bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
58‐1: Distinguished Paper: Bezel Free Design of Organic Light Emitting Diode Display via a‐InGaZnO Gate Driver Circuit Integration within Active Array
Authors: Kim Kyung Min , Han Inhyo , Park Hae Jin , Noh Seok , Jang Young In , Oh Kilhwan , Kim Bumsik , Kang In-Byeong 
Published: May 2019

In this article, we described an innovative design technology of organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, to provide a bezel free design. To demonstrate it, we located gate driver circuit of amorphous indium‐gallium‐zinc oxide thin‐film transistors (TFTs) within the active array, and have successfully prevented capacitive coupling and interference between the emission circuit and gate driver circuit. Finally, we have successfully demonstrated bezel free designed OLED display of 18.3″ HD (1366x768, 85ppi) driven by	a‐InGaZnO TFTs.
The Constitution of Estonia: The Unexpected Challenges of Unlimited Primacy of EU Law
Authors: Ernits Madis , Ginter Carri , Laos Saale , Allikmets Marje , Tupay Paloma Krõõt , Värk René , Laurand Andra 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe report informs that due to historical ties to the German legal culture, the most influential model for reconstruction of the Estonian legal order after the restoration of independence was German law, including when drafting the 1992 Constitution. However, with regard to EU law, a different approach was chosen: a blanket clause in a self-standing constitutional act that suspends the Constitution, in order to give full supremacy to EU law. The Supreme Court and its Constitutional Review Chamber have adopted an unconditionally EU-friendly approach. However, the report documents the widespread concerns that have emerged amongst Estonian lawyers with regard to setting aside the Constitution, as well as the practical difficulties in constitutional adjudication by the Supreme Court. The tensions peaked in the process of ratification of the ESM Treaty, which was approved by 11 judges against 8, with the latter submitting strongly worded dissenting opinions expressing concerns about the impact of the very large financial liabilities on the rule-of-law-based, democratic and social state. Concerns by lawyers were also raised with regard to the European Arrest Warrant system, which led to review proceedings initiated by the Chancellor of Justice based on defence rights. The report also explores the excess sugar stocks cases concerning the principles of legitimate expectations and non-retroactivity, and issues regarding publication of laws in the context of EU law. The report finds that broadly speaking, any strains on constitutional values have been justified, given the benefits of EU integration. It nevertheless recommends introducing a German Solange-style limitation clause into the Constitution.
Europe’s Gift to the United Kingdom’s Unwritten Constitution – Juridification
Authors: Young Alison L. , Birkinshaw Patrick , Mitsilegas Valsamis , Christou Theodora A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe United Kingdom constitution is the only uncodified constitution in Europe, and is described in the report as evolutionary, historical and predominantly political, responding piecemeal to developments through pragmatic solutions. A central concept is parliamentary sovereignty. The Supreme Court, replacing the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords, started its work in 2009; it can make a declaration of incompatibility with the ECHR, but has no power to annul legislation (although prior to Brexit, the courts were willing to disapply legislation which contravened directly effective provisions of EU law). Fundamental rights are predominantly protected by the Human Rights Act 1998, which incorporates the ECHR into UK law and the common law. A proactive role in raising fundamental rights issues, also in relation to EU law, is played by parliamentary scrutiny committees, NGOs and other institutions. These have contributed e.g. to the subsequent introduction of rights-based safeguards to European Arrest Warrant legislation and of a forum bar with regard to international extradition treaties. In terms of the main comparative influences, UK law is more likely to refer to the principles found in the common law of the US, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. Although European influences are present and have increased, it is unclear how far these influences will remain post Brexit. The report observes that membership of the EU and of the ECHR has helped to subject the UK constitution to juridification. In general, EU law has in many areas enhanced rights protection, e.g. as regards the right to privacy and the general principles of law; indeed, the latter were introduced into the UK through EU and ECHR law. The report does not address the Brexit process, although a brief post scriptum note has been added.
Using synthetic semiochemicals to train canines to detect bark beetle–infested trees
Authors: Johansson Annette , Birgersson Göran , Schlyter Fredrik 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Key message

The dog detection allows timely removal by sanitation logging of first beetle-attacked trees before offspring emergence, preventing local beetle increases. Detection dogs rapidly learned responding to synthetic bark beetle pheromone components, with known chemical titres, allowing search training during winter in laboratory and field. Dogs trained on synthetics detected naturally attacked trees in summer at a distance of > 100 m.

Context
An early detection of first beetle-attacked trees would allow timely sanitation felling before offspring emergence, curbing local beetle increase.

Aims
We tested if detection dogs, trained off-season on synthetic pheromone components from Ips typographus, could locate naturally bark beetle–infested spruce trees.

