bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lifetime prevalence and potential determinants of psychotic experiences in the general population of Qatar
Authors: Khaled Salma M. , Wilkins Stacy Schantz , Woodruff Peter 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundTo estimate the lifetime prevalence and potential determinants of psychotic experience(s) (PEs) in the general population of Qatar – a small non-war afflicted, conservative, high-income, middle-eastern country with recent rapid urbanization including an influx of migrants.MethodsA probability-based sample (n = 1353) of non-migrants and migrants were interviewed face-to-face and administered a 7-item psychosis screener adapted from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, the Kessler 6-item psychological distress scale, and the 5 items assessing odd (paranormal) beliefs and magical thinking (OBMT) from the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. Using bivariate and logistic regression analyses, lifetime prevalence rates of PEs were estimated then compared before and after adjustment for socio-demographics, Arab ethnicity, psychological distress, and OBMT.ResultsPrevalence of PEs was 27.9%. Visual hallucinations were most common (12.8%), followed by persecutory delusions (6.7%) and auditory hallucinations (6.9%). Ideas of reference (3.6%) were least prevalent. PEs were significantly higher in Arabs (34.7%) compared with non-Arabs (16.4%, p < 0.001) with the exception of ideas of reference and paranoid delusions. Female gender was associated with a higher prevalence of PEs in the Arab group only (p < 0.001). Prevalence of PEs was significantly higher among Arabs (48.8% v. 15.8%, p < 0.001) and non-Arabs (35.2% v. 7.3%, p < 0.001) with OBMT. Arab ethnicity (OR = 2.10, p = 0.015), psychological distress (OR = 2.29 p = 0.003), and OBMT (OR = 6.25, p < 0.001) were independently associated with PEs after adjustment for all variables.ConclusionsEthnicity, but not migration was independently associated with PEs. Evidence linking Arab ethnicity, female gender, and psychological distress to PEs through associations with OBMT was identified for future prospective investigations.
L'ELETTORATO DEI PARTITI EUROPEI
Authors: Zuckerman Alan , Lichbach Mark I. 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneNel loro «Persistence and Change in Western Party Systems Since World War II», Richard Rose e Derek Urwin presentano ampie prove sulla stabilità della forza elettorale di molti partiti politici europei. Essi riportano in dettaglio la generale assenza di tendenze, i bassi livelli di elasticità e la persistenza della forza elettorale. Rose e Urwin auspicano un riorientamento teorico degli studi sui partiti e sul comportamento elettorale nell'Europa occidentale con le seguenti parole: «Il primo compito degli studiosi di scienze sociali che si occupano dello sviluppo dei partiti e dei sistemi partitici dopo il 1945 deve essere quello di spiegare l'assenza di cambiamenti in un periodo in cui la storia politica è stata tutt'altro che statica». I risultati ai quali essi sono giunti gettano anche dei dubbi sulle ipotesi secondo le quali i cambiamenti nei modelli elettorali conseguono direttamente dalle alterazioni della struttura sociale ed economica dell'Europa dopo la seconda guerra mondiale.
