bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MODELLI TEORICI DI FEDERALISMO
Authors: Giannetti Daniela 
Published: September 2018

IntroduzioneTutti gli studiosi concordano nel considerare l'unione degli stati americani creata con la Costituzione del 1787 il primo esempio di federalismo in senso moderno. Qual è la novità storica del federalismo americano? In sintesi, si può affermare che essa consiste in un rafforzamento del potere centrale che si accompagna a un insieme di garanzie costituzionali circa le sfere di autorità o la ripartizione di funzioni tra differenti livelli di governo. La Costituzione di Filadelfia viene inoltre generalmente considerata un esempio di deliberata progettazione istituzionale e i vari saggi che compongono ilFederalist –scritti da Hamilton, Jay e Madison allo scopo di illustrare i vantaggi che sarebbero derivati da un'organizzazione federale degli stati indipendenti allora uniti nella confederazione nordamericana –sono considerati la prima articolazione compiuta della teoria federalista. Dall'«invenzione» del sistema americano, che introduce un'innovazione sostanziale nella storia delle istituzioni occidentali, poi ampiamente imitata in numerosi paesi, il federalismo è diventato una delle realtà politiche più importanti e uno dei temi più dibattuti nella letteratura.
LA PRESIDENZA DELLA COMMISSIONE EUROPEA. VINCOLI E RISORSE
Authors: Endo Ken 
Published: September 2018

IntroduzioneLa carica di Presidente della Commissione Europea è malleabile. I suoi poteri e le sue possibilità di incidenza politica mutano con l'avvicendarsi dei presidenti, e anche nel corso di una stessa presidenza, come mostra il caso di Jacques Delors, il cui ufficio è passato in un decennio (1985–1995) attraverso fasi espansive e restrittive.
L'ELETTORE CHE RAGIONA. IL CASO DEI SISTEMI MULTIPARTITICI
Authors: Pappi Franz Urban 
Published: September 2018

IntroduzioneLo studio del comportamento elettorale si è considerevolmente modificato dai tempi della supremazia delMichigan modelnegli anni Sessanta (Campbellet al.1960 e 1966) e della congiunzione di quest'approccio socio-psicologico con quello della scelta razionale di Downs (1957).
PROGRAMMI, MEDIA E OPINIONE PUBBLICA
Authors: Sani Giacomo , Segatti Paolo 
Published: September 2018

Dall'inaugurazione del governo Berlusconi (maggio 1994) al giuramento della compagine guidata da Prodi intercorrono solo ventiquattro mesi. Ma sono due anni caratterizzati da una densa e convulsa vicenda politica nel corso della quale si verificano tutta una serie di episodi di rilievo. Tra i più salienti spiccano: la rottura dell'alleanza di centro-destra nata alla vigilia del 27 marzo 1994 (il cosiddetto «ribaltone»); il ricorso ad un governo «tecnico» che doveva costituire una soluzione provvisoria ma finisce col durare più del previsto; la nuova spaccatura che si produce nella maggior formazione di centro (il Ppi) nella primavera del 1995 e che porta alla nascita del Cdu e fa quindi salire a tre gli eredi della vecchia Dc; una ulteriore modifica delle regole del gioco con l'adozione di un nuovo sistema per le elezioni dei consigli regionali; e, infine, lo svolgimento di ben tre consultazioni elettorali a carattere nazionale (le elezioni per il Parlamento europeo 1994, le elezioni regionali ed amministrative dell'aprile 1995, la tornata referendaria del giugno dello stesso anno).Gli avvenimenti del biennio segnalano le evidenti difficoltà di un processo di transizione per il quale non si riesce a trovare una via di uscita. Dopo la fase di destrutturazione del periodo 1992-1993, con le elezioni del 1994 il sistema dei partiti pareva avviato ad assumere una configurazione di tipo (quasi) bipolare, accompagnata da una significativa riduzione del grado di frammentazione. Ma la dinamica della vita politica nei mesi successivi alla formazione del governo Berlusconi smentiva entrambe le ipotesi. Essa dimostrava, in primo luogo, che la doppia e anomala alleanza risultata vincente il 27 marzo era solo un precario cartello elettorale destinato a dissolversi nel breve periodo. In secondo luogo, risultava evidente che nonostante la prevalenza della quota maggioritaria e la clausola di sbarramento, il nuovo meccanismo elettorale non era riuscito ad incidere in maniera significativa sul numero delle formazioni politiche presenti nell'arena parlamentare e nel paese. Infine, che si trattasse di un bi-polarismo assai imperfetto risultava chiaro dal fatto che, caduto il governo di centro-destra per la defezione della Lega, risultava impraticabile la formazione di una maggioranza alternativa. In sostanza, le nuove regole e gli assetti usciti dalla consultazione e dai successivi rimescolamenti degli schieramenti e dell'offerta elettorale non avevano prodotto né un governo destinato a durare, né una opposizione pienamente in grado di sostituirlo.
I CANDIDATI. VISIONI POLITICHE E CARRIERE
Authors: Mattina Liborio , Tonarelli Alessandro 
Published: September 2018

