bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathways to Blood Coagulation Product I Formation
Authors: SPAET THEODORE H. , CINTRON JOSÉ 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The basic reagent used was an eluate obtained from barium sulfate used to adsorb various sera. When this eluate was prepared from normal rabbit serum, it responded to treatment with coagulants from adsorbed plasma, with Stypven, or with 25 per cent sodium citrate to give products with similar if not identical properties. With each preparation a stable complex formed with cephalin which withstood washing, was relatively heat-stable, was inactivated by adsorbed serum, and which required factor V for optimal prothrombin conversion. In eluates prepared from human serum, normal activation occurred in the absence of factor IX, but was defective in the absence of factor X. A preparation of factor X purified by DEAE cellulose chromatography was activated by 25 per cent sodium citrate. It is suggested that product I, the product of Stypven activation, and autoprothrombin C represent similar or identical reagents; it is further suggested that factor X is their common precursor.
Assay of Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent (PTA) with Artificially Depleted Normal Plasma
Authors: HOROWITZ HERBERT I. , WILCOX WINTHROP P. , FUJIMOTO MITSU M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Plasma artificially depleted of PTA by incubation following activation with diatomaceous silica was evaluated as a reagent for the assay of PTA. It gave results which were comparable to those obtained with naturally deficient plasma and had the advantages of being readily available and more stable on storage. Laboratory differentiation was possible between PTA and HF deficiency.
Cell Antigens and Cell Specialization
Authors: YUNIS JORGE J. , YUNIS EDMOND 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This article describes the application of four different models to the study of the presence of specific isoantigens on normoblasts. The findings demonstrate the A, B and H receptors on human normoblasts. These receptors can be shown to be present on the surface of normoblasts in all stages of development and on mitotic normoblasts. These findings suggest that cell isoantigens appear early in cell formation and independently of cell maturation.
Factors Stimulating Erythropoiesis in Frogs
Authors: ROSSE WENDELL F. , WALDMANN THOMAS , HULL ELEANOR 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Sublethal levels of hypoxia do not stimulate erythropoiesis in the frog as measured by the incorporation of thymidine-2-C14 into peripheral erythrocytes, whereas bleeding of approximately one-third of the blood volume increases erythropoiesis 70-fold as judged by this criterion. This is taken as evidence that for the frog, the fundamental stimulus for erythropoiesis may not be hypoxia.
2. Cobaltous ion administration does not increase erythropoiesis in the frog.
3. The serum of bled frogs increases the incorporation of thymidine-2-C14 into the erythrocytes of frogs into which it is injected. This serum does not stimulate erythropoiesis in the polycythemic mouse. Serum from an anemic patient which contains large amounts of erythropoietin as measured in the polycythemic mouse does not stimulate erythropoiesis in the frog.
Granulocyte Kinetic Studies in Patients with Proliferative Disorders of the Bone Marrow
Authors: MAUER ALVIN M. , JARROLD THOMAS 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Granulocyte kinetic studies with DFP32 were done in four patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia, three patients with polycythemia vera, one patient with essential thrombocythemia, and one patient with persistent, unexplained granulocytosis. The increased blood granulocyte concentration found in the patients with polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia and unexplained granulocytosis was at least in part the result of increased granulocyte production. Precise calculations of granulocyte pool sizes and turnover rates in the patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia were not possible because of unresolved problems related to the non-uniform population of myeloid cells in the blood of these patients. However, within the limitations of the method, a greater number of myeloid cells were turned over per day through blood than in normal subjects. The findings support the concept that a widespread disorder of marrow proliferation exists in chronic myelocytic leukemia, polycythemia vera, and essential thrombocythemia.
Globulin Coating of Neoplastic Lymphocytes in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: BRODY JEROME I. , BEIZER LAWRENCE H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Employing the technic of specific mixed cell agglutination (SMCA), it has been demonstrated that leukemic lymphocytes, as well as red cells, may be coated with globulins which are reactive with antihuman (Coombs) serum.
2. Moreover, in vitro, these proteins may dissociate from neoplastic lymphocytes and reassociate on normal erythrocytes rendering them Coombs-positive.
