bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Closely related viruses of the marine picoeukaryotic alga Ostreococcus lucimarinus exhibit different ecological strategies
Authors: Zimmerman Amy E. , Bachy Charles , Ma Xiufeng , Roux Simon , Jang Ho Bin , Sullivan Matthew B. , Waldbauer Jacob R. , Worden Alexandra Z. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryIn marine ecosystems, viruses are major disrupters of the direct flow of carbon and nutrients to higher trophic levels. Although the genetic diversity of several eukaryotic phytoplankton virus groups has been characterized, their infection dynamics are less understood, such that the physiological and ecological implications of their diversity remain unclear. We compared genomes and infection phenotypes of the two most closely related cultured phycodnaviruses infecting the widespread picoprasinophyte Ostreococcus lucimarinus under standard‐ (1.3 divisions per day) and limited‐light (0.41 divisions per day) nutrient replete conditions. OlV7 infection caused early arrest of the host cell cycle, coinciding with a significantly higher proportion of infected cells than OlV1‐amended treatments, regardless of host growth rate. OlV7 treatments showed a near‐50‐fold increase of progeny virions at the higher host growth rate, contrasting with OlV1's 16‐fold increase. However, production of OlV7 virions was more sensitive than OlV1 production to reduced host growth rate, suggesting fitness trade‐offs between infection efficiency and resilience to host physiology. Moreover, although organic matter released from OlV1‐ and OlV7‐infected hosts had broadly similar chemical composition, some distinct molecular signatures were observed. Collectively, these results suggest that current views on viral relatedness through marker and core gene analyses underplay operational divergence and consequences for host ecology.
Genomic adaptation to eutrophication of ammonia‐oxidizing archaea in the Pearl River estuary
Authors: Zou Dayu , Li Yingdong , Kao Shuh‐Ji , Liu Hongbin , Li Meng 
Published: March 2019

SummaryAmmonia‐oxidizing archaea (AOA) are ubiquitous in natural ecosystems, and they are responsible for a significant fraction of ammonia oxidation globally. Since the first AOA isolate was established a decade ago, molecular surveys of their environmental distribution [based primarily on amplicon sequencing of the amoA, which codes for the alpha subunit of ammonia monooxygenase (AMO)], show that their habitats are believed to range from marine to terrestrial environments. However, the mechanisms of adaptation underpinning to their habitat expansion remain poorly understood. Here, we report that AOA accounts for almost all of the ammonia oxidizers in the shelf water adjacent to the Pearl River estuary (PRE), with the Nitrosopumilus maritimus SCM1‐like (SCM1‐like) being the main amoA genotype. Using a metagenomic approach, seven high‐quality AOA genomes were reconstructed from the PRE. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that four of these genomes with high completeness were closely affiliated with the Nitrosomatrinus catalina strain SPOT01, which was originally isolated off the coast of California. Genomic comparison revealed that the PRE AOA genomes encoded genes functioning in amino acid synthesis, xenobiotic biodegradation metabolism and transportation of inorganic phosphate and heavy metals. This illustrates the different adaptations of AOA in one of the largest estuaries in China, which is strongly influenced by anthropogenic input. Overall, this study provides additional genomic information about estuarine AOA and highlights the importance of their contribution to nitrification in eutrophic coastal environments.
Before and beyond Brexit: political dimensions of UK lifestyle migration
Authors: MacClancy Jeremy 
Published: March 2019

AbstractLifestyle migration is a now‐established subfield within the anthropology of migration, and interdisciplinary migration studies, usually justified by its extensive and increasing spread, globally. Yet, bar a few exceptions, the political behaviour of lifestyle migrants has been relatively neglected. I redress this imbalance by critically comparing two overlapping processes where British migrants to Spain act politically: elected councillors in town halls; and campaigning anti‐Brexit activists. This pair is as comparable as it is contrastive. In theoretical terms, I argue that modern versions of practice theory are a useful mode for analysing municipal activity by foreign agents, while the Brexit process, because novel, fast‐paced, and open‐ended, is better understood via Isin's ‘enactment of citizenship’ approach. Both explanatory modes are powerful, have perspectival slants, and are best applied to different contexts and styles of contest: practice theorists research how people work with change; Isinians research how they produce it. The article also furthers the anthropology of citizenship by investigating a case where citizenship of a country is no longer a prerequisite for legitimate political activity in it.
