bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A facilitatory effect of rich stem allomorphy but not inflectional productivity on single-word recognition
Authors: NIKOLAEV ALEXANDRE , LEHTONEN MINNA , HIGBY EVE , HYUN JUNGMOON , ASHAIE SAMEER 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study was to investigate whether the recognition speed of Finnish nominal base forms varies as a function of their paradigmatic complexity (stem allomorphy) or productivity status. Nikolaev et al. (2014) showed that words with greater stem allomorphy from an unproductive inflectional class are recognized faster than words with lower stem allomorphy from a productive inflectional class. Productivity of an inflectional paradigm correlates with the number of stem allomorphs in languages like Finnish in that unproductive inflectional classes tend to have higher stem allomorphy. We wanted to distinguish which of these two characteristics provides the benefit to speed of recognition found by Nikolaev et al. (2014). The current study involved a lexical decision task comparing three categories of words: unproductive with three or more stem allomorphs, unproductive with two stem allomorphs, and productive with two stem allomorphs. We observed a facilitation effect for word recognition only for unproductive words with three or more stem allomorphs, but not for unproductive words with two allomorphs. This effect was observed particularly in words of low to moderate familiarity. The findings suggest that high stem allomorphy, rather than productivity of the inflectional class, is driving the facilitation effect in word recognition.
Screening of more than 2000 Hungarian healthcare workers’ anti-measles antibody level: results and possible population-level consequences
Authors: Lengyel G. , Marossy A. , Ánosi N. , Farkas S. L. , Kele B. , Nemes-Nikodém É. , Szentgyörgyi V. , Kopcsó I. , Mátyus M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDue to the European measles epidemic and the increased number of imported cases, it can be theorised that the risk of exposure among Hungarian healthcare workers (HCWs) has increased. In 2017, the increased measles circulation in the region led to the emergence of smaller local and hospital epidemics. Therefore, our objective was to determine the herd immunity in the high-risk group of HCWs. A hospital-based study of detecting anti-measles IgG activity was performed in 2017 and included 2167 employees of the Military Medical Centre (Hungary). The screening of HCWs presented a good general seropositivity (90.6%). The highest seroprevalence value (99.1%) was found in the age group of 60 years or older. The lowest number of seropositive individuals was seen in the 41–45 years (86.2%) age group, indicating a significant herd immunity gap between groups. Regarding the Hungarian data, there might be gaps in the seroprevalence of the analysed HCWs, implying that susceptible HCWs may generate healthcare-associated infections. This study suggests that despite the extensive vaccination and high vaccine coverage, it is still important to monitor the level of protective antibodies in HCWs, or in a representative group of the whole population of Hungary, and possibly in other countries as well.
Taxonomic definitions in social science, with firms, markets and institutions as case studies
Authors: HODGSON GEOFFREY M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDefinitions are crucial for institutional analysis. This article explains the nature of taxonomic definitions, with particular attention to their use in economics and other social sciences. Taxonomic definitions demarcate one species of entity from another. They are vital for the communication of meaning between scientists, who must share some basic conception of what types of entity they are investigating, to establish a division of labour over subsequent theoretical analysis and empirical investigation of the type of entity defined. Generally, taxonomic definitions build on past usage and are parsimonious: they are not meant to be explanations or descriptions. By contrast, overloaded taxonomic definitions can create square-one disagreement about what is being investigated. As illustrative examples, the paper considers different degrees of progress with attempts to definefirms,marketsandinstitutions.
Do the adiponectin and leptin levels in preterm and term breast milk samples relate to infants’ short-term growth?
