bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Will more organs save more lives? Cost‐effectiveness and the ethics of expanding organ procurement
Authors: Persad Govind 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe assumption that procuring more organs will save more lives has inspired increasingly forceful calls to increase organ procurement. This project, in contrast, directly questions the premise that more organ transplantation means more lives saved. Its argument begins with the fact that resources are limited and medical procedures have opportunity costs. Because many other lifesaving interventions are more cost‐effective than transplantation and compete with transplantation for a limited budget, spending on organ transplantation consumes resources that could have been used to save a greater number of other lives. This argument has not yet been advanced in debates over expanded procurement and could buttress existing concerns about expanded procurement. To support this argument, I review existing empirical data on the cost‐effectiveness of transplantation and compare them to data on interventions for other illnesses. These data should motivate utilitarians and others whose primary goal is maximizing population‐wide health benefits to doubt the merits of expanding organ procurement. I then consider two major objections: one makes the case that transplant candidates have a special claim to medical resources, and the other challenges the use of cost‐effectiveness to set priorities. I argue that there is no reason to conclude that transplant candidates’ medical interests should receive special priority, and that giving some consideration to cost‐effectiveness in priority setting requires neither sweeping changes to overall health priorities nor the adoption of any specific, controversial metric for assessing cost‐effectiveness. Before searching for more organs, we should first ensure the provision of cost‐effective care.
A prospective cohort study on survival and success of one‐piece mini‐implants with associated changes in oral function: Five‐year outcomes
Authors: Enkling Norbert , Haueter Marius , Worni Andreas , Müller Frauke , Leles Cláudio Rodrigues , Schimmel Martin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate in a prospective cohort study the 5‐year post‐loading survival and success of one‐piece mini dental implants (MDIs) in edentulous subjects with mandibular implant overdentures (IODs) and to report the associated changes of oral function with respect to patient age.Materials and methodsIndependently living edentulous patients were recruited and provided with new complete dentures. After an adaptation period, four one‐piece MDIs (diameter 1.8 mm) were installed in the interforaminal region and immediately loaded. At baseline pre‐operative (BL), as well as at 1‐year and 5‐year follow‐up examinations, chewing efficiency was assessed with a validated color‐mixing ability test and maximum voluntary bite force (MBF) was recorded with a digital force gauge. Implant survival and success were evaluated at 5‐year follow‐up. Non‐parametric tests served to analyze the differences between time points.ResultsTwenty patients participated in the study (5 men and 15 women; age at BL: n = 10 ≤ 65 years and n = 10 > 65 years). All patients were available for a 5‐year follow‐up (n = 2 in their long‐term care facility; n = 1 only by telephone). The survival and success rates were both 100% after 61 ± 5.7 months. Chewing efficiency did not change over the first year (p = 0.167), but was improved at 5 year fup (n = 19) compared to baseline (p = 0.033) and to 1 year (p < 0.001). The MBF (n = 19 at 5‐year follow‐up) increased continuously over time (p < 0.001), but was less pronounced in the older cohort (p = 0.009).ConclusionsMini dental implants seem to be a successful treatment option for edentulous elderly patients with very high survival and success rates, and serve to improve long‐term oral function.
Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome caused by first‐line antituberculosis drugs: Two case reports and a review of the literature
Authors: Coster Alison , Aerts Olivier , Herman Anne , Marot Liliane , Horst Niels , Kenyon Chris , Vlieghe Erika , Hainaut Philippe , Baeck Marie 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundPatients suffering from drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome caused by first‐line antituberculosis drugs often need to be retreated rapidly. Patch tests prior to the reintroduction of antituberculosis drugs are rarely performed.ObjectivesTo highlight those drugs most often involved in DRESS caused by antituberculosis drugs, illustrate the potential value of patch tests to identify these culprit(s), and provide insights into how to rapidly retreat these patients.MethodsA detailed description of the work‐up of two illustrative patients, together with a literature review of similar cases, is provided.ResultsAll first‐line antituberculosis drugs may cause DRESS syndrome, but rifampicin and isoniazid are most frequently involved. Patch tests can be performed sooner than usually advised in the context of DRESS syndrome, and potentially with lower test concentrations, but false‐negative results are possible. Sequential reintroduction of patch test‐negative drugs is feasible, although the dose and order of drugs to be readministered, as well as the use of concomitant systemic corticosteroids, remain a matter of debate.ConclusionPatch tests in the context of DRESS syndrome caused by antituberculosis drugs, despite their shortcomings, may potentially guide rapid retreatment of these patients.
