bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pn Tomography of the Juan de Fuca and Gorda Plates: Implications for Mantle Deformation and Hydration in the Oceanic Lithosphere
Authors: VanderBeek Brandon P. , Toomey Douglas R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTomographic analysis of Pn arrivals—the guided P wave propagating within the lithospheric mantle—is ideal for studying uppermost mantle structure. While plate‐scale seismic images of Pn velocities are common beneath the continents, similar scale studies have not been possible within ocean basins due to the sparse distribution of seismic stations. The Cascadia Initiative (CI) data set provides the first opportunity to image spatial variations in lithospheric structure from accretion to subduction across an entire oceanic plate. We invert Pn travel times from local earthquakes for 3‐D variations in isotropic and anisotropic P wave velocity and event hypocentral parameters. Despite surficial evidence of extensive faulting, we find that the velocity structure of the Gorda uppermost mantle is remarkably consistent with predictions from a conductive cooling model. Limited brittle deformation at mantle depths is supported by seismic anisotropy measurements, which show the fast direction of P wave propagation rotates in concert with the magnetic anomaly lineations. This rotation may be explained by local plate kinematics without internal deformation and hydration of the shallow mantle. In contrast to Gorda, the seismic velocity structure of the Juan de Fuca (JdF) plate does not exhibit a clear age dependence. Anomalously slow mantle velocities are found along the southern edge of the JdF plate and are spatially associated with the termini of pseudofaults. We attribute these velocity reductions to mantle alteration by seawater. Our results highlight the heterogeneous nature of the oceanic mantle lithosphere and show that patterns of mantle alteration are not readily discerned from surficial indicators of seafloor deformation.
Correlation Between the First Return Stroke of Negative CG Lightning and Its Preceding Discharge Processes
Authors: Shi Dongdong , Wang Daohong , Wu Ting , Takagi Nobuyuki 
Published: July 2019

AbstractUsing the negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning cases well located by the Fast Antenna Lightning Mapping Array, we have examined the general characteristics of the preliminary breakdown (PB) and stepped leader (SL) processes, and further studied the correlation between the first return stroke (RS1st) intensity and its preceding discharge processes. The RS1st intensity is measured from the range‐normalized radiation field. The parameters used to characterize PB/SL include PB altitude, PB/SL vertical speed, PB/SL pulse rate, and SL duration. The arithmetic mean PB altitude is about 5.6 km and exhibits a weak inverse correlation with the RS1st intensity. As the PB develops into the SL, the arithmetic mean vertical speed decreases from 4.7 × 105 to 1.7 × 105 m/s and the arithmetic mean pulse rate reduces from 5.1 to 2.4 ms−1. In the PB/SL processes, the average vertical speed and pulse rate have positive correlations with the RS1st intensity while the corresponding Spearman's correlation coefficient for SL is considerably larger than that for PB. The average SL duration is 34 ms and has a negative relation to the RS1st intensity, with the coefficient of −0.71. These results demonstrate that on average, lower initiation altitude, faster PB/SL vertical speed, higher PB/SL pulse rate, and shorter SL duration tend to be followed by stronger RS1st. According to the above correlations, we speculate that the combination of a middle negative charge region with a uniform and wide horizontal distribution and a small lower positive charge region is a favorable condition for an intense RS1st.
River Bed Elevation Variability Reflects Sediment Supply, Rather Than Peak Flows, in the Uplands of Washington State
Authors: Pfeiffer Allison M. , Collins Brian D. , Anderson Scott W. , Montgomery David R. , Istanbulluoglu Erkan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRiver channel beds aggrade and incise through time in response to temporal variation in the upstream supply of water and sediment. However, we lack a thorough understanding of which of these is the dominant driver of channel bed elevation change. This lack hampers flood hazard prediction, as changes to the bed elevation can either augment or reduce flood heights. Here, we explore the drivers of channel change using multidecadal time series of river bed elevation at 49 United States Geological Survey (USGS) gage sites in the uplands of Washington State, USA. We find that channel bed elevations at many of the gages change remarkably little over >80 years, while others are highly unstable. Despite regionally synchronous decadal fluctuations in flood intensity, there is a lack of regional synchrony of channel response at the decadal scale. At the monthly scale, the magnitude of antecedent high flow events between gage measurements does not predict either the direction or magnitude of shift in channel bed elevation. That variations in flood magnitude are insufficient to explain changes in bed elevation suggests that fluctuations in sediment supply, rather than variation in peak flows, are the primary driver of change to river bed elevation. In this region, channels downstream from glaciers have statistically significantly greater variability in bed elevation compared to those lacking upstream glaciers. Together, these findings suggest that aggradation and incision signals in this region predominately reflect fluctuations in sediment supply, commonly associated with glaciogenic sources, rather than response to high flow events.
