bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linguistic attitudes toward Shipibo in Cantagallo: Reshaping indigenous language and identity in an urban setting
Authors: Sánchez Liliana , Mayer Elisabeth , Camacho José , Alzza Carolina Rodriguez 
Published: April 2018

Aims and objectives: This study aims to explore language attitudes among speakers of Shipibo, an Amazonian indigenous language from the Panoan family, in the community of Cantagallo in the city of Lima, an urban, Spanish-dominant environment. The study is motivated by the paucity of studies on language attitudes in urban indigenous communities. The Cantagallo Shipibo community was settled in the early 2000s and temporarily relocated in 2017. Methodology: Interviews were conducted based on questionnaires with two groups of participants in 2002 and 2017, 60 in total, focusing on their attitudes toward Shipibo and Spanish. Some of the participants answered the questionnaires both times, others answered only once. Responses were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Open-ended responses were classified into similar categories and tallied. Findings: Participants showed positive attitudes toward Shipibo-Konibo in 2002 and 2017, and strong identification with it, but language shift toward Spanish is now taking place, especially among the second generation. This development has triggered perceived changes in the performance aspects of linguistic identity. Furthermore, while in 2002 attitudes toward Spanish were mostly positive, in 2017 some negative attitudes toward the majority language emerged along with the perception of discrimination against the Shipibo-Konibo. Originality: The study’s originality rests on tracing the evolution of this community’s perspectives on language use from shortly after its arrival in Cantagallo, Lima, to its final relocation. Furthermore, few other studies have engaged this Shipibo community in Lima regarding language attitudes. Significance: The project highlights the importance of different factors in the successful language maintenance in this context. Specifically, although speakers still have positive attitudes toward Shipibo, they also see increasing advantages to speaking Spanish, a clear case of utility-maximization. Limitations: Although the study provides important insights, its methodology (a questionnaire/interview) gives a partial view of the language attitudes and maintenance in this community.
Is verbal reference impaired in autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review
Authors: Malkin Louise , Abbot-Smith Kirsten , Williams David 
Published: April 2018

Background and aims Pragmatic language is a key difficulty in autism spectrum disorder. One such pragmatic skill is verbal reference, which allows the current entity of shared interest between speakers to be identified and thus enables fluid conversation. The aim of this review was to determine the extent to which studies have found that verbal reference is impaired in autism spectrum disorder. We organise the review in terms of the methodology used and the modality (production versus comprehension) in which proficiency with verbal reference was assessed. Evidence for the potential cognitive underpinnings of these skills is also reviewed. Main contribution and methods To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review of verbal reference in autism spectrum disorder. PsychINFO and Web of Science were systematically screened using the combination of search terms outlined in this paper. Twenty-four studies met our inclusion criteria. Twenty-two of these examined production, whereby the methodology ranged from elicited conversation through to elicited narrative, the ‘director’ task and other referential communication paradigms. Three studies examined reference interpretation. (One study investigated both production and appropriacy judgement). Four studies examined the relationship between appropriate usage of verbal reference and formal language (lexico-syntactic ability). Two studies investigated whether reference production related to Theory of Mind or Executive Functioning. Conclusion and implications Across a range of elicited production tasks, the predominant finding was that children and adults with autism spectrum disorder demonstrate a deficit in the production of appropriate verbal reference in comparison not only to typically developing groups, but also to groups with Developmental Language Disorder or Down syndrome. In contrast, the studies of reference interpretation which compared performance to typical control groups all found no between-group differences in this regard. To understand this cross-modality discrepancy, we need studies with the same sample of individuals, whereby the task requirements for comprehension and production are as closely matched as possible. The field also requires the development of experimental manipulations which allow us to pinpoint precisely if and how each comprehension and/or production task requires mentalising and/or various components of executive functioning. Only through such detailed and controlled experimental work would it be possible to determine the precise location of impairments in verbal reference in autism spectrum disorder. A better understanding of this would contribute to the development of interventions.
Da administração ao teatro experimental: uma trajetória Satyriana [entrevistado por Aline Lilian dos Santos e Martin Jayo]
Authors: García Vázquez Rodolfo 
Published: April 2018

