bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology and airway hyper‐reactivity in a population of Australian horses presented for poor performance
Authors: Secombe CJ , van Eps AW , Bruce M , Lester GD 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology, particularly mast cells, and airway hyper‐reactivity in athletic horses presented for poor performance that included a respiratory tract evaluation in two disparate locations in Australia.DesignMulti‐centre, retrospective and prospective cross‐sectional studyMethodsEighty four adult horses underwent both pulmonary function testing and histamine bronchoprovocation with a commercial flowmetric plethysmography system. A bronchoalveolar lavage was performed four to twelve hours later. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology was categorised using two differing classification systems to define mild equine asthma. Statistical analysis was used to assess associations between bronchoalveolar lavage fluid relative inflammatory cell percentages, and airway hyper‐reactivity and their associated categorisations.ResultsSixty four percent (54/84) of horses displayed airway hyper‐reactivity, as defined by PC35 < 6 mg/ml of histamine. A relative mastocytosis was the most common bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytological abnormality. Horses with a sole mast cell response of ≥ 5% within their bronchoalveolar lavage fluid displayed airway hyper‐reactivity at a lower dose of nebulized histamine than horses with normal bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology. Horses with mixed cell responses (relative mast cell percentage > 2% and/or relative neutrophil percentage > 5% and/or eosinophil relative cell percentage ≥ 1%) displayed airway hyper‐reactivity at a lower dose of nebulized histamine than horses with normal bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology.ConclusionIn the Australian context, recently revised increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology relative cell percentage cut offs appear appropriate for sole mast cell responses. The historical lower cut offs appear to be appropriate for mixed inflammatory cell responses.
The role of undergraduate teaching, learning and a national prescribing safety assessment in preparation for practical prescribing: UK medical students' perspective
Authors: Kennedy Maria B. , Haq Inam , Ferns Gordon , Williams Sian E. , Okorie Michael 
Published: July 2019

AimsTo investigate medical students' perspectives on the influence of their undergraduate course and the UK prescribing safety assessment (PSA) on the acquisition of practical prescribing skills.MethodsAn online questionnaire comprising multiple choice and open‐ended questions was available to UK medical students in years 3, 4 and 5. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were completed.ResultsIn total, 1023 medical students from 25 UK medical schools responded: 22% (3rd year), 37% (4th year) and 41% (final year). A minority of medical students believed that their medical course prepared them sufficiently for practical prescribing (36.4%, n = 372, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 32–41%), 52.6%, of students thought that practical prescribing should be introduced into the curriculum earlier (n = 538, CI = 48–57%), and 73.7% reported that a more consistent approach to the teaching and learning of practical prescribing might be beneficial (n = 754, CI = 71–77%). An awareness of the national PSA was high (86.5%, n = 885), particularly amongst final year students (98.3%, n = 413, CI = 97–100%); 67.4% of all students (n = 690, CI = 64–71%) and 72.1% (n = 303) of final year students perceived that the PSA will improve or had improved their practical prescribing skills.ConclusionsThe majority of medical students perceive that their undergraduate course does not adequately prepare them for practical prescribing. Many believe that there is some merit in introducing practical prescribing teaching earlier in the curriculum and medical schools adopting a more consistent approach. Among medical students, the PSA is thought to have a positive influence on prescribing skills learning. These data might be useful in developing a programme of study dedicated to practical prescribing.
Innovative Research Methods to Advance Precision in Home Visiting for More Efficient and Effective Programs
Authors: Supplee Lauren H. , Duggan Anne 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHome visiting during early childhood can improve a range of outcomes for children and families. As evidence‐based models are implemented across the nation, two questions have emerged. First, can home visiting improve outcomes more efficiently? Second, can overall effects be strengthened for specific subgroups of families? For the past several decades, research focused on testing the average effects of home visiting models on short‐ to long‐term outcomes has found small impacts. These effects are not the same for all families. The field needs new evidence produced in new ways to overcome these challenges. In this article, we provide an overview of the evidence in this field, including what works and for whom. Next, we explain precision approaches to various fields and how this approach could be used in home visiting programs. Research on precision home visiting focuses on the ingredients of home visiting models, collaborating with practitioners to identify the ingredients and testing them on near‐term outcomes, and using innovative study designs to learn more quickly what works best for which families. We conclude by proposing four pillars of research that will help achieve precision home visiting services.
