bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Pulmonary Fibrosis Using Deep Learning and CT Images
Authors: Christe Andreas , Peters Alan A. , Drakopoulos Dionysios , Heverhagen Johannes T. , Geiser Thomas , Stathopoulou Thomai , Christodoulidis Stergios , Anthimopoulos Marios , Mougiakakou Stavroula G. , Ebner Lukas 
Published: May 2019

Objectives
The objective of this study is to assess the performance of a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system (INTACT system) for the automatic classification of high-resolution computed tomography images into 4 radiological diagnostic categories and to compare this with the performance of radiologists on the same task.

Materials and Methods
For the comparison, a total of 105 cases of pulmonary fibrosis were studied (54 cases of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and 51 cases of usual interstitial pneumonia). All diagnoses were interstitial lung disease board consensus diagnoses (radiologically or histologically proven cases) and were retrospectively selected from our database. Two subspecialized chest radiologists made a consensual ground truth radiological diagnosis, according to the Fleischner Society recommendations. A comparison analysis was performed between the INTACT system and 2 other radiologists with different years of experience (readers 1 and 2). The INTACT system consists of a sequential pipeline in which first the anatomical structures of the lung are segmented, then the various types of pathological lung tissue are identified and characterized, and this information is then fed to a random forest classifier able to recommend a radiological diagnosis.

Results
Reader 1, reader 2, and INTACT achieved similar accuracy for classifying pulmonary fibrosis into the original 4 categories: 0.6, 0.54, and 0.56, respectively, with P > 0.45. The INTACT system achieved an F-score (harmonic mean for precision and recall) of 0.56, whereas the 2 readers, on average, achieved 0.57 (P = 0.991). For the pooled classification (2 groups, with and without the need for biopsy), reader 1, reader 2, and CAD had similar accuracies of 0.81, 0.70, and 0.81, respectively. The F-score was again similar for the CAD system and the radiologists. The CAD system and the average reader reached F-scores of 0.80 and 0.79 (P = 0.898).

Conclusions
We found that a computer-aided detection algorithm based on machine learning was able to classify idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with similar accuracy to a human reader.
Application of Three-Dimensional Printing Technology in the Orbital Blowout Fracture Reconstruction
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Chen Wei , Luo Ting-Yuan , Ma Juan , Dong Zhen , Cao Gang , Xu Jin-ke , Liu Bin-Yao , Zhang Qi-Rui , Zhang Sen-Lin 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical outcomes of orbital blowout fracture repair by using the three-dimensional (3D) printing-assisted fabrication of individual titanium mesh. Clinical and radiologic data were analyzed for 12 patients with orbital floor and/or medial wall fractures. Lower eyelid incision was used to expose the fractures. Preoperative computed tomographic data were input into an imaging software to rebuild a 3D orbit and mirror the unaffected side into the affected side to replace the demolished orbit. A resin model of the reshaped orbit was generated and used to develop an individual titanium mesh for repairing the fractured orbital. The surgical results were assessed by value of enophthalmos and a comparison of preoperative and postoperative orbital volume difference. All patients had a successful treatment outcome without any complications. Clinical significant enophthalmos were not observed after treatment, and diplopia were solved within 2 weeks postoperative. No extraocular muscle limitation was observed. Postoperative computed tomography scans demonstrated appropriate positioning of titanium mesh and there was no implant displacement. The postoperative orbital volume and enophthalmos difference between the 2 eyes decreased significantly than preoperative (P < 0.001). Three-dimensional printing-assisted fabrication of individual titanium mesh is appropriate for use in orbital blowout fracture.
Use of Navigation System in Craniofacial Surgery
Authors: Gasparini Giulio , Saponaro Gianmarco , Todaro Mattia , Doneddu Piero , Tamburrini Gianpiero , D’Amato Giuseppe , Boniello Roberto , Pelo Sandro , Moro Alessandro 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The use of navigated surgery in the treatment of craniofacial malformations can help obtain optimal results. In this article, the authors will discuss a case of anterior plagiocephaly, corrected with frontorbital bandeau remodeling. Navigation was used during the osteotomy and the reposition phase to ensure the correct positioning of the osteotomy instruments. It was also used to ensure that the bandeau was correctly repositioned in accordance with the surgical plan determined during the virtual simulation phase of the surgery.
Molding Helmet Therapy for Deformational Brachycephaly
Authors: Hallac Rami R. , Ajiwe Tochi , Effendi Maleeh , Seaward James R. , Kane Alex A. 
Published: May 2019

Background:
Molding helmet therapy is used for the treatment of infants with deformational brachycephaly (DB). There is a lack of rigorous outcome measures of helmet therapy in patients with DB using 3-dimensional (3D) imaging, with most reports rely on either subjective or 2-dimensional analyses. Furthermore, the longitudinal assessment of head shape improvement over the course of helmet therapy has not been documented. Our goal was to assess the outcome of molding helmet therapy using 3D surface imaging, and to document the pace of improvement during treatment.

