bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nucleation-controlled low-temperature solid-phase crystallization for Sn-doped polycrystalline-Ge film on insulator with high carrier mobility (∼550 cm2/V s)
Authors: Xu Chang , Gao Hongmiao , Sugino Takayuki , Miyao Masanobu , Sadoh Taizoh 
Published: June 2018

High-speed thin-film transistors (TFTs) are required to develop the next generation of electronics, such as three-dimensional large-scale integrated circuits and advanced system-in-displays. For this purpose, high-carrier-mobility semiconductor films on insulator structures should be fabricated with low-temperature processing conditions (≤500 °C). To achieve this, we investigate solid-phase crystallization of amorphous-GeSn (a-GeSn) films (Sn concentration: 2% and thickness: 50–200 nm) on insulating substrates, where thin a-Si under-layers (thickness: 0–20 nm) are introduced between a-GeSn films and insulating substrates. The GeSn films are polycrystallized by annealing (450 °C, 20 h) for all samples irrespective of a-GeSn and a-Si thickness conditions, while the Si films remain amorphous. Analysis of crystal structures of GeSn films (thickness: 50 nm) reveals that grain sizes decrease from ∼10 μm to 2–3 μm by the introduction of a-Si under-layers (thickness: 3–20 nm). This phenomenon is attributed to the change in dominant nucleation sites from the interface to the bulk, which significantly decreases grain-boundary scattering of carriers through a decrease in the barrier heights at grain boundaries. Bulk-nucleation further becomes dominant by increasing the GeSn film thickness. As a result, a high carrier mobility of ∼550 cm2/V s is realized for GeSn films (thickness: 100 nm) grown with a-Si under-layers. This mobility is the largest among ever reported data for Ge and GeSn grown on an insulator. This technique will facilitate realization of high-speed TFTs for use in the next generation of electronics.
At the request of the authors, this article is being retracted effective 11 July 2018.
Biological tissue-inspired tunable photonic fluid
Authors: Li Xinzhi , Das Amit , Bi Dapeng 
Published: June 2018

Significance
We design an amorphous material with a full photonic bandgap inspired by how cells pack in biological tissues. The size of the photonic bandgap can be manipulated through thermal and mechanical tuning. These directionally isotropic photonic bandgaps persist in solid and fluid phases, hence giving rise to a photonic fluid-like state that is robust with respect to fluid flow, rearrangements, and thermal fluctuations in contrast to traditional photonic crystals. This design should lead to the engineering of self-assembled nonrigid photonic structures with photonic bandgaps that can be controlled in real time via mechanical and thermal tuning.
Future warming increases probability of globally synchronized maize production shocks
Authors: Tigchelaar Michelle , Battisti David S. , Naylor Rosamond L. , Ray Deepak K. 
Published: June 2018

SignificanceClimate-induced shocks in grain production are a major contributor to global market volatility, which creates uncertainty for cereal farmers and agribusiness and reduces food access for poor consumers when production falls and prices spike. Our study, by combining empirical models of maize production with future warming scenarios, shows that in a warmer climate, maize yields will decrease and become more variable. Because just a few countries dominate global maize production and trade, simultaneous production shocks in these countries can have tremendous impacts on global markets. We show that such synchronous shocks are rare now but will become much more likely if the climate continues to warm. Our results underscore the need for continued investments in breeding for heat tolerance.
Genomic and environmental determinants and their interplay underlying phenotypic plasticity
Authors: Li Xin , Guo Tingting , Mu Qi , Li Xianran , Yu Jianming 
Published: June 2018

Significance
Integrated analysis of genotype by environment can reveal the pattern and mechanistic interplay underlying the observed phenotype dynamics. A critical question needs to be answered to enhance our ability to conduct genomic and environmental analysis of varied phenotypic plasticity observed in natural field conditions: How to uncover patterns at different levels to facilitate complex trait dissection and performance prediction. In this study, we first uncovered the pattern of genotype response to different environments. We then uncovered the pattern generated by the combination of environmental factors and the pattern of genetic effects at the individual gene level across environments. Finally, we demonstrated that trait dissection to individual genes and genome-wide performance prediction can be conducted through a joint genomic regression analysis framework.
Flynn effect and its reversal are both environmentally caused
Authors: Bratsberg Bernt , Rogeberg Ole 
Published: June 2018

