bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Polysulphated Glycosaminoglycan on the Healing of Collagenase Induced Tendinitis
Authors: Booth L. C. , Pool R. R. , Redding W. R. 
Published: March 2018

Summary
Objective. To examine the effects of polysulphated glycosaminoglycan on tendon healing in a controlled collagenase injury model. Design. The study used a completely randomized design with four horses assigned to each of two groups, control and treated. The superficial digital flexor tendons from each horse were measured weekly by ultrasound techniques. The differences between groups were evaluated using t-statistics and trends summarized by simple linear regression. Animals. Eight horses (four Thoroughbreds and four Standardbreds) with normal superficial flexor tendons were divided into two groups of four. Group #1 control horses were not treated. Group #2 horses were treated with polysulphated glycosaminoglycans. Procedure. All of the horses had tendinitis induced in the superficial flexor tendon of both forelimbs by the injection of 4000 IU of collagenase. The treated group received 500 mg of polysulphated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG) IM every five days for seven treatments beginning 24 h after injection of collagenase. The control group received saline at the same time periods. Ultrasound examination of each limb was performed on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 post-injection and weekly thereafter for eight weeks. An image analysis system was used to measure the proportion of tendon area damaged in mm2 on the recorded images, and these values were plotted over time. The horses were euthanatized at eight weeks and histological evaluation was performed on longitudinal sections of excised tendons. Results. The size of the tendon core defects created by the collagenase enzyme, represented as the proportion of area damaged, decreased significantly faster in the treatment group (ρ <0.01). Histologic evaluation of the core defects confirmed what was seen sonographically. Conclusion. Polysulphated glycosaminoglycans had a positive effect on tendon healing in a collagenase induced tendinitis model. Clinical relevance. Polysulphated glycosaminoglycans may be beneficial in managing clinical cases of tendinitis.Eight horses had experimental core defects induced in the superficial digital flexor tendon of both forelimbs. One group of four horses received PSGAG IM every 5 days for seven treatments. The control group received saline. The core defects in the PSGAG treatment group developed echogenic ultrasound patterns earlier, and the mean ratio of area of the tendon decreased significantly faster in the treatment group.
An Introduction to Distraction Osteogenesis and the Principles of the Ilizarov Method
Authors: Lewis D. D. , Welch R. D. , Samchukov M. , Marcellin-Little D. J. , Stallings J. T. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryAlthough employed by some European veterinary surgeons for over 10 years to manage a variety of musculoskeletal conditions in dogs and cats, the methods of Ilizarov and circular external fixators are only recently being utilized by North American veterinary surgeons. There is little information on this subject in the veterinary literature. This article is designed to provide an introductory overview of the Ilizarov method with emphasis on the principles of distraction osteogenesis and the circular external skeletal fixator.The history of the development of distraction osteogenesis and the principles governing the clinical application of the Ilizarov method are reviewed.
The influence of screw torque in the application of bone plates
Authors: Hearn T.C. , Woodside T.D. , Field J.R. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe applied level of screw torque has a significant impact on both the mechanical and vascular environment in bone following the application of a bone plate. The amount of torque applied dictates the resultant level of axial tension generated in the screw and the compressive forces between the plate and underlying bone. The interface contact area between the plate and underlying bone is also affected. As a consequence, screw torque can be implicated in the pathogenesis of implant induced osteopenia and other pathological occurrences that follow bone plate fixation.The work performed was designed to evaluate the effect of the applied level of screw torque. The construction stiffness (rigidity) and bone surface strain was quantitated in response to variable levels of screw torque. This was performed utilizing intact and osteotomized cadaveric bone.The current level of screw torque applied in the clinical situation, for 4.5 mm cortical screws, is approximately 5 Newton metres (Nm). It appears from the work presented herein, that lowering the level of applied screw torque does not adversely affect the rigidity of the final construction. This fact may serve to ameliorate the pathological consequences of applying screws and plates using current clinical criteria.The amount of torque applied to screws in the application of bone plates has a profound effect on a number of elements, namely the interface contact area and force. The work presented examines the effect of screw torque on the rigidity and bone strain distribution of fractured bone following bone plate reconstruction. It appears that the use of lower levels of screw torque, than currently used in clinical practice, does not adversely effect the rigidity of the final construction. These findings support the notion that the level of screw torque applied may have a role in ameliorating the pathogenic response that occur following bone plate application, namely osteopaenia.
