bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Marxist Tax Policies Actually Look Like
Authors: Ireland David 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
‘Marx on tax’ as an effective antidote to inequality is an overlooked theme within his own output, but also for our own time. Marx theorising on tax is seen even by pre-eminent Marxists as an empty box, but Marx and Engels in fact had plenty to say about tax. Their coverage embraces progressive taxes, both on capital and income, a strong preference for direct over indirect taxation, inheritance tax, land-value tax, taxes on financial transactions, and state finances around the world. Tax also provides the battleground for a rare sight of Marx as campaigning activist, in 1848, matched in the same period by close ally Wilhelm Wolff. The tax policies of Marx and Engels have been neglected because they are primarily to be found in their journalism and letters. They are no anachronistic curiosity but perfectly applicable to the income and wealth inequalities of our own era.
The Long Brazilian Crisis: A Forum
Authors: Grigera Juan , Webber Jeffery R. , Abilio Ludmila , Antunes Ricardo , Mattos Marcelo Badaró , Fernandes Sabrina , Nunes Rodrigo , Paulani Leda , Purdy Sean 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The coming to office of Jair Bolsonaro in Brazil has brought to the fore the need to understand the rise of the far right and to come to terms with the conflicted legacies of more than a decade of rule under the Workers’ Party. This forum brings together six leading intellectuals from different traditions on the left and introduces their reflections on the contradictions and complexities of the Workers’ Party, the 2008 crisis, the June 2013 protests, the weakness of the Brazilian left, corruption, and on how to characterise Bolsonaro’s regime. Their interventions offer crucial insights that are relevant today not just to Brazil, or even Latin America, but to the politics of the left worldwide.
Study of Ancient Land Boundaries at Tauric Chersonesos Using Satellite Images
Authors: Terekhin Edgar A. , Smekalova Tatiana N. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The near chora (agricultural land) of Tauric Chersonesos was investigated using multiyear remote sensing data and field surveys. The boundaries of the land plots were studied with GIS (Geographic Information Systems) technology and an analysis of satellite images. Reliable reconstruction of the borders has been done for 231 plots (from a total of about 380), which is approximately 53% of the Chersonesean chora. During the last 50 years, most of the ancient land plots have been destroyed by modern buildings, roads, or forests. However, in the 1960s, a significant part of the chora was still preserved. Changes in preservation with time were studied with the aid of satellite images that were made in 1966 and 2015. During that period, it was found that the number of plots with almost-complete preservation decreased from 47 to 0. Those land plots whose preservation was better than 50% dropped from 104 to 4. A temporal map shows this decline in preservation. It was found that the areas of land plots could be determined accurately with satellite images; compared to field surveys, this accuracy was about 99%.
New Archaeological Data on Achaemenid Influences in the Southern Urals
Authors: Yablonsky† Leonid T. , Treister Mikhail Yu. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Under the eastern outer edge of Burial-mound 1 in the Filippovka-1 cemetery near the edge of the mound a grave-pit was discovered which was untouched by looters. The grave goods in this female burial numbered approximately 1200 objects used for various purposes: they included objects from the Achaemenid range, which bear witness to the influences exerted by Achaemenid culture on the material and spiritual culture of the local nomads. This article is a publication of those objects (jewellery items, utensils, vessels made of silver, glass and stone) and their attribution, which makes it possible with varying degrees of probability to date them and to determine the centre of production from which they came.
The Geopolitics of Cyberspace: a Diplomatic Perspective
Authors: Riordan Shaun 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe Internet has been seen as the harbinger of a world without borders or sovereignty. But states have recently reemerged in Cyberspace, asserting sovereignty or using it to pursue conflict with rivals. This article explores the geopolitics of Cyberspace. It argues that critical geopolitical concepts like geopolitical fields, culture and conditions can offer insights into the behaviour of actors in Cyberspace. The argument is explored through case studies of the US, Russia and China. The article goes beyond traditional nation states to apply similar analysis to the European Union and Internet companies. It concludes that both classical and critical geopolitics can make valuable contributions to the analysis of Cyberspace, and the behaviour of both state and non-state actors. Diplomacy has a crucial role in managing geopolitical conflicts in Cyberspace. But diplomats need to rethink their engagement and reform the structures and cultures in which they operate.
