bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historical Challenges of Using 360 Feedback for Performance Evaluation
Authors: London Manuel , Smither James W. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter notes the strengths of 360 Feedback as a strategic performance management tool; the strengths include providing unique information about focal leaders, providing information to decision-makers (including managers) who cannot directly observe performance, creating a feedback culture, communicating leadership behaviors to the organization, and improving performance management. Then, several challenges of using 360 Feedback for performance evaluation and administrative decisions (pay or promotion) are described, such as its proper use (development, decision-making); how to select and motivate raters; how to interpret the data (accurately, fairly, consistently); and how not to overtax the raters. The chapter concludes with recommendations for using 360 Feedback for evaluation purposes: (a) ensure clear communication and understanding of the process and continuous observation and documentation during the year; (b) use 360 Feedback to help leaders understand their performance; (c) address development needs; (d) provide sufficient resources to support integration with performance management; and (e) treat 360 Feedback processes as part of the culture through integration into human resource systems (e.g., performance management) while identifying resistors and creating accountability.
Strategic 360 Feedback for Organization Development
Authors: Church Allan H. , Burke W. Warner 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the application of Strategic 360 Feedback specifically for large-scale organization development (OD) and change interventions. The emphasis is on (a) ways in which using data-based feedback for OD efforts is similar to and different from other applications and (b) the origins, evolution, and current state of the method as a key tool for OD practitioners. The chapter begins with an overview of the role and key differentiators of strategic 360 Feedback for OD and change-related interventions. Following a discussion of the importance of linking the process to a broader strategic organizational framework such as the Burke–Litwin model, case examples are provided for using 360 Feedback as either a transactional (managerial) or a transformational (leadership) lever for change. The chapter concludes with summary observations about the evolution and potential future of 360 Feedback for OD interventions, with an emphasis on trends in technology and the digitization of human resources.
Is 360 Feedback a Predictor or Criterion Measure?
Authors: Pulakos Elaine D. , Rose Dale S. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter points out that 360 Feedback processes are often asked to do too many things at once. It examines the implications for using 360 Feedback as a predictor versus using it as a criterion measure to support various strategic talent decisions in organizations. Because 360s are quite flexible as a methodology, the chapter emphasizes the importance of proactively defining a clear purpose for the process and illustrates the critical link between purpose and design of the process. The chapter explores specific ways in which 360 processes should differ when being used as a predictor or as a criterion. Finally, the chapter describes design considerations that apply to both uses of 360 Feedback and articulates specific guardrails that will impact the quality and validity of any 360 program.
360 Feedback Versus Alternative Forms of Feedback
Authors: Rose Dale S. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines three alternative forms of feedback that have emerged in recent years and have been presented by their proponents as new and improved approaches to employee feedback. As a common frame of reference, the chapter establishes that the purpose and benefit of employee feedback in any form is to create behavior change. Using this frame, the chapter compares four alternative forms of feedback: 360 Feedback, ratingless reviews, crowdsourced feedback, and Quasi 360. After providing an overview of each form of feedback, the theory of change for that method is described. The strengths and weaknesses of each alternative are discussed in relation to its effectiveness at creating behavior change, and each alternative method is explicitly compared to 360 Feedback.
Gender, Diversity, and 360 Feedback
Authors: Valerio Anna Marie , Sawyer Katina 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the opportunities and challenges associated with using Strategic 360 Feedback to foster gender inclusiveness in organizations. Strategic 360 Feedback is an important transformational tool whose content must be derived from the organization’s strategy and values. It has the potential to create desired change in leader behaviors valued by organizations and supports the establishment of a feedback culture that creates awareness and accountability for such change. This chapter also examines the research evidence that shows how bias and stereotypical thinking may have a negative impact on 360 Feedback ratings of women’s leadership competencies and derailment potential by bosses and other raters. However, despite these challenges, recent research and practice in the areas of mentorship, allyship, and senior male champions for gender inclusiveness may offer strategies to decrease gender bias in measurements and demonstrate the support of top management to achieve inclusiveness in organizations.
The Ethical Context of 360 Feedback
Authors: Macey William H. , Barbera Karen M. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Ethical dilemmas originate when parties of interest interpret the basic charter of the 360 Feedback process differently. Open specifications, ambiguities, inappropriate assumptions, or simple misinterpretations of agreements over what information will or can be shared create dilemmas for the consulting psychologist. Individuals in different roles, including not only the participants but also the consulting psychologist and organizational sponsors, perceive the risks and rewards of 360 data differently. These different perspectives are contextually driven and have implications for the integrity of the Strategic 360 Feedback process and outcomes. By example and clarification of the ethical principles involved, this chapter identifies the potential challenges and difficult choices that face the internal or external consulting psychologist.
