bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal dynamics of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the Arabian Peninsula, 2012–2017
Authors: Alkhamis M. A. , Fernández-Fontelo A. , VanderWaal K. , Abuhadida S. , Puig P. , Alba-Casals A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMiddle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) remains a notable disease and poses a significant threat to global public health. The Arabian Peninsula is considered a major global epicentre for the disease and the virus has crossed regional and continental boundaries since 2012. In this study, we focused on exploring the temporal dynamics of MERS-CoV in human populations in the Arabian Peninsula between 2012 and 2017, using publicly available data on case counts and combining two analytical methods. Disease progression was assessed by quantifying the time-dependent reproductive number (TD-Rs), while case series temporal pattern was modelled using the AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA). We accounted for geographical variability between three major affected regions in Saudi Arabia including Eastern Province, Riyadh and Makkah. In Saudi Arabia, the epidemic size was large with TD-Rs >1, indicating significant spread until 2017. In both Makkah and Riyadh regions, the epidemic progression reached its peak in April 2014 (TD-Rs > 7), during the highest incidence period of MERS-CoV cases. In Eastern Province, one unique super-spreading event (TD-R > 10) was identified in May 2013, which comprised of the most notable cases of human-to-human transmission. Best-fitting ARIMA model inferred statistically significant biannual seasonality in Riyadh region, a region characterised by heavy seasonal camel-related activities. However, no statistical evidence of seasonality was identified in Eastern Province and Makkah. Instead, both areas were marked by an endemic pattern of cases with sporadic outbreaks. Our study suggested new insights into the epidemiology of the virus, including inferences about epidemic progression and evidence for seasonality. Despite the inherent limitations of the available data, our conclusions provide further guidance to currently implement risk-based surveillance in high-risk populations and, subsequently, improve related interventions strategies against the epidemic at country and regional levels.
Determinants of low birth weight in the context of maternal nutrition education in urban informal settlements, Kenya
Authors: Nyamasege C. K. , Kimani-Murage E. W. , Wanjohi M. , Kaindi D. W. M. , Ma E. , Fukushige M. , Wagatsuma Y. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractInadequate knowledge in maternal nutrition is one of the determinants of low birth weight. However, little evidence is available on whether maternal nutrition counselling alone can influence birth weight among women from low socioeconomic households. This study assessed the effect of prenatal maternal nutritional counselling on birth weight and examined the related risk factors. A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the effectiveness of home-based maternal nutritional counselling on nutritional outcomes, morbidity, breastfeeding, and infant feeding practices by the African Population and Health Research Center in two urban informal settlements of Nairobi. The intervention group received monthly antenatal and nutritional counselling from trained community health volunteers; meanwhile, the control group received routine antenatal care. A total of 1001 participants were included for analysis. Logistic regression was applied to determine associations between low birth weight and maternal characteristics. A higher prevalence of low birth weight was observed in the control group (6.7%) than in the intervention group (2.5%; P&lt;0.001). Logistic regression identified significant associations between birth weight and intervention group (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=0.26; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.10–0.64); maternal height &lt;154.5 cm (AOR=3.33; 95% CI, 1.01–10.96); last antenatal care visits at 1st or 2nd trimesters (AOR=9.48; 95% CI, 3.72–24.15); pre-term delivery (AOR=3.93; 95% CI, 1.93–7.98); maternal mid-upper arm circumference &lt;23 cm (AOR=2.57; 95% CI, 1.15–5.78); and cesarean delivery (AOR=2.27; 95% CI, 1.04–4.94). Nutrition counselling during pregnancy reduced low birth weight and preterm births, which was determined by women of short stature, early stoppage of antenatal visit, and cesarean delivery.
Holocene Surface Rupture History of an Active Forearc Fault Redefines Seismic Hazard in Southwestern British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Morell K. D. , Regalla C. , Amos C. , Bennett S. , Leonard L. , Graham A. , Reedy T. , Levson V. , Telka A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCharacterizing the hazard associated with Quaternary‐active faults in the forearc crust of the northern Cascadia subduction zone has proven challenging due to historically low rates of seismicity, late Quaternary glacial scouring, and dense vegetation that often obscures fault‐related geomorphic features. We couple lidar topography with paleoseismic trenching across the Leech River Fault on southern Vancouver Island to produce the first detailed surface rupture history of an onland forearc fault in British Columbia, Canada. The results indicate that this fault produced three surface‐rupturing earthquakes in the last ∼9 kyr and is therefore capable of producing large (Mw>6) earthquakes in the future. We provide new constraints on the fault's length (∼130 km) and Holocene slip rate (≥0.2–0.3 mm/year) that, together with the earthquake ages, should be incorporated into new seismic hazard assessments and building code practices relevant to urban centers in southwestern British Columbia (Canada) and northwestern Washington State (United States).
