bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cellular Optimization of Nanofat: Comparison of Two Nanofat Processing Devices in Terms of Cell Count and Viability
Authors: Cohen Steven R , Tiryaki Tunç , Womack Hayley A , Canikyan Serli , Schlaudraff Kai Uwe , Scheflan Michael 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Nanofat was introduced by Tonnard and Verpaele in 2013. Their initial observations in intradermal applications showed improvement in the appearance of the skin. Since then, a number of Nanofat devices have been introduced. The cellular content in the processing of Nanofat is not the same in every device, yet the cellular composition is responsible for the biologic action of Nanofat. The authors sought to find a different means to produce a matrix rich Nanofat to optimize the cellular content.

Objectives
The primary objective of this study was to compare cell counts, cultures, and cell viabilities produced by LipocubeNano (Lipocube, Inc., London, UK) in comparison to Tulip’s NanoTransfer (Tulip Medical, San Diego, CA) processing methods.

Methods
Twenty milliliters of fat were harvested from 10 patients in order to test two methods of Nanofat production. Ten milliliters of fat were used to assess each method and, after the final product was obtained, enzymatic digestion for stromal vascular fraction (SVF) isolation was performed. A Muse Flow-cytometer was used to measure cell counts and cell viabilities, cell cultures were performed, and cell images were taken with a florescent microscope.

Results
The LipocubeNano was shown to be superior to Tulip’s NanoTransfer system of progressive downsizing with final filtering, which appeared to trap more fibrous tissue leading to lower amounts of SVF. LipocubeNano resulted in higher cell counts (2.24 × 106/cc), whereas Tulip’s NanoTransfer method resulted in a lower cell count at 1.44 × 106/cc. Cell viability was the same (96.05%) in both groups.

Conclusions
Nanofat from LipocubeNano has a higher regenerative cell count and more SVF cells than the other common mechanical method of Nanofat processing. This new means of mechanical processing preserves more matrix, optimizing the cellular content of the Nanofat, thus having potentially a higher regenerative effect.

Level of Evidence: 5
Nest Microclimate, Water-Vapor Conductance, and Water Loss in Heron and Tern Eggs
Authors: Vleck Carol Masters , Vleck David , Rahn Hermann , Paganelli Charles V. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Rates of water loss (ṀH2O) were measured in eggs of seven species of tree-nesting Ciconiiformes and three species of ground-nesting Charadriiformes during natural incubation. Measurements of egg temperature, conductance of the egg shell to water vapor, and nest and ambient humidity allow one to calculate the difference in water-vapor pressure (ΔP) between egg and nest and between nest and ambient air. ΔP between egg and nest was significantly lower in ground-nesting species (23 torr) than in tree-nesting species (31 torr). We suggest that low ΔP in ground-nesting species was due to relatively high humidity (ca. 27 torr) in nests built on the ground compared to the humidity in loose stick nests of tree-nesting species (ca. 14 torr). Water-vapor conductance of eggs from more humid nests is relatively higher than that of eggs from less humid nests (107% and 78% of predicted values, respectively), resulting in similar fractional losses in mass for the whole incubation period in both groups of birds. (ṀH2O) was not always constant throughout incubation. We suggest that changes in (ṀH2O) may be due to changes in ambient humidity and/or egg temperature.
Mollusk Predation by Snail Kites in Colombia
Authors: Snyder Noel F. R. , Kale Herbert W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Snail Kites (Rostrhamus sociabilis sociabilis) observed along the lower Río Magdalena in northern Colombia fed heavily on Pomacea chemnitzi but also took Marisa cornuarietis, a smaller species. The kites captured Pomacea preferentially over Marisa and had difficulties extracting Marisa from its shell. They also failed to extract some large specimens of P. chemnitzi. Failures with both species were apparently related to problems in removing opercula. These observations indicate that R. sociabilis can no longer be considered a strict specialist on Pomacea.
