bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can MODIS Land Reflectance Products be Used for Estuarine and Inland Waters?
Authors: Feng Lian , Hu Chuanmin , Li Junsheng 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAlthough designed for land surfaces, MODIS Aqua surface reflectance data products (MYD09, termed as R_Land in this work) have also been used for water applications. Yet to date their uncertainties and general suitability in such applications have rarely been documented. In this study, R_Land products of two regions (Chesapeake Bay and Taihu Lake) between July 2002 and December 2015 are evaluated against in situ measurements and against reflectance products derived by the MODIS Ocean Team using atmospheric correction schemes specifically designed for water applications, namely the default atmospheric correction method based on the near‐infrared (NIR) bands (denoted as R_NIR, data products available from NASA) and alternative atmospheric correction method based on the shortwave‐infrared (SWIR) bands (denoted as R_SWIR, data products not available from NASA but require customized processing by the user), respectively. Results suggest high accuracy in R_Land(645) and R_Land(645/555) for both Chesapeake Bay and Taihu Lake in terms of daily spatial distributions, seasonality, and long‐term trends. A sensitivity test also shows improved data quality in R_Land(645/555) when data are binned by 7 × 7 pixels in space and 32 days in time. Improved data quality can also be obtained for R_Land(645) when data are only binned in time to minimize the patchiness noise in R_Land daily images. Given the fact that most users do not have the capacity to process low‐level data to obtain R_SWIR and the standard NASA R_NIR products often lack coverage over inland waters because they are optimized for global oceans instead of inland waters, this study provides a general guide on the applicability of the widely available R_Land products in inland and estuarine water applications in the absence of customized R_NIR or R_SWIR data products for local regions.
Quantifying Ground Deformation in the Los Angeles and Santa Ana Coastal Basins Due to Groundwater Withdrawal
Authors: Riel Bryan , Simons Mark , Ponti Daniel , Agram Piyush , Jolivet Romain 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe investigate complex surface deformation within the Los Angeles and Santa Ana Coastal Basins due to groundwater withdrawal and subsequent aquifer compaction/expansion. We analyze an 18 year interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) time series of 881 interferograms in conjunction with global positioning system (GPS) data within the groundwater basins. The large data set required the development of a distributed time series analysis framework able to automatically decompose both the InSAR and GPS time series into short‐term and long‐term signals. We find that short‐term, seasonal oscillations of ground elevations due to annual groundwater withdrawal and recharge are unsteady due to changes in seasonal withdrawal by major water districts. The spatial pattern of seasonal ground deformation near the center of the basin corresponds to a diffusion process with peak deformation occurring at locations with highest groundwater production. Long‐term signals occur over broader areas and are ultimately caused by long‐term changes in groundwater production. Comparison of the geodetic data with hydraulic head data from major water districts suggests that different regions of the groundwater system are responsible for different temporal components in the observed ground deformation. Short‐term, seasonal ground deformation is caused by compaction of shallower aquifers used for the majority of groundwater production whereas long‐term ground deformation is correlated with delayed compaction of deeper aquifers and potential compressible clay layers. These results demonstrate the potential for geodetic analysis to be an important tool for groundwater management to maintain sustainable pumping practices.
