bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large Ecosystem Service Benefits of Assisted Natural Regeneration
Authors: Yang Yusheng , Wang Lixin , Yang Zhijie , Xu Chao , Xie Jingsheng , Chen Guangshui , Lin Chengfang , Guo Jianfen , Liu Xiaofei , Xiong Decheng , Lin Weisheng , Chen Shidong , He Zongming , Lin Kaimiao , Jiang Miaohua , Lin Teng‐Chiu 
Published: February 2018

AbstractChina manages the largest monoculture plantations in the world, with 24% being Chinese fir plantations. Maximizing the ecosystem services of Chinese fir plantations has important implications in global carbon cycle and biodiversity protection. Assisted natural regeneration (ANR) is a practice to convert degraded lands into more productive forests with great ecosystems services. However, the quantitative understanding of ANR ecosystem service benefits is very limited. We conducted a comprehensive field manipulation experiment to evaluate the ANR potentials. We quantified and compared key ecosystem services including surface runoff, sediment yield, dissolved organic carbon export, plant diversity, and aboveground carbon accumulation of ANR of secondary forests dominated by Castanopsis carlesii to that of Chinese fir and C. carlesii plantations. Our results showed that ANR of C. carlesii forest reduced surface runoff and sediment yield up to 50% compared with other young plantations in the first 3 years and substantially increased plant diversity. ANR also reduced the export of dissolved organic carbon by 60–90% in the first 2 years. Aboveground biomass of the young ANR forest was approximately 3–4 times of that of other young plantations, while aboveground biomass of mature ANR forests was approximately 1.4 times of that of mature Chinese fir plantations of the same age. If all Chinese fir plantations in China were replaced by ANR forests, potentially 0.7 Pg more carbon will be stored in aboveground in one rotation (25 years). The results indicate that ANR triggers positive feedbacks among soil and water conservation, biodiversity protection, and biomass accumulation and thereby enhances ecosystem services.
An Evaluation of Semiempirical Models for Partitioning Photosynthetically Active Radiation Into Diffuse and Direct Beam Components
Authors: Oliphant Andrew J. , Stoy Paul C. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPhotosynthesis is more efficient under diffuse than direct beam photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) per unit PAR, but diffuse PAR is infrequently measured at research sites. We examine four commonly used semiempirical models (Erbs et al., 1982, https://doi.org/10.1016/0038‐092X(82)90302‐4; Gu et al., 1999, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD901068; Roderick, 1999, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168‐1923(99)00028‐3; Weiss & Norman, 1985, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168‐1923(85)90020‐6) that partition PAR into diffuse and direct beam components based on the negative relationship between atmospheric transparency and scattering of PAR. Radiation observations at 58 sites (140 site years) from the La Thuille FLUXNET data set were used for model validation and coefficient testing. All four models did a reasonable job of predicting the diffuse fraction of PAR (ϕ) at the 30 min timescale, with site median r2 values ranging between 0.85 and 0.87, model efficiency coefficients (MECs) between 0.62 and 0.69, and regression slopes within 10% of unity. Model residuals were not strongly correlated with astronomical or standard meteorological variables. We conclude that the Roderick (1999, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168‐1923(99)00028‐3) and Gu et al. (1999, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD901068) models performed better overall than the two older models. Using the basic form of these models, the data set was used to find both individual site and universal model coefficients that optimized predictive accuracy. A new universal form of the model is presented in section 5 that increased site median MEC to 0.73. Site‐specific model coefficients increased median MEC further to 0.78, indicating usefulness of local/regional training of coefficients to capture the local distributions of aerosols and cloud types.
A New Mechanism for the Dependence of Tropical Convection on Free‐Tropospheric Humidity
Authors: Virman M. , Bister M. , Sinclair V. A. , Järvinen H. , Räisänen J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAtmospheric deep convection is responsible for transport of the most important greenhouse gas, water vapor, to the free‐troposphere and for most of the precipitation on Earth. Observations show that deep convection is strongly sensitive to the amount of moisture in the low‐to‐midtroposphere. The current understanding is that this sensitivity is due to entrainment. In this study, it is found that over tropical oceans shallow warm anomalies, likely strong enough to hinder subsequent convection, are observed just above the boundary layer after precipitation, but only where the low‐to‐midtroposphere is dry. The results, showing a cold anomaly above the warm anomaly, suggest that evaporation of stratiform precipitation and subsidence warming below likely cause these temperature anomalies. Evaporation of stratiform precipitation should therefore be a topic of high priority for developing more realistic theories of convective weather phenomena and for improving climate and weather forecast models.
