bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Bauschinger Effect on the Stability of Residual Stresses in Autofrettaged High Pressure Tubes
Authors: Maderbacher Hermann , Pölzl Manfred 
Published: October 2018

In the petrochemical industry, in particular for LDPE (Low-Density-Poly-Ethylene) and EVA-processes (Ethylene-Vinyl-Acetate), high strength quenched and tempered steels are used for seamless tubes subjected to ultra-high pressure. The high safety demands at pressures up to 4000bar require besides high fracture toughness and static strength also high fatigue endurance. The fatigue performance can be significantly impoved by the use of autofrettage. In this case residual compressive stresses are generated with simultaneous material work-hardening by targeted plastic deformation in the area of the inner wall of the tube. The positive effect of autofrettage mainly depends on the level of residual compressive stress. The maximum magnitude of these compressive stresses is always smaller than the yield strength of the material in tensile direction, even if the autofrettage level is increased. The amount by what this stress is smaller than the material yield strength depends on the characteristic of the so-called Bauschinger-effect, or on the kinematic hardening behavior of the material.
The target of the present work is to investigate the stability of residual stresses from autofrettage and their influence on the service life of high pressure tubes under cyclic internal pressure loading. For this purpose, in the first part, the quantitative character of the Bauschinger effect for a high strength quenched and tempered steel is determined by means of specimen tests. In the next step, the influence of the Bauschinger-effect on the resulting residual compressive stresses in a tube-like specimen is investigated. Autofrettage tests are performed on these specimens equipped with strain gages. In the second part of the work, the results of fatigue tests of the mentioned tube-like specimen are compared with the calculated fatigue endurance according to Division 3, Section VIII of the ASME Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC). Calculations are performed, which once use the residual stress correction for reverse yielding according to ASME Code and once consider the actual residual stresses from tests and simulation.
Ratchet Boundary for Superimposed Biaxial Membrane Stress States
Authors: Reinhardt Wolf 
Published: October 2018

Thermal membrane and bending stress fields exist where the thermal expansion of pressure vessel components is constrained. When such stress fields interact with pressure stresses in a shell, ratcheting can occur below the ratchet boundary indicated by the Bree diagram that is implemented in the design Codes. The interaction of primary and thermal membrane stress fields with arbitrary biaxiality is not implemented presently in the thermal stress ratchet rules of the ASME Code, and is examined in this paper.
An analytical solution for the ratchet boundary is derived based on a non-cyclic method that uses a generalized static shakedown theorem. The solutions for specific applications in pressure vessels are discussed, and a comparison with the interaction diagrams for specific cases that can be found in the literature is performed.
Normative Technical Documentation of Association of Mechanical Engineers, Czech National Code of Equipment and Piping of Nuclear Power Plants of WWER Type
Authors: Junek Lubomír 
Published: October 2018

The Standard Technical Documentation of the Association of Mechanical Engineers is elaborated by a team of experts on the base of an actual knowledge and practice as a part of a row of recommendations for an assessment of strength and reliability, choice of materials and solution of service problems of the Czech nuclear power plants. It was elaborated by the Association of Mechanical Engineers as an important help for a practice. This issue is published from the following main reasons:
1. The criteria for an assessment of reliability and safety of technical tasks have changed in a last decades by influence of development of fracture mechanics and a diagnostics of an actual components of the nuclear power plants, exposed to a static and dynamic strength in a service and to effects of an aggressive environment, leading to an origin of integrity failure. The access is changed now from an assessment of an original strength to a long-term operation and service reliability. A conception of a choice of suitable materials has changed, especially about an influence of production technology on barriers against a degradation of material mechanical characteristics. Imaginations also changed about increasing of a resistance against a damage of material components in complex service conditions. New scientific knowledge it is necessary to apply responsibly just in a construction of as important equipment as nuclear power plants are.
2. A social responsibility is increasing for economic and ecological behavior and hence manners of service control are always innovated. A problematic of a residual lifetime of those tasks is connected with. A prolongation of a lifetime without a risk of equipment failure hereto is a principal demand of capital-intensive units.
