bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary liver carcinoma with sarcomatous changes: Analysis of 10 cases
Authors: Ohya Kazuki , Saitoh Satoshi , Fujiyama Shunichiro , Kawamura Yusuke , Sezaki Hitomi , Hosaka Tetsuya , Akuta Norio , Kobayashi Masahiro , Kobayashi Mariko , Suzuki Fumitaka , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Arase Yasuji , Ikeda Kenji , Kinowaki Keiichi , Fujii Takeshi , Kondo Fukuo , Kumada Hiromitsu 
Published: December 2018

Primary liver carcinoma with sarcomatous change is a rare malignancy associated with high aggressiveness and poor prognosis. However, the characteristics of these types of tumors are still unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the imaging features, prognostic significance, and clinicopathological characteristics of patients with these tumors. Of 1070 patients who underwent surgical resection of primary liver carcinoma at Toranomon Hospital (Tokyo, Japan) from 2003 to 2017, 10 patients were diagnosed with primary liver carcinoma containing sarcomatous component. This study included all 10 patients. We evaluated the percentage of the sarcomatous component in each tumor. Patients were classified into two groups: the low percentage group (area of sarcomatous changes ≤30%) and high percentage group (area sarcomatous component ≥70%). We also divided patients into two groups based on the combination of the percentage of sarcomatous tissue and tumor size (≥40 mm or <40 mm). The overall survival rate of patients with ≥70% sarcomatous component and ≥40 mm tumor was significantly worse than that of patients with ≤30% sarcomatous tissue or <40 mm tumor size (P = 0.0059). The results confirmed the poor prognosis of patients with sarcomatous changes in primary liver carcinoma, especially those with large sarcomatous component and large tumor size. Radical resection in the early stage is recommended to improve prognosis.
The meanings of place and space in forensic psychiatric care – A qualitative study reflecting patients’ point of view
Authors: Olausson Sepideh , Danielson Ella , Berglund Johansson Inger , Wijk Helle 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe outcome of care for patients sentenced to forensic psychiatric care is of importance not only for the patient but also for society, in preventing new crimes. In recent years, a person‐centered perspective is influencing the care, recognizing the design of the physical environment as a therapeutic resource. To capture the complexity of patients’ experience of the physical environment, a qualitative approach is needed. The aim of this study was to investigate the meanings of the patient room as a place and space in forensic psychiatric in‐patient care from the patients’ perspective. An explorative qualitative design was chosen, data were collected by photovoice; a combination of photographs, taken by the patients, followed by interviews. Eleven (N = 11) patients were interviewed. The interviews were analysed by a thematic analysis method. Four themes emerged from the data revealing the meanings of the patient room as a place and space: (i) striving towards normality; (ii) being anchored and protected; (iii) being at‐home and homeness; and (iv) being in communion and meaningfulness. The findings show that the physical environment has a say in patients’ basic needs and a role in maintaining normality. Substandard reveals a lack of respect and dignity towards this patient group. Involving patients in the design process of new facilities can be a way to make progress.
Complex Contingency Tables Treated by the Partition of χ2
Authors: Lancaster H. O. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The partition of χ2 can be used to investigate the interactions of all orders in the higher contingency tables. The χ2, obtained by partition, in the case of the 2 × 2 × 2 table for the second order interaction is asymptotically equal to that obtained by Bartlett (1935).
Difficulties arise when an attempt is made to find an exact solution. The method of obtaining matrices for orthogonal transformations of variables arranged in hierarchical order is explained. The orthogonal transformation in the case of the 2 × 2 × 2 table is given in full.
On Queueing Processes with Bulk Service
Authors: Bailey Norman T. J. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
A mathematical investigation has been made of a simple queueing process in which customers arrive at random, form a single queue in order of arrival, and are served in batches, the size of each batch having a fixed maximum. In most of the results obtained the time intervals between successive occasions of service are assumed to be independently distributed in χ2 distributions with an even number of degrees of freedom (including the special cases of a random distribution and a constant service interval). The equilibrium distribution of queue length has been studied by the imbedded Markov chain method, and ergodicity established when the average demand is less than the average supply available. Expressions for the mean and variance of queue length, and the mean waiting-time are given. A useful inequality for the latter is also available in the special case of a constant service interval. An immediate application can be made to hospital out-patient departments, with possible extensions to lifts, buses and so on.
On Minimizing a Convex Function Subject to Linear Inequalities
Authors: Beale E. M. L. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The minimization of a convex function of variables subject to linear inequalities is discussed briefly in general terms. Dantzig’s Simplex Method is extended to yield finite algorithms for minimizing either a convex quadratic function or the sum of the t largest of a set of linear functions, and the solution of a generalization of the latter problem is indicated. In the last two sections a form of linear programming with random variables as coefficients is described, and shown to involve the minimization of a convex function.
