bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ductile Fracture Criterion Parameter Calibration and Analysis: X80 Pipe Steel
Authors: Zhu Xueming , Lv Zhiyang , Shuai Jian , Shi Lei , Yu Shengyang , Xia Gang 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
To investigate the ductile fracture mechanical properties of high strength pipeline steel under a series of stress states, the basic mechanical properties and fracture parameters of X80 pipeline steel were obtained from four types of tensile specimens with six different stress concentration factors and their symmetrical finite element models by an experimental-simulation hybrid method. The ductile fracture parameters of the fracture criterion were calibrated by selecting three specimen data, and the calibrated fracture criterion was imported into ABAQUS using the Vumat subroutine to perform tensile simulations and construct two-dimensional planar fracture trajectories of the materials, and the predictive effects of the ductile fracture criterion were analyzed. The study demonstrates that the fracture criteria can be calibrated using the experimental-simulation hybrid method for data extraction from specimens with varying stress concentrations; the DF2014 ductile fracture criterion characterizes fracture behavior accurately and flexibly under different stress states, which was more accurate for predicting ductile fracture of high strength pipe steel. This research can serve as a reference for evaluating the ductile fracture failure of high strength steel pipes using the ductile fracture criterion.
Effect of Winding Tension on the Mechanical Properties of Type IV High-Pressure Hydrogen Storage Vessel
Authors: Zhang Yunxiao , Fan Zhichao , Chen Xuedong 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
As a promising solution for hydrogen energy storage and transportation, plastic liner composite fully wound high-pressure hydrogen storage vessel (Type IV hydrogen storage vessel) has attracted the interest of many researchers in recent years. The manufacturing process of the type IV hydrogen storage vessel involves many process parameters, among which fiber tension has a significant effect on the mechanical properties of the liner and the whole structure. Because of the complex structure of a type IV hydrogen storage vessel, numerical simulation often replaces winding test as an effective means to optimize the design of winding process. In this work, based on the material constitutive behavior of the plastic liner, a high-fidelity finite element model including the angle and thickness of the carbon fiber layup was established for the type IV hydrogen storage vessel with a large length-to-diameter ratio. Considering the relationship between the fiber tension and fiber volume fraction, the influence of increased fiber tension on the residual stress emerging on the liner was analyzed by applying fiber tension through pre-defined stress method. Based on multiple failure modes of fiber-reinforced plastics, the potential effects of the fiber tension on the failure behaviors of carbon fiber and resin matrix were explored. Finally, a theoretical guidance for the winding tension design of type IV hydrogen storage vessel was obtained. These results can provide a reference for the winding design optimization of type IV hydrogen storage vessel and the burst pressure prediction method.
Evaluation of Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Stainless Steel Weldment Using GMAW Modified Waveform Short Circuit Welding Process Without Backing Gas
Authors: Randhawa Dishoo , Penso Jorge , Soltaninia Shahab , Chiluvuri Sivakumar 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This paper presents mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of stainless steel weldment with root pass deposited using GMAW modified waveform short circuit welding process without backing gas, referred to as No-Backing Gas (NBG) welding process in this paper. While other welding techniques exist that also omit backing gas for similar applications, the term No-Backing Gas (NBG) is employed here for simplicity’s sake. Data has been obtained using 316LSi stainless steel filler metal on 304L stainless steel base metal. Test work included a baseline coupon, deposited using a GTAW root pass back purged with inert gas, as this has traditionally been the industry best practice for welding stainless steel pipe to minimize internal surface contamination and oxidation. NBG test coupons were welded using GMAW-P for second pass and FCAW for remaining passes. Baseline GTAW coupon was welded using GTAW for second pass and FCAW for remaining passes. Test work included ASME BPVC Section IX required tests, Charpy v-notch impact test, ferrite test, macrograph, hardness examination, and corrosion immersion tests ASTM A262 Practice C and ASTM G48 Modified Method E. The obtained results were assessed for cryogenic temperature application requirements of ASME B31.3 Process Piping Code and for mildly corrosive service applications (see Note-1 below). The paper also discusses the challenges associated with ASTM G48 Method E for testing of 304 stainless steel weldments and use of a modified, fit-for-purpose G48 method to evaluate results. Furthermore, the authors share lessons learned and recommendations from their experience on a recent project on which NBG welding was extensively used on stainless steel piping.
Note-1: Corrosion tests are based on standardized solutions and may not be representative of all applications. Users should establish their own qualification for the intended service application.
