bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wavenumber-4 structures observed in the low-latitude ionosphere during low and high solar activity periods using FORMOSAT/COSMIC observations
Authors: Onohara Amelia Naomi , Batista Inez Staciarini , Batista Paulo Prado 
Published: March 2018

Abstract. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the four-peak structure observed in the low-latitude equatorial ionosphere by the FORMOSAT/COSMIC satellites. Longitudinal distributions of NmF2 (the density of the F layer peak) and hmF2 (ionospheric F2-layer peak height) averages, obtained around September equinox periods from 2007 to 2015, were submitted to a bi-spectral Fourier analysis in order to obtain the amplitudes and phases of the main waves. The four-peak structure in the equatorial and low-latitude ionosphere was present in both low and high solar activity periods. This kind of structure possibly has tropospheric origins related to the tidal waves propagating from below that modulate the E-region dynamo, mainly the eastward non-migrating diurnal tide with wavenumber 3 (DE3, E for eastward). This wave when combined with the migrating diurnal tide (DW1, W for westward) presents a wavenumber-4 (wave-4) structure under a synoptic view. Electron densities observed during 2008 and 2013 September equinoxes revealed that the wave-4 structures became more prominent around or above the F-region altitude peak (∼  300–350 km). The four-peak structure remains up to higher ionosphere altitudes (∼  800 km). Spectral analysis showed DE3 and SPW4 (stationary planetary wave with wavenumber 4) signatures at these altitudes. We found that a combination of DE3 and SPW4 with migrating tides is able to reproduce the wave-4 pattern in most of the ionospheric parameters. For the first time a study using wave variations in ionospheric observations for different altitude intervals and solar cycle was done. The conclusion is that the wave-4 structure observed at high altitudes in ionosphere is related to effects of the E-region dynamo combined with transport effects in the F region.
Paleomagnetic constraints on the timing and distribution of Cenozoic rotations in Central and Eastern Anatolia
Authors: Gürer Derya , van Hinsbergen Douwe J. J. , Özkaptan Murat , Creton Iverna , Koymans Mathijs R. , Cascella Antonio , Langereis Cornelis G. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract. To quantitatively reconstruct the kinematic evolution of Central and Eastern Anatolia within the framework of Neotethyan subduction accommodating Africa–Eurasia convergence, we paleomagnetically assess the timing and amount of vertical axis rotations across the Ulukışla and Sivas regions. We show paleomagnetic results from ∼ 30 localities identifying a coherent rotation of a SE Anatolian rotating block comprised of the southern Kırşehir Block, the Ulukışla Basin, the Central and Eastern Taurides, and the southern part of the Sivas Basin. Using our new and published results, we compute an apparent polar wander path (APWP) for this block since the Late Cretaceous, showing that it experienced a ∼ 30–35° counterclockwise vertical axis rotation since the Oligocene time relative to Eurasia. Sediments in the northern Sivas region show clockwise rotations. We use the rotation patterns together with known fault zones to argue that the counterclockwise-rotating domain of south-central Anatolia was bounded by the Savcılı Thrust Zone and Deliler–Tecer Fault Zone in the north and by the African–Arabian trench in the south, the western boundary of which is poorly constrained and requires future study. Our new paleomagnetic constraints provide a key ingredient for future kinematic restorations of the Anatolian tectonic collage.
A Cross-Cultural Interview Study of Singaporean and US General Music Teachers’ “Pedagogical Creativity”
Authors: Abramo Joseph Michael , Tan Leonard 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In this qualitative interview study, we explored the “pedagogical creativity”—the creativity teachers employ in their generation and execution of curricula and instruction—of veteran and novice general music teachers from the United States and Singapore. We prompted participants, 10 from each country, to articulate their underlying philosophies through semistructured interviews. The teachers discussed (a) a diversity of ways they were flexible; (b) varying degrees of embracing and incorporating ambiguity into their teaching; (c) forming novel associative bonds to create curricula, including incorporating the nonmusical identities of themselves and their students into the classroom; and (d) the ways teacher evaluation and policy mandates did or did not affect their teaching. Findings indicated that the veteran teachers were better able to articulate their processes and had more experiences to draw upon. The teachers from the United States and Singapore differed in their attitudes toward incorporating other subject areas into their teaching, but little on all other aspects of pedagogical creativity. We discuss implications to provide a fuller understanding of how teachers and teacher educators may nurture pedagogical creativity.
