bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prenatal development of retina in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Tomar Mahendra Pratap Singh , Bansal Neelam 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe development of retina in Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) has not been reported previously. The aim of the present study was therefore to report the major landmarks and the time course in the development of retina. Serial histological sections of Indian buffalo embryos and foetuses were used as group1 (<20.0 cm CVRL), group2 (>20.0 but <40.0 cm CVRL) and group3 (>40.0 cm CVRL). Age estimation was made on the basis of crown vertebral‐rump length (CVRL), which ranged between 36 and 286 days (1.6–94.0 cm). The retina in Indian buffalo was developed in a similar manner to that of the other mammals with the principal differences in the time of occurrence of various layers of this nervous tunic. In 36 days (1.6 cm stage), the foetal retina was composed of pigmented layer and the layer of neuroblasts. Differentiation of layers was first observed in 47 days (4.0 cm CVRL) which became prominent in 52 days (5.1 cm stage). At 120 days (20.5 cm stage), the differentiation of inner plexiform layer and inner nuclear layer was evident. At 143 days (31.0 cm) foetal age, the faint line in neuroblastic layer was the first evidence of the future outer plexiform layer. In foetuses of group III, the retina was comprised of all 10 layers (eight cell layers and two membranes) viz. pigmented epithelium, layer of rods and cones, outer limiting membrane, outer nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, ganglion cell layer, layer of nerve fibres and the inner limiting membrane.
Laparoscopic artificial urinary sphincter implantation in women with stress urinary incontinence: update on 13 years’ experience in a single centre
Authors: Bracchitta Damiano , Costa Pedro , Borojeni Shahed , Ménard Johann , Bryckaert Pierre‐Emannuel , Mandron Éric 
Published: December 2018

ObjectivesTo update the outcomes and analyse the safety of laparoscopic implantation of an artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) as a result of intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD).Patients and MethodsSeventy‐four women with SUI caused by ISD underwent laparoscopic AUS implantation between 2005 and 2018 in our centre. Urodynamic assessment was required. The AUS was implanted using a transperitoneal laparoscopic approach to the Retzius space. The cuff was placed around the bladder neck between the peri‐urethral fascia and the vagina. Postoperative functional outcomes were defined as success (total continence), improvement (>50% decrease in number of leakages or in number of pads used), or failure (<50% improvement, persistent or increased leaking). Data on peri‐operative and long‐term complications were also collected.ResultsThe mean ± sd operating time was 119.7 ± 48.9 min, with no conversion to laparotomy. With a mean ± sd (range) follow‐up of 44.5 ± 40.5 (1–149) months, 78.3% of the women were totally continent and 18.6% reported improvement. One vaginal and one urethral perforation were the only intra‐operative complications, both solved during surgery. Late complications included recurrent urinary tract infection (5.4%), acute urinary retention (6.8%), urethral (4%) and vaginal erosion (2.7%), and urgency urinary incontinence (2.7%). Reimplantation of AUS was performed in 13.5% of the women as a result of mechanical failure (n =9) and erosion (n = 1). Permanent removal was performed in 10.8%.ConclusionTo our knowledge, this is the largest series with the longest follow‐up of women with urinary incontinence treated with laparoscopic AUS implantation, demonstrating its safety, feasibility and effectiveness, and showing a very positive impact on the quality of life of the women.
