bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Capnography Project (GCAP): implementation of capnography in Malawi – an international anaesthesia quality improvement project
Authors: Jooste R. , Roberts F. , Mndolo S. , Mabedi D. , Chikumbanje S. , Whitaker D. K. , O'Sullivan E. P. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryThe Lancet Commission on Global Surgery emphasised the importance of access to safe anaesthesia care. Capnography is an essential monitor for safe anaesthesia, but is rarely available in low‐income countries. The aim of this study was twofold: to measure the prevalence of capnography in the operating theatres and in intensive care units; and to determine whether its introduction was feasible and could improve the early recognition of critical airway incidents in a low‐income country. This is the first project to do this. Forty capnographs were donated to eight hospitals in Malawi. Thirty‐two anaesthesia providers received a 1‐day capnography training course with pre‐ and post‐course knowledge testing. Providers kept logbooks of capnography use and recorded their responses to abnormal readings. On follow‐up at 6 months, providers completed questionnaires on any significant patient safety incidents identified using capnography. In January 2017, at the commencement of the project, only one operating theatre had a capnograph. Overall, 97% and 100% ‘capnography gaps’ were identified in the theatres and intensive care units, respectively. The mean (SD) scores of our capnography multiple choice questionnaires improved after training from 15.00 (3.16) to 18.70 (0.99), p = < 0.001. The capnography equipment was appropriately robust and performed well. Six months following implementation, 24 (77%) anaesthesia providers reported recognising 44 oesophageal intubations and 28 (90%) believed that capnography had saved lives. This study has shown it is feasible to introduce capnography in a low‐income country, resulting in early recognition of critical airway incidents and ultimately helping to save lives. Building on the experience of the first trial of pulse oximetry implementation in low‐income countries in 2007, we believe this is one of the most important projects in anaesthesia safety in the last decade.
Accuracy of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging to detect significant prostate cancer and index lesion location
Authors: Goldman Hariette , Singh Neha , Harding Catherine , McGirr Joe , Seal Alexa , Duncan Ian , Sowter Steven 
Published: September 2018

BackgroundMultiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) of the prostate appears to improve prostate cancer detection, but studies comparing mpMRI to histopathology at the time of radical prostatectomy (RP) are lacking. This retrospective study determined the accuracy of mpMRI predicting Gleason score and index lesion location at the time of RP, the current gold standard for diagnosis.MethodsBetween April 2013 and April 2016, a database of all men aged more than 40 years who underwent RP after positive transrectal ultrasound biopsy by an experienced urological surgeon was collated at a single regional centre. This was cross‐referenced with a database of all men who had mpMRIs performed at a single centre and reported according to Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI‐RADS version 1) during this period to generate a sample size of 64 men. A Spearman's rho test was utilized to calculate correlation.ResultsMedian age of patients was 64 years, the median prostate‐specific antigen at RP was 6.22 ng/mL. mpMRI was positive (≥PI‐RADS 3) in 85.9% of patients who underwent RP. More than 92% of participants had Gleason ≥7 disease. A positive relationship between mpMRI prostate PI‐RADS score and RP cancer volume was demonstrated. An anatomical location correlation calculated in octants was found to be 89.1% accurate.ConclusionmpMRI accurately detects prostate cancer location and severity when compared with gold standard histopathology at the time of RP. It thus has an important role in planning for future prostate biopsy and cancer treatment.
On the existence and constructions of orthogonal designs
Authors: Karunanayaka Ruwan C. , Tang Boxin 
Published: September 2018

SummaryThis paper presents some new results on orthogonal designs, which are a useful class of designs for computer experiments. We first establish a non‐existence result on orthogonal designs, generalising an earlier known result on orthogonal Latin hypercubes, and then present some construction results. By computer search, we obtain a collection of orthogonal designs with small run sizes. Using these results and existing methods in the literature, we compile a comprehensive catalogue of orthogonal designs for up to 100 runs.
