bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Study on the Optical Properties of Multichromophoric Systems Based on an Exciton Approach: Modification Guidelines
Authors: Shiraogawa Takafumi , Ehara Masahiro 
Published: March 2019

AbstractRecent advances in experimental techniques have led to significant freedom in the design of supramolecular and polymeric systems. However, to develop efficient optical materials, appropriate design guidelines must be determined. Herein we propose a post‐modification strategy based on excitonic analysis to improve the emission and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) of multichromophoric systems. The generation and annihilation mechanisms for the emission and CPL of an achiral crystal of 2,5‐diphenyl‐1,4‐distyrylbenzene (trans‐DPDSB), as an example, have been analyzed. The emission is predominantly attributed to a local transition within the single chromophore due to weak exciton coupling. The decomposed CPL components with the strong intensity originate from the interactions of exciton electric transition dipole moments between the chromophore and its adjacent monomers, which cancels each other out in enantiomeric pairs of the achiral system. Based on these findings, we propose a set of guidelines toward the improvement of photofunction. The Frenkel‐exciton decomposition analysis (FEDA), which reveals the contributions of components of the supramolecular system, provides new possibilities to exploit the potential of multichromophoric systems.
Revisiting the Electrochemical Lithiation Mechanism of Aluminum and the Role of Li‐rich Phases (Li1+xAl) on Capacity Fading
Authors: Qin Bingsheng , Diemant Thomas , Zhang Huang , Hoefling Alexander , Behm R. Jürgen , Tübke Jens , Varzi Alberto , Passerini Stefano 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAluminum is an appealing anode material for high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), owing to its low cost, environmental benignity, high specific capacity, and lower relative volume expansion compared with other alloying materials. However, both, the working and capacity fading processes are not yet consistently and comprehensively understood, which has largely hindered its development. In this study, the electrochemical alloying process of aluminum anodes with lithium is systematically studied by the combination of several in situ and ex situ techniques, providing new insights into phase transitions, electrode dynamics, and surface chemistry. Particular attention is paid to the role of the Li‐rich alloys (Li1+xAl). Its existence on the surface of the Al electrode is unexpectedly observed, and its growth in the electrode bulk is found to be strictly correlated with cell failure. Interestingly, cell failure can be delayed by choosing an appropriate electrolyte. This work contributes to a solid and comprehensive understanding of the puzzling Al (de‐)lithiation processes, which is fundamental and highly enlightening for future research work on Al and other alloyed anodes.
Mother‐chick interactions are affected by chicks’ sex and brood composition in Japanese quail
Authors: Aigueperse Nadège , Houdelier Cécilia , Nicolle Céline , Lumineau Sophie 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSex is a trait which leads mothers to invest asymmetrically in their young, especially in species with a strong dimorphism. Authors usually consider that members of the largest sex require the most investment by mothers. In other cases, mothers care preferentially for members of the sex that increase their fitness, e.g. males, in numerous species. In quail, a precocial bird, mother seems to take more care of their males which are more sensitive to their separation. This study investigates the influence of chicks’ sex and brood's sexual composition on the maternal behavior of quail. We evaluated three batches of mothers, composed of (a) unisex broods of males (MM), (b) unisex broods of females (FF), and (c) mixed sex broods (Mx). We recorded mother‐chick interactions during 11 days of mothering. We found that MM mothers spent more time warming their chicks and FF mothers were more active. Moreover, females rejected more aggressively and earlier their female chicks than their male chicks. Finally, Mx chicks, whatever their sex, interacted more with their mothers. Our results highlight a greater quantity and quality of maternal care towards male. Mothers invest more in male chicks. We discussed results in terms of each sex's needs.
U.S. Public Health Service STD Experiments in Guatemala (1946–1948) and Their Aftermath
Authors: Spector‐Bagdady Kayte , Lombardo Paul A. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTThe U.S. Public Health Service’s sexually transmitted disease (STD) experiments in Guatemala are an important case study not only in human subjects research transgressions but also in the response to serious lapses in research ethics. This case study describes how individuals in the STD experiments were tested, exposed to STDs, and exploited as the source of biological specimens—all without informed consent and often with active deceit. It also explores and evaluates governmental and professional responses that followed the public revelation of these experiments, including by academic institutions, professional organizations, and the U.S. federal government, pushing us to reconsider both how we prevent such lapses in the future and how we respond when they are first revealed.
