bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio on serum and hepatic lipid content and its molecular mechanisms in growing‐finishing pigs
Authors: Yang C. , He J. , Yu B. , Yu J. , Mao X. B. , Chen D. W. , Yin Y. L. 
Published: August 2018

SummaryThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio (DAR) on serum and hepatic lipid content, luminal short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations, and the expression of host genes involved in fat and glucose metabolism in liver and mucosa in growing‐finishing pigs. Forty‐eight Duroc × Landrace × Large White pigs (49.8 ± 2.8 kg) were randomly allocated to low amylose/amylopectin ratio (LR) and high amylose/amylopectin ratio (HR) groups, each group consisting of six replicates (pen) with four pigs per pen. The DAR was 12/88 for LR and 30/70 for HR. Experiment lasted for 67 days. Results showed that, compared with HR group, ingestion of LR significantly increased the liver total lipid and cholesterol concentration (p < .05) and decreased the serum LDL‐C concentration (p < .05). The concentration of propionate, butyrate and total SCFAs in caecum digesta was significantly lower in LR group than in HR group (p < .05). We observed a significant increase in glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), sodium‐dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) gene expression in LR‐fed pigs in the jejunum mucosa (p < .01). A decrease in Na+‐coupled monocarboxylate transporter (SMCT1) and free fatty acid receptor 3 (FFAR3) expression was found in the ileum mucosa with LR group (p < .05). Ingestion of LR diet significantly decreased the hexokinase (p < .01) and tend to decrease the pyruvate kinase (p = .050) activities in the liver. Meanwhile, the present results indicated that ingestion of LR diet significantly increased the transcription of gluconeogenesis and lipogenic genes such as forkhead box O1 (FOXO1), fatty acid synthetase3 (FAS3) (p < .05). These findings demonstrated that high amylopectin has harmful effects on hepatic lipid deposit through the modulation of the liver Foxo1 signalling and should be avoided from one's diet.
Effects of different levels of modified palygorskite supplementation on the growth performance, immunity, oxidative status and intestinal integrity and barrier function of broilers
Authors: Su Yue , Chen Yueping , Chen Lingjie , Xu Qiao , Kang Yuru , Wang Wenbo , Wang Aiqin , Wen Chao , Zhou Yanmin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis experiment was designed to investigate effects of different levels of modified palygorskite (MPal) supplementation on growth performance, immunity, oxidative status and intestinal integrity and barrier function of broilers. A total of 320 1‐day‐old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly assigned into 5 dietary treatments and fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 g/kg MPal, respectively, for a 42‐day feeding trial. Treatments quadratically reduced feed/gain ratio (F:G) during 1–21 days and linearly decreased average daily feed intake and F:G during 22–42 days, and linearly and quadratically decreased average daily feed intake and F:G during overall period (p < 0.05, 0.50 g/kg treatment showed the lowest F:G). MPal supplementation increased the contents of 21‐day jejunal secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) quadratically, and 21‐day jejunal immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM) and 42‐day jejunal total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) activity linearly and quadratically (0.50 g/kg treatment showed the highest immunoglobulin concentration), whereas linearly reduced 21‐day ileal SIgA level and 42‐day jejunal malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and serum diamine oxidase activity, and quadratically decreased 21‐day ileal MDA level (p < 0.05). The 42‐day jejunal SIgA, IgG and IgM concentrations, and T‐SOD activity in jejunum at 21 days and ileum at both 21 days and 42 days were quadratically increased with MPal administration (p < 0.05, 0.50 g/kg treatment showed the highest T‐SOD activity). The mucin 2 mRNA abundances in 42‐day jejunum and 21‐day ileum were quadratically increased with MPal supplementation (p < 0.05). Treatments linearly increased 42‐day ileal zonula occludens‐1, claudin‐3 and jejunal claudin‐3 mRNA level, whereas linearly and quadratically increased ileal claudin‐2 mRNA level (p < 0.05). In conclusion, MPal supplementation exhibited beneficial effects on growth performance, intestinal immunity, antioxidant capacity and intestinal integrity and barrier function of broiler with its optimum dosage being 0.5 g/kg.
Alignment between the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the National Core Indicators Adult Consumer Survey
Authors: Tichá Renáta , Qian Xueqin , Stancliffe Roger J. , Larson Sheryl A. , Bonardi Alexandra 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOn December 13, 2006, after over two decades of advocacy efforts, the United Nations adopted the Convention on Rights on Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). More than 150 countries have ratified or at least signed this international convention, to date. An important component of CRPD implementation is a systematic effort to evaluate whether and what extent the rights as stated in the CRPD are being upheld by individual countries. The purpose of this paper was to contribute to a U.S. and international discussion about monitoring the rights of persons with disabilities as codified by the CRPD by examining the potential use of the National Core Indicators Adult Consumer Survey (NCI‐ACS) for this purpose. The NCI‐ACS collects annual quality outcome data from over 13 000 people with intellectual and developmental disabilities in 46 U.S. states. A crosswalk between the CRPD Articles and the 2013–14 NCI‐ACS was conducted to map the survey questions onto the CRPD. Forty‐seven variables from the NCI‐ACS focused on different aspects of disability rights were identified as related to 12 CRPD Articles, suggesting a moderate overlap between the NCI‐ACS and the CRPD. Next steps are discussed.
Incidence and determinants of spontaneous hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance and seroconversion in hepatitis B e antigen‐negative chronic infection patients: A population‐based prospective cohort
Authors: Zhu Liguo , Zhai Xiangjun , Wang Qungang , Jiang Jie , Peng Hong , Song Ci , Ge Zijun , Qian Jiao , Zhou MingHao , Zhou Yan , Xu Jianfang , Liu Hongjian , Hang Dong , Hu Zhibin , Shen Hongbin , Zhu Fengcai 
Published: August 2018

