bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacist‐led discharge medication counselling: A scoping review
Authors: Bonetti Aline F. , Reis Wálleri C. , Lombardi Natália Fracaro , Mendes Antonio M. , Netto Harli Pasquini , Rotta Inajara , Fernandez‐Llimos Fernando , Pontarolo Roberto 
Published: April 2018

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesDischarge medication counselling has produced improved quality of care and health outcomes, especially by reducing medication errors and readmission rates, and improving medication adherence. However, no studies have assembled an evidence‐based discharge counselling process for clinical pharmacists. Thus, the present study aims to map the components of the pharmacist‐led discharge medication counselling process.MethodsWe performed a scoping review by searching electronic databases (Pubmed, Scopus, and DOAJ) and conducting a manual search to identify studies published up to July 2017. Studies that addressed pharmacist‐led discharge medication counselling, regardless of the population, clinical conditions, and outcomes evaluated, were included.ResultsA total of 1563 studies were retrieved, with 75 matching the inclusion criteria. Thirty‐two different components were identified, and the most prevalent were the indication of the medications and adverse drug reactions, which were reported in more than 50% of the studies. The components were reported similarly by studies from the USA and the rest of the world, and over the years. However, 2 differences were identified: the use of a dosage schedule, which was more frequent in studies published in 2011 or before and in studies outside the USA; and the teach‐back technique, which was used more frequently in the USA. Poor quality reporting was also observed, especially regarding the duration of the counselling, the number of patients, and the medical condition.ConclusionMapping the components of the pharmacist‐led discharge counselling studies through a scoping review allowed us to reveal how this service is performed around the world. Wide variability in this process and poor reporting were identified. Future studies are needed to define the core outcome set of this clinical pharmacy service to allow the generation of robust evidence and reproducibility in clinical practice.
Welfare Consequences of Gradual Disinflation in Emerging Economies
Authors: SUNEL ENES 
Published: April 2018

AbstractEmerging economies display considerable inequality in monetary asset holdings, rendering the recent disinflation nontrivial. Using a small open‐economy model with uninsurable idiosyncratic risk, this paper shows that a gradual decline of 12% in the quarterly inflation rate leads to an aggregate welfare gain of 0.40% in consumption equivalent terms. The poor gain less than the economy on aggregate, despite holding a more inflation‐prone financial portfolio. This is because unequal cash holdings make inflation tax payments of the poor much smaller than those of the rich. When inflation tax revenues finance redistributive transfers that provide insurance, cross‐sectional gains become even more dispersed.
Semiotic Collisions and the Metapragmatics of Culture Change in Dr. Song Yujin's “Chinese Medical Psychology”
Authors: Pritzker Sonya E. , Liang Kiki Q. Y. 
Published: April 2018

This paper is about interaction in the clinic of Dr. Song Yujin, a physician who practices “Chinese medical psychology” in Beijing, China. In particular, we highlight how Dr. Song challenges deep‐seated ideas about family, personhood, and healing among his patients. Through close study of one interaction that Dr. Song has with a patient and her family, we demonstrate how Dr. Song draws upon prosody, gaze, teaching talk, and terminology to construct a local metapragmatic framework within which his utterances, gestures, and other semiotic devices can be interpreted as appropriate and familiar yet also strange and challenging. By examining Dr. Song's approach as it occurs in a contentious clinical “border zone” involving texts, bodies, and medical practices, we demonstrate how an emphasis on the micropolitics of interaction in specific clinical contexts can complement the scholarly study of cultural, social, medical, and personal change over time. This approach, we argue, has broad implications for the ways in which linguistic anthropology can contribute to the ethnographic study of cultural change as it emerges in complex interactions that often hinge on the tension between cooperation and resistance.
