bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A framework for assessing which sampling programmes provide the best trade-off between accuracy and cost of data in stock assessments
Authors: Muradian Melissa L , Branch Trevor A , Punt André E 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fisheries surveys are required to assess the status of fish populations but are rarely evaluated to determine which data provide most information for least cost. We develop such a method focused on Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) in Prince William Sound, Alaska. This population collapsed in 1992–93 and an intensive monitoring programme has been developed to assess why herring have not yet recovered, including the development of a Bayesian stock assessment model. We conducted a Monte-Carlo simulation study that calculated the deterioration in assessment performance when each survey was excluded, which allowed us to assess the trade-off between cost and improvement in model performance from including each survey data. For $10,000 a year the disease survey reduces bias and imprecision in current biomass by 34% on average, increases model reliability by 22%, and decreases by 31% the probability of a false management conclusion related to regulating the fishery. For $350,000 a year the diver survey reduces bias and imprecision by 12%, increases model reliability by 6%, and decreases the probability of a false management conclusion by 23%. The framework presented here can be used in other fisheries to weigh the costs and benefits of alternative sampling programmes in estimating current biomass.
Correlation between catch method, condition, and diet patterns in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)
Authors: Ljungberg Peter , Ovegård Maria , Öhman Kristin , Königson Sara 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWith seal populations increasing significantly in the Baltic Sea, the conflict between seals and fisheries is growing. The most sustainable method for mitigating the seal–fishery conflict is to develop and use seal-safe fishing gear. Although pots have been shown to be a promising alternative to gillnets for catching cod (Gadus morhua), there are indications that cod caught in pots are in poorer condition than those caught in gillnets, potentially making the pots a less-economical alternative. This study investigates whether this difference in condition is consistent over larger spatial scales. Gear-specific cod condition was related to both short-term (determined from stomach contents) and long-term (determined by stable isotope analysis) diet composition. Results indicate that differences in fish condition between gear types are consistent over large areas, possibly due to temporal and spatial differences in feeding strategies. We argue that condition differences between pot- and gillnet-caught cod may be driven by differences in behavioural traits. Consequently, fishing with a certain gear type may have ecological consequences affecting population characteristics, with implications for fisheries management. From the perspective of the seal–fisheries conflict, pots may ultimately have consequences on the catch value of fish.
Elevated CD54 Expression Renders CD4+ T Cells Susceptible to Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Killing
Authors: Chen Xi , Chen Huihui , Zhang Zining , Fu Yajing , Han Xiaoxu , Zhang Yue , Xu Junjie , Ding Haibo , Cui Hualu , Dong Tao , Shang Hong , Jiang Yongjun 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Natural killer (NK) cells are an important type of effector cell in the innate immune response, and also have a role in regulation of the adaptive immune response. Several studies have indicated that NK cells may influence CD4+ T cells during HIV infection.

Methods
In total, 51 HIV-infected individuals and 15 healthy controls participated in this study. We performed the flow cytometry assays and real-time PCR for the phenotypic analysis and the functional assays of NK cell-mediated deletion of CD4+ T cells, phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB/p65) and the intervention of metformin.

Results
Here we detected high CD54 expression on CD4+ T cells in HIV-infected individuals, and demonstrate that upregulated CD54 is associated with disease progression in individuals infected with HIV. We also show that CD54 expression leads to the deletion of CD4+ T cells by NK cells in vitro, and that this is modulated by NF-κB/p65 signaling. Further, we demonstrate that metformin can suppress CD54 expression on CD4+ T cells by inhibiting NF-κB/p65 phosphorylation.

