bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finite Elements for Curved Sandwich Beams
Authors: Holt P J , Webber J P H 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe formulation of curved finite elements to represent a two-dimensional circular sandwich ring with honeycomb core and laminated faces is investigated. Assumed stress hybrid and equilibrium methods are found to be easier to employ in this case than the displacement approach. Using these methods, an element stiffness matrix is developed. The approximations of membrane faces and an infinite core normal stiffness are then used to develop simpler elements. Test cases show that these assumptions may become invalid, but that they are adequate for most practical cases where the core thickness to radius ratio and the face thickness to core thickness ratio are both low.
Subcritical Flow without Circulation past a Swept Semi-Infinite Elliptic Cylinder
Authors: Clapworthy G J 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe numerical calculation of the subcritical, steady, three-dimensional, potential flow past a semi-infinite swept elliptic cylinder attached to a plane wall is described. The full equations of motion are written in terms of the velocity potential and the exact body-surface conditions are applied. The equations are expressed in coordinates defined by the body shape and further transformations are necessary to reduce the infinite domain to a finite working space and to concentrate the grid points in regions of greatest variation of potential. The resulting equations are solved using a finite-difference scheme. The Mach number distribution for a typical case is presented.
A Note Related to the Pressure Inside an Inflating Parachute Canopy
Authors: Payne P R , Band E G U 
Published: May 2019

SummaryIf a canopy is idealised as a cylinder with one end open to the free-stream flow, and the other end closed, then the internal flow during inflation is given by a simple analytic function. In this note the function is derived and then the internal pressures and corresponding forces associated with inflation are determined. It is found that, in addition to ram pressure and the von Kármán “virtual mass” terms in the pressure equations, there are other transient terms associated with radial velocity and acceleration.
ON A PROBLEM OF PRAEGER AND SCHNEIDER
Authors: BETTIO EGLE , JABARA ENRICO 
Published: May 2019

This note provides an affirmative answer to Problem 2.6 of Praeger and Schneider [‘Group factorisations, uniform automorphisms, and permutation groups of simple diagonal type’, Israel J. Math. 228(2) (2018), 1001–1023]. We will build groups $G$ (abelian, nonabelian and simple) for which there are two automorphisms $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ of $G$ such that the map $$\begin{eqnarray}T=T_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\times T_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}:G\longrightarrow G\times G,\quad g\mapsto (g^{-1}g^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}},g^{-1}g^{\,\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}})\end{eqnarray}$$ is surjective.
Customary International Law: A Jurisprudential Analysis
Authors: Walden Raphael M. 
Published: May 2019

In a previous paper it was argued that neither the tacit consent theory nor the opinio juris theory were by themselves capable of explaining the nature of customary international law, although each of them does indeed stress an important aspect—the tacit consent theory that custom is a lawmaking process, and the opinio juris theory that there must be some difference between customary law and practices which do not express, or do not give rise to law. What has to be done is to reformulate these approaches in such a way as to preserve the insights of each, while avoiding their errors.A good starting point is the older tacit consent theories of the Civilians and Canonists, which were described in the previous paper. Their approach has the following characteristics:i) By “consent” they mean, not contractual consent, but simply the intention to create law; therefore—ii) they are able to admit that custom can bind individuals that have no part in its creation, even without their consent;iii) they consider that the rules of customary law are binding absolutely, and not merely on a reciprocal basis; andiv) finally, these jurists show an awareness of the fact that the conditions which regulate the formation of customary law are themselves rules of law, rather than necessary truths that can be deduced from the nature of custom.
Benjamin Akzin: A Tribute
Authors: Dror Yehezkel 
Published: May 2019

Benjamin Akzin is distinguished by a unique combination of qualities, qualifications and experiences—on the basis of which he has made and continues to make unusual contributions both to scientific knowledge and to murky political realities.A short resumé of his career may give some indication of its wide scope and variety. But no such list can do justice to a man of Professor Akzin's stature whose personality has so many facets. He has lived for extended periods in a number of countries, including Israel, Poland, France, Austria, England and the United States. He studied at the University of Vienna, the Sorbonne and Harvard University, receiving three doctorates in law and political science. He has combined an academic life with a life of active politics. His political activities have included serving as Foreign Secretary of the Revisionist movement under Jabotinsky, and in senior professional staff positions, such as in the service of the United States Congress, political functions in the Zionist movement, both in Washington and New York. His academic positions range from being an assistant to Hans Kelsen, to building up the Faculty of Law and the Department of Political Science at the Hebrew University, as Dean and Department Head of these faculties respectively, and Haifa University, as its President.
Labour Law in Israel: New Directions
Authors: Zamir Itzhak 
Published: May 2019

