bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The PLATO Solar-like Light-curve Simulator
Authors: Samadi R. , Deru A. , Reese D. , Marchiori V. , Grolleau E. , Green J. J. , Pertenais M. , Lebreton Y. , Deheuvels S. , Mosser B. , Belkacem K. , Börner A. , Smith A. M. S. 
Published: March 2019

Context. ESA’s PLATO space mission, to be launched by the end of 2026, aims to detect and characterise Earth-like planets in their habitable zone using asteroseismology and the analysis of the transit events. The preparation of science objectives will require the implementation of hare-and-hound exercises relying on the massive generation of representative simulated light-curves.
Aims. We developed a light-curve simulator named the PLATO Solar-like Light-curve Simulator (PSLS) in order to generate light-curves representative of typical PLATO targets, that is showing simultaneously solar-like oscillations, stellar granulation, and magnetic activity. At the same time, PSLS also aims at mimicking in a realistic way the random noise and the systematic errors representative of the PLATO multi-telescope concept.
Methods. To quantify the instrumental systematic errors, we performed a series of simulations at pixel level that include various relevant sources of perturbations expected for PLATO. From the simulated pixels, we extract the photometry as planned on-board and also simulate the quasi-regular updates of the aperture masks during the observations. The simulated light-curves are then corrected for instrumental effects using the instrument point spread functions reconstructed on the basis of a microscanning technique that will be operated during the in-flight calibration phases of the mission. These corrected and simulated light-curves are then fitted by a parametric model, which we incorporated in PSLS. Simulation of the oscillations and granulation signals rely on current state-of-the-art stellar seismology.
Results. We show that the instrumental systematic errors dominate the signal only at frequencies below ∼20 μHz. The systematic errors level is found to mainly depend on stellar magnitude and on the detector charge transfer inefficiency. To illustrate how realistic our simulator is, we compared its predictions with observations made by Kepler on three typical targets and found a good qualitative agreement with the observations.
Conclusions. PSLS reproduces the main properties of expected PLATO light-curves. Its speed of execution and its inclusion of relevant stellar signals as well as sources of noises representative of the PLATO cameras make it an indispensable tool for the scientific preparation of the PLATO mission.
Ödeme – Kardinalsymptom des nephrotischen Syndroms
Authors: Kühne Lucas , Brinkkötter Paul 
Published: March 2019

AbstractEdema is a common symptom with mostly extrarenal causes. Nevertheless, it may also be a sign of glomerular disease. So renal causes should always be clarified to avoid serious complications, such as renal insufficiency, cardiovascular or thrombembolic events. The determination of the albumin-creatinine ratio in spot urine is easy to perform and the method of choice to diagnose nephrotic-range proteinuria. Renal biopsy then usually allows the definitive assignement to either glomerular or systemic disease. Salt restriction in combination with diuretics and antiproteinuric treatment are essential for an effective therapy. Depending on the underlying disease and individual risk factors, anticoagulation should also be considered.
Anhaltende Diarrhö einer älteren Dame – wie Blutdruck und Diarrhö zusammengehören
Authors: Israel Hanna , Hartig Andreas , Siebolts Udo , Wickenhauser Claudia , Tannapfel Andrea , Ernst Friedrich , Wahl Uwe 
Published: March 2019

Zusammenfassung
Anamnese und klinischer Befund Wir berichten von einer 72–jährigen Patientin mit einer therapieresistenten Diarrhö.
Untersuchungen Bei negativem Keimnachweis und unauffälliger Bildgebung erfolgte eine endoskopische Diagnostik. Histologisch imponierte das Bild einer Zöliakie im Duodenum sowie einer lymphozytären Kolitis bis in das terminale Ileum und eine mikroskopische Kolitis. Bei negativem Antikörpernachweis für eine Zöliakie ergab sich die Verdachtsdiagnose einer Medikamentennebenwirkung.
Therapie und Verlauf Nach Absetzen des Sartans Olmesartan kam es zu einer raschen Besserung der Symptomatik.
Folgerung und Diagnose Für den AT1-Rezeptorantagonisten Olmesartan ist in seltenen Fällen das Auftreten einer Sprue-ähnlichen Enteropathie beschrieben. Mikroskopische Kolitiden sind Ausnahmen.
Cytomegalovirus Has No Impact on Immune Thrombocytopenia Bleeding Scale or Prognostic Outcomes in Egyptian Pediatric Immune Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Mokhtar Galila , Ragab Iman , Bakr Salwa , Afifi Ahmed 
Published: March 2019

