bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stability of Rust Infection Ratios for Resistant and Susceptible Slash and Loblolly Pine Across Rust Hazard Levels
Authors: Hodge G. R. , White T. L. , Schmidt R. A. , Allen J. E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fusiform rust resistant and susceptible loblolly and slash pine (bulk mixes of six parents each) were planted at six locations. The ratio of resistant-to-susceptible seedlot infection in both species was stable across all levels of rust hazard across all locations. In other words, the percentage of infected trees in the resistant seedlot was essentially a constant fraction of the percent infection in the susceptible seedlot. The resistant-to-susceptible seedlot infection ratio was 0.225 for loblolly pine and 0.371 for slash pine. For slash pine, predicted breeding values for rust resistance were used to make an accurate prediction of this ratio. The pattern of constant proportional resistance of particular seedlots can be used by forest managers to make planting decisions and assess economic benefits of planting genetically improved material. The results suggest that resistant stock planted at any location will have less fusiform rust infection than would unimproved stock. South. J. Appl. For. 17(4):188-192.
Early Results from an Old-Field Loblolly Pine Spacing Study in the Georgia Piedmont with Competition Control
Authors: Pienaar L. V. , Shiver B. D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The study reported here provides information on the yield potential of improved loblolly pine seedlings planted on marginal agricultural cropland in the Georgia Piedmont with control of herbaceous competition. Early growth rates greatly exceed those in existing plantations established on cutover and mechanically site-prepared land in this region without additional control of competing vegetation. After 8 growing seasons, average tree height, average dbh, basal area per acre, and stem volume per acre were all influenced by planting density, but the mean annual increment of merchantable volume (trees 4.0 in. dbh and bigger to a 2.0 in. top diameter) at age 8 yr, for planting densities of 400 to 1000 trees/ac, was 230 ft³, or approximately 3 cords/ac/yr. This is more than twice the average growth rate in this region of cutover and mechanically site-prepared loblolly plantations without additional vegetation control. These results should be of particular interest to prospective participants in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). South. J. Appl. For. 17(4):193-196.
Determining Site Index and Estimating Timber Volumes Without Measuring Heights
Authors: Bailey Robert L. , Brooks John R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We present a time-saving method for predicting average dominant height, and thus site index, and predicting yield of a slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantation without measuring any tree heights. We identify a segment in the upper end of the diameter distribution where the average height of all trees is equal to average dominant height. The arithmetic mean diameter of these trees, called dominant height diameter (DHD), is used in a regression to predict average dominant height. With individual tree height prediction equations that use average dominant height and tree volume or weight equations that use tree height and dbh, plot volumes or weights can then be predicted. For 922 plots in slash pine plantations, total-stem volume per acre was predicted with an R2 of 0.978 with this method. South. J. Appl. For. 18(1):15-18.
A Postharvest Evaluation of a Mechanized Thinning Operation in Natural Loblolly Pine
Authors: Reisinger T. W. , Powell D. B. , Aust W. M. , Oderwald R. G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effect on residual tree growth 5 yr after soil rutting caused by a mechanized thinning system operating during wet soil conditions was examined in a natural loblolly pine stand. No significant differences were observed when the physical characteristics of the surface 2 in. of sandy loam soil on skidding corridors and untrafficked areas were compared. Diameter growth in the 0-6 ft zone adjacent to corridors was significantly better than the growth observed in the >12 ft zone, but comparisons of other tree characteristics were not significant. Although not recommended, shallow rutting of corridors when soil conditions are wet may not necessarily be detrimental to overall site productivity in spite of the visual impressions immediately after harvesting. South. J. Appl. For. 18(1):24-28.