Genetic deletion of ADP‐activated P2Y12 receptor ameliorates lithium‐induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in mice
Authors: Zhang Yue , Hansson Kenny M. , Liu Tao , Magnell Kerstin , Huang Yufeng , Carlson Noel G. , Kishore Bellamkonda K. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimTherapeutic use of lithium in bipolar disorder is limited by the development of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). We reported that pharmacological blockade of P2Y12 receptor (R) with clopidogrel or prasugrel significantly ameliorated lithium‐induced NDI in rodents. Using mice genetically lacking P2Y12‐R we evaluated whether the observed amelioration is mediated through P2Y12‐RMethodsP2ry12−/− mouse line (C57/BL6) was rederived from cryopreserved embryos of the knockout (KO) mice generated by Deltagen Inc. Syngeneic wild type (WT) mice obtained by heterozygous crossing were inbred. Groups of adult WT and KO mice were fed lithium‐added (40 mmol LiCl/kg food) or regular diet, and euthanized after 2 or 4 weeks. Twenty‐four hour urine samples and terminal blood and kidney samples were analyzed.ResultsAt both time points, lithium‐induced polyuria and decrease in aquaporin‐2 (AQP2) protein abundance in the kidney medulla were less marked in KO vs WT mice. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that lithium‐induced alterations in the cellular disposition of AQP2 protein in the medullary collecting ducts of WT mice were blunted in KO mice. Serum lithium, sodium and osmolality were similar in both genotypes after lithium treatment. After 2 weeks, lithium induced marked increases in urinary excretion of Na, K, and arginine vasopressin in WT mice but not in KO mice.ConclusionTaken together, our data show that similar to pharmacological blockade, deletion of P2Y12‐R significantly ameliorates lithium‐induced NDI, without reducing serum lithium levels. Hence, targeting P2Y12‐R with currently available drugs in the market offers a novel and safer method for treating NDI.
Agreement of point‐of‐care prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin time in dogs with a reference laboratory
Authors: Yang W , Hosgood G , Luobikis K , Paul A 
Published: September 2018

ObjectivesTo determine the agreement, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of prothrombin (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) using the point‐of‐care analyser SCA2000™ with IDEXX Coag Dx™ cartridges against a reference laboratory (STAGO Start 4®) in canine blood.MethodsCitrated blood samples from 47 dogs were submitted for PT and aPTT measurements. The STAGO was taken as the gold standard and sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were calculated. Agreement between the IDEXX and STAGO test results was compared using Bland‐Altman analysis and Passing‐Bablok regression.ResultsThe IDEXX cartridges had a sensitivity of 92% (95% confidence interval (CI) 62–100%) and specificity of 98% (95% CI 87–100%; n = 54 samples). aPTT sensitivity was 100% (95% CI 63–100%) and specificity was 47% (95% CI 30–65%, n = 42 samples). The accuracy of IDEXX cartridges compared with the STAGO Start 4 was 96% (95% CI 91–100%) for PT and 57% (95% CI 42–72%) for aPTT. Agreement was moderate–good for PT measurements within the reference range (RR). Agreement was poor for PT measurements outside of the RR and for aPTT measurements within and outside the RR. The bias between measurements from the two machines was inconsistent.ConclusionsPT results from the point‐of‐care IDEXX were generally reliable for diagnosing or excluding a coagulopathy. The aPTT IDEXX sensitivity was excellent but the specificity was poor. Bland‐Altman analysis and Passing‐Bablok regression indicated an inconsistent bias between the two measurements and one measurement cannot be reliably converted to the other.
Sensitivity of epidermal growth factor receptor with single or double uncommon mutations to afatinib confirmed by a visual assay
Authors: Kimura Shinichi , Tanaka Kentaro , Harada Taishi , Liu Renpeng , Shibahara Daisuke , Kawano Yuko , Nakanishi Yoichi , Okamoto Isamu 
Published: September 2018

Patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring common mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are sensitive to EGFR‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Although forms of EGFR harboring single uncommon mutations such as G719X or L861Q are thought to be less sensitive to EGFR‐TKI, the efficacy of these drugs in patients with double uncommon mutations has remained unclear. We here present an NSCLC patient found to be positive for double uncommon EGFR mutations (G719X and L861Q) by clinical genomic sequencing analysis of a pleural effusion specimen who showed a durable response to the EGFR‐TKI afatinib. The sensitivity of EGFR with single or double uncommon mutations to afatinib and the EGFR‐TKI erlotinib was also evaluated in vitro with a visual assay based on HEK293 cells transiently transfected with expression plasmids for yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)‐tagged fragments of the EGFR intracellular domain (ICD). Whereas forms of EGFR with double uncommon mutations were more sensitive to erlotinib than were those with single uncommon mutations, those with single or double uncommon mutations were similarly sensitive to afatinib, consistent with the patient's clinical outcome. Our data support the notion that afatinib is the most suitable EGFR‐TKI for NSCLC harboring uncommon mutations of EGFR. Furthermore, the YFP‐EGFR‐ICD assay is potentially applicable to prediction of EGFR‐TKI efficacy in patients with such mutations.
