bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finite-temperature Extension for Cold Neutron Star Equations of State
Authors: Raithel Carolyn A. , Özel Feryal , Psaltis Dimitrios 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Observations of isolated neutron stars place constraints on the equation of state (EOS) of cold, neutron-rich matter, while nuclear physics experiments probe the EOS of hot, symmetric matter. Many dynamical phenomena, such as core-collapse supernovae, the formation and cooling of proto-neutron stars, and neutron star mergers, lie between these two regimes and depend on the EOS at finite temperatures for matter with varying proton fractions. In this paper, we introduce a new framework to accurately calculate the thermal pressure of neutron–proton–electron matter at arbitrary density, temperature, and proton fraction. This framework can be expressed using a set of five physically motivated parameters that span a narrow range of values for realistic EOS and are able to capture the leading-order effects of degenerate matter on the thermal pressure. We base two of these parameters on a new approximation of the Dirac effective mass, with which we reproduce the thermal pressure to within ≲30% for a variety of realistic EOS at densities of interest. Three additional parameters, which are based on the behavior of the symmetry energy near the nuclear saturation density, allow us to extrapolate any cold EOS in β-equilibrium to arbitrary proton fractions. Our model thus allows a user to extend any cold nucleonic EOS, including piecewise polytropes, to arbitrary temperature and proton fraction for use in calculations and numerical simulations of astrophysical phenomena. We find that our formalism is able to reproduce realistic finite-temperature EOS with errors of ≲20% and offers a 1–3 orders-of-magnitude improvement over existing ideal-fluid models.
What Factors Affect the Duration and Outgassing of the Terrestrial Magma Ocean?
Authors: Nikolaou Athanasia , Katyal Nisha , Tosi Nicola , Godolt Mareike , Grenfell John Lee , Rauer Heike 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The magma ocean (MO) is a crucial stage in the build-up of terrestrial planets. Its solidification and the accompanying outgassing of volatiles set the conditions for important processes occurring later or even simultaneously, such as solid-state mantle convection and atmospheric escape. To constrain the duration of a global-scale Earth MO, we have built and applied a 1D interior model coupled with either a gray H2O/CO2 atmosphere or with a pure H2O atmosphere treated with a line-by-line model described in a companion paper by Katyal et al. We study in detail the effects of several factors affecting the MO lifetime, such as the initial abundance of H2O and CO2, the convection regime, the viscosity, the mantle melting temperature, and the longwave radiation absorption from the atmosphere. In this specifically multivariable system, we assess the impact of each factor with respect to a reference setting commonly assumed in the literature. We find that the MO stage can last from a few thousand to several million years. By coupling the interior model with the line-by-line atmosphere model, we identify the conditions that determine whether the planet experiences a transient MO or it ceases to cool and maintains a continuous MO. We find a simultaneous dependence of this distinction on the mass of the outgassed H2O atmosphere and on the MO surface melting temperature. We discuss their combined impact on the MO’s lifetime in addition to the known dependence on albedo, orbital distance, and stellar luminosity, and we note observational degeneracies that arise thereby for target exoplanets.
Jupiter’s Formation in the Vicinity of the Amorphous Ice Snowline
Authors: Mousis Olivier , Ronnet Thomas , Lunine Jonathan I. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Argon, krypton, xenon, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus have all been measured and found to be enriched by a quasi uniform factor in the 2–4 range, compared to their protosolar values, in the atmosphere of Jupiter. To elucidate the origin of these volatile enrichments, we investigate the possibility of an inward drift of particles made of amorphous ice and adsorbed volatiles, and their ability to enrich in heavy elements the gas phase of the protosolar nebula, once they cross the amorphous-to-crystalline ice transition zone, following the original idea formulated by Monga & Desch. To do so, we use a simple accretion disk model coupled to modules depicting the radial evolution of icy particles and vapors, assuming growth, fragmentation, and crystallization of amorphous grains. We show that it is possible to accrete supersolar gas from the nebula onto proto-Jupiter’s core to form its envelope, and allowing it to match the observed volatile enrichments. Our calculations suggest that nebular gas, with a metallicity similar to that measured in Jupiter, can be accreted by its envelope if the planet is formed in the ∼0.5–2 Myr time range and in the 0.5–20 au distance range from the Sun, depending on the adopted viscosity parameter of the disk. These values match a wide range of Jupiter’s formation scenarios, including in situ formation and migration/formation models.
A Hypothesis for the Rapid Formation of Planets
Authors: Pfalzner Susanne , Bannister Michele T. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The discovery of 1I/‘Oumuamua confirmed that planetesimals must exist in great numbers in interstellar space. Originally generated during planet formation, they are scattered from their original systems and subsequently drift through interstellar space. As a consequence they should seed molecular clouds with at least hundred-meter-scale objects. We consider how the galactic background density of planetesimals, enriched from successive generations of star and system formation, can be incorporated into forming stellar systems. We find that at a minimum of the order of 107 ‘Oumuamua-sized and larger objects, plausibly including hundred-kilometer-scale objects, should be present in protoplanetary disks. At such initial sizes, the growth process of these seed planetesimals in the initial gas- and dust-rich protoplanetary disks is likely to be substantially accelerated. This could resolve the tension between accretionary timescales and the observed youth of fully fledged planetary systems. Our results strongly advocate that the population of interstellar planetesimals should be taken into account in future studies of planet formation. As not only the Galaxy’s stellar metallicity increased over time but also the density of interstellar objects, we hypothesize that this enriched seeding accelerates and enhances planetary formation after the first couple of generations of planetary systems.
Trogocytosis-Mediated Intracellular Signaling in CD4+ T Cells Drives TH2-Associated Effector Cytokine Production and Differentiation
Authors: Reed Jim , Wetzel Scott A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCD4+ T cells have been observed to acquire APC-derived membrane and membrane-associated molecules through trogocytosis in diverse immune settings. Despite this, the consequences of trogocytosis on the recipient T cell remain largely unknown. We previously reported that trogocytosed molecules on CD4+ T cells engage their respective surface receptors, leading to sustained TCR signaling and survival after APC removal. Using peptide-pulsed bone marrow–derived dendritic cells and transfected murine fibroblasts expressing antigenic MHC:peptide complexes as APC, we show that trogocytosis-positive CD4+ T cells display effector cytokines and transcription factor expression consistent with a TH2 phenotype. In vitro–polarized TH2 cells were found to be more efficient at performing trogocytosis than TH1 or nonpolarized CD4+ cells, whereas subsequent trogocytosis-mediated signaling induced TH2 differentiation in polarized TH1 and nonpolarized cells. Trogocytosis-positive CD4+ T cells generated in vivo also display a TH2 phenotype in both TCR-transgenic and wild-type models. These findings suggest that trogocytosis-mediated signaling impacts CD4+ T cell differentiation and effector cytokine production and may play a role in augmenting or shaping a TH2-dominant immune response.
Ileal volvulus secondary to cystic lymphangioma: A rare case report with a literature review
Authors: Alfadhel Shoog F , Alghamdi Abdulmajeed A , Alzahrani Saif A 
Published: April 2019

