bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electricity Generation through Light‐Responsive Diving–Surfacing Locomotion of a Functionally Cooperating Smart Device
Authors: Yang Xiao , Cheng Mengjiao , Zhang Lina , Zhang Shu , Liu Xiaolin , Shi Feng 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMini‐generators converting other forms of energy into electric energy are ideal power supplies for widely used microelectronic devices because they need only a low power supply in the range of µW to mW. Among various creative strategies to fabricate mini‐generators, recently developed functionally integrated systems combining self‐propulsion of small objects and the application of Faraday's law show advantages such as facile, noncontact, low resistance, and durability. However, wide application of such functionally integrated systems is currently restricted by artificial energy inputs, such as chemical fuels or mechanical work, and harvesting energy available in the environment or nature is urgently required. Herein, a light‐responsive functionally cooperating smart device is developed as a mini‐generator that can directly harvest naturally available light energy for diving–surfacing motions, thus converting mechanical energy into electricity through Faraday's law. The mini‐generator generates a maximum voltage of 1.72 V with an energy conversion efficiency of 2.44 × 10−3% to power LEDs and shows a lifetime of at least 30 000 s. By using environmental energy, the study may promote the concept of a functionally cooperating system as an economic and facile power supply for microelectronics, reducing their dependence on batteries.
A Non‐Volatile Chalcogenide Switchable Hyperbolic Metamaterial
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Harish N. S. , Gholipour Behrad , Zheludev Nikolay I. , Soci Cesare 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPhase change materials have enabled the realization of dynamic nanophotonic devices with various functionalities. Reconfigurable hyperbolic metamaterials integrated with such elements have been demonstrated in the past but the volatile nature of their optical properties is a limitation, particularly for applications that require the device to be preserved in a specified state. Here, a proof‐of‐concept demonstration of a non‐volatile, switchable hyperbolic metamaterial based on a chalcogenide glass is reported. By using the Ge2Sb2Te5 alloy as one of the components of a multilayered nanocomposite structure and exploiting its phase change property, a hyperbolic metamaterial in which the type‐I hyperbolic dispersion (ε⊥ < 0, ε|| > 0) and negative refraction can be switched from the near‐infrared to the visible region is demonstrated. This opens up new opportunities for reconfigurable device applications, such as imaging, optical data storage, and sensing.
Inorganic p‐Type Semiconductors as Hole Conductor Building Blocks for Robust Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Cetin Cagdas , Chen Peng , Hao Mengmeng , He Dongxu , Bai Yang , Lyu Miaoqiang , Yun Jung‐Ho , Wang Lianzhou 
Published: July 2018

AbstractOrganic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted considerable scientific and industrial interest because of their high efficiency and solution processability. As a key component, hole transport materials (HTMs) are critically important for achieving efficient hole extraction and thus high performance. However, the commonly employed organic HTMs such as 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis(N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamine)‐9,9′‐spiro‐bifuorene and poly(triarylamine) (PTAA) are quite expensive due to their complicated synthesis procedures and high purity requirements. Moreover, the instability of these organic compounds further hinders the large‐scale commercialization of PSCs. To address these issues, various inorganic p‐type semiconductors featuring excellent chemical stability, high hole mobility, and suitable energy levels are investigated as promising alternatives to their organic counterparts. Herein, recent advances of inorganic hole conductors for PSCs with a focus on low‐cost fabrication and enhanced long‐term stability are reviewed. A series of unexplored inorganic p‐type semiconductors with desirable optoelectronic properties are also highlighted as promising candidates. In addition, the current challenges and potential strategies are presented to reveal the future opportunities in this research field.
