bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The utility of magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric trauma patients suspected of having cervical spine injuries
Authors: Derderian S. Christopher , Greenan Krista , Mirsky David M. , Stence Nicholas V. , Graber Sarah , Hankinson Todd C. , Hubbell Noah , Alexander Allyson , O'Neill Brent R. , Wilkinson C. Corbett , Handler Michael H. 
Published: August 2019

BACKGROUND
Pediatric cervical spine injuries (CSI) are rare but potentially devastating sequelae of blunt trauma. Existing protocols to evaluate children at risk for CSI frequently incorporate computed topography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); however, the clinical value of performing both remains unclear.

METHODS
Single-center retrospective review of pediatric trauma patients who underwent both CT and MRI of the cervical spine between 2001 and 2015. Based on radiographic findings, CT and MRI results were grouped into one of three categories: no injury, stable injury, or unstable injury. Radiographic instability was defined by disruption of two or more contiguous spinal columns while radiographic stability was defined by any other acute cervical spine abnormality on imaging. Clinical instability was defined by the need for surgical intervention (halo or spinal fusion), with the remaining patients, including children discharged in a cervical collar, considered clinically stable.

RESULTS
In total, 221 children met inclusion criteria, with a median age of 9 (interquartile range, 3–14). The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of the cohort was 9 (interquartile range, 4–15). Thirty-three (14.9%) children had clinically unstable injuries, requiring surgical intervention. Among the 160 (72.4%) children with no injury on CT, MRI identified no injury in 84 (52.5%) cases, a stable injury in 76 (47.5%) cases, and an unstable injury in none. Among the 21 children with stable injuries on CT, MRI findings were concordant in 17 (81.0%) cases. In four (19.0%) cases, a spinal column injury was identified on CT and appeared to be stable, but later deemed unstable on MRI. Forty (18.1%) patients had an unstable injury on CT with 100% MRI concordance.

CONCLUSION
In pediatric trauma patients suspected of having a CSI, a normal cervical spine CT is sufficient to rule out a clinically significant CSI as no child with a normal cervical CT was found to be radiographically or clinically unstable.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Diagnostic Test, level III.
Ulnar Neuropathy at Elbow in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Gündüz Ayşegül , Candan Fatma , Asan Furkan , Uslu Ferda , Uzun Nurten , Karaali-Savrun Feray , E. Kızıltan Meral 
Published: August 2019

Purpose:
In diabetes mellitus (DM), upper extremity entrapment neuropathies are suggested to be a component of polyneuropathy (PNP). Our aim is to examine the presence of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE) and its relation to other findings including PNP in symptomatic and asymptomatic type-2 DM patients who were admitted for routine examinations.

Methods:
The study included all cases referred for electromyography because of type-2 DM between November 2017 and May 2018. Demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded. Routine electromyography examinations in all cases included the following: bilateral motor conduction of the median, ulnar, peroneal, and tibial nerves and sensory conduction of the median, ulnar, and sural nerves. For ulnar nerve examination, stimuli were given at the wrist, below the elbow, and above the elbow. Electrophysiological findings were evaluated according to the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine criteria.

Results:
Eighty-two patients with type-2 DM and 144 upper extremities were included in the study. Of the 82 patients who participated in the study, 3 had findings suggesting ulnar neuropathy, and electrophysiology confirmed UNE in only one. Electrophysiological studies showed UNE in 36 patients. Other diagnoses identified by electrophysiology were carpal tunnel syndrome and PNP. Ulnar neuropathy at the elbow was more commonly associated with PNP compared with carpal tunnel syndrome. Gender and PNP were independent risk factors for the development of UNE.

