bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ML-based calibration and control of the GlueX Central Drift Chamber
Authors: Britton T. , Goodrich M. , Jarvis N. , Jeske T. , Kalra N. , Lawrence D. , McSpadden D. , Rajput K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The GlueX Central Drift Chamber (CDC) in Hall D at Jefferson Lab, used for detecting and tracking charged particles, is calibrated and controlled during data taking using a Gaussian process. The system dynamically adjusts the high voltage applied to the anode wires inside the chamber in response to changing environmental and experimental conditions such that the gain is stabilized. Control policies have been established to manage the CDC's behavior. These policies are activated when the model's uncertainty exceeds a configurable threshold or during human-initiated tests during normal production running. We demonstrate the system reduces the time detector experts dedicate to calibration of the data offline, leading to a marked decrease in computing resource usage without compromising detector performance.
ATLAS ITk-Pixel DAQ system
Authors: Alkakhi Wael ,   the ATLAS ITk collaboration
Published: November 2024

Abstract
During the ATLAS High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) upgrade, the current inner detector is going to be replaced by an all-silicon Inner Tracker (ITk). The pixel detector, located in the innermost part of the ITk, comprises 9716 modules arranged in 5 cylindrical layers around the beam line. The ITk-Pixel Data AcQuisition (DAQ) system basic read-out chain includes the YARR software, communicating with the FELIX PCIe board acting as an interface connected through lpGBT transceivers to the on-detector front-end (FE) chips ITkPix. The FEs are grouped in triplet (3-FE) and mostly in 4-FE Quad Modules (QM), that are installed on local supports, which are integral parts of the ITk structure. The FELIX system is also used for performing Quality Control (QC) tests during integration. The work describes the development steps and corresponding testing and read-out chain validation results. A representative read-out sub-system will be used to develop and validate the different aspects of the read-out chain. This subsystem can be a Loaded Local Support (LLS) comprising few tens of ITkPix QMs with serial powering (SP) and opto-box connection. In order to have the readout chain validated, developments on trigger and command sending and data reading of YARR FelixClient controller were consequently required, working first on a lab setup with a couple of ITkPix single chip cards (SCCs) and QMs. This step has been carried out successfully, paving the road to the next LLS sub-system readout test, once more QMs are available.
Towards sustainable urban water management: an ecological compensation framework for sponge cities
Authors: Shi Chunyan , Li You , Li Haijian , Qiu Hong , Xu Tongyu 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Rapid urbanization and climate change have intensified water-related challenges in urban areas, requiring innovative solutions for sustainable water management. This study critically examines China’s sponge city initiative, which integrates green infrastructure and ecological principles to enhance urban water resilience. The research identifies key challenges, including inadequate planning, design inconsistencies, and financial sustainability issues, which hinder the full realization of ecosystem service benefits. To address these gaps, we propose a novel ecological compensation framework that integrates the ecosystem services framework with urban planning and public payment mechanisms. Our four-step methodology leverages low impact development practices to enhance policy efficacy, aligning urban development with ecological integrity and sustainability. By transitioning from ecosystem service recognition to a publicly funded compensation model, this approach ensures the financial viability of sponge city projects, fosters broad societal participation, and supports resilient urban development. Importantly, the developed framework is adaptable, making it applicable to sponge city initiatives worldwide. It offers a flexible, evidence-based strategy for cities facing similar water management challenges, promoting ecological resilience while ensuring long-term financial sustainability. This study contributes to global urban water management discourse, providing a scalable model that supports integrated, community-backed urban planning and sets a new standard for sponge city development.
Future intensification of co-occurrences of heat, PM2.5 and O3 extremes in China and India despite stringent air pollution controls
Authors: Gao Meng , Wang Fan , Xu Yangyang , Chen Ji , Lu Xiao , Carmichael Gregory R 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Heat and air pollution extremes are two leading global health stressors, both of which are particularly serious in China and India. It is well recognized that exposure to co-occurrence of heat and air pollution extremes will cause amplified health outcomes, yet century‐long understanding of future co‐occurrence is still lacking. On the basis of sophisticated regional coupled climate-chemistry modeling, we predict future individual and joint occurrences of heat and air pollution extremes in China and India in 2096–2100 relative to 2010–2014. We find intensified co-occurrences of heat and air pollution extremes in both China and India, despite reductions in projected emissions and improved air quality. Under the medium air pollution control of SSP245, the frequency of Tw&PM&O3 joint hazard increases by 382% in North India, and 729% in Beijing by the end of this century. Given the significant role of temperature changes in the co-occurrence and larger compounding health impacts, actions are urgently needed to reduce exposure to co-extreme events.
