bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Mandibular Condylar Morphology By Orthopantomogram In Bangladeshi Population
Authors: Md Anisuzzaman Mostafa , Khan Safiquer Rahman , Khan Mohammad Tariqul Islam , Abdullah Md Kamal , Afrin Alia 
Published: May 2019

Background: Orthopantomograph (OPG) is one of the most common radiograph use by dental surgeon for evaluate information about teeth, Maxilla, Mandible and other bony structure. It is also available, low price and low doses of radiation. Mandibular condyle is most important landmarks of mandible, which is changes due to ageing process, developmental abnormalities, distinct diseases, trauma, endocrine shock, radio therapy etc. Panoramic radiographs remain the best screening modality for temporomandibular joint abnormalities today. Objectives: The aims at objective of observing and documentation of shapes of condyle on an orthopantomogram, which were very important for treatment of patient in different branch of dentistry specially in oral and maxillofacial surgery.
Materials and Methods: This study composed radiographic evaluation of 500 condylar heads after imaging 250 digitalized OPGs taken for analysis. Then evaluate the mandibular condylar shape in 2D dimensional view (OPG).
Results: In our study, an attempt to common prevalent radiographic shapes of the condylar head on the OPG. 200 pairs of condylar heads were evaluated. Out of them 60% were oval in shape, followed by bird beak (29%), diamond (9%) and least being crooked finger (2%). Oval-oval was commonly occurring mix (67%), whereas crooked/ crooked finger was a rarity.
Conclusion: Due to low radiation exposer and availability, OPG is common chose of dentist for primary evaluate the tooth, mandible and facial skeleton. Shapes of the mandibular condyle also evaluate by OPG which showing ovaloval being most accepted in both genders.
Update Dent. Coll. j: 2019; 9 (1): 29-31
A Comparative study of Biodentine and Calcium Hydroxide as Pulpotomy Material in Primary Teeth.
Authors: Afroz Shamima , Sultana Shiren , Saki Nushrat , Wahiduzzaman Mohammad , Sheikh Md Abdul Hannan , Karim Fahd AA , Moral Ali Asgor 
Published: May 2019

Background: Pulpotomy is measured as one of the most worldwide accepted favourable clinical procedure for the treatment of deciduous tooth with reversible pulpitis with carious destruction of tooth tissue.
Objectives: To evaluate the clinical and radio-graphical findings of primary tooth with reversible pulpitis by Biodentine and Calcium Hydroxide as pulpotomy material.
Study Design: Randomized comparative study.
Study place and period: Conservative Dentistry & endodontics department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, September 2013 to September 2014.
Study Population: The study population comprised of patients having primary tooth with reversible pulpitis irrespective of sex.
Methods/Procedure: According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, out of 100 primary teeth 50 teeth were treated with Biodentine (Group-A) and the remaining 50 teeth were treated with Ca(OH)2 (Group-B). Clinical and radiographic follow up examination were done at 3months,6 months and 12 months’ interval to evaluate the rate of postoperative pain, swelling and periapical radiolucency. Statistical package for Social Science (SPSS) version 17 was used to analyze the collected data
Main outcomes measures (s): 01. Pain 02. Dentinal bridge 03. Root resorption
Results: At 3 months observation period, Biodentine and Ca(OH)2 pulptomy of primary teeth showed 100% success rate in treating teeth with reversible pulpitis; neither pain nor swelling or radiographic sign of resorption was observed. At 6 and 12 months following the completion of treatment except in two case in group A and four case in group B in observation period, there results were similar to that of 3 months. Two Biodentine (4%) and four Ca(OH)2 (8%) therapy reported pain, swelling. There was no statistical difference between the two group (p>0.05).
Conclusion: So, we can say that clinical and radiographic end result of Biodentine is better than Ca(OH)2 as a pulpotomy material in mature primary tooth with reversible pulpitis.
Update Dent. Coll. j: 2019; 9 (1): 37-41
Inisiasi Ekowisata Waduk Jatigede di Kecamatan Wado Kabupaten Sumedang, Provinsi Jawa Barat
Authors: Asti Widiya 
Published: May 2019