SummarySeroclearance of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) has been widely studied; however, seroconversion of HBsAg and characteristics of viral load among hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐negative chronic infection patients after HBsAg lost is not clear. We performed a large‐scale study in a HBeAg‐negative chronic infection cohort to evaluate spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance incidence from October 2012 to April 2017 in Jiangsu province, China. We also elucidated the characteristics of HBsAg seroconversion and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA detectability among patients who cleared HBsAg. A total of 2997 HBeAg‐negative chronic infection patients (mean age 52.3 ± 12.9 years at baseline) were included. With 10 519 person‐years of follow‐up, 348 patients successfully spontaneously cleared HBsAg, with an incidence rate of 3.31 per 100 person‐years. Patients with HBV DNA detectable ~1999 IU/mL at baseline had a lower probability of HBsAg seroclearance relative to those with undetectable HBV DNA, with a hazard ratio of 0.31 (95% CI = 0.23, 0.41). HBsAg seroconversion occurred in 37.3% of those patients who cleared HBsAg. The geometric mean of anti‐HBs among those with HBsAg conversion was 79.4 mIU/mL. Female had a higher HBsAg seroconversion rate (P = 0.011). Among those with HBsAg seroclearance, 11.2% still had HBV DNA levels of higher than 100 IU/mL. Patients with higher HBV DNA at baseline had a higher risk of detectable HBV DNA levels even after HBsAg seroclearance (P < 0.001). This study reveals HBsAg seroconversion rates and HBV DNA undetectability epidemiological characteristics of patients with HBsAg seroclearance and suggests that monitoring HBV DNA is needed when managing HBeAg‐negative chronic patients, even after clearing HBsAg.
Identification of canine cytochrome P‐450s (CYPs) metabolizing the tramadol (+)‐M1 and (+)‐M2 metabolites to the tramadol (+)‐M5 metabolite in dog liver microsomes
Authors: Perez Jimenez Tania E. , Mealey Katrina L. , Schnider Darren , Grubb Tamara L. , Greene Stephen A. , Court Michael H. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe previously showed that (+)‐tramadol is metabolized in dog liver to (+)‐M1 exclusively by CYP2D15 and to (+)‐M2 by multiple CYPs, but primarily CYP2B11. However, (+)‐M1 and (+)‐M2 are further metabolized in dogs to (+)‐M5, which is the major metabolite found in dog plasma and urine. In this study, we identified canine CYPs involved in metabolizing (+)‐M1 and (+)‐M2 using recombinant enzymes, untreated dog liver microsomes (DLMs), inhibitor‐treated DLMs, and DLMs from CYP inducer‐treated dogs. A canine P‐glycoprotein expressing cell line was also used to evaluate whether (+)‐tramadol, (+)‐M1, (+)‐M2, or (+)‐M5 are substrates of canine P‐glycoprotein, thereby limiting their distribution into the central nervous system. (+)‐M5 was largely formed from (+)‐M1 by recombinant CYP2C21 with minor contributions from CYP2C41 and CYP2B11. (+)‐M5 formation in DLMs from (+)‐M1 was potently inhibited by sulfaphenazole (CYP2C inhibitor) and chloramphenicol (CYP2B11 inhibitor) and was greatly increased in DLMs from phenobarbital‐treated dogs. (+)‐M5 was formed from (+)‐M2 predominantly by CYP2D15. (+)‐M5 formation from (+)‐M1 in DLMs was potently inhibited by quinidine (CYP2D inhibitor) but had only a minor impact from all CYP inducers tested. Intrinsic clearance estimates showed over 50 times higher values for (+)‐M5 formation from (+)‐M2 compared with (+)‐M1 in DLMs. This was largely attributed to the higher enzyme affinity (lower Km) for (+)‐M2 compared with (+)‐M1 as substrate. (+)‐tramadol, (+)‐M1, (+)‐M2, or (+)‐M5 were not p‐glycoprotein substrates. This study provides a clearer picture of the role of individual CYPs in the complex metabolism of tramadol in dogs.
Ecology and evolutionary biology of fishing bats
Authors: Aizpurua Ostaizka , Alberdi Antton 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

