bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diverging mental health trends in the postpandemic era: results from the HUNT Study, Norway
Authors: Weiss Daniel , Lowenstein Christopher , Sund Erik Reidar , Vethe Daniel , Krokstad Steinar 
Published: October 2024

BackgroundThe purpose of this report is to examine to what extent the COVID-19 pandemic affected pre-existing trends in mental health, with a focus on subgroup differences across age, gender and socioeconomic status.MethodsOur analysis uses data from two survey periods (HUNT4: 2017–2019 and HUNT-COVID: 2021–2023) from the Trøndelag Health Study in Norway. We estimate overall and stratified (by age, sex and educational attainment) prevalence values for above-threshold (≥8) anxiety and depression scores using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. For each outcome, we compare prevalences between HUNT-4 and HUNT-Covid within each subgroup.ResultsAbove-threshold levels of anxiety were higher among women than men, while the opposite was true for depression. Symptoms generally decrease with age. Between HUNT4 and HUNT-COVID, for both women and men, anxiety symptoms decreased (except among women between 18–29 and 30–39) while depression symptoms increased (except for individuals over 80). Anxiety symptoms decreased across education levels between HUNT4 and HUNT-COVID while depression symptoms increased across education levels.ConclusionThe findings illustrate the negative long-term effects of a shock such as a pandemic while also illustrating the potential positive effects of generous welfare benefits on inequalities in mental health.
Dendritic cell-intrinsic PTPN22 negatively regulates antitumor immunity and impacts anti-PD-L1 efficacy
Authors: Acero-Bedoya Santiago , Higgs Emily F , Martinez Anna C , Tonea Ruxandra , Gajewski Thomas F 
Published: October 2024

BackgroundIndividuals with a loss-of-function single-nucleotide polymorphism in the gene encoding PTPN22 have an increased risk for autoimmune diseases, and patients with cancer with such alleles may respond better to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Studies in PTPN22 knockout (KO) mice have established it as a negative regulator of T cell responses in cancer models. However, the role of PTPN22 in distinct immune cell compartments, such as dendritic cells (DCs), remains undefined.MethodsWe developed a novel PTPN22 conditional KO (cKO) mouse model that enables specific deletion in CD11c+DCs by crossing to CD11c-Cre transgenic mice. Antitumor immunity was characterized using the B16.SIY and MC38.SIY cancer models and immune profiles of relevant tissues were evaluated by spectral flow cytometry. Antigen uptake, processing, and presentation, as well as DC proliferation to Flt3L, were characterized ex vivo.ResultsDeletion of PTPN22 in DCs resulted in augmented antitumor immunity in multiple syngeneic tumor models. Tumor antigen-specific CD8+T cells were increased in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of PTPN22 cKO mice and improved tumor control was CD8+T cell-dependent. Augmented T cell priming was also detected at early time points in the draining lymph nodes, and these effects were correlated with an increased number of proliferating CD103+DCs, also seen in the TME. In vitro studies revealed increased DC proliferation in response to Flt3L, as well as increased antigen processing and presentation. PTPN22 cKO mice bearing MC38 parental tumors showed combinatorial benefit with anti-PD-L1 therapy.ConclusionsDeletion of PTPN22 in DCs is sufficient to drive an augmented tumor antigen-specific T cell response, resulting in enhanced tumor control. PTPN22 negatively regulates DC proliferation and antigen processing and presentation. Our work argues that PTPN22 is an attractive therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy and highlights the potential to modulate antitumor immunity through the manipulation of DC signaling.