Pathways to Climate Justice in a Desert Metropolis
Authors: Harlan Sharon L. , Chakalian Paul , Declet-Barreto Juan , Hondula David M. , Jenerette G. Darrel 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Future societies face many uncertainties in a rapidly warming and urbanizing world. One of the most critical challenges is how cities will adapt to new local temperature regimes. This chapter examines the climate hazard of extreme heat, the human health risks of high temperatures for vulnerable populations, and two complementary potential pathways for societal adaptations to climate change in Phoenix, Arizona. The challenge for the public health pathway is to protect groups that are vulnerable to heat because they either are physiologically susceptible or experience acute heat exposure. Pro-poor pathways are needed for populations that are vulnerable to climate change primarily because they live in low-income neighborhoods that are chronically exposed to the highest temperatures and lack access to economic and social resources, ecological benefits, and technological means to cope with heat. This chapter examines differences between the two pathways, using climate justice as a guiding principle for future recommendations.
Older People and Climate Change
Authors: Oven Katie , Wistow Jonathan , Curtis Sarah 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Vulnerability to extreme weather events reflects the type, severity, and duration of the exposure, in addition to the attributes that make individuals and physical and social infrastructures susceptible to damage. Older populations are a demographic group likely to be at risk, despite their considerable capacity for adaptation and resilience. The vulnerability (and resilience) of older people significantly depends on the types and strengths of connections across complex systems of health and social care, upon which a substantial proportion of older people depend. In many areas of the world, there is growing emphasis on strategies to recognize, sustain, and strengthen this “nexus” of critical connections. This chapter considers people and climate change in a Western European context using illustrations from research in England, which focuses on the impacts of extreme weather events on the built infrastructure supporting older people’s health and social care delivery.
Resilience to Climate Change in Uganda
Authors: Lwasa Shuaib , Ford James D. , Berrang-Ford Lea , Namanya Didacus B. , Buyinza Ambrose , Nabaasa Benon 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In Uganda, the Karamojong Pastoralist and Batwa forest pygmy communities are disproportionately affected by the increasing frequency and magnitude of climate change impacts. Though these communities have long-standing traditional systems to adapt to a changing climate, policymakers and researchers often disregard the adaptations. Programs in the Karamoja region aim to make pastoralism more resilient to climate change, but most ignore pastoralism’s resilience to climate variability and instead focus on changing livestock systems, reducing livestock numbers, adopting crop growing, and diversifying to other economic activities. On the other hand, Batwa forest pygmies have long adapted to climate change in tropical forests by integrating their health systems to the ecosystem. This chapter maps out the policy implications of resilience building in poor communities marginalized by public policy. Gaps, constraints, and opportunities are discussed, in addition to lessons from existing community adaptations that build resilience to climate change.
The Indigenous Climate–Food–Health Nexus
Authors: Harper Sherilee L. , Berrang-Ford Lea , Carcamo Cesar , Cunsolo Ashlee , Edge Victoria L. , Ford James D. , Llanos Alejandro , Lwasa Shuaib , Namanya Didacus B. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The health impacts of climate change are not evenly distributed among the global population. Indigenous peoples are expected to bear a disproportionate burden of the climate-related health impacts given their close relationship with and dependence on the local environment for subsistence and food security, as well as existing gradients in health and colonial legacies. To understand how climate change affects indigenous peoples’ health vis-à-vis food systems, this chapter profiles research conducted in partnership with three indigenous populations: Inuit in the Canadian Arctic, Batwa from the Ugandan Impenetrable Forest, and Shawi in the Peruvian Amazon. Drawing from data captured in cohort surveys, focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and a variety of participatory methods, this chapter characterizes climate-sensitive food-related health outcomes in each region. Finally, it examines the critical role of indigenous knowledge, equity, and research in health-related climate change adaptation.
Global Landscape and Local Contexts for Stakeholder Consultation
Authors: Hertel Shareen 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 maps the scope of contemporary corporate stakeholder engagement practices across multiple regions and industrial sectors by analyzing data on 7,000 companies in the public database of the Business and Human Rights Resource Centre (BHRRC). The chapter describes the process by which the author and a team of research assistants coded over 11,000 units of BHRRC data using new techniques not previously available to researchers working with this same data source. In addition, this chapter lays out the field methodology central to the qualitative case studies in subsequent chapters. It lays out a rationale for case selection (i.e., of two manufacturing communities in the Dominican Republic where collegiate apparel is produced) and a description of the qualitative interview process that provides the basis for assessing local perceptions of the prospects for stakeholder consultation.