A Probabilistic Assessment of the Next Geomagnetic Reversal
Authors: Buffett Bruce , Davis William 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDeterministic forecasts for the next geomagnetic reversal are not feasible due to large uncertainties in the present‐day state of the Earth's core. A more practical approach relies on probabilistic assessments using paleomagnetic observations to characterize the amplitude of fluctuations in the geomagnetic dipole. We use paleomagnetic observations for the past 2 Myr to construct a stochastic model for the axial dipole field and apply well‐established methods to evaluate the probability of the next geomagnetic reversal as a function of time. For a present‐day axial dipole moment of 7.6 × 1022 A m2, the probability of the dipole entering a reversed state is less than 2% after 20 kyr. This probability rises to 11% after 50 kyr. An imminent geomagnetic reversal is not supported by paleomagnetic observations. The current rate of decline in the dipole moment is unusual but within the natural variability predicted by the stochastic model.
Using gEUD based plan analysis method to evaluate proton vs. photon plans for lung cancer radiation therapy
Authors: Xiao Zhiyan , Zou Wei J , Chen Ting , Yue Ning J , Jabbour Salma K , Parikh Rahul , Zhang Miao 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe goal of this study was to exam the efficacy of current DVH based clinical guidelines draw from photon experience for lung cancer radiation therapy on proton therapy. Comparison proton plans and IMRT plans were generated for 10 lung patients treated in our proton facility. A gEUD based plan evaluation method was developed for plan evaluation. This evaluation method used normal lung gEUD(a) curve in which the model parameter “a” was sampled from the literature reported value. For all patients, the proton plans delivered lower normal lung V5 Gy with similar V20 Gy and similar target coverage. Based on current clinical guidelines, proton plans were ranked superior to IMRT plans for all 10 patients. However, the proton and IMRT normal lung gEUD(a) curves crossed for 8 patients within the tested range of “a”, which means there was a possibility that proton plan would be worse than IMRT plan for lung sparing. A concept of deficiency index (DI) was introduced to quantify the probability of proton plans doing worse than IMRT plans. By applying threshold on DI, four patients’ proton plan was ranked inferior to the IMRT plan. Meanwhile if a threshold to the location of curve crossing was applied, 6 patients’ proton plan was ranked inferior to the IMRT plan. The contradictory ranking results between the current clinical guidelines and the gEUD(a) curve analysis demonstrated there is potential pitfalls by applying photon experience directly to the proton world. A comprehensive plan evaluation based on radio‐biological models should be carried out to decide if a lung patient would really be benefit from proton therapy.
Heterogeneous Nucleation toward Polar‐Solvent‐Free, Fast, and One‐Pot Synthesis of Highly Uniform Perovskite Quantum Dots for Wider Color Gamut Display
Authors: Li Xiaoming , Zhang Kan , Li Jianhai , Chen Jun , Wu Ye , Liu Kai , Song Jizhong , Zeng Haibo 
Published: February 2018

AbstractInorganic halide perovskite quantum dots (IPQDs) hold great potentials for wide color gamut displays due to their high quantum yield, narrow, and composition‐tunable emissions. However, they are facing a big challenge to narrower size distribution and upscalable synthesis procedure. Here, different from the usual spontaneous nucleation, a one‐pot strategy, simply aided by uniformly heterogeneous nucleation agents, achieving mass production (≈1.8 g) with high product yield within short reaction time for various IPQDs is demonstrated. This method not only avoids the use of polar solvents, but also averts desirable transfer or injection operations. The heterogeneous nucleation takes place at surface chemical inert materials, which provide additional spatial separation effect, inhibiting the aggregative regrowth of primary IPQDs and thus enabling homogeneous nucleation and growth for various IPQDs. As a result, highly uniform IPQDs, as well as higher color purity, are achieved. Impressively, CsPbBr3 QD dispersion exhibits ultranarrow full width at half maximum of 15.5 nm. Overall, through the novel strategy, blue, green, and red light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) achieved with good optical properties contribute to a color gamut of 140% of the National Television System Committee standard, which is among the widest color gamut in the field of QLED and hence significant for the future high‐definition display.
