bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical Abundances in the Leading Arm of the Magellanic Stream∗
Authors: Fox Andrew J. , Barger Kathleen A. , Wakker Bart P. , Richter Philipp , Antwi-Danso Jacqueline , Casetti-Dinescu Dana I. , Howk J. Christopher , Lehner Nicolas , D’Onghia Elena , Crowther Paul A. , Lockman Felix J. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
The Leading Arm (LA) of the Magellanic Stream is a vast debris field of H i clouds connecting the Milky Way and the Magellanic Clouds. It represents an example of active gas accretion onto the Galaxy. Previously, only one chemical abundance measurement had been made in the LA. Here we present chemical abundance measurements using Hubble Space Telescope/Cosmic Origins Spectrograph and Green Bank Telescope spectra of four AGN sightlines passing through the LA and three nearby sightlines that may trace outer fragments of the LA. We find low oxygen abundances, ranging from

solar to

solar, in the confirmed LA directions, with the lowest values found in the region known as LA III, farthest from the LMC. These abundances are substantially lower than the single previous measurement, S/H = 35 ± 7% solar, but are in agreement with those reported in the SMC filament of the trailing Stream, supporting a common origin in the SMC (not the LMC) for the majority of the LA and trailing Stream. This provides important constraints for models of the formation of the Magellanic System. Finally, two of the three nearby sightlines show high-velocity clouds with H i columns, kinematics, and oxygen abundances consistent with LA membership. This suggests that the LA is larger than traditionally thought, extending at least 20° further to the Galactic northwest.
On the Gas Content and Efficiency of AGN Feedback in Low-redshift Quasars
Authors: Shangguan Jinyi , Ho Luis C. , Xie Yanxia 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
The interstellar medium is crucial to understanding the physics of active galaxies and the coevolution between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies. However, direct gas measurements are limited by sensitivity and other uncertainties. Dust provides an efficient indirect probe of the total gas. We apply this technique to a large sample of quasars, whose total gas content would be prohibitively expensive to measure. We present a comprehensive study of the full (1 to 500 μm) infrared spectral energy distributions of 87 redshift <0.5 quasars selected from the Palomar-Green sample, using photometric measurements from 2MASS, WISE, and Herschel, combined with Spitzer mid-infrared (5–40 μm) spectra. With a newly developed Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo fitting method, we decompose various overlapping contributions to the integrated spectral energy distribution, including starlight, warm dust from the torus, and cooler dust on galaxy scales. This procedure yields a robust dust mass, which we use to infer the gas mass, using a gas-to-dust ratio constrained by the host galaxy stellar mass. Most (90%) quasar hosts have gas fractions similar to those of massive, star-forming galaxies, although a minority (10%) seem genuinely gas-deficient, resembling present-day massive early-type galaxies. This result indicates that “quasar mode” feedback does not occur or is ineffective in the host galaxies of low-redshift quasars. We also find that quasars can boost the interstellar radiation field and heat dust on galactic scales. This cautions against the common practice of using the far-infrared luminosity to estimate the host galaxy star formation rate.
The Spectral Energy Distribution of the Hyperluminous, Hot Dust-obscured Galaxy W2246–0526
Authors: Fan Lulu , Gao Ying , Knudsen Kirsten K. , Shu Xinwen 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Hot dust-obscured galaxies (Hot DOGs) are a luminous, dust-obscured population recently discovered in the WISE All-Sky survey. Multiwavelength follow-up observations suggest that they are mainly powered by accreting supermassive black holes (SMBHs), lying in dense environments, and being in the transition phase between extreme starburst and UV-bright quasars. Therefore, they are good candidates for studying the interplay between SMBHs, star formation, and environment. W2246−0526 (hereafter, W2246), a Hot DOG at z ∼ 4.6, has been taken as the most luminous galaxy known in the universe. Revealed by the multiwavelength images, the previous Herschel SPIRE photometry of W2246 is contaminated by a foreground galaxy (W2246f), resulting in an overestimation of its total IR luminosity by a factor of about two. We perform the rest-frame UV/optical-to-far-IR spectral energy distribution (SED) analysis with SED3FIT and re-estimate its physical properties. The derived stellar mass

