bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tracking Species in Space and Time: Assessing the Relationships Between Paleobiogeography, Paleoecology, and Macroevolution
Authors: Stigall Alycia L. 
Published: June 2019

In all species, geographic range is constrained by a combination of ecological and historical factors. Ecological factors relate to the species' niche, its environmental or biotic limits in multidimensional space, while historical factors pertain to a species' ancestry, specifically the location at which a species evolved. Historical limitations are primary during speciation, while ecological factors control the subsequent expansion and contraction of species range. By assessing biogeographic changes during the lifespan of individual species, we can assess the relationship between paleobiogeography, paleoecology, and macroevolution. Quantitative paleobiogeographic analyses, especially those using GIS-based and phylogenetic methods, provide a framework to rigorously test hypotheses about the relationship between species ranges, biotic turnover, and paleoecology. These new tools provide a way to assess key questions about the co-evolution of life and earth. Changes in biogeographic patterns, reconstructed at the species level, can provide key information for interpreting macroevolutionary dynamics–particularly speciation mode (vicariance vs. dispersal) and speciation rate during key intervals of macroevolutionary change (biodiversity crises, widespread invasion events, and adaptive radiations). Furthermore, species ranges can be reconstructed using ecological niche modeling methods to examine the effects of environmental controls on geographic range shifts. Particularly fruitful areas of investigation in future paleobiogeographic analysis include (1) the relationship between species ranges and speciation events/mode, (2) relationship between shifting ecological regimes and range expansion and contraction, (3) the impact of interbasinal species invasions on both community structure and macroevolutionary dynamics, (4) the mechanics of transitions between endemic to cosmopolitan faunas at local, regional, and global scales, (5) how ecology and geographic range impacts species extinction during both background and crisis intervals.Three case studies are presented to illustrate both the methods and utility of this theoretical approach of using paleobiogeographic patterns to assess macroevolutionary dynamics. The first case study examines paleobiogeographic patterns in shallow marine invertebrates during the Late Devonian Biodiversity Crisis. During this interval, speciation by vicariance declined precipitously and only species exhibiting expanding geographic ranges survived the crisis interval. Patterns of biogeographic change during the Late Ordovician Richmondian invasion (Cincinnati Arch region) reveal similar patterns; speciation rate declines during invasion intervals and widely distributed endemic species are best able to survive in the new invasive regime. Phylogenetic biogeographic patterns during the Miocene radiation of North American horses suggest climatic parameters were important determinants of speciation and dispersal patterns.
How Do Scientific Explanations Explain?
Authors: Kinoshita Joyce 
Published: June 2019

My title question as it stands is ambiguous, and is in want of some initial clarification. Does the question ask how the explanandum is logically related to the explanans? Or does it ask about the details of the dynamics of the explanation speech-act? Or does it ask how the linguistic ambiguities of explanation questions and answers should properly be unpacked? Or does it ask yet some other question?The ways of studying explanation, like the ways of understanding the world, are many and varied. By this, I mean more than that the phenomenon of explanation can be studied as it arises in the different disciplines of biology, physics, the social sciences, and the like. Rather, I mean that there are varied disciplines of explanation-study itself. For example, the Hempelian tradition has largely focused on the logic of explanation, and others have focused on the linguistic, psychological, social, and epistemological angles of explanation. Thus, it is not appropriate for me to begin by arguing that explanation is a set of logically related statements or a speech-act (just as one does not begin by arguing ‘the world’ is a sociological or physical phenomenon), but appropriate instead to begin by specifying the explanatory discipline within which I ask my title question.
“Reasoning with Preferences?”
Authors: Broome John 
Published: June 2019

