bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Online Training Modules and Virtual Patients on First-Year Physician Assistant Students' Confidence Levels
Authors: Donkers Kelly , DeLong Deborah , Brown Nicole 
Published: August 2019

Purpose
Pilot study assessing impact of virtual patients (VPs) and online modules on first-year physician assistant (PA) student confidence in documentation performance.

Methods
Five VP cases (head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat; musculoskeletal; abdominal; neurological; and comprehensive history and physical examination) and one module (cardiac sounds) were implemented to complement the core PA curriculum.

Results
A VP-based protocol significantly improved student confidence for taking a history, performing a physical examination, and undertaking clinical reasoning as well as providing overall documentation confidence. These 3 subscales explain nearly half (49%) of overall pretraining confidence, increasing to nearly two-thirds (63%) of overall posttraining confidence. Stepwise regression finds confidence in clinical reasoning to be the only unique predictor of overall pretraining confidence. In contrast, confidence in history taking and physical exams uniquely predicts overall posttraining confidence.

Conclusions
Virtual patient cases and online modules help improve overall and dimension-specific documentation confidence, with different dimensions driving overall confidence pre- and posttraining. Implications for job efficacy are discussed.
Redefining Rural Health: Student Perceptions After Participation in A Migrant Farmworker Clinic
Authors: Noonan Catherine , Tudini Frank , Sawyer Scot 
Published: August 2019

Introduction.
Physical therapists are in short supply in rural communities, in spite of significant need for their services. To address shortages, health care education programs are advised to design rural-centric curricula to better prepare providers to practice in these settings. However, only a few published research articles have addressed curricular elements designed to prepare student physical therapists (SPTs) for practice in rural settings. This study investigates the impact of participation in a rural, agricultural mobile clinic for migrant agricultural workers on SPTs' understanding of rural communities and rural health care practice.

Methods.
Student physical therapists in 2015 (Y1), 2016 (Y2), and 2017 (Y3) cohorts completed a survey via Qualtrics (Provo, UT) soliciting their reflections on participation in the mobile clinic. Surveys consisted of 8 open-ended questions developed from current service-learning literature. Responses were coded using a thematic analysis approach by 2 authors (C.N. and F.T.), while a third author (S.S.) determined categorization if disagreement occurred. Frequency (%) of responses was calculated by determining number of individual theme responses compared to total number of coded items.

Results.
Authors identified a total of 198 coded items over all survey responses (Y1–Y3). Six themes emerged: Diversity of Rural Communities (7.76%), Nature of Agricultural Labor (9.60%), Professional Role and Responsibility (17.68%), Extent of Need (19.70%), Communication (21.21%), and Nature of Rural Practice (24.24%). Notably, even SPTs who reported rural upbringing noted changes in perception of rural communities after participation in the clinic.

Conclusions.
Student physical therapists showed increased understanding of the nature of rural health care practice, among other topics, after participation in the mobile clinic. Curricular elements that address language barrier; appreciation versus impact; and which offer experiential learning may increase the impact of rural-focused lessons in physical therapy education.
Addressing alcohol misuse in primary care
Authors: Conklin Teresa M. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT

Background:
Alcohol misuse (AM) among young adults remains a public health issue that is underaddressed in primary care. Despite well-supported recommendations to screen and offer brief interventions for AM, most primary care providers do not address the issue.

Local problem:
Increasing rates of alcohol-related incidents and lack of a standardized alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention (SBI) program were identified in a private university health center.

Methods:
Nurse practitioners, staff nurses, and physicians received education on alcohol SBI. Young adult students visiting a college health center were administered the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption electronically followed by a brief motivational intervention if they screened positive using embedded Electronic Health Record templates. Preimplementation/postimplementation chart audit and surveys were used to evaluate effectiveness.

Interventions:
Following staff education, a standardized alcohol SBI program was implemented in a private university health center.

Results:
Increased alcohol screening and intervention rates, as well as increased knowledge about AM, and reduced alcohol use among participants were identified.