Co‐Creating, Co‐producing and Connecting: Museum Practice Today
Authors: Barnes Pamela , McPherson Gayle 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe argue in this paper that museums have become hybrid spaces, where consumers look and challenge what they see; they form part of what they see; with some aspects of exhibitions now co‐created and co‐produced by the consumer (Kershaw et al. ,b; Solis ). This paper draws on an example from a group that we worked with using performance as a tool to engage a ‘hard to reach’ or ‘socially excluded’ groups. We conclude that by allowing audiences to co‐create and co‐produce exhibitions and performance; this can turn the museum rhetoric of community engagement into practice and create a space that is truly inclusive for the communities it serves. We demonstrate how the possibility of seeing museums as hybrid spaces, which can adapt, can be used for education and entertainment, and how that has in turn led to the transformation of people's lives in a previously socially excluded community.
From Incremental Dispossession to a Cumulative Land Grab: Understanding Territorial Transformation in India's North Karanpura Coalfield
Authors: Oskarsson Patrik , Lahiri‐Dutt Kuntala , Wennström Patrick 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTThis article explores a great contradiction in rural land debates in India: on the one hand, explosive political contestation that is often able to halt proposed land acquisition; on the other, an unprecedented urban‐industrial expansion that is appropriating rural land. The authors argue that land grabbing for mining proceeds in an incremental manner, yet its cumulative effect leads to territorial transformation. To investigate this incremental appropriation, a temporal study of the North Karanpura coal mining tract in eastern India was conducted, combining remote sensing, interviews and official land‐use data. The results reveal a cumulative land grab of thousands of hectares from the late 1980s to the present day as open‐cut coal mines swallow up vast swathes of agricultural fields and forests. The political economy mechanism behind this immense land grab, which to date has gone undetected, consists of three phases: the reservation of the land as a coalfield with multiple coal blocks; the division of the blocks into separate mines; and the flexible expansion of individual mines wherever reduced resistance to land acquisition is encountered. This research indicates that an aggregate analysis of land dynamics can more robustly place the dramatic rearrangements of the Indian countryside within the international land grabbing debate.
Core Health Outcomes in Childhood Epilepsy (CHOICE): Development of a core outcome set using systematic review methods and a Delphi survey consensus
Authors: Crudgington Holly , Rogers Morwenna , Bray Lucy , Carter Bernie , Currier Janet , Dunkley Colin , Gibbon Frances M. , Hughes Dyfrig , Lyle Samantha , Roberts Deborah , Tudur Smith Catrin , Gringras Paul , Pal Deb K. , Morris Christopher 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectiveEstablishing a core set of outcomes to be evaluated and reported in intervention trials aims to improve the usefulness of health research. There is no established core outcome set (COS) for childhood epilepsies. The aim of this study was to select a COS to be used in evaluative research of interventions for children with rolandic epilepsy (RE).MethodsWe followed guidance from the COMET (Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials) Initiative. First, we identified outcomes that had been measured in research through a systematic review. Second, young people with RE, parents, and professionals were invited to take part in a Delphi survey in which participants rated the importance of candidate outcomes. Last, a face‐to‐face meeting was convened to seek consensus on which outcomes were critical to include and to ratify the final COS.ResultsFrom 37 eligible papers in the review, we identified and included 48 candidate outcomes in the survey. We sent invitations to 165 people registered to take part in the survey; of these, 102 (62%) completed Round 1, and 80 (78%) completed Round 2 (three young people, 16 parents, 61 professionals). In Round 2 we included four additional outcomes suggested by participants in Round 1. The consensus meeting included two young people, four parents, and nine professionals who were eligible to vote and ratified the COS as 39 outcomes across 10 domains.SignificanceOur methodology was a proportionate and pragmatic approach toward producing a COS for evaluating research on interventions aiming to improve the health of children with RE.
