bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a Segmental Long-bone Defect Model in Sheep
Authors: Frayssinet P. , Asimus E. , Chanoit G. , Collard P. , Autefage A. , Mathon D. H. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA 10 mm-long (Group #1) or 20 mmlong (Group #2) segmental osteoperiosteal defect was performed on the metatarsus of ten adult ewes (5+5). The goal of the study was to search for a critical size defect model leading to nonunion. The bone gap was maintained for three months with an internal fixation device involving two plates set in orthogonal planes. Radiological and histological examinations were performed on harvested metatarsal bones. Three months after surgery Group #1 animals showed obvious signs of bone healing without achieving complete union in all cases. Evidence of a healing process was not observed in Group #2 animals, and histological examination confirmed the complete failure of bone repair in the 20 mm gaps. These results are comparable to those of other authors who have concluded that a bone gap corresponding to 1.4 times the diaphyseal diameter overshoots physiological bone healing capacities. This long bone defect model showed good biological properties allowing callus settlement with minimal impairment in Group #1 and permitted weightbearing and unrestricted motion in the animals. Such a sheep model would be useful for testing hard tissue biomaterials, bone healing enhancement or further developed as an experimental nonunion model.Metatarsal diaphyseal defects (length: 10 or 20 mm) maintained with plates were performed in sheep in search of nonunion after a three-month period. Radiological and histological examinations showed that 10 mm gaps healed spontaneously while 20 mm gaps did not. These results are comparable to those of other authors who concluded that a diaphyseal defect whose length exceeds 1.4 times its diameter is unable to repair. The good biological properties exhibited by this defect model seem to be convenient for testing bone substitutes or bone healing enhancement techniques.
Rectangular Recession Trochleoplasty for Treatment of Patellar Luxation in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Goring R. L. , de Haan J. J. , Talcott K. W. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryTrochleoplasty is a fundamental component of surgical treatment for patients with inadequate trochlear depth associated with patellar luxation. Traditional methods of trochleoplasty include trochlear resection, chondroplasty and wedge recession trochleoplasty. Each technique has its benefits and limitations. Rectangular recession trochleoplasty (RRT) is a new technique that builds upon the strengths of its predecessors while minimizing their limitations. Rectangular recession utilizes a rectangular osteochondral autograft that is harvested from the trochlear groove and replaced into its recipient bed. Unlike wedge recession, the autograft surfaces are compressed and buttressed within the recipient bed. resulting in secure implantation of the autograft. Rectangular recession achieves maximal preservation of hyaline articular cartilage while minimizing exposure of abrasive subchondral bone. Rectangular recession can be performed on dogs and cats as small as 3 kg and has been clinically effective in treating over 100 cases of patellar luxation.Trochleoplasty is an important surgical procedure for treatment of patellar luxation in the dog and cat. The objective of any trochleoplasty technique is to achieve adequate trochlear depth and width while optimizing preservation of hyaline articular cartilage. Rectangular recession trochleoplasty (RRT) is a new technique that achieves adequate trochlear width and depth utilizing a securely “press-fit” osteochondral autograft that achieves maximal preservation of hyaline articular cartilage.
Successful Management of Quadriceps Contracture in a Cat Using a Dynamic Flexion Apparatus
Authors: Liptak J.M. , Simpson D.J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA comminuted, grade I open femoral fracture in an immature cat was repaired using stacked veterinary cuttable plates in a bridging fashion. The cat subsequently developed quadriceps contracture with stifle hyperextension and atrophy of the quadriceps muscle. Adhesions between the quadriceps muscle and fracture callus were released and a dynamic flexion apparatus used to prevent recurrence of quadriceps contracture by encouraging leg use and lengthening of the quadriceps muscles. The range of motion in the stifle improved from 35° to 130° and the cat maintained excellent use of the leg without recurrence of quadriceps contracture. Quadriceps contracture was diagnosed in an immature cat after biological repair of a comminuted femoral fracture using stacked veterinary cuttable plates in a bridging fashion. The quadriceps contracture was successfully managed with release of adhesions between the vastus intermedius and fracture callus, application of a dynamic flexion apparatus, and an intensive physiotherapy program.
