bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffusion approximations for load balancing mechanisms in cloud storage systems
Authors: Budhiraja Amarjit , Friedlander Eric 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn large storage systems, files are often coded across several servers to improve reliability and retrieval speed. We study load balancing under the batch sampling routeing scheme for a network ofnservers storing a set of files using the maximum distance separable (MDS) code (cf. Li (2016)). Specifically, each file is stored in equally sized pieces acrossLservers such that anykpieces can reconstruct the original file. When a request for a file is received, the dispatcher routes the job into thek-shortest queues among theLfor which the corresponding server contains a piece of the file being requested. We establish a law of large numbers and a central limit theorem as the system becomes large (i.e.n→ ∞), for the setting where all interarrival and service times are exponentially distributed. For the central limit theorem, the limit process take values inℓ2, the space of square summable sequences. Due to the large size of such systems, a direct analysis of then-server system is frequently intractable. The law of large numbers and diffusion approximations established in this work provide practical tools with which to perform such analysis. The power-of-drouteing scheme, also known as the supermarket model, is a special case of the model considered here.
Complete expected improvement converges to an optimal budget allocation
Authors: Chen Ye , Ryzhov Ilya O. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe ranking and selection problem is a well-known mathematical framework for the formal study of optimal information collection. Expected improvement (EI) is a leading algorithmic approach to this problem; the practical benefits of EI have repeatedly been demonstrated in the literature, especially in the widely studied setting of Gaussian sampling distributions. However, it was recently proved that some of the most well-known EI-type methods achieve suboptimal convergence rates. We investigate a recently proposed variant of EI (known as ‘complete EI’) and prove that, with some minor modifications, it can be made to converge to the rate-optimal static budget allocation without requiring any tuning.
Energetic scales in a bluff body shear layer
Authors: Moore D. M. , Letchford C. W. , Amitay M. 
Published: July 2019

A detailed experimental campaign into separated shear layers stemming from rectangular sections (having aspect ratios of 5 : 1, 3 : 1 and 1 : 1) was carried out at Reynolds numbers range between $1.34\times 10^{4}$ and $1.18\times 10^{5}$ based on the body thickness. Particle image velocimetry was used to locate the highest concentration of fluctuations in the velocity field and subsequent hot-wire measurements at those locations provided adequate spectral resolution to follow the evolution of various instabilities that are active within the separated shear layer. Similar to recent findings by this same group, the shear layer behaviour is observed to contain a combination of Reynolds invariant characteristics, including its time-averaged position, while other properties demonstrate clear Reynolds number dependency, including the spatial amplification of turbulent kinetic energy. Additional results here show that the ratio of side lengths of the body is a key parameter in revealing these effects. One reason for this is the level of coupling between modes of instability, which is evaluated using two-point correlation methods. These findings indicate that the separated shear layer on a bluff body is highly nonlinear. A specific set of scales responsible for these unique behaviours is identified and discussed, along with their relationship to other scales in the flow.
14C Blank Corrections for 25–100 μg Samples at the National Ocean Sciences AMS Laboratory
Authors: Roberts M L , Elder K L , Jenkins W J , Gagnon A R , Xu L , Hlavenka J D , Longworth B E 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTReplicate radiocarbon (14C) measurements of organic and inorganic control samples, with known Fraction Modern values in the range Fm = 0–1.5 and mass range 6 μg–2 mg carbon, are used to determine both the mass and radiocarbon content of the blank carbon introduced during sample processing and measurement in our laboratory. These data are used to model, separately for organic and inorganic samples, the blank contribution and subsequently “blank correct” measured unknowns in the mass range 25–100 μg. Data, formulas, and an assessment of the precision and accuracy of the blank correction are presented.
Do Indian women receive adequate information about contraception?
