bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A survey of doctors on diagnosis and treatment of dementia with Lewy bodies: examination and treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms
Authors: Odawara Toshinari , Manabe Yuta , Konishi Osamu 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundDementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a progressive form of dementia, accompanied by a range of behavioural and psychological symptoms. The aim of this study was to identify current clinical practice for the treatment of DLB in Japan.MethodsWe conducted a survey of medical doctors engaged in the management of dementia in Japan. Participants were divided into two groups: psychiatrists (Group P) and neurologists or neurosurgeons (Group NS). Doctors completed a questionnaire and we analysed their responses to compare the two groups with regard to diagnosis and treatment of DLB, and in particular the treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD).ResultsResponses suggested that Group P conducted biomarker examinations less frequently and decided on their own therapeutic strategies more frequently than did Group NS. Both groups most frequently selected hallucinations/delusions as the symptoms given highest treatment priority. More than 70% of respondents in both groups reported having difficulties in treating BPSD. Atypical antipsychotics were more frequently prescribed by Group P, but were also prescribed in 70% of patients in Group NS. A third of patients received atypical antipsychotics for more than 1 year.ConclusionsThe responses to this survey highlighted the difficulties faced by clinicians managing patients with DLB and identified the need to effectively treat BPSD in such patients.
Bidirectional association between tuberculosis and sarcoidosis
Authors: Wang Sheng‐Huei , Chung Chi‐Hsiang , Huang Tsai‐Wang , Tsai Wen‐Chiuan , Peng Chung‐Kan , Huang Kun‐Lun , Perng Wann‐Cherng , Chian Chih‐Feng , Chien Wu‐Chien , Shen Chih‐Hao 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveTuberculosis (TB) and sarcoidosis are both granulomatous diseases with potential interassociations. However, much uncertainty remains; thus, the present study aimed to clarify the association between these diseases.MethodsWe established two cohorts in this retrospective longitudinal cohort study using data obtained from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database from 2000 to 2015. One cohort, which comprised 31 221 patients with TB and 62 442 age‐, sex‐ and index year‐matched controls, was used to analyse the risk of sarcoidosis; the other cohort comprised 2442 patients with sarcoidosis and 9688 controls and was used to assess the risk of TB. A Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for potential confounders was used in each cohort.ResultsPatients with TB showed an 8.09‐fold higher risk of developing sarcoidosis than non‐TB subjects (95% CI = 3.66–17.90), whereas patients with sarcoidosis showed a 1.85‐fold higher risk of developing TB than non‐sarcoidosis subjects (95% CI = 1.36–2.50). The TB subtype analysis revealed the highest risk of developing sarcoidosis in patients with extrapulmonary TB, and the highest risk of developing extrapulmonary TB was observed in patients with sarcoidosis compared with non‐sarcoidosis subjects. Patients with TB showed a higher risk of developing sarcoidosis throughout the follow‐up period, but patients with sarcoidosis only showed a higher risk of developing TB within the first year.ConclusionTB is a risk factor for developing sarcoidosis. The results of this bidirectional cohort study also highlight the clinical difficulty of diagnosing sarcoidosis and TB.
Null Hypothesis Testing ≠ Scientific Inference: A Critique of the Shaky Premise at the Heart of the Science and Values Debate, and a Defense of Value‐Neutral Risk Assessment
Authors: MacGillivray Brian H. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMany philosophers and statisticians argue that risk assessors are morally obligated to evaluate the probabilities and consequences of methodological error, and to base their decisions of whether to adopt a given parameter value, model, or hypothesis on those considerations. This argument is couched within the rubric of null hypothesis testing, which I suggest is a poor descriptive and normative model for risk assessment. Risk regulation is not primarily concerned with evaluating the probability of data conditional upon the null hypothesis, but rather with measuring risks, estimating the consequences of available courses of action and inaction, formally characterizing uncertainty, and deciding what to do based upon explicit values and decision criteria. In turn, I defend an ideal of value‐neutrality, whereby the core inferential tasks of risk assessment—such as weighing evidence, estimating parameters, and model selection—should be guided by the aim of correspondence to reality. This is not to say that value judgments be damned, but rather that they should be accounted for within a structured approach to decision analysis, rather than embedded within risk assessment in an informal manner.
