bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deepwater Northwest Borneo Geohazards Catalogue: Impact on Hydrocarbon Exploration and Development
Authors: Bong K. , Kamaruddin F. , Ismail S. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The seafloor and near-seafloor in northwest (NW) Borneo contains numerous challenges for the oil and gas industry. In recent geologic history (Miocene and Pliocene), NW Borneo has been very active. The collision of the Borneo plate with continental fragments in the South China Sea resulted in a deepwater fold and thrust belt. The fold and thrust belt is combined with both rapid sedimentation and an active hydrocarbon system resulting in significant geohazards. As part of the analysis, high-resolution seabed surveys, 3D seismic data, sediment cores, and well data were used to characterize these geohazards. Steep seafloor slopes, fault scarps, and fluid escape structures related to active, natural hydrocarbon escape features define the seafloor geomorphology, whilst gas, gas hydrates, overpressure, faulting, and over-consolidated sediment are common in near-seafloor strata in this region. These deepwater geohazards impact Shell's drilling and field development activities. Rigorous assessment of geohazards is critical for safe and efficient hydrocarbon exploration and development. The management of geohazards has been greatly improved by the Geohazards Catalogue, a web-based tool using My Maps (Shell's web mapping platform), and a new defined workflow to capture the full life cycle of geohazards data review and reporting. The catalogue has enabled geohazards specialists to focus on assessment, rather than searching for data. It is a valuable tool that increases effectiveness and efficiency of the geohazards assessment workflow in the organization.
Stochastic Approach on the Prediction of Deck Slamming Occurrence for Column-Stabilizing Platforms
Authors: Nam Hyunseung , Lim Dong-Hyun , Kim Yonghwan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Deck slamming phenomenon is one of the most critical factors in the design of column-stabilizing platforms. However, the prediction of its occurrence is not simple due to nonlinear effects in wave elevation and platform motion. In this paper, a stochastic approach is proposed to predict efficiently the probability of deck-slamming occurence for offshore structures. The present approach is based on the assumption of potential flow up to the second order and has four steps: representing relative wave elevation as two-term Volterra series, solving the eigenvalue problem, formulating the probability distribution of peaks applying the Hermite-moment method, and predicting the deck-slamming occurrence. Tension leg platform(TLP) and semi-submersible platform are considered as example models for the application of the present method, and the probability of deck slamming on various points is investigated for several ocean environmental conditions.
Unlocking Field Potential from High Mercury Wells: New Opportunities, Challenges and Solutions
Authors: Charoensawadpong P. , Chatwarodom P. , Manit P. , Atibodhi N. , Yongmanitchai M. , Hayook C. , Sujijantararat K. , Suwanvesh K. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The nature characteristic of the gas field in the Gulf of Thailand is having high CO2 and Mercury (Hg) content which pose significant operational challenges. Hg content ranges from 50 ppb to as high as 20,000 ppb, averagely at 3,000 ppb. More than half of those wells are required to be shut down under new sales condensate agreement which limit Hg content at 3000 ppb, resulting in a significant loss of opportunity in production. Since the production facility is already existed, it is challenging to maintain production and extend the field life by unlocking opportunities from those high Hg wells.
This paper will describe how to cope with Hg challenges to unlock potential from the field. Specifically, the short term and long term Hg handling and management plan, the operational challenges facing along the way and innovative yet simple solutions will be presented. With the successful Hg management project, the production from high Hg well is resumed. The long term solution by physical filtration method has achieved more than 80% of Hg removal efficiency. Hg filter operation together with the well integrated Hg management plan is the key to unlock field potential from high Hg wells.
Green Water Evaluation for FPSOs During Cyclones
Authors: Chen L. , Draper S. , Wolgamot H. , Taylor P. H. , Milne I. A. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A numerical tool is developed to predict the heading of a weather-vaning FPSO and the freeboard exceedance distribution around an FPSO for the assessment of greenwater overtopping. The heading prediction is compared with full-scale measurements from an operating FPSO for validation. The validated model is then applied to explore the behavior of FPSOs during the passage of tropical cyclones off the North West Shelf (NWS) of Australia. A synthetic database is used to represent tropical cyclone metocean conditions. The vessel is found to experience oblique wave attack frequently due to the misalignment in waves, current and wind. At some instances the vessel can be exposed to beam seas during the passage of a cyclone.
Analysis of freeboard exceedance indicates that three locations around the vessel are susceptible to increased risk of greenwater, these are the bow area, amidships and the stern of the vessel. It is also found that for locations around the bow and stern areas of the vessel, combinations of slightly smaller wave heights and shorter wave periods can lead to larger freeboard exceedance events. The freeboard exceedance statistics are sensitive to the vessel heading for the locations on the vessel where the exceedance event occurs. The incoming waves associated with extreme relative wave motion, i.e. freeboard exceedance, in directionally spread seas typical of tropical cyclones are identified. It is found that the maximum elevations of these incoming waves occur some time (on the order of one wave period) before the maximum freeboard exceedance for the seastates and vessel locations analysed due to the vessel motions.
