bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and internal validation of a risk scoring system for gastrointestinal events requiring surgery in gastrointestinal lymphoma patients
Authors: Aoki Tomonori , Yamada Atsuo , Takahashi Miwako , Niikura Ryota , Toyama Kazuhiro , Ushiku Tetsuo , Kurokawa Mineo , Momose Toshimitsu , Fukayama Masashi , Koike Kazuhiko 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackground and AimThe predictors of severe gastrointestinal (GI) events in GI lymphoma patients are unclear. We aimed to develop a risk scoring system for GI events requiring surgery.MethodsIn this retrospective study of 192 patients with GI lymphoma, the state of lymphoma, macroscopic findings, examination results, and International Prognostic Index were assessed. We developed a risk score for GI events that required surgery and assessed its accuracy by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Internal validation was performed using bootstrap resampling.ResultsSevere GI events occurred in 21 (11%) patients. We developed a 4‐point scoring system (the FLASH score) comprising the following three independent predictors (weighted by regression coefficients): (i) focal appearance and large size (≥ 40 mm), 1 point; (ii) aggressive lymphoma of the small bowel, 2 points; and (iii) high (18)F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography uptake, 1 point. The score predicted severe GI events with an AUC value of 0.91 (internal validation; AUC, 0.86). Risk was classified into three categories: the GI event rate was 0% in the low‐risk group (0 points), 9% in the intermediate‐risk group (1–2 points), and 61% in the high‐risk group (3–4 points) (AUC, 0.89).ConclusionsWe developed and internally validated a risk scoring system (the FLASH score) that included macroscopic findings to predict severe GI events in GI lymphoma patients. Patients with high scores are candidates for elective surgery to prevent GI events.
Formulation and characterization of a Helianthus annuus ‐ alkyl polyglucoside emulsion cream for topical applications
Authors: Banerjee Kaushita , Thiagarajan Narayanaswamy , Thiagarajan Padma 
Published: August 2018

SummaryBackgroundGreen formulations with herbal oils and natural nonionic emulsifiers project several advantages, like favorable viscosity profiles, for use as topical applicants. Their inherent constituents also protect the skin against free radical damage and lipid peroxidation. They may hence serve as alternatives for synthetic chemical‐based formulations.ObjectiveFormulation and characterization of Helianthus annuus—alkyl polyglucoside cream for topical application has been attempted. Its inherent sun protection factor has been measured and compared with a similar commercial formulation. It is well known that the internal network of liquid crystals of such emulsifiers can store depot water to maintain moisturization for long time, thus bestowing beneficial dermatological effects.MethodsPhysicochemical characterization of the oil was done. The formulation process for the cream was optimized for reduced particle size with respect to ultrasonication conditions. It was characterized extensively; its inherent sun protection factor was measured and compared with a similar commercial cream.ResultsThe cream was smooth, creamy, and showed non‐Newtonian thixotropic behavior and good shear‐thinning features with an SPF of 6.3 that compared favorably with a similar commercial cream.ConclusionsThe cream may serve as a good topical applicant and also help in skin hydration due to the inherent nature of the emulsifier. It may protect against UV radiations due to the antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory nature of the natural oil constituents. It may be used as a low‐SPF formulation.
Split‐face comparison study of transcutaneous pneumatic injection therapy with isotonic and hypertonic glucose solutions
Authors: Cho Sung Bin , Zheng Zhenlong , Yoo Kwang Ho , Kim Hyun‐Jo , Kim Heesu 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundTranscutaneous pneumatic injection (TPI) is a minimally invasive, needle‐free modality that can be used to forcefully deliver solution into soft tissues of the face and scalp.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of TPI of 5% isotonic and 20% hypertonic glucose solutions in in vivo human skin for face lifting.Methods and materialsA prospective, split‐face, evaluator‐blinded comparison study was performed on 10 Korean participants who were treated with three sessions of TPI using 5% isotonic and 20% hypertonic glucose solutions.ResultsThe following assessment parameters were improved after TPI therapy using 5% isotonic glucose solution in descending order of mean global aesthetic improvement scale (GAIS) score: perioral expression wrinkles, zygomatic wrinkles or mid‐cheek furrows, eyebrow ptosis, jowl sagging, marionette line, horizontal forehead lines, nasolabial folds, and blepharochalasis. Meanwhile, TPI therapy using 20% hypertonic glucose solution improved the following assessment parameters: zygomatic wrinkles or mid‐cheek furrows, perioral expression wrinkles, eyebrow ptosis, blepharochalasis, marionette line, jowl sagging, nasolabial folds, and horizontal forehead lines. Linear mixed models revealed a significant interaction between treatment groups and time.ConclusionOur data demonstrated that TPI treatment with 20% hypertonic glucose solution elicited earlier and more pronounced therapeutic responses, compared to 5% isotonic glucose solution.
Topical silymarin versus hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma: A comparative study
Authors: Nofal Ahmad , Ibrahim Al‐Shimaa M. , Nofal Eman , Gamal Noura , Osman Shimaa 
Published: August 2018

