bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paediatric pain management: knowledge, attitudes, barriers and facilitators among nurses – integrative review
Authors: Alotaibi K. , Higgins I. , Day J. , Chan S. 
Published: June 2018

AimsTo identify and synthesize evidence regarding the knowledge and attitudes of nurses, and barriers and facilitators to effective pain assessment and management in infants and children.BackgroundPain among children is a common experience. Relief from pain is a fundamental human right, yet hospitalized children continue to experience unrelieved pain. Provision of effective pain management is an integral part of the nurse's role.MethodsGuided by Whittemore & Knafl's five‐stage framework, primary peer‐reviewed studies published in English between 2000 and 2018 were searched using CINAHL, PubMed, ProQuest, PsycINFO and Scopus. The initial search yielded 292 papers. Twenty‐seven papers were included in this review: quantitative (n = 18), qualitative (n = 5) and mixed‐methods (n = 4).ResultsFindings showed that nurses internationally have poor knowledge and attitudes of basic pain assessment and management principles. Barriers to effective pain management include the absence of pain education and assessment tools, parents’ reluctance to report pain and insufficient prescription of analgesia by physicians. Facilitators for the effective management of pain include parental participation in care, trusting and respectful relationships between nurses and children, and adequate nurse–patient ratios.ConclusionThe review findings suggest a need to improve education for nurses, doctors and the patients’ family in relation to paediatric pain management, communication and interprofessional collaborations. There is a need to maximize facilitators and overcome barriers, such as those identified in this review, to ensure the quality of paediatric pain management.Implications for nursing and health policyNursing and health policy should mandate the prioritization of paediatric pain management and the clinical roles and responsibilities of the interdisciplinary team members. Undergraduate, postgraduate and in‐service education for nurses and other health professionals should also address paediatric pain management. In‐service education on paediatric pain management should be compulsory for all health professionals caring for children.
Construction and usability of community health nursing database in rural north‐eastern Thailand
Authors: Arakawa N. , Ota K. , Piyabanditkul L. , Ishikawa M. 
Published: June 2018

