bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) highlights SDHB‐related tumours: A pilot study
Authors: Tufton Nicola , White Gemma , Drake William M. , Sahdev Anju , Akker Scott A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectiveThere is consensus that asymptomatic carriers of SDHB mutations should undergo periodic surveillance imaging. MRI has the advantage of avoiding radiation exposure but its sensitivity and specificity for detecting phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) are dependent on sequences performed and expertise of reporting radiologists. We aim to highlight the additional value of diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) for MR based surveillance, demonstrating DWI's ability to identify small PPGLs at all body sites.DesignWe presented DWI sequences taken as part of SDHB surveillance to a radiologist, expert in reporting PPGL screening scans. Areas of high signal on DWI were interrogated using other standard MRI sequences.PatientsWe reviewed the MRI scans for 18 SDHB mutation carriers with a total of 18 histologically proven SDHB‐related tumours and 12 presumed PGLs/metastatic deposits.ResultsThe DWI sequences identified all 30 lesions. False‐positive lesions were excluded by standard sequences. The tumours detected by DWI ranged in size from 5 to 52 mm. PPGLs were identified on DWI in the abdomen (n = 14), adrenal gland (n = 1), thorax (n = 3), neck (n = 2) and bladder (n = 2). Additionally, other SDHB‐related tumours (GIST, RCC) were also highlighted by DWI, as were metastatic deposits in the liver and bone.ConclusionsThese preliminary data suggest that DWI has high sensitivity and can identify even small SDHB‐related tumours. If these findings are confirmed in larger series, for all SDH subunits, it will provide reassurance about identifying small SDH‐related tumours, without exposing patients to the consequences of radiation‐based imaging and will secure the role of MRI for surveillance imaging.
Risk factors for abdominal wall defects
Authors: Kapapa Melanie , Rieg Teresa , Henne‐Bruns Doris , Serra Alexandre 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn the last decades, the prevalence of gastroschisis (GS) has increased worldwide. The purpose of this study was to identify maternal risk factors explaining the described gain and to identify differences between GS and omphalocele (OC). A case‐control design was used to compare GS (n = 36) and OC (n = 18) mothers to control group (CG; n = 30) matched for maternal age. Specialized questionnaires and mothers' prenatal records were used, and participants completed a structured interview. Focus was on medical history, changing nutrition, drug consumption, and external risk factors. The local ethics committee approved this study. GS mothers were significantly younger (mean 23.00; median 24; SD ±5) than OC (P = 0.007; mean 28.61; median 28, 19‐41; SD ±5.1) and CG (P = 0.001; mean 30.77; median 31, SD ±6.2). Mothers with abdominal wall defects (AWD) ingested antibiotics more often (P = 0.008) than CG. Socioeconomic characteristics, for example, level of profession, of GS mothers was significantly lower than OC (P = 0.039) and CG (P = 0.05) mothers, and their cohabitation time was shorter (P < 0.05; mean 35 month/median 24 month, SD ±35.8). Incidence of OC significantly increased after hormonal treatment (P = 0.022) and invasive prenatal diagnostics (P < 0.05) compared to GS. GS mothers took folic acid prophylaxis less often than OC (P = 0.02). Smoking, illicit drugs, and external risks like herbicides showed no influence, but GS mothers drink significantly more often alcohol (P = 0.05). We confirmed an increased risk for GS if several factors such as young maternal age, short cohabitation time, and usage of antibiotics coincide with alcohol consumption and associated immune diseases. OC increased after hormonal treatment and invasive prenatal diagnostics.