Short- and long-term results after surgical treatment of an ununited anconeal process in the dog
Authors: Felir M. , Molte I. , Meyer-Lindenberg A. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryIn a prospective trial over seven years (1993-1999), 44 joints from 41 dogs with an ununited anconeal process are reported. The average age of the animals was 23 weeks. With regard to breed distribution, the German Shepherd was most frequently represented with 29 animals.In 35 joints, the anconeal process was stabilised with lag screw and pin, as there was no fibrous connection between the anconeal process and the ulna. Additionally, in all cases an ulna ostectomy was performed. In nine joints, the connection of the anconeal process to the olecranon was firm and only a proximal ulna ostectomy was performed. The patients were rechecked clinically and radiologically, at an average of 13 weeks post operation. With one exception, in all of the cases the apophysis was closed. The implants were removed in 25 patients. The surgical results were examined once more after an average of 20 months in 43 joints (40 dogs). 83.7% of the cases (n = 36) did not show any lameness after the combined therapy with fixation of the isolated anconeal process and osteotomy of the ulna (n = 28) or ulna ostectomy only (n = 8) and were assessed as ‘good’. Six dogs (five with fixation, one with ostectomy) showed some degree of lameness after heavy strain and were only evaluated as ‘satisfactory’. One dog still had a striking low to medium grade lameness, so that the result was regarded as ‘unsatisfactory’. With regard to the development of arthrosis, only nine of the 30 joints (30%) examined radiographically showed a mild increase of the arthroses during later examinations.In many cases excision of the ununited anconeal process leads to unsatisfactory long-term results. Frequently surgical treatment does not lead to fusion. This paper describes a concept for treatment of an ununited anconeal process and the short- and long-term results. Proximal ostectomy of the ulna was performed, as a single measure, when the anconeal process was tightly in place. In joints with a loose anconeal process, the piece of bone was stabilised with implants, in addition to an ostectomy of the ulna. After an average of three months, the anconeal process had fused with the ulna, in all hut one case. In long-term follow-ups, after an average of 20 months, most of the dogs did not show any lameness, even after exercise. In only a few joints was a minor increase of arthrosis noted. The technique described is considered to be useful to treat the ununited anconeal process in young dogs.
Biomechanical evaluation of triple pelvic osteotomy with and without additional ventral plate stabilization
Authors: Hosgood G. , Staatz A. , Fitch R. B. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO) is commonly performed for immature dogs with hip dysplasia despite screw loosening being a prevalent complication. A technique to diminish the incidence of screw loosening by reducing motion at the ilial osteotomy and reducing implant migration, was evaluated. Standard triple pelvic osteotomies, and triple pelvic osteotomies with additional ventral plate stabilization, were performed and biomechanically evaluated in canine cadaver pelves. Additional ventral plate fixation was found to significantly improve axial bending stiffness of TPOs. In vitro cyclical loading, performed in a manner to approximate post-operative weight-bearing, determined that additional ventral plate fixation significantly decreased the incidence of screw loosening and motion at the osteotomy site.
