bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Feral Hogs on Longleaf Pine Regeneration
Authors: Lipscomb Donald J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Moderate to heavy populations of feral hogs (Sus scrofa domesticus) were fenced out of 32 tenth-acre plots in a natural regeneration area for longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) After two growing seasons the fenced areas contained the equivalent of 500 fire-resistant longleaf pineseedlings per acre while corresponding unfenced areas contained only 8 fire-resistant seedlings per acre. Thus free ranging feral hogs caused a crop failure in these natural regeneration stands of longleaf pine. There was evidence that feral hogs selected the larger seedlings. Thus longleafpine seedling crops that survive feral hog depredation will be progressively less competitive and vigorous. Areas with feral hog problems may need to control the hog population by trapping, hunting, or fencing. South. J. Appl. For. 13(4):177-181.
Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Habitat and Timber Management: Production Possibilities
Authors: Roise Joseph , Chung Joosang , Lancia Richard , Lennartz Mike 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
To mitigate possible negative effects that financial timber rotations for southern pine may have on habitat requirements for red-cockaded woodpeckers, alternative management strategies are investigated using multiple objective linear programming (MOLP). Time streams of timber and habitat are examined. The consequence of providing areas with potential cavity trees on production of timber is explored. Management actions which immediately set aside large areas of land for woodpecker habitat without concern for future changes can lead to short-term increases in habitat that are followed by habitat declines after several decades. Management actions designed to restructure the forest to achieve a long-term sustainable habitat level may initially have a slower increase in habitat, but without subsequent declines. South. J. Appl. For. 14(1):6-12
The Demand for Softwood Lumber in the United States and in the South
Authors: Uri Noel D. , Boyd Roy 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study conclusively determines that the demand for softwood lumber in the United States responds to various market factors, including the price of softwood lumber, the price of other budding materials, and the level of such economic activities as housing starts. The analysis focuses on overcoming some of the methodological shortcomings found in previous studies of this issue. South. J. Appl. For 14(2):89-92.
Future Timber Demand, an Alternative Model
Authors: Robinson Vernon L. , Fey Willard R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A projection of future timber demand was developed from historical data on per capita consumption and population and compared with the projection from the USDA Forest Service's "The South's Fourth Forest: Alternatives for the Future." The accumulated discrepancy between these methodologies amounts to 71 billion cubic feet over the period 1986-2030. Reason suggests that both rising real prices and changing consumer preferences are forcing per capita consumption of industrial wood down and that population projections may be substantially less than those used due to social changes that have drawn women into the work force. In the presence of a highly inelastic stumpage demand and supply, even a small decrease in projected consumption would bring about a disproportionate fall in prices. Hence, the dire consequences resulting from rapidly rising future stumpage prices in the South may not materialize. South. J. Appl. For. 14(4):177-183.
Managing Dense, Seed-Origin Loblolly Stands to Utilize the Favorable Juvenile Wood Core for Sawlog Production: A Case Study
Authors: Ruark G. A. , Saucier J. R. , Campbell R. G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Approximately two-thirds of the loblolly pine forests in the South are regenerated by natural or direct seeding. Many of these stands are overstocked, challenged by hardwood and herbaceous competition, or lacking in fertility. Due to minimal management inputs, the initial diameter growth rates for stems in these stands are slow in many instances. Consequently, the juvenile wood cores in the boles of these trees are small relative to those of faster grown plantation stems. Thinning of such a stand at age 21 and application of fertilizer at age 23 dramatically increased diameter growth at breast height for all crown classes. The proportion of earlywood to latewood and the specific gravity of annual rings were not affected by either treatment, and they were highly favorable for quality sawn lumber. Earlier treatment of the study stand to coincide with the transition phase from juvenile to mature wood formation at age 15 would likely have optimized the future production of quality sawlogs. Timing of these treatments could best be gauged by the ring growth pattern of codominant trees in the stand and the stabilization of the annual earlywood to latewood ratio. South. J. Appl. For. 15(1):5-9.
Keeping Mud Off the Highway During Wet-Weather Logging
Authors: Shaffer Robert M. , Keesee James M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Mud transfer from soil-based logging roads to paved public highways by log trucks operating during muddy conditions is a major problem for southern logging contractors. Mud transfer can result in fines, traffic accidents, lawsuits, and loss of production. Four devices that could be attached to a log trailer to remove mud from the trailer's dual tires were designed, constructed, and field tested. A simple and inexpensive "bar and scraper" was found to be particularly effective, removing 85% of the mud accumulated during the control phase of the study. South J. Appl. For. 15(1):50-53.
