bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin G‐associated disease: An overview
Authors: Fujihara Kazuo , Sato Douglas K. , Nakashima Ichiro , Takahashi Toshiyuki , Kaneko Kimihiko , Ogawa Ryo , Akaishi Tetsuya , Matsumoto Yuki , Takai Yoshiki , Nishiyama Shuhei , Kuroda Hiroshi , Misu Tatsuro , Aoki Masashi 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMyelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is localized at the outermost layer of the myelin sheath and is accessible for autoantibodies. Although experimental autoimmune encephalitis induced with MOG immunization has been studied for 30 years, the results of previous reports on MOG immunoglobulin G (IgG) detection with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot are confusing. However, after the development of human MOG‐transfected cell‐based assay to detect conformational‐sensitive MOG‐IgG, unique groups of patients have been found seropositive, and MOG‐IgG‐associated disease has become a hot topic in clinical neuroimmunology. Currently, the clinical spectrum of MOG‐IgG‐associated disease includes idiopathic optic neuritis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, encephalitides (brainstem and cerebral cortical), idiopathic myelitis, atypical multiple sclerosis, aquaporin‐4 IgG‐negative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and others. MOG‐IgG‐associated disease occurs in both children and adults, and the female:male ratio is almost 1:1. Pleocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluids during acute exacerbation is often seen, but oligoclonal IgG bands are usually negative. T helper cell 17, B cells and neutrophil‐related cytokines appear to be upregulated intrathecally. The pathology of acute lesions is characterized by active inflammation demyelination with deposition of immunoglobulins and complements. Just like aquaporin 4 IgG‐positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, some disease‐modifying drugs for multiple sclerosis seem to be inefficacious in MOG‐IgG‐associated disease, and chronic immunosuppression is required to prevent relapse, especially in patients persistently positive for MOG‐IgG. Our understanding of this newly recognized disease remains insufficient, and the progress of research is much expected.
Dysregulated T cells in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Chihara Norio 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMultiple exogenous signals received from cell surface molecules or cytokines play a significant role in altering the host immune response. In chronic autoimmune‐mediated diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), immune cells, especially T cells, are involved in the long‐term pathophysiology. In the past few decades, mechanisms of pathogenic T‐cell involvement at the onset or relapse of disease have been highlighted. However, the factors controlling the disease course have yet to be elucidated because of the complexity of tissue environmental factors. In contrast, dysfunctional or exhausted T cells have been identified as distinct cell lineages in chronic inflammatory diseases, such as cancer or chronic viral infections that show regulatory T cell phenotypes; for example, expressing high levels of co‐inhibitory receptors. Regarding cell surface molecule expression, while co‐stimulatory molecules promote effector T‐cell function, co‐inhibitory molecules promote regulatory T‐cell function, limiting the inflammatory response. In MS, augmented activation of effector T cells as a result of the impairment of regulatory T‐cell function has been implicated. Thus, a comparison between these regulatory T cells in MS and dysfunctional T cells in cancer could provide clues to understand the mechanism of dysregulated T cells, resulting in sustained immune reactions in the long‐term disease course of MS. Furthermore, this reveals new immunomodulatory strategies to regain regulatory T‐cell function in MS.
Initial Clinical Experience with AZD5718, a Novel Once Daily Oral 5‐Lipoxygenase Activating Protein Inhibitor
Authors: Ericsson Hans , Nelander Karin , Lagerstrom‐Fermer Maria , Balendran Clare , Bhat Maria , Chialda Ligia , Gan Li‐Ming , Heijer Maria , Kjaer Magnus , Lambert John , Lindstedt Eva‐Lotte , Forsberg Gun‐Britt , Whatling Carl , Skrtic Stanko 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWe evaluated safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of AZD5718, a novel 5‐lipooxygenase activating protein (FLAP) inhibitor, in a randomized, single‐blind, placebo‐controlled, first‐in‐human (FIH) study consisting of single and multiple ascending dosing (SAD and MAD) for 10 days in healthy subjects. Target engagement was measured by ex vivo calcium ionophore stimulated leukotriene B (LTB4) production in whole blood and endogenous leukotriene E (LTE4) in urine. No clinically relevant safety and tolerability findings were observed. The AZD5718 was rapidly absorbed and plasma concentrations declined biphasically with a mean terminal half‐life of 10–12 h. Steady‐state levels were achieved after ∼3 days. After both SADs and MADs, a dose/concentration‐effect relationship between both LTB4 and LTE4 vs. AZD5718 exposure was observed with concentration of half inhibition (IC50) values in the lower nM range. Based on obtained result, AZD5718 is considered as a suitable drug candidate for future evaluation in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).
