bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BIA‐Obesity (Business Impact Assessment—Obesity and population‐level nutrition): A tool and process to assess food company policies and commitments related to obesity prevention and population nutrition at the national level
Authors: Sacks Gary , Vanderlee Lana , Robinson Ella , Vandevijvere Stefanie , Cameron Adrian J. , Ni Mhurchu Cliona , Lee Amanda , Ng See Hoe , Karupaiah Tilakavati , Vergeer Laura , L'Abbé Mary , Swinburn Boyd 
Published: July 2019

SummaryAddressing obesity and improving the diets of populations requires a comprehensive societal response. The need for broad‐based action has led to a focus on accountability of the key factors that influence food environments, including the food and beverage industry. This paper describes the Business Impact Assessment—Obesity and population‐level nutrition (BIA‐Obesity) tool and process for benchmarking food and beverage company policies and practices related to obesity and population‐level nutrition at the national level. The methods for BIA‐Obesity draw largely from relevant components of the Access to Nutrition Index (ATNI), with specific assessment criteria developed for food and nonalcoholic beverage manufacturers, supermarkets, and chain restaurants, based on international recommendations and evidence of best practices related to each sector. The process for implementing the BIA‐Obesity tool involves independent civil society organisations selecting the most prominent food and beverage companies in each country, engaging with the companies to understand their policies and practices, and assessing each company's policies and practices across six domains. The domains include: “corporate strategy,” “product formulation,” “nutrition labelling,” “product and brand promotion,” “product accessibility,” and “relationships with other organisations.” Assessment of company policies is based on their level of transparency, comprehensiveness, and specificity, with reference to best practice.
Central Sensitization Inventory Mediates the Relationship Between Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity and Worse Musculoskeletal Pain Experiences
Authors: Falling Carrie L. , Stebbings Simon , Baxter David G. , Gearry Richard B. , Mani Ramakrishnan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundMusculoskeletal conditions are well documented in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, whether IBD activity influences musculoskeletal pain experiences is uncertain. Central sensitization has been proposed in patients with IBD who are suffering from persistent pain. Identification of central sensitization symptomology using the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) has been reported in many pain‐related disorders. Aims of this study were to explore predictive relationships between IBD activity and musculoskeletal pain experiences (severity/interference), and the mediating effects of the CSI.MethodsA cross‐sectional online survey was performed exploring self‐reported musculoskeletal pain in adults with IBD. Survey questionnaires included IBD activity indices, numeric rating scales, PROMIS Pain Interference, and the CSI. Linear regression was used to examine the relationship between active IBD and pain experiences. Simple and serial mediation analyses were used to explore mediation models: independent variable (IBD activity), dependent variables (severity/interference), and mediators (CSI/severity).Results208 adults with IBD, 18 to 88 years of age, reported musculoskeletal pain. Regression analysis identified IBD activity as a significant predictor of worse pain severity (R2 = 0.039, P < 0.005) and interference (R2 = 0.067, P < 0.001). Simple mediation showed a significant indirect effect from CSI scores between IBD activity and pain severity. Serial mediation analysis showed a significant indirect effect from CSI scores and pain severity, between IBD activity and pain interference.ConclusionActive IBD demonstrated a positive association with worse musculoskeletal pain experiences. The CSI demonstrated significant mediation between active IBD and pain severity. Additionally, the CSI and pain severity demonstrated significant mediation between active IBD and pain interference. This suggests that symptoms of central sensitization significantly influence musculoskeletal pain experiences in IBD.
How is the term haemangioma used in the literature? An evaluation against the revised ISSVA classification
Authors: Steele Lloyd , Zbeidy Sarah , Thomson Jason , Flohr Carsten 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackground/objectivesThe International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) classification separates vascular anomalies into vascular malformations and vascular tumors. However, misdiagnoses and misperceptions still persist around the use of the term “hemangioma.” We assessed whether the term “haemangioma” (British spelling) was used as part of ISSVA terminology in the literature.MethodsWe searched PubMed for all English‐language publications containing the British spelling “haemangioma” in the title or abstract from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2016. Each paper was judged by two independent reviewers, with conflicts resolved by senior review.ResultsBy the standard of the 2014 ISSVA classification, 126/195 (64.6%) publications used incorrect terminology for vascular anomalies. This was reduced to 118/195 (60.5%) when using the 2018 ISSVA classification. The most commonly misused terms were cavernous haemangioma (27.1%), haemangioma without further specification (26.3%), and hepatic/liver haemangioma (12.7%). Age was a significant predictor of accuracy of terminology (P = 0.01), with a higher accuracy in children. Correct usage also varied by the site of the vascular anomaly, being highest for lesions of the skin (76.5%) followed by muscle (58.3%), soft tissue (23.5%), bone (21.4%), viscera (7.7%), and eye (0.0%) (P = 0.02).ConclusionsThe term “haemangioma” is frequently used incorrectly by the standards of the 2014 and 2018 ISSVA classifications. Correct terminology is important as the natural history and treatment options vary depending on the type of vascular anomaly.
The Challenge of Social Media Incorporation: A Case Study of HACAN Clearskies
Authors: Rowe Andrew D. , Pitfield David E. 
Published: July 2019

