bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corporate social responsibility of Islamic and conventional banks
Authors: Aracil Elisa 
Published: March 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to compare the sustainability practices of Islamic and conventional banks, with the aim of evaluating whether their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) strategies converge or diverge in response to formal and informal institutions in an emerging country.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on institutional theory, this study contextualizes the competitive scenario through the National Business System (NBS) framework, and showcases the CSR strategies employed by large conventional and Islamic banks in Turkey. CSR patterns are examined from different angles such as motivations, strategy, actions and institutional results.FindingsWithin the same institutional environment, Islamic and non-Islamic banks combine convergent and divergent models to accommodate institutional realities in their CSR policies. Islamic banks exhibit an implicit commitment to CSR that is mostly based on informal institutions, whereas conventional banks use explicit CSR strategies as a means to fill the voids in formal institutions. In addition, philanthropy-oriented CSR prevails in Islamic banks, as opposed to the CSR actions associated with core business that are followed by conventional banks.Social implicationsAn increased focus on formal institutions and explicit CSR actions by Islamic banks may further contribute to social well-being in emerging countries.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the paucity of research, from an institutional perspective, related to CSR practices amongst Islamic and conventional banks in emerging countries.
Are the early benefits of the Adoption Support Fund (therapeutic support for adoptive families) sustainable?
Authors: King Sadie , Gieve Matt , Iacopini Giorgia , Hahne Anna Sophie , Stradling Heather 
Published: March 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the wider context in which the national evaluation of the Adoption Support Fund (ASF) was delivered and raise concerns about the sustainability of the early outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper briefly summarises the outcomes of a two-year mixed-methods evaluation. This included a two-wave postal survey (n=792) and follow-up (n=481), an online survey of adopters (n=586) and professionals (providers n=50, local authority staff n=124) and in-depth family interviews. The focus of the discussion on sustainability is drawn from the qualitative research of 10 local authority case studies based on 86 interviews with adoption teams and 33 providers and the perspectives of parents.

Findings
Whilst the ASF showed modest early outcomes for families in terms of improved mental health and wellbeing without the scaffolding of wider support of services able to understand the complex lifelong needs of adoptive children and their families, the sustainability of the benefits of therapeutic support is questioned. Adoption teams struggled with the increased burden of administration of the fund, their knowledge of therapeutic interventions, an evidence base and quality of provision from a market that is difficult to regulate. In a society that is failing to meet the mental health and wellbeing needs of children generally, how can a single intervention meet the needs of a very vulnerable group?

Research limitations/implications
Research and evaluation on interventions in children’s social care could be more systems aware and instead of narrowly focusing on outcomes pay attention to the complex network of services that interlink to support vulnerable children and their families and the restraints on resources that they are working with.

Social implications
To prevent adoption breakdown and increase recruitment of adopters, support for adoptive families needs to be improved beyond the current scope of the ASF. A wide range of services are required to support adopted children particularly as they grow into adolescence. While families have the right to live independently of social services, the awareness of their needs throughout public organisations should be raised particularly in schools.

Originality/value
This paper represents the views of the evaluators at TIHR of the ASF beyond the scope of the original evaluation. It reflects on the wider context of the role out of the Fund and raises important questions about the failure to support the mental health and wellbeing needs of the most vulnerable children in society. It is an organisation reflection drawing on early research in children’s social care from its archive.
Compounding human stressors cause major regeneration debt in over half of eastern US forests
Authors: Miller Kathryn M. , McGill Brian J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

The future of temperate forests in the face of global change and anthropogenic stressors remains uncertain. The regeneration stage, which is a critical bottleneck for many organisms, is a key indicator of forest health, future canopy composition and forest adaptive capacity.

In trees, seemingly healthy forests can be at long‐term risk due to insufficient juveniles to replace them (regeneration failure), or compositional differences between juveniles and adults (regeneration mismatch). We propose ‘regeneration debt’ to collectively describe regeneration failure and mismatch in analogy to extinction debt. To demonstrate this concept, we conducted a macroecological analysis of regeneration debt and anthropogenic stressors in eastern US forests.

Using U.S. Forest Service‐Forest Inventory and Analysis data, we quantified regeneration debt in 18 states from Maine to South Carolina, and evaluated the influence of site, anthropogenic stressors and climate drivers in the most affected regions.

We identified three distinct regions, with little debt in the north, moderate debt in the south and severe regeneration debt in the central, mid‐Atlantic region. In this region, multiple anthropogenic stressors (invasive plants, deer overabundance and land use) were associated with both low‐regeneration abundance and the prevalence of disease‐prone and/or suboptimal species.

