bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Captured by evils” – combating black money, corruption and money laundering in Bangladesh
Authors: Solaiman S.M. 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the recurrent amnesties to black money holders (BMHs) in Bangladesh have not benefited the national economy, rather have increased corruption and money laundering, and that offering further opportunity to whiten back money as recommended by the Anti-Corruption Commission of Bangladesh will do more harm than good.

Design/methodology/approach
This research relies on both primary and secondary materials adopting an archival analysis of the existing literature.

Findings
The major findings include the following: the recurrent amnesties to BMHs have damaging impacts on corruption and money laundering in Bangladesh; the Anti-Corruption Commission of Bangladesh’s recommendation to provide further opportunity to legalise black money is flawed, ill thought-out and misjudgement of the futility of the amnesties offered to date; and the black money problem could be better addressed through using educational, preventive and punitive measures that have been specifically formulated in this paper.

Research limitations/implications
This research does not examine the flaws that may remain in the provisions of existing laws; rather it gives emphasis to the enforcement of the law in place. Legal flaws thus can be a subject matter of another endeavour.

Practical implications
As implications, it is expected that this research will encourage the concerned authorities in Bangladesh to stop offering amnesties to BMHs for good. Also, other countries facing a similar problem can learn from the experience of Bangladesh presented, and specific recommendations submitted, in this paper, in dealing with black money, corruption and money laundering.

Social implications
It is expected that if the recommendations furnished in this paper are implemented, corruption in, and money laundering from, Bangladesh will reduce. This reduction will facilitate ensuring fairness in the society in many respects, deter criminal activities associated with black money and enable honest taxpayers to buy their homes in a level-playing filed.

Originality/value
This paper presents original research in terms of analysis of materials and the recommendations submitted to deal with corruption, black money and money laundering.
Illicit Bitcoin transactions: challenges in getting to the who, what, when and where
Authors: Irwin Angela S.M. , Turner Adam B. 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to highlight the intelligence and investigatory challenges experienced by law enforcement agencies in discovering the identity of illicit Bitcoin users and the transactions that they perform. This paper proposes solutions to assist law enforcement agencies in piecing together the disparate and complex technical, behavioural and criminological elements that make up cybercriminal offending.

Design/methodology/approach
A literature review was conducted to highlight the main law enforcement challenges and discussions and examine current discourse in the areas of anonymity and attribution. The paper also looked at other research and projects that aim to identify illicit transactions involving cryptocurrencies and the darknet.

Findings
An optimal solution would be one which has a predictive capability and a machine learning architecture which automatically collects and analyses data from the Bitcoin blockchain and other external data sources and applies search criteria matching, indexing and clustering to identify suspicious behaviours. The implementation of a machine learning architecture would help improve results over time and would be less manpower intensive. Cyber investigators would also receive intelligence in a format and language that they understand and it would allow for intelligence-led and predictive policing rather than reactive policing. The optimal solution would be one which allows for intelligence-led, predictive policing and enables and encourages information sharing between multiple stakeholders from the law enforcement, financial intelligence units, cyber security organisations and fintech industry. This would enable the creation of red flags and behaviour models and the provision of up-to-date intelligence on the threat landscape to form a viable intelligence product for law enforcement agencies so that they can more easily get to the who, what, when and where.

Originality/value
The development of a functional software architecture that, in theory, could be used to detected suspicious illicit transactions on the Bitcoin network.
Shadow economy in a turbulent environment: evidence from Poland
Authors: Mróz Bogdan 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to provide an empirical insight into the functioning of the informal sector in Poland and highlight the reasons for involvement of economic agents in the new forms of the shadow economy.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper is focused on the analysis of different manifestations of unregistered economic activities in Poland. The author draws upon the latest available research findings on the subject including shadow economy estimates. Finally, the case study analysis of the tobacco industry in Poland has been used to exemplify and highlight the driving forces conducive to the expansion of the informal sector.

