bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yes, no, maybe so: the importance of cognitive interviewing to enhance structured surveys on respectful maternity care in northern India
Authors: Scott Kerry , Gharai Dipanwita , Sharma Manjula , Choudhury Namrata , Mishra Bibha , Chamberlain Sara , LeFevre Amnesty 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Quantitative survey findings are important in measuring health-related phenomena, including on sensitive topics such as respectful maternity care (RMC). But how well do survey results truly capture respondent experiences and opinions? Quantitative tool development and piloting often involve translating questions from other settings and assessing the mechanics of implementation, which fails to deeply explore how respondents understand survey questions and response options. To address this gap, we conducted cognitive interviews on survey questions (n = 88) adapted from validated RMC instruments used in Ethiopia, Kenya and elsewhere in India. Cognitive interviews with rural women (n = 21) in Madhya Pradesh, India involved asking the respondent the survey question, recording her response, then interviewing her about what the question and response options meant to her. We analysed the interviews to revise the tool and identify question failures, which we grouped into six areas: issues with sequencing, length and sensitivity; problematic response options; inappropriate vocabulary; temporal and spatial confusion; accessing different cognitive domains; and failure to resonate with the respondent’s worldview and reality. Although women tended to provide initial answers to the survey questions, cognitive interviews revealed widespread mismatch between respondent interpretation and question intent. Likert scale response options were generally incomprehensible and questions involving hypothetical scenarios could be interpreted in unexpected ways. Many key terms and concepts from the international RMC literature did not translate well and showed low resonance with respondents, including consent and being involved in decisions about one’s care. This study highlights the threat to data quality and the validity of findings when translating quantitative surveys between languages and cultures and showcases the value of cognitive interviews in identifying question failures. While survey tool revision can address many of these issues, further critical discussion is needed on the use of standardized questions to assess the same domains across contexts.
Different in vivo impact of Dynamin 2 mutations implicated in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy or Centronuclear Myopathy
Authors: Muñoz Xènia Massana , Buono Suzie , Koebel Pascale , Laporte Jocelyn , Cowling Belinda S 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Dynamin 2 (DNM2) is a ubiquitously expressed GTPase implicated in many cellular functions such as membrane trafficking and cytoskeleton regulation. Dominant mutations in DNM2 result in tissue specific diseases affecting peripheral nerves (Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy, CMT) or skeletal muscles (Centronuclear myopathy, CNM). However, the reason for this tissue specificity is unknown, and it remains unclear if these diseases share a common pathomechanism. To compare the disease pathophysiological mechanisms in skeletal muscle, we exogenously expressed wild-type DNM2 (WT-DNM2), the DNM2-CMT mutation K562E, or DNM2-CNM mutations R465W and S619L causing adult and neonatal forms respectively, by intramuscular adeno-associated virus (AAV) injections. All muscles expressing exogenous WT-DNM2 and CNM or CMT mutations exhibited reduced muscle force. However, only expression of CNM mutations and WT-DNM2 correlated with CNM-like histopathological hallmarks of nuclei centralization and reduced fiber size. The extent of alterations correlated with clinical severity in patients. Ultrastructural and immunofluorescence analyses highlighted defects of the triads, mitochondria and costameres as major causes of the CNM phenotype. Despite the reduction in force upon expression of the DNM2-CMT mutation, muscle histology and ultrastructure were almost normal. However, the neuromuscular junction was affected in all DNM2 injected muscles, with the DNM2-CMT mutation inducing the most severe alterations, potentially explaining the reduction in force observed with this mutant. In conclusion, expression of WT and CNM mutants recreate a CNM-like phenotype, suggesting CNM mutations are gain-of-function. Histological, ultrastructural and molecular analyses pointed to key pathways uncovering the different pathomechanisms involved in centronuclear myopathy or Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy linked to DNM2 mutations.
Histopathological Mimics of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Schofield John B , Haboubi Najib 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis review article discusses the challenges of making a firm histopathological diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on biopsy and resection material and the importance of its distinction from a range of other inflammatory and infective conditions that may closely mimic IBD.In many cases, the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease is straightforward, especially when patients have a typical presentation and characteristic histopathological features. Knowledge of the full clinical history is very important, particularly past and recent medical history, drug history, foreign travel, or known contact with individuals with specific infection. Discussion of all cases of suspected IBD within a multidisciplinary team meeting is required to ensure that clinical, radiological, and pathological features can be correlated.Mimics of IBD can be divided into 4 categories: 1) those due to specific infection, 2) those due to a specific localized inflammatory process, 3) those due to iatrogenic causes, and 4) other rarer causes. Accurate diagnosis of IBD and exclusion of these mimics are crucial for patient management. Once a diagnosis of IBD has been proffered by a pathologist, it is very difficult to “undiagnose” the condition when an alternative diagnosis or “mimic” has been subsequently identified. The histological diagnosis of each of these IBD mimics is discussed in detail, with guidance on how to avoid the pitfall of missing these sometimes very subtle and “difficult to diagnose” conditions.
