bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Mortality Rates in the US and Projections Through 2040
Authors: Qiu Sikai , Cai Jiangying , Yang Zhanpeng , He Xinyuan , Xing Zixuan , Zu Jian , Xie Enrui , Henry Linda , Chong Custis R. , John Esther M. , Cheung Ramsey , Ji Fanpu , Nguyen Mindie H. 
Published: November 2024

ImportanceThe burden of liver cancer varies worldwide. An upward trend in both hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence and mortality in the past 2 decades has been observed.ObjectiveTo assess observed HCC-related age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) in the US for 2006 to 2022 and provide ASMR projections through 2040.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used data from the National Vital Statistics System, which is accessible through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research website. Data on deaths attributed to HCC (from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2022) were obtained for adults 25 years or older and were stratified by liver disease etiology, age, sex, and race and ethnicity. Etiologies included alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcomes were (1) observed ASMRs of HCC per 100 000 persons using Joinpoint regression (National Cancer Institute) to assess trends during 2006 to 2022 and (2) ASMRs projected for 2023 to 2040 using Prophet and AutoARIMA modeling.ResultsThis study included 188 280 HCC-related deaths from 2006 to 2022. Most deaths occurred among males (77.4%). The annual percentage change was 4.1% (95% CI, 2.2% to 7.7%) for 2006 to 2009 and decreased to 1.8% (95% CI, 0.7% to 2.0%) for 2009 to 2022, with an overall observed ASMR of 5.03 per 100 000 persons in 2022 and a projected ASMR of 6.39 per 100 000 persons by 2040, with consistent trends for both sexes. By etiology, ASMRs decreased for HCV- and HBV-related mortality but increased for ALD- and MASLD-related mortality. In 2022, MASLD surpassed HBV as the third-leading cause of HCC-related death and was projected to overtake HCV in 2032 as the second-leading cause; ALD was projected to be the leading cause of HCC-related death in 2026. In 2022, the ASMR was higher among individuals aged 65 years or older compared with those aged 25 to 64 years (18.37 vs 1.79 per 100 000 persons). The American Indian or Alaska Native population had the largest increase in projected ASMR by 2040 (14.71 per 100 000 persons) compared with the Asian population (3.03 per 100 000 persons).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study, ASMRs for ALD- and MASLD-related HCC death increased rapidly from 2006 to 2022; ALD-related HCC was projected to be the leading cause by 2026, with MASLD as the second-leading cause by 2032. These findings may serve as a reference for public health decision-making and timely identification of groups at high risk of HCC death.
Clinical Presentation, Investigation Findings, and Outcomes of IgG4-Related Pachymeningitis
Authors: Terrim Sara , Mahler João Vitor , Filho Flávio Vieira Marques , Lucato Leandro Tavares , Giardini Henrique Mayrink , Adoni Tarso , Silva Guilherme Diogo 
Published: November 2024

ImportanceImmunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)–related disease is an increasingly recognized fibroinflammatory condition that can involve multiple organs, including the pachymeninges. The understanding of IgG4-related pachymeningitis (IgG4-RP) remains limited because of its rarity and the predominance of knowledge derived from case reports and case series.ObjectiveTo systematically review and synthesize the clinical presentation, investigation findings, and prognosis of IgG4-RP to better understand its diagnosis and management.Evidence ReviewA comprehensive systematic review was conducted following guidelines from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses. PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus were searched from their inception until May 30, 2023, using terms related to IgG4-related disease and pachymeningitis without language or publication restrictions. Case reports and series that met the 2020 Revised Comprehensive Diagnostic Criteria or the 2019 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria were included. Data on clinical presentations, investigation findings, and treatment outcomes were extracted and summarized.FindingsA total of 148 case reports contributed data from 208 patients. Their median (IQR) age was 52 (39-62) years; 132 patients were male (63.5%) and 76 female (36.5%). Headache and cranial nerve dysfunctions were the most common neurological manifestations. Systemic involvement was identified in nearly half of the patients. Diagnostic imaging often showed preferential involvement of cavernous sinus and middle fossa. Laboratory results highlighted elevated serum IgG4 levels in 97 of 147 patients (65%) of patients and cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis in 43 of 82 patients (52%). Storiform fibrosis or obliterating phlebitis were uncommon pathological findings. Mortality was below 1% (1/134; 0.7%), but only a third of patients presented complete clinical improvement, and the recurrence rate was 60 patients (40%) in a median (IQR) follow-up time of 9 (1-20) months. Glucocorticoids were the most commonly prescribed treatment, in 143 of 169 patients (85%); rituximab was prescribed as maintenance therapy in 53 of 169 patients (31%).Conclusions and RelevanceIgG4-RP commonly presents with headaches and cranial nerve dysfunction, posing diagnostic challenges due to the significant absence of systemic manifestations, low IgG4 serum levels, and atypical pathological findings. Current treatment outcomes are limited by incomplete recovery and frequent relapses underscoring the necessity for new treatment strategies.
Adaptive Random Weighted H∞ Estimation for System Noise Statistics
Authors: Gao Zhaohui , Zhong Yongmin , Zong Hua , Gao Guangle 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTThe Kalman filter is an important technique for system state estimation. It requires the exact knowledge of system noise statistics to achieve optimal state estimation. However, in practice, this knowledge is often unknown or inaccurate due to uncertainties and disturbances involved in the dynamic environment, leading to degraded or even divergent Kalman filtering solutions. This paper proposes a novel method of H∞ filtering‐based on adaptive random weighted estimation to address this issue. It combines the H∞ filter with random weighted concept to estimate system noise statistics. Random weighting theories are established based on the state estimate and state error covariance of the H∞ filter to estimate both process noise statistics and measurement noise statistics. Subsequently, the estimated system noise statistics are fed back into the Kalman filtering process for system state estimation. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively estimate system noise statistics, leading to improved accuracy for system state estimation.
Unlocking the Origin of High‐Temperature Superconductivity in Molecular Hydrides at Moderate Pressures
Authors: Zhao Wendi , Ellis Austin , Duan Defang , Wang Hongwei , Jiang Qiwen , Du Mingyang , Cui Tian , Miao Maosheng 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe current pressing challenge in the field of superconducting hydride research is to lower the stable pressure of such materials for practical applications. Molecular hydrides are usually stable under moderate pressure, but the underlying metallization mechanism remains elusive. Here, the important role of chemical interactions in governing the structures and properties of molecular hydrides is demonstrated. A new mechanism is proposed for obtaining high‐temperature and even room‐temperature superconductivity in molecular hydrides and report that the ternary hydride NaKH12 hosts Tc values up to 245 K at moderate pressure of 60 GPa. Both the excellent stability and superconductivity of NaKH12 originate from the fact that the localized electrons in the interstitial region of the metal lattice occupying the crystal orbitals well matched with the hydrogen lattice and forming chemical templates to assist the assembly of H2 units. These localized electrons weaken the H─H covalent bonds and improve the charge connectivity between the H2 units, ensuring the strong coupling between electrons and hydrogen‐dominated optical phonons. The theory provides a key perspective for understanding the superconductivity of molecular hydrides with various structural motifs, opening the door to obtaining high‐temperature superconductors from molecular hydrides at moderate pressures.
Cartilage Endplate‐Targeted Engineered Exosome Releasing and Acid Neutralizing Hydrogel Reverses Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Authors: Zhan Jiawen , Cui Yongzhi , Zhang Ping , Du Yuxuan , Hecker Prisca , Zhou Shuaiqi , Liang Yupeng , Zhang Weiye , Jin Zhefeng , Wang Yuan , Gao Weihang , Moroz Oleksandr , Zhu Liguo , Zhang Xiaoguang , Zhao Ke 
Published: November 2024

