bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
349 The use of low antioxidant mineral concentrations in the growing diet as a method to increase marbling deposition in feedlot cattle
Authors: Jaborek Jerad R , Relling Alejandro E 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The presence of reactive oxygen species has been associated with the differentiation of pre-adipocytes into lipid filled mature adipocytes in vitro. We hypothesized offering a diet without supplemental antioxidant minerals (Cu, Mg, Zn, and Se) to steers during the growing phase, a time when intramuscular fat cells are believed to be proliferating, would promote differentiation of pre-adipocytes, leading to more desirable marbling scores compared with steers supplemented to meet their mineral requirements. After adaptation to the feedlot, 168 Sim-Angus steers were divided into four weight blocks, placed in one of twenty-four pens, and randomly assigned a dietary treatment. Dietary treatments were: 1) no supplemental (Cu, Mg, Zn, and Se) minerals; 2) control diet with supplemented minerals to meet the mineral requirements of growing beef steers (NRC, 2016); 3) Cu, Mg, Zn, and Se concentrations supplemented at twice the concentration of the control diet. After dietary treatments were applied for the 4-wk long growing phase, steers were offered a common finishing diet until reaching a similar backfat thickness until harvest. Feedlot performance and carcass data were analyzed in SAS with pen as the experimental unit in the following model: Yij = μ+Di+wj+eij, where Di was the fixed effect of diet, wj was the random effect of weight block, and eij was the random error. No significant (P > 0.35) treatment effects were found for feedlot performance and carcass measurements. The feedstuffs in the basal diet may have contained sufficient concentrations of antioxidant minerals to meet the mineral requirements of the steers and mask differences in marbling. Additionally, offering a similar diet during the finishing period may have resulted in compensatory marbling growth, which offset marbling differences after the growing phase and resulted in uniform marbling accumulation across dietary treatments.
357 Evaluation of growth performance and physiology of nursery pigs fed deoxynivalenol (DON) contaminated feed supplemented with commercial feed additives (CFA)
Authors: Rho Youngji , Voth Conor , Buis Quincy , Trott David , Huber Lee-Anne , Kiarie Elijah 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Four commercial feed additives (CFA) were evaluated for efficacy in detoxifying deoxynivalenol (DON) in diets fed to 144 nursery pigs (BW 9.80+/- 0.5kg; 2 gilts, and 2 barrows/pen). Six test corn-soybean-meal based diets were: 1) positive control (PC), formulated with clean corn (NC), 2) formulated with contaminated corn (5.5 ppm DON), 3) NC with enzyme+binder1 (NCB1), 4) NC with clay (NCC), 5) NC with enzyme+binder2 (NCB2) and 6) NC with sodium metabisulfite (NCP). Diets were allocated to pens (n = 6) based on BW and fed ad-libitum for 4-wk; BW and feed intake were monitored weekly. At the end of wk-1, one pig/pen was euthanized for tissue collection. Assayed DON concentration for PC, NC, NCB1, NCC, NCB2 and NCP were 0.38, 2.3, 2.3, 2.3, 2.4, and 1.9 ppm, respectively. Diet effects were only observed for ADG and G:F in wk-1; pigs fed NCP had higher (P = 0.01) ADG compared to pigs fed NC and NCC, whilst pigs fed other diets had intermediate and similar ADG (P > 0.05) to pigs fed NC or NCC. Pigs fed NCP showed higher (P = 0.02) G:F relative to pigs fed other diets. The final BW was 31.3, 30.8, 30.4, 30.8, 31.1 and 32.2kg for PC, NC, NCB1, NCC, NCB2 and NCP-fed pigs, respectively. There were no (P > 0.05) diet effects on ADFI throughout the study. There was no (P > 0.05) diet effects on liver and spleen weight, jejunum morphology and concentration of plasma creatinine and urea. Ceca digesta concentration of citric acid was higher (P = 0.03) in pigs fed NCP than pigs fed NCB2. In conclusion, the lack of differences between PC and NC suggested pigs were tolerant to higher DON levels than the regulated dietary maximum of 1 ppm. Improved ADG and G:F due to NCP vs. NC was transient and was not linked to physiological responses.
