bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CERTAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LEUKOCYTES OF GUINEA PIG BLOOD WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE KURLOFF BODY
Authors: SMITH EMILY 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A critical review of the literature on the leukocytes of the guinea pig has been presented, with added observations from studies of the blood cells of more than 500 guinea pigs.
Special studies of the Kurloff inclusion body were made on these animals to obtain information regarding its origin and significance because this entity occurs in the mononuclear leukocyte, which is a cell of great interest in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
The normal blood picture of the guinea pig was discussed and summarized in terms of the blood picture of the normal human being.
THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA COMPLICATING GOLD THERAPY FOR RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Authors: METTIER STACY R. , Mc BRIDE ALICE , LI JONAH 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Of 160 patients treated with gold salt therapy, four developed thrombocytopenia with mild purpuric manifestations. In three patients there was a spontaneous remission and the hemorrhagic tendency disappeared in about one week’s time.
In the fourth patient there was a second occurrence of thrombocytopenia which persisted over a period of four months, and finally failed to respond to transfusions. Splenectomy was followed by a dramatic rise in the blood platelets and recovery of the patient.
THE HEREDITARY MECHANISM OF GAUCHER’S DISEASE
Authors: GROEN J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The author reviews the literature of the familial incidence of Gaucher’s disease. Almost all the familial cases which have been described occurred in the members of one generation (siblings or cousins) only. To these cases reported in the literature the author adds 25, of which 4 were "sporadic" cases. The other 21 cases occurred in 6 families. The pedigrees of these families are presented. After an analysis of the available data the author presents the following hypothesis for the hereditary mechanism in these families:
Gaucher’s disease is a mutation which, once established, is transmitted as a simple dominant hereditary trait. In the affected individuals this trait gives rise to a disturbance of lipid metabolism which results in the accumulation of kerasin in the reticulum cells throughout the body. The severity of the disease may vary considerably. It can be present in such a slight degree that the amount of kerasin accumulated during life is too small to give rise to clinical manifestations. In other cases the progression may be so slow that the disease becomes manifest only in old age, provided the affected individual lives long enough. In these "subclinical cases," a diagnosis of Gaucher’s disease can sometimes be made by the detection of "early Gaucher cells" in the sternal marrow. Individuals thus affected suffer from Gaucher’s trait rather than from the actual disease. However, they can transmit the disease to 50 per cent of their offspring, and thus function as (almost) normal "carriers." In the family trees presented, it appeared that the disease tended to become more severe in every succeeding generation until after two or three generations it became clinically manifest in the affected individuals early in life. In the next generation it would then establish itself during fetal life so as to give rise to abortion, stillbirth or early death of the affected infant. In this way the mutation extinguishes itself, by permitting only the unaffected offspring of the affected individuals to persist. As a practical conclusion it is urged that a sternal marrow examination be included in every genetic investigation of Gaucher’s disease as the best method available at present for the detection of subclinical cases or "carriers."
A METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE FORM OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF RED CELL RESISTANCES TO SIMPLE HEMOLYSINS
Authors: PONDER ERIC 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A method is described for determining quantitatively the form of the resistance distributions of red cell resistances to simple hemolysins. The normal range of variation is given for the resistance distributions to saponin, digitonin, and hypotonic NaCl, all at pH 7.0, and examples of departures from the normal, which may take the form of bimodalities after hemorrhagic or hemolytic episodes or of more persistent changes in the characteristics of the distributions, are provided.
THE Rh CHROMOSOME FREQUENCIES IN ENGLAND
Authors: RACE R. R. , MOURANT A. E. , LAWLER SYLVIA D. , SANGER RUTH 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The results are reported of testing 1073 English bloods with the Rh antibodies anti-C, anti-Cw, anti-c, anti-D, anti-E and anti-e. The results of another series of 927 bloods, already published, are here reproduced. The total of 2000 bloods has been used by Fisher to estimate, by his method of maximum likelihood, the Rh chromosome frequencies in England. The estimates are: CDe 40.75 per cent, cde 38.86 per cent, cDE 14.11 per cent, cDe 2.57 percent, CwDe 1.29 per cent, cdE 1.19 per cent, Cde 0.98 per cent, and CDE 0.24 per cent.
