bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An overview of the Cure SMA membership database: Highlights of key demographic and clinical characteristics of SMA members
Authors: Belter Lisa , Cook Suzanne F. , Crawford Thomas O. , Jarecki Jill , Jones Cynthia C. , Kissel John T. , Schroth Mary , Hobby Kenneth 
Published: March 2018

Background: The Cure SMA database is one of the largest patient reported databases for people affected with SMA. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine a subset of affected SMA persons with types I, II, and III from a patient reported database. Methods: Individuals with SMA were selected from the database using a date of first contact to Cure SMA between 2010 and 2016. Data analyzed included age at diagnosis, number of weeks from SMA diagnosis to contacting Cure SMA, and geographic distribution of individuals. Results: A total of 1,966 individuals with SMA were included in the analysis. Of these individuals, 51.9% had type I, 32.3% had type II, and 15.8% had type III. The average age of diagnosis for type I patients was 5.2 months, 22.1 months for type II, and 97.8 months for type III. From published incidence, about 59.0% of affected individuals in the US are registered in the Cure SMA database. Conclusions: The Cure SMA database is a unique and robust source of patient reported data that informs on the burden of illness and supports the development of new therapeutic modalities.
Chandra X-Rays from the Redshift 7.54 Quasar ULAS J1342+0928
Authors: Bañados Eduardo , Connor Thomas , Stern Daniel , Mulchaey John , Fan Xiaohui , Decarli Roberto , Farina Emanuele P. , Mazzucchelli Chiara , Venemans Bram P. , Walter Fabian , Wang Feige , Yang Jinyi 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
We present a 45 ks Chandra observation of the quasar ULAS J1342+0928 at z = 7.54. We detect

counts from the quasar in the observed-frame energy range 0.5–7.0 keV (6σ detection), representing the most distant non-transient astronomical source identified in X-rays to date. The present data are sufficient only to infer rough constraints on the spectral parameters. We find an X-ray hardness ratio of

between the 0.5–2.0 keV and 2.0–7.0 keV ranges and derive a power-law photon index of

. Assuming a typical value for high-redshift quasars of Γ = 1.9, ULAS J1342+0928 has a 2–10 keV rest-frame X-ray luminosity of

. Its X-ray-to-optical power-law slope is

, consistent with the general trend indicating that the X-ray emission in the most bolometrically powerful quasars is weaker relative to their optical emission.
Extremely 54Cr- and 50Ti-rich Presolar Oxide Grains in a Primitive Meteorite: Formation in Rare Types of Supernovae and Implications for the Astrophysical Context of Solar System Birth
Authors: Nittler Larry R. , Alexander Conel M. O’D. , Liu Nan , Wang Jianhua 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
We report the identification of 19 presolar oxide grains from the Orgueil CI meteorite with substantial enrichments in 54Cr, with 54Cr/52Cr ratios ranging from 1.2 to 56 times the solar value. The most enriched grains also exhibit enrichments at mass-50, most likely due in part to 50Ti, but close-to-normal or depleted 53Cr/52Cr ratios. There is a strong inverse relationship between 54Cr enrichment and grain size; the most extreme grains are all <80 nm in diameter. Comparison of the isotopic data with predictions of nucleosynthesis calculations indicate that these grains most likely originated in either rare, high-density Type Ia supernovae (SN Ia), or in electron-capture supernovae (ECSN), which may occur as the end stage of evolution for stars of mass 8–10 M
⊙. This is the first evidence for preserved presolar grains from either type of supernova. An ECSN origin is attractive, as these likely occur much more frequently than high-density SN Ia, and their evolutionary timescales (∼20 Myr) are comparable to those of molecular clouds. Self-pollution of the Sun’s parent cloud from an ECSN may explain the heterogeneous distribution of n-rich isotopic anomalies in planetary materials, including a recently reported dichotomy in Mo isotopes in the solar system. The stellar origins of three grains with solar 54Cr/52Cr, but anomalies in 50Cr or 53Cr, as well as of a grain enriched in 57Fe, are unclear.
A Quinoline Compound Inhibits the Replication of Dengue virus Serotypes 1–4 in Vero Cells
Authors: Beesetti Hemalatha , Tyagi Poornima , Medapi Brahmam , Krishna Vagolu Siva , Sriram Dharmarajan , Khanna Navin , Swaminathan Sathyamangalam 
Published: March 2018

