bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probability Mass Functions
Authors: Donovan Therese M. , Mickey Ruth M. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on probability mass functions. One of the primary uses of Bayesian inference is to estimate parameters. To do so, it is necessary to first build a good understanding of probability distributions. This chapter introduces the idea of a random variable and presents general concepts associated with probability distributions for discrete random variables. It starts off by discussing the concept of a function and goes on to describe how a random variable is a type of function. The binomial distribution and the Bernoulli distribution are then used as examples of the probability mass functions (pmf’s). The pmfs can be used to specify prior distributions, likelihoods, likelihood profiles and/or posterior distributions in Bayesian inference.
Probability Density Functions
Authors: Donovan Therese M. , Mickey Ruth M. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter builds on probability distributions. Its focus is on general concepts associated with probability density functions (pdf’s), which are distributions associated with continuous random variables. The continuous uniform and normal distributions are highlighted as examples of pdf’s. These and other pdf’s can be used to specify prior distributions, likelihoods, and/or posterior distributions in Bayesian inference. Although this chapter specifically focuses on the continuous uniform and normal distributions, the concepts discussed in this chapter will apply to other continuous probability distributions. By the end of the chapter, the reader should be able to define and use the following terms for a continuous random variable: random variable, probability distribution, parameter, probability density, likelihood, and likelihood profile.
The Shark Attack Problem Revisited: MCMC with the Metropolis Algorithm
Authors: Donovan Therese M. , Mickey Ruth M. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, the “Shark Attack Problem” (Chapter 11) is revisited. Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is introduced as another way to determine a posterior distribution of λ, the mean number of shark attacks per year. The MCMC approach is so versatile that it can be used to solve almost any kind of parameter estimation problem. The chapter highlights the Metropolis algorithm in detail and illustrates its application, step by step, for the “Shark Attack Problem.” The posterior distribution generated in Chapter 11 using the gamma-Poisson conjugate is compared with the MCMC posterior distribution to show how successful the MCMC method can be. By the end of the chapter, the reader should also understand the following concepts: tuning parameter, MCMC inference, traceplot, and moment matching.
How Principles Ground
Authors: Enoch David 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Specific moral facts (like the fact that you ought to send the paper by that deadline) seem to be grounded in relevant natural facts (that you promised), together with relevant moral principles (that you ought to keep your promises). This picture—according to which moral principles play a role in grounding specific moral facts—is a very natural one, and it may be especially attractive to non-naturalist, robust realists. A recent challenge from Selim Berker threatens this picture, though. Moral principles themselves seem to incorporate grounding claims, and it’s not clear that this can be reconciled with according the principles a grounding role. This chapter responds to Berker’s Challenge, utilizing a (moderate) grounding pluralism. In particular, it argues that distinguishing between normative and metaphysical grounding is the key to saving the natural picture. It also shows how such a distinction is one that you have a reason to endorse independently of this challenge, as it does important work elsewhere in moral philosophy.
Conclusion
Authors: Nattrass Nicoli , Seekings Jeremy 
Published: July 2019

