bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women's labour force participation in nineteenth‐century England and Wales: evidence from the 1881 census enumerators’ books
Authors: You Xuesheng 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article uses a new source of data, namely the full sample of the 1881 census enumerators’ books, to study female labour force participation. It examines the interaction between labour demand and supply to gauge their relative importance in determining female labour force participation rates (LFPRs). Three main findings emerge from the current article. First, there is an unmistakable link between labour demand and female LFPRs. High levels of female labour force participation are found in areas where there were industries with ample demand for female labour. Second, supply‐side factors also had clear effects on female LFPRs. However, they can only operate within the limit imposed by the demand‐side conditions. Third, female migration did not fundamentally change the spatial patterns of female LFPRs. Overall, this article argues that the demand side of the female labour market was the most important factor in determining female LFPRs in nineteenth‐century England and Wales.
A field test of the audibility of urban versus rural songs in mountain chickadees
Authors: LaZerte Stefanie E. , Slabbekoorn Hans , Otter Ken A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAnthropogenic noise can mask avian vocalizations, and several urban‐dwelling species adjust frequency or amplitude of vocalizations in ways that appear to compensate for increased noise levels. Playback studies have investigated whether receivers differentiate between signals produced by rural and urban males, but it is difficult to determine whether differential response to stimulus reflects differences in audibility versus perceived differences in male signals/condition that result from urban settlement. Here, we performed paired‐playback trials to determine whether mountain chickadees (Poecile gambeli) differentiate urban versus rural songs when both stimuli were broadcast within noise. For each playback, stimuli were played in short bouts starting at a low signal‐to‐noise ratio and increasing in relative amplitude with each successive bout. If the primary function of adjusted urban songs is propagation in noise, we hypothesized that focal males would respond sooner to urban versus rural playbacks (detect at lower signal‐to‐noise ratios). If urban songs solely encode information about the male's condition (such as increased aggression), then we predicted only a differential aggressive response to playbacks once detected. If urban songs both increase propagation and embed information on male condition, we predicted a combination of both response types. We found no difference in latency to first response in urban versus rural songs, but some evidence for differential aggression to playback dependent on both stimulus type (urban vs. rural) and local ambient noise levels; focal males in noisy (urban) sites responded aggressively to both stimulus types, whereas focal males in quiet (rural) sites responded more aggressively to urban than to rural stimuli. This context‐dependent discrimination may be the result of increased aggression in urban habitats, improved communication in noisy habitats by urban signallers and receivers, or some combination of the two.
Iron superoxide dismutase contributes to miltefosine resistance in Leishmania donovani
Authors: Veronica Jalaja , Chandrasekaran Sambamurthy , Dayakar Alti , Devender Moodu , Prajapati Vijay Kumar , Sundar Shyam , Maurya Radheshyam 
Published: May 2019

The emergence of drug‐resistant Leishmania is the major challenge to management of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in areas in which this parasite is endemic. Miltefosine has been widely used against VL, but the emergence of resistant strains could impose a significant threat in the near future. The present study used high‐throughput proteomics to determine whether proteins are differentially expressed in miltefosine‐resistant (BHU875) and ‐sensitive (DD8) Leishmania donovani strains. Comparative proteomic analysis revealed up‐regulation of iron superoxide dismutase (FeSODA) in the resistant BHU875 strain compared to the drug‐sensitive DD8 strain. In accordance with the proteomic data, BHU875 showed higher FeSODA enzymatic activity relative to the sensitive strain. Molecular characterization of BHU875 parasites in which the gene encoding FeSODA was silenced demonstrated that drug sensitivity was restored and the intracellular survival of the parasite was lowered. This suggests that FeSODA activity plays a part in miltefosine resistance. Our study provides a drug target that could be used to overcome miltefosine resistance or help in rational redesigning of miltefosine‐based therapy to combat Leishmania infection.
Impact of field fungal contamination of barley on ensiling properties, nutritional quality and the microbiome of barley silage
Authors: Nair Jayakrishnan , Turkington T. Kelly , Blackshaw Robert , Geddes Charles M. , Lupwayi Newton Z. , Xu Shanwei , Yang Jinli , Yang Hee‐Eun , Wang Yuxi , McAllister Tim A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBarley varieties of differing fungal disease resistance were grown in triplicate plots at Lacombe and Lethbridge, Alberta with the disease resistant variety (FR) sprayed with a foliar fungicide to maximize differences in field fungal disease. Both varieties were harvested at soft dough and ensiled in minisilos to assess differences in fungal contamination on ensiling properties, nutritional quality, aerobic stability and associated bacterial and fungal microbiomes. Data were analysed as repeated measures with the effect of treatment × time (duration of ensiling or aerobic exposure) included in the model. The percentage leaf area diseased by net form net blotch was higher (p < 0.05) in the untreated barley cv. Sundre (UN, 59.1% leaf area affected at Lacombe and 25.2% at Lethbridge) than in the FR barley cv. Chigwell (0.7% leaf area affected at Lacombe and 0.1% at Lethbridge). Fungal resistant barley had a lower (p < 0.01) acid and neutral detergent fibre content. Relative abundance of Xanthomonadales was higher (p = 0.02) for FR than UN, while Lactobacillales dominated the bacterial microbiome after 60 day of ensiling in both silages. Bacillales dominated both FR and UN after 21 day of aerobic exposure. Fungal resistant fresh barley forage had a tendency (p = 0.10) for a greater relative abundance of Pleosporales, while UN had higher (p < 0.01) Hypocreales. Mould counts were lower (p = 0.01) for FR than UN after 7 day of ensiling. Fungal resistant barley had minimal influence on the fungal community that contributed to the aerobic deterioration of barley silage.
