bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dark cities: a dark tourism index for Europe’s tourism cities, based on the analysis of DMO websites
Authors: Powell Raymond , Kennell James , Barton Christopher 
Published: March 2018

PurposeDark tourism is a topic of increasing interest, but it is poorly understood when considering its significance for mainstream and commercial tourism. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the significance of dark tourism in the top ten most visited European tourist cities and propose a dark tourism index for Europe’s tourism cities.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from the websites of the cities’ Destination Management Organisations (DMOs) using a content analysis methodology, based on keywords related to dark tourism taken from the research literature in this area. Descriptive statistics were produced and the variance between the frequencies of keywords related to each city was analysed for statistical significance. These results were then used to construct a darkness ranking of the cities.FindingsThere are significant differences in the extent to which dark tourism products and services are promoted by the DMOs of Europe’s top ten most visited European cities. The ranking of cities by darkness does not correspond to the ranking by visitor numbers, and further qualitative analysis suggests that, that the ranking is also independent of the actual presence of dark sites within the destination. This implies that European city DMOs are engaging with the emerging dark tourism market with to varying degrees.Research limitations/implicationsThe purposive sample of ten cities can be extended in future research to increase the validity of the findings of this paper. A further limitation is the selection of keywords for content analysis, which have been developed following the literature review contained below. Future research could develop an extended list of keywords using a systematic review process.Practical implicationsThis paper shows that it is possible to create a ranking of tourist cities in terms of their darkness, and that this methodology could be extended to a much larger sample size. This links dark tourism research to the urban tourism literature and also offers possibilities for creating a global ranking that could be used by destinations to judge their success in engaging with the dark tourism market, as well as by tour operators seeking to develop products for the same market.Social implicationsThis paper will offer DMO’s and others the opportunity to hone their tourism products more effectively in a way which offers a better understanding of tourism, and therefore provides for better management of its issues.Originality/valueDark tourism is a growing niche area of study, and this paper seeks to provide a framework to better understand supply-side aspects of it.
Forbearance of culturally inappropriate leadership behaviors: a conceptual model
Authors: Kennedy Jeffrey C. 
Published: March 2018

PurposeSelection and training of expatriates emphasizes the importance of respecting and adapting to local cultural norms. However, even when motivated to modify their behavior, expatriates tend to act in ways which transgress host country cultural norms. While such transgressions can harm working relationships between expatriate manager and host country nationals (HCNs), this is not an inevitable outcome. The purpose of this paper is to apply the social psychological construct of forbearance to create a model which considers how transgression severity, responsibility attributions made by the HCN, empathy, and expatriate manager reputation influence HCN forbearance in the face of culturally inappropriate leadership behaviors.Design/methodology/approachThis is a conceptual paper, which proposes forbearance as a process which can reduce dysfunctional outcomes on working relationships resulting from culturally inappropriate behaviors by expatriate managers.FindingsThe author argues that differences between expatriate and host country implicit leadership theories influence HCN attributions for culturally inappropriate leadership behaviors. These attributions, together with expatriate reputation, HCN empathy, and the severity of the cultural transgression, will determine the extent to which HCNs are likely to exercise forbearance.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper suggests several important lines of research into the initial establishment of an effective working relationship between expatriate and HCN. Suggestions for further elaboration and testing of the model are also provided.Practical implicationsThe model points to important processes (e.g. establishing incoming expatriate’s reputation, managing attributions, and facilitating empathy) which have the potential to reduce difficulties early in the assignment.Originality/valueMuch research into expatriate adjustment focuses on the expatriate. This paper adopts the perspective of the HCN, providing a framework for better understanding perceptual and attributional processes influencing the relationship.
An integrative model of knowledge sharing in Malaysian Higher Learning Institute
Authors: Fauzi Muhammad Ashraf , Nya-Ling Christine Tan , Thurasamy Ramayah , Ojo Adedapo Oluwaseyi 
Published: March 2018

Purpose
This paper aims to understand the factors that can determine the knowledge sharing (KS) intention and behaviour of academics in Malaysian higher learning institutes (HLIs), thus affecting academics research productivity.

Design/methodology/approach
The study’s respondents were 525 academics from public and private HLI in Malaysia. This study adapts theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and social capital theory (SCT) to determine academics KS intention and behaviour of academics and the factors that can influence along the KS process.

Findings
Results indicate that among the factors of academics KS behaviour, there are two factors that are not significant, commitment and perceived cost, while the rest showed significant results. The strongest factors are management support and social media use among academics. The result also shows that academics intention to share is explained by 62.1 per cent of the variance, while academics KS behaviour is explained by 47.1 per cent of the variance.

Research limitations/implications
This study shows the high intention and behaviour of sharing among Malaysian academics and suggests that academics in this country are cautious and aware of the importance of knowledge for human capital and development of nation.

