bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progress of Lead‐Free Halide Double Perovskites
Authors: Igbari Femi , Wang Zhao‐Kui , Liao Liang‐Sheng 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe field of halide metal perovskite photovoltaics has caught widespread interest in the last decade. This is seen in the rapid rise of power conversion efficiency, which is currently over 23%. It has also stimulated a widespread application of halide metal perovskites in other fields, such as light‐emitting diodes, field‐effect transistors, detectors, and lasers. Despite the fascinating characteristics of the halide metal perovskites, the presence of toxic lead (Pb) in their chemical composition is regarded as one of the major limiting factors preventing their commercialization. Addressing the toxicity issues in these compounds by a careful and strategic replacement of Pb2+ with other nontoxic candidate elements represents a promising direction to fabricate lead‐free optoelectronic devices. Such attempts yield a halide double perovskite structure which allows flexibility for various compositional adjustments. Here, the authors present the current progress and setbacks in crystal structures, materials preparation, optoelectronic properties, stability, and photovoltaic applications of lead‐free halide double perovskite compounds. Prospective research directions to improve the optoelectronic properties of existing materials are given that may help in the discovery of new lead‐free halide double perovskites.
New Anthracene‐Fused Nonfullerene Acceptors for High‐Efficiency Organic Solar Cells: Energy Level Modulations Enabling Match of Donor and Acceptor
Authors: Feng Huanran , Yi Yuan‐Qiu‐Qiang , Ke Xin , Yan Jing , Zhang Yamin , Wan Xiangjian , Li Chenxi , Zheng Nan , Xie Zengqi , Chen Yongsheng 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTwo new nonfullerene small molecule acceptors (NF‐SMAs) AT‐NC and AT‐4Cl based on heptacyclic anthracene(cyclopentadithiophene) (AT) core and different electron‐withdrawing end groups are designed and synthesized. Although the two new acceptor molecules use two different end groups, naphthyl‐fused indanone (NINCN) and chlorinated INCN (INCN‐2Cl) demonstrate similar light absorption. AT‐4Cl with chlorinated INCN as end groups are shifted significantly due to the strong electron‐withdrawing ability of chlorine atoms. Thus, desirable Voc and photovoltaic performance are expected to be achieved when polymer PBDB‐T is used as the electron donor with AT‐NC as the acceptor, and fluorinated analog PBDB‐TF with down‐shifted energy levels is selected to blend with AT‐4Cl. Consequently, the device based on PBDB‐TF:AT‐4Cl yields a high power conversion efficiency of 13.27% with a slightly lower Voc of 0.901 V, significantly enhanced Jsc of 19.52 mA cm−2 and fill factor of 75.5% relative to the values based on PBDB‐T:AT‐NC. These results demonstrate that the use of a new electron‐rich AT core, together with energy levels modulations by end‐group optimizations enabling the match with polymer donors, is a successful strategy to construct high‐performance NF‐SMAs.
Viscoelastic and Nonflammable Interface Design–Enabled Dendrite‐Free and Safe Solid Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Ma Qiang , Zeng Xian‐Xiang , Yue Junpei , Yin Ya‐Xia , Zuo Tong‐Tong , Liang Jia‐Yan , Deng Qi , Wu Xiong‐Wei , Guo Yu‐Guo 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHerein, a composite polymer electrolyte with a viscoelastic and nonflammable interface is designed to handle the contact issue and preclude Li dendrite formation. The composite polymer electrolyte (cellulose acetate/polyethylene glycol/Li1.4Al0.4Ti1.6P3O12) exhibits a wide electrochemical window of 5 V (vs Li+/Li), a high Li+ transference number of 0.61, and an excellent ionic conductivity of above 10−4 S cm−1 at 60 °C. In particular, the intimate contact, low interfacial impedance, and fast ion‐transport process between the electrodes and solid electrolytes can be simultaneously achieved by the viscoelastic and nonflammable layer. Benefiting from this novel design, solid lithium metal batteries with either LiFePO4 or LiCoO2 as cathode exhibit superior cyclability and rate capability, such as a discharge capacity of 157 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at C/2 and 97 mA h g−1 at 5C for LiFePO4 cathode. Moreover, the smooth and uniform Li surface after long‐term cycling confirms the successful suppression of dendrite formation. The viscoelastic and nonflammable interface modification of solid electrolytes provides a promising and general strategy to handle the interfacial issues and improves the operative safety of solid lithium metal batteries.
