bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of invertebrates in the diet, growth and survival of red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) chicks
Authors: Park K. J. , Robertson P. A. , Campbell S. T. , Foster R. , Russell Z. M. , Newborn D. , Hudson P. J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe role of diet on the growth, survival and movement of red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus chicks was examined. We compared two areas of moorland in Scotland: a dry heath with a low density of red grouse and poor chick survival; and a wetter heath/bog with relatively higher red grouse numbers and higher rates of chick survival. There were no differences in clutch size or the proportion of eggs hatching between the two moors but brood survival was significantly lower on the dry heath. Radio‐tagged hens with broods were monitored during the first 12 days following hatching; the chicks were captured, weighed and faecal samples collected. Invertebrate samples were collected within brood feeding ranges. Analysis of chick faeces was used to identify dietary components. Heather comprised the major dietary component on both moors. Invertebrates formed a higher component of diet on the wet moor, and this was positively correlated with growth rates, which in turn were positively correlated with chick survival. We present data from an experiment carried out in 1982, in which chicks showed higher growth rates with increasing insect availability. We also show that broods in which all the chicks survived (4–10 days) had smaller home‐range areas than broods in which some of the chicks died during this period. We suggest that the differences in chick survival between the two populations were the result of variations in the abundance of invertebrates, particularly tipulids. The protein provided by a high invertebrate component in the diet is, therefore, an important determinant of the growth and survival of young red grouse chicks in some areas.
Factors influencing food collection behaviour of Brants' whistling rat (Parotomys brantsii): a central place forager
Authors: Jackson T. P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe hypothesis that Brants' whistling rat Parotomys brantsii is a central place forager, whose foraging decisions are modified by (a) predation risk, (b) time of day, and (c) food choice, was tested. Field observations showed that whistling rats followed central place foraging rules for a single‐prey loader and much of their food material was brought back to burrow entrances to feed on, with larger food items being carried back greater distances than small ones. Small food items were consumed in situ more often than large ones, suggesting that predation risk may also play a role in their foraging behaviour. Larger food items were preferentially stored at burrow entrances or carried underground, whilst smaller items tended to be consumed immediately. Individuals foraged more actively in the afternoon than in the morning and, although there was no tendency for individuals to eat more food at this time, far more food was stored or taken underground during the afternoon. Different foraging strategies were used for different plant species with some species preferentially eaten, and others stored or taken below ground more frequently. This study shows that the foraging behaviour of Brants' whistling rats is complex, and whilst they may follow simple central place foraging strategies, other factors such as the time of day and food plant species also influence their foraging behaviour.
Effect of manipulated wing characteristics and basking posture on thermal properties of the butterfly Pararge aegeria (L.)
Authors: Berwaerts K. , Van Dyck H. , Vints E. , Matthysen E. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe studied the effect of morphological variation and basking posture on thermal characteristics in the speckled wood butterfly Pararge aegeria (L.). The process of heating and cooling in relation to wing type (descaled, darkened and original wing colour) and size was examined using dummies (i.e. dried butterflies). Size (measured as wing length) and ambient temperature have a joint influence on body temperature: large butterflies heat up more slowly than small ones, but with increasing ambient temperature the difference with size became smaller and even changed since large individuals heated up faster under warm ambient conditions. Surprisingly, darkening wings had no overall effect on thermal characteristics, but this may be an artefact of the manipulation as supported by the results of the absorption measurements. Normal butterflies reached a higher equilibrium thoracic temperature than descaled butterflies probably because wings without scales absorb less radiation. Finally, butterflies with fully spread wings reached higher thoracic temperature and had faster cooling rates compared to butterflies with half‐opened wings. Implications of the results for the relation between morphology and behaviour of speckled wood butterflies in their natural habitat are discussed.
Anorexia of aging as a risk factor for weight loss in older humans
Authors: Sinclair Alan J. 
Published: July 2002

EditorialEven a decade ago, there was compelling evidence that, as older individuals age, a decline in caloric intake is observed, with as many as one in five subjects aged 60 years and over consuming less than 1000 calories per day. Those from ethnic minority backgrounds or nursing homes were particularly at risk of malnutrition. In many cases, this decline can be confidently attributed to the presence of disease and co-morbidities such as chronic illness (for example, chronic pulmonary lung disease) with results in weight loss. Other factors such as decreased resting metabolic rate, reduced physical activity, threshold alterations in taste-bud activity or lowering of smell acuity, provide background inhibitory influences on nutritional intake.
