bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nongrowing season methane emissions–a significant component of annual emissions across northern ecosystems
Authors: Treat Claire C. , Bloom A. Anthony , Marushchak Maija E. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWetlands are the single largest natural source of atmospheric methane (CH4), a greenhouse gas, and occur extensively in the northern hemisphere. Large discrepancies remain between “bottom‐up” and “top‐down” estimates of northern CH4 emissions. To explore whether these discrepancies are due to poor representation of nongrowing season CH4 emissions, we synthesized nongrowing season and annual CH4 flux measurements from temperate, boreal, and tundra wetlands and uplands. Median nongrowing season wetland emissions ranged from 0.9 g/m2 in bogs to 5.2 g/m2 in marshes and were dependent on moisture, vegetation, and permafrost. Annual wetland emissions ranged from 0.9 g m−2 year−1 in tundra bogs to 78 g m−2 year−1 in temperate marshes. Uplands varied from CH4 sinks to CH4 sources with a median annual flux of 0.0 ± 0.2 g m−2 year−1. The measured fraction of annual CH4 emissions during the nongrowing season (observed: 13% to 47%) was significantly larger than that was predicted by two process‐based model ensembles, especially between 40° and 60°N (modeled: 4% to 17%). Constraining the model ensembles with the measured nongrowing fraction increased total nongrowing season and annual CH4 emissions. Using this constraint, the modeled nongrowing season wetland CH4 flux from >40° north was 6.1 ± 1.5 Tg/year, three times greater than the nongrowing season emissions of the unconstrained model ensemble. The annual wetland CH4 flux was 37 ± 7 Tg/year from the data‐constrained model ensemble, 25% larger than the unconstrained ensemble. Considering nongrowing season processes is critical for accurately estimating CH4 emissions from high‐latitude ecosystems, and necessary for constraining the role of wetland emissions in a warming climate.
How will climate novelty influence ecological forecasts? Using the Quaternary to assess future reliability
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew C. , Blois Jessica L. , Williams John W. , Nieto‐Lugilde Diego , Maguire Kaitlin C. , Lorenz David J. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractFuture climates are projected to be highly novel relative to recent climates. Climate novelty challenges models that correlate ecological patterns to climate variables and then use these relationships to forecast ecological responses to future climate change. Here, we quantify the magnitude and ecological significance of future climate novelty by comparing it to novel climates over the past 21,000 years in North America. We then use relationships between model performance and climate novelty derived from the fossil pollen record from eastern North America to estimate the expected decrease in predictive skill of ecological forecasting models as future climate novelty increases. We show that, in the high emissions scenario (RCP 8.5) and by late 21st century, future climate novelty is similar to or higher than peak levels of climate novelty over the last 21,000 years. The accuracy of ecological forecasting models is projected to decline steadily over the coming decades in response to increasing climate novelty, although models that incorporate co‐occurrences among species may retain somewhat higher predictive skill. In addition to quantifying future climate novelty in the context of late Quaternary climate change, this work underscores the challenges of making reliable forecasts to an increasingly novel future, while highlighting the need to assess potential avenues for improvement, such as increased reliance on geological analogs for future novel climates and improving existing models by pooling data through time and incorporating assemblage‐level information.
Coral bleaching is linked to the capacity of the animal host to supply essential metals to the symbionts
Authors: Ferrier‐Pagès Christine , Sauzéat Lucie , Balter Vincent 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMassive coral bleaching events result in extensive coral loss throughout the world. These events are mainly caused by seawater warming, but are exacerbated by the subsequent decrease in nutrient availability in surface waters. It has therefore been shown that nitrogen, phosphorus or iron limitation contribute to the underlying conditions by which thermal stress induces coral bleaching. Generally, information on the trophic ecology of trace elements (micronutrients) in corals, and on how they modulate the coral response to thermal stress is lacking. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that heterotrophic feeding (i.e. the capture of zooplankton prey by the coral host) and thermal stress induce significant changes in micro element concentrations and isotopic signatures of the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata. The results obtained first reveal that coral symbionts are the major sink for the heterotrophically acquired micronutrients and accumulate manganese, magnesium and iron from the food. These metals are involved in photosynthesis and antioxidant protection. In addition, we show that fed corals can maintain high micronutrient concentrations in the host tissue during thermal stress and do not bleach, whereas unfed corals experience a significant decrease in copper, zinc, boron, calcium and magnesium in the host tissue and bleach. In addition, the significant increase in δ65Cu and δ66Zn signature of symbionts and host tissue at high temperature suggests that these isotopic compositions are good proxy for stress in corals. Overall, present findings highlight a new way in which coral heterotrophy and micronutrient availability contribute to coral resistance to global warming and bleaching.
