bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lower Limb Rigidity Is Associated with Frequent Falls in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: McKay J. Lucas , Hackney Madeleine E. , Factor Stewart A. , Ting Lena H. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveThe role of muscle rigidity as an etiological factor of falls in Parkinson's disease (PD) is poorly understood. Our objective was to determine whether lower leg rigidity was differentially associated with frequent falls in PD compared to upper limb, neck, and total rigidity measures.MethodsWe examined the associations between Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale–Part III (motor) rigidity subscores and the history of monthly or more frequent falls in 216 individuals with PD (age, 66 ± 10 years; 36% female; disease duration, 7 ± 5 years) with logistic regression.ResultsA total of 35 individuals were frequent fallers. Significant associations were identified between lower limb rigidity and frequent falls (P = 0.01) after controlling for age, sex, PD duration, total Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale– Part III score, and presence of freezing of gait. No significant associations (P ≥ 0.14) were identified for total, arm, or neck rigidity.ConclusionLower limb rigidity is related to frequent falls in people with PD. Further investigation may be warranted into how parkinsonian rigidity could cause falls.
Perceived benefits, rationale and preferences of exercises utilized within Pilates group exercise programmes for people with chronic musculoskeletal conditions: A questionnaire of Pilates‐trained physiotherapists
Authors: Gaskell Lynne , Williams Anita , Preece Steve 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIntroductionAn estimated 29% of the population, around 17.8 million people, live with a musculoskeletal condition in the UK. Pilates exercise has positive benefits, including reducing pain and disability for people with musculoskeletal conditions. The aim of the present study was to explore the views of Pilates‐trained physiotherapists in relation to the perceived benefits of, and clinical reasoning for, exercise prescription in Pilates classes.MethodsA qualitative approach was taken to both data collection and analysis, using a thematic framework. Data were collected via electronic questionnaires using open‐ended questions. Participants included 15 Pilates‐trained physiotherapists who regularly ran Pilates exercise classes within seven private physiotherapy clinics for people with a range of chronic musculoskeletal conditions.ResultsThe results were organized into six main themes: Perceived benefits 1: Improved function and increased levels of activity. Perceived benefits 2: Improved ability to manage their musculoskeletal condition autonomously; Efficacy of group Pilates exercise; Optimum combination of exercises used within a class; Physiotherapist rationale for the most effective exercises; Precautions with specific exercises.ConclusionsThe study was the first to investigate perceived benefits, rationale and preference for choice of exercise among Pilates‐trained physiotherapists. Physiotherapists felt that the Pilates classes facilitated an active lifestyle and self‐management approach. They used a combination of exercises in each class to address all the main muscle groups, but some had specific exercise preferences related to the patients' needs. Exercises were linked to evidence around neuromuscular control, direction preference and biomechanical principles.
Spectroscopy Applications for Plasma Monitoring
Authors: Kane Janel 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPlasmas are used for a large number of applications in spectroscopy. Most commonly might be thin film deposition and photo‐resist etching for semiconductors and solar collectors, but plasmas also have applications in biomedical and aerospace, along with other industries. Plasma diagnostics demand high‐resolution spectra and high‐speed data capture that Avantes is known for. Avantes’ instruments can be found in plasma research and industrial environments all over the globe.
EUV Microscopy: A Unique Approach for Materials Characterization
Authors: Manser Rosy 
Published: May 2019

AbstractUnderstanding of fundamental processes as well as nanostructure performance of nano‐engineered systems, novel materials, and quantum architectures, often requires advanced imaging and spectroscopic tools. This is particularly critical as dimensions shrink below 100 nm as visible light cannot directly probe function at these lengthscales. Ultrafast extreme ultraviolet (EUV) techniques offer a pathway to both functional characterization and imaging at sub‐50 nm lengthscales, and a host of use cases in materials and nano science have been demonstrated. Progress in terms of source and instrumentation development are assisting the rapid increase in the availability of these approaches in the laboratory.
Anamorphic Shaping of Laser Beams
Authors: Oechsner Ulrich , Knothe Christian , Rahmel Mats 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAnamorphic beam shaping optics are, e.g., used to transform elliptical laser beams to a round shape before coupling them to single‐mode optical fibers. Conversely, there are cases where originally round laser beams need to be transformed into an elliptical shape. The article describes some sample applications and discusses several concepts of anamorphic beam shaping and their respective advantages and disadvantages.
