bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid growth of the US wildland-urban interface raises wildfire risk
Authors: Radeloff Volker C. , Helmers David P. , Kramer H. Anu , Mockrin Miranda H. , Alexandre Patricia M. , Bar-Massada Avi , Butsic Van , Hawbaker Todd J. , Martinuzzi Sebastián , Syphard Alexandra D. , Stewart Susan I. 
Published: March 2018

Significance
When houses are built close to forests or other types of natural vegetation, they pose two problems related to wildfires. First, there will be more wildfires due to human ignitions. Second, wildfires that occur will pose a greater risk to lives and homes, they will be hard to fight, and letting natural fires burn becomes impossible. We examined the number of houses that have been built since 1990 in the United States in or near natural vegetation, in an area known as the wildland-urban interface (WUI), and found that a large number of houses have been built there. Approximately one in three houses and one in ten hectares are now in the WUI. These WUI growth trends will exacerbate wildfire problems in the future.
Disinhibition of CA1 pyramidal cells by low-dose ketamine and other antagonists with rapid antidepressant efficacy
Authors: Widman Allie J. , McMahon Lori L. 
Published: March 2018

Significance
Ketamine is an NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antagonist that alleviates depressive symptoms in patients with treatment-resistant depression within hours of administering a single dose. However, psychoactive side effects limit its use. Understanding the mechanism underlying ketamine’s antidepressant effect is crucial in identifying targets for novel therapeutics with fewer side effects. Here, we report ketamine enhances excitability of pyramidal cells indirectly by reducing synaptic GABAergic inhibition, thus causing disinhibition. Additionally, we investigated whether other NMDAR antagonists and the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist scopolamine shared this disinhibition mechanism. Our results show that only those antagonists with antidepressant efficacy in humans disinhibit pyramidal cells at a clinically relevant concentration, supporting the concept that disinhibition is likely involved in the antidepressant effect of these antagonists.
Direct observation of ultrafast large-scale dynamics of an enzyme under turnover conditions
Authors: Aviram Haim Yuval , Pirchi Menahem , Mazal Hisham , Barak Yoav , Riven Inbal , Haran Gilad 
Published: March 2018

Significance
The potential effect of conformational dynamics of enzymes on their chemical steps has been intensely debated recently. We use single-molecule FRET experiments on adenylate kinase (AK) to shed new light on this question. AK closes its domains to bring its two substrate close together for reaction. We show that domain closure takes only microseconds to complete, which is two orders of magnitude faster than the chemical reaction. Nevertheless, active-site mutants that reduce the rate of domain closure also reduce the reaction rate, suggesting a connection between the two phenomena. We propose that ultrafast domain closure is used by enzymes as a mechanism to optimize mutual orientation of substrates, a novel mode of coupling between conformational dynamics and catalysis.
Chronic stress promotes colitis by disturbing the gut microbiota and triggering immune system response
Authors: Gao Xinghua , Cao Qiuhua , Cheng Yan , Zhao Dandan , Wang Zhuo , Yang Hongbao , Wu Qijin , You Linjun , Wang Yue , Lin Yanting , Li Xianjing , Wang Yun , Bian Jin-Song , Sun Dongdong , Kong Lingyi , Birnbaumer Lutz , Yang Yong 
Published: March 2018

Significance
Stress cannot be avoided in the present competitive world, and chronic stress is associated with detrimental effects on physical health, including the progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the mechanisms behind it are less clearly understood. This study showed that chronic stress disturbed gut microbiota, thereby triggering immune system response and facilitating dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Results also showed stress-deficient expression of mucin-2 and lysozyme, which may contribute to the disorder of gut microbiota. This study adds to our understanding of interactions between microbiota and host and provides the basis for future clinical studies of microbiota manipulation and transplantation and the development of new therapeutic strategies for depression or IBD.
Psychopaths fail to automatically take the perspective of others
Authors: Drayton Lindsey A. , Santos Laurie R. , Baskin-Sommers Arielle 
Published: March 2018

Significance
Psychopathic individuals behave in callous and antisocial ways that suggest that these individuals fail to consider what others are thinking (i.e., theory of mind). However, most empirical studies of psychopathy find that, despite their behavior, psychopathic individuals have an intact theory of mind: they successfully predict other’s perspectives. Here, we show that psychopathic individuals have a previously unobserved cognitive deficit that might explain their pattern of destructive and antisocial behavior. We report that psychopathic individuals fail to automatically take the perspective of others, but can deliberately take the perspective of others. These findings suggest that psychopathic individuals have the ability to take the perspective of others but lack the propensity to do so.
EF-Tu and EF-G are activated by allosteric effects
Authors: Mondal Dibyendu , Warshel Arieh 
Published: March 2018

