bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water requirements of canine athletes during multi‐day exercise
Authors: Stephens‐Brown Lara , Davis Michael 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundExercise increases water requirements, but there is little information regarding water loss in dogs performing multi‐day exerciseObjectivesQuantify the daily water turnover of working dogs during multi‐day exercise and establish the suitability of SC administration of tracer to determine water turnover.AnimalsFifteen privately owned Labrador retrievers trained for explosive detection duties and 16 privately owned Alaskan Huskies conditioned for mid‐distance racing.MethodsAll dogs received 0.3 g D2O/kg body weight by IV infusion, gavage, or SC injection before the start of a multi‐day exercise challenge. Explosive detection dogs conducted 5 days of simulated off‐leash explosive detection activity. Alaskan sled dogs completed a mid‐distance stage race totaling 222 km in 2 days. Total body water (TBW) and daily water turnover were calculated using both indicator dilution and elimination regression techniques.ResultsTotal body water (% of body weight) varied from 60% ± 8.6% in minimally conditioned Labrador retrievers to 74% ± 4.5% in highly conditioned Labrador retrievers. Daily water turnover was as high as 45% of TBW during exercise in cold conditions. There was no effect of sex or speed on daily water turnover. There was good agreement between results calculated using the indicator dilution approach and those calculated using a semilog linear regression approach when indicator isotope was administered IV or SC.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceWater requirements are influenced primarily by the amount of work done. SC administration of isotope‐labeled water offers a simple and accurate alternative method for metabolic studies.
Suitability of oral administration of monosodium phosphate, disodium phosphate, and magnesium phosphate for the rapid correction of hypophosphatemia in cattle
Authors: Cohrs Imke , Grünberg Walter 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundHypophosphatemia is commonly associated with disease and decreased productivity in dairy cows particularly in early lactation. Oral supplementation with phosphate salts is recognized as suitable for the rapid correction of hypophosphatemia. Little information is available about the differences in efficacy between salts used for oral phosphorus supplementation.ObjectivesComparison of efficacy of oral administration of NaH2PO4, Na2HPO4, and MgHPO4 in treating hypophosphatemia in cattle.Animals12 healthy dairy cows in the fourth week of lactation in their second to fifth lactation.MethodsRandomized clinical study. Phosphorus deficient, hypophosphatemic cows underwent a sham treatment and were afterwards assigned to 1 of 3 treatments—NaH2PO4, Na2HPO4, or MgHPO4 (each provided the equivalent of 60 g of phosphorus). Blood samples were obtained immediately before and repeatedly after treatment.ResultsTreatment with NaH2PO4 and Na2HPO4 resulted in rapid and sustained increases of plasma phosphate concentrations ([Pi]). Significant effects were apparent within 1 hour (NaH2PO4: P = .0044; Na2HPO4: P = .0077). Peak increments of plasma [Pi] of 5.33 mg/dL [5.26–5.36] and 4.30 mg/dL [3.59–4.68] (median and interquartile range) were reached after 7 and 6 hours in animals treated with NaPH2PO4 and Na2HPO4, respectively, whereas treatment with MgHPO4 led to peak increments 14 hours after treatment (3.19 mg/dL [2.11–4.04]).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceNaH2PO4 and Na2HPO4 are suitable to rapidly correct hypophosphatemia in cattle. Because of the protracted and weaker effect, MgHPO4 cannot be recommended for this purpose. Despite important differences in solubility of NaH2PO4 and Na2HPO4 only small plasma [Pi] differences were observed after treatment.
Detection and seroprevalence of morbillivirus and other paramyxoviruses in geriatric cats with and without evidence of azotemic chronic kidney disease
Authors: McCallum Katie Elizabeth , Stubbs Sam , Hope Nicholas , Mickleburgh Ian , Dight Dave , Tiley Laurence , Williams Tim L. 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundFeline morbillivirus (FeMV) is associated with the presence of tubulo‐interstitial nephritis (TIN) in cats, however the seroprevalence of FeMV in the UK and the association between the presence of FeMV and renal azotemia is unknownHypothesis/ObjectivesTo identify whether paramyxoviruses are present in urine samples of geriatric cats and to develop an assay to assess FeMV seroprevalence. To investigate the relationship between both urinary paramyxovirus (including FeMV) excretion and FeMV seroprevalence and azotemic chronic kidney disease (CKD).AnimalsSeventy‐nine cats (40 for FeMV detection; 72 for seroprevalence).MethodsRetrospective cross‐sectional, case control study. Viral RNA was extracted from urine for RT‐PCR. PCR products were sequenced for virus identification and comparison. The FeMV N protein gene was cloned and partially purified for use as an antigen to screen cat sera for anti‐FeMV antibodies by Western Blot.ResultsFeline morbillivirus RNA from five distinct morbilliviruses were identified. Detection was not significantly different between azotemic CKD (1/16) and nonazotemic groups (4/24; P = .36). Three distinct, non‐FeMV paramyxoviruses were present in the nonazotemic group but their absence from the azotemic group was not statistically significant (P = .15). 6/14 (43%) azotemic cats and 40/55 (73%) nonazotemic cats were seropositive (P = .06).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceFeline morbillivirus was detected in cats in the UK for the First time. However, there was no association between virus prevalence or seropositivity and azotemic CKD. These data do not support the hypothesis that FeMV infection is associated with the development of azotemic CKD in cats in the UK.