Waiting Time in Bulk Service Queues
Authors: Downton F. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The queuing process considered is that in which customers arrive at random and form a single queue in order of arrival. They are served in batches, the size of the batch being either a fixed number or the size of the queue, whichever is the smaller. Assuming that the queue is in equilibrium, the Laplace transform of the waiting time distribution is derived from the probability generating function of the queue length distribution. Expressions are obtained for the mean and variance of the waiting time, and a brief discussion is included of the computation of these quantities when the time intervals between successive epochs of service are independently distributed in a χ2 distribution with an even number of degrees of freedom. A short table of numerical results is given.
New Tables of Behrens’ Test of Significance
Authors: Fisher R. A. , Healy M. J. R. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The Tables for using Behren’s test of significance of the difference between the means of two Normal samples are already available to reasonable accuracy for all cases save those involving very small samples (Statistical Tables, Tables VI, V2). In some experimental work, however, such small samples occur in conditions in which only Behren’s test is appropriate. The calculation of values for such cases is greatly facilitated by the explicit expressions developed in this note for the probability integral, when the numbers of degrees of freedom are both odd.
Curve and Periodogram Smoothing
Authors: Whittle P. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The difficulty in constructing smoothing formulae is to express quantitatively the type of smoothness one expects of the curve one is estimating. An argument is given in Sections 1 and 3 for formulating this “smoothness hypothesis” in terms of the properties of a population of curves of which the curve being estimated is a member. In equation (20) we obtain a solution for the matrix of optimum weighting coefficients in terms of certain “population moments” of the ordinates of the curve. Explicit formulae based on special assumptions are deduced in equations (34), (56)–(58). General information is gained on the way the optimum smoothing function and the variance of the smoothed estimate vary with the sample size and with the assumed degree of smoothness of the parent curve.
Sampling Without Replacement with Probability Proportional to Size
Authors: Stevens W. L. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
It is shown that sampling without replacement with probability proportional to size can be achieved if the units are grouped with reference to size. When the same unit is chosen a second time, it is substituted by another unit of the same size chosen at random. The estimate of the population total is formally the same as when sampling is done with replacement. The estimate of variance differs in that from the sum of squares of deviations of the ratio, r, we subtract, for each group chosen t (&gt; 1) times, the quantity tS/N, where S is the sum of squares of deviations within the group and N the number in the group.
On Selecting the Largest of k Normal Population Means
Authors: Dunnett C. W. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
Consider a k-variate normal distribution with unknown means μ 1, …, μk and with equal variances and equal covariances whose values are known; the problem is to select the variate associated with μ max using a single-sample procedure of size n, and, in particular, to determine the required value of n. Previous work is reviewed. New results are given assuming that the population means μ 1, …, μk have a joint a priori normal distribution with means U 1, …, Uk known up to an additive constant, and with equal variances and equal covariances whose values are known.
Results are given first for the probability of correct selection, then for that probability taken conditionally on the largest μ exceeding the other μ’s by at least a specified amount, and for the probability of the selected mean being within a specified amount of the largest, the latter formulation being equivalent to considering a certain zero-one loss function. Next a loss function is assumed linear in the difference between μ max and the selected μ and an experimentation cost proportional to n. The choice of k and n is considered and the relation with the plant-selection problem pointed out. The minimax solution and the concept of the “largest admissible” value of n are also discussed.
In an appendix an expression is given for the expected value of the maximum of k equally correlated normal variates with equal variances but unequal means.
A Queueing Problem in Which the Arrival Times of the Customers are Scheduled
Authors: Mercer A. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The queueing problem considered is that in which (i)the customers are scheduled to arrive at equal time intervals but a customer may arrive at any time after the start of the interval during which he was scheduled to arrive, or may even not arrive at all; the lateness distribution is perfectly general.(ii)the total service-time of a customer is supposed to consist of a finite number of stages, such that the times spent in each of the stages are independent and identically distributed, and the probability of leaving a stage at any time depends on the time since the current scheduling interval began.
A method is discussed which enables the non-equilibrium distribution of the queue length at any time to be derived, and results for the equilibrium distribution are given. Most of the results relate to the case in which there is a single server but extensions of the argument for more than one server are outlined.
An Exact Distribution of the Fisher–Behrens–Welch Statistic for Testing the Difference between the Means of Two Normal Populations with Unknown Variances
Authors: Ray W. D. , Pitman A. E. N. T. 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARY
This paper obtains the distributions of two statistics u and v (Welch, 1937) which have in the past been suggested for testing the equality of two normal means when the population variances are unknown.
