bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modifications and Further Development of the Original Nuss Procedure: Blessing or Curse?
Authors: Kelly Jr Robert 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe procedure introduced by Donald Nuss in 1997 for the treatment of pectus excavatum at the American Pediatric Surgical Association meeting has now been adopted by pediatric, thoracic, and plastic surgeons around the world. Rather than resection of the costal cartilages and sternal fracture, which had been standard practice for decades, he advocated using a metal bar to push the sternum into position. Reasoning that the chest wall of children is very flexible, he felt that resection was unnecessary. Since that time, medical centers from around the world have reported their experience with the procedure. There is now robust evidence of its safety and efficacy. As the Nuss procedure has become a standard treatment, indications for operation have expanded, and numerous modifications have been introduced. Some of these were intended to improve upon the original procedure, and others to adapt it to new circumstances, such as use in adults whose chest is not as flexible. This report reviews those modifications.
Prävention psychischer Erkrankungen in schwierigen Lebenssituationen
Authors: Pfennig A. , Leopold K. , Pfeiffer S. 
Published: September 2018

ZusammenfassungPräventive Ziele rücken aktuell immer stärker in den Fokus sowohl der wissenschaftlichen als auch klinischen psychiatrischen Arbeit. Dabei ist es wichtig, vulnerable Phasen und schwierige Situationen im Leben zu untersuchen, in denen das Risiko, an einer psychischen Störung zu erkranken, erhöht sein kann bzw. in denen eine Kumulation von Risikofaktoren und/oder das Fehlen bzw. eine Reduktion von Resilienzfaktoren besonders negative Auswirkungen haben. So können Zeiten und Personengruppen identifiziert werden, die von präventiven Maßnahmen besonders profitieren könnten. Beispiele für besonders sensible Lebensphasen sind die Zeit von der Pubertät bis zum jungem Erwachsenenalter, bei Frauen die Zeit um eine Entbindung herum sowie der späte Lebensabschnitt mit potenziell zunehmenden Beeinträchtigungen und Vereinsamung. Kritische Lebenssituationen sind zum Beispiel sozial schwierige Verhältnisse bzw. eine länger andauernde Arbeitslosigkeit, die Zugehörigkeit zur Gruppe von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund sowie die Zeit nach erstmaliger Diagnosestellung einer schweren psychischen Erkrankung. Im Beitrag wird anhand eines Beispielfalles skizziert, welche präventiven Strategien in der schwierigen Lebenssituation umgesetzt werden können und worin ihr Potenzial besteht.
Neuroimaging and modeling
Authors: Eickhoff S. B. , Bzdok D. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryThe links between symptomatic phenomenology of psychiatric disorders and their neurobiological pathophysiology are still understood only in fragments. While functional and structural neuroimaging methods have leveraged our knowledge of regional dysfunction in psychiatric disorders, emerging novel approaches more focused on brain networks or neural patterns promise additional forward progress. Activation likelihood estimation (ALE) performs quantitative large-scale aggregation of neuroimaging findings. Resting-state (RS) correlation captures networks of functional relationships between regions in the idling, non-goal-focused brain. In contrast, meta-analytic connectivity modeling (MACM) captures functional coupling between brain regions in the context of experimental paradigms. These methods may furthermore be exploited to provide data-driven parcellations (CBP, connectivity-based parcellation) of larger brain regions into distinct functional modules. Dynamic causal modeling (DCM), in turn, allows for the automatic selection among a set of connectional network models to delineate effective connectivity dynamics during experimental paradigms. Finally, machine learning (ML) allows for the automatic detection and prediction of diagnosis/treatment-response patterns in massive datasets. Capitalizing on this toolbox of computational modeling methods might considerably further psychiatry and thus benefit patients with mental disorders.
