bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endogenous retroviral gene elements (syncytin-Rum1 and BERV-K1), interferon-τ, and pregnancy associated glycoprotein-1 are differentially expressed in maternal and fetal tissues during the first 50 days of gestation in beef heifers1
Authors: McLean K. J. , Crouse M. S. , Crosswhite M. R. , Black D. N. , Dahlen C. R. , Borowicz P. P. , Reynolds L. P. , Ward A. K. , Neville B. W. , Caton J. S. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
We hypothesized that the endogenous retroviruses [ERV: syncytin-Rum1 and (BERV-K1)], and pregnancy hormones [interferon-τ (IFN-τ), and pregnancy associated glycoprotein-1 (PAG-1)] would be differentially expressed whereas progesterone and insulin concentrations in maternal blood would remain steady during early gestation. To test this hypothesis Angus crossbred heifers (n = 46; ∼15 mo of age; BW = 363 ± 35 kg) were fed native grass hay, supplemented with cracked corn to gain 0.3 kg/d, and given ad libitum access to water. All heifers were subjected to a 5-d CO-Synch + CIDR estrous synchronization protocol and AI (breeding = d 0). Ovariohysterectomies were performed on d 16, 22, 28, 34, 40, and 50 of gestation and at d 16 of the estrous cycle for non-pregnant (NP) controls. Utero-placental tissues [maternal caruncle (CAR); maternal intercaruncular endometrium (ICAR); and fetal membranes, (FM, chorion on d 16, chorioallantois on d 22 to 50)] were collected from the uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum (CL). Tissues were flash frozen and stored at –80°C. Expression of mRNA was evaluated using qPCR. In CAR, syncytin-Rum1 expression was greater (P &lt; 0.01) on d 50 (81.5-fold) compared with NP controls or any other day of early pregnancy. In contrast, syncytin-Rum1 expression in I-CAR only tended (P = 0.09) to change across days of early pregnancy and did not differ (P = 0.27) in FM tissues. In CAR, the expression of BERV-K1 was not different (P &gt; 0.79) at d 16 and 22, was intermediate at d 28, 34, and 40, and was greatest on d 50 (108-fold increase compared with NP). Expression of BERV-K1 in FM was increased (P &lt; 0.01) on d 28, 34, and 50 compared with NP controls, but at d 40 did not differ from NP controls. The mRNA expression of IFN-τ in FM at d 22 was greater (P &lt; 0.01) than all other days of gestation. In CAR, expression of PAG-1 increased (P &lt; 0.001) dramatically on d 40 (20,000-fold) and d 50 (86,000-fold) compared with NP heifers (P &lt; 0.01). In ICAR, expression of PAG-1 was greater (P &lt; 0.05) on d 28 and 40 (fold increases of 113 and 102, respectively, compared with NP). Insulin concentrations were not different (P = 0.53) but progesterone was greater (P &lt; 0.01) on d 16, 22, 28, 34, and 40 compared with d 50 of gestation. These data confirm differential ERV, IFN-τ, and PAG-1 gene expression during critical time points of early gestation in utero-placental tissues.
Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products on the lactational performance of mid-lactation dairy cows1
Authors: Acharya S. , Pretz J. P. , Yoon I. , Scott M. F. , Casper D. P. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This study was to evaluate 1 current and 2 newly developed Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP, Diamond V Original XPC and 2 test products) on the production efficiency of mid-lactation dairy cows. Eighty mid-lactation (164.5 ± 67.5 d in milk: DIM) Holstein cows (56 multiparous and 24 primiparous) were blocked by parity, DIM, and milk production, and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments. Treatments consisted of: 1) Control (CON): corn silage and haylage based ration; 2) XPC: CON ration with Original XPC added at 14 g/d; 3) Product 1 (P1): CON ration with Product 1 added at 5 g/d; and 4) Product 2 (P2): CON ration with Product 2 added at 19 g/d. Treatments were blended with dried distillers grains and then mixed into a total mixed ration at 454 g/d. The first 14 d of the study (d–14 to 0) was for training cows to use the Calan door feeding system and cows were fed the CON ration during this period followed by an 8 wk continuous experimental period. Dry matter intakes were similar (P &gt; 0.10) when cows were fed all treatments (25.7, 26.1, 25.1, and 26.2 kg/d for CON, XPC, P1, and P2, respectively). Milk production (33.3, 34.4, 35.5, and 36.8 kg/d) was improved (P &lt; 0.05) for cows fed P2 compared to cows fed CON, with cows fed other treatments being intermediate and similar (P &gt; 0.10). Feed efficiency (milk yield/dry matter intake) was improved (P &lt; 0.05) for cows fed P1 and P2, compared to cows fed CON and XPC (1.30, 1.34, 1.49 and 1.41 kg/kg). Milk fat content was reduced (P &lt; 0.05) for cows fed P2 (4.17, 3.93, 4.08, and 3.85%) compared to cows fed CON, with cows fed other treatments being intermediate (P &gt; 0.10). Milk protein and lactose percentages were similar (P &gt; 0.10) among treatments. Cows fed P2 had reduced (P &lt; 0.05) molar proportion of ruminal acetate (63.8, 64.0, 63.1, and 62.3%) and greater (P &lt; 0.05) propionate (18.9, 19.3, 19.7, and 20.6%) than cows fed other treatments. Supplementing a dairy ration with SCFP, such as P2, can improve milk production and feed efficiency of mid-lactation cows.
