bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AI for Heart Rate Measurements for Sport Performance: A review
Authors: Zarith Rahmah Syed Ahmad Sharifah , Yusoff Yusliza , Mohd Zain Azlan , Samsudin Ruhaidah , Effiyana Ghazali Nurzal 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Increasing sport performance in athletic has been a major task for coaches around the world. The ability to improve athletes’ performance benefits not only the coaches but to the athletes themselves. Heart rate analysis for sport performance has been investigated for many years. Heart rate plays an important role to measure the athletes’ ability to perform in sports of their choices. The heart rate information will not only aid in training the athletes according to personal abilities but it will also assist in monitoring athletes’ health by reducing the chances of cardiovascular mortality risk. This paper briefly outlines the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in learning information contain in human heart rate measurement for improving the athlete’s sports performance.
The Comparison of Semantic Suffix Tree Clustering and Suffix Tree Clustering Algorithm Influence on the Accuracy Rate of an Indonesian Question Answering System
Authors: Isnurthina Dininta , Ihsan Jambak Muhammad , Yusliani Novi 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This research analyses the comparison between Semantic Suffix Tree Clustering (SSTC) algorithm and Suffix Tree Clustering (STC) algorithm in clustering documents on Indonesian Question Answering System. The fundamental difference between the two algorithms is that SSTC considers the meaning of the words to generate clusters and readable labels rather than relying only on string matching like STC. As such, SSTC is able to return a more specific and accurate clusters, and has potential to increase the accuracy rate of a question answering system. However, contrary to the hypothesis, comparison results shows that the accuracy rate of Indonesian Question Answering System after the documents is clustered by SSTC is lower than by STC. The accuracy rate degradation occurred in almost every question category, except Definition category. In average, the accuracy rate obtained by Indonesian Question Answering System with SSTC is only 23.31%, while Indonesian Question Answering System with STC is able to obtain 83% accuracy rate. This significant difference indicates that Semantic Suffix Tree Clustering algorithm is not suitable in the context of document clustering on Indonesian Question Answering System.
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Sensing Device Prototype: Software-Hardware Architecture and Performance
Authors: Nor Azhar A , Rahmah M , Roslina AH , Fauziah Z 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In a green environment, air quality is among the prominent aspects to be considered to prevent pollution and in turn maintain safe air. Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) and Building Related Illness (BRI) are the problems that must be encountered by building occupants. Existing devices are quite expensive, and more attention is needed on monitoring air quality. Therefore, this paper discusses a software-hardware architecture proposal to overcome the existing IAQ data retrieval performance problem. The objective of this work is to analyse the most recent IAQ sensing device developed by the researcher, to evaluate the performance attribute, and to implement the software-hardware architecture based on the Performance-Driven Software Architecture Refactoring (PDSAR) method. In order to assess the overall performance of the architecture proposed, the prototype of the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) sensing device was developed. The testing was performed during a period of six months. The results demonstrate that the average performance for 540 readings is 76.67%. This shows that the architecture can be accepted as a generic IAQ sensing device development structure. The device act as an alternative, cheaper and safer device which can be employed by all building owners in the future.
Influence of Network Speed on Structured Query Language (SQL) Database Data Transmission Performance in an Internet of Things (IoT) Sensing Device on Single Board Computers (SBC)
Authors: Nor Azhar A , Nur Ayuni Hasna S , Roslina AH , Fauziah Z , Rahmah M 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
One of the crucial elements in an Internet of Things (IoT) environment is a database. IoT performance will be at stake if the wrong database is adopted. In this research, three Structured Query Language (SQL) databases were tested against multiple network speeds in an IoT device. Single board computers (SBC) were used as a media of testing instead of an ordinary computer. A controlled wireless sensor network (WSN) was developed with several uniform constants and variable network speeds. A new data transmission rate equation also was proposed and tested. From the result, it was found that not all SQL databases can cater IoT devices. Some of them showed that performance decreased along with network speed. The correlation, between 0.90 and 0.96, proved the strong influence between the research subjects. In addition, file-type database is the best option available for SQL-wise IoT storage.
