bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of grain size distributions and bed mobility during hydrographs in gravel‐bed braided rivers
Authors: Peirce S. , Ashmore P. , Leduc P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractEvolution of bed material mobility and bedload grain size distributions under a range of discharges is rarely observed in braiding gravel‐bed rivers. Yet, the changing of bedload grain size distributions with discharge is expected to be different from laterally‐stable, threshold, channels on which most gravel bedload theory and observation are based. Here, simultaneous observations of flow, bedload transport rate, and morphological change were made in a physical model of a gravel‐bed braided river to document the evolution of grain size distributions and bed mobility over three experimental event hydrographs. Bedload transport rate and grain size distributions were measured from bedload samples collected in sediment baskets. Morphological change was mapped with high‐resolution (~1 mm precision) digital elevation models generated from close‐range digital photogrammetry. Bedload transport rates were extremely low below a discharge equivalent to ~50% of the channel‐forming discharge (dimensionless stream power ~70). Fractional transport rates and plots of grain size distributions indicate that the bed experienced partial mobility at low discharge when the coarsest grains on the bed were immobile, weak selective mobility at higher discharge, and occasionally near‐equal mobility at peak channel‐forming discharge. The transition to selective mobility and increased bedload transport rates coincided with the lower threshold for morphological change measured by the morphological active depth and active width. Below this threshold discharge, active depths were of the order of D90 and active widths were narrow (< 3% of wetted width). Above this discharge, both increased so that at channel‐forming discharge, the active depth had a local maximum of 9D90 while active width was up to 20% of wetted width. The modelled rivers approached equal mobility when rates of morphological change were greatest. Therefore, changes in the morphological active layer with discharge are directly connected to the conditions of bed mobility, and strongly correlated with bedload transport rate. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cascades of sub‐decadal, channel‐floodplain changes in low‐gradient, non‐vegetated reaches near a dryland river terminus: Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia
Authors: Li Jiaguang , Tooth Stephen , Yao Guangqing 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe terminus of the ephemeral Río Colorado is located at the margins of Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia, the world's largest salt lake. The low‐gradient (<0.0006 m m‐1), non‐vegetated reaches approaching the terminus provide an excellent natural laboratory for investigating cascades of channel‐floodplain changes that occur in response to quasi‐regular flows (at least once annually) and fine‐grained sediment supply (dominantly silt and clay). High‐resolution satellite imagery (<0.65 m, various dates from 2004 onwards) and field data reveal widespread, pronounced and rapid morphodynamics on sub‐decadal timescales, including channel erosion and chute cutoff formation, and development of crevasse channels and splays, floodouts (unchannelled surfaces at channel termini), and erosion cells (floodplain scour‐transport‐fill features). In particular, following high annual precipitation (>400 mm) in 2004–2005 and two subsequent high magnitude daily precipitation events (~40 mm), all of which led to widespread flooding, numerous crevasse splays formed between 2004 and 2016, avulsions occurred at nearby floodouts, and erosion cells downstream of the splays and floodouts underwent striking morphological changes. High‐precision GPS data reveal two preferential localities for erosion cell development: partially or fully abandoned channels with crevasse splay remnants, and topographic lows between channels. In this overall low‐gradient setting, comparatively high gradients (up to ~0.0006 m m‐1) at the edge of splay deposits and topography created by crevasses and abandoned channels may initiate knickpoint retreat and thereafter erosion cell development. Abandoned channels with splays tend to give rise to narrow, deep erosion cells, while topographic lows promote relatively shallow, wide erosion cells. In both situations, erosion cells may extend upslope and downslope, and eventually connect to form straight channels. The channel‐floodplain morphodynamics near the Río Colorado terminus extend previous analyses of low‐gradient, dryland river systems, particularly because the lack of vegetation and quasi‐regular floods drive cascades of rapid changes on sub‐decadal timescales. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wind erosion and dust emissions in central Asia: Spatiotemporal simulations in a typical dust year
Authors: Pi Huawei , Sharratt Brenton , Lei Jiaqiang 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe prediction of wind erosion and dust emissions is important for controlling erosion and identifying dust sources in arid and semiarid regions of the world. This study predicts quantitatively wind erosion and dust emissions in Xinjiang Province, central Asia. The wind erosion prediction system (WEPS) was used to simulate annual soil and PM10 (particulate matter ≤10 μm in aerodynamic diameter) loss at 64 meteorological stations across the province. Soil and PM10 loss were simulated from bare surfaces at all 64 stations and from cotton and wheat fields at 11 stations. Simulated annual bare soil and PM10 loss were lowest in the Junggar (soil and PM10 loss were, respectively, 121.7 and 7.6 kg m‐2) and Tarim basins (soil loss was 78.2 kg ha‐1 and PM10 loss was 6.5 kg m‐2) and highest in the Tu‐ha Basin (soil and PM10 loss were, respectively, 638.2 and 37.7 kg m‐2). Stations with the highest annual soil loss in the Tarim and Tu‐ha basins also had the highest number of days with wind speeds >8 m s‐1. This indicated wind influenced erosion, but other factors such as soil type also affect wind erosion. The maximum monthly bare soil and PM10 loss occurred in May in the three basins, substantiating that dust storms occur most frequently during spring in the region. Simulated soil and PM10 loss were lower for cotton and wheat than bare soil, thus suggesting that maintaining vegetative cover during a portion of the year provided some protection to the soil surface from wind erosion. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Source and supply of sediment to a shoreline salient in a fringing reef environment
