bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Illicit cigarette trade in Metropolitan Santiago de Chile
Authors: Paraje Guillermo , Araya Daniel , Drope Jeffrey 
Published: December 2018

ObjectiveTo estimate with a rigorous statistical methodology and independent from the tobacco industry the prevalence and consumption of illicit cigarettes in Metropolitan Santiago de Chile, in addition to identifying the variables statistically associated with choosing to smoke illicit cigarettes.MethodsSurveys of 851 smokers who reside in the Metropolitan Santiago were collected using a sampling design that combined a randomisation of high-traffic points and a quota sampling to approximate the smoking population. Photographs of packs along with questions on where they were bought were used to define whether cigarettes were licit or illicit. After this identification, the statistical association between the decision to smoke illicit cigarettes and sociodemographic variables and smoking habits was estimated using probit models.ResultsThe proportion of smokers smoking illicit cigarettes in Metropolitan Santiago was 10.9%. Adjusted by smoking intensity, 16.3% of cigarettes smoked in a month were illicit. Models show that the probability of smoking illicit cigarettes is inversely associated with employment status (ie, employed/inactive/unemployed), and smokers with lower levels of education are more likely to smoke illicit cigarettes. Though smokers’ incomes are not directly measured, both employment status and educational levels are indicative that illicit cigarette consumption is more prevalent among low-income groups.ConclusionsThe proportion of smokers consuming illicit cigarettes estimated in this research is less than half of the widely publicised claims of the tobacco industry. Furthermore, past and present pricing strategies by the tobacco industry indicate that, contrary to public statements, the tobacco industry is not concerned by illicit trade.
Evaluation of the clinical impact of concomitant acid suppression therapy in colorectal cancer patients treated with capecitabine monotherapy
Authors: Rhinehart Hannah E , Phillips Michelle A , Wade Nathaniel , Baran Andrea 
Published: December 2018

Background Capecitabine is an oral chemotherapeutic agent used in colorectal cancer. Two prior studies found a negative impact with the concomitant use of proton pump inhibitor agents during treatment with capecitabine in patients with early colorectal and gastroesophageal cancers. Objective To determine if there is a clinical impact of the concomitant use of capecitabine and acid suppression therapy in patients with local and metastatic colorectal cancer. Methods This was a single-center retrospective cohort study of adult patients with colorectal cancer on capecitabine monotherapy between 2011 and 2017. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival were compared between patients on acid suppression therapy and those not on acid suppression therapy. Results A total of 70 patients were included. Patients on acid suppression therapy at capecitabine initiation (21%) had decreased progression-free survival versus those not on acid suppression therapy (HR 2.24, 95% CI 1.06–4.41, p = 0.035), after adjusting for disease severity and age. Acid suppression therapy use was associated with a numerical decrease in overall survival (HR 1.86, 95% CI 0.81–3.91, p = 0.14). In patients on any concomitant acid suppression therapy (25%), there was a decreased rate of progression-free survival (HR 6.21, 95% CI 2.56–14.32, p = 0.0001) but not overall survival (HR 1.64, 95% CI 0.68–3.54, p = 0.25) versus those without concomitant acid suppression therapy, after adjusting for age and disease severity. Conclusions Concurrent use of acid suppression therapy and capecitabine was associated with decreased progression-free survival, and there was a trend towards decreased overall survival. Due to the demonstrated potential of decreased efficacy, concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors or histamine 2 receptor antagonists should be avoided in colorectal cancer patients on treatment with capecitabine monotherapy.
Becoming a social work professional after incarceration
Authors: L Runell Lindsey 
Published: December 2018

