bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of hyperthyroidism in the development of the appendicular skeleton and muscles of zebrafish, with notes on evolutionary developmental pathology (Evo-Devo-Path)
Authors: Shkil Fedor , Siomava Natalia , Voronezhskaya Elena , Diogo Rui 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis plays a crucial role in the metabolism, homeostasis, somatic growth and development of teleostean fishes. Thyroid hormones regulate essential biological functions such as growth and development, regulation of stress, energy expenditure, tissue compound, and psychological processes. Teleost thyroid follicles produce the same thyroid hormones as in other vertebrates: thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), making the zebrafish a very useful model to study hypo- and hyperthyroidism in other vertebrate taxa, including humans. Here we investigate morphological changes in T3 hyperthyroid cases in the zebrafish to better understand malformations provoked by alterations of T3 levels. In particular, we describe musculoskeletal abnormalities during the development of the zebrafish appendicular skeleton and muscles, compare our observations with those recently done by us on the normal developmental of the zebrafish, and discuss these comparisons within the context of evolutionary developmental pathology (Evo-Devo-Path), including human pathologies.
Fatal traumatic brain injuries during 13 years of successive alcohol tax increases in Finland – a nationwide population-based registry study
Authors: Posti Jussi P. , Sankinen Matti , Sipilä Jussi O. T. , Ruuskanen Jori O. , Rinne Jaakko , Rautava Päivi , Kytö Ville 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe sought to investigate how increases in alcohol taxation and changes in alcohol consumption were associated with the incidence rate of fatal traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in Finland during the years 2004–2016. Nationwide, mandatory cause of death database covering all deaths in Finland was searched for all deaths related to TBIs (ICD-10: S06.X) in persons ≥16 years of age during 2004–2016. Study period included 28,657,870 person-years and 325,514 deaths of which 12,110 were TBI-related. Occurrence rates were standardized to European 2013 standard population. Data for alcohol consumption were obtained from the National Institute for Health and Welfare and for alcohol taxation from Ministry of Finance, Finland. Standardized incidence rate of TBI-related death was 22.0 (95% CI 21.61–22.38) per 100,000 person-years. Overall alcohol consumption decreased on average by 1.2% annually. Concurrently, the overall incidence rate of fatal TBIs decreased by 4.1% annually (by 4.3% in men and 2.4% in women). There was an association between overall alcohol consumption and TBI-related mortality rate (p < 0.001). Tax-rate increases of all beverage types were associated with decreased incidence rate of TBI-related death in men (p < 0.001), in women (p < 0.036) and overall (p < 0.001). In this population-based study, we report that during 13 years of successive alcohol tax increases, overall alcohol consumption has decreased in parallel with a reduction in the incidence rate of fatal TBIs in Finland.
The ciliary Frizzled-like receptor Tmem67 regulates canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling in the developing cerebellum via Hoxb5
Authors: Abdelhamed Zakia A. , Abdelmottaleb Dina I. , El-Asrag Mohammed E. , Natarajan Subaashini , Wheway Gabrielle , Inglehearn Chris F. , Toomes Carmel , Johnson Colin A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPrimary cilia defects result in a group of related pleiotropic malformation syndromes known as ciliopathies, often characterised by cerebellar developmental and foliation defects. Here, we describe the cerebellar anatomical and signalling defects in theTmem67tm1(Dgen)/Hknockout mouse. At mid-gestation,Tmem67mutant cerebella were hypoplastic and had aberrantly high canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling, proliferation and apoptosis. Later in development, mutant cerebellar hemispheres had severe foliation defects and inferior lobe malformation, characterized by immature Purkinje cells (PCs). Early postnatalTmem67mutant cerebellum had disrupted ciliogenesis and reduced responsiveness to Shh signalling. Transcriptome profiling ofTmem67mutant cerebella identified ectopic increased expression of homeobox-type transcription factors (Hoxa5,Hoxa4,Hoxb5andHoxd3), normally required for early rostral hindbrain patterning. HOXB5 protein levels were increased in the inferior lobe, and increased canonical Wnt signalling, following loss of TMEM67, was dependent on HOXB5. HOXB5 occupancy at the β-catenin promoter was significantly increased by activation of canonical Wnt signalling inTmem67−/−mutant cerebellar neurones, suggesting that increased canonical Wnt signalling following mutation or loss of TMEM67 was directly dependent on HOXB5. Our results link dysregulated expression of Hox group genes with ciliary Wnt signalling defects in the developing cerebellum, providing new mechanistic insights into ciliopathy cerebellar hypoplasia phenotypes.
Ancient human mitochondrial genomes from Bronze Age Bulgaria: new insights into the genetic history of Thracians
Authors: Modi Alessandra , Nesheva Desislava , Sarno Stefania , Vai Stefania , Karachanak-Yankova Sena , Luiselli Donata , Pilli Elena , Lari Martina , Vergata Chiara , Yordanov Yordan , Dimitrova Diana , Kalcev Petar , Staneva Rada , Antonova Olga , Hadjidekova Savina , Galabov Angel , Toncheva Draga , Caramelli David 
Published: April 2019