Synthesis and applications. Without management intervention, the severe regeneration debt in the mid‐Atlantic region will likely lead to long‐term declines in forest cover, with cascading negative effects on forest‐dependent taxa and ecosystem services. Moreover, the location of the regeneration debt, which is at the northern edge of and involves many of the tree species that are predicted to gain suitable habitat in the Northeastern US, has consequences that extend far beyond its current geographic extent. In fact, this regeneration debt may already be functioning as a barrier to poleward tree migration. Our results demonstrate the value of regeneration debt as an indicator of ecosystem health and forest adaptive capacity.
Diatoms shape the biogeography of heterotrophic prokaryotes in early spring in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Liu Yan , Debeljak Pavla , Rembauville Mathieu , Blain Stéphane , Obernosterer Ingrid 
Published: March 2019

SummaryThe interplay among microorganisms profoundly impacts biogeochemical cycles in the ocean. Culture‐based work has illustrated the diversity of diatom–prokaryote interactions, but the question of whether these associations can affect the spatial distribution of microbial communities is open. Here, we investigated the relationship between assemblages of diatoms and of heterotrophic prokaryotes in surface waters of the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean in early spring. The community composition of diatoms and that of total and active prokaryotes were different among the major ocean zones investigated. We found significant relationships between compositional changes of diatoms and of prokaryotes. In contrast, spatial changes in the prokaryotic community composition were not related to geographic distance and to environmental parameters when the effect of diatoms was accounted for. Diatoms explained 30% of the variance in both the total and the active prokaryotic community composition in early spring in the Southern Ocean. Using co‐occurrence analyses, we identified a large number of highly significant correlations between abundant diatom species and prokaryotic taxa. Our results show that key diatom species of the Southern Ocean are each associated with a distinct prokaryotic community, suggesting that diatom assemblages contribute to shaping the habitat type for heterotrophic prokaryotes.
Structural transformation and its implications for the Chinese economy
Authors: Han Gaofeng 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis study examines China's structural transformation under the assumption that its employment structure converges to that in major developed economies in one and a half decades. The required annual output differentials between tradable and nontradable sectors, productivity increment in the nontradable sector, and government expenditure increment are estimated with the goal of employment stability conditional on population ageing. It appears that labour transfer from the tradable sector to the nontradable sector would be accompanied by relatively large aggregate output changes due to population ageing and efficiency changes in the tradable sector. Consumer price and real exchange rates are less affected during structural transformation. Although fiscal deficit would increase, government expenditure as a tool to stabilize employment is welfare improving as long as job switching is not cost prohibitive.
Regulation by Blockchain: the Emerging Battle for Supremacy between the Code of Law and Code as Law
Authors: Yeung Karen 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis paper critically examines the intersection and interactions between conventional law produced and enforced by national legal systems (ie the ‘code of law’) and the internal rules of blockchain systems, which take the form of executable software code and cryptographic algorithms operating across a distributed computing network (‘code as law’). In so doing, it seeks to identify whether, and to what extent, ‘regulation by blockchain’ will successfully avoid governance by conventional law. It identifies three different ways in which the code of law is likely to interact with code as law, based primarily on the intended motives and purposes of those engaged in activities in developing, maintaining or undertaking transactions upon the network. It argues that these different classes of case are likely to generate different kinds of dynamic interaction between the blockchain code and conventional legal systems, and critically examines the normative foundations of these emerging and anticipated interactions.
Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: One Step (Support) LTD v Morris‐Garner and Another
Authors: Bartscherer Caspar 
Published: March 2019

