bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autofluorescence in Parathyroidectomy: Signal Intensity Correlates with Serum Calcium and Parathyroid Hormone but Routine Clinical Use is Not Justified
Authors: DiMarco Aimee , Chotalia Ravi , Bloxham Ruth , McIntyre Charlotte , Tolley Neil , Palazzo F. Fausto 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe inability to identify the pathological gland at surgery results in failure to cure hyperparathyroidism in 2–5%. The poorly understood characteristic of parathyroid tissue to manifest autofluorescence (AF) under near‐infrared (NIR) light has been promoted as an intraoperative adjunct in parathyroid surgery. This study sought to explore potential clinical correlates for AF and assess the clinical utility of AF in parathyroid surgery.MethodsConsecutive patients undergoing parathyroid surgery for primary and renal disease were included. NIR imaging was used intraoperatively and the degree of AF of parathyroid glands graded by the operating surgeon. Variables assessed for correlation with AF were: pre‐operative serum calcium and PTH, SestaMIBI positivity, gland weight and histological composition.ResultsNinety‐six patients underwent parathyroidectomy over an 8‐month period: 49 bilateral explorations, 41 unilateral and 6 focussed lateral approaches: 284 potentially ‘visualisable’ glands in total. Two hundred and fifty‐seven glands (90.5%) were visualised with NIR. Correlation was found between the degree of fluorescence and pre‐operative serum calcium and PTH, but not between gland weight and SestaMIBI positivity. In those with renal hyperparathyroidism, a predominance of oxyphil cells correlated with increased AF.ConclusionAutofluorescence intensity correlates with serum calcium, PTH and gland composition. Further refinements would be required for this information to be of value in a clinical setting. Improvements allowing NIR to visualise the additional 9.5% of parathyroids and overcome the variation in signal intensity due to depth of access are required for the routine adoption of this technology. At present, its routine use in a clinical setting cannot be justified.
Logic without metaphysics
Authors: Zalabardo José L. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractStandard definitions of logical consequence for formal languages are atomistic. They take as their starting point a range of possible assignments of semantic values to the extralogical atomic constituents of the language, each of which generates a unique truth value for each sentence. In modal logic, these possible assignments of semantic values are generated by Kripke-style models involving possible worlds and an accessibility relation. In first-order logic, they involve the standard structures of model theory, as sets of objects from which the extralogical symbols of the language receive their denotations. I argue that there is an alternative, holistic, approach to the task of defining logical consequence for a formal language. It specifies necessary and sufficient conditions for an assignment of truth values to all the sentences of the language to be compatible with the intended interpretation of its logical constants. It achieves this without invoking possible assignments of semantic values to the extralogical atomic constituents of the language, or the formal resources that are employed to generate these. I show how this approach can be successfully applied to modal propositional logic and to first-order logic, modal as well as nonmodal. I show that the holistic definitions of logical consequence that I supply for these languages are equivalent to the standard atomistic definitions.
Getting the Strain Under Control: Trans-Varestraint Tests for Hot Cracking Susceptibility
Authors: Statharas Dimitrios , Atkinson Helen , Thornton Rob , Marsden John , Dong Hongbiao , Wen Shuwen 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
A new method for conducting Trans-Varestraint tests for assessing hot cracking susceptibility is proposed. Experiments were carried out, to validate the new method, with an industrial scale rig using tungsten inert gas welding. The hot cracking susceptibility of API-5L X65 and EN3B steel was compared. The results indicated that, by using the new method, the strain applied to the welding bead and consequently to the solidification front was controlled in a repeatable and reliable way. The results also indicated that EN3B has a maximum crack length (a parameter in the test) higher than X65 and it is reached at lower augmented strain thus demonstrating it is more susceptible to hot cracking, while also indicating that there is a capability of predicting the initiation position of hot cracks during welding. By using the method proposed, the capability of setting standardized test procedures for Trans-Varestraint tests is improved. It is recommended that future tests for assessing hot cracking susceptibility should employ the proposed method in order for the results to be comparable and to also study the effect of strain rate in hot cracking of materials.
Characterization of Solidification Microstructures in Vacuum Arc Remelted Nickel Alloy 718
Authors: Ivanoff Thomas A. , Watt Trevor J. , Taleff Eric M. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Digital image analysis techniques were developed to autonomously characterize dendritic solidification features in microstructures of a nickel alloy 718 ingot produced by vacuum arc remelting (VAR). Automated macrophotography was implemented to image microstructures and produce large image montages of etched ingot cross sections. Two image analysis techniques, particle identification and two-point correlation, were applied to autonomously measure primary dendrite arm orientation and secondary dendrite arm spacing from the image montages. Particle identification measured individual dendritic features. The two-point correlation technique measured averaged feature values over defined image areas. These methods are described and compared. Melt pool profile and solidification time histories were reconstructed from primary dendrite arm orientation and secondary dendrite arm spacing measurements, respectively. These characterization techniques provide two new methods of reconstructing melt pool profiles and solidification times in cast ingots. The information produced is expected to be useful in the validation of computational models for solidification during VAR, similar remelting processes, and general casting processes that produce dendritic solidification features.