Tobacco control policies discussed on social media: a scoping review
Authors: Dobbs Page , Kong Grace , Lovett Kylie , Henriksen Lisa 
Published: October 2024

ObjectiveTo describe the scope of published literature about tobacco-related policy discussions from social media data and discuss implications for tobacco control policy and future research.Data sourcesPubMed, Medline, CINAHL and Web of Science were searched on 20 November 2023, using search terms for social media, tobacco, and policy. The search was limited from 2005 to 2023.Study selectionAfter removing duplicates, 2 authors reviewed 1118 articles. Those found to be irrelevant based on title (1078) and abstract (18) review were removed.Data extractionData included study descriptions (eg, policy discussed, social media platform and number of posts), study characteristics (eg, methodology, sentiment analysis (propolicy, antipolicy, neutral policy and unclear policy)), and major and additional findings.Data synthesisOf the 22 articles, most examined discussions about USA (n=18) federal regulations (n=17) via human annotation (n=18), using Twitter (X; n=20). Of the 14 papers that discussed sentiment, 4 collected data at different time points; frequency of positive posts typically decreased after policy announcements. Policies discussed in articles included flavour restrictions; USA ban of Puff Bar; Tobacco 21; tobacco taxes; e-cigarette regulation; UK’s standardised packaging; product authorisation; regulating e-cigarettes as a medical product; WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control regulatory actions; Australia’s import restrictions on vaping products and smoke-free and tobacco-free college campus policies.ConclusionsSocial media data can be leveraged to examine timely discourse regarding tobacco control policies. Identified methods of circumventing proposed tobacco control laws and enforcement challenges should be considered by regulatory agencies to close policy loopholes and inform implementation practices.
Quantum nature of black hole and the superposition of fermionic field
Authors: An Jinshan , Zhang Li , Xiao Lulu , Wang Jieci 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe operational framework for the superposition of spacetime is fundamentally important in developing a comprehensive description of quantum gravity (Foo et al. in Phys Rev Lett 129:181301, 2022). As a “bottom-up” unifying theory of quantum gravity, it allows us to investigate how mass superposition of spacetime influences the performance of quantum information processing. In this paper, we study how the quantum-gravitational effects produced by the mass superposition of a black hole influence the quantum coherence of fermionic fields. It is shown that the spacetime effects associated with a classical black hole lead to inevitable decoherence. Notably, compared to classical black hole spacetime scenarios, fermionic fields near a black hole with superposed masses can retain more quantum coherence. This suggests that the quantum properties of spacetime may serve as resources to mitigate coherent degradation caused by gravitational effects. The bottom-up perspective on spacetime superposition proposed in this work serves as an indication of quantum-gravitational effects and holds significant theoretical implications.
Is Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction “Silva Technique” Equal to All‐Inside Techniques? A Prospective Single‐Center Study
Authors: Karampinas Panagiotis , Vlamis John , Galanis Athanasios , Vavourakis Michail , Sakellariou Evangelos , Varsamos Iordanis , Spyrou Ioannis , Pneumaticos Spiros 
Published: October 2024

Background: The development of less invasive all‐inside techniques regarding anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery has been associated with various advantages, including fewer complications and reduced postoperative pain. Silva et al. described a quadruple semitendinosus graft construct and suspensory button fixation for ACL reconstruction as an alternative technique. At the end of this technique, the tibial tunnel is filled with a bone autograft plug. This paper aims to examine the incorporation of the autograft and thus evaluate whether the “Silva technique” provides the same benefits as all‐inside techniques.Methods: A prospective study assessed 31 patients undergoing ACL reconstruction surgery using the “Silva technique.” The cases involved in the study were skeletally mature patients with no previous history of ACL surgery or multiligamentous instability. All patients followed the same rehabilitation program and were examined at three standardized follow‐up visits: 4 months, 8 months, and 1 year postoperatively. Tegner–Lysholm knee score (TLKS), visual analog score (VAS) for pain, and the IKDC subjective knee score were completed at every visit. A knee MRI scan was performed at every scheduled visit to assess bone graft incorporation and remodeling.Results: TLKS scores revealed a considerable improvement compared to preoperative figures, from 57.2 points preoperatively to an average of 99.4 at the 12‐month follow‐up (p < 0.0001). VAS scores were substantially ameliorated after the operation and until the second follow‐up visit, from 5 before surgery to zero 8 months after the operation, with no noteworthy alterations afterward (p < 0.0001). IKDC subjective knee score outcomes were found to have increased at the last follow‐up, from 59.3 prior to surgery to 99.8 12 months postoperatively (p < 0.0001). Regarding the MRI features of the bone autograft, the tibial tunnel was entirely filled by bone formation at the last MRI scan, suggesting complete integration of the autograft in all patients.Conclusions: Bone autograft employed to seal the tibial tunnel was completely incorporated in all cases 1 year postoperatively. The “Silva technique” appears to feature all the avails of all‐inside techniques, whilst it seems to be simpler and easier than them after the surgeon is familiarized with its particular aspects. It is a robust option in orthopedic surgeons’ arsenal. However, further large‐scale pertinent research is requisite to confirm the findings of this study.
