bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shareholder Ledger Using Distributed Ledger Technology: The Estonian Perspective
Authors: Veerpalu Anne 
Published: October 2019

The article focuses on whether it is possible to use new technologies such as distributed ledger technology (DLT) in shareholder ledger maintenance systems. The article uses Estonia as an example to describe the shortcomings of shareholder ledger maintenance regulation and possible suggestions for reform and applies the principle of technology-neutrality to the subject matter to assess whether the regulation allows the adoption of new technologies, such as DLT, in ledger maintenance. The aim of the principle of technology-neutrality is to secure that the regulator does not create regulation that prefers any particular technology and discriminates against other technologies. Any regulation that is built around a pre-existing technology could suffer from preferring the use of that particular technology and consequently hinder innovation. In the article it is examined whether the ledger maintenance models used in Estonia are benefitting or suffering from the non-existence of technology-neutral technical standards for ledger maintenance and whether the differentiation of treatment of shareholder ledger administrators is justified on the basis of the principle of technology-neutrality.
Kvantitatívny pohľad na vplyv asymetrickej informácie na teóriu dôvery a teóriu reciprocity
Authors: Kubák Matúš , Gazda Vladimír , Lejková Zuzana , Nemec Jozef 
Published: October 2019

Důvěra a reciprocita vstupují do většiny osobních, sociálních a ekonomických interakcí. Zatímco kooperativní chování se může realizovat k užitku partnerů interakce, sobeckost a nereciproční jednání mohou škodit. V článku prezentujeme investiční hru s plnou (symetrickou) informací a parciální (asymetrickou) informací. V experimentu též zavádíme očekávání subjektů ohledně chování protistrany interakce. To nám umožňuje pozorovat vedlejší motivy chování účastníků experimentu. Experiment opakujeme v pěti kolech a pozorujeme vliv symetrické a asymetrické informace na vývoj důvěry a reciprocity. Pozorujeme odklon ekonomických agentů od neohraničeně racionálního a sobeckého chování. Subjekty se odchylují od nashovských ekvilibrií. Dokumentujeme důkaz toho, že důvěra indikuje reciprocitu. Účastníci experimentu jsou averzní vůči nespravedlnosti, ale pozorujeme nepatrně oportunistické chování v experimentu s asymetrickou informací, kde subjekty využívají informační disparitu. Efekt reputace nebyl potvrzený a teda důvěra a reciprocita se v průběhu interakce podstatně nevyvíjejí. Step out efekt nebyl taktéž potvrzený, a teda subjekty nemají tendenci ke zběhnutí z kooperace. Subjekty si v prezentovaném experimentu zasílají sumy podobné sumám, jaké si zasílali subjekty v referenčních experimentech. Avšak Sendeři na Slovensku zasílají sumy, které jsou menší než sumy zasílané v jiných zemích. Sendeři nejsou averzní vůči nespravedlnosti a teda nevěří, že jim Receiveři zašlou férové rozdělení zisku z investice. Receiveři v symetrické verzi experimentu jsou více averzní vůči nespravedlnosti než Receiveři v asymetrické verzi experimentu. Důvěra subjektů narůstá s jejich očekáváními. Pozorujeme též nepatrný vliv jednání v předešlých kolech experimentu na jednání v aktuálním kole. Tento vliv však není statisticky významný.
Recenze knihy: Bartoš, A., Raisová, M. (2015). Testy a dotazníky pro vyšetřování kognitivních funkcí, nálady a soběstačnosti. Praha: Mladá fronta.
Authors: Urbánek Tomáš , Gottfried Jaroslav 
Published: October 2019

Text je recenzí knihy Testy a dotazníky pro vyšetřování kognitivních funkcí, nálady a soběstačnosti od Aleše Bartoše a Miloslavy Raisové, vydané Mladou frontou. Podobné publikace jsou potřebné a potenciálně užitečné jak pro praktiky, tak výzkumníky. Recenzovaná kniha je ale v mnoha ohledech problematická, především z psychometrického hlediska, které považujeme pro podobný typ publikací za klíčové, a sami autoři tvrdí, že je v knize akcentují. Podle našeho názoru úroveň psychometrických poznatků v této knize odpovídá začátku 90. let minulého století, což v současnosti nelze akceptovat.
Makt og innflytelse i prosessen med å endre strukturen i yrkesopplæringen
Authors: Hansen Kari Henriette , Haaland Grete , Vagle Inger 
Published: October 2019

Artikkelen handler om endringsprosessen i utforming av ny struktur i yrkesopplæringen og hvem som har reell innflytelse sett i lys av ILO-konvensjonen av 1975, som forplikter statene til trepartssamarbeid om yrkesopplæringen. Konvensjonen forplikter medlemsstatene til utforming av politikk, retningslinjer og tiltak i yrkesopplæringen i samarbeid med partene i arbeidslivet[1]. Den handler om hvor og hvordan fagmiljøene og bransjene uttrykker sine behov og hvordan deres interesser blir ivaretatt.

