bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ochroconis globalis infecting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), with a review of Ochroconis species in cold‐blooded animals
Authors: Samerpitak Kittipan , Alfjorden Anders , Seyedmousavi Seyedmojtaba , Rijs Antonius J. M. M. , Gerrits van den Ende Albertus Hendrikus Gerardus , de Hoog Gert Sybren 
Published: April 2019

AbstractNecropsy examination of an adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from the Dalälven River in Sweden revealed numerous large, white nodules, with spherical cysts and granulomata in kidney and liver. Histopathology showed dark, septate, thin‐walled hyphae. The aetiologic agent was found to be an Ochroconis species (Venturiales) that differed from known fish‐associated species of the genus. Molecular phylogenetic studies of the culture (strain UIII09 = CBS 135766) demonstrated that Ochroconis globalis was concerned. The isolate proved to be susceptible to all investigated antifungals, as it is known for another Ochroconis species. The role of Ochroconis in opportunism of cold‐blooded animals was discussed, and the diagnostic methods using DNA sequences for routine identification of the fungus were proposed.
Development of piscirickettsiosis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts after intraperitoneal and cohabitant challenge using an EM90‐like isolate: A comparative study
Authors: Meza Karla , Inami Makoto , Dalum Alf S. , Bjelland Ane M. , Sørum Henning , Løvoll Marie 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPiscirickettsiosis, caused by the intracellular Gram‐negative bacteria Piscirickettsia salmonis, is at present the most devastating disease in the Chilean salmon industry. The aim of this study was to analyse disease development after challenge with a P. salmonis strain (EM90‐like) under a controlled environment by comparing intraperitoneal challenge with cohabitation challenge. The P. salmonis EM90‐like isolate was cultured in a liquid medium for the challenge of 400 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts. Cumulative mortality was registered, necropsy was performed, and bacterial distribution in the tissues and histopathological changes were analysed. The results revealed a similar progression of the disease for the two different challenge models. Pathological and histopathological changes became more visible during the development of the clinical phase of the disease. Bacterial DNA was identified in all the analysed tissues indicating a systemic infection. Bacterial tropism to visceral organs was demonstrated by real‐time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. Better knowledge of disease development during P. salmonis infection may contribute to further development of challenge models that mimic the field situation during piscirickettsiosis outbreaks. The models can be used to develop and test future preventive measures against the disease.
The weight of islands: Leveraging Grenada's material stocks to adapt to climate change
Authors: Symmes Rob , Fishman Tomer , Telesford John N. , Singh Simron J. , Tan Su‐Yin , De Kroon Kristen 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe building stock consumes large amounts of resources for maintenance and expansion which is only exacerbated by disaster events where large‐scale reconstruction must occur quickly. Recent research has shown the potential for application of material stock (MS) accounts for informing disaster risk planning. In this research, we present a methodological approach to analyze the vulnerability of the material stock in buildings to extreme weather events and sea‐level rise (SLR) due to climate change. The main island of Grenada, a Small Island Developing State (SIDS) in the Caribbean region, was used as a case study. A bottom‐up approach based on a geographic information system (GIS) is used to calculate the total MS of aggregate, timber, concrete, and steel in buildings. The total MS in buildings in 2014 was calculated to be 11.9 million tonnes (Mt), which is equivalent to 112 tonnes per capita. Material gross addition to stock (GAS) between 1993 to 2009 was 6.8 Mt and the average value over the time period was 4.0 tonnes per capita per year. In the year following Hurricane Ivan (2004), the per capita GAS for timber increased by 172%, while for other metals, GAS spiked by 103% (compared to average growth rates of 11% and 8%, respectively, between 1993 and 2009). We also ran a future “Ivan‐II” scenario and estimated a hypothetical loss of between 135 and 216 kilotonnes (kt) of timber from the building stock. The potential impact of SLR is also assessed, with an estimated 1.6 Mt of building material stock exposed under a 2‐m scenario. We argue that spatial material stock accounts have an important application in planning for resilience and provide indication of the link between natural disaster recovery and resource use patterns.
