bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reformation Protestantism
Authors: Bennett Joshua 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Whereas the third chapter considers the ways in which Protestants used history to come to terms with an opposing religious system, the fourth explores developing Protestant responses to their own, post-Reformation religious heritage. After evangelicals during the 1830s and 1840s used Reformation history to strengthen Biblicist religion, and Tractarians denounced the Reformation’s destructiveness, the growth of developmental historicism pushed debate over the Reformation’s legacies in new directions. Liberal Protestants identified the kernel of modern freedom in the husk of Reformation-era dogmatism, whilst critical evangelicals, such as Henry Wace and Robert William Dale, used developmental understandings of sixteenth-century history to refresh reformed orthodoxy. John Addington Symonds and Karl Pearson, however, began to exalt the Renaissance as the alternative birthplace of the autonomous individual. Whether Reformation religion was to be regarded as the quintessence of the modern spirit, or else as its impediment, became an important dividing line in late-Victorian intellectual culture.
Reason and Religion in Modern History
Authors: Bennett Joshua 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Victorian debates over the intellectual origins of modernity. These hinged on competing interpretations of the place of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in the history of ‘mind’. Secularly inclined sociological critics such as Henry Thomas Buckle, who held to an epistemological phenomenalism influenced by John Stuart Mill and Auguste Comte, hailed these periods for having refined the inductive sciences which drove true progress. An alternative reading of post-Reformation intellectual history, developed by John Tulloch and others, and attacked by agnostics, instead credited it with having made rational theology possible. Underlying these debates was the question of whether experience was confined to the world of sense data, or else also encompassed the intuitive powers of mind. William Inge, in dialogue with Idealist philosophy, developed the latter possibility, in ways that hinted at the development of the apologetic authority of history into a new concern with the psychology of religion.
The Old Testament Witness
Authors: Levering Matthew 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In contemporary biblical scholarship that investigates the question of whether Jesus of Nazareth was raised from the dead, scholars generally pay some attention to the Old Testament. The first part of this chapter therefore examines the findings of the New Testament scholars Dale Allison and N. T. Wright and the Hebrew Bible scholar Jon Levenson. The chapter next examines St. Thomas Aquinas’s use of the Old Testament in commenting on John 20–1, the chapters of John’s Gospel that treat Jesus’ Resurrection appearances. In his commentary, of course, Aquinas is not attempting to investigate the historicity of Jesus’ Resurrection. Commenting on John 20–1, Aquinas includes 139 quotations from the Old Testament. The chapter argues that the verses selected by Aquinas play a valuable cumulative role in supporting the truth of the claim that Jesus rose from the dead.
Less Time in Can’t and Won’t
Authors: Mitchell Lee Clark 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Lydia Davis’s “flash fictions” shift our attention from narrative to verbal craft, evident in her resolute choice of words, syntax, and sentence rhythms. An abbreviated style compels readers to focus on fully stopped moments, an effect that defies narrative progression much as do Joy Williams’s and Alice Munro’s discontinuous stories. Like them as well, the development of a later style is a matter of branching into new directions—in her case, continuing a microscopic fascination with individual words and their resonances, but now shifting toward found objects (Flaubert’s letters), or letters of complaint, or grammatical puzzles: all as “witness” narratives revealing the ways in which the mundane minutiae of life is transformed into art. The borders between fiction and nonfiction become less clear, as Davis presses on the boundaries of what a short story can be.
Epilogue
Authors: Mitchell Lee Clark 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This brief summary reviews the argument for various late styles, none of which exactly fits a pattern. Each among the quartet of short story writers whose work has been assessed in this book (Alice Munro, Andre Dubus, Joy Williams, and Lydia Davis) differs dramatically from an earlier self as well as from the others. And in closing the book with a discussion of Robert Coover’s minimalist “A Sudden Story”—a piece written in what could be termed Coover’s middle period—we realize how even the very shortest of stories has the capacity to summarize an entire centuries-long tradition.
Regulatory Competition
Authors: Stark Johanna 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces regulatory competition as a conceptual framework and factual phenomenon. It discusses the structural preconditions of a ‘law market’, including state suppliers’ incentives to compete at all. It closes with a glance at a number of areas in which competitive dynamics among legislators can be found to operate. Law markets have emerged in a growing number of fields, most prominently in the ‘charter competition’ between US states for being chosen as a place of incorporation, with Delaware being the market leader. Another example that has been under intense academic scrutiny is tax competition: states compete for tax revenue and try to offer ‘tax products’ that appeal to mobile individuals and corporations. Further examples discussed in this chapter are drawn from contract, labour, and insolvency law, as well as dispute resolution.
