bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CRISPR-Cas, a highly effective tool for genome editing in Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4(HMT)
Authors: Atmadjaja Aretha N , Holby Verity , Harding Amanda J , Krabben Preben , Smith Holly K , Jenkinson Elizabeth R 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT
The solventogenic clostridia have long been known for their ability to convert sugars from complex feedstocks into commercially important solvents. Although the acetone-butanol-ethanol process fell out of favour decades ago, renewed interest in sustainability and ‘green’ chemistry has re-established our appetite for reviving technologies such as these, albeit with 21st century improvements. As CRISPR-Cas genome editing tools are being developed and applied to the solventogenic clostridia, their industrial potential is growing. Through integration of new pathways, the beneficial traits and historical track record of clostridial fermentation can be exploited to generate a much wider range of industrially relevant products. Here we show the application of genome editing using the endogenous CRISPR-Cas mechanism of Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4(HMT), to generate a deletion, SNP and to integrate new DNA into the genome. These technological advancements pave the way for application of clostridial species to the production of an array of products.
Perceptions of system-identity and regime shift for marine ecosystems
Authors: van Putten Ingrid , Boschetti Fabio , Ling Scott , Richards Shane A 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThere is growing empirical evidence around the world demonstrating regime shifts of marine ecosystems. But generalizable criteria to detect and define regime shifts are elusive because of: (i) an incomplete scientific understanding of processes underlying regime shifts; (ii) because the baseline state and conditions are ill defined, and; (iii) due to an inherent ambiguity in the concept of system identity. We surveyed marine scientists in Tasmania, Australia, and determined the effect of changing conditions (including type of climate impact, species loss, species composition, spatio-temporal extent, and human intervention) on their perception of marine regime shift. We find, there is an objective difficulty in detecting regime shifts that goes beyond scientific uncertainty and there is disagreement on which configurations of change indeed constitute a regime shift. Furthermore, this difference of opinion was not related to the degree of confidence that scientists indicated when identifying regime shifts. This lack of consensus and seemingly unrelated scientific confidence, may be attributable to value ambiguity around people s attitudes, cognitive biases, and baseline shift. When applying evidenced-based reference points in well-reasoned Ecosystem Based Management, there should be scientific consensus on the manifestation and extent of specific regime shifts, and recognition of value ambiguities influencing scientific perceptions.
A Halo Occupation Interpretation of Quasars at z ∼ 1.5 Using Very Small-Scale Clustering Information
Authors: Eftekharzadeh S , Myers A D , Kourkchi E 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
We combine the most precise small-scale ($\lt 100\, \rm h^{-1}kpc$) quasar clustering constraints to date with recent measurements at large scales ($\gt 1\, \rm h^{-1}Mpc$) from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) to better constrain the satellite fraction of quasars at z ∼ 1.5 in the halo occupation formalism. We build our Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) framework based on commonly used analytic forms for the one and two-halo terms with two free parameters: the minimum halo mass that hosts a central quasar and the fraction of satellite quasars that are within one halo. Inspired by recent studies that propose a steeper density profile for the dark matter haloes that host quasars, we explore HOD models at kiloparsec scales and best-fit parameters for models with 10 × higher concentration parameter. We find that an HOD model with a satellite fraction of $f_{\rm sat} = 0.071_{-0.004}^{+0.009}$ and minimum mass of $\rm M_{m} = 2.31_{-0.38}^{+0.41} \times 10^{12}\, \, \rm h^{-1} M_{\odot }$ for the host dark matter haloes best describes quasar clustering (on all scales) at z ∼ 1.5. Our results are marginally inconsistent with earlier work that studied brighter quasars, hinting at a luminosity-dependence to the one-halo term.
Central Banks and the New Regulatory Regime for Banks
Authors: Llewellyn David T. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The most serious global banking crisis in living memory has given rise to one of the most substantial changes in the regulatory regime of banks. While not all central banks have responsibility for regulation, because they are almost universally responsible for systemic stability, they have an interest in bank regulation. Two core objectives of regulation are discussed: lowering the probability of bank failures and minimizing the social costs of failures that do occur. The underlying culture of banking creates business standards and employee attitudes and behavior. There are limits to what regulation can achieve if the underlying cultures of regulated firms are hazardous. There are limits to what can be achieved through detailed, prescriptive, and complex rules, and when, because of what is termed the endogeneity problem, rules escalation raises issues of proportionality, a case is made for banking culture to become a supervisory issue.
Central Banking and Crisis Management from the Perspective of Austrian Business Cycle Theory
Authors: Schnabl Gunther 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the evolution and effects of central bank crisis management since the mid-1980s based on a Hayek-Mises-Wicksell overinvestment framework. It is shown that given that the traditional transmission mechanism between monetary policy and consumer price inflation has collapsed, asymmetric monetary policy crisis management implies a convergence of interest rates toward zero and a gradual expansion of central bank balance sheets. From a Wicksell-Hayek-Mises perspective, asymmetric central bank crisis management has contributed to financial market bubbles, decreasing marginal efficiency of investment, increasing income inequality, and declining growth dynamics. The economic policy implication is a slow but decisive exit from ultra-expansionary monetary policies.