L'analisi delle candidature è suscettibile di diverse letture. In questo saggio ne privilegeremo due. La prima, prevalente, individuerà le caratteristiche dell'offerta di rappresentanza, la seconda le modalità di selezione del ceto politico parlamentare. L'una ci spiega la «proposta» che partiti e schieramenti elaborano per catturare il voto dell'elettore suggerendogli di essere rappresentato all'interno delle loro fila meglio che in quelle dei concorrenti. L'altra esamina il processo, più interno ai partiti, attraverso il quale avviene la riproduzione del ceto dirigente partitico e parlamentare.Nel nostro saggio manterremo distinta l'analisi delle due questioni esaminando l'offerta di rappresentanza con riferimento alle attività professionali dei candidati, e i percorsi di formazione del nuovo ceto con una ricognizione sulle esperienze politiche dei candidati precedenti la loro designazione. I risultati della ricerca verranno presentati dedicando particolare attenzione all'analisi su base sovraregionale in considerazione della rilevanza che la segmentazione territoriale del mercato elettorale italiano ha assunto nella elaborazione delle strategie elettorali dei partiti.
TRANSIZIONE DI REGIME E INTERESSI IMPRENDITORIALI IN ITALIA
Authors: Ferrante Massimo 
Published: September 2018

IntroduzioneQuesto lavoro ha come obiettivo una prima analisi delle trasformazioni del sistema dell'associazionismo imprenditoriale a seguito dei numerosi e rilevanti effetti indotti dalla cosiddetta «transizione di regime» sui modelli di rappresentanza di interessi specifici e di regolazione sociale in Italia.
Spanish and Portuguese Gilding Threads: Characterization Using Microscopic Techniques
Authors: Perez-Rodriguez Jose Luis , Albardonedo Antonio , Robador Maria Dolores , Duran Adrian 
Published: September 2018

AbstractGilding threads collected from Spanish and Portuguese palaces and from the embroideries and adornments of sculptures of the Virgin and Christ that form part of Sevillian Holy Week were analyzed and compared (20 artifacts were evaluated). The study covered a broad time period with examples from the 13th to 14th centuries, 18th to 20th centuries, and also including modern embroideries. A combination of scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used. The knowledge of the layered structures of the threads has provided very valuable information regarding the manufacturing techniques. The different metal threads found in the embroidery studied consisted of gold, silver, copper, and alloys of these metals and aluminium. The fabrication procedures often differed in the different workshops and changed with time. In the modern embroideries, a decrease of precious metal concentration was detected. The threads were wound around a core of silk threads.
The Observed Impacts of the Two Types of El Niño on the North Equatorial Countercurrent in the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Tan Shuwen , Zhou Hui 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study investigates the interannual variations in the North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC) associated with the eastern Pacific and the central Pacific types of El Niño. Using observational analysis and ocean simulations, we show that the wind stress anomalies during the two El Niño types are of comparable amplitude but have different spatial structures, which results in significant and distinct variations in the NECC. The NECC shifts southward and intensifies during the developing phase of El Niño, but the variations are confined in the central eastern Pacific for the eastern Pacific type and the western central Pacific for the central Pacific type. These differences can be attributed to modulations in equatorial Kelvin wave and tropical Rossby wave propagation as well as Ekman pumping.
BRAF inhibition causes resilience of melanoma cell lines by inducing the secretion of FGF1
Authors: Grimm Johannes , Hufnagel Anita , Wobser Marion , Borst Andreas , Haferkamp Sebastian , Houben Roland , Meierjohann Svenja 
Published: September 2018

