bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stratigraphy of Fredericksburg-Washita Division (Albian), Comanche-Cretaceous, Texas, Emphasizing Person and Georgetown Formations
Authors: Rose Peter R. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
A regional network of five interlocking stratigraphic cross-sections compiling the published work of many geologists throughout central and southwest Texas demonstrates the true stratigraphic relationships among formations of the Lower Cretaceous Fredericksburg and lower Washita subcycles. Strongly supported by a long-established ammonite zonation, these detailed stratigraphic cross-sections show lateral relations between Edwards Group formations (Kainer, Person, Fort Terrett, Segovia, Fort Lancaster, and Devils River) of the Central Texas Platform with equivalent formations of the East Texas Basin (Walnut, Comanche Peak, Goodland, Georgetown) and the Maverick Basin of South Texas (West Nueces, McKnight, Salmon Peak). These cross-sections document the following regional stratigraphic relationships: The Burt Ranch Member (basal Segovia Formation), the Regional Dense Member (basal Person Formation), and the Kiamichi Member (basal Georgetown Formation) are stratigraphic equivalents, all three being in the Adkinsites bravoensis Ammonite Zone (lowermost Washita)The peritidal Person Formation is the shelf-interior equivalent of the pelagic-shelf Georgetown Formation, except for its uppermost member, the Main Street, which forms the thin remnant Georgetown Formation on the distal Central Texas Platform.Thus the Person Formation is properly assigned to the lower Washita subcycle, not the Fredericksburg.
Revision of the African shieldbug genus Afrius Stål, 1870 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae)
Authors: Roell Talita , Lemaître Valérie A. , Webb Michael D. 
Published: April 2019

The African shieldbug genus Afrius Stål, 1870 is revised. Cantheconidea migratoria Distant, 1913 and A. williamsi Miller, 1952 are proposed as junior synonyms of A. (Subafrius) flavirostrum (Signoret, 1861) whereas Canthecona marmorata Dallas, 1851, Canthecona annulipes Dallas, 1851 and A. rubromarginatus Bergroth, 1903 are proposed as junior synonyms of A. (Afrius) purpureus (Westwood, 1837) based on the general morphology and genitalia of the species. The three valid species, viz. A. (Subafrius) flavirostrum, A. (Afrius) kolleri Schouteden, 1911 and A. (Afrius) purpureus, are redescribed with details of male and female genitalia morphology, and a lectotype is designated for A. (Afrius) kolleri. A key to identify the species as well as an update of the geographical distribution for each species are provided, including new records for A. (Afrius) purpureus.
Industrialização e crise ambiental: a representação do desastre nuclear em Vozes de Tchernóbil, de Svetlana Aleksiévitch
Authors: Lopes Alfredo Ricardo Silva , Rodrigues Rauer Ribeiro 
Published: April 2019

O artigo utiliza a obra Vozes de Tchernóbil, de Svetlana Aleksiévitch, como representativa para analisar o modo pelo qual os seres humanos compreendem seus processos de produção de energia. Assim, a literatura emerge como fonte histórica para avaliar a relação entre a atual crise ambiental e o modelo industrial que tomou forma a partir de meados do século XVIII na Inglaterra, um dos marcos inauguradores da Era Contemporânea. Dessa forma, busca-se considerar a produção do desastre nuclear como um acontecimento representativo da crise ambiental contemporânea. Palavras-chave: História Contemporânea. Crise Ambiental; Desastre Nuclear de Tchernóbil. Literatura. Svetlana Aleksiévitch.
O Aedes aegypti e os mosquitos na historiografia: reflexões e controvérsias
Authors: Lopes Gabriel , Silva André Felipe Cândido 
Published: April 2019

