bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction of the History of the Byeokgolje Dam Constructed in the Tidal Lowlands in Korea
Authors: Park Sang‐Hyun , Kim Ju‐Chang , Choi Kang‐Won , Lee Kwang‐Ya , Um Myung Chul , Ahn Jung Sic 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIt was long thought that seadike construction in Korea's tidal areas had begun in Ganghwa Island, located in the Yellow Sea, after the Mongolian invasion of Korea in ad 1235. In the history books, the Byeokgolje Dam, which was built across the tidal Wonpyeongcheon Stream and Lowland around ad 330, was only described as a water reservoir, but nowadays several historians assume that the Byeokgolje Dam was the first dike constructed in Korean tidal lowlands, but was also used to store fresh water. In this study, we investigate whether the Byeokgolje Dam was indeed constructed as a seadike and we assess its contribution to the sustainable development of this tidal area. We conclude that the dam was indeed built as a seadike because we have discovered that the bottom elevation of the dam is below seawater level during high tide. In 1415, the Byeokgolje Dam was rehabilitated and enlarged to store more water; however, it was ruined by an extreme flood in 1420. Since that time and until the Saemangeum Seadike was closed in 2006, the reservoir area inside the dam was gradually reclaimed for agricultural land and residential areas. This was possible because enough sediment was available both from the coastal water and the upstream river. We describe that in the course of time, sequential tidal reclamation works have been carried out in the estuaries of the Dongjingang and Mangyeonggang rivers. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Portable out‐of‐hospital electrocardiography: A review of current technologies
Authors: Bansal Agam , Joshi Rajnish 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundAvailability of portable and home‐based electrocardiography (ECG) is an important medical innovation, which has a potential to transform medical care. We performed this review to understand the current state of out‐of‐hospital portable ECG technologies with respect to their scope, ease of use, data transmission capabilities, and diagnostic accuracy.MethodsWe conducted PubMed and Internet searches for “handheld” or “wearable” or “patch” electrocardiography devices to enlist available technologies. We also searched PubMed with names of individual devices to obtain additional citations. We classified available devices as a “single limb lead ECG recording devices” and chest‐lead “ECG recording devices.” If a device used more than three electrodes, it was defined as a conventional electrocardiography or Holter machine and was excluded from this review.ResultsWe identified a total of 15 devices. Overall, only six of these devices (five single lead and one chest lead) featured in published medical literature as identified from PubMed search. A total of 13 citations were available for the single limb lead ECG recording devices and 6 citations for the chest‐lead ECG recording devices.ConclusionsDespite the increase in number of such devices, published biomedical literature regarding their diagnostic accuracy, reproducibility, or utility is scant.
Studies on Micellar Behavior of PEO‐PBO or PEO‐PBO‐PEO Copolymers, or Surface Active Amphiphilic Ionic Liquids in Aqueous Media and Exploration of the Micellar Solutions for Solubilization of Dexamethasone and its Delayed Release
Authors: Sastry Nandhibatla V. , Singh Dipak K. , Trivedi Pooja A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe aggregation behavior of a di‐ and tri‐block copolymers of type PEO‐PBO, PEO‐PBO‐PEO, surface‐active ionic liquid (SAIL) of type 4‐dodecyl‐4‐methylmorpholinium chloride [C12mmor][Cl], and 1‐dodecyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium chloride [C12mpyrr][Cl]) in water as well as in 10 mM of a poorly water soluble dexamethasone (dex) aqueous solution was studied by determining the critical micelle concentrations using drug solubilization, surface tension, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) methods. ITC measurements were also made on solutions prepared by mixing the micellar aqueous solutions of copolymers and simple aqueous solutions of SAIL across the mole fractions at three different temperatures (298.15, 308.15, and 318.15 K). The thermodynamic parameters, namely Gibbs free energy (ΔGm), enthalpy (ΔHm), and entropy (ΔSm), of micellization were calculated, and it was observed that the negative ΔGm and positive ΔSm for the mixture solutions increase with the increase in mole fraction of SAIL. Otherwise, the micellization is reported to be a spontaneous and highly entropy‐driven process. The dex‐solubilized micellar solutions were mixed with agar to obtain standing gels. The gel samples were dry‐cast into thin films, and the release of dex from films by simple dilution was monitored by UV measurements. The drug release data was fitted to several mechanistic models, and it was inferred that the release mechanism for dex from thin films is non‐Fickian for mixtures and Fickian in copolymer or SAIL micellar aqueous solutions. The transport of dex is diffusion‐controlled with diffusivities of 5.8–12 × 10−11 m2 s−1 for copolymer micelles, 5–11 × 10−11 m2 s−1 for micelles of SAIL, and 3–14 × 10−11 m2 s−1 for the mixed micelles of copolymer and SAIL in aqueous media.
The use of computer disks and optical character readers in scientific publishing
Authors: Skaer R.J. 
Published: February 2018