Testing the feasibility of using a conveyor belt to load weanling and nursery pigs for transportation1
Authors: Lay D. C. , Sapkota A. , Enneking S. A. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Transportation is known to be a multi-faceted stressor, with the process of loading being one of the most significant factors impacting the stress to which animals are exposed. This project was designed to determine if using a conveyor to load pigs into the top deck of a simulated straight deck trailer could lower the stress to which pigs and handlers are exposed. Pigs were assigned to either a Control group that were herded up a stationary conveyor ramp into a top deck trailer (2.5 m above the ground); or Conveyor group which were herded onto a mobile conveyor into a top deck trailer. The conveyor was 7.6 m long, 0.9 m wide and rose to 2.5 m high at a 16° slope, and moved 11.3 m/min. Two age groups were tested; Weanling pigs which were moved in groups of 20 (n = 14 groups/treatment) and Nursery pigs which were moved in groups of 10 (n = 15 groups/treatment). Behavior was recorded during loading, including slips and falls, vocalizations, assists, and time to load. Heart rate of 2 sentinel pigs/group and the handler were recorded during loading, and body temperature of the handler after loading. Pigs were held in the simulated trailer for 30 min while heart rate was recorded. After which, they were unloaded and held in a holding pen for an additional 30 min while heart rate was recorded. There were no treatment differences for slips or falls (P &lt; 0.90). Vocalizations were too few to analyze. Both Weanling (2.8 ± 0.7) and Nursery (1.6 ± 0.5) Conveyor pigs needed to be assisted onto the conveyor more than Weanling (1.2 ± 0.4) and Nursery (0.3 ± 0.1) Control pigs (P &lt; 0.06). There was no difference in total loading time between the treatments for any age group (P &lt; 0.15), with Weanling and Nursery pigs loading in 50 to 45 s, respectively. There were no treatment differences for heart rate variability measures (P &gt; 0.10). However, loading increased heart rate of Nursery pigs (204.9 ± 5.7 bpm, P &lt; 0.005), but not Weanling pigs (172.1 ± 9.0 bpm). Nursery pigs had a greater ratio of low frequency to high frequency power during loading (P &lt; 0.02) compared to other phases of the procedure in both Control and Conveyor groups. Heart rate (93.9 ± 1.9 bpm) and body temperature (31.1 ± 0.3°C, eye temperature) of the handler was not affected by treatment (P &lt; 0.26). Based on behavior and physiology, the pigs had similar experiences in both treatments. This study shows that it is feasible to use a conveyor to load pigs, but it may not be advantageous.
Lysine bioavailability among 2 lipid-coated lysine products after exposure to silage1
Authors: Reiners J. N. , Held J. E. , Wright C. L. , Qiao Q. , Djira G. D. , Brunsvig B. R. , Reza K. M. , Brake D. W. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
We conducted 2 experiments to determine lysine bioavailability from 2 lipid-coated lysine products. In an in vitro experiment we mixed each lipid-coated lysine product with either alfalfa- or corn-silage at different amounts of acidity. Scanning electron micrographs indicated that surface structure of each lipid-coated lysine particle was eroded after mixing with silage. Additionally, visual evaluation of scanning electron micrographs suggested that peripheral surface abrasion of lipid-coated lysine may be greater when lipid-coated lysine was mixed with alfalfa silage in comparison to corn silage. In a corresponding experiment, in vivo measures of lysine bioavailability to sheep from 2 lipid-coated lysine products and lysine-HCl were determined after mixing in corn silage. Plasma lysine concentrations increased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) in response to abomasal lysine infusion indicating that our model was sensitive to increases in metabolizable lysine flow. Bioavailability of each lipid-coated lysine source and dietary lysine-HCl were calculated to be 23, 15, and 18%, respectively. Even though each dietary source of lysine increased plasma lysine, rates of increases in plasma lysine from one lipid-coated lysine source (linear; P = 0.20) and lysine-HCl (linear; P = 0.11) were not different from plasma lysine levels supported by diet alone. However, the rate of plasma lysine increase in response to lysine from the other lipid-coated lysine source was greater (P = 0.04) than plasma lysine from feed alone. Nonetheless, the rate of plasma lysine increase in response to lipid-coated lysine did not differ (P ≥ 0.70) from the rate of plasma lysine increase from lysine-HCl. Clearly, methods of manufacture, together with physical and chemical characteristics of diet, can impact amounts of metabolizable lysine provided from lipid-coated lysine products. Direct measures of lysine bioavailability from lipid-coated lysine products after mixing with diets should be based on measurements with the products treated similarly to the method of feeding.