AbstractOne of the best documented Indo-European civilizations that inhabited Bulgaria is the Thracians, who lasted for more than five millennia and whose origin and relationships with other past and present-day populations are debated among researchers. Here we report 25 new complete mitochondrial genomes of ancient individuals coming from three necropolises located in different regions of Bulgaria – Shekerdja mogila, Gabrova mogila and Bereketska mogila – dated to II-III millennium BC. The identified mtDNA haplogroup composition reflects the mitochondrial variability of Western Eurasia. In particular, within the ancient Eurasian genetic landscape, Thracians locate in an intermediate position between Early Neolithic farmers and Late Neolithic-Bronze Age steppe pastoralists, supporting the scenario that the Balkan region has been a link between Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean since the prehistoric time. Spatial Principal Component Analysis (sPCA) performed on Thracian and modern mtDNA sequences, confirms the pattern highlighted on ancient populations, overall indicating that the maternal gene pool of Thracians reflects their central geographical position at the gateway of Europe.
Machine Learning Approach to find the relation between Endometriosis, benign breast disease, cystitis and non-toxic goiter
Authors: Lee Jung Hun , Kwon Seon-Young , Chang Jiho , Yuk Jin-Sung 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe exact mechanism of endometriosis is unknown. The recommendation system (RS) based on item similarities of machine learning has never been applied to the relationship between diseases. The study aim was to identify diseases associated with endometriosis by applying RS based on item similarities to insurance data in South Korea. Women aged 15 to 45 years extracted from the Korean Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service National Inpatient Sample (HIRA-NIS) 2009–2015. We used the RS model to extract diseases that were correlated with an endometriosis diagnosis. Among women aged 15 to 45 years, endometriosis was defined as a diagnostic code of N80.x and a concurrent treatment code. A control group was defined as women who did not have the N80.x code. Benign breast diseases, cystitis, and non-toxic goitre were extracted by the RS. A total of 1,730,562 women were selected as the control group, and 11,273 women were selected as the endometriosis group. In logistic regression analysis adjusted for age per 5 years, data year, and socioeconomic status, benign neoplasm of breast (odds ratio (OR): 2.58; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.90–3.50), other cystitis (OR: 2.63; 95% CI: 1.56–4.44), and non-toxic single thyroid nodule (OR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.14–2.32) were statistically significant. Endometriosis was associated with benign breast disease, cystitis, and non-toxic goitre.
Metallothionein Genes are Highly Expressed in Malignant Astrocytomas and Associated with Patient Survival
Authors: Masiulionytė Bernadeta , Valiulytė Indrė , Tamašauskas Arimantas , Skiriutė Daina 
Published: April 2019

