bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quasi‐discrete modelling of PMSM phase currents in drives with low switching‐to‐fundamental frequency ratio
Authors: Jarzebowicz Leszek 
Published: August 2019

This study proposes a new quasi‐discrete approach to modelling the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The quasi‐discrete modelling reflects the impact of continuous rotor movement, which takes place during a control cycle, on the shape of motor current waveforms. This provides much improvement in current modelling accuracy under inverter low switching‐to‐fundamental frequency operation. The proposed approach may be used in predictive control to compute current at forthcoming instants or in classical control to improve precision of determining mean current feedback. The superior accuracy of the quasi‐discrete model is confirmed by simulation and experiment for an exemplary PMSM drive operating at inverter switching frequency of 5 kHz and fundamental frequency reaching 400 Hz.
Modified step‐down series‐capacitor buck converter with insertion of a Valley‐Fill structure
Authors: Vecchia Mauricio Dalla , Van den Broeck Giel , Ravyts Simon , Tant Jeroen , Driesen Johan 
Published: August 2019

This study proposes a step‐down converter based on the non‐synchronous series‐capacitor buck converter. Instead of the regular capacitor of the series topology, the Valley‐Fill capacitor‐diode structure is inserted in order to extend the step‐down conversion ratio of the converter from D/2 to D/3, which leads to a gain ranging from 0 to 1/6, since the maximum allowed duty cycle is D = 0.5. The power stage employs only two active switches, five diodes, two capacitors and two inductors. The study investigates the mechanism of the Valley‐Fill structure, analyses the pulse width modulation stages during a switching period, theoretically derives the gain considering ideal and non‐ideal components, characterises the current distribution for the inductors and the voltage and current stresses among the power semiconductors and capacitors of the power stage. The proposed topology will be qualitatively and quantitatively compared to state‐of‐the‐art step‐down converters with similar gain. The study includes simulation and experimental results for a 300 V/12 V prototype up to 100 W of power and operating at 100 kHz switching frequency.
Effects on the Ventilation of a Two-Storey Building under Different Thermal Conditions
Authors: Röder Tim , Mathis Paul , Müller Dirk 
Published: August 2019

In this paper it is shown how the air flow rate of decentralized ventilation devices can be affected by a staircase of a two-storey building under different thermal conditions. Since these devices need local fans for supplying the requested volume flow, pressure loads have a significant impact on the delivered volume flow rates. Regarding this, the study comprises two analyses: First, a CFD-model is developed to simulate the ventilation air flow through a simplified staircase. By varying parameters for rooms’ temperature and ventilation direction, the hydrostatic pressure in the staircase is evaluated. The simulations – characterized by high Archimedes numbers – are successfully validated with findings from preliminary work. In a second part, the pressure conditions inside the staircase are referred to outside conditions. Consequently, a static pressure difference at the ventilation device on each storey can be observed.We found that the deliverable volume air flow rate can decrease up to 10 % from the nominal flow rate due to temperature differences between the storeys and outside. Therefore, heat recovery and ventilation effectiveness may also be impaired.
Rationale Therapie chronisch-entzündlicher Darmerkrankungen
Authors: Schmidt Carsten 
Published: August 2019

