bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three Kinds of Spatial Cognition
Authors: Newcombe Nora S. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSpatial cognition is often (but wrongly) conceptualized as a single domain of cognition. However, humans function in more than one way in the spatial world. We navigate, as do all mobile animals, but we also manipulate objects using distinctive hands with opposable thumbs, unlike other species. In fact, an important characteristic of human adaptation is the ability to invent tools. Of course, another central asset is human symbolic ability, which includes the ability to spatialize thought in abstractions such as maps, graphs, and analogies. Thus, there are at least three kinds of spatial cognition with three separable functions.Navigationinvolves moving around the environment to find food and shelter, and to avoid danger. It draws on several interconnected neural subsystems that track movement and encode the location of external entities with respect to each other and the moving self (i.e., extrinsic coding), and it integrates these inputs to achieve best‐possible estimates. Human navigation is characterized by a great deal of individual variation.Tool use and inventioninvolves the mental representation and transformation of the shapes of objects (i.e., intrinsic coding). It relies on substantially different neural subsystems than navigation. Like navigation, it shows marked individual differences, which are related to variations in learning in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM).Spatializationis an aspect of human symbolic skill that cuts across multiple cognitive domains and involves many kinds of spatial symbol systems, including language, metaphor, analogy, gesture, sketches, diagrams, graphs, maps, and mental images. These spatial symbol systems are vital to many kinds of learning, including in STEM. Future research on human spatial cognition needs to further delineate the origins, development, neural substrates, variability, and malleability of navigation, tool use, and abstract spatial thinking, as well as their interconnections to each other and to other cognitive skills.
Theory of Mind
Authors: Sabbagh Mark A. , Bowman Lindsay C. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractEveryday understanding of the social world relies, at least in part, on having a theory of mind—an understanding of how mental states such as beliefs, desires, and intentions cause human behavior. After introducing the core conceptual distinctions to frame discussion of the issues, we review a wide range of literature pertaining to the development of a range of theory of mind understandings; the cognitive, neurobiological, and experiential factors that contribute to those developments; and how the development of theory of mind affects a variety of social competencies, in typical and atypical development. Finally, we discuss various theories of theory of mind development and broader importance of theory of mind research for the field.
Emotion–Cognition Interactions in Memory and Decision Making
Authors: Speer Megan E. , Delgado Mauricio R. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn this chapter, we describe the psychological and neural mechanisms underlying emotion–cognition interactions. In particular, we focus on the influence of emotion on memory processes and aspects of decision making, such as risk‐taking behavior. We then discuss how cognition can impact emotion in specific contexts, such as cognitive regulation of emotional responses. Taken together, the research reveals that the way we feel (emotion) and how we think (cognition) are both critical drivers of our behavior. Such insights can further our understanding of individual susceptibility to affective disorders and maladaptive decision making.
Cultural Consensus Theory
Authors: Batchelder William H. , Anders Royce , Oravecz Zita 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCultural Consensus Theory (CCT) is an information pooling methodology for discovering knowledge or beliefs shared by selected groups of individuals. It first appeared in the 1980s as a statistical tool for ethnographic studies in anthropology, and since then it has been greatly expanded for use in many other situations in the social, behavioral, and cognitive sciences. CCT consists of formal cognitive models for different questionnaire designs, for example, true/false, ordered category, or continuous. The data format consists of the responses of group members to each of a series of questionnaire items. CCT models specify the consensus truth for the items as latent parameters, along with other parameters for respondent knowledge level, response bias, and item difficulty. Mixture CCT models have been developed where there may be several subgroups, each with its own set of consensus truths. Bayesian hierarchical inference has been developed for all of the CCT models, and the inference determines if there is evidence for one or more consensus truths in the response data, and if so, it estimates them as well as the other parameters of the model. Freely available software packages exist for conducting the inference.