Psychological situations illuminate the meaning of human behavior: Recent advances and application to social influence processes
Authors: Halevy Nir , Kreps Tamar A. , De Dreu Carsten K.W. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPsychologists have long sought to understand how people experience, think, and communicate about situations. Psychology's protracted journey toward understanding psychological situations recently took a momentous turn toward more rigorous conceptualization and measurement of situational characteristics along multiple dimensions. We provide a selective review of recent developments in research on psychological situations and highlight the value that these recent contributions deliver for researchers interested in human cognition, emotion, and behavior. We illustrate this value with an application of insights and instruments from the CAPTION and DIAMONDS models to social influence processes in groups. Specifically, we demonstrate how utilizing validated multidimensional scales of situational characteristics can illuminate the psychological meaning of brokering behaviors. We conclude by discussing current challenges and promising future directions for research on psychological situations.
Knowing more than their students: Characterizing secondary science teachers’ subject matter knowledge
Authors: Nixon Ryan S. , Toerien Rene , Luft Julie A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDespite agreement among teacher educators, scholars, and policymakers on the importance of teachers’ subject matter knowledge (SMK), existing models provide limited information about the nature of this foundational component of teacher knowledge. The common assumption is that teachers need to know more about the science subject matter than their students are expected to learn, but what and how much more is underspecified. In order to more characterize science teachers’ SMK, we present the science knowledge for teaching (SKT) model, which has been adapted from the mathematics education literature to apply to science education. The SKT model includes three domains: core content knowledge, specialized content knowledge, and linked content knowledge. We used this model to explore the SMK new secondary chemistry teachers in South Africa and the United States drew on when they explained the conservation of mass and analyzed a related teaching scenario, two important tasks of teaching. Findings indicated these new teachers drew on knowledge from all three SKT domains in order to engage in these tasks of teaching. This result suggests the potential of the SKT model to characterize the nature of science teachers’ SMK and thereby better inform teacher preparation and professional development programs.
Transfusion service knowledge and immunohaematological practices related to sickle cell disease and thalassemia
Authors: Fasano R. M. , Branscomb J. , Lane P. A. , Josephson C. D. , Snyder A. B. , Eckman J. R. 
Published: February 2019

SummaryObjectivesTo assess current knowledge of National Heart, Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI) and Thalassemia International Federation (TIF) recommendations, blood banking practices and perceived challenges among transfusion services in the management of patients with haemoglobinopathies.BackgroundPrevious reports have demonstrated variations in transfusion practices for sickle cell disease (SCD) and thalassemia patients. Recently, NHLBI/TIF have provided transfusion recommendations for patients with haemoglobinopathies.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey was conducted of transfusion services from the state of Georgia previously identified as having SCD/thalassemia populations. The survey assessed transfusion service practices in pre‐transfusion testing and blood product selection; awareness/implementation of NHLBI/TIF transfusion‐based recommendations and perceived challenges in transfusing haemoglobinopathy patients.ResultsResponses were received from 35 of 49 (71%) institutions. Only institutions indicating transfusing SCD or thalassemia patients (32) were included in analysis. Seventy‐one percent of non‐sickle cell treatment centres (SCTCs) and 20% of non‐thalassemia treatment centres follow NHLBI and TIF recommendations to perform a red blood cell phenotype beyond ABO/Rh(D) and provide Rh and Kell prophylactically matched units for SCD and thalassemia patients, respectively. Forty percent of institutions (33% of non‐SCTCs) employ RBC genotyping to evaluate the red cell phenotype for SCD patients. Over 77% of institutions do not utilise a reliable method to identify SCD patients prior to transfusion, such as a required question/answer field on type/screen or crossmatch orders.ConclusionMany healthcare systems' transfusion practices for haemoglobinopathy patients are discordant with NHLBI/TIF recommendations. Efforts are needed to increase awareness and implementation of current recommendations among all transfusion services seeing these patients.
Contextual factors influencing donor recruitment and cord blood collection: perspectives of frontline staff of the Canadian Blood Services' Cord Blood Bank
Authors: Haw Jennie , Polzer Jessica , Devine Dana V. 
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUNDUmbilical cord blood (CB) is an important source of hematopoietic stem cells that are used to treat blood‐ and immune‐system disorders. Public CB banks aim to build inventories with high‐quality CB units to meet healthcare needs. While research has noted the influence of broader contextual factors on donor recruitment and CB collection processes, to date, no published study has identified the specific contextual factors and challenges to donor recruitment and CB collection. This paper addresses this gap in the literature.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA qualitative case study focusing on donor recruitment and CB collection processes was conducted to identify the contextual factors influencing these processes. This paper reports the findings from in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews conducted with 15 frontline staff of the Canadian Blood Services' Cord Blood Bank. Interview data were analyzed using inductive interpretive methods to identify the contextual conditions and factors that influence recruitment and collection.RESULTSFrontline staff described various social factors that influenced and challenged the processes of donor recruitment and CB collection. These were categorized into four overlapping contexts: birthing context, hospital context, CB bank organizational context, and sociocultural context.CONCLUSIONConsideration of social context is necessary in order to effectively address the factors and challenges that influence the successful development of high‐quality CB inventories, and to guide resource allocation. Further examination of contextually‐rooted factors and their interactions is necessary to optimize donor recruitment and CB collection processes.