Methods:
The head shape of 18 infants with DB who underwent orthotic molding helmet therapy was assessed. The 3D scans were obtained before treatment, during treatment, and at the end of treatment. First, we applied shape analysis techniques based on template deformation to obtain average (composite) heads of the 18 patients at the 3 time points of treatment (pretreatment, during, and posttreatment). In addition, we used 3D curvature analysis to quantify the degree of flatness at the same time points.

Results:
Molding helmet therapy started at 6.7 ± 0.9 months of age and lasted for 4.3 ± 0.8 months. The overall difference in the occipital contour between pretreatment and end of treatment was 6.3 ± 1.7 mm. Curvature analysis revealed that 15% of the back of the head had prehelmet marked flatness (mean curvature <5/m), which decreased to 9% at 2.5 months into treatment and 7% at the end of treatment.

Conclusion:
Over 65% of the head shape improvement occurred during the 2.5 months of molding helmet therapy.
Prognostic Value of a Four-miRNA Signature in Patients With Lymph Node Positive Locoregional Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Undergoing Complete Surgical Resection
Authors: Wen Jing , Wang Geng , Xie Xuan , Lin Guangrong , Yang Hong , Luo Kongjia , Liu Qianwen , Ling Yihong , Xie Xiuying , Lin Peng , Chen Yuping , Zhang Huizhong , Rong Tiehua , Fu Jianhua 
Published: May 2019

Objective:
This study was intended to identify prognostic biomarkers for lymph node (LN)-positive locoregional esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients.

Summary of Background Data:
Surgery is a major treatment for LN-positive locoregional ESCC patients in China. However, patient outcomes are poor and heterogeneous.

Methods:
ESCC-associated miRNAs were identified by microarray and validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses in ESCC and normal esophageal epithelial samples. A multi-miRNA based classifier was established using a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator model in a training set of 145 LN-positive locoregional ESCCs, and further assessed in internal testing and independent validation sets of 145 and 243 patients, respectively.

Results:
Twenty ESCC-associated miRNAs were identified and validated. A 4-miRNA based classifier (miR-135b-5p, miR-139-5p, miR-29c-5p, and miR-338-3p) was generated to classify LN-positive locoregional ESCC patients into high and low-risk groups. Patients with high-risk scores in the training set had a lower 5-year overall survival rate [8.7%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0–20.3] than those with low-risk scores (50.3%, 95% CI: 40.0–60.7; P < 0.0001). The prognostic accuracy of the classifier was validated in the internal testing (P < 0.0001) and independent validation sets (P = 0.00073). Multivariate survival analyses showed that the 4-miRNA based classifier was an independent prognostic factor, and the combination of the 4-miRNA based classifier and clinicopathological prognostic factors significantly improved the prognostic accuracy of clinicopathological prognostic factors alone.