A Paulownia Seed Source Trial in East Texas and its Implications to Species Introduction
Authors: Dong H. , Van Buijtenen J. P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A seed source trial of royal paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa) and white-flowered paulownia (P. fortunei) was established in East Texas in 1987. Results showed that the two seed sources of white-flowered paulownia performed better in survival and in height and dbh growth than both seed sources of royal paulownia over the 6-yr period. No significant difference was found between the two seed sources within each species at the 5% level. The largest tree of white-flowered paulownia was 45 ft tall and 13.8 in. in diameter. The results suggest that white-flowered paulownia is a preferred species in climates similar to East Texas. South. J. Appl. For. 18(2): 65-67.
A Dual Growth Simulator for Natural Even-Aged Stands of Longleaf Pine in the South's East Gulf Region
Authors: Farrar Robert M. , Matney Thomas G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The internal components and structure of a stand growth simulator for even-aged natural stands of longleaf pine are described. The system allows stand-and-stock table estimates for both thinned and unthinned stands. It is based on 20-yr records from a permanent-plot regional growth study. The system consists of two parts: (1) a three-parameter, Weibull-recovery system to simulate stand development up to the first thinning and (2) a parameter-free, least-squares adjustment, dbh-distribution recovery system to simulate stand development after thinning. These techniques seem to handle nonsmooth distributions, such as those often left after thinning, very well. Copies of IBM-PC-compatible software for implementation of the prediction system can be obtained by writing to the junior author. South. J. Appl. For. 18(4): 147-155.
Potential Height Gain from Selection in a Five-Year-Old White Oak Progeny Test
Authors: Rink George , Coggeshall Mark V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A progeny test of Quercus alba L. was established in spring 1984 at 3 locations using 70 open-pollinated families of 1-0 seedlings representing midwestern acorn collections from 15 stands. Most sources of variation in the combined-location ANOVA of 5-yr height data were statistically significant. The among-location variance component was the single largest in this analysis, accounting for 62.9% of total variance. The interaction of families and locations, an estimate of genotype X environment interaction, accounted for 1.7% of total variance. Although the family-within-stand variance component was also low (2.3 %), the narrow-sense heritability for height was estimated to be 0.36 ± 0.22. Expected gains in tree height from early selection of the tallest trees in the fastest growing families were estimated at 30% at age 5. On the basis of these results, additional research efforts in white oak improvement may be warranted. South. J. Appl. For. 19(1):10-13.
Artificial Pruning of Immature Oak Stands is Not Profitable
Authors: Farooq Muhammad , Kurtz William B. , Dwyer John P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Artificial pruning is one way in which an increase in end product quality can be achieved. Secondary data as well as a field study were used to evaluate the cost efficiency of pruning in immature oak stands in southeastern Missouri. A pruning time prediction model was developed from data collected during a field study of pruning. Number and size of limbs as well as height of log segment were found to be important factors affecting pruning time. The TWIGS growth and yield model was used to project tree growth from which the volume of clear wood produced as a result of pruning was estimated. When labor costs were included, all present net worths (PNWs) of the pruning investment were found to be negative due to the small amount of clear wood produced and a small price difference between clear and knotty wood. Excluding labor cost, assuming that it will be absorbed by the landowner, PNW was positive for 60, 70, and 80 yr rotations at only the 3.0% discount rate. The knot-free stumpage price necessary to earn a 5.0% discount rate was estimated and found to be substantially higher than present prices in the region. Because of low return and potential risk of epicormic branching, artificial pruning of immature oak stands is not an economical management option. South. J. Appl. For. 19(1):14-17.
Compaction and Rutting During Harvesting Affect Better Drained Soils More Than Poorly Drained Soils on Wet Pine Flats
Authors: Aust W. Michael , Tippett Mark D. , Burger James A. , McKee William H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Soil compaction and rutting (puddling) are visually distinct types of wet-site harvesting disturbances; however, the way in which they affect soil physical properties and hydrology is not well documented. Three compacted and three rutted sites were evaluated to determine the effects of the disturbances on soil physical and hydrologic properties. For each site, primary skid trails and nontrafficked areas were compared. Both compaction and rutting increased bulk density, and reduced macropore space and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Water tables and reducing conditions were closer to the soil surface within the primary skid trails. For the compacted and rutted skid trails, changes were greatest on sites that initially had better drainage and aeration. Compacted sites may prove easier to mitigate with site preparation than rutted sites due to the shallower nature of the disturbances and drier site conditions that will facilitate mechanical mitigation. Submitted to South. J. Appl. For. 18(2):72-77.