The Roles of Group Status and Group Membership in the Practice of Hypodescent
Authors: Roberts Steven O. , Ho Arnold K. , Gülgöz Selin , Berka Jacqueline , Gelman Susan A. 
Published: July 2019

Hypodescent emerged in U.S. history to reinforce racial hierarchy. Research suggests that among contemporary U.S. adults, hypodescent continues to shape social perception. Among U.S. children, however, hypodescent is less likely to be endorsed. Here, we tested for hypodescent by introducing U.S. children (ages 4–9) and adults (N = 273) to hierarchically ordered novel groups (one was high status and another was low status) and then to a child who had one parent from each group. In Study 1, we presented the groups in a third‐party context. In Study 2, we randomly assigned participants to the high‐status or the low‐status group. Across both studies, participants did not reliably endorse hypodescent, raising questions as to what elicits this practice.
Understanding Early Inhibitory Development: Distinguishing Two Ways That Children Use Inhibitory Control
Authors: Simpson Andrew , Carroll Daniel J. 
Published: July 2019

Inhibitory control is the capacity to suppress inappropriate responses. It is central to many aspects of development, most notably executive function and effortful control. Despite its importance, however, there are significant gaps in our understanding of inhibitory control’s early development, and several findings that remain hard to explain. Here, a new account of inhibitory control is presented, explaining previous findings by distinguishing between two distinct ways that inhibitory control is used. According to this “Strength/Endurance” account, inappropriate responses which are highly prepotent tax inhibitory strength; whereas inappropriate responses which remain active for a long time tax inhibitory endurance. The developmental trajectories of these two aspects of inhibitory control, and their separate impacts on broader development, are discussed.
Pulmonary embolism in intensive care units: More frequent or more Known? Prospective study of 75 cases
Authors: Bahloul Mabrouk , Regaieg Kais , Dlela Mariem , Turki Olfa , Nouri Hana , Bradaii Sabrine , Ben Hamida Chokri , Bouaziz Nadia Khlaf , Chabchoub Imen , Haddar Sondes , Chelly Hedi , Bouaziz Mounir 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPurposeto evaluate the current rate of pulmonary embolism (PE) in our medico‐surgical intensive care unit (ICU), to identify risk factors, and to determine the outcome of PE in ICU.MethodsWe performed a prospective cohort study of consecutive patients requiring intensive care admission during a one‐year period. We included, in this prospective study, all the patients with confirmed PE admitted in ICU with more than 18 years of age, and expected to stay in ICU for more than 48 hours. Only the patients who had a clinical suspicion (unexplained hypoxemia and/or shock) for PE underwent diagnostic studies.ResultsDuring the study period, 842 patients were admitted in our ICU. One hundred and two patients were excluded. The diagnosis of PE was confirmed in 75 patients (10.1%). In our study, all patients (100%) had received some forms of pharmaceutical prophylaxis (PP) during ICU stay. The median time from ICU admission to diagnosis of PE was 6 days. The diagnosis of PE was made by spiral CT in 74 patients (98.7%), and by echocardiography in 1 case (1.3%). The mean ICU stay was 26.3 ± 26.5 days (median: 20 days). During their ICU stay, 73 patients (97.3%) developed one, or more, organ failure. Respiratory failure was the most observed (97.3%). Moreover, 38 patients (50.6%) developed nosocomial infections and 29 (38.6%) died. The multivariate analysis showed that the risk factors associated with mortality were the presence of shock the day of PE diagnosis and the presence of right ventricular dilatation on echocardiography.ConclusionOur findings confirm that subjects in the ICU are at high risk of PE, due to a high number of risk‐factors. PE was associated with higher ICU mortality and a significantly higher ICU LOS. Our results invite to revise the preventive strategies of deep venous thrombosis and PE in patients requiring ICU admission.