Significance
The mechanism of activation of GTPases is a problem of general interest, but despite major effort this issue has not been fully resolved in the case of EF-Tu and EF-G. The open questions include the discrimination between two-water (2W) and one-water (1W) mechanisms and the importance of the allosteric contribution in the activation process. Here, we revisit the above questions by comparing simulations of both EF-Tu and EF-G, as well as by analyzing mutational effects. It is found that both the 2W and 1W mechanisms are possible, but in either case, the activation is an allosteric effect. We also conclude that the allosteric activation is common to other GTPases.
Creativity and Incentives
Authors: Charness Gary , Grieco Daniela 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Creativity is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon with tremendous economic importance. A crucial question for economists and for firms is the interplay of incentives and creativity. We present experiments where subjects face creativity tasks where, in one case, ex ante goals and constraints are imposed on their answers (“closed” tasks), and in the other case no restrictions apply (“open” tasks). The effect of tournament incentives on creativity is then tested. Our experimental findings provide striking evidence that financial incentives in the form of tournament competition affect creativity in “closed” (constrained) tasks, but do not facilitate creativity in “open” (unconstrained) tasks, whereas being ranked relative to one's peers is an effective nonmonetary incentive with both types of tasks. We develop a structural model that allows for subjects’ heterogeneity in being affected by the openness of the task, and then use the structural model to not only estimate creative output in tournaments but also to predict creative output in two counterfactual incentive schemes: piece rate and target bonus.
Spatial extinction date estimation: a novel method for reconstructing spatiotemporal patterns of extinction and identifying potential zones of rediscovery
Authors: Carlson Colin J. , Burgio Kevin R. , Dallas Tad A. , Bond Alexander L. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe estimation of extinction dates from limited and incomplete sighting records is a key challenge in conservation (when experts are uncertain whether a species has gone extinct) and historical ecology (when the date and mechanism of extinction is controversial).We introduce a spatially-explicit method of interpolating extinction date estimators, allowing users to estimate spatiotemporal surfaces of population persistence from georeferenced sighting data of variable quality.We present the R package spatExtinct, which produces spatially-explicit extinction date surfaces from geolocated sightings, including options for custom randomization schemes to improve accuracy with limited datasets. We use simulations to illustrate the sensitivity of the method to parameterization, and apply the method to identify potential areas where Bachman’s warbler (Vermivora bachmanii) might be rediscovered.Our method, and the spatExtinct package, has the potential to help describe and differentiate different drivers of extinction for historical datasets, and could be used to identify possible regions of population persistence for species with an uncertain extinction status, improving on non-spatial or imprecise methods that are currently in use.
Genetic variation in Pan species is shaped by demographic history and underlies lineage-specific functions
Authors: Han Sojung , Andrés Aida M. , Marques-Bonet Tomas , Kuhlwilm Martin 
Published: March 2018

AbstractChimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) are the closest living relatives of humans, but they show distinct behavioral and physiological differences, particularly regarding female reproduction. Despite their recent rapid decline, the demographic histories of the two species have been different during the past one to two million years, likely having an impact on their genomic diversity. Here, we analyze the inferred functional consequences of genetic variation across 69 individuals, making use of the most complete dataset of genomic variation in the Pan clade to date. We test to which extent the demographic history influences the efficacy of purifying selection in these species. We find that small historical effective population sizes (Ne) correlate not only with small genetic diversity, but also with more homozygous deleterious alleles, and an increased proportion of deleterious changes at low frequencies. Furthermore, we exploit the catalog of deleterious protein-coding changes on each lineage to investigate the putative genetic basis for phenotypic differences between chimpanzees and bonobos. We show that bonobo-specific non-synonymous changes are enriched in genes related to age at menarche in humans, suggesting that the prominent physiological differences in the female reproductive system between chimpanzees and bonobos might be explained, in part, by putatively adaptive changes on the bonobo lineage.
Predictive entrainment of natural speech through two fronto-motor top-down channels
Authors: Park Hyojin , Thut Gregor , Gross Joachim 
Published: March 2018

