bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Follow-on schadeclaims wegens schending van het mededingingsrecht: van law in the books naar law in action
Authors: Meijer R. 
Published: March 2018

Follow-on schadeclaims wegens schending van het mededingingsrecht: van law in the books naar law in action
In deze bijdrage gaat de auteur in op een aantal recente ontwikkelingen op het gebied van de private handhaving van het mededingingsrecht. Daarbij wordt in het bijzonder aandacht besteed aan de nieuwe wettelijke bepalingen als gevolg van de implementatie van de richtlijn inzake schadeclaims wegens mededingingsinbreuken alsmede enkele noemenswaardige ontwikkelingen in de jurisprudentie op het gebied van kartelschade.
Het eenzijdig wijzigingsbeding in de franchiseovereenkomst
Authors: Dolphijn A.W. 
Published: March 2018

Het eenzijdig wijzigingsbeding in de franchiseovereenkomst
De vraag of de franchiseformule door de franchisegever gewijzigd zou mogen worden, en in hoeverre, kan een bron van conflicten zijn. Bij de beoordeling gaat het om de formulering van het wijzigingsbeding, de wijziging zelf en overige omstandigheden. Tegen deze achtergrond wordt in deze bijdrage bezien welke factoren van belang kunnen zijn bij een toelaatbaar beroep van een franchisegever op een beding in een franchiseovereenkomst tot eenzijdige wijziging van de franchiseformule.
Wat is de impact van de Algemene Verordening Gegevensbescherming van de EU op internationale franchiseovereenkomsten?
Authors: de Koning M. , de Vries H.H. 
Published: March 2018

Wat is de impact van de Algemene Verordening Gegevensbescherming van de EU op internationale franchiseovereenkomsten?
De Algemene Verordening Gegevensbescherming (AVG) zal per ingang van 25 mei 2018 van toepassing zal zijn in alle EU-lidstaten. Het artikel zet de belangrijkste veranderingen die de AVG met zich meebrengt en de betekenis voor franchiseovereenkomsten uiteen. In het kort verruimt de AVG de rechten van betrokkenen (natuurlijke personen) op basis van hun fundamentele recht op gegevensbescherming en scherpt het de verplichtingen aan van de bij verwerking van persoonsgegevens betrokken ondernemingen. Ook verzwaart de Verordening het sanctieregime.Voor de meeste franchisegevers en franchisenemers geldt dat zij persoonsgegevens verwerken en dus te maken krijgen met het regime van de AVG. De meeste franchisenetwerken maken gebruik van loyaltyprogramma’s en digitale marketingmethodes. Ook komt het in de praktijk voor dat franchisegevers en franchisenemers in geschillen terechtkomen over wie de gegevens met betrekking tot de klanten van de franchisenemers mag gebruiken, tijdens of na beëindiging van de franchiserelatie. Wij behandelen de basisbeginselen van de AVG, de vereisten voor een rechtmatige verwerking van persoonsgegevens, de nieuwe verplichtingen en rechten van betrokkenen. Teneinde aan de AVG te kunnen voldoen, moeten franchisegevers en franchisenemers onder meer de gegevensverwerking van in franchisesystemen in kaart brengen en moeten zij rolduidelijkheid scheppen: wie is de verantwoordelijke en wie is eventuele verwerker jegens de betrokken natuurlijke personen?Het artikel concludeert dat de meeste internationaal gebruikte standaard franchiseovereenkomsten vrij veel aanpassingen behoeven om aan de vereisten van de AVG te voldoen. Momenteel zijn de rollen van franchisegevers en franchisenemers en de activiteiten voor bescherming van persoonsgegevens in de franchiseketen niet duidelijk bepaald en vastgelegd. Dan blijft dikwijls in het midden welke partij voor de naleving van de AVG verantwoordelijk is. Niet-naleving kan tot hoge boetes, civielrechtelijek aansprakelijkheid en/of reputatieschade van het gehele franchisenetwerk leiden. De AVG is ook relevant voor buiten de EU gevestigde franchisegevers. Ongeacht of de verwerking van persoonsgegevens in de EU plaatsvindt, is de AVG van toepassing op de verwerking in de context van activiteiten van een vestiging van een verwerkingsverantwoordelijke of een verwerker in de EU.Er is voorts nog een e-Privacy Verordening in de maak. Deze zal op het punt van profilering, e-marketing, behavioral advertising en geo-targeting aanvullende eisen stellen.
RNA Analysis as a Tool to Determine Clinically Relevant Gene Fusions and Splice Variants
Authors: Teixidó Cristina , Giménez-Capitán Ana , Molina-Vila Miguel Ángel , Peg Vicente , Karachaliou Niki , Rodríguez-Capote Alejandra , Castellví Josep , Rosell Rafael 
Published: March 2018

