bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy
Authors: Krulewitch Cara J. 
Published: September 2018

Alcohol is a potent teratogen in humans, and prenatal alcohol exposure is a leading preventable cause of birth defects and developmental disabilities. The term fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) refers to a pattern of birth defects found in children of mothers who drank during pregnancy. FAS has four criteria: maternal drinking during pregnancy, a characteristic pattern of facial abnormalities, growth retardation, and brain damage (often manifested by intellectual difficulties or behavioral problems). As surveillance and research have progressed, it has become clear that FAS is but a rare example of a wide array of defects that can occur from exposure to alcohol in utero. At least 1 in 10 women will continue to consume alcohol during pregnancy, putting their fetuses at risk for the effects of alcohol exposure.Nurses are in a key position to provide care and conduct research that will contribute to the prevention of the adverse effects of prenatal alcohol exposure during the preconception and perinatal periods, as well as deal with the negative outcomes of exposure in the developing infant. Many areas have yet to be evaluated. Screening tools and interventions have been developed and tested, mostly in majority cultures. Culturally sensitive instruments must be generated and validated for high-risk groups such as Native Americans. Fetal alcohol biomarkers and genetic research are new and need considerably more work. Effective “no drinking during pregnancy” campaigns for high-risk groups must be created and tested. Nurses are well placed to conduct research that will describe the effects at social, behavioral, and biological levels; develop middle-range theories targeted at preventing the drinking behavior and optimizing care of affected children after birth; and generate and test effective interventions that enhance prevention strategies in the 21st century.
Alcohol Misuse, Abuse, and Addiction in Young and Middle Adulthood
Authors: Handley Sandra M. , Ward-Smith Peggy 
Published: September 2018

This chapter reviews research on alcohol misuse, abuse, and addiction in young and middle adulthood. Young adulthood is defined as ages 21 to 35 and middle adulthood as ages 36 to 65.The authors searched the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and other databases for the years 1992 through 2004 using the terms alcohol abuse, alcoholism, and alcohol dependence, then hand-searched for the inclusion of age as a variable. The search was limited to research and English-language publications. Unpublished dissertation studies were excluded, as were topics that were reviewed in other chapters of this volume. When possible, articles for review were limited to alcohol only, as compared with other drugs of abuse. Research articles were selected for review if they contained the variables alcohol misuse, abuse, or alcohol addiction or dependence and age. The review included both nurse- and non-nurse-investigators and was comprised of 50 studies.The results are in four content areas across the global area of alcohol misuse, abuse, and dependence in young and middle adulthood: incidence and prevalence, developmental changes, the work setting, and the family setting. Few articles used a developmental framework, although in some studies, the framework was implicit. Nurse-investigators were more likely to produce qualitative studies, although the studies varied dramatically in size of sample, research design, and variables. Overall, there was greater breadth than depth.The use of adult developmental theory was limited despite its potential explanatory potential in this field. There is a need for more nurse-researchers to explore adult developmental theory and pay increased attention to age and developmental stage as explanatory variables.
Alcohol and Risky Behaviors
Authors: Corte Colleen M. , Sommers Marilyn S. 
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this chapter is to review and critique the literature on risky drinking, driving, and sexual behaviors. To complete this review, electronic searches using databases from the disciplines of nursing, medicine, and psychology were used with keywords alcohol and risky behavior, risky drinking, risky driving, risky sex, and sexual aggression, as well as other relevant terms.The basic tenets of contemporary theoretical models of risky behaviors are used as a framework for reviewing the literature. Most relevant to the discussion are the relationships among the behaviors, risk and protective factors, and major unresolved theoretical and methodological issues. In the literature, sensation seeking was differentially associated with risky drinking, driving, and sex, but causal assertions are premature.Important conceptual and physiological issues are clarified. First, unconventionality contributes to risky drinking, risky driving, and, among adolescents, risky sex. Second, the pharmacologic effects of alcohol on cognitive processing contribute to risky sex, but only among persons who feel conflicted about risky sex (e.g., condom use). This perception may be particularly true for men who have a belief that alcohol will enhance sex. Third, sexual aggression appears to stem from a variety of factors, including the pharmacologic effects of alcohol on aggression and stereotypes about drinking women.Exploration of risk and protective factors adds breadth and depth to the discussion of risk taking. Risk factors include (1) high tolerance for deviance, (2) unconventional attitudes and behaviors such as early alcohol use and precocious sex, (3) peer norms for deviance, (4) high sensation seeking, and, to a lesser extent, (5) disturbed risk perception and positive beliefs about alcohol. Protective factors appear to mitigate risk and include (1) conventional attitudes and behaviors and (2) having peers that model conventional attitudes and behaviors. Although empirical evidence suggests that risky behaviors tend to covary, most intervention trials to date have focused on single behaviors, and often are based on clinical information rather than existing theoretical and empirical knowledge.
Enhancing and Enriching the Nurse-Physician Relationship
Authors: Alaniz Karin , Baum Karyn , Savett Laurence A. 
Published: September 2018

