bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macro-scale grid-based and subbasin-based hydrologic modeling: joint simulation and cross-calibration
Authors: Chu Xuefeng , Lin Zhulu , Nasab Mohsen Tahmasebi , Zeng Lan , Grimm Kendall , Bazrkar Mohammad Hadi , Wang Ning , Liu Xingwei , Zhang Xiaodong , Zheng Haochi 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Watershed hydrologic models often possess different structures and distinct methods and require dissimilar types of inputs. As spatially-distributed data are becoming widely available, macro-scale modeling plays an increasingly important role in water resources management. However, calibration of a macro-scale grid-based model can be a challenge. The objective of this study is to improve macro-scale hydrologic modeling by joint simulation and cross-calibration of different models. A joint modeling framework was developed, which linked a grid-based hydrologic model (GHM) and the subbasin-based Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. Particularly, a two-step cross-calibration procedure was proposed and implemented: (1) direct calibration of the subbasin-based SWAT model using observed streamflow data; and (2) indirect calibration of the grid-based GHM through the transfer of the well-calibrated SWAT simulations to the GHM. The joint GHM-SWAT modeling framework was applied to the Red River of the North Basin (RRB). The model performance was assessed using the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and percent bias (PBIAS). The results highlighted the feasibility of the proposed cross-calibration strategy in taking advantage of both model structures to analyze the spatial/temporal trends of hydrologic variables. The modeling approaches developed in this study can be applied to other basins for macro-scale climatic-hydrologic modeling.
Evaluating remotely sensed monthly evapotranspiration against water balance estimates at basin scale in the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liu Wenbin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractGlobal evapotranspiration (ET) products, as compensation for eddy-covariance observations, provide useful data sources for understanding terrestrial water-energy budgets at different scales, especially for data-sparse regions. Here, we evaluated three remotely sensed ET products against water balance-based reference ET () in 16 river basins across the Tibetan Plateau (TP) on a monthly time scale from 1983 to 2011. The results indicated that ET_GLEAM performed the best overall across the 16 TP river basins in terms of the multi-year average and the interannual variability of monthly , followed by ET_ZHANG and ET_CSIRO. The multi-year means of monthly were better estimated overall by the three remotely sensed ET products rather than their interannual variability. However, the performances of the three ET datasets varied among different TP basins based on various evaluation criteria. The seasonal cycle of was better captured by ET_GLEAM, ET_ZHANG and ET_CSIRO in the Yalong, Yangtze and Salween Basins and the upper Yellow River Basins rather than that in the Yulongkashi, Bayin and Brahmaputra River Basins. Overall, the ET_GLEAM performed relatively better than other datasets. The evaluation results will provide important references for us to select suitable datasets and to apply them in basin-scale water-energy budget studies in data-sparse regions.
How does a rubber plantation affect the spatial variability and temporal stability of throughfall?
Authors: Liu Jiaqing , Liu Wenjie , Li Weixia , Zeng Huanhuan 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
In Xishuangbanna, southwest China, the large-scale monoculture rubber plantation replaced the primary tropical forest, which changed the regional hydrology processes and biogeochemical cycles. As throughfall was an important component of the forest ecosystem water input, we researched the spatial variability and temporal stability of throughfall in the rubber plantation. We recorded 30 rainfall events by using 90 rain gauges during 2015–2016. We found a highly significant linear relationship between rainfall and throughfall, and a strong power correlation between the peak 30 min rainfall intensity and throughfall. The coefficient of variation for throughfall was significant and negatively correlated with rainfall and rainfall intensity. We also observed that throughfall had a strong spatial autocorrelation that would decrease during heavy rainfall events. The results indicate that the leaf area index did not have a significant relationship with throughfall. However, the lateral translocation of the throughfall in the canopy significantly affected the spatial distribution of the throughfall. Generally, the lower throughfall positions were close to the nearest rubber trunk, and the higher throughfall positions were mostly below the slope. This study contributes to the knowledge of the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of throughfall and helps elucidate the interception processes in the rubber plantation.
Flood mapping in small ungauged basins: a comparison of different approaches for two case studies in Slovakia
Authors: Petroselli Andrea , Vojtek Matej , Vojteková Jana 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Flood mapping is a crucial element of flood risk management. In small and ungauged basins, empirical and regionalization approaches are often adopted to estimate the design hydrographs that represent input data in hydraulic models. In this study, two basins were selected in Slovakia and different methodologies for flood mapping were tested highlighting the role of digital elevation model (DEM) resolution, hydrologic modeling and the hydraulic model. Two DEM resolutions (2 m and 20 m) were adopted. Two hydrologic approaches were employed: a regional formula for peak flow estimation and the EBA4SUB model. Two hydraulic approaches (HEC-RAS and FLO-2D) were selected. Different combinations of hydrologic and hydraulic modeling were tested, under different spatial resolutions. Regarding the DEM resolution, results showed its fundamental importance in the low relief area while its effect was secondary in the moderate relief area. Regarding the hydrologic modeling, results confirmed that it affects the results of the flood areas in the same way independently of DEM resolution and that when using event-based models, the hydrograph shape determination is fundamental. Regarding the hydraulic modeling, this was the step where major differences in the flood area estimation were found.