Methods
Indoor training allowed dogs to discriminate between the infestation odours (target) and natural odours (non-target) from the forest. Odour stimuli were shown by chemical analysis to be bioactive at extremely low-levels released (< 10−4 ng/15 min) in the laboratory.

Results
Detection dogs, trained to recognise four different synthetic pheromone compounds in the wintertime, were able to detect naturally infested spruce trees unknown to humans the following summer. The dog-handler pairs were able to detect an infested spruce tree from the first hours of beetle attack until several weeks after first attack, long before discolouration of the crown. Trained sniffer dogs detected infested spruce trees out to ≥ 100 m, as measured by GPS-collar tracks.

Conclusion
Dog-handler pairs appear to be more efficient than humans alone in timely detecting bark beetle infestations due to the canine’s ability to cover a greater area and detect by olfaction infestations from a far longer distance than can humans.
Emotional and Physical Child Abuse in The Context of Natural Disasters: A Focus on Haiti
Authors: Subedi Sony , Bartels Susan , Davison Colleen 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTObjective:To investigate the social and living conditions of households in Haiti before and after the 2010 earthquake and to determine the prevalence of emotional and physical abuse of children aged 2 to 14 in households after the earthquake.Methods:Nationally representative samples of Haitian households from the 2005/2006 and 2012 phases of the Demographic and Health Surveys were used. Descriptive data were summarized with frequencies and measures of central tendency. Chi-squared and independent t tests were used to compare pre-earthquake and post-earthquake data. Basic mapping was used to explore patterns of child abuse in relation to proximity to the epicenter.Results:Comparison of pre-earthquake and post-earthquake data showed noteworthy improvements in the education attainment of the household head and possession of mobile phones after the earthquake. The prevalence of emotional, physical, and severe physical abuse in 2012 was estimated to be 78.5%, 77.0%, and 15.4%, respectively. Mapping revealed no conclusive patterns between the proximity of each region to the epicenter and the prevalence of the different forms of abuse. However, the prevalence of severe physical abuse was notably higher in settlement camps (25.0%) than it was in Haiti overall (15.4%).Conclusions:The high prevalence of child abuse in Haiti highlights an urgent need for interventions aimed at reducing occurrences of household child abuse.
Difference of source regions between fast and slow coronal mass ejections
Authors: Filippov B. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are tightly related to filament eruptions and usually are their continuation in the upper solar corona. It is common practice to divide all observed CMEs into fast and slow ones. Fast CMEs usually follow eruptive events in active regions near big sunspot groups and associated with major solar flares. Slow CMEs are more related to eruptions of quiescent prominences located far from active regions. We analyse 10 eruptive events with particular attention to the events on 2013 September 29 and on 2016 January 26, one of which was associated with a fast CME, while another was followed by a slow CME. We estimated the initial store of free magnetic energy in the two regions and show the resemblance of pre-eruptive situations. The difference of late behaviour of the two eruptive prominences is a consequence of the different structure of magnetic field above the filaments. We estimated this structure on the basis of potential magnetic field calculations. Analysis of other eight events confirmed that all fast CMEs originate in regions with rapidly changing with height value and direction of coronal magnetic field.
On the Written Constitution
Authors: Shamgar Meir 
Published: May 2019

Since 1950 four Basic Laws have been enacted: The Knesset, Israel Lands, The President of the State and The Government.Some months ago the Ministry of Justice presented to the Ministerial Committee on Legislation the draft of a new Basic Law called Basic Law: Legislation. If this draft is approved by the Government, it will be presented to the Knesset as a Government Bill. The draft includes an outline of the basic principles and powers relating to legislation and the provisions which call for specific attention are as follows:a) A Basic Law shall bear the name “Basic Law”.b) A Basic Law, a law amending a Basic Law or a provision of law contradicting a provision of a Basic Law, shall require—on its final reading—the vote of a majority of members of the Knesset, provided the Basic Law involved does not explicitly require a larger majority.c) A provision amending a Basic Law or contradicting it shall have the force of law only if it states explicitly that it is to have that effect.
The Status of Fundamental Individual Rights in the Absence of a Written Constitution
Authors: Shapira Amos 
Published: May 2019

To reconcile the true boundaries between the individual and the community is the highest problem that thoughtful consideration of human society has to solve. Jellinek,The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens(1901).The legislative authority in Israel is all-powerful. Like the English Parliament, the Knesset “can do everything but make a woman a man, and a man a woman”. In the absence of a formal written Constitution, the Legislature enjoys legislative supremacy: the laws of the Knesset stand at the top of the normative legal order of the State, paramount in the prevailing legal system. Ranged against such a Legislature-giant, whose power knows no formal restraint, the Courts often feel like Lilliputians facing a Gulliver. There is, indeed, justification for this sense of inferiority harboured by the Judiciary. It is undoubtedly true that in the process of adjudicating disputes—between two individuals and between an individual and the authorities—judges apply, construe, and develop the existing rules of law and impart life to them.
Jewish Law of Warranties: Some Comparative Aspects
Authors: Haut Irwin H. 
Published: May 2019

