Abstract B04: Direct downregulation of MYC in AML cells using promoter G-quadruplex interacting small molecules
Authors: Turnidge Megan A. , Wai Daniel H. , Patel Apurvi , Montoya Justin J. , Lee David W. , Hurley Laurence H. , Gokhale Vijay , Arceci Robert J. , Azorsa David O. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a disease that can affect both children and adults and is characterized by complex and heterogeneous genomic changes, including MYC overexpression driven in part by the bromodomain (BRD) and extraterminal (BET) protein family of epigenetic readers. Current limitations in treatment approaches, including protein overexpression and mutations that confer resistance to therapy, lead to a wide range of response variability to conventional therapy, excessive treatment-related toxicity, and an overall poor outcome. A new therapeutic strategy involves stabilizing the MYC promoter G-quadruplex to downregulate expression. We hypothesize that direct downregulation of MYC in AML cells using MYC-promoter G-quadruplex interacting drugs (GQID) is a feasible novel approach in targeted therapy of AML. Treatment of AML cell lines KG-1a and UT-7epo with the MYC-promoter GQID, GQC-05 resulted in decreased MYC expression and induced a more significant decrease in c-Myc protein than treatment with the BET inhibitor (+)-JQ1. GQC-05 also decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis. RNA-seq of GQC-05-treated KG-1a cells identified 947 significantly differentially expressed genes compared to DMSO. The expression of several c-MYC target genes (including E2F1, GNL3, HSPA8, MAT2A, RCC1, SHMT1, and TFRC) was significantly decreased concomitant with MYC downregulation. The 947 genes were compared with genes with putative quadruplex sequences (PQS) from the literature. Of the 17 genes in common, MYC, NOTCH1, PIM1, and RHOU are significantly downregulated following GQC-05 treatment. These findings were validated by Q-RT-PCR in KG-1a and several other AML cell lines. Drug sensitivity and resistance (DSR) screening on a panel of AML cell lines using a library of 55 anticancer and targeted agents identified a range of sensitivities to GQC-05 (AUC range: 1.65-2.99; DMSO AUC ~ 4). These were compared to microarray gene-expression profiles and, as expected, GQC-05 sensitivity was not correlated with MYC expression. Nevertheless, ANOVA identified 1,049 significantly differentially expressed probe sets between the most sensitive vs. the least sensitive cell lines. Functional annotation revealed over-representation of cadherin, Wnt, and p53 signaling pathways as well over genes involved in hemostasis and hematopoietic cell lineage. In conclusion, directly targeting the MYC promoter G-quadruplex in AML cells leads to knockdown of MYC expression and induces apoptosis. These results further support the development of GQID for targeting key genetic drivers in AML, and lay the groundwork for advances in treatment of other cancers driven by G-quadruplex regulated oncogenes.
Citation Format: Megan A. Turnidge, Daniel H. Wai, Apurvi Patel, Justin J. Montoya, David W. Lee, Laurence H. Hurley, Vijay Gokhale, Robert J. Arceci, David O. Azorsa. Direct downregulation of MYC in AML cells using promoter G-quadruplex interacting small molecules [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Pediatric Cancer Research: From Basic Science to the Clinic; 2017 Dec 3-6; Atlanta, Georgia. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(19 Suppl):Abstract nr B04.