O diretor teatral Rodolfo García Vázquez se formou em Administração de Empresas na FGV-EAESP no início da década de 1980. Em 1989, foi um dos fundadores de Os Satyros, um dos principais grupos brasileiros de teatro experimental, e hoje é um dos artistas mais atuantes no cenário cultural do país. Em entrevista à GV-executivo, ele contou detalhes da sua trajetória profissional, revelando os caminhos que o levaram das carteiras da EAESP à vida teatral. Também falou sobre o crescimento do mercado cultural no Brasil e o papel da arte na requalificação de áreas urbanas.
MECANISMO MOLECULÁRES DA METFORMINA COMO AGENTE TERAPÊUTICO NO TRATAMENTO DE OSTEOSARCOMA RESISTENTE AOS QUIMIOTERAPTEUTICOS
Authors: Nascimento Filho Antonio Carlos Silva do , Livramento Armandina Da Cunha Soares , Pereira Hellen Karen Almeida , Nogueira Samuel Átila Rodrigues , Pinheiro Junior Roberto Flávio Fontenelle , Pinheiro Sally Lacerda 
Published: April 2018

Introdução: Osteossarcoma é um tumor ósseo maligno corriqueiro no estirão puberal, pois há intensa divisão dos osteoblastos. É pouco prevalente, agressivo, com grande mortalidade em pacientes metastáticos e resistentes a ação dos quimioterápicos. Segundo estudos, sua malignidade se deve às CSC (células tronco de câncer), que são refratárias aos tratamentos e responsável pela reincidia agressiva da doença. Consequentemente, cerca de 35-45% dos pacientes desenvolve resistência ao tratamento. Atualmente, estudos mostram que a Metformina, fármaco usado no tratamento de diabete mellitus tipo 2, pode prevenir e tratar o osteossarcoma apresentando ações deletérias nas CSC. Objetivo: Enumerar as ações moleculares e celulares da metformina na inibição das CSC e sua ação preventiva no osteossarcoma. Metodologia: Realizou-se revisão sistemática da literatura do período de 1 de janeiro de 2008 até 7 de janeiro de 2018 na base de dado MEDLINE. Os descritores (MeSH) utilizados foram metformin e osteosarcoma. Escontrou-se 13 artigos dos quais 7 foram inclusos por correlacionar-se com o tema. Resultados: A metformina mostrou ser promissora combinada a outros fármacos para uma ação antineoplásica. Metformina associada com dexorrubicina, droga que inibe a topoisomerase aumentando radicais livres, intensifica a ação citotóxica deste fármaco e apoptose celular. Combinada com cisplatina, fármaco que se liga ao DNA e promovendo sua deformação pela formação de ligações intracadeias, a metformina desregula o balanço energético da CSC, causando apoptose por ativação de caspase 3 e 9. Já com tricostatina A, antifúngico, bloqueia o ciclo celular das CSC na fase G2, induzindo a apoptose. Além desses efeitos combinados, a metformina ativa AMPK(proteína quinase),pois bloqueia o complexo I da fosforilação oxidativa mitocondrial, desregulando a concentração intracelular de AMP/ATP que ativa a enzima. Também promove inativação do mTOR (alvo de mamífero da rapamicina), que inibirá o RNAm, a síntese proteica e a proliferação celular. Por fim, também foi possível observar que a metformina causa apoptose das células porque modula concentrações de bcl-2 e bax, liberação de citocromo C e ativação de caspase-3. Conclusão: Artigos demonstram efeitos antineoplásicos da metformina, porém é necessário comprovar sua eficácia e dose terapêutica relevante. Além disso, é preciso observar os efeitos da metformina com outros quimioterápicos, pois o tratamento do câncer é feito com fármacos conjuntamente.
OS IMPACTOS DA DOR ONCOLÓGICA EM PACIENTES IDOSOS
Authors: Soares Tasla Vieira , Silva Járison Lopes da , Alves Sabrina Alaide Amorim 
Published: April 2018