A Stocking Guide for Southern Bottomland Hardwoods
Authors: Goelz J. C. G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A stocking guide was developed from the data of Putnam, et al. (1960). The form of the stocking guide follows Gingrich (1967), although the “B”-line is based on the suggested residual stocking of Putnam, et al. (1960) rather than on minimum full stocking. This stocking guide is similar to the stocking guide for central upland hardwoods constructed by Gingrich, except that 100% stocking is 5-7 ft2² of basal area lower for the southern bottomland guide, across a range of quadratic mean diameter. South. J. Appl. For. 19(3):103-104.
Beaver Immigration into a Control Area
Authors: Houston Allan E. , Pelton Michael R. , Henry Ray 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
From November 1984 through May 1985, trapping removed all resident beaver (Castor canadensis) from 22 colonies on 4,000 contiguous acres of bottomland in southwest Tennessee. From June 1985 through September 1988, trapped-out colony sites were closely monitored, and 162 immigrating beavers were captured <1 month of recolonization. The average number of immigrants October through May was 46.4 beavers; however, from June through September mean immigration dropped significantly (P ≤ 0.05) to 5.5. More than 89% of all immigrants were ≤4 yr of age. Results suggested that beaver immigration into eradicated colony sites began soon after eradication and were seasonal. South. J. Appl. For. 19(3):127-130.
Site Preparation and Tree Planting Costs on Hurricane-Damaged Lands in South Carolina
Authors: Straka Thomas J. , Marsinko Allan P. , Baumann Jeffrey L. , Haight Robert G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Hurricane Hugo damaged 4.5 million ac of South Carolina forestland in 1989; 1.2 million of these acres required reforestation. Much of this acreage required site preparation. This article presents the major types of site preparation utilized after a natural disaster like Hurricane Hugo and contrasts the costs of these operations with those on conventional sites. In general, site preparation operations on hurricane-damaged lands ranged from 6% to 54% more costly than those on conventional sites. Tree planting costs by amount of residue and site preparation practice are presented. Limited data are presented on related chemical control and timber stand improvement costs. Low-cost regeneration alternatives are also discussed. South. J. Appl. For. 19(3):131-138.
Biomass Yield of Short-Rotation American Sycamore as Influenced by Site, Fertilizers, Spacing, and Rotation Age
Authors: Wittwer R. F. , King R. H. , Clayton J. M. , Hinton O. W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) was planted on bottomland and terrace sites in the Ohio River Valley region of western Kentucky to test the effects of various cultural treatments on yields over short rotation periods. Without fertilization, the bottomland site was more productive, but yields from the fertilized plots on the two sites were comparable. Fertilization significantly increased yields of all biomass components; the NP treatment did not increase yields over the N treatment. Yields of bolewood and bark were significantly increased by closer spacings. Average annual production, exclusive of leaves, for the most productive treatment combination (6 x 3 ft. spacing and N fertilization after five years on the terrace) was approximately 6 tons/acre/year on a green-weight basis. Without fertilization, the 1 x 3 ft. spacing was most productive, yielding nearly 4 tons/acre/year after either the three- or four-year rotation period on the bottom site.
