bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Chaetocin and S‐Adenosylmethionine Analogues as Tools for Studying Protein Methylation
Authors: Sohtome Yoshihiro , Sodeoka Mikiko 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPhysiological regulatory mechanisms of protein, RNA, and DNA functions include small chemical modifications, such as methylation, which are introduced or removed in a highly chemo‐, regio‐, and site‐selective manner by methyltransferases and demethylases, respectively. However, mimicking or controlling these modifications by using labeling reagents and inhibitors remains challenging. In this Personal Account, we introduce our nascent interdisciplinary collaboration between chemists and biologists aimed at developing a basic strategy to analyse and control the methylation reactions regulated by protein methyltransferases (PMTs). We focus in particular on the structural development of chaetocin and S‐adenosylmethionine to obtain PMT inhibitors and PMT substrate detectors.
Purpose and Scope
Authors: Nanzyo Masami , Kanno Hitoshi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSoil plays a major role in ecosystem services (an ecological term referring to the benefits granted to humans by ecosystems). Among the various ecosystem services, provisioning services are important providers of foods, fibers, wood, and other naturally sourced materials. To increase biological production while maintaining sustainable soil and ecosystems, we must understand element cycling in soils and ecosystems and its high dependence on inorganic constituents. This monograph describes the fundamentals, along with visual aids, of inorganic soil constituents for beginning students of soil science, environmental science, biogeochemistry, and interested readers in other disciplines. The visual aids include optical photographs, electron microscope images, and element maps acquired by energy dispersive X-ray analyses.
Car style-holon recognition in computer-aided design
Authors: Ostrosi Egon , Bluntzer Jean-Bernard , Zhang Zaifang , Stjepandić Josip 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMulti-scale design can presumably stimulate greater intelligence in computer-aided design (CAD). Using the style-holon concept, this paper proposes a computational approach to address multi-scale style recognition for automobiles. A style-holon is both a whole—it contains sub-styles of which it is composed—as well as a part of a broader style. In this paper, we first apply a variable precision rough set-based approach to car evaluation and ranking. Secondly, we extracted and subsequently computed the each car's characteristic lines from the CAD models. Finally, we identified style-holons using the property of a double-headed style-holon. A style-holon is necessarily included in a typical vertical arrangement with progressive accumulation and forms a nested hierarchical order called a holarchy of styles. We adopted an interactive cluster analysis to recognize style-holons. Our results demonstrate that car style depended on each brand's individual strategy: a car is a form endowed with some structural stability. The style-holon also demonstrated that the evolution of characteristic lines should preserve the property of functional homeostasis (the same functional states) as well as the property of homeorhesis (the same stable course of change). For many car companies, stable brand recognition is an important design specification. The proposed approach was used to analyse a set of car styles as well as to assist in the design of characteristic model lines. A designer can also use this approach to evaluate whether or not the strategic requirement—style alignment with the style-holon of benchmarked cars--is satisfied.Highlights A style-holon is double-headed: a part of a greater style that contains sub-styles. A car's characteristic lines preserve the properties of homeostasis and homeorhesis. The Chinese style offers a unique context to consider functionality of a whole style. Shift from functional to emotional performance demonstrated in Chinese car brands. Evaluates the strategic requirement of style alignment with the selected style-holon.
The electoral cycle effect in parliamentary democracies
Authors: Müller Stefan , Louwerse Tom 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDoes government party support decline in a monotonic fashion throughout the legislative cycle or do we observe a u-shaped “electoral cycle effect”? Moving beyond the study of midterm election results, this is the first comparative study to assess the cyclical pulse of government party support in parliamentary democracies based on voting intention polls from 171 cycles in 22 countries. On average, government parties lose support during the first half of the electoral cycle, but at most partially recover from their initial losses. Under single-party government and when prime ministers control cabinet dissolution, support tends to follow the previously assumed u-shaped pattern more strongly. Finally, we find that government parties hardly recover from early losses since the 2000s.