Political Values under Competitive Pressure
Authors: Stark Johanna 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The arguments presented in this chapter spell out the idea that regulatory competition, or the existence of law markets, is at odds with how the state, as the primary political entity of our time, works—or should work. The chapter argues that regulatory competition runs counter to the normative implications of concepts such as state autonomy, democracy, as well as political and legal authority. These are arguments that sit within the conceptual framework of moral and political philosophy. Their starting point is the way in which we understand these normative concepts and to what extent a political and legal reality that is shaped by regulatory competition is consistent with this understanding.
Atoms in Light: Semiclassical Theory
Authors: Milonni Peter W. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The atom-field interaction is treated in semiclassical radiation theory, starting from the transformation from the minimal coupling Hamiltonian to the electric dipole form used extensively in quantum optics. The Heisenberg and density matrix approaches are developed and applied to two-state atoms, Bloch equations, Rabi oscillations, Maxwell-Bloch equations, and transition rates for absorption and emission. Einstein’s theory of blackbody radiation based on momentum fluctuations and dissipation is reviewed. The Einstein fluctuation formula is derived and used to introduce wave-particle duality, Hanbury Brown-Twiss correlations, and photon bunching.
Precedents
Authors: Perry Elisabeth Israels 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The American woman suffrage movement inspired women to take actions unprecedented for their sex, such as marching in parades and picketing the White House. In addition, suffragists also engaged in new kinds of political action designed to persuade legislators—at the time all male—to remove from state constitutions the word “male” or “men” as descriptors of voters. New York City suffragists pioneered in such political work. They not only turned the tide in New York State but also provided a model that suffragists elsewhere followed. This chapter covers the contributions to this process made by the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union of New York; the settlement, labor, consumer, and municipal reform movements; and individual suffragists such as Harriot Stanton Blatch, Rosalie Gardiner Jones, Carrie Chapman Catt, Harriet Burton Laidlaw, and Mary Garrett Hay.
The Election of 1937 and Beyond
Authors: Perry Elisabeth Israels 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The 1936 New York City charter reform introduced proportional representation (PR) as the voting method for electing the city council, the legislative body that replaced the old board of aldermen. Two local women politicians gained prominence in this period. One was Genevieve B. Earle, the first woman elected to that body in 1937. She served a total of twelve years on the council and, as minority leader, worked to modernize county government to make it more economical. The other was Anna M. Kross, a city magistrate who in 1938 ran for the state supreme court, a race she lost but which inspired other women attorneys to reach for higher political goals. The repeal of PR in 1947 limited New York City women’s political futures as city legislators.
Traditional Rationales and Constraints
Authors: Hoskins Zachary 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter critically examines various commonly cited rationales and constraints on sentencing to see what guidance they may provide regarding the permissibility of collateral legal consequences (CLCs) as punishment. First, it considers the implications of prominent rationales, including deterrence, moral education, and retribution. Then, the chapter examines the most commonly cited constraints on sentencing: that punishment should be proportionate relative to the seriousness of the offense and proportionate relative to other sentences in the sentencing scheme. These desert-based proportionality principles can offer some, albeit limited guidance in assessing criminal sentences in general, and CLCs as candidate sentences in particular. Thus the chapter concludes that we have good reason to appeal to other sentencing principles in evaluating CLCs as forms of punishment.
Instrumental Justifications
Authors: Hoskins Zachary 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the instrumental case for collateral legal consequences (CLCs). CLCs are commonly defended as risk-reductive measures. The chapter proposes several considerations relevant to determining whether and when particular measures are justified on risk-reduction grounds: Restrictions should effectively serve a morally compelling interest, they should not generate offsetting negative consequences, and they should represent the least burdensome alternative. The chapter contends that some CLCs may be permissible according to these criteria, but only in a very limited range of cases. Also, the state will be obliged to make provisions to mitigate the effects of such measures on offenders’ abilities to build legitimate lives for themselves.
Collateral Consequences and Criminalization
Authors: Hoskins Zachary 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the implications of the existence of collateral legal consequences (CLCs) for decisions about what types of conduct the state should, or may, criminalize. It might seem that criminalization decisions should not be concerned with CLCs: it is one question what sort of conduct the state should declare to be criminal behavior, and a separate question what consequences should follow for those who violate criminal laws. But this chapter contends that the existence of CLCs is relevant according to specific accounts of criminalization, namely versions of the harm principle and legal moralism. It is also relevant to the legitimacy of the state more generally. Thus the existence of CLCs is relevant both to officials who make criminalization decisions and to scholars assessing competing theories of criminalization.