Social media can pose challenges to campaign group strategy, especially for existing campaign groups who incorporate social media into their campaigns. This article uses social network analysis to explore how social media is used by the anti‐airport expansion group, HACAN Clearskies (HACAN Clearskies is an acronym for the Heathrow Association for the Control of Aircraft Noise). Social media data were obtained using NodeXL and Twitonomy. As a result of questions raised in these findings, interviews with the social media coordinator of HACAN Clearskies were conducted. The results show the utilization of social media as an information dissemination platform and how a social media reluctant membership base prevents them from organizing mass protest through social media. The implications of these results are also discussed in relation to future social media practice.Related ArticlesCormack, Lindsey. 2019. “Leveraging Peer‐to‐Peer Connections to Increase Voter Participation in Local Elections.”Politics & Policy47 (2): 248‐266.https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12297Pompl, Solange, and Sergiu Gherghina. 2019. “Messages and Familiar Faces: Crowdfunding in the 2017 U.K. Electoral Campaign.”Politics & Policy47.https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12301
Alpha‐band desynchronization reflects memory‐specific processes during visual change detection
Authors: Erickson Molly A. , Smith Dillon , Albrecht Matthew A. , Silverstein Steven 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRecent work investigating physiological mechanisms of working memory (WM) has revealed that modulation of alpha and beta frequency bands within the EEG plays a key role in WM storage. However, the nature of that role is unclear. In the present study, we examined event‐related desynchronization of alpha and beta (α/β‐ERD) elicited by visual tasks with and without a memory component to measure the impact of a WM demand on this electrophysiological marker. We recorded EEG from 60 healthy participants while they completed three variants on a typical change detection task: one in which participants passively viewed the sample array, passive (WM−); one in which participants viewed and attended the sample array in search of a target color but did not memorize the colors, active (WM−); and one in which participants encoded, attended to, and memorized the sample array, active (WM+). Replicating previous findings, we found that active (WM+) elicited robust α/β‐ERD in frontal and posterior electrode clusters and that α‐ERD was significantly associated with WM capacity. By contrast, α/β‐ERD was significantly smaller in the passive (WM−) and active (WM−) tasks, which did not consistently differ from one another. Furthermore, no such relationship was observed between WM capacity and desynchronization in the passive (WM−) or active (WM−) tasks. Taken together, these results suggest that α‐ERD during memory formation reflects a memory‐specific process such as consolidation or maintenance, rather than serving a generalized role in perceptual gating or engagement of attention.
Ensemble Prediction of Time-to-Event Outcomes with Competing Risks: A Case-Study of Surgical Complications in Crohn's Disease
Authors: Sachs Michael C. , Discacciati Andrea , Everhov Åsa H. , Olén Ola , Gabriel Erin E. 
Published: July 2019