A Cost Index for Southern Forest Practices
Authors: Dubois Mark R. , Straka Thomas J. , Watson W. F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Simple forest practice cost indexes, a weighted aggregate Southern Forest Practice Cost Index (SFPCI), and a Southern Forest Employee Wage Index (SFEWI) are developed. The SFPCI measures temporal changes in average costs of a fixed "operations basket" of southern forest practices. Each forest practices's relative contribution to the SFPCI are also calculated. General trends, and internal and external factors influencing cost index changes throughout time are examined in order to provide forestry managers insight for cost control measures. Simple cost indexes indicate all but two of the forest practices examined experienced cost increases from 1982 to 1988. The weighted aggregate SFPCI increased by 15% from 1982 to 1988, while the SFEWI increased by 19%; and inflation, as measured by the implicit Gross National Product price deflator, increased by 21%. In 1988, according to relative importance contribution values, forest practices associated with the establishment of new forestry crops accounted for 71% of total forest practice expenditures. South. J. Appl. For. 15(3):128-133.
Southern Pine Beetle Impacts and Control Policy in the 1982-1986 Texas Epidemic
Authors: Carter Douglas R. , O'Laughlin Jay , McKinney Chuck 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The 1985 southern pine beetle (SPB) epidemic in Texas was the worst in the state's history, resulting in a loss of almost 810 million board feet (mmbf) of timber. National forestlands experienced five times more damage per acre than private lands in 1985. The Sam Houston National Forest and three units of the Big Thicket National Preserve were worst hit, with almost 16 and 10 SPB spots per 1,000 ac, respectively. Private lands located near public lands experienced higher SPB spot densities than on other private lands. Examination of factors influencing SPB outbreak intensity—including stand structure, direct SPB control measures, and the overall aggressiveness of pest control management—suggest early and aggressive mechanical control on public lands to minimize losses on nearby private lands as a short-term strategy. Further suggestions include spatial considerations in hazard rating systems. South. J. Appl. For. 15(3):145-153.
The Price-Size Curve and Planting Density Decisions
Authors: Caulfield Jon P. , South David B. , Somers Greg L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The planting density decision is influenced by the price-size relationship existing between the tree crop grown and the products sold. Several price-size curves are presented, and their impact on the optimal economic planting density is evaluated. Results indicate that when the price-size curve is upward sloping, fairly low planting densities may be appropriate. Higher densities apply when the price-size curve is flat. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate the impact of changing site index and discount rate on the density decision. South. J. Appl. For. 16(1):24-29.
Basal Area and Volume Development of Natural Even-Aged Shortleaf Pine Stands in the Ouachita Mountains
Authors: Murphy Paul A. , Lawson Edwin R. , Lynch Thomas B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) stands, average age 41 years, were thinned to different density levels (45 to 125 ft² of basal area in increments of 20 ft²). The stands received no further thinning. Equations for projected volumes and basal area per acre given initial conditions were formulated and fitted. The following trends were observed using the equations. Over a 24-year period, total basal area growth per acre started out over 2 ft² and had declined to less than 2 ft² by the end. Annual basal area growth had already culminated by age 41. Total annual cubic-foot volume growth per acre depended largely on initial stocking. The initial stocking and subsequent growth of the sawtimber portion were not related to the thinning treatments. Although sawtimber periodic annual cubic-foot growth culminated during the period under study, board-foot growth did not, indicating that mean annual increment for board-foot volumes had not culminated by age 64. South. J. Appl. For. 16(1):30-34.
Simulation and Evaluation of Water Management Systems for a Pine Plantation Watershed
Authors: McCarthy E. J. , Skaggs R. W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Water management on forest watersheds can have off-site impacts on the environment as well as on-site impacts on soil water conditions for plant growth. This study was conducted to evaluate the hydrologic impacts and soil water implications for plant growth of alternative water management practices. The forest watershed system modeled was a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantation in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. The site is characterized by flat, poorly drained soils (thermic typic umbraquults) which are drained with open ditches 100 m apart. No drainage, free (conventional) drainage, alternative forms of controlled drainage and stocking control were modeled to determine effects on water table position and drainage outflow. Silvicultural systems, including an unthinned and a commercially thinned regime, were modeled. The water management systems were evaluated by criteria quantifying both off-site implications and on-site plant-water relationships. Controlled drainage systems were found to be successful in reducing drainage outflow rates and volumes and improving soil water conditions for tree growth. In addition, hydrologic components were examined over the life of the unthinned and thinned forest stands, from planting to harvest. Stand development and silviculture were shown to have significant effects on the hydrology of the forest. South. J. Appl. For. 16(1):48-56.
