bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovative Study Designs Optimizing Clinical Pharmacology Research in Infants and Children
Authors: Balevic Stephen J. , Cohen‐Wolkowiez Michael 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAlmost half of recent pediatric trials failed to achieve labeling indications, in large part because of inadequate study design. Therefore, innovative study methods are crucial to optimizing trial design while also reducing the potential harms inherent with drug investigation. Several methods exist to optimize the amount of pharmacokinetic data collected from the smallest possible volume and with the fewest number of procedures, including the use of opportunistic and sparse sampling, alternative and noninvasive matrices, and microvolume assays. In addition, large research networks using master protocols promote collaboration, reduce regulatory burden, and increase trial efficiency for both early‐ and late‐phase trials. Large pragmatic trials that leverage electronic health records can capitalize on central management strategies to reduce costs, enroll patients with rare diseases on a large scale, and augment study generalizability. Further, trial efficiency and safety can be optimized through Bayesian adaptive techniques that permit planned protocol changes based on analyses of prior and accumulated data. In addition to these trial design features, advances in modeling and simulation have paved the way for systems‐based and physiologically based models that individualize pediatric dosing recommendations and support drug approval. Last, given the low prevalence of many pediatric diseases, collecting deidentified genetic and clinical data on a large scale is a potentially transformative way to augment clinical pharmacology research in children.
Adverse Drug Reactions Across the Age Continuum: Epidemiology, Diagnostic Challenges, Prevention, and Treatments
Authors: Rieder Michael 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAdverse drug reactions (ADRs) are common and important complications of drug therapy for children. The risk for ADRs changes over childhood, as do the nature and types of ADRs. Importantly, the risk and nature of ADRs in children are markedly different from those of adults, and adult data cannot be relied on to guide safe drug therapy in children. There are groups of children, notably those with complex and chronic diseases, who are at substantial risk for ADRs. The evaluation of an undesired effect during therapy is ideally accomplished by an organized approach that is a skill that clinicians who care for children—especially those children at high risk for ADRs must have. Additionally, clinicians as well as drug regulatory agencies and industry need to be both vigilant and astute as well as aware that ADRs in children are often different in nature and frequency from those in adults. The increasing use of pharmacogenomics to guide drug dosing and the increasing number of biological agents will provide new sets of challenges to clinicians over the next decade.
Ultrasound‐assisted fractionation of dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) at mild temperature for co‐production of xylan and protein feed
Authors: Gu Hanqi , Zhu Yuyong , Li Jie , Peng Yanfang , Huang Jinglu , Bi Chunpu 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDUltrasound‐assisted fractionation of DDGS under mild conditions was proposed for extracting xylan from dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) and recovering protein‐rich DDGS residue as animal feed. The composition and properties of xylan fractions and the DDGS residue obtained by ultrasound‐assisted extraction and those by a conventional method of alkaline extraction without ultrasound‐assistance were compared.RESULTSCompared with the result for the conventional method, a similar xylan yield of 73.8% in the extracted liquid, but higher protein content of 26.2% in the DDGS residue were obtained by the ultrasound‐assisted process with NaOH at ultrasound power of 900W and 30 °C for 20 min. The ultrasound‐assisted process has a significant impact on the sugar composition and polysaccharide side chain and polymerization degree of the xylan fractions. The DDGS residue produced by the ultrasound‐assisted process had a fine porous structure as well as greater protein and essential amino acid content. The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in DDGS residue reached 70% in the initial 3 h.CONCLUSIONUltrasound‐assisted fractionation was an efficient process for comprehensive utilization of xylan and protein in the DDGS. The xylan fractions with lower polymerization degree were perfect feedstock for xylooligosaccharide production by enzymatic hydrolysis. The DDGS residue with adequate nutrition composition and efficient digestibility had potential advantages as an alternative animal feed to DDGS. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