Quantifying production, processing and post-slaughter effects on pork eating quality using random effects meta-regression1
Authors: Channon H. A. , D'Souza D. N. , Dunshea F. R. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Random effects meta-regression techniques, analyzed using a restricted maximum likelihood (REML) approach, was used to determine the influence of various factors that may be experienced or imposed on pigs, carcases and pork on pork eating quality attributes and shear force of the M. longissimus dorsi (loin). This was done to inform the development of a pathway based eating quality system for pork. Estimated means of explanatory variables were obtained for those pathway factors where sufficient published studies met the criteria for inclusion in the analysis. Due to a lack of data for interactions between factors investigated, only single factors were included as fixed terms in the REML models. This analysis identified that moisture infusion (P &lt; 0.001), ageing for more than 2 d post-slaughter (P = 0.006) and tenderstretching (P = 0.006) each resulted in significant improvements in tenderness. Cooking loins to an endpoint temperature of ≥ 80°C negatively impacted both tenderness (P = 0.022) and juiciness (P &lt; 0.001) scores compared with 70 to 74°C. It was not possible to develop algorithms to reliably estimate the effects of multiple factors on pork eating quality attributes to a cuts-based level due to limited studies reporting data for treatment interactions.
National Beef Quality Audit-2016: Phase 1, Face-to-face interviews
Authors: Hasty J. D. , Pfeifer M. M. , Eastwood L. C. , Gredell D. A. , Gifford C. L. , Levey J. R. , Cashman C. M. , Woerner D. R. , Martin J. N. , Delmore R. J. , Griffin W. B. , VanOverbeke D. L. , Mafi G. G. , Boykin C. A. , Hale D. S. , Kerth C. R. , Griffin D. B. , Arnold A. N. , Savell J. W. , Pendell D. L. , Belk K. E. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The National Beef Quality Audit (NBQA) is conducted every 5 yr and was most recently again conducted in 2016. Face-to-face interviews gauged progress in quality associated with live cattle production using procedures first utilized in NBQA 2011. The 2016 NBQA was the first in which interviews concerning fed steers and heifers were combined with an audit of market cow and bull beef. Face-to-face interviews were designed to illicit definitions for beef quality, estimate willingness to pay (WTP) for quality attributes, establish relative importance rankings for important quality factors, and assess images, strengths, weaknesses, potential threats, and shifting trends in the beef industry since the 2011 audit. Individuals making purchasing decisions in 5 market sectors of the steer/heifer and cow/bull beef supply chain were interviewed, including packers (n = 36), retailers (including large and small supermarket companies and warehouse food sales companies; n = 35), food service operators (including quick-serve, full-service, and institutional establishments; n = 29), further processors (n = 64), and peripherally-related government and trade organizations (GTO; n = 30). Face-to-face interviews were conducted between January and November of 2016 using a designed dynamic routing system. Definitions (as described by interviewees) for 7 pre-determined quality factors, including: (1) How and where the cattle were raised, (2) Lean, fat, and bone, (3) Weight and size, (4) Visual characteristics, (5) Food safety, (6) Eating satisfaction, and (7) Cattle genetics were recorded verbatim and categorized into similar responses for analysis. Compared to NBQA-2011, a higher percentage of companies were willing to pay premiums for guaranteed quality attributes, but overall were willing to pay lower average premiums than the companies interviewed in 2011. Food safety had the highest share of preference among all interviewees, generating a double-digit advantage over any other quality factor. The 2 beef industries have an overall positive image among interviewees, and despite lingering weaknesses, product quality continued to be at the forefront of the strengths category for both steer and heifer beef and market cow and bull beef.
