bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How our approaches to assessing benefits and harms can be improved
Authors: Sena ES , Currie GL 
Published: January 2019

AbstractHarm-benefit analysis (HBA) underpins the ethical framework of the regulation of animal experiments. This process involves a qualitative, and generally subjective, assessment of the potential benefits weighed against likely harms to be caused to animals. However, there is scope to prospectively quantify this process. A systematic and empirical assessment of historical data can give insights into why benefits are not realised and the magnitude of harm that animals experience. There is substantial scholarly evidence that risks to the 3Vs, the three core aspects of experimental validity in animal experiments (internal, external and construct validity) and low statistical power are limiting the reliability and reproducibility of research. Assessment of the 3Rs (reduction, refinement and replacement) is embedded in HBA and specifically seeks to minimise harm to the animals. However, no formal structure is in place to assess the likelihood of benefit, and we champion the 3Vs as a scale with which this may be achieved. Ethical approval procedures that consider the 3Vs and 3Rs using meta-research may be an approach to facilitate HBA. In ethical considerations related to animal research, there are value judgements that are integral to HBA, which cannot be measured directly. However, a quantitative and systematic approach is likely to be of added value. The perspective and examples described in this paper relate to laboratory animal research, but the approaches may lend themselves to different settings involving animals to ensure that decision-making and changes introduced, for example, to improve animal welfare, are evidence-based.
Foraging habitat choice of White-tailed Tropicbirds revealed by fine-scale GPS tracking and remote sensing
Authors: Santos Carlos D. , Campos Leila F.A.S. , Efe Márcio A. 
Published: January 2019

Background
The introduction of animal tracking technology has rapidly advanced our understanding of seabird foraging ecology. Tracking data is particularly powerful when combined with oceanographic information derived from satellite remote sensing, allowing insights into the functional mechanisms of marine ecosystems. While this framework has been used extensively over the last two decades, there are still vast ocean regions and many seabird species for which information is scarce, particularly in tropical oceans.

Methods
In this study we tracked the movement at high GPS recording frequency of 15 White-tailed Tropicbirds (Phaethon lepturus) during chick-rearing from a colony in Fernando de Noronha (offshore of Northeast Brazil). Flight behaviours of travelling and searching for food were derived from GPS data and examined in relation to satellite-sensed oceanographic variables (sea surface temperature, turbidity and chlorophyll-a concentration).

Results
White-tailed Tropicbirds showed marked preference for clear and warm sea surface waters, which are indicative of low primary productivity but are likely the best habitat for preying upon flying fish.

Discussion
These findings are consistent with previous studies showing that foraging habitat choices of tropical seabirds may not be driven by primary productivity, as has been widely shown for non-tropical species.
OS EMPRESÁRIOS E A POLÍTICA EDUCACIONAL: COMO O PROCLAMADO DIREITO À EDUCAÇÃO DE QUALIDADE É NEGADO NA PRÁTICA PELOS REFORMADORES EMPRESARIAIS
Authors: Freitas Luiz Carlos de 
Published: January 2019

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-size: 11.000000pt; font-family: 'Garamond';">A despeito de que os empresários sempre estiveram tentando interferir com os processos educacionais desde os tempos da teoria do capital humano, o que pode estar havendo de novo que esteja motivando um redobrado interesse do empresariado pela educação? É possível que modificações no processo de desenvolvimento econômico-social dos países, ou as próprias crises do capital, estejam mobilizando os empresários? Acreditamos que sim. O atual interesse dos empresários tem aspectos específicos que merecem ser examinados. Não é recomendável que acreditemos que “a história está se repetindo”. Tal linearidade de análise nos desarmaria para o enfrentamento local das contradições que estão postas por esta nova escalada do capital sobre a educação. A política educacional dos reformadores é produzida para articular a necessidade de se qualificar para as novas formas de organização do trabalho produtivo, ao mesmo tempo que preserva e amplifica as funções sociais clássicas da escola: exclusão e subordinação. Está em jogo o controle político e ideológico da escola, em um momento em que algum grau a mais de acesso ao conhecimento é exigido pelas novas formas de organização do trabalho produtivo, novas exigências de consumo do próprio sistema capitalista e novas pressões políticas por ascensão social via educação. </span></p></div></div></div>
Betalains
Authors: Miguel Maria G 
Published: January 2019

