bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban Planning
Authors: Pineo Helen , Zimmermann Nici , Davies Mike 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Cities ultimately are human-made environments. It is this very feature of cities that makes them an appealing target for population health inquiry. That they have been created means that they can also be modified and improved to the end of improving the health of their resident populations. Urban planning is concerned with the development and use of land in urban environments and, in this context, can play a central role in how we may think about optimizing urban environments to improve health. This chapter introduces an urban planning perspective on urban health, discussing how a formal urban planning framework can improve our understanding of the health of urban populations.
Cells-to-Society Approaches
Authors: Guffanti Guia 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The urban environment is characterized by physical and social environments that are the causes of health. At the same time, the production of health ultimately rests on the embedding of health in human populations, on these social and physical environments “getting under the skin.” Cells-to-society approaches consider how features of context manifest, through biologically mediated processes, as health. This chapter explores how, in the face of rising urbanization on a global scale, cells-to-society approaches can help us understand the health of urban populations and open up novel areas of inquiry about how we may create better cities to produce population health.
Urban Land Use and Health
Authors: Simkin Rohan , Seto Karen C. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
It is well established that local environmental conditions directly impact human health. As the world population and land surface both become increasingly urban, understanding the health consequences of urban land use–driven environmental change is critically important. Understanding these relationships is a necessary condition in planning urban development in ways that may be co-beneficial for both the environment and human health. Environmental influences on health include but are not limited to air pollution and asthma, access to green space and mental and physical health, and water pollution and water-borne diseases. However, it is not only the local environment that affects health; the regional and global environments also contribute to health outcomes. This chapter explores the interdependencies between regional and global environments and human health, using urban land use as an analytical lens.
City Leadership for Health, Equity, and Sustainable Development
Authors: Tsouros Agis D. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
City leaders have the power and the means to make a significant difference in the health and well-being of their people. This chapter explores and discusses the context, the potential, and the critical preconditions for city leadership for health in the twenty-first century. Leadership encompasses a variety of qualities, skills, and styles and can be addressed from many perspectives. The focus here in this chapter is mainly on four aspects of city leadership: political leadership, leadership for change and innovation, value-based leadership, and capacity for effective leadership and governance for health.
Teaching Urban Health
Authors: Freudenberg Nicholas 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
As urban health comes into full flower as a field of inquiry, the future of the field lies squarely with the next generation of scholars who embrace urban health as their metier. Creating healthier, more equitable, and sustainable cities globally requires an urban health workforce with the knowledge, skills, and capacity needed to achieve those goals. This chapter discusses the state of the science in urban health teaching, drawing both on specific examples and on pedagogic theory to illustrate how we may best contribute to the creation of the next generation of scholars in urban health.
Introduction
Authors: Sullivan Michael J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book’s argument for a pathway to U.S. citizenship for long-term resident, unauthorized immigrants through their community contributions in relationships they have developed over time in their adopted country. It addresses the scope of the policy challenge of unauthorized immigrant residence in the U.S. in terms of numbers of migrants and the persistence of the political debate over their future. It explains the special moral challenges that arise from immigrant military service, as well as from the deportation of the parents of citizen children and the separation of their families through immigration enforcement. It then provides a set of nonhumanitarian justifications for legalizing unauthorized immigrants based on their contributions in their relationships with citizens. This argument balances citizen interests in enforcing immigration laws against mitigating factors, including service to citizens, communities, and the nation as a whole.
Civic Membership as Reciprocity
Authors: Sullivan Michael J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Immigration enforcement regimes operate on the pretense that states have the unilateral right to exclude migrants who have entered without their consent. This chapter contends that when unauthorized long-term residents provide necessary services to their adopted countries, citizens have a normative obligation to reconsider their collective decision to exclude them. The principle of civic membership as reciprocity stands for the proposition that a person should be able to earn restitution for immigration offenses and a pathway to citizenship by working with citizens to sustain public institutions. To account for each polity’s interest in preserving its identity through admissions and naturalization decisions, an individual state can modify the principle of civic membership as reciprocity to privilege forms of service that it has historically singled out for public honors. It can then apply this principle to consider why military service by unauthorized immigrants merits regularization and naturalization in countries with a strong citizen soldier tradition.
