bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Black Holes and Neutron Stars in Nearby Galaxies: Insights from NuSTAR
Authors: Vulic N. , Hornschemeier A. E. , Wik D. R. , Yukita M. , Zezas A. , Ptak A. F. , Lehmer B. D. , Antoniou V. , Maccarone T. J. , Williams B. F. , Fornasini F. M. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Nearby galaxy surveys have long classified X-ray binaries (XRBs) by the mass category of their donor stars (high-mass and low-mass). The NuSTAR observatory, which provides imaging data at E > 10 keV, has enabled the classification of extragalactic XRBs by their compact object type: neutron star (NS) or black hole (BH). We analyzed NuSTAR/Chandra/XMM-Newton observations from a NuSTAR-selected sample of 12 galaxies within 5 Mpc having stellar masses (M
⋆) 107–11
M
⊙ and star formation rates (SFRs) ≈ 0.01–15 M
⊙ yr−1. We detected 128 NuSTAR sources to a sensitivity of ≈1038 erg s−1. Using NuSTAR color-intensity and color–color diagrams we classified 43 of these sources as candidate NSs and 47 as candidate BHs. We further subdivide BHs by accretion states (soft, intermediate, and hard) and NSs by weak (Z/Atoll) and strong (accreting pulsar) magnetic field. Using eight normal (Milky Way-type) galaxies in the sample, we confirm the relation between the SFR and galaxy X-ray point source luminosity in the 4–25 and 12–25 keV energy bands. We also constrained galaxy X-ray point source luminosity using the relation L
X = α
M
⋆ + βSFR, finding agreement with previous work. The X-ray luminosity function (XLF) of all sources in the 4–25 and 12–25 keV energy bands matches the α = 1.6 slope for high-mass XRBs. We find that NS XLFs suggest a decline beginning at the Eddington limit for a 1.4 M
⊙ NS, whereas the BH fraction shows an approximate monotonic increase in the 4–25 and 12–25 keV energy bands. We calculate the overall ratio of BH to NS to be ≈1 for 4–25 keV and ≈2 for 12–25 keV.
Energetic Gamma-Ray Emission from Solar Flares
Authors: Kafexhiu Ervin , Romoli Carlo , Taylor Andrew M. , Aharonian Felix 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Recent advances in the γ-ray observations of solar flares by the Fermi satellite demand revisions in the hadronic γ-ray flux computation below 1 GeV. In this work, we utilize recently updated pion production cross sections, along with an accurate description of low-energy nuclear interactions. Applying these new interaction descriptions to model the Fermi Large Area Telescope solar flare data, we infer primary particle spectral parameters. Application of this new cross section description leads to significantly different spectral parameters compared to those obtained previously. Furthermore, the inclusion of nuclei in these calculations leads to a primary spectrum that is generally harder than that required from proton-only considerations. Finally, the flare data at lower MeV energies, detected by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor, are shown to provide additional low-energy spectral information.
The remarkable remipedes
Authors: Yager Jill 
Published: September 2018

This presentation will be a very general look at the exciting history of the crustacean class Remipedia, from discovering them in a water-filled cave in the Bahamas in 1979 to today. I will begin with an introduction to the beautiful remipede cave habitat. We will explore where these fascinating animals live and what other cave crustaceans inhabit their community.
I will review remipede research since publishing their description in the first volume of the Journal of Crustacean Biology in 1981 through 37 years of research. Several interesting remipede species will be highlighted for their unusual morphology. In closing I will propose questions to encourage future research with these interesting crustaceans.
Neurosciences cognitives et sciences de l’éducation : vers un changement de paradigme ?
Authors: ARBOIX-CALAS France 
Published: September 2018

