bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying habitat and understanding movement resistance for the Endangered Bornean bantengBos javanicus lowiin Sabah, Malaysia
Authors: Lim Hong Ye , Gardner Penny C. , Abram Nicola K. , Yusah Kalsum M. , Goossens Benoit 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHabitat prioritization and corridor restoration are important steps for reconnecting fragmented habitats and species populations, and spatial modelling approaches are useful in identifying suitable habitat for elusive tropical rainforest mammals. The Endangered Bornean bantengBos javanicus lowi, a wild bovid endemic to Borneo, occurs in habitat that is highly fragmented as a result of extensive agricultural expansion. Based on the species’ historical distribution in Sabah (Malaysia), we conducted camera-trap surveys in 14 forest reserves during 2011–2016. To assess suitable habitat for the banteng we used a presence-only maximum entropy (MaxEnt) approach with 11 spatial predictors, including climate, infrastructure, land cover and land use, and topography variables. We performed a least-cost path analysis usingLinkage Mapper,to understand the resistance to movement through the landscape. The surveys comprised a total of 44,251 nights of camera trapping. We recorded banteng presence in 11 forest reserves. Key spatial predictors deemed to be important in predicting suitable habitat included soil associations (52.6%), distance to intact and logged forests (11.8%), precipitation in the driest quarter (10.8%), distance to agro-forest and regenerating forest (5.7%), and distance to oil palm plantations (5.1%). Circa 11% of Sabah had suitable habitat (7,719 km2), of which 12.2% was in protected forests, 60.4% was in production forests and 27.4% was in other areas. The least-cost path model predicted 21 linkages and a relatively high movement resistance between core habitats. Our models provide information about key habitat and movement resistance for bantengs through the landscape, which is crucial for constructive conservation strategies and land-use planning.
Persistence of Welfare Receipt and Unemployment in Germany: Determinants and Duration Dependence
Authors: HOHMEYER KATRIN , LIETZMANN TORSTEN 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAlthough the German economy managed the last economic recession comparatively well, it suffers from high and stagnating long-term unemployment and benefit receipt. This article is the first to study the duration and determinants of welfare benefit (“unemployment benefit II”) receipt in Germany as a whole, with special attention on duration dependence. The recipients of the means-tested household benefit are not necessarily registered as unemployed, but are, for example, employed with insufficient earnings, in training measures or economically inactive. Due to the heterogeneous situations of welfare recipients, separately studying welfare receipt and unemployment is necessary. By using exceptionally rich administrative data on a 1% random sample of welfare recipients from between 2005 and 2014, we estimate discrete-time hazard rate models that control for unobserved heterogeneity. The first benefit and unemployment episodes for first welfare recipients between 2006 and 2012 (n = 26,163) are traced monthly until 31 December 2014. Recipients leave unemployment more quickly than welfare. Sociodemographic characteristics, labour market resources and the duration seem to affect both processes. Household composition is less important for leaving unemployment than for leaving welfare. Overall, the results indicate that leaving unemployment and leaving welfare receipt are two different processes that need distinct policies.
Learning and Reproduction of Therapist’s Semi-Periodic Motions during Robotic Rehabilitation
Authors: Martinez Carlos , Tavakoli Mahdi 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe demand for rehabilitation services has increased in recent years due to population aging. Due to the limitations of therapist’s time and healthcare resources, robot-assisted rehabilitation is becoming an appealing, powerful, and economical solution. In this paper, we propose a solution that combines Learning from Demonstration (LfD) and robotic rehabilitation to save the therapist’s time and reduce the therapy costs when the therapy involves periodic or semi-periodic motions.We begin by modeling the therapist’s behavior (a periodic or semi-periodic motion) using a Fourier Series (FS). Later, when the therapist is no longer involved, the system reproduces the learned behavior modeled by the FS using a robot. A second goal is to combine the above with Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) and Gaussian Mixture Regression (GMR) to obtain a more flexible and generalizable reproduction of the therapist’s behavior. This algorithm allows learning and imitating repetitive movement tasks. Our experimental results show the application of these algorithms to repetitive motion task.
Wading birds and wildfowl of the estuary and Firth of Forth, Scotland
Authors: Bryant D. M. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe estuary and Firth of Forth support an outstanding number and variety of wildfowl and waders at migration seasons and in midwinter. Although populations of wildfowl and waders fell from 25–35,000 and 50–65,000 respectively in the 1970s, to 10–15,000 and 30–40,000 by the mid-1980s, the Forth remains one of few British estuaries to support more than fifteen waterfowl species of national importance for conservation. The ecology and decline of diving ducks off Edinburgh and population studies of shelduck have been given particular attention by researchers. Among waders, distributions, movements and feeding have been studied in detail. The causes of the recent declines amongst waders, notably for knot (Calidris canutus) and dunlin (Calidris alpina) on the estuarine Forth, remain uncertain, but are likely to include natural factors as well as those linked to man's activities.