Resumo: O câncer configura-se entre as doenças não transmissíveis mais temidas, o qual apresenta incidência consideravelmente aumentada com a idade, devido ao acúmulo de fatores de riscos adquiridos com o passar dos anos. A dor do câncer possui características singulares, que pode ultrapassar seu limiar. Em pacientes idosos oncológicos a dor pode esta associada à privação e ao comprometimento de sua condição de saúde. Diante disso objetivou-se avaliar os impactos da dor oncológica em pacientes idosos. Trata-se de um estudo de revisão sistemática, conduzido conforme a metodologia Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Para identificar os artigos acerca do assunto, realizou-se busca nas bases Medline, Lilacs e a Scientific Eletronic Library – Scielo, PuBMed considerando o período de 1999 a 2015. A busca foi realizada por meio do método integrado, utilizando-se os termos: idosos, dor oncológica, tratamento, câncer. Os critérios de inclusão definidos para a presente revisão foram dor oncológica em pacientes idosos, ser artigos e estar publicado nos idiomas português e inglês. Deste modo, teses de mestrados e carta ao leitor foram exclusos nesse estudo. Foram excluídos estudos cujo desfecho era: artigos que não sejam na língua inglesa e portuguesa, revisão de Literatura, artigos que focassem câncer em criança, adulto, mulheres, artigos que não relatem estudos dos impactos do câncer em pacientes idosos. Dos 110 artigos encontrados, 08 atenderam os critérios de inclusão. Observou que dor oncológica ao adentrar na vida de pacientes idosos traz consigo limitações quanto a suas atividades diárias e que essas são potencializam devido ao fator idade. Privando-o muitas vezes do convívio social, fazendo com que eles se vissem aprisionados pelo câncer e pela dor. Destaca de um olhar ampliado que possa reconhecer sinais de dor, contribuindo para que possa ser ofertada uma atenção integral a esses sujeitos, compreendendo a subjetividade do idoso quanto a vivencia da dor oncológica.
Esoterismo e filosofia política na obra de L. Strauss.
Authors: Oliveira Richard Romeiro 
Published: April 2018

O presente artigo pretende abordar a questão das relações essencialmente conflituosas entre filosofia e sociedade na obra de Leo Strauss, buscando mostrar de que maneira, segundo esse autor, o conflito mencionado torna a atividade filosófica uma atividade politicamente problemática e perigosa, o que obriga o filósofo, num contexto de perseguição, a lançar mão de uma técnica literária específica – a escrita esotérica –, no intuito de ocultar a problematicidade política da filosofia, apresentar uma versão moralmente edulcorada de sua atividade e dirimir, assim, o seu antagonismo em relação à ordem social vigente. O artigo procurará também, a partir disso, explicitar como, na óptica straussiana, o uso da escrita esotérica como procedimento destinado a apaziguar o conflito entre filosofia e sociedade se confunde, originalmente, com a própria filosofia política, entendida como “apresentação política da filosofia”.
APRESENTAÇÃO / Presentation
Authors: Simon Adriano Luís Heck , Martins Débora Pinto 
Published: April 2018

Apresentação do primeiro número da Revista Geographia Meridionalis, vinculada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Geografia da Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Presentation of the first issue of Geographia Meridionalis Journal, linked to Geography Postgraduate Program of the Federal University of Pelotas – Rio Grande do Sul State - Brazil.
Arte e cidade comprimidas: a exposição como símbolo da modernidade em Georg Simmel
Authors: Souza Tálisson Melo de 
Published: April 2018

O objetivo deste texto é apresentar uma reflexão sobre o papel atribuído por Georg Simmel às exposições no âmbito de sua análise da cultura emergente nas grandes cidades de fim do século XIX. Concentrado sobre as leituras de dois ensaios nos quais o autor aborda diferentes tipos de exposições, a de obras de arte e a de produtos industriais – a saber, Über Kunstausstellungen (Sobre Exposições de Arte), de 1890, e Berliner Gewerbe-Ausstellung (Exposição Industrial de Berlim), de 1896, respectivamente –, busco situá-los no interior da sua formulação mais detalhada acerca da modernidade, sua temporalidade, configurações espaciais, percepção subjetiva e o processo constante de afetação mútua entre estas e as relações sociais. Para a composição desse quadro recorro também a outros textos de Simmel publicados posteriormente, especialmente para retraçar o desenvolvimento de sua abordagem a partir da elaboração do conceito de ‘estilo de vida’, elaborado em seu livro Philosophie des Geldes (Filosofia do Dinheiro), de 1900.Palavras-chave: Georg Simmel; exposições de arte; exposição industrial; modernidade; metrópole.
Frequency and Dendritic Distribution of Autapses Established by Layer 5 Pyramidal Neurons in the Developing Rat Neocortex: Comparison with Synaptic Innervation of Adjacent Neurons of the Same Class
Authors: Lübke Joachim , Markram Henry , Frotscher Michael , Sakmann Bert 
Published: April 2018

