bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Onlay Reconstruction of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament: Biomechanical Comparison of Unicortical and Bicortical Tibial Fixation
Authors: Albuquerque II João Bourbon de , Pfeiffer Ferris , Stannard James P. , Cook James L. , Kfuri Mauricio 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPosterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries are generally associated with high-energy trauma. There are many controversies regarding optimal surgical technique in regard to graft selection and fixation methods. The recently described onlay technique allows for direct fixation of a hamstring autograft to the posterior aspect of the tibia with cancellous screw and spiked washer, while protecting the neurovascular structures and avoiding the so-called “killer turn.” The objective of this study was to compare immediate postimplantation biomechanics of unicortical versus bicortical tibial fixation of onlay PCL grafts. Eight knees were randomly assigned to one of two onlay PCL techniques (n = 4 knees/technique), performed by a single experienced surgeon. Testing consisted of a posterior-directed force at four knee flexion angles, 10, 30, 60, and 90 degrees, to measure load to 5 mm of posterior displacement, maximum displacement (at 100 N load), and stiffness. For statistical analyses, data for each knee were normalized to the native PCL-intact knee and were then grouped into unicortical or bicortical groups accordingly. Data for load to 5 mm (strength), displacement at 100 N, and stiffness were compared among PCL-intact, PCL-deficient, unicortical fixation, and bicortical fixation categories using one-way analysis of variance to assess for statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences. When compared with PCL-deficient knees, both fixation techniques had less laxity. When compared with PCL-intact knees, unicortical had more laxity at all angles, and bicortical had more laxity only at 90 degrees (p < 0.001). For relative graft strength, intact knees required significantly higher loads than both treatment groups. Bicortical, however, outperformed unicortical at all angles (p < 0.001) for relative strength. Regarding stiffness, there were no significant differences between unicortical and bicortical, and both were superior to PCL-deficient and inferior to PCL-intact knees. Based on cadaveric biomechanical testing, none of the reconstructed PCL knees was able to replicate the intact native PCL, but both techniques were superior to PCL-deficient knees. The bicortical tibial fixation technique appears to have biomechanical advantages when opting for onlay PCL reconstruction.
Oscillatory fluid flow drives scaling of contraction wave with system size
Authors: Julien Jean-Daniel , Alim Karen 
Published: October 2018

