bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross‐sectional and longitudinal relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement in Japanese adolescents
Authors: Sasayama Kensaku , Nonoue Keiko , Tada Takayo , Adachi Minoru 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAlthough cross‐sectional studies regarding the relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement among Japanese children have been previously reported, no longitudinal study has yet been reported for Japanese children. The purpose of this study was to examine the cross‐sectional and longitudinal relationships between physical fitness and academic achievement among Japanese adolescents. This cohort study included 1,189 seventh‐ and ninth‐grade students from two schools. The follow‐up period was 2 years. A physical fitness test involving eight test items (hand grip, sit‐ups, sit and reach, side‐to‐side jump, 20‐m shuttle run, 50‐m dash, standing broad jump and handball throwing) was conducted to evaluate the fitness of the participants. Academic achievement in Japanese, mathematics and a foreign language (English) was assessed at baseline and follow‐up using cumulative guidance records. Participants were classified into low–low, high–low, low–high, and high–high groups based on physical fitness test results at baseline and follow‐up. Compared with the groups showing low fitness levels, those showing high fitness levels for all items of the physical fitness test expect handball throwing had increased odds of showing high academic achievement levels in all three subjects at baseline and/or follow‐up compared with the low‐fitness groups. Sit‐ups and 20‐m shuttle run in the high–high and low–high groups were related to higher academic achievement levels at follow‐up compared with those in the low–low group for both boys and girls. Therefore, this study suggests that various physical fitness outcomes are positively associated with high academic achievement levels for Japanese children.
Different psychophysiological responses to a high‐intensity repetition session performed alone or in a group by elite middle‐distance runners
Authors: Casado Arturo , Moreno‐Pérez Diego , Larrosa Mar , Renfree Andrew 
Published: March 2019

AbstractInternal training load refers to the degree of disturbance in psychophysiological homeostasis provoked by a training session and has been traditionally measured through session‐RPE, which is the product of the session Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and the duration. External training load refers to the actual physical work completed, and depends on session volume, intensity, frequency and density. Drafting, which is achieved by running closely behind another runner has been demonstrated to reduce the energy cost of running at a fixed speed and to improve performance. Therefore, it is hypothesised that psychophysiological responses might reflect different levels of internal load if training is performed individually or collectively. 16 elite middle‐distance runners performed two high‐intensity training sessions consisting of 4 repetitions of 500 m separated by 3 min of passive recovery. Sessions were performed individually and collectively. Times for each repetition, RPE, core affect (valence and felt arousal) and blood lactate concentrations [BLa] were measured after each repetition. Main time effect was significant and increased across repetitions for [BLa] and RPE (p < 0.001), and decreased for valence (p = 0.001). Main group effect was significant and values were higher when training individually for [BLa] (p = 0.003) and RPE (p = 0.001), and lower for valence (p = 0.001). No differential responses were found between conditions in terms of repeat time or felt arousal. Findings demonstrate that elite middle‐distance athletes running collectively display lower levels of internal training load compared to running alone, despite external training load being similar.
Bilateral comparison of 10 pF and 100 pF standards (ongoing BIPM key comparisons BIPM.EM-K14.a and 14.b) between the NIMT (Thailand) and the BIPM
Authors: Gournay Pierre , Homklintian Monthol 
Published: March 2019