Patient Memory for Psychological Treatment Contents: Assessment, Intervention, and Future Directions for a Novel Transdiagnostic Mechanism of Change
Authors: Zieve Garret G. , Dong Lu , Harvey Allison G. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPatient memory for treatment contents is defined as memory for the ideas, concepts, skills, and/or insights (termed treatment points) that the therapist thinks are important for the patient to remember and implement as a part of therapy. This article reviews key findings on patient memory for treatment contents, describes the development and evaluation of the Memory Support Intervention (MSI), and outlines future directions for research. Patient memory for treatment contents is poor, and worse memory is associated with worse treatment outcome. The MSI is composed of eight memory support strategies that therapists incorporate frequently alongside treatment points delivered during treatment-as-usual. Training therapists to deliver the MSI may yield better treatment outcomes by enhancing patient memory for treatment contents. Future research is needed to understand how to best measure patient memory for treatment contents, and the mediators, moderators, and dissemination potential of the MSI.
Error-related brain activity as a transdiagnostic endophenotype for obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety and substance use disorder
Authors: Riesel Anja , Klawohn Julia , Grützmann Rosa , Kaufmann Christian , Heinzel Stephan , Bey Katharina , Lennertz Leonhard , Wagner Michael , Kathmann Norbert 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundIncreased neural error-signals have been observed in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety disorders, and inconsistently in depression. Reduced neural error-signals have been observed in substance use disorders (SUD). Thus, alterations in error-monitoring are proposed as a transdiagnostic endophenotype. To strengthen this notion, data from unaffected individuals with a family history for the respective disorders are needed.MethodsThe error-related negativity (ERN) as a neural indicator of error-monitoring was measured during a flanker task from 117 OCD patients, 50 unaffected first-degree relatives of OCD patients, and 130 healthy comparison participants. Family history information indicated, that 76 healthy controls were free of a family history for psychopathology, whereas the remaining had first-degree relatives with depression (n = 28), anxiety (n = 27), and/or SUD (n = 27).ResultsIncreased ERN amplitudes were found in OCD patients and unaffected first-degree relatives of OCD patients. In addition, unaffected first-degree relatives of individuals with anxiety disorders were also characterized by increased ERN amplitudes, whereas relatives of individuals with SUD showed reduced amplitudes.ConclusionsAlterations in neural error-signals in unaffected first-degree relatives with a family history of OCD, anxiety, or SUD support the utility of the ERN as a transdiagnostic endophenotype. Reduced neural error-signals may indicate vulnerability for under-controlled behavior and risk for substance use, whereas a harm- or error-avoidant response style and vulnerability for OCD and anxiety appears to be associated with increased ERN. This adds to findings suggesting a common neurobiological substrate across psychiatric disorders involving the anterior cingulate cortex and deficits in cognitive control.
‘The love that pierces the heart’: a critical analysis of the concept of sanctification in the writings of St Anselm of Canterbury
Authors: Angelici Ruben 
Published: February 2019

AbstractContemporary analyses of Anselm's objective description of Christ's atonement have often resulted in a trend of interpretation that tends to ignore the relevance of this model to a development and understanding of a western doctrine of Christian sanctification. Through the examination of some overlooked insights offered inCur Deus homoand their integration with other spiritual writings in Anselm's corpus, the present article attempts to redirect current scholarship towards a more holistic engagement with Anselm's doctrine of atonement, out of which an original doctrine of Christian perfection can be outlined.
Suppression of transverse stimulated Raman scattering in large-aperture potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals by pulse stacking
Authors: Fan Xinmin , Li Sensen , Zhang Jianxin , Huang Xiaodong , Wang Chunyan , Li Hourong , Sun Yongzhi 
Published: February 2019

AbstractEffective suppression of transverse stimulated Raman scattering (TSRS) in a large-aperture potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal is an important scientific and technical problem in high-intensity laser research and applications. In this work, a method to suppress TSRS using pulse stacking is proposed. The method suppresses TSRS significantly, with greater numbers of subpulses producing more obvious suppression effects, and the threshold intensity growth rate of the 3ω laser in the KDP crystal reaches up to about 1.9 when the stacked pulse contains four subpulses. This suppression effect is attributed to the fact that the polarization directions of adjacent subpulses are perpendicular to each other. The method can be used to suppress other nonlinear effects, including transverse stimulated Brillouin scattering in large-aperture optical devices and stimulated rotational Raman scattering in long air paths.