AbstractOne Step is an important decision that deals with the circumstances in which a claimant may recover damages in contract on the so‐called Wrotham Park basis, valued as the amount that would hypothetically have been negotiated between willing parties to release the defendant from his obligation. This note argues that, although the Supreme Court was right not to award damages on this basis in this case, the test laid down by their Lordships for when such damages are available is unclear and will be difficult to apply.
Systemic sclerosis and the risk of perioperative major adverse cardiovascular events for inpatient non‐cardiac surgery
Authors: Luo Yiming , Jiang Changchuan , Krittanawong Chayakrit , Arevalo Molina Ana Belen , Murray Shane , Huang Feng , Zhang Jianglin , Salgado Maria , Xu Jiehui 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimWe investigated the association between systemic sclerosis (SSc) and perioperative cardiovascular risk for inpatient non‐cardiac surgical procedures.MethodsWe used data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) for the year 2014 to identify patients undergoing inpatient non‐cardiac surgery. SSc and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were defined by International Classification of Diseases 9th Revision diagnosis codes. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. We adjusted for demographic information, socioeconomic status, cardiac comorbidities, cardiovascular risk factors and procedural category. Two models were used with different categorization strategies for surgical procedures.ResultsA total of 8 156 379 hospitalizations for non‐cardiac surgeries were included, 4385 of which had a diagnosis of SSc. Patients with SSc were older, more likely to be female and Caucasian and with higher cardiac and systemic comorbidity burden. In univariate analysis, SSc was associated with higher risk of perioperative MACE (odds ratio [OR] = 2.9; P < 0.001) and all‐cause death (P = 3.07; P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis yielded conflicting results regarding the association between SSc and perioperative MACE (Model 1: OR = 1.42; P = 0.146; Model 2: OR = 1.59; P = 0.048). Subsequent analysis showed that only perioperative myocardial infarction (Model 1 OR = 1.85; P = 0.048; Model 2 OR = 1.94; P = 0.031) was independently associated with SSc.ConclusionWe did not find consistent association between SSc and perioperative MACE in non‐cardiac surgical procedures. SSc may be associated with perioperative myocardial infarction.
FossilSim: An r package for simulating fossil occurrence data under mechanistic models of preservation and recovery
Authors: Barido‐Sottani Joëlle , Pett Walker , O’Reilly Joseph E. , Warnock Rachel C. M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Key features of the fossil record that present challenges for integrating palaeontological and phylogenetic datasets include (i) non‐uniform fossil recovery, (ii) stratigraphic age uncertainty and (iii) inconsistencies in the definition of species origination and taxonomy.

We present an r package FossilSim that can be used to simulate and visualise fossil data for phylogenetic analysis under a range of flexible models. The package includes interval‐, environment‐ and lineage‐dependent models of fossil recovery that can be combined with models of stratigraphic age uncertainty and species evolution.

The package input and output can be used in combination with the wide range of existing phylogenetic and palaeontological r packages. We also provide functions for converting between FossilSim and paleotree objects.

Simulated datasets provide enormous potential to assess the performance of phylogenetic methods and to explore the impact of using fossil occurrence databases on parameter estimation in macroevolution.
Smart, Smarter, Smartest: Competition and Linked Identities in a Danish School
Authors: Lundqvist Ulla 
Published: March 2019

Detailed, longitudinal ethnographic approaches that explore how school success and failure evolve as interdependent sociohistorical positions are important for understanding how such processes affect unintended educational inequity in schooling. This study describes how one student comes to inhabit the identity of a disruptive student relative to a classmate who gradually comes to be viewed as the smarter student.Dette studie dokumenterer, hvordan en elev går fra at blive opfattet som en 'dygtig' elev til at blive opfattet som en 'forstyrrende' elev i løbet af folkeskolens mellemtrin. Det sker som en konsekvens af, at en anden elev over tid overtager rollen som klassens 'dygtigste' elev. Sådanne relationer mellem elevers sociale rolledannelser udvikler sig i socio‐historisk kontekst. Studiet viser, hvordan longitudinal sproglig etnografi hjælper os med at forstå og forklare, hvordan relationelle rolledannelsesprocesser kan skabe utilsigtet ulighed i skolen.
A stereological study on calculation of volume values regarding lumbosacral segments of quails
Authors: Cakmak Gamze , Karadag Huseyin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn the study, total segment, grey matter and white matter volume values of lumbosacral segment of spinal cord in quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were stereologically examined. Regardless of sex, six adult quails were used as material. After the materials were perfused, they were dissected and their spinal cords were uncovered. Tissue samples were taken from each lumbosacral segment of spinal cord. After the tissue fixation process, 6–7 sections having a 5‐µm thickness were separated in every 50th section as from the first section, where the tissue was seen, among tissue samples of each segment. These segments were stained with haematoxylin–eosin staining. They were photographed via a microscope. By using the Cavalieri's principle, the volume values of both the total segment, grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) in each lumbosacral segment were separately calculated. All these calculations were performed by using SHTEREOM 1.5 program. As a result, total volume, grey matter and white matter volume values of lumbosacral segments and white matter/total volume, grey matter/total volume, and grey matter/white matter volume fractions were obtained.
Direct detection and characterization of Clostridium difficile from a novel collection device to improve laboratory workflow
Authors: Barbanti Fabrizio , Spigaglia Patrizia 
Published: March 2019

