bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concrete conservation: outstanding challenges and potential ways forward
Authors: Macdonald Susan , Arato Goncalves Ana Paula 
Published: August 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present current challenges in concrete conservation and how the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) is responding to these challenges. The Concrete Conservation Project initiated by the GCI is aimed at advancing the practice of conserving historic concrete structures through the creation and dissemination of information.Design/methodology/approachThe scope of the project was defined through discussions in experts meetings, development of annotated bibliography and literature review. The project proposes to face the identified issues with the dissemination of information on case studies, development of guidance documents, training opportunities and scientific research.FindingsDespite the existing well-established repair industry for concrete structures generally, current data on concrete repair do not meet the needs of conservation professionals, there is little information on the efficacy and durability of existing repair solutions, shortage of training opportunities, and there is a lack of technical guidelines focused on concrete conservation.Originality/valueConserving concrete is a nascent area of preservation practice facing multiple challenges. Reinforced concrete is the most commonly used building material of the twentieth century. As the heritage of the twentieth century is increasingly recognized as worthy of conservation, conserving concrete has become a priority. The history of this material reveals a story of innovation, radical advancement in material and structural engineering, and correspondingly daring responses by architects, together creating a huge array of reinforced concrete structures from the ordinary to the extraordinary.
Influence of interpersonal and institutional trusts on welfare state support revisited
Authors: Habibov Nazim , Auchynnikava Alena , Luo Rong , Fan Lida 
Published: August 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to focus on the effects of interpersonal and institutional trust on welfare state support in the countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union (FSU).Design/methodology/approachThe authors use micro-data from two rounds of a multinational survey conducted in these countries in 2010 and 2016. The outcome variable of interest is the willingness to pay more taxes to support the welfare state. The authors define the welfare state broadly, and focus on support for three main domains of the welfare state, namely, support for the needy, public healthcare and public education. Binomial regression is used to establish influence of interpersonal and institutional trust on welfare state support.FindingsThe authors find that both interpersonal and institutional trust have positive influences on strengthening support for the welfare state against a number of alternative explanations for public support for the welfare state. These positive effects remain the same for all three domains under investigation, namely, helping the needy, public healthcare and public education. Furthermore, these positive effects were observed both in the relatively less developed countries of the FSU and in the more developed Eastern European countries. Moreover, the positive effects of interpersonal and institutional trust on support for the needy, public healthcare and public education were found to grow over time.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings indicate that the benefits of nurturing social capital will likely be substantial. Decision-makers, politicians, welfare state administrators and multinational founders (e.g. the UN and World Bank) should acknowledge the role played by trust in influencing the citizenry’s support for the allocation of financial resources toward the development and maintenance of the welfare state. The findings imply that welfare state reforms could prove be more effective within a social context where levels of trust are high. Thus, special attention should be paid to initiatives aimed at developing strategies to build trust.Practical implicationsSocial welfare reforms in post-communist transitional countries may fail without active strategies aimed at nurturing institutional trust. One way to nurture institutional trust is through making additional efforts at enhancing the levels of accountability and transparency within a society as well as through increasing citizen engagement. Another way to build increased levels of trust is to take part in a variety of initiatives in good governance put forth by multinational initiatives.Originality/valueAs far as the authors know, this is the first paper which studies effect of interpersonal and institutional trust on support of the welfare state using a large and diverse sample of 27 countries over the period of five years. This is the first study which focuses on post-communist countries where trust is inherently low.
Aircraft sound exposure leads to song frequency decline and elevated aggression in wild chiffchaffs
Authors: Wolfenden Andrew D. , Slabbekoorn Hans , Kluk Karolina , de Kort Selvino R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

The ubiquitous anthropogenic low‐frequency noise impedes communication by masking animal signals. To overcome this communication barrier, animals may increase the frequency, amplitude and delivery rate of their acoustic signals, making them more easily heard. However, a direct impact of intermittent, high‐level aircraft noise on birds’ behaviour living close to a runway has not been studied in detail.

We recorded common chiffchaffs Phylloscopus collybita songs near two airports and nearby control areas, and we measured sound levels in their territories at Manchester Airport. The song recordings were made in between aircraft movements, when ambient sound levels were similar between airport and control populations. We also conducted playback experiments at the airport and a control population to test the salience of airport, and control population specific songs.

In contrast to the general pattern of increased song frequency in noisy areas, we show that common chiffchaffs at airports show a negative relationship between noise exposure level and song frequency.

Experimental data show that chiffchaffs living near airports also respond more aggressively to song playback.