A Calcium‐Ion Hybrid Energy Storage Device with High Capacity and Long Cycling Life under Room Temperature
Authors: Wu Nanzhong , Yao Wenjiao , Song Xiaohe , Zhang Ge , Chen Bingjie , Yang Jinhu , Tang Yongbing 
Published: February 2019

AbstractCa‐ion based devices are promising candidates for next‐generation energy storage with high performance and low cost, thanks to its multielectrons, superior kinetics, as well as abundance (2500 times lithium). Because of the lack of an appropriate combination of suitable electrode materials and electrolytes, it is unsuccessful to attain a satisfactory performance on complete Ca‐ion energy storage devices. Here, the multiion reaction strategy is defined to construct a complete Ca‐ion energy storage device and a capacitor–battery hybrid mechanism is deliberately adopted. Profiting from the elaborate design, it exhibits a high reversible capacity of 92 mAh g−1, unmatchable rate capability, and a high capacity retention of 84% over 1000 cycles under room temperature, which is the best performance of reported Ca‐based energy storage devices.
Elevated blood lead levels in adults—Missouri, 2013
Authors: Victory Kerton R. , Braun Carol R. , de Perio Marie A. , Calvert Geoffrey M. , Alarcon Walter 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundOver 90% of adults with elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) in the United States are exposed occupationally. Missouri historically has been among the states with the highest prevalence rates of elevated BLLs. We characterized cases of elevated BLLs among Missouri adults to target preventive interventions.MethodsWe reviewed 2013 data on Missouri residents ≥16 years from the Missouri Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance system and analyzed characteristics of those with elevated BLLs. We used the contemporaneous CDC definition of elevated BLL as ≥10 μg/dL.ResultsOf the 15 123 residents with a BLL in 2013 (median: 1.5 μg/dL, range: 0‐151 μg/dL), 3145 (21%) had BLLs ≥10 μg/dL. Occupational exposures accounted for the majority of residents (n = 3099, 98%) with elevated BLLs, mostly in battery manufacturing (n = 1373, 44%) and lead mining (n = 821, 26%) industries.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the need for focused interventions targeting battery manufacturing and lead mining, the high‐risk industries, to further reduce overexposures to lead.
Emerging Theory, Materials, and Screening Methods: New Opportunities for Promoting Thermoelectric Performance
Authors: Ouyang Yulou , Zhang Zhongwei , Li Dengfeng , Chen Jie , Zhang Gang 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHigh‐performance thermoelectric materials have attracted immense interest due to the capability of directly converting thermal energy into electrical energy. The correlation and inherent complexity between the thermoelectric parameters pose serious challenges to improving the materials’ thermoelectric performance. Herein, the emerging novel theories in the field of thermoelectrics are summarized, such as the coherent phonon, nanophononic metamaterial, rattling effect, topological phonon, and topological electron. The impacts of these new concepts on thermoelectric performance are then reviewed. Finally, a number of promising thermoelectric materials such as one‐dimensional nanowires, two‐dimensional layered materials, and nanomesh structures are discussed. The advanced understanding of thermal and electrical transport properties in thermoelectric materials is presented herein, providing new opportunities for improving thermoelectric performance.
On Entropic Uncertainty Relations for Measurements of Energy and Its “Complement”
Authors: Rastegin Alexey E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHeisenberg's uncertainty principle in application to energy and time is a powerful heuristics. This statement plays an important role in foundations of quantum theory and statistical physics. If some state exists for a finite interval of time, then it cannot have a completely definite value of energy. It is well known that the case of energy and time principally differs from more familiar examples of two non‐commuting observables. Since quantum theory was originated, many approaches to energy–time uncertainties have been proposed. Entropic way to formulate the uncertainty principle is currently the subject of active researches. Using the Pegg concept of complementarity of the Hamiltonian, uncertainty relations of the “energy–time” type are obtained in terms of Rényi and Tsallis entropies. Although this concept is somehow restricted in scope, derived relations can be applied to systems typically used in quantum information processing. Both the state‐dependent and state‐independent formulations are of interest. Some of the derived state‐independent bounds are similar to the results obtained within a more general approach on the basis of sandwiched relative entropies. The developed method allows us to address the case of detection inefficiencies.
