bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing the Surface Energy and Sterilization of Nonwoven Fabrics by Exposure to a One Atmosphere Uniform Glow Discharge Plasma (OAUGDP)*
Authors: Roth J. Reece , Chen Zhiyu , Sherman Daniel M. , Karakaya Fuat , Tsai Peter P.-Y. , Kelly-Wintenberg Kimberly , Montie Thomas C. 
Published: November 2018

A technique for generating active species with the One Atmosphere Uniform Glow Discharge Plasma (OAUGDP) has been developed and used to sterilize and increase the surface energy, wettability and wickability of nonwoven fabrics. The OAUGDP is a non-thermal, fourth-state-of-matter plasma with the classical characteristics of a low pressure DC normal glow discharge that operates in air (and other gases) at atmospheric pressure. No vacuum system or batch processing is necessary, and a wide range of applications to fabrics and polymeric webs can be accommodated in a parallel plate plasma reactor. In addition to directly exposing webs and workpieces to active species for surface energy increase in a parallel-plate reactor, we have shown that active species capable of sterilization can be convected at near room temperature to a remote exposure chamber. This technology is simple, produces many effects that can be obtained in no other way, generates minimal pollutants or unwanted byproducts, and is suitable for online treatment of webs, films, and fabrics. Early exposures of nonwoven fabrics to the OAUGDP required minutes to produce relatively small increases of surface energy. These durations appeared too long for commercial application to fast-moving webs. Recent improvements in OAUGDP power density, plasma quality and impedance matching of the power supply to the parallel plate plasma reactor have made it possible to raise the surface energy of a variety of polymeric webs (PP, PET, PE, etc.) to levels in the range of 60 to 70 dynes/cm with one second of exposure. In most cases these high surface energies were not durable, and fell off to 50 dynes/cm after periods of weeks to months. Here, we report the exposure of nonwoven fabrics made of PP and PET at the UTK Textiles and Nonwovens Development Center (TANDEC) to an impedance matched parallel plate OAUGDP for durations ranging from one second to several tens of seconds. Data will be reported on the surface energy, wettability and wickability as functions of time of exposure, and of the aging effect after exposure. We will report the use of a OAUGDP with air as the working gas to sterilize a broad range of microorganisms on a variety of surfaces, and in several distinct applications. These include a Remote Exposure Reactor to sterilize large workpieces 20 centimeters or more from the plasma-generating region, and a sterilizable air filter.
Effect of Synthetic Fibers on the Absorption Properties of Pads
Authors: Rosinskaya Cecilia , Weinberg Amotz 
Published: November 2018

Absorption and retention capacity of a mixture of wood pulp, superabsorbent and synthetic fibers (polypropylene, polyamide and polyester), designed for production of the core for disposable pads, were studied. The measurement of absorbency was carried out in the broad range of component weight ratios in a solution NaCl at different lengths of time both with and without pressure. The insertion of the synthetic fibers into the mixture of wood pulp and superabsorbent influences on the physical structure of this assembly which in turn causes the initial rate of absorption to rise. Absorptive and retention capacity of the structures is influenced by the type of synthetic fiber: in the presence of polypropylene no change was detected; the presence of polyester and polyamide fibers caused an increase in absorption ability of the composite structure. The behavior of the components for the absorbing layer: cellulose, synthetic fibers and superabsorbent was found to be independent, i.e. they do not influence the absorption of liquid of one another in these tests. The content of the mixture with definite properties may be predicted according to the properties of its components.
Melt Blown Dies: A Hot Innovation Spot
Authors: Zhao Ron (Rongguo) 
Published: November 2018

Melt blown (MB) technology requires precisely engineered and user-friendly equipment for successful new product development. Many significant efforts have been made to fully understand the technology and to improve the equipment by researchers and engineers around the world. The die assembly has always been the hot innovation spot in the history of melt blown technology developments. Among more than 210 U.S. patents related to melt blowing technology, approximately one-third of them are about hardware equipment and over 30 patents are on MB die assembly; the assembly consists of a polymer feed distribution system, a nose-piece and two adjustable air knives in many cases. Most of them are utility patents having the following three characteristics: novelty, utility and non-obviousness. In this paper, I will discuss selected patents in the MB history chronologically and focus on their novelty.
Collection Efficiency for Filters with Staggered Parallel Y and Triple Y Fibers: A Numerical Study
Authors: Zhu Huaning , Hinestroza Juan P. 
Published: November 2018

