bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predation and nutrients drive population declines in breeding waders
Authors: Møller Anders Pape , Thorup Ole , Laursen Karsten 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAllee effects are defined as a decline in per capita fitness at low population density. We hypothesized that predation reduces population size of breeding waders and thereby the efficiency of predator deterrence, while total nitrogen through its effects on primary and secondary productivity increases population size. Therefore, nest predation could have negative consequences for population size because nest failure generally results in breeding dispersal and hence reduced local population density. To test these predictions, we recorded nest predation in five species of waders for 4,745 nests during 1987–2015 at the nature reserve Tipperne, Denmark. Predation rates were generally negatively related to conspecific and heterospecific population density, but positively related to overall population density of the entire wader community. Nest predation and population density were related to ground water level, management (grazing and mowing), and nutrients. High nest predation with a time lag of one year resulted in low overall breeding population density, while high nutrient levels resulted in higher population density. These two factors accounted for 86% of the variance in population size, presumably due to effects of nest predation on emigration, while nutrient levels increased the level of vegetation cover and the abundance of food in the surrounding brackish water. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that predation may reduce population density through negative density dependence, while total nitrogen at adjacent shallow water may increase population size. Nest predation rates were reduced by high ground water level in March, grazing by cattle and mowing that affected access to and susceptibility of nests to predators. These effects can be managed to benefit breeding waders.
Impact of urbanization on abundance and phenology of caterpillars and consequences for breeding in an insectivorous bird
Authors: Seress Gábor , Hammer Tamás , Bókony Veronika , Vincze Ernő , Preiszner Bálint , Pipoly Ivett , Sinkovics Csenge , Evans Karl L. , Liker András 
Published: April 2018

AbstractUrbanization can have marked effects on plant and animal populations’ phenology, population size, predator–prey, interactions and reproductive success. These aspects are rarely studied simultaneously in a single system, and some are rarely investigated, e.g., how insect phenology responds to urban development. Here, we study a tri‐trophic system of trees, phytophagous insects (caterpillars), and insectivorous birds (Great Tits) to assess how urbanization influences (1) the phenology of each component of this system, (2) insect abundance, and (3) avian reproductive success. We use data from two urban and two forest sites in Hungary, central Europe, collected over four consecutive years. Despite a trend of earlier leaf emergence in urban sites, there is no evidence for an earlier peak in caterpillar abundance. Thus, contrary to the frequently stated prediction in the literature, the earlier breeding of urban bird populations is not associated with an earlier peak in caterpillar availability. Despite this the seasonal dynamics of caterpillar biomass exhibited striking differences between habitat types with a single clear peak in forests, and several much smaller peaks in urban sites. Caterpillar biomass was higher in forests than urban areas across the entire sampling period, and between 8.5 and 24 times higher during the first brood's chick‐rearing period. This higher biomass was not associated with taller trees in forest sites, or with tree species identity, and occurred despite most of our focal trees being native to the study area. Urban Great Tits laid smaller clutches, experienced more frequent nestling mortality from starvation, reared fewer offspring to fledging age, and their fledglings had lower body mass. Our study strongly indicates that food limitation is responsible for lower avian reproductive success in cities, which is driven by reduced availability of the preferred nestling diet, i.e., caterpillars, rather than phenological shifts in the timing of peak food availability.
Longitudinal effects of human supremacy beliefs and vegetarianism threat on moral exclusion (vs. inclusion) of animals
Authors: Leite Ana C. , Dhont Kristof , Hodson Gordon 
Published: April 2018

AbstractStronger beliefs in human supremacy over animals, and stronger perceived threat posed by vegetarianism to traditional practices, are associated with stronger speciesism and more meat consumption. Both variables might also be implicated in the moral exclusion of animals. We tested this potential in a 16‐month longitudinal study in the USA (N = 219). Human supremacy showed longitudinal effects on the moral exclusion of all animals. Vegetarianism threat only predicted moral exclusion of food animals (e.g., cows and pigs), and, unexpectedly, appealing wild animals (e.g., chimps and dolphins). These findings demonstrate the importance of both human supremacy and perceived threat in explaining moral exclusion of animals and highlight potential paradoxical negative consequences of the rise of vegetarianism.
