bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The 0.8–4.5 μm Broadband Transmission Spectra of TRAPPIST-1 Planets
Authors: Ducrot E. , Sestovic M. , Morris B. M. , Gillon M. , Triaud A. H. M. J. , De Wit J. , Thimmarayappa D. , Agol E. , Almleaky Y. , Burdanov A. , Burgasser A. J. , Delrez L. , Demory B-O. , Jehin E. , Leconte J. , McCormac J. , Murray C. , Queloz D. , Selsis F. , Thompson S. , Van Grootel V. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The TRAPPIST-1 planetary system provides an exceptional opportunity for the atmospheric characterization of temperate terrestrial exoplanets with the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Assessing the potential impact of stellar contamination on the planets’ transit transmission spectra is an essential precursor to this characterization. Planetary transits themselves can be used to scan the stellar photosphere and to constrain its heterogeneity through transit depth variations in time and wavelength. In this context, we present our analysis of 169 transits observed in the optical from space with K2 and from the ground with the SPECULOOS and Liverpool telescopes. Combining our measured transit depths with literature results gathered in the mid-/near-IR with Spitzer/IRAC and HST/WFC3, we construct the broadband transmission spectra of the TRAPPIST-1 planets over the 0.8–4.5 μm spectral range. While planet b, d, and f spectra show some structures at the 200–300 ppm level, the four others are globally flat. Even if we cannot discard their instrumental origins, two scenarios seem to be favored by the data: a stellar photosphere dominated by a few high-latitude giant (cold) spots, or, alternatively, by a few small and hot (3500–4000 K) faculae. In both cases, the stellar contamination of the transit transmission spectra is expected to be less dramatic than predicted in recent papers. Nevertheless, based on our results, stellar contamination can still be of comparable or greater order than planetary atmospheric signals at certain wavelengths. Understanding and correcting the effects of stellar heterogeneity therefore appears essential for preparing for the exploration of TRAPPIST-1 with JWST.
Active Modes and Dynamical Balances in MRI Turbulence of Keplerian Disks with a Net Vertical Magnetic Field
Authors: Gogichaishvili D. , Mamatsashvili G. , Horton W. , Chagelishvili G. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
We studied dynamical balances in magnetorotational instability (MRI) turbulence with a net vertical field in the shearing box model of disks. Analyzing the turbulence dynamics in Fourier (

-)space, we identified three types of active modes that define the turbulence characteristics. These modes have lengths similar to the box size, i.e., lie in the small wavenumber region in Fourier space labeled “the vital area” and are (i) the channel mode, uniform in the disk plane with the smallest vertical wavenumber; (ii) the zonal flow mode, azimuthally and vertically uniform with the smallest radial wavenumber; and (iii) the rest (parasitic) modes. The rest modes comprise those harmonics in the vital area whose energies reach more than 50% of the maximum spectral energy. The rest modes individually are not so significant compared to the channel and zonal flow modes; however, the combined action of their multitude is dominant over these two modes. These three mode types are governed by the interplay of the linear and nonlinear processes, leading to their interdependent dynamics. The linear processes consist of disk flow nonmodality modified classical MRI with a net vertical field. The main nonlinear process is the transfer of modes over wavevector angles in Fourier space—the transverse cascade. The channel mode exhibits episodic bursts supplied by linear MRI growth, while the nonlinear processes mostly oppose this, draining the channel energy and redistributing it to the rest modes. As for the zonal flow, it does not have a linear source and is fed by nonlinear interactions of the rest modes.
