bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cell proliferation in type C gastritis affecting the intact stomach
Authors: Mac Dowall J E , Willis P , Prescott R , Lamonby S , Lynch D A F 
Published: July 2002

Aims—Type C gastritis caused by bile reflux has a characteristic appearance, similar to that seen in other forms of chemical gastritis, such as those associated with NSAIDs or alcohol. An increase in mucosal cell proliferation increases the likelihood of a neoplastic clone of epithelial cells emerging, particularly where there is chronic epithelial injury associated with bile reflux. It has been shown previously that type C gastritis is associated with increased cell proliferation in the postsurgical stomach. The aim of this study was to determine cell proliferation in type C gastritis caused by bile reflux affecting the intact stomach.Methods—Specimens from 15 patients with a histological diagnosis of type C gastritis on antral biopsy were obtained from the pathology archives between 1994 and 1997. A control group of nine normal antral biopsies was also selected and all underwent MIB-1 immunostaining. The gastric glands were divided into three zones (zone 1, gastric pit; zone 2, isthmus; and zone 3, gland base) and the numbers of positively staining nuclei for 500 epithelial cell nuclei were counted in each zone to determine the percentage labelling index (LI%).Results—Cell proliferation was significantly higher in all three zones of the gastric glands with type C gastritis compared with controls as follows: zone 1, median LI% in type C gastritis 64.7 (range, 7.8–99.2), controls 4.7 (range, 2.0–11.3); zone 2, median LI% in type C gastritis 94.7 (range, 28.8–98.7), controls 40.2 (range, 23.1–70.3); and zone 3, median LI% in type C gastritis 20.0 (range, 1.3–96.0), controls 2.6 (range, 0.9–8.7).Conclusions—Bile reflux is thought to act as a promoter of gastric carcinogenesis in the postsurgical stomach. The same may be true in the intact stomach.
Evaluation of B cell lymphoid infiltrates in bone marrow biopsies by morphology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular analysis
Authors: Maes B , Achten R , Demunter A , Peeters B , Verhoef G , De Wolf-Peeters C 
Published: July 2002

Aims—Morphological criteria to distinguish between reactive and neoplastic B cell lymphocytoid infiltrates in trephines have been defined but are not always reliable. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the CDR3 region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene which, by demonstrating monoclonality, can provide additional arguments in favour of lymphoid malignancy is now frequently used for the detection and follow up of B cell lymphoma (NHL). The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of morphological findings in bone marrow biopsies in comparison with data obtained by PCR analysis.Methods—Eighty nine bone marrow biopsies displaying lymphoid infiltrates were evaluated by morphology and immunohistochemistry as well as by CDR3-PCR using consensus framework 3 (FRW3) and JH primers.Results—The presence of a clonal B cell proliferation was demonstrated by PCR analysis in 45 biopsies, including 21 samples considered to be positive, 17 to be suspicious, and seven to be negative by morphology. In the remaining 44 trephines we found no evidence of clonality, although 12 of these trephines were thought to be positive by morphology.Conclusions—These results, revealing an incomplete correlation between CDR3-PCR data and immunomorphological findings, indicate that molecular analysis may be more sensitive and specific in general. However, false negative PCR results do occur, which emphasises the necessity to combine both diagnostic tools in the evaluation of lymphoid infiltrates.
Methadone deaths: a toxicological analysis
Authors: Milroy C M , Forrest A R W 
Published: July 2002

Aims—To perform a toxicological analysis of deaths involving methadone and to determine the fatal concentration of methadone in such deaths.Methods—Deaths in which methadone was mentioned in the cause of death were identified. Deaths were divided into those associated with methadone only and deaths in which the cause of death was a combination of methadone and other drugs. Toxicological findings in these deaths were analysed and compared with previously published data.Results—One hundred and eleven cases were analysed. In 55 cases, methadone poisoning was given as the sole cause of death. Fifty victims were adults, age range 17–51 years (median, 23), with five victims under 14 years of age. The mean methadone concentration in the adult deaths was 584 μg/litre (median, 435; range, 84–2700). In 56 cases, age range 15–49 years, (median, 28), death was ascribed to a combination of methadone and other drugs. The mean methadone concentration in these deaths was 576 μg/litre (median, 294; range, 49–2440). In 26 cases, multiple site sampling was performed. This revealed that there could be a 100% discrepancy between methadone concentrations, and other drugs, in samples collected in different sites in the same body.Conclusions—There is an overlap between quoted therapeutic methadone concentrations and methadone concentrations seen in fatalities. However, those dying from methadone poisoning might not be the same as those in a methadone programme. A degree of caution must be exercised in determining a fatal concentration because of the phenomenon of postmortem redistribution. Pathologists and toxicologists need to examine all the available postmortem findings in identifying the cause of death.
Methodological quality and reporting of ethical requirements in clinical trials
Authors: Ruiz-Canela Miguel , de Irala-Estevez Jokin , Martínez-González Miguel Ángel , Gómez-Gracia Enrique , Fernández-Crehuet Joaquín 
Published: July 2002