Interventional radiology‐operated percutaneous cholecystoscopy with ultrasonic lithotripsy and stone basket retrieval: A treatment for symptomatic cholelithiasis in non‐operative candidates
Authors: Roberts Dustin G , Plotnik Adam N , Chick Jeffrey FB , Srinivasa Ravi N 
Published: March 2019

AbstractInterventional radiology‐operated percutaneous endoscopy has seen a recent resurgence with potential to return to the scope of Interventional Radiology practice. Endoscopy adds a new dimension to the Interventional Radiology armamentarium by offering a unique opportunity to diagnose and treat conditions under direct visualization with improved maneuverability. Cholecystoscopy (gallbladder endoscopy), as a method for percutaneous removal of gallstones, is an effective treatment option in patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis who are poor candidates for surgical cholecystectomy. This article presents a case of Interventional Radiology‐operated cholecystoscopy using ultrasonic lithotripsy and stone basket retrieval with an emphasis on the equipment, technique, and peri‐procedural management essential to the procedure, as well as a review of the literature.
Habitat species pools shape algal and bacterial communities and their correlations
Authors: Zhang Weizhen , Wang Huan , Zhang Jia , Chen Jun , Shen Hong , Xie Ping 
Published: March 2019

AbstractUnderstanding of community ecology is scale dependent. When the scale definition changes from subjectively defined “regional species pools” to “habitat species pools”, heterogeneity differences occur for microbial communities. However, given the environmental gradients differences among habitats, responses of other organisms and interspecific correlations to habitat species pools may also be heterogeneous. This hypothesis is supported by our research about algal and bacterial communities among four different habitats in littoral zones. In our results, both the algal and bacterial community compositions varied along habitat species pools. Furthermore, at community level, significant correlation was only found between bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in pelagic habitat. And at individual level, the covariant trends between habitat generalists in algal and bacterial communities varied among habitats. Our results indicated that habitat‐specific patterns can not only influence the habitat species pools, but also shape the interspecies interaction, and this should be considered in the further study of algae‐bacterial correlation.
Cost‐effectiveness of real‐world administration of tobacco pharmacotherapy in the United States Veterans Health Administration
Authors: Barnett Paul G. , Ignacio Rosalinda V. , Kim Hyungjin Myra , Geraci Mark C. , Essenmacher Carol A. , Hall Stephanie V. , Sherman Scott E. , Duffy Sonia A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackground and aimsCost‐effectiveness studies in randomized clinical trials have shown that tobacco cessation pharmacotherapy is among the most cost‐effective of health‐care interventions. Clinical trial eligibility criteria and treatment protocols may not be followed in actual practice. This study aimed to determine whether tobacco cessation pharmacotherapy is cost‐effective in real‐world settings.DesignA retrospective analysis of costs and outcomes.SettingHospitals and clinics of the US Veterans Health Administration, USA.ParticipantsA total of 589 862 US veterans who screened positive for tobacco use in 2011.Intervention and comparatorTobacco users who initiated smoking cessation pharmacotherapy in the 6 months after screening were compared with those who did not use pharmacotherapy in this period. Pharmacotherapy included nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion (if prescribed at 300 mg per day or specifically for tobacco cessation) or varenicline.MeasuresEffectiveness was determined from responses to a subsequent tobacco screening conducted between 7 and 18 months after the treatment observation period. Cost of medications and prescribing health‐care encounters was determined for the period between initial and follow‐up tobacco use screening. Multivariate fixed‐effects regression was used to assess the effect of initial treatment status on cost and outcome while controlling for differences in case‐mix with propensity weighting to adjust for confounding by indication.FindingsThirteen per cent of participants received tobacco cessation pharmacotherapy within 6 months of initial screening. After an average of an additional 218.1 days’ follow‐up, those who initially received pharmacotherapy incurred $143.79 in additional treatment cost and had a 3.1% absolute increase in tobacco quit rates compared with those who were not initially treated. This represents an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of $4705 per quit. The upper limit of the 99.9% confidence region was $5600 per quit. Without propensity adjustment, the cost‐effectiveness ratio was $7144 per quit, with the upper limit of the 99.9% confidence region $9500/quit.ConclusionsTobacco cessation pharmacotherapy provided by the US Veterans Health Administration in 2011/12 was cost‐effective in this real‐world setting, with an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of $4705 per quit.