356 Young Scholar Presentation: An applied approach to studying heat stress: Effects of cyclic heat and zinc supplementation on body temperature, gut health, and pork quality
Authors: Feldpausch Julie A , Mills Kayla M , Duttlinger Alan W , Elly S M , Kim Yuan H B , Radcliffe John S , Rambo Zach , Richert Brian T 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Heat stress (HS) has depletory effects on intestinal morphology, induces metabolic changes, and disposes pigs to oxidative stress. Zinc has roles in gut health, nutrient and insulin mediated metabolism. To better understand the effects of cyclic heat and dietary Zn supplementation on gut integrity, carcass composition, and pork quality, commercial crossbred mixed-sex pigs (n = 400; initially 72.2 kg) were housed under either thermoneutral (TN; 18.9–16.7°C) or cycling HS conditions simulating chronic summer heat (30°C/26.7°C for 12h:12h on days 24–65) with acute heat periods of 32-33°C/29-30°C for 12h:12h on days 21–24, 42–45, and 63–65. Treatments were arranged in a 2×2×2 factorial with main effects of environment (HS vs. TN), added Zn level (50 vs. 130 mg/kg available Zn), and added Zn source (inorganic from ZnO vs. organic from Availa®Zn; Zinpro Corp, Eden Prairie, MN). Relative to TN, HS elevated (P < 0.050) body temperatures during the growing period. Heat stress was correlated with ileal villus height (r=-0.51, P = 0.015) and HSP-70 expression (r=0.46, P = 0.041). Growth was reduced such that carcasses from HS pigs were lighter (P = 0.011) and exhibited improved carcass quality with higher (P = 0.001) 24-hour loin pH, decreased (P = 0.034) drip loss, and greater (P < 0.050) subjective color and firmness scores compared to TN carcasses. Relative to TN, loin chops and sausage patties manufactured from the HS carcasses had similar oxidative stability (CIE L*a*b* color, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) throughout a 10-day simulated retail display. The HS induced fatty acid profile differences in the pork product but were not sufficient to shift IV (P > 0.10). Belly firmness and slice lean were also unaffected (P > 0.10) by HS. Zinc supplementation had minimal impact on the carcass quality characteristics studied. Further research is necessary to better understand the impact of HS duration, combination with additional stressors, and refine the ability to utilize thermal monitoring to manage negative impacts of HS.
351 Neonatal birth weight effects on gilt development growth and first parity reproductive efficiency
Authors: Supakorn China , Lents Clay A , Martinez Xochitl , Vallet Jeff , Dean Boyd R , DeDecker Ashley , Stalder Kenneth J 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
There has been a great deal of interest in gilt development characteristics that predict gilt growth and reproductive traits and which could be measured and manipulated early in the gilt’s lifetime. The objective of the study was to determine neonatal birth weight effects on gilt development growth performance and parity 1 sow reproductive performance traits. Data were collected from 1,052 litters housed at Circle 4 Farms, Milford, UT. A total of 2,960 crossbred Large White x Landrace maternal line gilts entered the research gilt development unit. Gilts were categorized by their individual neonatal birth weight into 3 groups Group I (≤ 1.1 kg; n = 772), Group II (1.2 to 1.5 kg; n = 1,356), and Group III (≥ 1.6 kg; n = 832). Growth and reproductive trait least square means (±SE) for each birth weight group were analyzed and compared among birth weight groups using PROC GLM. Fixed effects in the model included birth weight, farm, and development diet with the random effect of pen within a room. Neonatal birth weight group was a significant (P < 0.05) source of variation for gilt growth in development, number born alive, and litter birth weight at first parity. Gilts from the largest birth weight group had significantly (P < 0.05) larger BW at 100 (45.1 ± 0.3 kg), and BW 200 days (125.7 ± 0.7 kg), faster average daily gain (0.81 ± 0.005 kg), larger BW at puberty (137.7 ± 0.8 kg), larger BW at farrowing (201.1 ± 1.2 kg), larger BW at post-weaning (195.0 ± 1.0 kg), larger number born alive (11.8 ± 0.1), larger litter birth weights (18.2 ± 0.2 kg). The largest birth weight group tended (P > 0.05) to wean more pigs (9.0 ± 0.2) and have greater litter weaning weights (48.8 ± 1.04 kg) at first parity when compared to gilts from the other two birth weight groups. Improving neonatal birth weight will improve gilt development and productivity through first parity.