A numerical study is performed to determine the collection efficiency of filters composed of staggered parallel Y and triple Y fibers. By employing the Lattice Boltzmann method, the Navier–Stokes equations are solved for flow fields in a two-dimensional domain with periodic boundary conditions. Trajectories of particles with different diameters arranging from 0.02 μm to 5 μm are then computed by solving the particle motion equation hence obtaining the collection efficiency of single Y and triple Y fibers. The effects of fiber orientation, Brownian motion, particulate size and Reynolds number on the collection efficiency of these two types of fibers are also evaluated numerically. Y and triple Y fibers have low packing density and relatively large area to volume ratio, and the latter property helps enhance the Brownian diffusion collection mechanism for smaller particles. The large void zone of these fibers can accommodate more particles, which improves the particle loading capacity. It is also found out that the flow field and collection efficiency of triple Y fiber is less susceptible to different fiber orientations due to its geometric symmetry. The numerical results obtained in this work provide helpful information in designing high efficiency filters.
How is Frayed Fiber Generated during Refining Process? (Identification of Frayed Fiber under High Resolution Microscope)
Authors: Chen Yuhe , Nazhad Mousa M. 
Published: November 2018

The objective of this study is to characterize frayed fiber[1] under high resolution microscope to unveil fiber fraying. Based on observation with high resolution microscope, the classification of frayed fibers has been done to contribute to clarifying fiber fraying mechanism. One rectification on previous recognition of frayed fiber has been made to indicate that the dominating cases for fiber fraying are many fibers fraying in one point instead of single fiber fraying at fiber cut site as previously reported[1]. Thus the rectification/removal of fallacious knowledge of frayed fiber favors to clarify this issue. It is further indicated that the unveiling or clarification of fiber fraying mechanism is mainly based on the integration between classification of frayed fiber and traditionally proven effects of refining on various fiber changes from LC to HC refining process. Thus, a latest and newly-built theory responsible for fiber fraying during refining process has been proposed in this paper. With convincing reasoning and speculation, this newly established theory proposed in this paper could go through various visible phenomena and effects of frayed fibers as published earlier[1]. This theory proposes that frayed fibers are generated based on the integration of Ȝsplittingȝ and Ȝlocally high consistencyȝ mechanisms. In other words, the intensive external fibrillation responsible for Ȝsplittingȝ and Ȝlocally high consistencyȝ theory is one of the most important effects on refining on frayed fiber generation. Therefore, the origin of fiber fraying could be the intensive external fibrillation(LC refining at high energy) integrated together with certain fiber type (SW), the methodology of fiber processing(BSKP), refiner type(Escher Wyss) and friction between fibers and equipment. This theory further indicates that any intensive external fibrillation equivalents generated in any conditions other than LC refining at high energy also permit fiber fraying generation.
Computational and Experimental Investigation of Moisture Transport of Spacer Fabrics
Authors: Borhani Sedigheh , Seirafianpour Safora , Ravandi Seyed Abdolkarim Hosseini , Sheikhzadeh Mohammad , Mokhtari Reza 
Published: November 2018

This paper investigates the moisture transfer behavior of spacer fabrics. Spacer structures are knitted fabric constructions comprising two separate fabrics which are joined together by spacer threads. In order to investigate the dynamic moisture transfer of spacer fabrics, an experimental apparatus was developed which made the simulation of human body sweating possible. In the experimental section, the influence of some parameters such as the kind of spacer threads and also heat setting under drawing on moisture transport properties is investigated. Heat setting under drawing affects air permeability, thickness and porosity of spacer fabrics. The Results showed that water vapor produced by sweating can be easily and quickly transferred from the skin to the outer surface to keep the skin dry. In the computational section, a mathematical model was developed to describe moisture transport behavior of spacer fabric. The model was in high good agreement with the observations in the experiments.
The Effect of Spectrophotometer Geometry on the Measured Colors for Textile Samples with Different Textures
Authors: Kandi Saeideh Gorji 
Published: November 2018

