bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'OPPOSIZIONE POLITICA NEI SISTEMI NON COMPETITIVI: UNA PREMESSA ANALITICA
Authors: Grilli Pietro 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneQuando si parla di «opposizione politica» ci si riferisce a quello che è probabilmente il criterio distintivo più valido e significativo per un'analisi tipologica dei regimi politici moderni. Il punto da approfondire, e che apre le porte alle analisi più interessanti, consiste nella valutazione dei motivi che sono a base dell'assenza o della presenza, e in questo secondo caso delle specificità di un'opposizione in un particolare sistema politico. Quali sono, in altre parole, le ragioni storiche, politiche, sociali e culturali che influiscono sulle caratteristiche delle opposizioni? E, prima ancora di tutto ciò, cosa è «opposizione»? Nell'analisi empirica il termine può avere una quantità di referenti molto diversi tra loro: un partito politico ostile al governo in carica, un sindacato, un gruppo di intellettuali dissidenti, un reparto di guerriglieri, un gruppo di pressione, e così via. Un quesito da risolvere è vedere se queste esperienze hanno abbastanza punti in comune da poter essere incluse in un medesimo quadro concettuale. Risolto questo primo problema sarà utile verificare a cosa vanno ascritte le loro diversità più evidenti.
Improving Access to High-Cost Technologies in the Asia Region
Authors: Mundy Linda , Trowman Rebecca , Kearney Brendon 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectivesDiscussions at the Health Technology Assessment International (HTAi) Asia Policy Forum (HAPF) aimed to understand the meaning of “high-cost technologies,” and to explore mechanisms to increase access to these technologies in publicly funded health systems in the Asia region.MethodsDiscussions and presentations at the 2018 HAPF, informed by a literature review and a premeeting survey of HTA agencies and industry, form the basis of this paper.ResultsChallenges payers in the public health system face when investing in high-cost technologies include a lack of data, especially real-world data, affordability, and the budgetary impact of high-cost technologies. Managed entry schemes (MES) are one means to enable earlier access to high-cost technologies, or at reduced cost to the system. Most countries surveyed had used an MES to introduce a new health technology and most industry representatives had experience with financial-based MES, such as discounts or rebates, with most put in place to increase access to pharmaceuticals. Little experience of outcome-based or evidence-generation MES was reported.ConclusionsAlthough it is early days in the implementation of MES in Asia, they have the potential to play an important role enabling access to new, mainly pharmaceutical, health technologies. The development of a “road map” of MES in the region should outline the intent and need for a MES, articulating the “rules of engagement” for all stakeholders—patients, providers, payers, and industry—which will assist countries to clearly identify the problem trying to be solved, and how an MES can be part of the solution.
GivingTshuveto the sick: correspondence columns of the Yiddish medical press in Poland
Authors: Tuszewicki Marek 
Published: May 2019

ArgumentSeveral Yiddish medical publications of various profiles appeared in independent Poland until 1939. These print media were associated with OZE and TOZ organizational structures and aimed to promote modern concepts of health and healthcare among the Jewish population in its native tongue. Some of these magazines offered space for direct consultations, which took the form of a correspondence corner. Questions sent in by readers ranged from apparently neutral topics, such as a healthy diet or hygiene, to controversial matters tormenting individuals in provincial milieus. The correspondence gives us an insight into popular ways of thinking about health and disease and indicates issues of high importance for a society in the process of modernization. The present paper discusses the questions and answers as they appeared in the Yiddish medical press (particularly in theFolksgezuntandDer Doktor), and presents the most crucial aspects of Jewish life they shed light on, including the historical and cultural background.
The course of professionalization: Jewish nursing in Poland in the interwar period
Authors: Zalashik Rakefet , Davidovitch Nadav 
Published: May 2019

ArgumentThis paper focuses on the Jewish nursing profession in Poland during the interwar period. We argue that the integration of Jewish women in medical activity under the AJDC (American Jewish Distribution Committee) and TOZ (Towarzystwa Ochrony Zdrowia Ludności Żydowskiej [the Society for the Protection of the Health of the Jewish People]) emerged in Poland less from the adoption of gender equality and more out of necessity. On the one hand, JDC and TOZ needed Jewish nurses and public health nurses to carry out their health campaigns and build a public health infrastructure. On the other hand, a new generation of Jewish women needed job opportunities that would enable them to make a living and be independent. More broadly this case study shows that the implementation of American “reformative” ideals into the local Polish reality, including in the newly emerging public health field, involved adaptation, negotiation, and in some cases, resentment.