Context.—Technologic advances have contributed to the increasing relevance of RNA analysis in clinical oncology practice. The different genetic aberrations that can be screened with RNA include gene fusions and splice variants. Validated methods of identifying these alterations include fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, and next-generation sequencing, which can provide physicians valuable information on disease and treatment of cancer patients.Objective.—To discuss the standard techniques available and new approaches for the identification of gene fusions and splice variants in cancer, focusing on RNA analysis and how analytic methods have evolved in both tissue and liquid biopsies.Data Sources.—This is a narrative review based on PubMed searches and the authors' own experiences.Conclusions.—Reliable RNA-based testing in tissue and liquid biopsies can inform the diagnostic process and guide physicians toward the best treatment options. Next-generation sequencing methodologies permit simultaneous assessment of molecular alterations and increase the number of treatment options available for cancer patients.
Modération statistique et modération sociale des résultats scolaires : approches opposées ou complémentaires ?
Authors: Laveault Dany , Yerly Gonzague 
Published: March 2018

La modération des résultats d’évaluation est une pratique devenue courante dans de nombreux systèmes éducatifs. Ses buts sont de renforcer l’équité des résultats entre les élèves et/ou leur comparabilité lorsque l’évaluation sert à certifier ou à sélectionner les élèves. Selon les contextes, différentes méthodes sont appliquées. Deux approches sont présentées : la modération statistique et la modération sociale. La première consiste de manière générale en une transformation statistique des résultats des élèves à l’aide d’une épreuve de calibration. La seconde est une démarche de travail collaboratif et de développement professionnel qui amène les enseignants à construire collectivement des pratiques communes d’évaluation à l’aide de standards. Cet article propose une réflexion théorique qui permet une description de ces deux approches (différentes méthodes, apports et limites) afin de les comparer. Son apport est d’actualiser cette comparaison et de dégager quels en sont les enjeux pour les différents acteurs du système scolaire. Un certain nombre de recommandations liées à leurs conditions d’utilisation sont envisagées en conclusion.
Oropharynx HPV status and its relation to HIV infection
Authors: Vianna Leonora Maciel de Souza , Carneiro Fabiana Pirani , Amorim Rivadavio , Guerra Eliete Neves da Silva , Cavalcanti Neto Florêncio Figueiredo , Tiziani Valdenize , Motoyama Andrea Barretto , Bocca Anamélia Lorenzetti 
Published: March 2018

Background
The number of oropharyngeal lesions caused by HPV (Human papillomavirus) has been increasing worldwide in the past years. In spite of the clinical relevance of HPV infection in the anogenital tract of HIV-positive patients, the relevance of oropharynx HPV infection in these patients is not clear. The aim of the present study was to detect HPV infection, and clinical and cytological changes in the oropharynx of HIV-positive patients.

Methods
Samples collected from the oropharynx of 100 HIV-positive patients were subjected to hybrid capture (HC), conventional and liquid-based cytology. Clinical data were also collected to investigate the relation with HPV status.

Results
High and low-risk types of HPV were present in 8% and 16.7% of the total sample. The mean ± sd (maximum-minimum) of the relative ratio light unit (RLU)/cutoff (CO) was 2.94 ± 2.58 (1.09–7.87) and 1.61 ± 0.65 (1.07–2.8) for high- and low-risk-HPV, respectively. By cytology, dysplasia was not detected, but atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) were diagnosed in two samples. No clinical change, suggestive of dysplasia/cancer, was detected.