O artigo tem por finalidade refletir sobre as formas pelas quais o Aedes aegypti vem sendo abordado pela historiografia e por demais áreas das ciências sociais e humanas. Historicamente associado à febre amarela e à dengue e, mais recentemente correlacionado à transmissão das arboviroses emergentes zika e chikungunya, o Aedes aegypti desdobra múltiplas temporalidades, processos e ecologias que concernem ao seu longo histórico de coevolução e proximidade com a espécie humana. Desse ponto de vista, evidencia as materialidades e padrões de relação das sociedades com o ambiente, principalmente com o espaço urbano, ao qual se tornou bastante adaptado. O objetivo é analisar como este inseto foi tratado pela historiografia das doenças, da medicina e da saúde pública e contrapor tal abordagem com a perspectiva da história ambiental, no âmbito da qual ele é encarado como elo de uma cadeia de interações ecológicas que envolvem dinâmicas naturais, como também sociais, econômicas e políticas. Discute-se os desafios teóricos e controvérsias trazidos por tal perspectiva, sobretudo no quadro dos estudos que propõem a extensão da noção de agência aos atores não-humanos. Por fim, observa-se o início da trajetória mais recente deste vetor desde que passou a figurar como transmissor da dengue a partir de epidemia sem precedentes na cidade do Rio de Janeiro em 1986. Palavras-chave: Aedes Aegypti. Historiografia. História da Medicina. Febre Amarela. Dengue.
De parque a APA: uma análise do processo de recategorização de parte do Parque Estadual da Serra do Tabuleiro-SC
Authors: Peres Jackson Alexsandro 
Published: April 2019

O Parque Estadual da Serra do Tabuleiro (PEST) é a maior Unidade de Conservação do estado de Santa Catarina com um território que corresponde aproximadamente a um por cento do estado. Criado em 1975, vem desde então sendo motivo de conflitos entre a população, que se sente prejudica pela criação do parque, e o poder público. Este artigo analisa o processo que iniciou em 2004 e resultou, em 2009, na mudança de categoria de unidade de conservação de partes do Parque. A análise desse processo tem foco na Baixada do Maciambú, no município de Palhoça, que passou da categoria de Parque à de Área de Preservação Ambiental (APA). Como fontes, foram utilizados principalmente periódicos, folhetos explicativos voltados aos moradores e legislação. A análise do processo de recategorização da Baixada do Maciambú se deu a partir de pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da História Ambiental na medida em que se percebe o papel do meio ambiente e sua influência na vida humana e vice-versa, bem como sua representação e percepção. Como resultado, tem-se que o projeto de recategorização não foi aceito de maneira unânime entre os sujeitos envolvidos e, por isso, gerou conflitos entre aqueles que eram a favor e os que eram contra a recategorização. Além disso, mesmo definido em lei em 2009, os esforços despendidos nesse projeto correm o risco de serem anulados a partir do entendimento da Procuradoria Geral da República que, em 2015, entrou com Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade contra a lei que alterou a UC, o que dá à temática um caráter ainda mais atual e relevante. Palavras-chave: Parque Estadual da Serra do Tabuleiro. Unidades de Conservação. Baixada do Maciambú. Recategorização
Das pequenas produções à agroindústria: suinocultura e transformações na paisagem rural em Chapecó, SC
Authors: Moretto Samira Peruchi , Brandt Marlon 
Published: April 2019

O município de Chapecó, localizado no oeste do estado de Santa Catarina, passou por diversos momentos de transformações ambientais desde a sua criação, em 1917. Mesmo antes desse período, já havia grupos humanos habitando o local e interagindo com o mundo natural. No entanto, partir do século XX, a região Oeste de Santa Catarina passou a receber migrantes de descendência europeia oriundos de outras colônias, principalmente, do Rio Grande do Sul, em busca de terras para lavoura. O governo do Estado concedeu terras devolutas a algumas companhias colonizadoras, as quais ficaram encarregadas por dividir essas terras em lotes que seriam vendidos aos colonos. Este estudo visa analisar os desdobramentos em torno da criação dos suínos, a partir da segunda metade do século XX, ligado à expansão da agroindústria e às transformações ambientais na região Oeste de Santa Catarina. Mesmo com a longa datação de ação antrópica na região, é inegável que nos últimos cinquenta anos do século XX, as transformações ambientais tornaram-se mais intensas.
Martin Luther King, Malcolm X, Panteras Negras e Histórias em Quadrinhos: disputas racistas implicadas no primeiro Super-Herói negro da DC Comics
Authors: Castro Alexandre de Carvalho 
Published: April 2019