The Company of Biologists Ltd own, print and publish three major biological journals. Since 1983, we have concentrated on introducing ‘automatic’ methods for journal production. Word processor disks now accompany 89% of articles submitted to The Journal of Experimental Biology. By the use of disk translation software and Optical Character Readers, 76% of these articles are now processed automatically.Over the past few years, the availability of computer disks, however, has required substantial changes in editorial and subediting practices to make it economically worthwhile to use the disks submitted. Optical character recognition is a very useful fallback technique when non–standard disks are submitted, but does require absolutely clean copy. Typesetting is still essential for tables, mathematics and papers that have been substantially altered editorially or are on non–standard disks with a poor quality printout.The economics of the use of disks is briefly discussed together with the overall package of changes needed to make it viable.Inevitably the experience that we have gained will be biased by the scientific nature of the work being set; many other fields would be softer options for the use of disks or other automatic production methods.
Ultra‐Performance Liquid Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Free and Esterified Oxygenated Derivatives from Docosahexaenoic Acid in Rat Brain
Authors: Jouvène Charlotte , Fourmaux Baptiste , Géloën Alain , Balas Laurence , Durand Thierry , Lagarde Michel , Létisse Marion , Guichardant Michel 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDocosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a prominent long‐chain fatty acid of the omega‐3 family, is present at high amount in brain tissues, especially in membrane phospholipids. This polyunsaturated fatty acid is the precursor of various oxygenated lipid mediators involved in diverse physiological and pathophysiological processes. Characterization of DHA‐oxygenated metabolites is therefore crucial for better understanding the biological roles of DHA. In this study, we identified and measured, by ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, a number of oxygenated products derived from DHA in exsanguinated and nonexsanguinated brains. These metabolites were found both in free form and esterified in phospholipids. Interestingly, both (R)‐ and (S)‐monohydroxylated fatty acid stereoisomers were observed free and esterified in phospholipids. Monohydroxylated metabolites were the main derivatives; however, measurable amounts of dihydroxylated products such as protectin DX were detected. Moreover, exsanguination allowed discriminating brain oxygenated metabolites from those generated in blood. These results obtained in healthy rats allowed an overview on the brain oxygenated metabolism of DHA, which deserves further research in pathophysiological conditions, especially in neurodegenerative diseases.
Quantitative, clinically relevant acoustic measurements of focal embouchure dystonia
Authors: Morris Aimee E. , Norris Scott A. , Perlmutter Joel S. , Mink Jonathan W. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTBackground: Focal embouchure dystonia impairs orofacial motor control in wind musicians and causes professional disability. A paucity of quantitative measures or rating scales impedes the objective assessment of treatment efficacy.Objectives: We quantified specific features of focal embouchure dystonia using acoustic measures and developed a metric to assess severity across multiple domains of symptomatic impairment.Methods: We recruited 9 brass musicians with and 6 without embouchure dystonia. The following 4 domains of symptomatic dysfunction in focal embouchure dystonia were identified: pitch inaccuracy, sound instability and tremor, sound breaks, and timing variability. Musicians performed sustained tones and sequences, and then acoustic variables within each domain were quantified. A composite brass acoustic severity score composed of these variables was validated against clinical global impressions of severity.Results: Musicians with dystonia performed worse in acoustic domains of pitch inaccuracy (median: dystonia = 100%, control = 62%), instability (median shimmer: dystonia = 3%, control = 2%), and breaks (median: dystonia = 0.34%, control = 0.05%). Tremor in embouchure dystonia was 5 to 8 Hz, intermittent, and variable in amplitude. Rhythmic variability did not differ between groups. Participants with embouchure dystonia had different patterns of impairment across variables. Composite severity scores strongly predicted clinical global impression of severity (R2 = 0.95).Conclusions: Acoustic variables distinguish musicians with embouchure dystonia from controls and reflect different types of symptomatic impairments. Our composite acoustic severity score predicts severity of clinical global impression for musicians with different patterns of symptomatic impairment and may provide a foundation for developing a clinical rating scale. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Phase Separation in AgCu and AgNi Core–Shell Icosahedral Nanoparticles: A Harmonic Thermodynamics Study
Authors: Bonventre Daniele , Panizon Emanuele , Ferrando Riccardo 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe temperature dependence of equilibrium chemical ordering in Ag‐rich AgCu and AgNi icosahedral nanoalloys is numerically studied within the harmonic superposition approximation to the partition function. The nanoalloys are modeled by an atomistic force field derived from the second‐moment approximation to the tight‐binding model. It is found that the equilibrium chemical ordering consists of phase‐separated arrangements of the core–shell type, at least up to room temperature for AgCu and up to 600 K for AgNi. This result is rationalized in terms of the concept of preferred nucleation sites for phase separation, such as the central site in the icosahedron.
Surface‐Oxidation‐Controlled Synthesis of Blue Fluorescence Wavelength‐Tunable Mini‐Size Carbon Nitride Nanosheet and Its Application
Authors: Zhang Qianchen , Zhang Shiyu , Liu Jinhua , Zhu Jixin , Zhang Chengwu , Ni Yun , Gao Yongqian , Yu Haidong , Li Lin , Huang Wei 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDeveloping highly efficient, stable, and saturated blue emitting polymer is essential in display and lighting applications and has long been a challenge. In this study, blue fluorescence wavelength‐tunable mini‐size carbon nitride nanosheets (MCNNSs) are successfully synthesized via surface oxidation polyethyleneimine (PEI) without introducing any external solvent. A simple closed container is constructed at high temperature for the controlled oxidation of PEI effectivelly. The obataind fluorescence quantum yields (QYs) of MCNNSs are up to 35% by using quinine sulfate (QY: 54%) in 0.10 M H2SO4 as a reference. More importantly, the tunable width of blue fluorescence emission wavelengths is about 50 nm ranging from 414 to 461 nm, which can be realized through change temperature. Additionally, an obvious blue fluorescence is found in PEI solutions at low temperature even at 50 oC under UV riddiation. According to surface oxidation of PEI, the MCNNSs have been applied in fluorescence image of HeLa cell. Meantime, a paper‐based new information encryption strategy is developed using MCNNSs, and a correct code “2017” is visualized only after baking the encryption paper at 100 oC under 365 nm excitation. These investigations will shed light on the use of MCNNSs in bioimaging and information encryption, as well as blue light materials used in OLED.
The learning environment and resident burnout: a&nbsp;national study
Authors: Van Vendeloo Stefan N. , Prins David J. , Verheyen Cees C. P. M. , Prins Jelle T. , Van den Heijkant Fleur , Van der Heijden Frank M.M. A. , Brand Paul L. P. 
Published: February 2018