Radiographic evaluation and comparison of triple pelvic osteotomy with and without additional ventral plate stabilization in forty dogs - part 1
Authors: Kerwin S. , Hosgood G. , Rooney M. , Pluhar E. , Pelsue D. , Fitch R. B. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryTriple pelvic osteotomies (IPO) were evaluated in 40 clinical cases. In 39 cases, these were young dogs with hip dysplasia; in one case, the TPO was used as a correction for a hip luxation. Unilateral TPOs were performed in twenty patients, twelve with traditional TPO (without additional ventral plate) and eight with additional ventral plate fixation. Bilateral TPOs were performed in twenty patients, thirteen with traditional TPO and seven with additional ventral plate. In traditional TPOs, evidence of implant failure occurred in 5 of 12 unilateral and 11 of 13 bilateral procedures. In TPOs with additional ventral plate fixation, minor screw loosening was detected in one of eight unilateral and zero of seven bilateral procedures. Statistically TPOs without additional ventral plate fixation had 9.2 times greater odds of screw loosening with significantly greater acetabular segment displacement (p < 0.01). Two traditional TPOs performed required additional surgery due to screw loosening. Other attempted additional stabilization techniques used with the TPO procedure included ilial body wiring, ischial body wiring, sacral screw purchase, and medial screw nuts, however these methods did not prevent loosening and migration. TPO with additional ventral plate fixation was highly effective at combating implant failure.
In vitro evaluation of fluorocarbon leader line for use as a fabella-tibial suture
Authors: Hosgood G. , Kerwin S. C. , Hedlund C. S. , Metcalf J. B. , Banwell M. N. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryCranial cruciate ligament rupture is a common injury in dogs, for which a variety of surgical techniques have been described. A commonly performed surgical technique is extracapsular stabilization with a lateral fabella-tibial suture (LFS) using large diameter nylon leader line (NLL). Inherent properties of NLL such as memory, low coefficient of friction, and large diameter may compromise knot security. Fluorocarbon (polyvinylidene fluoride; PVDF) has been investigated as a biomaterial for a variety of implants and is available as a high tensile strength fluorocarbon leader line (FCL). For a given tensile strength FCL is one-half the diameter of NLL. This study evaluated the force at failure, elongation, and stiffness of FCL compared to NLL for use as a LFS. The effects of steam and ethylene oxide sterilization on FCL were also evaluated. The results of this study demonstrate similar force at failure and stiffness for FCL when compared to NLL. In addition, the use of FCL may eliminate the elongation under low load observed with NLL. The mechanical properties of FCL loops were not affected by ethylene oxide sterilization. In contrast, steam sterilization caused significant detrimental effects on the mechanical properties of FCL and is not recommended. The reduced diameter and pliable feel of FCL allow for superior handling, formation of a less bulky and potentially more secure knot, and less foreign material in the region of implantation. FCL appears to be a suitable alternative material to NLL for a lateral fabella-tibial suture.
Comparison of the osteogenic effects between two surface interferential stimulation devices to enhance surgically based spinal fusion
Authors: Martinez S. A. , Smith L. V. , Carroll W. J. , Zimmermann J. A. , Shih M. S. , Feldman R. , Lincoln J. D. , Briggs K. K. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryIn human medicine, lumbar spinal fusion procedures for chronic degenerative conditions have significant failure rates leading to the formation of pseudoarthroses. Adjunct procedures including the use of electrical stimulation devices have been developed in animal models, and utilized in human clinical cases, in an attempt to reduce the incidence of nonunion. A randomized, controlled study was performed to compare the effects of two surface interferential stimulation devices (SIS) on a rabbit lumbar spinal fusion model. Twenty-five rabbits underwent bilateral intertransverse process arthrodesis at the L2-L3 disc space. The rabbits were divided into five groups: one control group receiving sham stimulation, and four treatment groups receiving interferential stimulation from one of two devices (RS4i at 13.3 mA, RS4i at 15.8 mA, RS4v at 11.6 mA, and RS4v at 14.8 mA). Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry analyses (DXA) were performed and at 2 week intervals to evaluate fusion site bone mineral density. All rabbits were euthanitized at eight weeks and fusion sites were evaluated for biomechanical strength and histomorphometric properties. There was not any difference in bone mineral density between the groups during the eight week test period. The uniaxial tension tests evaluating maximum load to failure, stiffness, and energy absorbed also resulted in no statistical differences between the groups. The RS4i device at 15.8 mA yielded an increased amount of lamellar bone compared to the control group (p = 0.02). The RS4v device at 11.6 mA resulted in less total bone than the control group (p = 0.04).
