bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mangrove leaf and root traits and their relation to urbanization
Authors: Branoff Benjamin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractRoot and leaf traits are one means of understanding plant ecophysiological responses to environmental variation and disturbance. In mangroves, both chemical and morphological variations have been recorded in response to changes in inundation, salinity, and nutrient levels. Some have also been noted in urban environments, primarily in response to elevated nutrients and toxic substances. Yet these studies have not attempted to isolate the urban from the non-urban influences on both morphological and chemical traits. This study measured mangrove leaf and root chemical and morphological traits in herbarium samples and in field collected leaves and roots along a quantified urban gradient in three watersheds of Puerto Rico. It then correlated these traits with predictors of surrounding land cover, as well as with metrics of flooding and water chemistry. There were significant lines of evidence leading to an influence of urban sewage and roads on leaf and root traits. Leaf percent nitrogen increased with urbanization and with surface water nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, but its isotopic content decreased with increasing phosphorus, leading to the hypothesis that both nitrogen and phosphorus are fueling an otherwise co-limited community of mangroves and nitrogen fixing microbes. The most urban site harbored some of the highest metal concentrations, and there was evidence that elevated concentrations primarily influence fine roots. Other morphological traits are more likely explained by both water chemistry and leaf chemistry and should be considered when interpreting the influence of urban landscapes on mangroves. Percent nitrogen in herbarium samples increased at the least urban site, but remained unchanged at the most urban site, reflecting the relative levels of urbanization at the time of the first samples and their subsequent changes. Most metals from herbarium samples decreased or remained unchanged, suggesting regulation and infrastructure have helped to reduce the release of trace metals to the estuaries. Understanding the influence of urbanization in the context of water chemistry and flooding dynamics will aid in the management of these systems as global urbanization continues.
ReALLEN: structural variation discovery in cancer genome by sensitive analysis of single-end reads
Authors: Kanno Ryo , Tanaka Daisuke , Nanamiya Hideaki , Isogai Takao 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe structural abnormalities in chromosomes are important issues in cancer genomics. Next generation sequencing technologies have big potentials to detect the structural variations precisely and comprehensively. Nevertheless, it is still difficult problem to detect large structural variations from short read sequence data. Major efforts have been achieved with paired-end reads, since discordant pairs directly reflect the existence of large rearrangement. Furthermore, approaches to detect structural variations from single-end reads are still worthwhile challenge because they allow wide choices of sequencing platforms.ResultWe present ReALLEN, a series of tools to detect genomic rearrangement with base-pair resolution from single-end reads provided by next generation sequencing. We examined the performance of ReALLEN using simulated dataset and real dataset sequenced by Ion Torrent systems. In most cases on the simulated dataset, ReALLEN showed nearly 100% precision and better sensitivity than other major tools. Notably, ReALLEN showed stable scores even if it was on some unfavorable conditions, for example, low coverage or small variant size. On the real dataset sequenced by Ion Torrent systems, ReALLEN accurately found an insertional translocation that was crucial for the diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia.ConclusionReALLEN is useful to researchers in finding genomic rearrangements. It will contribute to discovery of cancer-specific fusion proteins, precise diagnosis of known types of cancers, and understanding of genetic diseases caused by abnormal chromosomes.
Influence of expected reward on perceptual decision making
Authors: Rakhshan Mohsen , Lee Vivian , Chu Emily , Harris Lauren , Laiks Lillian , Khorsand Peyman , Soltani Alireza 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPerceptual decision making is influenced by reward expected from alternative options or actions, but the underlying neural mechanisms are currently unknown. More specifically, it is debated whether reward effects are mediated through changes in sensory processing and/or later stages of decision making. To address this question, we conducted two experiments in which human subjects made saccades to what they perceived to be the first or second of two visually identical but asynchronously presented targets, while we manipulated expected reward from correct and incorrect responses on each trial. We found that unequal reward caused similar shifts in target selection (reward bias) between the two experiments. Moreover, observed reward biases were independent of the individual’s sensitivity to sensory signals. These findings suggest that the observed reward effects were determined heuristically via modulation of decision-making processes instead of sensory processing and thus, are more compatible with response bias rather than perceptual bias. To further explain our findings and uncover plausible neural mechanisms, we simulated our experiments with a cortical network model and tested alternative mechanisms for how reward could exert its influence. We found that our observations are more compatible with reward-dependent input to the output layer of the decision circuit. Together, our results suggest that during a temporal judgment task, the influence of reward information on perceptual choice is more compatible with changing later stages of decision making rather than early sensory processing.
