bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross-Border Supervision of Bank Groups
Authors: Gleeson Simon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the cross-border supervision of banks. A currently popular method is ‘colleges’ of supervisors. The basic idea is that in order to regulate an international bank you convene a meeting of all of the regulators who regulate different parts of that bank (in jurisdictions which have different regulators for different financial activities there may be several regulators present from one jurisdiction), and discuss in a concerted fashion the progress and performance of the bank as a whole. However, the main problem with this approach is the conflicting views stemming from the different priorities of different regulators, driven generally by national considerations. The EU has adopted a lead supervisor approach in which a single supervisor is appointed as responsible for overseeing the affairs of any group which straddles more than one member state. Since the EU architecture does not, by and large, give national supervisors any actual powers outside their home jurisdictions, the role of EU lead supervisor is broadly confined to consolidated supervision.
Pillar 3—Disclosure Requirements
Authors: Gleeson Simon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The Basel pillar 3 regime constitutes a disclosure regime for regulated banks. The aim is to provide sufficient transparency for investors to ensure that the price which banks pay to raise capital in the market reflects the level of risk undertaken by the bank. The pillar 3 regime was restructured in 2015, and is in the process of being further restructured. This chapter discusses the March 2017 standards which were broadly brought into force as from 2017. The most important change introduced by the 2017 standards is the formalisation of the disclosure templates. Regulators have struggled with banks over pillar 3 disclosures for many years — in effect, each bank sought to present information in a way which is most relevant to oits particular business and structure, whereas regulators seek to achieve comparability across banks with different businesses and structures. This process has resulted in a tightening of disclosure standards applicable to pillar three disclosures, to the extent that the regulators now provide detailed disclosure templates for each subdivision of required disclosure.
The IMO: Working within the UNCLOS Framework and Global Ocean Governance
Authors: Blanco-Bazán Agustín 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter explains the main features of the interface between the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations. Since its adoption the UNCLOS, and in particular its jurisdictional principles, has remained a reference point for much of the IMO’s work. The chapter suggests that greater use could be made by flag and coastal administrations of the powers afforded them under UNCLOS and IMO treaties to ensure that the high seas do not become a ‘dustbin’ for the spill of polluting substances from ships. Flag states have the power to investigate incidents on the high seas involving its ships. Likewise, coastal states have the power in certain defined circumstances to intercept foreign vessels in their exclusive economic zones (EEZs) and territorial seas, as well as to undertake physical inspection and to detain such vessels.
The IMO: Liability, Compensation, and Global Ocean Governance
Authors: Jacobsson Måns 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter analyses those International Maritime Organization (IMO) conventions which establish liability and compensation regimes for pollution damage from ships. The International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC) and the International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (IOPC), which together deal with pollution from oil tankers, have been in place for many years. The system is administered by an international organization, the IOPC Funds, expressly established for this purpose. Their activities are overseen by the Funds’ Assemblies. Over the years the Funds, working with the International Group of Professional and Indemnity (P&I) Clubs, have developed procedures to facilitate the assessment of damages in major incidents giving rise to a large number of claims, often for relatively small amounts and in circumstances where claimants are unable to prove their losses.
The FAO and Ocean Governance
Authors: Henriksen Tore 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in ocean governance, not only in the conservation and management of living marine resources but also in other activities impacting fisheries management, such as regulating subsidies, the relationship with trade-related measures and ensuring compliance with fisheries legislation. After providing a background on FAO, including its membership and structure, the chapter discusses two of the organisation’s main functions: as a forum for developing international instruments, norm and standards; and collecting, analysing and disseminating information and statistics to its members. It then considers three concepts or principles either introduced by or detailed through the work of FAO before concluding with an overview of FAO legal and policy instruments.
The Work of the UNESCO-IOC in Respect of Global Ocean Governance
Authors: Ehlers Peter 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the work of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), a separate unit of UNESCO, in respect to global ocean governance. The functions of IOC are part of the system of ocean governance, based on 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Its purpose is to promote international cooperation and to coordinate programmes in research, services and capacity building, in order to learn more about the nature and resources of the ocean and coastal areas and to apply that knowledge for the improvement of management, sustainable development, the protection of the marine environment, and the decision-making processes of its Member States. The chapter first provides an overview of IOC’s purpose and organisational structure, its collaboration with international organizations with regard to ocean governance, and its ocean governance-related activities before discussing the ways in which it contributes to capacity building and enhancing ocean governance.
