bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Room‐Temperature Postsynthetic Ligand Exchange Strategy to Construct Mesoporous Fe‐Doped CoP Hollow Triangle Plate Arrays for Efficient Electrocatalytic Water Splitting
Authors: Hu Enlai , Ning Jiqiang , Zhao Dian , Xu Chunyang , Lin Yingying , Zhong Yijun , Zhang Ziyang , Wang Yongjiang , Hu Yong 
Published: February 2018

AbstractHollow nanostructures with mesoporous shells are attractive for their advantageous structure‐dependent high‐efficiency electrochemical catalytic performances. In this work, a novel nanostructure of Fe‐doped CoP hollow triangle plate arrays (Fe–CoP HTPAs) with unique mesoporous shells is designed and synthesized through a room‐temperature postsynthetic ligand exchange reaction followed by a facile phosphorization treatment. The mild postsynthetic ligand exchange reaction of the presynthesized ZIF‐67 TPAs with K4[Fe(CN)6] in an aqueous solution at room temperature is of critical importance in achieving the final hollow nanostructure, which results in the production of CoFe(II)‐PBA HTPAs that not only determine the formation of the interior voids in the nanostructure, but also provide the doping of Fe atoms to the CoP lattice. As expected, the as‐prepared mesoporous Fe–CoP HTPAs exhibit pronounced activity for water splitting owing to the advantages of abundant active reaction sites, short electron and ion pathways, and favorable hydrogen adsorption free energy (ΔGH*). For the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions with the Fe–CoP HTPAs in alkaline medium, the low overpotentials of 98 and 230 mV are observed, respectively, and the required cell voltage toward overall water splitting is only as low as 1.59 V for the driving current density of 10 mA cm−2.
Advances in Nanowire Transistor‐Based Biosensors
Authors: Li Qian , Lu Na , Wang Lihua , Fan Chunhai 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSemiconducting nanowires (NWs) present new opportunities for developing electrical biosensors due to their inherent properties, including large surface‐to‐volume ratio, rapid signal response, configurability in electronic devices, and nanoscale footprint comparable to biomolecular and subcellular structures. Field‐effect transistors (FETs) based on silicon nanowires (SiNWs) have proven to be a powerful and versatile tool in the biomedical fields. Recent advances in SiNW‐FET biosensors, including fundamental aspects and working principles, preparation of nanowires, and surface functionalization, as well as applications in biological analysis and cellular investigation, are discussed here. It is envisioned that nano‐FET devices will have several applications in fields such as clinical diagnosis, point‐of‐care testing, and screening for early disease.
Magneto‐Mechanical Surfaces Design
Authors: Galera Andrés C. , San Miguel Verónica , Baselga Juan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMagneto‐mechanically active surfaces (MMAS) represent a new family of nano/micro‐structured surfaces in which motion is induced by an external magnetic field. Under the name of “artificial cilia”, “biomimetic cilia”, “magnetic actuated patterns”, “nanopillars”, etc., published works in this area continue their quick growth in number. Notwithstanding their potential application in microfluidic, chemical sensors, catalytic processes and microelectronics to increase device perfomances, there is still a lot to do in the development of these materials. Improvement and optimization of the performance of these structures are essential tasks in order to fulfil their complete development. Along this article, a critical review involving the main aspects in the design of the patterned nanocomposites will be presented.
Beyond theEnglish LearnerLabel: Recognizing the Richness of Bi/Multilingual Students’ Linguistic Repertoires
Authors: Martínez Ramón Antonio 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe terminology that we use to refer to English learners has shifted over the past two decades, fromlimited English proficienttoEnglish language learnerto what is now the preferred term in California and, increasingly, other states:English learner. Yet, what has not changed is how this category continues to limit our thinking about bilingual/multilingual students.English learneris a label that conceals more than it reveals. It emphasizes what these students supposedly donotknow instead of highlighting what theydoknow. As a category, “English learner” constrains our ability to perceive the many strengths that bilingual/multilingual students bring to the classroom—strengths on which we might build to support their language and literacy learning. The author describes how this label distorts our view of bilingual/multilingual students and proposes an alternative perspective that highlights the richness of these students’ linguistic repertoires.
Observation‐based detection and attribution of 21st century climate change
Authors: Lean Judith L. 
Published: February 2018

