bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lowering the Uncertainties with Innovative Practices for Enhancing the Performance Evaluation of Ultra-Sour Tight Reservoirs
Authors: Ahmad Zeeshan , Leguizamon Javier Antonio , Albadi Mohamad Mubarik , Al Haj Al Hosani Abdulla Ahmed , Ahmad Mubashir , Dike Nnamdi , Ali Siddiqui Muhammad , Agarwal Anubhav 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Exploration of new zones has always carried risks and uncertainties because of the limited geological data of the reservoirs and potential for hydrocarbons. In the study of an unconventional reservoir through several vertical pilots, with minimum horizontal stresses between 8600 & 10000 psi (0.86 – 1 psi/ft) and permeabilities around 1 md, innovative methods were tested to establish and determine the productivity/injectivity in the high stress sections. Such techniques included Advanced perforation systems, and advanced stimulations with customized fluids and specialized Coil Tubing (CT) tools, all of them constrained by the surface and subsurface equipment capacities to maintain integrity.
The Advanced Gas Fracturing System was examined as new technology which showed the ability to produce gas with very high pressure reaching 32,000 to 46,000 psi. For an Unconfined Compressive Strength between 16000 psi and 26000 psi observed in the subject reservoir, the high-pressure gas surpassing it by 2 to 3 times, is expected to create lateral mega to macro-fractures around the well for up to 98 ft diameter pool in 9 - 12 millisecond, with maximum gun size. The Advanced Perforation system in conjunction with optimized acid system were designed for the for the highest rock strength sections to achieve and maintain maximum connectivity between reservoir and wellbore, becoming a great alternative to hydraulic fracturing. Advanced stimulation techniques including the use of tailored emulsified acids, with Abrasive Jetting tool application to improve placement and productivity, were evaluated in ultra sour tight reservoirs.
Group Optimization and Modeling of Mechanized Wells Operating in Intermittent Mode
Authors: Yudin E. V. , Piotrovskiy G. A. , Smirnov N. A. , Petrushin M. A. , Isaeva S. M. , Zamakhov S. V. , Popravko K. A. , Kherson E. Y. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Intermittent mode is one of the most efficient methods of managing low-rate ESP wells. However, this approach implies defining optimal working parameters of the wells. So, there is a demand for complex algorithms that can perform simultaneous joint optimization of power consumption and modeling tasks for the groups of wells operating in periodic regime. Besides, it must consider work/idle cycles synchronization to minimize effect of the pressure fluctuations occurring in the oil gathering chain. The mathematical model of the «tubing–annulus-reservoir" system is used, with boundary conditions defined at the submersible equipment intake by mass conservation equations.The simultaneous joint optimization of power consumption is based on existing approaches for steady-mode wells modified to suit intermittent working regimes. Special tools are developed to consider intracycle parameter dynamics and synchronize the on/off cycles, minimizing negative impacts on the infrastructure.Optimal parameters are determined using the adaptation results of complete nonstationary processes model, while potential scenarios are calculated using simplified methods. Finally, the result is refined by recalculating it using the most complex model.As a result, the algorithm was developed that provides functionality for simultaneous joint optimization of ESP well groups operating in both intermittent and steady modes. It can determine the optimal parameters of the system considering geological, technological and regulatory constraints. Besides, it supports two types of optimization scenarios aimed at either maximizing production or decreasing lifting costs. The optimization is built around existing model of non-stationary flow in the well which can calculate dynamics of production, hydraulic and electrical parameters. On top of that, to bring the performance of new algorithms close to those used for steady modes, a set of simplified models was created based on the full physically driven mathematical model. This technique was the key for achieving sufficient algorithm speeds necessary for increasing the scenarios update frequency by using sequential calculations with model complexity enhancement.In addition, the results of numerous calculations are presented. They were compared with actual data from the production fields to verify their predictive ability. This analysis was performed for all types of models, as well as their combinations and covered both group and individual optimization cases. The developed algorithms were tested on pilot fields and the results were confirmed by process engineers.