AbstractCartilage endplate cell (CEPC) and nucleus pulposus cell (NPC) inflammation are critical factors that contribute to intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). Recent evidence indicated that iron ion influx, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the cGAS‐STING pathway are involved in CEPC inflammatory degeneration. Moreover, cytokines produced by degenerating CEPCs and lactic acid accumulation within the microenvironment significantly contribute to NPC inflammation. Consequently, simultaneous alleviation of CEPC inflammation and correction of the acidic microenvironment are anticipated to reverse IVDD. Herein, CEPC‐targeted engineered exosomes loaded with salvianolic acid A are incorporated into a CaCO3/chitosan hydrogel, forming a composite gel, CAP‐sEXOs@Gel. Notably, CAP‐sEXOs@Gel shows long local retention, realizes the slow release of CAP‐sEXOs and specific uptake by CEPCs. After uptake by CEPCs, CAP‐sEXOs reduce intracellular iron ion and ROS by inhibiting hypoxia‐inducible factor‐2α (HIF‐2α)/TfR1 expression. Iron ion influx and ROS inhibition contribute to the maintenance of normal mitochondrial function and reduced mtDNA leakage, suppresing the cGAS‐STING pathway. Additionally, the CaCO3 component of CAP‐sEXOs@Gel neutralizes H+, thereby alleviating NPC inflammation. Collectively, this novel composite hydrogel demonstrates the ability to concurrently inhibit CEPC and NPC inflammation, thereby presenting a promising therapeutic approach for IVDD.
Materials Design by Constructing Phase Diagrams for Defects
Authors: Zhou Xuyang , Mathews Prince , Berkels Benjamin , Delis Wassilios , Saood Saba , Shamseldeen Ali Alhassan Amel , Keuter Philipp , Schneider Jochen M. , Korte‐Kerzel Sandra , Sandlöbes‐Haut Stefanie , Raabe Dierk , Neugebauer Jörg , Dehm Gerhard , Hickel Tilmann , Scheu Christina , Zhang Siyuan 
Published: November 2024

AbstractPhase transformations and crystallographic defects are two essential tools to drive innovations in materials. Bulk materials design via tuning chemical compositions is systematized using phase diagrams. It is shown here that the same thermodynamic concept can be applied to manipulate the chemistry at defects. Grain boundaries in Mg–Ga system are chosen as a model system, because Ga segregates to the boundaries, while simultaneously improving the strength and ductility of Mg alloys. To reveal the role of grain boundaries, correlated atomic‐scale characterization and simulation to scope and build phase diagrams for defects are presented. The discovery is enabled by triggering phase transformations of individual grain boundaries through local alloying, and sequentially imaging the structural and chemical changes using atomic‐resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. Ab initio simulations determined the thermodynamic stability of grain boundary phases, and found out that increasing Ga content enhances grain boundary cohesion, relating to improved ductility. The methodology to trigger, trace, and simulate defect transformation at atomic resolution enables a systematic development of defect phase diagrams, providing a valuable tool to utilize chemical complexity and phase transformations at defects.
Universal Approach for Managing Iodine Migration in Inverted Single‐Junction and Tandem Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Song Zhenhua , Sun Kexuan , Meng Yuanyuan , Zhu Zewei , Wang Yaohua , Zhang Weifu , Bai Yang , Lu Xiaoyi , Tian Ruijia , Liu Chang , Ge Ziyi 
Published: November 2024

AbstractDespite significant progress in the power‐conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the instability of devices remains a considerable obstacle for commercial applications. This instability primarily originates from the migration of halide ions—particularly iodide ions (I−). Under light exposure and thermal stress, I− migrates and transforms into I2, leading to irreversible degradation and performance loss. To address this issue, we introduced the additive 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole,5,6‐difluoro‐4,7‐bis(4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolan‐2‐yl) (BT2F‐2B) into the perovskite. The strong coordination between the unhybridized p orbital and lone‐pair electrons from I− inhibits the deprotonation of MAI/FAI and the subsequent conversion of I− to I₂. The highly electronegative fluorine enhances its electrostatic interaction with I−. Consequently, the synergistic effect of BT2F‐2B effectively suppresses the decomposition of perovskite and the defect density of the iodide vacancies. This approach delivers a PCE over 26% for inverted single‐junction PSCs, with exceptional operational stability. According to the ISOS‐L‐3 testing protocol (maximum power point tracking at 85 °C and 50% relative humidity), treated PSCs retain 85% of their original PCE after 1000 h of aging. When the BT2F‐2B is applied to a wide‐bandgap (1.77 eV) perovskite system, the PCE of all‐perovskite tandem solar cells reaches 27.8%, confirming the universality of the proposed strategy.
Design Principles for Enhancing Both Carrier Mobility and Stretchability in Polymer Semiconductors via Lewis Acid Doping
Authors: Weng Yu‐Ching , Kang Chung‐Chieh , Chang Ting‐Wei , Tsai Yi‐Ting , Khan Shahid , Hung Tzu‐Ming , Shih Chien‐Chung 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWith the rise of skin‐like electronics, devices are increasingly coming into close contact with the human body, creating a demand for polymer semiconductors (PSCs) that combine stretchability with reliable electrical performance. However, balancing mechanical robustness with high carrier mobility remains a challenge. To address this, tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF) for Lewis acid doping is proposed to improve charge mobility while enhancing stretchability by increasing structural disorder. Through systematic investigation, several key structural principles have been identified to maximize the effectiveness of BCF doping in stretchable PSCs. Notably, increasing the lamellar stacking distance and reducing crystallinity facilitate the incorporation of BCF into the alkyl side‐chain regions, thereby enhancing both mobility and stretchability. Conversely, stronger Lewis base groups in the main chain negatively impact these improvements. These results demonstrate that with a small addition of BCF, a two‐fold increase in carrier mobility is achieved while simultaneously enhancing the crack onset strain to 100%. Furthermore, doped PSCs exhibit stable mobility retention under repeated 30% strains over 1000 cycles. This method of decoupling carrier mobility from mechanical properties opens up new avenues in the search for high‐mobility stretchable PSCs.
Effective Dual Cation Release in Quasi‐2D Perovskites for Ultrafast UV Light‐Powered Imaging
Authors: Zhang Xinyu , Li Ziqing , Hong Enliu , Yan Tingting , Fang Xiaosheng 
Published: November 2024