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as relações histórico-dialógicas implicadas na primeira tentativa de se publicar um super-herói negro na DC Comics, uma das principais editoras americanas de Histórias em Quadrinhos, na edição número 20 de Teen Titans (Turma Titã), no ano de 1969. Assim sendo, a partir de um referencial teórico-metodológico de análise do discurso, pautado em Bakhtin, avaliaram-se revistas de super-heróis editadas no período histórico compreendido entre 1964 (data do surgimento da Turma Titã) e o início da década de 1970, analisando-se os dialogismos nos quais os roteiros das Histórias em Quadrinhos incorporavam discursos que tematizavam o racismo e, segundo os editores alegavam, o racismo reverso. Desse modo, foi possível constatar dialogicamente as relações entre a cultura de massa, o movimento dos direitos civis e as tensões discursivas presentes nas diferentes posições étnico-raciais evidenciadas por Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X e os Panteras Negras; assim como suas repercussões na discussão, no Brasil, sobre Histórias em Quadrinhos, racismo e o movimento negro.Palavras-chave: História em Quadrinhos. Racismo. Super-Heróis na Comunicação de Massa. Relações Étnico-Raciais.
Plasmid Analysis and Curing of Multidrug Resistant of Helicobacter pylori Isolated from Ulcer Patients in Ondo State, Nigeria
Authors: Onifade A. K. , Bakare M. A. 
Published: April 2019

Plasmid profile of multidrug resistant Helicobacter pylori isolated from ulcer patients in Ondo State, Nigeria was investigated. It was observed that the H. pylori isolated from ulcer patients in the course of the research were resistance to certain antibiotics. Consequently on the emergence of multiple drug resistance exhibited by the H. pylori, a total of 9 different antibiotics were tested against the H. pylori isolated from various locations to determine their in-vitro susceptibility pattern. The findings of the in-vitro antibiotics susceptibility testing are quite astonishing due to a high incidence of multiple drug resistance. Majority of the H. pylori showed high level of resistance against some specific number of antibiotics. The multidrug resistance observed in this study seems to be plasmid mediated. Moreover frequent use of over-the-counter antibiotics and abuse of non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) administration and abuse of drugs of sub – standard chemical quality has been identified as a major problem. The results from this investigative study have shown that resistance in H. pylori was plasmid based.
Backscatter
Authors: Ufimtsev Pyotr Ya. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe backscatter, or backscattering, is the scattering of waves back toward the source of the incident wave. This process substantially depends on material properties of the scattering object, its shape, size, and spatial orientation relative to the incident wave, as well as on the frequency and polarization of the incident wave. One distinguishes three frequency regions with different physical properties of scattered waves. They are quasistatic, resonance, and quasioptical regions.
Helmholtz Equations
Authors: Kowalczyk Piotr , Mrozowski Michal 
Published: November 2024

AbstractScalar and vector Helmholtz equations and their applications in electromagnetics are discussed. Relevance of the Helmholtz equation to wave motion is explained. Derivation involving Maxwell's equations and auxiliary scalar and vector potentials is presented. Basic analytical solution techniques for homogeneous and nonhomogeneous cases are introduced and illustrated in simple problems such as guided waves and radiation from a finite‐length dipole. Numerical methods and the operator approach to investigation of the Helmholtz equation are briefly outlined.
Small Antennas
Authors: Fujimoto Kyohei 
Published: November 2024

AbstractSmall antennas are categorized into four types.Electrically Small Antenna (ESA), Physically Small Antenna (PSA), Physically Constrained Small Antenna (PCSA), and Functionally Small Antenna (FSA). Although one uses four categories, the classification is not necessarily distinct, so that one class of antenna can be classified into more than one class; for instance, when a patch antenna has the edge (radiating aperture) of one‐fifth wavelength in its peripheral, the antenna is referred to as both ESA and PCSA.Two major subjects exist in small antennas: (1) investigation of characteristics and performance of small antennas, and (2) exploitation of methods to attain small antenna, particularly ESA.
Radiation Effects
Authors: Schwank James R. , Sexton Fred W. , Dodd Paul E. , Shaneyfelt Marty R. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe effects of the space radiation environment on semiconductor device response are reviewed. Semiconductor devices in space can be exposed to energetic particles that can cause device degradation and system failure. The space environment consists primarily of protons, electrons, and heavy ions. Ionizing radiation (electrons and protons) can induce significant charge buildup in oxides, causing large threshold voltage shifts, and decreases in carrier mobility and bipolar transistor gain. This can result in large increases in the static power current of an IC, degradation in timing, and potential loss of functionality. In the space environment, heavy ions and protons can cause single‐event effects. There are two general classes of single‐event effects: soft errors and hard errors. Soft errors cause no permanent damage and may be correctable. Single‐event upsets are one type of soft error. If the error rate caused by soft errors is too high, performance degradation and even system failure can result. Hard errors cause permanent damage to devices. As integrated circuit technologies advance, they are becoming more prone to soft errors caused by energetic ions. In fact, soft errors caused by energetic particles present in the terrestrial environment and emitted from metal impurities are rapidly making single‐event upset a major reliability concern for ground‐based commercial ICs.
Preamplifiers
Authors: Duque-Carrillo J. F. , Torelli Guido 
Published: November 2024

