bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Stochastic Mode of Molecular Evolution: What Consequences for Systematic Investigations?
Authors: Lanyon Scott M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Biochemical characters have been proposed as ideal sources of phylogenetic information. The homologous characters are easily identified, the relationships between such characters and the underlying genetic code is well understood, and, most importantly, biochemical characters are thought to evolve in a stochastic, clock-like manner. I present a modified version of the Zuckerkandl and Pauling (1965) model of stochastic evolution which is used to explore the consequences of a stochastic mode of evolution. The probability of observing shared character states is determined as a function of the evolutionary rate of a character, the time of independent ancestry for two sister taxa, the time of shared ancestry for the sister taxa independent of their next closest relative, and the number of functionally equivalent, equally probable character states. I found that, while many branching patterns can be reliably reconstructed using stochastically evolving characters, a large subset of theoretically possible phylogenies (as defined by the duration of shared and independent ancestry) would not be derived correctly. The model simulates a "best-case scenario" in which the rate of character evolution is constant over time. Violation of this assumption complicates phylogeny reconstruction and further limits the types of phylogenies that can be addressed with stochastically evolving characters. I discuss the implications of these findings for data analysis and experimental design.
Erratum: A migratory lifestyle is associated with shorter telomeres in a songbird (Junco hyemalis)
Authors: Bauer Carolyn M , Heidinger Britt J , Ketterson Ellen D , Greives Timothy J 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Figure 1 in Bauer et al. (2016) incorrectly identified boxplots as representing means with standard deviations, while in actuality they represent medians within interquartile ranges.
Crinoid respiration and the distribution of energetic strategies among marine invertebrates
Authors: Saulsbury James 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDuring the Mesozoic, the radiation of durophagous marine predators caused the ecological and evolutionary diminution of once-successful groups, including stalked, suspension-feeding echinoderms known as crinoids. Featherstars, crinoids that shed the stalk during development and exhibit anti-predatory adaptations such as high motility, defied this trend, and today they are widespread and diverse across ocean depths. As a ‘success story’ of the Mesozoic Marine Revolution, featherstars could be used to reveal how some marine lineages succeeded in the face of increased predation over geological time. However, current limited understanding of crinoid functional anatomy has inhibited such study. Using microphotography, scanning electron microscopy and computed tomography, I characterize the structure and variation of crinoid circulatory anatomy and explore differences between featherstars and stalked forms. Contrary to previous accounts, I find support for the role of coelomic circulation in crinoid respiration. This includes a previously undocumented case of positive allometry: larger crinoids have more complex circulatory anatomy. Moreover, quantitative analysis of coelomic anatomy shows that the circulatory system is generally more complex in featherstars than in stalked crinoids. The adaptations that allowed featherstars to persist in shallow water apparently entailed an increase in the functional capacity of the circulatory system, possibly due to consistently greater metabolic rates.
Anatomy of leaf edges in Marantaceae in the Neotropics: the relationship between vernation and leaf asymmetry and contributions to the systematics of the family
Authors: De Albuquerque Elaine Santiago Brilhante , Tenorio Vitor , Braga João Marcelo Alvarenga , Vieira Ricardo Cardoso 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMarantaceae consist of species with asymmetric leaves of two types: those with either a wider left or right half; this asymmetry is related, respectively, to clockwise or counterclockwise convolute vernation. In this study, we analysed whether anatomical differences in the leaf edges, i.e. the anatomical asymmetry, were related to the orientation of the convolute vernation and to the asymmetry of leaf morphology, and whether these differences supported the organization of the clades in the family. Transverse sections of the mid third of the leaf buds expanded to the height of the right and left edges of the blades were prepared for 19 species belonging to 11 genera, using cyto-histological techniques. Anatomical analyses of the blade edges revealed that there is a relationship between morphological asymmetry and anatomical asymmetry that has never before been ascribed to the family. The anatomical data support differences between the arrangements in two of the three Neotropical informal groups. In the Calathea clade, Calathea showed much more similarity with Goeppertia than with Ischnosiphon and Monotagma, since they are the only genera that do not present with anatomical asymmetry. In the Maranta clade, Ctenanthe, Saranthe and Stromanthe appear to be related to one another, as they share strong anatomical asymmetry and fibrous edges. These characteristics, however, are not observed in Myrosma, which in turn is more anatomically similar to Maranta.