Attempts to Define Security
Authors: Powell Rhonda 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 reviews conceptual discussions and common understandings of security. The first section focuses on early usage of security in legal and political theory in order to identify the antecedents to common understandings of the concept of security. The second section focuses upon attempts to define or redefine security since the late twentieth century. It is argued that a satisfactory conceptual analysis, which applies to all contexts but avoids the temptation to admit that security has many meanings or is some sort of umbrella term, has not been developed. This is despite extensive scholarly discourse in a number of disciplines. Nevertheless, the literature provides tools to fill the gap.
The Interests Protected by the Right to Security of Person
Authors: Powell Rhonda 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Drawing on the analysis of security in Chapter 3 and the capabilities approach in Chapter 4, Chapter 5 provides examples of the interests that the right to security of person protects. It also considers the extent to which human rights law already recognizes a link between those interests and security of person. Five overlapping examples are discussed in turn: life, the means of life, health, privacy and the home, and autonomy. Illustrations are brought primarily from the European Convention on Human Rights, the Canadian Charter, and the South African Bill of Rights jurisprudence. It is argued that protection against material deprivations that threaten a person’s existence are as much part of the right to personal security as protection against physical assaults. The right to security of person effectively overcomes the problematic distinction between civil and political rights and socio-economic rights because it sits in both categories.
Rights as Security
Authors: Powell Rhonda 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 considers issues in applying the analysis of the right to security of person put forward in this book as the basis of a single legal right. It is argued that security of person, substantiated through the capabilities approach (or any other adequate theory of personhood), is too broad to be the subject of a single legal right. This contention raises an important normative question about the role which security of person should play in human rights law. It is accepted that existing legal rights to security of person are rightfully delineated, albeit that these delineations are pragmatic rather than principled. However, drawing on the key learning points that can be drawn from the analysis of security of person in this book, Chapter 7 explores an alternative way to understand the relationship between security of person and human rights law. It is argued that human rights law in general could be seen as one of the key ways by which international and national legal systems seek to further security of person. This approach is referred to as ‘rights as security’.
Ancient narrative theory before Aristotle—Plato
Authors: Liveley Genevieve 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that we should be wary of assigning any theory of narrative voiced in the dramatic dialogue that is the Republic directly to Plato himself. We will not find a ‘Platonic’ theory of narrative either in Plato’s Ion or the Republic, and will not find an uncomplicated ‘Platonic’ relationship between diegesis and mimesis, or narrative showing and telling, there either. It suggests that, taken as an embryonic phase in the history of narrative theory, Plato’s ‘Socratic dialogues’ offer something of a false start—an evolutionary prequel rather than an introduction proper to narratology’s story.
Cloning and Characterization of Oxidosqualene Cyclases Involved in Taraxasterol, Taraxerol and Bauerenol Triterpene Biosynthesis in Taraxacum coreanum
Authors: Han Jung Yeon , Jo Hye-Jeong , Kwon Eun Kyung , Choi Yong Eui 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Triterpenes, consisting of six isoprene units, are one of the largest classes of natural compounds in plants. The genus Taraxacum is in the family Asteraceae and is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. Various triterpenes, especially taraxerol and taraxasterol, are present in Taraxacum plants. Triterpene biosynthesis occurs through the action of oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC), which generates various types of triterpenes from 2,3-oxidosqualene after the rearrangement of the triterpene skeleton. However, no functional characterization of the OSC genes involved in triterpene biosynthesis, except for a lupeol synthase in Taraxacum officinale, has been performed. Taraxacum coreanum, or Korean dandelion, grows in Korea and China. Putative OSC genes in T. coreanum plants were isolated by transcriptome analysis, and four of these (TcOSC1, TcOSC2, TcOSC3 and TcOSC4) were functionally characterized by heterologous expression in yeast. Both TcOSC1 and TcOSC2 were closely related to dammarenediol-II synthases. TcOSC3 and TcOSC4 were strongly grouped with β-amyrin synthases. Functional analysis revealed that TcOSC1 produced several triterpenes, including taraxasterol; Ψ-taraxasterol; α-, β- and δ-amyrin; and dammarenediol-II. TcOSC2 catalyzed the production of bauerenol and another unknown triterpene, TcOSC3 catalyzed the production of β-amyrin. TcOSC4 catalyzed the production of taraxerol. Moreover, we identified taraxasterol, ψ-taraxasterol, taraxerol, lupeol, δ-amyrin, α-amyrin, β-amyrin and bauerenol in the roots and leaves of T. coreanum. Our results suggest that TcOSC1, TcOSC2, TcOSC3 and TcOSC4 are key triterpene biosynthetic enzymes in T. coreanum. These enzymes are novel triterpene synthases involved in the production of taraxasterol, bauerenol and taraxerol.