Findings
The informal sector’s share of the Polish economy in the years 2010-2015 was put as ranging between 12.1 per cent gross domestic product (GDP) and 14.5 per cent GDP (with the peak in 2013) by the GUS (Polish Main Statistical Office), between 19.2 per cent GDP and 21.1 per cent GDP by the IBnGR think tank (peak in 2012) and between 23.3 per cent and 25.4 per cent GDP by Professor F. Schneider.

Research limitations/implications
The case study of the tobacco industry, although well illustrates the dynamics of the shadow economy, does not provide a comprehensive picture of the Poland’s informal sector.

Practical implications
The paper provides tips and recommendations aimed at reducing the size of the shadow economy.

Social implications
Reducing the size of the informal sector could strengthen the social integrity and cohesion.

Originality/value
The paper provides insight into new areas and manifestations of the shadow economy in Poland exemplified by the case study of the tobacco industry.
Money laundering risk from emerging markets: the case of Vietnam
Authors: Ba Hung , Huynh Tran 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to apply the framework Price (2008) and HSBC Money Laundering Risk Procedures 2016 for estimating the risk contribution of each individual customer in Vietnamese banking system using the information from the survey in South East region in Vietnam in general and Ho Chi Minh city in specific.

Design/methodology/approach
Based on the collected data from the survey, the Money Laundering Risk Score (MLRS) is calculated for each customer who is using the services and products of Vietnamese commercial banks by the enhanced measurement model of Christopher Price, the ordinary least squares and three variations of logistic regression model.

Findings
This paper proposes an appropriate estimation of the money laundering risk (MLR) for personal customer using the most significant factors that affects MLR and suggests practical recommendations for commercial banking system.

Practical implications
This paper suggests an intuitive method to estimate the contribution of each customer factor on their MLRS.

Originality/value
The higher respondent’s group of age lead to the higher MLR occurred in the financial market. Follow the works of Wolfsberg et al. (2006), Sathan and Mahendhiran (2007), Usman Kemal (2014) and Reganati and Oliva (2017), this paper also confirms negative relationship between MLR with the respondent’s group of salary and the academic level. This indicated that the lower amount of money the respondents earn and lower academic level they were, the higher degree of MLR.
Determinants of money laundering: evidence from Italian regions
Authors: Reganati Filippo , Oliva Maria 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the determinants of money laundering in Italy. Given the high heterogeneity in terms of economic, social and institutional characteristics, Italy is a compelling case study.

Design/methodology/approach
By using annual data over the period 2008 to 2013, the authors estimate a balanced panel data linear model using feasible generalized least squares. Following the main literature on the economics of crime, the authors regress the crime rate in each region-year against a set of determinants that include socio-economic, enforcement and crime-specific factors.

Findings
The authors’ findings reveal that, in most Italian regions, enforcement activities do exert significant deterrence on criminal behaviors: and a negative relationship between enforcement and money laundering can be identified only when there are high levels of enforcement efforts. Moreover, the authors find that the major determinants influencing the rate of money laundering differ between northern, central and southern regions, confirming the existence of regional dualism. In particular, the crime rate in the northern and central area is positively related to the level of corruption and the incidence of mafia-type crimes and negatively related to educational attainment, whereas in the southern regions, money laundering is positively related to the size of the gaming and gambling sector.