Conclusions:
Although the majority of diabetic patients were asymptomatic for the UNE, approximately one third of all patients with DM were found to have UNE. Ulnar neuropathy at the elbow is closely related with PNP.
Atypical somatic symptoms in adults with prolonged recovery from mild traumatic brain injury
Authors: Stubbs Jacob L. , Green Katherine E. , Silverberg Noah D. , Howard Andrew , Dhariwal Amrit , Brubacher Jeffrey R. , Garraway Naisan , Heran Manraj K. S. , Sekhon Mypinder S. , Aquino Angela , Purcell Victoria , Hutchison James S. , Torres Ivan J. , Panenka William J. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTSomatization may contribute to persistent symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). In two independently-recruited study samples, we characterized the extent to which symptoms atypical of mTBI but typical for somatoform disorders (e.g., gastrointestinal upset, joint pain) were present in adult patients with prolonged recovery following mTBI. The first sample was cross-sectional and consisted of mTBI patients recruited from the community who reported ongoing symptoms attributable to a previous mTBI (n = 16) along with a healthy control group (n = 15). The second sample consisted of patients with mTBI prospectively recruited from a Level 1 trauma center who had either good recovery (GOSE = 8; n = 33) or poor recovery (GOSE < 8; n = 29). In all participants, we evaluated atypical somatic symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 and typical post-concussion symptoms with the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptom Questionnaire. Participants with poor recovery from mTBI had significantly higher ‘atypical’ somatic symptoms as compared to the healthy control group in Sample 1 (b = 4.308, p = 9.43E-5) and to mTBI patients with good recovery in Sample 2 (b = 3.287, p = 6.83E-04). As would be expected, participants with poor outcome in Sample 2 had a higher burden of typical rather than atypical symptoms (t(28) = 3.675, p = 9.97E-04, d = 0.94). However, participants with poor recovery still reported atypical somatic symptoms that were significantly higher (1.4 standard deviations, on average) than those with good recovery. Our results suggest that although ‘typical’ post-concussion symptoms predominate after mTBI, a broad range of somatic symptoms also frequently accompanies mTBI, and that somatization may represent an important, modifiable factor in mTBI recovery.
Caffeine boosts preparatory attention for reward-related stimulus information
Authors: van den Berg Berry , de Jong Marlon , Woldorff Marty G. , Lorist Monicque M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBoth the intake of caffeine-containing substances and the prospect of reward for performing a cognitive task have been associated with improved behavioral performance. To investigate the possible common and interactive influences of caffeine and reward-prospect on preparatory attention, we tested 24 participants during a 2-session experiment in which they performed a cued-reward color-word Stroop task. On each trial, participants were presented with a cue to inform them whether they had to prepare for presentation of a Stroop stimulus and whether they could receive a reward if they performed well on that trial. Prior to each session, participants received either coffee with caffeine (3 mg/kg bodyweight) or with placebo (3 mg/kg bodyweight lactose). In addition to behavioral measures, electroencephalography (EEG) measures of electrical brain activity were recorded. Results showed that both the intake of caffeine and the prospect of reward improved speed and accuracy, with the effects of caffeine and reward-prospect being additive on performance. Neurally, reward-prospect resulted in an enlarged contingent negative variation (CNV) and reduced posterior alpha power (indicating increased cortical activity), both hallmark neural markers for preparatory attention. Moreover, the CNV enhancement for reward-prospect trials was considerably more pronounced in the caffeine condition as compared to the placebo condition. These results thus suggest that caffeine intake boosts preparatory attention for task-relevant information, especially when performance on that task can lead to reward.
Motor improvement estimation and task adaptation for personalized robot-aided therapy: a feasibility study
Authors: Giang Christian , Pirondini Elvira , Kinany Nawal , Pierella Camilla , Panarese Alessandro , Coscia Martina , Miehlbradt Jenifer , Magnin Cécile , Nicolo Pierre , Guggisberg Adrian , Micera Silvestro 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn the past years, robotic systems have become increasingly popular in both upper and lower limb rehabilitation. Nevertheless, clinical studies have so far not been able to confirm superior efficacy of robotic therapy over conventional methods. The personalization of robot-aided therapy according to the patients’ individual motor deficits has been suggested as a pivotal step to improve the clinical outcome of such approaches.MethodsHere, we present a model-based approach to personalize robot-aided rehabilitation therapy within training sessions. The proposed method combines the information from different motor performance measures recorded from the robot to continuously estimate patients’ motor improvement for a series of point-to-point reaching movements in different directions and comprises a personalization routine to automatically adapt the rehabilitation training. We engineered our approach using an upper limb exoskeleton and tested it with seventeen healthy subjects, who underwent a motor-adaptation paradigm, and two subacute stroke patients, exhibiting