Practical implications
This paper facilitates university in hiring academics that support KS activities.

Originality/value
The integration of TPB and SCT in evaluating Malaysian academics KS behaviour can eventually affect the research productivity. Furthermore, addition of several variables, such as perceived cost, facilitating conditions make this study a holistic model to predict academic research performance.
Legal Barriers to the Growth of Health Information Exchange—Boulders or Pebbles?
Authors: MELLO MICHELLE M. , ADLER‐MILSTEIN JULIA , DING KAREN L. , SAVAGE LUCIA 
Published: March 2018

Policy Points:
Historically, in addition to economic and technical hurdles, state and federal health information privacy laws have been cited as a significant obstacle to expanding electronic health information exchange (HIE) in the United States.
Our review finds that over the past decade, several helpful developments have ameliorated the legal barriers to HIE, although variation in states’ patient consent requirements remains a challenge.
Today, health care providers’ complaints about legal obstacles to HIE may be better understood as reflecting concerns about the economic and competitive risks of information sharing.
ContextAlthough the clinical benefits of exchanging patients’ health information electronically across providers have long been recognized, participation in health information exchange (HIE) has lagged behind adoption of electronic health records. Barriers erected by federal and state health information privacy law have been cited as a leading reason for the slow progress. A comprehensive assessment of these issues has not been undertaken for nearly a decade, despite a number of salient legal developments.MethodsAnalysis of federal and state health information privacy statutes and regulations and secondary materials.FindingsAlthough some legal barriers to HIE persist, many have been ameliorated—in some cases, simply through improved understanding of what the law actually requires. It is now clear that the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act presents no obstacles to electronically sharing protected health information for treatment purposes and does not hold providers who properly disclose information liable for privacy breaches by recipients. The failure of federal efforts to establish a unique patient identifier number does slow HIE by inhibiting optimal matching of patient records, but other action to facilitate matching will be taken under the 21st Century Cures Act. The Cures Act also creates the legal architecture to begin to combat “information blocking.” Varying patient consent requirements under federal and state law are the most important remaining legal barrier to HIE progress. However, federal rules relating to disclosure of substance‐abuse treatment information were recently liberalized, and development of a technical standard, Data Segmentation for Privacy, or DS4P, now permits sensitive data requiring special handling to be segmented within a patient's record. Even with these developments, state‐law requirements for patient consent remain daunting to navigate.ConclusionsAlthough patient consent requirements make HIE challenging, providers’ expressed worries about legal barriers to participating in HIE likely primarily reflect concerns that are economically motivated. Lowering the cost of HIE or increasing financial incentives may boost provider participation more than further reducing legal barriers.
The Role of HIPAA Omnibus Rules in Reducing the Frequency of Medical Data Breaches: Insights From an Empirical Study
Authors: YARAGHI NIAM , GOPAL RAM D. 
Published: March 2018