3. In a last decades a possibility of efficient use either an automatic service diagnostics or an inspection of component state in service brakes has deepened. It is necessary to enable a right engagement of this instrumentation and to interpret in a right way obtained information.
4. An international cooperation in this important region is developed, an elaboration of information and their common deepening has a substantial importance for a future of a nuclear energetic. A dissembling of service obstacles, an objective analysis of failure situations and a method of their control is today’s obvious duty of an international cooperation. Programs of all variants of a possible damage and its control must be prepared.
It is impossible at once to apply all those aspects in provisions and recommendations. Issued provisions however must be constantly improved and complemented.
Systematic review of musculoskeletal injuries in professional golfers
Authors: Robinson Patrick G , Murray Iain R , Duckworth Andrew D , Hawkes Roger , Glover Danny , Tilley Nigel R , Hillman Rob , Oliver Christopher W , Murray Andrew D 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveThe distribution of injuries affecting professional golfers is yet to be fully understood. We performed a systematic review of the clinical literature to establish the epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries affecting professional golfers.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesSearched databases in July 2018 were PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Embase.Eligibility criteriaPublished observational research articles relating to the incidence or prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in professional golfers, which were written in the English language and not restricted by age or gender.ResultsOf the 1863 studies identified on the initial search, 5 studies were found to satisfy the inclusion criteria for analysis. The mean age of the golfers in these studies was 34.8 (±3.6) years. The gender of patients in included studies compromised 72% males and 28% females. Four studies reported that lumbar spine injuries were the most common (range 22%–34%). Excluding injuries to the spine (lumbar, thoracic and cervical), the hand/wrist was the next most common region of injury (range 6%–37%). The quality of the studies was relatively poor with no study satisfying >50% of the quality assessment tool questions and only one study giving a clear definition of how they defined injury.ConclusionThere is a paucity of well-designed epidemiological studies evaluating musculoskeletal injuries affecting professional golfers. Injuries to the spine are the most frequently affected region, followed by the hand/wrist. This study has identified targeted areas of future research that aims to improve the management of injuries among professional golfers.
Harmful effects of early hyperoxaemia in patients admitted to general wards: an observational cohort study in South Korea
Authors: Jeong Jin Hee , Kim Dong Hoon , Kim Tae Yun , Kang Changwoo , Lee Soo Hoon , Lee Sang Bong , Kim Seong Chun , Park Yong Joo 
Published: October 2018

ObjectivesWe evaluated the association between hyperoxaemia induced by a non-invasive oxygen supply for 3 days after emergency department (ED) arrival and the clinical outcomes at day 5 after ED arrival.DesignObservational cohort study.Setting and patientsConsecutive ED patients ≥16 years of age with available arterial blood gas analysis results who were admitted to our hospital were enrolled from January 2010 to December 2016.InterventionsThe highest (PaO2MAX), average (PaO2AVG) and median (PaO2MED) PaO2(arterial oxygen pressure) values within 72 hours and the area under the curve divided by the time elapsed between ED admittance and the last PaO2result (AUC72) were used to assess hyperoxaemia. The AUC72values were calculated using the trapezoid rule.OutcomesThe primary outcome was the 90-day in-hospital mortality rate. The secondary outcomes were intensive care unit (ICU) transfer and respiratory failure at day 5 after ED arrival, as well as new-onset cardiovascular, coagulation, hepatic and renal dysfunction at day 5 after ED arrival.ResultsAmong the 10 141 patients, the mortality rate was 5.8%. The adjusted ORs of in-hospital mortality for PaO2MAX, PaO2AVG, PaO2MEDand AUC72were 0.79 (95% CI 0.61 to 1.02; p=0.0715), 0.92 (95% CI 0.69 to 1.24; p=0.5863), 0.82 (95% CI 0.61 to 1.11; p=0.2005) and 1.53 (95% CI 1.25 to 1.88; p<0.0001). All of the hyperoxaemia variables showed significant positive correlations with ICU transfer at day 5 after ED arrival (p<0.05). AUC72was positively correlated with respiratory failure, as well as cardiovascular, hepatic and renal dysfunction (p<0.05). PaO2MAXwas positively correlated with cardiovascular dysfunction. PaO2MAXand AUC72were negatively correlated with coagulation dysfunction (p<0.05).ConclusionsHyperoxaemia during the first 3 days in patients outside the ICU is associated with in-hospital mortality and ICU transfer at day 5 after arrival at the ED.