SummaryWe develop a novel algorithm to predict the occurrence of major abdominal surgery within 5 years following Crohn's disease diagnosis by using a panel of 29 baseline covariates from the Swedish population registers. We model pseudo-observations based on the Aalen–Johansen estimator of the cause-specific cumulative incidence with an ensemble of modern machine learning approaches. Pseudo-observation preprocessing easily extends all existing or new machine learning procedures for continuous data to right-censored event history data. We propose pseudo-observation-based estimators for the area under the time varying receiver operating characteristic curve, for optimizing the ensemble, and the predictiveness curve, for evaluating and summarizing predictive performance.
Public Health Surveillance of Youth Suicide Attempts: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Singleton Michael D. , Frey Laura M. , Webb Ashley , Cerel Julie 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundSurveillance of youth suicide attempts presents many challenges. To assess common data sources that capture information about youth suicidal behavior, we compared counts of high school students who reported (a) a suicide attempt and (b) an injurious suicide attempt, requiring medical treatment in the previous twelve months, with counts of suicide deaths and intentional self‐injuries obtained from administrative data sources.MethodYouth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), high school enrollments, and vital statistics were used to estimate the ratio of suicide attempts to suicide deaths among Kentucky high school students. YRBSS and enrollment data were used to estimate the number of Kentucky high school students who received medical treatment following a suicide attempt, which was compared with hospital and emergency department (ED) discharges for intentional self‐injury from administrative claim records.ResultsWe estimated 943 students reporting a suicide attempt for every suicide death, a result that is higher than previous estimates for youth. Self‐reported suicide attempts resulting in medical treatment were 7.5 times higher than self‐injuries reported in claims records.ConclusionFuture research should address concerns about undocumented cases of intentional self‐injury in administrative claims systems; patient encounters in nonhospital settings for injuries resulting from a suicide attempt; and validity of Youth Risk Behavior Survey questions on suicidal behavior.
Radiographic characteristics of alveolar microlithiasis and pulmonary ossification following chronic corticosteroid therapy in a dog
Authors: Jorge Kelsey M. , Huguet Elodie E. , Finley Abigail , Dulaney D. Ryan , Cocchiaro Michael , Montiel‐Del Valle Anabell , Berry Clifford R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA 10‐year‐old, neutered female, Australian Shepherd was referred for acute respiratory distress and a history of chronic exogenous steroid administration. On thoracic radiographs, a severe increase in mineral opacity characterized as a generalized unstructured interstitial pulmonary pattern, diffuse calcinosis cutis, and moderate hepatomegaly were noted. Cor pulmonale was identified on echocardiography. The patient developed a pneumothorax following sampling and had a cardiac arrest. Postmortem histopathology of the lungs revealed pulmonary interstitial mineralization and alveolar microlithiasis. This report supports including generalized pulmonary mineralization due to chronic exogenous steroid administration as a differential diagnosis for dogs with these clinical and imaging findings.
Defect Growth Characterization in Modern Rail Steels
Authors: Jeong David Y. , Woelke Pawel B. , Nied Herman F. , DuPont John N. , Kizildemir Sena , Fletcher Fred B. , Hutchinson John W. 
Published: July 2019

The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) has been sponsoring research on rail integrity for several decades. This research has been chiefly managed and conducted by the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe). Particular focus has been given in this research to rail head defects, known as detail fractures, since they are the most commonly encountered defect in continuous welded rail track [1]. Testing and analyses have been performed on railroad rails manufactured without head hardening.
Modern rail, however, are now heat treated during the manufacturing process to harden the rail surface to increase its resistance to wear. As such, the heat treatment and nonuniform cooling induce complex residual stress patterns in the rail that can affect microstructure and fatigue crack growth rate behavior.
This paper will describe research to examine defect growth behavior of modern rail steels. This research is a collaboration among several organizations: Thornton-Tomasetti, Arcelor-Mittal, Lehigh University, Harvard University, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Fraunhofer Institute, and Volpe. Arcelor Mittal donated rails with different grades of steel: advanced head hardened, head hardened, and standard strength (i.e. non-head-hardened). Lehigh conducted laboratory tests on specimens cut from these rails to perform various tests, which include: hardness measurements, mechanical testing to measure tensile properties, fracture toughness measurements, and fatigue crack growth rate tests. All of these tests were performed in accordance with applicable ASTM International standards. NIST and Fraunhofer performed preliminary neutron diffraction measurements of residual stresses on the different rails.
Moreover, this paper will present results from the laboratory testing program. Implications of these results on detail fracture growth behavior will also be discussed.
Evaluation of the Remaining Prestress Force and Center Negative Bending Moment in Crossties Removed From Track After 25 Years of Service
Authors: Scott James D. , Peterman Robert J. , Robertson Aaron A. , Beck B. Terry , Riding Kyle A. 
Published: July 2019

