bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infection with a Brazilian isolate of Zika virus generates RIG‐I stimulatory RNA and the viral NS5 protein blocks type I IFN induction and signaling
Authors: Hertzog Jonny , Dias Junior Antonio Gregorio , Rigby Rachel E. , Donald Claire L. , Mayer Alice , Sezgin Erdinc , Song Chaojun , Jin Boquan , Hublitz Philip , Eggeling Christian , Kohl Alain , Rehwinkel Jan 
Published: March 2018

AbstractZika virus (ZIKV) is a major public health concern in the Americas. We report that ZIKV infection and RNA extracted from ZIKV infected cells potently activated the induction of type I interferons (IFNs). This effect was fully dependent on the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS), implicating RIG‐I‐like receptors (RLRs) as upstream sensors of viral RNA. Indeed, RIG‐I and the related RNA sensor MDA5 contributed to type I IFN induction in response to RNA from infected cells. We found that ZIKV NS5 from a recent Brazilian isolate blocked type I IFN induction downstream of RLRs and also inhibited type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) signaling. We defined the ZIKV NS5 nuclear localization signal and report that NS5 nuclear localization was not required for inhibition of signaling downstream of IFNAR. Mechanistically, NS5 blocked IFNAR signaling by both leading to reduced levels of STAT2 and by blocking phosphorylation of STAT1, two transcription factors activated by type I IFNs. Taken together, our observations suggest that ZIKV infection induces a type I IFN responseviaRLRs and that ZIKV interferes with this response by blocking signaling downstream of RLRs and IFNAR.
Lipid Oxidation Derived Aldehydes and Oxysterols Between Health and Disease
Authors: Sottero Barbara , Leonarduzzi Gabriella , Testa Gabriella , Gargiulo Simona , Poli Giuseppe , Biasi Fiorella 
Published: March 2018

Non‐enzymatic and enzymatic oxidation of lipids has long been a primary issue in human pathophysiology, with special emphasis on diet‐ and nutrition‐related aspects. While there is no doubt that the n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid, exert anti‐inflammatory, inflammation resolving, and immunomodulatory effects in different model systems, their non‐enzymatic oxidation during food storage and cooking, as well as during gastrointestinal digestion, can give rise to excessive amounts of quite reactive aldehydic end‐products, in particular 4‐hydroxyhexenal. However, the non‐enzymatic oxidation of n‐6 PUFAs is, in principle, far more harmful, not least because one of its main end‐products, 4‐hydroxynonenal, has been shown to be associated with the progression of a number of human diseases. Several cholesterol oxidation products, known as oxysterols, are also of primary nutritional importance; these can be generated in the human body through both enzymatic and non‐enzymatic reactions, but may also be present in the diet in excessive amounts due to the autoxidation of cholesterol‐containing foods. Their potential contribution to the pathogenesis and progression of human diseases in which hypercholesterolemia is a primary risk factor, such as atheroclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and some forms of cancers, has been unanimously recognized.Practical Applications: This review highlights the importance of certain lipid oxidation products, namely 4‐hydroxyalkenals and oxysterols, in the modulation of processes fundamental to human health and disease. The observations and facts reviewed here underline the need to carefully consider the pros and cons of the dietary intake and metabolic fate of n‐3 PUFA, n‐6 PUFA, and cholesterol, when producing, storing, and processing lipid‐containing food.Lipid oxidation is a common process that occurs through both enzymatic and non‐enzymatic reactions. It is responsible for the formation of several compounds, including polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)‐derived 4‐hydroxyalkenals and cholesterol oxidation products, namely oxysterols. Depending on their concentrations, these molecules possess physiopathological properties involved in cell viability and function. At high concentrations, such as those resulting from intense oxidative stress or excessive fatty food intake, they are associated to the onset of many diseases. A correct diet regimen, improved food processing and storage, and suitable antioxidant supplementation, should be implemented to counteract promotion of disease development by excess oxidized lipids. (HHE, 4‐hydroxyhexenal; HNE, 4‐hydroxynonenal; ROS, reactive oxygen species).
