bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical Monitoring: Effective Use of Chemical Analysis for Optimization of Contaminant Removal
Authors: Maynard Allan W. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A number of comprehensive programs have been carried out to characterize oil refinery wastewaters with respect to specific organic and inorganic toxic chemicals. This paper provides some background on these studies which have shown that wastewater treatment systems at refinery sites are effective in reducing or removing toxic chemicals. Also presented is a discussion of analytical variability so readers can better appreciate the validity of results obtained from effluent monitoring programs. The variability associated with some chemical analyses, can be significant. Finally, a recommended approach towards routinely monitoring effluent quality and effectiveness of treatment, is presented. This approach involves the monitoring for total phenols, as a possible “surrogate” parameter, along with a “short list” of demonstration parameters.
Toxicity Measurement and Reduction Procedures (Biomonitoring and TRE Programs)
Authors: Chapman Peter M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Toxicity measurements (i.e., determining adverse effects of environmental samples on test organisms or systems) have evolved from simple acute lethality measurements with fish to more subtle measurements and are being used not just reactively (e.g., for assessment and remediation) but also proactively (e.g., in toxicity reduction and evaluation [TRE] programs). This paper outlines some of the current trends in toxicity testing and presents a phased program for TRE application to an effluent discharge. Certain limitations to toxicity testing related to regulation and an appropriate level of environmental protection are identified, in particular the fact that inter-laboratory comparisons clearly indicate that this testing provides a range of values rather than a single definitive number.
Loadings of Selected Chemicals into the St. Lawrence River System from Lake Ontario, 1986/87
Authors: Tsanis I.K. , Biberhofer J. , Murthy C.R. , Sylvestre A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Determination of the mass output through the St. Lawrence River outflow system is an important component in computing mass balance of chemical loadings to Lake Ontario. The total flow rate in the St. Lawrence River System at the Wolfe Island area was calculated from detailed time series current meter measurements from a network of current meters and Lagrangian drifter experiments. This flow is roughly distributed in the ratio of 55% to 45% in the South and North channel, respectively. Loading estimates of selected chemicals have been made by combining the above transport calculations with the ongoing chemical monitoring data at the St. Lawrence outflow. A vertical gradient in the concentration of some organic and inorganic chemicals was observed. The measured concentration for some of the chemicals was higher during the summer months and also is higher in the South Channel than in the North Channel of the St. Lawrence River. These loading estimates are useful not only for modelling the mass balance of chemicals in Lake Ontario but also for serving as input loadings to the St. Lawrence River system from Lake Ontario.
Minimum Concentration of Phosphate for Anaerobic Fixed Film Treatment of Landfill Leachate
Authors: Thirumurthi Dhandapani 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Six laboratory model anaerobic fixed film reactors (AFFRs), fed by a pretreated landfill leachate were monitored at 33 to 37°C to estimate the minimum concentration of phosphate required to sustain anaerobiosis. The AFFRs, packed with biorings, were operated at identical volumetric organic load (L = 8 kg COD.m−3 d−1) and hydraulic retention time (T = 2.6 d). In phase 1, the ratios between feed COD and P (total phosphate expressed as mg P/L) were, respectively, 53,000, 42,400 and 30,300 in reactors A, B and C. In phase 2, the COD/P values were 43,200, 36,000 and 21,600, respectively, in reactors D, E and F. Orthophosphate supplement (Na3 PO4) was added to AFFRs B, C, E and F, but not to A and D. Based on the analysis of data during near-steady-state conditions of the six units, it is concluded that the minimum concentration of total phosphate required to support anaerobic decomposition of leachate was 0.7 mg P/L, and the maximum ratio of COD/P that can be applied was 30,300. AFFRs-C and F, with feed COD/P ratios of, respectively, 30,300, and 21,600, had the same COD removal efficiency of 91%. However, AFFRs-A, B, D and E with COD/P values equal to or above 36,000 had COD removal at or below 49%.
