bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging of Tumor Spheroids, Dual-Isotope SPECT, and Autoradiographic Analysis to Assess the Tumor Uptake and Distribution of Different Nanobodies
Authors: Beltrán Hernández Irati , Rompen Rene , Rossin Raffaella , Xenaki Katerina T. , Katrukha Eugene A. , Nicolay Klaas , van Bergen en Henegouwen Paul , Grüll Holger , Oliveira Sabrina 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Purpose
Recent studies have shown rapid accumulation of nanobodies (NBs) in tumors and fast clearance of the unbound fraction, making NBs exceptional tracers for cancer imaging. In this study, we investigate the combination of in vitro imaging of tumor spheroids, in vivo dual-isotope single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and ex vivo autoradiographic analysis of tumors to efficiently, and with few mice, assess the tumor uptake and distribution of different NBs.

Procedures
The irrelevant NB R2 (16 kDa) and the EGFR-targeted NBs 7D12 (16 kDa) and 7D12-R2 (32 kDa) were investigated. Confocal microscopy was used to study the penetration of the NBs into A431 tumor spheroids over time, using the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody (mAb) cetuximab (150 kDa) as a reference. Dual-isotope [111In]DOTA-NB/[177Lu]DOTA-NB SPECT was used for longitudinal imaging of multiple tracers in the same animal bearing A431 tumor xenografts. Tumor sections were analyzed using autoradiography.

Results
No binding of the irrelevant NB was observed in spheroids, whereas for the specific tracers an increase in the spheroid’s covered area was observed over time. The NB 7D12 saturated the spheroid earlier than the larger, 7D12-R2. Even slower penetration was observed for the large mAb. In vivo, the tumor uptake of 7D12 was 19-fold higher than R2 after co-injection in the same animal, and 2.5-fold higher than 7D12-R2 when co-injected. 7D12-R2 was mainly localized at the rim of tumors, while 7D12 was found to be more evenly distributed.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates that the combination of imaging of tumor spheroids, dual-isotope SPECT, and autoradiography of tumors is effective in comparing tumor uptake and distribution of different NBs. Results were in agreement with published data, highlighting the value of monomeric NBs for tumor imaging, and re-enforcing the value of these techniques to accurately assess the most optimal format for tumor imaging. This combination of techniques requires a lower number of animals to obtain significant data and can accelerate the design of novel tracers.
Ethics, Human Rights, the Intelligent Robot, and its Subsystem for Moral Beliefs
Authors: Sandewall Erik 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe Universal Declaration of Human Rights specifies a number of properties that characterize human beings, such as ‘dignity’, ‘conscience’, and several others. In this article we focus on these properties and on how they have been defined in the history of philosophy. We show how they can be interpreted in terms of a prototypical architecture for an intelligent robot, and how the robot can be provided with several aspects of ethical capability in this way. The key idea is to provide the robot with a Moral Belief System that cooperates with, and moderates the robot’s capability of planning and action.
Morphology and Chemistry of Zircons from the Paleoproterozoic Cu (±Mo±Au) Hosting Granitoids of Malanjkhand Mine Area, Central India
Authors: Arya Deepa , Gupta Saurabh , Kumar Santosh , Broska Igor , Vaculovic Tomáš 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Morphology and chemistry of zircons from Paleoproterozoic granitoids (~2470 Ma) of Malanjkhand mine area, central India have been used to understand nature of parental magma and its evolutionary history. External morphology of non-metamict zircons belongs to S3, S1-2, G1, P2, S24 and S25 subtypes of Pupin’s typological scheme, which crystallized in a calc-alkaline, metaluminous hybridizing magma. The Zr/Hf ratios of zircons point to a low degree of differentiation of parental magma. Most zircons bear low sum of rare earth elements (ΣREE&lt;700 ppm) indicating late stage of crystallization, whereas a zircon with anomalously high LREE and ΣREE probably indicates at an early stage of its crystallisation in the absence of other REE bearing accessory phases or might have been influenced later by hydrothermal fluids. The Nb content of zircons is similar to those commonly formed in high-K, calc-alkaline granitoid magma series. The zircon (Th/U&gt;1) with high ΣREE (5019 ppm) and Ti (56 ppm) contents provides zircon crystallization temperature (TZr) of 938°C suggesting its crystallisation in a relatively high-T intermediate magma composition. However, zircons with Th/U&lt;1 bear Ti content below the detection limit (33 ppm) due to their crystallization in a relatively more evolved aluminous melt fraction of parental calc-alkaline magma. All zircons exhibit positive Ce- and negative Eu-anomalies, which probably indicate mildly oxidising magma condition of zircon crystallization synchronous with plagioclase.