Since the decrease in song frequency results in increased overlap with aircraft noise, these findings cannot be explained as an adaptation to improve communication. The increased levels of aggression suggest that chiffchaffs, like humans, might be affected behaviourally by extreme noise pollution. These findings should influence environmental impact assessments for airport expansions globally.
Molecular Identification of Necrophagous Dermestes Species in South Korea Using Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I Nucleotide Sequences (Genus Dermestes)
Authors: Jang Hari , Shin Sang Eon , Youm Kyu Jin , Karagozlu Mustafa Zafer , Kim Chang Bae , Ko Kwang Soo , Park Seong Hwan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSpecies identification of necrophagous insects found on a dead body is an essential key in applying medicolegal entomology to the estimation of postmortem interval (PMI). Due to limited morphological identification of insect evidence, several studies have identified species using molecular information such as DNA markers. While considerable cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequence data of necrophagous fly species have been collected and annotated, those of necrophagous beetle species have not. Since necrophagous beetles such as Dermestes species have a larval period longer than that of flies, beetles are useful in even the late decomposition phase in estimating minimum PMI. To obtain the full‐length COI gene sequences of six Dermestes species collected from South Korea, we designed primers for polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing. The obtained full COI nucleotide sequences were used for performing phylogenic analysis and comparison with previously reported sequences. The results demonstrated that the COI gene sequences could be used to identify forensically important Dermestes species in South Korea.
Clinical Application of Apheresis in Very Small Dogs Weighing <8 kg to Pediatric Patients
Authors: Sekiguchi Tomoko , Vigani Alessio , Ripoll Alexandra Z , Taylor Scott , Culler Christine , Suter Steven E 
Published: August 2019

AbstractApheresis in low body weight children and adolescents is challenging due to a variety of technical and clinical issues including vascular access, low total blood volume, and hypotension. Although dogs have been a valuable preclinical model for apheresis, the procedure can be challenging since many pure‐bred dogs are extremely small. Therefore, apheresis in these very small breeds presents very similar challenges as seen when performing the procedure in very low body weight people. We describe apheresis of four very small dogs, weighing from 4.6 to 7.6 kg, using either a COBESpectra and Spectra Optia apheresis system (Terumo BCT, Lakewood, CO, USA). Two dogs underwent large volume leukapheresis to collect mononuclear cells in preparation for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and two dogs underwent therapeutic plasma exchange to treat an immune‐mediated disease. In all cases, a dual‐lumen hemodialysis catheter placed in the jugular vein provided adequate machine inlet and return flow rates. Machine priming was necessary to maintain hemodynamic stability during the beginning of the procedure, and rinseback was avoided for the same reason. Anticoagulant citrate dextrose solution, solution A was used for the large volume leukapheresis procedures and a combination of anticoagulant citrate dextrose solution, solution A and heparin was used for the therapeutic plasma exchange procedures. As such, serum iCa levels were regularly monitored and 10% calcium gluconate constant rate infusions were used to prevent citrate toxicity. All dogs completed the aphereses with no life‐threatening adverse events. We conclude that aphereses in very small dogs is feasible if close attention is paid to hemodynamic stability and citrate toxicity.
What National Decision‐makers Need From The IPCC: Special Reports With New Insights
Authors: Sanwal Mukul , Wang Can , Zheng Xinzhu , Yang Xinran 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWhat decision‐makers in countries want to know from science is more than just an understanding of what is a good and environmentally aware society, or the human dimensions of global change. They also want to know how to achieve comparable levels of human wellbeing keeping within global ecological limits. In the absence of agreed criteria on who has to do what, global cooperation as well as national action now needs new insights for potential policy choices and these could come from Special Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Risk factors and cancer recurrence associated with postoperative complications after thoracoscopic lobectomy for clinical stage I non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Nakada Takeo , Noda Yuki , Kato Daiki , Shibasaki Takamasa , Mori Shohei , Asano Hisatoshi , Matsudaira Hideki , Hirano Jun , Odaka Makoto , Ohtsuka Takashi 
Published: August 2019