Spectrophotometers are usually built based on one of these two kinds of geometry; d/8 (diffuse/8) and 45/0. Considering that measured or observed colors depend on the illuminating and viewing conditions, the 45/0 spectrophotometer geometry or d/8 geometry affects the results. In addition, the sample characteristics such as gloss or texture can also influence the measuring results. Therefore, the effect of geometry will be affected by the characteristics of the sample. In this paper, the effect of spectrophotometer geometry on the result of color measurement is investigated for textile samples with different types of texture. In addition, the effect of texture on the measured colors was compared for two geometries. To this end, 63 polyester samples contained of 9 color centers each of them has 7 different types of texture were used. The spectral reflectance data of the fabrics were measured using two spectrophotometers with different geometry; d/8 and 45/0. Other parameters of the two measuring systems such as the aperture size, laboratory conditions, the sample's direction in front of the spectrophotometer and the number of specimen's layers were equal. The measured values of two instruments were compared. It was shown that the spectrophotometer geometry influences the color coordinates of the samples. The d/8 spectrophotometer with include mode usually gives larger lightness values. C* and H* values are affected by the type of spectrophotometer and this effect is dependent on the color center of the sample. In another part of the present study, the color change via the texture difference was evaluated for each of the two geometries, and the obtained results were compared with each other. It was found that the surface texture of the sample influences the measured color from 0.4 to about 4.8 CIEDE2000 (1:1:1) unit for both two types of the spectrophotometer. Moreover, as same as d/8 geometry, the color change via the texture which is measured by 45/0 shows no acceptable correlation with visual assessments.
Hybrid Reinforcement of Asphalt-Concrete Mixtures Using Glass and Polypropylene Fibers
Authors: Abtahi Sayyed Mahdi , Esfandiarpour Saman , Kunt Mehmet , Hejazi Sayyed Mahdi , Ebrahimi Milad Ghorban 
Published: November 2018

There is a constant effort to improve the performance of asphalt-concrete (AC) mixtures. Among various modifiers for asphalt, fibers have received much attention for their improving effects. This paper introduces the novel concept of hybrid reinforcement of AC mixtures using polypropylene (PP) and glass fibers. Individually, glass fiber reinforced AC and PP fiber modified AC mixtures have exhibited superior performance compared to other fiber reinforced samples. Therefore, in this work, these two types of fibers were used simultaneously to improve the performance of the AC mixtures. This type of hybrid AC composite can be engineered by taking advantage of the tacky property of PP fiber around its melting point and the high modulus of glass fiber. In this way, PP fibers with the length of 12 mm were blended with bitumen at different percentages. Glass fibers with the length of 12 mm were also added to aggregates. Marshall and Specific Gravity tests were performed on hybrid reinforced asphalt-concrete (HRAC) samples by taking advantage of a Superpave Gyratory Compactor. In the case of the bituminous specimens, penetration, softening point and ductility tests were carried out. The results revealed that PP fibers decrease penetration and ductility of modified bitumen, while the softening point value is increased compared to unmodified bitumen specimen. Marshall Test results illustrate that PP can statistically affect the properties and improve the consistency of the mixture. Using a combination of 0.1% of glass fiber plus 6% of PP presented the best hybrid reinforcement through increasing stability and decreasing flow. Therefore, it is concluded that this novel HRAC is suitable for use in hot regions due to growth in the void total mix (VTM) and stability.
Optimization of Process Parameters of Wet-Spun Solid PVDF fibers for Maximizing the Tensile Strength and Applied Force at Break and Minimizing the Elongation at Break using the Taguchi Method
Authors: Tascan Mevlut 
Published: November 2018

PVDF polymer is well known with its high strength, toughness and piezoelectric properties. It is commonly used in film form for sensor applications, mechanical actuators, energy harvesters, artificial muscles, and membranes. PVDF polymer is also used as hollow fiber membranes in filtration applications, such as nanofiber-web produced using electrospinning and as solid PVDF fiber produced using melt spinning for research purposes. According to a literature study, research on PVDF solid fiber production using wet spinning is limited. This article is about the optimization of the process parameters of wet-spun solid PVDF fibers for maximizing the tensile strength and applied force at break and minimizing the elongation at break using the Taguchi Method. According to the results, the highest applied force at break was achieved when PVDF fiber made from the process parameters of 12 rpm pump speed, 1.5 mm spinneret diameter, 1.0 draw ratio, and 40°C draw temperature. The highest tensile strength was achieved when PVDF fiber was made from the process parameters of 8 rpm pump speed, 1mm spinneret diameter, 2.0 draw ratio, and 40°C draw temperature. The minimum elongation at break was achieved when PVDF fiber was made from the process parameters of 4 rpm pump speed, 1.5 mm spinneret diameter, 2.0 draw ratio, and 25°C draw temperature. These results may prove that process parameters could be used for the further production of the PVDF fibers. Additionally, the Taguchi method was found to be reliable for optimizing the wet spinning of PVDF fibers.
Investigation of Wash Durability of Silica Nanoparticle Coated 100% Cotton Reactive Dyed Fabric Treated by Sol-Gel Technique
Authors: Saleemi Sidra , Malik Samander Ali , Syed Uzma , Tanwari Anwaruddin 
Published: November 2018