Talocalcaneocentral luxation combined with lateral instability of the talocrural joint in a dog and a cat
Authors: Schawalder P. , Schmökel H. G. , Hurter K. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryTarsal injuries occur commonly in the cat and the dog, often due to motor vehicle accidents. In two cases a talocalcaneocentral luxation was associated with lateral talocrural instability. The surgical fixation of the talocalcaneocentral luxation, employing Kirschner pins in a cat and a DC plate in a dog, together with stabilisation of the lateral talocrural joint resulted in good long-term healing. The main aim of the surgical techniques used in these two cases was to stabilise the joints, without crossing and immobilising the talocalcaneal joint.
Congenital patellar aplasia in a family of cats
Authors: Ralphs S. C. , Milovancev M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA diagnosis of congenital bilateral patellar aplasia was made in two male littermate Siamese cats that presented for abnormal conformation and hind limb gait. Both cats had abnormalities of the femora, tibiae, fibulae, and tali. The owners reported that the cats were able to ambulate adequately in the house and jump onto low-lying objects. Other than signs related to this developmental anomaly, significant abnormal clinical signs were not noted in either cat. According to the owner, none of the other littermates were affected, but the seven year old sire displayed identical clinical signs. Unfortunately, the sire and littermates were not available for examination. Treatment was not pursued for either cat.
Surgical anatomy of the feline sacroiliac joint for lag screw fixation of sacroiliac fracture-luxation
Authors: Forterre F. , Brunnberg L. , Burger M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryTwenty-eight feline pelves (56 hemipelves) were examined in order to identify the location for optimal sacroiliac screw placement in sacroiliac fracture-luxation repair. A drill hole was started on the median plane of the hemipelvis in the centre of the body of the first sacral segment until it penetrated the lateral cortex of the ilial wing, thus providing optimal drill hole placement. The position of the drill hole on the articular surface of the sacral wing and on the lateral surface of the ilial wing was measured. The distance of the drill hole from the cranial margin of the sacral wing was 51% of sacral wing length, just cranial to the crescent shaped hyaline cartilage. The distance from the dorsal margin was 47% of sacral wing height. The drill bit direction has to be adjusted to the cranio-caudal inclination (range 10° to 29°) and dorso-ventral inclination (range 2° to 25°) of the sacral wing. A notch in the cranial edge of the sacral wing was present, with variable position, in 34% of the specimens and is consequently not a useful landmark for sacroiliac screw placement. The drill hole on the lateral surface of the ilium was located in craniocaudal direction at a distance of 69% of sacral tuber length, measured from the cranial dorsal iliac spine. The dorso-ventral position of the drill hole was at a distance of 52% of ilial wing height measured from the sacral tuber. The ventral gluteal line, present in 93% of the cases, is a useful landmark to locate optimal screw hole position on the ilial wing.
The clamp rod internal fixator application and results in 120 small animal fracture patients
Authors: Matis U. , Zahn K. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe clamp rod internal fixator (CRIF), also known as VetFix, consists of clamps that are slid onto a rod and fixed to the bone with screws. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the results of using the CRIF in 50 canine and 70 feline patients with closed (n = 93) and open (n = 10) transverse, oblique and comminuted fractures of the femur, tibia, humerus, acetabulum, radius, scapula and ulna. Fourteen further fractures were non-unions. In addition, the CRIF was used to repair three fracture-luxations of the spine. Fracture fixation was performed by application of one or two CRIF devices with 2.0, 2.7 or 3.5 mm cortical screws, using AO osteosynthesis instrumentation. Forty-five dogs and 55 cats were re-evaluated clinically and radiographically after an average of five months. Uneventful fracture healing occurred in 75 of these patients. In ten cases, follow-up was only available until six weeks post-surgery at which time fracture healing was incomplete. Of the total of 15 complications, five were resolved by exercise restriction alone, while the CRIF had to be replaced in six other patients. One cat with a spinal fracture-luxation was euthanized due to deterioration of neurological status. Three animals were unavailable for further follow-up. With the inclusion of both uneventful and complicated fracture healing, 86/90 patients ultimately achieved complete fracture healing. Our results suggest that the CRIF system can be used successfully to treat a great variety of fractures in dogs and cats.