AbstractRuddlesden‐Popper quasi‐2D perovskites represent robust candidates for optoelectronic applications, achieving a delicate balance between outstanding photoresponse and stability. However, mitigating the internal defects in polycrystalline films remains challenging, and their optoelectronic performances still lag behind that of their 3D counterparts. This work highlights the profound impact of defect passivation at the buried interface and grain boundaries through a dual‐cation‐release strategy. Cations released from the pre‐deposited inorganic iodide buffer layer effectively repair deep‐level defects by inducing low‐dimensional phase reconstruction and interacting with undercoordinated ions. The resulting quasi‐2D perovskite polycrystalline films feature large grain size (>2 µm) and minimum surface roughness, along with alleviated out‐of‐plane residual tensile strain, which is beneficial for inhibiting the initiation and propagation of cracks. The fabricated photodetector demonstrates drastically improved self‐powered photoresponse capability, with maximum responsivity up to 0.41 A W−1 at 430 nm and an ultrafast response speed of 161 ns / 1.91 µs. Moreover, this strategy is compatible with the photolithography‐assisted hydrophobic‐hydrophilic patterning process for fabricating pixelated photodetector arrays, which enables high‐sensitivity imaging. This study presents a feasible defect passivation approach in quasi‐2D perovskites, thereby providing insights into the fabrication of high‐performance optoelectronic devices.
Synergistic Modulation of Orientation and Steric Hindrance Induced by Alkyl Chain Length in Ammonium Salt Passivator Toward High‐performance Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules
Authors: Gao Wenhuan , Ding Jike , Ma Quanxing , Zhang Hong , Zhang Jiajia , Zhang Zuolin , Li Mengjia , Wang Yang , Zhang Boxue , Pauporté Thierry , Tang Jian‐Xin , Chen Jiangzhao , Chen Cong 
Published: November 2024

AbstractOrganic ammonium salts are extensively utilized for passivating surface defects in perovskite films to mitigate trap‐assisted nonradiative recombination. However, the influence of alkyl chain length on the molecular orientation and spatial steric hindrance of ammonium salt remains underexplored, hindering advancements in more effective passivators. Here, a series of organic ammonium salts is reported with varying alkyl chain lengths to passivate surface defects and optimize band alignment. It is revealed that long alkyl chains promote parallel molecular orientation on the perovskite surface, thereby reinforcing interaction with surface defects, whereas excessive chain length introduces steric hindrance, weakening anion‐perovskite interactions. Nonylammonium acetate (NAAc) with optimal chain length achieves the ideal balance between chemical interactions, resulting in superior passivation. Through NAAc passivation, high‐performance inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and modules are achieved, with power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 25.79% (certified 25.12%) and 19.62%, respectively. This marks a record PCE for inverted PSCs utilizing vacuum flash technology in ambient conditions. Additionally, the NAAc‐passivated devices retain 91% of their initial PCE after 1200 h of continuous maximum power point operation. This work offers new insights into the interplay between molecular orientation and steric hindrance, advancing the design of high‐performance PSCs.
High Reverse Intersystem Crossing Rate Diminishes the Impact of Conformational Disorder Phenomenon in Solid‐State TADF
Authors: Serevičius Tomas , Skaisgiris Rokas , Tumkevičius Sigitas , Dodonova‐Vaitkūnienė Jelena , Juršėnas Saulius 
Published: November 2024

