bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A statistical tool for risk assessment as a function of the number of lymph nodes retrieved from rectal cancer patients
Authors: Wu Z. , Qin G. , Zhao N. , Jia H. , Zheng X. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAimAlthough a minimum of 12 lymph nodes (LNs) has been recommended for examination in colorectal cancer patients there remains considerable debate with regard to rectal cancer. Inadequacy of examined LNs could lead to understaging and inappropriate treatment as a consequence. We describe a statistical tool that allows an estimate of the probability of false‐negative nodes.MethodA total of 26 778 patients diagnosed between 2004 and 2013 with rectal adenocarcinoma [tumour stage (T stage) 1–3] who did not receive neoadjuvant therapies and had at least one histologically assessed LN were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. A statistical tool using beta‐binomial distribution was developed to estimate the probability of missing a positive node as a function of the total number of LNs examined and T stage.ResultsThe probability of falsely identifying a patient as node‐negative decreased with increasing number of nodes examined for each stage. It was estimated to be 72%, 66% and 52% for T1, T2 and T3 patients, respectively, with a single node examined. To confirm an occult nodal disease with 90% confidence, 5, 9 and 29 nodes need to be examined for patients from stages T1, T2 and T3, respectively.ConclusionThe false‐negative rate of the examined LNs in rectal cancer was verified to be dependent preoperatively on the clinical T stage. A more accurate nodal staging score was developed to recommend a threshold for the minimum number of examined nodes with regard to the favoured level of confidence.
Highly deficient alcohol health warning labels in a high‐income country with a voluntary system
Authors: Tinawi Georges , Gray Tessa , Knight Thomas , Glass Chayce , Domanski Nina , Wilson Nick , Hoek Janet , Thomson George 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIntroduction and AimsTo examine the prevalence and design elements of the voluntary health warning labels and related industry initiatives on a purposive sample of alcoholic beverage containers sold in New Zealand (NZ), a country with no mandatory health warning labels.Design and MethodsWe selected a purposive (e.g. low‐cost) sample of 59 local and imported beers, wines and ready‐to‐drink alcoholic beverage containers available in NZ in 2016–2017. We documented the occurrence, content, size, appearance and position of messages concerning drinking during pregnancy, drink‐driving, other health effects and industry‐led initiatives that could relate to warnings; and collected data about alcohol content, standard drinks, ingredients and energy information.ResultsA majority (80%) of the alcoholic beverage containers had a pregnancy‐related warning, 73% had industry‐led initiatives (e.g. advising ‘responsible’ consumption) and 19% had drink‐driving/heavy machinery warnings. Warning labels were small, with the average area of pregnancy‐related and drink‐driving/heavy machinery pictograms being 45 and 36 mm2, respectively (i.e. pea‐size). The average heights of pregnancy‐related and drink‐driving text were 1.6 and 2.2 mm, respectively. Pregnancy‐related pictograms occupied between an average of 0.13% (wine) and 0.21% (ready‐to‐drink) of the available surface area of the alcoholic beverage container (i.e. less than 1/400th of the available space). Drink‐driving pictograms occupied an average of 0.12% (imported beer), and 0.13% (NZ beer) of the available surface area.Discussion and ConclusionsVoluntary recommendations in NZ appear to have been inadequate for producing health warnings on alcoholic beverage containers that are consistent with evidence‐informed recommendations for effective labels. This finding suggests that mandatory standardised labelling outlining alcohol‐related risks may be required to ensure adequate consumer information.
