bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Assessment of the Language Learning Attitudes, Learning Strategies, Language Proficiency of First Year College Students
Authors: Julhamid Nelson 
Published: May 2019

This descriptive-correlational research described the Language Learning Attitudes (LLA), Language Learning Strategies (LLS) and Language Proficiency (LP) of 120 college students from 4 courses. It employed Lunsford's Standardized LLA Questionnaire, Oxford's (1994) Strategy Inventory of Language Learning (SILL); and Reading Proficiency Test. It used mean, standard deviation, Pearson r, Multiple Regressions, t-Test of significant difference, and One-Way ANOVA for treatment of data. This study found out that students are Average in LLA; "Somewhat true of me" in LLS and Poor in reading proficiency. No significant relationship between respondents' LLA and reading proficiency; Very low correlation between respondents' LLS and reading proficiency; Sex and course do not affect students' LLA and do not influence the latter's contribution on reading proficiency except for the inferential level; and Sex does not influence respondents' LLS and reading proficiency except course. This study hardly provides empirical data to support the theories in LLA and LLS which are supposed to have a significant role in affecting students' reading proficiency. It also denies the role of schema theory in reading by activating learners' prior knowledge to process meaning and concepts from the reading selections. Variable course may seem to provide empirical support to the extension of the theories in LLS as well as schema theory in reading.
The Association between Placental Location in the First Trimester and Fetal Sex
Authors: Mirbolouk Fariba , Mohammadi Maryam , Leili Ehsan Kazemnejad , Dalil Heirati Seyedeh Fatemeh 
Published: May 2019

Background: Because advance knowledge of fetal sex can satisfy parental curiosity and allay anxiety, attempts at its determination prior to birth have a long history. There may also be reason to determine fetal sex when sex-specific genetic disorders are suspected. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between gestational sac (GS) location and fetal sex.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 751 pregnant women. Transvaginal ultrasound was performed during 7-8 weeks of gestation for prenatal care and assessment of pregnancy sac and GS location. Age, parity, gravidity and GS location were recorded. Abdominal ultrasound was performed at 16-20 weeks of gestation to determine fetal health and sex and finally data was analyzed and compared to sex of the fetus after birth using SPSS software version 21.
Results: There was a significant relationship between GS location and fetal sex (P<0.0001). However, pregnancy outcomes (male or female) and GS location (anterior or posterior) were not significant correlated (P= 0.290). There was, on the other hand, a significant relationship between outcomes and GS location (right or left) (P<0.0001).
Conclusion: Maybe GS location could be considered as a helpful method for earlier fetal sex determination.
Familism
Authors: Silva Archibaldo , Campos Belinda 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFamilism is the term used to describe a societal norm for family members to prioritize family interests over individual preferences. Its norms capture the rights and obligations that individual family members have in relation to kin and involve family solidarity and integration. Familism has been formally studied since the 1940s. It was originally framed as a cultural deficit, but current evidence suggests that familism is a cultural strength for both collectivist and individualist peoples. This entry reviews the familism construct, four types of familism, historical and contemporary research on familism, and the controversies that have characterized research on this topic. At the end of this entry, current and future directions in the study of familism are described.
SOPA,PIPA
Authors: Konieczny Piotr 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSOPA and PIPA were pieces of American legislation proposed in the early 2010s to address issues related to copyright infringement that led to significant grassroot mobilization and protests among the Internet community. Those two bills were dropped following these protests but they have resurfaced since under other names, and related issues continue to be debated by politicians, scholars, activists, and the general public.
Economic Perspectives
Authors: Zafirovski Milan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Classical political economy is the earliest stage and school in the evolution of economic science from the late eighteenth century to the second half of the nineteenth century, since Adam Smith the founder. It is the science of the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of wealth. It has two related branches: pure economics as the theory of a market economy and social economics or economic sociology as an analysis of the institutional structure of economies, including markets. Classical political economy is succeeded by neoclassical economics, the next stage and school in the evolution of economic science from the 1870s to the 1930s and later. It begins with the “marginalist revolution” in economics during the 1870s–1890s, such as the marginal utility theory of value and prices, in adverse reaction to classical political economy's labor version. The founders of “marginalism” are William Jevons, Carl Menger, and Leon Walras, “discovering” marginal utility theory in Europe during 1871–1874. Neoclassical economics consists of two main branches or orientations, “pure” economic theory in the form of “market economics” and social economics or economic sociology.
