bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐cannulation of the vascular access in home hemodialysis: Overcoming patient‐level barriers
Authors: Ward Frank L. , Faratro Rose , McQuillan Rory F. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPatients with end‐stage kidney disease who are considering home hemodialysis (HHD) face the challenge of learning to self‐cannulate their arteriovenous access. Current practice discourages the use of tunneled central venous catheters, with recent indications that self‐cannulating patients have superior outcomes. Patient‐level barriers do not appear to preclude a successful HHD program and should not be viewed as insurmountable by healthcare staff or patients. The healthcare team must address patient fears while instructing the patient to perform self‐cannulation safely. Identification and understanding of the barriers perceived by the patient will allow the patient and healthcare team work collaboratively, toward the goal of independence with self‐cannulation both during initial training and follow‐up care. The aim of this review was to provide a practical resource to aid in the identification and resolution of these patient‐level barriers, with the overall goal of improving the patient experience and medical outcomes in home hemodialysis programs.
A Bayesian semiparametric partially PH model for clustered time‐to‐event data
Authors: Nipoti Bernardo , Jara Alejandro , Guindani Michele 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA standard approach for dealing with unobserved heterogeneity and clustered time‐to‐event data within the proportional hazards (PH) context has been the introduction of a cluster‐specific random effect (frailty), common to subjects within the same cluster. However, the conditional PH assumption could be too strong for some applications. For example, the marginal association of survival functions within a cluster does not depend on the subject‐specific covariates. We propose an alternative partially PH modeling approach based on the introduction of cluster‐dependent random hazard functions and on the use of mixture models induced by completely random measures. The proposed approach accommodates for different degrees of association within a cluster, which varies as a function of cluster‐level and individual covariates. Moreover, a particular specification of the proposed model has the appealing property of preserving marginally the PH structure. We illustrate the performances of the proposed modeling approach on simulated and real data sets.
Repair: The Interface Between Interaction and Cognition
Authors: Albert Saul , de Ruiter J. P. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractConversational repair is the process people use to detect and resolve problems of speaking, hearing, and understanding. Through repair, participants in social interaction display how they establish and maintain communication and mutual understanding. We argue that repair provides a crucial theoretical interface for research between diverse approaches to studying human interaction. We provide an overview of conversation analytic findings about repair in order to encourage further cross‐disciplinary research involving both detailed inductive inquiry and more theory‐driven experimental approaches. We outline CA's main typologies of repair and its methodological rationale, and we provide transcripts and examples that readers can explore for themselves using open data from online corpora. Since participants in interaction use repair to deal with problems as they emerge at the surface level of talk, we conclude that repair can be a point of convergence for studying mis/communication from multiple methodological perspectives.
Canine and feline fundus photography and videography using a nonpatented 3D printed lens adapter for a smartphone
Authors: Espinheira Gomes Filipe , Ledbetter Eric 
Published: May 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo describe an indirect funduscopy imaging technique for dogs and cats using low cost and widely available equipment: a smartphone, a three‐dimensional (3D) printed indirect lens adapter, and a 40 diopters (D) indirect ophthalmoscopy lens.MethodsFundus videography was performed in dogs and cats using a 40D indirect ophthalmoscopy lens and a smartphone fitted with a 3D printed indirect lens adapter. All animals were pharmacologically dilated with topical tropicamide 1% solution. Eyelid opening and video recording were performed using standard binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy technique. All videos were uploaded to a computer, and still images were selected and acquired for archiving purposes. Fundic images were manipulated to represent the true anatomy of the fundus.ResultsIt was possible to promptly obtain good quality images from normal and diseased retinas using the nonpatented 3D printed, lens adapter for a smartphone.ConclusionsFundic imaging using a smartphone can be performed with minimal investment. This simple imaging modality can be used by veterinary ophthalmologists and general practitioners to acquire, archive, and share images of the retina. The quality of images obtained will likely improve with developments in smartphone camera software and hardware.
Ultrasonographic variations are present in the distal sesamoidean impar ligament of clinically sound horses
Authors: MacDonald Jessica Lauren , Richter Ruth‐Anne , Wimer Christine L. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractUltrasonography is an established diagnostic test for evaluating horses with foot pain due to suspected podotrochlear apparatus pathology. However, variations from the previously reported normal appearance of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament have not always coincided with lameness. The objective of this prospective, cross‐sectional, descriptive study was to characterize variations in the ultrasonographic appearance of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament in sound horses using the transcuneal approach. Transcuneal ultrasonography of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament was performed on sound horses, and images were evaluated for fiber pattern, echogenicity, and thickness. Varying echogenicities of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament compared to the deep digital flexor tendon were found. Hypoechogenic or hyperechogenic focal areas were noted in the mid‐body of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament or at its attachment to the navicular bone or the distal phalanx. In some of the sound horses, an anechoic linear area between the deep digital flexor tendon and distal sesamoidean impar ligament was observed as well as multifocal areas of hyperechogenicity or hypoechogenicity, irregular fiber pattern, and measurable thickening of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament. Several findings were bilaterally symmetrical, and no finding was always bilaterally symmetrical each time it was noted. This study supports transcuneal ultrasonography as an ancillary diagnostic tool for evaluating the equine distal sesamoidean impar ligament, describes sonographic variations in clinically sound horses, and suggests that the clinical significance of a lesion may not be determined by comparison of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament in the contralateral limb.
Circadian alignment in a foster mother improves the offspring's pathological phenotype
Authors: Olejníková Lucie , Polidarová Lenka , Behuliak Michal , Sládek Martin , Sumová Alena 
Published: May 2018