Évaluation des risques environnementaux concernant la présence de composés synthétiques organiques toxiques dans les boues résiduaires municipales lors de leur valorisation (revue de littérature)
Authors: Couillard Denis , Grenier Yvon 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
La présence de composés synthétiques organiques toxiques comme les BPC, les HPA, etc., dans les boues résiduaires soulève des interrogations quant à la sécurité reliée à leur usage comme fertilisant. Une revue de littérature révèle que, généralement, il n’y a pas de risque sérieux puisque ces composés se retrouvent en faibles concentrations dans les boues; ce qui est d’autant plus vrai que les municipalités productrices sont peu industrialisées. Le puisage de ces produits par les racines des plantes n’est pas le mode de transfert principal; c’est plutôt l’évaporation à partir du sol, suivi de la déposition sur les feuilles des plantes étudiées, qui est responsable de leur contamination. La présence de matière organique dans les boues aurait même un rôle positif à jouer en retenant au sol ces polluants où ils pourront se dégrader à la longue. De plus, des normes d’utilisation éditées par plusieurs gouvernements concernant les concentrations permises et les types de cultures aptes à recevoir des boues diminuent les risques potentiels.
Emergency Response Spill Cleanup of Wood Treating Waste
Authors: Connell P.J. , Marr T.A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The use of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) solution for pressure treating wood is an accepted method for extending the useful life of wood. However, the wood treating solution can be hazardous to the environment if spilled or improperly handled.
In the spring of 1989, a fire at a wood treating plant in western Canada resulted in the accidental spill of a large amount of treating solution containing 3% CCA, along with a spill of an organic based wood dye. These two solutions combined with firefighting effluents and rain water to produce in excess of 100,000 US gallons of wastewater. The wastewater was contained on-site in ditches, portable pools, and tanker trucks. The British Columbia Ministry of the Environment (MOE) ordered the treatment of the waste prior to discharge to a nearby water course.
A skid-mounted reverse osmosis/ion exchange treatment system was employed for the cleanup operation. Approximately 90,000 US gallons of the wood treating waste were processed over a 3 week period. The system was operated in a 70% recovery mode, where 70% of the feed wastewater was treated for discharge and the remaining 30% of concentrate was recovered for reuse in the wood treating plant. The quality of the treated effluent was confirmed by the MOE as suitable for discharge. The CCA level in the feed wastewater was reduced by &gt;99.9% to &lt;0.05 mg/L in the treated effluent. Wood dye was not visibly detected in the treated effluent. The productivity of the system decreased over the first 2 weeks of operation as the reverse osmosis membranes conditioned to the wastewater, and eventually attained a stable performance during the last week of operation as fouling became controlled.
The results of this cleanup operation indicate the effectiveness of reverse osmosis followed by ion exchange polishing for treating spills of this nature, as well as other wastewater streams containing low concentrations of organic and inorganic contaminants.
Assessing the Migration and Transformation of Pesticides in the Subsurface : The Role of Expert Systems
Authors: Crowe A.S. , Mutch J.P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The expert system described here is designed to aid regulatory personnel in their assessment of the potential for pesticides to contaminate groundwater. The expert system, known as EXPRES (EXpert system for Pesticide Regulatory Evaluation Simulations), consists of existing simulation models coupled with a knowledge-based system. The numerical models are used to simulate the transport and transformation of pesticides in the unsaturated zone. The knowledge-based system guides the user through the choice of all the necessary information for characterizing the physical, climatic, hydrogeological, pedological and agricultural settings of typical agricultural regions across Canada required by the pesticide model, as well as aiding the user with the model predictions. EXPRES is designed to be used as a management tool to aid in policy decisions and is not intended for use as a research tool. Thus, its purpose is not to provide insight into the processes that control the fate of pesticides in porous media, but to provide an assessment of the potential hazards and to identify if further study is warranted.
