bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Reverse Causality Underlie the Temporal Relationship Between Depression and Crohn’s Disease?
Authors: Gaines Lawrence S , Slaughter James C , Schwartz David A , Beaulieu Dawn B , Horst Sara N , Dalal Robin L , Scoville Elizabeth A , Sandler Robert S , Kappelman Michael D 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundStudies suggest that there is a temporal relationship between depression and Crohn’s disease (CD) activity. However, these studies assumed a unidirectional relationship and did not examine the possibility of reverse causality and the risk of a spurious association due to the overlap of symptoms underlying the depression–CD relationship. We evaluated the existence of reverse causality reflected in a possible bidirectional relationship between patient-reported CD activity and an affective–cognitive dimension of depression.MethodsWe studied 3307 adult volunteers with a self-reported diagnosis of CD who completed a baseline survey that included demographics, CD activity, and an affective–cognitive index of depression. Crohn’s disease status and the affective–cognitive index of depression were also measured 6 and 12 months after the baseline evaluation. We used structural equation models to evaluate whether the effect of depression on future CD activity is stronger than the effect of CD activity on future depression. We calculated the likelihood that each of these hypotheses is supported by the data and calculated the likelihood ratio to provide a relative measure of which hypothesis best accounts for the data.ResultsThe results of the informative hypothesis testing showed the most support for the hypothesis stating that an affective–cognitive dimension of depression is a stronger predictor of patient-reported CD activity than the converse.ConclusionsThe hypothesis that an affective–cognitive dimension of depression predicts patient-reported exacerbation of CD is 218 times more likely to account for the data than the converse.
Inflammation and Inflammatory Cytokine Contribute to the Initiation and Development of Ulcerative Colitis and Its Associated Cancer
Authors: Yao Dianbo , Dong Ming , Dai Chaoliu , Wu Shuodong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDysregulated inflammatory responses play a pivotal role in the initiation, development, and progression of tumors, as demonstrated by the association between ulcerative colitis and the increased risk of colon carcinoma. In this review, the underlying mechanisms for the initiation and development of ulcerative colitis and colitis-associated cancer are described, mainly focusing on the inflammation and inflammatory cytokine. Disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier and bacterial invasion resulted in intestinal inflammation; and further TLR4/NF-κB stimulation in intestinal epithelial cells, inflammatory cell infiltration, and inflammatory cytokine release all confer survival advantages to or promote abnormal proliferation in susceptible cells. Importantly, the respective roles of TLR4/NF-κB, TNF–α, and IL-6 in intestinal epithelial cells and inflammatory cells are summarized in detail. A thorough understanding of these molecular mechanisms may help researchers and clinicians to explore novel approaches for the prevention and treatment of colitis-associated cancer.
Self-expanding apical closure device for full-percutaneous closed-chest transapical valve procedures with large-sized introducer sheaths: first study in an animal model
Authors: Hong Nanchao , Lu Yanan , Hu Hanbo , Sun Jing , Sun Kun , von Segesser Ludwig Karl , Berdajs Denis , Chen Sun , Ferrari Enrico 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Available apical occluders do not fulfil requirements for full-percutaneous transapical valve procedures with large-sized introducer sheaths. A self-expanding closure device designed for closed-chest transapical valve procedures was tested in an animal model to verify safety, efficacy and thrombogenicity.

METHODS
Large-sized 21-Fr introducer sheaths (Certitude™ system for Sapien™ valves) were percutaneously placed in the ventricles of nine 3-month old minipigs. To seal the apical access, delivery catheters carrying folded self-expanding plugs were inserted. Then, the plugs were deployed while sheaths were removed. Echocardiograms verified tamponade and cardiac function, drains were not placed and a 3-month long aspirin therapy was administered. After 6 and 9 months, animals were euthanized and organs were analysed for macroembolic lesions search. Histological analysis was also performed.