Conclusions
Our data suggest that further studies to evaluate the potential role of metformin as adjunctive therapy to reconstitute immune function in HIV-infected individuals are warranted.
Transcript-Level Analysis in Combination with Real-Time PCR Elucidates Heat Adaptation Mechanism of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Larvae
Authors: Lü Jianhua , Huo Mingfei , Kang Yulong 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) ranks as one of the most prevalent insects in food processing and storage facilities worldwide. Heat treatment has been revisited to disinfest food processing and storage facilities due to increasingly strict regulation on chemicals. The effect of acclimation of T. castaneum larvae to sublethal high temperatures of 36 and 42℃ for 10 h on their heat adaptation was investigated, and transcript-level analysis combinating with real-time PCR (RT–qPCR) was applied for elucidating the heat adaptation mechanism of T. castaneum larvae. Short-term sublethal high temperature acclimation could greatly enhance the thermal adaptability in T. castaneum larvae. In total, 575, 875, and 1017 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were, respectively, determined in comparisons between the 28 and 36℃ treatments, the 28 and 42℃ treatments, and the 36 and 42℃ treatments. Fifty-three and 96 genes were commonly up- and down-regulated in both the 36 and 42℃ treatments relative to 28℃, respectively. The results of RT-qPCR analysis further confirmed the RNA-seq analysis. The current results are in favor of enhancing the insecticidal effectiveness of extreme high temperature treatment and elucidating the heat adaptation mechanism in T. castaneum larvae.
Measuring the Self-Reliance of Refugees
Authors: Leeson Kellie , Bhandari Prem B , Myers Anna , Buscher Dale 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
How do we know whether a refugee household is self-reliant if this is not measured? Although self-reliance has been promoted as a critical assistance strategy for refugees in recent years, there have been limited attempts to rigorously measure the concept. This field report introduces a new measurement tool to assess the movement toward self-reliance among refugee households. The development and utility of a tool to measure self-reliance are described using the pilot studies conducted in Ecuador, Egypt and Lebanon over a 9- to 18-month period. This report utilized unique panel data from 167 refugee households in Egypt and 94 households in Ecuador. The panel data was collected at two points in time (baseline and endline) using paper and pencil or Open Data Kit forms on tablets during face-to-face interviews. This panel group was used to perform the change analysis to examine the movement of households along a self-reliance continuum. Findings show that, overall, 59.8% of households in Ecuador and 64.7% of households in Egypt moved upward in composite score in self-reliance while less than 30% of households regressed in both countries. Further examination is needed to refine and evaluate the tool. The results provide an important starting point and insights into measuring self-reliance using simple indicators and an opportunity to reframe assistance around self-reliance, neither of which had previously been a focus of refugee assistance or relevant literature. It is believed that this methodology will be of use to academics and practitioners seeking to study refugee self-reliance around the world.
The Evolution of Joint Parenting in Poland: The Legal Perspective on Lessons Learned and Still to Be Learned
Authors: Habdas Magdalena 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The aim of this article is to consider how ideas about raising children by parents who have parted have changed in Poland and how they were reflected in changing provisions of family law in order to offer at least an initial answer to the question of whether joint parenting should be a welcomed development in Polish family law. The article will focus not only on indicating when and how the relevant family law provisions have been amended but also on presenting the academic and practical dilemmas faced in the process of introducing a new concept of joint physical custody over a child when parents have parted. It is argued that an honest revision of the challenges and opportunities joint parenting offers, based not only on national experiences but also on research and experiences of foreign jurisdictions, promotes a better understanding of this solution, which in the Polish context is still an emerging concept requiring ongoing research and active academic consideration.
Case comment: differing interpretations of vaccine risk between courts and experts in Ministry of Health and Welfare (Taiwan) v. Chen
Authors: Ho Jen-Ji 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Assessing the risk of vaccines is essentially a scientific issue. However, a court’s interpretation of scientific knowledge is not necessarily the same as that of scientists, especially in uncertain cases involving new vaccines or rare side effects. In 2017, the Supreme Administrative Court in Taiwan confirmed a disputed causal relationship between an H1N1 vaccine and a case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in a teenage boy, in contrast to all medical experts who disagreed with this judgment. The interplay between law and science might be complicated when scientific knowledge is incomplete. A court’s interpretation of scientific knowledge could diverge from experts’ consensus because the purpose of judicial investigations differs from that of scientific investigations. After this case, the Taiwanese government revised vaccine compensation regulations, incorporating more specific criteria recommended by the World Health Organization. The revised regulations can enable judges to better understand and check medical experts’ conclusions and reasoning processes. This case is a good model to help other countries minimize systematic conflicts between law and science in recognizing risks.
Bioethics and Universal Vulnerability: Exploring the Ethics and Practices of Research Participation
Authors: Ries Nola M , Thomson Michael 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In this article, we advocate the adoption of universal vulnerability as a core value in bioethics. We argue that understanding vulnerability as the universal human condition—and rejecting the labelling of particular individuals or groups as vulnerable—would benefit bioethics and the research it governs. Bioethics first engaged with vulnerability in the context of participation in research and this continues to define how the value is typically understood. Thus, vulnerability is generally deployed to describe individuals (or populations), where real or perceived deficiencies limit the ability to function and to protect themselves from risks. Revisiting this initial context and the participation in research of people living with dementia, we note that the bioethical position of excluding the ‘vulnerable’ from research has led to major gaps in evidence and knowledge to inform care and support. Turning to universal vulnerability, we consider the research design and practices that the approach would mandate. We emphasise the importance of inclusive design and mechanisms of institutional support that enable participation. We argue that these positively impact on the scientific value of research and address social justice concerns around social inclusion. Our aim is to provoke a fundamental reassessment of how vulnerability is conceived of in bioethics.
Nuclear war and public health: preparedness, protection and the case for prevention
Authors: Boulton Frank , Dunn Thomas 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, the year 2018 saw a continuing ‘drift into global instability’ in which ‘both the USA and Russia are on a path of strategic nuclear (weapons) renewal’ with 3750 nuclear bombs globally deployed ‘ready to fire’. Treaties are being abrogated with increasingly aggressive language exchanged, and discredited tactics such as ‘limited use’ revived. These developments risk an amplifying cascade of nuclear weapon fire, whether started by intent, miscalculation or unintentionally.

