bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4-Hydroxyglutamate is a novel predictor of pre-eclampsia
Authors: Sovio Ulla , McBride Nancy , Wood Angela M , Masconi Katya L , Cook Emma , Gaccioli Francesca , Charnock-Jones D Stephen , Lawlor Debbie A , Smith Gordon C S 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundPre-term pre-eclampsia is a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. A multi-centre randomized–controlled trial has shown that first-trimester screening followed by treatment of high-risk women with aspirin reduces the risk of pre-term pre-eclampsia. However, the biomarkers currently employed in risk prediction are only weakly associated with the outcome.MethodsWe conducted a case–cohort study within the Pregnancy Outcome Prediction study to analyse untargeted maternal serum metabolomics in samples from 12, 20, 28 and 36 weeks of gestational age (wkGA) in women with pre-eclampsia delivering at term (n = 165) and pre-term (n = 29), plus a random sample of the cohort (n = 325). We used longitudinal linear mixed models to identify candidate metabolites at 20/28 wkGA that differed by term pre-eclampsia status. Candidates were validated using measurements at 36 wkGA in the same women. We then tested the association between the 12-, 20- and 28-wkGA measurements and pre-term pre-eclampsia. We externally validated the association using 24- to 28-wkGA samples from the Born in Bradford study (25 cases and 953 controls).ResultsWe identified 100 metabolites that differed most at 20/28 wkGA in term pre-eclampsia. Thirty-three of these were validated (P &lt; 0.0005) at 36 wkGA. 4-Hydroxyglutamate and C-glycosyltryptophan were independently predictive at 36 wkGA of term pre-eclampsia. 4-Hydroxyglutamate was also predictive (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 95% confidence interval) of pre-term pre-eclampsia at 12 (0.673, 0.558–0.787), 20 (0.731, 0.657–0.806) and 28 wkGA (0.733, 0.627–0.839). The predictive ability of 4-hydroxyglutamate at 12 wkGA was stronger than two existing protein biomarkers, namely PAPP-A (0.567, 0.439–0.695) and placenta growth factor (0.589, 0.463–0.714). Finally, 4-hydroxyglutamate at 24–28 wkGA was positively associated with pre-eclampsia (term or pre-term) among women from the Born in Bradford study.Conclusions4-hydroxyglutamate is a novel biochemical predictor of pre-eclampsia that provides better first-trimester prediction of pre-term disease than currently employed protein biomarkers.
Maximum number of modes of Gaussian mixtures
Authors: Améndola Carlos , Engström Alexander , Haase Christian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Gaussian mixture models are widely used in Statistics. A fundamental aspect of these distributions is the study of the local maxima of the density or modes. In particular, it is not known how many modes a mixture of $k$ Gaussians in $d$ dimensions can have. We give a brief account of this problem’s history. Then, we give improved lower bounds and the first upper bound on the maximum number of modes, provided it is finite.
Identification and Quantification of 5-Fluoro ADB and the 5-Fluoro ADB Ester Hydrolysis Metabolite in Postmortem Blood Samples by LC–MS/MS
Authors: Seither Joshua Z , Reidy Lisa J , Boland Diane M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
5-Fluoro ADB, also known as 5-fluoro MDMB-PINACA, is a potent synthetic cannabinoid that is an agonist to the human cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. Adverse physiological and psychological effects that have resulted in hospitalization and/or death have been associated with 5-Fluoro ADB use. In addition, analytical confirmation of 5-Fluoro ADB use has been reported in both forensic human performance toxicology and postmortem cases. An analytical method for the identification and quantification of 5-fluoro ADB and the 5-fluoro ADB ester hydrolysis metabolite in human blood samples by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was created and validated. The linear range of this assay was determined to be 0.01–10 ng/mL for 5-fluoro ADB and 10–500 ng/mL for the 5-fluoro ADB ester hydrolysis metabolite. The method met both precision and accuracy requirements. Endogenous and exogenous interferences were not observed. Ion suppression exceeding 25% was observed for 5-fluoro ADB. However, additional experiments were performed to ensure that the observed suppression did not affect other method validation parameters such as limit of detection and accuracy. Blood samples from 36 postmortem cases were analyzed utilizing this methodology. The average blood concentration of 5-fluoro ADB was 0.29 ng/mL in central blood specimens and 0.05 ng/mL in peripheral blood specimens. The average blood concentration of the 5-fluoro ADB ester hydrolysis metabolite was 49 ng/mL in central blood specimens and 21 ng/mL in peripheral blood specimens. A serum sample was also analyzed and had a serum concentration of 0.12 ng/mL for 5-fluoro ADB and 42 ng/mL for the 5-fluoro ADB ester hydrolysis metabolite. As the concentration of the 5-fluoro ADB ester hydrolysis metabolite was found at a greater concentration than that of 5-fluoro ADB, this metabolite may be a useful marker to monitor in an attempt to confirm 5-fluoro ADB use in toxicological investigations.
