bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maintaining the dialogue
Authors: Orton Jane 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn 1999, Bridges To China, a 40-unit, intermediate level, Web-based course in Modern Standard Chinese was produced. The design drew on the work of Vygotsky, Bruner and Halliday for an integrated linguistic, learning and instructional framework. The course is now being extended to a standalone CD-ROM version, with consequent loss of peer interaction and live teacher guidance. Access to other people in joint involvement episodes (Schaffer, 1996) was fundamental to the goals of the original course. Consequently, attempts have been made to “maintain the dialogue” in the CD-ROM course. The paper will report the trialling of one such attempt: an innovative mode of self-assessment in tasks of length where the learner’s efforts are novel, using annotated sample texts generated by other students. The trials show that using annotated samples facilitated by the computer allows learners to assess their own work, learn a great deal from the language used by others, identify and even correct formal errors of their own, and enjoy contact with virtual classmates. The result means that a major limitation on CD-ROM CALL design can be considerably lessened.
Teaching Slavonic languages in Australia
Authors: Hill Peter 
Published: May 2018

The absence of suitable materials for use in beginners’ courses in Macedonian for Australian undergraduates has led to the production of an Australia-based audio-visual course. The development of this course has involved decisions that fall within the area of language planning. Macedonians in Australia are not normally very conversant with the Macedonian standard or “literary” language (MSL), which is, in any case, not very highly standardized. It still shows considerable variation in lexicon and syntax.
The MSL was chosen as the basis for the course, despite initial consideration being given to the idea that some form of dialectal language might be taught. The MSL Provides a neutral idiom that can serve people of different dialectal backgrounds. However, forms that are not likely to be accepted or even understood by large sections of the Macedonian communities in Australia are avoided. Colloquial, obsolescent and dialectal lexical items are included if they rate positively by this criterion.
Variable article use with acronyms and initialisms
Authors: Callegaro Elena , Clematide Simon , Hundt Marianne , Wick Sara 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Shortening is a common type of word-formation in many languages. Crystal (2008) distinguishes two kinds of abbreviation: initialisms and acronyms. Article use in English is variable with both acronyms and initialisms used as proper names (e.g. (the) UKIP, at the UN vs. at MIT). The question is whether variability is largely dependent on the semantics of the underlying full form (i.e. whether this is derived from a proper name or common noun) or whether the two types of abbreviation show different behaviour with respect to variable article use. This paper uses data from CoStEP, a new, word-aligned version of EuroParl, and a data-driven approach to investigate variable article use with abbreviations and their full forms uttered by English native speakers and compares the findings to data from parallel German and Italian corpora. The results show higher article variability in English and a marked preference for and near categorical article use in German and Italian. Furthermore, our evidence confirms that acronyms tend towards the proper name end of the cline, while initialisms behave syntactically more like common nouns.
Haphazard, Systematic, or Both?
Authors: Miller Banks , Curry Brett 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn 2006, the Bush administration directed nine US attorneys to resign. This decision was a partial cause of the attorney general’s departure from the administration, and it prompted investigations and congressional hearings. Seen as largely ad hoc, we argue that theory predicts a more systematic decision-making process. We investigate this empirically and find, consistent with literature on principal-agent theories and bureaucracy, that performance on easily monitored metrics and adverse-selection concerns predict the firings. We explore the implications of these findings for efforts to centralize decision-making in the Department of Justice and to exert political control over US attorneys.
PEPA test: fast and powerful differential analysis from relative quantitative proteomics data using shared peptides
Authors: Jacob Laurent , Combes Florence , Burger Thomas 
Published: May 2018

Summary
We propose a new hypothesis test for the differential abundance of proteins in mass-spectrometry based relative quantification. An important feature of this type of high-throughput analyses is that it involves an enzymatic digestion of the sample proteins into peptides prior to identification and quantification. Due to numerous homology sequences, different proteins can lead to peptides with identical amino acid chains, so that their parent protein is ambiguous. These so-called shared peptides make the protein-level statistical analysis a challenge and are often not accounted for. In this article, we use a linear model describing peptide–protein relationships to build a likelihood ratio test of differential abundance for proteins. We show that the likelihood ratio statistic can be computed in linear time with the number of peptides. We also provide the asymptotic null distribution of a regularized version of our statistic. Experiments on both real and simulated datasets show that our procedures outperforms state-of-the-art methods. The procedures are available via the pepa.test function of the DAPAR Bioconductor R package.
A Bayesian space–time model for clustering areal units based on their disease trends
Authors: Napier Gary , Lee Duncan , Robertson Chris , Lawson Andrew 
Published: May 2018

