bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi–authored interactive identification keys: The FRIDA (FRiendly IDentificAtion) package
Authors: Martellos Stefano 
Published: February 2019

AbstractFRIDA (FRiendly IDentificAtion) is a new software application for producing multi–authored interactive identification keys, which can be published on the Web, stored on optical devices, and used on mobile devices as PDAs and Smartphones, both on–line or in stand–alone mode. FRIDA is based on a double–level architecture, which grants to the authors that are involved in multi–authored projects a high degree of independence while working on their data, and several instruments to control and modify the final result of the elaboration of the keys. FRIDA can produce keys from the data by one author only, as well as keys from data by several different authors, merged together into new and original entities. In this paper we discuss the most interesting features of the FRIDA package, and detail the process of generation of an identification key.
Who amends the International code of botanical nomenclature?
Authors: Smith Gideon F. , Figueiredo Estrela , Moore Gerry 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe tropical, subtropical and some temperate regions of the world are home to large components of the known global flora. However, the herbaria in these countries, often classified as so–called emerging economies, hold a fraction of the votes that influence and decide proposals to amend the International code of botanical nomenclature. We argue that the allocation of votes to herbaria should more closely reflect the richness of the plant diversity of the country in which the herbarium is situated, as well as the size of the population using the names associated with the flora. Globally, in every single sphere of life and human endeavour, minority rule is not only frowned upon, it is rejected, often with contempt. There is no reason why, in the second decade of the 21st century, decision–making in plant nomenclature should be affected by a minority of institutions from countries with some of the world's most depauperate floras. The way in which some nomenclature committees, and the Nomenclature Section itself, have advocated a particular point of view on the typification of the genus name Acacia Mill. at the International Botanical Congress held in Vienna in 2005 has indicated just how far developing nations and continents have been left behind in the plant nomenclature debate. The IAPT could now proactively initiate a debate and process that will ultimately ensure a better representation for neglected herbaria, and therefore the countries in which they are situated, that lack a voice in plant nomenclatural matters.
Reinstatement of Thyrsacanthus Moric. (Acanthaceae) and taxonomic novelties in the genus
Authors: Côrtes Ana Luiza A. , de Borges Ricardo L.B. , Rapini Alessandro 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPhylogenetic studies based on molecular data indicated that the Neotropical genus Anisacanthus Nees (Acanthaceae), as traditionally circumscribed, is not monophyletic. Based on the priority of the description of Thyrsacanthus ramosissimus Moric. versus the description of Thyrsacanthus Nees, we are reinstating the name Thyrsacanthus (Art. 42.1 of the ICBN) to include the South American species traditionally assigned to Anisacanthus. Drejera Nees is included in the synonymy of Thyrsacanthus, a new species (T. microphyllus A. Côrtes & Rapini) is described, three new combinations are proposed, two new taxonomic synonyms at the species level indicated and three lectotypes designated. The positions of Anisacanthus trilobus Lindau and A. pohlii Lindau are uncertain, requiring further investigations.
Phylogenetic relationships of Caralluma R. Br. (Apocynaceae)
Authors: Bruyns Peter V. , al Farsi Amina , Hedderson Terry 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn this paper we investigate phylogenetic relationships for Caralluma R. Br. (Apocynaceae‐Asclepiadoideae‐Ceropegieae), the largest genus among the stapeliads, using analyses of data from four molecular markers: two plastid regions psbA‐trnH and trnT‐F and two nuclear regions ITS and ncpGS. Our analyses show that the stapeliads consist of two lineages, with Caralluma dominating one of these lineages. Within this lineage, Caralluma is not monophyletic, with its species distributed among two major clades. One of these clades contains species of Caralluma and representatives of Anomalluma Plowes, Echidnopsis Hook. f. and Rhytidocaulon P.R.O. Bally, while in the other clade the small genera Edithcolea N.E. Br., Frerea Dalz. and Pseudolithos P.R.O. Bally are embedded among species of Caralluma. We discuss morphological features that characterize some of the clades. Caralluma is mainly paleotropical in its distribution and is the most widely distributed group among the stapeliads, from the Canary Islands in Macaronesia to the Indian subcontinent. We show that the Indian subcontinent has been invaded four times by species of Caralluma, while its greatest diversity is found in North‐East Africa and southern Arabia.