Malignant transformation of tailgut cysts is significantly higher than previously reported: systematic review of cases in the literature
Authors: Nicoll K. , Bartrop C. , Walsh S. , Foster R. , Duncan G. , Payne C. , Carden C. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimThe best treatment for tailgut cysts has not been firmly established. We report a systematic review of the cases in the available literature in order to provide an evidence base for treatment.MethodA systematic search of articles wholly or partly in English was made of PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar; additional studies were discovered by searching reference lists and contacting authors directly. Search terms ‘tailgut cyst’, ‘tail gut cyst’, ‘retrorectal hamartoma’ and ‘retrorectal tumour’ were used for case reports or case series; no publication date restrictions were imposed. Only studies with histological confirmation of diagnosis and reporting the age and gender of patients were included. Papers were excluded by consensus between the first two authors.ResultsA total of 196 individual cases were analysed in detail including 51 cases of neoplasia. The overall rate of neoplastic transformation was 26.6%. Although the male:female cyst incidence ratio was 1:4, men over 18 had a significantly greater relative risk of neoplasm at 1.94 (P = 0.0055). Radiological evidence of nodular thickening of the cyst wall significantly increased the relative risk of the presence of cancer (P = 0.0023).ConclusionsCurrent orthodoxy that these are not dangerous embryological remnants is unfounded and may be false. The available data suggest the risk of malignant transformation is high and will apply to any residual tissue after excision. The same rationale behind total mesorectal excision in rectal cancer applies to tailgut cysts. Consequently they should be resected with similar oncological margins.
Clarice Beckett and Mood
Authors: Freeland Cynthia 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis essay discusses the role of mood in Clarice Beckett's painting “Evening, St. Kilda Road,” 1930. To begin I briefly discuss the difference between moods and emotions. Then I examine various philosophical treatments of how artworks are expressive, including views of Tolstoy (direct communication), Carroll (audience arousal), and Robinson (use of a ‘persona’ in the work or in its composition). I apply these to Beckett's work by examining some of its distinctive features in comparison to somewhat similar paintings by Childe Hassam and J.M.W. Turner. Finally, I describe some recent treatments of mood in film theory, by Sinnerbrink and Plantinga, who define mood as a holistic sort of creation of a “world” in film. Painting has different resources from film, but it is still possible to describe the kind of world Beckett presents in her work: one that is detached but serene and not melancholy.
Evaluation of the potential predictors of embolism in patients with left atrial myxoma
Authors: Kalçık Macit , Bayam Emrah , Güner Ahmet , Küp Ayhan , Kalkan Semih , Yesin Mahmut , Gürsoy Mustafa O. , Gündüz Sabahattin , Karakoyun Süleyman , Özkan Mehmet 
Published: April 2019

IntroductionCardiac myxomas are the most common primary intracardiac tumors. Although myxomas are histologically benign, they are potentially dangerous due to potential risk of systemic and cerebral embolism. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential predictors of embolism in patients with left atrial myxoma.MethodsThis single‐center retrospective study enrolled 93 patients (mean age: 52.9 ± 15.3 years, female: 70 [75.3%]) with left atrial myxomas between 2014 and 2018. The patients were classified into two groups (embolic vs nonembolic) to investigate possible predictors of embolism. Demographic, laboratory, and echocardiographic parameters were recorded into a dataset and compared between patients with and without embolism.ResultsThe study population was composed of 13 (14%) patients in embolic (11 cerebrovascular and 2 peripheral) and 80 (86%) patients in nonembolic group. Demographic and laboratory parameters were similar between the groups. Tumor sizes were significantly higher in the embolic group than in the nonembolic group (5.59 ± 1.08 vs 4.29 ± 0.61; P = 0.001). By multivariate analysis, increased tumor size, increased left atrial diameter, and the presence of atrial fibrillation and irregular tumor surface were identified as independent predictors of embolism. In ROC curve analyses, tumor size above 4.6 cm predicted embolism with a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 73% (AUC: 0.858; 95% CI: 0.752–0.964; P < 0.001).ConclusionThe presence of atrial fibrillation, irregular tumor surface, increased tumor size, and increased left atrial diameter is associated with increased risk of embolism in patients with left atrial myxoma. Early surgery should be scheduled for such patients due to increased potential for embolism.
