bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for metachronous bilateral renal cell carcinoma: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results analysis
Authors: Syed Jamil S. , Nguyen Kevin A. , Holford Theodore R. , Hofmann Jonathan N. , Shuch Brian 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundPatients treated for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) may be diagnosed with a metachronous, contralateral tumor. We evaluated the risks of contralateral tumor development using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database.MethodsAmong RCC patients, we identified those with a metachronous, contralateral RCC diagnosed ≥1 year after primary diagnosis. We performed a competing risks analysis to evaluate associations between clinicopathologic factors and metachronous, bilateral RCC. Cumulative incidence and standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated.ResultsThere were 80,403 cases of RCC identified, with a median follow‐up of 8.3 years; of these, 1063 (1.3%) developed metachronous, contralateral RCC (median of 6 years after diagnosis). The cumulative incidence at 10, 20, and 30 years of follow‐up was 1.5%, 3.1%, and 4.7%, respectively. An increased risk was observed among men (hazard ratio [HR], 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20‐1.55), blacks (HR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.71‐2.33), and those with papillary histology (HR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.41‐2.10). Risk of metachronous disease decreased with increasing age at primary diagnosis (HR per 1‐year increase, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.96‐0.97). The SIRs were highest among those diagnosed at a younger age and remained elevated even after extended follow‐up (>10 years).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the cumulative incidence of metachronous, contralateral RCC may be higher than previously reported. Younger age, black race, papillary histology, and male sex increase the risk of metachronous, contralateral RCC development. The high SIRs seen in all demographic groups may support a rationale for lifelong surveillance, especially in high‐risk subgroups with early disease onset.
The identification of patient‐specific mutations reveals dual pathway activation in most patients with melanoma and activated receptor tyrosine kinases in BRAF/NRAS wild‐type melanomas
Authors: Appenzeller Silke , Gesierich Anja , Thiem Alexander , Hufnagel Anita , Jessen Christina , Kneitz Hermann , Regensburger Martina , Schmidt Cornelia , Zirkenbach Vanessa , Bischler Thorsten , Schilling Bastian , Siedel Claudia , Goebeler Maria‐Elisabeth , Houben Roland , Schrama David , Gehrig Andrea , Rost Simone , Maurus Katja , Bargou Ralf , Rosenwald Andreas , Schartl Manfred , Goebeler Matthias , Meierjohann Svenja 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundIncreasing knowledge of cancer genomes has triggered the development of specific targeted inhibitors, thus providing a valuable therapeutic pool.MethodsIn this report, the authors analyze the presence of targetable alterations in 136 tumor samples from 92 patients with melanoma using a comprehensive approach based on targeted DNA sequencing and supported by RNA and protein analysis. Three topics of high clinical relevance are addressed: the identification of rare, activating alterations; the detection of patient‐specific, co‐occurring single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and copy number variations (CNVs) in parallel pathways; and the presence of cancer‐relevant germline mutations.ResultsThe analysis of patient‐matched blood and tumor samples was done with a custom‐designed gene panel that was enriched for genes from clinically targetable pathways. To detect alterations with high therapeutic relevance for patients with unknown driver mutations, genes that are untypical for melanoma also were included. Among all patients, CNVs were identified in one‐third of samples and contained amplifications of druggable kinases, such as CDK4, ERBB2, and KIT. Considering SNVs and CNVs, 60% of patients with metastases exhibited co‐occurring activations of at least 2 pathways, thus providing a rationale for individualized combination therapies. Unexpectedly, 9% of patients carry potentially protumorigenic germline mutations frequently affecting receptor tyrosine kinases. Remarkably two‐thirds of BRAF/NRAS wild‐type melanomas harbor activating mutations or CNVs in receptor tyrosine kinases.ConclusionsThe results indicate that the integrated analysis of SNVs, CNVs, and germline mutations reveals new druggable targets for combination tumor therapy.