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Among Hospital Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Sharaf Sharaf E. , Dahlawi Abdulhamid , Alhajjaji Abdulrahman , Alqurashi Afnan , Albarakati Mmyada , Badawi Mustafa , Alhassani Nouf , Alshareef Omar , Bajawi Sultan , Alsufyani Walid , Alfahmi Widad , Qudus Yomna , Shamsi Anas 
Published: October 2024

Objective: Optimal therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), including clinical pharmacokinetics, appropriate interpretation, and dose adjustment of drugs, is required to effectively monitor specific therapeutic drugs. Hospital pharmacists (HPs), being the most qualified healthcare professionals to implement TDM, must understand its applications to determine and adjust drug doses and avoid adverse drug reactions and toxicity. Therefore, in this knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) study, we assessed TDM level among HPs in Saudi Arabia.Methods: This cross‐sectional study was conducted with 414 HPs in the Makkah region with a valid pharmacy license from the Saudi Commission for Health Specialties. An overall score of 50% or higher of the total responses in each section was considered good, whereas an overall score lower than 50% was considered poor. Categorical data are expressed as frequency and percentage. Correlations were measured using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r).Results: The TDM‐KAP levels of the participants were 50%, 80%, and 62% for KAP, respectively. Significant positive linear correlations were found between knowledge and attitude, knowledge and practice, attitude and practice, knowledge and classification, practice and classification, practice and experience, and knowledge and experience. The participants showed acceptable knowledge and practice of TDM levels with elevated attitude levels.Conclusion: As a lack of TDM knowledge directly contributes to reduced practice levels, increasing TDM knowledge and practice by introducing more intensive pharmaceutical programs that illustrate TDM clinical applications in hospitals is recommended, which will enhance HP integration.
Results of XEN45 Gel Stent Implantation in the Treatment of Primary Open‐Angle Glaucoma Using 5, 10 or 20 μg Mitomycin C: A Pilot Study
Authors: Reichel Felix F. , Guggenberger Vanessa , Faber Hanna , Neubauer Jonas , Voykov Bogomil 
Published: October 2024

Background: No consensus has been reached on the adequate dose of mitomycin C (MMC) in XEN45 gel stent implantation. Lower doses have the potential to reduce MMC‐linked side effects. This study aimed to evaluate treatment efficacy of ab interno XEN45 gel stent in primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) with three different MMC doses.Methods: This retrospective single‐centre nonrandomised trail included 54 patients (56 eyes) who underwent XEN45 gel stent implantation for POAG with above‐target intraocular pressure (IOP) under medical therapy. Eyes were grouped according to the received MMC dose: Group 1 (20 μg; n = 21), Group 2 (10 μg; n = 14) and Group 3 (5 μg; n = 21). The primary endpoint was the mean IOP change in the three MMC dose groups after 6, 12 and 24 months. Secondary endpoints included the success rate defined as lowering of baseline IOP ≥ 20% and below a cut‐off IOP set at three different levels: ≤ 18, ≤ 16 and ≤ 14 mmHg (Criteriums 1, 2 and 3), the mean number of ocular hypotensive medications and the frequency of needling procedures.Results: After 24 months, the overall mean (standard error) IOP was significantly reduced from 24.7 (0.9) mmHg to 15.2 (0.7) mmHg (p < 0.0001). The average IOP change (standard error) in MMC dose groups 1, 2 and 3 was −8.6 (2) mmHg, −10.1 (2.1) mmHg and −10.4 (2.8) mmHg. Complete success (Criterium 1) was achieved in 50%, 62% and 43% of the eyes in groups 1, 2 and 3. No statistically significant difference was found within the first 24 months between the three MMC dose groups for IOP change, success rate, number of ocular hypotensive medications and the frequency of needling procedures.Conclusions: XE45 was effective in all three dose groups. As the success rate did not significantly differ between the MMC doses, these results may support the use of the lowest dose.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: 559/2016BO2
Exercise Attenuates Doxorubicin‐Induced Myocardial Injury by Inhibiting TSHR and Regulating Macrophage Polarization Through miR‐30d‐5p/GALNT7
Authors: Wu Haiyan , Zhou Ruoyu , Kong Hanxin , Yang Jieqiong , Liu Suijuan , Wei Xiaolin , Li Kunzhi , Zhang Yunmei 
