bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Super-exchange theory for polyvalent anion magnets
Authors: Zhang Fang , Kong You-Chao , Pang Rui , Hu Liang , Gong Peng-Lai , Shi Xing-Qiang , Tang Zi-Kang 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The Goodenough–Kanamori–Anderson (GKA) rules have been widely applied for explaining the magnetic properties induced by super-exchange interaction. As conclusions of the super-exchange theory, they reveal the antiferromagnetic (ferromagnetic) ordering along with bond angle of 180° (90°) in the cation–anion–cation interaction path, in which the theory sets a pre-condition that the electronic states of cations in all paths are identical. We observed that the GKA rules are in fact not universal and even invalid to materials containing anions with different valence states, for example, the layered CrOCl crystal (with two valence states of anions: O2− and Cl−). In this study, we propose an extended super-exchange theory (ESET) related to superposed electronic states of cation in a specific path. ESET is capable of predicting not only the sign and relative magnitude of magnetic exchange constants in different cation–anion–cation paths, but also the magnetic ground state. Through our proposed theory, we conclude that the magnetic ordering along with bond angle of 90° in Cr–Cl–Cr path is moderately antiferromagnetic and of 180° in Cr–O–Cr path is strongly ferromagnetic, which are opposite to the contents of GKA rules. Moreover, we clarify that monolayer CrOCl has antiferromagnetic ordering rather than ferromagnetic as reported recently. The reliability of ESET is verified via first-principles calculation and previous experimental report as well, and its universality is also demonstrated. Thus, our theory is powerful to predict the magnetic properties, which makes it possible to design new high Curie temperature two-dimensional semiconducting ferromagnets with polyvalent anion materials.
Advances in plasma–wall interaction control for H-mode operation over 100 s with ITER-like tungsten divertor on EAST
Authors: Wang L. , Guo H.Y. , Ding F. , Yu Y.W. , Yuan Q.P. , Xu G.S. , Wang H.Q. , Zhang L. , Ding R. , Xu J.C. , Liu J.B. , Zhang B. , Wu K. , Li K.D. , Duan Y.M. , Luo Z.P. , Wu J.H. , Zuo G.Z. , Sun Z. , Eldon D. , Leonard A.W. , Petrie T. , Hyatt A. , Humphreys D. , Thomas D. , Yang Z.S. , Chen X.H. , Feng W. , Chen L. , Meng L.Y. , Qian X.Y. , Liang Y. , Sang C.F. , Xiao B.J. , Luo G.-N. , Hu J.S. , Maingi R. , Zou X.L. , Qian J.P. , Gong X.Z. , Garofalo A.M. , Li J. , Wan B.N. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A total power injection up to 0.3 GJ has been achieved in EAST long pulse H-mode operation of 101.2 s with an ITER-like water-cooled tungsten (W) mono-block divertor, which has steady-state power exhaust capability of 10 MWm−2. The peak temperature of W target saturated at 12 s to the value T ~ 500 °C with a heat flux ~3.3 MW m−2 being maintained during the discharge. By tailoring the 3D divertor plasma footprint through edge magnetic topology change, the heat load was broadly dispersed and thus peak heat flux and W sputtering were well controlled. Active feedback control of H-mode detachment with D2 fuelling or divertor impurity seeding has been achieved successfully, with excellent compatibility with the core plasma performance. Active feedback control of radiative power utilizing neon seeding was achieved with f
rad  =  18%–41% in H-mode operation, exhibiting potential for heat flux reduction with divertor and edge radiation. This has been further demonstrated in DIII-D high β
P H-mode scenario within the joint DIII-D/EAST experiment using impurity seeding from the divertor volume. Steady-state particle control and impurity exhaust has been achieved for long pulse H-mode operation over 100 s with the W divertor by leveraging the effect of drifts and optimized divertor configuration, coupled with strong pumping and extensive wall conditioning. Approaches toward the reduction of divertor W sourcing, which is of crucial importance for a metal-wall tokamak, are also explored. These advances provide important experimental information on favourable core-edge integration for high power, long-pulse H-mode operation in EAST, ITER and CFETR.
