bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Study of a Hydraulic Fracture Interacting with a Natural Fracture under Different Geological and Engineering Parameters
Authors: Xu Wenjun , Zhao Jinzhou , Li Yongming , Rahman Sheik S , Fu Dongyu , Chen Xiyu 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Complex fracture network makes it possible for commercial exploition of shale gas by means of hydraulic fracturing. It was believed that the interaction between hydraulic fracture (HF) and natural fracture (NF) had a significant impact on HF complexity. In this paper, a new numerical model has been developed to investigate HF/NF intersection under different geological and engineering parameters. Displacement discontinuity method (DDM) and finite volume method (FVM) are used to numerically model and solve the problem of coupled rock deformation, fluid flow, interface slipping, and opening associated with HF propagation and its interaction with NF. In addition, the model also considers the effects of fracture fluid leak-off. Based on the model, sensitivity analyses of key influence parameters are implemented. The numerical model results provide detailed quantitative information on fracture-geometry evolution, interfacial stress distribution and injection-pressure history. The simulation results show that the HF tends to cross the NF under the conditions of high principal stress difference, high intersection angle, high interfacial friction, high injection rate, high fracturing fluid viscosity and low initial conductivity of the NF. Moreover, the morphology of HF is significantly affected by two engineering parameters, the injection rate and the viscosity of the fracturing fluid. The effect of these two engineering parameters on the morphology of HF can be expressed as the product of them. The same value of the product results in the same HF morphology at the times of same injected-fluid volumes. In addition, the injection pressure curves can also help determine whether a crossing HF is developed when a HF interacts with a NF. The numerical model provides an effective approach for quantitatively analyzing the development of various types of HF/NF interaction behavior. It allows us to gain a better insight to the performance of hydraulic fracturing treatments in naturally fractured reservoirs.
Use of Multi Detector Pulsed Neutron Technologies to Address the Challenges with Saturation Surveillance in Rumaila, Iraq
Authors: Grimston Oliver , Han Xiaogang , Zett Adrian , Caudullo Andrea , Naji Al-taee Mohammed 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Rumaila, Iraq, is one of the biggest oil fields in the world, producing through multiple stacked clastic and carbonate reservoirs and relying on several recovery mechanisms such as natural aquifer drive and water flooding which have changed the initial fluid distribution. To evaluate the change of fluids distribution, multi-detector pulsed neutron (MDPN) instruments are run within the field. MDPN measurements require careful interpretation accounting for logging conditions and formation environments to provide an accurate result of multicomponent fluid saturations so well work activity can be optimised, and production and recovery can be maximized. Compatibility with legacy data is also critical for use in time lapse evaluations.
Recently, the MDPN technology diversified with more instruments being developed. Field trials are required to understand backwards compatibility for some of the common nuclear attributes as well as benchmarking and calibrating the nuclear models with the in-situ measurements. While all share the same physics principle, the responses can vary owing to instrumentation design, characterization and nuclear attributes extraction in the field. We will present the data integration approach taken by the production team using historical and latest generation MDPN data, some acquired for the first time in the clastic and carbonate formations of Rumaila field.
The paper will describe BP’s in-house workflow customised for MDPN derived saturation in Rumaila. This will address the nuclear attribute screening and selection process for the two types of reservoirs (clastic and carbonate) and the associated displacement mechanisms. Data from multiple MDPN instruments are used to illustrate the robustness of our workflow that accounts for borehole configuration, formation properties, reservoir fluids properties and detailed nuclear models for each tool.
The nuclear model driven interpretation showed that logging conditions and reservoir properties can significantly impact the accuracy of fluid saturation. The uncertainty in MDPN derived saturation can be reduced if the deviations from notional values are known. Because of similar sand-clay properties, the carbon oxygen response in the clastic reservoir showed a unique pattern challenging the conventional understanding of such data. Additional to reservoir complexity, new challenges will be faced in relation to wellbore access because more wells are completed with electric submersible pumps (ESP). In ESP completed wells, the access to reservoir section will be thru Y-tools using slim MDPN instrumentation. Our study identified the optimal procedures and best nuclear attributes that can be logged in these conditions without increasing the saturation uncertainty.
Usage of Artificial Intelligence to Reduce Operational Disruptions of ESPs by Implementing Predictive Maintenance
Authors: Jansen van Rensburg Nico 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The use of electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) is a highly effective artificial lift method for boosting oil production from wells operating in both onshore and offshore fields. When an ESP is deployed, its complete pump and electrical motor assembly is positioned below the surface within the oil reservoir that the well has tapped. Once deployed, the ESPs must be carefully maintained to be highly reliable and always available to prevent costly production disruptions due to unexpected pump failures.