Objectives—To assess the relationship between the approval of trials by a research ethics committee (REC) and the fact that informed consent from participants (ICP) was obtained, with the quality of study design and methods.Design—Systematic review using a standardised checklist.Main measures—Methodological and ethical issues of all trials published between 1993 and 1995 in theNew England Journal of Medicine,theLancet,theJournal of the American Medical Associationand theBritish Medical Journalwere studied. In addition, clinical trials conducted in Spain and published by at least one Spanish author during the same period in any other journal were also included.Results—We studied the published articles of 767 trials and found the following indicators of lower methodological quality to be independent predictors for failure to disclose REC approval or ICP: absence of concealment of allocation, lack of justification for unblinded trials, not using a treatment for the patients in the control group, absent information on statistical methods, not including sample size estimation, not establishing the rules to stop the trial, and omitting the presentation of a baseline comparison of groupsConclusion—Trials of higher methodological and scientific quality were more likely to provide information about their ethical aspects.
Musculoskeletal dysfunction in physical education teachers
Authors: Sandmark Hélène 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders, especially symptomatic osteoarthrosis (OA) of the knee and hip, health and lifestyle factors among physical education (PE) teachers, and whether they differed from the general population in these respects.METHODSThe study base was all Swedish men (n=290) and women (n=281) who graduated from the only training college for PE teachers in Sweden, between the years 1957 and 1965, and age matched referents, 255 men and 257 women, randomly selected from the Swedish population register. A postal questionnaire was sent to the subjects with questions on occupational history, participation in sports, musculoskeletal disorders, height, weight, smoking habits, and general health.RESULTSThe PE teachers had a higher prevalence ratio (PR) of symptomatic OA of the knee (men: 2.8 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.6 to 4.8; women: 3.2 95% CI 1.8 to 5.5) and knee injury compared with the referents. The PE teachers reported more absence from work, and the women had had to change jobs more often because of knee disorders. The prevalence ratio for symptomatic OA of the hip was 2.7 (95% CI 1.0 to 7.1) for the female PE teachers. At the age of 25 the body mass index (BMI) of male PE teachers was higher than the male referents, but at an older age both the female and male PE teachers had lower BMI than the referents. The participation in sports activities was considerably higher in the group of PE teachers. They also smoked less, reported less serious diseases, and better health than the referents.CONCLUSIONSThe PE teachers had a high risk of developing knee disorders, which entailed difficulties in continuing their work as PE teachers. They differed from the referents in lifestyle factors as they smoked less, were less overweight, and had a higher lifelong sports exposure.
Reported incidence of occupational asthma in the United Kingdom, 1989–97
Authors: McDonald J C , Keynes H L , Meredith S K 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo examine trends in estimated population based incidence of occupational asthma by age, sex, occupation, geographical region, and causal agents based on 9 years of the Surveillance of Work Related and Occupational Respiratory Disease (SWORD) data.METHODSIn January 1989 the SWORD scheme for the surveillance of occupational respiratory disease was established in the United Kingdom to make good the lack of epidemiological information on the incidence of these diseases in the United Kingdom. Between 80% and 90% of chest and occupational physicians report voluntarily all new cases they see, on a monthly or random sampling basis. During the 9 years 1989–97, an estimated 25 674 new cases of occupational respiratory disease, including 7387 of occupational asthma, were reported. Suspected causal agents were classified into 44 categories and estimated annual incidences of asthma were calculated with denominators from the labour force survey.RESULTSOverall, a third of the suspected causes of asthma were organic, a third chemical, 6% metallic, and the rest miscellaneous, or in 8%, unknown. There was evidence of an increase since 1989 in cases due to latex, and possibly glutaraldehyde, and an apparent drop since 1991 in the proportion of cases attributed to isocyanates. Incidences were higher in men than women and the disparity was especially marked in the population aged 45 years or more in which rates for men were at least twice those for women. Average annual rates per million workers for 1992–7 ranged from 7 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 5 to 9) for the lowest risk group of professional, clerical, and service workers to 1464 (95% CI 968 to 2173) for coach and other spray painters. Except for laboratory technicians, all other occupations with rates over 100 were concerned with manufacturing and processing that used chemicals, metals, and organic materials. Incidences were two to three times higher in the north and midlands than in East Anglia and the south. The introduction of a sampling scheme in 1992 doubled estimates of reported incidence of occupational asthma, but there was little evidence of other temporal changes.CONCLUSIONSThe SWORD scheme has produced consistent estimates of the causes and incidence of occupational asthma as seen by chest and occupational physicians. It has allowed the epidemiology of occupational asthma in the population to be studied and high risk occupations to be identified. There is certainly more occupational asthma in the population than that which reaches specialists in occupational and chest medicine; therefore the incidence rates presented here are underestimates, but by how much remains unknown.
Hypoparathyroidism unmasked by alendronate
Authors: Kashyap A S , Kashyap Surekha 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The case of an elderly woman is reported in whom alendronate, given for osteoporosis, led to severe hypocalcaemia a few days after starting the drug treatment. This was caused by the unmasking of previously unrecognised hypoparathyroidism.
Dataandmodels determine treatment proposals—an illustration from meta-analysis
Authors: Helfenstein U 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA relevant problem in meta-analysis concerns the possible heterogeneity between trial results. If a test of heterogeneity is not significant the trials are often considered to be “homogeneous” and the individual trial results are replaced by an overall mean effect size and its confidence interval (“equal effects model”). If the trials are heterogeneous the individual trial effect sizes are conserved (“fixed effects model”). In a more flexible approach (“random effects model”), each trial makes use of knowledge from the other trials so individual effect sizes are “shrunken” towards an overall mean effect size. The more flexible tool may be useful for doctors involved in a trial when the outcome of their individual trial differs markedly from the overall mean effect size. Where a particular trial result is opposite in direction to the overall mean result, a conflict may arise: should a new patient be treated with the new method or not? The more flexible position and a graphical comparison of the three approaches are likely to be helpful in guiding the decision. Applying different models to the same data may lead to apparently paradoxical results: an individual trial result may be interpreted to be beneficial or harmful depending on the choice of model.
Electromagnetic fields of thin circular loop antenna of arbitrary radius
Authors: Abo-Seida O M 
Published: July 2002