Effects of larval Age at Grafting and Juvenile Hormone on Morphometry and Reproductive Quality Parameters of in Vitro Reared Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: De Souza Daiana A , Hartfelder Klaus H , Tarpy David R 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe honey bee queen plays a central role in the Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colony, and her high reproductive capacity is fundamental for building up the workforce of a colony. Caste development in honey bee females involves elaborate physiological pathways unleashed at the beginning of the first larval instars, with juvenile hormone (JH) playing a crucial role. Here we took advantage of established in vitro rearing techniques to conduct a 2 × 2 experimental design and test initial rearing age (young vs old) and JH treatment (JH III vs solvent control) to enlighten the role of nutrient quality and JH in shaping honey bee female fertility, morphological features related to queenliness, and key physiological parameters (hemolymph vitellogenin/Vg, sugar levels, and Vg transcript levels). Our results show that while the age at initial larval rearing had major impacts on external morphology development, where younger larvae exhibited a higher probability to develop into queen-like adults morphotypes, the JH application during the larval stage improved physiological pathways related to ovary development and metabolism during the ontogenic development. We detected that the supplementation of queen larvae with JH promoted important benefits regarding queen fertility as the increase of ovariole number and vg levels at hemolymph, both crucial factors at eggs production. The data presented here provide guidance in efforts to improve honey bee queen quality, especially in light of frequent episodes of queen failures in the beekeeping industry.
Geographical Variations in Life Histories of House Flies, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), in Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Khan Hafiz Azhar Ali , Khan Muhammad Umer , Nasiba Amara , Riaz Saira , Altaf Maria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Musca domestica Linnaeus is an important public health pest with the ability to adapt to diverse climates. Assessment of variations in biology and life-history traits of insects along geographical gradients is important for a successful management plan in different regions. We investigated life-history traits and life table parameters of M. domestica from six different geographical regions of Punjab, Pakistan: Rahim Yar Khan (RYK), Bahawalpur (BWP), Multan (MTN), Lahore (LHR), Gujrat (GJT), and Murree (MRE). Overall, M. domestica from localities of lower latitude and elevations with higher mean temperatures completed their development faster than those from localities of higher latitude and elevations with lower mean temperatures. The immature developmental time was the longest for the MRE population that was collected from higher latitude and elevation with cooler climate, whereas the shortest for the RYK population from lower latitude with warmer climate. Pupal weights were heavier for the RYK, BWP, and MTN populations, all were from the lowest latitude and elevations with warmer climate, compared with rest of the field populations. Similarly, rate of adult eclosion, fecundity, egg hatching, longevity, and life table parameters such as intrinsic rate of population increase, mean relative growth rate, net reproductive rate, and biotic potential were significantly higher for the RYK, BWP, and MTN populations compared with the GJT, LHR, and MRE populations of M. domestica. The current results will probably be of importance when planning management of M. domestica in different geographical regions of Pakistan.
What the Future ‘Might’ Brings
Authors: Boylan David 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis paper concerns a puzzle about the interaction of epistemic modals and future tense. In cases of predictable forgetfulness, speakers cannot describe their future states of mind with epistemic modals under future tense, but promising theories of epistemic modals do not predict this. In §1, I outline the puzzle. In §2, I argue that it undermines a very general approach to epistemic modals that draws a tight connection between epistemic modality and evidence. In §3, I defend the assumption that tense can indeed scope over epistemic modals. In §4, I outline a new way of determining the domain of quantification of epistemic modals: epistemic modals quantify over the worlds compatible with the information accumulated within a certain interval. Information loss can change which interval is relevant for determining the domain. In §5, I defend the view from some objections. In §6, I explore the connections between my view of epistemic modality and circumstantial modality.
Identification of Young Stellar Object candidates in the Gaia DR2 x AllWISE catalogue with machine learning methods
Authors: Marton G , Ábrahám P , Szegedi-Elek E , Varga J , Kun M , Kóspál Á , Varga-Verebélyi E , Hodgkin S , Szabados L , Beck R , Kiss Cs 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
