bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric Acetaldehyde: Importance of Air‐Sea Exchange and a Missing Source in the Remote Troposphere
Authors: Wang Siyuan , Hornbrook Rebecca S. , Hills Alan , Emmons Louisa K. , Tilmes Simone , Lamarque Jean‐François , Jimenez Jose L. , Campuzano‐Jost Pedro , Nault Benjamin A. , Crounse John D. , Wennberg Paul O. , Kim Michelle , Allen Hannah , Ryerson Thomas B. , Thompson Chelsea R. , Peischl Jeff , Moore Fred , Nance David , Hall Brad , Elkins James , Tanner David , Huey L. Gregory , Hall Samuel R. , Ullmann Kirk , Orlando John J. , Tyndall Geoff S. , Flocke Frank M. , Ray Eric , Hanisco Thomas F. , Wolfe Glenn M. , St. Clair Jason , Commane Róisín , Daube Bruce , Barletta Barbara , Blake Donald R. , Weinzierl Bernadett , Dollner Maximilian , Conley Andrew , Vitt Francis , Wofsy Steven C. , Riemer Daniel D. , Apel Eric C. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe report airborne measurements of acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) during the first and second deployments of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom). The budget of CH3CHO is examined using the Community Atmospheric Model with chemistry (CAM‐chem), with a newly developed online air‐sea exchange module. The upper limit of the global ocean net emission of CH3CHO is estimated to be 34 Tg/a (42 Tg/a if considering bubble‐mediated transfer), and the ocean impacts on tropospheric CH3CHO are mostly confined to the marine boundary layer. Our analysis suggests that there is an unaccounted CH3CHO source in the remote troposphere and that organic aerosols can only provide a fraction of this missing source. We propose that peroxyacetic acid is an ideal indicator of the rapid CH3CHO production in the remote troposphere. The higher‐than‐expected CH3CHO measurements represent a missing sink of hydroxyl radicals (and halogen radical) in current chemistry‐climate models.
Inelastic Deformation of the Slochteren Sandstone: Stress‐Strain Relations and Implications for Induced Seismicity in the Groningen Gas Field
Authors: Pijnenburg R. P. J. , Verberne B. A. , Hangx S. J. T. , Spiers C. J. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPore pressure reduction in sandstone reservoirs generally leads to small elastic plus inelastic strains. These small strains (0.1%–1.0% in total) may lead to surface subsidence and induced seismicity. In current geomechanical models, the inelastic component is usually neglected, though its contribution to stress‐strain behavior is poorly constrained. To help bridge this gap, we performed deviatoric and hydrostatic stress cycling experiments on Slochteren sandstone samples from the seismogenic Groningen gas field in the Netherlands. We explored in situ conditions of temperature (T = 100 °C) and pore fluid chemistry, porosities of 13% to 26% and effective confining pressures (≤320 MPa) and differential stresses (≤135 MPa) covering and exceeding those relevant to producing fields. We show that at all stages of deformation, including those relevant to producing reservoirs, 30%–50% of the total strain measured is inelastic. Microstructural observations suggest that inelastic deformation is largely accommodated by intergranular displacements at small strains of 0.5%–1.0%, with intragranular cracking becoming increasingly important toward higher strains. The small inelastic strains relevant for reservoir compaction can be described by an isotropic, Cam‐clay plasticity model. Applying this model to the depleting Groningen gas field, we show that the in situ horizontal stress evolution is better represented by taking into account combined elastic and inelastic deformation than it is by representing the total deformation behavior using poroelasticity (up to 40% difference). Therefore, inclusion of the inelastic contribution to reservoir compaction has a key role to play in future geomechanical modelling of induced subsidence and seismicity.