Allopatric divergence and secondary contact with gene flow: a recurring theme in rattlesnake speciation
Authors: Schield Drew R , Perry Blair W , Adams Richard H , Card Daren C , Jezkova Tereza , Pasquesi Giulia I M , Nikolakis Zachary L , Row Kristopher , Meik Jesse M , Smith Cara F , Mackessy Stephen P , Castoe Todd A 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe study of recently diverged lineages whose geographical ranges come into contact can provide insight into the early stages of speciation and the potential roles of reproductive isolation in generating and maintaining species. Such insight can also be important for understanding the strategies and challenges for delimiting species within recently diverged species complexes. Here, we use mitochondrial and nuclear genetic data to study population structure, gene flow and demographic history across a geographically widespread rattlesnake clade, the western rattlesnake species complex (Crotalus cerberus, Crotalus viridis, Crotalus oreganus and relatives), which contains multiple lineages with ranges that overlap geographically or contact one another. We find evidence that the evolutionary history of this group does not conform to a bifurcating tree model and that pervasive gene flow has broadly influenced patterns of present-day genetic diversity. Our results suggest that lineage diversity has been shaped largely by drift and divergent selection in isolation, followed by secondary contact, in which reproductive isolating mechanisms appear weak and insufficient to prevent introgression, even between anciently diverged lineages. The complexity of divergence and secondary contact with gene flow among lineages also provides new context for why delimiting species within this complex has been difficult and contentious historically.
Phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of lasmiditan for acute treatment of migraine
Authors: Goadsby Peter J , Wietecha Linda A , Dennehy Ellen B , Kuca Bernice , Case Michael G , Aurora Sheena K , Gaul Charly 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Lasmiditan, a serotonin 5-HT1F receptor agonist, was effective for acute treatment of patients with migraine in a phase 3 double-blind randomized controlled study. The current study was designed to replicate these findings in a generalizable population of patients with migraine, including those with a cardiovascular medical history. This prospective, double-blind, phase 3 multicentre study randomly assigned patients with migraine with and without aura (1:1:1:1 ratio) to oral lasmiditan 200 mg, 100 mg, 50 mg, or placebo. Patients were instructed to dose at home within 4 h of onset of migraine attack of at least moderate intensity and not improving. The primary objective was to assess the proportion of patients’ headache pain-free and most bothersome symptom-free at 2 h post-dose for each dose of lasmiditan versus placebo (NCT02605174). Patients (n = 3005) were assigned and treated (n = 2583, safety population): 1938 lasmiditan (200 mg n = 528, 100 mg n = 532, and 50 mg n = 556 included in primary analysis) and 645 placebo (540 included in primary analysis). Most patients (79.2%) had ≥1 cardiovascular risk factor at baseline, in addition to migraine. Lasmiditan was associated with significantly more pain freedom at 2 h (lasmiditan 200 mg: 38.8%, odds ratio 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.8–3.1, P < 0.001; 100 mg: 31.4%, odds ratio 1.7, 1.3–2.2, P < 0.001; 50 mg: 28.6%, odds ratio 1.5, 1.1–1.9, P = 0.003 versus placebo 21.3%) and freedom from most bothersome symptom at 2 h (lasmiditan 200 mg: 48.7%, odds ratio 1.9, 95% confidence interval 1.4–2.4, P < 0.001; 100 mg: 44.2%, odds ratio 1.6, 1.2–2.0, P < 0.001; 50 mg: 40.8%, odds ratio 1.4, 1.1–1.8, P = 0.009 versus placebo 33.5%). Treatment-emergent adverse events were reported in 253 of 649 (39.0%), 229 of 635 (36.1%), and 166 of 654 (25.4%) of patients on lasmiditan 200, 100, and 50 mg, respectively, versus 75 of 645 (11.6%) on placebo. Most adverse events were CNS-related and included dizziness, somnolence and paraesthesia. Lasmiditan was effective at 2 h post-dose for acute treatment of migraine at all oral doses tested. Efficacy and safety were consistent with the previous phase 3 study.
