bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Evaluation of Radiographic Parameters of Foot Pronation in Two Different Conditions versus Barefoot
Authors: Anselmo Derek S. , Skolnik Jennifer , Keeter Emily , El-Sayed Arwa M. , Love Ebony 
Published: August 2018

Background:To date, there is conflicting evidence that high-end “motion control” running shoes can correct and control rearfoot pronation. Many methods have been used to evaluate the efficacy of motion control footwear in reducing hindfoot pronation during gait, including stop-motion photography, three-dimensional camera kinematic analysis, and three-dimensional bone modeling using computed tomography. Until now, there have been no radiographic studies that examined the effect of motion control running shoes on the static posture of the foot. Murley et al devised a reliable system that correlated noninvasive clinical examinations to radiographic values that correspond to foot pronation. The aim of this prospective investigation was to determine whether motion control running shoes are able to produce a significant difference in pronation through a radiographic study, using the angular relationships as described by Murley et al, in two different shoe conditions as compared to the barefoot condition in female subjects.Methods:This prospective study screened 28 female subjects ranging in age from 22 to 27 years on the basis of arch height index. The 24 subjects with a standing arch height index less than 0.370 were invited to participate in the study. Unilateral weightbearing dorsoplantar and lateral foot radiographs were taken in barefoot, neutral shoe, and motion control shoe conditions. Calcaneal inclination angle, calcaneal–first metatarsal (CFMA) angle, talonavicular coverage angle (TNCA), and talus–second metatarsal angle were measured in each condition by two independent observers using the Opal-Ortho PACS software package and then averaged. Angles were compared to barefoot baseline values using paired t tests.Results:The motion control running shoe produced average decreases of 2.64% in CFMA, 12.62% in TNCA, 5.3% in talus–second metatarsal angle and an average increase of 1.3% in calcaneal inclination angle. Statistically significant (P &gt; .05) improvements in CFMA were noted in both the motion control (P &lt; .000) and neutral shoe conditions (P &lt; .000) when compared to barefoot, whereas TNCA improved only in the motion control shoe condition as compared to barefoot (P = .003).Conclusions:This investigation found evidence that the particular models of motion control running shoes studied could correct foot pronation in the transverse and sagittal planes in stance. Motion control running shoes improved CFMA and TNCA from the barefoot condition and were more effective in correcting pronation compared with neutral running shoes in this radiographic study simulating static foot posture in stance.
Decoupling the Interaction between Wet‐Transferred MoS2 and Graphite Substrate by an Interfacial Water Layer
Authors: Hong Min , Yang Pengfei , Zhou Xiebo , Zhao Siqin , Xie Chunyu , Shi Jianping , Zhang Zhepeng , Fu Qiang , Zhang Yanfeng 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe nondestructive and clean transfer of 2D‐layered materials from growth onto target substrates is a key step in their practical applications. Some nonetching transfer methods are developed to avoid contaminations from chemical etchants, while the influences of other transfer media, such as the commonly used water, are rarely explored. Herein, a one‐step polymer‐free transfer of monolayer MoS2 from glass onto a graphite substrate by using only ultrapure water as the working medium is reported. Based on room‐temperature observations, it is revealed that the MoS2–graphite interface is not atomically flat due to the trapping of water clusters, and even extended ultrahigh‐vacuum annealing processes cannot easily remove the trapped water. More interestingly, the intensive scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy investigations show that the interfacial water can be converted into an insulating layer by sample cooling down to ≈78 K, leading to a weakened interfacial interaction of MoS2/graphite and a more intrinsic bandgap of MoS2. This work hereby provides fundamental insights into the effect of wet‐transfer‐induced water intercalation on the structural and electronic properties of 2D‐layered materials, which should inspire the development of more clean transfer routes for achieving improved device performances.
