bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A reply to Pitcher
Authors: Cramer Christopher , Pontara Nicola 
Published: July 2002

Pitcher's rejoinder to our paper (Cramer & Pontara 1998), is a useful
contribution to the policy and analytical debate on poverty and rural
relations in Mozambique. Some of her points are well taken, in
particular her careful attention to empirical imprecision in much of the
literature. Indeed, she points out that we used a figure for how much
land the government had conceded to private owners that turns out to
be mistaken. We accept this useful clarification graciously, though
slightly less graciously would point out that Pitcher earlier cited the
same (erroneous) figure herself.Overall, her complaint about our paper seems to boil down to the
following: that we are incomplete in our coverage of the literature; that
we fail to notice that the government may say it favours smallholders
but is in fact leaving them high and dry by allocating resources to large-scale commercial investors; and that we present an exclusive choice
between the land and the labour market as the solution to poverty in
Mozambique. On the first point, our coverage was indeed less than
complete, though the implications of this are not as Pitcher implies. On
the second, we think the picture is more complex than she suggests, and
if our paper did not make this adequately clear we shall try to make it
more so here. On the third part of her complaint, Pitcher is plainly
wrong: in fact, the most interesting thing about her comment on our
paper is that she appears entirely to have missed the point that we were
making and does not engage with our core argument at all. She is at
pains to agree with our discussion of the socioeconomic differentiation
that has a long-term and more recent history in rural Mozambique,
and to present the lives of the poor as highly insecure. Nonetheless, she
makes little effort to consider the implications of this beyond making
the fairly obvious point that people hang onto their land when they can
and pursue multiple and ‘redundant’ (whatever this is supposed to
mean) strategies.
The Cardiff Depression Study: a sib-pair study of dysfunctional attitudes in depressed probands and healthy control subjects
Authors: FARMER A. , HARRIS T. , REDMAN K. , MAHMOOD A. , SADLER S. , McGUFFIN P. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Current cognitive theories propose that depression develops as a result of the interaction between dysfunctional cognitive schemata and environmental stressors. There is also consistent evidence of a substantial genetic contribution to depression. This study examines the familiality and stability of dysfunctional attitudes and attempts to distinguish whether they reflect trait vulnerability to depression or the state of being depressed.Method. The 24-item Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS-24) was completed by 108 depressed probands and their nearest-aged siblings and 105 healthy control probands and their nearest-age siblings, at the time of a semi-structured clinical interview and 10–12 months later. Subjects also completed self-report measures of depressed mood on both occasions.Results. Measures of clinical depression were significantly correlated with DAS scores. At retest, DAS scores remained elevated despite improvement in mood, giving support for earlier findings, that dysfunctional attitudes remain active following recovery.The dependency subscale (DAS-D) of the DAS showed modest familiality, although there were no significant differences for DAS-D scores between the two groups of siblings. In a multiple regression analysis, current mood-state was the overwhelming predictor of DAS scores. However for DAS-D, gender as well as current mood influenced scores on this subscale.Conclusion. Although there was modest evidence for temporal stability and familiality for some DAS-24 subscale scores, dysfunctional attitudes were predominantly influenced by current low mood, and therefore reflect the state of being depressed rather than a familial vulnerability trait underpinning depression.
Long-term outcome of social phobia treated by exposure
Authors: FAVA G. A. , GRANDI S. , RAFANELLI C. , RUINI C. , CONTI S. , BELLUARDO P. 
Published: July 2002