For most of my career as a physician, 1 had been involved in what 1 Thought were ideal situations: nurses and physicians got along beautifully. A few years ago, I moderated a breakout session at a conference of nurses, where I heard stories of frustration and anger, lack of respect of one for the other, horror stories of nurse-physician interactions, some of which had an impact on patient care and professional satisfaction. That's the background of this conversation, in which a respected nurse-educator and physician-educator address the dilemma and draw on their own experiences. More optimistically, they spoke in detail of important initiatives to enhance relationships between the two professions. We began our discussion as 1 asked them to describe what experiences contributed to their interest in nurse-physician relationships.
Struggling to Get Into the Pool Room? A Critical Discourse Analysis of Labor Ward Midwives’ Experiences of Water Birth
Authors: Russell Kim 
Published: September 2018

RESEARCH AIM: The aim of this article is to share the findings from an ongoing action research study aimed at identifying inequalities in the availability of water birth on one hospital labor ward. Efforts to encourage labor ward midwives to take action and influence the delivery of normal birth care in the maternity concerned are addressed in the larger study.METHODS: Unit midwives who regularly worked on labor wards were invited to take part in focus groups and face-to-face interviews over an 8-month period. Critical discourse analysis was used to identify actual midwifery practices, the social ordering of the water birth discourse, obstacles to water birth, dominant group interests, and solutions to the identified obstacles (Fairclough, 2001).RESULTS: The author conducted a total of five unstructured interviews (35–60 minutes) with labor ward matrons, a consultant midwife, labor ward manager and clinical practice facilitator, and three focus groups (40–60 minutes; 11 midwives) with clinical midwives. Institutional practices focused on the delivery of standardized midwifery care for low-risk women and, therefore, did not promote or encourage water birth practice. The small number of requests and the low water birth rate were used as evidence by some midwives that childbearing women no longer wanted this type of care. The key obstacles to water birth in this setting were coordinators’ priorities, midwives’ negative attitudes, high workloads, and lack of institutional support for this type of care.CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that hospital water birth practice is dependent not only on the availability of equipment and midwifery knowledge, but also on the philosophy of care adopted by the organization (Stark & Miller, 2009). Interventions to improve the practice and availability of water birth are more likely to succeed if supported by midwifery managers, championed by coordinators, and led by labor ward practitioners.
القواعد الخمسة الكبرى في باب العبادات من كتاب إعانة الطالبين للسيد البكري
Authors: Munawaroh Lathifah 
Published: September 2018