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGVon Morbus Crohn und Colitis ulcerosa sind in Deutschland etwa 400 000 Menschen betroffen. Der individuell oft sehr variable Erkrankungsverlauf erfordert eine risikoadaptierte Therapie, die sich an Ausdehnung und Erkrankungsaktivität, dem individuellen Verlauf der Erkrankung, Ansprechen und gegebenenfalls Nebenwirkungen vorausgegangener Therapien, möglichen Komorbiditäten, Aspekten der Therapiesicherheit und den jeweiligen Therapiezielen orientieren sollte. Zur Remissionsinduktion wie auch zur Remissionserhaltung stehen eine Vielzahl von Wirkprinzipien und unterschiedlichen Präparaten zur Verfügung, die einer differenzierten Indikationsstellung bedürfen. In diesem Artikel soll basierend auf den aktuellen Leitlinien 1–3 eine Übersicht über die rationale Therapie der CED entworfen werden.
Pseudoaneurysm of Ascending Aorta with Sternal Erosion after Double Valve Replacement—A Case Report
Authors: Kathi Ravi Kumar , Malempati Amaresh Rao , Kollapalli Goutham , Batt Chaitra Krishna , Tarekh Sayyad Sohail 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPseudoaneurysm of ascending aorta is a rare complication after aortic surgery. Predisposing factors can be infection, chronic hypertension, connective tissue disorders, or dissection. Chest pain, sternal erosion, dysphagia, or stridor can be the modes of presentation. It can also present as a pulsatile mass. Redo sternotomy in a case of pseudoaneurysm of aorta can cause fatal hemorrhage or air embolism. In such a scenario, femorofemoral bypass and hypothermic circulatory arrest help to simplify the approach to the pseudoaneurysm. The authors present a case of a 23-year-old female with pseudoaneurysm of the ascending aorta causing sternal erosion. Ascending aortic repair was done using Dacron patch with femorofemoral bypass and hypothermic circulatory arrest. Sternum was repaired using pectoralis major muscle flap.
The Fascinating World of Phosphanylphosphonates: From Acetylenic Phosphaalkenes to Reductive Aldehyde Couplings
Authors: Mai Juri , Ott Sascha 
Published: August 2019

This account highlights the versatility of phosphanylphosphonates, which can be used for the preparation of phosphorus-containing π-systems and as reagents for the reductive coupling of carbonyl compounds to alkenes. Phosphanylphosphonates with metal fragments coordinated to the P-lone pair have been known for a long time and they have been used for the synthesis of phosphaalkenes by means of the phospha-Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction. With the original aim of incorporating phosphorus heteroatoms into classical all-carbon ethynylethene scaffolds, we entered the field of phosphanylphosphonates with the discovery that these compounds engage in complex cascade reactions with acetylenic ketones, forming 1,2-oxaphospholes, cumulenes, and bisphospholes. Later, we synthesized the first metal-free phosphanylphosphonate, which reacts with aldehydes to yield phosphaalkenes, but gives phospholones when diacetylenic ketones are used as substrates. In the final part of the account, we outline our discovery and the development of an unprecedented carbonyl–carbonyl cross-coupling reaction. This protocol offers a straightforward method for the synthesis of nonsymmetric 1,2-disubstituted alkenes directly from two dissimilar aldehydes.1	Combining Acetylenes with Phosphaalkenes2	Synthetic Examples of Acetylenic Phosphaalkenes3	The Phospha-Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons Approach to Phosphaalkenes3.1	Metal-Coordinated Phosphanylphosphonates3.2	Mechanism of the Phospha-Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons Reaction3.3	The First Metal-Free Phosphanylphosphonate and Its Reactivity with Aldehydes4	Reactions with Acetylenic Ketones4.1	Metal-Coordinated Phosphanylphosphonate and Monoacetylenic Ketones4.2	Metal-Coordinated Phosphanylphosphonate and Diacetylenic Ketones4.3	Metal-Free Phosphanylphosphonate and Diacetylenic Ketones5	Metal-Free Phosphanylphosphonate as a Coupling Reagent for Aldehydes6	E-Alkenes by the Reductive Coupling of Two Aldehydes7	Conclusions and Outlook
β-Selective One-Pot Synthesis of Acyl-C-Glycosides via Corey–Seebach Umpolung Reaction
Authors: Boehlich G. Jacob , Schützenmeister Nina 
Published: August 2019

