bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Photophysical, Electrochemical Properties, DFT Studies and DSSC Performance of BODIPY Cored Triazole Bridged 3,6‐Ditertiary Butyl Carbazole Decorated Dendrimers
Authors: Babu Janakiraman , Ganesan Shanmugam , Karuppusamy Masiyappan , Rajakumar Perumal 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA series of BODIPY cored dendrimers up to second generation decorated with 3,6‐ditertiary butyl carbazole at the surface and triazole as the bridging unit has been achieved by convergent approach. The synthesised dendrimers show excellent photophysical and electrochemical properties. All the dendrimers exhibit bi‐exponential lifetime decay, with the higher generation dendrimers (G2) exhibiting longer lifetime decay than the lower generation dendrimers. Density functional theory calculations on the synthesized dendrimers show the HOMO – LUMO energy gap as 2.42 eV with predicted absorption maximum around 425 nm. Cyclic voltammetric studies reveal that all the dendrimers exhibit irreversible oxidation‐reduction signal. Higher generation dendrimer (G2) shows a better power conversion efficiency of 2.7% than the other synthesised dendrimers when used as sensitizer in DSSC.
A Single Pd Atom Stabilized on Boron‐Vacancy of h‐BN Nanosheet: A Promising Catalyst for CO Oxidation
Authors: Esrafili Mehdi D. , Asadollahi Soheila 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe possible reaction mechanisms for CO catalytic oxidation by O2 molecule on the Pd‐doped hexagonal boron nitride nanosheet (Pd‐BNNS) were studied using first‐principles calculations. The large adsorption energy of the Pd atom over the boron‐vacancy defect of BN nanosheet suggests that Pd‐BNNS could be stable under high temperatures. According to our results, the adsorption of CO over Pd‐BNNS is energetically preferable than that of O2. Three different reaction pathways of the CO oxidation are investigated comparably: the Eley‐Rideal (ER), the Langmuir‐Hinshelwood (LH) and the termolecular Eley‐Rideal (TER). Our results indicate that the CO oxidation reaction would like to take place via the TER mechanism due to its small activation energies. The calculated energy barrier for the rate‐determining step of the latter pathway is only 0.19 eV. Based on electronic structure analysis, such high catalytic activity of Pd‐BNNS can be related to the strong hybridization of the Pd‐4d and CO‐5σ/CO‐2π* states, which effectively activates the adsorbed CO molecules involved in the TER mechanism.
Straightforward Synthesis of Novel Difluorinated 2‐Hydroxyl‐Substituted Dihydroquinolones Through Selectfluor‐triggered Annulation of 2‐Aminoarylenaminones
Authors: Zhao Qing‐Lan , Xiang Hao‐Yue , Yang Chun‐Hao , Xiao Jun‐An , Xia Peng‐Ju , Chen Xiao‐Qing , Yang Hua 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA series of novel difluorinated 2‐hydroxyl‐substituted dihydroquinolones have been firstly synthesized via selectfluor‐triggered tandem cyclizations of 2‐aminoarylenaminones. This new approach could occur under mild reaction conditions, and features easy operation and scalability.
Sex Disparities in Access to Surgical Care at a Single Institution in Malawi
Authors: Reid Trista D. , Wren Sherry M. , Grudziak Joanna , Maine Rebecca , Kajombo Chifundo , Charles Anthony G. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIntroductionThere is a paucity of data regarding sex‐based disparities in surgical care delivery, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income countries. This study sought to determine whether sex disparities are present among patients presenting with surgical conditions in Malawi. Hypothesis compared to men, fewer women present to Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH) with peritonitis and have longer delays in presentation for definitive care.MethodsThis study performs a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of all general surgery patients with peritonitis presenting to KCH in Lilongwe, Malawi, from September 2013 to April 2016. Multivariable linear and logistic regressions were used to assess the effect of sex on mortality, length of stay, operative intervention, complications, and time to presentation.ResultsOf 462 patients presenting with general surgery conditions and peritonitis, 68.8% were men and 31.2% were women. After adjustments, women had significantly higher odds of non‐operative management when compared to men (OR 2.17, 95%CI 1.30–3.62, P = 0.003), delays in presentation (adjusted mean difference 136 h, 95%CI 100–641, P = 0.05), delays to operation (adjusted mean difference 1.91 days, 95%CI 1.12–3.27, P = 0.02), and longer lengths of stay (adjusted mean difference 1.67 days, 95%CI 1.00–2.80, P = 0.05). There were no differences in complications or in‐hospital or Emergency Department mortality.ConclusionSex disparities exist within the general surgery population at KCH in Lilongwe, Malawi. Fewer women present with surgical problems, and women experience delays in presentation, longer lengths of stay, and undergo fewer operations. Future studies to determine mortality in the community and driving factors of sex disparities will provide more insight.
