bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of high flow nasal cannula oxygen administration to traditional nasal cannula oxygen therapy in healthy dogs
Authors: Jagodich Tiffany A. , Bersenas Alexa M.E. , Bateman Shane W. , Kerr Carolyn L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the feasibility, degree of respiratory support, and safety of high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen therapy in sedated and awake healthy dogs, when compared to traditional nasal cannula (TNC) oxygen administration.DesignRandomized experimental crossover study.SettingUniversity research facility.AnimalsEight healthy dogs.InterventionsVariable flow rates (L/kg/min) were assessed, TNC: 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 and HFNC: 0.4, 1.0, 2.0, and 2.5. HFNC was assessed in sedated and awake dogs.MeasurementsVariables measured included: inspiratory/expiratory airway pressures, fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), end‐tidal oxygen (ETO2), end‐tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), temperature, heart/respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, and pulse oximetry. Sedation status, complications, and predefined tolerance and respiratory scores were recorded.Main resultsUsing HFNC, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was achieved at 1 and 2 L/kg/min. CPAP was not higher at 2.5 than 2 L/kg/min, with worse tolerance scores. Expiratory airway pressures were increased when sedated (P = 0.006). FiO2 at 0.4 L/kg/min for both methods was 72%. FiO2 with TNC 0.1 L/kg/min was 27% and not different from room air. The FiO2 at all HFNC flow rates ≥1 L/kg/min was 95%. PaO2 for HFNC 0.4 L/kg/min was lower than at other flow rates (P = 0.005). The only noted complication was aerophagia. PaCO2 was increased with sedation and use of HFNC when compared to baseline (P = 0.006; P < 0.01).ConclusionsUse of HFNC in dogs is feasible and safe, provides predictable oxygen support and provides CPAP, but may cause a mild increase in PaCO2. Flow rates of 1–2 L/kg/min are recommended. If using TNC, flow rates above 0.1 L/kg/min may attain higher FiO2.
Comparison of biomarkers adiponectin, leptin, C‐reactive protein, S100A12, and the Acute Patient Physiologic and Laboratory Evaluation (APPLE) score as mortality predictors in critically ill dogs
Authors: Köster Liza S. , Fosgate Geoffrey T. , Suchodolski Jan , Lidbury Jonathan , Steiner Jörg M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo determine if selected serum biomarkers are superior to the acute patient physiologic and laboratory evaluation (APPLE) complete score in predicting 30‐day mortality in a non‐homogeneous disease population of critically ill dogs.DesignProspective cohort study comparing the serum biomarkers adiponectin, leptin, C‐reactive protein, and S100A12 concentrations between surviving and nonsurviving critically ill dogs.SettingUniversity small animal teaching hospital.AnimalsSeventy critically ill dogs were prospectively recruited, and an APPLE complete score was calculated within 24 hours of being admitted to the intensive care unit. Logistic regression models were fit to estimate the association between biomarkers and 30‐day survival. Results were interpreted at the 5% level of significance.Measurements and main resultsLeptin was the only biomarker that was significantly correlated with the APPLE complete score (P < 0.001). Only the APPLE complete score (P = 0.003) and illness duration of < 1 day (P = 0.043) were significantly associated with outcome.ConclusionBased on the results of this study, there appears to be no benefit in using biomarkers over the APPLE score for disease severity stratification. Serum leptin concentration was significantly correlated with disease severity as determined by APPLE scoring. Longer duration of illness prior to admission was associated with a higher risk of death. APPLE scores were highest in dogs with infectious and immune‐mediated diseases and bite wounds.
