bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determining the number of instars in potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) using density‐based DBSCAN clustering
Authors: Zheng Yaqiang , Wang Wenqian , Chen Bin , Zhang Limin , Phangthavong Souksamone , Su Zaotang , Zhang Linying , Xiao Guanli 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), is an important pest of Solanaceae crops and especially devastating to potatoes. There is no significant difference in morphological characteristics of PTM from the first to third instar larvae; therefore, it is difficult to directly determine the number of instars of this pest based on morphology. In the present study, head capsule width and length and mandible width of 340 PTM individuals were measured. Density‐based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) clustering was used for instar grouping. The results of DBSCAN clustering were compared with those obtained using Gaussian mixture models and k‐means clustering; the results of the three clustering methods were verified using Brooks–Dyar rule, Crosby rule and linear regression model. The clusters obtained using the three methods were the same and comprised four PTM instars with three morphological characteristics. Moreover, the results of the three methods fit the Brooks–Dyar rule, Crosby rule, frequency analysis and logarithmic regression model well. Head capsule width was the best morphological characteristic for determining the number of instars of PTM, and this characteristic may be used for determining PTM instars in the field. These results show that the DBSCAN clustering method is a promising tool for the identification of insect instars.
Population dynamics of Macrophomina phaseolina in relation to disease management: A review
Authors: Lodha Satish , Mawar Ritu 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMacrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. causes seedling blight, charcoal rot, leaf blight, stem and pod rot on over 500 plant species in different parts of the world. The pathogen survives as sclerotia formed in host tissues which are released into the soil as tissue decay. Low soil moisture is considered the more important predisposing factor for M. phaseolina‐induced diseases than high temperature. The intensity of the disease on a crop is related to the population of viable sclerotia in the soil and abiotic factors. The influence of various management strategies in reducing the number of viable propagules of the pathogen in the soil has been studied in order to minimize the impact of the disease. Any management approach that reduces inoculum density in the soil may reduce disease incidence on the host. However, to reduce inoculum density, quantitative determination of viable propagules from soil is necessary in order to understand the effect of management strategies on the population dynamics of this pathogen. Considerable work has been done on organic amendments, changing crop sequences with tolerant crops, fumigants, herbicides and tillage in managing M. phaseolina populations in the soil and the resulting disease. Solarization has been used in controlling M. phaseolina in different countries where this pathogen is causing disease on economically valuable crops. However, this method of soil disinfestation was effective in eliminating viable populations at the top soil layer although by combining other approaches its effectiveness was improved at lower soil depth. Use of biological control agents with or without organic amendments or after solarization has emerged to be a practical management approach in the control of M. phaseolina. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review those research findings where the influence of various management approaches on survival of M. phaseolina mainly sclerotia have been investigated.
Microbial protein formation of different carbohydrates in vitro
Authors: Pfau Friederike , Hummel Jürgen 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the microbial protein yield of different pure carbohydrates to contribute to a more precise prediction of the microbial protein formed in the rumen. In a first experiment, sucrose, wheat starch, microcrystalline cellulose and citrus pectin were incubated for 8 and 24 hr in the modified Hohenheim gas test (HGT) system (3 runs × 2 syringes) including gas production, ammonia and short‐chain fatty acid concentration measurements. Ammonia values were used for estimation of the microbial protein formation. In a second experiment, the same substrates were incubated for 96 hr in the HGT system (2 runs × 3 syringes) and gas production was measured after 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 hr of incubation to obtain the fermentation kinetics and the time of half‐maximal gas production (t1/2) of the substrates. The substrates differed considerably in their fermentation kinetics, and therefore, comparison on the basis of t1/2 was chosen as the most meaningful. At t1/2, microbial protein yield [g/kg dry matter] was higher for cellulose than for sucrose and pectin and higher for starch than for sucrose. The microbial protein expressed in g/L gas production was higher for starch and cellulose than for sucrose and pectin at t1/2. Effects of carbohydrates related to ruminal pH may remain undetected in in vitro trials.
How to identify sex chromosomes and their turnover
Authors: Palmer Daniela H. , Rogers Thea F. , Dean Rebecca , Wright Alison E. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAlthough sex is a fundamental component of eukaryotic reproduction, the genetic systems that control sex determination are highly variable. In many organisms the presence of sex chromosomes is associated with female or male development. Although certain groups possess stable and conserved sex chromosomes, others exhibit rapid sex chromosome evolution, including transitions between male and female heterogamety, and turnover in the chromosome pair recruited to determine sex. These turnover events have important consequences for multiple facets of evolution, as sex chromosomes are predicted to play a central role in adaptation, sexual dimorphism, and speciation. However, our understanding of the processes driving the formation and turnover of sex chromosome systems is limited, in part because we lack a complete understanding of interspecific variation in the mechanisms by which sex is determined. New bioinformatic methods are making it possible to identify and characterize sex chromosomes in a diverse array of non‐model species, rapidly filling in the numerous gaps in our knowledge of sex chromosome systems across the tree of life. In turn, this growing data set is facilitating and fueling efforts to address many of the unanswered questions in sex chromosome evolution. Here, we synthesize the available bioinformatic approaches to produce a guide for characterizing sex chromosome system and identity simultaneously across clades of organisms. Furthermore, we survey our current understanding of the processes driving sex chromosome turnover, and highlight important avenues for future research.
Optimal stomatal drought response shaped by competition for water and hydraulic risk can explain plant trait covariation
Authors: Lu Yaojie , Duursma Remko A. , Farrior Caroline E. , Medlyn Belinda E. , Feng Xue 
Published: September 2019