Real‐time experimental study and numerical simulation of phase change material during the discharge stage: Thermo‐fluidic behavior, solidification morphology, and energy content
Authors: Soni Vikram , Kumar Alok , Kumar Arvind , Jain Vijay Kumar 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis article experimentally and numerically investigates solidification behavior of a phase change material during the discharge stage. Particle image velocimetry technique is used to measure the real‐time flow field. The visualization and measurement of solidification characteristics (solidifying interface, mushy zone, solidifying morphology—columnar, and equiaxed dendrites, etc.) are carried out using a high‐resolution camera. Transient temperature at strategic locations is measured using instrumented thermocouples. Experimental results observe multiple rotating vortices and thermal plumes due to Rayleigh‐Bénard convection currents. An interesting phenomenon of detachment of dendrite flakes from the developing mushy zone is observed, which provides several nucleation sites for the initiation of the solidification and leads to heat transfer enhancement. Numerical simulations are performed using a one‐domain continuum model. A comprehensive description of the local and the global scale behavior of solidified fraction, thermal field, and flow field is provided, and their role on energy discharge is established. The energy discharge rate from the system is quantitatively computed using thermal performance indicators, such as latent energy, total (sensible + latent) extracted specific energy, and specific power.
Hybrid‐Vehfog: A robust approach for reliable dissemination of critical messages in connected vehicles
Authors: Paranjothi Anirudh , Tanik Urcun , Wang Yuehua , Khan Mohammad S. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractVehicular Ad‐hoc Networks enable efficient communication between vehicles with the aim of improving road safety. However, the growing number of vehicles in dense regions and obstacle shadowing regions like Manhattan and other downtown areas leads to frequent disconnection problems resulting in disrupted radio wave propagation between vehicles. To address this issue and to transmit critical messages between vehicles and drones deployed from service vehicles to overcome road incidents and obstacles, we proposed a hybrid technique based on fog computing called Hybrid‐Vehfog to disseminate messages in obstacle shadowing regions and a multihop technique to disseminate messages in nonobstacle shadowing regions. Our proposed algorithm dynamically adapts to changes in an environment and benefits in efficiency with robust drone deployment capability as needed. Performance of Hybrid‐Vehfog is carried out in Network Simulator and Simulation of Urban Mobility simulators. The results showed that Hybrid‐Vehfog outperformed Cloud‐assisted Message Downlink Dissemination Scheme, Cross‐Layer Broadcast Protocol, PEer‐to‐Peer protocol for Allocated REsource, Fog‐Named Data Networking with mobility, and flooding schemes at all vehicle densities and simulation times.
High‐efficiency CO2 capture and separation based on hydrate technology: A review
Authors: Li Airong , Wang Jie , Bao Buping 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAs a result of growing concerns about global warming, hydrate‐based processing is becoming a promising technology for CO2 capture. This process captures CO2 by forming clathrate hydrates by exposing flue gas to water under suitable conditions. It results in high CO2 recovery due to its large gas‐storage capacity and the large concentration differences between the separation phases. However, the high cost of hydrate formation conditions is the main reason preventing this technology from wide industrial application. To address this issue, this paper explores the literature on the current status of developments in hydrate‐based CO2 capture and separation, focusing on methods to mitigate hydrate formation conditions and to improve phase‐contacting performance. In this review, various relevant aspects of CO2 capture and separation selectivity are summarized, including promoter selection, thermodynamic and kinetic model development, reactor configuration, and process design. Advantages and disadvantages of alternative processes are also discussed. Current studies are limited to laboratory experiments but low energy penalties and high CO2 selectivity features of hydrate processes will make future plant implementation feasible. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accumulation condition analysis of the Permian shale gas in the Turpan‐Hami Basin, Northwest China
Authors: Dang Ben , Zhao Hong , Chen Jun , Zheng Yong , Xu Ming , Lin Lujun , Liu Ming , Liang Bin , Cao Liu , Qin Haoliang , Zhang Yue 
Published: March 2019

The north‐western region of China is one of the five major shale gas evaluation zones in China. The Turpan‐Hami Basin is one of the important petroliferous basins in the north‐west of China. However, shale gas study in this basin has just started. In this study, based on the investigation of the field outcrop section on the periphery and core observation of this basin, combined with extensive experimental analysis, the Permian dark shale has been studied comprehensively including the development distribution characteristics of the shale, brittle mineral composition, organic geochemistry, physical property, and the gas content. The results show that the dark shale are mainly developed in the middle Permian Taerlang Formation and mainly distributed in the Taibei, Toksun, and Tainan sags in the Turpan Depression and the Sanbu and Huoshizhen sags in the Hami Depression. The northern margin and the western margin of the basin and the south of the Liaodun Uplift are exposed to different degrees. Thickness of the dark shale is between 100 and 500 m with the buried depth of 160–3,600 m. The dark shale is mainly deposited in shallow lacustrine and semideep lacustrine facies. The shale is composed mainly of clay minerals (average 44.6%), brittle mineral quartz (average 38.9%), feldspar (average 9.7%), and calcite (average 4.0%). Brittle mineral contents are high, accounting for 52.6%. The dark shale with an organic carbon content more than 2% accounts for 80% in the tested samples. The types of organic matter are commonly Type II2, followed by Type III. The degree of organic thermal evolution is moderate. The majority areas are in the low‐mature and mature stage, while some areas achieve high maturity stage. The gas content ranges from 0.11 to 6.29 m3/t. Comprehensive analysis shows that the Permian Taerlang Formation dark shale in Turpan‐Hami Basin has the shale gas accumulation conditions. The favourable areas are mainly located in the Taibei Sag in the Turpan Depression, the south of the Liaodun Uplift, followed by the Toksun and Tainan sags in the Turpan and the Hami Depressions.
