bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural, Molecular and Functional Mapping of GABAergic Synapses on Dendritic Spines and Shafts of Neocortical Pyramidal Neurons
Authors: Kwon Taekyung , Merchán-Pérez Angel , Rial Verde Emiliano M , Rodríguez José-Rodrigo , DeFelipe Javier , Yuste Rafael 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe location of GABAergic synapses on dendrites is likely key for neuronal integration. In particular, inhibitory inputs on dendritic spines could serve to selectively veto or modulate individual excitatory inputs, greatly expanding the computational power of individual neurons. To investigate this, we have undertaken a combined functional, molecular, and ultrastructural mapping of the location of GABAergic inputs onto dendrites of pyramidal neurons from upper layers of juvenile mouse somatosensory cortex. Using two-photon uncaging of GABA, intracellular labeling with gerphyrin intrabodies, and focused ion beam milling with scanning electron microscopy, we find that most (96–98%) spines lack GABAergic synapses, although they still display GABAergic responses, potentially due to extrasynaptic GABA receptors. We conclude that GABAergic inputs, in practice, contact dendritic shafts and likely control clusters of excitatory inputs, defining functional zones on dendrites.
Effectiveness of provider price display in computerized physician order entry (CPOE) on healthcare quality: a systematic review
Authors: Mummadi Srinivas R , Mishra Raghavendra 
Published: May 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo study the association between Electronic Health Record (EHR)/Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE) provider price display, and domains of healthcare quality (efficiency, effective care, patient centered care, patient safety, equitable care, and timeliness of care).MethodsRandomized and non-randomized studies assessing the relationship between healthcare quality domains and EHR/CPOE provider price display published between 1/1/1980 to 2/1/2018 were included. MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Embase were searched. Assessment of internal validity of the included studies was performed with a modified Downs-Black checklist.ResultsScreening of 1118 abstracts was performed resulting in selection of 41 manuscripts for full length review. A total of 13 studies were included in the final analysis. Thirteen studies reported on efficiency domain, one on effectiveness and one on patient safety. Studies assessing relationship between provider price display and patient centered, equitable and timely care domains were not retrieved. Quality of the studies varied widely (Range 6-12 out of a maximum possible score of 13). Provider price display in electronic health record environment did not consistently influence domains of healthcare quality such as efficiency, effectiveness and patient safety.ConclusionsPublished evidence suggests that price display tools aimed at ordering providers in EHR/CPOE do not influence the efficiency domain of healthcare quality. Scant published evidence suggests that they do not influence the effectiveness and patient safety domains of healthcare quality. Future studies are needed to assess the relationship between provider price display and unexplored domains of healthcare quality (patient centered, equitable, and timely care).RegistrationPROSPERO registration: CRD42018082227
α Centauri A as a potential stellar model calibrator: establishing the nature of its core
Authors: Nsamba B , Monteiro M J P F G , Campante T L , Cunha M S , Sousa S G 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT
Understanding the physical process responsible for the transport of energy in the core of α Centauri A is of the utmost importance if this star is to be used in the calibration of stellar model physics. Adoption of different parallax measurements available in the literature results in differences in the interferometric radius constraints used in stellar modelling. Further, this is at the origin of the different dynamical mass measurements reported for this star. With the goal of reproducing the revised dynamical mass derived by Pourbaix & Boffin, we modelled the star using two stellar grids varying in the adopted nuclear reaction rates. Asteroseismic and spectroscopic observables were complemented with different interferometric radius constraints during the optimization procedure. Our findings show that best-fitting models reproducing the revised dynamical mass favour the existence of a convective core (≳70 per cent of best-fitting models), a result that is robust against changes to the model physics. If this mass is accurate, then α Centauri A may be used to calibrate stellar model parameters in the presence of a convective core.
Risk of acute kidney injury following community prescription of antibiotics: self-controlled case series
Authors: Rennie Trijntje J W , De Souza Nicosha , Donnan Peter T , Marwick Charis A , Davey Peter , Dreischulte Tobias , Bell Samira 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Background
Development of acute kidney injury (AKI) following the use of antibiotics such as sulphonamides, trimethoprim and aminoglycosides is a frequently described phenomenon. More recently, an association between fluoroquinolone use and AKI has been suggested. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of AKI as an unintended consequence of commonly prescribed antibiotics in a large community cohort using a method that fully adjusts for underlying patient characteristics, including potential unmeasured confounders.

Methods
A self-controlled case study was conducted and included all individuals aged 18 years and over in the Tayside region of Scotland who had a serum creatinine measured between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2012. AKI episodes were defined using the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes definition. Data on oral community-prescribed antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, sulphonamides and trimethoprim, macrolides and nitrofurantoin) were collected for all individuals. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for AKI associated with antibiotic exposure versus time periods without antibiotic exposure were calculated.

