bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of drought on the water uptake by Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) at different positions in the tree stand
Authors: Boczoń Andrzej , Wróbel Michał 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Periodically occurring drought is typical for the climate of Poland. In habitats supplied exclusively with rain water, tree stands are frequently exposed to the negative effects of water deficit in the soil. The aim of this study was to examine the water uptake and consumption of two individual Scots pine trees under drought conditions. The trees were located at different positions within the stand and at the time of study were over 150 years old. Soil moisture, availability of soil water and the quantity of water uptake by the individual trees were examined by measuring the water velocity inside the trunks (Thermal Dissipation Probe method).
Two periods of intense drought occurred in the summer 2006 only a few days apart. Before the drought, pine No. 1 (dominant) took up 66.7 dm3 water per day and pine No. 2 (co-dominant) took up 52.3 dm3 per day. The observed responses of the examined pines to the first period of drought were similar: the low soil water content resulted in a suppression of water uptake in both trees. After the end of the drought period however, the recovery responses of the two trees were different. Pine No. 1 resumed water uptake at values similar to those before the drought. Pine No. 2 on the other hand did not resume water uptake. We conclude that in case of this second tree the vegetative season possibly ended already at the end of June.
Plans for the development of infrastructure and tourism activities in landscape parks under the State Forests’ administration
Authors: Referowska-Chodak Ewa 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The aim of the study was to present plans (up to 2030) for the development of infrastructure and tourism activities in the Polish landscape parks located in the area of the State Forests’ administration.
At the end of 2013, a survey was conducted the results of which were verified and their analysis completed in 2014. The questionnaire was sent to the directorates of all 122 parks. 70.5% of the directorates replied to the open question inquiring about their plans and demands for tourist activities (including educational tourism) and recreation. These were then correlated to parks in areas under the State Forests’ administration.
The most commonly proposed/planned actions by the directorates in cooperation with the Forest Districts are: construction of new educational paths (in 41.9% of parks), maintaining the existing ones (24.4%) and the organization of tourism/recreation and educational events (22.1%). The largest share of proposed/planned actions without the cooperation of the Forest Districts comes from the creation of new routes/trails, parking lots, etc. along with their equipment (36.0%), construction of tourist infrastructure (bins, benches, tables, shelters, fire circles, sightseeing towers, bridges, 18.6%) and the issuing of maps, brochures, guides or other publications (17.4%).
However, it is of particular importance to take the need for nature conservation in the development of tourism and recreation in areas of landscape parks into account. The literature provides a number of helpful solutions. Furthermore, such activity requires broad cooperation supported by external funds especially between the parks, Forest Districts and municipalities.
It is also important to continue the environmental education of both, visitors and locals, as well as the promotion of eco-tourism and responsible use of the environment.
The vulnerability of silver fir populations to damage from late frosts
Authors: Klisz Marcin , Jastrzębowski Szymon , Ukalska Joanna , Przybylski Paweł , Matras Jan , Mionskowski Marcin 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the vulnerability of selected silver fir populations to damage from late frost in the climatic conditions of south-eastern Poland. To determine the vulnerability of apical and lateral shoots to damage caused by late frosts, we observed four test plots in 2009 and 2014, each containing progenies of selected seed stands. Our statistical analyses were based on a model incorporating the following variables: site, year, type of frost damage, population as well as the possible interaction between these variables. Significant differences between the populations were found in terms of their sensitivity to damage from low temperature occurring during the growth period. Furthermore, we indirectly demonstrated differences in the severity of late frost on the experimental plots, as well as the intensity and variability of late frost shoot damage. Based on these results, we divided the studied populations into two groups of low (EF, KRA1 and NAR) and high (LES2 and BAL2) sensitivity to late frost damage.
The change in weight and surface temperature of a pine cone (Pinus sylvestris L.) as a result of microwave irradiation
Authors: Aniszewska Monika 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In this article, the author investigates the change of weight and temperature of pine cones in a microwave oven over the following range of microwave irradiation power (PMF): 800, 620, 440, 260 and 130 W.
Cones were divided into groups according to their weight and the author examined the influence of PMF on their water content and drying rate. The process is described with the help of mathematical equations and curves. The cones were irradiated in the microwave until all cones of the given group began to open the first scales. Small cones required longer exposure times to PMF than medium and large cones in order to cause scale opening. The most efficient of the five settings was a irradiation power of 620 W with an exposure time to microwaves for no longer than 20 seconds.
In the second part of the study, the author analyses the changes of temperature on the cone surface using a thermal imaging camera. The values of surface temperature depended on irradiation power and the duration of irradiation.
