bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Game Theory & the Nuclear Standoff
Authors: Hardin Russell 
Published: September 2018

Game theory in both popular and academic circles is prominently associated with the nuclear standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union. But game theory, unfortunately, is not easy to use, and much of its application to the nuclear dilemma has only fathered confusion. Two of these confusions are particularly destructive.The first comes from thinking of strategic interactions as games, to be won like chess and poker. We owe this confusion directly to John von Neumann, who gave the name “game theory” to his analysis of the logical structures of strategic interactions. It is too late to change the name, but it may not be too late to quit thinking of poker and chess when we are involved in the more crucial strategic interactions that fill our lives.
Political Theatre in the '80s
Authors: Syna Sy 
Published: September 2018

Outside a tiny loft on downtown Church Street, a group of people are clustered, hoping for late ticket cancellations for the current production at The Theatre Exchange, a new OffOff Broadway group whose space seats about fifty. The settings and, indeed, the very platform upon which the audience sits are ingeniously fashioned from scrap lumber found along Canal Street. The cast is young, but Alex Demetriev has directed them with such intensity that they successfully capture the spirit and savagery of post W.W.I Germany.On Broadway, Christopher Reeve, formerly of Superman fame, now plays a legless, homosexual Vietnam veteran in a comedy-drama that is part of a series of plays about the Talley family, written by Pulitzer Prize-winner Lanford Wilson. The production is supported by extensive publicity and a full ad campaign in the media.
Anschluss in the Sahara
Authors: Hollick Julian Crandall 
Published: September 2018

Three thousand years ago the Cheshnuk dynasty of Libyan nomadic tribesmen ruled over a vast North African empire stretching from Morocco to the Red Sea. With his recent annexation ot neighboring Chad, openly claimed as part of Libya's “vital living space,” Colonel Qaddafi has taken the first successful step toward his much-publicized aim of recreating that empire. If his seizure of Chad is consummated by the planned political union between the two states, Qaddafi at last will be able to strut around as a latter-day duce, lord and master of four million people and an arid mass of sand and mountain the size of Western Europe.Undoubtedly the colonel has a problem. Libya is a vast country, rich in oil, but with a population of only a million and a half–scarcely adequate for a would-be successor to Garnal Abdul Nasser or the Cheshnuk emperors.
Vietnam in America: Our longest war comes home
Authors: Finn James 
Published: September 2018

On September 2, 1945, the Vietnamese Communists raised their red flag in Hanoi to proclaim the independent Republic of Vietnam. The group that saluted the flag included the Communist leader Ho Chi Minh and American officers in uniform.On April 30, 1975, the last helicopter of an evacuation airlift rose from the U.S. embassy in Saigon. As the Americans fled Saigon, forces of the North Vietnam Army entered the city and renamed it Ho Chi Minh. South Vietnam ceased to exist as a separate state; the last official vestiges of American participation in a disastrous, losing war disappeared; and the Communists of North Vietnam consolidated their control over the entire country.
Tales of the Pacific
Authors: Chapman Patricia Luce 
Published: September 2018

The American “strategic trusteeship” of Micronesia, awarded by the United Nations after the Japanese defeat in World War II, is today giving way to a new political status for the islands. Tucked under the wing of the Federal Government since 1947—first as a ward of the Navy and* then of the Interior Department—the two thousand islands and atolls extending over three million-square miles of the Western Pacific are familiar only to those Americans old enough to have followed news of the war in the Pacific and of early A-bomb tests.The Micronesian chain begins with the Marshalls, 2,200 miles southwest of Hawaii—Bikini, Enewetak, and Kwajalein are here—and ends with the U.S. Territory of Guam, 1,600 mile east of Manila. To the west of the Marshalls are the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM)—Truk and Yap among them. Above Guam stretch the islands of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), and below, the Republic of Palau.
Elections, Haiti-Style
Authors: Joseph Raymond Alcide 
Published: September 2018

