bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smoking behaviour and preferences for cessation support among clients of an Indigenous community‐controlled health service
Authors: Cockburn Nicole , Gartner Coral , Ford Pauline J. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIntroduction and AimsReducing smoking prevalence among Indigenous Australians is a vital part of closing the health gap between Indigenous and non‐Indigenous Australians. Community‐controlled health clinics are an important setting for delivering smoking cessation advice and assistance. This study measured tobacco and e‐cigarette use, knowledge of smoking‐related health effects, motivations to quit and interest in cessation aids.Design and MethodsClients of Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Community Health Service dental clinics in Southeast Queensland (n = 421) completed a brief written questionnaire while in the waiting room.ResultsNearly half (n = 184, 47%) of the participants currently smoked daily, of which 9% (n = 7) currently used e‐cigarettes. Few smokers (8%, n = 13) had no intention to quit smoking. For current smokers, previously used quit methods were abrupt cessation (42%, n = 78), nicotine replacement therapies (NRT; 25%, n = 45), prescription medications (23%, n = 43), e‐cigarettes (9%, n = 17) and other methods (3%, n = 6). Current smokers were most interested in cutting down (85%, n = 110), abrupt cessation (75%, n = 98) and free NRT (72%, n = 101). Fewer (34%, n = 36) were interested in purchasing NRT for smoking cessation.Discussion and ConclusionsOur study found there was interest in accessing smoking cessation aids among the clients of this community‐controlled health clinic, particularly if provided free of charge. Embedding smoking cessation advice and assistance into a range of community‐controlled health clinics could provide opportunities for addressing the high smoking prevalence among Indigenous Australians.
Body size and fecundity are correlated in feather lice (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera): implications for Harrison's rule
Authors: VILLA SCOTT M. , EVANS MCKENNA D. , SUBHANI YUMNA K. , ALTUNA JUAN C. , BUSH SARAH E. , CLAYTON DALE H. 
Published: March 2018

1. Harrison's rule, which predicts that large‐bodied species of hosts have large‐bodied species of parasites, has been documented in a wide diversity of parasites.2. Harrison's rule has been most thoroughly studied in avian feather lice, which escape from host defence (preening) by hiding in the feathers. Lice that are unable to hide are selectively removed by preening. Preening selects for small lice on small hosts, which have small feathers in which to hide.3. Preening should not, however, select for large lice on large hosts. Instead, the larger size of lice on large hosts is thought to result from a positive relationship between size and fecundity, as shown for many other insects.4. This study tested for a size–fecundity correlation within Columbicola columbae, the host‐specific ‘wing louse’ of rock pigeons (Columba livia).5. The results confirm a positive relationship between female body length and number of eggs laid.6. The study thus supports a mechanism consistent with stabilising selection leading to the evolution of the Harrison's rule pattern among species of Columbicola and their hosts.
Self‐assessment of ergonomics amongst dental students utilising photography: RCT
Authors: Partido B. B. , Wright B. M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIntroductionDental professionals are at high risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) due to static working positions for extended periods of time. Musculoskeletal pain has been identified as early as during their entry‐level dental education. The purpose of this study was to determine whether feedback involving photography and self‐assessment would improve ergonomic scores and the accuracy of ergonomic self‐assessments amongst dental students.Materials and MethodsThe study involved a randomised control design of 135 dental students. At weeks 1 and 4, participants were photographed, and at weeks 1 through 4, participants completed ergonomic self‐evaluations, using a Modified‐Dental Operator Posture Assessment Instrument (M‐DOPAI). During weeks 2 and 3, participants in the training group were photographed and used those photographs to complete ergonomic self‐assessments. All participants’ pre‐training and post‐training photographs were evaluated for ergonomic scores by two raters.ResultsA mixed‐design ANOVA of ergonomic scores revealed that ergonomic scores improved for all students who received the ergonomics training (F(1,254)=17.41, P < .001). In addition, a mixed‐design ANOVA of kappa coefficient values between student and rater scores revealed that the accuracy of self‐assessments improved for all students who received the ergonomics training (F(1,127)=6.33, P < .05).ConclusionThe use of photographs and self‐assessment provides dental and dental hygiene educators with a pragmatic method to improve self‐assessment skills, increase student awareness of any postural deviations from ideal and improve musculoskeletal health.