The UNDP and Ocean Governance
Authors: Kirk Elizabeth A 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in ocean governance. It first provides a background on the history of the UNDP and its basic approach to ocean governance, with emphasis on how its history has shaped the UNDP’s relationship with ocean governance. It then considers the UNDP’s current and former activities relating to ocean governance, noting that many of the initiatives it supports appear to focus on the concept of Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) or on integrated coastal zone management. It also describes the UNDP’s regime building approach to the development of oceans governance regimes and concludes with an assessment of areas in which UNDP’s activities fit with global ocean governance objectives.
Circulating let-7 Levels in Serum Correlate With the Severity of Hepatic Fibrosis in Chronic Hepatitis C
Authors: Matsuura Kentaro , Aizawa Nobuhiro , Enomoto Hirayuki , Nishiguchi Shuhei , Toyoda Hidenori , Kumada Takashi , Iio Etsuko , Ito Kyoko , Ogawa Shintaro , Isogawa Masanori , Alter Harvey J , Tanaka Yasuhito 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Background
Evaluating the progression of hepatic fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is critical, and identifying a predictive biomarker for fibrosis will be helpful for implementing personalized surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma after the elimination of hepatitis C virus by antiviral therapy. This study aimed to investigate the association of circulating let-7a-5p levels with severity of hepatic fibrosis.

Methods
We analyzed circulating let-7a-5p levels in serum and serum-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in 84 Japanese CHC patients who underwent a liver biopsy by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and investigated the association of its levels with histological hepatic fibrotic stage, liver stiffness, and several hepatic fibrotic markers.

Results
The levels of let-7a-5p in serum and EVs were significantly lower in patients with liver cirrhosis. Additionally, the serum let-7a-5p level correlated significantly with hepatic fibrotic markers, Mac-2 binding protein glycan isomer (M2BPGi), fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index, aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI), and liver stiffness, evaluated by transient elastography. Furthermore, the serum let-7a-5p level was superior to M2BPGi, FIB-4, and APRI and was comparable to liver stiffness in discriminating liver cirrhosis.

Conclusions
These results provide evidence that circulating let-7a-5p in serum may serve as a surrogate marker for severity of hepatic fibrosis in CHC.
Solar jet-like features rooted in flare ribbons
Authors: Li Xiaohong , Zhang Jun , Yang Shuhong , Hou Yijun 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Employing the high spatio-temporal Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph 1330 Å observations, we investigated the jet-like features that occurred during the X8.2 class flare in NOAA active region (AR) 12673 on 2017 September 10. These jet-like features were rooted in the flare ribbons. We examined 15 features, and the mean values of the lifetimes, projected widths, lengths, and velocities of these features were 87 s, 890 km, 2.7 Mm, and 70 km s−1, respectively. We also observed many jet-like features which happened during the X1.0 class flare on 2014 October 25. We studied the spectra at the base of a jet-like feature during its development. The Fe xxi 1354.08 Å line in the corona displays blueshift, while the Si iv 1402.77 Å line in the transition region exhibits redshift, which indicates the chromospheric evaporation. This is the first time that the jet-like features are reported to be rooted in the flare ribbons, and we suggest that these jet-like features were driven by the mechanism of chromospheric evaporation.
THERMOLUMINESCENCE OF NEWLY DEVELOPED HIGHLY SENSITIVE α-Al2O3:C BY THE VERTICAL GRADIENT FREEZING METHOD
Authors: Sun T , Tang K , Cui H , Fan H 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
A highly sensitive α-Al2O3:C crystal was directly grown by the vertical gradient freezing (VGF) method using Al2O3 and graphite powder as the raw materials. The main thermoluminescence (TL) characteristics of α-Al2O3:C detectors grown by the VGF method and TLD-500K detectors were compared. The α-Al2O3:C grown by the VGF method shows good dosimetric properties, such as high TL sensitivity (152 times higher than that of the TLD-100 at heating rate of 1°C/s), an extremely low residual signal of 0.03%, a minimum measurable dose of 0.12 μGy and an excellent linear response within the dose range studied from 1 μGy to 10 Gy. The α-Al2O3:C detectors grown by the VGF method have a higher sensitivity and a better linear response compared to the TLD-500K detectors. Both kinds of α-Al2O3:C can be used in an unannealed form and to measure the very low dose in environmental monitoring and personnel dosimetry.