IntroductionsDigitization could be incorporated in rural areas of resource‐poor countries because information gathered by nurses working on‐site could be better used.BackgroundFor effective management of community health information, the usage and maintenance of digital records are important. Digitization of information provides essential information for informing health policy.AimTo develop a sustainable database to effectively collect and manage community health information and nursing practice.MethodsThis study used a mixed method design. Phase 1 involved the development of a database system through repeated systematic focus group discussions with community health nurses. Phase 2 involved a practical trial examination of the developed system with both objective and subjective evaluations.ResultsA nursing database system was developed with templates designed for the major health problems of communities. The templates were composed of multiple‐choice items and a free‐text field that allowed records to be more detailed than handwritten records and maintained in standardized formats. This enables accumulation of data that were less likely to be influenced by the variance of ability in each nurse.Discussion and conclusionA multifaceted evaluation of the database system suggested that it could improve the efficiency of information management and contribute to the improvement of nursing care quality through standardization of the recording pattern.Implications for nursing and health policyThe nursing database will enable high‐quality information storage that will potentially better inform health and healthcare policies as well as enable visualization of data concerning nursing care challenges and activities within the relevant communities. This information is essential for policy development and implementation in areas of human and fiscal resource allocations and meeting training/education needs.
Exploration of predictive metabolic factors for gestational diabetes mellitus in Japanese women using metabolomic analysis
Authors: Sakurai Kenichi , Eguchi Akifumi , Watanabe Masahiro , Yamamoto Midori , Ishikawa Ko , Mori Chisato 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAims/IntroductionWe aimed to explore novel predictive markers for gestational diabetes mellitus using metabolomic analysis in pregnant Japanese women.Materials and MethodsWe carried out a case–control study with a cohort of participants enrolled during the first or early second trimester in the Center of Chiba Unit of the Japan Environment and Children's Study. Participants were classified as either gestational diabetes mellitus cases or matched controls based on age, body mass index and parity. Metabolite levels of their serum and urine obtained randomly before the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus were analyzed using hydrophilic interaction chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis was carried out to investigate metabolome profiles for the different groups. Metabolites with a variable importance in projection value of >1.5 were identified as potential markers.ResultsIn total, 242 participants were enrolled in the study, of which 121 were cases. The R2X, R2Y and Q2 parameters for the discrimination ability of the resulting models were 0.388, 0.492 and 0.45 for serum, and 0.454, 0.674 and 0.483 for urine, respectively. We finally identified three metabolites in serum and 20 in urine as potential biomarkers. Glutamine in serum and ethanolamine and 1,3‐diphosphoglycerate in urine showed >0.8 area under the receiver operating characteristic curves.ConclusionsThe present study identified serum and urine metabolites that are possible predictive markers of subsequent gestational diabetes mellitus in Japanese women. Further studies are required to elucidate their efficacy.
Effects of liraglutide, metformin and gliclazide on body composition in patients with both type 2 diabetes and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized trial
Authors: Feng Wen‐Huan , Bi Yan , Li Ping , Yin Ting‐Ting , Gao Cai‐Xia , Shen Shan‐Mei , Gao Li‐Jun , Yang Dong‐Hui , Zhu Da‐Long 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAims/IntroductionTo compare the effects of gliclazide, liraglutide and metformin on body composition in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease.Materials and MethodsA total of 85 patients were randomly allocated to receive gliclazide (n = 27), liraglutide (n = 29) or metformin (n = 29) monotherapy for 24 weeks. Body composition was measured using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry.ResultsLiraglutide and metformin reduced total, trunk, limb, android and gynoid fat mass; this also led to weight reduction. However, gliclazide treatment produced no significant changes in weight or fat mass, likely because reductions in fat mass were concomitant with increases in lean tissue mass. Blood glucose concentrations and glycated hemoglobin levels improved in all treatment arms; levels of the latter were lower in patients treated with liraglutide and metformin. Serum alanine aminotransferase concentrations decreased in all treatment arms, whereas serum aspartate aminotransferase concentrations were reduced only by liraglutide and metformin. In all patients, weight loss and total, trunk, limb, and android fat mass reductions were positively correlated with decreases in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, whereas reductions in waist circumference were positively correlated with lower serum alanine aminotransferase levels.ConclusionsCompared with gliclazide, liraglutide and metformin monotherapies result in greater weight loss, reductions in body fat mass, and better blood glucose control among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. Reductions in weight, fat mass and waist circumference favorably affect hepatic function.
Independent and interactive effects of immune activation and larval diet on adult immune function, growth and development in the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella)
Authors: Kangassalo Katariina , Valtonen Terhi M. , Sorvari Jouni , Kecko Sanita , Pölkki Mari , Krams Indrikis , Krama Tatjana , Rantala Markus J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractOrganisms in the wild are likely to face multiple immune challenges as well as additional ecological stressors, yet their interactive effects on immune function are poorly understood. Insects are found to respond to cues of increased infection risk by enhancing their immune capacity. However, such adaptive plasticity in immune function may be limited by physiological and environmental constraints. Here, we investigated the effects of two environmental stressors – poor larval diet and an artificial parasite‐like immune challenge at the pupal stage – on adult immune function, growth and development in the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella). Males whose immune system was activated with an artificial parasite‐like immune challenge had weaker immune response – measured as strength of encapsulation response – as adults compared to the control groups, but only when reared on high‐nutrition larval diet. Immune activation did not negatively affect adult immune response in males reared on low‐nutrition larval diet, indicating that poor larval diet improved the capacity of the insects to respond to repeated immune challenges. Low‐nutrition larval diet also had a positive independent effect on immune capacity in females, yet it negatively affected development time and adult body mass in both sexes. As in the nature immune challenges are rarely isolated, and adverse nutritional environment may indicate an elevated risk of infection, resilience to repeated immune challenges as a response to poor nutritional conditions could provide a significant fitness advantage. This study highlights the importance of considering environmental context when investigating the effects of immune activation in insects.
Developmental characteristics of firesetters: Are recidivist offenders distinctive?
Authors: Bell Ryan , Doley Rebekah , Dawson Deborah 
Published: June 2018

IntroductionThis study examined the prevalence of developmental disadvantage and the extent that disadvantage could differentiate between recidivist and one‐time firesetters in an Australian sample of firesetting offenders.MethodsVariables pertaining to developmental experiences were collected from file data held by the Western Australian Department of Corrective Services pertaining to all offenders (n = 354) convicted of a firesetting offence between 2005 and 2010. Analyses of variance were conducted between recidivistic and one‐time firesetters to investigate which developmental factors were related to risk of recidivism.ResultsBased on previous research, it was hypothesized that firesetters would have poor developmental experiences characterized by high rates of abuse, parental absence, early substance use and poor educational achievement. This hypothesis was partly supported. Multiple firesetters were much more likely to be victims of childhood sexual and physical abuse and be diagnosed with a learning disability.DiscussionCurrent theories of firesetting maintain that an impoverished developmental experience catalyses the development of psychological risk factors that precipitate and maintain firesetting behaviour. The high prevalence of developmental risk factors among this population lends evidence to this relationship.ConclusionsThese data suggest that physical and/or sexual abuse, the absence of a mother or father figure through childhood, problematic substance use, poor academic achievement and the presence of speech, learning and reading deficits are common among firesetters generally and the presence of childhood abuse and learning disability is a risk factor for repeat firesetting.
Long‐term results of transurethral endoscopic excision using the holmium laser for urethral perforation of synthetic slings
Authors: Wang Connie , Zimmern Philippe E. , Lemack Gary 
Published: June 2018