Significance
Using administrative register data with information on family relationships and cognitive ability for three decades of Norwegian male birth cohorts, we show that the increase, turning point, and decline of the Flynn effect can be recovered from within-family variation in intelligence scores. This establishes that the large changes in average cohort intelligence reflect environmental factors and not changing composition of parents, which in turn rules out several prominent hypotheses for retrograde Flynn effects.
Oxygen isotope composition of the Phanerozoic ocean and a possible solution to the dolomite problem
Authors: Ryb Uri , Eiler John M. 
Published: June 2018

Significance
The elemental and isotopic compositions of seawater have evolved throughout Earth’s history, in tandem with major climatic, tectonic and biologic events, including the emergence and diversification of life. Over geological timescales, the oxygen isotope composition of seawater reflects a global balance between mineral–rock reactions occurring at the Earth’s surface (weathering and sedimentation) and crustal (hydrothermal alteration) environments. We put constraints on the oxygen isotope composition of seawater throughout the Phanerozoic and demonstrate that this value has remained stable. This stability suggests that the fluxes of globally averaged oxygen isotope exchange, associated with weathering and hydrothermal alteration reactions, have remained proportional through time and is consistent with the hypothesis that a steady-state balance exists between seafloor hydrothermal activity and surface weathering.
Stochastic Turing patterns in a synthetic bacterial population
Authors: Karig David , Martini K. Michael , Lu Ting , DeLateur Nicholas A. , Goldenfeld Nigel , Weiss Ron 
Published: June 2018

Significance
In 1952, Alan Turing proposed that biological morphogenesis could arise from a dynamical process in reaction systems with a rapidly diffusing inhibitor and a slowly diffusing activator. Turing’s conditions are disappointingly hard to achieve in nature, but recent stochastic extension of the theory predicts pattern formation without such strong conditions. We have forward-engineered bacterial populations with signaling molecules that form a stochastic activator–inhibitor system that does not satisfy the classic Turing conditions but exhibits disordered patterns with a defined length scale and spatial correlations that agree quantitatively with stochastic Turing theory. Our results suggest that Turing-type mechanisms, driven by gene expression or other source of stochasticity, may underlie a much broader range of patterns in nature than currently thought.
Flagellum couples cell shape to motility inTrypanosoma brucei
Authors: Sun Stella Y. , Kaelber Jason T. , Chen Muyuan , Dong Xiaoduo , Nematbakhsh Yasaman , Shi Jian , Dougherty Matthew , Lim Chwee Teck , Schmid Michael F. , Chiu Wah , He Cynthia Y. 
Published: June 2018

SignificanceTrypanosoma bruceiis a highly invasive pathogen capable of penetrating deeply into host tissues. To understand how flagellar motility facilitates cell penetration, we used cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) to visualize two genetically anucleate mutants with different flagellar motility behaviors. We found that theT. bruceicell body is highly deformable as defined by changes in cytoskeletal twist and spacing, in response to flagellar beating and environmental conditions. Based on the cryo-ET models, we proposed a mechanism of how flagellum motility is coupled to cell shape changes, which may facilitate penetration through size-limiting barriers.
Shaping reverberating sound fields with an actively tunable metasurface
Authors: Ma Guancong , Fan Xiying , Sheng Ping , Fink Mathias 
Published: June 2018

Significance
Wavefront shaping with spatial light modulators has recently motivated many studies in the field of light manipulation in diffusive media. Here, we extend this concept to acoustic waves by designing and building a binary phase-modulating spatial sound modulator (SSM). The SSM is an acoustic metasurface consisting of unit cells with two states, switchable through programmed electronics. We demonstrate in audible frequencies, and in a reverberating environment, the capability of controlling and reshaping any complex sound field. Our work will not only open avenues to study wave propagation in complex and chaotic media but also inspire applications in acoustic engineering.
SUMO2 and SUMO3 redundantly prevent a noncanonical type I interferon response
Authors: Crowl John T. , Stetson Daniel B. 
Published: June 2018

