bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modal Logics
Authors: Berto Francesco , Jago Mark 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces normal propositional modal logics, then non-normal systems which invalidate the Necessitation rule (N). It shows how to model these logics using non-normal or impossible worlds, thought of as ‘logic violators’. This approach comes with non-uniform truth conditions: some operators are understood in one way at normal worlds, in another way at non-normal worlds. This may or may not be a problem. The specific case of non-adjunctive and non-prime worlds are then discussed, where conjunction and disjunction can behave in unusual ways.
Epistemic Logics
Authors: Berto Francesco , Jago Mark 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Standard possible-worlds epistemic logic gives rise to the problem of logical omniscience. There are attempts to deal with the problem without using impossible worlds. A number of these approaches are discussed in this chapter and all are found wanting. The impossible worlds approach is immediately more successful, but faces a deep problem: how should impossible worlds be constrained, so as to give adequate models of knowledge and belief? One option is to take impossible worlds to be closed under some weaker-than-classical logic. But this approach does not genuinely solve the problem of logical omniscience. A different approach is the dynamic one, whereby epistemic states are not closed at any one time, but nevertheless evolve towards closure in a dynamic way.
Relevant Logics
Authors: Berto Francesco , Jago Mark 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Relevant logics aim to avoid the ‘paradoxes’ of the material and strict conditionals. Their most natural semantics, the Routley-Meyer semantics, is given in terms of impossible worlds. By placing certain further conditions on those worlds, we can obtain stronger relevant logics. One of the main philosophical issues surrounding the general approach concerns how to interpret the Routley-Meyer ternary relation on worlds and the Routley star. The information-theoretic interpretation has proved popular but, it is argued, it faces philosophical issues. An alternative interpretation takes its cue from ways of thinking about conditionality in general. The three options are considered, but issues are found with each of them. A final option is the truthmaker interpretation of relevant logics, which is promising but under-developed.
The Logic of Imagination
Authors: Berto Francesco , Jago Mark 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Imagination seems to have a logic, albeit one which is hyperintensional and sensitive to context. This chapter offers a semantics of imagination, with operators expressing ‘imaginative acts’ of mental simulation. A number of conditions that could be imposed on the semantics are then discussed, in order to validate certain inferences. One important issue is how acts of imagination interact with disjunction: one can imagine some disjunction as obtaining without being imaginatively specific about which disjunction obtains. This chapter subsequently turns to non-monotonicity: how B may follow from imagining that A, but not from imagining that A ∧ C. Finally, the Principle of Imaginative Equivalents is discussed.
Hyperintensionality
Authors: Berto Francesco , Jago Mark 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter asks whether hyperintensionality is a genuine phenomenon, or rather, a feature to be explained away. It then focuses on the epistemic case, considering arguments from Stalnaker and Lewis which attempt to explain away hyperintensionality. The argument for a genuinely hyperintensional notion of content is subsequently considered. Having made the case for genuine hyperintensionality, the chapter turns to the granularity issue: how fine-grained are impossible worlds? This is one of the most difficult issues any theory of hyperintensionality faces. The focus then returns to the compositionality objection and it is argued that some accounts of impossible worlds deliver a fully compositional theory of meaning.
Epistemic and Doxastic Contents
Authors: Berto Francesco , Jago Mark 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The case for making belief states the primary focus of our analysis and for including impossible worlds in that analysis is outlined in this chapter. This allows the reader to deny various closure principles, although this won’t help defeat worries about external-world scepticism. The issue that concerns the authors most is the problem of bounded rationality: belief states seem to be closed under ‘easy’ trivial consequence, but not under full logical consequence, and yet the former implies the latter. The solution presented here is that some trivial closure principle must fail on a given belief state, yet it is indeterminate just where this occurs. Formal models of belief states along these lines are given and it is shown that they respect the indeterminacy-of-closure intuition. Finally, the chapter discusses how we might square this approach with the fact that some people seem to believe contradictions.
Fiction and Fictional Objects
Authors: Berto Francesco , Jago Mark , Badura Christopher 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins with the problem of what counts as true in a given fiction, beyond what’s explicitly given in that fiction. It then considers the problem of inconsistent fictions, which are naturally handled using impossible worlds. An account of truth in fiction is presented, which develops one of Lewis’s analyses into an approach which can handle inconsistent fictions with ease. The chapter then turns to the second main topic: how we should think about fictional entities. Realism and fictionalism about fictional characters are contrasted. A third option is then considered, which takes the Meinongian line that fictional characters are non-existent objects. Several versions of this idea and their various issues are discussed.