New three‐dimensional/four‐dimensional volume rendering imaging software for detecting the abnormally invasive placenta
Authors: Aryananda Rozi Aditya , Akbar Aldika , Wardhana Manggala Pasca , Gumilar Khanisyah Erza , Wicaksono Budi , Ernawati Ernawati , Sulistyono Agus , Aditiawarman Aditiawarman , Joewono Hermanto Tri , Dachlan Erry Gumilar , Parange Anupam , Dekker Gustaaf Albert 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the role of three‐dimensional (3D)/four‐dimensional (4D) volume rendering ultrasound (VRU) in the diagnosis of abnormally invasive placenta (AIP).Materials and MethodsTwelve consecutive patients strongly suspected of having AIP on the basis of conventional ultrasound (US) and clinical history performed between September 2016 and December 2016 in the main tertiary referral hospital in Surabaya, East Java were included in this prospective observational study. A Samsung WS 80A Elite US scanner with a 3D/4D “crystal vue” and “realistic vue” volume rendering mode was used to establish the diagnosis of AIP and evaluate the site, and depth of placental invasion. The VRU images were compared with the intraoperative findings.ResultsUsing this novel US technique, all cases of suspected AIP were subsequently confirmed during surgery. Importantly, the new US technique provided a correct diagnosis of the degree of invasion in 11 out of these 12 suspected AIP cases: 5/5 for placenta percreta, 3/3 for placenta increta, and 2/3 for placenta accreta; one patient was misdiagnosed in terms of the degree of placenta accreta, and one patient had normal implantation).ConclusionThis new software of 3D/4D VRU represents a promising technique for the preoperative diagnosis and staging of AIP.
Morphological and molecular responses in ovaries of Mytilus galloprovincialis collected in two different sites of the Naples Bay
Authors: Rosati L. , Agnese M. , Verderame M. , Aniello F. , Venditti M. , Mita D. G. , Andreuccetti P. , Prisco M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractMytilus galloprovincialis female specimens were collected from two mussel farms located in two sites next to Castel dell’Ovo, a historical complex located in the Naples Bay. Such sites were named, respectively, A‐area and B‐area for the different microbiological parameters so that mussels from A‐area can be sold without purification, whereas mussels from B‐area must be purified before sale. The mussels were collected during the nonreproductive (summer 2009) and reproductive periods (autumn 2009). Gonadosomatic index, structural organization of the ovary, presence of apoptosis, estrogen receptors expression, as well as the bisphenol A (BPA) content in the ovaries, were evaluated. Ovaries from specimens collected in area B showed a different and significant distribution of the investigated biomarkers as well as of BPA content in respect to those measured in the A‐area specimens, confirming that mussels are valid sentinel organisms to biomonitor in the Naples bay too.
Creative Problem Solving in Small Groups: The Effects of Creativity Training on Idea Generation, Solution Creativity, and Leadership Effectiveness
Authors: Puccio Gerard J. , Burnett Cyndi , Acar Selcuk , Yudess Jo A. , Holinger Molly , Cabra John F. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis investigation evaluated the degree to which creativity training, idea generation instruction, and creative process impacted idea production, creativeness of solutions, and leadership effectiveness. Three sets of hypotheses were tested with a 114 groups of adults. First, groups whose members had some (i.e., one CPS course) or advanced training (i.e., graduate‐level study in creativity or creativity professionals) were significantly more effective at idea generation than groups without training. Furthermore, leaders with some and advanced training were perceived to be significantly more effective than those with no creativity training. With respect to creativeness of solutions, the advanced training groups outperformed all others. The second set of hypotheses focused on the effectiveness of idea generation instruction (i.e., instructions without brainstorming, brainstorming, and brainstorming with criticism). Analysis revealed no significant difference for idea generation instruction relative to idea production or creativeness of solutions. The final set of hypotheses examined the use of a simple process structure for groups without prior creativity training (i.e., distinct phases for idea generation and solution development). Analysis revealed that those meetings that followed a simple process structure out performed groups that did not follow a process for both idea generation and creativeness of solutions. Further results are presented and implications discussed.