Policy Points:
Frequent data breaches in the US health care system undermine the privacy of millions of patients every year—a large number of which happen among business associates of the health care providers that continue to gain unprecedented access to patients’ data as the US health care system becomes digitally integrated.
Implementation of the HIPAA Omnibus Rules in 2013 has led to a significant decrease in the number of privacy breach incidents among business associates.
ContextFrequent data breaches in the US health care system undermine the privacy of millions of patients every year. A large number of such breaches happens among business associates of the health care providers that continue to gain unprecedented access to patients’ data as the US health care system becomes digitally integrated. The Omnibus Rules of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), which were enacted in 2013, significantly increased the regulatory oversight and privacy protection requirements of business associates. The objective of this study is to empirically examine the effects of this shift in policy on the frequency of medical privacy breaches among business associates in the US health care system. The findings of this research shed light on how regulatory efforts can protect patients’ privacy.MethodsUsing publicly available data on breach incidents between October 2009 and August 2017 as reported by the Office for Civil Rights (OCR), we conducted an interrupted time‐series analysis and a difference‐in‐differences analysis to examine the immediate and long‐term effects of implementation of HIPAA omnibus rules on the frequency of medical privacy breaches.FindingsWe show that implementation of the omnibus rules led to a significant reduction in the number of breaches among business associates and prevented 180 privacy breaches from happening, which could have affected nearly 18 million Americans.ConclusionsImplementation of HIPAA omnibus rules may have been a successful federal policy in enhancing privacy protection efforts and reducing the number of breach incidents in the US health care system.
Hiding in plain sight: Jung, astrology, and the psychology of the unconscious
Authors: Buck Stephanie 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAstrology was a lifelong interest for C.G. Jung and an important aid in his formulation of psyche and psychic process. Archetypally configured, astrology provided Jung an objective means to a fuller understanding of the analysand's true nature and unique individuation journey. Jung credits astrology with helping to unlock the mystery of alchemy and in so doing providing the symbol language necessary for deciphering the historically remote cosmology of Gnosticism. Astrology also aided Jung's work on synchronicity. Despite astrology's worth to Jung's development of analytical psychology, its fundamental role in guiding his discoveries is all but absent from historical notice. The astrological natal chart seems rarely used clinically, and many clinicians seem unaware of its value as a dynamic diagram of the personality and the potentialities within which nature and nurture foster and/or discourage for individual growth and development over the lifespan. This paper charts Jung's interest in astrology and suggests why his great regard for it and other paranormal or occult practices remains largely neglected and unknown.
Patient Preferences for Diagnostic Testing in the Emergency Department: A Cross‐sectional Study
Authors: Porath Jonathan D. , Meka Arjun P. , Morrow Chelsea , Iyengar Rahul , Shtull‐Leber Eytan , Fagerlin Angela , Meurer William J 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundDiagnostic testing is common during emergency department (ED) visits. Little is understood about patient preferences for such testing. We hypothesized that a patient's willingness to undergo diagnostic testing is influenced by the potential benefit, risk, and personal cost.MethodsWe conducted a cross sectional survey among ED patients for diagnostic testing in two hypothetical scenarios: chest pain (CP) and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Each scenario defined specific risks, benefits, and costs of testing. The odds of a participant desiring diagnostic testing were calculated using a series of nested multivariable logistic regression models.ResultsParticipants opted for diagnostic testing 68.2% of the time, including 69.7% of CP and 66.7% of all mTBI scenarios. In the CP scenario, 81% of participants desired free testing versus 59% when it was associated with a $100 copay (difference = 22%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 16% to 28%). Similarly, in the mTBI scenario, 73% of adult participants desired free testing versus 56% when charged a $100 copayment (difference = 17%, 95% CI = 11% to 24%). Benefit and risk had mixed effects across the scenarios. In fully adjusted models, the association between cost and desire for testing persisted in the CP (odds ratio [OR] = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.23 to 0.47) and adult mTBI (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.33 to 0.67) scenarios.ConclusionsIn this ED‐based study, patient preferences for diagnostic testing differed significantly across levels of risk, benefit, and cost of diagnostic testing. Cost was the strongest and most consistent factor associated with decreased desire for testing.
Recent trends in non‐native, invertebrate, plant pest establishments in Great Britain, accounting for time lags in reporting
Authors: Smith Richard M. , Baker Richard H. A. , Collins Dominique W. , Korycinska Anastasia , Malumphy Chris P. , Ostojá‐Starzewski Joe C. , Prior Tom , Pye Dan , Reid Sharon 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Monitoring the establishment of plant pests enables national plant protection organizations to understand trends in biosecurity threats and thus modify their regulatory and management responses.
A dataset of the 267 invertebrate pests establishing in Great Britain was compiled for the period 1970–2013. The number of establishments observed ranged between 1 and 13 per year.
A study of time lags between the detection and reporting of new establishments showed that approximately 50% of new plant pests were reported after 2 years and 95% after 10 years. Therefore, the number of very recent establishments (and hence establishment rates) is underestimated.
Correcting for the reporting lag, the annual rate of establishment was stable until the late 1980s, at approximately four species per year. Afterwards, the mean annual rate approached nine species per year.
Approximately 50% of established species occurred only on hosts in the ornamental sector, approximately 25% in both wild and ornamental situations, and 25% only in the wild. Less than 5% of species pose a threat to economic sectors.