3. The dissociation-reassociation phenomenon appears to be time- and temperature-dependent and may be augmented by complement or a related heat-labile serum or cell factor.
4. It is suggested, by analogy to instances in which the normal lymphocyte mediates certain immunologic reactions, that the neoplastic lymphocyte may participate actively in the acquired hemolytic anemia of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Studies of Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase in Mongolism: A Possible Chromosome Marker
Authors: ALTER AARON A. , LEE STANLEY L. , POURFAR MOHAMED , DOBKIN GERALD 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase was measured by a biochemical method in a group of 58 mongolian idiots. The mean activity found in the 41 children less than 10 years of age was equivalent to 89 mg. of phosphorus per 1010 neutrophilic leukocytes per hour. This was compared to the value of 66 mg. of phosphorus per 1010 neutrophilic leukocytes per hour obtained in a group of 41 control children in the same age group (after correction of the control mean to the same mean age). The difference is significant at the 0.5 per cent level of confidence.
This difference was interpreted as confirming (but not proving) the hypothesis that leukocyte alkaline phosphatase formation is controlled by a gene on chromosome number 21—the chromosome for which mongolian idiots are trisomic. The hypothesis arose because of the known deficiency of this enzyme in the leukocytes of patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia, and the known partial deletion of chromosome 21 in this disease.
This finding should provide a stimulus to further investigations into the content of alkaline phosphatase in leukocytes, possible polymorphism of leukocyte alkaline phosphatases, linkages with other inherited traits, and relationships between leukocyte and other tissue phosphatases.
The Effect of Antimetabolites on the Respiration of Leukemic Mouse Cells
Authors: WOODLIFF H. J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The effect of antipurine and antifolic drugs on the oxygen uptake of mouse leukemia cells has been studied. The oxygen uptake of sensitive mouse leukemia cells was inhibited by both groups of drugs. The oxygen uptake of 6-mercaptopurine-resistant mouse leukemia cells was not inhibited by antipurines but was inhibited by antifolics. The oxygen uptake of amethopterin-resistant mouse leukemia cells was inhibited neither by antipurine nor antifolic drugs. These results correlate with the in vivo tests. In this system it is possible to predict the in vivo sensitivity of the leukemia from a study of the effect of antipurine and antifolic drugs on the oxygen uptake of the cells in vitro.
Effect of Trisodium Calcium Diethylenetriaminepentaacetate on Bivalent Cations in Thalassemia Major
Authors: MULLER-EBERHARD URSULA , ERLANDSON MARION E. , GINN H. EARL , SMITH CARL H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The effect of a chelating agent, trisodium calcium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA), in seven patients with thalassemia major and secondary hemochromatosis is reported. Urinary excretion of iron, copper, magnesium and calcium was measured prior to and following intramuscular injections of DTPA. As much as a 16-fold increase in excretion of iron (up to 40 mg./24 hours) and a 3½-fold increase in excretion of copper were achieved. Magnesium and calcium in urine remained consistently below the average range for normal individuals although excretion of magnesium increased 15-60 per cent and calcium as much as 550 per cent following administration of this agent.
While serum levels of copper were high and plasma calcium levels low normal or slightly reduced, plasma magnesium levels were found to be slightly to significantly low in all patients studied. The latter were transiently further reduced following injection of DTPA and may have been related to symptoms of magnesium deficiency in one patient.
This agent was effective in removal of iron particularly in the older patients with secondary hemochromatosis. However, attention is drawn to the possible hazardous effect of DTPA on magnesium metabolism in patients with thalassemia major.
Effect of Thymectomy on the Golden Hamster (Mesocricetus Auratus). I. Wasting Disease
Authors: SHERMAN JOSEPH D. , ADNER MARVIN M. , DAMESHEK WILLIAM 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A fatal progressive wasting disease was produced in male hamsters by thymectomy. The disease was characterized by generalized atrophy of lymphoid tissue, pancytopenia and decreased gamma globulins. Two unique features of this wasting disease were its occurrence in a significant number of animals thymectomized at 4 weeks of age and its development in males only. The thymectomized female hamster could be made to waste if treated with testosterone proprionate or bilateral oophorectomy. The mechanisms involved in the post-thymectomy wasting disease are discussed, as well as the relationship of runt disease (graft vs. host disease) to thymic wasting. The relationship of the thymus to lymphoid tissue, immune globulins, and certain diseases in man are pointed out. The possibility that the wasted thymectomized hamster may be an experimental model for the human disease known as "alymphocytosis" or "lymphocytophthisis" is discussed.
