bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
School principals as leaders: Pre-service and in-service teachers’ perspective
Authors: Stravakou Pelagia Ant. , Lozgka Evangelia Ch. 
Published: January 2019

Scholars have highlighted that the existing school leadership models are incomplete and the relevant research is dominated by the principals’ perspective. This study explores the pre-service and in-service teachers’ views about what they want and expect of the school principals as leaders to willingly follow them. The sample consisted of 36 teachers purposefully recruited. Written texts, in which the participants were asked to spontaneously write down their thoughts, were used as a research tool; and content analysis was used as a research method. Overall, the findings indicated that the ideal school leader from the teachers’ perspective predominantly has leadership skills, and rarely has both specific personality traits and enduring goals to pursue, whereas specific necessary qualifications are considered as the least desirable. These findings are discussed in the context of the broad literature on leadership and in relation to the proposed leadership models.

Keywords: School leader, principals, teachers’ perspective, qualitative research.
Awareness and Attitudes toward Corneal Transplants among Applicants and Staff of a Driver, Vehicle and Licensing Authority (DVLA) in Ghana
Authors: Lartey Seth , ANTWI-ADJEI ELLEN KONADU , Agyapong Solomon , Mohammed Abdul-Kabir , Mensah Derrick N.O. , Genego Edward S 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Introduction: Corneal transplantations are surgeries performed for irreparable corneal diseases and damage. However, there is a gap between the number of potential recipients and the number of donor corneas available. The main aim of the study was to determine the awareness and attitudes towards corneal transplants among applicants and staff of DVLA, Kumasi-Ghana.
Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. 100 participants were selected using convenient sampling method. A structured questionnaire was used to elicit responses from participants concerning awareness and attitudes toward corneal transplant.
Results: The mean ± SD age of the participants was 32.05 ± 11.48years and age range, 18-67years. Males were 66% whilst females constituted 34%. 32.7% of the participants were aware of corneal transplant. Majority of the participants were Christians (83.1%) and Singles (63%). Television was the source of information with the highest preponderance (49.4%). 67.3% were willing to donate their corneas after death. 63.9% were willing to indicate their donor statuses on drivers’ license form which had a significant association with willingness to donate cornea after death (p<0.05, ᵪ2= 12.187).
Conclusion: There is a poor level of awareness (32.7%) of transplant donation amongst the study population but and a good level of willingness to donate organs (67%). Consent via driving license would seem to be a good potential mode of obtaining consent to supplement the harvesting of adequate tissues for transplant if adequate awareness is created.
Keywords: Knowledge, Willingness, Unwillingness, Cornea, DVLA
Inspiratory critical pressure - new methodology for evaluating and training the inspiratory musculature for recreational cyclists: study protocol for a randomized control trial
Authors: Rehder-Santos Patricia , Minatel Vinicius , Milan-Mattos Juliana Cristina , Signini Étore De Favari , de Abreu Raphael Martins , Dato Carla Cristina , Catai Aparecida Maria 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Background: Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has brought great benefits in terms of improving physical performance in healthy individuals. However, there is no consensus regarding the best training load being in most cases the maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) is used, mainly the intensity of 60% of MIP. So, the prescription of an IMT protocol that considers respiratory muscle strength and endurance may bring additional benefits to commonly used protocols, since the respiratory muscles that differ from other muscles because of their greater muscular resistance. Thus, IMT using inspiratory critical pressure (PThC) can be an alternative as the calculation of PThC considers these characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this study is to propose a new IMT protocol to determine the best training load for recreational cyclists.
Methods: Thirty recreational cyclists (between 20-40 years) will be randomized into the SHAM Group (SG), the PThC Group (PCG) and the 60% of MIP Group (60G), according to age and aerobic functional capacity. All participants will undergo the following evaluations: pulmonary function test (PFT), respiratory muscle strength test (RMS), cardiopulmonary test (CPET), incremental respiratory muscle endurance test (iRME) [maximal sustained respiratory pressure for 1 minute (PThMAX)] and constant load test (CLT) (95%, 100% and 105% of PThMÁX) using a linear load inspiratory resistor (PowerBreathe K5). The PThC will be calculated from the inspiratory muscle endurance time (TLIM) and inspiratory loads of each CLT. The IMT will last 11 weeks (3 times/week and 1 hour/session). The session will consist of 5-minute warm-ups (50% of the training load) and 3 sets of 15-minute breaths (100% of the training load), with a 1-minute interval between them. RMS, iRME, CLT and CPET will be performed beforehand, at week 3 and 7 (to adjust the training load) and after training. PFT will be performed before and after training. The data will be analyzed using specific statistical tests (parametric or non-parametric) according to the data distribution and their respective variances. The p <0.05 will be established.
Discussions: It is expected that the results of this study will enable the training performed with PThC to be used by health professionals as a new tool to evaluate and prescribe IMT. Clinical Trial: ClinicalTrial.gov, ID Number NCT02984189. Registered on December 6, 2016, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02984189.
Keywords: Physical Exercise, Physiotherapy, Physical Performance, Critical Power, Respiratory Muscle
Excess Nitrogen Exceeds the European Standards in Lettuce Grown under Greenhouse Conditions
Authors: Aydinsakir Koksal , Karaca Cihan , Ozkan Cevdet Fehmi , Dinc Nazmi , Buyuktas Dursun , Isik Mesut 
Published: January 2019