ObjectiveThis study reports on the long‐term results of transurethral endoscopic excision using the Holmium laser (TEEH) for large urethral perforation (UP; defined as involving one‐quarter or more of the urethral circumference) from synthetic slings.MethodsCharts of women treated with TEEH for large UP were reviewed. TEEH was performed using a 365‐μm laser fiber passed inside an open‐ended ureteral catheter positioned in a holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) sheath to stabilize the laser fiber. Data extracted included patient demographics, clinical presentations, surgical details, postoperative functional outcomes and complications, and any secondary repairs.ResultsFrom 2011 to 2016, 12 women underwent TEEH. The mean interval between sling placement and first TEEH was 47 months (range 10–161 months). The types of slings included transvaginal tape (n = 2), transobturator tape (n = 4), mini‐invasive (n = 4), and Solyx (1), or were not specified (n = 1). The mean number of TEEH procedures was 1.6 (range 1–3), and the mean length of initial treatment was 40 min (range 15–79 min), with subsequent treatments <30 min. Mean follow‐up time was 43 months (range 14–70). Resolution of UP by TEEH alone was achieved in 6 patients, with 2 requiring multiple TEEH. Six patients underwent secondary vaginal mesh sling excision alone or with an associated repair including 2 small distal urethrovaginal fistulas.ConclusionTEEH is a minimally invasive procedure that can avoid a more complex initial urethral reconstruction and should be considered for treating large UP. Secondary repairs for residual small UP or associated lower urinary tract symptomatology may be necessary and patients should be counseled accordingly.
Dynamic RLE-Compressed Edit Distance Tables Under General Weighted Cost Functions
Authors: Hyyrö Heikki , Inenaga Shunsuke 
Published: June 2018

Kim and Park [A dynamic edit distance table, J. Disc. Algo., 2:302–312, 2004] proposed a method (KP) based on a “dynamic edit distance table” that allows one to efficiently maintain unit cost edit distance information between two strings [Formula: see text] of length [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] of length [Formula: see text] when the strings can be modified by single-character edits to their left or right ends. This type of computation is useful e.g. in cyclic string comparison. KP uses linear time, [Formula: see text], to update the distance representation after each single edit. Recently Hyyrö et al. [Incremental string comparison, J. Disc. Algo., 34:2-17, 2015] presented an efficient method for maintaining the dynamic edit distance table under general weighted edit distance, running in [Formula: see text] time per single edit, where [Formula: see text] is the maximum weight of the cost function. The work noted that the [Formula: see text] space requirement, and not the running time, may be the main bottleneck in using the dynamic edit distance table. In this paper we take the first steps towards reducing the space usage of the dynamic edit distance table by RLE compressing [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Let [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] be the lengths of RLE compressed versions of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively. We propose how to store the dynamic edit distance table using [Formula: see text] space while maintaining the same time complexity as the previous methods for uncompressed strings.
Grover’s Search with Faults on Some Marked Elements
Authors: Kravchenko Dmitry , Nahimovs Nikolajs , Rivosh Alexander 
Published: June 2018

Grover’s algorithm is a quantum query algorithm solving the unstructured search problem of size [Formula: see text] using [Formula: see text] queries. It provides a significant speed-up over any classical algorithm [3]. The running time of the algorithm, however, is very sensitive to errors in queries. Multiple authors have analysed the algorithm using different models of query errors and showed the loss of quantum speed-up [2, 6]. We study the behavior of Grover’s algorithm in the model where the search space contains both faulty and non-faulty marked elements. We show that in this setting it is indeed possible to find one of marked elements in [Formula: see text] queries. We also analyze the limiting behavior of the algorithm for a large number of steps and show the existence and the structure of a limiting state [Formula: see text].
Quantum Walks on Two-Dimensional Grids with Multiple Marked Locations
Authors: Nahimovs Nikolajs , Rivosh Alexander 
Published: June 2018