COMUNITÀ EUROPEA: DAL CONSENSO PERMISSIVO ALLA PARTECIPAZIONE POLITICA
Authors: Papisca Antonio 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzionePochi ormai sono propensi a sostenere che l'unificazione europea possa realizzarsi in virtú di meccanismi automatici, intrinseci al processo integrativo. Le dottrine funzionaliste e neofunzionaliste, che hanno teorizzato il cosiddetto effetto di spill-over, cioè il « debordamento » dei comportamenti integrativi dagli iniziali settori « funzionali » dell'economia e della tecnica al settore della politica tout court, sono state definitivamente invalidate dall'esperienza storica. Senza risalire fino al « compromesso » di Lussemburgo del gennaio 1966, che ha dato un brusco colpo di freno al processo integrativo, due recenti avvenimenti, il « consiglio europeo » di Roma dell'1 e 2 dicembre 1975 — durante il quale sette delegazioni governative su nove si sono impegnate ad indire le prime elezioni, a suffragio universale e diretto, del Parlamento europeo entro la primavera del 1978 —, e la presentazione del « rapporto Tindemans » sull'Unione europea, stanno a dimostrare che la piú importante, e forse unica, variabile indipendente dell'unificazione a livello internazionale è costituita dalla « volontà politica » quale espressa, dai governi statuali nazionali interessati, in occasione dei « momenti genetici di sopranazionalità ». In altre parole, i fattori decisivi per l'unificazione europea vanno ricercati all'interno dei meccanismi di funzionamento non della Comunità europea, ma del distinto e sopra-ordinato sistema intergovernativo europeo nel quale si è istituzionalizzata la cosiddetta « unione » degli stati costitutori. Le vicende del sistema comunitario europeo, nell'arco dei suoi quasi cinque lustri di vita, confermano puntualmente questa tesi. Pur trattandosi di un processo di unificazione a larghe dimensioni ed organizzato « politicamente », — nel senso che possiede strutture capaci di assegnare, con una certa autonomia, determinati valori sociali vincolanti per i destinatari —, non si è verificato nel suo ambito alcun significativo effetto di debordamento « di scopo » dall'iniziale ventaglio di competenze e poteri ad altri settori, piú decisivi ai fini di una completa unificazione, come quelli della politica estera e della difesa militare. E non si è neppure verificato un significativo debordamento in profondità (spill-over « di livello »), limitatamente agli stessi settori economici: l'unione economica e monetaria, per quanto decisa nel 1971, è ancora di là da venire; nel settore dell'energia nucleare (Euratom), l'unificazione si è addirittura contratta.
PER UN'ANALISI DEI RAPPORTI TRA PARTITI SOCIALISTI E COMUNISTI IN ITALIA E FRANCIA
Authors: Bartolini Stefano 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneL'attualità del tema generale dei rapporti tra socialisti e comunisti in Italia e Francia risulta evidente semplicemente guardando alla messe dei lavori giornalistici ad esso dedicati in tutte le piú importanti riviste del mondo occidentale. La rilevanza politica di questi rapporti necessita ancor meno di essere sottolineata in un periodo in cui le chances politiche della sinistra nel complesso sono crescenti in entrambi i paesi.
IL DIBATTITO POLITOLOGICO NELLA REPUBBLICA FEDERALE TEDESCA
Authors: Caciagli Mario 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneÈ stato spesso rilevato che la scienza politica fu percepita nell'università tedesca del dopoguerra, anche per le ragioni per cui vi era stata introdotta, come un insegnamento dai contorni incerti e sostanzialmente estraneo rispetto a discipline di piú antica tradizione e riconosciuta dignità accademica. Inoltre la scienza politica, per com'era proposta e praticata, veniva ad invadere inopportunamente territori altrui. La sua stessa presenza istituzionale in tre diverse facoltà, indicata dagli avversari quale prova di come fossero poco chiari la sua identità e i suoi fini, era anche denunciata come pretesa di egemonia o almeno di eccessivo ingombro. D'altronde, gli stessi rappresentanti della nuova disciplina contribuivano non poco a renderne discutibili collocazione e definizione.
Rationalization is rational
Authors: Cushman Fiery 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Rationalization occurs when a person has performed an action and then concocts the beliefs and desires that would have made it rational. Then, people often adjust their own beliefs and desires to match the concocted ones. While many studies demonstrate rationalization, and a few theories describe its underlying cognitive mechanisms, we have little understanding of its function. Why is the mind designed to construct post hoc rationalizations of its behavior, and then to adopt them? This may accomplish an important task: transferring information between the different kinds of processes and representations that influence our behavior. Human decision making does not rely on a single process; it is influenced by reason, habit, instinct, norms, and so on. Several of these influences are not organized according to rational choice (i.e., computing and maximizing expected value). Rationalization extracts implicit information – true beliefs and useful desires – from the influence of these non-rational systems on behavior. This is a useful fiction – fiction, because it imputes reason to non-rational psychological processes; useful, because it can improve subsequent reasoning. More generally, rationalization belongs to the broader class of representational exchange mechanisms, which transfer information between many different kinds of psychological representations that guide our behavior. Representational exchange enables us to represent any information in the manner best suited to the particular tasks that require it, balancing accuracy, efficiency, and flexibility in thought. The theory of representational exchange reveals connections between rationalization and theory of mind, inverse reinforcement learning, thought experiments, and reflective equilibrium.