Typically, ESPs are connected to SCADA or other distributed control systems to provide supervisory and control functions for their effective operation as well as for operational visibility. Today, many diagnostic methods are available to determine the health and status of an ESP system by making use of that functionality in its automation system. However, while these methods can provide insightful analysis of problems, they usually only provide retrospective views after failure events have occurred.
But this situation is changing. With recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) combined with the new Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, it is possible to effectively use data-driven analytics fueled by large data sets. In particular, AI technology that involves deep learning and neural networks can be extremely effective in detecting abnormal behavior of complex physical systems such as ESPs, based on the data gathered from the system, providing decision support for remediating or managing the causative issues.
This paper focuses on the results of implementing this AI technology combination to detect, flag, and remediate abnormal behavior for ESPs, which can increase their availability and prevent production disruptions. The subject use case involved 30 ESPs, with pumps ranging from 200–500 kW in power, installed in a medium-depth onshore oil field. The paper discusses the architecture of the solution that was deployed and explain how it supports a predictive maintenance model that is capable of accurately identifying abnormal ESP operating behaviors in advance before an ESP can fail and disrupt production.
Recent Advances in the Understanding of the Salt Tectonic Evolution of the Eastern Flank at Regional and Field Scale and its Relationship to the South Oman Salt Basin of the Sultanate of Oman
Authors: Heidorn Rodrigo , Salem Hisham , Shuaili Salim , Khattak Ali , Pentland Christopher 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The Eastern Flank part of the South Oman Salt Basin of the Sultanate of Oman is an important area for Oman's overall oil production. The fields are largely controlled by deep seated reactivated Neoproterozoic faults and halokinesis of the Infra-Cambrian Ara Group responsible for rich varieties of complex structural styles which have direct impact on field performance and development. The fidelity of newer seismic, the ever increasing information from wells and better integration of various data sets of different disciplines allow new insights into the unlocking of remaining hydrocarbons within existing fields and within near field exploration opportunities.
The South Oman Salt Basin is subdivided into four NE-trending salt-related structural domains based on the type of salt withdrawal minibasins present. The Eastern Flank is located within structural domain I. Domain I represents the area where evaporites have been initially present, but have been subsequently removed by salt-dissolution and salt evacuation. The dominant structure style is the ‘mini turtle back structure', which shows a diverse structural architecture and is systematically classified based on structure- and fault architecture. Domain II is the zone of the large inverted salt withdrawal minibasin or turtle back structure which is located at the salt edge of the basin with evaporite presence in the subsurface. The structural style of a large turtle back structure shows complexities within the core of the structure and within the surrounding rim related to inversion and truncation of the Carboniferous and Permian reservoirs. This is reflected by the various development scenarios related to simple and complex cores as well as to simple and complex rims. Fault compartmentalization has a strong impact on field performance within domain I and II, thus several types of faults are established based on fault architecture and location within the structure. The systematic classification of structural styles and faults allow the establishment of analogues, which are in particular valuable for seismically poorly imaged areas. A new tool captures and centralizes the structural data, as well as a large range of other data sets within the production and geoscience environment from over 60 fields with the aim to make more consistent and better as well as quicker decisions related to field development planning.
Geohistory Reconstruction and Maturity Modelling in the Southern Pletmos Basin, Offshore of South Africa
Authors: Agbor Fritz Ako , Mhlambi Sanelisiwe , Teumahji Nimuno Achu , Sonibare Wasiu Adedayo , Van Bever Donker Johannes Marinus , Chatterjee Tapas Kumar 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Despite the undergoing exploration and research for hydrocarbons during the recent decades, the hydrocarbon potentials of existing source rock(s) in the Pletmos basin still remain enigmatic. The basin has undergone rifting and transforms processes during its evolution in a manner that its present-day architecture and geodynamic evolution can only be better understood through the application of a multidisciplinary and multi-scale geo-modelling procedure.
In the study, thermal modelling and reconstruction of burial history of the source rocks in the southern depocenter of the Pletmos Basin has been investigated through an integration of data and methods.
