bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strengthening advocacy and policy change for infant and young child feeding
Authors: Michaud‐Létourneau Isabelle , Gayard Marion , Pelletier David Louis 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe creation of environments that are more supportive of optimal infant and young child feeding (IYCF) requires countries to enact policies, such as those related to the Maternity Protection Convention, the International Code of Marketing of Breast‐milk Substitutes (the Code), and the Baby‐Friendly Hospital Initiative. However, challenges are experienced in the translation of international policy standards into national legal measures, and there is an important gap in understanding how countries achieve progress. Policy advocacy is a nearly universal feature, but there are methodological challenges and few studies evaluating strategies and effects. The purpose of this supplement to Maternal & Child Nutrition is to address those gaps. This supplement contains three papers that present findings from a real‐time evaluation of the advocacy efforts of Alive & Thrive (A&T), United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), and partners, that sought to support governments in fostering enabling environment for optimal IYCF in Southeast Asia (SEA) and Africa. A combination of two emergent, theory‐based evaluation approaches was used: developmental evaluation and contribution analysis. The overall objective of the evaluation was to document the extent to which policy objectives were or were not achieved in each country and to identify the key drivers of policy change. One contribution of the supplement is a distinction between and illustration of triggers and drivers of policy change. Three main drivers of policy change were identified: (a) the use of an explicit advocacy approach; (b) the creation of a strategic group of actors; and (c) the realization of 15 critical tasks (more specifically for the Code). Each of the critical tasks has been identified as having triggered progress on the Code in those countries. This supplement provides evidence that the advocacy efforts of A&T, UNICEF, and partners contributed to enhanced IYCF policies in SEA and reveals how it helped to achieve progress. The insights contained in this supplement can serve as a guide for policy advocates for enhanced IYCF policies. A short communication puts findings into perspective within global context.
Solid advice: Complementary feeding experiences among disadvantaged parents in two countries
Authors: Tully Louise , Allen‐Walker Virginia , Spyreli Eleni , McHugh Sheena , Woodside Jayne V. , Kearney Patricia M. , McKinley Michelle C. , Dean Moira , Kelly Colette 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe initiation of complementary feeding (CF; introducing infants to food/drink other than milk) is recommended close to 6 months and not before 4 months of age. Low socio‐economic status (SES) is a determinant of nonadherence to CF recommendations, but there is an evidence gap around reasons for nonadherence among these parents. This study investigated knowledge, attitudes, and practices of disadvantaged families (in terms of SES and social support) and use of guidance for CF, in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Parents of infants aged 3–14 months were recruited via community groups. Semistructured focus groups aided by vignettes were used. Data were analysed using an inductive thematic approach. Nineteen focus groups took place with parents (n = 83). A range of factors influence parents when introducing solids. Sources of guidance extend to family, friends, the internet, and commercial resources. Parents experience uncertainty and anxiety during this time, driven by lack of knowledge and conflicting advice. Five major themes were identified: (a) more guidance that is accessible, timely, and respectfully needed; (b) the challenge of choosing safe, nutritious food; (c) “everybody has an opinion”; (d) feelings of inadequacy, embarrassment, and guilt; and (e) decisions are ultimately based on individual circumstances. CF advice should be culturally appropriate, practical, and empowering, emphasising the rationale behind updates to recommendations and consequences of nonadherence. Future training of health professionals for delivery of CF advice and guidance should consider these findings. Compliance with CF recommendations is influenced by health professionals, the wider family, and the commercial baby‐food sector.
Size matters in regulating the biodiversity of tropical forest soils
Authors: Dumbrell Alex J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTropical forests have long fascinated ecologists, inspiring a plethora of research into the mechanisms regulating their immense biodiversity, which originally captured the interests of early natural historians and explorers, and that still persists to this day. A new focus of this research emerged in the early 2000s highlighting the potential role of neutral (stochastic) processes in regulating the composition and diversity of tropical forest communities, and thus the maintenance of a large portion of global biodiversity (Hubbell, 2001). This strictly contrasted the long‐held belief that communities assembled via the sorting of species (and their abundances) via a deterministic response to local abiotic and biotic environmental conditions, reflecting the niche of each species (Leibold & McPeek, 2006). Yet, it is unlikely that the assembly of any community is solely governed by either stochastic or deterministic processes, but instead a combination of both. However, whether deterministic processes via niche‐based environmental sorting of species, or stochastic processes reflecting pattens of dispersal limitation, neutral effects and ecological drift dominate is often unclear. This prompts questions as to whether the relative influence of one process over another is dependent on the scale (spatial or temporal) or context of the study, or specific traits of the taxa under investigation (e.g., body size). In a From the Cover paper in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Zinger et al. (2018) tackle all these issues and show, among other things, that for soil microbes and mesofauna from tropical forests, the relative contribution of stochastic and deterministic processes in assembling their communities is strongly dependent on the body size or the studied taxa.
No evidence that gut microbiota impose a net cost on their butterfly host
Authors: Ravenscraft Alison , Kish Nicole , Peay Kabir , Boggs Carol 
Published: February 2019