Introduction Concerns exist about the negative impact of burnout on the professional and personal lives of residents. It is suggested that the origins of burnout among residents are rooted in the learning environment. We aimed to evaluate the association between the learning environment and burnout in a national sample of Dutch residents.
Methods We conducted a cross-sectional online survey among all Dutch residents in September 2015. We measured the learning environment using the three domain scores on content, organization, and atmosphere from the Scan of Postgraduate Educational Environment Domains (SPEED) and burnout using the Dutch version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (UBOS-C).
Results Of 1,231 responding residents (33 specialties), 185 (15.0%) met criteria for burnout. After adjusting for demographic (age, gender and marital status) and work-related factors (year of training, type of teaching hospital and type of specialty), we found a consistent inverse association between SPEED scores and the risk of burnout (aOR 0.54, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.62, p < 0.001).
Discussion We found a strong and consistent inverse association between the perceived quality of the learning environment and burnout among residents. This suggests that the learning environment is of key importance in preventing resident burnout.
We don't dare to tell her … we don't know where to begin
Authors: DeSilva Mary Bachman , Penwill Nicole , Sabin Lora , Gifford Allen L. , Li Zhong , Fujie Zhang , Weiwei Mu , Yongzhen Li , Hongyan Lu , Xuemei Zeng , Barnoon Yiyao , Gill Christopher J. , Bonawitz Rachael 
Published: February 2018