AbstractLymphangioma is a benign malformation of the lymphatic system. It usually affects the neck, head, and rarely, the abdomen. Volvulus is a serious condition, which occurs as a result of bowel twisting around itself or around the mesentery leading to severe consequences such as obstruction. The most common cause of volvulus in children is malrotation. We report a rare case of a 2-year-old boy who was brought by his parents to the emergency room with the complaint of constipation for 5 days and vomiting for the last 4 days. Examination and plain abdominal X-ray suggested intestinal obstruction. Furthermore, ultrasonography indicated the presence of a cyst and dilatation of the bowel. On exploratory laparotomy, an ileal volvulus caused by cystic lymphangioma developed on the mesenteric wall and associated with ileal and jejunal dilatation was observed. The diseased segments were resected in addition to 5cm before and after the cystic lymphangioma to prevent recurrence.
On the Chow Ring of Cynk–Hulek Calabi–Yau Varieties and Schreieder Varieties
Authors: Laterveer Robert , Vial Charles 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis note is about certain locally complete families of Calabi–Yau varieties constructed by Cynk and Hulek, and certain varieties constructed by Schreieder. We prove that the cycle class map on the Chow ring of powers of these varieties admits a section, and that these varieties admit a multiplicative self-dual Chow–Künneth decomposition. As a consequence of both results, we prove that the subring of the Chow ring generated by divisors, Chern classes, and intersections of two cycles of positive codimension injects into cohomology via the cycle class map. We also prove that the small diagonal of Schreieder surfaces admits a decomposition similar to that of K3 surfaces. As a by-product of our main result, we verify a conjecture of Voisin concerning zero-cycles on the self-product of Cynk–Hulek Calabi–Yau varieties, and in the odd-dimensional case we verify a conjecture of Voevodsky concerning smash-equivalence. Finally, in positive characteristic, we show that the supersingular Cynk–Hulek Calabi–Yau varieties provide examples of Calabi–Yau varieties with “degenerate” motive.
Reconstrucción virtual de la fortaleza bajomedieval de Aguilar de la Frontera
Authors: Cabezas Expósito Manuel , Montes Tubío Francisco De Paula 
Published: April 2019