Synaptic contacts formed by the axon of a neuron on its own dendrites are known as autapses. Autaptic contacts occur frequently in cultured neurons and have been considered to be aberrant structures. We examined the regular occurrence, dendritic distribution, and fine structure of autapses established on layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the developing rat neocortex. Whole-cell recordings were made from single neurons and synaptically coupled pairs of pyramidal cells, which were filled with biocytin, morphologically reconstructed, and quantitatively analyzed. Autapses were found in most neurons (in 80% of all cells analyzed;n = 41). On average, 2.3 ± 0.9 autapses per neuron were found, located primarily on basal dendrites (64%; 50–70 μm from the soma), to a lesser extent on apical oblique dendrites (31%; 130–200 μm from the soma), and rarely on the main apical dendrite (5%; 480–540 μm from the soma). About three times more synaptic than autaptic contacts (ratio 2.4:1) were formed by a single adjacent synaptically coupled neuron of the same type. The dendritic locations of these synapses were remarkably similar to those of autapses. Electron microscopic examination of serial ultrathin sections confirmed the formation of autapses and synapses, respectively, and showed that both types of contacts were located either on dendritic spines or shafts. The similarities between autapses and synapses suggest that autaptic and synaptic circuits are governed by some common principles of synapse formation.
Synaptic Modulation by Neurotrophic Factors: Differential and Synergistic Effects of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor
Authors: Stoop Ron , Poo Mu-ming 
Published: April 2018

Extracellular application of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) to developing neuromuscular junctions inXenopusnerve–muscle cultures resulted in an increase in the frequency of spontaneous synaptic currents (SSCs) and in the amplitude of nerve-evoked synaptic currents. Analyses of the amplitude and time course of the SSCs suggest that these effects are attributable to elevation of presynaptic transmitter release. The actions of these two factors on the transmitter secretion process, however, are distinctly different. Fura-2 Ca2+imaging showed that an increase in presynaptic cytosolic Ca2+([Ca2+]i) accompanied the synaptic potentiation by BDNF, whereas no change in [Ca2+]iwas observed during synaptic potentiation by CNTF. Removing external Ca2+also abolished the potentiating effect of BDNF but did not influence the CNTF effect. Moreover, the two factors exerted different effects on the short-term synaptic plasticity. Paired-pulse facilitation normally found at these synapses was reduced by BDNF but unaffected by CNTF; CNTF, but not BDNF, reduced the extent of synaptic depression during high-frequency tetanic stimulation. Finally, the potentiation effect of BDNF and CNTF on spontaneous transmitter release was additive when both factors were applied together to the synapse at saturating concentrations (100 ng/ml) and was highly synergistic when low doses (1 and 10 ng/ml) of both factors were used. These results suggest that because of their differential effects on the secretory machinery, BDNF and CNTF may act cooperatively in modulating the development and functioning of synapses.
Efficient Coding of Natural Scenes in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus: Experimental Test of a Computational Theory
Authors: Dan Yang , Atick Joseph J. , Reid R. Clay 
Published: April 2018