Hairstreak butterflies (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) and evolution of their male secondary sexual organs
Authors: Pereira Martins Ananda Regina , Duarte Marcelo , Robbins Robert K. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHairstreak butterflies in the Atlides Section of the Eumaeini are biologically notable for a diverse array of male secondary sexual organs. A “species recognition” hypothesis postulates that females use these organs to choose between conspecific and non‐conspecific males, thereby promoting reproductive isolation. Alternately, a “sexual selection” hypothesis posits that females use these organs to choose among conspecific males. These hypotheses need not be mutually exclusive but make different predictions about the evolutionary gain and loss of male secondary sexual organs. We analysed most of the Atlides Section (Theclinae, Eumaeini) phylogenetically. Sister lineages were sympatric at 22 of 37 nodes. Nine evolutionary gains occurred in lineages that were sympatric with their phylogenetic sister, and one occurred in a lineage that was allopatric/parapatric with its sister. By contrast, seven of ten evolutionary losses occurred in lineages that were allopatric/parapatric with their sisters. These results are significantly different from those predicted by a sexual selection hypothesis. We conclude that male secondary sexual organs in the Atlides Section function primarily for species recognition and thereby promote sympatric diversification.
The ephemerality of secondary forests in southern Costa Rica
Authors: Reid J. Leighton , Fagan Matthew E. , Lucas James , Slaughter Joshua , Zahawi Rakan A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSecondary forests are increasingly recognized for conserving biodiversity and mitigating global climate change, but these and other desired outcomes can only be achieved after decades of regeneration, and secondary forests are frequently recleared before they recover to predisturbance conditions. We used a time series of aerial photographs (1947‐2014) to evaluate multidecadal persistence of secondary forests across a 320 km2 landscape in southern Costa Rica. Secondary forests had relatively short lifespans, with 50% recleared within 20 years and 85% recleared within 54 years of when they were first observed. Larger forest fragments and forests near rivers had a lower reclearance hazard, but forest persistence did not differ over time, indicating that regional forest regeneration may be generally ephemeral. Costa Rica has made an international commitment to restore 1 million ha of degraded land by 2020. Depending on how this is achieved, only half that target may remain forested by 2040.
In memoriam: Fine‐needle aspiration, birth: Fine‐needle biopsy: The changing trend in endoscopic ultrasound‐guided tissue acquisition
Authors: Bang Ji Young , Kirtane Sachin , Krall Konrad , Navaneethan Udayakumar , Hasan Muhammad , Hawes Robert , Varadarajulu Shyam 
Published: September 2018

Background and AimFine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology has been the preferred technique for procuring tissue at endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) procedures for the past 25 years. To overcome some of the limitations of FNA cytology, fine‐needle biopsy (FNB) has been recently developed to yield histological tissue. Main objective was to compare the diagnostic yield of FNB compared to FNA for both onsite and offsite specimen assessment.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted at a single tertiary referral center to evaluate the outcomes of FNA and FNB over a 4‐year period. EUS‐guided tissue sampling was carried out using 22‐ or 25‐G FNA needles from 2014 to 2015, and 22‐G FNB needle was used from 2016 to 2017.ResultsOf 3020 patients undergoing EUS‐guided sampling of solid mass lesions (pancreatic masses 71.3%, other lesions 28.7%), FNA was carried out in 68.9% and FNB in 31.1%. Median number of passes required for diagnostic adequacy on rapid onsite evaluation was significantly lower for FNB compared to FNA (1 [IQR: 1–2] vs 2 [IQR 1–3], P < 0.001). Diagnostic yield on cell block was also significantly superior with FNB compared to FNA (92.3 vs 71.1%, P < 0.001). The superior performance of FNB over FNA was observed for both pancreatic (P < 0.001) and non‐pancreatic lesions (P < 0.001).ConclusionGiven these promising findings, in the future, EUS‐guided FNB will likely be the preferred technique for sampling of solid mass lesions.