What can we learn from using formal patient‐reported outcome instruments to assess pain, functional impairment, anxiety, and depression in US adults with hemophilia?
Authors: Buckner Tyler W. , Batt Katharine , Cooper David L. , Kempton Christine L. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPeople with hemophilia frequently suffer from arthropathy that leads to pain and functional impairment, ultimately resulting in reduced quality of life. The impact of pain and functional impairment on the lives of people with hemophilia was explored in the Pain, Functional Impairment, and Quality of Life (P‐FiQ) study. Various patient‐reported outcome (PRO) instruments were employed to assess the effect of pain and functional impairment on multiple aspects of health in people with hemophilia. The results presented in this supplement include detailed observations from PRO instruments regarding pain, functional impairment, anxiety, and depression, an analysis of the differences in health‐related quality of life across subgroups of patients defined by demographic and treatment‐related characteristics, and results of a modeling analysis to identify patient factors which influence perceptions of pain and functional impairment, independent of joint status. These data provide insights into how the results from PRO assessments may be used to evaluate outcomes for people with hemophilia in the clinical and research settings.
Processing of performance‐matched visual object categories: faces and places are related to lower processing load in the frontoparietal executive network than other objects
Authors: Jorge Lília , Canário Nádia , Castelhano João , Castelo‐Branco Miguel 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis study aimed to explore the differential role of the frontoparietal network in processing different visual object categories, matched for difficulty level, during a 1‐back paradigm. To achieve this goal, we first mapped the effort‐related frontoparietal saliency network, by contrasting activation elicited by face, object, place, body and verbal stimulus categories, which were matched for performance level, and speed of processing, with difficult scrambled stimuli. We then computed the weight of object predictors on that specific network, using an independent orthogonal analysis. Overall, our results demonstrated that face (and to some extent also places) stimuli were associated with lower processing load in regions of the frontoparietal network comparing to other visual categories, suggesting that face/place processing does require to a much smaller extent the recruitment of the frontoparietal control network than any other object categories. Thus, face detection and place detection seem to be routed in specific neuronal systems that readily encode the holistic nature of this type of objects. We conclude that the more limited recruitment of frontoparietal networks reflects the automaticity of face and place processing and their smaller dependence on general capacity limits.
Ryanodine receptor type 3 (RYR3) as a novel gene associated with a myopathy with nemaline bodies
Authors: Nilipour Y. , Nafissi S. , Tjust A. E. , Ravenscroft G. , Hossein Nejad Nedai H. , Taylor R. L. , Varasteh V. , Pedrosa Domellöf F. , Zangi M. , Tonekaboni S. H. , Olivé M. , Kiiski K. , Sagath L. , Davis M. R. , Laing N. G. , Tajsharghi H. 
Published: March 2018

Background and purposeNemaline myopathy (NEM) has been associated with mutations in 12 genes to date. However, for some patients diagnosed with NEM, definitive mutations are not identified in the known genes, suggesting that there are other genes involved. This study describes compound heterozygosity for rare variants in ryanodine receptor type 3 (RYR3) gene in one such patient.Methods and resultsClinical examination of the patient at 22 years of age revealed a long narrow face, high arched palate and bilateral facial weakness. She had proximal weakness in all four limbs, mild scapular winging but no scoliosis. Muscle biopsy revealed wide variation in fibre size with type 1 fibre predominance and atrophy. Abundant nemaline bodies were located in perinuclear and subsarcolemmal areas, and within the cytoplasm. No likely pathogenic mutations in known NEM genes were identified. Copy number variation in known NEM genes was excluded by NEM‐targeted comparative genomic hybridization array. Next‐generation sequencing revealed compound heterozygous missense variants in the RYR3 gene. RYR3 transcripts are expressed in human fetal and adult skeletal muscle as well as in human brain and cauda equina samples. Immunofluorescence of human skeletal muscle revealed a ‘single‐row’ appearance of RYR3, interspersed between the ‘double rows’ of ryanodine receptor type 1 (RYR1) at each A–I junction.ConclusionThe results suggest that variants in RYR3 may cause a recessive muscle disease with pathological features including nemaline bodies. We characterize the expression pattern of RYR3 in human skeletal muscle and brain, and the subcellular localization of RYR1 and RYR3 in human skeletal muscle.
