bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Storytelling and the Sciences of Mind
Authors: Herman David 
Published: December 2018

An transdisciplinary exploration of narrative not just as a target for interpretation but also as a means for making sense of experience itself.
With Storytelling and the Sciences of Mind, David Herman proposes a cross-fertilization between the study of narrative and research on intelligent behavior. This cross-fertilization goes beyond the simple importing of ideas from the sciences of mind into scholarship on narrative and instead aims for convergence between work in narrative studies and research in the cognitive sciences. The book as a whole centers on two questions: How do people make sense of stories? And: How do people use stories to make sense of the world? Examining narratives from different periods and across multiple media and genres, Herman shows how traditions of narrative research can help shape ways of formulating and addressing questions about intelligent activity, and vice versa.
Using case studies that range from Robert Louis Stevenson's Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde to sequences from The Incredible Hulk comics to narratives told in everyday interaction, Herman considers storytelling both as a target for interpretation and as a resource for making sense of experience itself. In doing so, he puts ideas from narrative scholarship into dialogue with such fields as psycholinguistics, philosophy of mind, and cognitive, social, and ecological psychology. After exploring ways in which interpreters of stories can use textual cues to build narrative worlds, or storyworlds, Herman investigates how this process of narrative worldmaking in turn supports efforts to understand—and engage with—the conduct of persons, among other aspects of lived experience.
Li–CO
2

Batteries
Authors: Xie Zhaojun , Zhou Zhen 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Among all the physical and chemical methods of CO
2
capture and conversion, rechargeable Li–CO
2
batteries represent a novel strategy for using CO
2
and storing energy simultaneously. This new energy storage system could reduce not only fossil fuel consumption but also the “greenhouse effect” by the reversible reaction between lithium and CO
2
. At present, the investigations on Li–CO
2
batteries are in the preliminary stage, and there are still many obstacles to be overcome. The inferior electrochemical performance of Li–CO
2
batteries largely results from one of the discharge products, Li
2
CO
3
, because its low electronic and ionic conductivity result in high overpotential for the electrochemical oxidization during charge process. Hence, many efforts have been focusing on the exploration of efficient cathode materials including searching for more active catalysts and rational design of the cathode structure. In general, materials with large specific surface, high electronic conductivity, hierarchical porous structure, and evenly distributed active sites are expected to optimize the electrochemical performance of Li–CO
2
batteries. Among them, composite materials with metal or metal‐oxide nanoparticles highly dispersed on functional carbon matrixes are regarded as efficient electrocatalysts. Additionally, binder‐free cathodes demonstrate advantages in further practical applications and need to be energetically promoted.
Foreign Accent
Authors: Major Roy C. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe formation and change of an individual's foreign accent is governed by many interrelated factors. The two most important linguistic factors are language transfer (interference) and universal factors, similar to what children do when they acquire their first language. Nonlinguistic factors include amount of exposure to the second language, first and second language use, age of learning, and sociocultural and psychological factors, such as attitudes and identity. In turn, a listener's perception of a foreign accent is influenced by all of these factors.
Materials Development
Authors: Tomlinson Brian 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis entry focuses on the development of materials for the learning of languages. In doing so, it initially focuses on the dramatic change in attitudes toward materials development and reveals how since the early 1990s materials development has received far more attention in the literature and on academic and training courses both as a practical undertaking and as a field of study. From being perceived as an adjunct to publications and courses on methodology, it has now become a significant focus of action and study in its own right. It has also progressed from being an atheoretical activity to a research‐informed activity, as well as becoming a popular focus for academic study and a means of applying theory to practice and practice to theory. This entry also reports on a number of controversial issues which dominate the literature on materials development. For example, it considers whether materials should focus on teaching language forms or on providing experience of the meanings which language conveys; it asks whether materials should be contrived in order to focus and simplify the learning process, or whether they should be authentic representations of how the target language is actually used; and it compares the value of asking learners to practice language with asking them to use language for communication. It also looks at the benefits and drawbacks of current developments such as the global coursebook intended for any learner anywhere, and the design and use of digital materials.
