bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Echoes from the coast: Assessment of residents’ perception of environmental hazards and risks in coastal communities of Nigeria
Authors: Olowoporoku Oluwaseun 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHuman settlements can be threatened by presence of environmental hazards, as their incidence is often unpredictable in temporal and spatial dimension. Coastal communities in oil‐producing states are often at risk of natural and technological environmental hazards as well as those emanating from residents’ living conditions. This paper therefore examines the residents’ perception of environmental hazards and risks in coastal communities of Nigeria. This work is aimed at providing information that could guide in improving environmental awareness and safety in the study area. Three coastal communities (Sapele, Oghara, and Koko) were selected in Delta State, Nigeria. One ward was randomly selected out of every three wards in each community. Thus, three wards were selected in Sapele, two in Oghara, and one in Koko, and a questionnaire was administered on every fifth residential building in each of the selected wards. A total of 218 residents were selected for the survey using this systematic sampling technique. The study established that residents were aware of environmental hazards and risks in the study area. Furthermore, the study found out that residents did not perceive environmental hazards and risks emanating from their living conditions as threats to their living compared to technological (oil‐induced) and natural environmental risks. The study recommends that government and all concerned agencies synergize efforts to create enlightenment programs and implement policies that could enhance residents’ awareness of environmental hazards and risks arising from their living conditions. Also environmental hazards and risks education should be introduced into school curriculum. Finally, the government should promulgate and enforce laws to guide the activities of industrialists and manage the threats from flood in the study area.
Hybrid statistical estimation of mutual information and its application to information flow
Authors: Biondi Fabrizio , Kawamoto Yusuke , Legay Axel , Traonouez Louis-Marie 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAnalysis of a probabilistic system often requires to learn the joint probability distribution of its random variables. The computation of the exact distribution is usually an exhaustiveprecise analysison all executions of the system. To avoid the high computational cost of such an exhaustive search,statistical analysishas been studied to efficiently obtain approximate estimates by analyzing only a small but representative subset of the system’s behavior. In this paper we propose ahybrid statistical estimation methodthat combines precise and statistical analyses to estimate mutual information, Shannon entropy, and conditional entropy, together with their confidence intervals. We show how to combine the analyses on different components of a discrete system with different accuracy to obtain an estimate for the whole system. The new method performs weighted statistical analysis with different sample sizes over different components and dynamically finds their optimal sample sizes. Moreover, it can reduce sample sizes by using prior knowledge about systems and a newabstraction-then-samplingtechnique based on qualitative analysis. To apply the method to the source code of a system, we show how to decompose the code into components and to determine the analysis method for each component by overviewing the implementation of those techniques in the HyLeak tool. We demonstrate with case studies that the new method outperforms the state of the art in quantifying information leakage.
Sustained Elevation of Postoperative Serum Level of Carbohydrate Antigen 19‐9 is High‐Risk Stigmata for Primary Hepatic Recurrence in Patients with Curatively Resected Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Motoi Fuyuhiko , Murakami Yoshiaki , Okada Ken‐ichi , Matsumoto Ippei , Uemura Kenichiro , Satoi Sohei , Sho Masayuki , Honda Goro , Fukumoto Takumi , Yanagimoto Hiroaki , Kinoshita Shoichi , Kurata Masanao , Aoki Shuichi , Mizuma Masamichi , Yamaue Hiroki , Unno Michiaki ,   for the Multicenter Study Group of Pancreatobiliary Surgery (MSG‐PBS)
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundSurvival after surgery for pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) is poor and heterogeneous, even for curative (R0) resection. Serum carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19‐9 levels are important prognostic markers for resected PA. However, sustained elevation of CA19‐9 in association with the patterns of recurrence has been rarely investigated.MethodsPatients who underwent R0 resection (n = 539) were grouped according to postoperative serum CA19‐9 levels (Group E: sustained elevation; Group N: no elevation). Clinicopathological factors, patterns of recurrence, and survival were compared between the groups.ResultsGroup E (n = 159) had significantly shorter median overall survival (17.1 vs. 35.4 months, p < 0.0001) than Group N (n = 380). Postoperative CA19‐9 elevation was a significant independent predictor of poor survival in multivariate analysis (hazard ratio 1.98, p < 0.0001). The rate of hepatic recurrence in Group E was 2.6‐fold higher than in Group N (45% vs. 17%, p < 0.0001). Postoperative CA19‐9 elevation was a strongest independent predictor of primary hepatic recurrence (p < 0.0001) by a multiple regression model. Loco‐regional, peritoneal, and other distant recurrence did not differ between the groups. The extent of preoperative CA19‐9 elevation was correlated sustained elevation of CA19‐9 after surgery (p < 0.0001) and primary hepatic recurrence (p = 0.0019).ConclusionsSustained CA19‐9 elevation was strong predictor of primary hepatic recurrence and short survival in cases of R0 resection for PA.