Clinical Outcomes and Healthcare Costs Associated with Laparoscopic Appendectomy in a Middle‐Income Country with Universal Health Coverage
Authors: Buitrago Giancarlo , Junca Edgar , Eslava‐Schmalbach Javier , Caycedo Ruben , Pinillos Pilar , Leal Luis Carlos 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundAlthough many studies have compared outcomes of laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) and open appendectomy (OA), some clinical and economic outcomes continue to be controversial, particularly in low–medium‐income countries. We aimed at determining clinical and economic outcomes associated with LA versus OA in adult patients in Colombia.MethodsRetrospective, cohort study based on administrative healthcare records included all patients who underwent LA or OA in Colombia’s contributory regime between July 1, 2013, and September 30, 2015. Outcomes were 30‐day mortality rates, ICU admissions rates, length of stay (LOS), and hospital costs provided until discharge. Propensity score matching techniques were used to balance the baseline characteristics of patients (age, sex, comorbidities based on the Charlson index, insurer, and geographic location) and to estimate the average treatment effect (ATE) of LA as compared to OA over outcomes.ResultsA total of 65,625 subjects were included, 92.9% underwent OA and 7.1% LA. For the entire population, 30‐day mortality was 0.74 per 100 appendectomies (95% CI 0.67–0.81), the mean and median LOS were 3.83 days and 1 day, respectively, and the ICU admissions rate during the first 30 days was 7.92% (95% CI 7.71–8.12). The ATE shows an absolute difference in the mortality rate after 30 days of −0.35 per 100 appendectomies (p = 0.023), in favor of LA. No effects on ICU admissions or LOS were identified. LA was found to increase costs by 514.13 USD on average, with total costs of 772.78 USD for OA and 1286.91 USD for LA (p < 0.001).ConclusionsIn Colombia’s contributory regime, LA is associated with lower 30‐day mortality rate and higher hospital costs as compared to OA. No differences are found in ICU admissions or LOS.
Temporal trends of contaminants in Arctic human populations
Authors: Abass Khaled , Emelyanova Anastasia , Rautio Arja 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The first Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) report was published in 1998 and followed by three assessment reports of human health (AMAP 2003, 2009 and 2015). The focus area of the AMAP reports was to monitor levels of environmental contaminants in the Arctic and to assess the health effects connected with detected levels in Arctic countries. This review gives an overview of temporal trends of contaminants and their health effects in humans of the Arctic based on data published by AMAP, as well as Russian scientific literature. Several time series of 31 contaminants in humans of the Arctic from different cohorts are reported. The lengths of time series and periods covered differ from each other. International restrictions have decreased the levels of most persistent organic pollutants in humans and food webs. Percentage changes for contaminants in human biological matrices (blood samples from children, mothers and males and breast milk samples) for the period of sampling showed declining trends in most of the monitored Arctic locations, with the exception of oxychlordane, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE153) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs).
Assessing IT availability risks in smart factory networks
Authors: Häckel Björn , Hänsch Florian , Hertel Michael , Übelhör Jochen 
Published: August 2018

AbstractEmerging smart manufacturing technologies combine physical production networks with digital IT systems, resulting in complex smart factory networks, which are especially vulnerable to IT security risks, such as IT component non-availabilities. Companies must employ extensive IT security measures to secure their production facilities. However, complex network structures and inherent dependencies of smart factory networks complicate corresponding investment decisions and increase the need for appropriate decision support. We develop a risk assessment model that supports companies in the investment decision-making process regarding IT security measures by identifying and evaluating the most critical areas of the information network while considering the underlying production network. For this purpose, IT availability risks are quantified by means of graph theory, matrix notation, and value-at-risk. Our model provides a structured approach and considers network structures and interdependencies. The insights gained by our model present a profound economic basis for investment decisions on IT security measures. By applying our model in an exemplary real-world setting, we analyze various IT security measures and their risk reduction effect.