Results
Combined use of sulphonamides, trimethoprim and nitrofurantoin rose by 47% and incidence of community-acquired AKI rose by 16% between 2008 and 2012. During the study period 12 777 individuals developed 14 900 episodes of AKI in the community, of which 68% was AKI Stage 1, 16% Stage 2 and 16% Stage 3. The IRR of AKI during any antibiotic use was 1.16 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10—1.23], and this was highest during sulphonamides or trimethoprim use; IRR 3.07 (95% CI 2.81–3.35). Fluoroquinolone and nitrofurantoin use was not associated with a significantly increased rate of AKI; IRR 1.13 (95% CI 0.94–1.35) and 1.16 (95% CI 0.91–1.50), respectively.

Conclusions
Incidence of AKI rose by 16% between 2008 and 2012. In the same period the use of sulphonamides, trimethoprim and nitrofurantoin increased by 47%. A significant increased risk of AKI was seen with the use of sulphonamides and trimethoprim, but not with fluoroquinolones or nitrofurantoin.
Supermassive black holes
Authors: Maggiore Michele 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe supermassive BH at the center of our Galaxy. Formation and evolution of SMBH binaries. Perspective for detection with LISA. Extreme mass ratio inspirals (EMRIs). Computation of the EMRI’s waveform with the self-force approach. Stochastic backgrounds of gravitational waves produced by SMBH binaries. Perspective for detection at pulsar timing arrays
Logics and languages
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis chapter introduces the concepts of signature and structure, and describes the semantics for first- and second-order logic. We outline three different but extensionally equivalent treatments of quantifiers and variables (the Tarskian approach, the Robinsonian approach, and a hybrid approach) and discuss their philosophical merits concerning compositionality, and Fine’s antinomy of the variable. We also outline two extensionally distinct semantics for second-order logic (Henkin, full). The appendix to the chapter presents the formal definitions of some theories of arithmetic and set theory that we employ frequently throughout the remainder of the book.
Ramsey sentences and Newman’s objection
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean 
Published: May 2018

