bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field and Remote‐Sensing Evidence for Hydro‐mechanical Isolation of a Long‐Lived Earthflow in Central California
Authors: Nereson A. L. , Davila Olivera S. , Finnegan N. J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPersistent motion of slow‐moving landslides has been linked to entrapment of water in slide masses by weak, low‐permeability shear zones at their basal and lateral margins. This so‐called “bathtub effect” should have remotely sensible effects on soil moisture and vegetation health. Here we assess this effect at a seasonally active earthflow in northern California with analysis of soil properties and nine years (2009–2018) of multispectral satellite imagery. The shear zone has low hydraulic conductivity, and the earthflow shows elevated water content relative to its surroundings. Spectral indices suggest that the earthflow is perennially wetter, and its vegetation thrives for longer into the dry season as a result. The magnitude of the bathtub effect is correlated with cumulative multiyear rainfall, and its surface expression disappears during the driest year of the 2012–2015 drought. These findings demonstrate a new method for identifying and monitoring mechanical and hydrological interactions that enable persistent landslide motion.
Seismogenic Index of Underground Fluid Injections and Productions
Authors: Shapiro S. A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe seismogenic index quantifies a seismogenic reaction of rocks to a unit volume fluid impact. This quantity helps to forecast seismogenic effects of planned subsurface fluid operations. It facilitates a quantitative comparison of tectonic conditions and fluid operations in terms of their potential to induce earthquakes and to produce seismic hazard. The higher the seismogenic index, the higher the induced seismic hazard. Originally, the seismogenic index was proposed for seismicity induced by underground fluid injections. However, its broader applications are of interest. I derive the seismogenic index for fluid productions. In the case of production, the poroelastic coupling becomes principally important. I consider two limiting (end‐member) situations: a production or injection in a point of a poroelastic infinite continuum and a production or injection in a poroelastic layer embedded in an elastic half‐space. These two basic fluid source/sink configurations are prototypes of practical situations like a stimulation of an enhanced geothermal system and hydrocarbon production from a large‐area underground reservoir, respectively. I show that estimates of the seismogenic index from productions can be adopted for injections and vice versa. I provide estimates of the seismogenic index and of the poroelastic coupling characterizing the Groningen gas field. In an idealized homogeneous reservoir layer being similarly to the Groningen field at normal faulting, the presence of production‐induced seismicity indicates a combination of the friction coefficient and of the poroelastic coupling unfavorable for inducing seismicity by injections.
Interannual Variability of Atmospheric Conditions and Surface Melt in Greenland in 2000–2014
Authors: Välisuo I. , Vihma T. , Pirazzini R. , Schäfer M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe addressed the variations of surface melt in Greenland in association with summertime atmospheric conditions from 2000 to 2014. We quantified melt as the number of melt days (NMD), cumulative and maximum melt extent (based on microwave radiometer data), and modeled melt amount. Interannual variations of the maximum melt extent, occurring in timescales of days, differed from those in NMD, cumulative melt extent, and modeled melt amount, which accumulate over the entire melt season. Averaged over the Greenland ice sheet, interannual variations in total column water strongly correlated with NMD (squared correlation coefficient 0.83), cumulative melt extent (0.84), and modeled melt amount (0.82). Significant but less strong correlations were detected between NMD and the Greenland Blocking Index, NMD and North Atlantic Oscillation Index, as well as the modeled melt amount and NAOI. The NMD was strongly linked with the strength of the total column water anomaly in the coastal areas. In individual summers, positive anomalies in southerly winds coincided with positive NMD anomalies. At the eastern coast, positive NMD anomalies occurred under stronger downslope winds, suggesting that subsidence heating dominated over cold‐air advection from the inner ice sheet. Differences between the summers of extreme melt in 2012 and minimal melt in 2013 were partly explained by the larger (smaller) occurrence of air masses of southwesterly (southeasterly) origin in 2012 than 2013 at northeastern Greenland. For the 15‐year period, the occurrence of northeasterly air‐mass origin at Summit was the variable with strongest (negative) correlation with the maximum melt extent.
