bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How policy agendas change when autocracies liberalize: The case of Hong Kong, 1975–2016
Authors: Or Nick H. K. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article considers how autocrats decide to expand or narrow the issue diversity of their policy agenda during a period of political liberalization. Prior studies have two competing perspectives. First, political liberalization increases the social and political freedom that enhances information exchange, and thus expands issue diversity. Second, political liberalization decreases government's control of the legislature and thus narrows the issue diversity. This article offers a novel theoretical perspective by combining these two countervailing theories. Specifically, it predicts a diminishing marginal benefit of information exchange and an increasing marginal bargaining cost. As such, this article argues that issue diversity follows a negative quadratic (inverted‐U) relationship as the regimes liberalize. The analysis of a new and unique dataset of Hong Kong's legislative agenda (1975 to 2016) offers support for this theory. This study sheds light on policy‐making in authoritarian regimes and democracies, and advances the theory of information processing.
Comprehensive characterization of a floral mutant reveals the mechanism of hooked petal morphogenesis in Chrysanthemum morifolium
Authors: Ding Lian , Zhao Kunkun , Zhang Xue , Song Aiping , Su Jiangshuo , Hu Yueheng , Zhao Wenqian , Jiang Jiafu , Chen Fadi 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe diversity of form of the chrysanthemum flower makes this species an ideal model for studying petal morphogenesis, but as yet, the molecular mechanisms underlying petal shape development remain largely unexplored. Here, a floral mutant, which arose as a bud sport in a plant of the variety ‘Anastasia Dark Green’, and formed straight, rather than hooked petals, was subjected to both comparative morphological analysis and transcriptome profiling. The hooked petals only became discernible during a late stage of flower development. At the late stage of ‘Anastasia Dark Green’, genes related to chloroplast, hormone metabolism, cell wall and microtubules were active, as were cell division‐promoting factors. Auxin concentration was significantly reduced, and a positive regulator of cell expansion was down‐regulated. Two types of critical candidates, boundary genes and adaxial–abaxial regulators, were identified from 7937 differentially expressed genes in pairwise comparisons, which were up‐regulated at the late stage in ‘Anastasia Dark Green’ and another two hooked varieties. Ectopic expression of a candidate abaxial gene, CmYAB1, in chrysanthemum led to changes in petal curvature and inflorescence morphology. Our findings provide new insights into the regulatory networks underlying chrysanthemum petal morphogenesis.
Self‐regulatory ability, fatigue, and the experience of pain: Mechanistic insights from pain‐free undergraduates
Authors: Boggero Ian A. , Segerstrom Suzanne C. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSelf‐regulatory (SR) ability is an important resource for managing pain, but chronic pain patients experience chronic self‐regulatory fatigue even when they are not in pain. Pressure pain thresholds (PPT) and pain inhibition are two mechanisms that differentiate people with and without chronic pain. It was hypothesized that trait SR ability would be associated with higher PPT and better pain inhibition and that PPT and pain inhibition would be lower following high versus low SR fatigue. Three studies tested these hypotheses. Study 1 had 240 pain‐free undergraduates complete measures of trait SR ability and PPT; 122 also provided data on pain inhibition. Study 2 had 38 of Study 1’s participants return for two additional sessions in which they underwent PPT testing under conditions of high or low SR fatigue (within‐person, counterbalanced). Study 3 repeated these procedures with pain inhibition as the outcome (n = 39). Results revealed that individual differences in SR ability were not associated with PPT or pain inhibition (all ps > 0.05). Within people, neither PPT (F(1, 36) = 1.57, p = 0.22) nor pain inhibition (F(1, 37) = 1.79, p = 0.19) were significantly different under conditions of low versus high SR fatigue. Results do not support the hypotheses that PPT or pain inhibition associate with individual differences in trait SR ability or transient changes in state SR fatigue in the absence of pain. Instead, the SR deficits in chronic pain patients may arise from the experience of chronic pain.
