bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human papillomavirus prevalence and behavioral risk factors among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected men who have sex with men in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Chia-Chun , Hsieh Ming-Chang , Hung Hung-Chang , Tsao Shih-Ming , Chen Shiuan-Chih , Yang Hao-Jan , Lee Yuan-Ti 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with cancer and can be prevented through vaccination. Few studies from Taiwan have reported on HPV infection among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of HPV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) with and without HIV infection in Taiwan, and explore the behavioral risk factors thereof.
We conducted a cross-sectional study in Taiwan during 2013 to 2016 to collect data on MSM aged 20 years or older. We used a questionnaire in a face-to-face interview, and subsequently collected oral, anal, and genital specimens from HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected subjects. Multivariate analysis was performed to predict factors associated with high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) positivity.
Overall, 279 subjects, including 166 (59.5%) HIV-uninfected and 113 (40.5%) HIV-infected men were enrolled. Compared to HPV-negative subjects, HPV-positive subjects had significantly higher rates of receptive anal sex (91.3% vs 75.6%), substance use (22.6% vs 11%), history of sexually transmitted infections (75.7% vs 38.4%), anogenital or oral warts (39.1% vs 6.72%), syphilis (32.2% vs 11.6%), and HIV infection (69.6% vs 20.1%). We detected 489 HPV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) types (through 379 viable specimens), of which 43.6%, 5.7%, 56.4%, and 10.4% were HR-HPV type, HPV type 16, low-risk HPV types, and HPV type 6, respectively. In multivariate analysis, HIV-infected subjects had a significantly higher prevalence of HR-HPV infection (adjusted odds ratio, 5.80; 95% confidence interval, 2.57–13.11), compared to HIV-uninfected subjects.
These results suggest that the prevalence of HPV infection was high among HIV-infected MSM. Additionally, anal HPV infection was observed to be common among both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected MSM in Taiwan. The prevalence of oral and genital HPV infection, HR-HPV DNA types, and multiple HPV types was higher in HIV-infected subjects than in HIV-uninfected subjects. As only 35% of subjects practiced safe sex, we recommend routine HPV vaccination with 4-valent HPV or 9-valent HPV vaccines for both MSM, and HIV-infected subjects.
Analysis of cervical human papillomavirus infection in 2300 women in Urumqi, China
Authors: Yao Lili , Yuan Min , Yuan Jianlin , Zhou Ping , Mei Lipa , Cheng Jingxin 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This study is to investigate the cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection rate in women of Urumqi, China.
The epidemiological questionnaire survey was used to study 2300 women in Urumqi with a prospective research method. The second-generation hybrid capture assay, cervical liquid-based cytology test, colposcopy, and cervical biopsy were used to screen CC.
In 2300 cases, HPV was detected in 385 cases with infection rate of 16.74%. The infection rates of Uygur and Han women were 20.08% and 13.39%, respectively, with significant differences (P <.05). Among all age groups, the infection rate was highest in the age group of 20 to 25 years (with infection rate of 22.22%), followed by the age group of 45 to 49 years (with infection rate of 18.78%). In 8 districts, the highest positive rate was in Saybagh District with infection rate of 24.79%, followed by Urumqi County with infection rate of 19.05%, and the lowest was in Toutunhe District with infection rate of 10.86%. There was no significant difference in HPV infection among all age groups or among 8 districts of Urumqi. HPV infection rates were 10.48%, 84.52%, 92.94%, 100% in chronic cervicitis, low grade and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and CC group, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P <.05).
The HPV infection rate of Uygur is higher than that in Han ethnic in Urumqi. The infection rate of HPV increases with the severity of cervical lesions.
Differences in Perceptions of Incivility Among Disciplines in Higher Education
Authors: Wagner Becka , Holland Cindra , Mainous Rosalie , Matcham William , Li Gengxin , Luiken Jessica 
Published: November 2018

Background
Incivility occurs in various forms in higher education and negatively affects teaching and learning outcomes. It has not been determined if incivility is more prevalent in one discipline than another.

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to compare faculty and student perceptions of incivility across disciplines at a large public university.

Methods
In this descriptive comparative study, a convenience sample of 156 faculty and 421 students completed the Incivility in Higher Education–Revised survey electronically.