Hamilton Harbour Water Clarity Response to Nutrient Abatement
Authors: Painter S. , Hampson L. , Millard E. S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Swimming and fish habitat are two of the beneficial uses identified by the Hamilton Harbour Remedial Action Plan. Both uses require improvements in the Harbourșs water clarity. Beginning in 1988, the addition of a pickle liquor step at the Hamilton Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) successfully reduced the total phosphorus loading into the Harbour from 515 kg.day−1 to 364 kg.day−1 in 1990. A comparison of the 1987 and 89/90 Harbour data showed that chlorophyll decreased 15 μg.L−1 and seston decreased 2.8 mg.L−1, which improved Secchi disc transparency 42 cm from 148 cm to a two year summer average of 190 cm. Secchi disc transparencies in the 3 metre range appear to be attainable when chlorophyll concentrations are below 7 μ/tg.L−1.
Ammonia and Nitrite Contamination of Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario
Authors: Barica J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The temporal and spatial distribution of total and toxic unionized ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and total dissolved nitrogen concentrations in Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario, were investigated during 1987–1988. The concentrations of toxic un-ionized ammonia in vertical and horizontal profiles depended on ammonia loadings from the Hamilton and Burlington municipal sewage treatment plants, the seasonal nitrogen cycle, pH and water temperature. Toxic ammonia levels in the Harbour exceeded the International Joint Commission objective of 20 μg/L at all sampling sites for about half of the year (spring and summer). For extended periods in the late spring and mid-summer, concentrations frequently exceeded the chronic toxicity threshold of 300 μg/L. Toxic un-ionized ammonia concentrations were distributed unevenly over the Harbour with a distinct areal zonation and patchiness. Volatilization of ammonia, estimated at 6.8 tonnes per summer, reduced the toxic effect but was insignificant in the overall NH3-N budget. The nitrite concentrations exceeded the chronic toxicity thresholds of 30 μg/L for most of the summer and frequently surpassed the cold-water fish toxic levels of 250 μg/L. Near the outfall from the Hamilton sewage treatment plant, nitrite levels were 600–1,200 μg/L. The frequency of nitrite toxic episodes was however lower than those of un-ionized ammonia. Nitrite was less abundant than total ammonia and can be considered as a less serious contaminant. Nitrification in Hamilton Harbour appeared to be inhibited by high toxic un-ionized ammonia levels.
Spectrophotometry Measurement of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Hamilton Harbour Sediments
Authors: Murphy T.P. , Brouwer H. , Fox M.E. , Nagy E. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Eighty-one sediment cores were collected to determine the extent of coal tar contamination in a toxic area of Hamilton Harbour. Over 800 samples were analyzed by a UV spectrophotometric technique that was standardized with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. The coal tar distribution was variable. The highest concentrations were near the Stelco outfalls and the Hamilton-Wentworth combined sewer outfalls. The total concentration of the 16 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 48,300 m3 of near-surface sediments exceeded 200 µg/g.
Occurrence of Dyes in the Yamaska River, Québec
Authors: Tkacz Richard J. , Maguire R. James 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A study of the Yamaska River in Québec in the period 1985-1987 has revealed the occurrence of fifteen dyes in water, suspended solids and sediment downstream from textile mills. The dyes were found in 1985 and 1986, but not in 1987, possibly because of improved waste treatment procedures. The most contaminated area was downstream from Granby, which has the largest concentration of textile mills in the basin. Three dyes were positively identified — Disperse Red 60, Disperse Blue 26 and Disperse Blue 79, the most widely used dye in the world. In addition, a mutagenic degradation product of Disperse Blue 79, 2-bromo-4,6-dmitroaniline, was identified in sediment at a location about 6 km downstream from Granby. This product is a result of the reductive cleavage of the azo bond of Disperse Blue 79 in anaerobic sediments. Most of the dyes found are expected to be moderately stable in aerobic environments, but may degrade under anaerobic conditions. This is the first demonstration of the occurrence of dyes in the Canadian environment.