Network Models for Clinical Psychology
Authors: van Bork Riet , van Borkulo Claudia D. , Waldorp Lourens J. , Cramer Angélique O. J. , Borsboom Denny 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe network approach to clinical psychology is a relatively new approach and diverges on various aspects from existing models and theories. The hallmark of the theory is that there is no common cause that underlies a set of symptoms. Instead, the network approach starts out by assuming that symptoms causally interact with each other. In this chapter, we first explain the conceptualization of psychological phenomena as a network in the introduction. Second, we provide an overview of the methods that are used to construct network models from data; both Gaussian and binary data, as well as cross‐sectional and longitudinal data are covered. Third, we describe how a given network can be analyzed to uncover important symptoms in the network, to predict behavior of the network, and to compare network structures. Fourth, we discuss current state‐of‐the‐art research in clinical psychology and psychiatry, to see what these networks taught us about psychopathology. Finally, we discuss the promising prospects for clinical psychology research that the network approach has to offer and some of the challenges a researcher might face in applying this approach to clinical psychology data.
Effectiveness of base‐of‐skull immobilization system in a compact proton therapy setting
Authors: Shafai‐Erfani Ghazal , Willoughby Twyla , Ramakrishna Naren , Meeks Sanford , Kelly Patrick , Zeidan Omar 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate daily repositioning accuracy by analyzing inter‐ and intra‐fractional uncertainties associated with patients treated for intracranial or base of skull tumors in a compact proton therapy system with 6 degrees of freedom (DOF) robotic couch and a thermoplastic head mask indexed to a base of skull (BoS) frame.Materials and methodsDaily orthogonalkValignment images at setup position before and after daily treatments were analyzed for 33 patients. The system was composed of a new type of thermoplastic mask, a bite block, and carbon‐fiber BoS couch‐top insert specifically designed for proton therapy treatments. The correctional shifts in robotic treatment table with 6DOFwere evaluated and recorded based on over 1500 planarkVimage pairs. Correctional shifts for patients with and without bite blocks were compared.ResultsSystematic and random errors were evaluated for all 6DOFcoordinates available for daily vector corrections. Uncertainties associated with geometrical errors and their sources, in addition to robustness analysis of various combinations of immobilization components were presented.ConclusionsAnalysis of 644 fractions including patients with and without a bite block shows that the BoS immobilization system is capable of maintaining intra‐fraction localization with submillimeter accuracy (in nearly 83%, 86%, 95% of cases alongSI,LAT, andPA, respectively) in translational coordinates and subdegree precision (in 98.85%, 98.85%, and 96.4% of cases for roll, pitch, and yaw respectively) in rotational coordinates. The system overall fares better in intra‐fraction localization precision compared to previously reported particle therapy immobilization systems. The use of a mask‐attached type bite block has marginal impact on inter‐ or intra‐fraction uncertainties compared to no bite block.
Zika virus and Guillain–Barré syndrome in Bangladesh
Authors: GeurtsvanKessel Corine H. , Islam Zhahirul , Islam Md. Badrul , Kamga Sandra , Papri Nowshin , van de Vijver David A. M. C. , Reusken Chantal , Mogling Ramona , Heikema Astrid P. , Jahan Israt , Pradel Florence K. , Pavlicek Rebecca L. , Mohammad Quazi D. , Koopmans Marion P. G. , Jacobs Bart C. , Endtz Hubert P. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectivePrevious studies have associated Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) with Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks in South America and Oceania. In Asia, ZIKV is known to circulate widely, but the association with Guillain–Barré syndrome is unclear. We investigated whether endemic ZIKV infection is associated with the development of GBS.MethodsA prospective study was conducted from 2011 to 2015 in Bangladesh. A total of 418 patients and 418 healthy family controls were included in the study. Patients were diagnosed with GBS prior to inclusion according to established criteria. Detailed information on the epidemiology, clinical presentation, electrophysiology, diagnosis, disease severity, and clinical course were obtained during a follow‐up of 1 year using a predefined protocol.ResultsZIKV‐neutralizing antibodies were detected in our study from 2013 onwards. The prevalence of ZIKV‐neutralizing antibodies was not significantly higher in patients with GBS compared to healthy controls (OR 2.23, P = 0.14, 95% CI 0.77–6.53). Serological evidence for prior ZIKV infection in patients with GBS was associated with more frequent cranial, sensory, and autonomic nerve involvement compared to GBS patients with Campylobacter jejuni, the predominant preceding infection in GBS worldwide. Nerve‐conduction studies revealed that ZIKV antibodies were associated with a demyelinating subtype of GBS, while C. jejuni infections were related to an axonal subtype.InterpretationNo significant association was found between ZIKV infection and GBS in Bangladesh, but GBS following ZIKV infection was characterized by a distinct clinical and electrophysiological subtype compared to C. jejuni infection. These findings indicate that ZIKV may precede a specific GBS subtype but the risk is low.
