bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Galvanic Replacement–Mediated Synthesis of Ni‐Supported Pd Nanoparticles with Strong Metal–Support Interaction for Methanol Electro‐oxidation
Authors: Lei Hao , Li Xiaotong , Sun Changbin , Zeng Junrong , Siwal Samarjeet Singh , Zhang Qibo 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHerein, well‐defined Pd nanoparticles (NPs) developed on Ni substrate (Pd NPs/Ni) are synthesized via a facile galvanic replacement reaction (GRR) route performed in ethaline‐based deep eutectic solvent (DES). For comparison, a Pd NPs/Ni composite is also prepared by the GRR method conducted in an aqueous solution. The Pd NPs/Ni obtained from the ethaline‐DES is catalytically more active and durable for the methanol electro‐oxidation reaction (MOR) than those of the counterpart derived from conventional aqueous solution and commercial Pd/C under alkaline media. Detailed kinetic analysis indicates that the unique solvent environment offered by ethaline plays vital roles in adjusting the reactivity of the active species and their mass transport properties to control over the genesis of the Pd NPs/Ni nanocomposite. The resulting Pd NPs/Ni catalyst possesses a homogeneous dispersion of Pd NPs with a strong Pd (metal)–Ni (support) interaction. This structure enhances the charge transfer between the support and the active phases, and optimizes the adsorption energy of OH− and CO on the surface, leading to superior electrocatalytic performance. This work provides a novel GRR strategy performed in ethaline‐DES to the rational design and construction of advanced metal/support catalysts with strong interaction for improving the activity and durability for MOR.
Aluminum‐Tailored Energy Level and Morphology of Co3−xAlxO4 Porous Nanosheets toward Highly Efficient Electrocatalysts for Water Oxidation
Authors: Wang Xianfu , Sun Pengfei , Lu Haoliang , Tang Kai , Li Qun , Wang Chao , Mao Zeyang , Ali Tariq , Yan Chenglin 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTuning energy levels plays a crucial role in developing cost‐effective, earth‐abundant, and highly active oxygen evolution catalysts. However, to date, little attention has been paid to the effect of using heteroatom‐occupied lattice sites on the energy level to engineer electrocatalytic activity. In order to explore heteroatom‐engineered energy levels of spinel Co3O4 for highly‐effective oxygen electrocatalysts, herein Al atoms are directly introduced into the crystal lattice by occupying the Co2+ ions in the tetrahedral sites and Co3+ ions in the octahedral sites (denoted as Co2+Td and Co3+Oh, respectively). Experimental and theoretical simulations demonstrate that Al3+ ions substituting Co2+Td and Co3+Oh active sites, especially Al3+ ions occupying the Co2+Td sites, optimizes the adsorption, activation, and desorption features of intermediate species during oxygen evolution reaction (OER) processes. As a result, the optimized Co1.75Al1.25O4 nanosheet exhibit unprecedented OER activity with an ultralow overpotential of 248 mV to deliver a current of 10 mA cm–2, among the best Co‐based OER electrocatalysts. This work should not only provide fundamental understanding of the effect of Al‐occupied different Co sites in Co3–xAlxO4 composites on OER performance, but also inspire the design of low‐cost, earth‐abundant, and high‐active electrocatalysts toward water oxidation.
Insights into Single‐Atom Metal–Support Interactions in Electrocatalytic Water Splitting
Authors: Zhang Jingfang , Liu Cuibo , Zhang Bin 
Published: February 2019

AbstractElectrochemical water splitting is a promising approach for energy conversion and storage. The exploration of low‐cost, efficient, and durable electrocatalysts is of great significance for realizing a large‐scale application and forming a sustainable chemistry. Recently single‐atom catalysts (SACs), with isolated metal atoms anchored on supports, exhibit distinctive performances for electrocatalytic water splitting. Single‐atom catalysis is emerging as a new frontier for bridging the homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyses. Therefore, the synthesis of SACs with excellent durability is highly desirable but challenging. Here, recent progress of SACs in supports and synthetic strategies, characterization techniques, and the electrochemical application toward water splitting is summarized. Fully understanding the interactions between the single‐atom metal and the support is extremely important for the design and preparation of highly stable SACs as well as the improvement of electrocatalytic activity, which are particularly discussed in this context. Finally, the current challenges and future opportunities for the development of this field are discussed.
