bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Susceptibility of Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 in North and South Carolina
Authors: Bilbo Tom R , Reay-Jones Francis P F , Reisig Dominic D , Greene Jeremy K 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), is managed in corn and cotton in the United States primarily using transgenic cultivars that produce insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). However, increasing reports of resistance to one or more Bt proteins threaten the continued efficacy of Bt traits. To better understand the development of resistance of H. zea to Bt corn and cotton in the southeastern United States, we monitored for resistance to Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 among 22 field populations of H. zea collected in non-Bt and Bt corn expressing Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 during 2017 and 2018. Colonies were established in the laboratory and progeny were screened in diet-overlay bioassays to purified Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 proteins. Compared with two susceptible laboratory colonies, all 14 field colonies tested with Cry1A.105 were highly resistant, with resistance ratios (RRs) ranging from 13.5 to >4,000. For Cry2Ab2, 19 colonies were tested and RRs ranged from 0.26 to 33.7. Field populations were significantly more susceptible to Cry2Ab2 than Cry1A.105. We documented variability in F0 and F1 pupal weight and developmental rates of natural populations of H. zea, but observed no significant correlation with susceptibility to either Cry1A.105 or Cry2Ab2. Our results expand on the recent reports of H. zea resistance to Cry1A and Cry2A proteins and will aid in the design and deployment of future pyramided crops in the United States.
The Speed of Exchange Rate Pass-Through
Authors: Bonadio Barthélémy , Fischer Andreas M , Sauré Philip 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
On January 15, 2015, the Swiss National Bank discontinued its minimum exchange rate policy of 1 euro against 1.2 Swiss francs. This policy change resulted in a sharp, unanticipated, and permanent appreciation of the Swiss franc by more than 11% against the euro. We analyze the pass-through of this unusually clean exchange rate shock into import unit values at the daily frequency using Swiss transaction-level trade data. Our key findings are twofold. First, for goods invoiced in euros, the pass-through is immediate and complete. Second, for goods invoiced in Swiss francs, the pass-through is partial and exceptionally fast: beginning on the second working day after the exchange rate shock, the medium-run pass-through is reached after 12 working days.
Osimertinib for patients with EGFR T790M mutation-positive non–small-cell lung cancer and a poor performance status
Authors: Nakashima Kazuhisa , Kimura Madoka , Akamatsu Hiroaki , Daga Haruko , Imai Hisao , Taira Tetsuhiko , Ko Ryo , Hisamatsu Yasushi , Nishino Kazumi , Sugimoto Takeya , Miyashita Yosuke , Takahashi Toshiaki ,   et al
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Osimertinib is a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that is effective against EGFR T790M mutation-positive non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients who have good performance status (PS). However, the efficacy and safety of osimertinib for patients with poor PS is unknown.

Methods
We retrospectively evaluated the efficacy and safety of osimertinib in patients with EGFR T790M mutation-positive NSCLC who had Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group PS scores of 2–4 and who were administered 80 mg of osimertinib once daily between March 2016 and February 2017.

Results
Thirty patients (8 men and 22 women) with EGFR T790M mutation-positive NSCLC were evaluated; their median age was 66 years (range: 39–89 years). Twenty-four and six patients had PS scores of 2 and 3, respectively; none had a PS score of 4. All patients had previously been treated with first- or second-generation EGFR-TKIs. T790M was detected in the tumor samples of 23 patients, the blood samples of two patients, and both the tumor and blood samples of five patients. The overall response rate was 53% (95% confidence interval: 36–70%), and the PS score improvement rate was 63%. The median progression-free survival was 8.2 months (95% confidence interval: 4.3–13.2 months), while the median overall survival time was not reached. No patient required treatment cessation owing to adverse events, and no treatment-related deaths occurred.