The moral psychology of obligation
Authors: Tomasello Michael 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Although psychologists have paid scant attention to the sense of obligation as a distinctly human motivation, moral philosophers have identified two of its key features: First, it has a peremptory, demanding force, with a kind of coercive quality, and second, it is often tied to agreement-like social interactions (e.g., promises) in which breaches prompt normative protest, on the one side, and apologies, excuses, justifications, and guilt on the other. Drawing on empirical research in comparative and developmental psychology, I provide here a psychological foundation for these unique features by showing that the human sense of obligation is intimately connected developmentally with the formation of a shared agent “we,” which not only directs collaborative efforts but also self-regulates them. Thus, children's sense of obligation is first evident inside, but not outside, of collaborative activities structured by joint agency with a partner, and it is later evident in attitudes toward in-group, but not out-group, members connected by collective agency. When you and I voluntarily place our fate in one another's hands in interdependent collaboration – scaled up to our lives together in an interdependent cultural group – this transforms the instrumental pressure that individuals feel when pursuing individual goals into the pressure that “we” put on me (who needs to preserve my cooperative identity in this “we”) to live up to our shared expectations: a we > me self-regulation. The human sense of obligation may therefore be seen as a kind of self-conscious motivation.
Who feeds information to regulators? Stakeholder diversity in European Union regulatory agency consultations
Authors: Beyers Jan , Arras Sarah 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTo design regulatory policies, agencies depend on information from the industries they are tasked to regulate. Therefore, agencies can organise consultations with the aim of obtaining information from different perspectives. This article focuses on stakeholder diversity in agency public consultations. We ask to what extent is information provided by stakeholders other than the regulated sector, such as other business interests, experts or nonbusiness interests? Stakeholder diversity is relevant as it may prevent agencies to become exposed to one-sided information and capture by specialised interests. Are there consultation design factors that foster consultation diversity? Or, is (a lack of) consultation diversity structurally shaped by the context in which an agency operates? Analysing a wide range of public consultations organised by European Union regulatory agencies indicates that most information agencies receive via consultations comes from regulated interests and that the limited participation of nonregulated interests is highly tenacious.
The Evolution of Comet Orbits
Authors: Everhart Edgar 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis review states and defends seven conclusions on the origin of comets and the evolution of their orbits:1.There is a N-½ law of survival of comets against ejection on hyperbolic orbits, where N is the number of perihelion passages.2.The short-period comets are not created by single close encounters of near-parabolic comets with Jupiter.3.Observable long-period comets do not evolve into observable short-period comets.4.Unobservable long-period comets with perihelia near Jupiter can evolve into observable short-period comets.5.Long-period comets cannot have been formed or created within the planetary region of the solar system. (This conclusion is somewhat qualified because of possible effects of stellar perturbations. )6.It is possible that some of ths short-period comets could have been formed inside the orbit of Neptune, but it is certain that others have the same distant source as the long-period comets.7.The circularly-restricted 3-body problem, and its associated Jacobi integral, are not valid approximations to use in studying origin and evolution of comets.
Review of Investigations Performed in the U.S.S.R. on Close Approaches of Comets to Jupiter and the Evolution of Cometary Orbits
Authors: Kazimirchak-Polonskaya E. I. 