Filling the glass: Effects of a positive psychology intervention on executive task performance in chronic pain patients
Authors: Boselie J.J.L.M. , Vancleef L.M.G. , Peters M.L. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundChronic pain is associated with emotional problems as well as difficulties in cognitive functioning. Prior experimental studies have shown that optimism, the tendency to expect that good things happen in the future, and positive emotions can counteract pain‐induced task performance deficits in healthy participants. More specifically, induced optimism was found to buffer against the negative effects of experimental pain on executive functioning. This clinical experiment examined whether this beneficial effect can be extended to a chronic pain population.MethodsPatients (N = 122) were randomized to a positive psychology Internet‐based intervention (PPI; n = 74) or a waiting list control condition (WLC; n = 48). The PPI consisted of positive psychology exercises that particularly target optimism, positive emotions and self‐compassion.ResultsResults demonstrated that patients in the PPI condition scored higher on happiness, optimism, positive future expectancies, positive affect, self‐compassion and ability to live a desired life despite pain, and scored lower on pain catastrophizing, depression and anxiety compared to patients in the WLC condition. However, executive task performance did not improve following completion of the PPI, compared to the WLC condition.ConclusionsDespite the lack of evidence that positive emotions and optimism can improve executive task performance in chronic pain patients, this study did convincingly demonstrate that it is possible to increase positive emotions and optimism in chronic pain patients with an online positive psychology intervention. It is imperative to further explore amendable psychological factors that may reduce the negative impact of pain on executive functioning.SignificanceWe demonstrated that an Internet‐based positive psychology intervention strengthens optimism and positive emotions in chronic pain patients. These emotional improvements are not associated with improved executive task performance. As pain itself often cannot be relieved, it is imperative to have techniques to reduce the burden of living with chronic pain.
Conditioned pain modulation using painful cutaneous electrical stimulation or simply habituation?
Authors: Eitner L. , Özgül Ö.S. , Enax‐Krumova E.K. , Vollert J. , Maier C. , Höffken O. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackground and AimsCold pressor test was recently reported to significantly reduce painful cutaneous electrical stimulation (PCES)‐induced pain and corresponding evoked potentials (PCES‐EPs), but whether this reduction is an effect of conditioned pain modulation (CPM) remains unknown. To what extent these findings are confounded by habituation is also unknown. We thus compared the effect of CPM and habituation on PCES‐induced pain and PCES‐EPs and analysed whether increased attention by a random change of electric stimulation would intensify this possible habituation effect.MethodsThree custom‐built concentric surface electrodes were used to induce a pain intensity of 60 on a 0–100 numerical rating scale (NRS) among 29 healthy subjects (age 20–35y, 16 females). PCES‐EPs (including P0N1 and N1P1 amplitudes, N1 latencies) were assessed over Cz. Group A received 14 min of electrical stimulation with constant intensity followed by 14 min of electrical stimulation with variable intensities, group B vice versa. Afterwards, subjects perceived cold‐water pain (10 °C) contralaterally as conditioning stimulus to assess CPM. Statistical analysis was conducted with ANOVA and t‐test.ResultsIn both groups, N1 latencies remain unchanged, but the intensity of PCES‐induced pain (12 ± 17%; p < 0.01) and N1P1 amplitudes of PCES‐EPs (10 ± 16%; p < 0.05) decreased significantly during the 14‐min PCES with constant current intensity. CPM also significantly reduced pain ratings (36 ± 19%; p < 0.001) and amplitudes (37.2 ± 15.8%), p < 0.001). A significant decline of P0N1 amplitudes occurred only during CPM (18 ± 61%; p < 0.001).ConclusionWe found a significant effect of habituation on PCES‐induced pain and PCES‐EPs, although the effect of CPM was significantly larger and could not be explained by habituation alone.SignificancePainful cutaneous electrical stimulation leads to moderate habituation of pain and evoked potential amplitudes, but the conditioned pain modulation effect using this method is significantly larger, which might indicate a different mechanism in central processing.
A preliminary origin‐tracking study of different densities urinary exosomes
Authors: Lan Tao , Xi Xingjun , Chu Qiao , Zhao Liang , Chen Apeng , Lu Joann J. , Wang Fenghe , Zhang Weibing 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBased on density differences of different subpopulations of exosomes, two kinds of micro‐vesicles with different densities were captured from urine by a modified sucrose density gradient ultracentrifuge separation method. Verified by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and western blot, the results showed these two kinds of micro‐vesicles were all exosomes. And these two kinds of exosomes were analyzed by TEM, 2D electrophoresis (2DE), and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), respectively. The results of TEM showed these two exosomes with different densities have different morphological characteristics, and some tiny proteomic differences were shown in the results of 2DE of these two exosomes. At the same time, the CZE results displayed these two kinds of exosomes possessed different retention times, indicated that they may have different electrification property and particle weight. These results may attribute to their different origins. This work may provide a preliminary experience for the origin‐tracking study for urinary exosomes, and would be more useful for future targeted biomarker discovery.
