bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benefits and Limitations of Real Options Analysis for the Practice of River Flood Risk Management
Authors: Kind Jarl M. , Baayen Jorn H. , Botzen W. J. Wouter 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDecisions on long‐lived flood risk management (FRM) investments are complex because the future is uncertain. Flexibility and robustness can be used to deal with future uncertainty. Real options analysis (ROA) provides a welfare‐economics framework to design and evaluate robust and flexible FRM strategies under risk or uncertainty. Although its potential benefits are large, ROA is hardly used in todays' FRM practice. In this paper, we investigate benefits and limitations of a ROA, by applying it to a realistic FRM case study for an entire river branch. We illustrate how ROA identifies optimal short‐term investments and values future options. We develop robust dike investment strategies and value the flexibility offered by additional room for the river measures. We benchmark the results of ROA against those of a standard cost‐benefit analysis and show ROA's potential policy implications. The ROA for a realistic case requires a high level of geographical detail, a large ensemble of scenarios, and the inclusion of stakeholders' preferences. We found several limitations of applying the ROA. It is complex. In particular, relevant sources of uncertainty need to be recognized, quantified, integrated, and discretized in scenarios, requiring subjective choices and expert judgment. Decision trees have to be generated and stakeholders' preferences have to be translated into decision rules. On basis of this study, we give general recommendations to use high discharge scenarios for the design of measures with high fixed costs and few alternatives. Lower scenarios may be used when alternatives offer future flexibility.
Estimating River Surface Elevation From ArcticDEM
Authors: Dai Chunli , Durand Michael , Howat Ian M. , Altenau Elizabeth H. , Pavelsky Tamlin M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractArcticDEM is a collection of 2‐m resolution, repeat digital surface models created from stereoscopic satellite imagery. To demonstrate the potential of ArcticDEM for measuring river stages and discharges, we estimate river surface heights along a reach of Tanana River near Fairbanks, Alaska, by the precise detection of river shorelines and mapping of shorelines to land surface elevation. The river height profiles over a 15‐km reach agree with in situ measurements to a standard deviation less than 30 cm. The time series of ArcticDEM‐derived river heights agree with the U.S. Geological Survey gage measurements with a standard deviation of 32 cm. Using the rating curve for that gage, we obtain discharges with a validation accuracy (root‐mean‐square error) of 234 m3/s (23% of the mean discharge). Our results demonstrate that ArcticDEM can accurately measure spatial and temporal variations of river surfaces, providing a new and powerful data set for hydrologic analysis.
Permian Paleogeography of the Eastern CAOB: Paleomagnetic Constraints From Volcanic Rocks in Central Eastern Inner Mongolia, NE China
Authors: Zhang Donghai , Huang Baochun , Zhao Jie , Meert Joseph G. , Zhang Ye , Liang Yalun , Bai Qianhui , Zhou Tinghong 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWe carried out a paleomagnetic investigation on Permian volcanic rocks from central eastern Inner Mongolia, NE China, in order to identify the paleoposition of the North China and Songliao‐Xilinhot blocks during Permo‐Carboniferous times and thereby define the spatial‐temporal history of the eastern Paleo‐Asian Ocean (PAO). Two prefolding magnetization components were isolated from the Sanmianjing and Elitu Formations (~283–266 Ma) along the northern margin of North China block (NMNCB) and the Dashizhai Formation (~280 Ma) in the Songliao‐Xilinhot block (SXB). These two results suggest paleolatitudes of ~4.9°N for the SXB and ~22.3°N for the NMNCB. Previously published results are classified according to recently proposed models and evaluated for the influence of inclination shallowing. Combined with earlier multidisciplinary studies, we propose a tentative paleogeographic reconstruction model for the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) during the Late Carboniferous to Early Triassic times. Siberia was situated at middle‐high paleolatitudes (~45°–65°N), and the Central Mongolia‐Erguna and South Mongolia‐Xing'an blocks had a middle latitude (~30°–45°N) from the Late Carboniferous to Early Permian. By the Late Permian to Early Triassic (~250 Ma), there was no significant latitudinal difference between the eastern CAOB blocks. Final closure of the eastern PAO along both the Hegenshan‐Heihe and Solonker sutures took place followed by the formation of Cinamuria.