The second Gaia Data Release (DR2) contains astrometric and photometric data for more than 1.6 billion objects with mean Gaia G magnitude &lt;20.7, including many Young Stellar Objects (YSOs) in different evolutionary stages. In order to explore the YSO population of the Milky Way, we combined the Gaia DR2 data base with Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and Planck measurements and made an all-sky probabilistic catalogue of YSOs using machine learning techniques, such as Support Vector Machines, Random Forests, or Neural Networks. Our input catalogue contains 103 million objects from the DR2xAllWISE cross-match table. We classified each object into four main classes: YSOs, extragalactic objects, main-sequence stars, and evolved stars. At a 90 per cent probability threshold, we identified 1 129 295 YSO candidates. To demonstrate the quality and potential of our YSO catalogue, here we present two applications of it. (1) We explore the 3D structure of the Orion A star-forming complex and show that the spatial distribution of the YSOs classified by our procedure is in agreement with recent results from the literature. (2) We use our catalogue to classify published Gaia Science Alerts. As Gaia measures the sources at multiple epochs, it can efficiently discover transient events, including sudden brightness changes of YSOs caused by dynamic processes of their circumstellar disc. However, in many cases the physical nature of the published alert sources are not known. A cross-check with our new catalogue shows that about 30 per cent more of the published Gaia alerts can most likely be attributed to YSO activity. The catalogue can be also useful to identify YSOs among future Gaia alerts.
Atomic and molecular gas in IllustrisTNG galaxies at low redshift
Authors: Diemer Benedikt , Stevens Adam R H , Lagos Claudia del P , Calette A R , Tacchella Sandro , Hernquist Lars , Marinacci Federico , Nelson Dylan , Pillepich Annalisa , Rodriguez-Gomez Vicente , Villaescusa-Navarro Francisco , Vogelsberger Mark 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
We have recently developed a post-processing framework to estimate the abundance of atomic and molecular hydrogen (H i and H2, respectively) in galaxies in large-volume cosmological simulations. Here we compare the H i and H2 content of IllustrisTNG galaxies to observations. We mostly restrict this comparison to z ≈ 0 and consider six observational metrics: the overall abundance of H i and H2, their mass functions, gas fractions as a function of stellar mass, the correlation between H2 and star formation rate, the spatial distribution of gas, and the correlation between gas content and morphology. We find generally good agreement between simulations and observations, particularly for the gas fractions and the H i mass–size relation. The H2 mass correlates with star formation rate as expected, revealing an almost constant depletion time that evolves up to z = 2 as observed. However, we also discover a number of tensions with varying degrees of significance, including an overestimate of the total neutral gas abundance at z = 0 by about a factor of 2 and a possible excess of satellites with no or very little neutral gas. These conclusions are robust to the modelling of the H i/H2 transition. In terms of their neutral gas properties, the IllustrisTNG simulations represent an enormous improvement over the original Illustris run. All data used in this paper are publicly available as part of the IllustrisTNG data release.
Phase 0 Clinical Trial Strategies for the Neurosurgical Oncologist
Authors: Sanai Nader 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In an era of escalating drug discovery costs, shifting priorities within the pharmaceutical industry, and longstanding challenges in central nervous system drug delivery, surgical trials offer an avenue to identify promising agents with demonstrable tumor penetration and molecular effects. The rise of pharmacodynamic- and pharmacokinetic-driven clinical trials, including phase 0 study designs, creates an opportunity for the neurosurgical oncologist to engage drug development for brain tumor patients directly. Here, we review the phase 0 clinical trial mechanism as well as its current and future applications within neurosurgical oncology.
Cigarette Smoking Is Associated With Lower Quadriceps Cross-sectional Area and Attenuation in Older Adults
Authors: Marques Elisa A , Elbejjani Martine , Frank-Wilson Andrew W , Gudnason Vilmundur , Sigurdsson Gunnar , Lang Thomas F , Jonsson Palmi V , Sigurdsson Sigurdur , Aspelund Thor , Siggeirsdottir Kristin , Launer Lenore , Eiriksdottir Gudny , Harris Tamara B 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Introduction
In addition to well-established links with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, cigarette smoking may affect skeletal muscle; however, associations with quadriceps atrophy, density, and function are unknown. This study explored the associations of current and former smoking with quadriceps muscle area and attenuation as well as muscle force (assessed as knee extension peak torque) and rate of torque development—a measure of muscle power in older adults.