Nonlinear Zonal Propagation of Organized Convection in the Tropics
Authors: Blanco Joaquin E. , Nolan David S. , Mapes Brian E. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A wide range of the observed variability in the ITCZ is frequently explained in terms of equatorially trapped modes arising from Matsuno’s linear shallow-water model. Here, a series of zonally constant, meridionally symmetric aquachannel WRF simulations are used to study the propagation of tropical cloud clusters (CCs; patches of deep cloudiness and precipitation) in association with eastward-moving super cloud clusters (SCCs), also called convectively coupled Kelvin waves (CCKWs). Two independent but complementary methods are used: the first, from a local approach, involves a CC-tracking algorithm, while the second uses Lagrangian trajectories in a nonlocal framework. We show that the large-scale flow in low to midlevels advects the CCs either eastward or westward depending on model climatology, proximity to the CCKW axis, and latitude. Moreover, for most analyzed cases, sequences of CCs oscillate, describing qualitatively sinusoidal-like paths in longitude–time space, although with sharp transitions from westward to eastward motion due to westerly wind burst activity associated with the CCKWs. We also find that the discrete precipitation elements (CCs) are embedded in continuous tracks of positive moisture anomalies, which are parallel to the Lagrangian trajectories themselves. A conceptual model of the nonlinear SCC–CC interaction is presented.
Projected Changes in European and North Atlantic Seasonal Wind Climate Derived from CMIP5 Simulations
Authors: Ruosteenoja Kimmo , Vihma Timo , Venäläinen Ari 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Future changes in geostrophic winds over Europe and the North Atlantic region were studied utilizing output data from 21 CMIP5 global climate models (GCMs). Changes in temporal means, extremes, and the joint distribution of speed and direction were considered. In concordance with previous research, the time mean and extreme scalar wind speeds do not change pronouncedly in response to the projected climate change; some degree of weakening occurs in the majority of the domain. Nevertheless, substantial changes in high wind speeds are identified when studying the geostrophic winds from different directions separately. In particular, in northern Europe in autumn and in parts of northwestern Europe in winter, the frequency of strong westerly winds is projected to increase by up to 50%. Concurrently, easterly winds become less common. In addition, we evaluated the potential of the GCMs to simulate changes in the near-surface true wind speeds. In ocean areas, changes in the true and geostrophic winds are mainly consistent and the emerging differences can be explained (e.g., by the retreat of Arctic sea ice). Conversely, in several GCMs the continental wind speed response proved to be predominantly determined by fairly arbitrary changes in the surface properties rather than by changes in the atmospheric circulation. Accordingly, true wind projections derived directly from the model output should be treated with caution since they do not necessarily reflect the actual atmospheric response to global warming.
Ethical Infrastructure for a Modern Judiciary
Authors: Appleby Gabrielle , Le Mire Suzanne 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe ethical conduct of judicial officers has been traditionally seen as a matter for individual judges to determine for themselves. Today, judges are still frequently left to consider ethical dilemmas with little formal institutional support. They must rely on their own resources or informal advice and counsel from colleagues and the head of jurisdiction. This article will explore whether this arrangement continues to be appropriate. We consider a hypothesis that a number of factors, including the growing numbers and diversity of the judiciary mean that it is less likely that there will be common understandings of the ethical values to be employed in resolving difficult dilemmas. Thus, we further hypothesise, the traditional arrangements are likely to prove insufficient. Drawing on the findings of a survey of judicial officers across Australian jurisdictions conducted in 2016, we test these hypotheses by reference to the perceptions of Australian judicial officers as to the adequacy of the ethical support available to them. Finally, we consider the variety of supports that are available in comparable jurisdictions and also in the legal profession, before turning to possible solutions to the question our hypotheses raise, including the introduction of ‘ethical infrastructures’ in the form of more formal arrangements that provide ethical guidance to judges. We argue that these ethical support mechanisms have the potential to enhance the quality of ethical decision-making and foster an ethical culture within the judiciary.