Outbreak of a new alien invasive plant Salvia reflexa in north‐east China
Authors: Shao M N , Qu B , Drew B T , Xiang C L , Miao Q , Luo S H 
Published: March 2019

SummaryThe establishment of invasive species is widely recognised as a pivotal issue in the preservation of biodiversity. Salvia reflexa, a species native to the south‐central United States and Mexico, has been widely introduced in Argentina, Australia, New Zealand and Japan. In China, the first population of this plant was found growing adjacent to a grain depot in Shahai village, Jianping County, Liaoning Province, on 25 July 2007. Since the grain depot imported foodstuffs from regions where the plant is native, we infer that S. reflexa was introduced into China via imported foodstuff in the early to mid‐2000s. Based on field observations, at least seven populations of this plant were observed in north‐east China. The plants displayed vigorous growth in midsummer and produced prolific seeds to overcome the cold environment in winter. Salvia reflexa occurred in both dense monocultures and in mixed stands with native plants. In order to validate a system for recognising and categorising non‐native plants in China, the Australian Weed Risk Assessment system was used to assess the invasiveness status of 19 exotic and 16 native plants in north‐east China. Salvia reflexa exhibited a high score of 10, suggesting it is a potentially pernicious alien invasive plant. Although the current distribution of S. reflexa is restricted to Liaoning province and thus far has limited impact on local environments, local regulatory authorities should pay close attention to this plant and take measures to stop its expansion. This is the first time that an invasive plant from the Lamiaceae (mint family) has been documented from cold environments in China.
On Planar Impacts of Cylinders and Balls
Authors: Alluhydan Khalid , Razzaghi Pouria , Hurmuzlu Yildirim 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In this paper, we studied planar collisions of balls and cylinders with an emphasis on the coefficient of restitution (COR). We conducted a set of experiments using three types of materials: steel, wood, and rubber. Then, we estimated the kinematic COR for all collision pairs. We discovered unusual variations among the ball–ball (B–B) and ball–cylinder (B–C) CORs. We proposed a discretization method to investigate the cause of the variations in the COR. Three types of local contact models were used for the simulation: rigid body, bimodal linear, and bimodal Hertz models.
Based on simulation results, we discovered that the bimodal Hertz model produced collision outcomes that had the greatest agreement with the experimental results. In addition, our simulations showed that softer materials need to be segmented more than harder ones. Softer materials are materials with smaller collision stiffness values than harder ones. Moreover, we obtained a relationship between the collision stiffness ratio and the number of segments of softer materials to produce physically accurate simulations of B–C CORs. We validated this relationship and the proposed method by conducting two additional sets of experiments.
Effects of Playing Surface on Physical, Physiological, and Perceptual Responses to a Repeated-Sprint Ability Test: Natural Grass Versus Artificial Turf
Authors: Ammar Achraf , Bailey Stephen J. , Hammouda Omar , Trabelsi Khaled , Merzigui Nabil , El Abed Kais , Driss Tarak , Hökelmann Anita , Ayadi Fatma , Chtourou Hamdi , Gharbi Adnen , Turki Mouna 
Published: March 2019

Purpose:The effect of playing surface on physical performance during a repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test and the mechanisms for any potential playing-surface-dependent effects on RSA performance are equivocal. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of natural grass (NG) and artificial turf (AT) on physical performance, ratings of perceived exertion, feeling scale, and blood biomarkers related to anaerobic contribution (blood lactate [Lac]), muscle damage (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase), inflammation (C-reactive protein), and immune function (neutrophils [NEU], lymphocytes [LYM], and monocytes) in response to an RSA test.Methods:A total of 9 male professional football players from the same regional team completed 2 sessions of RSA testing (6 × 30 s interspersed with a 35-s recovery) on NG and AT in a randomized order. During the RSA test, total (sum of distances) and peak (highest distance covered in a single repetition) distance covered were determined using a measuring tape, and the decrement in sprinting performance from the first to the last repetition was calculated. Before and after the RSA test, ratings of perceived exertion, feeling scale, and Lac, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein, NEU, LYM, and monocytes were recorded in both NG and AT conditions.Results:Although physical performance declined during the RSA blocks on both surfaces (P = .001), the distance covered declined more on NG (15%) than on AT (11%;P = .04; effect size [ES] = −0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], −1.21 to 0.56) with a higher total distance covered (+6% [2%]) on AT (P = .018; ES = 1.15; 95% CI, 0.16 to 2.04). In addition, lower ratings of perceived exertion (P = .04; ES = −0.49; 95% CI, −1.36 to 0.42), Lac, NEU, and LYM (P = .03; ES = −0.80; 95% CI, −1.67 to 0.14; ES = −0.16; 95% CI, −1.03 to 0.72; and ES = −0.94; 95% CI, −1.82 to 0.02, respectively) and more positive feelings (P = .02; ES = 0.81; 95% CI, −0.13 to 1.69) were observed after the RSA test performed on AT than on NG. No differences were observed in the remaining physical and blood markers.Conclusion:These findings suggest that RSA performance is enhanced on AT compared with NG. This effect was accompanied by lower fatigue perception and Lac, NEU, and LYM and a more pleasurable feeling. These observations might have implications for physical performance in intermittent team-sport athletes who train and compete on different playing surfaces.