Racism
Authors: Olivier Jasmine , Clair Matthew , Denis Jeffrey S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe study of racism in sociology entails an examination of the social construction of “racial” groups and racial inequalities. Defined as an ideology of racial group superiority that justifies or prescribes a system of racial domination or exploitation, racism is perpetuated by the beliefs and behaviors of individuals and by the institutions in which they are embedded. In the post‐civil rights period, many scholars have focused on the shift from overt to subtle forms of racism and white privilege. In today's sociopolitical climate, however, scholars have increasingly documented a return of overt racism and white supremacist movements, providing more evidence against the notion of a postracial society. A thorough analysis of racism requires an examination of both subtle forms of racism and the resurgence of overt racism and its consequences for inequality.
Narrative Research
Authors: Wolgemuth Jennifer R. , Agosto Vonzell 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNarrative research is a qualitative research methodology in the narrative inquiry tradition. Narrative inquiries elicit and analyzes stories in order to understand people, cultures, and societies. Narrative inquiry emerged from social constructionism and the narrative turn, which attuned narrative researchers to the importance of story and the belief that people's lives are forged through stories. Narrative inquiries can be categorized as narratives of the self, narratives and society, and narratives for/of social justice. They are distinguished by their focus on the author's story, composition and analysis of narrative within broader cultural and social discourses, and use of critical theories to tell counterstories of oppressed and marginalized groups. Future influences on narrative inquiry and research include new materialist and posthumanist theories, large and small scale political and social activism, and mass production of narratives via social media.
Sharing Economy
Authors: David Matthew 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The meaning of a sharing economy is narrowed down in this entry to a discussion of the free sharing of informational goods, rather than the wider domain of direct rental and labor that is often unhelpfully associated with the term. The question of whether free sharing of nonrivalrous informational goods (in the sense of free copying) represents a credible economic model rather than just a parasitic threat to property and market‐based models is then examined in terms of the efficiency, efficacy, and incentives created by free sharing relative to property and markets. It is shown that in the domains of music, software, writing, and science a sharing economy is more efficient, effective, and incentivizing.
Zald,MayerNathan (1931–2012)
Authors: McCarthy John D. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMayer Zald's important contributions to sociological scholarship included his political economy approach to organizational analysis, understood as more or less contained organized conflicts between collective actors within organizations, the resource mobilization approach that stresses the importance of resource availability, new technologies for their aggregation, the role of mass media, and the centrality of both entrepreneurial leaders and competition among social movement organizations to understanding social movements, and how these two approaches can be combined to account for how new organizational forms emerge.
Convergence Culture
Authors: Horbinski Andrea 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Convergence culture constitutes the rise of participatory cultures in conjunction with new forms of storytelling and narrative consumption across media, powered by affective labor as a form of consumption in post‐Fordist capitalism. Through their labor in these cultures, audiences create connections amongst themselves and across media that destabilize hierarchies of media production and enable new forms of nonofficial production and social relations.
T
awney,
R.H.
(1880–1962)
Authors: Page Robert M. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

R.H.Tawney (1880–1962) was a renowned twentieth‐century British economic historian, educationalist, and democratic socialist thinker. In his best‐known historical work,
Religion and the Rise of Capitalism
(1926), he explored the way in which the emergence of Protestant doctrine in the sixteenth century served to legitimate individualistic rather than collective approaches to commercial activity. In two other landmark publications,
The Acquisitive Society
(1921) and
Equality
(1931), Tawney made a significant contribution to the development of democratic socialist thought and policy within the UK Labour Party. His impassioned critiques of capitalism and its propensity to devalue the moral worth and dignity of workers and undermine solidaristic and co‐operative forms of enterprise inspired the Labour movement. Tawney also worked tirelessly to promote the case for improved educational opportunities for working‐class children and adults.
Alatas,SyedHussein (1928–2007)
Authors: Hassan Riaz 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSyed Hussein Alatas was one of Southeast Asia's most eminent social scientists. He is known for his seminal studyMyth of the Lazywhich offered penetrating analyses of colonial capitalism and its sociological consequences. His prolific scholarly output also made significant contributions to the sociology of corruption, political sociology, and sociology of religion, and modernization.
