bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A pore-scale resolved direct numerical simulation study for scaling analysis of the solutal convection in porous media
Authors: Jin Yan 
Published: November 2024

Understanding the solutal convection is a crucial step towards accurate prediction of CO

$_2$

sequestration in deep saline aquifers. In this study, pore-scale resolved direct numerical simulations (DNS) are performed to analyse the scaling laws of the solutal convection in porous media. The porous media studied are composed of uniformly distributed square or circular elements. The Rayleigh numbers in the range

$426 \le Ra \le 80\,000$

, the Darcy numbers in the range

$1.7\times 10^{-8} \le Da \le 8.8\times 10^{-6}$

and the Schmidt numbers in the range

$250 \le Sc \le 10^4$

are considered in the DNS. The main time, length and velocity scales affecting the solutal convection are classified as the diffusive scales (

$t_I$

,

$l_I$

and

$u_I$

), the convective scales (

$t_{II}$

,

$l_{II}$

and

$u_{II}$

) and the shut-down scales (

$t_{III}$

,

$l_{III}$

and

$u_{III}$

). These scales determine the pore-scale Rayleigh number

$Ra_K$

and the Rayleigh number

$Ra$

. Based on the DNS results, the scaling laws for the transient dissolution flux are proposed in the different regimes of convection. It is found that the onset time of convection (

$t_{oc}$

) and the period of the flux-growth regime (

$\Delta t_{fg}$

) vary linearly with the convective time scale

$t_{II}$

. The merging of the original plumes and the re-initiation of the new plumes start in the same period, resulting in the merging re-initiation regime. Horizontal dispersion plays an important role in plume merging. The dissolution flux

$F$

and the time since the onset of convection

$t^{\ast }$

have an

$F / u_{II} \sim (t^{\ast }/ t_{II})^{-0.2}$

scaling in the later stage of the merging re-initiation regime. This scaling is caused by the merging of the low-wavenumber plumes. It becomes more pronounced with decreasing porosity and leads to the nonlinear relationship between the Sherwood number

$Sh$

and

$Ra$

when the domain is not high enough for the plumes to fully develop. According to the DNS results, a regime is expected that is independent of both

$Ra$

and

$Ra_K$

, while the dimensionless constant flux

$F_{cf}/u_{II}$

in this regime decreases with decreasing porosity. When the mean solute concentration reaches approximately 30 %, convection enters the shut-down regime. For large

$Ra$

, the dimensionless flux in the shut-down regime follows the scaling law

$F/u_{III}\sim (t/t_{III})^{-1.2}$

at large porosity (

$\phi =0.56$

) and

$F/u_{III}\sim (t/t_{III})^{-1.5}$

at small porosity (

$\phi =0.36$

or

$0.32$

). The study shows the significant pore-scale effect on the convection. The DNS cases in this study are mainly for simplified geometries and large

$Ra_K$

. This can lead to uncertainties of the obtained scaling coefficients. It is important to determine the scaling coefficients for real geological formations to predict a real CO

$_2$

sequestration process.
Semiabelian varieties and transcendence on Weierstrass sigma functions
Authors: Pham Duc Hiep 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWe establish new results on complex and
$p$
-adic linear independence on a class of semiabelian varieties. As applications, we obtain transcendence results concerning complex and
$p$
-adic Weierstrass sigma functions associated with elliptic curves.
Editorial: ticks & tick-borne parasites and diseases
Authors: Tabor Ala E. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractTicks and tick-borne diseases affect humans, livestock, and wildlife in most regions of the globe. Although there are over 900 tick species globally, only approximately 10% of species are second to mosquitoes as major vectors of human and veterinary diseases. The 17 articles of this themed Special Issue highlight the current research trends associated with newly discovered tick species, concepts of tick evolution, new vaccinology approaches, factors affecting disease transmission, and factors affecting tick ecology and tick-borne disease epidemiology. Table 1 summarizes the articles in this Special Issue in alphabetical author order and Fig. 1 is a word cloud generated from the article titles. Of the 17 articles in this Special Issue, two are review articles (vaccinology) while the remaining 15 are original research articles. The topics range from tick control, to epidemiology, ecology, tick-borne disease control, tick-borne disease transmission, vaccine approaches, and the description of novel extant and extinct tick species. Fig. 2 is graphical representation of the articles within this Special Issue including tick hosts and the most representative tick species studied. The articles also include authors from most continents globally with first author contributions from Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Czech Republic, Germany, India, Mexico, Pakistan, South Africa, Spain, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, USA and Zambia. This issue is thus truly diverse which reflects the diversity of ticks, tick-borne diseases and they hosts they infest globally.
Examining the association between aggression and suicide attempts among army soldiers
Authors: Krauss Alison , Greene Ashley L. , Edwards Emily R. , Goodman Marianne 
Published: November 2024

