bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peer assisted learning model to support students’ success in a complex science course
Authors: Osborne Kathryn , Othman Maha 
Published: August 2019

The application of peer learning models, including Peer Assisted Learning (PAL), has been primarily in the clinical and simulation settings with the focus on readiness for clinical and professional practice. We present a single center experience with the design, structure and implementation of an in-house PAL tutorial in a Pathophysiology; a complex mandatory 12 weeks science course taken by 2nd-year students. This experience represents a phase and progression towards a more coherent model. In phase I, a short survey was conducted to gauge the students’ interest and assess the feasibility of a tutorial model. In Phase II and III, PAL tutorials were introduced and implemented over the course of two semesters for two cohorts of students. Phase I provided sufficient evidence to proceed with tutorial development, and provided guidance for tutorial planning and implementation. Phase II and III showed tutorial participation gradually increased over time. We have integrated complexity science as a theoretical basis that guided the study and unified the findings throughout the study. The tutorials helped students to integrate concepts from related courses, encouraged them to find similarities, and enhanced overall understanding of course content, while providing a support system to reduce anxiety and stress. The use of online material and a concept mapping approach received the most significant positive feedback as learning tools. We believe the PAL approach is important to tutorial development and, when implemented within the theoretical model of complexity science, may carry potential in developing nursing or other curricula. Further research into the application of tutorial models more broadly in nursing education curriculum is necessary to determine more coherently the unique design characteristics required.
Effects of Post–Isometric Relaxation on Ankle Plantarflexion and Timed Flutter Kick in Pediatric Competitive Swimmers
Authors: Noto-Bell Lauren , Vogel Brittany N. , Senn Danielle E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Context
Ankle plantarflexion is thought to play an important role in swimming performance; thus, coaches and swimmers often seek ways to increase range of motion (ROM) in the ankles.

Objective
To assess whether osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT), specifically applying the muscle energy technique (MET) principle of post–isometric relaxation, increases ankle plantarflexion and therefore improves swimming performance.

Methods
Healthy young male and female competitive swimmers were randomly assigned to either a control, sham, or MET group. At baseline, ankle plantarflexion was measured via goniometer, and a 25-yard flutter kick swim with a kickboard was timed. After receiving the ascribed intervention, the ankle plantarflexion measurements and timed flutter kick were repeated. The initial plantarflexion measurement was retrospectively used to determine the presence of somatic dysfunction, by way of restricted motion, with reference to expected normal ranges based on age and gender. Paired t tests were used to analyze the pre- to postintervention changes in ROM and flutter kick speed within each group.

Results
Fifty-five swimmers (32 girls and 23 boys; mean age, 12 years) participated in this study. Sixteen participants were in the control group, 17 in the sham group, and 22 in the MET intervention group. Among participants with restricted ROM, those in the MET group showed a statistically significant increase in ankle plantarflexion for the left and right ankles (P=.041 and P=.011, respectively). There was no significant difference in ROM of the control or sham groups. For flutter kick speed, there was no significant pre- to postintervention difference in any group.

Conclusion
Although a single application of MET, using post–isometric relaxation, on participants with restricted ROM immediately significantly increased swimmers’ ROM for bilateral ankle plantarflexion, it did not immediately improve their swimming performance.
Introduction to Clerkship: Bridging the Gap Between Preclinical and Clinical Medical Education
Authors: Butts Christopher A. , Speer Jacqueline J. , Brady John J. , Stephenson Ryan J. , Langenau Erik , DiTomasso Robert , Fresa Kerin , Becker Michael , Sesso Arthur 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Despite a diverse range of curricular advancements to address the difficult transition from classroom learning to clinical training during medical education, hurdles persist. A 4-week course was designed at the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine (PCOM) to make this transition easier.

Objectives
To determine whether PCOM students’ comfort and preparedness increased after taking a 4-week clinical transition course before third-year clinical clerkships, and to determine whether faculty perceptions of student preparedness and comfort were improved after participation in the course compared with previous third-year students.