Authors: Rana Md Juel , Jain Anrudh K. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study analysed the recent changes and patterns of information received about contraceptive methods by contraceptive users in India – an important indicator of quality of care in family planning services. Data were taken from the third and fourth rounds of National Family and Health Surveys (NFHS) conducted in India during 2005–06 and 2015–16. The Method Information Index (MII) was used to capture the information received by respondents on three aspects of contraceptive method use: information about the side-effects of the method, what to do if they experienced any complication from using the method and information received about other methods of contraception. A separate analysis of information received by users about the permanency of sterilization was also carried out. Logistic regression models were applied to assess the independent effects of users’ background characteristics and their states and union territories of residence on method information received by them. The value of the MII nearly doubled from about 16% in 2004–05 to 31% in 2015–16, indicating a marked increase in the information received by contraceptive users in India over the period between 2005–06 and 2015–16. In addition, the percentage of sterilized women who received information about the permanency of the method also increased, from 67% to 80%, over the period. While considerable progress has been made in the last decade, there is still plenty of scope for improvement in the information received by contraceptive users to advance a voluntary approach to family planning.
Influence of different storage conditions on the performance of spray-dried yogurt used as inoculum for milk fermentation
Authors: Bater Caterina , Santos Mauricio , Galmarini Mara V. , Gómez-Zavaglia Andrea , Chirife Jorge 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA commercial drinkable yogurt with and without 4% of added trehalose (as cell protectant) was spray-dried obtaining a powder with low water activity (aw). Total bacterial count in the powder was between 8.48–8.90 log cfu/g. The dried yogurt was stored: (i) at 38 °C andaw= 0.33; (ii) at 38 °C in hermetically sealed flasks (aw= 0.21/0.22); (iii) in a cyclic temperature chamber (10–20 °C) in hermetically sealed flasks (aw= 0.21/0.22). Whole milk was then fermented by adding an inoculum of spray-dried yogurt after storage under these different conditions. The kinetics of acidification showed the presence of alagtime which was strongly dependent on storage conditions. The data was fitted with a logistic type equation from which thelagtime was calculated. To evaluate structural differences among samples, Fourier Transform Infrared spectra (FTIR) were recorded. Partial Least Squares (PLS) models enabled a good correlation betweenlagtime of fermentation and FTIR spectra. Thelagtime for yogurt powder stored atawabout 0.21/0.22 and cyclic temperature 10–20 °C remained approximately constant over the 12 weeks of storage, while all the other conditions resulted in a dramatic increase. The addition of trehalose had a small influence onlagtime and, therefore, as a protectant of lactobacilli.
Effect of feeding level during the prepubertal phase on mammary gland development in female goat kids
Authors: Panzuti Clemence , Duvaux-Ponter Christine , Bruckmaier Rupert M. , Dessauge Frederic 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe experiment reported in this research communication aimed to determine the effects of post-weaning feeding level after early weaning on mammary parenchyma development in Alpine goats. Thirty Alpine female goat kids were weaned early (at around 9.8 kg and 32 d of age) and fed different levels of concentrate: Control (C, 730 g DM/d, n = 10), Low (L, 365 g DM/d, n = 10) or High (H, 1090 g DM/d, n = 10) until 235 d of age with ad libitum hay and water. Half of the goat kids were slaughtered before puberty (at around 208 d of age) and half at midgestation (at around 308 d of age and 70 d of gestation) for mammary parenchyma sampling. A histological analysis, Western blot and DNA quantification were performed. Blood samples were taken before puberty and at midgestation to determine plasma levels of IGF-I and prolactin. The mammary gland weights before puberty and at midgestation were positively and significantly associated with concentrate level. However, the organization of the mammary parenchyma and protein expression and quantity of DNA in the parenchyma were similar among the three groups. Before puberty, prolactin and IGF-I concentrations were significantly increased by the feeding level. In conclusion, feeding level after early weaning did not impact mammary parenchyma structure although it modified the weight of the mammary gland. The establishment of the mammary gland was not impacted by rearing management before puberty. Hence, increasing the feeding level during the rearing period could be an interesting way to increase the body development of goats without impairing mammary development whilst having a positive impact on reproductive parameters such as litter weight.