RESULTS
Nine minipigs (weight: 28±3 kg) were used for this study. Eight plugs were successfully deployed in 8 ventricles without cardiac tamponade or ventricular dysfunction (success rate: 88.9%). In a failed procedure (the animal died after 1 month of cardiac tamponade), the outer disc of the apical plug got stuck in the intercostal space and did not correctly deploy. Post-mortem analysis in 8 minipigs at 6 (n = 4) and 9 months (n = 4) confirmed full deployment and good fixation of all plugs with internal surfaces covered by new endocardium. Macroscopic analysis of myocardium and vital organs showed absence of embolic lesions. Histological analysis showed absence of significant inflammatory infiltration and thrombosis.

CONCLUSIONS
In this animal model, self-expanding closure devices sealed 21-Fr large percutaneous apical accesses without acute tamponade, thrombosis or embolization. Further tests to evaluate full-percutaneous closed-chest apical procedures are required.
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour in the right ventricle of a 66-year-old man
Authors: Monzón Díaz Diego , Cuerpo Caballero Gregorio , Irabien Ortiz Angela , Gonzalez Pinto Ángel 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHerein, we present the case of a 66-year-old man with an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour. An inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour is an extremely rare entity, with only 60 cases having been reported to date in the literature. The origin of this type of tumour is unknown and the treatment of choice is surgical resection. We present the surgical technique of our case and a review of the literature regarding this tumour. This is the first case described in a man above 60 years of age with a tumour located in the right ventricle.
The role of cardiovascular disease in the relationship between air pollution and incident dementia: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Ilango Sindana D , Chen Hong , Hystad Perry , van Donkelaar Aaron , Kwong Jeffrey C , Tu Karen , Martin Randall V , Benmarhnia Tarik 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
Evidence suggests a link between air pollution and dementia. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) may be a potential determinant of dementia. This motivated us to quantify the contribution of CVD to the association between air pollution and dementia.

Methods
A cohort of Canadian-born residents of Ontario, who participated in the 1996–2003 Canadian Community Health Surveys, was followed through 2013 or until dementia diagnosis. Exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was estimated with a 3-year average and 5-year lag before dementia diagnosis. Incident CVD was evaluated as a mediator. We used multi-level Cox proportional and Aalen additive hazard regression models, adjusting for individual- and neighbourhood-level risk factors to estimate associations with NO2 and PM2.5. We estimated the total, direct and indirect effects of air pollution on dementia through cardiovascular disease.

Results
This study included 34 391 older adults. At baseline, the mean age of this cohort was 59 years. The risk of dementia was moderately higher among those more exposed to NO2 (hazard ratio (HR) 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.99–1.19; and 100 additional cases per 100 000 [standard error (SE) &lt;100x10-5]) and PM2.5 [(HR 1.29, 95% CI 0.99–1.64; 200 additional cases per 100 000] [SE 100x10-5]) after adjusting for covariates; however, these estimates are imprecise. A greater proportion of the relationship between PM2.5 and dementia was mediated through CVD than NO2 for both scales.