A Silk Cranial Fixation System for Neurosurgery
Authors: Liu Keyin , Shi Zhifeng , Zhang Shaoqing , Zhou Zhitao , Sun Long , Xu Tao , Zhang Yeshun , Zhang Guozheng , Li Xinxin , Chen Liang , Mao Ying , Tao Tiger H. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCranial fixation should be safe, reliable, ideally degradable, and produce no hazardous residues and no artifacts on neuroimaging. Protein‐based fixation devices offer an exciting opportunity for this application. Here, the preclinical development and in vivo efficacy verification of a silk cranial fixation system in functional models are reported by addressing key challenges toward clinical use. A comprehensive study on this fixation system in rodent and canine animal models for up to 12 months is carried out. The silk fixation system shows a superb performance on the long‐term stability of the internal structural support for cranial flap fixation and bone reconnection and has good magnetic resonance imaging compatibility, and tolerability to high dose radiotherapy, underscoring the favorable clinical application of this system for neurosurgery compared to the current gold standard.
ICG‐Sensitized NaYF4:Er Nanostructure for Theranostics
Authors: Wang Dan , Wang Depeng , Kuzmin Andrey , Pliss Artem , Shao Wei , Xia Jun , Qu Junle , Prasad Paras N. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHere lanthanide‐doped luminescent nanoparticles (LNPs) NaYF4:Er conjugated to the indocyanine green dye (ICG) are introduced for theranostics applications in trimodal imaging as well as in photothermal therapy. ICG as a donor with high absorption cross‐section at 808 nm increases excitation efficiency of Er3+ through the energy transfer mechanism and, therefore, significantly enhances both upconverted and Stokes emissions from Er3+ ions in LNPs. Enhanced Stokes emission is used at 1.5 µm for bioimaging in the second near‐infrared wavelength window, which allows deeper penetration in biological media due to reduced scattering. A part of the ICG excitation decays by the competing nonradiating relaxation to produce local heating, which is utilized for photoacoustic imaging as well as for local thermal imaging. All these modalities are demonstrated by in vivo imaging of subcutaneous pancreatic tumor‐bearing nude mice. Furthermore, in the thermal imaging as well as in vitro photocytotoxicity studies, it is shown that the local temperature rise is high enough to be used for highly effective photothermal therapy. Cytotoxicity study on cells using the MTT assay shows the biocompatibility feature of this nanoconstruct. The obtained results demonstrate the potential of ICG‐NaYF4:Er nanoconjugates for multimodal theranostics.
Huygens Metasurface Holograms with the Modulation of Focal Energy Distribution
Authors: Wang Zhuochao , Ding Xumin , Zhang Kuang , Ratni Badreddine , Burokur Shah Nawaz , Gu Xuemai , Wu Qun 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHuygens metasurface, an implementation of Huygens principle with metasurface, shows great potential in the manipulation of electromagnetic wave by elaborately designed subwavelength scale metaatoms with full phase coverage and high transmission amplitude. Here, a multiphase hologram with Huygens metasurface is demonstrated in microwave regime, and a novel algorithm method is proposed to modulate energy distribution among focal points. The proof‐of‐concept experiments show superior microwave holographic images with 89% transmittance efficiency, 59% imaging efficiency, and 1.65 root‐mean‐square error of focal intensity ratio. The proposed Huygens metasurface hologram expands the route to microwave applications for holographic technologies, including computer‐generated holograms, antennas, security, and data storage.
