bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computerized Image Analysis to Differentiate Benign and Malignant Breast Tumors on Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Weighted Image: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Mao Ning , Wang Qinglin , Liu Meijie , Dong Jianjun , Xiao Chuanguang , Sun Ning , Zhang Xuexi , Xie Haizhu , Yin Ping , Hong Nan 
Published: October 2018

Purpose
This work aims to determine the feasibility of using a computer-aided diagnosis system to differentiate benign and malignant breast tumors on magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted image (DWI).

Materials and Methods
Institutional review board approval was obtained. This retrospective study included 76 patients who underwent breast magnetic resonance imaging before neoadjuvant chemotherapy from March 10, 2017, to October 12, 2017, with a total of 80 breast tumors including 40 cases of breast cancers and 40 cases of benign breast tumors. The textural features of DWI images were analyzed. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of texture parameters. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the efficiency of texture parameters for distinguishing the 2 types of breast tumors.

Results
Computer vision algorithms were applied to extract 67 imaging features from lesions indicated by a breast radiologist on DWI images. A total of 19 texture feature parameters, such as variance, standard deviation, intensity, and entropy, out of 67 texture parameters were statistically significant in the 2 sets of data (P < 0.05). By comparing the receiver operating characteristic curves, we found that the mean and relative deviations exhibited high diagnostic values in differentiating between benign and malignant tumors. The accuracy of Fisher discriminant analysis for the 2 types of breast tumors was 92.5%.

Conclusions
Breast lesions exhibit certain characteristic features in DWI images that can be captured and quantified with computer-aided diagnosis, which enables good discrimination of benign and malignant breast tumors.
Virtual Monoenergetic Images for Diagnostic Assessment of Hypodense Lesions Within the Liver: Semiautomatic Estimation of Window Settings Using Linear Models
Authors: Große Hokamp Nils , Obmann Verena C. , Kessner Rivka , Gilkeson Robert C. , Gupta Amit , Persigehl Thorsten , Haneder Stefan , Ramaiya Nikhil 
Published: October 2018

Objective
The aim of the study was to establish the reference window settings for display of virtual monoenergetic images (VMIs) from spectral detector computed tomography when assessing hypodense liver lesions.

Methods
In patients with cysts (n = 24) or metastases (n = 26), objective (HU, signal-to-noise ratio [SNR]) and subjective (overall image quality, lesion conspicuity and noise) were assessed. Furthermore, 2 readers determined optimal window center/width (C/W) for conventional images (CIs) and VMIs of 40 to 120 keV. Center/width were modeled against HUliv with and without respect to the keV level (models A and B).

Results
Attenuation and SNR were significantly higher in low-keV VMIs and improved overall image quality and lesion conspicuity (P ≤ 0.05). Model B provided valid estimations of C/W, whereas model A was slightly less accurate.