Functional neuroanatomy of gesture–speech integration in children varies with individual differences in gesture processing
Authors: Demir‐Lira Özlem Ece , Asaridou Salomi S. , Raja Beharelle Anjali , Holt Anna E. , Goldin‐Meadow Susan , Small Steven L. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractGesture is an integral part of children's communicative repertoire. However, little is known about the neurobiology of speech and gesture integration in the developing brain. We investigated how 8‐ to 10‐year‐old children processed gesture that was essential to understanding a set of narratives. We asked whether the functional neuroanatomy of gesture–speech integration varies as a function of (1) the content of speech, and/or (2) individual differences in how gesture is processed. When gestures provided missing information not present in the speech (i.e., disambiguating gesture; e.g., “pet” + flapping palms = bird), the presence of gesture led to increased activity in inferior frontal gyri, the right middle temporal gyrus, and the left superior temporal gyrus, compared to when gesture provided redundant information (i.e., reinforcing gesture; e.g., “bird” + flapping palms = bird). This pattern of activation was found only in children who were able to successfully integrate gesture and speech behaviorally, as indicated by their performance on post‐test story comprehension questions. Children who did not glean meaning from gesture did not show differential activation across the two conditions. Our results suggest that the brain activation pattern for gesture–speech integration in children overlaps with—but is broader than—the pattern in adults performing the same task. Overall, our results provide a possible neurobiological mechanism that could underlie children's increasing ability to integrate gesture and speech over childhood, and account for individual differences in that integration.
Rethinking Economics and Education: Exponential Growth and Post‐Growth Strategies
Authors: Irwin Ruth 
Published: March 2018

AbstractEducation is increasingly vocational and structured to serve the ongoing exponential increase in economic growth. Climate change is an outcome of these same economic values and praxes. Attempts to shift these values and our approach to technology are continually absorbed and overcome by the pressing motif of economic growth. In this article, Ruth Irwin uses Martin Heidegger's concept of the technological enframing of modernity to view economic growth. John Maynard Keynes's notion of economic growth (which he called the “multiplier effect”) has impacted the pace of consumerism that now permeates every aspect of knowing about the world we live in. Irwin asks us to think through technological enframing anew by looking to an early mechanical Greek artifact, the Antikythera mechanism, which depicts a cyclical notion of time used by ancient cultures to define the rhythm of economic productivity. The earth‐centric cosmos embodied by this mechanism helped the Mesopotamian economy stay within the parameters of the local ecology and demonstrates that cyclical economic growth may enable a civilization to maintain a steady state over time and survive for millennia. An earth‐centric cosmology creates a different set of values, one that emphasizes the need to regulate the pace of consumerism rather than allowing it free rein “as by an Invisible Hand.” The role of education in this exploration is twofold: first, it is a pivotal site for cultural exploration and transformation; and second, the expectations of the state strictly limit the forms education can take, so that as long as promoting economic growth defines state expectations, education will remain subservient to these values. If we aim to overcome climate change, Irwin concludes, we need to transform the expectations for education from society as well as from teachers.