Localization‐vs‐Delocalization of 5f Orbitals in Superatom Systems
Authors: Gao Yang , Jiang Wanrun , Xu Dexuan , Wang Zhigang 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA long‐standing debate on the system containing the actinide element is the extent of localization and participation of the 5f orbitals in chemical bonding across the actinide series. Here, we illuminate that the 5f orbitals have both dual nature in superatomic bonding for protactinium, uranium, neptunium, and plutonium using density functional theory. Electronic structure analysis reveals that the partial 5f electrons are active and could be preferentially excited to 6d shells to satisfy jelliumic bonding of the 18‐electron rule (1S21P61D10). In contrast, the extra 5f electrons are more localized for neptunium and plutonium compared with protactinium and uranium, and present antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic couplings for the spin arrangements between actinide atoms and confined gold clusters, and largely localized at the actinide atom. This work offers not only a new recipe for breeding magnetic superatoms, but also is very promising for the designing of superconducting materials and heavy‐fermion systems.
Nanocomposite based on epoxy and MWCNTs modified with NiFe2O4 nanoparticles as efficient microwave absorbing material
Authors: Hosseini Hassan , Mahdavi Hossein 
Published: February 2018

In order to make a microwave absorbent material with good dielectric and magnetic properties, well dispersed microwave absorbing hybrid epoxy polymer composites containing nickel doped Fe3O4 nanocrystals coated on carbon nanotubes (NiFe2O4‐MWCNTs/epoxy) were synthesized by the combined precipitation‐hydrothermal method in 1‐30 wt.% of nanoparticles. Nickel possess well interaction with microwave radiation and represents fine electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and by dopping it into ferrite spinel structures, does not show any tendency to oxidation. Well‐dispersed NiFe2O4–MWCNTs/epoxy nanocomposite prepared by new in‐situ polymerization method. First, NiFe2O4–MWCNT nanoparticles ultrasonicated in acetone and after mixing with epoxy resin ultrasonicated again. Finally, hardner added to the composite and tuned temperature for evaporating solvent. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the synthesizing NiFe2O4 nanoparticles. Saturation magnetization value of NiFe2O4‐MWCNTs is about 29 emu/g with very low remanence and coercivity content, which revealed that the NiFe2O4‐MWCNTs is ferromagnetic nanocrystal. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) used to characterize the distribution of NiFe2O4 nanocrystals on the surface of MWCNTs. The TEM images show that NiFe2O4 nanocrystals have a mean size of 12 nm, and completely coated on the exterior surface of MWCNTs. The obtained results of reflection loss revealed that the maximum values of reflection loss of the NiFe2O4‐MWCNTs/epoxy increase by enhancing the content of nanoparticles until 10 wt.% and decreases in 30 wt.%.
Formation ofAu–carbon nanoparticles by laser ablation under pressurizedCO2
Authors: Mardis Mardiansyah , Wahyudiono  , Takada Noriharu , Kanda Hideki , Goto Motonobu 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPulsed laser ablation is known to be a promising method for synthesizing metal nanoparticles. Here, Au–carbon nanoparticles were synthesized by pulsed laser ablation under pressurized carbon dioxide. Au plate was ablated using a Nd:YAG laser with a wavelength of 532 nm and energy of 0.83 mJ in a high‐pressure chamber. The experiments were performed at temperatures and pressures of 21–25 °C and 7–15 MPa, corresponding to carbon dioxide densities of 0.75–0.89 g/cm3, respectively. The synthesized products were collected on a silicon wafer and analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and a scanning transmission electron microscopy system equipped with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The results showed that the generated metal nanoparticles exhibited spherical and nanocluster structures. Au, C, and O were clearly found on the nanoparticle products.
Poly(methyl methacrylate)–epoxy vitrimer composites
Authors: Han Haiping , Xu Xuecheng 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTIn this study, we synthesized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) epoxy vitrimer composites by doping methyl methacrylate (MMA) and benzoyl peroxide into a curing system of epoxy resin and citric acid. The vitrimer composites were characterized with dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and stress‐relaxation and lap‐shear testing. The test results show that with increasing amount of MMA, the existence of PMMA in the epoxy vitrimer matrix in the form of intermiscible, slightly soluble, and phase separation became more evident. When the doping amount of PMMA reached 10–25 wt %, the bonding strength of the PMMA–epoxy vitrimer composites was about two times that of the epoxy vitrimer (from 2.3 to 4.3 MPa). This showed that the self‐healing strength of the vitrimer composites was better than that of the pure vitrimer. When the PMMA in the epoxy matrix was in a slightly soluble form, the linear PMMA improved the mechanical properties of the epoxy vitrimer by physical winding. At the same time, the doping of PMMA promoted the transesterification rate of the epoxy vitrimer and enhanced the bonding strength of the composites without lowering the epoxy vitrimer glass‐transition temperature. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46307.