A brief account is given of the three pairs of alternative antigens shown by Fisher to be the basis of the Rh blood groups. Fisher’s interpretation must now be considered as established beyond doubt. A possible genetic basis of these related antigens is discussed.
PARA-AMINOBENZOIC ACID IN LEUKEMIA
Authors: ZARAFONETIS C. J. D. , ANDREWS G. A. , MEYERS M. C. , BETHELL F. H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Para-aminobenzoic acid, administered in large doses as sodium para-aminobenzoate caused a striking lowering of the leukocyte counts in five patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia and in one patient with subacute myelogenous leukemia.
NaPAB caused less definite decreases of the white cell count in two patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia, but the periods of administration may have been too short to obtain maximal effects.
In every instance, there was a prompt rise in the number of leukocytes when the administration of NaPAB was stopped.
Although there was decrease in spleen size in some of the patients, the objective clinical improvement was but slight and temporary.
All patients receiving NaPAB in large doses had concomitant glycosuria, apparently on a renal basis.
It is to be emphasized that NaPAB is not considered a practical adjunct to the therapy of leukemia at this time. Rather, it is hoped that studies of the cellular chemistry involved in the apparent inhibitory action of NaPAB may yield information concerning the disordered metabolism of leukemic cells.
CHRONIC INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
Authors: ISAACS RAPHAEL 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A group of patients is described in whom ease of fatigue, fever, splenomegaly, low blood pressure, low blood sugar, low specific gravity of the urine and the presence of infectious mononucleosis cells in the blood persisted for from three months to longer than four years after the initial attack.
Three of the group developed characteristics of lymphoblastoma and two showed the features of Banti’s congestive splenomegaly.
The symptoms responded to treatment with a preparation of adrenal cortical extract.
The syndrome is apparently not uncommon and the intense, prolonged debility, together with the marked improvement after therapy with adrenal cortical extract, makes its recognition of great practical importance.
THE USE OF URETHANE (ETHYL CARBAMATE) IN THE TREATMENT OF LEUKEMIA
Authors: WATKINS CHARLES H. , COOPER TALBERT , GIFFIN HERBERT Z. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Limited experience with the use of urethane in the treatment of leukemia indicates that this substance presents a considerable promise as a palliative agent in chronic myelogenous leukemia. It has no apparent value in the treatment of acute leukemia.
Further extensive observation will be necessary to provide a true measure of the clinical usefulness of this preparation.
URETHANE THERAPY IN LEUKEMIA
Authors: CRESKOFF ADOLPH J. , FITZ-HUGH THOMAS , FROST JOHN W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The results of urethane therapy in 24 cases of leukemia are described.
2. The average daily dose is 4 Gm. orally or intravenously.
3. The drug is irregularly effective. Chronic myelogenous leukemia appears more responsive than the lymphatic variety.
4. Acute leukemias are not significantly altered in course by urethane.
5. Urethane produces a fall in the total leukocyte count in a majority of all types of leukemia. Clinical improvement does not necessarily follow.
6. Nausea is the most frequent side effect of urethane therapy. Possible marrow aplasia is the most dangerous toxic effect.
7. Urethane is of definite, but of limited value in the treatment of chronic leukemia. In some instances, it compares favorably with x-ray therapy, but in general, it is less dependable, particularly in its frequent failure to induce optimum return of normal red cell and platelet values, and optimum regression of organ infiltration.
A HEMATOPOIETIC PERIFOLLICULAR ENVELOPE IN THE RAT SPLEEN
Authors: KRUMBHAAR E. B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
About the Malpighian follicles of several species of rodents, and especially prominent in rats, is a perifollicular envelope composed of hematopoietic cells that takes active part in hemolytopoietic changes.
The identity of the mononuclear cell comprising the greater part of this tissue has not been positively determined; it is probably a young lymphocyte. It is possibly the homologue of the pale centers of the Malpighian follicles in man and other mammals, though it has been found in rabbit spleens which also have pale centers. It should be possible to determine this identity by the use of a greater variety of stains, and of test poisons, and, if possible, of dynamic methods such as tissue culture and moving pictures.