Bearing Characteristics of Composite Conductor Structure: Deepwater Conductor Pipe with Suction Bucket Foundation
Authors: Changbin Kan , Jin Yang , Xiaocong Yu , Chao Fu , Nanding Hu , Lei Li , Yuming Yang , Can Zhang , Huanhuan Wang , Fatai Abimbola 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In order to improve the vertical and lateral load bearing capacity of the drilling conductor, composite design of bucket foundation and drilling conductor was studied. The bearing behavior of composite conductor subjected to lateral and longitudinal external loads was investigated. In this paper, the finite element analysis was conducted by two methods, load loading and displacement loading. The bearing capacity and influencing factors of composite conductor were studied with consideration of contact surface models of composite structures and surrounding soil. The results show that the vertical bearing capacity increase with the depth increasement of the bucket foundation under the combined bearing effect of the bucket foundation and the conductor. Meanwhile, the depth of the embedded point of the composite conductor increases with the bending moment when subjected to lateral loads. When the bending moment is constant on the structure top, the lateral displacement of the structure increases with the increase of the vertical force, and the depth of the embedded point increases with the increase of the vertical force. The results also show that the change of the bending moment at the top of the composite conductor is more significant than that on the lateral displacement. The composite foundation can effectively reduce the displacement of the deepwater conductor and improve the lateral and vertical load bearing capacity of the structure. And also the research results can provide theoretical reference for further development and optimization of the deepwater composite conductor structure.
Well Design Assurance: An Independent Compliance Evaluation Scheme
Authors: Rios Renato , Johnstone Kris , Robb Dave , Walsh Frank , Davies Phil 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Over the past decade, three mega-trends have created a groundswell of worldwide demand for government regulations on well construction activities. The first, hydrocarbon exploration and production in remote places and in reservoirs that are difficult to access and/or produce. The second, technology developments that have gradually redefined the boundaries of "conventional" in the different codes of practice. And the third, and perhaps the most important, is the renewed and urgent focus on environmental impact and sustainability, hastened by the rise of alternative sources of energy and the industry's serious and preventable incidents.
In addition, as organizations cut costs and make their best to navigate the low oil-price environment, there is an admitted concern of regulators (e.g. BSEE, HSE and PSA, 2017) that such optimization could result in squeezed margins in assets, operating systems and organizations. In response, regulators have moved toward standardization. Most operators have welcomed this approach, as criteria for approvals are clearer and equipment development costs decrease as a result of the shared functional specifications.
For well construction, one of the key industry initiatives to address the major system level risks relies on independent Well Design Verification/Assurance. It consist on applying disciplined engineering processes to examine a given design and analytically determine conformity with requirements (after API TR 17T8, 2015). The specified requirements include the mechanical integrity, life cycle service, and other survability requirements. This tool is an independent compliance assessment.
This paper describes the approach, major elements and high key considerations derived from accumulated experience of performing independent Well Design Verification for different clients and operators around the world.
Middle East First Introduction of MWD and RSS Systems Below Mud Motor Mitigates Vibrations in Harsh Drilling Environment and Delivers a Record Well in Egypt Western Desert Khalda Operations
Authors: Abdelsamad Hamdy , Muir Douglas , Ibrahim Abdelshafy , Mansour Mahmoud , Osman Ahmed , Rafik Ahmed , Remah Mostafa 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Egypt Western Desert drilling fields have been known for harsh drilling environment, shock and vibrations conditions, interbedding and abrasive formations. Drilling assemblies have normally been suffering from excessive damages drilling through these conditions. Motorized rotary steerable drilling systems (RSS) were mostly considered the favored mechanism of drilling in this environment as they delivered higher drilling performance and mitigated vibration harmonics from transmitting higher up the string. Realtime shocks and vibrations data from directional tools was critical information to ensure safe and efficient drilling parameters and managing this harsh drilling environment without operating the equipment beyond its specifications.
In a recent western desert well, Khalda Petroleum Company (KPC) endorsed a new drilling strategy by modifying the conventional motorized rotary steerable drilling assembly from having only the RSS below the motor to having both the MWD and RSS tools below the motor. This modification was designed to enable KPC get closer measurements to bit with full transmission of all downhole data to surface to optimize the drilling parameters. The modification also aimed at increasing the bottom hole assembly (BHA) stability to prolong the run duration. To ensure reaching this goal, the design phase focused on two main directions. First, multiple finite element analysis modeling was implemented to ensure the optimum BHA stability and resistance to shocks and vibrations conditions. Second, KPC took needed considerations on the mud motor design, RSS operational procedures and MWD setup to ensure that these would fit properly in the new BHA design.