Dans le contexte actuel de l’émergence de la « neuroéducation », plusieurs auteurs s’interrogent sur les intérêts et les limites de passer du contexte d’un laboratoire à celui, plus « écologique », d’une salle de classe. Les problématiques soulevées dans ces recherches interrogent la possibilité d’un rapprochement épistémologique entre neurosciences cognitives d’une part et éducation d’autre part. Si le mariage entre neurosciences cognitives et enseignement « ordinaire » apparait encore difficile et pionnier, il n’en est pas de même de la liaison de ces neurosciences avec l’enseignement spécialisé. Nous avons exploré ce lien historiquement plus ancien pour montrer comment les recherches en neurosciences ont pu contribuer à nourrir les pratiques de l’enseignement spécialisé. Ces résultats nous ont conduits à chercher des fondements épistémologiques communs aux neurosciences cognitives et aux sciences de l’éducation, en nous appuyant sur le modèle du triangle pédagogique (Houssaye, 1988). Notre analyse suggère que ces deux disciplines ont chacune opéré une réduction qui obère les possibilités d’échanges fructueux entre elles. Toutefois, le dépassement de cette réduction pourrait ouvrir des pistes de dialogue fécond dans un nouveau paradigme de recherche entre ces deux champs disciplinaires.
Œuvrer en neurodidactique de la production d’écrits
Authors: REULIER Jocelyn 
Published: September 2018

Confrontés à un nombre croissant de nos élèves éprouvant des difficultés en production d’écrits, avec trois enseignants de primaire, nous avons conduit une recherche-action-collaborative qui a permis de créer un module en « neurodidactique de l’écrit ». Dans une dynamique collaborative et métacognitive, nos cent élèves agissant comme « co-chercheurs » ont réfléchi à des thématiques comme la plasticité cérébrale et l’intelligence ainsi qu’au rôle de l’attention de la mémoire dans le cadre de la production d’écrits. Ils ont ainsi effectué un voyage dans leur cerveau et se sont constitués des outils métacognitifs pour s’inter et s’autoréguler dans le cadre de la production d’écrits. Les effets de ce module sur la production d’écrits ont été mesurés quantitativement et qualitativement et témoignent de l’importance d’apprendre à s’autoréguler d’un point de vue affectif comme cognitif. Les élèves ont ainsi appris à se connaître et ont gagné en maturité, en autonomie et en humanité, en se faisant « co-chercheurs » du cerveau, dans le cadre de la rédaction de récits imaginaires. Cet article vise donc à présenter l’étude effectuée tout en questionnant les enjeux, les défis et les précautions à prendre en compte dans un tel type de recherche. Il conclut sur l’importance de ne pas envisager l’accompagnement seulement d’un point de vue cérébral mais en prenant également en compte les dimensions sociales, relationnelles et affectives.
Evaluation of Usage and User Satisfaction on Electronic Information Resources and Services: A Study at Postgraduate Institute of Medicine Library, University of Colombo
Authors: Sritharan T. 
Published: September 2018

This study investigated the level of user satisfaction of electronic information resources and services available at library, Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo. The objective was to determine the level of satisfaction on the use of electronic resources and services by medical postgraduate trainees at Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo. Total number of 427 registered postgraduate medical trainees during the years of 2014 and 2015 was the sample population. Sample size of 100 trainees from 32 medical specialties were selected randomly. Self-administrated questionnaire was used as the data collection instrument. The study revealed that 95.5% of the respondents have their own computers and Internet connection to access electronic resources. Postgraduate medical trainees use electronic resources for multiple purposes. Among them 98.6 % of the respondents use the electronic resources for their studies and updating knowledge. Among them 70.5% of the respondents use electronic resources for gathering general information. Regarding the level of satisfaction on electronic resources and services 60.2 % of the respondents strongly agreed the satisfaction level on provision of Internet access at library, Postgraduate Institute of Medicine. The satisfaction level of subscribed e-journals was agreed by 56.8% of the respondents. Lack of time to access e-journals at library, lack of training, non-availability of remote access for subscribed resources were identified as significant issues. Based on the research findings it can be recommended that the library should subscribe more electronic books and journals; more training programs should be arranged; remote access facility should be provided for subscribed electronic sources. Further, mobile alert services should be arranged to make aware about the latest issues and updates.
Refractive error and visual impairment in primary school children in Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria
Authors: Ezinne Ngozika E. , Mashige Khathutshelo P. 
Published: September 2018