SummaryPopulation-level disease risk across a set of non-overlapping areal units varies in space and time, and a large research literature has developed methodology for identifying clusters of areal units exhibiting elevated risks. However, almost no research has extended the clustering paradigm to identify groups of areal units exhibiting similar temporal disease trends. We present a novel Bayesian hierarchical mixture model for achieving this goal, with inference based on a Metropolis-coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo ((MC)$^3$) algorithm. The effectiveness of the (MC)$^3$ algorithm compared to a standard Markov chain Monte Carlo implementation is demonstrated in a simulation study, and the methodology is motivated by two important case studies in the United Kingdom. The first concerns the impact on measles susceptibility of the discredited paper linking the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination to an increased risk of Autism and investigates whether all areas in the Scotland were equally affected. The second concerns respiratory hospitalizations and investigates over a 10 year period which parts of Glasgow have shown increased, decreased, and no change in risk.
A Turning IR Landscape in a Shifting Media Ecology: The State of IR Literature on New Media1
Authors: Jackson Susan T 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEach year the prevalence of digitized information becomes more entrenched, not least with the amount of activity on social media. Yet, new media studies pose a number of challenges to international relations scholarship, which are only beginning to be addressed. With some exceptions IR scholars who conduct this research tend to rely on traditional qualitative methods and have been hesitant to embrace interdisciplinary collaboration—especially with those disciplines outside of the social sciences—as well as methodological pluralism across interpretive and quantitative approaches within the social sciences. This tendency shows a general lack of understanding of what new/social media might mean, not only as a source of and tool for generating information but also as a structural factor in how we conduct IR research and practice international relations. In this way, social media can provoke IR scholars to ask questions about their own discipline. This article aims to address these challenges and to provide suggestions on how to bring structural aspects of new media into IR research. In particular, it incorporates ideas centered on the shifting media ecology as fundamental to examining these structural challenges in terms of practicing international relations and in the visual turn in IR.
Urinary peptidomic biomarkers of renal function in heart transplant recipients
Authors: Huang Qi-Fang , Zhang Zhen-Yu , Van Keer Jan , Trenson Sander , Nkuipou-Kenfack Esther , Yang Wen-Yi , Thijs Lutgarde , Vanhaecke Johan , Van Aelst Lucas N L , Van Cleemput Johan , Janssens Stefan , Verhamme Peter , Mischak Harald , Staessen Jan A 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) is common in patients after heart transplantation (HTx). We assessed whether in HTx recipients the proteomic urinary classifier CKD273 or sequenced urinary peptides revealing the parental proteins correlated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).MethodsIn 368 HTx patients, we measured the urinary peptidome and analysed CKD273 and 48 urinary peptides with a detectable signal in >95% of participants. After 9.1 months (median), eGFR and the urinary biomarkers were reassessed.ResultsIn multivariable Bonferroni-corrected analyses of the baseline data, a 1-SD increase in CKD273 was associated with a 11.4 [95% confidence interval (CI) 7.25–15.5] mL/min/1.73 m2 lower eGFR and an odds ratio of 2.63 (1.56–4.46) for having eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. While relating eGFR category at follow-up to baseline urinary biomarkers, CKD273 had higher (P = 0.007) area under the curve (0.75; 95% CI 0.70–0.80) than 24-h proteinuria (0.64; 95% CI 0.58–0.69), but additional adjustment for baseline eGFR removed significance of both biomarkers. In partial least squares analysis, the strongest correlates of the multivariable-adjusted baseline eGFR were fragments of collagen I (positive) and the mucin-1 subunit α (inverse). Associations between the changes in eGFR and the urinary markers were inverse for CKD273 and mucin-1 and positive for urinary collagen I.ConclusionsWith the exception of baseline eGFR, CKD273 was more closer associated with imminent renal dysfunction than 24-h proteinuria. Fragments of collagen I and mucin-1—respectively, positively and inversely associated with eGFR and change in eGFR—are single-peptide markers associated with renal dysfunction.
Bladder Cancer Drug Approved to Treat Stage III Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S. 
Published: May 2018