Role of Palliative Resection in Patients with Incurable Advanced Gastric Cancer Who are Unfit for Chemotherapy
Authors: Omori Hayato , Tanizawa Yutaka , Makuuchi Rie , Irino Tomoyuki , Bando Etsuro , Kawamura Taiichi , Terashima Masanori 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe REGATTA trial showed that gastrectomy followed by chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer with a single non‐curable factor did not improve survival outcomes in comparison with chemotherapy alone. Chemotherapy is therefore the mainstay treatment for incurable gastric cancer. However, for patients who are unfit for chemotherapy, the role of palliative gastrectomy remains controversial.MethodsWe retrospectively identified 207 patients with in curable gastric cancer who underwent palliative gastrectomy or bypass surgery because of urgent symptoms who were treated from 2002 to 2014. Fifty‐nine of these patients who did not receive chemotherapy following surgery were enrolled in the present study. The patients were divided into the palliative gastrectomy group (n = 40) and the bypass surgery group (n = 19). The survival outcomes of the two groups were compared. Independent prognostic factors were identified using multivariate analysis.ResultsThe rate of patients who underwent gastrectomy was significantly higher among patients whose tumors were located in the upper third (n = 19/20, 95%) than in patients whose tumors were located in the lower or middle third (n = 21/39, 54%, p = 0.001). The median survival time (MST) in the gastrectomy group (145 days) was significantly longer than that in the bypass group (86 days) (p = 0.008). Bypass surgery was identified as an independent prognostic factor in the multivariate analysis (HR = 2.3; 95%CI = 1.3–4.2 p = 0.007).ConclusionsPalliative gastrectomy may improve survival in patients with incurable gastric cancer who show emergent symptoms and who are unfit for chemotherapy.
Analysis of eye-tracking behaviours in a pediatric trauma simulation
Authors: Damji Omar , Lee-Nobbee Patricia , Borkenhagen David , Cheng Adam 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTEye-tracking devices are able to capture eye movements, which are further characterized by fixations. The application of eye tracking in a trauma setting has not been explored. Visual fixation can be utilized as a surrogate measure of attention during the management of a trauma patient. We aimed to determine the feasibility of using eye tracking and to characterize eye tracking behaviours of pediatric emergency medicine physicians during management of a simulated pediatric trauma patient. Each participant was equipped with a head-mounted eye-tracking device during a standardized simulated pediatric trauma scenario. Each session was video recorded, with visual fixations defined as >0.2 seconds, and characterized by start time, duration, and the area of interest. Data from seven videos were analysed; 35% of eye fixations were directed towards the mannequin, 16% towards the monitor, and 13% towards the bedside doctor. Visual eye tracking in a trauma simulation is feasible. Frequency of fixations tends to be highest towards the patient. Eye tracking within trauma simulation may provide new insights into quality improvement and inform advancements in pediatric trauma.
