bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic review of acute physically active learning and classroom movement breaks on children’s physical activity, cognition, academic performance and classroom behaviour: understanding critical design features
Authors: Daly-Smith Andy J , Zwolinsky Stephen , McKenna Jim , Tomporowski Phillip D , Defeyter Margaret Anne , Manley Andrew 
Published: March 2018

ObjectiveTo examine the impact of acute classroom movement break (CMB) and physically active learning (PAL) interventions on physical activity (PA), cognition, academic performance and classroom behaviour.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesPubMed, EBSCO, Academic Search Complete, Education Resources Information Center, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, SCOPUS and Web of Science.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesStudies investigating school-based acute bouts of CMB or PAL on (PA), cognition, academic performance and classroom behaviour. The Downs and Black checklist assessed risk of bias.ResultsTen PAL and eight CMB studies were identified from 2929 potentially relevant articles. Risk of bias scores ranged from 33% to 64.3%. Variation in study designs drove specific, but differing, outcomes. Three studies assessed PA using objective measures. Interventions replaced sedentary time with either light PA or moderate-to-vigorous PA dependent on design characteristics (mode, duration and intensity). Only one study factored individual PA outcomes into analyses. Classroom behaviour improved after longer moderate-to-vigorous (>10 min), or shorter more intense (5 min), CMB/PAL bouts (9 out of 11 interventions). There was no support for enhanced cognition or academic performance due to limited repeated studies.ConclusionLow-to-medium quality designs predominate in investigations of the acute impacts of CMB and PAL on PA, cognition, academic performance and classroom behaviour. Variable quality in experimental designs, outcome measures and intervention characteristics impact outcomes making conclusions problematic. CMB and PAL increased PA and enhanced time on task. To improve confidence in study outcomes, future investigations should combine examples of good practice observed in current studies.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017070981.
On a hyperbolic system arising in liquid crystals modeling
Authors: Feireisl Eduard , Rocca Elisabetta , Schimperna Giulio , Zarnescu Arghir 
Published: March 2018