Cord blood insulin, IGF‐I, IGF‐II, leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin, and their associations with insulin sensitivity, β‐cell function and adiposity in infancy
Authors: Zhang D. L. , Du Q. , Djemli A. , Julien P. , Fraser W. D. , Luo Z. C. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAimVulnerability to insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes may originate in early life, but little is known about whether any perinatal biomarkers are predictive of later metabolic health. We sought to assess whether cord blood insulin, insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐I, IGF‐II, leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin are associated with metabolic health indicators in infancy.MethodsIn a prospective singleton birth cohort, we assessed cord blood insulin, IGF‐I, IGF‐II, leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin concentrations in relation to the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR), β‐cell function (HOMA‐β), fasting proinsulin‐to‐insulin ratio, BMIz‐score, and the sum of triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness (an indicator of adiposity) in infants at age 1 year (n = 185).ResultsAdjusting for maternal and infant characteristics, one standard deviation (sd) increase in cord blood adiponectin was associated with an 11.1% (95% confidence interval 1.8–19.5%) decrease in HOMA‐β (P = 0.02) and a 13.6% (1.8–26.8%) increase in proinsulin‐to‐insulin ratio (P = 0.02), indicating worse β‐cell function in infants at age 1 year. One sd increase in cord blood insulin was associated with a 0.5 (0.1–1.0) mm increase in skinfold thickness (P = 0.01). One sd increase in cord blood ghrelin was associated with a 0.2 (0.02–0.3) decrease in BMIz‐score (P = 0.02) and a 0.5 (0.1–0.9) mm decrease (P = 0.02) in skinfold thickness. Cord blood IGF‐I and IGF‐II were not associated with the observed metabolic health indicators at age 1 year.ConclusionThe study is the first to show that cord blood adiponectin may be negatively predictive of β‐cell function, whereas cord blood ghrelin may be negatively predictive of adiposity in infancy.
Awareness is related to reduced post‐stimulus alpha power: a no‐report inattentional blindness study
Authors: Harris Anthony M. , Dux Paul E. , Mattingley Jason B. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDelineating the neural correlates of sensory awareness is a key requirement for developing a neuroscientific understanding of consciousness. A neural signal that has been proposed as a key neural correlate of awareness is amplitude reduction of 8–14 Hz alpha oscillations. Alpha oscillations are also closely linked to processes of spatial attention, providing potential alternative explanations for past results associating alpha oscillations with awareness. We employed a no‐report inattentional blindness (IB) paradigm with electroencephalography to examine the association between awareness and the power of 8–14 Hz alpha oscillations. We asked whether the alpha‐power decrease commonly reported when stimuli are perceived is related to awareness, or other factors that commonly confound awareness investigations, specifically task‐relevance and visual salience. Two groups of participants performed a target discrimination task at fixation while irrelevant non‐salient shape probes were presented briefly in the left or right visual field. One group was explicitly informed of the peripheral probes at the commencement of the experiment (the control group), whereas the other was not told about the probes until halfway through the experiment (IB group). Consequently, the IB group remained unaware of the probes for the first half of the experiment. In all conditions in which participants were aware of the probes, there was an enhanced negativity in the event‐related potential (the visual awareness negativity). Furthermore, there was an extended contralateral alpha‐power decrease when the probes were perceived, which was not present when they failed to reach awareness. These results suggest alpha oscillations are intrinsically associated with awareness itself.
A new Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and a eulophid wasp (Hymenoptera) inducing similar galls on leaf buds of Schoepfia jasminodora (Schoepfiaceae), with reference to their ecological traits and a description of the new gall midge
Authors: Elsayed Ayman Khamis , Matsuo Kazunori , Kim Wanggyu , Uechi Nami , Yukawa Junichi , Gyoutoku Naohisa , Tokuda Makoto 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDifferent gall inducers belonging to distinct insect orders are rarely known to induce similarly shaped galls on the same host plant organs. We report that Asphondylia tojoi Elsayed & Tokuda sp. nov. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and Ceratoneura sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) induce galls on leaf buds of Schoepfia jasminodora Sieb. et Zucc. (Schoepfiaceae). We describe the gall midge species as new to science and report a phylogenetic analysis for known Japanese Asphondylia species. We also describe life histories of the two species, based on monthly surveys during 2015–2017: although both species are multivoltine, A. tojoi overwinters as first instars in galls, whereas Ceratoneura sp. possibly does so as adults outside the galls. In addition, the internal structure of galls differed between the two species. Galls containing A. tojoi consist of a single chamber with inner walls clearly covered with whitish fungal mycelia after the gall midges develop into second instars. Those containing the Ceratoneura sp. have multiple chambers with hard black inner walls. Although some eulophids are known to be inquilines of galls induced by Asphondylia species, we consider that the Ceratoneura sp. is probably a true gall inducer because of the different gall structure and absence of fungal mycelia in their galls. This is the first report detailing the annual life history of a Ceratoneura species. Asphondylia tojoi represents the first example of monophagous Asphondylia species with a multivoltine life history on a deciduous tree.