Initial experience with a newly developed medullary stabilization nail (Trilam nail)
Authors: Hach Volker 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe Trilam nail is made of stainless steel and has three lamellae running along its length. After surgical exposure the fragments are speared together with the pointed end of the nail. Eightynine limb fractures we repaired by this means. The type of fracture played a secondary role. Healing was achieved in all of the cases. Due to telescopic instability in one and slight collapse of the fracture surgical recorrection had to be performed in two cases. The advantages of the Trilam nail, over alternative surgical procedures for osteosynthesis, are that it is possible to treat fractures close to the metaphysis and to ensure rotational stability, as well as a reduction in the operating time.This paper reports on the treatment of fractures in small animals with a newly developed, rotationally stable intramedullary nail. It was used in dogs, cats, rabbits, a bird and a monkey for transverse, oblique, spiral and comminuted fractures.
Comparison of vertical forces in normal greyhounds between force platform and pressure walkway measurement systems
Authors: Besancon M. F. , Derrick T. R. , Ritter M. J. , Conzemius M. G. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryPeak vertical impulse (PVF) and vetical impulse (VI) data were collected from the left forelimbs and ipsilateral hind limbs of eight healthy adult Greyhound dogs ranging in mass from 27.30 to 36.36 kg. Walking velocity and acceleration were restricted to ranges of 0.9 to 1.1 m/s and −9.1 to 0.1 m/s2, resepctively. Data from the first 20 valid trials were analyzed for each dog on both systems. Forces were normalized and expressed as a percent of the dog’s body weight. Velocity and acceleration values were not statistically different in either set of trials. Evaluation of intra-dog variability via t-test revealed a statistical difference in two of 16 limbs (1/8 forelimb, 1/8 hind limb). The results indicate that the Tekscan walkway system is a viable alternative to the AMT1 model OR6-5 force platform for the generation of vertical impulse data. Statistically significant differences in peak vertical force values were noted between the two systems and were likely related to calibration times, but their clinical relevance appears negligible.
The influence of epidural anaesthesia on femoral overlap and Norberg angle in the hip joint of young dysplastic dogs
Authors: Janssens L. A. A. , Ballieu B. C. W. , Vandekerckhove P. M. F. P. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA retrospective study of 61 dogs that underwent triple pelvic osteotomy evaluated the effect of the epidural anaesthesia on the hip laxity as measured by the femoral overlap and Norberg angle before and after epidural anaesthesia. Both the femoral overlap and the Norberg angle measured on the non-operated hip decreased significantly after epidural anaesthesia. (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.001, respectively).
Effects of unilaterally restricted carpal range of motion on kinematic gait analysis of the dog
Authors: Eward C. , Eward W. , Gillette R. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryDecreased carpal range of motion is a common sequel to both disease and injury of the canine carpus; it is also encountered following therapeutic endeavours such as taping, bandaging, and arthrodesis. It was the aim of this study to define alterations of movement in dogs with artificially restricted carpal range of motion (ROM) by use of non-invasive, two-dimensional, computer-assisted kinematic gait analysis. Carpal taping was performed using strips of five centimetre adhesive porous bandage tape placed in circumferential, overlapping strips from mid-radius to just proximal to the metacarpal pad. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in angular displacement were observed, not only in the motion-restricted carpus, but also in the ipsilateral shoulder and contralateral stifle, demonstrating the need for monitoring of other joints when carpal ROM is restricted unilaterally either due to pathology, coaptation or arthrodesis.
Osteochondritis dissecans of the medial femoral trochlear ridge in two bulldog siblings
Authors: Marti J. , Chico A. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryOsteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the medial femoral trochlear ridge was diagnosed in two seven months-old bulldog puppies. The disease was suspected radiographically and confirmed at exploratory arthrotomy. Both dogs showed a concurrent Grade I patellar luxation in the affected stifle. Treatment of the two conditions consisted of a recession wedge sulcoplasty and removal of a large cartilage flap. The outcome of the surgery, after a long-term follow-up (22 months) was excellent. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of this type of OCD in the dog, its pathological findings and successful surgical treatment.