AbstractGliomas are heterogeneous, primary brain tumours that originate from glial cells. The main type of gliomas is astrocytomas. There are four grades (I-IV) of astrocytoma malignancy. Astrocytoma grade IV known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive type of astrocytic gliomas. Metallothioneins (MT) are low molecular weight, cysteine rich proteins encoded by a family of metallothionein (MT) genes. MT genes play a crucial role in carcinogenesis of diverse malignancies. We proposed MT genes as prognostic markers for malignant astrocytoma. MT1A, MT1E, MT1X, MT2, MT3 gene expression was elevated in grade IV astrocytomas (glioblastomas) as compared to astrocytomas grade I-III. Statistically significant differences were reached for MT1A and MT2 genes (Mann-Whitney test, p < 0.05). High MT1A, MT1X, MT2, MT3 genes expression was associated with shorter patient survival (Log-rank test, p < 0.05). MT1A gene promoter methylation was decreased in glioblastoma (57.6%) while the gene was highly methylated in grade II-III astrocytoma (from 66.7% to 83.3%) and associated with better patient survival (p < 0.05). MT1A gene methylation showed a trend of being associated with higher mRNA expression level in astrocytomas. Increased MT genes expression in grade IV astrocytomas as compared to I-III grade astrocytomas could be associated with malignant tumour behaviour and progression.
The Influence of Energy Depletion by Metformin or Hypocaloric Diet on Thyroid Iodine Uptake in Healthy Volunteers: a Randomized Trial
Authors: Sloot Yvette J. E. , Janssen Marcel J. R. , van Herwaarden Antonius E. , Peeters Robin P. , Netea-Maier Romana T. , Smit Johannes W. A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSufficient thyroid iodine uptake is needed to ensure effective radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment, which is mediated by the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS). Activation of AMP-activated-protein-kinase (AMPK), leads to decreased NIS expression and thyroid iodine uptake in in vitro and animal models. Clinically relevant conditions that lead to AMPK activation include metformin use and hypocaloric conditions. Here, we aim to assess the effects of metformin and hypocaloric diet on thyroid iodine uptake in healthy volunteers. Healthy male volunteers were included and randomized. Group 1 (n = 8) received metformin, group 2 (n = 7) followed a hypocaloric diet (1500 kcal/day), superposed on a moderate iodine restriction diet; Baseline measurements included thyroid iodine-123 (I-123) uptake and TSH, fT4, T3 and rT3 levels. After two weeks, thyroid function and I-123 uptake measurements were repeated. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. Levels of TSH and fT4 were similar after each intervention. T3 decreased after hypocaloric diet and metformin (−0.2 ± 0.19 nmol/L, p = 0.0327; respectively −0.13 ± 0.13 nmol/L, p = 0.0282), resulting in decreased T3/rT3 ratios. There was no significant difference in thyroid I-123 uptake after each intervention. In conclusion, metformin treatment and hypocaloric diet resulted in a significant decrease in T3 levels and T3/rT3 ratios in healthy volunteers, without significant effects on thyroid iodine uptake. We found no indications that metformin or hypocaloric diet will have clinically relevant effects on RAI uptake.
Food Income and the Evolution of Forager Mobility
Authors: Gallagher Elizabeth , Shennan Stephen , Thomas Mark G. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractForager mobility tends to be high, although ethnographic studies indicate ecological factors such as resource abundance and reliability, population density and effective temperature influence the cost-to-benefit assessment of movement decisions. We investigate the evolution of mobility using an agent-based and spatially explicit cultural evolutionary model that considers the feedback between foragers and their environment. We introduce Outcomes Clustering, an approach to categorizing simulated system states arising from complex stochastic processes shaped by multiple interacting parameters. We find that decreased mobility evolves under conditions of high resource replenishment and low resource depletion, with a concomitant trend of increased population density and, counter-intuitively, decreased food incomes. Conversely, increased mobility co-occurs with lower population densities and higher food incomes. We replicate the well-known relationships between mobility, population density, and resource quality, while predicting reduced food income, and consequently the reduction in health status observed in early sedentary populations without the need to invoke factors such as reduced diet quality or increased pathogen loads.
Oxysterol research: a brief review
Authors: Griffiths William J. , Wang Yuqin 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In the present study, we discuss the recent developments in oxysterol research. Exciting results have been reported relating to the involvement of oxysterols in the fields of neurodegenerative disease, especially in Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease; in signalling and development, in particular, in relation to Hedgehog signalling; and in cancer, with a special focus on (25R)26-hydroxycholesterol. Methods for the measurement of oxysterols, essential for understanding their mechanism of action in vivo, and valuable for diagnosing rare diseases of cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism are briefly considered.
Amino acid transporters in the regulation of insulin secretion and signalling
Authors: Javed Kiran , Fairweather Stephen J. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Amino acids are increasingly recognised as modulators of nutrient disposal, including their role in regulating blood glucose through interactions with insulin signalling. More recently, cellular membrane transporters of amino acids have been shown to form a pivotal part of this regulation as they are primarily responsible for controlling cellular and circulating amino acid concentrations. The availability of amino acids regulated by transporters can amplify insulin secretion and modulate insulin signalling in various tissues. In addition, insulin itself can regulate the expression of numerous amino acid transporters. This review focuses on amino acid transporters linked to the regulation of insulin secretion and signalling with a focus on those of the small intestine, pancreatic β-islet cells and insulin-responsive tissues, liver and skeletal muscle. We summarise the role of the amino acid transporter B0AT1 (SLC6A19) and peptide transporter PEPT1 (SLC15A1) in the modulation of global insulin signalling via the liver-secreted hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). The role of vesicular vGLUT (SLC17) and mitochondrial SLC25 transporters in providing glutamate for the potentiation of insulin secretion is covered. We also survey the roles SNAT (SLC38) family and LAT1 (SLC7A5) amino acid transporters play in the regulation of and by insulin in numerous affective tissues. We hypothesise the small intestine amino acid transporter B0AT1 represents a crucial nexus between insulin, FGF21 and incretin hormone signalling pathways. The aim is to give an integrated overview of the important role amino acid transporters have been found to play in insulin-regulated nutrient signalling.
Does Animation Facilitate Understanding of Graphic Symbols Representing Verbs in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Authors: Schlosser Ralf W. , Brock Kris L. , Koul Rajinder , Shane Howard , Flynn Suzanne 
Published: April 2019

