bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The polychaete Histriobdella homari and major groups of epibionts on the European lobster, Homarus gammarus and other decapods
Authors: Øresland Vidar 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The quantitative biology and ecology of epibiotic communities on decapods are only vaguely known. An analytic method revealed close to 100% of metazoan epibionts among the eggs and gills of some decapods in Swedish waters. High abundances of the epibiotic polychaete Histriobdella homari were found (100% prevalence) and European lobsters, Homarus gammarus, with a carapace length of 100 mm have, as a mean, approx. 6700 H. homari among their old eggs, underlining the importance of these epibiont polychaetes as cleaners of lobster eggs (and gills). For the first time, a nematode (Pontonema sp.) was found feeding on H. homari. Gills of American lobsters, Homarus americanus, caught in Swedish waters were infested with the European parasitic copepod Nicothoe astaci (80% prevalence). This study shows that on decapods a number of epibionts (Ciliophora, Nematoda, Hydrachnidia, Copepoda, Ostracoda, Amphipoda and Kinorhyncha) can be quantified, using the method adopted here, which will enable a better understanding of epibiotic communities.
Habitat utilization by an intertidal isopod, Dynoides dentisinus Shen, 1929 (Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae)
Authors: Nakamachi Takeru , Asakura Akira 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Intertidal isopods use a variety of living or non-living objects as habitats, although only a few studies have been made on their ecological function and significance. In the present study, the habitat utilization by the sphaeromatid isopod, Dynoides dentisinus was recorded based on observations on intertidal rocky shores in the warm temperate zone of Japan during the period from 2014 to 2018. The adults of this species have a remarkable sexual dimorphism in the morphology of their armature: adult males possess an elongate pleonal process, like a large horn, on the dorsal side of the pleon and have large uropods. On the other hand, females do not have such a horn, and the uropods are small. Differences in habitat use were seen according to the stage in the life history of the species. Juveniles lived on, or amongst, algae and were sometimes associated with molluscs such as chitons, limpets and whelks. Adults inhabited the cryptic habitats such as gaps in algal holdfasts, oscula of demosponges, dead barnacle shells, cavities of dead corals, and crevices in sand rocks. Generally, a single adult male was present in each cryptic habitat, keeping head in down position, and one or more females cohabited inside with the male. These suggest that D. dentisinus has a biphasic life history; juveniles live and feed on algal cover or use the spaces between the ventral sides of the molluscs and the surfaces of the rocks as a refuge from desiccation. Adults breed in the cryptic habitats, forming a polygynous group.
International Cooperation on Migration Control: Towards a Research Agenda for Refugee Law
Authors: Gammeltoft-Hansen Thomas 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This article sets out by reviewing the interplay between policy and law when it comes to measures aimed at deterring migrants and refugees. The current trend towards international cooperation represents a significant turning point, it is argued, creating important challenges for existing strategies of refugee and human rights lawyers. On this basis, and with a view to recent scholarship, the article explores three different avenues to address the current generation of deterrence. The first involves a step back to re-examine other bases for establishing extraterritorial human rights jurisdiction. Secondly, it is argued that existing efforts to establish state responsibility in the context of deterrence suffer from a Global North bias, and that more attention should be paid to the concurrent responsibility of partner states in regions of transit and origin, as well as the legal structures and litigation possibilities in these jurisdictions. Third and finally, the article makes a plea to move beyond narrow legal analysis in favor of more inter-disciplinary approaches highlighting the wider political and sociological dynamics pertaining to this area.
