bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electronic nicotine delivery systems and pregnancy: Recent research on perceptions, cessation, and toxicant delivery
Authors: Breland Alison , McCubbin Andrea , Ashford Kristin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractElectronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), which includes e‐cigarettes (ECIGs), are a rapidly‐expanding class of products that heat a liquid (which may or may not contain nicotine) to produce an aerosol. The variation of ECIG components is extensive as are their effects on users. Epidemiological data show that while both adults and youth use ECIGs, use among youth has increased dramatically in recent years. Other epidemiological data show that women of reproductive age and some pregnant women are also using ECIGs. The goal of this article is to provide readers with background information about ECIGs, with a focus on recent findings about ECIG use in pregnancy and potential implications. Among pregnant women, correlates of ECIG use include current cigarette smoking, among other factors. Regarding pregnant women's perceptions of ECIG use in pregnancy, two themes emerge from the literature: many pregnant women perceive ECIGs to be safer than conventional cigarettes, and that ECIGs can aid with smoking cessation. In contrast to these perceptions, there is little concrete evidence that ECIGs help smokers quit. In addition, there are concerns about ECIG nicotine and other toxicant delivery. Nicotine is a toxicant of particular concern for pregnant women, as nicotine is known to harm a developing fetus. There are many limitations to existing research, and the literature is scant in this area. Further, new “pod mod”‐style ECIGs such as JUUL present new challenges. Overall, with limited evidence of their effectiveness, and concerns about developmental toxicology, the authors do not recommend that pregnant women use ECIGs.
Characterization of the Site‐Specific Acid‐Base Equilibria of 3‐Nitrotyrosine
Authors: Pálla Tamás , Fogarasi Erzsébet , Noszál Béla , Tóth Gergő 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe complete macro‐ and microequilibrium analyses of 3‐nitrotyrosine, a biomarker of oxidative stress damage, are presented for the first time. The protonation macroconstants were determined by 1H‐NMR‐pH titration, while microconstants were elucidated by a combination of deductive and NMR methods, in which properties of the methyl ester derivative as an auxiliary compound were also studied. Combination of the NMR‐pH characterization of the title and auxiliary compounds and the pair‐interactivity parameters of 3‐iodotyrosine provided the sufficient system to evaluate all the microconstants. NMR‐pH profiles, macroscopic and microscopic protonation schemes, and species‐specific distribution diagrams are included. The phenolate basicity of 3‐nitrotyrosine is 500 times below that of tyrosine, and it is even lower than that of 3‐iodotyrosine. This phenomenon can be explained by the stronger electron withdrawing and the negative mesomeric effect of the nitro group. Based on our results, 89 % of the phenolic OH groups are deprotonated in 3‐NT molecules at the pH of the blood plasma.
Characterization of Hierarchical Porous Carbons Made from Bean Curd via K2CO3 Activation as a Supercapacitor Electrode
Authors: Mu Jiahui , Li Qiang , Kong Xiangjin , Wu Xiaozhong , Sunarso Jaka , Zhao Yi , Zhou Jin , Zhuo Shuping 
Published: July 2019

AbstractProgress in sustainable energy development often relies upon the idea of making use of green materials and agents to fabricate the components of high‐performance energy storage devices. Herein, we show that a relatively high energy density of 11.9 Wh kg−1 at a 0.1 A g−1 current density in a 1 M H2SO4 solution and a stable capacitance performance for up to 10000 cycles can be achieved in a symmetric supercapacitor (SC) made of two identical hierarchical porous carbon (HPC) electrodes derived from bean curd and 10 wt.% potassium carbonate (K2CO3); both of which are non‐toxic, edible materials. Such HPC, defined as HPC‐10, which was made through a one‐pot activation process followed by carbonization at 750 °C, exhibits high specific surface area of 2514 m2 g−1, hierarchical porous framework (i. e., simultaneous presence of abundant micropores, mesopores, and macropores), and contains N and O dopant components. In a three‐electrode system, HPC‐10 showed specific capacitances of 486 F g−1 in a 1 M H2SO4 and 404 F g−1 in a 6 M KOH, both obtained at a 0.1 A g−1 current density. This work also evaluates systematically the porous structure and electrochemical performance of HPC as a function of K2CO3 concentration from 0 wt.% to 15 wt.%.