Stigmatized beliefs: Conspiracy theories, anticipated negative evaluation of the self, and fear of social exclusion
Authors: Lantian Anthony , Muller Dominique , Nurra Cécile , Klein Olivier , Berjot Sophie , Pantazi Myrto 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCan conspiracy theories be a source of social stigma? If it is true, it would follow that people may expect to be socially excluded when they express endorsement of conspiracy theories. This effect should be partially explained by the knowledge of the negative perceptions associated with conspiracy theories. In Study 1, inducing French internet users to write a text endorsing (vs. criticizing) conspiracy theories about the Charlie Hebdo shooting, led them to anticipate fear of social exclusion. This effect was mediated by anticipated negative evaluation of the self. In Study 2, inducing French internet users to imagine defending (vs. criticizing) conspiracy theories about the Charlie Hebdo shooting in front of an audience led them to anticipate fear of social exclusion. The effect was again mediated by anticipated negative evaluation of the self. To conclude, our findings demonstrate that conspiracy theories can be viewed as a source of social stigma.
Lost in the crowd: Conformity as escape following disbelief in free will
Authors: Moynihan Andrew B. , Igou Eric R. , van Tilburg Wijnand A. P. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBelief in free will is founded on the idea that people are responsible for their behavior. People who believe in free will derive meaning in life from these beliefs. Conformity refers to succumbing to external pressures and imitating others’ behaviors. Sometimes, conformity involves a loss of self‐awareness, which reduces perceived meaninglessness. We tested if disbelief in free will increases perceived meaninglessness and if people subsequently become more conformist to address this negative existential perception. We conducted three studies to test this hypothesis. In Study 1, experimentally induced disbelief in free will resulted in perceived meaninglessness. In Study 2, perceived meaninglessness correlated with conformity. Finally, in Study 3, perceived meaninglessness mediated the relationship between disbelief in free will and conformity, especially under high self‐awareness. We conclude that perceptions about meaning play a central role in the relationship between disbelief in free will and conformity.
Electrochemical On‐site Amino Acids Detection of Maple Syrup Urine Disease Using Vertically Aligned Nickel Nanowires
Authors: García‐Carmona Laura , González María Cristina , Escarpa Alberto 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn this work, vertically aligned nickel nanowires‐based electrochemical sensors (v‐NiNWs) for rapid detection of branched‐chain amino acids for a non‐invasive screening of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), are proposed. v‐NiNWs meet the required features for decentralized clinical diagnosis: easy to operate, fast sensor response and short total analysis times (5 min), as well as low sample consumption (250 ml). The analytical characteristics (for leucine as representative branched‐chain amino acid in MSUD) such as detection limit (8 μM) and linear range (25–700 μM which includes as midpoint the amino acids cut‐off of 250 μM) clearly showed the suitability of v‐NiNWs as new and disposable analytical tool for rapid screening of branched‐chain amino acids in MSUD because of their high capabilities for reliable differentiation between healthy and ill clinical sample profiles. In addition, intra and inter‐electrodes repeatability were excellent with values of RSD≤4 and 9 %, respectively (n=5). This approach opens novel avenues not only for ultrafast diagnosis of MSUD using miniaturized and even disposable devices but also for a future point‐of‐care testing; providing novel alternatives for on‐site decentralized monitoring.