Primary Care Groups and geriatric medicine
Authors: Crome Peter , Hill Simon 
Published: July 2002

EditorialIt was Benjamin Franklin who wrote that the only two things that one can be certain of in life are death and taxes. Those of us working in the health service in the United Kingdom would probably want to add change as the third certainty. No one was surprised, therefore, when New Labour, in their first White Paper on health, introduced us to a vocabulary of reforms with their now widely-used initials and acronym. These included HIPs (health improvement programmes), NSFs (national service frameworks), NICE (National Institute for Clinical Excellence), CHI (Commission for Health Improvement) and, to replace fund-holding, a new organization for general practice, the PCG or Primary Care Group.
Structured transition systems with parametric observations: observational
congruences and minimal realizations
Authors: FERRARI GIANLUIGI , MONTANARI UGO , MOWBRAY MIRANDA 
Published: July 2002

A large number of observational semantics for process description
languages have been
developed, many of which are based on the notion of bisimulation. In this
paper, we
consider in detail the problem of defining a semantic framework to unify
these. The
discussion takes place in a purely algebraic setting. We introduce a
special class of algebras
called Structured Transition Systems. A structured transition
system can
be viewed as a
transition system with an algebraic structure both on states and
transitions. In this
framework, observations of behaviours are dealt with by means of maps
from the transitions to some algebra of observations.Using several examples, we show that this framework allows us to
describe a range of
observational semantics within a single underlying presentation: it is
enough to consider
different mappings and algebras of observations. Furthermore, we introduce
a notion of
bisimulation that is parameterized with respect to the choice of the
algebra of observations,
and we find circumstances under which a Structured Transition System
has good properties
with respect to this parameterized bisimulation.First, some general syntactic constraints, independent from the choice
of the algebra of
the observations, are given for Structured Transition System presentations.
We show that
these constraints ensure that parameterized bisimulation is always a
congruence. Next, we
address the problem of Minimal Realizations. We show that when
the presentation satisfies
the syntactic constraints there exists a minimal realization, i.e.,
there is a model of the
presentation whose elements fully characterize congruence classes under
bisimulation.
Foreword
Authors: Ehrhard Thomas , Lafont Yves , Regnier Laurent 
Published: July 2002

This special issue is devoted to complete and revised versions
of papers presented at
the Logique et Modèles du Calcul (Logic and Models
of Computation)
Conference held at CIRM in Marseilles in September 1996.The conference was organized by Marie-Renée Donnadieu, and the
members of the
programme committee were Gérard Berry, Jean-Yves Girard, Max Kanovich,
Jean-Louis
Krivine, Yves Lafont and François Lamarche.The scope of the conference was quite large, including, for instance,
digital circuits,
process calculi, abstract machines for lambda-calculus, computational interpretations
of
linear logic and logical aspects of proof search. Only the last three topics
are represented
in this special issue of Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, but
we think that
these papers are quite representative of the liveliness of research in
this area on the
borderline between mathematics and computing.We wish to thank Giuseppe Longo, who kindly proposed publishing this
issue. For
editorial reasons, a few contributions could not be included – they
should appear in later
issues.
Financial intermediaries and the design of loan contracts within the Australasian pastoral sector before the Second World War
Authors: VILLE SIMON , FLEMING GRANT 
Published: July 2002

Simon Ville and Grant Fleming, Financial intermediaries and the design of loan contracts within the Australasian pastoral sector before the Second World WarThis paper examines the pooling and separating contracts designed by Australasian financial intermediaries in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. We show that, after an initial screening process, these agents altered interest
rates and collateral requirements to separate out risk types to reveal additional information on borrowers. In multi-period contracts, agents opted for flexible contract structures which permitted changes in individual or community-wide circumstances.