Print exposure predicts pronoun comprehension strategies in children
Authors: ARNOLD Jennifer E. , CASTRO-SCHILO Laura , ZERKLE Sandra , RAO Leela 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLanguage development requires children to learn how to understand ambiguous pronouns, as in Panda Bear is having lunch with Puppy. He wants a pepperoni slice. Adults tend to link he with Panda Bear, the prior grammatical subject, but young children either fail to exhibit this bias (Arnold, Brown-Schmidt & Trueswell, 2007) or do so more slowly than adults (Hartshorne et al., 2015a; Song & Fisher, 2005). In the current study, we test whether language exposure affects this bias in elementary-school-age children. Children listened to stories like the one above, and answered questions like “Who wants a pepperoni slice?” which reveal their pronoun interpretation. Individual variation in the rate of selecting the subject character correlated with measures of print exposure, such that children who read more are more likely to follow the subject bias. This is the first study to establish that print exposure affects spoken pronoun comprehension in children.
Not All Killings Are Equally Wrong
Authors: Karhu Todd 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMany people believe that the wrongness of killing a person does not depend on factors like her age, condition, or how much she has to lose by dying – a view Jeff McMahan calls the ‘Equal Wrongness Thesis’. This article argues that we should reject the Equal Wrongness Thesis on the basis of the moral equivalence between killing a person and knocking her unconscious.
Organization of a School for Direct Instruction – A Principal’s View –
Authors: Parr Claudine 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis paper describes the introduction and continuing evolution of Direct Instruction programmes in Language, Reading and Arithmetic, in a School for developmentally delayed children in an institutional setting. An account is given of: the reasons for adopting Direct Instruction as a teaching method; staff training before and since the introduction of the system; detailed planning and implementation of the programmes; immediate results within the first six months; assessment procedures; and reactions by staff and outside observers. Cognitive and intellectual development achieved after two and a half years is analysed with the help of research data and audiovisual materials. This demonstrates a significant narrowing of the gap between ‘normal’ and ‘retarded’ functions and points to some likely longer term implications.
Daily Data Based Instructional Procedures in Arithmetic With Skill Deficient Students
Authors: Neal Dagmar 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMildly mentally handicapped students are commonly assumed to have not only low general ability, but also slow rates of learning. It is likewise held that current skill deficits of mildly handicapped students predict low potential. A classroom implementation of data based instruction or precision teaching, showed that groups of skill deficient children were able to progress and substantially change their current level of functioning along a series of teacher developed task analysed arithmetic sequences, after instruction.
Instructional Technology and Special Education
Authors: Wilton Keri 
Published: May 2019

The term instructional technology’ refers to two relatively distinct classes of phenomena which have been described by Saettler (1968) as“the physical science concept”— the application of physical science and engineering technology (movie projectors, television, teaching machines, computers, etc.) to the presentation of instructional materials, and“the behavioural science concept”— the application of behavioural science (especially psychology and sociology) to problems of learning and instruction. While both of these classes of phenomena clearly have considerable potential for improving the content and conduct of education — including special education, it is the writer’s belief that the extent to which “the physical science concept” can be effectively utilised in education/special education will be limited — indeed constrained by the current spate of knowledge which has been derived from “the behavioural science concept”. The present paper reflects this belief and is thus primarily concerned with “the behavioural science concept” — in particular with the application of psychology and sociology to problems of learning and instruction in special education.An initial clarification of the term “special education” also seems necessary. Following Kirk and Gallagher (1979), the term “special education” in the present paper will refer to those aspects of education required for handicapped or gifted children which are “unique and/or in addition to the instructional programme for all children [p. 13]” ‘Handicapped or gifted children’ being those who “deviate from the average or normal child (1) in mental characteristics, (2) in sensory abilities, (3) in neuro-motor or physical characteristics, (4) in social behaviour, (5) in communication abilities, or (6) in multiple handicap … to such an extent that modifications of school practices, or special educational services are required for the children to develop to maximum capacity” (Kirk & Gallagher, 1979 [p. 3].)
