bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crowdsourcing evaluation of the quality of automatically generated questions for supporting computer-assisted language teaching
Authors: Chinkina Maria , Ruiz Simón , Meurers Detmar 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHow can state-of-the-art computational linguistic technology reduce the workload and increase the efficiency of language teachers? To address this question, we combine insights from research in second language acquisition and computational linguistics to automatically generate text-based questions to a given text. The questions are designed to draw the learner’s attention to target linguistic forms – phrasal verbs, in this particular case – by requiring them to use the forms or their paraphrases in the answer. Such questions help learners create form-meaning connections and are well suited for both practice and testing. We discuss the generation of a novel type of question combining a wh- question with a gapped sentence, and report the results of two crowdsourcing evaluation studies investigating how well automatically generated questions compare to those written by a language teacher. The first study compares our system output to gold standard human-written questions via crowdsourcing rating. An equivalence test shows that automatically generated questions are comparable to human-written ones. The second crowdsourcing study investigates two types of questions (wh- questions with and without a gapped sentence), their perceived quality, and the responses they elicit. Finally, we discuss the challenges and limitations of creating and evaluating question-generation systems for language learners.
The Immoral Machine
Authors: HARRIS JOHN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract:In a recent paper in Nature1 entitled The Moral Machine Experiment, Edmond Awad, et al. make a number of breathtakingly reckless assumptions, both about the decisionmaking capacities of current so-called “autonomous vehicles” and about the nature of morality and the law. Accepting their bizarre premise that the holy grail is to find out how to obtain cognizance of public morality and then program driverless vehicles accordingly, the following are the four steps to the Moral Machinists argument:1)Find out what “public morality” will prefer to see happen.2)On the basis of this discovery, claim both popular acceptance of the preferences and persuade would-be owners and manufacturers that the vehicles are programmed with the best solutions to any survival dilemmas they might face.3)Citizen agreement thus characterized is then presumed to deliver moral license for the chosen preferences.4)This yields “permission” to program vehicles to spare or condemn those outside the vehicles when their deaths will preserve vehicle and occupants.This paper argues that the Moral Machine Experiment fails dramatically on all four counts.
‘A horizon of national economic opportunity’ – industrialization and crisis in 1970s Wilhelmshaven
Authors: Eiben Jörn 
Published: October 2019

AbstractScholars from various disciplines argue that the 1970s formed a historical watershed. Several arguments rely on the notion of a significant change in the modes of production, labour and consumption – a change usually coined as de-industrialization, which had severe economic, social and cultural repercussions on numerous cities. These repercussions are frequently phrased in semantics of crisis. The article will present an exemplary case that sits uneasily with this master narrative. Wilhelmshaven, a medium-sized city in north-west Germany, witnessed significant changes in the 1970s, too – but not away from, but towards industrialization, and throughout the industrializing phase, diagnoses of crisis played a major role in stabilizing the process. Analysing Wilhelmshaven's industrialization, which took place between the late 1960s and the mid-1980s, will shed light on two aspects: first, the effects industrialization had on the city's socio-economic structure; secondly, the effects different crises and their diagnosis had on the process. In doing so, the article will link perspectives from urban history with theoretical concepts of crisis and, thus, attempt to provoke a closer look at cities of the 1970s.