A pilot study for predicting ozone amounts for the general public in southern Chile
Authors: Lachlan‐Cope T , Turner J , Sear C B , Burt P J A , Jones A , Bowden T , Monreal R 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDuring 1994/95 a UK Overseas Development Administration (now Department for International Development –DFID) funded project was undertaken to predict ozone amount over Punta Arenas in southern Chile. A low‐cost satellite receiver was installed to receive the digital data stream from the NOAA series of weather satellites. The ozone channel of the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder instrument on the NOAA satellites was used to obtain maps of stratospheric ozone for the area around Punta Arenas in near real time. Also, a simple model was developed to predict the amount of column ozone from the forecast 100 hPa temperatures obtained from the UK Meteorological Office. These techniques used together made it possible to issue timely warnings to the general public of Punta Arenas before the Antarctic ozone hole moved across southern South America during the Austral spring. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
A statistical method to downscale temperature forecasts. A case study in Catalonia
Authors: Hervada‐Sala Carme , Pawlowsky‐Glahn Vera , Jarauta‐Bragulat Eusebi 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe aim of this work is to present a methodology to downscale weather forecasts (i.e. to give regional‐scale forecasts based on synoptic‐scale forecasts from a numerical model). This methodology consists of the regionalisation of a large zone into thermally homogeneous meteorological regions followed by a study of how different types of weather affect them. Once the meteorological behaviour of each region is determined, cokriging is used to predict its temperature knowing the current temperature and type of weather expected (i.e. based on forecasts from a numerical model). Thus, from a methodological point of view, it is shown that geostatistical prediction techniques can be used in the meteorological sciences by combining classical multivariate statistics and space‐time prediction techniques. To illustrate this methodology, the maximum and minimum temperatures at 54 observatories in Catalonia in winter and synoptic data from Barcelona's airport have been used. The method proposed in this paper, which represents an improvement in temperature prediction compared to that given by classical statistical methods, allows the forecasting of temperature. This case study shows that forecasts can be easily downscaled and that, to produce daily forecasts, just a pocket calculator is needed. The results are presented for a one‐day forecast, but this technique can be applied to forecasts over a four‐day period. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
A study of the coastal climates in France using temperature and precipitation data (1961–1990)
Authors: Planchon Olivier 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe coastal climates of France have been studied using temperature and precipitation data from 1961 to 1990. It is found that the coastlines of the French Atlantic (and adjacent seas) and Mediterranean show many similar climatic features, but the coastal orientation and nearby topography cause some local climatic peculiarities. The relatively flat topography near the coasts of the North Sea, English Channel and the Atlantic result in a fairly homogeneous coastal climate. In these coastal regions there are days of frost each year, but the precipitation amount is usually not high, especially in summer on the Atlantic coast. On the other hand, the mountainous areas of Provence and the Riviera, which are adjacent to the Mediterranean, cause a juxtaposition of varied coastal climates. Large temperature and rainfall differences are observed, especially between the capes and the heads of gulfs, but also between the narrow and wide gulfs. During the warm months, some sea breezes cause coastal thermal peculiarities, which depend on the orientation of the prevailing flow. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Mesoscale model forecasting as a tool for air pollution management: a case study of sustained smoke pollution over the Greater Sydney area
Authors: Speer Milton S , Leslie Lance M 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA mesoscale model has been applied over the Greater Sydney region to an air pollution episode resulting from fire hazard reduction burns from 12 to 14 April 1997. The episode was characterised by two distinct events in a period of sustained light winds, which included humid sea breezes and land breezes. The first event occurred early in the period when the atmospheric circulation involved either weak sea breezes or no sea breeze at the coast. Described here are the meteorological conditions associated with the inter‐regional transport of smoke from a prescribed, or hazard reduction, burn just north of Sydney, which concentrated smoke in the eastern part of the Sydney metropolitan area. The second event, which occurred late in the episode, was local in nature but was induced synoptically by the large‐scale airflow by a change in wind direction that transported smoke and fog over a major highway. Also described are the meteorological conditions that contributed to the disruption of a major highway caused by a multiple vehicle pile‐up just to the south‐west of Sydney later in the period. Numerical model simulations using the University of New South Wales (UNSW) NWP model, which used archived real‐time data, accurately predicted both the concentration of pollution in the eastern part of the Sydney metropolitan area in the first event and the hazardous smog formation and timing of the clearing south‐west wind change in the second event. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Western Mediterranean cyclones and heavy rain. Part 1: Numerical experiment concerning the Piedmont flood case
Authors: Jansa Agustin , Genoves Ana , Garcia‐Moya Jose A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractHeavy rain events constitute a major operational problem in the Mediterranean area. The present work tries to contribute to a better understanding of this problem by considering the possible indirect influence of surface depressions in the triggering and location of the heavy rain. The idea is that any surface low contributes to the organisation of the low‐level flow. This then affects the creation/intensification of a low‐level feeding current of warm and wet air that can sustain heavy rain if there is convective instability. Two approaches have been used: (a) a numerical and synoptic approach, Part 1, and (b) a statistical approach, Part 2. In Part 1, the differences between a control run and a numerical experiment without the Iberian mountains for the ‘MAP Piedmont flood event’ are discussed. Among other effects, the Iberian orography seems to intensify a secondary low near Liguria as well as increase the mixing ratio convergence and the rainfall intensity near it. A few other cases of heavy rain are also briefly reviewed in order to identify the presence of a Mediterranean depression in the vicinity. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Evaluation of a wind/temperature nowcasting model using aircraft data for the benefit of air traffic management