Begrunnelse for studien er funn fra tidligere forskning og vår erfaring med at aktørene i yrkesopplæringen ikke systematisk er involvert i endringsprosessene. Vi ønsker å studere hvordan prosessen med strukturendringene foregår og hva som påvirker prosessen fram mot endelig struktur.

Metoder i forskningsarbeidet er analyse av tidligere forskning og dokumenter som ligger til grunn for, og inngår i, den formelle endringsprosessen, samt intervjuer med representanter for de nasjonale faglige rådene. De faglige rådene representerer trepartssamarbeidet om faglig kvalitet i yrkesopplæringen.

Resultatene viser at det er stor forskjell på hvordan fagmiljøene har hatt innflytelse i endringsprosessen og at endringsprosessen ikke har fulgt en forutbestemt prosedyre.
Partene, representert ved de faglige rådene, har i ulik grad hatt innflytelse på endringsprosessen. En del av representantene i de faglige rådene er ansatt i en av sin parts organisasjoner og er ikke aktive i sine fag. Tendenser viser at nasjonale myndigheter fristiller seg fra et forpliktende trepartssamarbeid i beslutningsprosessene ved mange anledninger, i strid med ILO-konvensjonen.
Midnolin is a confirmed genetic risk factor for Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Obara Yutaro , Sato Hidenori , Nakayama Takahiro , Kato Takeo , Ishii Kuniaki 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectiveGenetic analysis of patients with familial Parkinson’s disease (PD) identified many causative genes. However, the majority of PD cases are sporadic, and the mechanisms of onset still remain unclear. Previously, we found that Midnolin (MIDN) is associated with PD in a Yamagata (Japan) cohort study and that MIDN regulates neurite outgrowth and Parkin expression in neuronal cells. In the present study, we aimed to replicate the genetic association between MIDN and PD in a large British population cohort.MethodsIn this replication study, we analyzed the copy number variations and single‐nucleotide polymorphisms of the MIDN gene in a large British population on a case–control genome‐wide association study dataset including 2,860 controls and 2,168 PD patients.ResultsThere was significant copy number loss in the MIDN gene with an odds ratio of 4.35 (P < 2.2 × 10−16). Furthermore, there were many patients in both the British and Yamagata case groups who have a long spanning deletion. The odds ratio dramatically increased to 22.3 (P = 3.59 × 10−15) when a deletion spanning more than 50,000 bp was defined as the copy number loss. There were no significant differences between the controls and study cases for two relatively frequent single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (rs3746106 and rs3746107).InterpretationWe showed the strong genetic association of MIDN with PD development in a British population and in a Japanese population, suggesting MIDN is a confirmed and universal genetic risk factor for PD.
Copper(I) Phosphide Nanocrystals for In Situ Self‐Generation Magnetic Resonance Imaging‐Guided Photothermal‐Enhanced Chemodynamic Synergetic Therapy Resisting Deep‐Seated Tumor
Authors: Liu Yang , Wu Junduo , Jin Yinhua , Zhen Wenyao , Wang Yinghui , Liu Jianhua , Jin Longhai , Zhang Songtao , Zhao Ying , Song Shuyan , Yang Yang , Zhang Hongjie 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFe‐based Fenton agents can generate highly reactive and toxic hydroxyl radicals (·OH) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) for chemodynamic therapy (CDT) with high specificity. However, the strict condition (lower pH environment: 3–4) of the highly efficient Fenton reaction limits its practical application in the clinic. Development of new CDT agents more suitable for TME is significant and challenging. A highly efficient Cu(I)‐based CDT agent, copper(I) phosphide nanocrystals (CP NCs), which is more adaptable to the pH value of TME than Fe‐based agents, thereby producing more ·OH to trigger the apoptosis of cancer cells, is prepared. Moreover, the excess glutathione (GSH) in TME can reduce the Cu(II) produced by a Fenton‐like reaction to Cu(I), further increasing the generation rate of ·OH and relieving tumor antioxidant ability. Furthermore, owing to their strong absorption in the NIR II region, CP NCs exhibit an excellent photothermal conversion effect, which can further improve the Fenton reaction. What is more, CP NCs can act as in situ self‐generation magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agents owing to the generation of paramagnetic Cu(II) in response to excess H2O2 in the TME. These properties may open up the exploration of copper‐based materials in clinical application of self‐generation imaging‐guided synergetic treatment.
Hierarchical Nucleophilic Nanofibrous Membranes for Fast, Durable, and Bare‐Eye Visible Detoxification of Carcinogenic Alkylating Toxicants
Authors: Tang Peixin , Zhang Mengxiao , Ji Bolin , Yong Teera , Sun Gang 
Published: October 2019