Rationality requires certain things of you. It requires you not to have contradictory beliefs or intentions, not to intend something you believe to be impossible, to believe what obviously follows from something you believe, and so on. Its requirements can be expressed using schemata such as:Modus ponens. Rationality requires of N that, if N believes p and N believe that if p then q, then N believes q.Necessary means. Rationality requires of N that, if N intends that e, and if N believes that e will be so only if m is so, and if N believes m will be so only if she intends that m, then N intends that m.Krasia. Rationality requires of N that, if N believes she ought to F, and if N believes she will F only if she intends to F, then N intends to F.
Issues arising from genetic change: Ruminants
Authors: Tamminga Seerp 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn nutritional terms productivity in dairy cows is best expressed in multiples of their energy requirements for maintenance, which is directly related to Metabolic Body Weight (MBW). Energy requirements can further be specified as those for free energy (fME), ketogenic energy (kME), glucogenic energy (gME) and aminogenic energy (aME). For maintenance, energy is required in an approximate ratio fME:gME:aME of 85:5:10.For a production level of 6x maintenance the required ratio of fME:kME:gME:aME is approximately 18:31:29:22, hence 70% of the required ME has to be delivered as specific nutrients.During their productive life, dairy cattle alternate periods with high and periods with low risk of an inadequate nutrient supply. A period of high risk is between 10 days pre-partum and 90 days postpartum. High risk in this period means a high susceptibility for metabolic and reproductive disorders, many of which are interrelated. Negative Energy Balance (NEB) in early lactation is a metabolic status that is almost inevitable in high yielding dairy cows. In severe cases this is an important predisposing factor for metabolic disorders (paturient paresis, fatty liver, ketosis, displaced abomasum) and reproductive disorders (undetected heat, delayed ovarian cycle, reduced fertility, increased between calving interval).Adequate nutrient supply is required from 2 weeks pre-partum onwards. Critical issues are energy density, distribution between structural and non-structural carbohydrates and distribution between fME, kME, gME and aME. Practical solutions, which can help alleviate the metabolic and reproductive problems, could be a nutrient based feed evaluation system, a lower peak yield combined with an improved persistence and maybe a deliberately increased calving interval.
Relationships between genetic change and infectious disease in domestic livestock
Authors: Knap Pieter W. , Bishop Stephen C. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe relations between genetic change in domestic livestock and infectious disease (including both its epidemiology and the animal's reaction to it) are examined. The overall picture is confusing because there are different, and seemingly unrelated, ways of considering the issue. An attempt is made to put these together into a more general framework. Four processes of particular interest are distinguished and discussed in more detail: (i) the way a population's genetic potential for immunocompetence can be changed by breeding, (ii) the way an animal's immunocompetence is influenced by that animal's production potential, in combination with the environmental resources that are available to it at a given time, (iii) the way the disease status of an animal (and a population of animals) is influenced by its immunocompetence, and (iv) the way the production level of an animal is influenced by activation of its immune system. Ultimately, all four processes influence the realised level of production.This comes down to four questions that need to be addressed: (i) can we use genetic variation in immunocompetence in animal breeding? (ii) does a higher production potential (today's direction of breeding) have a negative impact on immunocompetence? (iii) does improved immunocompetence result in improved health? and (iv) how large is the negative impact of disease on production?
The effect of different dietary oil sources on dairy cow performance and the level of C14:0 and C16:0 fatty acids in milk fat
Authors: Mansbridge R.J. , Blake J.S. , Collins C.A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHuman nutritionists have identified that dietary myristic and palmitic fatty acids are major risk factors in cardiovascular disease. Bovine milk fat is particularly rich in these fatty acids as they can be produced de novo in the mammary gland from by-products of fibre fermentation in the rumen. However, increased dietary levels of C18 fatty acids has been shown to reduce the concentration of myristic and palmitic acids in milk fat. Supplying dietary oil from whole oilseeds treated with xylose, may reduce rumen biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and further decrease the saturated fatty acid content of milk. In this study, the effect of feeding whole ground soya beans, whole ground soya beans treated with xylose and whole ground rape seed on dairy cow performance and milk composition was investigated. All three oilseeds reduced dry matter intakes and milk protein concentration. Both the xylose treated whole ground soya beans and the whole ground rape seed increased milk yield, but the whole rape reduced milk fat content. Levels of linoleic acid in milk fat increased when whole soya was fed, whereas oleic acid concentration was highest when whole rape was included in the diet. Concentrations of myristic and palmitic acids in milk fat were lower when any whole ground oilseed was fed, but the reduction was greatest with whole ground rape which reduced the myristic plus palmitic acid content of milk fat to 25 g/100 g fatty acid, compared with 47 g/100 g milk fatty acid in the milk from cows fed a standard low oil diet. These results suggest that feeding specific sources of dietary oil can dramatically reduce levels of myristic and palmitic acids in milk fat, and that different oilseeds have different effects on milk fat concentration.
Estimation of voluntary intake and digestibility of grass by outdoor sows using the n-alkanes technique
Authors: Rivera Ferre M.G. , Edwards S.A. , Mayes R.W. , Riddoch I. , Hovell F.D. DeB. 
Published: June 2019