AbstractFor long time ago that red beetroot (betalains) has been used as food colouring agent. The development of the organic synthesis led to the production of cheaper food synthetic colorants derived from aniline and other organic compounds that also presenting higher chemical stability and tinctorial strength than natural ones. However, consumers' growing interest in natural products shifted the research goal towards the natural colorants with the objective to improve their chemical stability in diverse food matrices and to find less time‐consuming and more environmental friendly techniques of extraction. Beyond the colouring property of betalains, they exhibit beneficial properties for human health, although their transformations in the organism do not permit explain such biological properties, unless their metabolites also possess activity. This is other research field that starts increasing. Plant and microorganism biotechnology can be a tool for obtaining new natural betalains as well as for enlightening their biosynthetic pathways.Key ConceptsNew data on the betalain biosynthesis.Betalain bioavailability in animals and humans.Betalain beneficial properties and their molecular mechanisms.Betalains as natural pigments.Encapsulation of betalains.
Thermochemical Insights on Small Nitrogen Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Freitas Vera L. S. , Ribeiro da Silva Maria D. M. C. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAlong this overview, a comprehensive thermochemical discussion of small nitrogen heterocyclic molecules is presented, based on reliable information obtained by experimental and computational methodologies. Calorimetric data jointly with other data obtained from alternative sources are used to acquire extensive thermochemical information. A brief description is provided on the more common techniques used in the measurement of properties of compounds under analysis, as well as fundaments on methodologies used in computational approaches, to establish alternative strategies to derive data for other species. Data analysis is fundamentally focused on the standard molar enthalpy of formation, an essential thermodynamic parameter to assess the energy associated to chemical reactions or other transformations involving the compounds, also allowing to derive related thermodynamic properties.This study focuses on neutral, π conjugated, nitrogen heterocyclic five‐membered systems with 1–4 heteroatoms, and some substituted derivatives, complemented by a short discussion on other species having one benzenic ring fused to the heterocycle. Considering its role on chemical structure and reactivity properties, the establishment of intermolecular hydrogen bonding deserved special attention. Complementarily, NH bond dissociation enthalpy values along differentazasystems are analyzed and used on comparing thermodynamic favorability of corresponding bond disruptions.An enthalpic parameters database for the selected groups of compounds is reportedly commented, gauging about their reliability to be assumed as key values.
Heterostructured Nanocube‐Shaped Binary Sulfide (SnCo)S2 Interlaced with S‐Doped Graphene as a High‐Performance Anode for Advanced Na+ Batteries
Authors: Yang Chenghao , Liang Xinghui , Ou Xing , Zhang Qiaobao , Zheng Hong‐Shen , Zheng Fenghua , Wang Jeng‐Han , Huang Kevin , Liu Meilin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractHeterostructuring electrodes with multiple electroactive and inactive supporting components to simultaneously satisfy electrochemical and structural requirements has recently been identified as a viable pathway to achieve high‐capacity and durable sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Here, a new design of heterostructured SIB anode is reported consisting of double metal‐sulfide (SnCo)S2 nanocubes interlaced with 2D sulfur‐doped graphene (SG) nanosheets. The heterostructured (SnCo)S2/SG nanocubes exhibit an excellent rate capability (469 mAh g−1 at 10.0 A g−1) and durability (5000 cycles, 487 mAh g−1 at 5.0 A g−1, 92.6% capacity retention). In situ X‐ray diffraction reveals that the (SnCo)S2/SG anode undergoes a six‐stage Na+ storage mechanism of combined intercalation, conversion, and alloying reactions. The first‐principle density functional theory calculations suggest high concentration of p–n heterojunctions at SnS2/CoS2 interfaces responsible for the high rate performance, while in situ transmission electron microscopy unveils that the interlacing and elastic SG nanosheets play a key role in extending the cycle life.
Stability of Quantum Dots, Quantum Dot Films, and Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes for Display Applications
Authors: Moon Hyungsuk , Lee Changmin , Lee Woosuk , Kim Jungwoo , Chae Heeyeop 
Published: January 2019