True flies (Insecta: Diptera) from the late Eocene insect limestone (Bembridge Marls) of the Isle of Wight, England, UK
Authors: KRZEMIŃSKI Wiesław , BLAGODEROV Vladimir , AZAR Dany , LUKASHEVICH Elena , SZADZIEWSKI Ryszard , WEDMANN Sonja , NEL André , COLLOMB François-Marie , WALLER Alain , NICHOLSON David B. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTThe Diptera fauna from the late Eocene of the Isle of Wight (Bembridge Marls) is studied including redescriptions of formerly described material. The fauna includes the following taxa: Anisopodidae – one species; Bibionidae – 11 species; Ceratopogonidae – one described and two unidentified species; Chironomidae – undetermined species of three subfamilies; Culicidae – four species; Cylindrotomidae – one species; Dixidae – one species; Keroplatidae – one described and four unidentified species; Limoniidae – 31 species; Mycetophilidae – 14 species; Psychodidae – two species; Scatopsidae – two species; Sciaridae – three species; Simuliidae – an unnamed species; Tipulidae – nine species. Diptera Brachycera: Agromyzidae – unidentified species; Anthomyzidae – two species; Asilidae – two species; Bombyliidae – one species; Chloropidae – one species; Dolichopodidae – unidentified species; Empididae – unidentified species; Ephydridae – two species; Heleomyzidae – unidentified species; Lauxaniidae – unidentified species; Otitidae – one species; Phoridae – unidentified species; Rhagionidae – two species; Stratiomyidae – two species; Syrphidae – unidentified species; Tabanidae – one species. Following new taxa are described:Leptotarsus(Longurio)fragmentatusKrzemiński, n. sp.,Leptotarsus(Longurio)wegierekiKrzemiński, n. sp.,Tipula(s. lato)anglicanaKrzemiński, n. sp. (Tipulidae);CyttaromyiarossiKrzemiński, n. sp. (Cylindrotomidae);Gurnardia coramiKrzemiński, n. gen, n. sp.,Pilaria hooleyiKrzemiński, n. sp.,Pilaria volodiiKrzemiński, n. sp.,Cheilotrichia (Cheilotrichia) duplicataKrzemiński, n. sp.,Cheilotrichia (Empeda) szwedoiKrzemiński, n. sp.,Symplecta (Psiloconopa) gurnetensisKrzemiński, n. sp.,Orimarga (Orimarga) lenaeKrzemiński, n. sp.,Dicranomyia (Dicranomyia) azariKrzemiński, n. sp.,Dicranomyia (Dicranomyia) fasciataKrzemiński, n. sp.,Helius (Helius) edmundiKrzemiński, n. sp.,Helius (Helius) popoviKrzemiński, n. sp.,Dicranoptycha staryiKrzemiński, n. sp. (Limoniidae);WightipsychodaAzar, n. gen. (Psychodidae);Dilophus andrewrossiNel, Colomb & Waller, n. sp.,Bibiodes massiliensisNel, Colomb & Waller, n. sp. (Bibionidae);Azana cockerelliBlagoderov, n. sp.,Aglaomyia vectisBlagoderov, n. sp.,Dziedzickia oligocenicaBlagoderov, n. sp.,Palaeoempalia saxeaBlagoderov, n. sp.,MycomyahooleiBlagoderov, n. sp.,Leia gurnardensisBlagoderov, n. sp. (Mycetophilidae);RegmocleminahaenniiKrzemiński, n. sp. (Scatopsidae);Sylvicola problematicaKrzemiński, n. sp. (Anisopodidae);Palaeoberidops barkeriNicholson,n. gen., n. sp. (Stratiomyidae). The Diptera fauna and palaeohabitat of the Insect Bed is discussed.
Polarized near-infrared intersubband absorptions in CdSe colloidal quantum wells
Authors: Diroll Benjamin T. , Chen Menglu , Coropceanu Igor , Williams Kali R. , Talapin Dmitri V. , Guyot-Sionnest Philippe , Schaller Richard D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractColloidal quantum wells are two-dimensional materials grown with atomically-precise thickness that dictates their electronic structure. Although intersubband absorption in epitaxial quantum wells is well-known, analogous observations in non-epitaxial two-dimensional materials are sparse. Here we show that CdSe nanoplatelet quantum wells have narrow (30–200 meV), polarized intersubband absorption features when photoexcited or under applied bias, which can be tuned by thickness across the near-infrared (NIR) spectral window (900–1600 nm) inclusive of important telecommunications wavelengths. By examination of the optical absorption and polarization-resolved measurements, the NIR absorptions are assigned to electron intersubband transitions. Under photoexcitation, the intersubband features display hot carrier and Auger recombination effects similar to excitonic absorptions. Sequenced two-color photoexcitation permits the sub-picosecond modulation of the carrier temperature in such colloidal quantum wells. This work suggests that colloidal quantum wells may be promising building blocks for NIR technologies.
