bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns in Horse–Human Relationships: The Case of Wales
Authors: Sampson Helen 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This paper explores some of the different relationships that horses and humans experience in the case study country of Wales. In doing so, it pays attention to differential patterns of equine care/lack of care and explores these from a sociological perspective considering evidence of the potential impact of cultural practices and socio-economic status in particular. The paper concludes that access to common lands and “fly grazing” may be associated with specific values and norms which may result in equine neglect, while indicators of socio-economic deprivation and patterns of equine neglect do not seem to be related. The paper highlights the variation in equine care across this relatively small national population and suggests some areas where further explanatory work could usefully be undertaken in order for us to better understand the care-relationships between horses and their keepers.
Family Justice, “Asian Values” and the Politics of Ambivalence in Singapore
Authors: Goh Daniel P.S. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
In recent years, Singapore made significant reforms towards the establishment of a dedicated family justice system, setting up the Family Justice Courts and enacting new laws to better manage the divorce process and the protection of children. Related policy changes have also been implemented to provide and support families that were previously considered non-traditional and even deviant. Rhetorically, the state, led by the long-ruling People’s Action Party, continues to champion the modern nuclear family with heterosexual marriage at its core as the normal “traditional” form of the family and the bedrock of conservative “Asian values” defining society and politics in Singapore. However, what the judiciary espouse as the new family justice paradigm and the related family justice practices, together with the shifts in social policy towards different family types, are changing the texture of the dominant conservatism rallied by “Asian values” discourse. This article locates and analyses the incipient paradigm shift in the rising pluralism of family forms and the influence of international legal developments in protecting the rights of the child and interventionist family law. By attempting to bridge the Weberian chasm of doing sociology as a vocation and doing politics as a vocation (as an opposition Member of Parliament), I show that the family justice paradigm has opened up the discursive field on the family and produce the politics of ambivalence caught between family justice and Asian family values. I argue for a relational family justice paradigm as a way to move beyond the politics of ambivalence.
Corporate (Non-)Accountability and Human Rights
Authors: Khoury Stéfanie 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The role of business in violations of human rights has been at the heart of international debates for decades. As early as the 1970s attempts were made at the UN by Global South nations (known as the G-77) to establish internationally-binding mechanisms to address corporate violations of human rights. Ultimately, those attempts were watered down into “codes of conduct”. In the early 1990s, the “Washington Consensus” was used to steer states to deregulate and restructure their economies in a race-to-the-bottom that placed emphasis upon integrating the global economy over human rights and environmental protections. Although corporate violations existed before, it was only at this juncture that many human rights cases were brought into public view. Some litigation was pursued, but it was most often in tort, and sometimes in criminal courts. This article argues that the existing regional human rights courts have bolstered corporate human rights, while at the same time have remained on the sidelines of addressing corporate accountability. The emergent ASEAN human rights system has not yet developed a human rights court. The article suggests that there are key grassroots movements shaping human rights discourses around corporate accountability through the region and that these offer exciting prospects for an alternative approach to addressing corporate accountability through a prospective supervisory mechanism.
The Uneven and Combined Development of Global Capitalism: Debating How the West Came to Rule
Authors: Fabry Adam 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis article is an introduction to the Symposium on Alexander Anievas and Kerem Nişancıoğlu’sHow the West Came to Rule(2015). It summarises the main arguments of the book, as well as the critiques levied by the contributors to the Symposium.
Impartiality in the EU Asylum Procedure
Authors: van Reenen Pieter 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The Asylum Procedures Directive stipulates that asylum applications are examined ‘impartially’ by the national authorities. This paper explores the meaning of the term impartiality in administrative settings in EU asylum law focussing on three levels: the Common European Asylum System, the administrative organisational level and the level of the individual immigration officer. CEAS does not provide for a definition of impartiality. The article connects impartiality to the right to good administration as in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU. It includes jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights as well as the approach of the EU Ombudsman and EASO in its scope. These sources provide more concrete aspects of impartiality. The article is finalized with recommendations for a code of conduct.