Efficacy of Continuation/Maintenance Electroconvulsive Therapy in the Treatment of Patients With Mood Disorders
Authors: Hausmann Armand , Post Thomas , Post Fabienne , Dehning Julia , Kemmler Georg , Grunze Heinz 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to contribute evidence for the efficacy of continuation and maintenance electroconvulsive therapy (c/mECT) going beyond the existing literature by examining longer-term outcomes from a single center.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective observational cohort study for a 14-year period, in which a group of 27 individuals with mood disorders, as defined by International Classification of Diseases-10, were examined and received acute ECT, followed by c/mECT. Mirror-image comparison of individual data sets, 5 years before and after c/mECT, was conducted for the number and mean duration of hospitalizations, as well as inpatient days per year. Statistical analysis was performed using general equation estimation modeling.ResultsIn 27 patients (63% female, mean ± SD age = 54.3 ± 11.7 years) experiencing either from bipolar (41%) or unipolar (59%) mood disorder, with most patients presenting with a depressive episode at hospital admission (93%), c/mECT was initiated after a successful course of acute ECT in addition to treatment as usual. In a 5-year period before and after starting c/mECT, we observed a significant decline in the mean number of hospitalizations per year (0.64 vs 0.32,P= 0.031), the average number of inpatient days per year (23.7 vs 6.1 days,P< 0.001), and the mean duration of hospital stays (41.6 vs 22.1 days,P= 0.031).ConclusionsThe findings provide further support for the efficacy of c/mECT as an augmentation therapy to psychopharmacological treatment in patients experiencing mood disorders, who have responded to acute ECT. Further studies, however, using a controlled study design and larger sample sizes are needed.
Perspectives on grassland conservation efforts: should we rewild to the past or conserve for the future?
Authors: Fuhlendorf Samuel D. , Davis Craig A. , Elmore R. Dwayne , Goodman Laura E. , Hamilton Robert G. 
Published: October 2018

Grasslands are among the most imperilled biomes of the world. Identifying the most appropriate framework for restoring grasslands is dependent on the objectives of restoration, which is inherently determined by human priorities. Debates over the appropriate conservation model for grasslands have often focused on which species of herbivores should be the focus of restoration efforts. Here we discuss three perspectives of herbivore-based conservation in North American grasslands. First, the Pleistocene rewilding perspective is based upon the idea that early humans contributed to the demise of megafauna that were important to the evolution and development of many of North America's grasslands; therefore, their aim of restoration is rewilding of landscapes to pre-human times. Second, the bison rewilding perspective considers American bison a keystone herbivore that is culturally and ecologically important to North American grasslands. A third perspective focuses on restoring the pattern and processes of herbivory on grasslands and is less concerned about which herbivore is introduced to the landscape. We evaluate each of these three conservation perspectives in terms of a framework that includes a human domain, an herbivore domain and a biophysical domain. While all conservation perspectives partly address the three domains, they all fall short in key areas. Specifically, they fail to recognize that past, current and future humans are intimately linked to grassland patterns and processes and will continue to play a role in structuring grasslands. Furthermore, these perspectives seem to only superficially consider the role of fragmentation and climate change in influencing grassland patterns and processes. As such, we argue that future grassland conservation efforts must depend on the development of a model that better integrates societal, economic and policy objectives and recognizes climate change, fragmentation and humans as an integral part of these ecosystems.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Trophic rewilding: consequences for ecosystems under global change’.
Rewilding wetlands: beaver as agents of within-habitat heterogeneity and the responses of contrasting biota
Authors: Willby Nigel J. , Law Alan , Levanoni Oded , Foster Garth , Ecke Frauke 
Published: October 2018

Ecosystem engineers can increase biodiversity by creating novel habitat supporting species that would otherwise be absent. Their more routine activities further influence the biota occupying engineered habitats. Beavers are well-known for transforming ecosystems through dam building and are therefore increasingly being used for habitat restoration, adaptation to climate extremes and in long-term rewilding. Abandoned beaver ponds (BP) develop into meadows or forested wetlands that differ fundamentally from other terrestrial habitats and thus increase landscape diversity. Active BP, by contrast, are superficially similar to other non-engineered shallow wetlands, but ongoing use and maintenance might affect how BP contribute to aquatic biodiversity. We explored the ‘within-habitat’ effect of an ecosystem engineer by comparing active BP in southern Sweden with coexisting other wetlands (OW), using sedentary (plants) and mobile (water beetles) organisms as indicators. BP differed predictably from OW in environmental characteristics and were more heterogeneous. BP supported more plant species at plot (+15%) and site (+33%) scales, and plant beta diversity, based on turnover between plots, was 17% higher than in OW, contributing to a significantly larger species pool in BP (+17%). Beetles were not differentiated between BP and OW based on diversity measures but were 26% more abundant in BP. Independent of habitat creation beaver are thus significant agents of within-habitat heterogeneity that differentiates BP from other standing water habitat; as an integral component of the rewilding of wetlands re-establishing beaver should benefit aquatic biodiversity across multiple scales.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Trophic rewilding: consequences for ecosystems under global change’.