Signatures of the Disk–Jet Coupling in the Broad-line Radio Quasar 4C+74.26
Authors: Bhatta G. , Stawarz Ł. , Markowitz A. , Balasubramaniam K. , Zola S. , Zdziarski A. A. , Jamrozy M. , Ostrowski M. , Kuzmicz A. , Ogłoza W. , Dróżdż M. , Siwak M. , Kozieł-Wierzbowska D. , Debski B. , Kundera T. , Stachowski G. , Machalski J. , Paliya V. S. , Caton D. B. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
We explore the disk–jet connection in the broad-line radio quasar 4C+74.26, utilizing the results of multiwavelength monitoring of the source. The target is unique in that its radiative output at radio wavelengths is dominated by a moderately beamed nuclear jet, at optical frequencies by the accretion disk, and in the hard X-ray range by the disk corona. Our analysis reveals a correlation (local and global significance of 96% and 98% respectively) between the optical and radio bands, with the disk lagging behind the jet by 250 ± 42 days. We discuss the possible explanation for this, speculating that the observed disk and the jet flux changes are generated by magnetic fluctuations originating within the innermost parts of a truncated disk, and that the lag is related to a delayed radiative response of the disk when compared with the propagation timescale of magnetic perturbations along a relativistic outflow. This scenario is supported by re-analysis of NuSTAR data, modeled in terms of a relativistic reflection from the disk illuminated by the coronal emission, which returns an inner disk radius

. We discuss the global energetics in the system, arguing that while the accretion proceeds at the Eddington rate, with the accretion-related bolometric luminosity L
bol ∼ 9 × 1046 erg s−1 ∼ 0.2L
Edd, the jet total kinetic energy L

j
∼ 4 × 1044 erg s−1, inferred from the dynamical modeling of the giant radio lobes in the source, constitutes only a small fraction of the available accretion power.
On the Extrapolation of Magnetohydrostatic Equilibria on the Sun
Authors: Zhu Xiaoshuai , Wiegelmann Thomas 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Modeling the interface region between the solar photosphere and corona is challenging because the relative importance of magnetic and plasma forces change by several orders of magnitude. While the solar corona can be modeled by the force-free assumption, we need to take plasma forces into account (pressure gradient and gravity) in photosphere and chromosphere, here within the magnetohydrostatic (MHS) model. We solve the MHS equations with the help of an optimization principle and use vector magnetogram as the boundary condition. Positive pressure and density are ensured by replacing them with two new basic variables. The Lorentz force during optimization is used to update the plasma pressure on the bottom boundary, which makes the new extrapolation work even without pressure measurements on the photosphere. Our code is tested using a linear MHS model as reference. From the detailed analyses, we find that the newly developed MHS extrapolation recovers the reference model at high accuracy. The MHS extrapolation is, however, numerically more expensive than the nonlinear force-free field extrapolation and consequently one should limit their application to regions where plasma forces become important, e.g., in a layer of about 2 Mm above the photosphere.
Lipoxin B4 Enhances Human Memory B Cell Antibody Production via Upregulating Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression
Authors: Kim Nina , Lannan Katie L. , Thatcher Thomas H. , Pollock Stephen J. , Woeller Collynn F. , Phipps Richard P. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Vaccination has been the most effective way to prevent or reduce infectious diseases; examples include the eradication of smallpox and attenuation of tetanus and measles. However, there is a large segment of the population that responds poorly to vaccines, in part because they are immunocompromised because of disease, age, or pharmacologic therapy and are unable to generate long-term protection. Specialized proresolving mediators are endogenously produced lipids that have potent proresolving and anti-inflammatory activities. Lipoxin B4 (LXB4) is a member of the lipoxin family, with its proresolving effects shown in allergic airway inflammation. However, its effects on the adaptive immune system, especially on human B cells, are not known. In this study, we investigated the effects of LXB4 on human B cells using cells from healthy donors and donors vaccinated against influenza virus in vitro. LXB4 promoted IgG Ab production in memory B cells and also increased the number of IgG-secreting B cells. LXB4 enhanced expression of two key transcription factors involved in plasma cell differentiation, BLIMP1 and XBP1. Interestingly, LXB4 increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), an enzyme that is required for efficient B cell Ab production. The effects of LXB4 are at least partially COX2-dependent as COX2 inhibitors attenuated LXB4-stimulated BLIMP1 and Xpb-1 expression as well as IgG production. Thus, our study reveals for the first time, to our knowledge, that LXB4 boosts memory B cell activation through COX2 and suggests that LXB4 can serve as a new vaccine adjuvant.