Animal Research Is an Ethical Issue for Humans as Well as for Animals
Authors: Archibald Kathy 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Animals are used in biomedical research to study disease, develop new medicines, and test them for safety. As the Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics’ review Normalising the Unthinkable acknowledges, many great strides in medicine have involved animals. However, their contribution has not always been positive. Decades of attempts to develop treatments for diseases including asthma, cancer, stroke, and Alzheimer’s using animals have failed to translate to humans, leaving patients with inadequate treatments or without treatments at all. As Normalising the Unthinkable points out, we have to confront the fact that animal research may have hindered progress, at least in some respects. For example, animal tests have been shown to have very little ability to predict the safety of medicines for human patients. A dramatic illustration of this failing is TGN1412, which almost killed 6 clinical trial volunteers in 2006, after crab-eating macaques showed the drug to be safe, even at massive doses. This failing contributes to adverse drug reactions, which are now one of the world’s leading causes of death, killing hundreds of thousands of people every year and hospitalizing millions. A revolution in science and technology has produced a new generation of more relevant and predictive tools, which could be used to create safer medicines more quickly and at less cost: a win-win situation that should be supported by everyone. The obstacle preventing this from happening is governments’ continued insistence on animal testing. Yet the evidence is clear that reliance on animals as surrogate humans puts patients at risk, can delay medical progress, and can cause effective treatments to be wrongly discarded. There is a compelling case to be made that animal research is an ethical issue for humans as well as for animals.
Legality of the World Bank’s Informal Decisions to Expand into the Tax Field, and Implications of These Decisions for Its Legitimacy
Authors: Berkel-Dorlig Uyanga 
Published: March 2018

Legality of the World Bank’s Informal Decisions to Expand into the Tax Field, and Implications of These Decisions for Its Legitimacy
The emergence of global tax governance was triggered by common tax problems, which are now still being faced by international society of nation-states. In the creation of this framework, international institutions have been playing a major role. One of these institutions is the World Bank (Bank). However, those who write about the virtues and vices of the main creators of the framework usually disregard the Bank. This article, therefore, argues that this disregard is not justified because the Bank has also been playing a prominent role. Since two informal decisions taken in the past have contributed to this position of the Bank, the article gives in addition to it answers to the following two related questions: whether these informal decisions of the Bank were legal and if so, what implications, if any, they have for the Bank’s legitimacy.
Proposta de residência em Atenção Domiciliar como área de atuação
Authors: Savassi Leonardo Cançado Monteiro , Melo Cibele Gomes Lima , Gonçalves Daniel Almeida , Oliveira Denize Ornelas Pereira Salvador , Lopes Heitor Rossi , Fregonezi Renata Luciana Hasegawa , Turcotte Sara 
Published: March 2018

A Atenção Domiciliar (AD) configura-se numa área de atuação de diversos especialistas, como Médicos de Família e Comunidade, Geriatras, Pediatras e Internistas. Por suas especificidades e dentro do seu campo de práticas, demanda competências que não estão contempladas isoladamente em nenhuma especialidade médica, sendo que o tempo e a estrutura necessários para a aquisição destas ultrapassa a capacidade de inserção ao longo dos programas atuais. A expansão desta modalidade de cuidados representa uma demanda crescente de formação, exigindo a inclusão da AD como potencial campo de trabalho destes especialistas, concebendo a necessidade de terceiro ano de residência, enquanto área de atuação. Discutem-se as estratégias de formação, campos da prática e estrutura programática, necessários para a consolidação desta proposta. Espera-se que este artigo possa subsidiar a natural construção desta especialidade no âmbito da atuação médica em saúde.
La comprensión infantil de la emoción en el sistema de cuidado
Authors: Sanz Guerra Cristina , Sierra García Purificación 
Published: March 2018

ResumenLa relación madre-hijo se ha estudiado tradicionalmente desde la perspectiva de la teoría del apego. Pero, además, es un fenómeno psicológico y social al que el niño dota de sentido y que trata de comprender. Para explorar la comprensión infantil de esta dimensión de la relación, hemos entrevistado a 85 niños de entre siete y nueve años me­diante una entrevista semiestructurada con cuatro histo­rias, en las que se relacionaban el Sistema de Apego y el Sistema de Cuidado. El análisis de las respuestas de los niños muestra que el 97 % atribuyen malestar en la ma­dre en relación con la vivencia de amenaza del hijo. Los niños de estas edades poseen ya una comprensión del Sistema de Cuidado de la madre en conexión con el Sis­tema de Apego del hijo. La responsabilidad y la empatía de la madre forman parte de las respuestas de los niños de estas edades como activadores de su comportamiento de cuidado y protección hacia el hijo. Las representacio­nes de los niños pueden organizarse en niveles de com­prensión cada vez más sofisticados y complejos. Conocer los sentimientos y motivaciones que los niños atribuyen a la madre en su rol de cuidadora principal y la visión in­fantil de las leyes emocionales que rigen las relaciones afectivas madre-hijo, puede ofrecernos nuevas perspecti­vas acerca de cómo se construyen las relaciones de apego y resultar útil en la detección e intervención en apegos no saludables, en ambos miembros de la díada. AbstractThe mother-child relationship has traditionally been stud­ied from the perspective of attachment theory. But in addition, they are a psychological and social phenome­non to which the child gives meaning and tries to under­stand. To explore the child's understanding of this dimen­sion of the relationship, we interviewed 85 children be­tween 7 and 9 years old through a semi-structured inter­view with four stories, in which the Attachment System and the System of Care were related. The analysis of the children's responses shows that 97 % attribute discomfort in the mother in relation to the experience of threat of the child. Children of these ages already have an understand­ing of the Mother's System of Care in connection with the child's attachment system. The responsibility and empathy of the mother are part of the responses of chil­dren of these ages as activators of their behavior of care and protection for the child. Children´s representations can be organized at increasingly sophisticated and com­plex levels of understanding. Knowing the feelings and motivations that children attribute to the mother in her role of primary caregiver and the child's vision of the emotional laws that govern affective mother-child rela­tionships, can offer us new perspectives on how attach­ment relationships are built and be useful in the detection and intervention in unhealthy attachments, in both mem­bers of the dyad.
Indicadores de calidad de las publicaciones científicas en psicología jurídica
Authors: Osca Lluch Julia , Tortosa Macarena , González-Sala Francisco , Tortosa Francisco 
Published: March 2018

ResumenLas publicaciones científicas son una de las dimensiones básicas de la evaluación de la calidad de la investigación del personal docente e investigador en España. El criterio más utilizado para la evaluación es la publicación de tra­bajos en revistas incluidas en las bases de datos de la Web of Science (WoS) o Scopus. El objetivo de este tra­bajo es conocer que revistas de psicología, que publican trabajos de psicología jurídica, son las que están actual­mente incluidas en las bases de datos Web of Science (WoS) y Scopus, ofrecer un análisis y comparación de los indicadores de calidad de las revistas en estas bases de datos, con el propósito de que los investigadores que trabajan en esta disciplina conozcan la situación de las publicaciones de su campo de conocimiento correspon­diente y facilitarles la mejor elección para publicar. AbstractThe scientific publications are one of the basic dimen­sions of the evaluation of the quality of research of teaching and research personnel in Spain. The most used criterion for the evaluation is the publication of papers in journals included in the Web of Science (WoS) or Sco­pus databases. The objective of this work is to know that psychology journals, which publish works of legal psy­chology, are currently included in the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases, offer an analysis and com­parison of the quality indicators of the journals in these databases, in order that researchers working in this disci­pline know the status of publications in their field of knowledge and provide them with the best choice to publish
A Study on the Hydrodynamic Characteristics of a Synthetic Jet Propelled Underwater Vehicle
Authors: Wang Chao , Lin Yang , Geng Lingbo , Hu Zhiqiang 
Published: March 2018

In this article, the drag characteristics of an underwater vehicle propelled by a synthetic jet (SJ) is numerically studied. The underwater vehicle studied is REMUS Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). The cruising speed studied is up to 10 knots. The actuation parameters of the SJ actuator are the same under different cruising speeds. When the SJ actuator works, the drag of the vehicle changes periodically. The SJ-induced additional pressure drag increases with increasing cruising speed. The additional friction force is negligible. The thrust of the actuator decreases with increasing cruising speed. The thrust outputted by the SJ actuator when used for underwater vehicle propulsion is smaller than the thrust of an isolated actuator. The mathematical model of the additional drag, the model of the thrust, and the velocity distribution is given to assist the analysis in this article.

