bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mitigating Election Violence and Intimidation: A Political Stakeholder Engagement Approach
Authors: Akwei Cynthia 
Published: June 2018

Most studies of election violence focus on post election violence in the general populace during and after elections. Yet political parties and candidates are key stakeholders in the election process. They compete for public office using campaigns through party‐based platforms to convince electorates for their votes. Parties and candidates can thus potentially be destructive in the election process in the run‐up to elections, as well as on election day and afterward. Drawing on stakeholder theory and the stakeholder engagement literature used frequently in business management, this article develops a political stakeholder engagement framework to create, communicate, deliver, and exchange sustainable strategies to political stakeholders to mitigate election violence and intimidation. The study outlines a definition of the process of political stakeholder engagement, and applies the developed framework to the fiercely contested U.S. 2016 presidential election campaign. The analysis and lessons from the U.S. case suggest the importance of the political stakeholder engagement process as an integral part of sustainable election governance.Related Articles

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Related Media
. 2016. “Nevada Democratic Convention Chaos Raises Security Concerns.” May 18. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8HE3oyNhKH0

. 2016. “Violent Arrests and Injuries at the RNC during Flag Burning.” July 20. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8PYoU85ugo

. 2015. “USA: Violent Clashes at Republican National Convention.” July 21. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKfWq_-yPbc&t=71s
Prediction of BK viremia by urine viral load in renal transplant patients: An analysis of BK viral load results in paired urine and plasma samples
Authors: Madden Kathleen , Janitell Charles , Sower Daniel , Yang Shangxin 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBK virus (BKPyV)‐associated nephropathy (BKPyVAN) may affect up to 10% of renal transplant recipients, causing graft failure in the absence of intervention. The dilemma in monitoring BKPyVAN in renal transplant patients has been that only testing urine BK viral load represents higher sensitivity (earlier detection) but lower specificity, while testing plasma BK viral load represents lower sensitivity (later detection) but higher specificity. However, blindly testing both urine and plasma inevitably contributes to unnecessary medical cost. We analyzed 1030 paired urine and plasma BKPyV viral load results and identified a reliable urine BKPyV viral load cutoff (4.0 log IU/mL) that can predict BKPyV viremia with 99.7% negative predictive value (NPV). We propose a cost‐effective screening algorithm to first only monitor the urine BKPyV levels until the viral load reaches 4.0 log IU/mL, and then only monitor plasma with higher frequency. This approach ensures 98.7% sensitivity of catching the earliest BKPyV viremia onset, and 100% sensitivity of detecting the critical BKPyV viremia. In addition, we identified a urine BKPyV viral load cutoff of 6.7 log IU/mL as predictive of critical BKPyV viremia (defined as plasma viral load >4.0 log IU/mL) with 100% sensitivity and 100% NPV.
An outbreak of Pneumocytis jirovecii pneumonia among liver transplant recipients
Authors: Miguel Montanes Romain , Elkrief Laure , Hajage David , Houssel Pauline , Fantin Bruno , Francoz Claire , Dreyfuss Didier , Ricard Jean‐Damien , Durand François 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundAn outbreak of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in liver transplant recipients occurred between 2009 and 2011 at the Beaujon University Hospital just after immediate‐release tacrolimus was replaced by extended‐release tacrolimus. We conducted a retrospective study to analyze the transmission mode of Pneumocystis, the role of the change in the immunosuppressive regimen, and the factors associated with PCP.Patients and methodsTo analyze transmission, we built a transmission map. Two control groups were built. First, to assess the role of the change from tacIR to tacER, cases were matched to controls transplanted before 2009 (tacIR control group). Tacrolimus trough concentrations were compared between the 2 groups. Then, to assess factors associated with PCP, each PCP case was matched to 2 control patients: the one transplanted just before and the one just after (PCPAsFact control group). No PCP prophylaxis was given to any patient.ResultsFifteen cases of PCP were recorded. A contact between a case and a patient who developed PCP afterward was identified in 4 occasions. The comparison of tacrolimus trough concentrations did not conclude to a difference in the exposure to the drug. Lymphopenia was the only factor independently associated with the occurrence of PCP (odds ratio 0.78, 95% confidence interval 0.61‐0.99, P = .04).ConclusionOur results suggest that patient‐to‐patient transmission was not the main mode of transmission of PCP. We found no evidence that the switch from tacIR to tacER led to an overexposure to tacrolimus. Our results suggest the possibility of targeted prophylaxis in immunosuppressed liver transplant recipients.
Hydrogen peroxide plasma sterilization of a waterproof, high‐definition video camera case for intraoperative imaging in veterinary surgery
