bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motorized Biomechatronic Upper and Lower Limb Prostheses—Clinically Relevant Outcomes
Authors: Lechler Knut , Frossard Bertrand , Whelan Lynsay , Langlois David , Müller Roy , Kristjansson Kristleifur 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPeople with major limb amputations are severely impaired when it comes to activity, body structure and function, as well as participation. Demographic statistics predict a dramatic increase of this population and additional challenges with their increasing age and higher levels of amputation. Prosthetic use has been shown to have a positive impact on mobility and depression, thereby affecting the quality of life. Biomechatronic prostheses are at the forefront of prosthetic development. Actively powered designs are now regularly used for upper limb prosthetic fittings, whereas for lower limbs the clinical use of actively powered prostheses has been limited to a very low number of applications. Actively powered prostheses enhance restoration of the lost physical functions of an amputee but are yet to allow intuitive user control. This paper provides a review of the status of biomechatronic developments in upper and lower limb prostheses in the context of the various challenges of amputation and the clinically relevant outcomes. Whereas most of the evidence regarding lower limb prostheses addresses biomechanical issues, the evidence for upper limb prostheses relates to activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL through diverse outcome measures and tools.
New Treatment Approaches on the Horizon for Spastic Hemiparesis
Authors: Mayer Nathaniel H. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis article presents 2 recent articles that propose novel interventions for treating spastic hemiparesis by changing biological infrastructure. In 18 patients with unilateral spastic arm paralysis due to chronic cerebral injury greater than 5 years' duration, Zheng et al transferred the C7 nerve from the nonparalyzed side to the side of the arm that was paralyzed. Over a follow‐up period of 12 months, they found greater improvement in function and a reduction of spasticity compared to rehabilitation alone. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, they also found evidence for physiological connectivity between the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere and the paralyzed hand. In the second article, Raghavan et al examine the concept of stiffness, a common symptom in patients with spastic hemiparesis, as a physical change in the infrastructure of muscle. Raghavan's non‐neural hyaluronan hypothesis postulates that an accumulation of hyaluronan within spastic muscles promotes the development of muscle stiffness in patients with an upper motor neuron syndrome (UMNS). In a case series of 20 patients with spastic hemiparesis, Raghavan et al report that upper limb intramuscular injections of hyaluronidase increased passive and active joint movement and reduced muscle stiffness. Interventions that change biological infrastructure in UMNS is a paradigm on the horizon that bears watching.
A Review of Stem Cell Therapy for Acquired Brain Injuries and Neurodegenerative Central Nervous System Diseases
Authors: Watanabe Thomas K. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCell‐based therapies have been the subject of much discussion regarding their potential role in enhancing central nervous system function for a number of pathologic conditions. Much of the current research has been in preclinical trials, with clinical trials in the phase I or I/II stage. Nevertheless, there is considerable interest in the public about the potential regenerative role that stem cells may have in improving function for these neurologic conditions. This review will describe the different types of stem cells that are available, review their possible effects, and discuss some of the variables that investigators need to consider when designing their studies. Current clinical research in the areas of stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson disease) will be reviewed. As this article is aimed at a rehabilitation audience, outcome measures, and the role of concurrent rehabilitation therapies will also be mentioned.
Revision of some damsel-dragonflies (Odonata, Liassophlebiidae and Anglophlebiidae new family) from the Triassic/Jurassic of England and Antarctica
Authors: Kelly Richard S. , Nel André 
Published: September 2018

AbstractFossil insects from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary of England could provide an important resource for investigating the severity of extinction events in the terrestrial realm of the uppermost Triassic. However, the fossil record is poorly understood for this period even though there are abundant historical collections. Many of these collections are still in need of taxonomic revision before they can be used to reconstruct past entomofaunas and make inferences about diversity change through time. This paper is part of a larger project to revise the taxonomy of insects across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary of England to better understand changes in insect diversity through the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and associated extinction period. Herein, the damsel-dragonfly family Liassophlebiidae Tillyard, 1925 is revised and an additional specimen from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica is included.Rossiphlebianew genus is erected forLiassophlebia jacksoniZeuner, 1962;L. batheriTillyard, 1925 is considered nomen dubium and another specimen originally attributed toL. batheriis identified asL. withersiTillyard, 1925.Liassophlebia(?)clavigasterTillyard, 1925 andL.(?)hopei(Brodie, 1845) are considered incertae sedis at the generic level.Liassophlebia giganteaZeuner, 1962 is based on a fragmentary specimen but has several unique key characteristics. We redescribe it inAnglophlebianew genus and tentatively in Anglophlebiidae new family in Heterophlebioptera. Also discussed areL. magnificaTillyard, 1925,L. withersi, andL. pseudomagnificaWhalley, 1985, which are redescribed with updated figures.Caraphlebia antarcticaCarpenter, 1969 was originally described from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica as being closely related toLiassophlebia; it is herein confirmed in Selenothemistidae Handlirsch, 1939.UUID:http://zoobank.org/8fe9a39c-1c3b-4bda-92a6-92c1a0fc95b8
COUNSELS OF PERFECTION AND REFORMATION POLITICAL THOUGHT
Authors: MORTIMER SARAH 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe debate over counsels of perfection was a crucial aspect of the formation of political and ethical thought in the sixteenth century. It led both Protestants and Catholics to consider the status of law and to consider how far it obliged human beings, rather than simply permitting particular actions. From Luther onwards, Protestants came to see God's standards for human beings in absolute terms, rejecting any suggestion that there were good works which were merely counselled rather than commanded, and therefore not obligatory. This view of ethics underpinned the Protestant theological critique of Catholic doctrines of merit but it also shaped the distinctively Protestant account of natural law. It enabled Luther and his allies to defend magisterial control over the church, and it also formed a crucial element of Protestant resistance theory. By examining the Lutheran position on counsels, expressed in theological and political writings, and comparing it with contemporary Catholic accounts, this article offers a new perspective on Reformation theology and political thought.