WM-LEACH - An Improved Network Lifetime LEACH Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Mahmuddin M. , Alabadleh W. A. , Kamarudin L. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Ad hoc network is divided into subcategories in which wireless sensor network (WSN) is one of them, which include several small devices known as sensor nodes (SNs) connected to base stations (BSs). The network lifetime is one of the most vital features as a trustworthy transmission. The low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) is one of the prominent protocols for deploying in the WSN that depends upon a procedure of clustering. Nevertheless, as cluster heads (CHs) share information with a BS openly irrespective of their interior distance, a maximum energy is utilized if the distance between them is too long, which alternatively minimizes the lifetime of the network. To cope with these challenges, various extensions of the LEACH protocol have been designed that send data in two ways, i.e., either in a single hop or multi hop. However, most of these extensions bring extra computational complexity for CHs due to the usage of residual energies. This study proposes an adaptive routing multi-hop LEACH (WM-LEACH) that would minimize the utilization of energy and augment the entire lifetime of the WSN. This rationale of the WM-LEACH is examined in the MATLAB simulator and the obtained outcomes are associated with other routing protocols in terms of network lifetime.
The Effect of Different Crumb Rubber Loading on the Properties of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete
Authors: Azrem Azmi Ahmad , Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd , Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali Che , Ahmad Romisuhani , Musa Luqman , Sheau Rou Low 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study aims at viability study the effects of addition of crumb rubber loading in fly ash-based geopolymer concrete for its properties. Crumb rubber is the recycled rubber from automotive scrap tires which can reduce scrap into uniform granules shapes that can absorb stress that reduces the reflective cracking because of its elastic properties. Geopolymer concrete includes an alternate material i.e Fly ash in replacement of cement, as a binding material. Mortar cubes of size 50mm x 50mm x 50mm were casted and curing at room temperature. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the chemical composition of fly ash and the microstructure of the concrete. Moreover, compressive strength, water absorption capacity, and density of concrete are interrelated. Compression test, water absorption capacity test and density test were performed in hardened state, for different proportions of replacing the aggregate with crumb rubber i.e. 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%. Compressive strength test was performed at 7, 14 and 28 days. Results were obtained and compared. Decrease in strength was observed at 7, 14 and 28 days.
Pull-Out Strength of Hooked Steel Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete
Authors: Ahmad Faris Meor , Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd , Nizar Ismail Khairul , Aida Mohd Mortar Nurul , Firdaus Abu Hashim Mohammad , Hadi Abdul 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Pull-out strength of fly ash steel fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete was studied. Fly ash steel fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete was produced by mixing of Class F fly ash which taken from Manjung power station, Lumut, Perak, Malaysia with alkaline activator which are combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. Steel wool fiber were added into the geopolymer concrete as reinforcement with different weight percentage vary from 0 % - 5 %. Chemical compositions of Malaysian fly ash was first analyzed by using X-ray fluorescence. All geopolymer concrete samples with inclusion of hooked steel fiber with different volume percentage which are 0 %, 0.5 %, 1.0 %, 1.5 %, and 2.0 % were tested in terms of microstructure, flexural strength, flexural toughness, and pull-out strength. Microstructure of steel fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete shows a good degree of bonding between geopolymer binder and hooked steel fibers. Flexural strength of samples increased with the addition of hooked steel fibers until at 3 % and will slightly decrease when amount of fibers addition over than 3 %. Meanwhile, addition of hooked steel fibers shows significantly improvement to the toughness of samples. However, there is no improvement of toughness with addition of fibers over than 3 %. Pull-out strength of samples shows an excellent result where maximum result of 505 N can be achieved that indicates a good degree of bonding between geopolymer matrix and fibers.
