bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explainable ensemble deep learning-based model for brain tumor detection and classification
Authors: Hosny Khalid M. , Mohammed Mahmoud A. , Salama Rania A. , Elshewey Ahmed M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Brain tumors are very dangerous as they cause death. A lot of people die every year because of brain tumors. Therefore, accurate classification and detection in the early stages can help in recovery. Various deep learning techniques have achieved good results in brain tumor classification. The traditional deep learning methods and training the neural network from scratch are time-consuming and can last for weeks of training. Therefore, in this work, we proposed an ensemble approach depending on transfer learning that utilizes pre-trained models of DenseNet121 and InceptionV3 to detect three forms of brain tumors: meningioma, glioma, and pituitary. While developing the ensemble model, some changes were made to the architecture of pre-trained models by replacing their classifiers (fully connected and SoftMax layers) with a new classifier to adopt the recent task. In addition, gradient-weighted class activation maps (Grad-CAM) are an explainable model to verify results and achieve high confidence. The suggested model was validated using a publicly available dataset and achieved 99.02% accuracy, 98.75% precision, 98.98% recall, and a 98.86% F1 score. The suggested approach outperformed others in detecting and classifying brain tumor MRI data, and verifying results using the explainable model achieved a high degree of trust.
Asymptotic formula for the Morse index of radial solutions on expanding annuli: Allen-Cahn equation and scalar filed equation
Authors: Miyamoto Yasuhito , Nakashima Kimie 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Let

$$A_R\subset \mathbb {R}^N$$

A
R

⊂

R

N

,

$$N\ge 2$$

N
≥
2

, be an annulus with inner radius R and outer radius

$$R+1$$

R
+
1

. We are concerned with the elliptic Neumann problem

$$\begin{aligned} {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \varepsilon ^2\Delta u+f(u)=0 & \text {for}\ x\in A_R,\\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial n}=0 & \text {for}\ x\in \partial A_R, \end{array}\right. } \end{aligned}$$

ε
2

Δ
u
+
f

(
u
)

=
0

for

x
∈

A
R

,

∂
u

∂
n

=
0

for

x
∈
∂

A
R

,

where

$$\varepsilon >0$$

ε
>
0

is a small constant. In particular, the Allen-Cahn equation

$$f(u)=u-u^3$$

f

(
u
)

=
u
-

u
3

and the scalar field equation

$$f(u)=-u+u^p$$

f

(
u
)

=
-
u
+

u
p

,

$$p>1$$

p
>
1

, are studied. We establish sharp asymptotic formulas of the Morse index of n-mode radial solutions as

$$R\rightarrow \infty $$

R
→
∞

. In the case of the scalar field equation the first n eigenvalues of the linearization around n-mode solutions of the one-dimensional problem

$$\begin{aligned} {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \varepsilon ^2u''-u+u^p=0 & \text {for}\ 0<x<1,\\ u'(0)=u'(1)=0 \end{array}\right. } \end{aligned}$$

ε
2

u

′
′

-
u
+

u
p

=
0

for

0
<
x
<
1
,

u
′

(
0
)

=

u
′

(
1
)

=
0

become important. We show that, as

$$\varepsilon \rightarrow 0$$

ε
→
0

, the first

$$\ell $$

ℓ

eigenvalues converge to

$$-(p+3)(p-1)/4$$

-
(
p
+
3
)
(
p
-
1
)
/
4

and the other

$$n-\ell $$

n
-
ℓ

eigenvalues converge to 0, where

$$\ell $$

ℓ

is the number of the local maximum points of an n-mode solution u(x) on [0, 1].
Reducing segregation in vibrated binary-sized granular mixtures by excessive small particle introduction
Authors: Nakai Fumiaki , Yoshii Kiwamu 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We numerically examine binary-sized granular mixtures confined between two parallel walls subjected to vertical vibration using the discrete element method. For a size ratio of 3 between large and small particles, we study the structure of large particles in moderately dense regimes where the combined two-dimensional packing fractions of both particle sizes exceed 1. When the fraction of small particles is small, segregation of the large particles occurs. In contrast, as the fraction of small particles increases, an effective repulsion between the large particles emerges over distances greater than the large particle diameter, suppressing their segregation. The emergence of reduction in segregation is confirmed for another size ratio, vibrational acceleration, system size, and for a case of bidisperse size distribution. Additionally, at the size ratio of 3, the effective repulsion induces a hexagonal phase of the large particles at packing fractions lower than in mono-component systems. This work will provide a fresh insight into granular physics, prompting further experimental and theoretical study.

Graphical Abstract
The estimation of healthcare cost of kidney transplantation in Japan using large-scale administrative databases
Authors: Hasegawa Masataka , Kato Hirotaka , Yoshioka Takashi , Goto Rei 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Background
The financial burden of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) is considerable, and detailed information on KRT costs is essential for managing these huge healthcare costs. However, cost analyses for kidney transplantation (KTx) are limited in Japan. This study aimed to report the healthcare costs of KTx recipients in Japan based on large medical receipt data.