In recent years there has been a notable increase in outdoor pig production systems; however, the nutritional requirements of these animals have not been well established. To make nutritional decisions relating to the needs of grazing animals, accurate estimations of the herbage intake and value have to be made. N-alkanes found in the wax cuticle of plants have been used as markers to measure the intake of grass by grazing ruminants (Dove and Mayes, 1991). This experiment studied the use of the methodology in grazing pigs.The intake and the digestibility of grass, and the effect of level of supplementary concentrate feed, were measured in late spring and late summer in two studies each with eight multiparous, pregnant sows. In the Spring study sows were nose rung to prevent rooting, but only unrung sows were available for the Summer study.
The effect of wilting and additive type on energy utilization of grass silage by growing cattle
Authors: Yan T. , Gordon F. J. , Dawson L. E. R. , Ferris C. P. , Steen R. W. J. , Kilpatrick D. J. 
Published: June 2019

Wilting of grass prior to ensiling generally produces positive responses in dry matter (DM) intake of cattle, but the responses in animal performance are often small, or even negative. The primary objective of the present study was to compare energy utilization from heavily wilted and unwilted silages by growing cattle when given at equal metabolisable energy (ME) intakes. A secondary objective was to evaluate effects of silage additive type (inoculant v. formic acid) on energy utilization.Four silages were produced from unwilted and wilted grasses (DM 193 and 450 g/kg) obtained from a perennial ryegrass sward. The wilted grass was dried in the field for 26 hours using rapid wilting techniques involving crop conditioning and spreading. At ensiling both the unwilted and wilted grasses were each treated with two additives, a bacterial inoculant (Ecosyl, Zeneca Bioproducts Limited) and a formic acid additive (ADD-F, BP Chemicals Ltd.).
Genetic variation in net feed efficiency in Hereford cattle and its association with other production traits
Authors: Herd R.M. , Bishop S.C. 
Published: June 2019

Net feed efficiency refers to variation in feed consumption between animals net of requirements for maintenance and production, and may be measured as residual feed intake (RFI). Because RFI is independent of liveweight (LW) and growth rate, selection for improved net feed efficiency is likely to reduce feed intake with little change in growth. The purpose of this study was to establish whether there exists genetic variation in RFI in young British Hereford bulls, and to determine the phenotypic and genetic correlations of RFI with key production traits.The data consisted of performance measurements on 540 bull progeny of 154 British Hereford sires, collected over ten 200-day postweaning performance tests conducted between 1979 and 1988. The traits analysed were food intake (FI), 200 to 400-day daily gain (ADG), 400-day weight (W400), predicted carcass lean content (LEAN), lean growth rate (LGR), food conversion ratio (FI/ADG) and lean FCR (LFCR; FI/(ADG x LEAN), described by Bishop (1992).
Urea treatment as a means of preserving/processing moist wheat for intensively finished cattle
Authors: Lewis M. , Lowman B.G. , Ford M. 
Published: June 2019