AbstractApproximately half of all melanoma patients harbour activating mutations in the serine/threonine kinase BRAF. This is the basis for one of the main treatment strategies for this tumor type, the targeted therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibitors. While the initial responsiveness to these drugs is high, resistance develops after several months, frequently at sites of the previously responding tumor. This indicates that tumor response is incomplete and that a certain tumor fraction survives even in drug-sensitive patients, e.g., in a therapy-induced senescence-like state. Here, we show in several melanoma cell lines that BRAF inhibition induces a secretome with stimulating effect on fibroblasts and naive melanoma cells. Several senescence-associated factors were found to be transcribed and secreted in response to BRAF or MEK inhibition, among them members of the fibroblast growth factor family. We identified the growth factor FGF1 as mediator of resilience towards BRAF inhibition, which limits the pro-apoptotic effects of the drug and activates fibroblasts to secrete HGF. FGF1 regulation was mediated by the PI3K pathway and by FRA1, a direct target gene of the MAPK pathway. When FGFR inhibitors were applied in parallel to BRAF inhibitors, resilience was broken, thus providing a rationale for combined therapeutical application.
Arsenic circumvents the gefitinib resistance by binding to P62 and mediating autophagic degradation of EGFR in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Mao Jianhua , Ma Lie , Shen Yan , Zhu Kongkai , Zhang Ru , Xi Wenda , Ruan Zheng , Luo Cheng , Chen Zhu , Xi Xiaodong , Chen Saijuan 
Published: September 2018

AbstractNon-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is characterized by hyperexpression and/or gain-of-function mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), resulting in an elevated overall kinase activity. Gefitinib is remarkably effective in patients with the L858R or ΔE746-A750-mutated of EGFR. However, drug resistance tends to develop because of the emergence of T790M mutation on EGFR. New strategies other than repressing kinase activity are thus required to treat NSCLC, thereby circumventing the resistance. In this study, arsenic trioxide (ATO) at 2 μM significantly inhibited the proliferation of the gefitinib-resistant NCI-H1975 cells of the EGFR L858R/T790M mutant compared with a modest inhibition in the gefitinib-sensitive HCC827 cells of ΔE746-A750 mutant and A549 cells of wild-type EGFR. Moreover, ATO significantly inhibited the overall kinase activity of EGFR primarily through quantitatively diminishing the EGFR in NCI-H1975 cells to an extent comparable with that reached by gefitinib in HCC827 cells. Furthermore, ATO promoted autophagic degradation of EGFR in NSCLC cells by directly binding to P62, which interacted with EGFR, preferentially the L858R/T790M mutant providing a plausible explanation for a more favorable effect of ATO on NCI-H1975 cells. Accordingly, the effect of ATO was further confirmed in the NSCLC xenograft mouse models. Our results reveal a new target for ATO with a unique molecular mechanism, i.e., ATO suppresses the overall catalytic potential of EGFR, significantly those with the L858R/T790M mutant in NCI-H1975 cells, through an autophagic degradation by interacting with P62. This study potentially offers an innovative therapeutic avenue for the NSCLC with L858R/T790M-mutated EGFR.
Overcoming immunogenicity issues of HIV p24 antigen by the use of innovative nanostructured lipid carriers as delivery systems: evidences in mice and non-human primates
Authors: Bayon Emilie , Morlieras Jessica , Dereuddre-Bosquet Nathalie , Gonon Alexis , Gosse Leslie , Courant Thomas , Le Grand Roger , Marche Patrice N. , Navarro Fabrice P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHIV is one of the deadliest pandemics of modern times, having already caused 35 million deaths around the world. Despite the huge efforts spent to develop treatments, the virus cannot yet be eradicated and continues to infect new people. Spread of the virus remains uncontrolled, thus exposing the worldwide population to HIV danger, due to the lack of efficient vaccines. The latest clinical trials describe the challenges associated with developing an effective prophylactic HIV vaccine. These immunological obstacles will only be overcome by smart and innovative solutions applied to the design of vaccine formulations. Here, we describe the use of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for the delivery of p24 protein as a model HIV antigen, with the aim of increasing its immunogenicity. We have designed vaccine formulations comprising NLC grafted with p24 antigen, together with cationic NLC optimized for the delivery of immunostimulant CpG. This tailored system significantly enhanced immune responses against p24, in terms of specific antibody production and T-cell activation in mice. More importantly, the capacity of NLC to induce specific immune responses against this troublesome HIV antigen was further supported by a 7-month study on non-human primates (NHP). This work paves the way toward the development of a future HIV vaccine, which will also require the use of envelope antigens.
Demonstrating a new technology for space debris removal using a bi-directional plasma thruster
Authors: Takahashi Kazunori , Charles Christine , Boswell Rod W. , Ando Akira 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSpace debris removal from Earth orbit by using a satellite is an emergent technological challenge for sustainable human activities in space. In order to de-orbit debris it is necessary to impart a force to decelerate it, resulting in its atmospheric re-entry. A satellite using an energetic plasma beam directed at the debris will need to eject plasma in the opposite direction in a controlled manner in order to maintain a constant distance between it and the debris during the deorbiting mission. By employing a magnetic nozzle plasma thruster having two open source exits, bi-directional plasma ejection can be achieved using a single electric propulsion device. Both the forces exerted on the thruster and the target plate simulating the debris are simultaneously measured in a laboratory space simulation chamber showing that a force decelerating the debris and a zero net force on the thruster can be successfully obtained. These two forces can be individually controlled by external electrical parameters, resulting in the ability to switch the acceleration and deceleration modes of the satellite and the debris removal mode using a single electric propulsion device.
TFPI-2 suppresses breast cancer cell proliferation and invasion through regulation of ERK signaling and interaction with actinin-4 and myosin-9
Authors: Wang Guangli , Huang Wenhe , Li Wei , Chen Shaoying , Chen Weibin , Zhou Yanchun , Peng Pei , Gu Wei 
Published: September 2018