Constructing ‘the people’
Authors: Ajanovic Edma , Mayer Stefanie , Sauer Birgit 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis article analyses right-wing populist constructions of ‘the people’ emerging at the intersections of ethnicized ‘othering’ and gendered differences within groups. We argue that these constructions are in stark contrast to the liberal notion of citizenship, which we understand to be the basis for thedemos. Right-wing populism constructs its politics of belonging beyond rights, i.e. ‘the people’ is defined as a community through identity with the political leader, rather than as a political entity marked by different interests and endowed with rights, which could be represented politically. We argue that it is important to not only analyse practices of ‘othering’ and exclusion, but also the appeal to the ‘we’-group in order to understand right-wing populist success. Empirically our Critical Frame Analysis focuses on the Austrian context and on the FPÖ, which has been a forerunner in the ‘modernization’ of right-wing extremism and the development of right-wing populism in Europe.
Sensorimotor Oscillatory Phase–Power Interaction Gates Resting Human Corticospinal Output
Authors: Hussain Sara J , Claudino Leonardo , Bönstrup Marlene , Norato Gina , Cruciani Gabriel , Thompson Ryan , Zrenner Christoph , Ziemann Ulf , Buch Ethan , Cohen Leonardo G 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Oscillatory activity within sensorimotor networks is characterized by time-varying changes in phase and power. The influence of interactions between sensorimotor oscillatory phase and power on human motor function, like corticospinal output, is unknown. We addressed this gap in knowledge by delivering transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the human motor cortex during electroencephalography recordings in 20 healthy participants. Motor evoked potentials, a measure of corticospinal excitability, were categorized offline based on the mu (8–12 Hz) and beta (13–30 Hz) oscillatory phase and power at the time of TMS. Phase-dependency of corticospinal excitability was evaluated across a continuous range of power levels using trial-by-trial linear mixed-effects models. For mu, there was no effect of PHASE or POWER (P > 0.51), but a significant PHASE × POWER interaction (P = 0.002). The direction of phase-dependency reversed with changing mu power levels: corticospinal output was higher during mu troughs versus peaks when mu power was high while the opposite was true when mu power was low. A similar PHASE × POWER interaction was not present for beta oscillations (P > 0.11). We conclude that the interaction between sensorimotor oscillatory phase and power gates human corticospinal output to an extent unexplained by sensorimotor oscillatory phase or power alone.
Association Between Duration of Aminoglycoside Treatment and Outcome of Cavitary Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease
Authors: Kim Ock-Hwa , Kwon Byoung Soo , Han Minkyu , Koh Younsuck , Kim Woo-Sung , Song Jin-Woo , Oh Yeon-Mok , Lee Sang-Do , Lee Sei Won , Lee Jae-Seung , Lim Chae-Man , Choi Chang-Min , Huh Jin-Won , Hong Sang-Bum , Shim Tae Sun , Jo Kyung-Wook 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Background
Although aminoglycosides are recommended for cavitary Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease (MAC-LD), the optimal duration of treatment is unclear. We investigated the association between duration of aminoglycoside treatment and outcomes in cavitary MAC-LD.