The Unintended Legal and Policy Relevance of EU Mobility Partnerships
Authors: Tittel-Mosser Fanny 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The Mobility Partnerships between the European Union and third countries have a negative image as they are often viewed as a tool of migration control rather than a flexible instrument to enhance mobility. Yet so far scholars have predominantly investigated the asymmetric negotiation of Mobility Partnerships as well as their limited consequences for migrant rights in EU Member States. What is often overlooked is that these partnerships can also influence the development of the legal and policy frameworks of third countries in ways that go beyond what is foreseen at the time of the negotiation of the instruments. This article combines a comparative legal analysis of the development of the legal frameworks in Morocco and Cape Verde with an empirical study of the implementation of Mobility Partnerships’ projects in relation to national migration strategies. The analysis demonstrates that Mobility Partnerships, despite their non-binding nature, have legal and policy relevance for these third countries with regard to the regulation of migration, asylum, human trafficking and even labour law.
A Statistical Analysis of Tropical Upper-Tropospheric Trough Cells over the Western North Pacific during 2006–15
Authors: Wen Dian , Li Ying , Zhang Da-Lin , Xue Lin , Wei Na 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA statistical analysis of tropical upper-tropospheric trough (TUTT) cells over the western North Pacific Ocean (WNP) during 2006 to 2015 is performed using the NCEP Final reanalysis. A total of 369 TUTT-cell events or 6836 TUTT cells are identified, with a peak frequency in July. Most TUTT cells form to the east of 150°E and then move southwestward with a mean speed of 6.6 m s−1 and a mean life span of 4.4 days. About 75% of the TUTT cells have radii of <500 km with 200-hPa central heights of <1239.4 dam. In general, TUTT cells exhibit negative height anomalies above 450 hPa, with their peak amplitudes at 200 hPa, pronounced cold anomalies in the 650–200-hPa layer, and significant cyclonic vorticity in the 550–125-hPa layer. A comparison of the composite TUTT cells among the eastern, central, and western WNP areas shows the generation of an intense cold-cored vortex as a result of the southward penetration of a midlatitude trough into a climatological TUTT over the eastern WNP region. The TUTT cell with pronounced rotation is cut off from the midlatitude westerlies after moving to the central WNP region, where it enters its mature phase, under the influence of northeasterly flow. The TUTT cell weakens in rotation and shrinks in size, diminishing within the TUTT after arriving at the western WNP region. Results suggest that, although most TUTT cells may diminish before reaching the western WNP, their vertical influences may extend to the surface layer and last longer than their signals at 200 hPa.
Effects of Climate Change on Wind-Driven Heavy-Snowfall Events over Eastern North America
Authors: Janoski Tyler P. , Broccoli Anthony J. , Kapnick Sarah B. , Johnson Nathaniel C. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractEastern North America contains densely populated, highly developed areas, making winter storms with strong winds and high snowfall among the costliest storm types. For this reason, it is important to determine how the frequency of high-impact winter storms, specifically, those combining significant snowfall and winds, will change in this region under increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. This study uses a high-resolution coupled global climate model to simulate the changes in extreme winter conditions from the present climate to a future scenario with doubled CO2 concentrations (2XC). In particular, this study focuses on changes in high-snowfall, extreme-wind (HSEW) events, which are defined as the occurrence of 2-day snowfall and high winds exceeding thresholds based on extreme values from the control simulation, where greenhouse gas concentrations remain fixed. Mean snowfall consistently decreases across the entire region, but extreme snowfall shows a more inconsistent pattern, with some areas experiencing increases in the frequency of extreme-snowfall events. Extreme-wind events show relatively small changes in frequency with 2XC, with the exception of high-elevation areas where there are large decreases in frequency. As a result of combined changes in wind and snowfall, HSEW events decrease in frequency in the 2XC simulation for much of eastern North America. Changes in the number of HSEW events in the 2XC environment are driven mainly by changes in the frequency of extreme-snowfall events, with most of the region experiencing decreases in event frequency, except for certain inland areas at higher latitudes.
