bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacotherapy of Personality Disorder
Authors: Svrakic Dragan M. , Divac-Jovanovic Mirjana 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Relevant neuroscience to guide pharmacotherapy of personality disorder is reviewed. Pharmacotherapy is either (a) mechanism based, aimed at correcting heritable neurobiological trait vulnerabilities that increase the risk of personality disorder, or (b) symptom domain based, aimed at correcting clinical symptoms of personality disorder arranged into four domains. The novel concept of harnessing the brain’s homeostatic functions in order to deliver treatment is introduced, drawing analogy from serotonergic antidepressants. The dynamics of homeostatic optimization is the conceptual basis of the mechanism-based pharmacotherapy. Pharmacological modulation of trait vulnerability associated with excessive Harm Avoidance, Novelty Seeking, Persistence, and low Reward Dependence is reviewed. Pharmacotherapy of impulsive-affective aggression, which is the default affect state of personality disorder, is discussed in detail. Symptom-domain pharmacotherapy, the current standard of care, targets four symptom domains: (a) mood dysregulation, (b) behavior dysregulation, (c) emotional detachment; and (d) cognitive dysregulation. Pharmacotherapy of each is discussed in detail.
The Roles of Combat Exposure, Personal Vulnerability, and Involvement in Harm to Civilians or Prisoners in War-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Dohrenwend Bruce P. , Yager Thomas J. , Wall Melanie M. , Adams Ben G. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the central assumption in the DSM-III, DSM-III-R, and DSM-IV that potentially traumatic stressors are more important than personal vulnerability in causing PTSD. This chapter tests this assumption with data from a rigorously diagnosed male subsample (n = 260) from the NVVRS. It concludes that, of the three risk factors, only combat exposure proved necessary for disorder onset. Although none of the three risk factors proved sufficient, estimated onset reached 97% for veterans high on all three, with harm to civilians or prisoners showing the largest independent contribution. Severity of combat exposure proved more important than pre-war vulnerability in onset; pre-war vulnerability was as least as important in long-term persistence. Implications for the primacy of the stressor assumption are discussed.
Kinetic simulations of mildly relativistic shocks – I. Particle acceleration in high Mach number shocks
Authors: Crumley P , Caprioli D , Markoff S , Spitkovsky A 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
We use fully kinetic particle-in-cell simulations with unprecedentedly large transverse box sizes to study particle acceleration in weakly magnetized mildly relativistic shocks travelling at a velocity ≈ 0.75c and a Mach number of 15. We examine both subluminal (quasi-parallel) and superluminal (quasi-perpendicular) magnetic field orientations. We find that quasi-parallel shocks are mediated by a filamentary non-resonant (Bell) instability driven by returning ions, producing magnetic fluctuations on scales comparable to the ion gyroradius. In quasi-parallel shocks, both electrons and ions are accelerated into non-thermal power laws whose maximum energy grows linearly with time. The upstream heating of electrons is small, and the two species enter the shock front in rough thermal equilibrium. The shock’s structure is complex; the current of returning non-thermal ions evacuates cavities in the upstream that form filaments of amplified magnetic fields once advected downstream. At late times, 10 per cent of the shock’s energy goes into non-thermal protons and ${\gtrsim }10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ into magnetic fields. We find that properly capturing the magnetic turbulence driven by the non-thermal ions is important for properly measuring the energy fraction of non-thermal electrons, εe. We find εe ∼ 5 × 10−4 for quasi-parallel shocks with v = 0.75c, slightly larger than what was measured in simulations of non-relativistic shocks. In quasi-perpendicular shocks, no non-thermal power-law develops in ions or electrons. The ion acceleration efficiency in quasi-parallel shocks suggests that astrophysical objects that could host mildly relativistic quasi-parallel shocks – for example, the jets of active galactic nuclei or microquasars – may be important sources of cosmic rays and their secondaries, such as gamma-rays and neutrinos.
Most white dwarfs with detectable dust discs show infrared variability
Authors: Swan Andrew , Farihi Jay , Wilson Thomas G 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Archival data from the WISE satellite reveal infrared flux variations of tens of per cent around numerous dusty white dwarfs. Data spanning more than 7 yr reveal more than half of known systems are varying in the 3.4 ${\mu}$m band, while the 4.6 ${\mu}$m data are challenging to interpret due to lower signal-to-noise ratios. The sparsely-sampled data limit interpretation, but the heterogeneous light curves suggest each source may be idiosyncratic, where there may be competing processes operating on different time-scales. Collisions are likely driving the observed decays in flux, and this finding suggests that dust production is operating more often than indicated by previous observations. The observed variation is at odds with the canonical flat disc model in isolation, and underscores the need for infrared monitoring of these evolved planetary systems to inform the next generation of theoretical models.
Rescuing Suboptimal Outcomes of Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson Disease by Surgical Lead Revision
Authors: Nickl Robert C , Reich Martin M , Pozzi Nicoló Gabriele , Fricke Patrick , Lange Florian , Roothans Jonas , Volkmann Jens , Matthies Cordula 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Clinical trials have established subthalamic deep-brain-stimulation (STN-DBS) as a highly effective treatment for motor symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD), but in clinical practice outcomes are variable. Experienced centers are confronted with an increasing number of patients with partially “failed” STN-DBS, in whom motor benefit doesn’t meet expectations. These patients require a complex multidisciplinary and standardized workup to identify the likely cause.