Research advances based on mass spectrometry for profiling of triacylglycerols in oils and fats and their applications
Authors: Xu Shu‐ling , Wei Fang , Xie Ya , Lv Xin , Dong Xu‐yan , Chen Hong 
Published: March 2018

AbstractVegetable oils and animal fats are dietary source of lipids that play critical and multiple roles in biological function. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are the principal component of oils and fats with significant difference in profile among different oils and fats. TAG profiling is essential for nutritional evaluation, quality control and assurance of safety in oils and fats. However, analysis of TAGs is a challenging task because of the complicated composition of TAGs and their similar physicochemical properties in oils and fats. The rapid development of mass spectrometry (MS) technology in recent years makes it possible to analyze the composition, content and structure of TAGs in the study of the physical, chemical and nutritional properties of oils, fats and related products. This review described the research advancement based on MS for profiling of TAGs in oil, fat and their applications in food. The application of MS, including direct infusion strategies, and its combination with chromatography, gas chromatography‐MS (GC‐MS) and liquid chromatography‐MS (LC‐MS), in the analysis of TAGs were reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of these analytical methods with relevant applications for TAGs analysis in food were also described.
Omics approaches for food authentication
Authors: Creydt Marina , Fischer Markus 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe development of analytical strategies to fight against food fraud is currently one of the most developing fields in food science as the food value chain becomes increasingly complex and global. Food can be certified by clear labeling but also by objective analytical methods. As shown recently by several groups, the omics technologies such as genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and isotopolomics are suitable to prove the geographical origin, the production or cultivation process, and the biological and the overall chemical identity of food. This article describes different analytical approaches beginning with non‐targeted strategies as well as the further developmental stages of transferring the methods to routine laboratories.
Enantioselective capillary electrophoresis provides insight into the phase II metabolism of ketamine and its metabolites in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Sandbaumhüter Friederike A. , Thormann Wolfgang 
Published: March 2018

AbstractGlucuronidation catalyzed by uridine‐5′‐diphospho‐glucuronosyl‐transferases (UGTs) is the most important reaction in phase II metabolism of drugs and other compounds. O‐glucuronidation is more common than N‐glucuronidation. The anesthetic, analgesic and antidepressive drug ketamine is metabolized in phase I by cytochrome P450 enzymes to norketamine, hydroxynorketamine (HNK) diastereomers and dehydronorketamine (DHNK). Equine urine samples collected two hours after ketamine injection were treated with β‐glucuronidase and analyzed with three enantioselective capillary electrophoresis assays. Concentrations of HNK diastereomers and norketamine were significantly higher in comparison to untreated urine and an increase of ketamine and DHNK levels was found in selected but not all samples. This suggests that O‐glucuronides of HNK and N‐glucuronides of the other compounds are formed in equines. N‐glucuronidation of norketamine was studied in vitro with liver microsomes of different species and the single human enzyme UGT1A4. With equine liver microsomes (ELM) a stereoselective N‐glucuronidation of norketamine was found that compares well to the results obtained with urines collected after ketamine administration. No reaction was observed with canine liver microsomes, human liver microsomes and UGT1A4. Incubation of ketamine and DHNK with ELM did not reveal any glucuronidation. Enantioselective CE is suitable to provide insight into the phase II metabolism of ketamine and its metabolites.
Effect of solvent on the extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of hazelnut kernel
Authors: Fanali Chiara , Tripodo Giusy , Russo Marina , Della Posta Susanna , Pasqualetti Valentina , De Gara Laura 
Published: March 2018

AbstractHazelnut kernel phenolic compounds were recovered applying two different extraction approaches, namely ultrasound‐assisted solid/liquid extraction (UA‐SLE) and solid‐phase extraction (SPE). Different solvents were tested evaluating total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids contents together to antioxidant activity. The optimum extraction conditions, in terms of the highest value of total phenolic compounds extracted together to other parameters like simplicity and cost were selected for method validation and individual phenolic compounds analysis. The UA‐SLE protocol performed using 0.1 g of defatted sample and 15 mL of extraction solvent (1 mL methanol/1 mL water/8 mL methanol 0.1% formic acid/5 mL acetonitrile) was selected. The analysis of hazelnut kernel individual phenolic compounds was obtained by HPLC coupled with DAD and MS detections. Quantitative analysis was performed using a mixture of six phenolic compounds belonging to phenolic classes’ representative of hazelnut. Then, the method was fully validated and the resulting RSD% values for retention time repeatability were below 1%. A good linearity was obtained giving R2 no lower than 0.997.The accuracy of the extraction method was also assessed. Finally, the method was applied to the analysis of phenolic compounds in three different hazelnut kernel varieties observing a similar qualitative profile with differences in the quantity of detected compounds.