Reactivity and Selectivity of Iminium Organocatalysis Improved by a Protein Host
Authors: Nödling Alexander R. , Świderek Katarzyna , Castillo Raquel , Hall Jonathan W. , Angelastro Antonio , Morrill Louis C. , Jin Yi , Tsai Yu‐Hsuan , Moliner Vicent , Luk Louis Y. P. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThere has been growing interest in performing organocatalysis within a supramolecular system as a means of controlling reaction reactivity and stereoselectivity. Here, a protein is used as a host for iminium catalysis. A pyrrolidine moiety is covalently linked to biotin and introduced to the protein host streptavidin for organocatalytic activity. Whereas in traditional systems stereoselectivity is largely controlled by the substituents added to the organocatalyst, enantiomeric enrichment by the reported supramolecular system is completely controlled by the host. Also, the yield of the model reaction increases over 10‐fold when streptavidin is included. A 1.1 Å crystal structure of the protein–catalyst complex and molecular simulations of a key intermediate reveal the chiral scaffold surrounding the organocatalytic reaction site. This work illustrates that proteins can be an excellent supramolecular host for driving stereoselective secondary amine organocatalysis.
Synthesis of tetracyanoethylene‐substituted ferrocene and its device properties
Authors: Kivrak Arif , Zobi Cengiz , Torlak Yasemin , Çamlısoy Yeşim , Kuş Mahmut , Kivrak Hilal 
Published: July 2018

Small organic molecules are promising candidates for cheaper, flexible and good‐performance sources for organic solar cells (OSCs) due to their easy fabrication, low cost and slightly cheaper processing. However, the lower power conversion efficiency of OSCs is the main problem for their applications. Ferrocene structures could be the best candidates for the active layers of OSCs due to their unique properties such as thermal and chemical stability. The electrochemical, electro‐optical and solar cell performances of 2,5‐dicyano‐3‐ferrocenyl‐4‐ferrocenylethynylhexa‐2,4‐dienedinitrile (DiCN‐Fc) structures were investigated. First, the electrochemical and electro‐optical properties were examined for finding the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital values and bandgap of DiCN‐Fc. The best photovoltaic performance was obtained with 7 wt% of DiCN‐Fc loading, with a power conversion efficiency of about 4.27%. In the light of our investigations, ferrocenyl‐substituted small organic molecules could contribute to the development of organic photovoltaic devices.
Bifurcation Analysis and Stability Criterion for the Nonlinear Fractional‐Order Three‐Dimensional Financial System with Delay
Authors: Zhang Zhe , Zhang Jing , Cheng Fanyong , Xu Yuebing 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we study the dynamic characteristics of fractional‐order nonlinear financial systems, including bifurcation and local asymptotic stability. Among them, we select the elasticity of demand of commercial (EDC) as the bifurcation point to discuss the state of the system. By calculating, the lowest order bifurcation point is obtained. Furthermore, the impulse control gains that follow a fractional‐order control law are applied to make the fractional‐order nonlinear financial system stable. In addition, some numerical simulation examples are provided to verify the effectiveness and the benefit of the proposed state form of the system near the bifurcation point and the states of the system when the impulse control is used or not.
Unified FDI and FTC Scheme for Air Path Actuators of a Diesel Engine Using ISM Extended with Adaptive Part
Authors: Murtaza Ghulam , Bhatti Aamir Iqbal , Butt Yasir Awais 
Published: July 2018

AbstractA unified fault detection and isolation (FDI) and fault tolerant control (FTC) strategy for the diesel engine's air management system has been formulated. Diesel engines need to comply with the strict emission requirements for which they are equipped with specialized sub‐systems for the purpose, such as the variable geometry turbo (VGT) charger and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Hardware‐based controls tend to make the system more complex and prone to structured and unstructured faults. This calls for an advanced FTC technique that can ensure desired level of emissions even in the presence of minor system malfunctions. The scheme proposed in this paper detects, isolates and estimates the structured faults and minimizes their effects by re‐positioning the actuators using integral sliding mode (ISM) control. Estimating the magnitude of structured faults help to reduce the ISM controller gains, eventually reducing the chattering. The stability of the system is analyzed using Lyapunov stability criterion. Simulations have been performed using fully validated industrial scale model of a diesel engine to elucidate the effectiveness of our scheme.
