bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Late Endosomal/Lysosomal Cholesterol Accumulation Is a Host Cell-Protective Mechanism Inhibiting Endosomal Escape of Influenza A Virus
Authors: Kühnl Alexander , Musiol Agnes , Heitzig Nicole , Johnson Danielle E. , Ehrhardt Christina , Grewal Thomas , Gerke Volker , Ludwig Stephan , Rescher Ursula 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT
To transfer the viral genome into the host cell cytoplasm, internalized influenza A virus (IAV) particles depend on the fusion of the IAV envelope with host endosomal membranes. The antiviral host interferon (IFN) response includes the upregulation of interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), which inhibits the release of the viral content into the cytosol. Although IFITM3 induction occurs concomitantly with late endosomal/lysosomal (LE/L) cholesterol accumulation, the functional significance of this process is not well understood. Here we report that LE/L cholesterol accumulation itself plays a pivotal role in the early antiviral defense. We demonstrate that inducing LE/L cholesterol accumulation is antiviral in non-IFN-primed cells, restricting incoming IAV particles and impairing mixing of IAV/endosomal membrane lipids. Our results establish a protective function of LE/L cholesterol accumulation and suggest endosomal cholesterol balance as a possible antiviral target.

IMPORTANCE
With annual epidemics occurring in all parts of the world and the risk of global outbreaks, influenza A virus (IAV) infections remain a major threat to public health. Infected host cells detect viral components and mount an interferon (IFN)-mediated response to restrict virus propagation and spread of infection. Identification of cellular factors and underlying mechanisms that establish such an antiviral state can provide novel strategies for the development of antiviral drugs. The contribution of LE/L cholesterol levels, especially in the context of the IFN-induced antiviral response, has remained controversial so far. Here, we report that accumulation of cholesterol in the LE/L compartment contributes to the IFN-induced host cell defense against incoming IAV. Our results establish cholesterol accumulation in LE/L
per se
as a novel antiviral barrier and suggest the endosomal cholesterol balance as a putative druggable host cell factor in IAV infection.
Relevance of healthcare reimbursement data to monitor syphilis epidemic: an alternative surveillance through the national health insurance database in France, 2011–2013
Authors: Ndeikoundam Ngangro Ndeindo , Viriot Delphine , Lucas Etienne , Boussac-Zarebska Marjorie , Lot Florence , Dupin Nicolas , La Ruche Guy 
Published: July 2018

ObjectiveIn France, surveillance of early syphilis (primary, secondary and early latent) relies on the clinician-based ResIST sentinel network. Although ResIST enables the monitoring of trends, a complete picture of the syphilis epidemic is not possible. More specifically, cases reported by this network are mostly diagnosed in free sexually transmitted infection clinics and hospitals (75% and 24%, respectively). This study aims to estimate the number and rate of diagnoses made outside these health facilities by exploring health insurance data.MethodsAn algorithm combining healthcare reimbursements for specific diagnostic tests and recommended treatment was fitted to identify syphilis cases. Sensitivity analyses were used to validate the algorithm. Age-standardised and gender-standardised diagnosis rates were estimated using census data.ResultsBetween 2011 and 2013, 12 644 (7.5 cases per 100 000 inhabitants) reimbursements were made for syphilis-related diagnoses. The annual number of cases increased by 22% from 2011 (n=3771, rate=6.7/100 000) to 2013 (n=4589, rate=8.2/100 000). The rate of syphilis diagnosis increased in men from 12.9/100 000 to 16.0/100 000, while it remained steady in women at approximately 1.8/100 000. The disease burden was greatest in French overseas territories (18.1/100 000) and in the Paris area (11.7 cases/100 000).ConclusionDespite the lack of data on the number of confirmed diagnoses and information on sexual behaviour, these findings demonstrate the relevance of analysing insurance data to help monitor the syphilis epidemic in patients who visit general practitioners and non-hospital-based specialists. Thus, reimbursement database might be a relevant alternative source of continuous information on syphilis in countries with similar insurance-based healthcare systems.
Prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among medical residents in Tunisia: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Marzouk Mehdi , Ouanes-Besbes Lamia , Ouanes Islem , Hammouda Zeineb , Dachraoui Fahmi , Abroug Fekri 
Published: July 2018

ObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms and the associated risk factors among Tunisian medical residents.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingFaculty of Medicine, Tunis.ParticipantsAll Tunisian medical residents brought together between 14 and 22 December 2015 to choose their next 6-month rotation.InterventionThe items of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) questionnaire were employed to capture the prevalence of anxiety and/or depression among the residents. The statistical relationships between anxiety and depression (HAD score) and sociodemographic and work-related data were explored by Poisson regression.Results1700 out of 2200 (77%) medical residents (mean age: 28.5±2 years, female: 60.8%) answered the questionnaire. The mean working hours per week was 62±21 hours; 73% ensured a mean of 5.4±3 night shifts per month; and only 8% of them could benefit from a day of safety rest. Overall, 74.1% of the participating residents had either definite (43.6%) or probable (30.5%) anxiety, while 62% had definite (30.5%) or probable (31.5%) depression symptoms, with 20% having both definite anxiety and definite depression. The total HAD score was significantly associated with the resident’s age (OR=1.014, 95% CI 1.006 to 1.023, p=0.001); female gender (OR=1.114, 95% CI 1.083 to 1.145, p<0.0001); and the heavy burden of work imposed on a weekly or monthly basis, as reflected by the number of night shifts per month (OR=1.048, 95% CI 1.016 to 1.082, p=0.03) and the number of hours worked per week (OR=1.008, 95% CI 1.005 to 1.011, p<0.0001). Compared with medical specialties, the generally accepted difficult specialties (surgical or medical-surgical) were associated with a higher HAD score (OR=1.459, 95% CI 1.172 to 1.816, p=0.001).ConclusionTunisian residents experience a rate of anxiety/depression substantially higher than that reported at the international level. This phenomenon is worrying as it has been associated with an increase in medical errors, work dissatisfaction and attrition. The means of improving the well-being of Tunisian medical residents are explored, emphasising those requiring immediate implementation.
Keloid risk in patients with atopic dermatitis: a nationwide retrospective cohort study in Taiwan
Authors: Lu Ying-Yi , Lu Chun-Ching , Yu Wei-Wen , Zhang Li , Wang Qing-Rui , Zhang Cong-Liang , Wu Chieh-Hsin 
Published: July 2018

ObjectiveThe pathogenesis of keloid is largely unknown. Because keloid and atopic dermatitis have overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms, we aimed to evaluate keloid risk in patients with atopic dermatitis.Study designPopulation-based retrospective cohort study.SettingThe Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database was used to analyse data for people who had been diagnosed with atopic dermatitis.ParticipantsWe identified 8371 patients with newly diagnosed atopic dermatitis during 1996–2010. An additional 33 484 controls without atopic dermatitis were randomly identified and frequency matched at a one-to-four ratio.Primary and secondary outcome measureThe association between atopic dermatitis and keloid risk was estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression models.ResultsAfter adjustment for covariates, the atopic dermatitis patients have a 3.19-fold greater risk of developing keloid compared with the non-atopic dermatitis group (3.19vs1.07 per 1000 person-years, respectively). During the study period, 163 patients with atopic dermatitis and 532 patients without atopic dermatitis developed keloid. Notably, keloid risk increased with severity of atopic dermatitis, particularly in patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis.ConclusionsOur results indicate that patients with atopic dermatitis had a higher than normal risk of developing keloid and suggest that atopic dermatitis may be an independent risk factor for keloid.
Ultrasound-guided intravenous catheter survival impacted by amount of catheter residing in the vein
Authors: Pandurangadu Ananda Vishnu , Tucker Jared , Brackney Abigail R , Bahl Amit 
Published: July 2018