Itching for an answer: A review of potential mechanisms of scalp itch in psoriasis
Authors: Leon Argentina , Rosen Jordan D. , Hashimoto Takashi , Fostini Anna C. , Paus Ralf , Yosipovitch Gil 
Published: April 2019

AbstractScalp psoriatic itch is a common complaint and often poses a therapeutic challenge. The pathophysiology of this phenomenon is unclear. The unique anatomy of the scalp contains richly innervated hair follicles, abundant vasculature and perifollicular inflammatory cytokines which may all contribute to this common sensory complaint. The mast cell, in particular, is portrayed as one of the main itch conductors for its ability to trigger neurogenic inflammation, activate the peripheral hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal‐axis, process and integrate itch signalling through its interactions with the scalp hair follicles. Herein, we explain and speculate upon potential mechanisms underlying itchy scalp psoriasis, involving interconnections between the neuroimmune, neurovascular and neuroendocrine systems. Many factors may play roles in itchy scalp psoriasis including the scalp hair structure, immune system, endocrine system, nervous system and vascular system. These may warrant further exploration as therapeutic targets that go beyond the application of mere anti‐inflammatory agents.
MHC class I polymorphic Alu insertion (POALIN) allele and haplotype frequencies in the Arabs of the United Arab Emirates and other world populations
Authors: Kulski Jerzy K. , Mawart Aurelie , Marie Kirsten , Tay Guan K. , AlSafar Habiba S. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPolymorphic Alu insertions (POALINs) are found throughout the human genome and have been used in various studies to infer geographic origin of human populations. The main aim of this study was to determine the allele and haplotype frequencies of five POALINs, AluHF, AluHG, AluHJ, AluTF and AluMICB, within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I region of 95 UAE Arabs, and correlate their frequencies to those of the HLA‐A, HLA‐C and HLA‐B class I allele lineages. Evolutionary relationships between the POALINs of the Arabs and those previously studied in populations of African, Asian and European descent were compared. At each of the five Alu loci (AluHF, AluHG, AluHJ, AluTF and AluMICB), Alu insertion was designated as Alu(locus)*02 and absence was Alu(locus)*01. The AluHG insertion (AluHG*02) had the highest frequency (0.332), followed by AluHF*02 (0.300), AluHJ*02 (0.263), AluMICB*02 (0.111) and AluTF*02 (0.058). Of the 270 Alu‐HLA haplotypes pairs in the UAE Arabs, 110 had no Alu insertion, and 54 had an Alu insertion at >50% per haplotype. An Alu insertion >75% per haplotype was found between AluMICB*02 and HLA‐B*14, HLA‐B*22, HLA‐B*44, HLA‐B*55, HLA‐B*57 and HLA‐B*73, and with HLA‐C*01 and HLA‐C*18; AluHJ*02 with HLA‐A*01, HLA‐A*19, HLA‐A*24 and HLA‐A*32; AluHG*02 with HLA‐A*02 and HLA‐B*18; and AluHF*02 with HLA‐A*10. The genotyped allele and haplotype frequencies of the MHC POALINs in UAE Arabs were compared with the results of 30 previously published Asian, European, American and African populations. Phylogenetic and multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis of the relative MHC POALINs allele and haplotype frequencies revealed that the UAE Arabs have a similar lineage to Caucasians and the most distant genetic relationship to the Waorani native American population of Ecuador. The structure of both the phylogenetic tree and the MDS analysis supports the Out of Africa theory of human evolution. The nature of the clusters suggests the Arabian Middle East represents a crossroads from which human populations migrated towards Asia in the east and Europe to the north‐west.
The double burden of food insecurity and obesity among Latino youth: Understanding the role of generational status
Authors: Flórez Karen R. , Katic Bozena J. , López‐Cevallos Daniel F. , Murillo Rosenda , Cancel‐Tirado Doris , Aponte‐Soto Lisa , Echeverria Sandra E. 