A Simple Model of a Balanced Boundary Layer Coupled to a Large-Scale Convective Circulation
Authors: Beare Robert J. , Cullen Michael J. P. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Many simple models of large-scale tropical circulations do not include a frictional boundary layer. A simple model is presented where the convective circulation is coupled to the boundary layer convergence. In the free troposphere, convection and boundary layer heating try to relax to a moist adiabat from the local sea surface temperature with a time scale τc, but other processes act to maintain a weak temperature gradient. There is a mass balance between radiatively driven subsidence and the large-scale convective mass flux. For a prescribed Gaussian surface temperature, the model predicts a mass flux that varies as and a convective width proportional to its reciprocal. In the boundary layer, there can be significant horizontal temperature gradients and a balance between the pressure gradient and drag is assumed. Coupling between the two layers is mediated by the vertical velocity at the top of the boundary layer. The boundary layer constrains the circulation in three ways. First, it may lengthen the relaxation time scale compared to deep convection. Second, the evaporation in the nonconvecting region constrains the horizontal moisture advection. Third, it maintains a convective boundary layer where there is a convective mass flux; this condition cannot be satisfied if τc is too small or if the drag is too large, thus showing that such values are physically impossible. These results provide testable hypotheses concerning the physics and large-scale dynamics in weather and climate models.
Subgrid Precipitation Properties of Mesoscale Atmospheric Systems Represented by MODIS Cloud Regimes
Authors: Tan Jackson , Oreopoulos Lazaros 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe distribution of mesoscale precipitation exhibits diverse patterns: precipitation can be intense but sporadic, or it can be light but widespread. This range of behaviors is a reflection of the different weather systems in the global atmosphere. Using MODIS global cloud regimes as proxies for different atmospheric systems, this study investigates the subgrid precipitation properties within these systems. Taking advantage of the high resolution of Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG; GPM is the Global Precipitation Measurement mission), precipitation values at 0.1° are composited with each cloud regime at 1° grid cells to characterize the regime’s spatial subgrid precipitation properties. The results reveal the diversity of the subgrid precipitation behavior of the atmospheric systems. Organized convection is associated with the highest grid-mean precipitation rates and precipitating fraction, although on average only half the grid is precipitating and there is substantial variability between different occurrences. Summer extratropical storms have the next highest precipitation, driven mainly by moderate precipitation rates over large areas. These systems produce more precipitation than isolated convective systems, for which the lower precipitating fractions balance out the high intensities. Most systems produce heavier precipitation in the afternoon than in the morning. The grid-mean precipitation rate is also found to scale with the fraction of precipitation within the grid in a faster-than-linear relationship for most systems. This study elucidates the precipitation properties within cloud regimes, thus advancing our understanding of the precipitation structures of these atmospheric systems.
Cognitive Biases about Climate Variability in Smallholder Farming Systems in Zambia
Authors: Waldman Kurt B. , Vergopolan Noemi , Attari Shahzeen Z. , Sheffield Justin , Estes Lyndon D. , Caylor Kelly K. , Evans Tom P. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractGiven the varying manifestations of climate change over time and the influence of climate perceptions on adaptation, it is important to understand whether farmer perceptions match patterns of environmental change from observational data. We use a combination of social and environmental data to understand farmer perceptions related to rainy season onset. Household surveys were conducted with 1171 farmers across Zambia at the end of the 2015/16 growing season eliciting their perceptions of historic changes in rainy season onset and their heuristics about when rain onset occurs. We compare farmers’ perceptions with satellite-gauge-derived rainfall data from the Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station dataset and hyper-resolution soil moisture estimates from the HydroBlocks land surface model. We find evidence of a cognitive bias, where farmers perceive the rains to be arriving later, although the physical data do not wholly support this. We also find that farmers’ heuristics about rainy season onset influence maize planting dates, a key determinant of maize yield and food security in sub-Saharan Africa. Our findings suggest that policy makers should focus more on current climate variability than future climate change.
Bevacizumab as Treatment for Epistaxis in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia: A Literature Review
Authors: Kini Sameer D. , Yiu Daniel W. , Weisberg Reid A. , Davila Juan F. , Chelius Daniel C. 