OWL‐based acquisition and editing of computer‐interpretable guidelines with the CompGuide editor
Authors: Oliveira Tiago , Gonçalves Filipe , Novais Paulo , Satoh Ken , Neves José 
Published: May 2018

AbstractComputer‐Interpretable Guidelines (CIGs) are the dominant medium for the delivery of clinical decision support, given the evidence‐based nature of their source material. Therefore, these machine‐readable versions have the ability to improve practitioner performance and conformance to standards, with availability at the point and time of care. The formalisation of Clinical Practice Guideline knowledge in a machine‐readable format is a crucial task to make it suitable for the integration in Clinical Decision Support Systems. However, the current tools for this purpose reveal shortcomings with respect to their ease of use and the support offered during CIG acquisition and editing. In this work, we characterise the current landscape of CIG acquisition tools based on the properties of guideline visualisation, organisation, simplicity, automation, manipulation of knowledge elements, and guideline storage and dissemination. Additionally, we describe the CompGuide Editor, a tool for the acquisition of CIGs in the CompGuide model for Clinical Practice Guidelines that also allows the editing of previously encoded guidelines. The Editor guides the users throughout the process of guideline encoding and does not require proficiency in any programming language. The features of the CIG encoding process are revealed through a comparison with already established tools for CIG acquisition.
The use of spatial management tools in rights‐based groundfish fisheries
Authors: Liu Owen R. , Kleisner Kristin M. , Smith Sarah L. , Kritzer Jacob P. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe role of spatial management, including marine protected areas, in achieving fisheries outcomes alongside conservation goals is debated. In fisheries that fail to meet fishing mortality targets, closed areas are sometimes implemented to reduce fishing mortality. However, fisheries with stronger management, including rights‐based approaches that can address overcapacity and overfishing problems, often employ spatial management as well. Here, we compare the objectives, design, and performance of spatial management in nine temperate demersal fisheries in North America, Oceania, Europe, and Africa that employ rights‐based systems. Common objectives of spatial management included protecting habitat, juveniles, and spawners and reducing discards. Recovering age structure and creating scientific reference sites were less common objectives, despite being widely cited benefits of spatial management. Some fisheries adopted single closures to achieve single objectives, whereas others adopted diverse networks to achieve multiple objectives. Importantly, many spatial protections are implemented primarily through industry initiatives. Environmental change compromised the efficacy of spatial management in some cases, suggesting the need to design spatial management systems that are robust to changing ocean conditions. Fisheries with diverse and extensive spatial management systems have generally healthier fish stocks. Whether this implies that spatial management contributed substantially to fishery performance is unclear due to an absence of large‐scale, long‐term studies aimed at discerning different drivers of success. Although these targeted monitoring studies of closed areas are limited, such studies are necessary to help resolve the ongoing debate and to enable more purposeful design of spatial management for fisheries and conservation.