Climate change detection and attribution have proven unexpectedly challenging during the 21st century. Earth’s global surface temperature increased less rapidly from 2000 to 2015 than during the last half of the 20th century, even though greenhouse gas concentrations continued to increase. A probable explanation is the mitigation of anthropogenic warming by La Niña cooling and declining solar irradiance. Physical climate models overestimated recent global warming because they did not generate the observed phase of La Niña cooling and may also have underestimated cooling by declining solar irradiance. Ongoing scientific investigations continue to seek alternative explanations to account for the divergence of simulated and observed climate change in the early 21st century, which IPCC termed a “global warming hiatus.” Amplified by media commentary, the suggestions by these studies that “missing” mechanisms may be influencing climate exacerbates confusion among policy makers, the public and other stakeholders about the causes and reality of modern climate change.Understanding and communicating the causes of climate change in the next 20 years may be equally challenging. Predictions of the modulation of projected anthropogenic warming by natural processes have limited skill. The rapid warming at the end of 2015, for example, is not a resumption of anthropogenic warming but rather an amplification of ongoing warming by El Niño. Furthermore, emerging feedbacks and tipping points precipitated by, for example, melting summer Arctic sea ice may alter Earth’s global temperature in ways that even the most sophisticated physical climate models do not yet replicate.This article is categorized under:

Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Climate Forcing
Computational observations of the tip loss mechanism experienced by horizontal axis rotors
Authors: Wimshurst A. , Willden R. H. J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBlade resolved computations of two different horizontal axis rotors are conducted to investigate the tip loss mechanism experienced by horizontal axis rotors. The tip loss mechanism specifically refers to the effect of the vorticity that is shed from the outboard blade sections, which results in the blade loading dropping off as the tip is approached. In this paper, the shed vorticity is shown to induce a downwash at the rotor plane and spanwise flow accelerations along the blade surfaces. While the downwash reduces the angle of attack of the approach flow, the spanwise flow accelerations lead to additional momentum transport along the blade. This spanwise momentum transport reduces the magnitude and changes the distribution of the static pressure developed on the pressure and suction surfaces of the outboard blade sections. As a result of this modification, the torque producing force drops off faster than the thrust producing force as the tip is approached, resulting in a rotation of the net force vector towards the streamwise direction. This anisotropy must be accounted for by tip flow corrections if the loading on the outboard blade sections is to be computed with sufficient accuracy. In addition, it is also shown that changes in the static pressure distribution cannot be accurately approximated by only modifying the angle of attack of the approach flow, as this would lead to blade loading changes that are inconsistent with the observed behaviour of the lift and drag coefficients on the outboard blade sections.
Nanomaterial exposure, toxicity, and impact on human health
Authors: Pietroiusti Antonio , Stockmann‐Juvala Helene , Lucaroni Francesca , Savolainen Kai 
Published: February 2018

The use of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) has grown after the turn of the 21st century. Also, the production of ENM has globally grown, and exposure of workers especially via the lungs to ENM has increased. This review tackles with effects of ENM on workers’ health because occupational environment is the main source of exposure to ENM. Assessment of exposure to ENM is demanding, and today there are no occupational exposure level (OEL) for ENM. This is partly due to challenges of such measurements, and in part to the unknown causality between ENM metrics and effects. There are also marked gaps in systematic knowledge on ENM hazards. Human health surveys of exposed workers, or human field studies have not identified specific effects of ENM linking them with a specific exposure. There is, however, a consensus that material characteristics such as size, and chemistry influence effects of ENM. Available data suggest that multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) affect the immunological system and cause inflammation of the lungs, or signs of asthma whereas carbon nanofibers (CNF) may cause interstitial fibrosis. Metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles together with MWCNT induce genotoxicity, and a given type of MWCNT has been identified as a possible human carcinogen. Currently, lack of understanding of mechanisms of effects of ENM renders assessment of hazards and risks of ENM material‐by‐material a necessity. The so called “omics” approaches utilizing ENM‐induced alterations in gene and protein expression may be useful in the development of a new paradigm for ENM hazard and risk assessment.This article is categorized under:

Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials
Incidental Diagnosis of Parathyroid Lesions by Preoperative Use of Next‐Generation Molecular Testing
Authors: Bo Wu , Schoedel Karen E. , Carty Sally E. , Radkay Lisa A. , Ohori N. Paul , Nikiforov Yuri E. , Nikiforova Marina N. , Yip Linwah 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundParathyroid glands can mimic thyroid follicular lesions on fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology and can lead to unnecessary or incorrect surgery. Newer molecular panel tests using next‐generation sequencing (NGS) include analysis of cell type‐specific gene expression profiles such as parathyroid. The study aim is to determine the frequency and clinical implications of parathyroid tissue identification by molecular testing in cytologically indeterminate “thyroid” lesions.MethodsMolecular analysis of indeterminate thyroid FNA specimens is obtained routinely and relies on amplification‐based NGS inclusive of PTH‐specific expression profiles. For this study, we retrospectively examined the clinical data and management of patients with molecular results positive for PTH expression from May 2014 until May 2016.ResultsAmong 4765 consecutive patients with indeterminate cytology for a presumed thyroid nodule, NGS instead indicated a parathyroid lesion in 20 patients (0.42%). The clinical data of 15 patients were available, and the subsequent clinical management was altered in 93% (14/15 patients), including five (33%) eucalcemic patients who could avoid unnecessary surgery. Primary hyperparathyroidism was not suspected in seven patients until the molecular analysis results, and primary hyperparathyroidism was diagnosed in one (14%). During parathyroid exploration, most patients (6/8, 75%) required concurrent thyroidectomy or lobectomy, but thyroid preservation was still possible in two patients. A parathyroid gland was histologically confirmed in 89%.ConclusionsIn 0.42% of patients with indeterminate cytology results, next‐generation molecular results will indicate the presence of a parathyroid lesion. When this occurs, it is accurate and can robustly impact clinical management (93%).
Pregnant Women's Perspectives on Expanded Carrier Screening
Authors: Propst Lauren , Connor Gwendolyn , Hinton Megan , Poorvu Tabitha , Dungan Jeffrey 
Published: February 2018

AbstractExpanded carrier screening (ECS) is a relatively new carrier screening option that assesses many conditions simultaneously, as opposed to traditional ethnicity‐based carrier screening for a limited number of conditions. This study aimed to explore pregnant women's perspectives on ECS, including reasons for electing or declining and anxiety associated with this decision‐making. A total of 80 pregnant women were surveyed from Northwestern Medicine's Clinical Genetics Division after presenting for aneuploidy screening. Of the 80 participants, 40 elected and 40 declined ECS. Trends regarding reasons for electing or declining ECS include ethnicity, desire for genetic risk information, lack of family history, perceived likelihood of being a carrier, and perceived impact on reproductive decisions. Individuals who declined ECS seemed to prefer ethnicity‐based carrier screening and believed that ECS would increase their anxiety, whereas individuals who elected ECS seemed to prefer more screening and tended to believe that ECS would reduce their anxiety. These findings provide insight on decision‐making with regard to ECS and can help guide interactions that genetic counselors and other healthcare providers have with patients, including assisting patients in the decision‐making process.
Tau positron emission tomography imaging in tauopathies: The added hurdle of off‐target binding
Authors: Lemoine Laetitia , Leuzy Antoine , Chiotis Konstantinos , Rodriguez‐Vieitez Elena , Nordberg Agneta 
Published: February 2018