Background: Vision problems have been shown to adversely affect a child’s achievement in school.Aim: To determine the prevalence of refractive error and visual impairment in primary school children in Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria.Setting: The study was conducted in a primary school in Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria.Methods: A stratified random cluster sampling method was used to select primary school children aged between 5 and 15 years from grades 1 to 6 in primary schools in Onitsha North and South. A total of 1020 children in 102 clusters were enumerated and 998 (97.8%) were examined. The examination included visual acuity measurements, ocular motilities, retinoscopy and auto-refraction under cycloplegia, and examination of the anterior segment, media and fundae.Results: The prevalence of uncorrected, presenting and best corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or worse in the better eye was 9.7%, 7.7% and 1.3%, respectively. Refractive error accounted for 86.6% of all causes of visual impairment. Myopia was the most prevalent refractive error (46.4%), followed by astigmatism (36.1%) and hyperopia (17.5%). Refractive error and visual impairment were significantly more prevalent in females than in males (p = 0.04). Refractive error was highest among children aged between 11 and 13 years, while visual impairment was greatest among children aged between 5 and 7 years.Conclusion: The prevalence of refractive error and visual impairment among primary school children in Onitsha was relatively high, highlighting the need for services and strategies to address these conditions in that area.
Hutcheson, Francis (1694–1746)
Authors: Maurer Christian 
Published: September 2018

Francis Hutcheson was an Irish–Scottish moral philosopher. He is best known for his epistemological claim that a disinterested moral sense is the source of our ideas of moral good and evil, and for his psychological claim that human beings are naturally motivated by disinterested benevolence, and not by self-love alone. At the dawn of the Scottish Enlightenment, these claims carried considerable philosophical and theological weight – Hutcheson’s optimism regarding the moral capacities of human nature is particularly noteworthy.
Hutcheson’s arguments in moral epistemology for the reality of a disinterested moral sense are developed in opposition to different versions of ethical rationalism and ethical egoism, and they further oppose Calvinist ideas about the incapacity of corrupt postlapsarian human beings to know moral good and evil. Hutcheson’s arguments in moral psychology for the reality of disinterested benevolence are developed in opposition to different egoistic psychologies which resolve all desires into self-love. For Hutcheson, such debates are intrinsically connected to those on the moral status of human nature: both his defence of the reality of benevolence and his defence of the disinterestedness of the moral sense are directed against conceptions of human nature as morally corrupt. Hutcheson’s ideas about aesthetics and politics, his approach to natural law theories, and the religious dimensions of his philosophy have also attracted scholarly attention.
Hutcheson had an affectionate interest in classical thinkers like Cicero and Marcus Aurelius, and in early modern figures like the Cambridge Platonists and, especially, Shaftesbury. He was inspired by John Locke’s theory of ideas and Samuel Pufendorf’s natural law theory, albeit dealing with those at some critical distance. Like so many of his contemporaries, he attacked Thomas Hobbes and Bernard Mandeville. The development of his writings makes manifest his critical engagement with contemporary ethical rationalists like Samuel Clarke, Gilbert Burnet, and John Balguy, and with psychological egoists like John Clarke of Hull and Archibald Campbell. Joseph Butler was a source of inspiration for Hutcheson. Hutcheson himself exerted a considerable influence on the Scottish Enlightenment and beyond: he had a complex relationship with David Hume, he was the teacher of Adam Smith; and various famous thinkers like Richard Price, Thomas Reid, Immanuel Kant, and Jeremy Bentham reacted to Hutcheson’s moral philosophy.
Truth, correspondence theory of
Authors: Rasmussen Joshua 
Published: September 2018