Conclusions:
Through staff education and by embedding standard alcohol SBI templates, more at-risk young adults were identified and rendered alcohol interventions during routine visits. This replicable program can improve outcomes related to AM in the primary care setting.
The role of industry in advancing xenotransplantation
Authors: Shin Jordan T. , Rothblatt Martine A. , Lorber Marc I. 
Published: August 2019

Purpose of review
Xenotransplantation offers the opportunity to alleviate the imbalance between the demand of patients with end stage organ failure and the supply of organs available for transplantation but remains aspirational. This review highlights how collaboration between academia and industry are essential for success.

Recent findings
The science of xenotransplantation has accelerated in recent years with key discoveries in genetic engineering, enabling disruption of genes facilitating rejection, and transgenic expression of desired human genes. Combined with similar progress directed toward induction of transplant tolerance, the stage has been set for meaningful progress. These advances are reviewed in detail elsewhere in this volume and argue that the breakthroughs needed to deliver substantial cross-species organ survival have largely been achieved, heralding a liminal stage of human xenotransplantation. However, xenotransplantation as a meaningful therapy for medically refractory end organ failure will not be realized through scientific innovation alone. The advent of broadly available, therapeutic xenogeneic tissues requires extensive development and regulatory expertise; the biotechnology/pharmaceutical industry can provide extensive resources and expertise in those essential areas.

Summary
Successful delivery of xenotransplantation as an available therapy for curing end stage organ failure is best accomplished through partnership and collaboration between academia and industry.
Translabial Ultrasound Combined With Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessing the Distensibility of Levator Ani Muscle With Unilateral High-Grade Tears
Authors: Luo Yijia , Zhou Minzhi , Ying Tao , Shui Wen , Dou Chaoran 
Published: August 2019

Objectives
It is hypothesized that unilateral high-grade tears damage levator ani muscle (LAM) integrity and increase LAM distensibility. This study aimed to investigate how a unilateral high-grade tear caused overdistension of LAM and whether tear positions affect the degree of distension.

Methods
A total of 209 women were screened by translabial ultrasonography. Then, 18 nulliparous women with an intact LAM and 26 postpartum women with unilateral levator ani defects were recruited. The anteroposterior diameter (AP), coronal diameter (LR), and hiatal area (HA) of the minimum levator hiatus were recorded and compared for assessing the distensibility. All 44 subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of levator ani defect and detection of tear positions. Within the software, 3-dimensional pelvic models were developed from magnetic resonance imaging scans for the direct visualization and measurements.

Results
Of the 26 postpartum women, 15 were diagnosed with unilateral high-grade tear (caudad in 9, cephalad in 6). The △AP, △LR, and △HA (Valsalva-rest) values of women with a unilateral high-grade tear were significantly larger than those of women with an intact LAM (P < 0.05). The △AP, △LR, and △HA (Valsalva-rest) values of cephalad tears were larger than those of women with caudad tears (P < 0.05).

