bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dory & Nemo Early Learning Center
Authors: Chan Yee‐Ching Lilian 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe case requires students to evaluate the current situation and growth options of a small business, Dory & Nemo Early Learning Center (D&N), which provides intergenerational programming to preschool children at a retirement home. The learning center was opened in September 2014, and it was able to make a small profit each year. However, it is projected that there would be a 75 percent decrease in net income from $8,072 in Fiscal 2016 to $1,819 in Fiscal 2017. Davis and Nathans, business partners of D&N, met to discuss the following growth options: (i) Mosaic Retirement Residences' proposal to set up two learning centers at their retirement homes each year for a total of six in three years and (ii) Harmony Retirement Residences' proposal for leasing space to set up learning centers at their retirement homes, one new learning center a year for a total of three in three years. Furthermore, Davis and Nathans had decided to increase the program fee from $320 to $350 per week for the 2017–18 academic session in September. They would also like to reduce their workload from 50 to 40 hours per week, increase their vacation time from two to three weeks, and increase their salaries and bonuses. Students must consider personal objectives of business partners and mission of D&N in the analysis. They learn to identify relevant information for decision making, apply appropriate analytical tools for quantitative analysis, integrate qualitative and quantitative factors in decision making, and make recommendations consistent with analysis.
Hormone replacement therapy attenuates hearing loss: Mechanisms involving estrogen and the IGF‐1 pathway
Authors: Williamson Tanika T. , Ding Bo , Zhu Xiaoxia , Frisina Robert D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractEstradiol (E) is a multitasking hormone that plays a prominent role in the reproductive system, and also contributes to physiological and growth mechanisms throughout the body. Frisina and colleagues have previously demonstrated the beneficial effects of this hormone, with E‐treated subjects maintaining low auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds relative to control subjects (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2006;103:14246; Hearing Research, 2009;252:29). In the present study, we evaluated the functionality of the peripheral and central auditory systems in female CBA/CaJ middle‐aged mice during and after long‐term hormone replacement therapy (HRT) via electrophysiological and molecular techniques. Surprisingly, there are very few investigations about the side effects of HRT in the auditory system after it has been discontinued. Our results show that the long‐term effects of HRT are permanent on ABR thresholds and ABR gap‐in‐noise (GIN) amplitude levels. E‐treated animals had lower thresholds and higher amplitude values compared to other hormone treatment subject groups. Interestingly, progesterone (P)‐treated animals had ABR thresholds that increased but amplitude levels that remained relatively the same throughout treatment. These results were consistent with qPCR experiments that displayed high levels of IGF‐1R in the stria vascularis (SV) of both E and P animal groups compared to combination treatment (E + P) animals. IGF‐1R plays a vital role in mediating anti‐apoptotic responses via the PI3K/AKT pathway. Overall, our findings gain insights into the neuro‐protective properties of E hormone treatments as well as expand the scientific knowledge base to help women decide whether HRT is the right choice for them.
Naltrexone Acutely Enhances Connectivity Between the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex and a Left Frontoparietal Network
Authors: Elton Amanda , Dove Samantha , Spencer Cory N. , Robinson Donita L. , Boettiger Charlotte A. 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundNaltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist that is Food and Drug Administration approved for treating alcohol use disorder (AUD), reduces alcohol craving and intake. Despite known pharmacological properties, little is known regarding the effects of naltrexone on neural circuit function. Thus, a data‐driven examination of the neural effects of naltrexone in human subjects may offer novel insight into its treatment mechanisms.MethodsTwenty‐one alcohol using males (22 to 39) participated in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover study of the effects of naltrexone on brain voxel‐wise functional connectivity (FC) using intersubject FC correlation mapping. We first cross‐correlated the time series from each gray matter voxel to produce a 6,356 × 6,356 FC matrix for each subject and session. We then subtracted the placebo FC matrix from the naltrexone FC matrix. To identify brain regions demonstrating significant reconfiguration of whole‐brain FC patterns following naltrexone treatment, we statistically quantified the consistency of patterns of voxel FC changes across subjects. Permutation testing identified significant clusters of voxels undergoing significant reconfiguration. Using the identified clusters in a seed‐based FC analysis, we then compared the FC patterns of affected brain areas on placebo versus naltrexone in a paired t‐test. Ridge regression analyses identified self‐report measures, including substance use, that significantly predicted individual differences in FC among naltrexone‐modulated regions.ResultsTwo clusters in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC)/ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) demonstrated significant modulation of FC by naltrexone. Using these 2 proximal clusters as a single seed, specific FC changes were identified in regions associated with a left frontoparietal network (increasing), as well as visual and motor regions (decreasing). Stronger FC between the rACC/vmPFC and this set of regions on placebo was associated with more external locus of control, whereas weaker connectivity was associated with greater substance use problems. Naltrexone strengthened these connections most among individuals who reported greater drinking to cope.ConclusionsEnhancing connectivity between the rACC/vmPFC, implicated in alcohol craving, and components of a left frontoparietal network involved in executive control may represent an effective strategy for the treatment of AUD.