<p>El castillo de Aguilar de la Frontera, monumental edificio hoy perdido por el abandono secular y el aprovechamiento de sus lienzos y torres como cantera, ha sido motivo de estudio a lo largo de su historia por el interés que despiertan tanto los linajes que lo habitaron como su arquitectura singular. La intención de este artículo es hilar en una secuencia temporal los documentos, grabados, hallazgos y trabajos más notables que sobre este edificio se han hecho a lo largo de los siglos, poniendo al día la visión que se tiene sobre este conjunto y aprovechándolo como impulso para presentar la reconstrucción virtual 3D, la cual se apoya para su materialización en estos estudios así como en otros ejemplos afines.</p>
Influence of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre circulation on the 4.2 ka BP event
Authors: Jalali Bassem , Sicre Marie-Alexandrine , Azuara Julien , Pellichero Violaine , Combourieu-Nebout Nathalie 
Published: April 2019

Abstract. The 4.2 ka BP event, spanning from ca 4200 to 3900 cal BP, has been
documented in numerous archaeological data and continental archives across
the Northern Hemisphere as an abrupt shift to dry and cold climate. However,
data on synchronous ocean circulation changes are notably lacking, thus
preventing us from getting a full insight into the physical mechanisms
responsible for this climate deterioration. Here, we present two
high-resolution (5–20 years) sea surface temperature (SST) records from the
subpolar gyre and off north Iceland in the vicinity of the polar front
obtained from alkenone paleo-thermometry and compare them with proxy data
from the western Mediterranean Sea to gain information on regional
temperature and precipitation patterns. Our results are evidence of a temperature
dipole pattern which, combined with other paleo-oceanographic records of the
North Atlantic, suggests a weakening of the subpolar gyre possibly
associated with atmospheric blocked regimes.
Differentiation of pityriasis rubra pilaris from plaque psoriasis by dermoscopy
Authors: Jha Abhijeet Kumar , Lallas Aimilios , Sonthalia Sidharth , Jakhar Deepak , Udayan Uday K. , Chaudhary R. K. P. 
Published: April 2019

Background: Diagnosing and differentiating pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) from other disorders can be a challenging task. Although histopathology remains the gold standard, it may not be feasible at times, especially in children. Being noninvasive, dermoscopy can be of great diagnostic importance in such a scenario. Dermoscopy overcomes the refractive properties of stratum corneum by interface medium or cross-polarization enabling easier visualization of lesions.
Objective: To study the dermoscopic features of PRP and compare them with dermoscopic features of psoriasis.
Patients and Methods: Retrospective observational analysis of dermoscopic characteristics of 28 patients with PRP (16) and psoriasis (12). Polarized dermoscopy at 10× magnification was performed and photographs were captured by Apple iPhone 7. The selection of dermoscopic variables was based on preexisting literature on the dermoscopic patterns of the 2 entities.
Results: The most frequent dermoscopic criteria of PRP were the presence of a central hair (16/16; 100%), follicular plugs (11/16; 68.7%), and perifollicular yellow/orange halos (9/16; 56.2%). No vascular structures were seen in our cases of PRP. Psoriasis was characterized by regularly distributed dotted vessels (12/12; 100%) and white scales (8/12; 66.6%).
Conclusions: Round-to-oval yellowish areas surrounding a central hair with or without follicular plugs represents the most frequent dermoscopic pattern of PRP.
Non-host class II ribonucleotide reductase in Thermus viruses: sequence adaptation and host interaction
Authors: Loderer Christoph , Holmfeldt Karin , Lundin Daniel 
Published: April 2019