The strategy implemented has shown great success in delivering the section safely and with no incidents related to downhole drilling uncertainties and conditions. The section delivered the required directional profile with great precision and adherence. The new BHA actual data has shown high conformance to the modeled data and no shocks and vibrations conditions were encountered. The section was drilled in one run and was considered the longest and fastest directional run in its field. This has eventually lead to delivering this milestone section 3 days ahead of its planned timing.
Cost Effective Smart Cleaning Pigs Enabling High Frequency Pipeline Inspection
Authors: Jones Callum , Smith Richard 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Pigging is necessary in both the maintenance and inspection of any pipeline, whether subsea or onshore. Operating in challenging environments and carrying potentially corrosive elements within the flow, a pipeline operator needs to be able to make decisions on integrity management based on relevant data.
In Line Inspection (ILI) tools are typically deployed every three to seven years and give an operator detailed data on the integrity of their pipeline. However, these tools can be complex to operate, disruptive to operations, expensive to run and sometimes not deployed often enough to give operators a key insight into their pipeline integrity before an incident occurs.
This paper will outline a new approach developed by a pioneering service company which enables operators to gather a significant volume of critical integrity data of their pipelines during regular cleaning and maintenance pig runs. The ability to inspect while cleaning reduces the requirement for mobilizing high value, MFL based ILI tools which additionally reduces personnel on board and improves operation economics.
An Effective Imaging Method which Combines Amplitude & Frequency Information in Seismic Sedimentology: RGB Blending
Authors: Du Jianpo , Ghulam Shabeer , Tan Seng Wah , Uli Deliza Aleesha 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Seismic sedimentology has been widely used in Oil & Gas Exploration and Development industry. This is about the use of seismic data to study sedimentary rocks and the processes by which they form, and variety of techniques have been adopted in this emerging discipline, like Minus ninety degree rotation of seismic, Spectral Decomposition and Seismic inversion. The key objective is to obtain a high quality 2D image by Strata slice from these techniques. This 2D image contains lithological information from a certain geological time, and might help to delineate external reservoir architecture related to geomorphology and depositional model (such as channel, mouth bar and shoreface).
The conventional methods in Strata slice utilize either amplitude or frequency information. RGB blending, which divides the seismic into 3 cubes of different frequency band and blends together with Red, Green and Blue color, combines both amplitude and frequency information, thus RGB blending might provide a better image with rich information.
In this paper, the workflow of RGB blending contains 4 steps, the first step is to rotate the raw seismic by minus ninety degree, then the seismic amplitude could be used for lithological interpretation. The second step, based on the spectrum of the seismic, is to divide the seismic into 3 cubes of high, middle and low frequency band data through Marr wavelet transform. The summary of the 3 divided cubes should be very close to the seismic. In the third step, the amplitude of each three cubes will be converted into RGB color. The high, middle and low frequency band cube corresponds to Blue, Green and Red color respectively. The last step, blends the 3 color cubes together and do strata slice. The resultant 2D image will contain both amplitude and frequency information.
Seismic sedimentology study in one of producing field in Malaysia showed obvious applicability of RGB blending technique.
Transient Numerical Model for Narrow MPD Window
Authors: Fares Naceredine 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In some wells, especially those drilled through fractured formations, the difference between the fracture pressure and the reservoir pressure becomes narrow. In these wells, maintaining ECD within the limits of fracture and reservoir pressures is a very challenging task, as many parameters have to be adjusted simultanusly to maintain the ECD.
When changing the pump rate and the backpressure to maintain the ECD within the MPD window, drilling fluid mass will change and an extra amount of fluid will be accumulated or released from the system as a result of the transient flow.
A numerical model is developed to enable the computation of the system mass change at any time due to change of the drilling parameters, which has to match the difference between the inflow and outflow. Any deviation will be interpreted as an external mass source (formation influx) or leak (fluid losses) and this can be used to enables early detection of losses or of formation influxes.
Advanced Analytics Solutions: Towards a Data Driven Organisation
Authors: Thajudeen S. Syed 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This paper describes the PETRONAS' journey towards a data driven organization from the operational excellence perspective which includes the planning process, strategies, collaboration with multiple stakeholders, business case, technology selection, ICT infrastructure, management of change, capability building and many other challenges.
The right data needs to be identified and the data has to be clean to ensure analytics can be performed and the right decisions can be made laterally across functions and businesses to achieve optimum operational excellence.
Right at the equipment and process layer, the Internet of Things (IoT) provides a network of sensors and smart devices, with the advanced ability to make sense out of the data through the use of analytic tools and cloud services.