Conclusions
A unilateral high-grade tear caused the overdistension of LAM. It was validated that cephalad tears caused higher degree of LAM distension than caudad tears.
Eating behavior trajectories in the first ten years of life and their relationship with BMI
Authors: Herle Moritz , De Stavola Bianca , Hübel Christopher , Santos Ferreira Diana L , Abdulkadir Mohamed , Yilmaz Zeynep , Loos Ruth , Bryant-Waugh Rachel , Bulik Cynthia M. , Micali Nadia 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundChild eating behaviors are highly heterogeneous and their longitudinal impact on childhood weight is unclear. The objective of this study was to characterize eating behaviors during the first ten years of life and evaluate associations with BMI at age 11 years.MethodData were parental reports of eating behaviors from 15 months to age 10 years (n=12,048) and standardized body mass index (zBMI) at age 11 years (n=4884) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Latent class growth analysis was used to derive latent classes of over-, under-, and fussy eating. Linear regression models for zBMI at 11 years on each set of classes were fitted to assess associations with eating behavior trajectories.ResultsWe identified four classes of overeating; “low stable” (70%), “low transient” (15%), “late increasing” (11%), and “early increasing” (6%). The “early increasing” class was associated with higher zBMI (boys: β=0.83, 95%CI:0.65, 1.02; girls: β=1.1; 0.92, 1.28) compared to “low stable”. Six classes were found for undereating; “low stable” (25%), “low transient” (37%), “low decreasing” (21%), “high transient” (11%), “high decreasing” (4%), and “high stable” (2%). The latter was associated with lower zBMI (boys: β=-0.79; -1.15, - 0.42; girls: β=-0.76; -1.06, -0.45). Six classes were found for fussy eating; “low stable” (23%), “low transient” (15%), “low increasing” (28%), “high decreasing” (14%), “low increasing” (13%), “high stable” (8%). The “high stable” class was associated with lower zBMI (boys: β =-0.49; -0.68 -0.30; girls: β =-0.35; -0.52, -0.18).ConclusionsEarly increasing overeating during childhood is associated with higher zBMI at age 11. High persistent levels of undereating and fussy eating are associated with lower zBMI. Longitudinal trajectories of eating behaviors may help identify children potentially at risk of adverse weight outcomes.
Special care is needed in applying phylogenetic comparative methods to gene trees with speciation and duplication nodes
Authors: Begum Tina , Robinson-Rechavi Marc 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHow gene function evolves is a central question of evolutionary biology. It can be investigated by comparing functional genomics results between species and between genes. Most comparative studies of functional genomics have used pairwise comparisons. Yet it has been shown that this can provide biased results, since genes, like species, are phylogenetically related. Phylogenetic comparative methods should allow to correct for this, but they depend on strong assumptions, including unbiased tree estimates relative to the hypothesis being tested. Such methods have recently been used to test the “ortholog conjecture”, the hypothesis that functional evolution is faster in paralogs than in orthologs. Whereas pairwise comparisons of tissue specificity (τ) provided support for the ortholog conjecture, phylogenetic independent contrasts did not. Our reanalysis on the same gene trees identified problems with the time calibration of duplication nodes. We find that the gene trees used suffer from important biases, due to the inclusion of trees with no duplication nodes, to the relative age of speciations and duplications, to systematic differences in branch lengths, and to non-Brownian motion of tissue-specificity on many trees. We find that incorrect implementation of phylogenetic method in empirical gene trees with duplications can be problematic. Controlling for biases allows to successfully use phylogenetic methods to study the evolution of gene function, and provides some support for the ortholog conjecture using three different phylogenetic approaches.
Role of synaptic inhibition in the coupling of the respiratory rhythms that underlie eupnea and sigh behaviors
Authors: Borrus Daniel S. , Conradi Smith Gregory D. , Del Negro Christopher A. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTThe preBötzinger Complex (preBötC) gives rise to two types of breathing behavior: eupnea and sighing. Here, we examine the neural mechanisms that couple their underlying rhythms by recording from the preBötC in neonatal mouse brainstem slice preparations. It has been proposed that chloride-mediated synaptic inhibition couples inspiratory (eupnea-related) bursts and sigh bursts, but we find no evidence to support that notion. First, we characterize a fluctuating temporal relationship between sigh bursts and their preceding inspiratory bursts; their coupling is far weaker than previously described. Surprisingly, selective blockade of inhibitory synapses strengthened (rather than weakened) that phasic inspiratory-sigh burst relationship. Furthermore, pharmacological disinhibition did not alter the duration of the prolonged interval that follows a sigh burst prior to resumption of the inspiratory rhythm. These results demonstrate that coupling between inspiratory and sigh rhythms does not depend on synaptic inhibition.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTBreathing consists of eupnea and sigh breaths, which differ in their magnitude and frequency. Both breath types emerge from a brainstem microcircuit that coordinates their timing. Here, we advance understanding of these rhythms by assessing the nature and strength of their coordination, and by showing that synaptic inhibition does not enforce their temporal coupling in contrast to conventional understanding. This study provides insights into the basic neural mechanisms that link oscillations of different amplitude and frequency in a core oscillator.
