bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Four Faces of War
Authors: Hoffman Frank 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers a model that frames numerous theories about the future of warfare. It attempts to detail the general shifts in the changing character of war including the rise of indirect approaches, efforts targeting societies and their economic systems via cyber-attacks or influence operations that employ social media to tailor intimate and individualized messages to destabilize or paralyze polities before or during crises. This model challenges the traditional orthodoxy of Western military institutions with their preferred focus on conventional warfare, and offers a framework for policy makers, professionals, and security studies students to examine the probability and consequences of a larger and overlapping set of modes of conflict.
Living with Denial?
Authors: van Hooft Paul 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Ukraine War seems to show that weaker parties can exploit denial strategies; Russia failed to establish air superiority and was unable to protect its surface vessels in the Black Sea. Ukrainians proved highly adept at improvising with cheap unmanned systems. Russian access to advanced technology was denied through sanctions. Yet matters are not so absolute. While it is easier to raise costs over distance and impede access to the battlefield and to the global economy, these costs are not spread evenly. In fact, existing inequalities between great powers, and middle and smaller powers, will be deepened due to increasing technological complexity. Great powers can deny access at the strategic level and the operational level, while still enforcing access for themselves, even if the tactical level remains highly competitive. Consequently, the coming decades will see a competitive struggle between the United States and China, with other states a distant second.
War as Becoming
Authors: Bousquet Antoine 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter puts forwards a conceptualization of war as a protean phenomenon undergoing a ceaseless process of becoming, foregoing the attribution of any essence as per the hoary dictum of a changing character but constant nature of war. The chapter argues that present-day debates over the transformation of war must be seen in the light of the persistent sense of crisis animating military thinking over the past two centuries, contradicting any notion that war ever was a stable phenomenon. A close reading of Clausewitz further shows that the preeminent philosopher of war held to a far more radically processual understanding of war than is usually appreciated. Drawing on the repository of ancient and modern philosophies of becoming and the contemporary science of dynamic systems, the chapter submits that by foregoing our essentialist categories of thought we stand to gain new insights into the mutable manifestations and generative powers of war.
Statistical Analysis of Molecular and Genomic Evolution
Authors: Gu Xun 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This book introduces up-to-date methods in statistics and bioinformatics for the study of molecular and genome evolution. It first provides a concise overview of molecular evolutionary analysis and phylogenetic inference. The following chapters cover four research themes: evolution of protein functionality and functional divergence (Chapters 3 and 4); effective gene pleiotropy estimation under the genotype-phenotype mapping model of protein evolution (Chapter 5); evolution of genetic robustness after gene duplication (Chapter 6), and the statistical models of transcriptome evolution (Chapter 7 for phylogenetic transcriptome analysis, Chapter 8 for ancestral transcriptome inference along a phylogeny, and Chapter 9 for Bayesian estimation of selection strength imposed on transcriptome evolution). The book focuses on how the underlying evolutionary mechanisms can be reasonably modeled so that they can be statistically tested by the current high throughput data. Meanwhile, the book avoids the cumbersome description of technical procedures for specific data types such as normalization or bias correction. The author believes that this book will help new-generation researchers to advance this research field as more data of much higher quality are available.
Statistical Models of Transcriptome Evolution
Authors: Gu Xun 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Many studies show that variations in gene expression account for a substantial portion of phenotypic variations between species. With the help of abundant transcriptome (RNA-seq) data from a broad range of organisms, large-scale comparative analysis has provided a powerful approach to investigating the underlying evolutionary mechanisms. To this end, an appropriate statistical framework for transcriptome evolution is highly desirable. While the Brownian motion (BM) model was suggested to describe neutral changes of gene expression, further studies showed that the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) model that takes the stabilizing selection into account should be used as a basic model for transcriptome evolution. In this chapter we discuss the statistical models in detail.
Foucault’s Concept of Technology
Authors: Villadsen Kaspar 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 clarifies Foucault’s use of concepts, and especially his conceptual inventions around the theme of technology, which demands some work of reconstruction. The chapter begins by examining the role of concepts in Foucault’s work, explicating that Foucault uses concepts to open up an empirical field for description. The chapter then traces Foucault’s gradual shift during the 1970s from his rather unspecific use of the term ‘technology’ to the refinement of ‘the dispositif’, which increasingly comes to substitute for ‘technology’. Towards the end of the 1970s, Foucault clarifies that technology is not a ‘thing’ but rather a nexus of interlinked elements. These elements include institutional practices, techniques, and forms of knowledge that together create a particular strategic disposition in the social body, for example towards normalization. Finally, the chapter highlights that dispositifs develop in dynamic interplay through which techniques first belonging to one dispositif can be reutilized and transformed when appropriated by another dispositif.
