bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Color Matching to Ink Jet Printers from a Computer Screen, Part 2
Authors: Sedgewick Jerry 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In the previous article (part 1), the procedure for setting the computer screen was discussed by using Adobe Gamma in the control panel. Adobe Gamma is also found on the drive where the system is installed. Click on Program Files &gt; Common Files &gt; Adobe &gt; Calibration &gt; Adobe Gamma.cpl. Double click to launch the gamma control wizard. On a Macintosh the Apple Calibration Utility can be used.
The merits of using ink jet printers were also discussed. Merits include low cost (though costs escalate with the purchase of cartridges), high quality prints from any application, and the technology of a fine spray with higher image resolution as opposed to a laser jet printer and Tektronix Phasers (these printers separate images into dots at compromised resolutions).
Confocal Scanning Laser Holography: A Tool for Non-Invasive Internal Measurement
Authors: McLeod RA , Jacquemin P , Lai S , Herring RA 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Confocal Holography is a combination of two well known concepts: confocal microscopy and light (laser) holography. Confocal microscopy places an aperture at a conjugate focus to the specimen focus. This filters any rays that are not on the focus plane, allowing a 3-dimensional image of the specimen to be built up over a set of planes.
Holography is the measurement of both the amplitude and phase characteristics of light. Typically most methods only measure the amplitude of the image. The phenomenon of interference allows the determination of the phase shift for a coherent source as well. The phase information is directly related to the index of refraction of a material, which in turn is a function of the temperature and composition.
Site Specific Three-dimensional Structural Analysis in Tissues and Cells Using Automated DualBeam Slice &View
Authors: Lich Ben 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
DualBeam instruments that combine the imaging capability of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with the cutting and deposition capability of a focused ion beam (FIB) provide biologists with a powerful tool for investigating three-dimensional structure with nanoscale (1 nm-100 nm) resolution. Ever since Van Leeuwenhoek used the first microscope to describe bacteria more than 300 years ago, microscopy has played a central role in scientists' efforts to understand biological systems. Light microscopy is generally limited to a useful resolution of about a micrometer. More recently the use of confocal and electron microscopy has enabled investigations at higher resolution. Used with fluorescent markers, confocal microscopy can detect and localize molecular scale features, but its imaging resolution is still limited. SEM is capable of nanometer resolution, but is limited to the near surface region of the sample.
Negatice Stiffness Vibration Isolation Technology for Nanotechnology
Authors: Platus David L 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
It wasn't too long ago that making the decision where to locate your scanning probe microscope was a simple one put it in the basement where the ambient vibration was minimized. But recently, with nanotechnology applications growing exponentially, scientists and engineers are putting their equipment in a multitude of locations where vibration noise is significantly high. Scanning probe microscopes, interferometers and stylus profilers are being sited in locations that pose a serious challenge to vibration isolation.
Additionally, in an effort to keep their nano-equipment costs as low as possible by cutting out the peripherals, many academics and industries are not adequately providing for vibration isolation on their ultra-sensitive nano-equipment that they are putting into their facilities.
Heated-Tip AFM: Applications in Nanocomposite Polymer Membranes and Energetic Materials
Authors: Killgore Jason P , King William , Kjoller Kevin , Overney René M 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a key technique for the measurement and analysis of samples when nanoscale topography is of interest. It offers a number of complementary probing modes that extend an AFM's measurement capability to a wide range of material and transport properties of surfaces, including hardness, friction, conductivity and adhesion among others. Sample temperature controlled AFM extends the study of surface morphology and properties to include changes in the material phases.
Recently, silicon microfabricated AFM cantilevers that have integrated heaters, as shown in figure 1, have become commercially available. These cantilevers were initially developed for probe based data storage by researchers at IBM Zurich, Figure 1. With the availability of these cantilevers, AFM measurements can be performed where the tip is heated as opposed to the sample.
Serial Sectioning via Microtomy (or, How To Get Over 100 Consecutive Serial Sections On One TEM Gird)
Authors: Elliott David 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Serial sectioning of TEM blocks is a common technique. The more sections that are desired, the more complex the procedure becomes. Some of the problems faced are staining without losing or obscuring sections, appropriate block trimming, finding the area of interest in the next section, transferring sections to the grid. Here, I relate a set of techniques that permit the microtomist to regularly get over 100 consecutive serial sections on a single slot grid. Much of what is discussed below is not new, but by putting all of these techniques together I believe that a powerful tool for TEM is presented.
The first issue that must be addressed is how to stain the sections on the grid without losing sections or obscuring sections with staining artifacts (e.g. lead pepper). The simplest solution is to stain the sample with both uranium and lead prior to embedding and not stain the sections on the grid.