Methods
Second-year osteopathic medical students at PCOM participated in a 4-week course, Introduction to Clinical Clerkship (I2C). The course included 16 small-group exercises, which all took place before students began their third-year clerkship rotations. The exercises in the course extended beyond the skills learned during their classroom years. Students were given a pre- and postcourse survey to evaluate their comfort level with 58 different aspects of clinical practice. Participating faculty were surveyed to evaluate their perception of student preparedness and comfort compared with previous third-year students who had not undergone the exercise.

Results
After completing the I2C course, third-year osteopathic medical students (n=232) reported increased comfort with 57 of the 58 learning objectives and each of the 5 coded clinical competency areas (patient assessment, effective communication, hospital logistics, procedural skills, and core knowledge) (P<.01). Preceptors reported that students who completed the I2C course were more prepared (54.5%) and more comfortable (63.4%) with clinical duties, as compared with their recollections of previous third-year osteopathic medical students.

Conclusion
Within the 5 competencies, students on average felt more comfortable and were perceived by faculty as better prepared than previous students who had not taken the I2C course. The establishment of a preclinical transition exercise appears to help bridge the gap between the preclinical and clinical years. This learning model allows medical students to feel both more comfortable and better prepared throughout the transition from classroom learning to clinical rotations.
Intriguing Mixed Pathologic Features in a Case of Dementia With Lewy Bodies
Authors: Balin Brian J. , Hammond Christine J. , Galluzzi Katherine E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Neuropathologic confirmation of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) involves labeling cytoplasmic Lewy body inclusions for α-synuclein in cortical and subcortical neurons. The authors studied the postmortem brain of a 78-year-old man who had a diagnosis of DLB by exclusion. The patient had symptoms ascribed to DLB that included fluctuating cognitive changes in attention and executive function with progression to dementia, visual hallucinations, and parkinsonism. Sections from the olfactory bulbs and cortical and subcortical regions were stained with periodic acid-Schiff, as well as immunolabeled with antibodies specific for α-synuclein, tau protein, β-amyloid 1-42, and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Most regions demonstrated mixed neuropathologic features, and α-synuclein was notable in Lewy bodies in the amygdala and hippocampus. Periodic acid-Schiff–positive staining was noted in bodies in the amygdala and olfactory bulbs. In this case of DLB, neuropathologic inclusions were consistent with the disease diagnosis, but also with Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, such as polyglucosan body disease.
Evaluation of Different Nutritional and Soil Sources Fertilizers on the Early Growth of Moringa oleifera (Lam)
Authors: Ojo M. O. 
Published: August 2019

In any plantation establishment programme there should be adequate number of healthy seedlings and this depends on the nutrition and care given to them at the nursery stage. Pot experiment was conducted to assess the response of Moringa oleifera (Lam) seedlings to different soil and nutritional sources at nursery stage. One hundred seeds were obtained from Centre for Environmental Renewable Resources Research and Development (CENRAD) Ibadan, Nigeria and sown in germination trays. Seed germination was completed between 10-15 days, 36 uniformly growing seedlings were transplanted into polythene pots of size 29×25 cm and were filled with different soil sources at 500 gm (arable) soil, forest reserve soil and natural forest mixed with nutritional sources of the same ratio (10 gm) i.e. poultry manure, cow dung and N.P.K 15.15.15. The experiment was factorial arranged in a completely randomized design. Result showed that pots with natural forest soil mixed with 10 gm N.P.K (s3f3) produced seedlings with highest value In plant height (76.30 cm), stem diameter (3.47 mm) and number of branches (10.00) which was significantly different (p< 0.01) from the other treatments. The least value in plant height (30.70 cm) stem diameter (1.50 mm) and number of branches (3.3) were recorded in pots with forest reserve soil mixed with cow dung (s2f2). Interaction effect of soil and nutritional sources were significant for all the growth parameters assessed (p<0.01). Results showed that Natural forest soils treated with N.P.K 15.15.15 could be employed in raising Moringa oleifera seedlings at nursery stage for optimum performance.
Biochemical pathway for the biosynthesis of the CuA center in bacterial cytochrome c oxidase
Authors: Canonica Fabia , Hennecke Hauke , Glockshuber Rudi 
Published: August 2019