Biotic and abiotic determinants of the formation of ant mosaics in primary Neotropical rainforests
Authors: Dejean Alain , Compin Arthur , Delabie Jacques H. C. , Azémar Frédéric , Corbara Bruno , Leponce Maurice 
Published: April 2019

1. Ants are widespread in tropical rainforests, including in the canopy where territorially dominant arboreal species represent the main part of the arthropod biomass.2. By mapping the territories of dominant arboreal ant species and using a null model analysis and a pairwise approach this study was able to show the presence of an ant mosaic on the upper canopy of a primary Neotropical rainforest (c. 1 ha sampled; 157 tall trees from 28 families). Although Neotropical rainforest canopies are frequently irregular, with tree crowns at different heights breaking the continuity of the territories of dominant ants, the latter are preserved via underground galleries or trails laid on the ground.3. The distribution of the trees influences the structure of the ant mosaic, something related to the attractiveness of tree taxa for certain arboreal ant species rather than others.4. Small‐scale natural disturbances, most likely strong winds in the area studied (presence of canopy gaps), play a role by favouring the presence of two ant species typical of secondary formations: Camponotus femoratus and Crematogaster levior, which live in parabiosis (i.e. share territories and nests but lodge in different cavities) and build conspicuous ant gardens. In addition, pioneer Cecropia myrmecophytic trees were recorded.
First report that the wasp Gronotoma guamensis (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Eucoilinae) parasitizes the orchid‐feeding fly Japanagromyza tokunagai in Japan
Authors: Suetsugu Kenji , Mita Toshiharu 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCompared with mycorrhizal relationships, the relationships between mycoheterotrophic plants and insects have rarely been studied. Here we report a previously unknown tripartite interaction among an endangered mycoheterotrophic orchid, an orchid‐feeding fly, and a parasitoid wasp. The flowers and stems of Eulophia zollingeri were heavily attacked by Japanagromyza tokunagai (Sasakawa) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), and the parasitoid wasp Gronotoma guamensis (Yoshimoto) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) was reared from these J. tokunagai individuals. Considering the high infestation rate of J. tokunagai, G. guamensis could be important in suppressing the J. tokunagai population, and positively affect the reproductive success of E. zollingeri.
The influence of abiotic incubation conditions on the winter mortality of wild salmonid embryos
Authors: Lavery J. Michelle , Cunjak Richard A. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Embryos of many valued salmonid species incubate in the hyporheic zone of boreal streams over winter. Influence of individual winter‐related environmental variables on salmonid embryo success has been previously investigated. However, how multiple variables act together to influence embryo incubation remains poorly understood.

Using a naturally spawning population of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the Miramichi River basin (New Brunswick, Canada), we related variation in the abiotic embryo incubation habitat in different streams (spatial) and over the course of two winters (temporal) to embryo mortality between fertilisation and hatch. Over two years (2013–2014 and 2014–2015), we introduced fertilised eggs to six simulated salmon redds in each of three riffles in each of five active spawning reaches (nredds = 90) with a range of hyporheic conditions. Embryo mortality was quantified at an early sampling event (March; pre‐freshet and during late embryonic development) and a late sampling event (May; post‐freshet and post‐hatch). We extracted 22 abiotic predictor variables for statistical analyses from continuous records of hyporheic environmental conditions, collected for the duration of the incubation period in each study reach.

Through partial least squares regression analyses, 37.6% of the total variation in mortality was explained by the predictor variables. Each group of predictor variables explained similar proportions of variation (water temperature: 8.4%, water level: 7.4%, dissolved oxygen: 7.1%, ice conditions: 7.2%, and substrate characteristics: 7.5%), which suggests that mortality is influenced by multiple interacting abiotic conditions, rather than a single variable in isolation, and that the factors contributing to ideal salmonid incubation habitats are complex and interconnected.

Our research highlights the value of a multi‐faceted research perspective and provides a baseline from which future changes in threatened salmonid populations can be measured and compared in an effort to identify relevant species‐ or population‐specific differences.