Synthetic Procedures for the Preparation of Nitroalkanes
Authors: Ballini Roberto , Palmieri Alessandro 
Published: April 2018

AbstractNitroalkanes, mainly the primary ones, are the key starting materials for the synthesis of a large variety of important targets. However, in spite of their strategic synthetic importance, every single type of nitroalkane and every single procedure are relegated to individual contributions. Thus, this review represents the first exhaustive collection of procedures for their synthesis and, consequently, it can be considered as a very important tool for a growing use of nitroalkanes as key synthetic building blocks.magnified image
Aluminium Chloride‐Mediated Synthesis of 1‐Chloro‐2,2,2‐Trifluoroethylidene‐Substituted Pyrrolidones
Authors: Wang Zeng , Yuan Zihang , Han Xiaoyan , Weng Zhiqiang 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAn aluminium chloride‐mediated cascade reaction between pyrrolidones and trifluoroacetic anhydride is reported. Functionally diverse 1‐chloro‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethylidene‐substituted pyrrolidones were obtained in moderate to high yields through electrophilic trifluoroacetylation, nucleophilic chlorination, and elimination. This procedure has a wide scope, good functional‐group tolerance and the reaction conditions are amenable to scale up. Additionally the obtained 1‐chloro‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethylidene products can be applied to further functionalization as trifluoromethyl‐containing building blocks. Some of the title compounds showed fungicidal activity against cucumber downy mildew (CDM).magnified image
Reimagining the Northern Territory Intervention: Institutional and cultural interventions into the Anglo‐Australian imaginary
Authors: Churcher Millicent 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper draws on the example of the Northern Territory Intervention to examine the role of Australia's broader socio‐cultural context in maintaining racist policies concerning Indigenous self‐governance. Central to this paper is the claim that legislative, constitutional, and other structural reforms are limited on their own to prevent institutional practices of violence and exclusion that are bound up with popular ways of imagining Indigenous and non‐Indigenous identities. In light of the potential limitations of top‐down reforms to prevent the perpetuation of discriminatory policymaking in relation to Australia's First Peoples, this paper explores the value of bottom‐up initiatives that constructively engage the imaginative, affective, and reflective capacities of individuals to facilitate a ‘critical re‐imagining’ (The Epistemology of Resistance: Gender and Racial Oppression, Epistemic Injustice, and Resistant Imaginations, Oxford University Press, 2013) of Indigenous Australians as social and political actors. Developing and supporting such initiatives, on this view, is integral to the wider task of promoting and protecting Indigenous rights, interests, and entitlements.
The development of policy on international student welfare and the question of crisis response
Authors: Ramia Gaby 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe global market in international education has grown almost without interruption over several decades. Increases in international student enrolments in Australia have been among the most impressive in the world, though they declined between 2010 and 2013. The decline was attributable to exchange rate movements and changes to student visa regulations, though an additional factor lay in reputational fallout from a series of violent physical attacks on Indian students, mostly in 2009. In response, Australian federal and State governments undertook diplomatic trips to India, established a raft of public inquiries to investigate the broader question of international student welfare, and made policy changes. Utilising the literature on public policy “crises”, this paper presents government responses to the 2010–2013 downturn in terms of managing a “long‐shadow crisis” (Boin et al., The Politics of Crisis Management: Public Leadership Under Pressure; Cambrtidge University Press, 2005), which typically emerges quickly but has major political consequences, is only seen to be resolved incrementally, and calls for policy change rather than fine‐tuning in response. The adequacy of the policy response to the crisis is not discussed. The article suggests that the crisis and the response acted to elevate the status of international education as an area of policy in general, though not as a mainstream area of social policy.
A Planar‐Chiral Rhodium(III) Catalyst with a Sterically Demanding Cyclopentadienyl Ligand and Its Application in the Enantioselective Synthesis of Dihydroisoquinolones
Authors: Trifonova Evgeniya A. , Ankudinov Nikita M. , Mikhaylov Andrey A. , Chusov Denis A. , Nelyubina Yulia V. , Perekalin Dmitry S. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe rapid development of enantioselective C−H activation reactions has created a demand for new types of catalysts. Herein, we report the synthesis of a novel planar‐chiral rhodium catalyst [(C5H2tBu2CH2tBu)RhI2]2 in two steps from commercially available [(cod)RhCl]2 and tert‐butylacetylene. Pure enantiomers of the catalyst were obtained through separation of its diastereomeric adducts with natural (S)‐proline. The catalyst promoted enantioselective reactions of aryl hydroxamic acids with strained alkenes to give dihydroisoquinolones in high yields (up to 97 %) and with good stereoselectivity (up to 95 % ee).