C-Glycosides are commonly used as carbohydrate mimics in drug development due to their stability against enzymatic and chemical hydrolysis. In this Synpacts article we elaborate on our fast and efficient β-selective approach towards protected and unprotected acyl glycosides. Application of a Corey–Seebach umpolung reaction enables the exclusive formation of the β-anomer of aromatic acyl-C-glycosides in good to excellent yields.1	Introduction2	C-Glycosylation of Benzylated Glycosyl Donors3	C-Glycosylation of Silylated Glycosyl Donors4	Conclusion
Gaining Greater Adherence from Patients for Amplification
Authors: Kasewurm Gyl A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractEvery audiology curriculum features coursework and clinical practicum experiences on the knowledge and skills necessary to complete a basic audiological evaluation, diagnose the source of any abnormalities, and a plan for intervention. More advanced coursework typically includes information on balance disorders, newborn infant hearing screening, hearing conservation, amplification, and other electrophysiological tests. In addition, most programs include at least one course on the basic management principles on how to start and maintain a private practice in audiology. However, educational programs rarely include any type of coursework on how to handle common objections to obtaining help in the form of amplification. This is rather surprising considering that more than 90% of patients whom an audiologist evaluates have sensory neural hearing loss where the primary treatment is amplification, except for people with severe hearing losses who are candidates for cochlear implants. This lack of training and experience often leaves clinicians intimidated by common objections to treatment involving purchasing amplification. This article will discuss common objections that patients voice each day to obtaining amplification and will offer possible solutions.
Identifying Sepsis Populations Benefitting from Anticoagulant Therapy: A Prospective Cohort Study Incorporating a Restricted Cubic Spline Regression Model
Authors: Yamakawa Kazuma , Gando Satoshi , Ogura Hiroshi , Umemura Yutaka , Kabata Daijiro , Shintani Ayumi , Shiraishi Atsushi , Saitoh Daizoh , Fujishima Seitato , Mayumi Toshihiko , Kushimoto Shigeki , Abe Toshikazu , Shiino Yasukazu , Nakada Taka-aki , Tarui Takehiko , Hifumi Toru , Otomo Yasuhiro , Okamoto Kohji , Kotani Joji , Sakamoto Yuichiro , Sasaki Junichi , Shiraishi Shin-ichiro , Takuma Kiyotsugu , Tsuruta Ryosuke , Hagiwara Akiyoshi , Masuno Tomohiko , Takeyama Naoshi , Yamashita Norio , Ikeda Hiroto , Ueyama Masashi , Fujimi Satoshi ,   on behalf of the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine (JAAM) Focused Outcomes Research in Emergency Care in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Sepsis Trauma (FORECAST) Study Group
Published: August 2019

Background Anticoagulant therapy has seldom been achieved in randomized trials targeting nonspecific overall sepsis patients. Although the key components to identify the appropriate target in sepsis may be disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and high disease severity, the interaction and relation of these two components for the effectiveness of therapy remain unknown.
Objective This article identifies the optimal target of anticoagulant therapy in sepsis.
Methods We used a prospective nationwide cohort targeting consecutive adult severe sepsis patients in 59 intensive care units in Japan to assess associations between anticoagulant therapy and in-hospital mortality according to DIC (International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis [ISTH] overt and Japanese Association for Acute Medicine DIC scores) and disease severity (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II [APACHE II] and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores). Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analysis with nonlinear restricted cubic spline including a two-way interaction term (treatment × each score) and three-way interaction term (treatment × ISTH overt DIC score × APACHE II score) was performed.
Results The final study cohort comprised 1,178 sepsis patients (371 received anticoagulants and 768 did not). The regression model including the two-way interaction term showed significant interaction between intervention and disease severity as indicated by the ISTH overt DIC score and APACHE II score (p = 0.046 and p = 0.101, respectively). Three-way interaction analysis revealed that risk hazard was suppressed in the anticoagulant group compared with the control group in the most severe subset of both scores.
Conclusion Anticoagulant therapy was associated with better outcome according to the deterioration of both DIC and disease severity, suggesting that anticoagulant therapy should be restricted to patients having DIC and high disease severity simultaneously.
Decrease of Thrombosis in Microsurgical Anastomoses: The Use of Intraoperative Pure Intraluminal Unfractionated Heparin
Authors: Ramelli Eloi , Durry Anastasia , Ruffenach Laetitia , Bruant-Rodier Catherine , Bodin Fredéric 
Published: August 2019