Prospects for Special Education: The Decade Ahead
Authors: Thorley Bernie , Martin Meredith , Jardine Joan 
Published: May 2019

The past decade saw a movement towards consensus in special education as personnel increasingly directed their attention to a literal interpretation of special education. At the same time, there was a shift from the old concern with extensive diagnosis and categorization of child-centred, organically based deficits, as the poor returns of this approach became apparent to parents, to teachers and to all other personnel involved with children needing assistance in learning.In essence, special education is about preventing, remedying, reducing and offsetting the effects of learning problems. Facts about what can or cannot be done to expand learning and learning ability provide the basic propositions from which all conclusions in special education must be drawn. Special educators recognise that learning ability within a domain is, to a large extent, learned and that failures need not be predictable nor inevitable.Influential in bringing about this new conceptualisation was the effect of the most exciting development in special education in the last two decades: an extensive and rapid growth in the power of instruction. This improvement was particularly apparent to those people who had access to the latest developments, on a worldwide basis, and who had the opportunity to check their magnitude in model projects. Almost overnight it became clear that special education services had to change completely. At the same time the most frustrating and disappointing feature of this era was the fact that so much of the newly created potential for helping special children remained largely unexploited as far as the vast number of “at risk” children was concerned. Consequently, the great expectations that were generated were often comprehensively and persistently thwarted as professionals, schools and systems failed to make the necessary adjustments. “It was the best of times; it was the worst of times.” This paper looks at prospects both from the point of view of new advances in instructional research, their origins and potential, and also at ways in which we can encourage professionals, schools and systems to adjust to these advances.
Integration — Who Benefits?
Authors: Schiefelbusch Richard L. 
Published: May 2019

Old ideas give way slowly; for they are more than abstract logical forms and categories. They are habits, predispositions, deeply engrained attitudes of aversions and preference.John Dewey, 1909One of the most difficult tasks faced by the collective leadership of a nation is the design and maintenance of its schools. Leaders must decide what is to be taught, by whom, and who to teach. The membership of the teacher and the student groups, in turn, help determine how the subject matter is to be taught. Thewhat, who, andhowissues are further complicated by rapid changes in cultural values and priorities, political and economic issues and legal interpretations. These complications require strenuous policy discussions and often agonizing reappraisals as the nation’s political leaders interact with their constituents, including groups representing parents, educators, scientists and economists.
Mid-upper arm circumference cut-offs for screening thinness and severe thinness in Indian adolescent girls aged 10–19 years in field settings
Authors: Sethi Vani , Gupta Neha , Pedgaonkar Sarang , Saraswat Abhishek , Dinachandra Singh Konsam , Rahman Hifz Ur , de Wagt Arjan , Unisa Sayeed 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:(i) To assess diagnostic accuracy of mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) for screening thinness and severe thinness in Indian adolescent girls aged 10–14 and 15–19 years compared with BMI-for-age Z-score (BAZ) &lt;−2 and &lt;−3 as the gold standard and (ii) to identify appropriate MUAC cut-offs for screening thinness and severe thinness in Indian girls aged 10–14 and 15–19 years.Design:Cross-sectional, conducted October 2016–April 2017.Setting:Four tribal blocks of two eastern India states, Chhattisgarh and Odisha.Participants:Girls (n 4628) aged 10–19 years. Measurements included height, weight and MUAC to calculate BAZ. Standard diagnostic accuracy tests, receiver–operating characteristic curves and Youden index helped arrive at MUAC cut-offs at BAZ &lt; −2 and &lt;−3, as gold standard.Results:Mean MUAC and BMI correlation was positive (0·78, P = 0·001 and
r
2 = 0·61). Among 10–14 years, MUAC cut-off corresponding to BAZ &lt; −2 and BAZ &lt; −3 was ≤19·4 and ≤18·9 cm. Among 15–19 years, corresponding values were ≤21·6 and ≤20·7 cm. For both BAZ &lt; −2 and BAZ &lt; −3, specificity was higher in 15–19 v. 10–14 years. State-wise variations existed. MUAC cut-offs ranged from 17·7 cm (10 years) to 22·5 cm (19 years) for BAZ &lt; −2, and from 17·0 cm (10 years) to 21·5 cm (19 years) for BAZ &lt; −3. Single-age area under the curve range was 0·82–0·97.Conclusions:Study provides a case for use of year-wise and sex-wise context-specific MUAC-cut-offs for screening thinness/severe thinness in adolescents, rather than one MUAC cut-off across 10–19 years, depending on purpose and logistic constraints.