Space Food and Nutrition in a Long Term Manned Mission
Authors: Oluwafemi Funmilola Adebisi , De La Torre Andrea , Afolayan Esther Morayo , Olalekan-Ajayi Bolanle Magret , Dhital Bal , Mora-Almanza Jose G. , Potrivitu George , Creech Jessica , Rivolta Aureliano 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Fulfillment of space exploration mission is key, but much more important are the lives of the explorers. Keeping the astronauts alive, jolly and healthy for long term manned mission has recently being a major and important research area. A major contribution seems to be the food they eat. For short term space manned missions, astronauts food could be taken along with them from Earth, but for manned missions to the Moon, Mars and Venus which are the current research destinations for long term space missions, they must find a means for their nutrition such as growing plants and finding any other alternatives for their survival. As most of these proposed missions have being designed to be one-way missions whereby the astronauts will not come back to the Earth. Good food and nutrition for astronauts help to keep their psychology and physiology in good shape. In this paper, solutions will be made on the various alternatives for feeding astronauts in the long term missions to various celestial bodies: Moon, Mars and Venus, where the atmosphere, gravity, soil, radiation and other conditions vary from one to the other and may not support germination, growth and development of plants. Therefore, review will be done on the following: having fore knowledge of how plants will grow on these celestial bodies by simulating their soils; using mathematical/theoretical models to get the growth rate of plants in relation to the gravity available on these celestial bodies using available data from terrestrial growth (1 g growth) and microgravity/microgravity simulations facilities; getting to know how the plants will be grown such as using greenhouse method as a result of the atmosphere and radiation in these celestial bodies; and other various alternatives for growing plants and having the astronauts well-nourished such as using aeroponics and hydroponics methods. A brief discussion will also be done on food choice for astronauts considering psychosocial and cultural factors.
Application of Contiguous Rain Area (CRA) Methods to Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Forecast Verification
Authors: Chen Yingjun , Ebert Elizabeth E. , Davidson Noel E. , Walsh Kevin J. E. 
Published: August 2018

This study demonstrates the useful information that can be derived from contiguous rain area (CRA) evaluation, such as systematic errors in tropical cyclone (TC) rainfall location and components of rainfall error due to incorrect predictions of location, rain volume, and rain pattern. CRA verification uses pattern matching techniques to determine the location error, as well as errors in area, mean and maximum intensity, and spatial pattern. In this study, CRA verification was applied to evaluate Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS)‐TC, the TC version of ACCESS, daily rainfall forecasts over 15 TCs in the north west Pacific ocean during 2012–2013, by comparing with Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 satellite estimates. The results showed that pattern error was the major contributor to the total TC rainfall forecast error, followed by volume and displacement. ACCESS‐TC forecasts tended to predict more rainfall closer to the TC center compared to Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 estimates. This bias occurred for different CRA rainfall thresholds, verification grid resolutions and forecast lead times. Furthermore, rain event verification showed that for short lead time (24 hr) forecasts, overestimation of rain volume was a major problem for ACCESS‐TC forecasts, while displacement error was more significant in longer lead time (72 hr) forecasts. Finally, we compared empirical probability distribution functions and radial probability distributions of rainfall in the forecasts and observations to further characterise the rain volume error. This confirmed that ACCESS‐TC tended to produce more extreme rain in the locations closer to the TC center (eyewall).