A Salter Harris type II fracture of the distal ulna in a fourteen month female neutered Great Dane
Authors: Langley-Hobbs S. J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA displaced Salter Harris type II fracture of the distal ulna and a minimally displaced Salter Harris type II fracture of the distal radius were diagnosed in a fourteen month female neutered Great Dane dog. Fracture reduction was challenging but treatment was successful. Aetiology of the unusual fracture is discussed. Long bone physes may close later in giant breeds, early neutering can cause a further delay.
Cytokine profile in canine immune-mediated polyarthritis and osteoarthritis
Authors: Hegemann N. , Wondimu A. , Kohn B. , Brunnberg L. , Schmidt M. F. G. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to determine the cytokine profile in 21 dogs with canine immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMA) and 15 dogs with osteoarthritis (OA) caused by cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR). The mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, interferon (IFN)-γ, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were analysed in synovial fluid by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, while TNF-α protein was determined by L929 cytotoxicity assay. The frequency of lymphocytes was analysed using FACScan. Both disorders reveal a similar cytokine expression pattern, except for significant lower IL-1β expression in OA. Th1 cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ were detected, while IL-4 was nearly absent in IMA and OA. Furthermore, the bioassay demonstrates a significantly higher production of TNF-α in synovial fluid of dogs with IMA, compared to dogs with OA (p< 0.05). The frequency of CD4+, CD8+ and MHC class II+ cells was relatively higher in synovial fluids compared to peripheral blood in IMA. These findings reveal that the difference between the cytokine pattern of canine IMA and OA seems to be rather quantitative than qualitative. Both joint disorders show predominance of pro-inflammatory cytokines and absence of TH2 cytokine expression, indicating the potential of IL-4 for a gene therapeutic approach.
Spinal epidural abscess in a juvenile dog
Authors: Thomas W. B. , Schmiedt C. W. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA six-month-old, intact female, Miniature Pinscher was admitted with signs of progressive neurological deficits in the hind legs, an elevated rectal temperature, and spinal pain of 48 hours duration. A myelogram was performed which demonstrated a dorsal, left sided compressive lesion extending from T11-T13. A leftsided hemilaminectomy was performed from T11-T13. A friable, poorly organized, pale tan and red mass was identified within the epidural space. Cytopathological and histopathological analyses of the mass demonstrated marked, subacute, suppurative cellulitis. A culture of the purulent material revealed beta haemolytic Streptococcus sp.
Effect of durotomy on functional outcome of dogs with type I thoracolumbar disc extrusion and absent deep pain perception
Authors: Dewey C. W. , Ringwood P. B. , Pettigrew R. W. , Kent M. , Budsberg S. C. , Loughin C. A. 
Published: March 2018

SummarySpinal cord durotomy is performed as a diagnostic aid in determining spinal cord structural integrity, and this may be useful as an indicator of prognosis in cases with loss of deep pain perception (DPP). It has been suggested that a durotomy may relieve intramedullary compression but there is some debate about the therapeutic value. The purpose of this study was to compare ambulatory outcome of dogs that had loss of DPP treated with hemilaminectomy with durotomy versus hemilaminectomy without durotomy. Medical records of 81 dogs diagnosed with type I thoracolumbar IVD were reviewed. Dogs were included in the study if DPP was absent upon initial neurological examination and surgical decompression via hemilaminectomy was performed. Of the 81 cases, 48 were included in this study. The number of dogs that recovered ambulatory function were compared between durotomy and nondurotomy groups with a chi-squared test (p<0.05). No differences were found. The findings of this study suggest that durotomy is useful as a diagnostic modality and that performing a durotomy does not significantly affect post-operative recovery of voluntary motor function.