Trade and nutrition policy coherence: a framing analysis and Australian case study
Authors: Baker Phillip , Friel Sharon , Gleeson Deborah , Thow Anne-Marie , Labonte Ronald 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:Maximising synergies and minimising conflicts (i.e. building policy coherence) between trade and nutrition policy is an important objective. One understudied driver of policy coherence is the alignment in the frames, discourses and values of actors involved in the respective sectors. In the present analysis, we aim to understand how such actors interpret (i.e. ‘frame’) nutrition and the implications for building trade–nutrition policy coherence.Design:We adopted a qualitative single case study design, drawing on key informant interviews with those involved in trade policy.Setting:We focused on the Australian trade policy sub-system, which has historically emphasised achieving market growth and export opportunities for Australian food producers.Participants:Nineteen key informants involved in trade policy spanning the government, civil society, business and academic sectors.Results:Nutrition had low ‘salience’ in Australian trade policy for several reasons. First, it was not a domestic political priority in Australia nor among its trading partners; few advocacy groups were advocating for nutrition in trade policy. Second, a ‘productivist’ policy paradigm in the food and trade policy sectors strongly emphasised market growth, export opportunities and deregulation over nutrition and other social objectives. Third, few opportunities existed for health advocates to influence trade policy, largely because of limited consultation processes. Fourth, the complexity of nutrition and its inter-linkages with trade presented difficulties for developing a ‘broader discourse’ for engaging the public and political leaders on the topic.Conclusions:Overcoming these ‘ideational challenges’ is likely to be important to building greater coherence between trade and nutrition policy going forward.
Consumer choice as experienced in the user-choice food pantry environment: motivations and situational influences on food selection
Authors: Jones Christina L , Coffey Monica C 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:While scholarship has investigated how to provide more healthy food options in choice pantry environments, research has just begun to investigate how pantry users go about making decisions regarding food items when the ability to choose is present. The present analysis sought to investigate the factors prohibiting and inhibiting food decision making in choice pantries from the perspective of frequent pantry users.Design:Six focus group interviews were conducted with visitors to choice food pantries, to discuss the decision-making process involved in food selection during choice pantry visits. Each was provided a $US 15 remuneration for taking part.Setting:A school-based choice food pantry in Anderson, Indiana, USA, a small Midwestern community.Participants:Thirty-one men and women, largely aged 45–64 years, who made use of choice food pantries at least once monthly to meet their family’s food needs.Results:Choice pantry visitors indicated that the motivation to select healthy food items was impacted by both individual and situational influences, similar to retail environments. Just as moment-of-purchase and place-of-purchase factors influence the purchasing of food items in retail environments, situational factors, such as food availability and the ‘price’ of food items in point values, impacted healthy food selection at choice pantries. However, the stigmatization experienced by those who visit pantries differs quite dramatically from the standard shopping experience.Conclusions:Choice pantries would benefit from learning more about the psychosocial factors in their own pantries and adapting the environment to the desires of their users, rather than adopting widely disseminated strategies that encourage healthy food choices with little consideration of their unique clientele.
Local government retail incentives for healthier food retailers in the USA, 2014
Authors: Lange Samantha J , Moore Latetia V , Galuska Deborah A 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:National public health organizations recommend that local governments improve access to healthy foods. One way is by offering incentives for food retailer development and operation, but little is known about incentive use nationwide. We aimed to describe the national prevalence of local government reported incentives to increase access to healthy food options in three major food retail settings (farmers’ markets, supermarkets, and convenience or corner (smaller) stores) overall and by municipality characteristics.Design:Cross-sectional study using data from the 2014 National Survey of Community-Based Policy and Environmental Supports for Healthy Eating and Active Living.Setting:USA, nationally representative survey of 2029 municipalities.Participants:Municipal officials (e.g. city/town managers or planners; n 1853).Results:Overall, 67 % of municipalities reported incentives to support farmers’ markets, 34 % reported incentives to encourage opening new supermarkets, and 14 % reported incentives to help existing convenience or corner stores. Municipality characteristics significantly associated with incentive use were larger population size (all settings), location in Midwest v. West (supermarkets, smaller stores), higher poverty level (farmers’ markets) and ≤50 % of the population non-Hispanic White (supermarkets, smaller stores). The most commonly reported individual incentives were permission of sales on city property for farmers’ markets, tax credits for supermarkets and linkage to revitalization projects for smaller stores.Conclusions:Most municipalities offered food retail incentives for farmers’ markets, but fewer used incentives to open new supermarkets or assist existing smaller stores. National data can set benchmarks, provide relative comparisons for communities and identify areas for improvement.