Level of agreement in three‐dimensional planimetric measurement of mitral valve area between transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography
Authors: Shojaei Fard Maryam , Rezaeian Nahid , Pourafkari Leili , Erami Sajad , Nader Nader D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundEchocardiographic measurement of mitral valve area (MVA) is critical prior to percutaneous transmitral commissurotomy (PTMC). This study aimed to compare the agreement between transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in three‐dimensional (3D) planimetric measurement of theMVAamong patients with severe mitral stenosis.MethodsMVAwas measured with planimetry in 105 patients before undergoingPTMC. 3D reconstruction was applied to bothTTEandTEEexaminations. TheMVAvalues from four different methods of 3D reconstruction were compared to the average values of 3D methods inTEEas the gold standard measurement method for theMVAin this study. The agreement levels between the two examinations were evaluated and analyzed for various reconstruction methods.ResultsThe mean age was 49 ± 12 years for 28 men and 77 women who were enrolled. The image quality was graded as “excellent” in 57% of 3D images obtained byTTE, while it was graded as “excellent” in 81% of 3D images obtained byTEE. The ventricular zooming method inTTEwith a bias of −0.006 ± 0.065 cm2(P < 0.0001) had the highest agreement with the 3D‐MVAinTEE. While 2D‐TTEand 3D‐TEEmeasurements of theMVA(R = 0.91;P < 0.0001) were significantly correlated, 2D‐TTEoverestimated theMVAby 0.19 cm2.ConclusionAlthough the quality of 3D images was significantly better inTEEthan those inTTE, a good agreement existed between the measured 3D‐TTEand 3D‐TEEstudies. We also demonstrated that 2D‐TTEoverestimated theMVAcompare to 3D‐TEE.
Where is my mouth? Rapid experience‐dependent plasticity of perceived mouth position in humans
Authors: Bono Davide , Haggard Patrick 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSeveral neural and behavioural studies propose that movements of the hand to the mouth are a key motor primitive of the primate sensorimotor system. These studies largely focus on sensorimotor coordination required to reach the mouth with the hand. However, hand‐to‐mouth movement depends on representing the location of the mouth. We report 5 experiments using a novel dental model illusion (DMI) that investigates the neural representation of mouth position. When participants used their right index finger to touch the teeth of an unseen dental model in synchrony with the experimenter's tactile stimulation of the participant's own teeth, participants felt that the position of their own teeth was shifted towards the dental model and stated that their right index finger was touching their actual teeth. This result replicated across four experiments and provides an oral analogue to the rubber hand illusion. Synchrony between the two tactile motions was necessary condition to elicitDMI(Experiment 3).DMIwas moderately affected by manipulating the macrogeometric or microgeometric tactile properties of the dental model, suggesting cognitive images of one's own oral morphology play a modest role (Experiments 4 and 5). Neuropsychological theories often stress that hand‐to‐mouth movement emerges early in development or may even be innate. Our research suggests that general, bottom‐up principles of multisensory plasticity suffice to provide spatial representation of the egocentric core, including mouth position.
Global value chains in international knowledge work: networks, stratifications and labour markets
Authors: HOLLINSHEAD GRAHAM 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this article, I aim to cast light on the arguably indeterminate phenomenon of the global labour market (GLM) by placing the focus on an industry that has sometimes been perceived as epitomizing homogeneity and ‘world flatness’ in its deployment of geographically dispersed knowledge workers, that of international software development. Engaging in a sanguine analysis of this industry with reference to an empirical study of outsourcing to Ukraine it is revealed that labour markets servicing ICT (Information and communication technology) are subject to deep, if fluctuating, social stratifications. With reference to the notion of the global value chain (GVC), the significance of factors such as knowledge, language, citizenship and age as labour market differentiators for knowledge work is brought to the fore.