The envelope is separated from the Malpighian follicle by a thin rind of collagenous connective tissue, but on its outer margin it merges gradually with the red pulp. It often contains a scattering of erythrocytes, normoblasts, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and rarely eosinophils and pigment-bearing macrophages. Some of these cells were so greatly increased under the pathologic conditions first studied that colonization was suggested; they were later thought to have probably wandered in. The collar never contains megakaryocytes or sinuses or blood vessels of any noteworthy size.
BARTONELLA BACILLIFORMIS ANEMIA (OROYA FEVER) A STUDY OF THIRTY CASES
Authors: RICKETTS WILLIAM E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Bartonella bacilliformis anemia (Oroya fever) is a febrile hemolytic anemia with distinguishing clinical and hematologic characteristics. It occurs as an infrequent clinical form during the invasive stage. The onset is variable with or without chills, followed by a moderate temperature which does not parallel the intensity of the anemia. Hemorrhages, petechial spots, epistaxis may occur and are due to thrombocytopenia. Clouding of the sensorium and delirium are rather uncommon. There is a generalized lymphadenopathy but no splenomegaly.
The anemia is macrocytic and frequently hypochromic with signs of intense blood formation: young granulocytes, polychromatophilia, reticulocytosis and nucleated red cells. The reticulocytosis may increase to 50 per cent. The pathognomonic sign of the disease is the presence of bartonella bacilliformis on the erythrocytes. The leukocyte count varies; slight leukocytosis is not uncommon but marked leukocytosis is extremely rare in cases without intercurrent infections. There is a shift of the polymorphonuclear series to the left, characterized by the presence of myeloblasts, myelocytes and metamyelocytes. The anemia is normoblastic and not megaloblastic. It is hemolytic and the destruction of erythrocytes is dependent on the presence of bartonella bacilliformis on the erythrocytes. There is no spherocytosis and the fragility of the erythrocytes is normal. Histologically there is evidence of erythrocyte phagocytosis in the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system; the Kupffer cells, the littoral cells of the spleen and the lymph nodes.
The disappearance of the bartonellae from the erythrocytes occurs in a very few days and is called "critical stage" of the anemia. The hematologic changes of this transition are as follows: a change in the shape of the bartonellae from the "bacilliform" to "coccoid" form before complete clearance will take place, an increase in the erythrocyte count, reduction in the indirect hyperbilirubinemia to normal, increase in the number of reticulocytes, reversion to normocytosis, lymphocytosis, reappearance of monocytes and eosinophiles, a "shift to the right" of the polymorphonuclear series. Corresponding with the clearance of bartonella from the erythrocytes, the symptoms dependent on the anemia as well as the fever disappear. Clinical improvement, however, may not parallel the clearance of bartonellae because of intercurrent infections or an atypical course of the bartonellosis itself.
Bartonella bacilliformis anemia has a very severe prognosis, due largely to the occurrence of intercurrent infection by enteric organisms. The treatment today is largely symptomatic as there is no specific agent against the bartonellae bacilliformis infection.
It is suggested that the prognosis may be improved by the use of adequate blood transfusions and the prophylactic use of antibiotics to control intercurrent infection. At present there is no specific agent against bartonella bacilliformis anemia.
Rh ANTIBODIES; CORRELATION WITH CLINICAL FINDINGS
Authors: DAVIDSOHN I. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Rh antibodies were studied during pregnancy at frequent intervals in the blood of 73 mothers of babies with fetal erythroblastosis. The serums containing antibodies were divided in 2 groups : (1) serums with blocking antibodies without saline agglutinins; (2) serums with saline agglutinins and serum-albumin agglutinins, but without blocking antibodies. The correlation of these 2 groups with clinical findings in the newborn showed striking differences: blocking antibodies present in 85 per cent of mothers of babies with hydrops or stillborn, and only in 9 per cent of mothers of babies with icterus gravis.
Predominance of saline agglutinins over serum-albumin favored survival, and vice versa.
In a small group of women with a history of transfusions who gave birth to erythroblastotic babies blocking antibodies were found in 92 per cent.