The Changing Role of the Central Bank in Crisis Avoidance and Management
Authors: Mayes David G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores how the handling of bank failures in the global financial crisis led to dramatic changes in provisions for crisis avoidance and crisis management at the national and international levels. These provisions have led to an increase in the role of the central bank. The intention has been to end the idea of “too big to fail” by giving the largest banks capital and liquidity buffers that make failure unlikely and also to introduce bailing in as a substitute for bailing out. This aggregation of powers in the central bank raises problems of potential conflict of interest and politicizes the role of the central bank in a way that may compromise its independence. Central banks may thus be at the apex of their power and find that functions are taken away from them in the future when the nature of the problems is exposed.
Role Theory in Politics and International Relations
Authors: Breuning Marijke 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Role theory scholarship in politics and international relations (IR) seeks to understand decision-making from the perspective of the decision maker. That said, role theory scholarship has evolved over time. It has moved from an initial emphasis on the structural and institutional constraints that affect human behavior to a greater emphasis on the agency of human beings. In the past decade, role theory has re-emerged as an approach to the study of politics and IR. This new generation of scholarship places its emphasis on decision makers (or agents) while acknowledging that they are embedded in institutions (or structures). As such, role theory accepts the foundational characteristics of behavioral IR—which demands attention for the cognitive limitations of human decision makers, as well as their limited capacity to process information, and the various biases and heuristics that affect their reasoning. Role theory posits that theoretical models must simultaneously take into account the state’s material capabilities and the perceptions of decision makers, who bring their own biases and ideas (or maybe ideals) to the task of shaping foreign policy. Role theory enables scholars to model ideational factors alongside material ones and, in doing so, to improve understanding of the foreign policy decision-making of a wide range of states, including small(er) states, new states, and emerging powers.
Sensory Signaling Pathways in Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Willemen Hanneke L. D. M. , Eijkelkamp Niels 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Sensory neuron sensitivity is modulated by a large variety of mediators that can activate a plethora of signaling cascades. These signaling cascades allow sensory neurons to show remarkable plasticity in response to injury and inflammation. The understanding of intracellular signaling mechanisms that regulate sensory neuron function downstream of receptor–ligand interactions or electrical activity is still at a relatively developing stage. This article highlights what is known about some of the components of classical intracellular signal transduction cascades, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and downstream cAMP sensors, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and others in regulating sensory neuron function. How these transduction cascades may contribute to the initiation, maintenance, or even resolution of inflammatory and neuropathic pain is discussed. Moreover, the focus is on how intracellular signaling cascades themselves are subject to plasticity and how this plasticity may underlie the development of chronic pain.
Susan Moller Okin,Justice, Gender, and the Family
Authors: Ferguson Michaele 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSusan Okin’s radical thesis in Justice, Gender, and the Family is that the ideal of the gender-structured family is source of persistent gender inequality in politics, the workplace, and actual families. However, the book has widely been taken to be making a much narrower claim: that theorists of justice should extend their analysis to the family, ensuring that the division of labor in the family is just. As a result of this misreading, feminist theorists dismissed the book as conventional when it was published, whereas political theorists largely viewed it as innovative. This chapter recenters the radical thesis of the book, shows how Okin’s most important critics have misunderstood it, and discusses why now perhaps more than even in 1989, we should revisit this book.
Relaxation and Meditation
Authors: Nathoo Ayesha 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter elucidates the shared socio-cultural history of modern, therapeutic relaxation and meditation strategies. It demonstrates how the promulgation of relaxation therapies from the early twentieth century strongly influenced the later advancement of secularized, therapeutic meditation practices. It traces the development of scientifically grounded neuromuscular relaxation techniques, visualization methods and Autogenic Training in the first half of the twentieth century, through to the proliferation of modern yoga and Transcendental Meditation practices from the 1960s and mindfulness-based approaches from the late twentieth century. It shows how and why relaxation and meditation have been variously demarcated and amalgamated, in their common outreach to health-seeking Western populations. The chapter contributes a new historical vantage point for better understanding both the appeal and limitations of adapting and appropriating meditative techniques for therapeutic ends.
Disparities Between US Opioid Overdose Deaths and Treatment Capacity: A Geospatial and Descriptive Analysis
Authors: Langabeer James R. , Gourishankar Anand , Chambers Kimberly A. , Giri Sharmila , Madu Renita , Champagne-Langabeer Tiffany 
Published: March 2019

