therefore, there is a need to build robust evidence to convince funders, policy makers and service managers.
Countering Misperceptions to Reduce Prejudice: An Experiment on Attitudes toward Muslim Americans
Authors: Williamson Scott 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMuslim Americans constitute one of the United States’ most vulnerable minority groups, facing frequent discrimination from both the public and the government. Despite this vulnerability, few studies evaluate interventions for reducing prejudice against Muslim Americans. Building from an insightful literature on the sources of prejudice against Muslim Americans, this paper tests whether attitudes can be improved with information countering misperceptions of the community as particularly foreign, threatening, and disloyal to the United States. The experimental treatment modestly improved attitudes, including among some subgroups predisposed to prejudice against Muslim Americans. However, the treatment struggled to change policy views, and it demonstrated some vulnerability to social desirability bias and priming on terrorism threats. The findings suggest that information campaigns addressing misperceptions can help to reduce prejudice on the margins, but primarily in less politicized contexts.
Phase Relations of a Depleted Peridotite Fluxed by a CO2‐H2O Fluid—Implications for the Stability of Partial Melts Versus Volatile‐Bearing Mineral Phases in the Cratonic Mantle
Authors: Saha Sriparna , Dasgupta Rajdeep 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe present phase‐equilibria experiments of a K‐bearing, depleted peridotite (Mg# 92) fluxed with a mixed CO2‐H2O fluid (0.5 wt.% CO2 and 0.94 wt.% H2O in the bulk) to gain insight into the stability of volatile‐bearing partial melts versus volatile‐bearing mineral phases in a depleted peridotite system. Experiments were performed at 850–1150 °C and 2–4 GPa using a piston‐cylinder and a multianvil apparatus. Olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and spinel/garnet are present at all experimental conditions. Textural confirmation of partial melt is made at temperatures as low as 1000 °C at 2 GPa, 950 °C at 3 GPa, and 1000 °C at 4 GPa marking the onset of melting at 900–1000 °C at 2 GPa, 850–950 °C at 3 GPa, and 950–1000 °C at 3 GPa. Phlogopite and magnesite breakdown at 900–1000 °C at 2 GPa, 950–1000 °C at 3 GPa, and 1000–1050 °C at 4 GPa. Comparison with previously published experiments in depleted peridotite system with identical CO2‐H2O content introduced via a silicic melt show that introduction of CO2‐H2O as fluid lowers the temperature of phlogopite breakdown by 150–200 °C at 2–4 GPa and stabilizes partial melts at lower temperatures. Our study thus, shows that the volatile‐bearing phase present in the cratonic mantle is controlled by bulk composition and is affected by the process of volatile addition during craton formation in a subduction zone. In addition, volatile introduction via melt versus aqueous fluid, leads to different proportion of anhydrous phases such as olivine and orthopyroxene. Considering the agent of metasomatism is thus critical to evaluate how the bulk composition of depleted peridotite is modified, leading to potential stability of volatile‐bearing phases as the cause of anomalously low shear wave velocity in mantle domains such as mid lithospheric discontinuities beneath continents.
A Darcy‐Brinkman‐Biot Approach to Modeling the Hydrology and Mechanics of Porous Media Containing Macropores and Deformable Microporous Regions
Authors: Carrillo Francisco J. , Bourg Ian C. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe coupled hydrology and mechanics of soft porous materials (such as clays, hydrogels, membranes, and biofilms) is an important research area in several fields, including water and energy technologies as well as biomedical engineering. Well‐established models based on poromechanics theory exist for describing these coupled properties, but these models are not adapted to describe systems with more than one characteristic length scale, that is, systems that contain both macropores and micropores. In this paper, we expand upon the well‐known Darcy‐Brinkman formulation of fluid flow in two‐scale porous media to develop a “Darcy‐Brinkman‐Biot” formulation: a general coupled system of equations that approximates the Navier‐Stokes equations in fluid‐filled macropores and resembles the equations for poroelasticity in microporous regions. We parameterized and validated our model for systems that contain either plastic (swelling clay) or elastic microporous regions. In particular, we used our model to predict the permeability of an idealized siliciclastic sedimentary rock as a function of pore water salinity and clay content. Predicted permeability values are well described by a single parametric relation between permeability and clay volume fraction that agrees with existing experimental data sets. Our novel formulation captures the coupled hydro‐chemo‐mechanical properties of sedimentary rocks and other deformable porous media in a manner that can be readily implemented within the framework of Digital Rock Physics.