The number of cases used for this study is admittedly small, and only very guarded conclusions may be drawn. The results, however, are in general agreement with recent studies of Wiener on correlation of antibodies with clinical manifestations, and with results of Levine and others regarding the sensitizing influence of blood transfusions.
Periodic tests for antibodies during pregnancy may permit prognostic conclusions.
An anamnestic Rh antibody reaction is described.
THE EFFECT OF HUMAN PLASMA TRANSFUSIONS ON THE FECAL UROBILINOGEN EXCRETION IN SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
Authors: KAPLAN EUGENE , LEWIS S. ROBERT 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The results of transfusions of whole plasma and blood on the fecal urobilinogen excretion of 5 children with sickle cell anemia have been reported.
2. The phenomenon observed by Josephs—a reduction in urobilinogen output following plasma transfusions—has been confirmed.
3. It has been observed further that in certain patients the continued use of plasma transfusions induces a reversal of this phenomenon, namely an increase in urobilinogen output after each transfusion.
4. The possible significance of these phenomena is discussed and attention is called to the limitations inherent in accepting urobilinogen excretion as a valid index of hemoglobin destruction in certain disorders in which a defect of hemoglobin metabolism may be present.
THE EFFECT OF QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE PROTEIN DEFICIENCY ON BLOOD REGENERATION. II. HEMOGLOBIN
Authors: BUECHLER EDITH , GUGGENHEIM K. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The effect of diets, varying in quantity or quality of protein, on hemopoiesis was studied in protein depleted and anemic adult rats.
2. In experiments with diets containing different amounts of casein (0, 3, 9 and 18 per cent, respectively), and fed ad libitum, it was found that with a protein-free diet a further decrease of hemoglobin occurred, whereas the other three diets initiated a regeneration of hemoglobin; its degree being more or less proportional to the casein content.
3. In experiments, in which diets with 9 and 18 per cent of casein, respectively, were given in restricted amounts, it was found that the degree of hemoglobin formation was similar to that with the same diets when given ad libitum, whereas the weight gain was considerably less. It is concluded, therefore, that in caloric deficiency hemoglobin formation has a priority over weight recovery.
4. A diet containing 30 per cent casein and given in restricted amounts induced a further weight loss, whereas the concentration of hemoglobin showed a marked increase. Comparing the results obtained by this diet with those observed with 18 per cent casein diets, given either ad libitum or in controlled amounts, it was evident that restriction of the quantity of food protein interferes more seriously with hemopoiesis than restriction of calories.
5. Diets containing nutritionally inferior proteins fed at 9 per cent level, also impaired normal hemopoiesis. Hemoglobin regeneration induced by the proteins investigated was found to decrease in the following order: eggs, meat, processed soya, casein, peanut, maize, wheat, gelatin.
6. Comparing the nutritive value of various proteins for regeneration of hemoglobin and of granulocytes it was found, that casein and soya and maize proteins are considerably more efficient for hemoglobin formation than for production of granulocytes, whereas wheat protein and gelatin have a higher granulocytopoietic capacity.
Use of cell separation and short-term culture techniques to study erythroid cell development
Authors: Glass J , Lavidor LM , Robinson SH 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Cell populations highly enriched for the different stages of erythroid cell maturation were obtained by three sequential operations: harvesting of erythroid cells after induction of erythroid hyperplasia in the spleens of mice, elimination of the more mature erythrocytes by immunologic techniques, and separation of the residual nucleated erythroid cells as a function of size by the velocity sedimentation technique. The resulting cell fractions were studied both directly and after overnight incubation in the presence or absence of erythropoietin. In short-term culture, erythropoietin stimulated proliferation of pronormoblasts and basophilic normoblasts but probably not cells at later stages of differentiation. Erythropoietin also appeared to recruit increased numbers of pronormoblasts. In this experimental system, erythroid cell differentiation was able to proceed in the absence of erythropoietin, but without proliferation of these early erythroid cells. These techniques have provided a model system for the study of erythroid cells at different stages of maturation isolated from a uniform source at one point in time. The morphologic observations indicated that erythropoietin stimulates erythroid cell proliferation at several early stages of the maturation pathway.