makes it among the most massive galaxies with spectroscopic redshift z > 4.5. Its structure is extremely compact and requires an effective mechanism to puff-up. Most of (>95%) its IR luminosity is from AGN torus emission, revealing the rapid growth of the central SMBH. We also predict that W2246 may have a significant molecular gas reservoir based on the dust mass estimation.
Simulations of Core-collapse Supernovae in Spatial Axisymmetry with Full Boltzmann Neutrino Transport
Authors: Nagakura Hiroki , Iwakami Wakana , Furusawa Shun , Okawa Hirotada , Harada Akira , Sumiyoshi Kohsuke , Yamada Shoichi , Matsufuru Hideo , Imakura Akira 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
We present the first results of our spatially axisymmetric core-collapse supernova simulations with full Boltzmann neutrino transport, which amount to a time-dependent five-dimensional (two in space and three in momentum space) problem. Special relativistic effects are fully taken into account with a two-energy-grid technique. We performed two simulations for a progenitor of 11.2 M
☉, employing different nuclear equations of state (EOSs): Lattimer and Swesty’s EOS with the incompressibility of K = 220 MeV (LS EOS) and Furusawa’s EOS based on the relativistic mean field theory with the TM1 parameter set (FS EOS). In the LS EOS, the shock wave reaches ∼700 km at 300 ms after bounce and is still expanding, whereas in the FS EOS it stalled at ∼200 km and has started to recede by the same time. This seems to be due to more vigorous turbulent motions in the former during the entire postbounce phase, which leads to higher neutrino-heating efficiency in the neutrino-driven convection. We also look into the neutrino distributions in momentum space, which is the advantage of the Boltzmann transport over other approximate methods. We find nonaxisymmetric angular distributions with respect to the local radial direction, which also generate off-diagonal components of the Eddington tensor. We find that the rθ component reaches ∼10% of the dominant rr component and, more importantly, it dictates the evolution of lateral neutrino fluxes, dominating over the θθ component, in the semitransparent region. These data will be useful to further test and possibly improve the prescriptions used in the approximate methods.
Massive Outflows Associated with ATLASGAL Clumps
Authors: Yang A. Y. , Thompson M. A. , Urquhart J. S. , Tian W. W. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
We have undertaken the largest survey for outflows within the Galactic plane using simultaneously observed

and

data. Out of a total of 919 ATLASGAL clumps, 325 have data suitable to identify outflows, and 225 (69% ± 3%) show high-velocity outflows. The clumps with detected outflows show significantly higher clump masses (

), bolometric luminosities (

), luminosity-to-mass ratios (

), and peak H2 column densities (

) compared to those without outflows. Outflow activity has been detected within the youngest quiescent clump (i.e.,

weak) in this sample, and we find that the outflow detection rate increases with

,

,

, and

, approaching 90% in some cases (UC H ii regions = 93% ± 3%; masers = 86% ± 4%; HC H ii regions = 100%). This high detection rate suggests that outflows are ubiquitous phenomena of massive star formation (MSF). The mean outflow mass entrainment rate implies a mean accretion rate of

, in full agreement with the accretion rate predicted by theoretical models of MSF. Outflow properties are tightly correlated with

,

, and

and show the strongest relation with the bolometric clump luminosity. This suggests that outflows might be driven by the most massive and luminous source within the clump. The correlations are similar for both low-mass and high-mass outflows over 7 orders of magnitude, indicating that they may share a similar outflow mechanism. Outflow energy is comparable to the turbulent energy within the clump; however, we find no evidence that outflows increase the level of clump turbulence as the clumps evolve. This implies that the origin of turbulence within clumps is fixed before the onset of star formation.
Epidemiology of multi drug resistant organisms in pigs in Lebanon
Authors: Dandachi Iman , Fayad Elie , El-Bazzal Bassel , Sleiman Ahmad , Rolain Jean-marc , Daoud Ziad 
Published: February 2018