Diagnosis and treatment of hind limb muscle strain injuries in 22 dogs
Authors: Pluhar G. E. , Nielsen C. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe anamnesis was obtained from the medical records of 22 dogs diagnosed with hind limb muscle strain injury over a four-year period. The signalment, history, diagnostic imaging and clinical findings, treatment and outcome are described. The affected dogs were primarily from large breeds. Although only a few clients reported a specific injury, 11 dogs were admitted for an acute onset of lameness of unknown origin. The hip adductor muscles were affected in 21 dogs, and 11 dogs had previously undergone orthopaedic surgery of the affected limb. The dogs were primarily diagnosed by physical examination, although the diagnosis was confirmed with ultrasound imaging in the two most recent cases. Neither concurrent orthopaedic nor neurological disease was found during the study period in four of 22 dogs, and another three dogs had only mild radiographic coxofemoral osteoarthritis that did not cause any clinical signs during the study period. All of the dogs were treated medically with some combination of rest, physical therapy, methocarbamol, and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). The injury-associated lameness improved, or completely resolved, with conservative, non-surgical therapy in most dogs. Of the 15 dogs available for follow-up (mean 577 days), eight had complete resolution of their clinical signs, two showed significant improvement, and one showed some improvement. Muscle strain injury may be an under-diagnosed cause or contributor to acute hind limb lameness in large breed dogs, either alone or following orthopaedic surgery.
Anabolic effects of acellular bone marrow, platelet rich plasma, and serum on equine suspensory ligament fibroblasts in vitro
Authors: Ross M. W. , Smith R. K. W. , Smith J. J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to investigate the response of suspensory ligament fibroblasts (SLF) to in vitro stimulation using acellular bone marrow (ABM), platelet rich plasma (in vitro PRP), and serum as potential treatment modalities for suspensory desmitis. Blood, bone marrow, and suspensory ligaments were collected from five horses. SLF were harvested, grown until confluent, and stimulated with various concentrations of ABM, PRP, equine serum, foetal bovine serum, and medium (control). The responses to the treatments were assessed using a combination of radiolabeling for total protein synthesis and an ELISA for quantification of Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein (COMP) production. Addition of all of the samples resulted in significant increases in COMP and total protein synthesis over controls (P<0.001). ABM caused the greatest increase in both COMP and total protein synthesis by the SLF. Equine ABM, PRP, and serum contain anabolic factors that promote matrix synthesis by SLF in vitro, with ABM having the greatest effect. Application of bone marrow to injured ligaments may enhance healing by providing anabolic factors, other than or in addition to mesenchymal stem cells, which stimulate matrix production.
Load-Bearing in the Ovine Medial Tibial Condyle: Effect of Meniscectomy
Authors: Pickles D. M. , Bellenger C. R. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryTotal removal of a knee joint meniscus is followed by osteoarthritis in many mammalian species. Altered load-bearing has been observed in the human knee following meniscectomy but less is known about biochemical effects of meniscectomy in other species. Using pressure sensitive paper in sheep knee (stifle) joints it was found that, for comparable loads, the load-bearing area on the medial tibial condyle was significantly reduced following medial meniscectomy. Also, for loads of between 50 N and 500 N applied to the whole joint, the slope of the regression of contact area against load was much smaller. Following medial meniscectomy, the ability to increase contact area as load increased was markedly reduced.The load bearing area on the medial tibial condyle was reduced following meniscectomy.
Measurements of Vertical Ground Reaction Force in Jumping Dogs
Authors: Hulse D. A. , Hogan H. A. , Slater Margaret , Longnecker M. T. , Yanoff Susan 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe purpose of this study was: to quantitate the peak vertical ground reaction force acting on the forelimbs of dogs as they landed after jumping an obstacle; to compare that force at three heights; and to evaluate factors that may affect vertical ground reaction force. Thirteen military working dogs were studied. A strain gauge force plate was used to measure force. Three measurements were recorded for each dog at each height. The means of the medians of the three forces for each dog at each height were compared using a repeated measures analysis of variance. Mean force at 63 cm was 986.9 ± 221.5 N, mean force at 79 cm was 1175.0 ±227.4 N, and mean force at 94 cm was 1366.1± 268.5 N. There was a significant difference in mean force at the three jump heights (p = 0.0002). The significance was unchanged when force was normalized for body weight. Statistical models were used to evaluate the effect of other independent variables. Factors that were found to effect force were body weight, breed, and sex of the dog. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical significance of these findings.Vertical ground reaction force was measured in thirteen dogs landing on a force plate after jumping an obstacle. Three readings were taken for each dog at each of three heights, and the mean vertical ground reaction force was compared. Force readings were significantly different at each height, increasing as height increased. Factors that were found to effect vertical ground reaction force were body weight, breed, and sex.