Mitochondrial fission is increased in macrophages during mROS production in response to S. pneumoniae
Authors: Mohasin Mohammed , Balbirnie-Cumming Katharin , Fisk Emily , Prestwich Elizabeth C. , Russell Clark D. , Marshall Jennifer , Pridans Clare , Allen Scott P. , Shaw Pamela J. , De Vos Kurt J. , Hill Christopher J. , Bullough Per , Condliffe Alison M. , Mitchell Tim J. , Marriott Helen M. , Dockrell David H. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTImmunometabolism and regulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) are critical determinants of the immune effector phenotype of differentiated macrophages. Mitochondrial function requires dynamic fission and fusion, but whether effector function is associated with altered dynamics during bacterial responses is unknown. We show that macrophage mitochondria undergo fission after 12 h of progressive ingestion of live Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococci). Fission is associated with progressive reduction in oxidative phosphorylation but increased mROS generation. Fission is enhanced by mROS production, PI3Kγ signaling and by cathepsin B, but not by inflammasome activation or IL-1β generation. Reduced fission following PI3Kγ or cathepsin B inhibition is associated with reduced mROS generation and bacterial killing. Fission is associated with Parkin recruitment to mitochondria, but not mitophagy. Fission occurs upstream of apoptosis induction and independently of caspase activation. During macrophage innate responses to live bacteria mitochondria shift from oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation to mROS production and microbicidal responses with a progressive shift towards mitochondrial fission.
Human body prediction of size and shape: a hormonal framework
Authors: van Vugt Jeroen 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTTo achieve high prediction accuracy with minimal inputs from online retail respondents, a method was developed and tested to predict the size and shape of the human body in 3D using a hormonal framework. The prediction method is based on geometric morphometrics, image analysis, and kernel partial least squares regression. The inputs required are answers to three closed-ended questions and a passport photo. Prediction accuracy was tested with the 3D body scan dataset of the Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource project. Results from the test dataset showed that approximately 82% of the error expectations of landmarks followed a log-normal distribution with an expectation of 8.816 mm and standard deviation of 1.180 mm. The remaining 18% of the error expectations of landmarks followed a log-normal distribution with an expectation of 18.454 mm and standard deviation of 8.844 mm, which may herald future research. Benchmarked with another method, the proposed method features much less input. In addition to high accuracy, the method in this paper allows for visualisation of results as real-size meshes in millimeters.
Surveying the landscape of tRNA modifications by combining tRNA sequencing and RNA mass spectrometry
Authors: Kimura Satoshi , Dedon Peter C. , Waldor Matthew K. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractChemical modification of the nucleosides that comprise tRNAs are diverse1-3. Such modifications impact tRNA structure, stability, and mRNA decoding3,4. Although tRNA modifications are present in all kingdoms of life1, the structure, location, and extent of modifications have been systematically charted in very few organisms, in part because mapping modifications to tRNA sequences has been technically challenging. Here, we describe a new approach in which rapid prediction of modified sites through reverse transcription-derived signatures in high-throughput tRNA-sequencing (tRNA-seq) data is coupled with chemical analysis and identification of tRNA modifications through RNA mass spectrometry (tRNA-SMS). As proof of concept, we applied this method to study tRNA modification profiles in two phylogenetically close bacteria,E. coliandVibrio cholerae. Comparative tRNA-seq enabled prediction of severalV. choleraemodifications that are absent fromE. coliand showed the effects of various environmental conditions onV. choleraetRNA modification profiles. Through RNA mass spectrometric analyses, we showed that two of theV. cholerae-specific reverse transcription signatures reflected the presence of a new modification (acetylated acp3U (acacp3U)), while another results from C-to-U RNA editing, a process not described before in bacteria. By combining comparative genomics with mass spectrometry, we identified a putative N- acetyltransferase required for acacp3U acetylation. These findings demonstrate the utility of the tRNA-SMS approach for rapid characterization of tRNA modification profiles and environmental control of tRNA modification. Moreover, our identification of a new modified nucleoside and RNA editing process suggests that there are many tRNA modifications awaiting discovery.
Yersiniabactin producing AIEC promote inflammation-associated fibrosis in gnotobioticIl10−/−mice
Authors: Ellermann Melissa , Gharaibeh Raad Z , Fulbright Laura , Dogan Belgin , Moore Lyndsey N , Broberg Christopher A. , Lopez Lacey R. , Rothemich Aaron M. , Herzog Jeremy W , Rogala Allison , Gordon Ilyssa O. , Rieder Florian , Brouwer Cory R. , Simpson Kenneth W. , Jobin Christian , Sartor R Balfour , Arthur Janelle C 
Published: August 2019

