bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Consequences of Using Gas Fuels for Running Auxiliary Ship Boilers in the Light of Contemporary Environmental Protection Requirements
Authors: Adamkiewicz Andrzej , Bartoszewski Marek , Kendra Martin 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The article justifies the application of gas fuels for supplying auxiliary ship boilers. It presents legal regulations on maritime environmental protection areas and their requirements which are in power. It shows the chronology of introduced limitations on sulphur and nitrogen dioxide emissions and thresholds of carbon dioxide emission reduction expressed by EEDI (Energy Efficiency Design Indicator) and EEOI (Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator). Ways to decrease the values of EEDI and EEOI in the ship energy effectiveness management have been shown. Consequences of replacing marine fuels with LNG for running auxiliary ship boilers have been considered thoroughly, taking into account ecological, constructional, operational, procedural and logistic limitations as well as economic consequences. The summary shows the influence of particular consequences of using LNG for running boilers on the methods of maintenance of auxiliary boilers.
The Review of Instruments of Spirituality Measurement in Children
Authors: Pariľáková Michaela , Babinčák Peter 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Introduction: The aim of the present paper was to point out to the actual overview of tools used to measure spirituality in child age on the basis of an analysis of studies addressing the given issue included in the full-text database EBSCOa PsycINFO.

Purpose: The analysed studies were selected according to the following criteria: a) age range of respondents 6-11 years, that means, younger school age (studies where age of respondents included upper limit of stated age range were also accepted), b) the study included the use of a specific instrument for measuring spirituality (or selected scales), c) the study included the assessment of the psychometric properties of the instruments, d) the study was not qualitative, that means, spirituality was not measured through interviews or open questions.

Methods: Altogether, 15 research studies were analysed on the basis of which 8 instruments used for measuring spirituality in children were identified of which 3 tools (FGLL, Fisher, 2004; YSS, Sifers et al. 2012; SSSC, Stoyles et al. 2012) especially developed for use in child age (6-11 years) and 5 tools (SWBQ, Gomez & Fisher, 2003; RCOPE, Pargament et al. 2000; BMMRS, Fetzer Institute, 1999; SWBS, Ellison, 1983; FACIT-SP-12, Peterman et al. 2002) originally intended for work with the older population and used in the age group 11 years and over. The tools were subsequently described in terms of the theoretical structure, in terms of assessing the psychometric properties and assessing the quality of the tools and in terms of benefits or disadvantages when used with a child’s respondent. The theoretical bases of the instruments pointed out to the problem of the inconsistent and ambiguous definition of the spirituality construct, which is reflected in the different understanding of spirituality and its dimensions.

Conclusion: The psychometric indicators of particular instruments were evaluated and scored on the basis of selected criteria. According to the assessment, the absence of retest reliability verification, verification of some types of validity and the size of the set of validation studies was found out. From the perspective of the appropriateness of the use of tools, some tools seem to be problematic in particular to understand the particular items and omitting factors (for example family, peers) playing an important role in the spirituality of children.
Quality of Life Assessment in Post-Stroke Patients
Authors: Pacian Anna , Kulik Teresa B. , Bednarz Joanna , Kaczoruk Monika , Kawiak-Jawor Ewa 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Aim. Presentation of quality of life of post-stroke patients treated in the Neurology Ward of the District Specialist Hospital. Material and methods. The research covered 80 patients after stroke, treated in the Neurology Ward of the District Specialist Hospital. The study used the diagnostic survey method, the questionnaire technique and the standardized research tool: the Polish version of the Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale (SS-QOL), authored by Williams et al. The scale comprised 12 subscales and an overall result, all of which ranged between 1 and 5 points. Higher scores corresponded to higher quality of life. Differences between the variables were verified with nonparametric tests. The significance level was established at p<0.05. Results. Quality of life of post-stroke patients treated in the Neurology Ward of the District Specialist Hospital was at the level of 2.64, that is below the average established in the middle of the 1-5 scale. The overall quality of life was higher among women (3.02) than among men (2.39). Patients after ischemic stroke had significantly higher quality of life (at the level of 2.83) than patients after hemorrhagic stroke (at 2.23). Conclusions. The problem of patients after stroke is not only limitation of mobility due to paresis. Identification of bio-psycho-social disorders and help in overcoming them can radically change the patient’s situation. The assessment of quality of life is an indispensable task because it enables evaluation of the patient’s condition, not only in terms of effectiveness of therapy, but above all, in terms of a possibility for improvement of the patient’s quality of functioning, in the mental and social aspects.
The Development of International Economic and Monetary Cooperation in Europe
Authors: Hudec Martin 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Since the end of the World War II, Europe has gone a long way on the path of a new era of socio-economic integration, continually battling and overcoming the political and economic fragmentation of earlier eras and less developed economies.
The various difficulties and interruptions of the process involved, the European integration, since the 1952 European Coal and Steel Community, ranged from an initial small group to a large community comprising most European countries, the gradual removal of market barriers leading to the introduction of a customs union to the single market. Furthermore, the creation of Economic and Monetary Union and the adoption of the common currency have become the culmination of the whole process of economic integration, since the euro is used daily by 338.6 million Europeans in 19 EU member states. The aim of our research article is to closely analyze the development of the economic and monetary integration of Europe, since we believe that the single currency project represents a great success for the European Union as the result of long-term efforts on currency and economy stability, progress and economic growth.
La función de la evaluación docente dentro del sistema complejo de la educación en México.
Authors: Díaz Díaz Inés , Ramírez Fernández Pedro , Valera Guerrero Jorge Antonio 
Published: August 2018

