bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes of ultimate analysis and properties of solid and gas phases at the heating wood in an inert medium. A new view
Authors: Levin A B , Lopatnikov M V , Khromenko A V 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
A new approach to the study and description of the process of thermal destruction of wood when heated in an inert environment (torrefication and pyrolysis) is presented. Dependencies for determining the sequence of changes in the ultimate analysis of wood at the destruction process are proposed. Dependencies for determining the calorific value and volatile matter for the solid phase as a function of the ultimate analysis, as well as for determining the ultimate analysis and calorific value of volatile matter are proposed. A possibility of extending the method to other fuels of plant origin (straw, peat, coal) is shown. It has been suggested that standard methods do not accurately determine the moisture content of wood.
Assessment of coarse woody debris stock in Russian forests based on state forest inventory data
Authors: Malysheva N , Filipchuk A , Zolina T 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The study presents the large-scale assessment relating to the volume of coarse woody debris (CWD), i.e. standing dead trees, downed wood and stumps, in the forests of the Russian Federation. The results of the quantitative estimation of the stocks of snags, downed wood and stumps based on direct field measurements in 27,403 SFI (State Forest Inventory) permanent sample plots that are representative for 15 forest regions. The average total volume of woody detritus is estimated to be 29.22±9.7 m3/ha. The snags makes up 40.3%, downed wood – 55.3%, and stumps – 4.4% of the total CWD. The volume of above- and on-ground woody detritus to average live wood volume ratio is estimated to be 14.6±4.4%, including 5.82±1.8% for standing dead trees, 8.15±3.1% for downed wood and 0.67±0.4% for stumps. The highest volumes of woody detritus on average were found in the forest-steppe zone of European Russia, coniferous and broadleaved forests of the Far East and European Russia, and mountainous forests of South Siberia. The advantages of using the qualitatively new information acquired from SFI materials, for the more exact estimation of the volumes of the above - and on-ground woody detritus have revealed.
Triterpene alcohols and sterols of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ldb.) needles
Authors: Mikson D S , Roshchin V I 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The composition of triterpene alcohols and sterols in the fraction of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ldb.) conifer needles is considered in paper. The needles areextracted with propan-2-ol; resinous substances are extracted with petroleum ether (40–70°C);substances extracted with petroleum ether are divided into free acids and neutral substances. Neutral substances are separated in a silica gel column; eluent - petroleum ether supplemented with diethyl ether. The isolated esters fraction is hydrolyzed with potassium hydroxide in ethanol, and the “bound” acids are separated from unsaponifiable substances. Non-saponified substances are separated by chromatography into 5 fractions of phytosterols, the alcohol components of esters. The fractions are acetylated; the alcohol acetates are separatedonsilica gel with added silver nitrate. The isolated compounds was identified by NMR and GC-MS methods. Cycloartenol (6.82%, hereafter based onunsaponifiable substances), 24-methylenecycloartanol (6.75%), citrastadienol (7.69%), sitosterol (7.18%), cycloevcalenol (0.09%) are identified, obtussifoliol (0.01%), 24-methylenelophenol (0.10%), methyllophenol (1.84%) and campesterol (0.33%).
Grapho-analytical modelling of technological chain of logging operations in dynamic natural and production conditions
Authors: Mokhirev A , Rukomojnikov K 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Different variants of technological chain can be organized in logging process. Water or land types of transport can be used for transportation of timber. The use of timber landings where wood can be processed also increases the number of multiple variants of technological process. Performance of operations in various natural and production environment differs in productivity and material costs. Production efficiency depends on the choice of technology of logging operations in dynamic natural and production environment. The given research suggests the variant of the grapho-analytical model for solution of the set task. Detailed graphic models of transportation of wood from logging unit to consumer, loading /unloading and processing operations at the intermediate and lower timber landing are developed. They show possible options of technological chains of logging process. Mathematical dependences are shown on the basis of the problem of finding the maximum flow of minimum cost in the suggested dynamic network. They define the conditions for solution of the set problem.
Modelling the growth tables of the oak stands of seed origin of the Voronezh region by type of forest growing conditions
Authors: Musiyevsky A 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Growth rate tables (GRT) used by the forest industry, as a rule, are built according to yield class and have a utilitarian focus. Based on forest inventory data, we built multidimensional models and GRTs for oak (Querqus robur L.) stands for 10 types of forest growing conditions, reflecting the dynamics of forest inventory indicators depending on the age and basal area of stands, and the abundance of oak in the overall species composition. The obtained GRTs in the age range of 10-300 years, for the basal area in the range of 0.3-1.0 and the share of oak in the overall species composition of 1-10 units, can be used in surveys of oak stands based on the measurements of the average heights, diameters and sums of cross-sectional areas.