Healthcare
Authors: Guseva Alya , Kilicaslan Alaz 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
We review key policy and sociological work on several aspects of healthcare: the problems of the US healthcare delivery system and the history of health reform in the United States with occasional references to other peer countries; social determinants of health (socioeconomic status, race, and gender); medical professional dominance, its effect on patient care and on other health occupations, and its recent decline; medicalization and healthcare consumerism.
Technoscapes
Authors: Biniok Peter 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Technoscapes are global configurations of technology and connect previously separated spheres and places. They span worldwide sociotechnical configurations, networks, and systems and enable the flow of information, manpower, and money. Technoscapes have local manifestations. These technological milieus are shaped by worldwide rules and patterns. Conversely, locally produced and established routines change technoscapes. Human life is a technological life. Digitalization transcends the divide between humans and technologies. Both are constructing new and modifying existing technoscapes. Individuals move through these sociotechnical landscapes and position themselves in online and offline worlds. By doing so, they give meaning to technoscapes.
Euro Crisis
Authors: Tosun Jale 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This entry offers a discussion of the causes, consequences, and management of the euro crisis starting in 2009. To this end, it first introduces the principles of the European Monetary Union and then sketches out the chronology of the euro crisis as it unfolded from 2009 to 2015. The presentation of the chronology of the crisis is accompanied by an illustration of how the political leaders dealt with this exceptional situation. Given the nature of the euro crisis, Greece features prominently in this entry. Last, it turns to the political, economic, and societal consequences of the crisis for Greece, but also for the other member states as well as for the European Union as a whole.
World Culture
Authors: Elliott Michael A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGlobalization studies tend to be dominated by accounts of political conflict or economic expansion, but accounts of world culture gained traction in the 1990s and have coalesced around four general approaches: (1) world culture as an ideology constructed by powerful, hegemonic actors; (2) world culture as a web of international norms that are used to pursue rational self‐interest; (3) world culture as an ontological framework that defines appropriate action, identities, and purpose; and (4) world culture as diverse reactions to, and adaptations of, global flows and connections. In the process of summarizing each approach, the example of human rights – a prominent feature of contemporary world culture – is used to highlight their key differences.
Red Mafia
Authors: Wang Peng 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The term “red mafia” has been increasingly used by researchers in the field of organized crime and corruption, but no consensus has been made on what it means. Russian criminologists use red mafia to refer to Russian organized crime groups in general or organized crime groups in the post‐Soviet context. Chinese criminologists, however, define red mafia as groups or networks of corrupt Communist Party members who earn illicit profits, mainly from abusing public office and selling protection. Completely different understandings of what the red mafia is and how it works hinders theoretical and empirical advancement. The entry discusses conceptual ambiguity and confusion in the literature and offers recommendations for future research directions.
Food and Health
Authors: Schneider Tanja 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In many parts of the world the relationship between food and health is predominately defined by a nutritional and medical discourse today. This discourse focuses on food intake as a core determinant of individual bodily and mental health, prevention of under‐ or overweight, and of future diseases. Sociologists and other social scientists, however, have a broader understanding of the relationship between food and health and emphasize how cultural meanings and beliefs as well as social structures and institutions such as education, media, law, politics, and economy shape food practices. The aim of sociological research, reviewed here, is to understand the conditions of possibility for the emergence and prominence of a medical nutrition discourse on food and health and what it tells us about contemporary society.
Rex,John (1925–2011)
Authors: Solomos John 
Published: May 2019

AbstractJohn Rex (1925–2011), was a key figure in the history of British sociology in general and central to the emergence and development of the study of race and ethnic relations as a specific subfield. Rex grew up in South Africa and developed a strong interest in questions about race as a result of his experiences of racial segregation and domination in that environment. He was an active scholar, researcher, and public figure from the 1960s to the 2000s, writing extensively on various facets of race and ethnicity. In addition to his work on race and ethnicity he made important interventions about sociological theory, including his influentialKey Problems of Sociological Theory.
Aging, Sociology of
Authors: George Linda K. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe sociology of aging encompasses investigations of aging as a process, of older adults as a group, and of old age as a distinctive stage of the life course. Aging research is performed at multiple levels of analysis, from macrolevel studies of age structure within and across societies, to mezzolevel studies of labor force participation and family structure, to microlevel investigations of health and well‐being. Aging research uses the full repertoire of methods that characterize the discipline, including life tables and other demographic methods, survey research, ethnographic methods, and observational studies. The depth of the field results from the accumulation of scientific studies that now span more than threequarters of a century.
