bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microporous Polymers as Macroligands for Pentamethylcyclopentadienylrhodium Transfer‐Hydrogenation Catalysts
Authors: Wisser Florian M. , Mohr Yorck , Quadrelli Elsje Alessandra , Farrusseng David , Canivet Jérôme 
Published: February 2018

AbstractHerein, we report the synthesis of two bipyridine‐based porous polymers and their use as platforms for the heterogenization of pentamethylcyclopentadienylrhodium catalytic species. These highly stable heterogeneous catalysts demonstrate their efficiency in the transfer hydrogenation of α‐aryl ketones. Moreover, we show that their catalytic activity is similar to that of homogeneous analogues, highlighting the absence of diffusion limitations in the solids. We rationalize the differences in the measured activities by using the Hammett parameter as a descriptor of the electronic environment of the catalytic site in both homogeneous and heterogeneous systems.
How Does a Container Affect Acidity of its Content: Charge‐Depletion Bonding Inside Fullerenes
Authors: Jaroš Adam , Badri Zahra , Bora Pankaj Lochan , Bonab Esmaeil Farajpour , Marek Radek , Straka Michal , Foroutan‐Nejad Cina 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA recent study (Sci. Adv.2017,3, e1602833) has shown that FH⋅⋅⋅OH2hydrogen bond in a HF⋅H2O pair substantially shortens, and the H−F bond elongates upon encapsulation of the cluster in C70fullerene. This has been attributed to compression of the HF⋅H2O pair inside the cavity of C70. Herein, we present theoretical evidence that the effect is not caused by a mere compression of the H2O⋅HF pair, but it is related to a strong lone‐pair–π (LP–π) bonding with the fullerene cage. To support this argument, a systematic electronic structure study of selected small molecules (HF, H2O, and NH3) and their pairs enclosed in fullerene cages (C60, C70, and C90) has been performed. Bonding analysis revealed unique LP–πcageinteractions with a charge‐depletion character in the bonding region, unlike usual LP–π bonds. The LP–πcageinteractions were found to be responsible for elongation of the H−F bond. Thus, the HF appears to be more acidic inside the cage. The shortening of the FH⋅⋅⋅OH2contact in (HF⋅H2O)@C70originates from an increased acidity of the HF inside the fullerenes. Such trends were also observed in other studied systems.
Binary FeCo Oxyhydroxide Nanosheets as Highly Efficient Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Nguyen Trang‐Thi Hong , Lee Jooyoung , Bae Joonwon , Lim Byungkwon 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBifunctional catalysts that are highly active toward both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are attractive for efficient electrochemical water splitting. Herein, we report a bifunctional FeCoOOH nanosheet catalyst for highly efficient electrochemical water splitting in an alkaline electrolyte. The FeCoOOH nanosheet arrays were grown directly on the surface of a porous Ni foam by using a simple hydrothermal method. Because of their binary oxyhydroxide structure and high electrical conductivity intrinsic to direct growth, these FeCoOOH nanosheets exhibited excellent activities toward both the HER and OER. With the use of this bifunctional FeCoOOH catalyst, an alkaline water electrolyzer in a two‐electrode configuration achieved 10 mA cm−2 only at a cell voltage of 1.62 V without iR compensation in 1 m KOH, which outperformed that based on the combination of commercial IrO2 and Pt/C catalysts.
One‐Step Low‐Temperature Synthesis of Syringe‐Shaped ZnO Nanorod Arrays, Growth Mechanism and Optical Properties
Authors: He Guannan , Huang Bo , He Qinyu , Li Lunxiong 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe syringe‐shaped ZnO nanorod arrays (ZNAs) are synthesized by one‐step aqueous solution method. The SiNx/Si substrate with this structure exhibits rather lower surface reflectance over a wide range of wavelengths than the samples without it or with round top ZNAs. The theoretical reflectance simulated by three‐dimensional finite‐difference time‐domain method also reveals that the ZnO nanorods with ultrasharp tips can effectively suppress the surface reflectance, which attributes to the effective refractive index gradual increasing from air to the bottom of syringe‐shaped ZNAs. Also, from the room‐temperature PL spectra, the UV emission peak is found at around 380 nm, and the intensity is much higher than other two broad visible peaks (at around 460 nm and 540 nm respectively), indicating ZNAs synthesized in solution have high crystal quality. Furthermore, the possible growth mechanism of syringe‐shaped ZNAs is proposed.