MAVEN Observations of Solar Wind‐Driven Magnetosonic Waves Heating the Martian Dayside Ionosphere
Authors: Fowler C. M. , Andersson L. , Ergun R. E. , Harada Y. , Hara T. , Collinson G. , Peterson W. K. , Espley J. , Halekas J. , Mcfadden J. , Mitchell D. L. , Mazelle C. , Benna M. , Jakosky B. M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe present Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN observations of large‐amplitude magnetosonic waves propagating through the magnetosheath into the Martian ionosphere near the subsolar point on the dayside of the planet. The observed waves grow in amplitude as predicted for a wave propagating into a denser, charged medium, with wave amplitudes reaching 25 nT, equivalent to ∼40% of the background field strength. These waves drive significant density and temperature variations (∼20% to 100% in amplitude) in the suprathermal electrons and light ion species (H+) that correlate with compressional fronts of the magnetosonic waves. Density and temperature variations are also observed for the ionospheric electrons, and heavy ion species (O+ and O
); however, these variations are not in phase with the magnetic field variations. Whistler waves are observed at compressional wave fronts and are thought to be produced by unstable, anistropic suprathermal electrons. The magnetosonic waves drive significant ion and electron heating down to just above the exobase region. Ion heating rates are estimated to be between 0.03 and 0.2 eVs−1 per ion, and heavier ions could thus gain escape energy if located in this heating region for ∼10–70 s. The measured ionospheric density profile indicates severe ionospheric erosion above the exobase region, and this is likely caused by substantial ion outflow that is driven by the observed heating. The effectiveness of these magnetosonic waves to energize the plasma close to the exobase could have important implications for the long‐term climate evolution for unmagnetized bodies that are exposed to the solar wind.
A Dictionary Approach to Identifying Transient RFI
Authors: Czech Daniel , Mishra Amit , Inggs Michael 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAs radio telescopes become more sensitive, the damaging effects of radio frequency interference (RFI) become more apparent. One particular approach to mitigating RFI is to deploy independent, omnidirectional wideband monitoring systems at radio telescope arrays. Near such radio telescopes, detected RFI sources are often easily removed or replaced; the challenge lies in identifying them. Transient (impulsive) RFI is particularly difficult to identify. We propose a novel dictionary‐based approach to transient RFI identification. RFI events are treated as sequences of subevents, drawn from particular labeled classes. We demonstrate an automated method of extracting and labeling subevents using a data set of transient RFI. A dictionary of labels may be used in conjunction with hidden Markov models to identify the sources of RFI events reliably. We attain improved classification accuracy over traditional approaches such as support vector machines or a naïve k‐Nearest Neighbor classifier. Finally, we investigate why transient RFI is difficult to classify. We show that cluster separation in the principal components domain is influenced by the alternating current supply phase for certain sources.
Pore‐Scale Experimental Investigation of Two‐Phase Flow Through Fractured Porous Media
Authors: Arshadi M. , Khishvand M. , Aghaei A. , Piri M. , Al‐Muntasheri G. A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe present the results of a systematic pore‐scale experimental investigation of two‐phase oil/brine flow through a miniature water‐wet, fractured sandstone core sample. X‐ray microtomography is employed to generate three‐dimensional fluid occupancy maps within a rough‐walled fracture and its neighboring rock matrix during drainage and imbibition flow experiments. Several different imbibition flow conditions were created by changing brine flow rate, fracture aperture field, and interfacial tension between the fluids. These maps along with steady‐state pressure drop data are then used to shed light on the dominant flow mechanisms and preferential flow paths through the matrix and fracture domains as well as fluid transfer between them during the imbibition processes. Depending on the fracture aperture properties and the magnitude of the local capillary pressures that are established under varying flow conditions, transport of the wetting phase across the hybrid matrix‐fracture medium is governed by flow through wetting layers of brine on fracture walls (fracture layer flow), center of the fracture (fracture bulk flow), and brine‐filled pores within the matrix. The hydraulic conductivity through these conduits is regulated by the medium as it identifies a combined flow path with minimum pressure drop from the inlet to the outlet of the system. The resulting balance determines the magnitude of fluid transfer experienced by the neighboring matrix and ultimate oil recovery as a result.
A comparative review of the aqueous corrosion of glasses, crystalline ceramics, and metals
Authors: Frankel Gerald S. , Vienna John D. , Lian Jie , Scully John R. , Gin Stephane , Ryan Joseph V. , Wang Jianwei , Kim Seong H. , Windl Wolfgang , Du Jincheng 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAll materials can suffer from environmental degradation; the rate and extent of degradation depend on the details of the material composition and structure as well as the environment. The corrosion of silicate glasses, crystalline ceramics, and metals, particularly as related to nuclear waste forms, has received a lot of attention. The corrosion phenomena and mechanisms of these materials are different, but also have many similarities. This review compares and contrasts the mechanisms of environmental degradation of glass, crystalline ceramics, and metals, with the goal of identifying commonalities that can seed synergistic activities and advance the current knowledge in each area.
