bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of partial biopsies in the management of cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Doolan Brent J , Robinson Aaron J , Wolfe Rory , Kelly John W , McLean Catriona , McCormack Chris , Henderson Michael A , Pan Yan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe recommended method for histopathological diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma is excisional biopsy, although partial biopsies (shave and punch) are often used. Following a partial biopsy, treatment guidelines recommend a narrow excisional biopsy to plan definitive management. There is limited evidence on the benefits of direct wide local excision (WLE) following diagnostic partial biopsies.MethodsRetrospective cohort study of cutaneous melanoma cases, from two tertiary referral centres from January 2013 to December 2015. Demographic and histopathological data, including tumour thickness (T‐stage) from initial biopsy and subsequent excisions, were collected. Logistic regression was used to examine histopathological T‐staging between biopsy and subsequent excisions (upstaging).Results2304 melanomas (2157 patients) were identified; 455 shave, 308 punch, 14 incisional and 1527 excisional biopsies. Out of 1527, 5 (<1%) excisional biopsies were upstaged from original biopsy T‐stage to final WLE; compared to 28/455 (6%) for shave, 45/308 (15%) for punch and 2/14 (14%) for incisional biopsies. Histopathology upstaging were increased with punch (OR, 52.1; 95% CI, 20.5–132.4. P < 0.001) and shave biopsy (OR, 20.0; 95% CI, 7.7–52.0. P < 0.001) compared to excisional biopsy. Upstaging rates of 9.4% for desmoplastic (OR, 6.9; 95% CI, 2.4–19.7. P < 0.001) and 21.9% for acral lentiginous (OR, 18.4; 95% CI, 6.9–49.2. P < 0.001) melanomas were elevated compared to 1.4% for superficial spreading melanoma.ConclusionsIn most cases, partial biopsy (particularly shave biopsy) can provide sufficient information to plan for definitive surgical melanoma management. Punch and incisional biopsies have elevated upstaging rates, a consideration in planning therapy. Partial biopsies of desmoplastic or acral lentiginous melanomas have high rates of upstaging and should have a complete excision prior to definitive treatment.
Sex‐based differences in the incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases—pooled analysis of population‐based studies from the Asia‐Pacific region
Authors: Shah Shailja C. , Khalili Hamed , Chen Chung‐Yu , Ahn Hyeong Sik , Ng Siew C. , Burisch Johan , Colombel Jean‐Frederic 
Published: February 2019

SummaryBackgroundThere appear to be differences in risk factor profiles for IBD between Asia‐Pacific and Western populations, which might suggest idiosyncrasies in pathogenesis. Recently, sex‐based differences in IBD according to the age of diagnosis have been described in Western populations.AimTo identify whether sex‐based differences in IBD incidence similarly exist across the age spectrum for Asia‐Pacific populations.MethodsWe identified Asia‐Pacific population‐based cohorts where IBD incidence data stratified by sex were available for the full age spectrum. Cohorts were included only if IBD diagnoses were confirmed and validated. We calculated incidence rate ratios of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) according to age and compared differences between males and females using random‐effects meta‐analysis.ResultsAmong 567.8 million people from 11 Asia‐Pacific countries/provinces/nations, we identified 10 553 incident CD cases (7060 males; 3493 females) and 16 946 incident UC cases (9754 males; 7192 females). Starting in early adolescence until age 50 years, there was a 36%‐64% higher incidence of CD in males vs females (P < 0.001). UC incidence ranged from 20%‐42% higher in males vs females in the age groups between 15 and 65 years (P < 0.05).ConclusionsIn a pooled analysis of population‐based studies from the Asia‐Pacific region, we found a male predominance of both CD and UC for the majority of the age spectrum from adolescence to middle/late‐middle age. Additional studies are needed to clarify biological and nonbiological determinants of sex differences in IBD, which might be distinct between Asia‐Pacific and Western populations.