The use of phosphates in forestry
Authors: Tkaczyk Miłosz , Kubiak Katarzyna A. , Sawicki Jacek , Nowakowska Justyna A. , Oszako Tomasz 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Phosphite preparations are now an important alternative in plant protection against new, invasive pathogens of the genus Phytophthora and/or Pythium. It is crucial to intervene when alien, invasive oomycetes are carried to plantations or forest stands and attack fine roots via zoospores. The aim of this paper was to demonstrate the possibility of phosphite application to induce resistance to tree pathogens. Phosphate-based fertilizers have been used successfully in nurseries, where application is relatively easy by means of foliar sprays. the traditional fungicides, which are effective in combating fungi, however, fail to control oomycetes. Instead, they mask the disease, which, in turn, causes serious damage to seedlings after they have been planted in a suitable environment. Moreover, the number of effective fungicides available for forest plant protection has continued to decrease in the last decade. The effectiveness of the chemicals is reduced due to their frequent use and their similarity in terms of the active compound or the mechanism of action. Given the low diversity of active compounds, it is necessary to monitor the development of resistance of pathogens to fungicides by means of molecular biology (sequencing and quantitative PCR). Minimising the undesired side effects of chemicals on both, mycorrhizal fungi and pathogens can be achieved by strict adherence to rigorous security measures and, where possible, frequently changing the active compounds to alternatives such as phosphites. The significance of phosphate and phosphite uptake by trees is still a matter of debate, especially under field conditions. Nevertheless, phosphites are environmentally friendly compounds, which constitute an alternative or complement to the traditional chemicals (in accordance with the Directive on Integrated Plant management).
Variability of cones and scale surface area of European larch (Larix decidua Mill.)
Authors: Aniszewska Monika , Stadnik Sylwia , Gendek Arkadiusz 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The article describes the shape of the cones of the european larch (Larix decidua Mill.) using the fourth degree polynomial fitting function. The material is from the seed orchard of the Barycz Forest District. The curves were used to calculate the area and volume of single cones. it was not possible to generalize the formulas to calculate the surface and volume of larch cones using the described method, due to the large variability of the empirical coefficients of the equations. Finally, to calculate the area and volume of the cones, the formula to determine the solid figure of a cone was used. A constant αs of 0.43 was introduced to the formula. Calculated volume values were compared to actual volumes measured with a water-filled burette. The mean surface area of the larch cones was calculated from the forming function and was 780 mm2, and the volume was 2434 mm3. the values calculated from the cone formulas after taking into account the αs and constants (0.68 and 0.53) were 783 mm2 and 2415 mm3, respectively. the outer and inner surfaces of the seed scales located in the central part of the larch cones were photographed using a Quanta 200 scanning microscope. Specific features of the scales were measured using the Multi Scan Base program. We found that the outer and inner surfaces of the larch scales, as with pine and fir, differed. On the outer side, scales are formed by thick-walled cells with visible, protruding trichomes. thin-walled cells with jagged cell walls are visible on the inside at the location of the wings and seeds. long stem cells, resembling threads, were observed on the surface of the scales, which are absent on pine and fir seed scales.
New location of the moss Buxbaumia viridis in the Białowieża Forest
Authors: Gawryś Radosław , Szulc Adam 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This paper describes a new occurrence and location of the green shield moss Buxbaumia viridis (Moug. ex Lam. & DC.) Brid. ex Moug. & Nestl. in the Białowieża Forest. One sporophyte was found on a decaying spruce log. However, its existence and the present environmental conditions of the site are threatened by the death of spruce trees. The dying of the spruce trees is expected for the near future and will lead to altered shade conditions impacting on the shield moss.
Reference and control plots – a useful tool for forestry?
Authors: Wójcicki Adam 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn the current age, the increased need for the restoration of forest ecosystems necessitates a better understanding of natural processes. Forest stands that are affected only by natural processes and disturbances can serve as references and controls for comparison with cut or otherwise managed forests. Such a comparison may help us determine, whether our sylvicultural practices actually pursue the goal of sustainable development. It is also important to use uniform terminology across the world to facilitate sharing of experiences and results. Creating reference and control stands in every ecoregion will provide a rich scientific basis for comparison with managed forests and allow us to design and apply restoration methods more effectively.
Monitoring and modeling of forest ecosystems: the Estonian Network of Forest Research Plots / Metsaökosüsteemide seire ja modelleerimine metsa kasvukäigu püsiproovitükkide võrgustiku abil
Authors: Kiviste Andres , Hordo Maris , Kangur Ahto , Kardakov Anton , Laarmann Diana , Lilleleht Ando , Metslaid Sandra , Sims Allan , Korjus Henn 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Forest research has long traditions in Estonia that can be traced back to the 19th century. Data from long-term forest experiments are available since 1921. The first studies mainly focused on silvicultural treatments and application of such data for understanding and modeling ecological processes was limited. The Department of Forest Management of the Estonian University of Life Sciences started to develop the Estonian Network of Forest Research Plots (ENFRP) in 1995. Since then, plots have been continuously re-measured with 5-year interval. Approximately 100-150 permanent sample plots were measured annually. In 2014, the long-term research network consisted of 729 permanent sample plots, of which 699 have been re-measured at least once, 667 plots - twice and 367 plots - three times. The total number of trees recorded in the network database amounts to 130,479. The plots are systematically distributed throughout the country. Detailed dendrometric measurements including tree spatial distribution are part of the survey protocol. Initially the network was set up to produce suitable data for development of individual tree growth models for Estonia. The significance of the network for the Estonian forest research is continuously increasing and nowadays ENFRP is recognized as an important national research infrastructure.