Relationships of Acorn Abundance and Deer Herd Characteristics in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Wentworth James M. , Johnson A. Sydney , Hale Philip E. , Kammermeyer Kent E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We analyzed 11 years of data on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) harvest and acorn production from eight wildlife management areas in northern Georgia for statistical relationships between acorn abundance and deer weight, antler development, and population dynamics. Weights of fawns were correlated with the size of the acorn crop of the same year. Buck weights and antler development were lower 1 year after a poor acorn crop. Relationships between acorn availability and age structure of the harvest indicated that the acorn availability affected reproduction or fawn survival or both. In the Southern Appalachians, deer populations are greatly influenced by acorn availability, which is highly variable from year to year. This could explain why deer quality often does not improve following herd reduction or increased browse availability resulting from timber harvest. South. J. Appl. For. 16(1):5-8.
Development of a Provisional Tree Quality Index for Planted Loblolly Pines in East Texas
Authors: Tang Derui , Lenhard J. David , Kronrad Gary D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A tree quality index (TQI) utilizing visible characteristics of the stem and crown of standing planted immature loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees in East Texas was developed. In this preliminary work, elements comprising TQI were weighted in an attempt to reflect potential future conversion of mature planted loblolly pine trees into pulpwood, lumber, plywood, or veneer. Of 23 available plantation factors, in general, TQI was significantly affected by minimum stand diameter, density of nonplanted vegetation, site preparation methods, geographic location, and several soil properties. TQI may be used as supplemental information for rotation setting under financial criteria and, thereby, maximize net revenue from plantations. South. J. Appl. For. 16(2):106-110.
Profile Equations for Several Hardwood Species to Variable Top Diameter Limits
Authors: Matney Thomas , Parker Robert C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A compatible set of stem profile equations for predicting upper stem diameters, outside and inside bark, to a variable top diameter were developed for white oak, red oak, post oak, chestnut oak, hickory, and yellow-poplar. Observations were taken from felled trees on Willamette Industries, Inc. lands in the western highland rim of central Tennessee. South. J. Appl. For. 16(2):75-78.
Fourth-Year Response of Loblolly Pine Following Chemical and Mechanical Site Preparation in the Georgia Piedmont
Authors: Knowe Steven A. , Shiver Barry D. , Kline William N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Height, diameter, volume, and survival response of 4-yr-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was compared for chemical and mechanical site preparation treatments. Early-summer (June) and late-summer (September) treatments were installed in separate randomized complete block experiments. Either Tordon K© or Tordon 101© in combination with Garlon© and the three-pass mechanical treatments provided the best growth and survival in the early-summer study, but Tordon 101 + Garlon 4 was the most cost-effective. The Tordon K-Garlon combination, Roundup©, and the two-pass mechanical treatments provided the best growth and survival in the late-summer study, with Tordon K + Garlon 4 being the most cost-effective treatment tested in the late summer study. Models were developed to predict mean height, diameter, and volume per acre from age, sum of crown heights for dogwood, natural pines, red oak, and sweet-gum, and an indicator for total vegetation control. Cover of the herbaceous components was negatively correlated with hardwood density, and did not significantly improve predictions of pine response. South. J. Appl. For. 16(2):99-105.
Slash Pine Response to Spot Applications of Hexazinone Pellets for Release from Oak Competition
Authors: Long Alan J. , Flinchum D. Mitchell 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Hexazinone formulated as pellets was applied at three rates (0.3, 0.6, 0.9 lb ai/ac) in a 3-yr-old slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) plantation in northern Florida to determine herbicide effects on oak competition and subsequent diameter, height, and volume growthof the pines. All three rates significantly reduced the number of oaks, with the reduction linearly related to application rate. Pine growth increased as rate increased and hardwood stocking decreased, although growth for the 0.6 and 0.9 lb/ac rates were not significantly different. Treatmenteffects on growth rates lasted through the first 6 years after herbicide application. The results support the use of the lowest recommended label rates for control of oaks with dry formulations of hexazinone on well-drained sandy soils. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):133-138.
Response of Nine-Year-Old Plantation Sweetgum to Nitrogen Fertilization in Mississippi
Authors: Nelson L. E. , Switzer G. L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Nine-year-old planted sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) consisting of four half-sib seed sources were refertilized with nitrogen in 1981 at the beginning of the tenth field-growing season. Increases in periodic annual height, diameter at breast height, basal area, stem volume (ob),and woody biomass increments of all four half-sib seed sources from applied nitrogen were observed during the 9 years following application. Periodic annual stem volume (ob) increments averaged over all half-sib seed sources were 120, 152, 192, and 266 ft³/ac/yr for the 0, 89, 178, and356 lb/ac N rates, respectively. The half-sib seed sources from alluvial sites were superior to those from upland sites in terms of productivity and response to N. The response of all half-sibs to N was immediate, occurring during the year of application; however, the increased growth ratesdue to N persisted for only 3 years. This suggests that on responsive sites, applications of N may be necessary every fourth year to maintain maximum growth rates. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):146-150.