Mouse embryo geometry drives formation of robust signaling gradients through receptor localization
Authors: Zhang Zhechun , Zwick Steven , Loew Ethan , Grimley Joshua S. , Ramanathan Sharad 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMorphogen signals are essential for cell fate specification during embryogenesis. Some receptors that sense these morphogens are known to localize to only the apical or basolateral membrane of polarized cell lines in vitro. How such localization affects morphogen sensing and patterning in the developing embryo remains unknown. Here, we show that the formation of a robust BMP signaling gradient in the early mouse embryo depends on the restricted, basolateral localization of BMP receptors. The mis-localization of receptors to the apical membrane results in ectopic BMP signaling in the mouse epiblast in vivo. With evidence from mathematical modeling, human embryonic stem cells in vitro, and mouse embryos in vivo, we find that the geometric compartmentalization of BMP receptors and ligands creates a signaling gradient that is buffered against fluctuations. Our results demonstrate the importance of receptor localization and embryo geometry in shaping morphogen signaling during embryogenesis.
Distinct spectrum of microRNA expression in forensically relevant body fluids and probabilistic discriminant approach
Authors: Fujimoto Shuntaro , Manabe Sho , Morimoto Chie , Ozeki Munetaka , Hamano Yuya , Hirai Eriko , Kotani Hirokazu , Tamaki Keiji 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMicroRNA is attracting worldwide attention as a new marker for the identification of forensically relevant body fluids. A probabilistic discriminant model was constructed to identify venous blood, saliva, semen, and vaginal secretion, based on microRNA expression assessed via RT-qPCR. We quantified 15 candidate microRNAs in four types of body fluids by RT-qPCR and found that miR-144-3p, miR-451a-5p, miR-888-5p, miR-891a-5p, miR-203a-3p, miR-223-3p and miR-1260b were helpful to discriminate body fluids. Using the relative expression of seven candidate microRNAs in each body fluid, we implemented a partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) as a probabilistic discriminant model and distinguished four types of body fluids. Of 14 testing samples, 13 samples were correctly identified with >90% posterior probability. We also investigated the effects of microRNA expression in skin, semen infertility, and vaginal secretion during different menstrual phases. Semen infertility and menstrual phases did not affect our body fluid identification system. Therefore, the selected microRNAs were effective in identifying the four types of body fluids, indicating that probabilistic evaluation may be practical in forensic casework.
Self-motion perception is sensitized in vestibular migraine: pathophysiologic and clinical implications
Authors: King Susan , Priesol Adrian J. , Davidi Shmuel E. , Merfeld Daniel M. , Ehtemam Farzad , Lewis Richard F. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractVestibular migraine (VM) is the most common cause of spontaneous vertigo but remains poorly understood. We investigated the hypothesis that central vestibular pathways are sensitized in VM by measuring self-motion perceptual thresholds in patients and control subjects and by characterizing the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and vestibular and headache symptom severity. VM patients were abnormally sensitive to roll tilt, which co-modulates semicircular canal and otolith organ activity, but not to motions that activate the canals or otolith organs in isolation, implying sensitization of canal-otolith integration. When tilt thresholds were considered together with vestibular symptom severity or VOR dynamics, VM patients segregated into two clusters. Thresholds in one cluster correlated positively with symptoms and with the VOR time constant; thresholds in the second cluster were uniformly low and independent of symptoms and the time constant. The VM threshold abnormality showed a frequency-dependence that paralleled the brain stem velocity storage mechanism. These results support a pathogenic model where vestibular symptoms emanate from the vestibular nuclei, which are sensitized by migraine-related brainstem regions and simultaneously suppressed by inhibitory feedback from the cerebellar nodulus and uvula, the site of canal-otolith integration. This conceptual framework elucidates VM pathophysiology and could potentially facilitate its diagnosis and treatment.
