bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sugar-Sweetened Cigarettes: Added Sugars in American Cigarette Brands
Authors: Seidenberg AB , van Nierop LE , Lindblom EN , Ribisl KM 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Sugars are commonly added to American-blended cigarettes, and the presence of sugars in cigarettes increases the appeal, toxicity, and addictive potential of smoking. The purpose of this study was to identify the types and relative quantities of added sugars in the tobacco of popular American cigarette brands. Methods: We reviewed the company websites of Philip Morris USA (PMUSA) and RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR) for brand-specific ingredient lists for all PMUSA (n = 179) and RJR (n = 162) cigarette brand styles (combined 79% of US cigarette sales in 2016) and composite lists of all cigarette tobacco ingredients for both companies. From these lists, we identified known forms of saccharides (mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides). Results: All PMUSA and RJR cigarette brands contained at least one type of added sugar, except one RJR brand (6 brand styles), which contained no additives. By weight, sugars were the number one ingredient (excluding tobacco and water) in all PMUSA brands (e.g., Marlboro, Parliament, Virginia Slims). Examples of sugars added to PMUSA brands included high fructose corn syrup, sucrose, maltol, and ethyl maltol. Among RJR brands, sugar was the number two ingredient by weight (excluding tobacco and water) in most brands (e.g., Camel, Newport, Pall Mall). In some RJR brands, quantities of added sugar relative to other ingredients were more variable, ranging from the first to fourth most used ingredient by weight (e.g., Carlton, Doral, Kent, More). Types of sugars added to RJR brands included high fructose corn syrup, brown sugar, honey, glucose, and a variety of fruit juice concentrates (e.g., apple, fig, pineapple). Interestingly, many menthol cigarette brands (e.g., Newport, Marlboro Menthol, Camel Menthol) contained greater quantities of added sugar than menthol. Conclusions: A variety of sugars, including sugars routinely added to processed foods and beverages, are added to American cigarettes. Further, by weight, added sugars were the number one or number two ingredient in most cigarette brands. Given that added sugars increase the appeal, toxicity, and addictive potential of smoking, regulatory actions should be considered (e.g., a product standard for sugar) for the protection of public health.
Chemotherapy Induces Breast Cancer Stemness in Association with Dysregulated Monocytosis
Authors: Liu Liang , Yang Lin , Yan Wei , Zhai Jing , Pizzo Donald P. , Chu Peiguo , Chin Andrew R. , Shen Meng , Dong Chuan , Ruan Xianhui , Ren Xiubao , Somlo George , Wang Shizhen Emily 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Purpose: Preoperative or neoadjuvant therapy (NT) is increasingly used in patients with locally advanced or inflammatory breast cancer to allow optimal surgery and aim for pathologic response. However, many breast cancers are resistant or relapse after treatment. Here, we investigated conjunctive chemotherapy-triggered events occurring systemically and locally, potentially promoting a cancer stem–like cell (CSC) phenotype and contributing to tumor relapse.
Experimental Design: We started by comparing the effect of paired pre- and post-NT patient sera on the CSC properties of breast cancer cells. Using cell lines, patient-derived xenograft models, and primary tumors, we investigated the regulation of CSCs and tumor progression by chemotherapy-induced factors.
Results: In human patients and mice, we detected a therapy-induced CSC-stimulatory activity in serum, which was attributed to therapy-associated monocytosis leading to systemic elevation of monocyte chemoattractant proteins (MCP). The post-NT hematopoietic regeneration in the bone marrow highlighted both altered monocyte–macrophage differentiation and biased commitment of stimulated hematopoietic stem cells toward monocytosis. Chemotherapeutic agents also induce monocyte expression of MCPs through a JNK-dependent mechanism. Genetic and pharmacologic inhibitions of the MCP-CCR2 pathway blocked chemotherapy's adverse effect on CSCs. Levels of nuclear Notch and ALDH1 were significantly elevated in primary breast cancers following NT, whereas higher levels of CCR2 in pre-NT tumors were associated with a poor response to NT.
Conclusions: Our data establish a mechanism of chemotherapy-induced cancer stemness by linking the cellular events in the bone marrow and tumors, and suggest pharmacologic inhibition of CCR2 as a potential cotreatment during conventional chemotherapy in neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings. Clin Cancer Res; 24(10); 2370–82. ©2018 AACR.
Visceral Adipose Tissue Drives Cardiac Aging Through Modulation of Fibroblast Senescence by Osteopontin Production
Authors: Sawaki Daigo , Czibik Gabor , Pini Maria , Ternacle Julien , Suffee Nadine , Mercedes Raquel , Marcelin Geneviève , Surenaud Mathieu , Marcos Elisabeth , Gual Philippe , Clément Karine , Hue Sophie , Adnot Serge , Hatem Stéphane N. , Tsuchimochi Izuru , Yoshimitsu Takehiko , Hénégar Corneliu , Derumeaux Geneviève 
Published: March 2018