Sonographic features of peritoneal lymphomatosis in 4 cats
Authors: Morgan Keaton R. S. , North Courtney E. , Thompson Devon J. 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundThe metastatic spread of feline lymphoma to the peritoneum (“lymphomatosis”) has been rarely reported in the literature. The sonographic features specific to this rare disease manifestation have not been described and have important treatment and prognostic considerations prompting definitive diagnosis.ObjectivesTo describe the ultrasonic features of feline peritoneal lymphomatosis.AnimalsFour cats with alimentary lymphoma and peritoneal metastasis confirmed using cytology, histology, or both.ResultsThe sonographic features described include either a nonobstructive, focally diffuse, and circumferential intestinal mass, or an eccentric, focally diffuse, gastric mass. The intestinal and gastric lesions exhibited hypo‐to‐anechoic transmural wall thickening with loss of wall layering in association with discrete‐to‐coalescing plaques or sheets of thickened, hypoechoic tissue throughout the mesentery or omenta. All cases exhibited only small volumes of anechoic free peritoneal fluid. Three of the 4 cats also had multiple small hypoechoic nodular foci on the parietal and/or visceral peritoneal surfaces. Two cats had bilateral renomegaly because of lymphoma invasion (2/4) and 1 cat had local lymphadenopathy secondary to lymphoma invasion (1/4).Conclusions and Clinical ImportancePeritoneal lymphomatosis is a rare manifestation of lymphoma metastasis and to date appears to be associated specifically with B‐cell alimentary lymphoma.
Pulmonary transit time derived from pulmonary angiography for the diagnosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome
Authors: Zhao He , Tsauo Jiaywei , Zhang Xiaowu , Ma Huaiyuan , Weng Ningna , Wang Luhua , Li Xiao 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackground & AimsPulmonary transit time (PTT) is the transit time of blood from the right side of the heart to the left side of the heart. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of the PTT derived from pulmonary angiography in the diagnosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS).MethodsFrom December 2014 to September 2015, all patients with chronic liver disease and/or portal hypertension undergoing a venous interventional radiologic procedure at our institution were eligible for inclusion in this prospective study. Pulmonary angiography was performed in all patients, and the PTT, which was defined as the time between opacification of the pulmonary trunk and the right border of the left atrium, was determined.ResultsA total of 53 patients were included, 20 of whom had a positive contrast‐enhanced echocardiography result and an elevated alveolar‐arterial oxygen gradient were considered to have HPS. PTT was significantly shorter in patients with HPS than in those without [median, 3.34 (interquartile range, 3.01‐3.67) seconds vs 4.0 (interquartile range, 3.67‐4.17) seconds; P < .001]. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of PTT for diagnosing HPS was 0.83 (95% confidence interval, 0.70‐0.92). The optimal cut‐off value of PTT for diagnosing HPS, based on Youden's index, was 3.55 seconds. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of PTT < 3.55 seconds for diagnosing HPS were 70%, 85% and 79% respectively.ConclusionsPulmonary transit time derived from pulmonary angiography is useful for diagnosing HPS, especially for patients with intracardiac shunts and inadequate echocardiographic windows.
On the complementary distribution of plurals and classifiers in East Asian classifier languages
Authors: Kim Kyumin , Melchin Paul B. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIt is widely recognized that plural morphemes and classifiers are in complementary distribution, being unable to co‐occur. Recent literature suggests a syntactic account for complementary distribution: A plural morpheme and a classifier realize the same functional head, and thus, they cannot co‐occur. The goal of this article is to examine whether this syntactic approach to the alleged complementary distribution is applicable to certain classifier languages. We review analyses for each of 3 classifier languages, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, where a plural and a classifier co‐occur. The reviewed analyses suggest that plural markers in these classifier languages do not realize the same head with classifiers (e.g., a plural instantiates Num/D in Chinese differently from a classifier), which accounts for its co‐occurrence with a classifier. This paper also discusses other approaches to the complementary distribution of plural morphemes and classifiers, for example, a typological view and a semantic view, and concludes that they may not account for the data in the languages under discussion.
A Genealogy of Animal Diseases and Social Anthropology (1870–2000)
Authors: Keck Frédéric 
Published: March 2018