AbstractGut microbes are believed to play a critical role in most animal life, yet fitness effects and cost–benefit trade‐offs incurred by the host are poorly understood. Unlike most hosts studied to date, butterflies largely acquire their nutrients from larval feeding, leaving relatively little opportunity for nutritive contributions by the adult's microbiota. This provides an opportunity to measure whether hosting gut microbiota comes at a net nutritional price. Because host and bacteria may compete for sugars, we hypothesized that gut flora would be nutritionally neutral to adult butterflies with plentiful food, but detrimental to semistarved hosts, especially when at high density. We held field‐caught adult Speyeria mormonia under abundant or restricted food conditions. Because antibiotic treatments did not generate consistent variation in their gut microbiota, we used interindividual variability in bacterial loads and operational taxonomic unit abundances to examine correlations between host fitness and the abdominal microbiota present upon natural death. We detected strikingly few relationships between microbial flora and host fitness. Neither total bacterial load nor the abundances of dominant bacterial taxa were related to butterfly fecundity, egg mass or egg chemical content. Increased abundance of a Commensalibacter species did correlate with longer host life span, while increased abundance of a Rhodococcus species correlated with shorter life span. Contrary to our expectations, these relationships were unchanged by food availability to the host and were unrelated to reproductive output. Our results suggest the butterfly microbiota comprises parasitic, commensal and beneficial taxa that together do not impose a net reproductive cost, even under caloric stress.
Towards a systematic understanding of structure–function relationship of dimethylsulfoniopropionate‐catabolizing enzymes
Authors: Chen Yin , Schäfer Hendrik 
Published: February 2019

SummaryEach year, several million tons of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) are produced by marine phytoplankton and bacteria as an important osmolyte to regulate their cellular osmosis. Microbial breakdown of DMSP to the volatile gas dimethylsulfide (DMS) plays an important role in global biogeochemical cycles of the sulphur element between land and the sea. Understanding the enzymes involved in the transformation of DMSP and DMS holds the key to a better understanding of oceanic DMSP cycles. Recent work by Shao et al. (2019) has resolved the crystal structure of two important enzymes, DmdB and DmdC, involved in DMSP transformation through the demethylation pathway. Their work represents an important step towards a systematic understanding of the structure–function relationships of DMSP‐catabolizing enzymes in marine microbes.
The Effect of Task Conflict on Relationship Quality: The Mediating Role of Relational Behavior
Authors: Lu Wenxue , Guo Wenqian 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPrevious studies have paid insufficient attention to how interorganizational task conflict affects relationship quality between parties. On the basis of survey data from the construction industry, this study explores the impact of interorganizational task conflict on relationship quality and the mediating role of relational behavior. The empirical results reveal that task conflict affects relationship quality (including satisfaction, trust, and commitment) negatively. Relational behavior has three dimensions: flexibility, information exchange, and solidarity. Information exchange partially mediates the effect of task conflict on satisfaction, trust, and commitment; solidarity plays a partial mediating role in the impact of task conflict on trust and commitment; and flexibility only mediates the impact of task conflict on satisfaction partially. Relational behavior in accordance with relational norms can partially account for the impact of interorganizational task conflict on relationship quality. This paper also provides practical guidance for construction practitioners.
Muscle MRI findings in herpes zoster‐associated brachial plexopathy
Authors: Miyaue Noriyuki , Yabe Hayato 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA 70‐year‐old woman presented at our hospital with difficulty in raising the left arm. Two months previously, she developed vesicular rash and pain in the left shoulder and was diagnosed with herpes zoster. Muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed increased diffusion‐weighted image (DWI) signal intensity in the left supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis muscles. After steroid therapy, her muscle strength showed complete clinical recovery and a follow‐up MRI showed a remarkable reduction in DWI hyperintensity in the left shoulder girdle muscles. Muscle MRI findings could be useful to diagnose lesions and evaluate progression in cases presenting focal weakness associated with herpes zoster.
Foliar uptake of atmospheric nitrate by two dominant subalpine plants: insights from in situ triple‐isotope analysis
Authors: Bourgeois Ilann , Clément Jean‐Christophe , Caillon Nicolas , Savarino Joël 
Published: February 2019

Summary

The significance of foliar uptake of nitrogen (N) compounds in natural conditions is not well understood, despite growing evidence of its importance to plant nutrition. In subalpine meadows, N‐limitation fosters the dominance of specific subalpine plant species, which in turn ensures the provision of essential ecosystems services. Understanding how these plants absorb N and from which sources is important in predicting ecological consequences of increasing N deposition.

