bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction of video head impulse testing to an ENT outpatient clinic
Authors: Sandhu J. S. , Ray J. , Yardley M. P. , Watson G. 
Published: January 2019

Objective:
Monitor the impact of Video Head Impulse Testing (vHIT) conducted during initial ENT consultations on diagnosis rates and requirement for onward referral for further laboratory-based vestibular testing.

Design:
Prospective service evaluation audit.

Setting:
ENT outpatients department of a tertiary balance service within a University Teaching Hospital.

Main outcome measures:
The capability of vHIT to identify vestibular pathology was recorded in 100 consecutive dizzy patients prospectively enrolled into the study. Diagnosis rates at first appointment, as well as the need to onward refer for further vestibular testing, were noted.

Results:
Of the 100 new patients seen with dizziness, 85% were diagnosed and managed by the end of the first appointment. VHIT was conducted in 83% of cases and provided clinically useful information that aided diagnosis in over 90% of these cases.

Conclusions:
vHIT is a safe, quick and noninvasive way of obtaining clinically useful information relating to the function of all three semicircular canal pairs within an ENT outpatient clinic. It does not replace advanced vestibular testing but acts as a useful adjunct that can be used to reach a diagnosis more quickly and thereby provide a more efficient patient centred model of care.
The saccadic training for driving safety
Authors: Guidetti Giorgio , Guidetti Riccardo , Sgalla Roberto Antonio 
Published: January 2019

Driving is not only a physical but also a mental task. Human errors such as misperception, information processing errors, and poor decision making are frequently identified as causes of accidents.

Objective:
to reduce numbers of saccadic movements (SM) and antisaccadic movements (ASM) while driving because they involve a problem of visual perception. During each one of them, the visual scene sweeps across the retina with high-speed motion with an inevitable blurring of the image, as the retina is sweeping the visual field. Object positions in retinal coordinates change, the entire visual image is not updated and humans become effectively blind but usually we are not aware of this blur during the eye movement. Therefore, reducing the number of SM allows greater precision in visual information and thus increases safety.

Study Design:
in collaboration with the Directorate of Specialties of the State Police of Italian Ministry of the Interior and the Autodrome of Modena we have submitted to saccadic training 23 policemen of Italian traffic police. We used Visual Exploration Training System (VET by SVEP®) which consists in: personal computer, eyetracking system (120 Hz of frequency analisys) and new specific application software. Subjects were evaluated before and after 15 days of home training.

Results:
In the overall 23 cases the training significantly reduced the number of SM in driving simulation.

Conclusions:
our fast and easy-to-use method of saccadic training seems to be able to improve significantly both the function of visual exploration and the safety in driving.

Abbreviations
ADI: Number of saccades not directed towards the target point or rather attention deficit index; ASMs: anti-saccadic movements; AT: attentional test: the subject had to maintain fixation on a target point that appeared randomly on the monitor in 50 different positions in 50 s even during the recurrent appearance of new distracting images; CORSI: score of eCorsi Span Test; GROUP A and GROUP B: groups of policemen; ORD: ordinary road drivers; RD: racing drivers; RT: average start time of ocular movements; ST: saccade test: the subject had to fix a target point that appeared randomly on the monitor in 31 different positions in 23 s; SM: saccadic movements; ST: saccade test; TIME: the time on the lap during real driving; TRT: target reaching time; VET: visual exploration training system; VETT 1: visual exploration test for evaluate SM and ASM; VETT 2: visual exploration test for evaluate the number of SM during simulated driving
Effect of number of talkers and language of babble on acceptable noise level in Kannada listeners
Authors: M. Nayana , Sringari Parmeshwara Keerthi , Geetha Chinnaraj 
Published: January 2019

Objective:
The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effect of number of talkers (2-talker, 4-talker, 8-talker, 10-talker and 12-talker) in native (Kannada) and non-native (English) speech babble on acceptable noise level (ANL) in individuals with normal hearing; and to compare ANL obtained in the presence of Kannada speech babble with that of English speech babble across different number of talker babbles.

Study sample:
Thirty participants between in the age range of 18-24 years with normal hearing sensitivity participated in the study. ANL was obtained in the presence of different number of talkers in English and Kannada languages.

Results:
The results revealed that Kannada talker babble had lower ANL for 8-talker babble whereas in English, 2-talker babble had the lowest ANL. The results also showed that ANL was lower when Kannada babble was used when compared to English babble. The reason for this result could be due to familiarity with the languages and the similarity between the two languages of interest.
Deuteros: software for rapid analysis and visualization of data from differential hydrogen deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry
Authors: Lau Andy M C , Ahdash Zainab , Martens Chloe , Politis Argyris 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Summary
Hydrogen deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) has emerged as a powerful technique for interrogating the conformational dynamics of proteins and their complexes. Currently, analysis of HDX-MS data remains a laborious procedure, mainly due to the lack of streamlined software to process the large datasets. We present Deuteros which is a standalone software designed to be coupled with Waters DynamX HDX data analysis software, allowing the rapid analysis and visualization of data from differential HDX-MS.