Spatial Features of L‐Band Equinoctial Scintillations From Equator to Low Midlatitude at Around 95°E During 2015–2016
Authors: Dutta Barsha , Kalita Bitap Raj , Bhuyan P. K. , Sharma S. , Tiwari R. C. , Wang K. , Hozumi K. , Tsugawa T. , Yokoyama T. , Le Huy M. , Pham T. T. H. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe nature and extent of the irregularities causing L‐band nighttime scintillations at a group of five stations Dibrugarh (27.5°N, 95°E, 43° dip), Kohima (25.6°N, 94.1°E, 39° dip), Aizawl (23.7°N, 92.8°E, 36° dip), Port Blair (11.6°N, 92.7°E, 9° dip), and Cocos Islands (12.2°S, 96.8°E, 43° dip) from the northern low midlatitudes to southern midlatitudes along 95°E meridian is investigated. Global Navigation Satellite System/Global Positioning System/ionosonde measurements during the equinoctial months of 2015–2016 have been utilized. The northernmost station Dibrugarh and the southernmost station Cocos Islands are magnetically conjugate. Scintillations occur more frequently around the equatorial ionization anomaly crest where the background charge density (total electron content crest‐to‐trough ratio) plays an important role. It is also observed that L‐band scintillations around this sector decrease considerably from equinoctial months of 2015 to equinoctial months of 2016. The anomalous El Niño‐Southern Oscillation and quasi‐biennial oscillation recorded during the 2015–2016 winter might have contributed partly to the suppression of irregularities (and hence scintillations) in the succeeding equinox. Strong pre‐midnight scintillations when triggered by equatorial spread F occur simultaneously at all stations. The zonal/vertical drift velocities of irregularities estimated from the time delay of occurrence of scintillations decrease from postsunset to midnight hours. On the other hand, simultaneous sporadic E and post‐midnight scintillations occur over Dibrugarh and Cocos Islands in the absence of scintillations at the equator. Azimuthal position of post‐midnight scintillations at these two locations suggests that they are the manifestation of a frontal structure of sporadic E.
Grad‐Shafranov Reconstruction of Earth's Magnetopause With Temperature Anisotropy
Authors: Chen G.‐W. , Hau L.‐N. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe Grad‐Shafranov (GS) reconstruction may recover the steady two‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium structure from single spacecraft data. In this study we report first results on magnetopause structure from a newly developed GS solver that includes the effects of temperature anisotropy and field‐aligned flow. Double‐polytropic laws are used as energy closure to describe various thermodynamic states for anisotropic plasmas including double‐adiabatic and isothermal conditions as special cases. The new GS solver is benchmarked and applied to a Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms magnetopause crossing event with field‐aligned flow and p⊥ > p∥, where p⊥ and p∥ are the pressure components perpendicular and parallel to the local magnetic field, respectively. The recovered magnetic field maps for various thermodynamic conditions show qualitatively similar features with magnetic islands imbedded within the magnetopause current. The mirror‐type anisotropy with p⊥ > p∥ may lead to relatively inflated magnetic islands as compared to the isotropic case, consistent with earlier theoretical prediction.
Comment on “Sedimentary and Tectonic Evolution of the Southern Qiangtang Basin: Implications for the Lhasa‐Qiangtang Collision Timing” by A. Ma et al.
Authors: Chen Wei‐Yan , Hu Xiu‐Cheng , Zhong Yun , Fu Yuan‐Bin , Li Fang , Wang Yu‐Guang 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMa et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB014211) proposed that the Lhasa‐Qiangtang collision commenced in late Bathonian time (~166 Ma), based on the observation of an angular unconformity that truncated the Bathonian Buqu Formation from the late Bathonian‐early Callovian Biluoco Formation and the recognition of siliciclastic provenance switch from arc igneous source to uplifted orogenic source in the Biluoco‐Qixiangco area of the southern Qiangtang basin. Unfortunately, however, extensive exposure of Late Jurassic‐Middle Cretaceous ophiolite fragments and marine sedimentary rocks along the Bangong suture zone indicates that the Bangong Meso‐Tethys Ocean did not close until the Late Cretaceous, which is consistent with a Late Jurassic‐Middle Cretaceous magmatic arc in the southern Qiangtang terrane as well as paleomagnetic data. The late Bathonian orogenic event in the southern Qiantang area observed by Ma et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB014211) can be explained by subduction of oceanic highs on the Bangong Meso‐Tethyan Ocean. Clearly, our submission is a significant clearance to Ma et al.'s work and the Tibetan Plateau geology and of timely significance in correctly understanding the evolution history of the Tibetan Plateau. Therefore, our paper possibly is of broad interest to our international colleagues.