Forest management decision making based on a real options approach: An application to a case in northeastern Argentina
Authors: Broz Diego , Milanesi Gastón , Rossit Daniel Alejandro , Rossit Diego Gabriel , Tohmé Fernando 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe Net Present Value (NPV) approach is widely applied to assess forest investments, but this method has serious shortcomings, which we propose to overcome by switching to the assessment through the Real Options Approach (ROA). The model in this paper starts with the simulation of the forest’s growth, combined with the projection of the products’ prices and valuing the assets using a binomial model. We include an option of postponement, determining the optimal period of felling. We find that ROA is more robust than the NPV approach because it relaxes the assumption of constancy of both the prices and the discount rate, allowing the determination of the optimal time of felling based on the growth rate of either the forest or the prices of its products. Contrary to the traditional NPV approach, the results obtained with ROA exhibit longer harvest turns and consequently higher profits. The key variable in the ROA, the Real Option Value (ROV) can be shown to be less (albeit moderately) sensitive to decreases of the discount rate than NPV. Moreover, ROV is moderately sensitive to decreases in the price of logs and is negligibly affected by rises in the costs of harvesting, loading and transporting rolls.
Lablab Purpureus Seeds Disrupt Hepatic and Renal Antioxidant Status in Male Rats
Authors: Soetan K. O. , Adedara I. A. , Farombi E. O. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Nutrition constitutes an essential aspect of health care in both humans and other animals. Despite the numerous studies conducted on Lablab purpureus seeds, there is a paucity of information on its effects on hepatic and renal antioxidant status. The present study investigated the influence of three varieties of Lablab purpureus seeds (Rongai Brown, Rongai White and Highworth Black) on hepatorenal antioxidant status in male Wistar rats. Group I (control) rats were fed with the standard rat chow for 14 days while Groups II, III and IV rats were separately fed with feed containing the Rongai Brown, Rongai White and Highworth Black for 14 days, respectively. Lablab purpureus caused a significant decrease in renal superoxide dismutase (SOD) but increased hepatic SOD activity along with increased catalase, glutathione- S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase activities in both liver and renal tissues when compared with the control. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in the hepatic glutathione (GSH) level with concomitant elevation in hepatic and renal hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation levels in all Lablab purpureus-fed rats. Lablab purpureus-fed rats demonstrated significant elevations in serum marker enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase along with increases in urea and creatinine levels. Histopathologically, kidney sections revealed normal renal architecture, whereas treatment-related lesions were identified in the liver of Lablab purpureus-fed rats. This study concluded that consumption of raw Lablab purpureus seeds induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats via the induction of oxidative stress.
In-situ ground gamma spectrometry — an effective tool for geological mapping (the Male Karpaty Mts., Slovakia)
Authors: Mojzeš Andrej , Porubčanová Barbara 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This contribution presents the results of profile in-situ gamma spectrometry measurements that sought to determine the content of natural radionuclides 40K, 238U and 232Th in a near surface horizon of rocks, their weathering cover and soils in the area of the Malé Karpaty Mts. It is widely established that the exploration of radioactivity of bedrocks and cover rocks can be a very effective and useful tool for both geological mapping, for identifying deposits of mineral resources, and even addressing the issues of structural and tectonic geology. This assertion is equally confirmed by the ground gamma spectrometry measurements carried out as part of this case study on larger scales, seeking more detailed geological structure solutions. The results obtained provide a welcome addition to an already existing database, which monitors the content of naturally occurring radionuclides individually for every rock lithotype of the Western Carpathians, by elaborating on the data collected by previous research and by updating this database for any future needs. The presented results confirmed the low to medium radioactivity levels of rocks and soils in the studied area. The highest values were detected in granitoids and metamorfic phyllitic rocks of the Malé Karpaty Mts. core; the lowest values were detected in carbonates, arenaceous sediments and, above all, amphibolite bodies. In this way, the presented results of the interpreted profile (P5) confirm the model of local geological structure as represented on the most up-to-date edition of the geological map of the Male Karpaty Mts. (Polak et al. 2011).