Clinical relevance of smartphone apps for diabetes management: A global overview
Authors: Huang Zhilian , Soljak Michael , Boehm Bernhard Otto , Car Josip 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundWe assessed the number, proportion, and clinical relevance of diabetes self‐management apps in major languages spoken by 10 countries with the highest number of people with diabetes.MethodsChina, India, USA, Brazil, Russian Federation, Mexico, Indonesia, Egypt, Japan, and Pakistan were identified as the 10 countries with the largest number of people with diabetes based on the latest NCD‐RisC survey. Android and iOS apps in the 10 national languages were extracted with a search strategy. App titles and descriptions were systematically screened by trained reviewers, including apps specific for diabetes self‐management and excluding apps for health care providers, general well‐being, health and product promotion, and traditional cure. Eighteen apps in the above languages were then downloaded based on availability and popularity and assessed for clinical relevance to diabetes self‐management with reference to current clinical guidelines.ResultsThe diabetes‐related search terms identified 3374 Android and 4477 iOS apps, where 1019 Android and 1303 iOS apps were screened as being relevant for diabetes self‐management. Chinese and English language apps constitute above 80% of the diabetes apps, have more downloads, and more comprehensive clinically relevant functions compared with other languages. None of the apps assessed met all criteria for information provision and app functionalities nor provided information cited from accredited sources.ConclusionsOur study showed that apps could play an important role in complementing multifaceted diabetes care, but should preferably be regulated, context specific, and more tailored to users' needs with clear guidance for patients and clinicians about the choices.
Effect of denosumab on fasting glucose in women with diabetes or prediabetes from the FREEDOM trial
Authors: Napoli Nicola , Pannacciulli Nicola , Vittinghoff Eric , Crittenden Daria , Yun Jang , Wang Andrea , Wagman Rachel , Schwartz Ann V. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundRANKL is a key regulator of bone resorption that may also modulate glucose metabolism. Denosumab (DMAb) is a fully human monoclonal antibody that binds RANKL and was associated with fracture risk reduction in the FREEDOM trial. We hypothesized that DMAb treatment decreased fasting serum glucose (FSG) relative to placebo in women with diabetes or prediabetes enrolled in FREEDOM trial.MethodsPost hoc analysis of FREEDOM, in which 7808 postmenopausal osteoporotic women were randomized to receive DMAb or placebo every 6 months for 36 months. All diabetes group included subjects with a self‐report of diabetes, use of antidiabetic medication (ADM), or an FSG ≥ 126 mg/dL at baseline. The diabetes group without prior ADM use included subjects with a self‐reported history of diabetes or FSG level ≥ 126 mg/dL at baseline. Prediabetes was defined as an FSG of 100 to 125 mg/dL on no ADM. Average postbaseline FSG across visits was estimated and compared between DMAb and placebo. Main outcome measures are the difference in average postbaseline FSG across follow‐up visits between DMAb and placebo.ResultsEstimated average postbaseline FSG across visits was not different between DMAb and placebo in either all diabetes group (P = .20) or those with prediabetes (P = .42); in diabetic women not on ADM, estimated average postbaseline FSG across visits was lower with DMAb than placebo (−6.8 mg/dL; 95% CI, −12.6 to −1.0; P = .02).ConclusionsDMAb did not affect FSG in postmenopausal osteoporotic women with prediabetes or diabetes. There was evidence of modest FSG lowering with DMAb in those with diabetes who were not on ADM. It remains to be determined whether blockade of RANKL has a clinically important effect on glucose metabolism.