Authors: Adin Christopher A. , Royal Kenneth D. , Moore Brandon , Jacob Megan 
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the safety and usability of a wearable, waterproof high‐definition camera/case for acquisition of surgical images by sterile personnel.Study designAn in vitro study to test the efficacy of biodecontamination of camera cases. Usability for intraoperative image acquisition was assessed in clinical procedures.MethodsTwo waterproof GoPro Hero4 Silver camera cases were inoculated by immersion in media containing Staphylococcus pseudointermedius or Escherichia coli at ≥5.50E+07 colony forming units/mL. Cases were biodecontaminated by manual washing and hydrogen peroxide plasma sterilization. Cultures were obtained by swab and by immersion in enrichment broth before and after each contamination/decontamination cycle (n = 4). The cameras were then applied by a surgeon in clinical procedures by using either a headband or handheld mode and were assessed for usability according to 5 user characteristics.ResultsCultures of all poststerilization swabs were negative. One of 8 cultures was positive in enrichment broth, consistent with a low level of contamination in 1 sample. Usability of the camera was considered poor in headband mode, with limited battery life, inability to control camera functions, and lack of zoom function affecting image quality. Handheld operation of the camera by the primary surgeon improved usability, allowing close‐up still and video intraoperative image acquisition.ConclusionVaporized hydrogen peroxide sterilization of this camera case was considered effective for biodecontamination. Handheld operation improved usability for intraoperative image acquisition.Clinical significanceVaporized hydrogen peroxide sterilization and thorough manual washing of a waterproof camera may provide cost effective intraoperative image acquisition for documentation purposes.
Using quarterly earnings to assess racing performance in 66 thoroughbreds after transendoscopic laser surgery for treatment of epiglottic entrapment
Authors: Kieffer Philip J. , Aceto Helen , Stefanovski Darko , Parente Eric J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the outcome of transendoscopic laser surgery for the treatment of epiglottic entrapment (EE) and determine the influence of preoperative morphological characteristics on outcomes.Study designRetrospective cohort study.AnimalsThoroughbred racehorses treated with transendoscopic laser surgery (n = 66) and untreated cohorts (n = 132).MethodsMedical, surgical, and race records of 66 horses treated with transendoscopic laser surgery were compared with untreated cohorts randomly selected from their last race presurgery. Postsurgery data were collated as number of starts and race winnings for each quarter after the date of surgery.ResultsTreated horses performed worse (P = .002) than their untreated cohorts in their last race presurgery. Although treated horses raced fewer times (P < .001) and earned less money (P < .001) in the first quarter after surgery compared with untreated horses, quarterly earnings or starts did not differ between groups after the first quarter. Among variables tested, subepiglottic membrane resection was the only prognostic factor; horses requiring this resection raced fewer times (P = .001) but without a significant difference in earnings.ConclusionHorses treated for EE via transendoscopic laser surgery returned to a performance standard comparable to their untreated cohorts by the second quarter postsurgery. Horses with entrapments requiring resection raced fewer times postoperatively than the untreated cohorts.Clinical significanceTreated horses can be expected to perform equivocally to that of untreated cohorts in all but the first quarter following surgery except in those cases where resection of the entrapping membranes is required.
Detection and phylogenetic characterization of astroviruses in insectivorous bats from Central‐Southern Italy
Authors: Amoroso Maria Grazia , Russo Danilo , Lanave Gianvito , Cistrone Luca , Pratelli Annamaria , Martella Vito , Galiero Giorgio , Decaro Nicola , Fusco Giovanna 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn recent years, bats have been found to harbour many viruses, raising several questions about their role as reservoirs and potential disseminators of zoonotic viruses. We investigated the presence of six virus families in bats in three regions of Central‐Southern Italy. Astroviruses were identified in seven of 13 bat species. Sequence analysis revealed marked genetic heterogeneity among the astroviruses identified, with nucleotide identity ranging between 60.26% and 87.62%. Astrovirus diversity was not associated with the bat species, the geographic areas or the bat colony, suggesting the circulation of several astrovirus strains in Italian ecosystems. Genetic diversification and interspecies transmission appear common in bat astroviruses and could provide, potentially, the bases for transmission to humans and other mammals. Yet overemphasizing this risk might have detrimental consequences for bat conservation and preservation of the important ecosystem services bats provide.
The Learner-Centred Status of a Brazilian University Coach Education Program
Authors: Milistetd Michel , Trudel Pierre , Rynne Steven , Mesquita Isabel Maria Ribeiro , do Nascimento Juarez Vieira 
Published: June 2018