FcγRIIb differentially regulates pre-immune and germinal center B cell tolerance in mouse and human
Authors: Espéli Marion , Bashford-Rogers Rachael , Sowerby John M. , Alouche Nagham , Wong Limy , Denton Alice E. , Linterman Michelle A. , Smith Kenneth G. C. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSeveral tolerance checkpoints exist throughout B cell development to control autoreactive B cells and prevent the generation of pathogenic autoantibodies. FcγRIIb is an Fc receptor that inhibits B cell activation and, if defective, is associated with autoimmune disease, yet its impact on specific B cell tolerance checkpoints is unknown. Here we show that reduced expression of FcγRIIb enhances the deletion and anergy of autoreactive immature B cells, but in contrast promotes autoreactive B cell expansion in the germinal center and serum autoantibody production, even in response to exogenous, non-self antigens. Our data thus show that FcγRIIb has opposing effects on pre-immune and post-immune tolerance checkpoints, and suggest that B cell tolerance requires the control of bystander germinal center B cells with low or no affinity for the immunizing antigen.
Canonical PRC1 controls sequence-independent propagation of Polycomb-mediated gene silencing
Authors: Moussa Hagar F. , Bsteh Daniel , Yelagandula Ramesh , Pribitzer Carina , Stecher Karin , Bartalska Katarina , Michetti Luca , Wang Jingkui , Zepeda-Martinez Jorge A. , Elling Ulrich , Stuckey Jacob I. , James Lindsey I. , Frye Stephen V. , Bell Oliver 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPolycomb group (PcG) proteins play critical roles in the epigenetic inheritance of cell fate. The Polycomb Repressive Complexes PRC1 and PRC2 catalyse distinct chromatin modifications to enforce gene silencing, but how transcriptional repression is propagated through mitotic cell divisions remains a key unresolved question. Using reversible tethering of PcG proteins to ectopic sites in mouse embryonic stem cells, here we show that PRC1 can trigger transcriptional repression and Polycomb-dependent chromatin modifications. We find that canonical PRC1 (cPRC1), but not variant PRC1, maintains gene silencing through cell division upon reversal of tethering. Propagation of gene repression is sustained by cis-acting histone modifications, PRC2-mediated H3K27me3 and cPRC1-mediated H2AK119ub1, promoting a sequence-independent feedback mechanism for PcG protein recruitment. Thus, the distinct PRC1 complexes present in vertebrates can differentially regulate epigenetic maintenance of gene silencing, potentially enabling dynamic heritable responses to complex stimuli. Our findings reveal how PcG repression is potentially inherited in vertebrates.
LncRNA EPR controls epithelial proliferation by coordinating Cdkn1a transcription and mRNA decay response to TGF-β
Authors: Rossi Martina , Bucci Gabriele , Rizzotto Dario , Bordo Domenico , Marzi Matteo J. , Puppo Margherita , Flinois Arielle , Spadaro Domenica , Citi Sandra , Emionite Laura , Cilli Michele , Nicassio Francesco , Inga Alberto , Briata Paola , Gherzi Roberto 
Published: April 2019

AbstractLong noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as regulators of fundamental biological processes. Here we report on the characterization of an intergenic lncRNA expressed in epithelial tissues which we termed EPR (Epithelial cell Program Regulator). EPR is rapidly downregulated by TGF-β and its sustained expression largely reshapes the transcriptome, favors the acquisition of epithelial traits, and reduces cell proliferation in cultured mammary gland cells as well as in an animal model of orthotopic transplantation. EPR generates a small peptide that localizes at epithelial cell junctions but the RNA molecule per se accounts for the vast majority of EPR-induced gene expression changes. Mechanistically, EPR interacts with chromatin and regulates Cdkn1a gene expression by affecting both its transcription and mRNA decay through its association with SMAD3 and the mRNA decay-promoting factor KHSRP, respectively. We propose that EPR enables epithelial cells to control proliferation by modulating waves of gene expression in response to TGF-β.
Quantifying the factors limiting rate performance in battery electrodes
Authors: Tian Ruiyuan , Park Sang-Hoon , King Paul J. , Cunningham Graeme , Coelho João , Nicolosi Valeria , Coleman Jonathan N. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractOne weakness of batteries is the rapid falloff in charge-storage capacity with increasing charge/discharge rate. Rate performance is related to the timescales associated with charge/ionic motion in both electrode and electrolyte. However, no general fittable model exists to link capacity-rate data to electrode/electrolyte properties. Here we demonstrate an equation which can fit capacity versus rate data, outputting three parameters which fully describe rate performance. Most important is the characteristic time associated with charge/discharge which can be linked by a second equation to physical electrode/electrolyte parameters via various rate-limiting processes. We fit these equations to ~200 data sets, deriving parameters such as diffusion coefficients or electrolyte conductivities. It is possible to show which rate-limiting processes are dominant in a given situation, facilitating rational design and cell optimisation. In addition, this model predicts the upper speed limit for lithium/sodium ion batteries, yielding a value that is consistent with the fastest electrodes in the literature.