Expression and gene regulation network of INHBA in Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma based on data mining
Authors: Wu Zeng-hong , Tang Yun , Niu Xun , Cheng Qing 
Published: October 2019

AbstractInhibin subunit beta A(INHBA) encodes an individual from the TGF-β superfamily of proteins and the ligand could be further homo-dimerized to shape activin A or hetero-dimerized to frame inhibin with inhibin beta B. We studied INHBA expression, mutations, regulation, function networks and immune infiltrates in data from patients with Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) based on different open databases by utilizing multi-dimensional investigation techniques. This study gives staggered evidence for the significance of INHBA in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and its potential role as a novel biomarker. Our outcomes propose that INHBA overexpression in HNSCC has profound impacts in the center hub of post-transcriptional regulation, which is firmly identified with protein translation. Meanwhile, we also examine the function of the identified miRNAs that were related to INHBA and molecular function of these miRNAs were mainly enhanced in transcription factor activity, transcription regulator activity. In addition, B cells of immune infiltrates affecting the prognosis and might have a prognostic significance related to INHBA in HNSCC. Our outcomes show that data mining efficiently uncovers information about INHBA expression in HNSCC and more importance establishing a foundation for further investigation of the role of INHBA in carcinogenesis.
Life-history traits of the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias in the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Bargione Giada , Donato Fortunata , La Mesa Mario , Mazzoldi Carlotta , Riginella Emilio , Vasapollo Claudio , Virgili Massimo , Lucchetti Alessandro 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPivotal life history traits concerning age structure and reproduction of the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias, Linnaeus 1758) were investigated in the Adriatic Sea from mid February 2012 to mid July 2013 and in 2016. The whole sample consisted of 176 females and 150 males, ranging between 217–1025 mm and 219–875 mm, respectively. The individual age, which was estimated using a cross-sectioning technique of the second dorsal-fin spine, ranged from 0 to 13+ years for females and from 0 to 9+ years for males. Based on the length-at-age estimates, the Gompertz growth parameters were L∞ = 1130 mm, k = 0.18 and L∞ = 920 mm, k = 0.24 for females and males, respectively. The size at sexual maturity (L50) was 659 mm for females and 575 mm for males, corresponding to 7.5 and 5.5 years of age (A50), respectively. Mean biennial fecundity was approximately 11 embryos/female and 12 ripe oocytes/female. Mature males occurred during much of the sampling period, while mature females with nearly full-term embryos were exclusively recorded in May 2013 and July 2016. Monitoring of catches conducted in a sample port of the north Adriatic (Chioggia) over the past 20 years has shown fluctuating trends in landings, with peaks during the summer reproductive season.
Orbital and spectral analysis of the benchmark brown dwarf HD 4747B
Authors: Peretti S. , Ségransan D. , Lavie B. , Desidera S. , Maire A.-L. , D’Orazi V. , Vigan A. , Baudino J.-L. , Cheetham A. , Janson M. , Chauvin G. , Hagelberg J. , Menard F. , Heng Kevin , Udry S. , Boccaletti A. , Daemgen S. , Le Coroller H. , Mesa D. , Rouan D. , Samland M. , Schmidt T. , Zurlo A. , Bonnefoy M. , Feldt M. , Gratton R. , Lagrange A.-M. , Langlois M. , Meyer M. , Carbillet M. , Carle M. , De Caprio V. , Gluck L. , Hugot E. , Magnard Y. , Moulin T. , Pavlov A. , Pragt J. , Rabou P. , Ramos J. , Rousset G. , Sevin A. , Soenke C. , Stadler E. , Weber L. , Wildi F. 
Published: October 2019

Context. The study of high-contrast imaged brown dwarfs and exoplanets depends strongly on evolutionary models. To estimate the mass of a directly imaged substellar object, its extracted photometry or spectrum is used and adjusted with model spectra together with the estimated age of the system. These models still need to be properly tested and constrained. HD 4747B is a brown dwarf close to the H burning mass limit, orbiting a nearby (d = 19.25 ± 0.58 pc), solar-type star (G9V); it has been observed with the radial velocity method for over almost two decades. Its companion was also recently detected by direct imaging, allowing a complete study of this particular object.
Aims. We aim to fully characterize HD 4747B by combining a well-constrained dynamical mass and a study of its observed spectral features in order to test evolutionary models for substellar objects and to characterize its atmosphere.
Methods. We combined the radial velocity measurements of High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES) and CORALIE taken over two decades and high-contrast imaging of several epochs from NACO, NIRC2, and SPHERE to obtain a dynamical mass. From the SPHERE data we obtained a low-resolution spectrum of the companion from Y to H band, and two narrow band-width photometric measurements in the K band. A study of the primary star also allowed us to constrain the age of the system and its distance.