Conclusions
The increase in attenuation and SNR on low-keV VMIs requires adjustment of C/W, and they can be estimated in dependency of HUliv using linear models. Reference values for standard display of VMIs of 40 to 120 keV are reported.
Iron-Containing Abdominal Pathologies: Exploiting Magnetic Susceptibility Artifact on Dual-Echo Gradient-Echo Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Thomas Aaron J. , Morani Ajaykumar C. , Liu Peter S. , Weadock William J. , Hussain Hero K. , Elsayes Khaled M. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
A multitude of pathologic entities involve abnormal iron deposition in the abdomen. These lesions demonstrate decreased signal on longer magnetic resonance sequences with longer echo time due to T2* effect. Dual-echo gradient-echo sequences demonstrate increased susceptibility artifact with longer echo sequences. In this article, the spectrum of iron-containing abdominal pathologies is illustrated, with their characteristic distributions. Included is a brief discussion of the physics of magnetic resonance imaging of iron-containing lesions.
How to Incorporate Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Into Your Neuroradiology Practice: Questions and Answers
Authors: Sachs Jeffrey R. , West Thomas G. , Lack Christopher M. , Perry Brad , Zapadka Michael E. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) has many current and evolving applications in neuroradiology including material decomposition, improving conspicuity of iodinated contrast enhancement, and artifact reduction. However, there are multiple challenges in incorporating DECT into practice including hardware selection, postprocessing software requirements, technologist and physician training, and numerous workflow issues. This article reviews in a question-and-answer format common issues that arise when incorporating DECT into a busy neuroradiology practice.
Quality and Safety in Health Care, Part XLVIII
Authors: Harolds Jay A. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Discussion groups are one of the methods advocated to help prevent burnout and help in recovery from burnout. Balint groups, Schwartz Rounds, narrative medicine and reflection groups, discussion workshops to gain certain skills, and general support groups are examples of these groups. Participation in these groups produces other positive ramifications for health care providers and health care systems including promoting teamwork, collegiality, support networking, decreasing stress, and finding meaning in work.
Increased 131I Accumulation in the Gallbladder and High-grade Serous Ovarian Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Yao Xiaobo , Wang Jiaqiong , Xia Menghua , Xia Junyong , Cheng Yizhuang 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
It is unusual to observe 131I accumulation in the gallbladder and high-grade serous ovarian adenocarcinoma during posttherapeutic 131I scan. We report the case of a 55-year-old woman with papillary thyroid cancer, who received total thyroidectomy and then 3 courses of 131I therapy. The posttherapeutic whole-body scan after the third dose of 131I therapy revealed abnormal 131I uptake in the right upper abdomen, overlapping the liver, and the pelvis. Further SPECT/CT imaging found that they were from an enlarged gallbladder and a large pelvic complex solid and cystic mass, which was pathologically confirmed as bilateral high-grade serous ovarian adenocarcinoma.
Simultaneous 18F-FDG PET/MRI Assists Diagnosis of a Rare Disease, MELAS
Authors: Liu Fang , Ruan Weiwei , Wang Yichun , Lan Xiaoli 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes) is a rare congenital mitochondrial DNA mutation disease. Here, we report a 4-year-old girl, who presented with short stature, mental retardation, and recurrent seizures, underwent simultaneous 18F-FDG PET/MRI examination. An interesting contradiction images were found on bilateral frontal, left temporal, occipital, and parietal lobes, which were with high blood flow shown on 3D-ASL perfusion images, but low uptake of 18F-FDG on PET images. The contradiction of high blood flow and low glucose metabolism gave us a clue to make the diagnosis of MELAS. The final diagnosis was MELAS confirmed by genetic testing.
18F-FDG PET/CT of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
Authors: Moreno Albert J. , Wang Bin 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Thyroglossal duct cyst is a common congenital cyst in the neck. The incidence of primary carcinoma of the thyroglossal duct is less than 1% in all age groups. We present the case of a 63-year-old man with rapid expansion of a known thyroglossal duct cyst with mixed solid/cystic components. 18F-FDG PET/CT showed a large anterior neck mass with a non–FDG-avid cystic component and a hypermetabolic heterogeneous mass on the right side confirmed by histopathology to be squamous cell carcinoma. Although rare, 18F-FDG PET/CT can assist with evaluating the extent of malignant involvement in thyroglossal duct cyst squamous cell carcinoma.
Distinct Imaging Characteristics of Different Metastases From Primary Prostate Adenocarcinoma and Rectal Carcinoid Tumor on 18F-Fluciclovine and 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT
Authors: Bosserman Andrew John , Dai Dong , Lu Yang 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
A 71-year-old man with history of prostate cancer is evaluated for rising prostate-specific antigen. The patient also has a history of rectal well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor. On 18F-fluciclovine PET/CT, 2 retroperitoneal lymph nodes exhibited intense fluciclovine avidity, whereas one enlarged perirectal lymph node only showed background uptake. On further 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT, the perirectal lymph node revealed intense DOTATATE avidity, whereas the 2 retroperitoneal lymph nodes only with similar to background DOTATATE avidity. Biopsy of the perirectal lymph node confirmed metastasis from neuroendocrine tumor. The distinct imaging characteristics of metastases from different primary malignancies correlated with their underlying different pathology.
Large Paraesophageal Schwannoma With Intense Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Expression on 68Ga-PSMA-PET/CT Mimicking Lymph Node Metastasis in a Patient With Prostate Cancer
Authors: Ries Martin , Khreish Fadi , Veith Christian , von den Hoff Joachim , Ezziddin Samer 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-PET/CT as an emerging modality in molecular imaging will lead to earlier detection and localization of relapse in prostate cancer but will undoubtedly also lead to false-positive findings, as it becomes clear that this new tracer is not as specific as its name would suggest. In this context, we present a case of a large PSMA-expressing schwannoma, a rare nerve sheath tumor mimicking paraesophageal lymph node metastasis in a patient with a history of prostate cancer and biochemical recurrence.
Effects of Acute Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Gait Kinematics of Individuals With Parkinson Disease
Authors: da Silva Débora Cristina Lima , Lemos Thiago , de Sá Ferreira Arthur , Horsczaruk Carlos Henrique Ramos , Pedron Carla Andressa , de Carvalho Rodrigues Erika , de Oliveira Laura Alice Santos 
Published: October 2018