Significance
Long-range fluid flows are crucial for the functioning of many organisms, as they provide forcing for migration and development and spread resources and signals. How flows can span vastly different scales is unclear. Here, we develop a minimal, two-component model, coupling the mechanics of a cell’s cortex to a contraction-triggering chemical. The chemical itself is spread with the fluid flows that arise due to the cortex contractions. Through theoretical and numerical analysis, we find that the oscillatory component of the flows can give rise to robust scaling of contraction waves with system size—much beyond predicted length scales. This mechanism is likely to work in a broad class of systems.
Action explanation and its presuppositions
Authors: O’Brien Lilian 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn debates about rationalizing action explanation causalists assume that the psychological states that explain an intentional action have both causal and rational features. I scrutinize the presuppositions of those who seek and offer rationalizing action explanations. This scrutiny shows, I argue, that where rational features play an explanatory role in these contexts, causal features play only a presuppositional role. But causal features would have to play an explanatory role if rationalizing action explanation were a species of causal explanation. Consequently, it is not a species of causal explanation.
Anticipating surprise: the case of the early warning system of Rijkswaterstaat in the Netherlands
Authors: Van Der Steen Martijn , Scherpenisse Jorren , Van Twist Mark 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACT
Policy often has to perform amidst uncertain and rapidly changing conditions. Robustness is the ability to perform and achieve intended effects under unknown conditions. Robust design can benefit from the capacity to anticipate developments early. A system of early warning is a method to anticipate change early and help policy design to be more robust. Early warning can enable moment of ‘consecration’, moments where reflection on assumptions and biased of policy design can be challenged and changed; this can be an important addition to the robustness of policy design. However, early warning is not unproblematic; it is an organizational practice that inherently invokes issues of habituation, organizational bias, as it challenges the status quo. In this paper, we study how policy makers who ‘do’ early warning in the context of robust policy engage with these issues and how they managed to improve the robustness of policy design. We do so by studying an empirical case of an early warning system in The Netherlands. We analyze how the system was build, how it worked, how it was further professionalized, and what the system did to the capacity of the organization to design and deliver robust policy.
Microphonic detuning induced coupler kick variation at LCLS-II
Authors: Hellert Thorsten , Ackermann Wolfgang , Adolphsen Chris , De Gersem Herbert , Li Zenghai , Mayes Chris 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The LCLS-II free-electron laser will be an upgrade of the existing Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), including a 4GeV CW superconducting linac based on the TESLA technology. The high quality factor of the cavity makes it very sensitive to vibrations. The shift of its eigenfrequency (i.e., detuning) will be compensated by the power source in order to assure a constant accelerating voltage. Significant variations of the forward power are expected which result in coupler kick variations induced by the fundamental power coupler. In this work we estimate the magnitude of trajectory jitter caused by these variations. High precision 3D field maps including standing and traveling-wave components for a cavity with the LCLS-II coupler design are presented.
Opportunities for advancing ecosystem-based management in a rapidly changing, high latitude ecosystem
Authors: Skern-Mauritzen Mette , Olsen Erik , Huse Geir 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Unprecedented and rapid changes are ongoing in northern high latitude, marine ecosystems, due to climate warming. Species distributions and abundances are changing, altering both ecosystem structure and dynamics. At the same time, human impacts are increasing. Less sea ice opens for the opportunity of more petroleum-related activities, shipping and tourism. Fisheries are moving into previously unfished habitats, targeting more species across more trophic levels. There is a need for ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) and ecosystem-based management (EBM) to take the rapid, climate driven changes into account. Recently, there has been much development in qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative scientific approaches to support EBFM and EBM. Here, we present some of these approaches, and discuss how they provide opportunities for advancing EBFM and EBM in one high-latitude system, namely the Barents Sea. We propose that advancing EBFM and EBM is more about adding tools to the toolbox than replacing tools, and to use the tools in coordinated efforts to tackle the increasing complexities in scientific support to management. Collaborative and participatory processes among stakeholders and scientists are pivotal for both scoping and prioritizing, and for efficient knowledge exchange. Finally, we argue that increasing uncertainty with increasing complexity is fundamental to decision making in EBFM and EBM and needs to be handled, rather than being a reason for inaction or irrelevance.
Arbitral Institutions and the Enforcement of Climate Change Obligations for the Benefit of all Stakeholders: The Role of ICSID
Authors: Miles Wendy , Lawry-White Merryl 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
In 2015, States concluded the landmark Paris Agreement, which committed to a long-term goal of “holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels”. The Paris Agreement galvanises all signatory nations in a common cause — combating climate change and adapting to and investigating its effects, and with enhanced support to assist developing countries to do so. As such, it charts a new course in the global climate effort.
