bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Groundwork for Dialectic in Statesman 277a-287b
Authors: Smith Colin C. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn Plato’sStatesman, the Eleatic Stranger leads Socrates the Younger and their audience through an analysis of the statesman in the service of the interlocutors’ becoming “more capable in dialectic regarding all things” (285d7). In this way, the dialectical exercise in the text is both intrinsically and instrumentally valuable, as it yields a philosophically rigorous account of statesmanship and exhibits a method of dialectical inquiry. After the series of bifurcatory divisions in theSophistand earlyStatesman, the Stranger changes to a non-bifurcatory method of dividing to account for the statesman, but does not explain the reason for this change. I argue that the change is prepared by the elements discussed in the digression from 277a2 to 287b2. Here the Stranger makes use of four concepts that are crucial for understanding this change: the notion ofparadigm, the paradigms ofcareandthe weaver, and the notion ofdue measure. I claim that the notion of paradigm clarifies the nature of dialectical inquiry, care and weaving act as paradigms appropriate to dialectical practice, and an account of due measure offers insight into the constitutive ratios that govern the structuring of kinds pursued through dialectical inquiry. I suggest that the non-bifurcatory method is intended to articulate knowledge in the strictest sense, or knowledge of the forms, presenting a method of inquiry into being and its structure that will foster the turning of the soul from things to forms that Socrates describes in theRepublic.
Relationships between Deep Convection Updraft Characteristics and Satellite-Based Super Rapid Scan Mesoscale Atmospheric Motion Vector–Derived Flow
Authors: Apke Jason M. , Mecikalski John R. , Bedka Kristopher , McCaul Eugene W. , Homeyer Cameron R. , Jewett Christopher P. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Rapid acceleration of cloud-top outflow near vigorous storm updrafts can be readily observed in Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-14 (GOES-14) super rapid scan (SRS; 60 s) mode data. Conventional wisdom implies that this outflow is related to the intensity of updrafts and the formation of severe weather. However, from an SRS satellite perspective, the pairing of observed expansion and updraft intensity has not been objectively derived and documented. The goal of this study is to relate GOES-14 SRS-derived cloud-top horizontal divergence (CTD) over deep convection to internal updraft characteristics, and document evolution for severe and nonsevere thunderstorms. A new SRS flow derivation system is presented here to estimate storm-scale (&lt;20 km) CTD. This CTD field is coupled with other proxies for storm updraft location and intensity such as overshooting tops (OTs), total lightning flash rates, and three-dimensional flow fields derived from dual-Doppler radar data. Objectively identified OTs with (without) matching CTD maxima were more (less) likely to be associated with radar-observed deep convection and severe weather reports at the ground, suggesting that some OTs were incorrectly identified. The correlation between CTD magnitude, maximum updraft speed, and total lightning was strongly positive for a nonsupercell pulse storm, and weakly positive for a supercell with multiple updraft pulses present. The relationship for the supercell was nonlinear, though larger flash rates are found during periods of larger CTD. Analysis here suggests that combining CTD with OTs and total lightning could have severe weather nowcasting value.
On the Extraordinary Intensification of Hurricane Patricia (2015). Part I: Numerical Experiments