Constitution-Making in Bhutan: A Complex and Sui Generis Experience
Authors: Iyer Venkat 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The tiny Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan, which had remained isolated from the rest of the world until the 1970s, embarked on a series of transformational reforms in the new millennium that included the replacement of the country’s century-old absolute monarchy with a parliamentary democracy and the enactment of a written constitution based on Western principles, such as the separation of powers and the rule of law. The ‘democratization’ process was unique, not least for the fact that the impetus for change came from the monarch, who pressed ahead with his modernization agenda in the face of palpable opposition from his people, arguing that popular democracy was the only viable way forward for Bhutan in the modern age. The process of constitution making involved the striking of a delicate balance between tradition and modernity and ensuring that the monarchy continued to play a meaningful role in the country’s affairs. This article argues that, although the process itself ran smoothly, it is too early to judge the durability and long-term success of Bhutan’s new constitutional arrangements.
Bad Bargains
Authors: Davies Paul S 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
It is often said that the courts will not save parties from bad bargains: as Lord Nottingham observed, even ‘the Chancery mends no man's bargain’. This article considers what is meant by ‘bad bargain’, and argues that courts should be reluctant to develop the law in a way which would allow sophisticated commercial actors to escape bad bargains. This analysis is timely since in the current economic climate a number of long-term contracts have become especially disadvantageous to one party, and one consequence of Brexit is likely to be an increase in instances where one party tries to escape a bad bargain. Sympathy for the party which finds itself subject to a bad bargain has led to pressure on courts to find that an agreement is not binding; to expand the scope of the vitiating factors; and to liberalise the principles of interpretation and rectification, for example. It is suggested that courts should not readily bow to such pressure.
Chrystian Piotr Aigner, ancient monuments, and the architectural discourse of Polish resurrection in the Age of Revolution
Authors: Getka-Kenig Mikołaj 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The role of ancient classical monuments in the history of Polish neoclassicism at the turn of the nineteenth century may seem to be insignificant. However, among many building types, there was one in the case of which ancient classical monuments served as an important source of inspiration for contemporary building practice. It was the architecture of public commemoration that engaged in the discourse of national resurrection after the late-eighteenth-century partitions of the Polish state. Apart from their general associations with natural order and permanent stability, classical architectural models could directly invoke historical or mythological precedents which helped clarify the ambiguities of the resurrection. However, it is notable that such memorials did not only share the propagation of the idea of national resurrection. They also had the same designer, Chrystian Piotr Aigner (1756–1841), who showed an exceptional interest in ancient architecture. This article argues that not only the direct engagement of those commemorative structures in the discourse of national resurrection, but also the choice of the designer with a special penchant for classical antiquity accounted for the unusual use of classical models as design templates in those specific architectural undertakings.
Dissecting the Effects of Selection and Mutation on Genetic Diversity in Three Wood White (Leptidea) Butterfly Species
Authors: Talla Venkat , Soler Lucile , Kawakami Takeshi , Dincă Vlad , Vila Roger , Friberg Magne , Wiklund Christer , Backström Niclas 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe relative role of natural selection and genetic drift in evolution is a major topic of debate in evolutionary biology. Most knowledge spring from a small group of organisms and originate from before it was possible to generate genome-wide data on genetic variation. Hence, it is necessary to extend to a larger number of taxonomic groups, descriptive and hypothesis-based research aiming at understanding the proximate and ultimate mechanisms underlying both levels of genetic polymorphism and the efficiency of natural selection. In this study, we used data from 60 whole-genome resequenced individuals of three cryptic butterfly species (Leptidea sp.), together with novel gene annotation information and population recombination data. We characterized the overall prevalence of natural selection and investigated the effects of mutation and linked selection on regional variation in nucleotide diversity. Our analyses showed that genome-wide diversity and rate of adaptive substitutions were comparatively low, whereas nonsynonymous to synonymous polymorphism and substitution levels were comparatively high in Leptidea, suggesting small long-term effective population sizes. Still, negative selection on linked sites (background selection) has resulted in reduced nucleotide diversity in regions with relatively high gene density and low recombination rate. We also found a significant effect of mutation rate variation on levels of polymorphism. Finally, there were considerable population differences in levels of genetic diversity and pervasiveness of selection against slightly deleterious alleles, in line with expectations from differences in estimated effective population sizes.
A Tale of Bias: Longitudinal Evidence of the Effect of Electoral Defeat on Citizens’ Evaluations of the Economy
Authors: Quaranta Mario , Mancosu Moreno , Martini Sergio 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The winner–loser electoral status may affect citizens’ perceptions of the national economy. In the context of Europe, this issue has aroused little interest as multi-party competition makes it difficult to study. We look at the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum, a top-down national referendum, which approximates second-order elections and divides voters in two groups, allowing the study of the effects of elections on opinions. Using a pre-post referendum panel survey, results show that losers—relying on motivated reasoning—radically change their retrospective and prospective economic evaluations after the referendum, and that this effect is conditional on party identification. The article provides new evidence on the role of partisan loyalties in the adjustment of economic perceptions.