Treatment of traumatic coxo-femoral luxation by cemented total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Pozzi A. , Kowaleski M.P. , Dyce J. , Johnson K.A. 
Published: March 2018

SummarySurgical procedures such as total hip arthroplasty (THA) or femoral head and neck excision may be indicated as a treatment for traumatic coxo-femoral luxation that is complicated by pre-existing joint disease, concurrent fractures or recurrent luxation. The purpose of our study was to evaluate outcome after treatment of traumatic coxo-femoral luxation by THA. Medical records of dogs undergoing cemented THA from 1996 to 2002 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were coxofemoral luxation resulting from severe external trauma and radiographic follow-up of at least 3 months. Ten dogs (12 THA) met the criteria for inclusion. Complications included THA luxation (n = 1) and a non-displaced peri-prosthetic femoral fracture (n = 1) that healed without further surgery. Median cumulative function scores from client questionnaires after THA were not significantly different in dogs with previously normal (8, range: 7-10), (n = 5) and dysplastic (9, range: 7–16), (n = 5) hips (P = 0.410). Six dogs were available for re-examination and force plate analysis at greater than 6 months post-THA, and none of these dogs had any visible lameness. Peak vertical force (% BWt) showed a trend towards being less in THA (60.8±5.1) than non-operated (68.1±6.1) hindlimbs (P = 0.057), whereas vertical impulse (% BWt x sec) was similar in THA (9.1±1.6) and non-operated (9.8±1.2) hindlimbs (P = 0.286). Our findings indicate that THA can be a successful treatment for traumatic coxo-femoral luxation, irrespective of the dysplastic status of the joint prior to injury.
A case of invertebral disc degeneration and prolapse with Schmorl's node formation
in a sheep
Authors: Brown P. J. , Alterio G. L. D. , Fews D. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA Schmorl's node is the herniation of nucleus pulposus through the cartilaginous end plate of the vertebral disc into the body of the adjacent vertebra. Their formation is relatively common in people, and they may be symptomatic or asymptomatic. In contrast, there are few reported cases of Schmorl's nodes in non-human animals. This report describes a case of thoracic intervertebral disc degeneration, with Schmorl's node formation in a sheep.
Deep digital flexor tendon shortening as a treatment for distal interphalangeal joint hyperextension in a 2-year-old mare
Authors: Kramer J. , Kelmer G. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryShortening of the deep digital flexor tendon was performed by tenotomy, overlapping and anastomosis. The procedure was performed on a two-year-old Quarter Horse Mare with distal interphalangeal joint hyperextension with subluxation and metatarsophalangeal joint hyperextension. These problems originated from damage to the digital flexor tendons, presumably due to previous distal limb trauma. The procedure markedly improved the mare's level of comfort, degree of ambulation and limb conformation. Two years following surgery the mare was comfortable at pasture.
Femoral Head and Neck Excision Complicated by Ischiatic Nerve Entrapment in Two Dogs
Authors: Jeffery N. D. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryTwo dogs, both Doberman n pinschers, developed ischiatic nerve palsy following femoral head and neck excisions. Each had undergone surgery entailing the incorporation of a muscle flap (in one case deep gluteal, in the other biceps femoris) to reduce bone-on-bone contact after ostectomy. At later exploratory surgery, the ischiatic nerve was found to be entrapped by muscle in the ischiatic fossa, caudal to the greater trochanter. Partial excision of the ischium relieved the compression, allowing rapid recovery of function. The complication of ischiatic nerve entrapment may warrant consideration when contemplating femoral head and neck excision in cases in which the greater trochanter and ischial tuberosity are abnormally close.Ischiatic nerve palsy developed several weeks after femoral head and neck excision in two Dobermann pinschers. Both dogs had undergone surgery involving muscle sling placement. The ischiatic nerve was found to be entrapped in muscle in each case. Resection of portions of the ischium allowed rapid recovery of function.