<p><strong>Introducción.</strong> En este artículo se retoman aspectos que contextualizan la evaluación docente hacia la segunda década del siglo XX en México (en particular en el Estado de México) y se analiza este proceso como parte del sistema complejo de la educación.<strong> Metodología.</strong> Se realizó un estudio documental de diferentes fuentes enfocadas a la teoría de sistemas de Niklas Luhman para entender al sistema de la educación como parte de los sistemas sociales; así como el proceso que ha tenido la evaluación de la educación, la postura del SNTE en la reconstrucción de este proceso y estadísticas de participación de los profesores en la evaluación docente. <strong>Resultados. </strong>El análisis de la información recabada revela que la intención primordial de la evaluación docente es elevar la calidad de la educación en México; por otro lado que tiene un alto impacto en los profesores con respecto a la certeza laboral, también se identificó que el SNTE participa activamente para informar y acompañar a sus agremiados en el complejo camino de la evaluación. <strong>Discusión.</strong> En este estudio se plasma la necesidad de mejora en aspectos claves de la evaluación docente y se vislumbran otros que no se contemplaron en un inicio como medios de oportunidad para lograrlo; entonces se puede mencionar que la evaluación docente es un proceso necesario, sin embargo, aún falta puntualizar criterios de evaluación para cumplir con su intención. Se puede mencionar que este proceso a la fecha se encuentra inconcluso.</p>
Does bronchoscopy help in resolving the etiology of Non-resolving Pneumonia? Experience in a Tertiary Care Center
Authors: Ghimire Ram Hari 
Published: August 2018

Background : Normal resolution time of pneumonia is variable. Non-resolving pneumonia is a challenging clinical problem. Etiological, patient and treatment-related factors affect outcomes. Bronchoscopy is initial diagnostic technique in evaluating these patients. The study explored the utility of bronchoscopy in diagnosing of non-resolving pneumonia.Material and Methods: Records of the patients diagnosed with non-resolving pneumonia who underwent bronchoscopy from 20th January 2017 to 19th January 2018 were analysed. The data analyzed included demographic characteristics, clinical profile, bronchoscopic findings, chest imaging, and hospital discharge status. Non-resolving pneumonia was defined as focal infiltrates with symptoms of acute pulmonary infection and lack of clinical and radiological improvement within 12 weeks despite a minimum of 10 days treatment. For analysis descriptive statistics like mean and percentage and tabular and graphical presentation were made.Results: Forty-five patients had non resolving Pneumonia. A total 75.0% were males with age range of 25 to 85 years and commons symptom were cough with fever (75.0%) followed by hemoptysis, chest pain, and breathlessness. Bronchoscopically multiple ulcerated lesions, inflamed tracheobronchial tree with mucopurulent secretions and mass lesions were common. Etiologically 66.6 % patients had TB, followed by lung cancer, bronchiectasis and pneumonia.Conclusion: Bronchoscopy has better utility and is the diagnostic modality of choice in establishing etiology of non-resolving pneumonia. Journal of Nobel Medical CollegeVolume 7, Number 1, Issue 12, January-June 2018, page : 1-5
Effectiveness between two tooth brushing methods on removing dental plaque
Authors: Giri Dhirendra Kumar 
Published: August 2018