Absence of cuticular alkenes allows lycaenid larvae to avoid predation by Formica japonica ants
Authors: Morozumi Yutaro , Murakami Tomotoshi , Watanabe Michihito , Ohta Shinji , Ômura Hisashi 
Published: February 2019

AbstractChemical mimicry and camouflage based on cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are adaptive strategies that are frequently observed in myrmecophilous insects. The larvae of several lycaenid butterfly species that exhibit obligate associations with specific ant species have been reported to use chemical mimicry. However, little is known about the strategies used by the larvae of species that have facultative associations with multiple ant species. We attempted to reveal the effects of larval CHC profiles on interactions with Formica japonica workers, using three lycaenid species, two facultative ant‐associated (Lycaeides argyrognomon and Zizeeria maha) and one non‐ant‐associated (Lycaena phlaeas), which commonly possess n‐alkanes as the major CHCs. In field bioassays, the lycaenid larvae were attacked by ant workers less often than larvae of Papilio polytes (Papilionidae), the CHCs of which were rich in 7‐alkenes. Treating the lycaenid larvae with 7‐heptacosene and 9‐heptacosene significantly activated ant aggression (biting), whereas treating them with n‐heptacosane, n‐octacosane and 13‐methylheptacosane had little effect. Furthermore, larvae of Pieris rapae (Pieridae), possessing n‐alkanes as the dominant CHCs, suffered an intermediate level of ant biting between the lycaenid and Pa. polytes larvae. However, treatments of the P. rapae larvae with 7‐heptacosene and 9‐heptacosene significantly affected the frequency of ant biting. These findings suggest that the absence of alkenes in larval CHC profiles is an effective means of circumventing predation by ants and allows lycaenid larvae to inhabit the foraging territory of predaceous ants, at least to some extent.
In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy of oral lichen planus
Authors: Contaldo Maria , Di Stasio Dario , Petruzzi Massimo , Serpico Rosario , Lucchese Alberta 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is an imaging technique that can virtually biopsy vital tissues, noninvasively and in real time. It results in horizontal virtual slices at a microscopic resolution that correlates well with conventional histopathology. Despite the widespread use of RCM in dermatology, it is still rarely applied to the study of oral pathologies. The aim of the present work is to describe RCM cellular and architectural findings in oral mucosae affected by oral lichen planus (OLP).Materials and MethodsA series of conventionally diagnosed OLP lesions underwent RCM imaging with a portable reflectance confocal microscope that could scan from the surface to the submucosa. The confocal findings were collected, described, and compared with the literature.ResultsA total of 31 oral sites affected by OLP in 12 patients were considered. According to their clinical appearance, 22 lesions showed a reticular‐plaque pattern, six lesions were mainly atrophic‐erosive, and the remaining three presented a mixed pattern. RCM examination showed hypergranulosis, epithelial disarray, spongiosis, necrotic keratinocytes, epithelial and subepithelial inflammatory cell infiltration, and dilated vessels; all findings were in lichen planus, with differences noted between the “white” and “red” manifestations of this pathology.ConclusionsThe use of RCM in routine clinical oral pathology tests is recommended to avoid recurrence of OLP and changes in its responsiveness to therapy, thus limiting the need for biopsy of lesions suspected of tumoral changes.
Studying to Stay: Understanding Graduate Visa Policy Content and Context in the United States and Australia
Authors: Grimm Adam 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAs the global mobility of students has continued to grow, many of those who obtain their degrees abroad are seeking opportunities to stay in the countries where they received their education. Responding to these trends, several host countries have devised visa schemes to enable international graduates to remain in the country and work after graduation. Using a summative content analysis approach, this article provides an analysis of the content of the Optional Practical Training and Temporary Graduate Visa programmes situated within the economic, political and social contexts of the United States and Australia respectively. Graduation from a domestic institution is the core requirement of these programmes, directly implicating higher education in immigration issues and placing higher education institutions at the border of the state. As such, we must consider HEIs not only as a temporary home for globally mobile student sojourners but as the starting point for transnational talent on complex migration journeys.
