bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Bayesian Framework to Identify Random Parameter Fields Based on the Copula Theorem and Gaussian Fields: Application to Polycrystalline Materials
Authors: Rappel H. , Wu L. , Noels L. , Beex L. A. A. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractFor many models of solids, we frequently assume that the material parameters do not vary in space nor that they vary from one product realization to another. If the length scale of the application approaches the length scale of the microstructure however, spatially fluctuating parameter fields (which vary from one realization of the field to another) can be incorporated to make the model capture the stochasticity of the underlying micro-structure. Randomly fluctuating parameter fields are often described as Gaussian fields. Gaussian fields, however, assume that the probability density function of a material parameter at a given location is a univariate Gaussian distribution. This entails for instance that negative parameter values can be realized, whereas most material parameters have physical bounds (e.g., Young’s modulus cannot be negative). In this contribution, randomly fluctuating parameter fields are therefore described using the copula theorem and Gaussian fields, which allow different types of univariate marginal distributions to be incorporated but with the same correlation structure as Gaussian fields. It is convenient to keep the Gaussian correlation structure, as it allows us to draw samples from Gaussian fields and transform them into the new random fields. The benefit of this approach is that any type of univariate marginal distribution can be incorporated. If the selected univariate marginal distribution has bounds, unphysical material parameter values will never be realized. We then use Bayesian inference to identify the distribution parameters (which govern the random field). Bayesian inference regards the parameters that are to be identified as random variables and requires a user-defined prior distribution of the parameters to which the observations are inferred. For homogenized Young’s modulus of a columnar polycrystalline material of interest in this study, the results show that with a relatively wide prior (i.e., a prior distribution without strong assumptions), a single specimen is sufficient to accurately recover the distribution parameter values.
Physical Fitness Training in Patients with Subacute Stroke (PHYS-STROKE): multicentre, randomised controlled, endpoint blinded trial
Authors: Nave Alexander H , Rackoll Torsten , Grittner Ulrike , Bläsing Holger , Gorsler Anna , Nabavi Darius G , Audebert Heinrich J , Klostermann Fabian , Müller-Werdan Ursula , Steinhagen-Thiessen Elisabeth , Meisel Andreas , Endres Matthias , Hesse Stefan , Ebinger Martin , Flöel Agnes 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the safety and efficacy of aerobic exercise on activities of daily living in the subacute phase after stroke.DesignMulticentre, randomised controlled, endpoint blinded trial.SettingSeven inpatient rehabilitation sites in Germany (2013-17).Participants200 adults with subacute stroke (days 5-45 after stroke) with a median National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS, range 0-42 points, higher values indicating more severe strokes) score of 8 (interquartile range 5-12) were randomly assigned (1:1) to aerobic physical fitness training (n=105) or relaxation sessions (n=95, control group) in addition to standard care.InterventionParticipants received either aerobic, bodyweight supported, treadmill based physical fitness training or relaxation sessions, each for 25 minutes, five times weekly for four weeks, in addition to standard rehabilitation therapy. Investigators and endpoint assessors were masked to treatment assignment.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcomes were change in maximal walking speed (m/s) in the 10 m walking test and change in Barthel index scores (range 0-100 points, higher scores indicating less disability) three months after stroke compared with baseline. Safety outcomes were recurrent cardiovascular events, including stroke, hospital readmissions, and death within three months after stroke. Efficacy was tested with analysis of covariance for each primary outcome in the full analysis set. Multiple imputation was used to account for missing values.ResultsCompared with relaxation, aerobic physical fitness training did not result in a significantly higher mean change in maximal walking speed (adjusted treatment effect 0.1 m/s (95% confidence interval 0.0 to 0.2 m/s), P=0.23) or mean change in Barthel index score (0 (−5 to 5), P=0.99) at three months after stroke. A higher rate of serious adverse events was observed in the aerobic group compared with relaxation group (incidence rate ratio 1.81, 95% confidence interval 0.97 to 3.36).ConclusionsAmong moderately to severely affected adults with subacute stroke, aerobic bodyweight supported, treadmill based physical fitness training was not superior to relaxation sessions for maximal walking speed and Barthel index score but did suggest higher rates of adverse events. These results do not appear to support the use of aerobic bodyweight supported fitness training in people with subacute stroke to improve activities of daily living or maximal walking speed and should be considered in future guidelines.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT01953549.
Identifying the most influential roads based on traffic correlation networks
Authors: Guo Shengmin , Zhou Dong , Fan Jingfang , Tong Qingfeng , Zhu Tongyu , Lv Weifeng , Li Daqing , Havlin Shlomo 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Prediction of traffic congestion is one of the core issues in the realization of smart traffic. Accurate prediction depends on understanding of interactions and correlations between different city locations. While many methods merely consider the spatio-temporal correlation between two locations, here we propose a new approach of capturing the correlation network in a city based on realtime traffic data. We use the weighted degree and the impact distance as the two major measures to identify the most influential locations. A road segment with larger weighted degree or larger impact distance suggests that its traffic flow can strongly influence neighboring road sections driven by the congestion propagation. Using these indices, we find that the statistical properties of the identified correlation network is stable in different time periods during a day, including morning rush hours, evening rush hours, and the afternoon normal time respectively. Our work provides a new framework for assessing interactions between different local traffic flows. The captured correlation network between different locations might facilitate future studies on predicting and controlling the traffic flows.
Bartnik mass via vacuum extensions
Authors: Miao Pengzi , Xie Naqing 
Published: September 2019