Key points
In mammals, the mother–offspring interaction is essential for health later in adulthood.
The impact of altered timing and quality of maternal care on the offspring's circadian system was assessed using a cross‐strain fostering approach.
Better maternal care facilitated the development of amplitudes of Bmal1 clock gene expression in the central clock, as well as the clock‐driven activity/rest rhythm, and also its entrainment to the external light/dark cycle. Worse maternal care impaired entrainment of the central clock parameters in the Wistar rat during the early developmental stages.
Better maternal care remedied the dampened amplitudes of the colonic clock, as well as cardiovascular functions.
The results provide compelling evidence that the circadian phenotype of a foster mother may affect the pathological symptoms of the offspring, even if they are genetically programmed.
AbstractIn mammals, the mother–offspring interaction is essential for health later in adulthood. Maternal care is determined by the circadian phenotype of the mother. The impact of altered timing and quality of maternal care on the circadian system was assessed using a cross‐strain fostering approach, with ‘abnormal’ (i.e. circadian misaligned) care being represented by spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and ‘normal’ care by Wistar rats. The SHR mothers worsened synchrony of the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei with the light/dark cycle in Wistar rat pups, although this effect disappeared after weaning. The maternal care provided by Wistar rat mothers to SHR pups facilitated the development of amplitudes of the Bmal1 expression rhythm in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus, as well as the clock‐driven activity/rest rhythm and its entrainment to the external light/dark cycle. The peripheral clocks in the liver and colon responded robustly to cross‐strain fostering; the circadian phenotype of the Wistar rat foster mother remedied the dampened amplitudes of the colonic clock in SHR pups and improved their cardiovascular functions. In general, the more intensive maternal care of the Wistar rat mothers improved most of the parameters of the abnormal SHR circadian phenotype in adulthood; conversely, the less frequent maternal care of the SHR mothers worsened these parameters in the Wistar rat during the early developmental stages. Altogether, our data provide compelling evidence that the circadian phenotype of a foster mother may positively and negatively affect the regulatory mechanisms of various physiological parameters, even if the pathological symptoms are genetically programmed.
Rac1 muscle knockout exacerbates the detrimental effect of high‐fat diet on insulin‐stimulated muscle glucose uptake independently of Akt
Authors: Raun Steffen H. , Ali Mona , Kjøbsted Rasmus , Møller Lisbeth L. V. , Federspiel Morten A. , Richter Erik A. , Jensen Thomas E. , Sylow Lykke 
Published: May 2018