The effect of ocean warming on black sea bass (Centropristis striata) aerobic scope and hypoxia tolerance
Authors: Slesinger Emily , Andres Alyssa , Young Rachael , Seibel Brad , Saba Vincent , Phelan Beth , Rosendale John , Wieczorek Daniel , Saba Grace 
Published: December 2018

AbstractOver the last decade, ocean temperature in the U.S. Northeast Continental Shelf (U.S. NES) has warmed faster than the global average and is associated with observed distribution changes of the northern stock of black sea bass (Centropristis striata). Mechanistic models based on physiological responses to environmental conditions can improve future habitat suitability projections. We measured maximum, resting metabolic rate, and hypoxia tolerance (Scrit) of the northern adult black sea bass stock to assess performance across the known temperature range of the species. A subset of individuals was held at 30°C for one month (30chronic°C) prior to experiments to test acclimation potential. Absolute aerobic scope (maximum – resting metabolic rate) reached a maximum of 367.21 mgO2 kg−1 hr−1 at 24.4°C while Scrit continued to increase in proportion to resting metabolic rate up to 30°C. The 30chronic°C group had a significant decrease in maximum metabolic rate and absolute aerobic scope but resting metabolic rate or Scrit were not affected. This suggests a decline in performance of oxygen demand processes (e.g. muscle contraction) beyond 24°C despite maintenance of oxygen supply. The Metabolic Index, calculated from Scrit as an estimate of potential aerobic scope, closely matched the measured factorial aerobic scope (maximum / resting metabolic rate) and declined with increasing temperature to a minimum below 3. This may represent a critical value for the species. Temperature in the U.S. NES is projected to increase above 24°C in the southern portion of the northern stock’s range. Therefore, these black sea bass will likely continue to shift north as the ocean continues to warm.
Inflammatory mediators causing cutaneous chronic itch in some diseases via transient receptor potential channel subfamily V member 1 and subfamily A member 1
Authors: Xie Bo , Li Xin‐Yu 
Published: December 2018

AbstractChronic itch with an itch–scratch vicious circle is a significant problem in a large amount of diseases. Some of these diseases, such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, prurigo nodularis, Sézary syndrome, uremic pruritus, diabetes and jaundice, are common. For a very long time, chronic itch has been a thorny problem with few effective treatments. Because of this, itch researchers and dermatologists seek to find the mechanisms among chronic itch, inflammatory cytokines and neurons. As an immediate area of research focus, we are going to find the peripheral cross‐talk between neurons and skin cells. Two receptors, named transient receptor potential channel vanilloid 1 and transient receptor potential channel ankyrin transmembrane protein 1, have been shown to play important roles in chronic itch. Many advances have been made so far this decade. This review talks about the updated mechanism of itch‐related inflammatory cytokines via transient receptor potential channels in cutaneous chronic itch and corresponding diseases. The search for itch‐related inflammatory mediators and the structure of transient receptor potential channels this decade could deepen our understanding of the mechanism of itch and help us find more treatments of chronic itch in the future.