Geostatistical support for categorization of metal ore resources in Poland
Authors: Mucha Jacek , Wasilewska-Błaszczyk Monika 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The authors attempted to introduce some components of the Australasian JORC Code system to the categorization of Polish Cu-Ag and Zn-Pb ore resources. The proposed geostatistical method of resource categorization applies two criteria: continuity of deposit parameters described by semivariograms and permissible, relative standard error of resources estimation determined with the ordinary kriging procedure. Considering the first criterion, we propose the following values of autocorrelation coefficients, which define the ranges (distances) of the resources categories around the measurement sites (e.g., exploration wells): “measured” category (A + B in the Polish system) – the values of the autocorrelation coefficient from 1 to 2/3, “indicated” category (C1 in the Polish system) – the values of the autocorrelation coefficient from 2/3 to 1/3, “inferred” category (partly C2 in the Polish system) – the values of the autocorrelation coefficient from 1/3 to 1/20, “out-of-doors” category (partly D in the Polish system) – the values of autocorrelation coefficient from 1/20 to 0.
The second criterion of resources categorization is based upon the relative, standard errors of resources estimations calculated for the parts of deposit defined with the first criterion. The following permissible values of errors determined as the errors of ordinary kriging have been proposed: “measured” category (A + B in the Polish system) – 10% error, “indicated” category (C1 in the Polish system) – 20% error, “inferred” category (partly C2 in the Polish system) – 30% error, “out-of-doors” category (partly D in the Polish system) – 50% error.
It was found that the Polish metal ore deposits reveal low continuity of deposit parameters, as indicated by a high share of nugget variance in the overall variability of these parameters. Moreover, an inconsistency was observed between the semivariograms of deposit parameters based upon samplings of drill cores and underground mine workings, which results in extreme differences in the ranges of resources categories around the sampling sites. This, in turn, causes radical discrepancies in estimated resources. Thus, it was concluded that the sufficiently credible categorization of resources is only possible when a significant part of the deposit is explored with mine workings, in which the grid of sampling sites is much denser than that of exploration wells. It was proposed that the principal criterion of resources categorization should be the permissible error of estimations whereas the continuity of deposit parameters should only be a supplementary criterion.
Cyperus glomeratus L. – rediscovered in Slovakia
Authors: Melečková Zuzana , Dítě Daniel , Eliáš Pavol , Schmidt Dávid 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Two new and one historical site of Cyperus glomeratus were discovered in SW Slovakia along the left bank of the river Danube. After 60 years, this is the second record of the species in the country. We provide details about the historical and current distribution of C. glomeratus in Slovakia based on herbarium revision and field survey on the Slovak section of the river Danube. According to the phytosociological data collected from the new locality (Čenkov) and from the confirmed historic locality (Štúrovo), the stands with C. glomeratus were identified with less developed, ruderalized form of the association Cyperetum micheliani.
Two new montane grassland communities from the SE Alps (N Slovenia)
Authors: Dakskobler Igor , Seliškar Andrej 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
On very steep dolomite slopes in the western foothills of the Kamnik Alps (Ravni hrib, Javorov vrh, Zaplata, Kriška gora) and southwestern Karavanke Mountains (Dobrča) we conducted a phytosociological study into montane grasslands (former hay meadows, partly pastures) where Gladiolus palustris, a species of European conservation concern, also occasionally occurs. They were compared with similar montane grasslands (former hay meadows) on sunny slopes of the Stol ridge above Breginj in the southwestern foothills of the Julian Alps. Based on this comparison we described three new syntaxa: Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris gladioletosum palustris, Festuco amethystinae-Seslerietum calcariae and Pediculari julici-Bromopsietum transsilvanicae. Both new associations are classified into the alliance Caricion austroalpinae and treated as a long-term successional stage in the belt of altimontane beech forests from the association Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum.
Cichorin A: a benzo-isochromene from Nypa fruticans endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis sp.
Authors: Alade Gideon O. , Moody Jones O. , Awotona Olanrewaju R. , Lai Daowan , Adesanya Saburi A. , Proksch Peter 
Published: May 2018

Summary
Introduction: Similar bioactive metabolites are obtainable from host plants as well as the endophytic fungi residing in them. Objective: The aim of the study is to isolate the major compound(s) from the endophytic fungus residing in Nypa fruticans Wurmb, Arecaceae family. Methods: Purification of the ethyl acetate extract of the isolated endophytic fungus was performed by employing different chromatographic techniques and structural elucidation of the isolated compound was carried out using UV and NMR spectroscopic methods. Results: Cichorin A was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the solid rice cultures of Pestalotiopsis sp., isolated from N. fruticans, collected in Nigeria. Conclusions: This compound is being isolated for the first time from a fungus; it is commonly isolated from the plant Cichorium intybus L. (Compositae).