Previous research has suggested a shift from instructor-centred to learner-centred approaches in an attempt to improve coach education programs. To implement such crucial change it is essential to master the ‘new language’ and better understand educational contexts. The purposes of this article are to (a) highlight new social factors indicating an urgent need to change, (b) present a learner-centred framework based on the work of a recognized group of researchers (i.e., Blumberg, Cullen, Harris, and Weimer), and (c) analyse the learner-centeredness of a Bachelor in Physical Education program, especially with respect to its sport performance area. Based on the social factors explored throughout the text and the learner centred principles, results showed inconsistencies between the conceptual orientations mentioned in the ‘official documents’ and the teaching processes used in the Bachelor program. Recommendations for higher education leaders and instructors are explored.
Does ‘right to work’ imperil the right to health? The effect of labour unions on workplace fatalities
Authors: Zoorob Michael 
Published: June 2018

ObjectiveEconomic policies can have unintended consequences on population health. In recent years, many states in the USA have passed ‘right to work’ (RTW) laws which weaken labour unions. The effect of these laws on occupational health remains unexplored. This study fills this gap by analysing the effect of RTW on occupational fatalities through its effect on unionisation.MethodsTwo-way fixed effects regression models are used to estimate the effect of unionisation on occupational mortality per 100 000 workers, controlling for state policy liberalism and workforce composition over the period 1992–2016. In the final specification, RTW laws are used as an instrument for unionisation to recover causal effects.ResultsThe Local Average Treatment Effect of a 1% decline in unionisation attributable to RTW is about a 5% increase in the rate of occupational fatalities. In total, RTW laws have led to a 14.2% increase in occupational mortality through decreased unionisation.ConclusionThese findings illustrate and quantify the protective effect of unions on workers’ safety. Policymakers should consider the potentially deleterious effects of anti-union legislation on occupational health.
Physician alert: the legal risks associated with ‘on-call’ duties in the USA
Authors: Paterick Zachary R , Patel Nachiket J , Paterick Timothy Edward 
Published: June 2018

AbstractOn-call physicians encounter a diverse aggregate of interfaces with sundry persons concerning patient care that may surface potential legal peril. The duties and obligations of an on-call physician, who must act as a fiduciary to all patients, create a myriad of circumstances where there is a risk of falling prey to legal ambiguities. The understanding of the doctor–patient relationship, the obligations of physicians under the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act, the meaning of medical informed consent and the elements of negligence will help physicians avoid the legal risk associated with the various encounters of being on call. After introducing the legal concepts, we will explore the interactions that may put physicians at legal risk and outline how to mitigate that risk. Being on call is time consuming and arduous. While on call, physicians have a duty to act morally and ethically in the best interest of the patients.
Effects of microencapsulated complex of organic acids and essential oils on growth performance, nutrient retention, blood profiles, fecal microflora, and lean meat percentage in weaning to finishing pigs
Authors: Oh Han Jin , Kim In Ho , Song Min Ho , Kwak Woo Gi , Yun Won , Lee Ji Hwan , Lee Chang Hee , Oh Seo Young , Liu Shudong , An Ji Seon , Kim Hyeun Bum , Cho Jin Ho 
Published: June 2018

A total of 90 pigs (6.47 ± 0.27 kg; 21 d of age) were used in this 22 wk feeding trial to evaluate the effect of microencapsulated complex of organic acids and essential oils (MOE) on growth performance, nutrient retention, blood profile, fecal microflora, and lean meat percentage in pigs. Pigs were randomly distributed to one of three treatment groups (six replicate pens per treatment, five pigs per pen). Dietary treatments were CON, basal diet; MOE1, basal + 0.1% MOE; and MOE2, basal diet + 0.2% MOE. The average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed efficiency ratio were significantly different among treatments (P < 0.05). The apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter was linearly increased (P < 0.05) by MOE2. Red blood cells and immunoglobulin G were significantly different in pigs fed MOE (P < 0.05). The Lactobacillus concentration linearly increased (P < 0.05) in MOE2 treatments compared with other treatments. The meat color (a*, redness) and drip loss decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing level of MOE. In conclusion, MOE supplementation could improve growth performance, nutrient retention, blood profile, fecal microflora, and meat quality in weaning to finishing pigs.
Risk factors for bruising and mortality of broilers during manual handling, module loading, transport, and lairage
Authors: Cockram Michael S. , Dulal Ketan Jung , Mohamed Radi A. , Revie Crawford W. 
Published: June 2018

Multiple factors can affect the risk of bruising and mortality of broilers during loading, transport, and lairage. The risk factors affecting the percentages of broilers in each load that were “dead-on-arrival” (DOA) or bruised were studied from records provided by a processing plant, by undertaking direct observations during on-farm loading and then carrying out multivariable analyses. Selected loads between 2014 and 2015 from seven producers were included in the study. The median DOA per load was 0.13% (Q1 = 0.06, Q3 = 0.25, n = 212), the median total duration from loading to unloading was 8.6 h, and the external temperature ranged from −22 to 22 °C. Although it was not possible to adequately characterise thermal conditions within each load, the analysis indicated that the main risk factors for increased mortality were in spring and winter, an increased duration between loading and end of lairage, and a period of feed withdrawal before loading longer than 6 h. The risk of mortality increased with the weight of the birds and with an increase in rearing mortality. No relationships were found between the manner in which the broilers were handled and the percentages of DOAs or bruised birds.
Carbon allocation and fate in paddy soil depending on phosphorus fertilization and water management: results of 13C continuous labelling of rice
Authors: Atere Cornelius Talade , Ge Tida , Zhu Zhenke , Wei Liang , Zhou Ping , He Xinhua , Kuzyakov Yakov , Wu Jinshui 
Published: June 2018

