bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Value-driven training of leaders in the service of Hungarian denominational (Reformed) public education
Authors: Szontagh Pál Iván , van der Vloed Kees 
Published: November 2024

AbstractOur paper focuses on a specific subsystem of the Hungarian public education system, the Reformed educational network. After a theoretical foundation, the study will review the characteristics and legislative environment of Reformed public education management and leadership training, and then examine the concept, reception, results and further development potentials of the accredited training in Value-Driven Leadership, a relatively new element of the range of trainings. The training was developed in collaboration between Dutch and Hungarian specialists, taking into account the international context of Christian education. Our study uses a variety of research methods, such as document analysis, statistical analysis and analysis of a questionnaire survey on further needs. Some basic conclusions can be drawn from the survey as: (1) The target group is highly interested in modern knowledge about Christian leadership, which is considered a priority area, which also coincides with the needs of the maintenance. (2) The management powers of headmasters of ecclesiastical institutions are much broader than those of headmasters of public institutions, but their knowledge and interest in these areas are insufficient. (3) More than ever before, the organisation of training should aim at modularity and a variety of organisational methods. The tools of combined training organisation, which have already proved their worth in higher education, should also be applied to 30-h continuing training, possibly with the addition of distance learning elements.
Filamentous cyanobacteria growth assessment using fluorinated ethylene propylene microcapillaries
Authors: Silva David M. S. , Amaral Raquel , Reis Nuno M. , Rocha Paulo R. F. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Filamentous cyanobacteria originate toxic harmful algal blooms (HABs) in aquatic ecosystems, severely impacting freshwater ecosystems and life. Despite being natural bloomers, these microorganisms are challenging to handle in vitro, due to the formation of aggregates with entangled filaments. Consequently, their precise growth dynamics, although vital to timely predict HABs, remains inaccessible. Here, we precisely assessed growth of the HAB forming cyanobacteria Oscillatoria nigroviridis, by cultivating filament suspensions in transparent, gas permeable, and portable fluoropolymer microcapillary strips. Direct optical observation of O. nigroviridis growth revealed shorter filaments comprising less than 50 cells grew at a slower rate, dN/dt = 0.09 cell/day compared to filaments comprising more than 50 cells, with dN/dt up to 0.47 cell/day. The fourfold increase in dN/dt is suggested as part of the blooming strategy of the microorganism. This work suggests that fluoropolymer microcapillary strips can be used for effortless sampling and high-resolution monitoring of HABs.

Impact statement
Climate change is increasing the occurrence of episodes of harmful algal bloom, where uncontrolled growth of noxious cyanobacteria such as Oscillatoria species has detrimental outcomes in both the environment and biomass production industry, consequently, impairing human and animal health due to the production of toxic or bioactive compounds. In particular, the study of growth dynamics of Oscillatoria species has been limited to unprecise methods due to complications with aliquoting filamentous biomass. Fluoropolymer microcapillary strips provide an ideal miniaturized platform for sampling, cultivation, and growth monitoring of O. nigroviridis strain UHCC 0327, which paves the way to foster better water quality management tools.

Graphical abstract
A New Capitosaurid Amphibian from the Triassic Yerrapalli Formation of the Pranhita-Godavari Valley
Authors: Chowdhury Tapan Roy 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A new capitosaurid amphibian, Parotosaurus rajareddyi, from the Triassic Yerrapalli formation of the Pranhita-Godavari valley is described, and a restoration of the skull roof is given. General features of the skull, particularly the constricted otic notch, indicate that the new Indian species is perhaps more close to the Middle Triassic capitosaurids.
Simla Group - A Reclassification of the 'Chail Series' 'Jaunsar Series' and 'Simla Slates' in the Simla Himalaya
Authors: Srikantia S. V. , Sharma R. P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The study of 'Chail Series', 'Jaunsar Series' and 'Simla Slates' in the Simla Himalaya has brought out the incongruities in the present lithostratigraphy of these formations. The Simla group, divisible into four formations, is the revised classification proposed. The Basantpur, with shale, siltstone and abundant limestone interbeds, is at the bottom of the Simla group sequence, and in the ascending order, succeeded by the Kunihar with shale and stromatolitic limestone, the Chhaosa containing flysch sediments and the Sanjauli with conglomerate and grit facies. The Simla group represents a typical geosynclinal cycle of sedimentation deposited over the Shali, Sundernagar and Mandi-Darla volcanic rocks.