A Family with Hemoglobin I
Authors: THOMPSON OSCAR L. , MORELAND HARRIS J. , SMITH GERALD W. , BOWMAN BARBARA H. , ALEXANDER MARTHA JEANNIE , SCHNEIDER ROSE G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Hemoglobin I was recently found in a Negro family. The amino acid substitution was shown to occur in the sixteenth residue of the α chain (lys → asp) and to be identical with hemoglobin I described by Murayama.10 The minor component, I2, was demonstrated by agar gel electrophoresis.
Methemoglobin Reduction
Authors: BEUTLER ERNEST , BALUDA MARYELLEN C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. It has been shown that mixtures of normal and G-6-PD deficient nitrite-treated erythrocytes reduced methemoglobin at a rate considerably more rapid than that computed from their individual rates of methemoglobin reduction.
2. Differential agglutination studies demonstrated that when normal, methemoglobin-containing cells in such a mixture have reduced all of their methemoglobin, they facilitate methemoglobin reduction in G-6-PD deficient erythrocytes.
3. The same effect could be observed in other mixtures of cells, (e.g., normal with normal, G-6-PD deficient with G-6-PD deficient, etc.) and even with highly purified methemoglobin solutions.
4. This effect could be observed in the presence of methylene blue but not in the presence of another redox dye, Nile blue sulfate.
5. Lactate served as an effective substrate for methemoglobin reduction. Methemoglobin reduction by lactate was enhanced by methylene blue but not by Nile blue sulfate.
6. In mixtures of normal and G-6-PD deficient erythrocytes, no deficit in the rate of accumulation of lactate was found. This indicates that the mechanism of enhancement of methemoglobin reduction is not the diffusion of lactate from non-methemoglobin-containing cells to methemoglobin-containing cells.
7. It was demonstrated that leukomethylene blue could reduce highly purified solutions of methemoglobin in the absence of the enzyme "methemoglobin reductase."
8. The possible mechanism by which non-methemoglobin-containing cells may reduce methemoglobin in methemoglobin-containing cells is discussed. It seems most probable that leukomethylene blue is the mediator of the effect. This implies, contrary to earlier suggestions, that "methemoglobin reductase" acts prior to the reduction of methylene blue in the electron transport chain.
Studies on Iron Absorption
Authors: MENDEL GERALD A. , WEILER ROBERT J. , MANGALIK AROOP 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
It is demonstrated that anemia per se can have a marked influence on the absorption of iron that is independent of the effects of alterations in the rate of erythropoiesis and the body iron content.
Evidence is presented which suggests that the effects of anemia, the rate of erythropoiesis and the body iron content on the absorptive mechanism for iron are, to some extent, additive.
The Detection and Quantification of Rh(D) Antigen Sites on Human Leukocytes
Authors: BARNES ARTHUR E. , SARASTI HERNANDO , MAVIOGLU HILMI , JENSEN WALLACE N. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Radiolabeled eluates of human anti-D were used to measure the capacity of leukocytes to bind the D antibody in cell suspensions prepared from 16 normal and 3 leukemic bloods from Rh(D) donors. The contamination of the leukocyte suspensions by D positive red cells was measured and the contribution of D antigen sites by these cells was estimated. After correction was made for the D antibody bound by the contaminant red cells, no specific binding of D antibody by Rh(D) leukocytes could be detected. Three pairs of Rh(D) and rh(d) leukocyte dilution curves of I131-labeled anti-D uptake were compared with the uptake by D positive and D negative red cell dilutions. No significant differences among the D negative erythrocyte, the rh(d) leukocyte and the Rh(D) leukocyte curves were obtained. The results were collated with previous serologic evidence concerning the presence of ABO and Rh antigens on human leukocytes.