Wheat requires processing for feeding to cattle otherwise large amount remain undigested. Processing methods can be mechanical or chemical (sodium hydroxide or aqueous ammonia) but these require specialised equipment and/or the use of contractors. The objective of this trial was to evaluate moist wheat fed whole, but treated with urea at harvest as a means of generating ammonia in situ, in diets for intensively finished cattle.Eighty tonnes of wheat (variety Riband) was harvested on 21-22 August 1997 at a dry matter (DM) of 750 g/kg and treated immediately with 53 l/tonne of a urea solution (430 g urea/litre) to supply 30 g urea/kg wheat DM. Treatment was achieved by applying the urea to the wheat as it was augered into the storage silo, which was then sealed with polythene.
The relationship between milk urea content and fertility in dairy cows
Authors: Cottrill B.R. , Biggadike H. , Collins C.A. , Drew S.B. 
Published: June 2019

A number of studies have shown that milk urea levels above about 350 mg/l are associated with reduced fertility in dairy cows (Ropstad and Refsdal, 1987; Gustafsson and Carlsson, 1993). A significant and increasing proportion of UK milk producers receive regular information on the urea content of bulk milk as part of routine milk testing. Two studies were undertaken to examine whether the urea content in bulk milk (Study 1) or in milk from individual cows at about the time of service (Study 2) could be used as a management aid to improve fertility status.In Study 1, the milk urea (MU) contents in bulk milk samples from 475 farms in England and Wales were determined by NIRS. Fertility data for each farm was obtained from National Milk Records. Analysis of the data for each month of the study was restricted to those herds in which ≥15 cows were served.
Intake, growth rate and carcass quality of beef cattle fed maize silage harvested at three stages of maturity
Authors: Browne E.M. , Bryant M.J. , Beever D.E. 
Published: June 2019

Crop maturity at harvest affects the intake potential of maize silage. A short feeding trial with young beef heifers (Browne, Bryant, Beever and Thorp, 1998) identified a significant depression in intake when low DM silage was fed, yet no significant effect on live weight gain was recorded. The objective of this experiment was to determine if these results were repeated in a longer intake study using finishing beef cattle and to examine the effect of maize maturity on carcass quality.Forage maize was harvested at three stages of maturity (LOW, MED and HIGH) during September 1997. At each stage of maturity, the crop was cut and ensiled in a separate AgBag during one day, without the use of an additive. The respective silage DM concentrations were 297, 339 and 393 g/kgFWt.
Comparison ofin vivoandin vitrodigestibility of silages made from a range of alternative crops
Authors: Akyol I. , Fraser M.D. , Griffith G.W. , Davies D.R. 
Published: June 2019

In vitromethods for laboratory estimations of feed degradation are important tools for studying ruminant nutrition. These methods measure either substrate disappearance or fermentation products, the exact nature of which depends on the nature of the feed and the system being used to determine the digestibility. Consequently, there is a need for comparisons ofin vitroandin vivoresults, especially when new feeds are being assessed. The following study compared the gas production procedure to whole tract digestibility measurements for a range of alternative crop silages.Round bale silages were prepared from five different alternative crops, red clover, lucerne clover, lotus, kale and a barley/pea bicrop, harvested at difference growth stages (Table 1). Freshly culturedLactobacillus plantarumwas used as an inoculant on half the material from each kale and barley/pea bi-crop harvest, and applied at a rate of 106colony forming units per gram fresh forage.
Using pedigree analysis to determine the genetic diversity of the British dairy population over the last thirty years
Authors: Roughsedge T. , Brotherstone S. , Visscher P.M. 
Published: June 2019

Over the last twenty years the British dairy population has undergone a large importation of Holstein genes, largely from North America and Canada. This study aimed to investigate what effect this importation has had on the genetic diversity of the population and also to look at the change in genetic diversity of the population over the last thirty years.As computing resources did not facilitate sampling of all cows born in the last thirty years, between 4 and 10 random samples of 2000 Holstein-Friesian cows, born every 5 years from 1967 to 1997 inclusive, were taken from the Holstein Friesian Society of Great Britain and Ireland's database. The base population of this database was born about 1960. The complete ancestry of these cows was traced on the database and these sample pedigrees were used for the various analyses.
In vivo apparent digestibility in ponies given rolled, micronised or extruded barley
Authors: McLean B M L , Hyslop J J , Longland A C , Cuddeford D , Hollands T 
Published: June 2019