Cardiovascular profile and biophysical profile scores predict short‐term prognosis in infants with congenital heart defect
Authors: Miyoshi Takekazu , Katsuragi Shinji , Neki Reiko , Kurosaki Ken‐ichi , Shiraishi Isao , Nakai Michikazu , Nishimura Kunihiro , Yoshimatsu Jun , Ikeda Tomoaki 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimTo predict the prognosis of infants with congenital heart disease, accurate prenatal diagnosis of structural abnormality and heart failure are both necessary. The aim of this study was to investigate whether cardiovascular profile (CVP) and biophysical profile (BP) scores are useful for predicting prognosis in infants with congenital heart defect (CHD).MethodsA retrospective review of singletons prenatally diagnosed with CHD at a tertiary pediatric cardiac center between 2011 and 2015 was undertaken.ResultsA total of 202 patients with CHD were analyzed. Perinatal and infant deaths occurred in 16 (7.9%) and 10 cases (5.0%), respectively. Infants with the last CVP score ≤ 5 had 18.7‐fold higher perinatal mortality than those with a last CVP score > 5 (P < 0.01). Infants with a last BP score ≤ 6 had 18.7‐fold higher perinatal mortality than those with a last BP score > 6 (P < 0.01). Infants with a CVP score decrease in utero had 4.5‐fold higher infant mortality than those with an increase or no change (P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that single‐ventricle physiology, pre‐term birth at <37 weeks of gestation, last CVP score ≤ 5, and last BP score ≤ 6 were independent predictors of perinatal mortality. Single‐ventricle physiology and a CVP score decrease were independent predictors of infant mortality.ConclusionCVP and BP scores are useful for predicting perinatal prognosis in infants with CHD. A CVP score decrease in utero is associated with infant mortality, suggesting that serial CVP score assessment may be useful for management planning.
Digital Irreligion: Christian Deconversion in an Online Community
Authors: Starr Chelsea , Waldo Kristin , Kauffman Matthew 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWhat is the role of the Internet in a possible trend toward secularization in the United States? This case study seeks to elucidate the process of online deconversion by examining religious exit narratives (called “extimonies” by participants) as posted in a forum for ex‐Christians from 2005 to 2017. Echoing Mauss and Ebaugh, deconverts on the site went through a role exit involving a three‐part, but intertwined, intellectual, emotional, and social process. The online community provided an interactional space for them to construct and practice new secular identities, to explore doubts and process emotions arising from the deconversion process, and to prepare themselves for offline interactions with believers. This case study also suggests that the Internet and online communities may provide spaces for the highly religiously committed to explore deconversion and role alternatives.
Intraspecific trait variation, functional turnover and trait differences among native and exotic grasses along a precipitation gradient
Authors: Sandel Brody , Low Rebecca 
Published: April 2019

AbstractQuestionsCalifornia's grasslands are heavily invaded by exotic species. Counteracting these invasions depends on understanding the functional differences between native and exotic species and how these shift along environmental gradients. Focusing on grasses, we ask: (a) how native and exotic trait means and intraspecific trait variation (ITV) differ; (b) how the functional composition of grass assemblages shifts with precipitation; and (c) how species shift their functional strategies as precipitation changes.LocationMarin County, California (USA).MethodsIn spring 2017, we censused grassland vegetation plots across eight reserves in Marin County that are arrayed along a precipitation gradient. At each plot, we measured traits of grasses, including height, leaf area and specific leaf area (SLA).ResultsWe found modest differences in functional traits between native and exotic species. Exotic species had larger seeds and higher SLAs, indicating higher reproductive investments and a leaf strategy focused on obtaining rapid returns on investments with relatively short leaf life spans. Native and exotic species did not differ in the ITV for any of the measured traits. Variation in precipitation among sites drove strong turnover in the functional trait composition of grasses, as well as shifts within species. Wetter sites had shorter species with smaller leaf areas, smaller seeds and higher leaf N concentrations. There was also strong intraspecific SLA variation along the precipitation gradient; all species displayed lower SLA values as precipitation increased.ConclusionsConsistent with previous results, native species had more conservative leaf strategies. Grasses that display these conservative strategies tend to be more abundant in dry climates, leading to increasing exotic abundance in wetter climates. However, each species shifted towards more conservative strategies as precipitation increased, suggesting that the factors that drive species turnover and ITV differ.