The Effect of Geopolymer Ceramic Additions to The Wettability and Shear strength of Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) Solder: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Syahirah Mohamad Zaimi Nur , Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh Mohd , Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd , Mostapha Marliza , Ahmad Romisuhani 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effect of geopolymer ceramics addition into Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) lead free solder was successfully investigated. The lead-free solder SAC305 with the addition of geopolymer ceramics was fabricated by using powder metallurgy microwave-sintering method in order to form a composite solder. The composite solder was analyzed based on wettability and shear strength. The wettability of SAC 305 solder was greatly enhanced with the decreasing in its contact angle. Then, the geopolymer ceramic addition enhanced the shear strength of SAC 305 solder.
Effects of Thermal Resistance to Fly Ash-Based Lightweight Geopolymer
Authors: Mastura Wan Ibrahim Wan , Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd , Ahmad Romisuhani , Naveed Amir , Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali Che , Ibrahim Masdiyana 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Geopolymers are inorganic polymeric materials and cementations materials that replace the Ordinary Portland Cement. This study aimed to determine the effect of thermal resistance of fly ash based lightweight geopolymer and to investigate the physical, mechanical and microstructure properties of lightweight geopolymer at different thermal resistance. Considering the fire endurance assessment of geopolymers, the evolution of geopolymer during thermal exposure is of interest. This paper presents a comparative study of the characteristic of unfoamed (control sample) and lightweight geopolymers after exposure to elevated temperatures which is 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C. Lightweight geopolymers were prepared by adding foaming agent which is polyoxyethylene alkyether sulphate with geopolymer paste. Fly ash, alkaline activator and foam were mixed to produce a homogeneous mixture, which was placed into a cube 50 mm x 50 mm x 50 mm mould and cured at 80 °C for 24 hours. The compressive strength, density, chemical composition, microstructure and functional group analyses were studied. Unfoamed geopolymer exhibit higher compressive strength at 47.04 MPa compared to the highest strength of lightweight geopolymer which is 33.26 MPa at 200 °C. However, the lightweight geopolymer produced low density in range 1200 kg/m3 to 1500 kg/m3 compared to the density of unfoamed is 1813.79 kg/m3.
A Review of Carbonate Minerals as an Additive to Geopolymer Materials
Authors: Syauqi Sauffi Ahmad , Mastura Wan Ibrahim Wan , Mustafa Al Bakri Abdulla Mohd , Ahmad Romisuhani , Ahmad Zaidi Fakhryna , Victor Sandu Andrei , Subaer  
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In Malaysia, several geopolymer materials were mainly from fly ashes, kaolin, metakaolin, and boiler ash which were mainly used to prosper sustainable development especially in the building and construction sector. Geopolymers can be classified as inorganic materials that were formed with the reaction between alminosilicate materials and alkaline solutions. This reaction causing a crystalline compounds mixture to form that toughen to become a novel compound through a process called geopolymerization process. These geopolymer materials have many admirable advantages, including high strength, small shrinkage, decent thermal resistance and good chemical resistance. Although they were used as a stand-alone material with great properties, combination with another material might be another way to improve their properties. A few studies had shown that the geopolymer material can achieve better properties with the addition of moderate amount of calcium-containing material to a geopolymer. The addition of carbonate materials can have insignificant effect on the geopolymer configuration and properties. Thus, this paper review the usage of carbonate materials for example Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) and Calcite (CaCO3) as an addition into these geopolymer material.
Solderability of Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni-xZn Solder Ball on Sn-0.7Cu and Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni Solder Coating
Authors: Ramli M. I. I. , Mohd Salleh M. A. A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In this study, the solderability of the Sn-0.7Cu-0.05NixZn solder ball on solder coating were investigated by using Gen3 wetting balance test machine. By using wetting balance test in globule mode, the solderability of solder ball was determined by the maximum force and wetting time. The result of a good solderability is generally referred to short wetting time and high wetting force. It was found that by increasing amount of Zn in Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni solder ball, the maximum force was decrease and wetting time was increase. This result indicates that by increasing amount of Zn in Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni solder ball, it will decrease the solderability of solder ball to the solder coating.