Published: January 2019

Background: Severe, recurring epistaxis is the most common symptom of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasias (HHT). Current treatment modalities range from noninvasive treatments that frequently fail to achieve even short-term control to surgeries and systemic therapies that carry significant risk of complications. Recently, bevacizumab, a VEGF inhibitor, has been proposed as an alternative option to alleviate epistaxis symptoms in HHT. Objective: To review the current literature regarding the use of bevacizumab for the treatment of epistaxis in patients with HHT and provide guidance on its usage for this indication. Methods: A narrative literature review was performed to analyze various methods and dosages of bevacizumab administration for the treatment of HHT-related epistaxis, along with a review of current treatment modalities and their drawbacks. Results: The current standard of care for HHT-related epistaxis consists of treatments that are largely ineffective or invasive with significant potential complications. Submucosal bevacizumab has demonstrated efficacy in reducing frequency, duration, and severity of epistaxis in those with HHT. Conclusion: Given the inadequacies and potential drawbacks of current treatments for epistaxis in HHT, there is a need for new therapeutic options. Submucosal bevacizumab has been effective with a limited risk profile in a number of studies and should now be considered as a treatment option for refractory epistaxis. Controlled studies are recommended to quantify optimal dosing, treatment schedule, and specific subpopulations that will respond best to this treatment.
Age‐Related Trends of Patients Undergoing Thyroidectomy: Analysis of US Inpatient Data from 2005 to 2013
Authors: Echanique Kristen A. , Govindan Aparna , Mohamed Omar M. , Sylvester Michael , Baredes Soly , Yu‐Lan Ying Mary , Kalyoussef Evelyne 
Published: January 2019

ObjectivesAs the country ages, thyroidectomies can be expected to be performed more frequently among the elderly. In this study, we stratified patients by age to explore demographics and complications of patients undergoing thyroidectomy.Study DesignRetrospective study with a national database.SettingNationwide Inpatient Sample.Subjects and MethodsA total of 414,079 thyroidectomy cases from 2005 to 2013 were identified. Complications, outcomes, demographics, length of stay, and hospital charges were evaluated among patients and stratified by age into 4 cohorts: younger (<65 years), advanced age (65‐74 years), elderly (75‐84 years), and superelderly (≥85 years).ResultsOf 414,079 thyroidectomy cases identified, patients aged <65 years accounted for 75.6% of cases, while those aged 65‐74, 75‐84, and ≥85 years accounted for 16.3%, 7.2%, and 0.9%, respectively (P <. 001). There was a significant difference in length of stay, total hospital charges, and mortality throughout the different age groups (P <. 001), all trending upward with advancing age. In the aging population, incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, transfusion of erythrocytes, and acute cardiac complications increased with increasing age (P <. 001), while hypoparathyroidism decreased with age ≥65 but ≤85 years (P <. 001). Patients aged ≥75 years had increased odds of mortality as compared with their younger counterparts (P <. 001).ConclusionThis study utilized a national database to describe and elucidate trends in older populations undergoing thyroidectomy. Thyroid‐related complications, including blood transfusion and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, increased with increasing patient age. This information will help to guide pre‐ and postoperative care for aging patients undergoing thyroidectomy.
Autocrine LTA signaling drives NF-κB and JAK-STAT activity and myeloid gene expression in Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: von Hoff Linda , Kärgel Eva , Franke Vedran , McShane Erik , Schulz-Beiss Kathrin W. , Patone Giannino , Schleussner Nikolai , Kolesnichenko Marina , Hübner Norbert , Daumke Oliver , Selbach Matthias , Akalin Altuna , Mathas Stephan , Scheidereit Claus 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Persistent NF-κB activation is a hallmark of the malignant Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). Genomic lesions, Epstein-Barr virus infection, soluble factors, and tumor–microenvironment interactions contribute to this activation. Here, in an unbiased approach to identify the cHL cell-secreted key factors for NF-κB activation, we have dissected the secretome of cultured cHL cells by chromatography and subsequent mass spectrometry. We identified lymphotoxin-α (LTA) as the causative factor for autocrine and paracrine activation of canonical and noncanonical NF-κB in cHL cell lines. In addition to inducing NF-κB, LTA promotes JAK2/STAT6 signaling. LTA and its receptor TNFRSF14 are transcriptionally activated by noncanonical NF-κB, creating a continuous feedback loop. Furthermore, LTA shapes the expression of cytokines, receptors, immune checkpoint ligands and adhesion molecules, including CSF2, CD40, PD-L1/PD-L2, and VCAM1. Comparison with single-cell gene-activity profiles of human hematopoietic cells showed that LTA induces genes restricted to the lymphoid lineage, as well as those largely restricted to the myeloid lineage. Thus, LTA sustains autocrine NF-κB activation, impacts activation of several signaling pathways, and drives expression of genes essential for microenvironmental interactions and lineage ambiguity. These data provide a robust rationale for targeting LTA as a treatment strategy for cHL patients.
