bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expanding the scope of reflective knowledge: From MINE to OURS
Authors: Shieber Joseph 
Published: September 2019

AbstractErnest Sosa has suggested that we distinguish between animal knowledge, on the one hand, and reflective knowledge, on the other. Animal knowledge is direct, immediate, and foundationally structured, while reflective knowledge involves a knower's higher‐order awareness of her own mental states, and is structured by relations of coherence.Although Sosa's distinction is extremely appealing, it also faces serious problems. In particular, the sorts of processes that would be required for reflective knowledge, as Sosa understands it, are not processes that are instantiated in human cognition.I argue that the problems facing Sosa's notion of reflective knowledge stem from treating human cognitive processes individualistically. They stem from what I will term Sosa's perspective of methodologically individualistic noetic explanation—or MINE.I suggest that these problems disappear if we expand the scope of what counts as cognitive processes to include socially distributed cognitive processes, if we adopt a framework of other‐derived united reflective self‐evaluation—or OURS.In other words, I'll suggest that a solution to the problems facing the distinction between animal and reflective knowledge may be found in a shift of perspective from MINE to OURS.
Characterization of memory T cells in individuals resistant to Schistosoma mansoni infection
Authors: de Souza Robson da Paixão , Araújo Maria Ilma , Lopes Diego Mota , de Almeida Tarcísio Vila Verde Santana , Page Brady , Oliveira Ricardo Riccio , Carvalho Edgar M. , Cardoso Luciana Santos 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSchistosomiasis affects about 240 million people worldwide and is estimated that about 700 million people live in areas at risk of infection. In the context of immune response associated with infection by Schistosoma mansoni, the role of memory T cells is not well understood.AimTo evaluate the frequency of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from individuals resistant and susceptible to Schistosoma mansoni infection.Methods and ResultsWe selected individuals with low (resistant) and high (susceptible) parasite burden using databases generated during previous studies carried out in the same endemic area. The cell surface markers were performed using flow cytometry. In this study, the resistant individuals showed an increase in the CD4+ memory T‐cell pool associated with an increase in the central memory cell (TCM) and a decrease in the effector memory cell (TEM). Individuals susceptible to infection had higher frequencies of effector memory cells compared to resistant individuals.ConclusionsThese data suggest that resistance to S mansoni infection may be associated with an increase in the number of CD4+ memory T cells and susceptibility to infection is associated with a decrease in the central memory cell as well as high proportions of effector memory cells.
Effect of heat wave on N2 fixation and N remobilisation of lentil (Lens culinaris MEDIK) grown under free air CO2 enrichment in a mediterranean‐type environment
Authors: Parvin S. , Uddin S. , Bourgault M. , Delahunty A. , Nuttall J. , Brand J. , O'Leary G. , Fitzgerald G. J. , Armstrong R. , Tausz M. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

The stimulatory effect of elevated [CO2] (e[CO2]) on crop production in future climates is likely to be cancelled out by predicted increases in average temperatures. This effect may become stronger through more frequent and severe heat waves, which are predicted to increase in most climate change scenarios. Whilst the growth and yield response of some legumes grown under the interactive effect of e[CO2] and heat waves has been studied, little is known about how N2 fixation and overall N metabolism is affected by this combination.

To address these knowledge gaps, two lentil genotypes were grown under ambient [CO2] (a[CO2], ~400 µmol·mol−1) and e[CO2] (~550 µmol·mol−1) in the Australian Grains Free Air CO2 Enrichment facility and exposed to a simulated heat wave (3‐day periods of high temperatures ~40 °C) at flat pod stage. Nodulation and concentrations of water‐soluble carbohydrates (WSC), total free amino acids, N and N2 fixation were assessed following the imposition of the heat wave until crop maturity.

Elevated [CO2] stimulated N2 fixation so that total N2 fixation in e[CO2]‐grown plants was always higher than in a[CO2], non‐stressed control plants. Heat wave triggered a significant decrease in active nodules and WSC concentrations, but e[CO2] had the opposite effect. Leaf N remobilization and grain N improved under interaction of e[CO2] and heat wave.