The Comprehensive Early Drinking History Form: A Novel Measure of Early Alcohol Exposure
Authors: Hartman Jessica D. , Corbin William R. , Chassin Laurie , Doane Leah D. 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundAdolescent and young adult alcohol use is a major public health concern; alcohol is the most widely used substance by teenagers. It is imperative to better understand alcohol use during adolescence and early adulthood given the important changes that occur. Although numerous measures aim to capture alcohol use during this time, no existing measure gathers comprehensive information on alcohol use across these developmental stages. We developed the Comprehensive Early Drinking History Form (CEDHF), which retrospectively gathers drinking information for each year since onset of first regular use, including quantity/frequency of both regular use and periods of heaviest drinking. The CEDHF also collects information on aggregate drinking experiences between age of onset and age of first regular use.MethodsUsing a sample of young adults (ages 21 to 27) from an ongoing longitudinal study, we examined whether the CEDHF predicted both concurrent (N = 303) and future (N = 75) alcohol‐related problems over and above other commonly used alcohol use measures (e.g., age of onset, age of first intoxication, Timeline Follow‐Back) and current alcohol problems.ResultsControlling for gender, age, and current problems, the CEDHF predicted both concurrent and future alcohol‐related problems over and above these other widely used measures of alcohol exposure.ConclusionsThe CEDHF may be a valuable tool when longitudinal studies are not feasible as it provides more comprehensive information than other widely used measures of early alcohol exposure. Further, this measure can provide detailed information regarding who is at highest risk for future consequences.
Inbreeding causes decreased seminal quality affecting pregnancy and litter size in the endangered black‐footed ferret
Authors: Santymire R. M. , Lonsdorf E. V. , Lynch C. M. , Wildt D. E. , Marinari P. E. , Kreeger J. S. , Howard J. G. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractEx situ conservation breeding for species recovery often must address small founder number. Here we investigated the long‐term effects of small founder size in the endangered black‐footed ferret Mustela nigripes using 20 years of reproductive data. Specifically, we studied seminal traits, pregnancy success and litter size in the context of the population's low genetic diversity. Detailed evaluation of 539 electroejaculates from 262 pedigreed donors with varied inbreeding coefficients (F = 0.000–0.250) revealed a wide range in sperm motility (0.0–100.0%), forward progression (type of forward movement on a scale 0–5; 5 = best; 0.0–4.5), cell concentration (7.2–6348.0 × 106 mL−1 of ejaculate), structural normality (0.0–89.0%) and normal apical ridges (critical for fertilization; 4.8–100.0%). Over this two decade interval, there was an increase (P < 0.05) in F and a decrease (P < 0.05) in sperm forward progression and structurally normal cell morphology. From analysis of artificial insemination (AI) data, higher values for sperm motility, forward progression and structural normality or spermatozoa that retained a normal apical ridge had a positive influence (P < 0.05) on litter size. Males producing higher values for these four traits also sired more kits. Results demonstrate that sperm motility and morphology are decreasing in black‐footed ferrets managed intensively ex situ. These two metrics appear associated with an increasing F and likely are at least partially responsible for lowered reproductive success in this closed, endangered population. These results illustrate the potential physiological and offspring production impact of having few founders available in an ex situ conservation breeding program.