Histological analysis of fundic gland polyps secondary to PPI therapy
Authors: Fukuda Masahide , Ishigaki Hirohito , Sugimoto Mitsushige , Mukaisho Ken‐Ichi , Matsubara Akiko , Ishida Hideaki , Moritani Suzuko , Itoh Yasushi , Sugihara Hiroyuki , Andoh Akira , Ogasawara Kazumasa , Murakami Kazunari , Kushima Ryoji 
Published: May 2019

AimsThe aim of this study was to clarify the histopathological features of fundic gland polyps (FGPs) in patients treated with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and to investigate the mechanism of enlargement of FGPs after PPI treatment.Methods and resultsA total of 196 biopsy specimens of FGPs, which consisted of 87 FGPs in patients treated with PPIs (PPI group) and 109 FGPs in patients treated without PPIs (non‐PPI group) were compared histologically using haematoxylin and eosin staining, Ki67 immunohistochemistry and multiplex immunohistochemical stain with Ki67, MUC5AC and MUC6. The significant histological features of FGPs in the PPI group were: larger size of dilated fundic gland cysts, larger number of foveolar and mixture type fundic gland cysts, foveolar cell hyperplasia, parietal cell protrusion, mononuclear cell infiltration and a higher percentage of Ki67‐positive cells in the deeper layers of the glands. Multiplex immunohistochemical stain showed that Ki67‐positive cells were also positive for MUC5AC, and the Ki67‐positive rate was significantly higher in MUC5AC‐positive cells of the PPI group than of the non‐PPI group. Gene mutations of β‐catenin were found in only 9.7% of FGPs in the PPI group.ConclusionsEnlargement of fundic gland cysts due to foveolar cell proliferation and parietal cell protrusion might promote the enlargement of FGPs in patients treated with PPIs. β‐catenin gene mutations might not be associated with these histological changes of FGPs after PPI treatment.
Anti‐inflammatory / anti‐oxidant activity of ingredients of sunscreen products? Implications for SPF
Authors: Kolbe L. , Pissavini M. , Tricaud C. , Trullás Cabanas C. , Dietrich E. , Matts P. J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of sunscreen products is derived from testing in vivo their ability to prevent erythema (“sunburn”). Recently, certain articles have raised concerns that sunscreen products may actively suppress erythema via anti‐inflammatory / anti‐oxidant (AI/AO) activity. These articles reason that this may result in a higher labelled SPF value than that provided by the efficacy of the UVR filters alone, giving consumers a “false sense of security”. On the other hand, since inflammatory processes are known to play a role in the mechanisms of photodamage / skin cancer induction and propagation, AI/AO activity may provide valuable incremental photoprotective benefit (provided that there is no interference with visible erythema). The objective of these studies, therefore, was to investigate the potential of AI/AO ingredients to suppress UVR‐induced erythemal response in human skin, in vivo.MethodsIn vivo studies with SPF30 sunscreen formulations containing a variety of AI/AO ingredients were performed according to the International Standard ISO24444:2010 method. While ISO24444:2010 requires assessment of erythema at 20 ± 4h post‐irradiation, an additional assessment at 5 h post‐irradiation was also used to determine potential delay in erythema development.ResultsNone of the formulations, containing a variety of AI/AO ingredients, influenced SPF determination in comparison to the vehicle formulation.ConclusionOur in vivo results demonstrate that commonly‐used AI/AO ingredients, at concentrations typically used in sunscreen products, neither influence SPF value nor delay erythemal response, i.e., the measured SPF reflects the true photoprotective capacity of the product.
