bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Country-appropriate operating cost estimation scheme based on curve fitting for rice combine harvester
Authors: Numsong A , Doungpueng K , Chuan-Udom S 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This research explores two operating cost estimation models as a function of repair and maintenance (R&M) outlay for domestically-made rice combine harvesters: ASAE-based and power function-fitted estimation models. The goal is to establish a guideline for operating cost estimation suited to the agricultural context of Thailand. In the study, variable cost data belonged to the country’s northeastern region. Simulations were carried out using MATLAB/Simulink and results compared. The ASAE-based operating cost estimations were consistently larger than those of power function-fitted model, and the divergence became more pronounced with increase in harvest area. The finding could be attributed to country-specificity in which R&M practices varied from country to country. Essentially, the power function-fitted estimation model is more suited to the agricultural context of Thailand, in comparison with the ASAE-based model which tends to overestimate the cost figure.
Factors Affecting Shelling Efficiency and Grain Breakage of a Small Maize Shelling Unit
Authors: Tunhaw M , Chuan-Udom S , Chansrakoo W , Doungpueng K 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Development of a small maize shelling unit necessitates a study of factors affecting its shelling performance. In this study, the threshing type used is a rasp-bar type. On drum four rows with a diameter of 0.3 m, the design parameters of which include concave clearance. The peripheral speed of the drum, and grain moisture content; which affect the shelling efficiency and the amount of grain breakage. The maize used to be the CP 201 variety. The feed rate was controlled at 960 kg.hr−1. It was found that concave clearance and grain moisture content significantly affects the shelling efficiency and grain breakage at P<0.01. The peripheral speed of drum also affects the shelling efficiency but does not affect grain breakage. For good performance, we recommend concave clearance of 10.0 mm, peripheral speed of drum of 12 m.s-1 and grain moisture content not exceeding 14%.
Quantification of the introducing potential on local biomass resources as fertilizer based on the chemical properties of soil and water in Wa Municipality, Ghana
Authors: Zackariah G S K , Tanaka M 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Continuous cereal-based systems require fertility preservation with continuous and sufficient nutrient inputs to agricultural land. Biomass resource have the potential to be self-supplied fertilizer; therefore, this study examined to quantify required fertility by measuring chemical properties of water and soil for main agricultural land (paddy fields, cereal fields and Tuber fields) and estimated the potential of local biomass resources in Wa Municipality, Ghana, for methane fermentation that can produce biogas and digest liquid as fertilizer. Average measured results of water quality indicated pH 6.2, EC 168.7 µs/cm, TDS 168.3 µs/cm, NH4
+ 0.3 ppm, NO3 4.5 ppm, Me (Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, and Cd) 0.1 ppm, PO4
3- 0.4 ppm, and COD 6.3 mg/l. Similarly, soil results indicated pH 6.2, EC 65.9 µs/cm, TDS 67.1 µs/cm, NH4
+ 2.3ppm, NO3
− 10.8ppm, Me (Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, and Cd)1.9 ppm, PO4
3- 1.1 ppm and COD 152.0 mg/l. Estimated biomass resources in the municipality was 12, 925.6t/year combined with livestock waste, human excreta, sawdust, and agricultural crop processing waste. Potential of Nitrogen fertilizer was 34, 589.84kgN/year which can be spread about 400ha of wet paddy field and has the potential to replace chemical nitrogen fertilizer.
The performance of size grading machine of robusta green coffee bean using oscillating sieve with swing along width direction
Authors: Srisang N , Chanpaka W , Chungcharoen T 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Size grading is one of important processes for producing the Robusta green coffee bean because it can increase the value of green coffee bean and decrease the problem in the manufacturing process, especially roasting process. Therefore, the objective of this work was to investigate the effects of inclined angle and oscillating revolution speed on the performance of size grading machine of Robusta green coffee bean using oscillating sieve with swing along width direction. When increasing the inclined angle from 4 to 6 degree, the weight purity index and the clogging sieve percentage were decreased. For the size grading efficiency, it found that the size grading efficiency was increased when the inclined angle increased from 4 to 5 degree. However, the size grading efficiency was decreased when increasing the inclined angle from 5 to 6 degree. When considering in term of oscillating revolution speed, the increase of oscillating revolution speed provided the decrease of weight purity index, size grading efficiency and clogging sieve percentage. The appropriate condition for using the size grading machine of Robusta green coffee bean using oscillating sieve with swing along width direction is the inclined angle of 5 degree and the oscillating revolution speed of 185 rpm.