AbstractLigands targeting tau for use with positron emission tomography have rapidly been developed during the past several years, enabling the in vivo study of tau pathology in patients with Alzheimer's disease and related non‐Alzheimer's disease tauopathies. Several candidate compounds have been developed, showing good in vitro characteristics with respect to their ability to bind tau deposits; off‐target binding, however, has also been observed. In this short commentary, we briefly summarize the available in vivo and in vitro evidence pertaining to their off‐target binding and discuss the different approaches that are needed for the future development of tau positron emission tomography tracers.
Behavioral and neuroanatomical outcomes in a rat model of preterm hypoxic‐ischemic brain Injury: Effects of caffeine and hypothermia
Authors: Potter Molly , Rosenkrantz Ted , Fitch R. Holly 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe current study investigated behavioral and post mortem neuroanatomical outcomes in Wistar rats with a neonatal hypoxic‐ischemic (HI) brain injury induced on postnatal day 6 (P6; Rice‐Vannucci HI method; Rice et al., 1981). This preparation models brain injury seen in premature infants (gestational age (GA) 32–35 weeks) based on shared neurodevelopmental markers at time of insult, coupled with similar neuropathologic sequelae (Rice et al., 1981; Workman et al., 2013). Clinically, HI insult during this window is associated with poor outcomes that include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), motor coordination deficits, spatial memory deficits, and language/learning disabilities. To assess therapies that might offer translational potential for improved outcomes, we used a P6 HI rat model to measure the behavioral and neuroanatomical effects of two prospective preterm neuroprotective treatments – hypothermia and caffeine. Hypothermia (aka “cooling”) is an approved and moderately efficacious intervention therapy for fullterm infants with perinatal hypoxic‐ischemic (HI) injury, but is not currently approved for preterm use. Caffeine is a respiratory stimulant used during removal of infants from ventilation but has shown surprising long‐term benefits, leading to consideration as a therapy for HI of prematurity. Current findings support caffeine as a preterm neuroprotectant; treatment significantly improved some behavioral outcomes in a P6 HI rat model and partially rescued neuropathology. Hypothermia treatment (involving core temperature reduction by 4 °C for 5 h), conversely, was found to be largely ineffective and even deleterious for some measures in both HI and sham rats. These results have important implications for therapeutic intervention in at‐risk preterm populations, and promote caution in the application of hypothermia protocols to at‐risk premature infants without further research.
Canadian-American Speech Differences Along the Middle Border
Authors: Allen Harold B. 
Published: February 2018

Recent evidence of renewed interest in the Linguistic Atlas of Canada makes pertinent the publishing of relevant data gathered for the comparable regional atlases of the United States. To the information already published from the files of the Linguistic Atlas of the North Central States there can now be added that from the collections of the Linguistic Atlas of the Upper Midwest.The Upper Midwest atlas, centered at the University of Minnesota, includes the five states of Minnesota, Iowa, the two Dakotas, and Nebraska. Fieldwork for the entire area, begun in 1947, has been completed, and editing of the materials is in process (though interrupted in 1958–59 by the Director’s absence abroad). Besides the records from 202 American field informants based upon personal interviews, these materials include five Canadian records and the responses for 136 lexical items on 1069 checklists returned by mail from informants in all but two of the counties in these five states. The Canadian field records were made at the suggestion of Albert H. Marckwardt of the University of Michigan, Director of the Linguistic Atlas of the North Central States. In advance of future atlas organization in Canada it seemed desirable to supply at least tentative answers to questions about the relationships of Canadian and American regional English.
Whys and Hows of Collecting for the Dictionary of Canadian English I: Scope and Source Material
Authors: Lovell Charles J. 
Published: February 2018