Aeroallergens Exacerbate Histoplasma capsulatum Infection
Authors: Bueter Chelsea L. , Deepe George S. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Allergens such as house dust mites (HDM) and papain induce strong Th2 responses, including elevated IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and marked eosinophilia in the airways. Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungal pathogen that induces a strong Th1 response marked by IFN-γ and TNF-α production, leading to rapid clearance in nonimmunocompromised hosts. Th1 responses are generally dominant and overwhelm the Th2 response when stimuli for both are present, although there are instances when Th2 stimuli downregulate a Th1 response. We determined if the Th2 response to allergens prevents the host from mounting a Th1 response to H. capsulatum in vivo. C57BL/6 mice exposed to HDM or papain and infected with H. capsulatum exhibited a dominant Th2 response early, characterized by enhanced eosinophilia and elevated Th2 cytokines in lungs. These mice manifested exacerbated fungal burdens, suggesting that animals skewed toward a Th2 response by an allergen are less able to clear the H. capsulatum infection despite an intact Th1 response. In contrast, secondary infection is not exacerbated by allergen exposure, indicating that the memory response may suppress the Th2 response to HDM and quickly clear the infection. In conclusion, an in vivo skewing toward Th2 by allergens exacerbates fungal infection, even though there is a concurrent and unimpaired Th1 response to H. capsulatum.
Implementation of the 2006 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Zimbabwe: A review
Authors: Dziva Cowen , Shoko Munatsi , Zvogbo Ellen F. 
Published: October 2018

Background: The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities came into place in 2006, as the main instrument for advancing the human rights of persons with disabilities. For many African states, the Convention came amidst ubiquitous marginalisation and discrimination of persons with disabilities. As expected, the Convention has been hailed as a landmark in the struggle to reframe the needs and concerns of persons with disabilities.Objectives: This article reviews the implementation of the Convention by the Zimbabwean government.Method: The study relies on reviews of extant literature on disability rights. Reviewed documents include the Convention, constitution and other related national laws, policies and measures pertaining to disability rights.Results: This article lauds the state for promulgating a disability-friendly constitution that resembles the Convention to effectuate a human rights approach to disability issues. Relatedly, the state came up with institutions that collaborate with research institutes and disability organisations to conduct research, provide services to persons with disabilities, raise awareness and advocacy and litigate for disability rights.Conclusion: In spite of these efforts, this article shows that Zimbabwe has yet to close the gap on the ideals of the Convention, mainly because of limited resources amongst state-funded institutions for advancing disability issues. The government of Zimbabwe is challenged to domesticate all provisions of the Convention and to provide resources to institutions for progressive realisation of the rights of persons with disabilities.
Local Convergence and Stability of Tight Bridge-addable Classes
Authors: Chapuy G. , Perarnau G. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA class of graphs is bridge-addable if given a graph $G$ in the class, any graph obtained by adding an edge between two connected components of $G$ is also in the class. The authors recently proved a conjecture of McDiarmid, Steger, and Welsh stating that if ${\mathcal{G}}$ is bridge-addable and $G_{n}$ is a uniform $n$-vertex graph from ${\mathcal{G}}$, then $G_{n}$ is connected with probability at least $(1+o_{n}(1))e^{-1/2}$. The constant $e^{-1/2}$ is best possible, since it is reached for the class of all forests.In this paper, we prove a form of uniqueness in this statement: if ${\mathcal{G}}$ is a bridge-addable class and the random graph $G_{n}$ is connected with probability close to $e^{-1/2}$, then $G_{n}$ is asymptotically close to a uniform $n$-vertex random forest in a local sense. For example, if the probability converges to $e^{-1/2}$, then $G_{n}$ converges in the sense of Benjamini–Schramm to the uniformly infinite random forest $F_{\infty }$. This result is reminiscent of so-called “stability results” in extremal graph theory, the difference being that here the stable extremum is not a graph but a graph class.