Background. There is very little information on long-term follow-up of social phobia.Methods. A consecutive series of 70 patients satisfying the DSM-IV criteria for social phobia was treated in an out-patient clinic with behavioural methods based on exposure homework. Forty-five patients were judged to be remitted after eight individual sessions of psychotherapy. A 2 to 12 year (median = 6 years) follow-up was performed. Survival analysis was selected to characterize the clinical course of patients. Assessments were performed before treatment, at the end of therapy, after 1 year, and subsequently on a yearly basis, and utilized selected items of Paykel's Clinical Interview for Depression.Results. Six of the 45 patients (13%) had a relapse of social phobia at some time during follow-up. The estimated cumulative percentage of patients remaining in remission was 98 after 2 years, 85 after 5 years and 85 after 10 years. Such probabilities increased in the absence of a personality disorder, of residual social phobic avoidance after exposure, and of concurrent use of benzodiazepines.Conclusions. The findings suggest that, even though one patient out of three is unable to complete treatment or does not benefit sufficiently from it, exposure treatment can provide lasting effects to the majority of patients with social phobia. Disappearance of residual, subclinical social phobic avoidance appears to be the target of treatment.
Social support and psychiatric sickness absence: a
prospective study of British civil servants
Authors: STANSFELD S. A. , RAEL G. S. , HEAD J. , SHIPLEY M. , MARMOT M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Studies on the direct and buffering effects of social support have not examined
psychiatric sickness absence and few studies have considered support both at home and at work.
This study addresses prospectively the effects of chronic stressors and social supports, at home
and at work, on psychiatric sickness absence rates.Methods. Sociodemographic factors, health and social support were measured at baseline, and
short and long spells of sickness absence were measured prospectively over a 5-year period. The
participants were a subsample of 4202 male and female civil servants, aged 35–55 years at baseline,
from an occupational cohort, the Whitehall II Study, who completed detailed social support
questions.Results. Support from colleagues and supervisors at work is related to lower risk of short spells
of psychiatric sickness absence, particularly for those also receiving high levels of negative
aspects of close relationships from their closest person outside work. Negative aspects of close
relationships from the closest person increase the risk of taking long spells of psychiatric
sickness absence in men. High levels of material problems increase the risk of short spells of
sickness absence.Conclusions. Negative aspects of close relationships may have an aetiological role in
non-psychotic psychiatric disorder. Social support at work appears to protect against short spells of
psychiatric sickness absence. This potentially implies that levels of short spells of absence might
be reduced by increasing support at work. Conversely, emotional support at home may
influence absence-related behaviour and encourage a person to take absence at a time of
illness.
Effects of fluoxetine versus bright light in the
treatment of seasonal affective disorder
Authors: RUHRMANN S. , KASPER S. , HAWELLEK B. , MARTINEZ B. , HÖFLICH G. , NICKELSEN T. , MÖLLER H.-J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Disturbances of serotonergic neurotransmission

appear to be particularly important
for the pathophysiology of winter depression. This study investigated whether
fluoxetine has
antidepressant effects comparable to bright light in the treatment of
seasonal affective disorder (winter type).Method. A randomized, parallel design was used with rater and

patients blind to treatment
conditions. One week of placebo (phase I) was followed by 5 weeks of treatment
(phase II) with
fluoxetine (20 mg per day) and a placebo light condition versus

bright light (3000 lux, 2 h per day)
and a placebo drug. There were 40 patients (20 in each treatment condition)

suffering from seasonal
affective disorder (SAD) according to DSM-III-R who had a total score on
the Hamilton
Depression Scale of at least 16.Results. Forty patients entered phase II and 35 completed
it (one drop-out in the fluoxetine group
and four in the bright light group). Fourteen (70%) of the patients
treated with bright light and 13
(65%) of those treated with fluoxetine were responders (NS). The
remission rate in the bright light
group tended to be superior (bright light 50%, fluoxetine 25%;
P=0·10). Light therapy improved
HDRS scores significantly faster, while fluoxetine had a faster
effect on atypical symptoms. Light
treatment in the morning produced a significantly faster onset of
improvement, but at the end of
treatment the time of light application seemed not to be crucial.Conclusion. Both treatments produced a good antidepressant
effect
and were well tolerated.
An apparently better response to bright light requires confirmation in
a larger sample.
Koch's postulates confirm cholinergic modulation of REM sleep
Authors: Lydic Ralph , Baghdoyan Helen A. 
Published: July 2002