Unintentional rewilding: lessons for trophic rewilding from other forms of species introductions
Authors: Tanentzap Andrew J. , Smith Bethany R. 
Published: October 2018

Trophic rewilding involves adding species into ecosystems to restore extinct, top-down interactions, but limited quantitative data have prevented a systematic attempt to quantify its outcomes. Here, we exploit species introductions that have occurred for purposes other than restoration to inform trophic rewilding. We compiled 51 studies with 158 different responses of lower trophic levels to a species introduction that restored an extinct interaction, whether it intended to do so or not. Unintentional introductions were compared with checklists of extinct animals to identify potential analogues. Using the latest meta-analysis techniques, we found that the few cases of intentional rewilding had similar effects to unintentional rewilding, though there were large taxonomic and geographical biases. We also tested predictions from studies on trophic cascades about the factors that should influence rewilding. Unintentional rewilding was stronger where introduced consumers were non-invasive, but there was no effect of time that compared sites differed in introduction status, latitude or coevolution of responses with a taxonomically related analogue. Our study now shows that rewilding can reinstate extinct trophic interactions and highlights remaining data gaps that need closure to restore ecosystems across larger scales than has been previously possible.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Trophic rewilding: consequences for ecosystems under global change’.
Climate explains recent population divergence, introgression and persistence in tropical mountains: phylogenomic evidence from Atlantic Forest warbling finches
Authors: do Amaral Fábio Raposo , Alvarado-Serrano Diego F. , Maldonado-Coelho Marcos , Pellegrino Katia C. M. , Miyaki Cristina Y. , Montesanti Julia A. C. , Lima-Ribeiro Matheus S. , Hickerson Michael J. , Thom Gregory 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTaxa with disjunct distributions are common in montane biotas and offer excellent opportunities to investigate historical processes underlying genetic and phenotypic divergence. In this context, subgenomic datasets offer novel opportunities to explore historical demography in detail, which is key to better understand the origins and maintenance of diversity in montane regions. Here we used a large ultraconserved elements dataset to get insights into the main biogeographic processes driving the evolution of the Montane Atlantic Forest biota. Specifically, we studied two species of warbling finches disjunctly distributed across a region of complex geological and environmental history. We found that a scenario of three genetically differentiated populations is best supported by genomic clustering methods. Also, demographic simulations support simultaneous isolation of these populations at ~10 kya, relatively stable population sizes over recent time, and recent gene flow. Our results suggest a dual role of climate: population divergence, mediated by isolation in mountain tops during warm periods, as well as population maintenance - allowing persistence mediated by shifts in elevation distribution during periods of climate change, with episodic bouts contact and gene flow. Additional support for the role of climate comes from evidence of their contact in a recent past. We propose that two major gaps, which we call São Paulo and Caparaó subtropical gaps, have been historically important in the divergence of cold adapted organisms in the Atlantic Forest, and could be associated to cryptic diversity. Finally, our results suggest that shallow divergence and past gene flow may be common in montane organisms, but complex demographic histories may be detectable only when using subgenomic or genomic datasets.
Feature-specific prediction errors for visual mismatch
Authors: Stefanics Gabor , Stephan Klaas Enno , Heinzle Jakob 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPredictive coding (PC) theory posits that our brain employs a predictive model of the environment to infer the causes of its sensory inputs. A fundamental but untested prediction of this theory is that the same stimulus should elicit distinct precision weighted prediction errors (pwPEs) when different (feature-specific) predictions are violated, even in the absence of attention. Here, we tested this hypothesis using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a multi-feature roving visual mismatch paradigm where rare changes in either color (red, green), or emotional expression (happy, fearful) of faces elicited pwPE responses in human participants. Using a computational model of learning and inference, we simulated pwPE and prediction trajectories of a Bayes-optimal observer and used these to analyze changes in blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses to changes in color and emotional expression of faces while participants engaged in a distractor task. Controlling for visual attention by eye-tracking, we found pwPE responses to unexpected color changes in the fusiform gyrus. Conversely, unexpected changes of facial emotions elicited pwPE responses in cortico-thalamo-cerebellar structures associated with emotion and theory of mind processing. Predictions pertaining to emotions activated fusiform, occipital and temporal areas. Our results are consistent with a general role of PC across perception, from low-level to complex and socially relevant object features, and suggest that monitoring of the social environment occurs continuously and automatically, even in the absence of attention.HighlightsChanges in color or emotion of physically identical faces elicit prediction errorsPrediction errors to such different features arise in distinct neuronal circuitsPredictions pertaining to emotions are represented in multiple cortical areasFeature-specific prediction errors support predictive coding theories of perception