Systematics of the Southern Forms of Selasphorus (Trochilidae)
Authors: Stiles F. Gary 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Based upon evidence from morphology, behavior, and ecology, I propose that the taxonomy of the southern Selasphorus hummingbirds be set forth as follows:
Selasphorus flammula Salvin: Volcano Hummingbird
S. f. flammula Salvin, 1864 (Volcán Irazú, Volcán Turrialba, Costa Rica)
S. f. torridus Salvin, 1870 (Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica-Panama)
S. f. simoni Carriker, 1910 (Volcán Poás, Volcán Barba, Costa Rica)
Selasphorus scintilla Gould, 1850: Scintillant Hummingbird (Cordillera de Tilarán, Costa Rica south and east to Volcán Chiriquí, Panama, at lower elevations than populations of the preceding species).
Selasphorus ardens Salvin, 1870: Glow-throated Hummingbird (Serranía de Tabasará, Panama).
S. scintilla and S. ardens may comprise a superspecies. S. "underwoodii" is a hybrid between S. scintilla and S. f. flammula.
The breeding distributions of flammula, simoni, and torridus are entirely allopatric, but the birds may occur together in the nonbreeding season. In particular, a pronounced postbreeding movement may carry many torridus into the breeding areas of flammula and even simoni. A possible evolutionary history of these forms is proposed in relation to post-Pleistocene climatic changes, ecological requirements, and probable populations sizes.
Size and Locomotion in Teratorns (Aves: Teratornithidae)
Authors: Campbell Kenneth E. , Tonni Eduardo P. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The extinct family Teratornithidae contains the world's largest known flying birds. A new method of determining body weights of extinct birds, based on the size of their tibiotarsi, facilitates the estimation of the wing dimensions of these giant birds. An analysis of the bones of the teratorn wing shows that they closely resemble those of condors, suggesting that teratorns flew in a manner similar to these large New World vultures. The bones of the pelvic girdle and hindlimbs indicate that teratorns were probably agile on the ground, though better adapted for walking and stalking than running. We estimate that the largest teratorn, Argentavis magnificens, weighed 80 kg and had a wingspan of 6-8 m. It probably became airborne by spreading its huge wings into the strong, continuous, westerly winds that blew across southern South America before the elevation of the Andes Mountains and, once aloft, flew in the manner of condors.
Specific Status and Behavior of Cymbilaimus sanctaemariae, the Bamboo Antshrike, from Southwestern Amazonia
Authors: Pierpont Nina , Fitzpatrick John W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Cymbilaimus sanctaemariae (Formicariidae), previously regarded as a poorly known subspecies of C. lineatus, is a distinct species. The two forms overlap broadly in geographical range and are distinct in morphology, plumage, voice, and habitat. We propose the vernacular name Bamboo Antshrike. The species apparently links Cymbilaimus and Thamnophilus. It is a member of the growing list of bamboo-associated birds endemic to southwestern Amazonia.
Spatial Patterns of Yearling Male Blue Grouse and Their Relation to Recruitment into the Breeding Population
Authors: Jamieson Ian G. , Zwickel Fred C. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Movements of yearling male Blue Grouse (Dendragapus obscurus) were monitored by radio telemetry during the springs of 1980 and 1981, on Hardwicke Island, British Columbia. The locations of the birds were clumped around territories of adult males. Most birds were associated with a few occupied territories, others settled near vacant sites that had been used as territories in previous years, and a few moved widely over the breeding range. Some territories attracted more yearlings than others. Presumed costs and benefits that may be associated with different types of spatial patterns of yearling males are discussed.