Online Surveillance, Censorship, and Encryption in Academia
Authors: Tanczer Leonie Maria , Deibert Ronald J , Bigo Didier , Franklin M I , Melgaço Lucas , Lyon David , Kazansky Becky , Milan Stefania 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe Internet and digital technologies have become indispensable in academia. A world without email, search engines, and online databases is practically unthinkable. Yet, in this time of digital dependence, the academy barely demonstrates an appetite to reflect upon the new challenges that digital technologies have brought to the scholarly profession. This forum's inspiration was a roundtable discussion at the 2017 International Studies Association Annual Convention, where many of the forum authors agreed on the need for critical debate about the effects of online surveillance and censorship techniques on scholarship. This forum contains five critiques regarding our digitized infrastructures, datafied institutions, mercenary corporations, exploitative academic platforms, and insecure online practices. Together, this unique collection of articles contributes to the research on academic freedom and helps to frame the analysis of the neoliberal higher education sector, the surveillance practices that students and staff encounter, and the growing necessity to improve our “digital hygiene.”
Inclusion of Borderlanders in Border Management in Africa: Toward an Emancipatory Framework for the Study and Management of African Borders
Authors: Hlovor Ishmael Kwabla 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAfrican borderlands are sites where the state, borderlanders, criminal groups, and other groups compete and cooperate to achieve diverse interests. They are also zones of competing perspectives on security. However, current border security policies and practices operate within a restrictive neorealist theoretical paradigm with the state as the referent object of security thereby ignoring other perspectives on security. The vulnerabilities of borderlanders and the role of the border as a source of livelihood demand new ways of thinking about African borders in order to incorporate these major stakeholders into the bordering process. Although the adoption of the African Union's integrated border management strategy holds the potential to reconcile the needs of borderlanders with the objectives of the state, it remains within the restrictive neorealist framework. This paper argues that an emancipatory security theory provides an appropriate framework to understand African borders and borderlands. This theory holds the key for enhancing the security of African borders by reconciling the needs of borderlanders with the objectives of state security, and thereby making people and communities the referent objects of security. However, the failure of the theory to engage with the concept of power limits its usefulness.
The Production of Legitimacy: Race and Gender in Peacebuilding Praxis
Authors: Smith Sarah 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPeace operations have increasingly sought to demonstrate their legitimacy in the face of critiques that characterize them as top-down impositions with limited impact and which entail a host of unintended consequences. Each book under review explores in depth the institutional consignment and attribution of legitimacy to certain spaces, actors, and bodies, which can serve to confirm and embed hierarchical relations of power. Von Billerbeck delineates the ambivalence with which “local ownership” is deployed in peace operations, closing down knowledge exchange rather than presenting opportunity. Shepherd builds on similar insights and argues that gendered logics and power inform the conceptualization and deployment of “local” and “civil society” and thus the (relative) lack of legitimacy afforded to these spaces. This essay seeks to develop from these insights further, drawing especially on postcolonial and critical race theory to demonstrate how race and racism structure the production and use of such categories, in both peace operation practice and international relations more broadly.
Bismarck’s Health Insurance and the Mortality Decline
Authors: Bauernschuster Stefan , Driva Anastasia , Hornung Erik 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe study the impact of social health insurance on mortality. Using the introduction of compulsory health insurance in the German Empire in 1884 as a natural experiment, we estimate difference-in-differences and regional fixed effects models exploiting variation in eligibility for insurance across occupations. Our findings suggest that Bismarck’s health insurance generated a significant mortality reduction. Despite the absence of antibiotics and most vaccines, we find the results to be largely driven by a decline of deaths from infectious diseases. Further evidence suggests that statutory access to well-trained doctors was an elementary channel. This finding may be explained by insurance fund physicians transmitting new knowledge on infectious disease prevention.
Acute appendicitis in Amyand’s hernia: ultrasound findings and histopathology correlation. A case report
Authors: Ornelas-Cortinas Gerardo E , Cantu-Gonzalez Juan R , Enríquez-Rodriguez Rolando , Montemayor-Martinez Alberto , Negreros-Osuna Adrian , Cortinas-Gonzalez Julio C , Gloria-Juarez Luis O , Guerra-Leal Jesus D 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Amyand’s hernia is an uncommon form of inguinal hernia. It represents <1% of all hernias and its complication with appendicitis is still rarer with 0.1–0.13% being reported. A 78-year-old woman was taken to the emergency room with pain in the right groin. The patient was assessed by ultrasound with the clinical suspicion of an inguinal hernia. We present the ultrasonographic features of appendicitis within an inguinal hernia sac. A tubular image that terminated in a blind-ended tip in the longitudinal plane and a target image on the cross-sectional plane were consistent with the sonographically demonstrated appendix. The diagnosis of Amyand’s hernia is difficult in the clinical setting. The patient is frequently referred to surgery with the diagnosis of an incarcerated hernia. Ultrasound is a good imaging modality that detects and characterizes this uncommon condition.