Methods
This cost analysis of KTx recipients using the Japan Medical Data Center Claims Database between January 2005 and August 2020 identified living donor KTx (LDKT) and deceased donor KTx (DKT) recipients. The primary outcome was the total direct healthcare costs of KTx recipients. As an exploratory analysis, we examined the factors that contributed to the increase in the costs of LDKT.

Results
In total, 84 LDKT and 17 DKT recipients were included in this study. The total ﻿healthcare costs for LDKT and DKT recipients during the first year after KTx were 6,639,982 and 6,840,450 JPY/year, respectively. However, after the second year post-KTx, total ﻿healthcare costs decreased to 1,735,931 and 1,348,642 JPY/year for LDKT and DKT recipients, respectively. During the first year, inpatient costs accounted for > 70% of the total ﻿healthcare costs, whereas pharmaceutical costs accounted for more than half after the second year post-KTx. The use of everolimus and male sex were associated with higher and lower total healthcare costs in the first and subsequent years after LDKT, respectively.

Conclusion
Using large-scale administrative databases, this study revealed the total ﻿healthcare costs of KTx in Japan and provided valuable information for the health technology assessment of KTx.
Preparation of cellulose-based optical brightening agent by a two-step one-pot reaction and its application in fiber treatment
Authors: Würfel Hendryk , Fardim Pedro , Günther Wolfgang , Heinze Thomas 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A simple and efficient two-step one-pot procedure for the manufacturing of a cellulose-based polymeric optical brightening agent is demonstrated. The method employs a consecutive in situ activation of two carboxylic acids in a cellulose solution prepared in N,N-dimethylacetamide and LiCl. As an activating agent, 4-toluenesulfonyl chloride was employed. The optical brightening properties were introduced by a 4-hydroxythiazole moiety. These compounds show strong fluorescence over a large range of the visible electromagnetic spectrum. The properties can be largely tuned by reactions at the 2- and 5-position of the thiazole ring. The water solubility of the cellulose derivative is introduced in the second step, by attaching betaine to the cellulose backbone. This cationic moiety allows not only a fast dissolution of the cellulose mixed ester in water, but also an efficient adsorption onto cellulose fibers via electrostatic interactions. After adsorption onto the fibers, the resulting material appears bright white in daylight and shows a strong blue fluorescence when probed under ultraviolet light. The coating process is fast and almost quantitative as absorption and fluorescence measurements reveal, showing no leaching effect. The cellulose mixed ester synthesized is characterized by means of 1D and 2D 1H- and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared-, UV–Vis-, and fluorescence spectroscopy. In addition, elemental analysis and size-exclusion chromatography were performed. The polymeric optical brightening agents presented consists of environmentally benign compounds only and can be considered as a green alternative for traditional low molecular optical brightening agents employed today.
Impacts of habitat loss by reservoir inundation on occurrence, abundance, and genetic diversity of an imperiled, river-adapted, benthic-specialist fish, Etheostoma lemniscatum (Tuxedo Darter)
Authors: Blanton Rebecca E. , Brumley Jacob F. , Thomas Matthew R. , Simmons Jeffrey W. , Brandt Stephanie L. , Floyd Michael A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Dams homogenize habitat and alter natural depth and flow regimes of lotic habitats, leading to extirpation of many stream-adapted fishes such as darters (Percidae). The Tuxedo Darter, Etheostoma lemniscatum, is a habitat-specialist of shallow, flowing pools with cobble substrate in the Big South Fork Cumberland River. One threat to this species is Wolf Creek Dam on the Cumberland River that creates Lake Cumberland, which during summer pool, inundates the lower 72 river kilometers (rkms) of the Big South Fork. A six-year period of lower reservoir elevations for dam repairs allowed a 9 rkm reach to return to riverine habitat and E. lemniscatum to colonize this reach. Once dam repairs were complete, the lower 72 rkms were again regularly inundated by Lake Cumberland. To determine the impact of post-dam repair inundation on E. lemniscatum, we compared occurrence, abundance, and genetic diversity metrics estimated from samples from 2015 and from several years post-inundation in 2019 and 2020 from 11 sites spanning the species’ range. Declines in occurrence and abundance were detected within the re-inundated reach. We observed low genetic diversity for the species for both sample periods, but no significant changes in genetic diversity between years. A trend towards lower allelic richness and an increase in the proportion of private alleles was observed in the 2019/2020 samples. Coupled with local extirpation and declines in abundance, these trends may be early warning signs of future declines in genetic diversity. We suggest future genetic monitoring to identify any time delayed responses to inundation not detected herein.
Physiological and oxidative status of soybean seedlings exposed to short term treatment with polystyrene nanoparticles
Authors: Urbański Michał , Yiğit Burak Mete , Ekner-Grzyb Anna , Chmielowska-Bąk Jagna 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Plastic is widely used worldwide due to its durability and relatively low production costs. However, its durability also has significant drawbacks - plastic is a slowly degrading material and greatly contributes to the environmental pollution. Increasing body of evidence shows that contamination of the environment with plastic negatively affects plants and other living organisms. The aim of present research was to determine whether short-term exposure to polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNP) has toxic effect on soybean seedlings (Glycine max L). In the first stage of the research, the effect of two hour long incubation in PSNP solutions (10 and 100 mgl−1) on the germination of soybean seeds was determined. In the second part of the study, the potential cytotoxic effect of PSNP on young seedlings was measured. The results indicate that incubation in PSNP solutions inhibits the germination of soybean seeds by approx. 10% (at p = 0.05). However, this effect was only observed after 48 and 72 h of germination and by lower PSNP concentrations, 10 mgl−1. In turn, in young soybean seedlings exposure to PSNP had no effect on growth, cell viability or oxidative status by p = 0.05. The results indicate that germination is a PSNP-sensitive process. In turn, already germinated seedlings are relatively resistant to the short-term exposure to this stressor.
Adaptive variation in opsin expression of sticklebacks from different photic habitats
Authors: Bakker Theo C. M. , Hiermes Meike , Müller Björn , Martin Sebastian , Rennison Diana J. , Rick Ingolf P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We studied phenotypic and genetic adaptation of the visual system of three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, from North Uist, Scotland. We quantified differences in opsin gene expression of the four cone opsin genes among wild-caught fish from three lakes with clear and from three with tea-stained water and their offspring that were raised in clear water. In addition, visual sensitivity of wild-caught fish was modelled from opsin expression levels. Wild-caught fish from tea-stained waters had a lower SWS1 proportional expression than fish from clear waters, a difference that tended to be maintained in lab-bred fish. Compared to lab-bred fish, wild-caught fish had a higher SWS1 but lower SWS2 proportional expression independent of water clarity. For RH2 and LWS there were significant interactions between generation and water clarity. Reproductively mature fish had a higher LWS but lower proportional expression of RH2 than non-reproductive fish. Sex did not have a significant effect on expression. There was a significant positive association and, depending on chromophore ratio, a distinct match between the centre wavelengths, used as a proxy for spectral distribution, of ambient habitat light and spectral sensitivity indicating that the visual system of sticklebacks is tuned to their local light environment, suggesting adaptation.
The thermodynamics of multicomponent high-entropy materials
Authors: Cantor Brian 
Published: November 2024