If all goes according to the latest plan, “free and honest” municipal elections will have been held in Haiti's capital of Port-au-Prince on August 14, capping a three-phase process that began in the provinces six months ago. Can a quarter-century-old dictatorship hold “free” elections? What are the advantages of staggered balloting in a country the size of Maryland and with a mere five million inhabitants?Plans for any type of election in a poverty-stricken, politically repressed island nation ruled by a “president for- life” are subject to skepticism. Yet an analysis of the “elections” may indicate something of the mood of Haiti's citizens and also reveal the nature of a regime that claims to be a “bulwark against communism” in the Caribbean and Central America.On April 22, 1982, Jean-Claude (“Baby Doc“) Duvalier was commemorating the twenty-fifth anniversary of Duvalierist rule and wishing his subjects many more years of the same, when he dropped a bombshell.
The Americans Are Coming!
Authors: Kirk Donald 
Published: September 2018

The Americans are coming—not merely statesmen and diplomats, not just occasional journalists or teams of scholars or family planners or whatever, but almost anyone with enough money to pay for the privilege and accept some of the nuisance of guided tourism through the People's Republic of China. They jostle for space outside the panda pens of the Peking zoo, madly clicking cameras and shouting greetings at one another. They troop through the courts of the Forbidden City and the Summer Palace, mingling with grinning off-duty People's Liberation Army soldiers and hordes of uniformed schoolchildren. They crowd the orchestras of theatres and concert halls, applauding newly revived “revolutionary” operas and dances, often with more spontaneous verve than do the respectfully restrained Chinese around them.The spectacle of Americans in garish, multicolored dress swirling through the lobbies of Peking's halfdozen hotels for foreigners provides a startling contrast to the normal sight of Ma9-suited Chinese bicycling methodically along broad avenues or crowding sidewalks through districts in which tourists until this year were distinct rareties. The Fifth National People's Congress was in full swing in early March when the first batches of American “friends” with no special professional or political affiliations began arriving. By the end of December some fifteen thousand of them had made the tour—a minuscule figure by the standards of virtually any other nation, but a great leap from the tojal of three thousand American visitors in 1977.
Civil Defense—the New Debate
Authors: Morgenthau Hans J. 
Published: September 2018

It is impossible to state with assurance what the policy of the Carter administration is with regard to civil defense. As in so many other fields of policy, the policy of the Carter administration with regard to civil defense is contradictory in different respects. Successive statements of the same officials contradict each other. The statements of different officials contradict each other Official statements are contradicted by the actual policy pursued. The realities of the situation militate against the policy announced.For the purpose of clarifying the issue let us assume that the administration is committed to a greatly expanded civil defense effort over several years, meaning primarily the evacuation of the bulk of the civilian population from the cities. Such a policy is, according to the New York Times, “farcical” on several grounds.
Civil Defense—the New Debate
Authors: Johnson David T. 
Published: September 2018

While the Carter administration is clearly paying more attention to civil defense and will undoubtedly request more funding for crisisrelocation planning, this does not yet constitute giving "major priority" to civil defense. Most policymakers seem to believe civil defense can play only a very limited role in mitigating the effects of nuclear weapons.Many of the questions related to the desirability or undesirability of more stress on civil defense are essentially unanswerable. We simply cannot know with assurance how it will affect U.S. security or the chances of nuclear war. Plausible points can be made on both sides, but it is mostly speculation. Nobody who feels strongly one way or the other is likely to have his views changed. The debate will be predictably inconclusive.
Lobbying for Human Rights
Authors: Diuguid Lewis H. 
Published: September 2018