Tools for Selecting Working Correlation Structures When Using Weighted GEE to Model Longitudinal Survey Data
Authors: Westgate Philip M , West Brady T 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWeighted generalized estimating equations (GEEs) are popular for the marginal analysis of longitudinal survey data. This popularity is due to the ability of these estimating equations to provide consistent regression parameter estimates and corresponding standard error estimates as long as the population mean and survey weights are correctly specified. Although the data analyst must incorporate a working correlation structure within the weighted GEEs, this structure need not be correctly specified. However, accurate modeling of this structure has the potential to improve regression parameter estimation (i.e., reduce standard errors) and therefore, the selection of a working correlation structure for use within GEEs has received considerable attention in standard longitudinal data analysis settings. In this article, we describe how correlation selection criteria can be extended for use with weighted GEE in the context of analyzing longitudinal survey data. Importantly, we provide and demonstrate an R function that we have created for such analyses. Furthermore, we discuss correlation selection in the context of using existing software that does not have this explicit capability. The methods are demonstrated via the use of data from a real survey in which we are interested in the mean number of falls that elderly individuals in a specific subpopulation experience over time.
On physical interpretations of the reference transit radius of gas-giant exoplanets
Authors: Heng Kevin 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Two theoretical quandaries involving transmission spectra of gas-giant exoplanets are elucidated. When computing the transit radius as a function of wavelength, one needs to specify a reference transit radius corresponding to a reference pressure. Mathematically, the reference transit radius is a constant of integration that originates from evaluating an integral for the transit depth. Physically, its interpretation has been debated in the literature. Jordán & Espinoza suggested that the optical depth is discontinuous across, and infinite below, the reference transit radius. Bétrémieux & Swain interpreted the spherical surface located at the reference transit radius to represent the boundary associated with an opaque cloud deck. It is demonstrated that continuous functions for the optical depth may be found. The optical depth below and at the reference transit radius need not take on special or divergent values. In the limit of a spatially uniform grey cloud with constant opacity, the transit chord with optical depth of the order of unity mimics the presence of a ‘cloud top’. While the surface located at the reference pressure may mimic the presence of grey clouds, it is more natural to include the effects of these clouds as part of the opacity function because the cloud opacity may be computed from first principles. It is unclear how this mimicry extends to non-grey clouds comprising small particles.
Revisiting the statistical isotropy of GRB sky distribution
Authors: Andrade Uendert , Bengaly Carlos A P , Alcaniz Jailson S , Capozziello Salvatore 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
The assumption of homogeneity and isotropy on large scales is one of the main hypotheses of the standard cosmology. In this paper, we test the hypothesis of isotropy from the two-point angular correlation function of 2626 gamma-ray bursts (GRB) of the FERMI GRB catalogue. We show that the uncertainties in the GRB positions induce spurious anisotropic signals in their sky distribution. However, when such uncertainties are taken into account no significant evidence against the large-scale statistical isotropy is found. This result remains valid even for the sky distribution of short-lived GRB, contrarily to previous reports.
Adapting a solid accretion scenario for migrating planets in fargo3d
Authors: DePaula L A , Michtchenko T A , Sousa-Silva P A 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
In this work, we adapt a module for planetary formation within the hydrodynamic code fargo3d. Planetary formation is modelled by a solid core accretion scenario, with the core growing in oligarchic regime. The initial superficial density of planetesimals is proportional to the initial superficial density of gas in the disc. We include a numerical approach to describe the evolution of the eccentricity and the inclination of planetesimals during the formation. This approach impacts directly on the accretion rate of solids. When the core reaches a critical mass, gas accretion begins, following the original fargo scheme adapted to the fargo3d code. To exemplify how the module for planetary formation can be used, we investigate the migration of a planet in a 2D, locally isothermal gas disc with a prescribed accretion rate, analysing the time-scale involved in the planetary migration process along with the time-scale for planetary formation. The analysis reveals that the mass of the nucleus must be close to its critical value when crossing the ice line to avoid the planet’s fall into the stellar envelope. This will allow enough time for the planet to initiate runaway gas accretion, leading to a rapid mass increase and entering type II planetary migration.