Earth Juts into World: An Earth Ethics for Ecologizing Philosophy of Education
Authors: Joldersma Clarence W. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPhilosophers of education often focus their critique on issues such as neoliberalism, consumerism, pluralism, and so on, and they typically turn for solutions to what we might call the political: democracy, the public, cosmopolitanism, dissent. These critiques and solutions remain firmly connected to what Heidegger calls “the world,” and this worldly analysis seemingly hovers above earthly issues of the environment and ecology. In this article, Clarence Joldersma employs Martin Heidegger's distinction between earth and world, drawing on Kelly Oliver's interpretation of it, to “ecologize” philosophy of education by arguing that that earth “juts” into the world. Philosophy of education needs a Derridean supplement, something that makes up for a lack, but that, in filling the lack, simultaneously supplants it. Joldersma invites philosophy of education to supplement its worldly principles (dissent, democracy, and the like) with an “earth ethics” that is characterized by three features. First, this ethics lets the earth and earthlings be, recognizing their continuing mystery as beings. Second, it acknowledges gratefulness toward the earth, an indebtedness to the earth for the reliable support it provides to our worldly projects and concerns. Third, it recognizes earth's fundamental fragility, that its seeming worldly dependability conceals an earthly vulnerability. Joldersma concludes that these three features, in tandem, give rise to an earthly ethics of responsibility. Philosophy of education needs an earth ethics to supplement, if not supplant, its worldly principles.
Concordance of child self‐reported psychotic experiences with interview‐ and observer‐based psychotic experiences
Authors: Gundersen Steffie V. , Goodman Robert , Clemmensen Lars , Rimvall Martin K. , Munkholm Anja , Rask Charlotte Ulrikka , Skovgaard Anne Mette , Van Os Jim , Jeppesen Pia 
Published: March 2018

AimValid instruments for the early identification of psychotic experiences (PE) and symptoms in youths are urgently needed for large‐scale preventive interventions. A new section of The‐Development‐and‐Well‐Being Assessment (DAWBA) measuring child self‐reported PE has yet to be validated. The current study aimed to investigate the concurrent validity of DAWBA‐based self‐reported PE (PE‐S) with regard to interview‐based measures of PE (PE‐I).MethodsParticipants were 1571 (47.8% male) children of age 11 to 12 years from the Copenhagen Child Cohort 2000 (CCC2000) with complete data from both the online PE‐section of DAWBA and the following face‐to‐face interview and assessment of PE. The DAWBA‐PE‐section asks the child 10 questions covering auditory and visual hallucinations, delusional ideas and subjective thought disturbances ever in life; and attributions to sleep, fever, illness or drug intake. The interview‐based assessment of PE was performed by trained professionals using 22 items from The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children‐Present and Lifetime Version (KSADS‐PL). The two assessments were completed independently.ResultsThe prevalence of PE‐S was 28.1% (24.3% for PE‐S with no frequent attributions), compared with 10.2% for PE‐I. The predictive values of PE‐S for any PE‐I were: sensitivity = 73.8%, specificity = 77.1%, positive predictive value (PPV) = 26.8% and negative predictive value (NPV) = 96.3%. Self‐reported visual hallucinations had the best overall predictive values with a sensitivity of 43.1%, specificity of 94.0%, PPV of 44.8% and a NPV of 93.6% for any PE‐I.ConclusionThe DAWBA‐section proved valuable as a screening tool for PE in the youth general population.
Dopaminergic neuromodulation of high gamma stimulus phase‐locking in gerbil primary auditory cortex mediated by D1/D5‐receptors
Authors: Deliano Matthias , Brunk Michael G. K. , El‐Tabbal Mohamed , Zempeltzi Maria M. , Happel Max F. K. , Ohl Frank W. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractCortical release of the neurotransmitter dopamine has been implied in adapting cortical processing with respect to various functions including coding of stimulus salience, expectancy, error prediction, behavioral relevance and learning. Dopamine agonists have been shown to modulate recurrent cortico‐thalamic feedback, and should therefore also affect synchronization and amplitude of thalamo‐cortical oscillations. In this study, we have used multitaper spectral and time–frequency analysis of stimulus‐evoked and spontaneous current source density patterns in primary auditory cortex of Mongolian gerbils to characterize dopaminergic neuromodulation of the oscillatory structure of current sources and sinks. We systemically applied D1/D5‐receptor agonist SKF‐38393 followed by competitive D1/D5‐receptor antagonist SCH‐23390. Our results reveal an increase in stimulus phase‐locking in the high gamma‐band (88–97 Hz) by SKF‐38393, specifically in layers III/IV at the best frequency, which occurred at 20 ms after tone onset, and was reversed by SCH‐23390. However, changes in induced oscillatory power after SKF‐38393 treatment occurred stimulus‐independently in the background activity in different layers than phase‐locking effects and were not reversed by SCH‐23390. These effects might either reflect longer‐lasting changes in neural background noise, non‐specific changes due to ketamine anesthesia, or an interaction of both. Without concomitant stimulus‐induced power increase, increased stimulus phase‐locking in layers III/IV indicates enhanced phase‐resetting of neural oscillations by the stimulus after D1/D5‐receptor activation. The frequency characteristics, together with the demonstrated stimulus specificity and layer specificity, suggest that changes in phase‐resetting originate from dopaminergic neuromodulation of thalamo‐cortical interactions. Enhanced phase‐resetting might be a key step in the recruitment of cortical activity modes interpreting sensory input.