Optimizing the electrospinning conditions of polysulfone membranes for water microfiltration applications
Authors: Rasouli Maryam , Pirsalami Sedigheh , Zebarjad Seyed Mojtaba 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPolysulfone (PSU) is a popular material in microfiltration applications. In this study, the preparation of PSU membranes via electrospinning technology was investigated and optimized. Solutions with three different concentrations (15, 20 and 25 wt%) of PSU in dimethylformamide were electrospun at three different feed rates (1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 mL h−1) and voltages (12.5, 15 and 18 kV). The morphologies of the samples were studied using SEM. The results showed that the samples prepared from a 15 wt% solution concentration have beads‐on‐string morphologies. As the solution concentration is increased to 20 and 25 wt%, the beads disappear and uniform fibers with average diameters ranging from 0.876 to 2.078 μm depending on the voltage and the feed rate are obtained. The optimum electrospinning conditions for the highest wettability with minimum operating pressure were predicted to be a solution concentration of 25 wt%, a feed rate of 3.5 mL h−1 and a voltage of 18 kV. The prediction was verified by contact angle test measurements and filtration experiments. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Are honeybees suitable surrogates for use in pesticide risk assessment for non‐Apisbees?
Authors: Thompson Helen M , Pamminger Tobias 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHistorically, bee regulatory risk assessment for pesticides has centred on the European honeybee (Apis mellifera), primarily due to its availability and adaptability to laboratory conditions. Recently, there have been efforts to develop a battery of laboratory toxicity tests for a range of non‐Apisbee species to directly assess the risk to them. However, it is not clear whether the substantial investment associated with the development and implementation of such routine screening will actually improve the level of protection of non‐Apisbees. We argue, using published acute toxicity data from a range of bee species and standard regulatory exposure scenarios, that current first‐tier honeybee acute risk assessment schemes utilised by regulatory authorities are protective of other bee species and further tests should be conducted only in cases of concern. We propose similar analysis of alternative exposure scenarios (chronic and developmental) once reliable data for non‐Apisbees are available to expand our approach to these scenarios. In addition, we propose thatin silico(simulation) approaches can then be used to address population‐level effects in more field‐realistic scenarios. Such an approach could lead to a protective, but also workable, risk assessment for non‐Apisspecies while contributing to pollination security in agricultural landscapes around the globe. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
In the eye of the beholder? The returns to beauty and IQ for the self‐employed
Authors: Patel Pankaj C. , Wolfe Marcus T. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractResearch SummaryUsing a two study approach, we examine the relationship between attractiveness and key aspects of self‐employment. In Study 1, in which individuals rated the attractiveness of participants at the beginning of the interview, our results indicate that self‐employed males are more likely to be attractive and that more attractive self‐employed males have higher incomes. In Study 2, our findings indicate that at low levels of attractiveness, higher IQ self‐employed males have higher incomes in 1974; however, differences in income from IQ declined as attractiveness increases. We do not find differences for either outcome for females in either study.Managerial SummaryThis research investigates the relationship between attractiveness and self‐employment. The results indicate that self‐employed males are more likely to be considered attractive than their female counterparts, and that attractive self‐employed males have higher incomes than self‐employed males who were not considered attractive. Additionally, our results reveal that IQ is positively associated with income for less attractive self‐employed males, however this relationship decreases in strength as attractiveness increases. Interestingly, our results do not indicate that attractiveness influences either the likelihood of self‐employment, or performance within self‐employment, for females. Our findings highlight the importance that attractiveness can play within the self‐employment process, as well as the relevance of considering the role that social norms regarding gender might have in determining who pursues, and is successful in, self‐employment.
Incumbent repositioning with decision biases
Authors: Du Xianjin , Li Meng , Wu Brian 
Published: May 2019

AbstractResearch SummaryIncumbent firms often reposition themselves in response to entrants, but when doing so they incur repositioning costs. Incumbent repositioning costs and the associated decision biases have been identified in the economics, operations, and strategy literatures as critical aspects of the competitive interactions between incumbents and entrants, but they have received limited attention in game‐theoretic treatments at the strategy level. To fill this gap, we develop a strategic mental model to analytically characterize the impacts of repositioning costs and decision biases on firms' equilibrium strategies and profits. Including these costs and biases changes, the nature of strategic dynamics as well as introduces new implications for strategic choice.Managerial SummaryOur analysis shows that although biases by themselves are unequivocally harmful for firms, both the entrant and incumbent can earn more when they are biased than when neither one is. In particular, when an entrant is biased in estimating an incumbent's repositioning ability, this unequivocally reduces its own performance, if the incumbent is aware of the entrant's bias and has correctly assessed it. In a similar vein, when an incumbent is biased in its estimation of the entrant, this hurts the incumbent. However, both the entrant and the incumbent can earn more than they would in a setting where both firms are unbiased. Furthermore, the incumbent is not necessarily better off by being less biased—that is, aware of but with an inaccurate assessment of entrant bias.
