bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competency-Based Peer Support in Aviation
Authors: Forbes Andrew , Bor Robert , Bekker Aedrian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract: In July 2018, the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (2018) issued Regulation (EU) 2018/1042, now (EU) 2020/745, which required all commercial air transport operators to implement a support program by February 14, 2021. This was initially aimed at pilots and formed part of the recommendations made after the pilot murder-suicide crash of Germanwings flight 9525 in March 2015. Pilot peer support is now considered vital in supporting crew well-being and in promoting aviation safety, alongside other initiatives (Federal Aviation Administration, 2024). To date, there has been scant published literature on the provision of pilot peer support beyond the rationale for its inception. This In Practice paper offers guidance for a competency-based framework for training and benchmarking pilot peers and draws on the familiar framework to pilots of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) pilot competencies (ICAO, 2013). This conceptualization of peer competencies offers a framework for pilot peers in the acquisition of core peer support skills, and for those training pilot peers, a yardstick by which skills acquisition can be assessed.
Juno Observations Set New Constraints on the Electrodynamic Interaction Between Io and Jupiter
Authors: Kotsiaros S. , Connerney J. E. P. , Saur J. , Kokkalis A. , Herceg M. , Martos Y. M. , Schlegel S. , Jørgensen J. L. , Bolton S. J. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractJuno's highly elliptical polar orbits provide unprecedented in‐situ observations of the electrodynamic interaction between Jupiter and its volcanic moon Io. These observations occur in regions never sampled before both near Io's orbit and near Jupiter's ionosphere and at distances between the two. Magnetic field data obtained during multiple traversals of magnetic field lines mapping to Io's orbit reveal remarkably rich and complex magnetic signatures near flux tubes connected to Io's orbital position. Here we present a methodology to model the distribution of currents along Io's flux tube (IFT) and Alfvén wings in such a way as to match the magnetic field signature observed during Juno's traversals of the IFT and Alfvén wings downstream of Io. We obtain the location, size and morphology of the current‐carrying region as well as the distribution of currents within the IFT and Alfvén wings. The observed field‐aligned currents exhibit strong filamentation, with upward and downward currents splitting into secondary cells rather than forming uniform structures. Additionally, there is a strong correlation between total field‐aligned current intensity, particle energy flux, and Poynting flux, indicating efficient energy transfer and coupling in the Jupiter‐Io system. Using all of Juno's traversals up to perijove (PJ) pass 42, we estimate the strength of the interaction with regards to distance along Io's extended tail, Io's position in the plasma torus and the magnetic field intensity at the footprint in Jupiter's ionosphere, illuminating the interaction of Jovian magnetospheric plasma with Io and setting important constraints in the Io‐Jupiter interaction.
Impacts of Thunderstorm‐Generated Gravity Waves on the Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Using TIEGCM‐NG/MAGIC Simulations and Comparisons With GNSS TEC, ICON, and COSMIC‐2 Observations
Authors: Lu Xian , Wu Haonan , Heale Chris , England Scott , Zhang Shunrong 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWe use the TIEGCM‐NG nudged by MAGIC gravity waves to study the impacts of a severe thunderstorm system, with a hundred tornado touchdowns, on the ionospheric and thermospheric disturbances. The generated waves induce a distinct concentric ring pattern on GNSS TIDs with horizontal scales of 150–400 km and phase speeds of 150–300 m/s, which is well simulated by the model. The waves show substantial vertical evolution in period, initially dominated by 0.5 hr at 200 km, shifting to 0.25 hr and with more higher‐frequency waves appearing at higher altitudes (∼400 km). The TADs reach amplitudes of 100 m/s, 60 m/s, 80 K, and 10% in horizontal winds, vertical wind, temperature, and relative neutral density, respectively. Significantly perturbations in electron density cause dramatic changes in its nighttime structure around 200 km and near the EIA crest. The concentric TIDs are also simulated in ion drifts and mapped from the Tornado region to the conjugate hemisphere likely due to neutral wind‐induced electric field perturbations. The waves manage to impact the ionosphere at altitudes of ICON and COSMIC‐2, which pass through the region of interest on a total of 8 separate orbits. In situ ion density observations from these spacecrafts reveal periodic fluctuations that frequently show good agreement with the TIEGCM‐NG simulation. The O+ fraction observations from ICON indicate that the density fluctuations are the result of vertical transport of the ions in this region, which could result from either direct forcing by neutral winds or electrodynamic coupling.