Background The global occurrence of dengue, a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by four distinct dengue viruses (DENV-1, -2, -3 and -4), is reported to have increased approximately 30-fold in the last 50 years, causing approximately 400 million infections a year. A limited use, sub-optimal live attenuated dengue vaccine has become available recently. It is becoming apparent that antibodies to DENVs can promote infection by Zika virus (ZIKV), a related mosquito-borne flavivirus. A drug to treat these flaviviral infections continues to be an unmet public health need. Methods We screened an ‘in-house’ library of approximately 2,000 small molecules for inhibitors of cloned DENV-2 protease. Putative inhibitor binding to DENV-2 protease was analysed by in silico docking. Anti-DENV activity was analysed by monitoring viral antigen synthesis by ELISA, viral RNA synthesis by reverse-transcription coupled to real-time polymerase chain reaction and infectious virus production by plaque assay, in DENV-infected Vero cells. Results A quinoline derivative, BT24, was identified for the first time as a potent inhibitor of the cloned DENV-2 protease (half maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50]=0.5 μM). In silico analysis revealed that BT24 binds to an allosteric site in the vicinity of the active site of DENV-2 protease. Cell-based assays demonstrated that BT24 can inhibit all four DENVs in infected Vero cells. Conclusions BT24 is a DENV-2 protease inhibitor which manifests the capacity to inhibit the replication of all four DENVs in cultured cells. It may provide a lead for a pan-DENV inhibitory drug.
Micro-entreprises du secteur informel dans le Mono (Bénin) : vers un approfondissement à travers une approche d’économie populaire
Authors: Kervyn de Lettenhove Maïté , Lemaître Andreia 
Published: March 2018

L’article présente la littérature traditionnelle sur le micro-entrepreuneuriat dans le secteur informel, en particulier la théorie des segments qui s’est développée à partir des années 1990. Dans un second temps, il confronte celle-ci, d’une part, aux résultats d’enquêtes exploratoires de terrain menées dans le département du Mono au Bénin et, d’autre part, à la littérature sur l’économie populaire qui s’est développée principalement en Amérique latine. Les conclusions dégagées questionnent en retour les programmes de développement traditionnels de soutien au micro-entreprenariat et d’accès au microcrédit.
Dettes et liens : deux moteurs de l’épargne populaire au Sud Kivu (R.D. Congo)
Authors: Le Polain Maïté 
Published: March 2018

Les groupes d’épargne, nouvel outil de microfinance, sont souvent présentés comme des tontines « améliorées ». Ils se fondent sur les cotisations régulières des membres mais substituent au principe de rotation des fonds, l’octroi en prêts des cotisations des membres. Notre article démontre, à partir des résultats d’une enquête de terrain menée au Sud Kivu, comment, malgré un engagement à cotiser similaire, les groupes d’épargne affaiblissent le principal atout de la tontine, l’incitation à épargner.
Coexistence du surpoids ou obésité et retard de croissance dans les ménages du Sud-ouest Bénin
Authors: Dembélé Bernard , Sossa Jérôme Charles , Saizonou Jacques , Makoutodé Patrick Charles , Mongbo Adé Virginie , Guedègbé Capo-Chichi Justine , Dona Ouendo Marius-Edgard 
Published: March 2018

Introduction : Déterminer la prévalence et les déterminants du phénotype coexistence du surpoids ou obésité de la mère et le retard de croissance de l’enfant du double fardeau nutritionnel (DFN/SORCE) dans les ménages du Sud-ouest du Bénin. Méthodes : Il s’agissait d’une étude transversale conduite en juin 2015 qui a concerné 357 couples mère-enfants sélectionnés par échantillonnage aléatoire à deux degrés dans la ville de Comè et sa périphérie rurale. Les données socio-économiques, familiales, de soins de santé et sur la qualité de l’alimentation ont été collectées par questionnaire, observation et exploitation des documents. Les mesures anthropométriques ont été réalisées chez les mères et les enfants. L’analyse de régression logistique a été utilisée pour rechercher les déterminants de la coexistence des deux faces de la malnutrition. Résultats : Parmi les mères, 19,3 % étaient en surpoids, 5,7 % étaient obèses. Chez les enfants, 46 % présentaient un retard de croissance. La prévalence du DFN/SORCE était de 11,5 %. Les principaux facteurs associés au DFN/SORCE étaient l’âge de l’enfant, la profession, l’ethnie, le statut social, le niveau d’instruction et l’âge de la mère, le niveau économique, le moyen de déplacement, l’insécurité alimentaire et la taille du ménage. Conclusion : La fréquence de la coexistence du surpoids ou obésité de la mère et du retard de croissance de l’enfant dans les ménages est importante dans la commune de Comè. Les stratégies basées sur les déterminants identifiés permettront de lutter simultanément contre ce double fardeau de la malnutrition dans les ménages de la commune de Comè.
Le rapport Clavreul ou les errements d’un certain discours sur la laïcité
Authors: Degirmenci Selim 
Published: March 2018