Monitoring the development and forecasting of the mass reproduction (gradation) outbreaks of the Dendrolimus sibiricus Tschetv. in the Khabarovsk region
Authors: Nifontov S V , Savchenko A A , Gridnev A N 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The article describes the probability of the Dendrolimus sibiricus outbreaks in the Khabarovsk region based on the methodology developed by ARRISMF (All-Russian Research Institute of Silviculture and Mechanization of Forestry). The history of outbreaks, their occurrence and intensity were analyzed. Results of field studies with direct census methodsand reasonable forecast for 2019 are also described.
Development of the regional innovation system in the Forest industry of Irkutsk province based on institutional changes
Authors: Dayneko D , Dayneko A , Peshkov V , Matveeva M 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The work presents innovative development issues in the Forest industry of Irkutsk province. The development of the regional innovation system is suggested for sustainable Forest industry management. The key components of which are technological, product, institutional, and ecological innovations, as well as, innovative entrepreneurship. The main hypothesis stated is the assumption that analysis and evaluation of effectiveness of innovations and institutional changes is an important tool for strategic planning of the innovative development of the Forest industry. The cross-sectional regression models are presented for evaluation of innovations in the Forest industry based on the expert’s opinions, derived via direct questionnaires. The prospective directions of institutional changes in the Forest industry and program of innovative and institutional changes are suggested for implementation.
Analysis of dendroflora of urbanized territories using the city of Vladikavkaz as an example
Authors: Okazova Z , Kusova N , Agaeva F , Bigaeva I 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Urbanization is the main form of human adaptation to the environment. The increase in the area of urban areas and the level of development of urban areas is an objective reality at the present stage. Vladikavkaz in this regard is no exception. The purpose of the study is to analyse the dendroflora of urbanized areas using the city of Vladikavkaz as an example. The studywas conducted in 2012-2018 in the city of Vladikavkaz. The study recorded about 60,000 trees belonging to 50 species. The studied trees were part of common and restricted use green areas: green ribbons along central streets including plots attached to shopping and administrative centres, as well as the largest parks, boulevards, and public gardens of the city of Vladikavkaz. We established that the species composition on the territory of Vladikavkaz is quite diverse; however, prerequisites exist for its expansion, which would improve the ecological situation in the city.
Isolation of shikimic acid from Picea abies needles. The future prospects
Authors: Ozhimkova E V , Korotkova E M , Sulman M G , Sulman E M , Molchanov V P 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The composition and concentration of hydrophilic extractives in Picea abies needles were studied. The optimal time for harvesting of spruce needles for shikimic acid production was evaluated. The concentration of shikimic acid was ranging from 4.7 mg/g of spruce needles harvested in August to 94.7 mg/g of spruce needles harvested in November.
Risk management of forest fire occurrence
Authors: Petrov V N , Katkova T E , Vinogradova E V 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This academic paper is devoted to the issue of how to reduce forest fire damage through affecting the fire causes. Forest fire causes are a subject of random probability. Adequate forest management is not possible when there is lack of precise information about when and where a forest fire may occur. When there are no ways and methods to influence the reasons of forest fires occurrence, the likelihood of a wrong decision is directly proportional to the negative consequences of forest fires. The research purpose was to develop mechanisms of risk management taking into account the cause and effect relation between human activities, natural phenomena and occurrence of forest fire. The risk as economic category is the target of the research. The scope of the research encompasses the process of decision-taking in forest management with regards to forest preservation from fires under the conditions of unpredictability. The research was based on a comprehensive approach to the problem and used contemporary regulations of sustainable forest management and global experience in forestry relationship. It was suggested to classify the causes of forest fires in groups. Probability of forest fires occurrence was estimated in accordance with various causes. There was introduced an approach of forest fire risk management based on strategic risk management. The results of the research can be used by scientific institutions, as well as by forestry companies while planning environmental protection measures. The research can proceed towards assessment and forecasting of fire risks in forestry at the national and international levels.
Disturbance analyses of forest cover dynamics using remote sensing and GIS
Authors: Polevshchikova Iu 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Study of forest cover disturbance and its driving forces is one of the most significant areas in global environmental change research. Natural factors affecting forest disturbances are among the most significant drivers transforming the earth. Due to this reason remote sensing technologies take an important place in such research. Remote sensing and GIS techniques are widely used for forest cover monitoring under climate change and human impact but the lack of reliable information on forest use changes remains a major challenge of today. The purpose of this paper is a disturbance analysis of forest cover dynamics using remote sensing and GIS technologies. The research covers the changes in forest caused by different types of natural disturbance (forest fires, cutting, windfalls) and socio-economic factors (forestry reforms) in the Middle Volga region of the Russian Federation. This paper discusses the forest cover monitoring technique using satellite information and conducting assessments of forest cover disturbances that can be beneficial for the further research affecting changes over different time scales.