What TEM Camera Should I Choose?
Authors: Bode Michael , Wibbelt Michael , Huelk Christoph 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Image acquisition in a TEM requires the conversion of the electron image into a photon image and the acquisition of this photon image with an imaging device. There are two principal techniques to do so: a fiber-coupled camera and a lens-coupled camera. Both have advantages and disadvantages. Please be aware that we (Soft Imaging System Corp) produce both types of cameras. There are also two principle camera positions on a TEM, and the choice of position must be taken into account for any decision. The positions are: side-mount (camera mounted on 35mm port above the viewing chamber), and bottom-mount (also known as on-axis mount, camera mounted below the viewing chamber).
There is Art in Science and Science in Art
Authors: Saunders Thomas H 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
When a sixty thousand dollar microscope is used as a paint brush, neither science nor art are in trouble - but rather benefactors, witness to the fact that there can be "science in art" and "art in science."
Arguably, except for a very few kids, our high schools are churning out hamburger helper generations, the product of a defective educational philosophy that believes that self esteem is more important than inspiring a tough academic regimen that leads to the pursuit of a science-focused secondary and post secondary education. Horses drink water because they want to, not because they were led to it. Kids pursue science and the achievement of excellence not because it is available, but rather because somewhere along their early education experience someone inspired their interest and curiosity.
Sample Preparation for Textile Nanofiber Composites
Authors: Garcia R , Fedorova N , Knowlton V , Oldham C , Pourdeyhimi B 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The increased emphasis on nano-structured materials is placing an ever increasing demand on sample preparation techniques to unveil such fine structure. Nano-structured fibers are even more difficult because of the ease with which these materials can smear even when prepared under liquid nitrogen (LN2) as shown (Figure 1). This is especially true for the islandin- the-sea structures where it is rather hard to reveal the island structures due to smearing. In the search for a possible solution, a sample preparation technique that has shown great results in other composite structures of different polymer blends was applied to these structures.
Inexpensive Digitization of an SEM
Authors: Aldrich Henry C , Williams Donna S 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Because of the high cost of Polaroid film, many years ago we fitted our Hitachi S-450 scanning electron microscope with a 35 mm camera. At that time, we used a Pentax ME Super, which was totally manual and had to have the film advanced by a hand lever. This was an annoyance, but when we set up the system, Polaroid Type 55 film was about $2.00 per photo, and the cost of 35 mm spooled in our lab ran about $.10 per photo.
When we traded the Hitachi S-450 for the later Hitachi S-570, we moved the 35 mm system to this microscope. About 1999, when the Pentax ZX-50 with motorized film advance became available, we adapted it to the S-570, using the Pentax electric shutter release. The lens used with both of these cameras was an elderly 50 mm screw-mount Pentax Macro lens that focused well on the CRT of the SEM.
High Resolution Light Microscopy of Live Cells
Authors: Vodyanoy Vitaly 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
All living creatures, including humans, are made of cells. The majority of life forms exist as single cells that perform all functions to continue independent life. Some cell structures, cell organelles and particularly bacteria and viruses are commonly too small to be fully observed with an optical microscope. Therefore, an electron microscope is required. Since samples examined with an electron microscope are exposed to very high vacuum, it is impossible to view living cells. The sample preparation for electron microscopy requires that living cells be killed, frozen, dehydrated, and impregnated with heavy metals.
Electron Microscopy Enters a New Era Using Aberration Correction
Authors: Batson PE 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Once in a while we have the privilege of participating in an activity that promises to radically improve our technical capability to explore materials at the microscopic level. The recent practical demonstration of aberration correction in the SEM, the TEM and the STEM signify nothing less than a revolution in the way that we design and operate electron optics for microscopy.
Scherzer understood from the beginning of electron microscopy that an open magnetic lens having cylindrical symmetry will have positive, non-zero aberration coefficients, and so therefore will always have some minimum aberrations. In practical instruments, it was arranged that the limiting defect would be spherical aberration in the objective lens. This allowed the imaging performance to be largely characterized by a single parameter, spherical aberration, and also allowed a certain amount of image simulation and post-experiment analysis to facilitate interpretation of imaging results.
Image Stitching Using Photoshop
Authors: Sedgewick Jerry 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Several images can be stitched together (sometimes referred to as “montaging”) through the use of Photoshop. Edges of the images can be feathered and the process automated to reduce the hours of work that can go into this procedure.