A Method for Preservation of Viable Platelets: Combined Effects of Sugars and Dimethylsulfoxide
Authors: DJERASSI ISAAC , ROY ALBERT 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Rat platelets were frozen in liquid nitrogen (-195 C.) without losing their morphologic integrity and their ability to circulate in thrombocytopenic recipient animals. The simultaneous presence of two preservative agents—a sugar and dimethylsulfoxide—was instrumental in this respect. The use of single agents was only slightly or not at all effective. The combination of 5 per cent Dextrose and 5 per cent DMS in plasma permitted in individual experiments a circulating yield of frozen platelets as high as 70 to 87 per cent of the numbers observed when fresh platelets were given. The bleeding time was reduced to normal whenever the platelet levels were increased to more than 300,000/mm3.
The First Observation of Homozygous Hemoglobin S-Alpha Thalassemia Disease and Two Types of Sickle Cell Thalassemia Disease: (a) Sickle Cell-Alpha Thalassemia Disease, (b) Sickle Cell-Beta Thalassemia Disease
Authors: AKSOY MUZAFFER 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Six patients with sickle cell-thalassemia disease are reported together with hematologic and genetic data. A case of homozygous hemoglobin S-alpha thalassemia disease, the son of parents with asymptomatic sickle cell-thalassemia disease and sickle cell trait, is presented, showing the possibilities involved in the presence of two genes for hemoglobin S and one gene for thalassemia.
On the Origin of Peritoneal Fluid Cells
Authors: GOODMAN JOAN WRIGHT 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Peritoneal fluid cells from mouse radiation chimeras were tested to determine their strain of origin by reaction with donor-specific and host-specific isoimmune sera. In all chimeras that retained donor hemopoietic grafts, peritoneal fluid cells were found to be of donor type. This was true regardless of the kind of hemopoietic tissue transplanted into the irradiated mouse. Donor hemopoietic transplant material included bone marrow, fetal liver, peripheral blood leukocytes, and peritoneal fluid cells from mice and bone marrow from rats. Irritation of the peritoneal cavity shifted differential counts but did not change the cytotoxicity results: all the free cells removed were of donor type.
Leukokinetic Studies. VII. Morphology of the Bone Marrow and Blood of Dogs Given Vinblastine Sulfate
Authors: BOGGS DANE R. , ATHENS JOHN W. , HAAB OTTO P. , CANCILLA PASQUALE A. , RAAB SPENCER O. , CARTWRIGHT GEORGE E. , WINTROBE MAXWELL M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The effect of a single injection of vinblastine sulfate was studied in 50 mongrel dogs. Nine of 34 dogs given 0.2 mg./Kg. of VLB died with gastrointestinal toxicity and the mortality rate increased as the dosage of VLB was increased. The morphologic pattern of leukocyte suppression and recovery in the bone marrow and blood was studied in detail in surviving animals.
The cells of the bone marrow were markedly affected by VLB. Within 4 hours there was an increase in the number of cells in metaphase and, by day 1, virtually all proliferating leukocytes and erythrocytes had disappeared. An orderly repopulation of the bone marrow followed.
The neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes and monocytes of the blood were all markedly altered in concentration after VLB. Each type of cell first decreased to abnormally small numbers and then increased to abnormally large numbers in the blood. The curve of disappearance from and reappearance in the blood differed for each cell type.
The changes in blood neutrophil number and morphology were correlated with changes in the blood neutrophil precursor cells of the marrow. The following conclusions were reached concerning the neutrophils and the assumptions implicit to these conclusions were detailed.
1. In the dog, the marrow contains enough post-mitotic granulocytes to replace those lost from the blood for at least 3 to 4 days.
2. The release of mature neutrophils from the bone marrow is a function of the rate at which blood neutrophils are lost and proceeds normally even when the marrow granulocyte reserve is partially depleted.
Cytologic Features and Cellular Migration in the Cortex and Medulla of Thymus in the Young Adult Rat
Authors: SAINTE-MARIE G. , LEBLOND C. P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The cells of the cortex and medulla of thymus and their mitoses were described in 10-week old (200 Gm.) male rats.