Behavioral Activation Approach to Parent Training: Feasibility of Promoting Routines of Exploration and Play During Mealtime (Mealtime PREP)
Authors: Caldwell Angela R. , Skidmore Elizabeth R. , Raina Ketki D. , Rogers Joan C. , Terhorst Lauren , Danford Cynthia A. , Bendixen Roxanna M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractOBJECTIVE. Systematic approaches are needed to help parents with young children adopt healthy routines. This study examined the feasibility (home data collection, protocol adherence, intervention acceptance) of using a behavioral activation (BA) approach to train parents of children with sensory food aversions.METHOD. Parents of young children (18–36 mo) were trained using the novel Promoting Routines of Exploration and Play During Mealtime intervention. Measures included video-recorded meals, Fidelity Checklist, Treatment Acceptability Questionnaire, and Behavioral Pediatrics Feeding Assessment Scale. Descriptive statistics were used.RESULTS. Eleven children and their parents completed the study. Two of three feasibility benchmarks were met. Intervention acceptance was high (mean score = 43/48). On average, parents used three more intervention strategies after training than at baseline.CONCLUSION. Using a BA approach to parent training shows promise for altering daily mealtime routines. Delivering this intervention in the home is feasible and received acceptable ratings among this sample.
INFLUÊNCIA DO CLIMA REGIONAL SOBRE O CLIMA LOCAL A PARTIR DO DIAGNÓSTICO DE ABRANGÊNCIA ESPACIAL E EXTRAPOLAÇÃO ESCALAR
Authors: Gobo João Paulo Assis , Galvani Emerson , Wollmann Cássio Arthur 
Published: October 2018

O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi determinar a abrangência espacial do Índice Subtropical Brasileiro (ISB), desenvolvido por Gobo (2018) em Santa Maria-RS, para outras localidades do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, expandindo dados climáticos obtidos na escala local para a escala regional. Analisou-se estatisticamente a influência do clima regional sobre o clima local por meio de uma análise de agrupamento (cluster) para dados de temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar e velocidade do vento de nove estações meteorológicas municípios do Rio Grande do Sul, durante os mesmos dias e horários dos trabalhos de campo realizados em Santa Maria. Dessa forma, iniciou-se o processo de análise de agrupamento dos dados de estações meteorológicas que apresentassem similaridade, sendo definidas as variáveis a serem agrupadas. Foram geradas matrizes de proximidade no programa SPSS statistic 21 e posteriormente introduzidas no programa Multidendograms 2.1.0 para a elaboração dos dendrogramas de agrupamento. Após validações por meio cálculo do coeficiente cofonético, foram geradas duas análises de componentes principais, uma contendo a temperatura do ar, a velocidade do vento e a umidade relativa do ar como variáveis e a outra contendo estas três variáveis. Resultados mostraram que, devido aos baixos coeficientes de correlação cofenética, apenas para o agrupamento da variável temperatura do ar houve um número maior de estações meteorológicas agrupadas, sendo um grupo com duas estações e outro com sete estações meteorológicas homogêneas. Também se verificou um grupo com duas estações meteorológicas na análise de agrupamento para a umidade relativa do ar; um grupo contendo três estações meteorológicas para o agrupamento da variável ISB; e um grupo com quatro estações meteorológicas na análise de agrupamento para a velocidade do vento. Em compensação a umidade relativa agrupa-se com praticamente todas as estações meteorológicas analisadas.