The Applied Legitimacy Index: A New Approach to Measuring Judicial Legitimacy
Authors: Badas Alex 
Published: May 2019

ObjectivesThis article advances criticisms of the traditional legitimacy index as it relates to determining whether ideological distance predicts an individual's willing to sanction the Court. As a solution to these criticisms, this article develops a new measure of judicial legitimacy, the applied legitimacy index.MethodsUsing data from the American Panel Survey and item response theory models, this article estimates the applied legitimacy index. Ordinary least squares regression models then compare the effect ideological distance has on both the traditional legitimacy index and the newly developed applied legitimacy index.ResultsThe results indicate that those who are ideologically distant from the Court have diminished views of the Court's applied legitimacy. The substantive effect of ideological distance is much larger for applied legitimacy than when compared with traditional legitimacy.ConclusionsThis article suggests that the traditional legitimacy index may overestimate loyalty to the Court and underestimate the extent to which individuals are willing to sanction an ideologically distant Court. Based on this, the article advocates that scholars adopt the applied legitimacy index in future studies.
Identifying Patients Experiencing Opioid‐Induced Respiratory Depression During Recovery From Anesthesia: The Application of Electronic Monitoring Devices
Authors: Jungquist Carla R. , Chandola Varun , Spulecki Cheryl , Nguyen Kenneth V. , Crescenzi Paul , Tekeste Dejen , Sayapaneni Phani Ram 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundPostsurgical patients experiencing opioid‐related adverse drug events have 55% longer hospital stays, 47% higher costs associated with their care, 36% increased risk of 30‐day readmission, and 3.4 times higher risk of inpatient mortality compared to those with no opioid‐related adverse drug events. Most of the adverse events are preventable.General AimThis study explored three types of electronic monitoring devices (pulse oximetry, capnography, and minute ventilation [MV]) to determine which were more effective at identifying the patient experiencing respiratory compromise and, further, to determine whether algorithms could be developed from the electronic monitoring data to aid in earlier detection of respiratory depression.Materials and MethodsA study was performed in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) in an inner city. Sixty patients were recruited in the preoperative admissions department on the day of their surgery. Forty‐eight of the 60 patients wore three types of electronic monitoring devices while they were recovering from back, neck, hip, or knee surgery. Machine learning models were used for the analysis.ResultsTwenty‐four of the 48 patients exhibited sustained signs of opioid‐induced respiratory depression (OIRD). Although the SpO2 values did not change, end‐tidal CO2 levels increased, and MV decreased, representing hypoventilation. A machine learning model was able to predict an OIRD event 10 min before the actual event occurred with 80% accuracy.Linking Evidence to ActionElectronic monitoring devices are currently used as a tool to assess respiratory status using thresholds to distinguish when respiratory depression has occurred. This study introduces a potential paradigm shift from a reactive approach to a proactive approach that would identify a patient at high risk for OIRD. Capnography and MV were found to be effective tools in detecting respiratory compromise in the PACU.
Adult height is associated with risk of cancer and mortality in 5.5 million Swedish women and men
Authors: Benyi Emelie , Linder Marie , Adami Johanna , Kieler Helle , Palme Mårten , Sävendahl Lars 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundPrevious studies have indicated that taller individuals are at greater risk of developing cancer. Death from cancer and other specific causes have also been linked to height, but the results have been inconclusive. We aimed to shed further light on the associations between height, cancer incidence and mortality.MethodsWe conducted a nationwide, population-based prospective cohort study, including 5.5 million Swedish women and men (aged 20–74). They were followed over a period of up to 54 years. Heights were retrieved from national registers (mainly the Passport Register where heights are most often self-reported). The risks of overall and specific cancers, as well as overall and cause-specific mortality, were presented as HR with 95% CIs per 10 cm increase in height.ResultsA total of 278 299 cases of cancer and 139 393 cases of death were identified. For overall cancer, HR was 1.19 (1.18–1.20) in women and 1.11 (1.10–1.12) in men for every 10 cm increase in height. All 15 specific cancer types were positively associated with height—most strongly for malignant melanoma in both genders, with HRs of 1.39 (1.35–1.43) in women and 1.34 (1.30–1.38) in men. For overall mortality, HR was 0.98 (0.97–0.99) in women and 0.91 (0.90–0.92) in men for every 10 cm increase in height. Cancer mortality was increased in taller individuals, with HR 1.15 (1.13–1.17) in women and 1.05 (1.03–1.07) in men for every 10 cm increase in height, whereas shorter individuals had increased overall mortality due to a number of other causes, such as cardiovascular disease.ConclusionOverall and specific cancer risks, particularly malignant melanoma, were positively associated with height. Cancer mortality also increased with height. In contrast, overall mortality was decreased with height, particularly in men due to inverse associations with height for other causes of death.