New Expertise on High-Temperature Hydrogen Attack Degraded Samples by TotalEnergies and the French Atomic Energy and Alternative Energy Commission
Authors: Le Nevé Charles , Goti Raphaël , Andrieu Eric , Gillia Olivier , Flament Camille , Chevreux Nicolas 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Hydrogen is a crucial element in refinery operations and has historically been employed under different conditions, often involving high pressure and elevated temperatures. However, when hydrogen levels surpass 3,5 bar (50Psi) and temperatures exceed 207°C (400F), a potentially catastrophic damage called High-Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTHA) can occur on ferritic steels. HTHA leads to irreversible damage in steels, posing a significant risk within the Oil & Gas industry. Despite its pervasive impact, HTHA remains inadequately understood, making it a persistent challenge for Oil & Gas industry. In response to the threat posed by HTHA, the TotalEnergies Company undertook research to address this issue. Recognizing the need for comprehensive insights, TotalEnergies collaborated with scientists from the French Atomic Energy and Alternative Energy Commission (CEA) to conduct meticulous evaluations of HTHA damaged samples. These expert assessments were aimed to better understand the intricate processes underlying HTHA degradation, particularly during its early stages. Moreover, the collaborative effort extended to research involving artificial samples, allowing for controlled experimentation and analysis. This approach tries to provide a nuanced understanding of HTHA mechanisms. This paper presents current and ongoing work. Additionally, this paper outlines plausible hypotheses that delve into the intricate interplay of atomic hydrogen within a metal matrix of ferritic steel under HTHA conditions. These hypotheses not only enhance our comprehension of HTHA but also try to open new approaches for advancements in the mitigating risks coming from this formidable challenge of the use of hydrogen.
Biaxial Constraint Effect on Fracture Toughness Evaluation of Reactor Pressure Vessel Under Pressurized Thermal Shock Events
Authors: Shimodaira Masaki , Yamaguchi Yoshihito , Iwata Keiko , Katsuyama Jinya , Chimi Yasuhiro 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
According to the structural integrity assessment method prescribed in Japan Electric Association Code (JEAC) 4206-2016 for reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steel, the fracture toughness (KJc) should be higher than the stress intensity factor at the crack tip to prevent brittle fracture during a pressurized thermal shock (PTS) event. Typically, fracture toughness is measured using the compact tension (C(T)) specimen with a deep crack (a/W = 0.5). The stress intensity factor is calculated by assuming a shallow underclad crack (UCC). Discrepancies in crack depth, the presence of clad, and the loading conditions between the C(T) specimen and the postulated crack in the RPV affect the plastic constraint state, and consequently the evaluation of KJc. This study aimed to quantitatively investigate the conservatism of the fracture toughness tolerance bound specified in JEAC4206-2016. The present paper involves the project of the multiaxial fracture test using the large-scale specimen with a shallow UCC and the result of uniaxial fracture tests using the C(T) specimen and specimens with various crack depths and shapes to establish the reference data. In the multiaxial fracture test, the shape of the specimen and loading conditions were carefully designed to replicate the stress distribution across the RPV thickness during a PTS event. Results from the fracture test and analysis utilizing the C(T) and shallow cracked specimens confirmed that the KJc of the shallow cracked specimen was higher than that of the C(T) specimen. Employing a local approach, the KJc of the cruciform specimen was estimated, considering the effect of plastic constraint. The estimated KJc for the cruciform specimen was substantially higher than the tolerance bound calculated using the methodology prescribed in JEAC4206-2016.
Effects of Temperature and Hydrogen on Fatigue Properties on 304L
Authors: Chochoy Romain , Osmond Pierre , Bertheau Denis , Benoit Guillaume , Guedes Sales Daniella , Girardin Gouenou , Hénaff Gilbert 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The design of liquid hydrogen tanks requires a thorough understanding of the factors influencing fatigue crack initiation and propagation at cryogenic temperatures in materials used in hydrogen environments. To gain a more precise understanding of the impact of hydrogen on the fatigue properties of austenitic stainless-steel alloys, this study examines its effect on fatigue strength and behaviour at different temperatures. Indeed, low temperatures raises the role of changes in the microstructure in relation with hydrogen embrittlement of these steels. The study concludes that hydrogen affects fatigue strength at ambient temperature. As for the evolution of the ratchetting deformation, no difference was noted between an air and hydrogen environment. These results will allow further steps to compare the effect of external hydrogen (in-situ tests) with that in solution (ex-situ tests).
