bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Internet searches using Google Trends to measure interest in sun protection and skin cancer in selected South‐East Asian populations
Authors: Kwan Zhenli , Yong Shin Shen , Robinson Suganthy 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundAnalysis of Internet search trends has been performed to evaluate interest in sun protection, artificial tanning, and skin cancers among the public, particularly in Western countries. This observational study aimed to investigate the relative popularity of search terms relating to sun protection, sunburn, skin cancers, and tanning used in Google Trends® in three South‐East Asian countries (Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia).MethodsThe relevant search terms were queried using the Google Trends® in each location and worldwide. The search volume indices were compared between locations and over a time period from January 1, 2004, to January 31, 2019. Correlations between “sunblock” and “sunburn” as well as “sunblock” and search terms relating to skin cancers (“skin cancer,” “melanoma,” “basal cell carcinoma,” and “squamous cell carcinoma”) were evaluated.ResultsThe favored search term relating to sun protection in this region was “sunblock” despite the term itself being a misnomer. The relative popularity of searches for “sunblock” also showed an increase over time and was generally higher compared with interest in sunburn, skin cancers, and artificial tanning practices. Positive correlations were noted between “sunblock” and “sunburn” in Malaysia and “sunblock” and “melanoma” in Singapore.ConclusionInsights into search trends may assist public health promotion to raise awareness regarding sun protection and skin cancers in the region by targeting commonly used terms for each geographical location.
Modal Security
Authors: Clarke‐Doane Justin , Baras Dan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractModal Security is a proposed necessary condition for undermining defeat. It has been widely discussed of late. The principal is of interest because it seems to entail that influential epistemological arguments, including Evolutionary Debunking Arguments against moral realism and the Benacerraf‐Field Challenge for mathematical realism, are unsound. Modal Security says, roughly, that if evidence undermines (rather than rebuts) one’s belief, then one gets reason to doubt the belief’s safety or sensitivity. The purpose of this paper is to critically examine Modal Security in detail. We begin by presenting the principle and its motivations as well as the role it plays in the debunking arguments debate. We then develop and discuss what we take to be the strongest objections to the principle, and see what can be said in response. Six such arguments, as well as a worry that epistemic justification requires a “connection” between the beliefs and the facts, are developed, discussed and criticized. The article reveals how the debate surrounding Modal Security interacts with core problems in epistemology—including the generality problem and the distinction between direct and indirect evidence.
Mechanisms of nuclear mRNA export: A structural perspective
Authors: Xie Yihu , Ren Yi 
Published: September 2019

AbstractExport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is a critical process for all eukaryotic gene expression. As mRNA is synthesized, it is packaged with a myriad of RNA‐binding proteins to form ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs). For each step in the processes of maturation and export, mRNPs must have the correct complement of proteins. Much of the mRNA export pathway revolves around the heterodimeric export receptor yeast Mex67•Mtr2/human NXF1•NXT1, which is recruited to signal the completion of nuclear mRNP assembly, mediates mRNP targeting/translocation through the nuclear pore complex (NPC), and is displaced at the cytoplasmic side of the NPC to release the mRNP into the cytoplasm. Directionality of the transport is governed by at least two DEAD‐box ATPases, yeast Sub2/human UAP56 in the nucleus and yeast Dbp5/human DDX19 at the cytoplasmic side of the NPC, which respectively mediate the association and dissociation of Mex67•Mtr2/NXF1•NXT1 onto the mRNP. Here we review recent progress from structural studies of key constituents in different steps of nuclear mRNA export. These findings have laid the foundation for further studies to obtain a comprehensive mechanistic view of the mRNA export pathway.