Optimal clinical management of children receiving dietary therapies for epilepsy: Updated recommendations of the International Ketogenic Diet Study Group
Authors: Kossoff Eric H. , Zupec‐Kania Beth A. , Auvin Stéphane , Ballaban‐Gil Karen R. , Christina Bergqvist A.G. , Blackford Robyn , Buchhalter Jeffrey R. , Caraballo Roberto H. , Cross J. Helen , Dahlin Maria G. , Donner Elizabeth J. , Guzel Orkide , Jehle Rana S. , Klepper Joerg , Kang Hoon‐Chul , Lambrechts Danielle A. , Liu Y.M. Christiana , Nathan Janak K. , Nordli Douglas R. , Pfeifer Heidi H. , Rho Jong M. , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Sharma Suvasini , Stafstrom Carl E. , Thiele Elizabeth A. , Turner Zahava , Vaccarezza Maria M. , van der Louw Elles J.T.M. , Veggiotti Pierangelo , Wheless James W. , Wirrell Elaine C. ,   The Charlie Foundation,   Matthew's Friends,   the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society
Published: April 2018

SummaryKetogenic dietary therapies (KDTs) are established, effective nonpharmacologic treatments for intractable childhood epilepsy. For many yearsKDTswere implemented differently throughout the world due to lack of consistent protocols. In 2009, an expert consensus guideline for the management of children onKDTwas published, focusing on topics of patient selection, pre‐KDTcounseling and evaluation, diet choice and attributes, implementation, supplementation, follow‐up, side events, andKDTdiscontinuation. It has been helpful in outlining a state‐of‐the‐art protocol, standardizingKDTfor multicenter clinical trials, and identifying areas of controversy and uncertainty for future research. Now one decade later, the organizers and authors of this guideline present a revised version with additional authors, in order to include recent research, especially regarding other dietary treatments, clarifying indications for use, side effects during initiation and ongoing use, value of supplements, and methods ofKDTdiscontinuation. In addition, authors completed a survey of their institution's practices, which was compared to responses from the original consensus survey, to show trends in management over the last 10 years.
Field estimate of paleoseismic slip on a normal fault using the Schmidt hammer and terrestrial LiDAR: Methods and application to the Hebgen fault (Montana, USA)
Authors: Tye Alexander , Stahl Timothy 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe weathering characteristics of bedrock fault scarps provide relative age constraints that can be used to determine fault displacements. Here, we report Schmidt hammer rebound values (R‐values) for a limestone fault scarp that was last exposed in the 1959 Mw 7.3 Hebgen Lake, Montana earthquake. Results show that someR‐value indices, related to the difference between minimum and maximumR‐values in repeated impacts at a point, increase upward along the scarp, which we propose is due to progressive exposure of the scarp in earthquakes. An objective method is developed for fitting slip histories to the Schmidt hammer data and produces the best model fit (using the Bayesian Information Criterion) of three earthquakes with single event displacements of ≥ 1.20 m, 3.75 m, andc. 4.80 m. The same fitting method is also applied to new terrestrial LiDAR data of the scarp, though the LiDAR results may be more influenced by macro‐scale structure of the outcrop than by differential weathering. We suggest the use of this fitting procedure to define single event displacements on other bedrock fault scarps using other dating techniques. Our preliminary findings demonstrate that the Schmidt hammer, combined with other methods, may provide useful constraints on single event displacements on exposed bedrock fault scarps. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transformation-dissolution reactions partially explain adverse effects of metallic silver nanoparticles to soil nitrification in different soils