AbstractChapter 8 considers the challenge of moving towards inclusive dualism for surplus labour countries. In such countries, decent work fundamentalism threatens to perpetuate or worsen poverty and inequality. As the extreme case of South Africa’s clothing manufacturing sector shows, decent work fundamentalism not only impedes job creation but it also destroys jobs. Decent work fundamentalism is a threat not just across Southern Africa and in other parts of the world where open unemployment is very high. It is also a threat across much of Africa, where unemployment rates have already risen and are predicted to continue to rise, especially amongst young people. Given the rapid growth of the labour force and the inability of agriculture to absorb more workers, most African countries need to expand urgently non-agricultural employment in labour-intensive sectors (including clothing manufacturing). Strengthening the safety net of social protection (through cash transfers and public works programmes) can mitigate poverty, but is unlikely to be any substitute for labour-intensive development.
Introduction
Authors: Lixinski Lucas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Introduction details the book’s general aims and argument. It also lays the groundwork for some of the broader theoretical themes that run through the book, namely: the relationship between law and non-law with respect to cultural heritage; the conservation paradigm under which international heritage law operates; and the basic terminology that the book uses, in its choice to refer to simply ‘heritage’, instead of ‘cultural heritage’, ‘cultural property’, ‘natural heritage’, and a working definition of ‘community’.
Temporalities of International Heritage Law
Authors: Lixinski Lucas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the way international heritage law applies across time, and the mismatch between community and state expectations of these relationships between heritage and time. While it often relies on time as a means to define heritage, international heritage law has in many respects a difficult relationship with Chronos. From the age of heritage down to the non-retroactivity of treaties which essentially resets the clock on a number of heritage disputes and injustices, the temporal application of international heritage law plays a significant role in shaping what is permissible heritage, and how the law addresses heritage. The chapter uses genocide’s relationship to cultural heritage as a means to examine how heritage plays roles before, during, and after major events, in ways that the law does not always capture constructively. Lastly, it queries the potential of international human rights law to address international heritage law’s shortcomings in this area.
The Bright and Dark Sides of International Heritage Law
Authors: Lixinski Lucas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter uses the insights gained from previous chapters to outline the bright and dark sides of international heritage law, particularly as seen from the perspective of communities’ engagement with their own heritage and the legal structures around it. This chapter argues that, while there have been tremendous achievements in the field of international heritage law under UNESCO’s tutelage, each one of these achievements has brought with it unintended consequences that we need to be mindful of if we are to continue constructive engagement with the field. This chapter, while setting these bright and dark sides in pairs, should not be read as creating dualities but rather as dialectically bridging concepts, and showing cause and effect: every bright side casts a shadow, which needs our attention.
Conclusions
Authors: Lixinski Lucas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This, the concluding chapter of the book, pulls together the many strings of argument so as to provide elements for a more community-centred international heritage law, which, the chapter argues, is ultimately an improved and more sustained way of safeguarding heritage for present and future generations, therefore fulfilling UNESCO’s ambitions of promoting peace through heritage. The chapter proposes pathways to bring communities to the international decision-making, and for a more critically aware international heritage law.
Troublesome Recordings
Authors: Burrows George 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces Andy Kirk and His Clouds of Joy and establishes how their recordings represent a usefully troublesome body of work for illuminating prevailing conceptions of jazz that articulate notions of race with those of musical style. A survey of the extant literature which has previously considered the band’s records, together with that which has broached the entwined topics of race and jazz, suggests the value of the study in reflecting the vital role of the recordings of such interwar black jazz musicians in shaping jazz as a practice and conception. The notion of manipulating stylistic masks, which are donned by the musicians to Signify on racialized styles and identities in creative and often subversive ways, is introduced as the central means for illuminating the records and their musical-racial discourse. That approach is contextualized with reference to Andy Kirk’s upbringing and musical background before the materials, method, and structure for the study are outlined.
Versification