Interactions between Climate Change and Complex Topography Drive Observed Streamflow Changes in the Colorado River Basin
Authors: Solander Kurt C. , Bennett Katrina E. , Fleming Sean W. , Gutzler David S. , Hopkins Emily M. , Middleton Richard S. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The Colorado River basin (CRB) is one of the most important watersheds for energy, water, and food security in the United States. CRB water supports 15% of U.S. food production, more than 50 GW of electricity capacity, and one of the fastest growing populations in the United States. Energy–water–food nexus impacts from climate change are projected to increase in the CRB. These include a higher incidence of extreme events, widespread snow-to-rain regime shifts, and a higher frequency and magnitude of climate-driven disturbances. Here, we empirically show how the historical annual streamflow maximum and hydrograph centroid timing relate to temperature, precipitation, and snow. In addition, we show how these hydroclimatic relationships vary with elevation and how the elevation dependence has changed over this historical observational record. We find temperature and precipitation have a relatively weak relation (|r| &lt; 0.3) to interannual variations in streamflow timing and extremes at low elevations (&lt;1500 m), but a relatively strong relation (|r| &gt; 0.5) at high elevations (&gt;2300 m) where more snow occurs in the CRB. The threshold elevation where this relationship is strongest (|r| &gt; 0.5) is moving uphill at a rate of up to 4.8 m yr−1 (p = 0.11) and 6.1 m yr−1 (p = 0.01) for temperature and precipitation, respectively. Based on these findings, we hypothesize where warming and precipitation-related streamflow changes are likely to be most severe using a watershed-scale vulnerability map to prioritize areas for further research and to inform energy, water, and food resource management in the CRB.
Evaluation and Benchmarking of Operational Short-Range Ensemble Mean and Median Streamflow Forecasts for the Ohio River Basin
Authors: Adams III Thomas E. , Dymond Randel 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This study presents findings from a real-time forecast experiment that compares legacy deterministic hydrologic stage forecasts to ensemble mean and median stage forecasts from the NOAA/NWS Meteorological Model-Based Ensemble Forecast System (MMEFS). The NOAA/NWS Ohio River Forecast Center (OHRFC) area of responsibility defines the experimental region. Real-time forecasts from subbasins at 54 forecast point locations, ranging in drainage area, geographic location within the Ohio River valley, and watershed response time serve as the basis for analyses. In the experiment, operational hydrologic forecasts, with a 24-h quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) and forecast temperatures, are compared to MMEFS hydrologic ensemble mean and median forecasts, with model forcings from the NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) North American Ensemble Forecast System (NAEFS), over the period from 30 November 2010 through 24 May 2012. Experiments indicate that MMEFS ensemble mean and median forecasts exhibit lower errors beginning at about lead time 90 h when forecasts at all locations are aggregated. With fast response basins that peak at ≤24 h, ensemble mean and median forecasts exhibit lower errors much earlier, beginning at about lead time 36 h, which suggests the viability of using MMEFS ensemble forecasts as an alternative to OHRFC legacy forecasts. Analyses show that ensemble median forecasts generally exhibit smaller errors than ensemble mean forecasts for all stage ranges. Verification results suggest that OHRFC MMEFS NAEFS ensemble forecasts are reasonable, but needed improvements are identified.
Vigilance and Automation Dependence in Operation of Multiple Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS): A Simulation Study
Authors: Wohleber Ryan W. , Matthews Gerald , Lin Jinchao , Szalma James L. , Calhoun Gloria L. , Funke Gregory J. , Chiu C.-Y. Peter , Ruff Heath A. 