Background Unfractionated heparin has anticoagulant properties by catalyzing antithrombin III, which inactivates coagulation enzymes. Used in microsurgery, it would prevent the occurrence of thrombosis during microsurgical anastomoses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of intraoperative irrigation of the vascular lumen with pure sodium heparin to prevent vascular thrombosis after end-to-end microsurgical anastomoses.
Methods End-to-end anastomoses were performed on rats by 21 operators. Three surgical sites were studied (cervical, femoral, and rat tail). The first vessel was irrigated with physiological salt solution (0.9%) before, during, and before the end of the anastomosis. Whenever possible, the contralateral vessel was irrigated with pure unfractionated heparin 5,000 UI/mL. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of thrombosis 60 minutes after anastomosis.
Results From November 2015 to April 2018, 247 anastomoses were performed on 229 arteries and 18 veins. One hundred twenty-five anastomoses were irrigated with physiological salt solution, 122 with pure unfractionated heparin. A 60-minute thrombosis was found on 31 anastomoses (25%) irrigated with physiological salt solution compared with 16 anastomoses (13%) irrigated with heparin, that is, a decrease in the thrombosis rate of 2.6 (p = 0.01).
Conclusion The use of pure unfractionated heparin in intraoperative lumen irrigation during microsurgical end-to-end anastomoses reduces the rate of vascular 60-minute thrombosis compared with physiological salt solution irrigation. It is an effective intraoperative procedure for the prevention of microsurgical thrombosis.
A productivity collapse to end Earth’s Great Oxidation
Authors: Hodgskiss Malcolm S. W. , Crockford Peter W. , Peng Yongbo , Wing Boswell A. , Horner Tristan J. 
Published: August 2019

Significance
The Great Oxidation Event (GOE) ca. 2,400 to 2,050 Ma caused the first significant accumulation of free oxygen in the atmosphere and potentially a dramatic growth of oxidant reservoirs on the Earth’s surface in a suggested “oxygen overshoot.” However, the termination of this event remains poorly understood. Here, we present geochemical data suggesting a drastic decline in gross primary productivity across the end-GOE transition, delineating a shift from “feast” to “famine” conditions characteristic of the next 1 billion y.
Comparing diadochokinetic performances of stuttering and non-stuttering children between 7–12 ages
Authors: Çiyiltepe Müzeyyen Müge , Çifçi Betül 
Published: August 2019

Introduction:
It is important to evaluate oral motor skills, make appropriate diagnosis and develop appropriate intervention plans for individuals who stutter. One of the measures used to evaluate oral motor skills is diadochokinesia (DDK). Diadochokinesia or diadochokinesis is the ability to make antagonistic movements in quick succession, alternately bringing a limb into opposite positions, as of flexion and extension or of pronation and supination. Diadochokinetic analysis examines the speed, accuracy and continuity measures of speech production in monosyllabic /pΛ/, /tΛ/, /kΛ/and multisyllabic /pΛtΛkΛ/ sequences.

Purpose:
This study aimed to compare the diadokinetic performance of children aged 7–12 with and without stuttering.

Method:
Participants were composed of girls and boys with and without stuttering from each age group. The data of the diadokinetic measurements of stuttering children were compared to the data of the typically developing children.

Results:
It was found that there was a significant difference in favor of children who do not stutter during production of /pΛ/ and /kΛ/ syllables. Syllable repetition rates are quicker in these syllables. Results of the research between the genders found there was a significant difference in favor of girls. The average of girls is higher than males. In addition, there was a significance in favor of 10–12 age groups for /pΛ/ syllable that syllable repetition rate is slower in these groups.
Commensurability and quantum interference magnetotransport oscillations in a two-dimensional electron gas sandwiched by superconductors
Authors: Takagaki Y 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Magnetic-field dependence of the transport properties of ballistic two-dimensional electrons in a planar superconductor–normal-conductor–superconductor structure is numerically investigated. In the circumstance where the Andreev reflection from the normal-conductor–superconductor interfaces is almost perfect, two oscillatory behaviors occur for magnetic fields higher and lower than that for the coincidence of the cyclotron diameter with the separation between the superconductors. The oscillation period for the former and latter cases is proportional to the magnetic field and inverse of the magnetic field, respectively. The low-field oscillation originates from commensurability-driven guiding of Andreev-reflected trajectories along the interfaces between the normal conductor and the superconductors. If the Andreev reflection probability is considerably less than unity, the commensurability oscillation is suppressed in amplitude and is dwarfed by additionally emerged oscillations originating from the quantum interference between the Andreev- and normal-reflected components.
Effective second-order correlation function and single-photon detection
Authors: Grünwald P 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Quantum-optical research on semiconductor single-photon sources puts special emphasis on the measurement of the second-order correlation function g
(2)(τ), arguing that g
(2)(0) < 1/2 implies the source field represents a good single-photon light source. We analyze the gain of information from g
(2)(0) with respect to single photons. Any quantum state, for which the second-order correlation function falls below 1/2, has a nonzero projection on the single-photon Fock state. The amplitude p of this projection is arbitrary, independent of g
(2)(0). However, one can extract a lower bound on the single-to-multi-photon-projection ratio. A vacuum contribution in the quantum state of light artificially increases the value of g
(2)(0), cloaking actual single-photon projection. Thus, we propose an effective second-order correlation function