Submandibular gland resection via the trans‐hairline approach: A preclinical study of a novel flexible single‐port surgical system and the surgical experiences of standard multiarm robotic surgical systems
Authors: Yang Tsung‐Lin , Li Hong , Holsinger Floyd Christopher , Koh Yoon Woo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundCosmetic outcome after submandibular gland (SMG) surgery has greatly improved since the development of robotic surgery through a trans‐hairline approach. However, the bulky sizes of robotic arms and the rigid design of camera and instruments in the current multiarm robotic systems increased the surgical difficulty.MethodsClinical and preclinical studies demonstrated the surgical configuration and procedures of robotic trans‐hairline SMG resection using a flexible, single‐port, and multiarm systems.ResultsThe surgical procedures of trans‐hairline approach for SMG resection could be successfully performed using the flexible single‐port (SP) robotic system in the preclinical study. The unique features include an easier docking procedure, different viewing angles, the use of the third arm, and coordination of instrument positions without a bedside assistant, which are unavailable in current multiarm robotic systems.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the feasibility and the advantages of applying the flexible, SP robotic system in SMG resection through the trans‐hairline approach.
Exact thermoelastic analysis of a thick cylindrical functionally graded material shell under unsteady heating using first order shear deformation theory
Authors: Vaziri Seyyed A. , Ghannad Mehdi , Bég O. Anwar 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn this article, a new analytical formulation is presented for an axisymmetric thick‐walled functionally graded material cylinder with power‐law variation in mechanical and thermal properties under transient heating using first order shear deformation theory. Equilibrium equations are derived by virtual work principles and the energy method. The unsteady heat conduction equation is solved using the method of separation of variables, generalized Bessel functions, and an Eigen‐function method. Validation of the analytical solutions is conducted with a finite element method. The effects of time on stress and displacement distribution are studied in detail. The numerical values used in this study are selected based on earlier studies. The influence of effect of transient heat transfer on heterogeneous thick‐walled cylinder elasticity is clearly demonstrated. In particular, the significant influence of time and the heterogenous constant on radial displacement, hoop stress, and temperature distributions is computed. The study is relevant to rocket chamber thermomechanics, propulsion duct thermophysical design, industrial thermal storage systems, and so forth.
Impact of student pharmacists on community influenza vaccination rates
Authors: Garofoli Gretchen K. , Capehart Krista D. , Kinney Olivia , Feng Xue , Sambamoorthi Usha 
Published: March 2019

IntroductionPharmacists are able to provide vaccinations in all 50 states and student pharmacists are able to provide vaccinations in most states. Community pharmacists and student pharmacists are in a position to impact many patients due to their accessibility.ObjectivesTo assess the impact on the number of influenza vaccines administered in community pharmacies after student pharmacists were granted the authority to vaccinate and to identify geographical disparities in student placements.MethodsThis is a prepost study that compared the number of influenza vaccinations given in community pharmacies in West Virginia before and after student pharmacists were given the authority to vaccinate. Vaccination data were obtained for two 6‐month periods over two consecutive influenza seasons. Community pharmacy advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPE) placement data was obtained from all three schools of pharmacy in the state. Geographical Information Systems software was used to produce maps by zip code. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data.ResultsAPPE students were placed in community pharmacies in 43 different zip codes throughout the state from August 2015 to January 2016. Although the total number of vaccinations given across the state increased during the post period, there was no statistically significant difference in the average number of vaccinations given in the zip codes where student pharmacists were placed. Analysis of mapping output revealed many geographical gaps in student placement with most placements occurring near schools of pharmacy in the state.ConclusionsAn increase in the number of vaccinations was not observed across the state after student pharmacists were able to provide vaccinations. Disparities in the placement of APPE students throughout West Virginia were identified through this research. There are numerous areas that lack APPE student placement, which provide an opportunity for strategic placement of students in the future to meet the unmet needs of these communities.