Background:
Aging induces cardiac structural and functional changes linked to the increased deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, including OPN (osteopontin), conducing to progressive interstitial fibrosis. Although OPN is involved in various pathological conditions, its role in myocardial aging remains unknown.

Methods:
OPN deficient mice (OPN-/-) with their wild-type (WT) littermates were evaluated at 2 and 14 months of age in terms of cardiac structure, function, histology and key molecular markers. OPN expression was determined by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunoblot and immunofluorescence. Luminex assays were performed to screen plasma samples for various cytokines/adipokines in addition to OPN. Similar explorations were conducted in aged WT mice after surgical removal of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) or treatment with a small-molecule OPN inhibitor agelastatin A. Primary WT fibroblasts were incubated with plasma from aged WT and OPN-/- mice, and evaluated for senescence (senescence-associated β-galactosidase and p16), as well as fibroblast activation markers (Acta2 and Fn1).

Results:
Plasma OPN levels increased in WT mice during aging, with VAT showing the strongest OPN induction contrasting with myocardium that did not express OPN. VAT removal in aged WT mice restored cardiac function and decreased myocardial fibrosis in addition to a substantial reduction of circulating OPN and transforming growth factor β levels. OPN deficiency provided a comparable protection against age-related cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction. Intriguingly, a strong induction of senescence in cardiac fibroblasts was observed in both VAT removal and OPN-/- mice. The addition of plasma from aged OPN-/- mice to cultures of primary cardiac fibroblasts induced senescence and reduced their activation (compared to aged WT plasma). Finally, Agelastatin A treatment of aged WT mice fully reversed age-related myocardial fibrosis and dysfunction.

Conclusions:
During aging, VAT represents the main source of OPN and alters heart structure and function via its profibrotic secretome. As a proof-of-concept, interventions targeting OPN, such as VAT removal and OPN deficiency, rescued the heart and induced a selective modulation of fibroblast senescence. Our work uncovers OPN’s role in the context of myocardial aging and proposes OPN as a potential new therapeutic target for a healthy cardiac aging.
Meadow katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Conocephalini) from the Central-West Region of Brazil: Morphological, bioacoustic and cytogenetic study
Authors: CHAMORRO-RENGIFO JULIANA , SILVA BRUNO CANSANÇÃO , OLIVIER RENAN DA SILVA , BRAUN HOLGER , ARAUJO DOUGLAS 
Published: March 2018