Core Ideas

Lettuce yield was decreased by excessive nitrogen fertilization.
Deficit irrigation did not cause a decrease in yield.
Temperatures, photoperiod, and sunshine duration decreased the nitrate accumulation.
Nitrogen is one of the most important plant nutrients for lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Kitare). However, excess use of N causes environmental and health problems. In this study, the response of lettuce plants to different amount of N and irrigation levels were studied. The experiment was conducted under glasshouse conditions for winter and spring growing seasons in Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute (BATEM), Antalya, Turkey. This study used a factorial design with three replications. Plant evapotranspiration varied from 14.4 to 28.8 and 16.3 to 32.6 L plant–1 in winter and spring, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer levels affected lettuce yield in both growing seasons, whereas irrigation levels did not impact yield. The average yield varied from 354 to 472 g plant–1 in the winter growing season and from 333 to 611 g plant–1 in the spring growing season. The nitrate concentration in lettuce leaves increased with N rate and irrigation level, and was lower in spring than winter. The average nitrate accumulation varied from 4000 to 6000 and 2100 to 3600 mg kg–1, in the winter and spring growing season, respectively, exceeding the health standards of the European Union.
Formulation of Dry Powder Inhaler of Anti-tuberculous Drugs Using Spray Drying Technique and Optimization Using 23 Level Factorial Design Approach
Authors: Thakkar Vaishali , Pandey Ekta , Pandya Tosha , Shah Purvi , Patel Asha , Trivedi Roma , Gohel Mukesh , Baldaniya Lalji , Gandhi Tejal 
Published: January 2019

Background:
Targeting anti-tubercular therapeutics to alveolar macrophages
using microparticles technology mainly focuses on increasing local concentrations of
therapeutics and potentially reducing the frequency of dosing requirements. Rifampicin
(RIF), Ofloxacin (OFX) and Ethambutol (ETH) combination show synergism.

Objective:
In light of the above facts, the focus of the present study was to develop and
characterize novel Dry powder Inhaler formulation incorporating novel drug combination
as a pulmonary delivery for the effective eradication of Tuberculosis.

Method:
Biodegradable microparticles containing RIF, OFX and ETH were prepared by a
spray drying technique using PLGA polymer through the critical process as well as
polymer attributes were screened and optimized using 23 factorial design. The identified
critical process parameters (CPP’s) viz. Inlet temperature, Aspiration rate, and feed rate
were selected as independent variables while percentage yield, percentage entrapment
efficiency, and particle size were selected as a response. The formulated microparticles
were evaluated for particle size, drug-polymer compatibility study, aerodynamic
behavior, morphology, particle size distribution, crystallinity, residual solvent content,
in-vitro drug release study, and stability study.

Results:
By choosing the optimum spray drying conditions maximum yield of 73%, entrapment
efficiency of 86% and particle size of 1.4 μm was attained of the optimized
batch. Thus the results revealed that spherical microparticles are suitable for inhalation
and sustained release for 12 h.