OBJECTIVE
To describe outcomes in a series of PD patients undergoing lead revision for suboptimal motor benefit after STN-DBS surgery and characterize selection criteria for surgical revision.

METHODS
We investigated 9 PD patients with STN-DBS, who had unsatisfactory outcomes despite intensive neurological management. Surgical revision was considered if the ratio of DBS vs levodopa-induced improvement of UPDRS-III (DBS-rr) was below 75% and the electrodes were found outside the dorsolateral STN.

RESULTS
Fifteen electrodes were replaced via stereotactic revision surgery into the dorsolateral STN without any adverse effects. Median displacement distance was 4.1 mm (range 1.6-8.42 mm). Motor symptoms significantly improved (38.2 ± 6.6 to 15.5 ± 7.9 points, P < .001); DBS-rr increased from 64% to 190%.

CONCLUSION
Patients with persistent OFFmotor symptoms after STN-DBS should be screened for levodopa-responsiveness, which can serve as a benchmark for best achievable motor benefit. Even small horizontal deviations of the lead from the optimal position within the dorsolateral STN can cause stimulation responses, which are markedly inferior to the levodopa response. Patients with an image confirmed lead displacement and preserved levodopa response are candidates for lead revision and can expect significant motor improvement from appropriate lead replacement.
Use of Intra-Arterial Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Acute Stroke: Video Case
Authors: Munich Stephan A , Waqas Muhammad , Vakharia Kunal , McPheeters Matthew J , Siddiqui Adnan H 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This video illustrates access to tortuous distal intracranial vasculature and the use of intra-arterial (IA) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for the revascularization of small vessel occlusion. IA tPA is a reasonable approach for distal arterial occlusion resistant to intravenous tPA or mechanical thrombectomy. In this video, the patient had a posterior circulation stroke with elevated time-to-peak in the cerebellar hemispheres. He had received intravenous tPA in the emergency room but ataxia and dysarthria symptoms persisted. Cerebral angiography showed right superior cerebellar artery (SCA) occlusion. Although his NIHSS score was low, his symptoms were disabling. While not standard of care, discussion with patients about potential options is crucial; and we believe that mechanical and localized therapies in these circumstances may be beneficial. A Velocity microcatheter (Penumbra, Alameda, California) was initially used to attempt SCA access but was unsuccessful. A second attempt was made with a Headway Duo (MicroVention, Aliso Viejo, California)―a smaller, more pliant microcatheter better suited to the acute turn in the SCA. A 2 mg IA tPA dose was administered at the occlusion site. A direct aspiration first-pass technique (ADAPT) and stent retriever were thought to be too aggressive in a small SCA. The proximal vessel was recanalized, and the microcatheter was advanced to the distal occlusion site before IA administration of another 2 mg of tPA. Post-tPA runs showed excellent SCA revascularization. For occlusion of small intracranial vessels where IV tPA is ineffective and mechanical thrombectomy is unsafe, local administration of IA tPA can be an effective therapy.
Consent was obtained from the patient prior to performing the procedure. Institutional review board approval is not required for the report of a single case.
Widespread Belief That Organic and Additive-Free Tobacco Products are Less Harmful Than Regular Tobacco Products: Results From the 2017 US Health Information National Trends Survey
Authors: Pearson Jennifer L , Moran Meghan , Delnevo Cristine D , Villanti Andrea C , Lewis M Jane 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Significance
US smokers of Natural American Spirit, a brand marketed as “organic” and “additive-free,” are more likely than other cigarette smokers to believe that their brand might be less harmful than other brands. This article (1) describes the prevalence of belief that “organic” and “additive-free” tobacco is less harmful than regular tobacco products in the US population and (2) describes the sociodemographic characteristics of adults who believe tobacco products with these descriptors are less harmful.