A clinical trial of intraoperative near‐infrared imaging to assess tumor extent and identify residual disease during anterior mediastinal tumor resection
Authors: Predina Jarrod D. , Keating Jane , Newton Andrew , Corbett Christopher , Xia Leilei , Shin Michael , Frenzel Sulyok Lydia , Deshpande Charuhas , Litzky Leslie , Nie Shuming , Kucharczuk John C. , Singhal Sunil 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe management of most solid tumors of the anterior mediastinum involves complete resection. Because of their location near mediastinal structures, wide resection is not possible; therefore, surgeons must use subjective visual and tactile cues to determine disease extent. This clinical trial explored intraoperative near‐infrared (NIR) imaging as an approach to improving tumor delineation during mediastinal tumor resection.MethodsTwenty‐five subjects with anterior mediastinal lesions suspicious for malignancy were enrolled in an open‐label feasibility trial. Subjects were administered indocyanine green (ICG) at a dose of 5 mg/kg, 24 hours before resection (via a technique called TumorGlow). The NIR imaging systems included Artemis (Quest, Middenmeer, the Netherlands) and Iridium (VisionSense Corp, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Intratumoral ICG uptake was evaluated. The clinical value was determined via an assessment of the ability of NIR imaging to detect phrenic nerve involvement or incomplete resection. Clinical and histopathologic variables were analyzed to determine predictors of tumor fluorescence.ResultsNo drug‐related toxicity was observed. Optical imaging added a mean of 10 minutes to case duration. Among the subjects with solid tumors, 19 of 20 accumulated ICG. Fluorescent tumors included thymomas (n = 13), thymic carcinomas (n = 4), and liposarcomas (n = 2). NIR feedback improved phrenic nerve dissection (n = 4) and identified residual disease (n = 2). There were no false‐positives or false‐negatives. ICG preferentially accumulated in solid tumors; this was independent of clinical and pathologic variables.ConclusionsNIR imaging for anterior mediastinal neoplasms is safe and feasible. This technology may provide a real‐time tool capable of determining tumor extent and specifically identify phrenic nerve involvement and residual disease.
Adequacy criteria for voided urine cytology using cytospin preparations
Authors: Renshaw Andrew A. , Gould Edwin W. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have suggested that urine cytology adequacy may be related to both specimen volume and cellularity.MethodsThe authors reviewed cytospin preparations from 314 urine specimens (162 voided and 152 instrumented specimens) found to have high‐grade urothelial carcinoma on biopsy.ResultsThe sensitivity of instrumented urine cytology was significantly higher than that of voided cytology (82% vs 25%; P < .001). The cellularity (at least 30 urothelial cells/10 high‐power fields [HPF]) of instrumented urine specimens also was significantly higher than that of voided specimens (57% vs 9%; P < .001). The sensitivity of voided urine cytology with a cellularity of 20 to 39 cells per 10 HPF was significantly higher than that of cases with <20 cells per 10 HPF (77% vs 19%; P < .001). The sensitivity decreased with higher cellularity for both types of specimens. The sensitivity of voided cases with a volume of at least 30 mL was higher than that of cases with a volume <30 mL, but this was not statistically significant (31% vs 17%; P = .07).ConclusionsThe sensitivity of voided urine cytology for high‐grade urothelial carcinoma is significantly associated with urothelial cellularity but not specimen volume. Both the cellularity and sensitivity of voided urine specimens are less than that of instrumented specimens.
Facile and Scalable Fabrication of Surface‐Modified Sponge for Efficient Solar Steam Generation
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Mu Peng , He Jingxian , Zhu Zhaoqi , Sun Hanxue , Wei Huijuan , Liang Weidong , Li An 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSolar steam generation is a highly promising technology for harvesting solar energy and desalination. Here, a new solar steam generation system is introduced based on a surface‐modified polyurethane sponge with bilayered structures for efficient solar steam generation. The top layer, coated with polydimethylsiloxane‐modified graphite powder, serves as light‐to‐heat conversion layer with a broad optical absorption, whereas the lower part of the sponge acts as a thermal insulator with a low thermal conductivity in the wet state (0.13882 W m−1 K−1). In addition, the strong hydrophobic wettability of the top layer (water contact angle: 148°) enables self‐floating behavior on water, which is beneficial for practical applications. The results show that compared with a silver‐nanoparticle‐doped sponge and an acid‐etched sponge doped with silver nanoparticles the graphite‐modified sponge (GS) exhibits the highest evaporation efficiency of 73.3 % under 1 kW m2 irradiation, which is 2.6 times that of pure water and far higher than that of untreated polyurethane sponge (36.0 %). The GS shows excellent stability, and its evaporation efficiency remains unchanged even after immersion in water for one month. Based on its cost‐efficient, simple, and scalable manufacturing process, excellent mechanical stability, and high recyclability, the GS shows great potential as an efficient photothermal material for a wide range of large‐scale applications such as solar steam generation, light absorption, heat localization, and seawater desalination.