Itacolumite (Flexible Sandstone) From Kaliana, Charkhi Dadri District, Haryana, India
Authors: Kumar Pawan , Sharma Milap Chand , Singh Yamuna , Singh Neelratan , Kumar Pankaj , Chopra Sundeep 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study is to highlight main causes of flexibility in itacolumite from Kaliana Hills, Charkhi Dadri district, Haryana. Results of petrominerological studies, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 3D analysis of SEM images, and quantitative micro fabric analysis reveal that the intergranular void spaces are significantly higher in more flexible specimen (mean 47.68 μm) relative to less flexible specimen (mean 14.32 μm, i.e., &lt;3 times), whereas, non-flexible sandstones show negligible intergranular void spaces (4.97-6.40 μm). Therefore, it may be envisaged that the flexibility in Kaliana itacolumite is due to the presence of more intergranular void spaces. The chemical corrosion appears to be the main reason for the formation of more void spaces in between the constituent grains in the flexible sandstones. Leaching effect on the grains is evident on scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images. These solution channels and embayment might have removed the significant amount of cementing material and silica by dissolution and solution activity. Thus, obviously, the flexibility in the itacolumite was induced by solution activity, more the solution activity, more the void spaces and hence more resultant flexibility. Almost vertically dipping beds of sandstone would have facilitated capillary movement and solutioning leading to development of concomitant leaching induced porosity.
Higher degree of flexibility in itacolumite specimen from quarry dump, compared to in-situ fresh itacolumite specimen, is apparently due to more exposure of former to surface processes like weathering, more solution activity and corrosion leading to more removal of cementing material and silica accompanied by concomitant augmentation of considerable intergranular void spaces (&gt;3 times), relative to the latter. It is thus clear that relatively less flexibility in in-situ itacolumite is linked with its less solutioning relative to itacolumite from dump. Thermal shock resistance property of itacolumite can be used as a model material to process synthetic flexible ceramics by mixing phases with large differences of thermal expansion properties.
Adsorption of Hexavalent Chromium using Natural Goethite: Isotherm, Thermodynamic and Kinetic Study
Authors: Kar Shanti , Equeenuddin Sk. Md. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This paper examines the potential of natural goethite as an adsorbent for removing Cr(VI) from the aqueous solution through adsorption isotherms, thermodynamics and kinetics study. The study is based on the batch experiments as a function of initial Cr(VI) concentrations, contact time, pH and temperature at fixed solid/solution ratio. The pH has pronounced effect on process of removal and removal is higher in lower pH range, maximum (99.14 %) being at pH 2. The adsorption of Cr(VI) onto goethite is endothermic in nature and therefore, higher temperature favours the uptake. The adsorbent capacity was determined using Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich and Temkin adsorption isotherm models. The results showed that the adsorption fits best to the Langmuir isotherm model with the adsorption capacity 0.727 mg/g. Pseudo-first-order kinetic, pseudo-second-order kinetic and intraparticle diffusion were used to analyze the adsorption kinetic at different initial Cr(VI) concentrations. The kinetic study indicated that the pseudo-second order model explained the adsorption mechanism and intra-particle diffusion was found to be the rate-controlling step. The negative values of Gibb’s free energy explained that the adsorption was feasible and spontaneous.
In-situ Determination of Trace Element and REE Partitioning in a Natural Apatite-Carbonatite Melt System using Synchrotron XRF Microprobe Analysis
Authors: Schleicher Helmut 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Inclusions of calcite within large euhedral apatite crystals from the pyroxenite-carbonatite-syenite complex of Sevattur, Tamil Nadu, south India, were identified to represent inclusions of a primary carbonatitic melt (calcite I) from which the apatites have crystallized. The apatites themselves are embedded into a younger batch of calcite-carbonatitic melt (calcite II).