Neuromodulation Leads to a Burst-Tonic Switch in a Subset of VIP Neurons in Mouse Primary Somatosensory (Barrel) Cortex
Authors: Prönneke Alvar , Witte Mirko , Möck Martin , Staiger Jochen F 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Neocortical GABAergic interneurons expressing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) contribute to sensory processing, sensorimotor integration, and behavioral control. In contrast to other major subpopulations of GABAergic interneurons, VIP neurons show a remarkable diversity. Studying morphological and electrophysiological properties of VIP cells, we found a peculiar group of neurons in layer II/III of mouse primary somatosensory (barrel) cortex, which showed a highly dynamic burst firing behavior at resting membrane potential that switched to tonic mode at depolarized membrane potentials. Furthermore, we demonstrate that burst firing depends on T-type calcium channels. The burst-tonic switch could be induced by acetylcholine (ACh) and serotonin. ACh mediated a depolarization via nicotinic receptors whereas serotonin evoked a biphasic depolarization via ionotropic and metabotropic receptors in 48% of the population and a purely monophasic depolarization via metabotropic receptors in the remaining cells. These data disclose an electrophysiologically defined subpopulation of VIP neurons that via neuromodulator-induced changes in firing behavior is likely to regulate the state of cortical circuits in a profound manner.
Green Simultaneous Chromatographic Separation of Pyridostigmine Bromide and Its Related Substances in Pure Form, Tablets and Spiked Human Plasma
Authors: Naguib Ibrahim A , Abdelaleem Eglal A , Emam Aml A , Abdallah Fatma F 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A green, accurate and specific high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantitative determination of pyridostigmine bromide (PR), impurity B (IMP B);3-hydroxy-N-methylpyridinium bromide and impurity A (IMP A); pyridin-3-yl-dimethylcarbamate. The two pharmacopeial impurities are also its main inactive metabolites. Furthermore, IMP B is known to be its alkaline-induced degradation product. Achievable separation of the studied components required silica gel HPTLC F254 plates as a stationary phase and acetone: acetic acid (80:20, v/v) as a developing system. Scanning of the separated bands was done at 260 nm. According to green solvent selection guidelines, acetone and acetic acid are eco-friendly solvents. Validation of the developed method was insured by its acquiesce to international conference on harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The introduced method was successfully achieved for the quantitative determination of PR, IMP B and IMP A in the range of 0.4–10, 2–11 and 0.4–3.5 μg/band, respectively. Successful application of the developed method was done for determination of PR in human plasma in the range of 0.6–10 μg/band, so the proposed HPTLC can be applied in the pharmacokinetic studies. The studied drug was also analyzed in Mestinon® tablets using the developed method.
Low cardiac lipolysis reduces mitochondrial fission and prevents lipotoxic heart dysfunction in Perilipin 5 mutant mice
Authors: Kolleritsch Stephanie , Kien Benedikt , Schoiswohl Gabriele , Diwoky Clemens , Schreiber Renate , Heier Christoph , Maresch Lisa Katharina , Schweiger Martina , Eichmann Thomas O , Stryeck Sarah , Krenn Petra , Tomin Tamara , Schittmayer Matthias , Kolb Dagmar , Rülicke Thomas , Hoefler Gerald , Wolinski Heimo , Madl Tobias , Birner-Gruenberger Ruth , Haemmerle Guenter 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Aims
Lipotoxic cardiomyopathy in diabetic and obese patients typically encompasses increased cardiac fatty acid (FA) uptake eventually surpassing the mitochondrial oxidative capacity. Lowering FA utilization via inhibition of lipolysis represents a strategy to counteract the development of lipotoxic heart dysfunction. However, defective cardiac triacylglycerol (TAG) catabolism and FA oxidation in humans (and mice) carrying mutated ATGL alleles provokes lipotoxic heart dysfunction questioning a therapeutic approach to decrease cardiac lipolysis. Interestingly, decreased lipolysis via cardiac overexpression of Perilipin 5 (Plin5), a binding partner of ATGL, is compatible with normal heart function and lifespan despite massive cardiac lipid accumulation. Herein, we decipher mechanisms that protect Plin5 transgenic mice from the development of heart dysfunction.