Photoelectric and Thermoelectric Dual Modulation Via a Ternary Composite
Authors: Sun Sam‐Shajing , Lee Harold Odell 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMaterials for simultaneous photoelectric and thermo‐electric dual conversions and modulations, where photon can modulate the thermoelectric conversion, and temperature can modulate the photoelectric conversion, may find potential applications where light (including a laser) can remotely turn on, turn off, or modulate a thermoelectric generator, a cooler, or a temperature sensor, and vice versa, temperature (heating/cooling) can turn on, turn off, or modulate a photoelectric device such as a photo detector or a solar cell. Here, it is demonstrated that such simultaneous dual conversion or modulation can be achieved via a ternary composite, e.g., a poly‐3‐hexyl‐thiophene thin‐film doped with both phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester and iodine. This finding may result in the development of lightweight, flexible shape, cost‐effective, renewable, environmentally friendly, biocompatible, and scalable materials, devices, and systems for clean energy harvestings (such as solar and waste heat dual energy harvesting) as well as light/heat dual‐sensing sensors, modulators, and controllers.
Proton versus photon radiation–induced cell death in head and neck cancer cells
Authors: Wang Li , Han Shichao , Zhu Jinming , Wang Xiaochun , Li Yuting , Wang Zeming , Lin Eric , Wang Xiaofang , Molkentine David P. , Blanchard Pierre , Yang Yining , Zhang Ruiping , Sahoo Narayan , Gillin Michael , Zhu Xiaorong Ronald , Zhang Xiaodong , Myers Jeffrey N. , Frank Steven J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundPhoton (X‐ray) radiotherapy (XRT) kills cells via DNA damage, however, how proton radiotherapy (PRT) causes cell death in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is unclear. We investigated mechanisms of HNSCC cell death after XRT versus PRT.MethodsWe assessed type of death in 2 human papillomavirus (HPV)‐positive and two HPV‐negative cell lines: necrosis and apoptosis (Annexin‐V fluorescein isothiocyanate [FITC]); senescence (β‐galactosidase); and mitotic catastrophe (γ‐tubulin and diamidino‐phenylindole [DAPI]).ResultsThe XRT‐induced or PRT‐induced cellular senescence and mitotic catastrophe in all cell lines studied suggested that PRT caused cell death to a greater extent than XRT. After PRT, mitotic catastrophe peaked in HPV‐negative and HPV‐positive cells at 48 and 72 hours, respectively. No obvious differences were noted in the extent of cell necrosis or apoptosis after XRT versus PRT.ConclusionUnder the conditions and in the cell lines reported here, mitotic catastrophe and senescence were the major types of cell death induced by XRT and PRT, and PRT may be more effective.
Prevalence and prediction of trismus in patients with head and neck cancer: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: van der Geer Sarah J. , van Rijn Phillip V. , Kamstra Jolanda I. , Langendijk Johannes A. , van der Laan Bernard F. A. M. , Roodenburg Jan L. N. , Dijkstra Pieter U. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundTrismus occurs frequently in patients with head and neck cancer. Determining the prevalence and associated factors of trismus would enable prediction of the risk of trismus for future patients.MethodsBased on maximal mouth opening measurements, we determined the prevalence of trismus in 730 patients with head and neck cancer. Associated factors for trismus were analyzed using univariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Based on the regression model, a calculation tool to predict trismus was made.ResultsPrevalence of trismus was 23.6%. Factors associated with trismus were: advanced age; partial or full dentition; tumors located at the maxilla; mandible; cheek; major salivary glands; oropharynx; an unknown primary; a free soft tissue transfer after surgery; reirradiation; and chemotherapy.ConclusionAbout one‐fourth of patients with head and neck cancer develop trismus. Based on prevalence and associated factors of trismus, a simple calculation tool predicts the risk of trismus in these patients.