AbstractConcerns about referential indeterminacy also feature prominently in discussions about realism within the philosophy of science. In this chapter we examine a particular version of scientific realism that arises by considering Ramsey sentences. Roughly, these are sentences where all the theoretical vocabulary has been existentially quantified away. Ramsey sentences seem promising, since they seem to incur a kind of existential commitment to theoretical entities, which is characteristic of realism, whilst making room for a certain level referential indeterminacy. We examine both the relation between Newman's objection and the Push-Through Construction, and the relation between Ramsey sentences and various model-theoretic notions of conservation. By combining the Push-Through Construction with these notions of conservation, we show that the dialectic surrounding Newman's objection mirrors the dialectic surrounding Putnam's permutation argument in the philosophy of mathematics from chapter 2.
Sameness of structure and theory
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis chapter is motivated by the following methodological question: under what circumstances should we call two structures the same? We start by surveying several formal notions of sameness of structure: definitional equivalence, interpretability, mutual interpretability, and biinterpretability. We then discuss the notions of sameness of theory which arise by considering the class of models of a theory, and some new notions of sameness of theory (such as faithful interpretability). We close the chapter by examining three ambitious claims concerning sameness of theory: that it preserves truth-value, that it preserves arithmetical consequence, and that it delivers two proofs for the price of one. We argue that the more philosophically ambitious versions of these preservation-theses fail, in general.
Categoricity and the natural numbers
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis chapter focuses on modelists who want to pin down the isomorphism type of the natural numbers. This aim immediately runs into two technical barriers: the Compactness Theorem and the Löwenheim-Skolem Theorem (the latter is proven in the appendix to this chapter). These results show that no first-order theory with an infinite model can be categorical; all such theories have non-standard models. Other logics, such as second-order logic with its full semantics, are not so expressively limited. Indeed, Dedekind's Categoricity Theorem tells us that all full models of the Peano axioms are isomorphic. However, it is a subtle philosophical question, whether one is entitled to invoke the full semantics for second-order logic — there are at least four distinct attitudes which one can adopt to these categoricity result — but moderate modelists are unable to invoke the full semantics, or indeed any other logic with a categorical theory of arithmetic.
Categoricity and the sets
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn this chapter, the focus shifts from numbers to sets. Again, no first-order set theory can hope to get anywhere near categoricity, but Zermelo famously proved the quasi-categoricity of second-order set theory. As in the previous chapter, we must ask who is entitled to invoke full second-order logic. That question is as subtle as before, and raises the same problem for moderate modelists. However, the quasi-categorical nature of Zermelo's Theorem gives rise to some specific questions concerning the aims of axiomatic set theories. Given the status of Zermelo's Theorem in the philosophy of set theory, we include a stand-alone proof of this theorem. We also prove a similar quasi-categoricity for Scott-Potter set theory, a theory which axiomatises the idea of an arbitrary stage of the iterative hierarchy.
Transcendental arguments against model-theoretical scepticism
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe overarching moral of the two previous chapters is that moderate modelists cannot explain how they could hope to pin down any particular isomorphism type, and so cannot deliver on their goal of explicating structure-talk in terms of isomorphism types. This observation can lead to a kind of model-theoretical scepticism: that is, a moderate modelist might think that model theory has shown to us that we simply cannot pick out the the natural numbers. After distinguishing Moorean arguments from transcendental arguments, we present two transcendental arguments against model-theoretical scepticism. The Metaresources Transcendental Argument, due essentially to Bays, begins from the observation that the model theory which the sceptic uses seems to involve a lot of mathematics already. The Disquotational Transcendental Resources Argument concerns the specifically semantic nature of the sceptical hypotheses. Both aim to show that, insofar as we understand the sceptical hypothesis, we can show it does not obtain.
Internal categoricity and the sets
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAs the previous chapter discussed the internalist perspective on the categoricity of arithmetic, this chapter presents the internalist perspective on sets. In particular, we show both how to internalise Scott-Potter set theory its quasi-categoricity theorem, and how to internalise Zermelo’s Quasi-Categoricity Theorem. As in the case of arithmetic, this gives a non-semantic way to draw the boundary between algebraic and univocal theories. A particularly compelling case of the quasi-univocity of set theory revolves around the continuum hypothesis. Furthermore, by additionally postulating that the size of the pure sets is the same as the size of the universe, these famous quasi-categoricity results can actually be turned into internal categoricity results simpliciter, so that one has full univocity instead of mere quasi-univocity. In the appendices we prove these results, and we discuss how they relate to important work by McGee and Martin.
Internal categoricity and truth
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis chapter considers whether internal categoricity can be used to leverage any claims about mathematical truth. We begin by noting that internal categoricity allows us to introduce a truth-operator which gives an object-language expression to the supervaluationist semantics. In this way, the univocity discussed in previous chapters might seem to secure an object-language expression of determinacy of truth-value; but this hope falls short, because such truth-operators must be carefully distinguished from truth-predicates. To introduce these truth-predicates, we outline an internalist attitude towards model theory itself. We then use this to illuminate the cryptic conclusions of Putnam's justly-famous paper ‘Models and Reality’. We close this chapter by presenting Tarski’s famous result that truth for lower-order languages can be defined in higher-order languages.
Wilfrid Hodges A short history of model theory
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe give a historical account of mathematical model theory, from its origins to the early twenty-first century. We record how early work in model theory grew from attempts to formalise and systematise some largely informal ideas in mathematical heuristics. We also note how the growth of model theory, particularly in recent years, has been driven by the discovery of interactions with many other areas of mathematics, such as set theory, combinatorics, algebra, geometry and number theory.
Graphic Signs of Authority in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, 300-900
Authors: Garipzanov Ildar 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This book presents a cultural history of graphic signs such as the sign of the cross, christograms, monograms, and other graphic devices, examining how they were employed to relate to and interact with the supernatural world, and to represent and communicate secular and divine authority in the late antique Mediterranean and early medieval Europe. It analyses its graphic visual material with reference to specific historical contexts and to relevant late antique and early medieval texts as a complementary way of looking at the cultural, religious, and socio-political transition from the late Graeco-Roman world to that of medieval Europe. This monograph treats such graphic signs as typologically similar forms of visual communication, reliant on the visual-spatial ability of human cognition to process object-like graphic forms as proxies for concepts and abstract notions—an ability that is commonly discussed in modern visual studies with reference to categories such as visual thinking, graphic visualization, and graphicacy. Thanks to this human ability, the aforementioned graphic signs were actively employed in religious and socio-political communication in the first millennium ad. This approach allows for a synthetic study of graphic visual evidence from a wide range of material media that have rarely been studied collectively, including various mass-produced items and unique objects of art, architectural monuments, and epigraphic inscriptions, as well as manuscripts and charters. As such, this book will serve as a timely reference tool for historians, art historians, archaeologists, epigraphists, manuscript scholars, and numismatists as well as the informed general public.
Decisions Behind the Veil
Authors: Bruner Justin P. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis chapter explores the behavior of individuals placed in circumstances approximating the ‘veil of ignorance.’ Unlike previous experiments of Rawls’ veil, it considers Rawls’ fair equality of opportunity principle in addition to the so-called difference principle. The chapter author’s experimental design can register whether behavior is consistent with a lexicographic ranking of principles of justice. The chapter observes wide support for utilitarianism as well as fair equality of opportunity and, moreover, finds the former is lexically prior to the latter.
Statutes of Limitations and Personal Identity
Authors: Mott Christian 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Legal theorists have proposed several theories to justify statutes of limitations in the criminal law, but none of these normative theories is generally accepted. This chapter investigates the related descriptive question as to whether ordinary people have the intuition that legal punishment becomes less appropriate as time passes from the date of the offense and, if they do, what factors play a role in these intuitions. Five studies demonstrate that there is an intuitive statute of limitations on both legal punishment and moral criticism, and that these intuitions arise, in part, from judgments about changes in psychological connectedness over time.
On the Matter of Robot Minds
Authors: McLaughlin Brian P. , Rose David 
Published: May 2018