Is surgical volume still the most accurate indicator of blood usage in the United States?
Authors: Savinkina Alexandra , Sapiano Mathew R. P. , Berger James , Basavaraju Sridhar V. 
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUNDEstimates of blood collection and use in the United States derived from the National Blood Collection and Utilization Survey (NBCUS) call for application of robust statistical methods in the analysis of survey data. Since 1993, annual inpatient surgical volume has been used as the main stratification variable for sampling and estimation. However, recent NBCUS results have shown a decrease in blood use in surgical settings, raising the possibility that inpatient surgical volume may no longer be the optimal stratification variable. The objective of this study is to explore factors affecting hospital blood utilization.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA multivariate generalized linear regression with a negative binomial distribution was used to determine which hospital characteristics best explained allogeneic red blood cell (RBC) use, using data from the 2015 NBCUS to determine hospital blood use and the 2013 annual American Hospital Association database to identify hospital characteristics.RESULTSAnnual inpatient surgical volume explained the most variation in allogeneic RBC use among hospitals (pseudo‐R2 of 70.8%). Additional variables, such as presence of an oncology service, were also statistically significant in the models but explained little additional variability in blood use.CONCLUSIONThese findings suggest that annual inpatient surgical volume is an appropriate indicator for estimating blood utilization in the United States. As trends in blood utilization continue to evolve, ongoing analytic efforts to understand indicators of blood use are necessary.
Computed tomographic features of intra‐abdominal hypertension in three dogs
Authors: Jang Min , Choi Sooyoung , Lee In , Lee Inhyung 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo describe computed tomographic (CT) features of intra‐abdominal hypertension (IAH) in 3 dogs with abdominal distension.Case SummaryThree dogs with anorexia, distended abdomen, or labored breathing were presented for CT imaging. All 3 dogs were premedicated with IV butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg). A Foley urinary catheter was aseptically placed and the transvesical technique was used to obtain intra‐abdominal pressure (IAP). The IAP measurements were obtained with the dogs in a standing position after a stabilization period of 5 minutes. The mean IAP values for each of the 3 dogs were 26.0, 12.0, and 13.0 mm Hg. Anesthesia was induced with IV propofol (2.0–4.0 mg/kg, to effect) in all 3 dogs and maintained with sevoflurane in 2 dogs. Compression of the caudal vena cava and elevation of the diaphragm were observed in all 3 dogs, whereas renal compression and the extension of peritoneal fluid to the vaginal canal and cavity were seen in the dog with the highest IAP.New or Unique Information ProvidedCompression of the caudal vena cava, direct renal compression, and the extension of peritoneal fluid into the vaginal canal and vaginal cavity are consistent with a diagnosis of IAH. Measurement of IAP and detection of these CT features should alert clinicians to the possible presence of IAH in veterinary patients.
Clinical and pathological findings in three dogs with a corneocentric presentation of nodular granulomatous episcleritis
Authors: Hamzianpour Negar , Heinrich Christine , Jones R. Gareth , McElroy Peter , Wilson Neil , Scurrell Emma 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPurposeTo describe the clinical signs, management, histopathologic findings, and outcome of three dogs with a corneocentric presentation of nodular granulomatous episcleritis (NGE).MethodsThree dogs of varying breeds were presented for a unilateral, nonpainful, and infiltrative corneal lesion in the dorsal aspect of the eye. Clinical response to symptomatic topical treatment directed at a presumed inflammatory or immune‐mediated cause was poor. Due to this, and concerns of neoplasia, ultrasonography (n = 1), incisional biopsy (n = 2), and/or enucleation (n = 2) were performed.ResultsThe inflammatory infiltrate observed on histopathology was identical to that seen in nodular granulomatous episcleritis in all three cases. However, atypically the inflammation was confined to the cornea and limbus, without episcleral or conjunctival involvement. Inflammation of the cornea was full thickness to Descemet's membrane. Following enucleation (n = 2), there were no postoperative complications, and no reported ophthalmic disease in the remaining eye. Currently, the single non‐enucleated case remains controlled with systemic and topical immunosuppression.ConclusionTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of an NGE condition purely affecting the full thickness of the cornea, without episcleral or conjunctival involvement. The authors propose this to represent an atypical corneocentric variant of NGE. This clinical presentation can resemble neoplasia; incisional biopsy is recommended for a definitive diagnosis. Further research into the optimal treatment strategies for this variant of NGE is required.