Shortleaf × Slash Pine Hybrids Outperform Parents in Parts of the Southeast
Authors: Wells O. O. , Barnett P. E. , Derr H. J. , Funk D. T. , La Farge Timothy , Lawson E. R. , Little Silas 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Shortleaf × slash pine hybrids were tested against their parent species for 10 years at eight locations from Pennsylvania to Louisiana. In the most northern plantings, hybrids made with the most northern shortleaf pine survived and grew better than hybrids made with southern shortleaf pine. Most of the hybrids, particularly the one made with northern Georgia shortleaf pine, performed better than either parent species in central Georgia, northern Alabama, and northern Arkansas in terms of growth rate, volume of wood produced, resistance to fusiform rust infection, and degree of ice breakage. Shortleaf pine performed better than the hybrids in New Jersey and Ohio.
Spacing
Eucalyptus grandis in Southern Florida—A Question of Merchantable versus Total Volume
Authors: Meskimen George , Franklin E. C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The volume in merchantable trees (4 inches d.b.h. and larger) was about the same at spacings of 4 x 8, 8 x 8, 12 x 8, and 16 x 8 feet for Eucalyptus grandis trees at plantation age 7.4 years in Glades County, Florida. Total volume in all stems, however, was 1.7 times greater at the closest spacing than at the two widest spacings. Thus, in a conventional pulpwood system, merchantable yields equal to those from closer spacings could be obtained from the wider spacings at lower cost for establishment and harvest. However, if merchantability limits could be circumvented by field chipping small trees, volume yields 16 to 68 percent greater could be achieved by planting at close spacings. Neither wood quality nor tree height was appreciably affected by stand density over the range of spacings tested. If the harvesting system is unknown at planting time, a spacing of about 6 x 12 feet is probably best.
The Role of Fertilization in Intensive Forest Management
Authors: Jones S. B. , Broerman F. S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Changing land-use patterns and increasing demands for wood fiber necessitate maximizing wood production, particularly from industrial holdings. Forest fertilization is a practice essential to meeting this goal. Since 1969, nearly 100,000 acres of pine forests on Union Camp land have been fertilized, including treatment of established stands and preplanting applications. Objectives, expected results, and operating guidelines are discussed.
Fertilization of Young Pines on Georgia Coastal Plain Soils
Authors: Sarigumba T. I. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two series of uniform fertilization trials were installed in newly established plantations on Georgia coastal plain soils. In one series, four levels of phosphorus (P) were applied as granular triple superphosphate (TSP) on a circular area around each tree. In the other series, three levels each of nitrogen (N) and P as ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and TSP, respectively, were applied in factorial combinations on a four-foot band along each tree row. N application was ineffective when little or no P was added. At a high P rate, however, N and P produced better growth response than P alone.¹
Preharvest Herbicide Control of Undesirable Vegetation in Southern Appalachian Hardwoods
Authors: Loftis David L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Four years after clearcutting in a study comparing preharvest herbicide treatment of undesirable and unmerchantable vegetation with postharvest felling (the conventional practice), the preharvest treatment (1) reduced the number of sprouts of undesirable species, (2) increased the proportion of desirable species in the dominant stand, and (3) increased the proportion of the desirable stems of seedling origin. Although the preharvest treatment was more expensive than postharvest felling in this study, the results suggest that a less costly, but equally effective preharvest herbicide treatment could be devised.
Damage to Residual Hardwood Stands Caused by Cable Yarding with a Standing Skyline
Authors: Wendel G. W. , Kochenderfer J. N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Yarding logs with a standing skyline cable system in a partially cut hardwood stand injured or destroyed about 7 percent of the residual stand-stems larger than 1 inch d.b.h. One tree per acre was abraded, 16 per acre were skinned (sapwood exposed), two per acre suffered root damage, and 15 per acre were destroyed. Results of this study were compared with published reports on tree injuries caused by cable yarding and skidding with crawler tractors and rubber-tired skidders in the eastern and western United States.