Background:
One of the most disabling problems in Parkinson disease (PD) is gait impairment. Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), have been introduced as a therapeutic alternative for coping with PD motor problems. However, the effects of tDCS on gait performance in PD have not yet been fully established. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate whether a single session of tDCS modifies gait kinematics in individuals with PD.

Methods:
Twenty-one individuals with PD were included in this randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled design study. They were randomly allocated in one real (N = 8) or sham (N = 9) tDCS group. Real tDCS comprises a 2-mA anodic current applied over 15 minutes in the supplementary motor area and medial areas of the primary motor cortices through a bipolar electrode montage. Gait kinematics and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III (UPDRS-III) were assessed before and immediately after a single stimulation session. Pre- minus poststimulation (Δ) values were computed and compared through a Mann-Whitney test. Data are shown as the median (lower, upper quartile).

Results:
There was a significant group difference with a large effect size for Δ values of gait cadence (P = .014, d = 0.87), indicating its reduction after anodic stimulation in the real (−0.28 [−1.16, 0.01] steps/s) compared with sham tDCS group (0.17 [0.00, 0.40] steps/s). No other significant effect was found.

Conclusion:
The findings of this study suggest that anodic tDCS administered in a single session improves gait cadence in PD individuals.
Energy velocity and reactive fields
Authors: Schantz Hans G. 
Published: October 2018

Conventional definitions of ‘near fields’ set bounds that describe where near fields may be found. These definitions tell us nothing about what near fields are, why they exist or how they work. In 1893, Heaviside derived the electromagnetic energy velocity for plane waves. Subsequent work demonstrated that although energy moves in synchronicity with radiated electromagnetic fields at the speed of light, in reactive fields the energy velocity slows down, converging to zero in the case of static fields. Combining Heaviside's energy velocity relation with the field Lagrangian yields a simple parametrization for the reactivity of electromagnetic fields that provides profound insights to the behaviour of electromagnetic systems. Fields guide energy. As waves interfere, they guide energy along paths that may be substantially different from the trajectories of the waves themselves. The results of this paper not only resolve the long-standing paradox of runaway acceleration from radiation reaction, but also make clear that pilot wave theory is the natural and logical consequence of the need for quantum mechanics correspond to the macroscopic results of the classical electromagnetic theory.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Celebrating 125 years of Oliver Heaviside's ‘Electromagnetic Theory’’.
From theory to engineering practice: shared telecommunications knowledge between Oliver Heaviside and his brother and GPO engineer Arthur West Heaviside
Authors: Bruton Elizabeth 
Published: October 2018