The use of a rein tension device to compare different training methods for neck flexion in base‐level trained Warmblood horses at the walk
Authors: Veen I. , Killian D. , Vlaminck L. , Vernooij J. C. M. , Back W. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryBackgroundDebate surrounds the use of high rein tension for obtaining different head and neck positions in the training of sport horses on account of possible welfare issues.ObjectivesTo compare auxiliary rein tension in two methods (Draw Reins and Concord Leader) for obtaining a standardised head and neck position on a hard and a soft surface.Study designIntervention study.MethodsLeft and right rein tensions were measured in 11 base‐level trained client‐owned sport horses (mean age ± s.d.; 10 ± 3.2 years) exercised in‐hand with, in a random order, conventional draw reins or the newly developed Concord Leader in a standardised head and neck position. Rein tension was measured using a calibrated device operating at 10 Hz during six runs of 15 s in a straight line for each training method on both a hard and a soft surface. A linear mixed model and grouped logistic regression analysis were applied to compare the two methods (P<0.05).ResultsThe odds of a tension of 0 N were lower with draw reins than with the Concord Leader. The rein tension (mean sum of the force applied, in N) of the draw reins was 13.8 times higher than that of the Concord Leader.Main limitationsThis study was performed on horses exercised in‐hand; however, these auxiliary aids are normally used when lungeing. Possible redirection of rein tension towards the poll was not measured.ConclusionsWe showed that when using the Concord Leader a similar head and neck position is achieved with a much lower rein tension than with the draw reins and, more importantly, with a much greater likelihood of 0 N. It is unnecessary to use high auxiliary rein tension to obtain a standard, flexed head and neck position.
Combining abundance and performance data reveals how temperature regulates coastal occurrences and activity of a roaming apex predator
Authors: Payne Nicholas L. , Meyer Carl G. , Smith James A. , Houghton Jonathan D. R. , Barnett Adam , Holmes Bonnie J. , Nakamura Itsumi , Papastamatiou Yannis P. , Royer Mark A. , Coffey Daniel M. , Anderson James M. , Hutchinson Melanie R. , Sato Katsufumi , Halsey Lewis G. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe redistribution of species has emerged as one of the most pervasive impacts of anthropogenic climate warming, and presents many societal challenges. Understanding how temperature regulates species distributions is particularly important for mobile marine fauna such as sharks given their seemingly rapid responses to warming, and the socio‐political implications of human encounters with some dangerous species. The predictability of species distributions can potentially be improved by accounting for temperature's influence on performance, an elusive relationship for most large animals. We combined multi‐decadal catch data and bio‐logging to show that coastal abundance and swimming performance of tiger sharks Galeocerdo cuvier are both highest at ~22°C, suggesting thermal constraints on performance may regulate this species' distribution. Tiger sharks are responsible for a large proportion of shark bites on humans, and a focus of controversial control measures in several countries. The combination of distribution and performance data moves towards a mechanistic understanding of tiger shark's thermal niche, and delivers a simple yet powerful indicator for predicting the location and timing of their occurrences throughout coastlines. For example, tiger sharks are mostly caught at Australia's popular New South Wales beaches (i.e. near Sydney) in the warmest months, but our data suggest similar abundances will occur in winter and summer if annual sea surface temperatures increase by a further 1–2°C.