ObjectiveUltrasound (US)-guided peripheral IVs have a high failure rate. We explore the relationship between the quantity of catheter residing within the vein and the functionality of the catheter over time.MethodsThis was a prospective, observational single-site study. Adult ED patients with US-guided IVs had the catheter visualised under ultrasound post-placement. IV placement time and catheter length residing in the vein was obtained. Exclusions included catheter not visualised, patient discharged from ED unless IV failed, <24 hour hospitalisation unless IV failed or patient self-removed IV.Inpatient follow-up occurred within 24, 48 and 72 hours from the IV placement time. Catheter functionality was noted. If the catheter failed, the time and reason for failure was documented.Results113 patients were enrolled; 27 were excluded. Of the 86 study subjects, 29 (33.7%) patients’ IVs failed and 57 (66.3%) remained functional. Median time to IV failure was 15.6 hours. 100% of IVs failed when <30% of the catheter was in the vein; 32.4% of IVs failed when 30%–64% of the catheter was in the vein; no IVs failed when ≥65% of the catheter was in the vein (p<0.0002). The HR was 0.71 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.83), and for every 5% increase of catheter in vein, the hazard of the IV failing decreases by 29% (p<0.0001).ConclusionThe quantity of catheter residing in the vein is a key predictor of long-term functionality of US-guided IVs and is strongly associated with the hazard of failure within 72 hours. Catheter failure is high when <30% of the catheter resided in the vein. Optimum catheter survival occurs when ≥65% of the catheter is placed in the vein.
3 Safely landing a resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) device in zone one
Authors: Jefferson O , Morrison JJ 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundNon-compressible torso haemorrhage is a leading cause of potentially preventable death following trauma. Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA) is a technique to temporise haemorrhage. Areas for potential inflation have been characterised as zones I – III. Placement superior to zone I may cause harm. Fluoroscopy, used to confirm position, is often unavailable. The literature shows disagreement about whether a fixed insertion distance would be safe. Some papers advocate using a multi-variable insertion formula.MethodsThree cohorts of patients underwent retrospective analysis of their aortic morphometry. The patients had undergone CT imaging of their torsos when they presented to one of three centres following serious traumatic injury. Aortic reconstructions were performed and measurements taken. Virtual balloons were inserted to both fixed distances and distances calculated using previously reported formulae.ResultsThe study population consisted of trauma patients presenting to Camp Bastion, Afghanistan [n=177]; St Mary’s Hospital, London, UK [n=100]; Wilford Hall Hospital, Texas, US [n=88]. When compared, the 3 cohorts were sufficiently similar for combined analysis (n=365). The two fixed insertion distances (444 mm and 418 mm) each conveyed virtual balloon placement accuracies of 98.4% (359/365). The placements proximal to Zone I occurred in those patients with the smallest 2% of torso heights. The 2 formulae for calculating zone I insertion length each conveyed accuracy of 99.7% (364/365). Statistical analysis found no significant difference between formulaic and fixed insertion distance accuracies (p=0.07).ConclusionFixed distance insertion is more practical in an emergency situation; formulae conveyed no greater accuracy. Fixed distances may not suit a minority of patients who are in the extreme of a population’s height range. These findings support the trial of a zone I fixed distance insertion algorithm.
Pattern synonyms
Authors: Pickering Matthew , Érdi Gergő , Peyton Jones Simon , Eisenberg Richard A. 
Published: July 2018