We construct asymptotically flat, scalar flat extensions of Bartnik data [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is a metric of positive Gauss curvature on a two-sphere [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] is a function that is either positive or identically zero on [Formula: see text], such that the mass of the extension can be made arbitrarily close to the half area radius of [Formula: see text]. In the case of [Formula: see text], the result gives an analog of a theorem of Mantoulidis and Schoen [On the Bartnik mass of apparent horizons, Class. Quantum Grav. 32(20) (2015) 205002, 16 pp.], but with extensions that have vanishing scalar curvature. In the context of initial data sets in general relativity, the result produces asymptotically flat, time-symmetric, vacuum initial data with an apparent horizon [Formula: see text], for any metric [Formula: see text] with positive Gauss curvature, such that the mass of the initial data is arbitrarily close to the optimal value in the Riemannian Penrose inequality. The method we use is the Shi–Tam type metric construction from [Positive mass theorem and the boundary behaviors of compact manifolds with nonnegative scalar curvature, J. Differential Geom. 62(1) (2002) 79–125] and a refined Shi–Tam monotonicity, found by the first named author in [On a localized Riemannian Penrose inequality, Commun. Math. Phys. 292(1) (2009) 271–284].
A quantitative nonequilibrium phase transition theory for analyzing the turbulence development process
Authors: Zhou Zhuo , Wu Jiu Hui , Liang Xiao , Yuan Xiaoyang , Lin Mei , Ma Fuyin 
Published: September 2019

In this paper, a quantitative nonequilibrium multi-dimensional phase transition theory is proposed for describing the turbulence spectrum (energy E with wave number k and scaling index [Formula: see text]) of the turbulence development process by a fold catastrophe model. Each of the control variables in this catastrophe model is subtly expressed into a relative multi-parameter multiplication, and then the state variable can be quantitatively described by these parameters. By using this nonequilibrium phase transition theory, the quantitative relationship in the process of turbulence formation can be strictly derived through dimensionless analysis. Therefore, the turbulence development process can be described with respect to a scaling index [Formula: see text], in which there exists an energy containing range with −1.12 power law (E [Formula: see text] k[Formula: see text]) when [Formula: see text] varies from −2 to −1.2, and an inertial subrange with −1.69 power law (E [Formula: see text] k[Formula: see text]) that is almost identical with the famous Kolmogorov’s −5/3 power law when [Formula: see text] varies from −1.2 to −0.8, and then the dissipation range with −2.52 power law (E [Formula: see text] k[Formula: see text]) when [Formula: see text] varies from −0.8 to 0. Furthermore, this quantitative nonequilibrium phase transition theory has been verified by the corresponding theoretical comparison and experiment. This theory provides not only a new understanding of turbulence, but also a new perspective for other complex nonequilibrium phase transitions.
MnO2 Nanorods Embedded Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite with Ultrahigh Specific Capacitance and Excellent Cyclic Stability for High Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Sajjad Muhammad , Iqbal Azhar , Khan Muhammad Ibrar , Qureshi Muhammad Tauseef , Khan Yaqoob 
Published: September 2019