A few of the >1300 bat species recognised worldwide are known to consume fish to various extents. However, empirical information about how and how much different bat species capture and consume fish is limited and is probably distorted due to the biases introduced by occasional observations.

In this review, we aim to synthesise the knowledge so far generated on fishing bats, in order to 1) assess the incidence of fishing in different bat species; 2) discuss the evolutionary framework and origins of fishing behaviour; and 3) identify the ecological challenges of fishing and review the state of knowledge about kinetic, morphological, sensory, behavioural, and physiological adaptations related to fishing.

Fishing bats can be clustered into three groups based on the incidence of fish consumption. Noctilio leporinus is the only species in which fishing is widespread (occurring in most populations) and common (occurring most of the time and carried out by many individuals). Myotis vivesi, Myotis pilosus, and Myotis capaccinii comprise the second group, characterised by exhibiting regular fishing behaviour that is restricted to a limited number of populations. Noctilio albiventris, Myotis daubentonii, and Myotis macropus are classified in a third group, because although the occasional presence of fish traces in faeces has been reported, regular fishing behaviour in the wild has not been confirmed.

Fishing was developed independently multiple times in different bat lineages, probably under different selective pressures and ecological scenarios.

Nevertheless, all fishing species face similar challenges in terms of detecting, capturing, handling, and metabolising fish, which require specific kinetic, morphological, sensory, behavioural, and physiological adaptations.

Both basic information about fishing behaviour in different species and specific knowledge of the biological adaptation are still missing. Thus, in this review we identify gaps in the knowledge and suggest experimental approaches to overcome them.
Mast cells and primary systemic vasculitides
Authors: Ribatti Domenico , Tamma Roberto , Ruggieri Simona , Annese Tiziana , Marzullo Andrea , Crivellato Enrico 
Published: August 2018