Needs Analysis and Syllabus Design for Language for Specific Purposes
Authors: Basturkmen Helen 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Needs analysis and language for specific purposes (LSP) courses are inextricably intertwined. LSP courses aim to help learners function linguistically within a particular academic, professional, or workplace environment, and the course syllabus is based on analysis of the needs of the learners in relation to such environments. The analysis of learners' needs is thus a key process in the design and ongoing revision of the LSP syllabus. Such is the importance of needs analysis that it is generally seen as the defining characteristic of LSP. This entry discusses the importance of needs analysis in LSP, identifies trends in the practices and methodologies used, and examines how the results of needs analysis can be used to inform the design of the LSP syllabus. Although needs analysis is often viewed as essentially procedural, it is not without theory, nor is it devoid of controversy and debate. The final sections discuss the role of theory and issues in needs analysis.
Politeness
Authors: Locher Miriam A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSince the 1970s the topic of politeness has boomed within pragmatics (the study of language in use). Recognizing that people use language strategically to shape relationships, it is of interest how politeness and impoliteness effects come about and what patterns emerge in their linguistic rendition. Scholarship has moved from early universalist theories to more discursive discussions of (linguistic) relational work. The field is nowadays multidisciplinary and vibrant in its endeavor to combine theories and methodologies to better understand how politeness as well as impoliteness are negotiated in language use. Factors that influence the choice of linguistic strategies are many, among them power, age, seniority, affect, distance or closeness, the roles of the interactants, and the norms of appropriate conduct in the particular historical, cultural, local, and social context.
Antemortem CSF Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio predicts Alzheimer's disease pathology better than Aβ42 in rapidly progressive dementias
Authors: Baiardi Simone , Abu‐Rumeileh Samir , Rossi Marcello , Zenesini Corrado , Bartoletti‐Stella Anna , Polischi Barbara , Capellari Sabina , Parchi Piero 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectiveDespite the critical importance of pathologically confirmed samples for biomarker validation, only a few studies have correlated CSF Aβ42 values in vivo with postmortem Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, while none evaluated the CSF Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio. We compared CSF Aβ42 and Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio as biomarkers predicting AD neuropathological changes in patients with a short interval between lumbar puncture and death.MethodsWe measured CSF Aβ40 and Aβ42 and assessed AD pathology in 211 subjects with rapidly progressive dementia (RPD) and a definite postmortem diagnosis of Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (n = 159), AD (n = 12), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB, n = 4), AD/DLB mixed pathologies (n = 5), and various other pathologies (n = 31).ResultsThe score reflecting the severity of Aβ pathology showed a better correlation with ln(Aβ42/Aβ40) (R2 = 0.506, β = −0.713, P < 0.001) than with ln(Aβ42) (R2 = 0.206, β = −0.458, P < 0.001), which was confirmed after adjusting for covariates. Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio showed significantly higher accuracy than Aβ42 in the distinction between cases with or without AD pathology (AUC 0.818 ± 0.028 vs. 0.643 ± 0.039), especially in patients with Aβ42 levels ≤495 pg/mL (AUC 0.888 ± 0.032 vs. 0.518 ± 0.064). Using a cut‐off value of 0.810, the analysis of Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio yielded 87.0% sensitivity, 88.2% specificity in the distinction between cases with an intermediate‐high level of AD pathology and those with low level or no AD pathology.InterpretationThe present data support the use of CSF Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio as a biomarker of AD pathophysiology and noninvasive screener for Aβ pathology burden, and its introduction in the research diagnostic criteria for AD.
Hollow Metal–Organic‐Framework Micro/Nanostructures and their Derivatives: Emerging Multifunctional Materials
Authors: Liu Di , Wan Jiawei , Pang Guangsheng , Tang Zhiyong 
Published: December 2018

AbstractHollow metal–organic framework (MOF) micro/nanostructures and their derivatives are attracting a great amount of research interest in recent years because their hierarchical porous structures not only provide abundant, easily accessed metal sites but also endow 3D channels for rapid mass transport. As a result, they demonstrate significant advantages in many applications including catalysis, gas sensors, batteries, supercapacitors, and so on. Nevertheless, studies on hollow MOFs and their derivatives are still at the beginning of this field, and the relationship between their structures and application performances is not yet reviewed comprehensively. Herein, the synthetic strategies and practical applications of hollow micro/nanostructured MOFs and their derivatives are summarized, and their corresponding prospects are also discussed.