AbstractCulling, vaccinating, and monitoring animals are the three main techniques used in contemporary veterinary public health to manage animal diseases that can be transmitted to humans. Each technique is underpinned by different ontological understandings of how microbes figure in relations between humans and animals. Therefore, animal diseases are not only a question for an applied anthropology but also involve the theoretical core of the discipline: that is, understanding how social causality emerges out of physical causality. To defend this argument, the article describes what Herbert Spencer wrote about foot‐and‐mouth disease; what William Robertson Smith thought about sacrifice in the context of bovine tuberculosis; how Emile Durkheim took vaccination for smallpox as a metaphor for the pathologies of the social; and what Claude Lévi‐Strauss wrote about mad cow disease. The conceptions of the social in the writing of these four authors are analyzed through their understanding of the risk of transmission of animal diseases to humans, moving from prevention to precaution to preparedness.
The low‐molecular‐mass, penicillin‐binding proteins DacB and DacC combine to modify peptidoglycan cross‐linking and allow stable Type IV pilus expression in Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Obergfell Kyle P. , Schaub Ryan E. , Priniski Lauren L. , Dillard Joseph P. , Seifert H Steven 
Published: March 2018

SummaryNeisseria gonorrhoeae is the causative agent of the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea and is adapted to survive in humans, its only host. The N. gonorrhoeae cell wall is critical for maintaining envelope integrity, resisting immune cell killing and production of cytotoxic peptidoglycan (PG) fragments. Deletion of the N. gonorrhoeae strain FA1090 genes encoding two predicted low‐molecular‐mass, penicillin‐binding proteins (LMM PBPs), DacB and DacC, substantially altered the PG cross‐linking. Loss of the DacB peptidase resulted in global alterations to the PG composition, while loss of the DacC protein affected a much narrower subset of PG peptide components. A double ΔdacB/ΔdacC mutant resembled the ΔdacB single mutant, but had an even greater level of cross‐linked PG. While single ΔdacB or ΔdacC mutants did not show any major phenotypes, the ΔdacB/ΔdacC mutant displayed an altered cellular morphology, decreased resistance to antibiotics and increased sensitivity to detergent‐mediated death. Loss of the two proteins also drastically reduced the number of Type IV pili (Tfp), a critical virulence factor. The decreased piliation reduced transformation efficiency and correlated with increased growth rate. While these two LMM PBPs differentially alter the PG composition, their overlapping effects are essential to proper envelope function and expression of factors critical for pathogenesis.
Engineering d‐limonene synthase down‐regulation in orange fruit induces resistance against the fungus Phyllosticta citricarpa through enhanced accumulation of monoterpene alcohols and activation of defence
Authors: Rodríguez Ana , Kava Vanessa , Latorre‐García Lorena , da Silva Geraldo J. , Pereira Rosana G. , Glienke Chirlei , Ferreira‐Maba Lisandra S. , Vicent Antonio , Shimada Takehiko , Peña Leandro 
Published: March 2018