360-degree suture trabeculotomy ab interno with phacoemulsification in open-angle glaucoma and coexisting cataract: a pilot study
Authors: Sato Tomoki , Kawaji Takahiro , Hirata Akira , Mizoguchi Takanori 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveWe performed a pilot trial to evaluate the 24-month safety and efficacy of 360-degree suture trabeculotomy ab interno with phacoemulsification used to treat mild to moderate open-angle glaucoma coexisting with cataract.Methods and analysisWe randomly assigned 18 eyes with open-angle glaucoma and coexisting cataract to undergo 360-degree suture trabeculotomy ab interno with phacoemulsification (combined) or phacoemulsification alone (control) (1:1 ratio) and followed up patients for 24 months. Main outcome measures were mean postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) and success probabilities based on Kaplan-Meier life table analyses. Surgical success was defined as follows: criterion A: IOP value ≥6  mm Hg and ≤15  mm Hg, with ≥20 % reduction without medication; criterion B: IOP value ≥6  mm Hg and ≤12  mm Hg, with ≥30% reduction without medication. Secondary outcome measures included the number of medications, complications and best-corrected visual acuity.ResultsMean IOP values (number of medications), which were 18.4  mm Hg (0.9) and 17.1  mm Hg (1.3) at baseline, showed significant reductions to 11.8  mm Hg (1.0) and 14.6  mm Hg (1.5) at 24 months postoperatively in the combined and control groups, respectively (p=0.0003  and 0.0192, respectively). Success rates for criterion A in the combined and control groups were 77.8% and 11.1%, respectively (p=0.0110) and those for criterion B in the combined and control groups were 46.7% and 0%, respectively (p=0.0036). Both groups had a similar overall occurrence of postoperative complications.ConclusionUsing 360-degree suture trabeculotomy ab interno with phacoemulsification appeared to be a more beneficial option for mild to moderate open-angle glaucoma with coexisting cataract than phacoemulsification alone.Trial registration numberUMIN000021170, date of registration: 2016/03/01.
Study investigating the generalisability of a COPD trial based in primary care (Salford Lung Study) and the presence of a Hawthorne effect
Authors: Pate Alexander , Barrowman Michael , Webb David , Pimenta Jeanne M , Davis Kourtney J , Williams Rachael , Van Staa Tjeerd , Sperrin Matthew 
Published: October 2018

IntroductionTraditional phase IIIb randomised trials may not reflect routine clinical practice. The Salford Lung Study in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (SLS COPD) allowed broad inclusion criteria and followed patients in routine practice. We assessed whether SLS COPD approximated the England COPD population and evidence for a Hawthorne effect.MethodsThis observational cohort study compared patients with COPD in the usual care arm of SLS COPD (2012–2014) with matched non-trial patients with COPD in England from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink database. Generalisability was explored with baseline demographics, clinical and treatment variables; outcomes included COPD exacerbations in adjusted models and pretrial versus peritrial comparisons.ResultsTrial participants were younger (mean, 66.7 vs 71.1 years), more deprived (most deprived quintile, 51.5% vs 21.4%), more current smokers (47.5% vs 32.1%), with more severe Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stages but less comorbidity than non-trial patients. There were no material differences in other characteristics. Acute COPD exacerbation rates were high in the trial population (98.37th percentile).ConclusionThe trial population was similar to the non-trial COPD population. We observed some evidence of a Hawthorne effect, with more exacerbations recorded in trial patients; however, the largest effect was observed through behavioural changes in patients and general practitioner coding practices.