Growth performance and survival rate of silver pompano (Trachynotus blochii) seed after additional amino acid lysine in feed
Authors: Minjoyo Herno , Saputra Suryadi , Rivaie Arief Rahman , Antoro Suci , Dhoe Silfester Basi , Meiyana Maya , Prihaningrum Arif , Suprayudi Muhammad Agus 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Lysine is an essential amino acid and an important factor in feed that affects fish growth. The objective of the present study was to determine the optimum percentage of lysine in the feed that can produce the maximum growth performance of silver pompano seeds. These studies were performed using four different treatments of additional lysine levels; i.e.; treatment A: 0.15%), treatment B: 0.35%), treatment C: 0.55%), and treatment K: 0% for control. The study was a completely randomized design with four treatments, each consisting of three replicates. The results showed that feeding with different levels of lysine had no significant effect on body weight gain, feed consumption, absolute weight, feed conversion ratio, or survival rate, except for specific growth rate and lysine retention, which had a significant effect on fish fed treatment A (0.15%) or feed containing 3.39% lysine.
Cloud computing using Google Earth Engine and Sentinel-1 SAR images to detect water bodies changes at coastal city
Authors: Selamat Muhammad Banda , Lanuru Mahatma , Idrus Muhammad Rijal 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Flooding in low-lying urban coastal areas often occurs during extreme rainfall periods. Although such floods are temporary, they can cause devastating damage and disrupt transportation and economic activities. As a coastal city, Makassar is faced with extreme tidal phenomena as a result of climate change, which contribute to flooding events under certain conditions. This study aims to spatially detect inundations during the rainy season at Makassar City in 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022. A number of Sentinel-1 images that work on microwaves and are available on the Google Earth Engine have been deployed and processed using Cloud Computing Technology. Water bodies and land were distinguished by backscattering values of VV polarization using the Threshold and Boolean techniques. Water body images were converted from raster to vector, and polygon areas were calculated. The largest body of water occurred during the 2021 wet season, at approximately 1,389 ha, and the lowest at approximately 986 ha (1,653 points) in 2022. Over the five years from 2018 to 2022, Manggala, Tamalanrea, Tamalate and Biringkanaya districts had the largest water bodies during the wet season. During this period, the area of water bodies varied between 6% and 8% of Makassar’s total area, with a decreasing trend of approximately 1%.
Utilization of aerial photo techniques using drone with different flight paths for measurement of fishing boat hull dimensions
Authors: Tandipuang Paduartama , Novita Yopi , Farhum St Aisjah , Rumpa Arham 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The numerous stages and eaquipment used to measure the dimensions of a fishing boat make this method less efficient. The aim of this research was to compare the results of measuring the horizontal dimensions of fishing boat hulls using conventional methods and drones with different flight path variations. Data collection was performed using drones with aerial photography techniques. The 3Dsurvey pilot software was used to create a flight path pattern of 00 and 900 at an altitude of 40 m with an overlap of 80%. Aerial photo image processing was carried out using Agisoft metashape software with medium settings to align photos, dense clouds, and tiled models. From 4 different locations, there were 32 fishing boats were measured from four different locations. The results showed that the dimensional average difference values for LoA were 2.78 cm and Bmax was 1.63 cm with the 900 flight path pattern. The 00 flight path pattern shows that the dimensional average difference values of the LoA was 3.22 cm and Bmax were 3.92 cm. A completely randomized block design test stated that both treatment and block had an influence on the LoA. The treatment had no influence on the Bmax, but the block had an influence. Tukey’s test results indicated that K1 was not significantly different from K2 on the LoA. K0, K1, and K2 were not significantly different for the Bmax. This technique can be applied as an alternative method to measur the horizontal dimensions of fishing boat hulls in large quantities.
An integrated stairwise adaptive finite point scheme for the two-dimensional coupled Burgers’ equation
Authors: Sreelakshmi A , Shyaman V P , Awasthi Ashish 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This paper explores the potential of a streamlined adaptive finite point method (FPM) in tackling two-dimensional coupled Burgers’ equations, employing them as a testbed for further advancements. Firstly the coupled system is transformed into a two-dimensional heat equation through Cole–Hopf transformation and then this transformed equation is split into one-dimensional heat equations at intermediate temporal levels along X and Y directions and these one-dimensional equations are finally to be treated with the adaptive FPM. The distinctive feature of the adaptive FPM used here lies in employing an implicit 4-point stencil within each local cell to compute the solution at a higher temporal level through a linear combination of solutions from the preceding temporal level. The coefficients involved in this linear combination are derived via the local fundamental solutions within that cell, thereby imbuing the formulations with the intrinsic essence of the exact solution. Moreover, the separation constant utilized is tailored to consistently integrate the influence of the initial solution, independent of the temporal level. The method’s theoretical underpinnings ensure its conditionally stable, consistent, and convergent behavior. The accuracy of the scheme is substantiated by its proficient handling of diverse examples, attesting to its superior cost-effectiveness and time efficiency.