Modelling the frequency distribution of inter-arrival times from daily precipitation time-series in North-West Italy
Authors: Baiamonte Giorgio , Mercalli Luca , Berro Daniele Cat , Agnese Carmelo , Ferraris Stefano 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe discrete three-parameter Lerch distribution is used to analyse the frequency distribution of inter-arrival times derived from 26 daily precipitation time-series, collected by stations located throughout a 28,000 km2 area in North-West Italy (altitudes ranging from 113 m to 2,170 m a.s.l.). The precipitation regime of these Alpine regions is very different (latitude 44.5 to 46.5 N) from the typical Mediterranean precipitation regime of the island of Sicily (latitude 37 to 38 N), where the Lerch distribution has already been tested and whose results are compared. In order to verify the homogeneity of the precipitation time series, the Pettitt test was preliminarily performed. In this work, a good fitting of the Lerch distribution to NW Italy is shown, thus evidencing the wide applicability of this kind of distribution, also allowing to jointly model dry spells and wet spells. The three parameters of the Lerch distribution showed rather different values than the Sicily ones, likely due to the very different precipitation regimes. Finally, a relevant spatial variability of inter-arrival times in the study area was revealed from the regional scale application of the probability distribution here described. The outcomes of this study could be of interest in different hydrologic applications.
Multi-index data dimension reduction approach and its applicability in the calculation of indicators of hydrological alteration
Authors: Zhang Wenhai , Jia Yangwen , Ge Jinjin , Huang Xiaorong , Ni Guangheng , Hou Jiaming , Wang Hao 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe length of record (LOR) method is an evaluation method that provides quantitative advice for the amount of computational data required for use of the indicators of hydrological alteration (IHA). The use of multi-index hydrological indicators to reflect river hydrological–ecological characteristics is the essence of the IHA method, while the LOR evaluation result using a single index does not have practical application value in the absence of IHA data volume. In this paper, we expand the LOR method from single index version into multi-index version, apply it to comprehensively analyze the credibility of hydrological alteration (HA) multi-indicators under different data volumes, and explore the relationship between multi-index LOR results and data requirements. Combined with the hydrological–ecological relationship, the practical application criteria of LOR dimension reduction under the condition of multiple HA indicators is given. The results show that the LOR results corresponding to each group of indicators in IHA have different data requirements, so an in-depth understanding of the hydrological–ecological relationship is the key to LOR's application of IHA data dimension reduction. In addition, we discuss the limitations of the LOR method of multi-index dimension reduction and its application value in IHA calculations.
ENSO modulated groundwater variations in a river basin of Central India
Authors: Rishma C. , Katpatal Yashwant B. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSeveral previous studies have examined the traceable regional impacts of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on groundwater level (GWL) but it remains a question whether the ENSO impacts on groundwater can be established in smaller basins using statistical techniques. The present study attempts to record the ENSO impacts on the groundwater availability in Venna basin, Maharashtra by proposing a combination of statistical and spatial analysis. Utilizing the GWL, the study estimates the spatial variability of GWL, groundwater anomalies, groundwater recharge and discharge using geographic information system (GIS) and quantitative variations in groundwater using statistical techniques. The study also highlights the applicability of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test in hydrometeorological studies. Analyses reveal the association of deeper GWLs and higher discharge with the El Niño, as opposed to shallower GWLs and higher recharge with La Niña. The two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test confirms the discrepancy in the cumulative distribution of GWL between different ENSO phases. Mann–Kendall, Sen slope and Mann–Whitney tests ascertain the variation of GWL and recharge as well as ENSO impacts in the command area (area irrigated by reservoir using the canal networks) and non-command areas. A significant difference in recharge between El Niño and La Niña is observed in the command as well as in the non-command areas.
Comparison of runoff and river flow in two large northern basins
Authors: Woo Ming-ko , Thorne Robin , Brown Laura 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe magnitude and timing of water delivery in two large northern basins are analysed to clarify where runoff is generated and how their rivers acquire comparable regimes (or seasonal rhythms) of flow. These two rivers, the Mackenzie in Canada and the Yenisei in Russia, traverse similar latitudes, physiographic provinces, vegetation zones and climatic regions. Within the basins, mountainous terrain and high-precipitation sections usually yield large runoff, but low runoff comes from the plains, low plateaus and areas of aridity. Winter runoff is commonly low and snowmelt is responsible for annual peak runoff in most parts of these basins, though rainfall is a prominent runoff source in southern Yenisei. Many rivers in the drainage networks display a seasonal pattern that suggests the dominance of snowmelt to produce a spring freshet followed by a general decline in summer that diminishes to winter low flows. Regulation of reservoir outflow greatly distorts the natural flow regime. Yet, along the main river downstream of the reservoirs, the influx of tributary discharge can dilute such human influence. To truly understand how water is produced and transferred in large northern rivers, the spatial and temporal complexity of flow-generation mechanisms and storage effects need to be unravelled.