Inisiasi ekowisata merupakan suatu langkah awal dalam pemanfaatan Waduk Jatigede sebagai lokasi wisata berbasis alam. Waduk Jatigede khususnya di Wilayah Kecamatan Wado dijadikan sebagai zona konservasi yang memiliki potensi untuk dijadikan sebagai lokasi ekowisata. Ekowisata Waduk Jatigede tentunya akan mendatangkan manfaat bagi masyarakat setempat. Tujuan dari kegiatan ini yaitu meningkatkan pengetahuan dan sikap masyarakat Kecamatan Wado mengenai pengelolaan sumberdaya perairan. Kegiatan ini dilakukan menggunakan metode diskusi atau Focus Group Discussion (FGD) dengan sasaran berbagai pihak pemangku kepentingan di Kecamatan Wado. Teknik pengambilan data yang digunakan yaitu berdasarkan skala Likert serta analisis data yang digunakan yaitu statistik deskriptif. Hasil dari kegiatan inisisasi ekowisata Waduk Jatigede adanya peningkatan pada aspek pengetahuan sebesar 107,0% dan aspek sikap tercatat memperoleh nilai 662 terhadap nilai tertinggi 750 yang menunjukkan bahwa wacana inisiasi terwujudnya kegiatan ekowisata di Waduk Jatigede memperoleh respon yang sangat tinggi. Berdasarkan hasil kegiatan ini masyarakat telah siap apabila pemerintah daerah telah menetapkan kebijakan tentang pengembangan wisata di Waduk Jatigede Kabupaten Sumedang, serta adanya saran-saran dalam pengelolaan Waduk Jatigede kepada Aparat Desa.
Improving the Eight Graders’ Reading Comprehension Comprehension through Jigsaw Technique at SMP 1 PSKD
Authors: Fransiska Adelina 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe main objective of this research is to improve the eighth graders’ reading comprehension through Jigsaw technique at SMP 1 PSKD. This research is a classroom action research in two cycles. The research was done on April 12th, 2016 until May 24th, 2016. The subject of the research was the students of VIII class at SMP 1 PSKD. There were 27 students (13 males and 14 females). The instruments of the test are pre-test and post-test. The non instruments test are observation sheets, interview, and researcher’s diary notes. The improvement of the eighth graders’ reading comprehension scores can be seen from the result of the pre-test and post-test. The average score of the students in the pre-test was 49.03 points and in cycle 1 the average score of the students was 65.78 points. So the increase between the two tests was 16.75 or 34.16%. In the cycle 2, the average of students’ score was 75.85 points. The result of the posttest 1 was 65.78 points, so the increase from post-test 1 in cycle 1 to post-test 2 in cycle 2 was 10.07 points or 15.75%. The improvement from pre-test to post-test 2 was 54.70%. In addition to the score increase, jigsaw technique can improve the students’ enthusiasm in learning reading comprehension. It can be seen from the result of the interview. The participants were interested in learning reading comprehension through jigsaw technique because jigsaw technique helped them in comprehending the text. This research was also supported by the result of researcher’s diary notes. The researcher’s diary notes shows that there were a positive changed from cycle 1 to cycle 2. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that jigsaw technique could improve the eighth graders’ reading comprehension at SMP 1 PSKD.

Keywords: jigsaw technique, reading comprehension
UNA METODOLOGÍA PARA LA GENERALIZACIÓN DE RESULTADOS DE LA ACTIVIDAD CIENTÍFICA EN LA PRÁCTICA EDUCATIVA
Authors: Proenza Garrido Yolanda Cruz , Marrero Silva Humberto , Romero Rodríguez Raúl Hermenegildo 
Published: May 2019

El siguiente artículo trata sobre una sistematización realizada sobre el concepto de metodología. Para ello, se muestra como se ha definido de variadas maneras; las que varían en dependencia del plano desde el cual se precisan. Lo anterior, presupone que conceptualmente puede ser entendida desde un punto de vista general, particular o específico. Al respecto, el trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar los resultados de la metodología que se construye como resultado científico. De manera que, fue necesario prestarle atención a los elementos que la componen; entre los que se encuentran; métodos, procedimientos y técnicas. Estos, permiten presentar los resultados de la generalización de la actividad científica. Además, a partir del impacto que recibe la ciencia pedagógica, están dirigidas a enriquecer; la investigación pedagógica, la teoría pedagógica, o la práctica pedagógica. Lo anterior, implica un ejemplo de aplicación a un estudio de profundización para la generalización de los resultados científicos a la formación inicial del profesional de educación en las universidades.
DERMATOLOJİK HASTALIKLARDA ARAŞTIRMA YÖNTEMLERİ
Authors: Metintaş Selma , Atay Emrah 
Published: May 2019