Background: Biofilm usually is a group of micro-organisms in which bacterial cells adhere to each other. It may form on a living or non-living surfaces within a self-produced matrix of glycocalx. Recently, plaque has been identified as a biofilm, and its structure, microbiology and patho-physiology have been described. The effectiveness between modified bass technique and normal brushing technique has been compared in this study. Material & Methods: Sixty auxiliary workers working in Nobel Medical College and Teaching Hospital were selected using systematic random sampling technique. Plaque accumulation was assessed on the index teeth using Silness and Loe plaque index. Both normal tooth brushing practices and modified Bass technique were asked to perform using a standard tooth brush and fluoridated dentifrices without label was used for all the subjects after the morning breakfast. The difference of the PI scores recorded in different examinations was assessed using ANCOVA test. Results: The mean PI score was found similar for normal brushing and modified bass technique at the base line examination (P<0.05). The modified Bass technique was more effective in removing plaque than normal tooth brushing (P<0.05) Conclusion: Tooth brushing is the most common, easy and effective method of plaque control. At the same time tooth brushing with correct technique reduces plaque effectively and maintains the integrity of tooth and surrounding periodontium. Modified Bass technique plays a vital role in prevention of plaque control, dental caries and periodontal disease. Journal of Nobel Medical College Volume 7, Number 1, Issue 12, January-June 2018, Page: 26-29
The Impact of acne on the quality of life of the patients attending dermatology outpatient department at Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital
Authors: Pradhan Manish , Jha Chandra Bhal , Rai Dipa 
Published: August 2018

Background: Acne is a very common distressing skin condition that affects multiple aspects of quality of life of an individual. It has been illustrated that acne have tremendous effect on an individual’s self-image and impacts his or her quality of life. The extent of burden of the disease experienced by the patients seems to be underestimated by the whole medical fraternity. The aim of the study is to determine the health related quality of life impairment in acne patients using CADI and to identify various variables that increase the patients’ susceptibility for quality of life impairment. Subjects and Methods: This is a hospital based, cross sectional study conducted in the Department of Dermatology, Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital from Jan 2017 to December 2017.A total of 202 acne patients were evaluated with CADI. Clinical characteristics were recorded after history and clinical examination. Results: Out of total 202 patients enrolled, 56.4% of patient scored a CADI score of (5-9) indicating moderate quality of life impairment and 15.3% of patient scored a CADI score of 10 or more indicating severe quality of life impairment. The mean CADI score was 6.82 ± 2.75. There was positive correlation between the CADI score and impact on quality of life with grade of acne, which was statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Acne is a common skin disease with tremendous adverse effect on the patient’s health related quality of life. Patients are affected both physically and mentally with this condition. Journal of Nobel Medical College Volume 7, Number 1, Issue 12, January-June 2018, Page: 45-49
Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy among in-patients Diagnosed with Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Study Conducted in Nobel Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar
Authors: Adhikari Bishwa Nath , Gautam Pramod Sharma , Bekoju Binod , Basnet Sadhana , Bhandari Himlal 
Published: August 2018

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) being disease of modern world occurrence of Diabetic retinopathy (DR) has become more frequent. Knowledge on the prevalence and associated risk factors of diabetic retinopathy helps to detect the disease in its early course. The objective of the study was to establish the prevalence and to analyze the associated risk factors and help to screen the disease as early as possible so as to prevent and /or to delay the onset as well as progression of DR. Materials and Methods: A hospital based retrospective study conducted among 213 in-patients of Nobel Medical College, Biratnagar diagnosed with DM. Result: The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 32.39% and prevalence of mild NPDR, moderate NPDR, severe NPDR, very severe NPDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy and clinically significant macular edema was 12.7%, 8.9%, 6.1%, 5%, 1.9% & 2.3% respectively. There was statistically significant relation of diabetic retinopathy with duration of diabetes (p value 0.004) and the mean duration was 8.704 years. Conclusions: The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among in-patients was 32.39%. Though there was no significant relation with occurrence of DR with type of diabetes, age, sex, alcoholism, smoking and drug intake history, the duration of diabetes and hyperlipidemia, poor hyperglycemic control were highly significantly associated with DR while high BP showed marginally insignificant relation with the same. Journal of Nobel Medical College Volume 7, Number 1, Issue 12, January-June 2018, Page: 50-55
Oral Cancer: Awareness Among People of Biratnagar
Authors: Chaulagain Durga Devi , Parajuli Kamal Prasad , Khatiwada Bhumika 
Published: August 2018

Background: Increased use of tobacco and tobacco products result into increment of patients with oral cancer. Many people are still unaware of the consequences of chewing tobacco. Approximately 19% of participants had adequate knowledge of awareness, large number of participants, i.e., 73% had moderate knowledge of awareness and 8% of the participants had inadequate level of awareness about oral cancer. Methods and materials: Analytical cross-sectional research design was used for the study. Samples were selected by non-probability purposive sampling technique. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data from respondents. Frequencies, mean and standard deviations were used to describe the socio-demographic variables. Independent t-test and one-way ANOVA test were used to find the main difference of awareness scores by socio-demographic variables. Results: Among 90 participants, 18% had adequate level of awareness, 73% had moderate and 7.8% of participants had inadequate level of awareness regarding oral cancer. Conclusion: The study showed that awareness regarding oral cancer among the people of Biratnagar Metropolitan City is moderate. The study emphasizes that the effects must be made to make people aware of oral cancer.Journal of Nobel Medical CollegeVolume 7, Number 1, Issue 12, January-June 2018, Page: 60-64
Conversations with...Mona Siddiqui
Authors: Quartermaine Angela , Quartermaine Angela 
Published: August 2018