Integrated Workflow with Static and Dynamic Geomechanical Modelling for Fault Critical Re-Active Stress Evaluation
Authors: Pei Zhansong , Liu Mingtao , Huang Xingning , Xu Hanbing 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Songliao Basin, a vast sedimentary basin located in Northeast China, extends in a north-northeast direction, covering the Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning provinces, and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. It spans approximately 750 kilometers in length and 330-370 kilometers in width, encompassing an area of 260,000 square kilometers. The internal topography of the basin predominantly features uplifted areas to the north, northeast, southeast, and southwest, a gentle slope to the west, and a significant depression in the central region. Cenozoic sedimentary rocks in the Songliao Basin have a cumulative thickness exceeding 6000 meters, with Cretaceous deposits being particularly thick and widespread. The basin's geologic structure is complex and heavily faulted, enriched with geothermal, solar, and mineral resources, hence presenting a favourable environment for inducing seismic activity. Therefore, assessing the stress characteristics and susceptibility to sliding of geological structures in the Songliao Basin holds paramount importance for earthquake mitigation and disaster prevention. This study involved statistical analysis of data from 19 boreholes, 65 hydraulic fracturing experiments, and 44 stress relief measurements from the basin and adjacent areas. The study also discusses fault slip potential and seismic hazards based on fault mechanical theories such as the Byerlee-Anderson theory. Results indicate a shift from compressive (thrust) to transcurrent (strike-slip) stress regimes, aligning with the distribution of high-angle right-lateral NNE-trending reverse faults within the region. The dominant orientation of the maximum horizontal principal stress ranges between N45° and E60°. Preliminary inversion results suggest a primary compressive stress regime with localized strike-slip characteristics, which corroborates the inversion results from focal mechanism studies. The average friction coefficient of the faults in the region is calculated at 0.41, indicating a state of stability and low susceptibility to fault slipping. Additional analyses, interpolating lateral pressure coefficients and stress accumulation indicators, uniformly suggest a low general predisposition for fault slipping, although localized higher levels of stress accumulation are observed in shallow fault zones. Our comprehensive analysis infers that faults are more likely to slip in a NW-SE orientation.
Novel Application of Modified Enzymatic Fluid System for Freeing Stuck Pipe in Gas Wells
Authors: Abuelzm Ehab. , Ghosh D. , Ghosh B. , Mohammed A. R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
While Enzymatic treatment is considered safe for downhole tools and an effective technique for the removal of biopolymer-based drilling mud cake formed during drilling, a novel application of enzymatic system has been developed and successfully utilized to release stuck pipe while drilling. An enzyme's function is intrinsically linked to its three-dimensional structure, defining how it achieves substrate binding, catalysis, and regulation. Stuck pipe contingency especially in horizontal/multilateral wells demands large volumes of harsh chemicals like acid, solvents, and other chemicals potentially damaging to the reservoir and downhole tools. This paper aims to demonstrate the function of a robust all-enzyme system that can break down the biopolymer mud cake responsible for stuck pipes at harsh downhole conditions.
Freeing stuck pipe jobs executed in cooperation with one of the largest National Oil Company in Asia in an exploratory well drilled located in the North-Eastern fields. The 8 ½″ hole was drilled deep with logging-while drilling tool. Later the logging-while drilling tool was assembled with a rotatory BHA assembly and lowered for pipe conveyed logging. While lowering this tool at around 10000 ft, stuck was observed and multiple unsuccessful attempts for freeing string were carried out. A mud-acid job was carried out followed by HSD spotting and string shots, without any apparent success. Given the severity of the problem joint operation teams including the product designer, decided on the pilot application of this advanced Recombinant Enzyme H system. A pre-flush solution was pumped before pumping the enzymatic solution at the stuck region. After allowing a minimum soaking time the working on the string was carried out. The drill pipe was freed within 5 hours of enzymatic solution soaking after a loss of about 9 rig days. The drill collar severing job plan was canceled, and expensive logging tools were successfully retrieved. Drilling continued in the same section as planned. The enzyme application dissolved the friction causing cake acting around the stuck region and reduced surface area of contact to release all the differential stuck. This was a novel approach by the Operator showcasing the potential of this technology in freeing stuck pipes quickly and economically.
Enhancing Photorealistic 3D Model Accuracy with Underwater Positioning
Authors: Coffey R. , Beier M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The adoption of photorealistic 3D modelling and digital twins for inspecting and documenting the state of physical assets is gaining momentum across various industries. However, the uptake of these technologies for underwater assets has been notably slower due to the challenges associated with scanning underwater; the limited number of service providers, and the costs and risks involved. Despite these inhibitors, there is a burgeoning interest in developing precise digital replicas of underwater assets.
A critical factor in producing accurate and measurable 3D models of underwater assets is accurate positioning, particularly when creating larger models. The absence of satellite GNSS signals means other methods are needed to estimate the position of moving objects underwater.
This study explores the influence of accurate positioning on the quality of underwater 3D models. It assesses two positioning techniques, comparing an acoustic triangulation method, which can achieve sub-decimeter accuracy with traditional approaches. The study also seeks to find cost effective solutions to the challenge of underwater photogrammetry as this is perceived by the authors to be holding back the adoption of this technology.
The findings highlight the potential improvements in model accuracy through enhanced positioning techniques generated by cost effective solutions, offering significant implications for various industries.
The research has been conducted by a company specialising in advanced vision based underwater 3D scanning and modelling technologies.