SummaryBackgroundMelasma is a highly prevalent hyperpigmentation disorder with a high relapsing rate and a negative impact on the psychological state of the affected patients. The exact pathogenesis of melasma is not completely elucidated; however, ultraviolet induced oxidative stress has an important role in its pathogenesis. Silymarin, antioxidant drug, reduces the harmful effects of solar ultraviolet radiation such as inflammation, immune responses, DNA damage, and pigmentation.ObjectivesTo assess the efficacy and safety of topical silymarin with different concentrations (0.7% and 1.4%) versus hydroquinone 4% in the treatment of melasma.MethodsForty‐two adult female patients with melasma were assigned to three equal groups each containing 14 patients; group1 was treated by silymarin 0.7% cream, group 2 was treated by silymarin 1.4% cream and group 3 was treated by hydroquinone 4% cream. The duration of treatment was 3 months.ResultsMASI score was significantly reduced in all groups at the end of third month; however, there were no significant differences in the therapeutic response between the three studied groups. No side effects were recorded with silymarin, while hydroquinone was associated with significant adverse effects.ConclusionsSilymarin cream might serve as an effective and safe treatment modality for melasma.
Nutritional management of moderate–late preterm infants: Survey of current practice
Authors: Alexander Tanith , Bloomfield Frank H 
Published: August 2018