SummaryTerpene volatiles play an important role in the interactions between specialized pathogens and fruits. Citrus black spot (CBS), caused by the fungus Phyllosticta citricarpa, is associated with crop losses in different citrus‐growing areas worldwide. The pathogen may infect the fruit for 20–24 weeks after petal fall, but the typical hard spot symptoms appear when the fruit have almost reached maturity, caused by fungal colonization and the induction of cell lysis around essential oil cavities. d‐Limonene represents approximately 95% of the total oil gland content in mature orange fruit. Herein, we investigated whether orange fruit with reduced d‐limonene content in peel oil glands via an antisense (AS) approach may affect fruit interaction with P. citricarpa relative to empty vector (EV) controls. AS fruit showed enhanced resistance to the fungus relative to EV fruit. Because of the reduced d‐limonene content, an over‐accumulation of linalool and other monoterpene alcohols was found in AS relative to EV fruit. A global gene expression analysis at 2 h and 8 days after inoculation with P. citricarpa revealed the activation of defence responses in AS fruit via the up‐regulation of different pathogenesis‐related (PR) protein genes, probably as a result of enhanced constitutive accumulation of linalool and other alcohols. When assayed in vitro and in vivo, monoterpene alcohols at the concentrations present in AS fruit showed strong antifungal activity. We show here that terpene engineering in fruit peels could be a promising method for the development of new strategies to obtain resistance to fruit diseases.
Empirical Vindication of Moral Luck
Authors: Kumar Victor 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn resultant moral luck, blame and punishment seem intuitively to depend on downstream effects of a person’s action that are beyond his or her control. Some skeptics argue that we should override our intuitions about moral luck and reform our practices. Other skeptics attempt to explain away apparent cases of moral luck as epistemic artifacts. I argue, to the contrary, that moral luck is real—that people are genuinely responsible for some things beyond their control. A partially consequentialist theory of responsibility justifies moral luck. But this justification is no mere rationalization of the status quo. Recent experimental and evolutionary work on punishment and learning suggests that the very same reasons that justify moral luck have also shaped the evolution of our luck‐sensitive moral practices.
Transgenerational phenotype aggravation in CAF‐1 mutants reveals parent‐of‐origin specific epigenetic inheritance
Authors: Mozgova Iva , Wildhaber Thomas , Trejo‐Arellano Minerva S. , Fajkus Jiri , Roszak Pawel , Köhler Claudia , Hennig Lars 
Published: March 2018

Summary

Chromatin is assembled by histone chaperones such as chromatin assembly factor CAF‐1. We had noticed that vigor of Arabidopsis thaliana CAF‐1 mutants decreased over several generations. Because changes in mutant phenotype severity over generations are unusual, we asked how repeated selfing of Arabidopsis CAF‐1 mutants affects phenotype severity.

CAF‐1 mutant plants of various generations were grown, and developmental phenotypes, transcriptomes and DNA cytosine‐methylation profiles were compared quantitatively.

Shoot‐ and root‐related growth phenotypes were progressively more affected in successive generations of CAF‐1 mutants. Early and late generations of the fasciata (fas)2‐4 CAF‐1 mutant displayed only limited changes in gene expression, of which increasing upregulation of plant defense‐related genes reflects the transgenerational phenotype aggravation. Likewise, global DNA methylation in the sequence context CHG but not CG or CHH (where H = A, T or C) changed over generations in fas2‐4. Crossing early and late generation fas2‐4 plants established that the maternal contribution to the phenotype severity exceeds the paternal contribution.

Together, epigenetic rather than genetic mechanisms underlie the progressive developmental phenotype aggravation in the Arabidopsis CAF‐1 mutants and preferred maternal transmission reveals a more efficient reprogramming of epigenetic information in the male than the female germline.
Multiscale patterns and drivers of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in the roots and root‐associated soil of a wild perennial herb
Authors: Rasmussen Pil U. , Hugerth Luisa W. , Blanchet F. Guillaume , Andersson Anders F. , Lindahl Björn D. , Tack Ayco J. M. 
Published: March 2018

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form diverse communities and are known to influence above‐ground community dynamics and biodiversity. However, the multiscale patterns and drivers of AM fungal composition and diversity are still poorly understood.