Creative Fixation is No Laughing Matter: The Effects of Funny and Unfunny Examples on Humor Production
Authors: Shin Hyelim , Cotter Katherine N. , Christensen Alexander P. , Silvia Paul J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHow do people come up with humorous ideas? In creative cognition research, exposure to good examples sometimes causes fixation (people get “stuck” on the examples) but other times sparks inspiration (people's responses are more creative). The present research examined the effects of funny and unfunny examples on joke production. A sample of 175 adults read scenarios that they completed with funny responses. All participants were instructed to be funny, but before responding they read (a) funny responses as examples of good responses to emulate, (b) unfunny responses as examples of poor responses to avoid, or (c) no examples. The participants’ own responses were rated for funniness and for similarity to the example responses, and response times were recorded. Reading either funny or unfunny examples, compared to no examples, caused people to come up with funnier jokes. Similarity to the examples was low in all conditions, so fixation was relatively modest, but people who saw unfunny examples spent more time coming up with their responses. Taken together, the findings support the growing literature showing that examples are often inspiring rather than constraining, and they imply that good and bad examples spark creative thought via different paths.
Evaluation of medication list accuracy from hospital discharge to first outpatient follow‐up
Authors: Sacco Keith , Irvin Myra , Bates Allan A. , Hiroto Brett , Heckman Alexander , Mareth Karl , Williams Shamol , Parkulo Mark 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundMedication discrepancies are common between transitions in healthcare and are associated with higher healthcare utilisation and hospital readmission following discharge. Medication reconciliation is a key intervention to reduce medication list discrepancy. The transition between discharge and first outpatient appointment is critical for patient recovery. The proportion of medication discrepancies during this interval is not well characterised.AimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of patients’ medication list between discharge from hospital or emergency department to first outpatient follow‐up with their primary care physician.MethodsA cross‐sectional observational study was performed between November 2015 and May 2016. A 10‐question survey was designed to identify potential areas of inaccuracies in the medication lists.ResultsIn all, 106 patients completed the survey, of whom 67.9% (n = 72) had complete data. Eighty per cent of patients (n = 85) had a provider review their medication list prior to discharge. At the time of follow‐up, 22.6% (n = 28) were not taking the listed medications; of this cohort, 35% (n = 8) had a physician instruct them to stop taking medication. Six per cent of patients (n = 6) reported incorrect medication doses.ConclusionMedication discrepancies occur in the transition from hospital discharge to first follow‐up. This poses a threat to patient safety. A standardised process of medication review is critical to prevent such errors.
Nest site selection by reddish egrets in Florida
Authors: Cox W. Andrew , Bankovich Brittany , Malachowski Katie , Schwarzer Amy C. , Paul Ann , Rachal Mark , Lorenz Jerome J. , Meyer Kenneth D. , Kent Gina M. 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTUnderstanding nest site preferences for a species is a necessary component of conservation efforts because it allows managers to protect and create habitat that will promote population growth. We surveyed 305 sites with or near colonially nesting waterbirds for nesting reddish egrets (Egretta rufescens) during 2016 in Florida, USA, to identify factors that influenced the probability of occurrence and the abundance of nesting reddish egrets. Fifty‐eight of 150 (39%) sites with nesting waterbirds had ≥1 nesting pair of reddish egrets. Zero‐inflated Poisson models indicated that sites with a greater amount of foraging habitat within a 5‐km radius, with greater richness of nesting species, and, to a lesser extent, with shorter vegetation had a greater number of nesting reddish egrets. By contrast, the distance of an island from the mainland, an island's size, and an island's proximity to deep water did not influence the probability of occurrence or abundance of nesting reddish egrets. Our results suggest that effective management of large, speciose coastal rookeries are likely to benefit reddish egrets. Coastal restoration efforts that tightly link nest site management with high‐quality foraging habitat will be most likely to prove beneficial to reddish egrets. Long‐term management of reddish egrets will benefit from better knowledge of how sea level rise will alter the location and extent of foraging habitat. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Trends in Post‐Interview Communication Practices
Authors: Harvey Rebecca S. , Kovatch Kevin J. , Prince Mark E. P. , Malloy Kelly M. , Thorne Marc C. 