Multitasking Shared Aperture Enabled with Multiband Digital Coding Metasurface
Authors: Bai Guo Dong , Ma Qian , Iqbal Shahid , Bao Lei , Jing Hong Bo , Zhang Lei , Wu Hao Tian , Wu Rui Yuan , Zhang Hao Chi , Yang Cheng , Cui Tie Jun 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDigital coding metasurface is aimed at building up a bridge between physics and information science. Higher information capacity of the digital coding metasurface means more powerful ability to control electromagnetic waves. Here, a multiband digital coding metasurface to improve the information capacity is proposed. The digital coding structures can provide 2‐bit digital states at three separate frequency bands (C, X, and Ku). It is shown that the proposed metasurface can eliminate the in‐band interference and path degradation by introducing an operator of frequency‐hopping spread spectra, from which flexible beam controls can be designed independently in every operating band. To demonstrate the capability and the compatibility, a multifunctional digital coding metasurface which can perform optical illusion, scattering reduction, and generation of orbital angular momentum in a shared aperture is presented. Numerical simulations and measured results have very good agreements, verifying excellent performance of the multiband digital coding metasurface. The proposed method opens opportunities to improve the information capacity of the digital coding metasurface and paves novel ways to multitasking systems on photonic applications.
Electrolyte Gated Oxide Pseudodiode for Inhibitory Synapse Applications
Authors: Fu Yang Ming , Wan Chang Jin , Yu Fei , Xiao Hui , Tao Jian , Guo Yan Bo , Gao Wan Tian , Zhu Li Qiang 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRecently, synaptic electronics are attracting increasing attention in neuromorphic engineering. Here, inhibitory synapses are proposed based on nanogranular phosphorous silicate glass gated indium tin oxide transistors operated in pseudodiode mode. Activity dependent inhibitory synaptic behaviors are mimicked on the proposed pseudodiode, including paired pulse depression and depression adaptation behaviors. Interestingly, the proposed inhibitory synapse demonstrates low power dissipation as low as ≈16 fJ for triggering a postsynaptic current with high signal‐to‐noise ratio of ≈2.2. Moreover, the inhibitory synapse demonstrates zero resting power dissipation. The proposed pseudodiode‐based inhibitory artificial synapses may find potential applications in neuromorphic platforms.
Amino‐functional electrospun nanofibrous membrane for detecting nitroaromatic compounds
Authors: Yu Run‐Hui , Li Kai , Cui Yue‐Zhi , Tao Fu‐Rong , Zheng Bing , Ma Xiao‐Shuang , Li Tian‐Duo 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTA novel amino‐functionalized polystyrene copolymer (PS‐NH2) was designed and synthesized with styrene and 4‐vinylbenzyl amine. Additionally, an amino modified glass (G‐NH2) was obtained as a carrier. (PS‐NH2/pyrene)/G‐NH2 fluorescent nanofibrous membrane [named (PS‐NH2/pyrene)/G‐NH2] was designed and prepared via electrospinning technique to detect representative saturated nitroaromatic (NAC) explosive vapor. The (PS‐NH2/pyrene)/G‐NH2 showed highly fluorescence stability in ambient condition and further displayed a high quenching efficiency of 70.9% toward trinitrotoluene (TNT) vapor (∼10 ppb) with an exposure time of 150 s at room temperature. The abundance of amino groups could effectively adsorb NACs and the binding of electron‐deficient NACs to the amino groups on the (PS‐NH2/pyrene)/G‐NH2 surface led to the formation of charge‐transfer complexes. The quenching constant (KSV) to TNT was obtained to be 1.07 × 1011 mL/g in gaseous phase with a limit of detection up to 2.76 × 10−13g/mL. Importantly, the (PS‐NH2/pyrene)/G‐NH2 showed notable selectivity toward TNT and 2,4‐dinitrotoluene vapors. Straightforwardly, the colorimetric sensing performance can be visualized by naked eye with a color change for detecting of different vapor phase NACs explosives. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46708
Simultaneously enhanced conductivity and dimensional stability of AAEM by crosslinked polymer microsphere with dense carrier sites
Authors: Liu Lei , Sun Guoping 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTThe search for practically applicable alkaline anion exchange membrane (AAEM) has been of continuous interest during the past decades. One of the main obstacles for current AAEM lies in the trade‐off between hydroxide conductivity and dimensional stability. In this contribution, novel quaternary phosphonium polymer microsphere (QPPMS) with crosslinked structure and dense carrier sites is synthesized via precipitation polymerization method, followed by incorporating into chitosan (CS) to prepare composite membrane. Compared with CS, the incorporation of QPPMS endows composite membrane more than two times increased ion exchange capacity (IEC) from 0.39 to 1.2 mmol g−1, and highly enhanced water uptake from 90% to 124% with an enhancement of 37.8%. The constructed interfacial and intra‐QPPMS transfer pathways confer almost nine times augment of conductivity at 20°C under 98% relative humidity (RH). Most importantly, the increase of area swelling is limited to 25.0% (from 32% to 40%) due to the crosslinked structure of QPPMS, which is inconceivable for homogeneous membranes and inorganic filler‐based composite membranes. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46715.