Authors: Cuttler Michael V.W. , Hansen Jeff E. , Lowe Ryan J. , Trotter Julie A. , McCulloch Malcolm T. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractReef‐associated landforms are coupled to the health of the reef ecosystem which produces the sediment that forms and maintains these landforms. However, this connection can make reef‐fronted coastlines sensitive to the impacts of climate change, given that any decline in ecosystem health (e.g. decreasing sediment supply) or changes to physical processes (e.g. sea level rise, increasing wave energy) could drive the sediment budgets of these systems into a net erosive state. Therefore, knowledge of both the sediment sources and transport mechanisms is required to predict the sensitivity of reef‐associated landforms to future climate change. Here, we examine the benthic habitat composition, sediment characteristics (composition, texture, and age), and transport mechanisms and pathways to understand the interconnections between coastal morphology and the reef system at Tantabiddi, Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Benthic surveys and sediment composition analysis revealed that although live coral accounts for less than 5% of the benthic cover, coral is the dominant sediment constituent (34% on average). Sediment ages (238U/230Th) were mostly found to be thousands of years old, suggesting that the primary sediment source is relic reef material (e.g. Holocene reef framework). Sediment transport across the lagoon was quantified through measurements of ripple migration rates, which were found to be shoreward migrating and responsible for feeding the large shoreline salient in the lee of the reef. The derived sediment fluxes were comparable with previously measured rates of sediment production by bioerosion. These results suggest that sediment budgets of systems dependent on old (>103 years) source materials may be more resilient to climate change as present‐day reef health and community composition (i.e. sources of ‘new’ carbonate production) have limited influence on sediment supply. Therefore, the vulnerability of reef‐associated landforms in these systems will be dictated by future changes to mechanisms of sediment generation (e.g. bioerosion) and/or physical processes. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in Northern California cats: Temporal comparison and a possible link to cat hyperthyroidism
Authors: Wang Miaomiao , Guo Weihong , Gardner Steve , Petreas Myrto , Park June-Soo 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

The indoor environment and dietary intake are considered to be major human exposure pathways to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Cats have similar exposures to humans by sharing their residential environments, although they have different diet, body sizes, and indoor activities. In the present study, we report PFAS levels in the serum of 2 groups of Northern California cats (&gt;10 yr old) collected during 2 time periods: 2008 to 2010 (n = 21) and 2012 to 2013 (n = 22). Levels of ∑PFAS (geometric mean) were lower in the second period (geometric mean = 8.10 ng/mL) than the first time period (geometric mean = 15.8 ng/mL), although PFAS profiles remained similar. We also analyzed PFAS levels in human serum collected in the same time period (2008–2010) and geographic area, and compared the profiles and ∑PFAS levels (15.8 vs 14.3 ng/mL for cat and human, respectively). Long chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids, especially perfluorononanoic acid and perfluoroundecanoic acid, were significantly higher in cat serum than in humans. Furthermore, serum from hyperthyroid cats in the second time period showed higher ∑PFAS level (9.50 ng/mL) compared to nonhyperthyroid cats (7.24 ng/mL), and it is the perfluorooctanoic acid levels that were statistically significantly higher in hyperthyroid cats’ serum (p &lt; 0.05). This result may indicate a possible link between PFAS levels and cat hyperthyroid, warranting a larger study for further investigation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2523–2529. © 2018 SETAC
Resilience in family caregiving for people with dementia: A systematic review
Authors: Teahan Áine , Lafferty Attracta , McAuliffe Eilish , Phelan Amanda , O'Sullivan Liam , O'Shea Diarmuid , Fealy Gerard 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveThe objective of this review is to critically examine, evaluate, and synthesize the literature on resilience in family caregiving for people with dementia.MethodsA systematic literature review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines to identify articles which examined resilience and related concepts in family caregiving for people with dementia. The review was based on a systematic search of scholarly databases, to yield peer‐reviewed articles and grey literature, published between 2006 and 2016. Two independent reviewers prescreened the search results and conducted formal assessments and quality appraisals of the retrieved articles.ResultsA total of 13 863 articles were identified by the systematic search, and 52 articles were included in the review. Based on a critical narrative synthesis of the literature, the study proposes a model of resilience for family carers of people with dementia, which incorporates the context of caring, social and cultural characteristics, and psychological dimensions of caring.ConclusionsThe results indicate that there is no single approach to enhancing resilience among family carers of people with dementia. Resilience is a multifaceted response to the caregiving role, and is influenced by a multitude of interrelated factors. However, the factors and resources outlined have been addressed, with limited success in some cases, by psychosocial interventions in the field. While the work conducted to date to develop resilience‐enhancing interventions has been marked with some success, the next wave of carer research could usefully examine ecological perspectives on carer outcomes, including carer resilience.