Management of a stage‐structured insect pest: an application of approximate optimization
Authors: Hackett Sean C. , Bonsall Michael B. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractEcological decision problems frequently require the optimization of a sequence of actions over time where actions may have both immediate and downstream effects. Dynamic programming can solve such problems only if the dimensionality is sufficiently low. Approximate dynamic programming (ADP) provides a suite of methods applicable to problems of arbitrary complexity at the expense of guaranteed optimality. The most easily generalized method is the look‐ahead policy: a brute‐force algorithm that identifies reasonable actions by constructing and solving a series of temporally truncated approximations of the full problem over a defined planning horizon. We develop and apply this approach to a pest management problem inspired by the Mediterranean fruit fly,Ceratitis capitata. The model aims to minimize the cumulative costs of management actions and medfly‐induced losses over a single 16‐week season. The medfly population is stage‐structured and grows continuously while management decisions are made at discrete, weekly intervals. For each week, the model chooses between inaction, insecticide application, or one of six sterile insect release ratios. Look‐ahead policy performance is evaluated over a range of planning horizons, two levels of crop susceptibility to medfly and three levels of pesticide persistence. In all cases, the actions proposed by the look‐ahead policy are contrasted to those of a myopic policy that minimizes costs over only the current week. We find that look‐ahead policies always out‐performed a myopic policy and decision quality is sensitive to the temporal distribution of costs relative to the planning horizon: it is beneficial to extend the planning horizon when it excludes pertinent costs. However, longer planning horizons may reduce decision quality when major costs are resolved imminently. ADP methods such as the look‐ahead‐policy‐based approach developed here render questions intractable to dynamic programming amenable to inference but should be applied carefully as their flexibility comes at the expense of guaranteed optimality. However, given the complexity of many ecological management problems, the capacity to propose a strategy that is “good enough” using a more representative problem formulation may be preferable to an optimal strategy derived from a simplified model.
Rapid sexual and genomic isolation in sympatricDrosophilawithout reproductive character displacement
Authors: Yukilevich Roman , Maroja Luana S. , Nguyen Kim , Hussain Syed , Kumaran Preethi 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe rapid evolution of sexual isolation in sympatry has long been associated with reinforcement (i.e., selection to avoid maladaptive hybridization). However, there are many species pairs in sympatry that have evolved rapid sexual isolation without known costs to hybridization. A major unresolved question is what evolutionary processes are involved in driving rapid speciation in such cases. Here, we focus on one such system; theDrosophila athabascaspecies complex, which is composed of three partially sympatric and interfertile semispecies:WN,EA, andEB. To study speciation in this species complex, we assayed sexual and genomic isolation within and between these semispecies in both sympatric and allopatric populations. First, we found no evidence of reproductive character displacement (RCD) in sympatric zones compared to distant allopatry. Instead, semispecies were virtually completely sexually isolated from each other across their entire ranges. Moreover, using spatial approaches and coalescent demographic simulations, we detected either zero or only weak heterospecific gene flow in sympatry. In contrast, within each semispecies we found only random mating and little population genetic structure, except between highly geographically distant populations. Finally, we determined that speciation in this system is at least an order of magnitude older than previously assumed, withWNdiverging first, around 200K years ago, andEAandEBdiverging 100K years ago. In total, these results suggest that these semispecies should be given full species status and we adopt new nomenclature:WN—D. athabasca,EA—D. mahican, andEB—D. lenape. While the lack ofRCDin sympatry and interfertility do not support reinforcement, we discuss what additional evidence is needed to further decipher the mechanisms that caused rapid speciation in this species complex.
Heart failure with mid‐range ejection fraction in CHARM: characteristics, outcomes and effect of candesartan across the entire ejection fraction spectrum
Authors: Lund Lars H. , Claggett Brian , Liu Jiankang , Lam Carolyn S. , Jhund Pardeep S. , Rosano Giuseppe M. , Swedberg Karl , Yusuf Salim , Granger Christopher B. , Pfeffer Marc A. , McMurray John J.V. , Solomon Scott D. 