It is shown that these distributions are weighted finite sums of t-distributions for the case when the sample sizes are odd.
An Analysis of Transformations
Authors: Box G. E. P. , Cox D. R. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
In the analysis of data it is often assumed that observations y 1, y 2, …, yn are independently normally distributed with constant variance and with expectations specified by a model linear in a set of parameters θ. In this paper we make the less restrictive assumption that such a normal, homoscedastic, linear model is appropriate after some suitable transformation has been applied to the y's. Inferences about the transformation and about the parameters of the linear model are made by computing the likelihood function and the relevant posterior distribution. The contributions of normality, homoscedasticity and additivity to the transformation are separated. The relation of the present methods to earlier procedures for finding transformations is discussed. The methods are illustrated with examples.
The Robbins–Monro Method for Estimating the Median Lethal Dose
Authors: Cochran W. G. , Davis M. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The Robbins–Monro method provides a sequential plan that gives an attractively simple estimate of the LD50 in bioassay and is practicable for agents in which the response (death or survival) is known within an hour. By machine computations, its performance is examined for experiments using 50 or less animals. If the experiment's initial guess at the LD50 is within 2σ of the true LD50, a slight variant of the plan (the delayed version) can be recommended. For new agents in which the experimenter's initial knowledge of the LD50 and of σ may be poor, a two-stage plan is recommended, the first stage using single animals at equally spaced doses, the second stage being an ordinary Robbins–Monro plan. In a preliminary comparison with a standard 4-level non-sequential experiment, the sequential plan gave mean-square errors about 20 per cent lower if σ and the LD50 are guessed accurately, and much larger gains in accuracy if the LD50 is guessed poorly. The problem of attaching a standard error to the Robbins–Monro estimate of the LD50 is discussed.
Analysis of Factorial Experiments by Estimating Monotone Transformations of the Data
Authors: Kruskal J. B. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
Data may sometimes be described by a linear model with fewer terms if a transformation is applied. For example, in a factorial design the need for certain interaction terms may be eliminated by transformation. If attention is restricted to all monotone transformations, it is possible and perhaps useful to find the monotone transformation which minimizes the residual sum of squares after removing the effects explained by the model. Several sets of data from the statistical literature are analysed this way.
A Derivation of the Probabilistic Explication of Information
Authors: Good I. J. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The quantitative explication of I(H: E | G), the amount of information concerning H provided by E given G, is obtained by assuming that I(H:E.F | G) is some function of I(H: E G|) and I(H:F|E. G). This assumption is less restrictive than the more customary assumption of strict additivity.
On the Distribution of Products of Random Variables
Authors: Lomnicki Z. A. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The problem of finding the probability density function of the product of n identically distributed independent normal variables was solved by Springer and Thompson (1966). Their formulae for n ≤ 7 are simplified in this paper and generalized to an arbitrary number of factors. Similar formulae for the corresponding probability distribution functions are derived. The applicability of these results to the cases of the negative exponential, Weibull and gamma distributions is discussed.
A Generalization of Bayesian Inference
Authors: Dempster A. P. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
Procedures of statistical inference are described which generalize Bayesian inference in specific ways. Probability is used in such a way that in general only bounds may be placed on the probabilities of given events, and probability systems of this kind are suggested both for sample information and for prior information. These systems are then combined using a specified rule. Illustrations are given for inferences about trinomial probabilities, and for inferences about a monotone sequence of binomial pi. Finally, some comments are made on the general class of models which produce upper and lower probabilities, and on the specific models which underlie the suggested inference procedures.
An Exact πPS Sampling Scheme—Generalization of a Method of Hanurav
Authors: Vijayan K. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
In his recent paper Hanurav (1967) discussed the problem of optimum utilization of auxiliary information for the estimation of the total (or mean) of a finite population and gave some solutions to the problem for the case of samples of size 2. In this paper we extend one of his procedures (sampling scheme A“ in his paper) to cover general sample sizes and also prove some of its optimum properties. The method is illustrated on the data given in Hanurav's paper.
Comparison of Sequential Bioassays in Small Samples
Authors: Davis Miles 
Published: December 2018

Summary
Five sequential designs for estimating the median in quantal bioassay are compared with a non-sequential one. Mean-square errors of the estimates are calculated exactly in a numerical experiment with the factors: design, first dose, step, number of trials and dose-response curve. Each experimental unit uses 12 animals. Sequential experiments are more accurate, especially for first doses distant from the median. Delayed designs and many trials are best when the median is not well known beforehand. The assumed dose–response curves have little effect on the accuracy of the estimated median.