AbstractVasculitides are characterized by inflammation and necrosis of blood vessels leading to vessel occlusion and ischemic damages of tissues. Among the inflammatory cells involved in vasculitides, neutrophils, T cells, and macrophages have been identified as the predominant cell type. This review article is focused on the role of mast cells in these chronic inflammatory processes. Mast cells are characterized by their complex plasticity. Increasing evidences document that mast cells exert both pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory functions depending on the cell types and the microenvironment they reside in. In this context, mast cell mediators able to modulate progression of vasculitides at different levels and the anatomic localization of mast cells in different vasculitides will be described. Finally, therapeutic approach including inhibition of recruitment of mast cells to the inflammatory infiltrate and blockade of their proinflammatory effects and proangiogenic functions as potential new targets for the treatment of these diseases will be discussed.
Predictive value of ultrasound scoring in relation to clinical and histological parameters in xerostomia patients
Authors: Jazzar Ahoud , Manoharan Andiappan , Brown Jackie E. , Shirlaw Penelope J. , Carpenter Guy H. , Challacombe Stephen J. , Proctor Gordon B. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundSalivary gland dysfunction is one of the main clinical features of Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), manifested by xerostomia with subsequent complications and well‐established effects on the person's quality of life.ObjectivesTo determine firstly whether selected tests of salivary gland function and structure, unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWSFR), parotid flow rate (PFR), clinical oral dryness score (CODS) and ultrasound score (USS), can discriminate SS from non‐SS sicca patients and secondly whether these tests can differentiate between patients in different subgroups of SS.MethodUnstimulated whole salivary flow rate, PFR, CODS and USS were determined in 244 patients comprised of SS patients (n = 118), SS patients at higher risk of lymphoma (n = 30) or with lymphoma (n = 26), and non‐SS sicca disease controls (n = 70).ResultsAll assessments showed a significant difference between the overall SS group and the disease control group, attributed mainly to the lymphoma subgroups of SS (p < 0.0001 for all parameters). There was a significant correlation (Spearman r = 0.7, p value <0.0001) and 87.3% agreement between USS and the histology focus scores of 119 patients.ConclusionThe results suggest that salivary gland tests including USS can aid in differentiating between SS and non‐SS dry mouth, especially the subgroups of SS with lymphoma or at higher risk of developing lymphoma.
DNA methylation as a possible mechanism affecting ability of natural populations to adapt to changing climate
Authors: Münzbergová Zuzana , Latzel Vít , Šurinová Maria , Hadincová Věroslava 
Published: August 2018

Environmentally induced epigenetic variation has been recently recognized as a possible mechanism allowing plants to rapidly adapt to novel conditions. Despite increasing evidence on the topic, little is known on how epigenetic variation affects responses of natural populations to changing climate.We studied the effects of experimental demethylation (DNA methylation is an important mediator of heritable control of gene expression) on performance of a clonal grass, Festuca rubra, coming from localities with contrasting temperature and moisture regimes. We compared performance of demethylated and control plants from different populations under two contrasting climatic scenarios and explored whether the response to demethylation depended on genetic relatedness of the plants.Demethylation significantly affected plant performance. Its effects interacted with population of origin and partly with conditions of cultivation. The effects of demethylation also varied between distinct genotypes with more closely related genotypes showing more similar response to demethylation. For belowground biomass, demethylated plants showed signs of adaptation to drought that were not apparent in plants that were naturally methylated.The results suggest that DNA methylation may modify the response of this species to moisture. DNA methylation may thus affect the ability of clonal plants to adapt to novel climatic conditions. Whether this variation in DNA methylation may also occur under natural conditions, however, remains to be explored. Despite the significant interactions between population of origin and demethylation, our data do not provide clear evidence that DNA methylation enabled adaptation to different environments. In fact, we obtained stronger evidence of local adaptation in demethylated than in naturally‐methylated plants. As changes in DNA methylation may be quite dynamic, it is thus possible that epigenetic variation can mask plant adaptations to conditions of their origin due to pre‐cultivation of the plants under standardized conditions. This possibility should be considered in future experiments exploring plant adaptations.
Multipropositionalism and Necessarya Posterioriidentity Statements
Authors: Clapp Lenny , Lavalle Terrón Armando 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe provide an account of necessarya posterioriidentity statements that relies upon Perry's multipropositionalism. On our account an utterance of, e.g., ‘Hesperus is Phosphorus',semantically makes availableseveral propositions, one of which is necessary (anda priori) and another of which isa posteriori(and contingent). Since our view resemblestwo‐dimensionalism, one might assume that it is undermined by the sorts ofnesting argumentsthat Soames and others have raised against two‐dimensionalism. We demonstrate, however, that our account is immune to such nesting arguments.
Molecular characterization of nine sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) MADS‐box transcription factors during storage root development and following abiotic stress
Authors: Dong TingTing , Song WeiHan , Tan ChuanTing , Zhou Zhilin , Yu JiaWen , Han RongPeng , Zhu MingKu , Li ZongYun 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSweet potato is an important plant for researchers to study storage root development and resistance. MADS‐box proteins are a group of important transcription factors which play a crucial role in plant development as well as stress response. However, the investigation regarding sweet potato MADS‐box genes remains limited up to now. In this study, nine MADS‐box genes, named as IbMBP1˜IbMBP9, were cloned and characterized. Nine genes exhibited different tissue‐specific expression profiles. IbMBP2, IbMBP3, IbMBP4 and IbMBP9 showed high expression during storage roots development and were upregulated by storage roots development‐related hormones. Varying degrees of induction was observed in the transcript level of these MADS‐box genes under multiple abiotic stresses, as well as stress‐related hormones. The present results revealed that nine MADS‐box genes exhibited different tissue‐specific expression profiles and were impacted by multiple abiotic stresses and/or hormones, which lay a good foundation for further exploring the function of MADS‐box genes in sweet potato.
Profile of sunless tanning product users: Results from a nationwide representative survey
Authors: Diehl Katharina , Görig Tatiana , Schilling Laura , Greinert Rüdiger , Breitbart Eckhard W. , Schneider Sven 
Published: August 2018