Access to readily available technical data from instrumentation connected to process and machinery equipment at both Upstream and Downstream facilities allows the Subject Matter Experts at centre to perform advanced analytics & provide solutions for optimization and troubleshooting. The advanced analytics will comprise of descriptive, diagnostic, predictive & prescriptive analytics. SME's will be able to establish effective monitoring and diagnostic strategies, including early warning of process and equipment deterioration or impending failures, and identify potential asset performance improvement areas.
Maintenance and reliability data from SAP also requires a clean up to allow Asset Performance Management to be performed effectively. Eventually this information will form the crux of Big Data Analytics where co relations between vast amounts of information will allow greater optimization to sweat the assets.
The mindset and work processes needs to be changed and competency in data science will be an important criterion for the future engineers. This transformation towards a data driven organization will require strong support and drive from the PETRONAS leadership team.
Starting as several proof of concepts, eventually, the program intends to encompass the whole PETRONAS group.
Southern Iraqi Oil Fields Drilling Problems Identification, Analysis, and Treatment
Authors: Saleh Ibrahim Abdul-Salam , Khalaf Alaa Hussein , Al-Jawad Mohammed Saleh 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Multiple drilling problems are being faced continuously while drilling wells in the southern Iraqi oil fields. Many of which are handled poorly and inefficiently which yields longer non-productive time due to the lack of knowledge about the source of these problems. This study aims to investigate the Basra oil fields formations from Faris to Mishrif, diagnose the potential problems, and present the optimum treatment for each problem.
Gathering of field data and previous studies on the subject, in addition to the field experience of drilling supervisors were all the information bases of this study. Southern Iraqi oil fields were studied and analyzed carefully and widely starting with upper Faris formation (the first formation) to Mishrif formation (the last formation). The discussion of each formation is carried out comprehensively presenting their characteristics. All of the potential drilling problems that might be faced during the drilling operation are discussed while presenting their cause and source. A treatment plan for each problem is presented to ensure the most suitable solution.
As a result, the formations of southern Iraqi oil fields were studied vividly and a full characterization procedure was done including all the formations (from upper Faris to Mishrif formations). For each formation, the intensity and severity of the formation is explained by presenting all the problems that have occurred in offset wells or might occur due to potential causes that could yield the problem. The reason of each drilling problem and its origin is discussed. Multiple theories were discussed and proofed of why the drilling problems are found in these formations and their seriousness, the proof of these theories is presented in this study. For each problem, a treatment is concluded to ensure best practice, minimum time consumption, and least financial losses.
Southern Iraqi oil fields behold many drilling problems that are potentially dangerous unless acted upon with maximum care. In this study, a thorough discussion that explains the causes of these problems is presented, in addition to the most suitable treatment to handle each one.
Verifying Local Oil Reserves Using Multi-Well Pressure Pulse Code Testing
Authors: Sabzabadi Ali , Masoudi Rahim , Arsanti Dian , Aslanyan Irina , Garnyshev Marat , Minakhmetova Roza , Karantharath R. , Aslanyan Artur , Farakhova Rushaniya , Gulyaev Danila 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The paper describes a practical case of using multi-well pressure Pulse-Code Testing (PCT) for assessment of inter-well connectivity and potential reserves for placement of new wells in off-shore environment. The study was based around two PCT cells (one calibration and one scanning) which were surveyed on the same platform within one month.
The calibration PCT cell was set around injectors in peripheral area to eliminate the uncertainty in reservoir saturation, and provided estimation of macroscopic reservoir permeability (ka) and macroscopic rock compressibility (cr) in cross-well intervals. The reservoir permeability was found to be in good correlation with core-calibrated log prediction, while rock compressibility turned out to be twice higher than expected. Additionally, the calibration PCT cell picked the seismic fault as being impermeable and provided accurate values of its proximity to the pulsing well and its extension in the north direction. The sealing nature of this fault explains poor aquifer support in the southwest of the field. The acquired information helped to improve matching of formation pressure in the dynamic model.
The scanning PCT cells identified the baffle in the southern part of the field, which was later interpreted as the bank failure of the meandering river flow. The study concluded that injection in river bedding is detrimental to uniform water flood pattern and should be avoided. The vertical sweep efficiency from PCT study was varying in different directions and helped to calibrate facies distribution and shale breaks. Some wells showed anomalous PCT behavior and were suspected of water production from thief zones, which was later picked by advanced production logging, based on spectral noise logs and temperature modelling.
The fine-grid 3D model was calibrated both on static and dynamic data including the newly acquired framework of PCT and advanced production logging. The analysis of the new model has located the areas of low mobility oil due to poor communication between injectors and producers in these areas. These areas were recommended for infill drilling as well as for rearranging the water injection pattern to improve the sweep and pressure support pattern. The production and water cut of the newly drilled horizontal well showed a good match with the calibrated model prediction.