Through geohistory Modelling, an integration of the acquired multidisciplinary dataset allowed us to reconstruct the burial history, basement subsidence, vertical fluid flow, and the changes in rock properties (i.e. porosity, permeability, pressure and fluid flow rate) both in time and depth, as well as established a reliable tectonostratigraphic framework of the Mesozoic sedimentary infill. Then based on the reconstructed burial history, thermal history was reconstructed by modifying the paleoheat flux to minimize variances, and comparing between measured borehole and predicted vitrinite reflectance and Tmax (thermal indicator) values. These enable us to achieve an improved understanding of the subsurface controlling processes that might have led to the sedimentary infill and resulted to the heat-flow distribution and present-day thermal maturity of the source rocks in the Basin. The approach gives us the opportunity to considered the geodynamic evolution events from Mesozoic (Upper Jurassic) rifting to Cenozoic (including major uplifts, erosion and subsidence, and the Shona Buvet hot spots). Here we present some selected results, from the burial and thermal history modelling reconstructions of the sedimentary geothermal evolution and thermal maturity levels of the source rocks at selected well locations within the area. Likewise, this study has provided supplementary information that aids towards understanding the Petroleum System(s) of the Basin.
Customer Technical Support: OEM Collaboration in a Digitalized World
Authors: Werner Michael , Bechini Giovanni 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Wherever turbines and compressors operate — in oil and gas, power generation, or other critical infrastructure and industries — their uptime and availability are keys to profitability. Siemens Customer Technical Support provides operators of Siemens turbines, generators, and compressors with 24/7 performance monitoring, as well as early-warning support to flag KPI variances and anomalous conditions that could indicate trouble ahead. It delivers actionable intelligence for decision support to help them understand how to manage any performance issues until their next planned maintenance outage, increase availability and reduce the cost of unplanned disruptions.
By doing so, we aim for combining the operational excellence of our customers and our OEM know how, utilizing the data connection as new way to communicate and collaborate with our customers. By using rule-based, physics-based and data-driven methodology, our diagnostic engineers are able to detect deviations of normal behavior and critical changes in health status of the machinery before they impact customer operation.
In our Technical Support Centers embedded in the dedicated locations of our product lines, we process data of more than 1,700 units, servicing complete trains consisting of industrial and aeroderivative gas turbines, industrial steam turbines, turbo compressors, reciprocating compressors and gas engines, covering generator sets and mechanical drive applications.
Finally, it will be presented how Siemens Customer Technical Support helps operators to increase availability, reliability as well as performance of their oil and gas and industrial rotating equipment. Showcases from the oil and gas industry with reference to generator sets and mechanical drive applications will also show the value in boosting customer proximity and operational efficiency.
Asset Performance Management 4.0 Internet of Things iot Enabled Condition Monitoring, a Story from a Digital Maintenance Service Provider
Authors: Ferket Johan 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Asset-intensive companies face tighter maintenance budgets, stricter regulations and increased pressure to improve asset performance, whilst confronted with aging assets and workforce. Managing an asset with these challenges requires informed decision-making based on insight, knowledge and forecasting. Data is a powerful tool to achieve this goal.
‘Internet of things’ innovations have led to a rapid increase in the availability of technical and business data. A few years ago, techniques that were complex and expensive are now more affordable, accessible and increasingly important in order to compete in this world of rapid change.
Field data is faster and immediately available for processing, while more relevant measurements and observations of similar or better quality are leading to more reliable information for decision-making.
Innovative Approach for the Salt-Related Converted-Wave Identification and Attenuation - Offshore Egypt, Mediterranean Sea, Case Study
Authors: Mihaljevic Ivica , Zaki Refaat , Rana Satyendra , Hegazy Mohamed , Zdraveva Olga 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Summary
Abrupt and large changes in the earth properties (velocities) can cause conversion of the compressional waves to converted mode energy. Such converted waves could be recorded on the towed streamer seismic data. If they are not identified and removed early they can mislead the interpretation. In this paper, we are showing the successful application of the converted wave attenuation (CWA) workflow on the seismic data from the Mediterranean See, Offshore Egypt. Data is acquired with latest broadband technique and went through several iterations of velocity model building. The presence of the strong converted waves has threatened to undermine velocity model building and interpretation effort. The benefit of presented workflow is that it identifies and models the converted energy pre-stack pre-migration, however the subtraction is done pre-stack post-migration. Post-imaging subtraction gives improved flexibility in signal protection and improvements in the S/N ratio, especially in the areas where the separation of the converted more and compressional energy is small. Presented workflow is universally applicable to any areas where the converted modes occur.
Case Study – To Identify and Fix the Contributing Factors on a Complex Turbo Machinery Driver Misalignment
Authors: Manikandan Arumugampillai , Anwar Zeeshan 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Turbo machineries are considered as one of the most critical equipment in oil, gas and petrochemical plants which needs highly safe and reliable operation. Generally, turbomachineries will be driven by Electric motor or steam turbine or gas turbine in process plant which depends upon the application. This case study represents an experience on complex turbo machinery driver misalignment which is electric motor. In this specific case, electric motor drives Gearbox and centrifugal compressor. Centrifugalcompressor is used for process gas pressurisation. This misalignment was observed between electric motor and gearbox.