Does abuse in late life worsen sleep quality? A two‐year prospective cohort study among rural older adults
Authors: Yunus Raudah M. , Hairi Noran N. , Yuen ChooWan , Sooryanarayana Rajini , Hairi Farizah , Ismail Norliana , Kandiben Shathanapriya , Peng Tey Nai , Ali Zainudin M. , Ahmad Sharifah N. , Razak Inayah A. , Othman Sajaratulnisah , Peramalah Devi , Mydin Fadzilah H.M. , Bulgiba Awang 
Published: September 2018

BackgroundElder abuse and neglect (EAN) is a growing public health problem, and numerous adverse health effects of abuse in late life have been documented. Little is known, however, about the impact of elder abuse on sleep quality. This study examines the longitudinal relationship between EAN and sleep quality.MethodsThis was a 2‐year prospective cohort study involving 1927 older adults in a rural Malaysian district, Kuala Pilah. A multi‐stage cluster sampling strategy was employed. After 2 years, 1189 respondents were re‐assessed. EAN was determined using the modified Conflict Tactic Scale, while sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).ResultsThe prevalence of elder abuse was 8.1% (95% CI:6.9,9.3). Longitudinal analysis using generalized estimating equations showed that elder abuse contributed to higher PSQI scores (B:0.49, 95% CI:0.17,0.58). Sub‐analyses demonstrated that psychological abuse and neglect had significant longitudinal relationships with increase of PSQI scores, while other subtypes did not.ConclusionAbuse in late life, particularly psychological abuse and neglect, result in greater PSQI scores. Even though this may imply decline in sleep quality, our findings were not considered clinically significant as they did not exceed the clinical cut‐off score of five. Nevertheless, sleep quality is an important determinant of health and a predictor of mortality among older adults; thus, understanding its relationship with abuse is useful to health care providers and policy‐makers in improving health services and upgrading preventive measures.
Resilience attenuates the association between neurocognitive functioning and everyday functioning in individuals aging with HIV in the Deep South
Authors: Fazeli Pariya L. , Moore Raeanne C. , Vance David E. 
Published: September 2018

ObjectivesAdults aging with HIV are at risk for poorer neurocognitive and daily functioning. Identifying factors to protect such outcomes is a significant research priority. The aim of this study was to explore the role of resilience in cognitive and everyday functioning in a largely African American and low socioeconomic status sample of adults and older adults with HIV in the Deep South.Methods/DesignIn this cross‐sectional study 100 HIV+ middle‐aged and older adults (range 40‐73; 61% aged 50+) completed a comprehensive neurocognitive battery along with self‐reported measures of resilience and everyday functioning.ResultsHigher resilience was associated with better global neurocognitive functioning (rho = 0.31, P < 0.01), as well as better functioning in all domains (verbal fluency, executive functioning, speed of information processing, learning, working memory) except recall and motor skills. Resilience was also significantly associated with instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) dependence, with lower resilience observed in those with IADL dependence compared with those who were IADL independent (P < 0.01). In a multiple regression adjusting for data‐driven covariates (verbal IQ, income, depression), and global neurocognitive impairment, resilience was the only significant (P = 0.02) correlate of IADL dependence. A follow‐up mediation showed that the direct relationship between neurocognitive functioning and IADL declines was fully attenuated after accounting for shared variance with resilience.ConclusionsResilience is associated with better cognitive and functional outcomes in people aging with HIV. While further work is needed to understand these associations over time, results suggest interventions to build resilience may promote successful aging in this vulnerable population.
Green synthesis and cytotoxic activity of dibenzyl α‐hydroxyphosphonates and α‐hydroxyphosphonic acids
Authors: Rádai Zita , Szeles Petra , Kiss Nóra Zsuzsa , Hegedűs László , Windt Tímea , Nagy Veronika , Keglevich György 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA series of dibenzyl α‐hydroxyphosphonates and the corresponding α‐hydroxyphosphonic acids, mostly new compounds, have been synthesized. The dibenzyl α‐hydroxyphosphonates have been obtained in the Pudovik reaction of substituted benzaldehydes and dibenzyl phosphite in the presence of triethylamine as the catalyst. The amount of the solvent was minimized during the reaction, and the workup involved crystallization from the reaction mixture. A new protocol was developed to transform the dibenzyl 1‐hydroxyphosphonates to the corresponding phosphonic acids by catalytic hydrogenation. The derivatives prepared were screened as potential cytotoxic agents against Mes‐Sa human uterine sarcoma cell line.