Characterization of Fatigue Behaviors of Notched 316L DED AM Specimens
Authors: Krentz Tim , Dong Pingsha , Rawls George 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
As additive manufacturing (AM) is rapidly being adopted for cost-effectively fabricating metallic parts for safety-critical components subjected to fatigue loading, one of the major challenges has been on how to address structural significance of spatially distributed geometric discontinuities associated with the metallic AM process. This is particularly the case for directed energy deposition (DED) processes, e.g., in laser- and wire arc-based processes, as found in the previous study reported by the same authors at the same conference last year. Since DED processes have received increasing attention for their ability to produce large volume parts for applications in pressure equipment, this study focuses on achieving a better understanding fatigue behaviors of DED AM specimens containing as-build stress risers that emulate stress gradient effects on fatigue in actual components. This was done through the introduction of printed circular notch test specimens in two configurations, i.e., double edge notched (ENT) specimens and center-notched (CNT) fatigue test specimens. Fatigue testing is performed on these specimens and traction structural stress modeling is then performed for fatigue test correlation. It is found that test data obtained so far show a similar trend represented by the master E-N curve reported in the conference last year. However, the scatter band of the limited DED data so far seems somewhat larger. In addition, the traction structural stress method is shown to be effective in correlating test data from test specimens without and with presence of stress risers, therefore offering an effective tool for extracting fatigue design allowables for cost-effectively deploying DED AM components through design by analysis.
Understanding the Semi-Probabilistic Approaches in Structural Reliability Used to Set Design Reliability Targets for Graphite Components Using ASME BPVC Methods
Authors: Mack Andrea , Hoffman William 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Graphite is a quasi-brittle material, resulting in random variability in tensile strength distributions. To account for the random variability in strength, HHA-3000 of the ASME BPVC provides two semi-probabilistic methods for qualifying nuclear graphite components in the design stage, the simplified and full assessments. The full and simplified assessments apply statistical methods to engineering-based design problems. This is often referred to as reliability-based design. Reliability-based design (RBD) is a method to develop reliable designs by accounting for uncertainties and result in small chances of failure when also considering safety factors. RBDs provide reliability targets using semi-probabilistic approaches. RBD is implemented in ASME BPVC HHA-3000 for nuclear graphite components, but is not specific to that application.
There has been much confusion around the methods implemented in ASME BPVC HHA-3000 for qualifying nuclear graphite components. To address the confusion, this paper takes a hierarchical approach. First, the general RBD framework is presented. Then, the semi-probabilistic methods and the underlying assumptions implemented in the assessments are presented. The semi-probabilistic methods are separated from the engineering modifications that have been made to the assessments. After building the framework and underlying assumptions, the specific methods in the full and simplified assessments are explained in three steps: inputs, methods, outputs. The methods are applied to an H-451 reflector block. Tensile strength properties for other graphite grades are provided.
Physics Informed Graphite Material Model
Authors: Saitta Michael , Johannes van Zanten Florentius , Baylis Samuel 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This paper presents X-energy’s physics-informed irradiated graphite material model. The model captures the key physical phenomena resulting in elastic strain, thermal strain, dimensional change strain, and creep strain; all under the effects of varying temperature and irradiation. The equations used are based on those of Bradford and Steer [1] and Davies and Bradford [2], but this prior work is extended in several key ways. First, the equations previously presented as 1D scalar terms are augmented to include the full 3D form of the strains and stresses and inter-directional, orthotropic interactions. This allows for a suitable material model to be developed for the evaluation of 3D structural elements. Second, the equations are extended to account for irradiation at varying temperatures when model parameters are temperature dependent, allowing for the evaluation of variable or transient temperature loading scenarios. The use of this new model is demonstrated by tuning it using historic ATR-2E data. A robust validation is carried out with hundreds of experimental data points to demonstrate the applicability of the model. The result of these developments is a fully-featured graphite material model which can simulate graphite in a wide range of reactor environments and loading conditions which impact complex geometric graphite structures. This mechanistic characterization of radiation, temperature and load-effects could allow for extrapolation of the irradiation tests performed, lessening the number of irradiation tests required to properly characterize the graphite material behavior under irradiated conditions. Future work aims to take advantage of similarities between different grades of isotropic and near-isotropic nuclear graphite to create a model for which model parameters can be fine-tuned between grades.
A Continuation of Best Practices for Tightening Bolted Flange Connections Utilizing a Torque Wrench With an Extension
Authors: Berrios Aidan , Waterland Ben 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Across the chemical production and transportation industries, leaders are searching for best practices to reduce downtime while providing consistency and repeatability for assembling bolted flanged connections. Unfortunately, not all flanges are easily accessible, and a crowfoot extension is required to reach and tighten fasteners properly. On top of this, little to no guidance on flange assembly best practices involving extension tools has been provided. To address this, the PVP paper PVP2022-83963 [1] outlined the best practices for using a torque wrench with a crowfoot extension. It also addressed some topics unique to torque wrenches that use a crowfoot extension, namely the resultant torque based on the length and angle of the crowfoot extension relative to the torque wrench.
The research presented in [1] was a significant initial step in continuing the knowledge regarding best practices for tightening flanges with a torque wrench with an extension. This paper continues this research to confirm if the data presented in [1] is similar for different conditions, including various extension angles, multiple bolt diameters, and higher torque values. With the data collected for this testing, end-users will further understand the variables affecting the applied torque when using an extension and methods of ensuring the proper torque is applied to each fastener.