Elastic Softening of Limestone Upon Decarbonation With Episodic CO2 Release
Authors: Head Dulcie , Vanorio Tiziana , Clark Anthony C. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractReactive transport under confining stress through porous media leads to complex, coupled feedback mechanisms between chemical and physical alteration. We exposed four intact limestone cores to hydrothermal conditions conducive to the wollastonite‐producing decarbonation reaction. We allowed for the episodic release of pore pressure to mimic pulsing flow in crustal systems and mitigate the accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2). Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy results show that all four reacted samples developed a new calc‐silicate phase during the reaction. Alteration from the fluid‐mediated reaction was pervasive but nonuniform, resulting in the development of a small volume of highly compliant pore space with grain contact softening. Lower initial velocity sensitivity to confining pressure and higher initial pore connectivity lead to more development of soft porosity. The relevance of the results lies in enhancing seismic monitoring capabilities of potentially seismogenic areas—large decreases in observed seismic velocity in limestone undergoing decarbonation can only be accounted for if the nonnegligible change in the elastic properties of the rock frame are understood. Since the potential for seismicity of a subsurface system depends both on the elastic stiffness and stress state of the rocks, rocks undergoing reactive transport cannot be modeled as though their elastic moduli are time independent. Accurate modeling of the subsurface behavior depends on understanding not just the particular rock reactions taking place but also the initial pore network and velocity sensitivity to confining pressure of those rocks, and how the elastic properties of that rock evolve.
Lunar Cold Spots and Crater Production on the Moon
Authors: Williams J.‐P. , Bandfield J. L. , Paige D. A. , Powell T. M. , Greenhagen B. T. , Taylor S. , Hayne P. O. , Speyerer E. J. , Ghent R. R. , Costello E. S. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMapping of lunar nighttime surface temperatures has revealed anomalously low nighttime temperatures around recently formed impact craters on the Moon. The thermophysically distinct “cold spots” provide a way of identifying the most recently formed impact craters. Over 2,000 cold spot source craters were measured with diameters ranging from 43 m to 2.3 km. Comparison of the crater size‐frequency distribution with crater chronology models and crater counts of superposed craters on the ejecta of the largest cold spot craters constrains the retention time of the cold spots to no more than ~0.5–1.0 Myr with smaller cold spots possibly retained for only few hundred kyr. This would suggest a relatively rapid impact gardening rate with regolith overturn depths exceeding ~5 cm over this time scale. We observe a longitudinal heterogeneity in the cold spot distribution that reflects the Moon's synchronous rotation with a higher density of cold spots at the apex of motion. The magnitude of the asymmetry indicates the craters formed from a population of objects with low mean encounter velocities ~8.4 km/s. The larger cold spots (D > 800 m) do not follow this trend, and are concentrated on the trailing farside. This could result from a shorter retention time for larger cold spots on the leading hemisphere due to the greater number of smaller, superposed impacts. Alternatively, the abundance of large cold spots on the trailing farside resulted from a swarm of 100‐m‐scale impactors striking the Moon within the last ~0.5 Myr.
High‐Resolution, Ground‐Based Observations of the Lunar Sodium Exosphere During the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) Mission
Authors: Kuruppuaratchi D. C. P. , Mierkiewicz E. J. , Oliversen R. J. , Sarantos M. , Derr N. J. , Gallant M. A. , Rosborough S. A. , Freer C. W. , Spalsbury L. C. , Gardner D. D. , Lupie O. L. , Roesler F. L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe present the first comprehensive set of lunar exospheric line width and line width derived effective temperatures as a function of lunar phase (66° waxing phase to 79° waning phase). Data were collected between November 2013 and May 2014 during six observing runs at the National Solar Observatory McMath‐Pierce Solar Telescope by applying high‐resolution Fabry‐Perot spectroscopy (R ~ 180,000) to observe emission from exospheric sodium (5,889.9509 Å, D2 line). The 3‐arc min field of view of the instrument, corresponding to ~336 km at the mean lunar distance (384,400 km), was positioned at several locations off the lunar limb; only equatorial observations taken out to 950 km are presented here. We find the sodium effective temperature distribution to be approximately a symmetric function of lunar phase with respect to full Moon. Within magnetotail passage we find temperatures in the range of 2500–9000 K. For phase angles greater than 40° we find that temperatures flatten out to ~1700 K.