Global simulations of Tayler instability in stellar interiors: the stabilizing effect of gravity
Authors: Guerrero G , Del Sordo F , Bonanno A , Smolarkiewicz P K 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Unveiling the evolution of toroidal field instability, known as Tayler instability, is essential to understand the strength and topology of the magnetic fields observed in early-type stars, in the core of the red giants, or in any stellar radiative zone. We want to study the non-linear evolution of the instability of a toroidal field stored in a stably stratified layer, in spherical symmetry and in the absence of rotation. In particular, we intend to quantify the suppression of the instability as a function of the Brunt–Väisäla (ωBV) and the Alfvén (ωA) frequencies. We use the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations as implemented in the anelastic approximation in the eulag–mhd code and perform a large series of numerical simulations of the instability exploring the parameter space for the ωBV and ωA. We show that beyond a critical value gravity strongly suppress the instability, in agreement with the linear analysis. The intensity of the initial field also plays an important role: weaker fields show much slower growth rates. Moreover, in the case of very low gravity, the fastest growing modes have a large characteristic radial scale, at variance with the case of strong gravity, where the instability is characterized by horizontal displacements. Our results illustrate that the anelastic approximation can efficiently describe the evolution of toroidal field instability in stellar interiors. The suppression of the instability as a consequence of increasing values of ωBV might play a role to explain the magnetic desert in Ap/Bp stars, since weak fields are only marginally unstable in the case of strong gravity.
On the beam properties of radio pulsars with interpulse emission
Authors: Johnston Simon , Kramer Michael 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
In the canonical picture of pulsars, radio emission arises from a narrow cone centred on the star’s magnetic axis but many basic details remain unclear. We use high-quality polarization data taken with the Parkes radio telescope to constrain the geometry and emission heights of pulsars showing interpulse emission, and include the possibility that emission heights in the main and interpulse may be different. We show that emission heights are low in the centre of the beam, typically less than 3 per cent of the light cylinder radius. The emission beams are underfilled in longitude, with an average profile width only 60 per cent of the maximal beamwidth and there is a strong preference for the visible emission to be located on the trailing part of the beam. We show substantial evidence that the emission heights are larger at the beam edges than in the beam centre. There is some indication that a fan-like emission beam explains the data better than conal structures. Finally, there is a strong correlation between handedness of circular polarization in the main and interpulse profiles, which implies that the hand of circular polarization is determined by the hemisphere of the visible emission.
RETRACTED: CGVD: a genomic variation database for Chinese populations
Authors: Zeng Jingyao , Yuan Na , Zhu Junwei , Pan Mengyu , Zhang Hao , Wang Qi , Shi Shuo , Du Zhenglin , Xiao Jingfa 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPrecision medicine calls upon deeper coverage of population-based sequencing and thorough gene-content and phenotype-based analysis, which lead to a population-associated genomic variation map or database. The Chinese Genomic Variation Database (CGVD; https://bigd.big.ac.cn/cgvd/) is such a database that has combined 48.30 million (M) SNVs and 5.77 M small indels, identified from 991 Chinese individuals of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Precision Medicine Initiative Project (CASPMI) and 301 Chinese individuals of the 1000 Genomes Project (1KGP). The CASPMI project includes whole-genome sequencing data (WGS, 25–30×) from ∼1000 healthy individuals of the CASPMI cohort. To facilitate the usage of such variations for pharmacogenomics studies, star-allele frequencies of the drug-related genes in the CASPMI and 1KGP populations are calculated and provided in CGVD. As one of the important database resources in BIG Data Center, CGVD will continue to collect more genomic variations and to curate structural and functional annotations to support population-based healthcare projects and studies in China and worldwide.
Progress in the brain–computer interface: an interview with Bin He
Authors: Li Chengyu , Zhao Weijie 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
What can the brain–computer interface (BCI) do? Wearing an electroencephalogram (EEG) headcap, you can control the flight of a drone in the laboratory by your thought; with electrodes inserted inside the brain, paralytic patients can drink by controlling a robotic arm with thinking. Both invasive and non-invasive BCI try to connect human brains to machines. In the past several decades, BCI technology has continued to develop, making science fiction into reality and laboratory inventions into indispensable gadgets. In July 2019, Neuralink, a company founded by Elon Musk, proposed a sewing machine-like device that can dig holes in the skull and implant 3072 electrodes onto the cortex, promising more accurate reading of what you are thinking, although many serious scientists consider the claim misleading to the public.
Recently, National Science Review (NSR) interviewed Professor Bin He, the department head of Biomedical Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University, and a leading scientist in the non-invasive-BCI field. His team developed new methods for non-invasive BCI to control drones by thoughts. In 2019, Bin’s team demonstrated the control of a robotic arm to follow a continuously randomly moving target on the screen. In this interview, Bin He recounted the history of BCI, as well as the opportunities and challenges of non-invasive BCI.