The radiation pattern of a circular loop source of alternating current located in the lower half-space of two conductive media is considered. A solution of the linear Maxwell's equations in the frequency domain, using the Hankel transform to modified Helmholtz wave equations, was obtained. This leads to a system of ordinary differential equations with respect to the vertical coordinate, considering initial, boundary, and transition conditions. The solution determines the electromagnetic field in the conductive media which consists of primary and scattered waves. The results obtained from this paper can be used to evaluate numerical solutions of different complexities such as the underlying multilayered media. In addition, the derived formulation would be useful for interpreting airborne electromagnetic systems. PACS Nos.: 41.20Jb, 42.25Bs, 42.25Gy, 44.05+e
The effect of vacuum polarization on muonproton scattering at small energies and angles
Authors: Gashi A , Rasche G , Woolcock W S 
Published: July 2002

We give a compact expression for the unpolarized differential cross section for muonproton scattering in the one-photon exchange approximation. The effect of adding the vacuum polarization amplitude to the no-spin-flip amplitude for one-photon exchange is calculated at small energies and scattering angles and is found to be negligible for present experiments. PACS No.: 13.6
EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF QUASIPERIODICITY AND CHAOS IN A MECHANICAL SYSTEM WITH DELAY
Authors: JOHNSON M. A. , MOON F. C. 
Published: July 2002

We present an electro-mechanical system with finite delay whose construction was motivated by delay differential equations used to describe machine tool vibrations [Johnson, 1996; Moon & Johnson, 1998]. We show that the electro-mechanical system is capable of exhibiting periodic, quasiperiodic and chaotic vibrations. We provide a novel experimental technique for creating real-time Poincaré sections for systems with delay. This experimental technique was also applied to machine tool vibrations [Johnson, 1996]. Experimental Poincaré sections clearly show the existence of tori, and reveal the tori bifurcation sequence which leads to chaotic vibrations.The electro-mechanical system can be modeled by a single second-order differential equation with delay and a cubic nonlinearity. We show that the simple mathematical model fully replicates the bifurcation sequence seen in the electro-mechanical system.
END-TO-SIDE NERVE SUTURE IN THE HUMAN PATIENT
Authors: Mennen Ulrich 
Published: July 2002

End-to-side nerve suture (also called terminolateral neurorrhaphy) has been extensively examined clinically, histologically, electro-physiologically and electron microscopically in the rat and non-human primat (Chacma baboon: Papua ursinus). We have demonstrated good to excellent sensory in motor function results in the human patient for a variety of nerve injuries. The simplicity of the procedure, the relative wide tolerance of the operative technique and the virtual consistent early recovery of both sensory and motor function, makes this method ideal for nerve injury surgery. Nerve grafts to a large extent are obviated and brachial plexus surgery gets a whole new meaning. The first 22 patients are presented.
Rich and lean representations of information for knowledge work
Authors: Ruhleder Karen 
Published: July 2002