Background and Objectives:
With increasing access to antiretroviral therapy, HIV-infected youth are living longer, but are vulnerable as they navigate the transition to adulthood while managing a highly stigmatized condition. Knowing one's HIV status is critical to assuming responsibility for one's health. The process of disclosure to adolescents living with HIV is not well understood globally, even less so in China. To help address this gap, we explored practices for disclosure to adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) among Chinese caregivers and clinicians, and the disclosure experiences of the adolescents themselves using qualitative methods.

Design and Setting:
The study was conducted in 2014 at the Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention ART (CDC-ART) clinic in Nanning, China. We used a qualitative design, incorporating in-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs).

Patients and Methods:
We conducted IDIs with 19 adolescent/caregiver dyads and five FGDs with adolescents and clinicians. Adolescent participants were aged 10–15 years, and had contracted HIV perinatally. Using NVivo™ software, we summarized major themes.

Results:
Only 6/19 caregivers reported disclosing to their child; matched adolescents’ statements indicate that 9/19 children knew their HIV status. Caregivers planned to disclose when children were 14 years or older. Concerns about stigma toward children and families were associated with reluctance to disclose.

Conclusion:
Disclosure to adolescents living with HIV in China was delayed compared with recommended guidelines. Culturally appropriate disclosure strategies should be developed, focused on supporting caregivers and de-stigmatizing HIV.
Safety, Tolerability, and Effectiveness of Dextromethorphan/Quinidine for Pseudobulbar Affect Among Study Participants With Traumatic Brain Injury: Results From the PRISM‐II Open Label Study
Authors: Hammond Flora M. , Sauve William , Ledon Fred , Davis Charles , Formella Andrea E. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundDextromethorphan 20 mg / quinidine 10 mg (DM/Q) was approved to treat pseudobulbar affect (PBA) based on phase 3 trials conducted in participants with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or multiple sclerosis. PRISM II evaluated DM/Q effectiveness, safety, and tolerability for PBA following stroke, dementia, or traumatic brain injury (TBI).ObjectiveTo report results from the TBI cohort of PRISM II, including a TBI‐specific functional scale.DesignOpen‐label trial evaluating twice‐daily DM/Q over 90 days.Study ParticipantsAdults (n = 120) with a clinical diagnosis of PBA secondary to nonpenetrating TBI; stable psychiatric medications were allowed.MethodsPRISM II was an open‐label, 12‐week trial enrolling adults with PBA secondary to dementia, stroke, or TBI (NCT01799941). All study participants received DM/Q 20/10 mg twice daily. Study visits occurred at baseline and at day 30 and day 90.Setting150 U.S. centers.Main Outcome MeasurementsPrimary endpoint was change in Center for Neurologic Study–Lability Scale (CNS‐LS) score from baseline to day 90. Secondary outcomes included PBA episode count, Clinical and Patient Global Impression of Change (CGI‐C; PGI‐C), Quality of Life–Visual Analog Scale (QOL‐VAS), treatment satisfaction, Neurobehavioral Functioning Inventory (NFI), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9), and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE).ResultsDM/Q‐treated participants showed significant mean (SD) reductions in CNS‐LS from baseline (day 30, –5.6 [5.2]; day 90, –8.5 [5.2]; both, P<.001). Compared with baseline, PBA episodes were reduced by 61.3% and 78.5% at days 30 and 90 (both, P<.001). At day 90, 78% and 73% of study participants had “much improved” or “very much improved” on the CGI‐C and PGI‐C. QOL‐VAS scores were significantly reduced from baseline (–3.7 [3.3], P<.001). Mean (SD) PHQ‐9 scores improved compared to baseline at day 30 (–3.2 [5.3], P<.001) and 90 (–5.2 [6.4], P<.001). NFI T scores were significantly improved (P<.001), whereas MMSE scores were unchanged. Adverse events (AEs) were consistent with the known DM/Q safety profile; the most common AE was diarrhea (8.3%).ConclusionsDM/Q was well tolerated, and it significantly reduced PBA episodes in study participants with TBI. Changes in CNS‐LS and PBA episode count were similar to changes with DM/Q in phase 3 trials.Level of EvidenceII
The real mission of the mission statement: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Alegre Inés , Berbegal-Mirabent Jasmina , Guerrero Adrián , Mas-Machuca Marta 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA mission statement is a widely used strategic tool that emphasises an organisation’s uniqueness and identity. It was in the early 1980s that academics, managers, and consultants recognised the need for explicitly formulating a mission statement in organisations. Since then, mission statements have remained as a popular strategic tool in organisations. This article conducts a systematic literature review to synthesise research on mission statements. The analysis of the 53 articles selected includes a bibliometric and content analysis. According to their perspective, the works selected were grouped into four thematic areas: (1) mission statement development, (2) mission statement components, (3) mission impact on employees, and (4) mission impact on performance. The overreaching conclusion is that mission statements are widely used in practice but poorly researched in theory. Most articles adopt a managerial phenomenon-based strand, lacking a deep theoretical foundation. The article ends with suggestions for further research in terms of theory, practice, and methodology.
A Comment on “Interpretations of the English Suprasegmentals”
Authors: Scargill M. H. 
Published: February 2018