AbstractColorimetric‐warning detoxification nanofibrous membranes (CDNMs) are easily and directly fabricated from electrospinning of a mixture of poly(4‐vinylpyridine), 4‐(p‐nitrobenzyl)pyridine, and polyacrylonitrile. They exhibit hierarchical fiber morphology, ensuring fast and efficient detoxification toward alkylating toxicants. Taking advantage of their microporous structure, high specific surface area, and strong affinity toward toxicants of the nanofibers, the CDNMs exhibit a detoxification rate independent from the initial toxicant concentration (half‐lives are less than 8 min), and excellent detoxification durability and capacity with detoxification recovery rates retained >90% after 250 times cleaning of 3467 ppm methyl iodide. More importantly, a colorimetric signal that can monitor the detoxification process and expiration of the function is reported. An accumulative color change from white to brownish yellow on the CDNMs indicates the detoxification efficiency drops to less than 50%, which serves as a warning signal for a replacement of the CDNMs in personal protective equipment products. The detoxification and color generation mechanisms are theoretically supported by Gaussian calculations. This work is expected to inspire the introduction of instrument‐free detection signals into the design and development of next‐generation of self‐decontamination and detoxification materials.
Versatile and Highly Efficient Controls of Reversible Topotactic Metal–Insulator Transitions through Proton Intercalation
Authors: Chen Shanquan , Zhou Haiping , Ye Xing , Chen Zuhuang , Zhao Jinzhu , Das Sujit , Klewe Christoph , Zhang Lei , Lupi Eduardo , Shafer Padraic , Arenholz Elke , Jin Dun , Huang Haoliang , Lu Yalin , Li Xiaowen , Wu Meng , Ke Shanming , Xu Hu , Zeng Xierong , Huang Chuanwei , Martin Lane W. , Chen Lang 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe ability to tailor a new crystalline structure and associated functionalities with a variety of stimuli is one of the key issues in material design. Developing synthetic routes to functional materials with partially absorbed nonmetallic elements (i.e., hydrogen and nitrogen) can open up more possibilities for preparing novel families of electronically active oxide compounds. Fast and reversible uptake and release of hydrogen in epitaxial ABO3 manganite films through an adapted low‐frequency inductively coupled plasma technology is introduced. Compared with traditional dopants of metallic cations, the plasma‐assisted hydrogen implantations not only produce reversibly structural transformations from pristine perovskite (PV) phase to a newly found protonation‐driven brownmillerite one but also regulate remarkably different electronic properties driving the material from a ferromagnetic metal to a weakly ferromagnetic insulator for a range of manganite (La1−xSrxMnO3) thin films. Moreover, a reversible perovskite‐brownmillerite‐perovskite transition is achieved at a relatively low temperature (T ≤ 350 °C), enabling multifunctional modulations for integrated electronic systems. The fast, low‐temperature control of structural and electronic properties by the facile hydrogenation/dehydrogenation treatment substantially widens the space for exploring new possibilities of novel properties in proton‐based multifunctional materials.
Electrical Tunability of Domain Wall Conductivity in LiNbO3 Thin Films
Authors: Lu Haidong , Tan Yueze , McConville James P. V. , Ahmadi Zahra , Wang Bo , Conroy Michele , Moore Kalani , Bangert Ursel , Shield Jeffrey E. , Chen Long‐Qing , Gregg J. Marty , Gruverman Alexei 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDomain wall nanoelectronics is a rapidly evolving field, which explores the diverse electronic properties of the ferroelectric domain walls for application in low‐dimensional electronic systems. One of the most prominent features of the ferroelectric domain walls is their electrical conductivity. Here, using a combination of scanning probe and scanning transmission electron microscopy, the mechanism of the tunable conducting behavior of the domain walls in the sub‐micrometer thick films of the technologically important ferroelectric LiNbO3 is explored. It is found that the electric bias generates stable domains with strongly inclined domain boundaries with the inclination angle reaching 20° with respect to the polar axis. The head‐to‐head domain boundaries exhibit high conductance, which can be modulated by application of the sub‐coercive voltage. Electron microscopy visualization of the electrically written domains and piezoresponse force microscopy imaging of the very same domains reveals that the gradual and reversible transition between the conducting and insulating states of the domain walls results from the electrically induced wall bending near the sample surface. The observed modulation of the wall conductance is corroborated by the phase‐field modeling. The results open a possibility for exploiting the conducting domain walls as the electrically controllable functional elements in the multilevel logic nanoelectronics devices.
From Strong Dichroic Nanomotor to Polarotactic Microswimmer
Authors: Zhan Xiaojun , Zheng Jing , Zhao Yang , Zhu Bairen , Cheng Rui , Wang Jizhuang , Liu Jun , Tang Jiang , Tang Jinyao 
Published: October 2019