Introduction:
With opioid-related deaths reaching epidemic levels, gaining a better understanding of access to treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) is critical. Most studies have focused on 1 side of the equation—either provider capacity or patients’ need for care, as measured by overdose deaths. This study examines the overlay between treatment program availability and opioid mortality, comparing accessibility by region.

Methods:
Geospatial and statistical analyses were used to model OUD treatment programs relative to population density and opioid overdose death incidence at the state and county level. We computed a ratio between program capacity and mortality called the programs-per-death (PPD) ratio.

Results:
There were 40 274 opioid deaths in 2016 and 12 572 treatment programs across the contiguous 48 states, yielding a ratio of 1 program for every 3.2 deaths. Texas had the lowest number of treatment programs per 100 000 persons (1.4) and Maine the highest (13.2). West Virginia ranked highest in opioid deaths (39.09 per 100 000). Ohio, the District of Columbia, and West Virginia had the greatest mismatch between providers and deaths, with an average of 1 program for every 8.5 deaths. Over 32% of US counties had no treatment programs and among those with >10 deaths, nearly 2.5% had no programs. Over 19% of all counties had a ratio ≤1 provider facility per 10 deaths.

Conclusion:
Assessing the overlay between treatment capacity and need demonstrated that regional imbalances exist. These data can aid in strategic planning to correct the mismatch and potentially reduce mortality in the most challenged geographic regions.
Measuring Mental Stress During Otologic Surgery Using Heart Rate Variability Analysis
Authors: Dedmon Matthew Morris , O’Connell Brendan Powers , Yawn Robert James , Kipper-Smith Adriana , Bennett Marc Logan , Haynes David Scott , Rivas Alejandro 
Published: March 2019

Objectives:
Healthy individuals have significant beat-to-beat variability in heart rate, and this variability decreases with mental stress. We aim to use heart rate variability (HRV) to objectively compare mental stress levels in otologic surgeons at rest and during key portions of procedures.

Design:
Pilot study.

Setting:
Operating room and laboratory.

Participants:
Two neurotology fellows performed six mastoidectomy and facial nerve (FN) dissections in the operating room and six in a cadaver lab while continuous electrocardiograms were measured wirelessly. Five-minute samples were recorded during resting, preoperative, mastoidectomy, and FN dissection. Beat-to-beat time intervals were analyzed in time and frequency domains. The standard deviation of normal beat-to-beat intervals (SDNN) and the ratio of low frequency to high frequency power (LF/HF, measure of sympathetic tone) were calculated. Decreases in SDNN and increases in LF/HF indicate elevated mental stress.