We are pleased that our earlier article, “Pitch and Stress As Phonemes: Analysis or Synthesis”, has produced such a spirited reply. Unfortunately, the happy conditions of proximity at the 1958 Summer School of Linguistics in Alberta which produced that article do not now exist and Professor Drysdale, Professor Mackey, and I are now so far apart in actual miles that collaboration is almost impossible. This comment is the result, then, of my own thinking: and Professor Drysdale and Professor Mackey are not aware that it has been written and, obviously, are not required to support it.My colleagues from Toronto will agree that the greater part of their article is not an answer to the questions which we raised, but is a discussion of a further problem, the nature of plus juncture. This is relevant to our article only in the sense that it shows the danger of making ultra-positivist statements about the English suprasegmentals, the very thing that inspired our article.
Vowel Contrasts in a Saskatchewan English Dialect
Authors: Lehn Walter 
Published: February 2018

Although generalizations about Canadian versus American or British English are still premature, the series of articles by Avis, Gregg, et al seems to suggest two: (1) that Canadian English “is neither American nor British, but a complex different in many respects from both…;” and (2) that “Canadian English is not so uniform as it is often made out to be”. This article is a brief contribution to the above-mentioned series and presents some evidence in support of both-assertions.The primary source of the data on which this study is based is the writer’s idiolect. Geographically this can be identified as Central Saskatchewan, specifically the rural area surrounding the village of Herschel which lies about twenty miles west of Rosetown, and about one hundred miles southwest of Saskatoon.
Tape Recording in Dialect Geography A Cautionary Note
Authors: McDavid Raven I. 
Published: February 2018

Rex Wilson has clearly demonstrated that tape recording is a useful technical aid for dialect field interviews, such as those for the Linguistic Atlas. In his own work, Wilson obviously and properly handles the tape as a tool, not as a substitute for the fieldworker. Nevertheless, since the New World too often assumes that the development of a gadget automatically solves a problem, one may justifiably emphasize a few of the pitfalls for the investigator who uses the tape uncritically — and this while being in substantial agreement with Wilson's position.It is important, however, that such skepticism be not the skepticism of inexperience, which is too often evident in criticisms of tape recordings