Androgen receptor antagonism accelerates disease onset in the SOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: McLeod Victoria M. , Lau Chew L. , Chiam Mathew D.F. , Rupasinghe Thusitha W. , Roessner Ute , Djouma Elvan , Boon Wah C. , Turner Bradley J. 
Published: March 2019

Background and PurposeAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease typically more common in males, implicating androgens in progression of both patients and mouse models. Androgen effects are mediated by androgen receptor which is highly expressed in spinal motor neurons and skeletal muscles. To clarify the role of androgen receptors in ALS, we therefore examined the effect of androgen receptor antagonism in the SOD1G93A mouse model.Experimental ApproachThe androgen receptor antagonist, flutamide, was administered to presymptomatic SOD1G93A mice as a slow‐release subcutaneous implant (5 mg·day−1). Testosterone, flutamide, and metabolite levels were measured in blood and spinal cord tissue by LC–MS–MS. Effects on disease onset and progression were assessed using motor function tests, survival, muscle, and neuropathological analyses.Key ResultsFlutamide was metabolised to 2‐hydroxyflutamide achieving steady‐state plasma levels across the study duration and reached the spinal cord at pharmacologically active concentrations. Flutamide treatment accelerated disease onset and locomotor dysfunction in male SOD1G93A mice, but not female mice, without affecting survival. Analysis of hindlimb muscles revealed exacerbation of myofibre atrophy in male SOD1G93A mice treated with flutamide, although motor neuron pathology was not affected.Conclusion and ImplicationsThe androgen receptor antagonist accelerated disease onset in male SOD1G93A mice, leading to exacerbated muscle pathology, consistent with a role of androgens in modulating disease severity, sexual dimorphism, and peripheral pathology in ALS. These results also demonstrate a key contribution of skeletal muscle pathology to disease onset, but not outcome, in this mouse model of ALS.
It looks like childhood eczema but is it?
Authors: Mortz Charlotte G. , Brockow Knut , Bindslev‐Jensen Carsten , Broesby‐Olsen Sigurd 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn childhood, the most common type of eczema/dermatitis is atopic dermatitis, which occurs in up to 25% of children world‐wide. However, the diagnosis may sometimes be challenging and atopic dermatitis may resemble other types of dermatitis as well as other skin diseases such as psoriasis, infections, infestations and malignancies as well as metabolic, genetic and autoimmune disorders. This review will focus on how to recognize the most common types of dermatitis in children and adolescents and how to separate them from the most common differential diagnoses clinically and histologically.
Lic regulates JNK‐mediated cell death in Drosophila
Authors: Sun Yihao , Zhang Di , Li Chenglin , Huang Jiuhong , Li Wenzhe , Qiu Yu , Mao Aiwu , Zhou Mingcheng , Xue Lei 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectivesThe evolutionary conserved JNK pathway plays crucial role in cell death, yet factors that modulate this signalling have not been fully disclosed. In this study, we aim to identify additional factors that regulate JNK signalling in cell death, and characterize the underlying mechanisms.Materials and MethodsDrosophila were raised on standard media, and cross was carried out at 25°C. The Gal4/UAS system was used to express proteins or RNAi in a specific temporal and spatial pattern. Gene expression was revealed by GFP fluorescence, X‐gal staining or immunostaining of 3rd instar larval eye and wing discs. Cell death was visualized by acridine orange (AO) staining. Images of fly eyes and wings were taken by OLYMPUS microscopes.ResultsWe found that licorne (lic) encoding the Drosophila MKK3 is an essential regulator of JNK‐mediated cell death. Firstly, loss of lic suppressed ectopic Egr‐triggered JNK activation and cell death in eye and wing development. Secondary, lic is necessary for loss‐of‐cell polarity‐induced, physiological JNK‐dependent cell death in wing development. Thirdly, Lic overexpression is sufficient to initiate JNK‐mediated cell death in developing eyes and wings. Furthermore, ectopic Lic activates JNK signalling by promoting JNK phosphorylation. Finally, genetic epistatic analysis confirmed that Lic acts in parallel with Hep in the Egr‐JNK pathway.ConclusionsThis study not only identified Lic as a novel component of the JNK signalling, but also disclosed the crucial roles and mechanism of Lic in cell death.