Physical geography
Authors: Corlett Richard T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers the physical geography of Tropical East Asia from a biological perspective. The first section, on weather and climate, focuses on temperature, rainfall, and their seasonality, and also considers the impacts of interannual variation in rainfall. The next section deals with fire and its relationship with climate. The following section on soils concentrates on the soil classifications used within the region. The major vegetation types of the region are then described in detail, including the major natural and anthropogenic types, from tropical rainforests to paddy fields to urban areas.
Biogeography
Authors: Corlett Richard T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter deals with the geographical distribution of plants and animals within the region. Tropical East Asia is defined as the eastern half of the Oriental Region and the other biogeographical regions are briefly described. The transitions between Tropical East Asia and the adjacent Australian and Palearctic Regions are described and discussed, as well as the less clearly defined transition with the rest of India. Patterns of diversity within Tropical East Asia are considered and four major subregions (Wallacea, the Philippines, Sundaland, and Indochina) are recognized. The remainder of the chapter deals with the biogeography of the numerous islands in the region, including the islands on the Sunda Shelf, Hainan and Taiwan, the Ryukyu and Ogasawara Islands of Japan, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India, the Mentawai Islands and others off the west coast of Sumatra, Krakatau, the Philippines, Sulawesi, and the islands of Wallacea.
The ecology of plants: from seed to seed
Authors: Corlett Richard T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter deals with the ecology of Tropical East Asia from a plant perspective. The life cycle of forest trees is covered in detail, including their vegetative and reproductive phenology, pollination, seed dispersal, seed predation, and the seedling, sapling, and adult stages. Other life forms, including lianas, ground herbs, epiphytes, hemi-epiphytes, and parasites are considered in less detail. Recent advances in plant community ecology are discussed, including the mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of species diversity in tropical forests (niche differentiation, growth–survival trade-offs, conspecific negative density-dependent mortality, neutral theory), and the influence of functional traits and phylogeny on community assembly. Forest succession is discussed in a regional context.
Energy and nutrients
Authors: Corlett Richard T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter deals with the ecology of Tropical East Asia from the perspective of water, energy, and matter flows through ecosystems, particularly forests. Data from the network of eddy flux covariance towers is revealing general patterns in gross primary production, ecosystem respiration, and net ecosystem production, and exchange. There is also new information on the patterns of net primary production and biomass within the region. In contrast, our understanding of the role of soil nutrients in tropical forest ecology still relies mostly on work done in the Neotropics, with just enough data from Asia to suggest that the major patterns may be pantropical. Nitrogen and phosphorus have received most attention regionally, followed by calcium, potassium, and magnesium, and there has been very little study of the role of micronutrients and potentially toxic concentrations of aluminium, manganese, and hydrogen ions. Animal nutrition has also been neglected.
Threats to terrestrial biodiversity
Authors: Corlett Richard T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
More than a billion people inhabit Tropical East Asia today and negative impacts on ecosystems and wild species are pervasive. Historically, the ultimate driver has been human population growth, but while this is now slowing, there is no prospect of an early reduction in human impacts. Poverty, corruption, weak governance, and globalization are additional underlying drivers. The major proximal threats and their consequences—deforestation, habitat fragmentation, mining, urbanization and infrastructure development, logging and the collection of non-timber forest products, hunting and the wildlife trade, fires, invasive species, emerging infectious diseases, air pollution and nutrient enrichment, and anthropogenic climate change—are described in turn in this chapter. Finally, the problems of assessing and predicting extinctions are discussed.
The Oulipo and Modern Thought
Authors: Duncan Dennis 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The impact of the Oulipo (Ouvroir de Littérature Potentielle), one of the most important groups of experimental writers of the late twentieth century, is still being felt in contemporary literature, criticism and theory, both in Europe and the US. Founded in 1960 and still active today, this Parisian literary workshop has featured among its members such notable writers as Italo Calvino, Georges Perec, and Raymond Queneau, all sharing in its light-hearted, slightly boozy bonhomie, the convivial antithesis of the fractious, volatile coteries of the early twentieth-century avant-garde. For the last fifty years the Oulipo has undertaken the same simple goal: to investigate the potential of ‘constraints’ in the production of literature—that is, formal procedures such as anagrams, acrostics, lipograms (texts which exclude a certain letter), and other strange and complex devices. Yet, far from being mere parlour games, these methods have been frequently used as part of a passionate—though sometimes satirical—involvement with the major intellectual currents of the mid-twentieth century. Structuralism, psychoanalysis, Surrealism, analytic philosophy: all come under discussion in the group’s meetings, and all find their way in the group’s exercises in ways that, while often ironic, are also highly informed. Using meeting minutes, correspondence, and other material from the Oulipo archive at the Bibliothèque nationale de France, The Oulipo and Modern Thought shows how the group have used constrained writing as means of puckish engagement with the debates of their peers, and how, as the broader intellectual landscape altered, so too would the group’s conception of what constrained writing can achieve.
