bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How long do percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy feeding tubes last? A retrospective analysis
Authors: Siau Keith , Troth Tom , Gibson Elizabeth , Dhanda Anita , Robinson Lauren , Fisher Neil C 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundPercutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes allow for long-term enteral feeding. Disk-retained PEG tubes may be suitable for long-term usage without planned replacement, but data on longevity are limited. We aimed to assess the rates and predictors of PEG longevity and post-PEG mortality.DesignSingle-centred retrospective cohort study of patients with disk-retained (Freka) PEG tubes.MethodsAll patients undergoing PEG between 2010 and 2013 were identified, and retrospective analysis of outcomes until 2017 (median 1062 days) was performed. Time-to-event data were plotted using Kaplan-Meier curves, with predictors of survival derived from multivariate Cox-regression analyses.Results277patients were studied, with a median age of 74 years (IQR 59–82). PEG tube failure occurred in 17.4%, due to: buried bumper syndrome (7.0%), split/broken tube (6.3%), peristomal infection (1.8%) and dislodged tube (1.1%). PEG tube longevity was 95.1% (1 year) and 68.5% (5 year), with age &lt;70 (HR 2.65, 95% CI 1.25 to 5.62, p=0.011) being predictive of PEG failure. Post-PEG mortality was 10.5% (30 day), 35.4% (1 year) and 59.7% (5 year). Age ≥70 was associated with mortality (HR 2.79, 95% CI 1.92 to 4.05, p&lt;0.001), whereas PEG failure (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.77, p=0.003) and elective PEG removal (HR 0.23, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.64, p=0.005) were associated with reduced mortality.Conclusions68.5% of PEG tubes remain intact after 5 years. Younger age was associated with earlier PEG failure, whereas younger age, PEG replacement and elective PEG tube removal were associated with improved survival. These data may inform future guidance for elective PEG tube replacements.
Raising generation ‘A’: a case study of millennial tobacco company marketing in Indonesia
Authors: Astuti Putu Ayu Swandewi , Assunta Mary , Freeman Becky 
Published: July 2018

ObjectiveTo describe theSampoerna A[A] brand marketing techniques and practices and how event-based sponsorship leverages company websites and popular social media channels to reach and engage young people.MethodThis case study was built from three main data sources. First, HM Sampoerna company reports, corporate websites and other online sources were reviewed. Second, four pairs of observers conducted an observation survey; systematically auditing and documenting tobacco promotion and advertising at the 2016SoundrenAlineconcert. Finally, social media data were obtained from an iterative search of hashtags of Instagram posts. The 10 most frequently used hashtags related to the concert were reviewed and documented.ResultsAbrand marketing includes sponsorship of a music concert series, a limited editionA Mildcigarette package and promotion of virtual events on company websites and social media channels. Instagram boosted promotion with more than 25 000 posts for the two most popular hashtags endorsed during the concerts. Marketing activities targeted young people by focusing on creativity, freedom of expression and audience engagement. The corporate website ‘goaheadpeople.id’ served as both a promotional medium and online community.ConclusionInternet and social media channels are key to Sampoerna’s marketing strategy in Indonesia. Internet-based marketing run alongside conventional advertising likely increases Indonesian youth exposure to cigarette marketing. This case study also provides evidence that Sampoerna evaded current tobacco advertising regulations. Subnational governments can play a stronger role in restricting tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship by more effectively enforcing current regulation.
Relationship between magnetic field and anisotropy parameter in gravitation theories
Authors: Aktaş Can , Aygün Sezgin , Sahoo Pradyumn Kumar 
Published: July 2018

The magnetized strange quark matter (MSQM) solutions are obtained for a Marder type universe using constant deceleration parameter. The exact solutions of field equations are obtained for f(R,[Formula: see text]T) = R + 2f(T) model given by [T. Harko et al., Phys. Rev. D 84, 024020 (2011)] with cosmological term. Also, we have obtained General Relativity (GR) solutions for MSQM distributions. For [Formula: see text], we get the dark energy model, i.e. [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. However, for [Formula: see text], we find the cosmological constant [Formula: see text] as negative in f(R,[Formula: see text]T) theory and GR. These results agree with [S. Aygün et al., Astrophys. Space Sci. 361, 380 (2016); C. Aktaş and S. Aygün, Chinese J. Phys. 55, 71 (2017); P. K. Sahoo et al., Mod. Phys. Lett. A 32, 1750105 (2017)] in f(R,[Formula: see text]T) theory. The physical consequences of our obtained models are discussed at the end.