Published: October 2024

Objective: Doxorubicin (DOX) is an extensively used chemotherapeutic agent that induces cardiotoxicity. Studies have reported that exercise (EXE) can alleviate DOX‐induced cardiotoxicity. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the mechanism by which EXE attenuates DOX‐induced myocardial injury.Methods: In this study, cell and animal models of DOX‐induced myocardial injury were constructed. The animal model was subjected to EXE intervention.Results: In this study, in vitro experiments revealed that miR‐30d‐5p negatively regulated polypeptide N‐acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 7 (GALNT7) and that GALNT7 negatively regulated the expression of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR). miR‐30d‐5p downregulated the expression of GALNT7, promoted the expression of TSHR, and promoted macrophage M1 polarization, thus aggravating cardiomyocyte injury. In vivo experiments revealed that EXE intervention significantly downregulated miR‐30d‐5p and TSHR expression, upregulated GALNT7, reduced inflammation, and promoted M2 macrophage polarization, thereby alleviating DOX‐induced myocardial injury. In addition, overexpression of miR‐30d‐5p or knockdown of GALNT7 weakened the intervention effect of EXE, whereas overexpression of GALNT7 or knockdown of TSHR promoted the effect of EXE.Conclusion: EXE can modulate the miR‐30d‐5p/GALNT7 axis to inhibit the expression of TSHR, thereby regulating the polarization of macrophages to the M2 phenotype and ultimately alleviating DOX‐induced myocardial injury, which provides new targets and strategies for the clinical treatment of myocardial injury.
Children’s Rights and Online Age Assurance Systems
Authors: Livingstone Sonia , Nair Abhilash , Stoilova Mariya , van der Hof Simone , Caglar Cansu 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Age assurance is a way to prevent children accessing content, products or services that are potentially harmful to them, ranging from gambling services or alcohol or tobacco or, increasingly, certain products and services online. Now that children’s lives are mediated by digital technologies, policymakers are deliberating over the legal, technical and practical challenges. These have been little examined from the perspective of children’s rights. By combining legal and social research methods, this article examines the legal requirements for age assurance in Europe, assesses compliance by companies and reveals the consequences for family life. In law and practice, we show that age assurance is often ineffective in protecting children from online risk of harm. Further, as currently implemented it risks children’s other rights – to non-discrimination, privacy, to be heard, and their civil rights and freedoms, and remedy. We identify promising directions for the use of age assurance in child online protection, focusing on European policy, regulators and civil society actors.
We are Who we Represent: A Theory of “Immersive” Representation in Student Activism
Authors: Hanna Amy , Kane James , Savage Cormac , Lundy Laura 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Children and young people have a right to freedom of association and to have their views given due weight when they act collectively. However, when they come together in groups to engage in collective action, in school and elsewhere, they are often criticised for not being “representative” of all/other young people. The concept, while frequently cited, remains undefined and fails to incorporate how young people understand, experience and enact representation. This article presents data from an empirical study with youth activists who established a Secondary Schools Students’ Union during the Covid-19 pandemic to lobby for change in education decision-making. The study was carried out as a collaboration between two university-based researchers and two secondary school students who were founding members of the union. Drawing on focus groups and interviews with union executive members, this article presents findings that convey young people’s navigation of adults’ perceptions of their representativeness, focusing on issues of legitimacy and efficacy. Based on this study, we propose a new youth co-authored and youth-informed theory of representation that conceptualises it as immersive and mutually symbiotic and, we suggest, enables meaningful implementation of child and youth activists’ civil and political rights.