Sustained release of levofloxacin from thermosensitive chitosan‐based hydrogel for the treatment of postoperative endophthalmitis
Authors: Cheng Yung‐Hsin , Chang Yu‐Fan , Ko Yu‐Chieh , Liu Catherine Jui‐ling 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn the field of ophthalmology, postoperative endophthalmitis (POE) is a serious surgical complication, which may lead to poor visual outcome even after the infection has been controlled. In the study, we develop a sustained drug releasing system loaded with levofloxacin which is expected to be effective against common pathogens responsible for POE for at least 7 days after single application at the end of surgery. The results of study showed that the sol–gel transition temperature of the levofloxacin‐loaded chitosan‐gelatin‐based solution was ~34°C. The gelation time of the developed formulation was ~81 s at 34°C. The results showed that the osmolality of developed hydrogel was 304 mOsm/L. The in vitro drug release studies revealed that levofloxacin release from the developed hydrogel displayed a sustained‐release profile. The long‐term antibacterial property of the developed hydrogel has been demonstrated. The biocompatibility of the developed hydrogel was evaluated in vitro. These results suggest that the levofloxacin‐containing hydrogel could be applied to ocular surface at the end of ophthalmic surgery, without the risks of intracameral injection of antibiotics. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 108B:8–13, 2020.
Fibroblast growth factor 21 controls mitophagy and muscle mass
Authors: Oost Lynette J. , Kustermann Monika , Armani Andrea , Blaauw Bert , Romanello Vanina 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundSkeletal muscle is a plastic tissue that adapts to changes in exercise, nutrition, and stress by secreting myokines and myometabolites. These muscle‐secreted factors have autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine effects, contributing to whole body homeostasis. Muscle dysfunction in aging sarcopenia, cancer cachexia, and diabetes is tightly correlated with the disruption of the physiological homeostasis at the whole body level. The expression levels of the myokine fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) are very low in normal healthy muscles. However, fasting, ER stress, mitochondrial myopathies, and metabolic disorders induce its release from muscles. Although our understanding of the systemic effects of muscle‐derived FGF21 is exponentially increasing, the direct contribution of FGF21 to muscle function has not been investigated yet.MethodsMuscle‐specific FGF21 knockout mice were generated to investigate the consequences of FGF21 deletion concerning skeletal muscle mass and force. To identify the mechanisms underlying FGF21‐dependent adaptations in skeletal muscle during starvation, the study was performed on muscles collected from both fed and fasted adult mice. In vivo overexpression of FGF21 was performed in skeletal muscle to assess whether FGF21 is sufficient per se to induce muscle atrophy.ResultsWe show that FGF21 does not contribute to muscle homeostasis in basal conditions in terms of fibre type distribution, fibre size, and muscle force. In contrast, FGF21 is required for fasting‐induced muscle atrophy and weakness. The mass of isolated muscles from control‐fasted mice was reduced by 15–25% (P < 0.05) compared with fed control mice. FGF21‐null muscles, however, were significantly protected from muscle loss and weakness during fasting. Such important protection is due to the maintenance of protein synthesis rate in knockout muscles during fasting compared with a 70% reduction in control‐fasted muscles (P < 0.01), together with a significant reduction of the mitophagy flux via the regulation of the mitochondrial protein Bnip3. The contribution of FGF21 to the atrophy programme was supported by in vivo FGF21 overexpression in muscles, which was sufficient to induce autophagy and muscle loss by 15% (P < 0.05). Bnip3 inhibition protected against FGF21‐dependent muscle wasting in adult animals (P < 0.05).ConclusionsFGF21 is a novel player in the regulation of muscle mass that requires the mitophagy protein Bnip3.
Indolyl Linked Meta‐Substituted Benzylidenes as Novel Ligands: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Studies
Authors: Mall Rajiv , Singh Amanjot , Singh Gagandeep , Singh Varinder , Verma Raman K. 
Published: March 2019

Synthesis of indolyl linked benzylidene based meta‐substituted phenyl containing thiazolidinediones (4a–b), rhodanine (5a–b), and 1,3‐dicarbonyl based acyclic analogs of isoxazolidinediones (6a–7b) in an effort to develop novel α‐glucosidase inhibitors in the management of hyperglycemia for the treatment of type 2 diabetes is reported. The structure of all the novel synthesized compounds was confirmed through the spectral studies (LC–MS, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and FTIR). Comparative evaluation of these compounds revealed that the compound 5b showed maximum inhibitory potential against α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase giving an IC50 value of 0.28 ± 0.01 μM. Furthermore, binding affinities in terms of G score values and hydrogen bond interactions between all the synthesized compounds and the AA residues in the active site of the protein (PDB code: 3TOP) to that of Acarbose (standard drug) were explored with the help of molecular docking studies. Compound 5b was considered as promising candidate of this series.