Applying information systems to complex intellectual tasks requires the representation and codification of ambiguous and fragmentary forms of data. This application effects changes not only in representation of this data, but in the relationships between users and tools, techniques, or systems for data interpretation. It also affects the complex infrastructures that support this process. This article uses apackagemetaphor to examine the impact on one domain of knowledge work, classical scholarship, of the “computerization” of a key data source, the textual edition. The construction of one on-line textual databank, theThesaurus Linguae Graecae(TLG), has altered the traditional relationships between text “owners” and “users” has changed the role of the text as a conduit for social and historical information, and has disrupted traditional patterns of transmitting domain expertise. A rich information resource has become lean in its electronic form.The TLG has standardized the corpus of Greek literature and eased access to a broad range of works, including rare and out-of-print materials. At the same time, its construction has decoupled often-contested textual sources from their accompanying critical notes and supplemental materials. The use of the TLG has also shifted notions of objectivity, accuracy, and requisite expertise within the community. The transmission of domain knowledge must now be coupled with the transmission of technical knowledge, a process for which no infrastructure is currently in place. These experiences parallel those of other knowledge workers. “Mechanistic” paradigms of information and knowledge cannot accommodate important components of computing packages, including the transmission of expertise and infrastructures for tool development and evaluation. Recent developments in information storage and dissemination, including gophers and ftp sites may indicate that despite technical advances that could be used to support rich representations (such as hypermedia and multimedia), leaner forms of data may prevail.
The meaning of negative premises in transition system specifications
Authors: Bol Roland , Groote Jan Friso 
Published: July 2002

We present a general theory for the use of negative premises in the rules of Transition System Specifications (TSSs). We formulate a criterion that should be satisfied by a TSS in order to be meaningful, that is, to unequivocally define a transition relation. We also provide powerful techniques for proving that a TSS satisfies this criterion, meanwhile constructing this transition relation. Both the criterion and the techniques originate from logic programming [van Gelder et al. 1988; Gelfond and Lifschitz 1988] to which TSSs are close. In an appendix we provide an extensive comparison between them.As in Groote [1993], we show that the bisimulation relation induced by a TSS is a congruence, provided that it is inntyft/ntyxt-format and can be proved meaningful using our techniques. We also considerably extend the conservativity theorems of Groote[1993] and Groote and Vaandrager [1992]. As a running example, we study the combined addition of priorities and abstraction to Basic Process Algebra (BPA). Under some reasonable conditions we show that this TSS is indeed meaningful, which could not be shown by other methods [Bloom et al. 1995; Groote 1993]. Finally, we provide a sound and complete axiomatization for this example.
Programming languages for distributed computing systems
Authors: Bal Henri E. , Steiner Jennifer G. , Tanenbaum Andrew S. 
Published: July 2002

When distributed systems first appeared, they were programmed in traditional sequential languages, usually with the addition of a few library procedures for sending and receiving messages. As distributed applications became more commonplace and more sophisticated, this ad hoc approach became less satisfactory. Researchers all over the world began designing new programming languages specifically for implementing distributed applications. These languages and their history, their underlying principles, their design, and their use are the subject of this paper.We begin by giving our view of what a distributed system is, illustrating with examples to avoid confusion on this important and controversial point. We then describe the three main characteristics that distinguish distributed programming languages from traditional sequential languages, namely, how they deal with parallelism, communication, and partial failures. Finally, we discuss 15 representative distributed languages to give the flavor of each. These examples include languages based on message passing, rendezvous, remote procedure call, objects, and atomic transactions, as well as functional languages, logic languages, and distributed data structure languages. The paper concludes with a comprehensive bibliography listing over 200 papers on nearly 100 distributed programming languages.
Social Psychology of Identities
Authors: Howard Judith A. 
Published: July 2002

In this chapter I review the social psychological underpinnings of identity, emphasizing social cognitive and symbolic interactionist perspectives and research, and I turn then to key themes of current work on identity—social psychological, sociological, and interdisciplinary. I emphasize the social bases of identity, particularly identities based on ethnicity, race, sexuality, gender, class, age, and (dis)ability, both separately and as they intersect. I also take up identities based on space, both geographic and virtual. I discuss struggles over identities, organized by social inequalities, nationalisms, and social movements. I conclude by discussing postmodernist conceptions of identities as fluid, multidimensional, personalized social constructions that reflect sociohistorical contexts, approaches remarkably consistent with recent empirical social psychological research, and I argue explicitly for a politicized social psychology of identities that brings together the structures of everyday lives and the sociocultural realities in which those lives are lived.“Identity … is a concept that neither imprisons (as does much in sociology) nor detaches (as does much in philosophy and psychology) persons from their social and symbolic universes, [so] it has over the years retained a generic force that few concepts in our field have.” ( Davis 1991 :105)“[I]dentity is never a priori, nor a finished product; it is only ever the problematic process of access to an image of totality.” ( Bhabha 1994 :51)