Retrievals of Arctic Sea‐Ice Volume and Its Trend Significantly Affected by Interannual Snow Variability
Authors: Bunzel Felix , Notz Dirk , Pedersen Leif Toudal 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe estimate the uncertainty of satellite‐retrieved Arctic sea‐ice thickness, sea‐ice volume, and their trends stemming from the lack of reliable snow‐thickness observations. To do so, we simulate a Cryosat2‐type ice‐thickness retrieval in an ocean‐model simulation forced by atmospheric reanalysis, pretending that only freeboard is known as model output. We then convert freeboard to sea‐ice thickness using different snow climatologies and compare the resulting sea‐ice thickness retrievals to each other and to the real sea‐ice thickness of the reanalysis‐forced simulation. We find that different snow climatologies cause significant differences in the obtained ice thickness and ice volume. In addition, we show that Arctic ice‐volume trends derived from ice‐thickness retrievals using any snow‐depth climatology are highly unreliable because the estimated trend in ice volume can strongly be influenced by the neglected interannual variability in snow volume.
Reconciling Hadley Cell Expansion Trend Estimates in Reanalyses
Authors: Davis N. A. , Davis S. M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractNumerous studies have concluded that historical Hadley cell expansion simulated in reanalyses is much larger than the future expansion predicted by climate model simulations. Is Hadley cell expansion too weak in climate models, or are the trends in reanalyses spuriously large? This study shows that the mean meridional circulation in reanalyses generally does not conserve mass. The mass imbalance projects onto trends in the Hadley cell edge latitudes by modifying both the mean and anomalous circulation. In correcting for the imbalance, the majority of Hadley cell expansion trends in early‐generation reanalyses in both hemispheres are revised to be smaller in magnitude, bringing them into closer agreement with the trends in modern reanalyses and climate models. While the methodology presented here is statistical in nature, it produces quantitatively similar results to a more sophisticated mass budget correction method.
Hydroacoustic Measurements of the 2014 Eruption at Ahyi Volcano, 20.4°N Mariana Arc
Authors: Metz D. , Grevemeyer I. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAhyi is a fully submerged arc volcano in the Northern Mariana Islands, northwestern Pacific Ocean. In April and May 2014, the volcano erupted over a period of 15 days. Results from direction‐of‐arrival calculations show that underwater sound phases associated with the episode were recorded as far as Wake Island, where a hydrophone triplet array is operated as part of the International Monitoring System. After a 3.5‐hr‐long sequence of hydroacoustic precursory events, explosive volcanic activity occurred in two distinct, several‐days‐long bursts, accompanied by a notable decrease in low‐frequency arrivals that may indicate a shift in signal source parameters. Acoustic resolution of the hydrophone data supersedes broadband networks by almost 1 order of magnitude, successfully identifying seismic events at Ahyi as low as 2.5 mb. Total radiated acoustic energy of the eruption is estimated at 6.4 1017 J, which suggests that submarine volcanic activity contributed significantly to the ocean soundscape.
On the Relationship Between Fault Permeability Increases, Induced Stress Perturbation, and the Growth of Aseismic Slip During Fluid Injection
Authors: Cappa Frédéric , Guglielmi Yves , Nussbaum Christophe , Birkholzer Jens 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFluid injections into the deep subsurface can, at times, generate earthquakes, but often, they only produce aseismic deformations. Here we analyze the influence of fault hydromechanical properties on the growth of injection‐induced aseismic slip. Using hydromechanical modeling, we show how permeability enhancement in addition to the background stress and frictional weakening has an important effect on the pressure diffusion and slip growth during injection. We find that the more pronounced the fault permeability enhancement, the stronger is the growth of the aseismic slip zone. The effect of enhanced permeability is more pronounced when the fault is initially close to failure. Our results show that aseismic slip grows beyond the pressurized zone when the fault permeability increases, while slip remains behind the pressurized zone when permeability does not vary from its initial preslip value. Thus, fault permeability increases should be considered as complementary mechanism to current models of fluid‐induced aseismic slip.