AbstractLight‐driven micro/nanomotors are promising candidates for long‐envisioned next‐generation nanorobotics for targeted drug delivery, noninvasive surgery, nanofabrication, and beyond. To achieve these fantastic applications, effective control of the micro/nanomotor is essential. Light has been proved as the most versatile method for microswimmer manipulation, while the light propagation direction, intensity, and wavelength have been explored as controlling signals for light‐responsive nanomotors. Here, the controlling method is expanded to the polarization state of the light, and a nanomotor with a significant dichroic ratio is demonstrated. Due to the anisotropic crystal structure, light polarized parallel to the Sb2Se3 nanowires is preferentially absorbed. The core–shell Sb2Se3/ZnO nanomotor exhibits strong dichroic swimming behavior: the swimming speed is ≈3 times faster when illuminated with parallel polarized light than perpendicular polarized light. Furthermore, by incorporating two cross‐aligned dichroic nanomotors, a polarotactic artificial microswimmer is achieved, which can be navigated by controlling the polarization direction of the incident light. Compared to the well‐studied light‐driven rotary motors based on optical tweezers, this dichroic microswimmer offers eight orders of magnitude light‐intensity reduction, which may enable large‐scale nanomanipulation as well as other heat‐sensitive applications.
Growth Dynamics of Millimeter‐Sized Single‐Crystal Hexagonal Boron Nitride Monolayers on Secondary Recrystallized Ni (100) Substrates
Authors: Tian Hao , He Yanwei , Das Protik , Cui Zhenjun , Shi Wenhao , Khanaki Alireza , Lake Roger K. , Liu Jianlin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe outstanding physical properties of 2D materials have sparked continuous research interest in exploiting these materials for next‐generation high‐performance electronic and photonic technology. Scalable synthesis of high‐quality large‐area 2D hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) is a crucial step toward the ultimate success of many of these applications. In this work, a synthetic approach in which secondary recrystallized Ni (100) substrates underwent a carburization process, followed by the growth of h‐BN in a molecular beam epitaxy system is designed. The h‐BN growth dynamics is studied by tuning different growth parameters including the substrate temperature, and the boron and nitrogen source flux ratio. With assistance from density functional theory calculations, the role of interstitial C atoms in promoting h‐BN growth by enhancing the catalytic effect of the transition metal, which lowers the nucleation activation energy barrier, is rationalized. Through the control of the growth parameters, a single‐crystal h‐BN monolayer domain as large as 1.4 mm in edge length is achieved. In addition, a high‐quality, continuous, large‐area h‐BN single‐layer film with a breakdown electric field of 9.75 MV cm−1 is demonstrated. The high value of the breakdown electric field suggests that single‐layer h‐BN has extraordinary dielectric strength for high‐performance 2D electronics applications.
Low Power Consumption Nanofilamentary ECM and VCM Cells in a Single Sidewall of High‐Density VRRAM Arrays
Authors: Wu Min‐Ci , Ting Yi‐Hsin , Chen Jui‐Yuan , Wu Wen‐Wei 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe technologies of 3D vertical architecture have made a major breakthrough in establishing high‐density memory structures. Combined with an array structure, a 3D high‐density vertical resistive random access memory (VRRAM) cross‐point array is demonstrated to efficiently increase the device density. Though electrochemical migration (ECM) resistive random access (RRAM) has the advantage of low power consumption, the stability of the operating voltage requires further improvements due to filament expansions and deterioration. In this work, 3D‐VRRAM arrays are designed. Two‐layered RRAM cells, with one inert and one active sidewall electrode stacked at a cross‐point, are constructed, where the thin film sidewall electrode in the VRRAM structure is beneficial for confining the expansions of the conducting filaments. Thus, the top cell (Pt/ZnO/Pt) and the bottom cell (Ag/ZnO/Pt) in the VRRAM structure, which are switched by different mechanisms, can be analyzed at the same time. The oxygen vacancy filaments in the Pt/ZnO/Pt cell and Ag filaments in the Ag/ZnO/Pt cell are verified. The 40 nm thickness sidewall electrode restricts the filament size to nanoscale, which demonstrates the stability of the operating voltages. Additionally, the 0.3 V operating voltage of Ag/ZnO/Pt ECM VRRAM demonstrates the potential of low power consumption of VRRAM arrays in future applications.