The correspondence theory in its simplest form says that truth is a connection to reality. To be true is to accurately describe – in other words, match, picture, depict, express, conform to, agree with or correspond to – the real world or parts of it. For example, the proposition that a cat is on a mat is true if a real cat is on a real mat. Otherwise, that proposition fails to be true. In general, the truth of a proposition is sensitive to how real things are. In short, truth connects to reality.
There are different ways to articulate the connection between true things and the reality they describe. Some theories, for example, treat the connection as a structural relation that ties constituents of a true thing to constituents of the world. Other theories treat the connection as a nonstructural correlation between true things and the world. This difference between structural and correlation theories depends on one’s theories of three components: true things, real things described by the true things, and the correspondence between true things and real things. All versions of the correspondence theory arise from theories of these components.
A principle advantage of a correspondence theory is that it accounts for the apparent correlation between the aspects of reality and the truth-value of a proposition. When the cat is on the mat, the proposition that the cat is on the mat is true. If the cat gets off the mat, that proposition is not true. Therefore, a change in the cat correlates with a change in the proposition. Why? The correspondence theory predicts this correlation by analysing truth as a connection to reality.
A principle challenge, on the other hand, is to understand the nature of the connection. There are metaphysical and epistemological worries. On the metaphysical side, there is the worry that a correspondence relation is intolerably mysterious. Correspondence is not analysable in terms of familiar physical relations, like distance or force. So what is correspondence? Some philosophers worry that by analysing truth as correspondence you exchange the mystery of truth for a greater mystery. On the epistemology side, there is the worry that you could never know whether a proposition corresponds with things beyond your head, since you can’t get outside your head to see things as they are. The worry here is that you cannot know whether any proposition is true if truth requires correspondence.
Another challenge arises from alleged counterexamples. It is true that there are no hobbits. Yet, it is unclear how a true proposition about what is not real could correspond to something that is real.
A common response to the challenges involves developing theories of the components involved. For example, there are structural accounts of correspondence designed to remove the metaphysical and epistemological mysteries. Moreover, there are accounts of negative facts, which serve as correspondents for negative truths.
Territorial rights
Authors: Catala Amandine 
Published: September 2018

Inherent in the notion of territorial rights is the idea of exercising control over a geographically bounded area of land. The question of territorial rights as a philosophical, normative question arises in connection with the conception of the modern state as entailing a claim to exclusive control over its territory. Such control typically involves three different types of prerogatives: (i) making, enforcing, and adjudicating the laws that apply in its territory; (ii) regulating the flow of goods and people that can leave and enter its territory; and (iii) exploiting and managing the natural resources found in its territory. Territorial rights can therefore be divided into three conceptually distinct types of rights: (i) rights of jurisdiction over a territory; (ii) rights of control over the borders that circumscribe this territory; and (iii) rights of control over the natural resources that lie within this territory.
But what justifies the state’s territorial rights or exclusive control over its territory? Competing theories of territorial rights have advanced different justificatory criteria. Acquisition theories offer a Lockean criterion based on either individual property rights and consent, or the state’s labor and desert. Statist theories point to the state’s function and advance either a Hobbesian criterion of securing peace and order, or a Kantian criterion of meeting standards of justice and legitimacy. For non-statist theories, the state simply exercises territorial rights on behalf of either a cultural or a political group that has historically occupied the territory and developed a particular kind of attachment to it that is central to the group’s identity.
While territorial rights might seem to concern primarily a state’s internal affairs, they in fact raise many important issues of international or global justice that involve redrawing state jurisdictions, accessing natural resources, or crossing borders. Issues raised by territorial rights include colonialism, decolonization, annexation, secession, the just distribution of the earth’s resources, immigration, ecological refugees, and the rectification of historical injustice.
Sensations
Authors: Myin Erik , Zahidi Karim 
Published: September 2018