Background Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been implicated as one of the etiological factors of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in many reports.
Objectives We aimed to estimate the frequency of CMV positivity among childhood ITP patients, and to assess its impact on severity of bleeding, chronicity of the disease, and response to therapy.
Methods A cross-sectional study was performed including 40 Egyptian pediatric patients with ITP. CMV infection was detected by serological testing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Clinical assessment for bleeding severity using ITP bleeding scale (IBLS) and initial response to therapy were included in the study.
Results The prevalence of CMV DNAemia among the ITP patients was 72.5%. The virus DNAemia was higher among newly diagnosed ITP cases compared with chronic ones (85 and 60% respectively, p = 0.07). There were no significant differences in age, gender, bleeding severity, or initial clinical presentation in patients who were CMV-PCR positive or negative (p > 0.05). Refractory cases were found in 17.2% of CMV-positive cases compared with 36.4% in CMV-negative ones (p = 0.29). Specificity and sensitivity of serological assay in comparison to PCR were 72.4% and 20.69%, respectively, with a negative predictive value of 25.8%, and a positive predictive value of 66.7%.
Conclusion Cytomegalovirus appears to have a high frequency among both newly diagnosed and chronic ITP patients in Egypt. CMV serological assay for IgM was not a good indicator of the presence of viral infection. CMV DNAemia seems to have no significant effect on severity of bleeding, clinical presentation, or outcomes of childhood ITP.
Incipient adsorption of water and hydroxyl on hematite (0001) surface
Authors: Pabisiak Tomasz , Kiejna Adam 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The adsorption of submonolayer coverages of water and hydroxyl molecules on hematite (0001) surface is investigated using density functional theory with Hubbard correction U (DFT+U). The effect of adsorption on the structural, energetic, and electronic properties of both iron and oxygen terminated hematite surfaces is examined. The influence of the van der Waals interactions on the adsorption binding energy and geometry is also considered. It is found that tilted orientations of molecules are energetically more favored than planar ones, because the hydrogen bond stabilizes molecules on the surface. Bonding of H2O is more than twice weaker than that of OH. For both molecules adsorption on the iron-rich termination is much stronger than on the oxygen-terminated surface. The differences in bonding properties of water and hydroxyl molecules to the hematite surfaces are explained by different character of the charge transfer in the molecule–oxide system.
Cost-Utility Analysis of Surgical Decompression Relative to Injection Therapy for Chronic Migraine Headaches
Authors: Shauly Orr , Gould Daniel J , Patel Ketan M 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Common treatments for chronic migraine headaches include injection of corticosteroid and anesthetic agents at local trigger sites. However, the effects of therapy are short term, and lifelong treatment is often necessary. In contrast, surgical decompression of migraine trigger sites accomplishes the same goal yet demonstrates successful long-term elimination of chronic migraines.

Objectives
Our primary objective was to perform a cost-utility analysis to determine which patients would benefit most from available treatment options in a cost-conscious model.

Methods
A cost-utility analysis was performed, taking into consideration costs, probabilities, and health state utility scores of various interventions.

Results
Injection therapy offered a minor improvement in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) compared with surgical decompression (QALY Δ = 0.6). However, long-term injection therapy was significantly costlier to society than surgical decompression: injection treatment was estimated to cost $106,887.96 more than surgery. The results of our cost-utility analysis thus conferred a positive incremental cost-utility ratio of $178,163.27 in favor of surgical decompression.