This report presents the results of a bilateral comparison of 10 pF and 100 pF capacitance standards between the NIMT (Thailand) and the BIPM carried out in 2018. The comparison at 10 pF forms part of the ongoing BIPM key comparison BIPM.EM-K14.a and that at 100 pF of the ongoing BIPM key comparison BIPM.EM-K14.b. The BIPM is the pilot laboratory for both of these comparisons.
Two 10 pF and one 100 pF travelling standards belonging to the NIMT were used in this comparison carried out with an 'A-B-A' pattern of measurements. The standards were measured first at NIMT for a period of about one month, then for a similar period at the BIPM, and finally again at NIMT. The measurand was the two terminal-pair capacitance at a frequency of either 1000 Hz or 1592 Hz, for a measuring rms voltage of 15 V at 10 pF and 10 V at 100 pF.
The results from the NIMT and the BIPM at both 1000 Hz and 1592 Hz were found to be in good agreement, with a difference smaller than the relative expanded uncertainty of the comparison.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCEM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Spatially truncated optical pumping cooling
Authors: Gilbert J , Wilson R Ferrier , Roberts J 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
We present both the theoretical description and experimental implementation of a novel cooling technique for ultracold atoms trapped in a confining potential. We call the technique ‘spatially truncated optical pumping cooling.’ By using the fact that the internal states of atoms can be manipulated by laser light focused on only part of a confined ultracold gas, high energy atoms can be preferentially selected and then slowed to achieve cooling without requiring the loss of any atoms. This technique uses cooling photons more efficiently on a per photon basis than Doppler or polarization gradient cooling, while having approximately the same degree of difficulty with regard to experimental implementation.
Time delay measurements: estimation of the error budget
Authors: Rovera G D , Siccardi M , Römisch S , Abgrall M 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The measurement of the time difference between two heterogeneous electrical sources is a necessary task in several branches of metrology. In particular the dissemination of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) around the world requires one to quantify the synchronization between two or more co-located time scales. The task is usually carried out using a time interval counter, by directly measuring the time difference between signals at its inputs. We found that special care must be taken when a total uncertainty significantly smaller than 1 ns is desired. The goal of this paper is to present a complete analysis of the total uncertainty for the measurement of time differences between co-located time scales, with considerations for improvement.
Language Testing in the ‘Hostile Environment’: The Discursive Construction of ‘Secure English Language Testing’ in the UK
Authors: Harding Luke , Brunfaut Tineke , Unger Johann W 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In parallel with an increased focus on border security in immigration and citizenship policy in the UK (the so-called ‘hostile environment’ policy), Government-approved English language tests for visa and immigration purposes were officially labelled ‘Secure English Language Tests’ (SELTs) in 2010. The proximity of security concerns in language testing with broader national immigration policy objectives suggests a complex role for language tests as gatekeeping devices. This article draws on critical discourse studies to explore this issue. Documents provided in the 2014 tender round for selecting Secure English Language Tests (acquired through a Freedom of Information request) were analysed through a discourse-historical lens (Reisigl and Wodak 2016) to map salient topics and identify discursive strategies used to construct ‘secure English language testing’. Findings show that security is a prominent topic in the tender; prospective bidders are required to meet detailed security requirements and to police subcontractors, and social actors, spaces, objects, policies and procedures are routinely described in securitized terms. Implications are drawn for understanding the role of language tests within broader securitization processes.
PS02.002: EN-BLOC MEDIASTINAL LYMPH NODE DISSECTION USING A LAPAROSCOPIC TRANSHIATAL APPROACH FOR ESOPHAGEAL AND ESOPHAGOGASTRIC JUNCTION CANCERS
Authors: Shiozaki Atsushi , Fujiwara Hitoshi , Konishi Hirotaka , Shoda Katsutoshi , Arita Tomohiro , Kosuga Toshiyuki , Morimura Ryo , Murayama Yasutoshi , Kuriu Yoshiaki , Ikoma Hisashi , Kubota Takeshi , Nakanishi Masayoshi , Okamoto Kazuma , Otsuji Eigo 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
The procedure for mediastinal lymph node dissection using a laparoscopic transhiatal approach (LTHA) had not been established for esophageal and esophagogastric junction (EGJ) cancers because of the difficulties associated with surgery. We developed a novel and simple technique for their en-bloc dissection using LTHA. To date, 296 patients had undergone our method during various esophageal surgical procedures, including 39 cases with EGJ cancer. We describe our technique and evaluate the optimal range of mediastinal lymph node dissection for EGJ cancer.

Methods
The esophageal hiatus was opened and CO2 was introduced into the mediastinum. The posterior plane of the pericardium was extended, and the anterior side of the subcarinal, main bronchial, thoracic paraaortic and pulmonary ligament lymph nodes were separated. The posterior side of these lymph nodes was then separated. Finally, while lifting lymph nodes like a membrane, they were resected from bilateral mediastinal pleura, main bronchi and tracheal bifurcation.

Results
1) Patients with EGJ cancers performed middle and lower mediastinal lymph node dissection by LTHA (n = 39) were compared with those performed by the right thoracotomy (n = 41). The total operative time and bleeding were significantly decreased by LTHA. The number of resected middle and lower mediastinal lymph nodes, pR0 rate, and mediastinal recurrence in the two groups were not different. In 87.2% of patients treated by LTHA, extubation was performed at 0 POD. Postoperative respiratory complications was decreased by LTHA (LTHA: 7.7%, thoracotomy: 17.0%). 2) Patients with EGJ cancers performed total mediastinal lymph node dissection by thoracotomy for the time before introducing LTHA were analyzed (n = 37). Upper and/or middle mediastinal lymph nodes metastasis was observed in 10 cases, and all of them had advanced tumors. All of 6 cases with upper mediastinal lymph nodes metastasis were squamous cell carcinoma. Even in adenocarcinoma, middle mediastinal lymph node metastasis was observed in 2 cases, suggesting the importance of mediastinal lymph node dissection for advanced EGJ cancers.

Conclusion
Our surgical procedure resulted in a good surgical view, safe en-bloc mediastinal lymph node dissection, and the decrease of postoperative respiratory complications.