Imaging of angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells by uptake of exosomes secreted from hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Yukawa Hiroshi , Suzuki Kaoru , Aoki Keita , Arimoto Tomoko , Yasui Takao , Kaji Noritada , Ishikawa Tetsuya , Ochiya Takahiro , Baba Yoshinobu 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a typical hyper-vascular tumor, so the understanding the mechanisms of angiogenesis in HCC is very important for its treatment. However, the influence of the exosomes secreted from HCC cells (HCC-exosomes) on angiogenesis remains poorly understood. We herein examined the effects of the exosomes secreted from HepG2 cells (HepG2-exosomes) on the lumen formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by the imaging of angiogenesis. The degree of lumen formation of HUVECs was dependent on the number of HepG2-exosomes. The HepG2-exosomes expressed NKG2D, an activating receptor for immune cells, and HSP70, a stress-induced heat shock protein associated with angiogenesis through the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor. In addition, the HepG2-exosomes contained several microRNAs (miRNAs) reported to exist in the serum of HCC patients. These results suggest that the HCC-exosomes play an important role in angiogenesis. Further studies on the function of HCC-exosomes may provide a new target for HCC treatment.
Galactic Cosmic Radiation Induces Persistent Epigenome Alterations Relevant to Human Lung Cancer
Authors: Kennedy E. M. , Powell D. R. , Li Z. , Bell J. S. K. , Barwick B. G. , Feng H. , McCrary M. R. , Dwivedi B. , Kowalski J. , Dynan W. S. , Conneely K. N. , Vertino P. M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHuman deep space and planetary travel is limited by uncertainties regarding the health risks associated with exposure to galactic cosmic radiation (GCR), and in particular the high linear energy transfer (LET), heavy ion component. Here we assessed the impact of two high-LET ions 56Fe and 28Si, and low-LET X rays on genome-wide methylation patterns in human bronchial epithelial cells. We found that all three radiation types induced rapid and stable changes in DNA methylation but at distinct subsets of CpG sites affecting different chromatin compartments. The 56Fe ions induced mostly hypermethylation, and primarily affected sites in open chromatin regions including enhancers, promoters and the edges (“shores”) of CpG islands. The 28Si ion-exposure had mixed effects, inducing both hyper and hypomethylation and affecting sites in more repressed heterochromatic environments, whereas X rays induced mostly hypomethylation, primarily at sites in gene bodies and intergenic regions. Significantly, the methylation status of 56Fe ion sensitive sites, but not those affected by X ray or 28Si ions, discriminated tumor from normal tissue for human lung adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas. Thus, high-LET radiation exposure leaves a lasting imprint on the epigenome, and affects sites relevant to human lung cancer. These methylation signatures may prove useful in monitoring the cumulative biological impact and associated cancer risks encountered by astronauts in deep space.
Effect of Electroacupuncture on 99mTc-Sodium Pertechnetate Uptake and Extracellular Fluid Free Molecules in the Stomach in Acupoint ST36 and ST39
Authors: Gao Rui , Gao Shan , Feng Jinteng , Cui Hongying , Cui Yanchao , Fu Junke , Zhang Guangjian 
Published: April 2018

AbstractElectroacupuncture (EA) is a therapeutic modality in which the electrical stimulation is integrated with concepts of acupuncture to treat diseases. This study was designed to evaluate the connection between the electro-acupuncture induced increase in Na99mTcO4 uptake in the stomach wall, and the ionic molecule levels in the extracellular fluid in the acupoints. Wistar rats were treated by 2 or 100 Hz EA at Zusanli (ST 36) and Xiajuxu (ST 39) bilaterally for 60 minutes. The accumulation of Na99mTcO4 in the gastric wall and the free ions, including Ca2+, K+, Na+, and Cl−, in the acupoints were measured every 60 minutes. The radioactivity uptake in the stomach was significantly increased during EA, reaching peak at 180 minutes after the EA. The concentration of extracellular ions was also significantly increased during EA. The Ca2+ level continued to rise until 60 minutes after EA, then started to decrease at 120 minutes post-EA. The results suggest this up-regulatory effect of EA on gastric activity might be triggered by the increase of the extracellular ion levels, this effect lasts longer than stimulating the release of transmembrane Ca2+ flow alone. This might aid in providing a better understanding of the long-lasting effect claimed in acupuncture treatment.