The di‐copper center CuA is an essential metal cofactor in cytochrome oxidase (Cox) of mitochondria and many prokaryotes, mediating one‐electron transfer from cytochrome c to the site for oxygen reduction. CuA is located in subunit II (CoxB) of Cox and protrudes into the periplasm of Gram‐negative bacteria or the mitochondrial intermembrane space. How the two copper ions are brought together to build CoxB·CuA is the subject of this review. It had been known that the reductase TlpA and the metallochaperones ScoI and PcuC are required for CuA formation in bacteria, but the mechanism of copper transfer has emerged only recently for the Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens system. It consists of the following steps: (a) TlpA keeps the active site cysteine pair of CoxB in its dithiol state as a prerequisite for metal insertion; (b) ScoI·Cu2+ rapidly forms a transient complex with apo‐CoxB; (c) PcuC, loaded with Cu1+ and Cu2+, dissociates this complex to CoxB·Cu2+, and a second PcuC·Cu1+·Cu2+ transfers Cu1+ to CoxB·Cu2+, yielding mature CoxB·CuA. Variants of this pathway might exist in other bacteria or mitochondria.
Membrane‐Free Detection of Metal Cations with an Organic Electrochemical Transistor
Authors: Wustoni Shofarul , Combe Craig , Ohayon David , Akhtar Mahmood Hassan , McCulloch Iain , Inal Sahika 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAlkali‐metal ions, particularly sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), are the messengers of living cells, governing a cascade of physiological processes through the action of ion channels. Devices that can monitor, in real time, the concentrations of these cations in aqueous media are in demand not only for the study of cellular machinery, but also to detect conditions in the human body that lead to electrolyte imbalance. In this work, conducting polymers are developed that respond rapidly and selectively to varying concentrations of Na+ and K+ in aqueous media. These polymer films, bearing crown‐ether‐functionalized thiophene units specific to either Na+ or K+, generate an electrical output proportional to the cation type and concentration. Using electropolymerization, the ion‐selective polymers are integrated as the gate electrode of an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT). The OECT current changes with respect to the concentration of the ion to which the polymer electrode is selective. Designed as a single, miniaturized chip, the OECT enables the selective detection of the cations within a physiologically relevant range. These electrochemical ion sensors require neither ion‐selective membranes nor a reference electrode to operate and have the potential to surpass existing technologies for the detection of alkali‐metal ions in aqueous media.
Design of Ultrastiff Organosilicate Hybrid Glasses
Authors: Kilic Karsu I. , Dauskardt Reinhold H. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHyperconnected hybrid organosilicate glass networks formed by hyperstiff precursor molecules with certain geometrical characteristics can lead to exceptional elastic properties superior to that of fully dense silica. Carbon‐ and silicon‐containing precursors with defined molecular planarity are introduced and a new design strategy where both the network connectivity and the precursor geometry are effectively utilized to enhance elastic properties is proposed. The geometrical features rendering a precursor molecule as hyperstiff are identified through molecular dynamics simulations and constraint analyses by calculating the degree of nonaffine deformations. Nonaffine deformations have not been previously examined for organosilicate hybrid glass networks and are a fundamental new approach to reveal the combined impact of precursor geometry and connectivity on the mechanical behavior of hybrid glass networks.
Forming Covalent Crosslinks between Polymer‐Grafted Nanoparticles as a Route to Highly Filled and Mechanically Robust Nanocomposites
Authors: Kubiak Joshua M. , Macfarlane Robert J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractFiller aggregation in polymer matrix nanocomposites leads to inhomogeneity in particle distribution and deterioration of mechanical properties. The use of polymer‐grafted nanoparticles (PGNPs) with polymers directly attached to the particle surfaces precludes aggregation of the filler. However, solids composed of PGNPs are mechanically weak unless the grafted chains are long enough to form entanglements between particles, and requiring long grafts limits the achievable filler density of the nanocomposite. In this work, long, entangled grafts are replaced with short reactive polymers that form covalent crosslinks between particles. Crosslinkable