Pattern matching has proven to be a convenient, expressive way of inspecting data. Yet this language feature, in its traditional form, is limited: patterns must be data constructors of concrete data types. No computation or abstraction is allowed. The data type in question must be concrete, with no ability to enforce any invariants. Any change in this data type requires all clients to update their code.
This paper introduces pattern synonyms, which allow programmers to abstract over patterns, painting over all the shortcomings listed above. Pattern synonyms are assigned types, enabling a compiler to check the validity of a synonym independent of its definition. These types are intricate; detailing how to assign a type to a pattern synonym is a key contribution of this work. We have implemented pattern synonyms in the Glasgow Haskell Compiler, where they have enjoyed immediate popularity, but we believe this feature could easily be exported to other languages that support pattern matching.
High-performance client-side web applications through Haskell EDSLs
Authors: Ekblad Anton 
Published: July 2018

We present Aplite, a domain-specific language embedded in Haskell for implementing performance-critical functions in client-side web applications. In Aplite, we apply partial evaluation, multi-stage programming and techniques adapted from machine code-targeting, high-performance EDSLs to the domain of web applications. We use Aplite to implement, among other benchmarks, procedural animation using Perlin noise, symmetrical encryption and K-means clustering, showing Aplite to be consistently faster than equivalent hand-written JavaScript -- up to an order of magnitude for some benchmarks. We also demonstrate how Aplite's multi-staged nature can be used to automatically tune programs to the environment in which they are running, as well as to inputs representative of the programs' intended workload.
High-performance computation in the web browser is an attractive goal for many reasons: interactive simulations and games, cryptographic applications and reducing web companies' electricity bills by outsourcing expensive computations to users' web browsers. Similarly, functional programming in the browser is attractive due to its promises of simpler, shorter, safer programs. In this paper, we propose a way to combine the two.
Sound Symbolic Patterns in Pokémon Names
Authors: Kawahara Shigeto , Noto Atsushi , Kumagai Gakuji 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This paper presents a case study of sound symbolism, cases in which certain sounds tend to be associated with particular meanings. We used the corpus of all Japanese Pokémon names available as of October 2016. We tested the effects of voiced obstruents, mora counts, and vowel quality on Pokémon characters' size, weight, strength parameters, and evolution levels. We found that the number of voiced obstruents in Pokémon names correlates positively with size, weight, evolution levels, and general strength parameters, except for speed. We argue that this result is compatible with the frequency code hypothesis of Ohala. The number of moras in Pokémon names correlates positively with size, weight, evolution levels, and all strength parameters. Vowel height is also shown to have an influence on size and weight - Pokémon characters with initial high vowels tend to be smaller and lighter, although the effect size is not very large. Not only does this paper offer a new case study of sound symbolism, it provides evidence that sound symbolism is at work when naming proper nouns.
Effects of Leisure‐Time and Transport‐Related Physical Activities on the Risk of Incident and Recurrent Myocardial Infarction and Interaction With Traffic‐Related Air Pollution: A Cohort Study
Authors: Kubesch Nadine J. , Therming Jørgensen Jeanette , Hoffmann Barbara , Loft Steffen , Nieuwenhuijsen Mark J. , Raaschou‐Nielsen Ole , Pedersen Marie , Hertel Ole , Overvad Kim , Tjønneland Anne , Prescot Eva , Andersen Zorana J. 
Published: July 2018

Background

Physical activity enhances the uptake of air pollutants, possibly reducing its beneficial effects. We examined the effects of leisure‐time and transport‐related physical activities on the risk of myocardial infarction (
MI
), and whether potential benefits on
MI
are reduced by exposure to traffic‐related air pollution.