Bourgeoisie
Authors: Göçek Fatma Müge 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The bourgeoisie originated as a social group in European cities from the eleventh century on, referring specifically to those male burghers who earned their living through artisanal work, trade, and commerce. With the advent of the industrial and ideological revolutions of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this group assumed sociological significance as a social class, namely as a group of people that shared a common material location in society with ensuing economic and political interests that they concomitantly pursued. Across time and space, the most significant debates around the term bourgeoisie pertain to its relation first to social and political, and later cultural spheres.
Civil Society
Authors: Ray Larry 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Civil society is often understood as a defense against excessive state power and atomized individualism, which otherwise threatens to create conditions for authoritarianism. The term can be traced to Roman juridical concepts (
ius civile
), but its contemporary use to describe contractual relations, the rise of public opinion, representative government, civic freedoms, plurality, and “civility” first appeared in seventeenth and eighteenth‐century political philosophy. Thomas Hobbes's theory of the sovereign state (Leviathan) was premised on the existence of two branches of society – political and civil – tied by a “social contract” between subjects and the state. Surrender of sovereignty to the state protected society from the war of all against all. Although the political system was the dominant part, the civil and political were mutually sustaining systems, in which private activity, while governed by sovereign laws, was otherwise bound only by conscience and the rules of civic association. Disputing Hobbes's negative views of human nature, John Locke further enhanced the status of civil society as a space of association, contract, and property regulated by the law.
Counterculture
Authors: Bannister Matthew 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Counterculture refers to a primarily western, white, youth culture of opposition to mainstream culture, originating in the mid‐1960s United States, which explored alternative lifestyles and perspectives, and is often referred to as the hippy movement. In the 1970s, social change, along with the rise of subcultural studies, meant that the term, and the movement, went out of fashion. More recent studies focus on the concept of the neo‐tribe, a loose affiliation of lifestyles and interests, and arguably today's Green parties and environmental movements exemplify this concept while also owing a debt to the original 1960s counterculture.
Educational Inequality
Authors: Renzulli Linda A. , Petts Amy L. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Many assume that the US educational system is meritocratic, meaning that through hard work all individuals have an equal chance of acquiring the educational credentials needed to succeed. This entry explores how social inequality in the education system challenges this assumption and often leads to the reproduction, and not reduction, of social inequality. In particular, the entry focuses on how family and school processes generate inequalities in educational opportunities and outcomes for children. It also discusses changes in inequality over time and likely directions of future research exploring educational inequality.
E
merson,
R
ichard
M
. (1925–1982)
Authors: Cook Karen S. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Richard Marc Emerson is best known for his work on social power, and subsequently his work on social exchange. In the early 1960s he published two highly significant papers on social power and social exchange that changed the way social scientists viewed social power. An important feature of his work was its focus on network positional determinants of power. This simple idea set the stage for the linkage between exchange theory and networks, which became a major focus of attention in the social sciences. He was recruited to the Department of Sociology at the University of Washington in 1965, where he served on the faculty until his premature death in 1982 at the peak of his academic career.
Parameter identification of linear time‐invariant systems using dynamic regressor extension and mixing
Authors: Aranovskiy Stanislav , Belov Alexey , Ortega Romeo , Barabanov Nikita , Bobtsov Alexey 
Published: May 2019

SummaryDynamic regressor extension and mixing (DREM) is a new technique for parameter estimation that has proven instrumental in the solution of several open problems in system identification and adaptive control. A key property of the estimator is that, by generation of scalar regression models, it guarantees monotonicity of each element of the parameter error vector that is a much stronger property than monotonicity of the vector norm, as ensured with classical gradient or least‐squares estimators. On the other hand, the overall performance improvement of the estimator is strongly dependent on the suitable choice of certain operators that enter in the design. In this paper, we investigate the impact of these operators on the convergence properties of the estimator in the context of identification of linear single‐input single‐output time‐invariant systems with periodic excitation. The most important contribution is that the DREM (almost surely) converges under the same persistence of excitation (PE) conditions as the gradient estimator while providing improved transient performance. In particular, we give some guidelines how to select the DREM operators to ensure convergence under the same PE conditions as standard identification schemes.