PGNPs, referred to as XNPs, can be easily processed from solution and subsequently cured to yield a highly filled yet mechanically robust composite. In this specific instance, silica nanoparticles are grafted with poly(glycidyl methacrylate), cast into films, and crosslinked with multifunctional amines at elevated temperatures. Indentation and scratch experiments show significant enhancement of hardness, modulus, and scratch resistance compared to non‐crosslinked PGNPs and to crosslinked polymer films without nanoparticle reinforcement. Loadings of up to 57 wt% are achieved while yielding uniform films that deform locally in a predominantly elastic manner. XNPs therefore potentially allow for the formulation of robust nanocomposites with a high level of functionality imparted by the selected filler particles.
Facile and Versatile Functionalization of Two‐Dimensional Carbon Nitrides by Design: Magnetism/Multiferroicity, Valleytronics, and Photovoltaics
Authors: Li Lei , Wu Menghao , Zeng Xiao Cheng 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAb initio calculation evidence has shown that two‐dimensional (2D) carbon nitrides may enable “facile functionalization” when a domain of carbon nitride is wetted by a solution of metal halides with mobile cations/anions. During the wetting process, each cavity can be functionalized by a unit of metal halide. Compared with prevailing functionalization or doping strategies through either high‐temperature diffusion of source ions or ion implantation by using accelerators, such a room‐temperature “wet‐lab” functionalization approach is more facile and efficient. The wet‐lab functionalization not only can facilitate isolation of the 2D monolayer, but also, with applying different metal halides, enable various new and desirable properties for broad applications, e.g., 2D magnetism and 2D ferroelectricity with high piezoelectric coefficient. The latter can be implemented in spin‐independent valleytronics for non‐volatile electrical manipulations. Notably, tunable bandgaps, ranging from 1.0 to 2.5 eV, can be realized by controlling the metal‐halide functionalization density, while the separation of electrons/holes can be facilitated by the ferroelectric polarizations and heterostructure band alignments. Moreover, multifunctional domains like P/N doped or magnetic/ferroelectric domains can be selectively constructed through such solution‐processed functionalization with different halides, followed by seamless integration into a single sheet of carbon nitride, akin to the P/N channels in silicon wafers.
Quasi‐Single‐Crystalline ZnGa2O4Films via Solid Phase Epitaxy for Enhancing Deep‐Ultraviolet Photoresponse
Authors: Chen Po‐Wei , Huang Shiau‐Yuan , Yuan Shuo‐Huang , Chen Yi‐An , Hsiao Po‐Wen , Wuu Dong‐Sing 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe complex‐oxide materials are multifunctional materials, which have wide applications to the semiconductor and microelectronic fields. The ZnGa2O4having a wide bandgap of 5.1 eV is one of the promising materials for deep‐ultraviolet photodetector (PD) applications. The ZnGa2O4films are deposited by using conventional radio‐frequency magnetron sputtering which is extensively employed in the industry. However, the as‐deposited ZnGa2O4films show the disordered nanocrystalline structure, resulting in the relatively poor performance. Since the Zn atoms can diffuse out of the film structure during the annealing, the ZnGa2O4material is difficult to get the single‐crystalline structure by using the sputtering method. Here, the solid‐phase epitaxy method is used for crystallizing the ZnGa2O4structure via rapid thermal annealing process. The disordered crystal grains as incubated seeds are obtained in the as‐deposited ZnGa2O4film at the substrate temperature of 400 °C. Further annealing under the temperature of 700 °C in 1 min, the ZnGa2O4film structure approaches the quasi‐single‐crystalline ZnGa2O4structure, which is evidenced by checking the transmission electron microscopy. The responsivity of annealed ZnGa2O4PDs can reach 2.53 A W−1(at 240 nm and 5 V), which shows a relative enhancement of 256% compared with the as‐deposited ZnGa2O4PDs.
Mechanisms and Dynamics of Mineral Dissolution: A New Kinetic Monte Carlo Model