AbstractDespite the improvements carried out in recent years, all sensors have a common characteristic: a weak signal delivered and a limiting noise level. Therefore, the front end of the sensor‐associated electronic system must be an amplifier, usually called apreamplifier.Some basic concepts useful in analyzing preamplifiers from the noise standpoint, namely, equivalent input noise, noise factor and noise figure, and noise matching, are introduced in this section.
Mixer Circuits
Authors: Kimura Katsuji 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMixers are used to shift the received signal to an intermediate frequency, where it can be amplified with good selectivity, high gain, and low noise, and finally demodulated in a receiver. Mixers have important applications in ordinary low‐frequency and microwave receivers, where they are used to shift signals to frequencies where they can be amplified and demodulated most efficiently. Mixers can also be used as phase detectors and in demodulators, and must perform these functions while adding minimal noise and distortion.
Multiplexers
Authors: Mansour Raafat R. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMultiplexers are used in communication system applications where there is a need to divide a wideband signal into a number of narrowband signals (channels). They are also employed to provide the opposite function, by combining several narrowband channels into a single wideband channel. Multiplexers are therefore known aschannelizersorcombiners. They find widespread use in many applications such as satellite payloads, wireless systems, and electronic warfare (EW) systems.
Mobile Satellite Communications
Authors: Lodge John 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMobile satellite (MSAT) AU:1 systems provide communications services to mobile and portable terminals using a radiotransmission path between the terminal and the satellite.A wide variety of services and applications are supported by mobile satellite systems, with many more proposed.Third‐generation systems are expected to be capable of transmission at rates up to several hundred kilobits per second and will be capable of delivering moderate‐quality video and high‐quality audio services.A wide variety of mobile satellite terminals is commercially available.
Passivation
Authors: Pearton S. J. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractPassivation layers are deposited over the entire top surface of Si or compound semiconductor wafers to form an insulating protective coating for the semiconductor. This procedure guards against environmental contamination that might lead to increased surface leakage currents, and also against mechanical damage during assembly and packaging. Some of the desirable properties of passivation‐layer materials include good scratch protection of the underlying interconnect metallurgy, impermeability to moisture and alkali (Na+, K+) ions, low stress (<5×108 dyn/cm2, preferably compressive), conformal step coverage, and etchability with excellent uniformity and adhesion. While thicker passivation layers would normally be desirable because of the improved mechanical protection they afford, there is generally an upper limit to the thickness in order to avoid cracking. The primary inorganic dielectric passivation films are SiO2and SiNx, while polyimides and epoxy resins are used for low‐cost polymer encapsulation. The thermal stability requirements are obviously lower for final passivation coatings than for interlevel dielectrics.Patterns are formed in the passivation‐layer material by either wet (for phosphosilicate glasses) or dry (for SiNxor polymers) etching to enable electrical contact to the completed circuit. The area of these contact pads is sufficiently large (100×100 μm2) that wet etching is acceptable.
Monte Carlo Analysis
Authors: Lugli Paolo 
Published: November 2024