Phylogeny of tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae): The story of molecules and micromorphological characters
Authors: Moon Hye-Kyoung , Smets Erik , Huysmans Suzy 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMentheae are the largest tribe in the family Lamiaceae and economically important, including herbs like mint, sage and thyme. The evolutionary history of this tribe was reconstructed based on ITS and trnL‐trnF spacer sequence data of 71 species, representing 47 out of 65 genera. The resulting phylogeny was used to analyse the distribution of selected morphological characteristics such as sexine ornamentation of pollen, nutlet shape with existence of abscission scar and its form, and trichome types. Two monophyletic groups are recognized, which largely correspond to the current subtribal circumscription. Subtribe Salviinae is monophyletic, including the genus Melissa which was a genus of uncertain affinity in Mentheae. Subtribe Menthinae is not monophyletic since Cleonia, Horminum, Hyssopus, Lycopus and Prunella are more closely related with subtribe Nepetinae. Although we could not detect any morphological synapomorphies for each clade, morphological variation seems to be correlated with the molecular phylogeny. A circular abscission scar without distinct lateral areole occurred mainly in Salviinae, while the majority of the species of Mentheae and Nepetinae had a clear areole at the abscission scar. In addition, a reticulate sexine ornamentation is rather common in the Menthinae clade.
Cneorum (Rutaceae) in Cuba? The solution to a 150 year old mystery
Authors: Appelhans Marc S. , Smets Erik , Baas Pieter , Keßler Paul J.A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractCneorum trimerum (Urban) Chodat is only known from the type specimen collected in 1861 in eastern Cuba. The species has sometimes been regarded as a synonym of C. tricoccon L., which is otherwise confined to the Mediterranean. As no other Cneorum specimens are known from Cuba, the specimen is a mysterious finding with a disputed taxonomic rank. The goal of this study is to clarify the status of the Cuban specimen using molecular and wood anatomical data. We succeeded in extracting DNA out of the 150 year old type specimen in our ancient‐DNA lab and amplified two chloroplast markers (atpB, trnL‐trnF) and one nuclear marker (ITS). Comparison of the sequence data with several sequences from C. tricoccon clearly suggests inclusion of the Cuban specimen into the latter species; wood anatomical features confirm the molecular results. The transatlantic distribution of C. tricoccon is probably the result of an introduction in Cuba by humans.
Latin diagnoses: A necessary evil
Authors: Jørgensen Per M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe idea of allowing diagnoses in any language is disastrous and a step in the wrong direction. As the knowledge of Latin among botanists is diminishing, it is instead important to establish a multilingual Latin‐dictionary on the Internet with examples of how to make diagnoses. Though the importance of the diagnosis sensu Linnaeus now is mostly covered by the type method, it is impossible to give it up as the important link between nomenclature and taxonomy (where the Linnaean description belongs entirely) and with taxonomy in the past.
Epitypification of Heliotropium arborescens L. (Heliotropiaceae)
Authors: Luebert Federico , Weigend Maximilian , Hilger Hartmut H. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe plate designated as lectotype of the name Heliotropium arborescens L. (1759) does not permit a precise application of the name. The herbarium material associated with that illustration was examined in order to clarify the identity of the type material and an epitype was selected. The epitype corresponds in morphology to the taxon called Heliotropium urbanianum K. Krause (1906) in the recent literature, which is here lectotypified and synonymized with H. arborescens. The name Heliotropium arborescens has been misapplied to a predominantly Peruvian species, which should now be correctly called Heliotropium corymbosum Ruiz & Pav. (1799). The epitypification here proposed will ensure nomenclatural stability for most material from cultivation, where the name Heliotropium arborescens is widely used.