Vertical Structural Evolution of Ionospheric Holes Triggered by Rocket Launches Observed by the Sanya Incoherent Scatter Radar
Authors: Zhao Linxuan , Ding Feng , Yue Xinan , Xu Su , Wang Junyi , Cai Yihui , Li Mingyuan , Zhang Ning , Zhou Xu , Wang Yonghui , Li Jianyong , Mao Tian , Song Qian , Xiong Bo , Li Xiaolin , Luo Junhao 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis article presents observational results of the vertical structural evolution of ionospheric holes during two rocket launches. A combination of observations from the newly built Sanya incoherent scatter radar (SYISR) and Global Navigation Satellite System networks was employed. The vertical structural evolution of two rocket‐induced ionospheric holes over the SYISR could be divided into three stages. Firstly, 10–11 min after launch, the holes initially appeared in the topside ionosphere. Then, the holes expanded rapidly toward higher and lower altitudes. At ∼30 min after launch, the holes extended to an altitudinal range of ∼200 km to over 700 km. The maximum depletion altitude was 425 km for the afternoon event and 283 km for the midnight event. Finally, the holes recovered slowly, with faster recovery at higher altitudes. Our work contributes to further understanding the vertical structural evolutionary mechanisms of the ionospheric holes and relevant ionospheric processes.
Scaling Simulations of Local Wind‐Waves Amid Sea Ice Floes
Authors: Brenner Samuel , Horvat Christopher 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWave‐ice interactions are critical for correctly modeling air‐sea exchanges and ocean surface processes in polar regions. While the role of sea ice in damping open‐water swell waves has received considerable research interest, the impact of sea ice on locally generated wind‐waves in partial ice cover remains uncertain. The current approach in spectral wave models is to scale the wind input term by the open‐water fraction, , for the sea ice concentration (SIC), but this neglects the impact of subgrid‐scale patterns of sea ice coverage in limiting fetch for wind‐wave growth. Here, we use the spectral wave model SWAN to simulate local waves in realistic, synthetic fields of explicitly resolved sea ice floes over a range of SICs and floe size distributions (FSDs). We consider cases with floe sizes much larger than the wavelengths, and absent of interstitial frazil or pancake ice. Through geometric arguments, we show that the fetch available for wind‐wave growth, and thus the resulting wave statistics, depends on a combination of the SIC and the FSD. The combination of geometric scaling and empirical wave laws allows the prediction of bulk wave statistics as a function of SIC, a characteristic floe size, and wind speed. We show that due to the difference in spectral character from attenuated propagating open‐ocean swell, these waves may have an outsized impact on ocean mixing regimes.
High level of circulating cell-free tumor DNA at diagnosis correlates with disease spreading and defines multiple myeloma patients with poor prognosis
Authors: Martello Marina , Solli Vincenza , Mazzocchetti Gaia , Solimando Antonio Giovanni , Bezzi Davide , Taurisano Barbara , Kanapari Ajsi , Poletti Andrea , Borsi Enrica , Armuzzi Silvia , Vigliotta Ilaria , Pistis Ignazia , Desantis Vanessa , Marzocchi Giulia , Rizzello Ilaria , Pantani Lucia , Mancuso Katia , Tacchetti Paola , Testoni Nicoletta , Nanni Cristina , Zamagni Elena , Cavo Michele , Terragna Carolina 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMultiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell (PC) disorder characterized by skeletal involvement at the time of diagnosis. Recently, cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has been proven to recapitulate the heterogeneity of bone marrow (BM) disease. Our aim was to evaluate the prognostic role of cfDNA at diagnosis according to disease distribution, and to investigate the role of the MM microenvironment inflammatory state in supplying the release of cfDNA. A total of 162 newly diagnosed MM patients were screened using 18F-FDG PET/CT and assessed by ultra low-pass whole genome sequencing (ULP-WGS). High cfDNA tumor fraction (ctDNA) levels were correlated with different tumor mass markers, and patients with high ctDNA levels at diagnosis were more likely to present with metabolically active paraskeletal (PS) and extramedullary (EM) lesions. Moreover, we demonstrated that microenvironment cancer-associated fibroblast (CAFs)-mediated inflammation might correlate with high ctDNA levels. Indeed, a high cfDNA TF level at diagnosis predicted a poorer prognosis, independent of R-ISS III and 1q amplification; the inclusion of >12% ctDNA in the current R-ISS risk score enables a better identification of high-risk patients. ctDNA can be a reliable and less invasive marker for disease characterization, and can refine patient risk.
