bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
El protocolo y el ceremonial como disciplina académica: análisis de los estudios universitarios oficiales en España
Authors: Portugal Bueno Mª del Carmen , Becerra Muñoz Elena , Victoria Mas Juan Salvador 
Published: February 2018

Resulta indiscutible el interés que la disciplina del Protocolo, el Ceremonial y el Evento tiene en los países más antiguos de Europa; en éstos tradicionalmente el protocolo ha servido para organizar la vida de instituciones y personalidades. La disciplina en cuestión ha sido tratada en el ámbito práctico desde antaño pero no ha sido hasta tiempos más recientes -en las últimas dos décadas-que se ha regulado de forma oficial como materia universitaria –concretamente de Grado aunque el interés por adquirir conocimientos y destrezas en este ámbito lleva cada año a alumnos de las ciencias sociales a iniciar una búsqueda también de posgrados en torno a la disciplina. Y es que ya no sólo hablamos del ámbito más oficial como campo de aplicación, la empresa acoge también las rutinas del ceremonial y las adapta a sus eventos privados.El objetivo principal del artículo que se presenta es el análisis del panorama actual de estudios de la disciplina como grado universitario. La metodología plantea un recorrido por la oferta formativa ofrecida por distintas instituciones públicas y privadas y presenta los contenidos, autores y asignaturas que existen, actualmente, en el ámbito español. El contenido analizado ofrece una visión comparada de los grados que constituyen el universo de nuestro objeto de estudio. The interest of the discipline of the Protocol, the Ceremonial and the Event is undeniable among the oldest countries in Europe in which protocol has served traditionally to organize the lives of institutions and personalities. The discipline in question has been treated in practical terms for a long time, but it has not been until recently – the last two decades – that the matter has been regulated as university subject – concretely considered as a degree, although the interest of acquiring knowledge and skills in the field is leading social science students every year towards the beginning of a search for postgraduate courses related to the discipline too. We are not only talking about the most official scope as a field of application; the enterprise also embraces the routines of the ceremonial adapting them to its private events.The main target of the present article is the analysis of the current panorama of studies of the discipline as a university degree. The methodology proposes a course through the formative offer provided by the different institutions, public and private, and presents the contents, authors and subjects currently existing in the Spanish context. The analyzed content offers a comparative view of the degrees that constitute the universe of our study’s subject.
El ceremonial en la ciudad más antigua de América: Caral
Authors: Prado Salazar Ana Cecilia 
Published: February 2018

Caral es el primer Estado andino que logró establecer, a través de la religión, la disciplina laboral y social en toda una población que, de manera voluntaria, sirvió a una clase señorial. El Estado de Caral surge en el año 2900 a.C. y asienta su estructura de gobierno a lo largo de 60 hectáreas en el Valle de Supe, ubicado al norte de la ciudad de Lima, capital del Perú, por alrededor de 1000 años. Su tipo de estructura de poder permitió el desarrollo de tecnologías muy avanzadas y equilibradas para su tiempo.Los Caral eran un pueblo profundamente religioso, su relación se basaba en la paz y el trabajo. Después de la jornada laboral, el pueblo asistía a rituales diversos donde la música y la danza alrededor del fuego sagrado en templos y centros ceremoniales construidos en los edificios públicos eran el componente básico de cohesión social.Los Caral eran un pueblo pacífico; no utilizaron las armas para ejercer control y poder sobre los subordinados. Las clases sociales estaban delimitadas, así, los rituales eran comunes para la clase social trabajadora, pero existían también espacios privilegiados de acceso restringido para una élite. Caral is the first civilization in America declared by the UNESCO, arose in 2900 BC located to the north of the city of Lima and developed over 60 hectares in the Supe Valley and became in the civilization with big influence in the population at he north and central region of actual Peru. They improved a political and administrative system through religion and labour they did not used army and weapons to exercise control and power over subordinates.The Carals were deeply religious people, their relationship was based on peace and work. After a working day, they used to attend various rituals in which music and dance around the fire at sacred temples and ceremonial centers constructed in public buildings were the basic component of social cohesion. The social classes were divided, the ritual were common for worker class and privilege space for an elite. Its kind of power structure allowed the development of balanced and very advanced technology for its time.The Carals is called state because they stablished a political and ideologic system that influence others populations and overpassed the time, for it is called the Mother City. Their government model made possible the successful and pacific civilization through religion and labour.