Significance
Type I interferons (IFNs) are cytokines that are essential for host defense against virus infection, but when they are inappropriately produced, they can cause severe autoimmune disease in humans. We have found that the sumoylation pathway of protein modification is essential for preventing an ectopic IFN response. Specifically, we have identified SUMO2 and SUMO3 as the two SUMO proteins that redundantly prevent IFN production. Remarkably, the potent IFN response caused by loss of SUMO2/3 is independent of all known inducers of the antiviral response, revealing a distinct mechanism of IFN production that has implications for our understanding of antiviral immunity.
All-atom simulations disentangle the functional dynamics underlying gene maturation in the intron lariat spliceosome
Authors: Casalino Lorenzo , Palermo Giulia , Spinello Angelo , Rothlisberger Ursula , Magistrato Alessandra 
Published: June 2018

Significance
Precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing is a crucial step of gene expression, enabling the maturation of pre-mRNA transcripts into protein-coding mRNAs. In humans, a majestic ribonucleoprotein machinery—the spliceosome—governs this fundamental process, the defects and misregulation of which lead to over 200 human diseases. A thorough understanding of splicing is pivotal for biology and medicine, holding the promise of harnessing it for genome modulation applications. Despite the recent breakthroughs gained by cryo-EM, an atomic-resolution picture of the spliceosome functional plasticity is still missing. Here, all-atom simulations elucidate the cooperative motions underlying the functional dynamics of the spliceosome at a late stage of the splicing cycle, suggesting the role of specific proteins involved in the spliceosome disassembly from an atomic-level perspective.
Recurrent symbiont recruitment from fungal parasites in cicadas
Authors: Matsuura Yu , Moriyama Minoru , Łukasik Piotr , Vanderpool Dan , Tanahashi Masahiko , Meng Xian-Ying , McCutcheon John P. , Fukatsu Takema 
Published: June 2018

SignificanceCicadas are dependent on the essential bacterial symbiontsSulciaandHodgkinia. The symbiont genomes are extremely streamlined for provisioning of essential amino acids and other nutrients. In some cicada lineages,Hodgkiniagenomes are fragmented into numerous minicircles, which may represent a critical stage of genomic erosion close to collapse. What would happen subsequently? Our survey of the Japanese cicada diversity revealed that whileSulciais conserved among all species, the majority of them have lostHodgkiniaand instead harbor yeast-like fungal associates. The fungal symbionts are phylogenetically intermingled with cicada-parasitizingOphiocordycepsfungi, indicating recurrent symbiont replacements by entomopathogens in cicadas and providing insights into the mechanisms underlying the parasitism-symbiosis evolutionary continuum, compensation of symbiont genome erosion, and diversification of host-symbiont associations.
NMR chemical shift analysis decodes olefin oligo- and polymerization activity of d
0
group 4 metal complexes
Authors: Gordon Christopher P. , Shirase Satoru , Yamamoto Keishi , Andersen Richard A. , Eisenstein Odile , Copéret Christophe 
Published: June 2018

Significance
The rational understanding and design of catalysts pose major challenges to chemists. While catalysts are involved in around 90% of industrial chemical processes, their discovery and development are usually based on screening and serendipity. Here, we show through a detailed analysis of the NMR chemical shift that the activity of olefin polymerization and oligomerization catalysts is directly related to the chemical shift of the carbon atom bound to the metal center. This relation is traced to specific frontier molecular orbitals, which induce π-character in the metal-alkyl bond, thereby favoring insertion. This result not only reveals a surprising analogy between olefin polymerization and metathesis, but also establishes chemical shift as a predictive descriptor for catalytic activity in these industrially relevant processes.
Confining electrodeposition of metals in structured electrolytes
Authors: Choudhury Snehashis , Vu Duylinh , Warren Alexander , Tikekar Mukul D. , Tu Zhengyuan , Archer Lynden A. 
Published: June 2018