Effects of Experience and Body Weight on Incubation Behavior of Canada Geese
Authors: Aldrich Thomas W. , Raveling Dennis G. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
During 1979 and 1980, we studied the incubation behavior and body-weight dynamics of captive Canada Geese (Branta canadensis moffitti) with known breeding histories. Females were attentive to their nests for 97.5% of the incubation period and lost 27% of their initial body weight. Heavier females were more attentive to their nests and lost more weight during incubation than did lighter females. Variation in body weight among females was greatest at the onset of incubation and least at hatch, which suggests that females invested maximum reserves in incubation. Recess frequency and duration increased throughout incubation, resulting in more foraging time for the female. Once a lower critical weight of about 3,200 g was reached, the amount of recess time taken increased dramatically, probably because lipid reserves were depleted. Females nesting for the first time began incubation at a lighter body weight and were less attentive than experienced females. All inexperienced females were either 4 or 5 yr old, but their egg production (4 eggs) was that of 2- or 3-yr-old wild females. This indicated that experience rather than age was the important variable affecting acquisition of reserves. Inattentiveness to a nest by a female prolongs the duration of incubation and exposes the nest to a greater risk of predation. The inability of inexperienced females to gain enough reserves to provide for both maximum clutch size and attentiveness during incubation may be a major explanation for the lower hatching success of geese nesting for the first time.
The White-Crowned Sparrow: Reproductive Success (1975-1980)
Authors: Petrinovich Lewis , Patterson Thomas L. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We report the results of a 6-yr study of two banded populations of sedentary White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli). All birds were banded and territory holders identified each year. We determined the outcome of 1,264 nests and located all nests of 186 pairs during a breeding season. Each pair produced an average of 2.5 fledglings in a season. Given the fact that a territorial bird has an expectancy of remaining on territory about 1.5 yr, the population seems to be at a stable level. The birds at one of the study locations, Twin Peaks, were less successful overall and more variable year to year than at the other, the Presidio. The differences between the two areas could be the result of severe weather changes that altered the characteristics of the vegetation.
Only 0.34 of the total number of nests (978) were successful, predation being the greatest cause of nest failure. Of the total nests, 0.39 were lost to predation (0.13 to egg predation and 0.26 to nestling predation). Survival rates indicate that nest mortality is 0.0197 per day for the incubation stage, 0.0450 per day for the nestling stage, and 0.0366 per day for the total nesting period. Although it is possible that observer disturbance biased the results, the increased understanding of these birds that is derived from establishing natal sites, parentage, and kinship is of greater benefit than the probable cost of any such disturbance.
Songs of the Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) and Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii) are Innate
Authors: Kroodsma Donald E. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
I studied the song development of five Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax traillii) and four Alder Flycatchers (Empidonax alnorum) taken from nests at 7-10 days of age. Three Willow Flycatchers and four Alder Flycatchers were tutored with songs of the other species, and two Willow Flycatchers served as controls, hearing only conspecific songs. All nine subjects, both females (when administered exogenous testosterone) and males, and both experimentals and controls, produced remarkably normal songs; slight differences between songs of wild and experimental subjects could be attributed to motivational states rather than to the effects of acoustic isolation in the laboratory. I found no microgeographic variation of wild songs, no evidence of learning from a tutor tape, nor any similarity of song characters among kin. The vocal development of these suboscine flycatchers is strikingly different from that of typical oscines, where vocal learning is the rule.
Parental Expenditure of Time and Energy in the Abert's Towhee (Pipilo aberti)
Authors: Finch Deborah M. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Daily activity budgets of male and female Abert's Towhees (Pipilo aberti) were measured in 1980 during the reproductive cycle and then converted into energy budgets to determine the relative demands of different nesting phases. Mean daily energy expenditures (DEEtot) in males reached a seasonal maximum of 126.7 kJ, or 2.16 times basal metabolic rate (BMR), in the prenesting phase. Thermoregulatory demands accounted for higher energy expenses in this phase. The cost for females was also high in the prenesting phase but was exceeded by DEEtot in the egg-laying phase. Average DEEtot was at a seasonal minimum of 103.8 kJ, or 1.8 times BMR, in incubating females. Females conserved energy in the incubation phase by minimizing activity, and 78% of the variation of DEEtot in individual females was explained by mean daily air temperature. Activity costs DEEact differed significantly between males and females during the incubation phase, but DEEtot did not. Mean DEEact and DEEtot were significantly greater in females during the nestling period than during incubation. DEEact explained 58% of the individual variation in female DEEtot in the nestling phase, whereas air temperature explained only 28% of the variation. Interphasic variation in DEEact was wider in females than males, because females closely tracked offspring requirements by attending at the nest. Males did not incubate or brood, and spare time spent "loafing" tended to minimize DEEact. Excluding the egg-laying female, estimates of DEEtot in individual towhees ranged from 1.6 to 2.18 times BMR and compare well with estimates of DEEtot in the Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos), which is about the same size.