Ribonucleotide reductases (RNR) are essential enzymes for all known life forms. Their current taxonomic distribution suggests extensive horizontal gene transfer e.g., by processes involving viruses. To improve our understanding of the underlying processes, we characterized a monomeric class II RNR (NrdJm) enzyme from a Thermus virus, a subclass not present in any sequencedThermusspp. genome. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a distant origin of thenrdJmgene with the most closely related sequences found in mesophiles or moderate thermophiles from the Firmicutes phylum. GC-content, codon usage and the ratio of coding to non-coding substitutions (dN/dS) suggest extensive adaptation of the gene in the virus in terms of nucleotide composition and amino acid sequence. The NrdJm enzyme is a monomeric B12-dependent RNR with nucleoside triphosphate specificity. It exhibits a temperature optimum at 60–70 °C, which is in the range of the growth optimum ofThermusspp. Experiments in combination with theThermus thermophilusthioredoxin system show that the enzyme is able to retrieve electrons from the host NADPH pool via host thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductases. This is different from other characterized viral RNRs such as T4 phage RNR, where a viral thioredoxin is present. We hence show that the monomeric class II RNR, present in Thermus viruses, was likely transferred from an organism phylogenetically distant from the one they were isolated from, and adapted to the new host in genetic signature and amino acids sequence.
Clinicoepidemiological Profile of Childhood Poisoning in the Pediatric Unit of a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India
Authors: Malla Rahid Rasool , Kawoosa Khalid , Juwhyreeyeh Meryem , Malik Riyaz Ahmed , Ahmed Asif , Ganaie Nisar Ahmad 
Published: April 2019

Background: This study was conducted to find out the pattern of poisoning cases among the pediatric population in Srinagar and its Northwestern suburbs and compare it with what occurs elsewhere in India. Thereby we aimed to provide practical knowledge in dealing with these pediatric patients.
Methods: The hospital records of children between the ages of 0-19 years admitted to the pediatric emergency ward of SKIMS Medical College Hospital Srinagar with poisoning from July 2016 to June 2018 were evaluated.
Results: A total of 154 cases of poisoning were admitted in the study period, of which 89(57%) were males and 69(43%) were females. In the 0-12 year age group the poisonings were mostly in boys (68.26%) and were accidental whereas in the 13-19 year age group poisonings were mostly in girls (64%) and due to suicidal attempts. Organophoshorus poisoning was the most commonly ingested poison across all age groups (44.8%) followed by rodenticides (16.23%), kerosene (13.63%) and medications (11.68%). Interventions mostly commonly done were gastric lavage, induced vomiting. Mortaliy was seen in 2 cases over 2 years (1.29%).
Conclusion: Knowledge on epidemiological and clinical features of poisoning in children according to age groups, establishing safety standards for sale and storage of harmful chemicals, and parental education can help to decrease the burden of childhood poisoning.
Far from the madding crowd: Tolerance toward human disturbance shapes distribution and connectivity patterns of closely related Martes spp.
Authors: Balestrieri Alessandro , Mori Emiliano , Menchetti Mattia , Ruiz‐González Aritz , Milanesi Pietro 
Published: April 2019

