bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Atmosphere of Trans* Politics in the Global North and West
Authors: Nay Yv E. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This essay scrutinizes the conundrum of recent trans* politics in the Global North and West. Although this trans* politics has achieved important social changes for some gender-variant people, it at the same time participates in neoliberal notions of equality. In addition, while constructing a seemingly legitimate subject called transgender, this politics perpetuates colonial violence. This article suggests a turn to atmospheres as a crucial term to reassess this quandary. With a focus on discomfort, this article explores ways to decolonize and deprivilege transnational trans* politics in the Global North and West. It argues that such an approach might open up ways to consider trans* politics as an imaginary that would enable fragmented realities, bodies, and selves to become legible and articulable and thereby also make it possible to name the constitutive violence that is at work in politics under the purview of trans*.
Understanding Socio-Legal Complexities of Sex Change in Postrevolutionary Iran
Authors: Saeidzadeh Zara 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Sex-change surgery has been practiced through a medico-judicial process in Iran based on Ayatollah Khomeini's Islamic juristic legal opinion (fatwa), which he issued just a few years after the Islamic revolution, in 1982. According to the Iranian legal system, judges can refer to the fatwas as a source of decision making if there are no stipulations on the matter within existing legal codes. In this article, I elucidate the divergent legal opinions on sex change among Islamic jurists in Iran and how this has amounted to different legal practices by judges in the country. The lack of law has generated difficult—and in some places impossible—conditions for trans persons to undergo sex-change surgery. According to Ayatollah Khomeini's fatwa, and by drawing on semi-structured interviews conducted in Iran, I argue that sex-change surgery is not obligatory, opposing those who believe homosexuals in Iran are forced to undergo it. Trans people who decide to do so see it as a way to complete the transition, which indicates the importance of body materiality. Using the information gathered during interviews with trans persons in Iran, I examine bodily experiences during the process of transition, in which I have identified three phases: self-recognition, passing, and rebirth. These analyses show that transition does not happen at once or suddenly, it rather takes a long time and may continue after sex-change surgery, which is only one part of it.
Outcomes-based approaches and the devolved administrations
Authors: Birrell Derek , Gray Ann Marie 
Published: January 2019

Governments in all three devolved administrations of the UK (Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) have been adopting what they define as an outcome based approach to aspects of their policy making. This chapter examines the attraction of outcome based approaches and the outcome based accountability (OBA) model in particular. It assesses the conceptual issues arising from the OBA methodology and its application and examines arguments about the value of the OBA approach. The relationship between outcomes and indicators and the use of OBA for monitoring and evaluating performance is discussed. While there has been substantial buy-in to the principle of an outcomes based approach in the three administrations the paper questions whether there is evidence that these approaches have improved performance and policy.
Variability in the basic density of silver birch wood in Poland
Authors: Lachowicz Hubert , Bieniasz Anna , Wojtan Rafał 
Published: January 2019

This work presents the findings of a study concerning variability in the basic density of silver birch ( Roth) wood, depending on the geographical location of tree stands, the age and thickness of the trees, the forest habitat type, and interactions between some of these factors. The study was carried out on wood from trees aged approximately 30, 50 and 70 years in 12 forest districts located throughout Poland. In total 4777 wood samples, taken from 306 trees from 51 test plots, were measured. The location, the age of the trees, the thickness of the trees and the forest habitat type, as well as interactions between these factors, proved to have a significant influence on the basic density of silver birch wood. The highest mean values of the basic density of the birch wood were found in SokoÅÃ³w forest district on the FBF habitat type (549 kg m) and in GiÅ¼ycko forest district on the FMBF habitat type (548 kg m). For the entire set of examined material, the average values of the basic density of wood increase with tree age. For the examined material originating in FBF and FMBF habitats the average values of basic density showed no significant differences; however, in the cases of the forest districts of GiÅ¼ycko, Åobez and Rudziniec, significant differences in the analysed property were observed.Betula pendulaâ3â3
Elimination Diets for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Approaching the End of the Beginning
Authors: Chey William D. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract:
Dietary interventions have become a mainstay of treating patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Most of the available studies have focused on the benefits of elimination diets. While elimination diets can be highly effective, they should be avoided in patients with 2 emerging eating disorders: orthorexia nervosa and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder. Similar to drug therapies, diet interventions are effective for only a subgroup of patients with IBS. They should be viewed as “a” therapy not “the” therapy for patients with IBS. It will be critical to develop strategies that utilize symptoms combined with biomarkers which parse patients with IBS by pathophysiology and in so doing, help providers to pick the right treatment for the right patient. At present, diet interventions are primarily focused on elimination of certain foods but there are an increasing number of supplementation studies which are lending support to the concept of “functional foods.”