Observed and modelled historical trends in the water‐use efficiency of plants and ecosystems
Authors: Lavergne Aliénor , Graven Heather , De Kauwe Martin G. , Keenan Trevor F. , Medlyn Belinda E. , Prentice Iain Colin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPlant water‐use efficiency (WUE, the carbon gained through photosynthesis per unit of water lost through transpiration) is a tracer of the plant physiological controls on the exchange of water and carbon dioxide between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. At the leaf level, rising CO2 concentrations tend to increase carbon uptake (in the absence of other limitations) and to reduce stomatal conductance, both effects leading to an increase in leaf WUE. At the ecosystem level, indirect effects (e.g. increased leaf area index, soil water savings) may amplify or dampen the direct effect of CO2. Thus, the extent to which changes in leaf WUE translate to changes at the ecosystem scale remains unclear. The differences in the magnitude of increase in leaf versus ecosystem WUE as reported by several studies are much larger than would be expected with current understanding of tree physiology and scaling, indicating unresolved issues. Moreover, current vegetation models produce inconsistent and often unrealistic magnitudes and patterns of variability in leaf and ecosystem WUE, calling for a better assessment of the underlying approaches. Here, we review the causes of variations in observed and modelled historical trends in WUE over the continuum of scales from leaf to ecosystem, including methodological issues, with the aim of elucidating the reasons for discrepancies observed within and across spatial scales. We emphasize that even though physiological responses to changing environmental drivers should be interpreted differently depending on the observational scale, there are large uncertainties in each data set which are often underestimated. Assumptions made by the vegetation models about the main processes influencing WUE strongly impact the modelled historical trends. We provide recommendations for improving long‐term observation‐based estimates of WUE that will better inform the representation of WUE in vegetation models.
European Union financial integration, a geography perspective
Authors: van Meeteren Michiel 
Published: April 2019

AbstractDuring the last 30 years, the financial sectors of the different European Union member states have gradually coalesced toward operating in a single, integrated, European financial space. This paper analyses financial integration by chronicling the process from Jacques Delors' single market project until the recent capital markets union. Drawing on geographical theories of space and scale, the paper collates the large interdisciplinary literature on financial integration with an emphasis on the work of financial geographers. The result is a distinctive geographical perspective on European financial integration intended to inform new rounds of empirical research.
An examination of the incidence and nature of chemical restraint on adult acute psychiatric inpatient units in Adelaide, South Australia
Authors: Hu Feyan , Muir‐Cochrane Eimear , Oster Candice , Gerace Adam 
Published: April 2019

AbstractReducing and/or eliminating the use of coercive measures in psychiatric services is a priority worldwide. Chemical restraint is one such measure, yet to date has been poorly defined and poorly investigated. The aim of this study was to examine chemical restraint use in 12 adult acute inpatient psychiatric units in Adelaide, South Australia. Methods involved the analysis of all reported chemical restraint events occurring over a 12‐month period analysed using a descriptive quantitative design. There were 166 chemical restraint events involving 110 consumers. The highest prevalence rate in an individual unit was 28.78 events per 1000 occupied bed days, with the lowest being 0.12 events per 1000 occupied bed days. More males (n = 69, 57.5%) were involved in chemical restraint than females. Schizophrenia, schizotypal, and delusional disorders were the predominant diagnoses among consumers who were chemically restrained. The most events occurred during three time blocks: 14.00–14.59 pm, 16.00–16.59 pm, and 21.00–21.59 pm. The two most common medications used were olanzapine and clonazepam. The study presents a general picture of the practice of chemical restraint in Adelaide and identifies areas of concern in relation to the need for monitoring of side effects and completion of systematic processes of documentation regarding chemical restraint events. Findings highlight the need for sustained focus on reducing the need for chemical restraint and exploring less restrictive measures with those most likely to receive medication against their will.
The Limits of Forensic Evidence
Authors: Tarran Brian 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Ten years ago, the US National Academy of Sciences published a report that was critical of the scientific foundations of many forms of forensic evidence. It called for “more and better research”. Ten years on, Significance is publishing a special collection of articles that reflect on the report's impact, the progress that has been made, and the challenges that remain for evaluating and interpreting evidence. First, Brian Tarran highlights the critical role played by statisticians in supporting the development of forensic science
Bond characteristics, mechanical properties, and high‐temperature thermal conductivity of (Hf1−xTax)C composites
Authors: Kim Jiwoong , Kim Myungjae , Roh Ki-Min , Kang Ilmo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBond characteristics, mechanical properties, and high‐temperature thermal conductivity of ultrahigh‐temperature ceramics (UHTCs), hafnium carbide (HfC), tantalum carbide (TaC), and their solid solution composites, were investigated using first‐principles calculations. Mulliken analyses revealed that Ta formed stronger covalent bonds with C than did Hf. Bond overlap analyses indicated that the Hf–C bond possessed mixed covalent and ionic bond characteristics, compared with the more covalent character of the Ta–C bond. Consequently, the overall elastic properties were enhanced with increasing number of Ta–C bonds in the composites. The overall metallicity of the composites also increased with increasing TaC content; thus, the mechanical properties did not improve monotonically. Our results indicate that adding a small amount of TaC to HfC or vice versa to produce a composite would create a new UHTC with greatly improved elastic and mechanical properties as well as high‐temperature thermal conductivity.