Leucopis glyphinivoraTanasijtshuk (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), a new aphidophagous biocontrol agent; development, survival and comparison withAphidoletes aphidimyzaRondani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Barriault S. , Soares A.O. , Gaimari S.D. , Lucas E. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe silver flyLeucopis glyphinivoraTanasijtshuk (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) is an aphidophagous predator during its larval stage. Our study describes the life cycle ofL. glyphinivoraand evaluates its potential as a biocontrol agent. The development, survival and longevity ofL. glyphinivorawere observed and compared with those of the aphid gall midgeAphidoletes aphidimyzaRondani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Tests were conducted under laboratory conditions in Petri dishes with the green peach aphidMyzus persicaeSulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on potato leaves.Leucopis glyphinivorahas a 42% longer life cycle thanA. aphidimyza. Larval development was 27% longer inL. glyphinivorathan inA. aphidimyza. Egg hatch rate and pupal emergence rate were similar in both species, but larval survival was 20% lower forL. glyphinivorathan forA. aphidimyza. Sex ratio was approximately 50% in both species. A longer development time forL. glyphinivorain the larval stage could be an advantage for biocontrol by providing more time to exert predation pressure against aphids. However, this may be offset by the lower survival rate found in the silver fly larvae.
Impacts of long-term fertilization on the soil microbial communities in double-cropped paddy fields
Authors: Tang H. M. , Xu Y. L. , Xiao X. P. , Li C. , Li W. Y. , Cheng K. K. , Pan X. C. , Sun G. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe response of soil microbial communities to soil quality changes is a sensitive indicator of soil ecosystem health. The current work investigated soil microbial communities under different fertilization treatments in a 31-year experiment using the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profile method. The experiment consisted of five fertilization treatments: without fertilizer input (CK), chemical fertilizer alone (MF), rice (Oryza sativaL.) straw residue and chemical fertilizer (RF), low manure rate and chemical fertilizer (LOM), and high manure rate and chemical fertilizer (HOM). Soil samples were collected from the plough layer and results indicated that the content of PLFAs were increased in all fertilization treatments compared with the control. The iC15:0 fatty acids increased significantly in MF treatment but decreased in RF, LOM and HOM, while aC15:0 fatty acids increased in these three treatments. Principal component (PC) analysis was conducted to determine factors defining soil microbial community structure using the 21 PLFAs detected in all treatments: the first and second PCs explained 89.8% of the total variance. All unsaturated and cyclopropyl PLFAs except C12:0 and C15:0 were highly weighted on the first PC. The first and second PC also explained 87.1% of the total variance among all fertilization treatments. There was no difference in the first and second PC between RF and HOM treatments. The results indicated that long-term combined application of straw residue or organic manure with chemical fertilizer practices improved soil microbial community structure more than the mineral fertilizer treatment in double-cropped paddy fields in Southern China.
Just like in Germany, only better? Old-age care facilities in Poland for people from Germany and the question of legitimacy
Authors: Großmann Sonja , Schweppe Cornelia 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis article deals with old-age care facilities in Poland which are aimed at people from Germany. These facilities emerge against the background of severe criticism of old-age care facilities in Germany. The media projects a widespread use of these facilities, claiming this is mainly due to the lower costs as compared to Germany. Against the backdrop of normative discussions about old-age care in Germany, doubts about a widespread use of facilities abroad may arise. Indeed, we will show that in quantitative terms, the facilities in Poland are a marginal phenomenon. Drawing on neo-institutional organisation theories, we demonstrate that the facilities face legitimisation challenges that consist of being able to align with the socially shared values and norms of old-age care in Germany to position themselves as a legitimate option. We analyse whether and how the facilities deal with these challenges. We particularly focus on the only facility we found that has a substantial number of residents from Germany. We show how the facility takes on the legitimation challenge by its motto ‘Just like in Germany – only better’, while other facilities position themselves as ‘low-cost facilities for people from Germany’. The low take-up of the latter indicates that low prices alone do not attract a substantial number of residents from Germany into the facilities.