Introduction: Livestock are nowadays considered potent reservoirs of multi drug resistance. Enteric resistant organisms in animals can be transmitted to humans and be causative agents of infections with therapeutic challenges. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of multi drug resistant organisms in Lebanese swine farms.
Methodology: In May 2017, 94 fecal samples were collected from pigs in the south of Lebanon. Three media supplemented with cefotaxime, ertapenem, colistin were used for the screening of ESBL, carbapenemase producers and colistin resistance respectively. MALDI-TOF was used for bacterial identification. Double disk synergy test, ampC disk test and carpa np test were used for the detection of ESBL, ampC and carbapenemase producers respectively. RT-PCR was performed for the screening of beta lactamase and mcr colistin resistance genes.
Results: 77/94 fecal samples, showed growth on the medium supplemented with cefotaxime. In total 111 strains were isolated: 94% were identified as E.coli, 6% other organisms such as E. fergusonii and K. pneumoniae. Phenotypic tests showed that 72% of isolated strains were ESBL producers while 28% were ampC beta lactamase producers. RT-PCR analysis revealed that blaCTX-M was present in 45% of isolated strains, blaTEM in 26% and blaSHV in 10%. In parallel, 22 colistin resistant E.coli strains and 1 K.pneumoniae carrying mcr-1 were isolated.
Conclusions: This study showed the importance of swine farms as reservoirs of resistance in Lebanon. The emergence of colistin resistance in pigs is worrying. A re-evaluation of antibiotic consumption in pigs is therefore warranted.
Multi Drug resistant Organisms in Chicken farms and their Surrounding Environment
Authors: Dandachi Iman , Fayad Elie , El-Bazzal Bassel , Sleiman Ahmad , Rolain Jean-Marc , Daoud Ziad 
Published: February 2018

Background: Chicken farms are nowadays regarded as reservoirs of multi-drug resistance. Studies have shown that resistant organisms can be readily transferred from animals to their surrounding ecosystem. The aim of this study is to determine if any link exists between the prevalence of multi-drug resistance in chicken farms and their surrounding environment.

Material/methods: In May-2017, 200 fecal swabs were collected from a chicken farm in Lebanon. Fecal samples from six workers and 41 environmental samples surrounding the farm were also taken. Three different selective media were used for the screening of multi-drug resistant and colistin resistant organisms. MALDI-TOF was used for bacterial identification. Double disk synergy test and ampC disk test were used for the screening of ESBL and ampC producers respectively. Furthermore, RT-PCR was performed for the detection of beta lactamase and mcr colistin resistance genes.

Results: In chicken, 315 E.coli strains were isolated: 53% were ESBL/ampC co-producers, 27% ampC and 42.5% mcr-1 positive isolates. Furthermore, 29 K.pneumoniae harboring mcr-1 were also isolated. In workers, ESBL producing E.coli were detected in 4/6 workers whereas mcr-1 carrying E.coli were detected in all workers. In the environment, ESBLs and mcr-1 positives were detected in 95% and 7% of the samples respectively. RT-PCR revealed the detection of B-lactamase genes in all samples at different rates.
Conclusions: This study showed a relatively high prevalence of ESBL and mcr-1 positive isolates in chicken and their environment. MLST is in progress to determine if any link exists between multi-drug resistant organisms in these ecosystems investigated.
Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Lebanon using a novel rapid spoligotyping multiplex luminex method
Authors: Massoud Khaldoun , Araj George F , Fadlallah Sukayna , Reslan Lina , Itani Lina , Avedissian Aline , Dbaibo Ghassan , Saade Antoine , Matar Ghassan M 
Published: February 2018