Methods and results
We generated mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of Plin5 encoding a serine-155 to alanine exchange (Plin5-S155A) of the protein kinase A phosphorylation site, which has been suggested as a prerequisite to stimulate lipolysis and may play a crucial role in the preservation of heart function. Plin5-S155A mice showed a substantial increase in cardiac TAG and ceramide levels, which was comparable to mice overexpressing non-mutated Plin5. Lipid accumulation was compatible with normal heart function even under mild stress. Plin5-S155A mice showed reduced cardiac FA oxidation but normal ATP production and changes in the Plin5-S155A phosphoproteome compared to Plin5 transgenic mice. Interestingly, mitochondrial recruitment of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) was markedly reduced in cardiac muscle of Plin5-S155A and Plin5 transgenic mice accompanied by decreased phosphorylation of mitochondrial fission factor, a mitochondrial receptor of Drp1.

Conclusions
This study suggests that low cardiac lipolysis is associated with reduced mitochondrial fission and may represent a strategy to combat the development of lipotoxic heart dysfunction.
Interactions Between Mitochondrial Haplotype and Dietary Macronutrient Ratios Confer Sex-Specific Effects on Longevity in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Nagarajan-Radha Venkatesh , Rapkin James , Hunt John , Dowling Damian K 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRecent studies have demonstrated that modifications to the ratio of dietary macronutrients affect longevity in a diverse range of species. However, the degree to which levels of natural genotypic variation shape these dietary effects on longevity remains unclear. The mitochondria have long been linked to the aging process. The mitochondria possess their own genome, and previous studies have shown that mitochondrial genetic variation affects longevity in insects. Furthermore, the mitochondria are the sites in which dietary nutrients are oxidized to produce adenosine triphosphate, suggesting a capacity for dietary quality to mediate the link between mitochondrial genotype and longevity. Here, we measured longevity of male and female fruit flies, across a panel of genetic strains of Drosophila melanogaster, which vary only in their mitochondrial haplotype, when fed one of the two isocaloric diets that differed in their protein-to-carbohydrate ratio. The mitochondrial haplotype affected the longevity of flies, but the pattern of these effects differed across the two diets in males, but not in females. We discuss the implications of these results in relation to an evolutionary theory linking maternal inheritance of mitochondria to the accumulation of male-harming mitochondrial mutations, and to the theory exploring the evolution of phenotypic plasticity to novel environments.
Total Daily Physical Activity and the Risk of Parkinsonism in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Oveisgharan Shahram , Yu Lei , Dawe Robert J , Bennett David A , Buchman Aron S 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Physical activity is a modifiable risk factor associated with health benefits. We hypothesized that a more active lifestyle in older adults is associated with a reduced risk of incident parkinsonism and a slower rate of its progression.

Methods
Total daily physical activity was recorded with an activity monitor in 889 community-dwelling older adults participating in the Rush Memory and Aging Project. Four parkinsonian signs were assessed with a modified motor portion of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale and summarized as a categorical measure and continuous global parkinsonian score. We used Cox models to determine whether physical activity was associated with incident parkinsonism and linear mixed-effects models to examine if physical activity was associated with the rate of progressive parkinsonism.

Results
During an average follow-up of 4 years, 233 of 682 (34%) participants, without parkinsonism, developed incident parkinsonism. In Cox models controlling for age, sex, and education, a higher level of physical activity was associated with a reduced risk of developing parkinsonism (hazard ratio = 0.79; 95% CI = 0.70–0.88, p &lt; .001). This association was not attenuated when controlling for cognition, depressive symptoms, Apolipoprotein E ℇ4 allele, and chronic health conditions. In a linear mixed-effects model including all participants (N = 889) which controlled for age, sex, and education, a 1 SD total daily physical activity was associated with a 20% slower rate of progression of parkinsonism.

Conclusion
Older adults with a more active lifestyle have a reduced risk for parkinsonism and a slower rate of its progression.