The mediational effect of coherence on the relationship between mental load and job burnout among oncology nurses
Authors: Wilczek‐Rużyczka Ewa , Dębska Grażyna , Pasek Małgorzata , Zwierzchowska Marta 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAimsThe purpose of this study was to determine the mediational effect of coherence on the relationship between mental load and job burnout among oncology nurses.BackgroundWorking stress and strain cause high mental load and can lead to job burnout among oncology nurses. Sense of coherence protects against the negative consequences of occupational mental load and may prevent professional burnout.Materials and methodsThe study was carried out with 165 oncology nurses from chemotherapy departments. The data were collected from April to September 2013 using the Antonovsky Sense of Coherence Scale, Meister questionnaire, and Maslach Burnout Inventory.ResultsManageability mediated the relations between Mental Load and both Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization. Meaningfulness exerted significant mediational effect on the relationship between Mental Load and Depersonalization. Manageability and Meaningfulness attenuate the unfavourable effect of Monotony and Unspecific load on motional Exhaustion and Depersonalization.ConclusionsSense of coherence, especially Manageability and Meaningfulness, seems to be an important resource for oncology nurses, buffering the negative impact of mental load on well‐being of nurses. Strengthening the sense of coherence can be helpful in preventing or dealing with professional burnout.
Intratumoral regulatory T cells: markers, subsets and their impact on anti‐tumor immunity
Authors: Yano Hiroshi , Andrews Lawrence P. , Workman Creg J. , Vignali Dario A. A. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryRegulatory T (Treg) cells play a crucial role in maintaining self‐tolerance and resolution of immune responses by employing multifaceted immunoregulatory mechanisms. However, Treg cells readily infiltrate into the tumor microenvironment (TME) and dampen anti‐tumor immune responses, thereby becoming a barrier to effective cancer immunotherapy. There has been a substantial expansion in the development of novel immunotherapies targeting various inhibitory receptors (IRs), such as CTLA4, PD1 and LAG3, but these approaches have mechanistically focused on the elicitation of anti‐tumor responses. However, enhanced inflammation in the TME could also play a detrimental role by facilitating the recruitment, stability and function of Treg cells by up‐regulating chemokines that promote Treg cell migration, and/or increasing inhibitory cytokine production. Furthermore, IR blockade may enhance Treg cell function and survival, thereby serving as a resistance mechanism against effective immunotherapy. Given that Treg cells are comprised of functionally and phenotypically heterogeneous sub‐populations that may alter their characteristics in a context‐dependent manner, it is critical to identify unique molecular pathways that are preferentially used by intratumoral Treg cells. In this review, we discuss markers that serve to identify certain Treg cell subsets, distinguished by chemokine receptors, IRs and cytokines that facilitate their migration, stability and function in the TME. We also discuss how these Treg cell subsets correlate with the clinical outcome of patients with various types of cancer and how they may serve as potential TME‐specific targets for novel cancer immunotherapies.
A new parameter for characterizing Eu3+ distribution in mixed‐valence Eu‐doped cubic LaF3‐based transparent glass‐ceramics
Authors: Li Xiaoman , Guo Hai , Liu Xueyun , Wei Rongfei , Hu Fangfang , Zhou Shaoshuai 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMixed‐valence Eu‐doped transparent oxyfluoride glass‐ceramics containing cubic LaF3 nanocrystals were fabricated by traditional melt‐quenching technique and consequent annealing processes. Their structural and luminescent properties were systemically investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy, absorption, excitation, emission spectra, and fluorescence lifetime measurements. Analyses of XRD patterns prove that the new precipitated nanocrystals disperse in glass‐ceramics crystallize in cubic LaF3. The spectroscopic investigations show that Eu2+ ions have been incorporated into the LaF3 nanocrystals preferentially, while Eu3+ ions still remain in the glass phase after crystallization. Based on the spectral results, a new parameter was defined to describe the changes of the environments of Eu3+ before and after crystallization more straightforwardly and more sensitively, where RPG and RGC represent the integrated intensity radio of 5D0 → 7F2 to 5D0 → 7F1 emissions of Eu3+ in PG and GC samples, respectively. Our investigation will not only enrich the understanding of fluoride nanocrystals‐based oxyfluoride glass‐ceramics, but also the distribution and luminescence behaviors of Eu3+ ions in them.
Hierarchical cellular scaffolds fabricated via direct foam writing using gelled colloidal particle‐stabilized foams as the ink
Authors: Ren Bo , Liu Jingjing , Wang Yali , Chen Yugu , Gan Ke , Rong Yedong , Yang Jinlong 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHierarchical cellular architectures hold great potential in a vast range of applications due to their superior mechanical properties and multifunctionality. In the present work, hierarchical structures composed of porous struts patterned in the form of quadrangular and triangular honeycombs were fabricated via direct foam writing (DFW) using colloidal particle‐stabilized Al2O3‐MgO‐SiO2 foams as the ink. Hydration process of MgO and subsequent formation of colloidal Mg(OH)2 network endowed the foam ink with viscoelasticity and high storage modulus. The resulting honeycombs with ultrahigh overall porosity (95.3%) and robust compressive strength (2.5 MPa) can be readily fabricated by DFW. The current work exhibits a significant step toward the scalable production of cellular ceramics with hierarchical architecture for various applications, including tissue scaffolds, catalyst supports, thermal insulation, and lightweight structures.