Summary

The classical theory of stomatal optimization stipulates that stomata should act to maximize photosynthesis while minimizing transpiration. This theory, despite its remarkable success in reproducing empirical patterns, does not account for the fact that the available water to plants is dynamically regulated by plants themselves, and that plants compete for water in most locations.

Here, we develop an alternative theory in which plants maximize the expected carbon gain under stochastic rainfall in a competitive environment. We further incorporate xylem hydraulic limitation as an additional constraint to transpiration and evaluate its impacts on stomatal optimization by incorporating the direct carbon cost of xylem recovery and the opportunity cost of reduced future photosynthesis as a result of irrecoverable xylem damage.

We predict stomatal behaviour to be more conservative with a higher cost induced by xylem damage. By varying the unit carbon cost and extent of xylem recovery, characterizing the direct and opportunity cost of xylem damage, respectively, our model can reproduce several key patterns of stomatal‐hydraulic trait covariations.

By addressing the key elements of water limitation in plant gas exchange simultaneously, including plants’ self‐regulation of water availability, competition for water and hydraulic risk, our study provides a comprehensive theoretical basis for understanding stomatal behaviour.
Same‐day discharge in selected patients undergoing atrial fibrillation ablation
Authors: Bartoletti Stefano , Mann Mandeep , Gupta Akanksha , Khan Abdul Muhaymin , Sahni Ankita , El‐Kadri Moutaz , Modi Simon , Waktare Johan , Mahida Saagar , Hall Mark , Snowdon Richard , Todd Derick , Gupta Dhiraj 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF) ablation is a complex procedure, generally requiring at least one overnight hospital stay. We investigated the safety and feasibility of early mobilization and same‐day discharge following streamlined peri‐ablation management for AF.MethodsFrom 2014, we offered same‐day discharge to selected patients who underwent uncomplicated AF ablation on the morning lists, with ultrasound‐guided femoral access, uninterrupted warfarin or minimal interruption in novel oral anticoagulants, and reversal of intraprocedural heparin with protamine. Patients were discharged 6‐8 h postprocedure and offered access to a dedicated nurse helpline.ResultsOf 1599 AF ablation cases performed from April 2014 to March 2017, 811 (50.7%) were performed on the morning lists and 169/811 (20.8%) were discharged on the same day. Excluding 26 research cases, 1/143 (0.7%) had transient right phrenic nerve palsy and five (3.5%) cases experienced minor problems that did not preclude same‐day discharge; three (2.1%) needed rehospitalization postdischarge: one for pericarditic chest pain and two for nausea/vomiting. Compared to 642 overnight cases, day‐case procedures were shorter, more likely to be redos, to be performed under sedation rather than general anesthesia, and less likely to involve linear lesions and electrical cardioversion. There were no significant differences in patient age, gender, body mass index, CHA2DS2‐VASc, in preprocedural anticoagulation regimen (warfarin vs novel anticoagulants vs no anticoagulation) and in choice of ablation method (cryoballoon vs radiofrequency).ConclusionsSelective same‐day discharge after AF ablation is safe and feasible using a streamlined peri‐procedural care protocol. Wider adoption can potentially reduce health‐care costs while improving patient experience.
Thermoelastic Interactions in a Slim Strip Due to a Moving Heat Source Under Dual-Phase-Lag Heat Transfer
Authors: Sarkar Nantu , Mondal Sudip 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Following the link of work of He and Cao (2009, Math. Comput. Modell., 49(7–8), 1719–1720), we employ the theory of generalized thermoelasticity with dual-phase-lag (DPL) to study the transient phenomena in a thin slim strip due to a moving heat source. Both ends of the strip are assumed to be fixed and thermally insulated. Using Laplace transform as a tool, the problem has been transformed into the space-domain and solved analytically. Finally, solutions in the real-time domain are obtained by applying the inverse Laplace transform. Numerical calculation for stress, displacement, and temperature within the strip are carried out and presented graphically. The effect of moving heat source speed on temperature, stress, and displacement is studied. The temperature, displacement, and stress in the strip are found to be decreasing at large source speed.