Two‐dimensional Green's function solution for a tangential line force buried in the three‐phase orthotropic piezoelectric structure
Authors: Hou Peng‐Fei , Chen Jia‐Yun , Tang Jiang‐Ping , Zhang Wen‐Hua 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPiezoelectric materials, as functional material, are widely used in electronic devices, such as piezoelectric sensors, piezoelectric energy harvester and piezoelectric actuators. In some electronic devices, piezoelectric materials are placed between two substrates in the form of thin sheet. Therefore, this kind of piezoelectric structure is simplified into a three‐phase orthotropic piezoelectric structure which consists of an infinite piezoelectric plate and two semi‐infinite bodies in this paper. In this case, the Green's function solution for a tangential line force buried in the three‐phase orthotropic piezoelectric structure is deduced. Based on this solution, the accurate electro‐elastic fields of the three‐phase orthotropic piezoelectric structure are given. And some numerical examples are designed to investigate the effects of various material properties of the piezoelectric plate or the substrates on the stresses at interfaces and the electric potential difference between interfaces of piezoelectric plate.
Using Shape Expressions (ShEx) to Share RDF Data Models and to Guide Curation with Rigorous Validation
Authors: Thornton Katherine , Solbrig Harold , Stupp Gregory S. , Labra Gayo Jose Emilio , Mietchen Daniel , Prud’hommeaux Eric , Waagmeester Andra 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
We discuss Shape Expressions (ShEx), a concise, formal, modeling and validation language for RDF structures. For instance, a Shape Expression could prescribe that subjects in a given RDF graph that fall into the shape “Paper” are expected to have a section called “Abstract”, and any ShEx implementation can confirm whether that is indeed the case for all such subjects within a given graph or subgraph.
There are currently five actively maintained ShEx implementations. We discuss how we use the JavaScript, Scala and Python implementations in RDF data validation workflows in distinct, applied contexts. We present examples of how ShEx can be used to model and validate data from two different sources, the domain-specific Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) and the domain-generic Wikidata knowledge base, which is the linked database built and maintained by the Wikimedia Foundation as a sister project to Wikipedia. Example projects that are using Wikidata as a data curation platform are presented as well, along with ways in which they are using ShEx for modeling and validation.
When reusing RDF graphs created by others, it is important to know how the data is represented. Current practices of using human-readable descriptions or ontologies to communicate data structures often lack sufficient precision for data consumers to quickly and easily understand data representation details. We provide concrete examples of how we use ShEx as a constraint and validation language that allows humans and machines to communicate unambiguously about data assets. We use ShEx to exchange and understand data models of different origins, and to express a shared model of a resource’s footprint in a Linked Data source. We also use ShEx to agilely develop data models, test them against sample data, and revise or refine them. The expressivity of ShEx allows us to catch disagreement, inconsistencies, or errors efficiently, both at the time of input, and through batch inspections.
ShEx addresses the need of the Semantic Web community to ensure data quality for RDF graphs. It is currently being used in the development of FHIR/RDF. The language is sufficiently expressive to capture constraints in FHIR, and the intuitive syntax helps people to quickly grasp the range of conformant documents. The publication workflow for FHIR tests all of these examples against the ShEx schemas, catching non-conformant data before they reach the public. ShEx is also currently used in Wikidata projects such as Gene Wiki and WikiCite to develop quality-control pipelines to maintain data integrity and incorporate or harmonize differences in data across different parts of the pipelines.
Le crachoir chinois du roi: Marchandises globales, culture de cour et vodun dans les royaumes de Hueda et du Dahomey (xviie-xixe siècle)
Authors: Zaugg Roberto 
Published: May 2019

RésumésActeurs majeurs de la traite transatlantique des esclaves, les royaumes de Hueda et du Dahomey (Sud du Bénin actuel) se sont insérés dans les flux mondiaux de marchandises. Entre lexviie et lexixe siècle, les biens importés y ont alimenté des pratiques de consommation ostentatoire et des attitudes de largesse ritualisée dont les manifestations ont été essentielles à la consolidation de la souveraineté des monarques. En mettant l’accent sur deux marchandises en particulier (le tabac et la porcelaine) ainsi que sur des pratiques comportementales (fumer, cracher), cet article étudie la façon dont ces biens étaient matériellement et symboliquement intégrés à la culture de cour et associés à des croyances religieuses et à des pratiques rituelles du vodun. Il associe une enquête micro-historique reposant sur des sources écrites avec des découvertes archéologiques, des observations anthropologiques et l’analyse de sources visuelles et sculpturales, afin de mettre en évidence des aspects récurrents de la scénographie de cour, de comparer les significations des pratiques corporelles dans différentes régions du monde et d’identifier les liens matériels engendrés par le commerce mondial. L’article montre ainsi que les palais royaux ont été des laboratoires essentiels d’un changement esthétique et de nouvelles cultures de consommation élitiste. Au cours de ce processus, les éléments d’origine étrangère ont non seulement enrichi la culture matérielle des palais, illustrant la splendeur mondiale des monarques, mais ils se sont également chargés de nouvelles significations qui ont intégré ces biens et les pratiques afférentes dans des codes culturels spécifiques à certaines régions.