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus reduces feed efficiency, digestibility, and lean tissue accretion in grow-finish pigs1
Authors: Schweer W. , Schwartz K. , Patience J. F. , Karriker L. , Sparks C. , Weaver M. , Fitzsimmons M. , Burkey T. E. , Gabler N. K. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus is a major swine virus that causes reproductive impairment in sows, as well as respiratory disease, reduction in growth rates, and mortalities in all ages of pigs. The objective of this study was to quantify the impact PRRS has on grower-finisher pig feed efficiency and tissue accretion rates. Thirty PRRS naïve, littermate pairs of maternal line Choice Genetics gilts (33.6 ± 0.58 kg BW) were selected and pairs split across 2 barns consisting of 5 pens (n = 6 pigs/pen per barn). Pigs in both barns were fed corn-soybean-DDGS diets ad libitum. All pigs in one barn were inoculated (CHAL) via an i.m. injection of a live PRRS strain isolated from the region (0 d post inoculation, dpi), while pigs in the other barn were given a saline control injection (CONT). Pig performance (ADG, ADFI, G:F) was assessed from 35 kg BW until each group reached market BW (128 kg). Additionally, longitudinal apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and body composition was assessed using Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) post inoculation (dpi) to estimate lean, protein, fat and bone accretion rates. Serological data from CHAL pigs showed that PRRS titers peaked 7 dpi and these pigs seroconverted by 35 dpi. According to both genomic and protein PRRS titers, CONT pigs were naïve to CHAL throughout the study. The PRRS infection reduced (P &lt; 0.001) ATTD of dry matter, energy and nitrogen by 3 to 5% at 21 dpi and the reduction in ATTD persisted after 65 dpi. Compared to the CONT, CHAL pigs had decreased ADG (0.89 vs. 0.80 kg/d, P &lt; 0.001), ADFI (2.05 vs. 1.93 kg/d, P &lt; 0.001), and G:F (0.44 vs. 0.41 kg/d, P &lt; 0.001) over the entire test period. The CHAL pigs also had attenuated DXA predicted whole body accretion of lean (547 vs. 633 g/d, P = 0.001), protein (109 vs. 126 g/d, P = 0.001) and fat (169 vs. 205 g/d, P = 0.001) compared to their CONT counterparts from dpi 0 to 80. Based on carcass data at slaughter (and consistent with the DXA data), CHAL pigs had leaner carcasses and reduced yields. These data clearly demonstrate that PRRS infection reduces digestibility, feed efficiency and protein accretion rates in grower-finisher pigs.
Validation of transrectal ultrasonography for assessment of corpora lutea characteristics in pregnant sows and its relationship with litter characteristics at birth1
Authors: Da Silva C. L. A. , Laurenssen B. F. A. , Knol E. F. , Kemp B. , Soede N. M. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In experiment 1 we investigated the accuracy of transrectal ultrasonography (TUS) to assess the number (OR) and diameter of corpora lutea (CL) in 45 and 25 sows, respectively, at 23.4 ± 2.9 d of pregnancy. The diameter was calculated as the average diameter of 10 biggest CL. Sows were subsequently slaughtered and OR was assessed by dissection of CL from both ovaries (n = 45) and average diameter of the 10 biggest CL was also calculated after measurement of CL with the caliper rule (n = 25). There was a weak relationship between OR counted after dissection of the ovaries and OR counted with TUS (β = 0.28 ± 0.01 CL/CL, P = 0.01), but there was a strong relationship between the average CL diameter measured with the caliper rule after dissection and the average CL diameter based on TUS (β = 1.0 ± 0.1 mm/mm, P &lt; 0.0001). This shows that TUS is not a valid method to assess OR in pregnant sows but it is a valid method to assess average CL diameter. In experiment 2, we investigated the relationship between the average CL diameter assessed by TUS (n = 100) at 23.8 ± 2.4 d of pregnancy and average piglet birth weight (BW) and observed an increase of 37.6 ± 17.8 g in piglet BW per mm increase in average CL diameter measured by TUS (P = 0.04). This relationship is probably because larger CL develop from bigger follicles at ovulation, which might have ovulated oocytes of higher quality that developed into embryos with higher growth potential and thus higher birth weight.