A quantitative global proteomics approach to understanding the functional pathways dysregulated in the spermatozoa of asthenozoospermic testicular cancer patients
Authors: Panner Selvam M. K. , Agarwal A. , Pushparaj P. N. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundTesticular cancer (TC) is the most common cancer diagnosed in men of reproductive age group. Sperm banking is recommended in these patients prior to cancer treatment. There is no literature describing the proteins dysregulated in the spermatozoa of TC patients with poor motility.ObjectiveThe primary objective of this study was to compare the differences in the sperm proteome of normozoospermic (motility > 40%) and asthenozoospermic (motility < 40%) TC patients who had cryopreserved semen samples before initiating cancer therapy.Materials and methodsPooled sperm samples from healthy fertile men (n = 8), normozoospermic (n = 20), and asthenozoospermic (n = 11) TC patients were used for quantitative global proteomic profiling by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS). The functional bioinformatic analysis was done by ingenuity pathway analysis software. Key differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) associated with binding of zona pellucida (CCT3), mitochondrial dysfunction (ATP5A1 and UQCRC2), sperm motility (ATP1A4), and an exosomal protein involved in the metabolic process of the spermatozoa (MMP9) were validated using Western blot analysis by comparing normozoospermic (n = 10) with asthenozoospermic (n = 10) TC patients. Statistical analysis was conducted using Mann–Whitney test.ResultsA total of 813 and 957 proteins were detected in spermatozoa of normozoospermic and asthenozoospermic TC patients, respectively. On the other hand, 1139 proteins were detected in the spermatozoa of healthy fertile men. 198 proteins were identified as DEPs between TC patients with normal and abnormal semen parameters. Validation of DEPs revealed downregulation of key proteins (CCT3, ATP1A4, ATP5A1, and UQCRC2) implicated in the reproductive function in asthenozoospermic TC patients.DiscussionDEPs involved in the reproductive function pathways suggest defective spermatogenesis and maturation process in asthenozoospermic TC patients. Furthermore, dysfunctional exosomal pathway may be a possible cause of infertility in TC patients.ConclusionThe proteins associated with sperm function and fertilization process are compromised in TC patients irrespective of their semen parameters.
Continuous positive airway pressure in children with severe pneumonia and hypoxaemia in Papua New Guinea: an evaluation of implementation
Authors: Pulsan Francis , Sobi Kone , Duke Trevor 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimTo prospectively evaluate the use of bubble continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in children with very severe pneumonia and other acute lower respiratory infections, during its trial introduction in a low resource hospital in Papua New Guinea.MethodsProspective observational study of children treated with CPAP who had severe pneumonia and severe respiratory distress with hypoxaemia (SpO2 <90%). CPAP was driven by oxygen concentrators in which the fraction of inspired oxygen could be adjusted, and using low‐resistance tubing and nasal oxygen prongs.ResultsA total of 64 children were commenced on CPAP: 29 (45.3%) survived and were discharged well, 35 (54.7%) died. Prior to commencing CPAP, the median SpO2 was 78% (IQR 53.3–86.8%), at one hour SpO2 was 92% (IQR 80–97.75%, n = 64), and at 84 hours (3½ days) 98% (IQR 93–98%, n = 29), in survivors at each of these time points. A higher SpO2 at one hour after commencement of CPAP predicted survival (p = 0.013), and human immunodeficiency virus infection was an independent predictors of death (p = 0.017). Technical and clinical problems encountered are described.ConclusionBubble CPAP improved oxygenation and reduced the severity of respiratory distress in some children with severe pneumonia; however, mortality was high reflecting high severity of illness and comorbidities. CPAP requires a quality system to be safe and effective.