AbstractBackgroundSuicide is a major concern among active-duty military personnel. Aggression represents a salient risk factor for suicide among civilians, yet is relatively understudied among military populations. Although several theories posit a relation between aggression and suicide with putative underlying mechanisms of social isolation, access to firearms, and alcohol use, researchers have yet to test these potential mediators. This study uses rich, longitudinal data from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience (STARRS) Pre/Post Deployment Study (PPDS) to examine whether aggression longitudinally predicts suicide attempts and to identify mediators of this association.MethodsArmy soldiers (N = 8483) completed assessments 1 month prior to deployment and 1, 2–3, and 9–12 months post-deployment. Participants reported on their physical and verbal aggression, suicide attempts, social network size, firearm ownership, and frequency of alcohol use.ResultsAs expected, pre-deployment aggression was significantly associated with suicide attempts at 12-months post-deployment even after controlling for lifetime suicide attempts. Social network size and alcohol use frequency mediated this association, but firearm ownership did not.ConclusionsFindings further implicate aggression as an important suicide risk factor among military personnel and suggest that social isolation and alcohol use may partially account for this association.
Enriching ultra-high risk for psychosis cohorts based on accumulated exposure to environmental risk factors for psychotic disorders
Authors: O'Donoghue Brian , Oliver Dominic , Geros Hellen , Sizer Holly , Thompson Andrew , McGorry Patrick , Nelson Barnaby 
Published: November 2024

AbstractBackground and hypothesisTransition to psychosis rates within ultra-high risk (UHR) services have been declining. It may be possible to ‘enrich’ UHR cohorts based on the environmental characteristics seen more commonly in first-episode psychosis cohorts. This study aimed to determine whether transition rates varied according to the accumulated exposure to environmental risk factors at the individual (migrant status, asylum seeker/refugee status, indigenous population, cannabis/methamphetamine use), family (family history or parental separation), and neighborhood (population density, social deprivation, and fragmentation) level.MethodsThe study included UHR people aged 15–24 who attended the PACE clinic from 2012 to 2016. Cox proportional hazards models (frequentist and Bayesian) were used to assess the association between individual and accumulated factors and transition to psychosis. UHR status and transition was determined using the CAARMS. Benjamini–Hochberg was used to correct for multiple comparisons in frequentist analyses.ResultsOf the 461 young people included, 55.5% were female and median follow-up was 307 days (IQR: 188–557) and 17.6% (n = 81) transitioned to a psychotic disorder. The proportion who transitioned increased incrementally according to the number of individual-level risk factors present (HR = 1.51, 95% CIs 1.19–1.93, p < 0.001, pcorr = 0.01). The number of family- and neighborhood-level exposures did not increase transition risk (p > 0.05). Cannabis use was the only specific risk factor significantly associated with transition (HR = 1.89, 95% CIs 1.22–2.93, pcorr = 0.03, BF = 6.74).ConclusionsThere is a dose–response relationship between exposure to individual-level psychosis-related environmental risk factors and transition risk in UHR patients. If replicated, this could be incorporated into a novel approach to identifying the highest-risk individuals within clinical services.
Frailty Screening in Primary Care-Based Memory Clinics: Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Findings
Authors: Lee Linda , Patel Tejal , Hillier Loretta M. , McAiney Carrie , Skimson Kara , Conway Emma , Agla Caitlin , McKinnon Wilson Jane , Gregg Susie 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of frailty screening using handgrip strength with gait speed measures within four primary care-based memory clinics in Ontario. This mixed methods quality improvement initiative examined the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance of frailty screening from the perspective of patients (N = 216), care partners (N = 142), and healthcare providers (N = 9). Frailty screening was well-received by patients and care partners and perceived as quick and easy to administer and integrate into assessment processes by healthcare providers at all four memory clinics. The ease of integrating frailty screening into clinic processes was a key factor facilitating implementation; few challenges or suggestions for improvement were identified. All four clinics plan to continue frailty screening, three using the methods adopted in this study. Integrating frailty screening into memory assessments is feasible and acceptable and, given the interactional relationship between frailty and dementia, provides a significant opportunity to improve health outcomes for older adults.
Efficacy of medical compression stockings class I on the reduction of symptoms in patients with uncomplicated varicose veins
Authors: Stücker Markus , Braß Dennis , Möckel Luis , Hartmann Karsten , Rabe Eberhard 
Published: November 2024