Progenitor‐derivative species pairs and plant speciation
Authors: Crawford Daniel J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn addition to the classic allopatric model of speciation in which two lineages diverge through time, a population may “bud off” from an ancestral population and become adapted to a different habitat. The ancestral population (the progenitor or p species) remains largely unchanged in its original habitat while the population that budded off acquires novel characters and becomes the derivative (d) species. P‐d species pairs are appropriate systems for studying plant speciation because they represent recent divergence, making it more feasible to identify the few differences between the taxa and to infer possible early‐evolving barriers to gene flow. The evidence that has been used to designate species as p‐d pairs is reviewed and evaluated. P‐d species pairs are compared for several characters, with ecogeographic factors the only consistent difference between species pairs. Three genera in which p‐d species pairs have been studied in some depth are used to illustrate both the advantages and challenges of studying the process of speciation. It is suggested that there are some advantages in focusing future studies on even earlier stages of divergence, in which speciation is not yet complete, and p and d populations can be identified. Efforts should focus on ever more refined genetic analyses of differences between populations, especially factors reducing effective gene flow between them.
A molecular phylogeny and a revised classification of the Mediterranean genus Anthemis s.l. (Compositae, Anthemideae) based on three molecular markers and micromorphological characters
Authors: Presti Rosa Maria Lo , Oppolzer Stephanie , Oberprieler Christoph 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA molecular phylogeny including c. 75% of all known species belonging to the closely related genera Anthemis and Cota (Compositae, Anthemideae) and based on nucleotide sequences from two plastid regions (psbA‐trnH and trnC‐petN spacers) and one nuclear marker (ITS) is presented. The molecular analyses were supplemented by a multivariate analysis of 25 micromorphological and anatomical characters. The results show incongruences among plastid and nuclear marker sets, which indicate that hybridisation may have played an important role in the evolution of this morphologically diverse plant group. However, molecular and morphological data both support a sister‐group relationship between four perennial species (A. calcarea, A. fruticulosa, A. marschalliana, A. trotzkiana) and the main clades of Cota and Anthemis. We propose segregation of these from Anthemis as a new genus, Archanthemis. With the exclusion of these four taxa, both the nrDNA and the cpDNA datasets support the monophyly of Anthemis. Further molecular and morphological evidence is provided for the generic independence of the genus Cota. The traditional infrageneric classifications of Anthemis and Cota are not entirely supported by the phylogenetic analyses as a picture of intense reticulate evolution among the different lineages emerges.
Molecular phylogenetic and morphological study of Kohautia (Spermacoceae, Rubiaceae), with the recognition of the new genus Cordylostigma
Authors: Groeninckx Inge , Ochoterena Helga , Smets Erik , Dessein Steven 
Published: February 2019

AbstractKohautia Cham. & Schltdl. belongs to the predominantly herbaceous Rubiaceae tribe Spermacoceae. Species of Kohautia can easily be distinguished from other Spermacoceae by their monomorphic short‐styled flowers in which anthers and stigma are included in the corolla tube, with the stigma always positioned below the anthers. Mainly because of this unique floral morphology, Kohautia was considered to be a distinct genus. Molecular data (atpB‐rbcL, petD, rps16, trnL‐trnF, ETS, ITS) confirm that the genus is biphyletic. Two distantly related clades correspond to the subgenera Kohautia and Pachystigma Bremek. A similar type of floral organisation thus seems to have evolved twice independently, resulting in similar, but distantly related lineages. In order to translate the biphyletic nature of Kohautia into a formal classification, the two subgenera are recognized at generic level. A substitute name, Cordylostigma Groeninckx & Dessein is proposed for K. subg. Pachystigma because of the existence of Pachystigma Hochst. in the Rubiaceae tribe Vanguerieae. Floral, pollen and seed characters were studied to morphologically characterize Kohautia s.str. and Cordylostigma. By optimizing pollination syndromes and pollen characters onto the molecular phylogeny, we investigated pollination shifts and pollen evolution within the two genera. Detailed floral morphological studies show that the nectar guides in the psychophilous species of Kohautia s.str. and Cordylostigma evolved in different ways but result in the same visual effect.