g

˜

(
2
)

(
0
)

, which takes the influence of vacuum into account and also yields lower and upper bounds on p. We consider the single-photon purity as a standard figure of merit in experiments, reinterpret it within our results and provide an effective version of that physical quantity. Besides comparing different experimental and theoretical results, we also provide a possible measurement scheme for determining

g

˜

(
2
)

(
0
)

.
The Roles of Physical Activity and Inflammation in Mortality, Cognition, and Depressive Symptoms Among Older Mexican Americans
Authors: Shih I-Fan , Haan Mary N , Paul Kimberly C , Yu Yu , Sinsheimer Janet S , Ritz Beate 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A higher level of physical activity (PA) is associated with decreased risk of mortality, dementia, and depression, yet the mechanisms involved are not well understood, and little evidence exists for Mexican Americans. With data from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging (1998–2007), we used Cox proportional hazards regression to separately evaluate associations of baseline PA level with mortality, dementia/cognitive impairment without dementia (CIND), and depressive symptoms, and we estimated the mediating effects of inflammatory markers in additive hazard models. A low level of PA (<35 metabolic equivalent of task–hours/week) was associated with increased mortality (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.50, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20, 1.88), dementia/CIND (HR = 1.37, 95% CI: 0.96, 1.96), and depressive symptoms (HR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.52). A low PA level added 512 (95% CI: −34, 1,058) cases of dementia/CIND per 100,000 person-years at risk (direct effect), while, through a mediating path, interleukin 6 (IL-6) added another 49 (95% CI: 5, 94) cases, or 9% of the total effect. For mortality, 8%–10% of the PA total effect was mediated through IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), or TNF-α receptors. None of the inflammatory markers mediated the association between PA and depressive symptoms. Our results suggest that antiinflammation (especially as assessed by IL-6 and TNF-α levels) may partly explain how PA protects against dementia/CIND and mortality.
Homelessness and Hepatitis A—San Diego County, 2016–2018
Authors: Peak Corey M , Stous Sarah S , Healy Jessica M , Hofmeister Megan G , Lin Yulin , Ramachandran Sumathi , Foster Monique A , Kao Annie , McDonald Eric C 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable viral disease transmitted by the fecal-oral route. During 2016–2018, the County of San Diego investigated an outbreak of hepatitis A infections primarily among people experiencing homelessness (PEH) to identify risk factors and support control measures. At the time of the outbreak, homelessness was not recognized as an independent risk factor for the disease.

Methods
We tested the association between homelessness and infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) using a test-negative study design comparing patients with laboratory-confirmed hepatitis A with control subjects who tested negative for HAV infection. We assessed risk factors for severe hepatitis A disease outcomes, including hospitalization and death, using multivariable logistic regression. We measured the frequency of indications for hepatitis A vaccination according to Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) guidelines.

Results
Among 589 outbreak-associated cases reported, 291 (49%) occurred among PEH. Compared with those who were not homeless, PEH had 3.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5–7.9) times higher odds of HAV infection, 2.5 (95% CI, 1.7–3.9) times higher odds of hospitalization, and 3.9 (95% CI, 1.1–16.9) times higher odds of death associated with hepatitis A. Among PEH, 212 (73%) patients recorded other ACIP indications for hepatitis A vaccination.

Conclusions
PEH were at higher risk of infection with HAV and of severe hepatitis A disease outcomes compared with those not experiencing homelessness. Approximately one-fourth of PEH had no other ACIP indication for hepatitis A vaccination. These findings support the recent ACIP recommendation to add homelessness as an indication for hepatitis A vaccination.