Shedding ofCryptosporidiumin calves and dams: evidence of re-infection and shedding of differentgp60subtypes
Authors: Thomson Sarah , Innes Elisabeth A. , Jonsson Nicholas N. , Katzer Frank 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOne of the most common causes of calf diarrhoea is the parasiteCryptosporidium parvum.Two longitudinal studies were carried out on a dairy farm Scotland to determine the prevalence ofCryptosporidiumspecies and subtypes in a group of calves and to determine whether dams were a possible source of calfhood infection. Fecal samples were collected from 25 calves from birth to 12 months in the first year. In the second year, fecal samples were collected from pregnant cows (n= 29) and their calves (n= 30) from birth to 6 months. The samples were tested forCryptosporidiumand speciated.Cryptosporidium parvum-positive samples were subtyped by GP60 fragment analysis. All calves in both studies shedCryptosporidiumduring the study period.Cryptosporidium parvumwas the predominant species detected in calves ⩽6 weeks of age and at 6 months of age,C. bovisandC. ryanaewere detected in calves older than 4 weeks of age but ⩽6 months of age. The prevalence ofCryptosporidiumwas higher in younger animals than in older animals. GP60 subtyping revealed two subtypes in calves on this farm (IIaA15G2R1 and IIaA19G2R1) that differed in frequency by age. Adult cattle also shedC. parvum,of fourgp60genotypes.
Impaired cognitive self-awareness mediates the association between alexithymia and excitation/inhibition balance in the pgACC
Authors: Kühnel A. , Widmann A. , Colic L. , Herrmann L. , Demenescu L. R. , Leutritz A. L. , Li M. , Grimm S. , Nolte T. , Fonagy P. , Walter M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundPrevious research showed that automatic emotion regulation is associated with activation of subcortical areas and subsequent feedforward processes to cortical areas. In contrast, cognitive awareness of emotions is mediated by negative feedback from cortical to subcortical areas. Pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC) is essential in the modulation of both affect and alexithymia. We considered the interplay between these two mechanisms in the pgACC and their relationship with alexithymia.MethodIn 68 healthy participants (30 women, age = 26.15 ± 4.22) we tested associations of emotion processing and alexithymia with excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance represented as glutamate (Glu)/GABA in the pgACC measured via magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 7 T.ResultsAlexithymia was positively correlated with the Glu/GABA ratio (N= 41,p= 0.0393). Further, cognitive self-awareness showed an association with Glu/GABA (N= 52,p= 0.003), which was driven by a correlation with GABA. In contrast, emotion regulation was only correlated with glutamate levels in the pgACC (N= 49,p= 0.008).ConclusionOur results corroborate the importance of the pgACC as a mediating region of alexithymia, reflected in an altered E/I balance. Furthermore, we could specify that this altered balance is linked to a GABA-related modulation of cognitive self-awareness of emotions.
The Demos and Its Critics
Authors: Maltais Aaron , Rosenberg Jonas Hultin , Beckman Ludvig 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe “demos paradox” is the idea that the composition of a demos could never secure democratic legitimacy because the composition of a demos cannot itself be democratically decided. Those who view this problem as unsolvable argue that this insight allows them to adopt a critical perspective towards common ideas about who has legitimate standing to participate in democratic decision-making. We argue that the opposite is true and that endorsing the demos paradox actually undermines our ability to critically engage with common ideas about legitimate standing. We challenge the conception of legitimacy that lurks behind the demos paradox and argue that the real impossibility is to endorse democracy without also being committed to significant procedure-independent standards for the legitimate composition of the demos. We show that trying to solve the problem of the demos by appeal to some normative conception of democratic legitimacy is a worthwhile project that is not undermined by paradox.