Operating parameters for three resource recovery options from slow-pyrolysis of faecal sludge
Authors: Gold M. , Cunningham M. , Bleuler M. , Arnheiter R. , Schönborn A. , Niwagaba C. , Strande L. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Slow-pyrolysis is a treatment technology that is being explored for treatment of faecal sludge (FS) from onsite sanitation technologies. Next to pathogen inactivation, the technology produces treatment products. Revenues from these products could offset treatment costs and contribute to financially viable sanitation. In comparison to lignocellulosic biomass and other biowastes, little information is available on operating parameters for FS pyrolysis to produce char for different resource recovery options. In Kampala, Uganda, this bench-scale study investigated the influence of two major operating parameters, hold time (10, 20 and 40 minutes) and pyrolysis temperature (350, 450 and 600 °C) for pyrolysis of FS into char for solid fuel production, soil enhancement and carbon sequestration. Hold time: 10 min was the most suitable hold time for all resource recovery options as char characteristics had only minor variations between hold times. Temperature: Char characteristics identified 350 °C as the most suitable for fuel production and 450 or 600 °C for carbon sequestration. FS char had characteristics for soil enhancement comparable to biowaste and lignocellulosic biomass chars, with heavy metal concentration exceeding guideline concentrations. The most suitable temperature needs to be selected based on plant and soil type, and legal regulations.
Contributing to water security through water tariffs: some guidelines for implementation mechanisms
Authors: Pinto Francisco Silva , Tchadie Alain Michel , Neto Susana , Khan Shahbaz 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The reform of water pricing practices and tariff mechanisms plays an important role in improving water supply services. However, setting tariff policies is a process that is rife with controversy. The current urban development rhythm and consequent challenges, in several developing cities, requires an urgent review and the establishment of an increasingly more ‘integrated’ management system with a suitable water tariff policy to promote water security. Many lessons can be learned from the successes and failures of water pricing policies in other countries and world regions, taking into account the context, status and development of the water supply sector. In this paper, several case studies are assessed throughout different countries or regions (South Africa, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, and Europe) to provide key information able to support successful policy ‘transfer routes’. Based on those lessons, key policy recommendations are summarized to pave the way towards water security, particularly in rapidly growing urban centres that suffer already from water stress.
Consolidating the use of reclaimed water for irrigation and infiltration in a semi-arid agricultural valley in Mexico: water management experiences and results
Authors: Mendoza-Espinosa L. G. , Daesslé L. W. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The city of Ensenada (Baja California, Mexico) experiences severe water restrictions for urban and agriculture use, and reclaimed water (RW) for crop irrigation and aquifer infiltration has been identified as a promising water management option. This paper presents the path followed to consolidate the reclamation scheme that included monitoring programs on RW, groundwater, and agricultural soil. Seventy-nine percent of the RW samples complied with the particular discharge permit for El Naranjo wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), yet the local water utility has to have a better control of its wastewater treatment plant to avoid spikes of fecal coliforms. The presence of fecal coliforms in soil samples at surface and 30–60 cm depths indicates that farm workers could be at risk during the handling of the product, so it is highly recommended that workers be provided with clothes that will protect them from direct contact with water and soil. Results from monitoring wells adjacent to Las Ánimas and San Carlos creeks showed, on some occasions, the presence of fecal and total coliforms that could indicate infiltration of RW. In conclusion, technical aspects can be monitored and controlled yet the most challenging aspects that remain are social and political which require extensive negotiation and institutional arrangements.
In-vessel co-composting – a rapid resource recovery option for septage treatment in Indian cities
Authors: Thomas Anu Rachel , Kranert Martin , Philip Ligy 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Septage management is a challenging task across India as more than 44% of the population depends on septic tanks for human waste management. Septage collected from Chennai city, India, was found to be rich in nutrients even though the total solids content (&lt;2%) and C/N are low. The current practice of septage disposal in Chennai city is co-treatment in existing sewage treatment plants. The main drawback of this method is that treatment efficiency could deteriorate if the organic load increased much beyond the design load of the treatment plant and would result in poor treated-water quality. In this context, the present study focused on the potential of in-vessel co-composting as a sustainable treatment option. In order to enhance the co-composting process, suitable co-substrates were identified for making the process efficient and cost-effective. The area under the temperature profile during composting was used as an assessment tool for the identification of the proper mix. Addition of mixed organic waste and coir pith waste (bulking agent) to the dewatered septage gave the highest area among the different combinations. Different waste combinations were investigated in order to assess the suitability for field scale application.