1. Introduction
The advance in propulsion technique is the key to the evolution of underwater robots. The most common method for underwater robot propulsion is using screw propellers. Thrust is generated through the high speed rotation of the blades. The fluid is accelerated not only in the axial direction but also in the radial direction; however, only fluid acceleration in the axial direction can generate thrust. A significant part of the energy is wasted in the radial direction without thrust generation. As a result, the efficiency of screw propellers is low. Furthermore, the protruded screw propellers induce significant added resistance. This further reduces the total hydrodynamic efficiency of the vehicle.
Nature always inspires the technical revolution in engineering. In nature there exist many marine creatures such as squids adopting jet propulsion. The jet created by squids is called pulsed jet. On the other hand, the jet of screw propellers is called steady jet. Studies about pulsed jet showed that compared with the steady jet, pulsed jet possess higher propulsion efficiency (Krueger 2001; Krueger & Gharib 2003, 2005; Moslemi & Krueger 2010; Lydia et al. 2011; Robert & John 2013). Seikman (1963), Weihs (1977), and recently Krueger and Gharib (2003) have shown that pulsed jets can give rise to a greater average thrust than steady jets of an equivalent mass flow rate. Lydia A. Ruiz, Robert W. Whittlesey, and John O. Dabiri found through experiment that pulsed jet has a propulsion efficiency that is 40% higher than that of steady jet, and a drag-based hydrodynamic efficiency increase more than 70% (Lydia et al. 2011). The mechanism behind this high efficiency is the formation of the vortex. The vortex will induce a radial velocity gradient at the nozzle exit. The velocity distribution becomes more ununiform compared with steady jet. As a result, the pressure at the nozzle exit will increase. This is observed by Krueger through experiment.
The contribution of Earth observation technologies to the reporting obligations of the Habitats Directive and Natura 2000 network in a protected wetland
Authors: Regos Adrián , Domínguez Jesús 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundWetlands are highly productive systems that supply a host of ecosystem services and benefits. Nonetheless, wetlands have been drained and filled to provide sites for building houses and roads and for establishing farmland, with an estimated worldwide loss of 64–71% of wetland systems since 1900. In Europe, the Natura 2000 network is the cornerstone of current conservation strategies. Every six years, Member States must report on implementation of the European Habitats Directive. The present study aims to illustrate how Earth observation (EO) technologies can contribute to the reporting obligations of the Habitats Directive and Natura 2000 network in relation to wetland ecosystems.MethodsWe analysed the habitat changes that occurred in a protected wetland (in NW Spain), 13 years after its designation as Natura 2000 site (i.e., between 2003 and 2016). For this purpose, we analysed optical multispectral bands and water-related and vegetation indices derived from data acquired by Landsat 7 TM, ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI sensors. To quantify the uncertainty arising from the algorithm used in the classification procedure and its impact on the change analysis, we compared the habitat change estimates obtained using 10 different classification algorithms and two ensemble classification approaches (majority and weighted vote).ResultsThe habitat maps derived from the ensemble approaches showed an overall accuracy of 94% for the 2003 data (Kappa index of 0.93) and of 95% for the 2016 data (Kappa index of 0.94). The change analysis revealed important temporal dynamics between 2003 and 2016 for the habitat classes identified in the study area. However, these changes depended on the classification algorithm used. The habitat maps obtained