Alternate-Day Low Energy Availability During Spring Classics in Professional Cyclists
Authors: Heikura Ida A. , Quod Marc , Strobel Nicki , Palfreeman Roger , Civil Rita , Burke Louise M. 
Published: March 2019

Purpose: To assess energy and carbohydrate (CHO) availability and changes in blood hormones in 6 professional male cyclists over multiple single-day races. Methods: The authors collected weighed-food records, power-meter data, and morning body mass measurements across 8 d. CHO intakes were compared with contemporary guidelines. Energy availability (EA) was calculated as energy intake minus exercise energy expenditure, relative to fat-free mass (FFM). Skinfold thickness and blood metabolic and reproductive hormones were measured prestudy and poststudy. Statistical significance was defined as P ≤ .05. Results: Body mass (P = .11) or skinfold thickness (P = .75) did not change across time, despite alternate-day low EA (14 [9] vs 57 [10] kcal·kg−1 FFM·d−1, race vs rest days, respectively; P < .001). Cyclists with extremely low EA on race days (<10 kcal·kg−1 FFM·d−1; n = 2) experienced a trend toward decreased testosterone (−14%) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (−25%), despite being high EA (>46 kcal·kg−1 FFM·d−1) on days between. CHO intakes were significantly higher on race versus rest days (10.7 [1.3] vs 6.4 [0.8] g·kg−1·d−1, respectively; P < .001). The cyclists reached contemporary prerace fueling targets (3.4 [0.7] g·kg−1·3 h−1 CHO; P = .24), while the execution of CHO guidelines during race (51 [9] g·h−1; P = .048) and within acute (1.6 [0.5] g·kg−1·3 h−1; P = .002) and prolonged (7.4 [1.0] g·kg−1·24 h−1; P = .002) postrace recovery was poor. Conclusions: The authors are the first to report the day-by-day periodization of energy and CHO in a small sample of professional cyclists. They also examined the logistics of conducting a field study under stressful conditions in which major cooperation from the subjects and team management is needed. Their commentary around these challenges and possible solutions is a major novelty of the article.
Muscle Activation Patterns Correlate With Race Walking Economy in Elite Race Walkers: A Waveform Analysis
Authors: Gomez-Ezeiza Josu , Santos-Concejero Jordan , Torres-Unda Jon , Hanley Brian , Tam Nicholas 
Published: March 2019

Purpose: To analyze the association between muscle activation patterns on oxygen cost of transport in elite race walkers over the entire gait waveform. Methods: A total of 21 Olympic race walkers performed overground walking trials at 14 km·h−1 where muscle activity of the gluteus maximus, adductor magnus, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, medial gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior were recorded. Race walking economy was determined by performing an incremental treadmill test ending at 14 km·h−1. Results: This study found that more-economical race walkers exhibit greater gluteus maximus (P = .022, r = .716), biceps femoris (P = .011, r = .801), and medial gastrocnemius (P = .041, r = .662) activation prior to initial contact and weight acceptance. In addition, during the propulsive and the early swing phase, race walkers with higher activation of the rectus femoris (P = .021, r = .798) exhibited better race walking economy. Conclusions: This study suggests that the neuromuscular system is optimally coordinated through varying muscle activation to reduce the metabolic demand of race walking. These findings highlight the importance of proximal posterior muscle activation during initial contact and hip-flexor activation during early swing phase, which are associated with efficient energy transfer. Practically, race walking coaches may find this information useful in the development of specific training strategies on technique.