Nitrogen deposition outweighs climatic variability in driving annual growth rate of canopy beech trees: Evidence from long‐term growth reconstruction across a geographic gradient
Authors: Gentilesca Tiziana , Rita Angelo , Brunetti Michele , Giammarchi Francesco , Leonardi Stefano , Magnani Federico , van Noije Twan , Tonon Giustino , Borghetti Marco 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the role of climatic variability and atmospheric nitrogen deposition in driving long‐term tree growth in canopy beech trees along a geographic gradient in the montane belt of the Italian peninsula, from the Alps to the southern Apennines. We sampled dominant trees at different developmental stages (from young to mature tree cohorts, with tree ages spanning from 35 to 160 years) and used stem analysis to infer historic reconstruction of tree volume and dominant height. Annual growth volume (GV) and height (GH) variability were related to annual variability in model simulated atmospheric nitrogen deposition and site‐specific climatic variables, (i.e. mean annual temperature, total annual precipitation, mean growing period temperature, total growing period precipitation, and standard precipitation evapotranspiration index) and atmosphericCO2concentration, including tree cambial age among growth predictors. Generalized additive models (GAM), linear mixed‐effects models (LMM), and Bayesian regression models (BRM) were independently employed to assess explanatory variables. The main results from our study were as follows: (i) tree age was the main explanatory variable for long‐term growth variability; (ii)GAM,LMM, andBRMresults consistently indicated climatic variables andCO2effects onGVandGHwere weak, therefore evidence of recent climatic variability influence on beech annual growth rates was limited in the montane belt of the Italian peninsula; (iii) instead, significant positive nitrogen deposition (Ndep) effects were repeatedly observed inGVandGH; the positive effects of Ndepon canopy height growth rates, which tended to level off at Ndepvalues greater than approximately 1.0 g m−2 y−1, were interpreted as positive impacts on forest stand above‐ground net productivity at the selected study sites.
Large uncertainty in carbon uptake potential of land‐based climate‐change mitigation efforts
Authors: Krause Andreas , Pugh Thomas A. M. , Bayer Anita D. , Li Wei , Leung Felix , Bondeau Alberte , Doelman Jonathan C. , Humpenöder Florian , Anthoni Peter , Bodirsky Benjamin L. , Ciais Philippe , Müller Christoph , Murray‐Tortarolo Guillermo , Olin Stefan , Popp Alexander , Sitch Stephen , Stehfest Elke , Arneth Almut 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMost climate mitigation scenarios involve negative emissions, especially those that aim to limit global temperature increase to 2°C or less. However, the carbon uptake potential in land‐based climate change mitigation efforts is highly uncertain. Here, we address this uncertainty by using two land‐based mitigation scenarios from two land‐use models (IMAGE and MAgPIE) as input to four dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs; LPJ‐GUESS, ORCHIDEE, JULES, LPJmL). Each of the four combinations of land‐use models and mitigation scenarios aimed for a cumulative carbon uptake of ~130 GtC by the end of the century, achieved either via the cultivation of bioenergy crops combined with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) or avoided deforestation and afforestation (ADAFF). Results suggest large uncertainty in simulated future land demand and carbon uptake rates, depending on the assumptions related to land use and land management in the models. Total cumulative carbon uptake in the DGVMs is highly variable across mitigation scenarios, ranging between 19 and 130 GtC by year 2099. Only one out of the 16 combinations of mitigation scenarios and DGVMs achieves an equivalent or higher carbon uptake than achieved in the land‐use models. The large differences in carbon uptake between the DGVMs and their discrepancy against the carbon uptake in IMAGE and MAgPIE are mainly due to different model assumptions regarding bioenergy crop yields and due to the simulation of soil carbon response to land‐use change. Differences between land‐use models and DGVMs regarding forest biomass and the rate of forest regrowth also have an impact, albeit smaller, on the results. Given the low confidence in simulated carbon uptake for a given land‐based mitigation scenario, and that negative emissions simulated by the DGVMs are typically lower than assumed in scenarios consistent with the 2°C target, relying on negative emissions to mitigate climate change is a highly uncertain strategy.