A tightly-bonded and flexible mesoporous zeolite-cotton hybrid hemostat
Authors: Yu Lisha , Shang Xiaoqiang , Chen Hao , Xiao Liping , Zhu Yihan , Fan Jie 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAchieving rapid definitive hemostasis is essential to ensure survival of patients with massive bleeding in pre-hospital care. It is however challenging to develop hemostatic agents or dressings that simultaneously deliver a fast, long-lasting and safe treatment of hemorrhage. Here, we integrate meso-/micro-porosity, blood coagulation and stability into a flexible zeolite-cotton hybrid hemostat. We employ an on-site template-free growth route that tightly binds mesoporous single-crystal chabazite zeolite onto the surface of cotton fibers. This hemostatic material maintains high procoagulant activity after water flow treatment. Chabazite particles are firmly anchored onto the cotton surface with < 1% leaching after 10 min of sonication. The as-synthesized hemostatic device has superior hemostatic performance over most other clay or zeolite-based inorganic hemostats, in terms of higher procoagulant activity, minimized loss of active components and better scalability for practical applications (a hemostatic T-shirt is hereby demonstrated as an example).
Stand-off nuclear reactor monitoring with neutron detectors for safeguards and non-proliferation applications
Authors: van der Ende B. M. , Li L. , Godin D. , Sur B. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSafeguards measures are employed at nuclear reactor facilities worldwide, to ensure that nuclear material is not diverted from peaceful uses. Typical safeguards measures involve periodic inspections, off-line verification and video surveillance of fuel cycle activities. Real-time verification of the fissile contents via stand-off monitoring can enhance continuity of knowledge for non-traditional reactor types, including research reactors and small modular reactors. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of using large-area neutron detectors for monitoring nuclear reactors at stand-off distances up to 100 m outside reactor shielding, as a potential reactor safeguards tool. Since the neutron yield per unit reactor power depends upon the isotopic composition of the reactor core, declared changes in fissile composition can be verified without accessing the core. The supporting results of experiments conducted at the National Research Universal reactor in Canada, are presented.
800-kyr land temperature variations modulated by vegetation changes on Chinese Loess Plateau
Authors: Lu Hongxuan , Liu Weiguo , Yang Hong , Wang Huanye , Liu Zhonghui , Leng Qin , Sun Youbin , Zhou Weijian , An Zhisheng 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe complicity of long-term land surface temperature (LST) changes has been under investigated and less understood, hindering our understanding of the history and mechanism of terrestrial climate change. Here, we report the longest (800 thousand years) LSTs based on distributions of soil fossil bacterial glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers preserved in well-dated loess-paleosol sequences at the center of the Chinese Loess Plateau. We have found a previously-unrecognized increasing early and prolonged warming pattern toward the northwestern plateau at the onset of the past seven deglaciations, corresponding to the decrease in vegetation coverage, suggesting underlying surface vegetation or lack of has played an important role in regulating LSTs, superimposed on the fundamental global glacial–interglacial changes. Our results support that LSTs in semi-humid and semi-arid regions with little vegetation will be more sensitive to the anticipated global temperature rise, while improving vegetation coverage would reduce LSTs and thus ecological impacts.