Published: May 2019

The problem of the cosmogony of the solar system has long occupied a central position in astronomical research. The origin of comets plays a substantial role in the solution to this problem. It is therefore necessary to study in detail the “original” and “future” orbits of the comets with nearly parabolic orbits and to examine in particular the great orbical changes that take place when comets pass within the spheres of action of the giant planets.In the U S.S.R. — especially at the Institute for Theoretical Astronomy (I.T.A.) in Leningrad — considerable attention is paid to investigations of this type. In this respect it is useful to refer to IAU Symposium No. 45, organized in Leningrad in 1970, and in particular to the introductory report by Chebotarev (1972)
Use of Real-World Data Sources for Canadian Drug Pricing and Reimbursement Decisions: Stakeholder Views and Lessons for Other Countries
Authors: Husereau Don , Nason Edward , Ahuja Tarun , Nikaï Enkeleida , Tsakonas Eva , Jacobs Philip 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundCanada has a long history of the use of clinical evidence to support healthcare decision making. Given improvements in data holdings and analytic capacity in Canada and stakeholder interest, the purpose of this study is to reflect on perceptions of the value of real-world evidence in pricing and reimbursement decisions, barriers to its optimal use in pricing and reimbursement, current initiatives that may lead to its increased use, and what role the pharmaceutical industry may play in this.Methods/ResultsTo capture stakeholder perceptions, ninety-one participants identified as key stakeholders were identified according to background roles and geography and invited to participate in four round table discussions conducted under Chatham House rule. Important themes emerging from these discussions included: (i) the need to understand what “real world” evidence means; (ii) barriers to using real world evidence from differences in access, governance, inter-operability, system structures, expertise, and quality across Canadian health systems; (iii) differing views on industry's role.ConclusionsThe use of real-world data in Canada to inform pricing and reimbursement decisions is far from routine but nascent and slowly increasing. Barriers, including interoperability concerns, may also apply to other federated health systems that need to focus on the networking of healthcare administrative data across provincial jurisdictional boundaries. There also appears to be a desire to see better use of pragmatic trials linked to these administrative data sets. Emerging initiatives are under way to use real world evidence more broadly, and include identification of common data elements and approaches to networking data.
Power of discourse in free trade agreement negotiation
Authors: Wang Yan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article illustrates the power of discourse in free trade agreement (FTA) negotiation, elucidating the concept from the perspective of a country’s abilities of rule control, rule assimilation and rule contestation. To enhance rule control, the G2 (the US and EU) have chosen their FTA partners, designed the FTA rules, and offered offensive-defensive exchange strategically. They have approached weak or trade-dependent parties first in FTA negotiation, innovated new rules to accelerate FTA negotiation, skillfully constructed intentional ambiguity and exemptions to remove rule discrepancies and made offensive-defensive exchange with their negotiating parties. Some of these strategies have been copied by China although in a different way. Further, a template approach for negotiating an FTA and exporting domestic laws and normative values to others contributes to the G2’s rule assimilation. A de facto FTA template has also been established by China recently, but its legal culture and political stance have led it to sign incomplete contracts and tolerate rule differences with its negotiating parties instead of transposition of domestic law. In facing the rival rules adopted by their competitors, the G2 have incorporated counteractive rules in their FTAs with their competitors’ close trading nations. China has also contested rules treating China as a non-market economy in its FTAs, but its stance toward state-owned enterprises (SOE) disciplines and rules forbidding forced technology transfer is milder due to its lack of experience in dealing with unfavourable rules.
Attrition in Longitudinal Data is Primarily Selective with Respect to Level Rather than Rate of Change
Authors: Salthouse Timothy A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectives: An important question in longitudinal research is whether the individuals who discontinue participation differ in their level of, or their change in, cognitive functioning relative to individuals who return for subsequent occasions. Methods: Performance in five cognitive domains was examined in nearly 5000 participants between 18 and 85 years of age who completed between one and five longitudinal occasions. Results: Little or no differences in cognitive performance were apparent between young adults who did or did not return for subsequent longitudinal occasions. However, among adults above about 45 years of age, returning participants had higher levels of cognitive performance, but approximately similar magnitude of longitudinal change, as participants completing fewer occasions. Conclusions: These results suggest that generalizability of longitudinal comparisons may be restricted to individuals with relatively high levels of cognitive functioning, but that rates of cognitive change are nearly comparable for individuals completing different numbers of longitudinal occasions.