Observer‐Based Multiple Faults Diagnosis Scheme for Satellite Attitude Control System
Authors: Gao Sheng , Zhang Wei , He Xu 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis paper proposes a multiple fault diagnosis (MFD) scheme based on an observer method for satellite attitude control systems (ACSs) subject to nonlinearity and external disturbances of the system. The essential idea is to develop a fault diagnosis scheme and design the corresponding observers for satellite ACSs. The nonlinearity, space external disturbances, sensor uncertainties, and multiple faults problem of the satellite ACS are all taken into account. The proposed MFD scheme is developed at two different levels. First, at the system level, two nonlinear observers based on analytical redundancy are designed for the MFD of the satellite ACS; this level roughly reveals the fault source. Then, at the component level, a bank of sliding mode observers activated by the results of the previous diagnosis is designed to precisely diagnose multiple faults of actuators in the satellite ACS; this level further precisely reveals the fault source. Both the nonlinear observers and the sliding mode observers are confirmed to be asymptotically stable via Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, numerical simulations of a satellite ACS are performed to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed MFD scheme.
Project‐based teaching in Calculus courses: Estimation of the surface and perimeter of the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Caridade Cristina M. R. , Encinas Ascensión H. , Martín‐Vaquero Jesús , Queiruga‐Dios Araceli , Rasteiro Deolinda M. L. D. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe have been working, for some years, in the application of mathematics to different engineering problems with the main goal of improving our students’ motivation and make possible for them to connect and apply what they learn in Calculus classes to other engineering subjects. We describe a case study with students of Electrotechnical Engineering from the Coimbra Institute of Engineering (ISEC) and from Biologist and Geological Engineering degrees students from the University of Salamanca (USAL) in a Calculus course. The study involves the application of mathematical software in the calculus of a real situation: the estimation of the surface and length of an irregular figure: the Iberian Peninsula. Furthermore, we include the results of a pre‐ and post‐test control group study, before and after using that application in the classroom. The results indicate that those experiences were very enriching for the students in different degrees and in both countries. We tested at different centers from two different countries with similar results.
Comparison of bench‐scale decortication devices to fractionate bran from sorghum
Authors: Hums Megan E. , Moreau Robert A. , Yadav Madhav P. , Powell Michael J. , Simon Stefanie 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackground and objectivesDecortication of sorghum grain separates its pericarp (bran) from the endosperm which could have beneficial impacts on ethanol production while producing value‐added coproducts. The goal of this study was to compare three bench‐scale devices (barley pearler, scarifier, and rice polisher) to decorticate sorghum grain and analyze the composition of each fraction.FindingsThe scarifier and barley pearler produced bran with similar contents of protein (~10%), starch (~40%), and total dietary fiber (~40%). In a single batch to produce 10% (w/w) bran, the scarifier processed more sorghum to produce more bran (12 g/150 g) than the barley pearler (7 g/75 g). The rice polisher produced bran (43 g/500 g) with higher content of oil (~12%), protein (~11%), ash (~6%), and starch (~47%), but total dietary fiber was lower (~29%). The scarifier bran had the highest wax content (1.9%), while the rice polisher and barley pearler brans had similar lower wax content (1.6%).ConclusionsThe composition of bran from the rice polisher indicated that more germ and some endosperm were removed during decortication as compared to the other devices.Significance and noveltyThere is a need for producing bran between laboratory‐ and pilot‐scale with efficient separation of the pericarp from the endosperm. This research is the first to compare the composition of all sorghum fractions, including a wax analysis, from three types of bench‐scale decortication devices.
Denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography and principal component analysis for identification of DNA point mutations in breast cancer and lymphoma samples
Authors: Perfecto‐Avalos Yocanxóchitl , Cuevas‐Díaz Durán Raquel , Villela Luis , Garcia‐Gonzalez Alejandro , Díaz‐Domínguez Ricardo Javier , Loyo Tania , Gutiérrez‐Monreal Miguel Ángel , Esparza‐Treviño Juan Manuel , Rocha‐Inclán Carlos , Rojo Rocío , Cárdenas‐Cantú Eduardo , Pantaléon‐García Jezreel , Scott Sean‐Patrick 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDNA mutations are identified by techniques that use the knowledge of the wild‐type DNA sequence and its mutated variant. The involved analytic methods must be accurate, rapid, and sustainable, if a clinical application is pursued. High‐performance liquid chromatography under denaturing conditions is a useful technique to screen mutations. Denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography resultant chromatograms are suitable for feature extraction analysis with multivariate methods such as principal component analysis. In this work, principal component analysis was applied to analyze the chromatograms from 3 different genes. Fragments with verified wild‐type sequence were used as reference and samples with sequence unknown were tested. A statistical characterization based on Tukey's boxplot equation of principal component scores allowed us to analyze the distance distribution between reference and sample clusters to establish a classification criterion: an outlier could represent a mutated sample, and a typical value could be a wild‐type sample. Identified outliers were further analyzed by sequencing and proved to carry a mutation. From 72 datasets with a total of 4258 injections, we successfully assessed the classification criterion, identifying mutated samples in lymphoma and breast cancer patients with ratio of prediction Gmean = [0.89, 1.00]. Compared with sequencing analysis, this procedure reduced time and costs.