Age-dependence of the 1918 pandemic
Authors: Woo G. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
A well-known feature of the great H1N1 influenza pandemic of a century ago is that the highest mortality rate was amongst young adults. The general explanation has been that they died from an over-reaction of their active immune systems. This explanation has never been very satisfactory because teenagers also have very active immune systems. Recent virological research provides a new perspective, which is important for life and health insurers. There is now strong recent scientific evidence for the principle of antigenic imprinting, where the highest antibody response is against influenza virus strains from childhood. The peak ages of 1918 pandemic mortality correspond to a cohort exposed to the H3N8 1889–1890 Russian influenza pandemic. The vulnerability of an individual depends crucially on his or her exposure to influenza during their lifetime, especially childhood. Date of birth is thus a key indicator of pandemic vulnerability. An analysis of the implications is presented, with focus on those now in their fifties, who were exposed to the H3N2 1968 Hong Kong influenza.
A comparative analysis of the restaurant consumer food environment in Rochester (NY, USA) and London (ON, Canada): assessing children’s menus by neighbourhood socio-economic characteristics
Authors: DuBreck Catherine M , Sadler Richard C , Arku Godwin , Seabrook Jamie , Gilliland Jason 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo assess restaurant children’s menus for content and nutritional quality; and to investigate the relationship between the restaurant consumer food environment for children and neighbourhood-level socio-economic characteristics within and between one Canadian city and one US city.DesignCross-sectional observational study.SettingLondon, ON, Canada and Rochester, NY, USA.ParticipantsRestaurant children’s menus were assessed, scored and compared using the Children’s Menu Assessment tool. We quantified neighbourhood accessibility to restaurants by calculating 800 m road-network buffers around the centroid of each city census block and created a new Neighbourhood Restaurant Quality Index for Children (NRQI-C) comprising the sum of restaurant menu scores divided by the total number of restaurants within each area. After weighting by population, we examined associations between NRQI-C and neighbourhood socio-economic characteristics using correlations and multiple regression analyses.ResultsNutritional quality of children’s menus was greater, on average, in Rochester compared with London. Only one variable remained significant in the regression analyses for both cities: proportion of visible minorities had a positive effect on neighbourhood NRQI-C scores in London, whereas the reverse was true in Rochester.ConclusionsResults suggest the presence of a socio-economic disparity within Rochester, where children in more disadvantaged areas have poorer access to better nutritional quality restaurant choices. In London, results suggest an inverse relationship across the city where children in more disadvantaged areas have better access to better nutritional quality restaurant choices. Given these disparate results, research on restaurant nutritional quality for children requires additional consideration.
Development and testing of a scale to evaluate diet according to the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population
Authors: Gabe Kamila Tiemann , Jaime Patricia Constante 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo develop and test a scale for healthy eating practices measurement according to the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population recommendations.DesignMethodological study. The current Brazilian food-based dietary guideline highlights the importance of choosing foods, combining foods to create meals and modes of eating. These recommendations formed the main domains of the scale and served as a basis for the development of ninety-six items, each with a 4-point Likert response option. Content and face validity were tested. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed to determine construct validity. Internal consistency was determined using α and ω coefficients, and reproducibility was tested using test–retest.SettingBrazil.ParticipantsA ten-member expert panel was used to assess content validity. Adults aged 18–60 years were included in the face validity (n 20), EFA (n 352), CFA and reliability tests (n 900).ResultsOf the ninety-six initial items, twenty-four were excluded and fifty-five were reworded following the content and face validations. EFA detected a four-domain structure (Food choices, Modes of eating, Planning and Domestic organization), which explained 41 % of the variance. CFA led to a final twenty-four-item model with acceptable goodness-of-fit indices and good reliability measures (α=0·77; ω=0·83). Intraclass correlation coefficient for the total score (0·82) and analysis of the Bland–Altman plot suggested good reproducibility of the scale.ConclusionsThe scale presents good evidence of validity and reliability. This innovative study created a useful tool for evaluation of the impact of the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population.
In search for an alternative to sugar to reduce obesity
Authors: Mooradian Arshag D. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Consumption of table sugar has been increasing despite the warnings of public health officials as to the potential adverse consequences of sugar consumption. The World Health Organization recommends restricting consumption of sugars to no more than 10% of daily caloric intake, with a proposal to lower this level to 5% or less for optimal health. Unfortunately substituting sugar with the currently available artificial sweeteners does not appear to have favorable clinical effects. Given the health-related concerns with the currently available sweeteners such as increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes there is renewed interest in identifying a safe and palatable sweetener. The sweet extracts of natural plants such as stevia and monk fruit as well as naturally occurring rare sugars have become attractive alternatives. Although most of the sweeteners are sugars, there are some proteins such as braziien and miraculin that have intense sweetness and are being developed as sweeteners. Several companies are pursuing the development of “bitterness-blockers” to remove flavor defects. Other novel approaches include coating mineral carriers with sugar or hollowing out the sugar crystals. Naturally occurring rare sugars such as D-allulose (D-psicose), D-tagatose, D-sorbose and D-allose are attractive sweeteners. They do have the bulk and the mouth fill of table sugar with reduced caloric content (0.2 kcal/g for D-allulose). Additional randomized controlled trials are necessary to define the long term safety and efficacy of these sugars.