Gene signatures common to allograft rejection are associated with lymphocytic bronchitis
Authors: Greenland John R. , Wang Ping , Brotman Joshua J. , Ahuja Rahul , Chong Tiffany A. , Kleinhenz Mary Ellen , Leard Lorriana E. , Golden Jeffrey A. , Hays Steven R. , Kukreja Jasleen , Singer Jonathan P. , Rajalingam Raja , Jones Kirk , Laszik Zoltan G. , Trivedi Neil N. , Greenland Nancy Y. , Blanc Paul D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractLymphocytic bronchitis (LB) precedes chronic lung allograft dysfunction. The relationships of LB (classified here as Endobronchial or E‐grade rejection) to small airway (A‐ and B‐grade) pathologies are unclear. We hypothesized that gene signatures common to allograft rejection would be present in LB. We studied LB in two partially overlapping lung transplant recipient cohorts: Cohort 1 included large airway brushes (6 LB cases and 18 post‐transplant referents). Differential expression using DESeq2 was used for pathway analysis and to define an LB‐associated metagene. In Cohort 2, eight biopsies for each pathology subtype were matched with pathology‐free biopsies from the same subject (totaling 48 samples from 24 subjects). These biopsies were analyzed by multiplexed digital counting of immune transcripts. Metagene score differences were compared by paired t tests. Compared to referents in Cohort 1, LB demonstrated upregulation of allograft rejection pathways, and upregulated genes in these cases characterized an LB‐associated metagene. We observed statistically increased expression in Cohort 2 for this LB‐associated metagene and four other established allograft rejection metagenes in rejection vs paired non‐rejection biopsies for both E‐grade and A‐grade subtypes, but not B‐grade pathology. Gene expression‐based categorization of allograft rejection may prove useful in monitoring lung allograft health.
A Brave New World, or the Same Old Story with New Characters?
Authors: Ghosh Jayati 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTCapitalism has always been a global system, but not in fixed ways. Different national powers have emerged and become dominant over the centuries, but the fundamental processes underlying the uneven development of global capitalism have not altered; they continue to be driven by imperialism — the struggle of large capital over economic territory of various kinds. Since the late 1960s, only the East Asian region has shown notable increases in its share of global GDP, and for the last two decades this has been dominated by the rise of China. This is directly related to the ability of the Chinese state to control the economy and to implement heterodox policies with very high investment rates. However, the Chinese case is exceptional: few other developing countries have followed a trajectory anything like that of China. Meanwhile, internal inequalities have increased across the world, as the bargaining power of capital vis‐à‐vis labour has increased dramatically in every country. This reflects the changed form of 21stcentury imperialism, which relies increasingly on the international legal and regulatory architecture as fortified by various multilateral, plurilateral and bilateral agreements that establish the hegemony of global capital in different ways.
Gender Blindness and the Annulment of the Development Contract
Authors: Alemany Cecilia , Slatter Claire , Rodríguez Enríquez Corina 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTThis contribution to the Forum Debate responds to Horner and Hulme's analysis on the ‘rise of the South’, which they see as suggesting a dramatic redrawing of the global map of development and inequality. This response presents a critical South feminist perspective, informed by the lived realities of women in the South. It is based on a historical and political perspective that goes beyond income inequality to understand gender inequality in development within the persistent North–South divide.
Equality‐led Development and the Demand‐ and Supply‐side Effects
Authors: Onaran Özlem 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTThis contribution to the Forum Debate on global development focuses on the dimension of functional income distribution between labour and capital and its demand‐side and supply‐side effects. The article summarizes recent literature that has sought to explain the reasons behind the global fall in the labour share. It then discusses the demand‐side effects of the declining wage share on growth, based on the post‐Keynesian/post‐Kaleckian literature. The author presents an alternative policy scenario for the G20 based on a mix of increasing wage share and public investment, before discussing the supply‐side effects of rising inequality. The article concludes with some policy implications for equality‐led development.
When do herbivorous insects compete? A phylogenetic meta‐analysis
Authors: Bird Gwendolyn , Kaczvinsky Chloe , Wilson Alan E. , Hardy Nate B. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWhen herbivorous insects interact, they can increase or decrease each other's fitness. As it stands, we know little of what causes this variation. Classic competition theory predicts that competition will increase with niche overlap and population density. And classic hypotheses of herbivorous insect diversification predict that diet specialists will be superior competitors to generalists. Here, we test these predictions using phylogenetic meta‐analysis. We estimate the effects of diet breadth, population density and proxies of niche overlap: phylogenetic relatedness, physical proximity and feeding‐guild membership. As predicted, we find that competition between herbivorous insects increases with population density as well as phylogenetic and physical proximity. Contrary to predictions, competition tends to be stronger between than within feeding guilds and affects specialists as much as generalists. This is the first statistical evidence that niche overlap increases competition between herbivorous insects. However, niche overlap is not everything; complex feeding guild effects indicate important indirect interactions.