Dienamine‐Induced Divinylcyclopropane–Cycloheptadiene Rearrangements
Authors: Apel Caroline , Hartmann Sven Sören , Lentz Dieter , Christmann Mathias 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSigmatropic rearrangements constitute an important group of pericyclic reactions. In contrast to cycloaddition reactions, examples of catalytic variants of electrocyclic reactions and sigmatropic rearrangements are still scarce in the chemical literature. Herein, we report the first organocatalytic Cope rearrangement of in situ‐generated divinylcyclopropanes. The reactive motif was generated by condensation of 4‐(2‐vinylcyclopropyl)but‐2‐enal derivatives with a secondary amine catalyst to form a transient dienamine. The cycloheptadiene products could be obtained in high yield and excellent diastereoselectivity. Importantly, the reaction was demonstrated to be stereospecific, proceeding under mild conditions, while exhibiting broad functional group tolerance.
Air‐Stable n‐Type Thermoelectric Materials Enabled by Organic Diradicaloids
Authors: Yuan Dafei , Guo Yuan , Zeng Yan , Fan Qingrui , Wang Jianjun , Yi Yuanping , Zhu Xiaozhang 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAir‐stable n‐type thermoelectric materials are recognized as an important and challenging topic in organic thermoelectrics (OTEs) because conventional n‐type OTE materials prepared by chemical doping are highly volatile upon exposure to air. Besides, doping efficiency and microstructure are hard to control with the incorporation of external dopants. We report herein the design and synthesis of unconventional n‐type OTE materials based on the diradicaloids 2DQQT‐S and 2DQQT‐Se, which are proved to be neutral single‐component organic conductors that exhibit an unprecedented air stability. Without external n‐doping, a pristine film of 2DQQT‐Se shows an electrical conductivity as high as 0.29 S cm−1 delivering a power factor of 1.4 μW m−1 K−2. Under ambient conditions, no decay in electrical conductivity is observed for over 260 hours. This work demonstrates that diradicaloids are promising candidates for air‐stable and high‐performance OTE materials.
Effect of pyrolysis conditions on the improvement of the physicochemical structure of activated carbon obtained from Jixi bituminous coal
Authors: Liu Dong Dong , Jia Bo Yin , Li Song , Dong Liang Jie , Gao Ji Hui , Qin Yu Kun 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDifferent pyrolysis conditions have been confirmed as a useful way to improve the physicochemical structure of Jixi bituminous char to obtain fully developed porosity after a low burn‐off during activation. In this paper, a series of coal‐char samples were prepared at different pyrolysis temperatures, rates, and residence times. The effect of the pyrolysis temperature on the physicochemical structure in coal char is important because it can control the breakage and recombination of different types of chemical bonds. The impact of the pyrolysis rate gradually increases with increasing temperature, indicating that its influence is closely related to the pyrolysis temperature. However, an extension of the residence time at different pyrolysis temperatures and rates can only help the evolution of the chemical structure. It was determined that the typical char (KJX800‐40) produced by rapid pyrolysis at 800°C over a long residence time (40 min) is the most suitable for subsequent activation due to its disordered carbon structure, abundant initial pores, and active sites. The initial pores that developed in the KJX800‐40 char facilitate the diffusion of activated gas to avoid serious carbon losses on the surface of the particles; alternatively, more active sites help the etching of the carbon structure to promote the rapid and continuous development of the micropores, following nonhierarchical development. On the basis of these results, a pyrolysis condition with a high SBET (859.14 m2/g)/burn‐off ratio (25.2%) of 34.09 m2/(g•%) was identified.