We grew rice in phosphorus (P) deficient subtropical paddy soil in a field study and used 13CO2 continuous labelling to investigate photosynthetic carbon (C) partitioning and allocation under FLOOD versus WET/DRY conditions, with and without P fertilization (80 mg P kg−1). The plants and soil were sampled after each of three WET/DRY cycles to determine 13C allocation in above- and belowground plant biomass, microbial biomass, the rhizosphere, and bulk soil. Irrespective of water management, P-fertilized plants had higher biomass and P content and more total 13C in the rice-soil system, especially the 13C incorporation into the shoots (51%–96%), than samples without P fertilization. Root and bulk-soil 13C were largely independent of both P fertilization and water management. However, by the third sampling, P fertilization had increased the amount of 13C and microbial biomass 13C in the rhizosphere soil (RS) by 28% (WET/DRY) and 95% (FLOOD), and by 47% (WET/DRY) and 50% (FLOOD), respectively. The WET/DRY condition had significantly higher microbial biomass and 13C contents than FLOOD condition only in the RS. These results indicate that a well-established aboveground plant biomass following P fertilization is required to increase belowground C allocation. Thus, WET/DRY conditions, like FLOOD conditions, can provide moisture sufficient for unhindered P availability in rice-paddy system.
The eternal naked singularity formation in the case of gravitational collapse of generalized Vaidya space–time
Authors: Vertogradov Vitalii 
Published: June 2018

In this paper, we consider the gravitational collapse of generalized Vaidya space–time when the matter satisfies the equation of the state either [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text]. We show that in the case when type I of matter field is dust, then the apparent horizon will never appear but there is no a family of null radial future-directed geodesics which terminate at the central singularity in the past. Also, we show that in the case of negative pressure, the result of the gravitational collapse might be the naked singularity and the apparent horizon appears and in very short time disappears again. In the case of the negative pressure, we show that the result of the gravitational collapse might be the eternal naked singularity.
Predicting User Confidence During Visual Decision Making
Authors: Smith Jim , Legg Phil , Matovic Milos , Kinsey Kristofer 
Published: June 2018

People are not infallible consistent “oracles”: their confidence in decision-making may vary significantly between tasks and over time. We have previously reported the benefits of using an interface and algorithms that
explicitly
captured and exploited users’ confidence: error rates were reduced by up to 50% for an industrial multi-class learning problem; and the number of interactions required in a design-optimisation context was reduced by 33%. Having access to users’ confidence judgements could significantly benefit intelligent interactive systems in industry, in areas such as intelligent tutoring systems and in health care. There are many reasons for wanting to capture information about confidence
implicitly
. Some are ergonomic, but others are more “social”—such as wishing to understand (and possibly take account of) users’ cognitive state without interrupting them.

We investigate the hypothesis that users’ confidence can be accurately predicted from measurements of their behaviour. Eye-tracking systems were used to capture users’ gaze patterns as they undertook a series of visual decision tasks, after each of which they reported their confidence on a 5-point Likert scale. Subsequently, predictive models were built using “conventional” machine learning approaches for numerical summary features derived from users’ behaviour. We also investigate the extent to which the deep learning paradigm can reduce the need to design features specific to each application by creating “gaze maps”—visual representations of the trajectories and durations of users’ gaze fixations—and then training deep convolutional networks on these images.
Treating the prediction of user confidence as a two-class problem (confident/not confident), we attained classification accuracy of 88% for the scenario of new users on known tasks, and 87% for known users on new tasks. Considering the confidence as an ordinal variable, we produced regression models with a mean absolute error of ≈0.7 in both cases. Capturing just a simple subset of non-task-specific numerical features gave slightly worse, but still quite high accuracy (e.g., MAE ≈ 1.0). Results obtained with gaze maps and convolutional networks are competitive, despite not having access to longer-term information about users and tasks, which was vital for the “summary” feature sets. This suggests that the gaze-map-based approach forms a viable, transferable alternative to handcrafting features for each different application. These results provide significant evidence to confirm our hypothesis, and offer a way of substantially improving many interactive artificial intelligence applications via the addition of cheap non-intrusive hardware and computationally cheap prediction algorithms.