Results
The total sample was 577. Nursing reported the highest level of perceived incivility, with all other disciplines also reporting some level of incivility. Faculty perceived more incivility than students.

Conclusions
With a national awareness of incivility in nursing education, this study shows that incivility also exists in other disciplines and is a starting point for addressing its impact on higher education.
Medical Disimpaction for Children With Organic Esophageal Foreign Body in the Era of Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Authors: Lee Wei Hao , Grover Zubin , Borland Meredith , Thacker Kunal 
Published: November 2018

Objective
Esophageal foreign body impaction (EFBI) is a common presentation in pediatric emergency medicine. Interventions (medical or endoscopic) are often required because of the severity of symptoms and risk of complications. Use of medical disimpaction (MD) such as glucagon injections and effervescent agents (eg, carbonated beverages) has been well described in adults; however, there are limited data in the pediatric literature. Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a relatively “new” clinicopathological entity that may present with EFBI mostly due to food with histological findings of EoE. Our study aim was to determine the efficacy of MD for organic EFBI in the pediatric population especially in children with EoE.

Methods
A retrospective chart review was performed using the International Classification of Diseases codes and the emergency department database of patients presenting with EFBI from January 2010 to December 2014. Response to MD was defined as symptomatic relief of obstruction. Age, object ingested, medical agent used, EoE status, complications, and outcome were recorded.

Results
A total of 317 presentations of EFBI were identified during the study period, of which organic EFBI accounted for 101 impactions (31.9%). Medical disimpaction was attempted for 42 (41.6%) with organic EFBI, resulting in resolution of symptoms for 16 (38.1%). One child with EoE responded to MD compared with 15 without EoE (4.8% vs 71.4%, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions
Medical disimpaction was ineffective in children with EoE but may be of help with symptom resolution in approximately 70% of children without EoE.
The current status of clinical trials in emergency gastrointestinal surgery: A systematic analysis of contemporary clinical trials
Authors: Milton Amelia , Drake Thomas M. , Lee Matthew J. 
Published: November 2018