Intumescent fire‐retardant coatings for plastics based on poly(vinylphosphonic acid): Improving water resistance with comonomers
Authors: Williams Katherine , Ebdon John R. , Kandola Baljinder K. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTCoatings based on the in situ photopolymerization of vinyl phosphonic acid (VPA) with triallyl cyanurate as a crosslinking agent are shown to be effective not only for fire‐protecting glass fiber‐reinforced epoxy resin (GRE) composites but also poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), a typical meltable and flammable thermoplastic. Dry adhesion of polyVPA coatings to PMMA surfaces is excellent but, as with coatings on GRE, adhesion following water‐soak tests is poor. Copolymerizing VPA with more hydrophobic monomers improves wet adhesion, albeit with some impairment of fire performance, with copolymers of VPA and acrylonitrile giving the best results. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 47601.
Prospects for using a new sequential chemiluminescence strategy for monitoring the caffeine content in soft and energy drinks via the catalytic activities of different nano‐metal oxides
Authors: Alarfaj Nawal A. , Al‐tamimi Salma A. , El‐Tohamy Maha F. , Al‐dughmi Maha S. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis article suggests a new sequential injection analysis chemiluminescence (SIA‐CL) strategy for monitoring the caffeine (CAF) content in soft and energy drinks using the catalytic activities of different nano‐metal oxides. The present study describes three different SIA‐CL systems (luminol–ferricyanide (III) coupled with Fe2O3 or ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), and luminol–H2O2 coupled with CuONPs. All experimental conditions were optimized and the linear concentration ranges of pure CAF were evaluated using the calibration graphs. The selectivity of the developed SIA‐CL systems was studied under the influence of various interfering species that may be present in soft or energy drinks such as sodium ions, sucrose, glucose, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate, riboflavin, niacin, citric, phosphoric and ascorbic acids. International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines were obeyed for the validation of the suggested CL methods. The developed SIA‐CL systems displayed linear relationships over the concentration ranges 1.0–350, 5.0–400 and 10.0–400 μg ml−1 with Fe2O3 NPs, ZnO NPs and CuO NPs, respectively. The recorded lower limits of detection and quantification were 0.7, 2.7 and 7.8 μg ml−1, and 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 μg ml−1 for the previously mentioned SIA‐CL systems. The results revealed high selectivity for CAF determination and were in good agreement with those obtained by other reported methods.
Simultaneous quantification of levofloxacin, pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin in microvolumes of human plasma using high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection
Authors: Zheng Yi , Wang Ziqing , Lui Gabrielle , Hirt Déborah , Treluyer Jean‐Marc , Benaboud Sihem , Aboura Radia , Gana Inès 
Published: February 2019

AbstractLevofloxacin, pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin are four fluoroquinolones used in the treatment of serious bacterial infections. The antibacterial activity of fluoroquinolones is concentration dependent. Therefore, therapeutic drug monitoring in daily clinical practice is warranted to ensure the therapy's efficacy and prevent bacterial resistance. The purpose of the present study was to develop a method using high‐pressure liquid chromatography with an ultraviolet detector for simultaneous quantification of these four fluoroquinolones in human plasma. A 50 μL aliquot of plasma was precipitated by 200 μL of methanol using gatifloxacin as internal standard. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Kinetex XB‐C18 column using a mobile phase composed of a mixture of orthophosphoric acid 0.4% (v/v), acetonitrile and methanol at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. Dual UV wavelength mode was used, with levofloxacin and moxifloxacin monitored at 293 nm, and pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin monitored at 280 nm. The calibration was linear over the ranges of 0.125–25 mg/L for levofloxacin, 0.1–20mg/L for moxifloxacin and 0.05‐10 mg/L for both pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Inter‐ and intra‐day trueness and precision were <13% for all the compounds under study. The proposed method was simple, reliable, cost‐effective and suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring or pharmacokinetics studies.
