bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two different R gene loci co-evolved with Avr2 of Phytophthora infestans and confer distinct resistance specificities in potato
Authors: Aguilera-Galvez C. , Champouret N. , Rietman H. , Lin X. , Wouters D. , Chu Z. , Jones J.D.G. , Vossen J.H. , Visser R.G.F. , Wolters P.J. , Vleeshouwers V.G.A.A. 
Published: February 2018

Late blight, caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, is the most devastating disease in potato. For sustainable management of this economically important disease, resistance breeding relies on the availability of resistance (R) genes. Such R genes
against P. infestans have evolved in wild tuber-bearing Solanum species from North, Central and South America, upon co-evolution with cognate avirulence (Avr) genes. Here, we report how effectoromics screens with Avr2 of P. infestans revealed defense
responses in diverse Solanum species that are native to Mexico and Peru. We found that the response to AVR2 in the Mexican Solanum species is mediated by R genes of the R2 family that resides on a major late blight locus on chromosome IV. In contrast, the response
to AVR2 in Peruvian Solanum species is mediated by Rpi-mcq1, which resides on chromosome IX and does not belong to the R2 family. The data indicate that AVR2 recognition has evolved independently on two genetic loci in Mexican and Peruvian Solanum species, respectively.
Detached leaf tests on potato cultivar ‘Désirée’ transformed with R genes from either the R2 or the Rpi-mcq1 locus revealed an overlapping, but distinct resistance profile to a panel of 18 diverse P. infestans isolates. The achieved
insights in the molecular R – Avr gene interaction can lead to more educated exploitation of R genes and maximize the potential of generating more broad-spectrum, and potentially more durable control of the late blight disease in potato.
RXLR effector diversity in Phytophthora infestans isolates determines recognition by potato resistance proteins; the case study AVR1 and R1
Authors: Du Y. , Weide R. , Zhao Z. , Msimuko P. , Govers F. , Bouwmeester K. 
Published: February 2018

Late blight disease caused by the plant pathogenic oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans is one of the most limiting factors in potato production. P. infestans is able to overcome introgressed late blight resistance by adaptation of effector genes. AVR1 is an RXLR
effector that triggers immune responses when recognized by the potato resistance protein R1. P. infestans isolates avirulent on R1 plants were found to have AVR1 variants that are recognized by R1. Virulent isolates though, lack AVR1 but do contain a close homologue of AVR1, named
A-L, of which all variants escape recognition by R1. Co-expression of AVR1 and R1 in Nicotiana benthamiana results in a hypersensitive response (HR). In contrast, HR is not activated when A-L is co-expressed with R1. AVR1 and A-L are highly similar in structure.
They share two W motifs and one Y motif in the C-terminal part but differ in the T-region, a 38 amino acid extension at the carboxyl-terminal tail of AVR1 lacking in A-L. To pinpoint what determines R1-mediated recognition of AVR1 we tested elicitor activity of AVR1 and A-L chimeric and deletion
constructs by co-expression with R1. The T-region is important as it enables R1-mediated recognition of A-L, not only when fused to A-L but also via trans-complementation. Yet, AVR1 lacking the T-region is still active as an elicitor of HR, but this activity is lost when certain motifs are
swapped with A-L. These data show that A-L circumvents R1 recognition not only because it lacks the T-region, but also because of differences in the conserved C-terminal effector motifs.