AbstractHuman development has been based for millennia on manufacturing materials using a conventional alloying strategy of selecting a principal component for the primary property requirement of the material and then adding one or two minor alloying components at relatively low concentrations, either to enhance the primary property or to provide additional secondary properties. We have discovered relatively recently that, with sufficiently large numbers of alloying elements added in sufficiently large concentrations, the configurational entropy of mixing can often become large enough to suppress the formation of brittle compound phases, leading instead to the formation of multicomponent high-entropy solid solutions. In fact, there are literally billions of multicomponent high-entropy single-phase solid-solution materials, with a wide range of exciting new properties, in most cases relatively straightforward to manufacture by conventional processing methods. There seems, however, to be an upper limit to these effects, so that, beyond about ten or twelve alloying components, the inevitable increase in chemical diversity prevents the configurational entropy of mixing from suppressing the increasingly strong chemical reactions between them. This paper discusses in more detail the thermodynamic balance between: (1) increasing configurational entropy and promoting high-entropy solid solutions; and (2) increasing chemical diversity and promoting the formation of brittle compound phases. This is discussed on the basis of regular solution thermodynamics, without the need for more complex, semi-empirical Calphad calculations that can sometimes obscure the underlying key physical and chemical principles. The results show: (1) why large single-phase solid-solution regions are relatively common in multicomponent phase space; (2) why single-phase solid solutions are often favoured over stoichiometric compounds for large numbers of chemically similar components, in concentrated rather than dilute proportions, at high temperatures, and after quenching to room temperature; and (3) the difficulty of detailed thermodynamic analysis in multicomponent materials because of the large numbers of thermodynamic parameters that need to be known and the corresponding lack of underlying thermodynamic measurements.
Analysis of the Staggered DG Method for the Quasi-Newtonian Stokes flows
Authors: Liu Jingyu , Liu Yang , Zhao Lina 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This paper introduces and analyzes a staggered discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for quasi-Newtonian Stokes flow problems on polytopal meshes. The method introduces the flux and tensor gradient of the velocity as additional unknowns and eliminates the pressure variable via the incompressibility condition. Thanks to the subtle construction of the finite element spaces used in our staggered DG method, no additional numerical flux or stabilization terms are needed. Based on the abstract theory for the non-linear twofold saddle point problems, we prove the well-posedness of our scheme. A priori error analysis for all the involved unknowns is also provided. In addition, the proposed scheme can be hybridizable and the global problem only involves the trace variables, rendering the method computationally attractive. Finally, several numerical experiments are carried out to illustrate the performance of our scheme.
Markov Chains in the Domain of Attraction of Brownian Motion in Cones
Authors: Denisov Denis , Zhang Kaiyuan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We consider a multidimensional Markov chain X converging to a multidimensional Brownian motion. We construct a positive harmonic function for X killed on exiting the cone. We show that its asymptotic behaviour is similar to that of the harmonic function of Brownian motion. We use the harmonic function to study the asymptotic behaviour of the tail distribution of the exit time