IL‐26 in allergic contact dermatitis: Resource in a state of readiness
Authors: Caiazzo Giuseppina , Di Caprio Roberta , Lembo Serena , Raimondo Annunziata , Scala Emanuele , Patruno Cataldo , Balato Anna 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the role of IL‐26 in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), highlighting its’ contribute in the cytotoxic mechanism responsible for the tissue injury. IL‐26 is a signature Th17 cytokine, and immune cells are its predominant sources. Recently, it has shown that Th17 cell‐derived‐IL‐26 functions like an antimicrobial peptide. Here, we hypothesized that IL‐26 could be involved in cytotoxicity mechanism that underlies ACD. Indeed, we have attributed a role to IL‐26 in this context, through PBMC cytotoxicity assays vs HaCat. To demonstrate that IL‐26 was effectively involved in this activity, we performed the assay using transfected ACD PBMCs by siRNA for IL‐26. Indeed, we demonstrated that these cells were less able to kill keratinocytes compared with ACD PBMCs (P < .01). In conclusion, our findings support the idea that this emergent cytokine, IL‐26, is implicated in the killing mechanisms of KC observed during ACD.
Bioturbation and directionality in Earth's carbon isotope record across the Neoproterozoic–Cambrian transition
Authors: Boyle R. A. , Dahl T. W. , Bjerrum C. J. , Canfield D. E. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMixing of sediments by moving animals becomes apparent in the trace fossil record from about 550 million years ago (Ma), loosely overlapping with the tail end of the extreme carbonate carbon isotope δ13Ccarbonate fluctuations that qualitatively distinguish the Proterozoic geochemical record from that of the Phanerozoic. These Precambrian‐scale fluctuations in δ13Ccarbonate (PSF‐δ13Ccarbonate) remain enigmatic, due to their high amplitude and inclusion of global‐scale negative δ13Ccarbonate values, below anything attributable to mantle input. Here, we note that different biogeochemical‐model scenarios plausibly explaining globally synchronous PSF‐δ13Ccarbonate converge: via mechanistic requirements for extensive anoxia in marine sediments to support sedimentary build‐up of 13C‐depleted carbon. We hypothesize that bioturbation qualitatively reduced marine sediment anoxia by exposing sediments to oxygenated overlying waters, which ultimately contributed to decreasing the carbon cycle's subsequent susceptibility to PSF‐ δ13Ccarbonate. Bioturbation may also have reduced the quantity of (isotopically light) organic‐derived carbon available to contribute to PSF‐ δ13Ccarbonate via ocean crust carbonatization at depth. We conduct a comparative modelling exercise in which we introduce bioturbation to existing model scenarios for PSF‐ δ13Ccarbonate: expressing both the anoxic proportion of marine sediments, and the global organic carbon burial efficiency, as a decreasing function of bioturbation. We find that bioturbation's oxygenating impact on sediments has the capacity to prevent PSF‐ δ13Ccarbonate caused by authigenic carbonate precipitation or methanogenesis. Bioturbation's impact on the f‐ratio via remineralization is partially offset by liberation of organic phosphate, some of which feeds back into new production. We emphasize that this study is semiquantitative, exploratory and intended merely to provide a qualitative theoretical framework within which bioturbation's impact on long‐term, first‐order δ13Ccarbonate can be assessed (and it is hoped quantified in more detail by future work). With this proviso, we conclude that it is entirely plausible that bioturbation made a decisive contribution to the enigmatic directionality in the δ13Ccarbonate record, from the Neoproterozoic–Cambrian boundary onwards.