Three species of Conocephalus and two of Euxiphidion from several localities of the Central-West Region of Brazil were studied. Conocephalus goianus Piza, 1977, C. saltator (Saussure, 1859) and C. versicolor (Redtenbacher, 1891) are recorded for the first time from Mato Grosso do Sul, one new species Euxiphidion veroni sp. nov. is described, and a new combination, Euxiphidion caizanum comb. nov. is proposed. The calling songs of C. saltator, C. versicolor, and E. veroni sp. nov. are described. All these three species call very continuously, also in the daytime. The three species of Conocepha-lus have mitotic metaphases with 2n♂ = 33 = 32 + X and 2n♀ = 34 = 32 + XX. Euxiphidion caizanum comb. nov. and E. veroni sp. nov. have 2n♂ = 31 = 30 + X and 2n♀ = 32 = 30 + XX. Most of the autosomes of C. saltator and C. versicolor are meta/submetacentric, differing from C. goianus that has seven biarmed and nine monoarmed autosomes. Both Euxiphidion species present mostly telo/subtelocentric autosomes. The X chromosome is metacentric, and the largest element of the karyotype in the five species. No interstitial telomeric site (ITS) was observed in mitotic metaphases submitted to telomeric fluorescent in situ hybridization. Ecological aspects of the studied species are discussed.
Seventh AMS Symposium on Education
Authors: Phoebus P. A. , Smith D. R. , McPherson R. A. , Hayes M. J. , Moran J. M. , Croft P. J. , Snow J. T. , Takle E. S. , Fauquet R. L. , Bastiaans L. M. , Zeitler J. W. 
Published: March 2018

The American Meteorological Society (AMS) held its Seventh Symposium on Education in conjunction with the 78th AMS Annual Meeting. The theme of the symposium was “Atmospheric and Oceanographic Education: Advancing Our Awareness.” Thirty-six oral presentations and 47 poster presentations summarized a variety of educational programs or examined educational issues relevant for both the precollege and university levels.
There were also joint sessions held with the Second Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes and the Ninth Conference on Interaction of the Sea and Atmosphere, as well as the 10th Symposium on Meteorological Observations and Instruments. Over 200 people representing a wide spectrum of the Society attended one or more of the sessions during this two-day event.
The ITCZ and the Seasonal Cycle over Equatorial Africa
Authors: Nicholson Sharon E. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The common explanation for the progression of the rainy season over Africa is the seasonal excursion of the ITCZ. The ITCZ paradigm stems from a time when tropical rainfall was assumed to be associated mainly with localized convection. Its development was also linked to the emergence of midlatitude frontal concepts. The paradigm has numerous shortcomings, including the diversity of definitions and the large number of parameters used to identify the ITCZ. A historical look at the concept shows that its use over Africa has long been controversial, with many eminent tropical meteorologists harshly criticizing its applicability over this continent. However, the seasonal excursion of the ITCZ remains the classical explanation for African rainy seasons, especially in the equatorial region. This article underscores the shortcomings of the paradigm in equatorial Africa by examining various aspects of the circulation associated with the spatial and temporal patterns of rainfall during the equatorial rainy seasons. The overall conclusion is that a deeper understanding of the seasonal cycle in the equatorial regions of Africa still needs to be developed.
Effects of Resolution, Range, and Image Contrast on Target Acquisition Performance
Authors: Hollands Justin G. , Terhaar Phil , Pavlovic Nada J. 
Published: March 2018

Objective: We sought to determine the joint influence of resolution, target range, and image contrast on the detection and identification of targets in simulated naturalistic scenes. Background: Resolution requirements for target acquisition have been developed based on threshold values obtained using imaging systems, when target range was fixed, and image characteristics were determined by the system. Subsequent work has examined the influence of factors like target range and image contrast on target acquisition. Method: We varied the resolution and contrast of static images in two experiments. Participants (soldiers) decided whether a human target was located in the scene (detection task) or whether a target was friendly or hostile (identification task). Target range was also varied (50–400 m). In Experiment 1, 30 participants saw color images with a single target exemplar. In Experiment 2, another 30 participants saw monochrome images containing different target exemplars. Results: The effects of target range and image contrast were qualitatively different above and below 6 pixels per meter of target for both tasks in both experiments. Conclusion: Target detection and identification performance were a joint function of image resolution, range, and contrast for both color and monochrome images. Application: The beneficial effects of increasing resolution for target acquisition performance are greater for closer (larger) targets.
Co-creation within hybrid networks: what can be learnt from the difficulties encountered? The example of the fight against blood- and sexually-transmitted infections
Authors: Touati Nassera , Maillet Lara 
Published: March 2018