We sequenced DNA markers from roots and root‐associated soil from Plantago lanceolata plants collected across multiple spatial scales to allow comparison of AM fungal communities among neighbouring plants, plant subpopulations, nearby plant populations, and regions. We also measured soil nutrients, temperature, humidity, and community composition of neighbouring plants and nonAM root‐associated fungi.

AM fungal communities were already highly dissimilar among neighbouring plants (c. 30 cm apart), albeit with a high variation in the degree of similarity at this small spatial scale. AM fungal communities were increasingly, and more consistently, dissimilar at larger spatial scales. Spatial structure and environmental drivers explained a similar percentage of the variation, from 7% to 25%. A large fraction of the variation remained unexplained, which may be a result of unmeasured environmental variables, species interactions and stochastic processes.

We conclude that AM fungal communities are highly variable among nearby plants. AM fungi may therefore play a major role in maintaining small‐scale variation in community dynamics and biodiversity.
Nursing history as philosophy—towards a critical history of nursing
Authors: Foth Thomas , Lange Jette , Smith Kylie 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMainstream nursing history often positions itself in opposition to philosophy and many nursing historians are reticent of theorizing. In the quest to illuminate the lives of nurses and women current historical approaches are driven by reformist aspirations but are based on the conception that nursing or caring is basically good and the timelessness of universal values. This has the effect of essentialising political categories of identity such as class, race and gender. This kind of history is about affirmation rather than friction and about the conservation of memory and musealization. In contrast, we will focus on how we imagine nursing history could be used as a philosophical, critical perspective to challenge the ongoing transformations of our societies. Existing reality must be confronted with strangeness and the historically different can assume the function of this counterpart, meaning present and past must continuously be set in relation to each other. Thus, critical history is always the history of the present but not merely the pre‐history of the present – critique must rather present different realities and different certainties. In this paper, we use this approach to discuss the implementation of the nursing process (NP) in Germany. The nursing process appears to be a technology that helped to set up an infrastructure ‐ or assemblage ‐ to transform nursing interventions into a commodity exchangable between consumers and nurses in a free market. In our theoretical perspective, we argue that NP was a step in the realization of the German ordoliberal program, a specific variety of neoliberalism. In order to implement market‐orientation in the healthcare system it was necessary to transform hospitals into calculable spaces and to make all performances in the hospital calculable. This radically transformed not just the systems, but the ways in which nurses and patients conveived of themselves.
Assessment of physical activity intensity and duration in the paediatric population: evidence to support an a priori hypothesis and sample size in the agreement between subjective and objective methods
Authors: Nascimento‐Ferreira M. V. , De Moraes A. C. F. , Toazza Oliveira P. V. , Rendo‐Urteaga T. , Gracia‐Marco L. , Forjaz C. L. M. , Moreno L. A. , Carvalho H. B. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryWe aimed to provide evidence for an a priori hypothesis and sample size for subjectively assessing physical activity intensity and duration in paediatric population, adopting objective methods as the reference. We searched electronic databases, reference lists and author databases. Correlation coefficients were pooled as an indicator of agreement estimates. We found 183 agreement analyses (94.5% based on correlation coefficients) from 89 studies that met our inclusion criteria. We identified four physical activity parameters addressing intensity and two parameters addressing duration. The physical activity parameters focusing on intensity were measured only by questionnaires, and the best correlation was achieved by moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity compared with a heart rate monitor. In addition, total physical activity duration had a stronger correlation with an accelerometer when measured by diaries or logs than when measured by questionnaires. In both cases, the correlation was moderate. Studies with sample sizes between 50 and 99 subjects showed measurements that were stable in both magnitude and interpretation. Our findings suggest that the agreement between subjective and objective methods for assessing physical activity intensity and duration is weak to moderate. Furthermore, sample sizes ranging from 50 to 99 subjects provide stable agreement estimates between methods.