Ces dernières années ont vu une prolifération de la production non seulement normative mais également discursive traitant du principe de laïcité. A cet égard, un certain nombre d’avis, d’étude ou encore de rapport ont été rendus tant par des instances officielles (Conseil d’Etat ou autres autorités consultatives) que par des personnes missionnées par l’Etat. Le rapport de Gilles Clavreul, rendu sur commande du ministère de l’intérieur, avait ainsi vocation à se prononcer sur une amélioration de la coordination des actions menées par l’Etat et les collectivités territoriales en matière de laïcité. A la lecture, il s’avère que le rapport ne s’est pas limité au traitement de cette question, et a procédé davantage d’une volonté de faire ressortir des situations - réelles ou supposées - jugées problématiques en termes de « laïcité, valeurs de la République et exigences minimales de la vie en société ». L’apparentement réalisé, à cette occasion, entre ces trois notions ou concepts n’est pas étranger aux tensions actuelles relatives à leur interprétation, et ne semble, en définitive, pas être de nature à contribuer à la tenue d’un débat public raisonné.
Evaluation of Antidiabetic Potential of New Dosage Forms of AYUSH 82 in Streptozotocin-induced Type II Diabetic Rats
Authors: Setia Manju , Gupta Arun , Rai Rajiv K , Nigam Ankit , Srikanth Narayanam , Dhiman Kartar S 
Published: March 2018

Introduction:
AYUSH 82 powder is an Ayurvedic antidiabetic formulation developed by the Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CcRaS), Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India. The antidiabetic potential of AYUSH 82 powder along with its two new dosage forms—AYUSH 82 mixture extract and AYUSH 82 compound extract—has been established to be mediated via α-amylase inhibitory property, insulin-dependent glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cell line (C2C12 myotubes).

Aim:
In the current study, we investigated the in vivo antidiabetic potential of new dosage forms of AYUSH 82—AYUSH 82 mixture extract and AYUSH 82 mixture extract + Shilajit.

Results and conclusion:
Oral administration of AYUSH 82 mixture extract for 28 days twice daily could significantly increase serum insulin levels, reduction in Glucose Area under Curve 0 to 90 minutes, fed blood glucose, and triglyceride levels. It also showed improvement in histopathological grading, which resulted in protecting the pancreatic islets from progressive damage. Addition of Shilajit to AYUSH 82 mixture extract did not contribute much improvement in biochemical parameters related to diabetes.
Evaluation of Hypolipidemic Activity of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Leaf in Atherodiet-induced Wistar Albino Rats
Authors: Thamizhselvam Natarajan , Surabhi Kandiyoor R , Sanjayakumar Yalwar R , Vasanthakumar Kannanamkulam KG , Gaidhani Sudesh N , Radhakrishnan Paravazhi 
Published: March 2018

Aim:Hyperlipidemia has been ranked as one of the greatest risk factors contributing to prevalence and severity of coronary heart diseases. The present study has been taken up to evaluate hypolipidemic activity of hydro alcoholic extract ofCardiospermum halicacabumL. leaf, as this plant is widely used by the local healers of South India for treatment of various illnesses.Materials and methods:The experiment was carried out in atherodiet-induced hyperlipidemia in Wistar Albino rats. The experiment duration was 28 days and it comprised six groups, such as healthy control, extract control, disease control, treatment group low dose, treatment group high dose, and standard drug (SD). The biochemical investigations including lipid profile with Atherogenic Index and Coronary Risk Index, and other metabolic parameters were evaluated using standard protocols. Histopathology studies for vital organs of animals were also carried out.Results:The study showed that the hydroalcoholic extract ofC. halicacabumL. leaf has significant hypolipidemic activity in the atherodiet-induced hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats when compared with the disease control group. The histopathology study also evidenced the safety of the extract.Conclusion:The study concluded that the hydroalcoholic extract ofC. halicacabumL. has significant hypolipidemic activity at the prescribed dosages.Clinical relevance:As the plant has shown promising effect in the aspect of hypolipidemic activity, further studies have to be carried out for developing of new product as single drug and in the formulations of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy) system of medicines for management of hyperlipidemia.
Role of Ethnomedicobotanical Survey in Advancement of Ayurveda
Authors: Shubhashree MN , Rao V Rama , Mathapati Shiddamallayya , Naik Raghavendra , Bhat Sulochana 
Published: March 2018