Care as a Prerequisite for the Realisation of Rights
Authors: Nordvik Marie Lindsjørn , Martnes Mona 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Care is both a fundamental right for children, and central for a holistic realisation of other rights in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Children have a right to care as is necessary for his or her “well-being”. Therefore, an analysis of the right to care, requires an understanding of the term well-being. In jurisprudence, well-being is underexamined. Nonetheless, there are several legal theories that are connected or relevant to care and well-being. Nevertheless, children’s rights are not based on one single theoretical fundament. In this article, we examine the right to care by exploring the role of well-being and three legal theories: vulnerability theory; care theory; and the capability approach.
Advancing Children’s Participation Rights in Healthcare Through Play
Authors: Głos Aleksandra 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Within the vulnerable clinical context, children’s participation rights are easily compromised in relation to their protection and service provision. Unfortunately, failure to engage children in medical conversations can make this stressful context even more acute. In response to this problem, this Article presents the legal, philosophical and evidence-based arguments for incorporating play as a child-friendly intervention to engage young patients in meaningful participation in clinical settings. Play as the natural language of children can make them receive and assimilate medical information without fear. Play is also a well-recognised mechanism of child agency and their most natural form of participation, and as such can become a springboard for engaging and empowering children in healthcare.
Children’s Rights and Childhood Negligence Proceedings
Authors: Barnes Macfarlane Lesley-Anne 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (crc) provides that children require ‘special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection’ (Preamble). In recent years various attempts have been made by Scottish lawmakers to safeguard and promote children’s rights across a range of legal fields. However, the field of delict (termed “tort law” in many jurisdictions) has been excluded from the process of mainstreaming children’s rights in domestic law. Most of the contemporary litigation in the field is about liability for negligence (i.e., unintentional wrongdoing). In negligence proceedings, children are typically victims seeking redress from adults through the judicial system following childhood injury. Using Scotland as a case study, this article examines legal reasoning in what are termed “childhood negligence proceedings”. Drawing on the jurisprudence of the Committee on the Rights of the Child and wider literature, the article raises concerns about both the substance and established practices of the law. In particular, an absence of judicial engagement with children and research about childhood development is observed. Consideration is given as to what might be the nature of the obligations imposed upon states in this field of law by Articles 1 (age), 2 (non-discrimination), 3 (best interests), 6 (life, survival and development) and 12 (voice) of the crc. Two overarching questions persist: first, can findings of negligence or contributory negligence against children ever be justified? And secondly, if so, what should be the model for imposing childhood liability? As Scotland fully incorporates the crc in domestic law, the article concludes by framing a series of questions directed towards creating new knowledge and developing new understanding capable of transforming the child’s position in delict/tort law.
“Unduly Harsh?”: An Empirical Examination of Best Interests Assessments in the Context of Parental Deportation
Authors: Griffiths Melanie , Jackson Naomi , Woodhouse Sarah , Yaqub Nazia , Stalford͌ Helen 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Thousands of people are deported from the UK every year, having served a sentence for a serious criminal offence, it being determined that it is no longer in the public interest for them to remain in the UK. For those who are parents, they can appeal against deportation on grounds that it would breach their right to family life and have an unduly harsh impact on their children. Detailed guidance has emerged, setting out the factors that should be taken into account in determining this question in a manner that is compliant with children’s rights. Drawing on an in-depth analysis of a sample of deportation case files, this paper provides a unique empirical insight into the extent to which this guidance is applied in practice, with a particular reference to children’s rights principles and processes.