Efficient Production of Phosphorene Nanosheets via Shear Stress Mediated Exfoliation for Low‐Temperature Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Batmunkh Munkhbayar , Vimalanathan Kasturi , Wu Congcong , Bati Abdulaziz S. R. , Yu LePing , Tawfik Sherif Abdulkader , Ford Michael J. , Macdonald Thomas J. , Raston Colin L. , Priya Shashank , Gibson Christopher T. , Shapter Joseph G. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA simple and fast “top‐down” protocol is introduced herein to prepare solution processable few‐layer phosphorene nanosheets using vortex fluidic mediated exfoliation under near‐infrared (NIR) pulsed laser irradiation. This novel shear‐exfoliation method requires short processing times and produces highly crystalline, atomically thin phosphorene nanosheets (4.3 ± 0.4 nm). The as‐prepared phosphorene nanosheets are used as an effective electron transporting material (ETM) for low‐temperature processed, planar n‐i‐p perovskite solar cells (PSCs). With the addition of phosphorene, the average power conversion efficiency (PCE) increases from 14.32% to 16.53% with a maximum PCE of 17.85% observed for the phosphorene incorporated PSCs which is comparable to the devices made using the traditional high‐temperature protocol. Experimental and theoretical (density‐functional theory) investigations reveal the PCE improvements are due to the high carrier mobility and suitable band energy alignment of the phosphorene. The work not only paves the way for novel synthesis of 2D materials, but also opens a new avenue in using phosphorene as an efficient ETM in photovoltaic devices.
Phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of the Leptogium lichenoides group (Collemataceae, Ascomycota) in Europe
Authors: Otálora Mónica A.G. , Martínez Isabel , Molina Carmen M. , Aragón Gregorio , Lutzoni François 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe taxonomy of the Leptogium lichenoides complex is revised here based on a morphological, ecological and molecular phylogenetic study. A phylogenetic analysis of phenotypic characters was compared to a phylogeny based on nrITS and β‐tubulin data. Using these phylogenies, we concluded that what was commonly recognized as Leptogium lichenoides s.l. encompasses three distinct species. Leptogium lichenoides var. pulvinatum is now recognized as a separate species L. pulvinatum comb. nov. Leptogium aragonii sp. nov., a non‐isidiate species with large thalli, is the second species part of this complex, and L. lichenoides s.str., as redefined here, is the only species of this group with isidia. We also found that Leptogium lichenoides s.l. is polyphyletic. Leptogium pulvinatum and L. lichenoides s.str. are more closely related to L. gelatinosum than to L. aragonii. The taxonomic status of L. quercicola is reduced to a variety of L. pulvinatum. Identification key, descriptions and distribution maps are presented for Leptogium aragonii, L. gelatinosum, L. intermedium, L. lichenoides s.str., L. pulvinatum, and L. pulvinatum var. quercicola.
Taxonomic and nomenclatural puzzles in Indian Curcuma: the identity and nomenclatural history of C. zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe and C. zerumbet Roxb. (Zingiberaceae)
Authors: Leong-Škorničková Jana , Šída Otakar , Sabu Mamyil , Marhold Karol 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe identity of Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe and its nomenclatural history are explained. Roscoe wrongly interpreted the basionym of this name and applied his combination to a different taxon, which is not even involved in Christmann's protologue. The first lectotypification applied the name to the species upon which Rheede's description of Kua was based. Study of living material reveals that the name C. zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe is currently applied to several superficially similar taxa in different parts of India and SE Asia and there are no grounds to propose conservation of the name with a different type. To avoid more confusion, the identity of the plant representing C. zedoaria in the sense lectotypified by Burtt (1977) is explained here and a colour plate depicting its morphology is provided. The plant described and depicted by Roxburgh as Curcuma zerumbet Roxb., a name usually cited among synonyms of C. zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe, is found to represent the taxon that Roscoe had in mind while publishing his combination C. zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe. Curcuma zerumbet Roxb. is illegitimate, however, and as there is no other name available for this taxon it is described here as Curcuma picta. The nomenclatural history of Amomum zerumbet J. König nom. illeg. and Erndlia subpersonata Giseke, names which are involved in the illegitimacy of C. zerumbet Roxb., is explained.