A Generalized Evaporation Model for Chinese Pans
Authors: Wang Kaiwen , Liu Xiaomang , Li Yuqi , Liu Changming , Yang Xiaohua 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPan evaporation (Epan) measurements are used for gauging the atmospheric evaporative demand, and Epan observation networks were established and maintained for a long history. However, due to the replacement of D20 pans with 601B pans across China in 2000, Epan observation networks in China, which is the largest networks in East Asia, became discontinuous. Thus, it is important to develop a robust method to update and complement Epan of two Chinese pans. PenPan model is a robust model in Epan estimation, while the previous versions of PenPan are derived for a specific type of pan. This study developed a generalized model, that is, PenPan‐V3 model, to simulate Epan for Chinese pans. The PenPan‐V3 model simulated the irradiance of each part of pans; that is, pan water surface, pan rim, side wall and pan bottom, and the simulated Epan coincided with the observations of D20 and 601B pans. For D20 pans, aerodynamic component (Epan,A) and radiative component (Epan,R) of Epan were 60% and 40%, respectively. The contributions of pan water surface, inside and outside pan rim, side wall, and pan bottom to Epan,R were 23%, 38%, 26%, 6%, and 7%, respectively. For 601B pans, Epan,A and Epan,R were 42% and 58% of Epan, respectively. The contributions of pan water surface and inside and outside pan rim to Epan,R were 94%, 5% and 1%, respectively. The PenPan‐V3 model benefits establishing the long‐term continuous Epan networks in China, which can be used for evaluating the long‐term trends of atmospheric evaporative demand in East Asia.
The Impact of Comet Siding Spring's Meteors on the Martian Atmosphere and Ionosphere
Authors: Crismani M. M. J. , Schneider N. M. , Evans J. S. , Plane J. M. C. , Carrillo‐Sánchez J. D. , Jain S. , Deighan J. , Yelle R. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractOn 19 October 2014, comet C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) had a close encounter with Mars and deposited cometary dust particles into the Martian atmosphere. We report a comprehensive analysis of the resulting meteor shower and its perturbation on Mars' atmosphere and ionosphere. Using Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN/Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph observations of ablated meteoric metallic species, we show this shower lasted less than 3 hr and was therefore limited to one hemisphere. Meteoric ablation occurred in a narrow altitude layer, with Mg+, Mg, Fe+, and Fe deposited between about 105 and 120 km, consistent with comet Siding Spring's relative velocity of 56 km/s. We find that 82 ± 25 t of dust was deposited, improving previous measurements and a thousand times larger than model expectations. With regular observations over two Mars days, we show that horizontal winds globally redistribute this material and also suggest new vertical transport mechanisms for metallic ions. Such transport is inconsistent with diffusion and may be related to electrodynamic processes. The rapid loss of neutral species and presence of ions at high altitudes indicate that our understanding of existing Martian meteoric chemistry modeling and ionospheric dynamics is incomplete.
The Role of Viscoelastic Stress Transfer in Long‐Term Earthquake Cascades: Insights After the Central Italy 2016–2017 Seismic Sequence
Authors: Verdecchia A. , Pace B. , Visini F. , Scotti O. , Peruzza L. , Benedetti L. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCentral Italy is characterized by a network of active faults that interact in a complex manner. Coseismic Coulomb stress changes have been invoked by several authors to explain the concentration of moderate‐to‐strong earthquakes in this region, but none has considered the time‐dependent viscoelastic relaxation of the lower crust and upper mantle as a possible additional source of stress changes at a regional scale. Here starting from the 1915Mw6.9 ± 0.2 Fucino earthquake, we calculated the coseismic plus postseismic Coulomb failure stress changes (ΔCFS) due to eight moderate‐to‐strong earthquakes that have struck Central Italy in the last century and culminated with the 2016–2017 sequence. Results from this modeling coupled with some synthetic tests simulating normal fault earthquakes with different magnitudes allowed us to highlight the importance of postseismic processes. In particular, the viscoelastic stress transfer due to events ofMw ≥ 6.5 can modify the spatial distribution of ΔCFS on a centennial timescale and therefore trigger events at larger distances. In addition, using these results, we identified other earthquake clusters in the historical catalogue (last 618 years), which, like the 1915–2017 series, were potentially modulated by both coseismic and postseismic processes. Finally, considering our calculations combined with historical and paleoseismological data, we suggest that several faults in Central Italy may be at present close to failure.