Results:
Mean resting SDNN was 43.9 ± 9.2 ms, not statistically different from preoperative SDNN (34.1 ± 8.2 ms, p = 0.13). SDNN decreased during mastoidectomy (29.4 ± 11.7 ms) and FN dissection (22.8 ± 3.1 ms), which was significant compared to preoperative values (p = 0.03). Intraoperative LF/HF increased for FN dissection (6.8 ± 2.6) compared to resting (2.2 ± 0.7, p = 0.004), indicating increased sympathetic tone. Mastoid and FN cadaveric procedures resulted in SDNN of 33.6 ± 3.8 and 32.9 ± 4.7 ms, respectively, not statistically different from preoperative values (p = 0.82 and p = 0.94, respectively). Cadaveric FN dissection did not result in increased LF/HF (2.4 ± 0.9) compared to resting (p = 0.94).

Conclusions:
Decreased HRV and increased sympathetic tone were observed intraoperatively, indicating high levels of mental stress, particularly with FN dissection. Similar changes were not found during cadaveric dissections.
Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Children: Clinical Characteristics, Etiology, Treatment Outcomes, and Prognostic Factors
Authors: Lu Yuqing , Zhou Liangqiang , Imrit Tejvansh Shenoy , Liu Aiguo 
Published: March 2019

Objective:
To investigate the clinical characteristics, etiology, treatment outcomes, and prognostic factors of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) in children to guide the clinical diagnosis and treatment of SSNHL in the pediatric population.

Study Design:
Retrospective case review.

Setting:
Tertiary referral center.

Patients:
Patients diagnosed with SSNHL from November 2011 to December 2017 with relatively complete clinical data.

Intervention:
Diagnosis and systemic treatment of SSNHL.

Main Outcome Measures:
Patients’ clinical characteristics, etiology, laboratory tests, imaging, pure-tone audiometry at admission, and discharge were analyzed.

Results:
A total of 25 children and 149 adults with SSNHL were included. Recent or previous viral infection rates (81.8%) and fasting blood glucose level (5.23 + 1.47 mmol/L) in children with SSNHL were lower than those in adult SSNHL patients (p = 0.033, p = 0.033). Autoimmune abnormalities (90.0%) and plasma fibrinogen abnormalities (27.3%) were higher in children with SSNHL than those in adult SSNHL patients (40.0%, 8.8%, respectively, p < 0.05). The recovery rate in children (38.4%) with SSNHL is comparable to that in adults (22.6%), but children have a higher complete rate compared to adults (26.9%, 11.3%, respectively, p < 0.05). Children with a profound audiometric curve had a worse prognosis in comparison to other types of audiometric curves (p = 0.041).

Conclusions:
Children with SSNHL have a lower rate of viral infection in comparison to adults with SSNHL. Fasting blood glucose levels, complement C3, C4, and fibrinogen may be closely related to childhood SSNHL. The recovery rate in children with SSNHL is comparable to that in adults, but children have a higher complete rate compared to adults. A profound hearing curve is an unfavorable prognostic factor in both children and adults with SSNHL.
Outcomes From Brain Death Donors With Previous Cardiac Arrest Accepted for Pancreas Transplantation
Authors: Ventura-Aguiar Pedro , Ferrer Joana , Paredes David , Rodriguez-Villar Camino , Ruiz Angel , Fuster Josep , Fondevila Constantino , Garcia-Valdecasas Juan Carlos , Esmatjes Enric , Adália Ramon , Oppenheimer Federico , Campistol Josep M. , Diekmann Fritz , Ricart Maria J. 
Published: March 2019

Objective:
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of cardiac arrest time (CAT) in donors after brain death (DBD) donors on pancreas transplant outcome.

Summary of Background Data:
Results from donors after circulatory death report good outcomes despite warm ischemia times up to 57 minutes. Previous cardiac arrest in DBD has been addressed as a potential risk factor, but duration of the CAT has never been evaluated.

Methods:
We conducted a retrospective analysis including 342 pancreas transplants performed at our center from 2000 to 2016, and evaluated the effect of previous cardiac arrest in DBD (caDBD) on pancreas transplant outcomes.