Enhanced spontaneous polarization in double perovskite Bi2FeCrO6 films
Authors: Meng Dehuan , Xiao Yunsheng , He Hongcai , Liao Yulong , Zhang Huaiwu , Zhai Junyi , Chen Zuhuang , Martin Lane W. , Bai Feiming 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe report the pulsed‐laser deposition of epitaxial double‐perovskite Bi2FeCrO6 (BFCO) films on the (001)‐, (110), and (111)‐oriented single‐crystal SrTiO3 substrates. All of the BFCO films with various orientations show the and superlattice‐diffraction peaks. The intensity ratios between the ‐superlattice and the main 111‐diffraction peak can be tailored by simply adjusting the laser repetition rate and substrate temperature, reaching up to 4.4%. However, both optical absorption spectra and magnetic measurements evidence that the strong superlattice peaks are not correlated with the B‐site Fe3+/Cr3+ cation ordering. Instead, the epitaxial (111)‐oriented Bi2FeCrO6 films show an enhanced remanent polarization of 92 μC/cm2 at 10 K, much larger than the predicted values by density‐functional theory calculations. Positive‐up‐negative‐down (PUND) measurements with a time interval of 10 μs further support these observations. Therefore, our experimental results reveal that the strong superlattice peaks may come from A‐ or B‐site cation shifts along the pseudo‐cubic [111] direction, which further enhance the ferroelectric polarization of the BFCO thin films.
Extracellular vesicles from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells improve nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve transection in rats
Authors: Ma Yongbin , Dong Liyang , Zhou Dan , Li Li , Zhang Wenzhe , Zhen Yu , Wang Ting , Su Jianhua , Chen Deyu , Mao Chaoming , Wang Xuefeng 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPeripheral nerve injury results in limited nerve regeneration and severe functional impairment. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a remarkable tool for peripheral nerve regeneration. The involvement of human umbilical cord MSC‐derived extracellular vesicles (hUCMSC‐EVs) in peripheral nerve regeneration, however, remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated functional recovery and nerve regeneration in rats that received hUCMSC‐EV treatment after nerve transection. We observed that hUCMSC‐EV treatment promoted the recovery of motor function and the regeneration of axons; increased the sciatic functional index; resulted in the generation of numerous axons and of several Schwann cells that surrounded individual axons; and attenuated the atrophy of the gastrocnemius muscle. hUCMSC‐EVs aggregated to rat nerve defects, down‐regulated interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐1β, up‐regulated IL‐10 and modulated inflammation in the injured nerve. These effects likely contributed to the promotion of nerve regeneration. Our findings indicate that hUCMSC‐EVs can improve functional recovery and nerve regeneration by providing a favourable microenvironment for nerve regeneration. Thus, hUCMSC‐EVs have considerable potential for application in the treatment of peripheral nerve injury.
Development of inhibitory control during childhood and its relations to early temperament and later social anxiety: unique insights provided by latent growth modeling and signal detection theory
Authors: Troller‐Renfree Sonya V. , Buzzell George A. , Bowers Maureen E. , Salo Virginia C. , Forman‐Alberti Alissa , Smith Elizabeth , Papp Leanna J. , McDermott Jennifer M. , Pine Daniel S. , Henderson Heather A. , Fox Nathan A. 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundChildren with the temperament of behavioral inhibition (BI) face increased risk for social anxiety. However, not all children with BI develop anxiety symptoms. Inhibitory control (IC) has been suggested as a moderator of the pathway between BI and social anxiety. This study uses longitudinal data to characterize development of IC and tests the hypothesis that IC moderates associations between early BI and later social anxiety symptoms.MethodsChildren completed a Go/Nogo task at ages 5, 7, and 10 years as part of a longitudinal study of BI (measured at 2–3 years) and social anxiety symptoms (measured at 12 years). To assess IC development, response strategy (criterion) and inhibitory performance (d′) were characterized using signal detection theory. Latent growth models were used to characterize the development of IC and examine relations among BI, IC parameters, and social anxiety symptoms.ResultsIC response strategy did not change between 5 and 10 years of age, whereas IC performance improved over time. BI scores in toddlerhood predicted neither initial levels (intercept) nor changes (slope) in IC response strategy or IC performance. However, between ages 5 and 10, rate of change in IC performance, but not response strategy, moderated relations between BI and later parent‐reported social anxiety symptoms. Specifically, greater age‐related improvements in IC performance predicted higher levels of social anxiety in high BI children.ConclusionsIC development in childhood occurs independent of BI levels. However, rapid increases in IC performance moderate risk for social anxiety symptoms in children with BI. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Does thermal plasticity align with local adaptation? An interspecific comparison of wing morphology in sepsid flies