Influence of Expandable Graphite and Aluminium Hydroxide on Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane Foam
Authors: Rozyanty A.R. , Mofeed D.M.S. , Firuz Z , Amini M.H.M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In this research, the influence of expendable graphite (EG) and aluminium hydroxide (ATH) on mechanical properties of polyurethane composite were investigated. Polyurethane foam was prepared by using oil palm based polyurethane with ratio 1:1.1 and mechanical properties was evaluated by compression test. Results shows that the addition of expendable graphite and aluminium hydroxide into polyurethane had improved the compression strength compared to polyurethane composite without additif. SEM micrograph shows the present of expendable graphite in the polyurethane cell wall which help to improve the mechanical properties. Especially, the compression strength at 10% EG/2% ATH loading sharply inproved by 66% over polyurethane foam.
Mesoporous Structure of Doped and Undoped PEG on Ag/TiO2 Thin Film
Authors: Abdul Razak Kamrosni , Suriyani Che Halin Dewi , Azani Azliza , Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd , Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh Mohd , Mahmed Norsuria , Mahyiddin Ramli Muhammad , Sepeai Suhaila 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In this reaserch, photocatalyst silver titanium dioxide was doped and modified by Polyethylene Glycol (PEG). The purpose of the present study was to analyse the synthesized Ag/TiO2 thin film doped and undoped PEG. Ag/TiO2 thin films on silicon wafer have been prepared by sol–gel spin coating. The samples were characterized by Grazing Incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The doped and undoped PEG Ag/TiO2 thin films showed a mesoporous TiO2 matrix which includes TiO2 crystallites of 10-20 nm in size and small Ag nanoparticles (white spots) with various sizes ranging from 10 to 30 nm. However, doped PEG Ag/TiO2 thin film showed the Ag nanoparticles became agglomerates but still remained roughly uniform on the surface.
Characteristics and Heating Values of Pellets Made from Raw and Charred Rice Residues-Rubber Tree Twigs Mixture
Authors: Yit Leng Lee , Haruna Ahmed Osumanu , Abdul Wahid Samsuri , Abdul Razak Norawanis , Nadzirah Zulkeple Nurul , Izzati Ismail Ras , Makhtar Nurlailina 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In this study, the characteristics and heating values of raw pellet (RP) and charred pellet (CP) made from rice residues-rubber tree twigs mixture were compared. The carbonization process to produce the charred plant residues was conducted in a locally fabricated stainless steel kiln. Both the RP and CP were evaluated for their heating values, pellet durability, carbon and inorganic ash content. The CP had higher heating value and carbon content than the RP. However, the ash content of CP was higher. The results indicate that the pellet made from the charred rice residues-rubber tree twigs mixture could be a suitable source of renewable fuel.
Sustainable Extraction of Micronutrient of Food Waste by Thermal Treatment under Elevating Temperature
Authors: Kamaruddin M.A. , Azman Z.N. , Ahmad N.F. , Hanif M.H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Food waste management by biological treatment is widely used due to the eco-friendly and more attractive than physical and chemical treatment. However, the use of biological treatment takes longer time for the food waste to degrade. To overcome this problem the pretreatment of food waste is proposed. The aim of this study is to determine the characteristic of food waste when subject to pretreatment, to determine the effect of thermal pretreatment on chemical compositions of food waste, and to determine the relationship between the effect of temperature and time on food waste carbon to nitrogen ratio, pH and micronutrient by using statistical analysis. The water bath method was carried out in this experiment. The parameter measured were Carbon to Nitrogen ratio (C;N), pH and micronutrient with the effect of temperature and time. The result of the food waste before treatment and after pretreatment was compare. The laboratory results showed that the chemical composition of the food waste was affected by the thermal pretreatment of water bath method for C:N and pH which in the range 11.18 to 25.94 and 5.32 to 5.72 respectively. The statistical analysis indicates that the interaction effect between retention time and temperature was not significant for pH, Fe, Cu and Mn except for C:N (F = 4.394, P = 0.003). Overall, the thermal pretreatment applied on the food waste revealed that temperature below 100 °C did not suitable to use as a pretreatment before the biological treatment, in order to expedite the degradation process. Instead, high temperature which above 100°C and long heating duration are beneficial for the release and reduction of organic compounds.