How adolescents cope with food insecurity in Baltimore City: an exploratory study
Authors: Mmari Kristin , Offiong Asari , Gross Susan , Mendelson Tamar 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:To increase our understanding about food insecurity among urban adolescents, we conducted a qualitative study in Baltimore City with adolescents to: (i) explore how adolescents experience and cope with food insecurity; and (ii) identify community-based approaches or interventions for addressing food insecurity.Design:A total of eight focus groups were conducted across six neighbourhoods. To gather sociodemographic characteristics and personal data on food insecurity, all consented adolescents completed a brief questionnaire.Setting:Six purposively selected neighbourhoods in Baltimore City, USA.Participants:A total of fifty-three adolescents between the ages of 14 and 19 years participated in the study.Results:Although half of our sample was classified as food insecure, everyone in the focus groups was aware of adolescents who engaged in risky behaviours to get money for food. Among girls, prostituting was the most commonly mentioned behaviour, whereas for boys, it was selling drugs or stealing to get money for food. Adolescents also described tremendous stigma associated with food insecurity and agreed that food insecurity has to be viewed within a broader set of economic challenges.Conclusions:Addressing food insecurity among adolescents in disadvantaged neighbourhoods should be a high priority for policy makers and practitioners. Current feeding programmes are not addressing the needs of adolescents; as a result, adolescents are at risk for a variety of harmful behaviours and outcomes, with long-term negative health and social consequences.
The MERiT Onboard the CeREs: A Novel Instrument to Study Energetic Particles in the Earth's Radiation Belts
Authors: Kanekal S. G. , Blum L. , Christian E. R. , Crum G. , Desai M. , Dumonthier J. , Evans A. , Greeley A. D. , Guerro S. , Livi S. , LLera K. , Lucas J. , MacKinnon J. , Mukherjee J. , Ogasawara K. , Paschalidis N. , Patel D. , Pollack E. , Riall S. , Schiller Q. , Suarez G. , Summerlin E. J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Miniaturized Electron pRoton Telescope, MERiT, is a low‐mass, low‐power, compact instrument using an innovative combination of particle detectors, sensor electronics, and onboard processing. MERiT is flying on the Compact Radiation belt Explorer, CeREs, a 3U CubeSat launched into a low earth orbit of 500‐km altitude and inclination of 85° on 16 December 2018. The primary and secondary science goals of CeREs are to investigate electron microbursts and to study solar particles. MERiT comprises a stack of solid state detectors (SSD) behind space facing avalanche photo diodes (APDs) surrounded by W‐Al shielding to reduce side‐penetrating particle background. The APD‐SSD combination enables measurement of electrons from 5 to 200 keV and 1 to 8 MeV; protons from 200–400 keV and 7–100 MeV in differential channels with energy resolution ΔE/E≈30% for both electrons and protons. MERiT measures microbursts with a high time resolution ranging from 4 to 16 ms and solar particles with a cadence of 1 s. MERiT energy channels and cadences are software configurable via algorithms and lookup tables residing on a field‐programmable gate array. The lookup tables can be changed via ground commands. MERiT geometry factor is 31 cm2‐sr and optimized to measure microbursts with the instrument viewing the local zenith in orbit. MERiT enables investigation of dynamical processes of radiation belt electron energization and loss, solar electron and proton transport, and their access to the Earth's polar caps. We describe the MERiT sensor design, calibration, operational modes, data products, and science goals.