SPIN90, an adaptor protein, alters the proximity between Rab5 and Gapex5 and facilitates Rab5 activation during EGF endocytosis
Authors: Kim Hwan , Oh Hyejin , Oh Young Soo , Bae Jeomil , Hong Nan Hyung , Park Su Jung , Ahn Suyeon , Lee Miriam , Rhee Sangmyung , Lee Sung Haeng , Jun Youngsoo , Kim Sung Hyun , Huh Yun Hyun , Song Woo Keun 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDuring ligand-mediated receptor endocytosis, the small GTPase Rab5 functions in vesicle fusion and trafficking. Rab5 activation is known to require interactions with its guanine nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs); however, the mechanism regulating Rab5 interactions with GEFs remains unclear. Here, we show that the SH3-adapter protein SPIN90 participates in the activation of Rab5 through the recruitment of both Rab5 and its GEF, Gapex5, to endosomal membranes during epidermal growth factor (EGF)-mediated endocytosis. SPIN90 strongly interacts with the inactive Rab5/GDI2 complex through its C-terminus. In response to EGF signaling, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-mediated phosphorylation of SPIN90 at Thr-242 enables SPIN90 to bind Gapex5 through its N-terminal SH3 domain. Gapex5 is a determinant of Rab5 membrane targeting, while SPIN90 mediates the interaction between Gapex5 and Rab5 in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Collectively, our findings suggest that SPIN90, as an adaptor protein, simultaneously binds inactive Rab5 and Gapex5, thereby altering their spatial proximity and facilitating Rab5 activation.
Do we need race-specific resting metabolic rate prediction equations?
Authors: Reneau James , Obi Brittaney , Moosreiner Andrea , Kidambi Srividya 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Background
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is a key determinant of daily caloric needs. Respirometry, a form of indirect calorimetry (IC), is considered one of the most accurate methods to measure RMR in clinical and research settings. It is impractical to measure RMR by IC in routine clinical practice; therefore, several formulas are used to predict RMR. In this study, we sought to determine the accuracy of these formulas in determining RMR and assess additional factors that may determine RMR.

Methods
We measured RMR in 114 subjects (67% female, 30% African American [AA]) using IC. Along with standard anthropometrics, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to obtain fat-free mass(FFM) and total fat mass. Measured RMR (mRMR) by respirometry was compared with predicted RMR (pRMR) generated by Mifflin–St.Joer, Cunningham, and Harris–Benedict (HB) equations. Linear regression models were used to determine factors affecting mRMR.

Results
Mean age, BMI, and mRMR of subjects were 46 ± 16 years (mean ± SD), 35 ± 10 kg/m2, and 1658 ± 391 kcal/day, respectively. After adjusting for age, gender, and anthropometrics, the two largest predictors of mRMR were race (p < 0.0001) and FFM (p < 0.0001). For every kg increase in FFM, RMR increased by 28 kcal/day (p < 0.0001). AA race was associated with 144 kcal/day (p < 0.0001) decrease in mRMR. The impact of race on mRMR was mitigated by adding in truncal FFM to the model. When using only clinically measured variables to predict mRMR, we found race, hip circumference, age, gender, and weight to be significant predictors of mRMR (p < 0.005). Mifflin–St.Joer and HB equations that use just age, gender, height, and weight overestimated kcal expenditure in AA by 138 ± 148 and 242 ± 164 (p < 0.0001), respectively.

Conclusion
We found that formulas utilizing height, weight, gender, and age systematically overestimate mRMR and hence predict higher calorie needs among AA. The lower mRMR in AA could be related to truncal fat-free mass representing the activity of metabolically active intraabdominal organs.