Disclosure
All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
PS02.086: ENDOSCOPIC RESPONSE EVALUATION OF NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY CAN PREDICT PATHOLOGICAL RESPONSE AND SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS WITH ESOPHAGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Authors: Nagai Yohei , Yoshida Naoya , Baba Yoshifumi , Baba Hideo 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
To investigate the association between endoscopic response evaluation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) with pathological response and survival in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with the aid of a prospectively entered database. One hundred and eleven consecutive patients with ESCC who underwent radical esophagectomy after NAC were included. All patients were divided into two groups according to endoscopic response after NAC: endoscopic non-responders in whom NAC was poorly or moderately effective, and endoscopic responders in whom NAC was highly effective or completely effective. The clinical response after NAC was evaluated according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST).

Results
The pretreatment clinical stage was IB in 5 patients (5%), II in 18 (16%), III in 72 (65%), and IV in 16 (14%). All patients received two courses of chemotherapy. Chemotherapy consisted of docetaxel, cisplatin (CDDP), and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; the DCF regimen) in 82 patients (74%), and 5-FU and CDDP (FP) in 29 (26%). All patients underwent radical esophagectomy with 2- or 3-field lymph node dissection. The postoperative mortality and morbidity rates were 0.9% and 26%, respectively. Pathological stage (ypStage) was 0 in 1 patient (1%), I in 16 (14%), II in 31 (28%), III in 48 (43%), and IV in 15 (13%). Twenty-two patients (20%) were pathological responders, and this group of patients had better overall survival than pathological non-responders (P = 0.02). Pathological response was significantly correlated with tumor depth (cT) (P < 0.01), protruding type of tumor (P = 0.01) before NAC, and clinical response (P < 0.01) and endoscopic response (P < 0.01) after NAC. Of these clinical factors, clinical response and endoscopic response were significantly correlated with prognosis.

Conclusion
Endoscopic response after NAC can predict the pathological response and prognosis of patients who received NAC followed by surgery. Endoscopic findings are clinically significant to assess the response of NAC in patients with ESCC.

Disclosure
All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
The Reichsbank and German War Aims in 1918
Authors: Hamlin David 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
German war aims in 1918 were shaped in part by a consensus among German policy-makers, but also in part by competing visions of national security. The growing conviction that economic production and access to raw materials shaped German perceptions of security. For some, this meant control over an extensive network of production facilities in Eastern Europe. For others, the viability of the Mark as a stable means of exchange took priority. The ways in which these competing visions were negotiated could result in more radical goal as in Lithuania and Courland, or might limit the extension of German influence, as in Ukraine. In particular, the financial concerns of the Reichsbank and Treasury alternately obstructed and radicalized German policy in the former Russian Empire. Both bodies feared that any substantial outlays to secure control over productive assets would endanger the stability of the Mark, but both favoured extending controls over Lithuania and Courland for the same reason. The article highlights competing forms of domination advocated by different branches of the German government and the impact intramural fights had on German expansionism. It also underlines the significance of the financial components of German expansion.
Fractional CO2 Laser Treatment Outcomes for Pediatric Hypertrophic Burn Scars
Authors: Patel Sagar P , Nguyen Ha Vi , Mannschreck Diana , Redett Richard J , Puttgen Katherine B , Stewart F Dylan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Carbon dioxide ablative fractional laser (CO2-AFL) therapy has not been widely adopted in pediatric burn care given limited outcomes literature and no established guidelines on laser treatment protocols. We present our experience to further elucidate the clinical role of CO2-AFL therapy for pediatric hypertrophic burn scars. We conducted a prospective cohort study of pediatric burn patients undergoing CO2-AFL treatment of hypertrophic, symptomatic burn scars at a tertiary care regional burn center during a 2-year period. Scars were assessed before each treatment using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS), a validated, subjective, comprehensive scar assessment tool. We treated 49 pediatric patients for a total of 180 laser sessions. Burn severity was full thickness (63.6%) or deep partial thickness (47.7%). Observer-rated POSAS scores revealed statistically significant improvements in pigment, thickness, relief, pliability, and surface area after one treatment with continued improvement until the last laser session. Patient-rated POSAS revealed statistically significant improvements in color, stiffness, thickness, and irregularity after laser treatments. Total POSAS improved from 89.6 ± 17.5 to 76.6 ± 16.8 (P < .0001) after one treatment with further improvement to 69.2 ± 14.9 (P < .0001) at the final laser session. We found convincing evidence that CO2-AFL therapy improves hypertrophic burn scars on both patient- and observer-rated scales confirming statistical and clinical significance to both providers and families. These findings demonstrate that CO2-AFL can improve hypertrophic burn scars in pediatric patients providing a lower risk alternative to invasive therapies and a more immediate, efficacious alternative to more conservative scar treatments.
A content analysis of tobacco and alcohol audio-visual content in a sample of UK reality TV programmes
Authors: Barker Alexander B , Britton John , Thomson Emily , Hunter Abby , Opazo Breton Magdalena , Murray Rachael L 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Exposure to tobacco and alcohol content in audio-visual media is a risk factor for smoking and alcohol use in young people. We report an analysis of tobacco and alcohol content, and estimates of population exposure to this content, in a sample of reality television programmes broadcast in the UK.