<p align="center"><strong>ملخص</strong></p><p dir="RTL">إن لدراسة القواعد الفقهية أهمية كثيرة. وقال الزركشي مؤكدا لأهمية القواعد الفقهية: "وهذه قواعد تضبط للفقيه أصول المذهب وتطلعه من مآخذ الفقه على نهاية المطلب وتنظم عقده المنثور في سلك وتستخرج له ما يدخل تحت سلك". (الزركشي. 1985: ج 1 ص 65). .يقول السيوطي بعد أن بين أهمية الفقه موضحا أهمية القواعد الفقهية: "...ولقد نوعوا هذا الفقه فنونا وأنواعا وتطاولوا في استنباطه يدا وباعا وكان من أجل أنواعه : معرفة نظائر الفروع وأشباهها، وضم المفردات إلى أخواتها وإشكالها...". (السيوطي. 1990: 4). بهذا يتبين أن للقواعد أهمية كثيرة في تيسير الفقه الإسلامي حيث تجمع الفروع الكثيرة وتجمع شتاتها في سلك واحد تحت قاعدة واحدة. وفي فهم القواعد الفقهية تيسير على المفتين والفقهاء وطلاب العلم ضبط الفقه بأحكامه، لأن حفظ جزيئات وفروع أمر في غاية الصعوبة، أما حفظ القواعد ففيه يسر. وكذلك دراسة القواعد الفقهية تكون لدى الباحث والطالب ملكة فقهية تجعله قادرا على التخريج لمعرفة الأحكام الشرعية، وذلك لان القواعد الفقهية وسيلة لاستحضار الأحكام. ومن هنا تكمن أهمية البحث حول القواعد الفقهية. كما أن هذا البحث يتناول القواعد الفقهية التي استخدمها مؤلف كتاب إعانة الطالبين في باب العبادات: الصلاة والصيام والزكاة والحج. فالكتاب مهم في المذهب الشافعي، كما أن الكتاب منتشر بشكل واسع وقاموا بتدريسه في المعاهد الإسلامية في إندونيسيا. فالقواعد الفقهية الخمسة تعتبر من القواعد الفقهية في غاية الأهمية لما تشمل في كثير من أبواب الفقه بل وفي كلها. وهذه القواعد الفقهية الخمسة قيل عنها: إن الفقه كله مبني عليها، وهي: الأمور بمقاصدها، اليقين لا يزول بالشك، المشقة تجلب التيسير، الضرر يزال، وقاعدة العادة محكمة.</p><p dir="RTL"> </p><p dir="RTL"> </p>
Curriculum Development Through Creative Lesson Plan
Authors: Baharun Hasan , Adhimiy Syafiqiyah 
Published: September 2018

Abstrak: Paper ini menyajikan kajian tentang Pengembangan Kurikulum Melalui Lesson Plan Kreatif. Kurikulum berusaha menerjemahkan tujuan pendidikan sekaligus tujuan dari pengembangan manusia suatu bangsa ke dalam konsep-konsep yang sistematis. Dengan harapan agar pendidikan bias dilaksanakan lebih terarah sehingga bisa efektif dan efisien. Salah satu cara untuk menerapkan pengembangan kurikulum adalah menggunakan lesson plan kreatif. Selama ini guru yang mengajar hanya terpaku pada silabus dan Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP) yang stagnan. Setumpuk Operasional prosedur yang hanya memuat model, strategi pembelajaran yang apa adanya. Dengan menggunakan silabus dan RPP yang ada tanpa ada pengembangan, maka selamanya proses pembelajaran tidak akan berhasil meningkatkan motivasi belajar siswa, apalagi di zaman milenial yang menuntut guru serba tau dan kreatif menyajikan materi. Maka adanya lesson plan kreatif menjadi jawaban bagi para guru bahkan juga sekolah. ملخص: عرض هذا المقال الدراسة عن تطوير المنهج الدراسي عن طريقLesson Plan الابتكاريّ. والمنهج الدراسي هو ترجمة عن أهداف التربية وأهداف تطوير الإنسان في شعب من الشعوب في شكل مفهومات منظّمة، بهدف أن تجرى التربية أكثر موجّهة وفعاليّة. وإحدى الوسائل لتطبيق تطوير المنهج هي باستعمال lesson plan الابتكاري . وفي الواقع الآن، كان المدرس – في تدريسه – يعتمد كثيرا على المقرر الدراسيّ وخطة التدريس الثابتة. ثمة تطبيقات إجراءات تشتمل على النموذج واستراتيجية التعليم العادية. وبهذا المقرر الدراسي الحالي وخطة التعليم الموجودة – بدون التطوير – فإن ذلك لا ينجح في ترقية دافع الطلاب في التعلّم، وعلاوة على ذلك فإن الآن عصر ألفيّ يقتضي المعلّم أكثر علما وابتكارا في تقديم المادة. لذا فإن lesson plan الابتكاري هو الحل للمعلمين والمدارس في هذه القضية.
Micro‐Granulated Starter Fertilizer Effects on Growth and Productivity of Winter Oilseed Rape
Authors: Jankowski Krzysztof J. , Sokólski Mateusz , Bogucka Bożena , Dubis Bogdan 
Published: September 2018