AbstractTFPI-2 has been recognized as a potent tumor suppressor gene. Low expression of TFPI-2 results in enhanced growth and metastasis of a variety of human tumors. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism responsible for the tumor suppressive effect of TFPI-2. Overexpression of TFPI-2 decreased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and the translocation of p-ERK1/2 from cytoplasm into the nucleus, and eventually resulted in a reduced cell proliferation. Immunoprecipitation assays identified myosin-9 and actinin-4 as TFPI-2-interacting proteins. Full-length TFPI-2 was required for binding to actinin-4, whereas the N + KD1 regions of TFPI-2 were sufficient to interact with myosin-9. Although overexpression of TFPI-2 or TFPI-2/N + KD1 does not affect the expression of actinin-4 and myosin-9, it inhibits the migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells. Our results suggest that TFPI-2 suppresses cancer cell proliferation and invasion partly through the regulation of the ERK1/2 signaling and through interactions with myosin-9 and actinin-4.
Neprilysin inhibition promotes corneal wound healing
Authors: Genova Rachel M. , Meyer Kacie J. , Anderson Michael G. , Harper Matthew M. , Pieper Andrew A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractNeprilysin (NEP), an ectoenzyme that modulates inflammation by degrading neuropeptides, was recently identified in the human corneal epithelium. The cornea expresses many NEP substrates, but the function of NEP in homeostatic maintenance and wound healing of the cornea is unknown. We therefore investigated the role of this enzyme under naive and injured conditions using NEP-deficient (NEP−/−) and wild type (WT) control mice. In vivo ocular surface imaging and histological analysis of corneal tissue showed no differences in limbal vasculature or corneal anatomy between naive NEP−/− and WT mice. Histological examination revealed increased corneal innervation in NEP−/− mice. In an alkali burn model of corneal injury, corneal wound healing was significantly accelerated in NEP−/− mice compared to WT controls 3 days after injury. Daily intraperitoneal administration of the NEP inhibitor thiorphan also accelerated corneal wound healing after alkali injury in WT mice. Collectively, our data identify a previously unknown role of NEP in the cornea, in which pharmacologic inhibition of its activity may provide a novel therapeutic option for patients with corneal injury.
Alkoholentzug auf einer offenen Station
Authors: Conrad Carsten 
Published: September 2018