Availability and implementation
Deuteros is open-source and can be downloaded from https://github.com/andymlau/Deuteros, under the Apache 2.0 license. Written in MATLAB and supported on both Windows and MacOS. Requires the MATLAB runtime library. According to the Wellcome Trust and UK research councils' Common Principles on Data Policy on data, software and materials management and sharing, all data supporting this study will be openly available from the software repository.
The Subplate: A Potential Driver of Cortical Folding?
Authors: Rana Shreya , Shishegar Rosita , Quezada Sebastian , Johnston Leigh , Walker David W , Tolcos Mary 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn many species of Mammalia, the surface of the brain develops from a smooth structure to one with many fissures and folds, allowing for vast expansion of the surface area of the cortex. The importance of understanding what drives cortical folding extends beyond mere curiosity, as conditions such as preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, and fetal alcohol syndrome are associated with impaired folding in the infant and child. Despite being a key feature of brain development, the mechanisms driving cortical folding remain largely unknown. In this review we discuss the possible role of the subplate, a developmentally transient compartment, in directing region-dependent development leading to sulcal and gyral formation. We discuss the development of the subplate in species with lissencephalic and gyrencephalic cortices, the characteristics of the cells found in the subplate, and the possible presence of molecular cues that guide axons into, and out of, the overlying and multilayered cortex before the appearance of definitive cortical folds. An understanding of what drives cortical folding is likely to help in understanding the origins of abnormal folding patterns in clinical pathologies.
Distinctive Interaction Between Cognitive Networks and the Visual Cortex in Early Blind Individuals
Authors: Abboud Sami , Cohen Laurent 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn early blind individuals, brain activation by a variety of nonperceptual cognitive tasks extends to the visual cortex, while in the sighted it is restricted to supramodal association areas. We hypothesized that such activation results from the integration of different sectors of the visual cortex into typical task-dependent networks. We tested this hypothesis with fMRI in blind and sighted subjects using tasks assessing speech comprehension, incidental long-term memory and both verbal and nonverbal executive control, in addition to collecting resting-state data. All tasks activated the visual cortex in blind relative to sighted subjects, which enabled its segmentation according to task sensitivity. We then assessed the unique brain-scale functional connectivity of the segmented areas during resting state. Language-related seeds were preferentially connected to frontal and temporal language areas; the seed derived from the executive task was connected to the right dorsal frontoparietal executive network; and the memory-related seed was uniquely connected to mesial frontoparietal areas involved in episodic memory retrieval. Thus, using a broad set of language, executive, and memory tasks in the same subjects, combined with resting state connectivity, we demonstrate the selective integration of different patches of the visual cortex into brain-scale networks with distinct localization, lateralization, and functional roles.
The Design and Analysis of Seroefficacy Studies for Typhoid Conjugate Vaccines
Authors: Liu Xinxue , Pitzer Virginia E , Pollard Andrew J , Voysey Merryn 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundDemonstrating the efficacy of new Vi-conjugate typhoid vaccines is challenging, due to the cost of field trials requiring tens of thousands of participants. New trial designs that use serologically defined typhoid infections (seroefficacy trials) rather than blood culture positivity as a study endpoint may be useful to assess efficacy using small trials.MethodsWe developed a model for Vi–immunoglobin G antibody responses to a Vi-vaccine, incorporating decay over time and natural boosting due to endemic exposures. From this, we simulated clinical trials in which 2 blood samples were taken during follow-up and the relative risk of a serologically defined typhoid infection (seroefficacy) was computed. We aimed to determine (1) whether seroefficacy trial designs could substantially reduce sample sizes, compared with trials using blood culture–confirmed cases; (3) whether the rate of case detection was higher in seroefficacy trials; and (3) the optimal timing of sample collection.ResultsThe majority (&gt;90%) of blood culture–positive typhoid cases remain unobserved in surveillance studies. In contrast, under-detection in simulated seroefficacy trials of equivalent vaccines was as little as 26%, and estimates of the relative risk of typhoid infection were unbiased. For simulated trials of non-equivalent vaccines, relative risks were slightly inflated by at least 5%, depending on the sample collection times. Seroefficacy trials required as few as 460 participants per arm, compared with 10 000 per arm for trials using blood culture–confirmed cases.ConclusionsSeroefficacy trials can establish the efficacy of new conjugate vaccines using small trials that enroll hundreds rather than thousands of participants, and without the need for resource-intensive typhoid fever surveillance programs.
Inflammatory bowel disease in patients undergoing renal biopsies
Authors: Pohjonen Jussi , Nurmi Rakel , Metso Martti , Oksanen Pia , Huhtala Heini , Pörsti Ilkka , Mustonen Jukka , Kaukinen Katri , Mäkelä Satu 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background
There are no good data in the literature on the prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in patients with kidney disease and we do not know whether IBD affects the course of kidney disease or if the type of IBD is an influential factor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of IBD among patients who have undergone renal biopsies due to clinical indications and to elucidate whether the presence of IBD influences renal and patient outcomes.