Transcriptional Profiling of Synovial Macrophages Using Minimally Invasive Ultrasound‐Guided Synovial Biopsies in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Mandelin Arthur M. , Homan Philip J. , Shaffer Alexander M. , Cuda Carla M. , Dominguez Salina T. , Bacalao Emily , Carns Mary , Hinchcliff Monique , Lee Jungwha , Aren Kathleen , Thakrar Anjali , Montgomery Anna B. , Bridges S. Louis , Bathon Joan M. , Atkinson John P. , Fox David A. , Matteson Eric L. , Buckley Christopher D. , Pitzalis Costantino , Parks Deborah , Hughes Laura B. , Geraldino‐Pardilla Laura , Ike Robert , Phillips Kristine , Wright Kerry , Filer Andrew , Kelly Stephen , Ruderman Eric M. , Morgan Vince , Abdala‐Valencia Hiam , Misharin Alexander V. , Budinger G. Scott , Bartom Elizabeth T. , Pope Richard M. , Perlman Harris , Winter Deborah R. 
Published: February 2018

ObjectiveCurrently, there are no reliable biomarkers for predicting therapeutic response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The synovium may unlock critical information for determining efficacy, since a reduction in the numbers of sublining synovial macrophages remains the most reproducible biomarker. Thus, a clinically actionable method for the collection of synovial tissue, which can be analyzed using high‐throughput strategies, must become a reality. This study was undertaken to assess the feasibility of utilizing synovial biopsies as a precision medicine‐based approach for patients with RA.MethodsRheumatologists at 6 US academic sites were trained in minimally invasive ultrasound‐guided synovial tissue biopsy. Biopsy specimens obtained from patients with RA and synovial tissue from patients with osteoarthritis (OA) were subjected to histologic analysis, fluorescence‐activated cell sorting, and RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq). An optimized protocol for digesting synovial tissue was developed to generate high‐quality RNA‐seq libraries from isolated macrophage populations. Associations were determined between macrophage transcriptional profiles and clinical parameters in RA patients.ResultsPatients with RA reported minimal adverse effects in response to synovial biopsy. Comparable RNA quality was observed from synovial tissue and isolated macrophages between patients with RA and patients with OA. Whole tissue samples from patients with RA demonstrated a high degree of transcriptional heterogeneity. In contrast, the transcriptional profile of isolated RA synovial macrophages highlighted different subpopulations of patients and identified 6 novel transcriptional modules that were associated with disease activity and therapy.ConclusionPerformance of synovial tissue biopsies by rheumatologists in the US is feasible and generates high‐quality samples for research. Through the use of cutting‐edge technologies to analyze synovial biopsy specimens in conjunction with corresponding clinical information, a precision medicine–based approach for patients with RA is attainable.
Ion‐Pair SN2 Reaction of OH− and CH3Cl: Activation Strain Analyses of Counterion and Solvent Effects
Authors: Laloo Jalal Z. A. , Rhyman Lydia , Larrañaga Olatz , Ramasami Ponnadurai , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , de Cózar Abel 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe have theoretically studied the non‐identity SN2 reactions of MnOH(n−1)+CH3Cl (M+=Li+, Na+, K+, and MgCl+; n=0, 1) in the gas phase and in THF solution at the OLYP/6‐31++G(d,p) level using polarizable continuum model (PCM) implicit solvation. We want to explore and understand the effect of the metal counterion M+ and solvation on the reaction profile and the stereoselectivity of these processes. To this end, we have explored the potential energy surfaces of the backside (SN2‐b) and frontside (SN2‐f) pathways. To explain the computed trends, we have carried out analyses with an extended activation strain model (ASM) of chemical reactivity that includes the treatment of solvation effects.