Conclusions
These results suggest some of the association between air pollution and dementia is mediated through CVD, indicating that improving cardiovascular health may prevent dementia in areas with higher exposure to air pollution.
Factorial Mendelian randomization: using genetic variants to assess interactions
Authors: Rees Jessica M B , Foley Christopher N , Burgess Stephen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundFactorial Mendelian randomization is the use of genetic variants to answer questions about interactions. Although the approach has been used in applied investigations, little methodological advice is available on how to design or perform a factorial Mendelian randomization analysis. Previous analyses have employed a 2 × 2 approach, using dichotomized genetic scores to divide the population into four subgroups as in a factorial randomized trial.MethodsWe describe two distinct contexts for factorial Mendelian randomization: investigating interactions between risk factors, and investigating interactions between pharmacological interventions on risk factors. We propose two-stage least squares methods using all available genetic variants and their interactions as instrumental variables, and using continuous genetic scores as instrumental variables rather than dichotomized scores. We illustrate our methods using data from UK Biobank to investigate the interaction between body mass index and alcohol consumption on systolic blood pressure.ResultsSimulated and real data show that efficiency is maximized using the full set of interactions between genetic variants as instruments. In the applied example, between 4- and 10-fold improvement in efficiency is demonstrated over the 2 × 2 approach. Analyses using continuous genetic scores are more efficient than those using dichotomized scores. Efficiency is improved by finding genetic variants that divide the population at a natural break in the distribution of the risk factor, or else divide the population into more equal-sized groups.ConclusionsPrevious factorial Mendelian randomization analyses may have been underpowered. Efficiency can be improved by using all genetic variants and their interactions as instrumental variables, rather than the 2 × 2 approach.
Effectiveness of Partial and Full Influenza Vaccination Among Children Aged <9 Years in Hong Kong, 2011–2019
Authors: Chua Huiying , Chiu Susan S , Chan Eunice L Y , Feng Shuo , Kwan Mike Y W , Wong Joshua S C , Peiris J S Malik , Cowling Benjamin J 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
Two doses of influenza vaccination are recommended for previously unvaccinated children aged <9 years, and receipt of 1 dose is sometimes termed “partial vaccination.” We assessed the effectiveness of partial and full influenza vaccination in preventing influenza-associated hospitalization among children in Hong Kong.

Methods
Using the test-negative design we enrolled 23 187 children aged <9 years admitted to hospitals with acute respiratory illness from September 2011 through March 2019. Vaccination and influenza status were recorded. Fully vaccinated children included those vaccinated with 2 doses or, if previously vaccinated, those vaccinated with 1 dose. Partially vaccinated children included those who should have received 2 doses but only received 1 dose. We estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) by using conditional logistic regression models matched on epidemiological week.

Results
Overall VE estimates among fully and partially vaccinated children were 73% (95% confidence interval, 69%–77%) and 31% (95% confidence interval, 8%–48%), respectively. A consistently higher VE was observed in children fully vaccinated against each influenza virus type/subtype. The effectiveness of partial vaccination did not vary by age group.

Conclusions
Partial vaccination was significantly less effective than full vaccination. Our study supports the current recommendation of 2 doses of influenza vaccination in previously unvaccinated children <9 years of age.
Effect of HIV Infection and Antiretroviral Treatment on Pregnancy Rates in the Western Cape Province of South Africa
Authors: Johnson Leigh F , Mutemaringa Themba , Heekes Alexa , Boulle Andrew 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
Previous studies suggest that untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with a reduced incidence of pregnancy, but studies of the effect of antiretroviral treatment (ART) on pregnancy incidence have been inconsistent.

Methods
Routine data from health services in the Western Cape province of South Africa were linked to identify pregnancies during 2007–2017 and maternal HIV records. The time from the first (index) pregnancy outcome date to the next pregnancy was modeled using Cox proportional hazards models.

Results
During 2007–2017, 1 042 647 pregnancies were recorded. In all age groups, pregnancy incidence rates were highest in women who had started ART, lower in HIV-negative women, and lowest in ART-naive HIV-positive women. In multivariable analysis, after controlling for the most recent CD4+ T-cell count, pregnancy incidence rates in HIV-positive women receiving ART were higher than those in untreated HIV-positive women (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.59–1.67) and those in HIV-negative women.

Conclusion
Among women who have recently been pregnant, receipt of ART is associated with high rates of second pregnancy. Better integration of family planning into HIV care services is needed.
Adaptation of the WHO Essential Medicines List for national antibiotic stewardship policy in England: being AWaRe
Authors: Budd Emma , Cramp Emma , Sharland Mike , Hand Kieran , Howard Philip , Wilson Peter , Wilcox Mark , Muller-Pebody Berit , Hopkins Susan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Appropriate use of and access to antimicrobials are key priorities of global strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The WHO recently classified key antibiotics into three categories (AWaRe) to improve access (Access), monitor important antibiotics (Watch) and preserve effectiveness of ‘last resort’ antibiotics (Reserve). This classification was assessed for antibiotic stewardship and quality improvement in English hospitals.