These results suggested that larger WSC pools and nodulation under e[CO2] can support post‐heat wave recovery of N2 fixation. Elevated [CO2]‐induced accelerated leaf N remobilisation might contribute to restore grain N concentration following a heat wave.
Fused Density Estimation: Theory and Methods
Authors: Bassett Robert , Sharpnack James 
Published: September 2019

SummaryWe introduce a method for non-parametric density estimation on geometric networks. We define fused density estimators as solutions to a total variation regularized maximum likelihood density estimation problem. We provide theoretical support for fused density estimation by proving that the squared Hellinger rate of convergence for the estimator achieves the minimax bound over univariate densities of log-bounded variation. We reduce the original variational formulation to transform it into a tractable, finite dimensional quadratic program. Because random variables on geometric networks are simple generalizations of the univariate case, this method also provides a useful tool for univariate density estimation. Lastly, we apply this method and assess its performance on examples in the univariate and geometric network setting. We compare the performance of various optimization techniques to solve the problem and use these results to inform recommendations for the computation of fused density estimators.
Integration of Survival and Binary Data for Variable Selection and Prediction: A Bayesian Approach
Authors: Maity Arnab Kumar , Carroll Raymond J. , Mallick Bani K. 
Published: September 2019

SummaryWe consider the problem where the data consist of a survival time and a binary outcome measurement for each individual, as well as corresponding predictors. The goal is to select the common set of predictors which affect both the responses, and not just one of them. In addition, we develop a survival prediction model based on data integration. The paper is motivated by the Cancer Genomic Atlas databank, which is currently the largest genomics and transcriptomics database. The data contain cancer survival information along with cancer stages for each patient. Furthermore, it contains reverse phase protein array measurements for each individual, which are the predictors associated with these responses. The biological motivation is to identify the major actionable proteins associated with both survival outcomes and cancer stages. We develop a Bayesian hierarchical model to model jointly the survival time and the classification of the cancer stages. Moreover, to deal with the high dimensionality of the reverse phase protein array measurements, we use a shrinkage prior to identify significant proteins. Simulations and Cancer Genomic Atlas data analysis show that the joint integrated modelling approach improves survival prediction.
Validating the Suicide Status Form for the Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality in a Psychiatric Adolescent Sample
Authors: Brausch Amy M. , O'Connor Stephen S. , Powers Jeffrey T. , McClay Michael M. , Gregory Jordan A. , Jobes David A. 
Published: September 2019

BackgroundFor adults, the Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS; Jobes, (2006, Managing suicidal risk: A collaborative approach, New York, Guilford) and Jobes, (2016, Managing suicidal risk: A collaborative approach, New York, Guilford)) is a treatment framework with replicated evidenced‐based support for effectiveness. The current study is a psychometric validation of the Suicide Status Form (SSF‐IV), the main assessment and treatment planning tool for CAMS, in an adolescent psychiatric sample.MethodsData were collected from 100 adolescents, aged 12–17, in inpatient settings (mean age = 14.6; 67.5% female, 80% white). Adolescents were administered Part A of the SSF‐IV, as well as measures of overall suicide risk (both explicit and implicit), mental pain, Stress, Agitation, reasons for living, and self‐esteem.ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis found a two‐factor model to fit the data best, with Psychological Pain, Stress, and Agitation loading on one factor, and Hopelessness and Self‐Hate on another. All of the core SSF constructs except Stress were significantly correlated with concurrent measures, and SSF overall suicide risk was significantly correlated with self‐reported and implicit suicidality. Adolescents with suicide attempt history reported significantly higher scores on most core SSF items compared to no attempt history.ConclusionsThese results provide initial psychometric validation of the SSF for use with adolescents and indicate that it does not need to be adapted or modified for this age group.
The Trouble with Community: How ‘Sense of Community’ Influences Participation in Formal, Community‐Led Organisations and Rural Governance
Authors: Dinnie Elizabeth , Fischer Anke 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe term community has proved to be remarkably resilient in rural policy‐making, where it is used across a range of policy discourses. Policy narratives seldom acknowledge the multiple meanings associated with the term community; they therefore fail to make a distinction between community as it is experienced in everyday settings, and more formal community organising. However, policies and governance seeking to mobilise communities often rely on formal community organisations to represent the ‘community’ in multi‐level governance partnerships. Following research with two rural communities in Scotland this article explores different experiences of community, and sense of community in place. We then look at what these understandings and experiences of community mean for the creation and maintenance of formal, community‐led organisations, their inclusion in policies of community empowerment and resilience, and rural governance more widely.
Performance and reliability of a benchtop automated instrument for transfusion testing: a comparative multicenter clinical study in the US population
Authors: Roback John D. , Denomme Gregory A. , Billingsley Katrina , Bensing Kathleen , Parsons Jeremy C. , McDonough Wilda C. 
Published: September 2019