Reflexive-reciprocal polysemy in South-Western Bantu
Authors: Bostoen Koen 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on reflexive-reciprocal polysemy within South-Western Bantu and combines a comparative study of synchronic morphosyntactic variation with a reconstruction of its historical development. Many languages of this major clade use either the common Bantu reflexive prefix or a larger construction involving it for the grammatical expression of prototypical reciprocity. It is argued that such reflexive and reflexive-based reciprocals represent a second historical cycle in the innovation of reciprocal marking, which started with the development of semantically non-compositional complex suffixes, such as -as(y)an and -angan, expressing prototypical reciprocity. These cycles of functional change correlate with the observed tendency of simplex non-reflexive reciprocal reflexes of Proto-Bantu *-an to evolve into lexicalized middle suffixes.
‘Outside the Country … ’
Authors: Storey Hugo 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The ‘outside the country’ element of the refugee definition has received least analytical attention, but nevertheless raises particular problems of interpretation. The term ‘outside’ in the phrase ‘country of nationality’ is to be construed so as to require physical absence from the territory of a country, but in this context, territory must be understood in jurisdictional terms, applying international law principles. In this phrase, ‘country’ can only mean a state, since only states have the power to confer nationality. To the phrase ‘country of former habitual residence’, a similar reading must be given, although there are cogent reasons for considering that ‘country’ is a broader concept than state. The concept of ‘former habitual residence’ is one that is meant to be interpreted flexibly and in broad terms, but does, however, require that a person must have lived in the country previously. There can be multiple countries of former habitual residence but in this context it does not have to be the one an applicant was in first or last. It is argued that persons with more than one country of former habitual residence should be subject to the same tests as those that apply to multiple nationals. It is concluded that diplomatic asylum cannot fall under Article 1A(2) because the persons concerned are not ‘outside’ their country of origin. A number of ‘basic propositions’ are identified as being the subject of wide agreement, together with several ‘suggested propositions’.
‘Well-Founded Fear’
Authors: Storey Hugo 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The ‘well-founded fear’ element of the refugee definition furnishes the critical link between its personal and material scope. Application of VCLT rules is seen as capable of supporting either of its two main interpretations, namely the ‘bipartite approach’ or the ‘objective approach’. The former treats both subjective fear and objective fear as necessary conditions; the latter maintains that well-founded fear contains just the one component, namely objective fear. It is considered that proponents of the former, which treats subjective fear as a necessary condition, have so far proved unable to respond effectively to the main criticisms levelled against it. This chapter’s analysis reveals, however, that despite the divide between these two approaches, both concur in considering that the well-founded fear inquiry requires a foundation in fact; an individual assessment; a holistic inquiry; and a risk component. As regards the risk component, a broad consensus is observed to exist for understanding the phrase, in temporal terms, to import what has become known as a ‘forward-looking assessment of risk’. Such assessment must avoid the pitfalls of demanding certainty on the one hand and accepting mere possibilities on the other. Some elements of conjecture and speculation are unavoidable. The risk must be reasonably foreseeable, but there is no requirement of imminence. Finally, attention is drawn to the role in the well-founded fear inquiry of rules governing evidence assessment, the burden and standard of proof in particular. At the end, several ‘basic propositions’ are harvested from the foregoing analysis, along with several ‘suggested propositions’.
Sharing Unpopular Findings
Authors: Olsen Tricia D. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter recounts Tricia Olsen’s experience of sharing her findings from her dataset on corporations and their human rights records with the United Nations Working Group (UNWG) on Business and Human Rights. The seeming synergies linking the UNWG’s professed commitment to data-driven policymaking to Olsen’s own research interests appeared ideal to her (and her coinvestigator) at the time. In retrospect, however, it became clear that the UNWG faced constraints that led them to disregard findings that did not directly support the notion that the UN’s Guiding Principles (UNGPs) on Business and Human Rights were properly designed to reduce human right abuses in the corporate context. Instead, Olsen confronted a range of questions, including how a researcher shares unpopular findings with stakeholders when they conflict with policies that are already agreed upon and/or are being implemented. Concerns about unpopular findings can also arise when researchers need the good will of organizations to ensure better policy outcomes. Olsen’s chapter contextualizes the importance of probing the politics of an issue ahead of time, as well as understanding the constraints actors face within their organizations. This chapter provides guidance on strategies for engagement when incentives between scholars and policymakers are not aligned.