Limits‐to‐arbitrage, investment frictions, and the investment effect: New evidence
Authors: Lam F. Y. Eric C. , Li Ya , Prombutr Wikrom , Wei K. C. John 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis study comprehensively reexamines the debate over behavioral and rational explanations for the investment effect in an updated sample. We closely follow the previous literature and provide several differences. Our tests include five prominent measures of corporate investment and corporate profitability in q‐theory and recent investment‐based asset pricing models. Both classical and Bayesian inferences show that limits‐to‐arbitrage tend to be supported by more evidence than investment frictions for all investment measures. When idiosyncratic volatility and cash flow volatility are used in measuring investment frictions, the inference is more favorable for the rational explanation.
Application and indications of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the equine head
Authors: Manso‐Díaz G. , Taeymans O. , García‐López J. M. , Weller R. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryThe equine head is an anatomically highly complex area affected by a range of disorders, making the diagnosis of head conditions challenging. Imaging techniques play a crucial role in the diagnostic work‐up of head disorders. Tomographic imaging methods, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are particularly useful in avoiding problems associated with superimposition of multiple structures in this highly complex region. Both techniques are becoming more widely available in equine medicine. However, the choice between CT and MRI for imaging the equine head is not always straightforward. Each modality has advantages and disadvantages in terms of practicality, costs and diagnostic value for particular problems. The aim of this review is to describe the application of CT and MRI for imaging the equine head and to provide a practical guide for their use in different anatomical structures and clinical indications. This should allow the equine practitioner to make an informed decision on which modality to choose.
Accounting for spectroscopic effects in laser‐based open‐path eddy covariance flux measurements
Authors: Burba George , Anderson Tyler , Komissarov Anatoly 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA significant portion of the production and consumption of trace gases (e.g. CO2, CH4, N2O, NH3, etc.) by world ecosystems occurs in areas without sufficient infrastructure or easily available grid power to run traditional closed‐path flux stations. Open‐path analyzer design allows such measurements with power consumption 10–150 times below present closed‐path technologies, helping to considerably expand the global coverage and improve the estimates of gas emissions and budgets, informing the remote sensing and modeling communities and policy decisions, all the way to IPCC reports. Broad‐band nondispersive infrared devices have been used for open‐path CO2 and H2O measurements since the late 1970s, but since recently, a growing number of new narrow‐band laser‐based instruments are being rapidly developed. The new design comes with its own challenges, specifically: (a) mirror contamination, and (b) uncontrolled air temperature, pressure and humidity, affecting both the gas density and the laser spectroscopy of the measurements. While the contamination can be addressed via automated cleaning, and density effects can be addressed via the Webb‐Pearman‐Leuning approach, the spectroscopic effects of the in situ temperature, pressure and humidity fluctuations on laser‐measured densities remain a standing methodological question. Here we propose a concept accounting for such effects in the same manner as Webb et al. proposed to account for respective density effects. Derivations are provided for a general case of flux of any gas, examined using a specific example of CH4 fluxes from a commercially available analyzer, and then tested using “zero‐flux” experiment. The proposed approach helps reduce errors in open‐path, enclosed, and temperature‐ or pressure‐uncontrolled closed‐path laser‐based flux measurements due to the spectroscopic effects from few percents to multiple folds, leading to methodological advancement and geographical expansion of the use of such systems providing reliable and consistent results for process‐level studies, remote sensing and Earth modeling applications, and GHG policy decision‐making.
Chemical, cytotoxic and genotoxic analysis of etidronate in sodium hypochlorite solution
Authors: Ballal N. V. , Das S. , Rao B. S. S. , Zehnder M. , Mohn D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimTo test whether the incorporation of a chelation powder, etidronate, marketed for root canal irrigation (Dual Rinse HEDP) into a sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution induced additional cytotoxic and genotoxic effects not observed with NaOCl alone.MethodologyFresh and 24‐h‐old mixtures of 0.9 g of etidronate in 10 mL of 2.5% NaOCl were assessed for their basic chemical features including pH and the ability to chelate Ca2+ from hydroxylapatite. Pure NaOCl and phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) with/without etidronate served as control solutions. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of diluted solutions (1:10, 1:100, and 1:1000) were assessed on Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79) using the MTT, clonogenic and micronucleus assays, respectively. One‐way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test were applied with an alpha‐type error of 5% (P < 0.05).ResultsIn mixtures of NaOCl and etidronate, the free available chlorine was lost completely after 24 h, and the pH dropped by more than 3 units. However, the ability of the etidronate to chelate Ca2+ was maintained. The fresh mixtures of NaOCl and etidronate were not more toxic than NaOCl alone (P > 0.05), whilst the 24‐h‐old mixtures were less toxic (P < 0.05) and statistically similar to pure etidronate. Etidronate per se showed little cytotoxicity and no genotoxicity at the tested dilutions.ConclusionsThe ability of the used etidronate, Dual Rinse HEDP, to chelate calcium is not affected by NaOCl. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of mixed solutions is dictated by the presence of free available chlorine therein.