Published: February 2018

AimsWe tested the hypothesis that candesartan improves outcomes in heart failure (HF) with mid‐range ejection fraction [HFmrEF; ejection fraction (EF) 40–49%].Methods and resultsIn 7598 patients enrolled in the CHARM Programme (HF across the spectrum of EF), we assessed characteristics, outcomes and treatment effect of candesartan according to EF. Patients with HFmrEF (n = 1322, 17%) were similar to those with HF with reduced EF (HFrEF; n = 4323, 57%) with respect to some characteristics, and intermediate between HFrEF and HF with preserved EF (HFpEF; n = 1953, 26%) with respect to others. Over a mean follow‐up of 2.9 years, the incidence rates for the primary outcome of cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization were 15.9, 8.5 and 8.9 per 100 patient‐years in HFrEF, HFmrEF and HFpEF. In adjusted analyses, the rates of the primary outcome declined with increasing EF up to 50%. For treatment effect, the incidence rates for the primary outcome for candesartan vs. placebo were 14.4 vs. 17.5 per 100 patient‐years in HFrEF [hazard ratio (HR) 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75–0.91; P < 0.001], 7.4 vs. 9.7 per 100 patient‐years in HFmrEF (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.61–0.96; P = 0.02), and 8.6 vs. 9.1 per 100 patient‐years in HFpEF (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.79–1.14; P = 0.57). For recurrent HF hospitalization, the incidence rate ratios were 0.68 in HFrEF (95% CI 0.58–0.80; P < 0.001), 0.48 in HFmrEF (95% CI 0.33–0.70; P < 0.001), and 0.78 in HFpEF (95% CI 0.59–1.03; P = 0.08). With EF as a continuous spline variable, candesartan significantly reduced the primary outcome until EF well over 50% and recurrent HF hospitalizations until EF well over 60%.ConclusionCandesartan improved outcomes in HFmrEF to a similar degree as in HFrEF.ClinicalTrials.gov: CHARM Alternative NCT00634400, CHARM Added NCT00634309, CHARM Preserved NCT00634712
Increased blood lactate is prevalent and identifies poor prognosis in patients with acute heart failure without overt peripheral hypoperfusion
Authors: Zymliński Robert , Biegus Jan , Sokolski Mateusz , Siwołowski Paweł , Nawrocka‐Millward Sylwia , Todd John , Jankowska Ewa A. , Banasiak Waldemar , Cotter Gad , Cleland John G. , Ponikowski Piotr 
Published: February 2018

AimsLactate is produced by anaerobic metabolism and may reflect inadequate tissue perfusion in conditions such as acute heart failure (AHF). We evaluated the prevalence and clinical significance of elevated blood lactate on admission in patients with AHF.Methods and resultsWe enrolled 237 patients with AHF (mean age 67 ± 12 years; 70% men) presenting without overt clinical evidence of peripheral hypoperfusion (‘warm haemodynamic profile’). Median (upper and lower quartiles) blood lactate on admission was 1.8 (1.5; 2.4) mmol/L; 103 (43%) patients had an elevated blood lactate (≥2 mmol/L). Patients with an elevated lactate had higher blood high‐sensitivity troponin I [15.4 (8.5; 26.1) vs. 9.9 (4.3; 19.6) pg/mL], aspartate aminotransferase [28 (20; 44) vs 24 (19; 36) IU/L] and endothelin‐1 (12.1 ± 6.2 vs. 9.3 ± 3.9 pg/mL) (all P < 0.05). In this group plasma concentration of neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin increased during the first 48 h, whereas values fell for those with normal baseline lactate [1.9 (–3.2; 9.7) vs. –1.3 (–13.9; 5.6) μg/dL; P < 0.05). One‐year mortality was higher amongst patients with an elevated blood lactate (36% vs. 21%; P < 0.05). After adjustment for other well‐established prognostic variables, blood lactate on admission predicted poor outcome (hazard ratio 1.24, 95% confidence interval 1.08–1.41; P < 0.05).ConclusionsAn elevated blood lactate on admission is common in AHF patients without overt clinical evidence of peripheral hypoperfusion and is associated with markers of organ dysfunction/damage and a worse prognosis.
Design of Electroactive Carbon Fibers Decorated with Metal and Metal‐Phosphide Nanoparticles for Hydrogen Evolution Technology
Authors: Streckova Magdalena , Orinakova Renata , Mudra Erika , Dankova Zuzana , Sabalova Maria , Girman Vladimir , Kovalcikova Alexandra , Hovancova Jana , Heckova Maria , Kalavsky Frantisek , Dusza Jan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe preparation of noble‐metal‐free electrode materials that enable the effective and economically viable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is proposed by using a needle‐less electrospinning method. Three transition metals (Ni, Co, Cu) capable of creation metal phosphides were stably incorporated into the carbon fibrous matrix. The electrode materials were prepared from low‐cost chemical reagents such as polyacrylonitrile, metal chlorides, and phosphoric acid. The embedded metal phosphides fundamentally influence the composition, microstructure, and porosity as evidenced by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. The possible mechanisms for the formation and localization of nanoparticles were suggested. Linear sweep voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, time of flight (TOF) calculation, and Tafel slope measurements in an acidic environment revealed that the highest electrocatalytic activity for HER was achieved in the carbon fibers decorated either with the cobalt/cobalt phosphide or copper/copper phosphide nanoparticles under heat treatment in a hydrogen atmosphere.