AbstractAs the name suggests, the Monte Carlo (MC) method is based on the selection of random numbers [1–4]. In its present form, the method is attributed to Fermi, Von Neumann, and Ulam, who developed it for the solution of problems related to neutron transport.Although it will not be possible to exhaust the complexity of the MC methods in such a short review, the present contribution is intended to give a critical overview of the MC algorithms used for device and process modeling and for circuit yield analysis.
Silicon‐Germanium
Authors: Schumacher Hermann 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe introduction of Silicon‐Germanium alloys into the base of bipolar transistors provided a quantum leap in the performance of microwave and millimeter‐wave integrated circuits based on mature Silicon processing. Silicon/Silicon‐Germanium heterostructures can be used in a variety of ways. In bipolar transistors, they may increase the allowable base doping concentration, or speed up charge carrier transport through the base layer. In field‐effect transistors, they may provide carrier confinement, reducing Coulomb scattering and thus increasing the low‐field mobility of electrons and holes. Or, they may be used to introduce an axial strain into Silicon channel layers, again with advantages in charge carrier mobility. The article reviews the principle of SiGe‐based electronic devices, their state‐of‐the‐art, and some microwave circuit applications.
Electromagnetic Compatibility
Authors: Paul Clayton R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This article includes general discussion of the subject of designing electronic systems to render them electromagnetically compatible with their environment, to ensure that, they (1) will not cause interference with other electronic systems, (2) be interfered with by other electronic systems, and (3) interfere with themselves. The discussions cover digital signal spectra, nonideal behavior of components, conducted emissions, radiated emissions, crosstalk, and shielding. The subject of governmental regulations is also discussed.
Gallium Arsenide Technology and Applications
Authors: Manes G. F. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractStarting from the early 1970s, the increasing request for solid‐state devices operating at microwave frequencies lead to investigations of semiconductor structures as alternatives to silicon.Among various solutions, gallium arsenide generated interest and eventually emerged as the favorite material for high‐frequency applications due to the high carrier mobility compared with silicon devices.The advantages in speed and high‐frequency performance of GaAs are slightly offset by the manufacturing process limitations of GaAs, in terms of both complexity and reproducibility as opposed to Si.GaAs devices find application at RF and microwave frequencies for both linear and high‐speed logic applications.GaAs microwave devices find extensive use in consumer applications as well in sophisticated warfare electronics. GaAs devices are used in the form of discrete components or microwave monolithic integrated circuits (MMICs). GaAs also exhibits relevant optical properties and finds extensive applications in optoelectronics, including LEDs, laser diodes, and solar cells.
Surface Mount Technology
Authors: Trybula Walter J. , Trybula Michael 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Surface mount assembly (SMA) is the description of a technology that incorporates the electrical and mechanical of components to printed wiring boards (PWBs) or a similar type of circuit substrate. The term
surface mount
comes from the methodology of attaching the components.

Many categories of packages can be employed in surface mount assembly. They can be identified into two categories: leadless devices and leaded chip carriers.
Rough Surface Scattering: Numerical Simulations and Applications in Microwave Remote Sensing
Authors: Li Qin , Xia Ming Yao , Tsang Leung , Zhou Lin , Chan Chi Hou , Li Zhong Xin 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIn this article we present rough‐surface bistatic scattering and emission based on NMM3D (numerical Maxwell model using 3D simulations). Results are computed using the method of sparse matrix canonical grid with RWG (Rao–Wilton–Glisson) basis functions. Results are illustrated for active and passive microwave remote sensing of soil moisture and ocean. We also describe recent numerical simulation techniques of the single integral equation and the multilevel UV method in rough surface scattering.
Radar Altimetry
Authors: Raney R. Keith 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe article reviews ocean‐observing radar altimeters hosted on spacecraft in low‐Earth orbit. These instruments measure sea surface topography on global and mesoscales to a height accuracy of a few centimeters. Flight missions since 1973 to the present are summarized. The conventional pulse‐limited full‐deramp modulation technique is illustrated by the design of the TOPEX altimeter. The advanced delay–Doppler technique is explained, whose benefits extend to ice‐sheet altimetry (Cryosat), and to improved measurement of oceanic gravity anomalies, hence bathymetry. The article concludes with comments on future directions.
Attenuation Measurement
Authors: Hilty Kurt 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
When a signal is sent along any transmission path, many different mechanisms degrade it. Because of finite conductivity, every cable shows a resistive loss. Scattering loss is dominated by Rayleigh scattering, and below 1600nm absorption losses are
caused mainly by OH absorption. Wireless transmission paths, such as microwave links, satellite links, and broadcast or mobile communication, are affected by scattering caused by rain, clouds, and multiple reflections. Many different methods and a variety of systems for measuring attenuation have been developed.