Purpose
The effects of animation on identification of graphic symbols for verbs were studied using the Autism Language Program Graphic Symbols Set in children diagnosed with mild-to-severe autism spectrum disorder between the ages of 3 and 7 years.

Method
The participants were randomly assigned to an animated symbol condition or a static symbol condition. Static symbols were spliced from the animated symbols to ensure that the symbols differed only in terms of the absence or presence of movement. The participants were asked to identify a target symbol among foils given the spoken label.

Results

There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to chronological age, autism severity, and receptive target verb knowledge. An independent
t
test revealed that animated symbols were more readily identified than static symbols.

Conclusions
Animation enhances the identification of verbs in children with autism spectrum disorder. Clinicians are encouraged to take advantage of animation when introducing graphic symbols representing verbs. Limitations and implications for future research are discussed.
Integrating Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Issues Into the Multicultural Curriculum in Speech-Language Pathology: Instructional Strategies and Learner Perceptions
Authors: Mahendra Nidhi 
Published: April 2019

PurposeInstructors teaching courses on diversity issues in communication sciences and disorders do not typically or uniformly teach about lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) culture. The purpose of this article is to provide readers with a detailed description of the importance, historical context, and pedagogical methods for integrating LGBTQ content and history into courses on diversity issues for speech-language pathology and audiology students.ConclusionContent on LGBTQ culture and history merits inclusion in the curricula for future health care providers given the backdrop of historic and continuing discrimination as well as persistent health disparities among LGBTQ-identified persons. This article provides one example of the instructional design of an LGBTQ teaching module, embedded into a required course on cultural and linguistic diversity for speech-language pathology students. This preliminary investigation revealed that learners responded positively to this content module, demonstrating interest and engagement as well as improved awareness and knowledge for better serving LGBTQ clients.
Modeling of interactions between supernovae ejecta and aspherical circumstellar environments
Authors: Kurfürst P. , Krtička J. 
Published: April 2019