A quantitative approach to determine the taxonomic identity and ontogeny of the pycnodontiform fish Pycnodus (Neopterygii, Actinopterygii) from the Eocene of Bolca Lagerstätte, Italy
Authors: Cawley John Joseph , Marrama Giuseppe , Carnevale Giorgio , Kriwet Jürgen 
Published: February 2018

Background. The pycnodontiform fish Pycnodus is one of the representatives of the highly diverse actinopterygian fish fauna from the early Eocene Bolca Lagerstätte, representing one of the youngest and thus last occurrences of the extinct neopterygian clade Pycnodontiformes. This genus has historically been used as a wastebasket taxon in regards to poorly known pycnodontiform fossils and authors have argued over the specific status of the Bolca Lagerstätte Pycnodus in terms of how many species are contained within the genus with some arguing for multiple species and others suggesting lumping all Bolca specimens together into one species.
Methods. Here, we use a quantitative approach performing biometric and geometric morphometric analyses on 39 specimens of Pycnodus in order to determine if the morphological variability within the sample might be related to inter- or intraspecific variation.
Results. The analyses revealed that the variations of body shape, morphometric and meristic characters are continuous and cannot be used to distinguish different morphotypes. On the contrary, our results show a remarkable link between shape and size, related to ontogeny.
Discussion. Differences in body shape of small (juvenile) and large (adult) individuals is probably related to different microhabitats occupation on the Bolca reef with juveniles sheltering within crevices on the reef and adults being more powerful swimmers that swim above the coral. There is no evidence of nocturnal feeding in this pycnodont as previously hypothesized. Taxonomically, we suggest that the Bolca Pycnodus should be referred to strictly as Pycnodus apodus as this was the name given to the holotype. Additionally, an overview of species assigned to Pycnodus is given.
Ultrafast Coherent Absorption in Diamond Metamaterials
Authors: Karvounis Artemios , Nalla Venkatram , MacDonald Kevin F. , Zheludev Nikolay I. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDiamond is introduced as a material platform for visible/near‐infrared photonic metamaterials, with a nanostructured polycrystalline diamond metasurface only 170 nm thick providing an experimental demonstration of coherent light‐by‐light modulation at few‐optical‐cycle (6 fs) pulse durations. “Coherent control” of absorption in planar (subwavelength‐thickness) materials has emerged recently as a mechanism for high‐contrast all‐optical gating, with a speed of response that is limited only by the spectral width of the absorption line. It is shown here that a free‐standing diamond membrane structured by focused ion beam milling can provide strong, spectrally near‐flat absorption over a visible to near‐infrared wavelength range that is wide enough (wider than is characteristically achievable in plasmonic metal metasurfaces) to facilitate coherent modulation of ultrashort optical pulses comprising only a few oscillations of electromagnetic field.
Alouatta pigra males ignore A. palliata loud calls: A case of failed rival recognition?
Authors: Kitchen Dawn M. , Cortés‐Ortiz Liliana , Dias Pedro A. D. , Canales‐Espinosa Domingo , Bergman Thore J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectivesWhen closely related species overlap geographically, selection may favor species‐specific mate recognition traits to avoid hybridization costs. Conversely, the need to recognize potential same‐sex rivals may select for lower specificity, creating the possibility that selection in one domain constrains evolution in the other. Despite a wealth of data on mate recognition, studies addressing rival recognition between hybridizing species are limited to a few bird species. Using naïve populations, we examine the extent to which failed rival recognition might have affected hybridization patterns when two species of howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra and A. palliata) first met after diverging in allopatry.MethodsWe simulated first contact between naïve subjects using playback experiments in allopatric populations of the two purebred species. Using linear mixed models, we compared their look, move, and vocal responses to conspecific and heterospecific loud calls.ResultsAlthough not different in overall response strength to playbacks, the two species differed in reaction to heterospecific callers. Male A. pigra ignored calls from male A. palliata, but the reverse was not true.DiscussionDespite striking differences in vocalizations, A. palliata respond equally to calls from both species whereas A. pigra respond only to conspecifics. This apparent failure of A. pigra males to recognize interspecific rivals might have biased hybridization (F1 hybrids = male A. palliata x female A. pigra), a pattern previously hypothesized based on genetic analysis of hybrids. Given that A. pigra males could be losing reproductive opportunities to heterospecific males, our findings add to growing evidence of potential costs for overly specific species recognition.