Holocene Planktonic Foraminifera from the Shelf Sediments Off Kerala Coast
Authors: Anantha Padmanabha Setty M. G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Twenty-two planktonic foraminifers were identified from a few samples collected by the author aboard INS KISTNA at 9°N and 76°E, at 89 metres depth from the bottom sediment-water interface. A few of the more characteristic features of each are described. Some of the species have a geologic range from Miocene to late Pleistocene and Recent also. Globigerina hexagon a and Globoquadrina conglomerata which disappeared from the Atlantic earlier (50,000 to one million years ago) are seen to be living today in the Indian Ocean. A few species are rare and restricted forms.
Lower Gondwana Sediments of Pranhita-Godavari Graben, India, As Possible Source Rocks of Hydrocarbons
Authors: Sastri V. V. , Bhandari L. L. , Sinha R. N. , Chandra Kuldeep 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Pranhita-Godavari graben, located in the eastern Indian Peninsula, is aligned NW-SE and covers an area of nearly 40,000 sq. km. The graben exposes sediments ranging in age from Proterozoic to Lower Eocene. The oldest, the Pakhal Series, are disconformably overlain by Sullavai Series and together comprise at 1.5-2.0 km thick sequence. The Sullavai Series are unconformably overlain by approximately 6.5 km thick Gondwana sequence which is in turn, unconformably overlain by infra-trappean beds. Deccan Trap effusives contain inter-trappean beds and are unconformable with the underlying infra-trappean beds.
Genesis of hydrocarbons in non-marine sediments containing predominantly vegetal constituents is feasible. The Lower Gondwana sediments of the Pranhita-Godavari graben contain coal seams, and dispersed organic matter. Sediments of Talchir Stage are poor in organic matter content and their hydrocarbon-generating potential appears doubtful. The Barakars contain coal seams and are rich in dispersed organic matter. The carbon ratios, computed from proximate analyses of coals from various localities, indicate that the stage of maturity of organic matter varies within such limits which do not exclude the Barakar sediments from being considered as potential source rocks of hydrocarbons. The Kamthi sediments are dominantly arenaceous and contain small amounts of dispersed organic matter. Lack of relevant analytical data makes it difficult to assess their hydrocarbon-generating potential.
Trace Elements in Minerals and Rocks of the Precambrian Group of the Yellandlapad Area, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Ramamohana Rao T. , Borreswara Rao C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Eight trace elements Co, Cu, Ga, Ge, Li, Ni, Pb and V have been determined semi-quantitatively with the Hilger spectrograph in 14 minerals and 18 rocks belonging to the Singareni series and the Gneissic complex of the early Precambrian and the Pakhals of the late Precambrian. The Pakhal phyllite is higher in Co, Ga, Ge, Li and Ni and Lower in Cu, Pb and V than the average shale. The pelitic schist of the Singareni Series broadly shows the same order of trace element distribution as that of the Pakhal phyllite. Metamorphism (amphibolite facies) of the Pakhals has not affected any redistribution of the trace elements in them. The granite-gneisses which are the granitised derivatives of the Singareni series show a decrease in Co, Ni and V. The trace elements Co, Cu, Li and Ni follow the major elements Fe, Mg and are preferentially fixed in the ferromagnesian minerals forming the essential constituents of the rock.
The Supra-Barakar Sedimentation in the Western Margin of Rewa Gondwana Basin
Authors: Rishi Mohan K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The term 'Supra-Barakar' refers to a great thickness of rocks of Rewa Gondwana Basin, which overlie the lower Gondwana formations with a pronounced erosional unconformity. Though conglomeratic sandstones dominate the lithology, the SupraBarakars of the area show much textural heterogeneity- The petrological investigations suggest that the rocks were deposited by high velocity, braided streams as alluvial-fan debris in a rapidly subsiding basin. The character of the deposit reflects the proximal southerly source of granites and pegmatites with high relief. The tectonics and climate were the casual factors. Attention is drawn to the possibility of active tectonism of the bordering Dharwarian in Triassic times.