Methods
Among patients diagnosed with macrolide-susceptible cavitary MAC-LD between 2000 and 2013, 101 who received treatment up to August 2017 with a regimen containing aminoglycosides were enrolled at a tertiary referral center in South Korea. Their medical records were retrospectively reviewed. The duration of aminoglycoside treatment was at the discretion of the attending physician.

Results
A total of 75 patients (74.3%) were administered aminoglycosides for ≥3 months (median 164 days), whereas the remaining 26 patients (25.7%) received treatment for &lt;3 months (median 59 days). The overall treatment success rate was 63.4% (64/101). Patients treated with aminoglycosides for ≥3 months had a significantly higher success rate than those treated for &lt;3 months (69.3% vs 46.2%; P = .035). Multivariate analysis revealed that aminoglycoside treatment for ≥3 months was a significant factor for treatment success (adjusted odds ratio, 3.602; 95% confidence interval, 1.249–10.390; P = .018). Recurrence occurred in 8 (22.9%) of 35 patients who were followed up for at least 3 years after the end of treatment; all 8 patients received aminoglycosides for ≥3 months.

Conclusions
Patients with cavitary MAC-LD treated with aminoglycosides for ≥3 months showed higher treatment success rate than those treated for &lt;3 months. However, treatment for ≥3 months was not associated with the development of recurrence.
Hedonic Contrast Effects Are Larger When Comparisons Are Social
Authors: Morewedge Carey K , Zhu Meng , Buechel Eva C 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA hedonic contrast effect occurs when comparing a stimulus to its alternatives makes it better or worse. We find that counterfactual comparisons induce larger hedonic contrast effects when they are also social comparisons. Hedonic contrast effects influence happiness with a food or wage more when another person receives its counterfactual alternative than when no person receives its counterfactual alternative. Social attention, the propensity to attend to the experiences of other people, underlies the larger hedonic contrast effects induced by social comparisons. People pay more attention to counterfactual alternatives when they are also social comparison standards, and this difference in the allocation of attention mediates the larger hedonic contrast effects that social counterfactual comparisons induce. Reducing attentional resources with cognitive load or time pressure reduces the impact of social counterfactual comparisons, and drawing attention to nonsocial counterfactual comparisons increases their impact. Social attention makes comparisons stronger when they are social.
Convection-Enhanced Delivery of Muscimol in Patients with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
Authors: Heiss John D , Argersinger Davis P , Theodore William H , Butman John A , Sato Susumu , Khan Omar I 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Minimally invasive therapies for drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) have been advocated. A study of convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of muscimol, a GABAA receptor agonist, was previously completed in non-human primates.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the safety and anti-epileptic effects of intracerebral muscimol infusion into the epileptic focus of patients with DRE.

METHODS
In this phase 1 clinical trial, 3 adult patients with DRE underwent CED into the seizure focus of artificial CSF vehicle followed by muscimol for 12 to 24 h each using a crossover design. Basic pathophysiology of the epileptic focus was examined by assessing the infusions’ effects on seizure frequency, electroencephalogram (EEG) spike-wave activity, and power-spectral EEG frequency.

RESULTS
Inter-ictal neurological function remained normal in all patients. Pathological examination of resected specimens showed no infusion-related brain injuries. Seizure frequency decreased in 1 of 3 patients during muscimol infusion but was unchanged in all patients during vehicle infusion. Mean beta frequencies did not differ significantly before, during, or after infusion periods. Infused fluid provided insufficient MRI-signal to track infusate distribution. In the 2 yr after standard epilepsy surgery, 1 patient had temporary reduction in seizure frequency and 2 patients were seizure-free.

CONCLUSION
CED of muscimol into the epileptic focus of patients with DRE did not damage adjacent brain parenchyma or adversely affect seizure surgery outcome. This study did not confirm that intracerebral muscimol infusion effectively suppressed seizures. A surrogate tracer is recommended to track infusion distribution to the epileptic focus and surrounding structures in future studies using CED to suppress the seizure focus.
Item Development and Performance of Tobacco Product and Regulation Perception Items for the Health Information National Trends Survey
Authors: Peterson Emily B , Portnoy David B , Blake Kelly D , Willis Gordon , Trundle Katy , Caporaso Andrew R , Maitland Aaron , Kaufman Annette R 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Introduction
Emerging tobacco products have become increasingly popular, and the US Food and Drug Administration extended its authority to all products meeting the definition of a tobacco product in 2016. These changes may lead to shifts in public perceptions about tobacco products and regulation, and national surveys are attempting to assess these perceptions at the population level. This article describes the item development and cognitive interviewing of the tobacco product and regulation perception items included in two tobacco-focused cycles of the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS-FDA), referred to as HINTS-FDA.

Methods
Cognitive interviewing was used to investigate how respondents comprehended and responded to tobacco product and regulation perception items. Adult participants (n = 20) were selected purposively to oversample current tobacco users and were interviewed in two iterative rounds. Weighted descriptive statistics from the fielded HINTS-FDA surveys (N = 5474) were also calculated.

Results
Items were generally interpreted as intended, and participants meaningfully discriminated between tobacco products when assessing addiction perceptions. Response selection issues involved inconsistent reporting among participants with little knowledge or ambivalent opinions about either government regulation or tobacco products and ingredients, which resolved when a “don’t know” response option was included in the survey. The fielded survey found that a non-negligible proportion of the population do not have clear perceptions of emerging tobacco products or government regulation.

Conclusions
A “don’t know” response option is helpful for items assessing many emerging tobacco products but presents several analytic challenges that should be carefully considered. Multiple items assessing specific tobacco product and regulation perception items are warranted in future surveys.