Bilimsel
yöntem, belli bir ‘sorunun’ belirlendiği, buna ilişkin bir ‘varsayımın’
biçimlendirildiği-formüle edildiği, bu çerçevede gözlem veya deneylerle
verilerin toplandığı ve varsayımın geçerliliğinin yargılandığı bir araştırma
dizgesidir. Bilimsel araştırmanın en özgün aşaması, varsayımın test edildiği
‘gerçekleştirme’ aşamasıdır. Araştırma tasarımları, geçerliliği ve
güvenilirliği en üst düzeye çıkaran ve yanlılık (bias) ya da hatayı en düşük
düzeye indiren araştırmaların sanatsal ve bilimsel yönüdür. Araştırma planlanmasında
dört temel kurgu ortaya çıkar: I- Gözlemsel araştırmalar II- Deneysel
araştırmalar, III- Metodolojik araştırmalar, IV-Sistematik derleme ve meta
analiz. Bu yazıda, dermatoloji hekimleri ve uzmanlık öğrencilerinin tıbbi
araştırma yöntemlerini tanımaları konusunda ön bilgi verilmesi amaçlandı.
BULAŞICI DERMATOLOJİK HASTALIKLARIN KONTROLÜ VE HALK SAĞLIĞI AÇISINDAN ÖNEMİ
Authors: Koku Aksu Ayşe Esra 
Published: May 2019

Bulaşıcı
cilt hastalıkları birinci basamak sağlık kuruluşuna sık başvuru
sebeplerindendir. Bakteriyel, fungal ve paraziter hastalıklar gelişmekte olan
ülkelerde daha sık görülürken, viral hastalıklar ise gelişmiş ülkelerde ön
plana çıkmaktadır. Bakteriyel hastalıklardan en sık görülen piyodermidir, mantar enfeksiyonlarından ise en sık görülen
dermatofitlerin etken olduğu yüzeyel mantar enfeksiyonlarıdır. Viral
hastalıklardan Herpes simpleks virüs, Varisella, Molluskum kontagiozum, verru,
paraziter hastalıklardan ise skabies ve pediküloz sık görülenler diğer bulaşıcı
cilt hastalıklarıdır. Hastalıkların dermatolojik bulgularının tanınması ile
erken tanı konulması sağlanabilir. Bulaş yolunun bilinmesi ile de hastalıkların
yayılması önlenebilir. Uygun izolasyon yöntemlerinin uygulanması bulaşın
azaltılmasında önem taşır.
Man, God, and Rain: Is Aristotelian Teleology Hierarchical?
Authors: Henrigillis Brandon 
Published: May 2019

There are some passages within the Aristotelian corpus that indicate that Aristotle argued for a wider and more cosmic teleology than he is usually understood to have held. There are two interpretive camps that have been formed as a response to these passages. The first argues that Aristotle held only the internal teleology that he is commonly associated with, and the second argues that Aristotle must have defended a hierarchical teleology in which some things in the universe are meant to benefit other things. I argue that both sides are mistaken, and that the key to understanding Aristotelian teleology is through a correct interpretation of Metaphysics Λ 10.
Glaucon's Question Ignored: Republic 519a-521b
Authors: Butler James 
Published: May 2019

At Republic 519a-521b, Socrates claims that each guardian must return from his/her contemplation to run Kallipolis. Quite reasonably, Glaucon objects that they would be making the guardian's life worse than it could be. This is sometimes referred to as “the happy philosopher problem”. But rather than answering Glaucon, Socrates admonishes him that their focus is instead on the role of the class of guardians and the happiness of the whole city. It turns out this admonition is the last in a string of similar admonitions that Socrates gives to his interlocutors. This paper examines Socrates' admonition to Glaucon, and its relation to Socrates’ other warnings to focus on the happiness of the city. By examining these admonitions, we can defend Socrates' dismissal of Glaucon's question and the happy philosopher question at 519d. The paper concludes by examining a few strategies for interpreting Socrates’ reluctance to engage Glaucon’s question.
Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Nortriptyline Hydrochloride Using Sudan II, IV and Black B
Authors: Amin A. , Saleh H. 
Published: May 2019