Intake design attributes and submerged vanes effects on sedimentation and shear stress
Authors: Karami Moghadam Mehdi , Amini Ata , Keshavarzi Alireza 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPhysical modelling was used to assess the effects of the inlet shape, angle, diverted flow discharge and submerged vanes on the rate of sediment entry, erosion and shear stress of the intake. Experiments were conducted in a 55−degree intake channel branched from a rectangular channel. The mouth of the intake was chosen in two forms of sharp and rounded edge. Sedimentation and erosion values were measured in discharges of 11 and 16.6 l/s in the main channel with the four diversion flow ratios as 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8. The submerged vanes were used in parallel and zigzag arrangements at angles of 10° and 30°. The results showed that making the mouth of the intake as rounded edge causes increase in the erosion and decrease in the sedimentation and hence reduction in deposited sediments. The shear stress was less in the presence of submerged vanes compared to the mode without installing the vanes.
Mindfulness-based and cognitive-based stress prevention in student teachers (startklar): study protocol of a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Eskic Jasmina , Kuhlmann Sophie Merle , Kreinbihl Katharina , Hammerle Florian 
Published: February 2019

IntroductionTeachers and student teachers in Germany are a high-risk population for stress and stress-related mental health problems. This often leads to early retirement in subsequent professional life. Various trials have demonstrated positive effects of stress prevention training on the perceived stress and stress-related symptoms of teachers. Although many studies show positive effects of mindfulness-based stress interventions, there is not yet any mindfulness-based intervention for teachers or student teachers in Germany. The aim of this trial is to evaluate a training that combines mindfulness-based and cognitive interventions into one programme, addressing to the specific burdens of student teachers.Methods and analysisThis study protocol presents a prospective block-randomised controlled trial. Assessment will take place at three time points (baseline, post-intervention, 3-month follow-up) for an intervention and waiting control group, and at a fourth assessment point for the waiting control group after receiving the training. The aim is to evaluate the effects of mindfulness-based stress prevention on stress, psychological morbidity, burnout and self-efficacy using validated measures. Participants are student teachers from German teacher training colleges and participation will be voluntary. The targeted total sample size is 96 at 3-month follow-up. The training will comprise three 4-hour sessions conducted every 2 weeks. The control group will participate in the training after the 3-month follow-up. The allotment will be randomised with a stratified allocation ratio by gender. After descriptive statistics have been evaluated, inferential statistical analysis will be conducted using repeated measures analysis of variance with interactions between time and group. Effect sizes will be calculated using partial η2values.Ethics and disseminationResults will be disseminated at conferences, in specialist magazines and through peer-reviewed publications. The trial has been approved by the ethics review board of the local medical association, Mainz, Germany, under the reference number 837.192.16 (10511).Trial registration numberDRKS00010897.
Factors associated with receiving surgical treatment for menorrhagia in England and Wales: findings from a cohort study of the National Heavy Menstrual Bleeding Audit
Authors: Geary Rebecca Sally , Gurol-Urganci Ipek , Kiran Amit , Cromwell David A , Bansi-Matharu Loveleen , Shakespeare Judy , Mahmood Tahir , van der Meulen Jan 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveTo examine the factors associated with receiving surgery for heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) in England and Wales.DesignNational cohort study.SettingNational Health Service hospitals.ParticipantsWomen with HMB aged 18–60 who had a new referral to secondary care.MethodsPatient-reported data linked to administrative hospital data. Risk ratios (RR) estimated using multivariable Poisson regression.Primary outcome measureSurgery within 1 year of first outpatient clinic visit.Results14 545 women were included. At their first clinic visit, mean age was 42 years, mean symptom severity score was 62 (scale ranging from 0 (least) to 100 (most severe)), 73.9% of women reported having symptoms for >1 year and 30.4% reported no prior treatment in primary care. One year later, 42.6% had received surgery. Of these, 57.8% had endometrial ablation and 37.2% hysterectomy. Women with more severe symptoms were more likely to have received surgery (most vs least severe quintile, 33.1% vs 56.0%; RR 1.6, 95% CI 1.5 to 1.7). Surgery was more likely among those who reported prior primary care treatment compared with those who did not (48.0% vs 31.1%; RR 1.5, 95% CI 1.4 to 1.6). Surgery was less likely among Asian and more likely among black women, compared with white women. Surgery was not associated with socioeconomic deprivation.ConclusionsReceipt of surgery for HMB depends on symptom severity and prior treatment in primary care. Referral pathways should be locally audited to ensure women with HMB receive care that addresses their individual needs and preferences, especially for those who do not receive treatment in primary care.