Adaptation of Tendon Structure and Function in Tendinopathy With Exercise and Its Relationship to Clinical Outcome
Authors: Färnqvist Kenneth , Pearson Stephen , Malliaras Peter 
Published: March 2019

Context:Exercise is seen as the most evidence-based treatment for managing tendinopathy and although the type of exercise used to manage tendinopathy may induce adaptation in healthy tendons, it is not clear whether these adaptations occur in tendinopathy and if so whether they are associated with improved clinical outcomes.Objective:The aim of the study was to synthesize available evidence for adaptation of the Achilles tendon to eccentric exercise and the relationship between adaptation (change in tendon thickness) and clinical outcomes among people with Achilles tendinopathy.Evidence Acquisition:The search was performed in September 2018 in several databases. Studies investigating the response (clinical outcome and imaging on ultrasound/magnetic resonance imaging) of pathological tendons (tendinopathy, tendinosis, and partial rupture) to at least 12 weeks of eccentric exercise were included. Multiple studies that investigated the same interventions and outcome were pooled and presented in effect size estimates, mean difference, and 95% confidence intervals if measurement scales were the same, or standard mean difference and 95% confidence intervals if measurements scales were different. Where data could not be pooled the studies were qualitatively synthesized based on van Tulder et al.Evidence Synthesis:Eight studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in the review. There was strong evidence that Achilles tendon thickness does not decrease in parallel with improved clinical outcomes.Conclusions:Whether a longer time to follow-up is more important than the intervention (ie, just the time per se) for a change in tendon thickness remains unknown. Future studies should investigate whether exercise (or other treatments) can be tailored to optimize tendon adaptation and function, and whether this relates to clinical outcomes.
Psychometric Properties of the iHandy Level Smartphone Application for Measuring Lumbar Spine Range of Motion and Lordosis: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Pourahmadi Mohammadreza , Hesarikia Hamid , Ghanjal Ali , Shamsoddini Alireza 
Published: March 2019

Context: Advent of smartphones has brought a wide range of clinical measurement applications (apps) within the reach of most clinicians. The vast majority of smartphones have numerous built-in sensors such as magnetometers, accelerometers, and gyroscopes that make the phone capable of measuring joint range of motion (ROM) and detecting joint positions. The iHandy Level app is a free app which has a visual display alike with the digital inclinometer in regard to numeric size. Objective: The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate available evidence in the literature to assess the psychometric properties (ie, reliability and validity) of the iHandy Level app in measuring lumbar spine ROM and lordosis. Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Ovid, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect were searched from inception to September 2018 for single-group repeated-measures studies reporting outcomes of lumbar spine ROM or lordosis in adult individuals without symptoms of low back pain (LBP) or patients with LBP. The quality of each included study was assessed using the Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies checklist. Results: A total of 4 studies with 273 participants were included. Two studies focused on measuring active lumbar spine ROM, and 2 studies evaluated lumbar spine lordosis. Three studies included asymptomatic subjects, and one study recruited patients with LBP. The results showed that the iHandy Level app has sufficient psychometric properties for measuring standing thoraco-lumbo-sacral flexion, extension, lateral flexion, isolated lumbar spine flexion ROM, and lumbar spine lordosis in asymptomatic subjects. One study reported poor concurrent validity with a bubble inclinometer (r = .19–.53), poor intrarater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .19–.39), and poor to good interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .24–.72) for the measurement of active lumbar spine ROM using the iHandy Level app in patients with LBP. Conclusions: This review provided a valuable summary of the research to date examining the psychometric properties of the iHandy Level app for measuring lumbar spine ROM and lordosis.
Examinations under anaesthesia as a measure of disease burden in unilateral retinoblastoma: the London experience
Authors: Fabian Ido Didi , Shah Vishal , Kapelushnik Noa , Naeem Zishan , Onadim Zerrin , Price Elizabeth , Chowdhury Tanzina , Duncan Catriona , Stansfield David , Sagoo Mandeep , Reddy Maddy Ashwin 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundEarly diagnosis strategies and advances in retinoblastoma (Rb) management have resulted in nearly 100% survival. More attention should, therefore, be given to quality of life considerations. We aimed to quantify the number of examinations under anaesthesia (EUAs) in a cohort of patients with Rb, as a measure of disease burden.MethodsA retrospective analysis of patients with unilateral Rb that presented to the London Rb service from 2006 to 2013, were treated and had long-term follow-up. Correlations of clinical variables to number of EUAs were investigated.ResultsA total of 107 patients with Rb were included that presented at a mean age of 26.51 ± 22.68 months. The International Intraocular Retinoblastoma Classification (IIRC) was group B in 5 (5%), C in 13 (12%), D in 48 (45%) and E in 41 (38%) of the cases. Primary treatment was intravenous chemotherapy in 36 (34%) and enucleation in 71 (66%) of the cases. Mean number of EUAs was 20.67 ± 6.62, 12.52 ± 6.23 and 11.15 ± 6.91 for combined groups B/C, group D and group E patients (p < 0.001), respectively. On analysis, early age atpresentation and conservative treatments were found to significantly correlate with increased number of EUAs (p < 0.001). Mean follow-up time was 74.42 ± 25.16 months and no metastasis or death were reported.ConclusionFamilies should be counselled regarding the number of EUAs associated with the patient's IIRC group, with B/C eyes undergoing twice the number as compared with D/E eyes. For group D cases, where both enucleation and conservative therapy are valid options, treatment choice has a significant impact on the number of EUAs.