Here, we investigate the sources of N to plants from subalpine meadows with distinct land‐use history in the French Alps, using the triple isotopes (Δ17O, δ18O, and δ15N) of plant tissue nitrate (NO3−). We use this approach to evaluate the significance of foliar uptake of atmospheric NO3− (NO3−atm).

The foliar uptake of NO3−atm accounted for 4–16% of the leaf NO3− content, and contributed more to the leaf NO3− pool after peak biomass. Additionally, the gradual 15N enrichment of NO3− from the soil to the leaves reflected the contribution of NO3−atm assimilation to plants’ metabolism.

The present study confirms that foliar uptake is a potentially important pathway for NO3−atm into subalpine plants. This is of major significance as N emissions (and deposition) are predicted to increase globally in the future.
Preface to COAST 2018 Innovators’ Workshop: Bridging the biology and technology gap in orthodontics and craniofacial care
Authors: Iwasaki Laura R. , Covell David A. , Frazier‐Bowers Sylvia A. , Huja Sarandeep S. , Kapila Sunil , Nickel Jeff C. 
Published: February 2019

Structured AbstractObjectiveA third focused workshop explored how to transfer novel findings into clinical orthodontic practice.Setting and sample populationParticipants met at the Scottsdale Plaza Resort, 12‐16 September 2018 for the Consortium for Orthodontic Advances in Science and Technology 2018 Innovators’ Workshop. Thirty speakers and four lunch‐hour focus group leaders shared and exchanged information with approximately 45 registered attendees.Material and methodsThis Innovators’ Workshop was organized according to five themed sessions which covered: (a) The relevance of genetics, biology and environment to therapeutic outcomes; (b) Application of bioinformatics in craniofacial research; (c) Regeneration with and for orthodontic treatment; (d) Technology in precision orthodontics; and (e) Muscle, joint, and airway: Growth, function and pain.ResultsThe papers that comprise this supplemental issue exemplify the important outcomes of the 2018 COAST Workshop. In addition, matters identified as important needs include improved understanding of neural, skeletal and muscle tissue crosstalk in early craniofacial growth; standardized methods for three‐dimensional radiographic and surface landmark and reference plane identification, measurements and serial superimpositioning techniques for use in the clinic; sharing and making available existing data sets (eg, cone beam computed tomography images, genotype‐phenotype data); evidence of the usefulness and effectiveness of new devices; guidelines of what to measure to characterize the airway; more information about the influences of the soft tissues on craniofacial morphology; and information about effective digital work flows applied to clinical and educational settings.ConclusionsProgress in bridging the biology‐technology gap has identified new needs for improvements in orthodontics and craniofacial care.
Relationships of maxillofacial morphology and malocclusion with handgrip strength in adult women
Authors: Nakagawa Shoko , Maeda‐Iino Aya , Miyawaki Shouichi 
Published: February 2019