Imfinzi (durvalumab), a drug previously approved to treat locally advanced or metastatic bladder cancer, is now also approved to treat stage III non–small cell lung cancer with tumors that are unresectable and have not progressed after chemoradiation.New warnings for durvalumab include risk of infusion reactions and embryo–fetal toxicity.
Patients' Body Image Improves After Mohs Micrographic Surgery for Nonmelanoma Head and Neck Skin Cancer
Authors: Beal Brandon T. , White Emily K. , Behera Anit K. , Zavell Amy E. , McGuinness Ashley E. , Blangger Holly , Armbrecht Eric S. , Maher Ian A. 
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND
Most skin cancers occur on the head and neck, areas of the body that are significant to an individual's body image (BI) perception. Poor BI is a robust risk factor for depression and decreased quality of life. Thus, patients with nonmelanoma head and neck skin cancer (NMHNSC) may be more vulnerable to BI disturbance and the negative sequelae of poor BI.

OBJECTIVE
Describe the nature of BI concerns in patients diagnosed with NMHNSC and assess how BI changes with treatment.

METHODS AND MATERIALS
Patients undergoing Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) for NMHNSC completed assessments of BI and well-being before (N = 239) and 6 months after (N = 80) treatment with MMS. Demographic and tumor data were gathered through retrospective chart review.

RESULTS
Body image improved significantly 6 months after MMS, and the magnitude of this change was large (η2 = 0.18). Repair length (length of final scar irrespective of repair type) >4 cm predicted poorer BI at 6-month follow-up.

CONCLUSION
Patients' BI improves after treatment with MMS for NMHNSC.
A Review of the Use of Ultrasound for Skin Tightening, Body Contouring, and Cellulite Reduction in Dermatology
Authors: Juhász Margit , Korta Dorota , Mesinkovska Natasha Atanaskova 
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND
Ultrasound (US) technology uses acoustic waves to heat tissue, resulting in thermal damage and coagulative necrosis leading to the renewal of skin elasticity, body contouring, and destruction of cellulite.

OBJECTIVE
This review will discuss the use of US for skin tightening, body contouring/sculpting, and cellulite reduction.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A literature search identified studies using US for skin tightening, body contouring/sculpting, and cellulite reduction.

RESULTS
Two hundred thirty-one studies were identified using US technology. Twenty studies each were identified addressing body contouring/sculpting and skin tightening, and 2 studies for cellulite reduction. Ultrasound is efficacious for skin rejuvenation, body contouring, and reduction of cellulite of the face, décolletage, abdomen, and thighs. Ultrasound lipolysis results in a 2- to 4.6-cm decrease in abdominal circumference. Ultrasound is safe and can be used in all skin types with minimal concern for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation.