Downscaling‐Based Segmentation for Unresolved Images of Highly Heterogeneous Granular Porous Samples
Authors: Korneev S. V. , Yang X. , Zachara J. M. , Scheibe T. D. , Battiato I. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractNumerical simulations of pore‐scale flow and transport in natural sediments require the knowledge of pore‐space topology. Limited resolution of X‐ray tomography is often insufficient to fully characterize pore‐space structure within fine‐grained regions. Single and multilevel threshold‐based segmentation approaches are customarily employed to identify solid, pore and porous‐solid regions by means of grey intensity thresholds. While the choice of cutoff thresholds is often arbitrary, it dramatically affects the effective properties and the dynamical response of the reconstructed porous structure. We propose an algorithm of downscaling, i.e., the process of increasing image resolution, followed by segmentation, i.e., the identification of different phases, to reconstruct the unresolved pore‐space from XCT images of natural geological porous media. The method, applicable to moderately unresolved, chemically homogeneous granular media, is based on a map between local pixel porosity and pore size that does not rely on the definition of arbitrary thresholds and it allows to generate a high‐resolution binary image of the porous medium from poorly resolved grey‐scale images. First, we validate the method on synthetic unresolved images and compare their known pore‐space distribution with the extracted one. Then, we consider a synthetic porous medium and compare the pore size distribution, conductivity, and tortuosity between the original and the reconstructed structures. Finally, we apply the method to extract the pore‐space distribution from unresolved XCT images of two natural sediment columns and use it (i) to parametrize a capillary‐bundle model and (ii) to estimate the hydraulic conductivity by matching breakthrough behavior of passive solute transport.
Quantitative analysis of image quality for acceptance and commissioning of an MRI simulator with a semiautomatic method
Authors: Chen Xinyuan , Dai Jianrong 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) simulation differs from diagnostic MRI in purpose, technical requirements, and implementation. We propose a semiautomatic method for image acceptance and commissioning for the scanner, the radiofrequency (RF) coils, and pulse sequences for an MRI simulator. The ACR MRI accreditation large phantom was used for image quality analysis with seven parameters. Standard ACR sequences with a split head coil were adopted to examine the scanner's basic performance. The performance of simulation RF coils were measured and compared using the standard sequence with different clinical diagnostic coils. We used simulation sequences with simulation coils to test the quality of image and advanced performance of the scanner. Codes and procedures were developed for semiautomatic image quality analysis. When using standard ACR sequences with a split head coil, image quality passed all ACR recommended criteria. The image intensity uniformity with a simulation RF coil decreased about 34% compared with the eight‐channel diagnostic head coil, while the other six image quality parameters were acceptable. Those two image quality parameters could be improved to more than 85% by built‐in intensity calibration methods. In the simulation sequences test, the contrast resolution was sensitive to the FOV and matrix settings. The geometric distortion of simulation sequences such as T1‐weighted and T2‐weighted images was well‐controlled in the isocenter and 10 cm off‐center within a range of ±1% (2 mm). We developed a semiautomatic image quality analysis method for quantitative evaluation of images and commissioning of an MRI simulator. The baseline performances of simulation RF coils and pulse sequences have been established for routine QA.
The effect of biased lineup instructions on eyewitness identification confidence
Authors: Charman Steve D. , Carol Rolando N. , Schwartz Shari L. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryAlthough it is well‐known that biased lineup instructions (i.e., those that do not inform witnesses the perpetrator may not be in the lineup) inflate false identifications, their effects on witness confidence are less well understood due to methodological limitations of past studies. We report two studies that use novel methodologies to obviate these limitations. Study 1 (N = 177) demonstrated that biased lineup instructions increased witnesses' average estimates of the likelihood that a lineup member is guilty. Study 2 (N = 137) introduces a novel debiasing paradigm that allows a parsing of choosers into those who made an identification only because of the biased instructions (induced choosers), and those who would have chosen despite the instructions (inherent choosers). Biased lineup instructions inflated confidence only among induced choosers, but not among inherent choosers. Contrary to legal reasoning, witness confidence is an insufficient metric to determine the suggestiveness of biased instructions.