Heat-moulded versus custom-made mandibular advancement devices for obstructive sleep apnoea: a randomised non-inferiority trial
Authors: Pépin Jean Louis , Raymond Nathalie , Lacaze Olivier , Aisenberg Nathalie , Forcioli Jérôme , Bonte Eric , Bourdin Arnaud , Launois Sandrine , Tamisier Renaud , Molinari Nicolas 
Published: May 2019

RationaleCustom-made mandibular advancement devices (MADs) are reported as providing higher efficacy rates compared with thermoplastic heat-moulded MADs but at the price of higher costs and treatment delays.ObjectiveTo determine whether a thermoplastic heat-moulded titratable MAD (ONIRIS; ONIRIS SAS, Rueil Malmaison, France) is non-inferior to a custom-made acrylic titratable MAD (TALI; ONIRIS SAS, Rueil Malmaison, France) for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA).MethodsWe conducted a multicentre, open, randomised controlled trial of patients with OSA refusing or not tolerating continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Participants were randomly assigned to a thermoplastic heat-moulded titratable device or a custom-made acrylic device for 2 months with stratification by centre and OSA severity. The non-inferiority primary outcome was a ≥50% reduction in apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI) or achieving AHI <10 events/hour at 2 months. The non-inferiority margin was preset as a difference between groups of 20% for the primary outcome in the per-protocol analysis.Main resultsOf 198 patients (mean age 51 [SD, 12] years; 138 [72.6%] men; mean body mass index 26 [SD, 2.7] kg/m2; mean AHI 26.6/hour [SD, 10.4]), 100 received TALI and 98 ONIRIS. In per-protocol analysis, the response rate was 51.7% in the TALI group versus 53.6% in the ONIRIS group (absolute difference 1.9%; 90% CI: 11% to 15%, within the non-inferiority margin). Effectiveness was the same for severity, symptoms, quality of life and blood pressure reduction. Patients in ONIRIS group reported more side effects and adherence was slightly better with TALI.ConclusionIn patients with OSA refusing or not tolerating CPAP, the thermoplastic heat-moulded titratable MAD was non-inferior in the short-term to the custom-made acrylic MAD.Trial registration numberNCT02348970.
Roles of sterile neutrinos in particle physics and cosmology
Authors: Kang Sin Kyu 
Published: May 2019

The impacts of the light sterile neutrino hypothesis in particle physics and cosmology are reviewed. The observed short baseline neutrino anomalies challenging the standard explanation of neutrino oscillations within the framework of three active neutrinos are addressed. It is shown that they can be interpreted as the experimental hints pointing towards the existence of sterile neutrino at the eV scale. While the electron neutrino appearance and disappearance data are in favor of such a sterile neutrino, the muon disappearance data disfavor it, which gives rise to a strong appearance–disappearance tension. After a brief review on the cosmological effects of light sterile neutrinos, proposed signatures of light sterile neutrinos in the existing cosmological data are discussed. The keV-scale sterile neutrinos as possible dark matter candidates are also discussed by reviewing different mechanisms of how they can be produced in the early Universe and how their properties can be constrained by several cosmological observations. We give an overview of the possibility that keV-scale sterile neutrino can be a good DM candidate and play a key role in achieving low-scale leptogenesis simultaneously by introducing a model where an extra light sterile neutrino is added on top of type I seesaw model.