Augmented reality near-eye display using Pancharatnam-Berry phase lenses
Authors: Moon Seokil , Lee Chang-Kun , Nam Seung-Woo , Jang Changwon , Lee Gun-Yeal , Seo Wontaek , Sung Geeyoung , Lee Hong-Seok , Lee Byoungho 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAn augmented reality (AR) near-eye display using Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase lenses is proposed. PB phase lenses provide different optical effects depending on the polarization state of the incident light. By exploiting this characteristic, it is possible to manufacture an AR combiner with a small form factor and a large numerical aperture value. The AR combiner adopted in the proposed system operates as a convex lens for right-handed circularly polarized light and operates as transparent glass for left-handed circularly polarized light. By merging this combiner with a transparent screen, such as diffuser-holographic optical elements (DHOEs), it is possible to make an AR near-eye display with a small form factor and a wide field of view. In addition, the proposed AR system compensates the chromatic aberration that occurs in PB phase lens by adopting three-layered DHOEs. The operating principle of the proposed system is covered, and its feasibility is verified with experiments and analysis.
The contribution of washing processes of synthetic clothes to microplastic pollution
Authors: De Falco Francesca , Di Pace Emilia , Cocca Mariacristina , Avella Maurizio 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMicroplastic pollution caused by washing processes of synthetic textiles has recently been assessed as the main source of primary microplastics in the oceans. Therefore, understanding the effective contribution of the washing process of synthetic clothes to this environmental problem, is of great importance. In this study, wash trials at real scale were performed on commercial clothes by using a household washing machine in order to gain reliable data about the release of microplastics, and to identify possible influences of textile characteristics on the release. The wastewater was collected and filtered through subsequent filters with decreasing porosity, and the amount and dimensions of microfibres were determined. Microfibre release was analysed in relation to the nature and characteristics of the washed clothes. Results showed that microfibres released during washing range from 124 to 308 mg for kg of washed fabric depending from the type of washed garment that corresponds to a number of microfibres ranging from 640,000 to 1,500,000. Some textile characteristics, such as the type of fibres constituting the yarns and their twist, influenced the release of microfibres during washing. A great amount of microfibres of cellulosic nature was also released during washing of clothes made with a blend of polyester/cellulose. Finally the most abundant fraction of microfibres shed was retained by filters with pore size of 60 µm, presenting an average length of 360–660 μm and an average diameter of 12–16 μm, indicating dimensions that could pass through wastewater treatment plants and pose a threat for marine organisms.
Development and characterization of a new rat ocular hypertension model induced by intracameral injection of conjunctival fibroblasts
Authors: Nakagawa Ayumi , Sakai Osamu , Tokushige Hideki , Fujishiro Takashi , Aihara Makoto 
Published: April 2019

AbstractGlaucoma is a chronic optic neuropathy that leads to visual field loss. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying glaucoma is essential for developing new treatments, such as neuroprotective drugs. Various glaucoma models based on the induction of intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation have been established for use in glaucoma studies. However, the time-dependent pathological changes accompanying IOP elevation have not been fully elucidated. In this study, rat conjunctival fibroblasts were injected into the anterior chamber of rat eyes, and IOP elevation was induced for 28 days. Glaucomatous signs such as optic nerve head cupping, retinal thinning, glial activation and apoptotic signaling in the retina were obvious in the cell-injected eyes on the 14th day after injection. The pattern of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss differed by the magnitude of IOP elevation. The number of RGCs decreased by 37.5% in eyes with IOP lower than 50 mmHg (Under-50) and by 88.0% in those with IOP higher than 50 mmHg (Over-50) 28 days after cell injection. The RGC counts were correlated with IOP in the Under-50 group but not in the Over-50 group. Our model may contribute to the investigation of pathogenic mechanisms of glaucoma and the development of new glaucoma treatments.
UM171 expands distinct types of myeloid and NK progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Mesquitta Walatta-Tseyon , Wandsnider Matthew , Kang HyunJun , Thomson James , Moskvin Oleg , Suknuntha Kran , Slukvin Igor I. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractScaling up blood cell production from hPSCs is critical to advancing hPSC technologies for blood transfusion, immunotherapy, and transplantation. Here we explored the potential of the HSC agonist pyrimido-indole derivative UM171, to expand hematopoietic progenitors (HPs) derived from hPSCs in chemically defined conditions. We revealed that culture of hPSC-HPs in HSC expansion conditions (SFEM with added TPO, SCF, FLT3L, IL3 and IL6) in the presence of UM171 predominantly expanded HPs with a unique CD34+CD41aloCD45+ phenotype that were enriched in granulocytic progenitors (G-CFCs). In contrast, in lymphoid cultures on OP9-DLL4, in the presence of SCF, FLT3L, and IL7, UM171 selectively expanded CD34+CD45+CD7+ lymphoid progenitors with NK cell potential, and increased NK cell output up to 10-fold. These studies should improve our understanding of the effect of UM171 on de novo generated HPs, and facilitate development of protocols for robust granulocyte and lymphoid cell production from hPSCs, for adoptive immunotherapies.