Conclusion:
Our 4-miRNA based classifier is a reliable prognostic prediction tool for overall survival in LN-positive locoregional ESCC patients and might offer a novel probability of ESCC treatment individualization.
A conserved ATG2-GABARAP interaction is critical for phagophore closure
Authors: Bozic Mihaela , van den Bekerom Luuk , Milne Beth A. , Goodman Nicola , Roberston Lisa , Prescott Alan R. , Macartney Thomas J. , Dawe Nina , McEwan David G. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe intracellular trafficking pathway, macroautophagy, acts as a recycling and disposal service that can be upregulated during periods of stress, to maintain cellular homeostasis. An essential transition point in the pathway is the sealing of the immature phagophore to form an autophagosome, isolating unwanted cargo prior to lysosomal degradation. However, little mechanistic detail is known about phagophore closure. Human ATG2A and ATG2B proteins, through their interaction with WIPI proteins, are thought to be key players during phagophore closure. We have identified a highly-conserved motif driving the interaction between human ATG2 and GABARAP proteins that is in close proximity to the ATG2-WIPI4 interaction site. We show that the ATG2-GABARAP interaction mutants are unable to close phagophores resulting in blocked autophagy, similar to ATG2A/ATG2B double knock-out cells. In contrast, the ATG2-WIPI4 interaction mutant fully restored phagophore closure and autophagy flux, similar to wild type ATG2. Taken together, we provide new mechanistic insights to the requirements for ATG2 function at the phagophore and suggest that an ATG2-GABARAP interaction is essential for phagophore closure, whereas ATG2-WIPI4 interaction is dispensable.
General Practitioners’ adherence to prescribing guidelines for statins in the United Kingdoms
Authors: Ricciardi Federico , Nazareth Irwin , Petersen Irene 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTObjectiveIn this retrospective cohort study we aimed to assess, in 202,247 people who started a statin therapy between 2007-2014, the factors that led to the initiation of the drug. To do this we explored CVD risk factors singularly and in combinations as recorded in electronic health records in the year before they receive their first prescription and we compared the risk scores with that suggested by the NICE guideline at that time.MethodsWe summarised demographic characteristics and proportions of people with a risk score below the threshold. Regression-based analyses are performed to evaluate the association between the missingness of the risk score and relevant risk score components.Results45,364 individuals (22.4%) were prescribed statins without a record of a risk score being available in the year prior to the prescription date. When the risk score was available, 68,174 out of 156,883 patients were prescribed statins even with a score below the 20% threshold. Smoking status was the most frequently recorded variable (74.9% of the instances), followed by systolic blood pressure (71.6%) and total cholesterol (70%), while HDL cholesterol was the least recorded (34.1%). Cholesterol levels are positively associated with the missingness of the risk score, while systolic blood pressure shows a negative association.ConclusionsGPs often start statins on people with no risk score recorded in their clinical records or in those with risk scores below the recommended threshold. Higher cholesterol values may result in a GP starting statin therapy without recording the other relevant components required to calculate a risk score.STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDYOur cohort contains a large number of individuals: the study provide a representative picture of initiation of statins in UK primary care.We specifically focus on which variables and factors GPs record in electronic databases in the year prior statin treatment initiation: this is the first study to directly tackle the issue of statins prescribing in the absence of all the information required by the NICE guidelineWe are not able to verify if GPs actually used the records of the individual health indicators, when these were available, to calculate the risk score.
Neuromuscular and biomechanical functions subserving finger dexterity in musicians
Authors: Kimoto Yudai , Oku Takanori , Furuya Shinichi 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTExceptional finger dexterity enables skillful motor actions such as those required for musical performance. However, it has been not known whether specialized neuromuscular or biomechanical features subserve the dexterity. We aimed to identify the features firstly differentiating the finger dexterity between trained and untrained individuals and secondly accounting for the individual differences in the dexterity across trained individuals. To this aim, two studies were conducted. The first study (Study 1) compared the finger motor dexterity and several neuromuscular and biomechanical characteristics of the fingers between pianists and musically untrained individuals (non-musicians). The results showed no differences in any biomechanical features between the groups with different musical expertise. However, the pianists exhibited faster individual finger movements and more independent control of movements between the fingers. These observations indicate expertise-dependence of the finger motor skills and neuromuscular control of the fingers. The second study (Study 2) assessed individual differences in the finger dexterity between trained pianists. A penalized regression determined an association of the maximum movement speed of the pianists’ individual fingers with both finger muscular strength and biomechanical characteristics of the hand, but not with independent movement control between the fingers. In addition, none of these features covaried with measures of early and deliberate piano practice. Taken together, these findings indicate that distinct biological factors of finger motor dexterity differentiate between the effects of piano training and individual differences across skilled pianists.
Spatial patterning of tissue volume loss in schizophrenia reflects brain network architecture