Summary: Background: Aim of this study was to analyze the effect of medical compression stockings (MCS) class I (according to the German classification “RAL-GZ 387”; 18–21 mmHg) on symptoms in patients with uncomplicated varicose veins (C2s–C4a). Patients and methods: We conducted a randomized (1:1), controlled, clinical trial enrolling patients with uncomplicated varicose veins (CEAP: C2s–C4a). The study consisted of a one-week baseline period and a four-week follow-up period with MCS treatment (compression class I, 18–21 mmHg) in the intervention group and non-treatment in the control group. The frequency and severity of symptoms on the leg including heaviness, pain, swelling, throbbing and itching were measured every evening using an app-based measuring tool. The primary endpoint was the reduction of symptoms during compression therapy, measured by a symptom sum score over a period of 5 weeks ranging from 0 (no symptoms during the day) to 25 (symptoms all day). Results: Patients treated with MCS (n = 25) showed a significant improvement in the overall symptom sum score from 8.90 ± 4.26 at baseline to 6.37 ± 3.55 at follow-up (p = 0.004) whereas for patients in the control group without MCS (n = 25) the overall score remained unchanged (baseline: 7.46 ± 3.71; follow-up: 7.67 ± 4.74; p = 0.293). The intervention group reported significant improvements in symptom frequency scores for pain, leg swelling and feeling of leg heaviness (p ≤ 0.002). In the control group the score for pain significantly increased during the follow-up period. Leg itching was numerically more frequent in patients with MCS. Conclusion: This study indicates that medical compression stockings class I (according to the German classification “RAL-GZ 387”; 18–21 mmHg) significantly improve the frequency and severity of symptoms in patients with uncomplicated varicose veins (CEAP: C2s–C4a).
Magnetospheric Control of Ionospheric TEC Perturbations via Whistler‐Mode and ULF Waves
Authors: Shen Yangyang , Verkhoglyadova Olga P. , Artemyev Anton , Hartinger Michael D. , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Shi Xueling , Zou Ying 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe weakly ionized plasma in the Earth's ionosphere is controlled by a complex interplay between solar and magnetospheric inputs from above, atmospheric processes from below, and plasma electrodynamics from within. This interaction results in ionosphere structuring and variability that pose major challenges for accurate ionosphere prediction for global navigation satellite system (GNSS) related applications and space weather research. The ionospheric structuring and variability are often probed using the total electron content (TEC) and its relative perturbations (dTEC). Among dTEC variations observed at high latitudes, a unique modulation pattern has been linked to magnetospheric ultra‐low‐frequency (ULF) waves, yet its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here using magnetically conjugate observations from the THEMIS spacecraft and a ground‐based GPS receiver at Fairbanks, Alaska, we provide direct evidence that these dTEC modulations are driven by magnetospheric electron precipitation induced by ULF‐modulated whistler‐mode waves. We observed peak‐to‐peak dTEC amplitudes reaching 0.5 TECU (1 TECU is equal to electrons/) with modulations spanning scales of 5–100 km. The cross‐correlation between our modeled and observed dTEC reached 0.8 during the conjugacy period but decreased outside of it. The spectra of whistler‐mode waves and dTEC also matched closely at ULF frequencies during the conjugacy period but diverged outside of it. Our findings elucidate the high‐latitude dTEC generation from magnetospheric wave‐induced precipitation, addressing a significant gap in current physics‐based dTEC modeling. Theses results thus improve ionospheric dTEC prediction and enhance our understanding of magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling via ULF waves.
Heat Fluxes in a Glacial Fjord: The Role of Buoyancy‐Driven Circulation and Offshore Forcing
