bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and safety of perampanel oral loading in postanoxic super‐refractory status epilepticus: A pilot study
Authors: Beretta Simone , Padovano Giada , Stabile Andrea , Coppo Anna , Bogliun Graziella , Avalli Leonello , Ferrarese Carlo 
Published: August 2018

SummaryRefractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) occurs in 10%‐30% of patients following resuscitation after cardiac arrest. Both the optimal treatment and prognosis of postanoxic status epilepticus remain uncertain. We analyzed acute electroencephalographic changes, neurological outcome at 3 months, and adverse effects in consecutive postanoxic patients with super‐refractory NCSE treated with add‐on oral loading of perampanel. Eight postanoxic patients with super‐refractory NCSE were treated with perampanel (dose range = 6‐12 mg). All patients had continuous electroencephalographic monitoring showing definite generalized NCSE and favorable multimodal prognostic indicators (presence of brainstem reflexes, presence of bilateral N20 responses, absence of periodic discharges/generalized epileptic periodic discharges). In six patients (75%), status epilepticus resolved within 72 hours after administration of perampanel, without changing the comedication. Neurological outcomes at 3 months were return to normal or minimal disability in four patients (50%). A mild cholestatic liver injury, which required no specific treatment, was observed in five patients (62.5%). Perampanel 6‐12 mg oral loading appeared to be an effective option in selected patients with postanoxic super‐refractory NCSE with good prognostic indicators. In this patient population, our safety data indicate a risk of cholestasis.
Neuroimaging of status epilepticus
Authors: Meletti Stefano , Monti Giulia , Mirandola Laura , Vaudano Anna Elisabetta , Giovannini Giada 
Published: August 2018

SummaryIn the past 2 decades we have observed an extensive use of different neuroimaging techniques to evaluate patients with status epilepticus. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in particular may show a broad spectrum of abnormalities that are either the causes or the consequences of sustained epileptic activity. Neuroimaging techniques can offer a contribution both in the clinical management of individual patients, identifying hemodynamic patterns that support the diagnosis, and also in the recognition of periictal reversible or irreversible alterations. For the future it is necessary to develop larger and prospective studies in which imaging techniques and electroencephalography (EEG) recordings are acquired closely to understand which EEG patterns are related to imaging biomarkers of neuronal damage.
Behavioural impacts of trematodes on their snail host: Species‐specific effects or generalised response?
Authors: Rosenkranz Micha , Poulin Robert , Selbach Christian 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBehavioural changes induced by parasites are extremely common, but their ultimate causes are often difficult to determine: they may represent adaptive manipulation by the parasite, adaptive responses by the host, or non‐adaptive side‐effects of infection. Contrasting the impacts of different parasites on the same host species offers an opportunity to test for species‐specific changes in host behaviour, which are less likely to be general side‐effects. Here, we tested the impacts of three trematode species (Apatemonsp. I, Plagiorchioid sp. I, andMaritrema poulini) on movement, microhabitat choice and responses to predator cues of their common intermediate host, the freshwater snailPotamopyrgus antipodarum. All three trematodes cause the castration of their host, and thus adaptive host responses to infection can be ruled out. In laboratory trials, snails infected withApatemonsp. I moved a shorter total distance during the experimental period than uninfected control snails. However, all three trematode species similarly neutralised the attraction to lighted areas shown by uninfected snails, and none of the trematodes affected the time spent moving by their host or its responses to predator cues. Overall, there was little evidence for species‐specific effects on host behaviour by the three different trematode species in the same snail host. The single difference in induced behavioural change, involving one trematode species and one specific behavioural measure, is insufficient to reject the hypothesis that the behavioural impacts on the snail host are general and non‐adaptive by‐products of trematode infection.
Stock status and reference points for sharks using data‐limited methods and life history
Authors: Cortés Enric , Brooks Elizabeth N. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWorldwide, many shark populations are classified as data poor, making it difficult to assess their status. However, for many sharks, their longevity, late maturation and low production of pups make them highly vulnerable to exploitation and highlight the need to assess their status. We compared reference points and stock status estimated from full stock assessments for 33 shark populations with those derived analytically, empirically or through simulation. There was excellent agreement between overfished status estimated from an assessment and determined from analytical methods using life history and an index of abundance; in 70% of cases, the analytical estimate of status was robust to assumptions of initial index depletion. We reviewed the ratio between fishing mortality atMSY(FMSY) and natural mortality (M) for chondrichthyans, from published studies and shark stock assessments. We then compared conclusions on overfishing status from the stock assessments to those derived withFMSYproxies and found very good agreement. Finally, we conducted a simulation study across representative life‐history parameters and different fishery selectivity patterns to explore the resulting range ofFMSYtoMratios. As a rule of thumb,FMSYshould not exceed 0.20Mfor low productivity stocks, 0.50Mfor stocks of intermediate productivity and 0.80Mfor the most productive shark stocks when immature individuals are harvested, which is the norm in the vast majority of cases examined. A triage method is proposed that provides a roadmap for using these data‐limited methods as an initial step towards assessment of stock status and sustainability of chondrichtyans.
Absence of hexose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase results in reduced overall glucose consumption but does not prevent 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase‐1‐dependent glucocorticoid activation
Authors: Marbet Philippe , Klusonova Petra , Birk Julia , Kratschmar Denise V. , Odermatt Alex 
Published: August 2018