We consider a model of liquid crystals, based on a nonlinear hyperbolic system of differential equations, that represents an inviscid version of the model proposed by Qian and Sheng. A new concept of dissipative solution is proposed, for which a global-in-time existence theorem is shown. The dissipative solutions enjoy the following properties: (i) they exist globally in time for any finite energy initial data; (ii) dissipative solutions enjoying certain smoothness are classical solutions; (iii) a dissipative solution coincides with a strong solution originating from the same initial data as long as the latter exists.
Demand for Colonoscopy in Colorectal Cancer Screening Using a Quantitative Fecal Immunochemical Test and Age/Sex-Specific Thresholds for Test Positivity
Authors: Chen Sam Li-Sheng , Hsu Chen-Yang , Yen Amy Ming-Fang , Young Graeme P. , Chiu Sherry Yueh-Hsia , Fann Jean Ching-Yuan , Lee Yi-Chia , Chiu Han-Mo , Chiou Shu-Ti , Chen Hsiu-Hsi 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackground: Despite age and sex differences in fecal hemoglobin (f-Hb) concentrations, most fecal immunochemical test (FIT) screening programs use population-average cut-points for test positivity. The impact of age/sex-specific threshold on FIT accuracy and colonoscopy demand for colorectal cancer screening are unknown.Methods: Using data from 723,113 participants enrolled in a Taiwanese population-based colorectal cancer screening with single FIT between 2004 and 2009, sensitivity and specificity were estimated for various f-Hb thresholds for test positivity. This included estimates based on a “universal” threshold, receiver-operating-characteristic curve–derived threshold, targeted sensitivity, targeted false-positive rate, and a colonoscopy-capacity-adjusted method integrating colonoscopy workload with and without age/sex adjustments.Results: Optimal age/sex-specific thresholds were found to be equal to or lower than the universal 20 μg Hb/g threshold. For older males, a higher threshold (24 μg Hb/g) was identified using a 5% false-positive rate. Importantly, a nonlinear relationship was observed between sensitivity and colonoscopy workload with workload rising disproportionately to sensitivity at 16 μg Hb/g. At this “colonoscopy-capacity-adjusted” threshold, the test positivity (colonoscopy workload) was 4.67% and sensitivity was 79.5%, compared with a lower 4.0% workload and a lower 78.7% sensitivity using 20 μg Hb/g. When constrained on capacity, age/sex-adjusted estimates were generally lower. However, optimizing age/-sex-adjusted thresholds increased colonoscopy demand across models by 17% or greater compared with a universal threshold.Conclusions: Age/sex-specific thresholds improve FIT accuracy with modest increases in colonoscopy demand.Impact: Colonoscopy-capacity-adjusted and age/sex-specific f-Hb thresholds may be useful in optimizing individual screening programs based on detection accuracy, population characteristics, and clinical capacity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(6); 704–9. ©2018 AACR.
Nuclear Factor-κB Promotes Urothelial Tumorigenesis and Cancer Progression via Cooperation with Androgen Receptor Signaling
Authors: Inoue Satoshi , Ide Hiroki , Mizushima Taichi , Jiang Guiyang , Netto George J. , Gotoh Momokazu , Miyamoto Hiroshi 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWe investigated the role of NF-κB in the development and progression of urothelial cancer as well as cross-talk between NF-κB and androgen receptor (AR) signals in urothelial cells. Immunohistochemistry in surgical specimens showed that the expression levels of NF-κB/p65 (P = 0.015)/phospho-NF-κB/p65 (P &lt; 0.001) were significantly elevated in bladder tumors, compared with those in nonneoplastic urothelial tissues. The rates of phospho-NF-κB/p65 positivity were also significantly higher in high-grade (P = 0.015)/muscle-invasive (P = 0.033) tumors than in lower grade/non–muscle-invasive tumors. Additionally, patients with phospho-NF-κB/p65-positive muscle-invasive bladder cancer had significantly higher risks of disease progression (P &lt; 0.001) and cancer-specific mortality (P = 0.002). In immortalized human normal urothelial SVHUC cells stably expressing AR, NF-κB activators and inhibitors accelerated and prevented, respectively, their neoplastic transformation induced by a chemical carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene. Bladder tumors were identified in 56% (mock), 89% (betulinic acid), and 22% (parthenolide) of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-treated male C57BL/6 mice at 22 weeks of age. NF-κB activators and inhibitors also significantly induced and reduced, respectively, cell proliferation/migration/invasion of AR-positive bladder cancer lines, but not AR-knockdown or AR-negative lines, and their growth in xenograft-bearing mice. In both nonneoplastic and neoplastic urothelial cells, NF-κB activators/inhibitors upregulated/downregulated, respectively, AR expression, whereas AR overexpression was associated with increases in the expression levels of NF-κB/p65 and phospho-NF-κB/p65. Thus, NF-κB appeared to be activated in bladder cancer, which was associated with tumor progression. NF-κB activators/inhibitors were also found to modulate tumorigenesis and tumor outgrowth in AR-activated urothelial cells. Accordingly, NF-κB inhibition, together with AR inactivation, has the potential of being an effective chemopreventive and/or therapeutic approach for urothelial carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(6); 1303–14. ©2018 AACR.