Before going any further, let me be quick to say that more than one company has developed protocols to accomplish image stitching. When your lab is looking at large fields, while needing to resolve fine details, then I would strongly recommend the purchase of a system designed for this purpose. Issues surrounding motorized stage accuracy, problems with tilting when a camera is perched on a long optical tube, and image to image correction for contrast, color and uneven illumination can all contribute to confounding issues when image stitching. These companies have worked through these problems with off-the-shelf systems.
Confocal Microscopy System Performance: Axial Resolution
Authors: Zucker Robert M 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLSM) has enormous potential in many biological fields. When tests are made to evaluate the performance of a CLSM, the usual subjective assessment is accomplished by using a histological test slide to create a “pretty picture.” Without the use of functional tests many of the machines may be working at sub-optimal performance levels, delivering sub optimum performance, and possibly misleading data. In order to replace the subjectivity in evaluating a confocal microscope, tests were derived or perfected that measure field illumination, lens clarity, laser power, laser stability, dkhroic functionality, spectral registration, axial resolution, scanning stability, PMT quality, overall machine stability, and system noise (1-3). It is anticipated by using this type of test data, performance standards for confocal microscopes will be obtained and the current subjectivity in evaluating CLSM performance will be eliminated.
Microwave Mechanisms — The Energy/Heat Dichoto
Authors: Galvez Jose J , Giberson Richard T , Cardiff Robert D 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The current use of microwave technology in science creates a dichotomy. Is it the heat or is it the energy? One entire branch of science, chemistry, uses microwave energy to apply heat to a broad range of chemical processes, under pressure, to produce the desired end-products quickly and efficiently (1). The biological sciences, surgical pathology in particular, have tried to adapt the microwave oven to speed up a broad range of processes: fixation, decalcification, antigen retrieval, tissue processing for paraffin and plastic embedding, and histological staining, including special stains, immunolabeling, and in situ hybridization (2). The biologists have assumed that they are also applying heat to speed processing. However, recent improvements in the microwave suggest that the energy is the critical variable (9). We have designed fixation experiments to test the two views.
Guidance for Choosing When to Use Electron and/or Light Microscopy and Related ASTM E4 Standards
Authors: Nester R C 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Technical publications sometimes include scanning electron images to characterize a microstructure, when the relevant structure could have very easily been illustrated using a simple light micrograph. When should one use a light generated image? What are the advantages/disadvantages of an electron generated image, particularly; one generated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM)? While there is some overlap in the capabilities of these imaging systems; in general, they are complementary tools, each with their own uses. Standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E4 on Metallography offer guidance to both new and experienced users of both investigative techniques.
TEM Specimen Preparation Technique For Small Semiconductor Devices
Authors: Hudson Mark , Benedict John , Flaitz Philip 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
One of the methods of preparing samples for analysis by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) is the well-known procedure using a Tripod polisher and the wedge technique (1-3), developed in our laboratory. Though developed explicitly for preparing samples of integrated circuit structures built on silicon, the technique has been used in our lab for a wide variety of other materials, including metals and ceramics. In general when working with silicon samples, we have the luxury of starting with large wafer pieces or chips that are generally at least a couple of millimeters square or larger. Recently, however, we needed to work for an extended period on GaAs based lasers, where the devices requiring analysis were individual lasers extracted from individual packages. These small samples, measuring 100x100x50 microns, are too small for the manual handling involved in routine mechanical cross sectioning methods.
Scanning Wet Specimens
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Would it be useful if you could examine a wet, perhaps even a living, specimen in the scanning electron microscope? Of course we think that this would be impossible, given the vacuum the specimen would be subjected to in the microscope. However, in the realm of materials research, the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) is being developed. Apparently this instrument has not been fully appreciated and utilized by biologists.
As reviewed by Athene Donald, a pioneer in developing the ESEM, this instrument has been commercially available for a decade. It is still evolving as a useful tool in looking at materials such as cement, natural fibers, and aqueous dispersions. Applications of the ESEM. to biological Studies are extremely limited. However, studies on biological samples, even living cells, are possible (although not without problems and limitations).
New CMEIAS Image Analysis Software for Computer-Assisted Microscopy of Microorganisms and Their Ecology
Authors: Dazzo Frank B 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Microscopy is one of the most important techniques in microbial ecology, since this is the most direct approach to examine the microbe's world from its own perspective and spatial scale. The value of quantitative microscopy in studies of microbial ecology can be increased even further when used in conjunction with computer assisted image analysis. There are two main advantages of using digital image processing and pattern recognition techniques in conjunction with microscopy for quantitative studies of microbial ecology. First, automatic image analysis reduces the amount of tedious work with microscopes needed to accurately quantify in situ morphological diversity, abundance and metabolic activity of microbes. Secondly, these techniques provide an important quantitative tool that can significantly enhance the polyphasic analysis of the structure, diversity, spatial features, and functions of complex microbial communities in situ without cultivation.
