bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recurrence of quadratic differentials for harmonic measure
Authors: GADRE VAIBHAV , MAHER JOSEPH 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe consider random walks on the mapping class group that have finite first moment with respect to the word metric, whose support generates a non-elementary subgroup and contains a pseudo-Anosov map whose invariant Teichmüller geodesic is in the principal stratum of quadratic differentials. We show that a Teichmüller geodesic typical with respect to the harmonic measure for such random walks, is recurrent to the thick part of the principal stratum. As a consequence, the vertical foliation of such a random Teichmüller geodesic has no saddle connections.
Patients’ experiences and preferences for primary care delivery: a focus group analysis
Authors: Norwood Patrícia , Correia Isabel , Veiga Paula , Watson Verity 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background:
In 2005, the Portuguese government launched a primary care (PC) reform. After a promising start, the reform is still incomplete and has been compromised by low investment. The incomplete nature of the reforms has resulted in the coexistence of different models of care delivery and heterogeneity in resource allocation and performance. PC has been extensively evaluated, but little is known about the patients’ views and preferences regarding PC and the ongoing reform.

Aim:
This study aims to examine patients’ experiences of and preferences for PC in Portugal and to explore their experience of the recent reforms.

Methods:
A qualitative study was undertaken which collected data from eight focus groups in the city of Braga, Portugal. Participants were recruited with the collaboration of eight local institutions. Focus groups’ discussions focused on patients’ experiences of and preferences for PC as well as their views on the reforms. Audio recordings were transcribed and analysed using an inductive thematic content analysis.

Findings:
The majority of participants perceived that the reform was positive. However, the improvements achieved by the reform were insufficient to lead to most participants having a positive experience of PC delivery in Portugal. Participants’ satisfaction/dissatisfaction with primary care was strongly associated with interpersonal relations and communication with doctors. Participants valued continuity of care, but felt the levels of responsiveness, flexibility and coordination in the current system were still unsatisfactory. Access and waiting times were seen as challenging and led participants to seek PC from emergency departments and private doctors.