Host‐targeted RAD‐Seq reveals genetic changes in the coral Oculina patagonica associated with range expansion along the Spanish Mediterranean coast
Authors: Leydet Karine Posbic , Grupstra Carsten G. B. , Coma Rafel , Ribes Marta , Hellberg Michael E. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMany organisms are expanding their ranges in response to changing environmental conditions. Understanding the patterns of genetic diversity and adaptation along an expansion front is crucial to assessing a species’ long‐term success. While next‐generation sequencing techniques can reveal these changes in fine detail, ascribing them to a particular species can be difficult for organisms that live in close association with symbionts. Using a novel modified restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing (RAD‐Seq) protocol to target coral DNA, we collected 595 coral‐specific single nucleotide polymorphisms from 189 colonies of the invasive coral Oculina patagonica from the Spanish Mediterranean coast, including established core populations and two expansion fronts. Surprisingly, populations from the recent northern expansion are genetically distinct from the westward expansion and core populations and also harbour greater genetic diversity. We found that temperature may have driven adaptation along the northern expansion, as genome scans for selection found three candidate loci associated with temperature in the north but none in the west. We found no genomic signature of selection associated with artificial substrate, which has been proposed for explaining the rapid spread of O. patagonica. This suggests that this coral is simply an opportunistic colonizer of free space made available by coastal habitat modifications. Our results suggest that unique genetic variation, possibly due to limited dispersal across the Ibiza Channel, an influx of individuals from different depths and/or adaptation to cooler temperatures along the northern expansion front may have facilitated the northward range expansion of O. patagonica in the western Mediterranean.
Genomic signatures of fine‐scale local selection in Atlantic salmon suggest involvement of sexual maturation, energy homeostasis and immune defence‐related genes
Authors: Pritchard Victoria L. , Mäkinen Hannu , Vähä Juha‐Pekka , Erkinaro Jaakko , Orell Panu , Primmer Craig R. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractElucidating the genetic basis of adaptation to the local environment can improve our understanding of how the diversity of life has evolved. In this study, we used a dense SNP array to identify candidate loci potentially underlying fine‐scale local adaptation within a large Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) population. By combining outlier, gene–environment association and haplotype homozygosity analyses, we identified multiple regions of the genome with strong evidence for diversifying selection. Several of these candidate regions had previously been identified in other studies, demonstrating that the same loci could be adaptively important in Atlantic salmon at subdrainage, regional and continental scales. Notably, we identified signals consistent with local selection around genes associated with variation in sexual maturation, energy homeostasis and immune defence. These included the large‐effect age‐at‐maturity gene vgll3, the known obesity gene mc4r, and major histocompatibility complex II. Most strikingly, we confirmed a genomic region on Ssa09 that was extremely differentiated among subpopulations and that is also a candidate for local selection over the global range of Atlantic salmon. This region colocalized with a haplotype strongly associated with spawning ecotype in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), with circumstantial evidence that the same gene (six6) may be the selective target in both cases. The phenotypic effect of this region in Atlantic salmon remains cryptic, although allelic variation is related to upstream catchment area and covaries with timing of the return spawning migration. Our results further inform management of Atlantic salmon and open multiple avenues for future research.
How to prophylax against invasive fungal infections in adult ALL? An unmet need
Authors: Cornely Oliver A. , Kontoyiannis Dimitrios P. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryAlthough the benefit for any type of antifungal prophylaxis in patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia is well accepted, less is known about the risk for invasive fungal infections (IFIs) and the optimal prophylaxis strategies in patients with acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL). Based on recent studies, ALL is a disease that appears to be associated with significant risk for IFIs. The pharmacokinetic interactions between azoles and vincristine, an antineoplastic agent that is part of modern combination chemotherapies in ALL, results in clinically significant neurotoxicity that makes the use of azoles problematic. However, a number of questions regarding azole‐vincristine interactions remain unanswered. In this viewpoint, we call for a renewed interest in antifungal prophylaxis studies in ALL in view of the availability of several non‐azole novel antifungal agents that are under preclinical and/or clinical development. This is clearly a major unmet need in modern clinical mycology.