Robert Koch (1843–1910) discovered the causal agents for tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax. The 1905 Nobel Prize acknowledged Koch's criteria for identifying the causal agent of an infectious disease. These criteria remain useful and the data reviewed below show that the cholinergic contributions to REM sleep control are confirmed by Koch's postulates.[Hobson et al.]
Neurotransmitter mechanisms of dreaming: Implication of modulatory systems based on dream intensity
Authors: Perry E. K. , Piggott M. A. 
Published: July 2002

Based on increasing dream intensity and alterations in neurophysiological activity from waking, through NREM to REM sleep, dreaming appears to correlate with sustained midbrain dopaminergic and basal forebrain cholinergic, in conjunction with decreasing brainstem 5-HT and noradrenergic neuronal activities. This, model, with features in common with the modulatory transmitter models of Hobson et al. and Solms, is consistent with some clinical observations on drug induced alterations in dreaming and transmitter correlates of delusions.[Hobson et al.; Solms]
Editorial
Authors: Blakemore Ken , Bytheway Bill 
Published: July 2002

With the start of volume 18, our second as editors of the journal,
we are
joined as newly-appointed Review Editors by Miriam Bernard and
Judith Phillips.Tony Warnes became review editor in 1987 and, by our calculation,
he has ‘put to bed’ 46 sets of abstracts and reviews, concluding
with
those that appeared in the last edition. Tony has made a major
contribution to the development of the journal over the past decade.
Several hundred books have passed through his hands and, as a result,
the review pages have become an invaluable resource for those coming
to gerontology, either as students, postgraduate researchers or from
other disciplines. He has located reviewers working in many different
settings – both on the geographical and the disciplinary maps. In
this
way the international gerontological network has been greatly
enhanced. Many of those who have written reviews will have benefited
from his astute and encouraging editorship.
From Manchuria to the tradition village: on the construction of place via pelimanni music
Authors: Järviluoma Helmi 
Published: July 2002

IntroductionThere are no traces of the mid-Finnish village ‘Perikylä’ on existing maps. It features only in the ‘old folks’ memories', says the retired bus-driver, Matti Tulijoki, who wrote a melancholic waltz in memory of his native five-farm village, ‘in a weak moment’. He called the waltz ‘Memories of Perikylä’, and I have chosen it for analysis from the repertoire of the amateur musical group Virtain pelimannit, in which Mr Tulijoki is an accordion player and a pelimanni. Pelimanni is a term that has been used in Finland for centuries to denote a musician who plays a folk instrument. It is also used for the players who, from the start of the Finnish folk music movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s, joined the groups that were being formed all over the country, carrying the name of each municipality. This paper uses the case study, Music and Identity at Grassroots Level (Järviluoma 1997), in which I analysed the ways in which one such amateur music ensemble creates and maintains different sides of its identity. The group comes from Virrat, a country town of 9,000 people in central Finland. One of the central themes of the case study was place, and I will draw upon the study here to examine how ‘place’ is present in both the players' music and their speech about music.
Bastardy and the Great Famine: Ireland, 1845–1850
Authors: KENNEDY LIAM 
Published: July 2002

‘A woman who has had an illegitimate child is looked on with contempt, and
would not be associated with. But the young women have a great deal of
discretion, and few of them go astray in that way.’Parish of St. Mary's, Cork, 1835While the claim may seem surprising, Irish society enjoys no mean place
in the history of sexuality. Malthus may be said to have re-focused
attention on the folly of giving free rein to the passion between the sexes,
and some historians, as well as contemporary commentators, viewed the
state of pre-Famine Ireland as a confirmation of the dangers of runaway
population growth. Post-Famine Irish society, by contrast, gave the
appearance of being fashioned according to the principles of Malthusian
population policy: an older age at marriage for men and women, a rising
incidence of permanent celibacy and a relative absence of ‘vice’. Indeed,
long before the end of the Victorian era Irish people were renowned for
their prudential approach to matters sexual. This extended to sex outside
marriage. Irish illegitimacy rates were amongst the lowest in the Western
world. Ideologues protested the virtue and purity of Irish women, and of
the Irish race more generally.
Buzzsaws and blueprints: what children need (or don't need) to learn language
Authors: SABBAGH MARK A. , GELMAN SUSAN A. 
Published: July 2002

Review essay on: B. MACWHINNEY (ed.), The emergence of language.

Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1999.An old joke that has been circulating for the past decade or so goes as follows:

a biologist, a physicist, and a cognitive scientist were sitting around

discussing the great achievements of their fields. The biologist waxed

eloquent about the insights of Darwin's theory of evolution; the physicist

expounded on the implications of Einstein's theory of general relativity.

Then the cognitive scientist spoke up: ‘Our great discovery is the thermos.

You put a cold drink in, the drink stays cold. You fill it with hot soup, the

soup stays hot. This is amazing, for how does the thermos know?’Obviously, this cognitive scientist has asked the wrong question about how

the thermos maintains temperatures. In The emergence of language (henceforth,

EL), an edited collection of chapters authored by an interdisciplinary

group of computer scientists, linguists, and cognitive and developmental

psychologists, it is suggested that perhaps language acquisition researchers

have been making the same mistake as the errant cognitive scientist. To be

sure, language is an extremely complex phenomenon, yet it is also elegant.

Recognition of these characteristics in all aspects of language (thanks in large

part to Chomskyan approaches to linguistics) highlights a well-known

apparent paradox: language is hopelessly complex but children acquire it

with ease. Solutions to this paradox have typically inspired researchers to

posit rules or other kinds of blueprints – knowledge (innate or acquired) that

children have to guide their language acquisition. But are these rules truly

necessary? Perhaps children do not KNOW how to acquire language any more

than a thermos knows how to maintain temperature.
Sir Laurence Kirwan, KCMG, TD
Authors: R. M. W. 
Published: July 2002

Sir Laurence Kirwan, Director and Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society from 1945 to
1975, and one of the founders of the Institute, of which he was an Honorary Member, died in
London on 16 April 1999 aged 91. The events that took place early in 1946, and led to the
foundation of the Institute of Navigation the following year, have been well documented by Pat
Hansford in his article in the special issue of the Journal (September 1997) published to
commemorate the Institute's fiftieth anniversary. Kirwan was a member of the original Steering
Committee and then of the Provisional Council which undertook the preliminary work that
culminated in the inaugural meeting in March 1947. He served on the first elected Council as
Chairman of the Executive Committee, which in those days assumed responsibility for
administering the Institute between meetings of the Council.In his article, Hansford recalls how the Royal Society, when approached about the formation
of the Institute, had suggested that (in the somewhat uncertain situation immediately after the
war) the new body might thrive best, at any rate to start with, under the aegis of an existing
scientific society with similar objectives. Kirwan, then the recently appointed Director of the
Royal Geographical Society, took the suggestion up by proposing various ways in which the
RGS might assist the new body, and notably by offering it accommodation; and the Institute
has, of course, been at the Society's house ever since. The original accommodation was not
lavish but, quite apart from the prestigious address and pleasant and appropriate surroundings,
the facilities available included the use of the Society's lecture theatre and the Council and
committee rooms. It is difficult to see how the new body, with a handful of members and no
money, could have survived without some such assistance. But it was perhaps at a deeper level
that the arrangement was to prove so influential, for it brought the young Institute into
immediate contact with the liberal traditions of the learned societies in this country, concerned
essentially with the subject rather than the benefit of its members, no doubt very much as the
Royal Society would have wished.
Why is There This Urge to Pass ‘Close To’?
Authors: Millns A. T. C. 
Published: July 2002