SHARING AND COLLECTING HOSPITAL-BASED HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT REPORTS INTERNATIONALLY: IS AN EXTENSIVE PARTICIPATION OF STAKEHOLDERS REALISTIC?
Authors: Verbeek Joost , Hiligsmann Mickaël , Cicchetti Americo , Marchetti Marco 
Published: October 2018

Objectives:The emergence of new medical technologies and budget restrictions has led to a substantial increase in the use of hospital-based health technology assessment (HB-HTA). This qualitative study explores whether there is a possibility and interest to realize the collection and dissemination of HB-HTA reports on an international scale by exploring the opinions from HB-HTA experts.Methods:A survey was designed and sent to an international group of experts knowledgeable in HB-HTA from eighteen different countries. The survey contained questions about their opinions on the collection and distribution of HB-HTA information, and about the meaningful dimensions, barriers and values about a database. The data obtained were analyzed through the method of content analysis.Results:A total of thirty-six experts (response rate of 18.3 percent) responded to the survey. The obtained data shows that all respondents agree that the collection of HB-HTA reports is useful. Moreover, 41.7 percent of respondents that are in the position of sharing HB-HTA reports (n = 24) mentioned that full HB-HTA reports can be shared. Many other respondents reported that confidentiality (45.7 percent) and investment into a database (40.0 percent) are important barriers for the dissemination of HB-HTA reports.Conclusions:There seem to be enough demand and willingness to share all or most reports by a large community of HB-HTA producers. Therefore, there is a need for a well-designed database with regular maintenance and complete, comparable, and qualitative HB-HTA reports. The database of the AdHopHTA project could potentially facilitate this process.
The effect of neighborhood density on children's word learning in noise
Authors: HAN Min Kyung , STORKEL Holly , BONTEMPO Daniel E. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMany studies have addressed the effect of neighborhood density (phonological similarity among words) on word learning in quiet listening conditions. We explored how noise influences the effect of neighborhood density on children's word learning. One-hundred-and-two preschoolers learned nonwords varied in neighborhood density in one of four listening conditions: quiet, +15 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), +6 dB SNR, and 0 dB SNR. Results showed that a high-density advantage for children under quiet listening condition was significantly reduced as noise increased. This finding implies an adverse impact of noise on long-term outcomes of word learning.
OBEYING THE LAW
Authors: Sevel Michael 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTWhat is it to obey the law? What is it to disobey? Philosophers have paid little attention to these questions. Yet the concepts of obedience and disobedience have long grounded many perennial debates in moral, legal, and political philosophy. In this essay, I develop systematic accounts of each concept. The Standard View of obedience—that to obey the law is to act for a certain sort of reason provided by the law—has long been taken for granted. I argue against this and other views of obedience, and develop an account of the knowledge and intention required in acts of obedience. I then develop a symmetrical account of the disobedience involved in acts of civil disobedience. The purpose of the essay is to develop a more systematic understanding of these concepts, in order to identify more precisely what is at stake in debates of political obligation, civil disobedience, and the authority of law.
The Sins of Moral Enhancement Discourse
Authors: Wiseman Harris 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe chapter will argue that the way current enthusiasm for moral enhancement is articulated in the extant literature is itself morally problematic. The moral evaluation (and ultimately disapproval) of the discourse will proceed through three stages. First, we shall look at the chequered history of various societies’ attempts to cast evil, character, and generally undesirable behaviour, as biological problems. As will be argued, this is the larger context in which moral enhancement discourse should be understood, and abuses in the recent past and present should therefore be highlighted. Second, it will be argued that, given moral functioning's profoundly contextual and responsive qualities, any notion of a fine-grained, powerfully efficacious moral enhancement is both unrealistic and, actually, incoherent. Since enthusiasts’ hopes are unrealistic and incoherent, such enhancement would not even be capable of providing the transformative ends that supposedly justify the sometimes extreme prescriptions set forward. Finally, the chapter concludes with the claim that moral enhancement enthusiasm actually serves to trivialise the evils of this world, and not only to trivialise the hard-won efforts required to diminish and overcome such evils, but to misdirect attention away from the real hard work that needs to be done in facing such evils.