Antihypertensive properties of aqueous extracts of vegetable leaf‐fortified bread after oral administration to spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Alashi Adeola M. , Taiwo Kehinde A. , Oyedele Durodoluwa , Adebooye Odunayo C. , Aluko Rotimi E. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThis study investigated the potential cardiovascular health benefits of leavened bread produced from wheat flour that contained 1%, 2% and 3% additions of leafy vegetable powders obtained from Amaranthus viridis (AO), Solanum macrocarpon (SM) or Telfairia occidentalis (TO). Dried breads were extracted with water at 60 °C followed by analysis for total polyphenolic content (TPC), as well as in vitro inhibitions of angiotensin‐converting enzyme and renin activities. HPLC analysis of the bread extracts indicated the presence of mainly rutin, gallic acid, myricetin and caffeic acid. TPC of the vegetable‐fortified breads was significantly (P < 0.05) higher (5.8–7.6 mg gallic acid equivalent, GAE/g) than that of control bread (5.5 mg GAE/g). Oral administration of 100 mg dried extract/kg body weight to spontaneously hypertensive rats led to reductions (up to 42 mmHg) in systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure in comparison with 20 mmHg for the control bread.
Maternal Into‐The‐Face Behavior, Shared Attention, and Infant Distress During Face‐to‐Face Play at 12 Months: Bi‐directional Contingencies
Authors: Galligan Robert P. , Beebe Beatrice , Milne Dafne , Ewing Julie , Lee Sang Han , Buck Karen A. 
Published: March 2018

We describe a new maternal intrusion behavior, moving a toy or hand “into‐the‐face” of the infant, and we investigate its bi‐directional associations with infant‐initiated shared attention, infant distress, and infant gaze, during mother–infant face‐to‐face play at 12 months. The play was videotaped split‐screen, with infants seated in a high chair. Videotapes were coded on a 1‐sec time base for mother and infant gaze (at partner, toy, both, or gaze away); infant distress; and maternal intrusion behavior, “into‐the‐face.” We defined “infant‐initiated shared attention” as mother and infant looking in the same second at a toy that the infant‐initiated interest in. We documented that maternal into‐the‐face behavior decreased the likelihood of infant‐initiated shared attention, increased the likelihood of infant distress, and decreased the likelihood of infant gazing away. Reciprocally, infant distress and gazing away increased the likelihood of mother into‐the‐face. In moments when the dyad was engaged in infant‐initiated shared attention, mother into‐the‐face was less likely. This work documents bi‐directional contingencies in the regulation of maternal intrusion and infant behavior during face‐to‐face play at 12 months. We suggest that mother into‐the‐face behavior disturbs an aspect of the infant's experience of recognition.
Viral etiologies of influenza‐like illness and severe acute respiratory infections in Thailand
Authors: Chittaganpitch Malinee , Waicharoen Sunthareeya , Yingyong Thitipong , Praphasiri Prabda , Sangkitporn Somchai , Olsen Sonja J. , Lindblade Kim A. 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundInformation on the burden, characteristics and seasonality of non‐influenza respiratory viruses is limited in tropical countries.ObjectivesDescribe the epidemiology of selected non‐influenza respiratory viruses in Thailand between June 2010 and May 2014 using a sentinel surveillance platform established for influenza.MethodsPatients with influenza‐like illness (ILI; history of fever or documented temperature ≥38°C, cough, not requiring hospitalization) or severe acute respiratory infection (SARI; history of fever or documented temperature ≥38°C, cough, onset <10 days, requiring hospitalization) were enrolled from 10 sites. Throat swabs were tested for influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), metapneumovirus (MPV), parainfluenza viruses (PIV) 1‐3, and adenoviruses by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or real‐time reverse transcriptase‐PCR.ResultsWe screened 15 369 persons with acute respiratory infections and enrolled 8106 cases of ILI (5069 cases <15 years old) and 1754 cases of SARI (1404 cases <15 years old). Among ILI cases <15 years old, influenza viruses (1173, 23%), RSV (447, 9%), and adenoviruses (430, 8%) were the most frequently identified respiratory viruses tested, while for SARI cases <15 years old, RSV (196, 14%) influenza (157, 11%) and adenoviruses (90, 6%) were the most common. The RSV season significantly overlapped the larger influenza season from July to November in Thailand.ConclusionsThe global expansion of influenza sentinel surveillance provides an opportunity to gather information on the characteristics of cases positive for non‐influenza respiratory viruses, particularly seasonality, although adjustments to case definitions may be required.