Policy Implications of Changes in Stakeholder Consultation
Authors: Hertel Shareen 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 assesses the prospects for policy reform in the business and human rights field, pointing to the emergence of a worker-driven social responsibility (WSR) model distinct from conventional multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSI). The chapter compares the two approaches, analyzes their relative strengths, and argues for pragmatic yet bold new approaches to addressing human rights violations and community members’ right to remedy in the context of light manufacturing. The chapter draws on original participant observation data from a 2017 international conference on these themes, along with primary and secondary source data on emerging methods of community engagement underway in key business sectors within the United States, Bangladesh, and several other settings. It helps place the Dominican cases and the large-N data explored in other chapters in a broader policy framework, drawing special insights from systems engineering theory on problem-solving in failure-prone settings.
Epilogue
Authors: Hertel Shareen 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The epilogue summarizes the main findings of the book and explores their broader implications for political science theory, public policy, and corporate supply chain management. It highlights the need for a broad range of data on stakeholder dialogue, from historical to quantitative to qualitative (such as the trend analysis derived from Business and Human Rights Resource Centre data, and the insights of community members gathered through interviews in manufacturing towns, respectively). The epilogue foregrounds our fragile connections along the global supply chain and reiterates the need for innovative approaches to community engagement in settings where the risks of economic rights failure are high but the rewards of more just and equitable development are potentially deep.
Introduction
Authors: Nachtomy Ohad 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The introduction sets up the motivation for and organization of the book by looking at the relation between infinity and life that Leibniz presupposes in his distinction between natural and artificial machines (drawn in his “New System of the Nature and Communication of Substance,” 1695). The author observes that infinity serves Leibniz as a mark of living beings, which calls for an investigation of the way he uses infinity in his philosophy. Why does Leibniz use infinity and life so extensively in his metaphysics, and why does their conjunction play such an important role in his philosophy? The author surveys the background against which infinity comes to play an important role in the life sciences. He suggests that Leibniz attempts nothing less than a re-enchantment of a world that, in his view, had been left disenchanted by Descartes and Spinoza.
Introducing the Main Characters
Authors: Nachtomy Ohad 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This first chapter introduces the central concepts and distinctions that Leibniz uses in articulating his view of infinity. In other words, the author introduces the main players in this book. These include: Leibniz’s rejection of infinite number; his distinction between infinite being and infinite number; degrees of infinity; the distinction between actual and potential infinity; indivisibility; his syncategorematic approach to infinite terms; his distinction between infinite number and infinite series; the law of the series; and the distinction between primitive force and derivative force. The chapter’s aim is to present at the outset some of the terminology and concepts used in the book in order to present Leibniz’s approach to infinity—that is, to clarify the major resources needed in order to present his complex views. At the same time, this serves as a sketch of (what the author takes to be) Leibniz’s approach to infinity.
Leibniz Reads Spinoza
Authors: Nachtomy Ohad 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Having argued in chapter 2 that Leibniz was preoccupied with the difference between the notion of infinite number and that of the infinite being, in this chapter the author examines Spinoza’s solution to a similar problem. The gist of “Spinoza’s solution” is to distinguish between various kinds of infinity and, in particular, between one that applies to substance and one that applies to numbers, seen as auxiliaries of the imagination. Leibniz, the author argues, accepts this kind of approach and adapts it to his own purposes. Leibniz recasts Spinoza’s distinctions between different types of infinity (A 6.3:282; LLC 114–15) in terms of degrees of infinity. These degrees are (1) Omnia (absolute infinity), which applies to God alone; (2) Omnia sui generis, or maximum in its own kind; and (3) Infinitum tantum, or mere infinity, which applies to numbers and other entia rationis (in a syncategorematic sense).
Animate and Inanimate Things, Natural and Artificial Machines
Authors: Nachtomy Ohad 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
According to Leibniz, the nested structure ad infinitum is the main intrinsic difference between a natural machine, which is God’s creation, and an artificial machine, which is a work of human art. The distinction turns on this: unlike an artificial machine, a natural machine remains a machine in the least of its parts. The author argues that Leibniz’s view of living beings turns on his peculiar usage of infinity in this context. He presents Leibniz’s response to Descartes’s attempt to use the distinction between artificial and natural machines in his reductive program and then develops both a structural and a functional reading of Leibniz’s notion of a natural machine. The author suggests that both readings (structural and functional) are not only compatible but also complementary, such that both illuminate Leibniz’s definition of a natural machine as a machine remaining a machine in the least of its parts.