Authors: Kocaadam Betul , Koksal Eda , Ozcan Kudret Ebru , Turkyilmaz Canan 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAdiponectin and leptin are involved in appetite control and body weight regulation. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between breast milk adipokine levels and short-term growth of preterm and term infants. Thirty-one preterm (median=35.3 weeks) and 34 term (median=38.7 weeks) infants were enrolled. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect adipokines in mature milk. Infant growth was followed during the first 3 months. Although weight gain in the first month was insufficient, positive linear growth was observed in the following months for preterm infants, while term infants had positive steady linear growth. The median level of adipokines was found to be higher in preterm infants (P&gt;0.05). Adiponectin showed significant negative correlations with some anthropometric measurements of term infants. However, in preterm infants, adiponectin was negatively correlated with length increment and positively correlated with body mass index (BMI) increment in the second–third month. In addition, leptin was negatively associated with the head circumference at birth in preterm infants and the triceps skinfold thickness increment in the first–second month term infants (P&lt;0.05). In linear regression models, while gestational age, adiponectin and leptin were not related, maternal age and pre-pregnancy BMI had effects on body weight increment in 0–1 months (P&lt;0.05). In conclusion, adiponectin may affect short-term growth, while leptin has no important effect. It would be beneficial to carry out longitudinal studies to evaluate the effects of these adipokines on the growth of infants.
Police Powers, Indirect Expropriation in International Investment Law, and Article 31(3)(c) of the VCLT: A Critique of Philip Morris v. Uruguay
Authors: RANJAN Prabhash 
Published: September 2018

AbstractGiven the global contestation against BITs and ISDS, the outcome of thePhilip Morrisv.Uruguaycase upholding Uruguay’s right to regulate for public health is important for the international investment law community. However, it is not just the outcome of a case but also the quality of legal reasoning that is significant in building the legitimacy of the ISDS system. This paper focuses on the reasoning adopted by the tribunal in deciding whether Uruguay’s regulatory measures resulted in the expropriation of Philip Morris’s investment. The paper critiques the tribunal’s use of Article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties to invoke the police powers rule in interpreting the expropriation provision of the Switzerland-Uruguay BIT. The tribunal’s reasoning was internally inconsistent and based on abuse of arbitral precedents. Clarity in legal reasoning by ISDS tribunals is imperative to boost the legitimacy of the ISDS system for all stakeholders.
Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) Biotypes Exhibit Differential Levels of Susceptibility and Biochemical Responses to Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitors
Authors: Yu Jialin , McCullough Patrick E. , Czarnota Mark A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAn annual bluegrass (Poa annuaL.) biotype with limited susceptibility to POST flumioxazin applications was identified in Georgia. The objectives of this research were to quantify tolerance levels of this biotype (R-biotype) to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors and characterize physiological responses to flumioxazin. In dose–response experiments on 3- to 5-tiller plants, flumioxazin and sulfentrazone rates required to reduce dry-shoot biomass 50% from the nontreated were >14.5 and 10.4 times greater for the R-biotype, as compared with a susceptible (S)-biotype, respectively. Establishment of the R-biotype from seed was completely controlled by PRE applications of flumioxazin and oxadiazon, similar to the S-biotype. Tank mixtures of chlorpyrifos with flumioxazin did not enhance biomass reductions of the R-biotype, suggesting that tolerance levels may not be related to cytochrome P450–associated metabolism. In laboratory experiments, the R-biotype averaged 27% less electrolyte leakage, as compared with the S-biotype, after flumioxazin treatments. Lipid peroxidation in the R-biotype, as measured by malondialdehyde levels, averaged 25% less than the S-biotype at 72 h after broadcast flumioxazin treatments at 280 and 560 g ha−1. The tolerance to POST applications of PPO inhibitors in thisP. annuabiotype is associated with less lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage as compared with the S-biotype. These biochemical differences in biotypes may contribute to erratic levels of POST control from flumioxazin and could contribute to PPO-inhibitor resistance.