Myocardial remodelling and tissue characterisation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in endurance athletes
Authors: Pujadas Sandra , Doñate Maite , Li Chi-Hion , Merchan Soraya , Cabanillas Ana , Alomar Xavier , Pons-Llado Guillem , Serra-Grima Ricard , Carreras Francesc 
Published: October 2018

There is still some controversy about the benignity of structural changes observed in athlete’s heart, especially regarding the observation of increased biomarkers and the presence of myocardial fibrosis (MF).AimOur purpose was to evaluate by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) the presence of diffuse as well as focal MF in a series of high-performance veteran endurance athletes.MethodsThirty-four veteran healthy male endurance athletes, still being in regular training, with more than 10 years of training underwent a CMR. A cardiopulmonary exercise test was also performed to assess their maximal physical performance. The control group consisted in 12 non-trained normal individuals.ResultsWe found an increase in both, right and left ventricular (LV) volumes in the athlete’s group when compared with controls. There was no increase in indexed LV myocardial mass despite of a significantly increased maximal myocardial wall thickness in comparison to controls. Native T1 values and extracellular volume (ECV) were normal in all cases. We did not find differences in native T1 values and ECV between both groups. In three athletes (9%), non-ischaemic late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was observed. We did not find a correlation between total training volume and presence of LGE or with the ECV value.ConclusionsOur results show that the majority of veteran endurance athletes present with myocardial remodelling without MF as a physiological adaptive phenomenon. In the only three athletes with focal MF, the LGE pattern observed suggests an intercurrent event not related with the remodelling phenomenon.
Cancer antigen-125 and outcomes in acute heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Li Ka Hou Christien , Gong Mengqi , Li Guangping , Baranchuk Adrian , Liu Tong , Wong Martin C S , Jesuthasan Aaron , Lai Rachel W C , Lai Jenny Chi Ling , Lee Alex Pui Wai , Bayés-Genis Antoni , de la Espriella Rafael , Sanchis Juan , Wu William K K , Tse Gary , Nuñez Julio ,   On behalf of International Health Informatics Study (IHIS) Network
Published: October 2018

BackgroundCarbohydrate antigen-125 (CA125) is an ovarian cancer marker, but recent work has examined its role in risk stratification in heart failure. A recent meta-analysis examined its prognostic value in heart failure generally. However, there has been no systematic evaluation of its role specifically in acute heart failure (AHF).MethodsPubMed and EMBASE databases were searched until 11 May 2018 for studies that evaluated the prognostic value of CA125 in AHF.ResultsA total of 129 and 179 entries were retrieved from PubMed and EMBASE. Sixteen studies (15 cohort studies, 1 randomised trial) including 8401 subjects with AHF (mean age 71 years old, 52% male, mean follow-up 13 months, range of patients 525.1±598.2) were included. High CA125 levels were associated with a 68% increase in all-cause mortality (8 studies, HRs: 1.68, 95% CI 1.36 to 2.07; p<0.0001; I2: 74%) and 77% increase in heart failure-related readmissions (5 studies, HRs: 1.77, 95% CI 1.22 to 2.59; p<0.01; I2: 73%). CA125 levels were higher in patients with fluid overload symptoms and signs compared with those without them, with a mean difference of 54.8 U/mL (5 studies, SE: 13.2 U/mL; p<0.0001; I2: 78%).ConclusionOur meta-analysis found that high CA125 levels are associated with AHF symptoms, heart failure-related hospital readmissions and all-cause mortality. Therefore, CA125 emerges as a useful risk stratification tool for identifying high-risk patients with more severe fluid overload, as well as for monitoring following an AHF episode.
Case series of non-freezing cold injury: epidemiology and risk factors
Authors: Kuht James A , Woods D , Hollis S 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundNon-freezing cold injury (NFCI) occurs when the peripheral tissue is cooled sufficiently that damage occurs, but not to the point of tissue freezing. Historically, the phenotype of the injuries studied was often severe, and it is unclear whether knowledge gained from these cases is entirely relevant to the frequently subtle injuries seen today.MethodsWe therefore sought to characterise a recent case series of 100 patients referred with suspected NFCI to a military UK NFCI clinic. Their demographics, medical history and situational risk factors leading to their injuries were analysed, and comparison was made between those subsequently diagnosed with NFCI (n=76) and those receiving alternate diagnoses (n=24).ResultsStatistically significant predisposing factors for NFCI in the UK service personnel (SP) were being of African-Caribbean ethnicity and having a short duration of service in the Armed Forces. Past or current smoking was not identified as a risk factor. Injuries were almost always suffered on training exercises (most commonly in the UK); being generally cold and being on static duties were statistically significant situational risk factors. Non-significant trends of risk were also found for having wet clothing, wet boots and immersion. Self-reported dehydration was not found to be a risk factor for NFCI.ConclusionsOur demographic findings are in general agreement with those of previous studies. Our situational risk factor findings, however, highlight a pattern of NFCI risk factors to the modern UK SP: winter training exercises, when troops are generally cold and extremities often wet, with static duties frequently implicated in the disease mechanism.