Typification of names of selected taxa described by Acharius and now placed in Caloplaca
Authors: Vondrák Jan , Vitikainen Orvo 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTypification of names of lichen‐forming fungi referring to taxa currently placed in the genus Caloplaca was undertaken by examination of material from the Acharius herbaria (BM‐ACH, H‐ACH, UPS‐ACH). Lectotypes are selected for Lecanora inalpina, Lecanora teicholyta, Lecidea aurantiaca var. rubescens, Lecidea caesiorufa, Lecidea turneriana, Lichen erythrellus and Parmelia microthelia and the holotype identified for Lecidea viridirufa. Lecidea caesiorufa var. festiva and Lichen craspedius are illegitimate names and both are automatically typified by the type of Lichen arenarius.
A molecular phylogeny and a revised classification of Ornithogaloideae (Hyacinthaceae) based on an analysis of four plastid DNA regions
Authors: Manning John C. , Forest Félix , Devey Dion S. , Fay Michael F. , Goldblatt Peter 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe most recent classification of Hyacinthaceae subsumes all members of Ornithogaloideae into the single large genus Ornithogalum comprising 250–300 spp. A combined molecular phylogenetic analysis of matK, trnL intron, trnL‐F spacer and rbcL plastid DNA sequence data was carried out to assess possible alternative treatments. The study includes 70 taxa, representing all segregate genera that have been recognised in the subfamily and over 20% of the species. The resulting phylogeny identifies three, well‐supported primary clades. Clade A comprises a grade constituting the majority of species of Stellarioides plus the Madagascan Igidia, in which is nested a strongly supported clade comprising Albuca and Coilonox; Clade B comprises Dipcadi sister to Pseudogaltonia; and Clade C comprises Eliokarmos, Cathissa, Galtonia, Honorius, Loncomelos, Melomphis, Neopatersonia, Ornithogalum, Zahariadia and two species of Stellarioides. The Madagascan Avonsera convallarioides is weakly supported as sister to the rest of clade C. Several of the segregate genera of Ornithogalum are shown not to be monophyletic although many of the lineages identified by the analysis correspond to lower level taxa that have been recognised in the group. Each of the three primary clades has morphological integrity and could be recognised taxonomically, either at the level of tribe or genus. Within these clades, however, many lineages are poorly defined morphologically and thus their recognition at the level of genus is problematical. Alternative taxonomic treatments are assessed but considerations of nomenclatural stability and taxonomic utility predicate that these lineages are best recognised at infrageneric level. We accordingly prefer to define the genera more broadly. Clade A is recognised as genus Albuca, clade B as comprising the genera Dipcadi and Pseudogaltonia, and clade C as the genus Ornithogalum. Monophyletic, morphologically diagnosable lineages within the genera Albuca and Ornithogalum are treated as subgenera and sections. A revised classification is presented, with necessary new combinations and complete listings of all currently accepted sub‐Saharan species.
The flora of Angola: first record of diversity and endemism
Authors: Figueiredo Estrela , Smith Gideon F. , César Joaquim 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAngola is the only southern African country for which a plant inventory has not been produced to date. The lack of a country‐level floristic checklist has seriously hampered the estimation of levels of diversity and endemism, and other conservation‐driven initiatives. This deficiency was addressed in a collaborative initiative recently concluded among over 30 international project participants. This paper presents the results of the project that aimed, among other things, to survey the Angolan flora as part of producing a floristic checklist. The study revealed that Angola has a total number of 6,735 indigenous species, and a total vascular flora of 7,296 taxa (including naturalised taxa), of which 1,069 taxa (997 species and 72 infraspecific taxa) are endemic.
Troublesome tropical mints: re‐examining generic limits of Vitex and relations (Lamiaceae) in South East Asia
Authors: Bramley Gemma L.C. , Forest Félix , de Kok Rogier P.J. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTThe relationships of Vitex and genera historically placed in Lamiaceae subfamily Viticoideae were investigated. Particular focus was given to some South East Asian genera traditionally allied to Vitex (Paravitex, Tsoongia, Viticipremna, Teijsmanniodendron) since progress with South East Asian Floras is being hampered by a lack of clarity in current generic delimitation. On the basis of maximum parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of ITS and ndhF sequence data we provide evidence that the Viticoideae is not monophyletic, its members being spread between a number of clades which include genera currently recognised as incertae sedis (Peronema, Hymenopyramis, Petraeovitex, Tectona). The most well supported clade, the Vitex group, contains Vitex, Paravitex, Tsoongia, Viticipremna, Petitia and Teijsmanniodendron. Morphological similarities of the genera included in this group are also discussed. In light of this evidence Paravitex, Viticipremna and Tsoongia are reduced to synonymy with Vitex, the new combinations being made here. The position of Teijsmanniodendron is not resolved and its generic status is therefore upheld. Similarly, Petitia is upheld due to a lack of neotropical taxa within the sample.