Circadian rhythms, refractive development, and myopia
Authors: Chakraborty Ranjay , Ostrin Lisa A. , Nickla Debora L. , Iuvone P. Michael , Pardue Machelle T. , Stone Richard A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPurposeDespite extensive research, mechanisms regulating postnatal eye growth and those responsible for ametropias are poorly understood. With the marked recent increases in myopia prevalence, robust and biologically‐based clinical therapies to normalize refractive development in childhood are needed. Here, we review classic and contemporary literature about how circadian biology might provide clues to develop a framework to improve the understanding of myopia etiology, and possibly lead to rational approaches to ameliorate refractive errors developing in children.Recent findingsIncreasing evidence implicates diurnal and circadian rhythms in eye growth and refractive error development. In both humans and animals, ocular length and other anatomical and physiological features of the eye undergo diurnal oscillations. Systemically, such rhythms are primarily generated by the ‘master clock’ in the surpachiasmatic nucleus, which receives input from the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) through the activation of the photopigment melanopsin. The retina also has an endogenous circadian clock. In laboratory animals developing experimental myopia, oscillations of ocular parameters are perturbed. Retinal signaling is now believed to influence refractive development; dopamine, an important neurotransmitter found in the retina, not only entrains intrinsic retinal rhythms to the light:dark cycle, but it also modulates refractive development. Circadian clocks comprise a transcription/translation feedback control mechanism utilizing so‐called clock genes that have now been associated with experimental ametropias. Contemporary clinical research is also reviving ideas first proposed in the nineteenth century that light exposures might impact refraction in children. As a result, properties of ambient lighting are being investigated in refractive development. In other areas of medical science, circadian dysregulation is now thought to impact many non‐ocular disorders, likely because the patterns of modern artificial lighting exert adverse physiological effects on circadian pacemakers. How, or if, such modern light exposures and circadian dysregulation contribute to refractive development is not known.SummaryThe premise of this review is that circadian biology could be a productive area worthy of increased investigation, which might lead to the improved understanding of refractive development and improved therapeutic interventions.
Parental attitudes to myopia: a key agent of change for myopia control?
Authors: McCrann Saoirse , Flitcroft Ian , Lalor Kevin , Butler John , Bush Aaron , Loughman James 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPurposeWith the increasing prevalence in myopia there is growing interest in active myopia prevention. This study aims to increase our understanding of parental attitudes to myopia development and control, as a means to inform future health planning and policy. It evaluates, for the first time, the attitude of parents to myopia and its associated risks, as well as assessing the exposure of Irish children to environmental factors that may influence their risk profile for myopia development.MethodsParents of 8–13 year old children in eight participating schools completed a questionnaire designed to assess their knowledge of and attitudes towards myopia and its risk factors. A structured diary was also used to capture daily activities of children in relation to myopia risk factors.ResultsOf 329 parents, just 46% considered that myopia presented a health risk to their children, while an identical number (46%) regarded it as an optical inconvenience. Myopia was also, but less frequently, considered an expense (31% of parents), a cosmetic inconvenience (14% of parents) and, by some, as a sign of intelligence (4% of parents) 76% of parents recognised the potential of digital technology to impact the eye, particularly as a cause of eyestrain and need for spectacles. Only 14% of parents expressed concern should their child be diagnosed with myopia. Compared to non myopic parents, myopic parents viewed myopia as more of an optical inconvenience (p < 0.001), an expense (p < 0.005) and a cosmetic inconvenience (p < 0.001). There was a trend for myopic parents to limit screen time use in their household more than non‐myopic parents (p = 0.05). Parents who considered myopia a health risk sought to limit screen time more than parents who did not regard myopia as a health risk to their child (p = 0.01). Children spent significantly longer performing indoor proximal tasks (255 min) compared to time spent outdoors (180 min;p < 0.0001) daily. Older (p = 0.001), urban (p = 0.0005) myopic (=0.04) children spent significantly more time at digital screens compared to younger non‐myopic children from a rural background.ConclusionParental attitudes to myopia were typically nonchalant in relation to health risk. This is of particular concern given the impact parents have on children's behaviour and choices with respect to such risk factors, demonstrating an acute need for societal sensitisation to the public health importance of myopia.