Protective Headgear Attenuates Forces on the Inner Table and Pressure in the Brain Parenchyma During Blast and Impact: An Experimental Study Using a Simulant-Based Surrogate Model of the Human Head
Authors: Azar Austin , Bhagavathula Kapil Bharadwaj , Hogan James , Ouellet Simon , Satapathy Sikhanda , Dennison Christopher R. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMilitary personnel sustain head and brain injuries as a result of ballistic, blast, and blunt impact threats. Combat helmets are meant to protect the heads of these personnel during injury events. Studies show peak kinematics and kinetics are attenuated using protective headgear during impacts; however, there is limited experimental biomechanical literature that examines whether or not helmets mitigate peak mechanics delivered to the head and brain during blast. While the mechanical links between blast and brain injury are not universally agreed upon, one hypothesis is that blast energy can be transmitted through the head and into the brain. These transmissions can lead to rapid skull flexure and elevated pressures in the cranial vault, and, therefore, may be relevant in determining injury likelihood. Therefore, it could be argued that assessing a helmet for the ability to mitigate mechanics may be an appropriate paradigm for assessing the potential protective benefits of helmets against blast. In this work, we use a surrogate model of the head and brain to assess whether or not helmets and eye protection can alter mechanical measures during both head-level face-on blast and high forehead blunt impact events. Measurements near the forehead suggest head protection can attenuate brain parenchyma pressures by as much as 49% during blast and 52% during impact, and forces on the inner table of the skull by as much as 80% during blast and 84% during impact, relative to an unprotected head.
Endoscopic ultrasound in the assessment of advanced duodenal adenomatosis in familial adenomatous polyposis
Authors: Labib Peter L , Goodchild George , Turbett James P , Skipworth James , Shankar Arjun , Johnson Gavin , Clark Sue , Latchford Andrew , Pereira Stephen P 
Published: September 2019

ObjectiveCurrent surveillance strategies for duodenal adenomatosis in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) miss malignancies and underestimate cancer risk in ampullary disease. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in the assessment of FAP patients with duodenal and/or ampullary polyposis referred for surgical intervention.DesignA retrospective analysis of FAP patients undergoing index EUS between December 2006 and May 2015 was performed. Follow-up was completed in January 2018, including review of all EUS procedures and surgical interventions (median follow-up 6 years).ResultsFifty-five patients underwent 188 EUS procedures. Six patients (11%) developed malignancy (three duodenal, three ampullary). Ampullary cancer risk was underestimated by Spigelman stage and overestimated by Kashiwagi classification. Ultrasound findings were poor predictors of malignancy, with common bile duct dilatation being the only finding present in one EUS prior to a diagnosis of ampullary cancer. The best predictors of ampullary malignancy were an ampullary polyp size >3 cm and an increase >1 cm in ampullary polyp size. Ampullary polyp size >3 cm provided the best predictive value, correctly identifying two of the three cases of ampullary cancer and both patients with high-grade dysplasia. EUS biopsy failed to detect malignancy later confirmed by surgical histology in two patients.ConclusionEUS surveillance confers little additional benefit to standard endoscopic surveillance in FAP patients. The best predictor of ampullary malignancy is an ampullary polyp >3 cm; this could be regarded as a relative indication for surgery.
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator drugs reduce mechanical allodynia in a mouse model of low back pain
Authors: Das Vaskar , Kroin Jeffrey S , Moric Mario , McCarthy Robert J , Buvanendran Asokumar 
Published: September 2019