Fostering Collaborative Synthetic Research in Archaeology
Authors: Altschul Jeffrey H. , Kintigh Keith W. , Klein Terry H. , Doelle William H. , Hays-Gilpin Kelley A. , Herr Sarah A. , Kohler Timothy A. , Mills Barbara J. , Montgomery Lindsay M. , Nelson Margaret C. , Ortman Scott G. , Parker John N. , Peeples Matthew A. , Sabloff Jeremy A. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTWhile our fascination with understanding the past is sufficient to warrant an increased focus on synthesis, solutions to important problems facing modern society require understandings based on data that only archaeology can provide. Yet, even as we use public monies to collect ever-greater amounts of data, modes of research that can stimulate emergent understandings of human behavior have lagged behind. Consequently, a substantial amount of archaeological inference remains at the level of the individual project. We can more effectively leverage these data and advance our understandings of the past in ways that contribute to solutions to contemporary problems if we adapt the model pioneered by the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis to foster synthetic collaborative research in archaeology. We propose the creation of the Coalition for Archaeological Synthesis coordinated through a U.S.-based National Center for Archaeological Synthesis. The coalition will be composed of established public and private organizations that provide essential scholarly, cultural heritage, computational, educational, and public engagement infrastructure. The center would seek and administer funding to support collaborative analysis and synthesis projects executed through coalition partners. This innovative structure will enable the discipline to address key challenges facing society through evidentially based, collaborative synthetic research.
Friends, Neighbours, Townspeople and Parties: Explaining Canadian Attitudes toward Muslims
Authors: Gravelle Timothy B. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe 2015 Canadian federal election campaign put into focus relations between Muslim communities in Canada and wider Canadian society, featuring debates around banning the niqab, and a “barbaric cultural practices” hotline. At the same time, challenges in relations between Muslims and majority-group Canadians were not a new development in 2015: they had in the past faced periodic strains due to terrorism-related events, and attacks targeting Muslims in Canada. The Canadian case is in fact reflective of a challenge in intergroup relations facing several Western democracies. In light of this, what accounts for majority-group Canadians’ attitudes toward Muslims in Canada? Drawing on data from the 2011 and 2015 Canadian Election Studies and theories linking outgroup perceptions to intergroup contact (friends), local demographic context at both the micro-level (neighbours) and meso-level (townspeople), and political factors (parties), this article seeks to explain why majority-group Canadians hold alternately positive or negative views of Muslims.
Echinococcus multilocularis in a Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Turkey
Authors: Avcioglu Hamza , Guven Esin , Balkaya Ibrahim , Kirman Ridvan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractEchinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis (AE), one of the most threatening zoonoses in Eurasia. Human AE is widespread in the Erzurum region of Turkey, but the situation of the disease in intermediate and definitive hosts is unknown. A Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) was killed in a traffic accident in the north of Erzurum, and was taken to our laboratory. Sedimentation and counting technique (SCT), DNA isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis were performed. The SCT results showed that the lynx was infected with E. multilocularis with a medium (745 worms) worm burden. The DNA of adult worms obtained from the lynx was analyzed with a species-specific PCR, and the worms were confirmed to be E. multilocularis by 12S rRNA gene sequence analysis. This is the first report of E. multilocularis from Eurasian lynx in Turkey.
Innovators and Implementers: The Multilevel Politics of Civil Society Governance in Rural China
Authors: Newland Sara A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractEarly literature on China's civil society focused on organizations’ autonomy from the state. However, the precise ways in which these organizations are dependent on the state – and on individual officials – are less well understood. I argue that NGOs depend on different types of officials whose career incentives vary, with significant implications for relationships with non-state actors. One set of officials,innovators, seeks rapid promotion and uses civil society partnerships to gain higher-level attention. Innovators’ career goals lead them to provide support for NGOs; however, excessive reliance on innovators can force organizations to stray from their mission and can weaken their long-term position in a given locality. A second set of officials,implementers, seeks stability and security. Cognizant of the risks of partnering with non-state actors, these officials are sometimes forced by their superiors to engage with NGOs but see little personal benefit in doing so. These findings suggest the importance of China's multilevel political structure for state–society relations.
Post-Patent Ductus Arteriosus ligation syndrome with hypertension and masking of renal artery stenosis in an infant
Authors: ElSeed Peterson Erica E. , Mauriello Daniel 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPost-patent ductus arteriosus ligation syndrome is common, but rarely has hypertension been described following ductal ligation with an unclear mechanism. We report a case of an infant who exhibited features of post-patent ductus arteriosus ligation syndrome and hypertension, but was found to have bilateral renal artery stenosis. Increased systemic vascular resistance can be masked by the parallel circuit physiology of a patent ductus arteriosus.