The development of lemongrass slicing machine
Authors: Thangdee D , Thangdee S 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This research was aimed to design, fabricate, and evaluate the lemongrass slicing machine which can slice on both perpendicular and inclination to lemongrass stem, within less than 4.0 mm of thickness. The machine was fabricated by stainless steel of 740 x 740 x 830 mm sized, and consisted of 3 main parts of feeding slots, slicing knives, and a releasing slot. The machine functions by manual feeding a bunch lemongrass into the feeding slot one by one. The testing result revealed that perpendicular slicing condition was 48.9 kg/h and 98.6 % of working capacity, and working efficiency. Inclination slicing condition was 35.0 kg/h and 98.8 % of working capacity, and working efficiency respectively.
Evaluation of pH of curry soup containing coconut milk by near infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Thitibunjan N , Sirisomboon P 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The pH is the important parameters to characterize the food deterioration and an indicative of food spoilage. The aim of this research was to apply the near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to evaluate pH of curry soup containing coconut milk. The soup samples from mixing tank, water content adjusted tank, UHT pipe and laminated containers in the production line were collected. There were also the pH adjusted samples where the curry was made from the same recipe but increasing placed time for 2, 4 and 6 hr after 0 hr. There are 73 samples in total. The sample was scanned with FT-NIR spectrometer. A prediction model for pH was established using NIR spectral data in conjunction with partial least squares regression, which was validated using leave one out cross validation and test set validation. After validated by unknown samples, the leave one out cross validation model showed better prediction performance. The best model developed using first derivative spectra in 9403.8-7498.3, 6102-5446.3 and 4605.4-4242.9 cm−1 provided an coefficient of determination (r2), root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV), bias and ratio of performance to interquartile (RPIQ) of 0.73, 0.28, 0.01 and 1.89. The model was usable for screening and some other “approximate” calibrations. The model could be improved for further development of robust model using more natural samples in evaluation of pH in the curry soup
Evaluation of near infrared hyperspectral imaging for detection of tuna powder contaminated with shrimp powder
Authors: Nonthawong K , Phiriyangkul P , Terdwongworakul A , Phuangsombut K 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) was investigated to detect the contamination of shrimp powder (SP) in tuna powder (TP) with partial least squares regression (PLSR) model. The principal component analysis was performed with NIR-HSI data for classification of tuna and shrimp powder. Samples for NIR-HSI data analysis were prepared using tuna powder contaminated with shrimp powder in concentration of 0%, 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% (w/w). The NIR-HIS in a wavelength range 864.5 to 1695.1 nm of the samples were used to create a prediction model using a partial least squares regression (PLSR) model. The result showed that the best model was based on spectra pretreated wit second derivative combined with standard normal variate pretreatments, The performance of the prediction was expressed with the following values; factor = 3, Rc2 = 0.989, RMSEC = 3.48%, Rcv2 = 0.984, RMSECV = 4.218%, Rp2 = 0.991, RMSEP = 3.110%. The regression coefficients of the PLSR model from 2D+SNV spectral pre-treatments were used to identify functional groups from the chemical composition of each sample. The study demonstrated that the NIR-HSI can be used for quantitative analysis of TP contaminated with SP which rapid nondestruction technique.
Discrimination of vegetable oil types using Fourier transforms near infrared spectroscopy coupled with pattern recognition techniques
Authors: Lapcharoensuk R , Malithong A , Thappho D , Phonpho P 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the potential of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRs) coupled with pattern recognition techniques for discriminating of vegetable oil types (i.e. coconut oil, olive oil, rice bran oil, sesame oil, soybean oil and sun flower oil). Principle component analysis (PCA) was performed for clustering vegetable oil types. Five of supervised pattern recognition techniques such as soft independent modelling of class analogies (SIMCA), Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), k-nearest neighbor (k-NN), support vector machine (SVM) and artificial neural network (ANN) were used to identify vegetable oil types. The PCA model could separate coconut oil from other vegetable oils. Two PLS-DA and SVM models showed 100% of precision, recall F-measure and accuracy for all vegetable oil whilst remainder techniques achieved a satisfactory classified performance. All supervised models could discriminate coconut oil from other oils with precision, recall F-Measure and accuracy of 100%. It seems that NIRs technique coupled with pattern recognition techniques is possible for discriminating vegetable oil types.
Development of the near infrared spectroscopy model for detecting herbicide concentrations contaminated in water
Authors: Lapcharoensuk Ravipat , Wongpromrat Patthranit 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This research aims to develop the near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) models for detecting herbicide concentrations contaminated in water. Atrazine, the organochlorine herbicide, solution in the concentration range of 0-15 ppm were prepared in distilled water. Near infrared spectra were scanned by using Fourier transform spectrometer at wavenumbers of 12,500-4,000 cm−1 (800-2, 500 nm). Partial least square regression technique was used to establish the NIR models for detecting herbicide concentrations. The developed models showed high prediction potential of herbicide concentrations contaminated in water with the R2 of 0.97, RMSEE of 0.899 ppm, bias of -0.0003 ppm and RPD of 5.43. This indicated that these models can apply to analyse contamination of atrazine in the natural water sources.