Association of handgrip strength with various oral functions in 82‐ to 84‐year‐old community‐dwelling Japanese
Authors: Mihara Yusuke , Matsuda Ken‐ichi , Ikebe Kazunori , Hatta Koudai , Fukutake Motoyoshi , Enoki Kaori , Ogawa Taiji , Takeshita Hajime , Inomata Chisato , Gondo Yasuyuki , Masui Yukie , Kamide Kei , Sugimoto Ken , Kabayama Mai , Ishizaki Tatsuro , Arai Yasumichi , Maeda Yoshinobu 
Published: May 2018

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to elucidate the associations between muscle strength and several oral functions in a large cohort of community‐dwelling, 82‐ to 84‐year‐old community‐dwelling Japanese people.Background data discussing the present status of the fieldSeveral studies have examined the relationships between physical performance and oral functions. However, no studies have investigated the associations of muscle strength with various objectively evaluated oral functional parameters in a large cohort of very old adults.Materials and MethodsThis study included 809 community‐dwelling Japanese people (407 men and 402 women) aged 82‐84 years. The oral functions examined were the maximal occlusal force, masticatory performance, stimulated salivary flow rate, repetitive saliva‐swallowing test (RSST) score, tongue pressure and mouth‐opening distance. Handgrip strength was measured, and its correlations with oral functions were assessed. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the relationships between oral functions and handgrip strength.ResultsMultivariate analysis revealed that handgrip strength was correlated with not only the maximal occlusal force, masticatory performance and tongue pressure but also the RSST score and mouth‐opening distance after adjustment for sex, number of teeth, use of removable denture, periodontal condition, instrumental activities of daily living, body mass index. When we examine the elderly people whose handgrip strength is declining, we should predict that their various oral functions may be declining.ConclusionHandgrip strength was related to various oral functions after adjustment for the number of teeth in this population of community‐dwelling 82‐ to 84‐year‐old Japanese.
Pathological findings that contribute to tissue stiffness in the spleen of liver cirrhosis patients
Authors: Kondo Reiichiro , Kage Masayoshi , Iijima Hiroko , Fujimoto Jiro , Nishimura Takashi , Aizawa Nobuhiro , Akiba Jun , Naito Yoshiki , Kusano Hironori , Nakayama Masamichi , Mihara Yutaro , Tanigawa Masahiko , Yano Hirohisa 
Published: May 2018

AimSpleen stiffness is increased in liver cirrhosis (LC). We attempted to characterize the pathological features of spleen in LC.MethodsWe compared pathological findings of resected spleen tissues of 28 LC patients and those of six healthy controls. In addition, we measured spleen stiffness before splenectomy by shear wave elastography in nine LC patients. After splenectomy, we examined the relationship between spleen stiffness and pathological findings.ResultsPassive congestion of the spleen was more frequently observed in LC patients than in controls (P < 0.01). The sinus was wider in LC patients than in controls (P < 0.01). In the spleens of the LC patients, diffuse α‐smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression of sinusoidal mesenchymal cells and deposition of collagen fibers on the perisinusoidal wall were observed. In nine LC patients whose spleen stiffness was examined, the width of the sinus increased along with spleen stiffness (r = 0.89, P < 0.01). Spleen stiffness was higher in the spleen tissues with diffuse αSMA expression of sinusoidal mesenchymal cells than in those with partial αSMA expression of sinusoidal mesenchymal cells (P = 0.01). The degree of fibrosis was higher in the LC patients with diffuse αSMA expression of the red pulp than in those with partial αSMA expression of the red pulp (P = 0.03).ConclusionIn the LC patients, spleen tissues showed passive congestion with a dilated sinus, diffuse αSMA expression of sinusoidal mesenchymal cells, and deposition of collagen fibers on the perisinusoidal wall. This contributed to spleen stiffness.
Nanoemulsions and dermatological diseases: contributions and therapeutic advances
Authors: de Souza Myla Lôbo , Oliveira Douglas Dourado , Pereira Neila de Paula , Soares Denis Melo 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSkin disease is one of the most common human diseases and affects between 30% and 70% of individuals, which requires a lot of attention to their treatments. The delivery of active pharmacological ingredients at the topical level is a challenge because of the difficulties in overcoming the mechanical barrier created by the skin and reaching greater depths, since delivery specificities are decisive for the degree of effectiveness. In this way, the nanoemulsions emerge as a potential system for the incorporation of active substances in the cells and for the controlled release of active principles. The present article intends to review the main treatments for which the nanoemulsions were used in the field of dermatology. In addition, it discusses the results and advantages over the other dermatological therapies that are being used. The results showed that the particle size in nanoemulsions increased the contact surface area, resulting in increased drug efficacy, even in comparison with other existing pharmaceutical formulations. In conclusion, it has been shown that nanoemulsions have a better performance in efficacy, safety, permeability profile, and bioavailability compared with other formulations studied.