An Ultralight Graphene Honeycomb Sandwich for Stretchable Light‐Emitting Displays
Authors: Wang Zhenyu , Liu Xu , Shen Xi , Han Ne Myo , Wu Ying , Zheng Qingbin , Jia Jingjing , Wang Ning , Kim Jang‐Kyo 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMaterials that can simultaneously achieve excellent electrical conductivity and stretchability are essential components for the next‐generation stretchable electronics. Herein, a highly conductive and stretchable graphene honeycomb (GHC) sandwich consisting of a porous GHC/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite core and ultrahigh‐density graphene foam/PDMS composite face sheets is rationally assembled. The GHCs prepared by a 3D printing technique possess a long‐range ordered hexagonal porous structure with an ultralow density of 3.25 mg cm−3 and deliver an excellent electrical conductivity of 72 S m−1. To the best of authors' knowledge, they are the lightest honeycomb structure reported in open literature. The highly porous GHC core endows the sandwich with an ultralow resistance change over large external strains of 60% with excellent structural durability. A stretchable light‐emitting display is demonstrated using the sandwich as the electric circuit and light‐emitting diodes as the pixels, which exhibits reliable lighting performance under different loading conditions.
Cubic‐Like Bimolecular Crystal Evolution and over 12% Efficiency in Halogen‐Free Ternary Solar Cells
Authors: Kumari Tanya , Lee Sang Myeon , Yang Changduk 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn this study, the solubility properties of a given ternary blend set, with two donors (poly(4,8‐bis(5‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[1,2‐b;4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl‐alt‐(4‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐3‐fluorothieno[3,4‐b]thiophene‐)‐2‐carboxylate‐2‐6‐diyl (PTB7‐Th) and benzo[1,2‐b;4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐based small molecule (DR3TSBDT)) and one acceptor ([6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM)), in a series of solvents are determined, and active material–solvent interactions are used as an aid for finding suitable nonchlorinated solvents to achieve effective ternary organic solar cells (OSCs) based on PTB7‐Th:DR3TSBDT:PC71BM. An exceptional power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 12.3% (certified 11.94%) is obtained using the developed nonhalogenated processing system. In‐depth investigations (morphology, charge mobility, recombination dynamics, and OSC characteristics) uncover the underlying structure–property relationships as a function of the chosen nonhalogenated systems. Another intriguing finding of this study is the formation of a cubic bimolecular crystal structure of PTB7‐Th:PC71BM in a nonhalogenated system, which is the first such demonstration in blend films. This sheds light upon the fact that the physical properties of a material applied from different solutions may surpass the variation in the properties between two material having totally different molecular structure. Therefore, this work not only offers important scientific insights into developing highly efficient and eco‐friendly OSCs but also improves our understanding of achievable bimolecular crystals with an intercalated structure.
Toward High Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries Based on Li2S Cathodes and Beyond: Status, Challenges, and Perspectives
Authors: Su Dawei , Zhou Dong , Wang Chengyin , Wang Guoxiu 
Published: March 2018

AbstractLithium sulfur (Li–S) batteries are attracting ever‐increasing interests as a new generation rechargeable battery system with high energy density and low cost. Li–S batteries will fulfill their theoretical potential if the problem of polysulfides shuttle effect can be solved. Therefore, tremendous efforts have been devoted to overcoming this problem from the aspects of physical confinement and chemisorption of polysulfides. Recently, it is discovered that replacing sulfur cathodes with lithium sulfide (Li2S) can not only largely avoid the volume expansion issue during cycling, but it can also work with anode materials other than lithium metal to eliminate serious safety concerns for traditional Li–S batteries. However, there are many challenges for developing practical Li metal‐free Li–S battery systems, because Li2S‐based cathode materials are moisture‐sensitive and prelithiation of the non‐Li metal anode materials is usually required for practical applications. This study reviews the recent advances of Li‐S batteries based on Li2S cathode with features of improved safety, high Coulombic efficiency, and high energy density. The electrode activation processes are also discussed, which is critical for achieving high performances. It is anticipated that the extensive efforts will lead to breakthroughs for the development of Li2S cathode ‐based Li‐S batteries.