Attention is drawn to the possibility of active tectonism of the bordering Dhar- warian in Triassic times.
Geochemistry of the Newer Dolerite Suite of Intrusions within the Singhbhum Granite-A Preliminary Study
Authors: Saha A. K. , Sankaran A. V. , Bhattacharyya T. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Three petrogenetic groups are recognised from petrologic and geochemical data on the Precambrian Newer Dolerite dyke swarm. They are (a) accumulates (peridotites, norites and lamprophyres), (b) products of direct magmatic crystallization (two generations of dole rites and associated micropegmatitic dolerites and micro-granites, each with distinctive trends of major-and minor-element variations), and (c) products of partial melting (leuco-granophyre and xenolithic granophyre), Geochemically, the entire suite has abnormally high K/Rb, Ni, Co and abnormally low Rb, Ba and Sr. Linear discriminant function indicates that the dolerites are typically sub-alkaline. Source magma is inferred to have been picritic and derived by partial melting of the upper mantle.
The 'Hammer-Head Syncline' Between Sangat and Kelwa in the Udaipur District, Rajasthan, A Structural Synthesis
Authors: Naha K. , Chaudhuri A. K. , Mukherji P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Large scale mapping of the metasedimentary bands bordered by and partially engulfed in migmatites of the Banded Gneissic Complex in the 'hammer-head syncline' between Sangat and Kelwa, along with tectonic analysis in all scales, has led to the recognition of structures of three phases. Very tight to isoclinal folds on westery axial trend have been coaxially folded, with the formation of reclined, inclined and locally upright folds. Overprinting of NNE-trending upright folds of varying tightness on these homoaxial isoclinal folds with diverse axial surfaces has resulted in an intricate foldgeometry which is brought out most dramatically by the marble band. Superposition of gentle, upright folding with NNE trend on inclined or upright isoclinal folds with westerly trend has led to broad, arcuate map patterns of the metasedimentary bands. Mirror image type interference patterns have developed where reclined isoclinal folds have been involved in upright folding on NNE trend. Overprinting of tight to isoclinal upright folds of NNE trend on reclined isoclinal folds plunging westward has resulted in book-shaped patterns with double closures. Marble bands detached completely from the main band in the present topographic surface are also due to fold-interference. The apparently erratic variation in the thickness of the metasedimentary bands is the result of tight folding of different generations, with the limbs of the folds coalesced.
Stratigraphy of Karewas, Kashmir, India
Authors: Farooqi I. A. , Desai R. N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Plio-Pleistocene deposits of Kashmir Valley are grouped under 'Karewas' and have been divided into two formational units separated by an angular unconformity. The upper formation is subdivided into four members which are separated from One another by three disconformity planes. Contrary to the earlier views that the entire sequence is lacustrine or partly lacustrine in origin, the authors believe that only the lower formation is lacustrine, while the upper one is recognised as glaciofluvial to fluvial in nature.
Contemporary Trends in Geochemical Studies of Early Precambrian Greenstone-Granite Complexes
Authors: Viswanathan S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Modern geochemical studies of &gt; 2600 m.y. old greenstone-granite complexes involving isotopic dating, isotope tracer studies, and major- and trace-element investigations have clarified several enigmatic aspects of the earth's early evolution, and of Precambrian petrogenesis and metallogenesis. Results show that:
The ancient greenstone belts (age, 2700-3400 m.y.) are relatively younger than the ancient granulite belts (age, 2900-3800 m.y.), The greenstone belts developed dichronously, those in southern Africa forming before the ones in Canada, India, and Australia. Sedimentary rocks as old as 3375 m.y. and 3760 m.y. occur in South Africa and Greenland, respectively.