AimModerate–late preterm (MLPT) babies account for over 80% of preterm babies born world‐wide. Many MLPT babies require early nutritional support while full sucking feeds are established, but there is little evidence to guide practice. We aimed to determine current practice in Australia and New Zealand.MethodsAn electronic survey was sent to neonatal clinical directors within the Australia and New Zealand Neonatal Network requesting dissemination to colleagues involved in the care of MLPT babies (32–35+6 weeks’ gestation). The questionnaire asked about respondents’ nutritional management of MLPT babies and included scenarios for both moderate‐ (MPT) and late preterm (LPT) babies.ResultsThere were 83 respondents. While waiting for mothers' milk to meet prescribed fluid volumes, 61% (MPT) to 53% (LPT) of respondents would provide dextrose 10% as the first nutritional support, with 15% (MPT) to 38% (LPT) providing infant formula. Of clinicians providing 10% dextrose, 31% (MPT) to 49% (LPT) were happy to do so for ≥3 days, with 5% comfortable doing so for 5 days in moderately preterm babies, before providing additional support. This additional support was infant formula in 73% (MPT) to 90% (LPT) of respondents.ConclusionsThere is variation in the nutritional management of MLPT infants amongst neonatal clinicians, likely due to the lack of evidence from randomised controlled trials on which to base clinical practice. The majority of clinicians are happy providing only dextrose 10% for up to 2–3 days despite this form of nutritional support containing only carbohydrate.
Biogeographic and anthropogenic correlates of Aleutian Islands plant diversity: A machine‐learning approach
Authors: Garroutte Monte , Huettmann Falk , Webb Campbell O. , Ickert‐Bond Stefanie M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis is the first comprehensive analysis of vascular plant diversity patterns in the Aleutian Islands to identify and quantify the impact of Aleutian Island distance dispersal barriers, geographical, ecological and anthropogenic factors. Data from public Open Access databases, printed floristic accounts, and from collections made by the primary author were used to develop an Aleutian floristic database. The most common plant distribution pattern was “an eastern origin community”, though it compared similarly to the “Western” and “Widespread” distribution pattern. We established an ecological plant community composition class for each island, based on clustering species assemblage dissimilarity measurements (Jaccard Index), and a measurement of phylogenetic dissimilarity (UniFrac). We modelled these composition classes and species richness values in non‐parametric algorithmic models and concepts (data cloning using machine learning, stochastic boosting‐ TreeNet) based on classic and Aleutians‐specific island biogeography hypotheses. Plant species richness is strongly associated with the equilibrium model variables of area and island isolation, as well as distance to the Alaska Peninsula, and island total stream length. Species composition is strongly associated with the landmass groups during the last glacial maximum, maximum island elevation, island isolation and island area. Phylogenetic composition is associated with island area, distance from the islands to the Chukotka Peninsula, maximum island elevation, island geologic age, and island isolation. This study extends the equilibrium theory of island biogeography by including additional drivers of diversity during the Anthropocene, such as the landmass during the LGM, as well as factors that may be related to anthropogenic extinction rate.
Talker and Acoustic Variability in Learning to Produce Nonnative Sounds: Evidence from Articulatory Training
Authors: Kartushina Natalia , Martin Clara D. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCompared to low‐variability training, high‐variability training leads to better learning outcomes and supports generalization of learning. However, it is unclear whether the learning advantage is driven by multiple talkers or by enhanced acoustic variability across target sounds. The current study addressed this issue in nonnative production learning. Spanish speakers were trained to produce the French /e/–/ɛ/ vowel contrast. The stimuli were recorded by five native French talkers for the multiple‐talker (MT) group or by one talker for the single‐talker (ST) group, but acoustic dispersion of the vowels and context were matched between the two groups. Both training paradigms improved production accuracy, with slightly greater improvement in the ST group. However, only MT training enhanced the compactness of vowel categories and generalized to the production of sounds elicited by an unfamiliar speaker. This suggests that talker variability supports the establishment of abstract phonemic categories in production.
Differential biodiversity responses between kingdoms (plants, fungi, bacteria and metazoa) along an Alpine succession gradient
Authors: Montagna Matteo , Berruti Andrea , Bianciotto Valeria , Cremonesi Paola , Giannico Riccardo , Gusmeroli Fausto , Lumini Erica , Pierce Simon , Pizzi Flavia , Turri Federica , Gandini Gustavo 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBiological diversities of multiple kingdoms potentially respond in similar ways to environmental changes. However, studies either compare details of microbial diversity across general vegetation or land use classes or relate details of plant community diversity with the extent of microbially governed soil processes, via physiological profiling. Here, we test the hypothesis of shared responses of plant and rhizosphere bacterial, fungal and metazoan biodiversities (especially across‐habitat β‐diversity patterns) along a disturbance gradient encompassing grazed to abandoned Alpine pasture, on acid soil in the European Central Alps. Rhizosphere biological diversity was inferred from eDNA fractions specific to bacteria, fungi and metazoans from contrasting plant habitats indicative of different disturbance levels. We found that soil β‐diversity patterns were weakly correlated with plant diversity measures and similarly ordinated along an evident edaphic (pH, C:N, assimilable P) and disturbance gradient but, contrary to our hypothesis, did not demonstrate the same diversity patterns. While plant communities were well separated along the disturbance gradient, correlating with fungal diversity, the majority of bacterial taxa were shared between disturbance levels (75% of bacteria were ubiquitous, cf. 29% plant species). Metazoa exhibited an intermediate response, with communities at the lowest levels of disturbance partially overlapping. Thus, plant and soil biological diversities were only loosely dependent and did not exhibit strictly linked environmental responses. This probably reflects the different spatial scales of organisms (and their habitats) and capacity to invest resources in persistent multicellular tissues, suggesting that vegetation responses to environmental change are unreliable indicators of below‐ground biodiversity responses.
If You Can't Change What You Believe, You Don't Believe It
Authors: Helton Grace 
Published: August 2018