Moral Enhancement as a Collective Action Problem
Authors: Glannon Walter 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn light of the magnitude of interpersonal harm and the risk of greater harm in the future, Ingmar Persson and Julian Savulescu have argued for pharmacological enhancement of moral behaviour. I discuss moral bioenhancement as a set of collective action problems. Psychotropic drugs or other forms of neuromodulation designed to enhance moral sensitivity would have to produce the same or similar effects in the brains of a majority of people. Also, a significant number of healthy subjects would have to participate in clinical trials testing the safety and efficacy of these drugs, which may expose them to unreasonable risk. Even if the drugs were safe and effective, a majority of people would have to co-operate in a moral enhancement programme for such a project to succeed. This goal would be thwarted if enough people opted out and decided not to enhance. To avoid this scenario, Persson and Savulescu argue that moral enhancement should be compulsory rather than voluntary. But the collective interest in harm reduction through compulsory enhancement would come at the cost of a loss of individual freedom. In general, there are many theoretical and practical reasons for scepticism about the concept and goal of moral enhancement.
Biomedical Moral Enhancement in the Face of Moral Particularism
Authors: Huang Pei-Hua , Tsu Peter Shiu-Hwa 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBiomedical moral enhancement, or BME for short, aims to improve people's moral behaviour through augmenting, via biomedical means, their virtuous dispositions such as sympathy, honesty, courage, or generosity. Recently, however, it has been challenged, on particularist grounds, that the manifestations of virtuous dispositions can be morally wrong. For instance, being generous in terrorist financing is one such case. If so, biomedical moral enhancement, by enhancing people's virtues, might turn out to be counterproductive in terms of people's moral behaviour. In this chapter, we argue, via a comparison with moral education, that the case for the practice of biomedical moral enhancement is not weakened by the particularists’ stress on the variable moral statuses of the manifestations of our virtues. The real challenge from the particularists, we argue, lies elsewhere. It is that practical wisdom, being essentially context-sensitive, cannot be enhanced via biomedical means. On the basis of this, we further argue that BME ought to be used with great caution, for it may wrongly enhance, for instance, a terrorist financier's generosity, a robber's courage, or an undercover detective's honesty. Finally, we sketch how boundaries can be set on the use of BME, and address some potential objections to our position.
Institutional Innovation by the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
Authors: RANSDELL James 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank [AIIB] is the world’s newest multilateral development bank [MDB] and already one of Asia’s largest international organizations by membership. This paper will compare the institutional structure of the AIIB with that of the Asian Development Bank [ADB] to identify areas in which the AIIB has innovated as a matter of international institutional law. In reviewing the constituent documents, bylaws, and operational policies of the two banks, the paper will juxtapose the AIIB and ADB’s approaches to membership, project finance, voting, and governance. It will identify not only innovations, but also the likely implications, positive and negative, thereof. Finally, it will assess the degree to which these innovations may impact the AIIB’s ability to partner with existing MDBs. In particular, the AIIB’s approach to project finance and governance mark a significant break from the status quo, while in other areas it has remained conservative.
Characteristics of Atmospheric Wave‐Induced Laminae Observed by Ozonesondes at the Southern Tip of South America
Authors: Ohyama H. , Mizuno A. , Zamorano F. , Sugita T. , Akiyoshi H. , Noguchi K. , Wolfram E. , Salvador J. , Benitez G. C. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFluctuations of ozone concentrations with dimensions of a few kilometers (i.e., ozone laminae) are frequently found in ozone‐sounding profiles. We used ozonesonde measurements made at the southern tip of South America to examine the relationship between ozone laminae and atmospheric waves near the edge of the polar vortex and on the leeward side of the Andes Mountains. Laminar structures are formed by vertical and horizontal displacements of isopleths due to gravity waves and by isentropic advection of vortex air filaments with low ozone concentration due to Rossby wave breaking. We extracted components of these ozone fluctuations by applying a high‐pass filter to the observed ozone profiles and normalizing them to background concentrations, which were extracted with a low‐pass filter. Ozone fluctuations due to displacements caused by gravity waves were individually evaluated with experimental data. We assumed that the residuals between the observed and gravity wave‐induced fluctuations were Rossby waves‐induced fluctuations. We found that the gravity wave‐induced variability was larger in the upper troposphere than in the lower stratosphere and was a maximum in winter. Rossby wave‐induced variability showed a distinct seasonal pattern in the lower stratosphere and accounted for a large portion of the observed variability. We also examined the relationship between gravity wave‐induced and Rossby wave‐induced ozone variability and the differences in equivalent latitudes between the sonde positions and the polar vortex edge. We found that variability was larger inside than outside the polar vortex.
