bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IŠEIVIJOS BIBLIOFILIJOS PAVELDAS: JUSTINAS K. KARAZIJA
Authors: KAUNAS DOMAS 
Published: January 2019

Bibliophile activity in exile is one of the important and interesting areas of Lithuanian book culture. However, it is not well researched. We rarely talk about valuabel libraries and collections of bibliophiles, except when they are donated to the memory institutions of the homeland. Many of them were collected by physicians, diplomats, artists, and priests who have reached high social standing. Justinas K. Karazija (1892–1991) belonged to the first generation of Lithuanians in the USA. He belonged to the working class (was a steel industry worker) and participated in the social-democratic movement. Karazija’s personal library included publications from 1891–1976 published in exile and in the homeland: books, periodicals, maps. During the later years of his life, the owner has made a bibliographic description of this library and donated it to the American Lithuanian Cultural Archive (ALKA) in Putnam (Connecticut, USA). In this article, six aspects of the library are analysed: the age of publications, languages, publishing places, contents, typology, and the level of individuality. The data allows the author to claim that the library has influenced the formation of the personality, provided possibilities of the intellectual development and stimulated creativity. At the same time it symbolized a minimal, re-located homeland and was oriented to the preservation of the national identity. The library helped to create the physical space and the spiritual microcosm on the basis of the national identity. The case of Karazija’s library proves that this feature of intelectual elevation was characteristic not only to the inteligentsia groups but also to the members of the working social stratas. The microcosm of a personal library enabled them to identify and forecast the future changes of the emigrant community and to define their own place and role in it.
LIETUVOS ŠIUOLAIKINĖS KNYGOTYROS BŪKLĖ
Authors: LIEPAITĖ INGA 
Published: January 2019

The beginning of development of Lithuanian modern book science is identified with the recreation of independence of Lithuania in 1990. The main research centre of book science – Institute of Book Science and Documentation of Faculty of Communication of Vilnius University – has formed, the yearly international conferences of book science have steadied and continuous publication “Knygotyra” has received recognition from Lithuania and abroad within nearly twenty year. These factors prompted the value of the state of Lithuanian book science and revelation of the influences by invoking the opinions of Lithuanian and foreign experts in book science. There were given the results of value of book science collected by an open-ended questionnaire from 29 respondents in this article. There were prepared two questionnaires for the research – individually for Lithuanian and for foreign respondents. There was aimed for more objective value of book science by this integrated research. Appealing to opinions of experts, the state of Lithuanian modern book science is represented by the following features: 1) systematic and continuous development of sciAbstractence, 2) the formation of strong traditions of the research work and continuity of traditions from generation to generation, 3) the purposeful activity of the main research centre of book science,4) international recognition and importance of continuous publication “Knygotyra”, 5) high scientific and organizational level of yearly international conferences of book science, 6) the maturity of fundamental monographical and collective studies, 7) inducement of advance of book science internationally and role of Lithuanian book science how leader in neighbour Baltic states, 8) postgraduate and doctoral studies of book science are working. The further tasks and trends of Lithuanian book science should be formed considering the lack of conceptual opinions and independent studies of theory and methodology of book science, the partial arrears because of restrictions to research book history of some periods and fields sustained in Soviet Union, the changeable role of book, the quickness of internationalization of book market and growing significance of collaboration with schools and scientists of book science of Baltic and other neighbour states.
CASUS BELLI PROBLEMA VINCO KUDIRKOS PUBLICISTIKOJE
Authors: VAIŠNYS ANDRIUS 
Published: January 2019