Shared Precarities and Maternal Subjectivities: Navigating Motherhood and Child Custody Loss Among North American Women in Street‐Based Sex Work
Authors: Dewey Susan , Orchard Treena , Brown Kyria 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDrawing upon over a decade of research in our respective communities, we argue that the intergenerational socioeconomic insecurities and violence prevalent in the lives of North American street‐involved women, their families, and others in their social circles constitute a set of shared precarities. Taking both socioinstitutional and interpersonal forms, shared precarities obviate the women's rights to access the lived experience and social status of motherhood. Yet they also engender maternal subjectivities reflective of the ambivalence, temporal ambiguity, and interconnections between family and state structures that characterize the women's child custody arrangements. These maternal subjectivities, and the shared precarities that give rise to them, emphasize how individual members of marginalized communities cope with violence generated by the legitimation of particular family forms and devaluation/criminalization of others. [gender, sex work, precarity, United States, Canada]
Degradation of Six Selected Ultraviolet Filters in Aquifer Materials Under Various Redox Conditions
Authors: Liu You‐Sheng , Ying Guang‐Guo , Shareef Ali , Kookana Rai S. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractLaboratory biodegradation batch studies were performed to investigate the degradation behavior of six selected UV filters, namely benzophenone‐3 (BP‐3), 3‐(4‐methylbenzylidene) camphor (4‐MBC), Octyl 4‐methoxycinnamate (OMC), Octocrylene (OC), 2‐(3‐t‐butyl‐2‐hydroxy‐5‐methylphenyl)‐5‐chloro benzotriazole (UV‐326), and 2‐(2’‐hydroxy‐5’‐octylphenyl)‐benzotriazole (UV‐329) in an aquifer microcosm (groundwater and aquifer sediment mixture) under aerobic and anaerobic (nitrate, sulfate, and Fe(III) reducing) conditions within 77 d. The results from the biodegradation experiments showed that the six UV filters were degraded well in the aquifer materials under different redox conditions. Rapid biodegradation was observed for BP‐3 and OMC in the aquifer materials, with their half‐lives of 1.5‐8.8 d and 1.3‐5.2 d, respectively. In most cases, aerobic conditions were more favorable for the degradation of the UV filters in aquifer materials. Relatively slow degradation of 4‐MBC, UV‐326, and UV‐329 under anaerobic conditions was noted with their half‐lives ranging between 47 d and 126 d, indicating potential persistence in anaerobic aquifers. The results showed that redox conditions could have significant effects on biodegradation of the UV filters in aquifers.
Nature and Estimated Human Toxicity of Polar Metabolite Mixtures in Groundwater Quantified as TPHd/DRO at Biodegrading Fuel Release Sites
Authors: Zemo Dawn A. , O'Reilly Kirk T. , Mohler Rachel E. , Tiwary Asheesh K. , Magaw Renae I. , Synowiec Karen A. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPolar metabolites resulting from petroleum biodegradation are measured in groundwater samples as TPHd unless a silica gel cleanup (SGC) is used on the sample extract to isolate hydrocarbons. Even though the metabolites can be the vast majority of the dissolved organics present in groundwater, SGC has been inconsistently applied because of regulatory concern about the nature and toxicity of the metabolites. A two‐step approach was used to identify polar compounds that were measured as TPHd in groundwater extracts at five sites with biodegrading fuel sources. First, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) was used to identify and quantify 57 individual target polar metabolites. Only one of these compounds—dodecanoic acid, which has low potential human toxicity—was detected. Second, nontargeted analysis was used to identify as many polar metabolites as possible using both GC‐MS and GC×GC‐MS. The nontargeted analysis revealed that the mixture of polar metabolites identified in groundwater source areas at these five sites is composed of approximately equal average percentages of organic acids, alcohols and ketones, with few phenols and aldehydes. The mixture identified in downgradient areas at these five sites is dominated by acids, with fewer alcohols, far fewer ketones, and very few aldehydes and phenols. A ranking system consistent with systems used by USEPA and the United Nations was developed for evaluating the potential chronic oral toxicity to humans of the different classes of identified polar metabolites. The vast majority of the identified polar metabolites have a “Low” toxicity profile, and the mixture of identified polar metabolites present in groundwater extracts at these five sites is unlikely to present a significant risk to human health.
Models of child–parent attachment in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Links to executive functions
Authors: Al‐Yagon Michal 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis study explored multiple attachment relationships and examined four conceptual models of child–mother/father attachment—monotropy, hierarchy, independence, integration—to explain executive functioning (EF) in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) versus typical development (TD; n = 50 each; age: M = 11.45, SD = .50). Significant ADHD versus TD differences emerged on all EF measures and on distribution into four clusters (secure attachment to both parents, neither parent, only father, only mother). For both groups, results supported two attachment models: (a) monotropy: child–mother attachment predicted all EF measures; child–father attachment predicted none and (b) integration: clusters differed significantly on all EF measures. Children with ADHD comprised ∼74% of the high‐risk cluster (concordant insecure attachment, highest EF difficulties). Discussion focused on unique risk/protective roles played by each parental attachment for understanding EF in children with ADHD or TD.
Esthetic treatment of altered passive eruption
Authors: Mele Monica , Felice Pietro , Sharma Praveen , Mazzotti Claudio , Bellone Pietro , Zucchelli Giovanni 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAltered passive eruption is described as a condition in which the relationship between teeth, alveolar bone and soft tissues creates an excessive display of gingiva, commonly known as a ‘gummy smile’. While there are authors who consider altered passive eruption to be a risk to periodontal health, its impact is greatest in terms of oral esthetics. The aim of periodontal management in such cases is not only to improve patient esthetics but also to restore periodontal health by re‐establishing the normal relationship between the gingival margin, alveolar bone crest and cemento–enamel junction. The aim of this article is to present a narrative review of the etiology, classification and management of altered passive eruption.