Aspects of Jewish Sales Law which may be referred to as the law of warranties are the subject of this article. Only the sale of personalty is dealt with and comparison is made with parallel developments in American Sales Law.The temptation to engage in extensive discussion of the sources of Jewish Law and of its nature and developments has been resisted and only some brief preliminary remarks concerning Jewish Law have been included but the interested reader is referred elsewhere for further discussion of these matters.Unlike the Common law, which developed on a case to case basis, Jewish law developed along several lines. Jewish law developed in part on a case to case basis as exemplified by Talmudic discussions and expositions; in part in an enormous and still growingResponsaliterature; and in the decisions of Rabbinical Courts throughout Jewish history. On the other hand, the development of Jewish law depended in great part on various Codes, the most important for our purposes being those of Maimonides, Asherides and Karo.
The Effect of Foreign Law on the Law of Israel: Remnants of the Ottoman Period
Authors: Friedmann Daniel 
Published: May 2019

This series of articles is intended to deal with one aspect of the sources of Israel law, namely the influence of foreign legal systems and principles derived therefrom on Israel law and on the attempt in recent years to independent creation of local law.Foreign law constitutes on occasion an actual legal source for the law of Israel. This occurs when a local enactment refers to foreign law and makes it applicable in certain situations. In such case the foreign law which we are to apply constitutes an obligatory legal norm in Israel and is, in fact, part of the Israel legal system. In other cases foreign law influences the process of creation of local law but does not constitute a formal source of law in the Israel system. This happens, for example, when Israel case law relies for authority upon some rule established in an American decision (which is, of course, not binding in Israel) or when the Israel legislator is influenced by a principle of law derived from another legal system. We might say there that the foreign law is an historical source for the Israel rule.
Infusion of the Common Law into the Legal System of Israel
Authors: Friedmann Daniel 
Published: May 2019

At the end of the Ottoman rule the legal system in Israel was ripe for change. The British conquest was welcomed, at least by the Jewish population, and under the circumstances there was no objection to absorbing the legal system of the new conqueror.British conquest in 1917 brought military rule but by 1920 a civil administration headed by High Commissioner Sir Herbert Samuel had already been installed. On July 24, 1922 the League of Nations bestowed upon Britain the Mandate over Palestine, and less than a month thereafter, on August 10, 1922, the Palestine Order-in-Council was enacted. This legislation was designed to serve as a “Constitution” for Mandatory Palestine. It established institutions of the Government—the executive authority, the legislative branch, the judiciary—and defined their powers. In particular, the sources of law to be applied by the civil courts were enumerated in Art. 46, while matters of personal status jurisdiction remained vested in the courts of the various religious communities.
A phenomenological study of the experience of domestic violence in Iranian women with HIV
Authors: Gharacheh Maryam , Mohammadi Nooredin , Ranjbar Fahimeh , Emadi Kochak Hamid , Montazeri Simin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis study explores the lived experience of domestic violence in HIV-infected women in Iran using a qualitative phenomenological approach. Data were collected in 2014 through in-depth interview of twelve HIV-infected women purposefully selected from a counselling centre in Tehran. The qualitative data were analysed using a thematic analysis approach. The main theme that emerged was ‘the sunset of life’ – an emotional numbing and fragile marital relationship resulting from the violence suffered by the women. From this, three sub-themes expressing women’s feelings of hopelessness were extracted: ‘the destroyed life’, ‘being in the destiny prison’ and ‘living on the edge of annihilation’. The results revealed that although the experience of domestic violence had devastating effects on women’s lives, HIV infection was the factor that forced them to remain trapped in violent relationships. The findings emphasize the importance of designing comprehensive violence prevention strategies tailored to meeting the needs of HIV-infected women in Iran.
Studies on the effects of cercarial concentration and length of exposure on the infection of mice by St Lucian Schistosoma mansoni cercariae in a natural running-water habitat
Authors: Upatham Edward Suchart 
Published: May 2019