Conclusions
Osimertinib therapy demonstrates promising efficacy and acceptable safety in patients with EGFR T790M mutation-positive NSCLC who have poor PS.
Environmental Concentrations of Antibiotics May Diminish Wolbachia infections in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Endersby-Harshman Nancy M , Axford Jason K , Hoffmann Ary A 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquitoes for control of dengue transmission are being released experimentally in tropical regions of Australia, south-east Asia, and South America. To become established, the Wolbachia Hertig (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) strains used must induce expression of cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) in matings between infected males and uninfected females so that infected females have a reproductive advantage, which will drive the infection through field populations. Wolbachia is a Rickettsia-like alphaproteobacterium which can be affected by tetracycline antibiotics. We investigated whether exposure of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes to chlortetracycline at environmentally relevant levels during their aquatic development resulted in loss or reduction of infection in three strains, wAlbB, wMel, and wMelPop. Wolbachia density was reduced for all three strains at the tested chlortetracycline concentrations of 5 and 50 µg/liter. Two of the strains, wMel and wMelPop, showed a breakdown in CI. The wAlbB strain maintained CI and may be useful at breeding sites where tetracycline contamination has occurred. This may include drier regions where Ae. aegypti can utilize subterranean water sources and septic tanks as breeding sites.
Effects of endophyte infection on the competitive ability of Achnatherum sibiricum depend on endophyte species and nitrogen availability
Authors: Zhou Yong , Li Xia , Liu Hui , Gao Yubao , Mace Wade J , Card Stuart D , Ren Anzhi 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Aims
The leaves of almost all terrestrial plant species are colonized by endophytic fungi. Compared to agronomic grasses, which usually harbor few endophytes, native grasses generally possess greater endophyte species diversity. Existing studies examining endophyte effects on natural grasses under competition normally considered the infection status (infected or uninfected), and rarely considered endophyte species.

Methods
We examined the effects of endophyte infection and of endophyte species on the interspecific competitive ability of a subdominant species, Achnatherum sibiricum, at two nitrogen levels (high nitrogen and low nitrogen). Achnatherum sibiricum plants infected by two different species of endophyte (Epichloë sibirica and E. gansuensis) and uninfected plants were grown in monoculture and binary mixtures with a dominant species, Stipa grandis (six individuals per species for monocultures and three + three individuals of each species in mixtures). Shoot and root biomass, tiller number and total phenolic concentration were measured after 3 months. Moreover, the aggressivity index was calculated to compare the competitive ability of A. sibiricum relative to S. grandis.