Results:
A total of 49 (14.3%) caDBD were accepted for transplantation [median CAT of 5.0 min (IQR 2.5–15.0)]. Anoxic encephalopathy was most frequent and P-PASS higher (16.9 vs 15.6) in caDBD group when compared with other DBD. No differences were found in all other characteristics evaluated.
Graft survival was similar between both groups, as was the incidence of early graft failure (EGF). CAT increased the risk for EGF [OR 1.09 (95% CI, 1.01–1.17)], and the duration of CPR discriminated for EGF [AUC of 0.86 (95% CI, 0.74–0.98)], with a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 75% at a cutoff of 15 minutes. When evaluated separately, caDBD >15 min increased over 5 times the risk for EGF [HR 5.80 (95% CI, 1.82–18.56); P = 0.003], and these presented fewer days on the ICU (1.0 vs 3.0 d).

Conclusion:
CaDBD donors are suitable for routine pancreas transplantation without increasing EGF risk, and in those with longer CAT it may be prudent to postpone donation a few days to allow a thorough evaluation of organ damage following cardiac arrest.
Wounds Inhibit Tumor Growth In Vivo
Authors: Hu Michael S. , Maan Zeshaan N. , Leavitt Tripp , Hong Wan Xing , Rennert Robert C. , Marshall Clement D. , Borrelli Mimi R. , Zhu Ted N. , Esquivel Mikaela , Zimmermann Andrew , McArdle Adrian , Chung Michael T. , Foster Deshka S. , Jones Ruth Ellen , Gurtner Geoffrey C. , Giaccia Amato J. , Lorenz H. Peter , Weissman Irving L. , Longaker Michael T. 
Published: March 2019

Objective:
The aim of this study was to determine the interaction of full thickness excisional wounds and tumors in vivo.

Summary of Background Data:
Tumors have been described as wounds that do not heal due to similarities in stromal composition. On the basis of observations of slowed tumor growth after ulceration, we hypothesized that full thickness excisional wounds would inhibit tumor progression in vivo.

Methods:
To determine the interaction of tumors and wounds, we developed a tumor xenograft/allograft (human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma SAS/mouse breast carcinoma 4T1) wound mouse model. We examined tumor growth with varying temporospatial placement of tumors and wounds or ischemic flap. In addition, we developed a tumor/wound parabiosis model to understand the ability of tumors and wounds to recruit circulating progenitor cells.

Results:
Tumor growth inhibition by full thickness excisional wounds was dose-dependent, maintained by sequential wounding, and relative to distance. This effect was recapitulated by placement of an ischemic flap directly adjacent to a xenograft tumor. Using a parabiosis model, we demonstrated that a healing wound was able to recruit significantly more circulating progenitor cells than a growing tumor. Tumor inhibition by wound was unaffected by presence of an immune response in an immunocompetent model using a mammary carcinoma. Utilizing functional proteomics, we identified 100 proteins differentially expressed in tumors and wounds.

Conclusion:
Full thickness excisional wounds have the ability to inhibit tumor growth in vivo. Further research may provide an exact mechanism for this remarkable finding and new advances in wound healing and tumor biology.
Species specificity and intraspecific variation in the chemical profiles ofHeliconiusbutterflies across a large geographic range
Authors: Darragh Kathy , Montejo-Kovacevich Gabriela , Kozak Krzysztof M. , Morrison Colin R. , Figueiredo Clarisse M. E. , Ready Jonathan S. , Salazar Camilo , Linares Mauricio , Byers Kelsey J. R. P. , Merrill Richard M. , McMillan W. Owen , Schulz Stefan , Jiggins Chris D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn many animals, mate choice is important for the maintenance of reproductive isolation between species. Traits important for mate choice and behavioural isolation are predicted to be under strong stabilising selection within species, however such traits can also exhibit variation at the population level driven by neutral and adaptive evolutionary processes. Here, we describe patterns of divergence among androconial and genital chemical profiles at inter- and intra-specific levels in mimeticHeliconiusbutterflies. Most variation in chemical bouquets was found between species, but there were also quantitative differences at the population level. We found a strong correlation between interspecific chemical and genetic divergence, however, this correlation varied in intraspecific comparisons. We identified ‘indicator’ compounds characteristic of particular species that included known biologically active compounds, suggesting an approach for identification of candidate compounds for future behavioural studies in novel systems. Overall, the strong signal of species identity suggests a role for these compounds in species recognition, but with additional potentially neutral variation at the population level.