AbstractEmbedding donor–acceptor type thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules in a rigid surrounding lead to structural inhomogeneity, and deteriorating emission decay rates. Designing TADF structures with hampered rotational flexibility between donor and acceptor structural units is shown to lower the conformational disorder. However, in this work, it is shown that it is not always enough. In fact, the negative impact of conformational inhomogeneity may be reduced by lowering the singlet‐triplet energy gap (ΔEST) and boosting the reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) rate while preserving the same donor‐acceptor orientation. In such cases the lower ΔEST enables the early triplet upconversion even from the conformers with unfavorably low D‐A twist angles, which is not observed in compounds with larger ΔEST. In this way, the temporal shifts of prompt and delayed fluorescence are evidently reduced. When the reverse intersystem crossing is inactive at low temperatures, nearly the same fluorescence peak shifts are observed, as expected for compounds with similar molecular geometry. In this way, low ΔEST and rapid rISC are shown to be of fundamental importance not only for TADF efficiency but also for the temporal dynamics in the solid‐state.
WAC Facilitates Mitophagy‐mediated MSC Osteogenesis and New Bone Formation via Protecting PINK1 from Ubiquitination‐Dependent Degradation
Authors: Fan Shuai , Li Jinteng , Zheng Guan , Ma Ziyue , Peng Xiaoshuai , Xie Zhongyu , Liu Wenjie , Yu Wenhui , Lin Jiajie , Su Zepeng , Xu Peitao , Wang Peng , Wu Yanfeng , Shen Huiyong , Ye Guiwen 
Published: November 2024

AbstractOsteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and treatment of bone‐related conditions such as osteoporosis and bone regeneration. While the WW domain‐containing coiled‐coil adaptor (WAC) protein is primarily associated with transcriptional regulation and autophagy, its involvement in MSC osteogenesis remains unclear. Here, the data reveal that the levels of WAC are diminished in both osteoporosis patients and osteoporosis mouse models. It plays a pivotal function in facilitating MSC osteogenesis and enhancing new bone formation both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, WAC promotes MSC osteogenesis by protecting PINK1, a crucial initiator of mitophagy, from ubiquitination‐dependent degradation thereby activating mitophagy. Interestingly, WAC interacts with the TM domains of PINK1 and prevents the K137 site from ubiquitination modification. The study elucidates the mechanism by which WAC modulates MSC osteogenesis, binds to PINK1 to protect it from ubiquitination, and identifies potential therapeutic targets for osteoporosis and bone defect repair.
Ultra‐Long‐Term Anti‐Inflammatory Polyphenol Capsule to Remodel the Microenvironment for Accelerating Osteoarthritis Healing by Single Dosage
Authors: Wei Shaoyin , Shou Zeyu , Yang Dong , Sun Linxiao , Guo Yan , Wang Yang , Zan Xingjie , Li Lianxin , Zhang Chunwu 
Published: November 2024

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) is a common chronic inflammatory disease that leads to disability and death. Existing therapeutic agents often require frequent use, which can lead to drug resistance and long‐term side effects. Polyphenols have anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant potential. However, they are limited by their short half‐life and low bioavailability. This work presents a novel pure polyphenol capsule for sustained release of polyphenols, which is self‐assembled via hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds. The capsule enhances cellular uptake, scavenges reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, reduces inflammatory markers, and remodels the OA microenvironment by inhibiting the p38 MAPK pathway. The capsule overcomes the limitations of short half‐life and low bioavailability of polyphenols and achieves single‐dose cure in mouse and dog OA models, providing an optimal therapeutic window for OA repair. Taking advantage of simple manufacturing, convenient administration, and pure polyphenol composition, these capsules show great potential for clinical treatment of osteoarthritis and chronic inflammatory diseases.