Accuracy of imaging methods for steatohepatitis diagnosis in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease patients: A systematic review
Authors: Besutti Giulia , Valenti Luca , Ligabue Guido , Bassi Maria Chiara , Pattacini Pierpaolo , Guaraldi Giovanni , Giorgi Rossi Paolo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackground & AimsNon‐invasive tests to diagnose non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are urgently needed. This systematic review aims to evaluate imaging accuracy in diagnosing NASH among non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients, using liver biopsy as reference.MethodsEligible studies were systematic reviews and cross‐sectional/cohort studies of NAFLD patients comparing imaging with histology, considering accuracy and/or associations. MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases were searched up to April 2018. Studies were screened on title/abstract, then assessed for eligibility on full‐text. Data were extracted using a predesigned form. Risk of bias was assessed using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies‐2 tool.ResultsOf the 641 studies screened, 61 were included in scoping review, 30 of which (with accuracy results) in data synthesis. Imaging techniques included: elastography (transient elastography‐TE, acoustic radiation force impulse‐ARFI, magnetic resonance elastography‐MRE), ultrasound (US), magnetic resonance (MR), computed tomography and scintigraphy. Histological NASH definition was heterogeneous. In 28/30 studies, no prespecified threshold was used (high risk of bias). AUROCs were up to 0.82 for TE, 0.90 for ARFI, 0.93 for MRE and 0.82 for US scores. MR techniques with higher accuracy were spectroscopy (AUROC = 1 for alanine), susceptibility‐weighted imaging (AUROC = 0.91), multiparametric MR (AUROC = 0.80), optical analysis (AUROC = 0.83), gadoxetic acid‐enhanced MR (AUROCs = 0.85) and superparamagnetic iron oxide‐enhanced MR (AUROC = 0.87). Results derived mostly from single studies without independent prospective validation.ConclusionsThere is currently insufficient evidence to support the use of imaging to diagnose NASH. More studies are needed on US and MR elastography and non‐elastographic techniques, to date the most promising methods.
Botulinum toxin for the treatment of hypercontractile esophagus: Results of a double‐blind randomized sham‐controlled study
Authors: Mion François , Marjoux Sophie , Subtil Fabien , Pioche Mathieu , Rivory Jerome , Roman Sabine , Zerbib Frank 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIntroductionBotulinum toxin injection is known to be efficient to treat achalasia. We conducted a randomized trial in order to evaluate its efficacy to treat symptomatic hypercontractile esophageal disorders as characterized by esophageal high‐resolution manometry.MethodsPatients with significant dysphagia and/or thoracic pain related to an hypercontractile esophageal motility disorder as defined by the Chicago Classification were randomized to receive an injection of botulinum toxin (100 U in 10 points in the distal part of the esophageal wall) or a sham procedure. Symptoms were assessed at 3 months with the Eckardt score. Patients could receive a first or second botulinum toxin injection 1 month later if symptoms persisted.ResultsTwenty‐three patients (13 women, mean age 60 years) were included: 13 received botulinum toxin injection, and 10 a sham procedure. The improvement of symptoms at 3 months was significant compared to baseline, but similar in the active treatment and sham procedure arms. However, there was no change in quality of life scores. Seventeen patients received a second injection at 4 months. There was a significant trend toward improvement of symptoms up to the end of follow‐up at 12 months, without a significant relationship with the administration of botulinum toxin.DiscussionBotulinum toxin injection is not superior to a sham procedure to improve symptoms related to hypercontractile esophageal disorders, suggesting an important placebo effect in for this type of disease. This observation must be taken into account when evaluating more aggressive therapies such as endoscopic myotomy (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01955174).