Originality/value
The present paper contributes to the extant literature on the economics of crime in several ways. First, it explicitly analyzes a specific type of financial crime, which presents the higher degree of sanctioning regime in the Italian legislation. Second, Italy offers an important country study because of the forceful presence of mafia clans and organized crime systems operating in the illegal market.
The influence of formal institutions on the relationship between entrepreneurial readiness and entrepreneurial behaviour
Authors: Raza Ali , Muffatto Moreno , Saeed Saadat 
Published: June 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to use a unique set of measures from Holmeset al.(2013) to clarify the relationship between entrepreneurial readiness and entrepreneurial behaviours across countries and determine whether formal institutions moderate this relationship.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses data collected by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, the Index of Economic Freedom, Political Risk Services, and the Freedom House and Political Constraint Index to test a theoretical model. A multilevel analysis is performed based on set of 377,356 observations from 51 countries spanning eight years (2001-2008).FindingsThe results suggest that entrepreneurial readiness has a strong relationship with entrepreneurial behaviour (as measured by entrepreneurial entry and opportunity-based entrepreneurship) and that this relationship strengthens with increases in political democracy (PD), government regulations (GR), financial capital availability (FCA) and market liquidity (ML).Research limitations/implicationsThe study is based on Holmeset al.’s (2013) institutions that are most important for society, uses satisfactory sample size and multi-level modelling. However, many more institutional conditions that remain to be considered might affect entrepreneurial activities.Practical implicationsFor policy-makers, the results show that PD, GR, FCA and ML correlate favourably with entrepreneurial behaviour when individuals have a high level of entrepreneurial readiness. Policy-makers should introduce policies that provide a secure environment to individuals to start their own ventures.Originality/valueThe current study is among the first to examine the three dimensions of formal institutions—political, regulatory, and economic institutions—in a single study. Using the three dimensions, the study explains theoretically and examines empirically the effect of individual-level entrepreneurial readiness on entrepreneurial behaviour.
Neurological prognostication tools in out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest patients in Danish intensive care units from 2005 to 2013
Authors: Winther‐Jensen M. , Hassager C. , Lassen J. F. , Køber L. , Torp‐Pedersen C. , Hansen S. M. , Lippert F. , Kragholm K. , Christensen E. F. , Kjaergaard J. 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundNeurological prognostication is an essential part of post‐resuscitation care in out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). This study aims to assess the use of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MR) of the head, electroencephalography (EEG), and somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) in neurological prognostication in resuscitatedOHCApatients and factors associated with their use in Danish tertiary and non‐tertiary centers from 2005 to 2013 and associations with outcome.MethodsWe used the Danish Cardiac Arrest Registry to identify patients ≥18 years of age admitted to intensive care units due toOHCAof presumed cardiac etiology.CT0‐20 days andMR,SSEP, andEEG≥2‐20 days postOHCAwere considered related to prognostication. Incidence and factors associated with procedures were assessed by multiple Cox regression with death as competing risk.ResultsUse ofCT,MR,EEG, andSSEPincreased during the study period (CT: 51%‐67%,HRCT: 1.06,CI: 1.03‐1.08,MR: 2%‐5%,P = .08,EEG: 6%‐33%,HREEG: 1.25,CI: 1.19‐1.30,SSEP: 4%‐15%,HRSSEP: 1.23,CI: 1.15‐1.32).EEGandSSEPwere more used in tertiary centers than non‐tertiary (HREEG: 1.86,CI: 1.51‐2.29,HRSSEP: 4.44,CI: 2.86‐6.89). Use ofCT,SSEP, andEEGwere associated with higher 30‐day mortality, andMRwas associated with lower (HRCT: 1.15,CI: 1.01‐1.30,HRMR: 0.53,CI: 0.37‐0.77,HRSSEP: 1.90,CI: 1.57‐2.32,HREEG: 1.75,CI: 1.49‐2.05).ConclusionUse of neurological prognostication procedures increased during the study period.EEGandSSEPwere more used in tertiary centers.CT,EEGandSSEPwere associated with increased mortality.
Abuse liability and therapeutic potential of the Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) alkaloids mitragynine and 7‐hydroxymitragynine