Methods
Using an expert elicitation exercise, antibiotics used in England but not included in the WHO AWaRe index were added to an appropriate category following a workshop consensus exercise with national experts. The methodology was tested using national antibiotic prescribing data and presented by primary and secondary care.

Results
In 2016, 46/108 antibiotics included within the WHO AWaRe index were routinely used in England and an additional 25 antibiotics also commonly used in England were not included in the WHO AWaRe index. WHO AWaRe-excluded and -included antibiotics were reviewed and reclassified according to the England-adapted AWaRE index with the justification by experts for each addition or alteration. Applying the England-adapted AWaRe index, Access antibiotics accounted for the majority (60.9%) of prescribing, followed by Watch (37.9%) and Reserve (0.8%); 0.4% of antibiotics remained unclassified. There was unexplained 2-fold variation in prescribing between hospitals within each AWaRe category, highlighting the potential for quality improvement.

Conclusions
We have adapted the WHO AWaRe index to create a specific index for England. The AWaRe index provides high-level understanding of antibiotic prescribing. Subsequent to this process the England AWaRe index is now embedded into national antibiotic stewardship policy and incentivized quality improvement schemes.
Local surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles as a correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) tag for biological samples
Authors: Haruta Tomohiro , Hasumi Keiko , Ikeda Yuta , Konyuba Yuji , Fukuda Tomohisa , Nishioka Hideo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this study, we investigated use of local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of metal nanoparticles (NPs) as a correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) tag for biological samples. Gold NPs in ultra-thin sections for TEM revealed that LSPR could be observed by optical microscopy at sizes of 20 nm or larger. Gold NPs at sizes less than 20 nm could be observed using the gold enhancement method. Therefore, this CLEM tag could be applied to immunoelectron microscopy using this gold enhancement method.
Posture control in land plants: growth, position sensing, proprioception, balance, and elasticity
Authors: Moulia Bruno , Bastien Renaud , Chauvet-Thiry Hugo , Leblanc-Fournier Nathalie 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The colonization of the atmosphere by land plants was a major evolutionary step. The mechanisms that allow for vertical growth through air and the establishment and control of a stable erect habit are just starting to be understood. A key mechanism was found to be continuous posture control to counterbalance the mechanical and developmental challenges of maintaining a growing upright structure. An interdisciplinary systems biology approach was invaluable in understanding the underlying principles and in designing pertinent experiments. Since this discovery previously held views of gravitropic perception had to be reexamined and this has led to the description of proprioception in plants. In this review, we take a purposefully pedagogical approach to present the dynamics involved from the cellular to whole-plant level. We show how the textbook model of how plants sense gravitational force has been replaced by a model of position sensing, a clinometer mechanism that involves both passive avalanches and active motion of statoliths, granular starch-filled plastids, in statocytes. Moreover, there is a transmission of information between statocytes and other specialized cells that sense the degree of organ curvature and reset asymmetric growth to straighten and realign the structure. We give an overview of how plants have used the interplay of active posture control and elastic sagging to generate a whole range of spatial displays during their life cycles. Finally, a position-integrating mechanism has been discovered that prevents directional plant growth from being disrupted by wind-induced oscillations.
Observable tests of self-interacting dark matter in galaxy clusters: cosmological simulations with SIDM and baryons
Authors: Robertson Andrew , Harvey David , Massey Richard , Eke Vincent , McCarthy Ian G , Jauzac Mathilde , Li Baojiu , Schaye Joop 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
We present bahamas-SIDM, the first large-volume, $(400 \, h^{-1} \mathrm{\, Mpc})^{3}$, cosmological simulations including both self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) and baryonic physics. These simulations are important for two primary reasons: (1) they include the effects of baryons on the dark matter distribution and (2) the baryon particles can be used to make mock observables that can be compared directly with observations. As is well known, SIDM haloes are systematically less dense in their centres, and rounder, than CDM haloes. Here, we find that that these changes are not reflected in the distribution of gas or stars within galaxy clusters, or in their X-ray luminosities. However, gravitational lensing observables can discriminate between DM models, and we present a menu of tests that future surveys could use to measure the SIDM interaction strength. We ray-trace our simulated galaxy clusters to produce strong lensing maps. Including baryons boosts the lensing strength of clusters that produce no critical curves in SIDM-only simulations. Comparing the Einstein radii of our simulated clusters with those observed in the CLASH survey, we find that at velocities around $1000 \mathrm{\, km \, s^{-1}}$ an SIDM cross-section of $\sigma /m \gtrsim 1 \, \mathrm{cm^2 \, g^{-1}}$ is likely incompatible with observed cluster lensing.
Chandra observation of a cold front in Abell 2554
Authors: Erdim M Kiyami , Hudaverdi Murat 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We present the evidence for the existence of sub-structure in the cold front cluster A2554 based on a 20.14 ks Chandra observation. Using centroid shift and X-ray brightness concentration parameters, we confirm that A2554 is a dynamically disturbed system. We detect two dominant structures: a main cluster at z = 0.1108 and a foreground northern sub-structure at z = 0.1082. The analysis reveals an X-ray surface brightness edge at r ≃ 60 h−1 kpc from the cluster core. The thermodynamical profiles across the edge are ruling out the shock scenario. The temperature jump (from ∼6 keV to ∼10 keV), and pressure equilibrium (P0/P1 = 1.01 ± 0.23) across the edge, are consistent with the definition of a cold front with a Mach number $\mathcal {M}_1=0.94^{+0.13}_{-0.17}$. We also observed a weak bow-shock at ∼100 kpc in front of the cold cloud, corresponding an upper limit to the Mach number $\mathcal {M}_1$ ∼1.1. If the northern sub-structure was not related to the cold front, we conclude that the transonic motion of the cloud is caused by a merger, which was weak or occurred long ago.
Validation of the LACE Index (Length of Stay, Acuity of Admission, Comorbidities, Emergency Department Use) in the Adult Neurosurgical Patient Population
Authors: Linzey Joseph R , Nadel Jeffrey L , Wilkinson D Andrew , Rajajee Venkatakrishna , Daou Badih J , Pandey Aditya S 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The LACE index (Length of stay, Acuity of admission, Comorbidities, Emergency department use) quantifies the risk of mortality or unplanned readmission within 30 d after hospital discharge. The index was validated originally in a large, general population and, subsequently, in several specialties, not including neurosurgery.