T‐705‐modified ssRNA in complex with Lassa virus nucleoprotein exhibits nucleotide splaying and increased water influx into the RNA‐binding pocket
Authors: Omotuyi Olaposi I. , Nash Oyekanmi , Safronetz David , Ojo Ayodeji A. , Ogunwa Tomisin H. , Adelakun Niyi S. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractLassa virus infection is clinically characterized by multiorgan failure in humans. Without an FDA‐approved vaccine, ribavirin is the frontline drug for the treatment but with attendant toxicities. 6‐Fluoro‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐pyrazinecarboxamide (T‐705) is an emerging alternative drug with proven anti‐Lassa virus activity in experimental model. One of the mechanisms of action is its incorporation into nascent single‐strand RNA (ssRNA) which forms complex with Lassa nucleoprotein (LASV‐NP). Here, using molecular dynamics simulation, the structural and electrostatics changes associated with LASV‐NP‐ssRNA complex have been studied when none, one, or four of its bases has been substituted with T‐705. The results demonstrated that glycosidic torsion angle χ (O4′‐C1′‐N1‐C2) rotated from high‐anti‐ (−110° and −60°) to the syn‐ conformation (+30) with increased T‐705 substitution. Similarly, increased T‐705 substitution resulted in increased splaying (55°–70°), loss of ssRNA‐LASV‐NP H‐bond interaction, increased water influx into the ssRNA‐binding pocket, and decreased electrostatic potentials of ssRNA pocket. Furthermore, strong positively correlated motion observed between α6 residues (aa: 128–145) and its contact ssRNA bases (5–7) is weakened in Apo biosystem and transitioned into anticorrelated motions in ssRNA‐bound LASV‐NP biosystem. Finally, LASV genome may become more accessible to cellular ribonuclease access with T‐705 incorporation due to loss of NP interaction.
Buccal bone thickness at dental implants in the maxillary anterior region with large bony defects at time of immediate implant placement: A 1‐year cohort study
Authors: Meijer Henny J. A. , Slagter Kirsten W. , Vissink Arjan , Raghoebar Gerry M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundThere is lack of studies regarding preservation and possible changes in BBT at dental implants.PurposeTo assess, on cone beam computer tomograms, the presence of bone at the time of tooth extraction in the maxillary esthetic region and the mean buccal bone thickness 1 month and 1 year after final restoration placement in patients with large bony defects.Material and MethodsIn a cohort study, patients were selected presenting a failing tooth with a large bony defect (test group [n = 20]: large bony defect, immediate placed implant and delayed provisionalization). Results were compared with a group in which patients presented a failing tooth without or with a small bony defect: (control group [n = 20]: without or small bony defect, immediate placed implant and delayed provisionalization). Cone beam computer tomograms were made preoperatively, and 1 month and 1 year after placement of the restoration, and buccal bone thickness was analyzed.ResultsIn both groups approximately 1 mm of buccal bone thickness was present after 1 month and 1 year, without a significant difference between the groups.ConclusionIn patients with large bony defects at a failing tooth it was possible to create a bone layer buccally of the implant and this bone layer remained stable during a 1‐year follow‐up; there were no significant differences between thickness of buccal bone at 1 month and 1 year in patients with large buccal bony defects and patients without or with small bony defects.
Patientencharakteristika der dermatologischen Notfallambulanz an einer Universitätsklinik in Deutschland
Authors: Ansorge Claudia , Miocic Johannes M. , von Bubnoff Dagmar , Technau‐Hafsi Kristin 
Published: December 2018

ZusammenfassungHintergrund und ZieleIn letzter Zeit steigt die Anzahl der Patienten, die sich in den Notfallambulanzen sämtlicher medizinischer Fachrichtungen vorstellen. Das Ziel unserer Arbeit war es, demografische Daten, Überweisungsart, Symptome, Lokalisationen der Hautveränderungen, Vorbehandlung, Diagnosen und Hospitalisierungsrate bei dermatologischen Patienten zu untersuchen.Patienten und MethodenDie Studie wurde über sechs Monate als monozentrische prospektive Befragung in der dermatologischen Klinik eines deutschen Universitätsklinikums durchgeführt. In die konsekutive Stichprobe wurden 1552 Konsultationen aufgenommen.ErgebnisseDie Studienkohorte, die zu 53 % aus Frauen bestand, wies ein Durchschnittsalter von 41 Jahren auf. Fast die Hälfte der Patienten wohnte weniger als 10 Kilometer vom Studienzentrum entfernt. 72 % der Patienten hatten sich selbstständig vorgestellt. Die häufigsten Symptome waren Juckreiz und Ausschlag. Diese Symptome hatten im Mittel seit mehr als einer Woche bestanden. In der Mehrzahl war die Haut generalisiert betroffen. 55 % Patienten hatten vor der Konsultation einen Dermatologen oder einen Allgemeinarzt aufgesucht. 49 % waren zuvor behandelt worden. Acht Prozent der Patienten wurden stationär aufgenommen. Die häufigste Diagnose waren Ekzemerkrankungen, gefolgt von Urtikaria und Skabies.SchlussfolgerungenDiese Studie bestätigt, dass sich eine beträchtliche Anzahl von Patienten mit nicht‐dringlichen Diagnosen vorstellt. Zur Umkehrung dieses Trends sind eine gezielte Selektion und Sensibilierung der Bevölkerung erforderlich.