Growth of Bacterioplankton on Dissolved Organic Carbon in Hamilton Harbour and Western Lake Ontario
Authors: Markosova Ruzena 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Bioassay procedure was used to measure dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) in Hamilton Harbour and western Lake Ontario using batch experiments with an incubation time of 12 days in four experiments. Three different levels of natural DOC concentration were assayed; high concentration of DOC, 20.2 mg C/1 (influence of sewage treatment inflow); intermediate concentration of DOC, 16.7 mg C/1 (STELCO plant, industry polluted water); and an unaffected locality with low concentration of DOC, 12 mg C/1 (predominantly autochtonous input from photosynthetic activity in Lake Ontario). Decreasing DOC in all samples was observed during the first five days of experiments followed by a stabilization of DOC at a constant level. The value of the labile fraction of DOC represented 75% of total amount of DOC in the sewage sample water, 57% in the sample affected by industrial waters and 66% of DOC in unaffected sample from Lake Ontario.
Bacterial growth started rapidly from the first day of batch experiments and maximal biomass was reached after two to three days. The highest bacterial biomasses were reached in the samples affected by sewage treatment waters (2.37 mg C/1) and the lowest value was observed in Lake Ontario (0.51 mg C/1).
A Computerized Algorithm for the Design and Analysis of Step-Feed Activated Sludge/Sedimentation Systems
Authors: Moreno Oswaldo , Leduc Roland , Gehr Ronald 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A computerized algorithm is developed for design and analysis of the steady-state step-feed activated sludge system with secondary sedimentation. It takes into account both the biodegradation occurring in the aeration tank and the solids-liquid separation process. The biodegradation model considers an aeration tank with any number (n) of stages. The algorithm also deals with the effluent clarification and sludge thickening processes that may occur in the sedimentation tank, and accounts for the interactions occurring between the aeration tank and the final settling tank. The resulting system of nonlinear equations is solved by an iterative procedure. A computer program (STEPF) is used to obtain design results, and general conclusions are drawn.
Forms of Particulate Phosphorus and the Sediment Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio as Indicators of Phosphorus Origins in Aquatic Systems
Authors: Thomas Richard L. , Santiago Serge , Gandais Véronique , Zhang Li , Vernet Jean-Pierre 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
An evaluation has been carried out on the composition of sediment from a number of different environments in Lake Geneva basin (Switzerland) and compared to Lake Erie sediment, specifically on the forms of phosphorus and the C/N ratio. Compositional features and progressive spatial and temporal changes in composition have been used to define origins of phosphorus and organic matter and to elucidate both river and lake processes. Lake Geneva bottom sediment clearly represents a compositional continuum from the mixing of the mineralized product of primary production (C/N ratio 8–10) in the water column with allochthonous sediment derived predominantly from the upper Rhone River (C/N ratio 12–17). Analysis of the sediment in the effluent of a number of sewage treatment plants gave very high levels of phosphorus, particularly non-apatite inorganic phosphorus and C/N ratios from 6.7 to 9. Changes in composition in the sediments of storm driven rivers were related to the variable influences of point and diffuse sources as they respond to climatic variation and to land use and human population in the basins.
Hydraulic Impact on Granules in UASB Reactors
Authors: Kosaric N. , Blaszczyk R. , Orphan L. , Lynch C. , Maat D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
20 Litre UASB reactors, operated continuously, were used to study hydrodynamic influences on accumulation and settling characteristics of granules. Two experiments were performed. The effect of liquid upflow velocity in the reactor on granules was investigated in Experiment 1. The effect of liquid inlet port configurations, in terms of the number of inlet ports, their diameter and the direction of influent stream into the reactor (at the same upflow velocity of 1.5 m/h) was investigated in Experiment 2.
It was found from Experiment 1 that settling characteristics of granules at lower liquid upflow velocities (0.25 and 0.5 m/h) significantly differed from those observed at higher upflow velocities (1.0 and 1.5 m/h). A wide spectrum of settling velocities was observed at lower liquid upflow velocities while granules became more uniform at higher upflow velocities.
It was found from Experiment 2 that settling of granules was little influenced by different inlet port configurations. However, more inlet ports and/or configurations which forced granules to move at the bottom of the reactor were favourable for the accumulation of granules and for higher concentration of VSS within the granules.