Methods
We collected retrospective data on concomitant diseases, especially IBD, from adult patients undergoing renal biopsy for any clinical indication between 2000 and 2012 at Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland. Information was systematically collected on the activity of IBD, medication for IBD, surgery performed for IBD and markers of kidney function.

Results
Of the 819 patients biopsied, 35 (4.3%) had IBD. The prevalence of IBD was 13.3 and 4.6% in patients with tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) and immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN), respectively. In comparison, the prevalence of IBD in the Finnish population is 0.6%. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease were equally represented. The presence of IBD showed no impact on renal and patient outcomes.

Conclusions
IBD should not be overlooked in patients undergoing renal biopsies, especially those diagnosed with TIN or IgAN. The renal findings did not associate with the activity of intestinal inflammation. Whether a concomitant IBD truly affects the course of chronic kidney disease should be examined in further studies.
Sensorineural Impairments, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and 10-Year Incidence of Cognitive Impairment and Decline in Midlife: The Beaver Dam Offspring Study
Authors: Schubert Carla R , Cruickshanks Karen J , Fischer Mary E , Pinto A Alex , Chen Yanjun , Huang Guan-Hua , Klein Barbara E K , Klein Ronald , Pankow James S , Paulsen Adam J , Dalton Dayna S , Tweed Ted S 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background
Sensorineural impairments and cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) and disease (CVD) in midlife may be important predictors of future cognitive health, but longitudinal studies that include multiple sensorineural measures in middle-aged adults are lacking.

Methods
Hearing, vision, and olfaction, and CVRF and CVD were measured at the Beaver Dam Offspring Study baseline (2005–2008) examination. The Mini-Mental State Examination and Trail Making Tests A and B were administered at all phases and additional cognitive function measures were obtained at 5 (2010–2013) and 10 years (2015–2017). Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate associations between baseline sensorineural impairments, CVRF, CVD, and 10-year cumulative incidence of cognitive impairment and decline.

Results
There were 2,556 participants (22–84 years) without cognitive impairment at baseline and data from at least one follow-up. In a multivariable model including age, sex, education, and head injury, visual impairment (hazard ratio = 2.59, 95% confidence interval = 1.34, 5.02), olfactory impairment (hazard ratio = 3.18, 95% confidence interval = 1.53, 6.59), CVD (hazard ratio = 2.37, 95% confidence interval = 1.24, 4.52), and not consuming alcohol in the past year (hazard ratio = 2.21, 95% confidence interval = 1.16, 4.19) were associated with the 10-year cumulative incidence of cognitive impairment. Current smoking and diabetes were associated with increased risk, and exercise with decreased risk, of 10-year decline in cognitive function.