Family caregiving for persons with advanced heart failure: An integrative review
Authors: Hodson Alexandra Rae , Peacock Shelley , Holtslander Lorraine 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe unique needs of caregivers of those with advanced heart failure (HF) are not effectively being met, and reports of physical and mental health challenges are common. The objective is to identify the current state of the literature related to family caregivers of persons with advanced HF, ascertain gaps that require further exploration, and provide preliminary practice recommendations based on the results.MethodSystematic review of quantitative and qualitative literature. A search of CINAHL, Medline, EMBASE, and PubMed identified 24 articles that met inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using the constant comparison method and coded. Thematic analysis was used to develop themes.ResultSixteen qualitative and seven quantitative studies met inclusion criteria. Analysis of these studies identified six key areas: (1) undertaking a journey in a state of flux, (2) gaining strength, (3) forgetting oneself along the way, (4) seeking out sources of support, (5) preparing for end of life, and (6) finding closure.Significance of resultsThe healthcare system currently struggles to meet the care demands of patients with chronic conditions such as advanced HF; as such, informal caregivers are undertaking key roles in the management of symptoms and promotion of the health of those with advanced HF. When caregivers are not adequately prepared for their role, both patient and caregiver well-being is compromised; therefore, a deeper understanding of the caregiving experience could assist in identifying the cause of caregiver anxiety and result in the development of strategies to minimize its effects. Overall, this review will also contribute to improving the current practice when working with caregivers of persons with advanced HF and serve as a basis for development of evidence informed interventions in the future.
Verifying a concept of adaptive communication with LEO satellites using SDR-based simulations
Authors: Kozłowski S. , Kurek K. , Skarzyński J. , Szczygielska K. , Darmetko M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe paper is related to an adaptive satellite communication system for data transmission from small, low cost, low Earth orbit satellites. Tests run in a set-up consisting of a number of software-defined radio (SDR) modules operating as a satellite, a ground station, and a satellite channel simulator, have shown that by changing modulation scheme and code rate one can obtain increase of amount of data which can be downloaded from a satellite during a single pass over a ground station approximately by a factor of 2. To determine data rates obtainable in an SDR system using a common personal computer as a digital signal processing device, execution times of particular processing steps involved in the reception process were measured.
ISM 2.45 GHz band high-efficient 15 W GaN HEMT power amplifier: design validation
Authors: Góralczyk Marcin , Wojtasiak Wojciech 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis paper describes the development of a power amplifier operating over a 2.4–2.5 GHz frequency range with the output power level more than 15 W and 60% PAE. The transistor applied was the 10 W (13 W Psat) power GaN HEMT (CGH40010F from Wolfspeed) recommended up to 6 GHz. A harmonic tuning method was used to achieve even 30% more output power than the CGH40010 transistor was specified to deliver while maintaining high gain and high efficiency. Furthermore, an accuracy analysis of amplifier design was also conducted. It included validation and correction of the available transistor models as well as validation of the models of microstrip circuits implemented in ADS. Finally, it was concluded that both the mentioned sources of errors contributed at a similar level.
Difference between body composition of formula- and breastfed infants at birth
Authors: Smith Hazel Ann , O’B Hourihane Jonathan , Kenny Louise C. , Kiely Mairead , Leahy-Warren P. , Dahly Darren L. , Murray Deirdre M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBreastfeeding may reduce obesity risk, but this association could be confounded by breastfeeding families’ characteristics. We investigated if body composition differs at birth among infants who were either exclusively breast- or formula-fed. We hypothesized the two groups would differ in body composition, even at birth, prior to their post-natal feeding experience. Healthy primiparous carrying singleton pregnancy were recruited at 15 weeks’ gestation. PEA POD® measured body composition within 72 hours of delivery and infant feeding was prospectively captured. Out of the 1,152 infants recruited, 117 (10.2%) and 239 (20.7%) went on to be either exclusively breast- or formula-fed, respectively. Breastfed infants were heavier at birth, but their percentage fat mass (FM) was lower than that of exclusively formula-fed infants (covariate adjusted β = −1.91 percentage points of FM; 95% CI −2.82 to −1.01). Differences in intra-uterine exposures, irrespective of early diet, may partly explain an infant’s obesity risk.