Management of radial scars/complex sclerosing lesions of the breast diagnosed on vacuum‐assisted large‐core biopsy: is surgery always necessary?
Authors: Bacci Julia , MacGrogan Gaëtan , Alran Léonie , Labrot‐Hurtevent Gabrielle 
Published: July 2019

AimsThe diagnosis of radial scars/complex sclerosing lesions (RSs/CSLs) onpercutaneous biopsy carries a risk of histological underestimation. Consequently, surgical excision is often performed in order to exclude a possible associated malignancy. The aim of this study was to assess the rate of ‘upgrade to carcinoma’ upon subsequent surgical excision of RS/CSL cases diagnosed on vacuum‐assisted large‐core biopsy (VALCB). We also analysed the risk factors for upgrade in order to determine a subset of patients who could avoid surgery and benefit from conservative management with clinical and imaging follow‐up.Methods and resultsThis was a retrospective observational single‐centre study on 174 consecutive RS/CSL cases diagnosed on VALCB from May 2008 to October 2015. Univariate analysis was performed to identify clinical, radiological and histological risk factors for upgrade. Surgical excision was performed following VALCB diagnosis of 88 RS/CSL cases with or without associated atypia. The overall rate of surgical upgrade to carcinoma was 9.1% (8/88). None of the benign biopsies without atypia was surgically upgraded. Additional to atypia, risk factors for upgrade were non‐incidental finding of the RS/CSL, the mammographic appearance, and the number of fragments obtained during the biopsy procedure (P < 0.05).ConclusionWe demonstrate that VALCB revealing an RS/CSL is reliable for excluding malignancy when there is no associated atypia and when radiological and histological findings are concordant. In such cases, surgery can be avoided in favour of clinical and imaging follow‐up. When an RS/CSL is associated with atypia, the decision to perform surgical excision depends on other associated risk factors.
The role of reflectance confocal microscopy in the diagnosis and management of squamous cell carcinoma in situ treated with photodynamic therapy
Authors: Teoh Yee L. , Kuan Ling Y. , Chong Wei‐Sheng , Chia Hui Y. , Thng Tien G.S. , Chuah Sai Y. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundReflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is increasingly used for noninvasive in vivo diagnosis of skin cancers. We seek to determine if RCM is useful for the diagnosis and follow‐up of squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCIS) posttreatment to document clearance.MethodsA pilot prospective study enrolled 10 patients with a total of 11 SCCIS lesions. Clinical, confocal, histological features and fluorescence diagnosis (FD) were recorded pre‐ and posttreatment.ResultsFour SCCIS lesions underwent RCM imaging prior to biopsy, while 11 SCCIS lesions were followed up with RCM imaging. Clinical features of persistent SCCIS post‐PDT in four out of 11 follow‐up cases were confirmed with RCM and FD. There were no RCM features of SCCIS in seven lesions which were clinically cured. All eight (four new SCCIS and four follow‐up) cases displayed atypical honeycomb pattern. Two cases (25%) showed numerous epidermal dendritic cells, while small bright refractive cells were present in the epidermis in two lesions (25%). Round blood vessels in the superficial dermis were seen in four lesions (50%), while three lesions (37.5%) showed dermal inflammatory cells.ConclusionThere was good correlation between histological and confocal features in patients who underwent RCM imaging prior to biopsy. RCM may be a complementary tool in diagnosing SCCIS and to monitor response to nonsurgical treatment by avoiding unnecessary biopsies especially in lesions with persistent residual postinflammatory erythema.