Preventing hospital-acquired Legionnaires’ disease: A snapshot of clinical practices and water management approaches in US acute-care hospitals
Authors: Ehret Karen M. , Chamberlain Allison T. , Berkelman Ruth L. , Fridkin Scott K. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn 2017, we surveyed 101 SHEA Research Network hospitals regarding Legionnaires’ disease (LD). Of 29 respondents, 94% have or are developing a water management plan with varying characteristics and personnel engaged. Most LD diagnostic testing is limited to urine antigen testing. Many opportunities to improve LD prevention and diagnosis exist.
Obstacle to Peace? Ethnic Geography and Effectiveness of Peacekeeping
Authors: Di Salvatore Jessica 
Published: October 2018

AbstractUnder what conditions does peacekeeping reduce one-sided violence in civil wars? This article argues that local sources of violence, particularly ethnic geography, affect peacekeeping effectiveness. Existing studies focus on the features of individual missions, yet curbing one-sided violence also depends on peacekeepers’ capacity to reduce the opportunities and incentives for violence. Moving from the idea that territorial control is a function of ethnic polarization, the article posits that peacekeepers are less effective against one-sided violence where power asymmetries are large (low polarization) because they (1) create incentives for escalation against civilians and (2) are less effective at separating/monitoring combatants. The UN mission in Sierra Leone from 1997 to 2001 is examined to show that UN troops reduce one-sided violence, but their effectiveness decreases as power asymmetries grow.
RE-ODORIZATION, DISEASE, AND EMOTION IN MID-NINETEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND
Authors: TULLETT WILLIAM 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis article argues that smell's place in nineteenth-century medicine and public health was distinctly ambiguous. Standard narratives in the history of smell argue that smell became less important in this period whilst also arguing that urban spaces were deodorized. The causal motor for the latter shift is medical theories about odour and miasma. By contrast, this article argues that sanitary practices of circulation, ventilation, and disinfection proceeded despite, not because of, medical attitudes to smell. Surgeons and physicians argued that odours were no indicator of disease causing matter and distrusted the use of smell because of its subjective qualities and resistance to linguistic definition. Yet these qualities made smell all the more powerful in sanitary literature, where it was used to generate a powerful emotional effect on readers. Histories of smell need to attend not just to deodorization but re-odorization; the disjuncture between practices of smelling and their textual or visual representation; and chronologies that track the shelving and re-deploying of ways of sensing in different times, places, and communities rather than tracking the de novo emergence of a modern Western sensorium. In mid-nineteenth-century England, smell retained its power, but that power now came from its rhetorical rather than epistemological force.
Biocultural determinants of overweight and obesity in the context of nutrition transition in Senegal: a holistic anthropological approach
Authors: Cohen Emmanuel , Gradidge Philippe Jean-Luc , Ndao Amadou , Duboz Priscilla , Macia Enguerran , Gueye Lamine , Boëtsch Gilles , Pasquet Patrick , Holdsworth Michelle , Chapuis-Lucciani Nicole 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSenegal is experiencing a rising obesity epidemic, due to the nutrition transition occurring in most African countries, and driven by sedentary behaviour and high-calorie dietary intake. In addition, the anthropological local drivers of the social valorization of processed high-calorie food and large body sizes could expose the population to obesity risk. This study aimed to determine the impact of these biocultural factors on the nutritional status of Senegalese adults. A mixed methods approach was used, including qualitative and quantitative studies. Between 2011 and 2013, fourteen focus group discussions (n=84) and a cross-sectional quantitative survey (n=313 women;n=284 men) of adults in three different socio-ecological areas of Senegal (rural:n=204; suburban:n=206; urban:n=187) were conducted. Dietary intake (Dietary Diversity Scores), physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire), body weight norms (Body Size Scale), weight and health statuses (anthropometric measures and blood pressure) were measured. Middle-aged and older Senegalese women were found to value overweight/obesity more than younger Senegalese in all regions. In addition, young urban/suburban adults had a tendency for daily snacking whilst urban/suburban adults tended to be less physically active and had higher anthropometric means. A binary logistic regression model showed that being female, older, living in urban/suburban areas and valuing larger body size were independently associated with being overweight/obese, but not high-calorie diet. Univariate analyses showed that lower physical activity and higher socioeconomic status were associated with being overweight/obese. Finally, overweight/obesity, which is low in men, is associated with hypertension in the total sample. The nutrition transition is currently underway in Senegal’s urban/suburban areas, with older women being more affected. Since several specific biocultural factors jointly contribute to this phenomenon, the study’s findings suggest the need for local public health interventions that target women and which account for the anthropological specificities of the Senegalese population.