Conclusion:
The successful formulation and evaluation of dry powder could be used as
an enhanced therapeutic alternative of the standard oral anti-tubercular regimen, rescuing
oral dosing, shortening drug regimen and limiting toxicity. This will ultimately improve
patient compliance and diminish the prevalence of MDR resistance.
Community Engagement in the Development of an mHealth-Enabled Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health Intervention (Step It Up): Pilot Focus Group Study
Authors: Ceasar Joniqua Nashae , Claudel Sophie Elizabeth , Andrews Marcus R , Tamura Kosuke , Mitchell Valerie , Brooks Alyssa T , Dodge Tonya , El-Toukhy Sherine , Farmer Nicole , Middleton Kimberly , Sabado-Liwag Melanie , Troncoso Melissa , Wallen Gwenyth R , Powell-Wiley Tiffany M 
Published: January 2019

Background
Community-based participatory research is an effective tool for improving health outcomes in minority communities. Few community-based participatory research studies have evaluated methods of optimizing smartphone apps for health technology-enabled interventions in African Americans.

Objective
This study aimed to utilize focus groups (FGs) for gathering qualitative data to inform the development of an app that promotes physical activity (PA) among African American women in Washington, DC.

Methods
We recruited a convenience sample of African American women (N=16, age range 51-74 years) from regions of Washington, DC metropolitan area with the highest burden of cardiovascular disease. Participants used an app created by the research team, which provided motivational messages through app push notifications and educational content to promote PA. Subsequently, participants engaged in semistructured FG interviews led by moderators who asked open-ended questions about participants’ experiences of using the app. FGs were audiorecorded and transcribed verbatim, with subsequent behavioral theory-driven thematic analysis. Key themes based on the Health Belief Model and emerging themes were identified from the transcripts. Three independent reviewers iteratively coded the transcripts until consensus was reached. Then, the final codebook was approved by a qualitative research expert.

Results
In this study, 10 main themes emerged. Participants emphasized the need to improve the app by optimizing automation, increasing relatability (eg, photos that reflect target demographic), increasing educational material (eg, health information), and connecting with community resources (eg, cooking classes and exercise groups).

Conclusions
Involving target users in the development of a culturally sensitive PA app is an essential step for creating an app that has a higher likelihood of acceptance and use in a technology-enabled intervention. This may decrease health disparities in cardiovascular diseases by more effectively increasing PA in a minority population.
MELANCOLIA. MELANCHOLY
Authors: Westphal Rejene Brito 
Published: January 2019

Na medida em que um planeta chamado Melancolia se desloca em direçãoà Terra, a narrativa fílmica vai revela uma visão pessimista em relação a sociedade. Mas, meu olhar ao colidir com o olhar contundente da obra, desterrito rializa-se, deslocando o pessimismo e a melancolia que se apresentam como sintomas do mal-estar do nosso tempo, para inaugurar outras possibilidades de ver. Se, por um lado, o diretor - Lars Von Trier - expõe a densidade de sentimentos que traduzem as angústias da vida contemporânea, por outro, cuida de emoldurá-los com cenários e sons de infinita beleza, dando-me a certeza de que a Terra não é de todo má e a vida vale a pena. O filme nos convida a pensar a função da educação. Como preparar indivíduos para o enfrentamento da vulnerabilidade da condição humana? Penso que o no sso desafio hoje, é educar para a lucidez, evitando assim a arrogância de acharmos que a vida está dada como verdade pronta e acabada.
“EU TÔ ASSUSTADO. NÃO QUERO SAIR DA MINHA ESCOLA.” REFLEXÕES SOBRE A TRANSIÇÃO DAS CRIANÇAS DA EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL PARA O PRIMEIRO ANO DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL. "I'M SCARED. I DO NOT WANT TO LEAVE MY SCHOOL ". REFLECTIONS ON THE TRANSITION OF CHILDREN IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION FOR THE FIRST YEAR OF FUNDAMENTAL EDUCATION.
Authors: Do Carmo Débora De Lima , Maia Maria Vitória Campos Mamede 
Published: January 2019