Using the synchrotron XRF microprobe at beamline L at HASYLAB/DESY (Hamburg), the concentrations of the trace elements Ba, Sr, Y, Zr, Th, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, and Er were determined both in melt inclusions as well as in host apatites and younger carbonatite matrix. Unexpected high REE concentrations were found not only in apatite but also in calcite, especially of the younger matrix phase, in agreement with the whole rock geochemistry. The data reveal an equilibrium distribution between melt inclusions and host apatite that allows the calculation of partition coefficients D = CiAp / CiCc=melt for elements of interest.
Assuming 9% crystallization of the melt, which can be calculated from the whole rock analyses, the composition of the primary carbonatite melt prior to apatite crystallization can be determined. This composition is, with the exception of only few elements, nearly equal to that of the younger matrix carbonatite melt (calcite II), and thus gives evidence for the existence of different pulses of carbonatite melt during crystallization and consolidation of the carbonatite body.
The results allow new insights into the processes of trace element and REE distribution between the two major igneous components of carbonatites and thus into the question of carbonatitic fractionation processes. The data reveal that mere apatite crystallization and fractionation does not lead to enriched REE compositions during carbonatite evolution but lowers their concentrations in the residual melts. But alternatively, if segregated apatite is collected and incorporated by a new melt batch, the overall REE of this melt will be increased.
Drainage Characteristics of Tectonically Active Area: An Example from Mawar Basin, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Authors: Wani Ahsan Afzal , Bali Bikram Singh , Lone Shahnawaz 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Geomorphic and neo tectonic studies have been carried out for the first time in Mawar basin of the Kashmir valley. On the basis of field investigations and geomorphic data derived from toposheets and satellite imageries, with the help of Arc GIS (10.3) and Global Mapper (18) the relationship between morphology and tectonics has been investigated in Mawar basin, which lies to the northwest of Kashmir valley. The morphotectonic aspects like mountain front sinuosity (Smf), hypsometric integral (Hi), have been studied to relate the tectonic forces with erosive power and identify the areas where field investigations are required. The field interpretation indicates that the landforms of the area are structurally controlled and mainly consist of tectonic linear, parallel striking ridges and valleys. The course of Mawar is mostly controlled by the Mawar fault striking east–west and local structures present in the area. General morphometric parameters like assymetry factor (Af), transverse topography symmetry (T), stream length gradient (SL) and valley floor width to height ratio (Vf) have been computed to draw the conclusion of tectonic activity on the drainage. The Af and T suggest that the basin has shifted to the right side and the Mawar river has shifted to the left side when facing downstream. The SL values indicate that the river has fluctuations in gradient/knickpoints at 6.8, 10 and 18 km from the source. However the Vf values infer the basin has deeply incised V-shaped valleys. All the quantified geomorphic indices and their interrelationship with the geomorphology are useful in comparing different drainage basins in terms of tectonic character and are helpful in delineating the areas where more detailed works will be fruitful. The results of computed geomorphic indices, geomorphology and the structures present in the Karewas (Plio Pleistocene) deposits inferred that the basin has shown activity in Pleistocene period, suggesting the basin is tectonically active.
Disaster Management Dynamics – An Analysis of Chaos from the Flash Flood (2013) in the Fragile Himalayan System
Authors: Sen Ranen , Chakrabarti Sharadindra 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Managing a disaster is a very complex issue in which both the people and the affected region of the particular country are involved. In disasters, the vision of reality entails proper understanding of complexity, uncertainty and instability in the backdrop of nonlinear dynamics. Decision making in case of disasters is a nonlinear thread which has to wind its way through various rhythms and systems that range from ground reality to management operations.