Perec and Mathews
Authors: Duncan Dennis 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at a pair of related short stories, one by Perec, one by Mathews. Both concern South Seas ethnographers who stumble upon languages with highly limited vocabularies. These stories draw on the analytic philosopher W. V. O. Quine’s example of the gavagai language, by which he illustrates the indeterminacy of translation, and Perec and Mathews use their stories to similar ends. Perec’s story, from his novel Life A User’s Manual, encodes allusions to Wittgenstein’s ‘slab’ language from Philosophical Investigations, as well as to Borges’s famous Chinese encyclopaedia, in order to reflect on how the categories by which we understand the world, and which are so important to translation, are culturally specific. Mathews’s story meanwhile ends with a riposte to Quine: pure translation may not be possible, but we do as well as we can do.
Uneasy Dialogue
Authors: Garavini Giuliano 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 describes the failure of international negotiations between petrostates, key oil consumers, and developing countries during the Conference for International Economic Cooperation (also known as the North–South dialogue) held in Paris from 1975 to 1977. The chapter concludes with the “second oil shock” of 1979–80 that coincided with the revolution in Iran and the beginning of war between Iraq and Iran, and ends describing the failure of OPEC’s Long Term Strategy sealed at the OPEC Conference in Bali in December 1980.
Epilogue
Authors: Garavini Giuliano 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Epilogue describes the parallel crisis of the petrostates and of OPEC, focusing on two episodes that clearly demonstrated this crisis at the end of the 1980s. The first was the attack against Saddam Hussein’s Iraq by an international coalition led by the United States that resulted in foreign control over Iraqi oil exports. The second, episode was the effort of PDVSA, the national oil company of Venezuela, to engage in a policy of “production maximization” and to force its own government, a founding member of OPEC, out of the organization. The autonomy of OPEC as an actor in the global petroleum market was weakened both from without in the case of Iraq, and from within as in the case of the campaign by PDVSA. The result was that OPEC could not act anymore as a “geological force” and global oil consumption once again increased significantly with dire consequences for the environment.
Introduction
Authors: Garavini Giuliano 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Introduction deals with the place of sovereign landlords, in particular landlords that ruled over some of the most productive oil regions in the world, in the history of the twentieth century. Petrostates are often disliked because of their “rentier state” status. They have the aura of a “pariah state” compared to the other “productive” members of the international community. Land rent has been progressively marginalized as a topic of mainstream political economy thinking, and has generally negative connotations for Liberal and Marxist intellectuals and economists alike. The general dislike for rent as “undeserved wealth” lies very deep in widely engrained religious and cultural views all over the world. Variations of the biblical admonition that “if anyone is not willing to work, neither should he eat” exist so many different cultures. This book holds no such prejudice against land rent and sovereign landlords. It simply observes that land rent exists because the Earth is finite and because much of the ecosphere has been split up in the twentieth century among sovereign landlords called nation states. Each of these nation states has peculiar geographical and cultural characteristics and has to deal with them. The existence of petrostates such as Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, and Iran, nation states with such an important regional and global role, while at the same time crucially dependent on international land rent (a rent that comes from exports), cannot be easily dismissed as the outcome of a quirk of international political economy that has generated extravagant regimes.