O artigo parte de um episódio de integração das crianças do último grupamento da Educação Infantil com alunos do primeiro ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma mesma instituição pública. Destacam-se alguns fios presentes nessa trama ao abordar a passagem da Educação Infantil para o primeiro ano enquanto inserção crítica que necessita de acolhimento. Fios que nos fazem problematizar e refletir sobre a importância do ambiente confiável, as barreiras de aprendizagem e o trabalho com o lúdico como possibilidade de uma transição que seja desejável pelas crianças. Além disso, busca-se nesse texto trazer a dimensão do cuidado numa perspectiva ética e política ao pensar nesse processo de transição das crianças entre esses dois segmentos.
ESCOLAS E UNIVERSIDADE PESQUISANDO A FORMAÇÃO DOCENTE. SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITY RESEARCHING TEACHER EDUCATION
Authors: Moreira Sueli De Lima 
Published: January 2019

A partir de contribuições de Gramsci (1978), Sousa Santos (2007) e Souza (2015), o trabalho articula alguns desafios para a produção crítica no Brasil contemporâneo entre os campos da Educação e das Ciências Sociais. Através de um Projeto de Extensão, um grupo de professores e estudantes de escolas e universidade pública, autointitulado Coletivo Investigador, desenvolveu o fórum de relações entre escolas e universidade com o objetivo de aproximar a pesquisa do cotidiano escolar na formação docente. A metodologia adotada foi a Pesquisa-Ação Pedagógica (PAPe) (FRANCO, 2016), experienciando processos de investigação coletiva. Os resultados indicam caminhos que colaboram para a superação de estruturas preestabelecidas quemarcam as relações escola-universidade.
Rolling Resistance Revisited
Authors: Li Yi , West Robert L. 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT
Rolling resistance defined as energy loss per unit distance is well accepted by the tire science community. It is commonly believed that the dominant part of energy loss into heat is caused by the viscoelasticity of rubber compounds for a free-rolling tire. To calculate the rolling loss (hysteretic loss) into heat, a method based on tire forces and moments has been developed to ease required measurements in a lab or field. This paper points out that, by this method, the obtained energy loss is not entirely converted into heat because a portion of the consumed power is used to compensate mechanical work. Moreover, that part of power cannot be separated out by tire forces and moments–based experimental methods. The researchers and engineers have mistakenly ignored this point for a long time. The finding was demonstrated by a comparative analysis of a rigid, pure elastic, and viscoelastic rolling body. This research mathematically proved that rolling loss into heat is not resolvable in terms of tire forces and moments with their associated velocities. The finite element model of a free-rolling tire was further exercised to justify the concept. These findings prompt revisiting rolling resistance in a new way from the energy perspective. Moreover, an extended definition of rolling resistance is proposed and backward compatible with its traditional definition as a resistive force.
Aplikasi Tester Softlens Pada Optik Berbasis Android
Authors: SYAPUTRI ELFANY RIZQI 
Published: January 2019

Penggunaan softlens atau lensa kontak yang menjadi penunjang daya tarik atau penampilan seseorang telah menjadi trending atau gaya hidup dalam kecantikan dikalangan masyarakat. Awalnya, softlens digunakan hanya untuk orang - orang yang menderita kurang penglihatan. Softlen memiliki fungsi yang sama dengan kacamata namun lensa kontak memiliki tampilan yang tak tampak dan lebih ringan digunakan oleh konsumen karena langsung dipasang pada kornea mata. Selain itu, lensa kontak yang memiliki banyak warna dan model ini menarik perhatian konsumen untuk lebih banyak mencoba mana yang terlihat bagus dimatanya. Untuk itu, menentukan warna dan model yang cocok konsumen harus mencoba tester softlen tersebut. Mencoba tester yang tidak diketahui steril dan aman untuk digunakan cukup berbahaya bagi kesehatan mata konsumen. Menurut pendapat salah satu dokter spesialis mata di RSUD dr Soetomo terdapat 50% pasien yang mengalami gangguan mata karena lensa kontak yang terkontaminasi oleh amoeba sedangkan 1% persen dari pasien mengalami gangguan berat yang menyebabkan kebutaan permanen. Dari masalah inilah saya mendapatkan ide untuk membuat system tester softlens di Optik. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode eksperimen dan metode pengembangan software yang digunakan yaitu metode waterfall. Di dalam aplikasi tester softlens ini memiliki tujuan untuk konsumen dapat mencoba tester softlens tanpa mencoba langsung di mata dan menghemat biaya untuk tester.
Interactive technologies of teaching Russian as a foreign language for medical students
Authors: Goncharenko N. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The paper discusses the new interactive technologies in teaching Russian as a foreign language. Based on a review of literature, research, theory, internet resources and current teaching practices the paper considers both theoretical and practical aspects of the usage of interactive technology in teaching Russian as a foreign language for medical students. The author demonstrates that learning Russian plays a vital role for foreign students studying medicine in Russia, being a prerequisite for their educational and professional work performance during their studies in a Russian university. The new modern technologies of teaching such as interactive teaching technologies largely contribute to the increase of foreign students’ motivation for learning the Russian language, particularly for medical and biological studies, and the efficiency of the learning process, as well as to the development of an active verbal communication during the classroom activities. Teaching experience demonstrates the effectiveness of interactive technologies for the development of speaking proficiency, interpersonal and communication skills. Based on the theory of teaching practice at a medical university and on the literature review as well, we specified the core characteristics of the interactive technologies compared to the traditional methods of teaching. Our review’s results make it possible to suggest that interactive technologies implementation should be based on mechanisms of dialogue, reflexivity and collaboration. These mechanisms contribute to the formation of the communicative as well as professional competence of foreign students.
Using Adventure-based Therapy to Improve Emotional Awareness of Adolescents
Authors: Janse van Rensburg Marcell , Reyneke Roelof Petrus 
Published: January 2019