Extensive research is currently being conducted by the team to understand the prestressing steel and concrete properties that cause high bonding stresses and lead to longitudinal splitting cracks, and how to mitigate this failure in future designs. One parameter of interest that affects the bonding stress is the amount of prestressing force in a crosstie. To help quantify the amount of prestress force necessary to provide a durable long-term crosstie, a study on existing crossties that have performed well in track for over 25 years was conducted to evaluate the center negative bending moment, and determine the remaining prestress force for each tie.
The remaining prestress force in each tie was determined using a new proposed method in which ties are loaded in direct tension. The new test method was also conducted on new ties instrumented with vibrating wire strain gages to verify the method. The testing results reveal that a majority of the existing ties evaluated have a remaining prestress force in the range of 84–95 kips. These forces are significantly lower than the remaining prestress force after losses of newer tie designs. This can be seen when comparing the tension test results of the existing ties with the results of the new ties.
Ties were loaded upside-down in four-point bending to determine their center negative cracking moments. The test setup and procedure used closely resembles the center negative bending moment test outlined in AREMA 30, with minor variations. For each different tie design in the study, the center negative design moment was calculated following the AREMA 30 procedure, and compared to the experimental cracking moments. Of the seven different existing tie designs investigated, four would meet the requirements of the current AREMA 30 center negative bending test.
Train-Induced Load Effects on the Thermal Track Buckling
Authors: Pucillo Giovanni Pio 
Published: July 2019

Thermal track buckling is probably the major problem due to the advent of continuous welded rail track. In fact, when the rails temperature rises over a critical value, the track can buckle, suddenly or progressively, in the lateral plane. Both poor ballast conditions and large lateral alignment defects are the principal causes of such phenomenon.
In a previous paper, a parametric finite element model for thermal track buckling simulation was presented and validated by comparison with analytical results of the literature. In this study, the finite element model has been further validated by comparison with analytical and numerical results obtained by three other authors.
Moreover, to take into account the effect on the buckling temperatures of the vertical loads due to train passes, the tie-ballast lateral resistance has been modified along the track, taking into account the vertical reaction forces distribution induced by axle loads.
A sensitivity analysis has been carried out both for tangent and curved track, considering two values of the alignment defect amplitude, and different values of the parameters that characterize actual railway vehicles.
It is found that the conditions to trigger progressive buckling (△Tmax ≈ △Tmin) are attained with small values of the truck center distance, and in a more accentuated manner in the presence of high values of the lateral alignment defect.
△Tmax and △Tmin increase with axle spacing, and this increase is more pronounced for low values of the truck center spacing. △Tmax and △Tmin also increase with curve radius, but decrease for increasing values of the misalignment defect amplitude.
In explosive buckling conditions (△Tmax ≠ △Tmin), there is a limit value of the truck center distance above which the vertical load has no more effects, and the results of the static thermal buckling are found.
Prototyping a Conductive Polymer Steering Pad for Rail Freight Service
Authors: Villarreal Anthony A. , Tarawneh Constantine , Ontiveros Miguel , Aranda James , Jones Robert 
Published: July 2019

The AdapterPlus™ steering pad is a polymer component on a railcar that helps to reduce stresses on the axle as a railcar rounds a curve. One railway application requires a minimum of 240 mA to be passed through the steering pad to the rail, which activates air valves that control automated cargo gates. Currently, two copper studs are inserted into the pad to provide a conductive path. However, after continuous cyclic loading caused by normal service operation, the copper studs deform, wear, and eventually lose contact between the two surfaces rendering the pad nonconductive. One proposed solution to this problem is to create a steering pad made entirely from an electrically conductive material. The University Transportation Center for Railway Safety (UTCRS) research team has successfully created a conductive nanocomposite made from vapor grown carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and a modified form of Elastollan 1195A thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). Previous attempts to create this material were promising but failed to produce an electrically conductive specimen when injection molded. Preliminary results have shown that the new material can be injection molded to create an electrically conductive test specimen.
An injection molded insert was designed, fabricated, and incorporated into the existing steering pad design for further testing. Pressure measurement film had previously been used to find the points of maximum stress inside the pad to optimize the design of the composite insert. Characterization of the resistivity of the composite material was carried out in order to verify functionality in future iterations of this product. The resistance of the composite material is expected to be non-linear with a strong dependence on load and voltage. Conductivity tests were performed using a material testing system with a compressive load ranging from 1500 pounds to 5500 pounds. The voltage at each load was also varied between 10V to 20V and the nonlinear resistance of the material was examined. The results have shown that the CNF/TPU composite is a potential replacement for the current TPU used for the pad and, with minimal modifications, can be implemented in field service operation.