Authors: Rohner Patrick T. , Roy Jeannine , Schäfer Martin A. , Blanckenhorn Wolf U. , Berger David 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAlthough genetic and plastic responses are sometimes considered as unrelated processes, their phenotypic effects may often align because genetic adaptation is expected to mirror phenotypic plasticity if adaptive, but run counter to it when maladaptive. Because the magnitude and direction of this alignment has further consequences for both the tempo and mode of adaptation, they are relevant for predicting an organisms’ reaction to environmental change. To better understand the interplay between phenotypic plasticity and genetic change in mediating adaptive phenotypic variation to climate variability, we here quantified genetic latitudinal variation and thermal plasticity in wing loading and wing shape in two closely related and widespread sepsid flies. Common garden rearing of 16 geographical populations reared across multiple temperatures revealed that wing loading decreases with latitude in both species. This pattern could be driven by selection for increased dispersal capacity in the cold. However, although allometry, sexual dimorphism, thermal plasticity and latitudinal differentiation in wing shape all show similar patterns in the two species, the relationship between the plastic and genetic responses differed between them. Although latitudinal differentiation (south to north) mirrored thermal plasticity (hot to cold) in Sepsis punctum, there was no relationship in Sepsis fulgens. While this suggests that thermal plasticity may have helped to mediate local adaptation in S. punctum, it also demonstrates that genetic wing shape differentiation and its relation to thermal plasticity may be complex and idiosyncratic, even among ecologically similar and closely related species. Hence, genetic responses can, but do not necessarily, align with phenotypic plasticity induced by changing environmental selection pressures.
No evidence for an intragenomic arms race under paternal genome elimination in Planococcus mealybugs
Authors: de la Filia Andrés G. , Fenn‐Moltu Gyda , Ross Laura 
Published: February 2019

AbstractGenomic conflicts arising during reproduction might play an important role in shaping the striking diversity of reproductive strategies across life. Among these is paternal genome elimination (PGE), a form of haplodiploidy which has independently evolved several times in arthropods. PGE males are diploid but transmit maternally inherited chromosomes only, whereas paternal homologues are excluded from sperm. Mothers thereby effectively monopolize the parentage of sons, at the cost of the father's reproductive success. This creates striking conflict between the sexes that could result in a co‐evolutionary arms race between paternal and maternal genomes over gene transmission, yet empirical evidence that such an arms race indeed takes place under PGE is scarce. This study addresses this by testing whether PGE is complete when paternal genotypes are exposed to divergent maternal backgrounds in intraspecific and hybrid crosses of the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri, and the closely related Planococcus ficus. We determined whether males can transmit genetic information through their sons by tracking inheritance of two traits in a three‐generation pedigree: microsatellite markers and sex‐specific pheromone preferences. Our results suggest leakages of single paternal chromosomes through males occurring at a low frequency, but we find no evidence for transmission of paternal pheromone preferences from fathers to sons. The absence of differences between hybrid and intraspecific crosses in leakage rate of paternal alleles suggests that a co‐evolutionary arms race cannot be demonstrated on this evolutionary timescale, but we conclude that there is scope for intragenomic conflict between parental genomes in mealybugs. Finally, we discuss how these paternal escapes can occur and what these findings may reveal about the evolutionary dynamics of this bizarre genetic system.
Phase equilibrium modelling of the amphibolite to granulite facies transition in metabasic rocks (Ivrea Zone, NW Italy)
Authors: Kunz Barbara E. , White Richard W. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe development of thermodynamic models for tonalitic melt and the updated clinopyroxene and amphibole models now allow the use of phase equilibrium modelling to estimate P–T conditions and melt production for anatectic mafic and intermediate rock types at high‐T conditions. The Permian mid‐lower crustal section of the Ivrea Zone preserves a metamorphic field gradient from mid amphibolite facies to granulite facies, and thus records the onset of partial melting in metabasic rocks. Interlayered metabasic and metapelitic rocks allows the direct comparison of P–T estimates and partial melting between both rock types with the same metamorphic evolution. Pseudosections for metabasic compositions calculated in the Na2O–CaO–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–TiO2–O (NCKFMASHTO) system are presented and compared with those of metapelitic rocks calculated with consistent end‐member data and a–x models. The results presented in this study show that P–T conditions obtained by phase equilibria modelling of both metabasic and metapelitic rocks give consistent results within uncertainties, allowing integration of results obtained for both rock types. In combination, the calculations for both metabasic and metapelitic rocks allows an updated and more precisely constrained metamorphic field gradient for Val Strona di Omegna to be defined. The new field gradient has a slightly lower dP/dT which is in better agreement with the onset of crustal thinning of the Adriatic margin during the Permian inferred in recent studies.