Structured AbstractObjectivesMaxillofacial morphology and malocclusion are related to maximum occlusal force (MOF). Although it has been reported that MOF was related to handgrip strength (HS), the relationships between maxillofacial morphology/malocclusion and HS remain unclear. This study aimed to examine the relationships between maxillofacial morphology, malocclusion and HS.Setting and sample populationEighty‐five women with malocclusion, aged 18‐40 years, were selected.Materials and methodsLateral cephalometric radiographs (SNA, SNB, ANB, mandibular plane‐FH, and gonial angles, overjet and overbite), the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index and HS were measured. Subjects were classified by the Japanese normal mean value of cephalometric analysis or the reference value which was defined by degree of malocclusion in each PAR index measurement item (small/low: value < mean/reference value, large/high: value ≧ mean/reference value). Measurements were then compared between groups.ResultsHS of the large‐gonial angle group was lower than that of the small‐gonial angle group. In the small‐overbite group or high‐transverse (PAR index score showing crossbite/scissor bite in the canine and molars) group, HS in the large‐gonial angle group was significantly lower than that in the small‐gonial angle group.ConclusionsOur results suggest that gonial angle is the largest factor affecting HS. HS may be especially low in those subjects with a large gonial angle and a small overbite or a crossbite/scissor bite in the molar section.
Subset of CD8+ and FOXP3 + T cells in lichen planus associated with chronic hepatitis C infection
Authors: de Camargo Alessandra Rodrigues , Tenório Jefferson Rocha , Martins Fabiana , Grando Liliane Janete , Corrêa Esther Buzaglo Dantas , Trierveiler Marília , Ortega Karem L. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo verify whether there are differences between populations of CD8 + and FoxP3 + T cells in lesions of oral lichen planus associated with hepatitis C virus chronic infection (OLP‐HCV) and lesions of idiopathic oral lichen planus (OLP‐I).Materials and MethodsA case–control study was performed using a convenience sample of 11 paraffin‐embedded tissue blocks of OLP‐HCV and 19 of OLP‐I. Histological sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin were used to classify the intensity of inflammatory infiltrate. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify CD8 + and FoxP3 + T cells. The count of positive cells was compared between the two groups and correlated to clinical and demographic data (p < 0.05).ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences in the distribution of CD8 + and FoxP3 + T cells regarding the inflammatory infiltrate in lesions of OLP‐HCV and OLP‐I. Atrophic/erosive lesions showed a higher relationship between counts of CD8/FoxP3 T cells per mm2 (p = 0.018) and counts of CD8 + T cells per mm2 (p = 0.034) in OLP‐HCV group compared to OLP‐I group.ConclusionOverall, no difference was found between cell populations in the lesions of OLP‐HCV and OLP‐I. However, atrophic/erosive lesions of OLP‐HCV had a higher amount of CD8 + T cells and lower FoxP3 expression.
Is orofacial pain a pain in the neck?
Authors: Travers A. , Feinberg L. , O'Neill F. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAcute orofacial pain in the head and neck region is a common complaint; however it can be a diagnostic challenge due to the anatomical complexities in this region, sometimes making the origin of pain difficult to source. Accurate diagnosis relies on a systematic evaluation of the patient's pain history, medical factors and clinical signs and symptoms. An assessment of the patient's cervical musculoskeletal system is often overlooked but can provide important diagnostic information.
The utility of the pretracheal stethoscope in detecting ventilatory abnormalities during propofol sedation in children
Authors: Boriosi Juan P. , Zhao Qianqian , Preston Ashley , Hollman Gregory A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundMonitoring of ventilation with capnography or a stethoscope is recommended because the detection of ventilatory abnormalities can be significantly delayed by the use of pulse oximetry alone in patients receiving supplemental oxygen. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the pretracheal stethoscope with pulse oximetry and capnography in detecting adverse respiratory events during propofol sedation in nonintubated children. We hypothesized that use of the pretracheal stethoscope would facilitate earlier detection of adverse respiratory events.MethodsThis was a prospective observational study of children undergoing procedural sedation at a pediatric sedation program. A pretracheal stethoscope, pulse oximetry, and nasal capnography were attached at the discretion of the sedation nurse and provider to monitor ventilation.ResultsWe enrolled 104 patient encounters (mean recorded time, SD 8.3 ± 5.3 minutes) from February, 2015 to March, 2017. The pretracheal stethoscope was the first monitor to detect adverse events in 64% (25/39) of patients compared to 18% (7/39) for capnography and 15% (6/39) for pulse oximetry. Auscultation performed best at detecting upper airway obstruction but capnography and pulse oximetry performed best at detecting hypoventilation. The positive predictive value for detecting a true ventilation abnormality and 95% CI of the pretracheal stethoscope, pulse oximetry, and capnography was 100% (90%‐100%), 18% (10%‐31%), and 27% (18%‐38%), respectively. The negative predictive value and 95% CI of the pretracheal stethoscope, pulse oximetry, and capnography was 88% (82%‐92%), 68% (59%‐75%), and 70% (61%‐78%), respectively. Limitations are short observation time, nonstandardized application of respiratory monitors, and too much focus on auscultation.ConclusionA pretracheal stethoscope in conjunction with capnography and pulse oximetry detects most sedation‐related adverse events first. Auscultation performed best at detecting upper airway obstruction but capnography and pulse oximetry performed best at detecting hypoventilation.
Different roles of shared and vertical leadership in promoting team creativity: Cultivating and synthesizing team members’ individual creativity
Authors: He Wei , Hao Po , Huang Xu , Long Li‐Rong , Hiller Nathan J. , Li Shao‐Long 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDrawing on the componential model of creativity (Amabile), we examined how shared leadership and a formally appointed leader's transformational leadership jointly cultivate team creativity in two studies. We conducted an experiment with a sample of 109 undergraduate students (32 teams) enrolled in a business plan competition (Study 1) and a field survey based on multisource, time‐lagged data collected from 251 full‐time employees working on 64 research and development teams (Study 2). The results from both studies revealed that shared leadership enhanced team members’ individual creative self‐efficacy and individual creativity, which in turn improved team creativity. Moreover, the results from Study 2 showed that a formally appointed leader's use of different transformational leadership behaviors had different impacts on individual and team creativity. Individual‐focused transformational leadership strengthened the positive effect of shared leadership on team members’ average individual creativity, whereas group‐focused transformational leadership facilitated the translation of teams with high average individual creativity into teams with high levels of team creativity. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.