Opportunities for Renewable Oxygen Utilization from Electrolysis Plants
Authors: Biyikli Lukas 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Oxygen is a versatile industrial gas and plays an important role across several industries, including steel, cement, pulp and paper, wastewater treatment, food and beverage, etc. Today, more than 500 million tons per annum (mtpa) of oxygen is consumed by industry globally. Around 90% of this is produced conventionally via cryogenic air separation units (ASUs) and 10% via pressure swing absorption (PSA). Over the coming decades, ASUs will likely continue to serve as the dominant method of oxygen production. However, the impending build out of electrolyzer plants to meet green hydrogen demand is opening a new low-cost production avenue that can be capitalized on.
This paper explores opportunities for renewable oxygen utilization from electrolyzer plants and discusses important considerations for compression. Making a commercial case for oxygen utilization requires evaluation of many different variables, including plant size, location, tax frameworks, available subsidies, etc. In cases where dedicated oxygen pipelines are close by, a compelling business case can be made for oxygen capture and compression. To illustrate the potential return on investment (ROI), the paper evaluates a hypothetical 500 megawatt (MW) electrolyzer plant. For these projects, selection of the compression technology is critical, as it represents a significant portion of the oxygen plant's total cost of ownership.
Upper Lekhwair (Lower Cretaceous) Depositional System and Reservoir Characterization in a Frontier Area, Southeastern Abu Dhabi
Authors: Whitcomb Nick , Bose Sweta , Seyedolali Abbas 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Lekhwair Formation, a prominent geological unit within southeastern Abu Dhabi, has recently been established as an oil-bearing reservoir outside of the traditional giant fields in the region. This study utilizes petrography and petrophysical evaluation to understand the Upper Lekhwair relationship between the reservoir quality and depositional environment. Variability in the thin Upper Lekhwair units creates challenges in predicting reservoir quality while drilling horizontal wells, identifying prospects, and optimizing hydrocarbon recovery efforts. This study will expand on the regional understanding of the Upper Lekhwair depositional system and reservoir characteristics to an oil-bearing area not previously investigated.
The Lekhwair Formation was deposited on a wide carbonate ramp setting, with depositional environments ranging from proximal mid-ramp to intertidal. Well log observations across the area show variability in porosity and thickness in most of the reservoir units but little variability in the intraformational seals known as ‘Dense’ zones. Reservoir variability is predominately related to the dynamic nature of the inner-ramp shoal system, which has sub-regionally displayed rapid facies changes between grainstones and mud-dominated packstones within the same zone over short distances (e.g. 2 km). The study noted high abundance of laterally inconsistent grainstones and rudists in the upper most reservoir units. The relationship between these rapid lateral changes between inner ramp mud-dominated and grain-dominated sediment is likely related to local build-ups on the inner ramp. Unlocking this relationship will unlock new exploration strategies.
Offshore Early Production Platform Proposal to Overcome Caspian Sea Constraints
Authors: Seddik Sameh , Chatterjee Prabir Kumar 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This paper highlights the constraints for installation of early production facilities in the Caspian Sea region due to land-locked geography and non-availability of suitable marine construction vessels. Additionally, high risk for investment exists in the offshore Turkmenistan fields due to the concern of marginal field reservoirs. To address the concern, a removable jacket concept is provided that can be constructed and installed quickly and relocated at other locations in case of commercially unviable well flow rate.
This paper proposes a minimum structure to drill and appraise two oil wells without installing a full-fledged structural jacket and deck. The jacket will be connected to the seabed by temporary skirt piles. In case of a positive drilling outcome, the jacket will be piled and a deck with minimum topside facilities will be installed. A flexible pipeline will also be installed to connect with the nearest subsea/onshore tie-in point to carry out prolonged well testing (for months) and subsequent production operation. The existing and the new decks will be joined offshore. The conceptual design has a provision for four future wells.
Numerical studies show that the skirt-piled structure at 30m water depth can withstand up to 1-year return period environmental loads. The final structure after installing the permanent piles can withstand 100-year environments loads. Structural design is performed using API RP2A working stress design method. The results show the adequacy of the structure and prove that the investment risk can be considerably reduced by carrying out appraisal drilling before installing the full production facilities.
Key Well Construction Strategies for Productivity Improvement Under Integrated Services Projects
Authors: Davila Andres Nunez , Barrera Edison , Presniakov Mikhail 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Nowadays across the Oil and Gas industry, there is a continuous requirement to find feasible solutions to unlock the oil reserves that were not accessible before. For this purpose, different techniques and technologies were implemented, facilitating the access to oil pools. The present paper will describe the integration models and contracts implemented in different projects, to unlock the oil reserves for diverse Operators.
The contractual model was set within different Oil and Gas Operators, based on the success criteria for each individual project, the environment complexity, and associated risks, considering the specific requirements and historical performance. Accelerating production is one of the main field development strategies, therefore, major technologies were evaluated and selected in accordance to deliver this requirement.