Authors: Bonneau Jérémie , Laval Bernard E. , Mueller Derek , Hamilton Andrew K. , Antropova Yulia 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe ocean supplies large quantities of thermal energy to tidewater glaciers, but the mechanisms behind the heat delivery are not fully understood. To examine heat flux dynamics in glacial fjords, we run an 8‐year realistic numerical simulation of Milne Fiord, validated with observations. We leverage the duration and spatial resolution of the simulation to calculate ice melt, offshore density variations, average fjord temperature, and heat fluxes at different locations along‐fjord. Correlations between these quantities reveal that heat fluxes near the grounding line (<5 km) are linked to buoyancy‐driven circulation while offshore forcing is linked to heat fluxes along the remainder of the fjord. Comparison to a simulation with constant offshore boundary conditions reveals that offshore forcing enhances the exchange between the coastal shelf and the fjord, increasing glacier melt rates by 18%. Including offshore forcing into numerical and box models of glacial fjords is essential for accurate melting predictions.
Peculiar Nighttime Ionospheric Enhancements Over the Asian Sector During the May 2024 Superstorm
Authors: Huang Fuqing , Lei Jiuhou , Zhang Shun‐Rong , Wang Yihan , Li Zhongli , Zhong Jiahao , Yan Rui , Aa Ercha , Zhima Zeren , Luan Xiaoli 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis study reports a peculiar nighttime ionospheric enhancement in the total electron content (TEC) from the geostationary (GEO) satellites in response to the geomagnetic superstorm of May 2024. The enhancements occurred at low to mid‐latitudes during the storm's recovery phase on 11–12 May, with the TEC values almost twice as high as the quiet ones. Surprisingly, the nighttime ionospheric enhancements sub‐rotated westward with a speed of ∼130.5 m/s. The nighttime TEC enhancements lasted ∼5–7 hr for a given location and persisted over half a day over wide longitude ranges. Meanwhile, ionosonde data from two equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) stations showed a higher peak height of the F2 layer, and a significant double‐crest EIA structure was observed by both GEO TECs and in situ electron densities from China Seismo‐Electromagnetic Satellite during this period of interest, indicating a possible contribution from disturbance electric fields producing nighttime eastward equatorial electric fields. Nevertheless, it remains a mystery whether the nighttime TEC enhancement and its movement were associated with the wind disturbance dynamo.
Investigating the Trip of a Transformer in Sweden During the 24 April 2023 Storm
Authors: Dimmock A. P. , Lanabere V. , Johlander A. , Rosenqvist L. , Yordanova E. , Buchert S. , Molenkamp S. , Setréus J. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractGeomagnetically Induced Currents are unwanted currents that flow in large ground‐based conductive infrastructure and are a significant threat to bulk power grids. This susceptibility is increased at high latitudes due to the larger amplitude geomagnetic disturbances caused by the strong and dynamic auroral electrojet currents. In Sweden, there has been a record of disturbances connected to geomagnetically induced currents; the most documented was a blackout in Malmö, a city in southern Sweden, on 30 October 2003. However, on 24 April 2023, there was a transformer trip in the Bandsjö substation (near Sundsvall) around the time of enhanced space weather. In this paper, we investigate this event by studying the solar wind properties as well as geomagnetic disturbances. The study shows evidence that the transformer trip was caused by a strong geomagnetic disturbance in the morning sector. This was triggered by a high‐pressure sub‐structure within the interplanetary coronal mass ejection cloud, preceded by 2 hr of strong southward interplanetary magnetic field. Additionally, analysis of multiple ground magnetometers shows that the geomagnetic impact was highly spatially structured.
River Geomorphology and Fish Diversity Around the Manseriche Gorge, the Last Andean Crossing Is in Peril
Authors: Abad J. D. , Chicchon H. , Chuctaya J. , Mendoza A. , Valverde H. , Oshiro C. , Montoya M. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe transition from the Andes to the Amazon lowland hosts a high biodiversity and currently is facing several anthropogenic activities, including hydropower infrastructure projects. Little is known about the geomorphology of the Andean gorges, rivers and the interaction with the fish diversity upstream and downstream of gorges. The Marañón River is a major river that connects the Andes to the Amazon lowland and it carries 40% of the sediment load arriving to Brazil. The Santiago River is the last tributary into the Marañón River before the last gorge (Manseriche). Current plans for hydropower reservoirs include the construction of several dams along the Marañón River, being the