Human hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and myeloid cell development in next-generation humanized mouse models
Authors: Sippel Trisha R. , Radtke Stefan , Olsen Tayla M. , Kiem Hans-Peter , Rongvaux Anthony 
Published: January 2019

Key Points
Next-generation humanized mice differentially support human HSPC maintenance and myelopoiesis. MISTRG mice support long-term human HSPC maintenance demonstrated by quaternary transplantation and development of human tissue macrophages.
The difference of the gut microbiota of gastric cancer in relation to Helicobacter pylori negativity and positivity.
Authors: Seol Mijin , Lee Yu Ra , Kim Kyung Mi , Shin Cheol Min , Yoon Hyuk , Cho Jae Ho , Song Dong Jin , Kim Nayoung , Park Young Soo , Lee Dong Ho 
Published: January 2019

10 Background: Helicobacter pylori (HP) is a major risk factor for gastric cancer, however, only 1-2% of HP(+) people develop adenocarcinoma. In this study, we have compared the intestinal microbiota composition related to HP status among gastric cancer patient using 16SrRNA gene-based metagenomic sequencing analysis and culture-based method. Methods: Stool samples were collected from 18 gastric cancer patients. 16S rRNA genes were sequenced on the Illumina Miseq platform and further analyzed to evaluate the gut bacterial community. The bacteria strains of fecal sample were isolated in aerobic and anaerobic condition. Results: Metagenomics analysis of fecal sample showed four major phyla; Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were dominant. Firmicutes were the most dominant phylum. Within this phylum, the relative abundance of Clostridiales including Ruminococcus was higher in the HP(-) group, whereas Lactobacillales including streptococcus was higher in HP(+) group. In addition the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in HP(-) group and Actinobacteria (especially, genus Bifidobacterium) in HP(+) group was observed highly. In the bacterial culture-based approach, bacteria strains belonged to Clostridiales such as Clostridium perfringens, Ruminococcus feacis, Blautia sp., Coprococcus comes were isolated in HP(-) sample. In HP(+) sample, Klebsiella, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium were isolated. Bacillus species, Escherichia/Shigella was enriched regardless of HP exist. Streptococcus was not cultivated in HP(+) group, but isolated in HP(-) group in contrast with metagenome data. Conclusions: We found the intestinal bacterial diversity in the HP(+) group was lower than those in the HP(-) and the microbial composition was different between HP(+) and HP(-). Metagenome analysis showed the order Clostridiales of the phylum Firmicutes were enriched in the HP(-) group while the order Lactobacillales (specially, Streptococcus) were enriched in the HP(+) group. Compared to isolates between two groups, bacteria species belonged to the order Clostridiales such as Clostridium, Ruminococcus , Blautia , Coprococcus were cultivated particularly in HP(-) sample.
Real-world treatment patterns and clinical outcomes in patients receiving second-line (2L) treatment for advanced or metastatic gastric cancer (GC).