LNMAT1 promotes lymphatic metastasis of bladder cancer via CCL2 dependent macrophage recruitment
Authors: Chen Changhao , He Wang , Huang Jian , Wang Bo , Li Hui , Cai Qingqing , Su Feng , Bi Junming , Liu Hongwei , Zhang Bin , Jiang Ning , Zhong Guangzheng , Zhao Yue , Dong Wen , Lin Tianxin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractTumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant inflammatory infiltrates in the tumor microenvironment and contribute to lymph node (LN) metastasis. However, the precise mechanisms of TAMs-induced LN metastasis remain largely unknown. Herein, we identify a long noncoding RNA, termed Lymph Node Metastasis Associated Transcript 1 (LNMAT1), which is upregulated in LN-positive bladder cancer and associated with LN metastasis and prognosis. Through gain and loss of function approaches, we find that LNMAT1 promotes bladder cancer-associated lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis. Mechanistically, LNMAT1 epigenetically activates CCL2 expression by recruiting hnRNPL to CCL2 promoter, which leads to increased H3K4 tri-methylation that ensures hnRNPL binding and enhances transcription. Furthermore, LNMAT1-induced upregulation of CCL2 recruits macrophages into the tumor, which promotes lymphatic metastasis via VEGF-C excretion. These findings provide a plausible mechanism for LNMAT1-modulated tumor microenvironment in lymphatic metastasis and suggest that LNMAT1 may represent a potential therapeutic target for clinical intervention in LN-metastatic bladder cancer.
Processive chitinase is Brownian monorail operated by fast catalysis after peeling rail from crystalline chitin
Authors: Nakamura Akihiko , Okazaki Kei-ichi , Furuta Tadaomi , Sakurai Minoru , Iino Ryota 
Published: September 2018

AbstractProcessive chitinase is a linear molecular motor which moves on the surface of crystalline chitin driven by processive hydrolysis of single chitin chain. Here, we analyse the mechanism underlying unidirectional movement of Serratia marcescens chitinase A (SmChiA) using high-precision single-molecule imaging, X-ray crystallography, and all-atom molecular dynamics simulation. SmChiA shows fast unidirectional movement of ~50 nm s−1 with 1 nm forward and backward steps, consistent with the length of reaction product chitobiose. Analysis of the kinetic isotope effect reveals fast substrate-assisted catalysis with time constant of ~3 ms. Decrystallization of the single chitin chain from crystal surface is the rate-limiting step of movement with time constant of ~17 ms, achieved by binding free energy at the product-binding site of SmChiA. Our results demonstrate that SmChiA operates as a burnt-bridge Brownian ratchet wherein the Brownian motion along the single chitin chain is rectified forward by substrate-assisted catalysis.
Insights into frequent asthma exacerbations from a primary care perspective and the implications of UK National Review of Asthma Deaths recommendations
Authors: Yang Jieqiong Freda , Chaudhuri Rekha , Thomson Neil C. , Ramparsad Nitish , O’Pray Hugh , Barclay Stephen , MacBride-Stewart Sean , McCallum Craig , Sharma Varun , McSharry Charles , Murray Dianne , Shepherd Malcolm , Lee Wai-Ting Nicola 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe United Kingdom National Review of Asthma Deaths (NRAD) recommends that patients who require ≥3 courses of oral corticosteroids (OCS) for exacerbations in the past year or those on British Thoracic Society (BTS) Step 4/5 treatment must be referred to a specialist asthma service. The aim of the study was to identify the proportion of asthma patients in primary care that fulfil NRAD criteria for specialist referral and factors associated with frequent exacerbations. A total of 2639 adult asthma patients from 10 primary care practices in Glasgow, UK were retrospectively studied between 2014 and 2015. Frequent exacerbators and short-acting β2-agonist (SABA) over-users were identified if they received ≥2 confirmed OCS courses for asthma and ≥13 SABA inhalers in the past year, respectively. Community dispensing data were used to assess treatment adherence defined as taking ≥75% of prescribed inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) dose. The study population included 185 (7%) frequent exacerbators, 137 (5%) SABA over-users, and 319 (12%) patients on BTS Step 4/5 treatment. Among frequent exacerbators, 41% required BTS Step 4/5 treatment, 46% had suboptimal ICS adherence, 42% had not attended an asthma review in the past year and 42% had no previous input from a specialist asthma service. Older age, female gender, BTS Step 4/5, SABA over-use and co-existing COPD diagnosis increased the risk of frequent exacerbations independently. Fourteen per 100 asthma patients would fulfil the NRAD criteria for specialist referral. Better collaboration between primary and secondary care asthma services is needed to improve chronic asthma care.