Lamin mutation location predicts cardiac phenotype severity: combined analysis of the published literature
Authors: Captur Gabriella , Arbustini Eloisa , Syrris Petros , Radenkovic Dina , O'Brien Ben , Mckenna William J , Moon James C 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveTwoLMNAgenotype–phenotype cardiac correlations are reported: first, that cardiac involvement in multisystem laminopathies prevails with mutations upstream of the nuclear localisation signal (NLS); second, that worse outcomes occur with non-missense (compared with missense) mutations. We tested whetherLMNAmutation DNA location and mutation subtype can predict phenotype severity in patients with lamin heart disease.MethodsWe used a semantic workflow platform and manual electronic literature search to identify publishedLMNAmutations with cardiac-predominant phenotype. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) assembled lamin heart disease into classes based on phenotype severity. 176 reported causative mutations were classified and any relationships to mutation location/subtype assessed by contingency analysis.ResultsMore adverse phenotype was associated with mutation location upstream of the NLS (p=0.014, OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.19 to 4.80) but not with non-missense mutations (p=0.337, OR 1.36, 95% CI 0.72 to 2.57), although an association with non-missense mutations was identified in a subcluster with malignant ventricular arrhythmia (p=0.005, OR 2.64, 95% CI 0.76 to 9.21). HCA limited to the 65 mutations described on ClinVar as pathogenic/likely pathogenic showed similar findings (upstream of NLS, p=0.030, OR 4.78, 95% CI 1.28 to 17.83; non-missense, p=0.121, OR 2.64, 95% CI 0.76 to 9.21) as did analysis limited to pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics standards.ConclusionCardiac patients with anLMNAmutation located upstream versus downstream of the NLS have a more adverse cardiac phenotype, and some missense mutations can be as harmful as non-missense ones.
Gene correlation network analysis to identify regulatory factors in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: McDonough John E , Kaminski Naftali , Thienpont Bernard , Hogg James C , Vanaudenaerde Bart M , Wuyts Wim A 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a severe lung disease characterised by extensive pathological changes. The objective for this study was to identify the gene network and regulators underlying disease pathology in IPF and its association with lung function.MethodsLung Tissue Research Consortium dataset with 262 IPF and control subjects (GSE47460) was randomly divided into two non-overlapping groups for cross-validated differential gene expression analysis. Consensus weighted gene coexpression network analysis identified overlapping coexpressed gene modules between both IPF groups. Modules were correlated with lung function (diffusion capacity, DLCO; forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FEV1; forced vital capacity, FVC) and enrichment analyses used to identify biological function and transcription factors. Module correlation with miRNA data (GSE72967) identified associated regulators. Clinical relevance in IPF was assessed in a peripheral blood gene expression dataset (GSE93606) to identify modules related to survival.ResultsCorrelation network analysis identified 16 modules in IPF. Upregulated modules were associated with cilia, DNA replication and repair, contractile fibres, B-cell and unfolded protein response, and extracellular matrix. Downregulated modules were associated with blood vessels, T-cell and interferon responses, leucocyte activation and degranulation, surfactant metabolism, and cellular metabolic and catabolic processes. Lung function correlated with nine modules (eight with DLCO, five with FVC). Intermodular network of transcription factors and miRNA showed clustering of fibrosis, immune response and contractile modules. The cilia-associated module was able to predict survival (p=0.0097) in an independent peripheral blood IPF cohort.ConclusionsWe identified a correlation gene expression network with associated regulators in IPF that provides novel insight into the pathological process of this disease.