Ultrahigh‐Sensitive Broadband Photodetectors Based on Dielectric Shielded MoTe2/Graphene/SnS2 p–g–n Junctions
Authors: Li Alei , Chen Qianxue , Wang Peipei , Gan Yuan , Qi Tailei , Wang Peng , Tang Fangdong , Wu Judy Z. , Chen Rui , Zhang Liyuan , Gong Youpin 
Published: December 2018

Abstract2D atomic sheets of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have a tremendous potential for next‐generation optoelectronics since they can be stacked layer‐by‐layer to form van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures. This allows not only bypassing difficulties in heteroepitaxy of lattice‐mismatched semiconductors of desired functionalities but also providing a scheme to design new optoelectronics that can surpass the fundamental limitations on their conventional semiconductor counterparts. Herein, a novel 2D h‐BN/p‐MoTe2/graphene/n‐SnS2/h‐BN p–g–n junction, fabricated by a layer‐by‐layer dry transfer, demonstrates high‐sensitivity, broadband photodetection at room temperature. The combination of the MoTe2 and SnS2 of complementary bandgaps, and the graphene interlayer provides a unique vdW heterostructure with a vertical built‐in electric field for high‐efficiency broadband light absorption, exciton dissociation, and carrier transfer. The graphene interlayer plays a critical role in enhancing sensitivity and broadening the spectral range. An optimized device containing 5−7‐layer graphene has been achieved and shows an extraordinary responsivity exceeding 2600 A W−1 with fast photoresponse and specific detectivity up to ≈1013 Jones in the ultraviolet–visible–near‐infrared spectrum. This result suggests that the vdW p–g–n junctions containing multiple photoactive TMDs can provide a viable approach toward future ultrahigh‐sensitivity and broadband photonic detectors.
Probing Distinctive Electron Conduction in Multilayer Rhenium Disulfide
Authors: Lee Byung Chul , Na Junhong , Choi Jun Hee , Ji Hyunjin , Kim Gyu‐Tae , Joo Min‐Kyu 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCharge carrier transport in multilayer van der Waals (vdW) materials, which comprise multiple conducting layers, is well described using Thomas–Fermi charge screening (λTF) and interlayer resistance (Rint). When both effects occur in carrier transport, a channel centroid migrates along the c‐axis according to a vertical electrostatic force, causing redistribution of the conduction centroid in a multilayer system, unlike a conventional bulk material. Thus far, numerous unique properties of vdW materials are discovered, but direct evidence for distinctive charge transport behavior in 2D layered materials is not demonstrated. Herein, the distinctive electron conduction features are reported in a multilayer rhenium disulfide (ReS2), which provides decoupled vdW interaction between adjacent layers and much high interlayer resistivity in comparison with other transition‐metal dichalcogenides materials. The existence of two plateaus in its transconductance curve clearly reveals the relocation of conduction paths with respect to the top and bottom surfaces, which is rationalized by a theoretical resistor network model by accounting of λTF and Rint coupling. The effective tunneling distance probed via low‐frequency noise spectroscopy further supports the shift of electron conduction channel along the thickness of ReS2.
A Highly Fluorescent and Photoresponsive Polymer Gel Consisting of Poly(acrylic acid) and Supramolecular Cyanostilbene Crosslinkers
Authors: Kim Hyeong‐Ju , Lee Hyun Jun , Chung Jong Won , Whang Dong Ryeol , Park Soo Young 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA poly(acrylic acid)‐based polymer gel exhibiting strong fluorescence and high photoresponsibility is prepared by using a cyanostilbene derivative as a self‐assembling supramolecular crosslinking agent, which generates conceptually new multiple hydrogen bonds in the gel system. This polymer gel in ethanol shows the gel‐to‐sol transition upon UV light irradiation with concomitant fluorescence color and intensity changes, which are attributed to the trans‐to‐cis photoisomerization of the supramolecular crosslinkers. Aggregation‐induced enhanced emission (AIEE) behavior of the trans‐cyanostilbene derivative enables a highly fluorescent polymer gel (ΦF = 0.68) with green color (λem = 541 nm), which can be switched into a blue fluorescent sol (λem = 506 nm and ΦF = 0.12) upon UV irradiation.