The study of labour law in Israel need not start before the occupation of Palestine by the British at the end of the First World War. The inheritance left to the British by the collapsing Ottoman Empire in many fields of law, and especially in labour law, was meagre and primitive. As a matter of fact, the Ottoman system did not even acknowledge the existence of labour law as such. Only a few provisions concerning labour could be found on the statute book, intermingled with provisions regulating the hire of chattels and animals.During the Mandatory period, the British took it upon themselves to modernise local law. This, indeed, they accomplished in many fields of law. But labour law remained an exception. In this field they preferred to do as little as possible. This may be largely explained by their unwillingness to disturb the social and economic order which had prevailed in Arab society for centuries. Thus, the few labour laws enacted by the British up to the Second World War set very minimal standards. For example, the Women and Children (Industrial Employment) Ordinance of 1927 prohibited the employment of children under twelve years; but even this prohibition applied only to factories and workshops, and not to agriculture and other trades.
Policy Analysis and Foreign Policy Decisions
Authors: Dror Yehezkel 
Published: May 2019

Foreign policy decisions constitute a main dimension of governmental activities from early history. Their significance for society varies with the acceptance of different ideological commitments in respect to external national goals, with changes in degrees of interdependence between nations and with transformations of the capacity to influence interaction with other countries through nationally controlled and goal-oriented activities. Changes in international scenery, in accepted values, in technology and in internal political structures are among the variables which illustrate factors that influence the significance of foreign policy decisions, and — even more so — their contents and role.Looking at contemporary foreign policy decisions, we gain the impression that, for most European countries, the significance of such decisions is decreasing, with priority going to the domains of economics, quality of life and internal politics. But this is an illusion caused by too conservative and narrow a conception of “foreign policy decisions”. True, in many European countries the traditional main concerns of foreign policy decisions, such as defence matters, are regarded as decreasing in importance within the given situation. This may be correct at present, as far as it goes. But to deduce from so singular and narrow a phenomenon any general conclusions in respect of the diminishing significance of foreign policy decisions is, it is submitted, a serious mistake.
Extradition: A Common Approach to the Control of International Terrorism and Traffic in Narcotic Drugs
Authors: Blum Yehuda Z. 
Published: May 2019

International terrorism and traffic in narcotic drugs would seem at first sight to represent two categories of offences that ought to be kept apart in a discussion concerning the problems of extradition in respect of them. The prima facie approach of differentiating, for extradition purposes, between international terrorism, on the one hand, and traffic in narcotic drugs, on the other hand, would appear to be warranted by the different perception of these two groups of offences prevailing in the mind of the general public. While crimes of international terrorism are perceived as being normally inspired by political motives, traffic in narcotic drugs is generally believed to be motivated solely by the prospects of quick enrichment. Since extradition treaties almost invariably exclude political crimes from their scope of application, the distinction, for extradition purposes, between terrorism and drug crimes is not far to seek.However, these different perceptions of the two categories of crimes are somewhat deceptive, and more apparent than real, and the differences between them are, at most, differences of degree rather than of substance.
Is There a Need for an Amending Power Theory?
Authors: Klein Claude 
Published: May 2019

In his case note on the famous Bergmann decision of the Supreme Court, Professor Akzin wrote:
While the Court's conclusions seem to be perfectly justified and went so far as they could in the circumstances, the reasoning in its decision shows serious flaws… [others] seem to have sprung from the Court's unwillingness to look for help to the very thorough discussion of the issues by several Israeli scholars, notably Messrs. Sternberg, Akzin, Klinghoffer and Rubinstein. The dignity of the Court would not have suffered if the opinion-writing judge had taken a look at academic writing in a case where precedents offer little or no guidance.These remarks probably express the most original view ever put forward on this land mark case. They emphasize the crux of the complex constitutional problem discussed in the Bergmann case, i.e., the definition of the legal nature of the basic laws in the legal order of Israel. The extremely abstract questions involved in that discussion, indeed, the most abstract that exist in public law, concern the definition of the nature of the power which adopts the Constitution and more specifically, of the power which amends the Constitution.
Judicial Conservatism v. Economic Liberalism: Anatomy of a Nuisance Case
Authors: Kretzmer David 
Published: May 2019