Orthostatic hypotension and overall mortality in 1050 older patients of the outpatient comprehensive geriatric assessment unit
Authors: Freud Tamar , Punchik Boris , Kagan Ella , Barzak Alex , Press Yan 
Published: March 2018

AimOrthostatic hypotension is a common problem in individuals aged ≥65 years. Its association with mortality is not clear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate associations between orthostatic hypotension and overall mortality in a sample of individuals aged ≥65 years who were seen at the Outpatient Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment Unit, Clalit Health Services, Beer‐Sheva, Israel.MethodsIndividuals who were evaluated in the Outpatient Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment Unit between January 2005 and December 2015, and who had data on orthostatic hypotension were included in the study. The database included sociodemographic characteristics, body mass index, functional and cognitive state, geriatric syndromes reached over the course of the assessment, and comorbidity. Data on mortality were also collected.ResultsThe study sample included 1050 people, of whom 626 underwent comprehensive geriatric assessment and 424 underwent geriatric consultation. The mean age was 77.3 ± 5.4 years and 35.7% were men. Orthostatic hypotension was diagnosed in 294 patients (28.0%). In univariate analysis, orthostatic hypotension was associated with overall mortality only in patients aged 65–75 years (HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.07–2.2), but in the multivariate model this association disappeared.ConclusionsIn older frail patients, orthostatic hypotension was not an independent risk factor for overall mortality. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 1009–1017.
Is anemia associated with cognitive impairment and delirium among older acute surgical patients?
Authors: Myint Phyo Kyaw , Owen Stephanie , McCarthy Kathryn , Pearce Lyndsay , Moug Susan J , Stechman Michael J , Hewitt Jonathan , Carter Ben 
Published: March 2018

AimThe determinants of cognitive impairment and delirium during acute illness are poorly understood, despite being common among older people. Anemia is common in older people, and there is ongoing debate regarding the association between anemia, cognitive impairment and delirium, primarily in non‐surgical patients.MethodsUsing data from the Older Persons Surgical Outcomes Collaboration 2013 and 2014 audit cycles, we examined the association between anemia and cognitive outcomes in patients aged ≥65 years admitted to five UK acute surgical units. On admission, the Confusion Assessment Method was carried out to detect delirium. Cognition was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and two levels of impairment were defined as Montreal Cognitive Assessment <26 and <20. Logistic regression models were constructed to examine these associations in all participants, and individuals aged ≥75 years only.ResultsA total of 653 patients, with a median age of 76.5 years (interquartile range 73.0–80.0 years) and 53% women, were included. Statistically significant associations were found between anemia and age; polypharmacy; hyperglycemia; and hypoalbuminemia. There was no association between anemia and cognitive impairment or delirium. The adjusted odds ratios of cognitive impairment were 0.95 (95% CI 0.56–1.61) and 1.00 (95% CI 0.61–1.64) for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment <26 and <20, respectively. The adjusted odds ratio of delirium was 1.00 (95% CI 0.48–2.10) in patients with anemia compared with those without. Similar results were observed for the ≥75 years age group.ConclusionsThere was no association between anemia and cognitive outcomes among older people in this acute surgical setting. Considering the retrospective nature of the study and possible lack of power, findings should be taken with caution. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 1025–1030.
Comparison of Continuous Core Profiles and Monitoring Wells for Assessing Groundwater Contamination by Agricultural Nitrate
Authors: Bourke Sarah A. , Turchenek Jonathan , Schmeling Erin E. , Mahmood F. Nessa , Olson Barry M. , Hendry M. Jim 
Published: March 2018

AbstractStudies that assess groundwater contamination by agricultural nitrate (NO3−) commonly measure groundwater chemistry in samples collected from monitoring wells. This approach can be limited by coarse vertical resolution and aquifer heterogeneity. In this paper, we compare continuous core profiles against samples from monitoring wells for assessing agricultural nitrate contamination. Stable isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), chloride (Cl−), and NO3− were measured in four nested wells and continuous core collected to depths of up to 20 m on three different sampling dates at a site in Alberta, Canada. Continuous core profiles of stable isotopes are used to define solute transport zones (advection‐dispersion dominated vs. diffusion dominated), which then informs the interpretation of the Cl− and NO3− profiles. Data from monitoring wells were particularly useful for capturing the temporal dynamics near the water table, but could not be used to define the dominant transport zones. Given the temporal variation in mass input of agricultural NO3−, the increased spatial resolution of continuous core profiles provides an advantage over samples from monitoring wells to assess groundwater contamination by agricultural NO3−. The relatively fine spatial resolution of continuous core profiles is particularly useful for assessing rates of NO3− attenuation through denitrification. This benefit is offset by the need to resample the entire profile at each sampling time, in contrast to groundwater wells, which can be sampled repeatedly with time. Vertical profiling of continuous core is recommended in addition to monitoring wells to assess near‐surface groundwater contamination, particularly at sites where vertical heterogeneity in hydraulic conductivity on the scale of metres or less is likely.