National Beef Quality Audit–2016: Transportation, mobility, live cattle, and carcass assessments of targeted producer-related characteristics that affect value of market cows and bulls, their carcasses, and associated by-products1
Authors: Harris M. K. , Eastwood L. C. , Boykin C. A. , Arnold A. N. , Gehring K. B. , Hale D. S. , Kerth C. R. , Griffin D. B. , Savell J. W. , Belk K. E. , Woerner D. R. , Hasty J. D. , Delmore R. J. , Martin J. N. , Lawrence T. E. , McEvers T. J. , VanOverbeke D. L. , Mafi G. G. , Pfeiffer M. M. , Schmidt T. B. , Maddock R. J. , Johnson D. D. , Carr C. C. , Scheffler J. M. , Pringle T. D. , Stelzleni A. M. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The National Beef Quality Audit–2016 marks the fourth iteration in a series assessing the quality of live beef and dairy cows and bulls and their carcass counterparts. The objective was to determine the incidence of producer-related defects, and report cattle and carcass traits associated with producer management. Conducted from March through December of 2016, trailers (n = 154), live animals (n = 5,470), hide-on carcasses (n = 5,278), and hide-off hot carcasses (n = 5,510) were surveyed in 18 commercial packing facilities throughout the United States. Cattle were allowed 2.3 m2 of trailer space on average during transit indicating some haulers are adhering to industry handling guidelines for trailer space requirements. Of the mixed gender loads arriving at processing facilities, cows and bulls were not segregated on 64.4% of the trailers surveyed. When assessed for mobility, the greatest majority of cattle surveyed were sound. Since the inception of the quality audit series, beef cows have shown substantial improvements in muscle. Today over 90.0% of dairy cows are too light muscled. The mean body condition score for beef animals was 4.7 and for dairy cows and bulls was 2.6 and 3.3, respectively. Dairy cattle were lighter muscled, yet fatter than the dairy cattle surveyed in 2007. Of cattle surveyed, most did not have horns, nor any visible live animal defects. Unbranded hides were observed on 77.3% of cattle. Carcass bruising was seen on 64.1% of cow carcasses and 42.9% of bull carcasses. However, over half of all bruises were identified to only be minor in severity. Nearly all cattle (98.4%) were free of visible injection-site lesions. Current results suggest improvements have been made in cattle and meat quality in the cow and bull sector. Furthermore, the results provide guidance for continued educational and research efforts for improving market cow and bull beef quality.
МОНИТОРИНГ РАЗВИТИЯ КОНКУРЕНЦИИ И АДМИНИСТРАТИВНЫХ БАРЬЕРОВ В РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКЕ
Authors: Григорьев Александр Николаевич , Михальченкова Наталья Алексеевна , Ткачев Сергей Алексеевич , Квашнева Алена Егоровна 
Published: December 2018

Целью работы является оценка состояния конкуренции в сфере малого и среднего предпринимательства и оценка конкурентной среды и административных барьеров в региональной экономической системе. Методологией исследования является структурно-функциональный анализ социально-экономических процессов и явлений. Важным представляется выбор социологического инструментария анализа состояния конкурентной среды в экономике региона на примере Республики Коми. Результаты работы позволяют выявить положительную динамику состояния процессов в среде малого и среднего бизнеса, зафиксировать стратегические цели, поставленные органами государственной власти в области поддержки малого и среднего предпринимательства. Проведенное исследование демонстрирует высокую активность инфраструктуры поддержки малого и среднего бизнеса, выбор принципа «единого окна» позволяет государству оказывать услуги предпринимателям «под ключ» – от запуска инвестиционного проекта до его сопровождения и запуска. Результаты социологического мониторинга оценки состояния конкурентной среды бизнеса позволяют говорить о положительном воздействии конкурентной среды на активность бизнеса, в ряде отраслей отмечается высокий уровень конкуренции. В текущем году ожидается внесение в Правительство РФ паспорта национального проекта по развитию малого и среднего бизнеса, где отражается структура и меры поддержки бизнеса – от идеи создания, регистрации и роста бизнеса до выхода на экспортные рынки. Важен учет специальных механизмов вовлечения такой категории населения, как «самозанятые», создание единой площадки получения государственной поддержки в многофункциональных центрах предоставления услуг, совершенствования государственного механизма закупок, доступа бизнеса к производственным и офисным площадям. В статье констатируется значение активизации уровня конкуренции в региональной экономике, отраслевая дифференциация конкуренции по отраслям народного хозяйства, высокий уровень конкуренции в ряде отраслей региона (Республики Коми). Всеми субъектами предпринимательства отмечается высокий налоговый уровень и нестабильность российского законодательства, регулирующего предпринимательскую деятельность.