The Uttarakhand disaster of 2013 is not a simple straight line extension of a house fire or an automobile accident. It is a mixed web of complexity, nonlinearity, instability and chaos. Maintaining hierarchy in decision making and managing a disaster of such magnitude in public domain has been found to be ineffective in operations. The theory of chaos and the science of complexity can lead to better disaster management options. In fact, chaos theory provides viable framework for management of natural disasters. Chaos theory describes how the human society influences the reality. Indeed, in some degrees, the society relevant for the region creates it.
In the Indian Himalayas in Uttarakhand state, during the third week of June 2013, intermittent and unprecedented precipitation covering large area led to flash floods and landslides. They carried away everything resulting in colossal loss of life and property. Incoherencies in management occurred mainly because of lack of understanding of nonlinear dynamics and deterministic chaos in natural phenomena and a fixed approach i.e. ‘mode lock-in’ approach in decision making.
In this article, the disaster situation is established to have been initiated due to forces of deterministic chaos. On this basis, some suggestions are formulated where help of the chaos theory may prove congenial to decision making.
The Effect of Geological Factors on the Grout Curtain Performance Analysis of Darian Dam Using the Results of Instrumentation Data in the First Impounding
Authors: Aghda Seyed Mahmoud Fatemi , GanjaliPour Kamal , Esmaeilzadeh Masoud 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Determining the conditions of underground water level is one of the key factors in geotechnical analyses. In most dam construction projects, electrical and mechanical piezometers are installed for determining groundwater conditions, water level and its seasonal fluctuations, the position of perched and confined aquifer and investigate the conditions of pore water in dam and abutments. Besides, observation wells are located to verify underground water level fluctuations in different seasons and before and after impounding in different parts of the site.
In this study, seepage status, water passages, and weaknesses of gout curtain of Darian dam are evaluated. Darian earthfill dam with a height of 176 m built on the Sirvan river is located in the west of Iran. The main methods used to improve the foundation and abutments in Darian dam include grout injections, consolidation, and drainage system. After the first impounding of Darian dam, the grout curtain has not reduced the potential in a considerably of the right side of the dam. In other words, the groundwater level in the upstream and downstream of grout curtain is almost the same. In this regard, the electrical and mechanical piezometers installed in upstream and downstream of grout curtain, iso-piezometric map, true equipotential lines, and phreatic flow line at different instrumentation levels and a downstream cross-section of grout curtain were depicted by obtaining continuous readings of observation wells. The results of instrumentation data and comparison of an iso-piezometric map of observation wells before and after impounding indicate that the grout curtain of Darian dam cuts a geologic unit with low permeability in the right side. By impounding and rise of water in the reservoir and the change in the hydro-geological boundaries, a different condition dominates both sides of this geological unit. Continuous reading of piezometers, observation wells, and drainages adequately explains that inefficiency of grout curtain on the right side is due to the water trapped behind the radiolarite unit.
Short clinically-based prediction model to forecast transition to psychosis in individuals at clinical high risk state
Authors: Kotlicka-Antczak Magdalena , Karbownik Michał S. , Stawiski Konrad , Pawełczyk Agnieszka , Żurner Natalia , Pawełczyk Tomasz , Strzelecki Dominik , Fusar-Poli Paolo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjective:The predictive accuracy of the Clinical High Risk criteria for Psychosis (CHR-P) regarding the future development of the disorder remains suboptimal. It is therefore necessary to incorporate refined risk estimation tools which can be applied at the individual subject level. The aim of the study was to develop an easy-to use, short refined risk estimation tool to predict the development of psychosis in a new CHR-P cohort recruited in European country with less established early detection services.Methods:A cohort of 105 CHR-P individuals was assessed with the Comprehensive Assessment of At Risk Mental States12/2006, and then followed for a median period of 36 months (25th-75th percentile:10–59 months) for transition to psychosis. A multivariate Cox regression model predicting transition was generated with preselected clinical predictors and was internally validated with 1000 bootstrap resamples.Results:Speech disorganization and unusual thought content were selected as potential predictors of conversion on the basis of published literature. The prediction model was significant (p < 0.0001) and confirmed that both speech disorganization (HR = 1.69; 95%CI: 1.39–2.05) and unusual thought content (HR = 1.51; 95%CI: 1.27–1.80) were significantly associated with transition. The prognostic accuracy of the model was adequate (Harrell’s c- index = 0.79), even after optimism correction through internal validation procedures (Harrell’s c-index = 0.78).Conclusions:The clinical prediction model developed, and internally validated, herein to predict transition from a CHR-P to psychosis may be a promising tool for use in clinical settings. It has been incorporated into an online tool available at:https://link.konsta.com.pl/psychosis. Future external replication studies are needed.