Increasing the loading rate of continuous stirred tank reactor for coffee husk and pulp: Effect of trace elements supplement
Authors: Chala Bilhate , Oechsner Hans , Fritz Thomas , Latif Sajid , Müller Joachim 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn this study, the anaerobic performance and stability of coffee husk and pulp with and without trace element (TE) supplement was investigated, using 20 L mesophilic continuous stirred tank reactors for 140 days of experiment (DOE). The TE was cocktail of trace metals composed of Fe, Ni, Zn, Co, Mn, Mo, Se W and B. The organic loading rate (OLR) was increased stepwise from 2.5 (HRT = 40 d) to 6.0 kg VS m−3 d− 1(HRT = 16.7 d). The highest methane productivity from pulp with and without TE was 1.272 and 0.965 m3 m−3 d−1 at an OLR of 6.0 and 5.0 kg VS m−3 d−1; while the husks performed 0.895 and 0.795 m3 m−3 d−1 respectively, both at an OLR of 6.0 kg VS m−3 d−1. The specific methane yield (SMY) of pulp (at OLR = 5 kg VS m−3 d−1) with and without TEs was 217.9 ± 4.7 and 193.1 ± 8.2 L kg−1 VS; while husk yielded 149.2 ± 6.0 and 132.5 ± 4.9 L kg−1 VS, respectively. The effect of TEs on SMY was statistically significant (p < 001) at higher OLRs (5.0 ‐ 6.0 kg VS m−3 d−1). The TEs improved the anaerobic stability through an optimum alkalinity ratio (VFA/TIC < 0.3) and suppressed the accumulation of volatile fatty acids. Mono digestion of husks and pulp are prone to lack Mo, Zn, Ni and Fe in long‐term anaerobic fermentation. Further studies on co‐digestion of husk/pulp with animal manure and dry fermentation helps to efficiently use this biomass resource.
Secretion of recombinant proteins from E. coli
Authors: Kleiner‐Grote Gabriele R. M. , Risse Joe M. , Friehs Karl 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe microorganism Escherichia coli is commonly used for recombinant protein production. Despite several advantageous characteristics like fast growth and high protein yields, its inability to easily secrete recombinant proteins into the extracellular medium remains a drawback for industrial production processes. To overcome this limitation, a multitude of approaches to enhance the extracellular yield and the secretion efficiency of recombinant proteins have been developed in recent years. Here, a comprehensive overview of secretion mechanisms for recombinant proteins from E. coli is given and divided into three main sections. First, the structure of the E. coli cell envelope and the known natural secretion systems are described. Second, the use and optimization of different one‐ or two‐step secretion systems for recombinant protein production, as well as further permeabilization methods are discussed. Finally, the often‐overlooked role of cell lysis in secretion studies and its analysis are addressed. So far, effective approaches for increasing the extracellular protein concentration to more than 10 g/L and almost 100% secretion efficiency exist, however, the large range of optimization methods and their combinations suggests that the potential for secretory protein production from E. coli has not yet been fully realized.
Preparation of Cuprous Oxide Nanoparticles Coated with Aminated Cellulose for the Photocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol
Authors: Yisilamu Gunisakezi , Maimaiti Halidan , Awati Abuduheiremu , Zhang Dedong , Sun Fengchang , Xu Bo 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe present study utilizes microcrystalline cellulose as the raw material to prepare nanoscale cellulose crystal (NCC) particles through a hybrid method incorporating mixed acid and ultrasonic treatment. Furthermore, the NCC undergoes a surface modification through SOCl2 chlorination and ethylenediamine (EDA) passivation, which generates graphitized aminated cellulose doped with nitrogen (NCC‐EDA). This product, due to the coordination and dispersion effects of the functional groups (e.g., amido group) on its surface, is in turn used to coat Cu2O nanoparticles derived from the in situ reduction of CuCl2⋅2 H2O, which leads to a composite photocatalyst Cu2O/NCC‐EDA with relatively high catalytic activity. Besides the structural characterization, the present study also examines the characteristics of CH3OH prepared by visible‐light‐based photocatalytic reduction of CO2/H2O. The results indicate that the prepared Cu2O/NCC‐EDA are spherical particles with a diameter of approximately 50 nm, which are in possession of a tree‐structured rough shell capable of absorbing an increased amount of CO2. Under the radiation of visible light, the Cu2O in the prepared product is activated, yielding photoelectron–hole pairs. Driven by the nitrogen in the carrier, the formed photoelectron–hole pairs are subject to an efficient separation, and are thereby consumed by the oxidation–reduction reaction. As a result, a high activity for the photocatalyzed reduction of CO2 is obtained.
A High Performance Air Cathode with the Hydrophobic Pores Distributed Continuously and in Gradient for Zinc‐Air Fuel Cells
Authors: Du Xianglong , Yan Zhao , Wang Erdong , Li Lifang 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAn efficient and durable air cathode is of great importance for the commercial application of zinc‐air fuel cell. In this work, a new air cathode with the hydrophobic pores distributed continuously and in gradient was prepared and characterized by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) combined with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS). Compared with traditional air cathode, our new cathode exhibits attractive performance and lifetime, by which the maximum power density of 252 mW cm−2 and a stable discharge of 3600 h at 50 mA cm−2 are presented in zinc‐air fuel cells. Further investigation shows that the unique pores with the adequate size and hydrophobic property in current collector layer for the new cathode are helpful to prevent the water accumulation, and inhibit the formation of carbonate.