Emergence of Clostridium difficile strains with increased virulence emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and surveillance of C. difficile infection (CDI). In this study, the new FecalSwab™ collection and transport system was evaluated to improve C. difficile diagnosis. The FecalSwab™ was used for direct C. difficile molecular detection, C. difficile culture/toxigenic culture (TC) and bacterial genomic DNA (bgDNA) extraction. Our results demonstrated that the FecalSwab™ medium could be successfully used as template for Xpert C. difficile binary toxin (BT), regardless of the bacterial load of samples, and for C. difficile culture also after a long storage (30 days) of FecalSwab™ tubes at 4 °C. Furthermore, good‐quality bgDNA was extracted from the FecalSwab™ medium for the majority (75%) of the samples analyzed. Typing was performed to fully characterize C. difficile strains isolated during this study and 17 different PCR‐ribotypes (RTs) were identified. The results obtained indicate that the FecalSwab™ can be successfully used not only in daily diagnostic routine of C. difficile but also in surveillance and retrospective studies.
Fruitful student interactions and perceived learning improvement in DSLab: A dynamic assessment tool for distributed programming
Authors: Marquès Puig Joan Manuel , Daradoumis Thanasis , Calvet Liñan Laura , Arguedas Marta 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis work presents an automated assessment tool for online distributed programming, called DSLab. It is a web‐based environment that provides a transparent deployment and execution of assignments in remote computers, a transparent initialization and the possibility to add new logs by the students. DSLab has been evaluated in a real distributed learning environment by analysing students' own perceptions on their learning improvement and exploring whether students' interactions with the tool yielded a fruitful learning experience. Current research provides no evidence that the effects of such a tool have been investigated in the field of online distributed programming. Two types of analysis were performed: a quantitative analysis of data coming from students answering a questionnaire and an analysis of the log files of students' interactions with the tool. Our results showed that students perceived substantial learning improvement from the use of the automated assessment tool. Moreover, students produced fruitful interaction with the tool as soon as they achieved high familiarization and constant activity with it, which ultimately helped them improve their academic performance. Finally, the limitations of the current study and directions for future research are presented.
Development and validation of a novel prognostic score to predict survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: the metastatic colorectal cancer score (mCCS)
Authors: Marschner N. , Frank M. , Vach W. , Ladda E. , Karcher A. , Winter S. , Jänicke M. , Trarbach T. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimPublished prognostic scores for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) are based on data from highly selected patient subgroups with specified first‐line treatments and may not be applicable to routine practice. We have therefore developed and validated the metastatic colorectal cancer score (mCCS) to predict overall survival (OS) for patients with mCRC.MethodA total of 1704 patients from the prospective, multicentre cohort study Tumour Registry Colorectal Cancer were separated into learning (n = 796) and validation (n = 908) samples. Using a multivariate Cox regression model, the six‐factor mCCS was established.ResultsThe six independent prognostic factors for survival are as follows: two or more metastatic sites at the start of first‐line treatment, tumour grading ≥ G3 at primary diagnosis, residual tumour classification ≥ R1/unknown, lymph node ratio (of primary tumour) ≥ 0.4, tumour stage ≥ III/unknown at primary diagnosis and KRAS status mutated/unknown. The mCCS clearly separated the learning sample into three risk groups: zero to two factors (low risk), three factors (intermediate risk) and four to six factors (high risk). The prognostic performance of the mCCS was confirmed in the validation sample and additionally stratified a large sample of patients with known (K)RAS mutation status.ConclusionThe novel prognostic score, mCCS, clearly defines three prognostic groups for OS at start of first‐line therapy. For oncologists, the mCCS represents a simple and easy‐to‐apply tool for routine clinical use, as it is based on objective tumour characteristics and can assist with treatment decision‐making and communication of the prognosis to patients.
Covenant, blood, and violence: America at war with itself and others
Authors: Peters Ted 
Published: March 2019

AbstractReligious nationalism is dangerous, because it tends toward violence. In the case of America, religious nationalism is preceded by, and dependent upon, a covenant with God that renders judgment against the nation when it fails to embody divine justice. The second use of the law in Lutheran theology, combined with René Girard's scapegoat theory, provides the prophetic public theologian with a searchlight to make visible the nation's justification of violence. The haunting question becomes this: should the prophetic public theologian expose the lie on which American religious nationalism is built and risk sundering human community?
Glimmers of the infinite: The tragedy of moral injury
Authors: Hansen Christopher 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMoral injury is a complex wound of the soul affecting many veterans returning from combat. One dimension of moral injury is the shattering of faith, in which service members invest their all into a cause in hope for ultimate fulfillment, only to be morally disappointed by the gruesome reality of warfare. This article will explore the transcendent values that attract service members to military service, and the shattering of faith that can happen during combat, and then suggest an approach for church members to support veterans as they journey on the path to regaining their faith and healing their soul.