Analysis of HSP27 and the Autophagy Marker LC3B+ Puncta Following Preoperative Chemotherapy Identifies High-Risk Osteosarcoma Patients
Authors: Livingston J. Andrew , Wang Wei-Lien , Tsai Jen-Wei , Lazar Alexander J. , Leung Cheuk Hong , Lin Heather , Advani Shailesh , Daw Najat , Santiago-O'Farrill Janice , Hollomon Mario , Gordon Nancy B. , Kleinerman Eugenie S. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced autophagy is a proposed mechanism of chemoresistance and potential therapeutic target in osteosarcoma. We evaluated heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) and autophagy-related proteins as predictors of pathologic treatment response and prognostic markers among osteosarcoma patients who received standard chemotherapy. We analyzed 394 tumor specimens (pre-treatment, post-treatment, and metastases) from 260 osteosarcoma patients by immunohistochemistry for cytoplasmic light chain 3B (LC3B)-positive puncta, sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and HSP27 expression. The staining percentage and intensity for each marker were scored and the extent to which marker expression was correlated with pathologic response, relapse-free survival (RFS), and overall survival (OS) was assessed. LCB3+ puncta in post-treatment primary tumors (50%) and metastases (67%) was significantly higher than in pre-treatment biopsy specimens (30%; P = 0.023 and &lt;0.001). Among 215 patients with localized osteosarcoma, both pre-treatment [multivariate hazard ratio (HR), 26.7; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.47–484; P = 0.026] and post-treatment HSP27 expression (multivariate HR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.03–3.33; P = 0.039) were associated with worse OS. Lack of LC3B+ puncta at resection was an independent poor prognostic marker in both univariate (HR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.05–3.03; P = 0.034) and multivariate models (HR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.01–3.04; P = 0.045). Patients with LC3B+/HSP27− tumors at resection had the best 10-year OS (75%) whereas patients with LC3B−/HSP27+ tumors had the worst 10-year survival (25%). Neither HSP27 expression nor the presence of LCB3+ puncta was correlated with pathologic treatment response. Our findings establish HSP27 expression and LC3B+ puncta as independent prognostic markers in osteosarcoma patients receiving standard chemotherapy and support further investigation into strategies targeting HSP27 or modulating autophagy in osteosarcoma treatment. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(6); 1315–23. ©2018 AACR.
Runx2 Suppression by miR-342 and miR-363 Inhibits Multiple Myeloma Progression
Authors: Gowda Pramod S. , Wildman Benjamin J. , Trotter Timothy N. , Xu Xiaoxuan , Hao Xiaoxiao , Hassan Mohammad Q. , Yang Yang 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn multiple myeloma, abnormal plasma cells accumulate and proliferate in the bone marrow. Recently, we observed that Runx2, a bone-specific transcription factor, is highly expressed in multiple myeloma cells and is a major driver of multiple myeloma progression in bone. The primary goal of the present study was to identify Runx2-targeting miRNAs that can reduce tumor growth. Expression analysis of a panel of miRNAs in multiple myeloma patient specimens, compared with healthy control specimens, revealed that metastatic multiple myeloma cells express low levels of miR-342 and miR-363 but high levels of Runx2. Reconstituting multiple myeloma cells (CAG) with miR-342 and miR-363 reduced the abundance of Runx2 and the expression of metastasis-promoting Runx2 target genes RANKL and DKK1, and suppressed Runx2 downstream signaling pathways Akt/β-catenin/survivin, which are required for multiple myeloma tumor progression. Intravenous injection of multiple myeloma cells (5TGM1), stably overexpressing miR-342 and miR-363 alone or together, into syngeneic C57Bl/KaLwRij mice resulted in a significant suppression of 5TGM1 cell growth, decreased osteoclasts and increased osteoblasts, and increased antitumor immunity in the bone marrow, compared with mice injected with 5TGM1 cells expressing a miR-Scramble control. In summary, these results demonstrate that enhanced expression of miR-342 and miR-363 in multiple myeloma cells inhibits Runx2 expression and multiple myeloma growth, decreases osteolysis, and enhances antitumor immunity. Thus, restoring the function of Runx2-targeting by miR-342 and miR-363 in multiple myeloma cells may afford a therapeutic benefit by preventing multiple myeloma progression.Implications: miR-342 and miR-363–mediated downregulation of Runx2 expression in multiple myeloma cells prevents multiple myeloma progression. Mol Cancer Res; 16(7); 1138–48. ©2018 AACR.
Relationship of Familial Hypercholesterolemia and High Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol to Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Beheshti Sabina , Madsen Christian M. , Varbo Anette , Benn Marianne , Nordestgaard Børge G. 
Published: March 2018