Published: September 2018

Objectives/HypothesisPostinterview communication between residency programs and applicants is common during the US residency match process. To date, current communication practices between otolaryngology residency programs and applicants have not been studied. The objectives of this study were to characterize the frequency and type of postinterview communication and perceptions of how this communication influences ranking behavior of match participants.Study DesignSurvey.MethodsA national survey of Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education–accredited otolaryngology programs was distributed via the Otolaryngology Program Directors Organization.ResultsProgram directors were surveyed regarding methods and content of postinterview communication, perceived impact that communication has on final rank lists, and current interpretations of the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) Code of Conduct. Thirty‐three of 106 program directors (31.1%) responded. Thirty‐eight percent of programs that responded initiate at least some form of postinterview communication. The program director most commonly initiated communication, typically in the form of an email. A minority of respondents (12.1%) indicated that specific information is revealed regarding rank status. Thirty‐two percent of respondents indicated that communication initiated by applicants may influence final rank list. Twenty percent of respondents interpret the current NRMP Code of Conduct as allowing programs to reveal rank positions to applicants, and 63.6% of respondents as allowing applicants to reveal intended rank positions.ConclusionsThe results of this study demonstrate that postinterview communication practices within otolaryngology vary widely. Program directors perceive that postinterview contact between applicants and programs has limited impact on ranking behavior. NRMP rules for postinterview communication between programs and candidates are interpreted variably by program directors.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 129:607–612, 2019
Presence of Fatty‐Acid Ethyl Esters in Krill Oil Dietary Supplements
Authors: Srigley Cynthia T. , Orr‐Tokle Isa C. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractKrill oil dietary supplements are increasingly used for their high concentrations of phospholipids (PL), which offer reportedly greater bioavailability of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) than those of triacylglycerols or fatty‐acid ethyl esters (FAEE) commonly found in fish oils and fish‐oil concentrates. This work evaluated the lipid composition of 22 commercial krill oil (CKO) supplements available in the US market, and found ten products (i.e. 45%) contained significant amounts of FAEE, varying from 41% to 75%, by weight. These concentrations of FAEE differed from the minor abundances of FAEE (<3%, by weight) found in manufacturer‐supplied krill oil. The potential clinical and regulatory implications for these findings warrant further investigation.
Groundwater as a source of dissolved organic matter to coastal waters: Insights from radon and CDOM observations in 12 shallow coastal systems
Authors: Webb Jackie R. , Santos Isaac R. , Maher Damien T. , Tait Douglas R. , Cyronak Tyler , Sadat‐Noori Mahmood , Macklin Paul , Jeffrey Luke C. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe influence of groundwater and pore‐water exchange on dissolved organic matter (DOM) dynamics in coastal surface waters remains poorly understood. Here, we combine bottom up (i.e., groundwater‐derived flux estimates) and top down (i.e., water column response) evidence to assess whether groundwater exchange drives DOM dynamics in shallow coastal waters. We rely on automated chromophoric DOM (CDOM, a proxy for DOM) and radon (222Rn, groundwater proxy) measurements over tidal time scales in 12 shallow systems, including tidal freshwater wetlands, estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs, coastal lakes, a saltmarsh, and a residential canal estate. Groundwater‐derived dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fluxes ranged from 2 ± 2 mmol m−2 d−1 in a coral reef to 1941 ± 1325 mmol m−2 d−1 in a mangrove tidal creek. These groundwater fluxes replaced surface water DOC inventories on time scales ranging from ~ 0.5 d to several weeks. Systems with short replacement times displayed positive correlations between radon and CDOM in surface waters. Groundwater exchange diluted surface water DOC in four systems. Using multiple lines of evidence, we interpreted groundwater to be an important source of DOM to surface waters in 4 out of the 12 systems, including an offshore coral reef lagoon with low surface water DOC concentrations. Groundwater discharge was a negligible source of DOM in systems with high surface water DOC and CDOM concentrations such as tidal freshwater wetlands and coastal lakes. This investigation highlights the high variability in groundwater‐derived DOC fluxes and responses in the water column, and demonstrates that submarine groundwater discharge and advective pore‐water exchange should be considered in coastal carbon budgets.