Methods
Data from 4469 older adults, aged 66–95 years at baseline in the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study with measurements of thigh computed tomography, isometric knee extension testing, self-reported smoking history, and potential covariates were analyzed.

Results
Sex differences were observed in these data; therefore, our final analyses are stratified by sex. In men, both former smokers and current smokers had lower muscle area (with β= –0.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] = –0.17 to –0.03 and β = –0.19, 95% CI = –0.33 to –0.05, respectively) and lower muscle attenuation (ie, higher fat infiltration, β = –0.08, 95% CI = –0.16 to –0.01 and β = –0.17, 95% CI = –0.34 to –0.01, respectively) when compared with never smokers. Smoking status was not associated with male peak torque or rate of torque development. In women, current smoking was associated with lower muscle attenuation (β = –0.24, 95% CI = –0.34 to –0.13) compared to never smoking. Among female smokers (current and former), muscle attenuation and peak torque were lower with increasing pack-years.

Conclusions
Results suggest that cigarette smoking is related to multiple muscle properties at older age and that these relationships may be different among men and women.

Implications
This article presents novel data, as it examined for the first time the relationship between smoking and computed tomography-derived quadriceps muscle size (cross-sectional area) and attenuation. This study suggests that current cigarette smoking is related to higher muscle fat infiltration, which may have significant health implications for the older population, because of its known association with poor physical function, falls, and hip fractures.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism, Lower Extremity Strength, and Physical Performance in Older Adults
Authors: Shuler Kurt , Sucic Joseph F , Talley Susan Ann , Goldberg Allon 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Evidence for associations between the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and physical performance is conflicting. Furthermore, investigations of relationships between lower extremity strength and physical performance have usually not considered the role of the ACE genotype, and it is unclear whether there are variations in relationships between lower extremity strength and physical performance among ACE genotypes in older adults.

Objective
The objectives of this study were to investigate associations between the ACE I/D polymorphism and physical performance and to determine whether relationships between lower extremity strength and physical performance vary among ACE genotypes in older adults.

Design
This was a cross-sectional observational study.

Methods
Community-dwelling adults (N = 88) who were at least 60 years old completed physical performance and lower extremity strength tests. After DNA was extracted from saliva, ACE I/D polymorphism genotyping was done. The Spearman rank order correlation coefficient was used to examine associations between lower extremity strength and physical performance within ACE genotype subgroups. Analysis of covariance and linear regression were used to examine ACE genotype and ACE genotype × lower extremity strength interaction effects in relation to physical performance.

Results
Genotype-specific correlation coefficients exhibited substantial variation among ACE genotype subgroups; however, differences did not attain statistical significance. Statistically significant genotype × lower extremity strength interaction effects in relation to physical performance were detected.