Five‐year incidence and progression of myopic maculopathy in a rural Chinese adult population: the Handan Eye Study
Authors: Lin Caixia , Li Shi‐Ming , Ohno‐Matsui Kyoko , Wang Bing Song , Fang Yu Xin , Cao Kai , Gao Li Qin , Hao Jie , Zhang Ye , Wu Jian , Wang Ning Li ,   the Handan Eye Study Group
Published: April 2018

AbstractPurposeTo determine the cumulative five‐year incidence and progression of myopic maculopathy in a rural Chinese adult population.MethodsThe Handan Eye Study was a population‐based longitudinal study. In 2006, 6830 subjects aged 30+ years participated in this study (baseline). Five years later, 5394 subjects (follow‐up rate: 85.3%) took part in the follow‐up study. Participants had a detailed eye examination, including visual acuity, standardized refraction and fundus photography according to a similar protocol at both baseline and follow‐up. Myopic maculopathy was defined as any of the following signs: diffuse chorioretinal atrophy, patchy chorioretinal atrophy, macular atrophy, lacquer cracks and myopic choroidal neovascularization at the posterior pole. Parapapillary atrophy was assessed separately.ResultsOf 5394 participants, 5078 (10 021 eyes) had gradable fundus photographs. Over the five years, four participants (five eyes) developed new myopic maculopathy, with an eye‐specific incidence of 0.05% (95% CI, 0.02–0.10%). Among the 51 eyes with myopic maculopathy at baseline, the progression occurred in 18 eyes (35.3%), with new signs of patchy chorioretinal atrophy in 11 eyes (21.6%), diffuse chorioretinal atrophy in seven eyes (13.7%), lacquer cracks in three eyes (6.9%), macular atrophy in three eyes (6.9%) and myopic choroidal neovascularization in two eyes (3.9%). By multivariable analysis, female gender (OR, 9.14; p = 0.004) and higher educational level (OR, 8.24; p = 0.004) were associated with a higher risk of progression of myopic maculopathy, whereas lower myopia at baseline (OR, 0.79; p < 0.0001) and hypertension (OR, 0.21; p = 0.017) were associated with a reduced risk.ConclusionsThe five‐year incidence of myopic maculopathy was 0.05% in rural Chinese adults aged 30+ years. The progression rate in participants with myopic maculopathy was 35.3%, indicating the importance of regular follow‐up for these patients.
Optical ‘dampening’ of the refractive error to axial length ratio: implications for outcome measures in myopia control studies
Authors: Cruickshank Fiona E. , Logan Nicola S. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPurposeTo gauge the extent to which differences in the refractive error axial length relationship predicted by geometrical optics are observed in actual refractive/biometric data.MethodsThis study is a retrospective analysis of existing data. Right eye refractive error [RX] and axial length [AXL] data were collected on 343 6‐to‐7‐year‐old children [mean 7.18 years (S.D. 0.35)], 294 12‐to‐13‐year‐old children [mean 13.12 years (S.D. 0.32)] and 123 young adults aged 18‐to‐25‐years [mean 20.56 years (S.D. 1.91)]. Distance RX was measured with the Shin‐Nippon NVision‐K 5001 infrared open‐field autorefractor. Child participants were cyclopleged prior to data collection (1% Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride). Myopia was defined as a mean spherical equivalent [MSE] ≤−0.50 D. Axial length was measured using the Zeiss IOLMaster 500. Optical modelling was based on ray tracing and manipulation of parameters of a Gullstrand reduced model eye.ResultsThere was a myopic shift in mean MSE with age (6–7 years +0.87 D, 12–13 years −0.06 D and 18–25 years −1.41 D), associated with an increase in mean AXL (6–7 years 22.70 mm, 12–13 years 23.49 mm and 18–25 years 23.98 mm). There was a significant negative correlation between MSE and AXL for all age groups (all p < 0.005). RX: AXL ratios for participant data were compared with the ratio generated from Gullstrand model eyes. Both modelled and actual data showed non‐linearity and non‐constancy, and that as axial length is increased, the relationship between myopia and axial length differs, such that it becomes more negative.ConclusionsOptical theory predicts that there will be a reduction in the RX: AXL ratio with longer eyes. The participant data although adhering to this theory show a reduced effect, with eyes with longer axial lengths having a lower refractive error to axial length ratio than predicted by model eye calculations. We propose that in myopia control intervention studies when comparing efficacy, consideration should be given to the dampening effect seen with a longer eye.
