bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distant White Dwarfs in the US Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station Parallax Sample
Authors: Leggett S. K. , Bergeron P. , Subasavage John P. , Dahn Conard C. , Harris Hugh C. , Munn Jeffrey A. , Ables Harold D. , Canzian Blaise J. , Guetter Harry H. , Henden Arne H. , Levine Stephen E. , Luginbuhl Christian B. , Monet Alice B. , Monet David G. , Pier Jeffrey R. , Stone Ronald C. , Vrba Frederick J. , Walker Richard L. , Tilleman Trudy M. , Xu Siyi , Dufour P. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This paper presents new trigonometric parallaxes and proper motions for 214 stars. The measurements were made at the US Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station between 1989 and 2017, and the average uncertainty in the parallax values is 0.6 mas. We find good agreement with Gaia Data Release 2 measurements for the stars in common, although there may be a small systematic offset similar to what has been found by other investigators. The sample is matched to catalogs and the literature to create a photometric data set that spans the ultraviolet to the mid-infrared. New mid-infrared photometry is obtained for 19 stars from archived Spitzer mosaics. New optical spectroscopy is presented for seven systems and additional spectra were obtained from the literature. We identify a subsample of 179 white dwarfs (WDs) at distances of 25–200 pc. Their spectral energy distributions (SEDs) are analyzed using model atmospheres. The models reproduce the entire flux-calibrated SED very well and provide the atmospheric chemical composition, temperature, surface gravity, mass, and cooling age of each WD. Twenty-six WDs are newly classified, and 12 systems are presented as candidate unresolved binaries. We confirm one WD+red dwarf system and identify two WDs as candidate dust disk systems. Twelve old and high-velocity systems are identified as candidate thick disk or halo objects. The WDs in the sample generally have Galactic disk-like ages of <8 Gyr and masses close to the canonical 0.6 M
⊙.
Automated Nucleic Acid Isolation Methods for HDV viral Load Quantification can Lead to viral Load Underestimation
Authors: Bremer Birgit , Anastasiou Olympia E , Ciesek Sandra , Wedemeyer Heiner 
Published: December 2018

Background HDV infection is a cause of severe liver disease. Diagnosis and monitoring of HDV RNA are important to patient management. Since 2012, a WHO standard for HDV RNA quantification has been available; however, the impact of RNA extraction methods on HDV viral load quantification has never been evaluated. Methods The aim of this study was to compare four commonly used automated nucleic acid (NA) extraction methods (AmpliPrep, MagNA Pure, QIAcube QBK and QIAcube VRK) with a manual RNA extraction method (Instant Virus RNA/DNA kit) and evaluate the possible effect of each method on HDV RNA yield with subsequent amplification with the Robogene HDV assay. Serum samples from HDV-positive patients taken before treatment with pegylated interferon-α2a and at treatment weeks 12 and 48 were studied. Results The automated extraction methods MagNA Pure, Ampliprep and QIAcube VRK extraction led to about 10-fold lower HDV RNA values compared with the manual method of NA extraction, while the difference was smaller with QIAcube QBK (about 6-fold lower). The median viral load was 10,665 IU/ml for the manual method, 445 IU/ml for AmpliPrep, 3,209 IU/ml for MagNA Pure, 2,060 IU/ml for QIAcube QBK and 3,568 IU/ml for QIAcube VRK. Use of MagNA Pure led to misclassification of two on-treatment samples with low viral load as being false negative. Conclusions The NA extraction method had a significant impact on the measured HDV viral loads determined by the commonly used Robogene assay, with the manual RNA method yielding consistently higher values of viral load. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00932971.
The EU’s Policy in the South Caucasus
Authors: Delcour Laure , Hoffmann Katharina 
Published: December 2018