AbstractTo assess niche overlap between the most similar European sympatric carnivores, the pine marten Martes martes and stone marten Martes foina, and outline their potential distributions and connectivity corridors in Central Italy, we applied a multivariate kernel density procedure which allowed to assess both species' ecological hypervolumes based on a set of 16 environmental predictors and used the resulting probability of occurrence map as a resistance surface in electrical circuit theory‐based models. Distance to watercourses and percent cover of deciduous forest and shrubland were the most relevant factors shaping pine marten ecological niche, while stone marten distribution was mainly shaped by human population density and cover of both human settlements and deciduous forest. Overlap between the hypervolumes of the two martens was low‐to‐moderate, while, on average, landscape connectivity was higher for the stone marten. The inclusion in the models of human disturbance‐related variables enabled to define a possible mechanism driving habitat partitioning in human‐altered landscapes. Based on our results, increasing human density and urbanization of European lowland and hilly landscapes are expected to represent a greater threat to the pine marten than the stone marten.
Can “you” make a difference? Investigating whether perspective‐taking improves performance on inconsistent mathematical word problems
Authors: de Koning Björn B. , van der Schoot Menno 
Published: April 2019

SummaryPronouns encouraging a second‐person perspective (e.g., “you/your”) affect peoples' mental representations constructed while reading and improve learning. The present study applied these insights to a domain in that such pronoun effects have yet been unexplored: mathematical word problem solving. Specifically, we encouraged a second‐person perspective (using “your”) in an attempt to reduce the consistency effect, that is, the finding that more errors are made on word problems containing a relational keyword inconsistent rather than consistent with the required arithmetic operation. Primary school children solved consistent and inconsistent word problems (containing the relational keywords “less than”) presented in third‐person (i.e., store name) or second‐person (“your store”) perspective. Results demonstrated the consistency effect, but the perspective manipulation did not produce significant differences between conditions, that is, a second‐person perspective did not reduce the consistency effect. These findings suggest that reducing the consistency effect may require a less subtle approach than using personalized pronouns.
Emerging Trends in Information‐Driven Engineering of Complex Biological Systems
Authors: Steier Anke , Muñiz Ayşe , Neale Dylan , Lahann Joerg 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSynthetic biological systems are used for a myriad of applications, including tissue engineered constructs for in vivo use and microengineered devices for in vitro testing. Recent advances in engineering complex biological systems have been fueled by opportunities arising from the combination of bioinspired materials with biological and computational tools. Driven by the availability of large datasets in the “omics” era of biology, the design of the next generation of tissue equivalents will have to integrate information from single‐cell behavior to whole organ architecture. Herein, recent trends in combining multiscale processes to enable the design of the next generation of biomaterials are discussed. Any successful microprocessing pipeline must be able to integrate hierarchical sets of information to capture key aspects of functional tissue equivalents. Micro‐ and biofabrication techniques that facilitate hierarchical control as well as emerging polymer candidates used in these technologies are also reviewed.
Microthrombus‐Targeting Micelles for Neurovascular Remodeling and Enhanced Microcirculatory Perfusion in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Lu Yifei , Li Chao , Chen Qinjun , Liu Peixin , Guo Qin , Zhang Yu , Chen Xinli , Zhang Yujie , Zhou Wenxi , Liang Donghui , Zhang Yiwen , Sun Tao , Lu Weigen , Jiang Chen 
Published: April 2019

AbstractReperfusion injury exists as the major obstacle to full recovery of neuron functions after ischemic stroke onset and clinical thrombolytic therapies. Complex cellular cascades including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and brain vascular impairment occur within neurovascular units, leading to microthrombus formation and ultimate neuron death. In this work, a multitarget micelle system is developed to simultaneously modulate various cell types involved in these events. Briefly, rapamycin is encapsulated in self‐assembled micelles that are consisted of reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐responsive and fibrin‐binding polymers to achieve micelle retention and controlled drug release within the ischemic lesion. Neuron survival is reinforced by the combination of micelle facilitated ROS elimination and antistress signaling pathway interference under ischemia conditions. In vivo results demonstrate an overall remodeling of neurovascular unit through micelle polarized M2 microglia repair and blood–brain barrier preservation, leading to enhanced neuroprotection and blood perfusion. This strategy gives a proof of concept that neurovascular units can serve as an integrated target for ischemic stroke treatment with nanomedicines.