BIM im konstruktiven Ingenieurbau – ein Erfahrungsbericht
Authors: Ollero Juan , Wellbrock Ingo 
Published: February 2018

AbstractNach den ersten Berührungspunkten mit der Arbeitsmethodik BIM Anfang der 2000er‐Jahre bei der Mitwirkung an der Realisierung von internationalen Projekten und bei der Zusammenarbeit mit – in der Regel ausländischen – Unternehmen wurden im Hause Inros Lackner verschiedene Baumaßnahmen im Bereich des Ingenieurbaus BIM‐basiert realisiert. Hierbei handelte es sich um den sporadischen Einsatz von BIM‐fähigen Programmen, die durch den Kunden vorgegeben wurden.Seit dem firmeninternen Beschluss, diese neue Arbeitsmethodik konsequent zu implementieren, wird sie bei der Inros Lackner an vielen Standorten täglich eingesetzt.Der Beitrag befasst sich mit den Erfahrungen im Hinblick auf die Prozesse und die Zusammenarbeit mit anderen Unternehmen, die bei der Implementierung, Realisierung und Planung von Ingenieurbauwerken, insbesondere im Bereich des konstruktiven Wasserbaus, gesammelt wurden. Diese Erfahrungen werden anhand von konkreten Projekten, wie z. B. dem Neubau der Hadelner Kanalschleuse in Otterndorf bei Cuxhaven und der Planung eines schwimmenden Containerterminals in Luanda (Angola), erläutert.Der Blick auf die Praxis zeigt, dass sich BIM als Arbeitsmethodik im Unternehmen optimal für den täglichen Gebrauch und die Bearbeitung von Projekten unterschiedlicher Größenordnung eignet.
Brand‐ und Abplatzverhalten von Tunnelbetonen
Authors: Juknat Michael , Dehn Frank 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDie Verwendung von PP‐Faserbetonen für die Anwendung in Tunnelbauwerken hat in den vergangenen Jahren immer mehr an Bedeutung gewonnen. Dabei werden die PP‐Fasern gezielt eingesetzt, um bei einem Brandereignis die möglichen Abplatzungen infolge der schnellen Temperaturanstiege zu verhindern.Im Rahmen der verschiedenen, meist projektbezogenen Brandversuche wird dabei häufig die Frage gestellt, inwiefern die Abmessungen der zu untersuchenden Probekörper sowie die eingeleiteten äußeren mechanischen Beanspruchungen einen Einfluss auf das Brand‐ und Abplatzverhalten der zu untersuchenden PP‐Faserbetone haben und inwiefern die daraus resultierenden Versuchsergebnisse untereinander vergleichbar sind.Trotz einer Vielzahl bisher durchgeführter Brandversuche ist eine direkte Antwort auf diese Fragen noch nicht möglich, da neben den materialbezogenen und geometrischen Einflussparametern auch versuchs‐ bzw. einwirkungsbedingte Abhängigkeiten bestehen.Daher wurden an der MFPA Leipzig GmbH in einer gezielten Parameterstudie insgesamt 16 einzelne Probekörper mit zwei verschiedenen geometrischen Abmessungen experimentell untersucht. Alle Probekörper wurden aus einem PP‐Faserbeton mit zwei verschiedenen PP‐Fasergehalten hergestellt. Es wurden unbelastete sowie einaxial belastete Brandversuche an den Probekörpern durchgeführt.
Social enterprise resilience in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Littlewood David , Holt Diane 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis paper examines resilience in development‐oriented social enterprises in sub‐Saharan Africa drawing upon in‐depth case study research. It explores the nature of the strategic challenges faced by social enterprises in sub‐Saharan African contexts and which necessitate organisational resilience. Key resources and capabilities possessed by resilient social enterprises are identified. Finally, strategies adopted by resilient social enterprises are explored. This research not only contributes to literature on resilience in social enterprises but also works on wider organisational resilience, particularly in complex and unpredictable environments. Furthermore, it contributes to hitherto limited work on social enterprises in sub‐Saharan Africa. Finally, this paper has implications for practicing managers in social enterprises who are looking to build organisational resilience.
Current perceptions on the problem of modern slavery in business
Authors: Christ Katherine Leanne , Burritt Roger Leonard 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAustralia is one of the latest countries to consider introduction of a Modern Slavery Act. An Inquiry by the Parliament of Australia has received nearly 200 submissions from a range of interested stakeholders. This paper classifies and then synthesizes the perceptions of these groups on the role of Australian business in addressing modern slavery issues raised by the Inquiry. Modern slavery in Australian business is seen to be a small tip of a large iceberg hidden in global supply chains. Although the vast majority support introduction of an Act in Australia issues arising include an ongoing lack of transparency for consumers, the relative powerlessness of domestic unions to engage, tensions between national and international standard setting for reporting, and how to engage all businesses not just multinational companies. A set of future research questions arising are developed in the hope of stimulating reduction in the insidious practices of modern slavery.