Restrictive Rating and Adverse Selection in Health Insurance
Authors: Born Patricia H. , Sirmans E. Tice 
Published: February 2019

AbstractRecent healthcare reform in the United States, including rating restrictions, imposed substantial changes to health insurer operations. We provide evidence of the presence of adverse selection following the enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010. Using a unique dataset consisting of information on health insurance plans from multiple health insurers, across states for the years 2013–2017, we document a statistically significant correlation between coverage and risk, indicating the presence of adverse selection, that varies over time in both the individual and group markets for health insurance.
Verify the scene, report the symptoms: Testing the Verifiability Approach and SRSI in the detection of fabricated PTSD claims
Authors: Boskovic Irena , Dibbets Pauline , Bogaard Glynis , Hope Lorraine , Jelicic Marko , Orthey Robin 
Published: February 2019

PurposeIn order to effectively feign post‐traumatic stress disorder, a person needs to confabulate an exposure narrative and to fabricate symptoms of high distress. The Verifiability Approach (VA) is a lie‐detection method based on the notion that truth tellers’ narratives include more verifiable (checkable) information than liars’ narratives. The Self‐Report Symptom Inventory (SRSI) is a measure of over‐reporting, and it includes genuine symptoms and pseudosymptoms that are likely to be endorsed in fabricated symptom reports. In this study, we examined whether the VA can help discriminate the fabricated exposure narratives, and whether the SRSI can aid screening for symptom over‐reporting.MethodOne group of participants (truth tellers) witnessed a vehicle crash scene using the Virtual Reality paradigm (n = 22), while the other group (feigners) was instructed to fabricate such an experience (n = 46). All the participants wrote the exposure narratives and completed the SRSI.ResultsFeigners produced non‐verifiable (vague) and lengthier narratives than truth tellers, who reported a higher proportion of checkable information. Regarding the symptom reports, feigners endorsed more of trauma‐related genuine symptoms and pseudosymptoms than truth tellers.ConclusionThe non‐verifiable details and the proportion of verifiable details, together with the SRSI subscales, can assist explaining the reporting strategies of those feigning negative exposures.
Variation and inheritance of the XanthomonasraxX‐raxSTAB gene cluster required for activation of XA21‐mediated immunity
Authors: Liu Furong , McDonald Megan , Schwessinger Benjamin , Joe Anna , Pruitt Rory , Erickson Teresa , Zhao Xiuxiang , Stewart Valley , Ronald Pamela C. 
Published: February 2019

SummaryThe rice XA21‐mediated immune response is activated on recognition of the RaxX peptide produced by the bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). The 60‐residue RaxX precursor is post‐translationally modified to form a sulfated tyrosine peptide that shares sequence and functional similarity with the plant sulfated tyrosine (PSY) peptide hormones. The 5‐kb raxX‐raxSTAB gene cluster of Xoo encodes RaxX, the RaxST tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase, and the RaxA and RaxB components of a predicted type I secretion system. To assess raxX‐raxSTAB gene cluster evolution and to determine its phylogenetic distribution, we first identified rax gene homologues in other genomes. We detected the complete raxX‐raxSTAB gene cluster only in Xanthomonas spp., in five distinct lineages in addition to X. oryzae. The phylogenetic distribution of the raxX‐raxSTAB gene cluster is consistent with the occurrence of multiple lateral (horizontal) gene transfer events during Xanthomonas speciation. RaxX natural variants contain a restricted set of missense substitutions, as expected if selection acts to maintain peptide hormone‐like function. Indeed, eight RaxX variants tested all failed to activate the XA21‐mediated immune response, yet retained peptide hormone activity. Together, these observations support the hypothesis that the XA21 receptor evolved specifically to recognize Xoo RaxX.