AbstractI develop and defend the view that subjects are necessarily psychologically able to revise their beliefs in response to relevant counter‐evidence. Specifically, subjects can revise their beliefs in response to relevant counter‐evidence, given their current psychological mechanisms and skills. If a subject lacks this ability, then the mental state in question is not a belief, though it may be some other kind of cognitive attitude, such as a supposition, an entertained thought, or a pretense. The result is a moderately revisionary view of belief: while most mental states we thought were beliefs are beliefs, some mental states which we thought were beliefs are not beliefs. The argument for this view draws on two key claims: First, subjects are rationally obligated to revise their beliefs in response to relevant counter‐evidence. Second, if some subject is rationally obligated to revise one of her mental states, then that subject can revise that mental state, given her current psychological mechanisms and skills. Along the way to defending these claims, I argue that rational obligations can govern activities which reflect on one's rational character, whether or not those activities are under one's voluntary control. I also show how the relevant version of epistemic ‘ought’ implies ‘can’ survives an objection which plagues other variants of the principle.
The evolvability of animal‐pollinated flowers: towards predicting adaptation to novel pollinator communities
Authors: Opedal Øystein H. 
Published: August 2018

SummaryIn the event of a community turnover, population decline, or complete disappearance of pollinators, animal‐pollinated plants may respond by adapting to novel pollinators or by changing their mating system. The ability of populations to adapt is determined by their ability to respond to novel selection pressures, i.e. their evolvability. In the short term, evolvability is determined by standing genetic variation in the trait under selection.To evaluate the evolutionary potential of plant reproductive systems, I compiled genetic‐variance estimates for a large selection of floral traits mediating shifts in pollination and mating systems. Then, I computed evolvabilities and compared these among trait groups and against the evolvabilities of vegetative traits.Evolvabilities of most floral traits were substantial yet tended to be lower than the median for vegetative traits. Among floral traits, herkogamy (anther–stigma distance), floral‐display traits and perhaps floral‐volatile concentrations had greater‐than‐average evolvabilities, while the evolvabilities of pollinator‐fit traits were below average.These results suggest that most floral traits have the potential to evolve rapidly in response to novel selection pressures, providing resilience of plant reproductive systems in the event of changing pollinator communities.
Homologs of the STYLISH gene family control nectary development in Aquilegia
Authors: Min Ya , Bunn J. Imani , Kramer Elena M. 
Published: August 2018

Summary

Floral nectaries are an interesting example of a convergent trait in flowering plants, and are associated with the diversification of numerous angiosperm lineages, including the adaptive radiation of the New World Aquilegia species. However, we know very little as to what genes contribute to nectary development and evolution, particularly in noncore eudicot taxa.

We analyzed expression patterns and used RNAi‐based methods to investigate the functions of homologs from the STYLISH (STY) family in nectar spur development in Aquilegia coerulea.

We found that AqSTY1 exhibits concentrated expression in the presumptive nectary of the growing spur tip, and triple gene silencing of the three STY‐like genes revealed that they function in style and nectary development. Strong expression of STY homologs was also detected in the nectary‐bearing petals of Delphinium and Epimedium.