Methods
We used 1-minute interval coding to quantify tobacco and alcohol content in all episodes of five reality TV programmes aired between January and August 2018 (Celebrity Big Brother; Made in Chelsea; The Only Way is Essex; Geordie Shore and Love Island), and estimated population exposure using viewing data and UK population estimates.

Results
We coded 5219 intervals from 112 episodes. Tobacco content appeared in 110 (2%) intervals in 20 (18%) episodes, and alcohol in 2212 (42%) intervals and in all episodes. The programmes delivered approximately 214 million tobacco gross impressions to the UK population, including 47.37 million to children; and for alcohol, 4.9 billion and 580 million respectively.

Conclusion
Tobacco, and especially alcohol, content is common in reality TV. The popularity of these programmes with young people, and consequent exposure to tobacco and alcohol imagery, represents a potentially major driver of smoking and alcohol consumption.
Development of semiquantitative ultrasound scoring system to assess cartilage in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Mandl Peter , Studenic Paul , Filippucci Emilio , Bachta Artur , Backhaus Marina , Bong David , Bruyn George A W , Collado Paz , Damjanov Nemanja , Dejaco Christian , Delle-Sedie Andrea , De Miguel Eugenio , Duftner Christina , Gessl Irina , Gutierrez Marwin , Hammer Hilde B , Hernandez-Diaz Cristina , Iagnocco Annmaria , Ikeda Kei , Kane David , Keen Helen , Kelly Stephen , Kővári Eszter , Möller Ingrid , Møller-Dohn Uffe , Naredo Esperanza , Nieto Juan C , Pineda Carlos , Platzer Alex , Rodriguez Ana , Schmidt Wolfgang A , Supp Gabriela , Szkudlarek Marcin , Terslev Lene , Thiele Ralf , Wakefield Richard J , Windschall Daniel , D’Agostino Maria-Antonietta , Balint Peter V ,   OMERACT Ultrasound Cartilage Task Force Group
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Objectives
To develop and test the reliability of a new semiquantitative scoring system for the assessment of cartilage changes by ultrasound in a web-based exercise as well as a patient exercise of patients with RA.

Methods
A taskforce of the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Ultrasound Working Group performed a systematic literature review on the US assessment of cartilage in RA, followed by a Delphi survey on cartilage changes and a new semiquantitative US scoring system, and finally a web-based exercise as well as a patient exercise. For the web-based exercise, taskforce members scored a dataset of anonymized static images of MCP joints in RA patients and healthy controls, which also contained duplicate images. Subsequently, 12 taskforce members used the same US to score cartilage in MCP and proximal interphalangeal joints of six patients with RA in in a patient reliability exercise. Percentage agreement and prevalence of lesions were calculated, as intrareader reliability was assessed by weighted kappa and interreader reliability by Light’s kappa.

Results
The three-grade semiquantitative scoring system demonstrated excellent intrareader reliability (kappa: 0.87 and 0.83) in the web-based exercise and the patient exercise, respectively. Interreader reliability was good in the web-based exercise (kappa: 0.64) and moderate (kappa: 0.48) in the patient exercise.

Conclusion
Our study demonstrates that ultrasound is a reliable tool for evaluating cartilage changes in the MCP joints of patients with RA and supports further development of a new reliable semiquantitative ultrasound scoring system for evaluating cartilage involvement in RA.
Modeling of xylem vessel occlusion in grapevine
Authors: Pouzoulet Jérôme , Scudiero Elia , Schiavon Marco , Santiago Louis S , Rolshausen Philippe E 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMorphological traits of the plant vascular system such as xylem vessel diameter have been implicated in many physiological processes including resistance to drought-induced xylem cavitation and vessel occlusion during infection with vascular wilt diseases. In both events, xylem vessels lose function because they become filled with air or tyloses and gels. Xylem cavitation has been well studied, whereas vessel occlusion remains purely descriptive even though it is a critical response to wounding injuries and compartmentalization of vascular pathogens. The timing of vessel occlusion is a key determinant to a successful compartmentalization of pathogens within the plant vascular system and we hypothesized that xylem vessel diameter is the driving variable. Using a dye injection method coupled with automated image analysis, we parameterized a model to investigate how xylem vessel diameter affects the speed of vessel occlusion in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon in response to wounding. Our dataset contains observations from 6,646 vessels at five kinetic points following stem pruning, over a time course of 1 week. Using this approach we provide evidence that the diameter of vessels is a key determinant of the timing of their occlusion. We discuss how these findings impact resistance to vascular wilt diseases in perennial woody hosts.