CONCLUSION
Ultrasound seems to be an efficacious, effective, and safe modality for correction of skin laxity, lipolysis, and decrease the appearance of cellulite. Adverse effects are minimal including procedural pain, postprocedure erythema, and swelling. Clinicians and patients are both satisfied with results after treatment. In this review, the authors will provide an update on the use of US in the dermatologic field.
Carboxytherapy Versus Skin Microneedling in Treatment of Atrophic Postacne Scars: A Comparative Clinical, Histopathological, and Histometrical Study
Authors: Moftah Noha H. , El Khayyat Mohammad A.M. , Ragai Maha H. , Alaa Heba 
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUNDAcne scarring has been a challenge to treat. Microneedling gained popularity in treatment of such scars. Meanwhile, carboxytherapy (CXT) is considered a novel treatment modality for acne scars.OBJECTIVETo evaluate efficacy of CXT versus microneedling in treatment of acne scars.METHODS AND MATERIALSThirty-two patients with atrophic acne scars received 6 sessions of microneedling and CXT on right and left sides of face, respectively. Clinical evaluation with histopathological and computerized morphometric analysis was performed at 2 months after treatment.RESULTSAfter either microneedling or CXT, there was significant decrease of total acne scars and its 3 types separately (icepicks, boxcar, and rolling) (p≤ .001). Comparing both sides of face, there was no significant difference regarding grading response and reduction percentage of total scars and its types (p> .05). Histopathologically, there was an improvement of character and organization of collagen and elastic fibers in addition to significant increase in epidermal thickness on both sides of face, with no significant difference between them (p> .05).CONCLUSIONBoth CXT and microneedling are equally effective, tolerable, safe, and noninvasive treatment modalities of atrophic acne scars. Similar histopathological changes were observed after both modalities, helping in better understanding their action.
Preliminary Evidence for Enhanced Thymine Absorption: A Putative New Phenotype Associated With Fluoropyrimidine Toxicity in Cancer Patients
Authors: Duley John A. , Ni Ming , Shannon Catherine , Norris Ross L. , Sheffield Leslie , Cowley David , Harris Marion , van Kuilenburg André B. P. , Helsby Nuala , George Rani , Charles Bruce G. 
Published: May 2018

Background:Chemotherapy for colorectal, head and neck, and breast cancer continues to rely heavily on 5-fluorouracil and its oral prodrug capecitabine. Associations of serious fluoropyrimidine adverse effects have focused on inherited deficiency of the catabolic enzyme, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. However, abnormal dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity accounts for only about one-third of observed toxicity cases. Thus, the cause of most fluorouracil toxicity cases remains unexplained.Methods:For this small cohort study, thymine (THY) 250 mg was administered orally to 6 patients who had experienced severe toxicity during treatment with 5FU or capecitabine. Plasma and urine were analyzed for THY and its catabolites dihydrothymine (DHT) and β-ureidoisobutyrate.Results:Of the 6 patients, 2 had decreased THY elimination and raised urinary THY recovery consistent with inherited partial dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency, confirmed byDPYDsequencing. Unexpectedly, 3 patients displayed grossly raised plasma THY concentrations but normal elimination profiles (compared with a normal range for healthy volunteers previously published by the authors).DPYDandDPYSsequencing of these 3 patients did not reveal any significant loss-of-activity allelic variants. The authors labeled the phenotype in these 3 patients as “enhanced thymine absorption”. Only 1 of the 6 cases of toxicity had a normal postdose plasma profile for THY and its catabolites. Postdose urine collections from all 6 patients had THY/DHT urinary ratios above 4.0, clearly separated from the ratios in healthy subjects that were all below 3.0.Conclusions:This small cohort provided evidence for a hypothesis that fluorouracil toxicity cases may include a previously undescribed pyrimidine absorption variant, “enhanced thymine absorption,” and elevated THY/DHT ratios in urine may predict fluorouracil toxicity. A prospective study is currently being conducted.
Introduction to four reviews addressing critical topics identified by the 2015 Nurse Practitioner Research Agenda Roundtable: Priorities for policy, workforce, education, and practice
Authors: Buchholz Susan W. , Klein Tracy , Cooke Cindy , Cook Michelle L. , Knestrick Joyce , Dickins Kirsten 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT

Background and Purpose:
In 2015, an invitational think tank was convened by the Fellows of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners to update the 2010 Nurse Practitioner (NP) Research Agenda Roundtable. This effort was undertaken to provide guidance for future health care research. The purpose of this article is to introduce the process used for conducting four reviews that address critical topics related to specific research priorities emanating from the 2015 NP Research Agenda Roundtable. The four reviews are published in this issue of Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners (JAANP) to address the state of current research relevant to NP policy, workforce, education, and practice.

Methods:
This introductory article provides an overview of the systematic process used to evaluate the four topical area. The type of review selected, the search strategy, critical appraisal, data extraction, and data synthesis will be further described in the four review articles.

Conclusions:
Four reviews that examine literature regarding specific aims important to NPs will address strengths as well as gaps in the literature.