ZusammenfassungIn der Entgiftung sind Menschen mit einer Abhängigkeitserkrankung häufig ambivalent in ihren Gefühlen und ihrem Verhalten. Um den Absprung aus der Sucht zu
schaffen, benötigen sie in der Regel eine räumliche Abgrenzung zum bisherigen sozialen Umfeld und eindeutig formulierte Verhaltensregeln. Unser Autor geht der
Frage nach, wie das Setting einer offenen suchttherapeutischen Station mit diesen Zielen vereinbar ist.
Lipid Levels Related to Osteoporosis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Wu Yujie , Xing Xuenong , Ye Shandong , Chen Chao , Wang Jumei 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Objective Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterizedby reduced bone mass, deteriorated bone structure. Various studies have tried to evaluate the association between lipid level and osteoporosis, but the results were proved to be controversial. The objectives of this study are to assess the correlation between BMD and serum lipid levels, to determine independent variables associated with osteoporosis and osteopenia in men and postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
Materials and methods All participants of the study were carried out biochemical analysis of blood and the analysis of the lipid profile that included total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG). Physical examination and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry examination were performed. Multiple linear regression and multivariate logistic regression were used to evaluate associations between serum TC and TG levels and the osteoporosis or osteopenia.
Results The level of serum TG was directly correlated with BMD at the lumbar spine in all patients in multiple linear regression models. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, decreased level of serum TG was independent risk factor for osteoporosis(p=0.022) in T2D patients. It also showed that a greater BMI was protective factor for osteoporosis (p=0.019) and lower level of β-CTX was an independent risk factor for osteopenia (p=0.008) and osteoporosis (p=0.001) in T2D patients.
Conclusion Among Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes, the decreased level of serum TG might indicate a risk of osteoporosis. Further research is needed to confirm the finding and to clarify the contradictions identified.
Veterinary Cuttable Plate in a Plate-Rod Construct for Repair of Diaphyseal Femoral Fractures in the Cat
Authors: Gérard Fabien , Vedrine Bertrand 
Published: September 2018

Objective This study evaluated retrospectively the effectiveness of the veterinary cuttable plate (VCP) in a plate-rod construct, for the treatment of diaphyseal femoral fractures in cats.
Materials and Methods A total of 29 cats with diaphyseal femoral fracture underwent stabilization with a VCP-rod construct.
Results Fractures were classified as type A (7/29), type B (11/29) and type C (11/29) following the AO classification. Biological osteosynthesis was elected in three type B and 10 type C fractures, and open approach in the other cases. Pin diameter was 2 mm (n = 16) or 2.5 mm (n = 13); this corresponded to a percentage of pin occupation of 39.9 and 53.0% of the intramedullary cavity respectively. The 2.0/2.7-mm VCP and 2-mm screws were used in all cases. The median length of the VCP was 12 holes, and the median number of screws placed in the plate was 6. The median number of cortices engaged per fragment was 6. Ninety-nine percent of the screws were bicortical. Quadriceps contracture was an unacceptable functional outcome in one cat. Follow-up was available in 20 cases. Complete bone healing was assessed in 16/20 cases with a functional outcome considered as full in 17/20, acceptable in 2/20, and unacceptable in 1/20. Telephonic owner outcome assessment was available for five more cats and was considered as full in all cases.
Clinical Significance The VCP-rod construct is effective to manage all configurations of diaphyseal femoral fracture in cats. The high amount of screw holes per unit length of a VCP allows bicortical screws placement without interfering with the intramedullary rod.
Monitoring of Blood Pressure is not Enough to Avoid Neonatal Postoperative Encephalopathy
Authors: Lubián López Simón , Zuazo Ojeda Amaya , Jimenez Gómez Gema , Benavente Fernández Isabel 
Published: September 2018

Background Neonatal encephalopathy with seizures after general anesthesia not occurring in infants undergoing cardiac or major neurosurgery is very uncommon. An ischemic origin due to cerebral hypoperfusion from perioperative hypotension has been suggested, but there is a lack of a consensus definition for intraoperatory hypotension in neonates.
Case Report We report the first case of neonatal encephalopathy with seizures in a neonate with anorectal malformation. He underwent a colostomy with caudal anesthesia combined with light general anesthesia. Intraoperative systolic blood pressure and mean blood pressure values were considered normal. Thirty-two hours after the intervention, the patient presented electroclinical seizures. Diffusion-weighted imaging showed bilateral involvement with reduced diffusivity in the watershed areas of the middle cerebral artery and posterior cerebral artery.
Conclusion Perioperative monitoring of blood pressure is not enough in neonatal surgery. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging should be considered in infants with noncardiac congenital anomalies after neonatal surgery and long-term follow-up is required.