Recognizing the Civic Value of Parenting a New Generation
Authors: Sullivan Michael J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter contends that polities have a long-term public policy interest in applying the same best interests of the child standard that they use for domestic child welfare determinations to immigration cases that involve deportable noncitizen parents, balanced against the interests of citizens in effective immigration regulation and enforcement. The burden lies with parents who have entered and continued to reside without authorization in a country to show that their right to remain is of benefit to existing citizens. This means that unauthorized immigrant parents should initially be given conditional permission to stay in their children’s country of long-term residence to raise them. Deportable parents should be legalized to fulfill a duty of care to their long-term resident or citizen children in the communities where they reside and be offered the opportunity to acquire citizenship based on their service to their broader communities.
Introduction
Authors: Makse Todd , Minkoff Scott , Sokhey Anand 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this introductory chapter, we highlight the distinctiveness of the campaign yard sign as a form of political participation that is public, communicative, and confrontational. In contrast with the received wisdom of campaign professionals who are altogether skeptical about signs and a political science literature that has focused somewhat narrowly on the effectiveness of signs, we believe that yard signs are much more than campaign tools. We make the case for a comprehensive examination of yard signs as a political phenomenon, pointing to three attributes of yard signs that are individually interesting, but particularly compelling in combination: the symbolic aspect of signs as markers of partisan identity, the social aspect of signs as messages to neighbors and other audiences, and the spatial aspect of signs as information in social contexts.
Belonging, 1871–1914
Authors: Nielsen Philipp 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers the period of the Second German Empire from 1871 until 1914. It describes the evolution of efforts to advance agricultural settlement and Germandom in the East and Jewish participation in these endeavors. It also investigates the reasons for German Jews’ attraction to state service. It traces how issues that were not initially linked to the causes of particular political parties or strong ideological leanings tended to move right over time, with or without Jewish participation. Hence, not all of the characters introduced here, who will feature throughout the book, could be fully situated or would have thought of themselves as on the Right before 1914. Considering the complexities of liberal and conservative political positions during the Empire, this is not necessarily something specific to them as Jews. This chapter elucidates these ambiguities.
Struggle, 1924–1929
Authors: Nielsen Philipp 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the twin pulls felt by the German Right between 1924 and 1929: pragmatic adjustment and ideological purity. Which path the Right and its projects would ultimately take would necessarily impact questions of Jewish inclusion in right-wing circles. But Jews were by no means only bystanders in this process. Instead they actively participated in renegotiating the Right’s political positions in the Weimar Republic. Through renewed attempts at agricultural settlements, in the defense of Germandom in the East, at shared commemorations of the fallen of the Great War, or in party politics, conservative German Jews were active, though increasingly curtailed by antisemitism, in trying to devise new notions of national belonging and community that could be in direct contrast to the republican ideals of Weimar.
Descent, 1929–1935
Authors: Nielsen Philipp 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In the last years of the Weimar Republic, beginning with the onset of recession in 1929, right-leaning German Jews faced an existential question: where would they fit into this reconfigured political space? For those Jews whose political identity placed them on the Right, the decline of the DVP and DNVP was of critical importance. They perceived class—or, more precisely, the working class model of Marxism—to be a threat on the order of antisemitism. The question for them was whether there would be room for German Jews in a Right that hailed a Volk based on racial descent. The chapter describes the attempts of German Jews on the Right to define and defend their place in the German Volk, or in other instances their turning away from their previous right-wing allegiances and toward alternative categories of belonging.
Conclusion
Authors: Nielsen Philipp 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The conclusion retraces the major developments within the German Right since the 1871 and the space of German Jews within it. In particular, it describes the fate of the three projects of the Right in which German Jewish conservatives were involved: Germandom in the East, agricultural settlement, and the commemoration of the community of the trenches as a possible basis for a future German state. Though the Great War and the revolution also gave a basis, not least, for the community of the trenches, all of these projects came under strain following the establishment of the republic. The people rather than the state, race rather than soil or language, came markers of German identity on the Right and increasingly excluded Jews. The conclusion also traces developments after 1935, the analytical endpoint of the book.