The renowned Islamic theologian, Professor Mona Siddiqui OBE, is Professor of Islamic and Interreligious Studies at the University of Edinburgh. Born in Karachi, Pakistan, the family moved to the UK in 1968 and she currently resides in Scotland. She earned her BA in Arabic and French at the University of Leeds, and her MA in Middle-Eastern Studies and PhD in Classical Islamic Law from the University of Manchester. In addition to being the first Muslim woman to be appointed the Head of Theology and Religious Studies Department at University of Glasgow, her academic work includes texts on the Qur’an (2007), Islam (2010) and Islamic Law (2012a). Professor Siddiqui has also worked extensively on promoting interfaith relations, for which she was awarded an OBE in 2011. She currently holds a visiting professorship at the universities of Utrecht and Tilburg and is an associate scholar at Georgetown University’s Berkley Centre for Religion, Peace and World Affairs.
Mimicking Bone - Chemical and Physical Challenges
Authors: Cox Sophie C , Cox Sophie C. 
Published: August 2018

It is known that chemical and physical features of bone contribute to its functionality, reactivity and mechanical performance. This fundamental rationale underpins the author’s research strategy. This paper presents a summary of efforts to fabricate a synthetic structure, referred to as a scaffold, that both chemically and physical emulates the intricate structure of bone. An understanding of key features of bone tissue that contribute to its remarkable properties is presented as a background to this work. Novel work aimed at improving the understanding of the synthesis of a ceramic biomaterial, namely hydroxyapatite, that is chemically similar to bone mineral is discussed. A case study involving the manufacture of porous scaffolds by 3D printing is also presented. In summary, this article highlights a number of on-going challenges that multidisciplinary tissue engineers aim to solve to get one step closer to mimicking bone, which clinically could improve the quality of life for millions of people worldwide. Photo credit: By Doc. RNDr. Josef Reischig, CSc. (Author's archive) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Learners’ Perception on Security Issues in M-learning (Nigerian Universities Case Study)
Authors: Shonola Shaibu Adekunle , Joy Mike S , Shonola Shaibu Adekunle , Joy Mike S. 
Published: August 2018

With the advent of modern technology, mobile phones and smartphones are used not only for calling and text messages but also for banking and social networking. Recent developments in technology have made the use of mobile devices feasible in other sectors such as education and government. While educators are using mobile devices as teaching aids, students are also using them as learning tools. In some cases the developers of mobile learning in universities are making m-learning apps without serious consideration for security aspects whereas the handheld devices pose a serious threat to confidentiality, integrity and privacy of users including the learners. As a case study, this paper investigates the security concerns that students may have with the introduction of m-learning in higher education institutions in Nigeria and how this impacts on their learning. It examines the effects of security threats in m-learning on students and provides recommendations for alleviating these threats.Photo credit: "Sysop actions of la cabale camembière - croped" by PierreSelim - Own work. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sysop_actions_of_la_cabale_camembi%C3%A8re_-_croped.jpg#mediaviewer/
Fiction as a Medium of Social Communication in 19th Century France
Authors: Pstrocki-Sehovic Sabina , Pstrocki-Sehovic Sabina 
Published: August 2018

This article will present the extent to which literature could be viewed as means of social communication – i.e. informing and influencing society – in 19thcentury France, by analysing the appearance of three authors at different points: the beginning, the middle and the end of the century. The first is the case of Balzac at the beginning of the 19th Century who becomes the most successful novelist of the century in France and who, in his prolific expression and rich vocabulary, portrays society from various angles in a huge opus of almost 100 works, 93 of them making his Comédie humaine. The second is the case of Gustave Flaubert whose famous novel Madame Bovary, which depicts a female character in a realist but also in a psychologically conscious manner, around the mid-19th century reaches French courts together with Les Fleurs du Mal by Charles Baudelaire and is exposed as being socially judged for its alleged immorality. The last is the political affair of Dreyfus and its defender Emile Zola, the father of naturalism. This case confirms the establishment of more intense relations between writer and politics and builds a solid way for a more conscious and everyday political engagement in the literary world from the end of the 19th century onwards. These three are the most important cases which illustrate how fiction functioned in relation to society, state and readership in 19th century France.