Phthalocyanine Zinc‐catalyzed Hydroxylation of Aryl Boronic Acids under Visible Light
Authors: Luo Dong‐Ping , Huang Yang‐Feng , Hong Xiao‐Yi , Chen Dingben , Li Guo‐Xing , Huang Xiao‐Bo , Gao Wen‐Xia , Liu Miao‐Chang , Zhou Yun‐Bing , Wu Hua‐Yue 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA visible‐light‐promoted aerobic oxidative hydroxylation of boronic acids using phthalocyanine zinc as an easily available photosensitizer has been developed. It provided a direct access to synthesize aliphatic alcohols and phenols from boronic acids. The advantages of this approach included the low catalyst loading (0.5 mol%), high efficient, the use of O2 as an oxygen source, wide substrate range, the simple operational process, and mild conditions.magnified image
Exosome Release Is Regulated by mTORC1
Authors: Zou Wenchong , Lai Mingqiang , Zhang Yue , Zheng Lei , Xing Zhe , Li Ting , Zou Zhipeng , Song Qiancheng , Zhao Xiaoyang , Xia Laixin , Yang Jian , Liu Anling , Zhang Han , Cui Zhong‐Kai , Jiang Yu , Bai Xiaochun 
Published: December 2018

AbstractExosomes are small membrane‐bound vesicles released into extracellular spaces by many types of cells. These nanovesicles carry proteins, mRNA, and miRNA, and are involved in cell waste management and intercellular communication. In the present study, it is shown that exosome release, which leads to net loss of cellular membrane and protein content, is negatively regulated by mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). It is found that in cells and animal models exosome release is inhibited by sustained activation of mTORC1, leading to intracellular accumulation of CD63‐positive exosome precursors. Inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin or nutrient and growth factor deprivation stimulates exosome release, which occurs concomitantly with autophagy. The drug‐stimulated release is blocked by siRNA‐mediated downregulation of small GTPase Rab27A. Analysis of the cargo content in exosomes released from rapamycin‐treated cells reveals that inhibition of mTORC1 does not significantly alter its majority protein and miRNA profiles. These observations demonstrate that exosome release, like autophagy, is negatively regulated by mTORC1 in response to changes in nutrient and growth factor conditions.
Liquid‐Crystalline Small Molecules for Nonfullerene Solar Cells with High Fill Factors and Power Conversion Efficiencies
Authors: Li Huan , Wu Qiong , Zhou Ruimin , Shi Yanan , Yang Chen , Zhang Yajie , Zhang Jianqi , Zou Wenjun , Deng Dan , Lu Kun , Wei Zhixiang 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCompared with nonfullerene‐based polymer solar cells, all‐small‐molecule solar cells normally show low power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) due to their low fill factors (FFs). Molecular stacking orientation and phase separation are the main factors affecting the performance of all‐small‐molecule solar cells. In this work, two liquid‐crystalline small‐molecule donors are designed and synthesized and a novel nonfullerene acceptor with good crystallinity developed. Owing to the face‐on orientation of the component molecules and appropriate phase separation in the active layer, a high FF of over 70% and a PCE of 10.7% are obtained from the resulting solar cells; these values are among the best obtained thus far for all‐small‐molecule solar cells. The high FF reported here is significant for a further design of high‐performance all‐small‐molecule solar cells.
No Easy Answers: Avoiding Potential Pitfalls of De‐implementation
Authors: Pinto Rogério M. , Witte Susan S. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) began to de‐emphasize and de‐implement multiple evidence‐based HIV prevention practices that had been around for 20 years, thus changing the scope of implementation across the globe. The authors provide evidence how existing interventions (e.g., CDC HIV interventions) may influence implementation of interventions that came after the program was discontinued. De‐implementation is an ecological event that influences, and is influenced by, many parts of a system, for instance, implementation of one type of intervention may influence the implementation of other interventions (biomedical and/or behavioral) after a long‐running program is discontinued. Researchers and policy makers ought to consider how de‐implementation of behavioral interventions is influenced by biomedical interventions mass‐produced by companies with lobbying power. The scientific study of de‐implementation will be inadequate without consideration of the political climate that surrounds de‐implementation of certain types of interventions and the promotion of more‐profitable ones.