One of the first occasions that navigators became aware of the potential problem generated
by the (then) recently-invented radar, was the so-called radar-assisted collision which occurred
outside of New York between the Stockholm and the Andrea Doria in 1956. Forty-seven lives
were lost in the Andrea Doria and five on the Stockholm.Radar (Radio Detection And Range) had been invented and began its sea service during the
Second World War. Its use had been, as its name implied, to give initial warning of, and the
range of, another vessel on a simple Cathode Ray Tube. As the system was enhanced and the
Plan Position Indicator (PPI) style of display came into prominence, complete stretches of the
coastline were shown. Its usage was enhanced so that ships began to be navigated by radar.
However, the navigator himself was still very much in touch with the natural elements, through
the very open design of the bridge at that time.Following the Stockholm/Andrea Doria tragedy, navigators came to terms with the fact that
their PPI view of the world was a relative one rather than the actual world. Plotting the
observations became the norm.
Speciation by polyploidy in Odontophrynus americanus
Authors: Martino Adolfo L. , Sinsch Ulrich 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDiploid and tetraploid populations of the leptodactylid frog Odontophrynus americanus were studied in the Cordoba province (central Argentine) to evaluate whether they represent a cryptic species pair rather than forms of the same species as they are considered at present. We examined three independent character complexes (external morphology, advertisement calls, allozymes) and quantified the character‐specific state of differentiation between diploids and tetraploids in comparison to that of the congeneric and widely sympatric O. occidentalis. Multivariate analysis of 15 morphometric characters indicated a remarkable degree of differention between both forms, but did not permit an unequivocal identification of individuals (rate of erroneous classification: 25%), whereas all O. occidentalis were classified correctly. In contrast, the temporal structure of the advertisement call permitted a distinction of diploids, tetraploids and O. occidentalis even based on a single call. The latter differed from the other by producing a call consisting of several pulse trains. The pulse rate of the O. americanus call, which consists of a single pulse train, was significantly lower in tetraploids than in diploids. The allozyme pattern and the corresponding allele frequencies indicated a close relationship among the three Odontophrynus taxa, but genetic distances obtained suggested a differentiation of gene pools at the level of species. Considering the degree of differentiation demonstrated in this study, the ploidy and the different geographical distribution, we conclude that diploids and tetraploids represent two species, similar to its North American counterpart Hyla chrysoscelis/H. versicolor. As the name O. americanus refers to tetraploids collected near Buenos Aires (Argentina), we describe the diploids as the new species Odontophrynus cordobae sp. nov.
Safe mobility for older people
Authors: O’Neill Desmond 
Published: July 2002

Driving: a new geriatric giant?Over the last fifty years geriatric medicine has promoted the concept that functional loss in older people is primarily a health issue. For a major loss of function, such as incontinence or immobility, we recognize the need for detection, investigation and treatment. The diagnostic / therapeutic / rehabilitation paradigm takes precedence over the prosthetic approach. Not only do we appreciate the benefits of an interdisciplinary assessment, but we are also accustomed to estimating risk and competence when making decisions about discharging frail older people back to their home environment.
THE VICTORIAN GRAND SIÈCLE: IDEOLOGY AS ART HISTORY
Authors: Mansfield Elizabeth 
Published: July 2002

The true greatness of this great century consists . . . not in its vain wars, and formal stage, and stilted eloquence, and pompous palaces, and grandiose art, but in the formation and working out of the political and social system of which these things were the first fruits. It is idle to indulge in academical discussions as to the merits of this system. We have inherited it, it has penetrated our lives in every direction, we act, we think under its invisible pressure, and its study is pregnant with teaching.— Emilia Dilke, Art in the Modern StateFUSING AESTHETIC INQUIRY WITH POLITICAL THEORY, Emilia Dilke’s Art in the Modern State heralds a shift in the evolving discipline of art history. Published in 1888, the book succeeds her well-received The Renaissance of Art in France (1879) and anticipates by a decade her multi-volume study of the arts of eighteenth-century France. Methodologically, however, Art in the Modern State stands apart from her other books. Predicated upon the supposition that art — indeed all cultural production — derives from and serves the “invisible pressure” of ideology, the book points to a new direction in Victorian aesthetic theory. Specifically, the book offers the first direct application of Marxist philosophy in an art historical text. That this innovation met and continues to meet with critical as well as popular indifference appears, at first, extraordinary. Considered within the context of Victorian art writing and materialist art history, however, the sources of this critical neglect begin to emerge.