Upward resetting of the vascular sympathetic baroreflex in middle-aged male runners
Authors: Wakeham Denis J. , Lord Rachel N. , Talbot Jack S. , Lodge Freya M. , Curry Bryony A. , Dawkins Tony G. , Simpson Lydia L. , Shave Rob E. , Pugh Christopher J. A. , Moore Jonathan P. 
Published: May 2019

This study focused on the influence of habitual endurance exercise training (i.e., committed runner or nonrunner) on the regulation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and arterial pressure in middle-aged (50 to 63 yr, n = 23) and younger (19 to 30 yr; n = 23) normotensive men. Hemodynamic and neurophysiological assessments were performed at rest. Indices of vascular sympathetic baroreflex function were determined from the relationship between spontaneous changes in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and MSNA. Large vessel arterial stiffness and left ventricular stroke volume also were measured. Paired comparisons were performed within each age category. Mean arterial pressure and basal MSNA bursts/min were not different between age-matched runners and nonrunners. However, MSNA bursts/100 heartbeats, an index of baroreflex regulation of MSNA (vascular sympathetic baroreflex operating point), was higher for middle-aged runners ( P = 0.006), whereas this was not different between young runners and nonrunners. The slope of the DBP-MSNA relationship (vascular sympathetic baroreflex gain) was not different between groups in either age category. Aortic pulse wave velocity was lower for runners of both age categories ( P < 0.03), although carotid β-stiffness was lower only for middle-aged runners ( P = 0.04). For runners of both age categories, stroke volume was larger, whereas heart rate was lower (both P < 0.01). In conclusion, we suggest that neural remodeling and upward setting of the vascular sympathetic baroreflex compensates for cardiovascular adaptations after many years committed to endurance exercise training, presumably to maintain arterial blood pressure stability. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Exercise training reduces muscle sympathetic burst activity in disease; this is often extrapolated to infer a similar effect in health. We demonstrate that burst frequency of middle-aged and younger men committed to endurance training is not different compared with age-matched casual exercisers. Notably, well-trained, middle-aged runners display similar arterial pressure but higher sympathetic burst occurrence than untrained peers. We suggest that homeostatic plasticity and upward setting of the vascular sympathetic baroreflex maintains arterial pressure stability following years of training.
The Mote (Extract)
Authors: Osadchy Mykhaylo 
Published: May 2019

Mykhaylo Osadchy was born on 22 March 1936 into a collective farmer's family in the NE Ukraine and graduated from the faculty of journalism, Lvov University, in 1958. He started as an editor, then senior editor, with Lvov television, and after 1960 taught journalism at Lvov University until his arrest in August 1965. He was also a deputy secretary of the journalism department's Party organisation and in charge of ideological education. On 18 April 1966 Osadchy was sentenced in camera for ‘anti-Soviet propaganda, nationalism and participation in a conspiracy’ to two years’ labour camp. In December 1966, a notebook with his translations from Garcia Lorca, from the work of some Baltic poets and his own poetry was confiscated. Meanwhile his first book of poetry, Misyachne pole (‘ Moonlit Field’), published by the Lvov publishing house Kamenyar, had been pulped as a result of his arrest. After his release in August 1968 Osadchy was not restored to his post and went through several manual and clerical jobs. He continued to write poetry and in April-May 1969 completed Bil'mo (‘ The Mote’), a fictionalised memoir of his arrest, trial, and life in the labour camp. He was arrested again in January 1972 (see INDEX no. 1, p. 87) and was sentenced in September to seven years’ imprisonment and five years’ exile for ‘anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda’. Although the investigation at his trial, held in camera in Lvov, failed to prove Osadchy's authorship of this work or its dissemination in samizdat, he was tried under article 62 of the Ukrainian Criminal Code for poems which were allegedly anti-Soviet and said to have been found in his flat at the time of his arrest.