Important Findings
Both E. gansuensis (Eg)- and E. sibirica (Es)-infected A. sibiricum plants showed a greater competitive ability than the uninfected plants under high nitrogen supply, while the opposite result occurred under low nitrogen supply. At high nitrogen levels, Eg plants had a higher tiller number and a greater shoot biomass inhibitory effect on S. grandis than Es plants had when growing in mixture, while Es plants showed better root growth performance than Eg and uninfected plants under mixture conditions at all nitrogen levels. A higher concentration of phenolic compounds in Eg plants than in Es plants might contribute to the higher inhibitory effect of Eg plants on competing plants. Our study indicates that the interaction between endophyte infection and nitrogen availability can alter the competitive ability of the host plant A. sibiricum but that these two endophyte species work in different ways, which may influence the coexistence of A. sibiricum with the dominant species.
Experiences of Discrimination and Self-reported Health
Authors: Rapp Carolin , Cardozo Valentina , Eikemo Terje Andreas , Stathopoulou Theoni 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Asylum seekers and refugees are confronted with multiple challenges before, during and after their flight from their home countries. The aim of this article is to shed more light on the distinct relationship between experiences of discrimination and self-reported health. On the basis of the REHEAL (Refugee Health) data, we are able to distinguish different reasons of discrimination, such as ethnicity, language or religion, as well as when the discrimination took place, e.g. before or during the flight or within the refugee camps. We are thereby particularly interested in the experience of discrimination in the refugee camps. In a first step, we aim to assess who is more likely to be discriminated against, for example women or members of the ethnic minority within the camps. In the second step, we analyse the relationship between discrimination and self-reported health. Our results reveal that discrimination is an important additional source for reporting poor health. Moreover, we find that women in particular suffer more from discrimination and thus bad health.
Black hole accretion discs and luminous transients in failed supernovae from non-rotating supergiants
Authors: Quataert E , Lecoanet D , Coughlin E R 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT
We show that for supergiants, net angular momentum is not a necessary condition for forming accretion discs during core collapse. Even absent net rotation, convective motions in the outer parts of supergiants generate mean horizontal flows at a given radius with velocities of ${\sim } 1 \, {\rm km \, s}^{-1}$; the direction of the mean flow will vary as a function of height through the convection zone. We confirm these analytic estimates using Cartesian Boussinesq convection simulations. These mean horizontal flows lead to a random angular momentum in supergiant convection zones that exceeds that of the last stable circular orbit of a black hole by a factor of ∼10. As a result, failed explosions of supergiants – in which the accretion shock on to the neutron star does not revive, leading to black hole formation – may often produce accretion discs that can power day–week (blue supergiants) or week–year (yellow and red supergiants) non-thermal and thermal transients through winds and jets. These transients will be especially time variable because the angular momentum of the accreting material will vary substantially in time. Observed sources such as Swift J1644+57, iPTF14hls, and SN 2018cow, as well as energetic Type II supernovae (OGLE-2014-SN-073), may be produced by this mechanism.
From ridges in the velocity distribution to wiggles in the rotation curve
Authors: Martinez-Medina Luis , Pichardo Barbara , Peimbert Antonio , Valenzuela Octavio 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Recently, the Gaiadata release 2 (DR2) showed us the richness in the kinematics of the Milky Way disc. Of particular interest is the presence of ridges covering the stellar velocity distribution, Vϕ–R; as shown by others, it is likely that these ridges are the signature of phase mixing, transient spirals, or the bar. Here, with a Galactic model containing both, bar and spirals, we found the same pattern of ridges extending from the inner to the outer disc. Interestingly, ridges in the Vϕ–R plane correlate extremely well with wiggles in the computed rotation curve (RC). Hence, although the DR2 reveals (for the first time) such substructures in a wide spatial coverage, we notice that we have always seen such a pattern of ridges, but projected into the form of wiggles in the RC. The separation and amplitude of the wiggles strongly depend on the extension and layout of ridges in the Vϕ–R plane. This means that within the RC are encoded the kinematic state of the disc and information about the bar and spiral arms. The amplitude of the wiggles suggests that similar features currently observable in external galaxies' RCs have similar origins, triggered by spirals and bars.
DNA damage in human whole blood caused by radiopharmaceuticals evaluated by the comet assay
Authors: Schmeiser Heinz H , Muehlbauer Karl-Rudolf , Mier Walter , Baranski Ann-Christin , Neels Oliver , Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss Antonia , Schmezer Peter , Kratochwil Clemens , Bruchertseifer Frank , Morgenstern Alfred , Kopka Klaus 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Radiopharmaceuticals used for diagnosis or therapy induce DNA strand breaks, which may be detectable by single-cell gel electrophoresis (called comet assay). Blood was taken from patients before and at different time points after treatment with radiopharmaceuticals; blood cells were investigated by the comet assay using the percentage of DNA in the tail as the critical parameter. Whereas [225Ac]Ac-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-617 alpha therapy showed no difference relative to the blood sample taken before treatment, beta therapy with [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 3 h post-injection revealed a small but significant increase in DNA strand breaks. In blood of patients who underwent positron emission tomography (PET) with either [18F]2-fluor-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) or [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11, an increase of DNA migration determined by the comet assay was not found when analysed at different time points (2–70 min) after intravenous tracer injection. Human whole blood was incubated with the targeted clinically relevant therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals [225Ac]Ac-PSMA-617, [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 and [90Y]Y-DOTA(0)-Phe(1)-Tyr(3)-octreotide (DOTA-TOC) at different activity concentrations (kBq/ml) for 5 days and then analysed by the comet assay. DNA damage increased with higher concentrations of all radiolabeled compounds tested. [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 caused higher blood cell radiotoxicity than equal activity concentrations of [90Y]Y-DOTA-TOC. Likewise, whole human blood was exposed to the positron emitters [18F]FDG and [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 in vitro for 24 h with activity concentrations ranging between 5 and 40 MBq/ml. The same activity concentration dependent elevated DNA migration was observed for both compounds although decay energies are different. This study demonstrated that the amount of DNA damage detected by the comet assay in whole human blood is similar among different positron emitters and divergent by a factor of 200 between alpha particles and beta radiation.
Nicotine Self-administration Is Not Increased in the Methylazoxymethanol Acetate Rodent Model of Schizophrenia
Authors: Weeks Jillian J , Rupprecht Laura E , Grace Anthony A , Donny Eric C , Sved Alan F 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) smoke at a rate of 4–5 times higher than the general population, contributing to negative health consequences in this group. One possible explanation for this increased smoking is that individuals with SCZ find nicotine (NIC) more reinforcing. However, data supporting this possibility are limited.