This article analyses co-creation processes within hybrid networks. Specifically, it looks at a particular co-creation mechanism, in this case, a strategic community set up to test new ways of dealing with blood- and sexually-transmitted infections in Quebec. A strategic community is a temporary structure of inter-organizational collaboration, made up of professionals, first-level managers, general practitioners, representatives of community organizations, etc. tasked with generating, implementing and evaluating new ideas about the organization of services. The results of this study highlight the difficulties encountered as well as the issues related to these co-creation processes. Notes for practitioners The implementation of co-creation processes, involving public, private and community actors, has to contend with numerous challenges: (1) the enrolment of the stakeholders concerned by the complex issues; (2) the creation of places for discussion and experimentation involving actors who play an important role in the implementation of change; (3) the mobilization of tools and facilitators to develop a common vision; (4) the action stage to validate new ways of doing things.
When Should We Repair Partial-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears? Outcome Comparison Between Immediate Surgical Repair Versus Delayed Repair After 6-Month Period of Nonsurgical Treatment
Authors: Kim Yang-Soo , Lee Hyo-Jin , Kim Jong-Ho , Noh Dong-Young 
Published: March 2018

Background: Patients with partial-thickness rotator cuff tears (PTRCTs) can be treated nonoperatively and/or undergo operative treatment, but the ideal time for surgical intervention is unclear. Purpose: To compare the results of immediate arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with repair after 6 months of nonoperative care of PTRCTs involving more than 50% of the tendon thickness. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: The authors prospectively randomized and analyzed 78 consecutive patients diagnosed with either isolated bursal-side or articular-side PTRCTs (supraspinatus only). Group 1 (n = 44) received immediate rotator cuff repair. Group 2 (n = 34) received delayed rotator cuff repair after 6 months of nonoperative treatment. The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Score, Constant score, visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, and range of motion at initial visit; months 3, 6, and 12 postoperatively; and the last visit after 24 months were used for the evaluation. Cuff integrity was assessed with magnetic resonance imaging at 12 months postoperatively. Results: There were no significant differences in age, sex (18/26 vs 13/21, male/female), symptom duration, composition of PTRCTs, or clinical outcomes between groups 1 and 2 ( P > .05). In group 2, 10 patients voluntarily dropped out from the study due to improvement of symptoms during the 6 months of preoperative nonoperative treatment. The mean follow-up period in groups 1 and 2 was 31.9 ± 1.5 months and 37.0 ± 2.2 months, respectively. At the end of the study, both groups showed significant improvements in terms of functional scores and pain VAS scores compared with the initial period. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups, except for lower pain VAS score and higher ASES Score in group 2 at 6 months postoperatively. At 12 months postoperatively, 1 patient from group 1 and 2 patients from group 2 experienced a retear. Conclusion: Both immediate surgical repair and delayed repair after nonsurgical care for PTRCTs were effective in improving clinical outcomes, and there was a very low incidence of retears in both groups. However, at 6 months postoperatively, superior functional outcomes were observed in the delayed repair group compared with the immediate repair group. A trial period of preoperative nonsurgical care is reasonable, and immediate surgical repair is not crucial for the treatment of PTRCT.
Exploring lignocellulosic biomass for bio-methane potential by anaerobic digestion and its economic feasibility
Authors: Ali Shehbaz , Shah Tawaf A , Afzal Asifa , Tabassum Romana 
Published: March 2018