Automated parenteral chemotherapy dose-banding to improve patient safety and decrease drug costs
Authors: Fahey Olivia G , Koth Sara M , Bergsbaken Jason J , Jones Heather A , Trapskin Philip J 
Published: May 2019

Purpose To improve patient safety and reduce drug waste through implementation of automated parenteral chemotherapy dose-banding within an electronic health record. Methods Parenteral chemotherapy dose-rounding practices were transitioned from a manual, pharmacist-driven workflow to an automated process within the electronic health record. Initial medications transitioned included bevacizumab, rituximab, and trastuzumab. Dose-banding tables were built to standardize rounding within a 10% parameter and then subsequently incorporated into the electronic health record after receiving multidisciplinary approval. Following implementation, a retrospective chart review was performed to compare drug and associated cost savings with manual dose-rounding and automated dose-banding. Medication safety improvements were measured by comparing the change in the number of clicks needed for pharmacist verification as well as by evaluation of submissions to our event reporting system. Results After implementing automated parenteral chemotherapy dose-banding, reported medication errors associated with the parenteral chemotherapy rounding process decreased. The number of event submissions related to incorrect rounding decreased from four submissions in the pre-implementation period to zero in the post-implementation period. Automation saved pharmacists at least 9,297 additional clicks and 11,363 additional keystrokes and also led to notable increases in total drug savings as well as drug cost savings. Conclusion Overall safety of our parenteral chemotherapy ordering processes within our electronic health record was improved after the implementation of automated dose-banding. By standardizing the administered doses for three chemotherapy agents, we were also able to increase total drug savings and associated drug cost savings.
Association of Increased Risk of Pneumonia and Using Proton Pump Inhibitors in Patients With Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Lin Wen-Ling , Muo Chin-Shin , Lin Wen-Chuan , Hsieh Yow-Wen , Kao Chia-Hung 
Published: May 2019

Background: This study explored the possible association between the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and the increased incidence of pneumonia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: We selected 4940 patients with T2DM of whom 988 and 3952 were enrolled in PPI and propensity score-matched control cohorts, respectively. All patients were followed from the index date until admission with pneumonia, withdrawal from the National Health Insurance program or the end of 2013. The PPIs associated with risk of incident pneumonia were examined. Furthermore, we assessed the risk of pneumonia according to annual defined daily doses in the PPI cohort. Results: After a 14-year follow-up, the cumulative incidence of pneumonia in the PPI users was 11.4% higher than that in the controls (30.3% vs 18.9%). Compared to the controls, the PPI users had a 1.70-fold higher risk of pneumonia in the Cox proportional hazards model after adjustment for matched pairs. The risk of pneumonia increased with the annual PPI defined daily dose. Conclusion: The results of this population-based retrospective cohort study suggest that PPI use increased the risk of pneumonia in patients with T2DM. The effects were more prominent in patients administered higher doses of PPIs.
Who Votes for Medicaid Expansion? Lessons from Maine's 2017 Referendum
Authors: Matsa David A. , Miller Amalia R. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Context: In November 2017, Maine became the first state in the nation to vote on a key provision of the Affordable Care Act: the expansion of Medicaid.
Methods: This study merged official election results from localities across Maine with Census Bureau and American Hospital Association data to identify characteristics of areas that support Medicaid expansion.
Findings: Places with more bachelor's degree holders more often vote in favor, whereas those with more associate's degree graduates tend to vote against. Conditional on education rates, areas with more uninsured individuals who would qualify for expanded coverage tend to vote in favor, while those with more high-income individuals tend to vote against. Also conditional on education rates, greater hospital employment is associated with support for expansion, but the presence of other health professionals, whose incomes might decrease from expansion, is associated with less support.
Conclusions: Voting patterns are mostly consistent with economic self-interest, except for the sizable association of bachelor's degree holders with support for Medicaid expansion. Direct democracy can shift Medicaid policy: extrapolating to other states, the model predicts that hypothetical referenda would pass in 5 of the 18 states that had not yet expanded Medicaid at the time of Maine's vote.