Implications
The findings from this study can serve as a foundation for future surveys that assess constructs related to emerging tobacco products, harm perceptions across multiple tobacco products, and tobacco-related government regulatory activities. The data provide unique insight into item-specific motivation for selecting a “don’t know” response option for tobacco survey items.
Conserved Herpesvirus Protein Kinases Target SAMHD1 to Facilitate Virus Replication
Authors: Zhang Kun , Lv Dong-Wen , Li Renfeng 
Published: September 2018

AbstractTo ensure a successful infection, herpesviruses have developed elegant strategies to counterbalance the host anti-viral responses. Sterile alpha motif and HD domain 1 (SAMHD1) was recently identified as an intrinsic restriction factor for a variety of viruses. Aside from human immunodeficiency virus 2 (HIV-2) and the related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Vpx proteins, the direct viral countermeasures against SAMHD1 restriction remain unknown. Using Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as a primary model, we discovered that SAMHD1-mediated anti-viral restriction is antagonized by EBV BGLF4, a member of the conserved viral protein kinases encoded by all herpesviruses. Mechanistically, we found that BGLF4 phosphorylates SAMHD1 and thereby inhibits its dNTPase activity. We further demonstrated that the targeting of SAMHD1 for phosphorylation is a common feature shared by beta- and gamma-herpesviruses. Together, our findings uncover a unique immune evasion mechanism whereby herpesviruses exploit the phosphorylation of SAMHD1 to thwart host defenses.HighlightsSAMHD1 depletion facilitates EBV lytic replication.EBV protein kinase BGLF4 directly phosphorylates SAMHD1.BGLF4 phosphorylation of SAMHD1 inhibits its dCTPase and dTTPase activity.SAMHD1 is targeted by the conserved herpesvirus protein kinases.In BriefHerpesviruses have evolved elegant strategies to dampen the host anti-viral responses. Zhanget al.discover a unique mechanism by which herpesviruses evade SAMHD1-mediated host defenses through phosphorylation, expanding the functional repertoire of viral protein kinases in herpesvirus biology
RNA-seq analyses of molecular abundance (RoMA) for detecting differential gene expression
Authors: Cai Guoshuai , Franks Jennifer M. , Whitfield Michael L. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractMotivationVarious methods have been proposed, each with its own limitations. Some naive normal-based tests have low testing power with invalid normal distribution assumptions for RNA-seq read counts, whereas count-based methods lack a biologically meaningful interpretation and have limited capability for integration with other analysis packages for mRNA abundance. In this study, we propose an improved method, RoMA, to accurately detect differential expression and unlock the integration with upstream and downstream analyses on mRNA abundance in RNA-seq studies.ResultsRoMA incorporates information from both mRNA abundance and raw counts. Studies on simulated data and two real datasets showed that RoMA provides an accurate quantification of mRNA abundance and a data adjustment-tolerant DE analysis with high AUC, low FDR, and an efficient control of type I error rate. This study provides a valid strategy for mRNA abundance modeling and data analysis integration for RNA-seq studies, which will greatly facilitate the identification and interpretation of DE genes.Availability and implementationRoMA is available at https://github.com/GuoshuaiCai/RoMA.ContactGCAI@mailbox.sc.edu or Michael.L.Whitfield@Dartmouth.edu
Estimating the burden of α-thalassaemia in Thailand using a comprehensive prevalence database for Southeast Asia
Authors: Hockham Carinna , Ekwattanakit Supachai , Bhatt Samir , Penman Bridget S , Gupta Sunetra , Viprakasit Vip , Piel Frédéric B 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSevere forms of α-thalassaemia, haemoglobin H disease and haemoglobin Bart’s hydrops fetalis, are an important public health concern in Southeast Asia. Yet information on the prevalence, genetic diversity and health burden of α-thalassaemia in the region remains limited. We compiled a geodatabase of α-thalassaemia prevalence and genetic diversity surveys and, using geostatistical modelling methods, generated the first continuous maps of α-thalassaemia mutations in Thailand and sub-national estimates of the number of newborns with severe forms in 2020. We also summarised the current evidence-base for α-thalassaemia prevalence and diversity for the region. We estimate that 3,595 (95% credible interval 1,717 – 6,199) newborns will be born with severe α-thalassaemia in Thailand in 2020, which is considerably higher than previous estimates. Accurate, fine-scale epidemiological data are necessary to guide sustainable national and regional health policies for α-thalassaemia control. Our maps and newborn estimates are an important first step towards this aim.FundingThis work was supported by European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7//2007-2013)/European Research Council [268904 – DIVERSITY]