Pathway-based dissection of the genomic heterogeneity of cancer hallmarks’ acquisition with SLAPenrich
Authors: Iorio Francesco , Garcia-Alonso Luz , Brammeld Jonathan S. , Martincorena Iňigo , Wille David R. , McDermott Ultan , Saez-Rodriguez Julio 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCancer hallmarks are evolutionary traits required by a tumour to develop. While extensively characterised, the way these traits are achieved through the accumulation of somatic mutations in key biological pathways is not fully understood. To shed light on this subject, we characterised the landscape of pathway alterations associated with somatic mutations observed in 4,415 patients across ten cancer types, using 374 orthogonal pathway gene-sets mapped onto canonical cancer hallmarks. Towards this end, we developed SLAPenrich: a computational method based on population-level statistics, freely available as an open source R package. Assembling the identified pathway alterations into sets of hallmark signatures allowed us to connect somatic mutations to clinically interpretable cancer mechanisms. Further, we explored the heterogeneity of these signatures, in terms of ratio of altered pathways associated with each individual hallmark, assuming that this is reflective of the extent of selective advantage provided to the cancer type under consideration. Our analysis revealed the predominance of certain hallmarks in specific cancer types, thus suggesting different evolutionary trajectories across cancer lineages. Finally, although many pathway alteration enrichments are guided by somatic mutations in frequently altered high-confidence cancer genes, excluding these driver mutations preserves the hallmark heterogeneity signatures, thus the detected hallmarks’ predominance across cancer types. As a consequence, we propose the hallmark signatures as a ground truth to characterise tails of infrequent genomic alterations and identify potential novel cancer driver genes and networks.
Stable isotope compositions (δ2H, δ18O and δ17O) of rainfall and snowfall in the central United States
Authors: Tian Chao , Wang Lixin , Kaseke Kudzai Farai , Bird Broxton W. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractStable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen (δ2H, δ18O and δ17O) can be used as natural tracers to improve our understanding of hydrological and meteorological processes. Studies of precipitation isotopes, especially 17O-excess observations, are extremely limited in the mid-latitudes. To fill this knowledge gap, we measured δ2H, δ18O and δ17O of event-based precipitation samples collected from Indianapolis, Indiana, USA over two years and investigated the influence of meteorological factors on precipitation isotope variations. The results showed that the daily temperature played a major role in controlling the isotope variations. Precipitation experienced kinetic fractionation associated with evaporation at the moisture source in the spring and summer and for rainfall, while snowfall, as well as precipitation in the fall and winter, were mainly affected by equilibrium fractionation. The 17O-excess of both rainfall and snowfall were not affected by local meteorological factors over the whole study period. At the seasonal scale, it was the case only for the spring. Therefore, 17O-excess of rainfall, snowfall and the spring precipitation could be considered as tracers of evaporative conditions at the moisture source. This study provides a unique precipitation isotope dataset for mid-latitudes and provides a more mechanistic understanding of precipitation formation mechanisms in this region.