The complex relationship between classroom emotions and EFL achievement in China
Authors: Li Chengchen , Dewaele Jean-Marc , Jiang Guiying 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe present study adopted a mixed-method approach combining principles from Complex Dynamic Systems Theory and Positive Psychology to examine the interaction between Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety (FLCA) and Foreign Language Enjoyment (FLE) of 1,307 Chinese students, the single and combined effects of FLCA and FLE on self-perceived English proficiency and actual English achievement, and finally, the effect of EA on FLE and FLCA. Statistical analyses revealed negative correlations between FLCA and FLE in three groups at different levels of English achievement. Qualitative data from 64 participants threw further light on this complex relationship. Second, FLCA was found to be significantly negatively related to self-rated proficiency at all achievement groups while FLE was positively related. Similar significant relationships were also found between two classroom emotions and actual English achievement except in the low achievement group. Finally, qualitative data allowed us to investigate the possible causes for this relationship.
Half- and mixed-sandwich metallacarboranes for potential applications in medicine
Authors: Gozzi Marta , Schwarze Benedikt , Hey-Hawkins Evamarie 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Today, medicinal chemistry is still clearly dominated by organic chemistry, and commercially available boron-based drugs are rare. In contrast to hydrocarbons, boranes prefer the formation of polyhedral clusters via delocalized 3c2e bonds, such as polyhedral dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12) (closo-C2B10H12). These clusters have remarkable biological stability, and the three isomers, 1,2- (ortho), 1,7- (meta), and 1,12-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12) (para), have attracted much interest due to their unique structural features. Furthermore, anionic nido clusters ([7,8-C2B9H11]2−), derived from the neutral icosahedral closo cluster 1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12) by deboronation followed by deprotonation are suitable ligands for transition metals and offer the possibility to form metallacarboranes, for example via coordination through the upper pentagonal face of the cluster. The isolobal analogy between the cyclopentadienyl(–1) ligand (Cp−) and [C2B9H11]2− clusters (dicarbollide anion, Cb2−) is the motivation in using Cb2− as ligand for coordination to a metal center to design compounds for various applications. This review focuses on potential applications of half- and mixed-sandwich-type transition metal complexes in medicine.
Spatializing food: Signs, spaces, and the legal (dis-)composition of what we eat
Authors: Vazquez Melisa 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
What does it mean to spatialize food? Why combine such an analysis with law, or with signs and spaces? Leveraging Peircean-inspired legal semiotic theory, the spatialized nature of food will serve as a porthole through which a semiotic view of the spatial dimensions of legal experience can be discerned and elaborated. Specifically, case studies of the simultaneously material and immaterial aspects of food will support an analysis that seeks to open avenues of conceptualization regarding categories. The semiotic nature of both food and law will drive a discussion of the “dis-composition” of categories. Though such an effort may appear overly scholarly and far from pragmatic, exactly the opposite claim will be made. Case studies such as that of the “Meatball Wars” will illustrate in plain terms how subject position struggles for space cannot be adequately addressed within traditional disciplinary boundaries. The essay will conclude with a demonstration of how a “discomposing” semiotic approach has the potential to serve as a means of enabling conflict resolution on a broader scale. The overall investigation is motivated by the struggle within academia – seen across the humanities – to rethink traditional foundational assumptions and dichotomies. The argument seeks to ground itself in the interconnectedness increasingly advanced, joining scholars who insist on the importance of anthro-historical context, local particulars, and the impossibility of assuming an objective position that can coolly observe phenomena from “outside.”
An earthquake or a category 4 financial storm? A corpus study of disaster metaphors in the media framing of the 2008 financial crisis
Authors: Ho Janet 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This study investigates the use of disaster metaphors in the American media coverage of the 2008 global financial crisis. More specifically, it aims to examine the role of different sub-metaphors in performing various pragmatic and rhetorical functions in financial news discourse. Using the Metaphor Identification Procedure, this study identifies key words from the 1-million-word corpus which comprised the news articles published from September 15, 2008 to March 15, 2009, and examines the associated concordance lines to discern their metaphorical connotations. The findings show that a wide range of sub-source domains of disaster—namely, wind, storm, and water—metaphors was deployed by journalists to capture the various negative impacts of the financial crisis. These findings suggest that the salient extension and mixing of metaphors could enhance the popularization of specialist financial news discourse. The findings also indicate that the news media was complicit in constructing the collective illusion that the financial crisis was unavoidable and not caused by anyone.