Identification of Anorthite-enriched Plagioclase Antecrysts in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa
Authors: Cawthorn R Grant 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The origin of cumulate grains in layered intrusions is actively debated. Earliest views assumed that all grains grew in the now-exposed magma chamber. An alternative view is that some grains were injected from deeper magma chambers (never to be exposed). Such grains have been called antecrysts. In this model upward reversals in the anorthite content of plagioclase grains in anorthosite-bearing sequences have been considered to indicate such processes, and are considered to represent the bases of cycles. Data from two deep boreholes in the upper half of the Bushveld Complex permit testing of such ideas. Careful inspection shows that anorthosites (over 45 in one core and 12 in another) do not show an increase in their anorthite contents relative to their immediate footwall samples. Further, all examples of cycles (where enough closely spaced samples are available) in one borehole show that there is a slow upward increase in the anorthite contents over tens of metres and several samples, and that anorthosite does not occur at the base of such reversals, inconsistent with injection and accumulation of a slurry of grains with constant composition. Multiple analyses of many grains in a single sample show a typical standard deviation of ±1·5% An. However, a very few samples from both boreholes show a much larger standard deviation. Examination of every single analysis from one core shows that there are rare, isolated grains with a much higher anorthite content (±5%) than the average, rarely more than one per sample (out of 10–20 analyses). It is perfectly possible that these grains are indeed antecrysts. They are not located specifically in anorthosite samples, but can occur in rocks with any proportion of plagioclase. Based on 3000 analyses they constitute of the order of 1% of the total analysed population. The injection of magma may have occurred, but its entrainment of slurries of plagioclase is not consistent with these data.
Whole-genome reference panel of 1,781 Northeast Asians improves imputation accuracy of rare and low-frequency variants
Authors: Yoo Seong-Keun , Kim Chang-Uk , Kim Hie Lim , Kim Sungjae , Shin Jong-Yeon , Kim Namcheol , Yang Joshua SungWoo , Lo Kwok-Wai , Cho Belong , Matsuda Fumihiko , Schuster Stephan C. , Kim Changhoon , Kim Jong-Il , Seo Jeong-Sun 
Published: April 2019

AbstractGenotype imputation using the reference panel is a cost-effective strategy to fill millions of missing genotypes for the purpose of various genetic analyses. Here, we present the Northeast Asian Reference Database (NARD), including whole-genome sequencing data of 1,781 individuals from Korea, Mongolia, Japan, China, and Hong Kong. NARD provides the genetic diversities of Korean (n=850) and Mongolian (n=386) ancestries that were not present in the 1000 Genomes Project Phase 3 (1KGP3). We combined and re-phased the genotypes from NARD and 1KGP3 to construct a union set of haplotypes. This approach established a robust imputation reference panel for the Northeast Asian populations, which yields the greatest imputation accuracy of rare and low-frequency variants compared with the existing panels. Also, we illustrate that NARD can potentially improve disease variant discovery by reducing pathogenic candidates. Overall, this study provides a decent reference panel for the genetic studies in Northeast Asia.
Impact of within-tree organ distances on floral induction and fruit growth in apple tree: implication of carbon and gibberellin organ contents
Authors: Belhassine Farés , Martinez Sébastien , Bluy Sylvie , Fumey Damien , Kelner Jean-Jacques , Costes Evelyne , Pallas Benoît 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn plants, organs are inter-dependent for growth and development. Here, we aimed to investigate the distance at which interaction between organs operates and the relative contribution of within-tree variation in carbohydrate and hormonal contents on floral induction and fruit growth, in a fruit tree case study. Manipulations of leaf and fruit numbers were performed in two years on ‘Golden delicious’ apple trees, at the shoot or branch scale or one side of Y-shape trees. For each treatment, floral induction proportion and mean fruit weight were recorded. Gibberellins content in shoot apical meristems, photosynthesis, and non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in organs were measured. Floral induction was promoted by leaf presence and fruit absence but was not associated with non-structural content in meristems. This suggests a combined action of promoting and inhibiting signals originating from leaves and fruit, and involving gibberellins. Nevertheless, these signals act at short distance only since leaf or fruit presence at long distances had no effect on floral induction. Conversely, fruit growth was affected by leaf presence even at long distances when sink demands were imbalanced within the tree, suggesting long distance transport of carbohydrates. We thus clarified the inter-dependence and distance effect among organs, therefore their degree of autonomy that appeared dependent on the process considered, floral induction or fruit growth.