Phylogenetic investigation of Avena diploid species and the maternal genome donor of Avena polyploids
Authors: Peng Yuan-Ying , Wei Yu-Ming , Baum Bernard R. , Jiang Qian-Tao , Lan Xiu-Jin , Dai Shou-Fen , Zheng You-Liang 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe investigated the species and genome relationships among 82 Avena accessions representing thirteen diploid species (A and C genomes), six tetraploids (AB and AC genomes) and four hexaploids (ACD genome) to infer the evolutionary pathways in Avena using the plastid matK gene and the trnL‐F region. The matK and trnL‐F sequences pointed to the A‐genome diploid species as maternal parents of the polyploid species. Furthermore, different A‐genome diploid species might have served as the A genome donor of several different polyploid species. The probable ancestor of most hexaploid species, of the AC‐genome tetraploids, and of the AB‐genome species A. agadiriana was A. wiestii (As genome). The likely donor of the other three AB‐ genome tetraploids was A. hirtula (also As genome) and A. damascena (Ad genome) appears to be the A genome donor of the hexaploid A. fatua. The A genome origin of A. fatua differs from that for the other hexaploid Avena species, which is different from the common assumption that the hexaploid species evolved from a single hexaploid ancestor followed by gain or loss of domestication genes. Thus, several separate maternal lineages might be involved in different polyploid species.
Major clades and phylogenetic relationships between lichenized and non‐lichenized lineages in Ostropales (Ascomycota: Lecanoromycetes)
Authors: Baloch Elisabeth , Lücking Robert , Lumbsch H. Thorsten , Wedin Mats 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe fungal order Ostropales is unique in Ascomycota for including both lichen‐forming and non‐lichenized species and species with optional nutritional strategies depending on substrate. To address the phylogenetic relationships within the order, we assembled a dataset of 78 ostropalean species, including all major clades and 23 taxa that are only optionally lichenized or non‐lichenized. The analyses are based on sequences of the mtSSU and nuLSU rDNA and the protein‐coding gene RPB2. A close relationship of Graphidaceae and Gomphillaceae is suggested with the latter possibly nested within Graphidaceae. Odontotremataceae is composed of two distantly related groups. Coenogoniaceae and Porinaceae are sister taxa, and their relation to Gyalectaceae is unresolved. Gyalecta is paraphyletic with Belonia and Pachyphiale nested within. A polyphyletic Belonia indicates that perithecioid ascomata evolved more than once in Gyalectaceae. The new family Sagiolechiaceae is proposed to accommodate Rhexophiale and Sagiolechia and Solorinellaceae is reinstated distinct from Gomphillaceae. Belonia and Pachyphiale are reduced to synonymy with Gyalecta. The distribution of phenotypical character states is discussed with selected character states mapped onto a phylogenetic tree. A special focus is given on lifestyles. Our phylogeny suggests that there is more plasticity in the evolution of life‐styles in these fungi than was previously assumed.
Cladistic analysis of morphological characters in Hypericum (Hypericaceae)
Authors: Nürk Nicolai M. , Blattner Frank R. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHypericum is a worldwide‐distributed genus with almost 500 species, including the medically used, facultative apomictic species H. perforatum. It is one of the few large plant genera for which alpha taxonomy has been completed and most species have been described. To conduct a formal cladistic analysis of the genus, we coded 89 morphological characters for all described taxa and analyzed the data for the species using parsimony and Bayesian methods. The obtained trees indicate that Hypericum is monophyletic if the monotypic genus Santomasia is included, and that Lianthus is its sister. The arrangement of the remaining genera of Hypericaceae included in the analysis is in congruence with molecular phylogenies. Within Hypericum the cladistic analysis revealed a basal grade containing Mediterranean species and three big clades containing most of the diversity of the genus. In contrast to earlier assumptions, we found no indication for an African origin of Hypericum, but assume that the genus evolved in what today is the Mediterranean area. Our phylogenies indicate a shrubby habit to be the ancestral state within Hypericum from which species with tree‐like and herbaceous habit evolved, and that apomixis originated at least three times independently within the genus.
Correcting confusion regarding the identity, circumscription and synonymy of Angraecum gracile Thouars (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Droissart Vincent , Lowry II Porter P. , Bosser Jean , Roberts David L. , Stévart Tariq 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe identity of Angraecum gracile Thouars and its nomenclatural history are clarified. Although most recently assigned to Chamaeangis, the fragmentary type is best placed in Angraecum, as indicated by the drawing and the table accompanying Thouars's description. To date this Mauritian endemic is known only from the type; three specimens previously associated with it by Finet from the Comoro Islands and La Réunion belong instead to Angraecopsis trifurca (Rchb. f.) Schltr.
