bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Demography of a high‐density tiger population and its implications for tiger recovery
Authors: Bisht Shikha , Banerjee Sudip , Qureshi Qamar , Jhala Yadavendradev 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Prioritizing conservation of source populations within landscapes is proposed as a strategy for recovering tigers globally. We studied population dynamics of tigers in Corbett National Park (CNP) in Indian Terai, which harbours the largest and highest density tiger population in any protected area of the world. Through population viability models, we demonstrate the importance of CNP in tiger recovery within western Terai.

We camera trapped 521 km2 of CNP using open population capture–mark–recapture framework between 2010 and 2015 to estimate annual abundance, spatially explicit density, survival, recruitment, temporary movements, sex ratio and proportion of females breeding. We model metapopulation persistence with and without Corbett as a source within western Terai landscape at different levels of poaching and habitat connectivity.

In 6 years, we recorded 6,202 photo‐captures of 307 individual tigers. Annual tiger abundance and density were stable at 120 (SE 19) and 14 (SE 3) per 100 km2 respectively. Detection probability of tigers was 0.18 (SE 0.03) and detection‐corrected male:female sex ratio was female biased (0.80 SE 0.13). Apparent annual survival probability was 0.79 (SE 0.05) for females and 0.60 (SE 0.04) for males. Survival of tigers in CNP (0.68 SE 0.12) was lower than that reported for other populations. CNP tigers showed high reproduction with 54.8 (SE 5.1)% females breeding and with addition of 35 (SE 8)% as new recruits to the population each year. Small tiger populations in western Terai with moderate poaching could only persist through dispersal from CNP.

Synthesis and applications. Corbett tiger population was characterized by a stable high density, high reproductive rate and low survival, resulting in high turnover rates (32%–48%) between successive years. Such source populations could sustain low‐level poaching and with habitat connectivity, recover tiger populations across the landscape. This study establishes potential thresholds that can likely be achieved by tiger populations under optimal natural conditions and highlights the importance of prioritizing conservation of source populations within tiger landscapes. This information can be used to plan and implement realistic tiger recovery programmes globally.
Patients’ preferences over care settings for minor illnesses and injuries
Authors: Mukamel Dana B. , Ladd Heather , Amin Alpesh , Sorkin Dara H. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo identify consumers’ preferences over care settings, such as physicians’ offices, emergency rooms (ERs), urgent care centers, retail clinics, and virtual physicians on smartphones, for minor illnesses.Data SourcesA survey conducted between 9/27/16 and 12/7/16 emailed to all University of California, Irvine employees.Study DesignParticipants were presented with 10 clinical scenarios and asked to choose the setting in which they wanted to receive care. We estimated multinomial conditional logit regression models, conditioning the choice on out‐of‐pocket costs, wait time, travel time, and chooser characteristics.Data Collection5451 out of 21 037 employees responded.Principal findingsOut‐of‐pocket costs and wait time had minimal impact on patient's preference for site of care. Choices were driven primarily by the clinical scenario and patient characteristics. For chronic conditions and children's well‐visits, the doctor's office was the preferred choice by a strong majority, but for most acute conditions, either the ER (for high severity) or urgent care clinics (for lower severity) were preferred to the office setting, particularly among younger patients and those with less education.ConclusionsPatients have several alternatives to traditional physicians’ offices and ERs. The low impact of out‐of‐pocket costs suggests that insurers interested in encouraging increased utilization of alternatives would need to consider substantial changes to benefit structure.