Improving Control of Smoke from Prescribed Fire Using Low Visibility Occurrence Risk Index
Authors: Lavdas L. G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Wildland fires produce smoke that contributes to reduced visibility over roadways with potentially tragic consequences. Land managers need to reduce this potential hazard. Two indices are described that correlate with conditions associated with roadway hazard. The Dispersion Index (DI) depends on surface and upper air meteorological data and describes the atmosphere's capacity to reduce smoke concentrations to acceptably low levels downwind from fire. The Low Visibility Occurrence Risk Index (LVORI) is a combination of DI and relative humidity. LVORI expresses the likelihood of low visibility due to smoke and/or fog being reported at a roadway accident site. LVORI is expressed as a function of estimated weather at each accident site, as determined from National Weather Service reports. South. J. Appl. For. 20(1):10-14.
Use of Plastic Shelters for Low-Cost Establishment of Street Trees
Authors: Jones R. H. , Chappelka A. H. , West D. H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
One-year-old seedlings of 11 commonly used urban shade tree species were protected with plastic shelters to determine effects on survival and growth. Additional seedlings were planted in the cities of Auburn and Opelika, Alabama, to determine seedling performance in actual urban settings and to estimate incidence of vandalism in five urban settings. Shelters increased survival in four species and height growth in seven. Diameter growth responses were mixed. During the first 13 months after planting, only 3% of the seedlings in the cities were damaged by people. However, 20% of the shelters were vandalized at least once. Vandalism rates for shelters were greatest (37-44%) in neighborhoods of privately and publicly owned homes; intermediate (20%) in recreational parks, and lowest (4-6%) in undeveloped or industrial park areas. Installation of each tree with its shelter cost $2.78 (excluding labor) and required 20-25 minutes of labor. Tree shelters show promise as a low-cost alternative to more expensive planting methods, especially in undeveloped portions of cities. South. J. Appl. For. 20(2):85-89.
Ice Damage in Thinned and Nonthinned Loblolly Pine Plantations Infected with Fusiform Rust
Authors: Belanger R.P. , Godbee J.F. , Anderson R.L. , Paul J.T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Portions of two loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in central Georgia were thinned in 1982 to remove trees with severe fusiform rust infections on the main stem. In January 1983, a widespread ice storm damaged both plantations. Stem breakage and storm-related mortality were greater in thinned than in nonthinned portions of the plantations. There was a weak association between the occurrence of stem breakage and location of rust infections. Tree-ring chronologies show that trees with the greatest potential for stem growth are also most susceptible to ice damage. Significant losses in the diameter and basal area growth of damaged trees occurred during the first year after the storm. The stem growth of trees with severe crown damage did not totally recover during the 5-yr period following the storm. The demands for restoring crown components in damaged trees appear to take precedence over lower stem growth. Findings are related to storm conditions, tree and stand characteristics, and management practices. South. J. Appl. For. 20(3):136-140.
Development of Pine-Hardwood Mixtures Following Clearcutting on Two Upland Sites in the Georgia Piedmont: 10 Year Results
Authors: Steinbeck Klaus , Kuers Karen 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Loblolly pine, planted on upland sites from which high-graded hardwood stands had been clearcut, grew well in mixture with the ensuing natural hardwood regeneration. At age 10, about half of the 545 stems per acre which had been planted survived and were 3 to 6 ft above the hardwood canopy. Their basal area was 29 ft2/ac, about half of what a pure pine plantation would have produced and also half of the total pine plus hardwood basal area in each stand. The proportion of pine basal area was increasing gradually, that of pine crown cross-sectional area (CCA) dramatically, at age 10.
High oak densities before the clearcut contributed to excellent oak regeneration, although small red oaks did not survive harvesting and subsequent environmental changes as well as white oaks. The numbers of total seedlings plus stumps which sprouted were remarkably steady between 4,700 and 5,900 per acre for the 10 yr period, with shade-intolerant and mid-tolerant species groups equally represented. Stand CCA tripled from an average of 87 ft2/100 ft2 of land area to 281 ft² between age 4 and 10. South. J. Appl. For. 20(4):203-208.