Bending the rules: exploitation of allochthonous resources by a top‐predator modifies size‐abundance scaling in stream food webs
Authors: Perkins Daniel M. , Durance Isabelle , Edwards Francois K. , Grey Jonathan , Hildrew Alan G. , Jackson Michelle , Jones J. Iwan , Lauridsen Rasmus B. , Layer‐Dobra Katrin , Thompson Murray S. A. , Woodward Guy 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBody mass–abundance (M‐N) allometries provide a key measure of community structure, and deviations from scaling predictions could reveal how cross‐ecosystem subsidies alter food webs. For 31 streams across the UK, we tested the hypothesis that linear log‐logM‐Nscaling is shallower than that predicted by allometric scaling theory when top predators have access to allochthonous prey. These streams all contained a common and widespread top predator (brown trout) that regularly feeds on terrestrial prey and, as hypothesised, deviations from predicted scaling increased with its dominance of the fish assemblage. Our study identifies a key beneficiary of cross‐ecosystem subsidies at the top of stream food webs and elucidates how these inputs can reshape the size‐structure of these ‘open’ systems.
Variants p.Q1236H and p.E1143G in mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma POLG1 are not associated with increased risk for valproate‐induced hepatotoxicity or pancreatic toxicity: A retrospective cohort study of patients with epilepsy
Authors: Hynynen Johanna , Pokka Tytti , Komulainen‐Ebrahim Jonna , Myllynen Päivi , Kärppä Mikko , Pylvänen Laura , Kälviäinen Reetta , Sokka Arja , Jyrkilä Aino , Lähdetie Jaana , Haataja Leena , Mäkitalo Anna , Ylikotila Pauli , Eriksson Kai , Haapala Piia , Ansakorpi Hanna , Hinttala Reetta , Vieira Päivi , Majamaa Kari , Rantala Heikki , Uusimaa Johanna 
Published: September 2018

SummaryObjectivePrevious studies have suggested that heterozygous variants p.Q1236H and p.E1143G in mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma (POLG1) increase the risk for liver injury for patients on valproate (VPA) therapy. We assessed the prevalence of these common variants and seven other pathogenic mutations in POLG1 and determined the occurrence of VPA‐induced hepatotoxicity (VHT) or pancreatic toxicity in a cohort of patients with epilepsy.MethodsPatients with epilepsy (N = 367) were retrospectively identified from medical record files and screened for mutations in POLG1. Patients who had received VPA monotherapy and carried either of the two variants, p.Q1236H or p.E1143G, without other pathogenic mutations in POLG1 (n = 33, variant group) and patients without these variants (n = 28, nonvariant group) were included in the study. Clinical data on epilepsy, characteristics of VPA treatment, risk factors for VHT, laboratory data on liver and pancreas functions, and adverse effects were collected.ResultsA total of 122 patients had either the POLG1 p.Q1236H (n = 99) or p.E1143G (n = 24) variant in the heterozygous or homozygous state. Transient liver dysfunction was identified in three (n = 33, 9.1%) variant group patients and in one (n = 28, 3.6%) nonvariant group patient (P = 0.62). Mild to moderate elevations in liver enzymes were encountered in both groups. Furthermore, two patients on VPA polytherapy developed acute pancreatitis, and two pediatric patients with heterozygous p.Q1236H variants and mutations in IQSEC2 and GLDC, respectively, had elevated levels of VPA metabolites in urine, elevated plasma glycine, and/or increased acylglycine excretion.SignificancePOLG1 p.Q1236H and p.E1143G variants could not be identified as statistically significant risk factors for VHT or pancreatic toxicity. We suggest that VPA treatment could be suitable for patients who harbor these common variants in the absence of other pathogenic mutations in POLG1.