Authors: Jones Howard , Jones Martin H. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the chief features of versification in poetry written in the Middle High German Classical period (c.1170–c.1230) and in the remainder of the Middle High German period. The four parts of the chapter treat metre (anacrusis, interior of the line, cadence), rhyme (types of rhyme, rhyme schemes), lines of verse in context (rhythmical continuity or discontinuity between lines of verse, metrical and syntactical structures, rhyming couplets and syntactical structures), and verse forms (non-strophic verse, strophic verse in heroic and lyric poetry, the ‘Stollenstrophe’). Tips for the scansion of verse are included. Technical terminology in English and German is explained throughout. Examples are in the main drawn from the selection of texts (Chapter 5). In the case of lyric verse, the general account in this chapter is supplemented by metrical analyses of each song included in the selection.
Historical, Cultural, and Literary Background
Authors: Jones Howard , Jones Martin H. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the context in which the texts chosen for study originated and in which the use of German as a written language developed during the Middle High German period. No prior knowledge of the period is presupposed; key concepts are explained as they arise. The chapter is divided into three sections. The first explains the formation of the kingdom of Germany and of the Holy Roman Empire and examines the relationship between them. The second section describes the structure and working of German society under the following headings: the church; kingship and the secular nobility (including discussion of knighthood and chivalry); peasants and the rural economy; towns and townspeople. The third section surveys the principal types of texts that provide the basis for the study of Middle High German. The survey covers religious literature, courtly literature, chronicles, legal and administrative texts, and medical and other specialist literature.
Care-paradigm shift promoting smoking cessation treatment among cancer center patients via a low-burden strategy, Electronic Health Record-Enabled Evidence-Based Smoking Cessation Treatment
Authors: Ramsey Alex T , Chiu Ami , Baker Timothy , Smock Nina , Chen Jingling , Lester Tina , Jorenby Douglas E , Colditz Graham A , Bierut Laura J , Chen Li-Shiun 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Tobacco smoking is an important risk factor for cancer incidence, an effect modifier for cancer treatment, and a negative prognostic factor for disease outcomes. Inadequate implementation of evidence-based smoking cessation treatment in cancer centers, a consequence of numerous patient-, provider-, and system-level barriers, contributes to tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. This study provides data for a paradigm shift from a frequently used specialist referral model to a point-of-care treatment model for tobacco use assessment and cessation treatment for outpatients at a large cancer center. The point-of-care model is enabled by a low-burden strategy, the Electronic Health Record-Enabled Evidence-Based Smoking Cessation Treatment program, which was implemented in the cancer center clinics on June 2, 2018. Five-month pre- and post-implementation data from the electronic health record (EHR) were analyzed. The percentage of cancer patients assessed for tobacco use significantly increased from 48% to 90% (z = 126.57, p < .001), the percentage of smokers referred for cessation counseling increased from 0.72% to 1.91% (z = 3.81, p < .001), and the percentage of smokers with cessation medication significantly increased from 3% to 17% (z = 17.20, p < .001). EHR functionalities may significantly address barriers to point-of-care treatment delivery, improving its consistent implementation and thereby increasing access to and quality of smoking cessation care for cancer center patients.
Sofosbuvir-/Daclatasvir-based therapy for chronic HCV and HCV/hepatitis B virus coinfected patients in Egypt
Authors: Nagaty Ahmed , Helmy Sherine H A , Abd El-Wahab Ekram W 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundDramatic advances in hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment were witnessed with the introduction of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). Generic DAAs with remarkable efficacy and good safety profiles are currently manufactured by local pharmaceutical companies in Egypt.MethodsIn the real-world setting, of a total of 367 patients chronically infected with HCV, 289 (277 treatment-naïve and 12 treatment-experienced) patients were enrolled. Approximately 15% of the patients were coinfected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Patients were treated with sofosbuvir+daclatasvir with or without ribavirin for 12 or 24 wk as the standard of care. HBV DNA levels were monitored throughout the study.ResultsA sustained virologic response at 12 wk (SVR12) was achieved in 98.3% of the patients. All non-responders were treatment-naïve and the response rate among treatment-experienced patients was 100.0%. Elevated α-fetoprotein and treatment with sofosbuvir+daclatasvir+ribavirin for 6 mo were predictors of non-response (OR [95% CI] = 1.06 [1.02 to 1.1] and 15.9 [1.8 to 136.2]; p&lt;0.05, respectively). No HBV reactivation was noticed throughout the treatment and follow-up periods in HCV/HBV coinfected patients.ConclusionThe present real-world findings add to the evidence for the efficacy of generic DAAs for the treatment of patients infected with HCV. HBV reactivation is unlikely to occur in those coinfected with HBV. Although liver cirrhosis affected the outcome, pretreatment liver chemistry did not seem to correlate with the results of treatment.
Surveillance Mammography After Breast Conservation Therapy
Authors: Hasan Shaakir , Gresswell Steven , Colosimo Brittany , Weinberger Kevin , Anderson Sidney , Abel Stephen , Bigbee Matthew , Shindel Betty , Hilton Christie , Julian Thomas , Trombetta Mark 
Published: July 2019