Readmissions after endoscopic skull base surgery: associated risk factors and prevention
Authors: Vengerovich Gennadiy , Park Ki Wan , Antoury Layal , Wells Christine , Suh Jeffrey D. , Lee Jivianne T. , Heaney Anthony P. , Bergsneider Marvin , Wang Marilene B. 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundUnplanned readmissions within 30 days of discharge is a quality measure introduced by the Centers for Medicare Services. This measure has been used to rate hospital quality and also to penalize hospitals for excess readmissions. It has been hypothesized that shorter hospital stays and fewer readmissions are associated with endoscopic skull base procedures. In this study we analyze endoscopic skull base procedures performed at our institution over a 10‐year period to identify rates and factors associated with readmissions after endoscopic skull base surgery.MethodsA retrospective chart review was performed at a tertiary care academic medical center identifying patients who underwent endoscopic skull base surgery over the past 10 years. Data on patient demographics and tumor variables, as well as patient variables such as body mass index (BMI), revision surgery, history of skull base radiation, medical comorbidities, intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks, and postoperative CSF leaks, were recorded.ResultsEight hundred thirty‐three patients were included in our study. Sixty‐one patients (7.3%) were readmitted a total of 66 times within 30 days. The most common reasons were as follows: hyponatremia (n = 18); CSF leak (n = 17); epistaxis (n = 3); diabetes insipidus (n = 3); rhinorrhea (n = 3); as well as other reasons. Statistical analysis revealed that the presence of intraoperative CSF leak was the only statistically significant variable associated with increased rate of readmissions within 30 days of discharge (p < 0.001).ConclusionPresence of intraoperative CSF leak was the only statistically significant variable associated with an increased risk for readmission after surgery. Other tumor and patient variables were not associated with an increased risk of readmission within 30 days.
Computational fluid dynamics simulation to compare large volume irrigation and continuous spraying during nasal irrigation
Authors: de Gabory Ludovic , Kérimian Mélodie , Baux Yannick , Boisson Nicolas , Bordenave Laurence 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundNasal irrigation is now widely recognized as a treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis and during the postoperative period. However, there are no guidelines for performing irrigation. This study used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation objective physical parameters to optimize and increase the efficiency of nasal irrigation and to compare large‐volume, manual, and gravity pressure irrigation vs small‐volume continuous spraying.MethodsA 3‐dimensional (3D) sinonasal model was constructed from a healthy adult high‐resolution computed tomography (CT) scan. The 3D nasal model was constructed using a tetrahedral and hex‐dominant mesh grid with TGRID™ 16 (ANSYS Inc., Villeurbanne, France) software. A structured hex mesh was created inside the domain using the Hexcore meshing method. The final mesh had a total of 9.6 × 106 cells with an average size of 0.29 mm3, or an average volume of 2.42 × 10−2 mm3. Navier‐Stokes equations were resolved with the standard k – ε  model.ResultsLarge‐volume irrigation (15 mL/s) covered all zones (136 to 310 cm2) rapidly with strong shear stress and prolonged contact time (310 mPa 3.26 seconds for gravity mode and 280 mPa 3.35 seconds for manual pressure mode). Continuous spraying (3 mL/second) covered all areas (76 to 310 cm2) but with far less volume, more slowly, with low shear stress (50 mPa), and with shorter contact time (1.84 seconds). The surface wetted by time in contact was 135.4, 113.9, and 46.6 cm2 for gravity, manual pressure mode, and continuous spraying, respectively.ConclusionCFD simulation visualizes the circulation of water during nasal irrigation and makes it possible to determine objective parameters to decide which mode of irrigation may be used.