AbstractNatural communication between interlocutors is enabled by the ability to predict upcoming speech in a given context. Previously we showed that these predictions rely on a fronto-motor top-down control of low-frequency oscillations in auditory-temporal brain areas that track intelligible speech. However, a comprehensive spatio-temporal characterisation of this effect is still missing. Here, we applied transfer entropy to source-localised MEG data during continuous speech perception. First, at low frequencies (1-4 Hz, brain delta phase to speech delta phase), predictive effects start in left fronto-motor regions and progress to right temporal regions. Second, at higher frequencies (14-18 Hz, brain beta power to speech delta phase), predictive patterns show a transition from left inferior frontal gyrus via left precentral gyrus to left primary auditory areas. Our results suggest a progression of prediction processes from higher-order to early sensory areas in at least two different frequency channels.
Polyamines support myogenesis by facilitating myoblast migration
Authors: Brenner Shirley , Feiler Yulia , Kahana Chaim 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTThe regeneration of the muscle tissue relies on the differentiation of myoblasts into myocytes, to create myotubes and myofibers. Disruption of key events in this process may interfere with the correct formation or repair of muscle tissue. Polyamines, ubiquitous polycations that are essential for fundamental cellular processes, were demonstrated necessary for myogenesis; however, the mechanism by which polyamines contribute to this process has not yet been deciphered. In the present study, we examined the effect of polyamine depletion on the muscle regeneration model of C2C12myoblasts. Our results reveal a requirement for polyamines at the very beginning of the muscle differentiation process. Myogenesis is accompanied by polyamine synthesis, even though the myoblasts contain high levels of polyamines at the moment of induction. Polyamine depletion at the time of induction, or inability to synthesize more polyamines during the first 24 hours of the process, inhibited myogenesis. Polyamine depletion inhibited the expression of all tested myogenic markers (Pax7, MyoD, Myogenin, Myf5 and Myosin heavy chain), as well as the cells migration and fusion abilities. Real time PCR analysis revealed two key early activation and migration factors, HGF and Annexin A1.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the FtsZ mutant G105S
Authors: Muthukumar Vidyalakshmi C 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn our previous studies we simulated FtsZ monomer and dimer in different nucleotide binding states. In our simulations, we had used theE.coliFtsZ homology model including the FtsZ Intrinsically Disordered Region (IDR). Our simulations revealed that FtsZ dynamics involves a key stage in which GTP binds to monomeric FtsZ and opens its nucleotide binding site which in turn favours polymerization. During dimerization, the C-terminal of the top monomer rotates considerably towards the bottom monomer. Such a rotation of the C-terminal domain leads to capture of the nucleotide by its N-terminal domain. In this study we simulate the FtsZ G105S mutant to see if it may have ATPase activity which was reported in a previous study.
A morphological and molecular analysis of the species diversity of the cichlid genus Petrochromis from Lake Tanganyika (Teleostei: Cichlidae)
Authors: Mattsson Carl 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA taxonomic revision of the cichlid fish genus Petrochromis endemic to Lake Tanganyika. All recognized taxa are herein described, one subspecies is given species status and five new species, viz. P. calliris, P. daidali, P. heffalumpus, P. lisachisme and P. paucispinis, are presented. P. calliris is described from 6 specimens from Cape Mpimbwe, and distinguished primarily by having a high number of both gill rakers on the lower limb of the first gill arch and vertebrae. P. daidali is described from 18 specimens from Cape Mpimbwe, Kansombo and Nkwazi point, and distinguished primarily by males having a labyrinth-like pattern on the head. P. heffalumpus is described from 7 specimens from Cape Mpimbwe, and distinguished primarily by its great size. P. lisachisme is described from 12 specimens from Cape Mpimbwe and Lyamembe, and distinguished primarily by having a high number of dorsal spines. P. paucispinis is described from 4 specimens from Halembe, and distinguished primarily by having a low number of dorsal spines. A revised key to Petrochromis is included. A phylogenetic tree hypothesis of the genus, based on molecular (mitochondrial cytochrome b and d-loop) and morphological results show that jaw position and number of vertebrae are important diagnostic characters. Analyses suggest that the “ancestral Petrochromis” might have looked something like P. orthognathus.
Beyond the borders of the local
Authors: Runesson Ulla , Lövström Anna , Hellquist Björn 
Published: March 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present how experiences gained from a theory-informed lesson study – learning study (LrS) – in regard to a specific learning goal can be shared and used by other teachers in new contexts.

Design/methodology/approach
A group of teachers worked together in a cyclic, iterative process of planning, evaluating and revising teaching. The aim was to provide possibilities for grade 2 and 3 students to become familiar with negative numbers. The teacher group came to the conclusion that the students needed to be able to differentiate some aspects of negative numbers. The conjecture was put to the test in a follow-up study (FS) with five new teachers and eight classes. One lesson was taught based on the empirical findings in the LrS.

Findings
The results suggest that teachers’ collaborative work has possibilities to produce knowledge about critical aspects of learning that can be communicated and adopted in new contexts. The teachers in the FS were able to make sense of the results from LrS and incorporate the critical aspects in their teaching in a way that enhanced students’ learning.