Plant and ant assemblages predicted to decouple under climate change
Authors: Caddy‐Retalic Stefan , Hoffmann Benjamin D. , Guerin Greg R. , Andersen Alan N. , Wardle Glenda M. , McInerney Francesca A. , Lowe Andrew J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAimMarked differences in plant and animal responses to climate change could have a profound impact on community composition and function, with implications for habitat structure and resource availability for fauna, and the provision of faunal‐mediated ecological services for flora. We examine the comparative sensitivity of plant and ant assemblages to climatic change, and determine if we should expect community breakdown and a loss of ecosystem function under climate change.LocationA bioclimatic gradient from the temperate to arid zone in South Australia.MethodsWe sampled plant and ant assemblages along the gradient to establish assemblage‐level responses to spatial climatic change using ordinations, and then projected assemblage responses to future climate change scenarios.ResultsWe recorded totals of 363 plant and 227 ant species. Alignment between plant and ant communities was high, suggesting a high degree of similarity in the structuring of plant and ant communities in relation to environmental variation. However, our modelling suggested that ant assemblages were up to 7.5 times more sensitive to projected climate change than were plant assemblages, forecasting a very substantial decoupling of these assemblages under a future climate.Main conclusionsOur results indicate that a high degree of community reorganization and change in ecosystem function should be expected under climate change.
Predicting cetacean abundance and distribution in a changing climate
Authors: Becker Elizabeth A. , Forney Karin A. , Redfern Jessica V. , Barlow Jay , Jacox Michael G. , Roberts Jason J. , Palacios Daniel M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAimChanges in abundance and shifts in distribution as a result of a warming climate have been documented for many marine species, but opportunities to test our ability to forecast such changes have been limited. This study evaluates the ability of habitat‐based density models to accurately forecast cetacean abundance and distribution during a novel year with unprecedented warm ocean temperatures caused by a sustained marine heatwave.LocationCalifornia Current Ecosystem, USA.MethodsWe constructed generalized additive models based on cetacean sighting and environmental data from 1991 to 2009 for eight species with a diverse range of habitat associations. Models were built with three different sets of predictor variables to compare performance. Models were then used to forecast species abundance and distribution patterns during 2014, a year with anomalously warm ocean temperatures. Cetacean sighting data collected during 2014 were used to assess model forecasts.ResultsRatios of model‐predicted abundance to observed abundance were close to 1:1 for all but one species and accurately captured changes in the number of animals in the study area during the anomalous year. Predicted distribution patterns also showed good concordance with the 2014 survey observations. Our results indicate that habitat relationships were captured sufficiently to predict both changes in abundance and shifts in distribution when conditions warmed, for both cool‐ and warm‐temperate species.Main conclusionsModels built with multidecadal datasets were able to forecast abundance and distribution in a novel warm year for a diverse set of cetacean species. Models with the best explanatory power did not necessarily have the best predictive power. Also, they revealed species‐specific responses to warming ocean waters. Results have implications for modelling effects of climate change on cetaceans and other marine predators.
Climate change is likely to affect the distribution but not parapatry of the Brazilian marmoset monkeys (Callithrixspp.)