Stakeholder related fields of action for process optimization of nearly zero energy and plus energy buildings
Authors: Höfler R 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In order to be able to guarantee a regulated process in the design of nearly zero and plus energy buildings, it is important that all relevant stakeholders are involved from the beginning of the project. This is particularly important because disagreements and lack of communication between the stakeholders often lead to problems, which delay planning and implementation and lead to additional costs. In order to prevent the resulting barriers, it is essential that the previous processes for such an implementation are analysed and the individual steps are optimized to such an extent that a goal-oriented and cost-efficient cooperation is possible. This is focused in the thesis “Stakeholder related fields of action for process optimization of nearly zero energy and plus energy buildings”. In this way, an attempt is made to achieve process optimization with the aid of various methods from management consultancy. In order to achieve this, the focus of every construction project, especially nearly zero energy and plus energy buildings, must be on integral planning. The individual action steps must therefore be optimized in such a way that it is clearly defined for all stakeholders when and with which partner to interact.
Life cycle cost reduction and market acceleration for new nearly zero-energy buildings
Authors: Weiß T , Pernetti R , Garzia F , Köhler B , Stobbe M , Meier K , Berggren B 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Cost optimal and nearly zero-energy performance levels are principles initiated by the European Union’s Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, which was recast in 2010. These will be significant drivers in the construction sector in the next few years because all new buildings in the EU from 2021 onwards have to be nearly zero energy buildings (nZEBs); public buildings need to achieve the standard already by 2019 [1].While nZEBs realised so far have clearly shown that the nearly zero-energy target can be achieved using existing technologies and practices, most experts agree that a broad-scale shift towards nearly zero-energy buildings requires significant adjustments to current building market structures. Cost-effective integration of efficient solution sets and renewable energy systems are the major challenges [2]. The EU Horizon project CRAVEzero focuses on proven and new approaches to reduce the costs of nZEBs at all stages of the life cycle. The primary goal is to identify and eliminate the extra costs for nZEBs related to processes, technologies, building operation and to promote innovative business models considering the cost-effectiveness for all stakeholders in the building’s lifecycle. As a result, an international database for benchmarking actual nZEB life cycle costs (LCC) including urban and building planning, construction, commissioning, operation, maintenance, management, end-of-life, has been developed. Furthermore, an operative methodology to achieve the best conditions towards optimal cost nZEBs has been set-up.
Life-Cycle Costs of a Minimally Invasive Refurbishment Approach in Comparison to a Standard Refurbishment
Authors: Heidenthaler D , Gnigler M , Leeb M , Embacher M , Schweizer P 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The decision on constructing or renovating buildings is often based on construction costs; consequently, follow-up costs are not considered. Life-cycle cost analysis is a common method for assessing the economic viability of buildings over their entire life-cycle. In this project, life-cycle costs of a minimally invasive refurbishment with component activation are compared with those of a standard refurbishment approach with an external thermal insulation composite system (ETICS) and radiators. Although the follow-up costs approximate the life-cycle costs after a period of 50 years in this analysis, the additional erection costs of the minimally invasive refurbishment approach cannot be compensated. In order for the system to become economically competitive, the erection costs regarding the façade system and the associated building technology must be reduced by 36 %, assuming that the nominal follow-up costs remain the same. Since the current implementation is still a prototypical one, cost-saving potential is expected on basis of the experience of the executing companies. However, in addition to the economic efficiency, the non-monetary added value of the system in the form of a more homogeneous heat output, more ecological building materials, less stress for the inhabitants due to the minimally invasive approach, reduced use of floor space and increased sound insulation due to the sound insulation façade, should also be taken into account in the decision-making process.
Energy and cost optimization in the life cycle of nearly zero energy buildings using parametric calculations
Authors: Venus D , Weiss T , Moser C , Hatt T , Ploß M , Roßkopf T 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Possible cost saving potentials in the planning and construction of future building standards are often not sufficiently assessed, as only a few possible variants are considered in the traditional planning process. Often planning and analysis are not carried out in parallel, and the various possibilities are discarded at an early stage. If, on the other hand, several variants are realistically compared in the planning phase, including life-cycle costs, a profound decision can be made. Therefore parameter studies were carried out as part of the national research project “KoPro LZK+" (cost and process optimization in the life cycle of nearly zero energy buildings) for seven buildings, five multi-family buildings, a school and an office building. For this purpose, a VBA macro was programmed in MS-Excel©, which automatically carries out energy demand calculations in the “Passive House Planning Package” (PHPP) and life-cycle cost calculations in the tool “econ calc”. A total of more than 216, 000 variants were investigated in this way, whereby on the one hand a variety of technologies, such as insulation of the building envelope, ventilation or electricity and heat supply, and on the other hand a variation of the boundary conditions (such as observation period, user behaviour, energy price increases or CO2 costs) were carried out. The results were analysed energetically and economically over the life cycle (separately from each other and combined) with the objectives of identifying coherences, deriving trends and optimizations over the life cycle.