Authors: Hemby Scott E. , McIntosh Scot , Leon Francisco , Cutler Stephen J. , McCurdy Christopher R. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractKratom, derived from the plant Mitragyna speciosa, is receiving increased attention as an alternative to traditional opiates and as a replacement therapy for opiate dependence. Mitragynine (MG) and 7‐hydroxymitragynine (7‐HMG) are major psychoactive constituents of kratom. While MG and 7‐HMG share behavioral and analgesic properties with morphine, their reinforcing effects have not been examined to date. 7‐HMG, but not MG, substituted for morphine self‐administration in a dose‐dependent manner in the rat self‐administration paradigm. Following the substitution procedure, re‐assessment of morphine self‐administration revealed a significant increase following 7‐HMG and a significant decrease following MG substitution. In a separate cohort, 7‐HMG, but not MG, engendered and maintained intravenous self‐administration in a dose‐dependent manner. The effects of pretreatment with nalxonaxine (NLXZ), a μ1 opiate receptor antagonist, and naltrindole (NTI), a δ opiate receptor antagonist, on 7‐HMG and morphine self‐administration were also examined. Both NLXZ and NTI reduced 7‐HMG self‐administration, whereas only NLXZ decreased morphine intake. The present results are the first to demonstrate that 7‐HMG is readily self‐administered, and the reinforcing effects of 7‐HMG are mediated in part by μ and δ opiate receptors. In addition, prior exposure to 7‐HMG increased subsequent morphine intake whereas prior exposure to MG decreased morphine intake. The present findings indicate that MG does not have abuse potential and reduces morphine intake, desired characteristics of candidate pharmacotherapies for opiate addiction and withdrawal, whereas 7‐HMG should be considered a kratom constituent with high abuse potential that may also increase the intake of other opiates.
Classifying and characterizing nicotine use disorder with high accuracy using machine learning and resting‐state fMRI
Authors: Wetherill Reagan R. , Rao Hengyi , Hager Nathan , Wang Jieqiong , Franklin Teresa R. , Fan Yong 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCigarette smoking continues to be a leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. Although the majority of smokers report making a quit attempt in the past year, smoking cessation rates remain modest. Thus, developing accurate, data‐driven methods that can classify and characterize the neural features of nicotine use disorder (NUD) would be a powerful clinical tool that could aid in optimizing treatment development and guide treatment modifications. This investigation applied support vector machine‐based classification to resting‐state functional connectivity (rsFC) data from individuals diagnosed with NUD (n = 108; 63 male) and matched nonsmoking controls (n = 108; 63 male) and multi‐dimensional scaling to visualize the heterogeneity of NUD in individual smokers based on rsFC measures. Machine‐based learning models identified five resting‐state networks that played a role in distinguishing smokers from controls: the posterior and anterior default mode networks, the sensorimotor network, the salience network and the right executive control network. The classification method constructed classifiers with an average correct classification rate of 88.1 percent and an average area under the curve of 0.93. Compared with controls, individuals with NUD had weaker functional connectivity measures within these networks (P < 0.05, false discovery rate corrected). Further, multi‐dimensional scaling visualization demonstrated that controls were similar to each other whereas individuals with NUD had less similarity to controls and to other individuals with NUD. Our findings build upon previous literature demonstrating that machine learning‐based approaches to classifying rsFC data offer a valuable technique to understanding network‐level differences in nicotine‐related neurobiology and extend previous findings by improving classification accuracy and demonstrating the heterogeneity in resting‐state networks of individuals with NUD.
Multi‐level analysis of alcohol‐related injury, societal drinking pattern and alcohol control policy: emergency department data from 28 countries
