bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal, Weather, and Temporal Factors in the Prediction of Admission to a Pediatric Trauma Center
Authors: Ramgopal Sriram , Dunnick Jennifer , Siripong Nalyn , Conti Kavitha A. , Gaines Barbara A. , Zuckerbraun Noel S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundOur objective is to identify seasonal and weather trends associated with pediatric trauma admissions.MethodsWe reviewed all trauma activations leading to admission in patients ≤18 years admitted to a regional pediatric trauma center from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2015. We reviewed climatologic measures of the mean temperature, mean visibility, and precipitation for each admission in the 6 h prior to each presentation in addition to time of arrival, weekday/weekend presentation, and season. We used a negative binomial regression model with multivariable analysis to estimate associations between weather and rate of trauma admissions. Results were presented as incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsIn total, 3856 encounters [2539 males (65.8%), mean age 10.2 years ± SD 5.1 years] were included. Results from multivariable analysis (IRR, 95% CI) suggested an association of admissions with rain (0.82, 0.75–0.90) and overnight hours (23:51–05:50; 0.69, 0.58–0.82) as compared to morning (05:51–11:50). The IRR of trauma increased during the afternoon (11:51–17:50; 4.05, 3.57–4.61), night periods (17:51–23:50; 5.59, 4.94–6.33), and weekends (1.24, 1.15–1.32), and with every 1 °C increase in temperature (1.04, 1.03–1.04). After accounting for other variables, season was not found to be independently predictive of trauma admission.ConclusionTrauma admissions had a higher rate during afternoon, evening hours, and weekends. The presence of rain lowered the rate of pediatric trauma admission. Each degree increase in temperature increased the rate of trauma admissions by 4%. The findings provide information from the perspective of emergency preparedness, resource utilization, and staffing to pediatric trauma centers.
Ecoregional variations of aboveground biomass and stand structure in evergreen broadleaved forests
Authors: Van Do Tran , Yamamoto Mamoru , Kozan Osamu , Hai Vo Dai , Trung Phung Dinh , Thang Nguyen Toan , Hai Lai Thanh , Nam Vu Thanh , Hung Trieu Thai , Van Thang Hoang , Manh Tran Duc , Khiem Cao Chi , Lam Vu Tien , Hung Nguyen Quang , Quy Tran Hoang , Tuyen Pham Quang , Bon Trinh Ngoc , Phuong Nguyen Thi Thu , Khuong Ninh Viet , Van Tuan Nguyen , Ha Dang Thi Hai , Long Tran Hai , Van Thuyet Dang , Trieu Dang Thinh , Van Thinh Nguyen , Hai Tran Anh , Trung Duong Quang , Van Bich Nguyen , Dang Dinh Hai , Dung Pham Tien , Hoang Nguyen Huy , Hanh Le Thi , Quang Phan Minh , Huong Nguyen Thi Thuy , Son Hoang Thanh , Son Nguyen Thanh , Van Anh Nguyen Thi , Anh Nguyen Thi Hoai , Sam Pham Dinh , Nhung Hoang Thi , Van Thanh Hoang , Thinh Nguyen Huu , Van Tran Hong , Luong Ho Trung , Hung Bui Kieu 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBiotic and abiotic factors control aboveground biomass (AGB) and the structure of forest ecosystems. This study analyses the variation of AGB and stand structure of evergreen broadleaved forests among six ecoregions of Vietnam. A data set of 173 1-ha plots from 52 locations in undisturbed old-growth forests was developed. The results indicate that basal area and AGB are closely correlated with annual precipitation, but not with annual temperature, evaporation or hours of sunshine. Basal area and AGB are positively correlated with trees > 30 cm DBH. Most areas surveyed (52.6%) in these old-growth forests had AGB of 100–200 Mg ha−1; 5.2% had AGB of 400–500 Mg ha−1, and 0.6% had AGB of > 800 Mg ha−1. Seventy percent of the areas surveyed had stand densities of 300–600 ind. ha−1, and 64% had basal areas of 20–40 m2ha−1. Precipitation is an important factor influencing the AGB of old-growth, evergreen broadleaved forests in Vietnam. Disturbances causing the loss of large-diameter trees (e.g., > 100 cm DBH) affects AGB but may not seriously affect stand density.