Authors: Braz Alan Gerhardt , Lorini Maria Lucia , Vale Mariana Moncassim 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAimParapatric distributional patterns can arise from abiotic or biotic factors, or from dispersal barriers. Climate change can potentially affect parapatry by changing species’ potential geographic distribution, and thereby widening or shrinking contact zones. Here, we study the effects of climate change on all six species in the genusCallithrix, a group of small‐sized Neotropical primates that is distributed parapatrically in eastern Brazil, allegedly due to biotic interactions.LocationAtlantic Forest, savanna and xeric shrublands from Brazil.MethodsWe explore a method to investigate potential effects of climate change on the distribution of parapatric species by (a) determining whether the parapatric pattern is explained by abiotic (climate) or biotic (species’ interactions) factors using niche equivalency and niche similarity tests; (b) estimating each species’ potential distribution under current and future climatic conditions, using ecological niche models; and (c) performing a pixel‐by‐pixel analysis in order to constrain distribution overlap between species pairs in which parapatry is maintained by biotic factors.ResultsWe found that parapatry inCallithrixis maintained mostly by abiotic factors, except for two species pairs (Callithrix auritavs.C. flavicepsandC. geoffroyivs.C. penicillata) in which biotic factors are more likely to be acting. Our proposed method is able to produce better models than conventional ecological niche modelling, predicting net reductions in distribution area for some species and increases for others; however, reductions generally exceeded expansions. The reduction in potential distribution areas would maintainCallithrix flavicepsas Endangered under IUCN criteria.Main conclusionsDespite range contractions and the loss of area of sympatry, climate change is unlikely to affect the parapatric distribution patterns inCallithrix, nor intensify interspecific interactions.
Disentangling the climatic and biotic factors driving changes in the dynamics of Quercus suber populations across the species‘ latitudinal range
Authors: Matías Luis , Abdelaziz Mohamed , Godoy Oscar , Gómez‐Aparicio Lorena 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAimImpacts of different global change drivers are altering the performance of plant species worldwide. However, these pressures usually differ across the species' distribution range. To properly assess the combined effect of global change at species level, we need to evaluate its consequences across their complete distribution. We focused on recent decline in Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) populations given its high ecological and economic relevance.LocationWe selected 10 different sites (and two populations per site) separated about one degree in latitude across the core distribution of Q. suber, following a transcontinental aridity gradient.MethodsTo evaluate the current trends in population dynamics across the species' distribution and the factors implied on population decline, we evaluated the effect of latitude, aridity, pathogens (Phytophthora cinnamomi), stand density and tree size on seed and crop size, demographic structure, dominance of recruitment bank, defoliation and mortality.ResultsWe found an increase in seed weight as latitude decreased, with a homogeneous low crop size across the complete distribution. Demographic structure was determined by latitude, precipitation and pathogen abundance. We detected a trend towards reduced sapling densities towards the southern edge of the distribution, with a demographic structure dominated by old trees. The low sapling density at the southern edge translates into a loss of dominance with respect to other woody species, suggesting an alteration of community structure in the mid‐term future. Tree density, precipitation and pathogen abundance determined tree mortality across the species distribution, with a higher abundance of pathogens in central‐latitude populations.Main conclusionsOur results allow the early detection of declining trends and the evaluation of the main risks for species' conservation, suggesting potential for range displacement of the species driven by the recruitment failure at the southern edge of the distribution and a likely range expansion at northern populations.
Ontogenetic shifts in prey selection and foraging behaviour of larval and early juvenile alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula)
Authors: Butler Steven E. , Einfalt Lisa M. , Abushweka Asma A. , Wahl David H. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe early foraging ecology of alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula) is poorly documented, with little information available on young‐of‐year food habits or ontogenetic diet shifts. We conducted laboratory experiments to quantify prey selection and foraging behaviours of larval and early juvenile alligator gar (16–80 mm TL) simultaneously offered zooplankton, chironomid larvae and one of three densities of fish prey. The smallest size groups of alligator gar consumed zooplankton almost exclusively, but with increasing size, selection for zooplankton declined and selection for fish prey increased. At higher densities of fish prey, alligator gar exhibited lower selection for zooplankton and positively selected for fish at smaller sizes. Ingestion efficiencies for chironomids were considerably lower than for zooplankton or fish prey, resulting in low rates of consumption and negative selection for chironomids by all size groups of alligator gar. Fish prey elicited a different foraging response from alligator gar than zooplankton or chironomids, as alligator gar pursued and struck at fish over longer distances than for other prey types. With increasing size, alligator gar used a wider vertical range of the water column for foraging, changed their strike tactics and exhibited decreased handling times for zooplankton and fish. These observations indicate that alligator gar undergo several functional and behavioural changes during early ontogeny that facilitate a rapid transition to piscivory, but fish prey density strongly affects prey consumption patterns and the size at which alligator gar transition to piscivory.