Unveiled feather microcosm: feather microbiota of passerine birds is closely associated with host species identity and bacteriocin-producing bacteria
Authors: Javůrková Veronika Gvoždíková , Kreisinger Jakub , Procházka Petr , Požgayová Milica , Ševčíková Kateřina , Brlík Vojtěch , Adamík Peter , Heneberg Petr , Porkert Jiří 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The functional relevance of microbiota is a key aspect for understanding host–microbiota interactions. Mammalian skin harbours a complex consortium of beneficial microorganisms known to provide health and immune-boosting advantages. As yet, however, little is known about functional microbial communities on avian feathers, including their co-evolution with the host and factors determining feather microbiota (FM) diversity. Using 16S rRNA profiling, we investigated how host species identity, phylogeny and geographic origin determine FM in free-living passerine birds. Moreover, we estimated the relative abundance of bacteriocin-producing bacteria (BPB) and keratinolytic feather damaging bacteria (FDB) and evaluated the ability of BPB to affect FM diversity and relative abundance of FDB. Host species identity was associated with feather bacterial communities more strongly than host geographic origin. FM functional properties differed in terms of estimated BPB and FDB relative abundance, with both showing interspecific variation. FM diversity was negatively associated with BPB relative abundance across species, whereas BPB and FDB relative abundance was positively correlated. This study provides the first thorough evaluation of antimicrobial peptides-producing bacterial communities inhabiting the feather integument, including their likely potential to mediate niche-competition and to be associated with functional species-specific feather microbiota in avian hosts.
LncRNA H19 initiates microglial pyroptosis and neuronal death in retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Wan Peixing , Su Wenru , Zhang Yingying , Li Zhidong , Deng Caibin , Li Jinmiao , Jiang Nan , Huang Siyu , Long Erping , Zhuo Yehong 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIschemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a common pathology when the blood supply to an organ was disrupted and then restored. During the reperfusion process, inflammation and tissue injury were triggered, which were mediated by immunocytes and cytokines. However, the mechanisms initiating I/R-induced inflammation and driving immunocytes activation remained largely unknown. In this study, we identified long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)-H19 as the key onset of I/R-induced inflammation. We found that I/R increased lncRNA-H19 expression to significantly promote NLRP3/6 inflammasome imbalance and resulted in microglial pyroptosis, cytokines overproduction, and neuronal death. These damages were effectively inhibited by lncRNA-H19 knockout. Specifically, lncRNA-H19 functioned via sponging miR-21 to facilitate PDCD4 expression and formed a competing endogenous RNA network (ceRNET) in ischemic cascade. LncRNA H19/miR-21/PDCD4 ceRNET can directly regulate I/R-induced sterile inflammation and neuronal lesion in vivo. We thus propose that lncRNA-H19 is a previously unknown danger signals in the molecular and immunological pathways of I/R injury, and pharmacological approaches to inhibit H19 seem likely to become treatment modalities for patients in the near future based on these mechanistic findings.
Targeting HDAC/OAZ1 axis with a novel inhibitor effectively reverses cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Sun Yuhong , Bao Xuefei , Ren Yong , Jia Lina , Zou Shenglan , Han Jian , Zhao Mengyue , Han Mei , Li Hong , Hua Qixiang , Fang Yi , Yang Jingyu , Wu Chunfu , Chen Guoliang , Wang Lihui 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCisplatin yields significant efficacy and is generally used as a frontline therapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, acquired resistance strongly limits its application. Here, we identified that a novel histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor S11, with P-glycoprotein inhibitory activity, could obviously suppress cell growth in cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cell lines. In addition, S11 could increase the expression of Ac-H4 and p21, which confirmed its HDAC inhibitory action, suppress colony formation, and block cell migration of cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cells. Notably, co-treatment with S11 and cisplatin exhibited synergistically inhibitory efficacy in cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cells. Gene microarray data showed that OAZ1 was downregulated in resistant cells but upregulated after S11 treatment. Further study indicated that knockdown of OAZ1 by siRNA resulted in the decrease of sensitivity of resistant cells to cisplatin treatment and contributed to the increase of resistant cell migration. Additionally, ChIP assay data demonstrated that HDAC inhibitor S11 could increase the accumulation of Ac-H4 in OAZ1 promoter region, suggesting the direct regulation of OAZ1 by HDAC. Importantly, the combination of S11 and cisplatin overcome resistance through inhibiting HDAC activity and subsequently increasing the OAZ1 expression in preclinical model. Moreover, we observed that positive expression of HDAC1 was associated with the downregulation of OAZ1 in NSCLC patients with platinum-based treatment, and predicted drug resistance and poor prognosis. In summary, we demonstrated a role of HDAC/OAZ1 axis in cisplatin-resistant NSCLC and identified a promising compound to overcome cisplatin resistance.