Global benchmarking of children's exposure to television advertising of unhealthy foods and beverages across 22 countries
Authors: Kelly Bridget , Vandevijvere Stefanie , Ng SeeHoe , Adams Jean , Allemandi Lorena , Bahena‐Espina Liliana , Barquera Simon , Boyland Emma , Calleja Paul , Carmona‐Garcés Isabel Cristina , Castronuovo Luciana , Cauchi Daniel , Correa Teresa , Corvalán Camila , Cosenza‐Quintana Emma Lucia , Fernández‐Escobar Carlos , González‐Zapata Laura I. , Halford Jason , Jaichuen Nongnuch , Jensen Melissa L. , Karupaiah Tilakavati , Kaur Asha , Kroker‐Lobos María F. , Mchiza Zandile , Miklavec Krista , Parker Whadi‐ah , Potvin Kent Monique , Pravst Igor , Ramírez‐Zea Manuel , Reiff Sascha , Reyes Marcela , Royo‐Bordonada Miguel Ángel , Rueangsom Putthipanya , Scarborough Peter , Tiscornia Maria Victoria , Tolentino‐Mayo Lizbeth , Wate Jillian , White Martin , Zamora‐Corrales Irina , Zeng Lingxia , Swinburn Boyd 
Published: April 2019

SummaryRestricting children's exposures to marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages is a global obesity prevention priority. Monitoring marketing exposures supports informed policymaking. This study presents a global overview of children's television advertising exposure to healthy and unhealthy products. Twenty‐two countries contributed data, captured between 2008 and 2017. Advertisements were coded for the nature of foods and beverages, using the 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) Europe Nutrient Profile Model (should be permitted/not‐permitted to be advertised). Peak viewing times were defined as the top five hour timeslots for children. On average, there were four times more advertisements for foods/beverages that should not be permitted than for permitted foods/beverages. The frequency of food/beverages advertisements that should not be permitted per hour was higher during peak viewing times compared with other times (P < 0.001). During peak viewing times, food and beverage advertisements that should not be permitted were higher in countries with industry self‐regulatory programmes for responsible advertising compared with countries with no policies. Globally, children are exposed to a large volume of television advertisements for unhealthy foods and beverages, despite the implementation of food industry programmes. Governments should enact regulation to protect children from television advertising of unhealthy products that undermine their health.
Determination of risk factors affecting mortality in patients with gastrointestinal perforation after pediatric liver transplantation
Authors: Barut Bora , Akbulut Sami , Kutluturk Koray , Koc Cemalettin , Ozgor Dincer , Aydin Cemalettin , Selimoglu Ayse , Yilmaz Sezai 
Published: April 2019

AbstractGastrointestinal perforation (GIP) is one of the most serious complications occurring after liver transplantation (LT), especially in pediatric patients. This study aimed to determine the risk factors affecting mortality in pediatric patients with GIP after LT. GIP developed in 37 (10%) of 370 pediatric patients who underwent LT at our institute. Patients were divided into two groups: alive (n = 22) or dead (n = 15), and both groups were compared in terms of demographic and clinical parameters using univariate analysis. There was no statistically significant difference between groups in either demographic or clinical parameters, except for perforation site (P = 0.001) and median follow‐up (P = 0.001). Stomas arose in 17 (45.9%) patients: 76% of patients with stomas and 45% of those without survived (P = 0.052). Kaplan‐Meier analysis indicated that patients with stomas had a significantly higher overall survival (P = 0.029) and that patients with duodenal and colonic perforation had a significantly lower overall survival. Multivariate analysis showed that re‐perforation was an independent risk factor for mortality (P = 0.035; OR: 17.674; 95% CI for OR: 1.233‐253.32). Although there are many options for management of GIP, including primary repair, resection plus anastomosis, and resection plus end or loop ostomy, gastrointestinal diversion is still the best option.