Local biotic interactions drive species-specific divergence in soil bacterial communities
Authors: Zhao Xin-Feng , Hao Yi-Qi , Zhang Da-Yong , Zhang Quan-Guo 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
It is well accepted that environmental heterogeneity and dispersal are key factors determining soil bacterial community composition, yet little is known about the role of local biotic interactions. Here we address this issue with an abundance-manipulation experiment that was conducted in a semiarid grassland. We manually increased the abundance of six randomly chosen resident bacterial species in separate, closed, communities and allowed the communities to recover in situ for 1 year. The single episode of increase in the abundance of different species drove species-specific community divergence accompanied by a decline in local diversity. Four of the six added species caused a decrease in the abundance of their closely related species, suggesting an important role of interspecific competition in driving the observed community divergence. Our results also suggested a lack of effective population regulations to force the relative abundance of manipulated species to revert to original level, which would allow persistence of the divergence among soil bacterial communities. We concluded that biotic interactions were important in determining soil bacterial community composition, which could result in substantial variation in soil bacterial community composition in abiotically homogenous environment.
Benefits of additional cycles of bortezomib/thalidomide/dexamethasone (VTD) induction therapy compared to four cycles of VTD for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma
Authors: Lee Yoo Jin , Moon Joon Ho , Sohn Sang Kyun , Kim Seok Jin , Jung Sung-Hoon , Lee Je-Jung , Jo Jae-Cheol , Shin Ho-Jin , Lee Won Sik , Lee Ji Hyun , Bae Sung Hwa , Kim Min Kyoung , Lee Ho Sup , Kim Kihyun , Min Chang-Ki ,   The Korean Multiple Myeloma Working Party
Published: July 2019

AbstractBortezomib/thalidomide/dexamethasone (VTD) induction therapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is one of the standard therapies for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM). However, the appropriate depth of response to induction therapy and timing of upfront ASCT are still debated. We investigated if two additional cycles of VTD (VTD6) improved the responses and progression-free survival (PFS) compared with four cycles of VTD (VTD4). We retrospectively reviewed outcomes of 190 NDMM patients treated with at least four cycles of VTD followed by ASCT between September 2014 and August 2017 [VTD4, n = 129 (67.9%); VTD6, n = 61 (32.1%)]. The VTD6 group had a higher pre-ASCT complete response (CR) rate than the VTD4 group (31.1% versus 10.1%, P < 0.001), but, the pre- and post-ASCT ≥ very good partial response (VGPR), and 2-year PFS were similar. Multivariate analysis revealed age, β2-microglobulin, and pre-ASCT CR as important factors for PFS. Two additional cycles of VTD prolonged PFS in patients with PR only after VTD4 [Hazard ratio (HR) = 0.29, P = 0.016] or those with Revised International Staging System stage I/II (HR = 0.36, P = 0.039). In conclusion, two additional VTD cycles may be helpful for patients with PR only after VTD4 but high risk MM needs the other treatment options.
Prediction of venetoclax activity in precursor B-ALL by functional assessment of apoptosis signaling
Authors: Seyfried Felix , Demir Salih , Hörl Rebecca Louise , Stirnweiß Felix Uli , Ryan Jeremy , Scheffold Annika , Villalobos-Ortiz Mariana , Boldrin Elena , Zinngrebe Julia , Enzenmüller Stefanie , Jenni Silvia , Tsai Yi-Chien , Bornhauser Beat , Fürstberger Axel , Kraus Johann Michael , Kestler Hans Armin , Bourquin Jean-Pierre , Stilgenbauer Stephan , Letai Anthony , Debatin Klaus-Michael , Meyer Lüder Hinrich 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDeregulated cell death pathways contribute to leukemogenesis and treatment failure in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). Intrinsic apoptosis signaling is regulated by different proapoptotic and antiapoptotic molecules: proapoptotic BCL-2 homology domain 3 (BH3) proteins activate prodeath molecules leading to cellular death, while antiapoptotic molecules including B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) prevent activation of prodeath proteins and counter-regulate apoptosis induction. Inhibition of these antiapoptotic regulators has become a promising strategy for anticancer treatment, but variable anticancer activities in different malignancies indicate the need for upfront identification of responsive patients. Here, we investigated the activity of the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax (VEN, ABT-199) in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia and found heterogeneous sensitivities in BCP-ALL cell lines and in a series of patient-derived primografts. To identify parameters of sensitivity and resistance, we evaluated genetic aberrations, gene-expression profiles, expression levels of apoptosis regulators, and functional apoptosis parameters analyzed by mitochondrial profiling using recombinant BH3-like peptides. Importantly, ex vivo VEN sensitivity was most accurately associated with functional BCL-2 dependence detected by BH3 profiling. Modeling clinical application of VEN in a preclinical trial in a set of individual ALL primografts, we identified that leukemia-free survival of VEN treated mice was precisely determined by functional BCL-2 dependence. Moreover, the predictive value of ex vivo measured functional BCL-2 dependence for preclinical in vivo VEN response was confirmed in an independent set of primograft ALL including T- and high risk-ALL. Thus, integrative analysis of the apoptosis signaling indicating mitochondrial addiction to BCL-2 accurately predicts antileukemia activity of VEN, robustly identifies VEN-responsive patients, and provides information for stratification and clinical guidance in future clinical applications of VEN in patients with ALL.