Bioinspired Micropatterned Superhydrophilic Au‐Areoles for Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Trace Detection
Authors: Li Huizeng , Yang Qiang , Hou Jue , Li Yanan , Li Mingzhu , Song Yanlin 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSurface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) provides an approach for the label‐free and miniaturized detection of the trace amount of analyte molecules. A SERS microchip of Au‐areoles array, mimicking the areole on the cactus, is facilely and controllably prepared through selectively electrochemical deposition on patterned superhydrophilic–superhydrophobic substrates. The Au‐areoles are full of SERS hot spots thanks to the large amounts of sharp edges, tips, and coupled branches. Meanwhile, the superhydrophilic sites on the superhydrophobic substrate can collect the target molecules into those hot spots. The combination of the SERS enhancement of the nanostructured‐Au and the collective effect of the superhydrophilic–superhydrophobic pattern endows the microchip with sample‐effective, ultrasensitive, and efficient Raman detection capabilities, which are demonstrated by integrated detection of femtomol Rhodamine 6G and diverse bioanalytes. The chip can also be used for mutually independent multisample detection without interference.
Dual Physical Crosslinking Strategy to Construct Moldable Hydrogels with Ultrahigh Strength and Toughness
Authors: Cao Jinfeng , Li Jiahong , Chen Yumei , Zhang Lina , Zhou Jinping 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA dual physical crosslinking (DPC) strategy is used to construct moldable hydrogels with ultrahigh strength and toughness. First, polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) hydrogels are prepared through the in situ polymerization of acrylic acid monomers in the concentrated chitosan (Ch) solutions. Subsequently, Ag+ ions are introduced into the PEC hydrogels to form coordination bonds between NH2 and COOH groups. High‐density electrostatic interaction and coordination bonds endow the DPC hydrogels with high strength and toughness. The mechanical properties of the DPC hydrogels strongly depend on the weight ratio of Ch to poly(acrylic acid) and the loading concentration of Ag+ ions. When the loading concentration of Ag+ ions is in the range of 1.0–1.5 mol L−1, DPC 0.10–0.25 hydrogels display the maximum tensile strength (24.0 MPa) and toughness (84.7 MJ m−3) with a strain of more than 600%. Specially, the DPC hydrogels display an excellent moldable behavior due to the reversible properties of the electrostatic interaction and coordination bonds. The DPC strategy can also be applied in various other systems and opens a new avenue to fabricate hydrogels with outstanding mechanical properties and antibacterial activities.
Functional, RF‐Trilayer Sensors for Tooth‐Mounted, Wireless Monitoring of the Oral Cavity and Food Consumption
Authors: Tseng Peter , Napier Bradley , Garbarini Logan , Kaplan David L. , Omenetto Fiorenzo G. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWearable devices have emerged as powerful tools for personalized healthcare in spite of some challenges that limit their widespread applicability as continuous monitors of physiological information. Here, a materials‐based strategy to add utility to traditional dielectric sensors by developing a conformal radiofrequency (RF) construct composed of an active layer encapsulated between two reverse‐facing split ring resonators is applied. These small (down to 2 mm × 2 mm) passive dielectric sensors possess enhanced sensitivity and can be further augmented by functionalization of this interlayer material. Demonstrator devices are shown where the interlayer is: (i) a porous silk film, and (ii) a modified PNIPAM hydrogel that swells with pH or temperature. In vivo use is demonstrated by adhesion of the device on tooth enamel to detect foods during human ingestion. Such sensors can be easily multiplexed and yield data‐rich temporal information during the diffusion of analytes within the trilayer structure. This format could be extended to a suite of interlayer materials for sensing devices of added use and specificity.