Influence of temperature, calcium and sucrose concentration on viscoelastic properties of Prosopis chilensis seed gum and nopal mucilage dispersions
Authors: Tabilo‐Munizaga Gipsy , Sáenz‐Hernández Carmen , Herrera‐Lavados Carolina 
Published: March 2018

SummaryViscoelastic properties of two nontraditional hydrocolloid dispersions were evaluated. Prosopis chilensis seed gum was evaluated based on temperature (5–80 °C) and added CaCl2 (0.07%), whereas nopal mucilage was evaluated based on temperature (5–80 °C) and sucrose concentration (0–20%). Viscoelasticity was tested by the small strain oscillatory shear test; storage modulus (G′), loss modulus (G″) and tan δ were reported. Prosopis chilensis and nopal dispersions behaved as weak gels (G’ > G’’) regardless of experimental condition. Raising temperature from 20 to 80 °C significantly increased G’. The gel structure was strengthened by adding CaCl2 and G’ increased at 40 °C. The sucrose effect depended on concentration and temperature; at low sucrose concentrations, G’ modulus increased regardless of temperature level, but at high concentrations, it decreased at temperatures >40 °C. In conclusion, nopal and Prosopis chilensis dispersions show weak gel structure regardless of experimental condition. G′ increases as temperature increases, and these dispersions could be suitable for food applications requiring heat tolerance.
Development and validation of a neural network model for predicting growth of Salmonella Newport on diced Roma tomatoes during simulated salad preparation and serving: extrapolation to other serotypes
Authors: Oscar Thomas P. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA study was undertaken to model growth of Salmonella on tomatoes for developing and validating a predictive model for use in risk assessment. Cylindrical portions (0.14 g) of Roma tomato pulp were inoculated with a low dose (0.89 log MPN) of Salmonella Newport. The inoculated tomato portions were incubated for 0–8 h at 16–40 °C in 2 °C increments to obtain most probable number (MPN) data for model development and validation. A multiple‐layer feedforward neural network model with two hidden layers of two nodes each was developed. The proportion of residuals in an acceptable prediction zone (pAPZ) from −1 (fail‐safe) to 0.5 log (fail‐dangerous) was 0.93 (194/209) for dependent data and 0.96 (86/90) for independent data for interpolation. A pAPZ ≥0.7 indicated that the model provided acceptable predictions. Thus, the model was successfully validated. It was also validated for extrapolation to seven other Salmonella serotypes.
The effect of sleep hygiene education and relaxation exercises on insomnia among postmenopausal women: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Duman Mesude , Timur Taşhan Sermin 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAimThis study used a randomized controlled trial model to determine the effect of progressive relaxation exercises and sleep hygiene training given to postmenopausal women with insomnia.MethodsA total of 161 postmenopausal women with insomnia were recruited and randomly assigned to experimental (n = 81) and control (n = 80) groups. The experimental group received sleep hygiene and progressive relaxation exercise training, but the control group only received routine health care. The relaxation exercise training was repeated once a week for 8 weeks. The study determined the effect of the intervention on insomnia symptoms. The data were collected between 15 June and 15 September 2015 and evaluated using descriptive statistics, independent samples t‐test, chi‐squared test, and Cronbach alpha analysis.ResultsThe mean (SD) score of the experimental group on the Women's Health Initiative Insomnia Rating Scale was 14.03 (3.4) pretest and 7.09 (3.4) posttest. The difference between the pretest and posttest scores was statistically significant (P < .001), as was the difference between the rates of insomnia symptoms between the groups posttest (P < .001).ConclusionThe findings of study suggest that nurses teaching progressive relaxation exercises and sleep hygiene would benefit postmenopausal women who suffer from insomnia.
Development of mucosal‐associated invariant T cells
Authors: Koay Hui‐Fern , Godfrey Dale I , Pellicci Daniel G 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells develop in the thymus and migrate into the periphery to become the largest antigen‐specific αβ T‐cell population in the human immune system. However, the frequency of MAIT cells varies widely between human individuals, and the basis for this is unclear. While MAIT cells are highly conserved through evolution and are phenotypically similar between humans and mice, they represent a much smaller proportion of total T cells in mice. In this review, we discuss how MAIT cells transition through a three‐stage development pathway in both mouse and human thymus, and continue to mature and expand after they leave the thymus. Moreover, we will explore and speculate on how specific factors regulate different stages of this process.
Defining the role of NK cells during dengue virus infection
Authors: Mathew Anuja 
Published: March 2018

SummaryIn recent years, our understanding of the complex number of signals that need to be integrated between a diverse number of receptors present on natural killer (NK) cells and ligands present on target cells has improved. Here, we review the progress made in identifying interactions between dengue viral peptides presented on HLA Class 1 molecules with inhibitory and activating killer‐like immunoglobulin receptors on NK cells, direct interactions of viral proteins with NK cell receptors, the involvement of dengue virus‐specific antibodies in mediating antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity and the role of soluble factors in modulating NK cell responses. We discuss findings of NK cell activation early after natural dengue infection, and point to the role that NK cells may play in regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses, in the context of our new appreciation of interactions of dengue virus with specific NK cell receptors. With a number of flavivirus vaccine candidates in clinical trials, how NK cells respond to attenuated dengue virus and subunit protein vaccine candidates and shape adaptive immunity will need to be considered.