First Assessment of Inorganic Nitrogen Deposition Budget Following the Impoundment of a Subtropical Hydroelectric Reservoir (Nam Theun 2, Lao PDR)
Authors: Adon Marcellin , Galy‐Lacaux Corinne , Serça Dominique , Guedant Pierre , Vongkhamsao Axay , Rode Wanidaporn , Meyerfeld Yves , Guérin Frédéric 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWith around 490 km2 at full level of operation, the Nam Theun 2 Reservoir (NT2R) is one of the largest hydroreservoir in Southeast Asia. This study presents a first estimation of the atmospheric inorganic nitrogen deposition into the NT2R based on a 2‐year monitoring (June 2010 to July 2012) including gas concentrations and precipitation. Dry deposition fluxes are estimated by the inferential method using, on the one hand, surface measurements of gas concentrations (NO2, HNO3, NH3) from passive samplers and, on the other hand, modeled exchange rates. Wet deposition fluxes are calculated from NH4+ and NO3− concentrations determined in samples of rain from an automatic precipitation collector. The average nitrogen deposition flux is estimated at 1.26 ± 0.14 kgN·ha−1·year−1 from dry processes and 5.01 ± 0.92 kgN·ha−1·year−1 from wet ones, that is, an average annual total nitrogen flux of 6.27 ± 1.06 kgN·ha−1·year−1 deposited at the NT2R with 80% from wet deposition. Before impoundment, the mean N flux has been estimated at 3.42 ± 1.88 kgN·ha−1·year−1 for dry deposition and 5.01 ± 2.12 kgN·ha−1·year−1 for wet deposition, or a total N deposition flux of 8.43 ± 4.01 kgN·ha−1·year−1 over the studied area dominated by forests with little agriculture soil and water surfaces. Thus, the total N deposition over the studied area has been reduced of 26% (or 63% for dry deposition) following the reservoir impoundment based on our working hypothesis.
Buried Impact Features on Mercury as Revealed by Gravity Data
Authors: Qingyun Deng , Fei Li , Jianguo Yan , Zhiyong Xiao , Rodriguez J.Alexis P. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractGravity data provide information about the internal mass distribution of celestial bodies. The latest gravity field model of Mercury, HgM007, has a higher spatial resolution than previously published gravity models, allowing smaller crustal structures to be resolved. In this study, a global free‐air gravity anomaly grid of Mercury was derived from the HgM007 gravity model using the spherical expansion method, and a Bouguer anomaly map was calculated based on the free‐air gravity and topography data. We used this gravity model to search for quasi‐circular Bouguer anomalies (QCBAs) larger than ∼109 km in diameter within the Northern Smooth Plains (NSP) of Mercury, where the resolution of the gravity data is the highest. Assuming that these QCBAs were correlated with mantle uplifts caused by ancient buried impact structures, we applied the prism rectangular shape model and the Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion method to determine the subsurface structure of these QCBAs. Four ancient buried basins, not clearly visible in the surface topography, were detected. We estimated the crustal thickness ratios and original rim‐to‐rim diameters for these four impact basins, based on empirical cratering scaling laws, finding that the thickness of the infill lava within the NSP might be 5 times larger than previously believed and the ancient terrain beneath the NSP might be older than previously thought.