$$\tau $$

τ

of X from a cone.
Forest plant invasions in the eastern United States: evidence of invasion debt in the wildland-urban interface
Authors: Potter Kevin M. , Riitters Kurt H. , Iannone Basil V. , Guo Qinfeng , Fei Songlin 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Context
Non-native invasive plants are a growing threat to forests. Meanwhile, the amount of forest within the wildland-urban interface (WUI) is increasing, with housing-associated disturbances enabling the spread of non-native plants.

Objectives
We tested whether (1) WUI or non-WUI forests are more invaded, (2) WUI intermix forests (houses mingling with forest) are more invaded than interface forests (housing abutting forest), (3) invasion in WUI forests is delayed (invasion debt) following housing development, and (4) WUI forest invasion is associated with land cover context (a proxy for disturbance and propagule pressure).

Methods
We conducted statistical comparisons of plant invasion metrics using WUI status information intersected with ~ 45,000 forest inventory plots (collected ca. 2015). We evaluated potential drivers of invasion using an ensemble learning approach and adopted a mixed-effects modeling framework to assess relationships between drivers and invasion.

Results
Our analyses revealed that the degree of invasion in WUI forest plots was significantly higher. We found evidence for invasion debt, including greater invasion of plots in the WUI longer. WUI interface forests were more invaded than intermix forests. Agricultural and developed land cover at medium to large scales (~ 66 − 5,300 hectares) were most highly associated with WUI forest invasion.

Conclusions
These findings elucidate dynamic plant invasion patterns and processes occurring within the WUI. They underscore the importance of monitoring and managing forests that have recently entered the WUI, with an emphasis on sources of exotic plant propagules at relatively large scales, before the housing invasion debt comes due.
Discontinuous noun phrases in Iquito
Authors: Murphy Andrew , Wilson Brianna 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIn this paper, we provide an account of the syntactic restrictions on noun phrase discontinuity in Iquito. In Iquito, noun phrases containing determiners that have undergone movement must have a discontinuous realization where the determiner strands the noun. With moved possessive noun phrases, we find apparent pied-piping of the possessum in addition to the determiner only in case the determiner is semantically associated with the possessor. We argue that this “possessum pied-piping” is determined by the syntactic attachment height of the determiner within the noun phrase. In doing so, we provide a novel way of restricting the mechanism of distributed deletion based on configurational properties of the noun phrase, rather than some information structural or phonological property. Furthermore, we show how extending this analysis to phrase-internal syntax also allows us to derive the apparently idiosyncratic word orders we find inside NPs and PPs, thereby providing a unified account of both phrase-level and clause-level word order in Iquito.
Measurement Error and Methodologic Issues in Analyses of the Proportion of Variance Explained in Cognition
Authors: Nichols Emma , Aslanyan Vahan , Adrien Tamare V. , Andrews Ryan M. , Fardo David W. , Gavett Brandon E. , Paterson Theone S. E. , Turney Indira C. , Young Christina B. , Uanhoro James O. , Gross Alden L. , Initiative for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroim 
Published: November 2024

AbstractExisting studies examining the predictive ability of biomarkers for cognitive outcomes do not account for variance due to measurement error, which could lead to under-estimates of the proportion of variance explained. We used data from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (N = 1084) to estimate the proportion of variance explained by Alzheimer’s disease (AD) imaging biomarkers in four cognitive outcomes: memory, executive functioning, language, and visuospatial functioning. We compared estimates from standard models that do not account for measurement error, and multilevel models that do account for measurement error. We also examined estimates across diagnostic subgroups (normal, MCI, AD). Estimates of the proportion of variance explained from multilevel models accounting for measurement error were larger (e.g., for language, 9–47% vs. 7–34% under standard modeling), with relatively greater differences between standard and multilevel measurement models for cognitive outcomes that have larger measurement error variance. Heterogeneity across subgroups also emphasized the importance of sample composition. Future studies should evaluate measurement error adjustments when considerable measurement error in cognitive outcomes is suspected.