System and Architecture Level Characterization of Big Data Applications on Big and Little Core Server Architectures
Authors: Malik Maria , Rafatirad Setareh , Homayoun Houman 
Published: July 2018

The rapid growth in data yields challenges to process data efficiently using current high-performance server architectures such as big Xeon cores. Furthermore, physical design constraints, such as power and density, have become the dominant limiting factor for scaling out servers. Low-power embedded cores in servers such as little Atom have emerged as a promising solution to enhance energy-efficiency to address these challenges. Therefore, the question of whether to process the big data applications on big Xeon- or Little Atom-based servers becomes important. In this work, through methodical investigation of power and performance measurements, and comprehensive application-level, system-level, and micro-architectural level analysis, we characterize dominant big data applications on big Xeon- and little Atom-based server architectures. The characterization results across a wide range of real-world big data applications, and various software stacks demonstrate how the choice of big- versus little-core-based server for energy-efficiency is significantly influenced by the size of data, performance constraints, and presence of accelerator. In addition, we analyze processor resource utilization of this important class of applications, such as memory footprints, CPU utilization, and disk bandwidth, to understand their run-time behavior. Furthermore, we perform micro-architecture-level analysis to highlight where improvement is needed in big- and little-core microarchitectures to address their performance bottlenecks.
A Video-based Attack for Android Pattern Lock
Authors: Ye Guixin , Tang Zhanyong , Fang Dingyi , Chen Xiaojiang , Wolff Willy , Aviv Adam J. , Wang Zheng 
Published: July 2018

Pattern lock is widely used for identification and authentication on Android devices. This article presents a novel video-based side channel attack that can reconstruct Android locking patterns from video footage filmed using a smartphone. As a departure from previous attacks on pattern lock, this new attack does not require the camera to capture any content displayed on the screen. Instead, it employs a computer vision algorithm to track the fingertip movement trajectory to infer the pattern. Using the geometry information extracted from the tracked fingertip motions, the method can accurately infer a small number of (often one) candidate patterns to be tested by an attacker. We conduct extensive experiments to evaluate our approach using 120 unique patterns collected from 215 independent users. Experimental results show that the proposed attack can reconstruct over 95% of the patterns in five attempts. We discovered that, in contrast to most people’s belief, complex patterns do not offer stronger protection under our attacking scenarios. This is demonstrated by the fact that we are able to break all but one complex patterns (with a 97.5% success rate) as opposed to 60% of the simple patterns in the first attempt.
We demonstrate that this video-side channel is a serious concern for not only graphical locking patterns but also PIN-based passwords, as algorithms and analysis developed from the attack can be easily adapted to target PIN-based passwords. As a countermeasure, we propose to change the way the Android locking pattern is constructed and used. We show that our proposal can successfully defeat this video-based attack. We hope the results of this article can encourage the community to revisit the design and practical use of Android pattern lock.