Introduction:
We investigated the downstream workup and costs associated with digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) compared with 2-dimensional full field digital mammogram (FFDM) when employed as initial follow-up imaging in breast conservation therapy.

Methods:
Between the years 2015 and 2017, 450 consecutive breast conservation therapy patients, ages 32 to 89, with a follow-up DBT (n=162) or FFDM (n=288) were retrospectively reviewed. The primary endpoints were further workup after follow-up mammogram and associated health care costs at 1 year. A single DBT costs an estimated $149 compared with $111 for FFDM, based on Centers for Medicare claims data from the Oncology Care Model.

Results:
The first posttreatment mammogram was received within 3 (20%), 3 to 6 (32%), or after 6 months (48%) following radiation. Younger patients and those undergoing hypofractionated radiation were more likely to get DBT. There were no differences in stage, receptor status, or mammogram timing between those in the FFDM and DBT groups.
The following downstream workup ensued for DBT compared with FFDM imaging: 18% versus 29% short-interval (6-mo) mammogram (odds ratio=1.83, P=0.01), 6% versus 11% breast magnetic resonance imaging (odds ratio=1.90, P=0.08), 4% ultrasound for each, and 3% biopsy for each (1 positive in the FFDM group). Including downstream workup, the estimated cost per patient in the DBT group was $216.14 compared with $237.83 in the FFDM group. Independent predictors for reduced downstream workup per multivariable analysis were the use of DBT and first follow-up mammogram at least 6 months after radiation (P<0.05).

Discussion:
Excess workup was reduced with DBT compared with FFDM in the posttreatment setting, which translated to an improvement in cost efficiency in this study.
Cardiac Toxicity in Operable Esophageal Cancer Patients Treated With or Without Chemoradiation
Authors: Witt Jacob S. , Jagodinsky Justin C. , Liu Yifei , Yadav Poonam , Kuczmarska-Haas Aleksandra , Yu Menggang , Maloney James D. , Ritter Mark A. , Bassetti Michael F. , Baschnagel Andrew M. 
Published: July 2019

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate predictors of cardiac events in esophageal cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NA CRT) followed by surgery compared with surgery alone.

Materials and Methods:
We retrospectively identified patients treated for esophageal cancer between 2006 and 2016. A total of 123 patients were identified; 70 were treated with surgery alone, and 53 were treated with NA CRT. Cardiac events were scored based on Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4.03), and dosimetric data was compiled for all patients who received radiation. Univariate analysis and multivariable analysis (MVA) were performed to identify predictors of cardiac events. Competing risk of death regression was performed to a model the cumulative incidence of cardiac events.

Results:
The overall rates of grade ≥3 cardiac events were 24.5% in the NA CRT group versus 10% in the surgery group (P=0.04). On MVA, use of NA CRT (P<0.01, hazard ratio [HR]: 3.45, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.35-9.09) predicted for grade ≥3 cardiac events, though no dosimetric variable predicted for grade ≥3 cardiac events or overall survival. On MVA, NA CRT predicted for pericardial effusions of any grade (P<0.01, HR: 3.70, 95% CI: 1.67-8.33). The V45 Gy was the most significant predictor of pericardial effusions (P=0.012, HR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01-1.06)

Conclusions:
NA CRT significantly increased the rate of grade ≥3 cardiac events compared with patients treated with surgery alone. Although no dosimetric parameter predicted for grade ≥3 cardiac events or survival, the V45 Gy predicted for pericardial effusions.
Opinions and main sources of information about menopause among middle-aged Brazilian women
Authors: de Arruda Amaral Isabel Cristina Gardenal , Baccaro Luiz Francisco , Lui-Filho Jeffrey Frederico , Osis Maria José Duarte , Pedro Adriana Orcesi , Costa-Paiva Lúcia 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Objectives:
The aim of this study was to evaluate women's opinions about menopause and the sources of information they use to deepen their understanding of the topic.

Methods:
Population-based study with 749 Brazilian women aged 45 to 60 years. The answers to the question “What is menopause?” were typed and coded, and categories that emerged from the interviewees’ own speech were created. The answers to the question: “Where or from whom did you get information about menopause?” were also analyzed.