Self‐Reporting Fiber‐Reinforced Composites That Mimic the Ability of Biological Materials to Sense and Report Damage
Authors: Rifaie‐Graham Omar , Apebende Edward A. , Bast Livia K. , Bruns Nico 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSensing of damage, deformation, and mechanical forces is of vital importance in many applications of fiber‐reinforced polymer composites, as it allows the structural health and integrity of composite components to be monitored and microdamage to be detected before it leads to catastrophic material failure. Bioinspired and biomimetic approaches to self‐sensing and self‐reporting materials are reviewed. Examples include bruising coatings and bleeding composites based on dye‐filled microcapsules, hollow fibers, and vascular networks. Force‐induced changes in color, fluorescence, or luminescence are achieved by mechanochromic epoxy resins, or by mechanophores and force‐responsive proteins located at the interface of glass/carbon fibers and polymers. Composites can also feel strain, stress, and damage through embedded optical and electrical sensors, such as fiber Bragg grating sensors, or by resistance measurements of dispersed carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes. Bioinspired composites with the ability to show autonomously if and where they have been damaged lead to a multitude of opportunities for aerospace, automotive, civil engineering, and wind‐turbine applications. They range from safety features for the detection of barely visible impact damage, to the real‐time monitoring of deformation of load‐bearing components.
Contact‐Engineered Electrical Properties of MoS2 Field‐Effect Transistors via Selectively Deposited Thiol‐Molecules
Authors: Cho Kyungjune , Pak Jinsu , Kim Jae‐Keun , Kang Keehoon , Kim Tae‐Young , Shin Jiwon , Choi Barbara Yuri , Chung Seungjun , Lee Takhee 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAlthough 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has gained much attention due to its unique electrical and optical properties, the limited electrical contact to 2D semiconductors still impedes the realization of high‐performance 2D MoS2‐based devices. In this regard, many studies have been conducted to improve the carrier‐injection properties by inserting functional paths, such as graphene or hexagonal boron nitride, between the electrodes and 2D semiconductors. The reported strategies, however, require relatively time‐consuming and low‐yield transfer processes on sub‐micrometer MoS2 flakes. Here, a simple contact‐engineering method is suggested, introducing chemically adsorbed thiol‐molecules as thin tunneling barriers between the metal electrodes and MoS2 channels. The selectively deposited thiol‐molecules via the vapor‐deposition process provide additional tunneling paths at the contact regions, improving the carrier‐injection properties with lower activation energies in MoS2 field‐effect transistors. Additionally, by inserting thiol‐molecules at the only one contact region, asymmetric carrier‐injection is feasible depending on the temperature and gate bias.
Materials for Neural Differentiation, Trans‐Differentiation, and Modeling of Neurological Disease
Authors: Gong Lulu , Cao Lining , Shen Zhenmin , Shao Li , Gao Shaorong , Zhang Chao , Lu Jianfeng , Li Weida 
Published: March 2018

AbstractNeuron regeneration from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) differentiation or somatic cells trans‐differentiation is a promising approach for cell replacement in neurodegenerative diseases and provides a powerful tool for investigating neural development, modeling neurological diseases, and uncovering the mechanisms that underlie diseases. Advancing the materials that are applied in neural differentiation and trans‐differentiation promotes the safety, efficiency, and efficacy of neuron regeneration. In the neural differentiation process, matrix materials, either natural or synthetic, not only provide a structural and biochemical support for the monolayer or three‐dimensional (3D) cultured cells but also assist in cell adhesion and cell‐to‐cell communication. They play important roles in directing the differentiation of PSCs into neural cells and modeling neurological diseases. For the trans‐differentiation of neural cells, several materials have been used to make the conversion feasible for future therapy. Here, the most current applications of materials for neural differentiation for PSCs, neuronal trans‐differentiation, and neurological disease modeling is summarized and discussed.