The goals of the Paris Agreement will only be achieved through massive investment in pursuit of a common objective. According to the International Finance Corporation, an estimated US$90 trillion investment is required to implement the Paris Agreement. The current regime of international investment agreements (IIAs) provides an invaluable opportunity to promote the investment required to achieve the Paris Agreement objectives, including mitigation, adaptation and transition from fossil fuels. However, users must take care to ensure that investment is, in fact, protected and encouraged, and to maintain critical progress in promoting international climate change policy.
ICSID is one of the five arms of the World Bank Group, which recognises that “[c]limate change is a threat to the core mission of the World Bank Group”. The ICSID Convention is also designed to promote international private investment. As such, ICSID sits at an important nexus in this discussion.
This article: (i) provides an overview of several influential arbitration decisions relating to international environmental disputes, and the way in which the existing climate change regime uses arbitration as a dispute resolution mechanism; (ii) examines the evolution of investment treaties, prior decisions, especially in the field of renewable energy, and the tools available within IIAs for tribunals to promote the Paris Agreement objectives; (iii) discusses what arbitral institutions have done to date, in terms of tools, procedures, rules and other mechanisms, to promote climate change expertise and facilitate the resolution of disputes in a way that is consistent with climate change concerns; and (iv) considers ICSID's position as an arm of the World Bank, particularly in light of the WBG Climate Change Action Plan commitment to scaling up climate action and aligning internal processes with intentionally agreed climate change goals.
The loud and the quiet: searching for radio counterparts of two radio-weak BL Lac candidates with VLBI
Authors: Cao Hong-Min , Frey Sándor , Gabányi Krisztina É , Yang Jun , Cui Lang , Hong Xiao-Yu , An Tao 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT
BL Lac objects are known to have compact jets inclined to our line of sight at a small angle, showing prominent radio emission. Two radio-weak BL Lac candidates with no counterparts in current radio surveys were recently reported by Massaro et al. Both sources were selected as candidate low-energy counterparts of unassociated Fermi γ-ray sources. We carried out very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations with the European VLBI Network (EVN) at 5 GHz to explore their radio properties at the milliarcsecond (mas) scale. One target, J1410+7405, is clearly detected with the EVN. Its measured 5-GHz flux density, 2.4 mJy, is consistent with recent interferometric measurements with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array, suggesting that the radio emission is confined to the inner ${\lesssim}10$-mas region. J1410+7405 is therefore identified as a radio-loud jetted active galactic nucleus, and its brightness temperature exceeds ∼109 K. Its properties are similar to those of other γ-ray-detected BL Lac objects. On the other hand, the second target, J0644+6031, remains undetected with the EVN with a 6σ brightness upper limit of 0.12 mJy beam−1. This source is thus radio-quiet, confirming its peculiarity, or possibly questioning its BL Lac nature.
Impacts of the new carbon fusion cross-sections on type Ia supernovae
Authors: Mori Kanji , Famiano Michael A , Kajino Toshitaka , Kusakabe Motohiko , Tang Xiaodong 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT
Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are thought to be thermonuclear explosion of white dwarfs (WDs). Their progenitors are not well understood. One popular scenario is the double-degenerate (DD) scenario, which attributes SNe Ia to WD–WD binary mergers. The fates of the WD mergers depend on the rate of 12C + 12C reaction. Recently, the 12C + 12C cross-sections have been measured and the analysis of the data using the Trojan Horse Method suggested that the astrophysical reaction rate is larger than conventional rates at astrophysical temperatures due to possible resonances. The resonance contribution results in a decrease of the carbon burning ignition temperature. Therefore, accretion-induced collapse occurs more easily and increases the birth rate of Galactic neutron stars with the contribution of the DD scenario to the SNe Ia rate becoming even smaller.
Optimization of Movement: A Dynamical Systems Approach to Movement Systems as Emergent Phenomena
Authors: Guccione Andrew A , Neville Brian T , George Steven Z 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The term “movement system” has been defined as “represent(ing) the collection of systems (cardiovascular, pulmonary, endocrine, integumentary, nervous, and musculoskeletal) that interact to move the body or its component parts.”5 Although we do not dispute the advantage of defining the “movement system” as a physiological system, we contend that how the profession is identified with a monolithic “movement system” is imprudent. We contend that our scientific expertise regarding “movement optimization” should move forward by reconsidering how movement is produced (and potentially optimized) as a behavioral phenomenon in itself and abandon further attempts to promote “the movement system” with a purportedly unique and static label. We believe that reframing diagnosis is possible if there is a move away from an exclusive emphasis on classification of anatomical and physiological deviations from “normal” based on organismic constraints when such data yield, at best, an incomplete insight into functional performance that includes environmental and task constraints. The recent application of complex systems approaches to disciplines as diverse as medicine, biology, economics, and meteorology warrants thoughtful consideration of the potential benefits of incorporating similar advances in conceptualization of the central questions in physical therapy.
Improving Physical Activity Through Adjunct Telerehabilitation Following Total Knee Arthroplasty: Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol
Authors: Kline Paul W , Melanson Edward L , Sullivan William J , Blatchford Patrick J , Miller Matthew J , Stevens-Lapsley Jennifer E , Christiansen Cory L 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Background
Physical activity remains low and nearly unchanged from preoperative levels following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), and this is thought to underlie long-term functional limitations, secondary health problems, and higher health care costs after TKA.