Authors: Qin Nannan , Zhang Da-Lin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractHurricane Patricia (2015) broke records in both peak intensity and rapid intensification (RI) rate over the eastern Pacific basin. All of the then-operational models predicted less than half of its extraordinary intensity and RI rate, leaving a challenge for numerical modeling studies. In this study, a successful 42-h simulation of Patricia is obtained using a quintuply nested-grid version of the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) Model with the finest grid size of 333 m. Results show that the WRF Model, initialized with the Global Forecast System Final Analysis data only, could reproduce the track, peak intensity, and many inner-core features, as verified against various observations. In particular, its simulated maximum surface wind of 92 m s−1 is close to the observed 95 m s−1, capturing the unprecedented RI rate of 54 m s−1 (24 h)−1. In addition, the model reproduces an intense warm-cored eye, a small-sized eyewall with a radius of maximum wind of less than 10 km, and the distribution of narrow spiral rainbands. A series of sensitivity simulations is performed to help understand which model configurations are essential to reproducing the extraordinary intensity of the storm. Results reveal that Patricia’s extraordinary development and its many inner-core structures could be reasonably well simulated if ultrahigh horizontal resolution, appropriate model physics, and realistic initial vortex intensity are incorporated. It is concluded that the large-scale conditions (e.g., warm sea surface temperature, weak vertical wind shear, and the moist intertropical convergence zone) and convective organization play important roles in determining the predictability of Patricia’s extraordinary RI and peak intensity.
Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Pulmonary Oligometastases From Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Jingu Keiichi , Matsushita Haruo , Yamamoto Takaya , Umezawa Rei , Ishikawa Yojiro , Takahashi Noriyoshi , Katagiri Yu , Takeda Kazuya , Kadoya Noriyuki 
Published: August 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether pulmonary oligometastases from colorectal cancer have greater radioresistance than that of pulmonary oligometastases from other cancers and whether good local control can be achieved by dose escalation in stereotactic body radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses statement and methods. Studies were obtained from a database search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for publications using search terms designed to identify studies on “oligometastases,” “lung,” “stereotactic radiotherapy,” and “colorectal cancer.” For meta-analysis 1, studies that showed the number of local failures after stereotactic body radiotherapy for pulmonary metastases from colorectal carcinoma and other cancers were included. For meta-analysis2, studies in which a comparison was made of local control rates of pulmonary metastases from colorectal carcinoma by stereotactic body radiotherapy with a higher dose and that with a lower dose were included. A meta-analysis was performed using Mantel-Haenszel statics with the fixed or random-effect model by Review Manager 5.3. Results: Eighteen retrospective studies with 1920 patients with pulmonary oligometastases were used in meta-analysis 1. The local control rate in patients with pulmonary oligometastases from colorectal cancer was significantly lower than that in patients with pulmonary oligometastases from other cancers (odds ratio = 3.10, P < .00001). Next, 8 retrospective studies with 478 patients were included in meta-analysis 2 for dose escalation. Better local control was achieved by a higher prescription dose than by a lower prescription dose (odds ratio = 0.16, P < .00001). Conclusion: Our meta-analysis indicated that local control of pulmonary oligometastases from colorectal cancer by stereotactic body radiotherapy was significantly worse than that of pulmonary metastases from other cancers; however, our results also indicated that good local control of pulmonary oligometastases from colorectal cancer can be achieved by dose escalation.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Rhinosurgery
Authors: Bandhauer Florian , Buhl Daniela , Grossenbacher Rudolf 
Published: August 2018