Policy Implications:
The perception of increased inequity and the lack of effective choice undermined the social acceptability of the reform. Policies aimed at improving doctor–patient communication and continuity of care, as well as choice, may therefore lead to better satisfaction and more efficient use of health care settings.
Intrauterine growth restriction affects z-scores of anthropometric parameters during the first 6 years in very low-birth-weight-children born at less than 30 weeks of gestation
Authors: Shoji Hiromichi , Watanabe Akiko , Awaji Atsuko , Ikeda Naho , Hosozawa Mariko , Ohkawa Natsuki , Nishizaki Naoto , Hisata Ken , Kantake Masato , Obinata Kaoru , Shimizu Toshiaki 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjective:Little is known about physical constitution outcomes for very preterm infants. Here, we compare z-scores of anthropometric parameters up to 6 years of age in children born with very low birth weight (VLBW) at less than 30 weeks of gestation, with or without intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).Design:Participants were divided into four subgroups: male (M), small for gestational age (SGA) (n = 30); M, appropriate for gestational age (AGA) (n = 59); female (F), SGA (n = 24); and F, AGA (n = 61). z-Scores of body weight (BW), body length (BL), and body mass index (BMI) were assessed at birth, 1 year corrected age, 3 years of age, and 6 years of age.Results:For boys, BW and BMI were significantly lower among SGA children than among AGA children at all assessments, but there was no difference in BL at 3 or 6 years. For girls, BW and BL were significantly lower among SGA children than among AGA children at all assessments, but no difference was detected in BMI after 1.5 years. No significant variation in the z-score of BW or BMI in either SGA group was observed after 1 year. BL z-score in all groups gradually increased until 6 years of age.Conclusion:IUGR affects BW and BMI in boys and BW and BL in girls during the first 6 years in VLBW children born at less than 30 weeks of gestation. SGA children did not catch up in BW or BMI from 1 to 6 years of age.
Cotton tolerance to halauxifen-methyl applied preplant
Authors: Askew M. Carter , Cahoon Charles W. , York Alan C. , Flessner Michael L. , Langston David B. , Ferebee J. Harrison 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAuxin herbicides are used in combinations to control glyphosate-resistant horseweed preplant burndown. Herbicide labels for 2,4-D–containing products require a 30-d rotation interval for planting cotton cultivars not resistant to 2,4-D. Dicamba labels require an accumulation of 2.5 cm of rain plus 21 d per 280 g ae ha–1 rotation interval for planting cotton cultivars not resistant to dicamba. Previous research has shown that cotton injury caused by dicamba applied 14 d before planting was transient with little effect on cotton yield, whereas 2,4-D has little effect on cotton when applied 7 d prior to planting. Injury caused by dicamba and 2,4-D is inversely related to rainfall received between herbicide application and cotton planting. Experiments were conducted to evaluate cotton tolerance to halauxifen-methyl, a new Group 4 herbicide, applied at intervals shorter than labeled requirements. Experiments were established near Painter and Suffolk, VA, and Belvidere, Clayton, Eure, Lewiston, and Rocky Mount, NC, during the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. Herbicide treatments included halauxifen, dicamba, and 2,4-D applied 4, 3, 2, 1, and 0 wk before planting (WBP). Visible estimates of cotton growth reduction and total injury were collected 1, 2, and 4 wk after cotton emergence (WAE). Cotton stand and percentage of plants with distorted leaves were recorded 2 and 4 WAE. Cotton plant heights were recorded 4 and 8 WAE. Halauxifen was less injurious (9%) than dicamba (26%) or 2,4-D (21%) 2 WAE when herbicides were applied 0 WBP. Cotton stand reduction 2 WAE by halauxifen was less than 2,4-D and dicamba when applied 0 WBP. Injury observed from herbicides applied 1, 2, 3, and 4 WBP was minor, and no significant differences in cotton stand were observed. Early-season cotton injury was transient, and seed cotton yield was unaffected by any treatment.
The Effects of Anthropogenic Land Use Changes on Climate in China Driven by Global Socioeconomic and Emission Scenarios
Authors: Dong Na , Liu Zhen , Luo Ming , Fang Chaoyang , Lin Hui 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe land surface, which interacts with lower atmosphere, is subject to substantial amounts of human activities. It results in regional climate fluctuations and must be assessed with a combination of future socioeconomic and emission policies to improve regional resilience and responsive efficiency on global mitigation and adaptation. Spatial heterogeneity in regional climate induced by land use changes of future global socioeconomic and emission scenarios is explored. Comparisons are carried out among both historical and future land use‐induced regional meteorological changes to investigate various climatic roles of land use conversions in China. The underlying changes in the surface albedo, leaf area index, energy exchange, and water balances are also examined. It is found that the increase of the summer temperature and the diurnal temperature range are the largest under the fifth Shared Socioeconomic Pathway characterized by more intensive urbanization. While temperature increase from urbanization and deforestation can be offset by cooling from vegetation evaporation increase under the extreme Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5, which has no climate mitigation policies and high greenhouse gas concentration. In addition, RCP4.5 scenario would cause an average temperature increase of 1.41°C by 2050 at an annual rate of 0.028°C in China. The global climatic forcing warms the entire region and enhances precipitation intensity, and these effects are more substantial than those by regional land use changes, showing a strong background influence. Our research reveals the future climatic responses to regional anthropogenic land use changes under various scenarios and policies and provides ways to downscale global mitigation impacts into regional insights.
Imaging the Deep Subsurface Plumbing of Old Faithful Geyser From Low‐Frequency Hydrothermal Tremor Migration
Authors: Wu Sin‐Mei , Lin Fan‐Chi , Farrell Jamie , Allam Amir 
Published: June 2019