Authors: Cherpitel Cheryl J. , Witbrodt Jane , Korcha Rachael A. , Ye Yu , Kool Bridget , Monteiro Maristela 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackground and AimsSocietal‐level volume and pattern of drinking and alcohol control policy have received little attention in the alcohol and injury literature. The aim of this study was to estimate the association between alcohol‐related injury, individual‐level drinking variables, country‐level detrimental drinking pattern and alcohol policy.DesignProbability samples of emergency department (ED) patients from the International Collaborative Alcohol and Injury Study (ICAIS), which includes four collaborative ED studies on alcohol and injury, all using a similar methodology, were analyzed with multi‐level modeling of individual‐level drinking variables and aggregate‐level variables (country drinking pattern and alcohol policy) on alcohol‐related injury in 33 ED studies.SettingSixty‐two emergency departments in 28 countries covering five regions.ParticipantsA total of 14 390 injured patients arriving to the ED within 6 hours following injury.MeasuresAlcohol‐related injuries (self‐reported drinking prior to the event and causal attribution of injury to drinking) were analyzed in relation to individual‐level volume and pattern of drinking, study‐level alcohol volume, country detrimental drinking pattern (DDP) and an alcohol policy measure, the International Alcohol Policy and Injury Index (IAPII). The IAPII includes four regulatory domains: availability, vehicular, advertising and drinking context.FindingsControlling for demographic characteristics, individual‐level drinking and study‐level volume, the IAPII was associated significantly with the proportion of both self‐reported drinking [confidence interval (CI) = 0.97–0.99;P < 0.001] and causal attribution (CI = 0.97–0.99;P < 0.01) and DDP had little effect on these associations. All four domains were significantly predictive of self‐reported drinking [availability (CI = 0.93–0.98,P < 0.01); vehicular (CI = 0.91–0.97,P < 0.001); advertising CI = 0.82–0.94,P < 0.01); and context (CI = 0.93–0.99,P < 0.01], while only the vehicular domain was significantly predictive of causal attribution (CI = 0.92–0.99;P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe more restrictive the alcohol policy in a country, the lower the rate of alcohol‐related injury, with country‐level drinking pattern having little effect on this relationship.
Predictive value of unshielded magnetocardiographic mapping to differentiate atrial fibrillation patients from healthy subjects
Authors: Guida Gianluigi , Sorbo Anna Rita , Fenici Riccardo , Brisinda Donatella 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundP‐wave duration, its dispersion and signal‐averaged ECG, are currently used markers of vulnerability to atrial fibrillation (AF). However, since tangential atrial currents are better detectable at the body surface as magnetic than electric signals, we investigated the accuracy of magnetocardiographic mapping (MCG), recorded in unshielded clinical environments, as predictor of AF occurrence.MethodsMCG recordings, in sinus rhythm (SR), of 71 AF patients and 75 controls were retrospectively analyzed. Beside electric and magnetic P‐wave and PR interval duration, two MCG P‐wave subintervals, defined P‐dep and P‐rep, were measured, basing on the point of inversion of atrial magnetic field (MF). Eight parameters were calculated from inverse solution with “Effective Magnetic Dipole (EMD) model” and 5 from “MF Extrema” analysis. Discriminant analysis (DA) was used to assess MCG predictive accuracy to differentiate AF patients from controls.ResultsAll but one (P‐rep) intervals were significantly longer in AF patients. At univariate analysis, three EMD parameters differed significantly: in AF patients, the dipole‐angle‐elevation angular speed was lower during P‐dep (p < 0.05) and higher during P‐rep (p < 0.001) intervals. The space‐trajectory during P‐rep and the angle‐dynamics during P‐dep were higher (p < 0.05), whereas ratio‐dynamics P‐dep was lower (p < 0.01), in AF. At DA, with a combination of MCG and clinical parameters, 81.5% accuracy in differentiating AF patients from controls was achieved. At Cox‐regression, the angle‐dynamics P‐dep was an independent predictor of AF recurrences (p = 0.037).ConclusionsQuantitative analysis of atrial MF dynamics in SR and the solution of the inverse problem provide new sensitive markers of vulnerability to AF.
Ethnographic Advocacy Against the Death Penalty
Authors: Cheng Jesse 
Published: June 2018

SUMMARYThis article develops the concept of “ethnographic advocacy” to make sense of the humanizing, open‐ended knowledge practices involved in the defense of criminal defendants charged with capital murder. Drawing from anthropological fieldwork with well‐respected figures in the American capital defense bar, as well as my own professional experience as an investigator specializing in death penalty sentencing mitigation, I argue that effective advocacy for life occurs through qualitative knowledge practices that share notable methodological affinities with contemporary anthropological ethnography. The article concludes with a preliminary exploration of what the concept of ethnographic advocacy might reveal about academic anthropology's own advocative engagements.