Seasonal trends of nutrient intake in rainforest communities of north-eastern Madagascar
Authors: Golden Christopher D , Vaitla Bapu , Ravaoliny Laurent , Vonona Miadana A , Anjaranirina EJ Gasta , Randriamady Hervet J , Glahn Raymond P , Guth Sarah E , Fernald Lia CH , Myers Samuel S 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:We collected dietary records over the course of nine months to comprehensively characterize the consumption patterns of Malagasy people living in remote rainforest areas of north-eastern Madagascar.Design:The present study was a prospective longitudinal cohort study to estimate dietary diversity and nutrient intake for a suite of macronutrients, micronutrients and vitamins for 152 randomly selected households in two communities.Setting:Madagascar, with over 25 million people living in an area the size of France, faces a multitude of nutritional challenges. Micronutrient-poor staples, especially rice, roots and tubers, comprise nearly 80 % of the Malagasy diet by weight. The remaining dietary components (including wild foods and animal-source foods) are critical for nutrition. We focus our study in north-eastern Madagascar, characterized by access to rainforest, rice paddies and local agriculture.Participants:We enrolled men, women and children of both sexes and all ages in a randomized sample of households in two communities.Results:Although the Household Dietary Diversity Score and Food Consumption Score reflect high dietary diversity, the Minimum Dietary Diversity–Women indicator suggests poor micronutrient adequacy. The food intake data confirm a mixed nutritional picture. We found that the median individual consumed less than 50 % of his/her age/sex-specific Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for vitamins A, B12, D and E, and Ca, and less than 100 % of his/her EAR for energy, riboflavin, folate and Na.Conclusions:Malnutrition in remote communities of north-eastern Madagascar is pervasive and multidimensional, indicating an urgent need for comprehensive public health and development interventions focused on providing nutritional security.
Dosimetric variations for high-risk prostate cancer by VMAT plans due to patient’s weight changes
Authors: Miguel David , de la Llana Victor , Martinez Daniel , del Castillo Angel , Alonso Delfín , de Frutos Jesús-María , Andrés Carlos , Agulla Manuel , Torres Ricardo , López-Lara Francisco 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPurpose:The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of anatomical changes in prostate cancer patients on the target coverage when using 6 MV beams-VMAT therapy and to propose strategies that allow us to evaluate the dose or correct it by normalization without having to perform a new simulation.Methods and materials:Ten patients of high-risk prostate cancer were chosen for the study. All test plans were delivered using the same isocenter and monitor units as the original plan and compared against the original unedited plan. The expansion and contraction of body contours due to size changes was mimicked by increasing and decreasing the body contour with depths of −2, −1·5, …, 1·5, 2 cm, in the anterior, and both lateral directions of the patient. A total of 90 plans were evaluated, 9 for each patient. Dose-volume histogram statistics were extracted from each plan and normalized to prescription dose.Results:Weight changes resulted in considerable dose modifications to the target and critical structures. Plans were found to be varied with 2·9% ± 0·3% per cm SSD change for VMAT treatment with a correlation index close to one. Therefore, doses variations were linear to the changes of depth. Gamma index evaluation was performed for the 10 renormalized plans. All of them passed criteria of 3%/3 mm in at least 98.2% of points. Eight of them passed criteria in 99% points. Gamma index 4%/4 mm passed 100% points in all patients for the chosen region of interest.Conclusions:The dosimetry estimation presented in this study shows important data for the radiation oncology staff to justify whether a CT rescan is necessary or not when a patient experiences weight changes during treatment. Based on the results of our study, discrepancies between real dose and planned dose were >5% for 1·7 cm of difference in external contour in the anterior and both lateral directions of the patient.
Survival of halophiles of Altai lakes under extreme environmental conditions: implications for the search for Martian life
Authors: Bryanskaya Alla V. , Berezhnoy Alexey A. , Rozanov Alexey S. , Serdyukov Danil S. , Malup Tatyana K. , Peltek Sergey E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMars is considered to be one of the most favourable places in the Solar System to search for past and present life. In the past Mars was warmer and wetter, so terrestrial halophiles can be regarded as analogues of hypothetical ancient Martian halophiles. In this study we used microorganisms from unique Altai region (Russia) to estimate the capability of terrestrial bacteria and archaea to survive at low temperatures and high concentration of salts and metals, similar to the Martian environment. The current report demonstrates that both halophilic archaea and halotolerant bacteria from saline lakes of the Altai region may be considered as analogues of ancient Martian organisms, since they are able to withstand conditions that hypothetically existed in subsurface layers of the early Mars (low temperatures, salt solutions with a high content of NaCl) with only slight decrease in viability. We also found that the studied microorganisms can use some organic substances found in meteorites. We consider that transfer of unicellular halophiles from Earth to Mars was possible, and, moreover, they could successfully survive and grow on early Mars. Adjusting our growth media to the chemical composition of the lakes, from which the studied strains were isolated, resulted in significant increase in survival and growth rates. Certain strains could survive several freeze–thaw cycles at −70 °C typical for Martian nights.