Russian Forestry Planning: Forestry Revenue and Expenditures
Authors: Pryadilina N 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The expenditure-revenue comparison of forestry in market conditions is becoming a pressing issue. For the government, expenditures are tied to forest management costs, and revenue is generated in the form of payments for forest use. At the same time, the target of budget forestry funding is parcels of forest reserve land that are not leased. Forest management within the borders of leased forest lands is carried out by the tenants at their own expense, while continuing to make lease payments. As studies have shown, expenditures for all budget levels of forestry management in the Russian Federation from 2011 to 2017 consistently exceeded revenue from forest use. One of the key problems in Russian forestry is underfunding. Given these conditions, this industry’s existing systems of budgeting and revenue increases must be transformed. This paper offers recommendations on how to change the current situation.
Landscape and environmental properties of the european russian wood species
Authors: Dobrovolsky A A , Kireev D M , Lebedev P A , Nguen Ch T , Sergeeva V L 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The article presentsoriginal methodology of ecological evaluation of areas based on ecological modes. The know-how is based on evaluation of the following ecological modes: nutrient status (N), water content (W), friability (F), mobility (M), cryolithic zonation (C), flooding (Fl), drainage (Dr), and disturbance (D). It describes ecological areas and ecological optimums for major forest-forming species that comprise forest communities in the European Russian landscapes based on the analysis of environmental properties. The environmental properties of the wood species analysed make it possible to identify the ecotopes of species distribution, explain thestructures of forest communities, and define the types of land facies with ecological modes that may prevent a speciesfrom appearing in the area. The analysed datamakes it possible to define the ecological modes wherea forest speciesgrowunder optimum conditions and achieves the best increment and development.
Application of GIS-technologies in inventories of cultural heritage objects by the example of Kharitonov garden, Yekaterinburg
Authors: Shevlyakova M I , Atkina L I 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This study examines the use of GIS-materials of various specifications for the inventories of objects of cultural heritage on the example of the object of federal importance “Kharitonov Palace, XIX century”, the city of Yekaterinburg. The paper presents a detailed algorithm for making vegetation inventories in historical garden-park complexes. A comparative assessment of accuracy of the established standards and the developed methods of inventory process is given. As a result of this approach, it was possible to give a comprehensive description of the entire territory of the Kharitonov garden as part of the restoration and biological assessment of the vegetation, landscape and architectural survey, individual plant inventory of cultural heritage object of federal importance “Kharitonov Palace, XIX century”.
Two-criteria technical and economic optimization of forest transportation problem
Authors: Bazarov S , Belenkiy Yu , Sokolova V , Solovyev A 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The systematic analysis of optimizing the producer-consumer structure transportation problem is carried out in paper. It is in demand for the timber industry complex. The well-known minimum transportation cost objective is solved as a static problem using the linear programming method. Due to complicated market development conditions, it is necessary to set up and solve the problem of minimizing transportation time (quick performance) as a dynamic problem. Solving it in general case, the transportation cost may be different from the minimum cost determined by the static problem solution. The dynamic problem solution is based on the carrier’s vehicle performance information used for determining the functional time spent per transported product unit. The rational decision making under market conditions is only possible by adopting a compromise obtained on the basis of the multi-criteria optimization theory. The task of determining the compromise area of two-criteria optimization (cost-time minimum ratio) is decided by experts. It is solved using the linear programming method for static and dynamic problems and their linear approximation. To develop a compromise transportation plan becomes the subject of solving the inverse transportation problem. The systemic “producer – transport – consumer” approach is necessary for sustainable timber industry complex development, when the producer-transport system makes up a single production process. Its parameters are determined on the basis of systems theory.
Method of increasing the efficiency of forest machine roll-over protective structure
Authors: Skobtsov I G , Shilovskiy V N 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Current standards in the field of self-propelled machinery for forestry require equipping tractor cabins with roll-over protective structures (ROPS). It is necessary to reduce the risk of operator’s injuries caused by tractor rollovers or falling trees. This article deals with the way of increasing the energy absorption capacity of forest machine cabin roll-over protective structure. The ability to absorb certain amount of potential energy during deformation is the one of basic requirements to cabin of a forest machine. The risk of injures to the operator is reduced by using energy-absorbing cab support in the construction of roll-over protective structure. The protective effect is attained by plastic strain of cab support elements, that provides operator’s protection during an accidental roll-over. The article presents the design of the cab support, describes its functional principle in the event of an emergency
Problems of natural restoration of forest and green spaces of the resort Caucasian Mineral Waters region
Authors: Slepykh O , Zubko A , Slepykh V , Zubko M 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In the forests and green spaces of the Caucasian Mineral Waters resort region there are observed successions, leading to a decrease in their ecological potential. We defined the sanitary conditions and productivity of artificial and natural stands, collected data on species composition and abundance of trees in these stands and non-forested areas. We also determined the level of optimum illumination for the development of oak undergrowth.