Cationic polymerization of high‐molecular‐weight phthalaldehyde‐butanal copolymer
Authors: Schwartz Jared M. , Gourdin Gerald , Phillips Oluwadamilola , Engler Anthony , Lee Jihyun , Abdulkadir Niya R. , Miller Ryan C. , Sutlief Alexandra , Kohl Paul A. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTLow ceiling temperature polyaldehydes are of interest for transient materials because the temperature of depolymerization can be at or below room temperature. There is interest in expanding the number of aldehydes which can be copolymerized so as to change the vapor pressure and other properties of the depolymerized products. Although fast depolymerization has been achieved with polyaldehydes, the rate of monomer evaporation after depolymerization can be controlled by incorporating lower molecular weight monomers into the polymer. High vapor pressure aliphatic aldehydes have been copolymerized with low vapor pressure and high reactivity phthalaldehyde to create stable, high molecular weight polymers with high vapor pressure. A method for measuring the depolymerization time by quartz crystal microbalance has been developed. The copolymer of phthalaldehyde and butanal improves the evaporation time for the polymer by a factor of 11. The onset of thermal decomposition of the copolymer was increased from 107 °C for the phthalaldehyde homopolymer to 141 °C for the copolymer. The tensile strength of the copolymer was 0.8–1.6 GPa. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46921.
Interfacial strengthening of polypropylene composites via bimodal porosity in Rice husk ash: Comparison with calcium carbonate reinforcement
Authors: Sharma R. K. , Lohia S. , Sharma V. K. , Kandpal P. C. , Balani K. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTPolypropylene is used in the textile industry in the manufacturing of plastic yarns, tapes, etc., but its low tensile strength and Young's modulus limits its associated applications. Composites of polypropylene with reinforcement of CaCO3 and rice husk ash were processed by compression molding. Bimodal porosity in rice husk ash particles has shown an improved interfacial anchoring effect via capillary effect resulting in enhanced mechanical properties, whereas such an effect is not observed with CaCO3 reinforcement in polypropylene matrix. On reinforcement with 10 wt % of each of rice husk ash and CaCO3, thermal decomposition temperature of polypropylene (333.3 °C) shifted to higher value of 415.9 °C and polypropylene Young's modulus (749.5 MPa) increased to 789.5 MPa (by 5.3%), but tensile strength decreased from 23.5 to 21.2 MPa (by 2.3 MPa only). The isolated contribution of CaCO3 and rice husk ash has been delineated, and resulting interfacial strengths have been quantified using analytical models. Rice husk ash has shown a stronger interfacial anchoring and can effectively replace CaCO3 as reinforcement for achieving improved mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene composites. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46989.
Mechanically adaptive thermoplastic polyurethane/cellulose nanocrystal composites: Process‐driven structure–property relationships
Authors: Fallon J. J. , Kolb B. Q. , Herwig C. J. , Foster E. J. , Bortner M. J. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTTo enable filament extrusion additive manufacturing of mechanically adaptive nanocomposites, the effect of melt extrusion on the tensile modulus and mechanical adaptiveness of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites was investigated. TPU (Texin RxT70A) was processed with 10 wt % CNC in multiple formats, including solvent‐cast films and melt extrusion‐produced filaments. CNC orientation is characterized by polarized Raman spectroscopy and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and found to be uniaxially oriented in extruded filaments, and randomly oriented in solvent‐cast films. Dynamic mechanical analysis results show the addition of 10 wt % CNC increases the pure TPU storage modulus from 10 to 60–70 MPa in the dry state for solvent‐cast and extruded nanocomposites. Following water saturation, all CNC‐containing samples reach a similar wet storage modulus of approximately 26 MPa, regardless of CNC orientation and thermal history. Fickian diffusion scaling factors (6.8 to 11.6) scale closely to the time‐dependent empirical scaling factors (4.9 to 7.2), confirming the rate of mechanical adaptivity is driven by water diffusion through sample thickness. Our results suggest that mechanical adaptivity is retained following processing, enabling use as a feedstock for extrusion‐based additive manufacturing of CNC/TPU composites for mechanically adaptive parts. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46992.