Limitations
The cross-sectional design precludes inferring causal relationships between strength and performance. The small sample size contributed to limited power to detect additional interaction effects and to detect statistically significant differences between correlation coefficients among ACE genotype subgroups.

Conclusions
The ACE I/D polymorphism is, interactively with lower extremity strength, associated with physical performance. Genotype-specific correlation coefficients and ACE genotype × lower extremity strength interaction effects on physical performance are consistent with variations in relationships between lower extremity strength and performance among ACE genotype subgroups.
Treatment Effect of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound on Benzene- and Cyclophosphamide-Induced Aplastic Anemia in Rabbits
Authors: Liu Baoru , Chen Wenzhi , Jiang Jingwei , Zhou Weichen , Zhang Yu , He Ruixin , Wang Yong , Li Junshu , Liang Dandan , Chen Junlin , Wang Wei , Luo Dong , Wang Yan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Transplantation and immunosuppressive therapies are the available treatments for aplastic anemia; however, each strategy has its advantages and disadvantages.

Objective
The aim of this study was to find a new strategy for aplastic anemia treatment.

Design
This was an experimental and comparative study.

Methods
The aplastic anemia model was established by injecting rabbits with benzene and cyclophosphamide. The rabbits with aplastic anemia were divided into low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) and control groups. The distal femoral metaphysis of rabbits in the LIPUS group was treated with ultrasound for 30 days (20 min/d), whereas the control group received a sham treatment. Diarrhea, mortality, and blood cell count were evaluated. The levels of forkhead box P3, interleukin 17, interleukin 4, and interferon gamma were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bone marrow hyperplasia was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and scanning electron microscopy.

Results
The numbers of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets (PLTs) were lower, the amount of hematopoietic tissue was lower, and the amount of adipose tissue was higher in the rabbit aplastic anemia model than in the normal rabbits. The numbers of RBCs, WBCs, and PLTs increased after LIPUS treatment. The interleukin 17 level decreased, whereas the forkhead box P3 level increased. The amount of hematopoietic tissue increased, whereas the amount of adipose tissue decreased.

Limitations
The number of hematopoietic stem cells could not be evaluated.

Conclusions
LIPUS improved the hematopoietic microenvironment, accelerated the reconstruction of bone marrow cells, and increased the quantity and quality of RBCs, WBCs, and PLTs in the peripheral blood. Hence, it can serve as a novel treatment strategy for aplastic anemia in the future.
Revisiting the Egyptian Uprising of 2011: Exploring the Role of Relational Networks within the Cairo-Based Political Opposition
Authors: Wackenhut Arne F 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRevisiting the Egyptian Uprising of 2011, I argue that strong relational networks linking actors in the broader Cairo-based political opposition—a conglomerate of prodemocracy movement organizations—should be understood as a necessary, albeit insufficient, causal condition for the diffusion of protest. These networks fulfilled two essential functions. 1) They were critical in terms of professionally socializing a new generation of activists—many of whom would become early riser participants during the initial protests on January 25, 2011. 2) The networks allowed for critically important coordination of and mobilization for the protests as they cut across boundaries of individual social and protest movement organizations. Based on 55 semi-structured interviews, I trace the genesis of these relational networks during the first decade of the new millennium, showing how a coalition of actors sought to capitalize on a transnational demonstration effect triggered by the Tunisian Revolution. This group—linked by dense relational networks—then functioned as early risers during the initial stages of the uprising and encouraged other segments of Egyptian society to join the protests and to openly challenge a regime that had often been regarded as impenetrable to popular demands for socio-political change from below.
Unmet Menstrual Hygiene Needs Among Low-Income Women
Authors: Kuhlmann Anne Sebert , Bergquist Eleanor Peters , Danjoint Djenie , Wall L. Lewis 
Published: May 2019

(Abstracted from Obstet Gynecol 2019;133:238–244)
Women with adequate menstrual hygiene have access to soap and water for washing, access to clean sanitary materials (that can be changed in private), and access to a place for the hygienic disposal of used sanitary materials or washing reusable pads. Inadequate menstrual hygiene is common among women in low-resource countries.