Divergence in Life-History and Developmental Traits in Silvery-Thread Moss (Bryum argenteumHedw.) Genotypes between Golf Course Putting Greens and Native Habitats
Authors: Raudenbush Zane , Greenwood Joshua L. , McLetchie D. Nicholas , Eppley Sarah M. , Keeley Steven J. , Castetter Richard C. , Stark Lloyd R. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSilvery-Thread Moss (Bryum argenteumHedw.) is an undesirable invader of golf course putting greens across North America, establishing colonies and proliferating despite practices to suppress it. The goal was to grow genotypes ofgreen(growing in putting greens) andnative(growing in habitats outside of putting greens)B. argenteumin a common garden experiment, allowing an experimental test of life-history traits between genotypes from these two habitats. Seventeen collections ofgreenand 17 collections ofnative B. argenteumwere cloned to single genotypes and raised through a minimum of two asexual generations in the lab. A culture of each genotype was initiated using a single detached shoot apex and was allowed to grow for 6 mo under conditions of inorganic nutrients present and absent. Compared with genotypes from native habitats, genotypes ofB. argenteumfrom putting greens exhibited earlier shoot regeneration and shoot induction, faster protonemal extension, longer (higher) shoots, lower production of gemmae and bulbils, and greater aerial rhizoid cover, and showed similar tendencies of chlorophyll fluorescence properties and chlorophyll content. Cultures receiving no inorganic nutrients produced less chlorophyll content, greatly reduced growth, and bleaching of shoots. Mosses from putting greens establish more quickly, grow faster, produce more abundant rhizoids, and yet do not produce as many specialized asexual propagules compared with mosses of the same species from native habitats. The highly managed putting green environment has either selected for a suite of traits that allow the moss to effectively compete with grasses, or genotypic diversity is very high in this species, allowing a set of specialized genotypes to colonize the putting green from native habitats. Successful golf course weeds have been able to adapt to this highly competitive environment by selection acting on traits or genotypes to produce plants more successful in competing with golf course grasses.
Prevalence and Mechanism of Atrazine Resistance in Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) from Nebraska
Authors: Vennapusa Amaranatha Reddy , Faleco Felipe , Vieira Bruno , Samuelson Spencer , Kruger Greg R. , Werle Rodrigo , Jugulam Mithila 
Published: September 2018

AbstractResistance to atrazine (a photosystem II [PSII] inhibitor) is prevalent in waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus(Moq.) J. D. Sauer] across the U.S. Midwest. Previous research suggests that target-site mutation or rapid metabolism of atrazine mediated by glutathioneS-transferase (GST) conjugation confers resistance inA. tuberculatusfrom Illinois. The distribution and mechanism of resistance to atrazine inA. tuberculatuspopulations from Nebraska (NE) are unknown. In this research we (1) evaluated the response and frequency of resistance in NEA. tuberculatusto soil-applied PSII (metribuzin and atrazine) and protoporphyrinogen oxidase (sulfentrazone) inhibitors, as well as POST-applied atrazine; and (2) determined the mechanism of atrazine resistance in NEA. tuberculatus. The chloroplasticpsbAgene, coding for a D1 protein (the target site of atrazine) was sequenced in 85 plants representing 27 populations ofA. tuberculatus. Furthermore, 24 plants selected randomly from four atrazine-resistant (AR) populations were used to determine the metabolism of atrazine via GST conjugation. Results from the soil-applied herbicide evaluation suggest that metribuzin (0.56 kg ai ha−1) and sulfentrazone (0.28 kg ai ha−1) were effective onA. tuberculatusmanagement. PRE and POST screenings against atrazine in the greenhouse indicate that atrazine (1.345 kg ai ha−1) was not effective on 39% and 73% of theA. tuberculatuspopulations evaluated (total of 109 and 85 populations, respectively), suggesting the prevalence of atrazine resistance inA. tuberculatusin NE. Sequence analysis of thepsbAgene found no known point mutations conferring atrazine resistance. However, the AR plants conjugated atrazine via GST activity faster than the known atrazine-susceptibleA. tuberculatus. Overall, the outcome of this study demonstrates the predominance of metabolism-based resistance to atrazine inA. tuberculatusfrom NE, which may predispose this species to evolve resistance to other herbicides. The use of integrated management strategies forA. tuberculatusis crucial for the control of this troublesome species.