Excellent cycling stability along with a high specific capacitance of the electrode material is the primary requirement for supercapacitor (SC) in recent years. Exceptionally simple and cost-effective solution process is employed for the first time to prepare [Formula: see text]-MnO2/rGO composites, in which KMnO4 content varies from (2[Formula: see text]mg, 4[Formula: see text]mg, 6[Formula: see text]mg and 8[Formula: see text]mg). The morphological analysis showed that [Formula: see text]-MnO2/rGO composites possess nanorod like morphology and were fully covered with rGO sheet. Among all composites, the sample with 6[Formula: see text]mg content of KMnO4 denoted as [Formula: see text]-MnO2/rGO composite (S–3) showed excellent supercapacitive performance with a specific capacitance of 720[Formula: see text]F/g at a current density of 4 A g[Formula: see text] with excellent cycling stability of 93% after 2000 cycles. Furthermore, these nanocomposites showed excellent supercapacitive properties with specific capacitances of 720–498 F/g at the current density of 4 A g[Formula: see text] with cycling stabilities of 71%, 68% and 60%, respectively.
Eye-head-hand coordination during visually guided reaches in head-unrestrained macaques
Authors: Arora Harbandhan Kaur , Bharmauria Vishal , Yan Xiaogang , Sun Saihong , Wang Hongying , Crawford John Douglas 
Published: September 2019

Nonhuman primates have been used extensively to study eye-head coordination and eye-hand coordination, but the combination—eye-head-hand coordination—has not been studied. Our goal was to determine whether reaching influences eye-head coordination (and vice versa) in rhesus macaques. Eye, head, and hand motion were recorded in two animals with search coil and touch screen technology, respectively. Animals were seated in a customized “chair” that allowed unencumbered head motion and reaching in depth. In the reach condition, animals were trained to touch a central LED at waist level while maintaining central gaze and were then rewarded if they touched a target appearing at 1 of 15 locations in a 40° × 20° (visual angle) array. In other variants, initial hand or gaze position was varied in the horizontal plane. In similar control tasks, animals were rewarded for gaze accuracy in the absence of reach. In the Reach task, animals made eye-head gaze shifts toward the target followed by reaches that were accompanied by prolonged head motion toward the target. This resulted in significantly higher head velocities and amplitudes (and lower eye-in-head ranges) compared with the gaze control condition. Gaze shifts had shorter latencies and higher velocities and were more precise, despite the lack of gaze reward. Initial hand position did not influence gaze, but initial gaze position influenced reach latency. These results suggest that eye-head coordination is optimized for visually guided reach, first by quickly and accurately placing gaze at the target to guide reach transport and then by centering the eyes in the head, likely to improve depth vision as the hand approaches the target. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Eye-head and eye-hand coordination have been studied in nonhuman primates but not the combination of all three effectors. Here we examined the timing and kinematics of eye-head-hand coordination in rhesus macaques during a simple reach-to-touch task. Our most novel finding was that (compared with hand-restrained gaze shifts) reaching produced prolonged, increased head rotation toward the target, tending to center the binocular field of view on the target/hand.
Postsaccadic eye position contributes to oculomotor error estimation in saccadic adaptation
Authors: Gremmler Svenja , Lappe Markus 
Published: September 2019

We investigated whether the proprioceptive eye position signal after the execution of a saccadic eye movement is used to estimate the accuracy of the movement. If so, saccadic adaptation, the mechanism that maintains saccade accuracy, could use this signal in a similar way as it uses visual feedback after the saccade. To manipulate the availability of the proprioceptive eye position signal we utilized the finding that proprioceptive eye position information builds up gradually after a saccade over a time interval comparable to typical saccade latencies. We confined the retention time of gaze at the saccade landing point by asking participants to make fast return saccades to the fixation point that preempt the usability of proprioceptive eye position signals. In five experimental conditions we measured the influence of the visual and proprioceptive feedback, together and separately, on the development of adaptation. We found that the adaptation of the previously shortened saccades in the case of visual feedback being unavailable after the saccade was significantly weaker when the use of proprioceptive eye position information was impaired by fast return saccades. We conclude that adaptation can be driven by proprioceptive eye position feedback. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that proprioceptive eye position information is used after a saccade to estimate motor error and adapt saccade control. Previous studies on saccadic adaptation focused on visual feedback about saccade accuracy. A multimodal error signal combining visual and proprioceptive information is likely more robust. Moreover, combining proprioceptive and visual measures of saccade performance can be helpful to keep vision, proprioception, and motor control in alignment and produce a coherent representation of space.
Diverse physiological properties of hypoglossal motoneurons innervating intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles
Authors: Wealing J. C. , Cholanian M. , Flanigan E. G. , Levine R. B. , Fregosi R. F. 
Published: September 2019