BACKGROUNDHeavy workload in hospital transfusion services and blood centers necessitates the implementation of automated platforms. We evaluated the performance of Erytra Eflexis (Diagnostic Grifols), a recently developed midsize automated instrument for pretransfusion testing, in comparison with a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐cleared device (Erytra). Reproducibility and repeatability of the results were also investigated.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSStudies were conducted using the same card technology and reagents at three US sites. Tests were performed on 9174 specimens from hospital patients (55.61%) and blood donors (43.39%). Evaluations included 18,413 ABO/D/reverse typing; 9084 Rh phenotypes, 4640 K phenotypes, 2052 antibody screenings, 1232 antibody identifications, 469 direct antiglobulin tests, 612 IgG crossmatches, and 700 ABO‐compatibility crossmatches. A reference blood panel was also sent to each center, for a total of 3900 replicate tests. Concordance between results with the two instruments and performance among the different centers were statistically evaluated.RESULTSAgreement between instruments was 99.84% for 37,202 test results, with 61 discrepancies (0.16%). Percentages of positive and negative agreement were 99.82% and 99.85%, respectively. No discrepancies were observed in 12,276 tests for direct ABO/D grouping. Discrepancies were observed during antibody identification (n = 19), antibody screening (n = 15), and reverse grouping (n = 10). Investigations of the discrepancies were resolved in favor of the study instrument in 55.73% of the cases. Erytra Eflexis obtained the expected results in the reproducibility analysis.CONCLUSIONThis multicenter study demonstrates that Erytra Eflexis with its gel card technology and reagents is reliable and substantially equivalent to the FDA‐cleared instrument used as the reference.
Investigation of factors associated with allergic transfusion reaction due to platelet transfusion and the efficacy of platelets resuspended in BRS‐A in adult patients
Authors: Yamanaka Manjiro , Yanagisawa Ryu , Kojima Shunsuke , Nakazawa Hideyuki , Shimodaira Shigetaka 
Published: September 2019

BACKGROUNDAlthough allergic transfusion reactions (ATRs) resulting from platelet concentrate (PC) are a common adverse reaction, the mechanism underlying ATRs has not been fully elucidated. Plasma‐replaced PC suspended in bicarbonate Ringer's solution and anticoagulant citrate dextrose solution A (RPC‐B) is effective for preventing ATRs in children in Japan; however, there is not enough evidence in adult populations.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSWe conducted a retrospective analysis focused on factors associated with ATRs developing from PC transfusions in adult patients in a single institution between 2015 and 2018. The clinical efficacy of RPC‐B for adult patients was also analyzed.RESULTSIn total, 4,677 untreated regular PC products in plasma were transfused into 914 patients. ATRs developed in 65 patients (7.1%) treated with 92 PC products (2.0%). Multivariate analysis revealed that patients who were elderly, diagnosed with a non‐hematological disease, and who received a transfusion of fresh‐frozen plasma and red blood cell concentrate products together with PC products had lower frequencies of ATRs. Although 40 patients received 490 RPC‐B transfusions, six ATRs (1.2%) were confirmed in five patients (12.5%). The ATR frequency was not significantly lower in the analysis of all patients; however, ATRs in patients with hematological diseases were lower in terms of both the patient and product numbers. Corrected count increments (24 hr) were also within an acceptable range in patients with hematological diseases.CONCLUSIONSeveral patient‐specific factors may be associated with the development of ATRs from PC transfusion. Because RPC‐B appears to efficiently prevent ATRs, even in adult patients, safe and efficient transfusions may be performed by using RPC‐B preferentially depending on the patient's risk factors.
CT identifies pulmonary cryptococcosis in a domestic feline
Authors: Schlacks Sallianne , Boozer Tara , Dial Sharon , Eichelberger Bunita 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA domestic cat was presented for lethargy and coughing. Thoracic radiographs identified a mass within the right cranial lung lobe and a nodule in the left cranial lung lobe. Cryptococcus spp. was diagnosed via ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspirate cytology. Despite fluconazole and prednisolone treatment, clinical signs progressed and suggested airway obstruction. Computed tomography revealed mass invasion into the trachea and other areas of the lower airway resulting in obstruction. Bronchoscopy was performed to debulk the tracheal mass and obtain biopsies. Histopathology confirmed Cryptococcus spp. At the time of this report, the patient remained clinically stable with daily itraconazole (5 mg/kg) treatment.
Dynamic postnatal development of the cellular and circuit properties of striatal D1 and D2 spiny projection neurons
Authors: Krajeski Rohan N. , Macey‐Dare Anežka , van Heusden Fran , Ebrahimjee Farid , Ellender Tommas J. 
Published: September 2019