Invasive plant species in the forest parks of Yekaterinburg
Authors: Srodnykh T B , Vishnyakova S V , Luganskaya S N 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Invasive species – introduced species, spontaneously settled outside their natural range, and successfully adapted to the new growing conditions. The problem of invasive species penetration, both herbaceous and woody, has long been a concern of scientists, their views on this issue being contradictory. In the forest parks of Yekaterinburg there is a significant number of introduced species – invasive species. The occurrence of invasive species was considered in three forest parks of the city. The article shows invasive species high occurrence, wide amplitude of ecological plasticity, lack of response to shade density conditions in forest parks and urban plantations. They easily adapt to the conditions of different shade density and increased recreational load, both in urban areas plantations and in the conditions of a forest park. The studied species can be recommended for use in urban parks and forest parks. Cotoneaster lucidus Schlecht. and Amelanchier spicata (Lam.) K. Koch. are quite decorative and can be used both in the formation of edges, landscape groups and as undergrowth species.
The Correlations between Planting Material Quality and Artificial Pine Plantations Parameters
Authors: Sungurova N , Marich S , Alexandrova Yu , Popkova I 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The creation and cultivation of the conifers artificial plantings depends on the planting material quality. The relationship of the main characteristics of pine planting material (Pinus sylvestris L.) with taxation character of artificial plantations is viewed on the paper. Pine forest trial is located on a long-cut logging site. Standard seedlings and saplings can be divided into three groups based on this stem diameter at the root collar: small, medium and large. This will enable better projection of future fast-growing trees. Trees grown from large seedlings are characterized by the height values. Such growth rates are noted in the future. The dynamic balance is established in this tree stand quickly, from the very initial phases of formation. All trees grow at a very fast pace. The initial plant ratios in size at the time of planting continue to remain constant. By the end of the second class of age, the maximum number of dominants (47% of all surviving) was formed from large planting material. This indicates that the use of selected high-quality planting material in combination with quality soil cultivation will significantly accelerate the growth of trees in the plantation and to receive target-oriented timber assortment 15–20 years earlier.
Effect of atmospheric air pollution on local nitrogen cycles in the urban forest ecosystem
Authors: Bednova O V , Kuznetsov V A 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In this study, it was shown that in the urban forests bordering highways local disturbances of the nitrogen cycle are observed. In some plots of such forests, zones with a high concentration of nitrogen dioxide may be formed. The mechanisms of this phenomenon were investigated. Using the method of passive dosimetry, nitrogen dioxide absorption rate was estimated at control points in the subcrown space. In the summer period, the light points and the temperature on the soil surface and at a height of 2 m were measured at the control points. It is shown that the formation of internal local zones with a high concentration of nitrogen dioxide in urban forests is regular: surface temperature inversions impede the vertical movement of air, and a decrease in illumination by forest subsurface in comparison with open areas reduces the rate of decomposition of nitrogen dioxide. The influence of these abiotic factors is ambiguous against the background of the transformation of the forest ecosystem during recreational impacts.
The pattern of change in the fertility of podzolic soils in the early stages of natural reforestation
Authors: Vdovichenko V , Bakhmet O 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The study identified the patterns of change in podzolic soils forming over different parent rocks at early stages of reforestation upon clear-cutting of pine stands. Soils of the first chronosequence, representing Albic Podzol, demonstrated an illuvial distribution of organic matter down the soil profile, with its maximum deposition in the forest litter. As more time passed since logging, mineral horizons gradually got enriched in organic matter, and a thin organo-mineral horizon with elevated carbon and nitrogen content formed under the forest litter by the age of 8 years. The second chronosequence, representing Entic Podzol, displayed a slight reduction in soil richness upon logging, due to intensive humification and mineralization of organic matter. The study found proof that logging using multifunctional machines helps preserve the living ground cover and the top organic horizons in a substantial part of the logging site. Natural reforestation in sites with soils relatively rich in organic matter proceeded through settlement of deciduous species, whereas sites on poor soils were naturally reforested by pine.