Significance
Electrochemical cells based on lithium and sodium metal anodes are considered among the most versatile platforms for high-energy electrical energy storage. Unfortunately, unstable dendritic metal deposition at currents below the diffusion limit lead to premature cell failure by internal short circuits. In a volatile electrolyte, the ohmic heat generated by these shorts pose significant safety risks. The article reports that electrodeposition of metals can be stabilized by confining ion transport to length scales below a few hundred nanometers. It is also shown that dendrite growth can be arrested in electrolytes with mechanical moduli well below that of the metal. This finding contradicts current orthodoxy, which holds that solid-state electrolytes with moduli higher than the metal are required for preventing dendrite growth.
A stress recovery signaling network for enhanced flooding tolerance inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Yeung Elaine , van Veen Hans , Vashisht Divya , Sobral Paiva Ana Luiza , Hummel Maureen , Rankenberg Tom , Steffens Bianka , Steffen-Heins Anja , Sauter Margret , de Vries Michel , Schuurink Robert C. , Bazin Jérémie , Bailey-Serres Julia , Voesenek Laurentius A. C. J. , Sasidharan Rashmi 
Published: June 2018

SignificanceFlooding due to extreme weather events can be highly detrimental to plant development and yield. Speedy recovery following stress removal is an important determinant of tolerance, yet mechanisms regulating this remain largely uncharacterized. We identified a regulatory network inArabidopsis thalianathat controls water loss and senescence to influence recovery from prolonged submergence. Targeted control of the molecular mechanisms facilitating stress recovery identified here could potentially improve performance of crops in flood-prone areas.
Potent laminin-inspired antioxidant regenerative dressing accelerates wound healing in diabetes
Authors: Zhu Yunxiao , Cankova Zdravka , Iwanaszko Marta , Lichtor Sheridan , Mrksich Milan , Ameer Guillermo A. 
Published: June 2018

Significance
The clinical management of nonhealing ulcers requires advanced materials that improve wound-closure rates without relying on the release of drugs or other growth factors that could potentially lead to concerns regarding systemic deleterious side effects. We report the synthesis, characterization, and performance of a biodegradable antioxidant shape-conforming regenerative dressing that exploits α3β1 and α6β1 integrin-binding interactions to promote dermal tissue regeneration. A laminin-derived peptide grafted onto a thermoresponsive citrate-based macromolecular scaffold facilitates the adhesion and spreading of skin cells throughout the hydrogel and also significantly increases cell proliferation and migration in an integrin-dependent manner. We use a splinted excisional wound diabetic mouse model to demonstrate that application of this thermoresponsive regenerative dressing significantly accelerates wound closure in vivo.
Chromatin remodeling by the NuRD complex regulates development of follicular helper and regulatory T cells
Authors: Shen Erxia , Wang Qin , Rabe Hardis , Liu Wenquan , Cantor Harvey , Leavenworth Jianmei W. 
Published: June 2018

Significance
Production of high-affinity antibody responses after infection or vaccination requires precise control of germinal center B cells by follicular helper T cells and follicular regulatory T cells. Although the Bcl6 transcription factor plays a central role in follicular T cell differentiation, the molecular basis of Bcl6 control has been clouded in uncertainty. Here we report that Bcl6-dependent control reflects the formation of a macromolecular complex between Bcl6 and the Mi-2β-nucleosome remodeling deacetylase complex (Mi-2β-NuRD). The repressive activity of this intranuclear complex potentiates the follicular T cell phenotype and inhibits alternative T cell fates. Identification of this intracellular complex may facilitate new targeted approaches to the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
Competition for mates and the improvement of nonsexual fitness
Authors: Yun Li , Chen Patrick J. , Kwok Kevin E. , Angell Christopher S. , Rundle Howard D. , Agrawal Aneil F. 
Published: June 2018