Dietary Changes and Poor Reproductive Performance in Glaucous-Winged Gulls
Authors: Murphy Edward C. , Day Robert H. , Oakley Karen L. , Hoover A. Anne 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The breeding phenology of Glaucous-winged Gulls (Larus glaucescens) on Squab Island, Aialik Bay, Alaska in 1979 was identical to that in 1980, but clutch sizes and later reproductive performance differed markedly. In 1979, clutch sizes were small, but chick growth rates and survivorship were high. In contrast, clutch sizes were large in 1980, but chick growth rates were slow, and chick survivorship was extremely low. The different patterns of reproductive success appear to be related primarily to annual differences in foods utilized by adults. When adults fed primarily on blue mussels (Mytilus edulis), reproductive performance suffered, i.e. at the time of egg laying in 1979 and during the chick period in 1980. A switch to mussels from other prey types thus probably indicates a lack of availability of more suitable or preferred foods. Reproductive success at this colony appears to be strongly food limited; the timing of such limitation is not confined to a particular stage of reproduction.
The Thermal Environment and Its Constraint on Activity of Desert Quail in Summer
Authors: Goldstein David L. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
I measured the thermal environments experienced by Gambel's Quail (Callipepla gambelii) during the summertime in the Colorado Desert by using estimates of standard operative temperature (Tes). Simultaneously with these measurements, I monitored the activity patterns of quail. The thermoneutral zone of freshly captured quail extends to 44°C, yet Tes in sunlit areas may exceed this upper critical temperature for more than 10 h of a hot day. Even in the shade, Tes is at the upper limits of thermoneutrality for much of the day. At these temperatures the birds maintain a body temperature that is very close to their upper lethal limit. The activity pattern of Gambel's Quail on hot summer days is bimodal, with morning and late afternoon foraging separated by a long quiescent period during midday. The time of onset and the duration of this inactive period varies directly with Tes and foraging occurs throughout the day on cool, overcast, summer days. This suggests that the thermal environment constrains midday activity. A bimodal activity pattern during the winter is probably a response to predation pressure from avian raptors. During the summer, however, it is advantageous for growing juvenile quail to maximize foraging, and the thermal environment is the most important factor shaping the activity schedule.
The Effects of Visibility Bias on Time-Budget Estimates of Niche Breadth and Overlap
Authors: Bradley David W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Four time-budget estimation strategies are compared with respect to their sensitivity to two components of visibility bias in the observation process: discovery bias and loss bias. Monte Carlo simulations and a brief field study both indicate that visibility bias (particularly discovery bias) can substantially affect the results of time-budget studies. Estimators designed to curtail these biases performed best. Counting only initial contacts was least satisfactory. Bootstrap confidence intervals for niche overlap from the field study were so broad that overlap estimates seem nearly useless with very small sample sizes, such as the 93 observation series with 1,065 data points obtained here. Investigators who measure time or energy budgets in the field should take care to minimize sample biases, obtain adequate sample sizes, select analysis techniques appropriate for their sampling scheme, and confine inference to a scope compatible with the temporal and spatial scale of their study.
Densities of Antarctic Seabirds at Sea and the Presence of the Krill Euphausia superba
Authors: Obst Bryan S. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The antarctic krill Euphausia superba forms abundant, well-organized schools in the waters off the Antarctic Peninsula. Mean avian density is 2.6 times greater in waters where krill schools are present than in waters without krill schools. Seabird density is a good predictor of the presence of krill. Seabird density did not correlate with krill density or krill school depth. Disoriented krill routinely were observed swimming near the surface above submerged schools, providing potential prey for surface-feeding birds.
