bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Interplay between
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Typhimurium and the Intestinal Mucosa during Oral Infection
Authors: Hausmann Annika , Hardt Wolf-Dietrich 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT

Bacterial infection results in a dynamic interplay between the pathogen and its host. The underlying interactions are multilayered, and the cellular responses are modulated by the local environment. The intestine is a particularly interesting tissue regarding host-pathogen interaction. It is densely colonized by commensal microbes and a portal of entry for ingested pathogens. This necessitates constant monitoring of microbial stimuli in order to maintain homeostasis during encounters with benign microbiota and to trigger immune defenses in response to bacterial pathogens. Homeostasis is maintained by physical barriers (the mucus layer and epithelium), chemical defenses (antimicrobial peptides), and innate immune responses (NLRC4 inflammasome), which keep the bacteria from reaching the sterile lamina propria. Intestinal pathogens represent potent experimental tools to probe these barriers and decipher how pathogens can circumvent them. The streptomycin mouse model of oral
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium infection provides a well-characterized, robust experimental system for such studies. Strikingly, each stage of the gut tissue infection poses a different set of challenges to the pathogen and requires tight control of virulence factor expression, host response modulation, and cooperation between phenotypic subpopulations. Therefore, successful infection of the intestinal tissue relies on a delicate and dynamic balance between responses of the pathogen and its host. These mechanisms can be deciphered to their full extent only in realistic
in vivo
infection models.
Salmonella
Single-Cell Metabolism and Stress Responses in Complex Host Tissues
Authors: Bumann Dirk 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT

Systemic
Salmonella enterica
infections are a major cause of mortality worldwide and are becoming increasingly untreatable. Recent single-cell data from a mouse model of typhoid fever show that the host immune system actually eradicates many
Salmonella
cells, while other
Salmonella
organisms thrive at the same time in the same tissue, causing lethal disease progression. The surviving
Salmonella
cells have highly heterogeneous metabolism, growth rates, and exposure to various stresses. Emerging evidence suggests that similarly heterogeneous host-pathogen encounters might be a key feature of many infectious diseases. This heterogeneity offers fascinating opportunities for research and application. If we understand the mechanisms that determine the disparate local outcomes, we might be able to develop entirely novel strategies for infection control by broadening successful host antimicrobial attacks and closing permissive niches in which pathogens can thrive. This review describes suitable technologies, a current working model of heterogeneous host-
Salmonella
interactions, the impact of diverse
Salmonella
subsets on antimicrobial chemotherapy, and major open questions and challenges.
Customizing Host Chromatin: a Bacterial Tale
Authors: Connor Michael , Arbibe Laurence , Hamon Mélanie 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT
Successful bacterial colonizers and pathogens have evolved with their hosts and have acquired mechanisms to customize essential processes that benefit their lifestyle. In large part, bacterial survival hinges on shaping the transcriptional signature of the host, a process regulated at the chromatin level. Modifications of chromatin, either on histone proteins or on DNA itself, are common targets during bacterium-host cross talk and are the focus of this article.
Cellular Imaging of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens
Authors: Stévenin Virginie , Enninga Jost 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT
The spatial dimensions of host cells and bacterial microbes are perfectly suited to being studied by microscopy techniques. Therefore, cellular imaging has been instrumental in uncovering many paradigms of the intracellular lifestyle of microbes. Initially, microscopy was used as a qualitative, descriptive tool. However, with the onset of specific markers and the power of computer-assisted image analysis, imaging can now be used to gather quantitative data on biological processes. This makes imaging a driving force for the study of cellular phenomena. One particular imaging modality stands out, which is based on the physical principles of fluorescence. Fluorescence is highly specific and therefore can be exploited to label biomolecules of choice. It is also very sensitive, making it possible to follow individual molecules with this approach. Also, microscopy hardware has played an important role in putting microscopy in the spotlight for host-pathogen investigations. For example, microscopes have been automated for microscopy-based screenings. A new generation of microscopes and molecular probes are being used to image events below the resolution limit of light. Finally, workflows are being developed to link light microscopy with electron microscopy methods via correlative light electron microscopy. We are witnessing a golden age of cellular imaging in cellular microbiology.
The
Wolbachia
Endosymbionts
Authors: Landmann Frédéric 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT

The
Wolbachia
endosymbionts encompass a large group of intracellular bacteria of biomedical and veterinary relevance, closely related to
Anaplasma
,
Ehrlichia
, and
Rickettsia
. This genus of Gram-negative members of the
Alphaproteobacteria
does not infect vertebrates but is instead restricted to ecdysozoan species, including terrestrial arthropods and a family of parasitic filarial nematodes, the Onchocercidae. The
Wolbachia
profoundly impact not only the ecology and evolution but also the reproductive biology of their hosts, through a wide range of symbiotic interactions. Because they are essential to the survival and reproduction of their filarial nematode hosts, they represent an attractive target to fight filariasis. Their abilities to spread through insect populations and to affect vector competence through pathogen protection have made
Wolbachia
a staple for controlling vector-borne diseases. Estimated to be present in up to 66% of insect species, the
Wolbachia
are probably the most abundant endosymbionts on earth. Their success resides in their unique capacity to infect and manipulate the host germ line to favor their vertical transmission through the maternal lineage. Because the
Wolbachia
resist genetic manipulation and growth in axenic culture, our understanding of their biology is still in its infancy. Despite these limitations, the “-omics” revolution combined with the use of well-established and emerging experimental host models is accelerating our comprehension of the host phenotypes caused by
Wolbachia
, and the identification of
Wolbachia
effectors is ongoing.
Using a Systems Biology Approach To Study Host-Pathogen Interactions
Authors: Yeung Amy , Hale Christine , Clare Simon , Palmer Sophie , Bartholdson Scott Josefin , Baker Stephen , Dougan Gordon 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT
The rapid development of genomics and other “-omics” approaches has significantly impacted how we have investigated host-pathogen interactions since the turn of the millennium. Technologies such as next-generation sequencing, stem cell biology, and high-throughput proteomics have transformed the scale and sensitivity with which we interrogate biological samples. These approaches are impacting experimental design in the laboratory and transforming clinical management in health care systems. Here, we review this area from the perspective of research on bacterial pathogens.
Shigella
Pathogenesis: New Insights through Advanced Methodologies
Authors: Schnupf Pamela , Sansonetti Philippe J. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT

Shigella
is a genus of Gram-negative enteropathogens that have long been, and continue to be, an important public health concern worldwide. Over the past several decades,
Shigella
spp. have also served as model pathogens in the study of bacterial pathogenesis, and
Shigella flexneri
has become one of the best-studied pathogens on a molecular, cellular, and tissue level. In the arms race between
Shigella
and the host immune system,
Shigella
has developed highly sophisticated mechanisms to subvert host cell processes in order to promote infection, escape immune detection, and prevent bacterial clearance. Here, we give an overview of
Shigella
pathogenesis while highlighting innovative techniques and methods whose application has significantly advanced our understanding of
Shigella
pathogenesis in recent years.
Electron Cryotomography of Bacterial Secretion Systems
Authors: Oikonomou Catherine M. , Jensen Grant J. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT
In biology, function arises from form. For bacterial secretion systems, which often span two membranes, avidly bind to the cell wall, and contain hundreds of individual proteins, studying form is a daunting task, made possible by electron cryotomography (ECT). ECT is the highest-resolution imaging technique currently available to visualize unique objects inside cells, providing a three-dimensional view of the shapes and locations of large macromolecular complexes in their native environment. Over the past 15 years, ECT has contributed to the study of bacterial secretion systems in two main ways: by revealing intact forms for the first time and by mapping components into these forms. Here we highlight some of these contributions, revealing structural convergence in type II secretion systems, structural divergence in type III secretion systems, unexpected structures in type IV secretion systems, and unexpected mechanisms in types V and VI secretion systems. Together, they offer a glimpse into a world of fantastic forms—nanoscale rotors, needles, pumps, and dart guns—much of which remains to be explored.
International consensus definitions of video signs of concussion in professional sports
Authors: Davis Gavin A , Makdissi Michael , Bloomfield Paul , Clifton Patrick , Echemendia Ruben J , Falvey Éanna Cian , Fuller Gordon Ward , Green Gary , Harcourt Peter , Hill Thomas , McGuirk Nathan , Meeuwisse Willem , Orchard John , Raftery Martin , Sills Allen K , Solomon Gary S , Valadka Alex , McCrory Paul 
Published: April 2019

Background
The use of video to assist professional sporting bodies with the diagnosis of sport-related concussion (SRC) has been well established; however, there has been little consistency across sporting codes with regards to which video signs should be used, and the definitions of each of these signs.

Aim
The aims of this study were to develop a consensus for the video signs considered to be most useful in the identification of a possible SRC and to develop a consensus definition for each of these video signs across the sporting codes.

Methods
A brief questionnaire was used to assess which video signs were considered to be most useful in the identification of a possible concussion. Consensus was defined as >90% agreement by respondents. Existing definitions of these video signs from individual sports were collated, and individual components of the definitions were assessed and ranked. A modified Delphi approach was then used to create a consensus definition for each of the video signs.

Results

Respondents representing seven sporting bodies (Australian Football League, Cricket Australia, Major League Baseball, NFL, NHL, National Rugby League, World Rugby) reached consensus on eight video signs of concussion. Thirteen representatives from the seven professional sports ranked the definition components. Consolidation and refinement of the video signs and their definitions resulted in consensus definitions for six video signs of possible concussion:
lying motionless, motor incoordination, impact seizure, tonic posturing, no protective action—floppy
and
blank/vacant look
.