Authors: Carrière Jean‐Marie , Autonès Frederic 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAdvanced four‐dimensional air traffic management tools necessitate very accurate prediction of wind and temperature in the very short term. A method based on optimal interpolation of observational data was developed and tested within the framework of Eurocontrol's PHARE programme and the 4MIDaBLE programme under the auspices of the European Commission. It takes advantage of the growing density of automated aircraft reports to update background forecasts and produce nowcasts valid twenty minutes to a couple of hours ahead with an improved accuracy. The emergence of surveillance techniques such as the Automatic Dependent Surveillance based on the use of aircraft‐to‐aircraft and aircraft‐to‐ground data links and the Aeronautical Telecommunications Network is generating much interest in nowcasting techniques because they may facilitate the acquisition of observational data on selected areas with a given observation density. The basis of the nowcasting method is presented along with different evaluations, one of which lasted several months, using routine aircraft data over France. The evaluation shows that operational forecasts can be improved by taking into account the latest aircraft observations, but it is necessary to select aircraft data to obtain a positive response. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Applying the relationship between potential vorticity fields and water vapour imagery to adjust initial conditions in NWP
Authors: Swarbrick S J 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe feasibility of using the proposed relationship between model‐generated upper‐tropospheric potential vorticity (PV) fields and Meteosat water vapour images in forecast initialisation has been investigated by a number of case studies involving model forecasts of North Atlantic cyclones. The objective of each case study was to reduce the errors in the forecast track and depth of a cyclone by re‐initialising the forecast via upper‐level PV adjustment and PV inversion. The methodology has employed the PV–water vapour relationship to detect mismatches between PV fields and water vapour images, and has attempted to correct these mismatches by manual adjustment of the PV fields. These PV adjustments have been converted to wind and temperature increments by means of PV inversion and used to initialise the model fields in a way that preserves dynamical balance. Five case studies with small initialisation errors were carried out. The results of the case studies show some partial positive impacts on forecasts of cyclonic development, but overall the results do not demonstrate that the use of the PV–water vapour relation for forecast initialisation is a practical proposition for operational use. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Influence of topography and urban heat island effects on the outbreak of convective storms under unstable meteorological conditions: a numerical study
Authors: Thielen J , Gadian A 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAnalysis of observational data of convective storms in Northern England suggests that the particular combination of effects such as sea breezes, elevated terrain and the presence of large cities has an influence on the initiation and development of convective storms. To study the importance of these effects for the development of convection, a cloud physics model has been initialised with the topography and surface characteristics of Northern England. The model enabled inclusion of three principal influences: sea breezes, topography and urban heat islands. The results suggested that the presence of the Pennines, a north–south orientated ridge, could influence the initiation of convection due to its long sun‐facing slopes, and to a lesser degree forced lifting along the slopes. Inclusion of urban heat island effects focused convection downwind of the principal urban areas. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society
Microwave monitoring of rainfall: Intercomparisons of data from the Chilbolton radar and the DMSP‐SSM/I
Authors: Nativi S , Barrett E C , Beaumont M J 
Published: July 2002

AbstractGround‐based multi‐parameter radar is used to validate and evaluate satellite passive microwave parameters related to rainfall over land. Light precipitation over the southern part of England is considered. The issues of diverse resolutions of radar and satellite data in space and time are investigated, as well as the satellite beam‐filling problem, in relation to present passive microwave satellite algorithms related to rainfall over land, and their perceived behaviour. Several statistical analyses are applied and their sensitivities to data integration problems are quantified. Passive microwave parameters are evaluated and compared with each other. It is concluded that for radar passive microwave satellite data intercomparisons, calibrations and validations the time resolution seems to be more important than the spatial resolution, and high‐resolution radar can be used operationally to tackle the satellite beam‐filling problem. It is found that several passive microwave algorithms have performances very similar to each other. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society
Application of post‐processing tools to improve visualisation and quality of numerical short‐range predictions over Central Europe
Authors: Spreitzhofer Gerald 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn an attempt to improve short‐range weather predictions in Central Europe, a research project was carried out in Austria which involves adapting the WELS weather prediction system to the Central European environment. This PC‐based system is currently in operational use in parts of the United States, chiefly in support of winter highway maintenance operations. The system rests upon the concept of hybrid modelling: an independent, grid‐based mesoscale forecast model, integrating the full set of prognostic equations, delivers a prediction which can, in combination with topographic properties, be visualised by a Graphical User Interface (GUI). This post‐processing tool seems to have a promising future, especially because it includes the opportunity of adjusting the output of the prediction model; also, locally generated observations can be incorporated into the forecasting process. The use of the forecast‐manipulation facilities is appropriate if the prediction seems to be off‐track; the time‐consuming rerun of the entire forecast model in the case of derailing predictions can be avoided. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society