Background:
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a condition with very high concentrations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high risk of ischemic heart disease including myocardial infarction. However, there is limited and contradictory information on whether FH and high LDL cholesterol per se confer high risk of ischemic stroke. We tested the hypotheses that individuals in the general population with FH and/or high LDL cholesterol have higher risk of ischemic stroke.

Methods:

The associations of FH and high LDL cholesterol with ischemic stroke risk were tested in both causal, genetic, and observational analyses using 106 412 individuals from the CGPS (Copenhagen General Population Study; 2823 ischemic strokes and 3792 myocardial infarctions) and/or 10 372 individuals from the CCHS (Copenhagen City Heart Study; 945 ischemic strokes and 1142 myocardial infarctions). FH causative mutations were
LDLR
W23X(rs267607213), W66G(rs121908025) and W556S, and
APOB
R3500Q(rs5742904). A Mendelian randomization design tested whether high LDL cholesterol per se has a causal effect on ischemic stroke risk, using a combination of the FH causative mutations and common genetic variants associated with high LDL cholesterol.

Results:

The cumulative incidences in individuals in the CGPS with and without FH causative mutations were similar for ischemic stroke (
P
=0.50) but not for myocardial infarction (
P
<0.001): at age 80 years, 4% and 7% of these individuals developed ischemic stroke and 20% and 8% myocardial infarction, with similar results in the CCHS. There was no association between clinical FH and ischemic stroke, except if personal premature ischemic heart disease was included in the clinical FH criteria. Ischemic heart disease at baseline was associated with higher ischemic stroke risk, explaining the higher ischemic stroke risk in those with high LDL cholesterol. For a 1 mmol/L higher LDL cholesterol, the genetic causal risk ratio was 1.11 (0.62–2.02) for ischemic stroke and 1.45 (1.08–1.93) for myocardial infarction.

Conclusions:
FH and high LDL cholesterol did not confer an increased risk of ischemic stroke. A positive association with ischemic stroke observed for some clinical FH criteria and high LDL cholesterol appears to be due to previous ischemic heart disease, rather than to high LDL cholesterol per se.
Upsetting the Balance? The Legality of Vessel Confiscation under the losc after the M/V Virginia G Case
Authors: Scanlon Zoe 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Although a delicate ‘balance’ was struck between coastal State rights and flag State freedoms in the exclusive economic zone (eez) during negotiations of the losc, uncertainty persists around the specific content of these rights and freedoms. This uncertainty has been highlighted through numerous legal disputes regarding the confiscation of foreign fishing vessels for eez fisheries offences—now a common feature in coastal State maritime enforcement regimes. Amidst longstanding ambiguity around the legality of vessel confiscation regimes and their permissible design, M/V Virginia G was the first itlos decision to consider these questions directly. This article evaluates whether the decision provided greater clarity on these questions. In doing so, it reflects on the strikingly altered realities of fishing practices since the negotiation of the losc, and whether the Tribunal’s approach reflects an appropriate application of the eez ‘balance’ in light of contemporary circumstances faced by the international community today.
Comparing Smallholder Farmers’ Perception of Climate Change with Meteorological Data: Experience from Seven Agroecological Zones of Tanzania
Authors: Mkonda Msafiri Yusuph , He Xinhua , Festin Emma Sandell 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This paper examines and compares smallholder farmers’ perceptions of climate change with the collected meteorological data (1980–2015) across the seven agroecological zones (AEZs) of Tanzania. Systematic and simple random sampling procedures were employed in the selection of districts and villages, respectively. This study used both quantitative and qualitative datasets. Quantitative data were derived from climatic records and questionnaires, while the qualitative data were widely derived from interviews and discussions. The Mann–Kendall test (software) and theme content (method) were used for data analyses. The results showed that rain has experienced a significant change in terms of patterns, frequency, and intensity, while temperature was locally increasing in all the AEZs. Moreover, the farmers’ responses to both closed and open questions indicated that most of them (&gt;70%) noticed these alterations. Comparatively, the farmers residing in the most vulnerable AEZs, that is, arid and semiarid lands, were more responsive and sensitive to climatic impacts than those in the least vulnerable zones, such as alluvial regions. The increase in temperature and change in the rain patterns led to the decrease in crop yields. As a response to this, farmers have adopted new strategies such as early planting and the use of shorter growing crops cultivars. This study concludes that, although farmers’ perceptions were correct and echoed the meteorological/measured data in all the AEZs, adaptation and mitigation strategies are inadequate.
Affect-Aware Adaptive Tutoring Based on Human–Automation Etiquette Strategies
Authors: Yang Euijung , Dorneich Michael C. 
Published: March 2018