Hexose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PD) is thought to be the major source of NADPH within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), determining 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β‐HSD1) reaction direction to convert inert 11‐oxo‐ to potent 11β‐hydroxyglucocorticoids. Here, we tested the hypothesis whether H6pd knock‐out (KO) in primary murine bone marrow‐derived macrophages results in a switch from 11β‐HSD1 oxoreduction to dehydrogenation, thereby inactivating glucocorticoids (GC) and affecting macrophage phenotypic activation as well as causing a more aggressive M1 macrophage phenotype. H6pdKO did not lead to major disturbances of macrophage activation state, although a slightly more pronounced M1 phenotype was observed with enhanced proinflammatory cytokine release, an effect explained by the decreased 11β‐HSD1‐dependent GC activation. Unexpectedly, ablation of H6pd did not switch 11β‐HSD1 reaction direction. A moderately decreased 11β‐HSD1 oxoreduction activity by 40–50% was observed in H6pdKO M1 macrophages but dehydrogenation activity was undetectable, providing strong evidence for the existence of an alternative source of NADPH in the ER. H6pdKO M1 activated macrophages showed decreased phagocytic activity, most likely a result of the reduced 11β‐HSD1‐dependent GC activation. Other general macrophage functions reported to be influenced by GC, such as nitrite production and cholesterol efflux, were altered negligibly or not at all. Importantly, assessment of energy metabolism using an extracellular flux analyzer and lactate measurements revealed reduced overall glucose consumption in H6pdKO M1 activated macrophages, an effect that was GC independent. The GC‐independent influence of H6PD on energy metabolism and the characterization of the alternative source of NADPH in the ER warrant further investigations.Enzymes11β‐HSD1, EC 1.1.1.146; H6PD, EC 1.1.1.47.
Extreme flooding decreases stream consumer autochthony by increasing detrital resource availability
Authors: Larson Erin I. , Poff N. LeRoy , Atkinson Carla L. , Flecker Alexander S. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Extreme disturbances, those high magnitude events that are statistically rare in a particular system, may affect consumer resource use through multiple mechanisms, such as differential consumer mortality and modified resource availability and quality. Documenting the ecological importance of these rare events is difficult, but essential, as the frequency of extreme events is predicted to increase under many climate change scenarios.

We quantified changes in stream insect resource use following intense, nonseasonal flooding in the Rocky Mountains of northern Colorado during September 2013. We hypothesised that taxonomic identity, functional feeding group membership and disturbance‐caused alterations in resource quantity and quality (C:N ratios) would determine consumer reliance on autochthonous and allochthonous resources and community structure following the disturbance.