Authors: Martin Pablo , Manzano Hegoi , Dolado Jorge S. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMineral dissolution is a fundamental process in geochemistry and materials science. It is controlled by the complex interplay of atomic level mechanisms like adatoms and terraces removal, pit opening, and spontaneous vacancy creation that can be gradually activated at different energies. Though the development of a comprehensive atomistic model is key to go deeper into the understanding of this phenomenon, existing models have failed to reproduce the abrupt dependence of the dissolution rate with the Gibbs free energy (). Herein, a new atomistic kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) model is presented, which, invoking the microscopic reversibility of chemical reactions, captures the experimentally observed sigmoid dependence of the dissolution rate and provides new insights on the concomitant dissolution mechanisms. As a salient result, the model predicts the possible existence of unreported close‐to‐equilibrium dissolution modes where spontaneous vacancies creation and pit opening can occur before adatom and terrace removal.
Titanium(IV) Inclusion as a Versatile Route to Photoactivity in Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Mancuso Jenna L. , Hendon Christopher H. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTitanium‐containing metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are known to perform light‐promoted chemical transformations. Formation of these frameworks, accessed either natively or via transmetallation, can instill beneficial photocatalytic properties in previously photo‐inert scaffolds. Band edge diagrams coupled with their density of states illustrate the persistent nature of the accessible titanium d‐states at the conduction band edge, independent of linker identity. In essentially all of these Ti‐containing frameworks, the valence band edge localizes on the organic component, permitting facile modulation of the band gap. In sum, the spatial separation of photogenerated excitons will be observed in both the native and titanium(IV)‐substituted MOFs, and this exciton pair is useful in photocatalysis.
Self‐Assembled Flexible and Integratable 3D Microtubular Asymmetric Supercapacitors
Authors: Li Fei , Wang Jinhui , Liu Lixiang , Qu Jiang , Li Yang , Bandari Vineeth Kumar , Karnaushenko Daniil , Becker Christian , Faghih Maryam , Kang Tong , Baunack Stefan , Zhu Minshen , Zhu Feng , Schmidt Oliver G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe rapid development of microelectronics has equally rapidly increased the demand for miniaturized energy storage devices. On‐chip microsupercapacitors (MSCs), as promising power candidates, possess great potential to complement or replace electrolytic capacitors and microbatteries in various applications. However, the areal capacities and energy densities of the planar MSCs are commonly limited by the low voltage window, the thin layer of the electrode materials and complex fabrication processes. Here, a new‐type three‐dimensional (3D) tubular asymmetric MSC with small footprint area, high potential window, ultrahigh areal energy density, and long‐term cycling stability is fabricated with shapeable materials and photolithographic technologies, which are compatible with modern microelectronic fabrication procedures widely used in industry. Benefiting from the novel architecture, the 3D asymmetric MSC displays an ultrahigh areal capacitance of 88.6 mF cm−2 and areal energy density of 28.69 mW h cm−2, superior to most reported interdigitated MSCs. Furthermore, the 3D tubular MSCs demonstrate remarkable cycling stability and the capacitance retention is up to 91.8% over 12 000 cycles. It is believed that the efficient fabrication methodology can be used to construct various integratable microscale tubular energy storage devices with small footprint area and high performance for miniaturized electronics.
Time‐Tailoring van der Waals Heterostructures for Human Memory System Programming
Authors: Chen Huawei , Liu Chunsen , Wu Zuheng , He Yongli , Wang Zhen , Zhang Heng , Wan Qing , Hu Weida , Zhang David Wei , Liu Ming , Liu Qi , Zhou Peng 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe human memory system plays an indispensable role in oblivion, learning, and memorization. Implementing a memory system within electronic devices contributes an important step toward constructing a neuromorphic system that emulates advanced mental functions of the human brain. Given the complex time‐tailoring requirement, integrating a human memory system into one system is a great challenge. Here, one van der Waals heterostructure with flexible time‐tailoring ability is demonstrated, which can meet the high requirement of human memory system programming. By stacking volatile and nonvolatile function layers, all basic memory types, including sensory memory, short‐term and long‐term memory are integrated into the device and the transition between these memory types are flexible. Moreover, decision‐making action and in situ result storage are also demonstrated. It is anticipated that the demonstrated time‐tailoring system will support the model of a human memory system.