Percutaneous retrieval of a partially flared Melody valve
Authors: Gendera Katarzyna , Ewert Peter , Eicken Andreas 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe report on successful endovascular retrieval of an accidentally flared Melody valve in an adult patient with an indication for percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation. The Melody valve was removed through a 24 F sheath, introduced via the right jugular vein, and the urgent open-heart surgery was avoided.
Effects of Incorporated Rye and Hairy Vetch Cover Crop Residue on the Persistence of Weed Seeds in the Soil
Authors: Mohler Charles L. , Taylor Alan G. , DiTommaso Antonio , Hahn Russell R. , Bellinder Robin R. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIncorporation of cover crop residue into the soil has been suggested as a means for reducing weed seedbanks. To explore this hypothesis, we buried mesh bags of seeds mixed with sand at 15-cm depth in late fall in plots that had been planted with rye (Secale cerealeL.) or hairy vetch (Vicia villosaRoth.) or left unplanted. Separate bags contained either velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedik.), giant foxtail (Setaria faberiHerrm.), Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powelliiS. Watson), or common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.). The experiment used a randomized complete block design with five replications, and enough bags were buried to allow a final recovery in each of the following three springs. Each spring, bags were exhumed, and seeds were either counted and tested for viability or mixed with chopped cover crop material or simply stirred for control bags, and the material was reburied. The experiment was completed twice with initial burials in fall of 2011 and 2013. Rye had no consistent effect on persistence of seeds of any of the species. For two observation intervals, rye increased persistence of a species; for another two intervals, it decreased persistence relative to the control; but mostly rye did not affect persistence. Hairy vetch decreased persistence ofC. albumandA. powelliiin both runs of the experiment but had no effect on persistence ofA. theophrastiandS. faberi. Germination of the first two species is promoted by nitrate, whereasA. theophrastigermination is not sensitive to nitrate, andS. faberiis only rarely nitrate sensitive. We suggest that nitrate released during decomposition of hairy vetch may have promoted fatal germination ofC. albumandA. powellii. Incorporation of legume cover crops like hairy vetch may provide a means for decreasing the seedbanks of the many weed species whose germination is promoted by nitrate. The lack of any reduction ofA. theophrastiandS. faberiseed persistence in response to hairy vetch and the inconsistent and mostly negligible effect of rye indicate that a general increase in readily decomposable organic matter through incorporation of cover crops may be ineffective at reducing weed seedbanks.
Combination therapy with proteasome inhibitors and TLR agonists enhances tumour cell death and IL-1β production
Authors: Tang Anthony C , Rahavi Seyed M , Fung Shan-Yu , Lu Henry Y , Yang Hong , Lim Chinten J , Reid Gregor S , Turvey Stuart E 
Published: February 2018

AbstractProteasome inhibitors have emerged as an effective therapy for the treatment of haematological malignancies; however, their efficacy can be limited by the development of tumour resistance mechanisms. Novel combination strategies including the addition of TLR adjuvants to increase cell death and augment immune responses may help enhance their effectiveness. Although generally thought to inhibit inflammatory responses and NF-κB activation, we found that under specific conditions proteasome inhibitors can promote inflammatory responses by mediating IL-1β maturation and secretion after TLR stimulation. This was dependent on the timing of proteasome inhibition relative to TLR stimulation where reversal of treatment order could alternatively increase or inhibit IL-1β secretion (P < 0.001). TLR stimulation combined with proteasome inhibition enhanced cell death in vitro and delayed tumour development in vivo in NOD SCID mice (P < 0.01). However, unlike IL-1β secretion, cell death occurred similarly regardless of treatment order and was only partially caspase dependent, possessing characteristics of both apoptosis and necrosis as indicated by activation of caspase-1, 3, 8 and RIP3 phosphorylation. Although stimulation of various TLRs was capable of driving IL-1β production, TLR4 stimulation was the most effective at increasing cell death in THP-1 and U937 cells. TLR4 stimulation and proteasome inhibition independently activated the RIP3 necroptotic pathway and ultimately reduced the effectiveness of caspase/necroptosis inhibitors in mitigating overall levels of cell death. This strategy of combining TLR stimulation with proteasome inhibition may improve the ability of proteasome inhibitors to generate immunogenic cell death and increase anti-tumour activity.