Bone marrow necrosis in neuroendocrine tumor of the thymus
Authors: Ducourneau Benoît , Hemar Claire 
Published: August 2018

Key Clinical MessageThe prognosis of patients with marrow necrosis secondary to neoplastic disease (often gastric adenocarcinoma) was found to be extremely poor with a median overall survival (OS) of few months. This case confirms the very poor prognosis and shows an association with a neural endocrine adenocarcinoma of the thymus.
N‐Hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) Promoted Aerobic Baeyer‐Villiger Oxidation in the Presence of Aldehydes
Authors: Wang Lingyao , Wang Yongtao , Du Renfeng , Dao Rina , Yuan Haoran , Liang Cheng , Yao Jia , Li Haoran 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMetal‐free aerobic Baeyer‐Villiger (BV) oxidation of ketones to lactones or esters in the presence of aldehydes promoted by N‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) has been developed. The reaction proceeded under mild conditions with excellent selectivity and high yields. Compared with the methods that use metal complexes as catalysts, this strategy not only showed good environmental advantages, but also increased aldehyde efficiency up to 84 %. Control experiments indicated that NHPI accelerated the oxidation of aldehydes to peroxy acids but did not improve the BV oxidation while peroxy acids were already generated. Peroxy acids generated from aldehydes in situ were the key intermediates, and the phthalimide‐N‐oxyl radical (PINO) contributed to high aldehyde efficiency by stabilizing the radical species, which are necessary for the chain propagation reactions. This study may offer some useful strategies for new transition metal‐free catalytic aerobic oxidation reactions in which aldehydes act as sacrificial agents.
Smart‐grid and solar energy harvesting in the IoT era: An overview
Authors: Ahmed Abdulkadir Abdulsalam , Al‐Turjman Fadi 
Published: August 2018

SummaryAs the need of energy is increasing worldwide, the energy availability globally is quite less than the demands for it. Thus, the importance to consider other means of electricity generation is looked into for Sub‐Saharan Africa, which is enormously rich in solar radiant. With just an average of 5.5 kWh/m2, countries in the region can generate over 2000 TWh of electricity daily by just covering 1% of its total land area with solar panels. To meet up with the citizen's energy demands, steps have to be initiated to reduce the continuous dependence on fossil fuel. This can be done by integrating renewable energy sources into the grid. It of course requires urgent need to upgrade the existing grid systems into a Smart Grid. The advantages for this smart grid upgrade and the development in storage devices have been highlighted in this article, including its possible optimization and metering technologies.