Idealized Sine Wave Approach to Determine Arrival Times of Shear Wave Signals Using Bender Elements
Authors: Khan Qasim , Moon Sung-Woo , Ku Taeseo 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Determining the small strain stiffness Gmax of soils in a laboratory is generally achieved using bender elements. Shear wave propagation is affected by the soil medium and boundary conditions causing distortion in output signals, which introduces error in travel time estimates. This study proposes a novel technique for determining first arrival time in a systematic manner. Based on idealized sine waves, this technique modifies peak-to-peak results to find arrival times using the output frequency of the received signal. By incorporating the initial half wavelength of received signals, five methods depending on the length of the signal chosen for calculating the output frequency are proposed in this article. The applicability of the proposed technique is evaluated based on signals reported in published literature and obtained for Singapore marine clay (uncemented and lightly cemented). For most soil types and testing conditions, it was demonstrated that the proposed technique produces close estimates with reported original arrival times. On the contrary, other techniques, such as peak-to-peak, cross-correlation, and cross spectrum, often underestimated the shear wave velocities when the output signals contained relatively low frequency contents. Consequently, the proposed technique significantly reduces subjectivity and produces improved reliability in estimating specific arrival times without the need of any frequency sweeps. Moreover, by incorporating the quality and shape of signals into the analysis, better estimates of first arrival can be established, especially for noisy signals or signals affected by near-field effects.
Intrinsic Soil Damping from Cyclic Laboratory Tests with Average Strain Development
Authors: Løvholt F. , Madshus C. , Andersen K. H. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Foundations of offshore marine structures are subject to cyclic forces that are caused by wind, water waves, and swells. It is thus important to utilize soil damping to optimize their design, related to dynamic amplification near the system resonant frequencies. Here, we investigate the damping properties of a soil element subject to combined nonzero average and cyclic shear stresses in cyclic direct simple shear (DSS) laboratory tests. Analysis of a limited number of clay specimens shows that the damping factor of the soil increases if a nonzero average load is superposed to the cyclic load. Under such loading conditions, the average strain will increase from cycle to cycle. A new rheological model justifies that the damping is increased when a static load is added to the cyclic one. Moreover, results from laboratory DSS tests on dense sand display a much stronger effect of the number of load cycles than predicted by commonly used parametric expressions from the literature. This is caused by a strong dilatancy of the dense sand. The analysis herein indicates that, for some soils and under certain loading conditions, the damping factor may behave differently than previously thought. In the case of combined static and cyclic loading, the increased damping may potentially be exploited in more cost-effective design of offshore marine structures.
A Critical Review of Membrane and Filter Paper Correction Formulas for the Triaxial Testing of Soft Soils
Authors: Konstadinou Maria , Zwanenburg Cor 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This experimental study addresses the effect of membrane and filter paper on measurements of deviator stress by performing triaxial compression tests on gelatin, silicon, and Speswhite clay specimens. The magnitude of this effect is assessed at large strains close to the critical state conditions for soft soils with an undrained shear strength ranging up to 40 kPa. This study shows that the corrections for the membrane and filter paper effect, given by ASTM and BS, can lead to a significant overestimation of the correction required when applied to typical values for deviator stress found in tests on soft soils. Particularly at large strains the correction associated with the presence of membrane and filter paper, according to ASTM and BS, can be more than half of the material’s undrained shear strength. This study also demonstrates that for soft specimens, the membrane correction is strain level–dependent and can be predicted by taking into account the buckling state of the membrane during shearing. In addition, the strength contributed by the membrane is found to be independent of cell pressure but greatly affected by the friction between the tested specimen and membrane. Furthermore, the correction for filter paper is shown to depend primarily on the wetting of the filter paper strips, and to a lesser extent on their orientation. The combination of wet and oblique filter paper strips is the most effective way of making accurate measurements of deviator stress. This results in a filter paper correction that can be as low as 1 kPa, irrespective of the strain level. Finally, alternative expressions for the membrane and filter paper corrections to be used in the triaxial testing of soft soils are presented herein.
Evaluation of Cutting Tool Wear of Earth Pressure Balance Shield in Granular Soil Based on Laboratory Test
Authors: Wei Ying-jie , Zheng Xiao , Su Fei , Li Ming-ming , Li Fan , Yang Yu-you 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Cutting tool wear is a critical problem for tunneling in soft ground with the earth pressure balance shield. In this study, a cutting tool tester was developed in the China University of Geosciences in Beijing, and a series of tool wear tests were conducted to investigate the characteristics of tool wear in granular soils. The characteristics of cutting tool wear can be quantitatively assessed through the ratio (M0 − M)/M0 (i.e., tool wear rate, %; M0 and M are the mass of the tested blocks before and after the wear test, respectively). The effects of five important factors, including mineralogy, moisture, soil conditioner, test time, and sand content, on tool wear were considered in various test conditions. According to the primary test results, it is observed that (1) high soil hardness produced significantly higher tool wear than low soil hardness in dry condition; (2) with increasing water content, the tool wear gradually increased to a maximum value and then decreased; (3) the foam conditioner mixed in sandy gravel reduced the tool wear dramatically regardless of the cutting tool material, e.g., cemented carbide and Q235 steel; (4) the tool wear increased with the test time in the dry sand mixture, and their relationship showed a good agreement with a power function; and (5) the tool wear decreased as the sand content increased in dry sand-gravel soil mixtures. The reasons for these phenomena were also explored.