In summer 2014, we collected basal resources and stream insects for carbon, nitrogen and deuterium bulk stable isotope analysis, and community composition. Basal resource quantity and quality (C:N ratios) were collected at seven headwater streams along a 2013 flood intensity gradient.

Using stable isotope mixing models, we analysed consumer autochthony. We also used baseline community composition data from 2011 to compare functional feeding group abundance prior to and following the flood events.

We found that consumer resource use was primarily associated with detrital resource quantity, which was positively correlated with disturbance intensity and elevation. Functional feeding group membership did not predict resource use. However, consumers in functional feeding groups did experience differential mortality following flooding. Herbivore relative abundance significantly declined along the disturbance gradient, and predator relative abundance generally declined across all streams from 2011 to 2014.

Our results suggest that changes in resource quantity from extreme disturbances can be associated with shifts in consumer resource use. Following this flood event, detritus standing stocks increased, resulting in a concomitant increase in consumer reliance on allochthonous sources.
Moisture‐mediated responsiveness of treeline shifts to global warming in the Himalayas
Authors: Sigdel Shalik Ram , Wang Yafeng , Camarero Jesus Julio , Zhu Haifeng , Liang Eryuan , Peñuelas Josep 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAmong forest ecosystems, the alpine treeline ecotone can be considered to be a simplified model to study global ecology and climate change. Alpine treelines are expected to shift upwards in response to global warming given that tree recruitment and growth are assumed to be mainly limited by low temperatures. However, little is known whether precipitation and temperature interact to drive long‐term Himalayan treeline dynamics. Tree growth is affected by spring rainfall in the central Himalayan treelines, being good locations for testing if, in addition to temperature, precipitation mediates treeline dynamics. To test this hypothesis, we reconstructed spatiotemporal variations in treeline dynamics in 20 plots located at six alpine treeline sites, dominated by two tree species (birch, fir), and situated along an east–west precipitation gradient in the central Himalayas. Our reconstructions evidenced that treelines shifted upward in response to recent climate warming, but their shift rates were primarily mediated by spring precipitation. The rate of upward shift was higher in the wettest eastern Himalayas, suggesting that its ascent rate was facilitated by spring precipitation. The drying tendency in association with the recent warming trends observed in the central Himalayas, however, will likely hinder an upslope advancement of alpine treelines and promote downward treeline shifts if moisture availability crosses a critical minimum threshold. Our study highlights the complexity of plant responses to climate and the need to consider multiple climate factors when analyzing treeline dynamics.
Mismatch in elevational shifts between satellite observed vegetation greenness and temperature isolines during 2000–2016 on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: An Shuai , Zhu Xiaolin , Shen Miaogen , Wang Yafeng , Cao Ruyin , Chen Xuehong , Yang Wei , Chen Jin , Tang Yanhong 
Published: August 2018