Blood matters: the hematological signatures of Coronavirus infection
Authors: Toro Ayelen , Arévalo Ana P. , Pereira-Gómez Marianoel , Sabater Agustina , Zizzi Eric A. , Perbolianachis Paula , Pascual Gaston , Lage-Vickers Sofia , Pórfido Jorge L. , Achinelli Ines , Seniuk Rocio , Bizzotto Juan , Sanchis Pablo , Olivera Alvaro , Leyva Alejandro , Moreno Pilar , Costábile Alicia , Fajardo Alvaro , Carrión Federico , Fló Martín , Olivero-Deibe Natalia , Rodriguez Fernando , Nin Nicolas , Anselmino Nicolas , Labanca Estefania , Vazquez Elba , Cotignola Javier , Alonso Daniel F. , Valacco Maria P. , Marti Marcelo , Gentile Francesco , Cherkasov Artem , Crispo Martina , Moratorio Gonzalo , Gueron Geraldine 
Published: November 2024

AbstractRecent developments have broadened our perception of SARS-CoV-2, indicating its capability to affect the body systemically beyond its initial recognition as a mere respiratory pathogen. However, the pathways of its widespread are not well understood. Employing a dual-modality approach, we integrated findings from a Murine Hepatitis Virus (MHV) infection model with corroborative clinical data to investigate the pervasive reach of Coronaviruses. The novel presence of viral particles within red blood cells (RBCs) was demonstrated via high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, with computational modeling elucidating a potential heme-mediated viral entry mechanism via Spike protein affinity. Our data affirm viral localization in RBCs, suggesting heme moieties as facilitators for cellular invasion. Exacerbation of MHV pathology upon hemin administration, contrasted with chloroquine-mediated amelioration, underscoring a heme-centric pathway in disease progression. These observations extend the paradigm of Coronavirus pathogenicity to include hemoprotein interactions. This study casts new light on the systemic invasion capabilities of Coronaviruses, linking RBC hemoproteins with viral virulence. The modulation of disease severity through heme-interacting agents heralds a promising avenue for COVID-19 therapeutics. Our findings propose a paradigm shift in the treatment approach, leveraging the virus-heme interplay as a strategic hinge for intervention.
Non-invasive in vivo sensing of bacterial implant infection using catalytically-optimised gold nanocluster-loaded liposomes for urinary readout
Authors: Chen Kaili , Najer Adrian , Charchar Patrick , Saunders Catherine , Thanapongpibul Chalaisorn , Klöckner Anna , Chami Mohamed , Peeler David J. , Silva Inês , Panariello Luca , Karu Kersti , Loynachan Colleen N. , Frenette Leah C. , Potter Michael , Tregoning John S. , Parkin Ivan P. , Edwards Andrew M. , Clarke Thomas B. , Yarovsky Irene , Stevens Molly M. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractStaphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of nosocomial implant-associated infections, causing significant morbidity and mortality, underscoring the need for rapid, non-invasive, and cost-effective diagnostics. Here, we optimise the synthesis of renal-clearable gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) for enhanced catalytic activity with the aim of developing a sensitive colourimetric diagnostic for bacterial infection. All-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations confirm the stability of glutathione-coated AuNCs and surface access for peroxidase-like activity in complex physiological environments. We subsequently develop a biosensor by encapsulating these optimised AuNCs in bacterial toxin-responsive liposomes, which is extensively studied by various single-particle techniques. Upon exposure to S. aureus toxins, the liposomes rupture, releasing AuNCs that generate a colourimetric signal after kidney-mimetic filtration. The biosensor is further validated in vitro and in vivo using a hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel implant infection model. Urine samples collected from mice with bacteria-infected HA hydrogel implants turn blue upon substrate addition, confirming the suitability of the sensor for non-invasive detection of implant-associated infections. This platform has significant potential as a versatile, cost-effective diagnostic tool.