Challenges of retrofitting affordable housing to net-zero carbon in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Mokhtar A 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Following the Paris Agreement, several governmental bodies in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) started working on further initiatives to improve the energy efficiency of buildings. Some of these hope to target net-zero carbon for new and existing buildings. As in most countries, the stock of existing buildings represents the bigger challenge for this target. In particular, existing affordable housing is the most challenging segment of the building stock. The limited access to expertise and financial resources makes it more difficult for owners of these buildings to retrofit them. Therefore, there need to be appropriate guidelines on how to achieve net-zero carbon in such building typology. This paper identifies both the technical and the financial challenges when trying to develop such guidelines within the context of the UAE. It also discusses the possible solutions that can be used to overcome some of these challenges. The technical challenges include the variation in construction systems, and the quality of construction for these buildings. It also includes energy modelling challenges such as selecting relevant weather data, and defining the patterns of using electricity for the different functions. The financial challenges include the subsidized price for electricity, the cost estimation for various energy conservation methods, and the payback for installing local renewable energy sources. Finally, the paper suggests a path for research activities to address these challenges and to develop the guidelines.
Towards developing a building typology for Sudan
Authors: Ismail Ahmed Ali S , Szalay Z 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Sudan suffers from hard summers with temperatures approaching 42 0C in the South and 48 0C in the North. In spite of that, the technical solutions in buildings for protection against solar radiation and natural ventilation are generally beyond reach. There isn’t sufficient information provided on the characteristics of the building stock, building physics and energy use of buildings in Sudan. The main objective of this research paper is to collect the data from the population and housing census, scientific research papers and different reports, and to use these in preparing a building typology table. The climate in Sudan is divided into three zones: warm desert climate, warm semi-arid climate, and tropical savanna climate zone. The building varies according to the climate zones, geographical feature, and urbanization levels. Building materials range from natural ones like straw, wood, and mud to moderns one like bricks and concrete. Building typology varies from structures to provide temporary shelter to the permanent single or multi-family houses. The main result of this research paper is to identify a building typology in Sudan with reference buildings. This is the first paper that introduced the typology table of Sudan.
Design concept for prefabricated elements from CDW timber for a circurlar building
Authors: Klinge A , Roswag-Klinge E , Paganoni S , Radeljic L , Lehmann M 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The EU funded project RE4 (REuse and REcycling of CDW materials and structures in energy efficient pREfabricated elements for building REfurbishment and construction) looks into opportunities for prefabricated, CDW timber elements (structural and non-structural) for circular buildings. Main goal is to minimise resource consumption for building construction but also waste generation related to building dismantling. An innovative design concept for a fully reversible, prefabricated, multi-story residential building from waste wood has been established that reflects robust but flexible and adaptable solutions to extend the buildings-life cycle. Reversible connections, reusable elements and recyclable materials shall minimise future waste generation, when such buildings reach their end of life. A prefabricated façade element manufactured for a two-story prototype shall deliver figures for easy installation, dismantling and future reuse. The study aims to show how current challenges can be overcome and design for disassembly can be promoted.
Prototypology for a circular building industry: the potential of re-used and recycled building materials
Authors: Heisel F , Schlesier K , Hebel D E 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The growing scarcity of resources calls for a paradigm shift from linear material consumption to circular economy – especially in the construction industry. This shift involves a complete rethinking of design principles, materials, construction technics and technologies, as well as the introduction of new business models evolving from these reconfigurations within the field. This paper will show on-going research on these themes with a focus on direct material re-use and recycling through the discussion of a prototypology – the recently concluded Mehr.WERT.Pavillon (MWP) at the BUGA 2019 in Heilbronn. The research specifically addresses a reversible, mono-material structure that is made from re-used structural steel and recycled glass. The concept of cycles therefor is significant: Utilized materials are not consumed and disposed of; instead, they are borrowed from their material cycle for a certain period of time and later returned there at equal value and utility. Sourced from recycled materials, the prototypology is a built example of urban mining; designed for disassembly at the end of its service time, it also represents a material banks for future projects – while proofing the claim, that it is possible already today to build within a circular system.