Crustal Heating and Lithospheric Alteration and Erosion Associated With Asthenospheric Upwelling Beneath Southern New England (USA)
Authors: Menke William , Lamoureux Juliette , Abbott Dallas , Hopper Emily , Hutson Dionne , Marrero Alyssa 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe Northern Appalachian Anomaly (NAA), a region of exceptionally low seismic velocities in the asthenosphere beneath southern New England and easternmost New York State, has been interpreted as a site of mantle upwelling. We synthesize a combination of new and previously published data that indicates the following: (1) The upwelling has eroded or delaminated the lithosphere in a localized region centered in southern Vermont that we call the “Green Mountains Anomaly.” Forty‐second period Rayleigh wave phase velocities, which have peak sensitivity at lithospheric depths, are slow in this region, and S wave receiver functions are dominated by shallow (60‐km depth) mantle structures indicating reduced velocities. Thermal springs and sites with anomalously high concentrations of mantle‐derived helium‐3 are concentrated at the borders of the Green Mountains anomaly, perhaps due to stress concentrations produced by geologically recent, uncompensated delamination of the lower lithosphere. (2) S wave receiver functions indicate intense (>10%), shallow (60‐km depth) short wavelength structures along the southern and western edges of the NAA, indicating that the lithosphere there is being intensely altered, possibly by a combination of shearing and introduction of volatiles. And (3) Notwithstanding the localized thinning and alteration, the NAA lithosphere as a whole does not appear to have experienced pervasive heating, for the compressional wave quality factor of QP = 870 inferred from the decay rate of Po waves is very significantly above the QP ≈ 60 value previously reported for the NAA asthenosphere.
Limitations of the Resolvability of Finite‐Fault Models Using Static Land‐Based Geodesy and Open‐Ocean Tsunami Waveforms
Authors: Williamson Amy L. , Newman Andrew V. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFinite‐fault inversions are a common technique, employed following large earthquakes, used to understand the nature of slip along a fault. Using multiple data sets, including static offsets from geodetic instruments and tsunami wave heights from open‐ocean gauges, a richer perspective on the expected slip distribution than using a singular tool is created. However, the model resolution obtained from open‐ocean tsunami data and techniques used to subsample that data have not been widely evaluated. Static geodetic data can provide near‐complete model resolution of the subduction megathrust near the trench, if data are local. However, model resolution falls off precipitously as distance between instrument and fault increases when geodetic data are limited to more distal on‐land sites. Tsunami data derived from open‐ocean waveforms are less dependent on station to fault distance, but offshore model resolution is lost due to necessary data processing, such as windowing, often necessary to avoid coastal reflections. This primarily affects the resolution in the downdip direction, which often arrives at open‐ocean stations later in the waveform. Spatial detail is also limited by the minimum subfault size that will satisfy the longwave approximation, which is dependent on the water depth. For most cases, this subfault limit is approximately 20 by 20 km. In many environments, the sparsity of offshore geodetic instruments, and the large distances between estimated slip and coastal geodetic gauges, makes the inclusion of open‐ocean data, if available, highly advantageous. Still it is possible even with the pairing of on‐land and offshore data sets for poorly resolved zones to exist. In these cases further resolution can be recovered through the incorporation of additional data sets such as strong‐motion data and seismic waveforms through a seismic‐geodetic inversion.
An Alongshore Momentum Budget Over a Fringing Tropical Fore‐Reef
Authors: Arzeno Isabella B. , Collignon Audric , Merrifield Mark , Giddings Sarah N. , Pawlak Geno 
Published: October 2018

AbstractExisting momentum budgets over coral reefs have predominantly focused on cross‐reef dynamics, lacking analysis of alongshore processes. To complement existing cross‐reef research and enhance our understanding of forcing variability at the semidiurnal period, this study examines the σ–coordinate, depth‐averaged alongshore momentum budget over a fore‐reef as a function of tidal phase. The observations were gathered over a 3‐week timespan, between the 12‐ and 20‐m isobaths of a Hawaiian fringing reef system, focusing on two moorings on the 12‐m isobath, where median drag coefficients estimated from log fits are CD=0.0080[−0.002,+0.004] and CD=0.0023[−0.0006,+0.0009]. Analysis at one location shows that the unsteadiness, barotropic pressure gradient, and bottom drag are equally important, and their combination is sufficient to close the momentum budget. However, bottom drag is less important at the second mooring; the difference between unsteadiness and pressure gradient suggests that advective acceleration plays a significant role.