Published: April 2019

SummaryBackgroundObesity is linked to food insecurity and generational status; however, little is known about how both impact obesity risk among Latino youth.ObjectiveTo investigate the joint effect of generational status and food insecurity on obesity prevalence among Latino youth.MethodsWe pooled data from the 2011 to 2017 waves of the National Health Interview Survey to derive a sample Latino youth aged 12 to 17 (N = 7532). Four generational categories were constructed: first generation (foreign‐born children); second generation (US‐born child; foreign‐born parent[s]); 2.5 generation (US‐born child; one foreign‐born parent and one US‐born parent); third generation (US‐born child; U.S.‐born parent[s]). Food insecurity was defined by monthly instances of food scarcity over the past year. Obesity was measured using age‐ and sex‐specific body mass index percentile cut‐offs. Log‐binomial multivariable regression models estimated the association between generational status and food insecurity categories on obesity.ResultsObesity percentages among food‐insecure households ranged from 12.8% in the first generation, 15.8% in the second, 24.3% in the 2.5, and 19.2% in the third. In fully adjusted models, 2.5 generation food secure youth had the highest prevalence of obesity (aPR: 1.53; 95% CI, 1.09‐2.16) when compared with first generation food secure youth, followed by third generation food insecure youth (aPR: 1.49; 95% CI, 1.01‐2.20).ConclusionsFood security status is associated with increased obesity prevalence among Latino youth across the generations. Given that obesity is a risk factor for top causes of mortality and morbidity, growing rates among this population is of public health and clinical importance.
Interfacial optimization of SiC nanocomposites reinforced by SiC nanowires with high volume fraction
Authors: Ruan Jing , Yang Jinshan , Dong Shaoming , Yan Jingyi , Zhang Xiangyu , Ding Yusheng , Zhou Haijun , Hu Jianbao 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHigh volume fraction SiC nanowires‐reinforced SiC composites (SiCNWs/SiC) were prepared by hybrid process of chemical vapor infiltration and polymer impregnation/pyrolysis in this research. SiCNWs networks are first to be made promising a high volume fraction (20 vol%), and the pyrolytic carbon (PyC) interphase with 5 nm is designed on SiCNWs surface to optimize the bonding condition between SiCNWs and SiC matrix. Nanoindentation shows a modulus of 494 ± 14 GPa of SiCNWs/SiC composites without interphase comparing to the one with PyC interphase of 452 ± 13 GPa. However, the 3‐point bending test shows a higher strength of the composite with PyC interphase (273 ± 32 MPa) comparing with the one without interphase (240 ± 38 MPa). The fracture surface is observed under SEM, which shows a longer SiCNWs pullout of the composite with PyC interphase. The energy dissipation during the 3‐point bending test is calculated by the length of nanowire pull‐out, it demonstrates that the SiCNWs with PyC interphase possess better performance for toughening composite. Further characterization proves that the PyC interphase can give SiCNWs/SiC composites higher fracture toughness (4.49 ± 0.44 MPa·m1/2) than the composites without interphase (3.66 ± 0.28 MPa·m1/2).
One‐step synthesis of coral‐like high‐entropy metal carbide powders
Authors: Ye Beilin , Ning Shanshan , Liu Da , Wen Tongqi , Chu Yanhui 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe synthesis of high‐entropy metal carbide powders is critical for implementing their extensive applications. However, the one‐step synthesis of high‐entropy metal carbide powders is rarely studied. Herein, the synthesis possibility of high‐entropy metal carbide powders, namely (Zr0.25Ta0.25Nb0.25Ti0.25)C (ZTNTC), via one‐step carbothermal reduction was first investigated theoretically by analyzing chemical thermodynamics and lattice size difference based on the first‐principle calculations, and then the ZTNTC powders with particle size of 0.5‐2 μm were successfully synthesized experimentally. The as‐synthesized powders not only had a single rock‐salt crystal structure of metal carbides, but also possessed high‐compositional uniformity from nanoscale to microscale. More interestingly, they exhibited the distinguished coral‐like morphology with the hexagonal step surface, whose growth was governed by a classical screw dislocation growth mechanism.