Significance
Competition for mates is often intense. The resulting selection can have pervasive effects across the genome, potentially affecting components of nonsexual fitness. There is controversy over whether these effects on nonsexual fitness occur and, if so, their direction. Past studies have yielded variable results but without providing insight into why outcomes vary. Here, we show that when mate competition occurs in an environment in which male harassment is weak, there are substantial benefits in terms of the rate of adaptation to novel larval conditions as well as the purging of inbreeding depression. In contrast, these benefits are absent when mate competition occurs in an environment in which male harassment is strong.
A noncanonical PPARγ/RXRα-binding sequence regulates leptin expression in response to changes in adipose tissue mass
Authors: Zhang Yinxin , Dallner Olof Stefan , Nakadai Tomoyoshi , Fayzikhodjaeva Gulya , Lu Yi-Hsueh , Lazar Mitchell A. , Roeder Robert G. , Friedman Jeffrey M. 
Published: June 2018

Significance
Leptin gene expression is highly correlated with the lipid content of individual fat cells, suggesting that it is regulated by a “fat-sensing” signal transduction pathway. This possibility is thus analogous to the identification of a cholesterol-sensing pathway by studying the regulation of the LDL receptor gene by intracellular cholesterol. Several lines of investigation have suggested that, in addition to adipocytes, liver, neurons, and other cell types can sense changes in lipid content, although the molecular mechanisms are unknown. The data here provide a critical step toward elucidating the components of this putative system, which would be of great importance. These studies also identify a previously underappreciated role of the PPARγ/RXRα complex to regulate leptin expression.
Regulation of a distinct activated RIPK1 intermediate bridging complex I and complex II in TNFα-mediated apoptosis
Authors: Amin Palak , Florez Marcus , Najafov Ayaz , Pan Heling , Geng Jiefei , Ofengeim Dimitry , Dziedzic Slawomir A. , Wang Huibing , Barrett Vica Jean , Ito Yasushi , LaVoie Matthew J. , Yuan Junying 
Published: June 2018

Significance
This study demonstrates a distinct mode of RIPK1 activation mediated by a detergent-insoluble, highly ubiquitinated, activated RIPK1 species (iuRIPK1) which functions as a critical intermediate between TNF-receptor-associated complex I and assembly of the cytosolic caspase activation platform complex II in RIPK1-dependent apoptosis (RDA). By conducting a systematic screen for RDA regulators, we reveal the regulation of iuRIPK1 by Parkinson’s disease (PD)-associated LRRK2, E3 ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl, and ALS-associated NEK1. These results point to possible mechanistic links between RIPK1-mediated apoptosis and neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS and PD.
The significance of the discursive strategies in al-Baghdadi’s and al-Zawahiri’s hortatory speeches
Authors: Mohammed Al-Rikaby Ali Badeen , Mahadi Tengku Sepora Tengku 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Recently, jihadi rhetoric has been employed extensively to ordain a justified violence and to incorporate radical groups’ identifications. In this article, the researchers take Reisigl’s and Wodak’s discourse – historical approach (2001; 2009), van Dijk’s ideological square (1998: 267) and Chilton’s binary concepts in political discourse (2004: 197–205) to show the significance of the discursive strategies in Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi’s and Ayman al-Zawahiri’s jihadi rhetoric used to establish their so-called Islamic State. We present two exemplary calls for jihad by al-Zawahiri (2006) and al-Baghdadi (2015) to exemplify their jihadist ideology giving much focus to in-group and out-group representations in their speeches and to their social impacts on Muslim societies over the last ten years. We argue further that such calls are abusive to Islamic religion and are designed in historical, pragmatic and communicative contexts (as mental models) to gain political legitimacy.
The Reception of Annius of Viterbo’s Forgeries: TheAntiquitiesin Renaissance France
Authors: Rothstein Marian 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAnnius of Viterbo’s 1498 “Antiquitatum Variarum Volumina XVII” (“Antiquities”), created to enhance the reputation of his native Viterbo, was a collection of spurious texts and commentary attributed to early Near Eastern authors of whom only fragments survive. Quickly spotted as spuria, they nonetheless flourished in France. This essay traces the use of Annius’s forgeries by Jean Lemaire de Belges, for whose “Illustrations” they were seminal; mid-sixteenth-century historians followed Lemaire’s lead. The “Antiquities” captivated Guillaume Postel and Guy Le Fèvre de la Boderie. They supported a history grounded on chronology, etymology, and genealogy, becoming essential to proofs of the glory and antiquity of France.