The oppressed peoples of Latin America are abundantly represented these days in Washington. A human rights lobby, motivated by idealism of ideology rather than economic gain, carries an often eloquent approximation of the Latins’ case to Congress and the executive branch. These efforts are low-budget but high-key and, according to those being lobbied, can be every bit as influential as those of the sugar or arms interests.Whether the lobby is truly effective at saving lives and protecting rights depends ultimately on whether the government it seeks to influence is effective at those tasks—and that remains an open issue in this contentious capital. The lobby, which already had established a rapport with sympathetic congressmen during Gerald Ford's presidency, now has at least as intimate a working relationship with the expanded human rights section of President Carter's State Department.
Human Rights for Tibetan Americans: No Small Questions
Authors: Akar Tinley Nyandak 
Published: September 2018

A few months ago President Carter's human rights stature took a dive when the Department of State rejected the requests of a group of American citizens to have “Tibet,” instead of China, listed as their birthplace on their U.S. passports. The decision came on the heels of an announcement that Zbigniew Brzezinski would be visiting China a few weeks later.Despite the president's repeated assertions about his impartial application of human rights to all nations, the administration has been silent when it comes to human rights violations by the People's Republic of China. Evidently Washington does not want to offend Peking and thus lets China dictate, at least indirectly, an internal policy decision of the United States. The action by the State Department regarding American citizens of Tibetan origin has carried this unequal application of human rights principles to an absurd degree.
Effects of frequency and morphosyntactic structure on error detection, correction, and repetition in Swedish-speaking children
Authors: HALLIN ANNA EVA , REUTERSKIÖLD CHRISTINA 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTGrammatical error detection and correction are often used to test explicit language knowledge. This study investigated effects of token frequency and error type in error detection, correction, and repetition, and performance on the three tasks were compared and related to models of metalinguistic awareness and development. Thirty Swedish-speaking 10-year-olds with typical language development participated in the study, which focused on four morphosyntactic errors: the infinitive instead of past tense for regular and irregular verbs, and the omission of the obligatory indefinite article in common and neuter gender noun phrases. Target verbs and nouns were of high or low frequency. Results showed significant effects of verb frequency in all tasks, and effects of noun gender for error detection, but not for correction and repetition. Children detected significantly more past-tense errors than they accurately corrected, but the opposite result was seen for noun phrase errors. The patterns of results both within and across tasks imply that implicit language knowledge affects performance, and that lexical frequency, even of familiar words, needs to be controlled when designing tasks for measuring grammatical knowledge. The particular challenge of the Swedish neuter noun phrase in language development and language processing needs to be further investigated.
A spatial analysis of land use and cover change and agricultural performance: evidence from northern Ghana
Authors: Haile Beliyou , Signorelli Sara , Azzarri Carlo , Guo Zhe 
Published: September 2018