The running time of a quantum walk search algorithm depends on both the structure of the search space (graph) and the configuration (the placement and the number) of marked locations. While the first dependence has been studied in a number of papers, the second dependence remains mostly unstudied.We study search by quantum walks on the two-dimensional grid using the algorithm of Ambainis, Kempe and Rivosh [3]. The original paper analyses one and two marked locations only. We move beyond two marked locations and study the behaviour of the algorithm for several configurations of multiple marked locations.In this paper, we prove two results showing the importance of how the marked locations are arranged. First, we present two placements of [Formula: see text] marked locations for which the number of steps of the algorithm differs by a factor of [Formula: see text]. Second, we present two configurations of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] marked locations having the same number of steps and probability of finding a marked location.
Conduction-band nonparabolicity effect on refractive index and phase match in asymmetric quantum wells pumped by two infrared beams
Authors: Cao Xiaolong , Che Yongli , Yao Jianquan 
Published: June 2018

An asymmetric quantum well (AQW) system that is pumped by two infrared beams is designed to generate terahertz (THz) waves. The refractive index and phase mismatch associated with the intersubband transition of the AQW structure are calculated and analyzed for both present and absent conduction band nonparabolicity. The calculated results reveal that, for increasing wavelengths, the refractive index of the AQW for the short-wavelength pump beam varies more than 0.83 and undergoes a 0.204 [Formula: see text]m redshift, when the conduction band nonparabolicity is considered. The variation of the refractive index of the AQW with the long-wavelength pump beam, changes from 0.225 to 0.316 after considering the conduction-band nonparabolicity. In addition, no redshift is observed. Whether the refractive index of one pump beam with its specific wavelength increases is determined mainly by the linear terms. However, for increasing the other pump wavelengths, the refractive index of one pump beam mainly depends on the nonlinear terms. Subband energy-levels and dipole transition matrix elements show noticeable changes due to conduction-band nonparabolicity, which change the refractive index. Phase matching can be achieved by adjusting the wavelength of the two pump beams. However, both phase mismatch and coverage increase when the conduction band nonparabolicity is considered.
Particle picture representation of the non-symmetric Rosenblatt process and Hermite processes of any order
Authors: Treszczotko Łukasz 
Published: June 2018

We provide a particle picture representation for the non-symmetric Rosenblatt process and for Hermite processes of any order, extending the result of Bojdecki, Gorostiza and Talarczyk in [4]. We show that these processes can be obtained as limits of certain functionals of a system of particles evolving according to symmetric stable Lévy motions. In the case of [Formula: see text]-Hermite processes the corresponding functional involves [Formula: see text]-intersection local time of symmetric stable Lévy processes.
Food for Thought: The Question of the Animal in Gil Anidjar’s Blood: A Critique of Christianity
Authors: Sabo Peter J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis paper reads Gil Anidjar’sBlood: A Critique of Christianitywith the question of the animal in mind. The first section looks at the blood prohibition of the Hebrew Bible and Anidjar’s reading of the relevant biblical texts; the second section uses Acts 10 as an example of the New Testament’s view of eating and how this applies to the practice of the eucharist; the third, and final, section offers a reading of Freud’sMoses and Monotheism(in light of Anidjar’s reading of it) and returns to the question of the animal in the Hebrew Bible. The purpose throughout each section is to display howBloodopens up fruitful areas of exploration in connection with the question of the animal, eating, and (animal) blood.
A network of legal transfer
Authors: Chen Li 
Published: June 2018

Summary
Legal transfer is a critical part of China’s intellectual history of legal education. Beginning in the late nineteenth century, waves of young ambitious Chinese students embarked on arduous journeys to the Western countries to obtain modern legal education, particularly in the area of public international law. One such prominent Chinese legal scholar is Zhu Qiwu, who received his public international law education at the Graduate School of National Central University in Chongqing and the Oxford University Faculty of Law in the 1940s. This article seeks to use Zhu as an example of this dynamic legal transfer process, and examines his educational background both in China and in the UK. In the process, this paper will also explore the resulting network of exchange of legal thoughts formed amongst Zhu and his teachers, Wang Tieya, Huang Zhengming and Humphrey Waldock. In particular, it will reveal how an early article of Wang had planted the seed of a research topic pertaining to the relationship between treaty and municipal laws in Zhu’s mind during his days at the National Central University, which Zhu then took to Oxford and painstakingly watered to fruition in the form of his Oxford doctoral dissertation in 1949. Zhu’s doctoral dissertation made significant contribution to the body of Chinese legal scholarship in that era, but it was never published. This paper thus takes this opportunity to bring to light its main structure and contents.