Results
A nuclear war would cause immediate and massive loss of human life, unprecedented damage to societal infrastructures and climatic disruption resulting in a ‘nuclear winter’ or ‘nuclear famine’.

Conclusions
The systems defending national territory against nuclear warhead missiles do not guarantee protection, and neither would hastily erected domestic shelters. Any post-survival world would be utterly different and severely challenging. The only effective preventative measures require nuclear disarmament through treaty.
Low-dose aspirin use and cancer-specific mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies
Authors: Wang Xianmin , Luo Yupeng , Chen Tingting , Zhang Kui 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT

Background
Considering the increased risk of bleeding caused by aspirin, and the observed benefit in all-cause mortality may be due to an improvement in cardiovascular-related mortality. We carried out this meta-analysis to estimate the association of low-dose aspirin use and risk of cancer-specific mortality.

Methods
We searched the PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases for all articles within a range of published years from 1980 to 2018.

Results
Finally, 13 published cohort studies with 65 768 patients were available for estimating overall risk of cancer-specific mortality associating with post-diagnosis low-dose aspirin use, and 4 cohort studies were available for pre-diagnosis low-dose aspirin use with 16 654 patients. Overall, statistical evidence of significantly decreased cancer-specific mortality was found to be associated with post-diagnosis low-dose aspirin use (OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.75–0.93), but not with pre-diagnosis low-dose aspirin use. In terms of subgroup analyses by cancer type, post-diagnosis low-dose aspirin use was significantly with decreased cancer-specific mortality for digestive tract cancer including colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer and gastric cancer.