UN GRAZIE A MORLINO UN AUGURIO A COTTA
Authors: G.S.  
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneLa ruota del tempo gira inesorabilmente. Leonardo Morlino è stato redattore capo di questa rivista dal 1980, e poi condirettore responsabile dal 1986. Ma il grosso del peso della RISP era già caduto sulle sue spalle dal 1977. In breve, Morlino si è dedicato alla RISP, con passione e grande bravura, per quindici anni: lunghi (corti?) anni di navigazione non sempre facile, ma sempre felice. Un periodo in cui la disciplina è cresciuta insieme alla rivista in numeri e presenza culturale. Entrambe hanno superato lo stadio iniziale, piò incerto e difficile. La rivista stessa ha ormai raggiunto la maggiore età, anche rispetto ai ventuno anni che una volta si richiedevano.
FORZE ARMATE E PLURALISMO POLITICO IN JUGOSLAVIA
Authors: Bebler Anton 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneL'attuale professionismo militare jugoslavo e l'esercito regolare federale – Esercito Popolare Jugoslavo o EPJ – hanno avuto ufficialmente origine dai «Distaccamenti partigiani» e dall'«Armata Nazionale di Liberazione della Jugoslavia». Questa fu istituita sotto la leadership di Josip Broz, detto «Tito», nel corso della Seconda guerra mondiale, principalmente sul territorio del Regno di Jugoslavia smembrato nella primavera del 1941. I primi distaccamenti partigiani e quartier generali a livello regionale e di area apparvero alla metà dell'estate 1941, mentre un loro primo serio impiego militare contro gli occupanti e i locali governi «Quisling» si ebbe verso la fine di quello stesso anno. Tuttavia, la festa ufficiale dell'EPJ (ridenominata negli anni settanta «Giorno delle Forze Armate») non cade in nessuna di queste date, bensì il 22 dicembre.
1992: LA DESTRUTTURAZIONE DEL MERCATO ELETTORALE
Authors: Sani Giacomo 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneNel corso degli anni ottanta gli osservatori hanno colto molteplici segnali di mutamento del sistema dei partiti in Italia e, in particolare, nel rapporto partiti-elettori, vedendo nei risultati delle diverse consultazioni indicazioni di un (potenziale) maggior dinamismo dei comportamenti di massa rispetto al passato. In quella fase l'attenzione degli studiosi è caduta a volte sulla graduale erosione dei tassi di partecipazione elettorale, a volte sulla diminuzione delle quote di consenso raccolto dai grandi partiti storici, a volte sull'emergere di nuove formazioni, a volte ancora sui tassi di instabilità registratisi in alcune zone del paese (Corbetta, Parisi e Schadee 1988; Caciagli e Spreafico 1990; Mannheimer 1991). Segnali convergenti provenivano da ricerche sugli orientamenti degli elettori rilevati tramite indagini demoscopiche. Così uno studio condotto alla metà degli anni ottanta suggeriva che, sotto la spinta di fattori diversi, si era verificato un allargamento della quota di elettori «nel mercato», cioè di cittadini disposti a considerare di volta in volta opzioni diverse da quelle del passato. Se ne deduceva l'esistenza di un accresciuto potenziale di mobilità con potenziali riflessi in futuro sulla forza dei diversi gruppi politici (Mannheimer e Sani 1987). Sino alla fine dello scorso decennio, tuttavia, il mercato elettorale italiano continuava a mantenere molte delle caratteristiche di un tempo. Certo, non mancavano gli elementi di novità, ma era difficile sostenere che si fosse già verificata una vera e propria rottura rispetto alle caratteristiche prevalenti nel passato. In sostanza, ci si trovava in presenza di un forte scollamento tra il potenziale di cambiamento intravisto dagli osservatori e l'evidenza delle cifre all'indomani del voto.