Impact of postgraduate education on advanced practice nurse activity – a national survey
Authors: Wilkinson J. , Carryer J. , Budge C. 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundThere is a wealth of international evidence concerning the contribution post‐registration master's level education makes to advancing the discipline of nursing. There are approximately 277 nurse practitioners registered in NZ, but they account for only a small portion of nurses who have undertaken master's level education. The additional contribution these nurses make to the work environment through advanced practice activities has not, hitherto, been documented.ObjectivesTo report the extent of advanced practice nurse activity associated with various levels of nursing education in a sample of nurses working in clinical practice in New Zealand.MethodA replication of recent Australian research was done via a national cross‐sectional survey of 3255 registered nurses and nurse practitioners in New Zealand using an online questionnaire to collect responses to the amended Advanced Practice Delineation survey tool. In addition, demographic data were collected including position titles and levels of postgraduate education.ResultsA positive association was found between postgraduate education at any level and more time spent in advanced practice activities. Independent of level of postgraduate education, the role a nurse holds also effects the extent of involvement in advanced practice activities.ConclusionsThere is an additional contribution made to the work environment by nurses with master's level education which occurs even when they are not employed in an advanced practice role.Implications for nursing policyThese findings are of significance to workforce policy and planning across the globe as countries work to sustain health services by increasing nursing capacity effectively within available resources.
Shaping nursing profession regulation through history – a systematic review
Authors: Stievano A. , Caruso R. , Pittella F. , Shaffer F.A. , Rocco G. , Fairman J. 
Published: March 2018

AimThe aim of this systematic review was to provide a critical synthesis of the factors that historically shaped the advancements of nursing regulators worldwide.BackgroundAn in‐depth examination of the different factors that moulded regulatory changes over time is pivotal to comprehend current issues in nursing.IntroductionIn the light of global health scenarios, the researchers explored the factors that historically influenced the socio‐contextual circumstances upon which governments made regulatory changes.MethodsA systematic search was performed on the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, OpenGrey and ScienceDirect. The review included papers from January 2000 to October 2016 published in English. The authors used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) and an inductive thematic approach for synthesis.ResultsTwo main themes were identified: factors underpinning current challenges and historical and contextual triggers of regulation. The first theme was composed of three aspects: education, migration and internationalization, and policy and regulation; the second theme consisted of four attributes: demographics, economics, history of registration and wars, and historical changes in nursing practice.DiscussionFactors that shaped nursing regulation were linked to changing demographics and economics, education, history of nursing registration, shifting patterns of migration and internationalization, nursing practice, policy and regulation and significant societal turns often prompted by wars.ConclusionA deeper understanding of the developments of the nursing regulatory institutions provides the foundation for portable standards that can be applied across an array of jurisdictions to guarantee a better public safety.Implication for nursing and health policyUnderstanding factors that socially, legislatively and politically have influenced the development of regulatory bodies over time helps to mould local, national and international policies that have a stronger impact on health worldwide. To achieve this, there must be effective cooperation among systems of nursing regulations globally.
Distance learning for maternal and child health nurses and midwives in Mongolia: a qualitative evaluation
Authors: Willott C. , Sakashita R. , Gendenjamts E. , Yoshino Y. 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundContinuing education is vital for the development of the competencies of nurses and midwives. We analysed the effectiveness of a distance education programme for maternal and child health nurses and midwives in Mongolia, assessing its strengths and limitations and ways in which it could be improved. The aim of this research is to provide an analysis of the successes and failures of the programme, in order to improve future versions of this and similar programmes in Mongolia and elsewhere.MethodsWe carried out a qualitative descriptive study in Mongolia in August 2015. This consisted of three semi‐structured interviews and two focus groups in the Second National Hospital, Ulaanbaatar, and three semi‐structured interviews and one focus group in Dornogovi Provincial Maternal Hospital, Sainshand, Dornogovi Province. In total, there were 22 participants in our research. Data from the interviews and focus groups were thematically coded and analysed using NVivo version 10.FindingsThe distance education programme is well received by participants. They suggest that it has improved their clinical practice and education in a number of areas, and are anxious for the programme to continue. A number of alterations would be necessary to improve both the quality of the programme and the ability of participants to foster change on the basis of what they have learnt. This provides challenges for both the programme organizers and the providers of maternal and child health services in Mongolia.Implications for nursing and/or health policyThe success of the distance education programme suggests that collaborations of this type are a cost‐effective method of disseminating best practice in policy and practice to improve the quality of care provided to mothers and children in low‐resource settings.ConclusionsA distance education programme is vital to link maternal care providers in Mongolia to new trends in care. Mongolia's relative isolation means that this programme is particularly valuable there. However, the programme could work equally well in other developing country settings.