Phylogenetic relationships of the monotypic genera Halacsya and Paramoltkia and the origins of serpentine adaptation in circum‐mediterranean Lithospermeae (Boraginaceae): insights from ITS and matK DNA sequences
Authors: Cecchi Lorenzo , Selvi Federico 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHalacsya and Paramoltkia are monotypic and partially sympatric genera in the Balkans, with no clear relationships among extant Lithospermeae due to striking morphological autapomorphies and scarcity of phylogenetic analyses in this group. The two species H. sendtneri and P. doerfleri show a strict selectivity for serpentine soils, posing the question whether this edaphic specialization reflects a common ancestry or a parallel process of adaptive evolution in unrelated lineages. DNA sequences from the nuclear ITS and chloroplast matK regions were generated from multiple accessions of Halacsya and Paramoltkia, and from representatives of 16 other genera of Mediterranean Lithospermeae. SEM analyses of pollen morphology were also conducted to test relationships indicated by molecular phylogenies. Parsimony analyses retrieved a clade of morphologically well differentiated monotypic Lithospermeae including Halacsya and Paramoltkia. ITS provided a better resolution of relationships and showed the two genera to be sistergroups close to Mairetis and Moltkiopsis, and no affinity to Moltkia as supposed by past authors. Pollen characters corroborated the phylogenetic link between the two Balkan genera. Five further monophyletic clades were recognised: Onosma‐Echium, Moltkia, Lithospermum s.l., Arnebia‐Macrotomia, and Alkanna‐Podonosma. Mapping the edaphic preferences of Lithospermeae onto molecular cladograms showed that serpentinophytism as an obligate condition originated separately in the clade of monotypic genera and in that of Onosma‐Echium. In Halacsya and Paramoltkia it represents an early ecological synapomorphy which probably originated in situ from non‐serpentine ancestors related to Moltkiopsis and Mairetis.
Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Holcoglossum (Orchidaceae: Aeridinae) based on nuclear ITS, and chloroplast trnL-F and matK
Authors: Fan Jie , Qin Hai-Ning , Li De-Zhu , Jin Xiao-Hua 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of the Asiatic orchid genus Holcoglossum (Vandeae, Aeridinae) were inferred from sequences of chloroplast matK and trnL‐F genes and nuclear ITS regions of 25 taxa (12 Holcoglossum, 11 Aeridinae, 2 outgroups). Analysis of combined datasets with parsimony and Bayesian methods revealed that Holcoglossum is highly supported as monophyletic, including two debatable species, H. amesianum and H. subulifolium, and consists of three well‐supported major subclades which agree well with biodiversity centers of Holcoglossum: one tropical subclade comprising four species, another forming a polytomy comprising six species restricted to the temperate alpine region of the Hengduan Mountains, and the third with two species somewhat distributed between the first two regions. However, these three major subclades are only partly in accordance with previous infrageneric classifications based on morphological characters. The lip lamella, long and conical spur and tapering stipe seem to have evolved at least twice in Holcoglossum, similarly the pollination system shift has occurred at least twice. Vicariance analyses and molecular phylogeny suggest that Holcoglossum dispersed from tropical regions to the Hengduan Mountains and then radiated there as a result of the uplift of Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau.
Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Gentiana sect. Cruciata (Gentianaceae) based on four chloroplast DNA datasets
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Lan , Wang Yu-Jin , Ge Xue-Jun , Yuan Yong-Ming , Yang Hui-Ling , Liu Jian-Quan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractGentiana sect. Cruciata is mainly found on alpine mountains across Eurasia, with the greatest species diversity occurring on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP). In this study, we determined the phylogenetic relationships between species within the Cruciata section to further elucidate the biogeographical processes governing these relationships. Phylogenetic reconstructions, based on both parsimony and Bayesian methods, were applied to data from four cpDNA fragments (> 3,000 bp) that were obtained for 39 accessions belonging to Cruciata and related sections or outgroups. Our results suggested that all the species sampled within this section comprise a monophyletic group, but rejected all previous hypotheses regarding intra‐sectional classifications based on gross morphology. Five clades were identified. The basal clade comprised three species that were endemic to the QTP. The clade that diverged second comprised three Central Asian species. The European clade, containing only G. cruciata, was grouped with the remaining two clades containing species from the QTP and central Asia. The biogeographic analyses and divergence estimates suggested that this section diversified initially on the QTP within four million years. Given the low genetic differentiation, most species/clades may be the result of more recent differentiation. These results together confirmed the long‐standing hypothesis that alpine plants in Central Asia and Europe originated from the QTP and/or West China and diversified extensively after the Pliocene when global temperatures decreased.
Forensic analysis of flash flood response
Authors: Borga Marco , Comiti Francesco , Ruin Isabelle , Marra Francesco 
Published: February 2019

The last decade has witnessed the development of methodologies for the post‐flood documentation of both hydrogeomorphological and social response to extreme precipitation. These investigations are particularly interesting for the case of flash floods, whose space–time scales make their observations by conventional hydrometeorological monitoring networks particularly challenging. Effective flash flood documentation requires post‐flood survey strategies encompassing accurate radar estimation of rainfall, field and remote‐sensing observations of the geomorphic processes, indirect reconstruction of peak discharges—as well eyewitness interviews. These latter can give valuable information on both flood dynamics and the related individual and collective responses. This study describes methods for post‐flood surveys based on interdisciplinary collaborations between natural and social scientists. These surveys may help to better understand the links between hydrometeorological dynamics and geomorphic processes as well as the relationship between flood dynamics and behavioral response in the context of fast space–time changes of flooding conditions.This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Methods
Science of Water > Hydrological Processes
Effects of external recirculation on a two‐stage mainstream anaerobic‐anammox treatment system
Authors: Li Xiaojin , He Zhen 
Published: February 2019

AbstractNitritation‐anammox treatment can be a potentially energy‐ and resource‐efficient technology for treating mainstream wastewater. However, the issue of nitrate residue from anammox treatment remains to be addressed. Herein, external recirculation of the anammox effluent to a hybrid anaerobic reactor (HAR), which was also to provide a continuous flow with low COD/N for the nitritation‐anammox reactor, was employed to decrease the residue compounds. The recirculation ratio of 50% was observed to be the optimal to achieve the best overall performance with potential savings in energy demand. Specifically, in the operation scenario of R = 50%, the highest COD removal of ~90% by the HAR was achieved. Meanwhile, the lowest COD/NH4+‐N ratio of ~2.0 in the HAR effluent ensured the lowest observed NO3−‐N/NH4+‐N ratio of ~14% in the nitritation‐anammox reactor. These results have demonstrated the feasibility of applying external recirculation for nitrate residue removal via denitrification in the anaerobic pretreatment stage.Practitioner points

Nitritation‐anammox treatment is an attractive method for mainstream wastewater treatment.

Nitrate residue from anammox processes contributes to total nitrogen in the final effluent.

Recirculation of anammox effluent to an anaerobic reactor can decrease nitrate residue.

A recirculation ratio of 50% results in a low COD/NH4+ ratio of 2 that benefits the subsequent anammox.
Network Analysis to Model and Analyse Roman Transport and Mobility
Authors: de Soto Pau 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe analysis of Roman infrastructures, which helps to understand the transport costs, the commercial routes and the territorial configuration, is an indispensable way to know the benefits and shortcomings of the transportation system created in Roman times. It is well known that the Roman Empire built the first big transport network in Western Europe, parts of Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Northern Africa. In this paper, we show our attempt to reconstruct the Roman transport conditions in Hispania by valuating its connectivity and by modelling the travel costs and times. All of these calculations have been made based in a highly digitized transport network and Network Science applications. The results of such methodologies provide us with new information to understand the Iberian territorial organisation, the distribution of commodities, product competition and problems of stagnation in ancient economies such as that of Ancient Rome.