The Anthropology of Islamic Law
Authors: Nakissa Aria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This book shows how hermeneutic theory and practice theory can be brought together to analyze cultural, legal, and religious traditions. These ideas are developed through an analysis of the Islamic legal tradition, which examines both Islamic legal doctrine and religious education. In terms of disciplinary orientation, the book combines anthropology and Islamicist history, utilizing both ethnography and in-depth analysis of Arabic religious texts. The book focuses on higher religious learning in contemporary Egypt, examining its intellectual, ethical, and pedagogical dimensions. Data is drawn from over two years of fieldwork inside al-Azhar University, Cairo University’s Dār al-ʿUlūm, and the network of traditional study circles associated with the al-Azhar mosque. Together these sites constitute the most important venue for the transmission of religious learning in the contemporary Muslim world. Although the book gives special attention to contemporary Egypt, it provides a broader analysis relevant to Islamic legal doctrine and religious education throughout history.
Higher Religious Learning in Modern Egypt
Authors: Nakissa Aria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers a detailed ethnographic and historical account of higher religious learning in modern Egypt. It begins with a description of premodern Egyptian religious learning prior to the Napoleonic invasion. It then provides an overview of contemporary Egypt’s leading institutions of higher religious education. First it describes al-Azhar University, then Cairo University’s Dār al-ʿUlūm. It examines the structure of each of these institutions, their academic programs, and their political function. It also examines the academic, professional, and personal lives of students and teachers at these institutions.
Sharīʿa, Sunna, and Ethics
Authors: Nakissa Aria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter combines ethnography and textual analysis to examine the key concepts of Sharīʿa, Sunna, and ethics. It argues that these concepts can best be understood in terms of the relationship between mind and action, drawing on insights from hermeneutic theory and practice theory. Building on anthropological work in practice theory, the chapter explains how Islamic ethics is a type of virtue ethics. It also explains the place of the Sharīʿa and Sunna in Islamic ethics. Furthermore, it discusses the view of Muslim scholars that proper legal reasoning depends upon ethical living.
The Structure of Islamic Legal Thought
Authors: Nakissa Aria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the overall structure of Islamic legal thought, and explains how it relates to the pedagogical practices characteristic of Islamic learning. Here the chapter develops hermeneutic ideas using insights from “planning theory,” an influential approach in recent philosophical and legal scholarship. This allows for a new perspective on an entire range of Islamic legal concepts including: maṣlaḥa, taʿabbud, Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿa, qiyās, istiṣlāḥ, istiḥsān, ijmāʿ, ijtihād, taqlīd, and madhhab. The chapter links its analysis to ideas and practices found at al-Azhar University, al-Azhar mosque, and the Dār al-ʿUlūm. Among the topics discussed are planning theory and instrumental rationality, including how intentions/rules are partially instrumentally rational and partially arbitrary/non-rational; how new circumstances can prompt the abandonment and reformation of intentions/rules; language and the principles of Islamic legal interpretation.
Reorganizing Time and Space
Authors: Nakissa Aria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter combines ethnography and textual analysis to examine how modern reform has altered traditional Islamic pedagogies inside al-Azhar and the Dār al-ʿUlūm. It gives special attention to the progressive marginalization of companionship owing to bureaucratization and the concomitant reorganization of educational time and space. The chapter explains how modern reform efforts have diminished the ethical component of traditional Islamic learning. It also discusses the political implications of such reform efforts, and their relationship to European imperialism. Specific topics discussed include student freedom and the study-circle, maximizing “efficiency” and eliminating “disorder,” Al-Azhar’s faculty of Sharīʿa, the Dār al-ʿUlūm, reordering space and time, and teachers as ethical exemplars.
Salafism and Wasaṭism
Authors: Nakissa Aria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter combines ethnography and textual analysis to examine how shifts in the structure of religious education have helped give rise to new perspectives on Islamic law. It gives special attention to the emergence of the reformist legal currents known as “Wasatism” and “Salafism.” Both currents reject taqlīd, hold that it is legitimate to dispense with the pedagogy of companionship, and believe that Sharīʿa rules can be adequately learned through the study of texts. The chapter analyzes these currents using insights from hermeneutic theory and practice theory. It first describes Salafism and Wasaṭism in detail, and then turns to the ongoing development of Wasaṭism.
Which Politicians Respond?
Authors: Bussell Jennifer 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 9 expands on analyses of the field experiment to explore additional variation in the characteristics of politicians’ responsiveness. First, it investigates the degree to which politicians’ responses reflect state- and individual-level characteristics that may be associated with incentives to cultivate a personal vote. These analyses highlight, in particular, that—consistent with the theoretical discussion in Chapter 4 and existing work on the personal vote—electoral politics play a key role in affecting the degree to which politicians attempt to build their individual reputations via provision of assistance to individual constituents. Chapters 8 and 9 therefore collectively explore the conditions under which constituency service does and does not occur.