Summary This article is based on data collected from interviews conducted with past and present members of a higher education program that affords previously incarcerated individuals the chance to attend a four-year university. College participation postincarceration can help foster trajectories for crime avoidance and employment. Less specific attention has been paid to how such educational experiences might shape opportunities for released prisoners to become professional help-givers and also help themselves in the process. This exploratory study brings awareness to some potential benefits of college student inclusion in social networks particularly among individuals with felony records and ways that such support can contribute to the attainment of viable employment in the social work field. Findings This article offers valuable insight into ways in which participation in a higher education program postincarceration can provide access to individuals and group networks that operate to debunk criminal stigmas, bolster professional ex-prisoner identities, and reentry progress. Out of the 17 research participants, 13 were professional wounded healers for inmates, at-risk youth, or reentry facility residents who identified their social work as a dominant factor in their continued transitions from prison to law-abiding citizen. Application The policy implications of this article will be discussed and contribute to evidence showing that the creation and development of opportunities for ex-prisoners to attend four-year universities can help advance reentry efforts. This research explores how a group of college-educated, formerly incarcerated persons pursuing social service careers can use their experiences in higher education to progress toward that goal.
Pathophysiology and management of opioid‐induced constipation: European expert consensus statement
Authors: Farmer Adam D , Drewes Asbjørn M , Chiarioni Giuseppe , De Giorgio Roberto , O'Brien Tony , Morlion Bart , Tack Jan 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundOpioid‐induced bowel dysfunction is a complication of opioid therapy, in which constipation is the most common and problematic symptom. However, it is frequently under‐recognised and thus effective management is often not instituted despite a number of treatment options.ObjectiveThe central objective of this study is to provide a summary of the pathophysiology and clinical evaluation of opioid‐induced constipation and to provide a pragmatic management algorithm for day‐to‐day clinical practice.MethodsThis summary and the treatment algorithm is based on the opinion of a European expert panel evaluating current evidence in the literature.ResultsThe pathophysiology of opioid‐induced constipation is multi‐faceted. The key aspect of managing opioid‐induced constipation is early recognition. Specific management includes increasing fluid intake, exercise and standard laxatives as well as addressing exacerbating factors. The Bowel Function Index is a useful way of objectively evaluating severity of opioid‐induced constipation and monitoring response. Second‐line treatments can be considered in those with recalcitrant symptoms, which include gut‐restricted or peripherally acting mu‐opioid receptor antagonists. However, a combination of interventions may be needed.ConclusionOpioid‐induced constipation is a common, yet under‐recognised and undertreated, complication of opioid therapy. We provide a pragmatic step‐wise approach to opioid‐induced constipation, which should simplify management for clinicians.
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of integrated care models for elderly, complex patients: A narrative review. Don’t we need a value-based approach?
Authors: Marino Marta , de Belvis Antonio G , Tanzariello Maria , Dotti Emanuele , Bucci Sabina , Colotto Marco , Ricciardi Walter , Boccia Stefania 
Published: December 2018

Introduction The management of patients with complex health and social needs is one of the main challenges for healthcare systems. Integrated care seems to respond to this issue, with collaborative working and integration efforts of the care system components professionals and service providers aimed at improving efficiency, appropriateness and person centeredness of care. We conducted a narrative review to analyse the available evidences published on effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of integrated care models targeted on the management of such elderly patients. Methods MEDLINE, Scopus and EBSCO were searched. We reported this narrative review according to the PRISMA Checklist. For studies to be included, they had to: (i) refer to integrated care models through implemented experimental or demonstration projects; (ii) focus on frail elderly ≥65 years old, with complex health and social needs, not disease-specific; (iii) evaluate effectiveness and/or cost and/or cost-effectiveness; (iv) report quantitative data (e.g. health outcomes, utilization outcomes, cost and cost-effectiveness). Results Thirty articles were included, identifying 13 integrated care models. Common features were identified in case management, geriatric assessment and multidisciplinary team. Favourable impacts on healthcare facilities utilization rates, though with mixed results on costs, were found. The development of community-based and cost-effective integrated systems of care for the elderly is possible, thanks to the cooperation across care professionals and providers, to achieving a relevant impact on healthcare and efficient resource management. The elements of success or failure are not always unique and identifiable, but the potential clearly exists for these models to be successful and generalized on a large scale. Discussion We found out a favourable impact of integrated care models/methods on health outcomes, care utilization and costs. The selected interventions are likely to be implemented at community level, focused on the patient management in terms of continuity of care. Thus, we propose a value-based framework for the evaluation of these services.
Scientific evidence for sustainable plant disease protection strategies for the main arable crops in Sweden. A systematic map protocol
Authors: Berlin Anna , Källström Helena Nordström , Lindgren Anders , Olson Åke 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Background
Efficient and sustainable plant protection is of great economic and ecological significance for global crop production. A number of challenges, e.g. climate change, population growth and global trade, put increasing demands on future crop production and crop protection. This necessitates an increase in crop productivity with less environmental impact while maintaining good food quality and food security. To meet these challenges, it is essential that the recommendations provided to growers are efficient and correct, which can only be ensured by evidence-based recommendations based on outcomes from scientific studies.