Background This study investigated the in vivo efficacy of nasal packing containing an antibiotic substance after septal and turbinate surgery on the potentially infectious nasal flora (Staphylococcus aureus, etc.) without systemic administration of antibiotics. Methods The study was designed as an exploratory randomized trial. Three types of packings were used on 110 patients because of septoplasty and/or turbinate surgery. Packings were distributed randomly among three groups. The first and second groups received an antibiotic-free sample (polyvinyl acetate sponge and cotton gauze strips with sea-salt ointment) and the third group received an antibiotic one (cotton gauze strips with polymyxin-B-sulfate and oxytetracycline ointment). The nasal flora was determined by microscopy and cultures, both preoperatively and after elimination of the packing. Results Significantly less growth of the potentially infectious nasal flora overall and of S. aureus in particular was found in the group with the antibiotic packing. Conclusion Antibiotic-containing nasal packing effectively inhibits potentially infectious germs (including S. aureus) in the nasal flora and secondarily may diminish the incidence of postoperative infections.
The Effect of Topical Xylometazoline on the Mucosal Temperature of the Nasal Septum
Authors: Lindemann Jörg , Leiacker Richard , Rettinger Gerhard , Keck Tilman 
Published: August 2018

Background The purpose of this study was to determine the short-term influence of the α2-adrenoreceptor agonist xylometazoline on the nasal mucosal temperature. Methods Thirty healthy subjects were enrolled into the study. Fifteen of these subjects got xylometazoline and 15 subjects, matched to age, got saline solution as control. A miniaturized thermocouple was used for continuous detection of the septal mucosal temperature without interruption of nasal breathing before and after application of nose spray. Results In the anterior nasal segment, the mucosal temperatures before decongestion were significantly higher than after decongestion (p < 0.05). These changes could not be found in the control group after saline solution. The mean end-expiratory mucosal temperatures were significantly higher than the end-inspiratory ones in both study groups (p < 0.005). Conclusions The reduction of the nasal mucosal blood flow because of vasoconstriction and the increase of the nasal cavity volume after decongestion with xylometazoline seem to cause a significant decrease of the septal mucosal temperature in the anterior nasal segment. This might be one possible causative factor of the common symptom of the “dry nose” in patients with nasal decongestant abuse.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Cellular Proliferation as a Predictive Index for the Relapse of Nasal Polyposis
Authors: Bruno Ernesto , Mohamed Ehab I. , Alessandrini Marco , Russo Sabino , Schiaroli Stefania , De Lorenzo Antonino , Di Girolamo Alberto 
Published: August 2018

Background The objective of this study was to identify a reproducible clinical parameter for predicting relapses of nasal polyposis after surgery. Methods Ninety-three patients who had undergone ethmoidectomy of bilateral nasal polyps were followed for 3 years. Nasal polyps were obtained from all patients, and cellular suspensions were analyzed individually using flow cytometry. Based on the percentage of cells in the S phase, we identified three groups of patients (high, medium, and low percentages). Results A relapse of nasal polyposis was observed in 15.00, 70.00, and 100.00% of patients from the low-, medium-, and high-percentage groups, respectively. Patients suffering relapses had a high percentage of cells in the S phase. Conclusions We identified two cutoff values for the percentage of cells in the S phase; above the first cutoff, some of the patients suffered relapses; above the second cut-off, all patients suffered relapses.
The Economic Burden and Symptom Manifestations of Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Bhattacharyya Neil 
Published: August 2018

Background The aim of this study was to delineate patient symptoms and economic burdens of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Methods Adult patients with CRS were assessed prospectively with a survey instrument. Symptom scores for major and minor symptoms of CRS, medication use, physician visits for CRS, and work days missed were determined. Cost analyses were conducted. Results Three hundred twenty-two patients were studied prospectively (mean age, 42.3 years). Nasal obstruction and facial congestion were the most common and severe major symptoms, and headache and fatigue were the most common and severe minor symptoms. Patients received an average of 2.7 antibiotic courses and used nasal steroids and prescription antihistamines 18.3 and 16.3 weeks, respectively, in a 12-month period. Mean medical resource costs were $921 per patient-year. CRS caused an average of 4.8 days of missed work per 12-month period. The overall yearly economic cost of CRS was $1539 per patient. Conclusion Nasal and facial symptoms prevail over systemic and oropharyngeal symptoms in CRS. Significant medical resource expenditures and global economic costs accompany CRS.
The ABCs of Rhinophyma Management
Authors: Stucker Fred J. , Lian Timothy , Sanders Kenneth 
Published: August 2018

Background Rhinophyma is a benign inflammatory growth of the nose. It usually involves the caudal one-third of the nose in men. It not only affects the patient's appearance, but also can have profound functional implications. Many difficult treatment methods have been advocated, often with acceptable success. Because there appears to be no distinct advantages in the different therapeutic modalities, no one modality is universally endorsed. Methods We performed a retrospective review of patients from 1990–2001 who underwent treatment of their rhinophyma at Louisiana State University, Health Science Center and Overton Brooks Veteran's Hospital in Shreveport, LA. The tumescent anesthesia, Weck blade excision and argon beam coagulator technique (TWA) was used on 51 patients. Results Patients undergoing this technique have operating times no greater than ten minutes. The average blood loss was less than 5cc. No surgical complications were noted. Conclusion The TWA technique yields good cosmetic results and is cost-effective.
Phase Contrast Microscopy with Modified Hansel's Staining: Mast Cell Identification and Activity-Related Changes in Cell Membrane Refractivity in Allergic Nasal Smears
Authors: Masuko Masatoshi , Goto Fumiyuki 
Published: August 2018