Iron sulfide-catalyzed gaseous CO2 reduction and prebiotic carbon fixation in terrestrial hot springs
Authors: Nan Jingbo , Luo Shunqin , Tran Quoc Phuong , Fahrenbach Albert C. , Lu Wen-Ning , Hu Yingjie , Yin Zongjun , Ye Jinhua , Van Kranendonk Martin J. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractUnderstanding abiotic carbon fixation provides insights into early Earth’s carbon cycles and life’s emergence in terrestrial hot springs, where iron sulfide (FeS), similar to cofactors in metabolic enzymes, may catalyze prebiotic synthesis. However, the role of FeS-mediated carbon fixation in such conditions remains underexplored. Here, we investigate the catalytic behaviors of FeS (pure and doped with Ti, Ni, Mn, and Co), which are capable of H2-driven CO2 reduction to methanol under simulated hot spring vapor-zone conditions, using an anaerobic flow chamber connected to a gas chromatograph. Specifically, Mn-doped FeS increases methanol production five-fold at 120 °C, with UV−visible light (300–720 nm) and UV-enhanced light (200–600 nm) further increasing this activity. Operando and theoretical investigations indicate the mechanism involves a reverse water-gas shift with CO as an intermediate. These findings highlight the potential of FeS-catalyzed carbon fixation in early Earth’s terrestrial hot springs, effective with or without UV light.
Bactericidal antibiotic treatment induces damaging inflammation via TLR9 sensing of bacterial DNA
Authors: Gross Julia L. , Basu Rahul , Bradfield Clinton J. , Sun Jing , John Sinu P. , Das Sanchita , Dekker John P. , Weiss David S. , Fraser Iain D. C. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe immunologic consequences of using bactericidal versus bacteriostatic antibiotic treatments are unclear. We observed a bacteriostatic (growth halting) treatment was more protective than a bactericidal (bacteria killing) treatment in a murine peritonitis model. To understand this unexpected difference, we compared macrophage responses to bactericidal treated bacteria or bacteriostatic treated bacteria. We found that Gram-negative bacteria treated with bactericidal drugs induced more proinflammatory cytokines than those treated with bacteriostatic agents. Bacterial DNA – released only by bactericidal treatments – exacerbated inflammatory signaling through TLR9. Without TLR9 signaling, the in vivo efficacy of bactericidal drug treatment was rescued. This demonstrates that antibiotics can act in important ways distinct from bacterial inhibition: like causing treatment failure by releasing DNA that induces excessive inflammation. These data establish a novel link between how an antibiotic affects bacterial physiology and subsequent immune system engagement, which may be relevant for optimizing treatments to simultaneously clear bacteria and modulate inflammation.
Weakening of the AMOC and strengthening of Labrador Sea deep convection in response to external freshwater forcing
Authors: Wei Xinyue , Zhang Rong 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a key player in climate. Here, we employ an ensemble of water hosing experiments to examine mechanisms of AMOC weakening and its subsequent impact on the Labrador Sea open-ocean deep convection. The subpolar AMOC decline in response to the external freshwater flux released over the southern Nordic Sea is dominated by that across the eastern subpolar North Atlantic, and the largest subpolar AMOC decline is at the relatively dense level around $${\sigma }_{0}=27.84\,{{{\rm{kg}}}}\,{{{\rm{m}}}}^{-3}$$

σ

0

=
27.84

kg

m

−
3

. The AMOC decline is associated with subsurface cooling in the subpolar North Atlantic and the decline in the deep ocean west–east density contrast across the subpolar basin. Contrary to previous studies showing that the AMOC decline is caused by subsurface warming through the shutdown of the Labrador Sea open-ocean deep convection, our results reveal a different response, i.e., a strengthening of the Labrador Sea open-ocean deep convection, which is not a cause of the AMOC decline. The strengthening of the Labrador Sea open-ocean deep convection is mainly due to the relatively stronger freshening in the deep Labrador Sea associated with the freshening/weakening of the Iceland-Scotland Overflow, and thus reduced vertical stratification in the central Labrador Sea.