Context. Massive stars are characterized by a significant loss of mass either via (nearly) spherically symmetric stellar winds or pre-explosion pulses, or by aspherical forms of circumstellar matter (CSM) such as bipolar lobes or outflowing circumstellar equatorial disks. Since a significant fraction of most massive stars end their lives by a core collapse, supernovae (SNe) are always located inside large circumstellar envelopes created by their progenitors.
Aims. We study the dynamics and thermal effects of collision between expanding ejecta of SNe and CSM that may be formed during, for example, a sgB[e] star phase, a luminous blue variable phase, around PopIII stars, or by various forms of accretion.
Methods. For time-dependent hydrodynamic modeling we used our own grid-based Eulerian multidimensional hydrodynamic code built with a finite volumes method. The code is based on a directionally unsplit Roe’s method that is highly efficient for calculations of shocks and physical flows with large discontinuities.
Results. We simulate a SNe explosion as a spherically symmetric blast wave. The initial geometry of the disks corresponds to a density structure of a material that orbits in Keplerian trajectories. We examine the behavior of basic hydrodynamic characteristics, i.e., the density, pressure, velocity of expansion, and temperature structure in the interaction zone under various geometrical configurations and various initial densities of CSM. We calculate the evolution of the SN–CSM system and the rate of aspherical deceleration as well as the degree of anisotropy in density, pressure, and temperature distribution.
Conclusions. Our simulations reveal significant asphericity of the expanding envelope above all in the case of dense equatorial disks. Our “low density” model however also shows significant asphericity in the case of the disk mass-loss rate Ṁcsd = 10−6 M⊙ yr−1. The models also show the zones of overdensity in the SN–disk contact region and indicate the development of Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities within the zones of shear between the disk and the more freely expanding material outside the disk.
Extreme starlight polarization in a region with highly polarized dust emission
Authors: Panopoulou Georgia V. , Hensley Brandon S. , Skalidis Raphael , Blinov Dmitry , Tassis Konstantinos 
Published: April 2019

Context. Galactic dust emission is polarized at unexpectedly high levels, as revealed by Planck.
Aims. The origin of the observed ≃20% polarization fractions can be identified by characterizing the properties of optical starlight polarization in a region with maximally polarized dust emission.
Methods. We measure the R-band linear polarization of 22 stars in a region with a submillimeter polarization fraction of ≃20%. A subset of 6 stars is also measured in the B, V, and I bands to investigate the wavelength dependence of polarization.
Results. We find that starlight is polarized at correspondingly high levels. Through multiband polarimetry we find that the high polarization fractions are unlikely to arise from unusual dust properties, such as enhanced grain alignment. Instead, a favorable magnetic field geometry is the most likely explanation, and is supported by observational probes of the magnetic field morphology. The observed starlight polarization exceeds the classical upper limit of [pV/E(B−V)]max = 9% mag−1 and is at least as high as 13% mag−1, as inferred from a joint analysis of Planck data, starlight polarization, and reddening measurements. Thus, we confirm that the intrinsic polarizing ability of dust grains at optical wavelengths has long been underestimated.
Le spectre de Majorana
Authors: Houzet Manuel , Meyer Julia , Simon Pascal 
Published: April 2019

Pour paraphraser Karl Marx, « un spectre hante la physique : le spectre d’Ettore Majorana ». Près de 80 ans après sa disparition, les travaux du physicien italien continuent d’inspirer les chercheurs. Ainsi, dans son dernier article, Majorana prédit qu’une particule élémentaire dépourvue de charge électrique pourrait être sa propre antiparticule [1], en opposition avec la théorie de Dirac, pour laquelle une particule et son antiparticule sont distinctes.
Plusieurs groupes ont récemment annoncé la découverte de quasiparticules de Majorana dans des nanostructures supraconductrices. En plus d’être leur propre antiparticule, ces quasi-particules possèdent des propriétés exotiques qui sont d’un grand intérêt pour le développement d’un ordinateur quantique topologiquement protégé.
O-Methyl Phytocannabinoids: Semi-synthesis, Analysis in Cannabis Flowerheads, and Biological Activity
Authors: Caprioglio Diego , Allegrone Gianna , Pollastro Federica , Valera Stefano , Lopatriello Annalisa , Collado Juan A. , Munoz Eduardo , Appendino Giovanni , Taglialatela-Scafati Orazio 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA general protocol for the selective mono-O-methylation of resorcinyl phytocannabinoids was developed. The availability of semisynthetic monomethyl analogues of cannabigerol, cannabidiol, and cannabidivarin (1a–3a, respectively) made it possible to quantify these minor phytocannabinoids in about 40 different chemotypes of fiber hemp. No chemotype significantly accumulated mono-O-methyl cannabidiol (2b) or its lower homologue (3b), while at least three chemotypes containing consistent amounts (≥ 400 mg/kg) of O-methylcannabigerol (1b) were identified. O-Methylation of alkyl phytocannabinoids (1b–3b) does not significantly change the activity on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in contrast to what was reported for phenethyl analogues.