Apart from the common use of ‘sensation’ to refer to bodily feelings, the word has been adopted by philosophers and scientists to talk about specific feelings arising from stimulation of the sensory organs. Sensations are often ascribed particular properties: of being conscious and inner, of being more immediate than perception, and of being atomic. In epistemology sensations have been taken as infallible foundations of knowledge, in psychology as elementary constituents of perceptual experience. Critics have argued that, given the nature of knowledge and of perceptual experience, sensations are unfit to play these roles.
Some philosophers have ascribed mistaken theorizing about sensation to the tendency to conceive of sensations as inner objects of experience. As an alternative the adverbial theory of sensations has been proposed. According to it sensations are ways of experiencing, rather than objects of experience. Representationalism proposes to conceive of sensations as representations. Yet another way of thinking about sensations is to characterize them as embodied reactions of organisms to specific stimuli. An important issue that needs to be addressed by all general accounts of sensations is whether it is legitimate to treat theoretical posits such as colour sensations on a par with bodily sensations such as pain.
Collective intentionality
Authors: Tollefsen Deborah , Friedlaender Christina 
Published: September 2018

Intentionality refers to the capacity of mental states to be about or directed toward some object or state of affairs. Collective intentionality refers to a growing area of intradisciplinary and interdisciplinary research that studies the ways in which individuals share mental states such as belief, knowledge, and intention, and the possibility that groups themselves are the bearers of mental states. In addition, those working within this area have developed accounts of joint action, group mind/cognition, collective responsibility, and the construction of social reality.
Theories of shared intention attempt to characterize the intentional structure that underlies joint action. Individual action is guided and informed by intentions. When we act together, intentions seem to play a role as well. The question is whether individual intentions to do one’s part are sufficient to explain joint action. Some theorists argue that they are not and that what is needed is either a special type of individual intention (a we-intention) or a complex set of interconnected individual attitudes that are common knowledge among participants.
In addition to acting together, members of a group make judgments together. A search committee might make a judgment about a candidate that diverges from the beliefs that individuals have about a candidate. Theories of group belief aim to capture the ways in which beliefs might be appropriately attributed to a group. Some theorists argue that attributions of belief to a group are appropriate on the basis of the fact that members have accepted the proposition as being the group’s belief or have jointly committed to believing the proposition as a group (i.e., as single person would). Debates surrounding the idea of group belief focus on the question of whether group belief is really a form of belief.
Finally, the formation of group attitudes is often done in the context of joint deliberation or joint problem-solving and collective remembering. Group cognition is the idea that in these contexts cognition is distributed across members of a group and can be appropriately attributed to the group itself rather than to the individuals within the group. Accounts of group cognition have been influenced by functionalism in the philosophy of mind, by the field of distributed cognition, and by the extended-mind hypothesis.
Antisthenes (c.445–c.365 BC)
Authors: Schofield Malcolm 
Published: September 2018

Antisthenes was one of the most devoted followers of Socrates. As a young man he was heavily influenced by the display speeches of Gorgias the rhetorician and the interpretation of Homer practised by the Sophists. He himself wrote much in the same vein, although almost all has been lost.
Antisthenes’ influence can be recognized most in the writer Xenophon. Although it is likely that he succeeded in annoying Plato and Isocrates, his influence on Cynicism has been greatly exaggerated.
Little survives of his moral philosophy, but what there is is Socratic in conception, and indeed Socrates’ own courage and tenacity are its avowed inspiration. Antisthenes focuses on virtue, conceived as inner strength, a fortress founded on wisdom and its unassailable reasonings. Virtue is acquired and maintained by ‘exertions’, a term deliberately recalling the labours of Heracles: these consist of the struggle to overcome the difficulties of, for example, poverty or unpopularity, by understanding how they can be viewed as good things – provided the riches of the soul are intact. Pleasure and sex are accordingly seen as threats to virtue’s integrity. Antisthenes enjoins us to redraw our moral categories: the good and just are our true friends and kin.
In theory of language Antisthenes defended the paradox that contradiction is impossible, deriving his argument from the idea that there can be no successful reference to anything except by its own ‘account’, revealing what it is.