Model‐based and data‐driven with multiscale sum of squares double EWMA control chart for fault detection in biological systems
Authors: Mansouri Majdi , Harkat Mohamed Faouzi , Teh Sin Yin , Al‐khazraji Ayman , Nounou Hazem , Nounou Mohamed 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe objectives of this paper will be sought. First, an enhanced technique that can accurately model biological processes will be developed. To deal with scenarios where a process model is available, the particle filter method will be developed to better handle the nonlinear and high‐dimensional state estimation problem. Second, a multiscale sum of squares double exponentially weighted moving average (MS‐SS‐DEWMA) chart will be applied to the monitored residuals in order to enhance the fault detection abilities. The advantage of MS‐SS‐DEWMA chart is twofold: (1) The SS‐DEWMA chart uses the sum of squares statistics; it simultaneously monitors the process mean and variance in a single chart. It has presented better performance than the classical EWMA‐based charts. (2) The multiscale data representation can be used as an effective tool for reducing noise from a signal's time series. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is validated using a synthetic and simulated Cad system in Escherichia coli (CSEC) data. When the simulated CSEC model is used, the developed approach is applied for monitoring some of the key variables involved in the CSEC model. The proposed strategy is also applied to detect diseases using genomic copy number data through better detection of aberrations in the genetic information of patients, which can help medical doctors make more accurate diagnosis of diseases.
Multimodal Microscopy Distinguishes Extracellular Aggregation and Cellular Uptake of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanohorns
Authors: Devereux Stephen J. , Cheung Shane , Daly Harrison C. , O'Shea Donal F. , Quinn Susan J. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe low toxicity, high surface area, and ease of functionalisation of carbon nanohorns (CNH) makes them attractive systems for cellular imaging, diagnostics and therapeutics. However, challenges remain for the biomedical translation of these and other nanomaterials. A significant task is tuning the surface chemistry to achieve optimal cellular interactions. Herein, we combine real‐time fluorescent imaging of nanoparticle cellular uptake and real‐time differential interference contrast (DIC) imaging of extracellular media to monitor a) nanoparticle/nanoparticle and b) nanoparticle/cell interactions for CNHs covalently modified with an OFF/ON near‐IR dye, the fluorescence of which is switched OFF in extracellular environments and triggered upon cellular internalisation. CHN samples modified with different loadings of the hydrophobic dye are taken as a simple model of drug‐loaded nanoparticle systems. The punctate fluorescence suggests the CNHs are delivered to lysosomes and other vesicles of the endocytic pathway. DIC imaging highlights the competition that exists for many particle types, between extracellular aggregation and cellular internalization, the efficiency of which would be dependent upon the amount of fluorophore loading. The results of this study illustrate how complementary real‐time imaging methods together with physicochemical characterisation can be used to address the challenges involved in optimising nanoparticle/cell interactions for biomedical applications.