different degrees of motor impairment, who participated in a pilot test.ResultsThe experiments illustrated the model’s capability to differentiate distinct motor improvement progressions among subjects and subtasks. The model suggested personalized training schedules based on motor improvement estimations for each movement in different directions. Patients’ motor performances were retained when training movements were reintroduced at a later stage.ConclusionsOur results demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed model-based approach for the personalization of robot-aided rehabilitation therapy. The pilot test with two subacute stroke patients further supported our approach, while providing auspicious results for the applicability in clinical settings.Trial registrationThis study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02770300, registered 30 March 2016,https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02770300).
ADAMTS-family protease MIG-17 regulates synaptic allometry by modifying the extracellular matrix and modulating glia morphology during growth
Authors: Ji Tingting , Wang Kai , Fan Jiale , Huang Jichang , Wang Mengqing , Dong Xiaohua , Shi Yanjun , Manning Laura , Zhang Xumin , Shao Zhiyong , Colón-Ramos Daniel A. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTSynapses are largely established during embryogenesis and maintained during growth. The mechanisms that regulate synaptic allometry—the maintenance of synaptic positions during growth—are largely unknown. We performed forward genetic screens inC. elegansfor synaptic allometry mutants and identifiedmig-17, a secreted metalloprotease of the conserved ADAMTS family. Through proteomic mass spectrometry analyses, cell biological and genetic studies we determined that MIG-17 is expressed by muscle cells to modulate glia location and morphology. Glia are proximal to synapses, and the glial location and morphology determine synaptic position during growth.Mig-17regulates synapse allometry by influencing epidermal-glia crosstalk through the regulation of basement membrane proteins, including collagen type IV, SPARC and fibulin. Our findings underscore the importance of glia location in the maintenance of synaptic allometry, and uncover a muscle-epidermal-glia signaling axis, mediated through the extracellular matrix, in the regulation of glia morphology and synaptic positions during growth.
CXCR4 allows T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia to escape from JAK1/2 and BCL2 inhibition through CNS infiltration
Authors: Walker Kirsti L. , Rinella Sean P. , Hess Nicholas J. , Turicek David P. , Kabakov Sabrina A. , Zhu Fen , Bouchlaka Myriam N. , Olson Sydney L. , Cho Monica M. , Quamine Aicha E. , Feils Arika S. , Gavcovich Tara B. , Rui Lixin , Capitini Christian M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTargeting the JAK/STAT and BCL2 pathways in patients with relapsed/refractory T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) may provide an alternative approach to achieve clinical remissions. Ruxolitinib and venetoclax show a dose-dependent effect on T-ALL individually, but combination treatment reduces survival and proliferation of T-ALL in vitro. Using a xenograft model, the combination treatment fails to improve survival, with death from hind limb paralysis. Despite on-target inhibition by the drugs, histopathology demonstrates increased leukemic infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) as compared to liver or bone marrow. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy shows that ruxolitinib and venetoclax insufficiently cross into the CNS. The addition of the CXCR4 inhibitor plerixafor with ruxolitinib and venetoclax reduces clinical scores and enhances survival. While combination therapy with ruxolitinib and venetoclax shows promise for treating T-ALL, additional inhibition of the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis may be needed to maximize the possibility of complete remission.
New method for high-throughput measurements of viscosity in submicrometer-sized membrane systems
Authors: Chwastek Grzegorz , Petrov Eugene P. , Sáenz James Peter 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn order to unravel the underlying principles of membrane adaptation in small systems like bacterial cells, robust approaches to characterize membrane fluidity are needed. Currently available relevant methods require advanced instrumentation and are not suitable for high throughput settings needed to elucidate the biochemical pathways involved in adaptation. We developed a fast, robust, and financially accessible quantitative method to measure microviscosity of lipid membranes in bulk suspension using a commercially available plate reader. Our approach, which is suitable for high-throughput screening, is based on the simultaneous measurements of absorbance and fluorescence emission of a viscosity-sensitive fluorescent dye DCVJ incorporated into a lipid membrane. We validated our method using artificial membranes with various lipid compositions over a range of temperatures and observed values that were in good agreement with previously published results. Using our approach, we were able to detect a lipid phase transition in the ruminant pathogenMycoplasma mycoides.
A role of oligodendrocytes in information processing independent of conduction velocity