Lost Berlin (B) types of Solanum (Solanaceae) found in Göttingen (GOET)
Authors: Vorontsova Maria S. , Knapp Sandra 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe type specimens of the names of many taxa were destroyed in the bombing of the Berlin herbarium (B) in March 1943. The taxonomy of African Solanum has been dogged for many years with the absence of type specimens for names published in the 1920s by the German botanist Georg Bitter, many of which were in Berlin and for which duplicates have not been found despite extensive searches by several generations of botanists. Recent examination of the collections in GOET, where Bitter spent the last few years of his life as director, has revealed a rich source of material with which to address typification problems in African Solanum. This consists of delicate tracings of herbarium specimens from B that are no longer extant, often accompanied by small fragments removed from the original specimens. Here we use this collection and other extant material to typify 37 names in African Solanum (S. acutilobatum Dammer, S. alloiophyllum Dammer, S. alloiophyllum Dammer subsp. machisuguense Bitter, S. darassumense Dammer, S. eickii Dammer, S. filicaule Dammer, S. floccosistellatum Bitter, S. gilo Raddi var. ellipsoideum Bitter, S. gilo Raddi var. erectifructum Bitter, S. gilo Raddi subsp. megalacanthum Bitter, S. glochidiatum Dammer, S. indicum L. subsp. ambifarium Bitter, S. kitivuense Dammer, S. lachneion Dammer, S. lamprocarpum Bitter, S. longestamineum Dammer, S. magdalenae Dammer, S. maranguense Bitter, S. merkeri Dammer var. endastrophorum Bitter, S. merkeri Dammer subsp. militans Bitter, S. merkeri Dammer var. ruandense Bitter, S. monotanthum Dammer, S. multiglandulosum Bitter, S. neumannii Dammer, S. nigriviolaceum Bitter, S. nossibeense Vatke var. elongatius Bitter, S. poggei Dammer, S. scheffleri Dammer, S. setaceum Dammer, S. setaceum Dammer var. irakuanum Bitter, S. stipitatostellatum Dammer, S. tabacicolor Dammer, S. taitense Vatke, S. tanganikense Bitter, S. urosepalum Dammer, S. usaramense Dammer, S. verbascifrons Bitter); 27 of these were thought to lack types prior to this study.
Generic delineation, phylogeny and subtribal affinities of Phagnalon and Aliella (Compositae, Gnaphalieae) based on nuclear and chloroplast sequences
Authors: Montes‐Moreno Noemí , Sáez Llorenç , Benedí Carles , Susanna Alfonso , Garcia-Jacas Núria 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe precise generic delimitation of Aliella and Phagnalon and their tribal affinities are at present unresolved. The main goals of our study were to verify the monophyly of these two genera and to determine their closest affinity group within Gnaphalieae. We analysed sequences of the trnL intron and trnL‐trnF spacer of Gnaphalieae and other Compositae tribes, in order to elucidate the tribal position of Aliella, Macowania, Phagnalon and Philyrophyllum. In addition, we analysed ribosomal nrDNA together with the ycf3‐trnS and trnT‐trnL spacers of cpDNA to elucidate the relationships within Aliella and Phagnalon. The genera Anisothrix, Athrixia and Pentatrichia are closely related to Aliella and Phagnalon. Aliella, Macowania and Phagnalon are nested within the "Relhania clade", and the subtribal affinities of Philyrophyllum lie within the "crown radiation clade". The monophyly of Aliella and Phagnalon is not supported statistically and Aliella is paraphylethic in most of the analyses. The resulting phylogeny suggests an African origin for Aliella and Phagnalon and identifies three main clades in Phagnalon, the Irano‐Turanian clade, the Mediterranean‐Macaronesian clade and the Yemenite‐Ethiopian clade. Some endemics to Yemen and Ethiopia are resolved in the Mediterranean‐Macaronesian clade, providing new evidence of phytogeographical links between Macaronesia, Eastern Africa and Southern Arabia. Incongruence between the chloroplast and nuclear molecular data and the lack of resolution in some clades may indicate that hybridization could have played an important role in the evolution and diversification of Phagnalon and Aliella.