Estimating the Equity Risk Premium and Expected Equity Rates of Return: The Case of Canada
Authors: Booth Laurence 
Published: May 2019

It is common to use the average excess return of equities over bonds estimated over long time periods as an expected equity risk premium on the grounds that going back far enough covers most possible economic scenarios. But although this data is useful in guiding the exercise of judgment, it cannot substitute for judgment. Adding more years of data to the near century of Canadian stock and bond returns that inform today's estimate of the equity risk premium will not produce a “random walk” for a simple reason: the historic bond series is the result of a specific historic monetary policy. This is particularly true of and important for the case of Canada, where today's very low current bond yields reflect the emergence of the Canadian dollar as a reserve currency as well as the impact of unconventional monetary policy elsewhere.After analyzing the historic record of the Canadian equity risk premium and noting the need for adjustments when this premium is applied to the current anomalously low Canadian long‐term bond yields, the author reaches the following conclusions:
The historic Canadian equity risk premium is approximately 5.0% (based on arithmetic returns), which is slightly lower than the roughly 6.0% value for the U.S.
The historic equity risk premium has not been constant because of obvious changes in the Canadian bond market. To some extent, the huge cycle in which bond yields began their increase from the 4.0% level starting in 1957, when markets were liberalized, and then fell back to the 4.0% level in 2007‐2008 completed an adjustment to changes in fiscal versus monetary policy. However, in 2016, average long Canada bond yields dropped to an anomalously low 1.8%, which is below the long‐term inflation target of the Bank of Canada, and have barely recovered since. It is difficult to view this as an equilibrium rate determined by private investors.
Of the drop in bond yields, about 0.50% is unique to Government of Canada bonds as they became attractive to sovereign investors as a rare AAA‐rated issuer.
Using an indicator variable for the post‐2010 years, a simple regression analysis indicates that current long Canada bond yields should be about 2.75% higher but for the recent changes. And for 2018, this means that the 2.35% average long Canada bond yield should have been about 5.0%. Apart from the impact of higher government deficits, this is consistent with average yields before the 2008 financial crisis.
Adding an adjusted 5.0% long Canada bond yield to the historic equity risk premium in Canada of 4.50% gives 9.50% for the cost of the overall equity market or, given the Bank of Canada's target inflation rate of 2.0%, a real equity return of 7.5%, both slightly higher than the long‐run averages.
In sum, the conventional practice of adding a historic market risk premium to the current low Canada long bond yields would impart a sharp downward bias to current equity cost estimates; use of this method would not be appropriate until long Canada bond yields increase to at least the 4.0% level.
Fundamental movement skills in children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review
Authors: Maïano Christophe , Hue Olivier , April Johanne 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundThis systematic review is a synthesis of studies concerning: (a) mastery, deficits, and/or delays in fundamental movement skills (FMS) among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities; (b) comparisons of FMS between children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities and those with typical development (TD); and (c) correlates of FMS.MethodA systematic electronic search was performed in 12 databases. Seventeen studies, published between 1951 and 2017, met the inclusion criteria.ResultsChildren with intellectual disabilities exhibited a lack of mastery and deficits/developmental delays in FMS. They tended to have significantly lower FMS performance than children with TD. Adolescents with intellectual disabilities had developmental delays in balance skills, but were not compared with adolescents with TD. Mastery or deficits in FMS were not explored. Several variables were significantly correlated with FMS among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities.ConclusionIn future studies, FMS should be examined as an important outcome among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities.
Effects of Dementia Care Mapping on job satisfaction and caring skills of staff caring for older people with intellectual disabilities: A quasi‐experimental study
Authors: Schaap Feija D. , Finnema Evelyn J. , Stewart Roy E. , Dijkstra Geke J. , Reijneveld Sijmen A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe ageing of people with intellectual disabilities, involving consequences like dementia, creates a need for methods to support care staff. One promising method is Dementia Care Mapping (DCM). This study examined the effect of DCM on job satisfaction and care skills of ID‐care staff.MethodsWe performed a quasi‐experimental study in 23 group homes for older people with intellectual disabilities in the Netherlands. Among staff, we assessed job satisfaction and care skills as primary outcomes and work experience measures as secondary outcomes (N = 227).ResultsDementia Care Mapping achieved no significantly better effect than care as usual (CAU) for primary outcomes on job satisfaction (MWSS‐HC) and working skills (P‐CAT). Effect sizes varied from −0.18 to −0.66. We also found no differences for any of the secondary outcomes.ConclusionDementia Care Mapping does not increase job satisfaction and care skills of staff caring for older people with intellectual disabilities. This result differs from previous findings and deserves further study.