Authors: Moore Sharlen , Meschkat Martin , Ruhwedel Torben , Tzvetanova Iva D. , Trevisiol Andrea , Battefeld Arne , Kusch Kathrin , Kole Maarten , Strenzke Nicola , Möbius Wiebke , de Hoz Livia , Nave Klaus-Armin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMyelinating oligodendrocytes enable fast impulse propagation along axons as revealed through studies of homogeneously myelinated white matter tracts. However, gray matter myelination patterns are different, with sparsely myelinated sections leaving large portions of the axons naked. The consequences of this patchy myelination for oligodendrocyte function are not understood but suggest other roles in information processing beyond the regulation of axonal conduction velocity. Here, we analyzed the contribution of myelin to auditory information processing using paradigms that are good predictors of speech understanding in humans. We compared mice with different degrees of dysmyelination using acute cortical multiunit recordings in combination with behavioral readouts. We identified complex alterations of neuronal responses that reflect fatigue and temporal acuity deficits. Partially discriminable but overall similar deficits were observed in mice with oligodendrocytes that can myelinate but cannot fully support axons metabolically. Thus, myelination contributes to sustained stimulus perception in temporally complex paradigms, revealing a role of oligodendrocytes in the CNS beyond the increase of axonal conduction velocity.
Modeling and treatingGRIN2Adevelopmental and epileptic encephalopathy in mice
Authors: Amador Ariadna , Bostick Christopher D. , Olson Heather , Peters Jurrian , Camp Chad R. , Krizay Daniel , Chen Wenjuan , Han Wei , Tang Weiting , Kanber Ayla , Kim Sukhan , Teoh Jia Jie , Petri Sabrina , Paek Hunki , Kim Ana , Lutz Cathleen M. , Yang Mu , Myers Scott J. , Bhattacharya Subhrajit , Yuan Hongjie , Goldstein David B. , Poduri Annapurna , Boland Michael J. , Traynelis Stephen F. , Frankel Wayne N. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTNMDA receptors (NMDAR) play crucial roles in excitatory synaptic transmission. Rare variants ofGRIN2A, which encodes the GluN2A NMDAR subunit, are associated with several intractable neurodevelopmental disorders, including developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). Ade novomissense variant, p.Ser644Gly (c.1930A>G), was identified in a child with DEE, andGrin2aknockin mice were generated to model and extend understanding of this intractable childhood disease. Homozygous and heterozygous mutant mice exhibit altered hippocampal morphology at two weeks of age, and homozygotes exhibit lethal tonic-clonic seizures in the third week. Heterozygous adult mice display a variety of distinct features, including resistance to electrically induced partial seizures, as well as hyperactivity and repetitive and reduced anxiety behaviors. Multielectrode recordings of mutant neuronal networks reveal hyperexcitability and altered bursting and synchronicity. When expressed in heterologous cells, mutant receptors exhibit enhanced NMDAR agonist potency and slow deactivation following rapid removal of glutamate, as occurs at synapses. Consistent with these observations, NMDAR-mediated synaptic currents in hippocampal slices from mutant mice show a prolonged deactivation time course. Standard antiepileptic drug monotherapy was ineffective in the patient, but combined treatment of NMDAR antagonists with antiepileptic drugs substantially reduced the seizure burden albeit without appreciable developmental improvement. Chronic treatment of homozygous mutant mouse pups with NMDAR antagonists delayed the onset of lethal seizures but did not prevent them. These studies illustrate the power of modeling severe neurodevelopmental seizure disorders using multiple experimental modalities and suggest their extended utility in identifying and evaluating new therapies.
Evolved differences incisandtransregulation between the maternal and zygotic mRNA complements in theDrosophilaembryo
Authors: Cartwright Emily L. , Lott Susan E. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTHow gene expression can evolve depends on the mechanisms driving gene expression. Gene expression is controlled in different ways in different developmental stages; here we ask whether different developmental stages show different patterns of regulatory evolution. To explore the mode of regulatory evolution, we used the early stages of embryonic development controlled by two different genomes, that of the mother and that of the zygote. During embryogenesis in all animals, initial developmental processes are driven entirely by maternally provided gene products deposited into the oocyte. The zygotic genome is activated later, when developmental control is handed off from maternal gene products to the zygote during the maternal-to-zygotic transition. Using hybrid crosses between sister species ofDrosophila(D. simulans,D. sechellia, andD. mauritiana) and transcriptomics, we find that the regulation of maternal transcript deposition and zygotic transcription evolve through different mechanisms. We find that patterns of transcript level inheritance in hybrids, relative to parental species, differ between maternal and zygotic transcripts, and maternal transcript levels are more likely to be conserved. Changes in transcript levels occur predominantly through differences intransregulation for maternal genes, while changes in zygotic transcription occur through a combination of bothcisandtransregulatory changes. Differences in the underlying regulatory landscape in the mother and the zygote are likely the primary determinants for how maternal and zygotic transcripts evolve.
An amino-terminal threonine/serine motif is necessary for activity of the Crp/Fnr homolog, MrpC, and forMyxococcus xanthusdevelopmental robustness
Authors: Feeley Brooke E. , Bhardwaj Vidhi , McLaughlin Maeve , Diggs Stephen , Blaha Gregor M. , Higgs Penelope I. 
Published: August 2019