The four main cell types found in cortex (reticular cells, large, medium and small lymphocytes were related to each other by transitional cell types. The presence of numerous mitoses of the four cell types indicates rapid cell production. Since the thymus of 10-week old rats is not growing and, therefore, each cell population must be in a steady state, the mitotic production of new cells of a given type must be balanced by transformation into cells of another type or by emigration out of the cortex. Evidence is presented in support of the transformation of reticular cells into large lymphocytes; and of these into lesser and lesser sized lymphocytes. As for small lymphocytes, the evidence indicates that they migrate form cortex to medulla.
The medulla contains numerous small lymphocytes, some reticular cells, and rare large and medium lymphocytes. The lymphocytes of the medulla (presumed to have migrated from the cortex) often show nuclear processes which are attributed to ameboid motion.
The medulla of the rat thymus contains many blood vessels, most of which are enclosed within "perivascular channels." Diapedesis of lymphocytes, chiefly small ones, is frequently seen across the walls of both the perivascular channels and the blood vessels themselves. Furthermore, higher counts of lymphocytes in venous than in arterial blood of thymus indicate that these cells directly enter the blood circulation.
In conclusion, cells of the lymphocytic series are produced by mitosis in the cortex of the thymus. The evidence indicates that lymphocytes arising in this region migrate into the medulla. Thence, these cells pass into perivascular channels and into the enclosed blood vessels to reach the circulation.
Early and Late Cytologic Effects of Whole Body Irradiation on Human Marrow
Authors: FLIEDNER T. M. , ANDREWS GOULD A. , CRONKITE EUGENE P. , BOND VICTOR P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Serial marrow studies were performed during the first few days in eight men accidentally exposed to a mixed neutron gamma irradiation. They showed the occurrence of a wave of cytologic abnormalities. These were identical with those seen in animal experiments 1-3 days after whole body irradiation. They were considered to be "mitotically connected" (M. C. Abn.) and included the occurrence of chromosomal bridges and chromosomal fragments in mitoses. In interphase cells, the main abnormalities were nuclear fragments ("karyomeres") in the cytoplasm of erythroblasts, myelocytic cells and lymphocytes; bi- and multinucleated cells; and giant cells. The peak of abnormalities in the erythropoietic forms was reachéd after 2 days; that in the myelopoietic cells 4 days after exposure. On the 4th day, there was a distinct dose-dependent difference in these abnormalities between the high dose group (236-365 rads) and the low dose group (22-68 rads).
2. Some cytologic abnormalities, as seen in increased regeneratory activity of the marrow, were found in marrow smears 3.5 years after the accident, although the peripheral blood counts and mitotic indices of the marrow were within normal range. Their significance is obscure.
3. A careful cytologic evaluation of serially aspirated marrow samples during the first hours and days after whole body exposure proves to be an additional important aid in the assessment of the exposed individual and may well prove to be useful in determining the degree of injury and thus the prognosis.
The Acridine Orange Viability Test Applied to Bone Marrow Cells I. Correlation with Trypan Blue and Eosin Dye Exclusion and Tissue Culture Transformation
Authors: HATHAWAY WILLIAM E. , NEWBY LOUIS A. , GITHENS JOHN H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Suspensions of murine bone marrow cells were stained with acridine orange (A-O) and observed under fluorescent microscopy after treatment with various injurious agents in order to establish the staining characteristics of "live" and "dead" cells. The percentage of viable cells demonstrated by the "A-O viability test" were correlated with eosin and trypan blue dye exclusion and tissue culture transformation viability tests. In general, the A-O test demonstrated the viability of cells preserved by freezing as effectively as the other in vitro tests. In addition, the A-O test may be more sensitive in determining the viability of cells where metabolic processes have been injured by poisons or change in pH.
A Direct Assay for Dihydrofolate Reductase in Human Leukocytes
Authors: MISRA D. K. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A new direct spectrophotometric assay for dihydrofolate reductase has been developed. The reaction is observed at 282 mµ and is based on the disappearance of dihydrofolate. Based on this assay, the values for normal leukocytes are 0-5 mµmoles of dihydrofolate reduced to tetrahydrofolate, per mg. of protein per hour at 28 C. The respective values for chronic myelogenous leukemic granulocytes are 25-67, chronic lymphocytic leukemia 0-18, acute lymphocytic leukemia 7-19, and for leukocytes of leukemoid reaction 4 to 5.