bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Framework for Offshore Load Environment Modeling1
Authors: Glavind Sebastian T. , Faber Michael H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a novel decision analytical framework for systems modeling in the context of the risk-informed integrity management of offshore facilities. Our focus concerns the development of system models representing environmental loads associated with storm events. Appreciating that system models in general serve to facilitate the optimal ranking of decision alternatives, we formulate the problem of systems modeling as an optimization problem to be solved jointly with the ranking of integrity management decision alternatives. Taking offset in recent developments in structure learning and Bayesian regression techniques, a generic approach for the modeling of environmental loads is established, which accommodates for a joint utilization of phenomenological understanding and knowledge contained in databases of observations. In this manner, we provide a framework and corresponding techniques supporting the combination of bottom-up and top-down modeling. Moreover, since phenomenological understanding and analysis of databases may lead to the identification of several competing system models, we include these in the formulation of the optimization problem. The proposed framework and utilized techniques are illustrated in an example. The example considers systems modeling and decision optimization in the context of a possible evacuation of an offshore facility in the face of an emerging storm event.
Impact of Polarized Versus Threshold Training on Fat Metabolism and Neuromuscular Variables in Ultrarunners
Authors: Pérez Andrés , Ramos-Campo Domingo J. , Marín-Pagan Cristian , Martínez-Noguera Francisco J. , Chung Linda H. , Alcaraz Pedro E. 
Published: October 2019

Purpose: To compare the effects of 2 different intensity distribution training programs (threshold [THR] and polarized [POL]) on fat metabolism and neuromuscular variables. Methods: Twenty ultrarunners were allocated to POL (n = 11; age 40.6 [9.7] y, weight 73.5 [10.8] kg, VO2max 55.8 [4.9] mL·kg−1·min−1) or THR group (n = 9; age 36.8 [9.2] y, weight 75.5 [10.4] kg, VO2max 57.1 [5.2] mL·kg−1·min−1) and performed a 12-week training program that consisted of 5 running sessions, 2 strength sessions, and 1 day of full rest per week. Both groups performed similar total training duration and load but with different intensity distribution during running sessions. Resting metabolic rate, fat metabolism, isometric rate of force development (RFD; N·s−1) and maximal voluntary contraction in the knee extensor, and electromyographic amplitude were measured before and after each program. Results: A significant decrease in RFD0–100 ms (Δ −13.4%; P ≤ .001; effect size [ES] = 1.00), RFD0–200 ms (Δ −11.7%; P ≤ .001; ES = 1.4), and RFDpeak (Δ −18%; P ≤ .001; ES = 1.4) were observed in the POL group. In THR group, a significant increase in mean electromyographic amplitude (Δ 24.4%; P = .02; ES = 1.4) was observed. There were no significant differences between groups in any of the variables. Conclusions: Similar adaptations in fat metabolism and neuromuscular performance can be achieved after 12 weeks of POL or THR intensity distribution. However, THR distribution appears to better maintain strength (RFD) and improve mean electromyographic amplitude. Nevertheless, the combination of both running and maximum strength training could influence on results because of the residual fatigue thus inducing suboptimal adaptations in the POL group.
Axonal transport: Driving synaptic function
Authors: Guedes-Dias Pedro , Holzbaur Erika L. F. 
Published: October 2019

From trafficking to maintenance
Neurons are remarkably polarized in that proteins made in the cytosol often need to travel many tens or hundreds of cell body lengths along axons to their sites of action in the synapse. Axonal transport of these components is driven by molecular motors along axonal microtubules. Guedes-Dias and Holzbaur review the cell biology of axonal transport and highlight the roles this fundamental process plays in organismal health.