The effects of ability on returns to over‐ and under‐education: Evidence from Malaysia
Authors: WYE Chung‐Khain , ISMAIL Rahmah 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn Malaysia, skilled‐job creation does not match the rising number of tertiary‐educated workers. The resultant accumulation of skill and ability competencies and work experience raises the question of the extent to which this enhances (mitigates) the wage premium (penalty) of over‐education (under‐education). Using data collected in Peninsular Malaysia in 2015, the authors estimate the effects of ability on returns to education. Their findings suggest that improving specific types of ability may be a means of rectifying wage deficiencies resulting from over‐ and under‐education. On this basis, human resource development in schools and in the workplace should focus on developing job‐specific workplace abilities.
Providence of the CD25+KIR+CD127−FOXP3−CD8+ T‐cell subset determines the dynamics of tumor immune surveillance
Authors: Chakraborty Sreeparna , Bhattacharjee Pushpak , Panda Abir K , Kajal Kirti , Bose Sayantan , Sa Gaurisankar 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCD8+ T‐regulatory (Treg) cells are emerging as crucial components of immune system. Previous studies have reported the presence of FOXP3+CD8+ Treg cells, similar to CD4+ Tregs, in cancer patients which produce high levels of the immunosuppressive cytokines, IL10 and TGFβ. At an early stage of tumor development, we have identified a subset of FOXP3−CD8+CD25+KIR+CD127− Treg‐like cells, which are IFNγ+. However, this early‐induced CD8+CD25+CD127− T‐cell subset is certainly distinct from the IFNγ+CD8+ T‐effector cells. These CD8+CD25+CD127− T cells express other FOXP3−CD8+ Treg cell signature markers, and can selectively suppress autoreactive HLA‐E+ TFH cells as well as tumor‐induced CD4+ Treg cells. In contrast to FOXP3+CD8+ Tregs, this subset does not inhibit effector T‐cell proliferation or their functions as they are HLA‐E−. Adoptive transfer of this early‐CD8+ Treg‐like subset restrained tumor growth and inhibited CD4+ Treg generation that impedes the immune surveillance and impairs cancer immunotherapy. At the late stage of tumor development, when CD4+ Treg cells dominate the tumor‐microenvironment, CD4+ Tregs mediate the clonal deletion of these tumor‐suppressive FOXP3−IFNγ+CD8+CD25+CD127− T cells and ensure tumor immune evasion. Our findings suggest that at an early stage of the tumor, this tumor‐induced IFNγ‐producing FOXP3−CD8+CD25+CD127− T‐cell subset can potentiate immune surveillance by targeting HLA‐E‐restricted CD4+ Treg cells while leaving the effector T‐cell population unaffected. Hence, manipulating their profile can open up a new avenue in cancer immunotherapy.
How small an island? Speciation by endemic mammals (Apomys, Muridae) on an oceanic Philippine island
Authors: Heaney Lawrence R. , Kyriazis Christopher C. , Balete Danilo S. , Steppan Scott J. , Rickart Eric A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAimTo investigate the influence of oceanic island area on speciation by small mammals, in the context of other land vertebrates.LocationMindoro Island (9,735 km2), an oceanic island in the Philippines.MethodsExtensive field surveys on Mindoro, followed by sequencing one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes for use in phylogenetic, population genetic and coalescent‐based analyses, and by morphometric analysis of craniodental data.ResultsOur analyses documented the presence on Mindoro of an endemic clade of probably four species ofApomys, subgenusMegapomys. The common ancestor likely arrived from Luzon Island across a narrow sea channel between 2.4 and 1.5 Ma; the four probable species occur allopatrically, with variation in their ranges along elevational gradients. Mindoro thus becomes the smallest oceanic island on which speciation by small mammals has been documented.Main conclusionsA review of land‐living vertebrates suggests that bats and large mammals have the greatest area requirements for speciation, whereas frogs, lizards, birds and small mammals have lower and similar minimum area requirements. However, with the exception ofAnolislizards, data are scattered and limited; much research is needed to document the impact of island area on speciation. The existence of a lower limit implies that the biological processes that influence species richness do not operate equivalently along a gradient of island areas: speciation within islands may not contribute to changes in species richness below some limit, unlike colonization and extinction, which operate at all island sizes.