Background and objectivesIntervertebral disc herniation is one of the common causes of low back pain. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator drugs have been shown to reduce pain in several animal models. The present study examines if early treatment with the drug metformin, an indirect AMPK activator, and/or O304, a new direct AMPK activator, can reduce the mechanical hypersensitivity that develops after lumbar disc puncture in mice.MethodsThe L4/L5 and L5/L6 discs in male and female mice were exposed via a retroperitoneal approach and a single puncture was made at the midline of each disc. Mice were randomized into four drug treatment groups: (1) vehicle; (2) metformin 200 mg/kg; (3) O304 200 mg/kg; (4) metformin 100 mg/kg plus O304 100 mg/kg; plus one untreated sham surgery group. Drugs were administered by oral gavage starting 7 days after disc puncture and repeated for six more days. Mechanical allodynia in the plantar hindpaw was measured presurgery and up to day 28.Results7 days after disc puncture, female mice had lower von Frey thresholds than male mice, difference −0.46 g, 95% CI −0.34 to −0.60, p<0.001. Gender adjusted von Frey area under the curve’s (AUC’s) between days 7 and 28 for metformin and/or O304 were greater (reduced allodynia) compared with vehicle-treated mice. The difference of mean AUC’s was: metformin, 41.1 g*d, 95% CI of the difference 26.4 to 54.5, O304, 44.7 g*d, 95% CI of the difference 31.0 to 57.4, drug combination: 33.4 g*d; 95% CI of the difference 18.1 to 46.9. No gender by treatment interactions were observed.ConclusionsLumbar disc puncture in mice produces consistent mechanical hypersensitivity, and postinjury treatment with AMPK activator drugs (indirect and direct) reduces the mechanical hypersensitivity.
Sugar maple autumn-shed leaf extract: a potential antibacterial agent for the management of lettuce bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians) and varnish spot (Pseudomonas cichorii)
Authors: Delisle-Houde M. , Tweddell R.J. 
Published: September 2019