Published: September 2018

Objective: This simulation study investigated factors influencing sustained performance and fatigue during operation of multiple Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). The study tested effects of time-on-task and automation reliability on accuracy in surveillance tasks and dependence on automation. It also investigated the role of trait and state individual difference factors. Background: Warm’s resource model of vigilance has been highly influential in human factors, but further tests of its applicability to complex, real-world tasks requiring sustained attention are necessary. Multi-UAS operation differs from standard vigilance paradigms in that the operator must switch attention between multiple subtasks, with support from automation. Method: 131 participants performed surveillance tasks requiring signal discrimination and symbol counting with a multi-UAS simulation configured to impose low cognitive demands, for 2 hr. Automation reliability was manipulated between-groups. Five Factor Model personality traits were measured prior to performance. Subjective states were assessed with the Dundee Stress State Questionnaire. Results: Performance accuracy on the more demanding surveillance task showed a vigilance decrement, especially when automation reliability was low. Dependence on automation on this task declined over time. State but not trait factors predicted performance. High distress was associated with poorer performance in more demanding task conditions. Conclusions: Vigilance decrement may be an operational issue for multi-UAS surveillance missions. Warm’s resource theory may require modification to incorporate changes in information processing and task strategy associated with multitasking in low-workload, fatiguing environments. Application: Interface design and operator evaluation for multi-UAS operations should address issues including motivation, stress, and sustaining attention to automation.
The Effect of Lateral Opening Wedge Distal Femoral Varus Osteotomy on Tibiofemoral Contact Mechanics Through Knee Flexion
Authors: Wylie James D. , Scheiderer Bastian , Obopilwe Elifho , Baldino Joshua B. , Pavano Colin , Macken Craig J. , Bell Ryan , Mazzocca Augustus D. , Arciero Robert A. , Imhoff Florian B. 
Published: September 2018

Background: Lateral opening wedge distal femoral osteotomy (DFO) unloads a diseased lateral compartment of the knee in patients with genu valgum. To the best of our knowledge, there are no biomechanical studies investigating the effect of knee flexion on contact pressure and area after DFO. Hypothesis: As knee flexion angles increase, DFO will be less effective at unloading the lateral compartment of the knee. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Lateral opening wedge DFO was performed, correcting a mean of 7°, in 10 cadaveric knees using plate fixation. Tibiofemoral contact pressure was measured in 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 75° of knee flexion before and after osteotomy using electronic sensors. Peak contact pressure (PCP), mean contact pressure (MCP), and contact area were measured for each condition. Anatomic dissection quantified the tibiofemoral contact position on the distal femur in all degrees of flexion. Mixed-effects regression analyses were used to compare the change in variables before and after osteotomy and between flexion angles. Results: One sample had to be excluded because of tibiofemoral arthritis. MCP decreased in the lateral compartment after DFO throughout all degrees of flexion (all P < .05) but to the greatest extent in 0° of flexion. When examining the percentage of MCP in the lateral compartment, this decreased after DFO at 0° (70.4% to 40.0%; P < .001), 15° (65.1% to 52.1%; P < .001), 30° (60.7% to 52.0%; P = .003), 45° (55.8% to 49.7%; P = .033), and 60° (51.9% to 44.2%; P = .010) but not at 75° (50.2% to 45.3%; P = .112). PCP decreased in the lateral compartment after DFO at 0° (2.41 to 1.34 MPa; P < .001), 15° (2.50 to 1.81 MPa; P < .001), 30° (2.28 to 1.93 MPa; P = .039), 45° (2.21 to 1.73 MPa; P = .005), 60° (2.15 to 1.71 MPa; P = .009), and 75° (1.95 to 1.49 MPa; P = .012). The percentage of contact area decreased in the lateral compartment in full extension (68.7% to 48.1%; P = .007) but not at any other degree of flexion (all P > .05). Conclusion: DFO decreased lateral compartment pressure. However, it had the greatest effect in full knee extension. Clinical Relevance: DFO decreased contact pressure in the lateral compartment but more effectively decreased contact pressure in the more anterior aspects of the femoral articular cartilage.