Dans cet article, nous analysons comment l’Arménie, l’Azerbaïdjan et la Géorgie réagissent et essaient de façonner la politique de l’UE dans le Caucase du Sud. L’UE a développé depuis les années 2000 des politiques différenciées pour les trois pays. Nous nous demandons dans quelle mesure cette différenciation appuie les objectifs de l’UE visant à renforcer l’impact et la visibilité dans la région. Nous soutenons que les politiques de l’UE ont trois défauts. Premièrement, l’UE n’a pas réussi à accroître significativement son engagement dans la résolution des conflits dans la région. Deuxièmement, même si l’état de droit suscitait de vives inquiétudes dans certains pays du Caucase du Sud, l’UE s’est abstenue d’utiliser la conditionnalité politique. Troisièmement, l’UE a mis l’accent sur l’exportation à grande échelle des normes de l’UE, ce qui soulève des questions concernant la capacité de l’acquis de l’UE à servir en tant que modèle pour le développement dans ces pays post-soviétiques.
The Changing Image of Russia in the European Project of Post-Soviet Georgia
Authors: Gamkrelidze Tamar 
Published: December 2018

L’article traite du rôle de la Russie en ce qui concerne le projet européen de la Géorgie institué par le gouvernement du Mouvement national uni (MNU) en 2004-2012. Il se penche sur les raisons pour lesquelles le projet européen, qui prévoyait initialement des relations de coopération avec la Russie, a fini par faire de son voisin du nord son principal adversaire. Il ressort de cette étude que la politique pro-européenne en Géorgie comportait une adroite combinaison d’inclusion et d’exclusion de la Russie : le Kremlin a été exclu des questions intérieures géorgiennes tout en s’engageant dans les initiatives de politique étrangère de la Géorgie. Cette tactique s’est effondrée en 2008 en raison d’erreurs de calcul et de fautes aboutissant à faire de la Russie le principal ennemi du pays.
Islamism in Tajikistan and What the EU Can Do
Authors: Braun Yvonne 
Published: December 2018

L’article montre que la rhétorique du gouvernement tadjik sur le « mythe de la radicalisation » relative à la menace « islamiste » dans le pays rend difficile la distinction entre ce récit et le véritable danger posé par les mouvements islamistes. Cela crée un climat opaque et confus au Tadjikistan avec des acteurs différents, un droit restreint à la liberté de religion pour les citoyens tadjiks et un gouvernement tadjik pas toujours coopératif. Il est donc difficile pour l’UE d’aborder le phénomène de manière adéquate. L’article indique finalement comment l’UE peut affiner sa stratégie actuelle en appliquant des définitions exactes, en fixant des objectifs clairs et réalistes, en tenant compte des opportunités de coopération mondiales et régionales, et en se concentrant sur son approche en termes de « soft power ».
Blitzkrieg pour la paix : la réconciliation Éthiopie-Érythrée
Authors: Gascon Alain 
Published: December 2018

Il faut, pour comprendre les chaotiques relations entre l’Éthiopie et l’Érythrée – avant-dernier État indépendant d’Afrique –, remonter au début du xx e siècle et aux conséquences des actions multiples des grandes puissances dans la région. Guerre de trente, ou de cinquante ans, l’opposition entre Addis-Abeba et Asmara semble désormais muer en dialogue. L’héritage d’une histoire et d’une culture communes suffira-t-il à garantir la paix, en dépit du caractère dictatorial du régime érythréen ?
Cutting Edge: Dynamic Expression of Id3 Defines the Stepwise Differentiation of Tissue-Resident Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Sullivan Jenna M. , Höllbacher Barbara , Campbell Daniel J. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T (TR) cells are phenotypically and functionally diverse and broadly distributed in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. However, the pathways guiding the differentiation of tissue-resident TR cell populations have not been well defined. By regulating E-protein function, Id3 controls the differentiation of CD8+ effector T cells and is essential for TR cell maintenance and function. We show that dynamic expression of Id3 helps define three distinct mouse TR cell populations: Id3+CD62LhiCD44lo central TR cells, Id3+CD62LloCD44hi effector TR (eTR) cells, and Id3− eTR cells. Adoptive transfer experiments and transcriptome analyses support a stepwise model of differentiation from Id3+ central TR to Id3+ eTR to Id3− eTR cells. Furthermore, Id3− eTR cells have high expression of functional inhibitory markers and a transcriptional signature of tissue-resident TR cells. Accordingly, Id3− eTR cells are highly enriched in nonlymphoid organs but virtually absent from blood and lymph. Thus, we propose that tissue-resident TR cells develop in a multistep process associated with Id3 downregulation.
Leveraging donor support to develop a national antimicrobial resistance policy and action plan: Ghana’s success story
Authors: Opintan Japheth A. 
Published: December 2018