Improving the use of qualitative comparative analysis for inferring complex causation in development and planning research
Authors: Thiem Alrik 
Published: October 2018

AbstractEmpirical research methods provide the necessary means to extract relevant information from data. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), one such method, is currently making first inroads into the development and planning (D&P) community. On the one hand, QCA is well suited for building empirically founded theories emphasizing causal complexity. On the other hand, however, current use of QCA in D&P research is marked by problematic applications of this method whose results misrepresent the empirical evidence marshaled to support them. Policy recommendations that stand on shaky grounds have been issued in consequence. By reanalyzing a recent empirical study on school sanitation maintenance in Belize, this method workshop article shows how the use of QCA can be improved, which should in turn lead to more solid, evidence-based policy recommendations for development interventions.
Forecasting extreme events: making sense of noisy climate data in support of water resources planning
Authors: Cox Timothy , Bywater Jenny , Heineman Mitchell , Rodrigo Dan , Wood Shayne 
Published: October 2018

AbstractGlobal climate model (GCM) projections are generally considered the best source of information for predicting future climate and hydrologic conditions in the face of a changing climate. Understanding and interpreting GCM projections is therefore critical for water resources planning. Unfortunately, this can be a challenging task as climate model data, particularly precipitation data, are notoriously noisy with large scatter and lacking in apparent patterns or trends. There is also usually large projection variability between models and model scenarios. This paper demonstrates a simple, practical method for synthesizing climate model data into more informative metrics using case studies of Atlanta, Georgia and Austin, Texas. Monthly and daily GCM projections, as well as historical observations, were translated into commonly used summary metrics for extreme event planning: peak 24-hour storm events and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). Statistical trend analyses on these two metrics were used as a simple means to better understand the data. As expected, results identified significant, increasing, trends in projected 21st century temperatures for most GCM projections. Less expectedly, significant trends were also identified for projected future monthly and 24-hour maximum precipitation and drought severity. Implications of this work for water resources planning are discussed.
Statistical analysis of rainfall and streamflow time series in the Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia
Authors: Tigabu Tibebe B. , Hörmann Georg , Wagner Paul D. , Fohrer Nicola 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This research focuses on the statistical analyses of hydrometeorological time series in the basin of Lake Tana, the largest freshwater lake in Ethiopia. We used autocorrelation, cross-correlation, Mann–Kendall, and Tukey multiple mean comparison tests to understand the spatiotemporal variation of the hydrometeorological data in the period from 1960 to 2015. Our results show that mean annual streamflow and the lake water level are varying significantly from decade to decade, whereas the mean annual rainfall variation is not significant. The decadal mean of the lake outflow and the lake water level decreased between the 1990s and 2000s by 11.34 m3/s and 0.35 m, respectively. The autocorrelation for both rainfall and streamflow were significantly different from zero, indicating that the sample data are non-random. Changes in streamflow and lake water level are linked to land use changes. Improvements in agricultural water management could contribute to mitigate the decreasing trends.
Automated procedure of real-time flood forecasting in Vu Gia – Thu Bon river basin, Vietnam by integrating SWAT and HEC-RAS models
Authors: Loi Nguyen Kim , Liem Nguyen Duy , Tu Le Hoang , Hong Nguyen Thi , Truong Cao Duy , Tram Vo Ngoc Quynh , Nhat Tran Thong , Anh Tran Ngoc , Jeong Jaehak 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The precise and reliable simulation of hydrologic and hydraulic processes is important for efficient flood forecasting and warning. The study proposes a real-time flood forecasting system which integrates a coupled hydrological-hydraulic modeling system, weather station network, and stream gauges in a web-based visualization environment. An automated procedure was developed for linking dynamically terrestrial rainfall-runoff processes and river hydraulics by coupling the SWAT hydrological model and the HEC-RAS hydraulic model. The flood forecasting system was trialed in the Vu Gia – Thu Bon river basin, Quang Nam province, Vietnam. The results showed good statistical correlation between predicted and measured stream flow for a 10-year calibration period (R² = 0.95, NSI = 0.95, PBIAS = −1.54) and during the following 10-year validation period as well (R² = 0.93, NSI = 0.93, PBIAS = 6.18). A close-up analysis of individual storm events indicated that the magnitude and timing of peak floods were accurately predicted in 2015 (R² = 0.88, NSI = 0.69, PBIAS = 4.50) and 2016 (R² = 0.80, NSI = 0.93, PBIAS = 6.18). In addition, the automated procedure was demonstrated to be reliable with dependable computational efficiency of less than 5 minutes' processing time.