Exploring therapeutic engagement with individuals with a diagnosis of personality disorder in acute psychiatric inpatient settings: A nursing team perspective
Authors: Acford Emma , Davies Jason 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIndividuals with a diagnosis of personality disorder (PD) face negative attitudes and are often deemed harder to care for than individuals with other diagnoses. To improve care and engagement with services, it is essential to understand the ways general psychiatric nursing staff approach this client group. This research aims to examine the ways inpatient psychiatric nursing staff therapeutically engage with individuals with a diagnosis of PD. Focus groups were conducted with Registered Mental Health Nurses (n = 7) and Health Care Assistants (formally known as nursing assistants; n = 12) who care for individuals with a diagnosis of PD in a general psychiatric inpatient setting. A thematic analysis indicated six themes: the right frame of mind, knowing the service user, knowing when to engage, service user input, a unified approach, and structured admissions. The findings highlight what non‐PD specialist inpatient nursing staff do in order to engage therapeutically with this group of service users and areas that require improvement. Supporting good practice could improve staff confidence when caring for this client group, lower stigma around the diagnosis, and promote a more positive experience of care for individuals with a diagnosis of PD who are using general inpatient mental health services.
Unmet needs of people with Parkinson’s disease: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Lee JuHee , Kim YonJi , Kim SungHae , Kim Yielin , Lee Young Joo , Sohn Young Ho 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimsTo identify the type and extent of unmet needs in people with Parkinson's disease and to examine the impact of health locus of control and family support on these needs.DesignA cross‐sectional study.MethodsThis study was conducted from October 2015 ‐ February 2016 in Korea. Data were collected through questionnaires focusing on unmet needs, health locus of control, family support and clinical features.ResultsTherapeutic needs represented the highest percentage of unmet needs in people with Parkinson's disease (85.05%), followed by social/spiritual/emotional needs (82.72%). Physical needs were the lowest reported score (75.01%). Unmet needs were more frequent in those with more severe non‐motor symptoms. Also, higher family support, internal locus of control and doctor locus of control were correlated with more unmet needs.ConclusionUnderstanding factors that determine the type and degree of unmet needs in people with PD is important to provide appropriate nursing care. The findings of this study can be used for providing nursing interventions reflecting unmet needs and reducing their unmet needs to improve the overall well‐being of people with PD.ImpactThis study addressed unmet needs unmet needs specific to Parkinson's disease with respect to their nursing needs. Therapeutic needs were the highest unmet needs in people with PD, followed by social/spiritual/emotional needs, need for certainty and physical needs. The findings may be useful for nurses to identify the unmet needs of people with PD which need to be addressed. By reflecting on unmet needs, nurses can give personally tailored nursing care.
Protective roles of FICZ and aryl hydrocarbon receptor axis on alveolar bone loss and inflammation in experimental periodontitis
Authors: Huang Jing , Cai Xinjie , Ou Yanjing , Fan Le , Zhou Yi , Wang Yining 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimThe aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)‐ligand axis has been shown to be involved in inflammatory diseases and bone homeostasis. However, the activation of AhR signalling pathway and the possible functions of AhR ligands in periodontitis are underexplored. This study investigated the expression of the AhR target gene cytochrome P450 subfamily B member 1 (CYP1B1) and the functions and mechanisms of the AhR ligand 6 formylindolo[3,2‐b]carbazole (FICZ) in periodontitis.Materials and MethodsCYP1B1 expression was detected in human periodontitis samples, mice with ligature‐induced periodontitis and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammation in periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) in vitro. FICZ was administered topically or systemically. The therapeutic functions of FICZ were detected via qPCR, micro‐computed tomography and immunohistochemistry. Finally, the mechanisms of AhR signalling in periodontitis were investigated by cell assays.ResultsCYP1B1 expression was downregulated in periodontitis. FICZ rescued the alveolar bone loss and mitigated the inflammatory cytokines in periodontitis mice. In vitro, FICZ pre‐treatment reduced the LPS‐induced inflammation in PDLCs via the increased phosphorylation of STAT3. Additionally, FICZ prompted the mineralization of PDLCs via activation of the Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway.ConclusionAhR signalling pathway is suppressed in periodontitis and the AhR ligand FICZ can prevent periodontitis.