Conclusions
Visual and olfactory impairments, CVRF, and CVD were associated with the 10-year cumulative incidence of cognitive impairment and decline in middle-aged adults. Identifying modifiable factors associated with cognitive decline and impairment in midlife may provide opportunities for prevention or treatment and improve cognitive health later in life.
Implied Terms and Human Rights in the Contract of Employment
Authors: Atkinson Joe 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This article considers the potential for implied terms in the contract of employment to protect employees’ human rights. The slim prospects of legislative action in this area make it important to consider common law means of protecting human rights at work. Part 2 begins by setting out the function of implied terms in the contract of employment and the various ways human rights can affect the legal regulation of the employment relationship. Part 3 considers the extent to which the implied term of trust and confidence can protect employees’ human rights. While there are numerous points of overlap between trust and confidence and human rights, both the scope of the implied term and the level of protection it provides mean that it is currently an inadequate mechanism for protecting human rights at work. Part 4 then assesses the prospects of a new human rights term being implied into the contract of employment using the existing tests for terms implied ‘in fact’ and ‘in law’, and develops a prima facie case in favour of implying a human rights protective term into all employment contracts as a default rule.
The Cloacal Microbiome Changes with the Breeding Season in a Wild Bird
Authors: Escallón C , Belden L K , Moore I T 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe symbiotic microbial communities, or “microbiomes,” that reside on animals are dynamic, and can be affected by the behavior and physiology of the host. These communities provide many critical beneficial functions for their hosts, but they can also include potential pathogens. In birds, bacteria residing in the cloaca form a complex community, including both gut and sexually-transmitted bacteria. Transmission of cloacal bacteria among individuals is likely during the breeding season, when there is direct cloacal contact between individuals. In addition, the major energetic investment in reproduction can draw resources away from immune responses that might otherwise prevent the successful establishment of microbes. We assessed dynamic variation in the cloacal microbiome of free-living rufous-collared sparrows (Zonotrichia capensis) through sequential breeding and non-breeding seasons. We found that the cloacal bacterial communities differed between the sexes when they were in breeding condition. Further, in males, but not in females, the bacterial community became more diverse with the onset of reproduction, and then decreased in diversity as males transitioned to non-breeding condition. Individuals sampled across sequential breeding seasons did not accumulate more bacterial taxa over seasons, but bacterial community composition did change. Our results suggest that the cloacal microbiome in birds is dynamic and, especially in males, responsive to breeding condition.
The Long and Short Arms of the State: Swedish Multidirectional Controls of Afghan Asylum Seekers During the Cold War
Authors: Skodo Admir 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDrawing on unique sources from the Swedish Migration Agency Archive, this article examines how Afghan asylum seekers and refugees fared in their encounter with Swedish internal and external controls of people seeking protection from persecution during the Cold War. Within a theoretical framework that draws on the concept of statist logic, the history of refugeehood, interactionist sociology and critical legal studies, two key findings are presented and discussed. First, Afghan refugees and asylum seekers encountered multidirectional restrictive control measures despite Sweden’s strong support of Afghan refugees in Pakistan, and despite the low numbers of Afghan asylum applicants in Sweden. Second, a focus on how immigration controls affected one specific national group reveals a broader pattern of how internal and external controls of asylum seekers in the 1980s, under the aegis of the Swedish state, were distributed between state, non-state and international organizations. The article provides a critical history that sheds new light on the situation following the ‘refugee crisis’ of 2015–16, when over 40,000 Afghan asylum seekers entered Sweden. In doing so, the article ties in to a burgeoning development within refugee studies that seeks to include a historical perspective, since such an inclusion is necessary to identify continuities and changes that remain highly relevant for understanding, assessing and offering real alternatives to today’s dominant approaches to refugee governance, policy, experiences, social and political practices and discourses.
False Passports, Undocumented Workers, and Public (Dis)Order in Late-Eighteenth-Century Russia
Authors: Smith Alison K 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In 1798, a case of suspected passport forgery in the new town of Gatchina brought to light an array of legal, semilegal, and totally illegal behavior when it came to tsarist Russia’s documentary requirements that governed mobility. Although there had been earlier kinds of documents required for travel, in the early eighteenth century, decrees established a system of short-term passports to allow a degree of mobility within a social structure based in binding legal statuses (soslovie) that tied nearly all subjects of the tsar to their localities or their owners. This specific case demonstrates that although the tsarist state clearly viewed this passport system as a method of social control, there were several significant limits to that control. First, documents were only reliable as long as they could be taken as truthful; cases of passport forgery like this showed how difficult it was for authorities to ascertain that truth. Second, the investigation uncovered many individuals who were negotiating (or sometimes ignoring) the passport system in ways that show the real limits of tsarist control. And third, the passport system took significant effort to maintain, effort that did not necessarily always seem worthwhile to some local authorities.
The Nuclei of the Lateral Lemniscus
Authors: Felmy Felix 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Parallel processing streams guide ascending auditory information through the processing hierarchy of the auditory brainstem. Many of these processing streams converge in the lateral lemnisucus, the fiber bundle that connects the cochlear nuclei and superior olivary complex with the inferior colliculus. The neuronal populations within the lateral lemniscus can be segregated according to their gross structure-function relationships into three distinct nuclei. These nuclei are termed ventral, intermedial, and dorsal nucleus, according to their position within the lemniscal fiber bundle. The complexity of their input pattern increases in an ascending fashion. The three nuclei employ different neurotransmitters and exhibit distinct synaptic and biophysical features. Yet they all share a large heterogeneity. Functionally, the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus has been hypothesized to reduce spectral splatter by generating a rapid, temporally precise feedforward onset inhibition in the inferior colliculus. In the intermedial nucleus of the lateral lemniscus a cross-frequency integration has been observed. The hallmark of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus is the generation of a long-lasting inhibition in its contralateral counterpart and the inferior colliculus. This inhibition is proposed to generate a suppression of sound sources during reverberations and could act as a temporal filter capable of removing spurious interaural time differences. While great advances have been made in understanding the role that these nuclei play in auditory processing, the functional diversity of the individual neuronal responsiveness within each nucleus remains largely unsolved.