Children placed in child- and youth-care centres (CYCCs) have frequently been exposed to maltreatment and trauma. This often leads to negative, challenging and uncontrollable behaviour. In addition, the children usually lack the emotional skills necessary to function effectively. The aim of this quantitative research project, conducted in South Africa, was to investigate whether adventure-based therapy can improve the emotional awareness of adolescents residing in CYCCs. To achieve this, the experimental group was exposed to a 12-week adventure-based therapy programme. The adolescent levels of emotional awareness scale (ALEAS) was used to measure the emotional awareness of respondents using an experimental design (pretest-post-test control group design). The target population was adolescents between the ages of 14 and 18, living in CYCCs. Sixteen female respondents participated in this study. The research results indicated that the experimental group demonstrated a significant improvement (pÂ Ë‚Â .02) in their use of more emotive words, their expanded emotional vocabulary and generally higher levels of emotional awareness after the therapy. It is recommended that CYCCs use adventure-based therapy to increase the emotional awareness of adolescents in order to decrease behavioural problems and to improve the childrenâ€™s adaptation to CYCCs.
Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity and Its Corellation with Carbohydrate Intake in Advanced Lung Cancer Patients
Authors: Diella Claresta , Mudjihartini Ninik , Sunardi Diana , Chandra Dian Novita , Yulhasri Yulhasri , Jayusman Achmad Mulawarman 
Published: January 2019

Introduction : The aim of this study was to determine serum lactate dehydrogenase activity and its correlation with carbohydrate intake in advanced lung cancer patients at Dharmais National Cancer Hospital Jakarta. Cancer Cells are characterized by increase anaerobic glycolysis termed the Warburg effect with lactate as an end product, catalyzed by LDH enzyme. Activities of lactate in cancer influences on tumor growth initiation, survival, proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis. Serum LDH activity can be used as a diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive marker for tumor sensitivity and resistancy to therapy.Methods :56 subjects of advanced lung cancer from Dharmais National Cancer Hospital Jakarta were included in this cross sectional study. Subjects were recruited by consecutive sampling. Food intake of total carbohydrate was obtained by utilizing 24 hours food recall method. The activity of serum LDH (IU/L) was measured by using enzymatic spectrophotometry method on automated analyzer.Results :The mean of age subjects was 56,98 ± 10,36 years old and 55,4% were male. Carbohydrate intake based on 24 hours food recall was 57,64 ± 10,85%. The median of LDH activity was 541,5 (164–6539) IU/L, 60,7% was increase.Conclusion :This study showed medium negative significant correlation (p = 0,017, r = - 0,317) between total carbohydrate intake per day in grams with LDH serum activity. If carbohydrate source is reduced, the LDH enzyme will increase to keep the glycolysis process going. The results of this study indicate that an adequate carbohydrate needed in patients with cancer.