Climate Change, Development Projects and Internal Displacement In Africa
Authors: Adeola Romola , Viljoen Frans 
Published: September 2018

AbstractGiven the need for legislation to protect internally displaced persons, African Heads of State and Government adopted the Convention on the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa in Kampala in October 2009. The convention, which entered into force on 6 December 2012, is an important binding instrument on internal displacement. Article 10 of the convention requires states to prevent displacement caused by development projects, including climate-based development projects. This article examines the content of this obligation within the context of climate-based development projects.
Three new species of narrowly endemic snapping shrimp, genusAlpheus(Decapoda: Caridea: Alpheidae) from the Persian Gulf
Authors: Dehghani Amir , Sari Alireza , Naderloo Reza 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThree new species of snapping shrimps of the genusAlpheusare described from the Persian Gulf. These belong to theAlpheus edwardsiispecies-group, which is mainly characterized by unarmed orbital hoods and the presence of dorsal and ventral notches on the palm of the major chela.Alphus ankerisp. nov. shows a close affinity toA. pacificusDana, 1852 andA. heronicusBanner & Banner, 1982 bearing no balaeniceps crests in both sexes on the dactylus of the minor chela, and the merus of the major chela of both sexes are unarmed. This species differs from the closely related species by the absence of an overhanging proximal shoulder in the major chela. The other rock crevice inhabiting species,A. mohammadpourisp. nov. is diagnosed by exhibiting sexual dimorphism in its balaeniceps crests and the armed merus of the major chela. These two characters are similar to those recorded for three sandy/rubble dwelling species:A. inopinatusHolthuis & Gottlieb, 1958,A. lobidensDe Haan, 1849 andA. australiensisBanner & Banner, 1982. This new species is distinguishable from these latter species by the shape of the minor chela and colour pattern. A coral inhabiting speciesA. abumusasp. nov. appears to be closely related toA. maindroniCoutière, 1898, showing an armed merus of the major chela and the absence of spine-like seta on the ischia of the third legs. This last new species is easily discriminated fromA. maindroniby longer antennular segments, a markedly concave frontal margin between the rostrum and orbital hood, and a different colour pattern.
Dressing the Diaspora: Dress practices among East African Indians,circa1895–1939
Authors: WILSON CHRIS 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis article analyses the dress practices of East African Indians from the late nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century, which have failed to attract much scholarly attention. It begins by examining the ways in which very material interactions with items of clothing, while separated from the body, were productive of identities and communities among Indian tailors, shoemakers, Dhobis, and others in East Africa. It then turns away from a specific focus on questions of identity to consider the ways in which dress was incorporated into the diasporic strategies of East African Indians as they sought to negotiate the Indian Ocean world. Finally, it explores how, where, and when Indians adopted particular dress practices in East Africa itself, to illuminate the role of dress in orderings of space, colonial society, and gender. The analytic value of dress, this article contends, lies in its universality, which allows for the recovery of the everyday lives and efforts of ordinary East African Indians, as well as a new perspective on elite diasporic lives.
Odor sensitivity impairment: a behavioral marker of psychological distress?