When an industrial concern pollutes the environment thereby interfering with neighbouring homeowners' use and enjoyment of their property, may the homeowners enjoin the pollution even where compliance with an injunction could force the polluting industry to stop production?Faced with this kind of question the initial reaction of people concerned with protecting the environment against pollution is almost certain to be in favour of granting the injunction. However, the problem has received considerable attention in contemporary legal literature and much of what has been written tends to show that this reaction is both simplistic and somewhat unrealistic. It is simplistic because an economic analysis of the facts of any given situation—which for want of a better term may be called a “nuisance-situation”—may well reveal that the defendant should be allowed to continue his polluting activity (though other measures should be taken to protect its victims from its effects); it is unrealistic because even if an injunction is granted by the court, means will probably be found to enable the polluting activity to carry on if it is economically or socially desirable for it to do so.
The Power to Alter Personal Provisions in Collective Agreements
Authors: Raday Frances 
Published: May 2019

On two notable occasions in the past two years, it was found necessary to use legislation in order to buttress the potency of general collective agreements. The first of these occasions was when legislation was used to give overriding legal force to a general collective agreement between the Histadrut and the Government incorporating the tax reform recommendations of the Ben Shachar Committee. The second was a similar use of legislation with regard to the general collective agreement between the Histadrut and the Government incorporating the special increments recommendations of the Barkai Committee. The two collective agreements concerned shared one important quality: They both purported to derogate from rights previously enjoyed by employees under existing collective agreements. One of the reasons for legislative intervention to support these agreements was the existence of doubt as to the legal effectiveness of their attempt to derogate from the individual employees' rights.The source of the doubt as to the legal effectiveness of such agreements lies in the existence of two distinct levels at which a collective agreement functions: the collective and the individual levels. At the collective level, conditions are determined by the collective bargaining parties, the employer or employers' organisation on one hand and the employees' organisation on the other; at this level, the collective agreement is a consensual arrangement between the parties to it, the parties fix the terms and have a contractual right to demand their enforcement. The terms fixed at the collective level take effect, however, also at the individual level; the individual employees of an employer bound by the agreement are both bound by the agreement and entitled to enjoy the rights bestowed by the agreement. The Collective Agreements Law gives forceful expression to the effect of the collective agreement's personal provisions at the individual level, giving them immediate and mandatory effect as part of each individual employee's employment contract.
The New Structure of Labour Law in Britain
Authors: Wedderburn  
Published: May 2019