Effects of improvements in the CPS on the estimated prevalence of medical financial burdens
Authors: Hill Steven C. , Solomon Keisha T. , Maclean Johanna Catherine , Pesko Michael F. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo measure the effects of questionnaire and imputation improvements in the Current Population Survey (CPS) on the estimated prevalence of high medical financial burden, that is, families spending more than 10 percent of income on medical care.Data SourceMatched longitudinal sample of CPS data for 2013 and 2014 calendar years.Study DesignThe CPS used a split‐sample design to field traditional and redesigned questions about 2013 income, and old and new out‐of‐pocket premium imputation procedures, respectively. For both samples, CPS data for 2014 were from the redesigned income questions and the new imputation procedures. We quantify the effects of the combined survey improvements using differences‐in‐differences methods.Principal FindingsThe improvements were not associated with changes in the estimate of burden in the full sample. Estimated prevalence increased by 2.6 percentage points among nonelderly adults with private insurance, decreased by 6.6 percentage points among nonelderly adults with public coverage, and decreased by 5.8 percentage points among elderly adults with Medicare and no private coverage.ConclusionsImprovements in the CPS changed the estimated prevalence of high medical financial burden among key subgroups. Researchers should use caution when tracking burden across the time‐period in which these improvements were implemented.
Age‐ and gender‐specific disease distribution and the diagnostic accuracy of CT for resected anterior mediastinal lesions
Authors: Nam Ju Gang , Goo Jin Mo , Park Chang Min , Lee Hyun‐Ju , Lee Chang Hyun , Yoon Soon Ho 
Published: April 2019

BackgroundAnterior mediastinal lesions account for approximately half of all mediastinal masses and computed tomography (CT) is known to exhibit limited differentiating performance. Our aim was to evaluate the age‐ and gender‐specific distribution of anterior mediastinal lesions and the diagnostic accuracy of multi‐detector CT (MDCT).MethodsThis retrospective study included 549 consecutive patients with proven anterior mediastinal lesions and diagnostic MDCT scans. The age‐ and gender‐specific distribution of proven diagnoses and diagnostic accuracy were reviewed. The CT features of malignant and benign diseases having the lowest accuracy were compared with those of the most commonly misdiagnosed diseases.ResultsThe proportion of malignancy showed a V‐shape relationship with age (lowest, 52.7% [50s]). The most prevalent malignancies were lymphoma (20s), lymphoma/thymoma (30s), thymoma (40s–50s), and thymoma/thymic carcinoma (≥60s). The most prevalent benign diseases were thymic remnant/hyperplasia (20s–30s), and thymic bed cyst (≥40s). The first‐choice diagnostic accuracy of MDCT decreased with age regardless of gender: 75.4% (20s), 75.0% (30s), 67.8% (40s), 58.5% (50s), and 53.4% (≥60s), primarily due to incorrect diagnoses of thymic bed cyst and thymic carcinoma (accuracy, 42.3% and 30.5%), which were prevalent in older patients and mostly misdiagnosed as thymoma. The most powerful differentiating MDCT features were water attenuation (≤20 HU) (OR, 42.7 [95%CI, 8.8–‐208.3], P < 0.001) for thymic bed cyst and mediastinal lymphadenopathy (6.8 [1.7–27.2], P = 0.006) for thymic carcinoma, but both showed low sensitivity (34.5% and 18.6%, respectively).ConclusionsMDCT accuracy depended on age, owing to the age‐specific distribution of thymic carcinoma and thymic bed cyst, which frequently lacks distinguishable CT features from thymoma.
Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas in children: Hacettepe experience
Authors: Yalçın Bilgehan , Yağcı‐Küpeli Begül , Ekinci Saniye , Orhan Diclehan , Oğuz Berna , Varan Ali , Kutluk Tezer , Akyüz Canan 
Published: April 2019

BackgroundSolid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas (SPNP) is mostly seen in young women in the second and third decades of life; it is quite uncommon in children. We aimed to review our institutional experience with SPNP in children.MethodsHospital charts of children <18 years of age diagnosed to have SPNP were reviewed for demographic characteristics, presenting symptoms, diagnostic interventions, physical examination findings, radiological data, extent of disease, diagnostic and management strategies and final outcome.ResultsNineteen cases were diagnosed as SPNP between 1992 and 2017 (female: male, 16:3; median age 13 years, range 8.5–16.5). The most common symptom was abdominal pain. Physical examination was normal in 12/19 cases. Three cases were diagnosed incidentally. The most common tumour localization was the head of the pancreas. Median tumour diameter was 5 cm (1.4–15). One patient had abdominal disseminated disease, and others had localized disease. Surgical interventions were enucleations in nine, distal pancreatectomies in four and total resection in two patients; three underwent no surgery following diagnosis. Only one patient received adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. One patient died, one was lost to follow‐up at 164 months and 17 were under follow‐up with no events at a median of 60 months (20–308 months).ConclusionIn childen, SPNP demonstrates different clinical features. Complete resection is curative in most patients. In children, the optimal surgical strategy for SPNP is still debatable. Instead of radical resections, limited pancreatic resections, such as enucleations, with negative surgical margins should be attempted. For unresectable or recurrent tumours, cisplatin and 5‐FU‐based chemotherapy might be considered.