Implications for Practice:
The knowledge offered by the four reviews has the potential to inform future research, which will benefit NPs and other health care stakeholders.
Optimizing adult diabetes care in community health
Authors: Nelson Elizabeth , Bobade Rohit , Hunt Vicki , Mundi Manpreet S. 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT

Background and purpose:
Diabetes mellitus is an epidemic. Many organizations and states have established reportable quality care measures. Our organization explored novel ways of chronic disease management. The purpose of this article is to decrease the percentage of patients with a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) more than 8%.

Methods:
Prospective, pre- and postintervention, quality improvement project was implemented in the Employee and Community Health Clinic using an endocrinology nurse practitioner (NP) to coordinate and provide care to adult patients with diabetes. A convenience sample of 103 patients with diabetes was selected for this project. Patients were excluded from the project if they did not complete preintervention satisfaction surveys or did not sign research release forms.

Conclusions:
One hundred three patients were referred, and two met exclusion criteria. Of those patients, 51% were female with an average HbA1c of 9.1%. Eighty-one of the referred patients attended their appointment. The patients who sought care had a reduction in HbA1c from 9.0% ± 1.8% to 8.3% ± 1.7% (p value < .001). Patients who did not appear had no significant change in their HbA1c from 9.8% ± 3.1% to 9.4% ± 2.7% (p value = .61).

Implications for practice:
Incorporating specialty trained NPs can lead to improvements in HbA1c, patient-reported control of diabetes, and a reduction in the frequency of hypoglycemia.
MicroRNAs: markers of β-cell stress and autoimmunity
Authors: Dotta Francesco , Ventriglia Giuliana , Snowhite Isaac V. , Pugliese Alberto 
Published: May 2018

Purpose of review
We discuss current knowledge about microRNAs (miRNAs) in type 1 diabetes (T1D), an autoimmune disease leading to severe loss of pancreatic β-cells. We describe: the role of cellular miRNAs in regulating immune functions and pathways impacting insulin secretion and β-cell survival; circulating miRNAs as disease biomarkers.

Recent findings
Studies examined miRNAs in experimental models and patients, including analysis of tissues from organ donors, peripheral blood cells, and circulating miRNAs in serum, plasma, and exosomes. Studies employed diverse designs and methodologies to detect miRNAs and measure their levels. Selected miRNAs have been linked to the regulation of key biological pathways and disease pathogenesis; several circulating miRNAs are associated with having T1D, islet autoimmunity, disease progression, and immune and metabolic functions, for example, C-peptide secretion, in multiple studies.

Summary
A growing literature reveals multiple roles of miRNAs in T1D, provide new clues into the regulation of disease mechanisms, and identify reproducible associations. Yet challenges remain, and the field will benefit from joint efforts to analyze results, compare methodologies, formally test the robustness of miRNA associations, and ultimately move towards validating robust miRNA biomarkers.
Monogenic diabetes: the impact of making the right diagnosis
Authors: Harris Anastasia G. , Letourneau Lisa R. , Greeley Siri Atma W. 
Published: May 2018

Purpose of review
Monogenic forms of diabetes have received increased attention and genetic testing is more widely available; however, many patients are still misdiagnosed as having type 1 (T1D) or type 2 diabetes. This review will address updates to monogenic diabetes prevalence, identification, treatment, and genetic testing.

Recent findings
The creation of a T1D genetic risk score and the use of noninvasive urinary C-peptide creatinine ratios have provided new tools to aid in the discrimination of possible monogenic diabetes from likely T1D. Early, high-dose sulfonylurea treatment in infants with a KCNJ11 or ABCC8 mutation continues to be well tolerated and effective. As the field moves towards more comprehensive genetic testing methods, there is an increased opportunity to identify novel genetic causes. Genetic testing results continue to allow for personalized treatment but should provide patient information at an appropriate health literacy level.

Summary
Although there have been clinical and genetic advances in monogenic diabetes, patients are still misdiagnosed. Improved insurance coverage of genetic testing is needed. The majority of data on monogenic diabetes has been collected from Caucasian populations, therefore, research studies should endeavor to include broader ethnic and racial diversity to provide comprehensive information for all populations.