Methods and output
The aim of these systematic maps is to compile scientific evidence for different plant disease protection strategies for the main arable crops grown in Sweden. Six major crops (wheat, barley, oat, potato, sugar beet and oilseed rape) have been selected based on the area under production, the annual production, the economic importance, and the amount of pesticide used against diseases in these crops in Sweden. All methods to manage diseases will be considered, including cropping system, pesticide application, biological control methods, as well as combinations of methods and integrated pest management. These systematic maps will only deal with field studies of relevance for agricultural practices in Sweden, although we expect that the results will be applicable for northern Europe as a whole. The main outcome to be used will be productivity measured as yield per area. Plant health and pathogen reduction will be included as a proxy for potential increase in crop quality and yield. This will provide a systematic overview of the plant disease protection measures that have been reported in the scientific literature. The study will result in one searchable database per crop that may be used as a catalogue of evidence for researchers and stakeholders, especially authorities and advisory organizations. The systematic maps will aid in the identification of areas that need further research and guide funding agencies and policymakers when deciding where research resources should be allocated. It will also help to select topics for future systematic reviews and meta-studies within the field of plant protection.
Which Cutoffs for Secondary V˙O2max Criteria Are Robust to Diurnal Variations?
Authors: KNAIER RAPHAEL , NIEMEYER MAX , WAGNER JONATHAN , INFANGER DENIS , HINRICHS TIMO , KLENK CHRISTOPHER , FRUTIG SABRINA , CAJOCHEN CHRISTIAN , SCHMIDT-TRUCKSäSS ARNO 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT

Purpose
The aim was to determine the minimum maximum oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) criteria cut-offs in highly trained athletes (i.e., maximum RER [RERmax], maximum HR [HRmax], maximum RPE [RPEmax], and maximum blood lactate concentration [BLmax]) necessary to determine maximum oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) during cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPET), by balancing type I and type II errors. A further aim was to investigate if the defined cutoffs would be robust to diurnal and to day-to-day variations.

Methods
Data from two CPET studies involving young athletes were analyzed. In the first study, 70 male participants performed one CPET until exhaustion to define cutoffs. In the second study, eight males and five females performed one CPET on seven consecutive days at six different times of day (i.e., diurnal variation). The time of the CPET was identical on the sixth and seventh days (i.e., day-to-day variation). To ensure comparability both studies were carried out under the same conditions.

Results
Participants’ mean V˙O2max was 63.0 ± 5.3 mL·kg−1·min−1. RERmax ≥1.10 was reached by 100%, HRmax ≥95% of age-predicted HRmax by 99%, RPEmax ≥19 by 100%, and BLmax ≥8 mmol·L−1 by 100% of participants, respectively. Regarding the intraday variations, latter cutoffs were not reached in two cases for RERmax and in one case for HRmax and BLmax. Intraclass correlations for the day-to-day variability were r = 0.823 for RERmax, r = 0.828 for HRmax, and r = 0.380 for BLmax, respectively.

Conclusions
The proposed high cut-off values for secondary criteria provide some assurance that V˙O2max may have been achieved in athletes without increasing type II errors. However, type I errors may still occur indicating that further methods such as V˙O2-plateau or V˙O2-validation may be required.
Acute Effects of Exercise Intensity on Insulin Sensitivity under Energy Balance
Authors: FISHER GORDON , GOWER BARBARA A. , OVALLE FERNANDO , BEHRENS CHRISTIAN E. , HUNTER GARY R. 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT
Exercise is known to improve insulin sensitivity (SI); however, studies to date have been confounded by negative energy deficits after exercise.