Conclusions
These video signs and definitions have reached international consensus, are indicated for use by professional sporting bodies and will form the basis for further collaborative research.
Root canal treatments and crown lengthening in an adult jaguar (Panthera onca)
Authors: O’Sullivan Sean , Almansa Ruiz José Carlos , Toosy Arshad , Steenkamp Gerhard 
Published: April 2019

Pathological dental conditions in zoo animals are frequently encountered, although under‐reported in the veterinary literature. Teeth fractures are commonly encountered in carnivores and often require specialised endodontic intervention. This paper describes gingivectomy of a peripheral odontogenic fibroma of the left maxillary gingivae; crown lengthening of the left mandibular canine; and pulpectomies of complicated crown fractures of the left maxillary canine tooth (204), left mandibular canine tooth (304) and left third maxillary incisor (203) in an adult jaguar (Panthera onca). Follow‐on dental examination at 18 months and postoperative radiographs at 24 months found no evidence of further dental pathology. Dental examination and prophylaxis are essential components of the examination procedure. There are limited opportunities to make routine clinical assessments in zoo animals. The availability of specialised materials, equipment and specialised veterinary assistance are limitations as relevant to zoological dentistry today as when described by Fowler in 1986.
Extracapsular articulating implant to treat cranial cruciate ligament disease in a dog with multiple myeloma
Authors: Lhuillery Eloise Elisabeth , Witte Philip Georg 
Published: April 2019

An 11‐year‐old Border collie was presented for left hindlimb lameness associated with cranial cruciate ligament disease. The history included right tibial plateau levelling osteotomy performed approximately two years previously, with a subjectively good outcome. Multiple myeloma had been diagnosed approximately two months before presentation of the left hindlimb lameness. Medical treatment of multiple myeloma included glucocorticoids (prednisolone) and melphalan. Stabilisation of the left stifle was performed with the Simitri Stable in Stride extracapsular articulating implant. The dog demonstrated weightbearing on the operated limb within 24 hours following surgery. Re‐examination six weeks following surgery revealed mild left hindlimb lameness, no resentment to manipulation of the left stifle, no cranial tibial thrust and a mild reduction in the range of motion. Hindlimb function was affected by various neurological events considered secondary to the malignant neoplasia; however, left stifle function was good until euthanasia 11 months following surgery.
Lag screw fixation of an ulnar carpal bone fracture in a dog
Authors: Witte Philip Georg 
Published: April 2019

A two‐year‐old, entire male saluki presented with right forelimb lameness of acute onset six weeks previously, associated with a transverse minimally displaced ulnar carpal bone fracture. A palmarolateral approach was made to access the ulnar carpal bone. A 2.0‐mm cortical bone screw was placed in lag fashion from the palmar process into the ulnar carpal bone, reducing and compressing the fracture. Re‐examinations at seven and 12 weeks following surgery revealed incomplete resolution of right forelimb lameness, a mildly reduced carpal joint range of motion and radiographic maintenance of reduction. Client follow‐up by telephone after 18 months revealed the dog to be exercising as normal, including performing agility exercises. The owners were aware of no stiffness following rest or following exercise.
Effect of Text Messaging on Risk Factor Management in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Zheng Xin , Spatz Erica S. , Bai Xueke , Huo Xiqian , Ding Qinglan , Horak Paul , Wu Xuekun , Guan Wenchi , Chow Clara K. , Yan Xiaofang , Sun Ying , Wang Xiuling , Zhang Haibo , Liu Jiamin , Li Jing , Li Xi , Spertus John A. , Masoudi Frederick A. , Krumholz Harlan M. 
Published: April 2019

Background:
Mobile health technologies are low cost, scalable interventions with the potential to promote patient engagement and behavior change. We aimed to test whether a culturally sensitive text messaging intervention supporting secondary prevention improves the control of risk factors in patients with coronary heart disease in China.

Methods and Results:

In this multicenter, single-blinded randomized controlled trial, 822 patients (mean age, 56.4 [SD, 9.5] years; 14.1% women) with coronary heart disease and without diabetes mellitus from 37 hospitals in China were enrolled between August 2016 and March 2017. In addition to usual care, the control group (n=411) received 2 thank you messages/month; the intervention group (n=411) received 6 text messages/week for 6 months delivered by an automated computerized system. The messages provided educational and motivational information related to disease-specific knowledge, risk factor control, physical activity, and medication adherence. The primary end point was change in systolic blood pressure from baseline to 6 months. Secondary end points included the proportion with systolic blood pressure <140 mm Hg, smoking status, and change in body mass index, LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), and physical activity (assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire). The end points were assessed using analyses of covariance. Follow-up was 99.6%. At 6 months, systolic blood pressure was not significantly lower in the intervention group compared with the control group, with a mean change (SD) of 3.2 (14.3) mm Hg and 2.0 (15.0) mm Hg (
P
>0.05) from baseline, respectively (mean net change, −1.3 mm Hg [95% CI, −3.3 to 0.8];
P
=0.221). There were no significant differences in the change in LDL-C level, physical activity, body mass index, or smoking status between the 2 groups. Nearly all patients in the intervention group reported the text messages to be useful (96.1%), easy to understand (98.8%), appropriate in frequency (93.8%), and reported being willing to receive future text messages (94.8%).