CT variants of the caudal vena cava in 121 small breed dogs
Authors: Ryu Chanyoung , Choi Sooyoung , Choi Hojung , Lee Youngwon , Lee Kija 
Published: September 2019

AbstractComputed tomography is increasingly used as a treatment planning method in canine patients with diseases of the retroperitoneum, however, published information on normal variations in the caudal vena cava (CVC) are currently lacking. The objectives of this retrospective descriptive study were to characterize CVC variants using CT angiography in a sample of small breed dogs and localize the CVC bifurcations for each variant. Inclusion criteria were small breed dogs (weight ≤ 15) that underwent contrast‐enhanced CT scans of the CVC, abdominal aorta, and CVC tributaries. A total of 121 small breed dogs were sampled. Four right‐sided and one left‐sided CVC variations were identified: normal (88/121, 72.7%), caudal‐partial split (17/121, 14.0%), partial duplication (8/121, 6.6%), complete duplication (7/121, 5.8%), and left‐sidedness (1/121, 0.8%). The mean lumbar vertebral levels of the CVC bifurcation were L6.39 ± 0.41, L5.70 ± 0.35, L4.39 ± 0.42, L2.74 ± 0.38, and L6.4 in the normal, caudal‐partial split, partial duplication, complete duplication, and left‐sidedness types, respectively. The location of the CVC bifurcation, the relationship between the aortic trifurcation and the CVC bifurcation, and the location of the bilateral deep circumflex iliac veins with respect to the CVC bifurcation were significantly different among the right‐sided types (P ≤ .001). Bilateral deep circumflex iliac veins joined to the ipsilateral common iliac veins and the CVC in the caudal‐partial split and duplication types, respectively. The results of this study indicated that canine CVC variants may be frequent and should be considered during surgery or diagnostic imaging of the retroperitoneum.
Design and Testing of a Miniaturized Five-Hole Fast Response Pressure Probe With Large Frequency Bandwidth and High Angular Sensitivity
Authors: Boufidi Elissavet , Alati Marco , Fontaneto Fabrizio , Lavagnoli Sergio 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
A miniaturized five-hole fast response pressure probe is presented, and the methods for the aerodynamic design and performance characterization are explained in detail. The probe design is aimed for three-dimensional (3D) time-resolved measurements in turbomachinery flows, therefore requiring high frequency response and directional sensitivity. It features five encapsulated piezoresistive pressure transducers, recessed inside the probe hemispherical head. Theoretical and numerical analyses are carried out to estimate the dynamic response of the pressure tap line-cavity systems and to investigate unsteady effects that can influence the pressure readings. A prototype is manufactured and submitted to experimental tests that demonstrate performance in line with the theoretical and numerical predictions of the dynamic response: the natural frequency of the central and lateral taps extends to 200 and 25 kHz, respectively. An aerodynamic calibration is also performed at different Reynolds and Mach numbers. The probe geometry offers a good angular sensitivity in a ± 30 deg incidence range, while a frequency analysis reveals the presence of pressure oscillations related to vortex shedding at large angles of attack.
Statistical Modal Analysis for Out-of-Plane Deviation Prediction in Additive Manufacturing Based on Finite Element Simulation
Authors: Zhu Zuowei , Anwer Nabil , Mathieu Luc 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDespite the rapid growth and widespread recognition of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, the geometrical inaccuracy of the manufactured products remains a challenging issue and effective prediction of the geometric deviations in AM is critical for the solution of this issue. The layerwise characteristic of the AM process has motivated the investigation of deviation from in-plane and out-of-plane perspectives, the latter has been seldom studied and will be the focus of this paper. In this paper, an out-of-plane deviation modeling method will be proposed based on statistical modal analysis. Owing to the inconvenience in data acquisition, AM simulation is conducted to obtain the layer-level out-of-plane deviation on parts manufactured by the selective laser melting process. Discrete cosine transform is adopted to identify the major deviation modes from the data. The statistical relationship between mode coefficients and related part and process parameters is studied based on the Gaussian process model. To gain data for model training, experimental design is conducted to sample parameter combinations as simulation input. A case study is presented to demonstrate the proposed method and the effectiveness is validated on test data. The method can be applied in multiple domains of AM, such as quality control and tolerancing, to provide high-fidelity prediction of geometric deviations.