Direct Synthesis of Nano‐Ferrierite along the 10‐Ring‐Channel Direction Boosts Their Catalytic Behavior
Authors: Margarit Vicente J. , Díaz‐Rey M. Rocío , Navarro M. Teresa , Martínez Cristina , Corma Avelino 
Published: February 2018

AbstractFerrierite zeolites with nanosized crystals and external surface areas higher than 250 m2 g−1 have been prepared at relatively low synthesis temperature (120 °C) by means of the collaborative effect of two organic structure directing agents (OSDA). In this way, hierarchical porosity is achieved without the use of post‐synthesis treatments that usually involve leaching of T atoms and solid loss. Adjusting the synthesis conditions it is possible to decrease the crystallite size in the directions of the 8‐ and 10‐ring channels, [010] and [001] respectively, reducing their average pore length to 10–30 nm and increasing the number of pores accessible. The small crystal size of the nano‐ferrierites results in an improved accessibility of reactants to the catalytic active centers and enhanced product diffusion, leading to higher conversion and selectivity with lower deactivation rates for the oligomerization of 1‐pentene into longer‐chain olefins.
Parawasserstoff‐basierte Hyperpolarisierung für die Biomedizin
Authors: Hövener Jan‐Bernd , Pravdivtsev Andrey N. , Kidd Bryce , Bowers C. Russell , Glöggler Stefan , Kovtunov Kirill V. , Plaumann Markus , Katz‐Brull Rachel , Buckenmaier Kai , Jerschow Alexej , Reineri Francesca , Theis Thomas , Shchepin Roman V. , Wagner Shawn , Bhattacharya Pratip , Zacharias Niki M. , Chekmenev Eduard Y. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDie Magnetresonanz (MR) von Kernspins ist einer der nützlichsten physikalischen Effekte für die humane Bildgebung, ebenso wie für die Aufklärung von molekularen Strukturen und die chemische Analyse. Das volle Potential der MR kann jedoch kaum genutzt werden, da nur ein geringer Bruchteil aller Kernspins polarisiert, sprich in einem äußeren magnetischen Feld ausgerichtet werden. Hyperpolarisierungsmethoden versuchen, die Polarisierung und damit das MR‐Signal auf anderem Wege zu erhöhen. Eine einzigartige Quelle reiner Spinordnung ist das langlebige, verschränkte Kernspin‐Singulett‐Isomer des Wasserstoffmoleküls, genannt Parawasserstoff (pH2). Mithilfe dieser “Spinordnung auf Abruf” kann das MR‐Signal um mehrere Größenordnungen verstärkt werden, wenn pH2 in Kontakt mit einem anderen Molekül gebracht wird. In Bezug auf eine biomedizinische Anwendung von pH2‐hyperpolarisierten Kontrastmitteln haben in den letzten zehn Jahren beeindruckende Fortschritte stattgefunden. Das Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es, diese Entwicklungen in den Bereichen der Spinphysik, Katalyse, Instrumentierung, Kontrastmittel und Anwendungen gebündelt und verständlich darzustellen.
Synthese und Anwendung von kompartimentierten molekularen Polymerbürsten
Authors: Pelras Théophile , Mahon Clare S. , Müllner Markus 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDie Polymerwissenschaften haben in kürzester Zeit die Entwicklung hochpräziser Architekturen von synthetischen Makromolekülen mit hoher Komplexität ermöglicht. Zusätzlich zu den Vorzügen von Polymeren, was die Kontrolle über ihre Zusammensetzung und Einheitlichkeit betrifft, erhöht der Einbau von Kompartimentierungen in polymere Strukturen deren Funktionalität über die der einzelnen Bausteine hinaus. Hierdurch ergibt sich ein immenses Potenzial für die Herstellung von maßgeschneiderten Nanomaterialien. In diesem Kurzaufsatz werden Routen zur Synthese von komplexen Molekularbürsten mit wohldefinierten chemischen Kompartimenten diskutiert. Dabei soll auch das Potenzial dieser Bürsten für die Entwicklung fortgeschrittener Materialien und für Anwendungen zur Nanofabrikation optischer und anderer Funktionsmaterialien hervorgehoben werden.