Écrire l’histoire du travail aujourd’hui: Le cas de l’Empire romain (note critique)
Authors: Freu Christel 
Published: May 2019

RésumésTrois livres récents questionnent la manière d’aborder le travail sous l’Empire romain et d’en écrire l’histoire : les sources que privilégient les historiens, l’échelle d’observation à laquelle ils se situent et les présupposés théoriques qui les guident. Ces réflexions montrent qu’il existe bien des manières d’écrire l’histoire du travail, un domaine désormais éclaté en multiples sous-champs qui ne dialoguent pas forcément entre eux. Grâce à la relecture de sources traditionnelles, littéraires et épigraphiques, ainsi qu’à l’apport décisif de l’archéologie et des papyrus, l’histoire traditionnelle du travail et des métiers s’est considérablement renouvelée. On s’interroge maintenant sur les causes de la spécialisation poussée des métiers à Rome et sur l’existence d’une véritable division du travail. Par ailleurs, la recherche archéologique aide à améliorer la compréhension des techniques et des processus productifs, et, par là, à dresser une typologie des identités socio-professionnelles des patrons et de leurs employés dans les boutiques et les ateliers romains. Dans une tout autre direction, le travail est considéré, d’un point de vue macro-économique, comme une force à mobiliser par l’entrepreneur : les questions sur la productivité comparée des esclaves et de la main-d’œuvre libre ont été remplacées par celles sur les coûts de transaction du travail salarié et du travail dépendant. Le débat demeure vif entre les historiens qui estiment que le marché du travail n’est pas développé, du fait du poids toujours important des réseaux clientélaires et du travail dépendant, et ceux qui décrivent une économie de marché libre, où le travail est devenu une marchandise.
Concurrence et collaboration dans le monde du livre vénitien, 1469-début duxvie siècle
Authors: Kikuchi Catherine 
Published: May 2019

RésumésLe début de l’imprimerie en Europe est l’histoire non seulement d’un grand succès économique et commercial, mais aussi de risques importants pris par les individus. Le nécessaire approvisionnement en papier est l’occasion de conflits et exige une disponibilité constante en capital ; la rentabilité de l’industrie du livre est soumise à une bonne appréciation du marché de la consommation. À Venise, n’importe qui peut se lancer dans l’industrie du livre et cette concurrence est amèrement décriée par les imprimeurs à la fin duxve et au début duxvie siècle. Cette situation les conduit à formuler les risques économiques qu’ils prennent dans les suppliques de privilèges qu’ils demandent aux autorités vénitiennes et à conceptualiser des réalités de leur milieu, en particulier la concurrence. Ce terme, toujours pris dans un sens négatif, est pourtant extrêmement rare dans les documents de la pratique comme dans les textes théoriques de cette époque. Cette formalisation de la concurrence est contrebalancée par la nécessité de collaborer au sein de cette industrie. Celle-ci peut être abordée par le biais de l’analyse des réseaux sociaux. La confiance est restaurée par les collaborations dans un groupe restreint et se nouent des réseaux de collaborations denses dans lesquels les concurrents deviennent partenaires. Cela permet aussi à certains acteurs de créer autour d’eux de largesconsortia, entraînant la constitution d’une économie oligopolistique, typique des industries sans réglementation étatique.
A note on the aerodynamic splashing of droplets
Authors: Gordillo José Manuel , Riboux Guillaume 
Published: May 2019

When a drop of a low-viscosity liquid of radius $R$ impacts against an inclined smooth solid substrate at a velocity $V$, a liquid sheet of thickness $H_{t}\ll R$ is expelled at a velocity $V_{t}\gg V$. If the impact velocity is such that $V>V^{\ast }$, with $V^{\ast }$ the critical velocity for splashing, the edge of the expanding liquid sheet lifts off from the wall as a consequence of the gas lubrication force at the wedge region created between the advancing liquid front and the substrate. Here we show that the magnitude of the gas lubrication force is limited by the values of the slip length $\ell _{\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}}$ at the gas–liquid interface and of the slip length $\ell _{g}\propto \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$ at the solid, with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$ the mean free path of gas molecules. We demonstrate that the splashing regime changes depending on the value of the ratio $\ell _{\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}}/\ell _{g}$ – a fact explaining the spreading–splashing–spreading–splashing transition for a fixed (low) value of the gas pressure as the drop impact velocity increases (Xu et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 94, 2005, 184505; Hao et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 122, 2019, 054501). We also provide an expression for $V^{\ast }$ as a function of the inclination angle of the substrate, the drop radius $R$, the material properties of the liquid and the gas, and the mean free path $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$, in very good agreement with experiments.