Barriers to treatment adherence for individuals with latent tuberculosis infection: A systematic search and narrative synthesis of the literature
Authors: Liu Yisi , Birch Stephen , Newbold K. Bruce , Essue Beverley M. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryObjectivesWe investigated the rates of initiation and completion of treatment for latent TB infection (LTBI), factors explaining nonadherence and interventions to improve treatment adherence in countries with low TB incidence.DesignA systematic search was performed in PubMed and Embase. All included articles were assessed for risk of bias. A narrative synthesis of the results was conducted.ResultsThere were 54 studies included in this review. The proportion of people initiating treatment varied from 24% to 98% and the proportion of people completing treatment varied from 19% to 90%. The main barriers to adherence included the fear or experience of adverse effects, long duration of treatment, financial barriers, lack of transport to clinics (for patients), and insufficient resources for LTBI control. While interventions like peer counseling, incentives, and culturally specific case management have been used to improve adherence, the proportion of people who initiate and complete LTBI treatment still remains low.ConclusionTo further improve treatment and LTBI control and to fulfill the World Health Organization goal of eliminating TB in low‐incidence countries, greater priority should be given to the use of treatment regimens involving shorter durations and fewer adverse effects, like the 3‐month regimen of weekly rifapentine plus isoniazid, supported by innovative patient education and incentive strategies.
Preparation of diclofenac‐imprinted polymer beads for selective molecular separation in water
Authors: Zhou Tongchang , Kamra Tripta , Ye Lei 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMolecular imprinting technique is an attractive strategy to prepare materials for target recognition and rapid separation. In this work, a new type of diclofenac (DFC)–imprinted polymer beads was synthesized by Pickering emulsion polymerization using 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate as the functional monomer. The selectivity and capacity of the molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were investigated in aqueous solution. Equilibrium binding results show that the MIPs have a high selectivity to bind DFC in a wide range of pH values. Moreover, in liquid chromatography experiment, the imprinted polymer beads were packed into column to investigate the binding selectivity under nonequilibrium conditions. The retention time of DFC on the MIP column is significantly longer than its structural analogues. Also, retention of DFC on the MIP column was significantly longer than on the nonimprinted polymer column under aqueous condition. As the new MIP beads can be used to achieve direct separation of DFC from water, the synthetic method and the affinity beads developed in this work opened new possibilities for removing toxic chemicals from environmental and drinking water.
The role of menopause on the relationship between metabolic risk factors and periodontal disease via salivary oxidative parameters
Authors: Kemer Doğan Esra Sinem , Kırzıoğlu Fatma Yeşim , Doğan Burak , Fentoğlu Özlem , Kale Banu , Çarsancaklı Süleyman Akif , Orhan Hikmet 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundPeriodontal disease is shown to be aggravated by an increase in the count of metabolic risk factors. This study aims to evaluate the effects of metabolic risk factors on periodontal parameters and salivary oxidative stress markers related to menopausal status.MethodsOne hundred and seventy‐six women were categorized according to menopausal status, either premenopause (Pre/M) (n = 86) or postmenopause (Post/M) (n = 90). The count of metabolic risk factors was evaluated. Sociodemographics and systemic status were determined via questionnaire and medical records. After clinical periodontal measurements and saliva collection, myeloperoxidase (MPO), total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and automatic colorimetric method. Oxidative stress index (OSI) was also calculated.ResultsThe count of metabolic risk factors was higher in the Post/M group than the Pre/M group. Periodontal parameters and TOS levels were elevated by an increase in the count of metabolic risk factors. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that periodontal (clinical attachment level and missed teeth) and oxidative (MPO and OSI) parameters increased and TAOC levels decreased due to menopause. Additionally, positive relationships between periodontal and oxidative parameters were determined.ConclusionThese findings suggest that salivary oxidative stress level may be an indicator of worsened periodontal status related to menopause and the count of metabolic risk factors.