Science
, this issue p.
eaaw9997
Nanoscale evidence for temperature-induced transient rheology and postseismic fault healing
Authors: Ault A.K. , Jensen J.L. , McDermott R.G. , Shen F.-A. , Van Devener B.R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Friction-generated heat and the subsequent thermal evolution control fault material properties and thus strength during the earthquake cycle. We document evidence for transient, nanoscale fault rheology on a high-gloss, light-reflective hematite fault mirror (FM). The FM cuts specularite with minor quartz from the Pleistocene El Laco Fe-ore deposit, northern Chile. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy data reveal that the FM volume comprises a <50-μm-thick zone of polygonal hematite nanocrystals with spherical silica inclusions, rhombohedral twins, no shape or crystallographic preferred orientation, decreasing grain size away from the FM surface, and FM surface magnetite nanoparticles and Fe2+ suboxides. Sub–5-nm-thick silica films encase hematite grains and connect to amorphous interstitial silica. Observations imply that coseismic shear heating (temperature >1000 °C) generated transiently amorphous, intermixed but immiscible, and rheologically weak Fe-oxide and silica. Hematite regrowth in a fault-perpendicular thermal gradient, sintering, twinning, and a topographic network of nanometer-scale ridges from crystals interlocking across the FM surface collectively restrengthened fault material. Results reveal how temperature-induced weakening preconditions fault healing. Nanoscale transformations may promote subsequent strain delocalization and development of off-fault damage.
Discovery of a 400 km2 honeycomb structure mimicking a regional unconformity on three-dimensional seismic data
Authors: Riera Rosine , Bourget Julien , Paumard Victorien , Wilson Moyra E.J. , Shragge Jeffrey , George Annette D. , Borgomano Jean , Wilson Thomas 
Published: October 2019

AbstractRecognition of seismic unconformities is crucial for interpreting basin history from seismic reflection data sets in both siliciclastic and carbonate settings. While it is well established that non-erosional changes in sedimentary facies can create seismic reflections that mimic seismic unconformities (i.e., pseudo-unconformities), these features are generally considered to be localized and uncommon, and, therefore, are largely overlooked during interpretation. Diagenetic alteration of strata can also affect the morphology of seismic reflectors and mislead seismic interpreters. This study is based on a three-dimensional (3-D) seismic data set and documents a 400 km2 honeycomb structure (HS) masquerading as a regional erosional unconformity in the Oligocene–Miocene carbonate strata of Australia’s North West Shelf. This HS is located at the transition between the topsets and the foresets of clinoforms of carbonate to marly composition. The HS expression in 3-D seismic data cross sections is irregular, giving the HS the appearance of a truncated surface that could erroneously be interpreted as a regional seismic unconformity. Closer examination reveals that the HS crosscuts chronostratigraphic clinoform reflectors, and frequency extraction processing shows that the HS dominantly falls within a lower-frequency band than the clinoform reflectors. The morphology of the HS (i.e., continuous with densely packed cells) and its time-transgressive nature suggest that it has a burial diagenetic origin. This suggests that creation of pseudo-unconformities at basin scale by burial diagenesis may lead to surface misidentification, with negative consequences for paleoenvironmental studies and petroleum exploration activities.
The Bayan Obo (China) giant REE accumulation conundrum elucidated by intense magmatic differentiation of carbonatite
Authors: Yang Kuifeng , Fan Hongrui , Pirajno Franco , Li Xiaochun 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Bayan Obo deposit in China is endowed with the largest rare earth element (REE) resource in the world. The mechanism resulting in this REE enrichment has been the focus of many studies. Carbonatite is known globally as the most favorable carrier of REE ores. In the Bayan Obo deposit, REE ores are hosted in dolomites (including coarse-grained and fine-grained varieties), and many carbonatite dikes (ferroan, magnesian, and calcic) have been identified. All of the dolomites and carbonatite dikes appear to be broadly coeval and possess similar geochemical characteristics. The Sm-Nd isochron age of apatite (1317 ± 140 Ma) from coarse-grained dolomite is consistent with the Th-Pb age of monazite (1321 ± 14 Ma) from a calciocarbonatite dike. The εNd(t) values and initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios at 1.3 Ga of apatite from coarse-grained dolomite show a tight cluster between −2.5 and +1.0 and between 0.70266 and 0.70293, respectively. The δ18OVSMOW values (relative to Vienna standard mean ocean water) of apatite also vary narrowly from 5.0‰ to 6.2‰. These results are consistent with primary mantle-derived carbonatite and prove a magmatic origin for the ore-hosting dolomite. Furthermore, the rim and core texture of dolomite and calcite in the magnesian and calcic carbonatite dikes shows that carbonatite at Bayan Obo has an evolutionary sequence from ferroan through magnesian to calcic in nature. There is a clear negative correlation between the iron content and REE concentration in different stages of carbonatite. Intense magmatic differentiation of carbonatite is likely the critical factor for the giant REE accumulation.
Self-harm presentation across healthcare settings by sex in young people: an e-cohort study using routinely collected linked healthcare data in Wales, UK
Authors: Marchant Amanda , Turner Samantha , Balbuena Lloyd , Peters Evyn , Williams Dave , Lloyd Keith , Lyons Ronan , John Ann 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundThis study used individual-level linked data across general practice, emergency departments (EDs), outpatients and hospital admissions to examine contacts across settings and time by sex for self-harm in individuals aged 10–24 years old in Wales, UK.MethodsA whole population-based e-cohort study of routinely collected healthcare data was conducted. Rates of self-harm across settings over time by sex were examined. Individuals were categorised based on the service(s) to which they presented.ResultsA total of 937 697 individuals aged 10–24 years contributed 5 369 794 person years of data from 1 January 2003 to 30 September 2015. Self-harm incidence was highest in primary care but remained stable over time (incident rate ratio (IRR)=1.0; 95% CI 0.9 to 1.1). Incidence of ED attendance increased over time (IRR=1.3; 95% CI 1.2 to 1.5) as did hospital admissions (IRR=1.4; 95% CI 1.1 to 1.6). Incidence in the 15–19 years age group was the highest across all settings. The largest increases were seen in the youngest age group. There were increases in ED attendances for both sexes; however, females are more likely than males to be admitted following this. This was most evident in individuals 10–15 years old, where 76% of females were admitted compared with just 49% of males. The majority of associated outpatient appointments were under a mental health specialty.ConclusionsThis is the first study to compare self-harm in people aged 10–24 years across primary care, EDs and hospital settings in the UK. The high rates of self-harm in primary care and for young men in EDs highlight these as important settings for intervention.
Perspectives of adolescent and young adults on poverty-related stressors: a qualitative study in Ghana, Malawi and Tanzania
Authors: Hall Brian J , Garabiles Melissa R , de Hoop Jacobus , Pereira Audrey , Prencipe Leah , Palermo Tia M 
Published: October 2019