Adequate or elevated dietary folate does not ameliorate the reduced antioxidant capacity induced by vitamin B12 deficiency in aged rats
Authors: Úbeda Natalia , Partearroyo Teresa , Varela-Moreiras Gregorio 
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Folate could have an antioxidant role but also may be detrimental under vitamin B12 deficiency. The aim was to investigate the effect of different dietary folic acid (FA) levels, on oxidative stress in B12 induced deficient aged rats. Thirty-five male aged Sprague–Dawley rats, were fed either a vitamin B12 deficient (n = 27) or a control diet (n = 8) during eight weeks. Then, animals were divided into four groups: B12 and FA deficient diet (DBDF), B12 deficient diet and FA control diet (DBCF), B12 deficient diet and FA supplemented diet (DBSF), and control diet (CBCF) for a 30 days period. Methionine metabolism and antioxidant status were evaluated. Both vitamins deficiencies elevated serum homocysteine (Hcy) (7.7 vs. 4.3 μmol/L, p < 0.05) and reduced S-adenosylmethionine hepatic content (283.7 vs. 581.9 μg/g protein, p < 0.05), the total antioxidant capacity (155.7 vs. 189.3 μmol/L, p < 0.05), glutathione (GSH) (120.5 vs. 419.9 μg/mg protein, p < 0.05) and oxidized glutathione (0.9 vs. 2.6 μg/mg protein, p < 0.05) compared to control. Activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzymes or damage to macromolecules were unaffected. Adequate or elevated dietary FA in B12 deficiency rats decreased Hcy (5.7 and 6.3 μmol/L, respectively) and increased total antioxidant capacity (189.8 and 192.6 μmol/L, respectively) to values similar to control group, whereas GSH concentration was significantly lower than control (209.1 and 208.0 μg/mg protein respectively, p < 0.05). In conclusion, in a vitamin B12 deficiency status, adequate or elevated FA prevented impairment in one-carbon metabolism, but does not fully reverse the decrease in antioxidant capacity.
Water on Mars, With a Grain of Salt: Local Heat Anomalies Are Required for Basal Melting of Ice at the South Pole Today
Authors: Sori Michael M. , Bramson Ali M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractRecent analysis of radar data from the Mars Express spacecraft has interpreted bright subsurface radar reflections as indicators of local liquid water at the base of the south polar layered deposits (SPLD). However, the physical and geological conditions required to produce melting at this location were not quantified. Here we use thermophysical models to constrain parameters necessary to generate liquid water beneath the SPLD. We show that no concentration of salt is sufficient to melt ice at the base of the SPLD in the present day under typical Martian conditions. Instead, a local enhancement in the geothermal heat flux of >72 mW/m2 is required, even under the most favorable compositional considerations. This heat flow is most simply achieved via the presence of a subsurface magma chamber emplaced 100 s of kyr ago. Thus, if the liquid water interpretation of the observations is correct, magmatism on Mars may have been active extremely recently.
Exchange Processes Induced by Large Horizontal Coherent Structures in Floodplain Vegetated Channels
Authors: Truong S. H. , Uijttewaal W. S. J. , Stive M. J. F. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMangrove forests along the Mekong delta estuaries are usually observed to degrade together with the increasing extension of fish farms. In this limited‐width condition, the formation of coherent structures, their interactions with mangroves, the role of the width of the mangrove forest, and their effects on the exchange processes between the open channel and the adjacent floodplain are still not well examined. In order to obtain more insight, a unique laboratory experiment of a vegetated compound channel mimicking estuarine mangroves has been conducted. The results show that in a compound vegetated channel with a very gentle transverse slope, the vegetated shear layer dynamics resembled that associated with vegetation rather than that associated with a depth differential. Furthermore, the flow field under the effect of large horizontal coherent structures (LHCSs) shows a spatially and temporally cycloid motion with associated flow events, namely, sweep, ejection, stagnant, and reverse flows. It is also suggested that the coherent structures can have an influence on a broader area than the vegetation area into which the eddy structures can penetrate. In terms of the exchange processes, the momentum transfer and the intensity of transverse fluctuations induced by the LHCSs can be related to this phenomenon. Consequently, decreasing the mangrove width can significantly affect the pattern of the LHCSs, disturb the transverse exchange processes induced by these structures, and thereby changing the shear layer, creating unfavorable conditions for sedimentation inside forests and for river bank stability.