Authors: Amonkar Mayur , Gomez-Ulloa David , Kothari Smita , Cheung Winson Y. , Chau Ian , Zalcberg John Raymond , Lara Nuria , Falcone Alfredo 
Published: January 2019

102 Background: Despite increased survival demonstrated for patients with advanced / metastatic GC due to 2L chemotherapy, different standard of care options exist. This study aims to describe RW treatment patterns and clinical outcomes in patients with advanced / metastatic GC receiving 2L treatment. Methods: Retrospective chart review study conducted in Australia, Canada, Italy and UK. Patients diagnosed with metastatic / unresectable GC receiving 2L treatment between January 2013 and July 2015 were enrolled. Patient characteristics, treatment patterns and clinical outcomes were captured for 12 months from the start of 2L treatment or until death. Results: 280 patients were included (mean age 60.9 years, 68.9% male). Half of the patients (51.8%) received monotherapy in 2L. Among these, taxanes were most prescribed (69.0%) followed by irinotecan (22.1%). Doublet chemotherapy was the most common combination therapy in 2L (75.6%) with fluoropyrimidine + irinotecan (33.3%) being the most used, followed by fluoropyrimidine + platinum (17.8%). Less than a third of patients (29.3%) received subsequent third-line (3L) treatment; 62.7% received monotherapy [mainly taxanes (69.2%) or irinotecan (19.2%)]. Most 3L patients who had combination therapy received a doublet (86.7%), most frequently fluoropyrimidine combined with irinotecan (53.3%) or platinum (20.0%). The majority of 2L patients (93.6%) had received combination therapy as first-line treatment, of whom 67.9% had received triplet chemotherapy, most commonly anthracycline + fluoropyrimidine + platinum (51.1%). Estimated median real-world progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) after 2L treatment initiation was 3.09 (95% CI: 2.76-3.68) and 6.54 (5.29-7.76) months, respectively, and estimated probability of PFS and OS at 12 months was 8% and 26%, respectively. Conclusions: The clinical management of advanced / metastatic GC patients in 2L treatment commonly involves taxanes or irinotecan as monotherapy, or irinotecan or platinum-based combinations with fluoropyrimidines. RW clinical outcomes for 2L treatment are similar to randomised controlled trials but remain poor.
Influence of radiation field on safety and efficacy for stage II/III esophageal cancer treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy: An exploratory analysis of JCOG0909.
Authors: Komori Azusa , Hironaka Shuichi , Machida Ryunosuke , Ito Yoshinori , Takeuchi Hiroya , Ogawa Gakuto , Kato Ken , Onozawa Masakatsu , Minashi Keiko , Yano Tomonori , Nakamura Kenichi , Tsushima Takahiro , Hara Hiroki , Nozaki Isao , Ura Takashi , Chin Keisho , Fukuda Haruhiko , Kitagawa Yuko 
Published: January 2019

104 Background: JCOG0909, a single-arm confirmatory trial of definitive chemoradiotherapy (dCRT) including salvage treatment, demonstrated promising efficacy and safety for cStage II/III (UICC-TNM 6th) esophageal cancer (EC) (Ito Y, ASCO 2018). Radiation (RT) fields included the elective regional lymph node during initial 41.4 Gy, such as bilateral supraclavicular fossae and superior mediastinal lymph nodes for upper thoracic (Ut), and mediastinal and perigastric lymph nodes for middle thoracic (Mt)/lower thoracic (Lt) EC. It is unclear whether the safety and efficacy are associated with the tumor location in patients with cStage II/III EC treated with dCRT. Methods: Patients who were enrolled in JCOG0909 and underwent dCRT were analyzed. Patients were categorized into three groups according to primary tumor location (Ut/Mt/Lt). We compared adverse events during dCRT, complete response (CR) rate, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) among groups. Results: Ninety-four patients (Ut/Mt/Lt: 16/59/19) were analyzed. The proportions of cStage IIA/IIB/III were 31%/44%/25% in Ut group, 20%/42%/37% in Mt group, and 21%/32%/47% in Lt group, respectively. The summary of safety and efficacy was listed in Table 1. Grade 3-4 leukopenia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were more frequently observed in Mt and Lt groups than in Ut group. CR rate was 63% in Ut, 63% in Mt, and 42% in Lt, respectively. 3-year PFS in Ut/Mt/Lt was 60%/59%/47% and 3-year OS was 73%/78%/58%, respectively. Conclusions: The RT field by the tumor location might be associated with efficacy and safety of dCRT for cStage II/III esophageal cancer. [Table: see text]