Comparison of Recruitment Strategies for Engaging Older Minority Adults: Results From Take Heart
Authors: Ramsay Jessica E , Hogan Cainnear K , Janevic Mary R , Courser Rebecca R , Allgood Kristi L , Connell Cathleen M 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundFew published studies report lessons learned for recruiting older adults from racial/ethnic minority, low SES communities for behavioral interventions. In this article, we describe recruitment processes and results for Take Heart, a randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of an adapted heart disease self-management program for primarily African American, urban, low SES adults 50 years or older living in Detroit.MethodsOlder adults were recruited via community-based (CB), electronic medical record (EMR), and in-person hospital clinic (HC) methods. Recruitment processes, demographic characteristics of enrolled participants, yield and cost, lessons learned, and best practices for each method are described.ResultsWithin 22 months, 1,478 potential participants were identified, 1,223 were contacted and 453 enrolled, resulting in an overall recruitment yield of 37%. The CB method had the highest yield at 49%, followed by HC at 36% and EMR at 16%. Of six CB approaches, information sessions and flyers had the highest yields at 60% and 59%, respectively. The average cost of recruiting and enrolling one participant was $142.ConclusionsCB, EMR, and HC methods each made important contributions to reaching our recruitment goal. The CB method resulted in the highest recruitment yield, while EMR had the lowest. Face-to-face interaction with community members and hiring a community health worker were particularly useful in engaging this population. Further research is needed to confirm these findings in urban, minority, low SES populations of older adults.
Blue Helmets, Red Flags: Institutional, Societal, and Military Determinants of Peacekeeping Abuses
Authors: Rodriguez Marisella , Kinne Brandon J 
Published: May 2019

AbstractUnited Nations peacekeeping soldiers commit atrocities while deployed despite their mandate to protect civilians from harm. Yet, there is tremendous variation across missions in reported human rights abuses. Why are some missions more susceptible to misconduct than others? To answer this puzzle, we identify three broad sources of influence on peacekeeper behavior: institutions, society, and military culture. Using newly collected data, we find that host-country and contributing-country institutions, particularly press freedoms and rule of law, dramatically decrease violations. Compliance with international humanitarian law also decreases violations, though to a lesser degree than institutions. Societal influences, such as gender norms and income inequality, have virtually no impact on abuses. We illustrate the utility of these findings by generating out-of-sample predictions for hypothetical peacekeeping missions in countries with recent political turmoil.
Crustacean-sponge symbiosis: collecting and maintaining sponge-inhabiting barnacles (Cirripedia: Thoracica: Acastinae) for studies on host specificity and larval biology
Authors: Yu Meng-Chen , Kolbasov Gregory A , Høeg Jens T , Chan Benny K K 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSponges are common in coral reefs and provide secondary habitats and shelter to a very diverse associated biota. To examine the symbiotic relationships between crustacean associates and their sponge hosts, the most important step is to collect live crustaceans and sponges for subsequent taxonomic identification as well as for larval rearing and experiments on larval biology. Using sponge-inhabiting barnacles as a model, we describe a set of collection procedures, identification methods, and laboratory-rearing systems for maintaining living barnacles and their host sponges. These methods also permit observing the behavior of the barnacle symbionts, including feeding, mating, as well as larval development and settlement, information that can be applied to the study of host-specificity, larval biology, and host selection.
Morphological variation in the Pennsylvanian horseshoe crab Euproops danae (Meek & Worthen, 1865) (Xiphosurida, Euproopidae) from the lower Mercer Shale, Windber, Pennsylvania, USA
Authors: Tashman Jessica N , Feldmann Rodney M , Schweitzer Carrie E 
Published: May 2019

AbstractExamination of 36 specimens of the Pennsylvanian horseshoe crab Euproops danae (Meek & Worthen, 1865) from a previously unreported occurrence in the lower Mercer Shale exposed in an abandoned strip mine south from Windber, Pennsylvania, USA, document ontogenetic changes in prosomal morphology. Intercardiophthalmic transverse bars become less pronounced as ophthalmic spines become longer in larger, older specimens through approximately seven instar stages. It remains unclear if the presence or absence of ophthalmic spines is taphonomic, regardless of developmental stage. The holotype of E. danae is illustrated photographically for the first time.