Effect of particle size distribution of metakaolin on hydration kinetics of tricalcium silicate
Authors: Lapeyre Jonathan , Ma Hongyan , Kumar Aditya 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe focus of this study is to elucidate the role of particle size distribution (PSD) of metakaolin (MK) on hydration kinetics of tricalcium silicate (C3S–T1) pastes. Investigations were carried out utilizing both physical experiments and phase boundary nucleation and growth (pBNG) simulations. [C3S + MK] pastes, prepared using 8%mass or 30%mass MK, were investigated. Three different PSDs of MK were used: fine MK, with particulate sizes <20 µm; intermediate MK, with particulate sizes between 20 and 32 µm; and coarse MK, with particulate sizes >32 µm. Results show that the correlation between specific surface area (SSA) of MK's particulates and the consequent alteration in hydration behavior of C3S in first 72 hours is nonlinear and nonmonotonic. At low replacement of C3S (ie, at 8% mass), fine MK, and, to some extent, coarse MK act as fillers, and facilitate additional nucleation and growth of calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H). When C3S replacement increases to 30% mass, the filler effects of both fine and coarse MK are reversed, leading to suppression of C–S–H nucleation and growth. Such reversal of filler effect is also observed in the case of intermediate MK; but unlike the other PSDs, the intermediate MK shows reversal at both low and high replacement levels. This is due to the ability of intermediate MK to dissolve rapidly—with faster kinetics compared to both coarse and fine MK—which results in faster release of aluminate [Al(OH)4−] ions in the solution. The aluminate ions adsorb onto C3S and MK particulates and suppress C3S hydration by blocking C3S dissolution sites and C–S–H nucleation sites on the substrates’ surfaces and suppressing the post‐nucleation growth of C–S–H. Overall, the results suggest that grinding‐based enhancement in SSA of MK particulates does not necessarily enhance early‐age hydration of C3S.
A new substage classification strategy for Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage B patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Hu Ke‐Shu , Tang Bei , Yuan Jia , Lu Shen‐Xin , Li Miao , Chen Rong‐Xin , Zhang Lan , Ren Zheng‐Gang , Yin Xin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackground and AimPatients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage B hepatocellular carcinoma are a heterogeneous population, and the classifications available could not predict the prognosis accurately. Herein, we proposed a new substage classification method, Scoring Method for Intermediate Stage, for precise classification and clinical guidance in hepatocellular carcinoma patients within Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage B.MethodsA total of 1026 stage B patients of hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent transcatheter arterial chemoembolization as a first‐line treatment in Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University were retrospectively enrolled. The prognostic evaluation ability of the new substage classification criteria was analyzed, in comparison with the existing substage classification criteria.ResultsUsing Scoring Method for Intermediate Stage, 1026 stage B patients were subclassified into three subgroups, based on Child–Pugh score and up‐to‐7 grade, as B1 (scoring 2), B2 (scoring 3 or 4), and B3 (scoring 5 or 6). The median survival time of the three substages was 29 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 25–36), 19 (95% CI: 16–21), and 10 (95% CI: 8–12) months, respectively. More favorable discrimination efficacy was identified by the new criteria in comparison with the existing substage classification criteria, including Bolondi, Kinki, MICAN, and Kim's criteria. Moreover, multivariate analyses indicated that the novel classification was highly associated with prognosis (Hazard ratio(s) = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.43–1.86, P < 0.001).ConclusionsScoring Method for Intermediate Stage demonstrates satisfying capacity in classifying patients with stage B hepatocellular carcinoma and predicting prognosis.