Responses of seabird species to the distribution of krill schools varied. The small to medium-size procellariiform species were the best indicators of krill schools; large procellariiforms and coastal species were poor indicators. Pygoscelis penguins occurred at high densities only in the presence of krill schools. These responses are consistent with the constraints imposed by the metabolic requirements and reproductive strategies of each of these groups.
Krill schools were detected near the sea surface throughout the day. Correlations between seabird density and the presence of krill during daylight hours suggest that diurnal foraging is important to the seabirds of this region.
Growth Rates of Cranes Reared in Captivity
Authors: Ricklefs Robert E. , Bruning Donald F. , Archibald George W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We measured eggs, incubation periods, growth of chicks, and masses of adults of 10 species of cranes at the Bronx Zoo and the International Crane Foundation. Growth rate constants of Gompertz equations fitted to the data varied between 0.034 and 0.057/day. These values were 50-90% of those for altricial birds of comparable adult mass, and were considerably greater than those of other precocial species, such as galliforms. Rates of growth intermediate between altricial and precocial species are consistent with the fact that crane chicks, although precocial, are brooded and fed by their parents during much of the early development period.
Within species, asymptote (A) and growth-rate constant (K) of the Gompertz equations were negatively correlated, owing to their inherent relationship in the curve-fitting process. Masses of chicks during the first month after hatch were unrelated to the mass asymptote, but correlated strongly with the estimated growth-rate constant.
The mass of the neonate was about 60% of the fresh mass of the egg. Egg mass was unrelated to subsequent chick mass during the first month, but correlated with the mass asymptote in two species when the relationship between A and K was accounted for statistically. Egg mass also was correlated with incubation period, fledging period, and the growthrate constant in isolated instances.
Growth rate and asymptote among species were inversely related, as found among large samples of diverse bird species. The size of the egg relative to the mass of the adult was related inversely to adult mass, again consistent with patterns in other groups of birds. Fledging period was related strongly to the length of the incubation period and weakly to the asymptote to the growth curve, and it was unrelated to growth-rate constant of the Gompertz equation.
Seabird Patchiness in Tropical Oceanic Waters: The Influence of Sargassum “Reefs”
Authors: Haney J. Christopher 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The relationships of seabirds to the holopelagic macroalga Sargassum were studied during a 2-yr survey in the South Atlantic Bight off the southeastern United States. Seabirds were significantly more abundant in waters with large (>5 m2) patches of the alga, and mean avian density was 32-43 times greater in waters where Sargassum was present than in adjacent waters without the alga. Seabirds aggregate at Sargassum patches formed by Langmuir circulation, convergence fronts, Gulf Stream eddies, and Gulf Stream warm core rings. Twenty-three seabird species foraged at Sargassum. Significantly more than 50% of White-tailed Tropicbirds (Phaethon lepturus), Masked Boobies (Sula dactylatra), and Bridled Terns (Sterna anaethetus) were observed at algal patches. Species that use aerial-dipping and plunge-diving foraging behaviors displayed the greatest affinity for Sargassum. Large-bodied seabirds (large shearwaters, tropicbirds, and boobies) generally were found at large patches, while small-bodied species (phalaropes and Puffinus lherminieri) occurred at smaller patches. The seasonal abundance of the pelagic Bridled Tern corresponded to seasonal variation in Sargassum abundance. Most seabirds associated with Sargassum for foraging, but Bridled and Black terns (Chlidonias niger) also used large algal mats for roost sites. The highly localized biomass of the pelagic Sargassum community and its associated motile macrofauna (zooplankton and fish) may allow seabirds to forage efficiently for prey in the oligotrophic surface waters of tropical marine environments. The patchy occurrence of Sargassum "reefs" may explain part of the local and mesoscale variation in seabird distribution and abundance in portions of the western North Atlantic Ocean.