AbstractOld Faithful Geyser in Yellowstone is one of the most well‐known hydrothermal features in the world. Despite abundant geophysical studies, the structure of Old Faithful's plumbing system beneath ~20‐m depth remained largely elusive. By deploying a temporary dense three‐component geophone array, we observe 1–5 Hz low‐frequency hydrothermal tremor originating from Old Faithful's deeper conduit. By applying seismic interferometry and polarization analyses, we track seismic tremor source migration throughout the eruption/recharge cycle. The tremor source drops rapidly to ~80‐m depth right after the eruption and gradually ascends vertically back to ~20‐m depth, coinciding with the previously inferred bubble trap location. Likely excited by the liquid/steam phase transition, the observed tremor source migration can provide new constraints on the recharge process and deeper conduit geometry. Combined with the shallow conduit structure from previous studies, these results provide constraints on the major fluid pathway down to 80‐m depth.
Copula‐Based Convection‐Permitting Projections of Future Changes in Multivariate Drought Characteristics
Authors: Zhang B. , Wang S. , Wang Y. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractProbabilistic projections of future drought characteristics play a crucial role in climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. This study presents a copula‐based probabilistic framework for projecting future changes in multivariable drought characteristics through convection‐permitting Weather Research and Forecasting simulations with 4‐km horizontal grid spacing. A probabilistic multivariate drought index is introduced to examine the joint effects of drought indicators with uncertainty intervals for four major river basins located in South Central Texas of the United States. Markov chain Monte Carlo is used to address uncertainties in assessing copula parameters and in predicting climate‐induced changes in hydrological regimes. Our findings reveal that the severity and intensity of drought episodes can be amplified when considering the compound effects of soil moisture and runoff regimes by using the probabilistic multivariate drought index. The South Central Texas region is projected to experience more drought events with shorter duration and higher intensity in a changing climate. The drought severity will not necessarily increase due to the decreasing drought duration. In addition, our findings indicate that the intensity of future droughts is expected to increase as a result of the deficiency of soil moisture even though precipitation extremes are projected to become more frequent. Moreover, climate change impacts on multivariate drought characteristics will intensify with the increasing temporal scales (i.e., short‐, medium‐, and long‐term droughts) although the number of future drought events may decrease by the end of this century.
Heterogeneity among traumatic spinal cord injuries at the thoracolumbar junction: helping select patients for clinical trials
Authors: Liu Shu-Jia , Wang Qiang , Tang He-Hu , Bai Jin-Zhu , Wang Fang-Yong , Lv Zhen , Chen Shi-Zheng , Liu Jie-Sheng , Hong Yi , Zhang Jun-Wei 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Study design
Retrospective analysis.

Setting
China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China.

Objective
A retrospective study that documents the modalities and clarifies the heterogeneity among spinal cord injuries (SCIs) caused by trauma to the thoracolumbar vertebral junction.

Methods
X-ray and MRI imaging, neurological records, and the urodynamics results of 190 patients were reviewed and used to categorize different SCI modalities. First, injuries were divided into complete and incomplete injuries using the International Standard for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury. Next, the complete injuries were further grouped using the neurological level of injury and Long T2 signal from mid-sagittal MRI images, whereas the bulboconvernosus reflexes were also used as a reference to detect injury to the sacral cord.

Results
The SCI modalities were classified into five categories: pure complete epiconus lesion with caudal cord intact (G1), complete epiconus injury with conus medullaris (CM) totally involved in the lesion (G2), CM syndrome, cauda equine syndrome without sacral sparing (G3 and G4), and incomplete injury (G5).