The article explores a still topical issue concerning publicistic writings of Vincas Kudirka, a leader of the 19th century political struggle of Lithuanians and a publicist, characterized by him as casus belli, i. e. a pretext to “instigate war” accusing him of an attack against a certain social stratum. The author of the article presents a fresh look at the most sensitive three themes which don’t stop provoking public resonance produced by V. Kudirka’s diary Bells of Fatherland (which now can be equated with evil), taking into consideration the contents of the publication: the conduct of the Catholic Church, the enterprise of the Jewish community, and the separability of Lithuanian and Polish cultures.The volume of the study of these themes is small, i. e. from 2.6 to 7 per cent in comparison with the amount of the published and commented facts, in the whole work (385 problematic episodes). However, it was not only at the time of its publication that Bells of Fatherland provoked (particularly the criticism of priests). Even today, due to the presentation style of the mentioned themes, V. Kudirka is sometimes referred to as an anti-Semite, an atheist and by other characteristics. The article reviews the cultural and literary sources as well as the circumstances (particularly his life in Warsaw) which exerted influence on Kudirka’s world perception. The author of the article is of the opinion that today’s anti-Semitic conception should not be employed in respect of the personality of V. Kudirka since the publicist, as a satirist and critic, presented 19th century problems, social conflicts and didn’t participate in any organization marked by anti-Semitic or anticlerical features. He was concerned with restraint rights of the Lithuanian nation in the Russian empire. The author is convinced that the attempts to employ V. Kudirka’s extracts from the 19th century context in today’s anti-Semitic publications are a dishonest and vulgar action.
METROPOLIJOS SKRIPTORIUMO RANKRAŠČIAI RUSIJOS IR LIETUVOS BIBLIOTEKOSE (UNIKALAUS VILNIAUS RANKRAŠTINIO HERBARIUMO KLAUSIMU)
Authors: ISAČENKO TATJANA 
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje, pasitelkus surinktas žinias apie žinomus enciklopedinio pobūdžio knygos „Žolynas“ (herbariumas) egzempliorius, pristatomas Lietuvos mokslų akademijos Vrublevskių bibliotekos Rankraščių skyriuje saugomas šios knygos XVII a. pabaigos nuorašas. Autorė pateikia trumpą šios rankraštinės knygos saugojimo istoriją, bibliografinį aprašą, juo remdamasi bando nustatyti knygos perrašymo vietą ir laiką. Straipsnyje aptarta šio herbariumo kilmė, kelias į Maskvos Rusią per LDK ir vėlesnė jo įtaka kultūriniam moksliniam gyvenimui tiek Rusioje, tiek buvusioje LDK teritorijoje. Straipsnis teikia naujų žinių šio rankraščio istorijai ir jo panaudojimo aplinkybėms pažinti.
LATVIJOS KNYGININKYSTĖS TYRIMAI PO ANTROJO PASAULINIO KARO
Authors: ZANDERS VIESTURS 
Published: January 2019

Latvijas Universitate Informācijas un bibliotēku studiju nodaļaLomonosova iela 1, Riga LV-1019, LatvijaE-mail: viesturs.zanders@lu.lvStraipsnis pateikia retrospektyviąją Latvijos knygininkystės mokslo tiriamosios veiklos po Antrojo Pasaulinio karo apžvalgą. Joje atskleidžiamas istorinis knygotyros tyrimų kontekstas Latvijoje sovietų okupacijos laikotarpiu, išeivijos veikla XX a. 6–9 dešimtmetyje. K. Eglės ir J. Straubergo mokslinė veikla buvo labai suvaržyta. Išeivijos tyrėjai daugiausia nagrinėjo Latvijos spaudinius, randamus Vakarų Europos bibliotekose. A. Apīnio mokslinė veikla turėjo milžiniškos reikšmės knygotyros, kaip nepriklausomos mokslo šakos, raidai. Straipsnis atskleidžia prieštaringus Latvijos knygotyros plėtros kelius po politinės nepriklausomybės atgavimo 1991 m. Mokslinės temos, mokslinių šaltinių pagrindas, tarptautinio bendradarbiavimo galimybės tapo įvairesnės, bet valstybiniu lygiu vyrauja nihilistinis požiūris į humanitarinius ir visuomeninius mokslus kaip visumą.
LATVIJOS KNYGININKYSTĖS TYRIMAI IKI 1918 METŲ
Authors: LIMANE LILIJA 
Published: January 2019