The effects of import competition on health in the local economy
Authors: Lang Matthew , McManus T. Clay , Schaur Georg 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe provide evidence that average mental, physical, and general health worsens for employed workers in local U.S. labor markets exposed to greater import competition from China. The effects are greatest for mental health. Moving a region from the 25th to 75th percentiles of import exposure corresponds to a 7.8% increase in the morbidity of poor mental health, adding about 3 days of poor mental health per year for the average adult. Concurrently, the ability to afford health care decreases. Our results complement documented consequences of import competition on labor markets and temporary business cycle shocks on health outcomes.
Economic burden, impoverishment, and coping mechanisms associated with out‐of‐pocket health expenditure in India: A disaggregated analysis at the state level
Authors: Sangar Shivendra , Dutt Varun , Thakur Ramna 
Published: September 2018

SummaryIntroductionThe high share of out‐of‐pocket (OOP) health expenditure imposes an extreme financial burden on households, and they have to incur a substantial amount of expenditure to avail health care services. This study analyses the inter‐state differentials in the economic burden of OOP health expenditure, resultant impoverishment impact, and sources of finance used as coping mechanisms.Materials and methodsThe study is based on health expenditure survey, namely the 71st Round on “Key Indicators of Social Consumption in India: Health,” (2014) conducted in India by the National Sample Survey Organisation. The study uses headcount, payment gap, and concentration index to measure the economic burden, impoverishment impact of OOP health expenditure, and the level of inequality.ResultsOn the basis of results, the states can be divided into four distinct categories: (1) States with low economic burden and low poverty impact of OOP health expenditure, (2) low economic burden and high poverty impact of OOP health expenditure, (3) high economic burden and low poverty impact of OOP health expenditure, and (4) high economic burden and high poverty impact of OOP health expenditure.ConclusionsInter‐state differentials in OOP health expenditure and impoverishment need proper attention of the government especially the policy makers.
Determination of optimized cropping patterns according to crop yield response under baseline condition and climate‐change condition
Authors: Abdi‐Dehkordi Mehri , Bozorg‐Haddad Omid , Chu Xuefeng 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDue to water shortage, climate change, and increased water demands, the optimal allocation of agricultural water is crucial, especially during a drought period. The objective of this study is to optimize the cropping patterns in the Aidoghmush River Basin in Iran for both the baseline condition and climate‐change condition. For this purpose, the genetic algorithm was applied and an optimization model was developed with the goal of maximizing the agricultural benefits for a 14‐year planning horizon. The baseline condition and climate‐change condition 14‐year periods employed in this study are 1987–2000 and 2026–2039, respectively. The results showed that the scenarios of cropping pattern changes with consideration of the crop yield response achieved higher benefits than those for the present condition and other optimal conditions without considering the crop yield response. With considering the optimum cropping patterns based on the crop yield response, the benefits in the planning horizon increased by 46.7 and 37.8% for the baseline condition and climate‐change condition, respectively, compared to the present condition. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adapting or Chasing Water? Crop Choice and Farmers' Responses to Water Stress in Peri‐Urban Bangalore, India
Authors: Patil Vikram S. , Thomas Bejoy K. , Lele Sharachchandra , Eswar Meghana , Srinivasan Veena 
Published: September 2018

AbstractUnregulated groundwater extraction has led to declining groundwater tables and increasing water scarcity in the Indian subcontinent. Understanding how farmers respond to this scarcity is important from multiple perspectives—equity in access, livelihood security and resource sustainability. We present a case from the rapidly urbanizing Arkavathy sub‐basin near Bangalore city in southern India where irrigation is fully groundwater dependent. Using cross‐sectional data from a stratified random sample of 333 farmers from 15 villages, we investigated the factors that determine their choice of crops under conditions of water scarcity and urbanization. Binary logit analysis showed that farmers with a large landholding respond by tapping deep groundwater using borewells. Multinomial logit analysis revealed that access to groundwater, variation in the proximity to the product market (city) and labour availability influence crop choice decisions. We observe that current responses indicate what has been characterized in the literature as chasing strategies. These largely favour well‐off farmers and hence are inequitable. While the choice of water‐intensive crops and unregulated pumping have aggravated water stress, the uptake of water‐saving technologies among irrigated farmers has been low, showing that resource sustainability may not be a concern where non‐farm diversification opportunities exist. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.