Our results suggest that the novel recruitment of STY homologs to control nectary development is likely to have occurred before the diversification of the Ranunculaceae and Berberidaceae. To date, the STY homologs of the Ranunculales are the only alternative loci for the control of nectary development in flowering plants, providing a critical data point in understanding the evolutionary origin and developmental basis of nectaries.
Drug holiday patterns and bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw
Authors: Jung Sun‐Young , Suh Hae Sun , Park Ji‐Won , Kwon Jin‐Won 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectivesThere is limited evidence regarding the appropriate length of a bisphosphonate (BP) holiday to reduce the risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ). In this cross‐sectional study, we investigated the population‐based patterns of the gaps between BP discontinuation and ONJ diagnosis.Subjects and MethodsWe used the claims database of the National Health Insurance Service in Korea. Among BP users between 2006 and 2015, incident ONJ cases during 2010–2015 with no history of ONJ in the last 4 years were identified. We assessed the time gap from the last BP administration to ONJ diagnosis.ResultsAmong 1,569 incident ONJ cases, 836 (53.3%) occurred after BP discontinuation. The cumulative proportions of ONJ occurrence within 1 month, 3 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years after discontinuation were 58.9%, 70.8%, 87.0%, 93.2%, and 96.1%, respectively. The length of drug holidays showed no significant difference between patients with or without comorbid cancer and diabetes mellitus (p‐value, 0.12 and 0.52, respectively). However, the use of injectable BP formulations significantly affected ONJ incidence (p < 0.01).ConclusionsMost ONJ cases occurred within 3 years from BP suspension, with a higher prevalence among BP injection users with 1 year or lesser BP holiday.
Sustainable alternatives to dietary fish oil in tropical fish aquaculture
Authors: Alhazzaa Ramez , Nichols Peter D. , Carter Chris G. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMarine tropical carnivorous (MTC) fish are less tolerant to high dietary lipid compared with cold and temperate climate fish. However, insufficient n‐3 long‐chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFA) compromises MTC fish health and growth which requires attention when choosing lipid sources in aquafeed formulations. Fish oil (FO) has been the major lipid source for feeding key MTC fish. We estimated that more than 200 thousand tonnes of FO were used to feed farmed MTC fish in 2016, representing nearly 25% of global FO production. Nevertheless, recent increases in FO prices and demand, and the foreseen inability of wild fisheries to produce sufficient FO in the future, have created a need for cheaper and more sustainable alternatives. Meta‐analysis showed that feeding vegetable oils (VO) to MTC fish can slightly reduce their growth, with a marked decrease in n‐3 LC‐PUFA content in the fish tissues corresponding with the increased replacement of FO and fishmeal in the diet. Rendered terrestrial animal fat or modulating the bioconversion of n‐3 LC‐PUFA precursors in VO can be utilised further in MTC fish nutrition with more research recommended on these approaches. Oils and oil‐rich meals from non‐food marine organisms are rich in n‐3 LC‐PUFA and represent an underutilised alternative to FO for tropical aquaculture. With oils rich in n‐3 LC‐PUFA produced from transgenic plants presently gaining regulatory approvals and becoming available as a renewable alternative to FO, aquaculture in the tropics and around the globe is ready to leap into a new phase of sustainable expansion.
Social networks near and far: The role of bonding and bridging social capital for assets of the rural poor
Authors: Mogues Tewodaj 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWith formal insurance and credit markets either absent or inaccessible to rural agents in most poor rural economies, social networks play a highly important role in mitigating the risks that agricultural households face. These kinds of informal insurance schemes are presumed to be most effective in the face of idiosyncratic risk. However, social mechanisms also exist in developing countries that may reduce locally correlated risk such as the adverse economic effects of climatic conditions that affect multiple residents in a village. This paper analyzes the role of localized (bonding) and of spatially dispersed (bridging) social capital in mitigating the impact of idiosyncratic and of locally correlated shocks on farm households’ livestock endowments. Using dynamic panel generalized method of moments (GMM) system estimation with seven‐period panel dataset of over 400 households, we find that bonding social capital is able to protect households’ livestock assets against idiosyncratic shocks, but bridging social capital does not play a role in mitigating the impact of correlated shocks. The results hold up to multiple robustness checks. A test of different hypotheses about the nature of these assets’ trajectories rejects the asset poverty trap hypothesis, and instead finds that livestock asset dynamics are characterized by a single stable equilibrium.