Objective
Our objective is to determine whether a telehealth-based intervention could improve physical activity and functional outcomes after TKA.

Design
The design is a 2-arm, parallel, assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial with baseline, midintervention, postintervention, and 6-month follow-up assessments.

Setting
The setting is one academic medical center and one Veterans Affairs health care system.

Participants
One hundred US military veterans (aged 50–85 years) scheduled for unilateral TKA will participate in this study.

Intervention
The telehealth-based intervention to change physical activity behavior will be delivered through 10 sessions each of 30 minutes over a 12-week period. Participants will be provided with a wearable physical activity monitor to receive feedback on step count and guide goal-setting. Control participants will receive telehealth-based education on nonbehavioral aspects of health for the same frequency and duration as the intervention group. For both groups, telehealth sessions will occur concurrently with standardized outpatient rehabilitation.

Measurements
The primary outcome will be change in physical activity, assessed as daily step counts measured using an accelerometer-based sensor. Secondary outcomes will be measured using the Life-Space Assessment questionnaire and change in physical function (30-Second Chair-Stand Test, Timed “Up & Go” Test, Six-Minute Walk Test, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, and Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey).

Limitations
Participant and interventionist blinding is not possible.

Conclusions
This trial will assess the efficacy of a novel behavior-change intervention to improve physical activity and physical function in patients after TKA. Effective physical activity behavior change could provide clinicians with a technique to augment current practice and resolve poor physical activity outcomes, long-term health problems, and high costs following TKA.
Oxygen deprivation influences the survival of Listeria monocytogenes in gerbils1
Authors: Harris Jillian , Paul Oindrila , Park Si Hong , White Sally J , Budachetri Khemraj , McClung Daniel M , Wilson Jessica G , Olivier Alicia K , Thornton Justin A , Broadway Paul R , Ricke Steven C , Donaldson Janet R 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative anaerobic foodborne pathogen capable of surviving harsh environments. Recent work has indicated that anaerobic conditions increase the resistance capability of certain strains to environmental stressors. The goal of the study was to conduct a preliminary study to determine whether exposure to anaerobic conditions prior to infection increases the ability to survive in vivo. Gerbils were inoculated with one of five doses of the L. monocytogenes strain F2365 by oral gavage: phosphate-buffered saline (control), 5 × 106 colony forming units aerobic culture (low aerobic), 5 × 108 aerobic culture (high aerobic), 5 × 106 anaerobic culture (low anaerobic), or 5 × 108 anaerobic culture (high anaerobic) dose of F2365. Gerbils inoculated with a high aerobic or anaerobic dose exhibited significant weight loss. Gerbils administered either the low or high anaerobic dose had at least 3 log10 of L. monocytogenes present in fecal samples, which contrasted with gerbils that received the low aerobic dose. Animals that received the high anaerobic dose had a significant increase in bacterial loads within the liver. Histologic examination of the L. monocytogenes positive livers exhibited locally extensive areas of hepatocellular necrosis, though the extent of this damage differed between treatment groups. Microbial community analysis of the cecum from gerbils infected with L. monocytogenes indicated that the abundance of Bacteroidales and Clostridiales increased and there was a decrease in the abundance of Spirochaetales. This study suggests that anaerobic conditions alter the localization pattern of L. monocytogenes within the gastrointestinal tract. These findings could relate to how different populations are more susceptible to listeriosis, as oxygen availability may differ within the gastrointestinal tract.
Pediatric Candidemia Epidemiology and Morbidities
Authors: Lausch Karen Rokkedal , Schultz Dungu Kia Hee , Callesen Michael Thude , Schrøder Henrik , Rosthøj Steen , Poulsen Anja , Østergaard Lars , Mortensen Klaus Leth , Storgaard Merete , Schønheyder Henrik Carl , Søgaard Mette , Arendrup Maiken Cavling 
Published: October 2018