Different extracts prepared from wastes (barks, branches, needles, or leaves) of different trees (grey alder, balsam fir, American larch, red maple, sugar maple, white spruce, black spruce, jack pine, white pine, quaking aspen, sweet cherry, and northern red oak) were investigated for their potential use as antibacterial agents for the management of lettuce varnish spot and bacterial leaf spot caused by Pseudomonas cichorii (Swingle) Stapp and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians (Brown) Dye, respectively. Extracts were first screened for their antibacterial activities against P. cichorii and X. campestris pv. vitians using the in vitro disk diffusion assay. Based on the diameter of the inhibition zone, ethanol (95%) extract prepared from sugar maple autumn-shed leaves (SMASL) and aqueous ethanol (50%, v/v) extracts prepared from SMASL and from sugar maple green leaves showed the strongest antibacterial activities. Ethanol (95%) SMASL extract was further investigated for its efficacy to manage bacterial diseases when applied on lettuce plants grown in the greenhouse. Foliar application of ethanol (95%) SMASL extract at a concentration of 3.2 g L−1 was shown to significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduce bacterial leaf spot severity compared with the control without causing phytotoxicity symptoms that could prevent the commercial marketing of the lettuce. Ethanol (95%) SMASL extract (1.6 and 3.2 g L−1) was also shown to significantly reduce varnish spot severity in one experiment out of two. This study identifies for the first time the possibility of exploiting SMASL to manage bacterial diseases affecting horticultural crops.
Extension of the standard model of electroweak interaction and Dark Matter in the tangent bundle geometry
Authors: Herrmann Joachim 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA generalized theory of electroweak interaction is developed based on the underlying geometrical structure of the tangent bundle with symmetries arising from transformations of tangent vectors along the fiber axis at a fixed spacetime point given by the SO(3,1) group. Electroweak interaction beyond the standard model (SM) is described by the little groups$$ SU(2)\otimes E^{c}(2)$$SU(2)⊗Ec(2)($$E^{c}(2)$$Ec(2)is the central extended Euclidian group) which includes the group$$SU(2)\otimes U(1)$$SU(2)⊗U(1)as a limit case. In addition to isospin and hypercharge, two additional quantum numbers arise which explain the existence of families in the SM. The connection coefficients yield the SM gauge potentials but also hypothetical gauge bosons and other hypothetical particles as a Higgs family as well as candidate Dark Matter particles are predicted. Several important consequences for the interaction between dark fermions, dark scalars or dark vector gauge bosons with each other and with SM Higgs and Z-bosons are described.
One-dimensional soliton system of gauged kink and Q-ball
Authors: Loginov A. Yu. , Gauzshtein V. V. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In the present paper, we consider a $$(1 + 1)$$(1+1)-dimensional gauge model consisting of two complex scalar fields interacting with each other through an Abelian gauge field. When the model’s gauge coupling constants are set to zero, the model possesses non-gauged Q-ball and kink solutions that do not interact with each other. It is shown here that for nonzero gauge coupling constants, the model has a soliton solution describing the system that consists of interacting Q-ball and kink components. These two components of the kink-Q-ball system have opposite electric charges, meaning that the total electric charge of the system vanishes. The properties of the kink-Q-ball system are studied both analytically and numerically. In particular, it was found that the system possesses a nonzero electric field and is unstable with respect to small perturbations in the fields.
Retooling a Blood-Based Biomarker: Phase I Assessment of the High-Affinity CA19-9 Antibody HuMab-5B1 for Immuno-PET Imaging of Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Lohrmann Christian , O'Reilly Eileen M. , O'Donoghue Joseph A. , Pandit-Taskar Neeta , Carrasquillo Jorge A. , Lyashchenko Serge K. , Ruan Shutian , Teng Rebecca , Scholz Wolfgang , Maffuid Paul W. , Lewis Jason S. , Weber Wolfgang A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Purpose:
In patients with cancer who have an abnormal biomarker finding, the source of the biomarker in the bloodstream must be located for confirmation of diagnosis, staging, and therapy planning. We evaluated if immuno-PET with the radiolabeled high-affinity antibody HuMab-5B1 (MVT-2163), binding to the cancer antigen CA19-9, can identify the source of elevated biomarkers in patients with pancreatic cancer.

Patients and Methods:
In this phase I dose-escalating study, 12 patients with CA19-9–positive metastatic malignancies were injected with MVT-2163. Within 7 days, all patients underwent a total of four whole-body PET/CT scans. A diagnostic CT scan was performed prior to injection of MVT-2163 to correlate findings on MVT-2163 PET/CT.

Results:
Immuno-PET with MVT-2163 was safe and visualized known primary tumors and metastases with high contrast. In addition, radiotracer uptake was not only observed in metastases known from conventional CT, but also seen in subcentimeter lymph nodes located in typical metastatic sites of pancreatic cancer, which were not abnormal on routine clinical imaging studies. A significant fraction of the patients demonstrated very high and, over time, increased uptake of MVT-2163 in tumor tissue, suggesting that HuMab-5B1 labeled with beta-emitting radioisotopes may have the potential to deliver therapeutic doses of radiation to cancer cells.

Conclusions:
Our study shows that the tumor antigen CA19-9 secreted to the circulation can be used for sensitive detection of primary tumors and metastatic disease by immuno-PET. This significantly broadens the number of molecular targets that can be used for PET imaging and offers new opportunities for noninvasive characterization of tumors in patients.