Several serious problems face a Committee on the Historical Dictionary in planning for the proposed Dictionary of Canadian English. At present under study are means of publicizing the project, negotiating adequate financial sponsorship and securing a capable editorial staff, with headquarters handy to research centers and the publisher's offices. These cannot be taken up here, but will be reported upon at ensuing meetings of the Association.The basic problem concerns acquisition of the dated citations which will serve as the framework of the proposed dictionary. It is an arduous task to collect and digest the huge volume of materials necessary to compilation of any comprehensive dictionary based upon historical principles. The Oxford English Dictionary, garnering 9,000,000 quotations through the unpaid labors of 2,000 members of the Philological Society, took forty-four years to publish; and the much less ambitious Dictionary of American English was eighteen years in the making.
Speech Differences along the Ontario-United States Border
Authors: Avis Walter S. 
Published: February 2018

Not long ago a Torontonian shopping in a large department store just across the border asked where he could find chesterfields. On following directions, he was somewhat dismayed to find himself at the cigar counter!Such experiences often occur in life along the border, as any Ontarioan who has tried to buy blinds or serviettes in New York or Michigan will know. When he has been across the line for some time, however, he discovers that most of his neighbours pull down their shades before retiring and tuck in their table napkins before eating spaghetti Italian style. The visitor from Ontario who stays with American friends just south of the line learns that they turn on faucets at the kitchen sink rather than taps and hold up their pants with suspenders, not braces (trousers is “elegant diction” for most men in both countries.)
Kant’s Transcendental Deduction, Non-Conceptualism, and the Fitness-for-Purpose Objection
Authors: Watt Robert 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe subject of this article is a powerful objection to the non-conceptualist interpretation of Kant’s transcendental deduction of the categories. Part of the purpose of the deduction is to refute the sort of scepticism according to which there are no objects of empirical intuition that instantiate the categories. But if the non-conceptualist interpretation is correct, it does not follow from what Kant is arguing in the transcendental deduction that this sort of scepticism is false. This article explains and assesses a number of possible responses to this objection.
Minding the Gap: Subjectivism and the Deduction
Authors: Gomes Anil 
Published: February 2018

AbstractChapter 4 of Dennis Schulting’s bookKant’s Radical Subjectivismtargets those commentators who take there to be a gap in the transcendental deduction of the categories, arguing instead that there is no gap between the necessary application of the categories and their exemplification in the object of experience. In these comments on the chapter, I suggest a minimal sense in which the fact that there is a gap is non-negotiable. The interesting question is not whether there is a gap which needs to be bridged, but how and why Kant makes the step from subjectivity to objectivity.
Deduction Difficulties
Authors: Howell Robert 
Published: February 2018

AbstractI argue, contrary to Dennis Schulting inKant’s Radical Subjectivism, that the main reasoning of Kant’s transcendental deduction of the categories is progressive, not regressive. Schulting is right, however, to emphasize that the deduction takes the object cognized to be constituted in an idealism-entailing way. But his reasoning has gaps and bypasses Kant’s most explicit deduction argument, independent of the Transcendental Aesthetic, for idealism. Finally, Schulting’s claim that Kantian discursivity itself requires idealism overlooks the fact that Kantian general judgements can be true in a domain of objects without being specificallyofor about any particular ones of those objects.
Skull optical clearing window for in vivo imaging of the mouse cortex at synaptic resolution
Authors: Zhao Yan-Jie , Yu Ting-Ting , Zhang Chao , Li Zhao , Luo Qing-Ming , Xu Tong-Hui , Zhu Dan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractImaging cells and microvasculature in the living brain is crucial to understanding an array of neurobiological phenomena. Here, we introduce a skull optical clearing window for imaging cortical structures at synaptic resolution. Combined with two-photon microscopy, this technique allowed us to repeatedly image neurons, microglia and microvasculature of mice. We applied it to study the plasticity of dendritic spines in critical periods and to visualize dendrites and microglia after laser ablation. Given its easy handling and safety, this method holds great promise for application in neuroscience research.