Living Mirrors and Mites
Authors: Nachtomy Ohad 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Leibniz’s comment on fragment 22 of Pascal’s Pensées in the Port Royal Edition (currently Lafuma §199). Leibniz responds to Pascal’s employment of the infinitely large and infinitely small, and to the way he uses infinity to describe living beings, through the example of a mite (ciron). In contrast, Leibniz invokes the image of a living mirror (miroir vivant). The author argues that, in spite of superficial similarities, Leibniz’s use of infinity to define living beings stands in stark contrast to Pascal’s use of infinity, in that it stresses unity and harmony rather than divisibility and disparity. Leibniz’s use of infinity through the notion of a living mirror suggests that each individual forms an integral part of a well-connected and harmonious system. While Pascal uses infinity to highlight our alienation and incomprehension of the world, for Leibniz, infinity serves instead as a mark of unity, connectedness, and belonging.
Created Things as Infinite and Limited
Authors: Nachtomy Ohad 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The chapter starts with Leibniz’s characterization of God, the most perfect Being, as infinite in a hypercategorematic sense—i.e. a being beyond any determination. In contrast to this, creatures are determinate beings; they are determinate and thus limited and particular expressions of the divine essence. However, for Leibniz, creatures are also infinite; thus, creatures are seen as infinite and limited. This leads to taking creatures to be infinite in kind, in distinction from the absolute and hypercategorematic infinity of God. The author presents three lines of argument to substantiate this point: (1) understanding creatures as entailing a particular sequence of perfections and imperfections; (2) understanding creatures under the rubric of an intermediate degree of infinity and perfection that, in 1676, Leibniz calls maximum or infinite in kind; and (3) observing that primitive force, a defining feature of created substance, may be seen as infinite in a metaphysical sense.
Monads at the Bottom, Monads at the Top, Monads All Over
Authors: Nachtomy Ohad 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter contests a widely accepted reading of the role monads play as the most fundamental elements of reality. Garber (2009) argues that simple monads—seen as mindlike atoms without parts and extension—replace the corporeal substance of Leibniz’s middle period. The author argues that, for Leibniz, monads function not only as building blocks at the bottom level of composition (for aggregates) but also at the top as grounding the unity, and hence the being of complete substances and organic unities. Since Leibniz sees organic unities as natural machines with a nested structure that develops ad infinitum, and since he likens monads to living beings, this would imply that the use of the concept “monad” holds not only at the bottom and not only at the top but also in the entire range in between.
Life and Force
Authors: Nachtomy Ohad 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter highlights an important analogy between life and force. Just as Leibniz invokes force to account for the phenomena of motion in physics, in his life sciences he invokes the soul (or anima or entelechy) that must be presupposed as the ground for the phenomena of life. Indeed, Leibniz’s motivation in invoking the notion of a natural machine is precisely to limit the extension of mechanical philosophy and draw a line between living and nonliving things. This distinction does not turn primarily on physiological grounds but, rather, involves metaphysical considerations. Likewise, both the notion of force and the source of life, according to the author, must be understood metaphysically. In both cases, these metaphysical principles are supposed to be compatible with a mechanical explanation of the phenomena of life. Nevertheless, the principle of life is a metaphysical principle that cannot be observed; only its consequences, the phenomena of life, are observable.
Co-Enrollment in Toowong, Australia
Authors: Baker Michelle , Miller Cameron , Fletcher Elizabeth , Gamin Caroline , Carty Breda 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In 2001, the first co-enrollment program for deaf children in Australia commenced at Toowong State School in Brisbane, Queensland. The impetus for the program came from the Deaf community and parents advocating for sign language to be used with their deaf children in an environment that provided access to the mainstream. Models of educating deaf children around the world were examined and co-enrollment was chosen as the model of operation to deliver a sign bilingual program that would best meet the needs of deaf students. The journey has been one of incredible learning for deaf and hearing children, their families, school staff, and the Queensland education system. With the changing landscape of deaf education, the impact of early detection and technology (including cochlear implants), and the introduction of a new national curriculum and all it entails, this evolving inner-city school continues to meet the unique needs of its students.