Stressful life events, gender and obesity
Authors: Conklin A.I. , Guo S.X.R. , Yao C.A. , Tam A.C.T. , Richardson C.G. 
Published: March 2019

Objective
To determine whether stressful life events are related to levels of obesity in a group of ethnically diverse Canadian youth and the extent to which the relationship differs by gender.

Methods
This study of 905 adolescents (age 13–17 years) from a BC population-based cohort (BASUS) used self-reported data from Wave 5 (2011 fall) on stressful life events and socio-demographic factors and from Wave 6 (2012 spring) on weight and height. Multivariable logistic regression models conditioned on known confounders and used a cross-product term for effect modification by gender. Post-estimation analysis calculated gender-specific predicted mean probabilities of having obesity associated with greater frequency of stressful life events.

Results
Compared to young men reporting no stressful life events in the previous year, young men reporting one event were nearly 50% more likely to have obesity at 6-month follow-up (OR 1.47 [95% CI: 0.63, 3.41]) and those reporting multiple stressful life events were twice as likely to have obesity at 6-month follow-up (OR 2.07 [95% CI: 0.79–5.43]). Only young women reporting multiple events showed a higher likelihood of having obesity at the end of the study (OR 1.32 [95% CI: 0.41–4.18]) than their counterparts reporting no life events.

Conclusions
Results suggest that the frequency of major life events may be an important social stressor associated with obesity in adolescents, particularly for young men. However, findings should be replicated in larger samples using measured anthropometry to inform future obesity prevention strategies.
The effect of family size on education: new evidence from China's one-child policy
Authors: Argys Laura M. , Averett Susan L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractEconomists theorize that the inverse relationship between income and family size reflects a trade-off between child quality and quantity. Testing this hypothesis requires addressing the simultaneity of the quality and quantity decisions. The unanticipated birth of twins and sex composition of the first two children have been used as the exogenous variation in family size with mixed results. We exploit the One-Child Policy (OCP) in China, which exogenously reduced fertility, and examine how the OCP affected the education of Chinese migrants to the USA. Using the American Community Survey and a difference-in-differences strategy, we find higher levels of education for Chinese migrants born after the OCP compared with their counterparts from other East Asian countries. This finding provides additional support for the existence of a quality-quantity trade-off.
Lifestyle intervention programme for Indian women with history of gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kapoor Deksha , Gupta Yashdeep , Desai Ankush , Praveen Devarsetty , Joshi Rohina , Rozati Roya , Bhatla Neerja , Prabhakaran Dorairaj , Reddy Prasuna , Patel Anushka , Tandon Nikhil 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimTo evaluate the feasibility and potential effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention (diet and physical activity) among women with history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), delivered by trained facilitators.MethodsFifty-six normoglycaemic or prediabetic women with prior GDM were recruited at mean of 17 months postpartum. Socio-demographic, medical and anthropometric data were collected. Six sessions on lifestyle modification were delivered in groups (total four groups, with 12–15 women in each group). Pre and post intervention (6 months) weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test, blood pressure (BP) and lipid parameters were compared.ResultsThe intervention was feasible, with 80% of women attending four or more sessions. Post-intervention analyses showed a significant mean reduction of 1.8 kg in weight, 0.6 kg/m2 in BMI and 2 cm in waist circumference. There was also a significant drop of 0.3 mmol/L in fasting plasma glucose, 0.9 mmol/L in 2 h post glucose load value of plasma glucose, 3.6 mmHg in systolic BP, and 0.15 mmol/L in triglyceride levels. Changes in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and diastolic BP were non-significant.ConclusionsThis study showed feasibility of the lifestyle intervention delivered in group sessions to women with prior gestational diabetes.