from the two ensemble classification approaches showed a reduction in habitat classes dominated by salt marshes and meadows (24.6–26.5%), natural and semi-natural grasslands (25.9–26.5%) or sand dunes (20.7–20.9%) and an increase in forest (31–34%) and reed bed (60.7–67.2%) in the study area.DiscussionThis study illustrates how EO–based approaches might be particularly useful to help (1) managers to reach decisions in relation to conservation, (2) Member States to comply with the requirements of the European Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), and (3) the European Commission to monitor the conservation status of the natural habitat types of community interest listed in Annex I of the Directive. Nonetheless, the uncertainty arising from the large variety of classification methods used may prevent local managers from basing their decisions on EO data. Our results shed light on how different classification algorithms may provide very different quantitative estimates, especially for water-dependent habitats. Our findings confirm the need to account for this uncertainty by applying ensemble classification approaches, which improve the accuracy and stability of remote sensing image classification.
Hospital Teaching Status and Medicare Expenditures for Hepato‐Pancreato‐Biliary Surgery
Authors: Chen Qinyu , Bagante Fabio , Merath Katiuscha , Idrees Jay , Beal Eliza W. , Cloyd Jordan , Dillhoff Mary , Schmidt Carl , Diaz Adrian , White Susan , Pawlik Timothy M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe association of hospital teaching status and overall expenditures has not been studied among patients undergoing hepato‐pancreato‐biliary (HPB) surgery. We sought to define the impact of hospital teaching intensity on payments and charges associated with (HPB) surgery from the payer perspective.MethodsSurgical patients undergoing HPB procedures were identified using 2013–2015 Medicare Provider Analysis and Review (MEDPAR) data. Hospital teaching intensity was categorized based on hospital resident‐to‐bed ratio: non‐teaching (NTH: 0), minor teaching (minor‐TH: 0–0.363), and major teaching (major‐TH:  > 0.363). Risk‐adjusted price‐standardized Medicare payments were assessed and compared among HPB surgical patients at NTH versus major‐TH.ResultsA total of 8863 patients underwent HPB (NTH: n = 1239, 14.0%; minor‐TH: n = 3202, 36.1%; major‐TH: n = 4422, 49.9%). Patient comorbidities did not vary across hospital according to teaching intensity (p = 0.27). Mean risk‐adjusted Medicare payment at a major‐TH was $29,541 versus $19,345 at a NTH (Δ‐payment: + $10,195; p < 0.001). Differences in Medicare payments associated with hospital teaching status persisted when the risk‐adjusted price was standardized to remove social subsidies and regional variation in costs (NTH: $19,760 vs. major‐TH: $28,382; Δ‐payment:  + $8623). Major‐TH had higher total charges submitted to Medicare versus NTH (NTH: $100,583 vs. major‐TH: $120,498; Δ‐charge = + $19,915), including charges for accommodations, laboratory, and blood utilization (all p < 0.05). Compared with NTH, major‐TH had lower morbidity (22.6 vs. 19.0%), serious complications (13.0 vs. 10.5%) and 30‐day mortality (4.8 vs. 2.3%) (all p < 0.05).ConclusionsMajor‐TH was associated with higher Medicare expenditures than NTH among HPB surgical patients. These differences were attributable, in part, to higher submitted charges for hospital‐based services. While associated with higher payments and charges, TH did have better short‐term outcomes compared with NTH.
Correction to: Letter to the Editor: Functional Compromise Cohort Study (FCCS): Sarcopenia is a Strong Predictor of Mortality in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Looijaard Wilhelmus G. P. M. , Weijs Peter J. M. , Oudemans‐van Straaten Heleen M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe article title for this Letter to the Editor is correct as reflected here. The original article has been corrected.