Stimulation of Tendon Healing With Delayed Dexamethasone Treatment Is Modified by the Microbiome
Authors: Dietrich-Zagonel Franciele , Hammerman Malin , Tätting Love , Dietrich Fabrícia , Kozak Ljunggren Monika , Blomgran Parmis , Eliasson Pernilla , Aspenberg Per 
Published: September 2018

Background: The immune system reflects the microbiome (microbiota). Modulation of the immune system during early tendon remodeling by dexamethasone treatment can improve rat Achilles tendon healing. The authors tested whether changes in the microbiota could influence the effect of dexamethasone treatment. Hypothesis: A change in microbiome would influence the response to dexamethasone on regenerate remodeling, specifically tendon material properties (peak stress). Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Specific opportunist and pathogen-free female rats were housed separately (n = 41) or together with specific pathogen-free rats carrying opportunistic microbes such as Staphylococcus aureus (n = 41). After 6 weeks, all co-housed rats appeared healthy but now carried S aureus. Changes in the gut bacterial flora were tested by API and RapID biochemical tests. All rats (clean and contaminated) underwent Achilles tendon transection under aseptic conditions. Flow cytometry was performed 8 days postoperatively on tendon tissue. Sixty rats received subcutaneous dexamethasone or saline injections on days 5 through 9 after transection. The tendons were tested mechanically on day 12. The predetermined primary outcome was the interaction between contamination and dexamethasone regarding peak stress, tested by 2-way analysis of variance. Results: Dexamethasone increased peak stress in all groups but more in contaminated rats (105%) than in clean rats (53%) (interaction, P = .018). A similar interaction was found for an estimate of elastic modulus ( P = .021). Furthermore, dexamethasone treatment reduced transverse area but had small effects on peak force and stiffness. In rats treated with saline only, contamination reduced peak stress by 16% ( P = .04) and elastic modulus by 35% ( P = .004). Contamination led to changes in the gut bacterial flora and higher levels of T cells (CD3+CD4+) in the healing tendon ( P < .05). Conclusion: Changes in the microbiome influence tendon healing and enhance the positive effects of dexamethasone treatment during the early remodeling phase of tendon healing. Clinical Relevance: The positive effect of dexamethasone on early tendon remodeling in rats is strikingly strong. If similar effects could be shown in humans, immune modulation by a few days of systemic corticosteroids, or more specific compounds, could open new approaches to rehabilitation after tendon injury.
Estimating age group-dependent sensitivity and mean sojourn time in colorectal cancer screening
Authors: Sung Na Young , Jun Jae Kwan , Kim Youn Nam , Jung Inkyung , Park Sohee , Kim Gyu Ri , Nam Chung Mo 
Published: September 2018

Objective In evaluating the efficacy of cancer screening programmes, sojourn time (duration of the preclinical detectable phase) and sensitivity of the screening test are the two key parameters. Studies suggest that in breast cancer screening, both parameters may vary depending on age at the time of screening, but few studies have examined other cancers. We expanded an existing probability model for periodic screening by performing simultaneous estimation of age group-dependent and sensitivity at preclinical onset time, and tested the expanded model using data from the Korean National Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme. Methods Simulation studies were conducted to assess the performance of the proposed probability model. The method was then applied to the analysis of 376,542 participants aged 50 or over who underwent fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) as part of the National Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme between 2004 and 2007. Age group-dependent mean sojourn time and screening sensitivity of FOBT for colorectal cancer were derived using maximum likelihood estimation. Results The method performed well in terms of bias, standard deviation, and coverage probability. National Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme data results indicated that the sensitivity of FOBT to detect colorectal cancer increases with age, while mean sojourn time decreases with age (approximately 4.3 years for participants aged 50–54, 3.9 years at age 55–59, 3.4 years at age 60–64, and 3.6 years at age 65–69, with corresponding sensitivity estimates around 41%, 47%, 45%, and 51%, respectively). Conclusion Simulation studies showed that the proposed stochastic model considering both mean sojourn time and sensitivity yields highly accurate results.