ObjectivesTo define key stressors experienced and coping behaviours within poor agrarian communities in sub-Saharan Africa.DesignDescriptive qualitative study incorporating inductive thematic analysis.Participants81 participants purposely sampled, stratified by age (adolescents and young adults) and sexSettingThe study was conducted in villages in Ghana, Malawi, and Tanzania.ResultsStressors were thematically grouped into those directly related to poverty and the lack of basic necessities (eg, food insecurity), and additional stressors (eg, drought) that worsen poverty-related stress. Impacts on functioning, health and well-being and key coping behaviours, both positive and negative, were identified. The findings together inform a more nuanced view of stress within these contexts.ConclusionAlthough participants were asked to provide general reflections about stress in their community, the salience of poverty-related stressors was ubiquitously reflected in respondents’ responses. Poverty-related stressors affect development, well-being and gender-based violence. Future research should focus on interventions to alleviate poverty-related stress to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
Impact of a modified progressive Copenhagen adduction exercise programme on hip adduction strength and postexercise muscle soreness in professional footballers
Authors: Polglass George , Burrows Adam , Willett Matthew 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundReduced hip adduction strength has been identified as a key predisposing factor in developing hip and groin injuries. The Copenhagen adduction programme has been shown to increase hip adduction strength in semiprofessional footballers but can cause muscle soreness. Therefore, a modified progressive Copenhagen adduction (MPCA) programme has been designed to increase hip adduction strength while limiting muscle soreness.ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of an 8-week MPCA exercise on eccentric hip adduction and abduction strength in senior professional footballers.Methods25 senior professional footballers completed an 8-week MPCA strengthening programme. Eccentric hip adduction (EHAD) and eccentric hip abduction (EHAB) strengths were measured. Changes in preintervention and postintervention strengths and EHAD:EHAB ratios were calculated. The statistical significance between strength changes was assessed with dependent t-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests due to the distribution of the data (p<0.05). Delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) and rate of perceived exertion were measured throughout the programme.ResultsThere were statistically significant increases in EHAD strength (24% and 25%, left and right), EHAB strength (10% and 13%, left and right) and the EHAD:EHAB ratio (12% and 10%, left and right) (p<0.01).Professional footballers were able to complete the MPCA exercise with low levels of DOMS.ConclusionAn 8-week MPCA exercise elicited significant EHAD and EHAB strength increases with reduced levels of muscle soreness in senior professional footballers.
Geographic disparities in cancer screening and fatalism among a nationally representative sample of US adults
Authors: Moss Jennifer L , Ehrenkranz Rebecca , Perez Lilian G , Hair Brionna Y , Julian Anne K 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundCancer screening in the USA is suboptimal, particularly for individuals living in vulnerable communities. This study aimed to understand how rurality and racial segregation are independently and interactively associated with cancer screening and cancer fatalism.MethodsWe used data from a nationally representative sample of adults (n=17 736) from National Cancer Institute’s Health Information National Trends Survey, 2011–2017, including cancer screening (colorectal, breast, cervical, prostate) among eligible participants and cancer fatalism. These data were linked to county-level metropolitan status/rurality (US Department of Agriculture) and racial segregation (US Census). We conducted multivariable analyses of associations of geographic variables with screening and fatalism.ResultsBreast cancer screening was lower in rural (92%, SE=1.5%) than urban counties (96%, SE=0.5%) (adjusted OR (aOR)=0.52, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.87). Colorectal cancer screening was higher in highly segregated (70%, SE=1.0%) than less segregated counties (65%, SE=1.7%) (aOR=1.28, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.58). Remaining outcomes did not vary by rurality or segregation, and these variables did not interact in their associations with screening or fatalism.ConclusionSimilar to previous studies, breast cancer screening was less common in rural areas. Contrary to expectations, colorectal cancer screening was higher in highly segregated counties. More research is needed on the influence of geography on cancer screening and beliefs, and how access to facilities or information may mediate these relationships.
Worth living or worth dying? The views of the general public about allowing disabled children to die
Authors: Brick Claudia , Kahane Guy , Wilkinson Dominic , Caviola Lucius , Savulescu Julian 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundDecisions about withdrawal of life support for infants have given rise to legal battles between physicians and parents creating intense media attention. It is unclear how we should evaluate when life is no longer worth living for an infant. Public attitudes towards treatment withdrawal and the role of parents in situations of disagreement have not previously been assessed.MethodsAn online survey was conducted with a sample of the UK public to assess public views about the benefit of life in hypothetical cases similar to real cases heard by the UK courts (eg, Charlie Gard, Alfie Evans). We then evaluated these public views in comparison with existing ethical frameworks for decision-making.ResultsOne hundred and thirty participants completed the survey. The majority (94%) agreed that an infant’s life may have no benefit when well-being falls below a critical level. Decisions to withdraw treatment were positively associated with the importance of use of medical resources, the infant’s ability to have emotional relationships, and mental abilities. Up to 50% of participants in each case believed it was permissible to either continueorwithdraw treatment.ConclusionDespite the controversy, our findings indicate that in the most severe cases, most people agree that life is not worth living for a profoundly disabled infant. Our survey found wide acceptance of at least the permissibility of withdrawal of treatment across a range of cases, though also a reluctance to overrule parents’ decisions. These findings may be useful when constructing guidelines for clinical practice.
Accelerated lung function decline in an aluminium manufacturing industry cohort exposed to PM2.5: an application of the parametric g-formula
Authors: Neophytou Andreas M , Costello Sadie , Picciotto Sally , Noth Elizabeth M , Liu Sa , Lutzker Liza , Balmes John R , Hammond Katharine , Cullen Mark R , Eisen Ellen A 
Published: October 2019