AbstractOne reason it matters whether phenomenally conscious robots will soon be forthcoming is that such robots would have moral rights. The view that they are on the horizon often rests on a certain philosophical view about consciousness, one called “nomological behaviorism” in this chapter. The view entails that, as a matter of nomological necessity, if a robot had exactly the same patterns of dispositions to peripheral behavior as a phenomenally conscious being, then the robot would be phenomenally conscious. The chapter experimentally investigates whether the folk think that certain (hypothetical) robots made of silicon and steel would have the same conscious states as certain familiar biological beings with the same patterns of dispositions to peripheral behavior as the robots. The findings provide evidence that the folk largely reject the view that silicon-based robots would have the sensations that they, the folk, attribute to the biological beings in question.
Problems of Self-Knowledge
Authors: Byrne Alex 
Published: May 2018

AbstractVarious problems of self-knowledge are introduced, along with the important notions of transparency, privileged access, and peculiar access. Accounts of self-knowledge are classified according to whether they are economical, inferential, detectivist, or unified. Roughly: economical accounts repurpose other epistemic capacities; inferential accounts say self-knowledge is acquired by inference; detectivist accounts say the explanation of self-knowledge involves causal mechanisms; and unified accounts give the same basic epistemological story for all mental states. The account to be defended later has all four features. The chapter concludes by reviewing the history of self-knowledge considered as a philosophical problem. Self-knowledge from Descartes onwards was generally taken for granted, unlike our knowledge of the external world, which was thought deeply problematic. This gets things completely back to front.
Some Recent Approaches
Authors: Byrne Alex 
Published: May 2018

AbstractChapter 2 argued that the failings of the inner-sense theory are often more apparent than real. In any event, recent approaches to self-knowledge are usually advertised as taking a radically different route. This chapter surveys and criticizes three prominent examples, due to Davidson, Moran, and Bar-On. They illustrate how radically different accounts of self-knowledge can be, despite having some overlapping themes. All three philosophers emphasize the linguistic expression of self-knowledge. Moran and Bar-On both think the main problems are in important respects not epistemological. Davidson and Moran concentrate on the propositional attitudes, belief in particular, and suggest that another approach entirely will be required for knowledge of one’s sensations.
Desire, Intention, and Emotion
Authors: Byrne Alex 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSo far, a transparent epistemology has been given for belief and perception. Assuming that is correct, this chapter begins by arguing that transparency must apply across the board, thus giving a “general theory” of self-knowledge. The chapter then sketches the needed extensions for desire, intention, and emotion (using the specific example of disgust). The three proposed rules for desire, intention, and disgust explain privileged and peculiar access in the usual style. Privileged access is explained because one tries to follow these rules, then (minor qualifications aside) one will arrive at a true belief about one’s desire, intention, or feeling of disgust. And peculiar access is explained because the methods only work, or only work in full generality, in one’s own case. The rules are also detectivist, and plausibly economical.
Memory, Imagination, and Thought
Authors: Byrne Alex 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis chapter further extends the transparency approach to memory, imagination, and thought. The kind of memory that is chiefly treated is episodic memory which, it turns out, is closely connected to the other two topics. Imagery is the key to a transparent epistemology of memory, and also to imagination and thought. That completes the defense of this book’s theory of self-knowledge. The theory needs controversial claims, most notably the idea that knowledge can be obtained by reasoning from inadequate evidence, or from no evidence at all, and that perception and imagery constitutively involve belief. Those controversial claims were backed by independent argument, but are hardly beyond dispute. The ambition has simply been to establish the transparency account as a leading hypothesis, deserving of further examination.