Feasibility of extracorporeal photopheresis in pediatric patients with graft‐versus‐host disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Winther‐Jørgensen Signe , Nygaard Marietta , Heilmann Carsten , Ifversen Marianne , Sørensen Kaspar , Müller Klaus , Masmas Tania 
Published: April 2019

AbstractGraft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) is a main cause of morbidity and mortality following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The cumulative incidence of acute and chronic GVHD (aGVHD, cGVHD) reaches 30%‐50% and 20% in pediatric populations, respectively. Prednisolone and/or calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) are first‐line treatments, but no superior second‐line treatment has yet been established. Several treatments have been suggested, among others extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP). Technical advances have made treatment of pediatric patients possible; however, only few reports on the feasibility of ECP in children have been published. We retrospectively studied the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of ECP in 15 children with steroid‐dependent/refractory acute or chronic GVHD, who initiated ECP treatment between April 2014 and January 2018. Only few and mild side effects directly related to the ECP procedure were registered, even in patients with low body weight. The most frequent cause of shortened or canceled ECP treatment was difficulties with vascular accesses, which were more rarely seen using central venous catheters with larger lumens and made of stiffer material. Nine patients had grade II‐III aGVHD. Six of these experienced a response to ECP at day 28, while eight of nine had responded at the last ECP treatment. Six patients had cGVHD when ECP was initiated, and of these, four had a partial response at last ECP treatment. We found ECP to be a feasible and safe treatment, and particularly, children with aGVHD appeared to respond well to ECP.
Tripartheid: How Sectarianism Became Internal to Being in Anbar, Iraq
Authors: Rubaii Kali J. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHow do aspects of identities previously marginal to everyday life become crystallized as the basis for sorting out who lives, who dies, and the degree to which diverse coexistence is possible or even desirable? As a result of divide‐and‐rule policies introduced by the United States after 2003, Iraq saw rapid segmentation of its population into three geographic parts: a Sunni west, a Shi'a south, and a Kurdish north. Ethnographic fieldwork with families in and from Anbar demonstrates how sectarian identities were crystalized in the vision of the global war on terror, as certain places and the people from there were tagged with political meaning. In spite of historical oppression of minorities and Shi'a, it was not until the forced repetition of particular policies that the political categorization of people by sect became a social fact among Sunni communities in Anbar Province. Thus, difference became internal to being in subtle ways that demonstrate a more complex picture of what sectarianism actually means in Iraq and beyond.
Clinical approach to prostatic diseases in the dog
Authors: Cunto Marco , Mariani Elisa , Anicito Guido Eleonora , Ballotta Giulia , Zambelli Daniele 
Published: April 2019

ContentsIn small animal practice, prostatic diseases are increasingly encountered. All dogs may experience prostatic disease, but particular care should be addressed to breeding dogs, in which prostatic affection may lead to decrease in semen quality and fertility. The most common prostatic disease is the benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) followed by prostatitis, prostatic neoplasia and prostate squamous metaplasia. These diseases do not have pathognomonic symptoms, therefore, making a correct diagnosis may not be easy. An accurate clinical examination and a correct diagnostic protocol are essential in order to begin the most appropriate treatment, and also to do a good prophylaxis where it is possible. BPH therapy is usually recommended when mild‐severe signs are present or if symptoms disturb the patient. New therapeutic approaches, both medical and surgical, allow to maintain fertility in most animals with prostatic disorders. Prostate cancer is relatively infrequent. Elective therapy is the surgical one, but it is considered palliative and can result in important post‐operative complications. The aim of this paper is to lay down the most appropriate diagnostic process describing the aetiologies of prostatic disease, their symptoms, the right investigative tools and therapy.