ER-residential Nogo-B accelerates NAFLD-associated HCC mediated by metabolic reprogramming of oxLDL lipophagy
Authors: Tian Yuan , Yang Bin , Qiu Weinan , Hao Yajing , Zhang Zhenxing , Yang Bo , Li Nan , Cheng Shuqun , Lin Zhangjun , Rui Yao-cheng , Cheung Otto K. W. , Yang Weiqin , Wu William K. K. , Cheung Yue-Sun , Lai Paul B. S. , Luo Jianjun , Sung Joseph J. Y. , Chen Runsheng , Wang Hong-Yang , Cheng Alfred S. L. , Yang Pengyuan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome that elevates the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although alteration of lipid metabolism has been increasingly recognized as a hallmark of cancer cells, the deregulated metabolic modulation of HCC cells in the NAFLD progression remains obscure. Here, we discovers an endoplasmic reticulum-residential protein, Nogo-B, as a highly expressed metabolic modulator in both murine and human NAFLD-associated HCCs, which accelerates high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet-induced metabolic dysfunction and tumorigenicity. Mechanistically, CD36-mediated oxLDL uptake triggers CEBPβ expression to directly upregulate Nogo-B, which interacts with ATG5 to promote lipophagy leading to lysophosphatidic acid-enhanced YAP oncogenic activity. This CD36-Nogo-B-YAP pathway consequently reprograms oxLDL metabolism and induces carcinogenetic signaling for NAFLD-associated HCCs. Targeting the Nogo-B pathway may represent a therapeutic strategy for HCC arising from the metabolic syndrome.
A biocatalytic hydroxylation-enabled unified approach to C19-hydroxylated steroids
Authors: Wang Junlin , Zhang Yanan , Liu Huanhuan , Shang Yong , Zhou Linjun , Wei Penglin , Yin Wen-Bing , Deng Zixin , Qu Xudong , Zhou Qianghui 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSteroidal C19-hydroxylation is pivotal to the synthesis of naturally occurring bioactive C19-OH steroids and 19-norsteroidal pharmaceuticals. However, realizing this transformation is proved to be challenging through either chemical or biological synthesis. Herein, we report a highly efficient method to synthesize 19-OH-cortexolone in 80% efficiency at the multi-gram scale. The obtained C19-OH-cortexolone can be readily transformed to various synthetically useful intermediates including the industrially valuable 19-OH-androstenedione, which can serve as a basis for synthesis of C19-functionalized steroids as well as 19-nor steroidal drugs. Using this biocatalytic C19-hydroxylation method, the unified synthesis of six C19-hydroxylated pregnanes is achieved in just 4 to 9 steps. In addition, the structure of sclerosteroid B is revised on the basis of our synthesis.