Methods
The present experiments examined self-administration of NIC, alone or in combination with other reinforcers, across a range of doses in the methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) rodent model of SCZ.

Results
MAM and control animals did not differ in NIC self-administration across a range of doses and schedules of reinforcement, in both standard 1-hour self-administration sessions and 23-hour extended access sessions. However, MAM animals responded less for sucrose or reinforcing visual stimuli alone or when paired with NIC.

Conclusions
To the extent that MAM-treated rats are a valid model of SCZ, these results suggest that increased NIC reinforcement does not account for increased smoking in SCZ patients.

Implications
This study is the first to utilize nicotine self-administration, the gold standard for studying nicotine reinforcement, in the methylazoxymethanol acetate model of schizophrenia, which is arguably the most comprehensive animal model of the disease currently available. Our assessment found no evidence of increased nicotine reinforcement in methylazoxymethanol acetate animals, suggesting that increased reinforcement may not perpetuate increased smoking in schizophrenia patients.
Percutaneous Endoscopic Transforaminal Approach for Far Lateral Lumbar Discectomy: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Kashlan Osama Nezar , Kim Hyeun Sung , Khalsa Siri Sahib S , Singh Ravindra , Yong Zhang , Oh Sung Woon , Noh Jeong Hoon , Jang Il-Tae , Oh Seong-Hoon 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The conventional surgical approach to far lateral lumbar disk herniations is a paraspinal Wiltse approach. During the Wiltse approach, it is sometimes necessary to resect some of the facet or pars interarticularis to achieve an adequate exposure. The endoscopic transforaminal route can be of benefit in far lateral disk herniations due to direct access to the epidural space through Kambin's triangle, without the need for any bony removal or nerve retraction. In this video, we describe a percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal approach for far lateral discectomy in a patient presenting with a left L4 radiculopathy due to a far lateral L4-5 disk herniation. We describe Kambin's triangle anatomy and its relevance to the transforaminal route. The steps of the procedure are then described: dissection of soft tissue and removal of free disk fragments on the inferior aspect of the foramen far from the compressed exiting nerve route above to decrease the risk of retraction injury, gentle maneuvering of endoscope superiorly with removal of further compressive disk fragments, exposure of the exiting nerve root superiorly after adequate decompression is achieved and removal of any remaining fragments in close proximity to the nerve, and finally evaluation of traversing nerve root for any compressive lesions. The presentation ends with postoperative imaging confirming decompression of the far lateral disk herniation.
Reflective Practice in Physical Therapy: A Scoping Review
Authors: Ziebart Christina , MacDermid Joy C 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Many practitioners experience complex, uncertain, and unique clinical practice situations that can be navigated with reflection. Little is known about the theoretical and pragmatic perspectives of reflection in physical therapy.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper was to examine the literature on reflection in physical therapy and identify gaps in the literature.