Asymmetric Synthesis of Silicon‐Stereogenic Vinylhydrosilanes by Cobalt‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Enantioselective Alkyne Hydrosilylation with Dihydrosilanes
Authors: Wen Huanan , Wan Xiaolong , Huang Zheng 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe strategic carbon‐to‐silicon substitution at a stereogenic center can produce chiral silanes with significantly improved properties relative to their carbon congeners. We herein report an unprecedented cobalt‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrosilylation of unsymmetric alkynes with dihydrosilanes that furnishes silicon‐stereogenic vinylhydrosilanes with high regio‐ and enantioselectivity. The absolute configurations of the products were determined by chiroptical methods in combination with DFT calculations. The synthetic versatility of the vinylhydrosilanes as chiral building blocks was further demonstrated by asymmetric Si−H insertion and catalytic hydroboration reactions.
Perspectives of Attosecond Spectroscopy for the Understanding of Fundamental Electron Correlations
Authors: Kraus Peter M. , Wörner Hans Jakob 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe description of the electronic structure of molecules in terms of molecular orbitals is a highly successful concept in chemistry. However, it commonly fails if the electrons in a molecule are strongly correlated and cannot be treated as independent particles. Electron correlation is essential to understand inner‐valence X‐ray spectroscopies, it can drive ultrafast charge migration in molecules, and it is responsible for many exotic properties of strongly correlated materials. Time‐resolved spectroscopy with attosecond resolution is generally capable of following electronic motion in real time and can thus provide experimental access to electron‐correlation‐driven phenomena. High‐harmonic spectroscopy in particular uses the precisely timed laser‐driven recollision of electrons to interrogate the electronic structure and dynamics of the investigated system on a sub‐femtosecond timescale. In this Review, the capabilities of high‐harmonic spectroscopy to follow electronic motion in molecules are discussed. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches to unraveling the detailed dynamical responses of molecular systems following ionization are presented. A new theoretical formalism for the reconstruction of correlation‐driven charge migration is introduced. The importance of electron–ion entanglement and electronic coherence in the reconstruction of attosecond hole dynamics are discussed. These advances make high‐harmonic spectroscopy a promising technique to decode fundamental electron correlations and to provide experimental data on the complex manifestations of multi‐electron dynamics.
A Vastly Increased Chemical Variety of RNA Modifications Containing a Thioacetal Structure
Authors: Dal Magro Christina , Keller Patrick , Kotter Annika , Werner Stephan , Duarte Victor , Marchand Virginie , Ignarski Michael , Freiwald Anja , Müller Roman‐Ulrich , Dieterich Christoph , Motorin Yuri , Butter Falk , Atta Mohamed , Helm Mark 
Published: April 2018

AbstractRecently discovered new chemical entities in RNA modifications have involved surprising functional groups that enlarge the chemical space of RNA. Using LC‐MS, we found over 100 signals of RNA constituents that contained a ribose moiety in tRNAs from E. coli. Feeding experiments with variegated stable isotope labeled compounds identified 37 compounds that are new structures of RNA modifications. One structure was elucidated by deuterium exchange and high‐resolution mass spectrometry. The structure of msms2i6A (2‐methylthiomethylenethio‐N6‐isopentenyl‐adenosine) was confirmed by methione‐D3 feeding experiments and by synthesis of the nucleobase. The msms2i6A contains a thioacetal, shown in vitro to be biosynthetically derived from ms2i6A by the radical‐SAM enzyme MiaB. This enzyme performs thiomethylation, forming ms2i6A from i6A in a first turnover. The new thioacetal is formed by a second turnover. Along with the pool of 36 new modifications, this work describes a new layer of RNA modification chemistry.