A recent computational theory suggests that visual processing in the retina and the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) serves to recode information into an efficient form (Atick and Redlich, 1990). Information theoretic analysis showed that the representation of visual information at the level of the photoreceptors is inefficient, primarily attributable to a high degree of spatial and temporal correlation in natural scenes. It was predicted, therefore, that the retina and the LGN should recode this signal into a decorrelated form or, equivalently, into a signal with a “white” spatial and temporal power spectrum. In the present study, we tested directly the prediction that visual processing at the level of the LGN temporally whitens the natural visual input. We recorded the responses of individual neurons in the LGN of the cat to natural, time-varying images (movies) and, as a control, to white-noise stimuli. Although there is substantial temporal correlation in natural inputs (Dong and Atick, 1995b), we found that the power spectra of LGN responses were essentially white. Between 3 and 15 Hz, the power of the responses had an average variation of only ±10.3%. Thus, the signals that the LGN relays to visual cortex are temporarily decorrelated. Furthermore, the responses of X-cells to natural inputs can be well predicted from their responses to white-noise inputs. We therefore conclude that whitening of natural inputs can be explained largely by the linear filtering properties (Enroth-Cugell and Robson, 1966). Our results suggest that the early visual pathway is well adapted for efficient coding of information in the natural visual environment, in agreement with the prediction of the computational theory.
AMPA Receptor Subunits Underlying Terminals of Fine-Caliber Primary Afferent Fibers
Authors: Popratiloff A. , Weinberg R. J. , Rustioni A. 
Published: April 2018

Postembedding immunogold electron microscopy was used to determine the relation of primary afferent terminals in superficial laminae of the spinal dorsal horn with AMPA receptor subunits. Immunogold particles coding for GluR1 and GluR2/3 were concentrated at synaptic sites, between 30 nm outside and 40 nm inside the postsynaptic membrane. Immunopositive synapses displayed round vesicles and asymmetric specializations, characteristic of terminals releasing excitatory neurotransmitters; symmetric synapses, characteristic of terminals releasing inhibitory amino acids, were immunonegative.In superficial laminae, large terminals of two main types at the center of a synaptic glomerulus originate from primary afferents: C1 terminals are mainly endings of unmyelinated afferent fibers; C2 terminals are mainly endings of thinly myelinated afferent fibers. Terminals of both types were presynaptic to AMPA subunits, but in different proportions: C1 terminals were related more to GluR1 than to GluR2/3, whereas the reverse was true for C2 terminals. These results suggest that functional properties of peripheral afferents to the spinal cord may be specified by the density and combination of receptor subunits in the postsynaptic membrane, and raise the possibility that calcium-permeable AMPA channels may play a special role in the mediation of sensory input by unmyelinated fibers.
Altered Habituation of an Identified Escape Circuit inDrosophilaMemory Mutants
Authors: Engel Jeff E. , Wu Chun-Fang 
Published: April 2018

Genetic approaches inDrosophilahave advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of different forms of learning, including habituation, but relevant neural components have not been explored. We show that a well defined neural circuit that underlies an escape response can be habituated, providing for the first time excellent opportunities for studying physiological parameters of learning in a functional circuit in the fly. Compared with other forms of conditioning, relatively little is known of the physiological mechanisms of habituation. The giant fiber pathway mediates a jump-and-flight escape response to visual stimuli. The jump may also be triggered electrically at multiple sites in the tethered fly. This response shows parameters of habituation, including frequency-dependent decline in responsiveness, spontaneous recovery, and dishabituation by a novel stimulus, attributable to plasticity in the brain.Mutations ofrutabagathat diminish cAMP synthesis reduced the rate of habituation, whereasduncemutations that increase cAMP levels led to a detectable but moderate increase in habituation rates. Surprisingly, habituation was extremely rapid indunce rutabagadouble mutants. This corresponds to the extreme defects seen in double mutants in other learning tasks, and demonstrates that defects of therutabagaanddunceproducts interact synergistically in ways that could not have been predicted on the basis of simple counterbalancing biochemical effects. Although habituation is localized to afferents to the giant fiber, cAMP mutations also affected performance of thoracic portions of the pathway on a millisecond time scale that did not account for behavioral plasticity. More significantly, spontaneous recovery and dishabituation were not as clearly affected as habituation in mutants, indicating that these processes may not overlap entirely in terms of cAMP-regulating mechanisms.The analysis of habituation of the giant fiber response in available learning and memory mutants could be a crucial step toward realizing the promise of memory mutations to elucidate mechanisms in neural circuits that underlie behavioral plasticity.