AbstractClimate warming on the Tibetan Plateau tends to induce an uphill shift of temperature isolines. Observations and process‐based models have both shown that climate warming has resulted in an increase in vegetation greenness on the Tibetan Plateau in recent decades. However, it is unclear whether the uphill shift of temperature isolines has caused greenness isolines to shift upward and whether the two shifts match each other. Our analysis of satellite observed vegetation greenness during the growing season (May–Sep) and gridded climate data for 2000–2016 documented a substantial mismatch between the elevational shifts of greenness and temperature isolines. This mismatch is probably associated with a lagging response of greenness to temperature change and with the elevational gradient of greenness. The lagging response of greenness may be associated with water limitation, resources availability, and acclimation. This lag may weaken carbon sequestration by Tibetan ecosystems, given that greenness is closely related to primary carbon uptake and ecosystem respiration increases exponentially with temperature. We also found that differences in terrain slope angle accounted for large spatial variations in the elevational gradient of greenness and thus the velocity of elevational shifts of greenness isolines and the sensitivity of elevational shifts of greenness isolines to temperature, highlighting the role of terrain effects on the elevational shifts of greenness isolines. The mismatches and the terrain effect found in this study suggest that there is potentially large micro‐topographical difference in response and acclimation/adaptation of greenness to temperature changes in plants. More widespread in situ measurements and fine‐resolution remote sensing observations and fine‐gridded climate data are required to attribute the mismatch to specific environmental drivers and ecological processes such as vertical changes in community structure, plant physiology, and distribution of species.
Towards Quantifying the Likelihood of Water Resource Impacts from Unconventional Gas Development
Authors: Shanafield Margaret , Cook Peter G. , Simmons Craig T. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractGas production from unconventional reservoirs has led to widespread environmental concerns. Despite several excellent reviews of various potential impacts to water resources from unconventional gas production, no study has systematically and quantitatively assessed the potential for these impacts to occur. We use empirical evidence and numerical and analytical models to quantify the likelihood of surface water and groundwater contamination, and shallow aquifer depletion from unconventional gas developments. These likelihoods are not intended to be exact. They provide a starting point for comparing the probabilities of adverse impacts between types of water resources and pathways. This analysis provides much needed insight into what are “probable” rather than simply “possible” impacts. The results suggest that the most likely water resource impacts are surface water and groundwater contamination from spills at the well pad, which can be as high as 1 in 10 and 1 in 100 for each gas well, respectively. For wells that are hydraulically fractured, the likelihood of contamination due to inter‐aquifer leakage is 1 in 106 or lower (dependent on the separation distance between the production formation and the aquifer). For gas‐bearing formations that were initially over‐pressurized, the potential for contamination from inter‐aquifer leakage after production ceases could be as high as 1 in 400 where the separation between gas formation and shallow aquifer is 500 m, but will be much lower for greater separation distances (more characteristic of shale gas).
A 5‐facet framework to describe patient engagement in patient safety
Authors: Duhn Lenora , Medves Jennifer 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundHealth care remains unacceptably error prone. Recently, efforts to address this problem have included the patient and their family as partners with providers in harm prevention. Policymakers and clinicians have created patient safety strategies to encourage patient engagement, yet they have typically not included patient perspectives in their development or been comprehensively evaluated. We do not have a good understanding of “if” and “how” patients want involvement in patient safety during clinical interactions.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to gain insight into patients’ perspectives about their knowledge, comfort level and behaviours in promoting their safety while receiving health care in hospital.MethodsThe study design was a descriptive, exploratory qualitative approach to inductively examine how adult patients in a community hospital describe health‐care safety and see their role in preventing error.ResultsThe findings, which included participation of 30 patients and four family members, indicate that although there are shared themes that influence a patient's engagement in safety, beliefs about involvement and actions taken are varied. Five conceptual themes emerged from their narratives: Personal Capacity, Experiential Knowledge, Personal Character, Relationships and Meaning of Safety.DiscussionThese results will be used to develop and test a pragmatic, accessible tool to enable providers a way to collaborate with patients for determining their personal level and type of safety involvement.ConclusionThe most ethical and responsible approach to health‐care safety is to consider every potential way for improvement. This study provides fundamental insights into the complexity of patient engagement in safety.
Osteoblastoma‐like osteosarcoma: high‐grade or low‐grade osteosarcoma?
Authors: Gambarotti Marco , Dei Tos Angelo P , Vanel Daniel , Picci Piero , Gibertoni Dino , Klein Michael J , Righi Alberto 
Published: August 2018

AimsOsteoblastoma‐like osteosarcoma is a rare variant of osteosarcoma (1% of all osteosarcomas), histologically similar to osteoblastoma. In the current World Health Organisation (WHO) classification, osteoblastoma‐like osteosarcoma is classified within the group of conventional (high‐grade) osteosarcomas. However, several published cases have been actually regarded as low‐grade malignant tumours. As strict morphological criteria to distinguish between low‐ and high‐grade lesions are not available, we reviewed our series of osteoblastoma‐like osteosarcomas in the attempt to identify clinical and morphological features predictive of aggressiveness.Methods and resultsWe retrieved 15 cases of osteoblastoma‐like osteosarcoma from the files of the Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli. Patients received various treatments. Five patients developed metastasis and five patients developed local recurrences (all after incomplete surgery). Eleven patients were alive without disease, while four patients died of their disease. Statistical analysis revealed a statistically significant (P = 0.048) lower disease‐free survival in patients with areas of conventional (high‐grade) osteosarcoma.ConclusionsWith the important limitation of a small cohort of patients, the presence of areas of conventional (high‐grade) osteosarcoma is the only parameter to predict the aggressiveness of osteoblastoma‐like osteosarcoma.
A structural equation model to predict pre‐exposure prophylaxis acceptability in men who have sex with men in Leicester, UK
Authors: Jaspal R , Lopes B , Bayley J , Papaloukas P 
Published: August 2018