Spatial Variability and the Theory of Sampling in Random Fibrous Networks
Authors: Dodson C. T. J. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The two-dimensional variability of areal density is of interest in the characterization of flat fibrous networks such as paper and non-woven textiles and the corresponding one-dimensional case is pertinent to the study of textile yarns. An idealization of such materials to the random case has proved useful in many studies. This paper gives an analytical description of the spatial variability of random networks made from uniform straight fibres. This is based on the derivation of the isotropic point autocorrelation function for the structure, and an analysis of the variance and covariance among finite inspection cells in complete sampling schemes.
Interval Estimation from the Likelihood Function
Authors: Hudson D. J. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
During the last few years, several authors have devoted attention to both old and new methods of making inferences from likelihood functions. In this paper we study the properties of interval estimates which are obtained by drawing a horizontal line across the graph of the likelihood function. An exact evaluation is reported for one case of positive and one of negative binomial sampling, with parameter θ. The attained confidence coefficient α(θ) is graphed over 0 ⩽ θ ⩽ 1 for these two cases. A brief look is taken at intervals obtained when the random variable is continuous.
Comments and Queries Comment on “An Estimation Procedure for Mixtures of Distributions” by Choi and Bulgren
Authors: Macdonald P. D. M. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
Choi and Bulgren's (1968) estimator for the mixing measure of a mixture of known distributions is biased in small samples; a variant of their estimator has a much smaller bias, and a smaller mean squared error, for mixtures of normal distributions differing in mean. The maximum-likelihood estimator is shown to be more computable than Choi and Bulgren suggest. Estimation is much more difficult when the component distributions are unknown; for example, a mixture of two normal components has five parameters, but no more than four may be estimated when the components are close together.
Permanent Expressions for Order Statistic Densities
Authors: Vaughan R. J. , Venables W. N. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
Of late there has been a need to extend the traditional concept of an order statistic. Either the ordered statistics are obtained from statistics which are assumed to be correlated but with identical marginal densities (Young, 1967; Takahasi, 1969) or they are obtained from statistics which are sampled independently from different populations (Loynes, 1966; Tong, 1970). This note demonstrates that the marginal densities of the order statistics obtained by the latter extension can be expressed neatly by the use of permanents. The results appear to be new and one of the authors (Vaughan, 1970) has used these results in traffic research.
Queues with Scheduled Arrivals: A Correction, Simplification and Extension
Authors: Mercer A. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
Customers are scheduled to arrive at a queue during equal time intervals but they may be late; the lateness distribution is perfectly general. Bulk arrivals with an exponential service time distribution, single arrivals with staged services and single arrivals with a general service time distribution are considered when customers must arrive in the interval for which they were scheduled or not at all. Results given by the author in a previous paper, for single arrivals who may come in a later interval than the one for which they were scheduled and have an exponential service time distribution, are corrected. It is concluded that when customers are scheduled then the equilibrium distribution of queue length is a truncated sum of weighted geometric distributions, irrespective of the number of arrivals per interval, the lateness distribution, the service time distribution and the number of servers.
Spatial Interaction and the Statistical Analysis of Lattice Systems
Authors: Besag Julian 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The formulation of conditional probability models for finite systems of spatially interacting random variables is examined. A simple alternative proof of the Hammersley–Clifford theorem is presented and the theorem is then used to construct specific spatial schemes on and off the lattice. Particular emphasis is placed upon practical applications of the models in plant ecology when the variates are binary or Gaussian. Some aspects of infinite lattice Gaussian processes are discussed. Methods of statistical analysis for lattice schemes are proposed, including a very flexible coding technique. The methods are illustrated by two numerical examples. It is maintained throughout that the conditional probability approach to the specification and analysis of spatial interaction is more attractive than the alternative joint probability approach.
Spatial Contact Models for Ecological and Epidemic Spread
Authors: Mollison Denis 
Published: December 2018

Summary
A wide variety of phenomena of geographical spread can be described in terms of a mechanism of “growth” (e.g. birth, infection) and a “contact distribution” which describes how the locations of the individual(s) involved in a migratory move, or infection at a distance, are spatially related. I shall survey work on such models, beginning with an examination of the relations between stochastic and deterministic models; it emerges that both linear and nonlinear deterministic models have close connections with the less interesting “linear” (exponential growth) stochastic models.
More realistic models must be nonlinear as well as stochastic; some results are now available for such models. As in the linear case, these deal mainly with asymptotic behaviour. Simulations reveal that nonlinear stochastic processes have a richer spectrum of non-asymptotic behaviour than linear models, though in some circumstances the simpler models may provide an adequate approximation.
Thus theoretical study of the short-term behaviour of such processes may be difficult, but should prove rewarding. The other main outstanding problems are those of inference for such models, especially the estimation of contact distributions.