Authors: Houghton David C. , Howard Samuel L. , Uhde Thomas W. , Paquet Caitlin , Schlosser Rodney J. , Cortese Bernadette M. 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveEnhanced odor sensitivity, particularly toward threat-related cues, may be adaptive during periods of danger. Research also suggests that chronic psychological distress may lead to functional changes in the olfactory system that cause heightened sensitivity to odors. Yet, the association between self-reported odor sensitivity, objective odor detection, and affective psychopathology is currently unclear, and research suggests that persons with affective problems may only be sensitive to specific, threat-related odors.MethodsThe current study compared adults with self-reported odor sensitivity that was described as functionally impairing (OSI; n = 32) to those who reported odor sensitivity that was non-impairing (OS; n = 17) on affective variables as well as quantitative odor detection.ResultsIncreased anxiety sensitivity, trait anxiety, depression, and life stress, even while controlling for comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders, was found for OSI compared to OS. While OSI, compared to OS, demonstrated only a trend increase in objective odor detection of a smoke-like, but not rose-like, odor, further analysis revealed that increased detection of that smoke-like odor was positively correlated with anxiety sensitivity.ConclusionThese findings suggest that persons with various forms of psychological distress may find themselves significantly impaired by an intolerance of odors, but that self-reported odor sensitivity does not necessarily relate to enhanced odor detection ability. However, increased sensitivity to a smoke-like odor appears to be associated with sensitivity to aversive anxiogenic stimuli. Implications for the pathophysiology of fear- and anxiety-related disorders are discussed.
Length of working life and pension income: empirical evidence on gender and socioeconomic differences from Finland
Authors: KUIVALAINEN SUSAN , NIVALAINEN SATU , JÄRNEFELT NOORA , KUITTO KATI 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we analyze gender and socioeconomic differences in the length of working lives and pension income in Finland. Based on internationally unique data covering 50 years of recorded information on individual employment histories and first-year old-age pension income of a cohort retiring in 2011, we trace life-time work histories and their relation to pension income with greater precision than previous studies. While gender and socioeconomic income differences in the lengths of working lives are modest, differences in pension income are more pronounced. The residence-based national pension targeted at those with no or only low earning-related pension accrual plays an important role in cushioning old-age income differences. The results suggest that unequal life-time earnings and occupational segregation remain main challenges for equalizing pension income in old age.
How financial literacy and impatience shape retirement wealth and investment behaviors
Authors: HASTINGS JUSTINE , MITCHELL OLIVIA S. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractTwo competing explanations for why consumers have trouble with financial decisions are gaining momentum. One is that people are financially illiterate since they lack understanding of simple economic concepts and cannot carry out computations such as computing compound interest, which could cause them to make suboptimal financial decisions. A second is that impatience or present-bias might explain suboptimal financial decisions. That is, some people persistently choose immediate gratification instead of taking advantage of larger long-term payoffs. We use experimental evidence from Chile to explore how these factors appear related to poor financial decisions. Our results show that our measure of impatience is a strong predictor of wealth and investment in health. Financial literacy is also correlated with wealth though it appears to be a weaker predictor of sensitivity to framing in investment decisions. Policymakers interested in enhancing retirement well-being would do well to consider the importance of both factors.
STABLE MODAL LOGICS
Authors: BEZHANISHVILI GURAM , BEZHANISHVILI NICK , ILIN JULIA 
Published: September 2018

AbstractStable logics are modal logics characterized by a class of frames closed under relation preserving images. These logics admit all filtrations. Since many basic modal systems such as K4 and S4 are not stable, we introduce the more general concept of an M-stable logic, where M is an arbitrary normal modal logic that admits some filtration. Of course, M can be chosen to be K4 or S4. We give several characterizations of M-stable logics. We prove that there are continuum many S4-stable logics and continuum many K4-stable logics between K4 and S4. We axiomatize K4-stable and S4-stable logics by means of stable formulas and discuss the connection between S4-stable logics and stable superintuitionistic logics. We conclude the article with many examples (and nonexamples) of stable, K4-stable, and S4-stable logics and provide their axiomatization in terms of stable rules and formulas.
The Impact of Process‐Based Warm Rain Constraints on the Aerosol Indirect Effect
Authors: Jing Xianwen , Suzuki Kentaroh 
Published: September 2018

AbstractMany global climate models have been found to generate warm rain too frequently. This study, with a particular global climate model, found that the problem can be mitigated via altering the autoconversion process so as to inhibit rain formation under conditions of a large cloud number concentration and small droplet sizes. However, this improvement was found to cause an overly large aerosol indirect effect. This dichotomy between the constraint on warm‐rain formation process and the energy‐budget requirement on aerosol indirect effect was found to result from a pronounced cloud‐water response to aerosol perturbations, which is amplified through the wet scavenging feedback to an extent depending on precipitation‐formation parameterization. Thus, critical compensating errors exist between warm‐rain formation and other key processes, and better constraint on these processes, particularly wet scavenging, is required to mitigate the dichotomy. The results have broad implication for models that suffer from the aforementioned too‐frequent warm‐rain formation bias.