Background A new technique called phase contrast microscopy with modified Hansel's staining (used with bright field microscopy) was developed to identify mast cells (MCs) and granulocytes (eosinophil/neutrophil/basophil [E/N/B]). Methods Nasal scratching smears from 618 patients with Japanese cedar pollinosis were examined using this new technique. Results This technique permitted accurate morphological identification. MCs can be discriminated from E/N/Bs. The surface of the cell membrane appeared as low refractile (lr), moderately refractile (mr), or high refractile (hr). This was caused by the light, which is not related to the phase difference, but rather originated from the difference in the refraction of the direct light. In specimens from the onset stage (i.e., 1–3 days after onset), lr-MC and mr/hr-E/N/B were dominant. In specimens from the early stage (i.e., 4–7 days after onset), lr-E/N/B significantly increased in number. Conclusion The phospholipid bilayers of the cell membrane exhibit a phase transition after the onset, and phase refractivity of the cell membrane is closely related to the activity of the cell. This indicates that in the onset stage, MCs are already activated, whereas most of the E/N/Bs are not. In contrast, the latter cell types become activated subsequently in the early stage.
Prevalence of Noninvasive Fungal Sinusitis in South Australia
Authors: Collins Melanie M. , Nair Salil B. , Wormald Peter-John 
Published: August 2018

Background The aim of this study was to document the prevalence of noninvasive fungal sinusitis in patients with chronic sinusitis and thick viscous secretions in South Australia. Methods We studied of 349 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery in a specialized rhinology practice. Patients with nasal polyposis and thick fungal-like sinus mucin had operative samples sent for microscopy and fungal culture. Evidence of atopy was taken as positive radioallergosorbent or skin-prick tests to fungi. Results One hundred and thirty-four (38%) patients were noted to have thick, viscid sinus mucin, raising suspicion of fungal disease. Ninety-three patients had positive fungal cultures or microscopy (26.6%). It was possible to classify 95.5% of the patients into subgroups of noninvasive fungal sinusitis or nonfungal sinusitis: 8.6% of patients with allergic fungal sinusitis, 1.7% of patients with allergic fungal sinusitis–like sinusitis, 15.2% of patients with chronic fungal sinusitis, one patient with a fungal ball, and the remaining 69% of patients with nonfungal chronic sinusitis. Conclusion This is the first prospective study to evaluate the prevalence of these increasingly widely recognized conditions. It highlights the need for otolaryngologists to be alert to these not uncommon diagnoses in order for early, appropriate medical and surgical management to be instituted.
Endoscopic Resection of Inverted Papilloma: University of Miami Experience
Authors: Kaza Sarita , Capasso Robson , Casiano Roy R. 
Published: August 2018