Core Ideas
Micro‐granulated starter fertilizer enhances crop growth in autumn.
Micro‐granulated starter fertilizer increases the yield of autumn biomass.
Micro‐granulated starter fertilizer increases overwintering success.
Micro‐granulated starter fertilizer increases nutrient uptake.
Micro‐granulated starter fertilizer increases seed and straw yields.
The effectiveness of starter or band application of fertilizers may improve the response to in‐season fertilizer application. This technique reduces fertilizer costs and minimizes environmental risks through decreased nutrient stratification, reduced nutrient emissions to surface water, ground water, and the atmosphere. This paper presents the results of a 3‐yr study investigating the effects of a micro‐granulated starter fertilizer (MSF) applied in the seed zone on the autumn growth, overwintering success, and biomass yield of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). The study was performed at the Agricultural Experiment Station in Bałcyny (northeastern Poland) from 2012 to 2015. The MSF did not compromise seedling emergence, it increased the dry matter (DM) content of rosette leaves by 15 to 24% (without influencing taproot length or weight) in autumn, and contributed to a 6% increase in the overwintering success of oilseed rape. The MSF increased seed yield (by 0.26–0.44 Mg ha−1), lowered the harvest index (from 0.401 to 0.380) and decreased root biomass yield (by 0.51–0.69 Mg ha−1). The use of the MSF reduced or even eliminated the need for conventional pre‐sowing NPK fertilizer without exerting adverse effects on the overwintering success or the yield of winter oilseed rape. The application of the MSF during sowing reduces fertilization costs and minimizes environmental hazards.
Wheat Productivity and Economic Implications of Biochar and Inorganic Nitrogen Application
Authors: Shahzad Khurram , Abid Muhammad , Sintim Henry Y. 
Published: September 2018

Core IdeasNitrogen loss in wheat production systems in Multan, Pakistan is a major problem.Biochar application with inorganic N improved wheat yield, quality, and N uptake.Biochar from poultry waste was more beneficial than biochar from green waste.Biochar was not economically profitable in the short term due to high application rates and cost.Nitrogen loss via volatilization, leaching, and surface runoff is a major problem in coarse‐textured and alkaline soils of Multan, Pakistan, impacting the economic and environmental sustainability of wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) production systems in the region. Soil amendments with biochar in combination with optimal levels of inorganic N could improve wheat productivity, but sustainable adoption will depend on economic profitability. We evaluated the effects of biochar produced from green waste (GW‐450) and poultry waste (PW‐450) feedstock and different rates of inorganic N (0, 60, and 120 kg N ha−1) on wheat productivity and economic profitability. The PW‐450 improved wheat yield, quality, and nutrient uptake compared with the GW‐450, which was attributed to a lower C/N ratio and higher essential nutrients and specific surface area that enhanced adsorption properties of the former. Soil amendments with biochar in combination with inorganic N improved wheat grain yield, quality, and N uptake over non‐amended soils. On average, biochar increased wheat grain yield, protein content, and N uptake by 55 to 355 kg ha−1, 3.7 to 6.9 g kg−1, and 15 to 41 kg ha−1, respectively. Despite the benefits of biochar on wheat yield, it was not economically profitable within the two growing seasons due to high application rates and price. However, the effects of biochar may last longer and potentially make biochar profitable in the long term. Overall, biochar holds promise for use in the wheat cropping system in Multan, Pakistan; further studies are recommended to better elucidate its benefit in the long term.
Expanding Wetland Mitigation: Can Rice Fields Remediate Pesticides in Agricultural Runoff?
Authors: Moore Matthew T. , Locke Martin A. , Cullum Robert F. 
Published: September 2018

Pesticides are responsible for nearly 1900 water quality impairments in the United States. Impacts of pesticide runoff on aquatic ecosystems can be mitigated by implementing management practices such as constructed wetlands, grass buffers, and vegetated ditches. A new practice currently being examined is the use of rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields for phytoremediation of pesticide‐contaminated water. Rice is cultivated on every continent except Antarctica and is the staple food crop of 20% of the world's population. Four flooded 244‐m2 fields (two planted with rice, two left bare) were amended with a mixture of atrazine (C8H14ClN5), diazinon (C12H21N2O3PS), and permethrin (C21H20Cl2O3) during a one‐time simulated storm event, and pesticide concentrations and loads were monitored in water, sediment, and plant samples. The experiment was repeated the following year. Significant differences were noted for mitigation of atrazine and diazinon loads in rice versus bare systems. Overall, atrazine loads in the water of rice systems decreased 85 ± 8% from inflow to outflow, while atrazine loads in the water of bare systems decreased 58 ± 7%. Similar patterns were seen for diazinon (86 ± 4% versus 62 ± 7%), cis‐permethrin (94 ± 2% versus 64 ± 12%), and trans‐permethrin (97 ± 2% versus 67 ± 14%). All three pesticides were found repeatedly sorbed to plant material in the inflow and outflow areas during the first year, while the second year resulted in much less plant‐pesticide contribution to overall mitigation. Further investigation is needed to compare rice's mitigation capacity of different pesticide classes, as well as potential transfer of pesticides to edible seeds.Core Ideas
Atrazine and diazinon loads significantly decreased in systems containing rice.
Permethrin loads decreased in rice systems but also sorbed to unvegetated sediment.
Rice may have the potential to remove pesticides from water column and serve as a food crop.
Reactions of Phosphorus Fertilizers with and without a Fertilizer Enhancer in Three Acidic Soils with High Phosphorus‐Fixing Capacity
Authors: Pierzynski Joy , Hettiarachchi Ganga M. 
Published: September 2018