Background: To mitigate the increasing trend of antimicrobial drug resistance (AMR), the Global Action Plan (GAP) on AMR was adopted at the 68th World Health Assembly in May 2015. Subsequently, member countries were encouraged to mirror the five key strategic objectives of GAP to develop their respective National Action Plans (NAPs) by 2017. Country-specific data on AMR is, however, critical for a comprehensive NAP that will inform policy and also anchor all the objectives of GAP. Systematic reviews have been suggested by some authors to generate relevant data to inform NAP development.Objectives: This article highlights Ghana’s success story in the development of its AMR policy documents and how it could further be implemented through donor support.Methods: Literature and desk review of the activities of Ghana’s National Platform on Antimicrobial Resistance leading to the development of the NAP and AMR policy was done.Results: Ghana launched its NAP together with the accompanying policy document in April 2018. Country-specific data, which guided these documents, were obtained by leveraging donor support activities through the National Platform on Antimicrobial Resistance.Conclusion: Ghana’s success story on the development of AMR policy documents is pivoted on a strong political will and the leveraging of donor support for specific activities.
Reassortment of bluetongue virus vaccine serotypes in cattle
Authors: Van den Bergh Carien , Coetzee Peter , Venter Estelle H. 
Published: December 2018

Bluetongue is primarily a disease of sheep in South Africa, while cattle and goats are mostly subclinically infected. The viraemia of bluetongue virus in cattle lasts much longer than in sheep and the role of cattle in the epidemiology of bluetongue in South Africa is poorly understood. Bluetongue virus has a segmented double-stranded ribonucleic acid genome and reassortment of genomes is a common feature. The aim of the study was to investigate whether reassortment occurs between vaccine and field strains when simultaneously administered to cattle. Six cattle between the ages of 6 and 12 months were infected with five strains of modified live vaccine bluetongue virus and a virulent field isolate of bluetongue virus 4. Blood samples were subsequently collected daily from these animals from day 1 to day 39 post-inoculation. Viruses were directly isolated during viraemia from the buffy coat on Vero cells using the plaque forming unit method. Analysis of plaques indicated that no reassortants between virulent field and vaccine strains occurred and the virulent bluetongue virus 4 was identified as the predominant virus strain. However, a reassortant virus between two bluetongue virus vaccine strains was isolated from the buffy coat. Whole genome sequences from the vaccine viruses were compared to the suspected reassortant and it was found that segment 8 exchanged between the bluetongue virus 8 and bluetongue virus 9 vaccine strains. The use of the live-attenuated bluetongue virus multivalent vaccine in South Africa causes circulation of different vaccine serotypes in Culicoides spp. and susceptible hosts and cattle might provide the ideal host for reassortment to occur.
PRACTICAL CARE OF MILKING MACHINE RUBBER
Authors: Guthrie Richard S. 
Published: December 2018

Milking machine rubber care requires the same fundamental steps in cleaning as any dairy equipment: Immediate air-brushing with clean cool water, routine disassembly, bristle-brushing in a balanced dairy cleaner solution, reassembly, sanitizing with 185°F water, and storage.
Boiling the rubber parts in a graniteware vessel containing a solution of lye (made up of two heaping teaspoonfulls of lye added to each quart of water) for fifteen minutes, cooling, and soaking for eight hours, removes butter fat, improves resiliency and milking efficiency, and promotes sanitary milk production.
REGULATORY ASPECTS OF PERMANENT MILKING MACHINE PIPE-LINE INSTALLATIONS
Authors: Ghiggoile O. A. 
Published: December 2018

In the past. we have discouraged “in-place” washing and sterilizing of permanent pipe-line milking machines. However, it is being successfully done, and the installation of such equipment is rapidly increasing in California.
Several problems have resulted from “in-place” washing and sterilizing of pipe-line milking machines which need to be controlled. With this object in view, regulations governing the installation and operation based upon an investigation of the problems are being adopted.
FOOD HANDLER TRAINING EVALUATION STUDIES IN CALIFORNIA*
Authors: Tarbett Ralph L. 
Published: December 2018