On the Mechanism of Bandgap Formation in Beams With Periodic Arrangement of Beam-Like Resonators
Authors: Serrano Ó. , Zaera R. , Fernández-Sáez J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Metastructures made of spring-mass resonators present a bandgap at the natural frequency of the resonator. This rule cannot be generalized for more complex resonators. This work analyzes the case of a metastructure composed of a periodic arrangement of vertical beams rigidly joined to a horizontal beam. The vertical beams work as resonators, and their natural frequencies play a strong role on the band structure of the whole system, however, different than the case with spring-mass resonators. Since this metastructure can be considered a lattice, Bloch’s theorem is applied to the unit cell and a numerical procedure based on the finite element method permits to obtain the dispersion curves. Illustrative results show the influence of the natural frequencies of the horizontal and vertical beams on the band structure.
Effect of Bulkhead Pressurization on the Vibro-Acoustic Properties of an Aft-Fuselage-Mounted Twin-Engine Aircraft
Authors: Warwick Braden T. , Mechefske Chris K. , Kim Il Yong 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Despite widespread use of an aft-fuselage-mounted twin-engine aircraft in the business jet industry, a thorough investigation into the vibro-acoustic properties of this aircraft type has yet to be undertaken. Additionally, the effect of bulkhead pressurization on the vibro-acoustic properties of this aircraft fuselage has yet to be investigated in isolation. This work investigates the effect of bulkhead pressurization on two different designs of an aft-fuselage-mounted twin-engine aircraft: a single and a double bulkhead designs. A modal analysis, a harmonic frequency response analysis, and an acoustic response analysis were performed. A split bulkhead pressurization methodology was introduced as a means of improving structural performance without impacting passenger comfort levels in a double bulkhead aircraft. Modal coupling between components was seen to be the primary cause of increased cabin noise, peaking above 80 Hz. The bulkhead frequency response was highly dependent upon bulkhead pressurization, as the modal participation factors were significantly impacted by bulkhead pressurization. Therefore, the importance of understanding all bulkhead natural frequencies was highlighted, as the response changed as a function of bulkhead pressurization. Bulkhead resonance conditions generated a tone in the acoustic frequency response inside the passenger cabin, highlighting the importance of this component to passenger comfort levels.
Insulin price components: case studies in six low/middle-income countries
Authors: Ball Douglas , Ewen Margaret , Laing Richard , Beran David 
Published: September 2019

IntroductionUnderstanding price components for insulin products can help design interventions to improve insulin affordability in low/middle-income countries.MethodsAn adapted WHO/Health Action International standardised methodology was used in Brazil (Rio de Janeiro), China (Hubei and Shaanxi Provinces), Ghana, India (Haryana State), Indonesia and Uganda. Selected insulin products had their prices traced backwards through the supply chain from public and private sector retail outlets in the capital city and a district town, supplemented with key informant interviews.ResultsCumulative mark-ups ranged from 8.7% to 565.8% but the magnitude of mark-ups was country specific and variable within and across sectors and regions. The proportion of the patient price attributed to the manufacturer’s selling price varied from 15.0% to 92.0%. Pricing regulations in China, India and Indonesia reduced wholesale and retail mark-ups but did not guarantee low prices. Most countries had removed import duties (Ghana, India, Indonesia, Uganda), but additional tariffs of 3.5% were still applied in Ghana. Value-added tax in the private sector ranged from 5% to 20% across the countries.ConclusionThere are no clear trends in the mark-ups applied to insulin or specific differences in the price structure. A uniform approach to improving insulin access through regulating price components is unlikely to be successful, but elimination of duties and taxes, price regulation and greater price transparency could help influence prices and hence affordability.