The privilege of giving a lecture in honour of so great a jurist as Lionel Cohen demands of the lecturer a fitting and challenging subject matter. My tribute to his memory takes the form of choosing such a topic. For the structure of Labour Law in Britain today has the appearance of an absurd paradox.On the one hand, labour law still rests upon the traditional concept of the primacy of “voluntary” collective bargaining between employers and independent trade unions. Other than in exceptional war-time periods, the law, both in statutes and in certain areas of judge-made common law, recognises the priority to be accorded to voluntary agreements and arrangements, even to that “custom and practice” which is at the heart of the way things really work on the British factory floor. The law does not regulate the pattern of “bargaining units” as in the United States; it regulates neither the nature nor the administration of the collective agreement, even on interpretation of “rights”. as in so many European countries and in Israel; it establishes no national minimum wage. The law does not “intervene”. it is said, in industrial relations.Even the exceptions prove the rule. Nearly four million workers of our 24 million workforce have their terms of employment legally determined by Wages Councils set up by Ministerial Order under statute. These bodies, first established in 1909, have on them employers' and workers' representatives with independent members.
Dimensions of internal migration and their relationship to blood pressure in South Africa
Authors: Pheiffer Chantel F. , McGarvey Stephen T. , Ginsburg Carren , Collinson Mark , Gómez-Olivé F. Xavier , Tollman Stephen , White Michael J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHypertension prevalence is on the rise in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like South Africa, and migration and its concomitant urbanization are often considered to be associated with this rise. However, relatively little is known about the relationship between blood pressure (BP) and internal migration – a highly prevalent population process in LMICs. This study employed data for a group of 194 adult men and women from an original pilot dataset drawn from the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance System in north-east South Africa conducted in 2012. Migrants in the sample were identified, tracked and interviewed. The relationship between BP and migration distance and the number of months an individual spent away from his/her home village was estimated using robust OLS regression, controlling for a series of socioeconomic, health and behavioural characteristics. It was found that migrants who moved a longer distance and for longer durations had significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures compared with shorter-term migrants and those who remained nearby or in their home village. These associations remained robust and statistically significant when adjusting for measures of socioeconomic conditions, as well as body mass index and the number of meals consumed per day. Migration, both in terms of distance and time away, explained significant variation in the blood pressure of migrants in this typical South African context. The findings suggest the need for further studies of the nutritional and psycho-social factors associated with geographic mobility that may be important to understand rising hypertension levels in LMICs.
FRAMMENTAZIONE, POLARIZZAZIONE E CLEAVAGES: DEMOCRAZIE FACILI E DIFFICILI
Authors: Sani Giacomo , Sartori Giovanni 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneLo scopo di questo saggio è di esaminare alcune caratteristiche degli elettorati di otto nazioni. In particolare ci proponiamo di mettere in luce le similarità e differenze tra i sistemi partitici di questi paesi sotto il profilo della frammentazione, polarizzazione, e delle strutture delle linee di divisione (cleavages). Riteniamo che un'analisi basata su queste variabili consenta di mettere a fuoco con maggior precisione il problema del buono o cattivo funzionamento dei sistemi democratici. Riteniamo anche che il ricorso all'analisi comparata possa arricchire il discorso intorno al «caso italiano».
IL SISTEMA PARTITICO SPAGNOLO
Authors: Linz Juan J. 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneLa storia politica spagnola degli ultimi due secoli è caratterizzata da un'accentuata discontinuità. L'800, ad esempio, ha avuto guerre civili, pronunciamientos e, persino, un breve esperimento repubblicano in una Europa allora prevalentemente monarchica. Il graduale passaggio dal sistema di rappresentanza censitaria ai parlamenti di notabili e alle monarchie costituzionali e la trasformazione dei club politici in partiti oligarchici sono stati incompleti. Lo stesso esperimento liberale di maggior successo, la restaurazione monarchica del 1875, è durato fino alla dittatura di Primo de Rivera (1923) che ha bloccato le trasformazioni interne dei grandi partiti, proprie della prima fase della restaurazione, e impedito l'emergere e l'affermarsi di nuove forze politiche. Nel 1931, viene instaurata una repubblica con nuovi partiti, i cui leaders spesso non avevano esperienza parlamentare, e si ha una rapida mobilitazione dell'elettorato e delle forze sociali in un periodo di crisi. È possibile trovare dei legami tra i partiti lungo tutto questo periodo, ma prevale nettamente la discontinuità sia a livello organizzativo che di leadership.
IL CONCETTO DI POTERE RIVISITATO
Authors: Oppenheim di Felix E. 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneLe definizioni non sono né vere né false, ma costituiscono stipulazioni sull'uso di espressioni linguistiche. Però, le definizioni esplicative devono soddisfare criteri oggettivi cosí che i concetti che esse definiscono possano funzionare efficacemente nel contesto dell'indagine scientifica.
LINGUA, RELIGIONE, CLASSE E PREFERENZE POLITICHE: ANALISI COMPARATA DI QUATTRO PAESI
Authors: Lijphart Arend 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneL'analisi comparata delle basi sociali e demografiche del comportamento elettorale ha fatto grandi progressi nel decennio scorso, culminando nel manualeElectoral Behavior, curato da Richard Rose (1974a), che compara in modo sistematico dodici democrazie occidentali. Di conseguenza, si sono ormai accumulate prove importanti a favore della tesi che vede nella classe e nella religione i due principali fattori determinanti la scelta del partito. Rispetto ad essi, l'influenza di altre variabili sociali e demografiche appare molto piú debole.
GOVERNO E AUTORITÀ NELLE DEMOCRAZIE OCCIDENTALI
Authors: Rose Richard 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneIn tutto il mondo occidentale oggi è di moda il pessimismo al posto dell'ottimismo. I politici, invece di sottolineare la presunta efficacia di una leadership «forte», tendono a disquisire sui limiti del potere o sulla necessità di allargare la partecipazione, spesso allo scopo di scaricare parte delle loro responsabilità.
LA MISURAZIONE DEL MUTAMENTO NEI SISTEMI PARTITICI: UNA CRITICA
Authors: Pedersen Mogens N. 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneNegli ultimi anni lo studio del mutamento è venuto acquistando una posizione sempre piú importante nel campo della scienza politica. Attualmente si riconosce che l'avanzamento dello studio dei fenomeni politici fino al punto in cui divenga possibile esprimere valide proposizioni predittive richiede la disponibilità di un corpo di conoscenze teoriche concernenti il mutamento politico.