Hydrologic and water isotope characterization of a regulated Canadian Shield river basin
Authors: England Nancy , James April L. , Chutko Krystopher J. , Pyrce Richard S. , Yao Huaxia 
Published: December 2018

AbstractStable water isotope surveys have increasingly been integrated into river basins studies, but fewer have used them to evaluate impact of hydropower regulation. This study applies hydrologic and water isotope survey approaches to a Canadian Shield river basin with both regulated and natural flows. Historical streamflow records were used to evaluate the influence of three hydroelectric reservoirs and unregulated portions of the basin on downstream flows and changes in water level management implemented after an extreme flood year (1979). In 2013, water isotope surveys of surface and source waters (e.g., rainfall, groundwater, snowmelt) were conducted to examine spatial and temporal variation in contributions to river flow. Seasonal changes in relative groundwater contribution were assessed using a water‐isotope mass balance approach. Within the basin, two regulated reservoirs exhibited inverted hydrographs with augmented winter flows, whereas a third exhibited a hydrograph dominated by spring snowmelt. In 2013, spatial variation in rain‐on‐snow and air temperatures resulted in a critical lag in snowmelt initiation in the southern and northern portions of the basin resulting in a dispersed, double peak spring hydrograph, contrasting with 1979 when a combination of rain‐on‐snow and coincident snowmelt led to the highest flood on record. Although eastern basin reservoirs become seasonally enriched in δ18O and δ2H values, unregulated western basin flows remain less variable due to groundwater driven baseflow with increasing influence downstream. Combined analysis of historical streamflow (e.g., flood of 1979, drought of 2010) and the 2013 water isotope surveys illustrate extreme meteorological conditions that current management activities are unable to prevent. In this study, the influence of evaporative fractionation on large surface water reservoirs provides important evidence of streamflow partitioning, illustrating the value of stable water isotope tracers for study of larger catchments.
Accelerating Drug Development in Pediatric Oncology With the Clinical Pharmacology Storehouse
Authors: Shebley Mohamad , Menon Rajeev M. , Gibbs John P. , Dave Nimita , Kim Su Y. , Marroum Patrick J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPediatric drug development is a challenging process due to the rarity of the population, the need to meet regulatory requirements across the globe, the associated uncertainty in extrapolating data from adults, the paucity of validated biomarkers, and the lack of systematic testing of drugs in pediatric patients. In oncology, pediatric drug development has additional challenges that have historically delayed availability of safe and effective medicines for children. In particular, the traditional approach to pediatric oncology drug development involves conducting phase 1 studies in children once the drug has been characterized and in some cases approved for use in adults. The objective of this article is to describe clinical pharmacology factors that influence pediatric oncology trial design and execution and to highlight efficient approaches for designing and expediting oncology drug development in children. The topics highlighted in this article include (1) study design considerations, (2) updated dosing approaches, (3) ways to overcome the significant biopharmaceutical challenges unique to the oncology pediatric population, and (4) use of data analysis strategies for extrapolating data from adults, with case studies. Finally, suggestions for ways to use clinical pharmacology approaches to accelerate pediatric oncology drug development are provided.
Two‐dimensional shear wave elastography of the perirenal fat: Can sticky fat be predicted?
Authors: Çamlıdağ İlkay , Öner Süleyman , Özden Ender 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate whether two‐dimensional (2D) shear wave elastography (SWE) can predict the presence of perirenal sticky fat (PSF) by showing increased perirenal fat stiffness.MethodsWe prospectively enrolled 28 patients with 31 renal tumors and 10 donor cases. Conventional renal ultrasound (US) and 2D‐SWE examination of the perirenal fat were performed. Patient age, gender, body mass index (BMI), largest mass size, PF shear wave velocity (SWV) on both sides were recorded. During surgery, presence of PSF and perirenal fat dissection time (PFDT) were recorded.ResultsTwenty three renal masses were malignant and eight were benign. There were 13 clear cell carcinomas and 10 nonclear cell carcinomas. Eight patients had PSF. Mean PFDT was 13 minutes. PFDT and BMI were significantly increased in the PSF group (p < .05). No statistically significant differences were found in SWVs in patients with and without PSF. There were no significant differences with regard to SWVs between donor cases and patients, tumor side and nontumor side, benign masses and malignant masses, clear cell and nonclear cell tumors. No significant correlations were detected between SWVs and PFDT, mass size, Fuhrman grade and BMI (p > .05).Conclusion2D‐SWE cannot detect PSF.