The Place of the Dopaminergic Agonists in the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease: the View from the Trenches
Authors: King David B. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:The use of the dopamine receptor agonists in Parkinson’s disease has a compelling logic. These agents are supposed to act independently of the dying cells of the substantia nigra directly on the cells of the striatum. Early clinical trials in advanced disease were only mildly impressive. Later they were found to be beneficial in early disease but their effectiveness waned. Their ultimate failure may reflect the fact that the majority of current agents do not stimulate D1 and D2 receptors in a physiologic ratio. The drugs may act presynaptically and with the eventual loss of the anatomic relationships between nigra and striatum the drugs fail. There is, however, a rationale to their current use. When used along with L-Dopa in early disease the development of late-stage fluctuations are reduced with the same anti-parkinsonian benefits. Merging this concept with the demonstrated effect of selegiline in slowing the course of the disease, the current practice of triple therapy with selegiline, L-Dopa and a dopamine receptor agonist emerges.
Future Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: King Ching Tsui Joseph 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:New methods of drug delivery and slowing down the progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are the major goals of research. More steady drug levels in the blood are possible by means of controlled-release preparations of levodopa and long-acting dopamine agonists, as well as transcutaneous duodenal tubes and pumps for controlled subcutaneous infusion. Patches containing dopamine agonists absorbed through the skin may be developed. The role of D1 agonists as compared with D2 agonists remains to be elucidated. Agonists on autoreceptors of dopaminergic neurons may potentially reduce excessive stimulation of the intact neurons and this may slow down the rate of neuronal death in PD. Monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors may have a potentially protective action on neurons. Investigations are being carried out to evaluate this claim. Catechol-o-methyl-transferase inhibitors may be helpful in theory. There is also recent interest in inhibitors of excitatory amino acids, which may contribute to neuronal loss in PD.
During Repetitive Forebrain Ischemia, Post-ischemic Hypothermia Protects Neurons from Damage
Authors: Shuaib Ashfaq , Ijaz Sadiq , Kalra Jay , Code William 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:In rodents damage from repetitive transient cerebral ischemia is more severe than that seen with a single ischemic insult of similar duration. Mild hypothermia has been shown to be very effective in protecting the brain during single ischemic insults. We tested the protective effects of hypothermia in repetitive ischemic insults. We used the gerbil model of repetitive ischemia (three minutes ischemia repeated at one hourly intervals three times) and histological evaluation was done using the silver staining technique. Our study reveals that a decrease in body and scalp temperature by 1-2 degrees Celsius can significantly reduce neuronal damage in the cerebral cortex, CA1 region of the hippocampus and substantia nigra reticulata during repetitive ischemia. As the hypothermia was induced after the initial insult, we believe this offers an opportunity for intervention in the clinical settings.
The Influence of Indomethacin and Guanethidine on Experimental Streptozotocin Diabetic Neuropathy
Authors: Zochodne Douglas W. , Ho Lam T. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:In diabetic animals, reduced endoneurial perfusion and oxygen content have been linked to neuropathic abnormalities and might be amenable to pharmacological manipulation. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, we studied the influence of guanethidine adrenergic sympathectomy, indomethacin treatment and a combined strategy on: serial in vivo motor and sensory conduction, resistance to ischemic conduction failure, in vitro myelinated and unmyelinated conduction, endoneurial perfusion and endoneurial oxygen tension. Unlike previous work diabetic animals had normal endoneurial perfusion but lower endoneurial oxygen tensions after six months of hyperglycemia. Guanethidine worsened sensory conduction despite lower microvascular resistance and an improvement in endoneurial oxygen tension. In contrast, indomethacin improved motor and sensory conduction but not oxygen tension. These studies do not support a linkage between conduction deficits and early endoneurial microangiopathy in experimental diabetes. Indomethacin, or related agents may offer a new therapeutic approach toward diabetic neuropathy through a mechanism independent of the endoneurial microvasculature.
The Neurology of Cobalamin
Authors: Shevell Michael I. , Rosenblatt David S. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:The following review indicates that the impact of cobalamin on neurologic disease extends far beyond the traditional myelopathy of classical pernicious anemia. The delineation of a broad spectrum of inherited disorders of cobalamin processing has served to illustrate and precisely define each step in the normal absorption, transport and intracellular metabolism of this essential vitamin. Recent clinical work has extended the boundaries of acquired cobalamin deficiency to encompass a variety of neuropsychiatric disturbances without identifiable concomitant hematologic derangements and emphasized the utility and sensitivity of new laboratory tests. These findings will demand increased vigilance from clinicians so that atypical and subtle cobalamin deficiency states will be readily diagnosed. The wide range of neurologic dysfunction observed in both inherited and acquired disorders of cobalamin metabolism challenges basic scientists to delineate cobalamin’s presumed important role in the normal development and homeostasis of the nervous system.