Parent satisfaction before and after implementing of a developmental screening tool in nine well‐baby clinics in Norway
Authors: Valla Lisbeth , Slinning Kari , Wentzel‐Larsen Tore 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimThe aim of the study was to compare parental satisfaction items before and after the implementation of The Ages & Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) as part of the health check‐up.MethodsASQ was implemented in regular health check‐ups of infants up to two years of age in 9 Norwegian well‐baby clinics. After the infant's two years' health check‐ups, a questionnaire‐based survey among 652 families before and 562 families after intervention was conducted. Descriptive analyses and ordinal logistic regression were used to report and compare parental satisfaction items before and after the project.ResultsParents reported high satisfaction with well‐baby services both before and after the implementation of ASQ, and ninety‐six per cent recommended other well‐baby clinics to use ASQ. Some significant differences appeared, before the implementation of ASQ, parents were more satisfied with the support they received regarding parenting and child development in general and information about the child's physical health. After ASQ was implemented, parents were significantly more satisfied with the information they received about ‘the child's mental health’.ConclusionDevelopmental screening in well‐baby clinics in Norway is acceptable among parents with young children. The use of standardised instruments must not come at the expense of listening to parents’ concerns.
Disulfide engineering on temporin‐SHf: Stabilizing the bioactive conformation of an ultra‐short antimicrobial peptide
Authors: Dolle Ashwini , Nagati Veera Babu , Hunashal Yamanappa , Krishnamurthy Kiran , Pasupulati Anil Kumar , Raghothama Srinivasarao , Gowd Konkallu Hanumae 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn Silico searching for short antimicrobial peptides has revealed temporin‐SHf as the short (8AA), hydrophobic, broad spectrum, and natural antimicrobial peptide. Important drawback associated with temporin‐SHf is the susceptibility of its bioactive conformation for denaturation and proteolytic degradation. In the current report, disulfide engineering strategy has been adopted to improve the stability of bioactive conformation of temporin‐SHf. The functionally non‐critical Leu4 and Ile7 residues at i and i + 3 position of helical conformation of temporin‐SHf were mutated with cysteine disulfide. Designed [L4C, I7C]temporin‐SHf was synthesized, characterized using NMR spectroscopy, and accessed for antimicrobial activity. [L4C, I7C]Temporin‐SHf adopts helical conformation from Phe3 to Phe8 in the absence of membrane‐mimetic environment and retains broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. The reduction potential of cysteine disulfide of [L4C, I7C]temporin‐SHf is −289 mV. Trypsin‐induced digestion and serum‐induced digestion have confirmed the advantage of cysteine disulfide in imparting proteolytic stability to temporin‐SHf. Disulfide‐stabilized temporin‐SHf may serve as a good model for the rational design of temporin‐SHf based antibiotics for treatment of infectious diseases.
Approaches for the discovery of metallo‐β‐lactamase inhibitors: A review
Authors: Shi Cheng , Chen Jiaxing , Kang Xinyue , Shen Xutong , Lao Xingzhen , Zheng Heng 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAfter more than 80 years of development, β‐lactam drugs have become the most widely used high‐efficiency, low‐toxic broad‐spectrum antibacterial drugs. However, with the widespread use and even abuse of those drugs, the resistance of major pathogens to β‐lactam drugs has increased over years, which has become a thorny problem to the public health. A common mechanism of the resistance to β‐lactams is the producing of β‐lactamases, which can hydrolyze the β‐lactam ring and inactivate these drugs. Metallo‐β‐lactamases (MBLs) are one kind of β‐lactamases that require metal ions for their catalytic activities. Although it is a well‐known strategy to recover the efficacy of β‐lactams by the combination of β‐lactamase inhibitors, there are still no MBL inhibitors that can be used in clinical practice. Therefore, it is urgent to develop MBL inhibitors. This review outlines the currently discovered MBL inhibitors with an emphasis on various strategies and approaches taken to discover MBL inhibitors, which may lead to diverse classes of inhibitors. Recent progress, particularly new screening methods, and the rational design of potent MBL inhibitors are discussed.