BACKGROUNDEmergency gastrointestinal surgery (EGS) conditions represent a significant healthcare burden globally requiring emergency operations that are associated with mortality rates as high as 80%. EGS is currently focused on quality improvement and internal audits, which occurs at a national or local level. An appreciation of what EGS trials are being conducted is important to reduce research wastage and develop coordinated research strategies in surgery. The primary aim of this study was to identify and quantify recent and active trials in EGS. The secondary aim was to identify conditions of interest and which aspects of care were being modified.METHODSA systematic search of WHO, UK, US, Australian, and Canadian trials databases was undertaken using broad terms to identify studies addressing emergency abdominal surgery and specific high-risk diagnoses. Studies registered between 2013 and 2018 were eligible for inclusion. Data on study topic, design, and funding body were collected. Interventions were classified into “perioperative”, “procedural”, “postoperative”, “non-surgical”, and “other” categories.RESULTSSearches identified 5603 registered trials. After removal of duplicates, 4492 studies remained and 42 were eligible for inclusion. Almost 50% of trials were located in Europe and 17% (n = 7) in the United States. The most common condition addressed was acute appendicitis (n = 11), with the most common intervention being procedure based (n = 23). Hospital-based funding was the most common funder (n = 30).CONCLUSIONThere is large disparity in the number of surgical trials in emergency surgery, which are primarily focused on high-volume conditions. More research is needed into high-mortality conditions.LEVEL OF EVIDENCESystematic review, level III.
A simple Dot Blot Assay for population scale screening of DNA methylation
Authors: Luviano Nelia , Diaz-Palma Sayuri , Cosseau Céline , Grunau Christoph 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe study of epigenetic changes in natural and experimental populations has increased the need to find a cost-effective and high throughput method to analyze multiple samples to effectuate a population-wide screening to study epigenetic changes triggered by biotic or abiotic stress. One of the most studied epigenetic marks is global DNA methylation, its measurement is used as a first step to differentiate methylation between individuals. There is a wide range of methods designed to detect genome-wide 5 methyl-cytosine (5mC) that differ in sensitivity, price, level of expertise required, but as a general rule, require large amounts of DNA and are relatively expensive. This is a limit for the analysis of 5mC in a large number of individuals as a prerequisite to population-wide testing of methylation markers. In this work, we evaluated a method based on antibody recognition of 5mC to measure the DNA methylation level of individuals of the species Biomphalaria glabrata, the intermediate host of schistosomiases, a neglected tropical disease. We validated the method to complete a large screening in the genome of B. glabrata snails treated with a chemical inhibitor of DNA methylation; however, the method can be applied to any species containing 5mC. The dot blot assay is a suitable method to perform a large-scale screening of global DNA methylation to compare 5mC levels between individuals from different natural or experimental populations. The dot blot method compares favorably with methods with an equivalent sensitivity such as the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit since it requires a smaller amount of DNA (30 ng) is less expensive and allows many more samples to be analyzed.
The cell wall regulates dynamics and size of plasma-membrane nanodomains in Arabidopsis
Authors: McKenna JF , Rolfe DJ , Webb SED , Tolmie AF , Botchway SW , Martin-Fernandez ML , Hawes C , Runions J 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPlant plasma-membrane (PM) proteins are involved in several vital processes, such as detection of pathogens, solute transport and cellular signalling. Recent models suggest that for these proteins to function effectively there needs to be structure within the PM allowing, for example, proteins in the same signalling cascade to be spatially organized. Here we demonstrate that several proteins with divergent functions are located in clusters of differing size in the membrane using sub-diffraction-limited Airyscan confocal microscopy. In addition, single particle tracking reveals that these proteins move at different rates within the membrane. We show that the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons appear to significantly regulate the mobility of one of these proteins (the pathogen receptor FLS2) and we further demonstrate that the cell wall is critical for the regulation of cluster size by affecting single particle dynamics of two proteins with key roles in morphogenesis (PIN3) and pathogen perception (FLS2). We propose a model in which the cell wall and cytoskeleton are pivotal for differentially regulating protein cluster size and dynamics thereby contributing to the formation and functionality of membrane nanodomains.One sentence summarySize and mobility of protein nanodomains in the plant plasma-membrane are regulated by interaction with the cell wall extracellular matrix.Significance statementThe plant plasma membrane acts as the front line for cellular perception of the environment. As such, a large number of signalling and transport proteins which perceive or transport environmental signals, developmental cues and nutrients are located within it. Recently, a number of studies have revealed that proteins located within the plasma membrane do not simply freely diffuse within its plane. Rather, proteins are localized in nanometer sized structures called nanodomains. In addition to the plasma-membrane, plant cells also have an extracellular matrix, the cell wall. Here we have shown that the cell wall has a role in regulating the dynamics and size of plasma membrane nanodomains for proteins involved in morphogenesis (PIN3) and pathogen perception (FLS2).
Ectopic expression induces abnormal somatodendritic distribution of tau in the mouse brain
Authors: Kubo Atsuko , Ueda Shouyou , Yamane Ayaka , Wada-Kakuda Satoko , Matsuyama Makoto , Nomori Akane , Takashima Akihiko , Goto Motohito , Ito Mamoru , Tomiyama Takami , Mori Hiroshi , Ihara Yasuo , Misonou Hiroaki , Miyasaka Tomohiro 
Published: November 2018