Conclusions
Surgery provides a durable intervention and has been shown in this study to be extremely cost effective despite a very minor QALY deficit compared with injection therapy. If patients are identified who require treatment in the form of injections for less than 8.25 years, they may fall into a group that should not be offered surgery.
Public Diplomacy and International Conflict Resolution: A Cautionary Case from Cold War South America
Authors: Darnton Christopher 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCan public diplomacy help resolve protracted international conflicts? Both rationalist and constructivist traditions identify significant domestic obstacles to international peacemaking. However, Robert Putnam's concept of “reverberation” implies that diplomats can expand their adversaries’ win-sets for cooperation by engaging foreign publics. This paper analyzes a most-likely case, with archival evidence: Argentine Ambassador Oscar Camilión's unsuccessful quest for Argentine-Brazilian rapprochement in 1976–77. Although the two countries later overcame rivalry, public diplomacy contributed negligibly to this success: internal Argentine divisions created mixed messages toward Brazil, Brazilian leaders launched a competing public relations operation, and these two currents obstructed and nearly terminated Camilión's mission. This case illuminates the paradoxes of Argentine foreign policymaking under military rule and offers a cautionary tale for scholars and practitioners of public diplomacy and conflict resolution.
US Strikes in Somalia and Targeted Civilian Killings by Al-Shabaab: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Reeder Bryce W , Smith John R 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between US strikes targeting Al-Shabaab and civilian victimization using spatially disaggregated data. We find that US strikes make it approximately 5.5 times more likely that civilians are murdered—an effect that is comparable to battles and periods of territorial loss. Disaggregating based on the target of each strike, however, reveals a more nuanced relationship: strikes that destroy Al-Shabaab military assets are associated with more civilian killings, whereas there is some evidence that strikes that kill members significantly reduce this form of violence. This implies an ability of the United States to continue current policy while also minimizing the human costs that directly result from intervention. Notably, however, this would require a policy-shift that avoids destroying Al-Shabaab's war-fighting capabilities, thereby reducing the ability of the United States to undermine the organization's capacity to wage war.
Hallucinations and Delusions Signal Alzheimer’s Associated Cognitive Dysfunction More Strongly Compared to Other Neuropsychiatric Symptoms
Authors: Fuller Joshua T , Choudhury Tabina K , Lowe Deborah A , Balsis Steve ,   Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectivesNeuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common among individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (DAT). We sought to characterize which NPS more purely relate to cognitive dysfunction in DAT, relative to other NPS.MethodDemographic, neurocognitive, neuroimaging, and NPS data were mined from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database (n = 906). Using factor analysis, we analyzed the degree to which individual NPS were associated with DAT-associated cognitive dysfunction. We also employed item response theory to graphically depict the ability of individual NPS to index DAT-associated cognitive dysfunction across a continuum ranging from cognitively normal to mild DAT.ResultsPsychotic symptoms (hallucinations and delusions) were more strongly related to the continuum of DAT-associated cognitive dysfunction than other NPS, with the strength of the relationship peaking at high levels of disease severity. Psychotic symptoms also negatively correlated with brain volume and did not relate to the presence of vision problems. Aberrant motor behavior and apathy had relatively smaller associations with DAT-associated cognitive dysfunction, while other NPS showed minimal associations.DiscussionPsychotic symptoms most strongly indexed DAT-associated cognitive dysfunction, whereas other NPS, such as depression and anxiety, were not as precisely related to the DAT-associated cognitive dysfunction.
Is duration of hospital participation in meaningful use associated with value in Medicare?
Authors: Brice Yanick N , Joynt Maddox Karen E 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectives“Meaningful Use” (MU) of electronic health records (EHRs) is a measure used by Medicare to determine whether hospitals are comprehensively using electronic tools. Whether hospitals’ engagement in value-based initiatives such as MU is associated with value—defined as high quality and low costs—is unknown. Our objectives were to describe hospital participation in MU, and determine whether duration of participation is associated with value.Materials and MethodsWe linked national Medicare data with MU and other hospital-level and market data. We analyzed bivariate relationships to characterize duration of participation. We estimated inverse probability-weighted multilevel logistic regressions to evaluate whether duration of participation was associated with higher likelihood of value—operationalized as having performance on 30-day readmission and inpatient spending at or below the national average.ResultsOf 2860 short-term hospitals, 59% had 4 or 5 years of MU participation by 2015; 7% had 1 or 2 years. There were differences by duration of participation across location, ownership, and size. Seventeen percent of hospitals were classified as high-value. Controlling for hospital characteristics, and holding constant market location, there was no evidence of a statistical association between duration of participation and value (odds ratio = 1.05, 95% confidence interval: 0.91–1.21; P = .51). Examining the 2 outcomes separately, there was a significant relationship between duration of participation and lower Medicare inpatient spending, but not 30-day readmission.DiscussionSustained participation in MU is associated with lower Medicare spending, but not with lower readmission rates.ConclusionPolicy interventions aimed at increasing value may need a broader focus than EHR implementation and use.
Macroprudential Regulation of Banks and Financial Institutions
Authors: Dwyer Gerald P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Regulation of financial institutions to avoid the worst effects of financial crises has become a major topic of research and a focus of regulators’ efforts. Policies designed to reduce crises’ effects on real GDP and employment are called macroprudential. Moral hazard has been introduced by deposit insurance and bailouts of banks and large financial institutions. Too little is known to premise macroprudential regulation on externalities. That said, higher capital at banks and other institutions counteracts one effect of deposit insurance and would make the financial system more resilient. Living wills are likely not to be time-consistent. Regulators will not have an incentive to use them in a financial crisis. Instead, they will bail out firms to avoid adverse effects on the economy. Institutions determining regulators’ choices in a crisis need to be designed to make it equilibrium behavior for regulators to let financial firms fail.