361 Increasing duration of feeding high dietary lysine and energy before farrowing on colostrum quality and yield in mixed parity sows
Authors: Swanson Analicia J , Gourley Kiah M , Jones Cassandra K , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , Goodband Robert D , Frederick Brent 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A total of 472 mixed parity sows were used from d 106 of gestation until weaning to determine the effects of Lys and energy intake in the last 7 d before farrowing on colostrum production, composition, and immunoglobulin G concentrations. On d 106 of gestation, sows were weighed, blocked by parity and weight, and allotted to dietary treatments. Treatments were based on corn-soybean meal diets fed to provide 1) 12.5 g SID Lys and 6.5 Mcal/d ME from d 107 to 112 of gestation, then 28 g SID Lys and 9.4 Mcal/d ME from until farrowing; 2) 12.5 g SID Lys and 6.5 Mcal/d ME from d 107 to 112 of gestation, then 40 g SID Lys and 13.3 Mcal/d ME from until farrowing; 3) 40 g SID Lys and 13.3 Mcal/d ME from d 107 of gestation until farrowing. After birth of the first piglet, a 50 mL colostrum sample was collected. Colostrum samples were analyzed for fat, protein, total solids, lactose, and IgG concentrations. Individual piglets were weighed at birth and 24 h to determine colostrum intake and yield. Data was analyzed for treatment within parity and treatment main effects. There was a treatment within parity difference observed where sows on treatment 3 had decreased (P < 0.05) fat and total solids concentrations compared to treatment 1 sows, with no evidence for difference within gilts. IgG concentrations tended to increase (P = 0.081) in females fed treatment 2 compared to treatment 1, regardless of parity. Total protein and lactose concentrations as well as colostrum intake and yield were similar across treatments, regardless of parity. In conclusion, feeding high Lys and energy for 7 d before farrowing decreased fat and solid concentrations in colostrum in sows, but did not impact other colostrum nutrients or colostrum production.
PSV-3 Effects of space allowance and marketing strategy on growth performance of pigs raised to heavy market weights
Authors: Lerner Annie B , Tokach Mike D , DeRouchey Joel M , Dritz Steve S , Goodband Robert D , O’Quinn Travis G , Gonzalez John M , Rice Emily A , Allerson Matt W , Price Hannah E , Boler Dustin D , Dilger Anna C , Shackelford Steven D , Fields Brandon , Woodworth Jason C 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A total of 976 pigs (PIC 327×L42, initially 22 ± 1.5 kg BW) were used in a 160-d study to determine the influence of space allowance and marketing strategy on performance of pigs raised to heavy market weights (165 kg). Pens were blocked by location and allotted to 1 of 6 treatments with 8 pens/treatment. The first four treatments reduced space allowance/pig via initial pen stocking density: 14 pigs/pen (1.20 m2/pig), 17 pigs/pen (0.98 m2/pig), 20 pigs/pen (0.84 m2/pig), or 23 pigs/pen (0.73 m2/pig). The fifth treatment began with 25 pigs/pen (0.67 m2/pig) and the heaviest 3 pigs/pen were removed on d 93, then on d 122 pens were marketed to a common inventory of 20 pigs/pen, and on d 147 marketed to a common pen inventory of 17 pigs/pen. The sixth treatment began with 23 pigs/pen (0.73 m2/pig) and were marketed to a common inventory of 20 pigs/pen on d 108 and marketed to a common inventory of 17 pigs/pen on d 147. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX with pen as the experimental unit. Overall (d 0 to 160) ADG, ADFI, and final BW decreased (linear, P < 0.001) and G:F increased (quadratic, P = 0.042) as space allowance decreased. When comparing treatments with multiple marketing events (treatments 5 and 6) to treatment 4, there was no evidence for differences (P > 0.05) for overall ADG or ADFI; however, overall G:F was improved (P < 0.05) for pigs initially stocked at 0.67 m2/pig and marketed four times compared to both treatments that initially allowed 0.73 m2/pig, regardless of marketing structure. These results indicate that decreasing space allowance of heavy weight pigs reduces growth, feed intake and final BW, although use of multiple marketing events prior to final marketing may allow for increased number of pigs marketed/pen while balancing reduced growth performance often associated with increased stocking density. http://www.conferenceharvester.com/
PSV-5 Effects of two products containing tiamulin hydrogen fumarate on drinking water intake of weaned pigs
Authors: Vonnahme Kimberly A , Amodie Deb , Short Thomas , Mellencamp Marnie , Mueller Adam , Galina Lucina 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Tiamulin hydrogen fumarate is commonly used in water to treat enteric or respiratory disease caused by susceptible pathogens in nursery pigs. This study compared nursery-age pig consumption of: 1) non-medicated water; 2) water containing Triamulox™ (Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ) at 4.763 ppm; and 3) water containing Denagard® (Elanco, Greenfield, IN) at 4.763 ppm (10.5 mg/lb; per label directions for respiratory pathogens). The hypothesis was that water intake would not be different among treatments. The 5-day test period was repeated four times, with a 5-day washout period between replicates. Three hundred pigs were individually weighed for randomization to pen (n = 30 pens) in 2 barns with 15 pens/barn (5 pens/barn/treatment). Water was provided via a 5-gallon reservoir cup water system in each pen. Every 24 hours, residual water weights were taken from each reservoir