Transfer of miRNA in Macrophage-Derived Exosomes Induces Drug Resistance in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Binenbaum Yoav , Fridman Eran , Yaari Zvi , Milman Neta , Schroeder Avi , Ben David Gil , Shlomi Tomer , Gil Ziv 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is known for its resistance to gemcitabine, which acts to inhibit cell growth by termination of DNA replication. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) were recently shown to contribute to gemcitabine resistance; however, the exact mechanism of this process is still unclear. Using a genetic mouse model of PDAC and electron microscopy analysis, we show that TAM communicate with the tumor microenvironment via secretion of approximately 90 nm vesicles, which are selectively internalized by cancer cells. Transfection of artificial dsDNA (barcode fragment) to murine peritoneal macrophages and injection to mice bearing PDAC tumors revealed a 4-log higher concentration of the barcode fragment in primary tumors and in liver metastasis than in normal tissue. These macrophage-derived exosomes (MDE) significantly decreased the sensitivity of PDAC cells to gemcitabine, in vitro and in vivo. This effect was mediated by the transfer of miR-365 in MDE. miR-365 impaired activation of gemcitabine by upregulation of the triphospho-nucleotide pool in cancer cells and the induction of the enzyme cytidine deaminase; the latter inactivates gemcitabine. Adoptive transfer of miR-365 in TAM induced gemcitabine resistance in PDAC-bearing mice, whereas immune transfer of the miR-365 antagonist recovered the sensitivity to gemcitabine. Mice deficient of Rab27 a/b genes, which lack exosomal secretion, responded significantly better to gemcitabine than did wildtype. These results identify MDE as key regulators of gemcitabine resistance in PDAC and demonstrate that blocking miR-365 can potentiate gemcitabine response.
Significance: Harnessing macrophage-derived exosomes as conveyers of antagomiRs augments the effect of chemotherapy against cancer, opening new therapeutic options against malignancies where resistance to nucleotide analogs remains an obstacle to overcome. Cancer Res; 78(18); 5287–99. ©2018 AACR.
Resistance to Radiotherapy and PD-L1 Blockade Is Mediated by TIM-3 Upregulation and Regulatory T-Cell Infiltration
Authors: Oweida Ayman , Hararah Mohammad K. , Phan Andy , Binder David , Bhatia Shilpa , Lennon Shelby , Bukkapatnam Sanjana , Van Court Benjamin , Uyanga Nomin , Darragh Laurel , Kim Hyun Min , Raben David , Tan Aik Choon , Heasley Lynn , Clambey Eric , Nemenoff Raphael , Karam Sana D. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Purpose: Radiotherapy (RT) can transform the immune landscape and render poorly immunogenic tumors sensitive to PD-L1 inhibition. Here, we established that the response to combined RT and PD-L1 inhibition is transient and investigated mechanisms of resistance.
Experimental Design: Mechanisms of resistance to RT and PD-L1 blockade were investigated in orthotopic murine head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tumors using mass cytometry and whole-genome sequencing. Mice were treated with anti–PD-L1 or anti–TIM-3 alone and in combination with and without RT. Tumor growth and survival were assessed. Flow cytometry was used to assess phenotypic and functional changes in intratumoral T-cell populations. Depletion of regulatory T cells (Treg) was performed using anti-CD25 antibody.
Results: We show that the immune checkpoint receptor, TIM-3, is upregulated on CD8 T cells and Tregs in tumors treated with RT and PD-L1 blockade. Treatment with anti–TIM-3 concurrently with anti–PD-L1 and RT led to significant tumor growth delay, enhanced T-cell cytotoxicity, decreased Tregs, and improved survival in orthotopic models of HNSCC. Despite this treatment combination, the response was not durable, and analysis of relapsed tumors revealed resurgence of Tregs. Targeted Treg depletion, however, restored antitumor immunity in mice treated with RT and dual immune checkpoint blockade and resulted in tumor rejection and induction of immunologic memory.
Conclusions: These data reveal multiple layers of immune regulation that can promote tumorigenesis and the therapeutic potential of sequential targeting to overcome tumor resistance mechanisms. We propose that targeted Treg inhibitors may be critical for achieving durable tumor response with combined radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res; 24(21); 5368–80. ©2018 AACR.
Class Matters: Sensitivity of BRAF-Mutant Melanoma to MAPK Inhibition
Authors: Johnson Douglas B. , Dahlman Kimberly B. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Mutations in BRAF outside of the 600 codons (BRAF non- V600) occur across cancer types, including in 3% to 5% of melanomas. The optimal treatment strategies are not clear but based on preclinical studies could include MEK inhibitors. Combining BRAF and MEK inhibitors in this population may provide additional benefit.