Photosensitization of A2E triggers telomere dysfunction and accelerates retinal pigment epithelium senescence
Authors: Wang Jing , Feng Yiji , Han Peng , Wang Fenghua , Luo Xueting , Liang Jian , Sun Xiangjun , Ye Jing , Lu Yiming , Sun Xiaodong 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAge-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in elderly people. AMD is classified as early, intermediate, advanced non-neovascular, and advanced neovascular forms depending on the clinical features. However, the exact pathogenesis remains unclear. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells degeneration is a hallmark of AMD. With aging, lipofuscin accumulates in RPE cells. N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (named A2E), a well-known fluorophore of lipofuscin, may contribute to RPE cells degeneration. In this study, we showed that photosensitization of A2E increased DNA damage, including telomere deprotection and deletion, and triggered cellular senescence. In addition, we found that the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) partially alleviated this DNA damage. Telomerase overexpression rescued A2E-mediated RPE cell senescence, indicating that telomere dysfunction plays an important role in A2E-based senescence. We further showed that the senescence induced by A2E photosensitization may affect the microenvironment of the retina by expressing several factors of the secretory phenotype (SASP) including IL1B, IL13RA2, and CXCR4 through the NF-κB pathway. We propose that expression of these factors create a pro-inflammatory environment that drives retina degeneration. Moreover, our findings suggest that protecting telomeres is a valuable strategy for treating retinal degeneration diseases, such as AMD.
PDE5 inhibition eliminates cancer stem cells via induction of PKA signaling
Authors: Klutzny Saskia , Anurin Anna , Nicke Barbara , Regan Joseph L. , Lange Martin , Schulze Luise , Parczyk Karsten , Steigemann Patrick 
Published: February 2018

AbstractCancer stem cells (CSCs) are involved in metastasis and resistance development, thus affecting anticancer therapy efficacy. The underlying pathways required for CSC maintenance and survival are not fully understood and only a limited number of treatment strategies to specifically target CSCs have been identified. To identify novel CSC targeting compounds, we here set-up an aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)-based phenotypic screening system that allows for an automated and standardized identification of CSCs. By staining cancer cells for ALDH activity and applying high-content-based single-cell population analysis, the proportion of a potential CSC subpopulation with significantly higher ALDH activity (ALDHhigh) can be quantified in a heterogeneous cell population. We confirmed high ALDH activity as surrogate marker for the CSC subpopulationin vitroand validated Wnt signaling as an essential factor for the maintenance of CSCs in SUM149 breast cancer cells. In a small molecule screen, we identified phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibition as potential strategy to target CSC maintenance and survival in multiple cancer cell lines. CSC elimination by PDE5 inhibition was not dependent on PKG signaling, and we suggest a novel mechanism in which PDE5 inhibition leads to elevated cGMP levels that stimulate cAMP/PKA signaling to eliminate CSCs.