Core Ideas
Greater movement of P was observed for the P liquid treatments than for the granular treatments.
The addition of a fertilizer enhancement product (FEP) did not consistently increase P mobility in the soils.
The effects of the P source and the FEP added on the lability and speciation of P in the soils were variable.
Phosphorus lability was enhanced when Fe‐adsorbed P species was prevalent in the fertilized section.
Limited P availability for plants in acidic soils is one of the key factors limiting crop production in many areas of the world. In this study, we investigated the mobility and availability of P in three different soil types (an Oxisol, an Andisol, and an Ultisol) and the fertilizer reaction products formed from three fertilizers: monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). Additionally, we compared the effects of the fertilizers alone and enhanced with a fertilizer enhancement product (FEP) in the three soils. Soils were incubated for 5 wk in Petri dishes under seven treatments: each fertilizer with and without FEP, plus the unfertilized control. After incubation, soil samples were collected at varying distances from the point of P application. Measurements included soil pH, total P, resin‐extractable P, scanning electron microscope‐energy dispersive X‐ray analysis of the P granules, and P reaction products measured via X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure spectroscopy (XANES). Phosphorus mobility with granular fertilizers was limited in the three soils but was enhanced in two for the liquid P treatments. The addition of FEP did not increase P mobility. Phosphorus source had variable effects on P lability for the three soils. The FEP produced greater P lability when combined with APP for one soil. Speciation influenced P lability in the soils in that increased Fe‐ and Fe‐adsorbed P increased P extractability. There was not a consistent benefit of adding the FEP on the acidic high P‐fixing soils.
High Soil Test Phosphorus Effect on Corn Yield
Authors: Wortmann Charles , Shapiro Charles , Shaver Tim , Mainz Michael 
Published: September 2018

Core Ideas
High soil test P levels are often recommended for high yield corn.
Many states recommend a deficiency correction approach for P application.
Application of P to replace removal in the previous harvest was marginally superior.
Maintenance of Bray‐1 P at > 25 ppm was not justified.
Phosphorus removal in crop harvest has increased as yields have increased. Fertilizer P use guidelines are based on calibrations often developed for much lower yield levels and may need recalibration. Corn yields may be greater with higher than recommended soil test P when springs are relatively wet and cool. Research was conducted across 12 irrigated and five rainfed site‐years in Nebraska with initial Bray‐1 P ≤ 11 mg kg–1 to evaluate P application strategies for yield and P uptake of continuous corn (Zea mays L.) with and without tillage. The fertilizer P treatments were maintained on the same plots and included: (i) no P applied (0P); (ii) P applied according to the University of Nebraska‐Lincoln deficiency correction recommendation (UNL_P); (iii) P applied to replace P removed in the previous harvest (Replace_P); (iv) Bray‐1 P increased and maintained at 25 mg kg–1 (Bray_25); and (v) Bray‐1 P increased and maintained at 35 mg kg–1 (Bray_35). Interactions of P practice with other factors were not significant indicating consistency of P practice effects across varied climate conditions near planting and plant emergence. Grain yield was 9.3% and 0.89 Mg ha–1 more with the P‐applied treatments compared with 0P. Grain yield was 3.3% more due to the additional 5.9 kg ha–1 yr–1 P applied with Replace_P compared with UNL_P. Grain yield did not differ for Replace‐P, Bray_25, and Bray_35. Plant P uptake was on average linearly increased by 0.27 kg kg–1 P applied. Fertilizer P application for continuous corn should be by Replace_P.