Peaks and Troughs
Authors: Masciandaro Donato , Romelli Davide 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter investigates the endogenous evolution of central bank institutional design over the past four decades. From a theoretical perspective, it employs a stylized political economy model to highlight some key determinants of the level of central bank independence as a function of macroeconomic shocks and political economy characteristics of countries. It then employs recently developed dynamic indices of central bank design to describe the evolution of central bank independence over the period 1972–2014. In a sample of sixty-five countries, it shows that the increasing trend in central bank independence during 1972–2007 has been reversing after the 2008 financial crisis, mainly due to significant changes to the roles of central banks in banking supervision. The authors find that this evolution can be related to several macroeconomic shocks, such as inflationary, fiscal, and exchange-rate shocks.
The Governance of Central Banks
Authors: Capie Forrest , Wood Geoffrey 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Governance is a topic whose discussion has been confined to private-sector organizations. To an extent, this is not surprising, for the greater part of the public sector in most countries does not take the form of a corporation. But some parts do. The Bank of England is a prominent, but certainly not the only, example. This chapter maintains that corporate governance is perhaps better not viewed as a separated subject embracing matters not just economic but also ethical, but rather as a subdivision of an analytical framework that certainly dates back to Adam Smith. This chapter shows how that framework can both embrace corporate governance and be extended to public- as well as private-sector organizations. The chapter argues that the study of the governance of central banks is certainly illuminating and may be useful for the conduct of policy.
Strategies for Conducting Monetary Policy
Authors: Thornton D. L. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter appraises strategies for conducting monetary policy with the objective of evaluating how these strategies are likely to work in the real world of policymaking. The chapter examines policies that are tied to a specific channel of monetary policy (money supply targeting, interest-rate targeting, and forward guidance) and strategies that are not directly tied to a specific channel of monetary policy (inflation targeting, nominal income targeting, and quantitative easing). The strategies are evaluated in terms of the strength of theory on which they are based and their practicality. From this perspective, many of these strategies seem much less feasible than when they are evaluated in the context of abstract and highly stylized economic models. The chapter ends with a new approach to conducting monetary policy—economic reality-based monetary policy—that will make policy more effective and more predictable.
Prospect Theory and Political Decision-Making
Authors: Stein Janice Gross , Sheffer Lior 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Prospect theory has been adopted unevenly across different domains of political decision-making. Research drawing on prospect theory has contributed to important advances in the understanding of processes of elite decision-making in foreign policy and domestic politics. Political scientists have also contributed several important extensions of and qualifications to prospect theory that augment the original theoretical framework and are applicable in other disciplines. The next wave of research needs to be far more careful in specifying the scope conditions that have been the focus of research in behavioral economics. Scholars will also have to pay closer attention to the distribution of probability estimates across options; whether political decision makers are choosing among risky/certain bimodal distributions, high-probability distributions, high/low distributions, or low-probability distributions matters to the predicted impact of framing effects. Finally, studies will need to pay greater attention to the information political decision makers are given and to the impact of group dynamics in political settings. Identifying the scope conditions of prospect theory in the context of political and policymaking processes over time can make a significant contribution to the explanation of both domestic and foreign policy decisions, fill a gap between individual-level choice and institutionally based outcomes, and provide a stronger behavioral foundation for understanding the dynamics of multiactor policy choice.
Max Weber and the Idea of the Occident
Authors: Derman Joshua 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Max Weber believed that the Occident had produced a set of unique institutions whose distinctiveness could be characterized using ideal types that accentuated their type and degree of “rationalism.” The rise of modern capitalism, one element within this set, had been enabled by the presence of other elements, he famously argued, none of which had indigenously arisen anywhere else in the world. This chapter reconstructs Weber’s idea of the Occident and examines how he understood the place of his own “modern European cultural world” within the development of occidental rationalism. It also considers the ways in which Weber’s comparative project might have been contaminated by various forms of “Eurocentric” biases, such as cultural prejudices, misapprehensions of Western uniqueness, and inept applications of the ideal-typical method. The most serious methodological difficulty with Weber’s comparative project is not his assertion of occidental difference, this chapter suggests, but rather his assumption that many paradigmatic cultural institutions were shared by societies whose developmental trajectories ultimately diverged. By attempting to understand non-Western institutions in terms of ideal types that were derived from European experiences, Weber often failed to appreciate the distinctive norms that structured the dynamism of non-Western societies.
Regulation of Synaptic Homeostasis by Translational Mechanisms
Authors: Mori Megumi , Penney Jay , Haghighi Pejmun 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The ability of synapses to modify their functional properties and adjust the amount of neurotransmitter release at their terminals is essential for formation of appropriate neural circuits during development and crucial for higher brain functions throughout life. Many forms of synaptic plasticity can adjust synaptic strength down (depression) or up (potentiation); however, depending on the cellular context as the forces of change act upon the synapse, other synaptic mechanisms are activated to resist change. This form of synaptic plasticity is generally referred to as homeostatic synaptic plasticity. Accumulating experimental evidence indicates that translational mechanisms play a critical role in the regulation of homeostatic synaptic plasticity. This chapter will review studies that contribute to this body of evidence, including a role for the target of rapamycin in the retrograde regulation of synaptic homeostasis.