AbstractTau is a microtubule-associated protein that is localized to the axon. In Alzheimer’s disease, the distribution of tau undergoes a remarkable alteration, leading to the formation of tau inclusions in the somatodendritic compartment. To investigate how this mis-localization occurs, we recently developed immunohistochemical techniques that can separately detect endogenous mouse and exogenous human tau with high sensitivity, which allows us to visualize not only the pathological but pre-aggregated tau in mouse brain tissues of both sex. In tau transgenic mouse brains, exogenous human tau was abundant in dendrites and somata even in the presymptomatic period, whereas the axonal localization of endogenous mouse tau was unaffected. In stark contrast, exogenous tau was properly localized to the axon in human tau knock-in mice. We tracked this difference to the temporal expression patterns of tau. Tau mRNA was continuously expressed in the transgenic mice, whereas endogenous tau and exogenous tau in the knock-in mice exhibited high expression levels during the neonatal period and strong suppression into the adulthood. These results indicated the uncontrolled expression of exogenous tau beyond the developmental period as a cause of mis-localization in the transgenic mice. Super-resolution microscopic and biochemical analyses also indicated that the interaction between microtubules and exogenous tau was indeed impaired in the tau transgenic mice. Thus, the ectopic expression of tau may be critical for its somatodendritic mis-localization, a key step of the tauopathy.Significance StatementSomatodendritic localization of tau may be an early step leading to the neuronal degeneration in tauopathies. However, the mechanisms of the normal axonal distribution of tau and the mis-localization of pathological tau remain obscure. Our immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses demonstrated that the endogenous mouse tau is transiently expressed in neonatal brains, that exogenous human tau expressed corresponding to such tau expression profile can distribute into the axon, and that the constitutive expression of tau into adulthood (ex. human tau in Tg mice) results in abnormal somatodendritic localization. Thus, the expression profile of tau is tightly associated with the localization of tau, and the ectopic expression of tau in matured neurons may be involved in the pathogenesis of tauopathy.
Limited differential expression of miRNAs and other small RNAs in LPS-stimulated human monocytes
Authors: Lu Daniel , Yamawaki Tracy , Zhou Hong , Chou Wen-Yu , Chhoa Mark , lamas Edwin , Escobar Sabine S. , Arnett Heather A. , Ge Huanying , Wang Songli , Li Chi-Ming 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTMonocytes are a distinct subset of myeloid cells with diverse functions in early inflammatory immune modulation. While previous studies have surveyed the role of microRNA regulation on different myeloid cell lines and primary cultures, the time-dependent kinetics of inflammatory stimulation on miRNA expression and the relationship between miRNA-to-target-RNA expression have not been comprehensively profiled in monocytes. In this study, we use next-generation sequencing and RT-PCR assays to analyze the non-coding small RNA transcriptome of unstimulated and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated monocytes at 6 and 24 hours. We identified a miRNA signature consisting of five mature miRNAs (hsa-mir-146a,hsa-mir-155,hsa-mir-9,hsa-mir-147b, andhsa-mir-193a) upregulated by LPS-stimulated monocytes after 6 hours and found that most miRNAs were also upregulated after 24 hours of stimulation. Only one miRNA gene was down-regulated and no other small RNAs were found dysregulated in monocytes after LPS treatment. In addition, novel tRNA-derived fragments were also discovered in monocytes, although none showed significant changes upon LPS stimulation. Interrogation of validated miRNA targets by transcriptomic analysis revealed that the majority of differential mRNA expression was maintained in LPS-stimulated monocytes although few of miRNA targets seemed to obtain heterogeneous expression pattern along the treatment. Our findings reveal a potential role by which selective miRNA upregulation and stable expression of other small RNAs enable monocytes to develop finely tuned cellular responses during acute inflammation.
Human papillomavirus 16 E2 regulates keratinocyte gene expression relevant to cancer and the viral life cycle
Authors: Evans Michael R , James Claire D , Bristol Molly L , Nulton Tara J , Wang Xu , Kaur Namsimar , White Elizabeth A , Windle Brad , Morgan Iain M 
Published: November 2018