Background:
Candidemia is the most frequent pediatric fungal infection, but incompletely elucidated in population-based settings. We performed a nationwide cohort study including all pediatric patients with candidemia in Denmark from 2004 to 2014 to determine age, incidence, species distribution, underlying diseases, patient management and outcomes.

Methods:
All candidemia episodes were identified through the active nationwide fungemia surveillance program. Susceptibility testing followed the EUCAST E.Def 7 (European Committee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing, Edition Definitive) reference method. χ2 test, Fisher exact test and Venn diagrams were used for statistical analyses.

Results:
One hundred fifty-three pediatric patients (≤ 15 years) with 158 candidemia episodes were identified. The overall annual incidence rate was 1.3/100,000 population, higher for neonates (5.7/100,000 live births) and low birth weight neonates (103.8/100,000 live births). From 2004 to 2009 to 2010 to 2014, the proportion of Candida albicans decreased from 74.4% to 64.7%, whereas fluconazole resistance increased from 7.8% to 17.7%. Virtually all patients had at least 1 underlying disease (98.6%) and multimorbidity was common (43.5%, ≥2 underlying diseases). Underlying diseases differed by age with heart malformations and gastrointestinal disease prevalent in children younger than 3 years. The overall 30-days mortality was 10.2% and highest for neonates (17.1%). Mortality increased from 2004 to 2010 to 2014, driven by an increase among older children.

Conclusion:
This first nationwide epidemiologic study of pediatric candidemia confirmed a high incidence among neonates and a substantial burden of comorbidities. Moreover, an increasing proportion of fluconazole resistant nonalbicans species was observed. Our findings underline the importance of choosing correct treatment and continuous surveillance of pediatric candidemia.
A Staged Procedure in the Treatment of Primary Lacrimal Sac Epithelial Malignancy: A Retrospective Cases Analysis
Authors: Zhang Rui , Qian Jiang , Meng Fengxi , Yuan Yifei , Bai Mengying , Bi Yingwen , Xu Binbin , Yuan Yiqun , Hong Rujian 
Published: October 2018

Purpose:
To determine the effect of a staged procedure in the treatment of primary lacrimal sac epithelial malignancy.

Methods:
This is a retrospective case series of 18 consecutive patients with primary lacrimal sac epithelial malignancy treated at an orbital tumor referral center between 2002 and 2017. Study was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients underwent biopsy of the mass to confirm the diagnosis pathologically. Chemotherapy concurrent with radiotherapy was delivered to the patients to reduce and concrete the tumor prior to surgery. En bloc resection of the lacrimal sac malignancy and nasolacrimal duct was followed.

Results:
Eleven patients were male and 7 patients were female. The median follow-up time was 72.2 months. Nine patients had squamous cell carcinoma, 7 poorly differentiated carcinoma, 1 transitional cell carcinoma, and 1 adenoid cystic carcinoma. After chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the tumor volume was reduced significantly (p < 0.0001). En bloc resection of the lacrimal sac malignancy was performed in all patients with concurrent partial ethmoidectomy in 8 patients and medial maxillectomy in 5 patients. One patient (5.6%) suffered from adenoid cystic carcinoma died of metastatic disease. Two patients (11.1%) with local recurrence received reoperation, and 1 patient (5.6%) with pulmonary metastasis received gamma knife radiosurgery. These patients are alive with no evidence of tumor. Other patients are alive without evidence of disease at last follow up. No patient had new onset of lymph node enlargement during and after the treatment.

Conclusions:
The staged procedure is a promising method for the treatment of primary lacrimal sac epithelial malignancy with no postoperative lymph node metastasis.