Modular Synthesis of DOTA‐Metal‐Based PSMA‐Targeted Imaging Agents for MRI and PET of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Schmitthenner Hans F. , Dobson Damien E. , Jones Kelsea G. , Akporji Nnamdi , Soika Dana Q. M. , Nastiuk Kent L. , Hornak Joseph P. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA practical, convergent synthesis of prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) targeted imaging agents for MRI, PET, and SPECT of prostate cancer has been developed. In this approach, metals chelated to 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7,10‐tetraacetic acid (DOTA) were placed on the side chains of lysine early in the synthesis to form imaging modules. These are coupled to targeting modules, in this case consisting of the PSMA‐binding urea DCL, bonded to an activated linker. The modular approach to targeted molecular imaging agents (TMIAs) offers distinct advantages. By chelating the MRI contrast metal Gd early, it doubles as a protecting group for DOTA. Standard coupling and deprotection steps may be utilized to assemble the modules into peptides, and the need for tri‐tert‐butyl protection of DOTA requiring removal by strong acid is averted. This enables mild conjugation of the imaging module to a wide variety of targeting agents in the final step. It was further discovered that two labile metals, La3+ or Ce3+, can be used as placeholders in DOTA during the synthesis, then transmetalated in mild acid by Cu2+, Ga3+, In3+, and Y3+, metals used in PET/SPECT. This enables the efficient synthesis of nonradioactive analogues of targeted molecular imaging agents that may be transported or stored until needed. A simple and mild two‐step transmetalation, involving de‐metalation in dilute acid, followed by rapid chelation of the radioactive metal, may be conveniently performed later at the clinic to provide the TMIAs for PET or SPECT.
Efficient manganese decorated cobalt based catalysts for hydrogenation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5‐dimethylfuran (DMF) biofuel
Authors: Akmaz Solmaz , Esen Merve , Sezgin Esra , Koc Serkan Naci 
Published: July 2019

Abstract2,5‐dimethylfuran (DMF) is a promising compound in the production of biofuel with high‐quality properties. In this study, it is aimed to develop new efficient catalysts to synthesize DMF from 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Co, Mn/Co, and Ru/Co catalysts were prepared using the NaBH4 reduction method. The catalysts were subjected to activity tests for the hydrogenation of HMF to DMF by changing the reaction parameters, such as temperature and time. Mn/Co catalysts prepared from metal precursors at various molar ratios of Mn/Co were found to be effective in hydrogenation reactions of HMF to DMF. A 91.8% DMF yield was achieved in the presence of a Mn/Co (50/50) catalyst without noble metal at 180°C for 4 hours. The Brunauer‐Emmet‐Teller (BET) method, x‐ray diffraction (XRD), x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and induction coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP‐MS) techniques were used to characterize the efficient Mn/Co catalyst.
A new monitoring method for the between‐mode transition of multimode processes
Authors: Gao Zhenpeng , Jia Mingxing , Mao Zhizhong , Zhao Luping 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn practical industrial processes, the between‐mode transition commonly exists. It is accepted that the transition has a closer association with its neighbouring modes than with the other modes in the multimode processes. Thus, this paper first separates the subspace based on the relationships between the transition and the features of its neighbouring modes. Then it models the local information of the transition in the remaining subspace. In this way, a complete monitoring structure is set up from cross‐mode and inner‐mode viewpoints. Moreover, the new monitoring method can be applied without special conditions. Both the three tank practical process and the Tennessee Eastman challenge problem have validated the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of [11C]GNE‐1023 as a Potent PET Probe for Imaging Leucine‐Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Chen Zhen , Shao Tuo , Gao Wei , Fu Hualong , Collier Thomas Lee , Rong Jian , Deng Xiaoyun , Yu Qingzhen , Zhang Xiaofei , Davenport April T. , Daunais James B. , Wey Hsiao‐Ying , Shao Yihan , Josephson Lee , Qiu Wen‐Wei , Liang Steven 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLeucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a large protein involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been demonstrated that PD is mainly conferred by LRRK2 mutations that bring about increased kinase activity. As a consequence, selective inhibition of LRRK2 may help to recover the normal functions of LRRK2, thereby serving as a promising alternative therapeutic target for PD treatment. The mapping of LRRK2 by positron emission tomography (PET) studies allows a thorough understanding of PD and other LRRK2‐related disorders; it also helps to validate and translate novel LRRK2 inhibitors. However, no LRRK2 PET probes have yet been reported in the primary literature. Herein we present a facile synthesis and preliminary evaluation of [11C]GNE‐1023 as a novel potent PET probe for LRRK2 imaging in PD. [11C]GNE‐1023 was synthesized in good radiochemical yield (10 % non‐decay‐corrected RCY), excellent radiochemical purity (>99 %), and high molar activity (>37 GBq μmol−1). Excellent in vitro binding specificity of [11C]GNE‐1023 toward LRRK2 was demonstrated in cross‐species studies, including rat and nonhuman primate brain tissues by autoradiography experiments. Subsequent whole‐body biodistribution studies indicated limited brain uptake and urinary and hepatobiliary elimination of this radioligand. This study may pave the way for further development of a new generation of LRRK2 PET probes.