Key points
The actin cytoskeleton regulating GTPase, Rac1, is a novel player in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscle in vivo.
High‐fat diet (HFD) exacerbates muscle insulin resistance in Rac1 muscle knockout (mKO) mice.
Muscle Rac1 KO protects against HFD‐induced insulin resistance in fat tissue indicating tissue cross‐talk.
A fatty diet markedly reduces insulin clearance in mice.
AbstractInsulin resistance and perturbations in glucose metabolism underpin common lifestyle diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. Insulin resistance in muscle is characterized by compromised activity of the GTPase, Ras‐related C3 Botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1), yet the role of Rac1 in insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake in vivo and diet‐induced insulin resistance is unknown. Inducible muscle‐specific Rac1 knockout (Rac1 mKO) and wild type (WT) littermate mice were either fed a chow or a 60% high‐fat diet (HFD). Insulin‐stimulated 2‐deoxy‐glucose uptake, intracellular signalling, protein expression, substrate utilization, and glucose and insulin tolerance were assessed. In chow‐fed mice, in vivo insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake was reduced in triceps, soleus and gastrocnemius muscles from Rac1 mKO mice. HFD‐induced whole body insulin resistance was exacerbated by the lack of muscle Rac1 and glucose uptake was reduced in all muscles, except for soleus. Muscle Akt (also known as protein kinase B) signalling was unaffected by diet or genotype. In adipose tissue, Rac1 mKO mice were protected from HFD‐induced insulin resistance (with respect to both glucose uptake and phosphorylated‐Akt), rendering their whole body glucose tolerance comparable to WT mice on HFD. Our findings show that lack of Rac1 exacerbates HFD‐induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Whole body glucose tolerance, however, was largely unaffected in Rac1 mKO mice, likely due to improved insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake in adipose tissue. We conclude that lack of Rac1 in the context of obesity is detrimental to insulin‐stimulated muscle glucose uptake in muscle independently of Akt signalling.
Assessing haplotype-based models for genomic evaluation in Holstein cattle
Authors: Karimi Z. , Sargolzaei M. , Robinson J.A.B. , Schenkel F.S. 
Published: May 2018

A single-nucleotide polymorphisms-based genomic relationship matrix (GSNP) discriminate less identity by state from identity by descent (IBD) alleles compared with a multi-locus haplotype-based relationship matrix (GHAP), which can better capture IBD alleles and recent relationships. We aimed to compare the prediction reliability and prediction bias of genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) using either GSNPor GHAPin Holstein cattle. Therefore, a total of 57 traits with a wide range of heritability values were analyzed. Classical validation tests were done using a validation dataset comprised of 50k genotype records of 561–669 proven bulls born in 2010–2011 with an official estimated breeding value (EBV) in 2016 and a training set of 5314–19 678 bulls born before 2010, depending on the trait. The method for building the genomic relationship matrix (G) had significant, but small effect on observed reliability (r2GEBV) (p < 0.0001) and bias (p < 0.0001). A significant interaction between G and the level of trait heritability on r2GEBVand bias was also observed (p < 0.0001). The small gains in r2GEBVand small reductions in the bias by using GHAPBLUP were increased when predicting moderate to high-heritability traits compared with low-heritability traits.
Advanced age results in a diminished endothelial glycocalyx
Authors: Machin Daniel R. , Bloom Samuel I. , Campbell Robert A. , Phuong Tam T. T. , Gates Phillip E. , Lesniewski Lisa A. , Rondina Matthew T. , Donato Anthony J. 
Published: May 2018