Conclusion
Our study was able to detect and characterize HPV infection by hybrid capture, which may represent a good tool for screening and follow-up of HPV in the studied population. The frequency and viral load of HPV were low. Neither clinical nor cytological changes suggestive of dysplasia/neoplasia were observed in oropharynx of HIV-positive patients.
Will the California Current lose its nesting Tufted Puffins?
Authors: Hart Christopher J. , Kelly Ryan P. , Pearson Scott F. 
Published: March 2018

Tufted Puffin (Fratercula cirrhata) populations have experienced dramatic declines since the mid-19th century along the southern portion of the species range, leading citizen groups to petition the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) to list the species as endangered in the contiguous US. While there remains no consensus on the mechanisms driving these trends, population decreases in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem suggest climate-related factors, and in particular the indirect influence of sea-surface temperature on puffin prey. Here, we use three species distribution models (SDMs) to evaluate projected shifts in habitat suitable for Tufted Puffin nesting for the year 2050 under two future Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emission scenarios. Ensemble model results indicate warming marine and terrestrial temperatures play a key role in the loss of suitable Tufted Puffin nesting conditions in the California Current under both business-as-usual (RCP 8.5) and moderated (RCP 4.5) carbon emission scenarios, and in particular, that mean summer sea-surface temperatures greater than 15 °C are likely to make habitat unsuitable for breeding. Under both emission scenarios, ensemble model results suggest that more than 92% of currently suitable nesting habitat in the California Current is likely to become unsuitable. Moreover, the models suggest a net loss of greater than 21% of suitable nesting sites throughout the entire North American range of the Tufted Puffin, regardless of emission-reduction strategies. These model results highlight continued Tufted Puffin declines—particularly among southern breeding colonies—and indicate a significant risk of near-term extirpation in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem.
Effects of weight loss in ewes in early pregnancy on
muscles and meat quality of lambs
Authors: KRAUSGRILL D. I. , TULLOH N. M. , SHORTHOSE W. R. , SHARPE K. 
Published: July 2002

Three successive experiments, of similar design, were carried out during 1986–88 at Mount Derrimut,
Australia. Mature Merino ewes were mated to Poll Dorset rams and then allocated to either a control
group (C) or a treatment group (R). Ewes from each treatment were slaughtered 60, 70, 100 or 140
days post-conception and the development of their foetuses was compared in terms of body size and
muscle characteristics. In Expts 1 and 2, some ewes were allowed to lamb and the progeny in each
group were slaughtered after reaching a body weight of 35 kg, for comparison of growth rates, muscle
characteristics and meat quality.In each experiment, treatment extended from mating to day 70 of pregnancy and, during this
period, both groups were housed. Ewes in group C were kept as one group and fed ad libitum and
ewes in group R were individually penned and fed a restricted ration of the same diet as that given
to group C in order to achieve a steady loss of body weight. In Expt 1, this loss was 8 kg but, in Expts
2 and 3, feed intake was controlled according to condition score and, during this period, group R ewes
lost 25–35% of their body weight at mating. After day 70, all ewes were kept grazing and were offered
supplementary feed at rates sufficient for a steady increase in ewe body weights.Foetuses in group R were lower in body weight (P<0·05), crown-rump length (P<0·05) and girth
(P<0·01). However, birth weights and mean ages of the 35 kg lambs at slaughter did not differ
significantly between treatments.There were no significant differences between treatments for the semitendinosus (ST) and
semimembranosus (SM) muscles in total muscle weight, DNA content, protein content, nor in the
ratios of muscle weight[ratio ]DNA and protein[ratio ]DNA. However, there were significant differences between
experiments, which indicated that cell size in the ST and SM muscles was lower in Expt 2 than in
Expt 1.In day 70 foetuses, the cross-sectional area of α fibres was greater (P<0·05) in group R than in
group C but by day 140 the difference was no longer significant. At day 70, there was also a positive
correlation (r=0·65, P<0·01) between the cross-sectional area of β fibres and the number of α fibres
surrounding each of them. There were no significant differences between treatments at any age in the
percentages of βR, αR and αW fibres.Meat from group R lambs was more tender than that from group C lambs as indicated by
significantly lower means in the SM muscle for adhesion (P<0·01) and Warner–Bratzler Peak Force
(WB PF) measurements (P<0·05).Although some effects of nutritional restriction were found, severe feed shortage in early pregnancy
in sheep is unlikely to have significant effects on the production of prime lamb meat provided that
adequate nutrition is available during late pregnancy and post-natal growth.
A theory for turbulent pipe and channel flows
Authors: WOSNIK MARTIN , CASTILLO LUCIANO , GEORGE WILLIAM K. 
Published: July 2002