See related article by Dankner et al., p. 6483
Exosomes from HNSCC Promote Angiogenesis through Reprogramming of Endothelial Cells
Authors: Ludwig Nils , Yerneni Saigopalakrishna S. , Razzo Beatrice M. , Whiteside Theresa L. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
For solid tumors, such as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), an adequate blood supply is of critical importance for tumor development and metastasis. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) accumulate in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and serve as a communication system between tumor and normal stromal cells. This study evaluates in vitro and in vivo effects mediated by TEX that result in promotion of angiogenesis. TEX produced by PCI-13 (HPV−) and UMSCC47 (HPV+) cell lines or from plasma of HNSCC patients were isolated by mini size exclusion chromatography (mini-SEC). TEX morphology, size, numbers, and molecular profile were characterized, and the angiogenesis-inducing potential was measured in arrays and real-time PCR with human endothelial cells (HUVEC). Uptake of labeled TEX by HUVECs was demonstrated by confocal microscopy. Tube formation, proliferation, migration, and adherence by HUVECs in response to TEX were investigated. The 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO) oral carcinogenesis mouse model was used to confirm that TEX induce the same results in vivo. TEX were found to be potent inducers of angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo through functional reprogramming and phenotypic modulation of endothelial cells. TEX carried angiogenic proteins and were internalized by HUVECs within 4 hours. TEX stimulated proliferation (P &lt; 0.001), migration (P &lt; 0.05), and tube formation (P &lt; 0.001) by HUVECs and promoted formation of defined vascular structures in vivo. The data suggest that TEX promote angiogenesis and drive HNSCC progression. Future efforts should focus on eliminating or silencing TEX and thereby adding new options for improving existing antiangiogenic therapies.
Implications: TEX appear to play an important role in tumor angiogenesis and thus may contribute to tumor growth and metastasis of HNSCC in this context. Mol Cancer Res; 16(11); 1798–808. ©2018 AACR.
<b><i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i></b> in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients with Frequent Hospitalized Exacerbations: A Prospective Multicentre Study
Authors: Rodrigo-Troyano Ana , Melo Valentina , Marcos Pedro J. , Laserna Elena , Peiro Meritxell , Suarez-Cuartin Guillermo , Perea Lidia , Feliu Anna , Plaza Vicente , Faverio Paola , Restrepo Marcos I. , Anzueto Antonio , Sibila Oriol 
Published: July 2018

<b><i>Background:</i></b> <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (PA) is a common microorganism related to severe exacerbations in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). However, their role in COPD patients with frequent hospitalized exacerbations (FHE) is not well described. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> We aimed to determine prevalence, risk factors, susceptibility patterns and impact on outcomes of PA in COPD patients with FHE. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Prospective observational multicentre study that included COPD patients with FHE. The cohort was stratified in 2 groups according to the presence or absence of PA isolation in sputum. Patients were followed up for 12 months. <b><i>Results:</i></b> We enrolled 207 COPD patients with FHE. In 119 patients (57%), a valid sputum culture was collected. Of them, PA was isolated in 21 patients (18%). The risk factors associated with PA were prior use of systemic corticosteroids (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.2–9.7, <i>p</i> = 0.01) and prior isolation of PA (OR 4.36, 95% CI 1.4–13.4, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.01). Patients with PA had an increased risk of having ≥3 readmissions (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.3–12.8, <i>p</i> = 0.01) and higher PA isolation rate (OR 7.7, 95% CI 2.4–24.6, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001) during the follow-up period. In 14 patients (67%), PA was resistant to at least one antibiotic tested. PA persisted in the sputum in 70% of patients. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The presence of PA was related to 3 or more readmissions during the 1-year follow-up and PA persisted in the sputum despite an appropriate antibiotic treatment. This finding suggested an important role of PA in the course of the disease of COPD patients with FHE.
Anatomy of a Scandal: Physicians Facing the Inquisition in Late Seventeenth-Century Rome
Authors: Donato Maria Pia 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
In the 1690s the Roman Inquisition targeted medical circles, as they allegedly disseminated atheism under the veil of new explanations of the body. This article revisits these affairs, focussing on Rome. It argues that increased inquisitorial pressure must be set against the backdrop of struggles for hegemony in the papal curia, in which physicians were entangled. Notwithstanding such political vicissitudes, ecclesiastical control played a relevant role in shaping Italian medicine at the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The article suggests that the result may have been, paradoxically, a form of un-assumed materialism, though framed within the disciplinary borders of practical medicine, which enabled physicians to re-assert their autonomy.