Expression of cutaneous immunity markers during infant skin maturation
Authors: Kirchner Frank , Capone Kimberly A. , Mack M. Catherine , Stamatas Georgios N. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesInfant skin undergoes a maturation process during the early years of life. Little is known about the skin's innate immunity. We investigated the dynamics of innate immunity markers collected from the surface of infant skin during the first 36 months of life.MethodsA total of 117 healthy infants aged 3‐36 months participated in the study. We extracted human beta defensin‐1 and interleukin 1 alpha and its receptor antagonist using transdermal analysis patches from the skin surface of the posterior lower leg area. The extracts were analyzed using a spot enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsSkin surface human beta defensin‐1 levels were higher early in life and decreased with infant age. The ratio of interleukin 1 alpha receptor antagonist to interleukin 1 alpha did not change significantly with age but showed a distinct difference between sexes, with female infants having higher values than male infants.ConclusionAs is the case with skin structure and functional properties, cutaneous innate immunity also appears to undergo a maturation period during infancy, with innate immunity slowly declining as adaptive immunity takes over. Sex differences in immune markers may explain sex‐dependent susceptibilities to infection.
Gymnomonas nepalensis gen. et sp. nov. for the naked flagellate strain ‘Nepal’, formerly identified as Dunaliella lateralis (Volvocales, Chlorophyceae)
Authors: Watanabe Shin , Nakada Takashi 
Published: April 2018

SUMMARYThis study revisited the naked green flagellate strain ‘Nepal’, formerly identified as Dunaliella lateralis Pascher & Jahoda. This strain was concordant with the original description of motile cells, but different in features of the chloroplast morphology, eyespot position and asexual reproduction. Belonging to Oogamochlamydinia, this strain was distinguished from the walled species and another naked species Hapalochloris nozakii Nakada in cell size, ultrastructural features and phylogenetic positions. Based on these features, Gymnomonas nepalensis gen. et sp. nov. is proposed.
The relationship between social support, treatment interruption and treatment outcome in patients with multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis in China: a mixed‐methods study
Authors: Yin Jia , Wang Xiaomeng , Zhou Lin , Wei Xiaolin 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectiveMultidrug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) has been a major threat for successful TB control. We examined the relationship between social support and treatment outcomes in MDR‐TB patients and evaluated barriers to social support.MethodsRetrospective cohort study with MDR‐TB patients enrolled in the Global Fund programme between 1 January 2009 and 30 June 2014 in Zhejiang, China. We reviewed all MDR‐TB patients’ diagnoses and treatment outcomes. In‐depth interviews were conducted with 10 community health workers and 10 patients. Pathway analysis was employed to examine the association between social support and treatment outcomes, and the mediating effect of medication adherence on their relationship.ResultsOf 218 participants, 144 (66%) were successfully treated and 59 (27%) had poor treatment adherence. Directly observed therapy (DOT) had an indirect positive effect on treatment success, mediating through medication adherence (β = 0.541, P = 0.008; β = 0.538, P < 0.001). Financial support had both a direct (β = 0.769, P < 0.001) and an indirect positive effect on treatment success, which was mediated by a self‐reported social support scale (β = 0.541, P = 0.008; β = 0.538, P < 0.001). The interviews indicated poor performance of DOT. Patients often suffered from substantial stigma, but were not provided with psychological support.Conclusion
DOT and financial support were effective strategies for improving successful treatment outcomes in MDR‐TB patients, but they were delivered not considering patients’ perspectives. There is an urgent need for consistent and specific psychological support for MDR‐TB patients in their communities.