Iodine‐Promoted Synthesis of 2‐Naphthyl Thioethers from Tetralones and Sulfonyl Hydrazides
Authors: Yang Fulai , Bao Yishu , Dai Zonghao , Tian Meizhen , Jia Qian , Zhou Qingfa 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn the traditional Bamford‐Stevens‐Shapiro‐type reaction, electrophiles replace the carbonyl group to synthesize polysubstituted carbon‐carbon double bonds. We herein report an unusually simple and general procedure to access carbon‐carbon double bonds from ketones and install electrophiles at the original α‐position of the carbonyl functional group, thus providing a new tool in organic synthesis. This reaction shows a wide substrate scope and functional‐group tolerance.
Draf IIB with superior septectomy: finding the “middle ground”
Authors: Bhalla Vidur , Sykes Kevin J. , Villwock Jennifer A. , Beahm D. David , McClurg Stanley W. , Chiu Alexander G. 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundPrevious studies have demonstrated a high failure rate of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) with Draf IIa in patients with diffuse polyposis, asthma, and aspirin‐exacerbated respiratory disease. A high percentage of these patients progress to endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure (EMLP). We describe a modification of the Draf IIb with a superior septectomy (IIb+SS), which may provide similar therapeutic benefit as demonstrated by the distribution of sinus irrigations in the sinus cavity with ESS with IIb+SS vs ESS with EMLP.MethodsESS with IIb+SS was performed on 6 cadaver heads. Fluorescein‐dyed irrigations were performed on each head and penetration was recorded using video endoscopy. EMLP was subsequently performed on each head with repeat dye‐irrigation and video endoscopy. The videos were reviewed by 4 blinded fellowship‐trained rhinologists, and irrigant penetration of the maxillary, ethmoid, frontal, sphenoid sinuses, and olfactory cleft was graded 0 to 3 (3 implying complete staining).ResultsThe mean scores when comparing IIb+SS to EMLP were as follows: overall 1.99 vs 1.97 (p = 0.816), maxillary sinus 2.67 vs 2.38 (p = 0.128), ethmoid sinus 1.88 vs 1.98 (p = 0.536), sphenoid sinus 2.58 vs 2.50 (p = 0.467), frontal sinus 1.13 vs 1.38 (p = 0.073), and olfactory cleft 1.71 vs 1.63 (p = 0.529). There was no significant difference between subsites. Interrater reliability was good (Cronbach's alpha = 0.781).ConclusionPerforming ESS with IIb+SS provides similar irrigation delivery benefits to ESS with EMLP, without the need for altering natural sinus outflow and creating circumferential scarring. Further studies evaluating its use in patients that are high risk for revision surgery are needed.
Alternaria‐induced barrier dysfunction of nasal epithelial cells: role of serine protease and reactive oxygen species
Authors: Shin Seung‐Heon , Ye Mi‐Kyung , Lee Dong‐Won , Che Mi‐Hyun 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundUpper airway barrier dysfunction has been associated with chronic rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis. Alternaria is commonly found in nasal secretion and plays a role in the pathogenesis of airway diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Alternaria on the junctional complex of nasal epithelial cells.MethodsAir‐liquid interface nasal epithelial cultures from the inferior turbinate of septal surgery patients were stimulated with Alternaria alternate. Production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and transepithelial resistance (TER) was measured. The expression of tight junction (TJ) and adherens junction (AJ) molecules was determined using real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and confocal microscopy. Protease activity in Alternaria was determined using protease inhibitors and heat inactivation.ResultsAlternaria enhanced the production of ROS and reduced the TER. Alternaria decreased the messenger RNA and protein expression of TJs (zonula occludens‐1, occludin, and claudin‐1), but did not influence the AJ molecule. When Alternaria was pretreated with serine protease inhibitor and heat inactivation, ROS, TER, and TJ molecule expression returned to their nonstimulated levels.ConclusionSerine protease in Alternaria altered nasal epithelial barrier function. Intracellular ROS induced by Alternaria may influence the barrier function of nasal epithelial cells and enhance the inflammatory process of nasal mucosa.