Lack of long-term acclimation in Antarctic encrusting species suggests vulnerability to warming
Authors: Clark Melody S. , Villota Nieva Leyre , Hoffman Joseph I. , Davies Andrew J. , Trivedi Urmi H. , Turner Frances , Ashton Gail V. , Peck Lloyd S. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMarine encrusting communities play vital roles in benthic ecosystems and have major economic implications with regards to biofouling. However, their ability to persist under projected warming scenarios remains poorly understood and is difficult to study under realistic conditions. Here, using heated settlement panel technologies, we show that after 18 months Antarctic encrusting communities do not acclimate to either +1 °C or +2 °C above ambient temperatures. There is significant up-regulation of the cellular stress response in warmed animals, their upper lethal temperatures decline with increasing ambient temperature and population genetic analyses show little evidence of differential survival of genotypes with treatment. By contrast, biofilm bacterial communities show no significant differences in community structure with temperature. Thus, metazoan and bacterial responses differ dramatically, suggesting that ecosystem responses to future climate change are likely to be far more complex than previously anticipated.
Ultrasound experiments on acoustical activity in chiral mechanical metamaterials
Authors: Frenzel Tobias , Köpfler Julian , Jung Erik , Kadic Muamer , Wegener Martin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOptical activity requires chirality and is a paradigm for chirality. Here, we present experiments on its mechanical counterpart, acoustical activity. The notion “activity” refers the rotation of the linear polarization axis of a transversely polarized (optical or mechanical) wave. The rotation angle is proportional to the propagation distance and does not depend on the orientation of the incident linear polarization. This kind of reciprocal polarization rotation is distinct from nonreciprocal Faraday rotation, which requires broken time-inversion symmetry. In our experiments, we spatiotemporally resolve the motion of three-dimensional chiral microstructured polymer metamaterials, with nanometer precision and under time-harmonic excitation at ultrasound frequencies in the range from 20 to 180 kHz. We demonstrate polarization rotations as large as 22° per unit cell. These experiments pave the road for molding the polarization and direction of elastic waves in three dimensions by micropolar mechanical metamaterials.
Quantum tomography of electrical currents
Authors: Bisognin R. , Marguerite A. , Roussel B. , Kumar M. , Cabart C. , Chapdelaine C. , Mohammad-Djafari A. , Berroir J.-M. , Bocquillon E. , Plaçais B. , Cavanna A. , Gennser U. , Jin Y. , Degiovanni P. , Fève G. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn quantum nanoelectronics, time-dependent electrical currents are built from few elementary excitations emitted with well-defined wavefunctions. However, despite the realization of sources generating quantized numbers of excitations, and despite the development of the theoretical framework of time-dependent quantum electronics, extracting electron and hole wavefunctions from electrical currents has so far remained out of reach, both at the theoretical and experimental levels. In this work, we demonstrate a quantum tomography protocol which extracts the generated electron and hole wavefunctions and their emission probabilities from any electrical current. It combines two-particle interferometry with signal processing. Using our technique, we extract the wavefunctions generated by trains of Lorentzian pulses carrying one or two electrons. By demonstrating the synthesis and complete characterization of electronic wavefunctions in conductors, this work offers perspectives for quantum information processing with electrical currents and for investigating basic quantum physics in many-body systems.
Dissociable age and memory relationships with hippocampal subfield volumes in vivo:Data from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA)
Authors: Carey Daniel , Nolan Hugh , Kenny Rose Anne , Meaney James 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe heterogeneous specialisation of hippocampal subfields across memory functions has been widely shown in animal models. Yet, few in vivo studies in humans have explored correspondence between hippocampal subfield anatomy and memory performance in ageing. Here, we used a well-validated automated MR segmentation protocol to measure hippocampal subfield volumes in 436 non-demented adults aged 50+. We explored relationships between hippocampal subfield volume and verbal episodic memory, as indexed by word list recall at immediate presentation and following delay. In separate multilevel models for each task, we tested linearity and non-linearity of associations between recall performance and subfield volume. Fully-adjusted models revealed that immediate and delayed recall were both associated with cubic fits with respect to volume of subfields CA1, CA2/3, CA4, molecular layer, and granule cell layer of dentate gyrus; moreover, these effects were partly dissociable from quadratic age trends, observed for subiculum, molecular layer, hippocampal tail, and CA1. Furthermore, analyses of semantic fluency data revealed little evidence of robust associations with hippocampal subfield volumes. Our results show that specific hippocampal subfields manifest associations with memory encoding and retrieval performance in non-demented older adults; these effects are partly dissociable from age-related atrophy, and from retrieval of well-consolidated semantic categories.