LanCL1 protects prostate cancer cells from oxidative stress via suppression of JNK pathway
Authors: Wang Jianqing , Xiao Qianyi , Chen Xu , Tong Shijun , Sun Jianliang , Lv Ruitu , Wang Siqing , Gou Yuancheng , Tan Li , Xu Jianfeng , Fan Caibin , Ding Guanxiong 
Published: February 2018

AbstractProstate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in male. Numerous studies have focused on the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis and progression, aiming at developing new therapeutic strategies. Here we describe Lanthionine synthase C-like protein 1 (LanCL1), a member of the LanCL family, is a potential prostate cancer susceptibility gene. LanCL1 promotes prostate cancer cell proliferation and helps protect cells from damage caused by oxidative stress. Suppression of LanCL1 by siRNA results in increased cancer cell apoptosis. Clinical data also indicate that LanCL1 upregulation in human prostate cancers correlates with tumor progression. Finally, we demonstrate that LanCL1 plays such important role through inhibiting JNK pathway. Altogether, our results suggest that LanCL1 protects cells from oxidative stress, and promotes cell proliferation. LanCL1 reduces cell death via suppression of JNK signaling pathway.
bFGF plays a neuroprotective role by suppressing excessive autophagy and apoptosis after transient global cerebral ischemia in rats
Authors: Sun Dawei , Wang Wenying , Wang Xintao , Wang Yan , Xu Xiaotao , Ping Feng , Du Yu , Jiang Wei , Cui Derong 
Published: February 2018

AbstractTransient global cerebral ischemia (tGCI) is a cerebrovascular disorder that can cause apoptotic neuronal damage and functional deficits. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was reported to be highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and to exert neuroprotective effects against different CNS diseases. However, the effects of bFGF on tGCI have not been studied intensively. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of bFGF and its underlying mechanism in an animal model of tGCI. After intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of bFGF, functional improvement was observed, and the number of viable neurons increased in the ischemia-vulnerable hippocampal CA1 region. Apoptosis was induced after tGCI and could be attenuated by bFGF treatment via inhibition of p53 mitochondrial translocation. In addition, autophagy was activated during this process, and bFGF could inhibit activation of autophagy through the mTOR pathway. Rapamycin, an activator of autophagy, was utilized to explore the relationship among bFGF, apoptosis, and autophagy. Apoptosis deteriorated after rapamycin treatment, which indicated that excessive autophagy could contribute to the apoptosis process. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that bFGF could exert neuroprotective effects in the hippocampal CA1 region by suppressing excessive autophagy via the mTOR pathway and inhibiting apoptosis by preventing p53 mitochondrial translocation. Furthermore, our results suggest that bFGF may be a promising therapeutic agent to for treating tGCI in response to major adverse events, including cardiac arrest, shock, extracorporeal circulation, traumatic hemorrhage, and asphyxiation.
Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis reveals that mouse chemical iPSCs have closer epigenetic features to mESCs than OSKM-integrated iPSCs
Authors: Ping Wangfang , Hu Jian , Hu Gongcheng , Song Yawei , Xia Qing , Yao Mingze , Gong Shixin , Jiang Cizhong , Yao Hongjie 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells can be derived from somatic cells through ectopic expression of transcription factors or chemical cocktails. Chemical iPSCs (C-iPSCs) and OSKM-iPSCs (4F-iPSCs) have been suggested to have similar characteristics to mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). However, their epigenetic equivalence remains incompletely understood throughout the genome. In this study, we have generated mouse C-iPSCs and 4F-iPSCs, and further compared the genome-wide DNA methylomes of C-iPSCs, 4F-iPSCs, and mESCs that were maintained in 2i and LIF. Three pluripotent stem cells tend to be low methylated overall, however, DNA methylations in some specific regions (such as retrotransposons) are cell type-specific. Importantly, C-iPSCs are more hypomethylated than 4F-iPSCs. Bisulfite sequencing indicated that DNA methylation status in several known imprinted clusters, such as: Dlk1-Dio3 and Peg12-Ube3a, in C-iPSCs are closer to those of mESCs than 4F-iPSCs. Overall, our data demonstrate the reprogramming methods-dependent epigenetic differences of C-iPSCs and 4F-iPSCs and reveal that C-iPSCs are more hypomethylated than OSKM-integrated iPSCs.