The Problem of Overgeneralization
Authors: Epstein Rachel A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the effect of academic disciplinary norms on the quality of policy discourse. The debate over NATO enlargement reaffirms the value of exploring alternative explanations, study limits, and external validity to avoid overgeneralization—but also shows many violations of these desirable practices. Rachel A. Epstein highlights the intrinsic difficulties of separating positive and normative claims, given that particular values are embedded within the theoretical and methodological choices taken by researchers, but remain unacknowledged. This led researchers to claim they were arguing over the empirical results of NATO enlargement when in fact a different debate was also playing out. A core but hidden dispute was between those who valued democratic sovereignty of newly independent countries versus those who argued that concern for democratic sovereignty “could” never override the “realities” of so-called “great power politics.” Epstein concludes, however, that scholars privileging the relationship between Russia and the US over the democratic sovereignty of East Central Europe might have replaced “could” with “should” in their defense of their “great power politics” approach, since elevating large countries’ interests and perspectives reflects a political preference. Paradoxically, disciplinary norms discourage researchers from displaying their political positions. In striving for objectivity, scholars concealed their underlying political commitments, overgeneralized their findings, and undermined the quality of the policy debate.
A New Era for STEM Assessment
Authors: Pellegrino James W. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The paper provides a comprehensive exploration of STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) assessment in educational settings. It emphasizes the multifaceted nature of assessments, ranging from classroom evaluations to international tests, and the challenges of interpreting their results consistently. The chapter introduces a continuum of assessment practices, stressing the significance of their alignment with curriculum, orientation, and timescales. Assessment is framed as a process of reasoning from evidence, intertwining student cognition, observational evidence, and interpretation. The transformative potential of technology and artificial intelligence (AI) in STEM assessment is highlighted, offering innovative ways for capturing and interpreting student data. However, challenges related to design, equity, and validity in tech-driven assessments are also discussed. The paper underscores the importance of intellectual, fiscal, and political capital in advancing STEM assessment and concludes by advocating for a collective, multidisciplinary effort for realizing the full potential of STEM assessments for equitable education.
AI-Based Diagnosis of Student Reasoning Patterns in NGSS Assessments
Authors: Liu Lei , Cisterna Dante , Kinsey Devon , Qi Yi , Steimel Kenneth 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Scientific reasoning engages students in developing and testing hypotheses about how to make sense of natural phenomena. In this chapter, we describe a project exploring how a machine-learning approach can be utilized to identify student reasoning patterns related to the three dimensions of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). We discuss the importance of identifying student reasoning patterns in the context of NGSS assessments and describe a framework for identifying those patterns in the context of one ecosystem item. We used student responses to this item to develop and validate an AI tool to automate the classification of reasoning patterns and provide feedback to students. We report the results of a cognitive interview study with middle and high school students to evaluate the AI tool. We conclude the chapter by discussing validity issues related to the AI-based classification of student reasoning patterns, potential uses and limitations, and future research.
Smart Learning Partner
Authors: Wang Lei , Li Xijuan , Luo Jiutong , Wang Quan , Wang Cong 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This study presents an innovative approach utilizing the Smart Learning Partner (SLP) to enhance students' subject competency development. The study introduces a comprehensive subject competency framework (SCF) that integrates core knowledge, cognitive modes, research contexts, and tasks. SLP’s assessment-learning-teaching system leverages SCF to accurately diagnose, analyze, and support students’ subject competency performance. The system provides personalized recommendations for resources, aiding independent learning. In classroom teaching, SLP assists teachers in setting goals, designing activities, and evaluating performance based on students’ competency profiles. This two-pronged model fosters a shift towards subject competency-oriented education. SLP’s AI techniques offer knowledge tracking, cognitive mapping, and data visualization, further enhancing the assessment-learning-teaching process. The study proposes a holistic model that aligns assessment, learning, and teaching strategies, contributing to effective subject competency development in education.
Classification of Instructional Activities in Classroom Videos Using Neural Networks
Authors: Foster Jonathan K. , Korban Matthew , Youngs Peter , Watson Ginger S. , Acton Scott T. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Classroom videos have become an integral part of classroom observation and instructional quality studies. Researchers encounter substantial financial and time-consuming costs gathering trained personnel to catalogue and analyze a large quantity (i.e., hundreds of hours) of classroom videos. In this chapter, we argue that deep-learning neural networks have potential to help with these tasks by detecting features of instruction in videos. We evaluated the performance of three neural networks in detecting instructional activities in classroom videos. The video dataset included a total of forty-six hours, which was evenly split between elementary mathematics and English language arts lesson recordings. Results showed that the three neural networks detected instructional activities with a moderate degree of accuracy. We discuss potential opportunities and challenges in automating classroom observations with neural networks for educational research and teaching practice.