Conclusions:
Text messages supporting secondary prevention among patients with coronary heart disease did not lead to a greater reduction in blood pressure at 6 months. Mobile phone text messaging for secondary prevention was feasible and highly acceptable to patients.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
https://clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT02888769.
Rivaroxaban, a Direct Factor Xa Inhibitor, Ameliorates Hypertensive Renal Damage Through Inhibition of the Inflammatory Response Mediated by Protease‐Activated Receptor Pathway
Authors: Ichikawa Hiroaki , Shimada Michiko , Narita Masato , Narita Ikuyo , Kimura Yoshihiro , Tanaka Makoto , Osanai Tomohiro , Okumura Ken , Tomita Hirofumi 
Published: April 2019

Background

An enhanced renin‐angiotensin system causes hypertensive renal damage. Factor Xa not only functions in the coagulation cascade but also activates intracellular signaling through protease‐activated receptors (
PAR
). We investigated the effects of rivaroxaban, a factor Xa inhibitor, on hypertensive renal damage in hypertensive mice overexpressing renin (Ren‐TG).

Methods and Results

The 12‐ to 16‐week‐old Ren‐TG and wild‐type mice were orally administered with or without 6 or 12 mg/kg of rivaroxaban for 1 or 4 months. Plasma factor Xa was significantly increased in the Ren‐TG compared with the wild‐type mice and was reduced by 12 mg/kg of rivaroxaban (
P
<0.05). Urinary albumin excretion (UAE) was higher in the nontreated 8‐month‐old Ren‐TG than in the wild‐type mice (69.6±29 versus 20.1±8.2 μg/day;
P
<0.01). Treatment with 12 mg/kg of rivaroxaban for 4 months decreased the
UAE
to 38.1±13.2 μg/day (
P
<0.01). Moreover, rivaroxaban treatment attenuated histologic changes of glomerular hypertrophy, mesangial matrix expansion, effacement of the podocyte foot process, and thickened glomerular basement membrane in the Ren‐TG. The renal expression of
PAR
‐2 was increased in the Ren‐TG, but was inhibited with rivaroxaban treatment. In vitro study using the human podocytes showed that the expressions of
PAR
‐2 and inflammatory genes and nuclear factor–‐κB activation were induced by angiotensin
II
stimulation, but were inhibited by rivaroxaban.
PAR
‐2 knockdown by small interfering
RNA
also attenuated the
PAR
‐2‐related inflammatory gene expressions.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that rivaroxaban exerts protective effects against angiotensin II–induced renal damage, partly through inhibition of the
PAR
‐2 signaling‐mediated inflammatory response.
Safety and short-term efficacy of telangiectasia treatment by means of an innovative combination of 532 and 808 nm transdermal diode laser
Authors: Crippa Angelo , Menegatti Erica , Zini Francesco , Tessari Lorenzo , Taibi Angelo , Maietti Elisa , Gianesini Sergio 
Published: April 2019

Objectives To evaluate the safety and efficacy of an innovative transdermal multiple wavelength diode laser in telangiectasia treatment. Methods A total of 94 females underwent treatment by means of a multiple wavelength laser. All the cases were treated by three cycles of 532 nm combined with simultaneous 808 nm pulse. OFF time between the cycles was 10 ms. The handling physician, the patient and a blind assessor scored the aesthetic outcome in a range from 0 (no change) to 10 (100% disappearance). Pain was scored from 0 (no pain) to 10 (most painful experience ever) by the patient. Results At 5 ± 1 months, depigmentation was observed in 3/94 cases (3.2%), hyperpigmentation in (4/94 4.2%), transient erythema in 14/94 (14.9%), transient oedema in 11/94 (11.7%), matting in 1/94 (1.1%). Mean aesthetic outcome was scored as 7.9 ± 1.3 by the physician, 7.7 ± 1 by the independent assessor and 7.2 ± 2.4 by the patient. Patients reported a mean peri-procedural pain of 3.4 ± 1.5. Conclusions The simultaneous application of 532 nm and 808 nm laser emission is safe and effective in 0.1–1 mm telangiectasia treatment. The present investigation provides data for a deeper insight into the biology of the tissue photo-modulation.