Evaluation of the Feasibility of Implementing Biological Phosphorus Removal in Wastewater Treatment Plants
Authors: Raymond Lise , Comeau Yves , Riel Jean F. , Brière François G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A weighted rating system to evaluate the feasibility of implementing biological phosphorus removal to wastewater treatment plants was developed and applied to identify the most promising existing Quebec plants using activated sludge that may benefit from this advanced technology.
Three main categories of criteria were considered, (A) phosphorus discharge standards, (B) influent and effluent characteristics and (C) process characteristics. The percentage of the total weight attributed to each category was 12%, 29% and 59%, respectively. The most important factors were proposed to be the plant flexibility and configuration, the influent BOD5/TP and TKN/COD ratios, the existence of a primary clarifier, the requirements to comply with phosphorus standards, the presence of a sand filter and the possibility of mixing without air entrainment the zones of the process that should not be aerated.
Among the 16 activated sludge plants for which operating data was available for 1989, 9 showed an interesting potential for conversion to biological phosphorus removal (6 with aeration tanks, 1 with oxidation ditches and 2 with sequencing batch reactors). Operation and construction modifications were proposed to convert these 9 plants to biological phosphorus removal and the rating system was used to assess the beneficial effect of the proposed modifications. A preliminary cost estimate performed on 7 of these plants indicated that conversion costs to biological phosphorus removal were either negligible (4 or 5 plants) or comparable to the present value of the cost of chemicals over a 20-year period (2 plants). With these conversions, biological phosphorus removal could replace partially or completely chemical phosphorus precipitation, depending on the phosphorus standards, wastewater and plant characteristics.
An Introduction to Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) for Destruction of Organics in Wastewater
Authors: Carey J. H. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Various processes that have been suggested for the oxidation of organic compounds in wastewater are summarized. The most widely applicable are based on generation of hydroxyl radicals via the photolysis of hydrogen peroxide, ozone and titanium dioxide. Other methods of generating hydroxyl radicals and other oxidants, as well as other methods of oxidation that have been suggested for organic wastewater treatment are also discussed.
Chemical Models of Advanced Oxidation Processes
Authors: Glaze William H. , Beltran Fernando , Tuhkanen Tuula , Kang Joon-Wun 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been defined as near-ambient temperature processes that involve the generation of highly reactive radical intermediates, especially the hydroxyl radical. These processes show promise for the destruction of hazardous organic substances in municipal and industrial wastes, in drinking water and in ultrapure water. Three types of AOPs are considered in this paper: catalyzed decomposition of ozone; ozone with hydrogen peroxide (Peroxone); and photolysis of hydrogen peroxide with ultraviolet radiation. Kinetic models for these processes are being developed based on known chemical and photochemical principles. The models take into account measured effects of radical scavengers such as bicarbonate; dose ratios of the oxidants or UV intensity; pH; and the presence of generic radical scavengers. The models are used to discuss two cases: oxidation of parts-per-million levels of nitrobenzene with ozone, Peroxone and peroxide/UV and oxidation of naphthalene and pentachlorophenol with peroxide/UV.
High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation: An Advanced Oxidation Process for the Treatment of Aqueous Based Organic Hazardous Wastes
Authors: Cooper William J. , Nickelsen Michael G. , Meacham David E. , Waite Thomas D. , Kurucz Charles N. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes for the removal and destruction of hazardous organic chemicals in water and wastewater is a research area of increasing interest. Advanced oxidation processes generally consider the hydroxyl radical, OH-, the major reactive transient species. A novel process under development, utilizing high energy electrons, extends this concept to include the simultaneous formation of approximately equal concentrations of oxidizing and reducing species. Irradiation of aqueous solutions results in the formation of the aqueous electron, e−aq, hydrogen atoms, H-, and OH-. These reactive transient species initiate chemical reactions capable of destroying organic compounds in aqueous solution. This paper presents data on the removal of six common organic contaminants that have been studied at the Electron Beam Research Facility. The removal and the factors affecting removal were determined. This study focuses on halogenated ethenes, benzene and substituted benzenes. Removal is described in waters of different quality, including potable water, and raw and secondary wastewater. Removal efficiencies ranged from 85 to &gt;99% and varied with water quality, solute concentration, dose and compound.