The Place of the Literary in European Diplomacy
Authors: Craigwood Joanna 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 uses myth and myth-ritual theory to make sense of previously unstudied myths about the shared origins of diplomacy and literature in English, French, Spanish, and Italian diplomatic handbooks. Such diplomatic theorists as Alberico Gentili, Juan Antonio de Vera y Figueroa, Gasparo Bragaccia, and James Howell adapted classical myths and biblical stories to link the establishment of diplomatic institutions with the emergence of the literary arts. Set against a mythical time of pre-civilized anarchy, their origin accounts imply that without the rhetorical and poetic abilities believed necessary both to create literature and to negotiate successfully, international relations would break down, and anarchy prevail once more. These myths expose beliefs about the foundational relationship between diplomacy and literature prevalent within the European political elites that produced and consumed them. This chapter argues that, as powerful, community-wide narratives, the handbooks’ fictional histories naturalized the use of literary products and the display of literary skills—such as oratory, theatricality, wit, and poetic sensibility—within the diplomatic rituals of early modern Europe.
Distinguished Visitors
Authors: Hampton Timothy 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 begins with the Turkish ambassador’s visit to the ambitious but foolish bourgeois Monsieur Jourdain in Molière’s 1670 play Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme, triggering both its denouement and a generic shift from comedic drama to musical ballet. The readings of Shakespeare’s Henry VIII and Calderón’s Constant Prince that follow explore the intersection between the plot motif in which a domestic location or closed space is intruded upon by a diplomatic figure, and the generic multiplicity of early modern drama. It argues that such spatial and generic transitions mediate the tension between domestic, national, and international spaces posed by an increasingly international political culture. Dramatic texts register the intrusiveness of the diplomatic outsider through moments of generic multiplicity, where pastoral interrupts historical tragedy or where Moorish romance intersects with the literature of martyrdom. Drama continually asks us to reflect on the constitution of space, and of who is ‘inside’ or ‘outside’ of a particular community. When established spatial and generic boundaries are transgressed those politics are especially legible: at the centre of European dramatic literature is a confrontational politics worked out at the level of form. Finally the chapter examines the modern novel, in which early modern tensions between international and national political spaces are reworked as a contrast between some larger political world and the discrete private space of the home. For Proust, the nostalgia-laden figure of the diplomat brings into that private space from his early modern past the very possibility of literature.
Translation and Cultural Convergence in Late Sixteenth-century Scotland and Huguenot France
Authors: Auger Peter 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Examining poetical exchanges between James VI of Scotland and the Huguenot courtier Guillaume de Saluste Du Bartas in the 1580s, Chapter 7 demonstrates how poetry contributed to diplomatic initiatives, and how diplomatic concerns fostered expressiveness in the composition and presentation of poems. Early modern poetry, especially poetry in translation, could contribute to building better international cultural relations. Ambassadors and elite political figures were sometimes involved in such poems as writers, translators, readers, dedicatees, or recipients. When they were, these poems could contain subtle gestures consistent with the cultural diplomatic aims to express shared identity and strengthen political ties. The poetic exchanges between James and Du Bartas in the 1580s contained many signals of the common literary and political culture in Scotland and Protestant France, signals that are found in the subject matter, prosody, diction, structure, and other poetic features of the verses that they exchanged. This chapter examines the poetic techniques that James and Du Bartas used for expressing cultural convergence between Scotland and France when translating and composing original verse for each other, and then shows how the print publication of their poems enabled a broader international community to participate in this cultural moment.
Books as Diplomatic Agents
Authors: Raymond Joad 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8 looks at the reception of Milton in Sweden, and the appearance of Sweden in Milton’s writings, as a case study of the interaction between writing and diplomacy. Writing could be implicated in diplomatic activity in various ways: Milton was, after all, a professional translator of the documents of statecraft; and literary texts could inadvertently be caught up in national politics, shaping political language. Milton’s Defensio pro populo Anglicano (1650) was written in the context of intensive Anglo-Dutch negotiations. However, after its publication the Anglo-Swedish axis became more important, and Milton’s polemic played its own part in international diplomacy. Defensio and Defensio secunda (1654) performed a complex task beyond the lubrication of panegyrics or the appropriation of the text of one country in another. Defensio took its own life and become an effective participant within the diplomatic conversation. It reached beyond the court, influencing, and providing language and a reference point for, political communications in foreign provinces. Bulstrode Whitelocke’s extraordinary embassy to Sweden suggests a thoroughly blurred line between the sphere of transnational political debate and practical diplomacy, and his various accounts, together with Mercurius Politicus and Milton’s Latin prose, suggest a more entangled relationship between writing and diplomacy. Swedish responses to Milton, and the English diplomatic and polemical reaction to these responses, provided a material and literary feedback loop between a writer and his international readers and thereby shed a distinctive light on the interplay between books in motion, the embassy of texts, and the rhetoric of diplomacy.