Injection therapy for base of thumb osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Riley Nicholas , Vella-Baldacchino Martinique , Thurley Neal , Hopewell Sally , Carr Andrew J , Dean Benjamin John Floyd 
Published: September 2019

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of injection-based therapy in base of thumb osteoarthritis.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesMEDLINE and EMBASE via OVID, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus via EBSCO were searched from inception to 22 May 2018.Study selectionRandomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs of adults with base of thumb osteoarthritis investigating an injection-based intervention with any comparator/s.Data extraction and analysisData were extracted and checked for accuracy and completeness by pairs of reviewers. Primary outcomes were pain and function. Comparative treatment effects were analysed by random-effects model for short-term and medium-term follow-up.ResultsIn total, 9 RCTs involving 504 patients were identified for inclusion. All compared different injection-based therapies with each other, no studies compared an injection-based therapy with a non-injection-based intervention. Twenty injection-based intervention groups were present within these nine trials, consisting of hyaluronic acid (n=9), corticosteroid (n=7), saline placebo (n=3) and dextrose (n=1). Limited meta-analysis was possible due to the heterogeneity in the injections and outcomes used, as well as incomplete outcome data. Meta-analysis of two RCTs (92 patients) demonstrated reduced Visual Analogue Scale pain on activity with corticosteroid versus hyaluronic acid (mean difference (MD) −1.32, 95% CI −2.23 to −0.41) in the medium term, but no differences in other measures of pain or function in the short term and medium term. Overall, the available evidence does not suggest that any of the commonly used injection therapies are superior to placebo, one another or a non-injection-based comparator.ConclusionCurrent evidence is equivocal regarding the use of injection therapy in base of thumb osteoarthritis, both in terms of which injection-based therapy is the most effective and in terms of whether any injection-based therapy is more effective than other non-injection-based interventions. Given limited understanding of both the short-term and long-term effects, there is a need for a large, methodologically robust RCT investigating the commonly used injection therapies and comparing them with other therapeutic options and placebo.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018095384.
Trends in the association of different forms of precarious employment and self-rated health in Germany. An analysis with the German Socio-Economic Panel between 1995 and 2015
Authors: Pförtner Timo-Kolja , Pfaff Holger , Hower Kira Isabel 
Published: September 2019

BackgroundPrecarious employment has increased in Germany by means of labour market flexibilisation throughout the 1990s and 2000s. In this study, trends in the association of self-rated health (SRH) with different dimensions of precarious employment by gender in Germany between 1995 and 2015 were assessed considering different periods of labour market reforms and the Great Recession.MethodsAnalyses were conducted using the German Socio-Economic Panel from 1995 to 2015. All employed individuals aged 18–67 years and living in private households were considered for analysis to examine the risks of poor SRH by low wage, working poverty, non-standard working time arrangements and perceived job insecurity by gender. Predicted probabilities, adjusted risk ratio (ARR), adjusted risk difference (ARD) and trends were examined using pooled interval logistic regression with individual-clustered standard errors.ResultsRelative and absolute differences in SRH rose significantly over time by perceived job insecurity for men, but not for women. Working poverty appeared to be significantly associated with SRH in the Great Recession and the post-Recession period for both gender. Non-standard working time arrangements were not significantly associated with SRH for both gender, and low wage appeared to be significantly associated with SRH only for men in the post-Recession period.ConclusionsThe results highlighted the relevance of labour market reforms of deregulation and flexibilisation in Germany to differences in SRH by specific forms of precarious employment and gender differences in the impact of labour market reforms on precarious employment and health.