Probing In Vivo Structure of Individual mRNA 3′ Isoforms Using Dimethyl Sulfate
Authors: Moqtaderi Zarmik , Geisberg Joseph V. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe DMS region extraction and deep sequencing (DREADS) procedure was designed to probe RNA structure in vivo and to link this structural information to specific 3′ isoforms. Growing cells are treated with the alkylating agent dimethyl sulfate (DMS), which enters easily into cells and modifies RNA molecules at solvent‐exposed A and C residues. RNA is isolated, and sequencing libraries are constructed in a manner that preserves the identities of individual mRNA isoforms arising from alternative cleavage/polyadenylation sites. During the cDNA synthesis step of library construction, the progress of reverse transcriptase (RT) is blocked when it encounters a DMS modification on the RNA, leading to disproportionate cDNA termination adjacent to DMS‐modified positions. After paired‐end deep sequencing, the downstream end of each sequenced fragment is mapped to a specific cleavage/poly(A) site representing an individual mRNA 3′ isoform. The upstream mapped end of the sequenced fragment defines where the RT reaction stopped. Over the population of all sequenced fragments derived from a particular isoform, A and C positions that are overrepresented next to the upstream endpoints in the DMS sample (relative to a parallel untreated control) are inferred to have been DMS modified, and hence solvent exposed. This method thus allows in vivo structural information obtained using DMS to be linked to individual mRNA 3′ isoforms. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Efficient localization of target in large scale farmland using generalized regression neural network
Authors: Jondhale Satish R. , Deshpande Rajkumar S. 
Published: July 2019

SummaryAlthough simple to implement, the traditional trilateration technique is generally associated with significant location estimation errors because of highly nonlinear relationship between Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and distance. In case of agricultural farmland, there is always noise uncertainty in the RSSI measurements because of signal propagation issues such as NLOS, multipath propagation, and reflection. In the context of such environmental dynamicity, the localization algorithm must be efficient in terms of Localization Accuracy and Execution Speed to provide real‐time performance. The Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) is a noniterative highly parallel neural architecture with the capability to get trained quickly using very few training samples. This paper introduces a range free GRNN localization algorithm as an alternative to the traditional range‐based trilateration technique for a large scale wheat farmland. This paper also presents the modified Optimal Fitted Parametric Exponential Decay Model (OFPEDM)‐based signal path loss model to deal with the issue of environmental dynamicity. The evaluation of localization performance of the trilateration and the proposed GRNN‐based approaches is carried out with the help of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) using three path loss models, namely, Log Normal Shadow Fading (LNSM), Original OFPEDM, and proposed Modified OFPEDM. For all these implementations, the proposed GRNN algorithm demonstrates superior localization performance (localization accuracy of the order of few centimeters) over traditional trilateration irrespective of nonlinear system dynamics, path loss model, and environmental dynamicity. The execution speed of the proposed algorithm is of the order of few milliseconds.