Revealing of Core Shell Effect on Frequency-Dependent Properties of Bi-based Relaxor/Ferroelectric Ceramic Composites
Authors: Saleem Mohsin , Hwan Lim Dong , Kim In-sung , Kim Min-Soo , Maqbool Adnan , Nisar Umair , Pervez Syed Atif , Farooq Umer , Farooq Muhammad Umer , Khalil Hafiz Muhammad Waseem , Jeong Soon-Jong 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this study, electromechanical characteristics of (1-x) Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–xSrTiO3 (ST26, x = 0.26)/(1-y) Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–ySrTiO3 (ST10, y = 0.1) (matrix/seed) composites were studied. The ST26 (high relaxor phase) and ST10 (a relaxor ferroelectric (RF), high ferroelectric phase) composite with large (r-ST26-ST10) and small (t-ST26-ST10) grains exhibited frequency-related dielectric properties and large strain response at a low triggering electric field (an incipient piezoelectricity). It is ascribed to a matrix-seed effect originating from the inhomogeneous composition due to the presence of two phases. The r-ST26-ST10 composite sintered at 4 h, prominent material, showed a high normalized dynamic strain (d33*) of ~700 pm/V (large grains) with stable frequency dependence properties at a low field of 40 kV/cm. The properties of the r-ST26-ST10 composite exhibit less decay with frequency-related polarization and strain compared to those of t-ST26-ST10 composite. The increase in soaking time promotes the diffusion and homogenization of the microstructure in composites, leading to changes in the core-shell structure in the solid solution. The polarization and strain of the ST26-ST10 composites with the frequency are linked to the stability of the internal random fields created by non-ergodic relaxor phase of seed and the amount of phase change in the ergodic relaxor matrix.
Recurrent large earthquakes related with an active fault-volcano system, southwest Japan
Authors: Lin Aiming , Chen Peng , Sado Koichiro 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBased on fieldworks, trench excavation, archaeological evidence, and radiocarbon dating ages, we have identified at least three large normal faulting events within Aso caldera in the past ~3000 years, excluding the 2016 Mw7.1 Kumamoto earthquake. These events took place in AD ~1000, BC ~100, and BC ~1100, respectively, suggesting an average recurrence interval of ~1000 years. These events coincide with the timings of three large inferred paleoearthquakes within the Hinagu–Futagawa Fault Zone (HFFZ), where the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake rupture began. On the basis of geological, geophysical, and seismic data, we conclude that the recurrent normal faulting events within Aso caldera were triggered by the active faults of the HFFZ. As for the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake, seismic rupture initiated on the southwest side of the caldera, propagated northeastward, and terminated inside it. These findings demonstrate that large recurring earthquakes within an active fault-volcano system can be studied to improve our understanding of the termination of coseismic rupture propagation, and that the magma chamber beneath Mt. Aso probably hinders the propagation of coseismic rupture during large earthquakes.
Genetic analysis of ATP13A2, PLA2G6 and FBXO7 in a cohort of Chinese patients with early-onset Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Shen Ting , Pu Jiali , Lai Hsin-Yi , Xu Lingjia , Si Xiaoli , Yan Yaping , Jiang Yasi , Zhang Baorong 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSeveral genes have already been certified as causative genes in patients with autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson’s syndrome with pyramidal tract signs, including ATP13A2, PLA2G6 and FBXO7. Variants in these three genes may also play roles in early-onset Parkinson’s disease (EOPD). In order to investigate the contribution of genetic variants in these three genes to Chinese sporadic EOPD patients, we screened 101 Chinese sporadic EOPD patients and 83 age- and sex-matched healthy controls using direct sequencing. Interpretation of those detected variants was performed based on the guidelines developed by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). Two missense variants, p.G360E and p.T733M, with “uncertain significance” classification were identified in the ATP13A2 gene and five synonymous variants were significantly over-represented in EOPD patients. Two missense variants, p.R53C and p.T319M, were absent in both our control group and online databases, classified as “likely pathogenic” in the PLA2G6 gene. Only benign variants were identified in the FBXO7 gene. These results indicate that rare variants of PLA2G6 may contribute to PD susceptibility in Chinese population, the ATP13A2 might be associated with higher risk for sporadic EOPD, while the FBXO7 gene doesn’t seem to be a risk factor to develop sporadic PD in Chinese population. Further biochemical and molecular biological studies needs to be conducted to support our main results in our future researches.