National Library of LatviaKr. Barona 14, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia E-mail: lilija.limane@lnb.lcSistemingi latviškos knygos istorijos tyrimai prasidėjo XVIII a. antrojoje pusėje, kai veikiama Švietimo idėjų vokiečių inteligentija pradėjo domėtis Latvijos valstiečių kultūra. Mokslinio tyrimo metodai buvo empiriniai, buvo renkama informacija apie knygų repertuarą.XIX a. vokiečių istorikai tęsė darbą apibendrindami informaciją apie latviškas knygas, paskelbė chronologinių išleistų knygų apžvalgų. Rygos istorijos ir senovės draugija (Gesellschaft für Geschichte und Atherthumskunde in Riga), įkurta 1834 m., taip pat tyrinėjo latviškų knygų istoriją. Bibliotekų ir archyvų medžiagą panaudojo savo tyrimuose Janis Cimze (Über lettische Schulücher), Johannas Heinrichas Woldemaras (Die Geschichte des Kurländischer Buchdruckereis), Wilhelmas Stieda (Zur Geschichte des Buchhandels in Riga) ir kt. Jaunalatviai (pirmoji Latvijos nacionalinės inteligentijos karta) atsisakė vokiečių knygos istorijos tyrinėjimų teorinių idėjų. Jie sutelkė dėmesį į knygos vaidmenį formuojant viešąją nuomonę. Rygos latvių draugija, įsteigta 1868 m., sistemingai dirbo vertindama knygų produkciją. Antrojoje XIX a. pusėje Baltijos vokiečiai tęsė profesinius knygos istorijos tyrimus. Pagrindiniai naudoti metodai buvo faktų apibendrinimas ir archyvų studijos.Baltijos vokiečių istorikų tyrimai suformavo turiningą Latvijos knygos istorijos faktografinį pagrindą, jie išlieka reikšmingi iki mūsų dienų. Latvijos knygų spaustuvininkų, prekybininkų ir nepriklausomų tyrėjų draugija bandė sukurti knygotyros teoriją. Tačiau knygos, kaip atskiro kultūros reiškinio, ir jos santykių su skaitytojais tematika liko nenagrinėta. XX a., kai buvo rastas protokolas apie 1525 m. išspausdintas latviškas knygas, buvo pakoreguota pirmosios latviškai išspausdintos knygos data.
KNYGOS ISTORIJOS ŠALTINIAI
Authors: KAUNAS DOMAS 
Published: January 2019

Investigation of book history sources or source research is a book science discipline that investigates the origin of book history sources, their retrieval, classification, evaluation and usage. This is partly a theoretical and partly an applied discipline. The theoretical part of source investigation includes the analysis of the authenticity, reliability, and typology of sources. The applied part of source investigation focuses on the issues of building the basis of sources and their usage. The general solution in the methodology of processing sources is classification. The main concepts of classification are type and sort. A type is perceived as a model of a group of objects (data, work or things) having a general essential property. A sort is defined as an object under classification that meets the type definition by a general or a partial attribute.Scholars of different countries have agreed that a type is determined by the following attributes: 1) time of origin (primary and secondary), 2) information format (written, visual, audial, linguistic, or objects). Book history perceives the second attribute as the most important because, according to it, sources are defined as written and non-written. Written sources are most numerous; depending on their purpose they are grouped into the following sorts: 1) books; 2) official documents; 3) critical and evaluation materials; 4) bibliographies; 5) statistical documents; 6) reference books of institutions and companies, catalogues, address books; 7) archival clerical documents; 8) advertisements of publications; 9) information material of periodicals; 10) diaries; 11) correspondence; 12) memoirs; 13) book research in othersciences; 14) publicistic writings; 15) book ownership marks; 16) other manuscript or printed sources.Non-written sources are less diverse. They include: 1) visual and audial documents; 2) objects of material culture (buildings, equipment, memorials, book culture means). Critical evaluation concerns mainly written sources. It may be internal and external. The first one helps to identify the sort of a source as a document and its attributes, and the latter is related to the significance of a document. A researcher builds his conclusions on the totality of sources and reconstructs the facts and phenomena that belong to the past of a book and serve as a basis for determining the regularities of its development.
VACLOVO BIRŽIŠKOS ŽEMAITIŠKOSIOS KNYGOS KONCEPCIJA
Authors: PETREIKIS TOMAS 
Published: January 2019

The influence of regional identity on Prof. Vaclovas Biržiška’s scholarly activities is analyzed in the article. The origin, genesis and realization of the Samogitian book conception are revealed in more detail. V. Biržiška’s regional identity, which rested upon Samogitians’ (sub)ethical consciousness, encouraged him to accentuate the Samogitian book in the book history of Great Lithuania. These tendencies were sporadically reflected in V. Biržiška’s bibliographical activities which were summarized in his “Lithuanian Bibliography”. V. Biržiška’s source-researching works and publications on the written heritage also show his particular attention to the heritage of Samogitian books. These tendencies remained quite vivid in V. Biržiška’s bibliographical works, therefore the characteristics of Samogitian writing attained more particular researches, among which the study about bishop Motiejus Valančius was brought to the fore. The interest in the history of Samogitian book induced Professor to formulate the conception of Samogitian book, which referred to the ethnic book model. The conception was stated in the article “The Samogitian book” (1927) in the form of a bibliographical review. In V. Biržiška’s conception, the Samogitian book is one of the integral courses of regional book researches. After being published, this new course of research was not amplified and the conception was not realized. Even though the scholar did not abandon the further analysis of the sporadic questions of the Samogitian book history, the conception of regional research is absent in the later works of V. Biržiška. Lithuanians’ lack of maturity in book science encouraged V. Biržiška to pursue the unified and generalizing researches of Great Lithuania’s book history, whereas there were no appropriate circumstances and no potential for dividing them into separate regional groups.
SPAUDOS DRAUDIMO LAIKOTARPIO LIETUVIŠKOS KNYGOS AUTORIŲ SUDĖTIES KAITA
Authors: STEPONAITIENĖ JOLITA 
Published: January 2019