Prescribing trends and revisit rates following a pharmacist-driven protocol change for community-acquired pneumonia in an emergency department†
Authors: Zimmerman David E , Covvey Jordan R , Nemecek Branden D , Guarascio Anthony J , Wilson Laura , Freedy Henry R , Yassin Mohamed H 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Objective
To compare pharmacist-led prescribing changes and associated 30-day revisit rates across different regimens for patients discharged from an emergency department (ED) with a diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).

Methods
An observational, retrospective cohort analysis was conducted of patients who were discharged from an ED over a 4-year period with a diagnosis of CAP. Patient demographics, clinical characteristics, antibiotic selection and comorbidity and condition severity scores were collected for two cohorts: 2012–13 (before protocol change) and 2014–15 (post-protocol change). During January 2014, a pharmacist-led protocol change with prescriber education was implemented to better align ED treatment practices with clinical practice guidelines. The primary endpoint was the change in prescribing practices across the two cohorts.

Key findings
A total of 741 patients with CAP were identified, including 411 (55.5%) patients in 2012–13 and 330 (44.5%) in 2014–15. Prescribing of macrolide monotherapy regimens decreased significantly following protocol change (70.1% versus 42.7%; difference: 27.4%, 95% CI: 23.8–31.0%) with a reciprocal increase in macrolide/β-lactam combination prescribing (6.3–21.8%; difference: 15.5%, 95% CI: 12.9–18.1%). A total of 12.2% of patients who received macrolide/β-lactam combination treatment revisited a network ED within 30 days due to worsening pneumonia, compared to 8.6% of patients who received macrolide monotherapy treatment (P = NS).

Conclusions
The current study showed a significant increase in antibiotic prescribing compliance following a pharmacist-driven protocol change and education, but no statistical difference in rates of return for macrolide monotherapy versus other regimens.
Determining the motivations of family members to undertake cardiopulmonary resuscitation training through grounded theory
Authors: Yue Peng , Zhu Zhiyong , Wang Yongli , Xu Yimin , Li Jia , Lamb Karen V. , Xu Yahong , Wu Ying 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAimsTo explore the motivation of family members of patients at high risk for sudden cardiac death for undertaking cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training.BackgroundHome cardiac arrests are associated with poor outcomes because few family members learn CPR. Little is known about factors that motivate family members to participate in CPR training.DesignWe used grounded theory to establish a theoretical framework to explore the motivational factors for learning CPR among family members.MethodsTwelve participant observations and 42 semi‐structured interviews with family members of different behaviours towards CPR training were conducted from December 2013 ‐ November 2016. Data were analysed using constant‐comparisons, situational analysis, and encoding.FindingsA motivation‐behaviour theoretical framework for learning CPR was constructed. We identified meeting inner needs as the core category to demonstrate motivation. Security motivation and responsibility motivation emerged as main categories, which demonstrate that seeking a sense of security and shouldering family responsibility were important considerations for family members to learn CPR. These two motivations produced high‐engagement behaviours of family members to learn CPR.ConclusionsThe motivations we identified—deriving from a sense of security and family responsibility—are the main reasons family members would learn CPR and, therefore, should be understood by medical professionals. Understanding these motivations may help in the formulation of customized CPR training that further meets the needs of family members. For example, motivational interventions that are integrated with a family‐based CPR course can be designed to improve the participation of family members and the sustainability of the course.