The effects of cercarial concentration and length of exposure on the infection of mice by St Lucian Schistosoma mansoni cercariae were investigated in a running-water habitat.For all exposure times, mice exposed to cercarial concentrations from 2·5 to 40 cercariae per mouse acquired no infections. At higher concentrations, infection rates and worm burdens of mice increased in direct proportion to cercarial concentrations and exposure times. The highest infection rate (57·9 %) and worm burden (46 worms) were obtained in mice exposed for 256 mm to 1280 cercariae per mouse.Cercarial concentrations are low in St Lucian running waters, a fact suggesting that the risk of persons becoming infected while fording, collecting domestic water, washing clothes and swimming in habitats with reasonable flows is very low. It appears that most infected individuals acquire a low worm burden over a rather long period of time.
TEORIA DELL'INTEGRAZIONE E TEORIA DELLE RELAZIONI INTERNAZIONALI
Authors: Gori Umberto 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneL'analisi dei processi di integrazione non ha ancora raggiunto presso gli studiosi di politica l'ampiezza e l'approfondimento che la loro crescente importanza nel sistema delle relazioni internazionali ormai merita. Il concetto stesso di integrazione è tutt'altro che pacifico in dottrina, e anzi spesso non figura neppure nelle maggiori opere enciclopediche, almeno nell'accezione che qui interessa. Anche nella stessa letteratura delle relazioni internazionali, in particolare quella di ispirazione classica, sono rari i casi di autori che trattino del concetto e del relativo fenomeno in modo esauriente. Piú nutrito è semmai il numero degli appartenenti alla scuola c.d. ≪ scientifica ≫ che hanno cercato di far progredire la conoscenza dei processi di integrazione. Ma anche da questo punto di vista — come vedremo — molto resta da fare.
CANALI DI COMUNICAZIONE POLITICA E ORIENTAMENTI DELL'ELETTORATO
Authors: Sani Giacomo 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneIn un saggio apparso di recente su questa rivista ho tentato di valutare il successo ed i limiti della strategia adottata dal Partito Comunista italiano nei confronti dell'elettorato. Le conclusioni, suggerite dai risultati di due ricerche elettorali condotte nel 1968 e nel 1972, erano, in breve, queste: il seguito elettorale del PCI è, dal punto di vista della composizione sociale, notevolmente eterogeneo e si avvicina ad una configurazione di tipo ≪ pigliatutto ≫ simile a quella degli altri due partiti di massa, DC e PSI; tra i fattori determinanti del successo del PCI hanno preminenza l'insediamento organizzativo del partito e la tradizione politica della comunità, mentre l'influenza diretta del fattore status è ridotta; l'elettorato non comunista ha una immagine del PCI che è, nell'insieme, assai negativa; questa immagine negativa ha quattro componenti principali: l'anticlericalismo attribuito al partito, la percezione che esso rappresenta un pericolo per la democrazia, che esso non è sufficientemente un partito d'ordine e, infine, i legami col movimento politico internazionale e in particolare con l'Unione Sovietica.
Healthcare utilisation and cost expenditures for pneumonia in individuals with diabetes mellitus in the USA
Authors: Liu K. , Lee G. C. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPneumonia is one of the leading causes of hospitalisations among adults in the USA. Individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) have been associated with increased risk for pneumonia and complications including death. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare the prevalence and healthcare utilisation patterns for pneumonia in individuals with and without DM, and (2) identify risk factors for pneumonia in those with DM. We performed a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of the US adult population using Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys (MEPS) data from 2014. Overall, the data represented 24 million individuals with DM and 218 million without DM in the USA. The population-based rate for a pneumonia event was 34 per 1000 persons for individuals with DM and 19 per 1000 persons without DM. Compared to the non-DM group, individuals with DM were treated 1.8x, 2.6x and 1.4x more in the ED, hospital and outpatient, respectively. Furthermore, the average cost per pneumonia event was significantly higher among individuals with DM compared to non-DM in the inpatient setting ($11 931 vs. $7751; P < 0.001). Among individuals with DM, female sex, DM complications, smokers and administration of pneumococcal vaccines were significant factors associated with a pneumonia event.
CHALCHIUHNENETZIN—BETWEEN MYTH AND HISTORY: SYMBOLIC ASPECTS OF THE AZTEC NOBLEWOMEN OF THIS NAME
Authors: Szoblik Katarzyna 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe aim of this work is to approach the strategies of transmitting knowledge of the past among the Nahua of the early Colonial period. The alphabetical sources of that epoch present a specific mix of contemporary European historiography and pre-Hispanic Nahua cultural memory. This article focuses on the second aspect, namely cultural memory that was a constant dialogue between the historical facts and the mythical structures into which these facts were “accommodated” to become culturally meaningful. The article analyzes narratives of two Aztec princesses called Chalchiuhnenetzin. The women named Chalchiuhnenetzin appear in two different historical contexts but, as shown in the analysis, the morphology of both stories and the role played by both women are quite similar. Thus, they can be regarded as examples of cultural re-elaboration of history by predominantly oral cultures.