Inhibitors of DAG metabolism suppress CCR2 signalling in human monocytes
Authors: Day Priscilla , Burrows Lisa , Richards David , Fountain Samuel J. 
Published: April 2019

Background and PurposeCCL2 is an inflammatory chemokine that stimulates the recruitment of monocytes into tissue via activation of the GPCR CCR2.Experimental ApproachFreshly isolated human monocytes and THP‐1 cells were used. Fura‐2 loaded cells were used to measure intracellular Ca2+ responses. Transwell migration to measure chemotaxis. siRNA‐mediated gene knock‐down was used to support pharmacological approaches.Key ResultsCCL2 evoked intracellular Ca2+ signals and stimulated migration in THP‐1 monocytic cells and human CD14+ monocytes in a CCR2‐dependent fashion. Attenuation of DAG catabolism in monocytes by inhibiting DAG kinase (R59949) or DAG lipase (RHC80267) activity suppressed CCL2‐evoked Ca2+ signalling and transwell migration in monocytes. These effects were not due to a reduction in the number of cell surface CCR2. The effect of inhibiting DAG kinase or DAG lipase could be mimicked by addition of the DAG analogue 1‐oleoyl‐2‐acetyl‐sn‐glycerol (OAG) but was not rescued by application of exogenous phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate. Suppressive effects of R59949, RHC80267, and OAG were partially or fully reversed by Gö6983 (pan PKC isoenzyme inhibitor) but not by Gö6976 (PKCα and PKCβ inhibitor). RNAi‐mediated knock‐down of DAG kinase α isoenzyme modulated CCL2‐evoked Ca2+ responses in THP‐1 cells.Conclusions and ImplicationsTaken together, these data suggest that DAG production resulting from CCR2 activation is metabolised by both DAG kinase and DAG lipase pathways in monocytes and that pharmacological inhibition of DAG catabolism or application suppresses signalling on the CCL2–CCR2 axis via a mechanism dependent upon a PKC isoenzyme that is sensitive to Gö6983 but not Gö6976.
Phylogeny and diversification of the true water bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)
Authors: Ye Zhen , Damgaard Jakob , Yang Huanhuan , Hebsgaard Martin B. , Weir Tom , Bu Wenjun 
Published: April 2019

AbstractClimate fluctuations and tectonic reconfigurations associated with environmental changes play large roles in determining patterns of adaptation and diversification, but studies documenting how such drivers have shaped the evolutionary history and diversification dynamics of limnic organisms during the Mesozoic are scarce. Members of the heteropteran infraorder Nepomorpha, or aquatic bugs, are ideal for testing the effects of these determinants on their diversification pulses because most species are confined to aquatic environments during their entire life. The group has a relatively mature taxonomy and is well represented in the fossil record. We investigated the evolution of Nepomorpha based on phylogenetic analyses of morphological and molecular characters sampled from 115 taxa representing all 13 families and approximately 40% of recognized genera. Our results were largely congruent with the phylogenetic relationships inferred from morphology. A divergence dating analysis indicated that Nepomorpha began to diversify in the late Permian (approximately 263 Ma), and diversification analyses suggested that palaeoecological opportunities probably promoted lineage diversification in this group.