Liberty, Nondomination, Markets
Authors: Sagar Paul 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOver the past two decades, Philip Pettit has consistently argued for an understanding of “republican” liberty in terms of nondomination. Yet in his major published studies, he has almost nothing to say about markets, nor about the economy more generally. I contend that this is a seriously problematic omission, insofar as markets represent a major problem for republican views of freedom. In short: if freedom requires the absence of the mere possibility of arbitrary interference (as Pettit maintains), then the widespread existence of markets indicates that on a republican view the vast majority of people in the world today exist in the dominated position of slaves. As a result, Pettit cannot adopt the “complacency” towards market transactions that he officially avows. But in turn, we ought to be highly skpetical that the republican account of freedom is a viable one.
Political Confucianism and Multivariate Democracy in East Asia
Authors: Li Zhuoyao 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSungmoon Kim's pragmatic Confucian democracy tries to provide a mediating position between the instrumental model and the intrinsic model of democracy. However, this model of Confucian democracy is problematic because it fails to justify the unique role Confucianism plays in accommodating democracy when it is one among many comprehensive doctrines in East Asia. To be truly pragmatic about democracy is to hold a pluralistic attitude toward how people will come to terms with it. This article aims to push the pragmatic tendency further and propose an alternative model of democracy that has a multivariate structure, a neutral state, and an active public role for Confucianism. This multivariate model represents a more promising future for democracy in East Asia.
StagingEmile: Audience and Genre in Collective Self-Legislation
Authors: Litvin Boris 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRousseau's interpreters often disagree over whether theEmileprepares its protagonist for membership in theSocial Contract’s political community or presents him as an alternative to it. I argue that such attempts to determine the compatibility of Rousseau's different “projects” obscures his broader engagement with his contemporary popular audiences—particularly those associated with the theater and the novel—and the political implications therein. In contrast to the above debate, I turn toEmileto argue that in this work Rousseau attempts to shape readers in distinct and crucial ways.Emiledoes not simply present precepts to be embraced but intervenes into the underlying communicative dynamics that need to obtain for Rousseau's conception of collective self-legislation. It does so by shifting between the theatrical and novelistic generic conventions identified in his prior engagements with popular audiences, thus generating a reading experience that orients readers to continuously revisit their constitution as a collective audience.
State formation as an outcome of the imperial encounter: the case of Iraq
Authors: Hariri Aula 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article employs a postcolonial historical sociological approach to studying state formation in Iraq between 1914–24. In doing so, it synthesises insights from the ‘historical’ and ‘imperial’ turns in International Relations (IR), to understand the state as a processual and relational entity shaped by the imperial relations through which it emerged. Drawing on the case of Iraq, this article demonstrates how British imperial relations (‘international’) interlaced with anti-colonial struggles (‘domestic’) to foster a historically specific pattern of Iraqi state formation. In making these claims, this article contributes to bridging IR's analytical divide between ‘international’ and ‘domestic’ spaces, while undermining IR's universalist assumptions about the ‘spread’ of the state from Europe to the Arab world. Rather, this article demonstrates that the imperial encounter was constitutive of the type of state that emerged, thereby highlighting the agency of anti-colonial struggles in producing historically specific patterns of state domination.
Time-sensitive resource re-allocation strategy for interdependent continuous tasks
Authors: Haberland Valeriia , Miles Simon , Luck Michael 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
An increase in volumes of data and a shift towards live data enabled a stronger focus on resource-intensive tasks which run continuously over long periods. A Grid has potential to offer the required resources for these tasks, while considering a fair and balanced allocation of resources among multiple client agents. Taking this into account, a Grid might be unwilling to allocate its resources for long time, leading to task interruptions. This problem becomes even more serious if an interruption of one task may lead to the interruption of dependent tasks. Here, we discuss a new strategy for resource re-allocation which is utilized by a client with the aim to prevent too long interruptions by re-allocating resources between its own tasks. Those re-allocations are suggested by a client agent, but only a Grid can re-allocate resources if agreed. Our strategy was tested under the different Grid settings, accounting for the adjusted coefficients, and demonstrated noticeable improvements in client utilities as compared to when it is not considered. Our experiment was also extended to tests with environmental modelling and realistic Grid resource simulation, grounded in real-life Grid studies. These tests have also shown a useful application of our strategy.