In May 1900, renowned General Post Office (GPO) engineer Arthur West Heaviside gave the Inaugural Address of the Institution of Electrical Engineers Newcastle local section. With a career spanning the pre-Telegraph Act private telegraph networks as well as the subsequent GPO management and licensing of British inland telecommunications, Arthur Heaviside outlined his innovative and experimental work with all three forms of telecommunication in his various GPO engineering roles based in Newcastle. Omitted from the address was the contribution made by Arthur's younger brother, Oliver Heaviside. Throughout Arthur's career at the GPO, the two brothers exchanged frequent correspondence—some of which has survived in the IET Archives—and Arthur regularly consulted his brother about his experimental work and published papers, incorporating his brother's ideas, suggestions and corrections. The two brothers informally collaborated and published separately upon two key areas of experimentation: duplex telegraphy and the ‘bridge system’ of telephony. The separate publication of the brothers' work in telecommunications was notable: senior and influential GPO electrical engineer William Preece strongly resisted the theoretical work of Oliver Heaviside and other so-called Maxwellians. It was not until the ‘Kennelly–Heaviside layer’, independently proposed by Oliver Heaviside and American electrical engineer Arthur Kennelly in 1902, was experimentally demonstrated in the 1920s that the GPO began to formally engage with the work of Oliver Heaviside. This paper will explore the difficult and complex relationship between Preece and the two Heaviside brothers and how these personal relationships reflect the wider reception of Maxwellian ideas and theorists in British electrical engineering as well as the engineering practice of the GPO, a state institution that could be both innovative and resistant to change in equal measure.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Celebrating 125 years of Oliver Heaviside's ‘Electromagnetic Theory’’.
On Heaviside's contributions to transmission line theory: waves, diffusion and energy flux
Authors: Donaghy-Spargo Christopher 
Published: October 2018

This paper surveys some selected contributions of Oliver Heaviside FRS (1850–1925) to classical electromagnetic theory and electrical engineering science. In particular, the paper focuses on his contributions to the development of electrical transmission line theory and his deep insights into the ‘physical’ nature of the phenomena relating to nineteenth century telegraphic problems. Following a brief historical introduction to the life of Heaviside to put his achievements in context, we explore his contributions to the reformulation of Maxwell's equations and the understanding of electromagnetic wave propagation along the external region of transmission lines. This leads naturally to his researches regarding the electromagnetic diffusion process inside the line conductors and his subsequent realization that the circuital parameters, usually assumed constant, are not always so. Finally, taking both these internal and external viewpoints of the conductors, his important work regarding the flow of energy described by his ‘energy current’ concept is presented.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Celebrating 125 years of Oliver Heaviside's ‘Electromagnetic Theory’’.
A catalogue of hidden momenta
Authors: Griffiths David J. 
Published: October 2018

Electromagnetic fields carry momentum:

. But if the centre of energy of a (localized) system is at rest, its
total
momentum must be zero. The compensating term has come to be called ‘hidden’ momentum:
P
h
=  −
P
em
. It is (typically) ordinary
mechanical
momentum, relativistic in nature, and is ‘hidden’ only in the sense that it is not associated with motion of the system as a whole—only with that of its constituent parts. This article develops a catalogue of field momenta and hidden momenta for ideal electric and magnetic dipoles—both the ‘standard’ variety made from electric charges and currents and the ‘anomalous’ variety made from hypothetical magnetic monopoles and their currents—in the presence of electric and magnetic fields (which themselves may be produced by ‘standard’ or ‘anomalous’ sources).

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Celebrating 125 years of Oliver Heaviside's ‘Electromagnetic Theory’’.
Estimating likelihood from simulations in bayesian inference of ecological models with historical contingency
Authors: Dupas Stéphane 
Published: October 2018