The Social Network of US Academic Anthropology and Its Inequalities
Authors: Kawa Nicholas C. , Clavijo Michelangeli José A. , Clark Jessica L. , Ginsberg Daniel , McCarty Christopher 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTAnthropologists often call attention to the problems posed by social inequality, but academic anthropology also reproduces many of the very inequalities that its practitioners work to critique. Past research on US academic hiring networks has shown evidence of systematic inequality and hierarchy, attributed in significant part to the influence of academic prestige, which is not necessarily a reflection of merit or academic productivity. Using anthropology departments’ websites, we gathered information on all tenured and tenure‐track faculty in PhD‐granting anthropology programs in the United States, totaling 1,918 individuals in all. For each faculty member, we noted their current institution and PhD‐granting institution, which we treated as a “tie” between those academic programs. With those data, we applied both statistical and social network analysis (SNA) methods to explain variation in faculty placement as well as the network's overall structure. In this article, we report on our findings and discuss how they can be used to help rethink academic reproduction in American anthropology. [academia, anthropology, social inequality, hiring networks, social network analysis]
Impact of cannula size and line length on venous line pressure in pediatric VA‐/VV‐ECLS circuits
Authors: Wang Shigang , Kunselman Allen R. , Ündar Akif 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe objective of this study was to do an in vitro evaluation of venous line pressure using different venous line lengths and venous cannula sizes in pediatric venoarterial extracorporeal life support (VA‐ECLS) and venovenous ECLS (VV‐ECLS) circuits. The pediatric VA‐ECLS circuit consisted of a Xenios i‐cor diagonal pump, a Maquet Quadrox‐i pediatric oxygenator, a Medtronic Biomedicus arterial cannula, a Biomedicus venous cannula, and 1/4″ ID arterial and venous tubing. The pediatric VV‐ECLS circuit was similar, except it included a Maquet Avalon ELITE bi‐caval dual lumen cannula. Circuits were primed with lactated Ringer’s solution and packed red blood cells (hematocrit 40%). Trials were conducted at various flow rates (VA‐ECLS: 250–1250 mL/min, VV‐ECLS: 250–2000 mL/min) using different venous tubing lengths (2, 4, and 6 feet) and cannula sizes (VA‐ECLS: A8Fr/V10Fr, A10Fr/V12Fr and A12Fr/V14Fr, VV‐ECLS: 13Fr, 16Fr, 19Fr, 20Fr and 23Fr) at 36°C. Real‐time pressure and flow data were recorded for analysis. The use of a small‐caliber venous cannula significantly increased the venous line pressure in the 2 pediatric circuits (P < 0.01). Shorter venous tubing lengths significantly reduced the venous line pressure at high flow rates (P < 0.01). The VV‐ECLS circuit had larger negative pre‐pump pressure drops (7.2 to −102.2 mm Hg) when compared to the VA‐ECLS circuit (0.7 to −60.7 mm Hg). Selecting an appropriate venous cannula and a shorter venous tubing when feasible may significantly reduce the pressure drop of the venous line in pediatric VA‐ECLS and VV‐ECLS circuits and improve venous drainage.
Letter: the association between chronic viral hepatitis and metabolic syndrome – Authors' reply
Authors: Kuo Yuan‐Hung , Lu Sheng‐Nan 
Published: December 2018

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Kuo et al and Zhao et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14960 and https:// doi.org/10.1111/apt.15037.
Optimization of dosing regimens of isoniazid and rifampicin in children with tuberculosis in India
Authors: Aruldhas Blessed Winston , Hoglund Richard M. , Ranjalkar Jaya , Tarning Joel , Mathew Sumith K. , Verghese Valsan Philip , Bose Anuradha , Mathew Binu Susan 
Published: December 2018

AimsPharmacokinetic studies in the past have shown inadequate antituberculosis drug levels in children with the currently available dosing regimens. This study attempted to investigate the pharmacokinetics of isoniazid and rifampicin, when used in children, and to optimize their dosing regimens.MethodsData were collected from 41 children, aged 2–16 years, who were being treated with antituberculosis drugs for at least 2 months. Concentration measurements were done for 6 h and analysed using a nonlinear, mixed‐effects model.ResultsIsoniazid pharmacokinetics were described by a one‐compartment disposition model with a transit absorption model (fixed, n = 5). A mixture model was used to identify the slow and fast acetylator subgroups. Rifampicin was described by a one‐compartment disposition model with a transit absorption model (fixed, n = 9). Body weight was added to the clearance and volume of distribution of both the drugs using an allometric function. Simulations with the isoniazid model showed that 84.9% of the population achieved therapeutic peak serum concentration with the planned fixed‐dose combination regimen. Simulations with the rifampicin model showed that only about 28.8% of the simulated population achieve the therapeutic peak serum concentration with the fixed‐dose combination regimen. A novel regimen for rifampicin, with an average dose of 35 mg kg–1, was found to provide adequate drug exposure in most children.ConclusionsThe exposure to isoniazid is adequate with present regimens. For rifampicin, a novel dosing regimen was developed to ensure adequate drug concentrations in children. However, further studies are required to assess the dose–effect relationship of higher doses of rifampicin.