Originality/value
It is demonstrated that teacher collaboration in LrS can create knowledge that goes beyond the border of the local context.
The potential of Lesson Study project as a tool for dealing with dilemmas in university teaching
Authors: Calvo Adelina , Braga Blanco Gloria María , Fueyo Aquilina 
Published: March 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the potential of Lesson Study (LS) as a tool for dealing with dilemmas in university teaching.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper is the result of a LS project which was developed over two academic years (2015-2016 and 2016-2017) in the Faculties of Education and Teacher Training at the Universities of Cantabria and Oviedo (Spain). The research asked the question “How can better learning be achieved?” The starting point for the research methodology was the identification and analysis of teaching dilemmas. The whole process was based on the triangulation of perspectives through the collection of data using techniques such as peer observation, focus groups, interviews, and the writing of the Teacher’s final report. The methodology the authors used was inspired by the Student Voice “movement.”

Findings
The findings show that the potential of LS methodology for professional development in higher education is very promising, enabling teachers to deal with the questions raised by practice collaboratively, broaden their professional knowledge, introduce improvements, and establish new ways of understanding the teaching profession based on a collegial approach.

Originality/value
LS methodology is beginning to be known in Spain. Developments have only taken place very recently and there are still few experiences within the university context. It is not common practice for teaching in higher education to become a public space for reflection and research breaking from the traditional isolation between teachers and incorporating the voices of students.
Reporting sexual violence on mental health wards
Authors: Foley Marian , Cummins Ian 
Published: March 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to report the findings of a scoping study that explored the extent of recorded sexual violence perpetrated on inpatients on mental health (MH) units.

Design/methodology/approach
A Freedom of Information Act (FOI) request was sent to 45 police forces. The FOI asked for the number of recorded offences of rape and sexual assault by penetration for the five years 2010-2015. Following the responses from the police, a similar FOI request was sent to MH trusts.

Findings
There were significant variations in the way that both police forces and MH trusts approached the recording of this information.

Research limitations/implications
The research highlights variation and inadequacy of current recording practices in relation to sexual offences committed against inpatients on MH units.

Practical implications
There needs to be more consistent systems of recording of allegations of sexual assault and responses to them by agencies. In the trust recording of these incidents, it is recommended that a specific category of sexual violence is created. On a national level, the Office for National Statistics should produce a national data set that records the number of rapes that are committed in MH inpatient units.

Originality/value
This paper highlights the “gap” of information in relation to recorded rape and may indicate that complainants with a history of mental illness are less likely to have their allegation recorded as a crime.
The impact of personal income tax rates on the employment decisions of small businesses
Authors: Grace Kathleen 
Published: March 2018

Purpose
Small businesses file taxes in accordance with the personal income tax code because they are considered flow-through entities. Thus, personal income tax reforms directly affect the incentives small business owners face regarding employment and operations. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors use the changes in personal income tax rates during the 1993 and 2001-2003 reforms and micro-level data to estimate the effect of statutory tax rate changes on small business employment decisions.

Findings
The authors add two contributions to the current literature: first, the author allow for intertemporal tax planning and second, the author allow the firm’s decision to employ labor to be correlated with the firm’s wage bill decision. Estimation of a Heckman selection model for wage bills shows that the probability that a business will employ labor is 1.18 percent higher when current tax rates increase by one percentage point and 0.70 percent lower when future rates are expected to increase by one percentage point. Among firms that already employ labor, the median wage bill elasticity with respect to current tax rates is −0.64. These estimates are larger than those reported in previous research because my model includes future taxes and allows for correlation between the firm’s employment and wage bill decisions. Omitting the intertemporal tax responses biases the estimates of previous researchers upwards, whereas assuming the two firm decisions are independent biases estimates towards zero.

Originality/value
This paper has been cited in publications published in Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy.
Heuristic evaluation of e-dictionaries
Authors: Ball Liezl H. , Bothma Theo J.D. 
Published: March 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the heuristic evaluations of five e-dictionaries according to the criteria developed by Ball and Bothma (2018). E-dictionaries are increasingly making use of modern information technology to create advanced information tools. It is necessary to ensure that these new products are still usable. Heuristic evaluation is a usability evaluation method used to evaluate the usability of a product.

Design/methodology/approach
Five e-dictionaries were evaluated through heuristic evaluation. This method requires an evaluator to evaluate a product by using a set of criteria or guidelines.

Findings
Various usability issues, as well as good features of e-dictionaries, could be identified through these evaluations, and are discussed under the categories of content, information architecture, navigation, access (searching and browsing), help, customisation and use of other innovative technologies.

Originality/value
Through the evaluations in this study, the criteria could be validated and an example of how the criteria can be used to evaluate e-dictionaries could be presented.