Estimation of Specific Yield and its Variability by Electrical Resistivity Tomography
Authors: Dietrich Sebastian , Carrera Jesús , Weinzettel Pablo , Sierra Leonardo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSpecific yield (Sy) is defined as the average volume of water that can be drained, per unit surface of aquifer per unit drop of head. This parameter is of critical relevance for groundwater resources assessment, but its estimation suffers from numerous difficulties, including spatial variability, hysteresis, dependence on depth to water table, or delayed drainage. As a result, no widely accepted method is available for its estimation. Here we show that most of these difficulties can be overcome by using time‐lapse electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) to map water content variations in response to phreatic level fluctuations. We applied the method to a synthetic example and to a real site in Argentina. Results demonstrate that the approach is robust and provides a picture of how, how much and where water is being released from the soil when aquifer heads drop, which is the ultimate goal of Sy concept. ERT produced some oscillations in estimated water contents, which we attribute to inversion artifacts. Still, the error analysis and the synthetic example suggest that the impact of spurious oscillations tends to cancel out during estimation of Sy, which supports the robustness of the method. Estimated Sy is sensitive to the petrophysical law. If the slope of this law is inadequate, calculated values of Sy may be biased, but their variability patterns are well captured by the method. What is clear is that Sy is a spatially and temporally variable parameter, whose estimation is difficult. ERT represents a possible avenue to evaluate Sy and its variability.
Tape nanolithography: a rapid and simple method for fabricating flexible, wearable nanophotonic devices
Authors: Wang Qiugu , Han Weikun , Wang Yifei , Lu Meng , Dong Liang 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper describes a tape nanolithography method for the rapid and economical manufacturing of flexible, wearable nanophotonic devices. This method involves the soft lithography of a donor substrate with air-void nanopatterns, subsequent deposition of materials onto the substrate surface, followed by direct taping and peeling of the deposited materials by an adhesive tape. Without using any sophisticated techniques, the nanopatterns, which are preformed on the surface of the donor substrate, automatically emerge in the deposited materials. The nanopatterns can then be transferred to the tape surface. By leveraging the works of adhesion at the interfaces of the donor substrate-deposited material-tape assembly, this method not only demonstrates sub-hundred-nanometer resolution in the transferred nanopatterns on an area of multiple square inches but also exhibits high versatility and flexibility for configuring the shapes, dimensions, and material compositions of tape-supported nanopatterns to tune their optical properties. After the tape transfer, the materials that remain at the bottom of the air-void nanopatterns on the donor substrate exhibit shapes complementary to the transferred nanopatterns on the tape surface but maintain the same composition, thus also acting as functional nanophotonic structures. Using tape nanolithography, we demonstrate several tape-supported plasmonic, dielectric, and metallo-dielectric nanostructures, as well as several devices such as refractive index sensors, conformable plasmonic surfaces, and Fabry-Perot cavity resonators. Further, we demonstrate tape nanolithography-assisted manufacturing of a standalone plasmonic nanohole film and its transfer to unconventional substrates such as a cleaved facet and the curved side of an optical fiber.