Results. Thanks to the new SPHERE epoch and NACO archival data combined with previous imaging data and high-precision radial velocity measurements, we were able to derive a well-constrained orbit. The high eccentricity (e = 0.7362 ± 0.0025) of HD 4747B is confirmed, and the inclination and the semi-major axis are derived (i = 47.3 ± 1.6°, a = 10.01 ± 0.21 au). We derive a dynamical mass of mB = 70.0 ± 1.6 MJup, which is higher than a previous study but in better agreement with the models. By comparing the object with known brown dwarfs spectra, we derive a spectral type of L9 and an effective temperature of 1350 ± 50 K. With a retrieval analysis we constrain the oxygen and carbon abundances and compare them with the values from the HR 8799 planets.
Multi-season optical modulation phased with the orbit of the super-Earth 55 Cancri e
Authors: Sulis S. , Dragomir D. , Lendl M. , Bourrier V. , Demory B. O. , Fossati L. , Cubillos P. E. , Guenther D. B. , Kane S. R. , Kuschnig R. , Matthews J. M. , Moffat A. F. J. , Rowe J. F. , Sasselov D. , Weiss W. W. , Winn J. N. 
Published: October 2019

Context. 55 Cnc e is a transiting super-Earth orbiting a solar-like star with an orbital period of ~17.7 h. In 2011, using the Microvariability and Oscillations in Stars (MOST) space telescope, a quasi-sinusoidal modulation in flux was detected with the same period as the planetary orbit. The amplitude of this modulation was too large to be explained as the change in light reflected or emitted by the planet.
Aims. The MOST telescope continued to observe 55 Cnc e for a few weeks per year over five years (from 2011 to 2015), covering 143 individual transits. This paper presents the analysis of the observed phase modulation throughout these observations and a search for the secondary eclipse of the planet.
Methods. The most important source of systematic noise in MOST data is due to stray-light reflected from the Earth, which is modulated with both the orbital period of the satellite (101.4 min) and the Earth’s rotation period. We present a new technique to deal with this source of noise, which we combined with standard detrending procedures for MOST data. We then performed Markov chain Monte Carlo analyses of the detrended light curves, modeling the planetary transit and phase modulation.
Results. We find phase modulations similar to those seen in 2011 in most of the subsequent years; however, the amplitude and phase of maximum light are seen to vary, from year to year, from 113 to 28 ppm and from 0.1 to 3.8 rad. The secondary eclipse is not detected, but we constrain the geometric albedo of the planet to less than 0.47 (2σ).
Conclusions. While we cannot identify a single origin of the observed optical modulation, we propose a few possible scenarios. Those include star-planet interaction, such as coronal rains and spots rotating with the motion of the planet along its orbit, or the presence of a transiting circumstellar torus of dust. However, a detailed interpretation of these observations is limited by their photometric precision. Additional observations at optical wavelengths could measure the variations at higher precision, contribute to uncovering the underlying physical processes, and measure or improve the upper limit on the albedo of the planet.
Novel Approaches to Hasten Detection of Pathogens and Antimicrobial Resistance in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Guillamet M. Cristina Vazquez , Burnham Jason P. , Kollef Marin H. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAntibiotic resistance is recognized as a key determinant of outcome in patients with serious infections influencing empiric antibiotic practices especially for critically ill patients. Within the intensive care unit (ICU), nosocomial infections and increasingly community-onset infections are caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. Escalating rates of antibiotic resistance adds substantially to the morbidity, mortality, and cost related to infections treated in the ICU. Both gram-positive organisms, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter species, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, and extended spectrum β-lactamase producing organisms, are urgent threats. The rising rates of antimicrobial resistance have resulted in routine empiric administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics by clinicians to critically ill patients even when bacterial infection is microbiologically absent. Moreover, new broad-spectrum antibiotics are a challenge to use effectively while avoiding emergence of further resistance. Use of rapid diagnostic technologies (RDTs) will likely provide an important methodology for achieving this important balance. There is an urgent need for integrating the administration of new and existing antibiotics with RDTs in a way that is safe, cost-effective, applicable in all countries, and sustainable.