Chronic Suppression of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor (GLP1R) mRNA Translation in the Rat Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis Reduces Anxiety-Like Behavior and Stress-Induced Hypophagia, But Prolongs Stress-Induced Elevation of Plasma Corticosterone
Authors: Zheng Huiyuan , Reiner David J. , Hayes Matthew R. , Rinaman Linda 
Published: January 2019

The anterior lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (alBST) expresses glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors (GLP1Rs) and receives input from caudal brainstem GLP1 neurons. GLP1 administered centrally reduces food intake and increases anxiety-like behavior and plasma corticosterone (cort) levels in rats, whereas central GLP1R antagonism has opposite effects. Anxiogenic threats and other stressors robustly activate c-fosexpression in both GLP1-producing neurons and also in neurons within alBST subregions expressing GLP1R. To examine the functional role of GLP1R signaling within the alBST, adult male Sprague Dawley rats received bilateral alBST-targeted injections of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector expressing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to knock down the translation of GLP1R mRNA (GLP1R-KD rats), or similar injections of a control AAV (CTRL rats).In situhybridization revealed that GLP1R mRNA is expressed in a subset of GABAergic alBST neurons, and quantitative real-time PCR confirmed that GLP1R-KD rats displayed a significant 60% reduction in translatable GLP1R mRNA. Compared with CTRL rats, GLP1R-KD rats gained more body weight over time and displayed less anxiety-like behavior, including a loss of light-enhanced acoustic startle and less stress-induced hypophagia. Conversely, while baseline plasma cort levels were similar in GLP1R-KD and CTRL rats, GLP1R-KD rats displayed a prolonged stress-induced elevation of plasma cort levels. GLP1R-KD and CTRL rats displayed similar home cage food intake and a similar hypophagic response to systemic Exendin-4, a GLP1R agonist that crosses the blood–brain barrier. We conclude that GLP1R expressed within the alBST contributes to multiple behavioral responses to anxiogenic threats, yet also serves to limit the plasma cort response to acute stress.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAnxiety is an affective and physiological state that supports threat avoidance. Identifying the neural bases of anxiety-like behaviors in animal models is essential for understanding mechanisms that contribute to normative and pathological anxiety in humans. In rats, anxiety/avoidance behaviors can be elicited or enhanced by visceral or cognitive threats that increase glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) signaling from the caudal brainstem to the hypothalamus and limbic forebrain. Data reported here support a role for limbic GLP1 receptor signaling to enhance anxiety-like behavior and to attenuate stress-induced elevations in plasma cort levels in rats. Improved understanding of central GLP1 neural pathways that impact emotional responses to stress could expand potential therapeutic options for anxiety and other stress-related disorders in humans.
Environmental and Evolutionary Drivers of the Modular Gene Regulatory Network Underlying Phenotypic Plasticity for Stress Resistance in the Nematode Caenorhabditis remanei
Authors: Sikkink Kristin L , Reynolds Rose M , Ituarte Catherine M , Cresko William A , Phillips Patrick C 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Organisms can cope with stressful environments via a combination of phenotypic plasticity at the individual level and adaptation at the population level. Changes in gene expression can play an important role in both. Significant advances in our understanding of gene regulatory plasticity and evolution have come from comparative studies in the field and laboratory. Experimental evolution provides another powerful path by which to learn about how differential regulation of genes and pathways contributes to both acclimation and adaptation. Here we present results from one such study using the nematode Caenorhabditis remanei. We selected one set of lines to withstand heat stress and another oxidative stress. We then compared transcriptional responses to acute heat stress of both and an unselected control to the ancestral population using a weighted gene coexpression network analysis, finding that the transcriptional response is primarily dominated by a plastic response that is shared in the ancestor and all evolved populations. In addition, we identified several modules that respond to artificial selection by (1) changing the baseline level of expression, (2) altering the magnitude of the plastic response, or (3) a combination of the two. Our findings therefore reveal that while patterns of transcriptional response can be perturbed with short bouts of intense selection, the overall ancestral structure of transcriptional plasticity is largely maintained over time.