Authors: Shafiei Golia , Markello Ross D. , Makowski Carolina , Talpalaru Alexandra , Kirschner Matthias , Devenyi Gabriel A. , Guma Elisa , Hagmann Patric , Cashman Neil R. , Lepage Martin , Chakravarty M. Mallar , Dagher Alain , Mišić Bratislav 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundThere is growing recognition that connectome architecture shapes cortical and sub-cortical grey matter atrophy across a spectrum of neurological and psychiatric diseases. Whether connectivity contributes to tissue volume loss in schizophrenia in the same manner remains unknown.MethodsHere we relate tissue volume loss in patients with schizophrenia to patterns of structural and functional connectivity. Grey matter deformation was estimated in a sample ofN= 133 individuals with chronic schizophrenia (48 female, 34.7 ± 12.9 years) andN= 113 controls (64 female, 23.5 ± 8.4 years). Deformation-based morphometry (DBM) was used to estimate cortical and subcortical grey matter deformation from T1-weighted MR images. Structural and functional connectivity patterns were derived from an independent sample ofN= 70 healthy participants using diffusion spectrum imaging and resting-state functional MRI.ResultsWe find that regional deformation is correlated with the deformation of structurally- and functionally-connected neighbours. Distributed deformation patterns are circumscribed by specific functional systems (the ventral attention network) and cytoarchitectonic classes (limbic class), with an epicenter in the anterior cingulate cortex.ConclusionsAltogether, the present study demonstrates that brain tissue volume loss in schizophrenia is conditioned by structural and functional connectivity, accounting for 25-35% of regional variance in deformation.
The Dynamics of Attention Shifts Among Concurrent Speech in a Naturalistic Multi-Speaker Virtual Environment
Authors: Cohen Keren Shavit , Golumbic Elana Zion 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFocusing attention on one speaker on the background of other irrelevant speech can be a challenging feat. A longstanding question in attention research is whether and how frequently individuals shift their attention towards task-irrelevant speech, arguably leading to occasional detection of words in a so-called unattended message. However, this has been difficult to gauge empirically, particularly when participants attend to continuous natural speech, due to the lack of appropriate metrics for detecting shifts in internal attention. Here we introduce a new experimental platform for studying the dynamic deployment of attention among concurrent speakers, utilizing a unique combination of Virtual Reality and Eye-Tracking technology. We created a Virtual Café in which participants sit across from and attend to the narrative of a target speaker. We manipulate the number and location of distractor speakers, manifest as additional patrons throughout the Virtual Café. By monitoring participant’ eye-gaze dynamics, we studied the patterns of overt shifts of attention among the concurrent speakers as well as the consequences of these shifts on speech comprehension.Our results reveal important individual differences in the gaze-pattern displayed during selective attention to speech. While some participants stayed fixated on a target speaker throughout the entire experiment, approximately 30% of participants frequently shifted their gaze toward distractor speakers or other locations in the environment, regardless of the severity of audiovisual distraction. Critically, the tendency for frequent gaze-shifts negatively impacted comprehension of the target speaker. We also found that gaze-shifts occurred primarily during gaps in the acoustic input, suggesting they are prompted by momentary unmasking of the competing audio, in line with ‘glimpsing’ theories of processing speech in noise.These results open a new window into understanding the dynamics of attention as they wax and wane over time, and the different listening patterns employed for dealing with the influx of sensory input in multisensory environments. Moreover, the novel approach developed here for tracking the locus of momentary attention in a naturalistic virtual-reality environment holds high promise for extending the study of human behavior and cognition and bridging the gap between the laboratory and real-life.
Relapse prevention through health technology program reduces hospitalization in schizophrenia
Authors: Homan Philipp , Schooler Nina R. , Brunette Mary F. , Rotondi Armando , Ben-Zeev Dror , Gottlieb Jennifer D. , Mueser Kim T. , Achtyes Eric D. , Gingerich Susan , Marcy Patricia , Meyer-Kalos Piper , Hauser Marta , John Majnu , Robinson Delbert G. , Kane John M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractImportancePsychiatric hospitalization is a major driver of cost in the treatment of schizophrenia. Symptom relapses are a frequent cause of hospitalization and both are primary source of burden to patients and their supporters.ObjectiveTo determine whether a novel, multicomponent, and technology-enhanced approach to relapse prevention in outpatients following a psychiatric hospitalization could reduce days spent in a hospital after discharge.DesignThe Improving Care and Reducing Cost (ICRC) study was a quasi-experimental clinical trial in outpatients with schizophrenia conducted between February 2013 and April 2015 at 10 different sites in the US. Data were obtained from 89 participants who received usual relapse prevention services, followed by a second cohort of 349 participants who received the technology-enhanced relapse prevention program. Both groups were followed for 6 months.SettingOutpatient setting.ParticipantsPatients were between 18 and 60 years old; had a diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or psychotic disorder not otherwise specified; and were currently hospitalized or had been hospitalized within the past 30 days.InterventionPatients received usual care or a technology-enhanced relapse prevention program during a 6-month period after discharge.Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s)Days spent in a psychiatric hospital during 6 months after discharge.ResultsThe study included 438 patients. Control participants (N = 89; 37 females) were enrolled first and received usual care for relapse prevention, and followed by 349 participants (128 females) who received technology-enhanced relapse prevention. Days of hospitalization were reduced by 4 days (Mean days: b = −4.25, 95% CI: −8.29; −0.21, P = 0.039) during follow-up in the intervention condition compared to control.Conclusions and RelevanceThe reduction in days spent in the hospital for participants in the technology-informed relapse prevention program compared to those who received usual care, and the previously reported high satisfaction and usability suggest that technology-enhanced relapse prevention is an effective and feasible way to reduce rehospitalization days among patients with schizophrenia.Key pointsQuestionCan rehospitalizations in schizophrenia be prevented at reduced cost by innovative mobile technology-delivered interventions?FindingsIn this clinical trial with 438 patients, a technology-enhanced relapse prevention program compared to usual services reduced an average of four days of hospitalization per patient during the first 6 months following an index hospitalization.MeaningRelapse prevention through a health technology may improve care while reducing costs associated with hospitalization.