AbstractFibrosis is a significant complication of intestinal disorders associated with microbial dysbiosis and pathobiont expansion, notably Crohn’s disease (CD). Mechanisms that favor fibrosis are not well understood and therapeutic strategies are limited. Here we demonstrate that colitis susceptibleIl10-deficient mice develop inflammation-associated fibrosis when mono-associated with adherent/invasiveEscherichia coli(AIEC) that harbor the yersiniabactin (Ybt) pathogenicity island. Inactivation of Ybt siderophore production in AIEC nearly abrogated fibrosis development in inflamed mice. In contrast, inactivation of Ybt import through its cognate receptor FyuA enhanced fibrosis severity. This corresponded with increased colonic expression of profibrogenic genes prior to the development of histological disease, therefore suggesting causality.FyuA-deficient AIEC also exhibited greater localization within sub-epithelial tissues and fibrotic lesions that was dependent on Ybt biosynthesis and corresponded with increased fibroblast activationin vitro. Together, these findings suggest that Ybt establishes a pro-fibrotic environment in the host in the absence of binding to its cognate receptor and indicates a direct link between intestinal AIEC and the induction of inflammation-associated fibrosis.
A time resolved interaction analysis of Bem1 reconstructs the flow of Cdc42 during polar growth
Authors: Grinhagens Sören , Dünkler Alexander , Wu Yehui , Rieger Lucia , Brenner Philipp , Gronemeyer Thomas , Johnsson Nils 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCdc42 organizes cellular polarity and directs the formation of cellular structures in many organisms. By locating Cdc24, the source of active Cdc42, to the growing edge of the yeast cell, the scaffold protein Bem1 is instrumental in shaping the cellular gradient of Cdc42. This gradient instructs bud formation, bud growth, or cytokinesis through the actions of a diverse set of effector proteins. To address how Bem1 participates in this transformation we systematically mapped its protein interactions in time and space. SPLIFF analysis defined a unique ensemble of Bem1 interaction-states for each cell cycle stage. The characterization of mutants of Bem1 that interact with a discrete subset of the interaction partners allowed to assign specific functions to different interaction states and identified the determinants for their cellular distributions. The analysis characterizes Bem1 as a cell cycle specific shuttle that distributes active Cdc42 from its source to its effectors and helps to convert the PAKs Cla4 and Ste20 into their active conformation.
The study of lumbar ligamentum flavum hypertrophy induced in bipedal mice
Authors: Zheng Zhenyu , Qian Lei , Ao Xiang , Li Peng , Peng Yongxing , Chu Jun , Jiang Tao , Zhang Zhongmin , Wang Liang 
Published: August 2019

AbstractLumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a common degenerative disease among the elderly. The role that mechanical stress-induced hypertrophic ligamentum flavum (HLF) plays in patients with LSS remains unclear. Here, we used a finite element analysis to investigate the stress characteristics on the ligamentum flavum (LF) and evaluate the feasibility of a mouse model of HLF. First, we induced a bipedal posture in mice by taking advantage of their hydrophobia. A micro-CT scan was performed to examine their spinal change during bipedal posture. A finite element analysis showed that the stress and strain on the upright posture were significantly increased compared with those on the sprawling posture. Tissue staining showed that the degeneration degree of the LF in bipedal standing group gradually increased over the modeling period. The amount of elastic fibers decreased under HLF, whereas the amount of collagen fibers, the number of the LF cells, and the expression of fibrosis-related factors increased. Compared with aged group, LF degeneration was more severe in the bipedal standing group. Our findings demonstrate that the increased stress caused by a posture change causes HLF and that a bipedal mouse model can be used to study HLF in vivo.