Authors: Bollyn Jessica , Willaert Bernd , Kerré Bart , Moens Claudia , Arijs Katrien , Mertens Jelle , Leverett Dean , Oorts Koen , Smolders Erik 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Risk assessment of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) is critically affected by the concern that toxicity goes beyond that of the metallic ion. The present study addressed this concern for soils with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the Ag-sensitive nitrification assay. Three agricultural soils (A, B, and C) were spiked with equivalent doses of either AgNP (diameter = 13 nm) or AgNO3. Soil solution was isolated and monitored over 97 d with due attention to accurate Ag fractionation at low (∼10 μg L−1) Ag concentrations. Truly dissolved (&lt;1 kDa) Ag in the AgNO3-amended soils decreased with reaction half-lives of 4 to 22 d depending on the soil, denoting important Ag–aging reactions. In contrast, truly dissolved Ag in AgNP-amended soils first increased by dissolution and subsequently decreased by aging, the concentration never exceeding that in the AgNO3-amended soils. The half-lives of AgNP transformation-dissolution were approximately 4 d (soils A and B) and 36 d (soil C). The Ag toxic thresholds (10% effect concentrations, milligrams of Ag per kilogram of soil) of nitrification, evaluated at 21 or 35 d after spiking, were similar between the 2 Ag forms (soils A and B) but were factors of 3 to 8 lower for AgNO3 than for AgNP (soil C), largely corroborating dissolution differences. This fate and bioassay showed that AgNPs are not more toxic than AgNO3 at equivalent total soil Ag concentrations and that differences in Ag dissolution at least partially explain toxicity differences between the forms and among soils. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2123–2131. © 2018 SETAC
Fronto‐Parietal Subnetworks Flexibility Compensates For Cognitive Decline Due To Mental Fatigue
Authors: Taya Fumihiko , Dimitriadis Stavros I. , Dragomir Andrei , Lim Julian , Sun Yu , Wong Kian Foong , Thakor Nitish V. , Bezerianos Anastasios 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFronto‐parietal subnetworks were revealed to compensate for cognitive decline due to mental fatigue by community structure analysis. Here, we investigate changes in topology of subnetworks of resting‐state fMRI networks due to mental fatigue induced by prolonged performance of a cognitively demanding task, and their associations with cognitive decline. As it is well established that brain networks have modular organization, community structure analyses can provide valuable information about mesoscale network organization and serve as a bridge between standard fMRI approaches and brain connectomics that quantify the topology of whole brain networks. We developed inter‐ and intramodule network metrics to quantify topological characteristics of subnetworks, based on our hypothesis that mental fatigue would impact on functional relationships of subnetworks. Functional networks were constructed with wavelet correlation and a data‐driven thresholding scheme based on orthogonal minimum spanning trees, which allowed detection of communities with weak connections. A change from pre‐ to posttask runs was found for the intermodule density between the frontal and the temporal subnetworks. Seven inter‐ or intramodule network metrics, mostly at the frontal or the parietal subnetworks, showed significant predictive power of individual cognitive decline, while the network metrics for the whole network were less effective in the predictions. Our results suggest that the control‐type fronto‐parietal networks have a flexible topological architecture to compensate for declining cognitive ability due to mental fatigue. This community structure analysis provides valuable insight into connectivity dynamics under different cognitive states including mental fatigue.
Effects of fin shapes on heat transfer in microchannel heat sinks
Authors: Roy Rahul , Kundu Balaram 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn the present study, compact water cooling of high‐density, high‐speed, very‐large‐scale integrated (VLSI) circuits with the help of microchannel heat exchangers were investigated analytically. This study also presents the result of mathematical analysis based on the modified Bessel function of laminar fluid flow and heat transfer through combined conduction and convection in a microchannel heat sink with triangular extensions. The main purpose of this paper is to find the dimensions of a heat sink that give the least thermal resistance between the fluid and the heat sink, and the results are compared with that of rectangular fins. It is seen that the triangular heat sink requires less substrate material as compared to rectangular fins, and the heat transfer rate per unit volume has been almost doubled by using triangular heat sinks. It is also found that the effectiveness of the triangular fin is higher than that of the rectangular fin. Therefore, the triangular heat sink has the ability to dissipate large amounts of heat with relatively less temperature rise for the same fin volume. Alternatively, triangular heat sinks may thus be more cost effective to use for cooling ultra‐high speed VLSI circuits than rectangular heat sinks.