Introduction:Ethnomedicobotanical survey focuses on understanding the relation between humans and plants and this endeavor involves multiple disciplines. Ethnomedicobotanical survey helps in obtaining first-hand information on the medicinal plants. Such surveys also provide important data on cultivation and conservation aspects and assist in chalking out socioeconomic programs.Aim:(1) To explore the traditionally used medicinal plants under ethnomedicobotanical survey and include them under Ayurvedic pharmacopeia. (2) To discover new drugs and finding out alternate botanical source plants for rare and endangered species.Materials and methods:Such an endeavor has been taken up by the Regional Research Institute for Metabolic Disorders (RARI-MD) previously known as Regional Research Institute, Bengaluru. Since the inception of survey of medicinal plants unit in 1971, various forest ranges of Karnataka like Shimoga, Chitradurga, Haveri, Davangere, Coorg, Bellary, South Canara, Gadag, etc., have been surveyed. Special tours have been undertaken in south and north divisions of Nilgiris, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Madhya Pradesh, and Arunachal Pradesh.Results:Twenty-seven districts have been covered and more than 42,049 herbarium specimens belonging to 2,619 plant species along with 734 dry drug samples have been collected and deposited in the herbarium of RARI-MD. Many new sources of drugs likeAristolochia tagalaare suggested in the absence ofAristolochia indica(Ishwaree) based on ethnobotanical survey. Our Acharyas have stated that knowledge has to be updated by collecting information from all the possible sources. Acharya Charaka also opined that the first-hand information about a drug has to be collected from shepherds (Ajapa and Avipa). This article intends to present a bird's-eye view on the significance of the ethnomedicobotanical survey and contribution of RARI-MD in this area.
Technical Note: Electrochemistry of CO2 Corrosion of Mild Steel: Effect of CO2 on Cathodic Currents
Authors: Kahyarian Aria , Brown Bruce , Nešić Srdjan 
Published: March 2018

The common understanding of aqueous CO2 corrosion mechanism considers carbonic acid as an electroactive species. The direct reduction of carbonic acid on a steel surface is believed to be the cause of the higher corrosion rates of mild steel, as compared to that observed in strong-acid solutions with the same pH. However, in-depth quantitative analyses based on comprehensive mechanistic models, developed in recent years, have challenged this idea. In an attempt to provide explicit experimental evidence for the significance of direct reduction of carbonic acid in CO2 corrosion of mild steel, the charge transfer controlled cathodic currents in CO2 saturated solutions were investigated in the present study. The experiments were conducted on three different surfaces: Type 316L stainless steel, pure iron, and API 5L X65 mild steel, in order to examine the possible effect of alloying impurities on the kinetics and the mechanism of cathodic currents. The experimental polarization curves showed that at a constant pH, the charge transfer controlled cathodic currents did not increase with increasing partial pressure of CO2 from 0 bar to 5 bar. This confirmed that the direct carbonic acid reduction was not significant at the conditions covered in the present study, and its sole effect was to buffer the hydrogen ion concentration.
A new photometric ozone reference in the Huggins bands: the absolute ozone absorption cross section at the 325 nm HeCd laser wavelength
Authors: Janssen Christof , Elandaloussi Hadj , Gröbner Julian 
Published: March 2018