Electrokinetic Migration of Nitrate Through Heterogeneous Granular Porous Media
Authors: Gill Richard T. , Thornton Steven F. , Harbottle Michael J. , Smith Jonathan W.N. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis study investigates and quantifies the influence of physical heterogeneity in granular porous media, represented by materials with different hydraulic conductivity, on the migration of nitrate, used as an amendment to enhance bioremediation, under an electric field. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a bench‐scale test cell under a low applied direct current using glass bead and clay mixes and synthetic groundwater to represent ideal conditions. The experiments included bromide tracer tests in homogeneous settings to deduce controls on electrokinetic transport of inorganic solutes in the different materials, and comparison of nitrate migration under homogeneous and heterogeneous scenarios. The results indicate that physical heterogeneity of subsurface materials, represented by a contrast between a higher‐hydraulic conductivity and lower‐hydraulic conductivity material normal to the direction of the applied electric field exerts the following controls on nitrate migration: (1) a spatial change in nitrate migration rate due to changes in effective ionic mobility and subsequent accumulation of nitrate at the interface between these materials; and (2) a spatial change in the voltage gradient distribution across the hydraulic conductivity contrast, due to the inverse relationship with effective ionic mobility. These factors will contribute to higher mass transport of nitrate through low hydraulic conductivity zones in heterogeneous porous media, relative to homogeneous host materials. Overall electrokinetic migration of amendments such as nitrate can be increased in heterogeneous granular porous media to enhance the in situ bioremediation of organic contaminants present in low hydraulic conductivity zones.
Monitoring In Situ Biodegradation of MTBE Using Multiple Rounds of Compound‐Specific Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis
Authors: Lu Jun , Muramoto Frank , Philp Paul , Kuder Tomasz 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAt a large industrial facility, methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) was released to the subsurface and dispersed into the light, non‐aqueous phase liquids (LNAPL), in the first aquifer, with the LNAPL serving as a continuous source of MTBE in groundwater. Compound‐specific isotope analysis was conducted on both MTBE and tert‐butyl alcohol (TBA) in groundwater samples collected in 2008, 2011, and 2013 from wells located along and off the center line of the MTBE plume. The study demonstrated the onset and progress of biodegradation of MTBE between 2008 and 2013. The TBA observed in 2008 appears to be derived only in part from MTBE transformation while a significant portion of TBA might be contributed directly from LNAPL sources. In 2011 to 2013, the dominant source of TBA in the mid‐gradient plume was MTBE transformation. A contribution of an offsite LNAPL source, in particular to the down‐gradient area of the plume, is possible but could not be unequivocally confirmed. The time series provided direct evidence for MTBE biodegradation, but also a valuable insight on the sources of TBA.
Thermal DNAPL Source Zone Treatment Impact on a CVOC Plume
Authors: Heron Gorm , Bierschenk John , Swift Robin , Watson Robert , Kominek Michael 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe tetrachloroethene (PCE) source zone at a site in Endicott, New York had caused a dissolved PCE plume. This plume was commingled with a petroleum hydrocarbon plume from an upgradient source of fuel oil. The plume required a system for hydraulic containment, using extraction wells located about 360 m downgradient of the source. The source area was remediated using in situ thermal desorption (ISTD). Approximately 1406 kilograms (kg) of PCE was removed in addition to 4082 kg of commingled petroleum‐related compounds. The ISTD treatment reduced the PCE mass discharge into the plume from an estimated 57 kg/year to 0.07 kg/year, essentially removing the source term. In the 5 years following the completion of the thermal treatment in early 2010, the PCE plume has collapsed, and the concentration of degradation products in the PCE‐series plume area has declined by two to three orders of magnitude. Anaerobic dechlorination is the suspected dominant mechanism, assisted by the presence of a fuel oil smear zone and a petroleum hydrocarbon plume from a separate source area upgradient of the PCE source. Based on the post‐thermal treatment groundwater monitoring data, the hydraulic containment system was reduced in 2014 and discontinued in early 2015.