Key points
Imbalances in the activity of the D1‐expressing direct pathway and D2‐expressing indirect pathway striatal projection neurons (SPNs) are thought to contribute to many basal ganglia disorders, including early‐onset neurodevelopmental disorders such as obsessive–compulsive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and Tourette's syndrome.
This study provides the first detailed quantitative investigation of development of D1 and D2 SPNs, including their cellular properties and connectivity within neural circuits, during the first postnatal weeks.
This period is highly dynamic with many properties changing, but it is possible to make three main observations: many aspects of D1 and D2 SPNs progressively mature in parallel; there are notable exceptions when they diverge; and many of the defining properties of mature striatal SPNs and circuits are already established by the first and second postnatal weeks, suggesting guidance through intrinsic developmental programmes.
These findings provide an experimental framework for future studies of striatal development in both health and disease.AbstractMany basal ganglia neurodevelopmental disorders are thought to result from imbalances in the activity of the D1‐expressing direct pathway and D2‐expressing indirect pathway striatal projection neurons (SPNs). Insight into these disorders is reliant on our understanding of normal D1 and D2 SPN development. Here we provide the first detailed study and quantification of the striatal cellular and circuit changes occurring for both D1 and D2 SPNs in the first postnatal weeks using in vitro whole‐cell patch‐clamp electrophysiology. Characterization of their intrinsic electrophysiological and morphological properties, the excitatory long‐range inputs coming from cortex and thalamus, as well their local gap junction and inhibitory synaptic connections reveals this period to be highly dynamic with numerous properties changing. However it is possible to make three main observations. Firstly, many aspects of SPNs mature in parallel, including intrinsic membrane properties, increases in dendritic arbours and spine densities, general synaptic inputs and expression of specific glutamate receptors. Secondly, there are notable exceptions, including a transient stronger thalamic innervation of D2 SPNs and stronger cortical NMDA receptor‐mediated inputs to D1 SPNs, both in the second postnatal week. Thirdly, many of the defining properties of mature D1 and D2 SPNs and striatal circuits are already established by the first and second postnatal weeks, including different electrophysiological properties as well as biased local inhibitory connections between SPNs, suggesting this is guided through intrinsic developmental programmes. Together these findings provide an experimental framework for future studies of D1 and D2 SPN development in health and disease.
The Stiffness-Threshold Conflict in Polymer Networks and a Resolution
Authors: Zhou Yifan , Zhang Wenlei , Hu Jian , Tang Jingda , Jin Chenyu , Suo Zhigang , Lu Tongqing 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Stiffness and fatigue threshold are important material parameters in load-carrying applications. However, it is impossible to achieve both high stiffness and high threshold for single-network elastomers and single-network hydrogels. As the polymer chain length increases, the stiffness reduces, but the threshold increases. Here, we show that this stiffness-threshold conflict is resolved in double-network hydrogels, where the stiffness depends on the short-chain network, but the threshold depends on the long-chain network. Experimental data in the literature have shown that the stiffness of the hydrogels is inversely proportional to chain length of the short-chain network. In this paper we measure the threshold of PAAm-PAMPS hydrogels with five different chain lengths of the long-chain network. We find that the threshold is proportional to 1/2 power of the chain length of the long-chain network. The resolution of the conflict enables the design of elastomers and hydrogels to achieve both high stiffness and high threshold.
Medical devices that look like medicines: safety and regulatory concerns for children in Europe
Authors: Huijghebaert Suzy , De Bruyne Pauline , Allegaert Karel , Vande Velde Saskia , De Bruyne Ruth , Van Biervliet Stephanie , Van Winckel Myriam 
Published: September 2019

IntroductionMedical devices (MedDevs) and medicines are assessed (and monitored) differently before and after launch. There are products for repeated oral ingestion that are marketed in the European Union as MedDevs.Objectives and methodsTo illustrate the consequences of these differences in assessment, we compared the leaflet information of three MedDevs with the standards for medicines and with published evidence at launch. As examples, gelatin tannate (GT), its combination with tyndalised probiotics (TP) (GTTP) for diarrhoea and a gel containing hyaluronic acid (HA)/chondroitin sulfate (CS)/poloxamer (Pol407) (HACSPol) for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease were examined.ResultsApplying standards for medicines, product composition is insufficiently defined in the MedDev leaflet (eg, plant origin, polymerisation grade, dose and ratio of the relevant constituents). As no age limit is mentioned in the leaflets, all 3 products allow use in children from birth onwards, although published clinical documentation in children was poor (GT) or lacking (GTTP and HACSPol). MedDev leaflets do not mention adverse events (AEs), while literature search suggests safety concerns such as tannic acid (TA) cytotoxicity, potentially more diarrhoea/AEs with TP, use of doses higher than established safe (TA and HA) and lack of chronic toxicity studies for oral Pol407. None refers to interactions with medicines, although some ingredients may affect medicine absorption.ConclusionAlthough these MedDevs require repeated oral intake as do medicines, their assessment and monitoring differ significantly from the standards for medicines. Compared with medicines, MedDevs for repeated oral use are poorly labelled and rely on very limited clinical information at market release.