Purpose
The primary objective of this study was to assess the effect of 8 to 16 wk of aerobic exercise training on the SI of untrained women under rigorously controlled energy-balanced conditions. The secondary objective was to determine if one acute bout of moderate-intensity continuous (MIC) or high-intensity interval (HII) exercise further affected SI.

Methods
Insulin sensitivity was assessed in 28 untrained women at baseline, after 8 to 16 wk of training with no-exercise (NE) before assessment, 22 h after MIC (50% V˙O2peak), and 22 h after HII (84% V˙O2peak) using a hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp. Participants were in a whole-room indirect calorimeter during each condition, and food intake was adjusted to ensure energy balance across 23 h before each clamp.

Results
There were no significant differences in acute energy balance between each condition. Results indicated a significant main effect of time, such that SI was higher during the HII condition compared with both baseline and NE (P < 0.05). No significant differences in SI were observed after NE or MIC.

Conclusions
Widely reported improvements in SI in response to chronic exercise training may be mediated in part by shifts in energy balance. However, an acute bout of HII exercise may increase SI even in the context of energy balance.
The way of the pharmaceutical ingredients to the finished pharmaceutical form
Authors: Rafael Bence , Kuruczleki Nóra , Gál József 
Published: December 2018

The modern pharmaceutical industry is a strictly controlled area. Both national and international rules apply, but none of these deals with logistical issues arising from the manufacture of the product. Following the path of a drug, it is possible to get acquainted with the problems that arise and their solution.
The drug is much more than a common product. The drug is a product of confidence, which is provided with information. It defines its quality as well, to comply with the relevant directives and standards in the manufacture of, and that the enclosed information is sent to the user.
This requires the manufacturer, the distributor and the user to comply with it. There is no production without material handling, but GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) does not yet have a chapter on logistics. References to handling raw materials and finished products can be found in the corresponding GMP chapters, the responsibility of the correct execution are borne by the manufacturer. In this case, the effect of the common sense prevails exponentially, keep the medicine in mind and it has to be done, that no loss, no quality deterioration is not caused by the transport, handling of such loads, storage.
It is typical that the raw material and the finished product are going through the entire site during the pharmaceutical manufacture. Starting from the warehouse, it runs through the manufacturing facilities, on the packaging, and some units go to the lab, so that eventually, in medicine form returns to the warehouse, from where it goes further in the supply chain through the pharmacies to the patients.
In our study we examine the logistics activity and problems of a small pharmaceutical company and tasks to be solved presented in the light of the theory.
Optimal operating scenario for Polerood hydropower station to maximize peak shaving and produced profit
Authors: Forouzi Feshalami Behzad 
Published: December 2018