AbstractQuantum dots (QDs) are being highlighted in display applications for their excellent optical properties, including tunable bandgaps, narrow emission bandwidth, and high efficiency. However, issues with their stability must be overcome to achieve the next level of development. QDs are utilized in display applications for their photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence. The PL characteristics of QDs are applied to display or lighting applications in the form of color‐conversion QD films, and the electroluminescence of QDs is utilized in quantum dot light‐emitting diodes (QLEDs). Studies on the stability of QDs and QD devices in display applications are reviewed herein. QDs can be degraded by oxygen, water, thermal heating, and UV exposure. Various approaches have been developed to protect QDs from degradation by controlling the composition of their shells and ligands. Phosphorescent QDs have been protected by bulky ligands, physical incorporation in polymer matrices, and covalent bonding with polymer matrices. The stability of electroluminescent QLEDs can be enhanced by using inorganic charge transport layers and by improving charge balance. As understanding of the degradation mechanisms of QDs increases and more stable QDs and display devices are developed, QDs are expected to play critical roles in advanced display applications.
Operando Observations and First‐Principles Calculations of Reduced Lithium Insertion in Au‐Coated LiMn2O4
Authors: Bassett Kimberly L. , Warburton Robert E. , Deshpande Siddharth , Fister Timothy T. , Ta Kim , Esbenshade Jennifer L. , Kinaci Alper , Chan Maria K. Y. , Wiaderek Kamila M. , Chapman Karena W. , Greeley Jeffrey P. , Gewirth Andrew A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe deposition of protective coatings on the spinel LiMn2O4 (LMO) lithium‐ion battery cathode is effective in reducing Mn dissolution from the electrode surface. Although protective coatings positively affect LMO cycle life, much remains to be understood regarding the interface formed between these coatings and LMO. Using operando powder X‐ray diffraction with Rietveld refinement, it is shown that, in comparison to bare LMO, the lattice parameter of a model Au‐coated LMO cathode is significantly reduced upon relithiation. Less charge passes through Au‐coated LMO in comparison to bare LMO, suggesting that the reduced lattice parameter is associated with decreased Li+ solubility in the Au‐coated LMO. Density functional theory calculations show that a more Li+‐deficient near‐surface is thermodynamically favorable in the presence of the Au coating, which may further stabilize these cathodes through suppressing formation of the Jahn–Teller distorted Li2Mn2O4 phase at the surface. Electronic structure and chemical bonding analyses show enhanced hybridization between Au and LMO for delithiated surfaces leading to partial oxidation of Au upon delithiation. This study suggests that, in addition to transition metal dissolution from electrode surfaces, protective coating design must also balance potential energy effects induced by charge transfer at the electrode‐coating interface.
Science Policy Training for a New Physician Leader: Description and Framework of a Novel Climate and Health Science Policy Fellowship
Authors: Lemery Jay , Sorensen Cecilia , Balbus John , Newman Lee , Davis Christopher , Reno Elaine , Salas Renee , Hynes Emilie Calvello 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe accelerating health impacts of climate change are undermining global health, and the roles of the health sector in addressing the many challenges of climate change are being articulated by governments, multilateral institutions, and professional societies. Given the paucity of physician engagement on this issue to date, there now exists a clear need for health professionals to meet this new challenge with the development and cultivation of new knowledge and skill sets in public health, environmental science, policy, and communication. We describe a novel GME fellowship in climate and health science policy, designed to train a new generation of clinicians to provide the necessary perspective and skills for effective leadership in this field. This fellowship identifies available university resources and leverages external collaborations (government, medical consortiums, affiliate institutions in public health, and environmental science), which we describe as being replicatable to similar training programs of any number of medical specialties and likewise bring meaningful opportunities to their respective training programs and academic departments. The creation of this novel fellowship in climate and health policy provides a roadmap and potential path for similar programs to join us in addressing the defining health issue of this generation and many to follow.