Methods
Data were drawn from the 2017 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS), a nationally representative survey of US adults. Logistic regression models were used to examine correlates of the belief that “organic” or “additive-free” tobacco products are less harmful than regular tobacco products.

Results
Overall, 26.7% of US adults and 45.3% of adult smokers believe that “organic” tobacco products are less harmful than regular tobacco products. Similarly, 35.2% of US adults and 47.1% of smokers believe that “additive-free” tobacco products are less harmful. When examining gender, age, education, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and smoking status, only age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] ~0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.97, 0.99 for both outcomes) and smoking status (current vs. never smokers, aOR ~1.78, 95% CI 1.03, 3.07 for both outcomes) were correlates of believing that “organic” or “additive-free” tobacco is less harmful than regular tobacco products.

Conclusions
Belief that “organic” and “additive-free” tobacco products are less harmful than other products is widespread. Younger adults and current smokers are most likely to be misinformed by “organic” or “additive-free” tobacco product descriptors.

Implications
Belief that “organic” and “additive-free” tobacco products are less harmful than other products is widespread among US adults and most prevalent among smokers. Removal of terms that incorrectly imply reduced harm may correct current and future consumers’ misperceptions about the brand.
Do selective schooling systems increase inequality?
Authors: Burgess Simon , Dickson Matt , Macmillan Lindsey 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
We investigate the impact on earnings inequality of a selective education system in which school assignment is based on initial test scores. We use a large, representative household panel survey to compare adult earnings inequality of those growing up under a selective education system with those educated under a comprehensive system in England. Controlling for a range of background characteristics and the current location, the wage distribution for individuals who grew up in selective schooling areas is substantially and significantly more unequal. The total effect sizes are large: 24% of the raw 90–10 earnings gap and 19% of the conditional 90–10 earnings gap can be explained by differences across schooling systems.
Who Is Keeping Their Unused Opioids and Why?
Authors: Neill Luke A , Kim Howard S , Cameron Kenzie A , Lank Patrick M , Patel Deesha A , Hur Scott I , Opsasnick Lauren A , Curtis Laura M , Eifler Morgan R , Courtney D Mark , Wolf Michael S , McCarthy Danielle M 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Objective
To better understand patients’ reasoning for keeping unused opioid pills.

Methods
As part of a larger study, patients were asked their plans for their unused opioids. Responses were categorized as “dispose,” “keep,” and “don’t know.” Baseline characteristics were compared between the “keep” and “dispose” groups. Verbatim responses categorized as “keep” were analyzed qualitatively using a team-based inductive approach with constant comparison across cases.