Electric motors are basically electrical machines which converts electric energy into mechanical energy. So, they are used as driver to drive gearboxes, compressors or pumps and other machines. These machineries have rotating parts at hot at high speed.
While units are in new installation phase, machinery alignment shall be performed between the driver and driven machineries. Unlike other rotating machines, electric motors have high thrust clearance. During operation rotor will come to magnetic centre. Prior to the installation of coupling solo run will be performed on the motor to evaluate the performance of motor and to ensure the magnetic centre.
Mitigation of Harmonic Problems of an Offshore Drilling Jack-Up Rig Power System
Authors: Alhaddad Mamdouh 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) are employed in the heavy industry like oil rigs, refineries and mills etc., as they result in efficient plant operation. However, with the increased penetration of VFDs, the power quality problems have become significant. The focus in this thesis s is to study the power quality problem in the oil rigs of ADNOC Drilling. ADNOC Drilling has different types of variable speed drives in their on shore and off shore rigs. The purpose of this study is to collect field data, check the harmonic distortion and suggest other suitable solutions to improve the power quality in offshore oil rigs. Most of the old rigs are set up in 1970s and they use variable speed DC drives. The new offshore rigs use VFDs. Some these new rigs are equipped with series inductors in VFDs. Generator voltage distortion, overheating of generators, poor power factor, unwanted tripping are the common problem faced by these rigs.
This thesis investigates the harmonic problems in VFDs, reduction in harmonic due to the usage of series inductance. Detailed investigation is carried out to check if the series inductance is able to reduce the harmonics to acceptable levels or not. The typical oil rig power system simulated using ETAP and necessary harmonic distortion data generated from MATLAB. It is observed that series inductor will keep the THD within acceptable limits if the generator is oversized. For better utilization of generators and harmonic mitigation other alternative solutions such as tuned passive filters are required. This study is significant for oil rigs and other industries as it will help the industry in studying the harmonic problems and mitigation techniques. The suggested solutions will help the industry in better utilization of generator and efficient operation of the plant.
Very Long Step-out Subsea Umbilical Fast-Track Design Approach based on Zohr Experience
Authors: Elsabbagh Sameh , Elkhafif Hesham 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Design of deepwater Subsea Control & Umbilical Systems is a challenging process subject. Challenges are emerging from subsea flow assurance ever demanding requirements as well as control and data transmission implications through long step-out. Zohr project Accelerated Start-up Phase FEED design adopted a Centre Control Platform (CCP) to accommodate the chemical injection, power & control Topsides facilities feeding and controlling subsea equipment at different drill centres through umbilical network. Subsea control is based on enabling multiplexed electrohydraulic Subsea Production Control System (SPCS) with Fiber Optic (FO) communication. Control of each drill centre is independent based on segregated power and data transmission scheme. The development adopted tight schedule due to the significance to country economics.
Chemical Injection and control with related data transmission through very long step-out umbilical has demonstrated to be a complex job in terms of assuring reliable connection of the CCP with subsea equipment located about 160km far away from the CCP. This complexity is merited to tight coupling between SPCS, umbilical system and installation engineering. Also, the heavy impact of failure downtime attributed to production loss along with increasing cost of intervention has significant footprint on every design aspect.
The current paper highlights a Fast-Track parallel design approach for very long step-out subsea development based on Zohr project achievements. With the tight schedule and massive amount of material involved in umbilical manufacturing (i.e. 2.2millions meter cables, 2million meter of tubes, and 2.7 million meter of fillers), any change after umbilical purchase order issuance will have significant impact on project execution and will probably put the project schedule into major risk. The traditional relay-based design scheme is replaced with an approach minimising the dependency of Umbilical Design on SPCS and Installation engineering.
The criticalities include impact of power distribution/sparing scheme on electrical cables configuration and design of Umbilical Termination Assembly. Also, the work covers FO link budget design challenges, need for midway repeater and related impact on connection design between main umbilical sections. The proposed approach is supported with conservative deployment scheme to eliminate installation risks.
Finally, the paper will conclude with a summary for key aspects to be taken into consideration during FEED in case of very-long step-out projects. Very-long step-out subsea field development projects being limited worldwide, the work will be valuable reference for similar future projects as being handling technicality from project management perspective.