Age-related microvascular dysfunction is well characterized in rodents and humans, but little is known about the properties of the microvascular endothelial glycocalyx in advanced age. We examined the glycocalyx in microvessels of young and old male C57BL6 mice (young: 6.1 ± 0.1 mo vs. old: 24.6 ± 0.2 mo) using intravital microscopy and transmission electron microscopy and in human participants (young: 29 ± 1 yr vs. old: 60 ± 2 yr) using intravital microscopy. Glycocalyx thickness in mesenteric and skeletal muscle microvessels was 51–54% lower in old compared with young mice. We also observed 33% lower glycocalyx thickness in the sublingual microcirculation of humans in advanced age. The perfused boundary region, a marker of glycocalyx barrier function, was also obtained using an automated capture and analysis system. In advanced age, we observed a 10–22% greater perfused boundary region in mice and humans, indicating a more penetrable glycocalyx. Finally, using this automated analysis system, we examined perfused microvascular density and red blood cell (RBC) fraction. Perfused microvascular density is a marker of microvascular function that reflects the length of perfused microvessel segments in a given area; RBC fraction represents the heterogeneity in RBC presence between microvessel segments. Compared with young, the perfused microvascular density was 16–21% lower and RBC fraction was 5–14% lower in older mice and in older humans. These data provide novel evidence that, across mammalian species, a diminished glycocalyx is present in advanced age and is accompanied by markers of impaired microvascular perfusion. Age-related glycocalyx deterioration may be an important contributor to microvascular dysfunction in older adults and subsequent pathophysiology. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Advanced age is characterized by microvascular dysfunction that contributes to age-related cardiovascular diseases, but little is known about endothelial glycocalyx properties in advanced age. This study reveals, for the first time, lower glycocalyx thickness and barrier function that is accompanied by impaired microvascular perfusion in both mice and humans in advanced age.
CD4+ T-cell–Mediated Rejection of MHC Class II–Positive Tumor Cells Is Dependent on Antigen Secretion and Indirect Presentation on Host APCs
Authors: Haabeth Ole Audun W. , Fauskanger Marte , Manzke Melanie , Lundin Katrin U. , Corthay Alexandre , Bogen Bjarne , Tveita Anders A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTumor-specific CD4+ T cells have been shown to mediate efficient antitumor immune responses against cancer. Such responses can occur through direct binding to MHC class II (MHC II)–expressing tumor cells, or indirectly via activation of professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) that take up and present the tumor antigen. We have previously shown that CD4+ T cells reactive against an epitope within the Ig light chain variable region of a murine B-cell lymphoma can reject established tumors. Given the presence of MHC II molecules at the surface of lymphoma cells, we investigated whether MHC II–restricted antigen presentation on tumor cells alone was required for rejection. Variants of the A20 B lymphoma cell line that either secreted or intracellularly retained different versions of the tumor-specific antigen revealed that antigen secretion by the MHC II–expressing tumor cells was essential both for the priming and effector phase of CD4+ T-cell–driven antitumor immune responses. Consistent with this, genetic ablation of MHC II in tumor cells, both in the case of B lymphoma and B16 melanoma, did not preclude rejection of tumors by tumor antigen–specific CD4+ T cells in vivo. These findings demonstrate that MHC class II expression on tumor cells themselves is not required for CD4+ T-cell–mediated rejection and that indirect display on host APC is sufficient for effective tumor elimination. These results support the importance of tumor-infiltrating APC as mediators of tumor cell killing by CD4+ T cells.Significance: Elimination of tumors by CD4+ T cells recognizing secreted tumor neoantigens can occur in the absence of tumor cell-intrinsic MHC II expression, highlighting the potential clinical relevance of indirect antigen recognition by tumor-infiltrating APC.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/16/4573/F1.large.jpg. Cancer Res; 78(16); 4573–85. ©2018 AACR.
The Highly Metastatic Nature of Uterine Cervical/Endometrial Cancer Displaying Tumor-Related Leukocytosis: Clinical and Preclinical Investigations
Authors: Sasano Tomoyuki , Mabuchi Seiji , Kozasa Katsumi , Kuroda Hiromasa , Kawano Mahiru , Takahashi Ryoko , Komura Naoko , Yokoi Eriko , Matsumoto Yuri , Hashimoto Kae , Sawada Kenjiro , Morii Eiichi , Kimura Tadashi 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the metastatic potential of uterine cervical and endometrial cancer displaying tumor-related leukocytosis (TRL).
Experimental Design: Clinical data on uterine cervical (N = 732) and endometrial cancer (N = 900) were collected, and the metastatic potential of TRL-positive cancer was evaluated in univariate and multivariate analyses. Tumor and blood samples obtained from patients with cervical cancer, cervical cancer cell lines, and a mouse model of cervical cancer were used to examine the mechanisms underlying the highly metastatic nature of TRL-positive cancer, focusing on tumor-derived G-CSF and the myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC)-mediated premetastatic niche.
Results: Pretreatment TRL was significantly associated with visceral organ metastasis in patients with uterine cervical or endometrial cancer. The patients with TRL-positive cervical cancer displayed upregulated tumor G-CSF expression, elevated G-CSF levels, and increased MDSC frequencies in the peripheral blood compared with the TRL-negative patients. In vitro and in vivo investigations revealed that MDSCs produced in response to tumor-derived G-CSF are involved in premetastatic niche formation, which promotes visceral organ metastasis of TRL-positive cancer. The depletion of MDSCs attenuated this premetastatic niche formation and effectively inhibited the visceral organ metastasis of TRL-positive cancer.
Conclusions: Uterine cervical/endometrial cancer displaying TRL is a distinct clinical entity with high metastatic potential. Tumor-derived G-CSF and the MDSC-mediated premetastatic niche are responsible for the highly metastatic nature of this type of cancer. MDSC-targeting therapy might represent a potential strategy for combating metastasis derived from TRL-positive uterine cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 24(16); 4018–29. ©2018 AACR.
Sair do anonimato: a identidade social de mulheres no romance de Paulina Chiziane
Authors: Pereira Ianá Souza 
Published: May 2018