A theory for fully developed turbulent pipe and channel flows is proposed which
extends the classical analysis to include the effects of finite Reynolds number. The
proper scaling for these flows at finite Reynolds number is developed from dimensional
and physical considerations using the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations.
In the limit of infinite Reynolds number, these reduce to the familiar law of the wall
and velocity deficit law respectively.The fact that both scaled profiles describe the entire flow for finite values of
Reynolds number but reduce to inner and outer profiles is used to determine their
functional forms in the ‘overlap’ region which both retain in the limit. This overlap
region corresponds to the constant, Reynolds shear stress region
(30 < y+ < 0.1R+
approximately, where R+ = u*R/v).
The profiles in this overlap region are logarithmic,
but in the variable y + a where a is an offset. Unlike the classical theory, the additive
parameters, Bi, Bo, and log coefficient,
1/κ, depend on R+. They are asymptotically
constant, however, and are linked by a constraint equation. The corresponding friction
law is also logarithmic and entirely determined by the velocity profile parameters, or
vice versa.It is also argued that there exists a mesolayer near the bottom of the overlap
region approximately bounded by 30 < y+ < 300 where there is not the necessary
scale separation between the energy and dissipation ranges for inertially dominated
turbulence. As a consequence, the Reynolds stress and mean flow retain a Reynolds
number dependence, even though the terms explicitly containing the viscosity are
negligible in the single-point Reynolds-averaged equations. A simple turbulence model
shows that the offset parameter a accounts for the mesolayer, and because of it a
logarithmic behaviour in y applies only beyond y+ > 300, well outside where it has
commonly been sought.The experimental data from the superpipe experiment and DNS of channel flow
are carefully examined and shown to be in excellent agreement with the new theory
over the entire range 1.8 × 102 < R+ < 5.3 × 105.
The Reynolds number dependence of all the parameters and the friction law can be determined from the single empirical
function, H = A/(ln R+)α for α > 0,
just as for boundary layers. The Reynolds number
dependence of the parameters diminishes very slowly with increasing Reynolds
number, and the asymptotic behaviour is reached only when R+ [Gt ] 105.
Turbulence, waves and mixing at shear-free density interfaces.
Part 1. A theoretical model
Authors: FERNANDO H. J. S. , HUNT J. C. R. 
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a theoretical model of turbulence and
mixing at a shear-free
stable density interface. In one case (single-sided stirring) the
interface separates a
layer of fluid of density ρ in turbulent motion, with r.m.s.
velocity uH and lengthscale
LH, from a non-turbulent layer with density
ρ+Δρ, while in the second case (double-sided stirring) the lower
layer is also in turbulent motion. In both cases, the external Richardson number
Ri=ΔbLH/
u2H
(where Δb is the buoyancy jump across the
interface) is assumed to be large. Based on the hypotheses that the effect of the
interface on the turbulence is as if it were suddenly imposed (which is equivalent to
generating irrotational motions) and that linear waves are
generated in the interface,
the techniques of rapid distortion theory are used to analyse
the linear aspects of the
distortion of turbulence and of the interfacial motions. New physical concepts are
introduced to account for the nonlinear aspects.To describe the spectra and variations of the r.m.s. fluctuations
of velocity and displacements, a statistically steady linear model
is used for frequencies above a critical
frequency ωr/μc, where
ωr(=Δb/2uH)
is the maximum resonant frequency and μc<1.
As in other nonlinear systems, observations below this critical
frequency show the existence of long waves on the interface that
can grow, break and cause mixing between
the two fluid layers. A nonlinear model is constructed based on the fact that these
breaking waves have steep slopes (which determines the form of the displacement
spectrum) and on the physical argument that the energy of the
vertical motions of these
dissipative nonlinear waves should be comparable to that of the forced linear waves,
which leads to an approximately constant value for the parameter
μc. The model
predictions of the vertical r.m.s. interfacial velocity, the
interfacial wave amplitude
and the velocity spectra agree closely with new and published experimental results.An exact unsteady inviscid linear analysis is used to derive the
growth rate of the
full spectrum, which asymptotically leads to the growth of resonant waves and to
the energy transfer from the turbulent region to the wave motion of the stratified
layer. Mean energy flux into the stratified layer, averaged over
a typical wave cycle,
is used to estimate the boundary entrainment velocity for the single-sided stirring
case and the flux entrainment velocity for the double-sided stirring case, by making
the assumption that the ratio of buoyancy flux to dissipation
rate in forced stratified
layers is constant with Ri and has the same value as in
other stratified turbulent flows.
The calculations are in good agreement with laboratory measurements conducted in
mixing boxes and in wind tunnels. The contribution of
Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities
induced by the velocity of turbulent eddies parallel to the interface
is estimated to be insignificant compared to that of internal waves
excited by turbulence.
Oblique wave incidence on a plane beach: the classical problem revisited
Authors: EHRENMARK ULF TORSTEN 
Published: July 2002