SummaryBackgroundSunless tanning products (STPs) are often seen as “healthy alternative” to sunbathing and indoor tanning. However, STP use may entail indirect risks such as overestimating an individual's natural skin type, resulting in risky (natural and artificial) tanning behavior. We aimed to explore STP use in combination with other health‐related risk behaviors (eg, smoking), skin cancer risk, risk awareness of ultraviolet radiation, and preventive behavior.MethodsWe used data from the NCAM, a nationwide representative cross‐sectional sample (n = 3000, aged 14‐45, 48.6% female) interviewed via telephone. Differences between STP users and nonusers regarding the abovementioned aspects were identified using chi²‐test.ResultsThe 1‐year prevalence of STP use was 7.5%. Tanning bed users showed a higher prevalence of STP use than past and never users (16.1% vs 9.6% vs 5.8%, P < 0.05). Although STP users had a higher skin cancer risk based on individual characteristics, they were less likely to have participated in a skin cancer screen.ConclusionThe identified parallel use of STPs and tanning beds can have severe health consequences, since the “fake tan” of STPs may lead to an overestimation of the individual's skin type, which may result in overdosed UV exposure. The lower risk awareness among STP users accompanied with their higher skin cancer risk calls for target group‐specific prevention.
Towards a characterisation of the wild legume bitter vetch (Lathyrus linifolius L. (Reichard) Bässler): heteromorphic seed germination, root nodule structure and N‐fixing rhizobial symbionts
Authors: Dello Jacovo E. , Valentine T. A. , Maluk M. , Toorop P. , Lopez del Egido L. , Frachon N. , Kenicer G. , Park L. , Goff M. , Ferro V. A. , Bonomi C. , James E. K. , Iannetta P. P. M. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Lathyrus linifolius L. (Reichard) Bässler (Fabiaceae, bitter vetch) is a nitrogen (N) fixing species. A coloniser of low nutrient (N) soils, it supports biodiversity such as key moth and butterfly species, and its roots are known for their organoleptic and claimed therapeutic properties. Thus, the species has high potential for restoration, conservation, novel cropping and as a model species. The last because of its genetic synteny with important pulse crops. However, regeneration and functional attributes of L. linifolius remain to be characterised.

Seeds of L. linifolius were characterised using physical, colorimetric and chemical data. Ultrastructural and functional characterisation of the N‐fixing root nodules included immunolabelling with nifH protein antibodies (recognising the N‐fixing enzyme, nitrogenase). Endosymbiotic bacteria were isolated from root nodules and characterised phylogenetically using 16S rRNA, nodA and nodD gene sequences.

L. linifolius yielded heteromorphic seed of distinct colour classes: green and brown. Seed morphotypes had similar C:N ratios and were equally germinable (ca. 90%) after scarification at differing optimal temperatures (16 and 20 °C). Brown seeds were larger and comprised a larger proportion of the seed batch (69%). L. linifolius root nodules appeared indeterminate in structure, effective (capable of fixing atmospheric N) and having strains very similar to Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae.

The findings and rhizobial isolates have potential application for ecological restoration and horticulture using native seeds. Also, the data and rhizobial resources have potential applications in comparative and functional studies with related and socio‐economically important crops such as Pisum, Lens and Vicia.