Abstract. The room temperature (294.09 K) absorption cross section of ozone at the 325 nm HeCd wavelength has been determined under careful consideration of possible biases. At the vacuum wavelength of 325.126 nm, thus in a region used by a variety of ozone remote sensing techniques, an absorption cross-section value of σ = 16.470×10−21 cm2 was measured. The measurement provides the currently most accurate direct photometric absorption value of ozone in the UV with an expanded (coverage factor k = 2) standard uncertainty u(σ) = 31×10−24 cm2, corresponding to a relative level of 2 ‰. The measurements are most compatible with a relative temperature coefficient cT = σ−1 ∂ Tσ = 0.0031 K−1 at 294 K. The cross section and its uncertainty value were obtained using generalised linear regression with correlated uncertainties. It will serve as a reference for ozone absorption spectra required for the long-term remote sensing of atmospheric ozone in the Huggins bands. The comparison with commonly used absorption cross-section data sets for remote sensing reveals a possible bias of about 2 %. This could partly explain a 4 % discrepancy between UV and IR remote sensing data and indicates that further studies will be required to reach the accuracy goal of 1 % in atmospheric reference spectra.
“The Surest Support of Their Enormous and Iniquitous Claims”: Legal Expertise and Land Acquisition in Late Colonial New York
Authors: Kim Sung Yup 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT
While the close ties between colonial New York's lawyers and great proprietors has been oft-noted, how exactly provincial lawyers supported monopolistic land acquisition has yet to be fully examined. New York's abundance of unsettled land, combined with economic and demographic growth in the eighteenth century, created vast opportunities for speculative ventures. Legal expertise was crucial in making each step of such ventures work. New York lawyers were proficient in using land documents, surveys, and formal court procedures to their clients' advantage. Further, by evaluating and enhancing the value and security of property, facilitating the profitable selling and leasing of land, and suppressing challenges from rebellious tenants and squatters, lawyers allowed speculators to take controlled risks while maximizing profit. By helping wealthy land grabbers gain competitive advantage over rival claimants and settlers both in and out of courts, lawyers greatly contributed to the continued concentration of land-based wealth in New York.
Current Procedural Terminology Coding for Surgical Pathology: A Review and One Academic Center's Experience With Pathologist-Verified Coding
Authors: Deeken-Draisey Audrey , Ritchie Allison , Yang Guang-Yu , Quinn Margaret , Ernst Linda M. , Guttormsen Ajda , Simionov Gyongyi Ella , Maniar Kruti P. 
Published: March 2018

Context.—
The Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) system is a standardized numerical coding system for reporting medical procedures and services, and is the basis for reimbursement of health care providers by Medicare and other third-party payers. Accurate CPT coding is therefore crucial for appropriate compensation as well as for compliance with Medicare policies, and erroneous coding may result in loss of revenues and/or significant monetary penalties for a hospital or practice.

Objective.—
To provide a review of the history, current state, and basic principles of CPT coding, in particular as it applies to the practice of surgical pathology, and to present our experience with initiating a new system of pathologist involvement in the review and verification of CPT codes, including the most common codes that require modification in our practice at the time of sign-out or post–sign-out auditing.

Data Sources.—
Review of English language literature, published CPT resources from the American Medical Association and other professional organizations, and billing quality data from a single institution.

Conclusions.—
Although the appropriate extent of physician involvement in CPT coding is a matter of some debate, a multidisciplinary approach involving both health care providers and professional coders appears to be the best way to achieve accuracy.
L’absence de cadre comme obstacle dans l’évaluation des stagiaires par les formateurs de terrain dans les formations à l’enseignement
Authors: ANDRE Bernard , ZINGUINIAN Méliné 
Published: March 2018

L’évaluation des enseignants-stagiaires par les enseignants titulaires sur le terrain est source de dilemmes professionnels. Cet article propose une hypothèse de compréhension de ce phénomène : le trouble rencontré par les formateurs de terrain dans l’évaluation des étudiants qu’ils encadrent viendrait de l’absence de cadre lié à cette évaluation dans le contexte suisse étudié, en opposition avec la présence d’un cadre fort et soutenant pour ce qui concerne l’
évaluation de
s élèves. En explorant les enjeux relationnels et communicationnels de cette évaluation, les résultats empiriques confirment cette hypothèse.
Certifier les stagiaires : le « dur travail » voire le « sale boulot » du formateur en établissement scolaire
Authors: ZINGUINIAN Méliné , ANDRE Bernard 
Published: March 2018

Cette recherche présente, à partir de l’analyse du contenu des entretiens menés auprès de 15 formateurs de terrain engagés dans la formation des futurs enseignants pour le secondaire obligatoire, la manière dont ils conçoivent leur rôle de formateur et d’évaluateur des pratiques enseignantes. Les résultats montrent qu’ils valorisent le travail de formation et non celui de certification. Cette dernière apparaît comme le « dur travail », voire le « sale boulot » de leur métier. Ils envisagent dès lors des alternatives au dispositif d’évaluation des stages dans lequel ils sont engagés. Si pour certains, certifier les pratiques des stagiaires est à bannir voire à déléguer, pour d’autres, cette tâche est à partager.