The California Conference of Local Health Officers of a 1950 meeting requested the State Health Department to make a study of the effect of food handler training in a restaurant sanitation program. The Conference had previously gone on record as favoring education and inspection as desirable parts of a food sanitation program.
This request, coupled with the questions passed by several sanitation directors of local health departments, “Will food handler training schools substantially improve sanitation in our restaurants?” caused the State Department of Public Health to enter upon these studies.
Previous to the start of these studies, institutes on promoting and conducting food handler training programs had been held throughout the State. Guides which outlined the food handler courses had been distributed and widely accepted by local departments interested in food handler training.
Consultants from the A.P.H.A., U.S.P.H.S., University of California School of Public Health, and Department of Public Health planned the methods, forms, and technique to be used in making this study.
Field surveys of restaurants would be used as a base for measurements, State restaurant inspection personnel were used on the survey team.
Each restaurant is given a numerical grade based on 100: 37 points for physical plant and 63 points for operational items. A rating is given the community using the U.S.P.H.S. method of scoring.
Several types of communities were surveyed: (1) Those not having and not anticipating a food handler training program, (2) those not having, but developing a food handler training program, and (3) those having had a stable program for several years. This is developing a picture of the various types of communities.
It is impossible to draw positive conclusions as to the value of food handler training on the basis of our studies up to the present time. However, it does appear, from the information thus far accumulated in a number of communities in the State of California, that food handler training does pay substantial dividends. These dividends appear to be in improved restaurant sanitation, better working relations between the restaurant industry and the local health department, and an increased public interest in and support for the program.
Much of the criticism thrown at Health Departments regarding Food Sanitation is the lack of uniformity in recommended practices and legal interpretations of laws.
These studies, we believe, in addition to measuring the value of food handler training courses, are also tending to standardize practices and legal interpretations and develop closer relationships between the State and local health departments.
DEFENSE AGAINST BIOLOGICAL WARFARE*
Authors: Green Richard S. 
Published: December 2018

Biological warfare, “Public Health in Reverse,” calls for new methods of fighting disease, because when disease is willfully spread, it can take on new aspects. By understanding why an enemy may choose to use BW instead of some other weapon, we may be able to forecast its use and prepare to repel it.
Various BW agents, means of distribution, and required properties are discussed. Although counteracting forces now exist in the health services of the United States, we must fashion and learn to use special defensive weapons.
The author outlines four essential elements in a program of defense against BW.
TIME—TEMPERATURE STUDIES OF THE INACTIVATION RATE OF BRUCELLA ABORTUS STRAIN 2308 IN MILK*
Authors: Foster H. G. , Lear S. A. , Metzger H. J. 
Published: December 2018

Experimental data relating to the destruction of B. abortus (2308) in milk by heat are presented.
It was observed that B. abortus (2308) was killed in 23 minutes at 142.7°F. and in 14 seconds at 161.6°F. when the preheating time was zero.
A practical mathematical method for evaluating the lethal effects of the preheating, holding and cooling parts of the heating curve on the organism is discussed.
SELLING SANITATION*
Authors: Ewell H. M. 
Published: December 2018

Since the beginning of time when a rightful order was introduced, establishing proper balance in all things, we find we must still, maintain such balance to sell Sanitation, or anything else.
What is the problem?—Bacteria
What is the control?—Sanitation
How is it corrected?—Cleaning and Sanitizing
How is it accomplished?—Proper Methods
Why use it regularly?—Good Habits
What is the result?—Quality Milk
Why is it of interest?—Profit
Since selling is based on four basic fundamental principles, namely Quality, Service, Satisfaction and Profit, the author tells the story of Sanitation.
Here proper balance is indicated again and if we humans hope to do a goad job to help keep our industry great, we must develop our personalities to a proper balance also. Most men are capable of much more than their regular efforts and action indicate. The only thing is they lack a plan. A track to run on. Assuming our knowledge and work effort is acceptable, there remains only our personalities and therein lies the key to Selling. If we list only twelve personality traits, namely:S killA bilityL oyaltyE nthusiasmS incerityM odernA ggressiveN eatS elf OrganizationH onestyI nitiativeP ersistence
you will find a track to run on; by taking the first letter of each trait as listed you have S-A-L-E-S-M-A-N-S-H-I-P. Practice these traits and develop new ones, therein lies the important secret of Selling. Do these things regularly enough to become a habit and it will help keep the proper balance in the bank.
CHANGING RESPONSIBILITIES IN MILK AND FOOD TECHNOLOGY*
Authors: Hanson Harry G. 
Published: December 2018