Synchrony patterns reveal different degrees of trophic guild vulnerability after disturbances in a coral reef fish community
Authors: Viviani Jérémie , Moritz Charlotte , Parravicini Valeriano , Lecchini David , Siu Gilles , Galzin René , Viriot Laurent 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimChronic anthropogenic stressors are increasing in intensity, making ecosystems more vulnerable to acute disturbances. Recovery processes are not always well understood due to the complexity of ecosystems and the lack of appropriate indicators. Temporal synchrony is a valuable metric for assessing whether fluctuations in abundance of different species are homogeneous or heterogeneous over time. Theoretically, a great diversity of responses by species facing disturbances is associated with a stable ecosystem, with species turnover guaranteeing the persistence of key ecological processes. We analysed the fluctuations of synchrony of a fish community to assess its resilience in an ecosystem exposed to various disturbances.LocationMoorea (French Polynesia).MethodsUsing one of the longest time series available for coral reefs (ca. 35 years), we examined the variations in substrate cover, and the abundance, synchrony and composition of different fish trophic guilds. Multivariate analyses involving synchrony were used to determine the stability of trophic guilds.ResultsChanges in fish community composition indicated incomplete taxonomic resilience. However, community synchrony was lower during periods of low coral cover, indicating greater response diversity, while total fish abundance remained fairly stable. Synchrony drop was due to relationships with coral cover that differed by trophic guild, or the differences in species responses within guilds. Some guilds such as sessile invertebrate feeders exhibited a strong homogeneity of response over time, indicating a greater vulnerability. We also highlighted that various types of disturbances had different effects on the synchrony of particular guilds.Main conclusionsThe fish community appeared functionally resilient, with stability of total abundance and most trophic guilds. This could be a factor explaining the rapid recovery of Moorea's coral reefs from disturbances. However, the homogeneous responses of some fish groups to disturbances may compromise the reef recovery potential on the long term if disturbances become more frequent.
Global distribution patterns of mycoheterotrophy
Authors: Gomes Sofia I. F. , van Bodegom Peter M. , Merckx Vincent S. F. T. , Soudzilovskaia Nadejda A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimMycoheterotrophy is a mode of life where plants cheat the mycorrhizal symbiosis, receiving carbon via their fungal partners. Despite being widespread, mycoheterotrophic plants are locally rare, hampering the understanding of their global environmental drivers. Here, we explore global environmental preferences of mycoheterotrophy, and investigate environmental drivers of differential habitat preferences of mycoheterotrophic plants associated with arbuscular (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi.LocationGlobal.Time periodCurrent.Major taxa studiedMycoheterotrophic flowering plants.MethodsWe compiled the largest global dataset of epiparasitic mycoheterotrophic plant species occurrences and examined which environmental factors, including soil type, climate, vegetation type and distribution patterns of mycorrhizal autotrophic plants, relate to occurrence patterns of mycoheterotrophic plant species associated with AM and EM fungi.ResultsMycoheterotrophic plant species avoid cold and highly seasonal climates and show a strong preference for forests. AM‐associated mycoheterotrophs are predominantly found in broadleaved tropical evergreen forests whereas EM‐associated mycoheterotrophs occur in temperate regions, mostly in broadleaved deciduous and evergreen needleleaved forests. The abundance of AM and EM autotrophic plants was a weaker predictor for mycoheterotrophs occurrences than forest type. Temperature and precipitation variables – but not edaphic factors – were the best predictors explaining the distribution patterns of mycoheterotrophs after accounting for the effects of forest type. For individual lineages, major differences in environmental preferences (often related to edaphic factors) occurred that were significantly associated with plant evolutionary relationships, indicating that these cheater plants have limited adaptive capabilities.Main conclusionsThe strong global geographical segregation of AM and EM mycoheterotrophs does not reflect the abundance of their potential autotrophic hosts, but seems to be driven by differential climate and habitat preferences. Our results highlight the non‐trivial nature of mycorrhizal interactions, and indicate that identity of the partners is not enough to understand the underlying mechanisms promoting plant–fungal interactions in mycoheterotrophic plants.