Conclusion
Our meta-analysis indicated that post-diagnosis but not pre-diagnosis low-dose aspirin use may reduce cancer-specific mortality.
MEAN VALUE OF LET FOR ONCOGENIC EFFECTS OF RADON AND ITS PROGENY
Authors: Sedlák A 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The topic of the article is to define the average value of linear energy transfer (LET) for carcinogenic effects of radon progeny. The microdosimetric model of boundary specific energy is used. It follows that the effect at high LET should decrease approximately with the third power of LET. This is verified by the analysis of the relationship between radiation effects ratio and LET in published experiments with oncogenic transformation of mammalian cells irradiated with the monoenergetic alpha particles. If these cells are exposed with the radon irradiator, our analysis leads us to conclude that the oncogenic effect of radon progeny is comparable to that of alpha particles with a LET of 75 keV/μm. It is about a quarter lower than the LET value, where the effect of the monoenergetic alpha particles reaches its maximum level. Some implications for lung cancer due to radon inhalation may also be carefully examined.
CONTAMINATION DEPTH OF 137CS IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Authors: Listjak Martin , Slaninka Alojz , Nečas Vladimír 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Uncertainty analysis for nondestructive estimation of contamination depth is presented. The contamination depth was determined using the peak-to-peak method as an in-situ measurement in which gamma spectra were measured by an HPGe detector. Since exponential activity distribution is a crucial assumption of this method, the distribution profile was confirmed by laboratory tests of core drill samples. The main parameter influencing uncertainty of contamination depth is uncertainty of relaxation length. The uncertainty is composed for statistical error represented by the ratio of net peak areas and systematic error given detection efficiency of measurement setup. Systematic relative error was evaluated to be 7.45%. Statistical relative error was evaluated to 9.97% for the proposed optimum net peak area. Variability of relaxation length was identified to be very low with mean value 2 mm with standard deviation 0.73 mm. For fixed relaxation length, it should be possible to estimate contamination depth by nonspectrometric devices.
LOW DOSE BATH FROM IMPT VS. IMXT FOR THE PELVIC AREA WHEN TREATING ADVANCED PROSTATE CANCER
Authors: Navrátil Matěj , Vondráček Vladimír , Andrlík Michal , Kubeš Jiří , Rosina Jozef , Grebenyuk Alexander 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Twenty (10 intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) and 10 intensity-modulated x-ray therapy (IMXT) treatment plans for patients with advanced prostate carcinoma were compared in this study. All chosen patients were indicated for prostate and pelvic lymph nodes irradiation using simultaneous integrated boost technique. These patients represent typical specimen for this diagnose. IMPT irradiates just half of the tissue volume with a low dose (up to 10 cobalt gray equivalent) compared to IMXT without compromise in target volumes coverage and in this way reduces the risk of secondary cancer development or other possible complications.
LUNG REGENERATION IN ABSTAINING SMOKERS
Authors: Böhm Radoslav , Sedlák Antonín , Bulko Martin , Holý Karol 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Smoking modifies morphological and physiological parameters of the lungs. Due to the irritation of airways, the natural self-cleaning ability of the lungs is impaired. The mucus accumulates in the airways and various infections develop, leading to chronic bronchitis. After the cessation of smoking, the lungs of the smoker start to heal and regenerate. Cilia in the lungs start to grow again and cleanse the lungs, thus reducing the risk of infection. The regeneration of the lungs takes a long time and depends on the degree of lung damage due to smoking. The aim of this study was to reconstruct the evolution of this regeneration process in chronic smokers by using the biological effects of radon and its decay products. Thus, radon in this study served as a tracer of changes induced by smoking.
RADON ACTIVITY CONCENTRATION IN WATERS OF SPRINGS IN SELECTED AREAS OF WESTERN SLOVAKIA
Authors: Eckertová Terézia , Müllerová Monika , Holý Karol 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper presents the results of measurements of radon activity concentration (RAC) in spring waters and natural wells in three mountains of Slovakia (Strážov Mountains, Považský Inovec and Little Carpathians). These mountains provide drinking water for inhabitants of surrounding towns and villages. Little Carpathians is the most seismically active area in Slovakia. Považský Inovec, where 2 out of 11 uranium deposits of Slovakia are located, is interesting due to increased uranium mineralization. We have collected samples from more than 170 natural water sources, many of which exceed the guide value of 100 Bq l−1, with a maximum value of 274 Bq l−1. The median of these data (15 Bq l−1) is also higher than the national median in groundwater (11.6 Bq l−1). From the obtained data, we have created maps representing RAC of groundwaters for the whole territory. These maps were also compared with the geological maps.
DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF DEVICES FOR CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF RADON ACTIVITY CONCENTRATION IN WATERS
Authors: Eckertová Terézia , Holý Karol , Müllerová Monika , Bulko Martin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Continuous radon measurement in waters is an appropriate tool for the study of its variations as well as for the clarification and understanding of the factors that cause these changes. In addition, sudden changes in radon activity concentration (RAC) in groundwater can be used to identify geodynamic activities and earthquake predictions. In this paper, two measuring systems for continuous monitoring of RAC in waters are presented and tested. One of them was designed for water sources with a high yield; the second one operates with a constant volume of a sample using a different method of 222Rn release from water. We present our first laboratory tests of continuous measurement of RAC in tap waters as well as the variations of RAC observed during a week.
Eye contact enhances interpersonal motor resonance: comparing video stimuli to a live two-person action context
Authors: Prinsen Jellina , Alaerts Kaat 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPrevious research has shown a link between eye contact and interpersonal motor resonance, indicating that the mirroring of observed movements is enhanced when accompanied with mutual eye contact between actor and observer. Here, we further explored the role of eye contact within a naturalistic two-person action context. Twenty-two participants observed simple hand movements combined with direct or averted gaze presented via a live model in a two-person setting or via video recordings, while transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied over the primary motor cortex (M1) to measure changes in M1 excitability. Skin conductance responses and gaze behavior were also measured to investigate the role of arousal and visual attention herein. Eye contact significantly enhanced excitability of the observer’s M1 during movement observation within a two-person setting. Notably, participants with higher social responsiveness (Social Communication subscale of the Social Responsiveness Scale) displayed a more pronounced modulation of M1 excitability by eye gaze. Gaze-related modulations in M1 excitability were, however, not associated with differences in visual attention or autonomic arousal. In summary, the current study highlights the effectiveness and feasibility of adopting paradigms with high ecological validity for studying the modulation of mirror system processes by subtle social cues, such as eye gaze.