OBJECTIVE
To determine if the LACE index accurately predicts mortality and unplanned readmission of neurosurgery patients within 30 d of discharge.

METHODS
We performed a retrospective, cohort study of consecutive neurosurgical procedures between January 1 and September 29, 2017 at our institution. The LACE index and other clinical data were abstracted. Data analysis included univariate and multivariate logistic regressions.

RESULTS
Of the 1,054 procedures on 974 patients, 52.7% were performed on females. Mean age was 54.2 ± 15.4 yr. At time of discharge, the LACE index was low (1-4) in 58.3% of patients, moderate (5-9) in 32.4%, and high (10-19) in 9.3%. Rates of readmission and mortality within 30 d were 7.0, 11.4, and 14.3% in the low-, moderate-, and high-risk groups, respectively. Moderate-risk (odds ratio [OR] 1.62, 95% CI 1.02-2.56, P = .04) and high-risk LACE indexes (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.15-4.19, P = .02) were associated with greater odds of readmission or mortality, adjusting for all variables. Additionally, longer operations (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.02-1.21, P = .02) had greater odds of readmission. Specificity of the high-risk score to predict 30-d readmission or mortality was 91.2%.

CONCLUSION
A moderate- or high-risk LACE index can be applied to neurosurgical populations to predict 30-d readmission and mortality. Longer operations are potential predictors of readmission or mortality.