Regulatory T cell features in chronic granulomatous disease
Authors: van de Geer A , Cuadrado E , Slot MC , van Bruggen R , Amsen D , Kuijpers TW 
Published: March 2019

Summary
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in any of the genes encoding the phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase system, responsible for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). CGD is marked by invasive bacterial and fungal infections and by autoinflammation/autoimmunity, of which the exact pathophysiology remains elusive. Contributing factors include decreased neutrophil apoptosis, impaired apoptotic neutrophil clearance, increased proinflammatory protein expression and reduced ROS-mediated inflammasome dampening. We have explored a fundamentally different potential mechanism: it has been reported that macrophage-mediated induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) depends on ROS production. We have investigated whether numerical or functional deficiencies exist in Tregs of CGD patients. As the prevalence of autoinflammation/autoimmunity differs between CGD subtypes, we have also investigated Tregs from gp91phox-, p47phox- and p40phox-deficient CGD patients separately. Results show that Treg numbers and suppressive capacities are not different in CGD patients compared to healthy controls, with the exception that in gp91phox-deficiency effector Treg (eTreg) numbers are decreased. Expression of Treg markers CD25, inducible T cell co-stimulator (ICOS), Helios, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) did not provide any clue for differences in Treg functionality or activation state. No correlation was seen between eTreg numbers and patients' clinical phenotype. To conclude, the only difference between Tregs from CGD patients and healthy controls is a decrease in circulating eTregs in gp91phox-deficiency. In terms of autoinflammation/autoimmunity, this group is the most affected. However, upon culture, patient-derived Tregs showed a normal phenotype and normal functional suppressor activity. No other findings pointed towards a role for Tregs in CGD-related autoinflammation/autoimmunity.
The All‐on‐4 treatment concept for the rehabilitation of the completely edentulous mandible: A longitudinal study with 10 to 18 years of follow‐up
Authors: Maló Paulo , de Araújo Nobre Miguel , Lopes Armando , Ferro Ana , Botto João 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundThere is a need for studies evaluating the long term outcomes of the All‐on‐4 treatment concept.PurposeTo evaluate the long term clinical and radiographic outcomes of the All‐on‐4 treatment concept in the mandible.Materials and MethodsThis retrospective longitudinal case series study included 471 patients (women: 286, men: 185, average age = 57.7 years) rehabilitated with 1884 implants in immediate function supporting 471 fixed full‐arch mandibular prostheses and followed for 10 to 18 years. Primary outcome measures were prosthetic survival and implant success and survival (estimated using life tables). Secondary outcome measures were marginal bone loss (MBL) at 10 and 15 years, biological and mechanical complications. Multivariable analysis was used to estimate potential risk indicators for implant failure (Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI)), MBL > 3 mm at 10 and 15 years, biological and mechanical complications (binary logistic regression to estimate odds ratios [ORs] with 95%CI).ResultsTwenty‐seven patients deceased (5.7%) and 149 patients (31.6%) were lost to follow‐up. The cumulative prosthetic survival rate was 98.8%; the implant cumulative survival and success rate was 93% and 91.7%, respectively up to 18 years of follow‐up. Previous biological complications (HR = 4.43) were significantly associated with implant failure. Average (95% CI) MBL at 10‐ and 15‐years were 1.72 mm (95%CI: 1.59, 1.85) and 2.32 mm (95% CI: 1.98, 2.66). Smoking (OR = 2.72), previous failure of a contiguous implant (OR = 3.89) and biological complication (OR = 8.11) were associated with MBL > 3 mm. The incidence of biological complications was 11.8% at implant level, with previous failure of a contiguous implant (OR = 5.56), smoking (OR = 1.75), and systemic condition (OR = 1.65) were significantly associated. The incidence of mechanical complications was 36.7% with male gender (OR = 1.67) and type of prosthetic material used in the restoration significantly associated (metal‐acrylic OR = 0.30; metal‐ceramic OR = 0.22)).ConclusionsConsidering the implant, prosthetic and MBL outcomes it is concluded that the All‐on‐4 is a viable treatment option validated in the long term. Nevertheless, biological and mechanical complications can occur.