AbstractUsing remotely sensed land-cover data in 1994 and 2014, and cross-sectional survey data in 2014, this study examines the association between land use and cover change and agricultural productivity in northern Ghana. We document a significant expansion of crop land and settlements (productive use) at the expense of natural vegetation cover. Land areas converted from natural cover to productive use have higher maize yield (0.17 tons per hectare) and harvest value (1,021 Ghanaian Cedi) compared with those converted from bare soil to productive cover. Moreover, areas that were covered by shrubs or savannah in 1994 were more productive in 2014 relative to bare soils in 1994. Although our data do not allow us to establish causality, the evidence suggests the importance of past land-cover conditions in affecting current agricultural performance, especially in resource-stricken settings where conservation and restoration practices are not as common.
The psychosocial issues of women with cancer of the vulva
Authors: Boden J. , Willis S. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundCancer of the vulva is rare, it is a disease commonly diagnosed in elderly women, however, the incidence in younger women is rising. Many patients diagnosed and treated for vulval cancer face physical, social, sexual and psychological challenges. It is essential that therapy radiographers and members of the wider multidisciplinary team understand such challenges in order to provide patient centred care.AimThis review aims to highlight the key psycho-social issues experienced by patients with cancer of the vulva, identifying implications for practice in order to improve the holistic care for this patient group.MethodA search of English literature was performed using Medline, Pubmed, CINAHL and PsycINFO. Search terms included, vulva or vulval cancer, psychosocial, psychosexual impact and quality of life. Articles were excluded if they focussed on cancers other than gynaecological and vulval cancers.Results and ConclusionsAlthough there are numerous reports on the psychological and psychosocial problems faced by gynaecological cancer patients; there was a paucity of literature pertaining to patients with cancer of the vulva, this is consistent with previous research. Studies show a significant negative, psychosocial impact experienced by these women. Common themes being isolation, loneliness, stigmatisation and lack of information for patients and their carers, themes spanning over three decades. Nevertheless, it is important to be aware of the findings from recent studies consistent with patient’s needs, highlighting that listening to women’s narratives on living with cancer of the vulva is essential if we are to help with the psychosocial issues experienced by these women. They underline a necessity to raise awareness among healthcare professionals and the general public, to improve holistic support for this particular group of women. This is particularly important in the radiotherapy setting as many of these women undergo lengthy courses of treatment and the appropriately trained therapeutic radiographer can play a vital role in addressing the physical and psychosocial problems.
Two Synoptic Routes to Subtropical Heat Waves as Illustrated in the Brisbane Region of Australia
Authors: Quinting J. F. , Parker T. J. , Reeder M. J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe physical mechanisms by which heat waves in the Brisbane region of Australia develop are elucidated through trajectory and composite analyses. Trajectories are started close to the surface during heat waves and integrated backward. Those trajectories for which the net diabatic heating lies in the uppermost pentile are called strongly diabatic, while those in the lowermost pentile are called weakly diabatic. In the weakly diabatic case, air parcels originate eastward of the continent over the ocean and warm almost entirely by adiabatic compression in an anticyclonic environment. Surprisingly, strongly diabatic heat waves in this region are characterized by an upper‐tropospheric cyclonic anomaly off the southeastern corner of Australia. The air parcels originate far to the southwest of the heat wave, and their temperature increases roughly in equal parts by adiabatic compression as air parcels subside on the rear flank of this cyclonic anomaly and surface sensible heating as air parcels are advected horizontally.
Wave Runup Over Steep Rocky Cliffs
Authors: Dodet G. , Leckler F. , Sous D. , Ardhuin F. , Filipot J.F. , Suanez S. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWave runup is known to depend on offshore wave conditions and coastal morphology. While most field studies on wave runup have focused on low‐to‐mild‐sloping sandy beaches, runup measurements on steep and irregular rocky cliff profiles are still very scarce. Here we investigate the physical processes controlling wave runup in such environments and the range of applicability of empirical runup formula. This study focuses on the steep rocky cliffs (0.1 < tanβ < 0.4) of Banneg Island, a small island located in the Molène archipelago, Brittany, France, occasionally flooded during extreme water level events. A statistical parameter for extreme runup is derived from the measurements of pressure sensors deployed in the intertidal zone. Deep water wave parameters are used to force a high‐resolution wave model, and nearshore wave parameters and high‐resolution topographic data are analyzed concurrently with runup time series in order to assess the dependence of the runup on hydrodynamic conditions and morphological parameters. The wave runup is shown to be strongly related to the square root of the offshore significant wave height times the offshore wavelength. The measurements also reveal the depth dependence of the runup, which is mainly attributed to the curvature of the foreshore profile. In comparison to empirical relation obtained for a mild‐sloping beach, the present data show a significant reduction in normalized wave runup, that is attributed to enhanced bottom friction over the rocky bottom.