Management of Upper Airway Leech Infestations
Authors: Harun Kucuk 
Published: July 2019

Purpose: Upper airway foreign body is one of the most encountered clinical situations in otolaryngology practice. In rare conditions, a living organism may be a foreign body in the upper airway. In this study, we demonstrate 19 patients with leech infestations in nose, nasopharynx, and larynx. Methods: This study was enrolled with 19 patients between 2012 and 2016 in a regional state hospital. All of the patients were admitted to clinic with these complaints: epistaxis, hemoptysis, coughing, foreign body sensation, and bloody stool. Results: There were 12 male and 7 female patients. The leech was in the nose in 12 patients, in nasopharynx in 6 patients, and in the larynx in only 1 patient. All leeches are removed under local anesthesia (except laryngeal presentation). No bleeding and complication were seen after extraction of leech. Conclusion: Leech can be easily diagnosed and managed in the upper aero-digestive tract without any complication and leech-associated disease.
Sustained responses to lasmiditan: Results from post-hoc analyses of two Phase 3 randomized clinical trials for acute treatment of migraine
Authors: Doty Erin Gautier , Krege John H , Jin Leah , Raskin Joel , Halker Singh Rashmi B , Kalidas Kavita 
Published: July 2019

Background Sustained pain freedom is an important attribute of acute migraine therapies for patients and physicians. Here we report efficacy of the centrally penetrant, highly selective, 5-HT1F agonist lasmiditan on sustained pain freedom and other outcomes at 24 and 48 hours post-dose. Study design and methods Data from the similarly designed, Phase 3, double-blind studies SAMURAI (NCT02439320) and SPARTAN (NCT02605174) were pooled to more precisely estimate efficacy effects in these post-hoc analyses. In both studies, inclusion criteria were 3–8 migraine attacks per month and Migraine Disability Assessment Score of ≥ 11 (at least moderate disability). Patients were randomized equally to lasmiditan 200 mg, 100 mg, 50 mg (50 mg only in SPARTAN), or to placebo. The study drug was to be taken within 4 hours of onset of pain for non-improving headache of at least moderate severity. Sustained pain freedom was defined as being pain free at 2 hours and at the given time point (24 or 48 hours) post-dose without use of additional study drug or migraine medications. Sustained responses were assessed similarly for most bothersome symptom-free, total migraine-free, and disability-free outcomes. For comparisons with previously published data on other acute medications, an additional endpoint of modified sustained pain freedom at 24 hours was defined as being pain free at 2 hours and no moderate-to-severe headache at 24 hours post-dose without use of additional study drug or migraine medications. Results Significantly higher proportions of patients treated with lasmiditan versus placebo achieved headache pain freedom at 2 hours post-dose: 200 mg: 35.6%; 100 mg: 29.9%; 50 mg: 28.6%; placebo: 18.3% (all p < 0.001). Sustained pain freedom was significantly higher in patients treated with lasmiditan versus placebo at 24 hours: 200 mg: 21.2%; 100 mg: 16.9%; 50 mg: 17.4%; placebo: 10.3% (all p < 0.01); and at 48 hours: 200 mg: 18.4%; 100 mg: 15.2%; 50 mg: 14.9%; placebo: 9.6% (all p < 0.05). Similar sustained benefits of lasmiditan versus placebo at 24 and 48 hours were noted for most bothersome symptom-free, total migraine-free and disability-free responses. Modified sustained pain freedom at 24 hours was also observed in significantly higher proportions of lasmiditan-treated patients versus placebo: 200 mg: 27.0%; 100 mg: 21.7%; 50 mg: 21.7%; placebo: 12.9% (all p < 0.01). Conclusion Sustained responses at 24 and 48 hours were noted in significantly more patients treated with lasmiditan versus placebo for several efficacy outcomes including pain freedom, most bothersome symptom-free, total migraine-free and disability-free responses. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier numbers SAMURAI: NCT02439320; SPARTAN: NCT02605174.