Introduction
Authors: Dougall Andrew 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Entanglements between media and nationalist order contestation are not new. This introductory chapter begins by highlighting this fact, before suggesting that it holds the key to unlocking a richer understanding of media’s role in global ordering. It moves to introduce the main arguments of the book, drawing distinctions with existing literature. These arguments concern where media are located in global ordering, what media are, and how to trace media’s ordering effects. Next, the chapter introduces the ideas of protean media and control media. Finally, it outlines the parameters of the study and previews the content of subsequent chapters.
Realizing Greater Britain
Authors: Dougall Andrew 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter completes the analysis of the case of Greater Britain by tracing the domestic corollaries of the ideas explored in Chapter 3. It begins by delineating a group of activists the book terms the ‘ultranationalist right’, outlining its causes, its connection to the idea of Greater Britain, and its relationship to Edwardian unionism. Next, the chapter maps the character of the print media sphere. The chapter then brings these elements together, explaining the passage of ultranationalist arguments through the press using three analytics: cross-pollination, disclosure and diversity, and the structural marginalization of extreme opinion. Each of these foregrounds a particular configuration of distributive affordances, which together help account for the domestic failure of Greater Britain’s ordering vision.
Conclusions
Authors: Gattinara Pietro Castelli , Pirro Andrea L. P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the findings of the book and its distinct contributions to the analysis of far-right politics as well as protest and electoral mobilization more broadly. It highlights the theoretical, methodological, and empirical advancements brought to the field, and relates them to the organizational capacity, decision-making processes, and external mobilization of far-right movement parties. The conclusion ends with a reflection on four key dimensions of continuity and change in far-right politics, in connection with the electoral process, the political mainstream, democracy, and power.
Chimeras, Tall Tales, and ‘Joke-Horns’ in the First Instance
Authors: Diago Ortega José-Modesto 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the basis of prosecution and defence in what would turn out to be the largest judicial battle in culture and industrial property in nineteenth century. The plaintiffs—organized in a sort of lobby—tried to prove formal defects and lack of novelty in the challenged patents (saxhorn, saxotromba, and saxophone), and also to show the danger to French wind instrument manufacture and trade if these documents were to condition the greater part of that market and the army bands’ requests. On the other side, the defence described Sax as a serious industrialist, a lover of progress, and a victim of the jealousy and greed of stagnant makers. This chapter examines those conflicting statements and identifies more substantial underlying aspects: who was actually behind that reform, what was achieved by it, or how a monopoly was legitimized in a capitalist framework of the theoretical free competition.
‘Let Him Calm Down’ and the Judgement of the Lumières
Authors: Diago Ortega José-Modesto 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter develops the prosecution’s arguments, that is, the positioning of the government as an actor in the legal action, which showed a very explicit preference for Sax and his patents (saxhorn, saxotromba, and saxophone). However, the Court of First Instance postponed its verdict until a report was drawn up by a commission of experts who could testify whether the patents and the resulting instruments were legal and truly new. That technical dossier and its controversial authors—a composer, a retired military engineer, and a popularizer (vulgarisateur)—were also entirely favourable to Sax. Although the visible part of the conflict revolved around the alleged validity of the patents, the underlying one concerned the supply of wind instruments to the military bands, who were very lucrative and willing customers, and who were to become a model for civilian and other popular ensembles, such as fanfares.
The Egg of Columbus and a Great Victory
Authors: Diago Ortega José-Modesto 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Imperial Court of Rouen received the summary on which it should rule following the interpretative line that Cassation had established, which foretold the victory of the accused and the restitution of his patents. Moreover, Napoleon III had already made his preferences clear by naming Sax ‘Manufacturer of the Military Household of His Majesty the Emperor’ even though justice had not ruled yet. This chapter discusses the arguments of the parties and, above all, those of the prosecution, including an analogy with Columbus’ egg to justify the contradictions in these documents. The final outcome of that trial (June 1854) legitimized Sax’s patents, who would also be compensated with 10,000 francs. Beyond this victory, this chapter interconnected other parallel planes, such as the reasons why the imperial military leadership supported Sax’s company and granted it a large part of the exclusive supply of brasswinds for the Imperial bands.