ObjectivesPre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective HIV prevention tool for high‐risk men who have sex with men (MSM). However, acceptability and uptake have been variable. This study explored the factors that predict PrEP acceptability in MSM in Leicester, where HIV prevalence is double the national average.MethodsA total of 191 HIV‐negative MSM completed a cross‐sectional survey. Participants provided demographic information, and completed measures of HIV knowledge, perceived HIV risk, engagement in sexual risk behaviour, acquisition of a sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the last 12 months, frequency of HIV testing and PrEP acceptability.ResultsKruskal–Wallis tests showed statistically significant effects of sexual orientation, education level and income, respectively, on HIV knowledge. Gay‐identified individuals possessed greater HIV knowledge than bisexuals. Respondents with General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE)‐level education had significantly less HIV knowledge than those educated to postgraduate level. Respondents with income of < £10 000 possessed significantly less HIV knowledge than higher income groups. Structural equation modelling showed that the relationship between HIV knowledge and PrEP acceptability was mediated by perceived HIV risk, engagement in sexual risk behaviour, acquisition of an STI in the past 12 months and frequency of HIV testing.ConclusionsThe results reveal socio‐economic inequalities in HIV knowledge and HIV testing, and suggest that MSM who have high levels of HIV knowledge and perceived HIV risk and who regularly test for HIV are most likely to endorse PrEP as personally beneficial. HIV knowledge and accurate risk appraisal should be promoted in MSM. The HIV testing context constitutes an ideal context for promoting PrEP to high‐risk MSM.
The effect of central administration of alpha‐pinene on capsaicin‐induced dental pulp nociception
Authors: Rahbar I. , Abbasnejad M. , Haghani J. , Raoof M. , Kooshki R. , Esmaeili‐Mahani S. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAimTo assess the effects of central administration of α‐pinene alone and in combination with either bicuculline or naloxone, as GABAA and μ‐opioid receptor antagonists, respectively, on capsaicin‐induced dental pulp stimulation in rats.MethodologyForty‐eight adult male Wistar rats aged 2 months (230–270 g) were cannulated via their lateral ventricles for the central administration of the drugs. α‐Pinene was injected at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 μmol L−1. Then, dental pulp stimulation was induced by intradental application of capsaicin solution (100 μg), and nociceptive scores were recorded for up to 40 min. For investigation of the anti‐inflammatory effects of α‐pinene, expression of COX‐2 in the subnucleolus caudalis (Vc) of rats was determined using immunofluorescence staining. Nonparametric repeated measure Friedman and Kruskal–Wallis tests as well as parametric one‐way analysis of variance were used for the statistical analysis.Resultsα‐Pinene at 0.2 and 0.4 μmol L−1 was able to decrease capsaicin‐induced nociception. Moreover, there was a significant increase in the expression of COX‐2‐positive cells in the Vc of capsaicin‐treated rats (P < 0.01). This effect was prohibited by α‐pinene (0.4 μmol L−1). Co‐administration of bicuculline (1 μg per rat) or naloxone (6 μg per rat) with α‐pinene (0.4 μmol L−1), however, prevented the inhibitory effects of α‐pinene on both capsaicin‐induced pulp nociception and COX‐2 over‐expression.ConclusionsPinene exhibited significant curable effects on capsaicin‐induced pulpal nociception and inflammation mainly via pharmacological interfacing with GABAA and μ‐opioid receptors.