Weed Seedbank and Weed Biomass Dynamics in a Long-Term Organic Vegetable Cropping Systems Experiment
Authors: Mohler Charles L. , Caldwell Brian A. , Marschner Caroline A. , Cordeau Stephane , Maqsood Qaiser , Ryan Matthew R. , DiTommaso Antonio 
Published: September 2018

AbstractMost previous research on changes in weed abundance and community composition in cropping systems has focused on field crops. The study presented here examined changes in the weed seedbank and aboveground biomass in four organic vegetable cropping systems over a 10-yr period. The systems included an Intensive system with six crops per 4-yr rotation, an Intermediate system with one cash crop per year, a Bio-extensive system with alternating cash crop and tilled fallow years plus prevention of seed rain, and a Ridge-tillage system with one cash crop per year. Systems also differed in the types and number of cover crops between cash crops. During the course of the experiment, the weed community shifted from one dominated by summer annual broadleaf species that reproduce at the end of their lives to a community dominated by summer and winter annuals that mature rapidly. This shift in community composition can be attributed to the change in land use from conventionally managed corn (Zea maysL.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) to organic vegetable production. In particular, crop rotations with diverse preplantings and postharvest tillage dates interrupted the life cycle of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.) and pigweed species (Amaranthusspp.: mostly Powell amaranth [Amaranthus powelliiS. Watson], with small numbers of redroot pigweed [Amaranthus retroflexusL.] and smooth pigweed [Amaranthus hybridusL.]), while favoring a diverse assemblage of quickly maturing species. The study thus demonstrates that an appropriate crop rotation can control the seedbank of weeds likeC. albumthat potentially persist well in the soil. The Ridge-tillage system greatly reduced the frequency and depth of tillage relative to other systems while effectively suppressing perennial weeds. The early-reproducing annuals, however, became more abundant in the Ridge-tillage system than in the other systems, primarily due to escapes along the edge of the scraped ridges. The tilled fallow periods coupled with prevention of seed rain in the Bio-extensive system substantially reduced weed abundance through time and relative to the other systems.
Effect of Air‐Sea Environmental Conditions and Interfacial Processes on Extremely Intense Typhoon Haiyan (2013)
Authors: Wada Akiyoshi , Kanada Sachie , Yamada Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2018

AbstractTyphoon Haiyan (2013) intensified rapidly and reached a central pressure of 895 hPa over the warm northwestern Pacific. To clarify why Haiyan became such an extraordinarily intense tropical cyclone (TC), we investigated the impacts of atmospheric and oceanic conditions and air‐sea interfacial processes on Haiyan's intensity. We performed ensemble experiments with many different initial oceanic conditions and a 7‐km‐mesh atmosphere‐wave‐ocean coupled model. We also performed sensitivity experiments to examine the impacts of sea spray and use of a 2‐km‐mesh horizontal resolution. Also, analogous experiments were performed with Typhoon Mike (1990), which followed a similar track but was less intense than Haiyan. For both TCs, ocean coupling helped alleviate uncertainty in the simulated intensities caused by different preexisting oceanic conditions. Increases in air‐sea latent heat fluxes helped increase the intensity of both TCs although the effect of sea spray depended on whitecap coverage. Preexisting oceanic conditions and air‐sea interfacial processes directly affected the secondary circulation via changes in latent heat fluxes and near‐surface moisture influxes. However, the 2‐km‐mesh resolution improved only Haiyan's simulation; the mean latent heat flux over the strength area was insufficient to simulate the intensity. It was easterly winds and specific humidity at 850 hPa that determined the small size, rapid translation, less sea surface cooling, and small decreases in latent heat fluxes beneath the frictional convergence area of simulated Haiyan. Understanding of the effect of preexisting oceanic conditions and air‐sea interfacial processes on simulated TCs will serve as a guideline for improvement of the atmosphere‐wave‐ocean coupled model.