The protocrust was possibly composed of 'komatiite' (a rock type more primitive than oceanic tholeiite), and an ultramafic variant of it ('peridotitic komatiite ') could fairly represent the composition of the protomantIe. A major differentiation episode within the earth's upper mantle generated a distinctive tonalitic magma as a complementary response to the immediately preceding vast outpouring of the large pristine komatiites. The protocore was much less developed than at present.
Ancient volcanic rocks evolved in an environment dominated by multiple thin oceanic plates with arc-trench boundaries, and shallow subduction zones. Problems of Early Precambrian greenstone belts may be solved if the first sialic crust comprised small masses concentrated by plate tectonic processes similar to those still operating.
Early Precambrian basalts are products of magma derivation from very shallow depths (less than 50 km) by high degrees (more than 30%) of partial melting. Some of the associated granitic rocks originated from mantle depths by partial melting of eclogite. Early Precambrian greenstone-granite complexes may be deformed terrestrial equivalents of lunar maria. The occurrence in charnockitic terrains of southern India of rocks of komatiitic chemistry suggests that these terrains evolved from Barberton type Early Precambrian greenstone belts that were subjected to granulite-facies metamorphism.
The principal metals of ancient ores were derived from sources in the mantle, and their accumulation as ore deposits is related to the two dominant processes of the restless and mobile Early Precambrian crust, namely, mafic magmatism, and granite formation. As far back as 3000 m.y. ago, however, there was no secular trend of relative enrichment in the light rare-earth elements (La-Sm) relative to the heavy REE (Gd-Lu) in sedimentary rocks.
Review of the Present Status of the Geochemical Work on the Precambrian Mafic Rocks of India
Authors: Naqvi S. M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In the Precambrian terrains of India, mafic rocks are found (i) as extrusive patches along the Dharwar schists, their equivalents, and other younger Proterozoic formations; (ii) as xenoliths in the Peninsular gneisses and charnockites; and (iii) as pre and post Dharwar intrusive dikes and sills. The ages of these mafic rocks range from 3.2 to 0.9 b.y. The mafic igneous activities appear to have taken place in five phases, roughly around 3.2, 2.5, 2.1, 1.4, and 0.9 b.y. Only very scanty and random geochemical work has been carried out on these rocks. However, the available data do reflect secular changes in the compositions of mafic rocks with time; those of the 2.5 b.y. and earlier periods are quartz-olivine tholeiites and show very high ferromagnesium trace element contents; alkali olivine basalts appear to have emplaced for the first time over the Indian Shield around 2.1 b.y.
A comparative study of the chemistry of the mafic rocks of the different periods leads to the inference that in the initial stages, the primary fractionation of the earth was incomplete. This inference should be substantiated by detailed studies for a better understanding of the evolution of the Indian Shield and that of the continental crust. As knowledge on the relationship between mafic igneous activity, metallogenic patterns and crustal evolution is economically significant, a collaborative programme of extensive radioactive-palaeomagnetic dating, and major, trace element, and isotope geochemistry of these rocks should be taken up by different organisations having the available technical know-how and equipment.
A Review of Some Geochemical Characters of the Type Area (Pallavaram, India) Charnockite
Authors: Sen S. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Available good quality data on the major element chemistry of charnockitic rocks of the type area and their minerals, though few, permit generalising on some significant aspects of their geochemistry hitherto not focussed upon. Rocks belonging to even the 'charnockite suite' of Subramaniam (1959) exhibit migmatitic rather than magmatic chemistry; migmatisation is also reflected in subtle changes in the chemistry of some minerals such as hornblendes. The grand average of all charnockitic rocks of the type area correspond to an intermediate composition like that ofa diorite and is similar to the average compositions of other well-studied charnockite areas. The lower crust, according to current belief, is probably of such composition; and in as much as charnockites-granulites make substantial contribution to the Precambrian shield areas, they should be included in computing the average chemical composition of the shields and the continental crust. This would result in lower Si for shield averages, and lower K, Ti, Fe and higher Si for the continental crust.