by draining the water and weighing the water using a platform scale. The weight of daily water additions was also recorded. Pig body and feed weights were taken at the beginning and end of each replicate. Three replicates occurred during the first 30 days after entry to the nursery. After the 3rd replicate, the number of pigs per pen was reduced from 10 to 6 to provide adequate pen space. Ten days prior to pigs leaving the nursery (day 70 of age), a 4th replicate was performed. There were no treatment effects on ADG (P ≥ 0.23) or on pig body weights at the beginning or end of any replicate (P ≥ 0.51). Water intake and gain/feed were not different among treatments (P ≥ 0.16 and P ≥ 0.44, respectively). Water consumption of nursery-age pigs offered non-medicated water or water containing either Triamulox™ or Denagard® was similar in the post-weaning period (days 21–51) and immediately preceding exit from the nursery (day 76–80).
PSI-4 Comparison of analgesics for control of lameness-associated pain in lactating dairy cattle
Authors: Warner Rochelle , Kleinhenz Michael , Ydstie Joshua , Schleining Jennifer , Wulf Larry , Coetzee Johann , Gorden Patrick 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Both the economic loss and welfare implications of lameness vastly impact the dairy industry. There is a need for effective modalities of analgesia to minimize welfare concerns regarding lameness associated pain in lactating dairy cattle. To date, there are no labeled products with pain control indications available for lactating dairy cattle in the United States. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), like meloxicam and flunixin meglumine, are commonly used by veterinarians for pain management. Data is limited as to their efficacy in lameness-associated pain management. The overarching goal of this study was to compare the analgesic effects of flunixin meglumine (IV) and meloxicam (PO) in lactating dairy cattle with experimentally induced lameness via intra-articular injection of amphotericin B. We hypothesized that lameness would improve under meloxicam treatment compared to flunixin meglumine or no treatment control. A double blinded, randomized controlled trial involving positive and negative controls created the framework to assess efficacy parameters. Parameters included pressure algometry, pressure mat analysis, lameness score, infrared thermography imaging, substance P, and cortisol concentrations of 48 lactating Holstein cows across a six-day time period. Intra-articular injection with amphotericin B resulted in mild transient lameness. Results indicated statistically significant treatment by time effects for several parameters. Visual lameness scores showed flunixin meglumine was equally effective to meloxicam and both more effective than the positive control (P < 0.0001). Flunixin meglumine administered animals displayed lower cortisol levels to that of meloxicam treated cows and both more effective than the positive control (P = 0.0008). The cows treated with meloxicam withstood a greater force created by mechanical nociception threshold than cows administered flunixin meglumine and both more effective than the positive control (P = 0.0008). The impact of NSAID use as a therapeutic treatment of lameness is insurmountable in combatting welfare concerns in the dairy industry.
PSIII-8 Genomic prediction of reproductive performance of commercial sows in health challenged herds
Authors: Scanlan Cassandra , Canada PigGen , Mote Benny , Willson Philip , Harding John C S , Plastow Graham S , Dekkers Jack C M , Serão Nick V L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to perform genomic predictions for reproductive performance of sows under natural health challenge. Reproductive performance (1 to 4 parities) and genotype (~40K SNPs) were available for 2,604 crossbred sows, for a total of 7,635 farrowing records. Animals from 17 high-health multipliers from 7 breeding companies (PigGen Canada) were shipped to 23 commercial farms with recent history of common infectious diseases. Gilts entered farms with an average of 53 animals per contemporary group (CG). Traits included total number of piglets: born (TB), born alive (NBA), stillborn (SB), mummified (MUM), born dead (NBD), and weaned (NW). Genomic predictions were performed using Bayes-B (pi=0.995) with a seven-fold cross-validation using each company in turn for validation and the others for training. The model included the effects of CG (fixed) and SNP (random), and net number of fosters (covariate) for NW. Genomic predictions were done for animal lifetime performance (sum performance of parities) for each trait and using first parity performance as the training set to predict subsequent parity performance. Accuracy was calculated as the weighted average correlation between GEBV and adjusted phenotype across validation sets divided by the square root of heritability. Lifetime performance accuracies were low to moderate, ranging from 0.11 (TB) to 0.45 (NBD). Accuracies using parity 1 to predict subsequent performance were low, ranging from -0.07 (SB in parity 3) to 0.19 (NBD in parity 2), with average accuracies per trait ranging from 0.04 (SB) to 0.16 (NBD).Although most accuracies were low, the moderately high accuracies for some lifetime performance shows that genomic prediction can be used to improve performance under natural health challenge in sows. We appreciate the financial support of PigGen Canada, Canadian Swine Health Board, Genome Alberta and Swine Innovation Porc, and the late Dr. Stephen Bishop for his scientific contributions.