Temperature as competitive strategy determining factor in pulse-fed aerobic bioreactors
Authors: Stouten Gerben Roelandt , Hogendoorn Carmen , Douwenga Sieze , Kilias Estelle Silvia , Muyzer Gerard , Kleerebezem Robbert 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Exposing a microbial community to alternating absence and presence of carbon substrate in aerobic conditions is an effective strategy for enrichment of storage polymers (polyhydroxybutyrate, PHB) producing microorganisms. In this work we investigate to which extent intermediate storage polymer production is a temperature independent microbial competition determining factor. Eight parallel bioreactors were operated in the temperature range of 20–40 °C, but intermediate storage polymer production was only obtained at 25–35 °C. Besides PHB production and consumption, cell decay and subsequent cryptic growth on lysis products was found to determine process properties and the microbial community structure at all operational temperatures. At 40 °C decay processes cannot be overcome with additional energy from storage polymers, and fast-growing microorganisms dominate the system. At 20 °C, highly competitive communities with ambiguous storage properties were enriched. The results described here demonstrate that a rigorous experimental approach could aid in the understanding of competitive strategies in microbial communities.
Drivers of human gut microbial community assembly: coadaptation, determinism and stochasticity
Authors: Oliphant Kaitlyn , Parreira Valeria R , Cochrane Kyla , Allen-Vercoe Emma 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Microbial community assembly is a complex process shaped by multiple factors, including habitat filtering, species assortment and stochasticity. Understanding the relative importance of these drivers would enable scientists to design strategies initiating a desired reassembly for e.g., remediating low diversity ecosystems. Here, we aimed to examine if a human fecal-derived defined microbial community cultured in bioreactors assembled deterministically or stochastically, by completing replicate experiments under two growth medium conditions characteristic of either high fiber or high protein diets. Then, we recreated this defined microbial community by matching different strains of the same species sourced from distinct human donors, in order to elucidate whether coadaptation of strains within a host influenced community dynamics. Each defined microbial ecosystem was evaluated for composition using marker gene sequencing, and for behavior using 1H-NMR-based metabonomics. We found that stochasticity had the largest influence on the species structure when substrate concentrations varied, whereas habitat filtering greatly impacted the metabonomic output. Evidence of coadaptation was elucidated from comparisons of the two communities; we found that the artificial community tended to exclude saccharolytic Firmicutes species and was enriched for metabolic intermediates, such as Stickland fermentation products, suggesting overall that polysaccharide utilization by Firmicutes is dependent on cooperation.
Gene set enrichment analysis to create polygenic scores: a developmental examination of aggression
Authors: Elam Kit K. , Clifford Sierra , Shaw Daniel S. , Wilson Melvin N. , Lemery-Chalfant Kathryn 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPrevious approaches for creating polygenic risk scores (PRSs) do not explicitly consider the biological or developmental relevance of the genetic variants selected for inclusion. We applied gene set enrichment analysis to meta-GWAS data to create developmentally targeted, functionally informed PRSs. Using two developmentally matched meta-GWAS discovery samples, separate PRSs were formed, then examined in time-varying effect models of aggression in a second, longitudinal sample of children (n = 515, 49% female) in early childhood (2–5 years old), and middle childhood (7.5–10.5 years old). Functional PRSs were associated with aggression in both the early and middle childhood models.
Epigenome-wide association study of depression symptomatology in elderly monozygotic twins
Authors: Starnawska A. , Tan Q. , Soerensen M. , McGue M. , Mors O. , Børglum A. D. , Christensen K. , Nyegaard M. , Christiansen L. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDepression is a severe and debilitating mental disorder diagnosed by evaluation of affective, cognitive and physical depression symptoms. Severity of these symptoms strongly impacts individual’s quality of life and is influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. One of the molecular mechanisms allowing for an interplay between these factors is DNA methylation, an epigenetic modification playing a pivotal role in regulation of brain functioning across lifespan. The aim of this study was to investigate if there are DNA methylation signatures associated with depression symptomatology in order to identify molecular mechanisms contributing to pathophysiology of depression. We performed an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of continuous depression symptomatology score measured in a cohort of 724 monozygotic Danish twins (346 males, 378 females). Through EWAS analyses adjusted for sex, age, flow-cytometry based blood cell composition, and twin relatedness structure in the data we identified depression symptomatology score to be associated with blood DNA methylation levels in promoter regions of neuropsin (KLK8, p-value = 4.7 × 10−7) and DAZ associated protein 2 (DAZAP2, p-value = 3.13 × 10−8) genes. Other top associated probes were located in gene bodies of MAD1L1 (p-value = 5.16 × 10−6), SLC29A2 (p-value = 6.15 × 10−6) and AKT1 (p-value = 4.47 × 10−6), all genes associated before with development of depression. Additionally, the following three measures (a) DNAmAge (calculated with Horvath and Hannum epigenetic clock estimators) adjusted for chronological age, (b) difference between DNAmAge and chronological age, and (c) DNAmAge acceleration were not associated with depression symptomatology score in our cohort. In conclusion, our data suggests that depression symptomatology score is associated with DNA methylation levels of genes implicated in response to stress, depressive-like behaviors, and recurrent depression in patients, but not with global DNA methylation changes across the genome.