In 1864, press in the Latin alphabet was banned in Lithuania. This ban lasted until 1904. Despite all the efforts of the tsarist administration, banned books printed in Lithuania Minor and the United States of America reached readers of Lithuania Major. During 40 years, a new generation of Lithuanian books’ authors developed. It was caused by the growth and expansion of national movement and the nation’s consciousness in the ninth decade of the 19th century. After 1883 when the monthly public political and literary newspaper “Austra” in the Lithuanian language began being published, the number of Lithuanian book authors increased by 4–6 new names every year, while until the appearance of this newspaper this number was only 1–2 and not annually.The basis of the new generation’s authors was formed under the new circumstances, i.e after the press ban, by people with secular professions and occupations, not only those who had graduated from universities, institutes or seminaries, but also those who had finished only several classes and were self-educated. Due to the different economic and social conditions, access to education, most authors were from Suvalkija and East Aukštaitija. For this reason, the written language dialect changed. During this period, among the Lithuanian authors also women appeared.
KONRADAS GIOTKĖ – XVII AMŽIAUS PIRMOSIOS PUSĖS VILNIAUS GRAVERIS
Authors: LIŠKEVIČIENĖ JOLITA 
Published: January 2019

The article presents the engraver Conradt Götke – the most famous artist-graver who worked in Vilnius in the first half of the 17th century. The study aimed to replenish the list of his works – illustrated books. The list of the new bibliographical data is published in the appendix of the article. On the ground of these data, the peculiarities and significance of C. Götke’s works in the history of Lithuanian art of the 17th century are discussed. According to the signed engravings and on the basis of formal similarity of the samples it was established that the artist worked in Vilnius in 1636–1653. C. Götke enriched books and Lithuanian book art with the following features: 1) illustrations of a high artistic quality gave an extra visual information on the text: C. Götke used to add to the text particular artworks with an explicite meaning of the text subject; 2) C. Götke was the first to popularise the copper engraving technique in Vilnius prints; he was the first to amplify several composition patterns typical of his hand; the precise line-drawing and accurate line-engraving allowed him to create an individual artistic language; 3) C. Götke popularised the Baroque style language in Vilnius book illustrations; he used to engage largely popular hieroglyphic, emblematic as well as heraldic symbols in combination with inscriptions; 4) C. Götke intensely collaborated with various clients – high and middle rank nobles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, clerks in holy orders, members of the royal family; 5) Götke’s illustrations developed the subject of genealogical and heraldic relations of particular noble families of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Some of his art-works are valuable and authentic portrayals of important 17th century personalities; such images are often supplied with inscriptions indicating names and official positions.Götke’s oeuvre is an exceptional phenomenon in the field of book illustration of the 17th century in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland. Götke’s works prompted the development of book illustration and the formation of a peculiar artistic language of Baroque; the artist sought for a greater variety of motifs and subjects of his compositions. C. Götke is a good example of the social position of an artist in the 17th century: he was a freelance artist-townsman who actively portrayed customers, had a wide circle of clients and created invaluable documents of the 17th century nobility life.
VILNIAUS MOKSLO BIČIULIŲ DRAUGIJOS (1907–1939) BIBLIOTEKA: KOMPLEKTAVIMAS IR FONDŲ RAIDA
Authors: ILGIEWICZ HENRYKA 
Published: January 2019