Damped second order flow applied to image denoising
Authors: Baravdish G , Svensson O , Gulliksson M , Zhang Y 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a new image denoising model: the damped flow (DF), which is a second order nonlinear evolution equation associated with a class of energy functionals of an image. The existence, uniqueness and regularization property of DF are proven. For the numerical implementation, based on the Störmer–Verlet method, a discrete DF, SV-DDF, is developed. The convergence of SV-DDF is studied as well. Several numerical experiments, as well as a comparison with other methods, are provided to demonstrate the efficiency of SV-DDF.
Higher Complex Structures
Authors: Fock Vladimir , Thomas Alexander 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We introduce and analyze a new geometric structure on topological surfaces generalizing the complex structure. To define this so-called higher complex structure, we use the punctual Hilbert scheme of the plane. The moduli space of higher complex structures is defined and is shown to be a generalization of the classical Teichmüller space. We give arguments for the conjectural isomorphism between the moduli space of higher complex structures and Hitchin’s component.
‘Still Waiting’ for Justice: Migrant Workers’ Perspectives on Labour Exploitation in Ireland
Authors: Murphy Clíodhna , Doyle David M , Murphy Muiréad 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Although there is a growing recognition that a labour law approach is well-placed to tackle migrant workers’ vulnerability to labour exploitation, empirical studies in this field are few and far between. This article explores how migrant workers subjected to severe and routine exploitation experience the Irish labour law framework in practice. Drawing on interviews with 23 workers, as well as legal and policy analysis, the research shows that those who have endured the ‘continuum’ between routine and severe labour exploitation have many commonalities in their lived experiences of labour conditions and law. It is argued that the key problems identified by this research—the intertwinement of employment and immigration enforcement; workers’ lack of awareness of employment rights; the ineffectiveness of labour inspections; the uncertain impact of undocumented status on employment rights and difficulties with enforcing employment awards—all point to the failure of institutional labour protections for migrant workers in Ireland. By enabling a more nuanced understanding of exploited migrant workers’ needs and perspectives, this study contributes to the ongoing debate on how to develop better regulatory and institutional conditions in Ireland and beyond.
West Indian Canefly (Hemiptera: Delphacidae): An Emerging Pest of Louisiana Sugarcane
Authors: Wilson B E , Beuzelin J M , Richard R T , Johnson R M , Gravois K A , White W H 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The West Indian canefly, Saccharosydne saccharivora (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is a sporadic pest of sugarcane in Louisiana which has recently emerged as a more consistent threat with outbreaks occurring in 2012, 2016, 2017, and 2019. Surveys of commercial fields in 2016 revealed that S. saccharivora infestations were present throughout Louisiana sugarcane and populations peaked in mid-June before declining. High minimum winter temperatures are generally associated with S. saccharivora outbreaks. Six insecticide evaluations demonstrated effective control with several insecticides including λ-cyhalothrin, flupyradifurone, acetamiprid, and imidacloprid. In five of the six insecticide trials, S. saccharivora infestations had substantially declined by 21 d after treatment. Effects of insecticidal control of S. saccharivora on sugar yields were detected in one of four small plot trials in which yield data were collected. Linear regression revealed S. saccharivora cumulative insect days in a grid sampling study were inversely associated with sugar yields. Results from these collective experiments suggest impacts on sugar yields are influenced by pest density and infestation duration. Differences were detected in numbers of S. saccharivora nymphs and adults as well as sooty mold coverage among commercial sugarcane cultivars with more than twofold increases in the most susceptible compared to resistant cultivars. The research presented herein documents the impact of S. saccharivora to Louisiana sugarcane and provides important ground work for developing effective pest management strategies. Future research efforts should aim to identify ecological factors influencing population dynamics, varietal preferences, and economic thresholds.
The War Crime of Starvation in Non-International Armed Conflict
Authors: D’Alessandra Federica , Gillett Matthew 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The starvation of civilians is an all too frequent feature of armed conflict. While starvation may occur as an unintended consequence of military activities, it is also sometimes intentionally used by conflicting parties as a method of warfare. There is a broad consensus that the employment of starvation tactics during armed conflict is morally repugnant. This condemnation is reflected in many instruments of international law, which prohibit the use of starvation as a method of warfare in all armed conflicts. Despite this apparent consensus, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court only includes the starvation of civilians as a war crime when it is committed during an international armed conflict. In the face of this anomaly, Switzerland has proposed an amendment to the Rome Statute, whereby the crime of starving civilians would also apply to non-international armed conflicts. The following analysis addresses the key issues arising from the Swiss proposal, including the legal basis for the prohibition under customary and conventional international law, the elements of the proposed formulation, and the policy implications of adopting such an amendment to the Rome Statute.