AbstractHuman papillomaviruses (HPV) are causative agents in ano-genital and oropharyngeal cancers. The virus must reprogram host gene expression to promote infection, and E6 and E7 contribute to this via targeting of cellular transcription factors including p53 and pRb, respectively. The HPV16 E2 protein regulates host gene expression in U2OS cells and in this study we extend these observations into TERT immortalized oral keratinocytes (NOKs) that are capable of supporting late stages of the HPV16 life cycle. We observed repression of innate immune genes by E2 that are also repressed by the intact HPV16 genome in NOKs. RNA-seq data identified 167 up and 395 downregulated genes by E2; there was a highly significant overlap of the E2 regulated genes with those regulated by the intact HPV16 genome in the same cell type. siRNA targeting of E2 reversed repression of E2 targeted genes. The ability of E2 to repress innate immune genes was confirmed in an ano-genital immortalized keratinocyte cell line, N/Tert-1. We present analysis of data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for HPV16 positive and negative head and neck cancers (HNC) suggesting that E2 plays a role in regulation of the host genome in cancers. Patients with HPV16 positive HNC with a loss of E2 expression exhibit a worse clinical outcome and we discuss how this could, at least partially, be related to the loss of E2 host gene regulation.ImportanceHPV16 positive tumors that retain expression of E2 have a better clinical outcome than those that have lost E2 expression. It has been suggested that this is due to a loss of E2 repression of E6 and E7 expression but this is not supported by data from tumors where there is not more E6 and E7 expression in the absence of E2. Here we report that E2 regulates host gene expression and place this regulation in context of the HPV16 life cycle and HPV16 positive head and neck cancers (the majority of which retain E2 expression). We propose that this E2 function may play an important part in the increased response of HPV16 positive cancers to radiation therapy. Therefore, host gene regulation by E2 may be important for promotion of the HPV16 life cycle, and also for the response of HPV16 positive tumors to radiation therapy.
Molecular basis of Cul3 ubiquitin ligase subversion by vaccinia virus protein A55
Authors: Gao Chen , Pallett Mitchell A. , Croll Tristan I. , Smith Geoffrey L. , Graham Stephen C. 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTBTB-Kelch proteins are substrate-specific adaptors for cullin-3 (Cul3) RING-box based E3 ubiquitin ligases, which mediate protein ubiquitylation leading to proteasomal degradation. Vaccinia virus encodes three BTB-Kelch proteins, namely A55, C2 and F3. Viruses lacking A55 or C2 demonstrate altered cytopathic effect in cultured cells and altered pathology in vivo. Previous studies show that the ectromelia virus orthologue of A55, EVM150, interacts with Cul3 in cells. We show that A55 binds directly to Cul3 via its N-terminal BTB-BACK domain, and together they form a 2:2 complex in solution. The crystal structure of the A55/Cul3 complex was solved to 2.8 Å resolution. The overall conformation and binding interfaces resemble those of the cellular BTB-BACK/Cul3 complex structures, despite low sequence similarity of A55 to cellular BTB-BACK proteins. Surprisingly, despite this structural similarity the affinity of Cul3 for A55 is significantly higher than for reported cellular BTB-BACK proteins. Detailed analysis of the binding interface suggests that I48 from A55 at the BTB/Cul3 interface is important for this high-affinity interaction and mutation at this site reduced the affinity by several orders of magnitude. I48 is conserved only in close orthologues of A55 from poxviruses, but not in C2, F3, or other poxvirus or cellular BTB-Kelch proteins. The high affinity interaction between A55 and Cul3 suggests that, in addition to directing the Cul3-RING E3 ligase complex to degrade cellular/viral target proteins that are normally unaffected, A55 may also sequester Cul3 from cellular adaptor proteins and thus protect substrates of these cellular adaptors from ubiquitination and degradation.
31° South: phenotypic flexibility in adaptive thermogenesis among conspecific populations of an arid-endemic bird - from organismal to cellular level
Authors: Ribeiro Ângela M. , Prats Clara , Pattinson Nicholas B. , Gilbert M. Thomas P. , Smit Ben 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTIn north-temperate small passerines, overwinter survival is associated with a reversibly increased maximum cold-induced metabolism (Msum). This strategy may incur increased energy consumption. Therefore, species inhabiting ecosystems characterized by cold winters and low productivity (i.e., low available energy) may be precluded from displaying an increase in maximum metabolic rates. To examine whether Msumis a flexible phenotype in such challenging environments, and ultimately uncover its underpinning mechanisms, we studied an arid-endemic small bird (Karoo scrub-robin) whose range spans a primary productivity and minimum temperature gradient. We measured Msum, body condition, mass of thermogenic muscles and two indices of cellular aerobic capacity from populations living in three environmentally different regions. We found that Msumwas seasonally flexible, associated with aerobic capacity of limb muscles, but not increasing with lower temperatures, as predicted. Notwithstanding, the cold limit (temperature at which birds reached their maximum metabolic capacity) decreased in winter. These results indicate that birds from arid-zones may respond to cold conditions by altering thermosensation, rather than spending energy to produce heat in skeletal muscles.