Nucleolar-nucleoplasmic shuttling of TARG1 and its control by DNA damage-induced poly-ADP-ribosylation and by nucleolar transcription
Authors: Bütepage Mareike , Preisinger Christian , von Kriegsheim Alexander , Scheufen Anja , Lausberg Eva , Li Jinyu , Kappes Ferdinand , Feederle Regina , Ernst Sabrina , Eckei Laura , Krieg Sarah , Müller-Newen Gerhard , Rossetti Giulia , Feijs Karla L. H. , Verheugd Patricia , Lüscher Bernhard 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMacrodomains are conserved protein folds associated with ADP-ribose binding and turnover. ADP-ribosylation is a posttranslational modification catalyzed primarily by ARTD (aka PARP) enzymes in cells. ARTDs transfer either single or multiple ADP-ribose units to substrates, resulting in mono- or poly-ADP-ribosylation. TARG1/C6orf130 is a macrodomain protein that hydrolyzes mono-ADP-ribosylation and interacts with poly-ADP-ribose chains. Interactome analyses revealed that TARG1 binds strongly to ribosomes and proteins associated with rRNA processing and ribosomal assembly factors. TARG1 localized to transcriptionally active nucleoli, which occurred independently of ADP-ribose binding. TARG1 shuttled continuously between nucleoli and nucleoplasm. In response to DNA damage, which activates ARTD1/2 (PARP1/2) and promotes synthesis of poly-ADP-ribose chains, TARG1 re-localized to the nucleoplasm. This was dependent on the ability of TARG1 to bind to poly-ADP-ribose. These findings are consistent with the observed ability of TARG1 to competitively interact with RNA and PAR chains. We propose a nucleolar role of TARG1 in ribosome assembly or quality control that is stalled when TARG1 is re-located to sites of DNA damage.
Transition from poor ductility to room-temperature superplasticity in a nanostructured aluminum alloy
Authors: Edalati Kaveh , Horita Zenji , Valiev Ruslan Z. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractRecent developments of nanostructured materials with grain sizes in the nanometer to submicrometer range have provided ground for numerous functional properties and new applications. However, in terms of mechanical properties, bulk nanostructured materials typically show poor ductility despite their high strength, which limits their use for structural applications. The present article shows that the poor ductility of nanostructured alloys can be changed to room-temperature superplastisity by a transition in the deformation mechanism from dislocation activity to grain-boundary sliding. We report the first observation of room-temperature superplasticity (over 400% tensile elongations) in a nanostructured Al alloy by enhanced grain-boundary sliding. The room-temperature grain-boundary sliding and superplasticity was realized by engineering the Zn segregation along the Al/Al boundaries through severe plastic deformation. This work introduces a new boundary-based strategy to improve the mechanical properties of nanostructured materials for structural applications, where high deformability is a requirement.
Effects of inhaled nitric oxide on outcome after prolonged cardiac arrest in mild therapeutic hypothermia treated rats
Authors: Brücken Anne , Bleilevens Christian , Berger Philipp , Nolte Kay , Gaisa Nadine T. , Rossaint Rolf , Marx Gernot , Derwall Matthias , Fries Michael 
Published: April 2018

AbstractGuidelines endorse targeted temperature management to reduce neurological sequelae and mortality after cardiac arrest (CA). Additional therapeutic approaches are lacking. Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) given post systemic ischemia/reperfusion injury improves outcomes. Attenuated inflammation by iNO might be crucial in brain protection. iNO augmented mild therapeutic hypothermia (MTH) may improve outcome after CA exceeding the effect of MTH alone. Following ten minutes of CA and three minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to receive MTH at 33 °C for 6hrs or MTH + 20ppm iNO for 5hrs; one group served as normothermic control. During the experiment blood was taken for biochemical evaluation. A neurological deficit score was calculated daily for seven days post CA. On day seven, brains and hearts were harvested for histological evaluation. Treatment groups showed a significant decrease in lactate levels six hours post resuscitation in comparison to controls. TNF-α release was significantly lower in MTH + iNO treated animals only at four hours post ROSC. While only the combination of MTH and iNO improved neurological function in a statistically significant manner in comparison to controls on days 4–7 after CA, there was no significant difference between groups treated with MTH and MTH + iNO.