Making Slide Shows in Acrobat
Authors: Sedgewick Jerry 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
PowerPoint has traditionally been the software of choice for slide shows tit conferences and meetings. Its ease of use has made the program ideal, along with its universality among scientists and engineers.
The program does have its drawbacks, however. Most notably, it is saved in a format that essentially makes it unusable for any other purpose than that of a slide show. It cannot be used for publication, and, as many discover all too late, it is not the software of choice for making posters (both these phenomena go back to Microsoft's refusal to pay a license to Adobe for PostScript, the universally used “page description language” among publishers). The remainder of the drawbacks exist when the slide show needs to be distributed. Newer versions of PowerPoint can make HTML files for posting on a web site by using Save As under File, but saving in the PowerPoint format has not evolved as a way to view slide shows on the web.
Basic Stereology
Authors: Basgen John M 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Many us who use microscopes are interested in the internal structure or components of three-dimensional objects. Often we must section these objects to observe these internal components. For many years, microtomes have been used to make physical sections, but in recent years confocal microscopes, MR imaging, CT scanners, and even standard optical microscopes have been used to obtain “optical” sections. Two-dimensional images of these different types of sections can be used to extract three-dimensional quantitative information about the objects and their internal components, The sectioning process reduces the observed dimensions of the object and components. With apologies to Rene Magritte, the structure portrayed in Figure 1 is not a three-dimensional glomerulus but a two-dimensional profile of a glomerulus. In most cases, interest is on the structure of the three-dimensional object and not the structure in the two-dimensional image. Thus, care must be taken when obtaining and interpreting data from two-dimensional images.
Rediscovery of Darkfieid Dispersion Staining while Building a Universal Student Microscope
Authors: Clarke Theodore M 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
My first universal student microscope, shown in Figure 1, began life as a Monolux microscope from the 1960rs. Its development into a universal student microscope began when my wife wanted a polarized light microscope with the ability to photograph microscopic crystals under a cover glass for their artistic value. My background as a metallurgist was with the reflected light metallurgical microscope, I have also designed and built vertical illuminators for brightfield illumination of complete metal log raphic specimens using a fiber optic light guide end as the light source with lens configurations giving an imaged field diaphragm and an illumination aperture diaphragm imaged in the aperture of the macro lens.
Creating Multimedia Teaching and Training Tools
Authors: Barlow Steven B 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Teaching and training users how to operate laboratory equipment is a time-intensive practice. Many new users are students, who have generally high turnover rates; after they complete a class project or degree program, they leave the facility, In addition, users often divide their time among a variety of techniques and equipment. With episodic usage, researchers tend to forget details of instrument operation and need to be retrained. Academic core facilities must balance their productivity against the time it takes to train and retrain an ever-changing parade of users. Site-specific multimedia teaching and training resources, such as films, CDs, videos, or DVDs, if easily available in the laboratory, would enable users to refresh and retrain themselves on equipment operation.
Tardigrades and Microscopes
Authors: Miller William R 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Commonly known as 'water bears', tardigrades are a phylum of microscopic animals that can be found living on mosses and lichens all over the world. The name Tardigrada means 'slow walker' which describes their sluggish, deliberate movements. Between these slow movements and their 'teddy bear' like appearance, tardigrades are the only really “cute” invertebrate. Tardigrades, Echiniscus sp., are generally less than 500 micrometers in length and require at least40-power magnification to be seen clearly.
Cryoelectron Tomography
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
We have all seen beautiful three-dimensional (3D) renderings of molecular models, complete with helices and pleated sheets. And for more than half a century we have also seen electron micrographs of cellular structures, although usually in two dimensions. There has been a gap between these two sets of images. By developing a technique that promises 3D images at resolutions approaching the molecular level, Ohad Medalia, Igor Weber, Achilleas Frangakis, Daniela Nicastro Günther Gerisch, and Wolfgang Baumeister have bridged that gap.
FTIR Hyperspectral Images of Microscopic Droplets of Splattered Blood
Authors: Huffman Scott W , Lukasiewicz Kara B , Brown Chris W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
During forensic Investigations, determining the time frame of a crime can be an extremely important clue for solving the case. The exact time at which a crime was committed can be especially difficult to determine when considerable time has elapsed. To improve the predictive capabilities of crime scene investigators, we have focused on using spectroscopic methods to Investigate the aging of bloodstains.