Among the challenging possibilities for improving milk and food practices are: pinpointing sanitation efforts on genuine health hazards; establishment of standards of nutrient quality in foods; assumption by private enterprise of more responsibility for food sanitation; application of modern science to the reclamation of community food wastes; bringing up to date the epidemiology of food-borne disease and adjusting control measures accordingly.
Hydroponic famring, photosynthesis of algae in sewage oxidation ponds to produce cottle feed—and thus beefsteak—; radiation sterilization of food; complete meals in sealed packages; and the application of positive health measures such as fluoridation of drinking water and enrichment of food are but examples of the rapid change in our technology.
A PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAM FOR CIVIL* DEFENSE EMERGENCY FEEDING OPERATIONS IN NEW YORK CITY
Authors: Trichter Jerome 
Published: December 2018

A disaster brought about through atomic or bacteriological warfare will create stupendous environmental sanitation problems of which food control will be only a smaller part. The food problem in the disaster area may be dealt with from three points of view:Contamination (radioactive, sewage, glass and debris) :Processing problems caused by disruption of water supply and power; andMass feeding (not only in the disaster area but also in evacuation areas).
A comprehensive emergency plan for a large metropolitan area is presented which is based largely on prior training and instruction of the sanitarian.
FOOD-BORNE ILLNESS IN THE NAVY—ANALYSIS OF 243 OUTBREAKS*†
Authors: Cook John. S. 
Published: December 2018

A total of 243 outbreaks of possible food-borne illness reported in the Navy during the three-year period 1950–52 is analyzed.
Although the number of outbreaks of streptococcal sore throat is small, the importance of these outbreaks and their sequelae is great.
Outbreaks of diarrheal disease reported to the Navy may be roughly separated into two groups, namely, those which are over within 24 hours and those which last longer, usually much longer.
The second group, affecting predominontly individuals of ships in tropical areas or war zones, is not usually related to a particular meal but assumes a form statistically resembling a propagated epidemic. This group of illnesses — including shigellosis, salmonellosis, and “intestinol flu”—is being intensively studied by the Navy.
THE EFFECT OF THE INCUBATION TIME AND TEMPERATURE ON THE DETERMINATION OF PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA IN MILK BY THE AGAR PLATE METHOD1*
Authors: Boyd J. C. , Smith C. K. , Trout G. M. 
Published: December 2018

A study has been made of the effect of incubation time and temperature on the determination of psychrophilic bacteria in milk.
The incubation of agar plates at 10° C resulted in the detection of a group of thermoduric organisms which was not found when agar plates were incubated at 5° C. These organisms are not considered to be true psychrophiles.
Bacterial counts on milk obtained using the 5° C and 10° C incubation temperatures did not coincide regardless of the incubation period. The counts obtained using the 10° C incubation temperature were always higher than those obtained at 5° C for a similar period.
Maximum bacterial counts on milk samples stored at 5° C for 10 days or less were not obtained in less than 20 days when the agar plates were incubated at 5° C.
BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF A FARM BULK MILK HANDLING SYSTEM1,2
Authors: Marth E. H. , Hunter J. E. , Frazier W. C. 
Published: December 2018

Studies were conducted on the bacteriology of a farm bulk milk handling system. The sanitary condition of two bulk cooling tanks was tested by the swab-contact method. Milk samples were taken under various conditions of storage to determine the time of agitation required to permit representative sampling for bacteriological testing. The milk was sampled for bacteriological analysis after one and two days of storage in the bulk tanks to determine the effect of every-other-day pickup. The milk was sampled at the farm and at the dairy plant to determine the effect of tanker transportation.
Results from these studies indicated that the flat open surfaces of the cooling tanks were generally cleaned in a satisfactory manner but that valves required special care in cleansing. Ninety seconds of agitation permitted representative sampling for bacteriological tests under all test conditions. Neither every-other-day pickup nor tanker transport adversely affected milk quality in the system being studied.