A decentralized multivariable controller for hydrostatic wind turbine drivetrain
Authors: Deldar M. , Izadian A. , Anwar S. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA hydrostatic drivetrain transmits wind turbine energy to a generator. One hydrostatic transmission system (HTS) configuration utilizes a fixed displacement pump and a variable displacement motor. The system dynamics are captured in a nonlinear multi‐input multi‐output mathematical model. This paper introduces a decentralized control configuration based on this model to achieve two desired objectives: maximizing the harvested energy without direct measurement of wind and regulating the frequency of the generator without using power electronic converters. To accomplish these objectives, suitable pairing of control actuators and system responses are identified through nonlinear relative gain arrays (RGA) analysis. The pairing also provides a strong decoupling of control loops. So maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is achieved independently while the generator speed is regulated to maintain the frequency of generated power at 60 Hz. Simulation results demonstrate robust performance of MPPT and frequency regulation in the presence of uncertainties in the turbine and HTS model. We also demonstrate that the RGA paired input‐out control configuration offers superior performance over other possible input–output paired control configurations.
Evaluating the impact of rainfall and temperature on wheat dough strength in Western Australia
Authors: Williams Richard M. , Diepeveen Dean A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackground and objectivesWestern Australian wheat farmers rely on the international market to sell their wheat. One advantage they have in the market place is Australia's reputation for good and reliable wheat quality. However, consecutive years of weaker‐than‐expected dough strength placed specific consistency concerns on Western Australian hard‐grained wheat exports. To investigate why weak dough strength occurred, a multi‐season set of data was compiled. It was made up of quality results from historical crop reports and breeder trials. Recycling of data was an efficient initial step to examine the problem, but to overcome limitations, modeled climate measurements and phenotype information needed to be combined with the quality data to allow mixed model statistics to be used for analysis of the unbalanced data.FindingsThe key findings were three climate measurements linked to weak dough properties as measured by extensograph maximum resistance. A negative relationship between dough strength and rainfall in the period 60 days after flowering, tested as the percentage of total growing season rainfall, was found. Two temperature‐related measurements were identified as having a positive relationship with dough strength. These were the number of consecutive days that had a maximum temperature of ≥28°C and mean daily temperature range occurring during the 60‐day period after flowering.ConclusionsThe combined impact of moisture and temperature levels during the post‐flowering period on wheat dough strength builds on the previous understanding of high temperatures changing dough strength.Significance and noveltyThe recycling of data was a useful first step in understanding a complex issue, and the results provide a reference guide for further research into understanding the interaction between a changing growing environment and important wheat quality parameters.
XAFS Studies of Fe−SiO2 Fischer‐Tropsch Catalyst During Activation in CO, H2, and Synthesis Gas
Authors: Chang Qiang , Li Ke , Zhang Chenghua , Cheruvathur Ajin V. , Zheng Lirong , Yang Yong , Li Yongwang 
Published: January 2019