Data Source
The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and PsycINFO were used to identify articles.

Study Selection
Studies were selected to describe: (1) theoretical concepts related to reflection, (2) examples of reflection, and (3) the use of reflection in clinical or educational contexts.

Data Extraction
Authors, year of publication, country of origin, publication type or source, methodology, conceptual approach (including terminology used, definition of terminology used), and practical approach (including theoretical underpinning, context of reflection/reflective practice, and target group) guided the data extraction.

Data Synthesis
A total of 46 articles were reviewed spanning from 1992 to 2017, which included research studies, field articles, editorials, and a review article. Theoretical underpinnings of reflection were based on the thoughts of Donald Schön. Written approaches to reflection were most common, and reflection was used to inform education, clinical practice, and professional growth.

Limitations
As with any review paper, there is a certain level of interpretation required when collating and interpreting data.

Conclusions
Reflection in physical therapy could be advanced by a thorough conceptualization of reflective practice, a broader and deeper pool of research to inform optimal implementation of reflection across the career span from learners to experts, and a clear definition and linkage of reflection to epistemologies of physical therapy practice.
An Axiological Analysis of One Medical School’s Admissions Process: Exploring Individual Values and Value Systems
Authors: Ellaway Rachel H. , Malhi Rebecca L. , Woloschuk Wayne , de Groot Janet M. , Doig Christopher J. , Myhre Douglas 
Published: March 2019

Purpose
Values and value systems are fundamental to medical school admissions processes. An axiological analysis was carried out to explore the individual values and value systems found within the University of Calgary’s Cumming School of Medicine’s undergraduate admissions process.

Method
A mixed-methods case study methodology was developed with a focus on applicant characteristics viewed as desirable, the relative value ascribed to applicant characteristics, the values that participants in admissions processes brought to bear, the values that were reflected in the artifacts and procedures used in support of admissions processes, and the values that were expressed at a system, program, or institutional level. The study employed a descriptive audit of admissions processes, a stakeholder survey, stakeholder interviews, and a discourse analysis of admissions materials (all carried out between June and September 2017).

Results
The study found that, despite a general sense of satisfaction with the rigor of the admissions process, there was less satisfaction with the final selection it produced. Participants wanted to see more attention paid to responsibilities to patients and society than to gender and ethnic balance.

Conclusions
Those involved with medical school admissions need to be mindful of their value systems and use them to align intent with process and outcomes in selecting tomorrow’s physicians. Axiological analysis of medical education processes can play a central role in reviewing and refocusing efforts on meeting an institution’s social mission and medical education’s social contract.
Treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders
Authors: Romeo Andrew R. , Segal Benjamin M. 
Published: March 2019

Purpose of review
This review discusses concepts for diagnosing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), distinguishing NMOSD from other inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, and highlights recent and forthcoming data on acute and maintenance therapy of NMOSD.

Recent findings
The neurologic manifestations of NMOSD are heterogenous, extending beyond classic presentations of optic neuritis and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. NMOSD may be comorbid with rheumatologic diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, but is recognized as a distinct entity. Recent studies of acute treatment of NMOSD support early use of plasmapheresis. Relapse prevention is essential, as relapses can be disabling and patients may have only partial recovery. Current practice generally recommends at least 5 years of maintenance treatment. Recent randomized data demonstrates superiority of rituximab over azathioprine. Phase 3 trials have recently been completed or are underway studying novel therapies employing B-cell depletion, complement inhibition, and cell-based mechanisms (among other mechanisms) for maintenance therapy of NMOSD.

Summary
NMOSD is a heterogeneous but well-defined clinical entity, distinct from other neurologic and systemic inflammatory diseases, and treatment is poised for expansion.