Creating the golden triangle of evidence‐informed education technology with EDUCATE
Authors: Cukurova Mutlu , Luckin Rosemary , Clark‐Wilson Alison 
Published: December 2018

AbstractEDUCATE is a London‐based programme that supports the development of research‐informed educational technology (EdTech), allowing entrepreneurs and start‐ups to create their products and services, and simultaneously grow their companies in a more evidence‐informed manner. The programme partners businesses with researchers who mentor, guide and support this research journey, a key aspect of which is the evaluation of the company’s EdTech product or service. However, conducting impact evaluations of technology in education is challenging, particularly for early stage technologies, as rapid cycles of innovation and change are part of their essence. Here, we present the pragmatic approach to evidence‐informed education technology design and impact evaluation, as developed and adopted by the EDUCATE programme. The research process is shaped by the core principles of evidence‐informed decision making detailed in the paper. The contributions of the paper are threefold. First, it defines and details an academia‐industry‐education collaboration model centred on a research training programme. Second, it presents emerging impact results of the programme. Third, it provides clear reflections on the challenges encountered during the implementation of the model in the EdTech ecosystem of London, which should be addressed if we are to move towards evidence‐informed EdTech globally.
Recognizing and addressing child neglect in affluent families
Authors: Bernard Claudia 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis paper explores how social workers intervene with affluent parents when there are child protection concerns about neglect. Based on data gathered from a small‐scale exploratory qualitative study with 30 practitioners from 12 local authorities across England, this study examined three overarching questions: (a) How do social workers identify risk factors for vulnerable children in affluent circumstances? (b) Which factors inhibit or enable social workers' engagement with resistant affluent parents when there are child protection concerns? (c) What kind of skills, knowledge, and experience is necessary for social workers to effectively assert their professional authority with affluent parents when there are concerns about abuse and neglect? The findings revealed that indicators of neglect can be difficult to identify and challenging to respond to when parents are affluent. Results indicate that social workers have to navigate complex power relationships with parents who are able to use their class privileges to resist their interventions. The paper concludes with a discussion of social workers' skills and capacities for engaging highly‐resistant affluent parents in the child protection system.
The influence of guided sleeve height, drilling distance, and drilling key length on the accuracy of static Computer‐Assisted Implant Surgery
Authors: El Kholy Karim , Janner Simone F. M. , Schimmel Martin , Buser Daniel 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of guided sleeve height, drilling distance, and guided key height on accuracy of static Computer‐Assisted Implant Surgery (sCAIS).Materials and MethodsPre and post‐operative positions of implants placed in duplicate dental models were compared and recorded after placement of implants according to a standardized treatment planning and execution sCAIS protocol. Guided sleeve heights: 2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm and guided key heights: 1 mm and 3 mm were equally randomized in six test groups with varying implant lengths (10‐16 mm) and surgical drilling protocols. The mean crestal and apical three‐dimensional (3D) deviation, as well as the angular deviation were calculated for each group. Data was analyzed using multivariate analysis anova. P values less than .05 were considered statistically significant. All P values of post‐hoc tests were corrected for multiple testing using Bonferroni‐Holm's adjustment method.Results3D implant positioning accuracy was not significantly affected by the difference in sleeve height alone or by the implant length alone (P > .05). However, 3D and angular deviation values became significantly higher as the total drilling distance below the guided sleeve increased and significantly became lower as the guided key height above the sleeve increased. 18 mm drilling distance resulted in a significantly higher deviation, when compared to 14 mm or 16 mm drilling distances, irrespective of sleeve height or implant length (P < .01). 3 mm key height resulted in significantly less 3D deviation than 1 mm key height (P < .01).ConclusionDecreasing the drilling distance below the guided sleeve, by using shorter sleeve heights or shorter implants can significantly increase the accuracy of sCAIS.