Multiple Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections Versus Single Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection in Early Osteoarthritis of the Knee: An Experimental Study in a Guinea Pig Model of Early Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Chouhan Devendra K. , Dhillon Mandeep S. , Patel Sandeep , Bansal Tungish , Bhatia Alka , Kanwat Himanshu 
Published: July 2019

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has emerged as the forerunner among disease-modifying treatment options for early osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. However, no consensus is available regarding optimum dosing schedules. Purpose: To determine whether multiple injections of PRP (3 injections) provide better short-term and long-term results than a single injection of PRP in a guinea pig model of knee OA. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: 36 Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs (weighing ~600-800 g) were chosen for this study. The animals were assigned to group DC (disease control group), group G1 (single-PRP group), and group G2 (multiple-PRP group) containing 10, 10, and 12 animals, respectively. Another 4 animals were used for preparation of allogenic PRP. Groups G1 and G2 received 1 and 3 injections of PRP, respectively, at weekly intervals in the intervention knee while the contralateral knee was injected with normal saline. Group DC received no intervention in either knee. Half of the animals from each group (subgroups DC.3, G1.3, and G2.3) were sacrificed at 3 months, and the remaining half (subgroups DC.6, G1.6, and G2.6) were sacrificed at 6 months after intervention. Both knee joints were harvested for histological assessment of articular cartilage and synovium. Results: The mean synovial scores for groups G1 and G2 were significantly better than those for group DC at 3 months. No difference was found between groups G1 and G2 at 3 months. At 6 months, group G2 had significantly better mean synovial scores than group G1 and group DC. The mean articular cartilage scores in group G2 were significantly better than those in group DC at 3 months. However, at 6 months, no significant difference was found among any of the groups in terms of mean articular scores. Conclusion: Both single and multiple injections of PRP exert similar anti-inflammatory effects on the synovium in the short term. However, this effect is sustained in the long term only for multiple injections. Multiple injections of PRP exert a chondroprotective effect, but only in the short term. This effect is not seen with a single injection of PRP. Clinical Relevance: This study provides insight into the histological basis for the superiority of multiple injections of PRP.
Medical management of urolithiasis in the Middle Ages: Thesaurus Pauperum of Pope John XXI
Authors: Castellani Daniele , Pucci Michele , Cicconetti Cristian , Pavia Maria Pia , Dellabella Marco 
Published: July 2019

Background/Objective: This paper will present a brief description of medicine in the Middle Ages, and more comprehensive analysis of the medical management of urolithiasis in Thesaurus Pauperum, the main text of Pedro Hispano. Method: An in-depth reading of the Italian translation of Thesaurus Pauperum, and a review of the literature of the life of Pedro Rebuli Guiliani, known as Pedro Hispano, was performed. Result: Pedro Hispano was born in Portugal around 1205. He studied philosophy, theology and medicine in Paris. He was named professor of medicine at the University of Siena in 1247 and was elected Pope, as John XXI, in 1276. His primary medical book was Thesaurus Pauperum (‘Treasure of the Poor’), a prescription handbook for common diseases, directed not only to physicians but also to ordinary people. We focused on the description of medical management of urolithiasis in Thesaurus Pauperum. Conclusion: This text is interesting not so much on account of the pharmacopoeia used, but instead, because it is, probably, one of the first medical text reporting therapeutics close to the modern evidence-based medicine.