PSIII-3 Genes and functions associated with tolerance to fescue toxicosis in Angus cows
Authors: Khanal Piush , Sanglard Leticia Pereira , Mayberry Kyle , Sommer Jeffrey , Poore Matthew H , Poole Daniel H , Serão Nick V L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes (DEG) and functions associated with tolerance to fescue toxicosis (FT). Forty pregnant purebred Angus cows were selected based on their growth at two locations in North Carolina (Butner Beef Cattle Field Laboratory, BBFCL; Upper Piedmont Research Station, UPRS) and classified as either high tolerant (HT) or low tolerant (LT) to FT with 20 cows in each group balanced by location. Blood samples were collected on weeks 1, 5, 9, and 13 for RNA sequencing. Counts were analyzed using a negative binomial model including the effects of genetic group, location, time, all possible interactions of these effects, flow cell, covariate of RNA integrity number, and normalized library size as offset. Genotype-by-location-by-time interaction was evident with a high number (4,453) of DEG (q-value<0.1) between genetic groups on week 5 at UPRS compared to all other possible interactions. So further analyses were focused on week 5 at UPRS. The most significant upregulated genes in LT and HT animals were ENPP6 and MESP2, respectively, with log2 fold changes of 1.90 [95% confidence interval = 0.89, 2.92] q-value=0.005) and 0.91 [0.35, 1.47] (q-value=0.01), respectively. Other top 5 upregulated genes for HT animals were CTBS, CLDN19, SPDYC, HEYL, and SDC2, and for LT animals were OLIG1, IL13, ANXA13, ENSBTAG00000024188and CXCL13. Enrichment analysis (P < 0.05) showed that DEG between genetic groups have general functions, such as metabolic, biosynthetic, and catabolic processes, as well as DNA and RNA-related functions, such as translation, transcription, and repair. These findings helped characterizing the genetic basis of tolerance to FT in cattle. In addition, we identified genes that may serve as potential biomarkers for tolerance to FT
PSIII-1 Nutritive value of expeller-pressed carinata cake for pigs
Authors: Woyengo Tofuko A 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Carinata (Brasicca carinata) is an oilseed crop of brassica family that is grown for production of oil for biofuel industry. Expeller-pressed carinata cake (EPCAR), a co-product from carinata seed oil extraction plants, is available for livestock feeding. However, nutritive value of EPCAR for pigs has not been reported. Objective of this study was to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and net energy value of EPCAR for growing pigs. Eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW = 33 kg) were fed 3 diets in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 2 added columns to give 8 replicates/diet. The diets were cornstarch-based, containing expeller-pressed canola cake (EPCAN) or EPCAR as sole protein source, and N-free. The EPCAN was included in the study for comparison because it is derived from canola, which is the most widely used crop of Brassica family for oil production. Digestibility of AA in feedstuffs was determined by the direct method. Energy digestibility in EPCAN and EPCAR was determined by difference from the N-free diet. On DM basis, EPCAN and EPCAR contained 39.6 and 50.2% CP, 20.7 and 26.8% NDF, 16.0 and 0.88% ether extract, 2.32 and 1.82% lysine, 0.74 and 0.96% methionine, 1.63 and 1.89% threonine, and 0.50 and 0.64% tryptophan, respectively. The EPCAN compared with EPCAR, had greater (PPP = 0.078) in SID of threonine. The EPCAN had greater (P < 0.05) net energy value than EPCAN (2,082 vs. 1,576 kcal/kg DM). In conclusion, EPCAR lower energy value than EPCAN. However, EPCAR had greater SID of most AA than EPCAN; therefore, EPCAR can serve as alternative oilseed co-product feedstuff for pigs.