A simple spectrophotometric methods has been developed for the determination of nortriptyline hydrochloride in pure and in pharmaceutical
formulations based on the formation of ion-pair complexes with sudun II (SII), sudan (IV) (SIV) and sudan black B (SBB). The selectivity of the method was improved through extraction with chloroform. The optimum conditions for complete extracted colour development were assessed. The absorbance measurements were made at 534, 596 and 649 nm for SII, SIV and SBB complexes, respectively. The calibration graph was linear in the ranges 0.5- 280. 0.5- 37.5 and 0.5 – 31.0 μg ml−1 of the drug usiny the same reagents, respectively. The precision of the procedure was checked by calculating the relative standard deviation of ten replicate determinations on 15 μg ml−1 of nortriptyline HCI and was found to be 1.7, 1.3 and 1.55% using SII, SIV, and SBB complexes, respectively. The molar absorptivity and Sandell sensitivity for each ion-pair were calculated. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the deterniination of pure nortriptyline HCI and in pharmaceutical formulations, and the results demonstrated that the method is equally accurate, precise and reproducible as the official method.
Dynamical Constraints on Mercury’s Collisional Origin
Authors: Clement Matthew S. , Kaib Nathan A. , Chambers John E. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Of the solar system’s four terrestrial planets, the origin of Mercury is perhaps the most mysterious. Modern numerical simulations designed to model the dynamics of terrestrial planet formation systematically fail to replicate Mercury, which possesses just 5% of the mass of Earth and the highest orbital eccentricity and inclination among the planets. However, Mercury’s large iron-rich core and low volatile inventory stand out among the inner planets, and seem to imply a violent collisional origin. Because most algorithms used for simulating terrestrial accretion do not consider the effects of collisional fragmentation, it has been difficult to test these collisional hypotheses within the larger context of planet formation. Here, we analyze a large suite of terrestrial accretion models that account for the fragmentation of colliding bodies. We find that planets with core mass fractions boosted as a result of repeated hit-and-run collisions are produced in 90% of our simulations. While many of these planets are similar to Mercury in mass, they rarely lie on Mercury-like orbits. Furthermore, we perform an additional batch of simulations designed to specifically test the single giant impact origin scenario. We find less than a 1% probability of simultaneously replicating the Mercury–Venus dynamical spacing and the terrestrial system’s degree of orbital excitation after such an event. While dynamical models have made great strides in understanding Mars’ low mass, their inability to form accurate Mercury analogs remains a glaring problem.
Ephemeris Errors and the Gravitational-wave Signal: Harmonic Mode Coupling in Pulsar Timing Array Searches
Authors: Roebber Elinore 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Any unambiguous detection of a stochastic gravitational wave background (GWB) by a pulsar timing array will rest on the measurement of a characteristic angular correlation between pulsars. The ability to measure this correlation will depend on the geometry of the array. However, spatially correlated sources of noise, such as errors in the planetary ephemeris or clock errors, can produce false-positive correlations. The severity of this contamination will also depend on the geometry of the array. This paper quantifies these geometric effects with a spherical harmonic analysis of the pulsar timing residuals. At least nine well-spaced pulsars are needed to simultaneously measure a GWB and separate it from ephemeris and clock errors. Uniform distributions of pulsars can eliminate the contamination for arrays with large numbers of pulsars, but pulsars following the galactic distribution of known millisecond pulsars will always be affected. We quantitatively demonstrate the need for arrays to include many pulsars and for the pulsars to be distributed as uniformly as possible. Finally, we suggest a technique to cleanly separate the effect of ephemeris and clock errors from the gravitational wave signal.
Possible Cool Prominence Materials Detected within Interplanetary Small Magnetic Flux Ropes