Supporting self‐management after traumatic brain injury: Codesign and evaluation of a new intervention across a trauma pathway
Authors: Mäkelä Petra , Jones Fiona , de Sousa de Abreu Maria Inês , Hollinshead Lucinda , Ling John 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundSupported self‐management (SSM) is a recognized approach for people with long‐term conditions but, despite the prevalence of unmet needs, little is known about its role for people with traumatic brain injury (TBI).ObjectivesTo codesign an SSM intervention with people with TBI and evaluate feasibility of implementation through multidisciplinary staff across a trauma pathway.Setting and participantsPeople who had previously been admitted to a Major Trauma Centre following TBI and family members participated in a series of codesign activities. Staff attended SSM workshops and used the intervention with patients in acute and rehabilitation settings.MethodsWe used Normalization Process Theory constructs to guide and interpret implementation. Knowledge, beliefs and confidence of staff in SSM were assessed through pre‐ and post‐training questionnaires, and staff, patients' and families' experiences were explored through semi‐structured interviews. Qualitative data were analysed thematically, and clinical measures were mapped against a matched sample.ResultsCodesigned resources were created and used within an SSM approach for which 110 staff participated in training. Evaluation demonstrated significant differences in staff SSM confidence and skills, following training. Qualitative evaluation revealed adoption by staff, and patients' and families' experiences of using the resources. Challenges included reaching staff across complex pathways to achieve collective implementation.ConclusionThis is the first project to demonstrate feasibility of SSM for people after TBI starting in an acute trauma setting. Through an open approach to codesign with a marginalized group, the SSM resources were valued by them and held meaning and relevance for staff.
Social health protection in Cambodia: Challenges of policy design and implementation
Authors: Kwon Soonman , Keo Lundy 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe Government of Cambodia is implementing ambitious reform initiatives to improve the country's social health protection system. In January 2018, it was announced that the Health Equity Fund (HEF), which is fully subsidized by a joint government‐donor initiative for the reimbursement of user fees for the poor at public health facilities, is to be expanded to some segments of informal workers belonging to associations, as well as to commune and village chiefs. Since 2017, the National Social Security Fund (NSSF) has provided social health insurance for formal economy workers in enterprises with eight employees or more. In January 2018, it was expanded to civil servants and all employees regardless of the size of the enterprise. However, this article highlights that the new ambitious reforms are not accompanied by careful planning as regards funding, service delivery, human resources and institutional design. This article therefore aims to examine key policy issues and challenges for Cambodia's ambitious reform of its social health protection system in terms of resource generation, population coverage, strategic purchasing and governance.
Sustaining Power of Nurses in a Damaged Hospital During the Great East Japan Earthquake
Authors: Nakayama Yoko , Kato Ikuko , Ohkawa Takako 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPurposeThis study aimed to describe the experiences of nurses who were employed in a psychiatric hospital in Fukushima prefecture during the Great East Japan Earthquake and to explore what sustained the nurses while they worked in the damaged hospital.Design and MethodsThe research design was a qualitative descriptive study. The setting for the study was one of the Fukushima psychiatric hospitals where functions were disrupted by the earthquake and tsunami. Data were collected through a dialogic interview and Katarai (a form of group interview). Nine psychiatric nurses from the hospital participated. The interview and Katarai were transcribed and the narratives were analyzed using a phenomenological approach.FindingsThemes identified from the transcripts were: (a) the nurses’ internalized perception of their duties, (b) responsibility toward their patients, (c) conflicts among nurses and dilemmas nurses faced during this period, and (d) what sustained the nurses to continue working.ConclusionsThrough the earthquake experience, the nurses in this study reconsidered their own ways of living and ways of nursing that they had not thought about before the disaster. The findings also revealed that the state of hospital management and nursing care under normal conditions are reflected during the crisis situation in a disaster.Clinical RelevanceClearly, whether it is natural disaster or conflict caused by man, healthcare infrastructures are challenged when unexpected disruptions occur. The findings of this study are applicable not only because they provide guidance about infrastructure development for disaster preparedness, but also because they provide practical methods to support nurses who are placed in strongly stressful situations and have to protect patients.