ObjectiveOccupational dust exposure has been associated with accelerated lung function decline, which in turn is associated with overall morbidity and mortality. In the current study, we assess potential benefits on lung function of hypothetical interventions that would reduce occupational exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) while adjusting for the healthy worker survivor effect.MethodsAnalyses were performed in a cohort of 6485 hourly male workers in an aluminium manufacturing company in the USA, followed between 1996 and 2013. We used the parametric g-formula to assess lung function decline over time under hypothetical interventions while also addressing time-varying confounding by underlying health status, using a composite risk score based on health insurance claims.ResultsA counterfactual scenario envisioning a limit on exposure equivalent to the 10th percentile of the observed exposure distribution of 0.05 mg/m3was associated with an improvement in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) equivalent to 37.6 mL (95% CI 13.6 to 61.6) after 10 years of follow-up when compared with the observed. Assuming a linear decrease and (from NHANES reference values), a 20 mL decrease per year for a 1.8 m-tall man as they age, this 37.6 mL FEV1loss over 10 years associated with observed exposure would translate to approximately a 19% increase to the already expected loss per year from age alone.ConclusionsOur results indicate that occupational PM2.5exposure in the aluminium industry accelerates lung function decline over age. Reduction in exposure may mitigate accelerated loss of lung function over time in the industry.
Differential effect of Hurricane Sandy exposure on PTSD symptom severity: comparison of community members and responders
Authors: Gonzalez Adam , Rasul Rehana , Molina Lucero , Schneider Samantha , Bevilacqua Kristin , Bromet Evelyn J , Luft Benjamin J , Taioli Emanuela , Schwartz Rebecca 
Published: October 2019