Distal hereditary motor neuronopathy of the Jerash type is caused by a novel SIGMAR1 c.500A>T missense mutation
Authors: Ververis Antonis , Dajani Rana , Koutsou Pantelitsa , Aloqaily Ahmad , Nelson-Williams Carol , Loring Erin , Arafat Ala , Mubaidin Ammar Fayez , Horany Khalid , Bader Mai B , Al-Baho Yaqoub , Ali Bushra , Muhtaseb Abdurrahman , DeSpenza Jr Tyrone , Al-Qudah Abdelkarim A , Middleton Lefkos T , Zamba-Papanicolaou Eleni , Lifton Richard , Christodoulou Kyproula 
Published: September 2019

BackgroundDistal hereditary motor neuronopathies (dHMN) are a group of genetic disorders characterised by motor neuron degeneration leading to muscle weakness that are caused by mutations in various genes. HMNJ is a distinct form of the disease that has been identified in patients from the Jerash region of Jordan. Our aim was to identify and characterise the genetic cause of HMNJ.MethodsWe used whole exome and Sanger sequencing to identify a novel genetic variant associated with the disease and then carried out immunoblot, immunofluorescence and apoptosis assays to extract functional data and clarify the effect of this novel SIGMAR1 mutation. Physical and neurological examinations were performed on selected patients and unaffected individuals in order to re-evaluate clinical status of patients 20 years after the initial description of HMNJ as well as to evaluate new and previously undescribed patients with HMNJ.ResultsA homozygous missense mutation (c.500A>T, N167I) in exon 4 of the SIGMAR1 gene was identified, cosegregating with HMNJ in the 27 patients from 7 previously described consanguineous families and 3 newly ascertained patients. The mutant SIGMAR1 exhibits reduced expression, altered subcellular distribution and elevates cell death when expressed.ConclusionIn conclusion, the homozygous SIGMAR1 c.500A>T mutation causes dHMN of the Jerash type, possibly due to a significant drop of protein levels. This finding is in agreement with other SIGMAR1 mutations that have been associated with autosomal recessive dHMN with pyramidal signs; thus, our findings further support that SIGMAR1 be added to the dHMN genes diagnostic panel.
A near horizon extreme binary black hole geometry
Authors: Ciafre Jacob , Rodriguez Maria J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
A new solution of four-dimensional vacuum General Relativity is presented. It describes the near horizon region of the extreme (maximally spinning) binary black hole system with two identical extreme Kerr black holes held in equilibrium by a massless strut. This is the first example of a non-supersymmetric, near horizon extreme binary black hole geometry of two uncharged black holes. The black holes are co-rotating, their relative distance is fixed, and the solution is uniquely specified by the mass. Asymptotically, the geometry corresponds to the near horizon extreme Kerr (NHEK) black hole. The binary extreme system has finite entropy.
Patient-specific modeling of aerosol delivery in healthy and asthmatic adults
Authors: Poorbahrami Kamran , Mummy David G. , Fain Sean B. , Oakes Jessica M. 
Published: September 2019

The magnitude and regional heterogeneity of airway obstructions in severe asthmatics is likely linked to insufficient drug delivery, as evidenced by the inability to mitigate exacerbations with inhaled aerosol medications. To understand the correlation between morphometric features, airflow distribution, and inhaled dosimetry, we perform dynamic computational simulations in two healthy and four asthmatic subjects. Models incorporate computed tomography-based and patient-specific central airway geometries and hyperpolarized 3He MRI-measured segmental ventilation defect percentages (SVDPs), implemented as resistance boundary conditions. Particles [diameters ( dp) = 1, 3, and 5 μm] are simulated throughout inhalation, and we record their initial conditions, both spatially and temporally, with their fate in the lung. Predictions highlight that total central airway deposition is the same between the healthy subjects (26.6%, dp = 3 μm) but variable among the asthmatic subjects (ranging from 5.9% to 59.3%, dp = 3 μm). We found that by preferentially releasing the particles during times of fast or slow inhalation rates we enhance either central airway deposition percentages or peripheral particle delivery, respectively. These predictions highlight the potential to identify with simulations patients who may not receive adequate therapeutic dosages with inhaled aerosol medication and therefore identify patients who may benefit from alternative treatment strategies. Furthermore, by improving regional dose levels, we may be able to preferentially deliver drugs to the airways in need, reducing associated adverse side effects. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although it is evident that exacerbation mitigation is unsuccessful in some asthmatics, it remains unclear whether or not these patients receive adequate dosages of inhaled therapeutics. By coupling MRI and computed tomography data with patient-specific computational models, our predictions highlight the large intersubject variability, specifically in severe asthma.