Validation of the SIMIND simulation code using the myocardial phantom HL
Authors: Yasumoto Yoshiaki , Daisaki Hiromitsu , Sato Mitsuru 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Introduction. Monte Carlo simulation codes simulating medical imaging nuclear detectors (SIMIND) are notable tools used to model nuclear medicine experiments.This study aimed to confirm the usability of SIMIND as an alternative method for nuclear medicine experiments with a cardiac phantom HL, simulating human body structures, by comparing the actual experiment data. Methods. A cardiac phantom HL that simulates myocardial scintigraphy using 123I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine was developed, and single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography imaging was performed using Discovery NM/CT 670 scanner. Aside from the main-energy window(159 keV ± 10%), additional windows were set on the low(137.5 keV ± 4% ) and high(180.5 keV ± 3%)-energy sides. The simulations were performed under the same conditions as the actual experiments. Regions of interest (ROIs) were set in each organ part of the experiments and simulated data, and a polar map for the myocardial part was developed. The mean, maximum (max), and minimum (min) counts within each ROI, as well as the relative errors of each segment in the polar map, were calculated to evaluate the accuracy of the simulation. Results. Overall, the results were favorable with relative errors of <10% except in some areas based on the data from the main-energy window and postreconstruction. On the other hand, relative errors of >10% were found in both the low and high subenergy windows. The smallest error occurred when assessing using mean values within the ROIs. The relative error was high at the cardiac base in the polar map evaluation; however, it remained <10% from the mid to apical heart sections. Conclusion. SIMIND is considered an alternative method for nuclear medicine experiments using a myocardial phantom HL that closely resembles human body structures. However, caution is warranted as accuracy may decrease under specific conditions.
ZeROf-Offload: forward-gradient scheme for efficient full parameter fine-tuning of billion-scale language models
Authors: Zhu Jian , Feng Peicheng , Lu Jiawei , Fang Bowei , Yang Hesong 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In large language models (LLMs), full-parameter fine-tuning is crucial for task-specific adaptation. Traditionally, this relies on deep learning training frameworks utilizing the back-propagation scheme. However, this scheme presents inherent issues, e.g. activation memory bottlenecks and backward locking, which limit the efficient computational resource usage. In this work, we propose the design and analysis of ZeROf-Offload, an innovative fine-tuning framework that adapts the forward-gradient scheme. This framework adopts a unique forward-gradient-oriented CPU offload strategy, enabling fine-tuning of billion-scale LLMs solely in the forward phase and enhancing computational efficiency. Empirical evaluations reveal the advantage of eliminating the backward phase in fine-tuning. ZeROf-Offload achieves134 TFlops/GPU for models with over 130 billion parameters on a single DGX-A100 node, outperforming DeepSpeed’s ZeRO-Offload, which achieves 102 TFlops/GPU for models with up to 53.7 billion parameters, the largest size manageable within GPU memory limitations. Furthermore, we have expanded ZeROf-Offload for multi-DGX-A100 environments with integrated 3D parallelism, achieving near-linear speedup across up to 128 GPUs and the token throughput by 1.4x and 1.5x, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed ZeROf-Offload has achieved the highest throughput performance compared to all examined state-of-the-art frameworks.
Are Constitutions So Indeterminate that We Cannot Compare Them?
Authors: Ginsburg Tom , Versteeg Mila 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Mark Tushnet’s prolific and generative engagement with comparative constitutional law has been wide-ranging. One line of methodological critique that he and others have pursued has taken on large-n studies, noting that constitutional texts cannot be understood without interpretation, which necessarily varies across countries. This chapter takes on this critique and argues that if pushed too far, it undermines comparison entirely. The chapter argues that comparison is possible and that the degree of determinacy of legal texts is ultimately an empirical question. It notes that the recent literature on transnational judicial dialogue suggests that there is a good deal of common understanding of texts across contexts.