Electrophysiological evidence for abnormal glutamate-GABA association following psychosis onset
Authors: Koshiyama Daisuke , Kirihara Kenji , Tada Mariko , Nagai Tatsuya , Fujioka Mao , Ichikawa Eriko , Ohta Kazusa , Tani Motoko , Tsuchiya Maiko , Kanehara Akiko , Morita Kentaro , Sawada Kingo , Matsuoka Jun , Satomura Yoshihiro , Koike Shinsuke , Suga Motomu , Araki Tsuyoshi , Kasai Kiyoto 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPrevious studies have shown glutamatergic dysfunction and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic dysfunction in schizophrenia. Animal studies suggest that N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) dysfunction and GABA-ergic dysfunction interact with each other and lead to alterations in excitatory/inhibitory balance. The NMDAR and GABAergic-interneuron functions may be indexed by mismatch negativity (MMN) and auditory steady-state gamma-band response (ASSR), respectively. However, no previous studies have tested the hypothesis of an abnormal association between MMN and gamma-band ASSR in the same patients to identify the in vivo evidence of NMDAR-GABA association during the early stages of psychosis. Participants were individuals with recent-onset schizophrenia (ROSZ; N = 21), ultra-high risk (UHR; N = 27), and healthy controls (HCs; N = 24). The MMN amplitude was significantly impaired in ROSZ (p = 0.001, d = 1.20) and UHR (p = 0.003, d = 1.01) compared with HCs. The intertrial phase coherence (ITC) index of gamma-band ASSR was significantly reduced in ROSZ compared with HCs (p < 0.001, d = –1.27) and UHR (p = 0.032, d = –0.75). The event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) index of gamma-band ASSR was significantly smaller in ROSZ compared with HCs (p < 0.001, d = −1.21). The MMN amplitude was significantly correlated with the ITC in ROSZ (r = −0.69, p < 0.001). These findings provide the first in vivo evidence that an abnormal association of the electrophysiological indices of NMDAR and GABA dysfunctions may be present in recent-onset schizophrenia.
Hub-organized parallel circuits of central circadian pacemaker neurons for visual photoentrainment in Drosophila
Authors: Li Meng-Tong , Cao Li-Hui , Xiao Na , Tang Min , Deng Bowen , Yang Tian , Yoshii Taishi , Luo Dong-Gen 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCircadian rhythms are orchestrated by a master clock that emerges from a network of circadian pacemaker neurons. The master clock is synchronized to external light/dark cycles through photoentrainment, but the circuit mechanisms underlying visual photoentrainment remain largely unknown. Here, we report that Drosophila has eye-mediated photoentrainment via a parallel pacemaker neuron organization. Patch-clamp recordings of central circadian pacemaker neurons reveal that light excites most of them independently of one another. We also show that light-responding pacemaker neurons send their dendrites to a neuropil called accessary medulla (aMe), where they make monosynaptic connections with Hofbauer–Buchner eyelet photoreceptors and interneurons that transmit compound-eye signals. Laser ablation of aMe and eye removal both abolish light responses of circadian pacemaker neurons, revealing aMe as a hub to channel eye inputs to central circadian clock. Taken together, we demonstrate that the central clock receives eye inputs via hub-organized parallel circuits in Drosophila.
Harnessing copper-palladium alloy tetrapod nanoparticle-induced pro-survival autophagy for optimized photothermal therapy of drug-resistant cancer
Authors: Zhang Yunjiao , Sha Rui , Zhang Lan , Zhang Wenbin , Jin Peipei , Xu Weiguo , Ding Jianxun , Lin Jun , Qian Jing , Yao Guangyu , Zhang Rui , Luo Fanchen , Zeng Jie , Cao Jie , Wen Long-ping 
Published: October 2018

AbstractChemo-PTT, which combines chemotherapy with photothermal therapy, offers a viable approach for the complete tumor eradication but would likely fail in drug-resistant situations if conventional chemotherapeutic agents are used. Here we show that a type of copper (Cu)-palladium (Pd) alloy tetrapod nanoparticles (TNP-1) presents an ideal solution to the chemo-PTT challenges. TNP-1 exhibit superior near-infrared photothermal conversion efficiency, thanks to their special sharp-tip structure, and induce pro-survival autophagy in a shape- and composition-dependent manner. Inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyl adenine or chloroquine has a remarkable synergistic effect on TNP-1-mediated PTT in triple-negative (4T1), drug-resistant (MCF7/MDR) and patient-derived breast cancer models, achieving a level of efficacy unattainable with TNP-2, the identically-shaped CuPd nanoparticles that have a higher photothermal conversion efficiency but no autophagy-inducing activity. Our results provide a proof-of-concept for a chemo-PTT strategy, which utilizes autophagy inhibitors instead of traditional chemotherapeutic agents and is particularly useful for eradicating drug-resistant cancer.