Methods and Results

A group of 57 053 participants (50–65 years of age) from the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health cohort reported physical activity at baseline (1993–1997) and were linked to registry data on hospital contacts and out‐of‐hospital deaths caused by
MI
, until December 2015. Nitrogen dioxide levels were estimated at participants’ baseline residences. We used Cox regressions to associate participation in sports, cycling, walking, and gardening with incident and recurrent
MI
, and tested for interaction by nitrogen dioxide. Of 50 635 participants without
MI
at baseline, 2936 developed incident
MI
, and of 1233 participants with
MI
before baseline, 324 had recurring
MI
during follow‐up. Mean nitrogen dioxide concentration was 18.7 μg/m
3
at baseline (1993–1997). We found inverse statistically significant associations between participation in sports (hazard ratio; 95% confidence interval: 0.85; 0.79–0.92), cycling (0.91; 0.84–0.98), gardening (0.87; 0.80–0.95), and incident
MI
, while the association with walking was statistically nonsignificant (0.95; 0.83–1.08). Recurrent
MI
was statistically nonsignificantly inversely associated with cycling (0.80; 0.63–1.02), walking (0.82, 0.57–1.16), and gardening (0.91; 0.71–1.18), and positively with sports (1.06; 0.83–1.35). There was no effect modification of the associations between physical activity and
MI
by nitrogen dioxide.

Conclusions

Benefits of physical activity on both the incidence and the recurrence of
MI
are not reduced by exposure to high levels of air pollution.
Prospective analysis of phoned potassium results and what general practitioners do with them: a pilot study
Authors: Johnstone Jennifer S , Murphy Michael J 
Published: July 2018

Background Communicating abnormal results to requesting clinicians is an essential part of clinical authorisation. Guidance from the Royal College of Pathologists on communication of critical/unexpected results is issued as ‘advice to pathologists’. The 2017 guidelines advise rapid communication of serum potassium results ≤2.5 mmol/L and ≥6.5 mmol/L. Little is known about what happens after the results have been communicated. We wished to establish answers to the following questions: Are phoned results acted on? If so, when? What is the outcome of any action taken? Methods A prospective study of primary care potassium results authorised out of hours was undertaken. Potassium requests from primary care were retrieved from the laboratory information management system. The potassium result was recorded, along with other data. Data were analysed for potassium results that were validated out of hours (18:00 h–08:00 h). Results Over six months, 220 potassium results <3.1 mmol/L and >5.9 mmol/L from primary care were validated out of hours. A subset of these (27) were phoned to the general practice out of hours ‘hub’, and 16 patients referred to hospital out of hours, on account of the potassium results. The remaining potassium results phoned out of hours were acted on subsequently. Conclusions Critical potassium results were phoned urgently and are acted on, although not always out of hours. For potassium results phoned out of hours, the most frequent action was to refer to hospital out of hours. Different actions occurred for similar potassium results, reflecting the fact that actions taken and their urgency depend on the patient, the clinician and the practice policy for handling results.
A modified evaluation of spacer fabric and airflow technologies for controlling the microclimate at the loaded support interface
Authors: Worsley Peter R , Bader Dan L 
Published: July 2018

The microclimate between an individual and their support surface can have a significant effect on skin health. Companies have developed mattress systems designed to regulate the temperature and humidity at the individual-support surface interface, utilizing spacer fabric materials and active airflow systems. However, there has been little formal evaluation of their performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate mattress systems using a lab-based approach. A physical model tank was applied to each support surface, filled with 20 L of water maintained at 37℃. A continuous network of perforated plastic tubing deposited moisture equivalent to a rate of 1.5 mL/min for 25 minutes. Humidity and temperature sensors, stitched onto the thin cotton sheet, monitored the interface conditions for a total of 24 h. Tests were conducted using a range of support surfaces incorporating spacer fabrics, with and without active airflow. The results from this study revealed that spacer fabric appears to dissipate heat more effectively than viscoelastic foam (Heat flux 33.6 W/m2 vs. 10.4 W/m2). With no active airflow, the viscoelastic foam and spacer fabric exhibited a limited reduction in relative humidity (RH) at the interface. However, with active airflow, the spacer fabric had the ability to reduce RH over time to basal levels through moisture vapor transfer. This represented a change from saturation (99% RH) to ambient humidity (40%) over a 24-h period (water vapor transfer rate = 0.9 g/m2; h). Further parametric testing is required to evaluate the optimal combinations of spacer fabric material and airflow systems.