Authors: Wang J. M. , Feng H. Q. , Li H. B. , Zhao A. K. , Tian Z. J. , Zhao G. Q. , Zhao Y. , Liu Q. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Previous studies indicate that interplanetary small magnetic flux ropes (SMFRs) are manifestations of microflare-associated small coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and the hot material with high-charge states heated by related microflares are found in SMFRs. Ordinary CMEs are frequently associated with prominence eruptions, and cool prominence materials are found within some magnetic clouds (MCs). Therefore, the predicted small CMEs may also be frequently associated with small prominence eruptions. In this work, we aim to search for cool prominence materials within SMFRs. We examined all the O5+ and Fe6+ fraction data obtained by the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) spacecraft during 1998–2008 and found that 13 SMFRs might exhibit low-charge-state signatures of unusual O5+ and/or Fe6+ abundances. One of the 13 SMFRs also exhibited signatures of high ionic charge states. We also reported a SMFR with high Fe6+ fraction, but the values of Fe6+ is a little lower than the threshold defining unusual Fe6+. However, the Solar Dynamics Observatory/ Atmospheric Imaging Assembly observations confirmed that the progenitor CME of this SMFR is associated with a small eruptive prominence, and the observations also supported the prominence materials were embedded in the CME. These observations are at the edge of the capabilities of ACE/Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer and it cannot be ruled out that they are solely caused by instrumental effects. If these observations are real, they provide new evidence for the conjecture that SMFRs are small-scale MCs but also imply that the connected small CMEs could be associated with flares and prominence eruptions.
Exploring the Mass Segregation Effect of X-Ray Sources in Globular Clusters: The Case of 47 Tucanae
Authors: Cheng Zhongqun , Li Zhiyuan , Li Xiangdong , Xu Xiaojie , Fang Taotao 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Using archival Chandra observations with a total exposure of 510 ks, we present an updated catalog of point sources for globular cluster (GC) 47 Tucanae. Our study covers an area of ∼176.′7 2 (i.e., with R ≲ 7.′5) with 537 X-ray sources. We show that the surface density distribution of X-ray sources in 47 Tuc is highly peaked in the cluster center, rapidly decreases at intermediate radii, and finally rises again at larger radii, with two distribution dips at R ∼ 100″ and R ∼ 170″ for the faint (L
X ≲ 5.0 × 1030 erg s−1) and bright (L
X ≳ 5.0 × 1030 erg s−1) groups of X-ray sources, respectively. These distribution features are similar to those of blue straggler stars (BSSs), where the distribution dip is located at R ∼ 200″. By fitting the radial distribution of each group of sources with a “generalized King model,” we estimated an average mass of 1.51 ± 0.17 M
⊙, 1.44 ± 0.15 M
⊙ and 1.16 ± 0.06 M
⊙ for the BSSs, bright X-ray sources, and faint X-ray sources, respectively. These results are consistent with the mass segregation effect of heavy objects in GCs, where more massive objects drop to the cluster center faster and their distribution dip propagates outward further. Besides, the peculiar distribution profiles of X-ray sources and BSSs are also consistent with the mass segregation model of binaries in GCs, which suggests that, in addition to the dynamical formation channel, primordial binaries are also a significant contributor to the X-ray source population in GCs.
Magnetohydrodynamic Particle-in-cell Simulations of the Cosmic-Ray Streaming Instability: Linear Growth and Quasi-linear Evolution
Authors: Bai Xue-Ning , Ostriker Eve C. , Plotnikov Illya , Stone James M. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The gyro-resonant cosmic-ray (CR) streaming instability is believed to play a crucial role in CR transport, leading to the growth of Alfvén waves at small scales that scatter CRs, and impacts the interaction of CRs with the interstellar medium (ISM) on large scales. However, extreme scale separation (λ ≪ pc), low CR number density (n
CR/n
ISM ∼ 10−9), and weak CR anisotropy (∼v
A/c) pose strong challenges for proper numerical studies of this instability on a microphysical level. Employing the recently developed magnetohydrodynamic particle-in-cell method, which has unique advantages to alleviate these issues, we conduct 1D simulations that quantitatively demonstrate the growth and saturation of the instability in the parameter regime consistent with realistic CR streaming in the large-scale ISM. Our implementation of the δf method dramatically reduces Poisson noise and enables us to accurately capture wave growth over a broad spectrum equally shared between left- and right-handed Alfvén modes. We are also able to accurately follow the quasi-linear diffusion of CRs subsequent to wave growth, which is achieved by employing phase randomization across periodic boundaries. Full isotropization of the CRs in the wave frame requires the pitch angles of most CRs to efficiently cross 90° and can be captured in simulations with relatively high wave amplitude and/or spatial resolution. We attribute this crossing to nonlinear wave–particle interaction (rather than mirror reflection) by investigating individual CR trajectories. We anticipate that our methodology will open up opportunities for future investigations that incorporate additional physics.