Effects of contemporary agricultural land cover on Colorado potato beetle genetic differentiation in the Columbia Basin and Central Sands
Authors: Crossley Michael S. , Rondon Silvia I. , Schoville Sean D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLandscape structure, which can be manipulated in agricultural landscapes through crop rotation and modification of field edge habitats, can have important effects on connectivity among local populations of insects. Though crop rotation is known to influence the abundance of Colorado potato beetle (CPB; Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) fields each year, whether crop rotation and intervening edge habitat also affect genetic variation among populations is unknown. We investigated the role of landscape configuration and composition in shaping patterns of genetic variation in CPB populations in the Columbia Basin of Oregon and Washington, and the Central Sands of Wisconsin, USA. We compared landscape structure and its potential suitability for dispersal, tested for effects of specific land cover types on genetic differentiation among CPB populations, and examined the relationship between crop rotation distances and genetic diversity. We found higher genetic differentiation between populations separated by low potato land cover, and lower genetic diversity in populations occupying areas with greater crop rotation distances. Importantly, these relationships were only observed in the Columbia Basin, and no other land cover types influenced CPB genetic variation. The lack of signal in Wisconsin may arise as a consequence of greater effective population size and less pronounced genetic drift. Our results suggest that the degree to which host plant land cover connectivity affects CPB genetic variation depends on population size and that power to detect landscape effects on genetic differentiation might be reduced in agricultural insect pest systems.
Antihypertensive effect of giant embryo brown rice and pre‐germinated giant embryo brown rice on spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Zhou Xin , Zhao GuoChao , Sun ShuangYan , Li JianYue 
Published: July 2019

Abstract“Shangshida NO.5” is a giant embryo mutant resulting from giant embryo gene (GE) dysfunction in “Chao2‐10” rice. Here, we compared the antihypertensive effects of “Chao2‐10” brown rice (C2‐10), “Shangshida NO.5” brown rice (GER), and pre‐germinated “Shangshida NO.5” brown rice (PGER) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Male SHR at 6 weeks of age were divided into four groups and were fed with (a) a control diet (control), (b) a 40% C2‐10‐supplemented diet (C2‐10), (c) a 40% GER‐supplemented diet (GER), or (d) a 40% PGER‐supplemented diet (PGER) for 8 weeks, and their physiological and biochemical parameters were measured. The results showed that the C2‐10‐, GER‐, and PGER‐supplemented diets significantly decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) during the experiment. At the end of the experimental period, the SBP and DBP of the C2‐10, GER, and PGER groups were 7.6, 23.3, and 31.1 mmHg and 9.8, 21.1, and 29 mmHg lower than those in the control group, respectively, suggesting the GER and PGER diets were better able to inhibit blood pressure elevation than the C2‐10 diet. The serum creatinine levels in the C2‐10, GER, and PGER groups and the blood urea nitrogen content in the PGER group were significantly lower than those of the control group, indicating that C2‐10‐, GER‐, and especially PGER‐supplemented diets improved renal function. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the C2‐10 group and especially of the GER and PGER groups also improved. The above results suggest that “Shangshida NO.5” rice, particularly pre‐germinated rice, is a good dietary supplement for preventing the development of hypertension.
Large‐scale white matter network reorganization in posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Suo Xueling , Lei Du , Li Wenbin , Chen Fuqin , Niu Running , Kuang Weihong , Huang Xiaoqi , Lui Su , Li Lingjiang , Sweeney John A. , Gong Qiyong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRecently, graph theoretical approaches applied to neuroimaging data have advanced understanding of the human brain connectome and its abnormalities in psychiatric disorders. However, little is known about the topological organization of brain white matter networks in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Seventy‐six patients with PTSD and 76 age, gender, and years of education‐matched trauma‐exposed controls were studied after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake using diffusion tensor imaging and graph theoretical approaches. Topological properties of brain networks including global and nodal measurements and modularity were analyzed. At the global level, patients showed lower clustering coefficient (p = .016) and normalized characteristic path length (p = .035) compared with controls. At the nodal level, increased nodal centralities in left middle frontal gyrus, superior and inferior temporal gyrus and right inferior occipital gyrus were observed (p < .05, corrected for false‐discovery rate). Modularity analysis revealed that PTSD patients had significantly increased inter‐modular connections in the fronto‐parietal module, fronto‐striato‐temporal module, and visual and default mode modules. These findings indicate a PTSD‐related shift of white matter network topology toward randomization. This pattern was characterized by an increased global network integration, reflected by increased inter‐modular connections with increased nodal centralities involving fronto‐temporo‐occipital regions. This study suggests that extremely stressful life experiences, when they lead to PTSD, are associated with large‐scale brain white matter network topological reconfiguration at global, nodal, and modular levels.