Site Factors Affecting Growth of Loblolly Pine in the Post Oak Belt
Authors: Hacker W. David , Bilan M. Victor 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A study was conducted in the Post Oak Belt of East Texas to determine which site factors affected height growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Height/age pairs were developed from stem analysis. Nonlinear regression was implemented to develop generalized height-age model. Aftercurves were developed, stepwise regression was used to determine if an environmental variable impacted height growth. Environmental factors correlated with height growth included A horizon depth and those related to moisture relations including seasonal precipitation, average daily temperature,and texture of the A horizon. South. J. Appl. For. 16(4):197-200
Emergence and Establishment of Shortleaf Pine Seeds Under Various Seedbed Conditions
Authors: Boggs J. A. , Wittwer R. F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Emergence of direct-seeded shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) seeds and seedling establishment varied with time of seeding and seedbed conditions resulting from various burning intensities following fell-burn site preparation on a Ouachita Mountain site in southeastern Oklahoma. One-third of the site was classified as unburned, 42% in a medium-burn class, and 25% was subjected to a hot burn. Approximately three times more seedlings emerged on areas receiving a hot burn than on unburned seedbeds. Sowing in January with unstratified seed resulted in greater seedlingemergence than a March sowing with stratified seed (3.4 vs. 2.0%). Stocking ranged from 60% on winter sown, hot-burned plots to 3% on spring-sown, unburned plots at the end of the first year. Total seedling height averaged approximately 10 cm (4 in.) at the end of the first growing season. Concentrations of pine slash appeared to burn with the greatest intensity providing the most favorable seedbed conditions and a system which distributes slash more evenly over the site prior to burning could be beneficial in attaining more uniform regeneration. South. J. Appl. For. 17(1):44-48.
Fertilizer Effects on the Quality of White-Tailed Deer Forages on Utility Rights-of-Way
Authors: Harlow Richard F. , Pinkerton Bruce W. , Guynn David C. , William James G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Deer forages on utility rights-of-way in South Carolina were subjected to six treatments: mow, mow-and-fertilize, burn, burn-and-fertilize, plant-and-fertilize, and control. The influence of these treatments on forage quality was compared seasonally over a 3 yr period. The quality of both native and introduced deer forages was significantly improved seasonally by addition of fertilizer. Planted forages were nutritionally superior to native and naturalized forages that occurred on the unplanted treatments. When the cost per treatment for production of crude protein was compared, the mow-and-fertilize treatment was the most economical. South. J. Appl. For. 17(1):49-53.
Economic Potential of Black Walnut on Small Acreage Tracts
Authors: Hatcher Russell L. , Johnson Larry A. , Hopper George M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Small acreage tracts, many previously in row-crop production, have limited economic potential for more traditional southern agricultural enterprises. These tracts, however, may provide a future source of income through the plantings of intensively managed tree crops. Black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) can be a profitable alternative on tracts that are not conducive to shorter rotation tree crops. However, only limited financial information is currently available on the economic potential of black walnut in the southern region. This article presents an array of financial information from the economic analysis of a "typical" black walnut plantation. The results indicate that black walnut for lumber and veneer is financially attractive for southern farmers showing positive net present values over a wide range of discount rates with a before-tax internal rate of return of 10%. Annual equivalent values also indicate that net returns are equivalent to those obtained with the planting of annual crops. South. J. Appl. For. 17(2):64-68.
Accounting for Nonmarket Benefits in Southern Forest Management
Authors: Pearse Peter H. , Holmes Thomas P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Current federal regulations stipulate that national forests must be managed with due consideration of the value of timber and nontimber outputs. Implementation of nonmarket value information in the forest planning process is hampered by incomplete understanding of the conceptual basisand proper use of those values. This paper presents an overview of (1) the basic economic principles underlying nonmarket valuation theory, and (2) the available estimates of nonmarket values produced by southern forests. The main conclusion of the study is that existing nonmarket value estimatesare reasonable for efficiency analysis at regional and national levels but need to be adjusted to specific conditions for planning at smaller spatial scales, such as the forest, ranger district, or watershed level. South. J. Appl. For. 17(2):84-89.
Stratification Gains in Cruising: Proportional Allocation
Authors: Oderwald Richard G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stratification with proportional allocation can reduce the number of plots needed or improve accuracy in a cruise. The greatest gains from stratification occur when the stratum volumes per acre are very different, and the stratum sizes are equal. A formula for calculating the gain fromstratification with proportional allocation is given. The gain from two strata with three levels of relative stratum size is shown. An example is calculated for three strata. Criteria for number of strata and stratum selection are discussed. South. J. Appl. For.:17(2):96-99.