Trace Element Analysis in Geological Samples and Studies in Geochronology by Nuclear Techniques
Authors: Sankar Das M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Recent studies carried out in the Analytical Chemistry Division, BARC, in the field of elemental and isotopic analyses of samples of geological importance by the neutron activation methods are reviewed. The salient features of the analysis of a wide variety of samples for their uranium content by the delayed fission neutron counting technique is described. The technique is quite specific and sensitive down to 0.1 ppm of uranium, with the possibility of the extension of the limit down to 0.004 ppm with sample size of about 500 mg. Another technique of interest to geologists is the fission track counting method, which is quite simple and can easily be used by laboratories with limited facilities and situated away from the reactor centre. The lower limit of analysis by the solubilation and standard addition approach adopted in this work is governed by the purity, with reference to uranium, of the reagents used for sample decomposition.
In the field of geochronology, the uranium, and thorium contents of zircons have been determined by the neutron activation method and the lead content by anodic stripping voltametry. These measurements have permitted the determination of Th/U ratios and the chemical ages of zircons. The limitations of the technique are the same as applies to the Pb-a method, however, unlike this method, which normally assumes a Th/U ratio of 1, the present method uses the experimental Th/U ratios, which seems to vary with the genesis of the zircons. Using the neutron activation method, the isotopic analysis of Pb-204 and Pb-208 has been carried out and the data has permitted the dating of thorium minerals. Model ages of galenas have been determined using the data obtained. The limitation of techniques and the interpretation of the ages have been critically commented upon.
Role of Regional Gravity Surveys in a Concept Oriented Exploration Programme-Some Inferences from a Study in a Shield Area of Central India
Authors: Qureshy M. N. , Warsi W. E. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
An analysis of gravity data in a strip of 1100 × 303 km2 in north Indian shield brings out correlation between geology and gravity. In particular, gravity 'highs' are found to correlate well with a Precambrian sedimentary volcanic pile (Bijawars) which is an important ore carrier in the Indian shield. This correlation of gravity data in conjunction with aeromagnetic data and photogeologic map is suggestive of a significant role of gravity surveys, where extensions of some litho-stratigraphic horizons beneath covers may be sought after as a working hypothesis in a concept oriented mineral exploration programme.
Calcareous Nannofossils from Simla Hills, (Himalaya, India) with a Discussion of their Age in the Tectono-Stratigraphic Column
Authors: Sinha Anshu K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The nannofossils and related coccolithophorids in the green shale of Krol B horizon playa significant role in removing the serious hanclicap of the absence of macrofossils for evaluating the stratigraphic status of Krol series. With the help of light and electron microscope the following forms were identified.
Tergestiella margereli (Noel) Rein, Microrhabdulus orbitosus Shumenko, Micula Staurophora (Vekshina) Gardet, Stradner, Zygolithus concinnus Martini, Tetralithus cf. gothicus Deflandre, Lucianorhabdus cayeuxi Deflandre, Lithraphidites carniolensis Deflandre, Discorhabdus sp, Deflandrius sp. and ex gr. Nannoconus. Most of these forms which also occur in other parts of the world indicate an age of Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous to the Krol B horizon of Simla area.
Geology of Great Nicobar Island
Authors: Karunakaran C. , Ray K. K. , Sen C. R. , Saha S. S. , Sarkar S. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Joint Scientific Expedition to the Great Nicobar Island provided opportunity for obtaining a comprehensive knowledge of the major geological features of the island. The various rock formations were examined and their stratigraphic sequence was established. Major structural features were noted and the geological history of the island is reviewed. This reveals a close similarity with the geology of Andaman Islands. Other aspects studied are economic geology, nature of soils and water resources.
Lithology and Structure of the Eastern Ghats of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Sriramadas A. , Murty M. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
An area of about four hundred and eighty square kilometres in Visakhapatnam, consisting of khondalites, charnockites and granites, was geologically mapped. The trend of the formations varies from NE-SW through E-W to NW-SE. This trend neither conforms with NE-SW trend of the Eastern Ghats nor with the NW-SE trend of the hinterland of the Eastern Ghats between the Godavari and Mahanadi rivers. The change in the trend pattern is inferred to be due to the area being located in an intensely folded and faulted region in the eastern margin of the Eastern Ghats.