Medicine and the Inquisition in Portugal (Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries): People and Books
Authors: Baudry Hervé 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The Tribunal of the Inquisition was established in Portugal in 1536. This paper deals with three aspects concerning medicine in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Portugal: the institution and its members, the medical practitioners, and the books. On the one hand, doctors were necessary to carry out specific duties in the life of the Inquisition. On the other hand, a significant percentage of the victims of the Inquisition were medical professionals, the overwhelming majority being New Christians accused of Judaism. Finally, as did the Roman and Spanish Inquisitions, the Portuguese Holy Office looked after the censorship of books, many of which dealt with medical matters.
Simulation of an Evolving Convective Boundary Layer Using a Scale-Dependent Dynamic Smagorinsky Model at Near-Gray-Zone Resolutions
Authors: Efstathiou G. A. , Plant R. S. , Bopape M.-J. M. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractA scale-dependent Lagrangian-averaged dynamic Smagorinsky subgrid scheme with stratification effects is used to simulate the evolving convective boundary layer of the Wangara (Australia) case study in the gray-zone regime (specifically, for grid lengths from 25 to 400 m). The dynamic Smagorinsky and standard Smagorinsky approaches are assessed for first- and second-order quantities in comparison with results derived from coarse-grained large-eddy simulation (LES) fields. In the LES regime, the subgrid schemes produce very similar results, albeit with some modest differences near the surface. At coarser resolutions, the use of the standard Smagorinsky approach significantly delays the onset of resolved turbulence, with the delay increasing with coarsening resolution. In contrast, the dynamic Smagorinsky scheme much improves the spinup and so is also able to maintain consistency with the LES temperature profiles at the coarser resolutions. Moreover, the resolved part of the turbulence reproduces well the turbulence profiles obtained from the coarse-grained fields, especially in the near gray zone. The dynamic scheme does become somewhat overenergetic with further coarsening of the resolution, especially near the surface. The dynamic scheme reaches its limit in the current configuration when the test filter starts to sample at the unresolved scales, returning very small Smagorinsky coefficients. Sensitivity tests reveal that the dynamic model can adapt to changes in the imposed numerical or subgrid diffusion by adjusting the Smagorinsky constant to the changing flow field and minimizing the dissipation effects on the resolved turbulence structures.
Effect of Planetary Rotation on Oceanic Surface Boundary Layer Turbulence
Authors: Liu Jinliang , Liang Jun-Hong , McWilliams James C. , Sullivan Peter P. , Fan Yalin , Chen Qin 
Published: July 2018

AbstractA large-eddy simulation (LES) model is configured to investigate the effect of the horizontal (northward) component of Earth’s rotation on upper-ocean turbulence. The focus is on the variability of the effect with latitude/hemisphere in the presence of surface gravity waves and when capped by a stable stratification beneath the surface layer. When is included, the mean flow, turbulence, and vertical mixing depend on the wind direction. The value and effect of are the largest in the tropics and decrease with increasing latitudes. The variability in turbulent flows to wind direction is different at different latitudes and in opposite hemispheres. When limited by stable stratification, the variability in turbulence intensity to wind direction reduces, but the entrainment rate changes with wind direction. In wave-driven Langmuir turbulence, the variability in mean current to wind direction is reduced, but the variability of turbulence to wind direction is evident. When there is wind-following swell, the variability in the mean current to wind direction is further reduced. When there is strong wind-opposing swell so that the total wave forcing is opposite to the wind, the variability in the mean current to wind direction is reduced, but the variability of turbulence to wind direction is enhanced, compared to in Ekman turbulence. The profiles of eddy viscosity, including its shape and its value, show a strong wind direction dependence for both stratified wind-driven and wave-driven Langmuir turbulence. Our study demonstrates that wind direction is an important parameter to upper-ocean mixing, though it is overlooked in existing ocean models.