Atomic-scale diffusion rates during growth of thin metal films on weakly-interacting substrates
Authors: Jamnig A. , Sangiovanni D. G. , Abadias G. , Sarakinos K. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe use a combined experimental and theoretical approach to study the rates of surface diffusion processes that govern early stages of thin Ag and Cu film morphological evolution on weakly-interacting amorphous carbon substrates. Films are deposited by magnetron sputtering, at temperatures TS between 298 and 413 K, and vapor arrival rates F in the range 0.08 to 5.38 monolayers/s. By employing in situ and real-time sheet-resistance and wafer-curvature measurements, we determine the nominal film thickness Θ at percolation (Θperc) and continuous film formation (Θcont) transition. Subsequently, we use the scaling behavior of Θperc and Θcont as a function of F and Ts, to estimate, experimentally, the temperature-dependent diffusivity on the substrate surface, from which we calculate Ag and Cu surface migration energy barriers $${{\boldsymbol{E}}}_{{\boldsymbol{D}}}^{{\bf{\exp }}}$$

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and attempt frequencies $${{\boldsymbol{\nu }}}_{{\bf{0}}}^{{\bf{\exp }}}$$

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. By critically comparing $${{\boldsymbol{E}}}_{{\boldsymbol{D}}}^{{\bf{\exp }}}$$

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and $${{\boldsymbol{\nu }}}_{{\bf{0}}}^{{\bf{\exp }}}$$

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with literature data, as well as with results from our ab initio molecular dynamics simulations for single Ag and Cu adatom diffusion on graphite surfaces, we suggest that: (i) $${{\boldsymbol{E}}}_{{\boldsymbol{D}}}^{{\bf{\exp }}}$$

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and $${{\boldsymbol{\nu }}}_{{\bf{0}}}^{{\bf{\exp }}}$$

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correspond to diffusion of multiatomic clusters, rather than to diffusion of monomers; and (ii) the mean size of mobile clusters during Ag growth is larger compared to that of Cu. The overall results of this work pave the way for studying growth dynamics in a wide range of technologically-relevant weakly-interacting film/substrate systems—including metals on 2D materials and oxides—which are building blocks in next-generation nanoelectronic, optoelectronic, and catalytic devices.
Role of Weak Materials in Earthquake Rupture Dynamics
Authors: Hirono Tetsuro , Tsuda Kenichi , Kaneki Shunya 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWeak materials in seismic slip zones are important in studies of earthquake mechanics. For instance, the exceptionally large slip during the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake has been attributed to the presence of smectite in the fault zone. However, weak fault rocks cannot accumulate large amounts of elastic strain, which is thought to counter their ability to enhance seismic rupture. It is well known that if the permeability of a weak fault is low enough to allow friction-induced thermal pressurization of interstitial fluid, the fault strength decreases dramatically. However, whether intrinsic weakness of fault material or thermal pressurization more efficiently produces large slip on faults bearing weak materials has not been determined. To investigate the role of weak materials in earthquake rupture dynamics, we conducted friction experiments and dynamic rupture simulations using pure smectite and pure graphite to represent weak fault materials. Even when we assumed no thermal pressurization, simulated faults in both media were able to trigger large slip because their extremely low friction was insufficient to arrest the inertial motion of rupture propagating along the fault. We used similar rupture simulations to investigate the cause of the huge slip near the trench during the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake and demonstrated that it can be attributed to thermal pressurization, although our findings suggest that the presence of smectite in the plate-boundary fault may also be required.