Shaft Fractures of the Metacarpus and Metatarsus in Cattle
Authors: Iselin U. , Auer J. A. , Lischer C. J. , Steiner A. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThis study describes the history, signalment, fracture configuration, methods of treatment and outcome of 58 cattle suffering from a shaft fracture of the metacarpus or metatarsus. For the purpose of describing the accuracy of fracture reduction and progress of healing, as defined by radiographs, a grading system was developed and is described.Of the 58 animals, 17 (29.3%) were treated by means of a full-limb cast, seven (12.1%) by a walking-cast, 13 (22.4%) by a modified walking-cast, and 11 (19.0%) by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Ten animals (17.2%) were slaughtered, because of economic reasons, immediately after the diagnosis had been confirmed. The (modified) walking-cast techniques were more frequently used for treatment of complex fractures; full-limb cast and ORIF were more frequently used for the other fracture types. Radiographic long-term followup data revealed that ORIF provided significantly better long-term results than external coaptation. An angular limb deformity in the saggital plane (plantar bowing) occurred in three of four metatarsal, but not in metacarpal fractures treated by external coaptation. A significant correlation existed between the quality of fracture reduction and the long-term result. However, a correlation was not found between the age and body weight of the animals and the outcome, and between the time from trauma to treatment and the outcome.Fifty-eight shaft fractures of the metacarpus and metatarsus in cattle were evaluated retrospectively using a new radiographic scoring system. Open reduction and internal fixation provided significantly better long-term results than external coaptation. A significant correlation was found between the quality of the fracture reduction and the long-term result; a correlation was not found between age and body weight of the animal and the outcome, nor between the time that elapsed from trauma to treatment and the outcome.
Static and Dynamic Histomorphometric Data in 9- to 11-Year-Old Ewes
Authors: Villanueva A.R. , Turner A.S. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe technique of trans-iliac biopsy and subsequent histomorphometrical examination in ewes is reported. Biopsies were obtained from 18 clinically normal ewes, aged 9 to 11 years which had been given tetracycline intramuscularly twice, 11 days apart, at a dose rate of 20 mg/kg. There were no complications associated with the administration of the tetracycline at this dose and at this site. The core of the biopsy consisted of cancellous bone between two cortices allowing complete histomorphometric analysis from undecalcified sections. Two clearly distinct and separate labels were visible under ultraviolet light with the labelling method used. Primary, surface, volume and dynamic data were measured or calculated and are reported. Certain static and dynamic histomorphometric variables from this study were compared to those of other workers who used aged (but slightly younger) ewes, and there were many similarities between the studies. A comparison was also made of absolute values of bone volume (BV/TV%), relative osteoid volume (OV/BV%) and mineral apposition rate (MAR, mcm/day) of this study, and those of men and pre- and postmenopausal women reported in recently published data, as well as parameters of 14 elderly normal women measured by one of us. It was concluded that iliac crest biopsy in the ewe is a safe effective method to quantitate skeletal changes and our data compares favorably with other workers in this species. Furthermore, the BV/TV%, OV/BV% and MAR; of ewes of this age resembled that of both men and postmenopausal women at least in their 6th or 7th decade of life. Therefore 9- to 11-year-old ewes may be a useful models for studies and therapeutic trials of both osteopenia and osteoporosis of the skeleton.The article describes the technique of trans-iliac biopsy and subsequent histomorpho-metrical examination in aged ewes.