ObjectivesTo evaluate whether the association between Hurricane Sandy exposures and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity was greater for exposed community members compared with responders.MethodsData were analysed from three existing studies with similar methodologies (N=1648): two community studies, Leaders in Gathering Hope Together (n=531) and Project Restoration (n=763); and the Sandy/World Trade Center Responders Study (n=354). Sandy-related PTSD symptoms were measured using the PTSD checklist-specific traumatic event and dichotomised as elevated (>30) versus low/no (<30) PTSD symptoms. Sandy exposures were measured with a summed checklist. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate the differential effect of exposures on PTSD by responder status, adjusting for demographics and time elapsed since Sandy.ResultsResponders were somewhat older (50.5 years (SD=8.3) vs 45.8 years (SD=20.0)), more likely to identify as white (92.4% vs 48.1%) and were male (90.7% vs 38.4%). Responders were less likely to have elevated PTSD symptoms than community members (8.6% vs 31.1%; adjusted OR=0.28, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.46). While exposure was significantly related to elevated PTSD status, the effects were similar for responders and community members.ConclusionsResponders appear to be more resilient to PTSD symptoms post-Sandy than community members. Understanding the mechanisms that foster such resilience can inform interventions aimed at populations that are more vulnerable to experiencing PTSD after natural disasters.
Comparing Two Clusterings Using Matchings between Clusters of Clusters
Authors: Cazals F. , Mazauric D. , Tetley R. , Watrigant R. 
Published: October 2019

Clustering is a fundamental problem in data science, yet the variety of clustering methods and their sensitivity to parameters make clustering hard. To analyze the stability of a given clustering algorithm while varying its parameters, and to compare clusters yielded by different algorithms, several comparison schemes based on matchings, information theory, and various indices (Rand, Jaccard) have been developed. We go beyond these by providing a novel class of methods computing meta-clusters within each clustering—a
meta-cluster
is a group of clusters, together with a matching between these.

Let the intersection graph of two clusterings be the edge-weighted bipartite graph in which the nodes represent the clusters, the edges represent the nonempty intersection between two clusters, and the weight of an edge is the number of common items. We introduce the so-called
D
-family-matching problem on intersection graphs, with
D
the upper bound on the diameter of the graph induced by the clusters of any meta-cluster. First we prove
NP
-completeness and
APX
-hardness results, and unbounded approximation ratio of simple strategies. Second, we design exact polynomial time dynamic programming algorithms for some classes of graphs (in particular trees). Then we prove spanning tree–based efficient heuristic algorithms for general graphs.

Our experiments illustrate the role of
D
as a scale parameter providing information on the relationship between clusters within a clustering and in-between two clusterings. They also show the advantages of our built-in mapping over classical cluster comparison measures such as the variation of information.