The non-hydrostatic description of three-dimensional waves incident
over a plane
beach at a long straight coastline is considered in terms of the inverse

Kontorovich–Lebedev integral transform. This is seen
as a natural extension to earlier work
by the author where the two-dimensional (normal incidence) flow is expressed
as
an inverse Mellin transform, and similar simplifications in the description
here are
encountered. In particular computations are undertaken for a variety of
beach slopes
of the form α=π/2m where m is an
integer and for a range of incidence angles.
These computations have previously only been practical for beaches whose
slope α is
regarded as asymptotically small thereby allowing versions of the mild-slope
equation
to be used. For the chosen slope angles, the solution is established with
rigour and
methods of estimating near- and far-field asymptotics arise naturally in
this discussion.
For the case of perfect reflection, a previously known solution is recovered
in closed
form as a finite sum of exponential terms, and a shoreline ‘amplification
factor’ aγ is considered for these waves and is computed for a range of beach slopes
through
the entire spectrum of incidence angles. It is shown analytically that,
in the limit of
normal incidence, the value of aγ approaches

the well-known classical result a0=m1/2

and, for glancing incidence, Whitham's (1979) result is confirmed
where the value
approaches either 1 or 0 depending on whether the beach angle is or is
not an angle
at which a new Ursell edge wave mode appears (m odd).As applications of the new development, comprehensive near-field expansions

for arbitrary reflection are written and verified by computation. These
permit the
construction of refracted wavefronts and wave rays for arbitrary beach
slope without
the usual phase velocity assumptions. Instability is indicated at very
oblique incidence
where nonlinear modelling (Peregrine & Ryrie 1983) predicts
‘anomalous refraction’.
Results are presented graphically and computation of derivatives of the
potential
enables estimation of the (second order) set-down seaward of the
breaker zone. This
is found to decrease as wave attack becomes increasingly oblique.
Instabilities of dynamic thermocapillary liquid
layers with magnetic fields
Authors: MORTHLAND T. E. , WALKER J. S. 
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a linear-stability analysis for the transition
from a steady, two-dimensional thermocapillary convection in a liquid-metal layer to a periodic,
three-dimensional flow involving hydrothermal waves which propagate in the directionzw normal to the plane of the base flow. There is a uniform magnetic field
applied
parallel to the free surface in the plane of the base flow, and there is
a linear
temperature gradient along the free surface in the base flow. The ratio
of the layer's
length to its depth, 2L, is large. The magnetic Reynolds number
is small.A key parameter is λ, the ratio of the large Hartmann number
based on depth to
L. The value of λ increases as either the magnetic field

strength is increased or L is
decreased. The results for very small values of λ agree with the
results of a previous
treatment of this instability without a magnetic field. As λ is
increased, the critical
Marangoni number and the wavenumber for the hydrothermal rolls both increase.

For large values of λ, the base flow and the hydrothermal waves
are confined to a
free-surface layer with O(λ−2) dimensionless
thickness.