Introduction: Incidence of Tuberculosis (TB) in Lebanon, according to the WHO, is estimated to be 35 cases per 100,000 people. However, data about the genotypes of circulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates (MTB) in this country is lacking. This study aims to reveal the genotypes of TB isolates recovered from patients in Lebanon.
Methodology: Fifty M. tuberculosis isolates from patients in Lebanon were recovered and identified at the reference TB center of the Ministry of Public Health. All isolates were heat killed and subjected to DNA extraction. Spoligotyping method (TB-Spol, Beamedex, France) was used to identify the presence of 43 spacers via a multi-analyte profiling system (Luminex, Bio-Rad). Generated patterns were assigned to families using the SITVIT2 international database of the Pasteur Institute of Guadeloupe.
Results: The spoligotyping of the 50 MTB isolates revealed 13 lineages, one being novel. The most frequent shared-types (SIT) identified lineage was the Ural (34%), followed by the Central Asian lineage (10%) and a single isolate (2%) belonging to the rare Manu-Ancestor SIT523 lineage, associated with a highly virulent XDR MTB phenotype. The rest of the SIT isolates (18%) were equally distributed along 9 different lineages. The 13th non-SIT lineage is a novel one constituting 36% of the total isolates.
Conclusion: The application of Spoligotyping Multiplex Luminex method is a novel, discriminatory and rapid method to use for genotyping of MTB isolates employing the multi-spacer analysis system. Our study showed genomic diversification of MTB isolates from Lebanon.
Epidemiology of pneumococcal infections in hospitalised adult patients in Lebanon with a highlight on non-invasive disease
Authors: Moghnieh Rima , Awad Lyn , Abdallah Dania , Sleiman Rahil , Jisr Tamima , Tamim Hani , Al Helou Mona , Ibrahim Ahmad , Mugharbil Anas , Droubi Nabila , Reslan Lina , Matar Ghassan , Zahran Kamal , Dbaibo Ghassan 
Published: February 2018

Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae causes a wide range of infections classified as invasive and non-invasive pneumococcal disease (non-IPD).
Methodology: We retrospectively reviewed over a decade the clinical course and outcome of 103 adult subjects infected with S. pneumoniae.
Results: The majority of the subjects (92%) were eligible for pneumococcal vaccination, however none were vaccinated. Most of the infective strains caused non-IPD (64%), with CAP being the leading primary infection (49%). Clinical success was achieved in 71% of the cases and microbiological success in 94% of the cases with available documented follow-up cultures. Yet, 19% of the subjects developed superinfections caused by extensive-drug resistant bacteria with the predominance of ventilator-associated pneumonia (13%). Total in-hospital mortality reached 27% and S. pneumoniae infection attributed mortality was 20%. Using multivariate logistic regression, kidney disease and septic shock were independent risk factors for mortality [Odd’s Ratio (OR) = 14.96 (2.34–95.45), p = 0.004; OR = 5.09 (1.33–19.51), p = 0.02, respectively]. On comparing outcome between subjects with IPD and those with non-IPD, death attributed to S. pneumoniae infection was found to be significantly higher in subjects with IPD (23%, p = 0.023). Nevertheless, clinical success and total in-hospital mortality rates were not statistically different between the two groups (p = 0.056, p = 0.174, respectively).
Conclusion: S. pneumoniae remains a pathogen causing considerable mortality. In adults, non-IPD should be considered of comparable importance as IPD. Increasing pneumococcal vaccine awareness at the healthcare professional and patient levels is essential for increasing vaccine uptake, thus decreasing the incidence, severity and sequelea of pneumococcal disease.
Viral infections of the central nervous system in Qatar: epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical outcomes
Authors: Ben Abed Fatma , Abukhattab Muhamed , Khalil Obada , Gohar Ahmed , Gazwani Hafedh , Al Masalmani Muna , Al Khal Abdullatif , Butt Adeel A 
Published: February 2018