Pharmacokinetics and ex vivo anti‐inflammatory effects of oral misoprostol in horses
Authors: Martin E. M. , Schirmer J. M. , Jones S. L. , Davis J. L. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryBackgroundMisoprostol is an E prostanoid (EP) 2, 3 and 4 receptor agonist that is anecdotally used to treat and preventNSAID‐inducedGIinjury in horses. Misoprostol elicits anti‐inflammatory effects in vivo in men and rodents, and inhibitsTNFα production in equine leucocytes in vitro.ObjectiveDefine the pharmacokinetic parameters of oral misoprostol in horses, and determine the inhibitory effect of oral misoprostol administration on equine leucocyteTNFα production in an ex vivo inflammation model.Study designPharmacokinetic study, ex vivo experimental study.MethodsSix healthy adult horses of mixed breeds were used. In phase one, horses were given 5 μg/kg misoprostol orally, and blood was collected at predetermined times for determination of misoprostol free acid (MFA) byUHPLC‐MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. In phase two, horses were dosed as in phase one, and blood was collected at T0, 0.5, 1 and 4 h following misoprostol administration for leucocyte isolation. Leucocytes were stimulated with 100 ng/mLLPS, andTNFαmRNAconcentrations were determined via quantitative real‐time PCR.ResultsAbout 5 μg/kg oral misoprostol produced a rapid time to maximum concentration (Tmax) of 23.4 ± 2.4 min, with a maximum concentration (Cmax) of 0.29 ± 0.07 ng/mL and area under the curve (AUC0−∞) of 0.4 ± 0.12 h ng/mL.LPSstimulation of equine leucocytes ex vivo significantly increasedTNFαmRNAconcentrations, and there was no significant effect of misoprostol even at the Tmax.Main limitationsOnly a single dose was used, and sample size was small.ConclusionsMisoprostol is rapidly absorbed following oral administration in horses, and a single 5 μg/kg dose had no significant inhibitory effect on ex vivoLPS‐stimulatedTNFαmRNAproduction in leucocytes. Further studies analysing different dosing strategies, including repeat administration or combination with other anti‐inflammatory drugs, are warranted.
Effect of calcination temperature on friction and wear behavior of α–alumina (α‐Al2O3) for biomedical applications
Authors: Fellah Mamoun , Aissani Linda , Abdul Samad Mohammed , Prakasam Mythili , Purnama Agung , Montagne Alex , IOST Alain , Mejias Alberto , Kossman Stephania 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this study, structural evolution, sliding friction, and wear behavior of the nano‐sized alpha‐alumina (α‐Al2O3), synthesized by calcination of gibbsite (Al2(OH)6) at different temperatures (273‐1473 K) are reported using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and ball‐on‐disk wear tests. The effect of calcination temperature and the correlation between grain size, mechanical properties, and tribological behavior of the compounds are investigated. After calcination at 1473 K, the crystallite size of calcined and sintered alumina (α‐Al2O3) compacts is as small as 10 nm. Also, it is observed that the average particle and grain size significantly affect the tribological properties of the compounds. At all the applied loads of 2, 8, and 16 N, respectively, the sliding wear rate and coefficient of friction were lower in the alumina compacts calcined at 1473 K. The improved tribological properties are attributed to the finer microstructure resulting in enhanced hardness of the sintered compacts calcined at 1473 K.
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies negative levamisole‐induced leukocytoclastic vasculitis: a presumed case and literature review
Authors: Kunzler Daniel , Lagrimas Lauren , Vo Thiennga , DeCrescenzo Andrew , Kaltwasser Kyle , Wilson Janice 
Published: September 2018

AbstractLevamisole‐contaminated cocaine toxicity is a serious emerging public health concern, and providers should be aware of its presentation and management. Most cases of levamisole‐induced vasculitis/vasculopathy (LIV) are associated with high antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). We describe a unique case of a cocaine user who presented with an acute purpuric eruption and negative ANCA laboratory findings. A brief clinical overview of LIV, spanning from patient presentation to treatment, is provided. In addition, we present a summary of all cases of ANCA‐negative vasculitis identified via a PubMed literature review.