Processed cereals are used routinely in diets for equines but little information is available on how physical processing affects the digestibility of cereals in equines. This study examines the effects of three physical processing methods (rolling, micronisation and extrusion) on the in vivo apparent digestibility of barley fed to ponies.Three mature caecally-fistulated Welsh-cross pony geldings, (LW 284kg ± 3.8kg) were used in a 3 x 4 incomplete latin square changeover design experiment consisting of four 21 day periods. Each period comprised a sixteen day adaptation phase and a five day recording phase when apparent digestibility in vivo was determined. Ponies were offered 4kg dry matter (DM) per day of either 100% hay cubes (HC) or one of three diets consisting of a 50:50 barley:hay cubes mix. The barley in the mixed diets was either rolled barley (RB), micronised barley (MB) or extruded barley (EB). Diets were offered in 2 equal meals per day fed at 09:00 and 17:00 hours respectively.
Development of the mobile bag technique to determine the degradation kinetics of purified starch sources in the pre-caecal segment of the equine digestive tract
Authors: McLean B M L , Hyslop J J , Longland A C , Cuddeford D , Hollands T 
Published: June 2019

Previous work has shown that the mobile bag technique (MBT) can be used to study the dynamics of digestive processes in the whole tract of ponies (Hyslopet al, 1998). This experiment further develops the MBT as a method to study feed degradation dynamics over time in the pre-caecal segment of the digestive tract of ponies.Two caecally-fistulated mature Welsh-cross pony geldings (LW 270kg) were offered 4kg of dry matter (DM) per day of a 1:3 rolled barley:hay cube mix plus minerals, in 2 equal meals per day at 09:00 and 17:00h. Grass hay was also offeredad libitumbetween 17:00 and 09:00h. Two sizes of mobile bag (6 x 1 cm Ø-large and 4 x 1 cm Ø- small) made from monofilament polyester with a 7 μm pore size were used.
In vivo apparent digestibility of proximate constituents and non-starch polysaccharides in ponies offered botanically diverse fibre based diets
Authors: Moore-Colyer M. J. S. , Hyslop J. J. , Longland A. C. , Cuddeford D. 
Published: June 2019

Little information is available on digestion of the non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) fraction of fibrous feeds in equines. Two studies were conducted which examined the in vivo apparent digestibilities of proximate constituents and NSP in ponies offered diets based on botanically diverse fibrous foodstuffs.In study 1 (S1), three mature caecally-fistulated Welsh-cross pony geldings (266 kg LW) were used in a 3 x 3 latin square changeover design experiment consisting of three 21 day periods. Ponies were offered 4 kg dry matter (DM) per day of either unmolassed sugar beet pulp (USBP), hay cubes (HC) or a 2:1 mix of oat hulls:naked oats (OHNO) plus minerals in 2 equal meals per day. After completion of S1 the same 3 ponies were used in study 2 (S2) where they were offered 4 kg DM/day of a 50:50 mix of USBP:HC (USHC) plus minerals fed as in S1 for a 21 day period.
Soaked unmolassed sugar beet pulp as a partial forage replacer in equine diets when ponies are offered grass hay ad libitum
Authors: Hyslop J. J. , Cuddeford D. 
Published: June 2019

There is increased interest in using sugar beet pulp (SBP) products as forage replacers in equine diets. Previous work (Hyslop et al 1998) has indicated that SBP products may suppress voluntary feed intake (VFI) in ponies when they are the major fibre source at between 550-700 g/kg total diet dry matter (DM). This study examines VFI and apparent digestibility in vivo where soaked unmolassed sugar beet pulp (USBP) was offered as a partial forage replacement to ponies receiving ad libitum grass hay.Four mature Welsh-cross pony geldings (280 kg LW s.e. 6.6) were individually housed and offered 0.86 kg/d of micronised barley (MB) and given ad libitum access to grass hay (HAY). In addition, ponies were offered either 0, 1, 2, or 3 kg/d USBP (U0, U1, U2 and U3 respectively) according to a 4 x 4 latin square changeover experimental design.