This paper deals with the optimization of the daily operation of Polerood hydropower station being constructed in the north of Iran. Dynamic Programming method (DP) is applied as the preferred optimization tool owing to the fact that it guarantees the optimal solution and is applicable to the present problem. Produced profit and peak-shaving are the two objectives considered separately in this study. The results show that the optimal water management of the case study through charging and discharging the reservoir at the appropriate times led to 4% increase in the produced profit. In another part of this study, the optimal performance strategies regarding to the two objectives (produced profit and peak-shaving) are compared. The observed similarity between the two performance strategies implies the substantial dependence of the electricity price and the network demand level. The paper ends with the profitability study of the project and the sensitivity analysis of the results to various economic parameters. Article History: Received December 15th 2017; Received in revised form April 18th 2018; Accepted September 16th 2018; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Feshalami, B.F. (2018) Optimal Operating Scenario for Polerood Hydropower Station to Maximize Peak Shaving and Produced Profit. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 7(3), 233-239.https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.7.3.233-239
Induced Electro-Deposition of High Melting-Point Phases on MgO–C Refractory in CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 – (MgO) Slag at 1773 K
Authors: Huihua Wang , Channa Wang , Yingjun Xu , Kun Jiang , Tianpeng Qu , Jun Tian , Deyong Wang 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
MgO–C refractory was polarized across the slag-refractory interface at a voltage of 8 V in a synthetic CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 – (MgO) Slag at 1773 K. A deposition layer mainly composed of dicalciumsilicate (2CaO.SiO2) or spinel (MgO.Al2O3) with several hundred microns thick was achieved by cathodic polarization. However, the anodic decay was accelerated in comparison to the cathodic refractories and nonpolarized reference MgO–C refractories. The electrodeposition layer was mainly caused by the reduction of silicate anions, in which a shift of slag composition to the dicalciumsilicate (C2S) or spinel (MA) primary phase field was induced. Furthermore, the rapid migration of mobile Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions can also lead to the enrichment of CaO and MgO at the slag/refractory interface. The present voltage level (8 V) is acceptable for the economic considerations and the slag component also need a careful section for the corrosion protection of MgO–C refractories.
Performance Limits of FSO Based SAC-OCDMA System Under Weather Conditions
Authors: Mesri Lamia , Djebbari Ali 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn this paper, the Spectral Amplitude Coding Optical Code Division Multiple Access (SAC-OCDMA) is investigated in Free Space Optics (FSO) using Zero Cross Correlation (ZCC) codes to evaluate its performance limits in terms of link range. The system is analyzed under clear, haze, moderate fog and dense fog weather conditions. This system has been evaluated numerically and by simulation analysis by maintaining the transmitted power at 10 dBm, for safety reason, according to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and minimum acceptable BER of10{10}–9. The simulation results shown that the present system can transmit 622 Mbps/1 Gbps up to maximum link range of 1450 m/1100 m and 61 m/54 m under clear and dense fog conditions, respectively.
The crystal structure of 2-((3-methylthiophen-2-yl)methylene)malononitrile, C9H6N2S
Authors: Al-Sehemi Abdullah G. , Pannipara Mehboobali , Asiri Abdullah M. , Arshad Muhammad Nadeem , Kalam Abul 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
C9H6N2S, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 3.9497(4) Å, b = 9.0268(13) Å, c = 12.2935(16) Å, V = 431.37(10) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0496, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0747, T = 296(2) K.
Crystal structure of catena-poly[(1-(4-fluorophenyl)-N–(5-((trimethylstannyl)thio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)methanimine], (C12H14FN3S2Sn)n
Authors: Sun Junshan 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
C12H14FN3S2Sn, orthorhombic, Pbca (no. 61), a = 12.954(3) Å, b = 11.494(3) Å, c = 20.825(5) Å, V = 3100.7(13) Å3, Z = 8, R
gt(F) = 0.0274, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0658, T = 298(2) K.
Crystal structure of 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenylprop-2-yn-1-one, C16H12O2
Authors: Smit Jireh B. M. , Marais Charlene , Malan Frederick P. , Bezuidenhout Barend C. B. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
C16H12O2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 15.7947(10) Å, b = 6.2958(4) Å, c = 12.2787(8) Å, β = 94.216(2)°, V = 1217.69(14) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0398, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1336, T = 150(2) K.
Small domain, large consequences: the axon initial segment as a key player in neuronal excitability
Authors: Engelhardt Maren , Jamann Nora , Wefelmeyer Winnie 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The axon initial segment (AIS) is a crucial axonal domain for neuronal function – it allows neurons to generate action potentials, maintain their polarity or modulate their own excitability, thereby adapting to sudden and more long-term changes in network state. Although the AIS has been a well-described structure in neurons with work dating back to the 1960s, its fundamental role in neuronal function has only really been appreciated in the last decade. It is therefore no surprise that the AIS now also emerges as a hub for the onset of various pathophysiological conditions. In this review, we will focus on AIS development, function, and plasticity in the context of neuronal network activity and will highlight recent results that indicate a role for the AIS in the regulation and fine-tuning of input-output relations in single neurons.