Tone-induced cervical and ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials: comparing abnormalities in traumatic and non-traumatic vestibular disease
Authors: Longridge N S , Mallinson A I 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundOtolithic function is poorly understood, but vestibular-evoked myogenic potential testing has allowed the documentation of pathology in patients who complain of imbalance.MethodsSeventy-four patients with traumatic and non-traumatic vestibular disease were sequentially assessed at a tertiary referral neuro-otology unit in a teaching hospital. A detailed history of all patients was taken and standard vestibular assessment was conducted using the technique described in the companion paper. The results of both groups of patients were analysed and the rate of abnormalities was assessed.ResultsThere was a high rate of abnormalities, including bilateral pathology, in a significant number of patients. Many patients in both groups inexplicably failed to recover.ConclusionVestibular-evoked myogenic potentials are helpful in documenting pathology, including bilateral pathology, which is outlined in the literature as being exceedingly difficult to compensate for.
Orthographic mapping instruction to facilitate reading and spelling in Brazilian emergent readers
Authors: SARGIANI RENAN DE ALMEIDA , EHRI LINNEA CARLSON , MALUF MARIA REGINA 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTAn experiment and a follow-up study were conducted with Brazilian Portuguese-speaking kindergartners (N=90), mean age 53 months, to examine whether emergent readers benefit more from instruction in orthographic mapping (OM) of phonemes than OM of syllables at the outset of learning to read and write, and whether the addition of articulatory gestures in the OM training of phonemes enhances the benefit. In the experiment, children received instruction in small groups in one of four conditions: OM of phonemes with letters and articulation (OMP+A); OM of phonemes with letters but no articulation (OMP); OM of syllables and their spellings (OMS); and no OM control. Results showed that the OMP+A group outperformed the others in phonemic segmentation, reading, and spelling. On literacy assessments 1.5 years later, only the OMP+A group remembered how to segment words into phonemes. We conclude that despite the greater salience and accessibility of syllables than phonemes in spoken Portuguese, teaching phonemic OM better prepares emergent readers to move into reading and spelling than teaching syllabic OM. Moreover, instruction that includes articulation as well as letters to segment words is especially effective. Results support a graphophonemic connectionist theory of emergent reading and spelling.
Ethnicity and grandparental child care in the United Kingdom
Authors: Bordone Valeria , Evandrou Maria , Vlachantoni Athina 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCaring for one's grandchildren has become a more common experience for individuals partly as a result of a longer overlap between the lives of grandparents and their grandchildren. Existing research shows that around 50 per cent of grandparents engage in some grandparental child care in most European countries, however, this proportion is higher among older people with a migrant background, partly due to greater economic necessity among migrant families. Research has also highlighted ethnic differences in parents’ child-care selection, even after controlling for their socio-economic status. Building on these strands of work, this paper investigates the differences in the use of (grandparental) child care among parents from different Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) groups in the United Kingdom, using data from Understanding Society. The results show that parents from Other White, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and African communities are less likely to use child care than White British parents, while the opposite is true for Caribbean parents. However, among parents using child care, individuals from the Other White, Caribbean and African groups are less likely than the White British majority to be using grandparental child care as a supplement to other child-care types, or on its own. Ethnic differentials in the use of child careper seand grandparental child care in particular, have significant policy implications, and may mask other kinds of ethnic differences.