SummaryThe Crp/Fnr family of transcriptional regulators play central roles in transcriptional control of diverse physiological responses. Activation of individual family members is controlled by a surprising diversity of mechanisms tuned to the particular physiological responses or lifestyles that they regulate. MrpC is a Crp/Fnr homolog that plays an essential role in controlling theMyxococcus xanthusdevelopmental program. A long-standing model proposed that MrpC activity is controlled by the Pkn8/Pkn14 serine/threonine kinase cascade which phosphorylates MrpC on threonine residue(s) located in its extreme amino terminus. In this study, we demonstrate that a stretch of consecutive threonine and serine residues, T21T22S23S24,is necessary for MrpC activity by promoting efficient DNA binding. Mass spectrometry analysis indicated the TTSS motif is not directly phosphorylated by Pkn14in vitrobut is necessary for efficient Pkn14-dependent phosphorylation on several residues in the remainder of the protein. Pkn8 and Pkn14 kinase activities do not play obvious roles in controlling MrpC activity in wild typeM. xanthusunder laboratory conditions, but likely modulate MrpC DNA binding in response to unknown environmental conditions. Interestingly, mutational analysis of the TTSS motif caused non-robust developmental phenotypes, revealing that MrpC plays a role in developmental buffering.
Oral RNAi of diap1 in a pest results in rapid reduction of crop damage
Authors: Chikami Yasuhiko , Kawaguchi Haruka , Suzuki Takamasa , Yoshioka Hirofumi , Sato Yutaka , Yaginuma Toshinobu , Niimi Teruyuki 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSelecting an appropriate target gene is critical to the success of feeding RNA interference (f-RNAi)-based pest control. Gene targets have been chosen based on their ability to induce lethality. However, lethality induction by f-RNAi is slow-acting and crop damage can progress during this time. Here, we show that f-RNAi of death-associated inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (diap1), but not two conventional targets vacuolar ATPase subunit A and E, induces acute feeding cessation in the solanaceous pest, Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata during 24–48 hours. We also found that the feeding cessation by diap1 f-RNAi has species-specificity and occurs with only 1.6 ng dsRNA. Our results suggest that diap1 is an appropriate target in the context of rapid reduction of crop damage. We propose that acute feeding disorder should be assessed as a novel criterion for selecting appropriate target genes for RNAi-based pest control in addition to the conventional criterion based on lethality.