Conclusion
Authors: Bussell Jennifer 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 12 addresses the broader implications of the book’s findings for our view of representative democracy in many parts of the world. It posits that the form of representation present in these contexts is characterized by “constrained accountability.” High-level politicians in patronage democracies are substantially more accountable to their individual constituents than posited in existing literature. However, this accountability remains limited, in multiple ways outlined in the chapter. In providing this form of limited accountability, constituency service also serves to support the functioning of democracy in patronage contexts. While the targeted nature of clientelist and partisan distribution excludes a large portion of voters from the significant resources of the state, constituency service by high-level politicians offers those same voters a potential resource for accessing benefits. This responsiveness makes the state’s resources available to a much wider swath of voters than would otherwise be the case and, in doing so, contributes to the functioning, and persistence, of patronage democracy.
Beyond Autistic Politics
Authors: Dallmayr Fred 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The chapter zeroes in on the contemporary malaise of neo-liberalism, libertarianism, and social atomization and discusses the upsurge of narcissism—an extreme form of buffered individualism—as a widespread social pathology. In a first step, the chapter’s focus is on the process of fragmentation analyzed by Zygmunt Bauman. Narcissism, in his treatment, fosters the habit of radical self-assertion, producing conflict and a bellicose “state of nature.” In a second step, the chapter illustrates the steady globalization of selfishness by turning to the work of the Indian theorist Ashis Nandy, who shows that egotism, rather than leading to happiness or self-fulfillment, most commonly results in a “decentralized but no less global regime of desperation.” Finally, the chapter ponders efforts to restore public spaces and shared meanings, as undertaken by Hannah Arendt—who argued that modern self-centeredness has entailed alienation and loss for many people and sometimes whole societies.
Self-Will Versus All-Will
Authors: Dallmayr Fred 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The chapter engages the work of the philosopher Friedrich Schelling, especially his treatise on Human Freedom. Schelling placed human freedom into the cauldron of competing forces, especially the antagonism of individual selfishness and universal or holistic aspirations. The most destructive outcome of this cauldron is the usurpation of holistic “all-will” by an imperialistic “self-will,” usually leading to violence and imperial domination. For Schelling, this strife could only be overcome by integrating self-will into the bonding power of a broader relationality. The chapter then shifts to Heidegger’s lectures on Schelling and his endeavors to vindicate Schelling’s sharp distinction between relational freedom and arbitrary atomistic willfulness (involving a critique of self-centered liberalism or libertarianism).
Concluding Comments
Authors: Dallmayr Fred 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The chapter links together and provides a brief overview of all the main topics covered in the preceding chapters, showing that they are animated by an overarching concern: the relationality between unity and diversity, concord and discord. The roots of this relationality can be found in a certain open-ended understanding of humanity. The book posits that self-serving individualism threatens Western democracy, with the equality of citizens at large squashed by the egocentric liberty of a few. Ethical teachings, especially virtue ethics, dovetail with the philosophies of natural rightness and social justice, all underpinning a newer conception of freedom and understanding of what it means to be human. The study closes with reflections on the task of “learning to be human.”
EU Authorization of GMOs—The Failure of Deliberation
Authors: Weimer Maria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the extent to which epistemic, political, and diversity challenges arising from the authorization of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are actually met in practice. It first considers how the European Commission defines the boundaries of its discretionary power as the risk administration of the internal market by contrasting Commission decision-making with two ideal models of administrative legitimation, the control, and the deliberative model. It then looks at two controversial cases of GMO authorization that illustrate the role of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in GMO risk assessment, as well as the scientification of the Commission’s risk management and the politicization of comitology decision-making. It also discusses the European Union General Court's responses to the administrative process of GMO authorizations. The chapter shows that top-down decision-making combined with scientification has contributed to the failure of deliberation in GMO risk regulation.
Conclusions
Authors: Weimer Maria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The concluding chapter to this book provides a summary of the discussions in the text thus far, which were centred around trying to reveal the broader constitutional implications of EU regulation of agricultural biotechnology as a paradigmatic example of the challenges and wicked problems that public regulators encounter when regulating technological risks in globalized risk societies. The concluding chapter also looks at lessons learned from the controversy surrounding genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and GMO failures. It finishes with the view that there is a need for a societal debate about modern agri-food production.