The mammalian tongue contains eight muscles that collaborate to ensure that suckling, swallowing, and other critical functions are robust and reliable. Seven of the eight tongue muscles are innervated by hypoglossal motoneurons (XIIMNs). A somatotopic organization of the XII motor nucleus, defined in part by the mechanical action of a neuron’s target muscle, has been described, but whether or not XIIMNs within a compartment are functionally specialized is unsettled. We hypothesize that developing XIIMNs are assigned unique functional properties that reflect the challenges that their target muscle faces upon the transition from in utero to terrestrial life. To address this, we studied XIIMNs that innervate intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles, because intrinsic muscles play a more prominent role in suckling than the extrinsic muscles. We injected dextran-rhodamine into the intrinsic longitudinal muscles (IL) and the extrinsic genioglossus, and physiologically characterized the labeled XIIMNs. Consistent with earlier work, IL XIIMNs ( n = 150) were located more dorsally within the nucleus, and GG XIIMNs ( n = 55) more ventrally. Whole cell recordings showed that resting membrane potential was, on average, 9 mV more depolarized in IL than in GG XIIMNs ( P = 0.0019), and the firing threshold in response to current injection was lower in IL (−31 ± 23 pA) than in GG XIIMNs (225 ± 39 pA; P < 0.0001). We also found that the appearance of net outward currents in GG XIIMNs occurred at more hyperpolarized membrane potentials than IL XIIMNs, consistent with lower excitability in GG XIIMNs. These observations document muscle-specific functional specializations among XIIMNs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The hypoglossal motor nucleus contains motoneurons responsible for innervating one of seven different muscles with notably different biomechanics and patterns of use. Whether or not motoneurons innervating the different muscles also have unique functional properties (e.g., spiking behavior, synaptic physiology) is poorly understood. In this work we show that neonatal hypoglossal motoneurons innervating muscles that shape the tongue (intrinsic longitudinal muscles) have different electrical properties than those innervating the genioglossus, which controls tongue position.
Case studies in neuroscience: a novel amino acid duplication in the NH2-terminus of the brain sodium channel NaV1.1 underlying Dravet syndrome
Authors: Angus Madeline , Peters Colin H. , Poburko Damon , Brimble Elise , Spelbrink Emily M. , Ruben Peter C. 
Published: September 2019

Dravet syndrome is a severe form of childhood epilepsy characterized by frequent temperature-sensitive seizures and delays in cognitive development. In the majority (80%) of cases, Dravet syndrome is caused by mutations in the SCN1A gene, encoding the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.1, which is abundant in the central nervous system. Dravet syndrome can be caused by either gain-of-function mutation or loss of function in NaV1.1, making it necessary to characterize each novel mutation. Here we use a combination of patch-clamp recordings and immunocytochemistry to characterize the first known NH2-terminal amino acid duplication mutation found in a patient with Dravet syndrome, M72dup. M72dup does not significantly alter rate of fast inactivation recovery or rate of fast inactivation onset at any measured membrane potential. M72dup significantly shifts the midpoint of the conductance voltage relationship to more hyperpolarized potentials. Most interestingly, M72dup significantly reduces peak current of NaV1.1 and reduces membrane expression. This suggests that M72dup acts as a loss-of-function mutation primarily by impacting the ability of the channel to localize to the plasma membrane. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Genetic screening of a patient with Dravet syndrome revealed a novel mutation in SCN1A. Of over 700 SCN1A mutations known to cause Dravet syndrome, M72dup is the first to be identified in the NH2-terminus of NaV1.1. We studied M72dup using patch-clamp electrophysiology and immunocytochemistry. M72dup causes a decrease in membrane expression of NaV1.1 and overall loss of function, consistent with the role of the NH2-terminal region in membrane trafficking of NaV1.1.
Acoustic Correlates of the Four-Way Laryngeal Contrast in Marathi
Authors: Dmitrieva Olga , Dutta Indranil 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe study examines acoustic correlates of the four-way laryngeal contrast in Marathi, focusing on temporal parameters, voice quality, and onset f0. Acoustic correlates of the laryngeal contrast were investigated in the speech of 33 native speakers of Marathi, recorded in Mumbai, India, producing a word list containing six sets of words minimally contrastive in terms of laryngeal specification of word-initial velar stops. Measurements were made for the duration of prevoicing, release, and voicing during release. Fundamental frequency was measured at the onset of voicing following the stop and at 10 additional time points. As measures of voice quality, amplitude differences between the first and second harmonic (H1–H2) and between the first harmonic and the third formant (H1–A3) were calculated. The results demonstrated that laryngeal categories in Marathi are differentiated based on temporal measures, voice quality, and onset f0, although differences in each dimension were unequal in magnitude across different pairs of stop categories. We conclude that a single acoustic correlate, such as voice onset time, is insufficient to differentiate among all the laryngeal categories in languages such as Marathi, characterized by complex four-way laryngeal contrasts. Instead, a joint contribution of several acoustic correlates creates a robust multidimensional contrast.