Safer and efficient base editing and prime editing via ribonucleoproteins delivered through optimized lipid-nanoparticle formulations
Authors: Hołubowicz Rafał , Du Samuel W. , Felgner Jiin , Smidak Roman , Choi Elliot H. , Palczewska Grazyna , Menezes Carolline Rodrigues , Dong Zhiqian , Gao Fangyuan , Medani Omar , Yan Alexander L. , Hołubowicz Maria W. , Chen Paul Z. , Bassetto Marco , Risaliti Eleonora , Salom David , Workman J. Noah , Kiser Philip D. , Foik Andrzej T. , Lyon David C. , Newby Gregory A. , Liu David R. , Felgner Philip L. , Palczewski Krzysztof 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Delivering ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) for in vivo genome editing is safer than using viruses encoding for Cas9 and its respective guide RNA. However, transient RNP activity does not typically lead to optimal editing outcomes. Here we show that the efficiency of delivering RNPs can be enhanced by cell-penetrating peptides (covalently fused to the protein or as excipients) and that lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) encapsulating RNPs can be optimized for enhanced RNP stability, delivery efficiency and editing potency. Specifically, after screening for suitable ionizable cationic lipids and by optimizing the concentration of the synthetic lipid DMG-PEG 2000, we show that the encapsulation, via microfluidic mixing, of adenine base editor and prime editor RNPs within LNPs using the ionizable lipid SM102 can result in in vivo editing-efficiency enhancements larger than 300-fold (with respect to the delivery of the naked RNP) without detectable off-target edits. We believe that chemically defined LNP formulations optimized for RNP-encapsulation stability and delivery efficiency will lead to safer genome editing.
Inefficient transfer of diatoms through the subpolar Southern Ocean twilight zone
Authors: Williams J. R. , Giering S. L. C. , Baker C. A. , Pabortsava K. , Briggs N. , East H. , Espinola B. , Blackbird S. , Le Moigne F. A. C. , Villa-Alfageme M. , Poulton A. J. , Carvalho F. , Pebody C. , Saw K. , Moore C. M. , Henson S. A. , Sanders R. , Martin A. P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Southern Ocean, a region highly vulnerable to climate change, plays a vital role in regulating global nutrient cycles and atmospheric CO2 via the biological carbon pump. Diatoms, photosynthetically active plankton with dense opal skeletons, are key to this process as their exoskeletons are thought to enhance the transfer of particulate organic carbon to depth, positioning them as major vectors of carbon storage. Yet conflicting observations obscure the mechanistic link between diatoms, opal and particulate organic carbon fluxes, especially in the twilight zone where greatest flux losses occur. Here we present direct springtime flux measurements from different sectors of the subpolar Southern Ocean, demonstrating that across large areas of the subpolar twilight zone, carbon is efficiently transferred to depth, albeit not by diatoms. Rather, opal is retained near the surface ocean, indicating that processes such as diatom buoyancy regulation and grazer repackaging can negate ballast effects of diatoms’ skeletons. Our results highlight that the presence of diatoms in surface waters of the Southern Ocean’s largest biome does not guarantee their importance as vectors for efficient carbon transfer through the subpolar twilight zone. Climate change-driven shifts in phytoplankton community composition may affect biologically sequestered carbon pools less than currently predicted.
In-vivo non-contact multispectral oral disease image dataset with segmentation
Authors: Chand Sneha , Namasivayam Karthik , Dave Janak , Preejith S. P. , Jayachandran Sadaksharam , Sivaprakasam Mohanasankar 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIn imaging spectroscopy, gathering oral tissue spectral data from resected samples may not accurately represent tissue signatures due to time-dependent changes, blood loss, protein degeneration, and preservation chemicals. In-vivo spectral imaging is employed to address these limitations, but it poses challenges like device dimensions, tissue accessibility, and motion artifacts, impacting data quality and reliability. Our study publishes a dataset of spectral images focusing on oral diseases, addressing these challenges. We used a state-of-the-art multispectral camera, capturing images at 270*510 pixels resolution in 16 spectral bands (460 nm to 600 nm). The dataset includes 91 participants (15 healthy and 76 diseased), with multiple images per patient, totalling 243 spectral images. The dataset encompasses three oral health conditions: Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF), Leukoplakia, and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). Detailed patient history records accompany each case. This publicly available oral health multispectral dataset has the potential to advance spectroscopy diagnosis. Integrating artificial intelligence with a comprehensive spectral signature repository holds promise for accurate disease analysis.