Protein–Metal‐Ion Networks: A Unique Approach toward Metal Sulfide Nanoparticles Embedded In Situ in Nanocomposites
Authors: Wang Liqiang , Deng Liu , Liu You‐Nian 
Published: July 2018

AbstractNanoscale metal sulfides are of tremendous potential in biomedicine. Generally, the properties and performances of metal sulfide nanoparticles (NPs) are highly related to their structures, sizes and morphologies. Recently, a strategy of using sulfur‐containing protein–metal‐ion networks for preparing metal sulfide embedded nanocomposites was proposed. Within the networks, proteins can play multiple roles to drive the transformation of these networks into protein‐encapsulated metal sulfide NPs with ultrasmall size and defined structure (as both a template and a sulfur provider) or metal sulfide NP–protein hydrogels with injecting and self‐healing properties (as a template, a sulfur provider, and a gelator) in a controlled manner. In this Concept, the synthesis strategy, the formation mechanism, and the biomedical applications of the gained nanocomposites are presented. Moreover, the challenges and opportunities of using protein–metal ion networks to construct functional materials for biomedical applications are analyzed.
Differentiating Antiproliferative and Chemopreventive Modes of Activity for Electron‐Deficient Aryl Isothiocyanates against Human MCF‐7 Cells
Authors: Anderson Ruthellen H. , Lensing Cody J. , Forred Benjamin J. , Amolins Michael W. , Aegerter Cassandra L. , Vitiello Peter F. , Mays Jared R. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe consumption of Brassica vegetables provides beneficial effects through organic isothiocyanates (ITCs), products of the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucosinolate secondary metabolites. The ITC l‐sulforaphane (l‐SFN) is the principle agent in broccoli that demonstrates several modes of anticancer action. While the anticancer properties of ITCs like l‐SFN have been extensively studied and l‐SFN has been the subject of multiple human clinical trials, the scope of this work has largely been limited to those derivatives found in nature. Previous studies have demonstrated that structural changes in an ITC can lead to marked differences in a compound's potency to 1) inhibit the growth of cancer cells, and 2) alter cellular transcriptional profiles. This study describes the preparation of a library of non‐natural aryl ITCs and the development of a bifurcated screening approach to evaluate the dose‐ and time‐dependence on antiproliferative and chemopreventive properties against human MCF‐7 breast cancer cells. Antiproliferative effects were evaluated using a commercial MTS cell viability assay. Chemopreventive properties were evaluated using an antioxidant response element (ARE)‐promoted luciferase reporter assay. The results of this study have led to the identification of 1) several key structure–activity relationships and 2) lead ITCs for continued development.
Structural Basis of Substrate Recognition and Covalent Inhibition of Cdu1 from Chlamydia trachomatis
Authors: Ramirez Yesid A. , Adler Thomas B. , Altmann Eva , Klemm Theresa , Tiesmeyer Christian , Sauer Florian , Kathman Stefan G. , Statsyuk Alexander V. , Sotriffer Christoph , Kisker Caroline 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBased on the similarity between the active sites of the deubiquitylating and deneddylating enzyme ChlaDub1 (Cdu1) and the evolutionarily related protease adenain, a target‐hopping screening approach on a focused set of adenain inhibitors was investigated. The cyanopyrimidine‐based inhibitors identified represent the first active‐site‐directed small‐molecule inhibitors of Cdu1. High‐resolution crystal structures of Cdu1 in complex with two covalently bound cyanopyrimidines, as well as with its substrate ubiquitin, were obtained. These structural data were complemented by enzymatic assays and covalent docking studies to provide insight into the substrate recognition of Cdu1, active‐site pocket flexibility and potential hotspots for ligand interaction. Combined, these data provide a strong basis for future structure‐guided medicinal chemistry optimization of this cyanopyrimidine scaffold into more potent and selective Cdu1 inhibitors.
A Method to Compare the Activities of Semiconductor Photocatalysts in Liquid−Solid Systems
Authors: Megatif Lena , Dillert Ralf , Bahnemann Detlef W. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractA method to determine the activity of semiconducting photocatalysts in liquid–solid systems is suggested employing a black body photoreactor. The reaction rates, defined as the converted amount of the probe molecule per unit time (dn/dt), in the presence of nine different photocatalysts, were found to be constant and not affected by the initial concentration of the probe compound dichloroacetic acid (c0), the mass concentration of the photocatalyst (γ), and the suspension volume (when c0 and γ are larger than 5 mM and 1 g L−1, respectively). The method presented here thus seems to be generally applicable to obtain experimental data allowing the comparison of the photocatalytic activities of different semiconductors.