The role of putative human anterior intraparietal sulcus area in observed manipulative action discrimination
Authors: Orban Guy A. , Ferri Stefania , Platonov Artem 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIntroductionAlthough it has become widely accepted that the action observation network (AON) includes three levels (occipito‐temporal, parietal and premotor), little is known concerning the specific role of these levels within perceptual tasks probing action observation. Recent single cell studies suggest that the parietal level carries the information required to discriminate between two‐alternative observed actions, but do not exclude possible contributions from the other two levels.MethodsTwo functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments used a task‐based attentional modulation paradigm in which subjects viewed videos of an actor performing a manipulative action on a coloured object, and discriminated between either two observed manipulative actions, two actors or two colours.ResultsBoth experiments demonstrated that relative to actor and colour discrimination, discrimination between observed manipulative actions involved the putative human anterior intraparietal sulcus (phAIP) area in parietal cortex. In one experiment, where the observed actions also differed with regard to effectors, premotor cortex was also specifically recruited.ConclusionsOur results highlight the primary role of parietal cortex in discriminating between two‐alternative observed manipulative actions, consistent with the view that this level plays a major role in representing the identity of an observed action.
Green human resource management and the enablers of green organisational culture: Enhancing a firm's environmental performance for sustainable development
Authors: Roscoe Samuel , Subramanian Nachiappan , Jabbour Charbel J.C. , Chong Tao 
Published: February 2019

AbstractScholars have shown that green human resource management (GHRM) practices enhance a firm's environmental performance. However, existing studies fail to explain how GHRM initiatives can enable a green organisational culture or how such a culture affects the environmental performance and sustainable development of the firm. This paper examines the relationship between GHRM practices, the enablers of green organisational culture, and a firm's environmental performance. We conduct a large‐scale survey of 204 employees at Chinese manufacturing firms. Our findings suggest that proenvironmental HRM practices including hiring, training, appraisal, and incentivisation support the development of the enablers of green organisational culture. We suggest the key enablers of green organisational culture include leadership emphasis, message credibility, peer involvement, and employee empowerment. Our paper contributes to HRM theory in terms of originality and utility of research by explaining that the enablers of green organisational culture positively mediate the relationship between GHRM practices and environmental performance. Managers are provided with a detailed understanding of the GHRM practices needed to enable an organisational culture of environmentally aware employees. Finally, we address potential implications of this work for teaching green organisational culture to future generations of responsible managers.
Comparison of outcome and toxicity of postoperative intensity‐modulated radiation therapy with two‐dimensional radiotherapy in patients with soft tissue sarcoma of extremities and trunk
Authors: Wang Jianyang , Song Yongwen , Liu Xinfan , Jin Jing , Wang Weihu , Yu Zihao , Liu Yueping , Li Ning , Fang Hui , Ren Hua , Tang Yuan , Tang Yu , Chen Bo , Lu Ningning , Qi Shunan , Wang Shulian , Li Yexiong 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundTo compare the survival outcomes and late toxicities of postoperative intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with two‐dimensional radiotherapy (2D‐RT) for patients with soft tissue sarcoma (STS) of extremities and trunk.Methods274 consecutive patients with nonmetastatic STS of extremities and trunk treated with postoperative IMRT (n = 187) and 2D‐RT (n = 87) were analyzed. Survival was calculated by using Kaplan‐Meier method. Independent prognostic factors were identified using Cox stepwise regression analysis for variables with a P‐value <0.1 in univariate analysis.ResultsWith a median follow‐up time of 58.1 months, 30 local recurrences, 66 distant metastases, and 40 deaths occurred. Compared to 2D‐RT group, the IMRT group had higher 5‐year local recurrence‐free survival (LRFS) (91.1% vs 80.8%; P = 0.029), distant metastasis‐free survival (DMFS) (80.0% vs 69.7%; P = 0.048), disease‐free survival (DFS) (75.2% vs 59.2%; P = 0.021), and overall survival (OS) (90.2% vs 81.0%; P = 0.029). Multivariate analysis showed IMRT was an independent favorable factor for LRFS, DMFS, DFS, and OS. For late toxicities, the patients in IMRT group enjoyed lower incidences of ≥Grade 2 joint stiffness (3.9% vs 12.3%; P = 0.041) and ≥Grade 3 fractures (0.0% vs 3.4%; P = 0.25) than those in 2D‐RT group. ≥Grade 2 Edema was similar between these two groups (4.8% vs 9.2%; P = 0.183).ConclusionsWhen compared with conventional techniques, postoperative IMRT seems to provide better LRFS, DMFS, DFS, and OS and less late toxicities in patients with STS of extremities and trunk, which should be offered as a preferred treatment.