Illnesses during 11 international athletics championships between 2009 and 2017: incidence, characteristics and sex-specific and discipline-specific differences
Authors: Edouard Pascal , Junge Astrid , Sorg Marine , Timpka Toomas , Branco Pedro 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundIllnesses impair athletes’ participation and performance. The epidemiology of illness in athletics is limited.ObjectiveTo describe the occurrence and characteristics of illnesses during international athletics championships (indoor and outdoor), and to analyse differences with regards to athletes’ sex and participation in explosive and endurance disciplines.MethodsDuring 11 international championships held between 2009 and 2017, physicians from both national medical teams and the local organising committees reported daily on all athlete illnesses using a standardised report form. Illness frequencies, incidence proportions (IPs) and rates (IRs), and relative risks (RR) with 95% CIs were calculated.ResultsDuring the 59 days of the 11 athletics championships, 546 illnesses were recorded in the 12 594 registered athletes equivalent to IP of 43.4 illnesses per 1000 registered athletes (95% CI 39.8 to 46.9) or IR of 1.2 per 1000 registered athlete days (95% CI 1.1 to 1.2). The most frequently reported illnesses were upper respiratory tract infections (18.7%), exercise-induced fatigue/hypotension/collapse (15.4%) and gastroenteritis (13.2%). No myocardial infarction was recorded. A total of 28.8% of illnesses were expected to lead to time loss from sport. The illness IP was similar in male and female athletes, with few differences in illness characteristics. During outdoor championships, the illness IP was higher in endurance than explosive disciplines (RR=1.87; 95% CI 1.58 to 2.23), with a considerably higher IP of exercise-induced illness in endurance disciplines, but a similar upper respiratory tract infection IP in both discipline groups.ConclusionsIllness prevention strategies during international athletics championships should be focused on the most frequent diagnoses in each discipline group.
Resumption of sexual intercourse post partum and the utilisation of contraceptive methods in China: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Zhuang Caixia , Li Ting , Li Lei 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveThis is a cross-sectional study that aimed to examine the resumption of sexual intercourse post partum, the utilisation of contraceptive methods and the influencing factors among Chinese women at a tertiary teaching hospital.DesignThis is a questionnaire survey by written and online interview for participants.ParticipantsBased on medical records, we sent online questionnaires about postpartum sexual intercourse and contraception plans to 550 eligible women.Main outcome measuresPotential factors affecting postpartum sexual intercourse and utilisation of contraception were determined by analysis of epidemiological and clinical factors and sexual experiences during and after pregnancy.ResultsOf 550 eligible participants, 406 women (73.8%) with a postpartum period of 8.5 months (range 6–10) completed the questionnaires; 146 of 406 (36.0%) resumed sexual intercourse within 3 months, and 259 of 279 (92.8%) used contraceptive methods. In univariate and multivariate analyses, sexual intercourse during pregnancy (adjusted OR 4.4, 95% CI 2.8 to 6.9) and resumption of menstruation (adjusted OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.5 to 4.3) were significant influencing factors in resumption of sexual intercourse within 3 months after childbirth. No factor was found to be associated with using contraceptive methods or the general resumption of sexual intercourse post partum. The questionnaire had good reliability and validity.ConclusionsHaving sexual intercourse during pregnancy and resuming menstruation earlier were independent factors for resumption of sexual intercourse within 3 months after delivery. Almost all women who had postpartum sexual intercourse used various contraceptive methods.