largest with a 4,500 MW capacity at the Manseriche Gorge (MG). This study seeks to characterize the baseline processes of the hydrogeomorphology and fish diversity. Results show that the Santiago River is under transitional morphodynamic regime while the Marañón River is a fully developed anabranching river. This study reveals a clear difference in fish species richness and abundance between the upstream and downstream regions of the MG, with some species only found in specific regions. The MG acts as a natural boundary condition for the hydrogeomorphology and fish diversity. If the hydropower dam at MG was built, the reservoir in the upstream reach will produce the Santiago River to disappear and sedimentation to occur, consequently modifying sediment transport boundary conditions for the lower Marañón River. Downstream of the potential dam incision will occur, reducing lateral connectivity, particularly at sites where unique species were found.
An Attention‐Based Explainable Deep Learning Approach to Spatially Distributed Hydrologic Modeling of a Snow Dominated Mountainous Karst Watershed
Authors: Longyang Qianqiu , Choi Seohye , Tennant Hyrum , Hill Devon , Ashmead Nathaniel , Neilson Bethany T. , Newell Dennis L. , McNamara James P. , Xu Tianfang 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIn many regions globally, snowmelt‐recharged mountainous karst aquifers serve as crucial sources for municipal and agricultural water supplies. In these watersheds, complex interplay of meteorological, topographical, and hydrogeological factors leads to intricate recharge‐discharge pathways. This study introduces a spatially distributed deep learning precipitation‐runoff model that combines Convolutional Long Short‐Term Memory (ConvLSTM) with a spatial attention mechanism. The effectiveness of the deep learning model was evaluated using data from the Logan River watershed and subwatersheds, a characteristically karst‐dominated hydrological system in northern Utah. Compared to the ConvLSTM baseline, the inclusion of a spatial attention mechanism improved performance for simulating discharge at the watershed outlet. Analysis of attention weights in the trained model unveiled distinct areas contributing the most to discharge under snowmelt and recession conditions. Furthermore, fine‐tuning the model at subwatershed scales provided insights into cross‐subwatershed subsurface connectivity. These findings align with results obtained from detailed hydrogeochemical tracer studies. Results highlight the potential of the proposed deep learning approach to unravel the complexities of karst aquifer systems, offering valuable insights for water resource management under future climate conditions. Furthermore, results suggest that the proposed explainable, spatially distributed, deep learning approach to hydrologic modeling holds promise for non‐karstic watersheds.
Cryo-EM structure of PML RBCC dimer reveals CC-mediated octopus-like nuclear body assembly mechanism
Authors: Tan Yangxia , Li Jiawei , Zhang Shiyan , Zhang Yonglei , Zhuo Zhiyi , Ma Xiaodan , Yin Yue , Jiang Yanling , Cong Yao , Meng Guoyu 
Published: November 2024

AbstractPromyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) nuclear bodies (NBs) are essential in regulating tumor suppression, antiviral response, inflammation, metabolism, aging, and other important life processes. The re-assembly of PML NBs might lead to an ~100% cure of acute promyelocytic leukemia. However, until now, the molecular mechanism underpinning PML NB biogenesis remains elusive due to the lack of structural information. In this study, we present the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the PML dimer at an overall resolution of 5.3 Å, encompassing the RING, B-box1/2 and part of the coiled-coil (RBCC) domains. The integrated approach, combining crosslinking and mass spectrometry (XL-MS) and functional analyses, enabled us to observe a unique folding event within the RBCC domains. The RING and B-box1/2 domains fold around the α3 helix, and the α6 helix serves as a pivotal interface for PML dimerization. More importantly, further characterizations of the cryo-EM structure in conjugation with AlphaFold2 prediction, XL-MS, and NB formation assays, help unveil an unprecedented octopus-like mechanism in NB assembly, wherein each CC helix of a PML dimer (PML dimer A) interacts with a CC helix from a neighboring PML dimer (PML dimer B) in an anti-parallel configuration, ultimately leading to the formation of a 2 µm membrane-less subcellular organelle.