BackgroundMinimally invasive thoracoscopic lobectomy is the recommended surgery for clinical stage I non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors, including sarcopenia, for postoperative complications in patients undergoing a complete single‐lobe thoracoscopic lobectomy for clinical stage I NSCLC, as well as the impact of complications on disease‐free survival.MethodsWe retrospectively investigated 173 patients with pathologically‐diagnosed NSCLC who underwent curative thoracoscopic lobectomies between April 2013 and March 2018. Sarcopenia was assessed using the psoas muscle index calculated from preoperative computed tomography images at the third lumbar vertebral level.ResultsComplications developed in 38 (22%) patients, including 21 with prolonged air leak. In univariate analysis, the significant risk factors for complications were advanced age, male sex, higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score, lower cholinesterase, lower albumin, higher creatinine level, pleural adhesion, operative time ≥ five hours, nonadenocarcinoma cancer, and larger tumor size. Multivariate analysis showed that age ≥ 75 years (P = 0.002) and pleural adhesion (P = 0.026) were significant independent risk factors for complications. Compared with the patient group without complications, postoperative complications were independently associated with shorter disease‐free survival (P = 0.01).ConclusionsAdvanced age and pleural adhesion were independent risk factors for complications after complete single‐lobe thoracoscopic lobectomies for clinical stage I NSCLC, and postoperative complications were statistically associated with poor prognosis. Surgical teams should ensure an experienced surgeon leads the operation for patients at higher risk to avoid prolonged postoperative hospitalization and a possible poor prognosis.
Depth to the airway lumen at the level of the cricothyroid membrane measured by ultrasound
Authors: Athanassoglou Vassilis , Hughes‐Jones Hannah , Hadjipavlou George , Teoh Wendy H. , Kristensen Michael S. , Vanner Richard 
Published: August 2019

BackgroundKnowing the likely depth to the airway before emergency cricothyroidotomy may improve success in cases where it cannot be measured. Our aim was to measure the depth to the airway at the cricothyroid membrane by ultrasound in a large group of adult patients.MethodProspective, observational study in two centres, Oxford and Gloucester. Patients presenting for a large variety of surgical operations were studied. Patients under 18 years; pregnant; critically ill; had a history of neck surgery were not included. Ultrasound examination was performed pre‐operatively while participants lay supine with their head and neck extended, with light transducer pressure. We measured depth to the airway lumen in mm; age; weight; height and sex.ResultsIn total 352 patients were studied. We found that depth to the airway lumen strongly correlated with weight (r = 0.855, P < 0.001) and to a lesser extent body mass index (r = 0.781, P < 0.001). Statistical analysis produced an equation to predict upper 95% CI of depth to the airway from the patient's weight: Depth to the airway lumen in mm = (0.13 × weight in kg) + 0.86.ConclusionsIf ultrasound measurement is not possible before emergency cricothyroidotomy, the clinician could use our results to predict the depth to the airway by using the patient's weight. If the upper 95% CI were used as the depth of incision, it would enter the airway in 39 out of 40 patients of that weight, without damage to posterior structures in those with a shallower airway.
Association Between Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Meta‐Analysis of Epidemiological Studies
Authors: Du Taifeng , Chen Kangkang , Zheng Shukai , Bao Mian , Huang Yuanni , Wu Kusheng 
Published: August 2019

BackgroundAlcohol consumption is increasing all over the world, but whether it is an independent factor affecting the occurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is inconsistent in many studies. We aimed to explore the association between alcohol consumption and NPC risk by integrating existing evidence in a meta‐analysis.MethodsWe searched for relevant articles published up to August 2018 in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge infrastructure (CNKI). The Newcastle–Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Odds ratios (ORs) or relative risks were pooled to estimate the associations between alcohol consumption and NPC risk.ResultsThe meta‐analysis of cohort studies showed no significant association between alcohol consumption and NPC, but pooled results from case–control studies indicated that ever drinking increased the probability of NPC versus nondrinking (OR = 1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01, 1.19). As compared with nondrinkers, high‐frequency drinking (≥7 times/wk) increased the NPC probability (OR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.53) and low‐frequency drinking (<7 times/wk) decreased the probability (OR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.94), as did shorter duration of drinking (<20 years) (OR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.49, 0.79). On subgroup analyses, significant pooled results were observed for studies with high quality, with hospital‐based controls and with adjustment for confounding factors, smoking, age, and sex.ConclusionsThe risk of NPC may increase with alcohol consumption. Ever drinking increased the risk versus nondrinking. Additionally, high‐frequency drinking increased the risk, but low‐frequency drinking decreased it to some extent. Further intensive studies based on well‐designed methods are needed to examine the association.
The prognostic role of catatonia, hallucinations, and symptoms of schizophrenia in acute and transient psychosis
Authors: López‐Díaz Á. , Fernández‐González J. L. , Lara I. , Crespo‐Facorro B. , Ruiz‐Veguilla M. 
Published: August 2019