Mark Tushnet’s Central Contribution—and Challenge—to the Enterprise of Comparative Constitutionalism
Authors: Levinson Sanford 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Mark Tushnet is one of the best-read, most truly erudite students of comparative constitutionalism in the world. But, perhaps paradoxically, the very breadth of his knowledge has led him to adopt a stance of remarkable modesty with regard to what “advice” he might be willing to offer anyone engaged in the actual task of designing a constitution for a particular society. He is not, that is, a “constitutional engineer” who believes that there is a transcultural, transpolitical set of “best practices” that can simply be imposed on any given polity. One must know a lot of history and political sociology in order to make decisions that seem suitable for any given necessarily complex situation. Tushnet makes us aware not only of the inevitable presence of competing values and the fact that reasonable people can and will disagree about, for example, the scope of freedom of speech, but also of the importance of empirical evidence with regard to determining the actual consequences, if any, of any given step in institutional “constitutional design.” These are important, indeed essential, lessons, and we have special reason to be grateful to Tushnet for his reminding us of the limits of what we know. To be told, as Mark often insists, that the answer to a given question is “It all depends” may sometimes be frustrating, but is also essential.
The Architecture of Constitutionalism
Authors: Cane Peter 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Tripartite separation of powers was a basic feature of 18th-century political theory, finding its most enduring formal expression in the US Constitution of 1789. A century later, the weaknesses of the theory, both descriptive and prescriptive, were becoming clear with the creation of bodies such as independent regulatory agencies. In the early 20th century, the idea of a fourth branch of government (the bureaucracy) was mooted, and by the end of the century that sobriquet was being applied to so-called democracy-protecting institutions. It was observed, too, that some constitutional systems recognize as many as five branches. This chapter focuses on separation of powers as a descriptive theory. It argues that accurate understanding of various constitutional systems is facilitated by recognition of a large variety of governmental institutions and functions. It further argues that descriptive purposes would be better served by abandonment of the concepts of separation of powers and branches of government, and their replacement with holistic analysis of institutions and functions in terms of concentration and diffusion of power.
The Constituent Power and Its Limits
Authors: Barak Aharon 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on two questions concerning the primary constituent power. First, is this power an absolute power, an unlimited power? Second, if the primary constituent power exceeded its authority, is there a place for judicial review? As to the first question, my view is that there are limitations on the scope of the primary constituent power. Such limitations are not based on natural law theory, or in international law. Furthermore, such limitations cannot be based on the interpretation of the constitutional text, or on the idea of having a constitution. I argue that the limitation of the primary constituent must be based on a point of reference which is external to the constituent power. It must come from the people to whom the severity belongs. The identity of the people is determined by the Kelsenian basic norm, or by the Hartian rule of recognition, or according to Dworkians’ best interpretation of the entire social and legal history. As to the second question, my view is that judicial review of the primary constituent power should be recognized. An example of such review has been discussed by the Supreme Court of Israel.
Civic Virtue, Civic Obligation, Knowledge Institutions, and Proconstitutional Actors
Authors: Jackson Vicki C 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Mark Tushnet’s work argues that successful democracy may require civic virtues and suggests that radically decentralized governance and “engagement” remedies in courts might help cultivate civic attitudes that enable democracy to work. This chapter takes up the idea of civic virtue, exploring what it is, who should have it, what public expectations of public officials’ morality are, whether such expectations matter, and how a sense of civic duty might be encouraged. A core element of civic virtue is an orientation to help improve the broader community of which one is a part; a sense of civic duty is especially important for those who hold power, but this cannot be sustained without public expectations of civic-minded official conduct. The chapter suggests a link between Tushnet’s arguments and William James’s view that democracy requires citizens with a “tincture of self doubt” and tolerance for different ideas and that education could contribute to these attitudes. Approaches, beyond those discussed by Tushnet, for the cultivation of the kind of civic attitudes necessary for democracy, as well as knowledge of how to participate in governance, might include civic education, a greater emphasis by constitutional jurists on the concept and content of nonjusticiable duties of proconstitutional public officials, and recognition of the constitutional role of knowledge institutions in encouraging attitudes of epistemic openness and tolerance for disagreement.
Constituent Power in Constitutional Theory, with a Note on Language and Method
Authors: Tushnet Mark 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Despite recent criticisms ably presented by Sergio Verdugo, the concept of constituent power seems essential to explain how irregular constitutional changes—those brought about by processes not authorized by the constitution in place—are or become legally binding. Properly understood, the concept of constituent power is not used properly either “in the moment” or prospectively, that is, as partisans advocate for irregular changes or implement irregular processes to put such changes in place. Rather, the concept is properly used only retrospectively, not as Verdugo suggests to support a claim that a unified people actually endorsed the changes when they first occurred, but rather to identify those irregular changes that “stick”—that a nation’s people come over time to accept as legally binding.