Results:
The mean age of women was 52.5 (± 4.4) years. Of them, 68% were postmenopausal. According to 67.5% of the interviewees, the concept of menopause encompassed changes in the menstrual cycle and hormones. For 48%, menopause meant physical changes such as “hot flushes and vaginal dryness.” For 22.7%, menopause represented psychological changes. The concept of menopause was associated with some change in sexuality for 7.6% of the interviewees. Approximately 18% could not explain what menopause meant. Regarding the sources of information, 44.5% of the women attributed this knowledge to friends and relatives. Doctors or health services were mentioned by 44.3% of women. Television or radio was cited by 22.0%; magazines, newspapers, or books were cited by 14.0%; and the Internet was cited by 6.8% of women. Fifty-two women (6.9%) reported having no source of information about menopause.

Conclusions:
Most of the interviewees relate the term “menopause” to physiological events. There seems to be a suppressed demand for information on the various aspects of the menopausal transition among middle-aged Brazilian women.
HOMOZYGOSITY FOR A NOVEL DOUBLE MUTANT ALLELE (G1961E/L857P) UNDERLIES CHILDHOOD-ONSET ABCA4-RELATED RETINOPATHY IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Authors: Khan Arif O. 
Published: July 2019

Purpose:
Stargardt disease (On-Line Mendelian Inheritance In Man 242000, STGD1) is the most common inherited macular dystrophy. STGD1 is typically a young-adult-onset disease that is recurrently associated with the ABCA4 mutant allele G1961E in homozygosity or compound heterozygosity. The genetics of ABCA4-related retinopathy in the Arabian Gulf region have not been well-studied. This report reviews the experience of the Ocular Genetics Service at Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi with clinically diagnosed ABCA4-related retinopathy in Emirati patients who underwent genetic testing.

Methods:
Retrospective case series (2016–2018, inclusive).

Results:
All 22 identified patients (19 families; 11 males, 11 females; first visual symptoms 5–33 years old) were found to harbor biallelic ABCA4 pathologic variants. There were 14 childhood-onset cases (onset before 18 years of age; 12 families; 7 males, 7 females; first visual symptoms from 5 to 12 years old, median 8)—all were homozygous, 11 for the same novel double mutant allele G1961E/L857P. Those who underwent electroretinography (8) had cone-rod rather than isolated macular dystrophy. There were 8 adult-onset cases (onset at or after 18 years of age; 7 families; 4 males, 4 females; first visual symptoms from 18 to 33 years old, median 22)—all were compound heterozygous, seven harboring the common G1961E mutant allele.

Conclusion:
The molecular yield for biallelic ABCA4 pathogenic variants is high for clinically diagnosed ABCA4-related retinopathy in Emiratis (100% in this case series). Homozygosity for a novel complex allele G1961E/L857P causes a childhood-onset cone-rod dystrophy rather than the young-adult-onset macular dystrophy that is associated with G1961E alone. This G1961/L857P complex allele likely represents a founder effect for the region.
RESOLUTION OF A SUBFOVEAL CHOROIDAL CAVERN AFTER HALF-DOSE PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY FOR CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY
Authors: Sakurada Yoichi , Parikh Ravi , Freund K. Bailey 
Published: July 2019

Purpose:
To describe resolution of a subfoveal choroidal cavern after half-dose verteporfin photodynamic therapy for persistent central serous chorioretinopathy.

Methods:
Case report.

Results:
A 43-year-old man was referred for treatment of chorioretinopathy in his left eye. On presentation, swept-source optical coherence tomography demonstrated a serous retinal detachment and a 161-μm-thick subfoveal choroidal cavern showing a characteristic tail of hypertransmission extending posteriorly. Subfoveal choroidal thickness measured 456 μm in the affected eye. Complete resolution of subretinal fluid and the subfoveal choroidal cavern were observed 3 months after half-dose verteporfin photodynamic therapy. Twelve months after treatment, subfoveal choroidal thickness had decreased further to 276 μm, and visual acuity had improved to 20/15.

Conclusion:
After half-dose verteporfin photodynamic therapy for chorioretinopathy, resolution of subretinal fluid was accompanied by resolution of a subfoveal choroidal cavern at 3 months and a 39.5% reduction in subfoveal choroidal thickness at 1 year.