Case Study: Tube Plugging Evaluation Using Finite Element Analysis Method for Waste Heat Boiler
Authors: Gu Ming (Forrest) , Pasnik Louis , Pease Derrick , Seipp Trevor G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Multiple tubes had suffered from wall thinning of a reformer transfer line exchanger. Tube plugging was considered to reduce equipment downtime in lieu of the complex repair or replacement process with new replacement tubes. A case study demonstrates how to evaluate the effect of tube plugging for flexible tubesheet shell-side steam-generating heat exchanger designs.
Finite element method was used to calculate the stress of the heat exchanger for the plugged tube scenario. Steady-state temperature profile of the tube and tubesheet was first calculated, and the temperature profiles were used for stress calculation. Stress results were compared to the ASME Section VIII Div. 1 Part UHX allowable load limits [1]. Although Part UHX prescribes the limit of compressive stress for tubes, the buckling failure mode is not explicitly considered. ASME Section VIII Div. 2 Part 5 buckling analysis was performed to determine the minimum tube plugging thickness [2]. The analysis considered the compressive load limit from Part UHX and shell side external pressure, and the results found that the tube plugging was feasible. However, depending on the pattern, plugging tubes could increase the stress for non-plugged tubes and tubesheets. Therefore, evaluation of tube plugging is required to ensure the integrity of the heat exchanger.
Hydrogen Storage Lifecycle Assessment
Authors: Prewitt Thomas , Esmaeely Saba 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
With the increased use of renewable sources of energy, interest has piqued in methods of energy storage. The path of decarbonization will require many different energy storage methods to be successful. Storing energy in hydrogen may be one such method.
There are a large variety of methods to store renewable energy, current paper discusses a scenario, where the energy will be used to create hydrogen gas which can be stored in pipelines and used later. This assessment will assume a set amount (moles) of hydrogen is going to be generated, then used daily. The objective is to determine the relationship between these design parameters and the lifespan of the pipe, and subsequently compare the estimated lifespan.
The fatigue lifespan was assessed utilizing equations from published literature and standards will be used. The fatigue life is determined by considering the amount of hydrogen input and output from the system and its effect on a hypothetically initially-indetectable flaw. Hydrogen service can induce hydrogen embrittlement and accelerate fatigue crack growth making this growth more aggressive than in non-hydrogen service. Various pipe diameters, wall thicknesses, and material grades are investigated to capture a wide range of design possibilities.
The findings of this study contribute valuable insights into the design considerations and economic feasibility of pipelines used for hydrogen storage. The evaluation of fatigue lifespan provides guidance for selecting optimal pipe dimensions and material grades to achieve the desired operational reliability while minimizing the total lifecycle cost of the hydrogen storage system. This knowledge aids in the development of sustainable and economically viable hydrogen infrastructure for future energy applications.
Seismic Risk Assessment of Non-Structural Components in Hazardous Facilities Through a Novel ANN-Based Technique
Authors: Quinci Gianluca , Paolacci Fabrizio , Fragiadakis Michalis 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Seismic events pose a significant threat to industrial facilities, and the risk assessment of non-structural components (NSCs) within these structures is paramount for ensuring the safety and functionality of critical infrastructure. This paper presents a novel approach utilizing machine learning techniques to enhance the seismic risk assessment of NSCs in industrial facilities. The proposed methodology integrates data from multiple sources, including seismic records, structural characteristics, and NSC vulnerability parameters, to develop predictive models for evaluating the vulnerability and potential damage to non-structural components during seismic events.
The study starts from a dataset generated by using a numerical effective model subjected to a set of natural records. The advantages of using an efficient model that manages to be both reliable and computationally efficient are highlighted in this paper. With this in mind, the steps to be followed to create an efficient numerical model are herein illustrated.
Subsequently, an artificial neural network machine learning algorithm is adopted for training and evaluation. The latter is used for predicting the likelihood of damage to NSCs based on factors such as the intensity and duration of ground motion, the NSC’s location within the structure, and its inherent vulnerability characteristics.
Results are compared with traditional methods. The outcomes indicate the effectiveness of machine learning in improving the accuracy and efficiency of seismic risk assessment for NSCs in industrial plant.
The research contributes to the field of seismic risk assessment by demonstrating the potential of machine learning combined with an efficient numerical model in providing more accurate and timely predictions for the vulnerability of non-structural components, thereby aiding in the development of targeted mitigation strategies and emergency response plans. This paper serves as a foundational step towards a data-driven approach to seismic risk assessment for non-structural industrial components, ultimately reducing the economic and human losses associated with seismic events.