WTO’ing a Resolution to the China Subsidy Problem
Authors: Bown Chad P , Hillman Jennifer A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The USA, European Union, and Japan have begun a trilateral process to confront the Chinese economic model, including its use of industrial subsidies and deployment of state-owned enterprises. This paper seeks to identify the main areas of tension and to assess the legal-economic challenges to constructing new rules to address the underlying conflict. It begins by providing a brief history of subsidy disciplines in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and World Trade Organization predating any concerns introduced by China. It then describes contemporary economic problems with China’s approach to subsidies, their impact, and the apparent ineffectiveness of the World Trade Organization’s Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures to address them. Finally, it calls for increased efforts to measure and pinpoint the source of the problems—in a manner analogous to how the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development took on agricultural subsidies in the 1980s—before providing a legal-economic assessment of proposals for reforms to notifications, evidence, remedies, enforcement, and the definition of a subsidy.
Between sentential and model-based abductions: a dialogical approach
Authors: Barés Gómez Cristina , Fontaine Matthieu 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Most of the standard approaches consider abduction in terms of a backward reasoning and miss some of its fundamental features. Overall, they neglect its pragmatic dimension and the conjectural aspect of the conclusion. In this paper, we approach abduction in terms of strategic adjustment process in the context of dialogical logic. This sheds light on the use of conjectures in argumentative interactions. Although abductive dialogues are sometimes based upon sentential conjectures, they can also involve hypotheses about the context of argumentation itself. Indeed, the underlying logic of an argumentative interaction is not always settled since the beginning. In this context, abduction is not only concerned with the introduction of sentential hypotheses, but also with hypotheses concerning the structural rules governing the dialogue itself. We thus emphasize the instrumental dimension of abduction in dialogues.
Endovascular treatment of iatrogenic iliocaval fistula post lumbar disc surgery
Authors: Alshabatat Ashraf , Srayrah Shaden , Aljfoot Sameer , Obiedat Laith , Alsharoa Sakher , Janho Kristi , Alzoob’I Omar 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A 39-year-old patient presented with a history of right-side heart failure (dyspnea and orthopnea), right lower extremity deep vein thrombosis, and hepatic impairment. A physical exam showed increased jugular venous pressure, hepatomegaly, and bilateral lower limb pitting edema. A computed tomography angiograph revealed an arteriovenous communication between the right iliac artery and inferior vena cava (IVC) at the level of L4/L5. The patient was diagnosed with a large arteriovenous fistula (AVF), which developed post lumbar disc surgery. Fistulas between the common iliac arteries and IVC are very rare post lumbar disc surgery. Acquired iliocaval AVF is much more difficult to treat surgically because of the risk of massive hemorrhage. The patient underwent a successful endovascular stent graft repair. The patient’s symptoms of heart failure including exertional dyspnea and orthopnea were resolved 6 months post surgery.
Reliability of the New AOSpine Classification System for Upper Cervical Traumatic Injuries
Authors: Maeda Fernando Luís , Formentin Cleiton , de Andrade Erion Júnior , Rodrigues Pedro Augusto Sousa , Goyal Dhruv K C , Shroeder Gregory D , Patel Alpesh A , Vaccaro Alexander R , Joaquim Andrei Fernandes 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The new AOSpine Upper Cervical Classification System (UCCS) was recently proposed by the AOSpine Knowledge Forum Trauma team to standardize the treatment of upper cervical traumatic injuries (UCI). In this context, evaluating its reliability is paramount prior to clinical use.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the reliability of the new AOSpine UCCS.

METHODS
A total of 32 patients with UCI treated either nonoperatively or with surgery by one of the authors were included in the study. Injuries were classified based on the new AO UCCS according to site and injury type using computed tomography scan images in 3 planes by 8 researchers at 2 different times, with a minimum interval of 4 wk between assessments. Intra- and interobserver reliability was assessed using the kappa index (K). Treatment options suggested by the evaluators were also assessed.

RESULTS
Intraobserver agreement for sites ranged from 0.830 to 0.999, 0.691 to 0.983 for types, and 0.679 to 0.982 for the recommended treatment. Interobserver analysis at the first assessment was 0.862 for injury sites, 0.660 for types, and 0.585 for the treatment, and at the second assessment, it was 0.883 for injury sites, 0.603 for types, and 0.580 for the treatment. These results correspond to a high level of agreement of answers for the site and type analysis and a moderate agreement for the recommended treatment.

CONCLUSION
This study reported an acceptable reproducibility of the new AO UCCS and safety in recommending the treatment. Further clinical studies with a larger patient sample, multicenter and international, are necessary to sustain the universal and homogeneity quality of the new AO UCCS.