A Canadian Population Survey on the Clinical, Epidemiologic and Societal Impact of Migraine and Tension-Type Headache
Authors: Pryse-Phillips William , Findlay Helen , Tugwell Peter , Edmeads John , Murray T.J. , Nelson R.F. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:Trained telephone interviewers contacted 1,573 adults across Canada about the nature and frequency of headaches suffered by them or by others in their households. Using a table of pain symptoms and other characteristics abstracted from the International Headache Society (IHS) classification, the headaches were assigned to migraine headache, tension-type headache or other diagnostic groups. Of the households sampled, 59% had at least one headache sufferer in residence. The proportion of headache sufferers with migraine was 14%; with tension-type, 36%; and with both, 14%. Migraine headache caused more disability than tension-type headache, with nearly 20% of migraine sufferers taking time off work and disability lasting for a mean of 1 day. It is concluded that the current prevalences of migraine and tension-type headache in Canada fall around the mean of previous studies, that the IHS criteria can form a basis for diagnostic classification and that the functional impact of migraine has been seriously underestimated in the past.
Natural history of complex transposition of great arteries in an adult: a case report
Authors: Narcisse-Alvarez Jahir Fresnel , Pumacayo-Cardenas Susan Cristina , Espinola-Zavaleta Nilda 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackground:Transposition of the great arteries is the most common cyanotic cardiac lesion in newborns. Transposition of the great arteries without surgical correction is fatal during the first year of life. Contemporary outcome studies have shown that survival rates after surgery are excellent and most patients live to adulthood.Case summary:Woman with complex transposition of the great arteries with atrial and ventricular septal defects and subvalvular and valvular pulmonary stenosis, who has survived until the age of 31 years without surgery. The diagnosis was made by echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance. She underwent successful corrective surgical treatment after this age, by means of a Jatene operation.Conclusion:In transposition of the great arteries patients, a high index of cases dies in the first month of life. Our case represents a natural history of the complex transposition of the great arteries. Non-invasive imaging studies are very useful for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with transposition of the great arteries, especially echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance. In our case, the multimodality approach and the corrective surgery allowed her to survive.
Barriers to EMS System Evaluation: Problems Associated with Field Data Collection
Authors: Spaite Daniel W. , Valenzuela Terence D. , Meislin Harvey W. 
Published: May 2019

For more than two decades, emergency medical services (EMS) systems have proliferated primarily based upon governmental impetus and funding at the federal, state, and local levels. Although many of the foundations of patient care rendered in these systems have been based upon intuitive logic, the understanding of the impact on patient outcome is poor, at best. The reasons for the current status are varied, but five issues are preeminent:1) The authority for the development of these medical systems has been based primarily in political and bureaucratic institutions which have little or no medical expertise;2) Little attention has been paid to system evaluation, particularly in the area of cost-effectiveness;3) Few academic medical institutions have become involved in EMS research;4) Traditional approaches to medical research primarily are disease-specific and are not multidisciplinary. Thus these are not useful for evaluating and understanding the highly complex and uncontrolled environmental interactions that typify EMS systems; and5) The process of efficiently and reliably collecting accurate data in the prehospital setting is extremely difficult.
BIDUAL OCTAHEDRAL RENORMINGS AND STRONG REGULARITY IN BANACH SPACES
Authors: Langemets Johann , López-Pérez Ginés 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe prove that every separable Banach space containing an isomorphic copy of $\ell _{1}$ can be equivalently renormed so that the new bidual norm is octahedral. This answers, in the separable case, a question in Godefroy [Metric characterization of first Baire class linear forms and octahedral norms, Studia Math.95 (1989), 1–15]. As a direct consequence, we obtain that every dual Banach space, with a separable predual and failing to be strongly regular, can be equivalently renormed with a dual norm to satisfy the strong diameter two property.