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopically resecting paranasal sinus inverted papillomas at a tertiary medical center. Methods Over a 9-year period, 51 patients with a diagnosis of inverted papilloma underwent endoscopic resection at the University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Medical Center. The study group consisted of 14 women and 37 men with a mean age of 59 years (range, 20–88 years) enrolled in a clinical data base. All of the patients were followed endoscopically at regular intervals on an outpatient basis. Results Endoscopic evidence of extensive papillomas involving the anterior and posterior ethmoid sinuses and at least one (usually the maxillary) dependent sinus was found in 60% of the cases. Extensive radiological disease (varying degrees of mucoperiosteal thickening or opacification of all five cavities) was evident in 50% of the cases. All but two had unilateral disease. An association with chronic inflammatory polyps (clinically and pathologically) was observed in 25 of 51 patients (49%). Follow-up ranged from 6 to 99 months (mean, 30 months). There have been seven recurrences (14%). Four of these have been managed in the office under topical anesthesia. Three recurrences were managed surgically in the operating room. All of the patients have been free of disease. Complications included an intraoperative CSF leak (three patients); temporary infraorbital hypesthesia (three patients); periorbital ecchymosis, hematoma, or cheek edema (four patients); and orbital symptoms (two patients). Carcinoma was found in four patients (8%) who received postoperative radiotherapy and remain free of disease. Conclusion The endoscopic approach continues to provide at least equivalent short-term results as compared with external techniques for the removal of paranasal sinus inverted papilloma. The final cavity should allow for adequate postoperative surveillance and potential resection of recurrences in the office setting, without the need for a return to the operating room in most patients. The association of inverted papilloma with chronic inflammatory polyps and tobacco use warrants additional study.
Effects of Topically Applied Biomaterials on Paranasal Sinus Mucosal Healing
Authors: Maccabee Mendy S. , Trune Dennis R. , Hwang Peter H. 
Published: August 2018

Background Recently, nasal packing made of absorbable biomaterial has become increasingly popular. Although absorbable packs are effective for hemostasis, their impact on healing mucosa is unknown. Some have felt that a biocompatible sinus dressing actually may enhance healing, particularly in areas where the mucosa has been stripped. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of topical MeroGel and FloSeal on paranasal sinus mucosal healing in a rabbit model. Methods Bilateral maxillary sinuses of 12 New Zealand white rabbits were surgically opened and stripped of mucosa. The left maxillary sinus of six rabbits had sterile saline-soaked MeroGel placed in the antrum, and the other six rabbits received FloSeal. The right maxillary sinuses of all 12 animals were stripped and otherwise untreated to serve as stripped controls. The animals were killed at 2 weeks and specimens were examined by light microscopy. Results MeroGel-treated mucosa showed extensive fibrosis of the basal lamina and lamina propria, complete loss of surface epithelium, and loss of the mucociliary blanket. There was minimal resorption of the MeroGel, and MeroGel fibers were frankly incorporated into the regenerated epithelium, associated with an exuberant lymphocytic infiltrate. FloSealtreated mucosa showed similar fibrosis of the basal lamina and lamina propria with loss of the mucociliary blanket, although to a lesser degree than the MeroGel- treated group. FloSeal showed similar incorporation into the healed mucosa with lymphocytosis. Controls showed expected submucosal gland reduction, lamina propria fibrosis, and loss of cilia, but the lamina propria fibrosis seen in the MeroGel and FloSeal groups was markedly more prominent. Conclusion In a rabbit model, MeroGel and FloSeal appear to increase reactionary fibrosis of healing mucosa. These agents also appear to be incompletely resorbed and grossly incorporated into healing tissue. Mucosal healing may be impaired by the application of these agents.
Nasopharyngeal Reservoir of Bacterial Otitis Media and Sinusitis Pathogens in Adults during Wellness and Viral Respiratory Illness
Authors: Chi David H. , Hendley J. Owen , French Pamela , Arango Pablo , Hayden Frederick G. , Winther Birgit 
Published: August 2018

Background The carriage rate of pathogenic bacteria in the nasopharynx (NP) was determined using three separate techniques for obtaining samples. Methods The NP of 99 healthy adults was sampled with (1) nasal swab, (2) oral swab, and (3) nasal aspiration; 49 adults with common cold were sampled with an oral swab and nasal aspiration. Three selective agars were used to detect Streptococcus pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Results Seventy-three percent of healthy adults and 74% of cold sufferers had at least one pathogen detected in the NP. Detection rates were 65% (oral NP swab), 38% (catheter aspiration), and 28% (nasal swab; p < 0.001). Carriage rates for S. pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis, and H. influenzae were 45, 33, and 30%, respectively. Both a nasal and an oral sample were required for optimal detection. Conclusion Bacterial pathogens were present in the NP of three-quarters of adults during wellness and during colds.