Anaerobic digestion is a process to convert organic biomass into bio-methane. Plenty of produced waste in Pakistan is enough to compensate energy thirst of country and have potential to replace costly fossil fuels. The lignocellulosic biomass such as wheat straw, almond shell, sugarcane bagasse, maize straw and corn cob were subjected to bio-methane potential assay after proximate, ultimate and chemical analysis. These chemical fractions provide better understanding about theoretically predicating bio-methane potentials such as neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, carbohydrates, proteins and elemental analysis. Experimental bio-methane potentials were found, 267.74 (wheat straw), 255.32 (almond shell), 222.23 (corn cob), 247.60 (sugar cane bagasse) and 293.12 ml/g (maize straw) volatile solids and was much less than predicted methane potential. The energy content on dry basis and methane potential has been assessed to find economic feasibility of biomass. The biodegradability and methane potential inversely related to the lignin content of biomass. Bioenergy production from biomass is economically favourable. The volatile fatty acids were produced in the percentage of 53–58% acetic acid, 30–35% butyric acids and 6–13% propionic acid and showed same metabolic pathway and types of bacteria involved in digestion.
Eliciting critical care nurses’ beliefs regarding physical restraint use
Authors: Via-Clavero Gemma , Sanjuán-Naváis Marta , Romero-García Marta , de la Cueva-Ariza Laura , Martínez-Estalella Gemma , Plata-Menchaca Erika , Delgado-Hito Pilar 
Published: March 2018

Background: Despite the reported harms and ethical concerns about physical restraint use in the critical care settings, nurses’ intention to apply them is unequal across countries. According to the theory of planned behaviour, eliciting nurses’ beliefs regarding the use of physical restraints would provide additional social information about nurses’ intention to perform this practice. Aim: To explore the salient behavioural, normative and control beliefs underlying the intention of critical care nurses to use physical restraints from the theory of planned behaviour. Research design: A belief elicitation study was conducted. Participants and research context: Twenty-six critical care nurses were purposively sampled across gender, work-shift patterns and professional experience in five intensive care units of three hospitals in Spain. Data were obtained from a nine-item open-ended questionnaire and a focus group. Deductive content analysis was performed. Ethical considerations: Ethical approval was obtained from the hospital ethics committee. Participants were assured their participation was voluntary. Findings: Nurses framed the use of restraints as a way of prioritising patients’ physical safety. They referred to contextual factors as the main reasons to justify their application. Nurses perceived that their decision is approved by other colleagues and the patients’ relatives. Some nurses started advocating against their use, but felt powerless to change this unsafe practice within an unfavourable climate. Control beliefs were linked to patients’ medical condition, availability of alternative solutions, analgo-sedation policies and work organisation. Discussion: Safety arguments based on the surrounding work environment were discussed. Conclusion: Nurses’ behavioural and control beliefs were related. Nurses should be trained in alternatives to physical restraint use. The impact of analgo-sedation protocols, relatives’ involvement, leadership support and intensive care unit restraint policies on physical restraint practices need to be revised. Further research is required to explore why nurses do not act with moral courage to change this harmful practice.
The moral experiences of pediatric nurses in Brazil: Engagement and relationships
Authors: Passos dos Santos Raissa , Tatsch Neves Eliane , Carnevale Franco 
Published: March 2018

Background: Pediatric nursing care involves many significant ethical challenges. Although nurses are broadly recognized as professionals with relevant knowledge about children and families, little is known about how nurses experience ethical concerns in their everyday practice. Objective: The objective of this study was to better understand the moral experiences and related moral distress experiences of nurses working in pediatric settings in Brazil. Design: Interpretative phenomenological study conducted through narrative interviews. Participants and research context: Nine nurses working in three pediatric settings of a teaching hospital in a city of Southern Brazil. Ethical considerations: The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the research site, and research ethics principles were respected throughout the study. Findings: This investigation illuminated a broader dimension of nurses’ moral distress, which was recognized as moral experience. In advancing our understanding of nurses’ moral experiences, engagement was identified as a central phenomenon that is present in the understandings and actions of nurses within their relationships in their daily practice and lived experiences. Three themes were described with regard to nurses’ relationships and their moral experiences: (a) relationship with the healthcare team; (b) relationship with the family; and (c) relationship with the child. Discussion: The findings of this study are congruent with emerging health literature that demonstrated the focus on moral distress as limiting for bioethical inquiry. Moreover, it is important to better understand and recognize nurses’ relational environment and engagements to advance understandings of the ethical dimensions of pediatric nursing practice. Conclusion: This study provides a better understanding on how engagement affects moral experiences, demonstrating how nurses can experience distress but also satisfaction, gratification, rewarding feelings, and a sense of responsibility for the care they provide.