Three‐Dimensional Subharmonic Aided Pressure Estimation for Assessing Arterial Plaques in a Rabbit Model
Authors: Nam Kibo , Liu Ji‐Bin , Eisenbrey John R. , Stanczak Maria , Machado Priscilla , Li Jingzhi , Li Zhaojun , Wei Ying , Forsberg Flemming 
Published: December 2018

ObjectivesTo investigate 3‐dimensional subharmonic aided pressure estimation (SHAPE) for measuring intraplaque pressure and the pressure gradient across the plaque cap as novel biomarkers for potentially predicting plaque vulnerability.MethodsTwenty‐seven rabbits received a high‐cholesterol diet for 2 weeks before a balloon catheter injury to denude the endothelium of the aorta, followed by 8 to 10 weeks of the high‐cholesterol diet to create arteriosclerotic plaques. SHAPE imagings of the resulting plaques were performed 12, 16, and 20 weeks after injury using a LOGIQ 9 scanner with a 4D10L probe (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI) before and during an infusion of Definity (Lantheus Medical Imaging, North Billerica, MA) and Sonazoid (GE Healthcare, Oslo, Norway). The ratios of the maximum subharmonic magnitudes at baseline and during the infusion were correlated with the intraplaque pressure and pressure gradient across the plaque cap obtained from direct measurements.ResultsTen rabbits died prematurely after the balloon injury procedure or due to toxicity from the high‐cholesterol diet, whereas 2 rabbits were excluded for other conditions. Five rabbits were scanned in the 12‐, 16‐, and 20‐week groups, respectively. Even after 20 weeks, the plaques that developed were very small (mean ± SD, 0.9 ± 0.4 × 0.14 ± 0.05 cm). Definity performed better than Sonazoid in this application but still only achieved a moderate correlation with pressure across the plaque cap (Definity, r = –0.40; Sonazoid, r = 0.22) and intraplaque pressure (Definity, r = –0.19; Sonazoid, r = –0.11).ConclusionsInitial findings from plaque pressure estimation using 3‐dimensional SHAPE technique showed only moderate correlations with reference standards, but that may be have been due to weaknesses in the animal model studied.
Can Ultrasound in Early Gestation Improve Visualization of Fetal Cardiac Structures in Obese Pregnant Women?
Authors: Majeed Amara , Abuhamad Alfred , Romary Letty , Sinkovskaya Elena 
Published: December 2018

ObjectivesTo determine whether ultrasound (US) imaging of obese pregnant women in early gestation improves fetal cardiac visualization.MethodsWe report a prospective longitudinal trial comparing late first‐ and early second‐trimester US to traditional second‐trimester US for fetal cardiac screening in maternal obesity. All study participants received US for fetal cardiac screening at a gestational age of 13 weeks to 15 weeks 6 days using a transvaginal or transabdominal approach (UST1). All patients also underwent a traditional transabdominal examination at 20 to 22 weeks (UST2). If UST2 failed to complete the cardiac visualization, a follow up examination (second UST2) was performed 2 to 4 weeks later. Imaging was considered complete if the visceral situs, 4 chambers, outflow tracts, and 3 vessels were visualized. The completion rates between UST1 and UST2 were the primary outcomes. A power analysis (85%) and sample size calculation (n = 145) were performed.ResultsA total of 152 pregnancies met study criteria. Completion rates of cardiac screening were 77% for UST1 and 70% for UST2 (P = .143). This comparison reached statistical significance in patients with a body mass index of greater than 40 kg/m2 (UST1 [69%] versus UST2 [38%]; P = .001). Sixty‐two percent of patients with a body mass index of greater than 40 kg/m2 required second UST2. The highest fetal cardiac screening completion rate was achieved when UST1 was combined with UST2 (96.1%). In 1 fetus, congenital heart disease was detected at UST1 and later confirmed.ConclusionsThis study represents the largest prospective trial assessing early‐gestation US for fetal cardiac screening in the setting of maternal obesity. In obese pregnancies, the addition of early‐gestation US to the 20‐ to 22‐week US substantially improves the visualization of fetal cardiac anatomy.