A decision-support framework to optimize border control for global outbreak mitigation
Authors: Zlojutro Aleksa , Rey David , Gardner Lauren 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe introduction and spread of emerging infectious diseases is increasing in both prevalence and scale. Whether naturally, accidentally or maliciously introduced, the substantial uncertainty surrounding the emergence of novel viruses, specifically where they may come from and how they will spread, demands robust and quantifiably validated outbreak control policies that can be implemented in real time. This work presents a novel mathematical modeling framework that integrates both outbreak dynamics and outbreak control into a decision support tool for mitigating infectious disease pandemics that spread through passenger air travel. An ensemble of border control strategies that exploit properties of the air traffic network structure and expected outbreak behavior are proposed. A stochastic metapopulation epidemic model is developed to evaluate and rank the control strategies based on their effectiveness in reducing the spread of outbreaks. Sensitivity analyses are conducted to illustrate the robustness of the proposed control strategies across a range of outbreak scenarios, and a case study is presented for the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. This study highlights the importance of strategically allocating outbreak control resources, and the results can be used to identify the most robust border control policy that can be implemented in the early stages of an outbreak.
Pediatric Brainstem Encephalitis Outbreak Investigation with Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing
Authors: Leon Kristoffer E. , Casas-Alba Didac , Ramesh Akshaya , Khan Lillian M. , Launes Cristian , Sample Hannah A. , Zorn Kelsey C. , Valero-Rello Ana , Langelier Charles , Muñoz-Almagro Carmen , DeRisi Joseph L. , Wilson Michael R. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn 2016, Catalonia experienced a pediatric brainstem encephalitis outbreak caused by enterovirus A71 (EV-A71). Conventional testing identified EV in peripheral body sites, but EV was rarely identified in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). RNA was extracted from CSF (n=20), plasma (n=9), stool (n=15) and nasopharyngeal samples (n=16) from 10 children with brainstem encephalitis or encephalomyelitis and 10 contemporaneous pediatric controls with presumed viral meningitis or encephalitis. Unbiased complementary DNA libraries were sequenced, and microbial pathogens were identified using a custom bioinformatics pipeline. Full-length virus genomes were assembled for phylogenetic analyses. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) was concordant with qRT-PCR for all samples positive by PCR (n=25). In virus-negative samples (n=35), mNGS detected virus in 28.6% (n=10), including 5 CSF samples. mNGS co-detected EV-A71 and another EV in 5 patients. Overall, mNGS increased the proportion of EV-positive samples from 42% (25/60) to 57% (34/60) (McNemar’s test; p-value = 0.0077). For CSF, mNGS doubled the number of pathogen-positive samples (McNemar’s test; p-value = 0.074). Using phylogenetic analysis, the outbreak EV-A71 clustered with a neuroinvasive German EV-A71 isolate. Brainstem encephalitis specific, non-synonymous EV-A71 single nucleotide variants were not identified. mNGS demonstrated 100% concordance with clinical qRT-PCR of EV-related brainstem encephalitis and significantly increased the detection of enteroviruses. Our findings increase the probability that neurologic complications observed were virus-induced rather than para-infectious. A comprehensive genomic analysis confirmed that the EV-A71 outbreak strain was closely related to a neuroinvasive German EV-A71 isolate. There were no clear-cut viral genomic differences that discriminated between patients with differing neurologic phenotypes.
CLAMP directly interacts with MSL2 to facilitateDrosophiladosage compensation
Authors: Tikhonova Evgeniya , Fedotova Anna , Bonchuk Artem , Mogila Vladic , Larschan Erica N. , Georgiev Pavel , Maksimenko Oksana 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe binding ofDrosophilamale-specific lethal (MSL) dosage compensation complex exclusively to male X chromosome provides an excellent model system to understand mechanisms of selective recruitment of protein complexes to chromatin. Previous studies showed that the male-specific organizer of the complex, MSL2, and ubiquitous DNA-binding protein CLAMP are key players in the specificity of X chromosome binding. The CXC domain of MSL2 binds to genomic sites of MSL complex recruitment. Here we demonstrated that MSL2 directly interacts with the N-terminal zinc-finger domain of CLAMP. CLAMP-MSL2 and CXC-DNA interactions are cooperatively involved in recruitment of MSL complex to the X chromosome.