AbstractEcological patterns result from historical contingency and deterministic processes. Taking apart these processes to extract probabilistic models of ecological dynamics is of major importance for ecological forecasting. Due to the high dimensionality of historical contingency it is usually difficult to sample history from observed patterns. In environmental population genetics, the number of possible genealogies linking genetic data and environemental data through demographic and niche models is almost infinite. In ecosystem dynamics time series, the patterns are determined as much by probabilitic model parameters, as by historical variables contingency. Aproximate bayesian computation allows to use simulations to aproximate this inference process. The rationale is to simulate data, extract summary statistics and retain in the posterior, the parameters values that produced simulations with summary statistic close to observed summary statistics. The major drawbacks of this approach is that summary statistics distance is not exhaustive regarding model likelihood and may biais the results. In the present work, I show that if we can simulate the historical contingency from observed data and probabilistic model in a backward approach, we can to use the simulations to estimate a pseudo likelihood that can be used in bayesian inference. I apply to genealogy sampling in environmental demogenetics and ecosystem dynamics modelling.
Experience-dependent effects of muscimol-induced hippocampal excitation on mnemonic discrimination
Authors: Johnson Sarah A. , Turner Sean M. , Lubke Katelyn N. , Cooper Tara L. , Fertal Kaeli E. , Bizon Jennifer L. , Maurer Andrew P. , Burke Sara N. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMemory requires similar episodes with overlapping features to be represented distinctly, a process that is disrupted in many clinical conditions as well as normal aging. Data from humans have linked this ability to activity in hippocampal CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG). While animal models have shown the perirhinal cortex is critical for disambiguating similar stimuli, hippocampal activity has not been causally linked to discrimination abilities. The goal of the current study was to determine how disrupting CA3/DG activity would impact performance on a rodent mnemonic discrimination task. Rats were surgically implanted with bilateral guide cannulae targeting dorsal CA3/DG. In Exp.1, the effect of intra-hippocampal muscimol on target-lure discrimination was assessed within subjects in randomized blocks. Muscimol initially impaired discrimination across all levels of target-lure similarity, but performance improved on subsequent test blocks irrespective of stimulus similarity and infusion condition. To clarify these results, Exp.2 examined whether prior experience with objects influenced the effect of muscimol on target-lure discrimination. Rats that received vehicle infusions in a first test block, followed by muscimol in a second block, did not show discrimination impairments for target-lure pairs of any similarity. In contrast, rats that received muscimol infusions in the first test block were impaired across all levels of target-lure similarity. Sustained effects of muscimol in disrupting behavioral performance after repeated infusions were verified in a spatial alternation task. At the conclusion of behavioral experiments, fluorescence in situ hybridization for the immediate-early genes Arc and Homer1a was used to determine the proportion of neurons active following muscimol infusion. Contrary to expectations, muscimol increased neural activity in DG. An additional experiment was carried out to quantify neural activity in naïve rats that received an intra-hippocampal infusion of vehicle or muscimol. Results confirmed that muscimol led to DG excitation, likely through its actions on interneuron populations in hilar and molecular layers of DG and consequent disinhibition of principal cells. Taken together, our results suggest disruption of coordinated neural activity across the hippocampus impairs mnemonic discrimination when lure stimuli are novel.
Vaccine-induced protection from homologous Tier 2 simian-human immunodeficiency virus challenge in nonhuman primates
Authors: Pauthner Matthias G. , Nkolola Joseph P. , Havenar-Daughton Colin , Murrell Ben , Reiss Samantha M. , Bastidas Raiza , Prévost Jérémie , Nedellec Rebecca , Bredow Benjamin von , Abbink Peter , Cottrell Christopher A. , Kulp Daniel W. , Tokatlian Talar , Nogal Bartek , Bianchi Matteo , Li Hui , Lee Jeong Hyun , Butera Salvatore T. , Evans David T. , Hangartner Lars , Finzi Andrés , Wilson Ian A. , Wyatt Rich T. , Irvine Darrell J. , Schief William R. , Ward Andrew B. , Sanders Rogier W. , Crotty Shane , Shaw George M. , Barouch Dan H. , Burton Dennis R. 
Published: October 2018

SUMMARYPassive administration of HIV neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) can protect macaques from hard-to-neutralize (Tier 2) chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge. However, conditions for nAb-mediated protection following vaccination have not been established. Here, we selected groups of 6 rhesus macaques with either high or low serum nAb titers from a total of 78 animals immunized with recombinant native-like (SOSIP) Env trimers from the BG505 HIV isolate. Repeat intrarectal challenge with homologous Tier 2 SHIVBG505 led to rapid infection in unimmunized and low-titer animals. In contrast, high-titer animals demonstrated protection that was gradually lost as nAb titers waned over weeks to months. From these results, we determined that an autologous serum ID50 nAb titer of ~1:500 was required to afford over 90% protection from medium-dose SHIV infection. We further identified autologous nAb titers, but not ADCC or T cell activity, as strong correlates of protection. These results provide proof-of-concept that Env protein-based vaccination strategies can protect against hard-to-neutralize SHIV challenge in rhesus macaques by inducing Tier 2 nAbs, provided appropriate neutralizing titers can be reached and maintained.