Synthesis Of Epoxidized Oleic Acid- Based Palm Oil by Peracid Mechanism
Authors: Jumain Jalil Mohd , Farhan Mohd Yamin Aliff , Saufi Md Zaini Mohd , Azahar Mohd Ariff Mohd , Hua Chang Siu , Morad Norhashimah , Hadi Abdul 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Commercial epoxides available in the market are mainly petroleum and animal based which are non-environmental friendly and often non-halal. Oleic acid (C18:1) derived from palm kernel oil contains the unsaturation double bond (C=C) in its long alkyl chain makes it an attractive fatty acid for the production of eco-friendly epoxide. The epoxidation of oleic acid was carried out by using in situ generated performic acid (HCOOOH) to produce epoxidized oleic acid. Performic acid was formed by mixing formic acid (as oxygen carrier) and hydrogen peroxide (as oxygen donor). The results indicated that optimum conditions occurred at moderate agitation speed 300 rpm and by using 30% hydrogren peroxide. Sulfuric acid was found to be the most efficient catalyst. It was found that a maximum relative conversion to oxirane (RCO) achieved was 87.61 % at optimal condition.
Optimization of Acid Orange II Degradation using Fe3-xMnxO4 Catalyst in UV assisted Fenton-like reaction
Authors: Edwin Elsabba , Aida Zubir Nor , Khairul Azam Selamat Mohamad , Alrozi Rasyidah , Nasuha Norhaslinda , Imam Maarof Hawaiah 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In this work, detailed investigation on the optimization of acid orange II (AOII) degradation using Fe3-xMnxO4 catalyst in UV assisted Fenton-like reaction was performed. The Central Composite Design (CCD) based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with four independent operational parameters (catalyst dosage, oxidant concentration, pH and UV irradiation) and one response (percentage of AOII removal) was applied for statistical and optimization analysis. The maximum AOII removal (~100%) was found at optimal conditions of 0.4 g/L catalyst dosage, 35 mM oxidant concentration, pH 2.6 and 3 x 9W UVC. Interestingly, validation of these optimal conditions was confirmed by the experimental findings of having less than 2% absolute deviation. Such findings confer that the derived empirical quadratic model was in good agreement with the experimental findings.
Hydrothermal reaction products of brick recyclates
Authors: Palovcik J , Opravil T , Soukal F , Masilko J 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper deals with possibilities of the brick-grind-dust application as a precursor for hydrothermal synthesis. Currently, this brick dust is partially reused in brick masonry or buried to the landfill site. The basic idea of this paper was to examine possibilities of the reaction of phases in brick dust with lime under hydrothermal conditions. The aim of the work was to find out an optimal ratio between lime and brick dust for maximal production of tobermorite. Physical and chemical properties of the brick-grind-dust were studied, and then a series of samples in autoclaves were prepared. The maximum amount of tobermorite after 24 hours of reaction was found in samples with addition of 25% lime. Phase composition of raw material and products of hydrothermal synthesis were analysed by powder X-ray diffraction analysis and differential thermal analysis. Structure of prepared samples was observed by scanning electron microscope.
Influence of curing temperature on the mechanical properties of high-performance concrete
Authors: Fladr J , Broukalova I 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
As part of the research focused on high-performance concrete (HPC) at our workplace, the impact of temperature curing on compression strength of HPC has been investigated. Four sets of samples (100 x 100 x 100 mm cubes, 30 samples in each set) were produced with the same mix design. Each set was cured with a different temperature: 20°C (reference samples), 50°C and 80°C (high and very high temperature curing) and 10°C (simulation of concreting in winter conditions). The curing was always carried out in a water bath with a given temperature during the whole time of maturing of the samples. Samples were tested in 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days of age. In each time step, three cubes were tested for compression strength and three cubes for tensile splitting strength. The results of the primary research are the time records of the increase of both strengths.