The NextM~6 Event in Parkfield Implied by a Physical Model Linking Interseismic, Coseismic, and Postseismic Phase
Authors: Wang Lifeng 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDetermination of the constitutive frictional parameters is crucial for describing the dynamic behaviors of natural faults. In this study, we explore the along‐strike variation in fault friction along the San Andreas Fault in Parkfield, where characteristicM6 earthquakes occur nearly every 25 years. Using displacement data measured over decades encompassing the interseismic, coseismic, and postseismic phase of the 2004M6 event, which involve inherent fault rheological responses to tectonic loading, we construct a physical model based on the rate‐dependent friction law to describe the fault slip and stress evolution. Our modeled friction rate parameter is consistent with available laboratory measurements using fault cores collected from the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth. Based on the physical model linking interseismic, coseismic, and postseismic phase, we predict that the 25‐year slip deficit following the 2004M6 earthquake will predominantly accumulate in the area to the south of the 2004 event hypocenter, with an energy equivalent to aM6.0 event. Together with the slip deficit accumulated over the 25 years prior to the 2004 event that was unreleased by this event, the total slip deficit amounts to a moment magnitude ofM6.35 ± 0.11, suggesting the upper limit of the seismic release level until 2029. The proposed model (1) involves only two free quantities (the friction rate parameter and velocity coefficient used to determine the effective normal stress); (2) is well constrained by available interseismic, coseismic, and postseismic displacement data; and (3) highlights along‐strike variations in the fault friction.
Lithospheric Structure Across the Alaskan Cordillera From the Joint Inversion of Surface Waves and Receiver Functions
Authors: Ward Kevin M. , Lin Fan‐Chi 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe final deployment stage of the USArray Transportable Array is nearly complete with several years of high‐quality broadband seismic data across the Northern American Cordillera already publicly available. This section of the Cordillera represents a rich history of tectonic deformation and accretion events as well numerous active tectonic processes. Many of these active tectonic processes such as uplift mechanisms or magmatic systems have been interpreted from structures imaged in regional or limited 2‐D studies. To investigate the fully 3‐D nature of the crust and uppermost mantle (<70 km), we present the results of a joint receiver function, surface wave inversion for the shear wave velocity structure across the Alaskan Cordillera. Integration of our new isotropic velocity model with existing data sets, including seismicity, gravity anomalies, and other seismic imagining methods, indicates that our velocity model is consistent with previous studies while providing unprecedented additional detail. A prominent feature in our model is a low‐velocity mantle wedge. We suggest this low‐velocity mantle wedge results from subducting slab lithosphere. The tectonic significance of this interpretation is that the velocity anomaly extends further to the east than slab seismicity does, suggesting that the downgoing slab extends further to the east, albeit aseismicly. This interpretation provides a simple explanation for the location of the active Wrangell volcanoes. We expect that our velocity model will be integrated with other mantle tomography models to further refine our understanding of this complex tectonic setting.
Intraplate Strike‐Slip Faulting, Stress Accumulation, and Shear Localization of a Crust‐Upper Mantle System With Nonlinear Viscoelastic Material
Authors: Zhang Xuelei , Sagiya Takeshi 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe investigate the evolution of tectonic background stress and elastic as well as inelastic strain in a crust‐upper mantle system around an infinitely long vertical strike‐slip fault in a self‐consistent mechanical earthquake cycle model. In the early stage of the stress evolution, deformation of the crust and the upper mantle is dominated by a uniform simple shear. Shear localization in the lower crust starts when coseismic rupture extends to the entire brittle upper crust. Together with this transition, the earthquake recurrence intervals decrease by an order of magnitude due to a basal drag originated from a localized plastic flow of the lower crust. After the shear zone is fully developed in the lower crust, the fault slip rate catches up with the far‐field velocity and earthquakes starts to occur periodically. Such a steady state can be reached in several hundred thousand years from the beginning, which includes few hundreds of earthquake cycles. A shear zone with large cumulative strain needs a few million years to develop under an intraplate strike‐slip fault, which is much longer than the time for shear strain rate to be localized. The model successfully reproduced evolution of tectonic stress around an intraplate strike‐slip fault, interacting with the development of localized shear zone in the lower crust. The model demonstrates the importance of considering the whole mechanical system in which rheological structure and fault activities interacting with each other for the better understanding of the intraplate earthquakes.