Characterization and comparison of the red blood cell membrane damage in severe human alpha- and beta-thalassemia
Authors: Advani R , Sorenson S , Shinar E , Lande W , Rachmilewitz E , Schrier SL 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The aim of the present work was to understand the pathophysiology of the severe human thalassemias as represented by beta-thalassemia intermedia and hemoglobin (Hb) H (alpha-thalassemia) disease. We have previously shown that the material properties of the red blood cell (RBC) and its membrane differ in severe alpha- and beta-thalassemia, and we now show that this difference is probably caused by accumulation of alpha-globin chains at the cytoskeleton in beta-thalassemia, whereas beta-globin chains are associated with the cytoskeleton in alpha- thalassemia. In both alpha- and beta-thalassemia, some of these globin chains have become oxidized as evidenced by loss of the free thiols. Furthermore, there is similar evidence of oxidation of protein 4.1 in beta-thalassemia, whereas beta-spectrin appears to be subject to oxidation in alpha-thalassemia. These observations support the idea that the association of partly oxidized globin chains with the cytoskeleton results in oxidation of adjacent skeletal proteins. The abnormality of protein 4.1 in beta-thalassemia is consistent with a prior observation, and is also in accord with the known importance of protein 4.1 in maintenance of membrane stability, a property that is abnormal in beta-thalassemic membranes.
Characterization of the myeloid-specific CD11b promoter
Authors: Pahl HL , Rosmarin AG , Tenen DG 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The CD11b/CD18 heterodimeric surface antigen is expressed exclusively on human monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, and natural killer cells. During differentiation of myeloid cell lines, CD11b steady state messenger RNA levels increase significantly; we show here that CD11b transcription rates increase commensurately. A 1.7-kb fragment of CD11b 5′ flanking sequence directs expression of a reporter gene specifically in myeloid cell lines. Deletion analysis localizes elements directing high levels of tissue-specific reporter gene expression to the 412 bp proximal to the transcriptional start site. This sequence contains two consensus binding sites for Sp1, a GATA motif, and a purine-rich sequence that presents potential binding sites for members of the ets family of genes. Analysis of this promoter should result in the isolation of myeloid-specific transcription factors and the development of methods to direct the myeloid-specific expression of heterologous genes.
Complications and outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with hyperleukocytosis
Authors: Eguiguren JM , Schell MJ , Crist WM , Kunkel K , Rivera GK 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Hyperleukocytosis (greater than or equal to 100 x 10(9) leukocytes/L) was identified at diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in 64 of 358 patients enrolled on St Jude Total Therapy Study XI from February 1984 to September 1988. These children received a seven-drug induction regimen followed by high-dose methotrexate, cranial irradiation at 1 year of remission, and 120 weeks of continuation therapy with rotational administration of four drug pairs. The 27 patients with leukocyte counts greater than or equal to 200 x 10(9)/L underwent initial cytoreduction via leukapheresis or exchange transfusions. The complete remission rate for patients with hyperleukocytosis (94%) was similar to that for the overall series (96%). Stepwise regression analysis showed that hyperleukocytosis was significantly associated with age less than 1 year at diagnosis, T-cell immunophenotype, leukemic cell ploidy less than or equal to 50 chromosomes, organomegaly, and elevated lactic dehydrogenase. The 27 patients with extreme hyperleukocytosis (greater than 200 x 10(9)/L) different from the other 37 children only in a higher frequency of French-American- British (FAB) L2 morphology. Estimated 4-year event-free survival (EFS) was 52% +/- 8% (SE) for patients with hyperleukocytosis versus 79% +/- 4% for patients with leukemic counts less than 100 x 10(9)/L (P less than .0001). Patients with leukocyte counts of 100 to 200 x 10(9)/L had a significantly better EFS than those with counts greater than 200 x 10(9)/L (64% +/- 10% v 34% +/- 14%; P = .04). Thus, the therapy in this trial proved satisfactory for children with leukocyte counts of 100 to 200 x 10(9)/L; further study is needed to improve the outlook for children with counts greater than 200 x 10(9)/L.