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy of staghorn renal stones in pediatric patients using adult-sized instrument
Authors: Nouralizadeh Akbar , Pakmanesh Hamid , Basiri Abbas , Radfar Mohammad Hadi , Narouie Behzad , Shakiba Behnam , Vali Abbas , Valipour Reza , Honarkar Ramezani Mehdi 
Published: July 2019

Introduction: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the percutaneous nephrolithotomy procedure performed with adult-sized instruments in pediatric cases with staghorn kidney stone. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the efficacy and safety of 94 percutaneous nephrolithotomy procedures performed during 15 years in a single center for 82 pediatric patients with staghorn calculi using adult-sized instruments (24-Fr nephroscope). Stone free status was defined as complete clearance of the stones or the presence of insignificant residual stones of <3 mm in diameter. Results: The mean age was 108 ± 53 months (range, 14–180 months). There were 39 patients (48%) with complete staghorn stones and 43 cases (52%) with partial staghorn. We fulfilled 91.4% of operations through a single access. The stone free rate was 86.6% after one percutaneous nephrolithotomy session. In total, seven patients referred for shock wave lithotripsy and four cases were scheduled for the second percutaneous nephrolithotomy session. Fever occurred in 18 patients (21%) and bleeding requiring transfusion in four children (5%). Prolonged leakage from nephrostomy site requiring anesthesia for double J stent placement occurred in one patient. No grade IV or V Clavien complication occurred. Conclusion: The success rate and complications of percutaneous nephrolithotomy with adult-size instruments in pediatric patients are acceptable.
Career medical officers in psychiatry and addiction in NSW: description, role and educational needs
Authors: Nash Louise , Meltzer Michele , Karageorge Aspasia 
Published: July 2019

Objective: To describe the workforce of career medical officers (CMOs) working in psychiatry and addiction medicine across New South Wales (NSW) and to explore their training and education needs, and experience of their role. Method: A cross-sectional survey of CMOs in NSW working in psychiatry or addiction medicine. The survey consisted of quantitative data and free-text responses, and was conducted online in late 2017. Results: Of the 41 CMOs identified and sent the survey link, 25 CMOs completed the survey (61% RR). Almost half had worked as a CMO for 11 years or longer. Only six respondents held a recognised senior CMO position. Common areas of expertise were clozapine, metabolic health, and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). One-quarter of respondents did not receive supervision. Suggested education and training improvements included an annual 1-day training symposium and monthly peer review group for CMOs. Conclusion: CMOs are an often senior group of clinicians working in important areas of service provision. Ongoing educational support for this group of medical practitioners is prudent to ensure the delivery of best practice mental health and drug health care.
Impact of the Time to Initiation of Parenteral Nutrition on Patient Outcomes in Critically Ill Adults
Authors: Shah Sunish , Hollands James M , Pontiggia Laura , Bingham Angela L 
Published: July 2019

Background: The optimal time to initiate parenteral nutrition (PN) in critically ill adults in whom enteral nutrition is not feasible is controversial. Objective: The objectives were to compare in-hospital mortality and hospital length of stay in patients initiated on PN within 7 days or after 7 days of poor nutrient intake. Methods: This single-center, retrospective study included critically ill adult patients who received at least 2 consecutive days of PN during hospitalization from May 2014 to July 2016. Results: The median duration of PN (interquartile range) was 8 (5-13) days. In total, 110 patients received PN within 7 days of poor nutrient intake while 49 patients received PN after 7 days of poor nutrient intake. There was no statistically significant difference in in-hospital mortality between groups (29.09% vs 18.37%, P = .1535). Patients initiated within 7 days had a significantly shorter median hospital length of stay than patients initiated after 7 days (20 days vs 27 days, P = .0013). There were 69 patients who were classified as obese. Obese patients initiated within 7 days had a significantly shorter median hospital length of stay than obese patients initiated after 7 days (17 days vs 33 days, P = .0007). Conclusions: Time to initiation of PN did not impact in-hospital mortality. However, there was an association between early initiation of PN and a shorter hospital length of stay that was most pronounced among obese patients.