Focal Species Candidates for Pesticide Risk Assessment in European Rice Fields: A Review
Authors: Vallon Martin , Dietzen Christian , Laucht Silke , Ludwigs Jan-Dieter 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

An assessment of potential risks of pesticides on wildlife is required during the process of product registration within Europe because of the importance of agricultural landscapes as wildlife habitats. Despite their peculiarity and their specific role as artificial wetlands, rice paddies are to date pooled with cereals in guidance documents on how to conduct risk assessments for birds and mammals in Europe. Hence, the focal species currently considered in risk assessments for rice paddies are those known from cereal fields and can therefore be expected to differ significantly from the species actually occurring in the wet environments of rice paddies. We present results of a comprehensive review on bird and mammal species regularly occurring in rice paddies during a time of potential pesticide exposure to identify appropriate focal species candidates for ecotoxicological pesticide risk assessment according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). In addition, we present data on rice cultivation areas and agricultural practices in Europe to give background information supporting the species selection process. Our literature search identified a general scarcity of relevant data, particularly for mammals, which highlights the need for crop-specific focal species studies. However, our results clearly indicate that the relevant bird and mammal species in rice fields indeed differ strongly from the focal species used for the cereal risk assessment. They can thus be used as a baseline for more realistic wildlife risk assessments specific to rice and the development of a revised guidance document to bridge the gap for regulatory decision makers. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018;14:537–551. © 2018 SETAC

Key Points
Despite their peculiarity and their specific role as artificial wetlands, rice paddies are currently pooled with cereals in the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) guidance document on how to conduct pesticide risk assessments for birds and mammals in Europe. The generic focal species used for risk assessments in rice are not considered realistic because they are chosen based on evaluation of cereal fields, which typically offer very different conditions from the wet environments of rice paddies. An extensive literature search on birds and mammals occurring in European rice fields revealed specific focal species candidates that can be used as baselines for more realistic wildlife risk assessments, while indicating a need for crop-specific focal species studies. The presented data is particularly relevant in light of the planned revision of the EFSA bird and mammal guidance document.
Annexin A5 Involvement in Bone Overgrowth at the Enthesis
Authors: Shimada Akemi , Ideno Hisashi , Arai Yoshinori , Komatsu Koichiro , Wada Satoshi , Yamashita Teruhito , Amizuka Norio , Pöschl Ernst , Brachvogel Bent , Nakamura Yoshiki , Nakashima Kazuhisa , Mizukami Hiroaki , Ezura Yoichi , Nifuji Akira 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

Little is known about the molecular mechanisms of enthesis formation in mature animals. Here, we report that annexin A5 (Anxa5) plays a critical role in the regulation of bone ridge outgrowth at the entheses. We found that Anxa5 is highly expressed in the entheses of postnatal and adult mice. In Anxa5-deficient (Anxa5–/–) mice, the sizes of bone ridge outgrowths at the entheses of the tibias and femur were increased after age 7 weeks. Bone overgrowth was not observed at the fibrous enthesis where the fibrocartilage layer does not exist. More ALP-expressing cells were observed in the fibrocartilage layer in Anxa5–/– mice than in wild-type (WT) mice. Calcein and Alizarin Red double labeling revealed more mineralized areas in Anxa5–/– mice than WT mice. To examine the effects of mechanical forces, we performed tenotomy in which transmission of contractile forces by the tibial muscle was impaired by surgical muscle release. In tenotomized mice, bone overgrowth at the enthesis in Anxa5–/– mice was decreased to a level comparable to that in WT mice at 8 weeks after the operation. The tail-suspended mice also showed a decrease in bone overgrowth to similar levels in Anxa5–/– and WT mice at 8 weeks after hindlimb unloading. These results suggest that bone overgrowth at the enthesis requires mechanical forces. We further examined effects of Anxa5 gene knockdown (KD) in primary cultures of osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and tenocytes in vitro. Anxa5 KD increased ALP expression in tenocytes and chondrocytes but not in osteoblasts, suggesting that increased ALP activity in the fibrocartilaginous tissue in Anxa5–/– mice is directly caused by Anxa5 deletion in tenocytes or fibrocartilage cells. These data indicate that Anxa5 prevents bone overgrowth at the enthesis, whose formation is mediated through mechanical forces and modulating expression of mineralization regulators. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.