Lietuvos kultūros tyrimų institutasSaltoniškių g. 58, LT-08105 VilniusEl. paštas: hilgiewicz@yahoo.com; ilgiewicz@mail.ru Vilniaus mokslo bičiulių draugija, veikusi 1907–1939 m., daug dėmesio skyrė mokslinės bibliotekos fondų kaupimui. Pradžią tam davė nedidelis, bet vertingas knygų rinkinys (242 knygos), kurį 1907 m. kovą Vilniaus mokslo bičiulių draugijai perdavė Senovės ir etnografijos mylėtojų draugija. Bibliotekos fondai sparčiai augo ir prieš Pirmąjį pasaulinį karą juose buvo daugiau negu 45 tūkst. knygų, tarp jų vertingi Vilniaus universiteto bibliotekininko Adomo Benedikto Jocherio, muzikologo ir etnografo Jano Karłowicziaus, dvarininko Włodzimierzo Druckio-Lubeckio, inžinieriaus Wincento Januszewskio, Jano Szwańskio, Zofijos ir Mikalojaus Brzeskių knygų rinkiniai. Vilniaus mokslo bičiulių draugijos bibliotekos fondai palyginti nedaug nukentėjo Pirmojo pasaulinio karo metais ir smarkiai išaugo tarpukaryje. Knygos, periodiniai leidiniai ir rankraščiai buvo perkami, mainomi į draugijos leidinius, gaunami iš privačių asmenų ir įvairių organizacijų. Dažnai draugijos bibliotekai atitekdavo mirusių draugijos narių ir jos rėmėjų knygų rinkiniai. 1926–1938 m. jos fondus papildė Vilhelminos Zyndram-Kościałkowskos, Władysławos Życkos, Józefo Kallenbacho, Stanisławo Kostrowickio, Jano Andrzejewskio, Aleksandro Safarewicziaus, Wincento Januszewskio, Michało Brensztejnoir kitų visuomenės ir kultūros veikėjų knygų kolekcijos. Vilniaus mokslo bičiulių draugijos biblioteka pradžioje buvo įsikūrusi Józefo Przezdzieckio dovanotame name Naujininkuose (Nowa Aleja), nuo 1914 m. – naujoje draugijos buveinėje Tilto (dabar Goštauto) gatvėje. Vilniaus mokslo bičiulių draugija ir jos biblioteka buvo likviduotos Antrojo pasaulinio karo metais. Išlikusios knygos dabar saugomos Lietuvos mokslų akademijos Vrublevskių bibliotekoje, archyvinė medžiaga – Lietuvos valstybės istorijos archyve.Reikšminiai žodžiai: Vilniaus bibliotekos, Vilniaus mokslo bičiulių draugija, Vilniaus mokslo bičiulių draugijos biblioteka.
SĄVOKŲ Reta knyga, Vertinga knyga IR Sena knyga SAMPRATA BEI VARTOSENA SOVIETINĖS LIETUVOS KNYGOS KULTŪROJE
Authors: LIEPAITĖ INGA 
Published: January 2019

The aim of the study was to ascertain how the concepts of rare book, valuable book and old book functioned in the book culture of Soviet Lithuania. Two standpoints have been adop­ted as a basis for revealing the peculiarities of the conception and usage of these concepts: 1) the conception of Lithuanian bibliophily in the occupation period; 2) the practical work of bibliographers, librarians and researchers in preparing the national retrospective bibliograp­hy. Officially, there were two dominant attitu­des towards bibliophily in Soviet Lithuania. In the broad sense, traditions of elite bibliophily, developed in Lithuania in the interwar period, were rejected, and the strained interpretation of bibliophily as mass / socialistic / real bibliophily came into use, which was the merest liking of books, or a hobby (positive view); bibliophily itself in the narrow sense was interpreted as col­lecting rare and valuable books and identified with bibliomania or elite bibliophily (negative view). In the latter case, the concepts of rare book and valuable book first of all were iden­tified with old and expensive books; in case of mass bibliophily, these concepts meant deficit of books, which emerged because of an increasing demand for new books. It should be noted that the concepts of rare book, valuable book and old book were not analyzed on the theoretical level, and the classification of old Lithuanian books in the occupation period was not applied, either. Such concepts as a rarity or very rare book were used only as synonyms of the concept of rare book. The concepts of rare book, valuable book and old book were used by bibliographers most often alternately, i.e. an old book was named in the same breath as a rare and valuable book. The sore point was the periodization of the retros­pective bibliography Books in Lithuanian among bibliographers. According to the archival mate­rial, the following dates of the end of the old rare Lithuanian book were suggested: 1) 1800, 2) 1825, 3) 1861, and 4) 1863. The year 1861 was chosen as the date related to the manifest on the abolition of serfdom, promulgated by the tzarist Russia in that year.