Results
One hundred patients planned to dispose of their pills; 117 planned to keep them. There were no differences in demographics between the groups. Among patients who planned to keep their pills, the mean age was 43 years and 47% were male. Analysis revealed four categories of patient responses: 1) plans to keep their pills “just in case,” with reference to a medical condition (e.g., kidney stone); 2) plans to keep pills “just in case” without reference to any medical condition; 3) plans to dispose in delayed fashion (e.g., after pill expiration) or unsure of how to dispose; and 4) no identified plans, yet intended to keep pills. In this sample, there were no differences in characteristics of those reporting planning to keep vs dispose of pills; however, there were diverse reasons for keeping opioids.

Conclusions
This manuscript describes a sample of patients who kept their unused opioids and presents qualitative data detailing their personal reasoning for keeping the unused pills. Awareness of the range of motivations underpinning this behavior may inform the development of tailored education and risk communication messages to improve opioid disposal.
Returns to Talent and the Finance Wage Premium
Authors: Célérier Claire , Vallée Boris 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
To study the role of talent in finance workers’ pay, we exploit a special feature of the French higher education system. Wage returns to talent have been significantly higher and have risen faster since the 1980s in finance than in other sectors. Both wage returns to project size and the elasticity of project size to talent are also higher in this industry. Last, the share of performance pay varies more for talent in finance. These findings are supportive of finance wages reflecting the competitive assignment of talent in an industry that exhibits a high complementarity between talent and scale.
Received October 11, 2017; editorial decision September 4, 2018 by Editor Stijn Van Nieuwerburgh. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Financial Markets with Trade on Risk and Return
Authors: Smith Kevin 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In this paper, I develop a model in which risk-averse investors possess private information regarding both a stock’s expected payoff and its risk. These investors trade in the stock and a derivative whose payoff is driven by the stock’s risk. In equilibrium, the derivative is used to speculate on the stock’s risk and to hedge against adverse fluctuations in the stock’s risk. I analyze the derivative price and variance risk premium that arise in this equilibrium and their predictive power for stock returns. Finally, I examine the relationship between prices and trading volume in the stock and derivative.
Received July 31, 2017; editorial decision December 3, 2018 by Editor Stijn Van Nieuwerburgh. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Janus kinases to jakinibs: from basic insights to clinical practice
Authors: Gadina Massimo , Le Mimi T , Schwartz Daniella M , Silvennoinen Olli , Nakayamada Shingo , Yamaoka Kunihiro , O’Shea John J 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCytokines are critical mediators of diverse immune and inflammatory diseases. Targeting cytokines and cytokine receptors with biologics has revolutionized the treatment of many of these diseases, but targeting intracellular signalling with Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors (jakinibs) now represents a major new therapeutic advance. We are still in the first decade since these drugs were approved and there is still much to be learned about the mechanisms of action of these drugs and the practical use of these agents. Herein we will review cytokines that do, and just as importantly, do not signal by JAKs, as well as explain how this relates to both efficacy and side effects in various diseases. We will review new, next-generation selective jakinibs, as well as the prospects and challenges ahead in targeting JAKs.
Platelets release proinflammatory microparticles in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis
Authors: Miao Di , Ma Tian-Tian , Chen Min , Zhao Ming-Hui 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe biological functions of the platelets contributing to ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) are largely unclear. The current study aimed to investigate the potential role of platelet-derived microparticles (PMPs) in AAV.MethodsIn the current study, microparticles in AAV patients were analysed by flow cytometry, and PMPs were probed for relative levels of 640 bioactive proteins secreted from patients’ platelets using antibody microarrays. These data were then correlated with clinical and pathological parameters.ResultsPMPs were significantly increased in 69 AAV patients, predominantly MPO-ANCA positive patients in active stage compared with in remission [4406.8/μl (2135.4, 5485.0) vs 549.7/μl (350, 708.5), P < 0.0001], and 43% of microparticles in active AAV were PMPs. Compared with 15 patients in remission, highly expressed proinflammatory molecules in the microparticles from platelets in 15 AAV patients in active stage revealed that potential functions of PMPs were promotion of the effect of chemotaxis, adhesion, growth and apoptosis (all the patients for array analysis were MPO-ANCA positive). The level of PMPs had a significant association with disease activity, inflammation, and renal damage.ConclusionPMPs may serve as inflammatory propagators through their wide production of proinflammatory cytokines in AAV, potentially providing a novel therapeutic target.
Patients’ experience of shoulder disorders: a systematic review of qualitative studies for the OMERACT Shoulder Core Domain Set
Authors: Page Matthew J , O’Connor Denise A , Malek Mary , Haas Romi , Beaton Dorcas , Huang Hsiaomin , Ramiro Sofia , Richards Pamela , Voshaar Marieke J H , Shea Beverley , Verhagen Arianne P , Whittle Samuel L , van der Windt Danielle A , Gagnier Joel J , Buchbinder Rachelle ,   OMERACT Shoulder Core Set Working Group
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Objectives
To describe the experiences (including symptoms and perceived impacts on daily living) of people with a shoulder disorder.