Geosteering services, open hole gravel pack, alternative well architecture designs, swellable packers, cementing innovative slurries, optimize directional trajectories were part of the new and critical services and technologies implemented to succeed while achieving the targets. This paper presents the methodology required to apply new technology, contractual agreement and risk assessment associated to deliver successful operations execution.
Different Integrated Projects supported the production enhancement initiatives by implementing innovative solutions during drilling and completions stage. A collaboration culture was created and validated by the Operators, with the purpose to identify optimization opportunities and expedite the learning curve throughout the project timeline, in line with the production enhancement.
Multi-Layer Reservoir Mapping in Low Resistivity, Low Contrast Clastic Reservoir Using Integration of Ultra-Deep Azimuthal Resistivity 1D and 3D Inversions
Authors: El-Khamry Ayman , Taher Ahmed , Fouda Mohamed , Bikchandaev Eduard 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The use of modern ultra-deep azimuthal resistivity (UDAR) tools along with other Logging While Drilling (LWD) sensors increases horizontal well placement efficiency, improving net-to-gross and maximizing reservoir contact. The depth of investigation (DOI) of electro-magnetic (EM) resistivity-based technologies depends on multiple factors: frequency of the EM wave transmitted by the tool, spacing between the transmitter and the receiver antenna, conductivity of the surrounding formation and contrasts between layers. Although the first two factors are relatively controllable, the performance of EM resistivity tools in very low resistivity formation has always remained a challenge, limiting the signal propagation and hence the DOI. This paper presents a novel workflow for utilizing EM resistivity-based reservoir mapping logging while drilling (LWD) technologies for successful well placement and multi-layer mapping in very low resistivity, low contrast and thinly laminated clastic reservoirs.
The major challenge for mapping low resistivity low contrast reservoirs is the reduced investigation of the EM wave propagation combined with the weak signal response from the surrounding layers. Resolving multiple layers around the well trajectory then becomes difficult. Pre-well modeling has been performed prior to the start of operations using data from existing offset wells to identify the best configurations and basic settings (spacings, frequencies) for confident reservoir mapping in real time. A novel near-bit UDAR transmitter design was utilized along with a new optimized inversion algorithm was introduced to allow 1D inversion models to map the multiple layers all around the well. This has enabled critical real-time decision making while drilling to steer the well based on petrophysical properties, thicknesses, and structural dip of the target layers. This customized setup was designed specifically for geo-steering and geo-mapping in an extremely low resistivity low contrast environment that is not favorable for the EM resistivity tools.
The new workflow has been utilized in multiple wells with low resistivity and low contrast to adjacent beds. The selected tool configuration design optimized the signal to noise ratio (SNR). As a result, and despite the very low resistivity, both 1D and 3D inversions mapped boundaries more than 20ft away, delineating layers that are less than 0.5 Ohm-m. In places, the technology mapped up to 7 thin layers at a distance. Although structural displacements have been encountered while drilling, horizontal wells were successfully placed in the target layers providing maximum reservoir exposure and great improvements in effective net-to-gross (NTG).
This paper demonstrates a novel tool setup and workflow to expand the application of UDAR tools for well placement and reservoir mapping in very low resistivity low contrast environments.
Rig Electrification to Hit Decarbonization Target Even More
Authors: Al Hadidy Khaled , Segui Emmanuel , Abdulhamid Osma , Abdelhamid Seddik , Al Jabri Bashaer , Al Hosani Suad 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Global warming is setting the whole world in a real challenge to select between, global economy and industry growth or environment protection. A commitment was set forth via COP organization requesting all countries to show progress and quantify decarbonization efforts. As opportunities always arise through difficulties and challenges, oil and gas industries in UAE found a series of innovative approaches where we can sustain our growth while meeting the decarbonization target.
As drilling Rigs are representing one of the main diesel consumptions in oil field and hence Co2 emission, series of initiatives driven to pilot fit for purpose application to substitute diesel driven generator(s). Any initiative that leads to diesel consumption reduction will represent a building block toward the objective. However, most of them have been short to meet the decarbonization target set by UAE leadership (25% reduction by 2030).
Solar energy and power storage batteries are on top of the pilots conducted but with limitations. Solar power generation requires a fixed setup / assets where nature of land rig is mobile however its very efficient and robust for fixed central camps. Power storing batteries are still limited to provide required range of energy to operate rigs independently or even partially. Dual fuel (Diesel and natural gas), biofuel and Hydrogen been on radar screen and assessed as well in this paper.
Quick and low hanging fruit initiative where this case study about is to screen the existing power grid in our mature fields, quantify the spinning power per each power line and map the drilling location for the upcoming business plan hence evaluate the feasibility to connect rig directly to those power lines utilizing available spare power per each power line providing no future infrastructure or production facility is planned for this spare power.