Trends in Antarctic Ice Sheet Elevation and Mass
Authors: Shepherd Andrew , Gilbert Lin , Muir Alan S. , Konrad Hannes , McMillan Malcolm , Slater Thomas , Briggs Kate H. , Sundal Aud V. , Hogg Anna E. , Engdahl Marcus E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFluctuations in Antarctic Ice Sheet elevation and mass occur over a variety of time scales, owing to changes in snowfall and ice flow. Here we disentangle these signals by combining 25 years of satellite radar altimeter observations and a regional climate model. From these measurements, patterns of change that are strongly associated with glaciological events emerge. While the majority of the ice sheet has remained stable, 24% of West Antarctica is now in a state of dynamical imbalance. Thinning of the Pine Island and Thwaites glacier basins reaches 122 m in places, and their rates of ice loss are now five times greater than at the start of our survey. By partitioning elevation changes into areas of snow and ice variability, we estimate that East and West Antarctica have contributed −1.1 ± 0.4 and +5.7 ± 0.8 mm to global sea level between 1992 and 2017.
Copolarized and Cross‐Polarized SAR Measurements for High‐Resolution Description of Major Hurricane Wind Structures: Application to Irma Category 5 Hurricane
Authors: Mouche Alexis , Chapron Bertrand , Knaff John , Zhao Yili , Zhang Biao , Combot Clément 
Published: May 2019

AbstractC‐band high‐resolution radar (synthetic aperture radar [SAR]) is the only spaceborne instrument able to probe at very high resolution and over all ocean basins the sea surface under extreme weather conditions. When coanalyzed with Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer wind estimates, the radar backscatter signals acquired in major hurricanes from Sentinel‐1 and Radarsat‐2 SAR reveal high sensitivity in the cross‐polarized channel for wind speeds up to 75 m/s. The combination of the two copolarized and cross‐polarized channels can then be used to derive high‐resolution surface wind estimates. The retrieval methods and impacts of intense rainfall are discussed in the context of a Hurricane Irma (2017) case study. On 7 September 2017, Sentinel‐1 measurements intercepted Hurricane Irma when it was at category 5 intensity. When compared to Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer, SAR‐derived wind speeds yield bias and root‐mean‐square of about 1.5 and 5.0 m/s, respectively. The retrieved wind structure parameters for the outer core are found to be in agreement with the Best‐Track and combined satellite‐ and aircraft‐based analyses. SAR measurements uniquely describe the inner core and provide independent measurements of the maximum wind speed and the radius of maximum wind. Near the radius of maximum wind a 65‐m/s increase in wind speed in less than 10 km is detected, corresponding to an instantaneous absolute vorticity of order 210 times the Coriolis parameter. Using a parametric Holland model and the environmental surface pressure (1,011 hPa), SAR‐derived wind speeds correspond to a central surface pressure of 918 hPa (921 hPa from the Best‐Track) in Irma's eye.
Gamma Ray Glow Observations at 20‐km Altitude
Authors: Østgaard N. , Christian H. J. , Grove J. E. , Sarria D. , Mezentsev A. , Kochkin P. , Lehtinen N. , Quick M. , Al‐Nussirat S. , Wulf E. , Genov G. , Ullaland K. , Marisaldi M. , Yang S. , Blakeslee R. J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn the spring of 2017 an ER‐2 aircraft campaign was undertaken over continental United States to observe energetic radiation from thunderstorms and lightning. The payload consisted of a suite of instruments designed to detect optical signals, electric fields, and gamma rays from lightning. Starting from Georgia, USA, 16 flights were performed, for a total of about 70 flight hours at a cruise altitude of 20 km. Of these, 45 flight hours were over thunderstorm regions. An analysis of two gamma ray glow events that were observed over Colorado at 21:47 UT on 8 May 2017 is presented. We explore the charge structure of the cloud system, as well as possible mechanisms that can produce the gamma ray glows. The thundercloud system we passed during the gamma ray glow observation had strong convection in the core of the cloud system. Electric field measurements combined with radar and radio measurements suggest an inverted charge structure, with an upper negative charge layer and a lower positive charge layer. Based on modeling results, we were not able to unambiguously determine the production mechanism. Possible mechanisms are either an enhancement of cosmic background locally (above or below 20 km) by an electric field below the local threshold or an enhancement of the cosmic background inside the cloud but then with normal polarity and an electric field well above the Relativistic Runaway Electron Avalanche threshold.