1.8–13 μm supercontinuum generation by pumping at normal dispersion regime of As–Se–Te glass fiber
Authors: Wu Zhihao , Yang Lei , Xu Yinsheng , Zhang Peiqing , Nie Qiuhua , Wang Xunsi 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMid‐infrared (MIR) band supercontinuum (SC) light source has highly important application prospects in aerospace, biomedicine, MIR sensing, and pollutant monitoring. As–Se–Te glass has high nonlinear refractive index, wide MIR transmission range and weak crystallization ability. As40Se40Te20 glass fiber is suitable for producing wide MIR–SC spectrum. In this study, purified As40Se40Te20 glass was prepared and unclad and step‐index fibers were drawn. An unclad As40Se40Te20 glass fiber with minimum loss of 1.7 dB/m at 8.8 μm was obtained. By pumping the unclad fiber in the normal dispersion region at 5 μm, we recorded the broadest SC generation spectrum, which covered 1.8–13 μm with a 30 dB spectral flatness, from a fiber with 15 cm length. Besides, As40Se40Te20/As40Se42Te18 step‐index fiber with minimum loss of 5.6 dB/m at 5 μm was drawn from isolation extruded preform. The step‐index fiber was pumped in the normal dispersion region at 5 μm, and the SC spectrum, covering 2.1–11.2 μm with a 40 dB spectral flatness, was recorded from a fiber with 15 cm length. The SC spectrum, which was achieved by pumping the As40Se40Te20 fiber, covered almost all the transparent range of material.
Diversity and composition of the gut microbiota of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farmed in Irish waters
Authors: Fogarty Colin , Burgess Catherine M. , Cotter Paul D. , Cabrera-Rubio Raul , Whyte Paul , Smyth Conor , Bolton Declan J. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Aims
Information on the gut microbiota of salmon is essential for optimizing nutrition while maintaining host health and welfare. This study’s objectives were to characterize the microbiota in the GI tract of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farmed in waters off the west coast of Ireland and to investigate whether there is a difference in microbiota diversity between the proximal and distal regions of the intestine.

Methods and Results
The microbiota from the proximal and distal intestine (PI and DI, respectively) of Atlantic salmon was examined using MiSeq Illumina high-throughput sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. The PI region had greater bacterial diversity than the DI region. Six phyla were present in the DI samples, dominated by Tenericutes and Firmicutes. These six phyla were also amongst the 12 phyla detected in the PI samples. The PI microbiota was dominated by Tenericutes, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. A core microbiota of 20 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) common to both regions was observed.

Conclusions
It was concluded that Tenericutes were the dominant phylum in both PI and DI samples, and the PI region had greater Shannon and Simpson diversity of bacteria. However, further work is required to identify the functionality of the salmon microbiota.

Significance and Impact of the Study
Our study determined the composition and diversity of the intestinal microbiota in adult salmon from a commercial fishery and provides data to improve our understanding of their contributions to the nutrition, health and welfare of Atlantic salmon farmed in Irish waters.
Use of group records of feed intake to select for feed efficiency in rabbit
Authors: Piles Miriam , Sánchez Juan Pablo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractModels for genetic evaluation of feed efficiency (FE) for animals housed in groups when they are either fed ad libitum (F) or on restricted (R) feeding were implemented. Definitions of FE on F included group records of feed intake () and individual records of growth rate (GF) and metabolic weight (MF). Growth rate (GR) as FE measurement on R was used. Data corresponded to 5,336 kits from a rabbit sire line, from 1,255 litters in 14 batches and 667 cages. A five‐trait mixed model (also with metabolic weight on R, MR) was implemented including, for each trait, the systematic effects of batch, body weight at weaning, parity order and litter size; and the random effects of litter, additive genetic and individual. A Bayesian analysis was performed. Conditional traits such as and were obtained from elements of additive genetics ( and ) or phenotypic ( and ) (co)variance matrices. In the first case, heritabilities were low (0.07 and 0.06 for and , respectively) but null genetic correlation between the conditional and conditioning traits is guaranteed. In the second case, heritabilities were higher (0.22 and 0.16 for and , respectively) but the genetic correlation between and was moderate (0.58). Heritability of GR was low (0.08). This trait was negatively correlated with and of animals on F, which indicate a different genetic background. The correlation between GR and GF was also low to moderate (0.48) and the additive variance of GF was almost four times that of GR, suggesting the presence of a substantial genotype by feeding regimen interaction.