Snow Depth Retrieval on Arctic Sea Ice From Passive Microwave Radiometers—Improvements and Extensions to Multiyear Ice Using Lower Frequencies
Authors: Rostosky Philip , Spreen Gunnar , Farrell Sinead L. , Frost Torben , Heygster Georg , Melsheimer Christian 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSnow on sea ice influences the Arctic energy and heat budgets and is therefore important for Arctic climate studies. Methods to derive snow depth based on satellite‐borne microwave radiometer observations have existed since the 1990s. However, in the Arctic the most widely used algorithm can only be applied over first‐year ice (FYI) and does not make use of the lower frequencies, which are available since 2002. Here we present three improvements to the current passive microwave snow depth retrieval: (a) We derive new coefficients based on a regression analysis using 5 years of Operation IceBridge airborne snow depth measurements. (b) We extend the algorithm to take advantage of the lower frequency channel at 7 GHz. (c) We consider an extension of the snow depth retrieval to multiyear ice (MYI) during spring. Our results show that the gradient ratio, GR(19/7) is most suited for deriving snow over both Arctic FYI (R =°−0.73) and MYI (R = −0.57). An evaluation of the new retrieval with Operation IceBridge snow depth measurements from March and April 2015 shows a good agreement over FYI (difference = −2.1 cm; 93% of the differences below 5 cm). Over MYI the difference is −4.0 cm and 56% of the differences are below 5 cm, that is, the root mean square distance (RMSD) is larger over MYI than over FYI. We demonstrate for the first time that spring snow depth measurements can be derived from passive microwave observations over both FYI and MYI.
A Direct Estimate of Volume, Heat, and Freshwater Exchange Across the Greenland‐Iceland‐Faroe‐Scotland Ridge
Authors: Rossby T. , Flagg C. , Chafik Leon , Harden Ben , Søiland Henrik 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe flow of warm salty water toward the Nordic Seas is of fundamental importance to the climate of central and northern Europe. In an effort to gain an improved quantitative assessment of these fluxes a program was started in 2008 to measure upper‐ocean currents from the high‐seas ferry Norröna, which operates out of the Faroes to Iceland and Denmark. The current measurements were made with an acoustic Doppler current profiler mounted in the Norröna's hull. Starting in fall of 2013 monthly deployments of Expendable BathyThermographs give comprehensive information on the temperature field. These velocity and temperature data can be combined to estimate mean volume and temperature fluxes (referenced to 0 °C) for the two sections. Archived hydrographic data give us the corresponding salt transport. Thanks to an array of 12 tall moorings across the Blosseville Basin that measured currents, temperature, and salinity net transport of volume, temperature, and salt between Iceland and Greenland can also be estimated. By combining the velocity data from these three sections the strength of the Nordic Seas branch of the meridional overturning circulation is estimated to be 7.7 ± 0.8 Sv where 1 Sv = 106 m3/s. Imposing the constraint of zero net volume and salt flux, the corresponding heat and freshwater fluxes are estimated to be 264 ± 27 TW (1 TW = 1012 W) and −0.104 ± 0.01 Sv, respectively. The uncertainties in heat and freshwater fluxes are largely governed by volume fluxes. The Norröna program is ongoing.
Loss of mdig expression enhances DNA and histone methylation and metastasis of aggressive breast cancer
Authors: Thakur Chitra , Chen Bailing , Li Lingzhi , Zhang Qian , Yang Zeng-Quan , Chen Fei 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe previously reported that expression of an environmentally induced gene, mineral dust-induced gene (mdig), predicts overall survival in breast cancer patients. In the present report, we further demonstrate the differential roles of mdig between earlier- and later-stage breast cancers. In noncancerous breast, mdig is a proliferation factor for cell growth and cell motility. In breast cancer, however, higher levels of mdig negatively regulate the migration and invasion of cancer cells. Assessment of global DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility and H3K9me3 heterochromatin signature suggests that silencing mdig enhances DNA and histone methylation. Through immunostaining and data mining, we found that mdig is significantly upregulated in noninvasive and/or earlier-stage breast cancers. In contrast, in triple-negative and other invasive breast cancers, diminished mdig expression was noted, indicating that the loss of mdig expression could be an important feature of aggressive breast cancers. Taken together, our data suggest that mdig is a new biomarker that likely promotes tumor growth in the early stages of breast cancer while acting as a tumor suppressor to inhibit invasion and metastasis in later-stage tumors.