Introduction: Virus-induced diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) represent a significant burden to human health worldwide. They are common causes of morbidities and mortality. There are no previous epidiomologic studies about viral CNS infections done in Qatar or in the Gulf region. We conducted this study to determine the etiology, clinical and epidimiological characteristics, and outcome of viral central nerveous system infection in patients across a larger national healthcare system.
Methodology: We retrospectively evaluated all cerebrospinal fluid findings from January 2011 – March 2015 at any of the 7 hospitals in the Hamad Medical Corporation healthcare system. We included those with an abnormal CSF finding in our study. We excluded those with missing medical records, those with no clinical evidence of CNS infection or proven bacterial CNS infection. Based on pre-defined clinical and CSF (lab, culture, PCR) criteria, persons with abnormal CSF and CNS clinical findings were classified as having meningitis, meningoencephalitis, encephalitis or myelitis. We reviewed the laboratory results to determine the proportion of persons with confirmed viral etiology.
Results: Among 7690 patients with available CSF results, 550 cases met the case definition criteria for viral CNS infection (meningitis 75%; meningoencephalitis 16%; encephalitis 9%; myelitis 0.4%). Two-thirds (65%) were male and 50% were between 16-60 years old. Persons from Southeast Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka) accounted for 39.6 of all infections. A definitive virologic etiologic agent was found in 38%, among whom enterovirus was the most common (44.3%) followed by Epstein-Barr virus (31%) and varicella zoster virus (12.4%). The clinical outcome was overall good, only 2 cases died and the rest discharged to home. Ninety-eight per cent were admitted to medical ward (mean stay 7.8±6.4 days) and 2 % to an intensive care unit. (mean stay 2.7±5.4 days). Among those with confirmed viral etiology, 83.8% received ceftriaxone, 38% received vancomycin and 38% received at least one other antibiotic.
Conclusion: Viral etiology is not uncommon among those evaluated for CNS infection in Qatar, and is most commonly seen in Southeast Asian immigrants. Clinical outcomes are generally excellent in this group of patients. Antibiotics are overly used even when a viral etiology is confirmed. There is a need for clinician education regarding etiology and treatment of CNS infections.
Visceral leishmaniasis in Lebanon a report of four cases: case series and review
Authors: Eldbouni Oussaima , Abihanna Pierre , Beaini Mona , Minari Afaf , Khalife Ibrahim , Gemayel Gladys 
Published: February 2018

Introduction: Leishmaniasis comprises a complex of vector-borne diseases, caused by more than 20 species of the protozoan genus Leishmania, and ranging from localized skin ulcers to lethal systemic disease. It is endemic in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Mediterranean region. In the Middle East countries like Syria reports high incidence of the disease. In addition to the endemicity of the region for leishmaniasis, the Middle East has seen a great deal of human migration either for earning of livelihood or due to political upheaval in the region. Cutaneous form can be disfiguring but visceral form can be lethal.
Methodology: In this article we report the clinical presentation of 4 cases of visceral leishmaniasis; 3 cases were pediatrics and one immunosuppressed adult patient all of them were from Syria from different regions. The diagnosis was made by bone marrow aspirate; PCR was made for 2 of them and was positive for leishmania infantum. All of them were treated with Amphotericn B lipid formulation (ABELCET) with complete response (definite cure).
Results: We report in this article 4 cases of visceral leishmaniasis treated with amphotericin B lipid complex (Abelcet) following the guidelines with complete remission.
Conclusion: Visceral leishmaniasis is a serious disease and if not treated can lead to death. Lebanon is not known to be endemic for leishmania but since the war the ministry of health reported an outbreak of leishmania and mainly cutaneous leishmania. Here we present 4 cases of visceral leishmania and a review of the latest guidelines on the treatment modalities and protocols.
« Laissons de côté les questions de sentimentalité »
Authors: Depecker Thomas 
Published: February 2018

L’imbrication des recherches sur la nutrition animale et de la réforme des techniques de quantification dans les exploitations agricoles entraîne au xix e siècle la transformation des préoccupations agronomiques concernant le rationnement du bétail et l’équivalence des matières alimentaires. Hormis les débats savants, ce sont d’abord chez les maîtres de poste au cours du second tiers du siècle que ces considérations sont mises en œuvre, puis dans deux grandes écuries issues de fusions des compagnies parisiennes de transport en 1855, la Compagnie générale des omnibus (CGO) et la Compagnie générale des voitures de place et de remise (CGV). Le passage d’acteurs « isolés » et pas totalement organisés sur le mode de l’entreprise capitaliste à de grandes compagnies possédant les ressources économiques et intellectuelles pour mener ou faire mener en grand des expérimentations, et intégrer au sein de leurs problématiques économiques l’évolution des techniques de mesure physico-chimique, est tout à fait crucial dans l’analyse de la genèse et du développement de « l’alimentation rationnelle ». La réduction des coûts de la ration reste toujours un sujet sensible, mais à la différence de leurs prédécesseurs la CGO et la CGV font usage de l’expertise scientifique pour assurer au public et aux actionnaires le caractère quantifié et contrôlé des expériences, et montrer à un public de plus en plus large que processus physiologiques et optimisation économique ne sont pas étrangers l’un à l’autre.