Conclusions
The heterogeneity of SCIs at the thoracolumbar junction was documented, a criterion we propose to be of great significance when selecting patients for clinical trials. In particular, the G2 group, which comprises nearly one third of the patients with epiconus lesions, is sometimes mistaken as G1, an observation that has thus far received insufficient attention.
Platelet factor 4-containing immune complexes induce platelet activation followed by calpain-dependent platelet death
Authors: Nevzorova Tatiana A. , Mordakhanova Elmira R. , Daminova Amina G. , Ponomareva Anastasia A. , Andrianova Izabella A. , Le Minh Giang , Rauova Lubica , Litvinov Rustem I. , Weisel John W. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a complication of heparin therapy sometimes associated with thrombosis. The hallmark of HIT is antibodies to the heparin/platelet factor 4 (PF4) complex that cause thrombocytopenia and thrombosis through platelet activation. Despite the clinical importance, the molecular mechanisms and late consequences of immune platelet activation are not fully understood. Here, we studied immediate and delayed effects of the complexes formed by human PF4 and HIT-like monoclonal mouse anti-human-PF4/heparin IgG antibodies (named KKO) on isolated human platelets in vitro. Direct platelet-activating effect of the KKO/PF4 complexes was corroborated by the overexpression of phosphatidylserine (PS) and P-selectin on the platelet surface. The immune platelet activation was accompanied by a decrease of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), concurrent with a significant gradual reduction of the ATP content in platelets, indicating disruption of energy metabolism. A combination of PS expression and mitochondrial depolarization induced by the PF4-containing immune complexes observed in a substantial fraction of platelets was considered as a sign of ongoing platelet death, as opposed to a subpopulation of activated live platelets with PS on the plasma membrane but normal ΔΨm. Both activated and dying platelets treated with KKO/PF4 formed procoagulant extracellular microvesicles bearing PS on their surface. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed dramatic morphological changes of KKO/PF4-treated platelets, including their fragmentation, another indicator of cell death. Most of the effects of KKO/PF4 were prevented by an anti-FcγRII monoclonal antibody IV.3. The adverse functional and structural changes in platelets induced by the KKO/PF4 complexes were associated with strong time-dependent activation of calpain, but only trace cleavage of caspase 3. The results indicate that the pathogenic PF4-containing HIT-like immune complexes induce direct prothrombotic platelet activation via FcγRIIA receptors followed by non-apoptotic calpain-dependent death of platelets, which can be an important mechanism of thrombocytopenia during HIT development.
A girl with CLOVES syndrome with a recurrent PIK3CA somatic mutation and pancreatic steatosis
Authors: Hanafusa Hiroaki , Morisada Naoya , Nomura Tadashi , Kobayashi Daisuke , Akasaka Yoshinobu , Ye Ming Juan , Nozu Kandai , Nishimura Noriyuki , Iijima Kazumoto , Nakao Hideto 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCLOVES syndrome is characterized by congenital lipomatous overgrowth, vascular malformation, epidermal nevi, and scoliosis/spinal malformation. It is caused by somatic mosaicism of gain-of-function variants of PIK3CA. Here, we describe a novel case of a 5-year-old Japanese girl with CLOVES and concurrent pancreatic steatosis. She had a recurrent somatic mutation in PIK3CA (NM_006218.3: c.1357G>A, p.Glu453Lys), elevated HbA1c levels, and pancreatic steatosis. This case indicates that pancreatic screening is critical for PIK3CA-related disorders.
Amplification of future energy demand growth due to climate change
Authors: van Ruijven Bas J. , De Cian Enrica , Sue Wing Ian 
Published: June 2019