AbstractHighly dispersed catalysts are widely used in industry and academia because of their large surface active sites. However, the predominant short‐range ordered structures in catalysts cannot be revealed by bulk characterization tools. The present study chooses a highly dispersed Fe−SiO2 FTS catalyst as a research object and shows how X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) helps to analyze the chemical information (iron composition, reduction degree, and iron valence) and structural information (coordinating atom and coordination number) of catalyst. The activation process of catalysts are detailedly studied under different atmospheres (CO, H2, or 2H2/CO) by using both ex‐situ and in‐situ XAFS. CO activation behaves most effective during the whole process and finally produces the highest content of active iron species compared with H2 and 2H2/CO activation. The coordination number evolution of nearest Fe−O and Fe−C shells around Fe are put forward to understand the activation process. The present study demonstrates how XAFS elaborately reveals the phase transformations of the highly dispersed Fe−SiO2 FTS catalyst.
A Core‐Shell NiFe2O4@SiO2 Structure as a High‐Performance Anode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Qin Getong , Wu Xin , Wen Jianwu , Li Jing , Zeng Min 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSmart surface coatings composed of transition‐metal oxides are shown to significantly improve the cycling performance of batteries. Currently, most studies are mainly focused on coating materials such as TiO2 and carbon‐based materials. However, these coating materials face significant challenges, including their low capacity and tedious processing. Herein, a simple and novel amorphous SiO2 coating is successfully used on the surface of NiFe2O4 to form a core‐shell structure. When tested as an anode, it delivers a high initial discharge capacity of 2022.3 mAh g−1 and retains a high specific capacity of 1224.6 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.1 C. The superior performance of NiFe2O4@SiO2 is mainly attributed to the SiO2 coatings, which can provide a high capacity, alleviate drastic volume changes in NiFe2O4 and form a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. The results demonstrated that SiO2 can be used as a novel coating material to improve the cycling properties of metal oxide materials.
Cu0.33Co0.67S2 Hexagonal Sheets with 2D Hierarchical Structures for High‐Rate and Long‐Term Lithium Storage
Authors: Meng Yu , Hu Linfeng , Liu Handing , Yang Sangpu , Ruan Jiafeng , Wu Haotian , Wang Pei , Song Yun , Sun Dalin , Fang Fang 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCoS2 has been studied as a promising anode for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) due to its large capacity and high electrical conductivity. However, CoS2 anodes generally suffer from rapid capacity fading, especially at high rate. Rationally designed morphologies and component tunability offer appropriate approaches to improve its lithium storage performances. Herein, Cu0.33Co0.67S2 ultrathin hexagonal sheets with two‐dimensional (2D) hierarchical structure were firstly prepared through a facile and controllable sulfuration strategy from Cu‐doped cobalt hydroxide sheet precursor. The as‐prepared Cu0.33Co0.67S2 anode delivers a high reversible capacity of 960 mAh g−1 over 200 cycles at a current density of 1 A g−1 and a stable cycling capacity of 550 mAh g−1 even after 2000 cycles at 10 A g−1. The excellent electrochemical performances can mainly be attributed to the special 2D hierarchical structure and the synergistic enhancement effect of copper and cobalt ions, which induces reversible decomposition of partial SEI, high pseudocapacitive contributions and fast faradic reaction kinetics. Binary metal sulfide materials combined with a rational hierarchical structure design could provide a promising method to construct high‐performance anodes for applications in electrochemical energy storage.
MnO Nanoparticles Supported by Carbonized Cotton Fiber Foil as a Free‐Standing Anode for High‐Performance Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Zheng Zhong , Cui Dongming , Pei Yanyan , Zhang Fengxiao , Yuan Liangjie 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA three‐dimensional (3D) network structure composite of MnO nanoparticles (NPs) and carbonized cotton fiber foil (CCFF) is introduced as an anode material free of binders and conductive additives for Li‐ion batteries (LIBs). CCFF with its closely linked networks provides a stable framework for metal oxides and improves the electrical conductivity of the composite. MnO NPs are evenly distributed on the surface of CCFF and concurrently embedded in the carbon matrix through simply annealing the MnO precursor (MnO−P)/cotton fiber foil (CFF) composite. When the obtained MnO/CCFF composite is used as a self‐supporting anode in LIBs, the electrode displays stable cycling performance and superior rate capability, which can be attributed to the close contact between the well‐dispersed MnO NPs and the interlaced carbon fibers. The rational design using CCFF as the current collector in batteries and the carbon substrate to support the active materials could greatly enhance the electronic/ionic transmission channels and effectively relieve the volume expansion of MnO during the electrochemical process. In addition, the self‐standing MnO/CCFF electrode may serve as a template for the design of other metal oxide anode materials supported by carbonized cotton fiber foil for high‐performance LIBs.