Designable nanoplasmonic biomarkers for direct microscopy cytopathology diagnostics
Authors: Wang Lu , Darviot Cecile , Zapata‐Farfan Jennyfer , Patskovsky Sergiy , Trudel Dominique , Meunier Michel 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDirect microscopy interpretation of fine‐needle biopsy cytological samples is routinely used by practicing cytopathologists. Adding possibility to identify selective and multiplexed biomarkers on the same samples and with the same microscopy technique can greatly improve diagnostic accuracy. In this article, we propose to use biomarkers based on designable plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) with unique optical properties and excellent chemical stability that can satisfy the above‐mentioned requirements. By finely controlling the size and composition of gold‐silver alloy NPs and gold nanorods, the NPs plasmonic resonance properties, such as scattering efficiency and resonance peak spectral position, are adjusted in order to provide reliable identification and chromatic differentiation by conventional direct microscopy. Efficient darkfield NPs imaging is performed by using a novel circular side illumination adaptor that can be easily integrated into any microscopy setup while preserving standard cytopathology visualization method. The efficiency of the proposed technology for fast visual detection and differentiation of three spectrally distinct NP‐markers is demonstrated in different working media, thus confirming the potential application in conventional cytology preparations. It is worth emphasizing that the presented technology does not interfere with standard visualization with immunohistochemical staining, but should rather be considered as a second imaging modality to confirm the diagnostics.
Differentiating Parkinson's disease motor subtypes using automated volume‐based morphometry incorporating white matter and deep gray nuclear lesion load
Authors: Fang Eric , Ann Chu Ning , Maréchal Bénédicte , Lim Jie Xin , Tan Shawn Yan Zhi , Li Huihua , Gan Julian , Tan Eng King , Chan Ling Ling 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundPeriventricular leukoaraiosis may be an important pathological change in postural instability gait disorder (PIGD), a motor subtype of Parkinson's disease (PD). Clinical diagnosis of PIGD may be challenging for the general neurologist.PurposeTo evaluate 1) the utility of a fully automated volume‐based morphometry (Vol‐BM) in characterizing imaging diagnostic markers in PD and PIGD, including, 2) novel deep gray nuclear lesion load (GMab), and 3) discriminatory performance of a Vol‐BM model construct in classifying the PIGD subtype.Study TypeProspective.SubjectsIn all, 23 PIGD, 21 PD, and 20 age‐matched healthy controls (HC) underwent MRI brain scans and clinical assessments.Field Strength/Sequence3.0T, sagittal 3D‐magnetization‐prepared rapid gradient echo (MPRAGE), and fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery imaging (FLAIR) sequences.AssessmentClinical assessment was conducted by a movement disorder neurologist. The MR brain images were then segmented using an automated multimodal Vol‐BM algorithm (MorphoBox) and reviewed by two authors independently.Statistical TestingBrain segmentation and clinical parameter differences and dependence were assessed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis, respectively. Logistic regression was performed to differentiate PIGD from PD, and discriminative reliability was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.ResultsSignificantly higher white matter lesion load (WMab) (P < 0.01), caudate GMab (P < 0.05), and lateral and third ventricular (P < 0.05) volumetry were found in PIGD, compared with PD and HC. WMab, caudate and putamen GMab, and caudate, lateral, and third ventricular volumetry showed significant coefficients (P < 0.005) in linear regressions with balance and gait assessments in both patient groups. A model incorporating WMab, caudate GMab, and caudate GM discriminated PIGD from PD and HC with a sensitivity = 0.83 and specificity = 0.76 (AUC = 0.84).Data ConclusionFast, unbiased quantification of microstructural brain changes in PD and PIGD is feasible using automated Vol‐BM. Composite lesion load in the white matter and caudate, and caudate volumetry discriminated PIGD from PD and HC, and showed potential in classification of these disorders using supervised machine learning.Level of Evidence: 1Technical Efficacy: Stage 1J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:748–756.