Trochanteric pain in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty: A protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Axelrod Daniel , Madden Kim , Banfield Laura , Winemaker Mitchell , deBeer Justin , Wood Thomas 
Published: October 2018

Background: Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is one of the most common surgical procedures. Although THA surgeries are typically very successful, between 3% and 17% of all patients experience trochanteric pain after surgery. Unfortunately, there remains little high quality and reproducible evidence surrounding this disorder, especially following total hip replacement. The objectives of this review are to describe, among pre-operative or post-operative primary THA patients the prevalence, treatments, prognosis, risk factors, and diagnostic methods available for trochanteric pain.
Methods: This is a protocol for a descriptive systematic review of trochanteric pain among THA patients. We will include studies of all study designs, with the exception of non-systematic reviews and expert opinion, with no date limits. We will search Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library using the Ovid search interface. We will also search the reference lists of included studies for possible missed studies. We will use the systematic review management software Rayyan to assist with study screening. Two reviewers will independently review studies for inclusion and extract data into a study-specific database.
Discussion: This study will add to the literature by comprehensively and systematically evaluating the available literature on trochanteric pain after THA. Previous studies have been conducted on the topic but they were not comprehensive or did not review the literature systematically. Additionally, our study will critically evaluate the methodological quality of the included studies, adding an evidence-based component to the review. This review will help orthopaedic surgeons better care for patients with trochanteric pain after THA, and will identify knowledge gaps for future research.
Registration: This protocol will be registered on PROSPERO
COVID-19 Incidence and Age Eligibility for Elementary School
Authors: Lin Eve , Bilinski Alyssa , Collender Philip A. , Lee Vivian , Sud Sohil R. , León Tomás M. , White Lauren A. , Remais Justin V. , Head Jennifer R. 
Published: November 2024

ImportanceUnderstanding the role of school attendance on transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among children is of importance for responding to future epidemics. Estimating discontinuities in outcomes by age of eligibility for school attendance has been used to examine associations between school attendance and a variety of outcomes, but has yet to be applied to describe associations between school attendance and communicable disease transmission.ObjectiveTo estimate the association between eligibility for elementary school and COVID-19 incidence.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis case series used data on all pediatric COVID-19 cases reported to California’s disease surveillance system between May 16, 2020, and December 15, 2022, among children within 24 months of the age threshold for school eligibility.ExposureBirthdate before or after the age threshold for elementary school eligibility during periods when school was remote vs in person.Main Outcomes and MeasuresCOVID-19 cases and hospitalizations.ResultsBetween May 16, 2020, and December 15, 2022, there were 688 278 cases of COVID-19 (348 957 cases [50.7%] among boys) and 1423 hospitalizations among children who turned 5 years within 24 months of September 1 of the school year when their infection occurred. The mean (SD) age of the study sample was 5.0 (1.3) years. After adjusting for higher rates of testing in schooled populations, the estimated pooled incidence rate ratio among kindergarten-eligible individuals (eg, those born just before the age threshold for school eligibility) compared with those born just after the eligibility threshold for in-person fall 2021 semester was 1.52 (95% CI, 1.36-1.68), for in-person spring 2022 semester was 1.26 (95% CI, 1.15-1.39), and for in-person fall 2022 semester was 1.19 (95% CI, 1.03-1.38). Reported incidence rates among school-eligible children remained higher during the month-long winter 2021-2022 school break but were lower during the longer summer break that followed. The findings were unable to establish whether associations between school eligibility and COVID-19 incidence were based on in-school vs out-of-school routes (eg, classrooms vs school buses). The study lacked power to detect associations between school attendance and hospitalization. Results were robust to functional form. A simulation study was conducted to demonstrate bias associated with nonadjustment for differential case acquisition by exposure status.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this case series of children in California, the magnitude of the association between school eligibility and COVID-19 incidence decreased over time and was generally lower than other published associations between out-of-school child social interactions and COVID-19 incidence. This regression discontinuity design approach could be adapted to other geographies and/or disease systems to assess associations between schooling and disease transmission.