Universal Scaling of Intrinsic Resistivity in Two‐Dimensional Metallic Borophene
Authors: Zhang Jin , Zhang Jia , Zhou Liujiang , Cheng Cai , Lian Chao , Liu Jian , Tretiak Sergei , Lischner Johannes , Giustino Feliciano , Meng Sheng 
Published: February 2018

AbstractTwo‐dimensional boron sheets (borophenes) have been successfully synthesized in experiments and are expected to exhibit intriguing transport properties. A comprehensive first‐principles study is reported of the intrinsic electrical resistivity of emerging borophene structures. The resistivity is highly dependent on different polymorphs and electron densities of borophene. Interestingly, a universal behavior of the intrinsic resistivity is well‐described using the Bloch–Grüneisen model. In contrast to graphene and conventional metals, the intrinsic resistivity of borophenes can be easily tuned by adjusting carrier densities, while the Bloch–Grüneisen temperature is nearly fixed at 100 K. This work suggests that monolayer boron can serve as intriguing platform for realizing tunable two‐dimensional electronic devices.
Spectroscopy of Ethylenedione and Ethynediolide: A Reinvestigation
Authors: Lunny Katharine G. , Benitez Yanice , Albeck Yishai , Strasser Daniel , Stanton John F. , Continetti Robert E. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn an effort to characterize the electronic states of ethylenedione, OCCO, photoelectron‐photofragment coincidence (PPC) spectroscopy was applied to measure anions at m/z 56 and 57 using a pulsed discharge of glyoxal vapor and N2O. PPC measurements at a photon energy of 3.20 eV yield photoelectron spectra in coincidence with either neutral photofragments or stable neutral products. The measurements showed that primarily stable neutral products were formed, with photoelectron spectra consistent with the oxyallyl diradical, C3H4O, and acetone enolate radical, C3H5O. The spectra were also found to have features nearly identical to those reported for OCCO and HOCCO by Sanov and co‐workers. The stability of the neutral products, as well as an examination of spectra reported for the oxyallyl anion and acetone enolate show that the previous assignments of OCCO and HOCCO are in error, and are instead attributed here to the oxyallyl diradical, C3H4O, and the acetone enolate radical, C3H5O.
A microbial–enzymatic strategy for producing chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans
Authors: Zhou Zhengxiong , Li Qing , Huang Hao , Wang Hao , Wang Yang , Du Guocheng , Chen Jian , Kang Zhen 
Published: February 2018

AbstractChondroitin sulfate has been widely used in both medical and clinical applications. Commercial chondroitin sulfate has been mainly acquired from animal tissue extraction. Here we report a new two‐step biological strategy for producing chondroitin sulfate A and chondroitin sulfate C. First, the chondroitin biosynthesis pathway in a recombinant Bacillus subtilis strain using sucrose as carbon source was systematically optimized and the titer of chondroitin was significantly enhanced to 7.15 g/L. Then, specific sulfation transformation systems were successfully constructed and optimized by combining the purified aryl sulfotransferase IV (ASST IV), chondroitin 4‐sulfotransferase (C4ST) and chondroitin 6‐sulfotransferase (C6ST). Chondroitin sulfate A and C were enzymatically transformed from chondroitin at conversion rates of 98% and 96%, respectively. The present biological strategy has great potential to be scaled up for biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate A and C from cheap carbon sources.
Higher than reported adolescent and young adult clinical trial enrollment during the “Golden Age” of melanoma clinical trials
Authors: Sreeraman Kumar Radhika , Thapa Ram , Kim Youngchul , Khushalani Nikhil I. , Sondak Vernon K. , Reed Damon R. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractClinical trial enrollments in adolescents and young adults (AYA) with cancer have historically been lower than those in pediatric and older adult populations. We sought to examine therapeutic trial enrollment rates at our cancer center. We performed a retrospective evaluation of AYA patients treated before and after the first checkpoint inhibitor trial opened at our cancer center in 2007. We examined gender, stage at presentation and insurance status in terms of trial enrollment. We compared the trial participation rate of AYA patients with that of older adults. In this adult facility, 12.7% (1,831) of total patients were between age 15 and 39. Overall therapeutic clinical trial rate was 17.6% which increased to 19.8% since 2007. Both nodal disease or metastatic disease at presentation was associated with increasing odds of trial enrollment (OR = 5.36 and P < 0.001 for nodal disease and OR = 7.96 and P < 0.001 for metastatic disease). There was a nonstatistically significant trend toward improved 3‐year overall survival in the AYA patients with advanced presentation that enrolled on clinical trials compared with those not enrolled on trials since 2007. AYA clinical trial enrollment at a comprehensive care center melanoma program was higher than reported in the literature overall for AYA patients. This 1,831 patient cohort may provide a foundation for more detailed investigation toward quantifying the effects of clinical trial enrollment in terms of age‐specific benefits and toxicities for AYA patients with malignancies that have their peak incidence in older adults.