Opportunities and challenges to utilization of quantitative imaging: Report of the AAPM practical big data workshop
Authors: Mackie Thomas R. , Jackson Edward F. , Giger Maryellen 
Published: September 2018

BackgroundThis article is a summary of the quantitative imaging subgroup of the 2017 AAPM Practical Big Data Workshop (PBDW‐2017) on progress and challenges in big data applied to cancer treatment and research supplemented by a draft white paper following an American Association of Physicists in Medicine FOREM meeting on Imaging Genomics in 2014.AimsThe goal of PBDW‐2017 was to close the gap between theoretical vision and practical experience with encountering and solving challenges in curating and analyzing data.ConclusionsRecommendations based on the meetings are summarized.
Creatine and phosphocreatine mapping of mouse skeletal muscle by a polynomial and Lorentzian line‐shape fitting CEST method
Authors: Chen Lin , Barker Peter B. , Weiss Robert G. , van Zijl Peter C. M. , Xu Jiadi 
Published: September 2018

PurposeTo obtain high‐resolution Cr and PCr maps of mouse skeletal muscle using a polynomial and Lorentzian line‐shape fitting (PLOF) CEST method.MethodsWild‐type mice and guanidinoacetate N‐methyltransferase–deficient (GAMT‐/‐) mice that have low Cr and PCr concentrations in muscle were used to assign the Cr and PCr peaks in the Z‐spectrum at 11.7 T. A PLOF method was proposed to simultaneously extract and quantify the Cr and PCr by assuming a polynomial function for the background and 2 Lorentzian functions for the CEST peaks at 1.95 ppm and 2.5 ppm.ResultsThe Z‐spectra of phantoms revealed that PCr has 2 CEST peaks (2 ppm and 2.5 ppm), whereas Cr only showed 1 peak at 2 ppm. Comparison of the Z‐spectra of wild‐type and GAMT‐/‐ mice indicated that, contrary to brain, there was no visible protein guanidinium peak in the skeletal‐muscle Z‐spectrum, which allowed us to extract clean PCr and Cr CEST signals. High‐resolution PCr and Cr concentration maps of mouse skeletal muscle were obtained by the PLOF CEST method after calibration with in vivo MRS.ConclusionsThe PLOF method provides an efficient way to map Cr and PCr concentrations simultaneously in the skeletal muscle at high MRI field.
Interphase Engineering of a Cellulose‐Based Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite by Applying Click Chemistry
Authors: Szabó László , Imanishi Sari , Kawashima Naohiro , Hoshino Rina , Hirose Daisuke , Tsukegi Takayuki , Ninomiya Kazuaki , Takahashi Kenji 
Published: September 2018

AbstractGiven our possible future dependence on carbon fiber reinforced composites, the introduction of a renewable matrix might be advantageous for the vision of a sustainable world. Cellulose is a superior green candidate and provides exceptional freedom in composite design as the free OH groups can be conveniently functionalized to give tailor‐made materials. To obtain a high‐performing carbon fiber reinforced cellulose propionate composite, we accurately tailored the interfacial adhesion by invoking click chemistry. The synthetic strategy involved grafting of a phenylacetylene structure onto the carbon fiber surface, onto which O‐acylated 6‐azido‐6‐deoxycellulose and a number of aromatic azides could be covalently attached. Single‐fiber fragmentation tests indicated that the lipophilicity and size of the substituent on the deposited structure played a crucial role in determining molecular entanglement and mechanical interlocking effects, as penetration into the cellulose propionate matrix was of utmost importance. Enhanced interfacial shear strength was obtained for the carbon fiber covalently functionalized with the cellulose derivative. Nevertheless, the greatest increase was observed for the derivative substituted with a compact and highly lipophilic CF3 substituent. In a broader sense, our study provides a synthetic platform to bind cellulose derivatives to graphitic surfaces and paves the ways towards the preparation of innovative cellulose‐based carbonaceous materials.