AbstractFuture energy demand is likely to increase due to climate change, but the magnitude depends on many interacting sources of uncertainty. We combine econometrically estimated responses of energy use to income, hot and cold days with future projections of spatial population and national income under five socioeconomic scenarios and temperature increases around 2050 for two emission scenarios simulated by 21 Earth System Models (ESMs). Here we show that, across 210 realizations of socioeconomic and climate scenarios, vigorous (moderate) warming increases global climate-exposed energy demand before adaptation around 2050 by 25–58% (11–27%), on top of a factor 1.7–2.8 increase above present-day due to socioeconomic developments. We find broad agreement among ESMs that energy demand rises by more than 25% in the tropics and southern regions of the USA, Europe and China. Socioeconomic scenarios vary widely in the number of people in low-income countries exposed to increases in energy demand.
Chromosome dynamics near the sol-gel phase transition dictate the timing of remote genomic interactions
Authors: Khanna Nimish , Zhang Yaojun , Lucas Joseph S. , Dudko Olga K. , Murre Cornelis 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDiverse antibody repertoires are generated through remote genomic interactions involving immunoglobulin variable (VH), diversity (DH) and joining (JH) gene segments. How such interactions are orchestrated remains unknown. Here we develop a strategy to track VH-DHJH motion in B-lymphocytes. We find that VH and DHJH segments are trapped in configurations that allow only local motion, such that spatially proximal segments remain in proximity, while spatially remote segments remain remote. Within a subset of cells, however, abrupt changes in VH-DHJH motion are observed, plausibly caused by temporal alterations in chromatin configurations. Comparison of experimental and simulated data suggests that constrained motion is imposed by a network of cross-linked chromatin chains characteristic of a gel phase, yet poised near the sol phase, a solution of independent chromatin chains. These results suggest that chromosome organization near the sol-gel phase transition dictates the timing of genomic interactions to orchestrate gene expression and somatic recombination.
Enzymatic biosynthesis and immobilization of polyprotein verified at the single-molecule level
Authors: Deng Yibing , Wu Tao , Wang Mengdi , Shi Shengchao , Yuan Guodong , Li Xi , Chong Hanchung , Wu Bin , Zheng Peng 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe recent development of chemical and bio-conjugation techniques allows for the engineering of various protein polymers. However, most of the polymerization process is difficult to control. To meet this challenge, we develop an enzymatic procedure to build polyprotein using the combination of a strict protein ligase OaAEP1 (Oldenlandia affinis asparaginyl endopeptidases 1) and a protease TEV (tobacco etch virus). We firstly demonstrate the use of OaAEP1-alone to build a sequence-uncontrolled ubiquitin polyprotein and covalently immobilize the coupled protein on the surface. Then, we construct a poly-metalloprotein, rubredoxin, from the purified monomer. Lastly, we show the feasibility of synthesizing protein polymers with rationally-controlled sequences by the synergy of the ligase and protease, which are verified by protein unfolding using atomic force microscopy-based single-molecule force spectroscopy (AFM-SMFS). Thus, this study provides a strategy for polyprotein engineering and immobilization.
Endothelial cell clonal expansion in the development of cerebral cavernous malformations
Authors: Malinverno Matteo , Maderna Claudio , Abu Taha Abdallah , Corada Monica , Orsenigo Fabrizio , Valentino Mariaelena , Pisati Federica , Fusco Carmela , Graziano Paolo , Giannotta Monica , Yu Qing Cissy , Zeng Yi Arial , Lampugnani Maria Grazia , Magnusson Peetra U. , Dejana Elisabetta 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a neurovascular familial or sporadic disease that is characterised by capillary-venous cavernomas, and is due to loss-of-function mutations to any one of three CCM genes. Familial CCM follows a two-hit mechanism similar to that of tumour suppressor genes, while in sporadic cavernomas only a small fraction of endothelial cells shows mutated CCM genes. We reported that in mouse models and in human patients, endothelial cells lining the lesions have different features from the surrounding endothelium, as they express mesenchymal/stem-cell markers. Here we show that cavernomas originate from clonal expansion of few Ccm3-null endothelial cells that express mesenchymal/stem-cell markers. These cells then attract surrounding wild-type endothelial cells, inducing them to express mesenchymal/stem-cell markers and to contribute to cavernoma growth. These characteristics of Ccm3-null cells are reminiscent of the tumour-initiating cells that are responsible for tumour growth. Our data support the concept that CCM has benign tumour characteristics.
Variation in trends of consumption based carbon accounts
Authors: Wood Richard , Moran Daniel D. , Rodrigues João F. D. , Stadler Konstantin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe UNFCCC requires the annual reporting of greenhouse gas emissions. These inventories focus on emissions within a territory, and do not capture the effect of emissions embodied in imports. Consumption based carbon accounting (CBCA) has been proposed as a complementary method to capture these emissions, and a number of global models have been developed to operationalise CBCA. However, discrepancies in country-level CBCA results occur, which can cause concern for the practical use of CBCA. Despite these quantitative difference in results, do they provide robust results when changes over time are investigated? Here we present results of all the major global models and normalise the model results by looking at changes over time relative to a common base year value. We give an analysis of the variability across the models, both before and after normalisation in order to give insights into variance at national and regional level. A dataset of harmonised results (based on means) and measures of dispersion is presented, providing a baseline dataset for CBCA validation and analysis.