Objective: We investigated adapting the interaction style of intelligent tutoring system (ITS) feedback based on human–automation etiquette strategies. Background: Most ITSs adapt the content difficulty level, adapt the feedback timing, or provide extra content when they detect cognitive or affective decrements. Our previous work demonstrated that changing the interaction style via different feedback etiquette strategies has differential effects on students’ motivation, confidence, satisfaction, and performance. The best etiquette strategy was also determined by user frustration. Method: Based on these findings, a rule set was developed that systemically selected the proper etiquette strategy to address one of four learning factors (motivation, confidence, satisfaction, and performance) under two different levels of user frustration. We explored whether etiquette strategy selection based on this rule set (systematic) or random changes in etiquette strategy for a given level of frustration affected the four learning factors. Participants solved mathematics problems under different frustration conditions with feedback that adapted dynamic changes in etiquette strategies either systematically or randomly. Results: The results demonstrated that feedback with etiquette strategies chosen systematically via the rule set could selectively target and improve motivation, confidence, satisfaction, and performance more than changing etiquette strategies randomly. The systematic adaptation was effective no matter the level of frustration for the participant. Conclusion: If computer tutors can vary the interaction style to effectively mitigate negative emotions, then ITS designers would have one more mechanism in which to design affect-aware adaptations that provide the proper responses in situations where human emotions affect the ability to learn.
Generation, Gestation, and Birth
Authors: Robertson Charles D. 
Published: March 2018

Those who consider embryo adoption/rescue a licit means to save the lives of cryopreserved and abandoned embryos often have recourse to an analogy between gestation and wet nursing, claiming that since procreation is complete at the moment of conception, there is no moral difference between gestating another person’s child and wet nursing another person’s child. The claim that procreation terminates at conception is evaluated in light of the thought of St. Thomas, and a determination of the moral means of ordering oneself to the good of the species by means of procreation is made in accordance with the natural law reasoning advocated by that saint. Summary: The Catholic Church teaches that procreation must be the fruit of the marriage act. Some moral theologians consider procreation to be complete at the moment of conception and so conclude that the impregnation of a woman by means of embryo transfer does not violate the principle that procreation must be the fruit of marriage. Others, however, consider procreation to include gestation and birth. This article advances reasons why the latter view should be preferred and what this entails for the ethics of embryo adoption or rescue.
Contemporary Medical Students’ Perceptions of the Hippocratic Oath
Authors: Baumgartner Fritz , Flores Gabriel 
Published: March 2018

Background: The Hippocratic Oath is a standard of medical ethics. Oath adaptations are common. Objective: Evaluate students’ perceptions regarding the oath. Design: Survey of University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical School graduating students regarding the oath’s relevance, content, and application, and whether a choice of version should be provided. Results: Forty-two of the fifty-three students (79 percent) considered the original oath relevant. Most (53 percent) disagreed that the oath in its original form be used, and most preferred a modified oath. More agreed (40 percent) than disagreed (28 percent) on providing a choice of version of the oath. The mean of correct answers as to the original oath’s contents was 68 percent. Euthanasia and abortion prohibitions were recognized by 68 percent and 62 percent, respectively. Increased knowledge of the original’s contents correlated with decreased desire that it be used ( p = .02). Recognition of euthanasia/abortion prohibitions was significantly better for those in disagreement than in agreement that the original be used. Those who disagreed that a choice of oath versions be provided had significantly better knowledge of the original’s euthanasia/abortion prohibitions than those who agreed. However, those who felt strongly that a choice should or should not be given each had a 100 percent accuracy of identifying euthanasia/abortion prohibitions. Conclusions: Most students preferred an adapted oath to the original. Increased student knowledge of the original oath’s contents, including reference to euthanasia/abortion, significantly correlated with decreased desire to use it. Given the original’s importance in medical ethics, this is concerning. A subset of students, however, affirmed the original’s value and desired its use. Improved education in the Hippocratic oath is important, given modern medicine’s complex moral issues. Summary: The Hippocratic oath is a standard of medical ethics. Oath adaptations eliminating the original’s prohibitions of abortion/euthanasia are common. Most medical students who were questioned preferred the adapted oath to the original. Only two-thirds recognized the original’s prohibitions of abortion/euthanasia. Those who knew of the original oath’s prohibitions also had a decreased desire that it be used. Students disagreeing that a choice of versions of the oath be provided had better knowledge of these prohibitions. This is concerning, given the original oath’s importance in medical ethics including at the 1945–1949 Nuremberg trials. Nonetheless, a subset of students affirmed the original Hippocratic oath’s importance, desiring its use.