The Earth's Hum Variations From a Global Model and Seismic Recordings Around the Indian Ocean
Authors: Deen M. , Stutzmann E. , Ardhuin F. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe Earth's hum is the continuous oscillations of the Earth at frequencies between 2 and 20 mHz in the absence of earthquakes. The hum strongest signal consists mainly of surface waves. These seismic waves can be generated by infragravity waves propagating over a sloping ocean bottom close to the coast. So far, this theory has only been tested quantitatively using European seismic stations. We use seismic data recorded all around the Indian Ocean together with an ocean wave model that provides time‐frequency varying hum sources. We show that seasonal variations of the hum sources are smaller in the southern hemisphere than the northern hemisphere. Using these sources, we model Rayleigh wave root‐mean‐square amplitudes in the frequency band 3.5–20 mHz, and the good agreement with seismic data on the vertical component confirms the theory of hum generation. Because the Indian Ocean is uniquely connected to the southern hemisphere oceans but lies partly in northern hemisphere latitudes, the seasonal pattern of the hum recorded there is particular and shows no significant seasonal variations. At ~10 mHz the hum is strongly influenced by local events, such as the passage of a cyclone close to a seismic station.
Assessment of Northeastern Japan Tree‐Ring Oxygen Isotopes for Reconstructing Early Summer Hydroclimate and Spring Arctic Oscillation
Authors: Sakashita Wataru , Yokoyama Yusuke , Miyahara Hiroko , Aze Takahiro , Obrochta Stephen P. , Ohyama Motonari , Yonenobu Hitoshi 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe spring Arctic Oscillation (AO) significantly affects the subsequent summer rainfall in the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) region, and analysis of meteorological data indicates this teleconnection strength varied on interdecadal timescales during the late 20th century. Tree‐ring records may be able to extend the relatively short observational record, but the extent to which these proxy reconstructions correspond to AO variability has yet to be explored in this region. Therefore, we present new tree‐ring cellulose oxygen isotope (δ18O) records from northeastern Japan (Akita, northern limit of EASM), spanning a.d. 1950 to 2003 which overlaps with the instrumental record. Tree‐ring δ18O is used for reconstructing the past hydroclimate variability and allows us to consider whether tree‐ring δ18O has the potential to clarify the longer‐term interdecadal changes in the spring AO‐EASM relationship. Measurements and analyses show that our tree‐ring δ18O data sets have a significant negative correlation with May‐June‐July relative humidity, and the tree‐ring δ18O in northeastern Japan also significantly correlates with the summer EASM index. Temporal comparisons between our record and observed monthly AO index indicate that reconstructed following early summer relative humidity significantly correlates to the previous March‐April‐May AO. This linkage changes on interdecadal timescales, and the linkage is relatively strong during early 1970s through early 1990s. Similar results are also obtained using a separate tree‐ring δ18O record from a separate location about 200 km to the southeast, suggesting that tree‐ring cellulose δ18O in northeastern Japan is indeed useful for better understanding the long‐term teleconnection between the spring AO and EASM.
The Sources and Transformations of Dissolved Organic Matter in the Pearl River Estuary, China, as Revealed by Stable Isotopes
Authors: Ye Feng , Guo Wei , Wei Gangjian , Jia Guodong 
Published: September 2018

AbstractTo investigate the sources and transformation processes of bulk marine dissolved organic matter (DOM), seasonally collected water samples from the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), south China, were analyzed for concentration and stable isotopic ratios (δ13C and δ15N) of DOM. The δ13C values clearly indicated a shift of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) sources from terrigenous material in the river to predominantly plankton in the lower estuary. The distribution of δ13C during the estuarine mixing, in combination with the notable deviation of DOC concentration, provided strong evidence for a substantial DOC removal in the salinity range of 5 to 22. In contrast to δ13C, the δ15N of DOM exhibits a strong seasonality, implying a clear decoupling of estuarine DOC and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) dynamics. During dry periods with low river discharge, sewage‐derived DON contributed significantly to the riverine loading. While freshwater‐saltwater mixing is important in regulating the distribution of DON, the distribution of δ15N along the salinity gradient provided strong evidence for active sediment‐water interaction and adsorption/desorption processes at the middle to high salinities. During wet periods, severe soil loss and erosion, and/or in situ biological production, adsorption onto suspended particles dominate the riverine DON fluxes, whereas the DON dynamics might be governed by different biogeochemical processes between spring and summer, as reflected by distinct δ15DON patterns in the estuarine zone. In spring, highly degraded DON originating from soil experienced little further biological alternation during estuarine mixing, whereas there was a tight coupling of DON production and consumption in summer.