Spousal care-giving arrangements in Europe. The role of gender, socio-economic status and the welfare state
Authors: Bertogg Ariane , Strauss Susanne 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSpouses (and partners) are the most important source of care in old age. Informal care for frail spouses is provided by both sexes and across all socio-economic backgrounds and welfare policy contexts. There are, however, interesting differences as to whether spouses care alone, receive informal support from other family members or formal support from professional helpers, or outsource the care of their spouse completely. The present article contributes to the literature by differentiating between solo spousal care-giving and shared or outsourced care-giving arrangements, as well as between formal and informal care support. Moreover, we show how care-giving arrangements vary with gender, socio-economic status and welfare policy. Adding to previous research, we compare 17 countries and their expenditures on two elder-care schemes: Cash-for-Care and Care-in-Kind. The empirical analyses draw on the most recent wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) data from 2015. Our results show that men have a higher propensity to share care-giving than women, albeit only with informal supporters. As expected, welfare policy plays a role insofar as higher expenditure on Cash-for-Care schemes encourage informally outsourced care-giving arrangements, whereas Care-in-Kind reduce the likelihood for informally shared or outsourced care-giving arrangements. Moreover, the influence of these welfare policy measures differs between individuals of different socio-economic status but not between men and women.
Trauma and resilient functioning among Syrian refugee children
Authors: Yaylaci Fatima Tuba 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFollowing the civil war in Syria, there has been a growing interest in the impact of war, violent conflict, and refuge on the development and mental health of refugee children in general and Syrian refugee children in particular. The objective of this paper is threefold: (a) to critically review the existing literature on the psychological functioning of Syrian refugee children, with a particular focus on those residing in the urban areas or camps in Turkey; (b) to identify the main theoretical and methodological problems of this emerging literature; and (c) to suggest guidelines for how to improve research and practice in this field. The reviewed literature predominantly focuses on psychological trauma, trauma-related symptomatology or other maladaptive functioning in children, and psychosocial interventions conducted toward alleviating these issues. This paper will summarize the research findings in the above-mentioned topics to discern what can be known from the existing literature on Syrian refugee children.
Tourniquet Training Program Assessed by a New Performance Score
Authors: Martinez Thibault , Duron Sandrine , Schaal Jean-Vivien , Baudoin Yoann , Barbier Olivier , Daban Jean-Louis , Boutonnet Mathieu , Ausset Sylvain , Pasquier Pierre 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIntroductionApplication of a tourniquet is the cornerstone in management of combat-related extremity hemorrhages. Continuous and appropriate training is required to use tourniquets correctly.HypothesisThe aim of this study was to analyze the impact of a refresher training session, conducted directly in the theater of military operations, on the performance of tourniquet use.MethodsDuring their deployment (October 2015-April 2016) in the Central African Republic, a first simulation session evaluated soldiers from two combats platoons for the application of the SOFFT (Special Operation Forces Tactical Tourniquet; Tactical Medical Solutions; Anderson, South California USA) tourniquet. After randomization, a R (+) group underwent a refresher training session, while a R (−) group did not. Two months later, a second simulation session was conducted for both groups: R (+) and R (−). A dedicated score (one to seven points), including delay and effectiveness, evaluated the soldiers’ performance for tourniquet application.ResultsTwenty-six subjects were included in the R (+) group and 24 in the R (−) group. Between the two assessments, the score improved for 61.5% of subjects of the R (+) group and 37.5% subjects of the R (−) group (P=.09). More particularly, the performance score increased from 4.2 (SD=1.4) to 5.5 (SD=0.9; P=.002) in subjects of the R (+) group whose last training for tourniquet application was over six months prior.ConclusionA refresher tourniquet training session, conducted directly in a combat zone, is especially effective for soldiers whose last training session was over six months prior. A dedicated score can assess appropriately the performance of tourniquet training.MartinezT,DuronS,SchaalJV,BaudoinY,BarbierO,DabanJL,BoutonnetM,AussetS,PasquierP.Tourniquet training program assessed by a new performance score.Prehosp Disaster Med.2018;33(5):519–525.