Este artigo propõe-se a discutir a identidade social de mulheres no romance Ventos do apocalipse (1999), da moçambicana Paulina Chiziane. Nele, a mulher tem acesso a voz para contar uma experiência histórica de seu país: a guerra de desestabilização de Moçambique. Histórias de mulheres personagens e uma voz narrativa feminina se misturam para compor o enredo beligerante do livro. O fio condutor da narrativa é o ponto de vista daqueles que sofreram a guerra, não daqueles que a fizeram. Há, entretanto, na narrativa, o desejo de refletir e problematizar verdades e papéis sociais no universo da aldeia, num esforço contínuo para apreender a condição da mulher e sua multiplicidade e complexidade, procurando perceber a sua identidade social.
Effects of Prolonged Spaceflight on Atrial Size, Atrial Electrophysiology, and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Khine Htet W. , Steding-Ehrenborg Katarina , Hastings Jeffrey L. , Kowal Jamie , Daniels James D. , Page Richard L. , Goldberger Jeffery J. , Ng Jason , Adams-Huet Beverley , Bungo Michael W. , Levine Benjamin D. 
Published: May 2018

Background:
The prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in active astronauts is ≈5%, similar to the general population but at a younger age. Risk factors for AF include left atrial enlargement, increased number of premature atrial complexes, and certain parameters on signal-averaged electrocardiography, such as P-wave duration, root mean square voltage for the terminal 20 ms of the signal-averaged P wave, and P-wave amplitude. We aimed to evaluate changes in atrial structure, supraventricular beats, and atrial electrophysiology to determine whether spaceflight could increase the risk of AF.

Methods:
Thirteen astronauts underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging to assess atrial structure and function before and after 6 months in space and high-resolution Holter monitoring for multiple 48-hour time periods before flight, during flight, and on landing day.

RESULTS:

Left atrial volume transiently increased after 6 months in space (12±18 mL;
P
=0.03) without changing atrial function. Right atrial size remained unchanged. No changes in supraventricular beats were noted. One astronaut had a large increase in supraventricular ectopic beats but none developed AF. Filtered P-wave duration did not change over time, but root mean square voltage for the terminal 20 ms decreased on all fight days except landing day. No changes in P-wave amplitude were seen in leads II or V
1
except landing day for lead V
1
.

Conclusions:
Six months of spaceflight may be sufficient to cause transient changes in left atrial structure and atrial electrophysiology that increase the risk of AF. However, there was no definite evidence of increased supraventricular arrhythmias and no identified episodes of AF.