ObjectivesTo examine the prospective temporal stability of acute and transient psychotic disorders (ATPDs) and analyze whether there are clinical, psychopathological, or sociodemographic characteristics that predict ATPD diagnostic stability.MethodWe conducted a prospective, 2‐year, observational study of patients presenting a first‐episode ATPD. A multivariate logistic regression model was developed to identify independent variables associated with ATPD diagnostic stability. Well‐established predictive factors of diagnostic stability, as well as all the psychopathological features included in the ICD‐10 Diagnostic Criteria for Research (DCR) descriptions of ATPD, were analyzed.ResultsSixty‐eight patients with a first episode of ATPD completed the study with a diagnostic stability rate as high as 55.9% (n = 38) at the end of the follow‐up period. Multivariate analysis revealed that diagnostic stability was independently significantly associated with the baseline presence of motility disturbances (OR = 6.86, 95% CI = 1.10–42.62; P = 0.039), the absence of hallucinations (OR = 5.75, 95% CI = 1.51–21.98; P = 0.010), and the absence of schizophrenic features (OR = 7.13, 95% CI = 1.38–36.90; P = 0.019).ConclusionA symptom checklist assessing these psychopathological features would enable early identification of those subjects whose initial ATPD diagnosis will remain stable over time.
Russia’s Arms Sales Policy After the Ukraine Sanctions
Authors: Kim Younkyoo , Blank Stephen 
Published: August 2019

Russia sells arms primarily to enhance its influence abroad in key regions, e.g., the Middle East, East, and South Asia. Since the government is the primary customer for this sector’s goods, this sector does not risk collapse even if arms sales decline though arms sales bring vital foreign currency. But, the intervening motive between seeking enhanced global influence and maintaining the defense sector is the acquisition of elite rents since the arms trade offers multiple opportunities for corruption. We then focus on the impact of arms production and sales on international security. First that means looking at how Russia’s militarization and its increasing conversion into a mobilization state is affected by the ever growing importance of defense investment and production to the government and the economy. We then investigate the impact of arms sales on international security in Latin America, the Middle East, and East Asia.
Genetic parenthood and causation: An objection to Douglas and Devolder’s modified direct proportionate genetic descent account
Authors: Palacios‐González César 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn a recent publication Tom Douglas and Katrien Devolder have proposed a new account of genetic parenthood, building on the work of Heidi Mertes. Douglas and Devolder’s account aims to solve, among other things, the question of who are the genetic parents of an individual created through somatic cell nuclear transfer (i.e. cloning): (a) the nuclear DNA provider or (b) the progenitors of the nuclear DNA provider. Such a question cannot be answered by simply appealing to the folk account of genetic parenthood, according to which the genetic parents of an individual are those individuals who produced the egg and sperm, respectively, which fused to create the embryo. It cannot be so as in cloning there is no fertilization as such. In this article I critically examine Douglas and Devolder’s new account of genetic parenthood and demonstrate that it is vulnerable to counterexamples that exploit the lack of a condition specifying that genetic parents should cause a child’s coming into existence.
The surgical learning curve for endoscopic GreenLight™ laser enucleation of the prostate: an international multicentre study
Authors: Khene Zine‐Eddine , Peyronnet Benoit , Vincendeau Sébastien , Huet Romain , Gasmi Anis , Pradere Benjamin , Pasquie Marie , Tabatabaei Shahin , Ferrari Giovanni , Roupret Morgan , Mathieu Romain , Rijo Enrique , Gomez‐Sancha Fernando , Misrai Vincent 
Published: August 2019

ObjectivesTo investigate the effect of surgical experience on the perioperative outcomes of endoscopic GreenLight™ (Boston Scientific Corporation, Marlborough, MA, USA) laser enucleation of the prostate (GreenLEP).Subjects/Patients and MethodsA multicentre retrospective study of the first patients treated with GreenLEP by six surgeons was conducted. For each patient, surgical experience was coded as the total number of procedures performed by the surgeons before the patient's operation. The learning curve was analysed in terms of changes over time for the following variables: enucleation time, morcellation time, occurrence of intraoperative complications (IOCs), 3‐month postoperative International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) reduction, and the rate of Pentafecta achievement.ResultsIn total, 922 patients were analysed. At multivariable regression analyses adjusted for case mix, surgical experience was associated with shorter enucleation and morcellation time (P < 0.001), lower IOC rate (P < 0.001), higher 3‐month postoperative reduction in IPSS (P = 0.004), and higher probability of Pentafecta achievement (P < 0.001). The relationship between surgical experience and enucleation time/IOCs appeared as non‐linear, with a steep slope reduction within the first 100 cases and a plateau observed after 200 cases, whilst the IPSS improved rapidly early in the learning curve process and plateaued after ~100 procedures. Finally, there was a linear improvement in Pentafecta achievement, with a plateau observed after 270 cases.ConclusionSurgical experience has a significant impact on the perioperative outcomes for GreenLEP procedures. After adjusting for patient and prostate characteristics, plateau results were achieved after a long learning curve. A more intensely mentored and structured training schedule might allow quicker and safer adoption of the procedure.