The Association between Public Transportation and Social Isolation in Older Adults: A Scoping Review of the Literature
Authors: Lamanna Madeline , Klinger Christopher A. , Liu Anna , Mirza Raza M. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTInadequate public transportation was recognized as a barrier to social participation, especially for older adults in rural communities and with mobility issues. Older adults will not benefit from opportunities to engage with their community and maintain social networks if they are unable to access them. The purpose of this scoping review was to make recommendations for further research and to summarize areas for improvement identified in the literature that will aid in the development of public transportation initiatives that can better address social isolation for older adults (≥ 55 years of age). Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria, identifying themes of access to rural public transportation, issues with public transportation, and mobility. In practice, older adults need to prepare for driving cessation and mobility transitions; sound policy requires input to tailor transportation initiatives to an aging population, and future research should explore older adults’ transportation needs and potential solutions in urban and rural communities.
The Legal Information Landscape: Change is the New Normal
Authors: Aman Holger 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe legal information landscape has always been one of instability and change. The rate of these changes seems to be speeding up as societal and technological changes interact and impact our lives. In the face of this volatility, we should remain constant by being the human factor between information and our clients. We are the interface between new technology and the changing information usage behaviours of our clients. We must understand both aspects to ensure the best outcomes. Our client centric attitude positions us perfectly to be leaders when exploring, and perhaps even creating, new solutions. We are best placed to bring them back to our institutions and provide the human touch to ensure they are implemented in a way that will succeed and add value. It is important to embrace this constant state of flux and find our value in being supportive change agents, while also ensuring that we can ensure, and advocate for, the importance of safeguarding legal information for generations to come.
Evaluation of a robust correlation-based true-speed-over-ground measurement system employing a FMCW radar
Authors: Reissland Torsten , Lenhart Bjoern , Lichtblau Johann , Sporer Michael , Weigel Robert , Koelpin Alexander 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper presents a novel approach for the determination of True-Speed-Over-Ground for trains. Speed determination is accomplished by correlating the received signals of two side-looking radar sensors. The theoretically achievable precision is derived. Test measurements are done in two different scenarios to give a proof of concept. Thereafter a series of field measurements is performed to rate the practical suitability of the approach. The results of the measurements are thoroughly evaluated. The test and field measurements are carried out using a 24 GHz frequency modulated continuous wave radar.
Variability of Acoustically Evidenced Methane Bubble Emissions Offshore Western Svalbard
Authors: Veloso‐Alarcón Mario E. , Jansson Pär , De Batist Marc , Minshull Timothy A. , Westbrook Graham K. , Pälike Heiko , Bünz Stefan , Wright Ian , Greinert Jens 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLarge reservoirs of methane present in Arctic marine sediments are susceptible to rapid warming, promoting increasing methane emissions. Gas bubbles in the water column can be detected, and flow rates can be quantified using hydroacoustic survey methods, making it possible to monitor spatiotemporal variability. We present methane (CH4) bubble flow rates derived from hydroacoustic data sets acquired during 11 research expeditions to the western Svalbard continental margin (2008–2014). Three seepage areas emit in total 725–1,125 t CH4/year, and bubble fluxes are up to 2 kg·m−2·year−1. Bubble fluxes vary between different surveys, but no clear trend can be identified. Flux variability analyses suggest that two areas are geologically interconnected, displaying alternating flow changes. Spatial migration of bubble seepage was observed to follow seasonal changes in the theoretical landward limit of the hydrate stability zone, suggesting that formation/dissociation of shallow hydrates, modulated by bottom water temperatures, influences seafloor bubble release.