Sodium Chloride Crystal‐Induced SERS Platform for Controlled Highly Sensitive Detection of Illicit Drugs
Authors: Yu Borong , Li Pan , Zhou Binbin , Tang Xianghu , Li Shaofei , Yang Liangbao 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA sodium chloride crystal‐driven spontaneous ′hot spot′ structure was demonstrated as a SERS‐active platform, to get reproducible SERS signals, and eliminate the need for mapping large areas, in comparison with solution phase testing. During the process of solvent evaporation, the crystals produced induced silver aggregates to assemble around themselves. The micro‐scale crystals can also act as a template to obtain an optical position, such that the assembled hot area is conveniently located during SERS measurements. More importantly, the chloride ions added in colloids can also replace the citrate and on the surface of the silver sol, and further decrease the background interference. High quality SERS spectra from heroin, methamphetamine (MAMP), and cocaine have been obtained on the crystal‐driven hot spot structure with high sensitivity and credible reproducibility. This approach can not only bring the nanoparticles to form plasmonic hot spots in a controlled way, and thus provide high sensitivity, but also potentially be explored as an active substrate for label‐free detection of other illicit drugs or additives.
Heat and Mass Transfer Properties of Zeolite Coatings: Comparison of Reactive‐ and Spray‐Coated Systems
Authors: Chanda Rajesh , Wang Lisha , Schwieger Wilhelm 
Published: February 2018

AbstractCoated materials are widely used in the process industry. For the generation of adsorption heat exchangers for heat pumps, coated systems offer compactness, robustness as well as high performance. The heat and mass transfer properties into and through functional coating layers play a prominent role in the overall performance of the whole coated systems. In this contribution, laser flash analysis and sorption measurement methods are applied to compare the heat and mass transfer properties of the common spray coating and reactive coating. The experimental results indicate that the reactive coating technique leads to layers with better heat transfer properties and in contrast to lower mass transfer.
Unravelling the molecular basis for regulatory T‐cell plasticity and loss of function in disease
Authors: Sadlon Timothy , Brown Cheryl Y , Bandara Veronika , Hope Christopher M , Schjenken John E , Pederson Stephen M , Breen James , Forrest Alistair , Beyer Marc , Robertson Sarah , Barry Simon C 
Published: February 2018

AbstractRegulatory T cells (Treg) are critical for preventing autoimmunity and curtailing responses of conventional effector T cells (Tconv). The reprogramming of T‐cell fate and function to generate Treg requires switching on and off of key gene regulatory networks, which may be initiated by a subtle shift in expression levels of specific genes. This can be achieved by intermediary regulatory processes that include microRNA and long noncoding RNA‐based regulation of gene expression. There are well‐documented microRNA profiles in Treg and Tconv, and these can operate to either reinforce or reduce expression of a specific set of target genes, including FOXP3 itself. This type of feedforward/feedback regulatory loop is normally stable in the steady state, but can alter in response to local cues or genetic risk. This may go some way to explaining T‐cell plasticity. In addition, in chronic inflammation or autoimmunity, altered Treg/Tconv function may be influenced by changes in enhancer–promoter interactions, which are highly cell type‐specific. These interactions are impacted by genetic risk based on genome‐wide association studies and may cause subtle alterations to the gene regulatory networks controlled by or controlling FOXP3 and its target genes. Recent insights into the 3D organisation of chromatin and the mapping of noncoding regulatory regions to the genes they control are shedding new light on the direct impact of genetic risk on T‐cell function and susceptibility to inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.