Comparative study of precise measurements of natural radionuclides and radiation dose using in-situ and laboratory γ-ray spectroscopy techniques
Authors: Hassan N. M. , Kim Y. J. , Jang J. , Chang B. U. , Chae J. S. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this study, in-situ and laboratory γ-ray spectroscopy techniques were compared to evaluate the activity concentration of natural radionuclides in soil. The activity concentrations of 238U (226Ra), 232Th, and 40K in the soil in 11 sites were simultaneously measured with in-situ portable HPGe and the NaI(Tl) detectors. In parallel, 55 soil samples collected from these sites were analyzed with a laboratory γ-ray spectroscopy technique (HPGe). A strong correlation was observed between the in-situ and laboratory HPGe techniques with a linear correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.99 for 226Ra and 232Th and 0.975 for 40K, respectively. The in-situ HPGe technique shows a strong correlation with the NaI(Tl) detector. γ-Rays cps of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K of the NaI (Tl) detector were then converted to specific activities (Bq kg−1 unit) in soil using the empirical formulas obtained in this study. The absorbed dose rate in air at 1 m height above ground due to these radionuclides was calculated using the Beck’s formula and the results were compared with measured values obtained with an high pressure ionization chamber. The results of the calculated and measured dose rate show a strong correlation of R2 = 0.96. The reliability and precision of analytical spectroscopy techniques of radioactivity and radiation dose were confirmed in this work.
Identification and characterization of G-quadruplex formation within the EP0 promoter of pseudorabies virus
Authors: kong Jiang-Nan , Zhang Chao , Zhu Yan-Ce , Zhong Kai , Wang Jiang , Chu Bei-Bei , Yang Guo-Yu 
Published: September 2018

AbstractEP0 is an important early gene that modulates the life cycle of pseudorabies virus (PRV). A guanine-rich sequence overlapping with three Sp1 binding sites is located upstream of the transcription start site (TSS) in the EP0 promoter. Using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and circular dichroism (CD), we verified that the G-rich region in the EP0 promoter forms an intramolecular parallel G-quadruplex (G4) in the presence of K+ ions. Further dimethyl sulphate (DMS) footprinting and Taq polymerase stop assays indicates the potential polymorphic folding of G4. In addition, a small chemical ligand, pyridostatin (PDS), promotes and stabilizes the formation of G4. Interestingly, based on the results of electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), the Sp1 protein bound to G4-bearing DNA with more affinity than DNA lacking the G4 structure. According to the luciferase reporter assay, G4 negatively regulates the EP0 promoter activity. These results demonstrate that Sp1 and G4 cooperate to regulate EP0 promoter activity.
Exciton Diffusion in Organic Nanofibers: A Monte Carlo Study on the Effects of Temperature and Dimensionality
Authors: de Sousa Leonardo Evaristo , da Silva Filho Demétrio Antônio , de Sousa Rafael Timóteo , de Oliveira Neto Pedro Henrique 
Published: September 2018

AbstractOrganic nanofibers have found various applications in optoelectronic devices. In such devices, exciton diffusion is a major aspect concerning their efficiency. In the case of singlet excitons, Förster transfer is the mechanism responsible for this process. Temperature and morphology are factors known to influence exciton diffusion but are not explicitly considered in the expressions for the Förster rate. In this work, we employ a Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) model to investigate singlet exciton diffusion in para-hexaphenyl (P6P) and α-sexithiophene (6T) nanofibers. Building from previous experimental and theoretical studies that managed to obtain temperature dependent values for Förster radii, exciton average lifetimes and intermolecular distances, our model is able to indicate how these parameters translate into diffusion coefficients and diffusion lengths. Our results indicate that these features strongly depend on the coordination number in the material. Furthermore, we show how all these features influence the emitted light color in systems composed of alternating layers of P6P and 6T. Finally, we present evidence that the distribution of exciton displacements may result in overestimation of diffusion lengths in experimental setups.