Methods
Systematic review of qualitative studies. We searched for eligible qualitative studies indexed in Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, CINAHL (EBSCO), SportDiscus (EBSCO) and Ovid PsycINFO up until November 2017. Two authors independently screened studies for inclusion, appraised their methodological quality using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist, used thematic synthesis methods to generate themes describing the experiences reported by participants and assessed the confidence in the findings using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research (GRADE-CERQual) approach.

Results
The inclusion criteria were met by eight studies, which included 133 participants (49 females and 84 males) with either rotator cuff disease, adhesive capsulitis, proximal humeral fracture, shoulder instability or unspecified shoulder pain. We generated seven themes to describe what people in the included studies reported experiencing: pain; physical function/activity limitations; participation restriction; sleep disruption; cognitive dysfunction; emotional distress; and other pathophysiological manifestations (other than pain). There were interactions between the themes, with particular experiences impacting on others (e.g. pain leading to reduced activities and sleep disruption). Following grading of the evidence, we considered it likely that most of the review findings were a reasonable representation of the experiences of people with shoulder disorders.

Conclusion
Patients with shoulder disorders contend with considerable disruption to their life. The experiences described should be considered by researchers seeking to select the most appropriate outcomes to measure in clinical trials and other research studies in people with shoulder disorders.
COMPARISON OF RADIATION EXPOSURE TO THE PATIENT AND CONTRAST DETAIL RESOLUTIONS ACROSS LOW DOSE 2D/3D SLOT SCANNER AND TWO CONVENTIONAL DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY X-RAY IMAGING SYSTEMS
Authors: Abdi Ahmed Jibril , Mussmann Bo , Mackenzie Alistair , Klaerke Benedikte , Andersen Poul Erik 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Purpose
To assess and compare the radiation dose and image quality of the low dose 2D/3D EOS slot scanner (LDSS) to conventional digital radiography (DR) X-ray imaging systems for chest and knee examination protocols.

Methods and materials
The effective doses (ED) to the patient in the chest and knee clinical examination protocols for LDSS and DR X-ray imaging systems were determined using the dose area product and PCXMC Monte Carlo simulation software. The CDRAD phantom was imaged with 19 cm, and 13 cm thick Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) blocks to simulate the chest and knees respectively of a patient of average adult size. The contrast detail resolution was calculated using image analysis software.

Results
The EDs for the LDSS default setting were up to 69% and 51% lower than for the DR systems for the chest (speed 4) and knee (speed 6) protocols, respectively, while for the increased dose level setting then the EDs were up to 42% and 35% lower than for the DR systems for the chest (speed 6) and knee (speed 8) protocols respectively. At the default setting, the contrast detail was lowest for the default setting of the 2D/3D low dose slot scanner (LDSS) for both chest and knee examinations, but at the highest dose levels then the threshold were equal or higher than the contrast resolution of DR imaging systems.

Conclusion
The LDSS has the potential to be used for clinical diagnosis of chest and knee examinations using the higher dose level. For speed 6 in chest protocol and speed 8 in knee protocol, the measured contrast detail resolution was comparable with the DR systems but at a lower effective dose.