In this research a hydrophobic surface of 100% cotton woven fabric was developed by sol-gel technique. Fabric samples were dyed with Drimarene Reactive Red 5B and Drimarene Reactive Blue BR dyes (0.5% and 3% o.w.f) and then treated with a combination of silica nanoparticles, silane hydrophobes (alkyltrialkoxysilanes), and silane cross-linkers i.e, tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and teramethoxysilane (TMOS) by dip-dry-cure process. After coating, wash durability of dyed samples was investigated for water repellency and water uptake according to AATCC standards. The effect of coating on dyeing behavior was assessed by measuring the (K/S)λmax value, while change in color (ΔE) and fastness properties of coated fabric also investigated. It has been observed that durable hydrophobicity achieved on cotton reactive dyed fabric through non-fluorine sol-gel route with silica nanoparticles with better fastness properties with little effect on shade.
Ballistic Properties of Hybrid Thermoplastic Composites with Silica Nanoparticles
Authors: Obradović Vera , Stojanović Dušica B. , Jančić - Heinemann Radmila , Živković Irena , Radojević Vesna , Uskoković Petar S. , Aleksić Radoslav 
Published: November 2018

Multi-axial aramid fabrics have a wide range of applications in the construction of composite structures for body armor. Nanoparticles, which include nanosilica, are one of the most common nanofillers for these structures. The particles of nanosilica possess nanometer dimensions with high specific surface area. Silane coupling agents are mostly used for modifying nanosilica surface in order to prevent silica agglomeration. Incorporation of nanosilica treated with silane adhesion promoter, in the matrix part of the hybrid composite form, leads to increased resistance to the bullet shock impact. In this study, the resistance to penetration of a shot bullet was tested for four samples of the aramid fabric composite forms. All fabrics were coated with γ-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (AMEO silane)/ethanol solution. Two samples were impregnated with poly (vinyl butyral) (PVB)/ethanol solution, while the other two were impregnated with the same solution, but with the addition of the 30 wt.% AMEO silane modified silica nanoparticles as reinforcement. The samples were both hard and flexible options. The bullet-shooting test was applied to all the composites by two different bullet types. The structural design of the samples improved the ballistic resistance after the bullets were shot. Some ballistic image analyses for print and penetration depth of the samples were performed using Image Pro-Plus software.
Chemical Binding of Chitosan and Chitosan Nanoparticles onto Oxidized Cellulose
Authors: Sauperl Olivera , Kostic Mirjana , Milanovic Jovana , Zemljic Lidija Fras 
Published: November 2018

The aim of this study was to analyze binding of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles onto cellulose via oxidized cellulose. The ability of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles to be adsorbed onto surfaces was determined by the use of the XPS spectroscopy which provided information about chemical composition of the fiber surface. On the other hand, the gravimetric method was also used by which the amount of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles bounded onto surface was calculated based on the difference in masses before and after functionalization. The most important was to study the influence of aldehyde groups on the stability of chitosan binding onto cellulose. Thus, desorption of chitosan/chitosan nanoparticles from the fiber surfaces was evaluated by the presence of total nitrogen (TN) in desorption bath as well as by polyelectrolyte titrations. Together with these two methods, desorption was evaluated also by gravimetric method, where the extent of desorption was evaluated on the basis of the differences in the masses of fibers before and after desorption. It is concluded that the chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles are more efficiently bounded onto oxidized cellulose in comparison with the non-oxidized (reference) ones. Despite the binding of the positively-charged amino groups with the negative groups of cellulose and consequently smaller amount of available/residual protonated amino groups that are responsible for bioactivity, such functionalized fibers are still specifically antimicrobial.
Permeability and Wicking Properties of Modal and Lyocell Woven Fabrics Used for Clothing
Authors: Ozdemir Hakan 
Published: November 2018

In this study, air permeability, water vapor permeability and wicking properties of certain woven fabrics, which are important comfort properties for clothes and garments, have been investigated. The effects of raw material (modal, Lyocell), weave pattern (plain, 2/2 twill, 1/3 twill, 2/2 matt) and weft yarn density (18, 22, 26) on these properties have been analysed graphically and statistically. The comfort characteristics of fabrics (permeability and wicking properties) are closely associated with the changes in their structural parameters: 2/2 matt and plain woven fabrics, where porosities are high, have better permeability and wicking properties. Increasing weft yarn density lead to decreases in porosity, resulting in decreased permeability and wicking properties. Increasing yarn twist increased the porosity of the fabrics. Lyocell fabrics showed improved permeability and wicking properties over modal fabrics due to Lyocell fibers’ high percentage of fibrillary structure.