ARFC: Advance response function of TCP CUBIC for IoT‐based applications using big data
Authors: Ahmad Mudassar , Ahmad Usman , Ngadi Md Asri , Habib Muhammad Asif , Faisal C. M. Nadeem , Mahmood Nasir 
Published: August 2018

SummaryThe throughput of a TCP flow depends on the average size of Congestion Window (cwnd) of a congestion control mechanism being used during the communication. The size of cwnd depends upon the usage of available link bandwidth during communication. The response function is a measure of average throughput of a single TCP flow of congestion control mechanism as the level of random packet loss is varied. Nowadays, many organizations are deploying IoT based applications for the analytics of their Big Data. TCP CUBIC and TCP Compound are the default congestion control mechanisms in Linux and Microsoft Windows Operating Systems respectively. Whereas, TCP Reno which is also known as Standard TCP congestion control mechanism is act as a trademark congestion control mechanism. During communication among different IoT applications, TCP CUBIC flows use more available link bandwidth as compared to TCP Reno flows, thus, the average cwnd size of TCP CUBIC flows are greater than the TCP Reno flows. It implies that these both kinds of flows are not sharing available link fairly, which refers as low TCP friendliness of TCP CUBIC. It means that the throughput of TCP CUBIC flows is higher than the trademark congestion control mechanism, i.e., TCP Reno flows. As a result, friendliness behavior or fair share of available link bandwidth among TCP CUBIC flows and TCP Reno flows is decreased. In other words, TCP friendliness of TCP CUBIC flows is reduced. Now, it is important to decrease the average cwnd size of TCP CUBIC flows, such that available link bandwidth can be shared fairly among flows of TCP CUBIC and TCP Reno. The aim of this research is to enhance the TCP friendliness behavior of TCP CUBIC congestion control mechanism for IoT based applications using Big Data. In this paper, an Advance Response Function of TCP CUBIC (ARFC) is designed to share fairly available link bandwidth among flows of TCP CUBIC and TCP Reno. Results show that TCP friendliness behavior of TCP CUBIC is increased by using ARFC. Overall, 18.6% performance is increased by using ARFC.
Migratory bats are attracted by red light but not by warm‐white light: Implications for the protection of nocturnal migrants
Authors: Voigt Christian C. , Rehnig Katharina , Lindecke Oliver , Pētersons Gunārs 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe replacement of conventional lighting with energy‐saving light emitting diodes (LED) is a worldwide trend, yet its consequences for animals and ecosystems are poorly understood. Strictly nocturnal animals such as bats are particularly sensitive to artificial light at night (ALAN). Past studies have shown that bats, in general, respond to ALAN according to the emitted light color and that migratory bats, in particular, exhibit phototaxis in response to green light. As red and white light is frequently used in outdoor lighting, we asked how migratory bats respond to these wavelength spectra. At a major migration corridor, we recorded the presence of migrating bats based on ultrasonic recorders during 10‐min light‐on/light‐off intervals to red or warm‐white LED, interspersed with dark controls. When the red LED was switched on, we observed an increase in flight activity for Pipistrellus pygmaeus and a trend for a higher activity for Pipistrellus nathusii. As the higher flight activity of bats was not associated with increased feeding, we rule out the possibility that bats foraged at the red LED light. Instead, bats may have flown toward the red LED light source. When exposed to warm‐white LED, general flight activity at the light source did not increase, yet we observed an increased foraging activity directly at the light source compared to the dark control. Our findings highlight a response of migratory bats toward LED light that was dependent on light color. The most parsimonious explanation for the response to red LED is phototaxis and for the response to warm‐white LED foraging. Our findings call for caution in the application of red aviation lighting, particularly at wind turbines, as this light color might attract bats, leading eventually to an increased collision risk of migratory bats at wind turbines.
Effects of cyclic changes in population size on neutral genetic diversity
Authors: Nakamura Haruna , Teshima Kosuke , Tachida Hidenori 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRecurrent changes in population size are often observed in nature, influencing the efficiency of selection and consequently affecting organismal evolution. Thus, it is important to know whether such changes occurred in the past history of a focal population of evolutionary interests. Here, we focused on cyclic changes in population size and investigated the distributional properties of Tajima'sDand its power to distinguish a cyclic change model compared with the standard neutral model, changing the frequency and magnitude of the cyclic change. With very low or very high frequencies of the cycle, the distribution of Tajima'sDwas similar to that in a constant size population, as demonstrated by previous theoretical works. Otherwise, its mean was negative or positive, and its variance was smaller or larger depending on the time of sampling. The detection rate of the cyclic change against the constancy in size by Tajima'sDdepended on the sample size, the number of loci, and the time of sampling in addition to the frequency and amplitude of the cycle. Using sequence data of several tens of loci, the detection rate was fairly high if the frequency was intermediate and the sampling was made when population size was large; otherwise, the detection rate was not high. We also found that cyclic change could be discriminated from simple expansion or shrinkage of a population by Tajima'sDonly if the frequency was in a limited range and the sampling was made when the population was large.