Memory strength gates the involvement of a CREB-dependent cortical fear engram in remote memory
Authors: Matos Mariana R. , Visser Esther , Kramvis Ioannis , van der Loo Rolinka J. , Gebuis Titia , Zalm Robbert , Rao-Ruiz Priyanka , Mansvelder Huibert D. , Smit August B. , van den Oever Michel C. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractEncoding and retrieval of contextual memories is initially mediated by sparsely activated neurons, so-called engram cells, in the hippocampus. Subsequent memory persistence is thought to depend on network-wide changes involving progressive contribution of cortical regions, a process referred to as systems consolidation. Using a viral-based TRAP (targeted recombination in activated populations) approach, we studied whether consolidation of contextual fear memory by neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is modulated by memory strength and CREB function. We demonstrate that activity of a small subset of mPFC neurons is sufficient and necessary for remote memory expression, but their involvement depends on the strength of conditioning. Furthermore, selective disruption of CREB function in mPFC engram cells after mild conditioning impairs remote memory expression. Together, our data demonstrate that memory consolidation by mPFC engram cells requires CREB-mediated transcription, with the functionality of this network hub being gated by memory strength.
Absorbable hemostatic hydrogels comprising composites of sacrificial templates and honeycomb-like nanofibrous mats of chitosan
Authors: Leonhardt Eric E. , Kang Nari , Hamad Mostafa A. , Wooley Karen L. , Elsabahy Mahmoud 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe development of hemostatic technologies that suit a diverse range of emergency scenarios is a critical initiative, and there is an increasing interest in the development of absorbable dressings that can be left in the injury site and degrade to reduce the duration of interventional procedures. In the current study, β-cyclodextrin polyester (CDPE) hydrogels serve as sacrificial macroporous carriers, capable of degradation under physiological conditions. The CDPE template enables the assembly of imprinted chitosan honeycomb-like monolithic mats, containing highly entangled nanofibers with diameters of 9.2 ± 3.7 nm, thereby achieving an increase in the surface area of chitosan to improve hemostatic efficiency. In vivo, chitosan-loaded cyclodextrin (CDPE-Cs) hydrogels yield significantly lower amounts of blood loss and shorter times to hemostasis compared with commercially available absorbable hemostatic dressings, and are highly biocompatible. The designed hydrogels demonstrate promising hemostatic efficiency, as a physiologically-benign approach to mitigating blood loss in tissue-injury scenarios.
Poly(bis-arylimidazoliums) possessing high hydroxide ion exchange capacity and high alkaline stability
Authors: Fan Jiantao , Willdorf-Cohen Sapir , Schibli Eric M. , Paula Zoe , Li Wei , Skalski Thomas J. G. , Sergeenko Ania Tersakian , Hohenadel Amelia , Frisken Barbara J. , Magliocca Emanuele , Mustain William E. , Diesendruck Charles E. , Dekel Dario R. , Holdcroft Steven 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSolid polymer electrolyte electrochemical energy conversion devices that operate under highly alkaline conditions afford faster reaction kinetics and the deployment of inexpensive electrocatalysts compared with their acidic counterparts. The hydroxide anion exchange polymer is a key component of any solid polymer electrolyte device that operates under alkaline conditions. However, durable hydroxide-conducting polymer electrolytes in highly caustic media have proved elusive, because polymers bearing cations are inherently unstable under highly caustic conditions. Here we report a systematic investigation of novel arylimidazolium and bis-arylimidazolium compounds that lead to the rationale design of robust, sterically protected poly(arylimidazolium) hydroxide anion exchange polymers that possess a combination of high ion-exchange capacity and exceptional stability.